cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal performance analysis of highly reflective coating on residences in hot and arid climates

A 1-D transient model (RESHEAT), developed by the writers, was used to study the thermal performance of a highly reflective paint applied sequentially to the outer walls and roof of a simulated residence in a hot and arid region of the southwestern United States. The model uses climatological inputs from a file that includes hourly data on ambient temperatures, insolation, cloud cover, and so on, at the particular location. The model focuses particularly on the potential cooling load reduction due to the reduced heat pickup from the inside attic surfaces to the outer surfaces of the supply duct. This simulation showed that a reduction of 33.6% (cooling load) on the average is achieved over the base case where no reflective paint is used when the outer surface of the roof and walls are painted. Alternatively, only a 11% reduction would be achieved if the reflective paint is applied only to the roof. Savings of $42 per month are conservatively estimated from calculations made when applying this technology to a typical residence (roof and walls) equipped with a 4 ton refrigeration unit in the Southwest.
The Status of Children's Intellectual Rights

It is suggested that U.S. public education systematically denies children's intellectual rights, that the kinds of educational experiences to which they are subjected discourage curiosity, creativity, and active participatory (dialogic) learning, and that children are thereby being deprived of the right to be “autonomous inquirers in the community of inquirers.” In the case of lower status children there is, beyond suppression of desirable intellectual outcomes, the active promotion of adverse ones. More significantly for societal concerns, however, it seems apparent that for all children public schooling sanctions a conforming style of self-presentation and a learning environment which does not and can not develop the kinds of competencies required of adults in a free society. Problems and impediments in the way of implementing change—educational reform focused on education—are noted.
THE SMECTITE-TO-DISORDERED KAOLINITE TRANSITION IN A TROPICAL SOIL CHRONOSEQUENCE, PACIFIC COAST, COSTA RICA

Soils developed on Quaternary fluvial fill terraces in the humid tropics of Costa Rica display progressive changes in mineral assemblage, chemical composition and particle size with age. Clay minerals from B horizons of active floodplains are predominantly smectite with lesser amounts of disordered kaolinite. B horizons in 5 to 10 ka soils consist of sub-equal amounts of smectite and disordered kaolinite, and soils on 37–125 ka terraces consist of disordered kaolinite with only traces of smectite. The composition of the smectite, as determined by EDX scans of smectite-rich pore space, is [(Mg0.2,Ca0.1)(Fe0.6Al1.4)(Si3.6Al0.4)O10(OH)2], consistent with ferruginous beidellite. Bulk mineral assemblage varies from a smectite-plagioclase-augite-quartz-magnetite assemblage in ⩽10 ka terrace soils to a disordered kaolinite-goethite-hematite-quartz-magnetite assemblage in ⩾37 ka terrace soils. Leaching results in rapid loss of soluble base cations and residual concentration of Ti and Zr indicates mass losses of ~50% by chemical denudation by 125 ka. Plots of terrace age vs. various measures of clay mineralogy, chemical composition, and particle size produce parabolic curves consistent with rapid chemical weathering pre-37 ka and slower to imperceptible rates of change from 37 to 125 ka. For some pedogenic properties, particularly particle size and concentrations of base cations and Zr, soils appear to reach steady-state conditions within 37 ka. These results were applied to interpretation of landscape evolution in this tectonically active region by: (1) facilitating identification of two Holocene (5 ka and 10 ka) terraces on the Esterillos Block 5–30 m above sea level (masl), and two Pleistocene terraces ⩾125 ka on the Parrita Block 30 masl, and, in turn, (2) documenting uplift rates as high as 4.4 m/ka between 37 and 10 ka on the Esterillos Block, and as low as 0.1 m/ka over the past 125 ka on the adjacent Parrita Block. These findings are consistent with previous work indicating that the subduction of anomalous bathymetric features at the Middle America Trench is having a significant impact on fore-arc dynamics and topography over relatively short geological time periods and spatial scales.
Model System Studies On Diffuse Absorption

Optical dosimetry has been investigated in a tissue phantom, consisting of an aqueous suspension of uniform polystyrene spheres plus methylene blue as a chromophore. The rate of light absorption by the dye was measured for different concentrations of dye and scatterers, using the photosensitized inactivation of an enzyme as a sensitive internal actinometer. The optical penetration depth of each sample was measured with a fiber optic probe technique. The results are in good agreement with the predictions of the diffusion model, and the high scattering limit of Kubelka-Munk theory.
Adverse Childhood Exposures and Alcohol Dependence Among Seven Native American Tribes

Alcohol abuse and alcoholism are leading causes of death among Native Americans. Little is known about the impact of negative childhood exposures, including parental alcoholism, childhood maltreatment, and out-of-home placement, on risk of lifetime DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition) diagnosis of alcohol dependence in this population.
Prevention of open water drowning while boating

August is high summer here in Seattle and the days are typically glorious. Visitors who have succumbed to the misperception that our skies are chronically grey and wet are astonished at the natural beauty of this region when the sun appears. Green forests frame our waterways with snowcapped mountains in the background. Unsurprisingly, absolutely everybody heads out doors to enjoy it while we can. The sad corollary of this activity on and around the water is a predictable increase in the number of drowning cases each summer. In high-income countries drowning is typically associated with occupational or recreational exposure. In our state, that recreation tends to happen on open water, while people enjoy boating on our rivers, lakes and coastal waters.1 Drowning prevention in these contexts requires a specific set of behaviours and interventions, often quite distinct from the strategies employed to combat drowning in low or middle income countries, in swimming pools or in bathing facilities. A trio of papers in this issue, along with a forthcoming study in press, …
A semantics-based method for requirements analysis and system design

A method of requirements analysis and system design is described that supports and promotes the design and con struction of highly flexible data processing systems. The method provides for (1) the systematic collection, analysis, and description of data processing requirements in terms of an organized common-sense semantic model and (2) the smooth and natural mapping of the requirements into a flexible, normal form system architecture. The method is illustrated with a case study.
Beyond data integration

Pharmaceutical R&D organizations have no shortage of experimental data or annotation information. However, the sheer volume and complexity of this information results in a paralyzing inability to make effective use of it for predicting drug efficacy and safety. Data integration efforts are legion, but even in the rare instances where they succeed, they are found to be insufficient to advance programs because interpretation of query results becomes a research project in itself. In this review, we propose a coherent, interoperable platform comprising knowledge engineering and hypothesis generation components for rapidly making determinations of confidence in mechanism and safety (among other goals) using experimental data and expert knowledge.
Social Grouping, Stress and Resistance to Coliform Infection in Cockerels

Abstract PHYSIOLOGICAL stress related to intensity of social conflict has been observed in colonies of rats, mice and voles (Clarke, 1953; Christian, 1956; Davis and Christian, 1957; Bronson and Eleftheriou, 1964) in herds of deer (Christian et al., 1960) and in flocks of domestic chickens (Siegel and Siegel, 1961; Flickinger, 1961). Relationships between behaviorally related stress and susceptibility to disease in vertebrate populations are unclear. Increased numbers of Trichinella spiralis larvae have been found in muscles of mice maintained as groups, compared to those kept individually after both were infected with embryonated larvae (Davis and Read, 1958); reactivation of rabies virus has been reported in guinea pigs several months after inoculation as a result of overcrowding or ACTH administration (Soave et al., 1961; Soave, 1964); and housing domestic chickens in heterosexual pairs or groups has been observed to result in higher frequencies of myocardial infarction (Ratcliffe and Snyder, 1964). By contrast…
Constraints on magnetic field which magnetized the Farmington meteorite parent body

Analysis indicates the following: (1) the parent body of the Farmington meteorite experienced sufficient heating (probably from shock accompanying a major collision occurring 520 million years ago) to erase the record of any magnetization acquired prior to that event; therefore, (2)the observed magnetization in the Farmington meteorite must have been acquired after the collision; and (3)shockproduced magnetization is unlikely, because of the finite cooling time indicated by the burial depth of approximately several meters. The possibility of shock or irradiation-produced magnetizations is proposed as an experimental study, even though neither appears likely to have produced the magnetic field which produced the magnetization in the parent body of the Farmington meteorite.
Hope, Coping, and Adjustment Among Children with Sickle Cell Disease: Tests of Mediator and Moderator Models

Tested mediator and moderator models of hope, coping, and adjustment in 39 children with sickle cell disease. In home interviews parents provided information on demographics and functional adjustment. Children self-reported levels of hope, coping strategies, and psychological adjustment. Coping strategies moderated, but did not mediate, the relationship between hope and adjustment. Hope was negatively associated with anxiety when active coping, support coping, and distraction coping was high. Avoidance coping did not moderate the hopeadjustment relationship but was positively related to anxiety. No effects were found for depressive symptoms or for the functional measures of adjustment.
Organization of thalamic afferents to anterior dorsal ventricular ridge in turtles. II. Properties of the rotundo‐dorsal map

This study describes some properties of the map of nucleus rotundus onto dorsal area of anterior dorsal ventricular ridge (ADVR) in emydid turtles by correlating results of anterograde and retrograde tracing experiments with observations from Golgi- and myelin-stained brains. An earlier paper (Balaban and Ulinski, '81) demonstrated that this projections is restricted to zone 4 of dorsal area of ADVR. This paper indicates that the rotundal pathway is organized such that longitudinally aligned groups of neurons in nucleus rotundus project to longitudinal regions in zone 4 of dorsal area. The projections field spans the dorso-ventral (or concentric) dimensions of zone 4 at each transverse level. Comparisons of experimental and Golgi preparations suggest that each rotundal neuron projects, via collaterals, to the entire rostrocaudal extent of rotundorecipient zone 4. Individual terminal branches span the dorsoventral dimension of zone 4 and are confined with both sagittal and transverse planes. Lesion experiments suggest that collaterals of a single rotundal axon are also distributed over at least one-third to one-half of the superficial-deep dimension of zone 4. This is also reflected in the observation that neurons from disjoint dorsal, dorsolateral and medial rotundal loci project to overlapping, concentric regions of dorsal area. Both this prominent concentric component of terminal branches and the extensive overlap is projections of neurons at distinct rotundal loci preclude the possibility of a topographic representation of either dorsoventral or mediolateral rotundal axes in zone 4 of dorsal area.
β-Blockers Reduce Breast Cancer Recurrence and Breast Cancer Death: A Meta-Analysis.

The normal physiologic stress mechanism, mediated by the sympathetic nervous system, causes a release of the neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine. Preclinical data have demonstrated an effect on tumor progression and metastasis via the sympathetic nervous system mediated primarily through the β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) pathway. In vitro data have shown an increase in tumor growth, migration, tumor angiogenesis, and metastatic spread in breast cancer through activation of the β-AR. Retrospective cohort studies on the clinical outcomes of β-blockers in breast cancer outcomes showed no clear consensus. The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of β-blockers on breast cancer outcomes. A systematic review was performed using the Cochrane library and PubMed. Publications between the dates of January 2010 and December 2013 were identified. Available hazard ratios (HRs) were extracted for breast cancer recurrence, breast cancer death, and all-cause mortality and pooled using a random effects meta-analysis. A total of 7 studies contained results for at least 1 of the outcomes of breast cancer recurrence, breast cancer death, or all-cause mortality in breast cancer patients receiving β-blockers. In the 5 studies that contained results for breast cancer recurrence, there was no statistically significant risk reduction (HR, 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39-1.13). Breast cancer death results were contained in 4 studies, which also suggested a significant reduction in risk (HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.32-0.80). Among the 4 studies that reported all-cause mortality, there was no significant effect of β-blockers on risk (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.75-1.37). Results of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that the use of β-blockers significantly reduced risk of breast cancer death among women with breast cancer.
Transaction Cost Economics and Public Administration

Whether or in what degree transaction cost economics is pertinent to public administration is still unresolved. Terry Moe, for example, expresses grave doubts that the successes of the new economics of organization in helping to better understand complex economic organization will carry over to the study of political organization (1990, p. 119). James Q. Wilson is more optimistic: “The idea of transaction costs has not been applied, as far as I know, to government activities. But I see no reason why it should not be” (1989, p. 358).
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE HATCHING OF TORTANUS DISCAUDATUS EGGS SUBJECTED TO LOW TEMPERATURES1

Eggs of Tortanus discaudatus, a calanoid copepod, were sorted from the plankton at Friday Harbor, Washington, and set up in cultures subjected to temperatures ranging from 12.5C to −2C to observe the hatching rate and viability at low temperatures. At the higher temperatures, the eggs hatch in three to four days. Hatching goes on slowly at 0C, and of 20 eggs held at −2C, one hatched in 17 days and 53% of the remaining eggs hatched in five days when returned to 11.5C after an exposure of 30 days. Thus, the eggs were viable after at least one month at −2C.
In the arc of history: AIHA and the movement to reform the Toxic Substances Control Act.

Dr. Michael P. Wilson of UC Berkeley delivered his keynote address before the general assembly of the American Industrial Hygiene Conference and Exhibition (AIHce) in Portland, Oregon, in May 2011. Here, Dr. Wilson again discusses the political and economic drivers of occupational disease in the United States and proposes a role for AIHA in helping to highlight and resolve them. He proposes that until these underlying drivers are acknowledged and ameliorated, the toll of occupational disease will persist, despite the hard work of industrial hygienists in the workplace. Among these drivers, Dr. Wilson points to the decline of labor rights and unionization; economic inequality; economic insecurity; political resistance to public health protections for workers, notably the OSHA and NIOSH programs; and weaknesses in the Federal Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 (TSCA). Of these, Dr. Wilson calls on the AIHA to participate in the historic effort to rewrite TSCA. He points to weaknesses in TSCA that have pro...
CPI challenges to BEOL at 28nm node and beyond

We address package-induced degradation of BEOL interconnects and approaches for recovery. For dielectrics, we cover process options and position in stack for ULK films and how these lead to differences in strength. Experiments were designed to cross-compare multiple methods to test susceptibility of BEOL interconnect to CPI damage. We also address how Chip Package Interaction changes as BEOL features and layout evolve.
Using the Lens of Social Capital to Understand Diversity in the Earth System Sciences Workforce

In this commentary, we argue that social capital theory, the idea that membership in a group creates opportunities to acquire valuable information and resources from other group members, is a usefu...
Conjugate Addition of Grignard Reagents to Substituted Isopropylidene Methylenemalonates

Abstract The conjugate addition of various nucleophilic reagents to unsaturated Knoevenagel-type products derived from Meldrum's acid (the cyclic isopropylidene ester of malonic acid) has been the subject of several investigations1. In most cases the addition occurs rapidly and the adducts are obtained in high yield. The ease with which these conjugate additions take place can be attributed to the special stability of the carbanionic intermediates. The intermediates formed in these reactions are formally anions of monosubstituted isopropylidene malonates and their low basicity can be attributed to the six-membered ring which holds the two carbonyl groups co-planar causing a high degree of conjugative stabilization1.
The Legal Challenges of Religious Polygamy in the USA

A century and a half ago, Mormons made national headlines by claiming a First Amendment right to practise polygamy, despite criminal laws against it. In four cases, from 1879 to 1890, the United States Supreme Court firmly rejected their claim, and threatened to dissolve the Mormon church if they persisted. Part of the Court's argument was historical: the common law has always defined marriage as monogamous, and to change those rules �would be a return to barbarism�. Part of the argument was prudential: religious liberty can never become a licence to violate general criminal laws �lest chaos ensue�. And part of the argument was sociological: monogamous marriage �is the cornerstone of civilization�, and it cannot be moved without upending our whole culture. These old cases are still the law of the land and most Mormons renounced polygamy after 1890.
Electroweak baryogenesis with a pseudo-Goldstone Higgs boson

We examine the nature of electroweak Baryogenesis when the Higgs boson's properties are modified by the effects of new physics. We utilize the effective potential to one loop (ring improving the finite temperature perturbative expansion), while retaining parametrically enhanced dimension six operators of $\mathcal{O}({v}^{2}/{f}^{2})$ in the Higgs sector. These parametrically enhanced operators would be present if the Higgs is a pseudo-Goldstone boson of a new physics sector with a characteristic mass scale $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\sim}\mathrm{TeV}$, a coupling constant $4\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\ge}g\ensuremath{\ge}1$, and a strong decay constant scale $f=\ensuremath{\Lambda}/g$. We find that generically the effect of new physics of this form allows a sufficiently first order electroweak phase transition so that the produced Baryon number can avoid washing out, and has enhanced effects due to new sources of $CP$ violation. We also improve the description of the electroweak phase transition in perturbation theory by determining the thermal mass eigenstate basis of the standard model gauge boson fields. This improves the calculation of the finite temperature effects through incorporating mixing in the determination of the vector boson thermal masses of the standard model. These effects are essential to determining the nature of the phase transition in the standard model and are of interest in our pseudo-Goldstone Baryogenesis scenario.
An alternative approach to distalizing a maxillary molar: Case report

Using a 0.028 stainless steel wire, an appliance was fabricated to fit from the distal aspects of the laterals to the mesial side of the maxillary molars where it floats freely. Interarch Class II elastics with the potential of 16 ounces of force were used from the hooks to the lower first molar. The appliance was worn approximately 6 weeks to distalize the maxillary molar.
Can this Currency Be Saved? The Decline of the Dollar, Spring 1995

The dollar began to slide precipitously against the Deutschemark and the Yen in early 1995. At the beginning of March 1995 the United States, joined by 13 other major industrial countries, intervened to support the dollar.Despite these efforts, the dollar continued to fall againstthe Deutschemark and the Yen, setting a series of record lows that Spring. This case considers the causes andconsequences of exchange-rate swings and the role for monetary policy and intervention policy in stabilizing currencies. This case can be taught at a variety of levels and two separate lesson plans are provided. The first lessonplan is appropriate for an intermediate macroeconomicscourse, an introductory-level international economics course or a course that focuses on financial markets. The second lesson plan is appropriate for an international finance course.
Energy Harvesting Efficiency Optimization via Varying the Radius of Curvature of a Piezoelectric THUNDER

In this work the energy harvesting performance of a piezoelectric curved energy generator (THUNDER) is studied via experimental and analytical methods. The analytical model of the THUNDER is created based on the linear mechanical electrical constitutive law of the piezoelectric material, the linear elastic constitutive law of the substrate, and the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. With these linear modal functions, the Rayleigh-Ritz approach was used to then obtain the reduced mechanical electrical coupled modulation equations. The analytical model is verified by the experimental results. Both the experimental and analytical results of the THUNDER’s AC power output, DC power output with Rectifier Bridge and a capacitor, as well as the power output with a microcontroller energy harvesting circuit are reported. Based on the theoretical model, the analytical solution of the DC power is derived in terms of the vibration amplitude, frequency, and the electrical load. To harvest energy from low frequency vibration source by a piezoelectric generator requires the piezoelectric device possessing low resonance frequency and good flexibility. The THin layer UNimorph DrivER (THUNDER) developed by Langley Research Center exhibits high power when it is used as an energy generator and large displacement when it is used as an actuator. Compared to the less flexible PZT, although THUNDER is more difficult to model, THUNDER has better vibration absorption capacity and higher energy recovery efficiency. The effect of the THUNDER’s radius of curvature on energy harvesting efficiency is mainly investigated. We set the THUNDER’s radius of curvature as a dynamic tuning parameter which can tune the piezoelectric generators’ frequency with the source excitation frequency.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Partial discharges and breakdown in laminate insulation structures

There is a well-defined need for the development of very long-life, lightweight, high-energy-density capacitors.1 These capacitors are made up of laminates of a dielectric material (such as polypropylene), impregnated in a liquid (such as silicone oil) and arranged between aluminum foils.2 A basic capacitor section is shown in Figure 1. Some of our earlier experiments3 have shown that the failure of such a device occurs mostly due to dielectric punch at the foil edge. The failure mechanism consists of occurrence of partial discharges, which slowly erodes away the dielectric at the foil edge ultimately leading to a total breakdown. The presence of partial discharges and lifetime of these capacitors is found to be a function of the discharge pulse-repetition frequency. DC partial discharge tests on virgin capacitor samples showed large amounts of partial discharge activity during charge and discharge transient periods.
Multidimensional scaling and experimental aesthetics: Escher's prints as a case study

This article represents a case-study in the applicability of multidimensional scaling (MDS) to experimental aesthetics. MDS allows experimenters to ask observers to compare stimuli without specifying which criteria they should use. MDS plots data—the similarity judgements—in a “psychological space” whose number of dimensions reflects the number of ways the stimuli are perceived to differ. An experiment attempted to tap into the criteria used by non-specialists when viewing prints by the Dutch artist M. C. Escher, and to study whether or not these criteria correspond to those Escher himself used to classify his work. Forty observers were shown every possible non-duplicate pair combination of twenty-six slides of Escher's prints, and were asked to rate the similarity of each pair, using any criteria they wished. Three dimensions were identified in this experiment (“dimensionality,” “shape” and “degree of realism”). A neighborhood analysis (based on octants) suggests that observers' perceptions seem to corre...
A14 Overview of CHDI drug development programs

CHDI is a not-for-profit drug discovery organisation that is exclusively dedicated to accelerating the development of therapeutics that slow the progression of Huntington9s disease (HD). Over the past decade we have created a large and diverse portfolio of projects to fulfil this mission. Each individual project is predicated on an evidence-based mechanistic hypothesis as to why pharmacological intervention at a particular biological target is predicted to have a beneficial effect on HD pathophysiology, and is designed to identify a proof-of-concept molecule for in vivo testing as quickly as possible. The particular therapeutic modality for each project is selected based on its relative merits, and to date have included small molecules, antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, siRNAs, and virally-delivered genetic payloads. Our non-clinical scientists strive to optimise the drug-like properties of the candidate molecules to maximise their chances of success in the clinic. Ultimately, we believe that the target-product-profile for a drug must be informed by clinical data from the target population. Early clinical studies may be required to inform one or more of: dose (amount, frequency, and route), patient selection (disease stage), compound exposure (pharmacokinetics), target occupancy and engagement (pharmacodynamics), biological effect, safety markers, and outcomes that will be used in the larger later-stage efficacy trials. As the portfolio matures and migrates away from historical nutraceuticals and repurposed drugs to truly new-chemical-entities, we consider these issues critical to our collective success. CHDI hopes to partner with the impressive capabilities that the EHDN has built to carry out the clinical aspects of our efforts. An overview of the current programs, along with their challenges and opportunities will be presented.
Mixed Mosaic Membranes Prepared by Layer-by-Layer Assembly for Ionic Separations

Charge mosaic membranes, which possess distinct cationic and anionic domains that traverse the membrane thickness, are capable of selectively separating dissolved salts from similarly sized neutral solutes. Here, the generation of charge mosaic membranes using facile layer-by-layer assembly methodologies is reported. Polymeric nanotubes with pore walls lined by positively charged polyethylenimine moieties or negatively charged poly(styrenesulfonate) moieties were prepared via layer-by-layer assembly using track-etched membranes as sacrificial templates. Subsequently, both types of nanotubes were deposited on a porous support in order to produce mixed mosaic membranes. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrates that the facile deposition techniques implemented result in nanotubes that are vertically aligned without overlap between adjacent elements. Furthermore, the nanotubes span the thickness of the mixed mosaic membranes. The effects of this unique nanostructure are reflected in the transport characteris...
Liver Changes Associated with a Transplantable Granulosa Cell Carcinoma in Mice.

SummaryThree granulosa cell tumors of the ovary induced in mice by X-rays have been successfully grafted to related mice, indicating the neoplastic character of this growth.Associated with the transplantable granulosa cell carcinoma No. 1 is a cavernous dilatation of liver sinusoids, which leads to thrombosis and scar formation. The relation of sex hormones to liver changes is discussed.
Strategic Innovation within Hybrid-enterprises

What structural, process and cultural elements are associated with sustainable hybrid-enterprise organizations (HEOs)? Relative to HEOs, how and why does the written and spoken word impact profitab...
Intrarectal infection of guinea pigs with the agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis.

SummaryEvidence for infection of male and female guinea pigs by the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (Gp-ic) following intrarectal inoculation was documented by recovery of the agent from rectal swabs up to Day 23 and from segments of intestinal tract to Day 17. Anti-body response to Gp-ic was demonstrated in the serum by Day 21 although titers were low as detected by indirect immunofluores-cence. In a few instances scrapings of intestinal tissue were found to contain cells with Gp-ic inclusions when stained with Giemsa. Gp-ic inclusions were also observed in ocular smears from males and females (8 positive/35 tested) as well as vaginal smears (2 positive/16 tested). These studies augment the value of this animal model system for the study of genital infections caused by Chlamydia.This paper is devoted to our friend Doctor Felix Milgrom of the State University of New York at Buffalo on the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary of his research activities.
Uncovering the Voting Rights Act: The Racial Progress Argument in Shelby County

The coverage formula of the Voting Rights Act succumbs in Shelby County v. Holder due to the majority’s narrative of racial progress in America. While they concede that the nation has a tarnished racial history, and is far from perfect, the majority makes a big deal of the fact that “history did not end in 1965.” They rest their novel argument against the coverage formula on the claim that the “entrenched racial discrimination in voting” in covered states in 1965 that justified exceptional legislation back then is no longer prevalent or flagrant. This perspective can be summed up with the motif, “that was then, this is now.” In this Article I reconstruct the majority’s racial progress argument in Shelby County, and raise some concerns about ways of answering it that merely replace a conservative narrative about racial progress with a liberal one. Although I am partial to the latter narrative, and believe that the argument for striking down the coverage formula is deeply flawed, it seems unwise to rest the entire case for saving the Voting Rights Act and defending the right to vote — moving forward — on winning the racial progress argument, especially in a nation so smitten by the view that we have reached the “postracial” promised land. I conclude with speculative remarks about where we might turn to safeguard the right to vote post-Shelby County.
Expanding the Dragon’s Reach:The Rise of China’s Anti-access Naval Doctrine and Forces

ABSTRACTAmong the multiple dimensions of the tous azimuths modernisation of Chinese naval forces, the development of China’s anti-access capacity has recently elicited considerable interest. The important link between this capacity and an overarching vision of the use of force – i.e. a naval doctrine – has, however, often been left implicit. This article shows that the particular development of China’s naval anti-access forces – more precisely, forces with an impact on the naval balance – can be explained by a shift of China’s naval doctrine towards a distinctly pre-emptive posture, which, itself, stems from the set of constraints imposed by the framework of ‘local war under informationised conditions’.
The employment of milk bacteria for the prevention of nosocomial intestinal infections

Die langere Applikation der lyophilisierten Kultur des Lactobacillus acidophilus und Streptococcus lactis var. Taette bestatigte, das diese Kultur im Stuhl der Sauglinge sowohl durch Kultivation als auch serologisch nachgewiesen werden kann.
Preventive health care for adolescents.

SUMMARY Physicians, parents or guardians, and the community all have an important role in preventive care for adolescents. Adolescents desire more interaction with their primary care providers.18 Physicians can influence the health care of adolescents by developing a collaboration with them that augments protective factors and allows a reduction in risk behaviors.
Macrofinancial Stress Testing: Principles and Practices-Background Material

Staff conducted a survey of stress testing practices among selected national central banks and supervisory authorities. The online survey was undertaken in November 2011 as part of the preparatory work for the paper on ― Macrofinancial Stress Testing: Principles and Practices. The survey focused on stress testing for banks, which is more widespread and better established — and practices are therefore easier to compare across countries — but also included questions on stress testing for nonbank financial institutions.
Biophysical Tools to Study Cellular Mechanotransduction.

The cell membrane is the interface that volumetrically isolates cellular components from the cell’s environment. Proteins embedded within and on the membrane have varied biological functions: reception of external biochemical signals, as membrane channels, amplification and regulation of chemical signals through secondary messenger molecules, controlled exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, organized recruitment and sequestration of cytosolic complex proteins, cell division processes, organization of the cytoskeleton and more. The membrane’s bioelectrical role is enabled by the physiologically controlled release and accumulation of electrochemical potential modulating molecules across the membrane through specialized ion channels (e.g., Na+, Ca2+, K+ channels). The membrane’s biomechanical functions include sensing external forces and/or the rigidity of the external environment through force transmission, specific conformational changes and/or signaling through mechanoreceptors (e.g., platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM), vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, epithelial (E)-cadherin, integrin) embedded in the membrane. Certain mechanical stimulations through specific receptor complexes induce electrical and/or chemical impulses in cells and propagate across cells and tissues. These biomechanical sensory and biochemical responses have profound implications in normal physiology and disease. Here, we discuss the tools that facilitate the understanding of mechanosensitive adhesion receptors. This article is structured to provide a broad biochemical and mechanobiology background to introduce a freshman mechano-biologist to the field of mechanotransduction, with deeper study enabled by many of the references cited herein.
Evaluation of the feasibility of expression microarray analysis in endoscopically obtained biopsies of gastric carcinoma and their clinical applicability

21164 Background: The feasibility of extracting high quality RNA for expression microarray analysis from endoscopic biopsy in gastric carcinoma has not been previously established. Methods: Patient...
Indeterminism, Gravitation, and Spacetime Theory

Contemporary discussions of physical determinism that engage with modern spacetime and gravitational theory have typically focused on the question of the global uniqueness of solutions for initial-value problems. In this chapter I investigate the violation of local uniqueness, found in examples like Norton’s dome, which are not typically considered in light of spacetime theory. In particular, I construct initial trajectories for massive particles whose worldlines are not uniquely determined from initial data, both for a charged particle in special relativistic electromagnetism and for a freely falling particle in pure general relativity. I also show that the existence of such examples implies the violation of the Strong Energy Condition, and consider their implications for the interpretation of spacetime theory.
Mary's Case: An Illustration of Interprofessional Collaborative Practice for a Child With Severe Disabilities.

Purpose The principles of interprofessional collaborative practice (IPCP) are illustrated through the case of Mary, a child with severe disabilities. Method Mary's experiences from early childhood ...
T cell reactivity to self and allogeneic MHC-peptides.

Although considerable knowledge about the basis of immune tolerance to self has been recently gained, there is much to be learned about the mechanism of self-non-self discrimination. This is particularly important in the case of MHC antigens since these molecules serve as restriction elements for T cell recognition of endogenous and exogenous peptides. It is presumed, although not yet proven, that T cells capable of reacting to self-MHC molecules are deleted from the repertoire during intra-thymic differentiation. In contrast, T cells recognizing allogeneic MHC molecules and/or peptides derived from their processing are expected to be present, at a relatively high frequency, in the peripheral repertoire.
An Examination of State-Level Personality Variation and Physician Aid in Dying Legislation.

Abstract Context Physician aid in dying is a controversial topic in the U.S., and legislation exists in some states. Personality traits are associated with preferences for end-of-life care and also tend to cluster systematically across states and other geographic regions. Such clustering of personality traits could relate to legislation including physician aid in dying. Objective To determine whether average levels of personality traits in each U.S. state differ between states with and without physician aid in dying legislation. Methods This secondary analysis of national surveys included data on state demographics, political leanings, and state-level averages of Five-Factor Model personality traits. Wilcoxon tests and logistic regression tests were used to assess whether state-level averages in personality traits differed across states with and without physician aid in dying legislation. Results States with physician aid in dying legislation had significantly higher average levels of the trait of openness and significantly lower average levels of the trait of neuroticism. The association with openness was no longer significant after accounting for state conservative advantage. Conclusion The social dialogue and potential controversy surrounding physician aid in dying may be linked to aggregate differences in state personality profiles. States with physician aid in dying legislation tend to be areas where constituents are on average more open minded and experience greater emotional stability. More work is needed to ascertain whether the experiences of receiving and providing end-of-life care may differ across these regions, particularly in relation to conversations around physician aid in dying.
Generation and intermolecular trapping of a cage-annulated cycloalkylidenecarbene

Base-promoted reaction of 11-methylenepentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05, 9]undecan-8-one (5) with diethyl diazomethylphosphonate when performed in the presence of excess cyclohexene, resulted in the formation of the corresponding cycloalkylidenecarbene, 6, which subsequently was trapped in situ to afford 8-methylene-11-(7′-bicyclo[4.1.0]heptylidene)pentacyclo-[5.4.0.02, 6.03, 10.05, 9]undecane (7, obtained in 44% yield as a mixture of exo, endo isomers). Subsequent reaction of 7 with dichlorocarbene (generated under phase transfer catalytic conditions) produced the corresponding mono- and di-:CCl2 adducts [i.e., 8 (64% yield) and 9 (5% yield), respectively]. The structure of 9 was established unequivocally via application of single crystal X-ray analysis: Triclinic, P1¯, a = 6.276(2), b = 8.700(2), c = 18.550(3) A, α = 76.52(3), β = 87.59(3), γ = 70.88(4)° Z = 2; D calc 1.486 g cm−3.
Operator situation awareness and physiological states during offshore well control scenarios

Abstract Incident reviews of oil spill events (both large and small) suggest that human error is a contributor to 50% of well control incidents (primarily kicks). The purpose of this study was to examine operator situation awareness (SA) and associated physiological load, using heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV), during different simulated offshore well control scenarios (drilling and tripping) and criticality levels (failure presented or not). Ten trained participants completed four scenarios (tripping non-failure, tripping failure, drilling non-failure, and drilling-failure) in an experimental session, lasting ∼6 h. Measures were obtained for each scenario, including speed and accuracy of the task performance, composite scores obtained from the Situational Awareness Rating Technique (SART), and operator heart rate and heart rate variability measures. Greater errors were found in kick-related failure events, and drilling scenarios were associated with longer reaction times. Participants perceived lower SA levels during drilling scenarios, and the was observed for lowest SA during drilling failure scenarios. Finally, while physiological responses did not differ significantly for any of the four scenarios, elevated heart rate was observed with drilling and failure-related scenarios. High variability in participant covert and overt responses may increase the challenges associated with classifying high-risk well control scenarios. It is critical that scenario planners understand and recognize the variability in driller situation awareness and associated physiological load when planning for alternative future scenarios.
Investigations into best cost battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for a utility scale PV array

Abstract In this paper, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS), combining a battery and a supercapacitor (SC), is studied for dispatching solar power at one hour increments for an entire day for 1 MW grid connected photovoltaic (PV) arrays. HESS relies on PV for charging and not the grid, and hence is immune to fluctuating electricity prices. The battery and SC are intended to supply predetermined constant power, but not to provide ancillary services for the grid operation. To develop a cost-effective energy storage system, a low pass filter (LPF) is used to allocate the power between a battery and a SC. The best cost of the energy storage is calculated based on the time constant of the LPF through extensive simulations. Several rule-based algorithms based on the battery state of charge (SOC) are developed to estimate the grid reference power for each one-hour dispatching period. An economic comparison of using different kinds of the algorithms for estimating the grid reference power are also presented in this study. The objective is to better understand the annual energy storage cost for hourly dispatching solar power. The actual solar data of four different days as a representative of each season recorded at Oak Ridge National Laboratory are used in the simulations. The relationship between the actual PV cell temperature and the ambient temperature in power output calculations are also considered and their effects on energy storage price calculations are presented in this paper.
Tenosynovial fluid as an indication of early posterior tibial tendon dysfunction in patients with normal tendon appearance

Our primary aim was to quantify the posterior tibial tendon (PTT) sheath fluid volume in individuals with the clinical diagnosis of stage 1 posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) and no MRI-detectable intra-substance tendon pathology and compare them with patients with other causes of medial ankle pain, also without MRI-detectable intra-substance PTT pathology and with normal controls. We also wanted to determine if there is a fluid measurement that correlates with the clinical diagnosis of PTTD. A total of 326 individuals with medial ankle pain and no intra-substance PTT pathology were studied. Group 1 included 48 patients with a clinical diagnosis of stage 1 PTT dysfunction, group 2 comprised 278 patients with other causes of medial ankle pain, and a third control group consisted of 56 patients without any medial ankle pain. MRI-based geometric measurements included PTT fluid volume, maximum cross-sectional fluid area, and fluid width. Fluid measurements were compared between groups and measurement reliability was tested. Group 1 showed greater PTT fluid volume, area, and width compared with groups 2 (other causes of medial ankle pain) and 3 (asymptomatic controls) (all p values < 0.001). A 9-mm threshold maximum fluid width was associated with PTTD (sensitivity 84%, specificity 85%). Measurements were reliable (all p values < 0.03) among three observers blinded to the gold standard. Patients with stage 1 PTT dysfunction displayed greater volumes of tendon-sheath fluid than those with other causes of medial ankle pain and compared with asymptomatic controls. A threshold maximum fluid width greater than or equal to 9 mm distinguishes those with PTTD. An association between tendon sheath fluid distension and the clinical diagnosis of stage 1 posterior tibial tendon disease in the setting of no MRI-detectable intra-substance tendon pathology may allow for differentiation of medial ankle pain from other sources and may allow for early intervention aimed at preventing progressive PTTD. The level of evidence was prognostic (level III).
A Nondestructive Method of Evaluating Adhesive Bond Strength in Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Assemblies

An instrument for testing of adhesive bond strength on plastic components, assembled by lap joint glueing, is described. Composite materials bonded joints may be thus inspected by a probe with screen readouts. Quantitative evaluation for shear strength can be accomplished by a simple inspection procedure. 6 refs.