cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHOP Links Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress to NF-κB Activation in the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Free fatty acid induction of inflammation and cell death is an important feature of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and has been associated with disruption of the endoplasmic reticulum and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). After chronic UPR activation, the transcription factor CHOP (GADD153/DDIT3) triggers cell death; however, the mechanisms linking the UPR or CHOP to hepatoceullular injury and inflammation in the pathogenesis of NASH are not well understood. Using HepG2 and primary human hepatocytes, we found that CHOP induces cell death and inflammatory responses after saturated free fatty acid exposure by activating NF-κB through a pathway involving IRAK2 expression, resulting in secretion of cytokines IL-8 and TNFα directly from hepatocytes. TNFα facilitates hepatocyte death upon exposure to saturated free fatty acids, and secretion of both IL-8 and TNFα contribute to inflammation. Of interest, CHOP/NF-κB signaling is not conserved in primary rodent hepatocytes. Our studies suggest that CHOP plays a vital role in the pathophysiology of NASH by induction of secreted factors that trigger inflammation and hepatocellular death via a signaling pathway specific to human hepatocytes.
Limits from supernovae on neutrino radiative lifetimes

Abstract It is shown that, since the bulk of the approximately 1053 ergs of neutron star binding energy emerges from a supernova as neutrinos the presence of a radiative decay channel for any type of neutrino with mass less than about 10 MeV can be severely constrained. Lifetimes longer than a thousand seconds but less than the age of the universe are eliminated by the observed X- and γ-ray background limits, as discussed previously by Cowsik [1]. Lifetimes between about 10−3s and 103s are restricted by a combination of X- and γ-ray background limits, and by the total energetics of supernova events themselves, since such decays would occur within the presupernova star. These limits would also apply to axions.
An approach to chiral tri-substituted olefins: Synthesis of the C(1)C(7) segment of halichomycin

Abstract A two step, stereocontrolled procedure has been developed for production of 2, a precursor to the C(1)C(7) segment of halichomycin (1).
Salan complexes of the group 12, 13 and 14 elements

Abstract Although derived from the well-known and heavily utilized SalenH 2 ligands, the SalanH 4 ligands ( N , N ′-bis( o -hydroxybenzyl)- o -diaminoalkyl(or aryl)) have not been historically developed with regards to the main group elements. This situation has been drastically changed over the past four years, with the report of new complexes of the SalanH 4 ligands incorporating the group 12, 13 and 14 elements. This review will outline the various types of complexes that are currently available as well as provide guidance for future studies. Complexes having a metal-to-ligand stoichiometry of 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 are known. The 1:1 complexes are of two types. They include the group 12 and 14 elements SalanH 2 M (where MZn and Sn), and the group 13 elements, SalanH 2 MR (where MAl; RMe). The structures of the zinc compounds are characterized by the incorporation of significant numbers of hydrogen bonded solvent. The second type are the unique anions of formula, [SalanAl(Li(THF) 2 )] 2 . The 2:1 complexes, SalanHMR(MR 2 ) (where MAl and RMe, NMe 2 ) can adopt one of two isomeric ( cis or trans ) forms. The heating of concentrated samples of some of these leads to the formation of the dimeric condensation products, [SalanMR(MR 2 )] 2 . The 3:1 complexes, SalanMR(MR 2 ) 2 (where MAl, Ga; RMe, Et, t Bu) can also adopt either a cis or a trans geometry. The spectroscopic characterization of the trimetallics shows them to be non-fluxional in solution. Moreover, those that incorporate either Salophan or Salomphan exhibit anisotropic ring current effects.
Pd-MCM-48: a novel recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for chemo- and regioselective hydrogenation of olefins and coupling reactions.

A novel, heterogeneous Pd-MCM-48 catalyst has been developed by encapsulating palladium nanoparticles into the cubic phase of mesoporous MCM-48 matrix at room temperature. The catalyst demonstrated excellent chemo- and regioselectivity for the hydrogenation of olefins at room temperature within 30–80 min. The turnover frequency for the hydrogenation is very high (4400 h−1). Interestingly, selectivity of the catalyst was significantly influenced by the mode of addition of palladium precursor. Moreover, the catalyst was also very effective for the coupling reactions with the formation of carbon–carbon and carbon–nitrogen bonds under ligand-free and aerobic conditions.
Pre- and post-perihelion observations of C/2009 P1 (Garradd): Evidence for an oxygen-rich heritage?

We conducted pre- and post-perihelion observations of Comet C/2009 P1 (Garradd) on UT 2011 October 13 and 2012 January 8, at heliocentric distances of 1.83 and 1.57 AU, respectively, using the high-resolution infrared spectrometer (NIRSPEC) at the Keck II 10-m telescope on Mauna Kea, HI. Pre-perihelion, we obtained production rates for nine primary volatiles (native ices): H2O, CO, CH3OH, CH4, C2H6, HCN, C2H2, H2CO, and NH3. Post-perihelion, we obtained production rates for three of these (H2O, CH4, and HCN) and sensitive upper limits for three others (C2H2, H2CO, and NH3). CO was enriched and C2H2 was depleted, yet C2H6 and CH3OH were close to their currentmean values asmeasured in a dominant group of Oort cloud comets. This may indicate processing of its pre-cometary ices in a relatively oxygen-rich environment. Our measurements indicate consistent pre- and post-perihelion abundance ratios relative to H2O, suggesting we were measuring compositional homogeneity among measured species to the depths in the nucleus sampled. However, the overall gas production was lower post-perihelion despite its smaller heliocentric distance on January 8. This is qualitatively consistent with other studies of C/2009 P1, perhaps due to seasonal differences in the heating of one or more active regions on the nucleus. On October 13, the water profile showed a pronounced excess towards the Sun-facing hemisphere that was not seen in other molecules, including H2O on January 8, nor in the dust continuum. Inter-comparison of profiles from October 13 permitted us to quantify contributions due to release of H2O from the nucleus, and fromits release in the coma. This resulted in the latter source contributing 25-30% of the total observed water within our slit, which covered roughly +/-300 km by +/-4500 km from the nucleus. We attribute this excess H2O, which peaked at a mean projected distance of 1300-1500 km from the nucleus, to release from water-rich, relatively pure icy grains
KamLAND and solar neutrino data eliminate the LOW solution

Abstract The KamLAND reactor antineutrino experiment has detected a 3.4 σ flux suppression relative to the expectation if no neutrino oscillations occur. We combine KamLAND data with solar neutrino data and show that the LMA solution is the only viable oscillation solution to the solar neutrino problem at the 4.4 σ C.L.
Integral representations for elliptic functions

We derive new integral representations for constituents of the classical theory of elliptic functions: the Eisenstein series, and Weierstrass' ℘ and ζ functions. The derivations proceed from the Laplace–Mellin representation of multipoles, and an elementary lemma on the summation of 2D geometric series. In addition, we present results concerning the analytic continuation of the Eisenstein series to an entire function in the complex plane, and the value of the conditionally convergent series, denoted by E˜2 below, as a function of summation over increasingly large rectangles with arbitrary fixed aspect ratio.1
SIMPLY INTERSECTING PAIR MAPS IN THE MAPPING CLASS GROUP

The Torelli group, $\mathscr{I}(S_g)$, is the subgroup of the mapping class group consisting of elements that act trivially on the homology of the surface. There are three types of elements that naturally arise in studying $\mathscr{I}(S_g)$: bounding pair maps, separating twists, and simply intersecting pair maps (SIP-maps). Historically the first two types of elements have been the focus of the literature on $\mathscr{I}(S_g)$, while SIP-maps have received relatively little attention until recently, due to an infinite presentation of $\mathscr{I}(S_g)$ introduced by Putman that uses all three types of elements. We will give a topological characterization of the image of an SIP-map under the Johnson homomorphism and Birman–Craggs–Johnson homomorphism. We will also classify which SIP-maps are in the kernel of these homomorphisms. Then we will look at the subgroup generated by all SIP-maps, SIP(Sg), and show it is an infinite index subgroup of $\mathscr{I}(S_g)$.
Distortion of leaves in product foliations

Abstract We produce examples of codimension one foliations of H 2 and E 2 with bounded geometry which are topologically product foliations, but for which leaves are non-recursively distorted . That is, the function which compares intrinsic distances in leaves with extrinsic distances in the ambient space grows faster than any recursive function.
An Ethanol Blend Wall Shift is Prone to Increase Petroleum Gasoline Demand

Abstract In 2010, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced a waiver allowing an increase in the fuel–ethanol blend limit (the “blend wall”) from 10% (E10) to 15% (E15). Justifications for the waiver are reduced vehicle-fuel prices and less consumption of petroleum gasoline, leading to greater energy security. Empirical investigations of this waiver using Monte Carlo simulations reveal an anomaly where a relaxation of this blend wall elicits a demand response. Under a wide range of elasticities, this demand response can actually increase the consumption of petroleum gasoline and thus lead to greater energy insecurity. The economics supporting this result and associated policy implications are developed and discussed.
Performance of AASHTO girder bridges under blast loading

AASHTO has specified probability-based design methodology and load factors for designing bridge piers against ship impact and vehicular collision. Currently, no specific AASHTO design guideline exists for bridges against blast loading. Structural engineering methods to protect infrastructure systems from terrorist attacks are required. This study investigated the most common types of concrete bridges on the interstate highways. A 2-span 2-lane bridge with Type III AASHTO girders was used for modeling. AASHTO Load and Resistance Factor Design methods were used for the model bridge design. The girders, pier caps and columns loading were analyzed for probable blast loading. The model bridge failed under the probable blast loads applied over and underneath the bridge. The research findings show that typical AASHTO girder bridges are unable to resist probable blast loads.
On the existence of periodic orbits for the fixed homogeneous circle problem

Abstract We prove the existence of some types of periodic orbits for a particle moving in Euclidean three-space under the influence of the gravitational force induced by a fixed homogeneous circle. These types include periodic orbits very far and very near the homogeneous circle, as well as eight and spiral periodic orbits.
A program for the study of long-term adaptation to a weightless environment providing three-dimensional freedom of movement.

Small animal space station model mechanical details and testing for application to long term space flight studies of movement freedom in weightless environment
DEVELOPMENT AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF "BLACK-BOX" COUNTERPROPAGATING WAVE ALGORITHM FOR EXACT QUANTUM SCATTERING CALCULATIONS

In a recent series of papers,1-3 a bipolar counter-propagating wave decomposition, Ψ = Ψ+ + Ψ-, was presented for stationary bound states Ψ of the one-dimensional Schrodinger equation, such that the components Ψ± approach their semiclassical WKB analogs in the large action limit. The corresponding bipolar quantum trajectories are classical-like and well-behaved, even when Ψ has many nodes, or is wildly oscillatory. In this paper, the earlier results are used to construct an universal "black-box" algorithm, numerically robust, stable and efficient, for computing accurate scattering quantities of any quantum dynamical system in one degree of freedom.
Radon-Nikodym derivatives of quantum operations

Given a completely positive (CP) map T, there is a theorem of the Radon–Nikodym type [W. B. Arveson, Acta Math. 123, 141 (1969); V. P. Belavkin and P. Staszewski, Rep. Math. Phys. 24, 49 (1986)] that completely characterizes all CP maps S such that T−S is also a CP map. This theorem is reviewed, and several alternative formulations are given along the way. We then use the Radon–Nikodym formalism to study the structure of order intervals of quantum operations, as well as a certain one-to-one correspondence between CP maps and positive operators, already fruitfully exploited in many quantum information-theoretic treatments. We also comment on how the Radon–Nikodym theorem can be used to derive norm estimates for differences of CP maps in general, and of quantum operations in particular.
Interactions of a String Inspired Graviton Field

We continue to explore the possibility that the graviton in two dimensions is related to a quadratic differential that appears in the anomalous contribution of the gravitational effective action for chiral fermions. A higher dimensional analog of this field might exist as well. We improve the defining action for this diffeomorphism tensor field and establish a principle for how it interacts with other fields and with point particles in any dimension. All interactions are related to the action of the diffeomorphism group. We discuss possible interpretations of this field.
A model-based approach for detection of objects in low resolution passive millimeter wave images

A model-based vision system to assist the pilots in landing maneuvers under restricted visibility conditions is described. The system was designed to analyze image sequences obtained from a Passive Millimeter Wave (PMMW) imaging system mounted on the aircraft to delineate runways/taxiways, buildings, and other objects on or near runways. PMMW sensors have good response in a foggy atmosphere, but their spatial resolution is very low. However, additional data such as airport model and approximate position and orientation of aircraft are available. These data are exploited to guide our model-based system to locate objects in the low resolution image and generate warning signals to alert the pilots. Also analytical expressions were derived from the accuracy of the camera position estimate obtained by detecting the position of known objects in the image.
Sorting with Asymmetric Read and Write Costs

Emerging memory technologies have a significant gap between the cost, both in time and in energy, of writing to memory versus reading from memory. In this paper we present models and algorithms that account for this difference, with a focus on write-efficient sorting algorithms. First, we consider the PRAM model with asymmetric write cost, and show that sorting can be performed in O(n) writes, O(n log n) reads, and logarithmic depth (parallel time). Next, we consider a variant of the External Memory (EM) model that charges k > 1 for writing a block of size B to the secondary memory, and present variants of three EM sorting algorithms (multi-way merge sort, sample sort, and heap sort using buffer trees) that asymptotically reduce the number of writes over the original algorithms, and perform roughly k block reads for every block write. Finally, we define a variant of the Ideal-Cache model with asymmetric write costs, and present write-efficient,cache-oblivious parallel algorithms for sorting, FFTs, and matrix multiplication. Adapting prior bounds for work-stealing and parallel-depth-first schedulers to the asymmetric setting, these yield provably good bounds for parallel machines with private caches or with a shared cache, respectively.
PP-Lowness and a Simple Definition of AWPP

Abstract. We show that the counting classes AWPP and APP [FFKL], [L] are more robust than previously thought. Our results identify a sufficient condition for a language to be low for PP, and we show that this condition is at least as weak as other previously studied criteria. We extend a result of Kobler et al. by proving that all sparse co-C = P languages are in APP, and are thus PP-low. Our results also imply that AWPP ⊂eq APP, and thus APP contains many other established subclasses of PP-low, thereby reducing several different lowness results to membership in APP. We also show that AWPP and APP are Σ 0 2 -definable classes. Some of our results are reminiscent of amplifying certainty in probabilistic computation.
Control Abstractions for Local Search

Comet is an object-oriented language supporting a constraint-based architecture for local search through declarative and search components. This paper proposes three novel and lightweight control abstractions for the search component, significantly enhancing the compositionality, modularity, and reuse of Comet programs. These abstractions, which includes events and checkpoints, rely on first-class closures as the enabling technology. They are especially useful for expressing, in a modular way, heuristic and meta-heuristics, unions of heterogeneous neighborhoods, and sequential composition of neighborhoods.
Privacy and contextual integrity: framework and applications

Contextual integrity is a conceptual framework for understanding privacy expectations and their implications developed in the literature on law, public policy, and political philosophy. We formalize some aspects of contextual integrity in a logical framework for expressing and reasoning about norms of transmission of personal information. In comparison with access control and privacy policy frameworks such as RBAC, EPAL, and P3P, these norms focus on who personal information is about, how it is transmitted, and past and future actions by both the subject and the users of the information. Norms can be positive or negative depending on whether they refer to actions that are allowed or disallowed. Our model is expressive enough to capture naturally many notions of privacy found in legislation, including those found in HIPAA, COPPA, and GLBA. A number of important problems regarding compliance with privacy norms, future requirements associated with specific actions, and relations between policies and legal standards reduce to standard decision procedures for temporal logic.
Synthesis of new proazaphosphatranes and their application in organic synthesis

Abstract We report herein the synthesis of the new proazaphosphatrane strong bases P(RNCH 2 CH 2 ) 3 N (R=Me 3 CCH 2 , Me 2 CHCH 2 ) and ( 1g ). The new azaphosphatranes [HP(RNCH 2 CH 2 ) 3 N]Cl (R=Me 3 CCH 2 , Me 2 CHCH 2 ) have P–N ax distances of 2.047 and 1.958 A, respectively. We also report the synthesis of the tetramine precursor proazaphosphatrane 1g [namely, (H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 ) 2 NCH 2 CH 2 NH- i -Pr] in 41% yield and the use of a complexation–extraction technique to separate it from a mixture containing the di- and tri-isopropyl substituted analogs. Using a 31 P NMR technique, we report the p K a value for 1g H + (34.49). The catalytic properties of three bases P(RNCH 2 CH 2 ) 3 N (R= i -Pr, Piv, i -Bu) are compared in the synthesis of several β-hydroxy nitriles, β-nitroalkanols, α,β-unsaturated esters and for the Michael addition of allyl alcohol to α,β-unsaturated ketones.
Earnings management to avoid earnings decreases and losses

This paper provides evidence that firms manage reported earnings to avoid earnings decreases and losses. Specifically, in cross-sectional distributions of earnings changes and earnings, we lind unusually low frequencies of small decreases in earnings and small losscs and unusually high frequencies of small increases in earnings and small positive income. We find evidence that two components of earnings, cash flow from operations and changes in working capital, are used to achieve increases in earnings. We present two theories, based on stakeholder use of information-processing heuristics and prospect theory, about the motivation for avoidance of earnings decreases and losses.
Continuous cardiac output monitoring by peripheral blood pressure waveform analysis

A clinical method for monitoring cardiac output (CO) should be continuous, minimally invasive, and accurate. However, none of the conventional CO measurement methods possess all of these characteristics. On the other hand, peripheral arterial blood pressure (ABP) may be measured reliably and continuously with little or no invasiveness. We have developed a novel technique for continuously monitoring changes in CO by mathematical analysis of a peripheral ABP waveform. In contrast to the previous techniques, our technique analyzes the ABP waveform over time scales greater than a cardiac cycle in which the confounding effects of complex wave reflections are attenuated. The technique specifically analyzes 6-min intervals of ABP to estimate the pure exponential pressure decay that would eventually result if pulsatile activity abruptly ceased (i.e., after the high frequency wave reflections vanish). The technique then determines the time constant of this exponential decay, which equals the product of the total peripheral resistance and the nearly constant arterial compliance, and computes proportional CO via Ohm's law. To validate the technique, we performed six acute swine experiments in which peripheral ABP waveforms and aortic flow probe CO were simultaneously measured over a wide physiologic range. We report an overall CO error of 14.6%.
Experiment and simulation of hole-coupled resonator modes with a cw HeNe laser

Abstract Experiments on optical modes of hole-coupled resonators, with parameters relevant to free electron laser cavities, have been carried out using a cw HeNe laser, and compared to simulations using the code HOLD [1]. Excellent agreement between theory and experiment has been obtained for a Gaussian resonator. For specially chosen resonator parameters we have observed mode-degeneracy as predicted by HOLD.
A variational approach to surface solitary waves

Abstract Two-dimensional flow of an incompressible, inviscid fluid in a region with a horizontal bottom of infinite extent and a free upper surface is considered. The fluid is acted on by gravity and has a non-diffusive, heterogeneous density which may be discontinuous. It is shown that the governing equations allow both periodic and single-crested progressing waves of permanent form, the analogues, respectively, of the classical cnoidal and solitary waves. These waves are shown to be critical points of flow related functionals and are proved to exist by means of a variational principle.
A non-local formulation of the peierls dislocation model

Cohesive zone models provide an illuminating and tractable way to include constitutive non-linearity into continuum models of defects. Powerful insights have been gained by studying both dislocations and cracks using such analyses. Recent work has shown that as a result of the locality assumption present in such cohesive zone models, significant errors can be made in the treatment of defect energies. This paper aims to construct a non-local version of the Peierls–Nabarro model in which the atomic level stresses induced at the slip plane depend in a non-local way on the slip degrees of freedom. Our results should be seen as a demonstration in principle of how microscopic calculations can be used to construct insights into constitutive nonlocality. The non-local interplanar kernel used here is computed directly from atomistics and is used to evaluate both the structure and energetics of planar dislocations. The non-local formulation does not significantly change the dislocation core structure from that obtained with the local model, but the new formulation leads to significant improvements in the description of dislocation energetics for dislocations with planar cores.
Solid organic filters for 2000 A to 3000 A.

Earlier work on the development of organic, narrow bandpass solution filters with transmittance maxima in the 2000–3000 A range is extended to the fabrication of solid filters using a polymethyl siloxane resin as the host material. Three transmission filters are described having maxima at 2250 A, 2265 A, and 2840 A, respectively, with bandwidths ≤225 A. Transmittance and spectral response curves with CsTe photocathodes are given. Results of environmental tests show that these filters are well suited for balloon and space missions.
Big 5 Auditors' Professional and Organizational Identification: Consistency or Conflict?

In response to a variety of challenges, accounting firms are reorganizing and reengineering their core audit services to capitalize on technology advances and to deliver more value‐added services to their clients. Critics, however, have voiced concern that the changes underway undermine auditors' professionalism. Accordingly, this study examines auditors' sense of professional identity. Specifically, we provide (1) a comprehensive model of the relation between auditors' professional and organizational identities, including their potential conflict; and (2) the antecedents and consequences of auditors' professional and organizational identification, including how organizational‐professional conflict relates to turnover. We find relatively high levels of professional identification and organizational identification, and a relatively low level of organizational‐professional conflict among our study's 252 Big 5 auditors. Professional identification is positively related to organizational identification, but i...
Some consequences of the existence of pseudorandom generators

Abstract This paper introduces a type of generalized Kolmogorov complexity and uses it as a tool to explore the consequences of several assumptions about the existence of secure pseudorandom generators. It is shown that if secure generators exist, then there are fast deterministic simulations of probabilistic algorithms; the nature of the simulations and the class of probabilistic algorithms for which simulations can be exhibited depends on the notion of “security” which is assumed. One goal of the investigation begun here is to show that many important questions in complexity theory may be viewed as questions about the Kolmogorov complexity of sets in P.
Modeling of Infrared Radiation in a Space Transportation System Environment

An approach for modeling the infrared (IR) glow radiation about the space shuttle at low-Earth-orbit flight altitudes is examined. The study builds on the modeling and numerical techniques developed for understanding the visible glow of the Atmospheric Explorer. Because of the rarefied nature of the flow, a direct simulation Monte Carlo method is used. The study extends the earlier gas-phase reaction model to include NO vibrational-state-specific formation using cross sections derived from quasi-classical trajectory calculations. IR spectra are computed using the state-specific NO vibrational levels and an accurate line-by-line spectral model. The effect of internal and translational energy accommodation coefficients in the Maxwell gas-surface interaction model was studied. The translational energy accommodation coefficient affects the width of the NO overtone transition (Δν= 2) spectral peak, and a value less than unity is required to give good agreement between modeling and experiment. The vibrational energy accommodation coefficient significantly impacts the magnitude of the NO infrared spectra. The influence of surface reactions on the IR spectra was also examined and shown to be small. Finally, simulated spectra are compared with IR data obtained from shuttle space flight experiments. The comparison shows that the postulated gas and gas-surface phase models used in particle simulation enable one to predict quantitatively IR spectra at high altitudes.
Convection, granulation, and period jitter in classical Cepheids

Analyses of recent observations of the sole classical Cepheid in the Kepler field, V1154 Cygni, found random changes of about 30 min in the pulsation period. These period changes challenge standard theories of pulsation and evolution because the period change is non-secular, and explaining this period jitter is necessary for understanding stellar evolution and the role of Cepheids as precise standard candles. We suggest that convection and convective hot spots can explain the observed period jitter. Convective hot spots alter the timing of flux maximum and minimum in the Cepheid light curve, hence change the measured pulsation period. We present a model of random hot spots that generate a localized flux excess that perturbs the Cepheid light curve and consequently the pulsation period, which is consistent with the observed jitter. This result demonstrates how important understanding convection is for modeling Cepheid stellar structure and evolution, how convection determines the red edge of the instability strip, and just how sensitive Cepheid light curves are to atmospheric physics.
Effective Opposition Strategies: Collective Goods or Clientelism?

What makes opposition parties win elections in sub-Saharan Africa? The literature on voters in Africa tells us that ballots are won over by clientelism rather than economic development, thus undermining the quality of collective goods provision and democratic accountability. We challenge this notion drawing insight from the December 2008 Ghanaian elections in which the National Democratic Congress came back to power after eight years as an opposition party. Using two surveys carried out before and after the elections, we analyse voters' retrospective sanctioning and prospective selection of incumbent and opposition candidates for legislative office. Our findings show that vote-buying and purely clientelistic appeals are insufficient to win elections and that Ghanaian voters value development when choosing political leaders and hold influential retrospective evaluations of performance. The evidence suggests that clientelism as an electoral strategy may be ubiquitous in emerging democracies, but as voters g...
Seeing Jews and Gypsies in 1753

ABSTRACTIn the written accounts detailing the ‘scandals of 1753’, the Jewish Naturalization Bill and the Elizabeth Canning case, and in the images produced in their wake, Jews and Gypsies are depicted as both utterly different and terrifyingly similar to the English, their proximity and apparent indistinguishability from the English the source of their threat, the mutual imprinting or syncretic combination the source of the greatest anxiety. While the pamphlets warn of the assimilability of each group and their mutual dependence, the images emerge as the medium in which difference could be marked on the bodies, facial features and clothing of all the groups in question in an attempt to reassert and reinscribe the distinctions between them.
Onset of Mass Loss in Red Giants: Association with an Evolutionary Event

Stencel & Mullan used asymmetries in the Mg II k emission line profile to determine the location of a "velocity dividing line" (VDL) in the H-R diagram. Stars to the right of (and above) the VDL were observed to have asymmetries that are consistent with the presence of cool massive winds. Stars to the left of (and below) the VDL showed no evidence for winds. We show that the VDL lies close to a certain event of stellar evolution on the red giant branch (RGB). The event occurs when the hydrogen-burning shell evolves outward through a discontinuity in molecular weight. In some low-mass stars, this event causes a kink in the evolutionary track of an individual low-mass star. In a cluster, the combined effects of such kinks create a "bump" in the luminosity function. Our result suggests that evolution through the kink (or bump) on the RGB is associated with the onset of a cool massive wind. Theoretical possibilities to explain this association will be explored in a subsequent paper.
Non-LTE Models and Theoretical Spectra of Accretion Disks in Active Galactic Nuclei. IV. Effects of Compton Scattering and Metal Opacities

We extend our models of the vertical structure and emergent radiation field of accretion disks around supermassive black holes described in previous papers of this series. Our models now include both a self-consistent treatment of Compton scattering and the effects of continuum opacities of the most important metal species (C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca, Fe, Ni). With these new effects incorporated, we compute the predicted spectrum from black holes accreting at nearly the Eddington luminosity (L/LEdd ≈ 0.3) and central masses of 106, 107, and 108 M☉. We also consider two values of the Shakura-Sunyaev α parameter, 0.1 and 0.01, but in contrast to our previous papers, we consider a kinematic viscosity that is independent of depth. Although it has little effect when M > 108 M☉, Comptonization grows in importance as the central mass decreases and the central temperature rises. It generally produces an increase in temperature with height in the uppermost layers of hot atmospheres. Compared to models with coherent electron scattering, Comptonized models have enhanced extreme ultraviolet/soft X-ray emission, but they also have a more sharply declining spectrum at very high frequencies. Comptonization also smears the hydrogen and the He II Lyman edges. The effects of metals on the overall spectral energy distribution are smaller than the effects of Comptonization for these parameters. Compared to pure hydrogen-helium models, models with metal-continuum opacities have reduced flux in the high-frequency tail, except at the highest frequencies, where the flux is very low. Metal photoionization edges are not present in the overall disk-integrated model spectra. The viscosity parameter α has a more dramatic effect on the emergent spectrum than do metal-continuum opacities. As α increases (and therefore the disk column density decreases), the flux at both the high- and low-frequency extremes of the spectrum increases, while the flux near the peak decreases. Multitemperature blackbodies are a very poor approximation to accretion disk spectra in the soft X-ray region, and such crude modeling may greatly overestimate the accretion luminosity required to explain observed soft X-ray excesses in active galactic nuclei. In addition to our new grid of models, we also present a simple analytic prescription for the vertical temperature structure of the disk in the presence of Comptonization, and show under what conditions a hot outer layer (a corona) is formed.
Predicting First Graders’ Development of Calculation versus Word-Problem Performance: The Role of Dynamic Assessment

The purpose of this study was to assess the value of dynamic assessment (DA; degree of scaffolding required to learn unfamiliar mathematics content) for predicting 1st-grade calculations (CAs) and word problems (WPs) development, while controlling for the role of traditional assessments. Among 184 1st graders, predictors (DA, Quantity Discrimination, Test of Mathematics Ability, language, and reasoning) were assessed near the start of 1st grade. CA and WP were assessed near the end of 1st grade. Planned regression and commonality analyses indicated that for forecasting CA development, Quantity Discrimination, which accounted for 8.84% of explained variance, was the single most powerful predictor, followed by Test of Mathematics Ability and DA; language and reasoning were not uniquely predictive. By contrast, for predicting WP development, DA was the single most powerful predictor, which accounted for 12.01% of explained variance, with Test of Mathematics Ability, Quantity Discrimination, and language also uniquely predictive. Results suggest that different constellations of cognitive resources are required for CA vs. WP development and that DA may be useful in predicting 1st-grade mathematics development, especially WP.
On pressure-shear plate impact for studying the kinetics of stress-induced phase transformations

Abstract Pressure-shear plate impact experiments are proposed for studying the kinetics of stress-induced phase transformations. The purpose of this paper is to determine loading conditions and specimen orientations which can be expected to activate a single habit plane variant parallel to the impact plane, thereby simplifying the study of the kinetics of the transformation through monitoring the wave profiles associated with the propagating phase boundary. The Wechsler-Lieberman-Read phenomenological theory was used to determine habit plane indices and directions of shape deformation for a CuAlNi shape memory alloy which undergoes a martensitic phase transformation under stress. Elastic waves generated by pressure-shear impact were analyzed for wave propagation in the direction of the normal to a habit plane. A critical resolved shear stress criterion was used to predict variants which are expected to be activated for a range of impact velocities and relative magnitudes of the normal and transverse components of the impact velocity.
Sudden impulses in the geomagnetotail and the vicinity

Explorer 33 magnetic field observations have been analyzed to study the propagation of sudden impulses (si) in the geomagnetic tail and the magnetosheath. Average speed of propagation in these regions is 760 km per sec with a range of 550-1230 km per sec. Most of the si's have a propagation speed which is close to that of the shock wave observed in this region. Positive si is shown to have a positive change in the tail or magnetosheath and a negative si has a similar negative change. Nine out of thirteen correlated si's have their origin in the solar wind continuities, while four si's have possible origin in the perturbations of tail or magnetosheath field.
What Does the Acid Ionization Constant Tell You? An Organic Chemistry Student Guide

Many students find the transition from first-year general chemistry to second-year organic chemistry a daunting task. There are many reasons for this, not the least of which is their lack of a solid understanding and appreciation of the importance of some basic concepts and principles from general chemistry that play an extremely critical role in organic chemistry. One such concept is the −log of the acid dissociation constant, pKa. This article reviews eleven key organic chemical outcomes that can be predicted from knowledge of pKa, highlighting its exceptional value as a physical quantity.
Orbital resupply of liquid helium

The ability to resupply scientific instruments in orbit with liquid helium would greatly enhance several planned missions. These missions include the Space Infrared Telescope Facility, the Large Deploy able Reflector (LDR), and Gravity Probe-B and individual instruments on the Bubble Space Telescope and Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility. Resupply in orbit would extend the lifetimes of these missions without the difficulties, delays, and costs associated with retrieving the system, resupplying these systems on the ground, and relaunching. This is especially true of systems, such as the LDR, that are assembled in space and thus would be difficult to return to Earth. This paper presents a conceptual design of a helium resupply system and a discussion of the transfer efficiency. Nomenclature C = effective heat capacity CP = heat capacity at constant pressure d = diameter k — thermal conductance m = mass flow rate P = pressure Q = total heat Qc = heat conducted to supply tank QM = heat converted into the mechanocaloric effect QT = heat absorbed by fluid QKE = heat converted to kinetic energy S = entropy S0 = entropy at pump outlet T = temperature T0 = temperature at pump outlet v = velocity vc = critical velocity V = volume per unit mass W — fluid power A = difference e = efficiency p = density
Multidimensional integration in a heterogeneous network environment

Abstract We consider several issues related to the multidimensional integration using a network of heterogeneous computers. Based on these considerations, we develop a new general purpose scheme which can significantly reduce the time needed for evaluation of integrals with CPU intensive integrands. This scheme is a parallel version of the well-known adaptive Monte Carlo method (the VEGAS algorithm), and is incorporated into a new integration package which uses the standard set of message-passing routines in the PVM software system.
Synthesis of 2-acyl-3,6-dihydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-ones

Abstract Two of the title compounds, recently identified as components of exudates produced by lace bug nymphs of the genus Corythucha , have been synthesized. 2-Acyl-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-ones were converted to 3-alkyl-6,7-dihydro-1,2-benzisoxazol-4(5H)-ones which were hydroxylated at position 5, then reductively disassembled. Sodium borohydride and nickel chloride in DMF/THF containing 1-octene selectively reduced the isoxazole N-O bond without hydrogenating a side chain double bond.
Loosely-coupled processes

Abstract The notions of ‘loosely-coupled’ and ‘tightly-coupled’ processes have been used in an intuitive way for many years by system designers. In this paper, we propose a precise characterization. All point-to-point message-communicating processes are loosely-coupled under our characterization. Furthermore, a number of common paradigms of process interactions - e.g. broadcast or accumulating a result - satisfy our characterization of loose-coupling. Restricting our designs to loosely-coupled processes has several advantages, among them a design methodology in which each process implements a progress property and a simple solution to the cache coherence problem.
A Search for CO Absorption in the Transmission Spectrum of HD 209458b

ABSTRACT We observed one transit of the extrasolar planet HD 209458b with the NIRSPEC spectrograph on the Keck II telescope. Using time series of low‐noise observations in the wavelength range 2.0–2.5 μm, we searched for extra absorption from the first‐overtone rotation‐vibration band of CO near 2.3 μm. This was not detected with a detection limit that fails to test simple models of the planetary atmosphere by a factor of about 3. Great improvements in the detectability of the CO spectrum features could be realized by observing a transit that is centered near stellar meridian passage, and in better weather. Since it appears that similar observations taken under better circumstances might succeed, we describe our analysis procedures in detail.
Reactive multilayers fabricated by vapor deposition. A critical review

Abstract Reactive multilayer thin films are a class of energetic materials that continue to attract attention for use in joining applications and as igniters. Generally composed of two reactants, these heterogeneous solids can be stimulated by an external source to promptly release stored chemical energy in a sudden emission of light and heat. In this critical review article, results from recent investigations of these materials are discussed. Discussion begins with a brief description of the vapor deposition techniques that provide accurate control of layer thickness and film composition. More than 50 reactive film compositions have been reported to date, with most multilayers fabricated by magnetron sputter deposition or electron-beam evaporation. In subsequent sections, we review how multilayer ignition threshold, reaction rate, and total heat are tailored via thin film design. For example, planar multilayers with nanometer-scale periodicity exhibit rapid, self-sustained reactions with wavefront velocities up to 100 m/s. Numeric and analytical models have elucidated many of the fundamental processes that underlie propagating exothermic reactions while demonstrating how reaction rates vary with multilayer design. Recent, time-resolved diffraction and imaging studies have further revealed the phase transformations and the wavefront dynamics associated with propagating chemical reactions. Many reactive multilayers (e.g., Co/Al) form product phases that are consistent with published equilibrium phase diagrams, yet a few systems, such as Pt/Al, develop metastable products. The final section highlights current and emerging applications of reactive multilayers. Examples include reactive Ni(V)/Al and Pd/Al multilayers which have been developed for localized soldering of heat-sensitive components.
Observation of visible-wavelength electric and magnetic resonances on silicon nanorods

We fabricated silicon nanorods on silica substrates, and show that they support electric and magnetic resonances by simulation and experiment. Due to these resonances, the nanorods appear vivid colors when observed by optical microscopy.
Generalized orthogonal components regression for high dimensional generalized linear models

The algorithm, generalized orthogonal components regression (GOCRE), is proposed to explore the relationship between a categorical outcome and a set of massive variables. A set of orthogonal components are sequentially constructed to account for the variation of the categorical outcome, and together build up a generalized linear model (GLM). This algorithm can be considered as an extension of the partial least squares (PLS) for GLMs, but overcomes several issues of existing extensions based on iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS). First, existing extensions construct a different set of components at each iteration and thus cannot provide a convergent set of components. Second, existing extensions are computationally intensive because of repetitively constructing a full set of components. Third, although they pursue the convergence of regression coefficients, the resultant regression coefficients may still diverge especially when building logistic regression models. GOCRE instead sequentially builds up each orthogonal component upon convergent construction, and simultaneously regresses against these orthogonal components to fit the GLM. The performance of the new method is demonstrated by both simulation studies and a real data example.
Distributional Consequences of Airport Congestion Pricing

Abstract Imposition of airport congestion pricing redistributes welfare among commercial, regional, and general aviation. This article extends Daniel's [Econometrica63, 327–370 (1995)] stochastic-bottleneck model with dynamically adjusting traffic rates, queuing delays, and congestion fees to include elastic demand, heterogeneous operating time preferences, and heterogeneous layover and queuing time values. Using parameters from Minneapolis-St. Paul airport, simulations of congestion pricing determine its effects on equilibrium traffic patterns, queuing delays, schedule delays, airport revenues, and social welfare. Gains by commercial aviation, common travelers, and airport authorities exceed losses by general and regional aviation. The article evaluates several price-and-rebate programs and proposes several that are self-financing and Pareto improving.
TARGET DIRECTED ENEDIYNE PRODRUGS : CYTOTOXIC ESTROGEN CONJUGATES

Abstract Enediyne estrogen conjugates have been prepared from readily available precursors. Enediyne 12 causes significant DNA strand scission at 10 −3 M, and has demonstrated cytotoxicity against the ER rich MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line.
Open- and closed-loop results of a strain-actuated active aeroelastic wing

Open- and closed-loop tests for a strain-actuated active aeroelastic wing are summarized. Linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control laws as well as robust control laws are designed using sensitivity weighted LQG, classical rationalization, and multiple models. Significant vibration suppression and load alleviation are demonstrated, reducing the power spectral density of the first mode's response by an order of magnitude. The flutter dynamic pressure is increased by 12%. The three major performance limitations are the saturation limit of the piezoelectrics, the choice of performance metric or output sensor, and the changes in the dynamic response of the test article. T