cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Constitutional Commitment to Industrial Revolution

North has argued that Britain's Industrial Revolution was explained by “a combination of better-specified and enforced property rights and increasingly efficient and expanding markets” (1981, p. 166). If property rights became significantly more secure due to the Glorious Revolution, then a strong link is suggested between the changes in England's politics after 1688 and the changes in Britain's economy after 1780. While North and Weingast (1989, p. 831) were circumspect in drawing this link, others have asserted it more emphatically. For example, Olson observes that “individual rights to property and contract enforcement were probably more secure in Britain after 1689 than anywhere else, and it was in Britain, not very long after the Glorious Revolution, that the Industrial Revolution began” (1993, p. 574). More recently, Acemoglu and Robinson (2012) entitle one of their chapters “The turning point: How a political revolution in 1688 changed institutions in England and led the way to the Industrial Revolution.” Sceptics, however, have questioned whether England's political reforms led to Britain's economic success. Mokyr observes that “the precise connection between the events of the Glorious Revolution and the Industrial Revolution that followed more than half a century later remains murky” (2008, p. 27). Allen wryly notes that “it was a long stretch from the excise tax on beer … to Watt's invention of the separate condenser” (2009, p. 5). Jones points out that “a link has not been established between supposedly greater security of property under William III and industrialization a century later” (2013, p. 328). Findlay and O'Rourke doubt that “British success can really be attributed to superior institutions, put in place by the Glorious Revolution” (2007, p. 349), while Rodger remarks that “it seems less and less plausible that parliamentary government could have been the essential factor in Britain's economic success” (2010, p. 9). In this chapter, I consider three specific causal mechanisms that might have connected the two revolutions. My aim is to show these paths make good sense and are supported by prima facie evidence, rather than to attempt conclusive tests. The first path connects the Glorious to the Transportation Revolution, per Bogart (2011), and then connects the Transportation to the Industrial Revolution, per Szostak (1991).
Site-Specific Preparation of Intact Solid-Liquid Interfaces by Label-Free In Situ Localization and Cryo-Focused Ion Beam Lift-Out

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) allows atomic scale characterization of solid–solid interfaces, but has seen limited applications to solid–liquid interfaces due to the volatility of liquids in the microscope vacuum. Although cryo-electron microscopy is routinely used to characterize hydrated samples stabilized by rapid freezing, sample thinning is required to access the internal interfaces of thicker specimens. Here, we adapt cryo-focused ion beam (FIB) “lift-out,” a technique recently developed for biological specimens, to prepare intact internal solid–liquid interfaces for high-resolution structural and chemical analysis by cryo-STEM. To guide the milling process we introduce a label-free in situ method of localizing subsurface structures in suitable materials by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Monte Carlo simulations are performed to evaluate the depth-probing capability of the technique, and show good qualitative agreement with experiment. We also detail procedures to produce homogeneously thin lamellae, which enable nanoscale structural, elemental, and chemical analysis of intact solid–liquid interfaces by analytical cryo-STEM. This work demonstrates the potential of cryo-FIB lift-out and cryo-STEM for understanding physical and chemical processes at solid–liquid interfaces.
The value and skill of seasonal forecasts for water resources management in the Upper Santa Cruz River basin, southern Arizona

Abstract The potential for adaptive water resources management based on seasonal forecasts in the arid Upper Santa Cruz River, southern Arizona was examined. We demonstrated that seasonal forecasts can be used to optimize water resources management and increase supply. Using El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to forecast the wet seasons (winter and summer) can provide information during extreme ENSO. We found that ENSO is a better indicator for dryer than normal winters during La Nina and dryer than normal summers during El Nino. As in indicator of wetter than normal seasons (i.e. El Nino and La Nina in the winter and summer, respectively) ENSO is often not a consistent predictor and moreover, on several occasions the wetter than normal rainfall did not yield above normal seasonal flows. We also examined the seasonal precipitation forecasts for the region from the Climate Forecast System (CFS). The CFS showed reasonable predictive skill for the winter that extends up to four months lead-time. The only CFS skill for forecasting summer rainfall was observed for predicting above normal rainfall in July with one-month lead-time. Seasonal forecasts can substantially improve water resources management but currently requires considerations of large uncertainties in the operationally available forecasts.
Of Genocidaires and Humanitarians: The Ngaran Encounter with the Rwandan Refugee Crisis, 1994-2000

In April 1994, following one of the most rapid refugee influxes ever recorded, the transnational humanitarian industry descended upon Ngara a sleepy district located on the Tanzanian edge of the Tanzania-Rwanda border. Overnight, Ngara became the center for a humanitarian complex that sought to aid and confine over half a million Rwandan refugees. Based on archival research and over 100 interviews in Ngara, this paper explores the lived realities of Ngarans during the time that they became neighbors, victims and entrepreneurs within a violent refugee context. I argue that the refugee complex in Ngara, which included both refugees and expatriate aid workers, created a space of contradictory violence in Ngara: a violence that was simultaneously disruptive and productive. Ngarans experienced the physical and psychological harms of dislocation and physical violence associated with the refugee camps. Many Ngarans also took advantage of novel economic and infrastructural opportunities created by the transnational refugee complex and the instability of the refugee population. In exploring the refugee crisis in Ngara, this paper demonstrates the paradoxical nature of transnational refugee aid, and the lasting impact of this encounter on the lives and livelihoods of the Ngaran population.
Acquisition of Real-Time Operation Analytics for an Automated Serial Sectioning System

Mechanical serial sectioning is a highly repetitive technique employed in metallography for the rendering of 3D reconstructions of microstructure. While alternate techniques such as ultrasonic detection, micro-computed tomography, and focused ion beam milling have progressed much in recent years, few alternatives provide equivalent opportunities for comparatively high resolutions over significantly sized cross-sectional areas and volumes. To that end, the introduction of automated serial sectioning systems has greatly heightened repeatability and increased data collection rates while diminishing opportunity for mishandling and other user-introduced errors. Unfortunately, even among current, state-of-the-art automated serial sectioning systems, challenges in data collection have not been fully eradicated. Therefore, this paper highlights two specific advances to assist in this area; a non-contact laser triangulation method for assessment of material removal rates and a newly developed graphical user interface providing real-time monitoring of experimental progress. Both are shown to be helpful in the rapid identification of anomalies and interruptions, while also providing comparable and less error-prone measures of removal rate over the course of these long-term, challenging, and innately destructive characterization experiments.
Objectively Assessed Sleep Variability as an Acute Warning Sign of Suicidal Ideation in a Longitudinal Evaluation of Young Adults at High Suicide Risk

OBJECTIVE Young adults attempt suicide at disproportionately high rates relative to other groups and demonstrate high rates of sleep disturbance. No study has yet prospectively evaluated disturbed sleep as an acute indicator of risk using an objective index of sleep. We investigated objective and subjective parameters of disturbed sleep as a warning sign of suicidal ideation among young adults over an acute period. METHODS A longitudinal study across a 21-day observation period and 3 time points. Fifty of 4,847 participants (aged 18-23 years) were prescreened from a university undergraduate research pool (February 2007-June 2008) on the basis of suicide attempt history and recent suicidal ideation. Actigraphic and subjective sleep parameters were evaluated as acute predictors of suicidal ideation (Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation), with adjustment for baseline symptoms. Hierarchical regression analyses were employed to predict residual change scores. RESULTS Ninety-six percent of participants (n = 48) endorsed a suicide attempt history. Mean actigraphy values revealed objectively disturbed sleep parameters; 78% (n = 39) and 36% (n = 18) endorsed clinically significant insomnia and nightmares, respectively. When results were controlled for baseline suicidal and depressive symptoms, actigraphic and subjective sleep parameters predicted suicidal ideation residual change scores at 7- and 21-day follow-ups (P < .001). Specifically, actigraphy-defined variability in sleep timing, insomnia, and nightmares predicted increases in suicidal ideation (P < .05). In a test of competing risk factors, sleep variability outperformed depressive symptoms in the longitudinal prediction of suicidal ideation across time points (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Objectively and subjectively measured sleep disturbances predicted acute suicidal ideation increases in this population, independent of depressed mood. Self-reported insomnia and nightmares and actigraphically assessed sleep variability emerged as acute warning signs of suicidal ideation. These findings highlight the potential utility of sleep as a proposed biomarker of suicide risk and a therapeutic target.
Immunotherapy of Lymphoma and Myeloma: Facts and Hopes

Immune checkpoint blockade has driven a revolution in modern oncology, and robust drug development of immune checkpoint inhibitors is underway in both solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. High response rates to programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) blockade using nivolumab or pembrolizumab in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and several variants of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) revealed an intrinsic biologic sensitivity to this approach, and work is ongoing exploring combinations with immune checkpoint inhibitors in both cHL and NHL. There are also preliminary data suggesting antitumor efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors used in combination with immunomodulatory drugs in multiple myeloma (MM), and effects of novel monoclonal antibody therapies on the tumor microenvironment may lead to synergy with checkpoint blockade. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors are generally well-tolerated, clinicians must use caution and remain vigilant when treating patients with these agents in order to identify immune related toxicities and prevent treatment-related morbidity and mortality. Autologous stem cell transplant is a useful tool for treatment of hematologic malignancies and has potential as a platform for use of immune checkpoint inhibitors. An important safety signal has emerged surrounding the risk of graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) associated with use of PD-1 inhibitors before and after allogeneic stem cell transplant. We aim to discuss the facts known to date in the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors for patients with lymphoid malignancies, and discuss our hopes for expanding the benefits of immunotherapy to patients in the future.
Transitioning from Successful Aging: A Life Course Approach

Objective: The life course perspective and representative U.S. data are used to test Rowe and Kahn’s Successful Aging (SA) conceptualization. Four sets of influences (childhood experiences, social ...
Modeling impact outcomes for the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission

Abstract The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) is a NASA mission concept currently in Phase-A study, which will provide the first full-scale test of a kinetic impactor deflection mission for planetary defense. The DART spacecraft will target the moon of Didymos (Didymos-B, or “Didymoon”) and impact the smaller body at ~6 km/s with ~500 kg mass. The change in orbital period of the moon will then be measured using ground-based observations, which can be used to estimate the momentum enhancement of the moon from the impact. Impact modeling provides a basis for interpretation of the DART impact and observations (including the calculation of the momentum enhancement, β, the period change, and ejecta mass for a given impact scenario). Here, we present results from simulations using the shock physics codes CTH and Spheral of a DART-like impact into an asteroid target. Variations in target composition and porosity are simulated to examine their effect on β. A variety of methods are used to calculate β, and these simulations suggest that β can be calculated using any of them, depending on what type of simulation is performed, and provide consistent results. The results also indicate that varying the target composition (e.g., whether the target is made up of something granite-like or more akin to basalt or pumice) does not significantly affect the results. More significant changes are seen when parameters such as porosity are varied: increased porosity decreases β, alters the crater shape, and increases ∆v. Simulations also suggest that the form of porosity is important: macro-porosity has a significant effect on the cratering process that is different than equivalent micro-porosity.
Green tea metabolite (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits growth and polyamines in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder

4214 INTRO & OBJECTIVE: Epidemiologic studies suggest regular consumers of green tea have a lower risk of bladder cancer. The chemopreventive effects of green tea against tumorigenesis have been attributed to its polyphenolic constituents, especially (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), although its mechanism of action remains unclear. Here we study the effects of EGCG on growth and polyamine synthesis in human urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. METHODS: Urothelial carcinoma cells representing low grade (RT4, TCC 96-1) and high grade (UM-UC-3) bladder cancer were grown in the presence of increasing concentrations of EGCG (0-50uM). Cell growth was quantitated over 7 days using crystal violet elution. Polyamine levels (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) were determined by HPLC analysis in the same three cell lines following treatment with 0-50uM EGCG x 24 hours. RESULTS: EGCG inhibited the growth of all three cell lines in a dose-dependent fashion. Sensitivity to EGCG varied with each cell line with an IC50 of 15uM for UM-UC-3 as compared to 25uM for RT4 and 30 uM for TCC 96-1. EGCG also inhibited polyamine production with a dose-dependent reduction in levels of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine of 81%, 78% and 65% respectively for TCC 96-1. A reduction in polyamine levels of 62%, 34%, and 34% respectively was also observed for UM-UC-3 whereas a smaller decrease of 22% and 37% in spermidine and spermine was noted in RT-4 cells.CONCLUSION: The relatively non-toxic green tea metabolite EGCG produced growth inhibition of human bladder cancer cells associated with a significant reduction in polyamine levels. The role of polyamines in mediating the effects of EGCG in premalignant and malignant urothelium remains to be determined. These findings support the further investigation of EGCG in bladder cancer prevention.
The impact of industrial districts on the pricing of IPOs

Abstract This paper examines the impact that industrial districts–a concentration of industry peers in the same geographic area–have on the pricing of initial public offerings (IPOs). I provide robust evidence that firms going public in more concentrated districts are more heavily underpriced than other IPO firms. In general, the results support the notion that the competitive pressures within industrial districts raise the risk profile of IPOs and discourage voluntary disclosure of value-relevant information because of increased proprietary costs. There is also strong evidence to suggest that the increased underpricing of IPOs in industrial districts partially represents investor compensation for the location premium associated with more isolated areas.
REGULATION OF MUTANT TERT BY BRAF V600E/MAP KINASE PATHWAY THROUGH FOS/GABP IN HUMAN CANCER

The unique oncogene duet of coexisting BRAF V600E and TERT promoter mutations are widely found to be a robust genetic background promoting human cancer aggressiveness, but the mechanism is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the BRAF V600E/MAP kinase pathway phosphorylates and activates FOS, which in turn acts as a transcription factor to bind and activate the GABPB promoter, increasing GABPB expression and driving formation of GABPA-GABPB complex; the latter selectively binds and activates mutant TERT promoter, upregulating TERT expression. Elevated TERT functions as a strong oncoprotein, robustly promoting aggressive behaviors of cancer cells and tumor development. We thus identify a molecular mechanism for the activation of mutant TERT by the BRAF V600E/MAP kinase pathway, in which FOS as a transcriptional factor of GABPB promoter plays a key role in functionally bridging the two oncogenes in cooperatively promoting oncogenesis, providing important cancer biological and clinical implications.
THE FUTURE ROLE OF INTERACTIVE SIMULATION AS A DEVICE TO IMPROVE HOUSEHOLD QUALITY OF LIFE DECISIONS: WHERE DYNAMIC FORECASTING IS GOING

ABSTRACT Household quality of life is defined herein as the degree to which objectives articulated and agreed upon by the household, and subsequently accomplished meet the goals to which the household aspires. Resources available to the household include time, money, space (of activities) and activities (number and variety). Decisions balancing resources among competing objectives can only be effectively accomplished by a dynamic forecasting simulation.
Phase stability and microstructural formations in the niobium carbides

Abstract The phase stability and microstructural formations for a series of hot isostatically pressed (HIP) NbCx compositions was investigated. Based on the composition, single-phase B1 (Fm 3 ¯ m) NbC or (P 3 ¯ 1m) β−Nb2C equiaxed grains were observed as well as β-Nb2C lath precipitation within NbC. Particular discussion is given to the complexities of X-ray and electron diffraction for proper identification for the various poly-types of Nb2C that have been computationally predicted. The phase transformation pathways for these microstructures was revealed by a NbC-Nb diffusion couple from the HIP powders. The migration of vacancies towards the NbC side resulted in a refinement of the NbC grains whereas carbon’s migration into the Nb formed an uniform and distinct reaction front with a mixture of β-Nb2C and Nb grains. This latter microstructure suggests carbon’s reaction through the matrix grain is as significant in the conversion process as is the precipitation of β-Nb2C at the grain boundaries.
Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive system consists of the testes, genital ducts, accessory glands, and penis. It has three major functions: (1) to produce spermatozoa; (2) to secrete male hormones (androgens, principally testosterone); and (3) to copulate and facilitate fertilization through the deposition of spermatozoa into the female genital tract.
Male Sexual Signals and Female Choice in Drosophila grimshawi (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Sexual selection and sexual signaling have been prominent topics in recent behavioral studies, but limited data have led to controversy regarding these topics. For example, the Hawaiian Drosophila are often cited as examples in which female choice has resulted in the evolution of elaborate male courtship signals, but relatively few data exist to test these claims adequately. We studied D. grimshawi, a lek-forming Hawaiian Drosophila, to determine whether there was evidence for female choice without male competition and to elucidate the possible cues females use to discriminate. Male mating success was found to be nonrandom and males that courted females intensely and deposited many pheromone-containing streaks on the substrate were the most successful. Hence, multiple cues seem to be involved in male mating success in this species. Some males performed only one display, however, and may represent an alternate male mating tactic. The protein content of the adult male diet significantly influenced the level of pheromone streak deposition, and thus, foraging environment may affect the outcome of sexual selection.
Nonlinear finite element model updating of a large-scale infilled frame structures based on instantaneous modal parameters

While linear finite element (FE) model updating has been successfully applied for predicting structural damage as loss of effective stiffness, nonlinear FE model updating can provide improved and more accurate damage identification (i.e., a more comprehensive measure of damage) and can additionally be used as a tool for damage prognosis. The current study is focused on characterizing the nonlinear material behavior in a FE model of a three-story infilled frame using the identified instantaneous natural frequencies and mode shapes. The 2/3-scale, 3-story, 2-bay reinforced concrete frame with masonry infills was subjected to large amplitude earthquake base excitations on a shake table. The deterministic stochastic subspace identification method is used for estimating the instantaneous (during short-time windows) modal parameters of the structure based on the nonlinear response of structure during a seismic base excitation. Parameters of a priori selected hysteretic models (Bouc-Wen) at different finite elements of the structural model are calibrated to minimize the misfit between the identified modal parameters and those from the FE model. The accuracy of the calibrated FE model is assessed through the comparison of the predicted response and natural frequencies obtained from the model with those of the specimen.
Harmonic Maps, Rigidity, and Hodge Theory

Harmonic maps are nonlinear analogues of harmonic functions or, if one considers their differentials, harmonic 1-forms. As such, one can expect analogues of Hodge-theoretic results about harmonic 1-forms. Harmonic maps arise as critical points for the energy functional on maps between two Riemannian manifolds. If M, N are Riemannian manifolds and f : M → N is a smooth map between them, then the energy is defined by $$E(f) = {\smallint _M}{\left| {df} \right|^2}$$ where df is the differential of f. If f has finite energy, then we can ask whether f is a critical point for E; the corresponding Euler-Lagrange equation in D* df = 0, where D is the exterior derivative operator associated to the natural connection of f*TN and df is regarded as a 1-form on M with values in f*TN. The latter is the harmonic map equation. It is nonlinear analogue of Laplace’s equation.
Randomized double-blind trial of short- versus long-acting analgesia at the sacrospinous ligament

Pain control is a key component of postoperative care; our objective was to evaluate if use of long-acting local anesthesia at the sacrospinous ligament leads to decreased postoperative pain versus short-acting local anesthesia in patients undergoing sacrospinous ligament fixation. Women ≥ 18 years old undergoing sacrospinous ligament fixation to treat pelvic organ prolapse were eligible to participate in this randomized trial. Enrolled patients were randomized 1:1 to one of two study arms: (1) lidocaine arm (LA) or (2) liposomal bupivacaine arm (LBA). Patients in the LA received 30 ml 0.5% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine local injection at the sacrospinous ligament. Patients in the LBA received 20 ml 1.3% bupivacaine liposomal mixed with 10 ml 0.5% bupivacaine at the sacrospinous ligament. All patients received 50 ml 0.5% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine for anterior and/or posterior colporrhaphy. The primary outcome of this study was postoperative buttock pain. Of the 37 patients enrolled, 33 completed study procedures. Mean age (± SD) was 62.3 years (± 11.6) in the LA and 66.8 years (± 14.4) in the LBA (p = 0.32). All participants underwent sacrospinous ligament fixation; the rate of concomitant procedures did not differ between study arms. Visual analog scale scores for buttock-specific pain were compared between arms at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h postoperatively, and no differences were found. Use of long-acting local analgesia at the sacrospinous ligament at the time of sacrospinous ligament fixation does not provide any benefit over short-acting local analgesia.
We Know about Reagan, but Was there a Clinton Effect? Earnings by Race, Gender, Marital and Family Status, 1993 and 2000:

Radical and mainstream social scientists still speak of the effect of President Ronald Reagan’s administration on the welfare state and the legacy of Great Society and Equal Opportunity programs, b...
Wear behavior of martensite and ferrite in high chromium steel balls in wet grinding and implication to flotation

The wear behaviors of grinding media with different chemical composition and microstructures in wet grinding of a quartz-pyrrhotite mixture were investigated under various environments. The marked ball wear tests showed that the wear rate could be minimized by a suitable combination of martensite and ferrite within the same ball. A ball composed solely of hard martensite exhibited increased wear under an oxygen environment, while balls composed of both soft ferrite together with hard martensite exhibited decreased wear due presumably to the difference in their passivation behaviors. The galvanic interaction between the two phases as well as among these phases and an electroactive mineral were investigated through electrochemical measurements under abrasive condition in a slurry. The rates of formation of passive film controlled the corrosion currents of the high chromium steel media. Corrosive wear and its effect on flotation are discussed using the passivation kinetics model thereby developed.
Autoimmune rhabdomyolysis and a multiorgan display of PD-1 inhibitor induced immune related adverse events during treatment of metastatic melanoma.

Programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors are among the immunotherapies that have revolutionized our approach to treating several cancers. These novel agents act by blocking PD-1 receptor/PD-1 ligand interactions that would otherwise allow tumor cells to evade host immune destruction by inhibiting response of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. They are overall well tolerated, though they have been associated with a constellation of immune mediated adverse events (irAEs). We present a case of rare nivolumab mediated adverse events in a patient with nodular recurrence of melanoma. The patient presented with rhabdomyolysis and shortly thereafter developed a constellation of immune-mediated organ derangements. This case further demonstrates the utility and effectiveness of steroid therapy in the setting of irAEs despite our patient’s eventual poor clinical outcome. While PD-1 inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of several cancers, they require vigilance by the clinician for early detection and treatment of uncommon but potentially fatal irAEs. PD-1 inhibitors are now widely used in a multitude of cancer types including melanoma, advanced non-small cell lung cancer, metastatic renal cell carcinoma, and Hodgkin lymphoma amongst others. While these agents are often well tolerated, they are associated with a unique profile of immune-related toxicities that can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Education of both patients and healthcare providers is essential for diagnosis and treatment of these adverse events early in their course. This case highlights the uncommon but potentially serious PD-1-associated toxicity of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis along with other organ involvement and is directly applicable to use of these agents in patients with advanced cancers.
Protein diaphanous homolog 1 (Diaph1) promotes myofibroblastic activation of hepatic stellate cells by regulating Rab5a activity and TGFβ receptor endocytosis

TGFβ induces the differentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) into tumor-promoting myofibroblasts but underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Because endocytosis of TGFβ receptor II (TβRII), in response to TGFβ stimulation, is a prerequisite for TGF signaling, we investigated the role of protein diaphanous homolog 1 (known as Diaph1 or mDia1) for the myofibroblastic activation of HSCs. Using shRNA to knockdown Diaph1 or SMIFH2 to target Diaph1 activity of HSCs, we found that the inactivation of Diaph1 blocked internalization and intracellular trafficking of TβRII and reduced SMAD3 phosphorylation induced by TGFβ1. Mechanistic studies revealed that the N-terminal portion of Diaph1 interacted with both TβRII and Rab5a directly and that Rab5a activity of HSCs was increased by Diaph1 overexpression and decreased by Diaph1 knockdown. Additionally, expression of Rab5aQ79L (active Rab5a mutant) increased whereas the expression of Rab5aS34N (inactive mutant) reduced the endosomal localization of TβRII in HSCs compared to the expression of wild-type Rab5a. Functionally, TGFβ stimulation promoted HSCs to express tumor-promoting factors, and α-smooth muscle actin, fibronection, and CTGF, markers of myofibroblastic activation of HSCs. Targeting Diaph1 or Rab5a suppressed HSC activation and limited tumor growth in a tumor implantation mouse model. Thus, Dipah1 and Rab5a represent targets for inhibiting HSC activation and the hepatic tumor microenvironment.
Detecting fake news stories via multimodal analysis

Filtering, vetting, and verifying digital information is an area of core interest in information science. Online fake news is a specific type of digital misinformation that poses serious threats to democratic institutions, misguides the public, and can lead to radicalization and violence. Hence, fake news detection is an important problem for information science research. While there have been multiple attempts to identify fake news, most of such efforts have focused on a single modality (e.g., only text‐based or only visual features). However, news articles are increasingly framed as multimodal news stories, and hence, in this work, we propose a multimodal approach combining text and visual analysis of online news stories to automatically detect fake news. Drawing on key theories of information processing and presentation, we identify multiple text and visual features that are associated with fake or credible news articles. We then perform a predictive analysis to detect features most strongly associated with fake news. Next, we combine these features in predictive models using multiple machine‐learning techniques. The experimental results indicate that a multimodal approach outperforms single‐modality approaches, allowing for better fake news detection.
HyperMapper: a Practical Design Space Exploration Framework

Design problems are ubiquitous in scientific and industrial achievements. Scientists design experiments to gain insights into physical and social phenomena, and engineers design machines to execute tasks more efficiently. These design problems are fraught with choices which are often complex and highdimensional and which include interactions that make them difficult for individuals to reason about. In software/hardware co-design, for example, companies develop libraries with tens or hundreds of free choices and parameters that interact in complex ways. In fact, the level of complexity is often so high that it becomes impossible to find domain experts capable of tuning these libraries [1].
A Rare Case of an Abdominal Aortic Thrombus Secondary to Syphilitic Aortitis.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted spirochete infection whose presentation depends on the stage of infection. Currently, due to antibiotic treatment, tertiary syphilis is a rare clinical entity. When present, it is characterized by neurosyphilis, gummas, and cardiovascular infection. We present a case of a 64-year-old male who came with abdominal pain due to allergic colitis and was incidentally found to have a mural thrombus of his abdominal aorta. Following a negative workup and no etiologic cause of the thrombus, the patient was diagnosed with syphilitic aortitis. Previous cases have been seen in patients who present with infarction due to aortic thrombosis secondary to syphilitic aortitis. Practitioners must be aware that patients with tertiary syphilis, such as this patient, could have aortic thrombosis without any signs of ischemia and are at risk for infarction.
Enhancing Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks Using Surface Radios: Issues, Challenges and Solutions

In this chapter, we focus on a novel network architecture, UASN-MG, which has multiple surface gateways for underwater acoustic sensor networks. The surface gateways communicate with each other using surface radio and form a radio network on the water surface. Thus, two networks, an underwater acoustic network formed by underwater sensor nodes and a surface radio network formed by the surface gateways, are involved. Such a network architecture can bring about many benefits such as high throughput and energy efficiency. However, integrating multiple surface gateways into underwater acoustic sensor networks also incurs many new design challenges. In this chapter, we describe this new network architecture and its benefits in detail. Then we discuss the design challenges in this new architecture. Afterwards, three design examples are given, from different perspectives, to illustrate the techniques that cope with these challenges and optimize the network’s performance. Finally, we conclude the chapter with discussions on possible future research directions.
Local Motif Clustering on Time-Evolving Graphs

Graph motifs are subgraph patterns that occur in complex networks, which are of key importance for gaining deep insights into the structure and functionality of the graph. Motif clustering aims at finding clusters consisting of dense motif patterns. It is commonly used in various application domains, ranging from social networks to collaboration networks, from market-basket analysis to neuroscience applications. More recently, local clustering techniques have been proposed for motif-aware clustering, which focuses on a small neighborhood of the input seed node instead of the entire graph. However, most of these techniques are designed for static graphs and may render sub-optimal results when applied to large time-evolving graphs. To bridge this gap, in this paper, we propose a novel framework, Local Motif Clustering on Time-Evolving Graphs (L-MEGA), which provides the evolution pattern of the local motif cluster in an effective and efficient way. The core of L-MEGA is approximately tracking the temporal evolution of the local motif cluster via novel techniques such as edge filtering, motif push operation, and incremental sweep cut. Furthermore, we theoretically analyze the efficiency and effectiveness of these techniques on time-evolving graphs. Finally, we evaluate the L-MEGA framework via extensive experiments on both synthetic and real-world temporal networks.
A time to trust: Trust as a function of time in human-robot interaction

Abstract Interaction with robots is rapidly becoming commonplace across societal domains. Whether vacuuming robots in the household, industrial robots in the workplace, or military robots in combat, there are now more opportunities increasing for people to encounter, and work with, robots. This proliferation of robots throughout society requires an understanding of the factors that lead people to trust them. To this end, the following chapter explores the effect of trust on human-robot interaction. It describes the currently identified antecedents of trust and emphasizes a relatively new and under-explored category of trust antecedent: time.
Mealtime verbal interactions among nursing home staff and residents with dementia: A secondary behavioural analysis of videotaped observations

Aims To characterize dyadic mealtime verbal interactions and examine the associations with staff and resident characteristics. Design A secondary analysis of 110 videotaped mealtime observations collected from a dementia communication trial during 2011-2014. Methods Videos involved 25 residents with dementia and 29 staff in nine nursing homes. Verbal behaviours (utterances) were coded during 2018-2019 using the Cue Utilization and Engagement in Dementia mealtime video-coding scheme, addressing eight positive behaviours and four negative behaviours. Bivariate analyses and multivariate regression models were used. Results Staff spoke three times more frequently (76.5%) than residents (23.5%). Nearly all staff utterances were positive (99.2%); 85.1% of residents' utterances were positive and 14.9% negative. Staff positive utterances were correlated with their negative utterances and resident positive and negative utterances. Staff negative utterances were correlated with resident negative utterances. Resident positive and negative utterances were correlated. Resident positive utterances were significantly associated with staff care-giving length in the current nursing home (OR = 1.430, 95% CI = 1.008, 2.027). Resident negative utterances were significantly associated with resident gender (female versus male, OR = 11.892, 95% CI = 1.237, 114.289) and staff years worked as a caregiver (OR = 0.838, 95% CI = 0.710, 0.989). Staff positive and negative utterances were not associated significantly with any participant characteristics. Conclusions Staff engage residents using primarily positive verbal strategies. Staff-resident mealtime verbal interactions were dynamic, interactive, and complex and related to multiple individual characteristics. Impact Positive dyadic mealtime interactions are critical to engage residents in eating. Little work has characterized dyadic mealtime interactions, limiting the development of effective interventions. Findings showed staff-resident mealtime verbal interactions were primarily positive, inter-related, and associated with multiple individual characteristics. Findings inform directions to improve mealtime care practice and develop person-centred mealtime interventions targeting modifiable factors, including staff care-giving experiences.
Optimization of Enzyme Essays to Enhance Reliability of Activity Measurements in Leukocyte Lysates for the Diagnosis of Metachromatic Leukodystrophy and Gangliosidoses

(1) Lysosomal storage diseases are rare inherited disorders with no standardized or commercially available tests for biochemical diagnosis. We present factors influencing the quality of enzyme assays for metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) and gangliosidoses (GM1; GM2 variants B and 0) and validate the reliability and stability of testing in a retrospective analysis of 725 samples. (2) Patient leukocytes were isolated from ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) blood and separated for subpopulation experiments using density gradient centrifugation or magnetic cell separation. Enzyme activities in whole leukocyte lysate and leukocyte subpopulations were determined. (3) The enzyme activities in leukocyte subpopulations differed significantly. Compared to lymphocytes, the respective enzyme activities were 2.31-4.57-fold higher in monocytes and 1.64-2.81-fold higher in granulocytes. During sample preparation, a considerable amount of the lysosomal enzymes was released from granulocytes. Nevertheless, with the sample preparation method used here, total leukocyte count proved to be more accurate than total protein amount as a reference unit for enzyme activities. Subsequent analysis of 725 individuals showed clear discrimination of enzyme activities in patient samples (48 MLD; 21 gangliosidoses), with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 98-99%.
Saving whiteness: spectacular violence and the politics of white supremacist patriarchy

The frequency with which women are subjected to sexual assault along migratory corridors travelling through Mexico and into the United States is a disturbing phenomenon, one that has been spotlight...
Construction of Shared Situational Awareness in Traffic Management

The construct of "situational awareness" (SA) has a rich and productive history within both academic literature and practice. Situational awareness as a technical term has its earliest roots in formative human factors research in service of military and flight applications. However, its value as a construct in other domains, particularly those having to do with rapid sensemaking in safety-sensitive conditions, has led to a broader applied and theoretical interest over the past few decades. As a discipline, CSCW has been relatively less engaged with this concept, but has empirical and theoretical tools that will be valuable to its study. To bring CSCW more fully into the conversation, we present a description of how operators in a city department of transportation's transportation management center (TMC) develop and maintain situational awareness for themselves and the key recipients of their critical information outputs. We identify some of the schemas operators must develop in order to effectively construct situational awareness and dynamically articulate common fields of work, and the social collaborative practices they engage in to support that awareness. Implications for design and further research are proposed.
Abstract 2901: Pdcd4 inhibits slug translation to suppress E-cadherin expression and invasion in colon tumor cells

Programmed cell death 4 (Pdcd4) has been demonstrated to function as a tumor suppressor and protein translation inhibitor. We previously reported that knockdown of Pdcd4 down-regulated E-cadherin expression. E-cadherin is a key regulator for tumor cell invasion and metastasis, whose expression is controlled by transcription repressors Snail, Slug, ZEB1/2, and Twist. Both Slug and Snail have been shown to repress E-cadherin expression and contribute to tumor progression in various cancers including colon cancer. Here, we reported that knockdown of Pdcd4 increased Slug protein level but not SLUG mRNA level in colon tumor cells. Conversely, over-expression of Pdcd4 decreased Slug expression. Using sucrose gradient fractionation assays, Pdcd4 knockdown was found to increase the population of SLUG mRNA in the polysomal fractions. These results indicate that Pdcd4 translationally regulates Slug expression. To understand the mechanism by which Pdcd4 regulates Slug translation, the SLUG 59 untranslated region (59UTR) was cloned and fused with luciferase reporter and named as 59UTR-Slug-Luc. Knockdown of Pdcd4 significantly enhanced the translation of 59UTR-Slug-Luc while ectopic expression of Pdcd4 repressed the translation of 59UTR-Slug-Luc, suggesting that SLUG 59UTR is an essential element for Pdcd4 to inhibit Slug translation. Moreover, cells treated with silvestrol, an inhibitor for translation initiation factor 4A (eIF4A), significantly suppressed Slug translation. In addition, ectopic expression of Pdcd4 inhibited Slug translation and thereby decreased E-cadherin expression. By contrast, Pdcd4(D418A), a mutant that does not bind with eIF4A, failed to suppress the expression of Slug and E-cadherin. These findings suggest that Pdcd4-inhibited Slug translation is through suppressing eIF4A. Furthermore, knockdown of Slug in Pdcd4 knockdown cells restored the E-cadherin expression and reversed the invasive capacity induced by Pdcd4 knockdown, indicating that up-regulation of Slug contributes to Pdcd4-knockdown enhanced invasion. Taken together, this study demonstrates that Pdcd4 inhibits translation of Slug to regulate E-cadherin expression and invasion in colon tumor cells. Citation Format: Qing Wang, Jiang Zhu, Hsin-Sheng Yang. Pdcd4 inhibits slug translation to suppress E-cadherin expression and invasion in colon tumor cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2901.
The Efficiency-Quality Tradeoff of Cross-Trained Workers

Does cross-training workers allow a firm to achieve economies of scale when there is variability in the content of work, or does it create a workforce that performs many tasks with constant mediocrity? To address this question we integrate a model of a stochastic service system with models for tenure and experience-based service quality. When examined in isolation, the service system model confirms a well-known "rule of thumb" from the queuing literature: flexible or cross-trained servers provide more throughput with fewer workers than specialized servers. However, in the integrated model these economies of scale are tempered by a loss in quality. Given multiple tasks, flexible workers may not gain sufficient experience to provide high-quality service to any one customer, and what is gained in efficiency is lost in quality. Through a series of numerical experiments we find that low utilization in an all-specialist system can also reduce quality, and therefore the optimal staff mix is a mixture of flexible and specialized workers. We also investigate when the performance of the system is sensitive to the staffing configuration choice. For small systems with high learning rates, the optimal staff mix provides significant benefits over either extreme case (a completely specialized or completely flexible workforce). If the rate of learning is slow and the system is small, flexible servers are preferred. For large systems with high learning rates, the model leans toward specialized servers. Finally, we demonstrate that the model provides managers with a tool for evaluating the performance effect of human resource initiatives that may have an impact on worker turnover and training.
Education for Provision of Library Services to Distance Learners: The Role of the LIS Schools

As distance education (DE) and its support needs proliferate, schools of library and information science (LIS) need to address the education of librarians for the provision of DE services. This paper discusses current efforts of LIS programs in this regard, difficulties of establishing curricular units in this area, and steps the profession can take to ensure that education for DE services becomes an integral part of all LIS curricula.
{sets} -- A lightweight constraint programming language based on ROBDDs

Constraint programming is a step toward ideal programming: you merely define the problem domain and the constraints the solution must meet and let the computer do the rest. Many constraint programming languages have been developed; the majority of them employ iterative constraint propagation over the problem variables. While such an approach solves many problems and can handle very rich data types, it is often too inefficient to be practical. To address this problem, we developed a constraint programming language called {sets} that uses reduced ordered binary decision diagrams (ROBDDs) as the solution engine. Providing a minimal syntax, the language can be used to solve many finite problems that fit the constraint programming paradigm. The minimal syntax and simple semantics of the language enable the user to create libraries customized for a specific problem domain. {sets} is particularly useful in problems where an efficient search algorithm yet know to exist or can not be developed due to time constraints. As long as the solution domain is finite and discrete, {sets} should be able to describe the problem and search for a solution. We describe the {sets} language through a series of examples, show how it is compiled into C++ code that uses a public-domain ROBDD library, and compare the performance of this language with other constraint languages.