cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Persistent perceptual grouping effects in the evaluation of simple arithmetic expressions

Landy and Goldstone (2007a, 2010) demonstrated that an explicit rule, operator precedence for simple arithmetic expressions, is enforced in part by perceptual processes like unit formation and attention. When perceptual grouping competes with operator precedence, errors increase. We replicated this result (Exp. 1) and investigated whether perceptual grouping effects persist when the visual stimulus is presented briefly and then masked (Exp. 2) and when verbal recoding is encouraged through vocal expression (Exp. 3). We found that perceptual-grouping effects persisted in the masking condition, suggesting that the mental representations of arithmetic expressions retain visuospatial characteristics. Similarly, verbalization of the expressions did not eliminate perceptual-grouping effects, suggesting that participants were not verbally recoding. In sum, the persistent effects of unit formation and spatial attention emphasize the importance of perceptual processing in the development of human expertise in this domain.
A Rigorous Pole Representation of Multilevel Cross Sections and Its Practical Applications

A rigorous method for representing the multilevel cross sections and its practical applications are described. It is a generalization of the rationale suggested by de Saussure and Perez for the s-w...
A Discussion on Ecotourism and Exploitation of Chinese Primates ——The Case of the Golden Monkey Ecotourism Projectin Shennongjia Nature Reserve

The potential for primate ecotourism in China is rich and its prospect of development broad.At present,ecotourism centered around primates is still in the exploratory stage,lacking any formal development norms or guidelines.Some problems that exist in the ecotourism market include unreasonable planning,unscientific design,and disordered management.This can seriously affect the quality of life of the primates involved.This paper examines a popular public science activity held by Shennongjia National Nature Reserve in Hubei province,"Approaching the Golden Monkey".It analyzes a sampling of experiences and lessons in monkey management,habitat management,visitor management,publicity and education,and product development.The aim is to provide suggestions to promote sustainable and safe development of ecotourism involving primate or wildlife observation.
Method for Evaluating Economic Feasibility of Distributed Energy

Studying the key technical and economic indicators affecting the natural gas distributed energy such as nature gas price,electricity price,running time,unit cost,system energy efficiency and energy saving rate,etc.Established a DE project economic feasibility mathematical model based on the price of natural gas and electricity.The model reflects the comprehensive influence of various economic factors of natural gas distributed energy project impact.The paper selected two typical user load cases and use the methods and analytical models to calculate and analyze the cases.The conclusions can provide a theoretical basis for the run of natural gas distributed energy and its related research.
Molecular identification of elite cultivar Santai and general Tie of Juglans sigillata based on ISSR-PCR in Yunnan

Juglans sigillata cv.Santai is one of the elite and mainly popularized cultivars in Yunnan.While J.sigillata cv.Tie,also belonging to J.sigillata,is of poor quality and natural distribution walnut group.ISSR-PCR molecular markers were used to identify these two groups by extensive primers selection and fingerprint.Meanwhile UPGMA clustery analysis was conducted on 113 J.sigillata cv.Santai samples and 20 J.sigillata cv.Tie samples based on genetic distances.The results showed that 4 specific markers of 223,329,368 and 421bp amplified from primer 825 in J.sigillata cv.Santai could distinguish it from J.sigillata cv.Tie.Accordingly,characteristic fingerprint of the two groups was constructed.
Operative Therapie des entzündlichen Rheumatismus

Die Bedeutung operativer Masnahmen als Teil eines modernen Therapieplans der chronischen Polyarthritis wird immer mehr erkannt, wie ein Blick auf die vielen Kongresprogramme zeigt.
Nitric Oxide–Releasing Nanoparticles as an Antimicrobial Therapeutic

Abstract The development of new antimicrobial agents has fallen behind microbial drug resistance, posing a significant challenge for combating infectious disease. Nanotherapeutics have revolutionized antimicrobial therapy, providing new mechanisms to combat microbial resistance. Nitric oxide (NO), a simple gaseous molecule with ubiquitous biological activity, represents one such strategy as its antimicrobial properties are well described. Harnessing this potential has proven difficult given the lack of effective delivery vehicles. However, this challenge has been overcome by the generation of a nanoparticulate system capable of generating physiologic concentrations of NO over time. The efficacy of these platforms against bacteria and fungi has been shown in a variety of studies. Here, we review the role of NO-releasing nanoparticulate platforms as an antimicrobial therapeutic agent.
Zinc transporters: New insights for cancer therapy

P cancer is the number one cancer killer with 5-year survival less than 5%. It is urgently needed to identify novel molecular markers and therapeutic targets in pancreatic cancer that could lead to more effective treatment for this deadly disease. Our recent study suggests that a dietary zinc transporter, ZIP4, is over expressed in pancreatic cancer and brain tumor, and promotes cancer growth and metastasis. Those results indicate that ZIP4 and zinc transport pathway is a novel therapeutic target for cancers. Our results also suggest that ZIP4 can serve as a cancer master switch gene to impact the downstream signaling pathways including cytokines, microRNAs, and transcriptional factors.
Neurotic Excoriations with Underlying Psychosis

Mr. Tran is a 72 year-old Asian American man presenting with numerous excoriations limited to the extensor aspects of the forearms. Upon questioning, the patient stated that there were “slivers” of foreign materials imbedded in his skin, and he insists that they must be taken out, or else “my [his] skin will not work normally.” His mental preoccupation with said slivers had been going on for about 3 years, corroborated by chronic scars running down both of his forearms. Past medical history was remarkable for controlled hypertension and dyslipidemia, with no previous psychiatric history.
White Matter Hyperintensity Associations with Cerebral Blood Flow in Elderly Subjects Stratified by Cerebrovascular Risk

Objective This study aims to add clarity to the relationship between deep and periventricular brain white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and cerebrovascular risk in older persons. Methods Deep white matter hyperintensity (dWMH) and periventricular white matter hyperintensity (pWMH) and regional gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) blood flow from arterial spin labeling were quantified from magnetic resonance imaging scans of 26 cognitively normal elderly subjects stratified by cerebrovascular disease (CVD) risk. Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images were acquired using a high-resolution 3-dimensional (3-D) sequence that reduced partial volume effects seen with slice-based techniques. Results dWMHs but not pWMHs were increased in patients at high risk of CVD; pWMHs but not dWMHs were associated with decreased regional cortical (GM) blood flow. We also found that blood flow in WM is decreased in regions of both pWMH and dWMH, with a greater degree of decrease in pWMH areas. Conclusions WMHs are usefully divided into dWMH and pWMH regions because they demonstrate differential effects. 3-D regional WMH volume is a potentially valuable marker for CVD based on associations with cortical CBF and WM CBF.
Sensitivity of Simulated Urban–Atmosphere Interactions in Oklahoma City to Urban Parameterization

AbstractThe world’s population is increasingly concentrated in large urban areas. Many observational and modeling studies have explored how these large, population-dense cities modify local and mesoscale atmospheric phenomena. These modeling studies often use an urban canopy model to parameterize urban surfaces. However, it is unclear whether this approach is appropriate for more suburban cities, such as those found in the Great Plains. Thus, the Weather Research and Forecasting Model was run for a week over Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and results were compared with observations. Overall, four configurations were examined. Two simulations used the Noah LSM, one with all urban areas removed (CTRL), and the other with urban areas parameterized by a modified Noah land surface model with three urban categories (LSMMOD). Additional simulations utilized a single-layer urban canopy model (SLUCM) either with default urban fraction values (SLUCM1) or with urban fractions taken from the National Land Cover Database (S...
Management of Common Complications Following Thoracic Surgery

Epidemiological studies of thoracic surgical procedures have demonstrated three broad categories of postoperative complications that occur most commonly.
Water demand forecasting: review of soft computing methods

Demand forecasting plays a vital role in resource management for governments and private companies. Considering the scarcity of water and its inherent constraints, demand management and forecasting in this domain are critically important. Several soft computing techniques have been developed over the last few decades for water demand forecasting. This study focuses on soft computing methods of water consumption forecasting published between 2005 and 2015. These methods include artificial neural networks (ANNs), fuzzy and neuro-fuzzy models, support vector machines, metaheuristics, and system dynamics. Furthermore, it was discussed that while in short-term forecasting, ANNs have been superior in many cases, but it is still very difficult to pick a single method as the overall best. According to the literature, various methods and their hybrids are applied to water demand forecasting. However, it seems soft computing has a lot more to contribute to water demand forecasting. These contribution areas include, but are not limited, to various ANN architectures, unsupervised methods, deep learning, various metaheuristics, and ensemble methods. Moreover, it is found that soft computing methods are mainly used for short-term demand forecasting.
Fc Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis in Polarized and Non-Polarized Cells

Even in non-polarized cells, the organelles of the endocytic pathway generally assume a polarized distribution in the cytoplasm (Kornfeld and Mellman, 1989). Thus, endocytic coated vesicles and the early endosomes to which they deliver their contents are typically found in the cell periphery while late endosomes and lysosomes — to which they deliver their contents — are concentrated in the perinuclear region. The Golgi complex, from which newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes and membrane proteins are transported, is also found in perinuclear cytoplasm near the microtubule organizing center. Transport of internalized material from early to late endosomes would thus be expected to require the centripetal translocation of endosomes from the periphery, and that this occurs has been suggested by time lapse photomicroscopy (Albertini et al., 1984; Hirsch, 1968). Moreover, a number of studies have indicated that the translocation event is at least partly dependent on cytoplasmic microtubules (Gruenberg et al., 1989).
New AB5 Hydrides and their Application in Chemical Heat Pump Systems

The discovery of the ability of AB5 compounds (A = rare earth, B = transition metal) to form hydrides with quite unique properties has stimulated research and development in several areas (1–4). Although measurements of the physico-chemical properties of a number of AB5 hydrides have been made, a detailed understanding of the factors that determine the hydrogen dissociation pressures of this class of materials is just now beginning to emerge.
Molar Heat Capacity at Constant Volume of Trifluoromethane (R23) From the Triple-Point Temperature to 342 K at Pressures to 33 Mpa

Molar heat capacities at constant volume (C v) of trifluoromethane (R23) have been measured with an adiabatic calorimeter. Temperatures ranged from the triple point to 342 K, and pressures up to 33.5 MPa. Measurements were conducted on the liquid in equilibrium with its vapor and on compressed liquid and gaseous samples. The samples were of high purity, as verified by chemical analysis. Calorimetric quantities are reported for the two-phase (C (2) v), saturated-liquid (C σ or C′x), and single-phase (C v) molar heat capacities. The C (2) v data were used to estimate vapor pressures for values less than 100 kPa by applying a thermodynamic relationship between the two-phase internal energy U (2) and the temperature derivatives of the vapor pressure. The triple-point temperature and the enthalpy of fusion were also measured. The principal sources of uncertainty are the temperature rise measurement and the change-of-volume work adjustment. The expanded relative uncertainty (with a coverage factor k=2 and thus a two-standard deviation estimate) is estimated to be 0.7% for C v, 0.5% for C (2) v, and 0.7% for C σ.
SH-Mode Seismic-Reflection Imaging of Earthfill Dams

Abstract Assessing subsurface characteristics and imaging geologic features (e.g., faults, cavities, low-velocity layers, etc.) are typical problems in near-surface geophysics. These questions often have adverse geotechnical engineering implications, and can be especially acute when associated with high-hazard structures such as large earthen flood-control dams. Dam-related issues are becoming more frequent in the United States, because a large part of this major infrastructure was designed and constructed in the early- to mid-twentieth century; these dams are thus passing into the latter stages of their design life, where minute flaws that were overlooked or thought to be insignificant in design/construction are now proving problematic. The high-hydraulic heads associated with these structures can quicken degradation of weak areas and compromise long-term integrity. Addressing dam-related problems solely with traditional invasive drilling techniques is often inadequate (i.e., lack of lateral resolution) and/or economically exorbitant at this scale. However, strategic geotechnical drilling integrated with the broad utility of near-surface geophysics, particularly the horizontally polarized shear-wave (SH-mode) seismic-reflection technique for imaging the internal structural detail and geological foundation conditions of earthfill embankment dams can cost-effectively improve the overall subsurface definition needed for remedial engineering. Demonstrative evidence for this supposition is provided in the form of SH-wave seismic-reflection imaging of in situ and engineered as-built components of flood-control embankment dams at two example sites in the central United States.
Nucleation-controlled hysteresis in unstrained hydrothermal V O 2 particles

While nucleation-limited transformation mechanisms are widely implicated in unstrained, undoped $\mathrm{V}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ nanoparticles, a direct link between nucleation barriers and hysteresis widths has not yet been established. Here, we investigate microscopic transformation of structural domains optically in hydrothermally grown $\mathrm{V}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ particles \ensuremath{\sim}0.5--46 \ensuremath{\mu}m in length, which are not elastically clamped to the substrate. We observe abrupt and generally complete transformation in individual particles, consistent with a nucleation-limited transformation mechanism. The forward and reverse transformation temperatures are not correlated, suggesting a range of potency of nucleation sites for both forward and reverse transformation in undoped particles, resulting in a hysteresis of 2.9--46.3 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Thus, the macroscopic hysteresis width in bulk $\mathrm{V}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ powders and dispersed particulate films is primarily attributable to a distribution of critical nucleation temperatures between different particles. These findings suggest that as $\mathrm{V}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ volume elements are scaled down for microelectronic applications, manipulation of nucleation sites via defect engineering may be required to control the degree of the $\mathrm{V}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ element reversibility.
The Way Forward: Potentiating Protective Immunity to Novel and Pandemic Influenza Through Engagement of Memory CD4 T Cells

Potentially pandemic strains of influenza pose an undeniable threat to human populations. Therefore, it is essential to develop better strategies to enhance vaccine design and predict parameters that identify susceptible humans. CD4 T cells are a central component of protective immunity to influenza, delivering direct effector function and potentiating responses of other lymphoid cells. Humans have highly diverse influenza-specific CD4 T-cell populations that vary in stimulation history, specificity, and functionality. These complexities constitute a formidable obstacle to predicting immune responses to pandemic strains of influenza and derivation of optimal vaccine strategies. We suggest that more precise efforts to identify and enumerate both the positive and negative contributors of immunity in the CD4 T-cell compartment will aid in both predicting susceptible hosts and in development of vaccination strategies that will poise most human subjects to respond to pandemic influenza strains with protective immune responses.
Collateral Vessels Have Unique Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypes

Collaterals are unique blood vessels present in the microcirculation of most tissues that, by cross-connecting a small fraction of the outer branches of adjacent arterial trees, provide alternate routes of perfusion. However, collaterals are especially susceptible to rarefaction caused by aging, other vascular risk factors, and mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease—a vulnerability attributed to the disturbed hemodynamic environment in the watershed regions where they reside. We examined the hypothesis that endothelial and smooth muscle cells (ECs and SMCs, respectively) of collaterals have specializations, distinct from those of similarly-sized nearby distal-most arterioles (DMAs) that maintain collateral integrity despite their continuous exposure to low and oscillatory/disturbed shear stress, high wall stress, and low blood oxygen. Examination of mouse brain revealed the following: Unlike the pro-inflammatory cobble-stoned morphology of ECs exposed to low/oscillatory shear stress elsewhere in the vasculature, collateral ECs are aligned with the vessel axis. Primary cilia, which sense shear stress, are present, unexpectedly, on ECs of collaterals and DMAs but are less abundant on collaterals. Unlike DMAs, collaterals are continuously invested with SMCs, have increased expression of Pycard, Ki67, Pdgfb, Angpt2, Dll4, Ephrinb2, and eNOS, and maintain expression of Klf2/4. Collaterals lack tortuosity when first formed during development, but tortuosity becomes evident within days after birth, progresses through middle age, and then declines—results consistent with the concept that collateral wall cells have a higher turnover rate than DMAs that favors proliferative senescence and collateral rarefaction. In conclusion, endothelial and SMCs of collaterals have morphologic and functional differences from those of nearby similarly sized arterioles. Future studies are required to determine if they represent specializations that counterbalance the disturbed hemodynamic, pro-inflammatory, and pro-proliferative environment in which collaterals reside and thus mitigate their risk factor-induced rarefaction.
Relationships of protein biomarkers of the urokinase plasminogen activator system with expression of their cognate genes in primary breast carcinomas.

Background uPA, its receptor uPAR, and inhibitors PAI-1 and PAI-2 play key roles in membrane remodeling/invasion and in predicting response to chemotherapy. We identified novel relationships of these biomarkers with ER/PR that indicate clinical utility for assessing breast carcinoma outcomes. Methods Retrospective studies were performed with de-identified results of (a) uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1; (b) estrogen (ER) and progestin receptor (PR); and (c) clinical outcomes. Relative expression of 22 000 genes from microarray of RNA from LCM-procured breast cancer cells was used with R Studio version 3.4.1. Results Primary ER/PR status was related to uPA, uPAR, or PAI-1 levels. ER- or PR- cancers expressed elevated uPA, uPAR, and PAI2 mRNA compared to ER+ or PR+ cells. Inverse relationships between ER/PR protein and expression of uPA, uPAR, and PAI-2 were observed, whereas HER2 status was unrelated. qPCR analyses showed RERG and NQO-1 expressions were elevated in uPA- lesions, while CD34 and EDG-1 were elevated in uPAR- cancers. ERBB4 was overexpressed in PAI-1+ carcinomas. Cox regression analyses revealed relationships of ER/PR status and uPA system members with regard to clinical outcomes of breast cancer. Conclusions uPA, uPAR, PAI1, or PAI2 expression was increased in either ER- or PR- cancers similar to that of protein content in ER-/PR- carcinomas, suggesting sex hormones regulate the uPA system in breast cancer. Results revealed protein content of uPA system members was related to ER/PR status of primary lesions. Use of LCM-procured carcinoma cells uncovered relationships between expression of known cancer-associated genes and protein content of uPA system members. Collectively, results indicate evaluation of ER and PR protein of primary breast cancers combined with analyses of uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 protein content improves assessment of clinical outcomes.
Indications for Surgical Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

The role of surgery in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia has evolved due to the introduction of new forms of energy and devices. This chapter explores the different surgical procedures in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. It is organized according to the type of procedure performed based on prostatic volume. For each procedure, a brief technique is described, as well as the efficacy and common complications associated with these urological interventions. This chapter should enable the reader to identify the indications for the surgical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia and compare the most commonly performed surgical procedures in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Dietary natural products as epigenetic modifiers in aging-associated inflammation and disease

Covering: up to 2020Chronic, low-grade inflammation is linked to aging and has been termed "inflammaging". Inflammaging is considered a key contributor to the development of metabolic dysfunction and a broad spectrum of diseases or disorders including declines in brain and heart function. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) coupled with epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) have shown the importance of diet in the development of chronic and age-related diseases. Moreover, dietary interventions e.g. caloric restriction can attenuate inflammation to delay and/or prevent these diseases. Common themes in these studies entail the use of phytochemicals (plant-derived compounds) or the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as epigenetic modifiers of DNA and histone proteins. Epigenetic modifications are dynamically regulated and as such, serve as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment or prevention of age-related disease. In this review, we will focus on the role for natural products that include phytochemicals and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as regulators of these epigenetic adaptations. Specifically, we discuss regulators of methylation, acetylation and acylation, in the protection from chronic inflammation driven metabolic dysfunction and deterioration of neurocognitive and cardiac function.
Creatine kinase rate constant in the human heart at 7T with 1D-ISIS/2D CSI localization.

Purpose Creatine Kinase (CK) reaction plays an important role in energy metabolism and estimate of its reaction rate constant in heart provides important insight into cardiac energetics. Fast saturation transfer method ([Formula: see text] nominal) to measure CK reaction rate constant (kf) was previously demonstrated in open chest swine hearts. The goal of this work is to further develop this method for measuring the kf in human myocardium at 7T. [Formula: see text] approach is combined with 1D-ISIS/2D-CSI for in vivo spatial localization and myocardial CK forward rate constant was then measured in 7 volunteers at 7T. Methods [Formula: see text] method uses two partially relaxed saturation transfer (ST) spectra and correction factor to determine CK rate constant. Correction factor is determined by numerical simulation of Bloch McConnell equations using known spin and experimental parameters. Optimal parameters and error estimate in calculation of CK reaction rate constant were determined by simulations. The technique was validated in calf muscles by direct comparison with saturation transfer measurements. [Formula: see text] pulse sequence was incorporated with 1D-image selected in vivo spectroscopy, combined with 2D-chemical shift spectroscopic imaging (1D-ISIS/2D-CSI) for studies in heart. The myocardial CK reaction rate constant was then measured in 7 volunteers. Results Skeletal muscle kf determined by conventional approach and [Formula: see text] approach were the same 0.31 ± 0.02 s-1 and 0.30 ± 0.04 s-1 demonstrating the validity of the technique. Results are reported as mean ± SD. Myocardial CK reaction rate constant was 0.29 ± 0.05 s-1, consistent with previously reported studies. Conclusion [Formula: see text] method enables acquisition of 31P saturation transfer MRS under partially relaxed conditions and enables 2D-CSI of kf in myocardium. This work enables applications for in vivo CSI imaging of energetics in heart and other organs in clinically relevant acquisition time.
Measuring "Fearonomic Effects" in Valuing Therapies: An Application to COVID-19 in China.

Abstract Objectives To develop a checklist that helps quantify the economic impact associated with fear of contagion and to illustrate how one might use the checklist by presenting a case study featuring China during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Methods Based on “fearonomic effects,” a qualitative framework that conceptualizes the direct and indirect economic effects caused by the fear of contagion, we created a checklist to facilitate empirical estimation. As a case study, we first identified relevant sectors affected by China’s lockdown policies implemented just before the Lunar New Year (LNY) week. To quantify the immediate impact, we then estimated the projected spending levels in 2020 in the absence of COVID-19 and compared these projections with actual spending during the LNY week. Data sources used include Chinese and global websites. To characterize uncertainty, we reported upper and lower bound estimates and calculated midpoints for each range. Results The COVID-19 epidemic is estimated to cost China’s economy $283 billion ($196-369 billion), that is, ¥2.0 trillion renminbi (¥1.4-¥2.6 trillion), during the LNY week. Reduced restaurant and movie theater business ($106 [$103-$109] billion, 37.5% [36.4%-38.5%]) and reduced public transportation utilization ($96 [$13-$179] billion dollars, 33.9% [4.6%-63.3%]) explain most of this loss, followed by travel restrictions and the resulting loss of hotel business and tourism ($80.36 billion, 28.4%). Conclusion Our checklist can help quantify the immediate and near-term impact of COVID-19 on a country’s economy. It can also help researchers and policy makers consider the broader economic and social consequences when valuing future vaccines and treatments.
Humeral stress shielding following cemented endoprosthetic reconstruction: An under‐reported complication?

INTRODUCTION The proximal humerus is a common location for primary and non-primary tumors. Reconstruction of the proximal humerus is commonly performed with an endoprosthesis with low rates of structural failure. The incidence and risk factors for stress shielding are under reported. METHODS Thirty-nine (19 male, 20 female) patients underwent resection of the proximal humerus and reconstruction with a cemented modular endoprosthesis between 2000 and 2018. The mean resection length was 12 ± 4 cm and was most commonly performed for metastatic disease (n = 26, 67%). RESULTS Stress shielding was observed in 9 (23%) patients at a mean of 29 (6-132) months postoperatively. Patients with stress shielding were noted to have shorter intramedullary stem length (87 vs. 107 mm, p < .001), longer extramedullary implant length (16 vs. 14 cm, p = .01) and a higher extramedullary implant to stem length ratio (2.1 vs. 1.1, p < .001). The incidence of stress shielding was higher (p = .003) in patients reconstructed with 75 mm stem (n = 6, 67%) lengths. CONCLUSION Stress shielding of the humerus was associated with the use of shorter stems and long extramedullary implants. The long-term ramifications of stress shielding on implant stability, complications at the time of revision surgery, and overall patient outcomes remain unknown.
Local and aggregate fiscal policy multipliers

Abstract Using a newly constructed panel of state-level defense contracts, this paper studies the effect of defense spending on the U.S. macroeconomy. Summing observations across states, we estimate aggregate income and employment multipliers. Comparing these to local multipliers estimated with the panel provides evidence that local multiplier estimates may be reliable indicators of fiscal policy’s aggregate effects. Furthermore, evidence of small positive spillovers is found. Across several specifications, we estimate income and employment multipliers between zero and 0.5. This result is reconciled with the greater-than-one multipliers found in Nakamura and Steinsson (2014) by analyzing the Korean War years’ impact on the estimation.
Evolution of Telehealth in Ambulatory Psychiatry: A One Year Perspective.

Under the direction of the leadership at our medical center, beginning March 16, 2020, all non-urgent in-person ambulatory visits were to be limited, either rescheduled or performed virtually, as the hospital braced for the surge of COVID-19 patients. The outpatient psychiatry department quickly transitioned to a telehealth model. This paper details our actions taken to implement this plan, reflections on our experience one year later, and areas for future study. On the one-year anniversary of our department implementing remote care practices around COVID-19, we reflect on lessons learned in the transition and maintenance phases of the last 12 months. Reflecting on next steps as a face-to-face care becomes more possible, we share three core factors in our decision making and research opportunities to better quantify the impact of telehealth in 2021 and beyond.
Waxing and waning slacks: The changing ecohydrology of interdunal wetlands/slacks in a Lake Michigan coastal dune complex during rising Lake Michigan-Huron levels

Abstract Since 2016 we have studied the largest interdunal wetlands/slack lying within a deflated parabolic dune east of Lake Michigan. Geologic cross-sections show ∼ 15 m of sand and gravel beneath the dunes, creating an aquifer hydraulically connecting Lake Michigan-Huron (MH) with the water table/shallow groundwater influencing the slack. Lake Michigan-Huron (MH) water levels have risen ∼ 1 m from 2016 to 2020, increasing water levels within and around the slack ∼ 1 m. Color-infrared images and vegetation quadrat sampling show water appearing, then significantly expanding with the main slack and upland/dune vegetation transitioning to wetland vegetation in response to this rise. Monitoring well data show slack water levels rise in spring as Lake MH rises. Levels drop as the growing season begins while Lake MH continues to rise through summer. Short-term slack water level increases occur due to local rain events, but significant water level declines follow due to evapotranspiration. Slack water levels begin to rise again in late summer and into fall as the end of the growing season arrives, evapotranspiration decreases, and heavier, more frequent rain events occur. Together, these factors push slack water levels to their highest point of the year while Lake MH levels are decreasing. In late fall–winter, slack water levels drop in concert with Lake MH levels. Climate change effects, increased transpiration from higher temperatures, summer drought, and greater variability in lake level fluctuations, may make it more difficult to maintain wet growing conditions for hydrophytic vegetation. Hence, climate change poses risks to the existence of this imperiled ecosystem.
Molecular Analysis of the glnB, amtB, glnD and glnA Genes in Azotobacter Vinelandii

Several genes in Azotobacter vinelandii have products involved in regulating responses to fixed N levels; these include nifLA, ntrBC, glnB, and glnD (nfrX). In cells with sufficient fixed N, NifL antagonizes NifA, the transcriptional activator of expression of other nif genes. Because glnD::Tn5 mutants are Nif− and suppressed to Nif+ by a nifL:KIXX mutation (Contreras et al. 1991), a working model is that GlnD is required for conversion of active NifL (inhibitory to NifA) to an inactive form. In enteric and other bacteria, GlnD uridylylates the PII protein under conditions of low N and removes UMP from PII-UMP when fixed N is plentiful. Our aims were to determine whether the glnB-encoded PII protein influences NifL activity and to characterize the role of GlnD in nitrogen fixation.
Highly narrowband perovskite single-crystal photodetectors enabled by surface-charge recombination

Organolead trihalide perovskite is an emerging low-cost, solution-processable material with a tunable bandgap from the violet to near-infrared, which has attracted a great deal of interest for applications in high-performance optoelectronic devices. Here, we present hybrid perovskite single-crystal photodetectors that have a very narrow spectral response with a full-width at half-maximum of <20 nm. The response spectra are continuously tuned from blue to red by changing the halide composition and thus the bandgap of the single crystals synthesized by solution processes. The narrowband photodetection can be explained by the strong surface-charge recombination of the excess carriers close to the crystal surfaces generated by short-wavelength light. The excess carriers generated by below-bandgap excitation locate away from the surfaces and can be much more efficiently collected by the electrodes, assisted by the applied electric field. This provides a new design paradigm for a narrowband photodetector with broad applications where background noise emission needs to be suppressed. Perovskite-based devices typically exhibit broadband spectral responses. Here narrowband (< 20 nm FWHM) response is achieved for a photodetector application.
Barrett's esophagus: the role of laparoscopic fundoplication.

Abstract Background To review our early operative results and endoscopic findings after laparoscopic fundoplication for Barrett's esophagus (BE). Methods From January 1995 through December 2000, 49 patients with BE (35 men and 14 women) underwent laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Median age was 54 years (range, 28 to 85 years). No patient had high-grade dysplasia; 6, however, had low-grade dysplasia. All 49 patients had gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. Heartburn was present in 41 patients (84%), dysphagia in 16 (33%), epigastric or chest pain in 9 (18%), and other symptoms in 16 (33%). A Nissen fundoplication was performed in 48 patients and a partial posterior fundoplication in 1. Forty-one patients (84%) had concomitant hiatal hernia repair. Results There were no deaths. Complications occurred in 2 patients (4%). Follow-up was complete in 48 patients (98%) and ranged from 1 to 81 months (median, 29 months). Functional results were classified as excellent in 33 patients (69%), good in 9 (19%), fair in 5 (10%), and poor in 1 (2%). Thirty-three patients (67%) underwent postoperative surveillance esophagoscopy with biopsy. Nine patients (18%) had total regression of BE and 3 (6%) had a decrease in total length. In the 6 patients with preoperative low-grade dysplasia, dysplasia was not found in 4, remained unchanged in 1, and progressed to in situ adenocarcinoma in 1. Conclusions Laparoscopic fundoplication is effective in controlling symptoms in the majority of patients with BE. While disappearance of BE may occur in some patients, the possibility of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma is not eliminated by laparoscopic fundoplication. Therefore, endoscopic surveillance should continue.
Masking Release for Gap Detection

In random noise, masking is influenced almost entirely by noise components in a narrow band around the signal frequency. However, when the noise is not random, but has a modulation pattern which is coherent across frequency, noise components relatively remote from the signal frequency can actually produce a release from masking. This masking release has been called comodulation masking release (CMR). The present research investigated whether a similar release from masking occurs in the analysis of a suprathreshold signal. Specifically, the ability to detect the presence of a temporal gap was investigated in conditions which do and do not result in CMR for detection threshold. Similar conditions were investigated for the masking level difference (a binaural masking release phenomenon). The results indicated that suprathreshold masking release for gap detection occurred for both the masking-level difference (MLD) and for CMR. However, masking release for gap detection was generally smaller than that obtained for detection threshold. The largest gap detection masking release effects obtained corresponded to relatively low levels of stimulation, where gap detection was relatively poor.
A Mechanism for the Mixing of the Waters of Lake Huron and South Bay, Manitoulin Island1

The seiche in South Bay, Manitoulin Island, Ontario, consists of several components, some of which produce considerable displacements of the water which occupies the narrow entrance channel. Lateral currents displace Lake Huron water intruded into the bay by the seiche excursion, so that the return portion of the seiche cycle replaces the intruded water with Bay water, the exchange providing the mixing process. The seiche amplitude appears to be the major variable controlling the intensity of the mixing process.
Influence of molecular weight on the dynamic mechanical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)

Using a new parallel beam apparatus, the dynamic mechanical properties of poly-(methyl methacrylate) were determined over a wide range of molecular weights (1500< < $$\overline M _n$$ <600 000). Results showed that the modulus (25 °C) was only slightly dependent on chain length, and equalled 2.3×109 Pa for the highest molecular weight scanned. Simultaneous acquisition ofα- andβ-relaxations indicated a decrease inT α in accordance with Gibbs' relation, whileT β was invariant. BothT α ∞ =111° andT β ∞ =40° corroborated previous results from several sources, including dynamic mechanical measurements. Such modulus and glass transition data are essential to the calculation of fracture toughness and to the assessment of radiation damage of acrylic, respectively.
A clarification of the IS curve and the aggregate demand curve

Abstract This paper clarifies the current textbook interpretations of the IS curve and the aggregate demand (AD) curve. Most macroeconomic textbooks portray the IS curve as representing equilibrium in the product, goods, or commodity market. This paper illustrates that in flexible-price models the IS curve does not necessarily portray equilibrium in the goods market because the textbooks introduce two contradictory notions of equilibrium. Furthermore, it will be shown that, contrary to popular textbook usage, the AD curve, which is derived from the IS-LM framework, is not the economy's effective demand curve for goods.
Immunogenicity of a heat-treated recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine.

Abstract The effect of heating on the reactogenicity and the immunogenicity of a recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine was examined. Treatment of this vaccine for one week at 37°C did not significantly alter these properties when compared to vaccine stored at 4°C. These results have important implications in countries where facilities for the transport and handling of vaccines are often inadequate.
Complete heart block in fetal lambs, I. Technique and acute physiological response☆

Prenatally diagnosed complete heart block (CHB), without associated cardiac anomalies, is often refractory to attempts to increase heart rate and cardiac output by medical therapy, and results in fetal death. We developed a model of CHB in fetal lambs in order to evaluate the acute physiological consequences of CHB and to assess the feasibility of fetal cardiac ventricular (V) and atrioventricular (AV) pacing. After hysterotomy and fetal sternotomy AV-sequential pacing leads were placed on the right atrium and ventricle (RV). Electromagnetic flow transducers were placed around the pulmonary artery and the ascending aorta to measure combined ventricular output (CVO) in normal sinus rhythm (NSR), CHB, AV, and V pacing. CHB block was successfully induced in 19 of 21 (90%) fetal lambs at 100 to 110 days' gestation by injection of formalin into the interventricular septum. Two fetuses were refractory to CHB despite multiple injections. The mean ventricular escape rate was 52 +/- 3 (+/- SEM) beats/min (range, 45 to 60 beats/min). CHB lasted for the period of study (1 to 8 hours), and spontaneously reverted to NSR in one fetus after 3 hours. Combined ventricular output in NSR was 470 +/- 31 mL/min (+/- SEM), which fell to 213 +/- 13 mL/min in CHB, 45% of normal CVO (P less than .0001). CVO during AV-sequential and V pacing was 77% (P = .02) and 62% (P less than .001), respectively, of combined ventricular output in NSR. Both RV (27%) and left ventricles (LV) (37%) showed compensatory increase in stroke volume during CHB.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Morphological evidence for immune response to breast cancer. An historical review

An historical review of morphological evidence for immune response to breast cancer is presented. At present it seems as if the closest the morphologist may come to seeing immunity is to see hyperplasia of some elements such as the round cells in tumors or the node changes or the immune system. Evidence now seems overwhelming that histocytosis comes before the good prognosis of less metastatic tumor in the axilla. In fact Black has found greater histiocytic reaction with in situ carcinoma than with invasive carcinoma. That is if the host immunity is great enough invasion may not be permitted even though cancer cells survive in the semiisolated environment of the breast ducts. Excess node tissue showing prominent histocytosis is suggestive of systemic reaction and good prognosis. The work of Black and Leis supports the original suggestion that histocytosis is related to cell-mediated immunity rather than to circulating antibodies.
Determination of motional spectral densities from measurements of 13C-2H scalar relaxation

where e2qQ/h is the quadrupole coupling constant and the spectral density parameters J,(oO) and J2(2wo) are evaluated at indicated multiples of the Larmor frequency. Measurements of R, as a function of external field strength provide insight into motional processes with correlation times on the order of l/oO, and in fluids with local order (I, 2), such slow processes can give rise to field dependent relaxation rates (3, 4) even when the “effective” correlation time r,-defined as the integral of the correlation function-fulfills the condition wo~c 4 1. In such cases, and in general when composite motions are present, it is advantageous to measure Jr(wo) and J2(200) separately, so as to investigate the motional spectrum at a set of well defined single frequencies. The determination of individual spectral densities of motion in isotropic fluids has been accomplished successfully via analysis of dipolar relaxation pathways in scalar coupled 13C (5-7) and proton (8, 9) spin systems, but when the interesting motional processes occur at frequencies too low to be monitored via proton and i3C relaxation rates (4), nuclei of lower gyromagnetic ratio, such as deuterium and nitrogen, are particularly useful. For solids (IO, II) and liquid crystals (12-16) numerous techniques are available which permit determination of the individual spectral densities for deuterium. However, none of these methods can be used for isotropic liquids, where the quadrupolar nucleus gives only a featureless Lorentzian line. In this note we demonstrate that indirect measurements of quadrupolar relaxation, via lineshape analysis of nuclei of spin-% scalar coupled to the relaxing quadrupolar spin, provide enough information to determine both spectral densities without making any assumptions about their relative magnitudes or functional form. In what follows we consider the specific case of a single 13C coupled to a directly bonded deuteron, but extensions to more complex situations are straightforward. The lineshape for a spin ‘/2 coupled to a relaxing spin 1 has, of course, been the subject of numerous studies (I 7-20), but in all cases the relaxation of the quadrupolar nucleus was described simply by a phenomenological spin-lattice relaxation time
Hepatitis C virus and depression in drug users

Objectives: Clinical case studies have implicated depression as a possible side-effect of interferon treatment for the Hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, because these studies generally did not include a pretreatment assessment of depression, it cannot be definitively stated whether depression is a side-effect of interferon treatment, a syndrome coexisting with HCV, or a common characteristic of individuals who are vulnerable to HCV infection. To gather more information about this issue, self-reported depressive symptomatology of drug users with HCV who have not received interferon treatment was compared to that of uninfected drug users. Methods: Subjects were 309 drug users not currently in substance abuse treatment who were participating in a National Institute on Drug Abuse project. Subjects completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) instrument and provided a blood sample for HCV testing. Results: Serological findings revealed that 52.4% of the subjects tested positive for HCV antibodies. Of the HCV-positive subjects, 57.2% had significant depressive symptomatology, whereas only 48.2% of the HCV-negative subjects did, for an overall rate of 52.6%. The two groups also differed on two specific dimensions of depression, with the HCV-positive group scoring lower on the Positive Affect scale and higher on the Somatic/ Retarded Activity scale. Conclusions: These findings reveal high levels of depressive symptomatology among drug users, as well as the possibility of a coexisting depressive syndrome with HCV infection. These findings raise the possibility that depression associated with interferon treatment may, at least partially, be accounted for by preexisting depression. Further research is needed to determine the nature and origins of depression in individuals in treatment with interferon for HCV with specific focus placed on determining the dimensions of depression associated with HCV infection and interferon treatment. (Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:785‐789. © 1998 by Am. Coll. of Gastroenterology)