cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Automotive-Use Battery-to-Load GaN-Based Switching Power Converter With Anti-Aliasing MR-SSM and In-Cycle Adaptive ZVS Techniques

In modern automotive electronics, there are uprising demands on enhanced power density and reliability for power delivery systems. To achieve high power density, single-stage gallium–nitride (GaN)-based power converters at high switching frequencies ( $f_{\mathrm {SW}}$ ) are highly desirable but face formidable reliability challenges in the aspects of electromagnetic interference (EMI) suppression and consequential output voltage $V_{O}$ regulation. To address these challenges, this article presents a GaN-based switching power converter that employs an anti-aliasing multi-rate spread-spectrum modulation (MR-SSM) technique for EMI suppression and an in-cycle adaptive zero-voltage switching (ZVS) technique to minimize switching power losses. Compared with classic fixed-rate SSM (FR-SSM), the proposed MR-SSM technique spreads EMI spectra in a wider frequency range without aliasing spikes and, thus, reduces peak EMI more effectively. To improve efficiency, an elastic dead-time ( $t_{\mathrm {dead}}$ ) control facilitates in-cycle ZVS despite of a continuously changing $f_{\mathrm {SW}}$ . An IC prototype based on this design was fabricated on a 180-nm HV BCD process, with an active die area of 0.87 mm2. The converter can handle a variable automotive-use battery voltage from 5 to 24 V and delivers up to 1.2-W power to a regulated output $V_{O}$ at 1 V, with a peak efficiency of 90.2%. It accomplishes a 29% further peak EMI reduction compared with the FR-SSM counterpart.
Cadmium Telluride Cells on Silicon as Precursors for Two-Junction Tandem Cells

Cadmium telluride and silicon are among the widely used absorber materials in photovoltaic industry. A tandem solar cell of these two can absorb significant portion of solar spectrum to yield high efficiency due to the added voltage of the two solar cells. On basis of low-cost production, a CdTe/Si cell has the potential to produce low-cost and high efficiency tandem PV. The CdTe top cell in a substrate configuration is essential to achieve a tandem between CdTe and Si. A functional CdS/CdTe solar cell in the substrate configuration was fabricated on a Si wafer. Current-Voltage measurements show a diode-like curve with lower J-V parameters compared to standard CdS/CdTe cells. SCAPS simulations were performed to identify possible reasons for poor performance and help improve the device performance.
Wireless Sensor Network with Mesh Topology for Carbon Dioxide Monitoring in a Winery

A wireless, low-power mesh network sensor system was developed to monitor as a function of time, the three-dimensional profile of CO 2 , temperature and humidity in a winery. The system implements a low-power architecture designed to increase battery life by completely disconnecting the battery from the microcontroller and sensors in the inactive state. An integrated printed circuit board antenna was designed and implemented to lower cost. A secure gateway was implemented to transfer data to a database for visualization. The system was validated by measuring the power consumption, antenna return loss and packet routing in the operating environment. Five days of temperature, humidity and CO 2 data recorded from a sensor node is presented.
Understanding Influences, Misinformation, and Fact-Checking Concerning Climate-Change Journalism in Pakistan

Scholars agree on the role of media and communication in mitigating climate change. However, the complex and scientific nature of climate change, particularly within a contemporary media setting th...
U.S. and European Freight Railways: The Differences That Matter

This paper examines the differences between the United States (U.S.) and European (EU27) freight railways. The inherent or structural factors influencing the railways modal share will be evaluated. It was found that nearly all of the disparity in modal share can be explained by structural or inherent differences, like the competitiveness of non-surface modes, shipment distances (both influenced by geography), and commodity mix (namely, coal). More striking are the differences in productivity, to move the same number of tons seven times, more trains are required in Europe compared with the U.S.. Operational revenues per ton-mile are around two times higher in Europe, while the operational expenses in the U.S. are four times lower than in Europe. It is argued that setting a goal for modal share similar to the U.S. is not realistic for the EU27. A key concern for European freight railways should be the reduction of operational costs, by increasing the trains’ sizes.Distinct policy answers were given to the railroads’ crisis in the post WWII years. Soon after 1980 when reforms were introduced in the U.S. there was a revival of the sector. The same has not happened in Europe, where questions regarding infrastructure financing or the coordination of network investments and operational needs remain.
Nanoductility in silicate glasses is driven by topological heterogeneity

The existence of nanoscale ductility during the fracture of silicate glasses remains controversial. Here, based on molecular dynamics simulations coupled with topological constraint theory, we show that nanoductility arises from the spatial heterogeneity of the atomic network's rigidity. Specifically, we report that localized floppy modes of deformation in underconstrained regions of the glass enable plastic deformations of the network, resulting in permanent change in bond configurations. Ultimately, these heterogeneous plastic events percolate, thereby resulting in a nonbrittle mode of fracture. This suggests that nanoductility is intrinsic to multicomponent silicate glasses having nanoscale heterogeneities.
The dksA promoter is negatively feedback regulated by DksA and ppGpp

Escherichia coli DksA is an RNA polymerase (RNAP)-binding protein required for the regulation of a number of promoters, including those for the biosynthesis of rRNA, many ribosomal proteins, components of the flagellum, and several amino acids. Previous work demonstrated that DksA protein levels do not vary greatly in different growth conditions. We show here that DksA is a stable protein whose levels are kept constant by a negative feedback loop in which transcription from the dksA promoter is inhibited by DksA protein in conjunction with its cofactor ppGpp. We map the primary dksA promoter by primer extension, show that its activity increases in a strain lacking DksA, that the DksA protein accumulates when expressed from an exogenous promoter, that inhibition of transcription by DksA is direct since it occurs with purified components in vitro, and that inhibition correlates with effects of DksA on the lifetime of the dksA promoter complex. This work provides a mechanistic basis for the maintenance of constant cellular levels of DksA in E. coli and supports the model that transcription regulation by ppGpp/DksA derives from fluctuations in the concentrations of the small molecule cofactor rather than of DksA itself.
Use of repetitive sequences and the polymerase chain reaction technique to classify genetically related Bradyrhizobium japonicum serocluster 123 strains.

We have determined that repetitive (repetitive extragenic palindromic [REP] and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus [ERIC]) sequences used in conjunction with the polymerase chain reaction technique (REP and ERIC PCR) provide an effective means of differentiating between and classifying genetically related Bradyrhizobium japonicum serocluster 123 strains. Analysis of REP and ERIC PCR-generated dendrograms indicated that this technique can effectively differentiate between closely related strains which were indistinguishable by using other classification methods. To maximize the genomic differences detected by REP and ERIC PCR fingerprint patterns, the REP and the ERIC data sets were combined for statistical analyses. REP-plus-ERIC PCR fingerprints were also found to provide a method to differentiate between highly diverse strains of Bradyrhizobium spp., but they did not provide an effective means for classifying these strains because of the relatively low number of REP and ERIC consensus sequences found in some of the bradyrhizobia. Our results also suggest that there is a relationship between nodulation phenotypes and the distribution of REP and ERIC consensus sequences within the genomes of B. japonicum serogroup 123 and 127 strains. Results obtained by restriction fragment length polymorphism hybridization analyses were correlated with the phylogenetic classification of B. japonicum serocluster 123 strains obtained by using REP and ERIC PCR. Images
More than Playgrounds: Locating the Lingering Traces of Educational Anthropology.

When anthropologists of education, who embrace an activist or action-focused orientation, locate their work within community-based settings, they bear a responsibility to act in ways that not only produce new knowledge but that are also responsive to the immediate circumstances. Katherine Schultz's Presidential Address evokes two related tensions: one is a tension of temporality wherein the contexts of our research may seek and demand greater urgency in how we enact ourselves than may be typical of anthropological work. A second tension involves how knowledge is produced in and about these contexts. Both of these tensions are explored through a discussion of Kathy's research and a long-term, community-based project located in an alternative to detention program where I have been engaged in participatory ethnographic research for close to a decade.
Evaluation of a Conductive Adhesive Based Approach to Lead Free Flip Chip Assembly

Electrically conductive adhesives are emerging as a lead free, flux less, low temperature alternative to soldering in a variety of electronics and optoelectronics applications. Some of the potential benefits are obvious, but so far the adhesives have some limitations as well. The present work offers a critical evaluation of one approach to flip chip assembly, which lends itself particularly well to use with a high speed placement machine. Wafers were bumped by stencil printing of a thermoset conductive adhesive, which was then fully cured. In assembly, the conductive adhesive paste was stencil printed onto the pads of a printed circuit board and cured after die placement. The printing process was optimized to ensure robust assembly and the resulting reliability assessed.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Treponema succinifaciens sp. nov., an anaerobic spirochete from the swine intestine.

The morphology, the general physiological characteristics, and the energy-yielding metabolism of an obligately anaerobic spirochete isolated from the colon of a swine were studied. Electron microscopy showed that the helical spirochetal cells possessed an outer sheath, a protoplasmic cylinder, and 4 periplasmic fibrils in a 2-4-2 arrangement. The spirochete grew in an atmosphere of N2 in prereduced media containing a carbohydrate, NaHCO3, rumen fluid, yeast extract, peptone, l-cysteine, and inorganic salts. The spirochete fermented carbohydrates and required substrate amounts of CO2 (HCO 3 - ) for growth. Amino acids were not fermented. Major fermentation products of cells growing with glucose as the substrate and in the presence of CO2 were acetate, formate, succinate, and lactate. Small amounts of 2,3-butanediol, pyruvate, and acetoin were also formed. Determinations of enzymatic activities in cell extracts, and of radioactivity in products formed by growing cells from [1-14C]glucose, indicated that this sugar was dissimilated to pyruvate via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. The spirochetes used a coliform-type clastic reaction to metabolize pyruvate. Determinations of radioactivity in products formed from [14C]NaHCO3 indicated that CO2 was assimilated and used in succinate production. The guanine+cytosine content of the DNA was 36 mol%. This study indicates that this intestinal spirochete represents a new species of Treponema. It is proposed that the new species be named Treponema succinifaciens.
Estimating Continuous Time Advertising-Sales Models

This paper develops the advertising-sales model in continuous time with a view to studying the consequences of temporal aggregation for estimation. Difficulties arising from temporal aggregation are shown to correspond to the problem of unobservables. Two previously suggested ways of treating these unobservables due to Blattberg and Jeuland and Bass and Leone are studied in detail focusing on the nature of errors due to each approximation and the aggregation of underlying continuous time stochastic processes. The latter determine the properties of the disturbance terms in the estimating equations. Analytical results are presented and these are examined in light of an empirical application.
Conformationally Constrained Analogues of Diacylglycerol. 20. The Search for an Elusive Binding Site on Protein Kinase C Through Relocation of the Carbonyl Pharmacophore Along the sn-1 Side Chain of 1,2-diacylglycerol Lactones

Previous studies with 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) lactones, which behave as high-affinity ligands for protein kinase C (PK-C), have established the importance of maintaining intact the pharmacophore triad of two carbonyl moieties (sn-1 and sn-2) and the primary alcohol. In addition, docking studies of DAG-lactones into an empty C1b receptor of PK-Cdelta (as it appears in complex with phorbol 13-O-acetate) have revealed that in either of the two possible binding alternatives (sn-1 or sn-2) only one carbonyl group of the DAG-lactone is involved in binding. Therefore, the unknown receptor for the orphaned carbonyl appears to lie outside the boundaries of this binary complex, possibly residing at the membrane or near the membrane-protein interface. A strategy to locate the optimal location of the unengaged carbonyl was conceived by utilizing a small group of DAG-lactones (1-4) with a highly branched chain adjacent to the sn-2 carbonyl such that sn-2 binding is favored. With these compounds, various locations of the sn-1 carbonyl along the side chain were tested for their binding affinity for PK-C. The results indicate that the location of the side chain sn-1 carbonyl in a DAG-lactone must have perfect mimicry to the sn-1 carbonyl of the parent DAG for it to display high binding affinity. A proposed model from this work is that the missing pharmacophore in the ternary complex, which includes the membrane, is close to the membrane-protein interface.
Evidence for energy dependence in the isospin dependent part of the nuclear optical model potential

Abstract Angular distributions and the excitation function of the total cross section for the 208 Pb(p, n) charge exchange reaction are fitted with DWBA calculations. Isospin potentials which have the relative real volume and surface imaginary strengths found in the optical model studies of Becchetti and Greenlees provide adequate fits to the angular distributions. The excitation function indicates a strong energy dependence in the strength of the isospin potential.
Identification of Bacterial DNA Markers for the Detection of Human Fecal Pollution in Water

We used genome fragment enrichment and bioinformatics to identify several microbial DNA sequences with high potential for use as markers in PCR assays for detection of human fecal contamination in water. Following competitive solution-phase hybridization of total DNA from human and pig fecal samples, 351 plasmid clones were sequenced and were determined to define 289 different genomic DNA regions. These putative human-specific fecal bacterial DNA sequences were then analyzed by dot blot hybridization, which confirmed that 98% were present in the source human fecal microbial community and absent from the original pig fecal DNA extract. Comparative sequence analyses of these sequences suggested that a large number (43.5%) were predicted to encode bacterial secreted or surface-associated proteins. Deoxyoligonucleotide primers capable of annealing to a subset of 26 of the candidate sequences predicted to encode factors involved in interactions with host cells were then used in the PCR and did not amplify markers in DNA from any additional pig fecal specimens. These 26 PCR assays exhibited a range of specificity in tests with 11 other animal sources, with more than half amplifying markers only in specimens from dogs or cats. Four assays were more specific, detecting markers only in specimens from humans, including those from 18 different human populations examined. We then demonstrated the potential utility of these assays by using them to detect human fecal contamination in several impacted watersheds.
Probabilistic detection and tracking of IR targets

The problem of automatic target recognition (ATR) and image classification have been active research fields in image processing. In this research, we explore ATR techniques such as object pre-processing, detection, tracking and classification for sequence of infrared (IR) images. The detection and tracking of IR images is performed using Bayesian probabilistic technique. The tracked part of the object frame is then processed to discard the background to obtain just the segmented object. The segmented dataset is then rendered shift invariant by first calculating the mean of the object and then moving the mean to center of the frame. We divide each frame into blocks and obtain statistical features such as mean, variance, minimum and maximum intensity in each block for subsequent classification. We visually divide entire IR dataset into 8 classes for supervised training using a K-nearest neighbor classifier. We classify the test IR dataset into 8 different classes successfully.
Detachment of colloidal hydrous oxide spheres from flat solids exposed to flow 2. Mechanism of release

Abstract Experiments show how small particles are detached from a flat window exposed to turbulent shear flow. The onset of detachment is governed by the component of hydrodynamic force which pulls the particles in a downstream sense. An adhesive torque opposes the applied hydrodynamic torque. In the rate-determining step, a released particle rolls from its initial site of attachment. Resistance to rolling is proportional to the product of the net adhesive force and a characteristic length of the region of contact. The kinetics of release indicate that the process is governed by random events. Continued shearing at the same average shear stress results in continued entrainment of particles. The data are consistent with an idealized model of fluctuations in the local hydrodynamic force within the viscous sublayer of turbulent shear flow. Brownian motion does not properly account for the effect of shear stress on the rate of detachment.
Practical Consideration of Genotype Imputation: Sample Size, Window Size, Reference Choice, and Untyped Rate

Imputation offers a promising way to infer the missing and/or untyped genotypes in genetic studies. In practice, however, many factors may affect the quality of imputation. In this study, we evaluated the influence of untyped rate, sizes of the study sample and the reference sample, window size, and reference choice (for admixed population), as the factors affecting the quality of imputation. The results show that in order to obtain good imputation quality, it is necessary to have an untyped rate less than 50%, a reference sample size greater than 50, and a window size of greater than 500 SNPs (roughly 1 MB in base pairs). Compared with the whole-region imputation, piecewise imputation with large-enough window sizes provides improved efficacy. For an admixed study sample, if only an external reference panel is used, it should include samples from the ancestral populations that represent the admixed population under investigation. Internal references are strongly recommended. When internal references are limited, however, augmentation by external references should be used carefully. More specifically, augmentation with samples from the major source populations of the admixture can lower the quality of imputation; augmentation with seemingly genetically unrelated cohorts may improve the quality of imputation.
An ExPosition of multivariate analysis with the singular value decomposition in R

ExPosition is a new comprehensive R package providing crisp graphics and implementing multivariate analysis methods based on the singular value decomposition (svd). The core techniques implemented in ExPosition are: principal components analysis, (metric) multidimensional scaling, correspondence analysis, and several of their recent extensions such as barycentric discriminant analyses (e.g., discriminant correspondence analysis), multi-table analyses (e.g.,multiple factor analysis, Statis, and distatis), and non-parametric resampling techniques (e.g., permutation and bootstrap). Several examples highlight the major differences between ExPosition and similar packages. Finally, the future directions of ExPosition are discussed.
Partially-Sparse Restricted Boltzmann Machine for Background Modeling and Subtraction

Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) has been successfully applied to unsupervised learning and intensity modeling of images. In this paper, we cast background subtraction as an image recovery and foreground residual estimation problem within the RBM hierarchy. We propose a partially-sparse RBM (PS-RBM) framework which models the image as the integration of the trained RBM weights where the weights are learnt from partially sparse and controlled redundancy network structure. The PS-RBM helps provide accurate background modeling even in dynamic and noisy environments. Experiments also validate the effectiveness of the proposed method on a comprehensive benchmark database.
Salinity characteristics and flow of the Alaska Coastal Current

Abstract Data from three sections in the central and western regions of the Alaska Coastal Current, obtained during a 10-day period in autumn 1981, are used to derive indices of salinity structure coherent with density gradients and flow. These indices showed consistent across-stream and downstream decreases which suggest removal of the freshwater signature by mixing. Baroclinic volume transport also decreased downstream, but the coastal flow still had an along-stream extent > 1000km.
Relations of Incumbent Affect‐Related Personality Traits with Incumbent and Objective Measures of Characteristics of Jobs

The present study examined the possibility that individuals with certain personality traits tend to be found in certain types of jobs. Specifically, we examined correlations between two personality traits, anxiety and optimism, and measures of job characteristics obtained via self-reports and through job analysis. Results showed that those who were high in trait anxiety tended to be in jobs characterized by low autonomy, variety, identity, feedback, significance, and complexity. Conversely, those reporting high levels of optimism tended to be in jobs characterized by high levels of each of these job characteristics. Further research to clarify these findings was suggested.
A study of 17F above 19 MeV from 3He bombardment of 14N

Abstract Cross sections for the reactions 14 N(τ, γ) 17 F, 14 N(τ, α) 13 N and 14 N(τ, τ) 14 N have been measured for bombarding energies from 3.5 to 7.0 MeV. Three strong resonances were observed corresponding to levels in 17 F at excitation energies of 19.42, 20.25 and 21.01 MeV. Angular distributions were measured in the vicinity of these resonances for the γ-ray and α-particle channels. Theoretical fits to the excitation functions and angular distributions of the three reactions permit spin and parity assignments of 5 2 + , 7 2 − and 1 2 + to the levels at 19.42, 20.25 and 21.01 MeV in 17 F, respectively. In addition, the (τ, γ) data show another relatively weak resonance at E τ ≈ 5.7 MeV corresponding to E x = 20.53 MeV in 17 F . A tentative assignment of J π = 3 2 − for this state is consistent with the experimental results. A comparison of the present results for 14 N + τ with previous investigations of the same reaction channels for 17 C + τ suggests a possible correlation between the observed states in 17 F with a similar group in 17 O. The 17 O states appear at an excitation energy which is shifted upward by approximately 2 MeV with respect to the 17 F states.
Federal technology transfer: Teaching it

This paper recommends development of teaching materials and cases on technology transfer for undergraduate and graduate courses in business and engineering. Its focus is the process of transferring technology from the federal laboratories to business organizations.
Absorption Heat Pump Performance Improvement Through Ground Coupling

The present study investigates the improvement in the performance of an absorption heat pump for residential space-conditioning due to the use of the ground as the heat source in the heating mode and the heat sink in the cooling mode. A baseline air-coupled single-effect ammonia-water heat pump is first designed to deliver 10.55 kW (36,000 Btu/h) of cooling load at the ARI rating conditions. Particular attention is paid to incorporating many realistic details of an operating system such as fuel combustion efficiencies of the burner, nonequilibrium conditions, and moist air processes in the air-coupled heat exchangers. A range of parametric studies is also conducted to investigate the variation in performance of this system with ambient conditions in the heating and cooling modes. The same system is then analyzed in a ground-coupled configuration. The instantaneous COP for the ground-coupled system is compared with the COP of the air-coupled system as a function of the time of the year and the corresponding variations in ambient and ground temperatures using 30-yr average climate data for various locations from the National Weather Service. Improvements in COP of up to 20 percent over the air-coupled system values (cooling mode COP of 0.495 at 35°C (95°F) and heating mode COP of 1.20 at 8.33°C (47°F)) are demonstrated in diverse geographic locations with widely varying heating and cooling loads. These improvements indicate that an efficient ground-coupled heat pump could be developed for residential space-conditioning applications using simple thermodynamic cycles and existing technology for the heat and mass exchange components.
Using Cross-Cultural, Intergenerational Play Narratives to Explore Issues of Social Justice and Equity in Discourse on Children's Play.

Discussion of children's play in international and diverse communities requires careful consideration of social, cultural and political contexts impacting children's lives, as well as recognition of the complexities revealed when these variables are identified and analysed. Using diverse conceptual frameworks represented in the research literature on play – traditional developmental, sociocultural, human rights and poststructural – we analyse examples of children's conceptions about play and retrospective interviews about adults' play memories drawn from two research studies. As a result, we illuminate tensions that exist in global discussions of children's play. Using the goal of improving social justice and equity in children's lives as a foundational framework guiding our analysis and discussion of children's play, we suggest that concluding what is in the best interests of children involves learning to engage in difficult conversations where tensions, complexities and contingencies are objectively and...
Gaming Preferences of Aging Generations

Increasing evidence suggests that action digital game training can improve a variety of perceptual and cognitive abilities, including those that decline most with age. Unfortunately, previous work has found that older adults dislike these games and adherence may be poor for action game-based interventions. The focus of the current study was to better understand the types of games older adults are willing to play and explore predictors of game preference (e.g., gender, age, technology experience, personality). With this information action games might be modified or developed to maximize adherence and cognitive benefit. Older adults were administered a modified version of an existing game questionnaire and a custom game preference survey. Clear preferences were observed that were similar between participants with and without previous digital game experience (with puzzle and intellectually stimulating games being most interesting to older adults in our sample, and massively multiplayer online games and first-person shooters being least interesting). Personality, demographic, and technology experience variables were also collected. Interesting trends suggested the possibility that several demographic and personality variables might be predictive of game preference. Results have implications for future directions of research, designing games that would appeal to older adult audiences, and for how to design custom games to maximize intervention adherence based on individual difference characteristics.
3H-clonidine binding to membranes of platelets prepared under physiological conditions.

Abstract (1) A reproducible binding assay has been established to measure α 2 -adrenoreceptors on membranes of human platelets prepared under physiological conditions. (2) Washed platelet suspensions were obtained from fresh blood by a modified method (Mustard et al., 1972) and membranes were prepared by mechanical homogenization. (3) 3 H-clonidine, a selective α 2 -adrenoreceptor agonist was selected as the ligand in a concentration range of 2–64 nM. Specific binding of 3 H-clonidine was defined as the difference between total bound radioactivity and that not displaced by excess cold clonidine (6.4 × 10 −5 M). (4) Platelets from 14 healthy young male volunteers were analysed using this technique, and one high affinity binding site, with K D and B max values in the reported range was found (K D : 10.14 ± 1.95 nM; B max : 428 ± 33 fmol/mg protein (Mean) ± S.E.M.). (5) This technique will be used in future studies that will examine α 2 -adrenoreceptor changes in specific subgroups of depressed patients.
A CYTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF LEAF HOMOGENATES. I. NUCLEAR CONTAMINATION AND DISORGANIZED CHLOROPLASTS

A REVIEW of the literature of biochemical studies of isolated chloroplasts (Weier and Stocking, 1952) indicated that in all cases various cellular contaminants are probably always present and though usually so recognized by the investigator, they are frequently not given proper consideration in the general conclusions that may be drawn from the investigation. In view of these conditions it seems possible that a rigorous cytological study of the constituents of leaf homogenates would lead to a more accurate evaluation of the purity of fractions and hence contribute to a refinement of the techniques of separation. A perusal of the biochemical literature dealing with leaf homogenates leads immediately to a question of terminology. For instance, the term cytoplasm has a variety of meanings all of which differ from the usual textbook definition which states that the protoplasm may be divided into two components: the nucleus and cytoplasm. This latter material is composed of formed bodies such as mitochondria and chloroplasts which are embedded in a clear hyaline ground fluid, the hyaloplasm (Wilson, 1925). According to present day biochemical usage, cytoplasm can perhaps be best defined as that portion of the protoplasm exclusive of the nucleus which is not under investigation. For instance an investigator working on chloroplasts considers all remaining material as cytoplasm, another working on the nucleus characterizes all remaining material as cytoplasm, while a third studying chloroplasts and mitochondria designates the hyaloplasm as cytoplasm (Weier and Stocking, 1952). Paradoxically workers concerned with the hyaloplasm usually term this cellular constituent "cytoplasm" and ignore the particulate matter. The hyaloplasm has a great variety of names: clear cytoplasm, ground cytoplasm, undifferentiated cytoplasm or just plain cytoplasm. The practical importance of this lies in the fact that it is usually difficult or impossible to compare' accurately results of different investigations. As concerns the chloroplast, the grana are to the chloroplast cytologist quite definite structures, which may be greatly modified under differing environments; to many biochemists they are any green granular material occurring in leaf homogenates. They may be chloroplast fragments, coagulated cytoplasm and possibly grana. This granular material may be produced by the Waring Blendor, by grinding, by chemical means, or by supersonics. They may be derived from the leaves of higher plants or from the cells of blue-green algae which lack typical chloroplasts but which, of course, may still contain
Restart transients of hybrid rocket engines.

Experimental investigation of the problems associated with restarting hybrid rocket motors (i.e., motors wherein a liquid or gaseous oxidizer is injected into the port of a solid fuel grain with subsequent mixing and combustion of the oxidizer and fuel) following a brief period of extinguishment. The results include the finding that the ignition delay on restart is decreased because less energy is absorbed by the fuel before the surface reaches the ignition point.
The Impact of Family, Peers, and Educational Personnel Upon Career Decision Making.

Abstract This study examined the amount of support, encouragement, and discouragement women received from the important people in their lives when they considered enrolling in a male-traditional vocational course. Data were collected from 470 women enrolled in California vocational training programs. Approximately equal numbers of women in male-dominated (Nontraditionals) and female-dominated programs (Traditionals) completed the self-administered questionnaire. Among those in female-traditional programs, 117 had considered taking a nontraditional program, but never did (Considereds). Data were analyzed for each of these three groups. Results revealed the Nontraditionals consistently received more support and enocuragement than did the Traditionals. However, the only significant support differences between the Nontraditionals and Considereds were in terms of the males in their lives. The Considereds and Traditionals also expected more discouragement than the Nontraditionals indicated they had actually received. Recommendations are made to improve educational quality and to foster equality of educational opportunity.
A COCCOLITHOPHORID CALCIFYING VESICLE WITH A VACUOLAR-TYPE ATPASE PROTON PUMP: CLONING AND IMMUNOLOCALIZATION OF THE V0 SUBUNIT c

Coccolithophorid calcification is subcellular. It relies on a single Golgi apparatus to produce coccoliths consisting of an organic baseplate and calcite. The calcification reaction is initiated in a calcifying vesicle derived from the trans-most Golgi. We have cloned a subunit of a V (vacuolar)-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3., ATP phosphohydrolase) from a Pleurochrysis (Haptophyceae) cDNA library of transcripts expressed during calcification. Degenerate PCR primers were developed after alignment of the higher plant V-ATPase subunit c genes to identify conserved consensus sequences. The library was screened with a homologous probe obtained by PCR. The cloned gene is found as a single copy on the P. cartarae (strain 136) genome and includes a 495-base pair open reading frame encoding a 164 amino acid polypeptide and deduced molecular mass of 16.2 kDa. Its deduced amino acid sequence shows a close relationship to subunit c of the Vo domain of the vacuolar proton-pumping ATPase of higher plants. An in vitro-synthesized oligopeptide corresponding to the L2 extramembrane domain was used for rabbit immunization. Affinity-purified antiserum detected a polypeptide band with an apparent molecular mass of 24 kDa in immunoblots of highly enriched coccolith vesicle membranes. Immunofluoresence microscopy showed antibody specificity for the membranes of isolated coccolith vesicles. This work provides support for the existence of an authentic, vacuolar-type, proton-pumping ATPase on coccolith vesicle membranes in a calcifying coccolithophorid.
A software architecture for accessing data in sensor networks

In this paper, we present a software architecture for accessing data in sensor networks. Designing a generic data access system for sensor networks is difficult. This is because the underlying physical architecture of sensor networks cannot be generalized which in turn affects the efficiency of the protocol. Further, applications have unique and often different data requirements. Thus the data service layer should be configurable to satisfy the needs of the application. Recognizing this, we focus on defining a software architecture that specifies the interface but leaves out the implementation. Any protocol can be used to realize this as long as it provides the services that matches the specifications. This is conceptually similar to template based programming where presentation is separated from implementation. We provide the details of our architecture and evaluate both its expressiveness to the application programmer and flexibility of implementation through a few example scenarios.
Aryl C−H Bond Amination by an Electrophilic Diruthenium Nitride

Thermolysis of the terminal azido Ru2(D(3,5-Cl2)PhF)3N3 (3, D(3,5-Cl2)PhF = N,N′-bis(3,5-dichlorophenyl) formamidinate) cleanly produces Ru2[(D(3,5-Cl2)PhF)3(D(3,5-Cl2-2-NH)PhF)] (4), which is proposed to result from insertion of a nitrido N atom into a ligand aryl C−H bond. This mechanism is supported by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis results, which show the two-step reaction to be exothermic by −215 kJ mol−1, in agreement with results from density functional theory calculations. This is the first example of electrophilic insertion of a terminal nitride into an aromatic C−H bond.
On the effect of hydrodynamic slip on the polarization of a nonconducting spherical particle in an alternating electric field

The polarization of a charged, dielectric, spherical particle with a hydrodynamically slipping surface under the influence of a uniform alternating electric field is studied by solving the standard model (the Poisson–Nernst–Planck equations). The dipole moment characterizing the strength of the polarization is computed as a function of the double layer thickness, the electric field frequency, the particle’s surface charge, and the slip length. Our studies reveal that two processes contribute to the dipole moment: ion transport inside the double layer driven by the electric field and the particle’s electrophoretic motion. The hydrodynamic slip will simultaneously impact both processes. In the case of a thick double layer, an approximate analytical expression for the dipole moment of a weakly charged particle with an arbitrary slip length and a small zeta potential ζ [normalized with the thermal voltage (∼25 mV)], accurate within O(ζ2), shows that the polarization is dominated by the particle’s electrophore...
Nonuniform average sampling and reconstruction in multiply generated shift-invariant spaces

The problem of reconstructing a function f from a set of nonuniformly distributed, weighted-average sampled values { R d f (x)ψxj (x) dx : j ∈ J } is stud- ied in the context of shift-invariant subspaces of L p (R d ) generated by p-frames. The special but important case where the weighted-average sampled values are of the form { Rd f (x)ψ( ·− xj ) dx : j ∈ J } is also studied. Fast approximation-projection itera- tive reconstruction algorithms are developed. The performance of the algorithms are analyzed when the data is corrupted by noise. Estimates are derived for the conver- gence rates of the algorithms in terms of the sampling density, the generators of the shift-invariant space, and the sampling functionals (ψxj ).
Cloning of the human homolog of conductin (AXIN2), a gene mapping to chromosome 17q23-q24

Conductin or Axil, an Axin homolog, plays an important role in the regulation of beta-catenin stability in the Wnt signaling pathway. To facilitate the molecular analysis of the human gene, we isolated the human homolog, AXIN2. The cDNA contains a 2529-bp open reading frame and encodes a putative protein of 843 amino acids. Compared with rat and mouse homologs, AXIN2 shows an overall 89% amino acid identity. Several functional domains in this protein are highly conserved including the GRS (95.9%), GSK-3beta (96.3%), Dsh (98%), and beta-catenin (89.9%) domains. Radiation hybrid mapping localized the AXIN2 gene to human chromosome 17q23-q24, a region that shows frequent loss of heterozygosity in breast cancer, neuroblastoma, and other tumors. Human AXIN2 is thus a very strong candidate involved in multiple tumor types.
The CUP1 promoter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is inducible by copper in Pichia pastoris.

We report the construction of a Pichia pastoris integrating vector which contains the inducible CUP1 promoter from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show that the promoter is indeed inducible by copper when used in P. pastoris and that the level of induction is dependent on the amount of copper in the medium.
A broadband fpga digital beamformer for the advanced focal array demonstrator (AFAD)

Broadband Focal Array Beamformers offer the potential to increase the field of view of reflector antennas. Such systems require a processing bandwidth of order 1 GHz and need to beamform tens of polarized beams from over 100 array elements. A number of such systems have been built but none with the bandwidth and number of elements required by the Square Kilometre Array. In this paper we outline the digital beamformer for the Advanced Focal Array Demonstrator being developed at the National Research Council?s Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory ? a system that meets the bandwidth and beam requirements proposed for the Square Kilometre Array.
TU‐D‐AUD B‐05: Quantifying the Dosimetric Trade‐Offs When Treating Targets with Concavities Using IMRT

Purpose: To quantitatively assess the relationship between intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT)‐driven sparing of dose to normal tissues located “within” concave targets with (1) heterogeneity in dose delivered to the target and (2) redistribution of dose to normal tissue beyond the concavity. Method and Materials: Idealized volumes resembling mesothelioma and prostate cancer were considered, both with concave targets containing normal tissue. Multiple IMRT plans were generated with progressive dose restriction to the normal tissue within the concavity. We quantified the impact of such sparing on the heterogeneity of dose within the target tissue itself, and the dose received by normal tissues beyond the concavity. Results: As the dose to the normal tissue within the concavity is reduced, the heterogeneity in dose delivered to the target increases in an exponential fashion. Further, there is a rapid increase in redistributed dose to other normal tissue regions, particularly to the other normal tissues immediately adjacent to the outside edges of the concavity (i.e. adjacent to the “free margin” of the target). Conclusion: For targets with concavities, there are dosimetric consequences associated with reducing dose to normal tissue located within these concavities. There appears to be a trade‐off between the heterogeneity in dose delivered to the target, the mean dose to the concavity, and the redistributed dose to other normal tissues. Understanding the interaction between these dosimetric factors can aid the planner in assessing the feasibility of a desired dose distribution.
The unitary g problem once more: On Kranzler and Jensen

Abstract Kranzler and Jensen's (1993) further comment provides only limited and questionable support for the notion that psychometric g is other than unitary in nature.
Emulsan-alginate beads for protein adsorption.

Emulsan–alginate beads were prepared and challenged using bovine serum albumin (BSA) to assess adsorption in comparison to alginate beads. BSA binding to the emulsan–alginate beads was improved over the alginate bead controls and protein adsorption was less sensitive to changes in ionic strength. BSA adsorption between pH 8.5 and 5.3 in alginate beads was 2–3-times lower compared to the emulsan–alginate beads in the same pH range. BSA adsorption and kinetic constants were at least 2-times higher for the emulsan–alginate beads compared to the alginate controls based on the Langmuir adsorption model. To further explore the utility of these novel emulsan–alginate bead systems, complex cell-free supernatants from some pathogenic microorganisms were exposed to the emulsan–alginate beads and increased protein adsorption was found when compared to controls. These trends were also confirmed with α-hemolysin toxicity studies. The data suggest that the protein-binding capacity of emulsan–alginate beads exceeds algi...
Stochastic optimization of regenerative systems using infinitesimal perturbation analysis

We consider the problem of optimizing the steady-state mean of a controlled regenerative process using a stochastic optimization algorithm driven by infinitesimal perturbation analysis (IPA) derivative estimates. We derive IPA derivative estimates for our problem and prove almost sure convergence of the algorithm. The generality of our formulation should encompass a wide variety of practical systems. We illustrate our framework and results via several examples. >
Cultural Influence on the Implementation of Lessons Learned in Project Management

Abstract:To investigate NASA's process for culture change, we conducted research and analysis of the data in the NASA Lessons Learned Information System (LLIS) from a cultural perspective, and conducted extensive collaborative discussions with NASA personnel and a Technical Advisory Board (TAB) convened for this project. The results of this study indicate that culture change in order to implement lessons learned processes and achieve their benefits has been evolutionary and variable across NASA centers. Our interactions with and analysis of the JPL Lessons Learned Committee indicate that JPL has successfully implemented a comprehensive lessons learned process addressing technical and cultural change challenges. The process should be of interest to the project management community at large. Based on the results of this effort, we conclude that lessons-learned culture change is possible and underway at NASA. Executive-level, systems-based lessons learned guidance and support is critical for NASA-wide implem...
A joint-space command generator for Cartesian control of robotic manipulators

Many recently developed control schemes for robotic manipulators require as inputs the desired position, velocity, and in some cases, acceleration of each joint of the manipulator. However, it is most natural to specify the desired trajectory of the end effector in Cartesian coordinates. Thus it is desirable to have a command generator which has as input a desired Cartesian trajectory, and as output a vector of joint positions, velocities, and accelerations that correspond to the demanded trajectory. Such a command generator is presented in the form of a nonlinear feedback system that has the advantage of being related to a linear system. The linear system can be used to compute precise bounds on the performance of the nonlinear system. Simulation results for a nonspherical wrist manipulator are given. >
Radiation response of a 9 chromium oxide dispersion strengthened steel to heavy ion irradiation

Abstract Ferritic–martensitic (FM) alloys are expected to play an important role as cladding or structural components in Generation IV systems operating in the temperature range 350–700 °C and to doses up to 200 dpa. Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic–martensitic steels have been developed to operate at higher temperatures than traditional FM steels. These steels contain nanometer-sized Y–Ti–O nanoclusters as a strengthening mechanism. Heavy ion irradiation has been used to determine the nanocluster stability over a temperature range of 500–700 °C to doses of 150 dpa. At all temperatures, the average nanocluster size decreases but the nanocluster density increases. The increased density of smaller nanoclusters under radiation should lead to strengthening of the matrix. While a reduction in size under irradiation has been reported in some other studies, many report oxide stability. The data from this study are contrasted to the available literature to highlight the differences in the reported radiation response.