cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences in Early Infancy

ABSTRACT— Sex-linked behaviors in infancy have gener-ated a great deal of interest, in part because they offer away of assessing the extent to which sexually dimorphicbehaviors exist before extensive social and educationalexperiences. This article rev iews sex differences in basicand sensory processes, social behavior, and cognitivebehavior that have been reported during the 1st year oflife, and discusses current knowledge about the underlyingbasis for these differences and the extent to which theycontribute to later behavior. Careful investigation of theinteraction between social and biological factors ininfancy will be necessary to fully understand the natureand development of human sex differences. KEYWORDS— sex differences; infant developmentHigher prenatal androgens in males than in females masculinizethe genitalia, the developing neural system, and behavior(Breedlove, Cooke, & Jordan, 1999; Hines, 2002, 2004). Hor-monally dependent, sex-speciﬁc changes in the ultrastructure ofthe developing central nervous system (such as cell prolifera-tion, cell death, patterns of cell migration, dendritic branching;MacLusky, Bowlby, Brown, Peterson, & Hochberg, 1997) ulti-mately affect volumes of the hypothalamus, amygdala, andhippocampus—brain regions that are neural substrates of sexualbehavior, aggression, learning, and memory (Arnold & Gorski,1984; MacLusky & Naftolin, 1981). Through these effects oncomplex biological processes, androgen levels during criticalperiods in early development are thought to contribute to thebetween- and within-sex variability in human social and cogni-tive behavior (Collaer & Hines, 1995).In other primates, hormone-dependent behavioral predisposi-tions are shaped by early social experiences (Wallen, 1996),and sex-typed physical phenotypes at birth prompt differentsocial response to male and female infants (such as the fre-quency of anogenital inspection; Goy, Bercovitch, & McBrair,1988). Similarly, androgen-dependent virilization of externalgenitalia in human infants supports gender labels, social catego-ries that activate a lifelong process of gender socialization thatextends from gender-typed toys for newborns (Pomerleau,Bolduc, Malcuit, & Cossette, 1990) to the daily modeling andreinforcement of “gender-appropriate” behavior (Bussey &Bandura, 1999). Bidirectional relations between sex-linked bio-logical and social processes also exist in early infancy. Forexample, at birth, girls show higher length-to-weight ratios thanboys (Thomas, Peabody, Turnier, & Clark, 2000), a less promi-nent chin, and anteriorly narrower dental arcade (Schutkowski,1993). Consistent with this, adults perceive infant girls as smal-ler, softer, and ﬁner featured (Rubin, Provenzano, & Luria,1974) and handle boys more roughly than girls (Lewis, 1972).These subtle differences in adult–infant interactions are notwithout consequence: Other ﬁndings suggest that boys’ higherrates of head injuries in the ﬁrst 3 months primarily result frombeing dropped (Greenes, Wigotsky, & Schutzman, 2001).
Experimental Technique for Fatigue Testing of MEMS in Liquids

An experimental technique for the fatigue testing of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) in liquid environments is described in this paper. A bulk-micromachined MEMS tensile specimen with integral grips was fabricated, and tensile-tensile fatigue tests were performed in air and in a saline solution. The fatigue life of the 200-nm thick aluminum specimen was observed to range from 1.2 × 106 to 2.2 × 106 cycles when tested at equal values of the mean and alternating stresses of 0.13 GPa.
The peculiar A star HD 215441

Line identifications are given for the sharp-lined strong magnetic Ap star HD 215441 in the spectral region from 3638 to 4644 A near magnetic maximum. Lines of Cl II and Ti III were found in addition to those of atomic species previously identified. Comparison of the spectrum with those of normal B and other hot magnetic Ap stars shows that this star shares the anomalies of other silicon stars. The derived magnetic field strength does not depend on a line's stage of ionization, excitation potential, or wavelength, but rather is the same for lines of all atomic species. Thus the magnetic field strength is not a function of physical depth in the line-forming regions of the atmosphere of HD 215441.
Design of A Software-defined Underwater Acoustic Modem with Real-time Physical Layer Adaptation Capabilities

This article describes the design of a custom software-defined modem with adaptive physical layer for underwater acoustic (UWA) communications. The modem consists of a commercial software-defined radio (SDR) interfaced with a wideband acoustic transducer through amplifying circuitry. With this custom-built platform, we focus on the unique physical layer challenges of the underwater acoustic channel to demonstrate the benefits of real-time adaptation in such rapidly varying environments. We first focus on an Orthogonal-Frequency-Division-Multiplexing (OFDM) transmission scheme. In particular, for the forward link, we consider and implement a high-data rate Zero-Padded OFDM (ZP--OFDM) physical layer with a superimposed convolutional error-correction coding scheme. ZP--OFDM offers high re-configurability in terms of number of OFDM subcarriers, modulation type (e.g., BPSK, QPSK), and error-correction coding rate. Real-time adaptation at the transmitter is achieved through a robust feedback link based on a binary chirp spread-spectrum modulation (B-CSS). We demonstrate that joint real-time adaptation of system parameters such as modulation constellation and channel coding rate leads to significant data rate increase under preset bit-error-rate (BER) constraints. Moreover, in the same context, we present for the first time a seamless switch of our SDR transmitter between different signaling technologies such as OFDM and direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS-SS).
The influence of breeding intensity on above- and below-average sexual performance rams in single- and multiple-sire breeding environments

Abstract Two studies were conducted to evaluate the relationship between serving capacity scores and breeding performance of rams. The first study was conducted to determine whether rams with above or below mean serving capacity scores could perform equally in greater and lesser breeding intensity, single-sire mating schemes. The second study was conducted to determine whether rams with above and below mean serving capacity scores could perform equally well when only one or two ewes were in estrus daily in a multiple-sire breeding scheme (two rams/pen). Rams ( n =68) were ranked according to average number of ejaculations recorded in serving capacity tests. Sixteen rams with the greatest scores (above-average) and 16 rams with least scores (below-average) were identified for breeding. Half of above-average and half of below-average rams were used in the two studies. For study 1, each ram was individually introduced to 23 estrus-synchronized ewes for 9 d to simulate high breeding intensity. Rams were given a 5-d rest before they were individually introduced to 23–24 naturally cyclic ewes for 17 d (low breeding intensity). For study 2, 16 rams were paired across ram types, and each pair competed for 20 ewes for 18 d (8 pens). For study 1, ewe fertility (ewes lambing/ewes present at lambing) and number of lambs born were greater ( P P =0.12) and number of lambs sired (149±18.5 compared with 101±22.8; P =0.14) did not differ between above- and below-average rams, respectively, in direct competition. Sexual classifications based on serving capacity tests are related to breeding performance of rams in certain breeding environments. When breeding intensity is greater, above-average rams impregnate more ewes and sire more lambs than below-average rams. When only a small number of ewes are in estrus daily, below-average rams for serving capacity scores perform as well as above-average rams in multiple-sire and single-sire breeding environments. We suggest that above-average rams should be used to reduce number of rams required when breeding intensity is greater.
The effects of nitrogen fertilization and chlorination on the protein and fatty acid contents of soft red winter wheat flour, and their influence on the baking quality for angel food cake

After a soft red winter wheat (Coker 916) was subjected to varying N-fertilization levels, portions of the milled product were chlorinated. Protein and fatty acid content was measured to assess the effects of N-fertilization and chlorination. Increased application levels of N-fertilization had a significant effect (P < 0·05) on protein and unsaturated fatty acid (18:1; 18:2; 18:3) content. Use of chlorinated flour improved the physical characteristics of the angel food cake. Chlorination of flour caused a decrease in cake volume, which was correlated negative (r = -0·91) with crude protein content. A change in the ratio of uneven-to-even cake cells produced a rounder and closer packed crumb matrix, which also contributed to a lower volume cake. The improvement in the crumb structure and the increase in cell evenness was correlated negatively (r = -0·84) with a decrease in linoleic acid content after chlorination. The data also suggested an influence of linolenic acid content on structural change. Cakes were less tender when chlorinated flour was used. The results demonstrated the combined effects of protein and fatty acid content on improving baking quality in chlorinated soft wheat flour.
Reaction and regrowth control of CeO2 on Si(111) surface for the silicon‐on‐insulator structure

The interface structure of CeO2/Si(111) grown by laser ablation in ultrahigh vacuum was investigated by, reflection high‐energy electron diffraction (RHEED), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The deposited film was single‐crystalline CeO2. However, during the deposition, a reaction between CeO2 and Si occurred at the interface, that resulted in the formation of an oxygen deficient amorphous CeO2−x and SiO2 layer. Post annealing in oxygen atmosphere caused the regrowth of crystalline CeO2 from CeO2−x and increased of the SiO2 thickness. The modified structure of CeO2/SiO2/Si is expected to be useful as a silicon‐on‐insulator structure since it maintains the desirable SiO2/Si interface followed by a single‐crystal insulating film lattice‐matched to Si.
How Much? How Frequent? How Long? A Clinical Guide to New Therapies in Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Advances in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) over the last decade have given patients and their hematologists a multitude of treatment options. Therapeutic options now exist that reduce disease-related symptoms, improve quality of life, and alter the natural history of the disease. Three drugs are now specifically Food and Drug Administration-approved for treatment of MDS: (1) azacitidine, (2) decitabine, and (3) lenalidomide. Clinical results with each of these agents, plus results with immunosuppressive therapy, are reviewed to guide clinical decision making. Although each therapy has made a substantial impact in improving the care of patients with MDS, unfortunately MDS treatment in 2010 ultimately fails in most patients, but these therapies provide a foundation on which we can build to further improve outcomes.
Histopathology and bioassay of Plathypena scabra granulosis virus

Abstract A granulosis virus was found infecting Plathypena scabra larvae in Iowa. The capsules averaged 377 ± 25 × 222 ± 19 nm. On the basis of light microscopical observations, the virus appeared to infect the epidermis, fat body, and tracheal matrix cells. The LC 50 and LC 95 were 6.7 × 10 7 and 1.5 × 10 9 capsules/acre, respectively. The LT 50 values varied from 3 to 9 days for 1 × 10 12 and 1 × 10 8 capsules/acre, respectively.
Clonality in the Endangered Ambrosia pumila (Asteraceae) Inferred from RAPD Markers; Implications for Conservation and Management

Clonal plants have the ability to spread and survive over long periods of time by vegetative growth. For endangered species, the occurrence of clonality can have significant impacts on levels of genetic diversity, population structure, recruitment, and the implementation of appropriate conservation strategies. Here we␣examine clone structure in three populations of Ambrosia pumila (Nutt.) Gray (Asteraceae), a federally endangered clonal species from southern California. Ambrosia pumila is a perennial herbaceous species spreading from a rhizome, and is frequently found in dense patches of several hundred stems in a few square meters. The primary habitat for this species is upper terraces of rivers and drainages in areas that have been heavily impacted by anthropogenic disturbances and changing flood regimes. RAPD markers were employed to document the number and distribution of clones within multiple 0.25 m2 plots from each of three populations. Thirty-one multi-locus genotypes were identified from the 201 stems sampled. The spatial distribution of clones was limited with no genotypes shared between plots or populations. Mean clone size was estimated at 9.10 ramets per genet. Genets in most plots were intermingled, conforming to a guerrilla growth form. The maximum genet spread was 0.59 m suggesting that genets can be larger than the sampled 0.25 m2 plots. Spatial autocorrelation analysis found a lack of spatial genetic structure at short distances and significant structure at large distances within populations. Due to the occurrence of multiple genets within each population, the limited spread of genets, and a localized genetic structure, conservation activities should focus on the maintenance of multiple populations throughout the species range.
Malpractice claims on emergency physicians: time and money.

Abstract Background: Emergency medicine, with its limited time for patient encounters, unpredictable flow, and lack of a continuing patient-physician relationship, is a particularly high-risk field with regards to the issue of medical liability. There have been limited studies on the financial and time exposure emergency physicians face when confronted with a liability suit. Objectives: Provide practicing physicians with guidance as to what can be expected if they are confronted with a medical malpractice claim, and contribute to the literature as the issue of tort reform is debated. Methods: Retrospective study of all closed malpractice claims involving emergency physicians insured by the Illinois State Medical Inter-insurance Exchange covering the 10-year period 1995 to 2004. Results: Of 450 claims, there were 200 cases served. The median incident-to-close time was 45.5 months (interquartile range [IQR] 30.6–69.9). The median expense per claim served was $14,091 (IQR $3448–$44,363); 19.5% of cases resulted in an indemnity with a median of $220,000 (IQR $117,500–$700,000). Cases in which an indemnity was eventually made tended to be filed 7.7 months faster (p = 0.065) and took 14.1 months longer to close (p
Le Capital Amoureux : Imaginary Wealth and Revolution in Jean Genet’s Prisoner of Love

This paper explores the relationship between revolution and corruption in Jean Genet’s accounts of the Palestinian movement in his final work, Prisoner of Love. For Genet, corruption does not simply expose the actions of a revolutionary subject as an empty impersonation, performed for the actual ends of acquiring personal power and fortune. Rather, it exposes the ‘pretension’ inherent in the revolution it undermines as well as in the accumulation of value (for which the revolution is betrayed). For Genet, the misappropriation of money by the Palestinian leadership makes manifest the imaginary character of both devotion to a revolutionary cause and greed for the commodity-fetish (value). Corruption, in other words, betrays revolution as well as the ‘imaginary wealth and power’ which the ‘game of revolution’ attempts to destroy.
SU-C-BRB-06: Modeling Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) including Cell Cycle-Dependent Radiosensitivity, Hypoxia, Reoxygenation and Proliferation: Is SBRT Explainable Based on Classical Radiobiological Factors?

Purpose: The tumoricidal effectiveness of standard fractionation radiotherapy is usually understood qualitatively in terms of proliferation, hypoxia, and reoxygenation. We have developed a novel, state‐based computational model that includes those factors. The efficacy of SBRT has been hypothesized to be due to other factors, such as apoptosis of vasculature and/or immune‐response factors. The goal of this project is to see if SBRT can potentially be explained using only those classical radiobiology factors. Methods: The state‐based computational model considers the cell cycle effect on radiosensitivity and cycle reassortment. Varying fractionation schemes were compared in terms of model predicted equivalent dose at 2 Gy/fx (EQD_model). Using relevant parameters for lungcancertumors, the EQD model was estimated for several typical SBRT regimes. Results:SBRT is predicted to benefit from less repopulation (as expected) and high cell‐kill relative effectiveness, but is also predicted to suffer from less reoxygenation and the absence of cell‐ cycle reassortment. Overall, the model predicted EQD_model was significantly reduced from the BED‐based NTD2 (NTD2=BED/1.2, assuming alpha/beta=10), typically by about 25–30%. The treatment duration of SBRT affected the treatment efficacy and the ratio of EQD_model/NTD2 was lowest for high dose single fraction SBRT (∼60%). With longer treatment duration, the EQD_model increased and approached to NTD2, due to increased reoxygenation. For most evaluated SBRT regimens, predicted cell‐survival levels were too high to account for the reported high local‐response rates of the SBRT outcomes. Conclusions: Considering four Rs of radiobiology, the equivalent dose in 2 Gy/fx was estimated for several SBRT regimes. The treatment efficacy of SBRT estimated from BED is significantly overestimated compared to the model results and the SBRT schedule seems to affect the treatment efficacy. Non‐ classical biological or radiobiological principals are apparently at work in high‐dose SBRT treatments. Supported by the Enid A. Haupt Endowment for Medical Physics
Levofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin Decrease Procainamide and N-Acetylprocainamide Renal Clearances

Ten healthy adults participated in a randomized, crossover drug interaction study testing procainamide only, procainamide plus levofloxacin, and procainamide plus ciprofloxacin. During levofloxacin therapy, most procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) pharmacokinetic parameters, including decreased renal clearances and renal clearance/creatinine clearance ratios, changed (P < 0.05). During ciprofloxacin treatment, only procainamide and NAPA renal clearances decreased significantly.
Chlamydial infections in obstetrics and gynecology.

Although Chlamydia trachomatis causes important diseases in both men and women this review focuses on the genital tract disease associated with chlamydial infection in women and on neonatal chlamydial infection. 8 of the 15 serotypes of C. trachomatis are sexually transmitted agents. The unique growth cycle which distinguishes the chlamydiae from all other organisms is described and they are compared to bacteria and viruses. The prevalence and risk factors for chlamydial infections are then discussed. The symptoms complications prevalence diagnosis and treatment of male genital tract infections are outlined. Experimental and clinical evidence of the role of chlamydiae in lower genital tract diseases of women including Bartholinitis cervicitis endometritis and acute urethral syndrome; in acute salpingitis; and in the Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome is presented and discussed followed by a discussion of the incidence and prevalence diagnosis prognosis and treatment of neonatal inclusion conjunctivitis and pneumonia due to C. trachomatis. Some possible control measures for neonatal chlamydial infections are recommended and the relative costs and benefits for populations with different incidences are evaluated. Other possible neonatal clinical manifestations and a possible role in preterm labor and delivery low birth weight and perinatal mortality are noted. The diagnosis of chlamydial infections by cytology serology and culture are discussed and recommended therapy is outlined.
High voltage with Si series photovoltaics.

A monolithic crystalline Si photovoltaic device, developing a potential of 2,120 Volts, has been demonstrated. The monolithic device consists of 3600 small photovoltaic cells connected in series and fabricated using standard CMOS processing on SOI wafers. The SOI wafers with trenches etched to the buried oxide (BOX) depth are used for cell isolation. The photovoltaic cell is a Si pn junction device with the n surface region forming the front surface diffused region upon which light impinges. Contact is formed to the deeper diffused region at the cell edge. The p+ deep-diffused region forms the contact to the p-type base region. Base regions were 5 or 10 {micro}m thick. Series connection of individual cells is accomplished using standard CMOS interconnects. This allows for the voltage to range from approximately 0.5 Volts for a single cell to above a thousand volts for strings of thousands of cells. The current is determined by cell area. The voltage is limited by dielectric breakdown. Each cell is isolated from the adjacent cells through dielectric-filled trench isolation, the substrate through the SOI buried oxide, and the metal wiring by the deposited pre-metal dielectric. If any of these dielectrics fail (whether due to high electric fieldsmore » or inherent defects), the photovoltaic device will not produce the desired potential. We have used ultra-thick buried oxide SOI and several novel processes, including an oxynitride trench fill process, to avoid dielectric breakdown.« less
Infrasound events detected with the Southern California Seismic Network

[1] We examine continuous data from the Southern California Seismic Network from 2003 and identify infrasound acoustic waves from 76 previously undetected events. Using waveform cross-correlation of the signal envelope functions, we determine their relative arrival times and estimate source locations. The waves travel at acoustic speeds of 320 m/s and are observed in seismic records up to 450 km from their probable source locations off the west coast of southern California. The dominant daylight occurrence of the events points to a man-made source related to military activity. The events are mostly recorded in the winter and spring when atmospheric conditions trap acoustic energy near the Earth's surface and favor propagation to the west. These results suggest that data from regional and global seismic networks can supplement observations from infrasound arrays for Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty monitoring and geophysical applications such as volcano monitoring, bolide detection, atmospheric acoustic sources and atmospheric tomography.
Mathematics as a Language or, Conversation with a Computor

The article presents the author's view on the usefulness of the computer program “Sketchpad” in business. The author states that Sketchpad can be used to explain mathematics to nonmathematical mana...
A conditioned anti-parkinsonian drug effect in the hemi-parkinsonian rat

In two separate experiments contralateral rotation was classically conditioned in hemi-Parkinsonian rats. In the first experiment, ten rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra, which produced ipsiversive circling, were given five daily injections of the dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine (0.5 mg/kg) to induce circling contralateral to the lesion hemisphere. One half of the rats (the conditioning group) were placed in a novel environment for 15 min during each apomorphine treatment. Subsequently, when placed into this environment 3, 10, 17, and 24 days after the final apomorphine injection, the conditioning group spontaneously rotated contralateral to the lesion hemisphere, whereas a similarly drug-treated non-conditioned group spontaneously rotated ipsilateral to the lesion hemisphere. On day 26, all rats were given a 2.0 mg/kg injection of d-amphetamine, which generated ipsilateral rotation in all rats in their home environment, but when placed in the conditioning environment, the conditioned group rotated contralateral whereas the non-conditioned group rotated ipsilateral. In the second experiment, eight rats with unilateral destruction of dopamine neurons were given differential conditioning in two novel environments. In every case, environments associated with 0.5 mg/kg apomorphine treatment induced contralateral rotation when the rats were tested without drug but ipsilateral rotation in environments not associated with apomorphine. These findings suggest a role for respondent or Pavlovian conditioning in the pharmacological management of Parkinsonism.
GFAP-Immunoreactivity following hypothermic forebrain ischemia

This study investigated the effect of intra-ischemic hypothermia on astroglial reactions in the hippocampus following cerebral ischemia. Mongolian gerbils were subjected to forebrain ischemia by bilateral carotid occlusion of 10 min at a) 30°C and b) 37°C followed by normothermic reperfusion ranging from 1 to 3 days (d). The astrocytes were visualized by immunostaining against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neuronal injury was evaluated by using hematoxylin-eosin staining. In normothermic brains, reactive astrocytosis was noted in 1 and 2 d postischemic animals, becoming prominent in the 3 d postischemic group. Intense GFAP-positive cells with thickened processes were noted in all regions of the hippocampus, especially the CA1 region. These cells were seen to have migrated toward the stratum pyramidale which was normally devoid of such staining. Hypothermia significantly inhibited the GFAP-upregulation seen 3 d after normothermic ischemia. There was no significant neuronal damage in the 3 d hypothermic ischemic group. Since glial cell activation, as evidenced by GFAP-upregulation, precedes as well as accompanies neuronal damage, and since hypothermia, known to be neuroprotective, inhibits glial cell activation in the 3 d postischemic brain, it appears that glial cells play critical roles in neuronal survival or death following ischemia.
Plasma membrane lipid order of leukemic and normal immature avian erythroid cells.

Abstract Mammalian erythroblasts and their leukemic counterparts contain characteristic disordered regions of plasma membrane identified as putative membrane protein collection sites. In order to determine whether erythroid cells which do not enucleate contain homologous membrane domains, immature avian erythroid precursor cells and avian erythroleukemic cells were examined using merocyanine 540 (MC540), a fluorescent dye whose binding is sensitive to the packing of membrane lipids. Results were found to contrast with previous studies of the murine equivalents of these cells. In birds, normal erythroid precursors, including basophilic erythroblasts from the bone marrow and spleen of anemic animals, contained no detectable (
Mode II fracture toughness of a brittle adhesive layer

This paper concerns the analytical estimation of the macroscopic mode II fracture toughness of a brittle adhesive layer sandwiched between and bonding together stiff substrates. The process of failure involves the propagation and coalescence of microscopic tensile cracks ahead of the macroscropic mode II crack tip. The basic problem at the heart of the analysis is the plane strain problem for a layer subject to shear and containing a periodic array of micro-cracks which grow and coalesce under the condition that their tips advance under pure mode I conditions. A numerical solution to this basic problem is obtained and is then used to make detailed predictions for conditions for tunneling of the micro-cracks and for the evolution of their shape and spacing. These predictions are used in turn to develop the shearing traction-displacement relation for the brittle adhesive layer. The work per unit length of layer needed to drive the microcracks to coalescence can be identified with the macroscopic work of fracture in mode II, ΓIIc, as is discussed via a cohesive zone model. The macroscopic model II toughness is predicted to be between three and four times the mode I fracture toughness, ΓIC, depending on constraints provided by substrates and very slightly on Poisson's ratio, ν. The theoretical predictions are compared with experimental data reported in the literature. Also discussed are the consequences of the assumption underlying the analysis that there exists an ample population of initial flaws whose largest dimension is roughly comparable to the thickness of the layer.
Differential relations between general cognitive ability and interest‐vocation fit

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the interrelationship of general cognitive ability and vocational interest in the context of person-vocation fit. Drawing on evidence of systematic differences in the average cognitive complexity of occupational domains and the tenets of the gravitational hypothesis, we propose a set of hypotheses specifying that, depending on the dominant interest type, general ability can be either positively or negatively associated with interest-vocation fit. Analysis of a large longitudinal dataset showed that general cognitive ability was significantly correlated with interest-vocation fit, and that the direction of the correlation changed in accordance with the cognitive complexity of the occupational domain.
The application of infrared spectroscopy to the study of rust systems—II. Study of cation deficiency in magnetite (Fe3O4) produced during its transformation to maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) and hematite (α-Fe2O3)

Infrared spectroscopy, magnetic testing and X-ray diffraction were used to study the low temperature oxidation of magnetite. Results indicate that the transformation of magnetite to hematite goes through the formation of γ-Fe2O3, maghemite. Infrared spectroscopy is applied to study the phase transformation and the assessment of the relative amounts of cation vacancies generated in the transformation process of magnetite to α-Fe2O3. The activation energy for the transformation of magnetite to an intermediate defective spinel form with a cation vacancy content of about 1.82 vacancy per unit cell was calculated to be 8.5 kcal mol−1. Defect contents in the various samples were determined from the variations in the lattice parameter of the spinel phase and correlated to saturation magnetization of the oxidized samples and variations in the absorption bands in the IR spectra. The spectra given can be used as guides to estimate the cation vacancy content in any magnetite sample obtained from the field.
Use of the nitrocellulose-enzyme immunosorbent assay for rapid, sensitive and quantitative detection of human enteroviruses.

Abstract A modified enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA) employing nitrocellulose (NC) membrane as a high-capacity solid phase was successfully employed for the sensitive and rapid detection of human enteric viruses, poliovirus and Coxsackievirus B-5. The sensitivity of the NC-EIA ranged from 7 to 70 pg of viral antigen diluted in phosphate-buffered saline. When virus was added to crude supernatants of mollusc tissue homogenates prepared by the standard procedure for the recovery of viruses in molluscs, the sensitivity was reduced by approximately 10-fold. The sensitivity of the NC-EIA for the detection of viral antigens was 10- to 100-fold higher than conventional EIA using polystyrene microtiter plates as solid phase supports. This simple, rapid and sensitive assay using minimal amounts of antibodies should prove to be a useful and practical diagnostic tool to augment infectivity assays currently employed by various virus monitoring procedures. The method also may be applicable for the detection of difficult to grow and/or non-cultivatable enteric viruses which may be present in sewage-contaminated environments.
Large lymphangioma of the adrenal gland: case report.

ABSTRACT Objective To characterize adrenal lymphangiomas and discuss management strategies based on findings. Methods We present a case report and review the pertinent literature. Results In a 35-year-old man with painless hematuria for several days, a computed tomographic (CT) scan of the abdomen disclosed an 8-cm right adrenal mass. It had the appearance of a loculated cyst with several septations. The histologic diagnosis of the excised lesion was lymphangioma with cystic degeneration. The most frequently occurring cystic adrenal masses are endothelial lesions. Lymphangiomas of the adrenal gland have a characteristic mutiloculated appearance on ultrasonography and CT. Small asymptomatic smooth adrenal cysts with clear fluid can simply be observed, whereas large symptomatic adrenal lymphangiomas should be excised. Conclusion The preferred studies for detection of adrenal lymphangiomas are CT and ultrasonography. The size of the lesion, type of cystic fluid, symptomatic status, and cytologic findings dictate management options. (Endocr Pract. 1996; 2:245-246)
A novel syndrome of variant leukocyte adhesion deficiency involving defects in adhesion mediated by β1 and β2 integrins

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I (LAD-1) is a disorder associated with severe and recurrent bacterial infections, impaired extravascular targeting and accumulation of myeloid leukocytes, altered wound healing, and significant morbidity that is caused by absent or greatly diminished surface expression of integrins of the beta2 class. We report clinical features and analysis of functions of cells from a patient with a myelodysplastic syndrome and infectious complications similar to those in the severe form of LAD-1, but whose circulating neutrophils displayed normal levels of beta2 integrins. Analysis of adhesion of these cells to immobilized ligands and to endothelial cells and assays of cell-cell aggregation and chemotaxis demonstrated a profound defect in adhesion mediated by beta2 integrins indicative of a variant form of LAD-1. A novel cell line established from Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblasts from the subject demonstrated deficient beta2 integrin-dependent adhesive function similar to that of the primary leukocytes. In addition, these cells had markedly impaired beta1 integrin-dependent adhesion. Sequence analysis and electrophoretic mobility of beta1 and beta2 proteins from the cell line demonstrated that the defects were not a result of structural abnormalities in the integrin subunit chains themselves and suggest that the adhesive phenotype of these cells is due to one or more abnormalities of inside-out signaling mechanisms that regulate the activity of integrins of these classes. These features define a unique LAD-1 variant syndrome that may reveal important insights that are generally relevant to inside-out signaling of integrins, a molecular process that is as yet incompletely understood.
A mixed-method approach to examining brand-consumer interactions driven by social media

Purpose – Online social media are dramatically changing the ways in which firms and their consumers interact. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter among younger consumers (“digital natives”) in their interactions with brands. To investigate this, the authors conduct a mixed-method study including latent class analysis (LCA) to examine the role of social media among younger consumers (referred to as “digital natives”) in their interactions with brands. Design/methodology/approach – A mixed-method approach including both qualitative analysis and LCA was used to analyze daily interactions between consumers and specific brands across two primary social media platforms (Facebook and Twitter). Data were collected by means of a social media platforms (Facebook and Twitter). Data were collected by means of a social media diary collected over a one-week period. Findings – The findings from this study suggest that brand-consumer interactions driven ...
Parallel Optical Flow Processing of 4D Cardiac CT Data on Multicore Clusters

Optical flow is the distribution of apparent velocities of movement of brightness patterns in a sequence of images. For large 3D image sequences, optical flow applications are time consuming and memory-bound. To cope with these problems, in this paper, we present parallel optical flow processing of 4D cardiac CT data on multicore cluster systems to significantly shorten the time for computing velocity fields of the heart in order to aid cardiologists in diagnosing heart disease such as myocardial infarction and cardiac dysrhythmia in time. First, we modify and extend two traditional 2D optical flow methods Horn-Schunck and Lucas-Kanade to three-dimensional cases to process the 4D cardiac CT data. Second, we extend Mat lab MPI to support parallel computing with Mat lab and Octave on these cluster systems. Then we develop the parallel Mat lab/Octave optical flow applications for the 4D cardiac CT data in detail. Our experimental results show that these parallel optical flow applications have good scalability with close to linear speedup, and are able to shorten the image processing time significantly from more than 5 hours on 4 cores to 1.5 minutes on 1024 cores.
Cantrell’s Syndrome : Left Ventricular Diverticulum in an Adult Patient

A49-year-old woman underwent cardiac evaluation because of an abnormal ECG. She had undergone multiple surgical procedures during her infancy for congenital right tibial aplasia and polydactyly. At the age of 33 years, she had undergone cardiac evaluation after a questionable episode of supraventricular tachycardia and an abnormal ECG (Figure 1⇓). An echocardiogram revealed left ventricular hypertrophy; coronary angiography and left ventriculography were normal. A routine follow-up in 1998 with a 2D echocardiogram demonstrated …
DESIGNING BIORESERVE NETWORKS TO SATISFY MULTIPLE, CONFLICTING DEMANDS

Reserve designers typically strive to create reserves that satisfy a variety of potentially conflicting criteria. Rather than optimizing with respect to just one criterion, reserve planners are likely to seek some compromise. To facilitate bioreserve design, I propose the use of multiobjective programming to identify these compromise alternatives, and then the use of the simple multiattribute rating technique to rank these alternatives and to explore the sensitivity of the rankings to the relative value placed on the individual criteria. An example is provided for the selection of a reserve system in Nova Scotia, Canada, based on three criteria: (1) connectedness, (2) area, and (3) rare species represen- tation. First, multiobjective programming was used to reduce the set of over 15 000 potential reserve-system alternatives to a list of 36 candidate systems representing the optimal trade- offs among the three criteria. The simple attribute-rating technique was then used to identify a single best solution for an arbitrary set of relative criteria values and to test the robustness of this solution to changes in relative preferences for the criteria. The techniques presented here can simplify the evaluation of reserve alternatives, enabling planners to refocus their efforts on the complex biological, social, and economic aspects of reserve design.
Selective prefrontal cortical projections to the region of the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei in the rhesus monkey

Abstract Descending cortical projections to the region of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) and the serotonergic dorsal and central superior raphe nuclei were analyzed in the rhesus monkey using anterograde labeling techniques. HRP pellets or tritiated leucine were injected into one of 7 cortical areas: the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, the orbital prefrontal cortex, the parietal association cortex, somatosensory cortex, the anterior portion of the inferior temperal gyrus, and the posterior portion of the inferior temporal gyrus. Anterogradely labeled fibers were found in and adjacent to the LC and raphe nuclei only following the dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortical injections. Terminal labeling was densest at rostral levels of the LC, particularly in the area directly medial to the nucleus. Labeled fibers could not be followed beyond caudal levels of the LC. The projections to the contralateral LC and raphe nuclei were similar to, but less dense than that to the ipsilateral region. Injections into cortical areas other than the dorsal prefrontal cortex resulted in anterograde labeling of the pontine nuclei or pyramids, but not the LC/raphe region. These data, in conjunction with studies in the rat, suggest that the dorsal prefrontal cortex may be only cortical area to have direct influence on the LC and raphe nuclei and secondary influence on the monoaminergic innervation of large areas of cerebral cortex.
The X prime descent in jugular contour nomenclature and recognition

Abstract To help prevent the inspection of jugular contours from falling into disuse due to an irrational nomenclature tradition, the historical back-ground for the development of a bewildering jugular nomenclature is presented. The term “X prime” is revived in an attempt to bring order into the labeling of the systolic venous collapse. The descent of the base is shown to produce an X prime descent even in the presence of atrial fibrillation. Labeling troughs rather than descents is examined in an attempt to discourage this firmly entrenched tradition. Finally, an audiovisual method of recognizing the normal jugular contour is presented, utilizing the observation that the X prime descent falls on to the second heart sound.
Financial liberalization, prudential supervision, and the onset of banking crises

We examine what is perceived as one of the main culprits in the occurrence of banking crises: financial liberalization. As is typically argued, if liberalization is accompanied by insufficient prudential supervision of the banking sector, it will result in excessive risk taking by financial intermediaries and a subsequent crisis. Having evaluated the empirical validity of this hypothesis, we conclude that such a development is, at worse, only a medium run threat to the health of the banking sector. We find that a more immediate danger is the loss of monopoly power that liberalization typically entails. We base our conclusions on an empirical investigation of a panel-probit model of the occurrence of banking crises using macro-economic, institutional and political data. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Mouse Testis Brain RNA-Binding Protein/Translin Selectively Binds to the Messenger RNA of the Fibrous Sheath Protein Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase-S and Suppresses Its Translation In Vitro

The testis brain RNA-binding protein (TB-RBP/translin) is a DNA- and RNA-binding protein with multiple functions. As an RNA-binding protein, TB-RBP binds to conserved sequence elements often present in the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of specific mRNAs modulating their translation and transport. To identify additional mRNA targets of TB-RBP, immunoprecipitation and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays were carried out using an affinity-purified antibody to TB-RBP with testicular extracts. Gapds mRNA was found to be selectively precipitated in a TB-RBP-mRNA complex. Consistent with the delayed translation of GAPDS and the subcellular ribonucleoprotein location of TB-RBP, polysomal gradient analysis showed that most of the Gapds mRNA in adult testis extracts was present in the nonpolysomal fractions. In vitro translation assays revealed that Gapds mRNA translation was inhibited by recombinant TB-RBP or by a TB-RBP mutant protein, Nb, capable of binding RNA. No inhibition was seen with mutant forms of TB-RBP lacking domains required for RNA binding, including the TB-RBP Cb mutant and the C-terminal-truncated form of TB-RBP that disrupts the leucine zipper. As an additional indicator of the specificity of TB-RBP inhibition of Gapds mRNA translation, a putative TB-RBP binding H-element was deleted from the 5' UTR of the Gapds mRNA. No translational inhibition by recombinant TB-RBP was seen with Gapds mRNA lacking the H element. These data suggest that TB-RBP is involved in the posttranscriptional regulation of Gapds gene expression during spermiogenesis. Moreover, the Gapds mRNA is the first mRNA shown to have a functional TB-RBP binding site in its 5' UTR.
Resource polyphenism increases species richness: a test of the hypothesis

A major goal of evolutionary biology is to identify the causes of diversification and to ascertain why some evolutionary lineages are especially diverse. Evolutionary biologists have long speculated that polyphenism—where a single genome produces alternative phenotypes in response to different environmental stimuli—facilitates speciation, especially when these alternative phenotypes differ in resource or habitat use, i.e. resource polyphenism. Here, we present a series of replicated sister-group comparisons showing that fishes and amphibian clades in which resource polyphenism has evolved are more species rich, and have broader geographical ranges, than closely related clades lacking resource polyphenism. Resource polyphenism may promote diversification by facilitating each of the different stages of the speciation process (isolation, divergence, reproductive isolation) and/or by reducing a lineage's risk of extinction. Generally, resource polyphenism may play a key role in fostering diversity, and species in which resource polyphenism has evolved may be predisposed to diversify.
Functional Properties of Protein Fractions of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and Their Effects in an Emulsion System

: This study demonstrated the feasibility of producing soluble protein (CFSP) and insoluble protein (CFISP) fractions from catfish muscle protein. CFSP and CFISP contained 60.6% and 73.8% protein and 8.6% and 20.3% fat, respectively. Both CFSP and CFISP contained essential amino acids. Differences were observed between physicochemical properties of the 2 protein fractions, including nitrogen solubility, emulsion stability, and fat adsorption capacity. The flow and viscoelastic properties of the emulsions prepared with CFSP and CFISP were investigated using a rheometer. The power law model and the Casson model were used to determine the flow behavior index (n), consistency index (K), and yield stress. Emulsion containing CFSP (ECFSP) had a higher K value than emulsion containing CFISP (ECFISP). Both ECFSP and ECFISP emulsions exhibited pseudoplastic behavior and viscoelastic characteristics. The G′ (an elastic or storage modulus) and G″ (a viscous or loss modulus) values for ECFSP were higher than ECFISP. Catfish muscle tissue can be easily separated into soluble and insoluble protein powders that have desirable functional properties.
Comparison of Cell Phone and Landline Surveys: A Design Perspective

Rapidly decreasing coverage of landline surveys is increasing the need to implement dual-frame surveys for inference to the adult U.S. population. Vast differences between the way cell phones and l...
Laplace-Beltrami enhancement for unstructured two-dimensional meshes having dendritic elements and boundary node movement

The Laplace-Beltrami mesh enhancement algorithm of Hansen et al. [1,3,2] has been implemented and broadened to include meshes containing dendritic elements and allowing for boundary node movement. This implementation operates on an unstructured two-dimensional mesh by forming an equivalent weak statement using finite element interpolation, assembly, and solution ideas to iteratively place those nodes allowed to move. Moving boundary nodes are constrained to follow the boundary geometry described as a Wilson-Fowler spline (e.g., [3, Section 2.1.3.1]). Implementation details concerning the element basis set modifications, the metric tensor for dendritic element treatment and boundary node movement are presented. Laplacian (e.g., [6]) enhancement is included as a special case. Results are presented which illustrate the algorithm for three test problems.