cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Binding of Divalent Ions to the Phosphoglycoprotein Phosvitin

Studies of viscosity, optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism on the phosphoglycoprotein Phosvitin revealed that this protein in some of its properties resembles a polyelectrolyte (1,2). As pointed out previously, this is easily understood if one considers that fifty-four per cent of all amino acid residues of phosvitin are phosphorylated (3). At neutral pH, where two hydroxyls of each phosphate group are ionized, the net electronic charge corresponds to about one negative charge per amino acid residue. Furthermore, we have shown that the presence of monovalent ions has an effect on the optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism of phosvitin. Since in biological processes cations, especially divalent ions, play an important role in maintaining a well-defined conformation necessary for the catalytic activity of certain enzymes, the binding studies have been extended to divalent cations with the aid of equilibrium dialysis techniques. In addition, an investigation of the effect of ion binding on the conformational characteristics of this protein has been initiated using optical methods, i.e. optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism.
An Improved Expansion Process for Guyan Reduced Models: Technique for Improved Guyan Expansion Reconstruction (TIGER)

While many model reduction techniques exist, often times Guyan reduction is still performed mainly due to the fact that this is generally the only model reduction scheme available in all of the commercial finite element codes. As long as a sufficient number of active DOF are utilized, the Guyan reduction can produce reasonable results. However, there are errors due to the reduction and subsequent expansion of the reduced model back to the full space of the finite element model.
Information Asymmetry and Partner Selection in International Alliances

We extend prior research on intra-firm language barriers by investigating inter-firm language barriers in cross-border alliances. Integrating concepts from sociolinguistics and information economic...
The father's role in risk and resilience among Mexican-American adolescents

Research suggests fathers are important to adolescent well-being, yet there is limited information regarding how fathering is associated with adolescent risk and resilience in Mexican American families. This cross-sectional study utilized a structural equation model to examine whether parent-child alienation mediated the relations between parental displays of warmth and hostility and the outcomes of adolescent resilience and delinquency in Mexican American families (N = 272). Results indicated that adolescent-perceived alienation from parents was a significant predictor of both resilience and delinquency. Additionally, alienation mediated the relations between father warmth and resilience and father warmth and delinquency, as well as the relations between mother hostility and adolescent outcomes. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Angle of linear polarization images of outdoor scenes

Observations from the Ground-based Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager (GroundMSPI) are used to relate angle of linear polarization (AoLP) measurements to material properties and illumination conditions in sunlit outdoor environments. GroundMSPI is a push-broom spectropolarimetric camera with an uncertainty in degree of linear polarization (DoLP) of ±0.005. This polarimetric accuracy yields useful AoLP images even when the DoLP is less than 0.02. AoLP images are reported with respect to dependency on surface texture, surface orientation, albedo, and illumination conditions. Agreement with well-known principles of polarized light scattering is illustrated, and several special cases are described. Expected observations of AoLP tangential to surface orientation and AoLP perpendicular to the scattering plane are reported. Significant changes in the AoLP are observed from common variations in outdoor illumination conditions. Also, simple variants in material properties change the dominant polarized light scattering process and thus the AoLP. Measurement examples that isolate a 90 deg AoLP flip are shown for a sunny and cloudy day as well as an object of high and low albedo.
Generating Functions for Uniform B-Splines

We derive a closed formula for the generating functions of the uniform B-splines. We begin by constructing a PDE for these generating functions starting from the de Boor recurrence. By solving this PDE, we find that we can express these generating functions explicitly as sums of polynomials times exponentials. Using these generating functions, we derive some known identities, including the Schoenberg identity, the two term formula for the derivatives in terms of B-splines of lower degree, and the partition of unity property. We also derive several new identities for uniform B-splines not previously available from classical methods, including formulas for sums and alternating sums, for moments and reciprocal moments, and for Laplace transforms and convolutions with monomials.
Giftpfeile über der Front: Flugschriftpropaganda im und nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg

The advent of the first total war gave way to new dimensions in mass communication and news control. As Christian Koch notes in his thorough investigation of German leaflets, propaganda underwent a...
Selective parathyroid venous sampling in reoperative parathyroid surgery: A key localization tool when noninvasive tests are unrevealing.

Abstract Background Preoperative localization studies are essential for parathyroid re-exploration. When noninvasive studies do not regionalize the abnormal parathyroid gland, selective parathyroid venous sampling may be employed. We studied the utility of parathyroid venous sampling in reoperative parathyroid surgery and the factors that may affect parathyroid venous sampling results. Methods Patients with hyperparathyroidism and previous cervical surgery undergoing evaluation for reoperative parathyroidectomy over a 20-year period were identified. Patients with indeterminate or negative noninvasive studies underwent parathyroid venous sampling. Parathyroid hormone values were mapped with a ≥2-fold increase above peripheral signifying positive parathyroid venous sampling. These results were correlated with reoperative findings. Results Parathyroid venous sampling was positive in 113 of 140 (81%). Re-exploration occurred in 75 (66%). Parathyroid venous sampling correctly detected the region of abnormal glands in 58 (77%). With 1 gradient, 1 abnormal gland was found in 81%. With multiple gradients, 1 abnormal gland was found in 78%, most often at the site with the largest gradient. Eighty percent of patients who underwent reoperative parathyroidectomy were biochemically cured. Conclusion Parathyroid venous sampling can guide parathyroid re-exploration when noninvasive localizing studies are indeterminate. Expectation of 1 versus multiple remaining glands was key in interpreting the results.
A Systematic Review of Lemierre's Syndrome With a Focus on Ophthalmologic Complications.

Lemierre's syndrome (LS), once known as "the forgotten disease," is a rare and potentially life-threatening condition that has had a gain in incidence over the last 30 years due to a variety of factors that could include changes in antibody prescription patterns, particularly in regard to the treatment of pharyngitis/tonsillitis. Due to its low incidence and broad spectrum of symptoms, LS does not have an obvious clinical diagnosis and can confuse the clinician managing the patient. Furthermore, it is equally difficult to treat patients suffering from LS as it requires a multidisciplinary approach from multiple subspecialties. Thus, communication between hospitalists, radiologists, otolaryngologists, neurologists, and ophthalmologists is critical towards quickly diagnosing the disease condition so that prompt antibiotics, anticoagulation, and surgical intervention can occur. Atypical presentations can also exist, making the diagnosis and management exponentially more challenging. Ophthalmologic symptoms are a particularly rare and atypical presentation of LS. These rare symptoms in LS can be terrifying for patients and providers alike; yet, there does not seem to be any modern medical literature that summarizes ophthalmologic complications for LS patients. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review of LS with a focus on ophthalmologic complications that has been done. The main objective of this review paper is to provide an up-to-date literature review of LS epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment while also performing a novel systematic review of reported cases of LS with ophthalmological complications. We hope to bring more awareness towards LS and its atypical presentations so that physicians will be better able to rapidly diagnose and treat their patients in order to minimize long-term morbidity and mortality.
Digital Privacy Detectives: An Interactive Game for Classrooms

To address a gap in digital privacy education, the authors created a theoretically informed interactive game to help middle and high school students gain a systems thinking perspective of the sociocultural aspect of negotiating digital privacy. The game has been run at three technology conferences, from which pilot data shows students gaining new skills in conceptualizing how (in addition to discretion and technology literacy) they can perform digital privacy socioculturally to resolve the tensions between their figured worlds. In addition, a lesson plan and a website have been created to help teachers access and utilize this game. This paper discusses the theoretical framework, design decisions, pilot data, and future work planned for Digital Privacy Detectives.
Alkaline Hydrolysis Application Procedures for Munitions Constituents Management Practices

Abstract Department of defense (DoD) hand grenade training ranges have implemented alkaline hydrolysis, which is the practice of applying hydrated lime [Ca(OH)2] to range soil, to manage the deposi...
Simplifying survivorship care planning: A randomized controlled trial comparing three care plan delivery approaches.

12024Background: Survivorship care plans (“plans”) have been promoted to smooth the transition from active cancer treatment to survivorship. However, the time and resources involved in plan complet...
Privacy Class Action Settlement Trends: Industry Practice or Improper Incentives?

Privacy class actions are a developing and active area of the law. The last ten years have seen courts, attorneys, and defendants come together to craft creative and detailed settlement agreements to benefit the class and prevent the abuse of consumer data in the future. This article gathered data from 80 data privacy class action settlements from 2010 to 2020. It examines and notes trends in the settlements over the last decade, including evaluating the practice of granting incentive awards to class representatives. Through the analysis of these representative settlements, the article found that the median incentive award given to class representatives was $5,000, with that amount, on average, constituting almost one percent (0.7%) of the total settlement fund. In contrast, the median attorney’s fees were $1.3 million, constituting 35.06% of the total settlement fund. While the efficacy of each type of privacy class action settlement can be debated, the overall finding regarding incentive awards points towards no widespread abuse and that they are generally ubiquitous across all state and federal courts. Courts could benefit, however, from a framework upon which to judge incentive award amounts, rather than a case-specific determination based on attorney and judicial discretion.
Towards deliberative peace: a Habermasian critique of contemporary peace operations

A review of the literature on post-Cold War peace operations demonstrates that the international community's record in establishing a self-sustaining peace is mixed. In most cases, international actors have not established legitimate political orders or prevented the recurrence of the fighting. Employing Jurgen Habermas's research, this article differentiates between two theoretical approaches to peace operations: strategic and communicative. Although I use the latter to critique the former, my primary aim is not to promote one theoretical approach. Recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of both approaches, the goal is to explain how theorists and decision-makers should use insights from both approaches to assess existing peace operations and to create new types of operations that may establish self-sustaining political orders. A secondary objective is to introduce the theoretical underpinnings of a society-building strategy, as an intellectual counterweight to state-building efforts, which have dominated post-settlement peace-building operations.
System-wide depression screening implementation in ambulatory oncology care: Key strategies and early implementation outcomes

260Background: Oncology Care Model (OCM) requires cancer programs to provide depression screening during each care episode to meet the quality measure benchmark of 85% screening rate. This quality ...
On the Origin of Streaks in Turbulent Shear Flows

It is shown that the ideas of selective amplification and direct resonance, based on linear theory, do not provide a selection mechanism for the well-defined streak spacing of about 100 wall units (referred to as 100+ hereafter) observed in wall-bounded turbulent shear flows. For the direct resonance theory (Benney & Gustaysson, 1981; fang et al., 1986), it is shown that the streaks are created by the nonlinear self-interaction of the vertical velocity rather than of the directly forced vertical vorticity. It is then proposed that the selection mechanism must be inherently nonlinear and correspond to a self-sustaining process. The streak formation is only one stage of the complete mechanism and cannot be isolated from the rest of the process. The 100+ value should be considered as a critical Reynolds number for that self-sustaining mechanism. For the case of plane Poiseuille flow the 100+ criterion corresponds to a critical Reynolds number of 1250, based on the centerline velocity and the channel half-width, which is close to the usually quoted value of about 1000. In plane Couette flow, it corresponds to a critical Reynolds number of 625, based on the half velocity difference and the half-width.
Carbon dioxide versus electronic urethrocystometry for the detection of detrusor dyssynergia

The reliability of rapid-fill carbon dioxide urethrocystometry in detecting detrusor dyssynergia was compared with the more physiologic method of electronic urethrocystometry. Fifty female patients who had urinary incontinence were studied. All patients with abnormal electronic studies had abnormal studies with carbon dioxide. Ten patients with normal electronic studies had an abnormal response to carbon dioxide and 40 per cent of these patients responded well to anticholinergic agents, indicating that carbon dioxide may be more sensitive in detecting mild forms of detrusor dysfunction that are medically treatable. Complete urodynamic assessment is recommended in conjunction with carbon dioxide urethrocystometry.
The carbohydrate of bovine prothrombin. Partial structural determination demonstrating the presence of -galactose residues.

Abstract Analyses of the carbohydrate chains of prothrombin indicated that each chain contained sialic acid, galactose, mannose, and glucosamine in the ratio of 2 to 3:2:3:4 to 6, respectively. Based on the galactose content of whole prothrombin there are four carbohydrate chains per enzyme molecule. Enzymatic degradation of the external carbohydrate indicated that the sequence was [see PDF for equation] The inner carbohydrate was resistant to enzymatic attack and consisted of about one-third of the total mannose and one-half of the total N-acetylglucosamine residues. It was shown that the carbohydrate chain was not attached to serine or threonine and that it is probably linked to asparagine. The α and β anomeric forms of galactose were present in about a 1:1 ratio. Glycopeptides containing α- and β-galactosidic bonds could be partially separated, indicating that the two anomers are incorporated into specific carbohydrate chains and are not randomly dispersed. The carbohydrate content and enzymatic degradation revealed few differences between the remainder of the carbohydrate in the α- and β-galactose-containing glycopeptides.
Vesicle Transport Assay

Eukaryotic cells contain an extensive cytoplasmic network of actin filaments and microtubules that function as tracks for vesicle transport. The ability to visualise vesicle movement along both sets of filaments advanced rapidly when in vitro vesicle transport (motility) assays were developed. These assays utilise super-resolution, contrast-enhanced DIC microscopy to detect structures below the resolution of the light microscope including vesicles as small as 100 nm and microtubules 25 nm in diameter. Images are captured in real time and stored digitally for subsequent analysis. The standard motion analysis parameters include vesicle type, velocity, distances and path length. In vitro motility assays enabled the identification of important factors that are essential for the regulation of intracellular transport including motor proteins and their membrane receptors, the formation of hetero-motor complexes and transported cargoes. Key Concepts The cytoskeleton contains actin filaments and microtubules, both of which serve as tracks for vesicle transport. Vesicle transport is the directed movement of membrane vesicles on filaments of the cytoskeleton. Microtubules function as intracellular tracks for transport of vesicles by two classes of motor proteins, kinesins and dyneins. Actin filaments serve as tracks for vesicle transport by myosin motors. Motor proteins are mechanochemical nanomachines that use the energy of ATP for muscle contraction, cell motility, cell division and transport of different cargoes along the cytoskeleton. The superfamily of myosin motor proteins found in eukaryotic cells is known to contain over 20 different classes and of these, 12 classes are found in vertebrates, including humans. The kinesin superfamily is subdivided into 15 classes and the dynein family is grouped into axonemal and cytoplasmic dyneins. Motor protein defects are associated with diseases including Griscelli syndrome, Usher syndrome, myopathies, deafness, tumour progression and metastasis. Differential interference microscopy, also known as Nomarski microscopy, uses polarised light to enhance gradients in the optical path length and phase shifts in unstained, transparent biological specimens. Cell-free extracts are important tools for cell biologists and have a variety of applications including cell cycle studies, intracellular transport mechanisms, signal transduction events and maintenance of cell architecture. Keywords: multimode bright-field microscopy; vesicle transport; motility assay; actin; myosin; microtubules
Interlaminar Stresses in Composite Laminates Under Uniform Axial Extension

The response of a finite-width composite laminate under uniform axial strain is treated through the application of classical elasticity theory. Finite-difference solution techniques are employed to obtain solutions for stresses and displacements throughout the region. Results for material properties typical of a high modulus graphite-epoxy composite material system are presented which explain the mechanism of shear transfer within a symmetric laminate. In addition, results of this work are compared to those given in a recent approximate formulation.
The Enzymatic Mechanisms for Deoxythymidine Synthesis in Human Leukocytes I. SUBSTRATE INHIBITION BY THYMINE AND ACTIVATION BY PHOSPHATE OR ARSENATE

The synthesis of deoxythymidine from thymine in cell-free systems prepared from human leukocytes is mediated by two enzymatic mechanisms, pyrimidine deoxyribosyl transferase and deoxythymidine phosphorylase. Both activities are probably a function of one protein. Deoxythymidine synthesis by either mechanism is inhibited by thymine. This inhibition by thymine of pyrimidine deoxyribosyl transferase is competitive with the deoxyribosyl donor, while inhibition of deoxythymidine phosphorylase is of a mixed type, resulting in both a decrease in the Vmax and an increase in the Km for deoxyribose 1-phosphate. Similarly, uracil inhibition of deoxyuridine synthesis by the phosphorylase mechanism is of a mixed type. However, there is essentially no inhibition by uracil of deoxyuridine synthesis mediated by pyrimidine deoxyribosyl transferase. Pyrimidine deoxyribosyl transferase is activated by inorganic arsenate or phosphate. This activation is not due to an increase in the affinity of the enzyme for either deoxyuridine or thymine, nor is it due to a shift in the pH optimum. The enzymatic mechanisms for deoxythymidine synthesis are, therefore, influenced by modifiers. The possible physiological importance of the response to modifiers is discussed.
Molecular mechanisms responsible for low-grade cellular stress induced by super low dose lipopolysaccharide (INM2P.421)

Underlying many chronic inflammatory diseases is the persistence of low-grade inflammation. Low doses of lipopolysaccharide are capable of skewing the immune system towards a pro-inflammatory state without inducing anti-inflammatory compensation. While the cumulative effects of this low-grade endotoxemia can be detrimental, the mechanism is poorly understood. Dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics has been linked to a variety of diseases and disorders including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. We hypothesized that low-dose LPS induces mitochondrial dysregulation by altering mitochondrial dynamics through an IL-1R-associated kinase-1 and Toll-interacting protein dependent mechanism. To test this hypothesis, we utilized western blotting, immunoprecipation, and confocal microscopy techniques in wild-type and knockout bone marrow derived macrophages. In this study, we demonstrate that subclinical low-dose LPS induces mitochondrial fission while suppressing mitochondrial fusion through IRAK -1 and Tollip. Low-dose LPS causes a decrease in Drp1 phosphorylation while increasing total Drp1 protein levels thus, promoting mitochondrial fission in the wild-type cells. In addition, low-dose LPS inhibits Mfn1 levels further inducing mitochondrial fission. Our data reveals a novel role for low-dose LPS in mitochondrial dynamics, which may contribute to skewed and persistent low-grade inflammation and disease progression.
Theoretical aspects of electron correlations in electron collisions

Electron-correlation effects manifest themselves in diverse facets of electron collisions with an atom or molecule. A fast incident electron acts largely as an external agent, and its inelastic collisions probe the structure, including correlations within the target (in both the initial state and the final state), nearly in the same way as photoionization processes do. In inelastic collisions of a slow electron, the central object of study is the correlated motion of the incident electron and an electron excited out of the target core. This elementary observation is illustrated in the lecture by many examples and is elaborated by remarks on some current theoretical methods.
Fusion of Multiple Algorithms for Detecting Buried Objects using Fuzzy Inference

We present a fusion method, based on fuzzy inference, for detecting buried objects using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data. The GPR sensor generates 3-dimensional data that correspond to depth, down-track, and cross-track. Most discrimination algorithms process only 2-D slices of the 3-D cube: (down-track, depth) or (cross-track, depth). The performance of the down-track and cross-track discrimination algorithms can vary significantly depending on the target shape, burial orientation, and other environmental conditions. In some cases, these algorithms can provide complementary evidence, while in other cases they provide contradicting evidence. Thus, effective fusion of these algorithms can achieve higher probability of detection with fewer false alarms. The proposed fusion method is capable of learning meaningful and simple fuzzy rules for different regions of the input space, generated by partial confidence values of the different discriminators as well as additional background information. To learn the rules, first, the input space is partitioned to identify local contexts. Second, input membership functions are learned based on the distribution of the partial confidence values of the individual discriminators within each context. Third, output membership functions are generated by considering the relative numbers of targets and non-targets within each context. Finally, the input and output membership functions are combined into a Mamdani-type fuzzy inference system. The output of the learning process is a fuzzy rule base adapted to different contexts. Results on large and diverse GPR data collections show that the proposed fusion can identify local, simple, and meaningful rules capable of non-linear fusion of different discriminators. We also show that the proposed fuzzy inference outperforms commonly used fusion methods.
Familial transmission of derived phenotypes for molecular genetic studies of substance use disorders.

Although family, twin, and adoption studies indicate that genes play a significant etiologic role in the development of substance use disorders (SUDs), detecting specific genes has been difficult due to uncertainties about how to define SUDs, genetic heterogeneity and variable phenotypic expression of SUD genotypes. We used data from families recruited into six contemporaneous studies of children and adults to derive candidate SUD phenotypes using principle factors factor analysis with varimax rotation. We previously found evidence of two SUD phenotypes in offspring: a psychopathology dimension and a cognitive impairment dimension. We found evidence for one SUD-related phenotype in adults that we term Psychopathology and Cognitive Impairment. Parental factor scores significantly predicted both offspring phenotypes, as well as parental SUD (OR=1.41,p<0.001) and offspring SUD (mother’s phenotype: OR=1.34,p=0.04; father’s phenotype: OR=1.33,p=0.01). Offspring phenotype predicted offspring SUD (psychopathology phenotype: OR=2.96,p<0.001; cognitive impairment: OR=1.33,p=0.04); in offspring, baseline psychopathology predicted SUD at follow-up assessments (OR=1.55,p=0.01). Results suggest that these candidate SUD phenotypes may be useful for genetic studies of SUD.
Delayed Neutrons from Fission of U 235

The periods, yields and energies of the delayed neutrons from fission of ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}$ have been measured with a pneumatic transfer apparatus ("rabbit") at the heavy water pile of the Argonne Laboratory. The following periods account for the saturated decay curve of delayed neutrons for times longer than 0.02 sec. after irradiation ceases: The application of the delayed neutron data to the constants of pile kinetics is discussed and the value of the inhour (the pile reactivity unit) is calculated.
Cytoplasmic retinal localization of an evolutionary homolog of the visual pigments

Abstract A rhodopsin-related protein is preferentially expressed at high levels in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and in Muller cells. The putative RPE-retinal G protein-coupled receptor (RGR) was localized in light-adapted bovine retina by means of electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. In the RPE, the protein was localized to a widespread intracellular compartment. Except for the region adjacent to the basal surface, the RPE cytoplasm was labeled throughout the cell including the apical surface. In Muller cells also RGR was found in the intracellular compartment, especially in the cytoplasm in the region of the Muller cell endfeet and proximal cell processes. Subcellular fractionalion studies of bovine RPE and neural retina indicated that RGR is a membrane-bound protein. The intracellular localization of RGR is a unique variation in the subcellular distribution of seven-transmembrane-domain receptors and suggests an unconventional role for RGR in the signal transduction process.
Effects of magnesium on cardiac excitation-contraction coupling.

Objective: Magnesium regulates a large number of cellular processes. Small changes in intracellular free Mg2+ ([Mg2+]i) may have important effects on cardiac excitability and contractility. We investigated the effects of [Mg2+]i on cardiac excitation-contraction coupling.Methods: We used our ionic-metabolic model that incorporates equations for Ca2+ and Mg2+ buffering and transport by ATP and ADP and equations for MgATP regulation of ion transporters (Na+-K+ pump, sarcolemmal and sarcoplasmic Ca2+ pumps).Results: Model results indicate that variations in cytosolic Mg2+ level might sensitively affect diastolic and systolic Ca2+, sarcoplasmic Ca2+ content, Ca2+ influx through L-type channels, efficiency of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and action potential shape. The analysis suggests that the most important reason for the observed effects is a modified normal function of sarcoplasmic Ca2+-ATPase pump by altered diastolic MgATP levels.Conclusion: The model is able to reproduce qualitatively a sequence of events th...
Bovine viral diarrhea virus induced apoptosis correlates with increased intracellular viral RNA accumulation.

Abstract Non-cytopathic (NCP) and cytopathic (CP) parent–daughter pairs are often isolated from cattle with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) induced mucosal disease. Alignment of these pair genomes revealed that genetic changes in CP BVDV involve the NS2-3 coding region and correlate with expression of NS3. However, additional mutations are present elsewhere in the genomes of these natural pairs, precluding unambiguous mapping of this function to the NS2-3 region. To evaluate this phenomenon in identical genetic backgrounds, we have constructed an NCP isogenic pair of the NADL by deletion of the cIns from NS2 region. The levels of viral protein synthesis in infected cells revealed no marked difference between the CP and the isogenic NCP BVDV mutant. In contrast, RNA accumulation in cells infected with CP virus was up to 25 times higher than that in cells infected with NCP BVDV. No significant difference in growth kinetics and viral yields were observed between the CP BVDV and the isogenic NCP pair. Analyses of additional NCP/CP parent–daughter field BVDV isolates revealed a similar pattern of macromolecular synthesis, suggesting the generality of this phenomenon. These results implicate increased levels of RNA accumulation in CP BVDV infected cells, along with the production of NS3 as potential contributors to viral cytopathogenicity.
Rapid modeling of cones and cylinders from a single calibrated image using minimum 2D control points

Three-dimensional modeling from a single image is a very useful technique in applications, such as augment reality, architecture, urban digitalization, heritage preservation, etc. While the modeling of lines and planes has been well studied, a convenient way of modeling cones and cylinders, which are commonly encountered objects, is not available yet. Although fully automatic approaches exist, they cannot guarantee the precision demanded by a real application, and are not appropriate for modeling a complex environment, where users need full control of the modeling process. In addition, approaches relying on the detection of full object contours cannot be directly transformed to simple interactive modeling procedures. This paper presents novel approaches to modeling cone and cylinder objects based on a set of minimum two-dimensional control points. The approaches enable intuitive, fast and accurate modeling from a single image. Both synthetic and real data experiments demonstrate the advantages of the proposed approach: desired accuracy with minimal user interactions.
The effects of distributed base potential on emitter-current injection density and effective base resistance for stripe transistor geometries

Simple analytic expressions are derived for the variation of base current, emitter current and emitter-base voltage along the emitter junction of a transistor structure due to the flow of dc base current parallel to the emitter junction. The effective width of the emitter region is discussed, and it is shown that as the emitter width is increased, the effective emitter width approaches a constant value. The change in base resistance with emitter current is also calculated. The use of base contacts on each side of an emitter region is discussed and the analysis is shown to be applicable to this problem for equal or unequal division of base current between the two contacts. The results are applied to a planar transistor structure.
Human Engineering and the Value of Autonomy

Liao, Sandberg and Roache (2012) aim to provoke a serious discussion about engineering human beings. They offer for consideration a proposal that climate change be addressed by genetically modifyin...
The dual ladder : motivational solution or managerial delusion?

The ‘Dual Ladder’ reward system has been used for years by industry as an incentive system to motivate technical performance. Its effectiveness has been called into question on many occasions. The paper will report the results of a survey of nearly 1,500 engineers and scientists in nine U.S. organizations. In this survey, engineers were asked to indicate their career preferences in terms of increasing managerial responsibility, technical ladder advancement or more interesting technical work. Responses indicate marked age-dependent differences in response, particularly a strong increase in the proportion preferring more interesting project work over either form of advancement. Conversations which one of the authors has had recently with managers of the thirteenth company question its status as an exception.
Impact of Team Characteristics in Learning Sustainable Built Environment Practices

The existing architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry has a fragmented nature in which each team member works in isolation away from a whole-systems thinking. It is a challenge to produce sustainable buildings with systems optimization and multidisciplinary collaboration among different disciplines. It is therefore crucial to help AEC students learn how to exchange information and work in teams for effective design and construction of sustainable buildings. This paper presents a research study based on a senior level undergraduate course, taught at Michigan State University that utilizes a teamwork approach to teach sustainable built environment practices. The study tests the proposition that integrated student teams produce more comprehensive outputs for sustainable projects by using mixed methods of data collection and analysis: observations, interviews, and qualitative and social network analysis. The results showed that teams with a high degree of interaction and leadership provided creative sustainable solutions and had better articulation for every aspect of the project.
FTIR sensitivity enhancement on Pt/SiO2/Au layered structures: A novel method for CO adsorption studies on Pt surfaces

Abstract Specular reflectance FTIR study of carbon monoxide adsorbed on platinum is performed on Pt/SiO 2 /Au layered structures prepared by deposition of thin films on silicon (1 0 0) wafers. The layered structures consist of 5 nm thick platinum films over SiO 2 films of varying thicknesses with 50 nm thick reflecting gold films underneath. Due to optical interference effects, the reflectance of each of these structures varies with the incident infrared wavelength and goes through a minimum at a wavelength that depends on the thickness of the SiO 2 layer. The decrease in the reflectance R causes an effective increase in the Δ R / R value resulting in a large increase in the infrared absorption band intensity of linearly-adsorbed CO. The peak height changes with changing the SiO 2 thickness in the structures and is greatest for the sample which has lowest reflectance near the absorption wavelength of CO (∼2100 cm −1 ). This improvement in the ratio of FTIR signal to background reflectance can be very useful for probing low surface area model catalytic surfaces at atmospheric pressures and under reaction conditions. A spectrum of CO adsorbed on nanofabricated Pt nanowire catalysts on TiO 2 support is also shown as an example of the sensitivity enhancement on layered structures.
Glycol for controlling evaporation in mounting of frozen brain sections.

Mounting individual frozen sections which are wrinkle free requires manipulations which expose them to fragmentation. Large and fragile sections are especially vulnerable. We wish to report a method which minimizes handling and damage to these sections during mounting. The techniques described by Heringa and ten Berge (1923), Iwanoff (1936), Albrecht (1954) and Case (1969) have been used successfully for many years but require blotting or transfer to ethanol solutions and as a result sections may be lost or damaged and wrinkles which develop may be difficult to avoid during rapid or at times uneven drying.
A Fable of the Bees: In Reply to Tilly

Charles Tilly adds an authoritative voice to the growing chorus of doubt about cliometrics. One after another, once-determined quantifiers seem to be losing confidence. "Historians & Computers: Has the Love Affair Gone Sour?" asks Robert Swierenga. Lawrence Stone notes approvingly "The Revival of Narra tive," and even cocksure prophets of "scientific history" are billing and coo ing at the dowdy practitioners of "traditional history." Of course, not all mili tant number-crunchers have become so conciliatory. "The social-scientific merchants have developed not only an extensive trade, but a large demand within the historical community for their valuable products and a comprador class to look after their interests in the new territory," writes Morgan Kousser. "Isolationism would be ill advised even if it were possible."1 But Tilly never was one to bluster this way, and when such a reasonable, self-composed quan tifier turns Hamlet, it suggests there might be something rotten in the state of cliometrics. What is it? And what does it have to do with labor history? Should labor historians worry that their field has not been transformed by cliometrics the way economic, urban, and demographic history have been, or should they be relieved to know they can now get by without having to learn matrix algebra? On one point there should be universal agreement: To count, or not to count; that is not the question. No one should doubt the need for statistical measures of the changing size and social composition of the working class rela tive to other classes, the level and distribution of wealth and income within and between classes, or the allocation of labor votes among mainstream and radi cal parties. And no one need believe that the more esoteric, the more signifi
T cell regulation of p62(dok) (Dok1) association with Crk-L.

In addition to engagement of the T cell receptor-CD3 complex, T lymphocytes can be activated by a variety of cell surface molecules including the ∼50-kDa surface receptor CD2. While the majority of biochemical signaling elements are triggered by either CD2 or TcR-CD3 receptors, a small number of proteins are engaged by only one receptor. Recently, p62 dok (Dok1), a member of the Dok family of adapter molecules, has been reported to be activated by CD2 and not by CD3 engagement. Here we have examined the role of p62 dok in CD2-dependent signaling in Jurkat T cells. As previously reported, we find that ligation of the CD2 molecule by mitogenic pairs of anti-CD2 mAbs led to phosphorylation of p62 dok . While CD2-induced p62 dok tyrosine phosphorylation was independent of both the p36/38 membrane adapter protein linker of activated T cells (LAT) and the ZAP70/Syk family of kinases, it was dependent upon the Src family of kinases including Lck and Fyn. We find further that CD2 engagement induced the association of tyrosine-phosphorylated p62 dok to Crk-L. The CD2-dependent association of p62 dok to Crk-L was independent of expression of the ZAP70/Syk family of kinases. Of note, while T cell receptor-CD3 engagement did not induce either p62 dok phosphorylation or Crk-L association in Jurkat T cells, it did inhibit CD2-dependent p62 dok -Crk-L complexes; this TcR-CD3-mediated regulation was dependent upon ZAP70 kinase activity. Our data suggest that phosphorylation of p62 dok and its interaction with other signaling proteins may depend upon integrated signals emanating from the CD2 receptor, utilizing a ZAP70/LAT-independent pathway, and the TcR-CD3 receptor, which is ZAP70/Syk-dependent.
Spectral modeling and compilation of quantum fluence in radiography and mammography

A thorough assessment of the performance of an imaging system includes a measurement of the detective quantum efficiency, DQE(f). One of the terms which is required to calculate DQE(f) is the x-ray fluence (photons/mm2). Diagnostic x-ray systems make use of a wide variety of x-ray spectra, with different kV's, waveforms, and filtration. However, most investigators do not have the equipment to measure the x-ray spectrum directly. The determination of x-ray quantum fluence, which is strongly dependent upon the spectra, is therefore left to approximation. In this paper, a wide variety of x-ray spectra for both mammography (with Mo, Rh and W anodes and 18 - 40 kV) and general diagnostic radiography (W anode, 40 - 140 kV) with different patient (Plexiglas) thicknesses were modeled (using a technique which interpolates measured x-ray spectra), and the quantum fluence was tabulated. Five extensive tables (including the calculated HVL's) are provided to allow investigators to interpolate fluence values appropriate to the x-ray system under study. It is hoped that usage of these tables will prove useful to investigators in their assessment of system performance, and perhaps better consistency between measurements can be achieved.
Remarkable Transglycosylation Activity of Glycosynthase Mutants of Endo-D, an Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Streptococcus pneumoniae

Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Streptococcus pneumoniae (Endo-D) is an endoglycosidase capable of hydrolyzing the Fc N-glycan of intact IgG antibodies after sequential removal of the sialic acid, galactose, and internal GlcNAc residues in the N-glycan. Endo-D also possesses transglycosylation activity with sugar oxazoline as the donor substrate, but the transglycosylation yield is low due to enzymatic hydrolysis of the donor substrate and the product. We report here our study on the hydrolytic and transglycosylation activity of recombinant Endo-D and its selected mutants. We found that Endo-D preferred core-fucosylated N-glycan for hydrolysis but favored nonfucosylated GlcNAc acceptor for transglycosylation. Several mutants showed significantly enhanced transglycosylation efficiency over the wild type enzyme. Two mutants (N322Q and N322A) were identified as typical glycosynthases that demonstrated remarkable transglycosylation activity with only marginal or no product hydrolysis activity. Kinetic studies revealed that the N332Q and N322A glycosynthases had much higher catalytic efficiency for glycosylating the nonfucosylated GlcNAc acceptor. In comparison, the N322Q was much more efficient than N322A for transglycosylation. However, N332Q and N332A could not take more complex N-glycan oxazoline as substrate for transglycosylation, indicating their strict substrate specificity. The usefulness of the N332Q glycosynthase was exemplified by its application for efficient glycosylation remodeling of IgG-Fc domain.
Military service as a factor in the economic progress of African American men: A post-draft era analysis

INTRODUCTION Differences still exist in the economic status of African American males relative to either their white and Asian-American counterparts even though substantial increases have been made in their educational attainment and earnings over the last 50 years (Bernstein, 1995; US Commission on Civil Rights, 1986). Overt discrimination in the labor market has been the major obstacle impeding the economic progress of African American males (Bernstein, 1995; O'Neill, 1990), and much of the documented earnings gap between African American and whi te males, for the years 1940-1980, has been linked to differences in the degree of investment in human capital (US Commission on Civi.I Rights, 1986). African American males have experienced fewer opportunities in the civilian labor market, and available evidence suggests that this has not diminished but may have increased (Bernstein, 1995). Historically, young African American males have earned about one-fourth less than their non-black peers (Smith and Welch 1977,1986), have chronic and consistent higher unemployment rates and are subject to wider fluctuations in joblessness as labor market conditions change. If employed, young African American males often work in the secondary labor mar-
What does it mean to be an expert

Abstract Ericsson's (2014) response focuses on how his expert-performance framework is special, and how general population data cannot be used to address the topic of expertise development because of how special his expert performers are. He also critiques each of the papers in the special issue. Many of Ericsson's minor critiques of my work have already been addressed (see Wai, 2013, 2014). Therefore, I have focused this response to a handful of general themes: 1. The strengths of prospective and retrospective longitudinal data, 2. Disentangling cognitive ability and educational supports, 3. In the top 1%, more ability matters for expertise, 4. Broadening what it means to be an expert, and 5. In science, no specific theory or approach is special. Ericsson appears unable to go beyond his own framework and definitions to incorporate the approaches of others as well as the full network of evidence surrounding the development of expertise.
Serum levels of macrophage colony-stimulating factor-1 in cervical human papillomavirus infection and intraepithelial neoplasia

Abstract Objective: Our goal was determine the correlation between serum colony stimulating factor-1 levels, cervical human papillomavirus infection, and dysplasia. Study Design: Serum samples were obtained from control subjects from the United States and from a group of Panamanian women. Members of the latter group fell into 3 categories: those who serve as Panamanian control subjects and who test negative for human papillomavirus (n = 10); those who are high risk by history and test positive for human papillomavirus types 16/18 and 30s (n = 10); and those with the same high-risk history with biopsy-proven cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (n = 8). Serum colony-stimulating factor-1 levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were analyzed with the Student-Newman-Keuls and t tests. Results: Mean serum colony-stimulating factor-1 levels of patients with a positive test result for human papillomavirus (1166 ± 949 pg/mL) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (1295 ± 314 pg/mL) were higher than those of control subjects from the United States (584 ± 237 pg/mL) and those of Panamanian control subjects (520 ± 229 pg/mL). Statistical analysis revealed the concentration of colony-stimulating factor in patients with positive test results for human papillomavirus or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia were significantly higher than in control groups. In addition, combining patients with human papillomavirus with those who have cervical intraepithelial neoplasia results in a group that has significantly higher colony-stimulating factor levels compared with control subjects. Conclusions: Both high-grade cervical dysplasia and high-risk human papillomavirus infection are associated with higher mean serum colony-stimulating factor levels, suggesting a possible role for colony-stimulating factor-1 in cervical neoplasia. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanism of colony- stimulating factor activation in human papillomavirus infection. This may assist in designing therapeutic approaches for the management of this disease. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:28-32.)