cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constrained relay node placement in wireless sensor networks: formulation and approximations

One approach to prolong the lifetime of a wireless sensor network (WSN) is to deploy some relay nodes to communicate with the sensor nodes, other relay nodes, and the base stations. The relay node placement problem for wireless sensor networks is concerned with placing a minimum number of relay nodes into a wireless sensor network to meet certain connectivity or survivability requirements. Previous studies have concentrated on the unconstrained version of the problem in the sense that relay nodes can be placed anywhere. In practice, there may be some physical constraints on the placement of relay nodes. To address this issue, we study constrained versions of the relay node placement problem, where relay nodes can only be placed at a set of candidate locations. In the connected relay node placement problem, we want to place a minimum number of relay nodes to ensure that each sensor node is connected with a base station through a bidirectional path. In the survivable relay node placement problem, we want to place a minimum number of relay nodes to ensure that each sensor node is connected with two base stations (or the only base station in case there is only one base station) through two node-disjoint bidirectional paths. For each of the two problems, we discuss its computational complexity and present a framework of polynomial time O(1) -approximation algorithms with small approximation ratios. Extensive numerical results show that our approximation algorithms can produce solutions very close to optimal solutions.
Political experience and fundraising in city council elections

Objective. Despite lack of attention from urban scholars, candidates' fundraising is a critical component of electoral politics in cities. In this research I evaluate the degree to which candidates' political experience is related to fundraising in city council elections. Methods. Multivariate regression is used to test models of city council fundraising in Chicago and Los Angeles. Results. In both cities, fundraising is a function of incumbency and prior experience as a political staff aide. Political endorsements are also important, especially those that come from incumbent politicians. The competitive environment also matters, as nonincumbents in open seat contests raise more than those who challenge incumbents. Conclusions. Fundraising in city council elections is shaped most notably by a combination of political experience and elite endorsements. For nonincumbents, the importance of prior experience on a political staff suggests a certain career trajectory for those seeking city council seats.
Mentoring Between and Within “Generations” of Gerontology Students

Abstract This article examines the use of mentoring during the implementation of an intergenerational service-learning project. An intergenerational mentoring model was developed to include the students in two required courses in the undergraduate model, with the assistance of a student from the MA in Gerontology program. Students were asked to work together in designing and implementing a program focused on melding learning with meeting community needs. Three kinds of mentoring roles were identified in both group and individual mentoring. These include the roles of “door openers,” “information providers,” and “role models.” This paper discusses the value of mentoring to engage undergraduates in gerontology, to provide a measure of advanced undergraduates' competence and ability to use ge-rontological knowledge, and to extend unpaid faculty resources in a gerontology program.
The Dark Side of Creativity: Biological Vulnerability and Negative Emotions Lead to Greater Artistic Creativity

Historical and empirical data have linked artistic creativity to depression and other affective disorders. This study examined how vulnerability to experiencing negative affect, measured with biological products, and intense negative emotions influenced artistic creativity. The authors assessed participants' baseline levels of an adrenal steroid (dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, or DHEAS), previously linked to depression, as a measure of affective vulnerability. They then manipulated emotional responses by randomly assigning participants to receive social rejection or social approval or to a nonsocial situation. Participants then completed artistic collages, which were later evaluated by artists. Results confirmed a person-by-situation interaction. Social rejection was associated with greater artistic creativity; however, the interaction between affective vulnerability (lower baseline DHEAS) and condition was significant, suggesting that situational triggers of negative affect were especially influential a...
The reflections of a grump

Over time, maybe a consequence of ageing, I have become somewhat of a grump. I have increasing difficulty with child-proof packaging. As my eyesight has weakened, I am only partially comforted by the illusion of greater strength: when I was a kid, for example, I could hardly lift $10 worth of groceries; now I can hardly see $10 worth of groceries.
ON A QUEUE WITH CORRELATED ARRIVALS

In this note we analyze the performance measures of a one server queue when arrivals are not independent. The analysis is based on the correlated Poisson distribution for customers arrival. Service may have any distribution. This type of queue is dened as M C /G/1. The formulas for the performance measures of the queue are derived without any approximation. Surprisingly, these formulas are very simple.
Hydrogen production from methanol decomposition over Pt/Al2O3 and ceria promoted Pt/Al2O3 catalysts

We present the activities and selectivities of Pt/Al2O3-based catalysts in the production of hydrogen from methanol through catalytic decomposition. For the decomposition reaction, the Pt and Pd catalysts promoted by ceria exhibit similar activity reaching 100% conversion at � 315 C. Promoting with ceria had a positive effect on activity and selectivity. Among all catalysts, the 9% Pt– 10% CeO2/Al2O3 catalyst demonstrated the best activity. This catalyst compares favorably to a commercial copper-based catalyst. The hydrogen selectivity is exceptionally high at 99+%. In all experiments, we found that methane formation was not a major factor.
The Role of Pathology Review of Transurethral Bladder Tumor Resection Specimens in the Modern Era

Purpose: The value of pathological reinterpretation of tissue slides has long been questioned. At the Cleveland Clinic subspecialization in genitourinary pathology began in 2003 and has been maintained. We evaluate the role of second review on transurethral bladder tumor resection pathology slides before and after subspecialization and potential impact on treatment.Materials and Methods: Transurethral bladder tumor resection specimens from 78 and 116 patients with bladder cancer in 2002 and 2004, respectively, were reviewed. Initial surgical pathology reports from institutions outside the Cleveland Clinic were compared with review report by a pathologist with genitourinary pathology specialization (HSL). Those cases with differences in diagnosis or staging were then evaluated by a urologist (JSJ) considering current standards of care.Results: The reinterpretation differed substantially from the initial report in 26 of 78 cases (33.3%) in 2002 and in 31 of 116 (26.7%) in 2004 (p = 0.3), resulting in a poss...
Feature normalization and likelihood-based similarity measures for image retrieval

Distance measures like the Euclidean distance are used to measure similarity between images in content-based image retrieval. Such geometric measures implicitly assign more weighting to features with large ranges than those with small ranges. This paper discusses the effects of five feature normalization methods on retrieval performance. We also describe two likelihood ratio-based similarity measures that perform significantly better than the commonly used geometric approaches like the Lp metrics.
The representation of uncertainty in medical expert systems

The development of the rule-based expert system has provided important new techniques for the representation of knowledge. However, continued use of this representational scheme has highlighted some of its deficiencies. In particular, many within scientific and non-scientific fields attempting to use the rule-base design to describe natural phenomena often find it difficult to represent the complexities of the world as 'absolute' rules. For this reason, many investigators acknowledge the need to add an uncertainty mechanism to the rule-base construct. Such a facility would allow the quantification of accuracy or strength of association within individual rules Although agreement exists on the need for an uncertainty representation facility, the debate concerning the most appropriate methodology is far from resolved. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review and commentary on the current state of debate over the five most popular candidate uncertainty models: symbolic representation, MYCIN certainty factors, Bayesian, Dempster-Shafer and fuzzy set logic. The advantages and disadvantages of each uncertainty calculi will be presented and assessed with respect to their applicability to the medical expert systems domain.
Identification of strong (weak) complete sets of logic primitives and their application in the realization of arbitrary switching functions

A method for the identification of strong (weak) complete sets of logic primitives and their application in the realization of arbitrary combinational switching functions are presented. Two computer programs are discussed. The first program takes as input the given combinational switching function or the set and tests it for a strong (weak) complete function or set. The same program tests the function or the set to determine whether it can form the strong (weak) basis. The second program can be used to realize any arbitrary switching function using the given function if it happens to be a strong complete function known from the first program. >
Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Their Potential Interference with Pesticide Residue Analysis and Present Analytical Status

The word “polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB’s)” has become common to analytical chemists working on pesticide residue analysis. Although discussions of their properties have been included in recent reviews (Peakall-Lincer, 1970, Reynolds, 1971) a brief introduction to these properties follows for those not familiar with this group of industrial contaminants. The basic structure is depicted in Figure 1, The positions marked by an x can be substituted by a chlorine. Widmark (1968) calculated that of 210 possible combinations, 102 are probable.
Hypothiocyanite produced by human and rat respiratory epithelial cells inactivates extracellular H1N2 influenza A virus

Our aim was to study whether an extracellular, oxidative antimicrobial mechanism inherent to tracheal epithelial cells is capable of inactivating influenza H1N2 virus. Epithelial cells were isolated from tracheas of male Sprague–Dawley rats. Both primary human and rat tracheobronchial epithelial cells were differentiated in air–liquid interface cultures. A/swine/Illinois/02860/09 (swH1N2) influenza A virions were added to the apical side of airway cells for 1 h in the presence or absence of lactoperoxidase or thiocyanate. Characterization of rat epithelial cells (morphology, Duox expression) occurred via western blotting, PCR, hydrogen peroxide production measurement and histology. The number of viable virions was determined by plaque assays. Statistical difference of the results was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Our data show that rat tracheobronchial epithelial cells develop a differentiated, polarized monolayer with high transepithelial electrical resistance, mucin production and expression of dual oxidases. Influenza A virions are inactivated by human and rat epithelial cells via a dual oxidase-, lactoperoxidase- and thiocyanate-dependent mechanism. Differentiated air–liquid interface cultures of rat tracheal epithelial cells provide a novel model to study airway epithelium–influenza interactions. The dual oxidase/lactoperoxidase/thiocyanate extracellular oxidative system producing hypothiocyanite is a fast and potent anti-influenza mechanism inactivating H1N2 viruses prior to infection of the epithelium.
Stereoselective Catalysis Achieved through in Situ Desymmetrization of an Achiral Iron Catalyst Precursor

Stereoselective catalysis is described that proceeds with catalyst control but without the need to synthesize preformed chiral catalysts or ligands. Iron-based catalysts were discovered to effect the stereoselective polymerization of lactides starting from a single achiral precursor and the proper choice of an achiral silanol additive. Spectroscopic analysis of the polymer revealed that the stereoselectivity originates from an enantiomorphic site rather than a chain end stereocontrol mechanism. Iron intermediates that are stereogenic at iron are proposed to form in situ as a result of desymmetrization that occurs from a change in the metal coordination number. The proposed mechanism is supported by a combination of spectroscopic measurements, model complexes, kinetic measurements, and DFT calculations.
The growth of Pseudomonas in blood cultures.

Trypticase soy broth and thiol broth were tested under aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions for their ability to support the growth of 33 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa , six strains of Pseudomonas maltophilia , 2 strains of Pseudomonas stutzeri , and 18 strains of unspeciated Pseudomonads. In all cases, only the aerobic culture bottles gave positive growth. Pseudomonads remained viable in the anaerobic culture bottles throughout the test period but were unable to divide and multiply to any significant degree. Preliminary studies with isolates characterized as Mima-Herellea indicate that these grow much like Pseudomonads.
A Serologic Analysis of Seven Strains of Pleuropneumonia-Like Organisms from Air Sac Infection in Poultry

Abstract ALTHOUGH chronic respiratory disease (CRD) was first described by Delaplane and Stuart in 1943, and has since become a serious disease affecting poultry, in 1952, when this study was undertaken, no clinical test for its diagnosis had been developed. According to Jungherr (1948), and Jungherr and Luginbuhl (1952), histopathologic examination appears to be the only reliable method of diagnosis. Since pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO) appear to occupy a primary role in producing CRD, seven strains obtained from widely scattered outbreaks of CRD or infectious turkey sinusitis (ITS) were subjected to a serologic analysis to determine their antigenic relationship and to investigate the possibility of developing a serologic test. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven strains resembling PPLO were isolated or obtained from a Connecticut chicken (#91495) with CRD on February 27, 1950; a Massachusetts chicken (#A5969) with CRD on July 17, 1951; a Connecticut broiler (#A9620) with air sac disease on December 11, 1951; …
An Analysis of the Ubiquitous Library Based on Social Network Theory

The use of social network theory to research the ubiquitous library is a new perspective.As an entity,social network theory has three core theories,which is strong tie and weak tie,network location and density,social capital.We can study the ubiquitous library by these theories in order to build the ubiquitous library better.
Instrumentation for STAT analyses.

Meeting the special challenges of STAT and rapid response testing requires an approach to test selection, laboratory design, and workflow. General concepts are presented and representative instruments are discussed.
Myelophthisis as a solitary manifestation of failure from rectal carcinoma. A Batson phenomenon

○ Rectal carcinoma is uncommonly associated with systemic metastases in the absence of liver metastases, reflecting the predilection for spread via the portal system. Occasionally, isolated lung metastases are seen, which are usually attributed to spread via the portosystemic anastomoses in the distal rectum. However, myelophthisis is an unreported complication of rectal cancer as an isolated form of systemic failure. We present a case of fatal myelophthisis associated with otherwise localized rectal carcinoma secondary to metastatic rectal cancer. This observation led to the hypothesis that spread to the bone marrow occurred via a third circulation, the Batson plexus, a network of deep pelvic veins with rich anastomoses to the vertebral plexus.
Large Hunting Nets in the Collections of the Arizona State Museum

ABSTRACTThe Arizona State Museum has in its collections five large hunting nets in complete or fragmentary condition. These nets, from caves located in Arizona, are described and compared. One net, of human hair cordage, is compared with the net of human hair from U-Bar Cave in New Mexico. References in the literature to other large nets, both prehistoric and historic, are tabulated. The time range of known nets is ca. A.D. 350–1450. It is concluded that large nets were frequently used in the Southwest for communal hunting activities. Attached offerings or fetishes probably were placed on the nets to insure success in the hunt.
A Model for Nucleation When Nuclei Are Nonstoichiometric: Understanding the Precipitation of Iron Oxyhydroxide Nanoparticles

Despite years of study, quantitative models for the nucleation and growth of metal oxyhydroxide nanoparticles from aqueous solution have remained elusive. The problem is complicated by surface adsorption, which causes the stoichiometry of the nucleus to differ from that of the bulk precipitate and causes the surface tension of the precipitate-water interface to depend upon solution chemistry. Here we present a variation of classical nucleation theory that can accommodate surface adsorption, and apply it to understand the nucleation of β-FeOOH (akaganeite) nanoparticles from aqueous FeCl3 solutions. We use small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to quantify nucleation rates over a range of concentrations (5–200 mM FeCl3) and temperatures (47–80 °C), then apply our model to estimate the critical nucleus size and surface tension at each condition. The surface tension varies from 0.07 J/m2 in 200 mM solutions to 0.16 J/m2 in 5 mM solutions. This behavior indicates that the nuclei contain an excess of Cl– and H+ r...
An end-point-constrained extended Kalman filter for tracking maneuvering near-radially inbound targets

A new end-point-constrained spherical extended Kalman filter is presented for tracking near-radially inbound maneuvering targets. The performance of this new filter is compared to that of both Cartesian and spherical extended Kalman filters for a target that undergoes a set of 15 g maneuvers in all dimensions. Subsonic and supersonic maneuvering targets are considered with a low update period rotating volume search radar as the sensor. For all cases considered, the new filter outperforms all other filters considered.
Disaster‐Related Community Resilience: A Concept Analysis and a Call to Action for Nurses

A paucity of nursing literature is available on disaster-related community resilience. Using a nursing method for analyzing concepts, this article attempts to clarify the meaning of this novel concept to encourage nursing research and practice. This concept analysis provides an introduction to the phenomenon of disaster-related community resilience for nurses and consumers of nursing research. The article proposes the definition, antecedents, attributes, consequences, and empirical referents of disaster-related community resilience and provides suggestions for nursing research and practice. It also provides nurses a foundation for participating in resilience-building activities that may save lives and allow communities to recover more rapidly postdisaster.
Oculocerebrocutaneous Syndrome: Signs & Etiologies

Three additional cases, and a review of clinical features of a total of 26 cases of oculocerebrocutaneous (OCC) syndrome, are reported from Maastricht University, and University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
Anterior temporal lobectomy for older adults with mesial temporal sclerosis.

Abstract Objective To compare postoperative seizure-free survival between older and younger adults. Methods A retrospective cohort of 107 temporal lobe epilepsy patients with a diagnosis of mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) received anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) between 1993 and 2014. We divided the lower three quartiles (younger) and top quartile (older, all 47+ years) of patients, then reviewed patient registry and electronic medical records to determine time to first self-reported seizure after ATL, the primary outcome (mean = 3.5 years of follow-up, SD = 3.6). We also assessed Engel classifications, intraoperative and postoperative treatment complications, and social disability. We used Cox proportional hazard models to assess the association between individual traits and time of seizure recurrence. Results During follow-up, 35/107 (32.7%) patients had post-operative seizure(s). After adjustment for potential confounders there were no significant differences in the probability of post-operative seizures between the older and younger groups, though we had limited precision (hazard ratio of 0.67 [0.28–1.59]), (p = 0.36). There were more treatment complications and disability in older patients (18% vs. 1.3% for any complications, 84.62% vs. 58.23% for driving disability, and 84.6% vs. 60.7% for work disability, p Conclusion Older patients appear to have more complications after ATL, compared with younger patients. Age, however, does not appear to have a large independent association with seizure recurrence.
The Essentials of Parathyroid Hormone Venous Sampling

Hyperparathyroidism is an excess of parathyroid hormone in the blood due to over-activity of one or more parathyroid gland. Localization of abnormal glands with noninvasive imaging modalities, such as technetium sestamibi scan and cross-sectional imaging, has a high success rate. Parathyroid venous sampling is performed for patients with persistent or recurrent disease after previous parathyroid surgery, when repeat noninvasive imaging studies are negative or discordant. The success of invasive localization studies and results interpretation is dependent on the interventional radiologist’s understanding of the normal and ectopic anatomic locations of parathyroid glands, as well as their blood supply and venous drainage. Anatomic and technical considerations for selective parathyroid venous sampling are reviewed.
IntraLatino Language and Identity: MexiRican Spanish

The increasing diversity of the U.S. Latino population has given rise to a growing population of "mixed" Latinos. This is a study of such individuals raised in Chicago, Illinois who have one Mexican parent and one Puerto Rican parent, most of whom call themselves "MexiRicans." Given that these two varieties of Spanish exhibit highly salient differences, these speakers can be said to experience intrafamilial dialect contact. The book first explores the lexicon, discourse marker use, and phonological features among two generations of over 70 MexiRican speakers, finding several connections to parental dialect, neighborhood demographics, and family dynamics. Drawing from critical mixed race theory, it then examines MexiRicans' narratives about their ethnic identity, including the role of Spanish features in the ways in which they are accepted or challenged by monoethnic, monodialectal Mexicans and Puerto Ricans both in Chicago and abroad. These findings contribute to our understandings of dialect contact, U.S. Spanish, and the role of language in ethnic identity.
Distribution of Animal Drugs among Curd, Whey, and Milk Protein Fractions in Spiked Skim Milk and Whey

It is important to understand the partitioning of drugs in processed milk and milk products, when drugs are present in raw milk, in order to estimate the potential consumer exposure. Radioisotopically labeled erythromycin, ivermectin, ketoprofen, oxytetracycline, penicillin G, sulfadimethoxine, and thiabendazole were used to evaluate the distribution of animal drugs among rennet curd, whey, and protein fractions from skim cow milk. Our previous work reported the distribution of these same drugs between skim and fat fractions of milk. Drug distribution between curd and whey was significantly correlated (R2 = 0.70) to the drug's lipophilicity (log P), with improved correlation using log D (R2 = 0.95). Distribution of drugs was concentration independent over the range tested (20-2000 nM). With the exception of thiabendazole and ivermectin, more drug was associated with whey protein than casein on a nmol/g protein basis (oxytetracycline experiment not performed). These results provide insights into the distribution of animal drug residues, if present in cow milk, among milk fractions, with possible extrapolation to milk products.
The influence of postnatal nutrition on reproductive tract and endometrial gland development in dairy calves

Uterine gland development occurs after birth in cattle and other mammals. The timeline of gland development has been described in various species, but little is known about how postnatal diet influences uterine gland development. This is especially concerning in dairy heifers, where a variety of milk replacer and whole milk nutrition options exist. Little work also exists in cattle to describe how early exposure to steroids influences reproductive tract and uterine gland development. The objective of this work was to determine the effects of early postnatal plane of nutrition and estrogen supplementation on uterine gland development in calves. In both studies, Holstein heifer calves were assigned to restricted milk replacer (R-MR) or enhanced milk replacer (EH-MR) diets. In study 1, calves (R-MR, n = 6; EH-MR, n = 5) were euthanized at 8 wk. In study 2, calves were weaned at 8 wk and administered estradiol (R-MR, n = 6; EH-MR, n = 6) or placebo (R-MR, n = 6; EH-MR, n = 5) for an additional 14 d before euthanasia. Average daily gain and final body weight was greater in both studies in heifers fed the enhanced diet. At 8 wk, EH-MR calves had a greater number of glands and a smaller average gland size, but total gland area was not different from the R-MR group. At 10 wk, uterine gland number and size were not affected by diet or estrogen. Expression profiles of several paracrine mediators of gland development were examined. Increases in transcript abundance for IGF1 and IGFBP3 and a decrease in abundance of WNT7A were detected in calves fed the enhanced diet at 8 wk of age. Plane of nutrition did not affect transcript profiles at 10 wk of age, but estradiol supplementation decreased MET and WNT7A transcript abundance. To conclude, heifer calves on a restricted diet exhibited a uterine morphology and transcript profile suggestive of delayed uterine gland development. These changes appear to be corrected by wk 10 of life. Also, this work provides evidence supporting the contention that early estradiol exposure has detrimental effects on uterine gene expression.
Multiple Image Recognition And Classification By A Code Division Multiplexed Hybrid Optical Processor

A multiobject shift-invariant pattern recognition system using code division multiplexed binary phase-only correlation is presented. The system computes the binary correlation between an input pattern and a generalized set of pattern functians. This technique uses a filter which consists of a set of binary phase-only code division multiplexed reference pattern functions. There are many advantages in binarizing the filter function. Binary spatial light modulators (SLMs) have been developed that work well in a binary phase-only mode and can be used to synthesize the spatial filters of this type. Binarization also permits the recording of filters of images with larger samples on currently available binary SLMs that have a limited number of pixels. The functions in the reference set may correspond to either different objects or different variations of the object under study. Computer simulations of the correlator are used to study the performance of the pattern recognition system. The correlation signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the ratio of the correlation peak intensity to the maximum correlation sidelobe intensity are evaluated as the criteria for the system performance.
“I Never Truly Thought About Them Having Friends”: Equipping Schools to Foster Peer Relationships

Students with severe disabilities often experience limited social participation and few friendships at school. We describe a project to equip school teams to implement peer support arrangements and...
Trap emission by nanocrystalline anatase in visible range studied by conventional and synchronous luminescence spectroscopy: Adsorption and desorption of water vapor

Abstract We report the spectroscopic study of adsorption and desorption of water vapor on nanocrystalline anatase in air under ambient conditions. We also report the energy level diagram of absorption and emission through the three electronic midgap states of different origin in anatase as determined by absorption spectroscopy, “conventional” PL emission spectroscopy and, for the first time, by synchronous luminescence spectroscopy at 25 °C. Under the extrabandgap photoexcitation, visible luminescence from nanocrystalline anatase contains peaks of “blue light” at ca. 450 nm and “green light” at ca. 500 nm due to the two different midgap states. Photoluminescence in visible range at 25 °C is quenched after water vapor adsorption with formation of “hydrated” anatase and increased in “dried” anatase after water desorption. For both “dried” anatase with strong emission of visible light and “hydrated” anatase with weak (quenched) emission, synchronous luminescence spectra are superior to “conventional” PL emission spectra in resolving characteristic emission peaks due to midgap states. Photoexcitation of self-trapped exciton (STE) as intrinsic electronic midgap state in anatase at 420 nm results in a strong emission of “green light” at 500 nm, which is preferentially quenched upon water vapor adsorption vs. “blue light” at 450 nm. Visible PL in anatase decreases when the average nanocrystal size increases within 5–30 nm range, suggesting participation of surface midgap states in water adsorption/desorption.
Minimally invasive and advanced ambulatory procedures

Recent advancements in surgical techniques have resulted in shorter, lessinvasive procedures, and newer anesthetic agents have facilitated rapid recovery with fewer adverse side effects. These improvements have resulted in a tremendous increase in the scope and extent of surgical procedures performed on an ambulatory basis in the last two decades. In addition, patients are better informed and are beginning to play an active role in their health care decisions and are demanding the type of highly efficient, streamlined care commonly associated with ambulatory facilities. Initially, only the less complex procedures were performed as ambulatory surgery, but the excellent safety record of ambulatory anesthesia has prompted surgeons to widen the range of procedures being conducted in ambulatory facilities (Box 2-1). This chapter will highlight surgical procedures not traditionally considered as ambulatory surgery and familiarize anesthesiologists with both the surgical and anesthesia considerations that will help promote and work toward safe clinical management for same-day discharge. Open image in new window
Frequency-Selective Multiuser Downlink Channels Under Mismatched Coherence Conditions

Downlink transmission into frequency-selective links experiencing different coherence bandwidths and coherence times has obvious practical relevance, but is often addressed via assuming for all users the coherence conditions corresponding to the fastest, most dispersive user. This paper demonstrates an alternative approach that directly exploits the differences between coherence bandwidth and coherence time of users under frequency-selective conditions, showing that it can lead to significant new efficiencies and gains. More specifically, we study a two-user downlink frequency-selective channel under three broad conditions of disparity between the link qualities: when the disparity is in coherence time, in coherence bandwidth, and in both coherence time and coherence bandwidth. Each of the coherence scenarios calls for a distinct treatment; for each, we provide an analysis demonstrating the gains in achievable rates due to exploiting coherence disparity. Numerical simulations demonstrate the advantages of the proposed schemes.
Active Adaptive Fault-Tolerant Control Design for PEM Fuel Cells

A novel control design is introduced for pressure control in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The proposed control design is able to control the system under faults in actuators. In this design, an artificial neural network (ANN) observer is developed for online fault detection and isolation (FDI) in the pressure valves of the PEM fuel cell (PEMFC). Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is used to update ANN weights which resulted in real-time and more accurate FDI. Based on the feedback data received from the designed FDI system, a nonlinear controller is designed to compensate for the fault effects in real time. The simulation results and comparison with state of art control teckniques demonstrate the advantages of the proposed active fault tolerant controller (FTC) in presence of a fault in the actuators and its ability to detect faults and compensate for their effect in the system performance.
Reinforcement Learning Recruits Somata and Apical Dendrites across Layers of Primary Sensory Cortex

The mammalian brain can form associations between behaviorally relevant stimuli in an animal's environment. While such learning is thought to primarily involve high-order association cortex, even primary sensory areas receive long-range connections carrying information that could contribute to high-level representations. Here, we imaged layer 1 apical dendrites in the barrel cortex of mice performing a whisker-based operant behavior. In addition to sensory-motor events, calcium signals in apical dendrites of layers 2/3 and 5 neurons and in layer 2/3 somata track the delivery of rewards, both choice related and randomly administered. Reward-related tuft-wide dendritic spikes emerge gradually with training and are task specific. Learning recruits cells whose intrinsic activity coincides with the time of reinforcement. Layer 4 largely lacked reward-related signals, suggesting a source other than the primary thalamus. Our results demonstrate that a sensory cortex can acquire a set of associations outside its immediate sensory modality and linked to salient behavioral events.
Maternally derived nutrients influence fatty acid composition and predator evasion behavior of larval southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma

Abstract Predation is the main source of mortality during the larval stage of marine fishes. Previous work has shown a correlation between measures of performance related to predator evasion and fatty acid (FA) composition of marine fish larvae, and that the latter can be influenced by both larval diet and maternally-derived nutrition (yolk). This study aimed to determine the relationships between FA composition of eggs, FA composition of the larval body, and predator evasion performance of southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. Larvae hatched from eggs differing in FA composition were reared under common garden conditions to 15 and 35 days posthatching (dph) when measurements of routine swimming and responsiveness to a simulated looming predator were made. Larval responsiveness to the predatory stimulus was positively correlated with the FA ratios DHA: ARA and DHA: EPA in whole larvae at 15 and 35 dph, respectively. The amount of omega-3 docosapentaenoic acid (22:5(n-3)) in the egg was correlated, though not significantly, with the amount of DHA in the larval body at 15 dph (r = −0.51, P = 0.052), and was significantly correlated with the amount of DHA in the larval body at 35 dph (r = −0.62, P = 0.031). These results provide evidence of metabolic programming in southern flounder, and suggest that maternally derived nutrients indirectly influence larval mortality in the wild.
Imaging and Staging of Endometrial Cancer

Endometrial carcinoma is the most common female pelvic malignancy in the United States. Although endometrial cancer is staged according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics surgical system, early and accurate diagnostic assessment of disease status of gynecologic malignancies is important for optimal treatment planning and outcome prediction. Preoperative imaging may assist in evaluation of local extent and detection of distant metastatic disease guiding the optimal course of treatment. Several imaging techniques such as transvaginal ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging have been used as tools for preoperative staging of endometrial cancer. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography and more recently, positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging have also been used in the management of endometrial cancer. Cross-sectional imaging, especially MRI, may detect gross myometrial invasion or extension of tumor to the cervical stroma which can alter management. Imaging studies can also evaluate the presence of lymph nodal involvement, and detect local and distant metastatic disease at diagnosis. Additionally, imaging also plays a role in the monitoring of treatment and surveillance of the patients for detection of early recurrent disease. In this article, we will review the imaging and staging of endometrial cancer.
Is Shopping at Walmart an Inferior Good? Evidence from 1997-2010

We test the relative income elasticity of shopping at Walmart and Target using quarterly data from 1997- 2010. We seek to isolate the effects of income changes by controlling for price level, retail space, and measures of time. Our findings indicate Walmart’s income elasticity, while lower than Target’s, is positive, indicating shopping at both stores is normal rather than inferior.
Social Determinants of Health and Oral Cavity Cancer Treatment and Survival: A Competing Risk Analysis.

OBJECTIVE Competing risk analysis is a powerful assessment for cancer risk factors and covariates. This method can better elucidate insurance status and other social determinants of health covariates in oral cavity cancer treatment, survival, and disparities. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. METHODS Data regarding patient characteristics, clinical stage at diagnosis, treatment, and survival data for 20,271 patients diagnosed with oral cavity cancer was extracted from the SEER 18 Regs Research Data including Hurricane Katrina Impacted Louisiana Cases from 1973 to 2014. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.5 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The Fine-Gray method for assessing impact, risk, and covariates was employed. RESULTS Medicaid patients presented with later stage disease, larger tumor size, more distant metastases, and more lymph node involvement at diagnosis compared to insured patients. Medicaid patients were less likely to receive cancer-directed surgery. Medicaid status was also associated with worse cancer-specific survival (subhazard ratios 1.87, 95% confidence interval 1.72-2.04, P < .0001) after adjustment for all covariates. CONCLUSION This is the first study examining specifically how Medicaid status and social determinants of health covariates impact oral cavity cancer treatment and outcomes and is the first using methods validated for complex covariates. Patients with Medicaid present with more extensive oral cavity disease burden are less likely to receive definitive therapy and have significantly worse overall survival than those with other forms of insurance. This better identifies disparities and the need for improving health literacy, specifically for the at-risk Medicaid population, and can guide clinicians. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 130:2160-2165, 2020.
Does blame shifting work

Contract systems, especially of the higher-order flavor, go hand in hand with blame. The pragmatic purpose of blame is to narrow down the code that a programmer needs to examine to locate the bug when the contract system discovers a contract violation. Or so the literature on higher-order contracts claims. In reality, however, there is neither empirical nor theoretical evidence that connects blame with the location of bugs. The reputation of blame as a tool for weeding out bugs rests on anecdotes about how programmers use contracts to shift blame and their attention from one part of a program to another until they discover the source of the problem. This paper aims to fill the apparent gap and shed light to the relation between blame and bugs. To that end, we introduce an empirical methodology for investigating whether, for a given contract system, it is possible to translate blame information to the location of bugs in a systematic manner. Our methodology is inspired by how programmers attempt to increase the precision of the contracts of a blamed component in order to shift blame to another component, which becomes the next candidate for containing the bug. In particular, we construct a framework that enables us to ask for a contract system whether (i) the process of blame shifting causes blame to eventually settle to the component that contains the bug; and (ii) every shift moves blame ``closer'' to the faulty component. Our methodology offers a rigorous means for evaluating the pragmatics of contract systems, and we employ it to analyze Racket's contract system. Along the way, we uncover subtle points about the pragmatic meaning of contracts and blame in Racket: (i) the expressiveness of Racket's off-the-shelf contract language is not sufficient to narrow down the blamed portion of the code to the faulty component in all cases; and (ii) contracts that trigger state changes (even unexpectedly, perhaps in the runtime system's data structures or caches) interfere with program evaluation in subtle ways and thus blame shifting can lead programmers on a detour when searching for a bug. These points highlight how evaluations such as ours suggest fixes to language design.
Management of pancreatic pseudocysts in pediatric oncology patients.

Abstract Background Management of children with pancreatic pseudocysts has historically been adopted from the adult experience where pancreatic pseudocysts greater than 6 cm are unlikely to resolve without intervention. We reviewed the clinical course of pediatric oncology patients with pancreatic pseudocysts. Methods A retrospective review of patients treated over a 15-year period was performed. Variables evaluated included cancer type, medications administered, clinical and imaging characteristics of the pancreatic pseudocysts, treatment and outcome. Results A total of 132 patients with a median age of 13 (IQR, 9–17) years were identified with pancreatitis. Thirty-one (23.5%) patients developed a pancreatic pseudocyst, of which 84% were associated with PEG-asparaginase treatment. The median pseudocyst size was 7.6 (IQR, 4.4–9.9) cm with 59% being greater than 6 cm. Twenty-two (71%) patients with a pancreatic pseudocyst underwent successful conservative management, while only 9 (29%) required procedural intervention including six percutaneous drainage, one of whom recurred and required surgical cyst-enteric drainage. Two other patients had primary surgical cyst-enteric drainage and one patient underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with stenting. The indication for intervention was worsening pain rather than pseudocyst imaging characteristics, size or serum amylase/lipase. Conclusion Most medication-induced pancreatic pseudocysts in children being treated for cancer, regardless of pseudocyst size, can be managed non-operatively or with transgastric percutaneous drainage. The need for intervention can be safely dictated by patient symptoms. Level of evidence III
II. Modernization of the Papacy and Catholicism in the Postmodern: Legacy and Challenges to Vatican I

In the ongoing aggiornamento of the aggiornamento of Vatican II by Pope Francis, it would be easy to forget or dismiss the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of Vatican I (1869–1870). The council planned (since at least the Syllabus of Errors of 1864), shaped, and influenced by Pius IX was the most important ecclesial event in the lives of those who made Vatican II: almost a thousand of the council fathers of Vatican II were born between 1871 and 1900. Vatican I was in itself also a kind of ultramontanist “modernization” of the Roman Catholic Church, which paved the way for the aggiornamento of Vatican II and still shapes the post–Vatican II church especially for what concerns the Petrine ministry.
Transforming plans into community impact: Strategic planning as service-learning in public and nonprofit administration graduate programs:

Service-learning is highly praised as a successful pedagogical tool for students’ learning. Benefits are attributed to students, the university, and the community. However, the literature also caut...
The Selection Problem for Constitutive Panpsychism

Constitutive panpsychism is the doctrine that macro-level consciousness—that is, consciousness of the sort possessed by certain composite things such as humans—is built out of irreducibly mental (o...
Off the Charts: Identifying and Visualizing Body Mass Index Trajectories of Rural, Poor Youth.

Objectives To identify body mass index (BMI) trajectories using methods and graphing tools that maintain and visualize variability of BMIs ≥95th percentile, and to investigate individual differences in early sociodemographic risk, infant growth and feeding patterns, and maternal weight status among these trajectories. Study design Participants included 1041 predominantly rural, poor families from the Family Life Project, a longitudinal birth cohort. Youth anthropometrics were measured 8 times between ages 2 months and 12 years. Mothers reported sociodemographic information, infant birth weight, and infant feeding at 2 months and reported child weight and height at 2 months and 12 years. At 6 months, mothers reported breastfeeding. At 2 years, maternal weight and height were measured. Results Three BMI trajectories were identified: “maintained non-overweight,” “developed obesity,” and “developed severe obesity.” Compared with the non-overweight trajectory, children with heavier trajectories were breastfed for a shorter duration and had heavier mothers at all assessments. The children with the “developed obesity” trajectory were not heavier at birth than those with the non-overweight trajectory, yet they displayed a greater change in weight-for-length percentile during infancy; in addition, their mothers had the greatest change in BMI between 2 months and 12 years. Children with the “developed severe obesity” trajectory were heavier at birth and more likely to have been heavy during infancy and to have been fed solid foods early. Conclusions Using informed analytical and graphing approaches, we described patterns of growth, and identified early predictors of obesity and severe obesity trajectories among a diverse sample of rural, poor youth. Researchers are urged to consider these approaches in future work, and to focus on identifying protective factors in youth with obesity and severe obesity.