cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robustness of Cortical Topography across Fields, Laminae, Anesthetic States, and Neurophysiological Signal Types

Topographically organized maps of the sensory receptor epithelia are regarded as cornerstones of cortical organization as well as valuable readouts of diverse biological processes ranging from evolution to neural plasticity. However, maps are most often derived from multiunit activity recorded in the thalamic input layers of anesthetized animals using near-threshold stimuli. Less distinct topography has been described by studies that deviated from the formula above, which brings into question the generality of the principle. Here, we explicitly compared the strength of tonotopic organization at various depths within core and belt regions of the auditory cortex using electrophysiological measurements ranging from single units to delta-band local field potentials (LFP) in the awake and anesthetized mouse. Unit recordings in the middle cortical layers revealed a precise tonotopic organization in core, but not belt, regions of auditory cortex that was similarly robust in awake and anesthetized conditions. In core fields, tonotopy was degraded outside the middle layers or when LFP signals were substituted for unit activity, due to an increasing proportion of recording sites with irregular tuning for pure tones. However, restricting our analysis to clearly defined receptive fields revealed an equivalent tonotopic organization in all layers of the cortical column and for LFP activity ranging from gamma to theta bands. Thus, core fields represent a transition between topographically organized simple receptive field arrangements that extend throughout all layers of the cortical column and the emergence of nontonotopic representations outside the input layers that are further elaborated in the belt fields.
Particle Deposition in Internal Cooling Cavities of a Nozzle Guide Vane: Part II — Analytical and Computational Modeling

Computational and analytical studies were conducted to investigate particle deposition in the internal film cooling cavities of nozzle guide vanes. Transient deposit growth data were acquired from experimental studies to compare to computational simulations. Particle impact locations were predicted by an Eulerian-Lagrangian particle tracking model and shown to follow analytical trends of aerodynamic lensing. Deposit growth was dominated by the locations of concentrated particle impacts. However, significant deposit growth trends occurred in regions not predicted by the particle tracking model. Simulations were performed to determine if the presence of deposit structures significantly altered subsequent particle trajectories and deposit growth. This effect only moderately improved the comparison with the experiment. The local wall shear was investigated on the deposit surface, and deposit growth was shown to occur in regions of low shear. A shear-based sticking model was developed and applied to computational simulations. The shear-based sticking model qualitatively matched deposit growth trends not observed using several other applied sticking models.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Dialogue as a Site of Transformative Possibility

This article examines how affect allows us to view the relational form of dialogue, as built upon the work of Derrida and Levinas, to be a site of transformative possibility for students as they encounter and address issues of social justice and difference in the classroom. The understanding of affect that attends this form of dialogue demands from educators a re-visioning of how their educational arrangements and pedagogies might facilitate the transformative capacities of their students. Accordingly, the relational conception of dialogue cannot be viewed as providing educators with another strategy or method for addressing issues of social justice and difference or for tapping into the transformative capacity of their students. Instead, it would be better viewed as pointing educators towards a different orientation towards education which is not focused upon producing particular outputs or outcomes, but does still indicate the need for a responsible response from the educator.
Intramitochondrial tubules in adrenal glands of rat.

Tubular inclusions have been observed in the matrix of mitochondria of rat adrenal cortex. They appear in groups varying from 15 to 40 tubules. The intramitochondrial tubules (IMT) are approximately 100 A wide and can be 0.5 μ long. The wall of IMT is electron opaque, not trilaminar, and is approximately 25 A thick. IMT has been observed in close proximity to the cristael membrane suggestive of apparent contact.
Effect of dietary protein quality, phenobarbital, and SKF 525-A on heptachlor metabolism in the rat

Abstract Heptachlor metabolism was determined in young male rats fed for 10 days diets containing 18% protein supplied either by gluten or casein. Rats on the casein diet were either pair-fed on an individual basis to the gluten-fed animals or they were fed ad lib. Saline, sodium phenobarbital (80 mg/kg) or diethylaminoethyl 2,2-diphenylvalerate HCl (SKF 525-A, 50 mg/kg) was administered ip to the animals before sacrifice. Weight gain, liver microsomal protein, and heptachlor metabolism (nmole of product/g liver/10 min), assayed in 9000 g rat liver supernatants, were found to be significantly reduced in the gluten-fed animals. Animals pair-fed the casein diet had higher heptachlor epoxidase activity than those fed ad lib. Phenobarbital pretreatment significantly enhanced the metabolism of heptachlor in animals in all groups to varying magnitudes. Heptachlor epoxidase activity (units/g liver) was increased 11-fold in the gluten-fed animals, 6-fold in the pair-fed animals on casein diet, and 7-fold in the animals fed casein ad lib. Heptachlor metabolism was less inhibited by SKF 525-A in the rats fed gluten compared to the rats on casein diet, either pair-fed or ad lib. The degree of induction or inhibition of enzyme activity was not influenced by restriction of food intake (pair-fed vs ad lib). The results of these studies suggest an interaction of protein inadequacy with drug metabolism and its induction or inhibition.
Glycogen Metabolism in the Turkey Embryo and Poult

Fertile eggs from Large White turkey hens were classified according to weight at time of incubation. Glycogen was measured in the 21-day-old embryo and one-day-old poult. Liver glycogen was positively correlated with initial egg weight in the 21-day-old embryo and negatively related to initial egg weight in the one-day-old poult. Glycogen recycling was evident in the one-day-old poult. Maximum accumulation of 14C-glucose as glycogen occurred 60 min post injection. Liver phosphorylase a level was higher in the one-day-old poult than the embryo. Total phosphorylase per gram of liver tissue was not different between the two age groups. Liver phosphorylase b was subject to conversion to phosphorylase a in both age groups. Avian phosphorylase exists in both the active and inactive form.
Effect of human high density lipoproteins, anti-apolipoproteins CII and CIII, and hydrolysis of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol ester on VLDL catabolism in vitro

Lipolysis of human very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) was inhibited in the presence of high density lipoproteins (HDL), anti-apolipoprotein (apo) CII, and by increasing the VLDL free cholesterol content but not with anti-apo CIII or lipoprotein-free plasma. The experiments lend direct evidence that the composition of VLDL and their milieu are important determinants of lipolysis by LPL. Apo CIII may not be critical in LPL mediated VLDL catabolism.
Reviewing the literature

A s nurses begin to formulate a study or to consider changes in clinical practice, one of the first steps is to conduct a review of literature. This is not a onetime activity but rather a process that will continue through the dissemination of results or the evaluation of a change in nursing practice. The overall purpose of any review of literature is to find out what is known on the topic of interest. But specific purposes of reviews of literature may demand slightly different approaches to the process. Nurses may remember from their basic professional education several rules of literature review, such as "Only use primary sources, only use American sources, and only use sources less than 5 years old." The purpose of this discussion is to consider various purposes of literature reviews, and when those rules do and do not make sense.
The similarity problem for 3−3 integer matrices

Abstract Using results from the similarity problem of 2−2 integer matrices, we derive an algorithm for the solution of the similarity problem for 3−3 integer matrices.
Design, implementation and test of an email virus throttle

We present an approach to preventing the damage caused by viruses that travel via email. The approach prevents an infected machine spreading the virus further. This directly addresses the two ways that viruses cause damage: less machines spreading the virus will reduce the number of machines infected and reduce the traffic generated by the virus. The approach relies on the observation that normal entailing behaviour is quite different from the behaviour of a spreading virus, with the virus sending messages at a much higher rate, to different addresses. To limit propagation a rate-limiter or virus throttle is described that does not affect normal traffic, but quickly slows and stops viral traffic. We include an analysis of normal emailing behaviour, and details of the throttle design. In addition an implementation is described and tested with real viruses, showing that the approach is practical.
Theory for a dissipative droplet soliton excited by a spin torque nanocontact

A distinct type of solitary wave is predicted to form in spin torque oscillators when the free layer has a sufficiently large perpendicular anisotropy. In this structure, which is a dissipative version of the conservative droplet soliton originally studied in 1977 by Ivanov and Kosevich, spin torque counteracts the damping that would otherwise destroy the mode. Asymptotic methods are used to derive conditions on perpendicular anisotropy strength and applied current under which a dissipative droplet can be nucleated and sustained. Numerical methods are used to confirm the stability of the droplet against various perturbations that are likely in experiments, including tilting of the applied field, nonzero spin torque asymmetry, and nontrivial Oersted fields. Under certain conditions, the droplet experiences a drift instability in which it propagates away from the nanocontact and is then destroyed by damping.
Meeting Reports: Energy-Recovering Linacs for Next-Generation Light Sources

Energy-recovering linear accelerators (ERLs) have the potential of providing two orders of magnitude increase in brightness over third-generation sources while offering bunch lengths as low as tens of femtoseconds for timing experiments. ERLs are different from storage rings in that the electron bunches circulate once only. Thus they are not at equilibrium, and in particular can be packed much more tightly than in storage rings, resulting in brighter sources. However, dumping a 100 mA, 3 GeV beam that carries 300 MW of energy is not practical, so the energy is recovered, and the devices are in some sense energystorage rings.
Factorized time-dependent distributions for certain multiclass queueing networks and an application to enzymatic processing networks

Motivated by applications in biological systems, we show for certain multiclass queueing networks that time-dependent distributions for the multiclass queue-lengths can have a factorized form which reduces the problem of computing such distributions to a similar problem for related single-class queueing networks. We give an example of the application of this result to an enzymatic processing network.
Detection of a microbial consortium, including type II methanotrophs, by use of phospholipid fatty acids in an aerobic halogenated hydrocarbon-degrading soil column enriched with natural gas

The phospholipid ester-linked normal and lipopolysaccharide layer hydroxy fatty acids from microbes in a natural gas (85% methane)-stimulated soil column capable of degrading halogenated hydrocarbons were analyzed in detail by capillary column GC-MS. Microbial biomass, calculated from phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) concentrations to be 5.6 × 109 bacteria/g (dry weight), was greater in the hydrocarbon-degrading column than in either an azide-inhibited soil column or an untreated surface soil. Microbial community structure information, using GC-MS analysis of derivatized monounsaturated PLFA, indicated that the major component (16 to 28%) of the PLFA in the hydrocarbon-degrading column was the PLFA 18:1δ10c. This novel PLFA has been reported as a major component in type II methanotrophs. The high relative proportions of C18 components relative to C16 fatty acids indicated that type II rather than type I methanotrophs were the most abundant microbial flora present in the active soil column. Fatty acids from other bacterial groups and microeukaryotes also were detected in the hydrocarbon-degrading soil column. Differences between the relative proportions of these metabolic groups of microorganisms were quantified and compared among the three soils analyzed. Based on these differences, the potential exists to use these methods to monitor shifts in microbial biomass and community structure in aquifers where indigenous bacteria are stimulated to biotransform pollutant compounds.
Using rapid visually evoked EEG activity for person identification

We investigate the potential of using EEG recordings of observers performing a rapid visual categorization task for person identification. We examine a 0.5 s epoch of EEG data using machine learning techniques that, unlike most previous studies, analyze the data in a holistic manner and extracts discriminative spatio-temporal filters. The analysis of the filters suggest sparse feature representation spatially as well as temporally. The filters reveal that the neural activity that discriminates individuals is spatially localized to occipital electrodes located on the scalp above the visual cortex and temporally localized in the interval of 120–200 ms after presentation of the visual stimulus. The results demonstrate the feasibility of EEG-based person identification based on difficult perceptual tasks.
The Discovery and Study of a “Corporate Liberalism”

Once the story of modern America seemed relatively simple. On one side stood a business elite defending a market system to which it owed its power and position. On the other stood the “common man,” economically weak but politically capable of forging tools that could alter the workings of market discipline. And between them, waxing and waning in response to “reform” and “counter-reform,” stood the aggregation of political tools that the “common man” had been able to forge. Such was the story told in “liberal” history; and with reversed heroes and villains, the same story was told in “conservative” history. Both assumed a business-government dichotomy, and both ignored or slighted those aspects of modern America that could not be fitted into it.
Measurement of optical gain in CO gas excited only by fission fragments

Gain has been measured in high-density (∼ 0.5 amagat) CO gas, which was cooled to 77 K and excited with an intense burst of fission fragments induced by a fast-burst reactor (Sandia SPR II). Peak-gain coefficients \lsim 0.5 percent/cm were measured in pure CO over the wavelength range 5.1-5.33 \mu , for fission-fragment energy depositions ∼ 200 J/l. Interpreting the measured gains with an approximate steady-state vibrational distribution implies that \sim 25-70 percent of the fission-fragment energy deposited in the CO is appearing as excitation of the vibrational modes of the CO molecule.
The impact of body mass index on lower extremity duplex ultrasonography for deep vein thrombosis diagnosis

Background This study aimed to determine the body mass index (BMI) at which duplex ultrasonography does not accurately detect deep vein thrombosis. Methods This is a retrospective review of all patients who underwent lower extremity venous duplex examination at a single institution, tertiary vascular laboratory from January 2011 to June 2011. Demographics, BMI, operator years of experience, and duplex ultrasound study quality were recorded. Duplex ultrasound study quality was divided into “adequate” or “inadequate.” Results A total of 495 patients were included in this study, of which 435 (88%) patients were adequate and 60 (12%) inadequate. One hundred ninety-eight (40%) patients of the overall study cohort were men and 297 (60%) women. Limited studies were performed in 21 (11%) men and 39 (13%) women (P = 0.48). There was an inverse relationship between the years of operator experience and the percent of studies classified as limited (P 40 (6×) as independent variables associated with having a limited duplex ultrasound study. Conclusion These results suggest that patients with BMI > 40 may require an alternative imaging modality to objectively diagnose the presence of venous thromboembolism as an increased BMI is associated with an indeterminate study.
Fishing a superfund site: dissonance and risk perception of environmental hazards by fishermen in Puerto Rico.

Risk perception studies show that individuals tend to underestimate significant risks, overestimate negligible ones, and distrust authorities. They also rely on a variety of strategies or heuristics to reach decisions regarding their risk-taking behavior. The authors report on a survey of fishermen and crabbers engaged in recreational and substance fishing in a Puerto Rican estuary (near Humacao), which has been declared a Superfund site because of suspected contamination by mercury, and at ecologically similar control sites. Nearly everyone interviewed at the Humacao site was aware of the mercury contamination, but either denied its importance, believed the contamination was restricted to a distant part of the estuary, or assumed that the estuary would be closed by the authorities if the threat was real. All site-users consumed the fish and crabs they caught. At Humacao, the average catch was 7 fish per fishermen (mostly tilapia, Tilapia mossambica, and tarpon, Megalops atlantica) and 13 crabs per crabber (all blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus). On average, the site-users returned to the lagoons about 3-4 times per month. At control sites, fewer fish were eaten. The worst case consumption of tarpon, a species which concentrated mercury at Eastern Puerto Rico, provided an exposure exceeding the EPAmore » reference dose, whereas consumption of one tarpon per week did not entail excess exposure. Fortunately, few individuals caught tarpon exclusively. Unlike counterparts in the northeastern United States, they trusted authorities and indicated that they would have heeded warnings of mercury contamination posted where they fished.« less
BCaGC-Based Dense Stereo By Belief Propagation

Belief propagation (BP) have emerged as powerful tools in the realm of dense stereo computation. However the underlying brightness constancy (BC) assumption of existing methods severely limit the range of their applications. Augmenting BC with gradient constancy (GC) assumption has lead to a more accurate algorithm for optical flow computation. In this paper, these constraints are utilized in the frameworks of BP to broaden the application of stereo vision for 3D reconstruction. Results from experiments with semi-synthetic and real data illustrate that an algorithm incorporating these models generally yields better estimates, where the BC assumption is violated.
Childhood overweight and academic performance: national study of kindergartners and first-graders.

DATAR, ASHLESHA, ROLAND STURM, AND JENNIFER L. MAGNABOSCO. Childhood overweight and academic performance: national study of kindergartners and first-graders. Obes Res. 2004;12:58‐68. Objective: To examine the association between children’s overweight status in kindergarten and their academic achievement in kindergarten and first grade. Research Methods and Procedures: The data analyzed consisted of 11,192 first time kindergartners from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, a nationally representative sample of kindergartners in the U.S. in 1998. Multivariate regression techniques were used to estimate the independent association of overweight status with children’s math and reading standardized test scores in kindergarten and grade 1. We controlled for socioeconomic status, parent-child interaction, birth weight, physical activity, and television watching. Results: Overweight children had significantly lower math and reading test scores compared with nonoverweight children in kindergarten. Both groups were gaining similarly on math and reading test scores, resulting in significantly lower test scores among overweight children at the end of grade 1. However, these differences, except for boys’ math scores at baseline (difference ! 1.22 points, p ! 0.001), became insignificant after including socioeconomic and behavioral variables, indicating that overweight is a marker but not a causal factor. Race/ethnicity and mother’s education were stronger predictors of test score gains or levels than overweight status. Discussion: Significant differences in test scores by overweight status at the beginning of kindergarten and the end of grade 1 can be explained by other individual characteristics, including parental education and the home environment. However, overweight is more easily observable by other students compared with socioeconomic characteristics, and its significant (unadjusted) association with worse academic performance can contribute to the stigma of overweight as early as the first years of elementary school.
Segmentation and 2-D motion estimation of noisy image sequences

Two of the most important problems in scene analysis of image sequences are the segmentation of image frames into moving and nonmoving components and the 2-D motion estimation of the moving parts of the scene. The algorithm has two parts: segmentation and 2-D motion estimation. These two parts are interactively connected in a mutually beneficial way. The authors concentrate on the 2-D motion estimation problem assuming that the segmentation has been performed. Two algorithms for 2-D motion estimation are presented. The first is based on the method of differentials, while the second is a boundary matching method. >
Humanized Mice Show Clinical Signs of Dengue Fever according to Infecting Virus Genotype

We demonstrated that the infection of humanized NOD-scid IL2rγ null mice with different strains (representing the four genotypes) of dengue virus serotype 2 (DEN-2) can induce the development of human-like disease, including fever, viremia, erythema, and thrombocytopenia. Newborn mice were irradiated and received transplants by intrahepatic inoculation of human cord blood-derived hematopoietic progenitor cells (CD34+). After 6 weeks, mouse peripheral blood was tested by flow cytometry to determine levels of human lymphocytes (CD45+ cells); rates of reconstitution ranged from 16 to 80% (median, 52%). Infection (with approximately 106 PFU, the equivalent of a mosquito bite) of these humanized mice with eight low-passage-number strains produced a high viremia extending to days 12 to 18 postinfection. We observed a significant decrease in platelets at day 10 in most of the mice and an increase in body temperature (fever) and erythema (rash) in comparison with humanized mice inoculated with cell culture medium only. Comparison of Southeast (SE) Asian and other genotype viruses (American, Indian, and West African) in this model showed significant differences in magnitude and duration of viremia and rash, with the SE Asian viruses always being highest. Indian genotype viruses produced lower viremias and less thrombocytopenia than the others, and West African (sylvatic) viruses produced the shortest periods of viremia and the lowest rash measurements. These results correlate with virulence and transmission differences described previously for primary human target cells and whole mosquitoes and may correlate with epidemiologic observations around the world. These characteristics make this mouse model ideal for the study of dengue pathogenesis and the evaluation of vaccine attenuation and antivirals.
Nutritional ecology in the tropical rain forests of Amazonia.

Available data on diet and nutritional status of Amerindians living in the tropical rain forests of Amazonia are reviewed and evaluated. The diets of most Amerindians are based on cassava and plantains/bananas, with high-quality protein coming from fish, game, and invertebrates. Although tropical rain forests are rich in plant species, wild plants do not appear to be very important in the diet. Their use, however, has not received much attention and may be underestimated. The composition of Amerindian diets is known for only a few groups, in whom the dietary intake of households and adults appears to be adequate in energy and protein. However, the high-bulk, low-caloric density of the diets means that they are probably not sufficiently concentrated for children. Anthropometric data are available for a number of groups. Adults are small in size, but nutritional status assessed in terms of the BMI is good. Children are small for age, and in some groups more than 10% would be classified as undernourished on the basis of weight-for-height and/or clinical signs.
Flight Test and Recovery of Gun-Launched Instrumented Projectiles Using High-G Onboard Recording Techniques

Researchers at the Weapons and Materials Research Directorate of the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) have recently completed experimental testing with a G-hardened gun-launched miniature instrumentation package that fits within the projectile fuze cavity for obtaining realistic in-bore, deceleration, and projectile impact data. This device consists of an accelerometer and a digital recorder that is designed for the reliable capture of ballistic data during projectile launch, flight, and target impact. During recent flight test evaluation at the ARL, Aberdeen Proving Ground, projectiles containing this device were tested with a telemetry link as well as recovery and direct downloading of onboard recorded data. For projectile impact studies both concrete and bunker targets were successfully engaged. This methodology of onboard data recording has been shown to provide a reliable and high-fidelity characterization of projectile in-bore and impact events critical for advanced munitions designers
General Social Capital, Education‐Related Social Capital, and Choosing Charter Schools

Proponents of charter schools credit them with many advantages over traditional schools. One claim is that school choice yields increased parental participation in voluntary school activities—which we shall call education-related social capital. In this article we test for the independent effect of school choice on education-related social capital, controlling for general social capital and other potentially confounding variables. Studies of school choice invariably show that choosing parents have a greater level of general social capital than non-choosing parents. Consequently, any increase in education-related social capital could be spurious—due to the fact that choice parents start with atypically high levels of general social capital. We find under controlled conditions that school choice has a small but statistically significant effect on education-related social capital. However, its effect is considerably smaller than for general social capital, as well as for other traditional predictors such as parental education and the school-related home resources that parents may provide.
Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty as an alternative to penetrating keratoplasty a report by the american academy of ophthalmology

Objective To review the published literature on deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) to compare DALK with penetrating keratoplasty (PK) for the outcomes of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), refractive error, immune graft rejection, and graft survival. Methods Searches of the peer-reviewed literature were conducted in the PubMed and the Cochrane Library databases. The searches were limited to citations starting in 1997, and the most recent search was in May 2009. The searches yielded 1024 citations in English-language journals. The abstracts of these articles were reviewed, and 162 articles were selected for possible clinical relevance, of which 55 were determined to be relevant to the assessment objective. Results Eleven DALK/PK comparative studies (level II and level III evidence) were identified that compared the results of DALK and PK procedures directly; they included 481 DALK eyes and 501 PK eyes. Of those studies reporting vision and refractive data, there was no significant difference in BSCVA between the 2 groups in 9 of the studies. There was no significant difference in spheroequivalent refraction in 6 of the studies, nor was there a significant difference in postoperative astigmatism in 9 of the studies, although the range of astigmatism was often large for both groups. Endothelial cell density (ECD) stabilized within 6 months after surgery in DALK eyes. Endothelial cell density values were higher in the DALK groups in all studies at study completion, and, in general, the ECD differences between DALK and PK groups were significant at all time points at 6 months or longer after surgery for all of the studies reporting data. Conclusions On the basis of level II evidence in 1 study and level III evidence in 10 studies, DALK is equivalent to PK for the outcome measure of BSCVA, particularly if the surgical technique yields minimal residual host stromal thickness. There is no advantage to DALK for refractive error outcomes. Although improved graft survival in DALK has yet to be demonstrated, postoperative data indicate that DALK is superior to PK for preservation of ECD. Endothelial immune graft rejection cannot occur after DALK, which may simplify long-term management of DALK eyes compared with PK eyes. As an extraocular procedure, DALK has important theoretic safety advantages, and it is a good option for visual rehabilitation of corneal disease in patients whose endothelium is not compromised. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
Changes in MCT 1, MCT 4, and LDH expression are tissue specific in rats after long-term hypobaric hypoxia

Little is known about the effect of chronic hypobaric hypoxia on the enzymes and transporters involved in lactate metabolism. We looked at the protein expression of monocarboxylate transporters MCT 1, MCT 2, and MCT 4, along with total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and LDH isozymes in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and liver. Expression of these components of the lactate shuttle affects the ability to transport and oxidize lactate. We hypothesized that the expression of MCTs and LDH would increase after acclimation to high altitude (HA). The response to acclimation to HA was, however, tissue specific. In addition, the response was different in whole muscle (Mu) and mitochondria-enriched (Mi) fractions. Heart, soleus, and plantaris muscles showed the greatest response to HA. Acclimation resulted in a 34% increase in MCT 4 in heart and a decrease in MCT 1 (-47%) and MCT 4 (-47%) in plantaris Mu. In Mi fractions, the heart had an increase (+40%) and soleus a decrease (-40%) in LDH. HA also had a significant effect on the LDH isozyme composition of both the Mu and Mi fractions. Mitochondrial density was decreased in both the soleus (-17%) and plantaris (-44%) as a result of chronic hypoxia. We conclude that chronic hypoxia had a tissue-specific effect on MCTs and LDH (that form the lactate shuttle) but did not produce a consistent increase in these components in all tissues.
From Synthesis to Script: Transforming Qualitative Research Findings for Use in Practice:

Although qualitative research synthesis has secured a place in the evidence-based practice movement, little effort has as yet been directed toward translating the results into material form for practice. The authors transformed a qualitative research synthesis of findings pertaining to stigma in HIV-positive women into a script and DVD. The process of transformation entailed bringing together the norms and imperatives of scientific research, clinical practice, and artistic presentation.
Public and private management of wastewater treatment: A comparative study

Contracts with private firms offer one mode of alternative provision for public services. Evidence on this approach to the operation of municipal wastewater treatment facilities indicates that performance advantages may be possible for certain types of communities. Savings are possible in larger facilities and when the local government assumes a relatively active and energetic oversight role.
Local Field Effects for Spherical Quantum Dot Emitters in the Proximity of a Planar Dielectric Interface

We use numerical solutions of macroscopic Maxwell’s equations to study spontaneous emission rates of model spherical quantum dot (QD) emitters in the vicinity of a highly polarizable dielectric substrate. It is demonstrated that extra polarization of the QD body taking place in the interfacial region may lead to appreciable deviations from the rates that would be expected under the assumption of a fixed magnitude of the effective QD transition dipole moment. Illustrations are given for both radiative and nonradiative decay processes, and potential experimental implications are discussed.
Why Some New Products Are More Successful Than Others

Abstract Product innovation is increasingly valued as a key component of the sustainable success of a business’s operations. As a result, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of studies directed at explicating the drivers of new product success. To help managers and researchers synthesize this growing body of evidence, the authors conduct a meta-analysis of the new product performance literature. Of the 24 predictors of new product performance investigated, product advantage, market potential, meeting customer needs, predevelopment task proficiencies, and dedicated resources, on average, have the most significant impact on new product performance. The authors also find that the predictor–performance relationships can vary by measurement factor (e.g., the use of multi-item scales, subjective versus objective measures of performance, senior versus project management reporting, time elapsed since product introduction) or contextual factor (e.g., services versus goods, Asian versus North America...
Spin-Orbit Effects in Chemical Reactions

It is well known that forms of reagent energy, for example translational, vibrational, rotational excitation, can have drastically different effects on the rate of a chemical reaction. In this paper, we review investigations of spin-orbit effects in reactions involving atoms with both nonzero electronic orbital and spin angular momenta. There has been increasing interest in reactions of individual atomic spin-orbit levels because of the importance of nonadiabatic transitions in controlling the magnitude of spin-orbit dependences. Experimental methods for the study of reactions of individual reagent spin-orbit levels and for the detection of such states in atomic products will be briefly discussed. Observations for reactions of representative classes of atoms, including halogen atoms, electronically excited and ionized inert gases, and electronically excited alkaline earth and mercury atoms, are presented. The approaches taken for a theoretical modelling of such reactions are also outlined.
Applying Lessons from Social Psychology to Repair the Health Care Safety Net for Undocumented Immigrants

Several states have passed laws restricting undocumented immigrants’ access to health care and other publicly funded benefits. These laws and the debate surrounding them have been polarizing. Social psychologists have developed a Group Identity Model that has enormous explanatory power to understand how these laws operate as both self-preservation and self-destruction for the general population. The Group Identity Model explains the fundamental human tendency toward social categorization, forming in- and out-groups, to include and exclude population groups thus defusing the polemic interpretations of motives and objectives that characterize the immigration debate. Moreover the Group Identity Model also teaches that re-categorization can change these dichotomous arrangements to serve mutual interests and allocate scarce resources in a way that relies much more on functionality, shared purposes, and a realignment of currently competing interests rather than upon a differences between citizens and non-citizens that really boil down to fears associated with prejudices against immutable characteristics. This chapter offers the Group Identity Theory to shed light on the policies that underlie the law pertaining to non-citizens’ access to health benefits, to urge a fresh perspective that will introduce new solutions to the ongoing conversation about reforming immigration law.
Use of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Treatment of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

Two independent events—the identification of activating mutations of the RET proto-oncogene, a receptor tyrosine kinase, in medullary thyroid carcinoma, and the recognition that small organic molecules could bind to and inhibit phosphorylation of signaling molecules, thereby inactivating the pathway—led to the recognition that kinase inhibitors could be used to treat medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). The introduction of these compounds into clinical practice has transformed the treatment of metastatic MTC and provided insight into the mechanisms by which RET causes C-cell transformation. This chapter will review the progress in this field over the past 7 years.
Cytologic subclassification of atypia of undetermined significance may predict thyroid nodules more likely to be malignant at surgery

Background The atypia of undetermined significance or follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) category in the Bethesda System of reporting thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) includes various cytological findings considered to have a low risk of malignancy. It is still unclear if any particular subset of the cytological findings within this category carries a higher risk for malignancy requiring a more aggressive treatment plan. Methods We reviewed 221 AUS/FLUS FNAs performed between January of 2006 and May of 2012. Histopathological data from surgery was available in 101 nodules and characteristics of these nodules were analyzed. We reviewed the initial cytology report and subclassified the nodules into one of four groups: architectural atypia (AA, includes abnormal follicular arrangement but no cellular abnormalities), cellular atypia (CA, atypical cellular findings) with or without AA, Hurthle cells Predominant and Others that included otherwise unspecified AUS categories. The surgical pathology confirmed malignancy rate for each group was calculated. Result Papillary thyroid carcinoma was the most common malignancy identified (26 of 29 or 90%). We found that in the AA only category, 2/21 (10%) nodules were malignant, whereas when CA with or without AA was present, 23/66 (35%) were malignant, significantly higher than the former group (P values of 0.025). Conclusion CA seen on initial AUS/FLUS had a higher malignancy rate compared to AA group. Further research is required to consider subclassification of this category to assign appropriate risk of malignancy for AUS nodules. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hepatitis C and Liver Function in Veterans

The following study was conducted to determine the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among local veteran patients. We used an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (Abbott Diagnostics HCV, Abbott Park, III) to test sera from 323 patients; 203 samples were from patients with abnormal liver function (ALF) and 120 were from patients with normal liver function (NLF). Positive test results were obtained from 22 % of the patients with ALF and from 8% of those with NLF. Two to 3 months after the initial analysis, 11 of the 120 patients with NLF had ALF test results, including 4 of the 10 (40%) patients who originally tested HCV-positive by EIA. These data demonstrate that a significant percentage of local veterans have been exposed to HCV.
Who Seeks Counseling for Intimate Partner Violence? The Role of Emotional Distress

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a pervasive problem in the United States affecting every demographic group. Victims of IPV suffer a wide range of negative health issues including depression, anxiety, and loss of self-esteem. However, little is known about help-seeking behaviors among IPV victims. This study utilized a university sample to explore who seeks counseling for exposure to threatening IPV. Results revealed that older students and females were more likely to seek counseling than younger students and males. Students who were exposed to greater levels of IPV and reported greater emotional distress were more likely to seek counseling than those with lower exposure to IPV and distress. Importantly, victimization accompanied by emotional distress was the key to explaining help-seeking help behavior. Programs and policies should focus on outreach to young students and males who have experienced IPV and provide focused services to victims with high levels of emotional distress.
New Development of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Endometriosis

So far endometriosis is a tough disease which has already attracted more and more attentions.It is a progressive disease that domestic and overseas medical scholars have gotten an unfavorable outcome by trying to make completely cured at early stage of diagnosis.Through continuous clinical research,the advent of a more comprehensive and sound diagnosis and therapy system is expected.By far its pathogenesis has not yet entirely clarified.Besides that,the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects lack specific approaches as well.This essay will introduce the diagnostic and therapeutic progress of endometriosis as follows.
Testing and Simulating Study on the Solid Shell Shape of Slab Continuous Casting

The solid shell thickness of AH36 slab with cross section of 170 mm ×1400 mm was measured by the nail-shooting test at the speeds of 1.25 and 1.35 m/min. The test positions located at the width direction of 1/2, 1/4 and 1/8. And the liquid core length and solidification ending were calculated by solidification law. Furthermore, using the software of secondary cooling simulation in slab casting to simulate the solidification process of AH36 slab, the solid shell shape and the change trend of solid shell thickness, and the temperature distribution on intrados of the slab in the width direction were studied. The results showed that the measuring results were close to the simulating results, the first solidification position at 1/4 position, and the solidification ending at 1/8 position. The research results provided a good foundation to design and optimize the secondary cooling system.
A Method to Calculate Close Push Current of High Voltage Shunt Capacitor Bank

It is found that the measured results of close inrush currents of high voltage shunt capacitor banks are in contradiction to those calculated by the calculation method given by currently available rule. In view of the significance of the value of close inrush current that directly affects electrical lifetime of un-maintained conductors of circuit breaker, the calculation formula for close inrush current of capacitor bank to be switched is anew derived. Following formulae which are available for reference by engineers and technicians, such as the formula to calculate the inrush current of single shunt capacitor bank while it is being switched on, the formula to calculate the inrush currents of multi shunt capacitor banks with same reactance rate while they are being switched on and that to calculate the inrush currents of multi shunt capacitor banks with two different reactance rates while they are being switched on, are recommended. Case study results show that these calculation formulae are correct.
Bioeconomic evaluation of embryo transfer in beef production systems: III. Embryo lines for producing bulls.

A model was developed for the economic evaluation of embryos for producing bull lines for use in commercial beef production. The fundamental concept underlying the model is that a cloned and sexed embryo of known genetic characteristics for beef traits is used to produce a bull. After reaching physiological maturity, the bull is used in natural matings. Equations relating feed energy requirements and growth rates based on NRC requirements and costs and returns discounted to present value allow investigation of expected economic merits of progeny from different embryo bull lines. The model has the flexibility to determine optimal embryo characteristics for different production environments. Model sensitivity to variation in progeny sex ratios, growth rates, yield and quality grades, and herd fertility characteristics was examined. Net present values (NPV) per embryo transferred were determined at the optimal marketing age of progeny produced from mating the bull to 30 cows per year for 5 yr. Relative to the lowest NPV of $18,209 for progeny with an expected quality grade of Select and yield grade of 4 at 400 d, increments in NPV ranged from $329 to $22,708 depending on differences in expected progeny carcass grade characteristics. The difference between NPV for 100% male and 40% male sex ratios was $7,518. The NPV differences between progeny growth rates of 1.6 and .9 kg/d holding herd conception rate constant at .9 and .5 were $8,311 and $4,611, respectively. The model evaluates relative economic values of embryo lines for producing bulls, accommodating interactions among progeny characteristics, and environments.
ACCESSORY CELL RESTRICTIONS ON IN VITRO GROWTH OF A T CELL LYMPHOMA: RESIDUAL ANTIGEN RECOGNITION RELATED TO THE LYMPHOMAGENIC PROCESS ?

ABSTRACT A T cell lymphoma was found in an adult B10.S mouse which received (B10.S × 9R)F 1 lymphoid cells at birth in an attempt to induce tolerance across a portion of the MHC. Cell lines have been derived from the original tumor. One line requires TCGF for continuous growth and is tumerogenic. The cell surface phenotype of the cloned cell line is Thy 1.2 + , Ly.1 + , Ly.2 − . Growth restriction is demonstrated when the TCGF dependent tumor cells are plated at low cell density in Terasaki trays. Growth is dependent on adherant cells and the cloning efficiency of the tumor cells depends on the MHC of the adherent cell. In vivo tumor growth shows an identical pattern to the clonal growth in vitro .
Explicit symplectic approximation of nonseparable Hamiltonians: Algorithm and long time performance.

Explicit symplectic integrators have been important tools for accurate and efficient approximations of mechanical systems with separable Hamiltonians. This article proposes for arbitrary Hamiltonians similar integrators, which are explicit, of any even order, symplectic in an extended phase space, and with pleasant long time properties. They are based on a mechanical restraint that binds two copies of phase space together. Using backward error analysis, Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser theory, and additional multiscale analysis, an error bound of O(Tδ^{l}ω) is established for integrable systems, where T,δ,l, and ω are, respectively, the (long) simulation time, step size, integrator order, and some binding constant. For nonintegrable systems with positive Lyapunov exponents, such an error bound is generally impossible, but satisfactory statistical behaviors were observed in a numerical experiment with a nonlinear Schrodinger equation.