cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Foundations of Mathematics: Reliability and Clarity: The Explanatory Role of Mathematical Induction

While studies in the philosophy of mathematics often emphasize reliability over clarity, much study of the explanatory power of proof errs in the other direction. We argue that Hanna’s distinction between ‘formal’ and ‘acceptable’ proof misunderstands the role of proof in Hilbert’s program. That program explicitly seeks the existence of a justification; the notion of proof is not intended to represent the notion of a ‘good’ proof. In particular, the studies reviewed here of mathematical induction miss the explanatory heart of such a proof; how to proceed from suggestive example to universal rule. We discuss the role of algebra in attaining the goal of generalizability and abstractness often taken as keys to being explanatory. In examining several proofs of the closed form for the sum of the first n natural numbers, we expose the hidden inductive definitions in the ‘immediate arguments’ such as Gauss’s proof. This connection with inductive definition leads to applications far beyond verifying numerical identities. We discuss some objections, which we find more basic than those in the literature, to Lange’s general argument that proofs by mathematical induction are not explanatory. We conclude by arguing that whether a proof is explanatory depends on a context of clear hypothesis and understanding what is supposedly explained to who.
Association of Secondhand Smoke With Stroke Outcomes

Background and Purpose— Approximately half of never smokers are exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS). Smoking is a well-established stroke risk factor, yet associations between SHS, stroke, and poststroke mortality remain uncertain. We aimed to determine the prevalence of exposure to SHS among those with and without stroke and its impact on mortality. Methods— Data were obtained from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys for 27 836 never smokers with/without self-reported stroke aged ≥18 years, sampled from 1988 to 1994 and 1999 to 2012, with linked mortality through 2010. Household exposure to SHS was determined by self-report; exposure severity was quantified by serum cotinine level. Independent relationships between SHS and all-cause mortality were assessed using Cox regression models, before and after adjusting for sociodemographics and comorbidities. Results— From 1988 to 1994 to 1999 to 2012, age-adjusted prevalence of exposure to SHS declined from 11.5% to 6.6% among survivors of stroke ( P =0.08), and 14.6% to 5.9% among persons without stroke ( P <0.01). Factors associated with high exposure to SHS were male sex, black race, ≤12th-grade education, poverty income ratio ≤200%, high alcohol intake, and history of myocardial infarction (all P <0.05). High exposure to SHS was associated with higher odds of previous stroke (odds ratio, 1.46; P =0.026). There was a dose-dependent relationship between exposure to SHS and all-cause mortality after stroke. Conclusions— Individuals with previous stroke have 50% greater odds to have been exposed to SHS; SHS is associated with a 2-fold increase in mortality after stroke. This study highlights the importance of obtaining exposure to SHS history and counseling patients and their families on the potential impact of SHS on poststroke outcomes.
Bargaining Away Justice: India, Pakistan, and the International Politics of Impunity for the Bangladesh Genocide

This article expands the study of the politics of international criminal justice, restoring the crucial but overlooked case of Bangladesh, today the largest population confronting the aftermath of genocide. Bangladesh is one of the most important cases where the prosecution of war criminals was foiled, resulting in a disturbing impunity for one of the bloodiest incidents of the Cold War. Using unexplored declassified Indian government documents from archives in Delhi, this article uses detailed process-tracing to reveal for the first time why India and Bangladesh abandoned their plans to put accused Pakistani war criminals on trial after the 1971 war between India and Pakistan. In the face of Pakistani defiance, the Indian and Bangladeshi governments reluctantly bargained away justice in order to pursue their national security, with peacemaking with Pakistan proving more important than war crimes trials. This episode furthers the general understanding of both the causes and results of impunity for mass at...
Metastatic Retinoblastoma (Pediatric)

This is a condition of intraspinal metastatic retinoblastoma causing compression myelopathy.
Textual Skirmishes and Theatrical Frays: Double Falsehood versus the Scriblerians

This chapter argues that the strategic appearance of Double Falsehood at Drury Lane Theatre on 13 December 1727 was part of a larger project to oppose what Lewis Theobald perceived as the inherent anti-theatricalism of the Scriblerian burlesque. To plays such as The What D’ye Call It, Three Hours After Marriage, and—in a pre-emptive move—The Beggar’s Opera, Theobald countered with Double Falsehood, an old-fashioned, affective tragicomedy that exemplified the qualities he valued in serious drama, specifically its ability to use classically crafted form to evoke sympathy and teach virtue. Indeed, Theobald’s interest in drama apart from Shakespeare shows everywhere, from the essays he penned for The Censor, to the editions and tracts he collected for his library, to the various editorial projects he undertook over his lifetime.
Vemurafenib (VEM) in patients (pts) with BRAF-mutant melanoma and brain metastases (mets).

9060 Background: Emerging data suggest that RAF inhibitors are an effective therapy for pts with BRAF-mutant melanoma and brain mets. Although reported efficacy is encouraging, these data are deriv...
Accessible Touch Input for People with Motor Impairments

Touch input has emerged as a dominant form of interaction for billions of interactive computing devices like smartphones, tablets, and interactive surfaces. Although touch input is widely used, it remains largely inaccessible for many people with motor impairments such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, and multiple sclerosis. For my thesis, I will employ advanced pattern matching techniques to create intelligent touch interaction techniques that allow users with motor impairments to touch the screen in whichever way is most comfortable and natural to them, and for the system to respond as if the screen was touched precisely. My thesis research aims to improve the accessibility of touch-enabled devices for users with motor impairments, broadening access to these devices like never before.
Spatial and temporal variation of intertidal nematodes in the northern Gulf of Mexico after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.

Abstract Nematodes are an abundant and diverse interstitial component of sedimentary habitats that have been reported to serve as important bioindicators. Though the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) disaster occurred 60 km offshore in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) at a depth of 1525 m, oil rose to the surface and washed ashore, subjecting large segments of coastline in the northern GOM to contamination. Previous metabarcoding work shows intertidal nematode communities were negatively affected by the oil spill. Here we examine the subsequent recovery of nematode community structure at five sites along the Alabama coast over a two-year period. The latter part of the study (July 2011–July 2012) also included an examination of nematode vertical distribution in intertidal sediments. Results showed nematode composition within this region was more influenced by sample locality than time and depth. The five sampling sites were characterized by distinct nematode assemblages that varied by sampling dates. Nematode diversity decreased four months after the oil spill but increased after one year, returning to previous levels at all sites except Bayfront Park (BP). There was no significant difference among nematode assemblages in reference to vertical distribution. Although the composition of nematode assemblages changed, the feeding guilds they represented were not significantly different even though some variation was noted. Data from morphological observations integrated with metabarcoding data indicated similar spatial variation in nematode distribution patterns, indicating the potential of using these faster approaches to examine overall disturbance impact trends within communities. Heterogeneity of microhabitats in the intertidal zone indicates that future sampling and fine-scale studies of nematodes are needed to examine such anthropogenic effects.
Transient Ischemic Attack

A 72-year-old woman telephones her physician immediately after recovering from a 30-minute episode of difficulty speaking and weakness of the right side of the face and right arm. Her medical history is unremarkable. How should she be treated?
Biomass Resource Assessment

Biomass resource assessments estimate the quantities of resources available by location and price levels given existing and potential physical, technical, environmental, economic, policy, and social conditions. Biomass resources are diverse and assessments are conducted for different purposes, leading to differences in methodologies used. Most studies estimate resource quantities only (an inventory approach) and many account for numerous constraints that limit quantities. Other studies include costs or estimate supply curves (economic approaches) using simple or highly complex economic models. Generally, fewer resources are available, the greater the number of constraints included in the assessment.
Natural Healing Processes of the Mind

There are three broad systems with which humans adapt to the world about them. These are learning, regulation of arousal, and maintenance of an organized conceptual system. Associated with these three systems are three kinds of behavioral disorder: Disorders arising from faulty learning; disorders arising from excessive stimulation, as in the traumatic neurosis; and disorders arising from threats to the integrity of an individual’s conceptual system, as in acute schizophrenic reactions. A previous article (Epstein, 1979) examined acute schizophrenic disorganization as a natural healing process with the capacity to effect a constructive reorganization. The present article examines a natural process that I shall refer to as “graded stress inoculation,” which facilitates the retroactive and proactive mastery of excessive stimulation.
Emerging Technology for Fiber Optic Data Communication

Publisher Summary This chapter surveys a number of promising technologies for fiber-optic data communications. The focus is on technologies that can support gigabit all-optical WDM networks. Although most of these technologies are still far from being mature, they nevertheless hold the promise of dramatically improving the network capacity of existing fiber-optical networks. The process involves the investigation of the potentials and limitations of each technology. The architecture of all-optical networks is described. It includes broadcast-and-select networks and wavelength routed networks and the optical amplifier. The optical amplifier is the most important technology for increasing the distance between data regeneration. The tunable transmitter is used to select the correct wavelength for data transmission. As opposed to a fixed-tuned transmitter, the wavelength of a tunable transmitter can be selected by an externally controlled electrical signal.
Complications in the Coronary Circulation Associated with Diabetes

Diabetes substantially increases the risk of developing coronary disease. Several factors associated with diabetes promote increased oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. In the coronary microcirculation, endothelial dysfunction causes chronic vasodilation that leads to increased capillary pressure and hyperperfusion, which in turn leads to morphologic changes that narrow the lumen, and limits the ability of the diabetic coronary circulation to increase myocardial perfusion to meet an increase in myocardial nutrient demand. This chapter summarizes some of the key areas of diabetic complications associated with diabetes in the coronary circulation. A better understanding of underlying microvascular and endothelial pathophysiology associated with diabetes would advance development of new targets for prevention and treatment of vascular complications associated with the disease. Future research should focus on areas to improve strategies to prevent and treat diabetes and its complications at the molecular, cellular, organ, animal, and population levels.
Leveraging reading-writing connections through three transformative reading lenses

In surveys and semi-structured interviews, Graduate Teaching Assistants (GTAs) discussed the role of reading in their first-year composition (FYC) courses infused with ‘writing about writing’ and ‘...
Role of initial-state electron correlation in one-photon double ionization of atoms and molecules

Author(s): Bello, RY; Yip, FL; Rescigno, TN; Lucchese, RR; McCurdy, CW | Abstract: By decomposing the initial-state wave function into its unique natural orbital expansion, as defined in the 1950s by Lowdin and used in modern studies of entanglement, we analyze the role of electron correlation in the initial state of an atom or molecule in determining the angular distribution of one-photon double ionization. Final-state correlation of the two ejected electrons is treated completely in numerically accurate calculations as the initial states of He, H-, and H2 are built up from correlating configurations in strict order of decreasing natural orbital occupations. In the two-electron atoms it is found that the initial-state correlation plays a sometimes modest but generally measurable role. In striking contrast, for H2 a large number of correlating configurations in the ground state is often necessary to produce angular distributions even approximately resembling the correct ones. One-photon double photoionization of oriented H2 is found to be particularly sensitive to left-right correlation along the bond.
Formerly Incarcerated Black Mothers Matter Too: Resisting Social Constructions of Motherhood:

Mass incarceration as a system of racialized and gendered social control has disproportionately impacted Black women, many of whom are mothers. Contrary to dominant social constructions of motherho...
The Implications of Sociosexuality for Marital Satisfaction and Dissolution.

Most people will get married, and maintaining a quality marriage is critical to well-being. Nevertheless, many intimates experience declines in marital satisfaction, and a substantial proportion of...
Privacy-Preserving Power System Obfuscation: A Bilevel Optimization Approach

This paper considers the problem of releasing optimal power flow (OPF) test cases that preserve the privacy of customers (loads) using the notion of Differential Privacy . It is motivated by the observation that traditional differential privacy algorithms are not suitable for releasing privacy preserving OPF test cases: The added noise fundamentally changes the nature of the underlying optimization and often leads to test cases with no solutions. To remedy this limitation, the paper introduces the OPF Load Indistinguishability (OLI) problem, which guarantees load privacy while satisfying the OPF constraints and remaining close to the optimal dispatch cost. The paper introduces an exact mechanism, based on bilevel optimization, as well as three mechanisms that approximate the OLI problem accurately. These mechanisms enjoy desirable theoretical properties, and the computational experiments show that they produce orders of magnitude improvements over standard approaches on an extensive collection of test cases.
Origin of single transverse-spin asymmetries in high-energy collisions

In this paper, we perform the first simultaneous QCD global analysis of data from semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering, Drell-Yan, e+e- annihilation into hadron pairs, and proton-proton collisions. Consequently, we are able to extract a universal set of nonperturbative functions that describes the observed asymmetries in these reactions. The outcome of our analysis indicates single transverse-spin asymmetries in high-energy collisions have a common origin. Furthermore, we achieve the first phenomenological agreement with lattice QCD on the up and down quark tensor charges.
A W-Band Butterfly Shaped Series-Fed Circular Polarized Phased Array Antenna for CubeSats

A novel Butterfly-shaped series-fed circularly polarized phased array antenna integrated with a beamforming board is proposed for a 1U surface (10 cm $\times 10$ cm) of a CubeSat at 86 GHz. The proposed CubeSat beacon will allow a high data rate downlink as well as channel characterization at W-band. Right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) is generated using a new sequentially rotated series-fed radiating element known as the Butterfly antenna. The series-fed Butterfly antenna allows symmetric single plane beam steering with low cross-polarization. A planar array consisting of eight 1 $\times 24$ series-fed Butterfly antenna is designed. The proposed phased array demonstrates a peak simulated RHCP realized gain of 26 dBic and symmetric beam steering of $\pm 34^{\circ}$ in the $\varphi=0^{\circ}$ plane for a 3-dB reduction in the gain. A 4-bit phase shifter design is analyzed and developed on Global Foundries silicon-germanium 9HP technology. Monte-Carlo analyses are also performed to investigate the changes in the radiation patterns caused by random errors in the 4-bit phase shifter and random element failures. The integrated phased array with the beamforming board has been fabricated. The assembly of the phase shifters and the low noise amplifiers are to be done. If completed, the integrated phased array would be measured in the mini-compact anechoic chamber.
Multisynchrony in Active Microfilaments

Biological microfilaments exhibit a variety of synchronization modes. Recent experiments observed that a pair of isolated eukaryotic flagella, coupled solely via the fluid medium, display synchrony at nontrivial phase lags in addition to in-phase and antiphase synchrony. Using an elastohydrodynamic filament model in conjunction with numerical simulations and a Floquet-type theoretical analysis, we demonstrate that it is possible to reach multiple synchronization states by varying the intrinsic activity of the filament and the strength of hydrodynamic coupling between the two filaments. Then, we derive an evolution equation for the phase difference between the two filaments at weak coupling, and use a Kuramoto-style phase sensitivity analysis to reveal the nature of the bifurcations underlying the transitions between these different synchronized states.
Design and analysis of a potential-based controller for safe robot navigation in unknown GPS-denied environments with strictly convex obstacles

Abstract In this paper, we propose an obstacle avoidance controller for a disk-shaped holonomic robot with double-integrator dynamics and local sensing. The control objective is for the robot to converge to a target velocity while avoiding collisions with strictly convex obstacles in an unbounded environment. We assume that the robot has no information about the location and geometry of the obstacles, has no localization capabilities, and can only measure its own velocity and its relative position vector to the closest point on any obstacles in its sensing range. We first propose a potential-based controller for the case with a single obstacle, and we prove that the robot safely navigates past the obstacle and attains the desired velocity. For the case with multiple obstacles, we propose a switching control scheme in which the robot applies the single-obstacle controller for the closest obstacle at each instant. We investigate the correctness of this switching control law and demonstrate the absence of local stable equilibrium points that would trap the robot. We validate our analytical results through simulations of a robot that uses the proposed controllers to successfully navigate through an environment with strictly convex obstacles of various shapes and sizes.
A dual role for Cav1.4 Ca2+ channels in the molecular and structural organization of the rod photoreceptor synapse

Synapses are fundamental information processing units that rely on voltage-gated Ca2+ (Cav) channels to trigger Ca2+-dependent neurotransmitter release. Cav channels also play Ca2+-independent roles in other biological contexts, but whether they do so in axon terminals is unknown. Here, we addressed this unknown with respect to the requirement for Cav1.4 L-type channels for the formation of rod photoreceptor synapses in the retina. Using a mouse strain expressing a non-conducting mutant form of Cav1.4, we report that the Cav1.4 protein, but not its Ca2+ conductance, is required for the molecular assembly of rod synapses; however, Cav1.4 Ca2+ signals are needed for the appropriate recruitment of postsynaptic partners. Our results support a model in which presynaptic Cav channels serve both as organizers of synaptic building blocks and as sources of Ca2+ ions in building the first synapse of the visual pathway and perhaps more broadly in the nervous system.
Is Machine Learning Able to Detect and Classify Failure in Piezoresistive Bone Cement Based on Electrical Signals

At an estimated cost of $8 billion annually in the United States, revision surgeries to total joint replacements represent a substantial financial burden to the health care system. Fixation failures, such as implant loosening, wear, and mechanical instability of the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) cement, which bonds the implant to the bone, are the main causes of long-term implant failure. Early and accurate diagnosis of cement failure is critical for developing novel therapeutic strategies and reducing the high risk of a misjudged revision. Unfortunately, prevailing imaging modalities, notably plain radiographs, struggle to detect the precursors of implant failure and are often interpreted incorrectly. Our prior work has shown that the modification of PMMA bone cement with low concentrations of conductive fillers makes it piezoresistive and therefore self-sensing such that when combined with a conductivity imaging modality, such as electrical impedance tomography (EIT), it is possible to monitor load transfer across the PMMA using cost-effective, physiologically benign, and real-time electrical measurements. Herein, we expand upon these results by integrating machine learning techniques with EIT. We survey different machine learning algorithms and principal component analysis for application to this problem, including neural networks on voltage readings of an EIT phantom for tracking position of a sample, specifying defect location, and classifying defect types. Our results show advantage of neural network with more than 91.9 %, 95.5 %, and 98 % accuracy in interpreting EIT signals for location tracking, specifying defect location, and defect classification respectively. These preliminary results show that the combination of smart materials, EIT, and machine learning may be a powerful tool for diagnosing the origin and evolution of failure in joint replacement.
Feasibility of using child maltreatment measurement instruments in the primary care setting: A systematic review.

Abstract Problem Child maltreatment is a devastating epidemic affecting millions of children and adolescents in the United States (U.S.) every year. Primary care providers (PCPs) encounter these victims but need resources to aid in the recognition of maltreatment. The purpose of this review is to evaluate child maltreatment measurement instruments and determine feasibility of use by U.S. PCPs. Eligibility criteria A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycInfo databases from 2014 until 2020. Eligibility criteria included articles conducted in the U.S., with use of a child maltreatment measurement instrument, and subjects less than 18 years old. Eligible articles were reference searched to find the original studies for each instrument and were included if they were published in a peer-reviewed paper, could be located, and addressed the development or validation of the instrument. Sample Of the 3816 articles, 111 used a child maltreatment measurement instrument. Sixteen of the 27 identified instruments were evaluated for feasibility using a quality rating with criteria including psychometrics, construct measurement, administration, availability, and cost. Results Six instruments were recommended for use by PCPs. Conclusions This is the first review evaluating the use of child maltreatment measurement instruments by PCPs and it highlights the combination of psychometric evaluation and other pertinent feasibility criteria to recommend several instruments for use by PCPs. Implications Use of these instruments by PCPs may serve to identify children and families who are at risk for or suffering from maltreatment.
Financial Literacy and Blockchain

The importance of helping middle school students develop financial literacy is hard to overestimate. Even if viewed only from a purely mathematical perspective, the earlier one starts saving, the greater the benefit that is obtained due to increasing the length of time that the savings are subject to interest (Sects. 11.2.4.1 and 11.2.4.2). This simple example shows how educating students, while still young adults, with strategies to increase their savings alone could potentially reap huge benefits for them over the course of their lives. Going beyond mathematics, however, the benefits of possessing sound financial awareness can easily yield benefits that go beyond any interest calculation. The peace of mind coming from having basic needs met and the opportunity for wants to be obtained is hard to quantify, but will definitely contributes to a happy and productive life.
Oculocutaneous hypopigmentation of Angus cattle

Congenital defects are abnomalities of structure or function present at birth. They may affect only a single anatomical structure such as the eye, an entire system, parts of several systems or involve several body systems, or combine functional and structural defects (syndrome). Many different congenital defects, either of genetic, environmental, or unknown cause, or due to environmentalgenetic interaction have been identified in cattle and other food producing animals and many more undoubtedly exist. Defects range from blemish to severe anomalies and may be manifested by embryonic mortality, fetal death, mummification, abortion, dysmaturity, premature birth, fullterm stillbirth, or nonviable or viable neonate. With increasing use of modern technology such as artificial insemination and embryo transfer in domestic animals, defects no longer are rare; all are important. The majority of studies of pigmentation defects have taken place in the mouse. Since it is easy to handle, has low maintenance cost, and can produce a large number of generations in a short period of time, it is particularly suited for this research. Studies involving cattle necessarily take more time and money. This paper presents clinical, clinipathologic, gross, microscopic and electron microscopic studies of oculocutaneous hypopigmentation in Angus cattle.
Activation and Suppression of Dislocations in a Textured Mg-3Al-1Zn Alloy

In this work, we statistically studied the activation and suppression of dislocations in a textured Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy after compression. Our results revealed that the activation and suppression of dislocations in polycrystals are primarily governed by the overall texture, regardless of the crystallographic orientation of each grain. This observation is explained by the requirement of five independent slip systems, reduced anisotropy, and twin-induced strain localization. These direct observations of dislocation activities offer a key insight into understanding the deformation mechanism of polycrystalline Mg alloys.
Not All Defined Value Clauses are Equal

Defined value clauses used to value nonmarketable family limited partnership (FLP) interests create valuation distortions and other public policy issues. This paper describes these abuses and proposes the employment of restrictions similar to those applied to pecuniary formula marital deduction clauses. The article explains how pecuniary formula marital deduction provisions created valuation distortions by allowing for undervaluation of the marital share that were remedied by the IRS’s Rev. Proc. 64-19 and the enactment of section 2056(b)(10). The article analyzes recent case law expanding the use of defined value clauses into the FLP area and criticizes the courts for not applying the public policy doctrines of Procter and Robinette to those cases. The article distinguishes defined valuation clauses in the FLP context and shows how all fixed value clauses are not equivalent. Finally, the article proposes solutions to deal with the valuation distortions that these clauses create.
Tuning of Metal Complex Electronics and Reactivity by Remote Lewis Acid Binding to π-Coordinated Pyridine Diphosphine Ligands

Metal complexes supported by ligands with chemically modifiable pendant groups are of interest for controlling reactivity. We report on the coordination chemistry and reactivity of a multidentate phosphine ligand framework that contains a Lewis acid binding site. 3,5-Bis(2-phosphinophenyl)pyridine coordinates low-oxidation-state metal centers such as Ni0 and Pd0 via the phosphine donors and the π system of the heterocycle. Electrophilic reagents such as B(C6F5)3, Me+, and BCy2OTf bind the available pyridine nitrogen, generating the Ni complexes 2Ni-B(C6F5)3, 2Ni-Me, and 2Ni-BCy2OTf, respectively. Analogous compounds were prepared for Pd (2Pd, 2Pd-B(C6F5)3, and 2Pd-H). The effect of Lewis acid binding was evaluated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies and spectroscopy. Lewis acid binding to 2Pd leads to a stronger η1 interaction between the metal and the heterocycle π system. Ni binds in an η2 fashion, but the Lewis acid free species is not monomeric. Ni coordination results in disruption of pyridin...
Tricluster oxygen atoms in crystalline and glassy SrB 4 O 7 : High resolution 11 B and 17 O nuclear magnetic resonance analysis

Abstract We present 11B and 17O magic-angle spinning (MAS) and multiple quantum (MQMAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data for crystalline strontium tetraborate (SrB4O7) and the glass with corresponding SrO·2B2O3 composition. Crystalline SrB4O7 contains a tricluster oxygen site (3 BO4 neighbors) and can be used as a model compound for observing tricluster oxygen sites in the corresponding glass. NMR site parameters for the tricluster are distinguishable from those of the bridging oxygen atoms in SrB4O7, allowing for visible areas in the 17O spectrum attributed solely to the presence of tricluster oxygen atoms. By overlapping the spectra of the crystalline SrB4O7 and the corresponding glass there are indications for a maximum of a few percent of tricluster oxygen atoms within the glass. This is further confirmed by calculations of expected non-bridging oxygen (NBO) content without triclusters, done using 11B MAS NMR and analyzed composition, in comparison to directly measured NBO content in the SrO·2B2O3 glass, which suggests that up to 2% of the total oxygen atoms within this glass are in triclusters.
Functional and Neural Mechanisms of Interval Timing

Foreword, Robert Rousseau Introduction: The Persistence of Time, Warren H. Meck FUNCTIONAL MECHANISMS A Concise Introduction to Scalar Timing Theory, Russell M. Church General Learning Models: Timing without a Clock, John W. Hopson Nonlinearities in Sensitivity to Time: Implications for Oscillator-Based Representations of Interval and Circadian Clocks, Jonathon D. Crystal Toward a Unified Theory of Animal Event Timing, Thomas T. Hills Interval Timing and Optimal Foraging, Melissa Bateson Nonverbal Representations of Time and Number in Animals and Human Infants, Elizabeth M. Brannon and Jamie D. Roitman Temporal Experience and Timing in Children, Sylvie Droit-Volet Modality Differences in Interval Timing: Attention, Clock Speed, and Memory, Trevor B. Penney Attentional Time-Sharing in Interval Timing, Claudette Fortin Grandfather's Clock: Attention and Interval Timing in Older Adults, Cindy Lustig NEURAL MECHANISMS Neurogenetics of Interval Timing, Munire Ozlem Cevik Dopaminergic Mechanisms of Interval Timing and Attention, Catalin V. Buhusi Electrophysiological Correlates of Interval Timing, Shogo Sakata and Keiichi Onoda Importance of Frontal Motor Cortex in Divided Attention and Simultaneous Temporal Processing, Kevin C.H. Pang and J. Devin McAuley Integration of Behavior and Timing: Anatomically Separate Systems or Distributed Processing? Matthew S. Matell, Warren H. Meck, and Miguel A.L. Nicolelis Time Flies and May Also Sing: Cortico-Striatal Mechanisms of Interval Timing and Birdsong, Christopher J. MacDonald and Warren H. Meck Neuroimaging Approaches to the Study of Interval Timing, Sean C. Hinton Electrophysiological Evidence for Specific Processing of Temporal Information in Humans, Viviane Pouthas Cerebellar and Basal Ganglia Contributions to Interval Timing, Jorn Diedrichsen, Richard B. Ivry, and Jeff Pressing Interval Timing in the Dopamine-Depleted Basal Ganglia: From Empirical Data to Timing Theory, Chara Malapani and Brian C. Rakitin Overview: An Image of Human Neural Timing, Penelope A. Lewis and R. Chris Miall Afterword: Timing in the New Millennium, Where Are We Now? Francoise Macar Index
Multiparticle Quantum Systems in Constant Magnetic Fields

This article is an introduction to the spectral and scattering theory of Hamiltonians of quantum N-particle systems in a constant magnetic field, developed recently by C. Gerard and the author. For such systems, both the effects due to the interactions between particles and those caused by the magnetic field play an important role, and it is the interplay between them that accounts for the richness and complexity of the theory.
¿Capitalismo y urbanización en una nueva Clave? la dimensión Cognitivo-Cultural

Resumen es: Las dimensiones cognitivo-culturales del capitalismo contemporaneo se identifican haciendo referencia a sus sectores dominantes, tecnologias basicas, si...
Fast Compaction Algorithms for NoSQL Databases

Compaction plays a crucial role in NoSQL systems to ensure a high overall read throughput. In this work, we formally define compaction as an optimization problem that attempts to minimize disk I/O. We prove this problem to be NPHard. We then propose a set of algorithms and mathematically analyze upper bounds on worst-case cost. We evaluate the proposed algorithms on real-life workloads. Our results show that our algorithms incur low I/O costs and that a compaction approach using a balanced tree is most preferable.
3 Theory and simulation of isoelectric focusing

Summary IEF is an electrophoretic process that hinges on the mobility versus pH behavior of ampholytes. The basic theory of IEF tells us that separands focus about their pI in a Gaussian distribution. Peak height and variance depend on the competition between diffusion away from the pI and electromigration towards it. Comprehensive simulations of IEF involve the numerical solution to conservation laws for all the relevant amphoteric and ionegenic species in the separations milieu. The conservation relations are non-linearly coupled to the driving electric field and through the complicated mass-action relations. With the increased speed of microprocessors, one-dimensional simulations of the type shown here are now readily managed. The simulations offer the possibility of gaining insight into the detailed dynamics of the unfolding separations process. To see a more comprehensive exposition of IEF simulation results, particularly with regard to pH gradient development, the reader should refer the monograph by Mosher et al. (8)
Welcome and Introduction

On behalf of The Ohio State University Department of Psychiatry, it is a great pleasure to join with Doctor Twarog and Doctor Osipow in welcoming our distinguished colleagues on today’s program and the audience that has come to hear and learn.
Theory of Constraints for Services: Past, Present, and Future

Theory of constraints (TOC) is a thinking process and a set of management applications based on principles that run counter to conventional wisdom. TOC is best known in the manufacturing and distribution sectors where it originated. Awareness is growing in some service sectors, such as Health Care. And it’s been adopted in some high-tech industries, such as Computer Software. Until recently, however, TOC was barely known in the Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services (PSTS) sector. Professional services include law, accounting, and consulting. Scientific services include research and development. And Technical services include development, operation, and support of various technologies. The main reason TOC took longer to reach PSTS is it’s much harder to apply TOC principles when services are highly customized. Nevertheless, with the management applications described in this chapter, TOC has been successfully adapted for PSTS. Those applications cover management of resources, projects, processes, and finances.
Lesbian and Gay Parents and Their Children: Research on the Family Life Cycle

This title provides a comprehensive overview of the research on same-sex parenthood, exploring ways in which lesbian and gay parents resist, accommodate, and transform fundamental notions of gender, parenting, and family. It integrates both qualitative and quantitative research. It highlights understudied aspects of same-sex parenting, such as termination of couple relationships. It offers practical recommendations in every chapter.
Indigenous knowledge as intellectual property

The traditional Onge people of the Indian Nicobar and Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal possess important indigenous knowledge and thus are attracting the intense interest of northern multinational corporations and associated wealth elites. Indigenous knowledge spans medicine, biology, and ecology and holds great wealth-maximizing potential. There is a strong public purpose interest in greater community access to indigenous knowledge-derived products, especially pharmaceuticals. The public purpose goals are best achieved by policies which preserve Onge social organization, and which protect the group’s rights by insuring that key decisions about the disposition of its indigenous knowledge are left in its control. A critical factor in policy design is the Onge reservoir of social capital including customary law features.
Gaseous Atmospheric Pollutants from Urban and Natural Sources

Major aspects of the circulation through the atmospheric environment of a number of gaseous pollutants have been estimated, including source magnitudes, residual atmospheric concentrations, and scavenging processes. The compounds considered include the major sulfur and nitrogen pollutants as well as CO. One-third of the sulfur reaching the atmosphere comes from pollutant sources, mainly as SO2. Within the atmosphere there is a net transfer of sulfur from land to ocean areas. In the global atmospheric nitrogen cycle, pollutant emissions of NO2 play only a minor role, and the atmospheric nitrogen cycle is apparently dominated by natural emissions of ammonia. Scavenging mechanisms for removing CO from the atmosphere are very speculative, but there is now considerable evidence of an oceanic source of natural CO to add to the very large pollutant source.
Disposition and Early Childhood Education Preservice Teachers: Where to Start?

Abstract: This study explores teacher education programs and preservice teacher dispositions. The study examined the dispositions of two sections of a reading methods course populated by preservice teachers. A dispositions checklist was used to collect data in three phases and from two audiences. The findings of the study strongly suggest that preservice teachers struggle with surfacing and identifying their own dispositions; as well as their peersâ€™ dispositions. The study also shows that the perception of preservice teachersâ€™ dispositions differ greatly from the perception the instructor of the course. Implications from this study suggest further development of practices that surface disposition and strategic use of data to improve teacher dispositions; within teacher education programs.
Legitimating the First Tattoo: Moral Passage through Informal Interaction

Once considered low class or dangerous symbols, tattoos began to be defined as hip, trendy, and glamorous in the 1990s. Using the increasing popularity of tattoos among nineties youth as an example of moral passage, this article examines some of the interpretive processes at work in the destigmatization of deviance. Whereas researchers have positioned political action or population shifts as the main forces influencing moral passage, this article posits a new route toward social change. It builds on participant observation data with a population of middle-class tattooees and examines how individuals attempted to legitimate their tattoos during interactions with others. First-time tattooees in the 1990s are seen as agents caught between multiple symbolic orders—symbolic orders that generated conflicting images of tattoos. Relying on a set of legitimation techniques, middle-class tattooees worked to overcome the negative meanings associated with tattoos by getting body art that conformed to core mainstream norms and values. By examining the creation and use of these legitimation maneuvers, this article reveals the way in which definitions of deviance are negotiated in everyday contexts. In addition, the process of legitimation identified in this article points to one way in which everyday interactions can contribute to larger cultural shifts.
Simulation of the Temperature, Humidity and Evaporation Profiles in a Leaf Canopy

Abstract The proposed model synthesizes profiles of temperature, humidity and evaporation in a canopy of leaves from meteorological conditions at canopy top, from the temperature and humidity at the soil surface, from a leaf dimension, from the vertical distribution of leaf area and stomatal resistance, and from observations or extinction coefficients for ventilation and radiation within the canopy under steady-state conditions. The exchange of sensible and latent heat in a canopy stratum is required to be equal to the absorption of radiation by the leaves in that stratum. Further, the difference between strata in their potential for sensible and latent heat exchange is related both to leaf temperature and to the fluxes and diffusive resistances between the leaves. Leaf temperatures, evaporation and sensible heat exchange, and air temperatures within the canopy that meet these requirements were calculated by successive approximation. The microclimate and evaporation of a red clover and of a barley canopy ...
ROOT-HAIR ELONGATION IN KNOP'S SOLUTION AND IN TAP WATER

Notwithstanding the considerable amount of research which has been done upon the conditions favorable to or inhibiting root-hair production, and the attention which has been paid to the nature of the walls of root hairs, together with some work, notably that of Kurt Seidel (I9), upon their tropistic responses, as yet almost no investigations have been directed toward a study of their rate of elongation under different conditions. The rate of elongation of roots, leaves, and stems has been repeatedly measured, and these measurements are being used as a basis for the modern mathematical formulae for growth. Hyphae and algal cells have been employed to the same end. However, for an intimate study of growth processes root hairs afford certain marked advantages. They permit of observations on a single aspect of growth, namely, cell-enlargement, without its being affected, to any appreciable extent, by the other two factors, cell-division and cell-differentiation. Furthermore, they are individual cells of a multicellular organism, so that their enlargement is a considerably less complicated process than the enlargement of a multicellular tissue, like a stem or root, and at the same time their behavior may be expected to be more akin to that of the typical cells of the higher plants than is the case with the structures of cryptogams. Finally, during elongation the diameter of a root hair remains approximately constant, so that the increase in length is proportional to the increase in volume. Their volume changes can thus be far more accurately determined than is the case with the prismatic tissue cells, with which Ursprung and Blum (23) have been recently working. Almost the only work involving the determination of the rate of growth of root hairs by repeated readings at short intervals of time, is that of R. E. Jeffs (6) in our laboratory. He found, using a wide range of candle powers for various periods of time, that alterations in light have no effect upon the rate of elongation. With respect to temperature, however, he found that root hairs are very sensitive. A slight rise or fall in temperature causes complete cessation of growth for the time being, at least; and, if it is sufficiently marked, the stoppage is permanent. The method which Jeffs used for mounting his specimens was one employed by Blaauw (2) in his study of root-elongation. Seidel (i9) used the same type of damp chamber more recently. A brief description of the mounts has been published (3).
DNA helicase Srs2 disrupts the Rad51 presynaptic filament

Mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene SRS2 result in the yeast's sensitivity to genotoxic agents, failure to recover or adapt from DNA damage checkpoint-mediated cell cycle arrest, slow growth, chromosome loss, and hyper-recombination1,2. Furthermore, double mutant strains, with mutations in DNA helicase genes SRS2 and SGS1, show low viability that can be overcome by inactivating recombination, implying that untimely recombination is the cause of growth impairment1,3,4. Here we clarify the role of SRS2 in recombination modulation by purifying its encoded product and examining its interactions with the Rad51 recombinase. Srs2 has a robust ATPase activity that is dependent on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and binds Rad51, but the addition of a catalytic quantity of Srs2 to Rad51-mediated recombination reactions causes severe inhibition of these reactions. We show that Srs2 acts by dislodging Rad51 from ssDNA. Thus, the attenuation of recombination efficiency by Srs2 stems primarily from its ability to dismantle the Rad51 presynaptic filament efficiently. Our findings have implications for the basis of Bloom's and Werner's syndromes, which are caused by mutations in DNA helicases and are characterized by increased frequencies of recombination and a predisposition to cancers and accelerated ageing5.
Status versus Growth: The Distributional Effects of School Accountability Policies.

Although the federal No Child Left Behind program judges the effectiveness of schools based on their students' achievement status, many policy analysts argue that schools should be measured, instead, by their students' achievement growth. Using a 10-year student-level panel data set from North Carolina, we examine how school-specific pressure associated with status and growth approaches to school accountability affect student achievement at different points in the prior-year achievement distribution. Achievement gains for students below the proficiency cut point emerge in schools failing either type of accountability standard, with the effects clearer for math than for reading. In contrast to prior research highlighting the possibility of educational triage, we find little or no evidence that failing schools in North Carolina ignore the students far below proficiency under either approach. Importantly, we find that the status, but not the growth, approach reduces the reading achievement of higher performing students. Our analysis suggests that the distributional effects of accountability pressure depend not only on the type of pressure for which schools are held accountable (status or growth), but also the tested subject. © 2010 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.