cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Native cone photoreceptor cyclic nucleotide-gated channel is a heterotetrameric complex comprising both CNGA3 and CNGB3: a study using the cone-dominant retina of Nrl-/- mice.

Cone vision mediated by photoreceptor cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel activation is essential for central and color vision and visual acuity. Mutations in genes encoding the cone CNG channel subunits, CNGA3 and CNGB3, have been linked to various forms of achromatopsia and progressive cone dystrophy in humans. This study investigates the biochemical components of native cone CNG channels, using the cone-dominant retina in mice deficient in the transcription factor neural retina leucine zipper (Nrl). Abundant expression of CNGA3 and CNGB3 but no rod CNG channel expression was detected in Nrl−/− retina by western blotting and immunolabeling. Localization of cone CNG channel in both blue (S)- and red/green (M)-cones was shown by double immunolabeling using antibodies against the channel subunits and against the S- and M-opsins. Immunolabeling also showed co-localization of CNGA3 and CNGB3 in the mouse retina. Co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated the direct interaction between CNGA3 and CNGB3. Chemical cross-linking readily generated products at sizes consistent with oligomers of the channel complexes ranging from dimeric to tetrameric complexes, in a concentration- and time-dependent pattern. Thus this work provides the first biochemical evidence showing the inter-subunit interaction between CNGA3 and CNGB3 and the presence of heterotetrameric complexes of the native cone CNG channel in retina. No association between CNGA3 and the cone Na+/Ca2+-K+ exchanger (NCKX2) was shown by co-immunoprecipitation and chemical cross-linking. This may implicate a distinct modulatory mechanism for Ca2+ homeostasis in cones compared to rods.
Nerve repair, grafting, and nerve transfers

Advances in the field of peripheral nerve surgery have increased our understanding of the complex cellular and molecular events involved in nerve injury and repair. Application of these discoveries has led to important developments in the techniques of nerve repair, nerve grafting, and nerve-to-nerve transfers. This article reviews the principles and techniques of nerve repair and discusses the options available when direct repair cannot be performed, including nerve grafts, conduits, end-to-side repair, and nerve-to-nerve transfers. As our understanding of this dynamic field increases, further improvement in functional outcomes after nerve injury and repair can be expected.
Active surface estimation: integrating coarse-to-fine image acquisition and estimation from multiple cues

Abstract This paper is concerned with the problem of surface reconstruction from stereo images for large scenes having large depth ranges with depth discontinuities. The passive stereo paradigm is inadequate for this problem because of the need to aim cameras in different directions and to fixate at different objects. We present an active approach that involves the following steps. First, a new fixation point is selected from among the nonfixated, low-resolution scene parts of current fixation. Second, a reconfiguration of the cameras is initiated for refixation. As reconfiguration progresses, the images of the new fixation point gradually deblur and the accuracy of the position estimate of the point improves allowing the cameras to be aimed at it with increasing precision. In the third step, the improved depth estimate is used to select focus settings of the cameras, thus completing fixation. Finally, stereo images are acquired and segmented into fixated and nonfixated parts of the scene that are analyzed in parallel.
The decline of lead in tree rings of Carya spp. in urban Atlanta, GA, USA

Lead (Pb) concentrations in wood ring segments of Carya spp. in two urban forests in Atlanta, GA, have decreased approximately 20 percent in the last decade. This pattern is consistent with reduced atmospheric Pb over the same period. We have determined that changes in Pb concentrations in wood of urban hickory trees dramatically documents the historical periods of early urbanization, the addition of Pb to gasoline, and the recent period of restricted use of leaded gasoline.
THE DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN IN METALS BY ISOTOPE DILUTION

Abstract A wet chemical procedure for determining the amount of nitrogen in a metal or alloy has been developed which utilizes the isotope dilution technique. Ammonium sulfate, either enriched or depleted in 15N, is added to the metal sample during solution procedures. Ammonium ions resulting from the hydrolysis of bound nitrogen in the metals mix with that of the tracer and the total is then oxidized to N2 in which form the element is analyzed in the mass spectrometer. The method has been tested on a variety of metals and alloys including thorium, lanthanum, yttrium, titanium, chromium, manganese, various steels, nickel-chromium, ferrotitaniuin, ferromanganese and ferrochromium. The range of nitrogen in these materials was from -2 ppm to almost 6%. Average precision was generally better than ± 5%.
Safety in Office-Based Full Abdominoplasty

Background: As demand for outpatient procedures has increased, abdominoplasties are now judiciously being performed in accredited outpatient facilities. Previous reports on outpatient abdominoplasties are limited by small cohorts and have not distinguished among different types of body contouring procedures. Furthermore, these reports included patients who remained in the hospital overnight, rather than patients who were discharged within hours postoperatively. Objectives: The authors review a case series of patients who underwent full abdominoplasty procedures performed in an outpatient facility with same-day discharge. Methods: Charts were retrospectively reviewed for 319 consecutive patients who underwent full abdominoplasty with the senior author (CLM) between 1992 and 2010. The charts of 206 patients for whom complete electronic medical record data were available were analyzed as a separate cohort. Demographic, operative, and postoperative data were collected. Systemic and local complications were assessed, as were revision rates. Results: No patients in this series developed any systemic complications, including deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, blood transfusion, intra-abdominal perforation, or death. The most common local complication was seroma, at a rate of 19.4%. Conclusions: This report serves to add to the literature a large cohort of patients who underwent full abdominoplasty and were discharged within hours of surgery. The study shows that full abdominoplasty procedures can be safely performed without systemic complications in an outpatient setting. Based on these data, the ever-present sentiment that abdominoplasty is the plastic surgery procedure associated with the highest rate of venous thromboembolism should be carefully evaluated. Level of Evidence : 4 ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Initial validity and reliability of the SCCAN: using tailored testing to assess adult cognition and communication.

Purpose The Scales of Cognitive and Communicative Ability for Neurorehabilitation (SCCAN; L. Milman & A. Holland, 2007) was developed in the hospital setting to address changes in assessment practice. The SCCAN was designed to provide an overview of impairment and activity limitations across 8 cognitive scales (Speech Comprehension, Oral Expression, Reading, Writing, Orientation, Attention, Memory, and Problem Solving). The scales were developed using item response theory so that tailored testing could be implemented to reduce test administration time. This research investigated the validity and reliability of the SCCAN. Method A battery of neuropsychological tests was administered to 40 neurologically healthy control participants and 51 participants diagnosed with left-hemisphere pathology, right-hemisphere pathology, or probable Alzheimer’s disease. Analyses were performed to assess test sensitivity and specificity, construct validity, administration time, and reliability. Results The test accurately cl...
Associations between Cloninger's temperament dimensions and acute tobacco withdrawal.

This study examined associations between three temperament dimensions measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory-125 [Cloninger, C.R. (1992). The Temperament and Character Inventory-125 (TCI-125; Version 1.)] and tobacco abstinence effects. Smokers (N=203, ≥ 15 cigarettes/day) attended two laboratory sessions, one following 12 h of abstinence and the other following ad libitum smoking (order counterbalanced). Participants completed measures of withdrawal symptoms, cigarette urges, and affect. Smokers high in Novelty Seeking reported greater abstinence-induced increases in several nicotine withdrawal symptoms, negative affect, and cigarette craving. Smokers high in Harm Avoidance reported greater abstinence-induced increases in negative affect and urges to smoke to relieve distress. Reward Dependence was not associated with abstinence effects. Novelty Seeking and Harm Avoidance showed independent predictive associations with negative affect and urges, and their associations with abstinence effects persisted when controlling for FTND scores. Smokers with different temperaments display different patterns of acute tobacco withdrawal, and may benefit from treatments matched to their particular abstinence profile. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The ultrastructural differentiation of the clonal myogenic cell line L6 in normal and high K+ medium.

Abstract Cells of the clonal myogenic line L6 were examined electron microscopically at successive stages of growth. L6 cells are developmentally similar to those of chick and rat primary skeletal muscle cultures and skeletal muscle in vivo, with respect to myofibrillogenesis and sarcomere organization. However, the sarcoplasmic reticulum and T systems of L6 myotubes are not as well differentiated as those of primary muscle cultures and adult skeletal muscle. Finally, L6 myotubes show precocious sarcomere differentiation when cultured in medium containing 25 mM potassium.
Queer Migration Politics: Activist Rhetoric and Coalitional Possibilities

Karma Chavez's forthcoming book, Queer Migration Politics, suggests that neither the inclusionary politics of the mainstream US LGBT rights movement nor the utopian turn in some queer theory sufficiently capture the possibilities for queer politics in this moment. Drawing on the rhetoric of activists working at the various intersections and convergences of queer and immigration rights and justice, Chavez advocates that coalition is a productive alternative to both inclusionary and utopian approaches, even as coalitional approaches sometimes draw upon them both. In this talk, Chavez sketches the main arguments in the book and discusses some of the key case studies from activist rhetoric in the contemporary United States. A podcast of the lecture can also be found on the Decolonizing Sexualitie Network website at http://www.decolonizingsexualities.org/karma-chavez-lecture/.
Causal Theories of Mental Content

Causal theories of mental content (CTs) ground certain aspects of a concept's meaning in the causal relations a concept bears to what it represents. Section 1 explains the problems CTs are meant to solve and introduces terminology commonly used to discuss these problems. Section 2 specifies criteria that any acceptable CT must satisfy. Sections 3, 4, and 5 critically survey various CTs, including those proposed by Fred Dretske, Jerry Fodor, Ruth Garrett Millikan, David Papineau, Dennis Stampe, Dan Ryder, and the author himself. The final section considers general objections to the causal approach.
Games Unplugged! Dolanan Anak, Traditional Javanese Children’s Singing Games in the 21st-Century General Music Classroom:

Educated in a digital world, millennial children lack social interaction and actual hands-on activities involving tactile and kinesthetic training. To counteract this educational trend, traditional singing games that allow children to explore and make sense of their world physically can be valuable. This article introduces the traditional Javanese children’s singing games, dolanan anak, and their function in developing children’s cognitive and social skills. Children learn to follow rules and commands; acquire general information about themselves, their family, and their natural environment; and internalize sociocultural values, such as collaboration. The article also highlights the culturally specific musical characteristics of the songs, tembang dolanan anak, for example, the traditional Indonesian gamelan principles, such as tuning systems and the concept of stratified polyphony. In addition, it presents teaching strategies and ideas modified for music teachers to incorporate dolanan anak into their cu...
Treating Personality Disorder, Creating Robust Services for People with Complex Mental Health Needs

Edited byLora BeebePersonality disorders can be particularly difficult to manage both for clients and treatment teams. McVey and Murphy, with their years of experience, have put together a useful w...
The FOUR score predicts outcome in patients after cardiac arrest.

Prognostication for survivors of cardiac arrest is a frequent challenge to neurologists. Our aim was to determine whether the FOUR (Full Outline of UnResponsiveness) score is an accurate predictor of outcome in patients after cardiac arrest and to compare its performance to the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). We prospectively identified patients surviving cardiac arrest from June 2006 to October 2009. Neurologic exams were grouped into two time intervals following cardiac arrest: 1–2 days and 3–5 days. The FOUR score and the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) were determined for each examination. Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Of 136 patients, 112 (82%) were examined on days 1–2 after cardiac arrest and 87 (64%) on days 3–5. Forty-seven patients (35%) survived to hospital discharge and 89 (65%) died during hospitalization. No patients with a sum FOUR score ≤4 at exam days 3–5 survived (false positive rate [FPR] 0% C.I. 0.000–0.0345), whereas one patient (2%) with sum GCS score of 3 survived to discharge (FPR 2.2%, C.I. 8 survived (P 6 survived (P < 0.0001). A 2-point improvement in FOUR score, but not GCS, in serial exams was associated with survival. Sensitivities, specificities, positive, and negative predictive values were comparable between both scales. The FOUR score, a simple clinical tool, is an accurate predictor of outcome in patients surviving cardiac arrest.
Piezoelectric microphone with on-chip CMOS circuits

An IC-processed piezoelectric microphone with on-chip, large-scale integrated (LSI) CMOS circuits has been designed, fabricated, and tested in a joint, interactive process between a commercial CMOS foundry and a university micromachining facility. The 2500*2500*3.5 mu m/sup 3/ microphone has a piezoelectric ZnO layer on a supporting low-pressure chemical-vapor-deposited (LPCVD), silicon-rich, silicon nitride layer. The optimum residual-stress-compensation scheme for maximizing microphone sensitivity produces a slightly buckled microphone diaphragm. A model for the sensitivity dependence of device operation to residual stress is confirmed by applying external strain. The packaged microphone has a resonant frequency of 18 kHz, a quality factor Q approximately=40, and an unamplified sensitivity of 0.92 mV/Pa. Differential amplifiers provide 49 dB gain with 13 mu V A-weighted noise at the input. >
Inference of the Basal epithelial phenotype in breast carcinoma from differential marker expression, using tissue microarrays in triple negative breast cancer and women younger than 35

Basal-cell phenotype breast carcinoma has been associated with high-grade and metaplastic morphology, expression of basal-type cytokeratins, uniform negativity for ER and HER2, and decreased overall survival. Breast cancers occurring in young women are usually T2 disease at presentation, high-grade and of poor prognosis. We compared two groups of breast cancers, (a) ER-, PR-, HER2- (triple negative) [TNBrCa] and (b) non-triple negative breast cancers (non-TNBrCa) occurring in women under 35, using tissue microarray technology to characterize expression of the basal/myoepithelial cytokeratins (CK5/6, CK7, and CK14), luminal cytokeratins (CK8, CK18, and CK19), EGFR, p-cadherin, c-kit, p63, and p53. We also sought to identify characteristic histomorphologic features indicative of basal-like phenotype. The triple negative group showed preferential staining versus the age <35 group for CK5/6 (22% versus 4% p = 0.05), CK14 (44% versus 15%, p = 0.013), EGFR (83% versus 24%, p < 0.0001) and c-kit (19% versus 0% p = 0.026). Conversely, non-TNBrCa in women younger than 35 demonstrated increased expression of the luminal CK8 (92% versus 60%) compared with the triple negative patients (p = 0.006). The TNBrCa have characteristic histologic features including higher tumor grade, pushing tumor border, geographic necrosis, syncytial growth pattern, brisk mitotic activity, lack of/minimal in situ component, medullary-like and metaplastic differentiation. Invasive carcinomas in women younger than 35 usually have an associated in situ component, prominent nucleoli, central acellular fibrotic zone, and infiltrative tumor border. Triple negativity for ER/PR/HER2 coupled with EGFR, c-kit, and basal/myoepithelial cytokeratins (CK5/6, CK14) expression, and distinctive histomorphologic features predict morphology consistent with basal-cell phenotype.
Bulk conductivity and polarization of ionic crystals exhibiting defect exchange between inequivalent sites

Abstract The bulk conductivity of ionically conducting crystals in which Schottky or Frenkel defects jump between inequivalent sites can be appreciably more complex than that of simpler materials. An equivalent electrical circuit is derived to describe the bulk ac response of crystals of the tysonite type. The circuit has the form of a two-component Maxwell-Wagner capacitor and includes a capacitative element which represents a frequency-dependent bulk polarization not associated with dipolar complexes. The application of the model to LaF3 is discussed.
Photochemistry in the Arctic Free Troposphere: Ozone Budget and Its Dependence on Nitrogen Oxides and the Production Rate of Free Radicals

Local ozone production and loss rates for the arctic free troposphere (58–85° N, 1–6 km, February–May) during the TroposphericOzone Production about the Spring Equinox (TOPSE) campaign were calculated using a constrained photochemical box model. Estimates were made to assess the importance of local photochemical ozone production relative to transport in accounting for the springtime maximum in arctic free tropospheric ozone. Ozone production and loss rates from our diel steady-state box model constrained by median observations were first compared to two point box models, one run to instantaneous steady-state and the other run to diel steady-state. A consistent picture of local ozone photochemistry was derived by all three box models suggesting that differences between the approaches were not critical. Our model-derived ozone production rates increased by a factor of 28 in the 1–3 km layer and a factor of 7 in the 3–6 kmlayer between February and May. The arctic ozone budget required net import of ozone into the arctic free troposphere throughout the campaign; however, the transport term exceeded the photochemical production only in the lower free troposphere (1–3 km) between February and March. Gross ozone production rates were calculated to increase linearly with NOx mixing ratiosup to ∼300 pptv in February and for NOx mixing ratios up to ∼500 pptv in May. These NOx limits are an order of magnitude higher thanmedian NOx levels observed, illustrating the strong dependence ofgross ozone production rates on NOx mixing ratios for the majority of theobservations. The threshold NOx mixing ratio needed for netpositive ozone production was also calculated to increase from NOx∼ 10pptv in February to ∼25 pptv in May, suggesting that the NOx levels needed to sustain net ozone production are lower in winter than spring. This lower NOx threshold explains how wintertime photochemical ozone production can impact the build-up of ozone over winter and early spring. There is also an altitude dependence as the threshold NOx neededto produce net ozone shifts to higher values at lower altitudes. This partly explains the calculation of net ozone destruction for the 1–3 km layerand net ozone production for the 3–6 km layer throughout the campaign.
Ni Uptake and Limitation in Marine Synechococcus Strains

ABSTRACT Ni accumulation and utilization were studied in two strains of marine Synechococcus, isolated from both coastal (CC9311; clade I) and open-ocean (WH8102; clade III) environments, for which complete genome sequences are available. Both strains have genes encoding an Ni-containing urease and when grown on urea without Ni become Ni-N colimited. The Ni requirements of these strains also depend upon the genomic complement of genes encoding superoxide dismutase (SOD). WH8102, with a gene encoding only an Ni-SOD, has a novel obligate requirement for Ni, regardless of the N source. Reduced SOD activity in Ni-depleted cultures of WH8102 supports the link of this strain9s Ni requirement to Ni-SOD. The genome of CC9311 contains a gene for a Cu/Zn-SOD in addition to a predicted pair of Ni-SODs, yet this strain cannot grow without Ni on NO3− and can grow only slowly on NH4+ without Ni, implying that the Cu/Zn-SOD cannot completely replace Ni-SOD in marine cyanobacteria. CC9311 does have a greater tolerance for Ni starvation. Both strains increase their Ni uptake capabilities and actively bioconcentrate Ni in response to decreasing extracellular and intracellular Ni. The changes in Ni uptake rates were more pronounced in WH8102 than in CC9311 and for growth on urea or nitrate than for growth on ammonia. These results, combined with an analysis of fully sequenced marine cyanobacterial genomes, suggest that the growth of many marine Synechococcus and all Prochlorococcus strains is dependent upon Ni.
Elder Self‐Neglect and Hospitalization: Findings from the Chicago Health and Aging Project

Objectives: To quantify the relation between reported elder self-neglect and rate of hospitalization in a community population of older adults. Design: Prospective population-based study. Setting: Geographically defined community in Chicago. Participants: Community dwelling older adults who participated in the Chicago Health and Aging Project. One thousand one hundred sixty-five of the 6,864 participants in the Chicago Health and Aging Project was reported to social services agency for suspected elder self-neglect. Measurements: The primary predictor was elder self-neglect reported to social services agency. The outcome of interest was the annual rate of hospitalization, obtained from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Poisson regression models were used to assess these longitudinal relationships. Results: The average annual rate of hospitalization was 0.6 ± 1.3 for participants without elder self-neglect and 1.8 ± 3.2 for those with reported elder self-neglect. After adjusting for sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics, medical commorbidities, and cognitive and physical function, older adults who neglected themselves had significantly higher rate of hospitalization (rate ratio = 1.47, 95% confidence interval = 1.39�1.55). Greater severity of self-neglect (mild: standardized parameter estimate (PE) = 0.24, standard error (0.05); moderate: PE = 0.45 (0.03); severe: PE = 0.54, (0.11), all P < .001) was associated with higher annual rates of hospitalization after adjusting for the same confounders. Interaction term analyses suggest that medical conditions, cognitive impairment, and physical disability did not mediate the significant relationship between self-neglect and hospitalization. Conclusion: Reported elder self-neglect was associated with higher rates of hospitalization in this community population. Greater severity of self-neglect was associated with a greater rate of hospitalization.
Aragonitic Algae in Calcite Seas: Effect of Seawater Mg/Ca Ratio on Algal Sediment Production

Abstract Secular variation in seawater Mg/Ca would have subjected the aragonite-producing codiacean algae to two intervals of low-Mg calcite seas (mMg/Ca mMg/Ca > 2) seas since their origin in the Ordovician. It is asserted that the aragonite + high-Mg calcite affinity of modern and Recent tropical seas (mMg/Ca > 2) has enabled the aragonitic Codiaceae to act as major carbonate sediment producers in these seas. To test this assertion, specimens of the sediment-producing codiacean alga Udotea flabellum were grown in artificial seawaters formulated at mMg/Ca ratios (1.0, 2.5, 5.2) that have occurred in the oceans throughout the geologic history of the Codiaceae. While the U. flabellum algae produced exclusively aragonite in both the artificial boundary seawater (mMg/Ca = 2.5) and the artificial aragonite + high-Mg calcite seawater (modern seawater; mMg/Ca = 5.2), the algae produced a portion (25 ± 3%) of their CaCO3 as low-Mg calcite (≤ 4 mol% MgCO3) in the artificial calcite seawater (mMg/Ca = 1.0), suggesting that their CaCO3 polymorph control can be partially overridden by ambient seawater chemistry. Primary productivity, calcification, and linear growth of the algae decreased with reductions in ambient Mg/Ca, despite increases in absolute Ca concentration of the seawater. Reduced calcification in the lower Mg/Ca seawaters is probably due to kinetic difficulties of producing aragonite from seawater that favors the nucleation of calcite. The decreased linear growth and primary production are likely associated with reductions in the ambient CO2 available for photosynthesis, resulting from the reduced calcification. These findings support the assertion that the dominant ecological and sedimentological roles of codiacean algae in Recent tropical seas is facilitated by a seawater Mg/Ca ratio that favors the nucleation of aragonite over calcite. Furthermore, producing aragonite in seawater that favors the nucleation of low-Mg calcite (mMg/Ca
Unique advantages of optics over electronics for interconnections

There are many applications in which both electronic and optical interconnections are possible. These include most tasks currently being adequately performed by electronic interconnections. Optics must win such battles overwhelmingly to gain acceptance. We argue here that there will be other situations where electronics can not conceivably compete. The disadvantage of these situations is that their markets and technologies are not well developed. The advantage is that these are sure wins for optics. Advantages in fanin/fanout three dimensionality absence of such electronics problems as EMI ease of making/breaking connections avoidance of transduction smart interconnection and virtual computing are explored briefly.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The evanescent wavefield part of a cylindrical vector beam

The evanescent wave of the cylindrical vector field is analyzed using the vector angular spectrum of the electromagnetic beam. Comparison between the contributions of the TE and TM terms of both the propagating and the evanescent waves associated with the cylindrical vector field in free space is demonstrated. The physical pictures of the evanescent wave and the propagating wave are well illustrated from the vectorial structure, which provides a new approach to manipulating laser beams by choosing the states of polarization in the cross-section of the field.
Resistivity tapered wideband high frequency antennas for tactical communications

The authors describe theoretical and experimental investigations on high-frequency monopole antennas for ground terminals and transmission-line type antennas for helicopters where tapered resistivity loading has been used to achieve a traveling wave current distribution on the antenna. The tapered resistivity profiles used in these antennas are modified versions of the theoretical model first proposed by T.T. Wu and R.W.P. King (1965). Various types of optimized resistivity taper profiles that allow the best tradeoff between efficiency and bandwidth have been considered. Antenna characteristics such as input impedance, efficiency, radiation pattern and current distribution have been calculated using the NEC-3 method of moments code. Wideband HF antennas have been designed for the UH-1D and the HH-60J helicopters using suitable wire grid models to represent the fuselage of these helicopters. Prototype models of monopole antennas and scale model helicopter antennas have been built and tested and are in good qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions. >
Young Chinese Children's Authority Concepts

Using multilevel analyses, we examined the influence of domain (moral, conventional, and personal) and the familiarity of different authority figures (mother, teacher, person in charge, and stranger) in public, school, or home settings in 123 four to seven-yearold Chinese children (M = 5.6 years) in Hong Kong. Children affirmed authority more for moral and conventional than personal events, based primarily on punishment avoidance and conventional justifications. Children judged that they should obey mothers more than all other authorities and the person-in charge in the associated setting and the teacher more than strangers. At school, teachers were seen as having more authority over moral and conventional events than mothers whereas at home, mothers had more authority than teachers over all issues. With age, children increasingly evaluated mothers’ authority as generalizable across contexts for the moral event; reflecting the importance of familiarity, mothers were seen as having more authority to extend her regulation outside the home, including for personal events, than teachers’ authority outside the school.
Hectd1 regulates intracellular localization and secretion of Hsp90 to control cellular behavior of the cranial mesenchyme

Hectd1 mutant mouse embryos exhibit the neural tube defect exencephaly associated with abnormal cranial mesenchyme. Cellular rearrangements in cranial mesenchyme are essential during neurulation for elevation of the neural folds. Here we investigate the molecular basis of the abnormal behavior of Hectd1 mutant cranial mesenchyme. We demonstrate that Hectd1 is a functional ubiquitin ligase and that one of its substrates is Hsp90, a chaperone protein with both intra- and extracellular clients. Extracellular Hsp90 enhances migration of multiple cell types. In mutant cranial mesenchyme cells, both secretion of Hsp90 and emigration of cells from cranial mesenchyme explants were enhanced. Importantly, we show that this enhanced emigration was highly dependent on the excess Hsp90 secreted from mutant cells. Together, our data set forth a model whereby increased secretion of Hsp90 in the cranial mesenchyme of Hectd1 mutants is responsible, at least in part, for the altered organization and behavior of these cells and provides a potential molecular mechanism underlying the neural tube defect.
Sensorineural hearing loss and congenital diaphragmatic hernia

AbstractThe objective was to determine whether or not sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) can be present in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) survivors. All survivors of surgery for CDH born between 1999 and 2008 underwent audiological evaluation. Diagnosis of SNHL was based on standard audiological testing methods. SNHL was defined as a hearing loss of >20dB in at least one frequency tested and was classified – according to its severity, and thus potential impact on speech and language development – as type 1, 2, 3 or 4. Of the 116 patients undergoing at least one formal audiological evaluation, 45 (39%) presented SNHL. Of the sub-sample of 72 children born by the end of 2004 (all older than four years of age), 43 (59.7%) had SNHL. Only two children with SNHL were under two years of age. Our results confirm that hearing loss can occur in CDH survivors, making it necessary to include auditory monitoring in CDH follow-up protocols. It may show a delayed onset and be progressive, therefore audiological te...
Model-based development of neuroprostheses for restoring proximal arm function

Neuroprostheses using functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) have the potential to restore elbow and shoulder function lost to paralysis due to spinal cord injury (SCI). The human shoulder is highly flexible and thus provides a large range of motion to the arm and hand, although at the expense of precarious stability of the articulations. The complexity of the shoulder has prevented widespread use of FNS at this joint. However, musculoskeletal modeling of the elbow and shoulder has the potential to significantly speed the development of neuroprostheses by allowing many mechanical issues to be resolved in simulation prior to implementation in human subjects. This paper describes our rationale for the use of musculoskeletal modeling, the model we are using, and several practical applications of the model to study the potential use of shoulder and elbow muscle FNS to restore function following cervical SCI.
Quantitative analysis and comparison of the physical properties of O-alkyl and S-alkyl monoethers of glycerol

A homologous series (C10, C12, C14, C16, C18) of synthetic O-alkyl and S-alkyl ethers of glycerol was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and examined by IR and n.m.r. spectroscopy; the physical properties of the O-alkyl and S-alkyl ethers were compared. Isopropylidene derivatives of the glycerol ethers and thioethers were quantitatively analyzed by GLC on polar and nonpolar liquid phases. On a medium polar liquid phase (ethylene glycol succinate), mixtures of the O-alkyl and S-alkyl ethers were completely resolved. Isopropylidene derivatives of glycerol ethers and of thioethers could be separated as classes (though not into individual homologues) by TLC. O-hexadecyl and S-hexadecyl ethers of glycerol are easily distinguished by IR and n.m.r. spectroscopy.
Colonial Kenya Observed: British Rule, Mau Mau and the Wind of Change

This atypical memoir details the history of colonial Kenya as observed by S. H. Fazan. Key themes in the book include: the impacts of colonial administration on communities across Kenya; land gover...
Lazy K-Way Linear Combination Kernels for Efficient Runtime Sparse Jacobian Matrix Evaluations in C++

The most notoriously expensive component to develop, extend, and maintain within implicit PDAE-based predictive simulation software is the Jacobian evaluation component. While the Jacobian is invariably sparse, its structure and dimensionality are functions of the point of evaluation. The application of Automatic Differentiation to develop these tools is highly desirable. The challenge presented is in providing implementations that treat dynamic sparsity efficiently without requiring the developer to have any a priori knowledge of sparsity structure. Under the context of dynamic sparse Operator Overloading implementations, we develop a direct sparse lazy evaluation approach. In this approach, an efficient runtime variant of the classic Expression Templates technique is proposed to support sparsity. The second aspect is the development of two alternate multi-way Sparse Vector Linear Combination kernels that yield efficient runtime sparsity detection and evaluation.
Using Dummy Variables to Represent Categorical Variables

The note introduces and explains 0-1 dummy variables and how they may be used to represent categorical independent variables in a regression model.
Enhancing visual performance in individuals with cortical visual impairment (homonymous hemianopsia): Tapping into blindsight

Abstract Homonymous hemianopsia is a type of cortical blindness in which vision is lost completely or partially in the left half or the right half of the field of vision. It is prevalent in approximately 12% of traumatic brain injury and 35% of strokes. Patients often experience difficulty with activities such as ambulating, eating, reading, and driving. Due to the high prevalence of homonymous hemianopsia and its associated difficulties, it is imperative to find methods for visual rehabilitation in this condition. Traditional methods such as prism glasses can cause visual confusion and result in patient noncompliance. There is a large unmet medical need for improving this condition. In this article, we propose that modifying visual stimuli to activate non-cortical areas of visual processing, such as lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus, may result in increased visual awareness. Presenting high contrast and low spatial frequency visual stimuli can increase visual detection in patients with cortical blindness, a phenomenon known as blindsight. Augmented virtual reality goggles have the potential to alter real-time visual input to high contrast and low spatial frequency images, possibly improving visual detection in the blind hemifield and providing an alternative therapy for homonymous hemianopsia.
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF LEFT ATRIAL WALL THICKNESS RELATED TO COMPLEX FRACTIONATED ELECTROGRAM, VOLTAGE AND CYCLE LENGTH

Atrial scars are strongly related to slow anisotropic conduction. Their relationship to atrial thickness has not yet been investigated. This study sought to evaluate the relationship between left atrial wall thickness (LAWT) imaged by multidetector computer tomography (MDCT) and arrhythmia substrate
Removal of Copper Vacancies in Cuprous Oxide Single Crystals Grown by the Floating Zone Method

Single crystals of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) with minimal defects were grown using the optical floating zone technique. Copper vacancies were removed through the promotion of CuO precipitation within the bulk Cu2O crystal following the reaction CuCuCu2O + VCuCu2O + OOCu2O → CuCuCuO + OOCuO. This reaction was promoted through the use of high purity samples and by growing crystals under an oxidizing atmosphere. Although an increase in the oxygen concentration of the atmosphere will initially increase the oxygen to copper ratio, the excess oxygen in the final Cu2O crystal is ultimately decreased through the formation of CuO as the crystal cools. Copper vacancies were reduced further, and the CuO phase was eventually removed from the Cu2O crystal when thin slices of the crystal were annealed.
Effects of Surface Modification on the Structure of Adsorbed Block Copolymer Monolayers

Improving the processing and formability of ceramic components prior to firing (as green bodies) requires an enhanced understanding of how the polymeric binder components function. We report on the role of surface energetics on the structure of the copolymeric monolayers formed via adsorption from solution. Also, results on the effects of surface energetics on the kinetics of the adsorption are reported. A silicon wafer with an oxide layer is used as the surface and adsorption takes place from toluene. Surface energetics are varied by treatment of the oxide surface with a series of silane coupling agents which contain either amine, epoxide, or vinyl functional groups. The block copolymers used consist of relatively short poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) blocks and much longer polystyrene (PS) blocks. Ellipsometry is used to determine the grafting density, σ (chains/nm2), and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy is used to investigate the copolymer on the surface. It is seen that the time required to reach equilibrium increases as the strength of the interaction between the copolymer and the surface increases. Also, the diblock copolymers appear to obey the scaling laws proposed by Marques and Joanny on all the surfaces studied. ( i.e., σ ∝ 1/NA, when the copolymer is symmetric or moderately symmetric and σ ∝ 1/β2, when the copolymers are asymmetric, where NA is the number of segments of the adsorbing block and β is the ratio of the size of the nonadsorbing block to that of the adsorbing block.)
The Hospital for Sick Children Manual of Pediatric Trauma, A. Mikrogianakis, R. Valani, A. Cheng. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2007), 304 pages, $49.95 ISBN-10 0-7817-7816-6 ISBN-13 978-0-7817-7816-9

Stone CK, Humphries R McGraw Hill, 2007 1043 pages, $69.96 ISBN-10 0071443193 ISBN-13 9780071443197 This is a review book covering core content in emergency medicine. It is organized into very brief discussions of general considerations, diagnosis and treatment. This format works well for many topics and is too cursory for others. If the reader is looking for a quick reference guide this will suffice. The depth of information varies by chapter. In the orthopedic chapter the authors have put together common injuries encountered in the emergency department. There are no images or radiographs in this section but in the section on sinusitis there are radiographs. These details limit some of the utility of the chapters for a clinical reference. There are plenty of diagrams for procedures in the emergency procedure and airway sections. Throughout the text some of the diagrams and text boxes are packed tight with information whereas in others only facts are listed. Overall, this book might be best for a quick review guide of core content but will need to be supplemented for more comprehensive discussion of treatment issues. It will provide the reader a brief bullet point on amputations but does not discuss the infection risk or the issues with exposed bone. The reader will find some chapters much more comprehensive but it is limited by the amount of detail captured in this text.
First description of the male Hoedillus sexpunctatus Simon, 1898; a redescription of the female, and transfer of Hoedillus to Zoropsidae Bertkau, 1882 (Araneae)

Hoedillus sexpunctatus Simon, 1898 was described from a single female specimen collected in Guatemala and is the type species of the monotypic genus Hoedillus Simon, 1898. This genus was originally placed in the family Sparassidae Bertkau, 1872, subfamily Heteropodinae Thorell, 1873. In a review of this subfamily, Jager (2002) determined that Hoedillus was misplaced in Sparassidae due to the lack of metatarsal trilobate membranes. Hoedillus was transferred to the family Zoridae Pickard-Cambridge, 1893 by Jager (2002), now a junior synonym of Miturgidae Simon, 1886 (Ramirez 2014). Ramirez (2014), suggested Hoedillus may be a member of the Xenoctenus group, but provisionally listed it as a Miturgidae, awaiting further investigation.
Short-chain fatty acids inhibit cAMP-mediated chloride secretion in rat colon

Butyrate stimulates salt absorption in mammalian colon. We examined whether butyrate also affects Cl- secretion. Mucosal segments of distal colon of male Sprague-Dawley rats and T84 cells were studied in Ussing chambers. In control colon, 1 mM dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (DBcAMP) increased short-circuit current (Isc) and serosal-to-mucosal Cl- flux (JsmCl) by 3.2 +/- 0.8 and 2.9 +/- 0.8 mueq.cm-2.h-1, respectively. Mucosal or serosal 25 mM butyrate prevented DBcAMP-induced increases in Isc and JsmCl. Four and eight millimolar butyrate caused half-maximal inhibition of the increases in JsmCl and Isc, respectively. Butyrate also inhibited basal JsmCl (by 2.0 +/- 0.4 mueq.cm-2.h-1) but not carbachol-mediated Cl- secretion. The relative inhibitory potency at 25 mM of other short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) paralleled their degree of cellular metabolism: butyrate > acetate = propionate > isobutyrate. At 25 mM, all SCFA reduced mucosal intracellular pH (pHi) transiently by 0.1 pH unit. In intact T84 cells, 50 mM butyrate inhibited the DBcAMP-induced rise in Isc by 55%. In T84 cells with nystatin-permeabilized basolateral membranes, butyrate inhibited the increase in Isc by 82%. We conclude that butyrate inhibits basal and cAMP-mediated Cl- secretion by a mechanism independent of pHi, possibly located at the apical membrane.
Anticoagulants: a guide for practitioners.

On the basis of present knowledge, anticoagulant therapy is indicated in several cardiac conditions, including preinfarction angina and valvular heart disease with atrial fibrillation. Aspirin therapy for prevention of thromboembolism is indicated in patients undergoing hip surgery.
Flavonoids and Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells

Flavonoids are found to be widely present in the plant kingdom and possess diverse biological activities. The focus of this review is on their regulation of gene expression in mammalian cells. Although a direct DNA-flavonoid interaction could be demonstrated (Ahmed et al., 1994; Strick et al., 2000), this reaction lacks the DNA sequence specificity that is needed for gene regulation. Indeed, no particular gene regulation was reported as a consequence of the DNA-flavonoid interaction. Instead, flavonoids appear to regulate gene expression through interactions with protein transcription factors as described below. Most of the studies in this area examined dietary flavonoids. Some medicinal and synthetic flavonoid-like compounds have also been developed for potential pharmaceutical applications.
Scandal’s Role in Creating a Surveillance Culture

The basis of the first legal tort for privacy appeared in an 1890 issue of the Harvard Law Review. That article addressed the rising moral panic surrounding the use of snap cameras that allowed the middle and lower classes to circulate and publish photographs of elites without permission. This chapter explores the scandal that birthed American privacy law (the individual’s “right to be left alone”), documenting how advances in technology continually disrupt the control elites possess over both the publicity activities that create fame and the unwanted attention to private facts that creates scandal.
Assessment of Pre-Service Teachers’ Global-Mindedness

This study assessed pre-service teachers’ levels of global-mindedness and explored the predictors of such attitude using the Global-Mindedness Scale (GMS). The study examined whether individual sca...
Gender as a social categiry

In the years between preschool and puberty, the free play of children occurs largely in sex-segregated groups. Some differences in the socialization setting provided by all-boy and all-girl playgroups are described, and possible reasons for children's tendency to congregate in same-sex groups are explored. This article suggests that sex-differentiated play styles and modes of exerting peer influence are important factors
How Sociocultural Context Matters in Self-Presentation: A Comparison of U.S. and Chinese Profiles on Jack’d, a Mobile Dating App for Men Who Have Sex With Men

Theorizing profiles on mobile dating applications (apps) as self-presentation, this study examines how men who have sex with men (MSM) presented themselves on Jack’d, a dating app tailored to this population. This research takes a cross-cultural perspective by comparing 204 profiles from the United States and 204 profiles from China. The results show that Chinese MSM were less likely to show their faces on Jack’d than American MSM because of the stronger stigma of homosexuality in China. In addition, the average number of relational goals mentioned by Chinese MSM was smaller than that mentioned by American MSM, supporting the low- and high-context cultural difference. However, more Chinese MSM mentioned looking for relationships specifically, suggesting that they seem to regard Jack’d as a non-romance-seeking platform and have to make their goals explicit. Sex was not often mentioned as the relational goal in both countries, implying “slut-shaming” is in force. This study demonstrates the value of examining online self-presentation of MSM to understand sociocultural differences between the United States and China regarding homosexuality.
How Routines Drift-in-Check While Being Inhabited by Agents?

Recently, there is increasing scholarly interest in the stability- change duality and the role of agency in the enactment of organizational routines. However, we are still grappling with the theore...