cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A prospective study of calcium intake from diet and supplements and risk of ischemic heart disease among men

Background: Calcium intake is thought to have a protective effect on the risk of developing ischemic heart disease (IHD), but the existing data are inconsistent. Objective: The objective was to assess the relation between calcium intake and risk of IHD among men. Design: Men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study who returned a dietary questionnaire in 1986 (n = 39 800) were followed up for 12 y. Intakes of calcium and other nutrients were assessed in 1986, 1990, and 1994. The endpoints of total IHD (nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal IHD) incidence were ascertained by medical record review. Other IHD risk factors were recorded biennially. Results: During 12 y of follow-up (415965 person-years), we documented 1458 cases of IHD: 1030 of nonfatal myocardial infarction and 428 of fatal IHD. After control for standard IHD risk factors, the relative risk of developing IHD among men in the highest (median intake = 1377 mg/d) compared with the lowest (median intake = 523 mg/d) calcium intake quintile was 0.97 (95% Cl: 0.81, 1.16: P for trend =0.64), for vitamin D intake was 1.00 (95% CI: 0.80, 1.24; P for trend = 0.66), and for total dairy product intake was 1.01 (95%CI: 0.83, 1.23; P for trend = 0.57). For supplemental calcium intake, the relative risk of developing IHD in a comparison of the highest quintile with nonusers of supplements was 0.87 (95%CI: 0.64, 1.19; P for trend = 0.31). Conclusion: The results suggest that neither dietary nor supplemental intakes of calcium are appreciably associated with the risk of IHD among men.
Ataques Cerebrovasculares isquemicos en Pacientes Jovenes. Reporte de casos y revisión de la literatura.

Aunque la incidencia de ataques cerebrovasculares (ACV) isquemicos en personas entre 15 y 50 anos , es mucho mas baja que la incidencia entre personas mayores de 50 anos; no es tan raro encontrar pacientes jovenes con ACV. El interes de este trabajo es el de presentar con ejemplos de casos reales, ACV en jovenes (considerese menores de 50 anos), y en base a una revision de la literatura, como enfocar y tratar estos casos.
Linear mitochondrial genome organization in vivo in the genus Pythium.

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of isolates of Pythium oligandrum with linear mitochondrial genomes revealed a distinct band in ethidium bromide-stained gels similar in size to values estimated by restriction mapping of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Southern analysis confirmed that these bands were mtDNA and indicated that linear genomes were present in unit-length size as well as multimers. Isolates of this species with circular mtDNA restriction maps also had low levels of linear mono- and multimers. visualized by Southern analysis of PFGE gels. Examination of 17 additional species revealed similar results; three species had distinct linear mtDNA bands in ethidium bromide-stained gels while the remainder had linear mono- and multi-mers in lower amounts detected only by Southern analysis. Sequence analysis of an isolate of P. oligandrum with a primarily circular mitochondrial genomic map and a low amount of linear molecules revealed that the small unique region of the circular map (which corresponded to the terminal region of linear genomes) was flanked by palindromic intrastrand complementary sequences separated by a unique 194-bp sequence. Sequences with similarity to ATPase9 coding regions from other organisms were located adjacent to this region. Sequences with similarity to mitochondrial origins of replication and autonomously replicating sequences were also located in this region: their potential involvement in the generation of linear molecules is discussed.
Hydrocortisone administration alters glial reaction to entorhinal lesion in the rat dentate gyrus.

Abstract Young adult male rats received subcutaneous implants of Alzet osmotic minipumps which delivered 400 μg hydrocortisone per day. Untreated rats received no pumps or pumps containing the vehicle. Five days after receiving the implantation, both groups of rats were subjected to unilateral entorhinal lesion. Seven days after surgery, brains were analyzed quantitatively for glial changes in the denervated dentate outer molecular layer. Numerical densities of astrocytes and nonastrocytic glia were calculated by cell counting using 1.0-μm toluidine blue-stained sections. Glial acid phosphatase staining was quantitated using computer-assisted cytophotometric measurement of individual glial cells. Hydrocortisone-treated animals demonstrated 31% more astrocytes and 22.4% less nonastrocytes in the dentate outer molecular layer compared with untreated animals. Glia in the treated animals also showed a 33% decrease in average optical density of cytoplasmic acid phosphatase staining. These findings suggest that hydrocortisone treatment prior to and following an entorhinal lesion accelerates lesion-induced migration of astrocytes to the outer molecular layer, and reduces the increase in microglial number resulting from the lesion. The observed effect on microglia may result from a direct hormonal inhibition of local proliferation of microglia or from the well known systemic anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids on monocytes, the putative precursors of brain microglia. Our findings suggest that glucocorticoid hormones significantly alter the response of nonneuronal cells to neural tissue damage.
A human study of fault localization accuracy

Localizing and repairing defects are critical software engineering activities. Not all programs and not all bugs are equally easy to debug, however. We present formal models, backed by a human study involving 65 participants (from both academia and industry) and 1830 total judgments, relating various software- and defect-related features to human accuracy at locating errors. Our study involves example code from Java textbooks, helping us to control for both readability and complexity. We find that certain types of defects are much harder for humans to locate accurately. For example, humans are over five times more accurate at locating “extra statements” than “missing statements” based on experimental observation. We also find that, independent of the type of defect involved, certain code contexts are harder to debug than others. For example, humans are over three times more accurate at finding defects in code that provides an array abstraction than in code that provides a tree abstraction. We identify and analyze code features that are predictive of human fault localization accuracy. Finally, we present a formal model of debugging accuracy based on those source code features that have a statistically significant correlation with human performance.
Learning Words: Large Group Time as a Vocabulary Development Opportunity

Abstract This study examines the role of curriculum as a vocabulary learning environment by comparing teacher's Large Group Time instruction in two curricula-Creative Curriculum (Dodge, Colker, & Heroman, 2000) and the Doors to Discovery program (2002). Discourse samples were retrieved from the video data of the Large Group Time activity in five Head Start classrooms. The following discourse features were compared in the two curricula: teachers' and children's amount of meaningful talk, vocabulary diversity, teachers' use of root words and rare words, and vocabulary instruction strategies. The data were analyzed with the CHILDES (Child Language Data Exchange System) and qualitative analysis with analytic induction. The results revealed differences in the children's amount of meaningful talk and in the frequency trends of teachers' use of rare words and vocabulary instructional strategies in favor of the Doors to Discovery program. No significant differences were found in the teacher's amount of meaningful...
Twelve‐Year Follow‐up Study of Khmer Youths Who Suffered Massive War Trauma as Children

ABSTRACT Objective Twenty-seven of 40 Khmer adolescent youths who had survived the horrors of the Pol Pot regime (1975–1979) as children and 4 of 6 who had escaped this war were reinterviewed for the fourth time, during the summer of 1996, to determine their diagnostic status for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and/or depression and their functional status with regard to occupational and/or educational pursuits. They had been interviewed initially in 1983–1984 and again 3 (1987) and 6 (1990–1991) years later. Method PTSD was determined using the Diagnostic interview for Children and Adolescents, and depression was assessed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children. Results The point prevalence rates of PTSD were comparable with those found 6 years earlier, and rates of depression were much lower but had increased somewhat over the ensuing 6 years. The onset of PTSD was quite variable, with 18% of subjects (7/40) developing PTSD at least 5 years after cessation of the Pol Pot hostilities. Subjects with PTSD were more likely to recall specifically traumatic war memories, whereas those without PTSD were more likely to recall memories of loss and/or displacement. Most subjects were functioning well, regardless of diagnostic status. Conclusions Although its onset is quite variable, PTSD persists in war-traumatized Cambodian refugee youths. PTSD and depression appear to follow different pathways over time. PTSD need not be associated with major functional impairment. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1999, 38(9):1173–1179.
I-Tim-izing the pathways of counter-regulation.

Tim-3, a member of the T cell immunoglobulin mucin family, is expressed by TH1 cells. Analysis of Tim-3–Tim3 ligand signaling now shows this pathway is intimately involved in the counter-regulation of T helper type 1 immune responses.
Mass spectrometric measurement of differential reactivity of cysteine to localize protein-ligand binding sites. Application to tubulin-binding drugs.

Abstract A new method for localizing binding sites of noncovalent drugs on proteins is presented. We have developed an accurate and high-throughput method based on the mass spectrometric measurement of differential reaction yield of cysteine alkylation (MS–DRC). This method, essentially a semiquantitative footprinting approach, is applicable to any type of ligand targeting cysteine-rich proteins because the method measures the reactivity change of each cysteine toward an alkylating agent instead of monitoring the drug itself. Thus, no modification of the drug is needed. In this study, the method is evaluated using tubulin as a model system. Tubulin and drug-treated tubulin were alkylated separately with several alkylating reagents, followed by proteolysis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)–tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and HPLC–MS. Relative alkylation yields of each cysteine toward the reagents were measured by mass spectrometric quantitation. The reaction yields of each cysteine of two samples were compared to detect a particular cysteine (or cysteines) for which reaction yield was markedly decreased following drug binding. Monobromobimane (mBrB) showed the highest differential.Thus, the MS–DRC method with mBrB was evaluated with various tubulin agents, including the covalent agent T138067 and the noncovalent agents colchicine, podophyllotoxin, and 2-methoxyestradiol. Conformational changes induced by drug binding, as well as sites of direct binding, may be identified.
A numerical study of vortex interactions with flames developing from ignition kernels in lean methane/air mixtures

Abstract In this work, the outcomes of interactions of counter-rotating vortex pairs with developing ignition kernels are studied. The conditions are selected to represent those in a lean-burn natural-gas engine with hot-jet ignition. The evolution of flame surface area during kernel–vortex interaction is quantitatively and qualitatively examined. It is observed that flame development is accelerated and the net flame surface area growth rate, i.e. heat release rate, increased with increasing vortex velocity. In general, increasing the vortex length scale increases the surface growth rate, i.e. increases heat release rates, but for small length scales, i.e. when the ratio of vortex length scale to kernel diameter is small, high flame curvature induced during the interaction leads to flame weakening and slower growth rates. When the vortex velocity is high relative to the flame speed and the length scale is comparable to the kernel diameter, the vortex breaks through the ignition kernel carrying with it hot products of combustion. This accelerates growth of the flame surface area and heat release rates compared to a kernel with no vortex interaction. On decreasing the vortex velocity and increasing the length scale, the wrinkling of the kernel becomes important. This also results in increased surface growth rates and higher heat release rates.
Theoretical and experimental study of the effects of spray inclination on two-phase spray cooling and critical heat flux

Abstract Experiments were conducted with PF-5052 liquid sprays impacting a 1.0 × 1.0 cm 2 heated test surface at different inclination angles, flow rates, and subcoolings. Inclination angle had no noticeable effect on the single-phase or two-phase regions of the boiling curve. Maximum CHF was always achieved with the spray impinging normal to the test surface; increasing angle of inclination away from the normal decreased CHF appreciably. Video analysis showed inclined sprays produced lateral liquid film flow towards the farthest downstream region of the test surface. The film liquid provided partial resistance to dryout despite the weak volumetric spray flux in the downstream region. A new theoretical model of the spray’s impact area and volumetric flux proves this decrease is the result of a sharp reduction in the fraction of the test surface area that is directly impacted by the spray. Combining the model and video results with a previous point-based CHF correlation for normal sprays is shown to accurately predict the effects of orientation angle on CHF for different nozzles and operating conditions.
Advanced System Level Simulation Platform for Three-Dimensional UWB Through-Wall Imaging SAR Using Time-Domain Approach

A previously developed simulation platform for localization purposes has been extended and customized to accurately analyze and simulate ultra wideband (UWB) through-wall imaging (TWI) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems as well. The newly added features/modules include electromagnetic simulator to account for wall presence and target scattering, a wideband backprojection imaging algorithm, and different transceiver architectures and antenna array configurations. The developed platform is capable of time gating to suppress early wall reflections and simulates various discrete components and functions of the UWB SAR system using both linear and nonlinear analysis. The simulator has been experimentally validated for both dielectric and metallic targets. The developed simulator can also be used to study various effects related to operation frequency, pulse width, pulse shape, wall dispersion, and carrier leakage. It predicts UWB system performance such as detection range, image resolution, and receiver dynamic range. The system's components can be re-optimized for high performance 3-D imaging based on our developed models. The simulation platform is also suitable for designing the optimal signal waveform that could improve the recovered image quality for TWI applications.
Planetary science: Mantle of the Moon exposed?

The composition of the rocks brought back from the Moon by the Apollo astronauts still poses a conundrum. Spectroscopic measurements of the lunar surface may offer a resolution while providing a glimpse at the evolution of the lunar mantle.
A design-independent method for measuring the reliability of psychiatric diagnosis

Abstract The several different versions of the kappa coefficient currently in use can be seen as variants of a single basic computational method. This paper present general formulas for calculating kappa, both to measure the overall reliability of a set of diagnostic categories and to measure the specific reliability of individual categories. The formulas extend the range of situations in which kappa can be calculated to include multiple-rater, partially crossed designs of the sort that researchers frequently encounter.
Interleukin 21 Signaling in B Cells Is Required for Efficient Establishment of Murine Gammaherpesvirus Latency

The human gammaherpesviruses take advantage of normal B cell differentiation pathways to establish life-long infection in memory B cells. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) infection of laboratory strains of mice also leads to life-long infection in memory B cells. To gain access to the memory B cell population, MHV68 infected B cells pass through the germinal center reaction during the onset of latency and require signals from T follicular helper (TFH) cells for proliferation. Interleukin 21 (IL-21), one of the secreted factors produced by TFH cells, plays an important role in both the maintenance of the germinal center response as well as in the generation of long-lived plasma cells. Using IL-21R deficient mice, we show that IL-21 signaling is required for efficient establishment of MHV68 infection. In the absence of IL-21 signaling, fewer infected splenocytes are able to gain access to either the germinal center B cell population or the plasma cell population – the latter being a major site of MHV68 reactivation. Furthermore, the germinal center B cell population in IL-21R-/- mice is skewed towards the non-proliferating centrocyte phenotype, resulting in reduced expansion of infected B cells. Additionally, the reduced frequency of infected plasma cells results in a significant reduction in the frequency of splenocytes capable of reactivating virus. This defect in establishment of MHV68 infection is intrinsic to B cells, as MHV68 preferentially establishes infection in IL-21R sufficient B cells in mixed bone marrow chimeric mice. Taken together, these data indicate that IL-21 signaling plays multiple roles during establishment of MHV68 infection, and identify IL-21 as a critical TFH cell-derived factor for efficient establishment of gammaherpesvirus B cell latency.
Reflectionless approximations to potentials with band structure

Abstract Inverse scattering methods are used to construct approximations to one-dimensional periodic potentials with a known band structure. By nature of the construction, these potentials give rise to reflectionless continuum scattering. A partial differential equation describing the problem and a numerical method for its solution are given. Some simple examples illustrate the degree to which the approximations correctly represent known potentials. Possible applications of our methods are noted.
Evolutionary biochemistry: revealing the historical and physical causes of protein properties

The repertoire of proteins and nucleic acids in the living world is determined by evolution; their properties are determined by the laws of physics and chemistry. Explanations of these two kinds of causality - the purviews of evolutionary biology and biochemistry, respectively - are typically pursued in isolation, but many fundamental questions fall squarely at the interface of fields. Here we articulate the paradigm of evolutionary biochemistry, which aims to dissect the physical mechanisms and evolutionary processes by which biological molecules diversified and to reveal how their physical architecture facilitates and constrains their evolution. We show how an integration of evolution with biochemistry moves us towards a more complete understanding of why biological molecules have the properties that they do.
One hundred years of botanical research and scholarly publishing at The New York Botanical Garden. An introduction to the historical issue of Brittonia

An overview of the articles presented in this special historical issue ofBrittonia is given, followed by a synopsis of the general trends in the development of The New York Botanical Garden’s scientific program preliminary to a definitive account of same. Finally, a profile of the NYBG Scientific Publications program, celebrating 100 years in 1996, gives an indication of the breadth and depth of the institution’s historical and ongoing mission to disseminate information about plants and their usefulness to people.
Comparison of Arthropods Emerging in the Spring from Douglas-fir Litter Between a Mature Stand and a Seed Orchard in Western Oregon

The abundances of phytophagous arthropods emerging in the spring from Douglas-fir litter were compared between a 50-year-old, second-growth stand and an adjacent intensively managed seed orchard in western Oregon. Undisturbed litter in the mature stand had higher densities of emergent arthropods, especially Douglas-fir needle gall midges ( Contarinia spp.), other Cecidomyiidae, Formicidae, parasitic Hymenoptera, and oribatid mites than had seed orchard litter. Results of this study indicate that densities of phytophagous arthropods overwintering in litter are normally low relative to densities of microarthropods and that densities of overwintering phytophages may be influenced by litter structure or disturbance, or both.
Extinct lunar radioactivities: Xenon from 244Pu and 129I in Apollo 14 breccias

Two Apollo 14 breccias have been found to contain xenon from the spontaneous fission of 82 my 244 Pu. A third contains 60 times as much fission xenon as local uranium can account for and is probably of similar character. One of the breccias shows a 129 Xe excess most likely due to the decay of 17 my 129 I. That these components can be separated and identified at all implies that complete isotopic homogenization has not occurred over a period which encompasses both extinction of these radionuclides and compaction of the breccias into their final form. In this sense isotope pre-history has been preserved in some lunar breccias providing information that pre-dates the formation of the rock itself (as determined by conventional techniques). The gases are not due to in situ decay. They appear to have been implanted in the surface crustal layer of the primitive Moon nearly simultaneously with production by 244 Pu and 129 I decay in the lunar interior. The combination of these two radionuclides, whose relative abundance is strongly time dependent, form the basis of a new, extremely sensitive, dating scheme that establishes the time of implantation.
Synthesis of 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid and its chromatography in rat and human urine.

Abstract 2-Thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA), the urinary biological monitoring marker for carbon disulfide in humans was synthesized by reacting carbon disulfide with l -cystine. Validation of TTCA purity required elemental as well as mass spectral and chromatographic analyses. Two reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic columns in series were necessary to resolve picomole amounts of TTCA from rat and human urine background peaks on detection at 272 nm even after prior diethyl ether extraction from acidified urines in the presence of saturated sodium chloride. The isolation procedure for TTCA from urine had a recovery of 94.0±8.1% in the linear 1.1–330 μM concentration range (0.0165–4.95 nmol injected mass) with a coefficient of variation of 8.6%. The detection limit was about 100 n M (1.5 pmol injected mass).
Dissociation of water on MgO(100)

The adsorption of water on well-ordered MgO(100) surfaces has been studied using metastable impact electron spectroscopy (MIES), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), and temperature-progra...
Molecular interaction of [2,3-14C] acrylonitrile with DNA in gastric tissue of rat.

Acrylonitrile (VCN) is used extensively in polymer industries, and is known to induce gastric cancer following oral administration, A paucity of information exists regarding the mechanism(s) by which acrylonitrile induces gastric neoplasia. The time course for uptake of radioactivity by gastric tissue and covalent binding of [2,3-14C] VCN or its metabolites to gastric DNA were determined following a single oral dose of 46.5 mg/kg. The rates of DNA synthesis and repair, as measured by unscheduled DNA synthesis in the gastric tissue of VCN-treated rats, were also studied. Maximum tissue uptake and covalent binding of radioactivity to gastric DNA were observed at 15 minutes following [2,3-14C] VCN administration. At 6 hours following VCN administration, significant inhibition (37% of control) in gastric replicative DNA synthesis was observed. A rebound followed by an increase (211% of control) in replicative DNA synthesis was observed at 24 hours. A three-fold elevation in unscheduled DNA synthesis was observed at 24 hours following treatment with VCN. These results indicate that VCN or its metabolites irreversibly interact with gastric DNA, causing DNA damage. The results also indicate that the delayed VCN-induced DNA repair, determined as unscheduled DNA synthesis, is inefficient for the removal of the resulting DNA lesions.
The Case for Cloud Computing

To understand clouds and cloud computing, we must first understand the two different types of clouds. The author distinguishes between clouds that provide on-demand computing instances and those that provide on-demand computing capacity. Cloud computing doesn't yet have a standard definition, but a good working description of it is to say that clouds, or clusters of distributed computers, provide on-demand resources and services over a network, usually the Internet, with the scale and reliability of a data center.
Luminescence of Thorium Oxide Activated by Rare Earths. Optimum Concentration for Different Sources of Excitation

Three sets of specimens were prepared in which thorium oxide contained as activators praseodymium, samarium and terbium in concentrations varying by known amounts. The specimens activated by praseodymium varied from 1 atom of praseodymium in 100 molecules of thorium oxide to 1 atom in 100,000 molecules; those activated by samarium from 1 atom in 15.5 molecules to 1 atom in 2000 molecules: those activated by terbium from 1 atom in 10 molecules to 1 atom in 40,000 molecules. The intensity of luminescence of specimens in each set was measured and the concentration of greatest brightness, the optimum concentration, determined for each of the following sources of excitation: cathode rays, ultraviolet light and hydrogen flame. The results show that the optimum concentration is different for each of the sources of excitation used. In all cases the concentration required for the optimum under cathode rays is less than that for the other methods of excitation used.
Digital rights management in a 3G mobile phone and beyond

In this paper we examine how copyright protection of digital items can be securely managed in a 3G mobile phone and other devices. First, the basic concepts, strategies, and requirements for digital rights management are reviewed. Next, a framework for protecting digital content in the embedded environment of a mobile phone is proposed and the elements in this system are defined. The means to enforce security in this system are described and a novel "Family Domain" approach to content management is introduced. Our new approach uses key sharing to help alleviate bad user experiences that are associated with some rights management systems. Examples outlining the enrollment of devices and the acquisition, rendering, and superdistribution of content are shown. Our proposed system is not only applicable to a mobile phone system, but may also be extended to other embedded systems, such as personal digital assistants, set-top boxes, or personal computers.
Parallel Jacobian-free Newton Krylov solution of the discrete ordinates method with flux limiters for 3D radiative transfer

The present study introduces a parallel Jacobian-free Newton Krylov (JFNK) general minimal residual (GMRES) solution for the discretized radiative transfer equation (RTE) in 3D, absorbing, emitting and scattering media. For the angular and spatial discretization of the RTE, the discrete ordinates method (DOM) and the finite volume method (FVM) including flux limiters are employed, respectively. Instead of forming and storing a large Jacobian matrix, JFNK methods allow for large memory savings as the required Jacobian-vector products are rather approximated by semiexact and numerical formulations, for which convergence and computational times are presented. Parallelization of the GMRES solution is introduced in a combined memory-shared/memory-distributed formulation that takes advantage of the fact that only large vector arrays remain in the JFNK process. Results are presented for 3D test cases including a simple homogeneous, isotropic medium and a more complex non-homogeneous, non-isothermal, absorbing-emitting and anisotropic scattering medium with collimated intensities. Additionally, convergence and stability of Gram-Schmidt and Householder orthogonalizations for the Arnoldi process in the parallel GMRES algorithms are discussed and analyzed. Overall, the introduction of JFNK methods results in a parallel, yet scalable to the tested 2048 processors, and memory affordable solution to 3D radiative transfer problems without compromising the accuracy and convergence of a Newton-like solution.
Differential expression, class discovery and class prediction using S-PLUS and S+ArrayAnalyzer

Microarrays are a powerful experimental platform, allowing simultaneous studies of gene expression for thousands of genes under different experimental conditions. However there is much biological variability induced throughout the experimental process that can obscure the biological signals of interest. As such, the need for experimental design, replication and statistical rigor are now widely recognized. Statistical hypothesis testing has become the accepted differential expression analysis approach and many classification and prediction methods used in class discovery and class prediction now incorporate stochastic modeling components.This paper provides a review of statistical analysis approaches to the analysis of data from microarray experiments. This includes discussion of experimental design, data management, preprocessing, differential expression, clustering and class prediction, reporting and annotation. The review is illustrated with the analysis of an experiment with 3 experimental conditions using the Affymetrix murine chip mgu 74av2; and with descriptions of available functionality in the statistical analysis software S-PLUS and its associated module for microarray analysis, S+ArrayAnalyzer.
The stigma of mental illness: Explanatory models and methods for change

Abstract For people with mental illness, diminished quality of life and loss of personal goals does not result solely from the symptoms, distress, and disabilities caused by their psychiatric disorder. Quality of life and personal goals are also hindered by people who embrace the stigma that accompanies mental illness and mental health care. This paper reviews evidence of the impact of mental illness stigma and strategies for seeking to ease its impact. To achieve these goals, we (a) describe the ways in which stigma harm people with mental illness, (b) summarize models that explain the development and maintenance of these stigmatizing effects, and (c) review strategies that have been shown to decrease the impact of stigma. Concerns about stigma are on the political agendas of many mental health advocacy groups. It has recently also become the focus of extensive research. Our goal in this paper is to balance the practical concerns raised by mental health advocates against data that support or contradicts specific assertions.
A modified perturbation method for solving optimal control problems with state variable inequality constraints

Modified perturbation method for solving optimal control boundary value problems with state variable inequality constraints, noting application to reentry trajectories
Transparent, conducting, and ferromagnetic multilayer films based on ZnO/Fe3O4 by pulsed laser deposition technique

Abstract Multilayer thin films based on zinc oxide (ZnO) and iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ) are fabricated using pulsed laser deposition method. The structural, electrical, and magnetic properties of these multilayer films are studied. X-ray diffraction study shows that ZnO film is highly oriented along (002) direction, while Fe 3 O 4 film has preferred orientation along (222) direction. These films are transparent, conducting, and ferromagnetic at room temperature. The temperature dependence of resistance measurement shows semiconducting nature and charge transportation in these films is due to tunneling. Negative magneto-resistance of 0.28% is observed at room temperature.
Spelling errors of normal and disabled students on achievement levels one through four: Instructional implications.

The errors of 72 disabled and 90 normal spellers were compared on the first through fourth levels of achievement using a featural system based on developmental spelling research. The mean age of the disabled subjects was two to three years higher on all levels (the differences were significant) but, of 24 error features on the four levels, F-tests showed that the groups differed only on Front Vowels (/a/, /e/, /i/), particularly the combination of in as in chin, with the normal group making more errors. Discriminant function analysis showed that the error features which significantly discriminated between the two groups at Level 1 were Consonant Digraphs, Affricates, and Front Vowels. On Level 2, the dominant variables contributing to the significant discriminant function were Front Vowels, consonant doubling and “e-drop” errors, and suffix errors. The normal group made more errors on all but the last. There were no significant differences on Levels 3 and 4. Discriminant analysis among the four levels for the normal group showed that the incidence of lower-level spelling features declined steadily as spelling achievement level increased. A similar trend but less significant variability was found among the disabled group levels. These results suggest that the strict phonetics-based instruction used with the disabled group contributes to their relative proficiency on the lower level spelling features but that the meaning, orthographic, and derivational conventions of more advanced spelling should be emphasized when designing instruction at achievement Level 2 and above.
Development of phenotypic resistance to direct lethal miconazole action by Candida albicans entering stationary phase

In the late logarithmic or very early stationary phase of the growth cycle, yeast cells of Candida albicans undergo a shift from susceptibility to resistance to the direct lethal action of miconazole. Regulation of this phenotypic shift was examined. Experiments based on viable count determinations and the construction of time-kill curves showed that reestablishment of resistance is independent of both pH and the attainment of some critical viable cell density. However, it was found that development of resistance requires the continued availability of an appropriate energy source toward the end of exponential growth.
Distinct hepatic receptors for low density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein E in humans

Since the liver is a central organ for lipid and lipoprotein synthesis and catabolism, hepatic receptors for specific apolipoproteins on plasma lipoproteins would be expected to modulate lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. The role of hepatic receptors for low density lipoproteins and apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins was evaluated in patients with complementary disorders in lipoprotein metabolism: abetalipoproteinemia and homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. In addition, hepatic membranes from a patient with familial hypercholesterolemia were studied and compared before and after portacaval shunt surgery. The results establish that the human liver has receptors for apolipoproteins B and E. Furthermore, in the human, hepatic receptors for low density lipoproteins and apolipoprotein E are genetically distinct and can undergo independent control.
Implications of absolute plate motions and intraplate stress for mantle rheology

Abstract Recent tests of driving force models for plate tectonics include comparison of predicted absolute plate motions with those allowed by paleomagnetism and comparison of the directions of principal deviatoric stresses predicted within the lithosphere with those inferred from midplate earthquake mechanisms and in-situ measurements. These tests are extended in this paper to possible non-linear relationships between plate velocity and shear stress at the base of the plate, including the relationships expected if dislocation creep is the rate-limiting flow mechanism in the mantle and if viscous heating and a temperature-dependent viscosity control the shear stress. Neither absolute plate velocities nor intraplate stress can be used to distinguish linear viscosity in the asthenosphere from a rheology appropriate to dislocation creep. Absolute plate motions for effective rheologies controlled by shear heating at the base of the lithosphere are in conflict with paleomagnetic limits on net polar wander, thereby restricting viscous heating as a regulator of shear stress to at most the oldest oceanic and continental lithosphere.
Electro-deposited vanadium oxide as a counter-electrode for PProDOT-Me2 based electrochromic devices (ECDs)

A preparation and characterization of thin film vanadium oxide for use as a transparent ion storage layer/counter-electrode in organic ECDs is reported. A cathodic polymer film, Poly[3,3-dimethyle-3,4-dihydro-2H-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxepine] (PProDOT-Me2) was used as the electrochromic material. Counter-electrodes were prepared using a sol-gel method and deposited using electrophoresis. Indium Tin oxide (I TO) glass was used as an electrically conductive and transparent substrate. This paper focuses on optimized characteristics complimentary to a PProDOT-Me2 based electrochromic thin film. Gels of vanadium oxide were created from V2O5 powder mixed with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and deionized water. Thin films were deposited onto a substrate submerged in the solution and subjected to cyclic voltammetry. Deposition parameters were varied and their effect on counter electrode characteristics investigated. The thin film exhibited a capacitance curve similar to the PProDOT-Me2 based EC film while maintaining a transmittance greater than 60% indicating that V2O5 is a suitable material. The ensuing 1 inch x 1 inch smart window exhibits a change in transmittance of 60% and a lifetime of over 100,000 cycles at a switching speed of 1 second. Larger sized devices of six and twelve inches were successfully prepared and switched between the dark blue and transparent states in less than 15 seconds.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quantitative Analysis of Bacterial Toxin Affinity and Specificity for Glycolipid Receptors by Surface Plasmon Resonance

The primary virulence factors of many pathogenic bacteria are secreted protein toxins which bind to glycolipid receptors on host cell surfaces. The binding specificities of three such toxins for different glycolipids, mainly from the ganglioside series, were determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) using a liposome capture method. Unlike microtiter plate and thin layer chromatography overlay assays, the SPR/liposome methodology allows for real time analysis of toxin binding under conditions that mimic the natural cell surface venue of these interactions and without any requirement for labeling of toxin or receptor. Compared to conventional assays, the liposome technique showed more restricted oligosaccharide specificities for toxin binding. Cholera toxin demonstrated an absolute requirement for terminal galactose and internal sialic acid residues (as in GM1) with tolerance for substitution with a second internal sialic acid (as in GD1b). Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin bound to GM1 and tolerated removal or extension of the internal sialic acid residue (as in asialo-GM1 and GD1b, respectively) but not substitution of the terminal galactose of GM1. Tetanus toxin showed a requirement for two internal sialic acid residues as in GD1b. Extension of terminal galactose with a single sialic acid was tolerated to some extent. The SPR analyses also yielded rate and affinity constants which are not attainable by conventional assays. Complex binding profiles were observed in that the association and dissociation rate constants varied with toxin:receptor ratios. The sub-nanomolar affinities of cholera toxin and heat-labile enterotoxin for liposome-anchored gangliosides were attributable largely to very slow dissociation rate constants. The SPR/liposome technology should have general applicability in the study of glycolipid-protein interactions and in the evaluation of reagents designed to interfere with these interactions.
Reoperative laparoscopic antireflux surgery.

Abstract Background: Laparoscopic antireflux surgery (LAP) is becoming increasingly used for the surgical treatment of medical recalcitrant gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). We sought to determine the utility of remedial LAP approaches to antireflux surgery. Methods: From March 1996 to December 1998, 15 patients underwent remedial LAP to manage medically recalcitrant recurrent GERD after LAP (n = 8) or open antireflux procedure (n = 1) and/or troublesome postfundoplication complications (dysphagia 6, gas bloat 4). The remedial LAP surgery consisted of conversion from Nissen to Toupet fundoplication to manage dysphagia or gas bloat symptoms (n = 7), revision of LAP Nissen fundoplication (n = 7) and LAP revision of a failed open Nissen fundoplication (n = 1) for recurrent reflux. Results: The remedial LAP repair was accomplished in all patients. Findings at operation included disrupted fundoplication (n = 6), incomplete or inappropriately positioned fundoplication (n = 2), paraesophageal hernia (n = 3), or a normal total fundoplication among patients with primary dysphagia (n = 4). Follow-up symptom scoring beyond 3 months of remedial surgery demonstrated a change from the preoperative mean dysphagia, heartburn, gas bloat, and regurgitation score (P
Determination of Hydraulic and Osmotic Properties of Soybean Root Systems

An analytical technique which allows the experimental determination of soybean (Glycine max L.) root properties is presented. Two major problems hamper the interpretation of experimental data. These are: (a) the influence of a possible boundary layer which raises the effective value of pi degrees above that of the bulk solution; and (b) the difficulty of obtaining an adequate measure of the internal osmotic pressure except at high values of volume flow rate due primarily to possible exchanges of solutes between the xylem and adjacent tissues. Consideration of these two problems leads to an interpretation of previous models which is reconcilable with the criticisms of Newman (Plant Physiology 1975 57: 738-739).In these experiments, estimates of hydraulic conductivity and reflection coefficient are based on high flow rate data where the osmotic effects are minimized. Because of the difficulties attached to the evaluation of pi(i), at low and moderate flow rates, any technique for evaluating root parameters which depends on knowledge of when the osmotic pressure difference (in bars) is zero will be subject to large errors, at least until both problems metioned above have been adequately resolved.An additional problem which must be dealt with in terminal root segments is the effect of a standing osmotic gradient. It is thought that this is not a serious problem in a complex root system.Transpiration rates are calculated on the basis of leaf and root surface areas and experimentally determined root volume flow. It is shown that root flow rates necessary to sustain high transpiration rates in the shoots are easily accommodated by the model at moderate levels of applied pressure difference.
Regulated ectopic expression of cyclin D1 induces transcriptional activation of the cdk inhibitor p21 gene without altering cell cycle progression

Cyclin D1 plays a key regulatory role during the G1 phase of the cell cycle and its gene is amplified and overexpressed in many cancers. To address the relationship between cyclin D1 and other cell cycle regulatory proteins, we established human glioma and rodent fibroblast cell lines in which cyclin D1 expression could be regulated ectopically with tetracycline. In both of these cell lines, we found that ectopic expression of cyclin D1 in asynchronously growing cells was accompanied by increased levels of the p53 tumor suppressor protein and the cyclin/cdk inhibitor p21. Despite the induction of these cell cycle inhibitory proteins, cyclin D1-associated cdk kinase remained activated and the cells grew essentially like that of the parent cells. Although growth parameters were unchanged in these cells, morphological changes were clearly identifiable and anchorage independent growth was observed in NIH3T3 cells. In a first step toward elaborating the mechanism for cyclin D1-mediated induction of p21 gene expression we show that co-expression of E2F-1 and DP-1 can specifically transactivate the p21 promoter. In support of these findings and a direct effect of E2F on induction of p21 gene expression a putative E2F binding site was identified within the p21 promoter. In summary, our results demonstrate that ectopic expression of cyclin D1 can induce gene expression of the cdk inhibitor p21 through an E2F mechanism the consequences of which are not to growth arrest cells but possibly to stabilize cyclin D1/cdk function.
Comparative water snake ecology: conservation of mobile animals that use temporally dynamic resources

Abstract Obtaining information on movement and spatial patterns of animals and understanding the factors that shape their movements about the landscape are critical steps in designing conservation strategies. We conducted a comparative radiotelemetry study of two snake species, the northern water snake, Nerodia sipedon sipedon, and the imperiled copperbelly water snake, Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta, in northwest Ohio and southern Michigan to assess differences in movement patterns, spatial ecology, and resource use. N. e. neglecta moved distances (53.3 ± 7.1 m/day and 4809 ± 603 m/year) over twice as far as N. s. sipedon (25.6 ± 2.7 m/day and 2244 ± 228 m/year), and used areas nearly four times larger (15.8 ± 2.7 ha) than N. s. sipedon (4.0 ± 0.9 ha). When wetlands were widely dispersed in the landscape, N. e. neglecta moved longer distances and used larger areas, whereas spatial and movement patterns in N. s. sipedon were unaffected by wetland spatial distribution. N. e. neglecta’s long movements and large area use are likely related to its use of variable resources such as ephemeral wetlands and anuran prey. N. s. sipedon used more permanent wetlands and preyed more generally on fish and anurans. Habitat alterations that change the spatial distribution of wetlands in the landscape, such as the loss of small isolated wetlands, have likely increased energetic costs and mortality rates for N. e. neglecta. Conservation strategies for vagile wetland animals that use spatially and temporally variable resources over broad spatial scales should focus on protecting and restoring large areas with numerous, heterogeneous wetlands.
A Numerical Solution for Gas-Particle Flows at High Reynolds Numbers

Predicting the fluid mechanical characteristics of a gas-solid two-phase flow is critical for the successful design and operation of coal gasification systems, coal fired turbines, rocket nozzles, and other energy conversion systems. This work presents a general grid-free numerical solution which extends a numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations developed by Chorin to a solution suitable for unsteady or steady dilute gas-solid particle flows. The method is applicable to open or closed domains of arbitrary geometry. The capability of the method is illustrated by analyzing the flow of gas and particles about a cylinder. Good agreement is found between the numerical method and experiment.