cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feed-in tariff and tradable green certificate in oligopoly

Abstract Feed-in tariff (FIT) and tradable green certificate (TGC) schemes are studied in a formal model and numerical example using the UK data. We find that if the markets were perfectly competitive, then feed-in tariff and the certificate price would be the same. However, when the markets are imperfect, they are generally different. While both the tariff and certificate price fluctuate around the difference between the costs of green and black energy, the tariff deviates more from the cost difference than the certificate price. The supplies of both black and green energy under FIT are higher than TGC, obviously as a result of subsidies. A troubling outcome is that the total energy supply increases under FIT as the renewables quota increases, which can negate other measures to mitigate climate changes such as demand management. Finally, using the data from the UK market, we find that social welfare under TGC is consistently higher than FIT for a wide range of values of the parameters.
Chemical feasibility studies of a potential coumarin-based prodrug system

Abstract By using model amines, several amides of coumarinic acid with the phenolic hydroxyl group protected as an ester were prepared. These model amides underwent a facile ( t 1 2 1.5–31 min) lactonization to release the original amine compounds upon esterase catalyzed hydrolysis of the phenolic ester. Such a system can be used for the preparation of esterase-sensitive prodrugs of amine-containing compounds or peptides.
Thorncrown and the Mildred B. Cooper Chapels: Sacred Structures Designed by Fay Jones

The purpose of this study was to analyze how structures designed by Fay Jones become invested with sacredness. The spaces being reviewed include Thorncrown Chapel and the Mildred B. Cooper Chapel. The framework for this criticism was based upon the symbolic principles expressed through architecture. Other strategies performed in this investigation included interviews with Maurice Jennings, on-site studies, and photographic examinations. Analysis of Thorncrown and the Mildred B. Cooper Chapels was based upon the relationship of architecture and the cosmos, number symbolism, natural rhythms, patterns, and materials. Jones's craftsmanlike structures examine humankind's relation to nature and its place in the larger cosmic order. The “principles” Fay Jones espouses evoke a universal harmony present in the physical universe. Harmony resonates through the work. Jones's work is inclusive, incorporating and repeating congruent themes at small and large scale into a total statement of universal order. Both chapels represent a quiet celebration of the American belief in the sacredness and ultimate worth of each individual.
Mechanisms of ErbB2-mediated paclitaxel resistance and trastuzumab-mediated paclitaxel sensitization in ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancers

The ErbB2 gene encodes a transmembrane growth factor receptor that belongs to the ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase subfamily. ErbB2 protein is overexpressed in approximately 30% of breast cancers. Although controversies exist, data from our laboratory and from clinical trials of trastuzumab indicate that ErbB2 overexpression confers chemoresistance to certain chemotherapeutic agents such as paclitaxel. One of the molecular mechanisms of ErbB2-mediated paclitaxel resistance is that overexpression of the ErbB2 receptor leads to deregulation of the G2/M cell cycle check-point that inhibits paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. Several promising ErbB2-targeting strategies have now been developed to conquer the adverse consequences of ErbB2 overexpression such as paclitaxel resistance. Among these, trastuzumab has brought great promise. We have recently shown that trastuzumab can effectively sensitize ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells to paclitaxel by reversing the antiapoptotic function of ErbB2. Our studies provide additional support for chemotherapy combined with trastuzumab for ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancers, and it may bring insights into designing more effective and specific therapies that could offer great benefits to patients.
THE STIMULUS VALUE OF THE TAT.

Abstract Ratings of all 30 TAT cards were obtained from 34 male and 40 female college students on the following 10 bipolar, adjectival scales: accepting-rejecting, aggressive-passive, dependent-independent, happy-sad, hopeful-hopeless, impulsive-controlled, pleasant-unpleasant, safe-dangerous, severe-lenient, and sexy-sexless. The results of the ratings indicate that the cards vary considerably as to their ambiguity, i.e., the number of scales which consistently describe the picture. Further, the stimulus properties of some cards are such that it is likely they will “pull” negatively-toned stories. It is suggested that in evaluating stories given to the TAT cards, the interpretation should be made only in light of the stimulus value of the particular card.
Experimental assessment of a nonlinear turbulent stress relation in a complex reciprocating engine flow

A nonlinear turbulent stress relationship, based on an explicit algebraic Reynolds stress closure, is compared against experimental data obtained in a swirl-supported, light-duty engine motored at constant speed. The model relationship is applied to measured mean velocity gradients and turbulence scales, and the predictions compared against the measured shear stress and normal stress anisotropy. Significant improvement over the linear stress relationship typically used in two-equation turbulence models is observed. Conditions under which the model predictions are poor are identified and the reasons for the poor performance discussed.
Positing social and justice models for cyber security

Cyber security should consider criminal justice and social education models to secure the highly distributed elements of the information network, extend the effective administration of justice to cybercrime and embed security awareness and competence in engineering and common computer practice. We examine models of such behavior.
Use of laser techniques for detecting modal shifts in damaged concrete intake tower models

In the event of an earthquake, it is vitally important that the catastrophic failure of a dam and subsequent sudden release of the reservoir be prevented. An important part of the prevention of such a failure is maintaining the ability to control the release of water after the earthquake. For the most earthen dams, and some concrete dams, the release of water is controlled through a reinforced concrete intake tower. Most intake towers in the US Army Corps of Engineers existing inventory are very lightly reinforced. The functional survival of such lightly reinforced towers was the main concern of a recent research effort conducted at the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. The ultimate objective of this research was the evaluation and/or development of approximate or simplified analysis procedures for the evaluation of the ductility of existing intake towers. As part of this research, a series of three experiments were conducted, each of which was composed of the static loading to failure of 1/8th scale models of a typical intake tower configuration. Experimental results for two models are reported in this paper. Cyclic bending loads were applied to the models.Material properties and the percentage of steel were varied to model extremes encountered in existing towers. Modal surveys of the experiment models before, during, and after experimentation were conducted using a Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometer system. These surveys were used to quantify the changes in the mode shapes and frequencies due to the damage accumulated during experimentation. The application of laser vibrometry and modal analysis to this problem is the main focus of this paper.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Living E. coli is Permeable to Propidium Iodide: A Study by Time-Resolved Second-Harmonic Scattering and Fluorescence Microscopy

Propidium iodide (PI), a hydrophobic cationic dye containing two distinct charge centers, is an indicator stain capable of assessing the viability of bacteria. Specifically, PI is known to exhibit a fluorescence enhancement upon intercalation with DNA. Given that bacterial DNA is found exclusively within the cytosol, such an interaction is feasible only if PI is able to diffuse across the cytoplasmic membrane (CM). Subsequently, as dead bacteria exhibit a breakdown-induced permeability enhancement of the CM (i.e., allowing uptake of PI), fluorescence imaging following incubation with low concentrations of PI (ca. < 4 µM) is a convenient means of deducing cell colony mortality rates following an applied stimulus (e.g., antimicrobial treatment). Our group has previously demonstrated real-time measurements of molecular uptake and membrane-specific transport in living cells using second-harmonic light scattering and optical transmission microscopy (1,2). In the current work, we extend this methodology in combination with time-resolved fluorescence imaging to quantify the concentration dependence on the uptake of PI into living E. coli. Results indicate that at low concentrations (ca. <100 µM) PI readily traverses the porin protein transport channels of the outer membrane, but is unable to cross the CM. However, as the concentration increases, PI is shown to penetrate into the cytosol. There appears to be a concentration threshold whereby PI crosses the CM. The transport kinetics and mechanism will be discussed.1. Zeng, J., et al., (2013) Biophys. J., 104:139-145.2. Wilhelm, M.J., et al., (2014) Chem. Phys. Lett., 605-606:158-163.
Self-renewal of embryonic-stem-cell-derived progenitors by organ-matched mesenchyme

One goal of regenerative medicine, to use stem cells to replace cells lost by injury or disease, depends on producing an excess of the relevant cell for study or transplantation. To this end, the stepwise differentiation of stem cells into specialized derivatives has been successful for some cell types, but a major problem remains the inefficient conversion of cells from one stage of differentiation to the next. If specialized cells are to be produced in large numbers it will be necessary to expand progenitor cells, without differentiation, at some steps of the process. Using the pancreatic lineage as a model for embryonic-stem-cell differentiation, we demonstrate that this is a solvable problem. Co-culture with organ-matched mesenchyme permits proliferation and self-renewal of progenitors, without differentiation, and enables an expansion of more than a million-fold for human endodermal cells with full retention of their developmental potential. This effect is specific both to the mesenchymal cell and to the progenitor being amplified. Progenitors that have been serially expanded on mesenchyme give rise to glucose-sensing, insulin-secreting cells when transplanted in vivo. Theoretically, the identification of stage-specific renewal signals can be incorporated into any scheme for the efficient production of large numbers of differentiated cells from stem cells and may therefore have wide application in regenerative biology.
Patient perspectives with abbreviated versus standard pre-test HIV counseling in the prenatal setting: a randomized-controlled, non-inferiority trial.

Background In the US, an unacceptably high percentage of pregnant women do not undergo prenatal HIV testing. Previous studies have found increased uptake of prenatal HIV testing with abbreviated pre-test counseling, however little is known about patient decision making, testing satisfaction and knowledge in this setting. Methodology/Findings A randomized-controlled, non-inferiority trial was conducted from October 2006 through February 2008 at San Francisco General Hospital (SFGH), the public teaching hospital of the City and County of San Francisco. A total of 278 English- and Spanish-speaking pregnant women were randomized to receive either abbreviated or standard nurse-performed HIV test counseling at the initial prenatal visit. Patient decision making experience was compared between abbreviated versus standard HIV counseling strategies among a sample of low-income, urban, ethnically diverse prenatal patients. The primary outcome was the decisional conflict score (DCS) using O'Connor low-literacy scale and secondary outcomes included satisfaction with test decision, basic HIV knowledge and HIV testing uptake. We conducted an intention-to-treat analysis of 278 women – 134 (48.2%) in the abbreviated arm (AA) and 144 (51.8%) in the standard arm (SA). There was no significant difference in the proportion of women with low decisional conflict (71.6% in AA vs. 76.4% in SA, p = .37), and the observed mean difference between the groups of 3.88 (95% CI: −0.65, 8.41) did not exceed the non-inferiority margin. HIV testing uptake was very high (97. 8%) and did not differ significantly between the 2 groups (99.3% in AA vs. 96.5% in SA, p = .12). Likewise, there was no difference in satisfaction with testing decision (97.8% in AA vs. 99.3% in SA, p = .36). However, women in AA had significantly lower mean HIV knowledge scores (78.4%) compared to women in SA (83.7%, p<0.01). Conclusions/Significance This study suggests that streamlining the pre-test counseling process, while associated with slightly lower knowledge, does not compromise patient decision making or satisfaction regarding HIV testing. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00503308
The case of the vanishing denominator

Abstract A crucial conjecture relating to construction of rational basis functions for finite element computation is examined. This is one of the more sophisticated applications of algebraic geometry to numerical analysis.
Imaging colorectal trauma

Traumatic injury to the colon is rare and is notoriously difficult to diagnose. Delayed diagnosis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Diagnostic imaging has become an indispensable tool in the evaluation of colorectal trauma. CT is the imaging modality of choice for blunt abdominal trauma in hemodynamically stable patients, and knowledge of the CT signs of hollow viscus injury is crucial for diagnosis of these injuries.
Stroke risk in an elderly population with atrial fibrillation

Patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) have an increased risk of stroke, but the absolute rate of stroke varies widely depending on coexistent vascular disease. We assessed the stroke rate and predictive value of two published schemes for stroke risk stratification in a population-derived cohort of 259 elderly people with nonvalvular AF followed for a median of 5.3 years. The rate of ischemic stroke was 2.8% per year (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9, 3.9). Thirty-one percent were predicted to be at low risk, and their stroke rate was 1.7% per year (95% CI 0.6, 3.8). Many people with AF in this population-derived cohort had relatively low rates of stroke. Further studies to reliably stratify stroke risk in patients with AF are needed.
Fumarole with Periodic Water Fountaining, Volcan Alcedo, Galapagos Islands

A water fountain and three associated pools are perched on the wall of the Volcan Alcedo caldera, at the end of a line of active fumaroles. In July 1970, the lower basin was dry and the overflow pool was partially filled; the fountain pool was nearly full and was at the boiling temperature. Gases forcefully pumped from a vent caused a continuous fountaining and abundant steam. Opal shoreline deposits and “mushrooms” mark former maximum water levels, during which the overflow pool level is controlled by a spillway to the lower basin. A levee between the fountain and overflow pools causes their separation when the water level drops. Reports show that the pools were full in August 1968, became completely dry by October 1970, and partially refilled in 1971, Throughout the cycle, sulfurous steam flowed from the vent. The water chemistry of the fountain and overflow pools shows an increase in dissolved constituents in the latter; both are high in boron. Calculations indicate that the water of the overflow pool is not in equilibrium with its deposits, but is equilibrated with the atmosphere. The fountain pool shows the opposite conditions. Silica content and the location of geyserite deposits indicate that opal saturation occurs as the water cools and circulates through the overflow pool. Strata in the levee show cycles of mud, opal, and sand deposition which correspond to periods of maximum filling, partial filling, and dryness, respectively. Subaerial deposition of the sand is shown by its high physical maturity (rounding and frosting) and lack of chemical alteration. Sand fountaining and the formation of a sand cone, associated with a high-pressure fumarole, were observed at another area in the Galapagos. The physical nature of this sand is nearly identical to that of the levee around the Alcedo vent. The same process is proposed for the formation of the levee deposits; this sub-aerially formed cone is modified during periods of pool filling. A turbulent gas flow velocity of about 6 m per sec would account for the position and size of the levee sand grains. A very small driving force at depth would be required. Gas analyses from fumaroles north of the fountain have a relatively high magmatic component and favor the stability of magnetite. A similar gas, with periods of slight oxidation, would be compatible with the chemistry of the levee sand. The source of water in the pools is largely meteoric; the fountain and overflow pools depend more upon subsurface flow, while the lower basin receives surface water from the caldera wall.
Role of autophagy in temozolomide-induced cytotoxicity for malignant glioma cells

Autophagy is originally named as a process of protein recycling. It begins with sequestering cytoplasmic organelles in a membrane vacuole called autophagosome. Autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes, where the materials inside are degraded and recycled. To date, however, little is known about the role of autophagy in cancer therapy. In this study, we present that temozolomide (TMZ), a new alkylating agent, inhibited the viability of malignant glioma cells in a dose-dependent manner and induced G2/M arrest. At a clinically achievable dose (100 microM), TMZ induced autophagy, but not apoptosis in malignant glioma cells. After the treatment with TMZ, microtubule-associated protein light-chain 3 (LC3), a mammalian homologue of Apg8p/Aut7p essential for amino-acid starvation-induced autophagy in yeast, was recruited on autophagosome membranes. When autophagy was prevented at an early stage by 3-methyladenine, a phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate kinase inhibitor, not only the characteristic pattern of LC3 localization, but also the antitumor effect of TMZ was suppressed. On the other hand, bafilomycin A1, a specific inhibitor of vacuolar type H(+)-ATPase, that prevents autophagy at a late stage by inhibiting fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes, sensitized tumor cells to TMZ by inducing apoptosis through activation of caspase-3 with mitochondrial and lysosomal membrane permeabilization, while LC3 localization pattern stayed the same. These results indicate that TMZ induces autophagy in malignant glioma cells. Application of an autophagy inhibitor that works after the association of LC3 with autophagosome membrane, such as bafilomycin A1, is expected to enhance the cytotoxicity of TMZ for malignant gliomas.
The biosystematic relations between a thelytokous and an arrhenotokous form ofAphytis mytilaspidis (Le Baron) [Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae]

Biological and morphological characters of the thelytokous and arrhenotokous forms ofA. mytilaspidis and their hybrids were investigated. Some biological differences between the thelytokous and arrhenotokous forms were found. The former is adapted to warmer condition and will parasitizeHemiberlesia lataniae as well asDiaspis echinocacti, while the latter will not parasitizeH. lataniae. The overall fecundity of the thelytokous form is lower than that of the arrhenotokous form, whereas the “effective fecundity”, female progeny per female parent, is higher in the thelytokous form. Apart from the no. of setae in the wings delta, there are no distinguishing morphological characters between the arrhenotokous and thelytokous forms.
Procainamide-induced serologic changes in asymptomatic patients.

Serologic findings in cardiac patients who had no manifestations of drug-induced lupus and who had been taking procainamide for 6 weeks or more were compared to a similar group receiving quinidine, and a series of age- and sex-matched controls. Significant changes occurred only in the group of 22 patients treated with procainamide (p < 0.01). LE cell tests were positive in 12 (55 per cent). Antidesoxyribonucleoprotein (anti-DNP) tests were positive in 15 (68 per cent) and anti-DNA in 8 (36 per cent). A positive LE cell test, anti-DNP, or anti-DNA reaction was found in 17 (77 per cent).
IUE observations of H Lyman-α in comet P/Giacobini-Zinner

Hydrogen abundance and spatial-distribution models previously used to reproduce the observed wide-field Lyman-alpha comae of Comets Kohoutek and Halley are presently applied to three months of IUE observations of Comet P/Giacobini/Zinner. A spherical radiative transfer model adapted for application to the H coma is also used to analyze these observations, under the same physical assumptions as the vectorial model for OH except in the case of optical density. Water production rates are obtained which closely agree with those derived from vectorial model analysis of OH observations.
Assessment of data intercomparability and data quality for multiple open-path FTIR systems

There exists little information concerning the quality of data generated from open-path Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (OP-FTIR) systems as applied to measuring toxic air pollutants. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VII conducted a study designed to assess the intercomparability and data quality for several OP-FTIR systems. This paper describes the design of the study, presents the resulting data, and discusses the conclusions reached.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Addressing Selection Bias in Dental Health Services Research

When randomization is not possible, researchers must control for non-random assignment to experimental groups. One technique for statistical adjustment for non-random assignment is through the use of a two-stage analytical technique. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the use of this technique to control for selection bias in examining the effects of the The Supplemental Program for Women, Infants, and Children's (WIC) on dental visits. From 5 data sources, an analysis file was constructed for 49,512 children ages 1-5 years. The two-stage technique was used to control for selection bias in WIC participation, the potentially endogenous variable. Specification tests showed that WIC participation was not random and that selection bias was present. The effects of the WIC on dental use differed by 36% after adjustment for selection bias by means of the two-stage technique. This technique can be used to control for potential selection bias in dental research when randomization is not possible.
Dietary Management of Cardiovascular Disease: A Year 2002 Perspective

Never before has so much evidence pointed to the importance of diet and lifestyle behavior as influencing risk for cardiovascular disease. The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) recently released its Third Expert Panel Report on the Detection and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults (ATP III). This report, along with policy guidelines related to obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and other chronic diseases, provides strong recommendations for lifestyle interventions—modified diet, physical activity, and weight control—as key factors in the prevention of disease. The current evidence surrounding these recommendations is summarized, and translational examples are presented. The strength of the evidence and the practical significance of the resulting recommendations are discussed.
A temperature-dependent block in spore differentiation is transduced intercellularly by Dictyostelium discoideum

Abstract Strain HH31 of Dictyostelium discoideum is abnormal in the sense that at 27°C it fails to produce spores and all or nearly all of the cells become stalk cells. In interstrain chimeras produced at the restrictive temperature, this strain shares with strains A3 or M28 the potential to control spore differentiation in neighboring cells. If HH31 is in numerical excess in slugs, then spore formation by A3 or M28 is suppressed by a factor of 20 or more. In contrast, an excess of A3 cells stimulates the formation of spores by HH31; the rescue affects fewer than one in 1000 HH31 cells though this represents a rescue coefficient of up to 2 × 10 3 . The transcellular influence mediated by HH31 is rendered locally since it cannot traverse a thin membrane. It is not an artifact of unfavorable positioning of the test cells because in the slug they accumulate in the prespore region. The temperature-dependence of the self-differentiation of HH31 and its effect on A3 or M28 are altered coordinately in a spontaneous variant of HH31. We suggest that HH31 exerts, and is receptive to, a local effect on and by neighboring cells. This may be mediated by plasma membrane wheat germ agglutinin receptors, since their expression is also found to be under coordinate temperature control in HH31 and its variant.
Magnetoresistance of amorphous d-band metals with high electrical resistivity

Abstract Electrical resistivity and magnetoresistivity in amorphous Y75Al25 and Zr40Cu60 alloys have been measured from 0.5 to 20 K and in magnetic fields up to 85 kOe. The low temperature resistivity follows a square-root variation with temperature below 4 K in Y75Al25 and 10 K in Zr40Cu60. Using the measured values of the diffusion constant, the weak localization theory of magnetoresistance (incorporating both Zeeman splitting and spin—orbit interaction) predicts values which are lower (up to a factor of ∼ 3) than the experimental values (corrected for the Maki-Thompson and orbital-interaction contributions) in these high-resistivity alloys. The discrepancy cannot be explained by the spin-splitting interaction effect.
Cross-clade T lymphocyte-mediated immunity to HIV type 1: implications for vaccine design and immunodetection assays.

Identifying immunodominant regions of HIV-1 that are recognized by CD8+ T lymphocytes in infected individuals may be important for the design and evaluation of candidate HIV-1 vaccines, particularly for developing countries. In this study, cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 15 chronically HIV-1-infected U.S. volunteers were screened for HIV-1 Gag-specific T lymphocyte interferon γ production in an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay matrix format, using overlapping HIV-1 subtype A, B, and C Gag peptide pools. In the initial matrix screen, responses to HIV-1 subtype B Gag were detected in 11 of 15 (73%) of seropositive individuals and in none of 4 HIV-1-seronegative controls. There were differences in both the breadth and magnitudes of the responses observed in the matrix assay. Responses varied in breadth, ranging from broad responses (more than four peptides) of moderate magnitude (<100 spot-forming cells [SFCs]/105 PBMCs) to narrowly focused (two or fewer peptides), more ...
Determination of rate constants by chemical relaxation method

Abstract Two methods are presented for obtaining rate constant of two-step reactions A 1 ⇌ A 2 ⇌ A 3 by means of chemical relaxation technique when two relaxation times are of the same order of magnitude. Both methods employ nonlinear estimation. The first method involves obtaining the relaxation times directly from the transient response data whereas the second method involves obtaining zeroes and poles of the transfer function which, in turn, is obtained from numerical Fourier transformation of pulse response data. The two methods are compared by using the results obtained from computer-generated ‘experimental’ data.
Evaluation of Dynamic Message Signs on Rural Freeways: Case Study of a Full Freeway Closure

The evaluation of dynamic message signs (DMSs) has been challenging to undertake because of the difficulty of identifying the effects of DMSs from traffic patterns. The primary contribution of this study is the comprehensive evaluation of DMSs in a rural area during a full freeway closure by using field data, driver surveys, and simulation. A full freeway closure scenario offers an opportunity to identify the effects of DMSs, because there is a network-wide shift in traffic demand from the closed route to the alternate route(s). A unique data collection and analysis approach was used to capture regional traffic patterns, including the processing of all traffic movements from four full interchanges. A significant increase in traffic flow on the detour route and a corresponding decrease on the affected route were observed during the freeway closure. Simulation was used to isolate the benefits of DMSs from other traveler information modes such as newspaper, TV, and radio, and to explore the sensitivity of the network to different levels of driver compliance. Depending on the proportion of drivers who chose to divert based on DMSs, monetary benefits were estimated to range between US$2,394 and $65,643 for the three-day freeway closure. Driver surveys conducted during the freeway closure revealed that 57% of the drivers utilized DMS information and 41% of drivers relied solely on DMSs to obtain information related to the closure and the detour route.
Utilizing a Family-Sensitive Cognitive Behavioral Intervention With Chronic Illness: The Impact of Family Dynamics and Therapy on Medical Symptoms

One third of adults seek medical treatment for bothersome symptoms for which there is no serious medical explanation and for which standard medical treatment offers little or no relief. Furthermore, research indicates that certain individual and family dynamics can significantly affect symptomatic distress. There is a family-sensitive cognitive-behavioral intervention that can ease the symptoms of such chronic illnesses. This article describes and illustrates this intervention with a case study including a session transcription.
Why CCSD(T) works: a different perspective

Abstract The CCSD(T) method was originally motivated as an attempt to treat the effects of triply excited determinants upon both single and double excitation operators on an equal footing. Hence, conventional analyses based on perturbation theory cannot satisfactorily explain why the particular fifth-order term included in CCSD(T) should be chosen over a number of other possibilities. This work demonstrates that the terms appearing in CCSD(T) can be justified if one takes the biorthogonal representation of the CCSD state as the zeroth-order wavefunction. This perspective provides some additional insight as to why the method works so well in practice.
Rat brain capillary thrombomodulin: structure and function.

The anticoagulant transmembrane glycoprotein thrombomodulin (TM) is expressed at the luminal surface of vascular endothelial cells. Recently, we showed that TM antigen and TM mRNA are expressed in brain microvessels in several species and that brain capillaries have the capability to activate protein C. The activation of protein C in brain microcirculation was greatly impaired by major stroke risk factors in rats due to downregulation of TM. In this study, a partial sequence of TM was determined from TM mRNA from brain capillaries examined in brain capillaries of the rat, a species that provides a useful model to investigate stroke mechanisms in relation to brain hemostasis. The predicted deduced amino acid sequences for rat TM were compared with other TM sequences. Particularly high homology (77-100%) among functional domains of the protein, i.e., the epidermal growth factor repeats (EGFRs) 1-6 and the transmembrane region, was observed between mice and rats. Somewhat less degree of homology was observed for bovine and human EGFRs 1-6, while the homology of the transmembrane region was 92-96%. All cysteine residues were conserved among the TM sequences, and specific amino acids previously suggested to be essential for activation of protein C by thrombin TM were highly conserved. We conclude that the highly conserved mRNA and protein sequences may reflect a similar anticoagulant role of TM in brain endothelial and systemic vascular endothelial cells across different species.
Spatial frequency response and perceived depth in the time-course of object superiority.

Abstract When a target consisting of a briefly flashed diagonal line segment is combined with a set of auxiliary lines (the context pattern) to yield the perception of a three-dimensional object, it can be identified more accurately than when the context pattern yields a flatter perception. This is the objectsuperiority effect ( Weisstein and Harris, 1974 ). The present experiments utilized three context patterns that yielded significantly different ratings of perceived depth. Observers judged which of four target lines was presented; the line was alone or was accompanied by one of the three context patterns. The context pattern appeared simultaneously or followed the target by a delay of 30–270 msec. Spatial frequency response was varied by presenting the stimuli in the retinal periphery or by blurring them, thus diminishing visual response to high spatial frequencies. Just the target line was blurred, or just the context pattern, or both. Results showed that blurring just the target, blurring both stimuli, or presenting them in the retinal periphery all had similar effects on the temporal functions of accuracy versus delay of the context pattern (metacontrast functions): the functions for the patterns rated higher in depth became more like those for the flat pattern. When just the context pattern was blurred the results were different: the functions for the pattern rated flat became more like the three-dimensional ones. These results were closely related to the way depth ratings changed as the context patterns, target lines, or both were blurred. Our findings suggest that the visual channels that respond to high and low spatial frequencies also have different temporal responses to apparent three-dimensionality.
Performance analysis of a Hartmann wavefront sensor used for sensing atmospheric turbulence statistics

The ability to measure atmospheric turbulence characteristics such as Fried's coherence diameter, the outer scale of turbulence, and the turbulence power law are critical for the optimized operation of adaptive optical telescopes. One approach for sensing these turbulence parameters is to use a Hartmann wavefront sensor (H-WFS) array to measure the wavefront slope structure function (SSF) . The SSF is defined as the second moment of the wavefront slope difference between any two subapertures separated in time and/or space. Accurate knowledge of the SSF allows turbulence parameters to be estimated. The H-WFS slope measurements, composed of a true slope signal corrupted by noise, are used to estimate the SSF by computing a mean square difference of slope signals from different subapertures. This computation is typically performed over a large number of H-WFS measurement frames. The quality of the SSF estimate is quantified by the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the estimator. The quality of the SSF estimate then can in turn be related to the quality of the atmospheric turbulence parameter estimates. This research develops a theoretical SNR expression for the SSF estimator. This SNR is a function of H-WFS geometry, the number of temporal measurement frames, the outer scale of turbulence, the turbulence spectrum power law, and the temporal properties of the turbulence. Results are presented for various H-WFS configurations and atmospheric turbulence properties.
Iodine as a donor in CdS

Abstract Iodine doped single crystals of CdS were grown from the vapor phase. High temperature Hall effect measurements for the crystals equilibrated with Cd and S 2 vapors at temperatures between 700 and 1000°C gave the free electron concentration as a function of p Cd or p S2 and temperature. The results can be explained on the basis of a model in which the CdS is saturated with iodine at low p Cd (=high p S2 ) but unsaturated at high p Cd . The solubility of iodine in CdS is given by c t =1·73×10 22 p S2 −1/8 exp (−1·045 eV/ kT ) cm −3 atm −1/8 =4·62×10 19 p Cd 1/4 exp (−0·195 eV/ kT ) cm −3 atm 1/4 The formation of pairs ( I S V Cd )′ from I S · and V Cd ″ is governed by the equilibrium constant K P(I, V) =4 exp (≤1·1 eV/ kT ) If Cd diffusion occurs primarily by free vacancies, the Cd * tracer self diffusion leads to a vacancy mobility of (1·2±0·5)×10 −5 cm 2 sec −1 at 900°C, in agreement with results reported by Woodbury [12], but (7±3) times larger than reported by Kumar and Kroger [10].
Hydrodynamics of a three-phase fluidized bed containing low-density particles

Experiments were conducted to study the hydrodynamics of a gas-liquid-solid fluidized bed containing low-density particles. The density and size of the particles employed were comparable to those ordinarily encountered in fluidized-bed bioreactors for either wastewater treatment or fermentation. A dual resistivity probe and a conductivity probe were employed to study the axial holdup of gas and liquid phases and the bubble size distribution. The behavior of the axial holdup distribution for solid, gas, and liquid phases is reported. A mechanistic model, based on solids entrainment and deentrainment mechanisms by bubbles, is developed to describe the behavior of the axial solids holdup distribution. The model is shown to satisfactorily account for the experimental data.
Design of in vitro symmetric complexes and analysis by hybrid methods reveal mechanisms of HIV capsid assembly.

Abstract Unlike the capsids of icosahedral viruses, retroviral capsids are pleomorphic, with variably curved, closed fullerene shells composed of ∼ 250 hexamers and exactly 12 pentamers of the viral CA protein. Structures of CA oligomers have been difficult to obtain because the subunit–subunit interactions are inherently weak, and CA tends to spontaneously assemble into capsid-like particles. Guided by a cryoEM-based model of the hexagonal lattice of HIV-1 CA, we used a two-step biochemical strategy to obtain soluble CA hexamers and pentamers for crystallization. First, each oligomer was stabilized by engineering disulfide cross-links between the N-terminal domains of adjacent subunits. Second, the cross-linked oligomers were prevented from polymerizing into hyperstable, capsid-like structures by mutations that weakened the dimeric association between the C-terminal domains that link adjacent oligomers. The X-ray structures revealed that the oligomers are comprised of a fairly rigid, central symmetric ring of N-terminal domains encircled by mobile C-terminal domains. Assembly of the quasi-equivalent oligomers requires remarkably subtle rearrangements in inter-subunit quaternary bonding interactions, and appears to be controlled by an electrostatic switch that favors hexamers over pentamers. An atomic model of the complete HIV-1 capsid was then built using the fullerene cone as a template. Rigid-body rotations around two assembly interfaces are sufficient to generate the full range of continuously varying lattice curvature in the fullerene cone. The steps in determining this HIV-1 capsid atomic model exemplify the synergy of hybrid methods in structural biology, a powerful approach for exploring the structure of pleomorphic macromolecular complexes.
Which behavioral consequences matter? The importance of frame of reference in explaining addiction

The target article emphasizes the relationship between a matching law-based theory of addiction and the disease model of addiction. In contrast, this response emphasizes the relationship between the matching law theory and other behavioral approaches to addiction. The basic difference, I argue, is that the matching law specifies that choice is governed by local reinforcement rates. In contrast, economics says that overall reinforcement rate controls choice, and for other approaches there are other measures or no clear prediction at all. The response also differs from the target article in that there is more emphasis on the finding that stimulus conditions determine whether choice is under local or overall reinforcement rate control.
From legitimacy to impact: Moving the field forward by asking how entrepreneurship informs life

Entrepreneurship as a field of research has grown significantly since the publication of Lumpkin and Dess (1996), an article that addressed what it means to be entrepreneurial. The field has gained legitimacy in part through research that asks how phenomena such as market conditions, institutional environments, and strategic behaviors inform the entrepreneurship domain. New progress can be made by asking how phenomena unique to the domain of entrepreneurship help researchers understand decisions, actions, and environments outside of the domain. Ideas for using entrepreneurial knowledge to explain more general phenomena are presented. Copyright © 2011 Strategic Management Society.
Modeling landscape vegetation pattern in response to historic land-use: a hypothesis-driven approach for the North Carolina Piedmont, USA

Current methods of vegetation analysis often assume species response to environmental gradients is homogeneously monotonic and unimodal. Such an approach can lead to unsatisfactory results, particularly when vegetation pattern is governed by compensatory relationships that yield similar outcomes for various environmental settings. In this paper we investigate the advantages of using classification tree models (CART) to test specific hypotheses of environmental variables effecting dominant vegetation pattern in the Piedmont. This method is free of distributional assumptions and is useful for data structures that contain non-linear relationships and higher-order interactions. We also compare the predictive accuracy of CART models with a parametric generalized linear model (GLM) to determine the relative strength of each predictive approach. For each method, hardwood and pine vegetation is modeled using explanatory topographic and edaphic variables selected based on historic reconstructions of patterns of land use. These include soil quality, potential soil moisture, topographic position, and slope angle. Predictive accuracy was assessed on independent validation data sets. The CART models produced the more accurate predictions, while also emphasizing alternative environmental settings for each vegetation type. For example, relic hardwood stands were found on steep slopes, highly plastic soils, or hydric bottomlands – alternatives not well captured by the homogeneous GLM. Our results illustrate the potential utility of this flexible modeling approach in capturing the heterogeneous patterns typical of many ecological datasets.
Cytoplasmic pH Dynamics in Maize Pulvinal Cells Induced by Gravity Vector Changes

In maize (Zea mays) and other grasses, changes in orientation of stems are perceived by pulvinal tissue, which responds to the stimulus by differential growth resulting in upward bending of the stem. The amyloplast-containing bundle sheath cells are the sites of gravity perception, although the initial steps of gravity perception and transmission remain unclear. In columella cells of Arabidopsis roots, we previously found that cytoplasmic pH (pH(c)) is a mediator in early gravitropic signaling (A.C. Scott, N.S. Allen [1999] Plant Physiol 121: 1291-1298). The question arises whether pH(c) has a more general role in signaling gravity vector changes. Using confocal ratiometric imaging and the fluorescent pH indicator carboxy seminaphtorhodafluor acetoxymethyl ester acetate, we measured pH(c) in the cells composing the maize pulvinus. When stem slices were gravistimulated and imaged on a horizontally mounted confocal microscope, pH(c) changes were only apparent within the bundle sheath cells, and not in the parenchyma cells. After turning, cytoplasmic acidification was observed at the sides of the cells, whereas the cytoplasm at the base of the cells where plastids slowly accumulated became more basic. These changes were most apparent in cells exhibiting net amyloplast sedimentation. Parenchyma cells and isolated bundle sheath cells did not show any gravity-induced pH(c) changes although all cell types responded to external stimuli in the predicted way: Propionic acid and auxin treatments induced acidification, whereas raising the external pH caused alkalinization. The results suggest that pH(c) has an important role in the early signaling pathways of maize stem gravitropism.
Acoustically generated magnetic flux in a bi-metallic superconducting loop

A calculation of the magnetic flux induced in a bi-metallic superconducting loop by an acoustic wave is described. Estimates of the magnitude of the effect have been made which show that it is large enough to be detected by presently available superconducting quantum interference magnetometers.
Polypharmacy and Combination Therapy in the Management of Hypertension in Elderly Patients with Co-Morbid Diabetes Mellitus

The demographic shift towards an older population increases the public health burden. Two conditions, commonly occurring together, that contribute to this burden are hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Effective blood pressure (BP) control is particularly important in this patient population, with a recommended BP goal of <130/80 mmHg. Most of these patients will require treatment with a combination of antihypertensive agents to reach this goal. Polypharmacy can be defined as the use of two or more medications, and it is commonly seen in this patient population. The risks of polypharmacy and the potential for inappropriate therapy must be considered and balanced against the possible benefits of multiple drug therapies. An optimal approach to reducing the risks and maximizing the benefits of polypharmacy should include regular reviews of patients’ medication lists, which can be changed to include, where appropriate, combination therapy and the use of single-pill combinations. Combination therapy can achieve greater BP reductions than monotherapy and can also enhance the safety and tolerability of pharmacotherapy. The safety and efficacy of numerous anti-hypertensive combinations in elderly patients have been demonstrated in a number of clinical trials. Single-pill formulations can simplify the medication regimen, and specific combinations can offer further benefits, such as enhanced reduction of macrovascular and microvascular complications, independent of BP reductions. Rational combination therapy can maximize BP control along with glycaemic control and help maximize the benefits of polypharmacy on outcomes in elderly patients with hypertension and co-morbid diabetes.
Beyond a Mountain Valley: The Simbu of Papua New Guinea

Beyond a Mountain Valley: The Simbu of Papua New Guinea. PAULA BROWN. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1995. xx + 296 pp., plates, notes, glossary, bibliography, index.
A double‐balanced subharmonic passive mixer with an integrated quadrature local oscillator in 0.18 μm CMOS

This letter presents a double-balanced subharmonic passive mixer designed in a 0.18 μm CMOS technology.The biasing condition of the passive mixer is analyzed to optimize its conversion loss and local oscillator (LO) to RF/IF leakage performances. The four phases required for the mixer were generated using an on-chip LO and a divide-by-two circuit. The mixer converts an RF signal ranging from 3.5 to 6.7 GHz to an IF signal using an LO of 2.5 GHz with a voltage conversion loss of 7.2 ± 1.5 dB. The measured 1 × LO and 2 × LO leakages to the RF/IF port are −25/−60 dBm and −35/−65 dBm, respectively. The measured input third-order intercept point (IIP3) of the mixer is −2 dBm. The circuit operates from a 1.8 V supply and consumes 45 mW of power. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2617–2619, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27156