cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structures of the oceanic lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary: Mineral‐physics modeling and seismological signatures

[1] We explore possible models for the seismological signature of the oceanic lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) using the latest mineral-physics observations. The key features that need to be explained by any viable model include (1) a sharp (<20 km width) and a large (5–10%) velocity drop, (2) LAB depth at ~70 km in the old oceanic upper mantle, and (3) an age-dependent LAB depth in the young oceanic upper mantle. We examine the plausibility of both partial melt and sub-solidus models. Because many of the LAB observations in the old oceanic regions are located in areas where temperature is ~1000–1200°K, significant partial melting is difficult. We examine a layered model and a melt-accumulation model (at the LAB) and show that both models are difficult to reconcile with seismological observations. A sub-solidus model assuming absorption-band (AB) physical dispersion is inconsistent with the large velocity drop at the LAB. We explore a new sub-solidus model, originally proposed by Karato [2012], that depends on grain-boundary sliding. In contrast to the previous model where only the AB behavior was assumed, the new model predicts an age-dependent LAB structure including the age-dependent LAB depth and its sharpness. Strategies to test these models are presented.
Complexity and Algorithms for Monomial and Clausal Predicate Abstraction

In this paper, we investigate the asymptotic complexity of various predicate abstraction problems relative to the asymptotic complexity of checking an annotated program in a given assertion logic. Unlike previous approaches, we pose the predicate abstraction problem as a decision problem, instead of the traditional inference problem. For assertion logics closed under weakest (liberal) precondition and Boolean connectives, we show two restrictions of the predicate abstraction problem where the two complexities match. The restrictions correspond to the case of monomial and clausal abstraction. For these restrictions, we show a symbolic encoding that reduces the predicate abstraction problem to checking the satisfiability of a single formula whose size is polynomial in the size of the program and the set of predicates. We also provide a new iterative algorithm for solving the clausal abstraction problem that can be seen as the dual of the Houdini algorithm for solving the monomial abstraction problem.
Amine Oxidases and Reductases

FAD-containing, copper-containing, and the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases are widely recognized for their ability to catalyze amine oxidation and/or reduction of a variety of compounds. Substrates include a variety of drugs, endogenous amines important in signaling, and both man-made and natural environmental chemicals. This chapter describes the genes encoding these enzymes, the protein products themselves, as well as possible tools that investigators might use to determine which enzyme is catalyzing a particular reaction. Keywords: amine oxidases; azo reduction; nitro reduction; quinone reduction; CYP-mediated reduction reactions
The Interaction of the Formal and the Practical in Parallel Programming Environment Development: CODE

The most visible facet of the Computationally-Oriented Display Environment (CODE) is its graphical interface. However, the most important fact about CODE is that it is a programming system based on a formal unified computation graph model of parallel computation which was intended for actual program development. Most previous programming systems based on formal models of computation have been intended primarily to serve as specification systems. This paper focuses on the interaction between the development of the formal model of parallel computation and the development of a practical programming environment. Basing CODE on a formal model of parallel computation was integral to attainment of the initial project goals of an increase in level of abstraction of representation for parallel program structure and architectural independence. It also led to other significant research directions, such as a calculus of composition for parallel programs, and has suggested other directions of research in parallel programming that we have not yet had the opportunity to pursue. We hope this experience with the interaction of the theoretical and the practical may be of interest and benefit to other designers and developers of parallel programming systems.
Chronic illness, spirituality, and healing: diverse disciplinary, religious, and cultural perspectives

Chronic Illness, Spirituality, and Healing is a collection of chapters that examine the interrelationships between chronic illness, spirituality, and healing, with contributions from various discip...
The C-terminal Domain of MutY Glycosylase Determines the 7,8-Dihydro-8-oxo-guanine Specificity and Is Crucial for Mutation Avoidance

Escherichia coli MutY is an adenine DNA glycosylase active on DNA substrates containing A/G, A/8-oxoG, or A/C mismatches and also has a weak guanine glycosylase activity on G/8-oxoG-containing DNA. The N-terminal domain of MutY, residues 1-226, has been shown to retain catalytic activity. Substrate binding, glycosylase, and Schiff base intermediate formation activities of the truncated and intact MutY were compared. MutY has high binding affinity with 8-oxoG when mispaired with A, G, T, C, or inosine. The truncated protein has more than 18-fold lower affinities for binding various 8-oxoG-containing mismatches when compared with intact MutY. MutY catalytic activity toward A/8-oxoG-containing DNA is much faster than that on A/G-containing DNA whereas deletion of the C-terminal domain reduces its catalytic preference for A/8-oxoG-DNA over A/G-DNA. MutY exerts more inhibition on the catalytic activity of MutM (Fpg) protein than does truncated MutY. The tight binding of MutY with GO mispaired with T, G, and apurinic/apyrimidinic sites may be involved in the regulation of MutM activity. An E. coli mutY strain that produces an N-terminal 249-residue truncated MutY confers a mutator phenotype. These findings strongly suggest that the C-terminal domain of MutY determines the 8-oxoG specificity and is crucial for mutation avoidance by oxidative damage.
Test of the law of initial values in four species of primates.

The law of initial values was tested in the serial responses of monkeys to an auditory stimulus. The “law” was not confirmed for heart rates. GSRs were absent in the new world monkeys but supported the law of initial values for half of the Ss of old world species. Less support was found when conductance scores were used.
The Personal and the Political in Repeat Congressional Candidacies

Analyses of the decision to run for the U.S. House are generally based on the self-reported motivations of a sample of candidates or potential candidates. In this article we take a different approach. We use a quasi-experimental design to model the decision of a losing candidate to initiate or reject an immediate repeat match-up against the person to whom they lost in the general election of the previous cycle. Of these potential repeaters we look at “strong” challengers—those who lost but secured more than 40 percent of the vote. We find the decision to repeat to be shaped at least somewhat by evaluations of the candidate’s chances of winning the party’s nomination and her personal desires and abilities. However, when we examine only “strategic” potential repeaters—those who lost in an open seat contest the first time around—we find the decision to repeat to be driven largely by broader political or partisan trends that affect the candidate’s evaluation of her chances of winning the general election. Thi...
Laser Method for Synthesis and Processing of Continuous Diamond Films on Nondiamond Substrates

A laser method based upon carbon ion implantation and pulsed laser melting of copper has been used to produce continuous diamond thin film. Carbon ions were implanted with ion energies in the range of 60 to 120 keV, and doses of 1.0 x 1018 to 2.0 x 1018 ions cm–2. The ion-implanted specimens were treated with nanosecond excimer laser pulses with the following parameters: energy density, 3.0 to 5.0 J cm–2; wavelength, 0.308 µm; pulse width, 45 nanoseconds. The specimens were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering/ion channeling, Auger, and Raman spectroscopy. The macroscopic Raman spectra contained a strong peak at 1332 cm–1 with full width at half maximum of 5 cm–1, which is very close to the quality of the spectra obtained from single-crystal diamond. The selected area electron diffraction patterns and imaging confirmed the films to be defect-free single crystal over large areas of up to several square micrometers with no grain boundaries. Low voltage SEM imaging of surface features indicated the film to be continuous with presence of growth steps.
Ultrasound guided intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin A in a patient with writer's cramp—A case report

A 56-year-old male with recalcitrant focal dystonia (writer's cramp) of the right thumb was referred to our clinic for worsening of dystonia and functional decline. Prior electromyography (EMG) and electrical stimulation (E-stim)-guided injections of Botulinum Toxin A (BoNT/A) had produced suboptimal results. To optimize function, we repeated the injections, using ultrasound as the guidance method, which resulted in improved hand function. To our knowledge, this is the first report to illustrate the advantages of using ultrasound as a guidance method for intramuscular injections of BoNT/A in patients with writer's cramp.
Unemployment and Property Crime: Not a Simple Relationship

I Introduction STRAIN THEORIES, such as Merton's (1938), contend that crime results when people are unable to achieve their goals through legitimate means. Consequently, these theories predict a strong positive relationship for unemployment and property crime. Research, however, has yielded equivocal results. While some researchers have reported a positive relationship, other studies have not produced significant findings (Hughes & Carter, 1981; Long & Witte, 1981; Thornberry & Christenson, 1984). In addition, Cantor and Land (1985) found a negative association for unemployment and property crime in the United States. They argued that unemployment decreases the opportunity for property crime since it reflects a general slowdown in production and consumption activities and it increases the ability to guard property due to a greater concentration of time at home. The present study sought a cross-cultural test of the relationship using data from 20 nations. II Method and Findings Data on the percent of unemployed men and women in 20 nations during 1985 were obtained from Pritchard (1990) while data on theft rates per 100,000 population were obtained from Kurian (1991). These data are presented in Table 1. Based on the findings of Canter and Land (1985), negative correlations were predicted for theft rates and the percent of unemployed men and women. The International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ILO) defines the unemployed as persons above a specified age who, during the reference period, were without work, were currently available for work, and were seeking work. Theft is the unlawful taking of property from the possession of another without force or deceit. It includes pocket picking, nonforcible purse snatching, shoplifting, and thefts from motor vehicles. Although the findings were in the predicted direction, the Pearson correlation coefficients for theft rates and the percent of unemployed men (r = -.19, p |is greater than~ .05) and women (r = -.31, p |is greater than~ .05) were not statistically significant. While these results fail to provide cross-cultural replication of the study by Cantor and Land, they confirm doubt about the validity of a simple unemployment-crime hypothesis. Of course, these findings say nothing about the relationship between unemployment and crime at the individual level. Table 1 THEFT RATE PER 100,000 POPULATION AND PERCENTAGES OF UNEMPLOYED MEN AND WOMEN FOR 20 NATIONS, 1985 % UNEMPLOYED NATION THEFT RATE MEN WOMEN Australia 4610 7.8 8.0 Austria 2389 4.9 4.7 Belgium 1864 9.7 18.7 Canada 5114 10.3 10.7 Denmark 7110 7.6 11.5 Finland 1914 5.5 4.6 France 4112 8.3 12.8 Germany, West 4269 8.6 10.4 Greece 228 5.6 11.7 Ireland 2591 15.7 15.7 Italy 1548 16.7 16.7 Japan 1138 2.6 2.7 Netherlands 5589 12.8 12.8 New Zealand 7245 3.8 4.3 Norway 2863 2.2 2.5 Portugal 351 6. …
Constructing positive social updrafts for extranormative personalities

This case study examines one high school student, a young woman from the U.S., who was diagnosed with multiple mental illnesses and who, during the research, began to identify as a lesbian. Using a framework grounded in Vygotsky's defectological writing, the authors analyze the case in light of the focal participant's engagement with the international online anime art community, which provided her with a positive social updraft through which she entered a cultural stream that enabled her to represent and reflect on her emerging identity through conventions that were not available to her in mainstream culture. Relying on artifacts from digital art production and a series of interviews, the study examines the manner in which the focal participant employed the signs, tools, goals, values, and overall setting and contours of the anime culture to develop a positive sense of self, a goal difficult for her to achieve in mainstream society. The study concludes with a discussion of how Vygotsky's work in defectology has salience for 21st century mental health differences — characterized here as extranormative or neuroatypical — because of his emphasis on viewing the settings of human development, rather than individual points of difference, as the focus of intervention.
The asymptotic distribution of magnitude-Winsorized sums via self-normalization

Asymptotic normality, tightness, and weak convergence of the magnitude-Winsorized sums formed from symmetric i.i.d. random variables are studied via a new approach that first derives self-normalized (“studentized”) results and then uses these to derive results for constant normalizations. An application of this method to trimmed sums is also discussed to demonstrate its more general applicability as well as to illustrate its use.
Potential for Nonenzymatic Reduction of Fe(III) via Electron Shuttling in Subsurface Sediments

The potential for various substances to serve as electron shuttles between Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms and insoluble Fe(III) oxides in aquifer sediments was evaluated in order to determine whether abiological mechanisms might play a role in the apparent microbial reduction of Fe(III) in subsurface sediments. Humic substances (humics) and the humics analogue, anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS), which were previously found to stimulate microbial reduction of synthetic poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxide under laboratory conditions, were found to also stimulate the reduction of aquifer Fe(III) oxides by indigenous microorganisms. Electron shuttling via biological reduction of U(VI) or S° followed by abiological reduction of Fe(III) by U(IV) or sulfide enhanced the reduction of synthetic Fe(III) oxide in cell suspensions, but these potential electron shuttles did not stimulate Fe(III) reduction when they were added to aquifer sediments. These results emphasize the importance of evaluating potential mechani...
Hyporheic invertebrates affect N cycling and respiration in stream sediment microcosms

The region of surface water-groundwater interaction in streams, the hyporheic zone, is important for biogeochemical processes and provides habitat for specialized microbial and inverte- brate assemblages. Although hyporheic invertebrates contribute little biomass and respiration relative to microbes in stream sediments, invertebrate effects on biogeochemical processes may be dispro- portionately large. We tested how various interstitial invertebrate assemblages affected N cycling and respiration in flow-through microcosms filled with alluvial sediment in the laboratory. Average in- vertebrate biomasses in low and high invertebrate treatments were 0.20 and 19 mg dry mass/L sediment, respectively. Average net NO3 2 regeneration/uptake rate increased with increasing inver- tebrate biomass, showing invertebrates suppressed NO3 2 uptake or stimulated in situ NO3 2 produc- tion. Average respiration (normalized for sediment organic matter) and particulate organic matter (POM) increased 51% and 33%, respectively, with increasing invertebrate biomass, suggesting direct contribution to hyporheic metabolism and/or stimulation of microbial activity and an accumulation of POM driven by invertebrates. We suggest that interstitial invertebrates can substantially alter bio- geochemical processes in hyporheic zones.
Differences in the promotional effect of the group IA elements on unsupported copper catalysts for carbon monoxide hydrogenation

Abstract The differences in promotional effect of the Group IA elements on unsupported copper catalysts for carbon monoxide hydrogenation have been examined. Methanol was selectively produced on all catalysts at 523 K, 5 MPa, and with a feed gas of molar composition H 2 CO = 2 . When normalized with respect to surface area, the methanol synthesis rate was found to increase by an order of magnitude from Li to Cs with the majority of the increase occurring from Na to K. On the basis of apparent activation energy measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy results, activity differences were attributed to differences in the concentration of Cu+ species at the surface and not to electronic effects. Alkali-cuprates, for example LiCuO, were determined not to be the active phase responsible for Cu+ stabilization. Under conditions more favorable for higher alcohol synthesis, 573 K and H 2 CO = 1 , little change in selectivity was observed for the Na-, K-, Rb-, and Cs-promoted catalysts. However, the lithiumpromoted catalyst produced an equimolar mixture of normal alcohols and hydrocarbons. Both product distributions were found to give linear Flory plots with propagation constants of 0.3 for alcohols and 0.5 for hydrocarbons.
Disorderly conduct in γδ versus αβ T cell lineage commitment

The mechanism of T cell precursor commitment to the γδ or αβ T cell lineage remains unclear. While TCR signal strength has emerged as a key factor in lineage commitment based on TCR transgenic models, the entire TCR repertoire may not possess the same discriminatory power. A counterbalance to the TCR as the lineage determinant is the pre-existing heterogeneity in gene expression among precursors, which suggests that single precursors are unlikely to respond homogeneously to a given instructive signal.
Further Characterization of a Caffeine-Resistant Mutant of Aspergillus parasiticus

Studies were performed to characterize further Aspergillus parasiticus BCR1, a caffeine-resistant mutant of A. parasiticus NRRL 2999, particularly in regard to its caffeine-dependent production of aflatoxins. The enhanced synthesis of aflatoxins by caffeine was highly specific since neither dimethylxanthines nor purines could substitute for the trimethylxanthine. Caffeine's effects were phase dependent and only increased toxin formation if added early in the microorganism's life cycle. The ability of BCR1 to exclude caffeine appeared dependent on the initial levels of caffeine in the growth medium. Respiration and glucose utilization in the wild type strain were inhibited strongly by caffeine, but BCR1 was resistant to these effects. Comparison of glucose uptake kinetics in the wild type and mutant strains indicated that caffeine inhibition of aflatoxin synthesis in the wild type was not due to a disruption of glucose transport.
Sequence and expression of IMP-L1, an ecdysone-inducible gene expressed during Drosophila imaginal disc morphogenesis.

Drosophila imaginal discs are induced by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxy-ecdysone to initiate morphogenesis leading to formation of the adult appendages and thoracic epidermis at the end of the third larval instar. Ecdysone-dependent transcriptional activation of a set of genes that encode imaginal disc transcripts found on membrane-bound polysomes precedes and may be responsible for some aspects of the cellular changes that mediate epithelial morpho-genesis in this system. A 1.35 kb transcript from one of these genes, IMP-L1, is first observed in vivo at or just prior to pupariation, as ecdysone titers are peaking and beginning to decline. Expression is initiated in proximal areas of the antennal disc, later spreading to a more widespread but nonuniform distribution throughout other thoracic imaginal discs. IMP-L1 is not, however, expressed in other ecdysone target tissues such as salivary glands or fat body. The IMP-L1 gene encodes a novel protein product containing a signal peptide, a possible transmembrane domain, two highly charged domains and a proline rich C-terminal domain. We suggest that the delayed timing of expression of this secondary response gene is necessary for proper ordering of cellular events associated with disc morphogenesis. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Nature of Vanadium Complexes in the Refining of Heavy Oil

Vanadium complexes in native petroleum are discussed with regard to their origins and diagenesis. The basic structural information of vanadium in heavy, dark, residual asphaltic oil is reassessed when the geobiological aspects of the complexes are revealed. Application of the structural concept of vanadium complexes is given to explain the hydrodesulfurization catalysis.
Perceived frequency of concrete and abstract words.

Studies are reported which show that concrete and abstract words of equal objective frequency (based on available , word counts) are not perceived as being equal. The abstract word has greater perceived frequency than the concrete word. The judged variety of contexts in which a word appears correlates very highly with perceived frequency. The results have relevance to the design of learning studies in which concrete and abstract words are used. and also to the interpretation of such experiments.
Satellite-measured phytoplankton variability in the Gulf of Maine

Abstract The first 4 years of SeaWiFS ocean color data (September 1997–August 2001) provide the first synoptic quantification of seasonal and interannual phytoplankton chlorophyll variability in the Gulf of Maine. Climatological monthly means show spatial patterns associated with the annual cycle. Concentrations are elevated throughout the year in coastal regions and over shallow banks (Georges Bank, Nantucket Shoals and Browns Bank) with a spring and fall bloom superimposed. Over deeper basins and the Scotia Shelf, a canonical North Atlantic seasonal cycle is present with low ( −3 ) winter (December–February) concentrations, an annual maximum in March–April (>2 mg m −3 ), reduced concentrations in summer and a fall bloom beginning as early as September in Jordan Basin but in October–November over other regions. Strong interannual variability over the 4-year time series shows the climatological seasonal features are often a biased picture of both timing and magnitude. The clearest interannual signal is of reduced chlorophyll concentrations throughout 1998, including weak spring and fall blooms. A connection between low concentrations in 1998 and local wind forcing is not evident. However, the low concentrations are coincident with negative anomalies in satellite surface temperature fields and follow the intrusion of relatively cold, low salinity slope water into the Northeast Channel which previous authors have argued is linked to changes in Labrador slope water transport induced by the North Atlantic Oscillation. Reduced concentrations in 1998 are consistent with both lower nitrate/nitrite concentrations in the intruding water as well as reduced subsurface stratification which would delay or reduce the onset of the spring bloom.
Geomorphic effects of large debris flows on channel morphology at North Fork Mountain, eastern West Virginia, USA

Extreme rainfall in June 1949 and November 1985 triggered numerous large debris flows on the steep slopes of North Fork Mountain, eastern West Virginia. Detailed mapping at four sites and field observations of several others indicate that the debris flows began in steep hillslope hollows, propagated downslope through the channel system, eroded channel sediment, produced complex distributions of deposits in lower gradient channels, and delivered sediment to floodwaters beyond the debris-flow termini. Based on the distribution of deposits and eroded surfaces, up to four zones were identified with each debris flow: an upper failure zone, a middle transport/erosion zone, a lower deposition zone, and a sediment-laden floodwater zone immediately downstream from the debris-flow terminus. Geomorphic effects of the debris flows in these zones are spatially variable. The initiation of debris flows in the failure zones and passage through the transport/erosion zones are characterized by degradation; 2300 to 17 000 m3 of sediment was eroded from these zones. The total volume of channel erosion in the transport/erosion zones was 1·3 to 1·5 times greater than the total volume of sediment that initially failed, indicating that the debris flows were effective erosion agents as they travelled through the transport/erosion zones. The overall response in the deposition zones was aggradation. However, up to 43 per cent of the sediment delivered to these zones was eroded by floodwaters from joining tributaries immediately after debris-flow deposition. This sediment was incorporated into floodwaters downstream from the debris-flow termini causing considerable erosion and deposition in these channels. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase-sensitive multimode parametric amplification in parabolic-index waveguides

We show that multiple spatial modes or images can be amplified by an optical parametric amplifier based on graded-index waveguide, and that the gains of various modes can be equalized by using several pump modes.
Sequence determinants of the capping box, a stabilizing motif at the N‐termini of α‐helices

The capping box, a recurrent hydrogen bonded motif at the N-termini of alpha-helices, caps 2 of the initial 4 backbone amide hydrogen donors of the helix (Harper ET, Rose GD, 1993, Biochemistry 32:7605-7609). In detail, the side chain of the first helical residue forms a hydrogen bond with the backbone of the fourth helical residue and, reciprocally, the side chain of the fourth residue forms a hydrogen bond with the backbone of the first residue. We now enlarge the earlier definition of this motif to include an accompanying hydrophobic interaction between residues that bracket the capping box sequence on either side. The expanded box motif--in which 2 hydrogen bonds and a hydrophobic interaction are localized within 6 consecutive residues--resembles a glycine-based capping motif found at helix C-termini (Aurora R, Srinivasan R, Rose GD, 1994, Science 264:1126-1130).
Linear Acoustic Gains and Losses in Solid Propellant Rocket Motors

1 he general significance of acoustic gains and losses to the problem of rocket motor stability is discussed briefly Recently, considerable progress has been made toward the understanding of some of the important loss mechanisms These are noted and attention is called to their significance With respect to acoustic gains, the burning surface of the propellant is recognized to be a principal source of acoustic amplification, and a considerable amount of experimental and theoretical attention has been devoted to the determination of the propellant response function It is recognized that, in view of the highly complicated nature of the phenomena, one should hardly expect quantitative agreement between theory and experiment Nevertheless, one should be entitled to expect agreement of a qualitative natui e whenever the suppositions of the theory are reasonably well met by the conditions of experiment A comparison of the kinds of results obtained suggests that such a qualitative similarity does not always exist, particularly for low burning rates As a result, it seems likely that some mechanism, which can be important under these conditions, has been omitted from consideration in the existent theoretical model Theoretical calculations, as yet unpublished, indicate that under some conditons radiation may exert an important influence on the acoustic response of the burning surface, especially at low burning rates (Radiative effects have been omitted in previous theoretical treatments ) The general nature of the new calculations and some of the numerical results are discussed c = C = Cp = / = j = k = m = n = P = go = T =
Projections and downscaling of 21st century temperatures, precipitation, radiative fluxes and winds for the Southwestern US, with focus on Lake Tahoe

Recent projections of global climate changes in response to increasing greenhouse- gas concentrations in the atmosphere include warming in the Southwestern US and, especially, in the vicinity of Lake Tahoe of from about +3°C to +6°C by end of century and changes in precipitationontheorderof5-10%increasesor(morecommonly)decreases,dependingonthe climate model considered. Along with these basic changes, other climate variables like solar insolation, downwelling (longwave) radiant heat, and winds may change. Together these climate changes may result in changes in the hydrology of the Tahoe basin and potential changes in lake overturning and ecological regimes. Current climate projections, however, are generally spatially too coarse (with grid cells separated by 1 to 2° latitude and longitude) for direct use in assessments of the vulnerabilities of the much smaller Tahoe basin. Thus, daily temperatures, precipitation, winds, and downward radiation fluxes from selected global pro- jections have been downscaled by a statistical method called the constructed-analogues method onto 10 to 12 km grids over the Southwest and especially over Lake Tahoe. Precipitation, solar insolation and winds over the Tahoe basin change only moderately (and with indeterminate signs) in the downscaled projections, whereas temperatures and downward longwave fluxes increase along with imposed increases in global greenhouse-gas concentrations.
Electron Dynamics in Dendrimers

Electron transfer dynamics in extensively branched macromolecules (dendrimers) is studied using time-dependent quantum mechanical techniques. A split operator method that fully exploits the Cayley tree topology of these macromolecules is developed within a tight-binding model Hamiltonian. Solvent effects are simulated by time-dependent random fluctuations; this dephasing eliminates the localized oscillations that characterize the nonsolvated dynamics, and results in decay of the electron density from an initially photoexcited state. Electron transfer is asymmetric depending on the site of initial excitation, and solvent fluctuations in general enhance the directed transport within the structure. Some dendrimers, particularly those with a certain extended structures show enhanced transport toward their central nodes. The efficiency of electron transfer to the central node depends on both the dendrimer structure and the characteristics of the solvent fluctuations.
Mutations in RCA1 and AFG3 inhibit F1-ATPase assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The RCA1 (YTA12) and AFG3 (YTA10) genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae code for homologous mitochondrial proteins that belong to the recently described AAA protein-family [Kunau et al. (1993) Biochimie 75, 209–224]. Mutations in either gene have been shown to induce a respiratory defect. In the case of rca1 mutants this phenotype has been ascribed to defective assembly of cytochrome oxidase and ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase. In the present study we show that the respiratory defect of afg3 mutants, like that of rca1 mutants, is also caused by an arrest in assembly of cytochrome oxidase and ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase. In addition to the absence of the respiratory complexes, rca1 and afg3 mutants exhibit reduced mitochondrial ATPase activity. As a first step to an understanding of the biochemical basis for the ATPase defect we have examined the assembly of the F1 and F0 constituents of the ATPase complex. We present evidence that the ATPase lesion stems at least in part from the failure of rca1 and afg3 mutants to assemble F1. Although the mutants also display lower steady-state concentrations of some F0 subunits, this could be a secondary effect of defective F1 assembly.
Possession and the double object construction

This paper argues that double-object verbs decompose into two heads, an external-argumentselecting CAUSE predicate (vCAUSE) and a prepositional element, PHAVE. Two primary types of argument are presented. First, a consideration of the well-known Oerhle’s generalization effects in English motivate such a decomposition, in combination with a consideration of idioms in ditransitive structures. These facts mitigate strongly against a Transform approach to the dative alternation, like that of Larson 1988, and point towards an Alternative Projection approach, similar in many respects to that of Pesetsky 1995. Second, the PHAVE prepositional element is identified with the prepositional component of verbal have, treated in the literature by Benveniste 1966; Freeze 1992; Kayne 1993; Gueron 1995. Languages without PHAVE do not allow possessors to c-command possessees, and show no evidence of a double-object construction, in which Goals c-command Themes. On the current account, these two facts receive the same explanation: PHAVE does not form part of the inventory of morphosyntactic primitives of these languages.
Extreme Longevity Is Associated with Increased Serum Thyrotropin

Context: The distribution of serum TSH shifts progressively to higher concentrations with age. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine whether the population shift in TSH distribution to higher concentrations with aging extends to people of exceptional longevity, namely centenarians, and to assess the relationship between concentrations of TSH and free T4 (FT4). Design/Setting/Patients: We analyzed TSH, FT4, and TSH frequency distribution curves in thyroid disease-free Ashkenazi Jews with exceptional longevity (centenarians; median age, 98 yr), in younger Ashkenazi controls (median age, 72 yr), and in a population of thyroid disease-free individuals (median age, 68 yr) from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1998–2002 (NHANES controls). Results: Serum TSH was significantly higher in centenarians [1.97 (0.42–7.15) mIU/liter] than in Ashkenazi controls [1.55 (0.46–4.55) mIU/liter] and NHANES controls [1.61 (0.39–6.29) mIU/liter] (median, 2.5 and 97.5 centiles) (P < 0.001). Th...
Ultrastructural Evidence for Neuromuscular Systems in Coelenterates

Cellular interrelationships and synaptic connections in tentacles of several species of coelenterates were examined by means of electron microscopy to determine if neuromuscular pathways were present. The presence of sensory cells, ganglion cells, epitheliomuscular cells, interneuronal synapses, and neuromuscular junctions suggests that neuromuscular pathways are present in coelenterates. Naked axons without sheath cells form several synapses en passant with the same and with different epitheliomuscular cells as well as with nematocytes and other neurons. Interneuronal synapses and neuromuscular and neuronematocyte junctions have clear or dense-cored vesicles (700–1500 A in diameter) associated with a dense cytoplasmic coat on the presynaptic membrane, a cleft (100–300 A in width) with intracleft filaments, and a subsynaptic membrane with a dense cytoplasmic coat. At scyphozoan neuromuscular junctions there is a subsurface cisterna of endoplasmic reticulum, which is separated from the epitheliomuscular cell membrane by a narrow cytoplasmic gap (100–300 A in width) . Neuromuscular junctions in coelenterates resemble en passant axonal junctions with smooth muscle in higher animals. Morphological evidence is presented for a simple reflex involving a two-cell (sensory or ganglion-epitheliomuscular cell) or three-cell (sensory-ganglion-epitheliomuscular cell) pathway that may result in the coordinated contraction of the longitudinal muscle in tentacles of coelenterates.
ARMA model order determination and MDL: a new perspective

Much research has focused on the problem of estimating the model order of autoregressive moving average (ARMA) processes. The most well-known of the proposed solutions for this problem include the final prediction error (FPE), Akaike information criterion (AIC), and minimum description length (MDL). A new approach for model order determination based on the MDL criterion is proposed and shown to depend on the minimum eigenvalue of a covariance matrix derived from the observed data. As a result, a new selection procedure for estimating the model order via MDL is proposed. Examples that illustrate the significantly improved accuracy of the proposed technique are given. >
Prioritizing computer literacy topics

Abstract This article presents a process of prioritizing selected computer literacy topics as an initial step in implementing computer literacy programs for secondary schools. Ninety-five Nebraska educators formed the sample. A 45-item questionnaire was developed as the instrument. Educators were asked to choose more preferable topics among other topics for teaching secondary school students about computers. Thurstone's Law of Comparative Judgment was used to scale or locate educator's opinions about computer literacy topics on an interval level continuum. A general knowledge about computers was emphasized by educators surveyed. Hands-on experiences were viewed as necessary for students who want to be competent in using computers. Programming skills were suggested but not essential for computer literate students. Findings of this study provide implications of integrating computer literacy with existing curriculum. Results also provide guidelines for curriculum planners and persons responsible for the acquisition of hardware, software and staff development.
Plasma clearance and liver metabolism of native and asialo-human transcortin in the rat

Abstract Plasma kinetics and liver metabolism of iodanated human corticosteroid-binding protein have been studied in ovariectomized female rats. 125 I-labeled human corticosteroid-binding globulin prepared by a modified chloramine T reaction was shown to be physically intact and biologically active. Intravenously injected 125 I-labeled human corticosteroid-binding globulin was shown to give a complex clearance pattern from the plasma, with half-lives of 7.5 and 51 min. Estrogen injections had no effect on plasma clearance rate. Direct involvement of liver plasma membrane receptors for asialoglycoproteins in 125 I-labeled human corticosteroid-binding globulin metabolism was demonstrated in vivo and in vitro using asialofetuin as a competitive inhibitor. 125 I-labeled human asialo-corticosteroid-binding globulin was cleared from the plasma with a half-life of less than 1 min, while the simultaneous injection of 5 mg asialofetuin maintained the circulating plasma levels. Asialofetuin also slowed the clearance of intact 125 I-labeled human corticosteroid-binding globulin from the plasma ( t 1 2 =90 min ). Binding of 125 I-labeled human asialo-corticosteroid-binding globulin to rat liver plasma membranes in vitro was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by asialofetuin, but not by intact human corticosteroid-binding globulin or fetuin. 125 I-labeled human corticosteroid-binding globulin did not bind significantly to the membranes. It is concluded that human corticosteroid-binding globulin clearance from rat plasma is rapid and that the carbohydrate moiety of human corticosteroid-binding globulin is involved in its clearance and catabolism by the liver.
Mitochondrial Contribution to the Anoxic Ca2+ Signal in Maize Suspension-Cultured Cells

Anoxia induces a rapid elevation of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) in maize (Zea mays L.) cells, which is caused by the release of the ion from intracellular stores. This anoxic Ca2+ release is important for gene activation and survival in O2-deprived maize seedlings and cells. In this study we examined the contribution of mitochondrial Ca2+ to the anoxic [Ca2+]cyt elevation in maize cells. Imaging of intramitochondrial Ca2+ levels showed that a majority of mitochondria released their Ca2+ in response to anoxia and took up Ca2+ upon reoxygenation. We also investigated whether the mitochondrial Ca2+ release contributed to the increase in [Ca2+]cyt under anoxia. Analysis of the spatial association between anoxic [Ca2+]cyt changes and the distribution of mitochondrial and other intracellular Ca2+ stores revealed that the largest [Ca2+]cyt increases occurred close to mitochondria and away from the tonoplast. In addition, carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazone treatment depolarized mitochondria and caused a mild elevation of [Ca2+]cyt under aerobic conditions but prevented a [Ca2+]cyt increase in response to a subsequent anoxic pulse. These results suggest that mitochondria play an important role in the anoxic elevation of [Ca2+]cyt and participate in the signaling of O2 deprivation.
Race Logic and “Being like Mike”: Representations of Athletes in Advertising, 1985–1994

Abstract Although participation in sports by black athletes has increased, evidence remains that these athletes still face discriminatory practices. One arena in which black athletes are treated differently from their white counterparts is the advertising of products by athletic spokespersons. This paper examines the stereotypes used in portraying black athletes in advertising by scrutinizing advertisements in Sports Illustrated from 1985 to 1994. I hypothesize that advertisers will draw on stereotypes from both sport and more general society to depict athletes. Two hundred ten advertisements in the sample contain well-known athletes; content analysis reveals that black athletes are more likely to be portrayed as succeeding because of innate physical abilities, while white athletes are more often portrayed as succeeding because of hard work, intelligence or leadership qualities. In addition, black athletes are more Likely to be portrayed as angry, violent or hypersexual.
Acute Renal Failure in Adults with Uncomplicated Acute Pyelonephritis: Case Reports and Review

Acute renal failure is a rare complication of acute pyelonephritis in patients who do not have urinary obstruction. Although urinary tract infections are common in adults, pyelonephritis is rarely considered in the differential diagnosis of acute renal failure nor is renal failure considered a likely consequence of bacteriuria. In this review, the cases of acute renal failure caused by acute pyelonephritis that have been reported in the last quarter century are examined. Including two new cases reported, only 12 cases of acute pyelonephritis resulting in acute renal failure were found. Three of these occurred in patients with a solitary kidney. All cases occurred in individuals who had no history of urinary tract infections, and all were caused by Escherichia coli. In several cases, the administration of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs contributed to disease. Three cases occurred after catheter-acquired bacteriuria. Acute renal failure is an uncommon but serious consequence of uncomplicated acute pyelonephritis in adults.
Megakaryoblastic transformation of chronic granulocytic leukemia

Three cases of megakaryoblastic transformation of chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) are reported. In each case, the leukemic transformation had morphologic features suggesting megakaryocytic differentiation. This was confirmed by positive immunostaining with a monoclonal antibody (HP1-1D) specific for platelet and megakaryocyte glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antigen, which was expressed by the majority of the leukemic blasts in all three cases. Cases with evidence of multilineage differentiation of the leukemic transformation were excluded. A striking feature in two patients was the manifestation of lytic bone lesions and soft tissue masses at presentation. A biopsy of a lytic bone lesion and soft tissue mass in one patient revealed a megakaryoblastic leukemic infiltrate, which by immunocytochemical staining was positive for the megakaryocytic markers, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antigen, and Factor VIII (von Willebrand factor) antigen. In contrast to granulocytic sarcomas, the megakaryoblastic sarcoma did not stain cytochemically for chloroacetate esterase. The mean survival after acute transformation was 5.3 months. The three cases of megakaryoblastic transformation represented a significant proportion of all CGL blastic transformation cases (ten cases) evaluated by bone marrow examination in our institution during a 13-month period. Megakaryoblastic transformation of CGL may occur more frequently than has been appreciated, and can present as lytic bone lesions or as soft tissue megakaryoblastic sarcomas.
Trace Element Determinations in Foods and Biological Samples Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Elemental food composition data are important to both consumers and health professionals, and recent food labeling legislation has highlighted this need. Rugged, accurate, and precise analytical me...
Six important themes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) research, 1999

My assignment was to identify the 6 most important ALS papers published in 1999 but, great to relate, there were too many excellent candidates. Rather than confining the search to individual papers, six major themes seemed appropriate for discussion: 1) The study of transgenic mice that carry a mutated human gene for superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) has led to many far-reaching advances in ALS research. The mice are regarded as the best test system to evaluate potential therapies, including creatine. Inconsistencies between efficacy in mice and people are noted, however. 2) Transgenic mice have also been used to evaluate the role of glutamate toxicity in the pathogenesis of ALS, a dominant theory. 3) The role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of ALS is gathering increasing attention. 4) The role of neurofilaments in the pathogenesis of ALS has provided new twists in mice and people. 5) Motor neuropathy is the most important differential diagnosis of ALS. 6) Gene therapy, as exemplified by the use of stem cells, has been applied successfully to animal models of other inherited diseases of the central nervous system.
Charge Formation, Recombination, and Sweep-Out Dynamics in Organic Solar Cells

This article presents a critical discussion of the various physical processes occurring in organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells based on recent experimental results. The investigations span from photoexcitation to charge separation, recombination, and sweep-out to the electrodes. Exciton formation and relaxation in poly[N-9?-hepta-decanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole) (PCDTBT) and poly-3(hexylthiophene) (P3HT) are discussed based on a fluorescence up-conversion study. The commonly accepted paradigm describing the conversion of incident photons into charge carriers in the BHJ material is re-examined in light of these femtosecond time-resolved measurements. Transient photoconductivity, time-delayed collection field, and time-delayed dual pulse experiments carried out on BHJ solar cells demonstrate the competition between carrier sweep-out by the internal field and the loss of photogenerated carriers by recombination. Finally, an emerging hypothesis is discussed: that bimolecular recombination accounts for the majority of recombination from short circuit to open circuit in optimized solar cells, and that bimolecular recombination is bias- and charge-density-dependent. The study of recombination loss processes in organic solar cells leads to insights into what must be accomplished to achieve the ideal solar cell.