cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hsu-Shen (ca. 58–147)

Hsu Shen (ca. 58–147 ce) developed a method for organizing dictionaries of the Chinese language. His main work, the Shuowen jiezi (Explaining Simple and Compound Characters), set a standard that was used, with modifications, for centuries since it was first written about 120 ce.
Coercive field enhancement in microstructured (La0.4Pr0.6)0.67Ca0.33MnO3 thin films

The perovskite material (La0.4Pr0.6)0.67Ca0.33MnO3 (LPCMO) has complex electronic and magnetic behavior based on phase competition between ferromagnetic metallic (FMM) and insulating phases with similar free energies. Experimental evidence has indicated that in-plane stress anisotropy influences these phases and can affect electronic and magnetic properties. Here we investigate the roles that both stress and shape anisotropies may play in controlling the coercive field of the material. LPCMO thin films of various thicknesses (20, 25, and 30 nm) were deposited on (110) NdGaO3 (NGO) substrates using pulsed laser deposition and the coercive fields were measured. Photolithography was then used to fabricate microstructured arrays of LPCMO on the NGO substrates for each of the films. The coercive fields of these arrays of LPCMO were compared to the behavior of the corresponding unpatterned LPCMO thin films across a range of temperatures. Microstructure arrays for the thicker (25 and 30 nm) films showed a substantial increase in the coercive field after forming the arrays, whereas a thinner film (20 nm) showed almost no change in the coercive field. Stress anisotropy continues to play a dominant role in the behavior of LPCMO thin films and dimensionality of the magnetic domains also influences the results. The films show 2D behavior when film thickness approaches the size of the critical radius for single-to-multidomain transitions. Making thicker films allows for 3D behavior and a role for shape anisotropy to influence the coercive fields.
Automating Simulation Research for Item Response Theory using R

A simulation study is a useful tool in examining how validly item response theory (IRT) models can be applied in various settings. Typically, a large number of replications are required to obtain the desired precision. However, many standard software packages in IRT, such as MULTILOG and BILOG, are not well suited for a simulation study requiring a large number of replications because they were developed as a stand-alone software package that is best suited for a single run. This article demonstrated how built-in R functions can be used to automate the simulation study using the stand-alone software packages in IRT. For a demonstration purpose, MULTILOG was used in the example codes in the appendices, but the overall framework of a simulation study and the built-in R functions used in this article can be applied for a simulation study using other stand-alone software packages as well.
Using the synthetic control method to determine the effects of concealed carry laws on state-level murder rates

Abstract The purpose of the present study is to determine the relationship between concealed carry (CCW) laws and state-level murder rates. Specifically, this study will examine the impact of a change in CCW status from “prohibited” to “shall issue” on murder rates. Using a synthetic control method, results of the present study suggest that only in New Mexico did the move from “prohibited” CCW status to “shall issue” CCW status result in an increase in murder rates and gun related murder rates. For the remaining states, the change in CCW status had no effect on murder rates. As a robustness check on the results found using the synthetic control method, a fixed effects model was also estimated. These results indicate that states that changed from “prohibited” to “shall issue” experienced a 12.3% increase in gun-related murder rates and a 4.9% increase in overall murder rates. It is important to note that none of the results in the present study indicate that a move from “prohibited” to “shall issue” CCW status may result in a decline in murder rates.
On Regularity and Irregularity of Certain Holomorphic Singular Integral Operators

We survey recent work and announce new results concerning two singular integral operators whose kernels are holomorphic functions of the output variable, specifically the Cauchy–Leray integral and the Cauchy–Szegő projection associated to various classes of bounded domains in \(\mathbb C^n\) with n ≥ 2.
Computational Thermochemistry of Mono- and Dinuclear Tin Alkyls Used in Vapor Deposition Processes

Hexamethylditin has been reported to be a more effective precursor compared to monotin analogs in hybrid molecular beam epitaxy depositions of perovskite oxides. To understand the differences, a li...
Current technologies and future directions for treating petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants (PRPP) wastewaters

Abstract Water scarcity and wastewater management pose significant challenges to petroleum refineries and petrochemicals plants (PRPP). The escalating demand of petroleum products in pace with the world population growth and technological development requires new water management strategies that encourage reducing water consumption, reusing treated wastewater and remediating environmental impacts (R3). New innovations and design of PRPP wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) are necessary to incorporate the principal of R3 to meet both the industrial water needs and the environmental regulatory requirements. The goal of this review is to summarize the state of technologies for wastewater treatment in the PRPP in order to identify areas of future improvements. We begin with a systematic survey of water quality characteristics of PRPP discharge and the regulatory requirements for effluent water. We then examine the current WWTP technologies, configuration and operation in managing PRPP wastewaters, followed by discussion on PRPP WWTPs in Iran. Lastly, based on the gaps identified in the system analysis, we share our vision for future opportunities in improving the design and operation of PRPP WWTPs. Specifically, we recommend new hybrid technologies to increase treatment capacity, improve effluent water quality, and manage shock loadings of toxic materials and organics.
Hearing Voices, Seeing Tongues: Speech as Gestural Economy in Havana (1899–1924)

Juan Miguel Dihigo Mestre (1866–1952) established the Experimental Phonetics Laboratory at the University of Havana in the early 1900s. It was a state-of-the-art workspace for the study of how Cubans pronounced Spanish that also, according to Dihigo, served a therapeutic aim of correcting the “vices” of characteristic of Cuban Spanish pronunciation. Through a review of ideas regarding the speech of Black Cubans throughout the nineteenth century, including works by lexicographers and criminologists, the chapter analyzes the racial politics of speech in the Cuban context and the roles of Spanish and Hispanism in buttressing a wider ideology of white supremacy on the Island. It argues furthermore for the audiovisuality of the voice, as well as for how the specific linguistic and historical conditions of Cuba necessarily entail a consideration of voice as a racialized concept. The discussion analyzes interventions by Penalver, Pichardo, Bachiller y Morales, Trujillo y Monagas, Antonio Gordon y de Acosta, Fernando Ortiz.
Common Cutaneous Side Effects of Anti-cancer Agents

Cutaneous side effects of anti-cancer agents affecting the skin, hair, nails and mucosa are commonly seen in the in-patient and out-patient settings. Here, we will review the various common cutaneous side effects by chemotherapy type: cytotoxic chemotherapies, EGFR inhibitors, multitargeted small molecule kinase inhibitors, BRAF inhibitors, MEK inhibitors, and checkpoint inhibitors. Some entities are more specific to certain anti-cancer classes such as hand foot syndrome for cytotoxic chemotherapies, papulopustular rashes for EGFR inhibitors, hand-foot skin reaction for multitargeted small molecule kinase inhibitors, and various autoimmune diseases with checkpoint inhibitors.
Artificial intelligence in gastroenterology. The current state of play and the potential. How will it affect our practice and when

Abstract Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is exponentially gaining interest and utilization in medical fields. Deep learning, a particular branch of AI under machine learning, started a revolution in AI by learning to recognize complex features itself, without dependence on a priori human-generated rules of classification. In recent years, several applications of AI are emerging in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Computer-aided detection and diagnosis might be the solution for the operator dependency in endoscopy. In this review, we aim to provide an introduction for gastroenterologists to the complex terminology that is linked to AI, the current state of play in AI-assisted endoscopy, and its future directions. Methods: We performed a literature search on MEDLINE and PUBMED through May 2019 for relevant articles using keywords as AI, deep learning, computer-aided detection and diagnosis, and gastrointestinal endoscopy. Results: AI-applications in endoscopy described in the literature included colorectal polyp detection and classification, assessment of cancer invasiveness, video capsule endoscopy, detection of esophageal and gastric cancer, and Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Conclusion: AI-assisted endoscopy is a strongly evolving field and recent innovations and research on this subject are promising. Initial important steps along the AI-road have been taken by initiating the first prospective studies on AI-assisted endoscopy to minimize the risk of selection bias and overfitting of the AI-models. Future research will investigate if AI-assisted endoscopy will refine our current endoscopic abilities.
Attention: Implied Volatility Spreads and Stock Returns

Using a new and direct measure of investor attention generated from the SEC’s EDGAR log files, we revisit the stock return predictability of call-put implied volatility spread through the lens of i...
Optimal Strategies of the Differential Game in a Circular Region

A two-player differential game is considered where a spy infiltrates the region of interest and a defender pursues and tries to capture the spy before it leaves such region. This letter provides the complete solution of this game by characterizing the Barrier surface which separates the state space into the regions of win of the defender and the spy. In each region the optimal strategies that guarantee the prescribed outcome are provided. This is in contrast to recent results addressing the same problem where the proposed strategies do not guarantee capture of the spy by the defender when initially this outcome was prescribed by the game of kind solution.
The FBstab Quadratic Programming Method Applied to Model Predictive Control: An Implicit Condensing Approach

This paper describes the application of the proximally stabilized Fischer-Burmeister quadratic programming algorithm (FBstab) to general linear-quadratic time varying optimal control problems. FBstab is a nonsmooth calculus based algorithm for solving convex quadratic programs (QPs) which combines the warmstarting capabilities of active set methods with the robustness and structure exploiting capabilities of interior point solvers. We introduce an implicit condensing linear algebra framework for FBstab that exploits the structure of optimal control problems. The resulting solver, FBstab PCG (preconditioned conjugate gradient), scales between linearly and quadratically in the horizon length, depending on the conditioning of the problem. We present numerical experiments confirming the theoretical scaling results and demonstrating that FBstab PCG is competitive with, and often superior to, a wide range of state of the art QP solvers.
14 – Grazing Methods

Publisher Summary A dichotomous key for classifying “grazing systems” based on: full-year or part-year potential occupancy by grazing animals; rotation used or not used; length, timing, and frequency of nongrazing and grazing periods; and scheduled vs. flexible application of treatments has been recently developed. “Grazing systems” are classified by feasible grazing season (unrestricted, restricted to plant growing season, and restricted to plant dormancy season), and whether or not rotation is incorporated into the system. The Forage and Grazing Terminology Committee (FGTC), representing several disciplines and professional societies involved in grazing management, proposed that “a defined procedure or technique of grazing management designed to achieve a specific objective(s)” be referred to as a “grazing method.” “Special grazing techniques” is a generic term employed to include both grazing methods and grazing systems. A grazing method is a defined procedure or technique of grazing management based on a specified period of grazing and/or period of nongrazing, which is designed to achieve a specific objective. Achieving the optimal grazing intensity might be considered the priority principle of grazing management, but the importance of timing, frequency, and selectivity of grazing animals also play important supporting roles. The selection of a special grazing technique is sometimes based solely on personal choice or what is currently being promoted. However, the grazing method or grazing system selected must be adapted to the forage plant species being grazed, the grazing season, the physiography of the grazing land, the nutritional needs of the kind and class of livestock to be grazed, and management objectives.
The Development of Prosocial Behavior

There have been energetic debates throughout time regarding the socio-moral nature of human interaction. Centuries ago, theologians and philosophers framed the issues in terms of stark contrasts (e.g., humans were born with the capacity for good or evil, and these qualities were either innate or learned). Depending upon one’s point of view, societal influences could be seen either as corrupting innocent youth or as a means by which aggressive instincts could be subdued over time to produce caring and compassion. Such unidimensional views gradually began to give way, with increased recognition of our multifaceted nature. Research in the last half century has significantly advanced knowledge about biological and environmental contributors to prosocial and antisocial behaviors. Here we review research on prosocial behavior, from a developmental perspective, emphasizing mainly work published in the last decade. By prosocial or altruistic behaviors we mean acts that include provision of comfort or sympathy, helping, sharing, cooperation, rescue, protection, and defense. We also review work on emotions and cognitions that often accompany, and are integral features of, prosocial behaviors. This includes children’s empathy or emotional incorporation of the others’ emotional experience, as well as their moral reasoning and cognitive comprehension of others’ internal states and needs (perspective taking, role taking).
WatchOver: using Apple watches to assess and predict substance co-use in young adults

Simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use can significantly impact young adults' physical and mental well-being. While SAM use is becoming increasingly prevalent in this population, there has not been much work to monitor and understand related behaviors and contexts. We aim to address this gap by using smartwatches to collect ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) and sensor data. In this paper, we describe the design and development of the smartwatch framework focusing on SAM use. We also collected pilot data from an n=1 deployment over 7 days using the framework. Our findings indicate that EMAs on smartwatches can be completed with lower perceived burden, which is important for longitudinal SAM use data collection. We also provide design guidelines and rationale for future work aiming to use smartwatches.
Cholesteatoma Localization Using Fused Diffusion‐Weighted Images and Thin‐Slice T2 Weighted Images

BACKGROUND Fusion of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) to computed tomography (CT) has been touted as a possible technique to improve cholesteatomas localization. This study set out to assess the ability of DWI images fused with thin-slice heavily T2-weighted images to similarly localize surgically-confirmed cholesteatomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review was completed of consecutive patients that underwent MR temporal bone imaging (9/2011-3/2020) with both DWI and thin-slice T2-weighted imaging. Included patients underwent surgical resection of primary or recidivistic cholesteatoma after preoperative MR imaging. A neuroradiologist, who was blinded to operative and clinical notes, localized each lesion on both DWI and fused DWI-T2 images in 11 anatomic subdivisions of the temporal bone. Surgical confirmation of cholesteatoma location was used as the gold standard for comparison. RESULTS Of 24 included examinations, the average age at time of MR was 48.2 ± 24.7 years; 12/24 (50.0%) were female. Five of 24 had primary cholesteatoma, while the remainder had recidivistic disease. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of unfused DWI images were 52.1%, 88.9%, and 75.8%, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of fused DWI-T2 images were 57.1%, 94.8%, and 81.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION Fused DWI-T2 images outperformed unfused DWI images in the anatomic localization of temporal bone cholesteatomas. This method represents a potential alternative to MR-CT fusion for pre-operative cholesteatoma evaluation, and warrants future investigations. Opposed to MR-CT fusion, this method only necessitates MR sequences and removes the need for additional CT acquisition. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 131:E1662-E1667, 2021.
Effects of QCD Resummation on $W^+h$ and $t\bar b$ Production at the Tevatron

The resummation of multiple soft gluon emission affects the production rate and kinematic distributions of $W^+h$ (where h is a Higgs boson) and $t \bar b$ pairs at the Tevatron with $\sqrt{s}=2$ TeV. Using the Collins-Soper-Sterman resummation formalism, the production rate is enhanced over the next-to-leading-order (NLO) prediction by 2-3% for the $W^+h$ process, for Higgs boson masses between 80-120 GeV, and over 3% for the $t\bar b$ process for $m_t=175$ GeV. After resummation, the $t\bar b$ rate changes by 12-13% when $m_t$ is varied by $\pm 5$ GeV. Various kinematic distributions are presented for the individual final state particles and for the pair. The explicit radiation of hard gluons in NLO QCD is included also for the $t\bar b$ final state.
Thriving telenovelas: TV Globo’s strategies for keeping the genre relevant

Brazilian telenovelas are the number one locally produced and consumed program in the country and the majority of Brazilians still watch their beloved shows “on TV.” In fact Brazilians spend on ave...
Standards of Graph Construction in Special Education Research: A Review of their Use and Relevance

Much of the special education literature features single-case experimental designs, which traditionally require researchers to determine functional relations among variables through the visual analyses of line graphs. Evidence suggests factors aside from the data influence visual analysis, including line graph construction. Fields including engineering, behavior analysis, and psychology have historically propagated standards related to the visual data displays to mitigate the effect of arbitrary graph construction on the interpretation of results. Although evidence suggests graphs featured in behavior analytic studies do not observe the standards, the extent to which researchers in special education adhere to longstanding graphing guidelines remains uncertain. The following article provides an overview of graphing standards and examines the adherence of line graphs from 532 issues of 28 distinct special education journals to traditional standards of visual display. Results indicated the majority of special education line graphs deviate from established line graph construction standards in important respects. The discussion centers on the need for updating and disseminating guidelines regarding line graph construction.
Source Cues in Online News: Is the Proximate Source More Powerful than Distal Sources?

With the rise of intermediaries such as portals, social-bookmarking sites, and microblogs, online news is often carried through multiple sources. However, the perceived credibility of different sou...
Semantics and Correctness of Nondeterministic Flowchart Programs with Recursive Procedures

A class of nondeterministic flowchart programs with recursive procedures is defined. Their semantics is studied algebraically, in particular the notion of unfoldment. An extension of the inductive assertion method is introduced and shown to be sound and complete with a finite number of assertions.
Contraception: Securing Feminism’s Promise

This paper traces the history of attempts to restrict contraception, the legal events securing widespread access to contraception and their importance to a generation of college-aged women, the short-lived nature of the consensus that produced them, and the potential of the issue to serve as a rallying point for a revitalized feminism. It explores the hypocrisy of a system that, whatever its values, makes reproductive autonomy readily available for the affluent and the sophisticated and increasingly beyond the reach of the most vulnerable. Finally, it considers the potential of contraception as a reframing device, capable of exposing the hypocrisy of family values advocates whose policies disproportionately hurt the most vulnerable.
From "Star Trek" to "Avatar"Microelectronics reliability in the 21st century [Keynote Address]

Presents a biographical entry for the keynote speaker Carl McCants. The keynote presentation was not made available for publication as part of the conference proceedings.
Taxing Divisive Mergers

Under the Internal Revenue Code ("Code"), a merger that is "statutory," or conducted pursuant to the corporation laws of a state, is tax-free. Practically since its inception, this provision has invited abuse. Taxpayers have sought refuge behind liberal state merger laws, while the Internal Revenue Service ("Service") and the courts have strained to preserve the integrity of the statutory merger concept. The latest such episode surrounds the invention of something called a "divisive merger." This oxymoron describes a transaction in which more than one party may survive or be created while still meeting the definition of a "merger" under state law. If it qualifies under the Code, it permits a mere sale to receive the favored status of a tax-free reorganization. On January 19, 2000, the Service responded to the abusive potential of the divisive merger by declaring that such transactions do not qualify as mergers for tax purposes. While its position was not surprising, the analysis was unsettling. Based on its review of traditional state law requirements, the Service for the first time announced that the target must transfer substantially all of its properties and dissolve pursuant to the plan of merger. Thus, contrary to the move to disconnect federal income tax liability from state law classification, the Service explicitly embraced a state law focused interpretation. This Article argues that the Service should abandon its reliance on traditional state corporate law requirements in determining whether a merger qualifies for tax-free treatment. Instead, the Service can interpret the statutory language in a way that is both faithful to the text and legislative history and less dependent on the vagaries of state corporate law by giving "merger" its own meaning for federal income tax purposes.
Otolaryngology and medical malpractice: A review of the past decade, 2001–2011

Objectives/Hypothesis To better understand the causes and outcomes of lawsuits involving otolaryngologists in the past decade by analyzing malpractice litigation trends to prevent future litigation and improve physician education. Study Design Analysis of a national database for all US civil trials. Methods The Westlaw database was reviewed from 2001 to 2011. Data were compiled on the demographics of the plaintiffs, use of expert witnesses, procedures, nature of the injury, legal allegations, verdicts, and indemnities. Results One hundred ninety-eight cases met inclusion criteria. Verdicts for the defendant/otolaryngologist predominated (58%), whereas the average award when the verdict favored the plaintiff was $1,782,514. When otolaryngologists were used as expert witnesses by the defense, the verdict outcome statistically favored the defendant. Two of the most commonly cited legal allegations were improper performance and failure to diagnose and treat. Fifty-one cases involved allegations of wrongful death, with the overall outcome favoring the plaintiffs (51%). The average indemnities in these cases were significantly higher for plaintiff verdicts at $2,552,580 versus settlements at $992,896. Forty-two cases involved malignancy, with the two most common allegations being failure to diagnose and treat (79%) and delay in diagnosis (74%). Conclusions Our study reveals that in the past decade, in significant malpractice litigations, overall outcomes favored otolaryngologists. The average awards was significantly higher when cases involved malignancy. Our analysis reveals the importance of meticulous surgical techniques and thorough preoperative evaluations. Last, when otolaryngologists are defendants in litigation, our review reiterates the value of the otolaryngologist as the defense's expert witnesses. Laryngoscope, 124:896–901, 2014
Designing Better Institutions to Enforce Competition Law: A Symposium Introduction

The 2009–2010 academic year marked the fifteenth anniversary of the founding of the Institute for Consumer Antitrust Studies at Loyola University Chicago School of Law. The Institute for Consumer Antitrust Studies is a non-partisan, independent academic center designed to explore the impact of antitrust enforcement on the individual consumer and the public, and to shape policy issues. The Institute promotes a comprehensive, inclusive view of the benefits of competition law and policy that includes, yet goes beyond, prevailing narrow notions of economic efficiency. The Institute fulfills its mission by sponsoring symposia, academic colloquia, and a unique student fellowship. In order to celebrate its fifteenth birthday, the Institute embarked on an ambitious agenda of five programs during calendar year 2009. The year began with Antitrust Marathon III: Antitrust and the Rule of Law, a roundtable discussion held at the British Consulate in Cambridge, Massachusetts in April to discuss substantive and procedural aspects of the rule of law in competition matters from a comparative perspective.1 The celebration continued with the ninth annual Loyola Antitrust Colloquium which featured four cutting edge papers and a robust conversation among the professors, practitioners, policy makers, and judges in attendance.2 The spring semester concluded with a two-day conference on comparative monopolization law co-sponsored with the University of Haifa at their beautiful campus atop Mount Carmel in
Financing Loan Growth at Banks

We analyze investment and financing decisions for a broad sample of affiliated and independent banks during the 1994-1998 period. Our results indicate that growth in lending at affiliated banks is supported by net equity financing flows from parent holding companies. We also provide evidence that loan growth at affiliated banks, relative to independent banks, is less constrained by capital availability. Both findings appear relevant to understanding the diminishing role of independent banks in aggregate lending.
Detailed modeling of temperature rise in giant magnetoresistive sensor during an electrostatic discharge event

With further miniaturization of the giant magnetoresistive (GMR) heads, the electrostatic discharge (ESD) failure has become the primary reliability issue in manufacturing of these sensors. In this article, the thermal response of the GMR read head to excessive current/voltage during an ESD event is investigated numerically, using a three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis. Unlike the previous studies, the thermal properties of the GMR, Al2O3 gap, and shield layers used in the simulation are the experimentally measured values, which are different from the bulk values. The simulation results show that temperature in the GMR element sharply increases as the GMR dimensions are reduced, indicating the future GMR heads will be more susceptible to the ESD damages. In addition, thermal properties of the GMR elements and the gap materials play key roles in the accurate prediction of the temperature field in a GMR head during ESD events. The simulations are performed for both the current-in-plane (CIP) and p...
Broad issues to consider for library involvement in bioinformatics.

Background: The information landscape in biological and medical research has grown far beyond literature to include a wide variety of databases generated by research fields such as molecular biology and genomics. The traditional role of libraries to collect, organize, and provide access to information can expand naturally to encompass these new data domains. Methods: This paper discusses the current and potential role of libraries in bioinformatics using empirical evidence and experience from eleven years of work in user services at the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Findings: Medical and science libraries over the last decade have begun to establish educational and support programs to address the challenges users face in the effective and efficient use of a plethora of molecular biology databases and retrieval and analysis tools. As more libraries begin to establish a role in this area, the issues they face include assessment of user needs and skills, identification of existing services, development of plans for new services, recruitment and training of specialized staff, and establishment of collaborations with bioinformatics centers at their institutions. Conclusions: Increasing library involvement in bioinformatics can help address information needs of a broad range of students, researchers, and clinicians and ultimately help realize the power of bioinformatics resources in making new biological discoveries.
Rethinking Self-Determination

Part I of this Article recounts the international norm of self-determination from Wilsonian formulations to the present. After a brief discussion of self-determination during the era of the League of Nations, the role of the United Nations in transforming a political principle into a rule of law is considered. Particular attention is given to the content of the right of the right to self-determination as evinced by lengthy debates leading to the adoption of the two international covenants on human rights in 1996. In part II, the current meaning of the "right to self-determination" and its relationship to the process of decolonization are considered. Part III explores whether the right of self-determination includes the possibility of secession, and part IV discuses the link between human rights and the right of self-determination. The conclusion offers a new approach for dealing with self-determination in the post-colonial era.
That special someone: When the board views its chair as a resource

Research summary: Many boards view their chairs as valuable resources. We predict that whether a board adopts such a view depends on the board chair's human and social capital. Data from S&P 500 firms suggest that while a board chair's human capital increases the probability that the board views him or her as a resource, social capital has no overall effect. In a post-hoc investigation, however, we find the board chair's independence to be an important boundary condition for the effect of social capital. With this exploratory research, we aim to spur research devoted specifically to board chairs. Such research will become increasingly important over time as firms continue to separate their CEO and board chair positions. Managerial summary: The purpose of this research was to determine the factors that lead a board of directors to view its chair as a valuable resource. We expected that board chairs with high human and social capital would be more likely to be viewed as a resource by their colleagues. Surprisingly, only human capital exhibited such an effect overall. Social capital increases the likelihood a chair is viewed as a resource when the chair is independent, but actually decreases the likelihood a chair is viewed as a resource when the chair is either the current or former CEO. These results suggest that boards generally value human capital in their chairs, but view social capital through a somewhat more complex lens. We explore the possible implications of these findings in the article. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ex Vivo Protein Binding of Clindamycin in Sera With Normal and Elevated α1-Acid Glycoprotein Concentrations

Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic that binds primarily to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG), an acute-phase serum protein. Many studies have shown that AAG concentrations increase in response to stress, including infection, myocardial infarction, and trauma. The objectives of this study were to determine the serum protein binding of various clindamycin concentrations in sera with normal and elevated AAG concentrations. Serum was obtained from 4 healthy volunteers and 12 patients with pathophysiologic conditions known to elevate serum AAG concentrations. Timing for collection was determined from the literature, corresponding with the expected peak concentration for each disease state. Samples were assayed for AAG by radial immunodiffusion and were spiked with clindamycin to achieve total concentrations of 10 micrograms/ml (n = 18), 4 micrograms/ml (n = 10), and 2 micrograms/ml (n = 7). Protein binding was determined by ultrafiltration and subsequent high-performance liquid or gas chromatography. Protein binding was dependent on the serum concentrations of both AAG and clindamycin. When AAG concentrations increased from 101-150 mg/dl to 201 mg/dl or greater, mean protein binding increased from 81.2% to 92.4% (p = 0.1265) and from 61.3% to 88.6% (p less than 0.05) at clindamycin concentrations of 2 and 4 micrograms/ml, respectively. With AAG concentrations between 101 and 150 mg/dl, mean protein binding increased from 62.4% at 10 micrograms/ml to 81.2% at 2 micrograms/ml (p = 0.1514). Since AAG concentrations may increase in certain patients, the concentration of free (pharmacologically active) drug may fall below the minimum inhibitory concentration for several pathogens earlier in a dosing interval.
Negotiating respectability in ambiguous commerce: selling sex paraphernalia at home parties*

Loin d'etre acquise une fois pour toutes, une reputation de respectabilite doit etre negociee au jour le jour au fur et a mesure que les situations et les acteurs changent. Les biens materiels jouent un role important dans la construction des apparences et de la respectabilite. Cette etude examine le phenomene des ‘soirees pour dames' ou des femmes se rencontrent pour vendre et pour acheter de la lingerie et des accessoires sexuels. Ces rencontres a caractere commercial font ressortir la nature interactive et signifiante des echanges economiques et permettent de mieux comprendre comment se negocie la respectabilite. L'auteure examine les strategies employees par les clientes pour maintenir les apparences de respectabilite et les techniques employees par les vendeuses pour contourner les aspects problematiques de la rencontre ainsi que la maniere dont les clientes ‘approuvent’ ou ‘desapprouvent’ et l'impact de ces comportements sur la sauvegarde des apparences. Being defined as a respectable person is an ongoing concern in daily life. Respectability is continually under negotiation as situations and actors change. Commodities play an important role in the construction of appearances and of respectability. This study explores ‘Naughty Lady Parties, where lingerie and sex paraphernalia are sold. These sales encounters highlight the interactive and definitional nature of economic exchanges and offer insights into the negotiation of respectability. The strategies customers use to maintain respectable appearances and the techniques sellers use to manage problematic aspects of the encounter are explored. The roles customers play in the encounter as ‘reinforcers' and ‘naysayers' and their impact on the maintenance of respectable appearances are discussed.
The potential of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric detection for capillary electrophoretic analysis of pesticides.

In this work, the potential of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) coupled to capillary electrophoresis (CE) to determine organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) is demonstrated. Element specific detection of 3 1 P with ICP-MS is performed for the detection of OPPs. Three common OPPs, including glyphosate, glufosinate, and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), were analyzed by CE-ICP-MS to demonstrate its applicability for the analysis of OPPs. The advantages of using ICP-MS with respect to other common detectors, such as flame photometric detection (FPD), for CE analysis of OPPs are shown. Additionally, different CE separation conditions were studied to achieve complete baseline separation of the pesticide compounds in short migration times. Two CE buffer systems were evaluated for the separation of OPPs using ICP-MS detection. A buffer solution containing 40 mmol.L - 1 ammonium acetate at pH 9.0 and an applied voltage of +20 kV were finally selected leading to a separation time of 10.0 min. Both migration time and area relative standard deviations (%RSD) were evaluated and their respective values were in the intervals of 1.1-3.3% and 2.7-5.3%. Detection limits obtained with the CE-ICP-MS system were in the range of 0.11-0.19 mg.L - 1 (as compound) yielding an enhancement of 130- to 230-fold with respect to FPD. The proposed methodology was finally applied for the determination of the OPPs mentioned above in natural river water samples.
Tumor-derived syndecan-1 mediates distal cross-talk with bone that enhances osteoclastogenesis.

Tumor-stimulated bone resorption fuels tumor growth and marks a dramatic decline in the health and prognosis of breast cancer patients. Identifying mechanisms that mediate cross-talk between tumor and bone remains a key challenge. We previously demonstrated that breast cancer cells expressing high levels of heparanase exhibit enhanced shedding of the syndecan-1 proteoglycan. Moreover, when these heparanase-high cells are implanted in the mammary fat pad, they elevate bone resorption. In this study, conditioned medium from breast cancer cells expressing high levels of heparanase was shown to significantly stimulate human osteoclastogenesis in vitro (p < .05). The osteoclastogenic activity in the medium of heparanase-high cells was traced to the presence of syndecan-1, intact heparan sulfate chains, and heat-labile factor(s), including the chemokine interleukin 8 (IL-8). The enhanced osteoclastogenesis promoted by the heparanase-high cells results in a dramatic increase in bone resorption in vitro. In addition, the long bones of animals bearing heparanase-high tumors in the mammary fat pad had significantly higher numbers of osteoclasts compared with animals bearing tumors expressing low levels of heparanase (p < .05). Together these data suggest that syndecan-1 shed by tumor cells exerts biologic effects distal to the primary tumor and that it participates in driving osteoclastogenesis and the resulting bone destruction. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Selection of Outputs for Gas-Turbine Engines by Parameter Signatures

A method of measurement selection is introduced that relies on parameter signatures to assess the identifiability of dynamic model parameters by different outputs. A parameter signature is a region in the time-scale plane wherein the sensitivity of the output with respect to one model parameter is much larger than the rest of output sensitivities. Since the existence of a parameter signature is synonymous with the uniqueness of the corresponding output sensitivity, parameter signatures are directly linked to parameter identifiability by outputs and, hence, can be used for output/measurement selection. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a strategy for measurement selection by parameter signatures and to demonstrate its applicability to the transient decks of turbo-jet engines. The validity of the selected outputs in providing observability to the engine model parameters is independently verified by successful estimation of parameters by nonlinear least-squares.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
CD8 T cell immunity to Plasmodium permits generation of protective antibodies after repeated sporozoite challenge

Individuals living in malaria endemic areas are subject to repeated infections yet fail to develop sterilizing immunity, however, immunization of mice with attenuated sporozoites or subunit vaccines has shown the ability to protect mice against a sporozoite challenge. We recently reported that mice primed with dendritic cells coated with the dominant circumsporozoite CD8 T cell epitope from Plasmodium berghei followed by a boost with recombinant Listeria monocytogenes expressing the same epitope exhibited sterile immunity against a sporozoite challenge for more than one year. In this report we show those mice do not contain protective antibodies and that depletion of CD4 T cells in the immunized mice did not affect sterile immunity. In contrast, CD8 T cell depletion eliminated protection. Thus, protective immunity generated by this immunization approach is entirely memory CD8 T cell-dependent. We also show here that mice initially protected by circumsporozoite-specific memory CD8 T cells develop sterilizing sporozoite-specific antibodies after repeated asymptomatic challenges with physiologic numbers of viable sporozoites. Therefore, initial protection by a CD8 T cell-targeted liver stage subunit vaccine allows the generation of enhanced sterilizing immune responses from repeated exposure to Plasmodium parasites.
Application of MC68HC11 microcontroller for speed control of a DC motor

Abstract This paper describes the use of a Motorola MC68HC11 to control the speed of a permanent magnet DC motor. The approach emphasizes the application of the microcomputer as a flexible data acquisition and control device. DC motors under microcomputer control are important components in many industrial process control applications. Presented below are two exercises incorporating a simple feedback control scheme to regulate the motor speed under conditions of varying load. One exercise involves potentiometer control, and the other, software feedback control.
Reproductive effects of maternal and pre-weaning undernutrition in rat offspring: Age at puberty, onset of female reproductive senescence and intergenerational pup growth and viability☆

Maternal and/or postnatal undernutrition are widespread in human populations and are components of many experimental developmental and reproductive toxicology bio-assays. This study investigated in utero and/or pre-weaning undernutrition effects on reproductive maturation and senescence in the Sprague-Dawley rat as well as potential intergenerational effects. Pregnant rats were given food ad libitum or at 50% of normal dietary intake throughout pregnancy. Their offspring (control or IUGR) were cross-fostered to control dams with litter sizes of 8 or 16 pups (control and undernourished). Offspring body weights were reduced and onset of male puberty slightly delayed in animals from large postnatal litters. Similar body weight effects were observed in females but there was no difference in the age of vaginal opening. Female reproductive senescence as measured by onset of estrus acyclicity occurred at a younger age in IUGR-8-pup and Control-16-pup groups compared to Control-8-pup or IUGR-16-pup groups. Females were bred to control males and no evidence of adverse reproductive effects was found in any F2 groups. The offspring of the F1 generation did not show an intergenerational effect as documented in humans.
Local variance asymmetries in Planck temperature anisotropy maps

Recently, it was shown that local variance maps of temperature anisotropy are simple and useful tools for the study of large scale hemispherical power asymmetry. This was done by studying the distribution of dipoles of the local variance maps. In this work, we extend the study of the dipolar asymmetry in local variance maps using foreground cleaned Planck 143 GHz and 217 GHz data to smaller scales. In doing so, we include the effect of the CMB Doppler dipole. Further, we show that it is possible to use local variance maps to measure the Doppler dipole in these Planck channel maps, after removing large scale features (up to $l=600$), at a significance of about $3 \sigma$. At these small scales, we do not find any power asymmetry in the direction of the anomalous large scale power asymmetry beyond that expected from cosmic variance. At large scales, we verify previous results i.e. the presence of hemispherical power asymmetry at a significance of at least $3.3 \sigma$.
Curvature stress and polymorphism in membranes

Abstract A simple means of quantitating the curvature energy of membrane constituents is proposed based on the concept that the enthalpic curvature stress or stress relief that an isolated membrane constituent imparts upon a bilayer matrix is reflected by changes in the transition temperature between the bilayer and inverted hexagonal structures. Thermodynamic and shape arguments are used to critically review the effects of membrane constituents on this transition. An index of the propensity for curvature of over 150 compounds is presented in tabular form.
Premotor circuits controlling eyelid movements in conjunction with vertical saccades in the cat: II. interstitial nucleus of Cajal.

Vertical saccadic eye movements are accompanied by concurrent eyelid movements in the same direction. The interstitial nucleus of Cajal (InC) controls eye position for vertical eye movements and may also control saccade-related lid position as well. This study investigates whether the InC serves as a premotor center for eyelid saccades, by employing dual-tracer methods in cats to label both the projections of the InC and the motoneurons supplying the levator palpebrae superioris (LPS) muscle, which lie in the caudal central subdivision (CCS) of the oculomotor complex. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into the InC anterogradely labeled axons that terminated bilaterally throughout the CCS and in the oculomotor nuclei proper. Labeled terminals lay in close association with labeled LPS motoneurons, which were retrogradely labeled following injections of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the muscle. Ultrastructural investigation revealed that most terminals contained spherical vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic contacts with the labeled motoneurons. These results strongly suggest that the InC monosynaptically controls lid movements in conjunction with vertical eye movements, including saccades. To identify the neurons of origin for this pathway, WGA-HRP injections were centered in the CCS. These experiments indicate that lid and eye motoneurons may share a common source of bilateral InC input. Thus, a common vertical position signal may be employed to maintain the lid and eye at appropriate elevations during fixation, such that the lid sits just above the pupil, allowing unobstructed vision, but at the ready to protect the cornea. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:676–692, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.