cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application Performance Evaluation on Different Compiler Optimizations

How to evaluate computer’s performance is an important issue for engineers in the area of computer, especially for those vendors. Under different compiler optimizations, the application on the same computer perform diversely. In this project, we investigate the impact of application performance with different compiler optimization levels. We choose the compiler, GCC, as our target compiler. With the SPEC CPU2006 benchmark, we evaluate several benchmarks performance when compiling those with different optimization levels. In addition, we employ the metric tools, GCOV, to fetch the numeric data. Through the tables and figures, we analyze the impact of application performance affected by optimization levels.
Aqua: A adaptive end-system quality of service architecture

In this chapter we propose an integrated resource management architecture for an end-system that can deliver desired QOS to multimedia applications. The proposed architecture (called AQUA for Adaptive End-system Quality of Service Architecture) includes a common framework for managing resources such as CPU, network interface, memory, and bus bandwidth. Significant and novel contributions of AQUA include an adaptation framework, QOS specification, resource managers, and an application-level QOS manager that performs application-based graceful adaptation when resource requirements change or the demand for resources exceeds available capacity. We have applied AQUA to the problem of CPU mangement for multimedia applications. The chapter describes a CPU management algorithm called RAP (Rate-based Adjustable Priority Scheduling) that provides predictable service and dynamic QOS control. RAP uses a new admission control test for processes with unknown compute times and methods to use available slack in order to handle processes with varying compute times. Finally, we present results based on a trace-driven simulator that demonstrate the effectiveness of algorithms described in this chapter.
Dissemination protocols for large sensor networks

Dissemination protocols in a large sensor network typically take a data-centric paradigm in which the communication primitives are organized around the sensing data instead of the network nodes. A user expresses his interest in a given data type by specifying a query message, which then propagates through the network. When detecting a nearby stimulus that matches the query type, sensors generate data reports which traverse the network to reach the interested user. The large scale of a sensor network, the resource constraints of each node in terms of energy, computation and memory, and potentially frequent node failures all present formidable challenges to reliable data dissemination. The protocols must be energy efficient, robust against failures and channel dynamics, and be able to scale to large networks. In this chapter, we provide a brief overview and critique of the state-of-art dissemination protocols and discuss future research directions.
Ultrastructural and biochemical studies of mitoplasts and outer membranes derived from French-pressed mitochondria: Advances in mitochondrial subfractionation

Rapid separation of mitoplasts and outer membranes of rat liver mitochondria has been accomplished by extrusion of mitochondrial suspensions through a French pressure cell. Preparations were monitored using established micro-sampling techniques to determine the extent of outer membrane release, the degree of homogeneity of the mitochondrial subfractions, and the affect of French pressing on mitochondrial ultrastructure. The distribution of “marker enzymes,” monoamine oxidase (MAO), cytochrome oxidase (Cyt Ox), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and adenylate kinase (ADK) was similar to that obtained when mitochondrial subfractionation was carried out using digitonin. For the first time a strictly physical method of removing the outer mitochondrial membrane which has yielded a mitoplast fraction retaining both acceptor control and a condensed configuration characteristic of the inner compartment of freshly isolated mitochondria is reported. Similar separation of the same components of rat heart mitochondria has also been accomplished. Thus, by this method well-defined mitochondrial subfractions, uncontaminated with detergents, have been isolated from two mammalian tissues. Digitonin treatment of mitoplasts prepared by the technique reported here resulted in the conversion of the condensed configuration to that of the digitonin-derived mitoplast. In addition, further insight into the ultrastructural nature of inner and outer membrane contact phenomena has been established.
Augmentation of kidney angiotensinogen expression and urinary angiotensinogen excretion by an intracellular angiotensin II fusion protein (1173.8)

Long-term angiotensin II (ANG II) administration significantly increases ANG II levels in the kidney through two major mechanisms; AT1 receptor-mediated augmentation of angiotensinogen (AGT) expression and uptake of circulating ANG II by the proximal tubule. However, it is not known if intracellular ANG II also stimulates AGT expression and secretion in the proximal tubule of the kidney. In the present study, we performed intrarenal adenoviral transfer of an intracellular cyan fluorescent fusion of ANG II (Ad-sglt2-ECFFP/ANG II) selectively in the proximal tubule using the sodium and glucose co-transporter 2 (sglt2) promoter. AGT mRNA expression in the renal cortex and 24 h urinary AGT excretion were determined 2 and 4 weeks after ECFP/ANG II transfer. ECFP/ANG II was expressed in the proximal tubule in a time-dependent manner, which was associated with significant increases in blood pressure 4 weeks after ECFP/ANG II transfer (p<0.01). AGT mRNA expression in the cortex was significantly increased at Week...
Rapid Methods for the Determination of Pregnanediol in Urine

Pregnanediol determination in urine was performed by alumina-column chromatography followed by reaction with sulfuric acid and by gas chromatography. After enzymatic hydrolysis of the conjugated urinary steroids, there is a very good agreement between both methods.
Effect of augmentation of nerve supply upon limb regeneration in the chick embryo

Limb regeneration was induced in 4-day chick embryos by implanting stage 15 neural tube into the amputated stump of the limb. In control animals, amputation alone or amputation with implant of either notochord or somites resulted in development of proximal wing segments only. In experimental animals, more than one-fourth of the animals containing viable neural tube implants developed proximal, middle, and distal limb segments. These regenerated limb segments contained muscle groups, cartilage models, and nervous structures that approximated the normal situations. Since some new parts regenerated in more than one-fourth of the cases, it may be concluded that augmentation of nerve supply is an effective method of inducing regeneration in limbs of chick embryos. Volume measurements of the neural tube implant indicate that a "critical mass" of nerve tissue may be necessary for regeneration to occur.
Comment on Cooke's classical method

Abstract Several of the papers in this special issue are in one way or another linked to Cooke's “classical” method for combining expert probability distributions. This comment focuses on characteristics of that method. In particular, I consider two questions: does the weighting scheme give the experts a positive incentive to report their beliefs honestly for each variable? How does Cooke's method perform when evaluated out-of-sample?
Comparison of Histidine-Tryptophan Ketoglutarate and University of Wisconsin Solutions as Primary Preservation in Renal Allografts Undergoing Pulsatile Perfusion

Abstract Introduction University of Wisconsin (UW) solution is the standard preservation solution for organ transplantation. Histidine-tryptophan ketogluatarate (HTK) solution has been used increasingly for kidney, pancreas, and liver transplantation. This study compared HTK and UW used during kidney procurement with subsequent pulsatile perfusion. Methods Between January and October 2003, 91 deceased renal and simultaneous kidney pancreas transplants were performed (UW, n = 41, and HTK, n = 50). There were no differences with regard to donor and recipient demographics or cold ischemia. Results Delayed graft function occurred in 3 (7%) of UW and 4 (8%) of HTK-preserved kidneys (P = NS). There were no significant differences between patient or graft survival. There was an anticipated difference between total preservative volumes used (HTK: 4.1 ± 1.0 vs UW: 3.0 ± 0.5; P Conclusion UW and HTK appear to have similar efficacy in kidney preservation with pulsatile perfusion. HTK preservation solution can be used safely in conjunction with pulsatile preservation for cold storage of renal allografts.
The F-box protein TIR1 is an auxin receptor

The plant hormone auxin regulates diverse aspects of plant growth and development. Recent studies indicate that auxin acts by promoting the degradation of the Aux/IAA transcriptional repressors through the action of the ubiquitin protein ligase SCFTIR1. The nature of the signalling cascade that leads to this effect is not known. However, recent studies indicate that the auxin receptor and other signalling components involved in this response are soluble factors. Using an in vitro pull-down assay, we demonstrate that the interaction between transport inhibitor response 1 (TIR1) and Aux/IAA proteins does not require stable modification of either protein. Instead auxin promotes the Aux/IAA–SCFTIR1 interaction by binding directly to SCFTIR1. We further show that the loss of TIR1 and three related F-box proteins eliminates saturable auxin binding in plant extracts. Finally, TIR1 synthesized in insect cells binds Aux/IAA proteins in an auxin-dependent manner. Together, these results indicate that TIR1 is an auxin receptor that mediates Aux/IAA degradation and auxin-regulated transcription.
Buying Green: Government Procurement as an Instrument of Environmental Policy

Governments often favor environmentally superior products in procurement, even if Abstract they cost more than alternatives. This article analyzes the effects of such green procurement policies. If marginal production costs are increasing, private market responses counteract changes in government purchasing (crowding out), thus reduc ing policy effectiveness. If significant scale economies exist, however, then private responses may reinforce changes in procurement. Procurement policies change both the market shares of brown and green products and total production. Whereas the changes in market share usually reduce environmental costs, the changes in total production can go either way. As a result, there are circumstances in which green procurement policies increase environmental costs.
Rising Tide, Dispersing Waves: Opportunities and Challenges for Chinese Seapower Development

AbstractThis article surveys China’s current naval forces and considers key dynamics and possible Chinese naval futures to 2020, the projected end of Beijing’s ‘strategic window of opportunity’, the idea that a peaceful external environment for economic development, globalization, and integration of China into the global economy allows China to benefit from diversion of US attention to countering terrorism. It considers broad possibilities through 2030, the general limit of public US government projections, and by which time multiple factors will likely slow China’s growth and compete for leadership focus and resources.
Congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia : genes for P450scc, side chain cleavage enzyme, are normal

Abstract In the most severe form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), termed lipoid CAH, both the adrenals and gonads fail to convert cholesterol to pregnenolone, so that no steroid hormones are made. Newborns have female external genitalia irrespective of karyotype, and suffer a severe salt-losing form of CAH. Previous studies have shown that adrenal or gonadal mitochondria from these patients also fail to convert cholesterol to pregnenolone in vitro , implicating a lesion in the single gene for P450scc, which is the sole enzyme converting cholesterol to pregnenolone. Two patients with XY karyotypes had female genitalia and unmeasurable steroids after stimulation with ACTH and hCG. ACTH stimulation tests of parents, obligate heterozygotes, showed normal stimulation of all precursor steroids. Southern blotting patterns of the P450scc gene were normal. Oligonucleotide-initiated enzymatic amplification (PCR) of all P450scc exons showed normal sequences on multiple amplifications and sequencing reactions, indicating normal P450scc genes. northern blots of testicular RNA from a 6-month-old patient and from a control fetus showed normal P450scc mRNA, indicating a normal P450scc promoter. Reprobing of the blot with our cloned human cDNAs for adrenodoxin reductase and adrenodoxin showed that these electron transport cofactors used by P450scc were also normal. Similarly, probing with cDNAs for all three known factors involved in cholesterol transport to the mitochondria-sterol carrier protein 2, endozepine, and steroidogenesis activator peptide were also normal. These results suggest that the lesion in lipoid CAH is not in the P450scc system or in any known step upstream from P450scc.
Novel method to eliminate SOG-etching-back-induced random particle

In the modern VLSI, SOG coating followed by SOG etching back process (SOG-ETB) has been an essential process and used for planarization in multilevel integration circuit manufacture. No clean treatment could be done after SOG-ETB process of Inter Metal Dielectric due to the concern of reliability. Consequently, the elimination of the particles of SOG-ETB is the only solution to overcome the production yield impact. The 'random particles' issue means that there were 'high flake type particles' induced at SOG-ETB stages and only dropped on few wafers within one lot. It was hard to catch this issue and to take action instantly. Several investigations were done to find out the source of 'random particles' and eliminate it by adopting an appropriate particle monitoring procedure to reflect the real SOG-ETB process machine status and modifying the replacement cycle of key parts.
1644 CYCLOSPORINE (CY) AS A PRIMARY IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE, AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR AZOTHIOPRIN (A) AND AS THE SOLE MAINTENANCE DRUG IN RENAL TRANSPLANTS

We utilized the steroid sparing effect of cyclosporine in 32 Pediatric renal transplants. Nineteen children (Group A) started with CY and 0.5 mg/kg prednisone (P) at the time of transplant. In 13 children (Group B), with a stable renal transplant on conventional therapy (AP 2) such children are not at risk of developing Addisonian Crisis and 3) donor and recipient haplotype match or the number of transplants were not of predictive value in P withdrawal.
Patient outcome after surgical management of an accessory nerve injury.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed patient outcome following surgical reconstruction of the accessory nerve after an iatrogenic injury.STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective chart review of 8 patients was performed.RESULTS: There were 3 men and 5 women in the study, and the mean time between injury and nerve graft/repair surgery was 5 months. Four injuries were sustained during a lymph node biopsy. Electromyography revealed a complete accessory nerve injury in all cases. In 6 cases, a nerve graft was required (mean length, 3.6 cm), and in 2 cases, a direct nerve repair was possible. The trapezius muscle was successfully reinnervated in all cases. In total, full shoulder abduction was achieved in 6 cases; in the remaining 2 cases, the patients achieved shoulder abduction to 90°.CONCLUSION: Functional deficit after accessory nerve injury is significant. Nerve graft/repair reconstruction reliably yields a satisfactory result, providing good scapular rotation and thus good shoulder function.
3-D Microbatteries

Batteries based on three-dimensional (3-D) microstructures are shown to offer significant advantages (e.g., small areal footprint, short diffusion lengths) in comparison to thin film devices for powering microelectromechanical systems and miniaturized electronic devices. A key limitation in all 3-D periodic cell architectures is the inherent non-uniform current density. Finite-element simulations of the current and potential in several cathode/anode array configurations are presented to illustrate the difficulty in obtaining relatively uniform current densities in 3-D batteries based on periodic elements.
Cuticular lipid biosynthesis in the scorpion, Paruroctonus mesaensis

The synthesis of cuticular and hemolymph lipids in the scorpion Paruroctonus mesaensis, was examined using radiolabeled acetate and palmitic acid. Incorporation of 1-14C-acetate into cuticular lipids was very low (0.03–0.13% of injected label), with the hydrocarbons exhibiting only trace (CPM's not significantly higher than background) radioactivity after 24 hours. Cuticular alcohols had the highest incorporation (ca. 80%) followed by free fatty acids and triglycerides. Hemolymph lipids also showed poor incorporation of labeled acetate (0.01%) and little activity in the hydrocarbon fraction. Incorporation of 1-14C-palmitic acid into cuticular lipids (0.86–1.21%) and hemolymph lipids (0.62–1.00%) was slightly higher, but still well below incorporation values observed for insects. The majority of the label appeared in the free fatty acids; hydrocarbons continued to show only trace radioactivity. Except for differences in the relative amounts of specific components, cuticular and hemolymph hydrocarbons were similar in composition. These results suggest that hydrocarbon biosynthesis in adult scorpions is very low during the intermoult period or that other compounds are preferred precursors.
Lot size variability effects on manufacturing lead time

This paper presents a queueing model for a single-stage manufacturing system. The arrival process at the facility is the superposition of the unco-ordinated arrival processes of various items and is represented by a compound Poisson process. It is shown that the expected waiting time of an average unit depends on the expected batch size and the batch size variability, whereas the expected batch completion time depends only on the expected batch size. The optimal processessing rate is also derived as a function of the appropriate cost factors. A lot sizing model is developed which provides the optimal batch size as a function of inventory-related costs. Finally, it is demonstrated through simulation that the Poisson arrival approximation is less severe when the item mix is composed of a large number of items.
Food irradiation in the United States: irradiation as a phytosanitary treatment for fresh fruits and vegetables and for the control of microorganisms in meat and poultry

Abstract Recently there has been a renewed focus on food irradiation in the United States (US) for the disinfestation of fresh fruits and vegetables to eliminate pests from imported agricultural commodities that could threaten the economic viability of American agriculture and for the control of bacterium E. coli 0157:H7 in beef, a pathogen that threatens the safety of the US domestic food supply. In January 1999 USDA/APHIS published in the Federal Register a rule which authorized irradiation as a guarantee treatment for papayas for movement from Hawaii to the US mainland. This treatment was never used for a number of reasons. However, in December, 1993, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published its final rule to terminate production and consumption of methyl bromide, the only remaining broad spectrum fumigant for disinfesting agricultural commodities for pests of quarantine significance on imported and exported commodities. With increased global trade pressures and the possible loss of methyl bromide as a fumigant for regulatory pests treatment made it imperative that practical treatment options be explored including irradiation. In May 1996, USDA/APHIS published a Notice of Policy which sets forth a policy statement that share positions and policies of USDA concerning the use of irradiation as a phytosanitary treatment. Subsequently in July, 1997, USDA/APHIS amended its Hawaiian regulation by increasing the dose required for papayas intended for interstate movement and by allowing carambolas and litchis also to move interstate as well. Fruits from Hawaii to the US mainland are currently being irradiated and distributed in commerce throughout the US Irradiation treatments now afford movement of many exotic fruits to the US mainland that could not be done earlier due to the lack of available treatment methods. To help combat this potential public health problem, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved treating red meat products. This process has been favorably received by the US food industries and health organizations because it can control E. coli 0157:H7 and several other disease-causing microorganisms. However, irradiation will not be authorized until the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), the US federal agency that regulates meat and poultry products, finalizes it regulations.
Biochemical and crystallographic analysis of substrate binding and conformational changes in acetyl-CoA synthetase.

The adenylate-forming enzymes, including acyl-CoA synthetases, the adenylation domains of non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), and firefly luciferase, perform two half-reactions in a ping-pong mechanism. We have proposed a domain alternation mechanism for these enzymes whereby, upon completion of the initial adenylation reaction, the C-terminal domain of these enzymes undergoes a 140° rotation to perform the second thioester-forming half-reaction. Structural and kinetic data of mutant enzymes support this hypothesis. We present here mutations to Salmonella enterica acetyl-CoA synthetase (Acs) and test the ability of the enzymes to catalyze the complete reaction and the adenylation half-reaction. Substitution of Lys609 with alanine results in an enzyme that is unable to catalyze the adenylate reaction, while the Gly524 to leucine substitution is unable to catalyze the complete reaction yet catalyzes the adenylation half-reaction with activity comparable to the wild-type enzyme. The positions of these ...
Surface Roughness Effects Nosetip Ablation Characteristics

A model is presented for predicting the onset, growth rate, and geometric characteristics of surface roughness on re-entry vehicle nosetips. The roughness is characterized by scallop patterns, which are shown to be an advanced stage of ring waves or crosshatch patterns. The patterns act as time-variable surface roughness which augments the convective heating rates and alters nosetip ablation. The predicted geometry of the scallop patterns yields a roughness density parameter for evaluating the heating augmentation. The model has been incorporated into a nosetip recession and shape change computer program, and the results are shown to agree with experimental nosetip ablation data.
Foreknowledge, accidental necessity, and uncausability

Foreknowledge arguments attempt to show that infallible and exhaustive foreknowledge is incompatible with creaturely freedom. One particularly powerful foreknowledge argument employs the concept of accidental necessity. But an opponent of this argument might challenge it precisely because it employs the concept of accidental necessity. Indeed, Merricks (Philos Rev 118:29–57, 2009, Philos Rev 120:567–586, 2011a) and Zagzebski (Faith Philos 19(4):503–519, 2002, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2011) have each written favorably of such a response. In this paper, I aim to show that responding to the accidental necessity version of the foreknowledge argument by disputing the concept of accidental necessity, including doing so in the ways these authors do, does not constitute a successful response to the foreknowledge argument. This is because there is an only slightly modified but still well-motivated version of the foreknowledge argument which employs the notion of uncausability rather than accidental necessity; and this argument is not threatened by objections to the concept of accidental necessity, including those objections offered by Zagzebski and Merricks. As recent literature on the foreknowledge argument has emphasized, when a response to a foreknowledge argument fails to threaten an only slightly modified but still well-motivated version of that argument, the response in question is not successful. So the responses to the accidental necessity version of the foreknowledge argument I have mentioned are not successful. Moreover, those working on foreknowledge arguments more generally should take seriously the uncausability version of the foreknowledge argument articulated here, as it may well be that still more responses to the foreknowledge argument will not threaten it, either.
Biochemical and molecular characterizaton of house cricket (Acheta domesticus, Orthoptera: Gryllidae) Δ9 desaturase

Abstract Studies of insect fatty acyl-CoA desaturases have heretofore concentrated on the Diptera and Lepidoptera. We report here the isolation and characterization of a fatty acyl-CoA Δ9 desaturase from the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera). Two desaturase cDNAs were isolated from a library, one of which contained two intron sequences. The clones were identical in their respective coding regions, but had divergent 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions. The cDNAs encode a 359 amino acid desaturase enzyme that could rescue a fatty acyl-CoA desaturase auxotrophic phenotype when expressed in yeast. Biochemical analysis of lipids from transformed yeast cells confirmed that the enzyme is a Δ9 desaturase with activity on both palmitic and stearic acid substrates. Southern blotting indicated multiple Δ9 desaturase genes within the genome. A single message that was up-regulated in fed insects vs. starved insects was observed on northern blots, indicating transcriptional regulation in response to diet.
XFROG phase measurement of threshold harmonics in a Keldysh-scaled system

By exploiting the Keldysh scaling — universal wavelength scaling laws in strong-field physics — direct temporal characterization of high-harmonics is demonstrated using sum-frequency-generation cross-correlation frequency-resolved optical gating (SFG XFROG).
Recovery and Resilience in Children's Mental Health: Views from the Field

This article explores the questions, "What does recovery mean in the context of children's mental health?" "How do recovery and resilience fit with the system of care values that underpin current transformation efforts in the children's mental health field?" And, "What implications flow from the answers to these questions?" The author details a process designed to gatherthe perspectives of family mem- bers, service providers, administrators, researchers, and advocates, summarizes the results of these discussions, and concludes with recommendations for next steps.
First-principles study of the interfacial adhesion between Si O 2 and Mo Si 2

Upon oxidation, a silica scale forms on $\mathrm{Mo}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$, a potential high-temperature coating material for metals. This silica scale protects $\mathrm{Mo}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ against high-temperature corrosive gases or liquids. We use periodic density functional theory to examine the interface between $\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and $\mathrm{Mo}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$. The interfacial bonding is localized, as evidenced by an adhesion energy that changes only slightly with the thickness of the $\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ layer. Moreover, the adhesion energy displays a relatively large $(0.40\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{J}∕{\mathrm{m}}^{2})$ variation with the relative lateral position of the $\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and $\mathrm{Mo}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ lattices due to changes in $\mathrm{Si}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{O}$ bonding across the interface. The most stable interfacial structure yields an ideal work of adhesion of $5.75\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{J}∕{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ within the local density approximation ($5.02\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{J}∕{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ within the generalized-gradient approximation) to electron exchange and correlation, indicating extremely strong adhesion. Local densities of states and electron density difference plots demonstrate that the interfacial $\mathrm{Si}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{O}$ bonds are covalent in character. $\mathrm{Mo}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{O}$ interactions are not found in the $\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}∕\mathrm{Mo}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ interface investigated here. Our work predicts that the $\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ scale strongly adheres to $\mathrm{Mo}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$, and further supports the potential of $\mathrm{Mo}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ as a high-temperature structural material and coating.
Localization of labile posttranslational modifications by electron capture dissociation: The case of γ-carboxyglutamic acid

Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) of 28 residue peptides harboring γ-carboxylated glutamic acid residues, a posttranslational modification of several proenzymes of the blood coagulation cascade, using either collisions or infrared photons results in complete ejection of the γ-CO2 moieties (−44 Da) before cleavage of peptide-backbone bonds. However, MS/MS using electron capture dissociation (ECD) in a Fourier transform mass spectrometer cleaves backbone bonds without ejecting CO2, allowing direct localization of this labile modification. Sulfated side chains are also retained in ECD backbone fragmentations of a 21-mer peptide, although CAD causes extensive SO3 loss. ECD thus is a unique complement to conventional methods for MS/MS, causing less undesirable loss of side-chain functionalities as well as more desirable backbone cleavages.
I — Public enterprise

THE MANY suggestions for the solution of our economic difficulties put forward during the past 3 years of the depression are so varied in their proposals and in the principles underlying them that it seems almost hopeless for us to arrive at any concerted action to get us out of our difficulties. This seems to be due to 2 causes: First, an entire lack of common understanding of basic economic principles; and second, a lack of vision on the part of many people to see beyond the horizon of their limited and confining experiences.
Multiphoton and multiion effects in the spectra of Pr1-xLaxF3

Abstract We present recent laser spectroscopic results of studies of various non-linear properties of Pr 3+ doped with LaF 3 and in the stoichiometric compound PrF 3 . It is now possible to conduct studies in which two or more photons are simultaneously absorbed or in which more than one ion are excited at the same time. In the first case, we report the three photon excitation of the l S o state of Pr 3+ which lies in the far ultraviolet; in the second we report the observation of pair transitions in diluted as well as concentrated Pr 3+ fluorides.
Bacterial colonization, probiotics, and clinical disease

With the emergence of the hygiene hypothesis, science has begun to reconsider the role of bacteria in host health. Data from germ-free animals and clinical studies support the idea that the colonization of intestinal flora and bacteria-host cross-talk play pivotal roles in the development of the mucosal immune system. Here we discuss the role of commensal colonizing bacteria and toll-like receptor/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (TLR/NOD) receptors in the regulation of intestinal immunity and the relationship between TLR/NOD and immune-mediated disease, especially inflammatory bowel disease. We also explore the mechanism of the induction of immune hyporesposiveness by gut epithelial cells interacting with commensal bacteria. A better understanding of bacteria-host interactions will help provide a rational basis for using probiotics as a dietary supplement to prevent and treat disease in the future.
Debris-fan constrictions and flood hydraulics in river canyons: Some implications from two-dimensional flow modelling

Rapids in river canyons are frequently found at sites where debris fans constrict flow along the channel. Whereas some fans may have persisted in the same location with unchanging geometry for centuries to millennia, others have changed in response to flow conditions imposed by successive floods. Such a change in boundary conditions may alter local flow hydraulics. This paper utilizes two-dimensional flow modelling to compare flood hydraulics along two alternative versions of an idealized reach of a river canyon: one with uniform width, gradient and cross-section, and a second perturbed by a prominent debris fan along the valley wall. The flow pattern along the reach with the fan is far more complex than the pattern along the uniform reach. Maximum velocity along the debris-fan reach is up to 50 per cent higher than along the uniform reach, maximum bed shear stress is up to three or four times higher, and an area of supercritical flow is predicted extending from the nose of the fan into the zone of flow expansion immediately downstream. Comparison of model output along longitudinal profiles of the two reaches indicates that the backwater effect of the fan extends several valley widths upstream. Predicted flows based on the same stage are as much as 190 to 230 per cent greater along the uniform reach than along the debris-fan reach. Reconstruction of palaeoflood discharge based on remnant flood marks in the vicinity of the fan would be sensitive to assumptions about boundary conditions that existed in the past; this effect relaxes over a longitudinal distance of several hundred metres. Furthermore there are significant cross-stream gradients that change slope and direction several times in the vicinity of the fan, calling into question the utility of one-dimensional step-backwater hydraulic models for predicting high-water marks in areas of complex valley morphology.
Comparison of lasting life changes after cancer and BMT: perspectives of long-term survivors and spouses

Objective: This qualitative follow up of long-term (>5 years) cancer survivor and spouse participants from a large, previous study of quality of life after blood and marrow transplantation (BMT) was designed to gain a deeper understanding of lasting life changes they experienced. Methods: Thirty spouse–survivor pairs, an average of 13 years post-BMT, were individually interviewed to identify lasting life changes. Participants were asked about their most significant long-lasting change since cancer/BMT, most significant positive change and negative change, and whether the experience had affected them and their spouse differently. Results: Spouses and survivors spontaneously identified both positive and negative changes. Spouses reported a higher proportion of negative changes (24%) than did survivors (15%), and survivors a higher proportion of positive changes (85%) than spouses (76%). For both groups, the most frequent positive change was in ‘perspective/outlook on life’ and negative change was ‘lingering health effects,’ although survivors mentioned the latter twice as often as did spouses. Spouses were more likely to talk about changes in the first-person plural (we, us) that were largely emotional or in relation to the survivor, whereas survivors spoke of changes in the first-person singular (I, me) that occurred to them directly and were largely physical. Conclusions: Although both spouses and survivors described similar negative and positive long-lasting changes that continued an average of 13 years post-BMT, they reported differences in the ways they were impacted by the experience, which was reflected in the language they used. Implications for future studies, family education, and couples-based interventions are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imidazoline Receptors in Vascular Smooth Muscle and Endothelial Cells

We sought to determine if smooth muscle and endothelial cells of blood vessels express imidazoline receptors. Membranes of cultured smooth muscle cells specifically bind with high affinity to alpha 2-adrenergic ligands, [3H]p-aminoclonidine, [3H]rauwolscine, and [3H]idazoxan. All of [3H]rauwolscine and [3H]p-aminoclonidine but less than 10% of [3H]idazoxan binding was displaced by 10 microM epinephrine, indicating a nonadrenergic binding site for [3H]idazoxan. [3H]Idazoxan binding was inhibited with a rank order of potency: cirazoline > idazoxan > naphazoline >> guanabenz > amiloride > clonidine = phentolamine. Agmatine, an endogenous ligand for I-receptors, inhibited binding with a Ki of 240 +/- 25 nM. The binding of [3H]idazoxan to membranes of pulmonary artery endothelial cells was to both alpha 2-adrenergic and imidazoline receptors. Cultured smooth muscle cells, as well as rat carotid arterioles, were specifically immunostained by antibodies to an I-receptor-associated protein. We conclude that vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells express not only alpha 2-adrenergic receptors but also I-receptors of the I2 subclass with high affinity for agmatine. Since serum contains an endogenous ligand for I-receptors, possibly agmatine, the results suggest the presence of a novel receptor mechanism on vascular smooth muscle which may regulate vascular tone.
Photoaffinity Labeling the Agonist Binding Sites of Torpedo and α4β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Acetylcholine Binding Proteins (AChBPs) with [3H]Cytisine

The subunit composition of brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) dictates their different physiological, pharmacological and pathophysiological properties. While targeting brain nAChRs is a promising strategy in the treatment of different neurological conditions including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and nicotine dependence, the development of nAChR subtype-selective agents remains a challenge. The partial agonist cytisine and its derivative varenicline (CHANTIX; FDA approved drug for smoking cessation) are examples of drugs with higher selectivity for the α4β2 nAChR subtype. Here, we use radioligand binding, photoaffinity labeling and computational analysis to study the mode of interaction of cytisine with a diverse group of acetylcholine binding sites [nAChRs and ACh-binding proteins (AChBP)]. [3H]Cytisine binds with high affinity (1.6 nM) to α4β2 nAChRs, with low affinity (1.3 ∈μM) at both α-γ and α-δ agonist binding sites of the Torpedo (muscle-type) nAChR and to L-AChBP, A-AChBP and A-AChBP(Y55W) with low to modest affinity, 0.37 ∈μM, 2.5 ∈μM, and 80 nM, respectively. Upon UV irradiation, [3H]Cytisine photoincorporated selectively into the α- and γ-subunits of Torpedo nAChR . The sites of [3H]Cytisine labeling were determined in each subunit, αCys192/193,αTyr198 (Loop C), γTrp55 (Loop D) and γTyr117 (Loop E) of the agonist binding site. [3H]Cytisine efficiently photolabels the agonist binding sites of AChBPs and the α4β2 nAChR (both α4 and β2 subunits are labeled). The sites of [3H]Cytisine labeling in the Torpedo nAChR and in AChBPs and the α4β2 nAChR (ongoing experiments), along with results from cytisine docking simulations will be used to compare modes of interaction of α4β2 nAChR-selective and subtype non-selective agonists (e.g. ACh) to nAChRs and AChBPs.
The Swiss City Canton: A POlitical Invention*

All major Swiss cities are located north of the Alps. Their development can be understood best as part of the development of the North European cities—those of Germany, Flanders and France—and as part of the communal movement as it developed in those areas. Yet the cities that eventually became Swiss are those that accepted more of the characteristic institutions of Italian city-states than did the rest, and it is this acceptance of certain Italian practices—particularly the creation of a rural territory and thus eventually of a territorial city-state—that made those cities into city Cantons, able to take part in the formation of Switzerland.
Rapid growth of very large KDP and KD*P crystals in support of the National Ignition Facility

The National Ignition Facility will require hundreds of very large single crystals (boules) of KDP and KD*P for the amplifier and frequency conversion optics. Rapid growth now routinely produces 250-300 kg boules of KDP. Technical hurdles overcome during the past year include inclusion formation and spurious nucleation. Areas of continued interest are control of asymmetry and aspect ratio. Variations in KDP concentration on the pm scale at the growing crystal steps can cause inclusions of growth solution. Microscopic investigations, hydrodynamic modeling, and theoretical modeling have been combined to provide a good mechanistic understanding of the formation of inclusions. Modifications to rotation regimes to improve hydrodynamics can eliminate or minimize the effects of these instability mechanisms, and can increase the inclusion-free growth rate by 20-40% over previously observed growth rates. Aspect ratio and boule asymmetry remains of great interest. Small changes in asymmetry can result in significant increases in maximum yields for boules of the same mass. Reasons for the observed changes in aspect ratio during growth will be presented, along with methods to control or influence aspect ratio and boule asymmetry.
The Patient with Allergies

Allergic disease affects a sizeable percentage of the general population, has a significant impact on patient quality of life, and exerts a significant financial burden on society. Atopic symptoms from inhalant allergens are among the most frequent complaints in outpatient medical visits. Key history and physical examination findings help to distinguish allergic rhinitis from other forms of chronic rhinosinusitis. Diagnostic testing may not be necessary unless immunotherapy is contemplated.
Investigation of Sounds Produced by Healthy and Diseased Human Muscular Contraction

Muscle sounds were recorded from the medial biceps of 37 subjects as they pressed against a stationary object. The recordings were analyzed with a digital computer for frequency content. 20 subjects had some form of neuromuscular disorder, while 17 had no known muscle impairment.
Racial microaggressions as a tool for critical race research

This conceptual article utilizes critical race theory (CRT) to explain how everyday forms of racism – racial microaggressions – emerge in the everyday experiences of People of Color. We provide a framework for understanding and analyzing racial microaggressions that demonstrates how everyday racist events are systemically mediated by institutionalized racism (i.e. structures and processes), and guided by ideologies of white supremacy that justify the superiority of a dominant group (whites) over non-dominant groups (People of Color). To demonstrate the conceptual utility of the framework, we utilize historical and contemporary examples of racial micoraggressions, and offer varied ways to use the framework in critical race research. We argue racial microaggressions can be a powerful ‘tool’ for identifying, disrupting, and dismantling the racism that marginalizes, subordinates and excludes People of Color in and outside of education.
Simfit and Focus Diversity: methods for determining the focus of the SIRTF telescope in space without a focus slew

Because of concern over possible failure of the SIRTF cryogenic focus mechanism in space, the SIRTF Project Office has directed that the focus should be set before launch so that the telescope arrives in orbit as close to optimum focus as possible. Then focus evaluation and determination of any required focus change to achieve best focus must be carried out without the conventional approach of a focus slew. For these tasks we have created two methods: Simfit and Focus Diversity. Simfit is a procedure for comparing an observed stellar image with a family of simulated point-source images with a range of focus settings. With a sufficiently accurate as-built telescope model for creating the simulated images, the focus offset and direction can be accurately and unambiguously determined because of the change in image appearance with defocus. Focus diversity takes advantage of the variation of best-focus setting over the instrument's focal plane due to focal plane curvature and tilt and offsets between different instrument channels. By plotting an image quality parameter, such as noise-pixels, for observed stars at several positions on the focal plane versus a defocus variable, the focus error and direction can be determined. We have developed an efficient program for carrying out these procedures. The validity of this program has been successfully confirmed using point-source images observed with three bands of the IRAC camera during a double-pass optical test of SIRTF in a Ball Aerospace cryogenic test chamber. The two procedures are described and are illustrated with these results
Risk of spacecraft on-orbit obsolescence: Novel framework, stochastic modeling, and implications

Abstract The Government Accountability Office (GAO) has repeatedly noted the difficulties encountered by the Department of Defense (DOD) in keeping its acquisition of space systems on schedule and within budget. Among the recommendations provided by GAO, a minimum Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for technologies to be included in the development of a space system is advised. The DOD considers this recommendation impractical arguing that if space systems were designed with only mature technologies (high TRL), they would likely become obsolete on-orbit fairly quickly. The risk of on-orbit obsolescence is a key argument in the DOD's position for dipping into low technology maturity for space acquisition programs, but this policy unfortunately often results in the cost growth and schedule slippage criticized by the GAO. The concept of risk of on-orbit obsolescence has remained qualitative to date. In this paper, we formulate a theory of risk of on-orbit obsolescence by building on the traditional notion of obsolescence and adapting it to the specificities of space systems. We develop a stochastic model for quantifying and analyzing the risk of on-orbit obsolescence, and we assess, in its light, the appropriateness of DOD's rationale for maintaining low TRL technologies in its acquisition of space assets as a strategy for mitigating on-orbit obsolescence. Our model and results contribute one step towards the resolution of the conceptual stalemate on this matter between the DOD and the GAO, and we hope will inspire academics to further investigate the risk of on-orbit obsolescence.
Anelastic Deformation of a Thermoplastic-Matrix Fiber Composite at Elevated Temperature; Part II: Time-Temperature Dependent Matrix Behavior:

The tensile deformation and failure behavior, dynamic mechanical proper ties and creep behavior of PACM-12 (DuPont, poly(bis 4-4' dicyclohexylmethane) n-dodecanediamide), a representative thermoplastic polymer for use as a matrix in ad vanced composites and as an engineering plastic, as a function of processing history are described. Although injection molded PACM-12 fails in a brittle fashion at room tempera ture, completely amorphous PACM-12 is ductile; the difference is attributed to variations in cooling in the interior of the samples due to sample thickness effects. Partially crystal line samples are brittle at room temperature, with all samples being ductile near and above Tg. A master creep curve for the partially crystalline samples can be obtained by horizontal shift alone.