cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Tape-Recorded Method of Stuttering Therapy: Improvement in a Speaking Task

A stuttering therapy method using two-track tape recorders of the language learning type was evaluated. Thirty-six stutterers, ages 13 to 43, were randomly assigned to one of three conditions for s...
Effects of Whole-Tree Harvest on Epilithic Bacterial Populations in Headwater Streams

Bacteria attached to rock and glass surfaces were studied in streams draining a whole-tree harvested watershed (WTH) and a nonharvested (CONTROL) watershed in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, U.S.A. Seasonal trends in numbers of cells/cm2, mean cell volume, cell size-frequency distribution, and bacterial biomass were determined using 4′6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) epifluorescent microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM); the response of these parameters to decreased pH and increased nitrate concentration in the WTH stream was assessed via controlled manipulation of stream water chemistry in artificial channels placed in the CONTROL stream. Bacterial distribution varied significantly between the two streams and seasonally within each stream in apparent response to differential availability of dissolved organic carbon from algae and autumn-shed leaves. Decreased pH similar to that in the WTH stream had a significant effect on cell numbers, mean cell volume, and biomass in the CONTROL stream. Decreased pH accounted for some aspects of the altered bacterial distributions observed in the WTH stream. Nitrate at concentrations similar to those in the WTH stream had no effect on bacterial distribution in the CONTROL stream suggesting that headwater stream epilithic bacteria were carbon limited.
Avoidance of bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Abstract Common bile duct (CBD) injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy appears to have a higher incidence than during open cholecystectomy. This may be a function of inadequate instruction, inadequate caution, or inexperience, or may represent an inherent flaw in laparoscopic exposure. The aim of this study was to identify several steps in laparoscopic exposure of the gallbladder, cystic duct, and Calot's triangle to minimize the risk of surgical disorientation and CBD injury. A review of the first 180 laparoscopic cholecystectomies from the author's series was performed. Maneuvers that provided optimal exposure of the critical anatomy were culled from the video record. These maneuvers were (1) routine use of a 30 ° forward oblique viewing telescope, (2) firm cephalic traction on the fundus of the gallbladder to reduce redundancy in the infundibulum of the gallbladder and best expose the cystic duct, (3) lateral traction on the infundibulum of the gallbladder to place the cystic duct perpendicular to the CBD, (4) dissection of the cystic duct at the infundibulum of the gallbladder, and (5) routine fluoroscopic cholangiography. If these steps do not provide the surgeon with comfortable anatomic orientation, the procedure should be converted to open cholecystectomy.
Sacroiliac joint pain referral zones

Abstract Slipman CW, Jackson HB, Lipetz JS, Chan KT, Lenrow D, Vresilovic EJ. Sacroiliac joint pain referral zones. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:334-8. Objective: To determine the patterns of pain referral from the sacroiliac joint. Study Design: Retrospective. Participants/Methods: Fifty consecutive patients who satisfied clinical criteria and demonstrated a positive diagnostic response to a fluoroscopically guided sacroiliac joint injection were included. Each patient's preinjection pain description was used to determine areas of pain referral, and 18 potential pain-referral zones were established. Outcome Measures: Observed areas of pain referral. Results: Eighteen men (36.0%) and 32 women (64.0%) were included with a mean age of 42.5 years (range, 20 to 75 yrs) and a mean symptom duration of 18.2 months (range, 1 to 72 mo). Forty-seven patients (94.0%) described buttock pain, and 36 patients (72.0%) described lower lumbar pain. Groin pain was described in 7 patients (14.0%). Twenty-five patients (50.0%) described associated lower-extremity pain. Fourteen patients (28.0%) described leg pain distal to the knee, and 6 patients (14.0%) reported foot pain. Eighteen patterns of pain referral were observed. A statistically significant relationship was identified between pain location and age, with younger patients more likely to describe pain distal to the knee. Conclusions: Pain referral from the sacroiliac joint does not appear to be limited to the lumbar region and buttock. The variable patterns of pain referral observed may arise for several reasons, including the joint's complex innervation, sclerotomal pain referral, irritation of adjacent structures, and varying locations of injury with the sacroiliac joint. © 2000 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Deformation-Induced Dislocations in 4H-SiC and GaN

Bulk single crystals of 4H-SiC have been deformed in compression in the temperature range 550–1300°C, whereas a GaN thin film grown on a (0001) sapphire substrate was deformed by Vickers indentation in the temperature range 25–800°C. The TEM observations of the deformed crystals indicate that deformation-induced dislocations in 4H-SiC all lie on the (0001) basal plane but depending on the deformation temperature, are one of two types. The dislocations induced by deformation at temperatures above ∼1 100°C are complete, with a Burgers vector, b, of but are all dissociated into two partials bounding a ribbon of stacking fault. On the other 3 hand, the dislocations induced by deformation in the temperature range 550<T<∼ 1100°C were predominantly single leading partials each dragging a stacking fault behind them. From the width of dissociated dislocations in the high-temperature deformed crystals, the stacking fault energy of 4H-SiC has been estimated to be 14.7±2.5 mJ/m 2. Vickers indentations of the [0001]-oriented GaN film produced a dense array of dislocations along the three 〈1120〉 directions at all temperatures. The dislocations were slightly curved with their curvature increasing as the deformation temperature increased. Most of these dislocations were found to have a screw nature with their b parallel to 〈1120〉. Also, within the resolution of the weak-beam method, they were not found to be dissociated. Tilting experiment show that these dislocations lie on the {1100} prism plane rather than the easier (0001) glide plane.
Hybrid subband coder

In this article, we introduce a new subband structure called hybrid subband coder (HSC), which uses both linear and morphological filters at each analysis and synthesis stage. This new subband coder significantly reduces the ringing-effect distortions inherent to the linear subband coders (LSC) and the smearing-effect distortions associated with the nonlinear, morphological subband coders (MSC). The performance of this new structure is compared to the linear and nonlinear subband coder results using a set of four grayscale images. The results show a modest improvement in PSNR and in visual quality.
The problem of explaining the disparate performance of hyperresolution and paramodulation

This article is the sixth of a series of articles discussing various open research problems in automated reasoning. Here we focus on the effectiveness of hyperresolution versus that of paramodulation. The problem proposed for research asks one to find the properties that explain why paramodulation is so much more effective than hyperresolution is for solving various problems from algebra. Fore evaluating a proposed solution to this research problem, we include suggestions concerning possible test problems.
A comparative electron microscope study of visceral muscle fibers in Cambarus, Drosophila and Lumbricus.

The arrangement of myofilaments in the striated visceral muscle fibers of two arthropods (crayfish and fruitfly) and in the unstriated visceral fibers of one annelid (earthworm) was studied comparatively. Transverse sections through the A bands of arthropod visceral fibers indicate that each thick myofilament is surrounded by approximately 12 thin filaments. The myofilaments are less organized in the visceral fibers of the earthworm than in muscle fibers of the crayfish and fruitfly. The thick myofilaments of the earthworm are composed of subunits, 20–30 A in diameter. The presence of two distinct sets of myofilaments in these slowly contracting striated and unstriated visceral muscle fibers suggests that contraction is accomplished via a sliding filament mechanism. In crayfish visceral fibers the sarcolemma invaginates at irregular intervals to form a long and unbranched tubular system at any level in the sarcomere. Dyads formed by the apposition of T and SR membranes are observed frequently. The distribution of the T and SR systems in the visceral fibers of the fruitfly and the earthworm is markedly reduced and dyads are infrequently observed. The reduced T and SR systems may be related to the slow contraction of these fibers. Transport of specific substances across the sarcolemma could initiate contraction or relaxation in these fibers.
Pyrrolidinobenzoic acid inhibitors of influenza virus neuraminidase: modifications of essential pyrrolidinone ring substituents

We recently reported the first benzoic acid, 1-[4-carboxy-2-(3-pentylamino)phenyl]-5,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one (8), that is a potent inhibitor of avian influenza A neuraminidase (N9) and, unlike other reported potent neuraminidase inhibitors, does not contain a basic aliphatic amine or guanidine nor a simple N-acetyl grouping. However, 8 was a poor inhibitor of influenza B neuraminidase. In the present study we further evaluated 8 as an inhibitor of human influenza A NA isolates, and it was effective against N2NA but found to be 160-fold less active against N1NA. We also synthesized analogues of 8 involving moderate modifications of essential substituents on the pyrrolidinone ring. Specifically, the aminomethyl (9), hydroxyethyl (10), and aminoethyl (11) analogues were prepared. Only the most conservative change (compound 9) resulted in continued effective inhibition of influenza A, in addition to a noteworthy increase in the activity of 9 for N1NA. The effectiveness of 9 against influenza B neuraminidase was furthermore improved 10-fold relative to 8, but this activity remained 50-fold poorer than for type A NA.
Acetyl-l-carnitine and lipoic acid improve mitochondrial abnormalities and serum levels of liver enzymes in a mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Mitochondrial abnormalities are suggested to be associated with the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver. Liver mitochondrial content and function have been shown to improve in oral feeding of acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) to rodents. Carnitine is involved in the transport of acyl-coenzyme A across the mitochondrial membrane to be used in mitochondrial β-oxidation. We hypothesized that oral administration ALC with the antioxidant lipoic acid (ALC + LA) would benefit nonalcoholic fatty liver. To test our hypothesis, we fed Balb/C mice a standard diet (SF) or SF with ALC + LA or high-fat diet (HF) or HF with ALC + LA for 6 months. Acetyl-L-carnitine and LA were dissolved at 0.2:0.1% (wt/vol) in drinking water, and mice were allowed free access to food and water. Along with physical parameters, insulin resistance (blood glucose, insulin, glucose tolerance), liver function (alanine transaminase [ALT], aspartate transaminase [AST]), liver histology (hematoxylin and eosin), oxidative stress (malondialdehyde), and mitochondrial abnormalities (carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1 and electron microscopy) were done. Compared with SF, HF had higher body, liver, liver-to-body weight ratio, white adipose tissue, ALT, AST, liver fat, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. Coadministration of ALC + LA to HF animals significantly improved the mitochondrial marker carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1 and the size of the mitochondria in liver. Alanine transaminase and AST levels were decreased. In a nonalcoholic fatty liver mice model, ALC + LA combination improved liver mitochondrial content, size, serum ALT, and AST without significant changes in oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and liver fat accumulation.
Peak Metamorphic Conditions of Garnet Amphibolites Beneath the Semail Ophiolite: Implications for an Inverted Pressure Gradient

Garnet amphibolites beneath the Semail Ophiolite formed at 1.1 ± 0.2 GPa and greenschist-facies rocks in the same metamorphic sole yielded pressure estimates of 0.45 to 0.55 GPa. Thus, in addition to the well-known inverted thermal gradient in subophiolitic metamorphic sequences, an inverted metamorphic pressure gradient of 0.3 to 2.0 MPa/m over <2000 m also exists. Temperature estimates for samples systematically collected every 10 m across a 70 m thick sequence that contains the assemblage garnet + plagioclase + amphibole (± diopside ± ilmenite ± titanite ± rutile) allowed the determination of an average inverted metamorphic temperature gradient of 1 to 4°C/m, using different thermometers. Pressures in garnet amphibolites were estimated from the presence of cm-sized kyanite, by comparison of the observed assemblage with relevant published experimental results, and by using heterogeneous equilibrium calculations. The different estimations result in peak P-T conditions of 800 ± 100°C and 1.1 ± 0.2 GPa. Th...
Optimizing investments in cyber-security for critical infrastructure

Investments in the cyber-security of critical infrastructure must balance preventing intrusion, detecting a cyber-attack, and mitigating the attacker's physical effects on computer controlled equipment. For this purpose, we outline a method for making optimal investment decisions that balance these three aspects of a cyber-defense. The proposed method accounts for the physical process that is being controlled and the relative cost and performance of technologies for prevention, detection, and mitigation. We illustrate the proposed method with a model of a chiller that is based on the supercomputer chillers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This model is used to select security capabilities that yields the greatest protection for a fixed budget.
Mandatory Production Controls and Asset Values: A Case Study of Burley Tobacco Quotas

Mandatory production control programs affect asset values. Changes in the implied value of burley tobacco quota and impacts on agricultural land values are estimated using a capitalization approach. Recent instability in the tobacco program has created uncertainty about the future profitability of quota ownership. The procedure uses data on individual parcel transactions and regresses the parcel's price on hedonic factors including the parcel's tobacco quota. Results indicate tobacco quota values have fluctuated as much as 75% between some years. The implication is that mandatory controls affect both the value and risk associated with ownership of the production right.
The thermodynamics aspects of hydrogen induced embrittlement

Abstract The present work provides a detailed analysis of the segregation induced hydrogen embrittlement in metals. Based on the assumption that the ductile versus brittle transition is controlled by the competition between dislocation emission and interfacial decohesion, hydrogen-induced embrittlement (HIE) is believed to occur due to the reduction of cohesion induced by segregation of hydrogen. A thermodynamic-kinetic model for the change in cohesion induced by segregation is proposed. In particular, the mobility related characteristics of HIE is addressed. It is shown that a “mobile” normal segregant reduces the cohesion greater than an “immobile” segregant does. For HIE in steels, a transient behavior occurs at room temperature because of the high diffusivity of hydrogen in iron. The model predictions are supported by experimental results for Fe–3%Si alloys and nickel.
Design and testing of biological scaffolds for delivering reparative cells to target sites in the lung.

This study summarizes the development and testing of a scaffold to promote engraftment of cells in the distal lung. A fibrinogen–fibronectin–vitronectin hydrogel (FFVH) was developed and optimized with respect to its mechanical and biological properties for this application. In vitro, FFVH scaffolds promoted attachment, histiotypic growth and expression of basement membrane proteins by primary ovine lung mesenchymal cells derived from lung biopsies. In vivo testing was then performed to assess the ability of FFVHs to promote cell engraftment in the sheep lung. Treatment with autologous cells delivered using FFVH was clinically well tolerated. Cells labelled with a fluorescent dye (PKH-26) were detected at treatment sites after 1 month. Tissue mass (assessed by CT imaging) and lung perfusion (assessed by nuclear scintigraphy) were increased at emphysema test sites. Post-treatment histology demonstrated cell proliferation and increased elastin expression without scarring or collapse. No treatment-related pathology was observed at healthy control sites. FFVH scaffolds promote cell attachment, spreading and extracellular matrix expression in vitro and apparent engraftment in vivo, with evidence of trophic effects on the surrounding tissue. Scaffolds of this type may contribute to the development of cell-based therapies for patients with end-stage pulmonary diseases. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pre-Union Counseling: A Call to Action

ABSTRACT Premarital counseling with heterosexual couples has been discussed with frequency in the counseling literature; however, little has been written about strategies and practices to serve same-sex couples planning to enter life partnerships. This article provides an overview of pre-union counseling, a new specialization designed to provide preventive, relationship-enhancing counseling to same-sex couples who are planning to marry or partner. A review of the premarital counseling and same-sex couples counseling literature serves as a foundation for pre-union counseling recommendations (content areas, goals, and format) with gay male and lesbian couples. Future research and scholarship needs regarding pre-union counseling also are discussed.
Viscosity of liquids

Three viscosity correlations were tested for liquids at their boiling points. Compounds studied included normal paraffins, branched-chain hydrocarbons, aromatics, halogenated methanes and ethanes, water, and aliphatic alcohols. The correlations were tested for the most part with viscosity and thermodynamic data found in the literature. Some experimental viscosity measurements were made, however, for normal paraffins from pentane to octane at temperatures up to about 300°F., which is higher than has previously been reported. Two correlations are based on Eyring's theory of absolute reaction rates. The third is based on the compressibility factor of the saturated liquid, and this correlation is unique, as all available data for normal paraffins with eight or more carbon atoms are represented by a single curve. The three correlations presented here can be used to extrapolate viscosity data over large temperature ranges up to the critical temperature. Logical predictions of the viscosities of related compounds are possible.
Full Jet Reconstruction in Heavy Ion Collisions

Abstract Full jet reconstruction has traditionally been thought to be difficult in heavy ion events due to large multiplicity backgrounds. The search for new physics in high luminosity p+p collisions at the LHC similarly requires the precise measurement of jets over large backgrounds caused by pile up; this has motivated the development of a new generation of jet reconstruction algorithms which are also applicable in the heavy ion environment. We review the latest results on jet-medium interactions as seen in A+A collisions at RHIC, focusing on the new techniques for full jet reconstruction.
Supercooling and structure of levitation melted Fe-Ni alloys

The effect of processing variables, such as supercooling, quenching rate, and/or growth inhibitors on the structure of levitation melted Fe-25 pct Ni alloys was investigated. The subgrain microstructure of samples solidified in water, molten lead, or ceramic mold was found to fall into three categories of dendritic, spherical, or mixed dendritic plus spherical morphologies. All three morphologies were observed when the samples had solidified with a superheat or a supercooling less than 175 K. At larger supercoolings, however, only the spherical morphology was observed. The structure fineness was shown to depend on the supercooling as well as on the solidification medium. The grain size and shape, on the other hand, was found to depend on the morphology of the microstructure, but not on the supercooling. The cooling rates during solidification and the heat transfer coefficient at the metal-quenching medium boundary were calculated. The coefficient for the samples solidified in water, molten lead, and ceramic mold was calculated to be 0.41, 0.52, and 0.15 w/cm2 K, respectively.
A case report of putative autoimmunity to prostate cancer after immune-mediated rejection of melanoma through a shared tumor antigen.

Patients with metastatic melanoma or castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer have limited life expectancy. We report the case of a patient with metastatic melanoma who was free of disease progression for 18 years and whose prostate cancer, diagnosed 14 years after his melanoma diagnosis, entered spontaneous (though transient) remission. We found that the patient produced antibodies and T cells specific for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), suggesting that he developed auto-immunity to prostate cancer after immune-mediated rejection of the melanoma. We propose that an immune response to a shared tumor antigen resulted in long-lasting anti-tumor effects against both malignancies.
Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Older Adults: A Status Report

This article reviews cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention in older patients, highlighting results from recent clinical studies related to primary and secondary prevention. Many of these studies demonstrated greater absolute reductions in major cardiovascular events among older, higher-risk populations compared with younger patients. Guideline recommendations for CVD risk factor modification are also reviewed with emphasis on issues pertaining to the older adult population.
Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Context: Several studies found association between vitamin D levels and hypertension, coronary artery calcification, and heart disease. Objective: The aim of this study was to summarize the evidence on the effect of vitamin D on cardiovascular outcomes. Design and Methods: We searched electronic databases from inception through August 2010 for randomized trials. Reviewers working in duplicate and independently extracted study characteristics, quality, and the outcomes of interest. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool the relative risks (RR) and the weighted mean differences across trials. Results: We found 51 eligible trials with moderate quality. Vitamin D was associated with nonsignificant effects on the patient-important outcomes of death [RR, 0.96; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.93, 1.00; P = 0.08], myocardial infarction (RR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.93, 1.13; P = 0.64), and stroke (RR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.88, 1.25; P = 0.59). These analyses were associated with minimal heterogeneity. There were no signi...
Divalent cation-induced phosphatidic acid membrane fusion. Effect of ion binding and membrane surface tension.

Abstract A study was made on the correlation between the degree of membrane fusion and surface tension increase of phosphatidic acid membranes caused by divalent cations. Membrane fusion was followed by the Tb 3+ /dipicolinic acid assay, monitoring the fluorescent intensity for mixing of the internal aqueous contents of small unilamellar lipid vesicles. The surface tension and surface potential of monolayers made of the same lipids as used in the fusion experiments were measured as a function of divalent cation concentration. It was found that the ‘threshold’ concentration to induce massive vesicle membrane fusion was the same for Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , and that the surface tension increase in the monolayer, induced by changing divalent cation concentration from zero to a concentration which corresponds to its threshold value, inducing vesicle membrane fusion, was approximately the same: 6.3 dyn / cm for both Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ . Both the divalent cation's threshold concentrations as well as the surface tension change corresponding to the threshold concentration for the phosphatidic acid membrane were smaller than those for the phosphatidylserine membrane. The different fusion capability of these divalent cations for phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine membranes is discussed in terms of the different ion binding capabilities of these ions to the membranes.
Notes on the topological Tverberg theorem

Abstract Following a manuscript of K.S. Sarkaria we give an extensive account of the topological Tverberg Theorem in the case where the number of desired disjoint faces is a prime power. Since all known proofs of the theorem utilize methods from algebraic topology, the objective of this article is to explain the proof to a wider mathematical audience.
RÔLE OF INBORN RESISTANCE FACTORS IN MOUSE POPULATIONS INFECTED WITH BACILLUS ENTERITIDIS

1. Under conditions in which mouse typhoid is allowed to spread naturally among herds of mice comprised of different proportions of individuals of innately high or low susceptibility: ( a ) 85 to 95 per cent of the innately susceptible succumb to mouse typhoid in contrast to less than 5 per cent of the innately resistant, regardless of whether either constitutes 25, 50, or 75 per cent of the population respectively. ( b ) The surviving population is therefore comprised largely of individuals known at the outset to be innately resistant. These resistants are, nevertheless, apt to have become infected and to harbor mouse typhoid bacilli in their spleens and feces. 2. Under conditions in which recruits are added to surviving populations comprised chiefly of innately resistants among which mortalities have practically ceased: ( a ) Mouse typhoid infection spreads to both innately resistant and susceptible recruits. ( b ) Mortality from mouse typhoid is limited almost exclusively to the innately susceptible recruits and is "sporadic" or "epidemic" in character according to the numbers and proportion of susceptibles added. ( c ) Innately resistant recruits remain well unless subjected to some non-specific hazard, such as heat or overcrowding, in which case both they and the susceptibles succumb in proportions similar to their relative numbers in the population. 3. It was plain that survivors are almost exclusively the individuals known at the outset to have been innately resistant. 4. There was no tendency for known susceptibles to become immunized through herd exposure at epidemic times, at postepidemic times in which the dosage of mouse typhoid bacilli was relatively small, nor at repeated short intervals. Finally, susceptibles given repeated, known, sublethal doses of mouse typhoid bacilli or St. Louis encephalitis virus by a natural route failed to develop immunity against a subsequent test dose.
Developing research-based innovation protocols: process, criteria, and issues.

The criteria and issues involved in a process of transferring research-based knowledge into innovation protocols for nursing practice are discussed. Three sets of criteria are identified: (a) criteria that pertain to evaluating and integrating studies that constitute a base, (b) criteria that address the issue of how relevant the base is for nursing practice, and (c) criteria related to the potential for evaluation in the clinical setting. The format of the innovation protocol is presented. It is suggested that the protocol may be seen as a form of methodological approximation between research and practice. It is also noted that the process involved in identifying research bases for utilization can serve to identify needs for the conduct of nursing research in the future.
Relationship between O2 Delivery and O2 Consumption in the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

We evaluated the relationship between O2 delivery and oxygen consumption (VO2) in ten patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) over the course of their illness (mean 7 +/- 5 days) while they were receiving positive mechanical ventilation with varying levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). Mean values and standard deviations for O2 delivery and VO2 were 15.2 +/- 4.8 ml/min/kg and 4.1 +/- 1.2 ml/min/kg, respectively. In our ten patients, below an O2 delivery of 21 ml/min/kg, VO2 was linearly related to O2 delivery (VO2 = 0.32 X O2 delivery--0.53, n = 83, r = 0.76). However, at an O2 delivery rate higher than 21 ml/min/kg, there was no correlation between VO2 and O2 delivery. Mixed venous O2 content (CvO2) and arteriovenous oxygen content difference (C(a-v)O2) did not correlate with O2 delivery, nor was there a significant correlation between cardiac output (Qt) and mixed venous O2 tension (PvO2) or saturation (SvO2). We conclude that in patients with ARDS on mechanical ventilation with PEEP, VO2 and O2 delivery are linearly related except at high levels of O2 delivery. PvO2 and (C(a-v)O2) do not correlate with O2 delivery and are not sensitive indicators of tissue oxygenation in ARDS.
RECENT ADVANCES IN OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE INFECTIOUS DISEASES

This paper has been prepared for the busy man who, while interested in infectious diseases, has not the time to follow up the literature on the subject constantly. Professor Arkin's contribution will also serve to refresh the memory of those who are actively engaged in health department work of all kinds.
Statistical and continuum models of fluid-solid reactions in porous media

In this review, we discuss past theoretical works on fluid-solid reactions in a porous medium. Such reactions are often accompanied by a continuous alteration of the pore structure of the medium, and at high conversions they exhibit percolation-type behavior, i.e. the solid matrix of the medium and/or the fluid phase lose their macroscopic connectivity. These phenomena are, therefore, characterized by a percolation threshold which is the volume or area fraction of a phase (solid or fluid) below which that phase exists only in isolated clusters or islands. Important classes of such processes are acid dissolution of a porous medium and gas—solid reactions with pore volume growth, e.g. coal gasification, and with pore closure, e.g. lime sulfation, and catalyst deactivation. These processes are characterized by continuous changes in the pore space as a result of a chemical reaction. We also consider here other processes such as the flow of fines, stable emulsions and solid particles in a porous medium which also alter the structure of the pore space, but by physical interaction of the particles and the solid surface of the pores. In this review we compare two different modelling approaches to reactions accompanied by structural changes. First we review the continuum approach, which is based on the classical equations of transport and reaction supplemented with constitutive equations describing the effect of structural changes on reaction and transport parameters. We then outline the relevant concepts, ideas and techniques of percolation theory and the statistical physics of disordered media, and review their application to the phenomena mentioned above. In particular, we emphasize the fundamental role of connectivity of the porous medium in such phenomena. Since in both approaches one needs to estimate the effective transport properties of the porous medium that is undergoing continuous change, we also review continuum and statistical methods of estimating the effective transport properties of disordered porous media.
Design and optimization of microstructure for improved corrosion resistance in laser surface alloyed aluminum with molybdenum

The in-situ measurement of dilution during the laser surface alloying process is an enormously difficult task, due to the localized nature of laser energy and very short laser-material interaction time. Therefore, a computational approach (finite-element method and analysis of variance) was effectively employed to evaluate the dilution during the laser surface alloying process. Firstly, a finiteelement model based on COMSOL™ multiphysics was developed to predict the dilution of Mo with Al during non-equilibrium laser surface alloying process. Secondly, the optimization model based on Design-Expert® was developed to find the optimal laser surface alloying parameters (laser power, scanning speed, and fill spacing) to obtain a microstructure suitable for improved corrosion resistance that is primarily attributed to the formation of Al5Mo intermetallic phase (16.7 at% Mo). The present optimization model utilized the prior experimental and computational (finite-element) modeling data for the concentration of Mo (at%). The optimization analyses were carried out for the all the current datasets and the analysis revealed 44 optimal solutions that indicate the highest desirability. The confirmation runs were carried out to validate the optimization model. The experimental observation showed that the sample processed with optimal processing conditions demonstrates good corrosion resistance.
Use of a Generalized Linear Model to Evaluate Range Forage Production Estimates

Interdisciplinary teams have been used in federal land planning and in the private sector to reach consensus on the environmental impact of management. When a large data base is constructed, verifiability of the accuracy of the coded estimates and the underlying assumptions becomes a problem. A mechanism is provided by the use of a linear statistical model to evaluate production coefficients in terms of errors in coding and underlying assumptions. The technique can be used to evaluate other intuitive models depicting natural resource production in relation to prescribed variables, such as site factors or secondary succession.
Simultaneous simple and fast quantification of three major immunosuppressants by liquid chromatography--tandem mass-spectrometry.

Objectives: The aim of the current study was to develop a simple, fast and universal method for quantification of any combination of the three major immunosuppressants sirolimus, tacrolimus and cyclosporin in whole blood, using a LC-tandem mass spectrometer (API-2000, SCIEX, Toronto, Canada). Methods: 250 μL whole blood was spiked with internal standard (ritonavir), and protein precipitated with 350 μL acetonitrile. The sample was centrifuged and 30 μL aliquot was injected onto the HPLC column, where it underwent an online extraction with ammonium acetate. After that the automatic switching valve was activated, changing the mobile phase to methanol and thereby eluting the analytes into the tandem mass spectrometer. The high selectivity of a tandem mass analyzer allows determination of any combination of the three drugs within a 5 min run. Results: Between-day precision was between 2.4% and 9.7% for all analytes at the concentrations tested. Accuracy ranged between 98.8% and 103.2% (n = 20). The method was linear over the measuring ranges of all analytes. Within-run precision was below %CV = 6% for all analytes. Good correlation with other analytical methods was observed. Conclusions: The simplicity, universality and high throughput of the method make it suitable for application in a clinical laboratory. The method has been implemented in our laboratory for a routine use.
Targeting Human Central Nervous System Protein Kinases: An Isoform Selective p38αMAPK Inhibitor That Attenuates Disease Progression in Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Models

The first kinase inhibitor drug approval in 2001 initiated a remarkable decade of tyrosine kinase inhibitor drugs for oncology indications, but a void exists for serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor drugs and central nervous system indications. Stress kinases are of special interest in neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders due to their involvement in synaptic dysfunction and complex disease susceptibility. Clinical and preclinical evidence implicates the stress related kinase p38αMAPK as a potential neurotherapeutic target, but isoform selective p38αMAPK inhibitor candidates are lacking and the mixed kinase inhibitor drugs that are promising in peripheral tissue disease indications have limitations for neurologic indications. Therefore, pursuit of the neurotherapeutic hypothesis requires kinase isoform selective inhibitors with appropriate neuropharmacology features. Synaptic dysfunction disorders offer a potential for enhanced pharmacological efficacy due to stress-induced activation of p38αMAPK in both neurons and glia, the interacting cellular components of the synaptic pathophysiological axis, to be modulated. We report a novel isoform selective p38αMAPK inhibitor, MW01-18-150SRM (=MW150), that is efficacious in suppression of hippocampal-dependent associative and spatial memory deficits in two distinct synaptic dysfunction mouse models. A synthetic scheme for biocompatible product and positive outcomes from pharmacological screens are presented. The high-resolution crystallographic structure of the p38αMAPK/MW150 complex documents active site binding, reveals a potential low energy conformation of the bound inhibitor, and suggests a structural explanation for MW150's exquisite target selectivity. As far as we are aware, MW150 is without precedent as an isoform selective p38MAPK inhibitor or as a kinase inhibitor capable of modulating in vivo stress related behavior.
Patterns of collaboration in design courses: team dynamics affect technology appropriation, artifact creation, and course performance

In a collaborative task, group dynamics have been shown to affect students' grades, motivation to pursue a topic or subject, documentation of the experience, learning, enjoyment of a project, and relationships with their classmates. The results presented in this paper illustrate the effect team dynamics also have upon technology appropriation, by combining proven data-collection strategies and the use of a system that augments paper sketchbooks with multimedia capture and sharing capabilities. We analyze the relationships between students' design notebooks, questionnaires, and interview responses, class observations, and course performance. Our study found that students' use of collaborative tools increases when they believe their teammates to be equally engaged and involved in the project. Moreover, students engaged in successful collaborations are likely to take fewer notes than those involved in conflict-filled collaborations, and students with considerable experience working in groups may bypass critical steps in creating joint problem-solving spaces with each new group.
Estimation of Cost Contingency for Air Force Construction Projects

Risk and associated cost overruns are critical problems for construction projects, yet the most common practice for dealing with them is the assignment of an arbitrary flat percentage of the construction budget as a contingency fund. Therefore, our goal was to identify significant variables that may influence, or serve as indicators of, potential cost overruns. We analyzed data from 203 Air Force construction projects over a full range of project types and scopes using multiple linear regression to develop a model to predict the amount of required contingency funds. The proposed model uses only data that would be available prior to the award of a construction contract. The variables in the model were categorized as project characteristics, design performance metrics, and contract award process influences. Based on the performance metric used, the model captures 44% of actual cost overruns versus the 20% captured by the current practice. Furthermore, application of the model reduces the average contingency budgeting error from 11.2 to only 0.3%.
Radiation Response Genotype and Risk of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Case-Control Analysis†

Background: Radiation is the only clear etiologic agent for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Understanding the factors affecting sensitivity to gamma radiation and susceptibility to DTC will be critical to early detection and prevention of DTC. Hypothesis: Germline variants of double-strand break repair genes are markers of DTC risk. Objective: Determine the frequency of common single nucleotide polymorphisms of genes of the double-strand break repair pathway in patients with DTC and cancer-free controls. Study Design: Case-control study. Methods: This study included 134 patients with DTC, 79 patients with benign thyroid lesions, and 166 cancer-free control subjects. To avoid ethnic confounding, all subjects were non-Hispanic whites. Genotype analyses were performed on DNA isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the risk of DTC associated with each variant genotype. Results: The XRCC3 18067T polymorphic allele was found significantly more commonly among the DTC cases than for the control subjects (P = .006). After multivariate adjustment, having the XRCC3 18067T allele was associated with an increased risk of DTC (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3 to 3.4; P = .004). In addition, there was a suggestion that the XRCC3 18067T polymorphic allele was more common among the patients with benign thyroid disease (P = .054), and the homozygous polymorphic genotype was associated with risk for benign thyroid disease (adjusted OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 0.9–4.9; P = .078). Conclusions: In this case-control analysis, the XRCC3 18067T polymorphism is associated with DTC risk. However, such work needs confirmation in larger studies.
Patients' Evaluations of Gynecologic Services Provided by Nurse Practitioners

Abstract The development, operating principles, and users' evaluations of a broad-based gynecologic program emphasizing effective birth control on a university campus are discussed. A major feature that is explored is the use of nurse practitioners as the primary service providers. The forces that resulted in the formation of the program and the methods used to enhance its effectiveness are described. The evaluations of 3,527 users over a three-year period are indicated by summarizing responses to a questionnaire covering the following topics; whether providing such a service was helpful, likelihood of arranging for the service elsewhere if unavailable at the health center, attitudes of staff, medical procedures used, availability of services, and the opportunity to thoroughly discuss concerns. The evaluations were seen as extremely supportive of both the program and the use of nurse practitioners in this setting.
Growth Factor Involvement in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transformation of the Epicardium in the Avian Embryo

Growth Factor Involvement in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transformation of the Epicardium in the Avian Embryo
On deep mean flow generation mechanisms and the abyssal circulation of numerical model gyres

Abstract Mesoscale resolution ocean general circulation model (EGCM) experiments have been carried out under a variety of different model physical assumptions, and the different model systems often produce very different deep mean flow fields. The flat bottom, rectangular basin experiments exhibit two distinct types of deep mean flow, which are here called “corotating” and “counterrotating”. Counterrotating deep flow, in which two adjacent deep gyres, with circulation of opposite senses, underlie the upper ocean eastward jet and its recirculation, has been found only in models with adiabetic two-layer model physics. None of the more complex model systems exhibit counterrotating deep flows; this type of flow is apparently restricted to a particular range of forcing/dissipation parameter space and/or particular model physical assumptions. Since the deep flow in these EGCM systems is generally weak, geostrophic dynamics provides the basic deep flow interior balance and the mean vertical velocity field, through the lower layer vorticity equation, largely determines the deep interior flow. The dynamical constraints on the mean vertical velocity field introduced by different model physical equations are reviewed and the adiabatic quasi-geostrophic (QG) two-layer model system is shown to be strongly constrained in several respects. In particular, the idea that eddy and mean heat flux divergence (or “layer thickness flux divergence”) drive the mean vertical velocity does not generalize to more complicated dynamical systems in which there is the possibility of altering the mean vertical density profile and/or in which the horizontal flow can be divergent. As a consequence of the constraints, there can be no basin net vorticity input to the lower layer via vortex stretching in the QG system. Because of the adiabatic QG constraints and the particular parametric regime in which the published adiabatic QG EGCM experiments exist, a very plausible explanation can be found for the existence of the deep cyclonic circulation of the model subtropical gyre. It is this cyclonic circulation that causes these deep flows to differ so dramatically from those of the more physically complex model systems. Because all the published adiabatic QG experiments that have non-trivial deep flows exhibit the counterrotating behavior, and because available ocean data do not support the existence of such a gyre in the North Atlantic, it seems important to thoroughly understand the reasons for the existence or absence of the deep cyclonic circulations. If they are an invitable feature of adiabatic QG systems, these models may need to be treated with caution as tools for understanding the mean ocean circulation.
Completely bounded module maps and the Haagerup tensor product

Abstract We obtain a representation theorem for module maps defined on the algebra K(H) of compact operators. This is used to show that the Haagerup tensor product of two operator algebras enjoys strong versions of Tomita's commutant theorem and the slice map property. We also give a general theorem concerning the automatic complete boundedness of module maps.
Protein Accounting in the Cellular Economy

Knowing the copy number of cellular proteins is critical for understanding cell physiology. By being able to measure the absolute synthesis rates of the majority of cellular proteins, Li et al. gain insights into key aspects of translation regulation and fundamental principles of cellular strategies to adjust protein synthesis according to the functional needs.
Heterogeneous fibre microstructures and their influence on failure

SUMMARY A detailed microscopic, experimental and micromechanical evaluation of fibre damage initiation in a unidirectional aluminium matrix-silicon carbide fibre (SCS-8TM) composite has been performed for a monotonic load sequence. The salient fibre features include a 33-μm-diameter monofilament turbostratic carbon (C) core, a ∼ 1·5-μm pyrolytic C layer, an interior sheath of β-phase silicon carbide (SiC) crystallites imbedded in an amorphous C matrix, and an exterior sheath of radially orientated β-SiC. Quantitative microscopy shows that the interior sheath's surplus C varies smoothly from ∼ 35% by volume near the core to zero at the mid-radius. The multi-phase structure of the fibre produces an internal mechanical stiffness that increases with distance from the core, and thus peak stresses result in the exterior sheath. X-ray tomographic microscopy (XTM) reveals that cores fracture randomly, without failure of the surrounding SiC, at stress levels above half the ultimate strength of the composite. Three-dimensional XTM reconstructions show planar, non-planar and spiral cracks in the failed fibre, suggesting multiple and competing initiation mechanisms. Qualitative fracture assessments suggest that flaws near the C core grow outward in a curved manner through the SiC–C and planar beyond the mid-radius, whereas cracks originating near the fibre–matrix interface favour planar trajectories inward across the whole fibre.