cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 732: The impact of aerobic exercise on the tumor microenvironment

Intratumoral hypoxia (pO2 The goal of the present investigations was to determine whether aerobic exercise could be applied to improve tumor perfusion, oxygenation and the immune anti-tumor response in breast cancer and fibrosarcoma models. Such modulation of the tumor physiology and host environment would be expected to lead to enhanced antitumor efficacy when combined with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. The effects of mild and moderate intensity treadmill running were studied in mice bearing syngeneic murine mammary carcinomas (4T1 and EMT6) or fibrosarcomas (KHT). The exercise intensities were determined by measuring the anaerobic threshold, which was assessed by measuring the steady rise in blood lactate during an exercise bout. Mice were orthotopically injected with tumor cells and exercise commenced when tumors reached a size of ∼500 mm3 (single) or ∼200 mm3 (repeated bouts). Once size was attained, mice were exposed to either mild (12 m/min) or moderate (18 m/min) intensity exercise. Controls for each treatment consisted of sedentary mice exposed to a stationary treadmill for the equivalent amount of time. At the end of the exercise period tumors were analyzed by histology to assess for physiological changes. Specifically, blood was collected and tumors were harvested, sectioned and evaluated by immunofluorescence. The detection of open blood vessels (Hoechst-33342) was used as an indirect indicator of perfusion and while the hypoxia marker (EF5) was used to determine the level of tumor hypoxia. Both markers were quantified using a Chalkley counter and ImageJ NIH software. In addition, the evaluation of tumor infiltrating immune cells after exercise compared to rest is under active investigation by histological analysis. Furthermore, plasma samples from exercised mice are being tested for immune related cytokines, chemokines and growth factors and compared to those from sedentary controls. Results to date indicate no difference in tumor growth rate between sedentary and exercising mice. Mild daily bouts of aerobic exercise do not affect the total number of tumor blood vessels but do increase the number of blood vessels that are actively perfused. These findings suggest that exercise may have potential utility in overcoming the aberrant microenvironmental conditions associated in solid tumors with therapeutic resistance. Citation Format: Jennifer M. Wiggins, Jennifer Lee, Lori Rice, Sharon Lepler, Christine Pampo, Dietmar Siemann. The impact of aerobic exercise on the tumor microenvironment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 732.
Willingness to Pay for a Newborn Screening Test for Spinal Muscular Atrophy.

Abstract Objectives The current US mandatory newborn screening panel does not include spinal muscular atrophy, the most common fatal genetic disease among children. We assessed population preferences for newborn screening for spinal muscular atrophy, and how test preferences varied depending on immediate treatment implications. Methods We conducted an online willingness-to-pay survey of US adults (n = 982). Respondents were asked to imagine being parents of a newborn. Each respondent was presented with two hypothetical scenarios following the spinal muscular atrophy screening test: current standard of care (no treatment available) and one of three randomly assigned scenarios (new treatment available to improve functioning, survival, or both). We used a bidding game to elicit willingness to pay for the spinal muscular atrophy test, and performed a two-part model to estimate median and mean willingness-to-pay values. Results Most respondents (79% to 87%) would prefer screening their newborns for spinal muscular atrophy. People expressed a willingness to pay for spinal muscular atrophy screening even without an available therapy (median: $142; mean: $253). Willingness to pay increased with treatment availability (median: $161 to $182; mean: $270 to $297) and respondent income. Most respondents considered test accuracy, treatment availability, and treatment effectiveness very important or important factors in deciding willingness to pay. Conclusions Most people would prefer and would be willing to pay for testing their newborn for spinal muscular atrophy, even in the absence of direct treatment. People perceive the spinal muscular atrophy test more valuable if treatment were available to improve the newborn's functioning and survival. Despite preferences for the test information, adding spinal muscular atrophy to newborn screening programs remains controversial. Future studies are needed to determine how early detection may impact long-term patient outcomes.
Effects of high count rate and gain shift on isotope identification algorithms

Spectroscopic gamma-ray detectors are used for many research applications as well as Homeland Security screening applications. Sodium Iodide (Nal) scintillator crystals coupled with photomultiplier tubes provide medium-resolution spectral data about the surrounding environment. Nal-based detectors, paired with spectral identification algorithms, are often effective in identifying sources of interest by isotope. However, intrinsic limitations exist for Nal systems because of gain shifts and spectral marring (e.g., loss of resolution and count-rate saturation) at high count rates. These effects are hardware dependent and have strong effects on the radioisotopic identification capability of these systems. In this work, the effects of high count rate on the response of isotope-identification algorithms are explored. It is shown that a small gain shift of a few tens of keV is sufficient to disturb identification. The onset of this and other spectral effects is estimated for Nal crystals, and a mechanism for mitigating these effects by estimating and correcting for them is implemented and evaluated.
Detection and resolving jamming in RFID wireless network using Gauss Elimination method

Wireless networking plays a most important role to improve the human living standard by providing continuous connectivity and service by using networking devices. In today's world, technology makes more and more convenient life for everyone. Radio Frequency Identification Technology (RFID), which has been growing exponentially in many different industries, inventory tracking and security service such as electronic passport and credit card. However, Radio Frequency Identification has some issues regarding security and privacy. This paper is based on Jamming issue, how to detect Jamming and how to solve this problem using Gauss Elimination method. We came up with algorithm to identify the different types of jamming attacks occur in the wireless communication system.
Genetic Mechanisms Leading to Sex Differences Across Common Diseases and Anthropometric Traits.

Common diseases often show sex differences in prevalence, onset, symptomology, treatment, or prognosis. Although studies have been performed to evaluate sex differences at specific SNP associations, this work aims to comprehensively survey a number of complex heritable diseases and anthropometric traits. Potential genetically encoded sex differences we investigated include differential genetic liability thresholds or distributions, gene–sex interaction at autosomal loci, major contribution of the X-chromosome, or gene–environment interactions reflected in genes responsive to androgens or estrogens. Finally, we tested the overlap between sex-differential association with anthropometric traits and disease risk. We utilized complementary approaches of assessing GWAS association enrichment and SNP-based heritability estimation to explore explicit sex differences, as well as enrichment in sex-implicated functional categories. We do not find consistent increased genetic load in the lower-prevalence sex, or a disproportionate role for the X-chromosome in disease risk, despite sex-heterogeneity on the X for several traits. We find that all anthropometric traits show less than complete correlation between the genetic contribution to males and females, and find a convincing example of autosome-wide genome-sex interaction in multiple sclerosis ( P = 1 × 10 −9 ). We also find some evidence for hormone-responsive gene enrichment, and striking evidence of the contribution of sex-differential anthropometric associations to common disease risk, implying that general mechanisms of sexual dimorphism determining secondary sex characteristics have shared effects on disease risk.
Dietary Inflammatory Index and Risk of Colorectal Adenoma Recurrence: A Pooled Analysis

No studies have evaluated the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and colorectal adenoma recurrence. DII scores were calculated from a baseline food frequency questionnaire. Participants (n = 1727) were 40-80 years of age, enrolled in two Phase III clinical trials, who had ≥1 colorectal adenoma(s) removed within 6 months of study registration, and a follow-up colonoscopy during the trial. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). No statistically significant associations were found between DII and odds of colorectal adenoma recurrence [ORs (95% CIs) = 0.93 (0.73, 1.18) and 0.95 (0.73, 1.22)] for subjects in the second and third DII tertiles, respectively, compared to those in the lowest tertile (Ptrend = 0.72). No associations were found for recurrent colorectal adenoma characteristics, including advanced recurrent adenomas, large size, villous histology, or anatomic location. While our study did not support an association between a proinflammatory diet and colorectal adenoma recurrence, future studies are warranted to elucidate the role of a proinflammatory diet on the early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis.
Project management for information professionals: edited by Margot Note, Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Chandos, 2016, 234 pp., $78.95, ISBN 978-0081001271

For information professionals working in libraries, archives, and museums who need a crash course in project management, Margot Note's friendly discussion will ease them into it. Having led and par...
Robust automated constellation-based landmark detection in human brain imaging

A robust fully automated algorithm for identifying an arbitrary number of landmark points in the human brain is described and validated. The proposed method combines statistical shape models with trained brain morphometric measures to estimate midbrain landmark positions reliably and accurately. Gross morphometric constraints provided by automatically identified eye centers and the center of the head mass are shown to provide robust initialization in the presence of large rotations in the initial head orientation. Detection of primary midbrain landmarks are used as the foundation from which extended detection of an arbitrary set of secondary landmarks in different brain regions by applying a linear model estimation and principle component analysis. This estimation model sequentially uses the knowledge of each additional detected landmark as an improved foundation for improved prediction of the next landmark location. The accuracy and robustness of the presented method was evaluated by comparing the automatically generated results to two manual raters on 30 identified landmark points extracted from each of 30 T1-weighted magnetic resonance images. For the landmarks with unambiguous anatomical definitions, the average discrepancy between the algorithm results and each human observer differed by less than 1 mm from the average inter-observer variability when the algorithm was evaluated on imaging data collected from the same site as the model building data. Similar results were obtained when the same model was applied to a set of heterogeneous image volumes from seven different collection sites representing 3 scanner manufacturers. This method is reliable for general application in large-scale multi-site studies that consist of a variety of imaging data with different orientations, spacings, origins, and field strengths.
Application of membrane contactors to remove hydrogen sulfide from sour water

Abstract Wastewater containing hydrogen sulfide (H2S), also known as sour water, is a byproduct stream generated during oil & gas (O&G) production. Because H2S is both toxic and corrosive, treatment to remove it is generally practiced, either by chemical treatment or stripping. Within the O&G industry, sour water strippers are generally used, especially when there is a need for recycle/reuse or for safe handling. However, those treatment processes have limitations in terms of chemical consumption or high capital cost (due to expensive materials of construction). Commercially available membrane contactors are a potential alternative technology for sour water treatment with advantages such as low capital cost, modular & compact design and thus, portability. The hydrophobic character of the membrane allows H2S gas from the sour water to permeate through, while preventing the passage of water. When applied in this novel approach, the H2S passing through the membrane dissolves into a receiving solution containing a chemical, e.g. amines or sodium hydroxide, which immediately converts the H2S to a non-hazardous form thereby maximizing the concentration gradient across the membrane. Process performance has been evaluated by coupling experimental data with mass transfer equations, using the overall mass transfer coefficient as the process performance indicator. Experiments showed a mass transfer coefficient of 0.243 cm/min for both gas field sour process water and synthetic solutions, indicating no immediate membrane fouling. This process could be implemented in gas processing facilities or refineries with an amine regeneration unit as a side stream of the amine could be used as the receiving solution. It also has potential as a “fit-for-purpose” solution for groundwater treatment and other niche applications.
Perceptions of pharmacy faculty need for development in educational research.

Abstract Introduction Pharmacy educators have identified that pharmacy faculty need a better understanding of educational research to facilitate improvement of teaching, curricula, and related outcomes. However, the specific faculty development needs have not been assessed. The purpose of this study was to investigate self-reported confidence among clinical doctor of pharmacy faculty in skills essential for conducting educational research. Methods Faculty members with primary responsibilities in teaching at the University of Florida College of Pharmacy were invited to the take the Adapted Self-Efficacy in Research Measure (ASERM). Descriptive analysis and independent samples t-tests were used to compare the self-efficacy items by faculty rank, gender, and years of experience. Results Twenty-two of the 37 faculty members answered the 30-item survey that identified their self-efficacy in items and categories of skills, including writing skills, statistical skills, research design, research management and dissemination in education research. Senior faculty had significantly higher confidence than junior faculty on seven items. Participants who worked more than ten years had statistically higher confidence in preparing and submitting grant proposals to obtain funding for educational research. Skills where both junior and senior faculty had low confidence were related to using non-traditional methods such as qualitative methods and identifying funding resources for educational research. Discussion and conclusions Findings from the ASERM provided insights among pharmacy educators regarding self-efficacy related to skills needed for educational research, options for faculty development opportunities and actions for improving educational research knowledge and skills among them.
High levels of "complexed" interleukin-6 in human blood.

Abstract The biochemical nature of endogenous interleukin-6 (IL-6) as it exists in human serum or plasma was investigated. Serum from a patient following bone marrow (BM) transplantation and fresh plasma samples from patients with epidermolysis bullosa or psoriasis, as well as from normal volunteers, were fractionated through G-200 columns and each of the eluted fractions assayed for IL (interleukin)-6 content using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) based on the monoclonal antibody (mAb) pairs IG61/5IL6 or 4IL6/5IL6 and in the B9 hybridoma growth factor bioassay. The IG61/5IL6 ELISA and the B9 assay detected IL-6 in BM serum almost exclusively of molecular mass approximately 20 kDa. In contrast, the 4IL6/5IL6 ELISA detected strong IL-6 immunoreactivity in complexes of size 100-150 and 400-500 kDa. IL-6 present in the 100-150- and 400-500-kDa complexes was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography through a 5IL6 mAb column. The 5IL6 mAb immunoaffinity column eluate of the respective pools from BM serum contained IL-6 at concentrations approaching 1 microgram/ml as characterized by Western blotting. Sufficient IL-6 and associated proteins were purified by 5IL6 mAb immunoaffinity column chromatography of the 100-150-kDa complex from 0.8 ml of BM serum to allow (i) verification of three of the polypeptides as IL-6 by amino-terminal sequencing (estimate of IL-6 in original serum sample: 5-10 micrograms/ml), (ii) identification by amino acid sequencing of the "associated" proteins as complement factor C3b (carboxyl-terminal of the alpha-chain), complement factor C4b (gamma-chain), C-reactive protein, and albumin, and (iii) detection of an "associated" polypeptide consistent with the soluble IL-6 receptor. Taken together, these data establish that IL-6 is present at unexpectedly high concentrations in human blood in novel biochemical complexes that include other plasma proteins, which in turn, can camouflage IL-6 immunoreactivity and bioactivity as measured in conventional assays.
Infant Gut Microbiota: Developmental Influences and Health Outcomes

Primates harbor diverse communities of gut bacteria that enhance host energy extraction, regulate metabolism and energy storage, protect against pathogens, and modulate immune responses. The Dynamic host-gut bacterial relationship begins at birth, when maternal and environmental bacteria colonize sterile infant GI Tracts. Host diet and exposure to environmental and pathogenic bacteria continue to influence gut microbial composition through infancy and beyond. During infancy, breast milk promotes the establishment and growth beneficial bacteria through both direct transmission and multiple biochemical and immunological factors. The development and integrity of gut microbial communities during infancy may have implications for primate developmental trajectories after weaning, particularly in relation to metabolic and immune functioning later in life
Effects of plant flavonoids on fecundity, survival, and feeding of the Formosan subterranean termite.

Fecundity, mortality, and food consumption of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, were evaluated in response to five plant flavonoids (genistein, biochanin A, apigenin, quercetin, and glyceollin). Apigenin fed at 50 μg/primary reproductive pair proved to be the most toxic flavonoid. Biochanin A was most effective in reducing fecundity. Subsequently, these two flavonoids were tested through oral feeding and topical application at 100-μg dose. Significant reduction in the numbers of progeny was evident for biochanin A in both treatment methods. Choice feeding tests with termite workers showed that initially termites were attracted to filter paper treated with biochanin A, but over a period of 72 hr, consumed significantly less material when compared to controls. Biochanin A is a promising phytochemical with ability to reduce fecundity in primary reproductives of the Formosan subterranean termite, but it does not elicit phagostimulant activity.
The Role of Small t Antigen in SV40 Oncogenesis

Simian virus 40 (SV 40) is an oncogenic papovavirus capable of inducing tumors in rodents and of transforming cells from many species in tissue culture (Topp, et al. 1981). Due to the small size of its genome, about 5000 bp, SV40 has been extensively studied as a model for understanding mechanism of viral oncogenesis in rodents.
Evolution of the HIV-1 RRE during natural infection reveals nucleotide changes that correlate with altered structure and increased activity over time

ABSTRACT Abstract The HIV-1 Rev Response Element (RRE) is a cis-acting RNA element characterized by multiple stem-loops. Binding and multimerization of the HIV Rev protein on the RRE promotes nucleocytoplasmic export of incompletely spliced mRNAs, an essential step in HIV replication. Most of our understanding of the Rev-RRE regulatory axis comes from studies of lab-adapted HIV clones. However, in human infection, HIV evolves rapidly and mechanistic studies of naturally occurring Rev and RRE sequences are essential to understanding this system. We previously described the functional activity of two RREs found in circulating viruses in a patient followed during the course of HIV infection. The “early” RRE was less functionally active than the “late” RRE despite differing in sequence by only four nucleotides. In this study, we describe the sequence, function, and structural evolution of circulating RREs in this patient using plasma samples collected over six years of untreated infection. RRE sequence diversity varied over the course of infection with evidence of selection pressure that led to sequence convergence as disease progressed. An increase in RRE functional activity was observed over time, and a key mutation was identified that correlates with a major conformational change in the RRE and increased functional activity. Additional mutations were found that may have contributed to increased activity as a result of greater Shannon entropy in RRE stem-loop II, which is key to primary Rev binding. Importance HIV-1 replication requires interaction of the viral Rev protein with a cis-acting regulatory RNA, the Rev Response Element (RRE), whose sequence changes over time during infection within a single host. In this study, we show that the RRE is subject to selection pressure and that RREs from later time points in infection tend to have higher functional activity. Differences in RRE functional activity are attributable to specific changes in RNA structure. Our results suggest that RRE evolution during infection may be important for HIV pathogenesis and that efforts to develop therapies acting on this viral pathway should take this into account.
Examining customer perceptions of restaurant restroom cleanliness and their impact on satisfaction and intent to return

Competition in the Canadian restaurant industry is unyielding. Restaurant cleanliness is one of the most important aspects when a customer evaluates restaurant quality and return intention. In part...
When Disability Is a 'Nuisance': How Chronic Nuisance Ordinances Push Residents with Disabilities Out of Their Homes

Over the last fifteen years, municipalities across the United States have enacted chronic nuisance ordinances (CNOs), presenting a growing but under- examined threat to fair housing for people with disabilities. CNOs are local ordinances, usually at the city or county level, that label a broad array of conduct “nuisance behavior.” Definitions of nuisance behavior vary by ordinance, but often include any alleged criminal conduct occurring on or near the property or what the city deems an “excessive” number of 911 calls. A home can be labeled a “nuisance” when a threshold number of nuisance incidents occur or a certain number of 911 calls are made involving the property. When a property is deemed a nuisance, municipalities encourage—and, in some cases, even require—landlords to “abate the nuisance” by evicting tenants in the name of keeping properties orderly and safe. Civil rights advocates have examined how local governments disproportionately enforce these ordinances against victims of domestic violence and people of color. But insufficient attention has been paid to their impact on another protected class: people with disabilities. Individuals with disabilities often require emergency services, such as suicide hotlines, to get assistance with medical issues that result from their disability. CNOs thus force people with physical or mental disabilities to make an impossible choice between calling 911 and risking eviction or foregoing medical assistance in a crisis. Using case studies gathered through open records requests, the authors will demonstrate how the use of CNOs in countless municipalities violates the Fair Housing Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act, and the Constitution. CNO enforcement penalizes people with disabilities, by targeting behavior related to their disability, including calls for help during medical emergencies, and by targeting group homes for enforcement. CNOs thus force people with disabilities out of their homes and onto the streets—in direct violation of civil rights law.
Assessment of approaches to obtain ebullition pressures for organophilic clay blankets

The objective of this study is to compare two experimental approaches to characterize the ebullition pressure (or air-entry suction) of initially water-saturated organophilic clay blankets. The fir...
Foster Care for Children with Medical Complexity: Rarely a Short-term Solution*

Purpose: The AAP classifies children in foster care (FC) as having special health care needs, due to their high prevalence of health problems and unmet health concerns. For children in FC with medical complexity, the combination of medical and social risk factors makes them particularly vulnerable. However, little is known about this group. The objectives of this study were to: 1) describe the demographic characteristics of children in FC with varying levels of medical complexity; and 2) determine whether increasing levels of medical complexity were associated with different FC placement characteristics in …
Nationalism and Expressive Forms

Nationalism is a complex, often problematic concept for social scientists. But among existing definitions of the term, one finds three critical areas of agreement. First, the rise of nationalism is historically specific. Nationalism emerged in the late eighteenth century, appearing first in Europe, then in North and South America. In the twentieth century, nationalism spread to many Asian countries and to the new independent nations of Africa. Second, nationalism exemplifies an ideological movement, promoting the autonomy, unity, and sovereignty of those gathered in a single territory. A nation's citizens are believed to be joined not by ethnicity, but by a single public culture and a set of shared political goals. Finally, nationalism evokes a strong collective sentiment. While ruling elites may sow the first seeds of this fervor, it is argued that all citizens come to experience a shared collective identity and to embrace a common national purpose. The third element of nationalism, a strong collective sentiment, provides the focus for this article. This article explores the most powerful expressions of nationalistic sentiment—a nation's symbols. It highlights the ways in which national symbols bring nationalism alive.
The Expression of Emotion by the Blind

This is the first half of a two-part article on the expression of emotion. The second half will appear in next month's issue.
Sociological consciousness: a concept analysis and implications for occupational therapy

This article explores sociological consciousness, a framework of thought proposed by Peter Berger, and its potential value for occupational therapy. This article explores how Berger’s four motifs (debunking, unrespectable, relativization, and cosmopolitan) of sociological consciousness can be taught as a process to help occupational therapists frame their thinking when approaching various clients and situations. The current study answers three questions: “What is sociological consciousness?”, “Is sociological consciousness valuable?”, and “Is sociological consciousness applicable to occupational therapy?” Wilson’s method of concept analysis is used to understand this topic and its practical applications to occupational therapy. Using the Wilson method of analysis to break down the components of this concept, compare it to similar and contrary cases, and explore its social context, the findings suggest that sociological consciousness is relevant to occupational therapy and warrants inclusion in practice, research, curriculum, and continuing education. Sociological consciousness adds depth to clinical reasoning and promotes critical thinking and reflection on implicit biases which may negatively influence therapeutic interactions with clients.
Multi-ligament reconstructions as a risk factor for adverse outcomes in arthroscopic surgery

Multi-ligament knee injuries are a serious consequence of knee dislocation with a poorly evaluated post-operative complication profile due to low incidence. The aim of this study is to assess the risk of adverse post-operative events associated with operative management of multi-ligament knee injuries. The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database was used to identify patients undergoing surgical procedures for multi-ligament knee injuries from 2006 to 2016 using Current Procedural Terminology codes. We evaluated data on patient demographics and used a propensity score algorithm to adjust for baseline differences in these patients and developed univariate and multivariate logistic regression models to assess effects on minor and severe 30-day post-operative complications. We identified 444 patients in this database who underwent multi-ligament knee reconstructions between 2006 and 2016. After propensity matching, minor and major adverse post-operative events were more frequent in patients with multi-ligament knee injuries (1.4% vs 0.2%, p < 0.001 and 2.7% vs 1.1%, p = 0.002, respectively). Patients with multi-ligament knee injuries experienced a 55-fold increase risk of need for transfusion (p < 0.001) and a fivefold increased risk of pulmonary embolism (p = 0.025), with most occurring in bicruciate reconstructions (Schenck Classification KD-III and KD-IV injuries). The surgical management of multi-ligament knee injuries confers significant increased risk of 30-day post-operative minor or severe adverse event over arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. These patients are most at risk for post-operative blood transfusion requirement, and pulmonary embolism, with patient’s undergoing surgery for bicruciate ligament injuries at particularly high risk of complication. IV.
Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s Copyright Jurisprudence

When Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg died on September 18, 2020, the world lost a trailblazer for gender equality, a pop culture icon, a feisty liberal luminary who fought on behalf of the disenfranchised in the areas of civil rights and social justice, and an inspiration to millions of people. She will long be remembered for the social changes she helped effectuate as an advocate, scholar, and jurist. Her amazing civil rights legacy overshadows other areas where Justice Ginsburg’s contributions have been substantial. This article discusses one of the most interesting: copyright law. During her time as a jurist on the Supreme Court and D.C. Circuit, she authored sixteen opinions in copyright cases and joined her colleagues’ opinions in eleven others. But unlike her gender equality and social justice opinions, in which she predictably sided with rock-slinging Davids, Justice Ginsburg tended to favor Goliath content owners in copyright cases. This article offers possible explanations for why this was so, by holistically evaluating Justice Ginsburg’s copyright writings. It identifies several themes running through her copyright opinions: incrementalism, intergovernmental deference, a preference for alternative mechanisms for relief, and stoicism, and juxtaposes her copyright jurisprudence with her approaches to gender equality and reproductive rights.
‘We Need Diverse E-Books:’ Availability of Award-Winning Children’s and Young Adult Titles in Today’s E-Book Platforms

The COVID-19 pandemic has made librarians responsible for children’s book collections in academic libraries acutely aware of the need to acquire children’s and young adult materials in electronic f...
A cortical thinning signature to identify World Trade Center responders with possible dementia

Abstract Introduction World Trade Center (WTC) responders have a high risk of early-onset cognitive impairment (CI), but little is known about the etiology including the extent to which CI in WTC responders is accompanied by cortical atrophy as is common in progressive diseases causing age-related CI such as Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. In the current study, we entrained an artificial neural network (ANN) to determine the accuracy of cortical thickness (CTX) on magnetic resonance imaging to identify World Trade Center responders at midlife (aged 44–65 years) with possible dementia. Methods A total of 119 WTC responders (57 with CI and 62 with intact cognition) underwent a structural MRI scanning protocol including T1-weighted MPRAGE as part of two imaging studies. The discovery study was divided into training and validation samples, while a second replication sample was used. An ANN was trained using regional CTX measured across 34 unilateral regions of interest (ROIs) using Freesurfer software and ‘Desikan-Killiany’ brain atlas. The discovery sample was used for model development, and the replication sample was used to evaluate predictive accuracy. Results In the WTC responder cohort, the ANN algorithm showed high discrimination performance for CI. The ANN model using regional CTX data from both hemispheres achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.96 95% C.I. ​= ​[0.91–1.00] (Accuracy ​= ​96.0%, Precision ​= ​97.8%, Recall ​= ​95.8%, Sensitivity ​= ​95.8%, Specificity ​= ​98.0%, F1 ​= ​96.8%) for the discovery sample and AUC ​= ​0.90 [0.70–1.00] (Accuracy ​= ​90.0%, Precision ​= ​90.0%, Sensitivity ​= ​90.0%, Specificity ​= ​90.0%, F1 ​= ​90.0%) in the replication sample. Conclusion Analysis of bilateral regional CTX data derived from T1-weighted MPRAGE images by ANN analysis demonstrated excellent accuracy in distinguishing WTC responders with early-onset CI.
Coupled Spin-Orbit Interactions in Flying Qubit Architectures

Vertical spin-orbit coupling to produce quantum entanglement between electrons confined in quantum dots is investigated for a split-gate double layer heterostructure design. The quantum dots in each active layer may result from quantum point contact fabrication or be generated dynamically using a surface acoustic wave flying qubit approach. Optimization of spin-spin coupling versus all other couplings can set up competing requirements for heterostructure and device fabrication choices. In the present work, a series of active layers: indium antimonide, indium arsenide, indium gallium arsenide, and gallium arsenide, and device architectures is investigated. We find that device architectures that support spin entanglement are within achievable fabrication ranges for the active layer materials investigated.
Extensor tendon traumatic gap reconstruction

Repair of extensor tendon defects or gap injuries often require complicated surgical techniques. Unlike flexor tendons, which have good excursion that can help mobilize the flexor tendon allowing for repair of up to 1 cm gaps, extensor tendons only have 1-2 mm of excursion, especially in Verdan’s extensor Zones 1 to 5. Furthermore, a 1-mm tendon gap in Zones 1 to 5 may cause 20 degrees extension loss or shortening of the extensor tendon, and a gap even as small as 1 mm may cause decreased finger flexion. Due to such significant potential damage and loss of function caused by extensor tendon defect injuries, especially in Zones 1-5, solutions most often require some type of reconstruction techniques.
Active learning of introductory optics: real-time physics labs, interactive lecture demonstrations and magic

Ref ETOP085Active Learning of Introductory Optics: RealTime Physics Labs, Interactive LectureDemonstrations and MagicDavid R. SokoloffDepartment of Physics, 1274 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1274 USAsokoloff@darkwing.uoregon.eduAbstractWidespread physics education research has shown that most introductory physicsstudents have difficulty learning essential optics concepts ! even in the best oftraditional courses, and that well-designed active learning approaches can remedythis problem. This mini-workshop and the associated poster session will provide direct"#$"%&"'(")*&+,)-"+,./0)1.%)$%.-.+&'2)0+3/"'+04)5(+&6")&'6.76"-"'+)&')+,")7"5% ningprocess in lecture and laboratory. Participants will have hands-on experience withactivities from RealTime Physics labs and Interactive Lecture Demonstrations ! alearning strategy for large (and small) lectures, including specially designed OpticsMagic Tricks . The poster will provide more details on these highly effective curricula.KeywordsIntroductory physics, active learning, introductory optics, introductory laboratory,lecture demonstrations, activity based physics, image formationSummary
Atomic Physics with Intense, Subpicosecond Half-Cycle Pulses

An intense laser system is a necessary prerequisite for experimental investigation of super-intense laser/atom physics. The highest laser intensities are realized by producing a large amount of laser energy in a short pulse. The amount of energy which can be produced by a laser system is limited by its physical size. However, the length of the laser pulse has only one physical constraint: the duration of the pulse cannot be significantly shorter than a single “optical-cycle”. This limit has yet to be realized for visible radiation, where the shortest pulses used in intense laser systems are at least tens of cycles long.
The Immune System

This chapter will present an outline of the structure and functions of the immune system. The approach will differ somewhat from others, as it will not be an exhaustive treatise on the immune system. Our knowledge of the immune system, although far from complete, is already so detailed that such a treatise would be inappropriate (and beyond the capability of this author). Besides, there are excellent comprehensive textbooks that serve this purpose well.1–6 Instead, this chapter will present an overview of the immune system, emphasizing those facts and concepts that will be useful in understanding the material in this book.
Increase of tryptophan hydroxylase enzyme protein by dexamethasone in adrenalectomized rat midbrain

Using two specific anti-peptide antibodies (WH-66 and WH-412) against tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH or WH), a single principle band from the midbrain raphe area was seen (approximately 49 kDa) in immunoblots. Densitometric comparison of the immunoreactivity of the 49 kDa band was greater (50–75%) in immunoblots of midbrain raphe samples from adrenalectomized (ADX) rats given dexamethasone (DEX) in their drinking water (10 mg/liter) for 12–96 hr. No difference from ADX brains was seen in the 49 kDa band after only 4 hr of exposure to DEX in the drinking water. Immunocytochemical staining with WH-66 of sections from rat brainstem showed specific cellular staining in all of the serotonergic raphe nuclei but not in substantia nigra or locus coeruleus. More cellular staining of WH-66-immunoreactive (WH-66-IR) cells was observed in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei in ADX rats given DEX for 72 hr, especially in the perikarya and in the primary dendrites. Quantification of staining per cell soma with an automatic image analyzer indicates that amount of WH-66-IR in neurons from both the lateral wing subdivision of the dorsal raphe nucleus and in the supralemniscal nucleus, B-9, was 80% higher in the ADX+DEX compared to ADX animals. Interestingly, morphometric analysis of these same cells showed a corresponding increase of 37–80% in somal area. It is suggested that a part of the increase in TPH/WH staining may be a consequence of cellular hypertrophy due to DEX treatment of the ADX rats.
Sporulation of Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum.

Good sporulation was induced in batch culture using carbon sources that have in common the effect of reducing growth rate.
1‐Chloro‐2‐iodoethane

[624-70-4] C2H4ClI (MW 190.42) InChI = 1S/C2H4ClI/c3-1-2-4/h1-2H2 InChIKey = JTWWWQGSFTWWDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N (iodinating reagent for organometallic compounds1, 2 and carbanions;3 alkylating agent4) Alternate Names: ethylene iodochloride; ethylene chloroiodide. Physical Data: bp 38–40 °C/18 mmHg, 55–57 °C/37 mmHg, 140 °C/760 mmHg;5 nd25 1.5636; d 2.12 g cm−3. Solubility: sol all common organic solvents; insol H2O. Analysis of Reagent Purity: VPC Rt 5.1 min (relative to air) on a 2 m × 6 mm 20% diethylene glycol succinate column at 125 °C;6 NMR δ 3.7–3.4 (m, A2B2, CH2I), δ 3.6–3.2 (m, A2B2, CH2Cl).6 Preparative Methods: prepared in 76% yield by bubbling Ethylene gas into a CH2Cl2 solution of freshly redistilled Iodine Monochloride maintained at 30 °C by ice-cooling until the temperature begins to fall.7 Other methods of preparation include reaction of ethylene, Copper(II) Chloride, and Iodine at 75–85 °C in a pressure reactor;6 reaction of excess 1,2-dichloroethane with Sodium Iodide in acetone8 or with Aluminum Iodide in CS2;9 and by reaction of 2-iodoethanol with Thionyl Chloride.10 Purification: material that is exposed to light and air develops a slight rose-colored tint due to the formation of I2. It is usually suitable for use unless the color is very pronounced. The compound is purified by washing with aq thiosulfate and redistillation at reduced pressure.7 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: 1-chloro-2-iodoethane is a dialkylating agent and should be used only in an effective fume hood. Avoid inhalation of the vapor and contact of the liquid with the skin. The compound is light sensitive and should be stored refrigerated in the dark.
Effects of alcohol on thermoregulation in aged monkeys.

Abstract Ethanol ingestion has been implicated in accidental hypothermia of the elderly, but there is no prior data on the relative sensitivity to alcohol of aged homeotherms that might account for disproportionate dysthermia in this age group. To assess their sensitivity, ethanol (0.5–2.0 g/kg) or H 2 O was given by gavage to squirrel monkeys less than 4 yrs old, 4–9 yrs of age and over 9 yrs old. Dose-related decreases in body temperature occurred in all three groups in a 25.5°C environment, with the greatest decreases in the oldest animals. In an 18.5°C environment the hypothermias caused by 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg ethanol were greatly augmented in old monkeys and in some cases their temperatures fell to potentially life-threatening levels. In a 30.5°C environment, 1.0 g/kg ethanol given to monkeys caused approximately equal temperature reductions in the three groups. When determined after 1.0 g/kg ethanol, peripheral vasomotor tone increased significantly in animals of each group in all three environments. Decreases in rectal temperature were associated with parallel decreases in oxygen consumption. These results indicate that: 1) aging is associated with an increased sensitivity to the hypothermic action of ethanol in thermoneutral and cold environments, 2) ethanol in the doses tested inhibits heat production mechanisms without suppressing compensatory vasoconstriction in response to decreased body temperature.
Characterizing the Interactions between a Naturally Primed Immunoglobulin A and Its Conserved Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Species-specific Epitope in Gnotobiotic Mice

The adaptive immune response to the human gut microbiota consists of a complex repertoire of antibodies interacting with a broad range of taxa. Fusing intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes from mice monocolonized with Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron to a myeloma fusion partner allowed us to recover hybridomas that captured naturally primed, antigen-specific antibody responses representing multiple isotypes, including IgA. One of these hybridomas, 260.8, produced a monoclonal antibody that recognizes an epitope specific for B. thetaiotaomicron isolates in a large panel of hospital- and community-acquired Bacteroides. Whole genome transposon mutagenesis revealed a 19-gene locus, involved in LPS O-antigen polysaccharide synthesis and conserved among multiple B. thetaiotaomicron isolates, that is required for 260.8 epitope expression. Mutants in this locus exhibited marked fitness defects in vitro during growth in rich medium and in gnotobiotic mice colonized with defined communities of human gut symbionts. Expression of the 260.8 epitope was sustained during 10 months of daily passage in vitro and during 14 months of monocolonization of gnotobiotic wild-type, Rag1−/−, or Myd88−/− mice. Comparison of gnotobiotic Rag1−/− mice with and without subcutaneous 260.8 hybridomas disclosed that this IgA did not affect B. thetaiotaomicron population density or suppress 260.8 epitope production but did affect bacterial gene expression in ways emblematic of a diminished host innate immune response. Our study illustrates an approach for (i) generating diagnostic antibodies, (ii) characterizing IgA responses along a continuum of specificity/degeneracy that defines the IgA repertoire to gut symbionts, and (iii) identifying immunogenic epitopes that affect competitiveness and help maintain host-microbe mutualism.
Pattern-based clustering and attribute analysis

The logical analysis of data (LAD) is a combinatorics, optimization and logic based methodology for the analysis of datasets with binary or numerical input variables, and binary outcomes. It has been established in previous studies that LAD provides a competitive classification tool comparable in efficiency with the top classification techniques available. The goal of this paper is to show that the methodology of LAD can be useful in the discovery of new classes of observations and in the analysis of attributes. After a brief description of the main concepts of LAD, two efficient combinatorial algorithms are described for the generation of all prime, respectively all spanned, patterns (rules) satisfying certain conditions. It is shown that the application of classic clustering techniques to the set of observations represented in prime pattern space leads to the identification of a subclass of, say positive, observations, which is accurately recognizable, and is sharply distinct from the observations in the opposite, say negative, class. It is also shown that the set of all spanned patterns allows the introduction of a measure of significance and of a concept of monotonicity in the set of attributes.
Using electronic textbooks: promoting, placing and embedding

Purpose – The paper illustrates the experiences of both academic and support staff in the use of electronic books within a higher education setting. The case studies report upon practice at Edge Hill College of Higher Education, which has allowed for successful e‐book development strategies to be employed in teaching and learning within the college. The paper will deal particularly with e‐book marketing, implementation and evaluation strategies, as well as embedding e‐books into virtual learning environments (VLEs).Design/methodology/approach – The paper reports upon two significant chapters within e‐book development at the college. The first of these is an initial evaluative e‐book research project, from which strategy and policy were formulated. The second part of the paper introduces case studies in which the findings of the initial research impact upon the embedding of e‐books into teaching and learning and subsequently into the college's VLE.Findings – User evaluations provide qualitative analytic da...
New modes of insulin administration.

Excerpt To the editor: Dr. Rizza is to be congratulated on his editorial ( 1 ) presenting a thorough and balanced review of the evidence relating rigid control of blood sugar levels to the microvas...