cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Payment for Cancer Biomarker Testing

generation EGFR and ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The guidelines, vetted by experts from multiple disciplines and multiple nations, help ensure that patient selection for biomarker testing is properly performed, tissue is appropriately managed, and costs are minimized. The lung cancer guideline’s evidence-based strategy—and the evidencebased, peer-reviewed literature upon which it is based showing efficacy—should be a powerful tool for persuading skeptical government payers and private insurers to pay for lung cancer biomarker tests. And the federal government’s promotion of the expansion of personalized medicine is congruent with the goal of increased biomarker testing. Because cost-effective prescription of new molecular cancer therapies requires that their use be limited to biomarkerpositive subgroups, the cost of detecting biomarker-positive tumors—including the cost of screening biomarker-negative tumors—is a legitimate consideration in determining therapeutic cost-effectiveness. 5 But payment for biomarker testing is a growing concern in the emerging world of personalized medicine. And the concern is legitimate; although personalized cancer therapy is successfully tackling biological, technical, and pharmacologic challenges, 7 payment is emerging as the challenge most difficult to overcome, and the one that puts the ultimate success of personalized cancer therapy at greatest risk.
Effect of strain rate on deformation texture in OFHC copper

A strong strain rate dependence on the crystallographic texture of oxygen-free high conductivity copper is observed and reported for the first time. Two shear compression specimens were deformed at widely different strain rates (0.001 s � 1 and 7000 s � 1 ) to the same strain, and their textures were determined using orientation image microscopy. By comparing the stress–strain curves and the major texture components at the two strain rate levels, it is realized that increase in strain rate causes increase in strain hardening which thereby influences the texture. � 2004 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A source-sink model of the generation of plate tectonics from non-Newtonian mantle flow

A model of mantle convection which generates plate tectonics requires strain rate- or stress-dependent rheology in order to produce strong platelike flows with weak margins as well as strike-slip deformation and plate spin (i.e., toroidal motion). Here, we employ a simple model of source-sink driven surface flow to determine the form of such a rheology that is appropriate for Earth's present-day plate motions. In this model, lithospheric motion is treated as shallow layer flow driven by sources and sinks which correspond to spreading centers and subduction zones, respectively. Two plate motion models are used to derive the source sink field. As originally implied in the simpler Cartesian version of this model, the classical power law rheologies do not generate platelike flows as well as the hypothetical Whitehead-Gans stick-slip rheology (which incorporates a simple self-lubrication mechanism). None of the fluid rheologies examined, however, produce more than approximately 60% of the original maximum shear. For either plate model, the viscosity fields produced by the power law rheologies are diffuse, and the viscosity lows over strike-slip shear zones or pseudo-margins are not as small as over the prescribed convergent-divergent margins. In contrast, the stick-slip rheology generates very platelike viscosity fields, with sharp gradients at the plate boundaries, and margins with almost uniformly low viscosity. Power law rheologies with high viscosity contrasts, however, lead to almost equally favorable comparisons, though these also yield the least platelike viscosity fields. This implies that the magnitude of toroidal flow and platelike strength distributions are not necessarily related and thus may present independent constraints on the determination of a self-consistent plate-mantle rheology.
Simulation of coupled microscale multiphysical-fields in particulate-doped dielectrics with staggered adaptive FDTD

Abstract This work addresses the modeling and simulation of strongly coupled electromagnetic and thermodynamic fields that arise in particulate-doped dielectrics using an adaptive staggered adaptive FDTD (finite difference time domain) method. Of particular interest is to provide a straightforward modular approach to finding the effective dielectric (electromagnetic) response of a material, incorporating thermal effects, arising from Joule heating, which alter the pointwise dielectric properties such as the electric permittivity, magnetic permeability, and electric conductivity. This is important for “thermal (damage) management” of materials used in electromagnetic applications. Because multiple field coupling is present, a staggered, temporally-adaptive scheme is developed to resolve the internal microstructural electric, magnetic and thermal fields, accounting for the simultaneous pointwise changes in the material properties. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the approach. Extensions to coupled chemical and mechanical fields are also provided.
Secondary hemophagocytic syndrome in adults: a case series of 18 patients in a single institution and a review of literature

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is rare in adults and is usually fatal without treatment. We present a consecutive series of 18 adults with HLH diagnosed at our institution between 2004 and 2009. All diagnoses were confirmed by pathology. The median age at diagnosis was 56 years (range: 18–73 years), with a male: female ratio of 2:1. Patients uniformly presented with fever. Fifty-five per cent of the patients presented with evidence of hepatomegaly or splenomegaly. All of the patients had at least a bi- or trilineage cytopenia. Elevated liver enzymes, hyperferritinemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperfibrinogenemia were seen in 50, 100, 40 and 50% of patients, respectively. The presumed causes were as follows; haematological malignancies (n = 4), post-autologous stem cell transplant (n = 2), infection (n = 2), rheumatologic illness (n = 2), sickle cell disease (n = 1), post-orthotopic liver transplant (n = 1) and idiopathic (n = 3). The median time from suspicion to diagnosis was 5 days (1–27 days). Corticosteroids and/or cyclosporine were the most frequently used treatment regimen. Other agents used were etoposide, IVIG, cyclophosphamide and chemotherapy. The mortality rate was 72%, with multi-system organ failure being the most common cause of death. Median survival time from diagnosis was 35 days. Six patients are alive to date. In a univariate analysis, the presence of fever was the only factor that was statistically significant for predicting a poor prognosis (early mortality) (p = 0.05). In conclusion, a high index of suspicion is the critical factor for early diagnosis. Early treatment with immunosuppressant is warranted, and a thorough diagnostic evaluation to identify the underlying cause should be undertaken. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
INTERACTION OF HISTOCOMPATIBILITY (HL-A) ANTIBODIES AND COMPLEMENT WITH SYNCHRONIZED HUMAN LYMPHOID CELLS IN CONTINUOUS CULTURE

The interaction of histocompatibility (HL-A) antibodies and complement with synchronized human lymphoid cells in continuous culture has been investigated. The sensitivity of cultured lymphoid cells to HL-A antibody-mediated lysis in the cytotoxic test, the extent of activation of the complement system, the degree to which labeled complement components are bound, and the ability of these cells to absorb HL-A alloantibodies do not vary significantly during the cell growth cycle. The constancy of histocompatibility antigen expression throughout the growth cycle of cultured cells suggests that these cell surface markers are an essential part of membrane cytoarchitecture and could well play a critical role in determining the normal function of the cell membrane.
Congenital Long-QT Syndrome Caused by a Novel Mutation in a Conserved Acidic Domain of the Cardiac Na+ Channel

Background—Congenital long-QT syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited condition of abnormal cardiac excitability characterized clinically by an increased risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. One form, LQT3, is caused by mutations in the cardiac voltage–dependent sodium channel gene, SCN5A. Only 5 SCN5A mutations have been associated with LQTS, and more work is needed to improve correlations between SCN5A genotypes and associated clinical syndromes. Methods and Results—We researched a 3-generation white family with autosomal dominant LQTS who exhibited a wide clinical spectrum from mild bradycardia to sudden death. Molecular genetic studies revealed a single nucleotide substitution in SCN5A exon 28 that caused the substitution of Glu1784 by Lys (E1784K). The mutation occurs in a highly conserved domain within the C-terminus of the cardiac sodium channel containing multiple, negatively charged amino acids. Two-electrode voltage-clamp recordings of a recombinant E1784K mutant channel expressed in Xenopus oocytes re...
Test Acceptability and Confidence Levels in Older Adults Referred for Fitness-to-Drive Evaluations

In this study, we examined confidence and face validity or client acceptability of tests used in a Veterans Affairs Medical Center driving clinic. The clinic used evidence-based off-road tests and adopted the Washington University Road Test (WURT) as a performance-based on-road examination. Forty-three clients consented to participate in the study; most were male with an average age of 78.2 years (standard deviation = 12.6). In general, a trend existed toward higher client acceptability of tests adopted from the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (Stern & White, 2003) and the WURT than of other off-road measures. Confidence decreased after administration of the psychometric test battery, yet it increased after the on-road evaluations despite a 47% failure rate in the sample. Additional study is needed on test acceptability because it may have the potential to increase understanding, compliance, or both with driving recommendations. Additional research is also needed to examine client confidence levels and their potential impact on performance during the driving evaluation process.
Supply of Cellulosic Biofuel Feedstocks and Regional Production Pattern

Interest in cellulosic biofuels has grown due to recent concerns about the impact of expanding production of corn ethanol on food prices and the greater potential of cellulosic biofuels to mitigate climate change. The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 limits the production of corn ethanol to 56 billion liters after 2015 and mandates the production of at least 80 of the 136 billion liters of ethanol from non–corn starch–based cellulosic feedstocks by 2022. The Biomass Research and Development Act of 2000 had established an even more ambitious goal of using biomass to replace the equivalent of 30% of current petroleum consumption by 2030 and estimated that this would require 1 billion dry (short) tons of biomass annually (U.S. Department of Energy [USDOE 2003]). Biomass can be obtained from several different sources, including forest resources, crop residues,woody biomass,and perennial grasses. A USDA/USDOE report (Perlack et al. 2005) examined the technical feasibility of sustaining this supply of biomass and the land resources that would be required under alternative scenarios with yield-enhancing and other technological changes in conventional crops and perennial bioenergy crops. The study estimated that 0.54 to 1 billion dry tons of agricultural crop-based biomass could be obtained annually from cropland, idle cropland, and cropland pasture with moderate to high productivity gains in crop productivity, residue collection, and tillage practices.
Utilization of the Plant Hormone Indole-3-Acetic Acid for Growth by Pseudomonas putida Strain 1290

We have isolated from plant surfaces several bacteria with the ability to catabolize indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). One of them, isolate 1290, was able to utilize IAA as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. The strain was identified by its 16S rRNA sequence as Pseudomonas putida. Activity of the enzyme catechol 1,2-dioxygenase was induced during growth on IAA, suggesting that catechol is an intermediate of the IAA catabolic pathway. This was in agreement with the observation that the oxygen uptake by IAA-grown P. putida 1290 cells was elevated in response to the addition of catechol. The inability of a catR mutant of P. putida 1290 to grow at the expense of IAA also suggests a central role for catechol as an intermediate in IAA metabolism. Besides being able to destroy IAA, strain 1290 was also capable of producing IAA in media supplemented with tryptophan. In root elongation assays, P. putida strain 1290 completely abolished the inhibitory effect of exogenous IAA on the elongation of radish roots. In fact, coinoculation of roots with P. putida 1290 and 1 mM concentration of IAA had a positive effect on root development. In coinoculation experiments on radish roots, strain 1290 was only partially able to alleviate the inhibitory effect of bacteria that in culture overproduce IAA. Our findings imply a biological role for strain 1290 as a sink or recycler of IAA in its association with plants and plant-associated bacteria.
Zur Chemie der kondensierten Phosphate und Arsenate. XVII. Der Verlauf und die Produkte der Entwässerung der Monophosphorsäure H3PO4

Bei der thermischen Entwasserung der Monophosphorsaure bilden sich Gemische von Polyphosphorsauren mit linearen Kettenanionen, solange der P2O5-Gehalt ≤ ∼ 85% bleibt. Bei hoheren P2O5-Gehalten treten auch vernetzte Phosphorsauren auf. Die Zusammensetzung der Entwasserungsprodukte entspricht Gleichgewichten zwischen den verschiedenen Polyphosphorsauren. Auch auf andere Weise hergestellte P2O5–H2O-Schmelzen haben bei gleichem P2O5-Gehalt dieselbe Zusammensetzung. Alle Schmelzen, auch die P2O5-reichsten, enthalten noch H3PO4 und diejenigen, deren P2O5-Gehalt nicht gt; 83% ist, nicht konstitutionell gebundenes Wasser. Aus reiner H3PO4 last sich auf thermischem Wege keine reine Polyphosphorsaure einheitlichen Kondensationsgrades herstellen. Die Zusammensetzungen der einzelnen Schmelzen ergeben sich aus der quantitativen chromatographischen Analyse. Kurz eingegangen wird auf die Bildung wasserhaltiger Kalium-Polyphosphate, die Umwandlung K-Polyphosphat ⇄ Na-Polyphosphat und einen Vergleich zwischen dem Verlauf der Entwasserung der H3PO4 = H[H2PO4] und Li[H2PO4], der bei beiden Substanzen praktisch gleich ist.
Study of various TDMA schemes for wireless networks in the presence of deadlines and overhead

The objective of this paper is to determine the minimum system dropping rate (or, equivalently, dropping probability) induced by time division multiple access (TDMA) schemes supporting time-constrained applications with common maximum cell delay tolerance. Expressions are derived for the induced system dropping rate for various TDMA schemes with different overhead and the maximum number of users than can be admitted in the network without violating the maximum dropping rate constraint is determined. The system dropping rate achieved by suboptimal TDMA schemes is compared against the optimal (although ideal) TDMA scheme performance. The performance limiting factors associated with the suboptimal schemes are identified, and the magnitude of their (negative) impact is evaluated. Based on this information it is possible to point to performance improving modifications which should be pursued to the extent permitted by technological constraints. Finally, based on this derivations a network designer may choose the best TDMA scheme-among realizable variations of those considered here-to use in a particular situation.
Lattice Boltzmann simulation of capillary infiltration in agglomerates and beds of fine particles

Abstract Lattice Boltzmann methods (LBM) for one- and two-phase flows are used to model the capillary pressure-driven infiltration of fluids into porous spheres and rectangular beds. This simulates the soaking of fine particle agglomerates and powder compacts, respectively. The sensitivity of the infiltration behavior to physical parameters (such as porosity, permeability, degree of saturation and dimensions of the porous solid, as well as the dynamic viscosity and surface tension of the fluid) was investigated. Results of the LBM approach show good consistency with those from continuum models describing infiltration behavior. Additionally, the one-phase LBM was applied to investigate the influence of pore network structure on the infiltration behavior.
Superconducting RF linear collider

A simulation is used to investigate the dependence of stability thresholds on the HOM (higher-order-mode) damping. The emittance growth and energy spread due to high-Q parasitic modes is computed as a function of bunch charge, loaded Q, and mode bandwidth. The HOM loading typical of a five-cell cavity with a pair of beam tube couplers is considered. It is found that a beam with bunch charge of 2*10/sup 10/ particles and bunch spacing of 100 ns accelerated to high energy in such a structure exhibits tolerable emittance growth. It is suggested that a 3-GHz superconducting linac can be incorporated very simply into a design for a high energy linear collider. >
Submultiplicativity and the Hanna Neumann Conjecture

In this article, we dene submultiplicativity of ‘ 2 -numbers in the category of -complexes over a given -complex ^ X, which generalizes the statement of the Strengthened Hanna Neumann Conjecture (SHNC). In the case when is a left-orderable group and ^ X is a free -complex, we prove submultiplicativity for the subcategory consisting of -ordered leafages over ^ X with an additional analytic assumption called the deep-fall property. We show that the deep-fall property is satised for graphs. This implies SHNC.
Persistence of Two Isolates of Trichomonas gallinae in Simulated Bird Baths With and Without Organic Material

Trichomonas gallinae, a well-documented protozoan parasite of avian hosts, has been implicated in major passerine mortality events recently and historically throughout the literature. It has been suggested that bird baths and artificial water sources could serve as a source of infection for naive birds; however, trichomonad persistence in water is not well understood. We measured the persistence of T. gallinae isolates from two avian hosts in distilled water and distilled water with the addition of organic material. We inoculated plastic containers in a laboratory setting with 1 × 10(6) trichomonads and then sampled 500 μl from each container at various time points postinoculation (0-20 hr). The 500-μl aliquots were inoculated into flasks with 5 ml of modified Diamond media at each time point. Flasks were incubated at 37 C and examined by light microscopy for five consecutive days for the characteristic movements of live trichomonads. The maximum persistence was 16 hr with a Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii) isolate in the organic material treatment, far longer than the 1 hr persistence previously reported. We show that T. gallinae isolates are capable of persisting for long periods of time in water, illustrating that bird baths may be validated as a potential source of transmission in epidemics.
Genetic Variation and Gene Flow at the Range Edge of Two Softshell Turtles

Abstract The movement of riverine animals can greatly impact the distribution of genetic variation among populations. The limited dispersal of reptiles and amphibians can produce significant genetic differentiation among geographically proximate populations. Studying the factors that contribute to genetic variation at the poleward edge of species' ranges may be particularly important as ranges shift in response to climate change. We examined physical movement and the distribution of genetic variation among populations of two riverine softshell turtle species, Apalone spinifera and Apalone mutica in Minnesota. We sequenced the mitochondrial control region and genotyped six variable microsatellite loci for 220 turtles across three river systems. Using radiotelemetry, we monitored aquatic movement and tested for sex differences in movements among 19 turtles. We found no evidence of genetic differentiation at geographic scales yielding significant differentiation in other freshwater turtles, a trend that may ...
Light Nuclei Emitted in the Fission of Cf-252

Energy spectra and angular distributions have been measured for $^{1}\mathrm{H}$, $^{2}\mathrm{H}$, $^{3}\mathrm{H}$, $^{4}\mathrm{He}$, $^{6}\mathrm{He}$, $^{8}\mathrm{He}$, Li, and Be ions emitted in coincidence with the spontaneous fission of $^{252}\mathrm{Cf}$. The data show that, with the possible exception of $^{1}\mathrm{H}$, all of the particles are strongly peaked at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} with respect to the major fragments, and are probably released by a common mechanism. Using a point-charge model, with various combinations of starting conditions, we have made trajectory calculations for each type of particle. It was found that reasonable agreement with the measured results could be obtained by using a consistent set of initial conditions: namely, a release time of 0.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}21}$ sec, corresponding to a separation distance of 21.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm for the major fragments, and an average initial energy of 2 MeV for the third particle. Both the angular distribution and the energy spectra of the $^{1}\mathrm{H}$ particles appear to be somewhat anomalous in comparison with the calculations, and several possible reasons for this are discussed. We have also observed for the first time isotopes of boron and carbon from the fission of $^{252}\mathrm{Cf}$, and give limits on the energy and yield of heavier particles.
A Long-Wavelength Infrared Photoluminescence Spectrometer for the Characterization of Semiconductor Materials

A new photoluminescence spectrometer has been developed for the characterization of optical emission in the 2.5 to 14.1 micron wavelength range. This instrument provides high sensitivity for the detection of interband and defect luminescence in a variety of infrared detector materials. The spectrometer utilizes a solid state photomultiplier detector and a circular variable filter, which serves as the resolving element. The entire spectrometer is cooled to 5K in order to decrease thermal radiation emission. Band-edge luminescence at 10.1 microns from HgCdTe samples has been readily detected with argon-ion laser excitation powers less than 70 mW/cm2. Representative spectra from HgCdTe and other infrared detector materials are presented.
A Reflection upon the Current Situation of Minority Population

Population is the principle part of a society.Correct understanding of the population situation of various minorities is of practical significance for the planning of minority development and promotion of minority prosperity.From the perspectives of China's current population size of the minorties,age structure,education quality and birth control,This paper aims to expound the problems and solutions to the population development of minorities.
Left ventricular function and coronary obstruction as predictors of survival following aorta-coronary bypass.

A retrospective analysis was undertaken of clinical data and catheterization studies of 151 consecutive unselected patients who underwent aorta-coronary bypass at the University of Kansas Medical Center between 1971 and 1973. The purpose was to determine the effect of preoperative left ventricular function and extent and severity of coronary artery obstruction on operative mortality rate and long-term survival. The postoperative follow-up period ranged from 10 to 49 months and averaged 26 months. Left ventricular function was assessed by qualitative analysis of left ventricular angiograms. Severity of coronary obstruction was quantified by scoring coronary arteriograms according to the system of Friesinger and associates.1 Patients with normal or near normal ventriculograms were considered to have good left ventricular function. Patients showing moderate or severe impairment of contraction were considered to have poor left ventricular function. Obstruction scores ranging from 2 to 7 points were classified as low scores, and scores from 8 to 15 points were classified as high scores. Four groups of patients were identified based upon preoperative left ventricular function and obstruction severity: Group 1, 29 patients with good left ventricular function and low scores; Group II, 22 patients with poor left ventricular function and low scores. Group III, 28 patients with good left ventricular function and high scores. Elective aorta-coronary bypass in these three groups was accompanied by no operative or late deaths. Group IV comprised 72 patients with poor left ventricular function and high scores. In this group there was a 10 per cent operative mortality rate (7 of 72 patients) and a 5 per cent per year late mortality rate. Relief of angina occurred equally in all groups. Thus operative risk can be prospectively determimed by analysis of left ventricular function and severity of coronary obstruction. Surgical treatment resulted in negligible operative and late mortality rates (0 per cent) in all patients except those in whom poor ventricular function was accompanied by severe and diffuse coronary artery obstruction. Operation should be offered to this latter group (Group IV) despite the higher operative and postoperative risk because of salutary postoperative results.
Assessing Functional Outcomes in Clinical Practice

Depression is one of the most common chronic health problems in the United States, and primary care providers manage a substantial proportion of these patients. Unfortunately, most current knowledge about treatment effectiveness is limited to the acute phase of treatment for new depressive episodes, although most patients seen in the primary care setting have chronic depressive symptoms, meet criteria for more than one mental health disorder, and have one or more chronic medical conditions. This article examines the shortcomings of our current approach to assessing treatment effectiveness in primary care, despite the availability of good measures of symptom-based recovery, such as the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Specific emphasis is placed on the need to expand our focus from current symptom-based outcomes of remission and response to measures that can also capture positive emotional recovery, well-being, and functional status, and to integrate these measures into everyday primary care practice. Although there is not yet a standard measure to assess emotional recovery, well-being, or functional recovery, brief measures such as the Sheehan Disability Scale, Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire, World Health Organization 5-Item Well-Being Index, and new Remission Evaluation and Mood Inventory Tool are available. The opportunity now exists to use these simple tools to integrate outcome monitoring into routine care in the same way other chronic health problems, such as asthma or diabetes, are monitored. Options such as point-of-care outcome assessment with PHQ-9, plus a functional recovery tool; clinician extender ("care manager") monitoring of depressed patients; or a hybrid approach combining both approaches can be practical and effective.
Abstract 1753: Associations between exercise, diet and inflammation: Results from NHANES III

Background: Chronic inflammation is associated with adverse lifestyle factors, including poor diet, lack of physical activity and smoking. Systemic inflammation also plays an important role in carcinogenesis, and can be measured by C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute phase protein that is elevated in those with cancer. We recently examined associations of CRP and lifestyle factors with fatal lung cancer in the NHANES III cohort and reported significant associations, which varied by smoking status and gender. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between baseline lifestyle factors and CRP levels in this same cohort and to determine if differences existed by smoking status and gender. Methods: Data from cancer-free individuals >age 40 in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANESIII:1988-1994) were examined to assess relationships between exercise patterns, dietary factors (measured by the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)) and inflammation (CRP≥3 versus CRP Results: Out of 8,950 participants who were eligible for this study, 52% were female, 73% were white, mean age was 61 years, and over half had ever smoked >100 cigarettes (55%). Significant inverse relationships were found in univariate models between elevated CRP and several types of physical activity performed in the past 30 days (walking, jogging, biking, swimming, gardening, lifting weights; p Discussion: This analysis showed that healthier diet and increased physical activity were associated with decreased levels of CRP, especially for smokers and males, which few studies have examined. These results are in line with those of our prospective study, which showed reductions in lung cancer deaths from increased physical activity and healthier eating, primarily in smokers and males. Since male smokers comprise the highest risk group for lung cancer, these findings are very important in the context of lung cancer prevention, especially regarding the potential role of inflammation. Future studies should further assess reasons for differences among these subgroups.. Citation Format: Marisa A. Bittoni, Steven K. Clinton, Randall E. Harris, Brian Focht. Associations between exercise, diet and inflammation: Results from NHANES III. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1753.
Systematic assessment of HER2/ neu in gynecologic neoplasms, an institutional experience

HER2/neu overexpression and/or amplification has been widely studied in a number of solid tumors, primarily in the breast. In gynecologic neoplasms, determination of HER2/neu status has not been well studied as a predictive biomarker in anti-HER2/neu treatment. We systematically evaluated the HER2/neu reactions by immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in situ hybridization in malignant gynecologic neoplasms as experienced in our institution. The HER2/neu overexpression or amplification occurred in 8 % of the cancers of the gynecological organs in our series. Majority of the HER2/neu overexpression and/or amplification occurred in clear cell (27 %) and serous (11 %) carcinomas. HER2/neu positivity was also seen in undifferentiated as well as in mixed clear cell and serous carcinomas. Discordant IHC and FISH results (positive by FISH but not IHC) was seen in 2 cases. Majority of the HER2/neu overexpression and/or amplification occurs in the endometrium rather than the ovary. Heterogeneity of the HER2/neu by IHC staining was in < 2 % of the tumors in our series. We recommend the HER2/neu studies on Mullerian carcinomas of clear cell, serous, and undifferentiated types, particularly when they arise in the endometrium. Since there are some discordant IHC/FISH results, we also propose performing the HER2/neu testing by FISH when the IHC score is less than 3 + .
Chapter 10 – Computer-Aided Knowledge Design and Validation

Chapter Summary This chapter outlines the rules and approaches to construct intelligent-machine-based software to build a computer-aided knowledge design (CAKD) system that generates new knowledge from old knowledge and to validate the contents of the new knowledge. As the laws of aerodynamics are used to build airlines and airbuses to transport people and goods, but are also used to build drones and stealth bombers, the constructs of CAKD can be used to make trash, spam, junk, deception, trickery, and sham. Caution against abuse is duly warranted. When knowledge is designated and categorized as a scientific entity, then the basic rules of computer-aided design (CAD) can be applied in constructing it with its basic parameters. In case for knowledge, its basic parameters are the noun-objects, the verb-functions, and the rules of convolving nouns with verbs and verbs with nouns to construct significant elements of knowledge. It becomes necessary that word-groups or phrases to make a well-structured element of knowledge, however small it may be. Such groups can be recombined into larger groups, and yet larger group until a coherent “body of knowledge” or BoK of significant value is generated. In all instances, the basic building blocks are accessed and assembled. CAKD similarly accesses essential and necessary constituent nouns, executable or execution verbs that the nouns perform on each other such as to make a sensible and a logical element of knowledge in the context of why, how, when, where that body of knowledge is constituted. Organization and structure both are necessary to assure the value and validity of the BoK. In the positive direction, perfection is an unattainable goal; the CAKD produces one or more BoKs that are useful but less than perfect. Much like the IC chips are selected from different vendors to perform logical functions in any system, the integrated knowledge module (IKM) in the CAKD derives coherent knowledge modules from a series of local or Internet knowledge banks. The orientation of final BoK is essential to guide the relevant information or knowledge searches. However, the Library of Congress and other knowledge classification systems provide a numerically encoded address based on the subject where the newly generated BoK is going to be placed.
Sediment cycling on continental and oceanic crust

Sedimentary rocks are often described as declining in quantity with increasing age due to the cumulative effects of crustal deformation and erosion. One important implication of such a model is that the geological record becomes progressively less voluminous and less complete with increasing age. Here we show that the predictions of a model in which the destruction of sedimentary rock is the predominant process signal are borne out only among sediments deposited on oceanic crust and among sediments deposited above sea level in non-marine environments. Most of the surviving volume of sedimentary rock (∼75%) was deposited in and adjacent to shallow seas on continental crust and does not exhibit any steady decrease in quantity with increasing age. Instead, shallow marine sediments exhibit large fluctuations in quantity that were driven by shifting global tectonic boundary conditions, such as those that occur during the breakup and coalescence of supercontinents. The accumulation of sediments on the continents has not been uniform in rate, but it does record a primary signal of net growth that has many implications for the long-term evolution of Earth’s surface environment.
Submitty: An Open Source, Highly-Configurable Platform for Grading of Programming Assignments (Abstract Only)

Submitty (http://submitty.org) is an open source programming assignment submission system from the Rensselaer Center for Open Source Software (RCOS) at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI). Students can submit their code via a web interface in a variety of ways, where it is then tested with a highly configurable and customizable automated grader. Students receive immediate feedback from the grader, and can resubmit to correct errors as needed. Through an online interface, TAs can access detailed grading results and supplement the automated scores with manual grading (numeric and written feedback) of overall program structure, good use of comments, reasonable error checking, etc. and any non-programming components of the assignment. The instructor can also configure the system to allow for a configurable late day policy on a per assignment and per student basis. We currently use Submitty in eight different courses (spanning from introductory through advanced topics) serving over 1500 students and 35+ instructors and TAs each week. We will present a range of "case study" assignment configurations in a hands-on demo, going from simple through complex, using a variety of different automated grading methods including per-character and per-line output difference checkers, external unit testing frameworks (such as JUnit), memory debugging tools (Valgrind and DrMemory), code coverage (e.g., Emma), static analysis tools, and custom graders. Submitty can be customized per test case as appropriate to apply resource limits (running time, number of processes, output file size, etc.) and to display or hide from students the program output, autograding results, and testing logs.
Considering ‘Trans-’ Perspectives in Language Theories and Practices

This special issue has been a journey, founded in an acknowledgement shared by many within multiple disciplines that the notion of ‘trans-’ has been gaining momentum and visibility within an increasingly globalized world. Terms abound: transnational, transcultural, translocal, transpatial, transmodal, translanguaging, and translingual, to name just a few that bear on global and local communications, understandings, and interactions. ‘Trans-’ can be understood to mean crossing borders or boundaries, and this move toward a ‘trans-’ disposition signals the need to transcend the named and bounded categories that have historically shaped our thinking about the world and its inhabitants, the nature of knowledge, and communicative resources. Thus, from a ‘trans-’ perspective, we must consider movement across nations and cultures, spaces and places, modes and semiotic resources, and autonomous named languages. Yet if we destabilize discrete labels and categories, how do we understand human communications and interactions? In fact, these terms with the ‘trans-’ prefix at once advocate for the appreciation of fluidity and flexibility seen in contemporary society and underscore the very existence of categories, borders, and boundaries that are called into question. How should we grapple with this tension between innovations and traditions, and account for spatial and temporal relationships that shape our communicative acts? In what ways does the notion of ‘trans-’ advance our research and educational endeavors, or present challenges? How does it relate to or differ from other terms that have been introduced to describe seemingly similar phenomena? How does it align with, diverge from, and/or complicate theoretical and applied domains in our field? These questions were the impetus for this journey.
Phototherapeutic contact lens for diabetic retinopathy

This paper reports on the first phototherapeutic “contact lens” to manage diabetic retinopathy by reducing retinal metabolism via suppression of rod cell dark current. The contact lens is composed of PDMS embedded with a ring of gaseous tritium light sources providing continuous illumination over the lifetime of the lens. Electroretinogram responses from rabbits demonstrate bioactivity of the lens, which is further explored in 1D simulations of retinal oxygenation. Tests in human eyes validate comfort, fit, and the Troxler neural adaptation effect. With oxygen transmissibility, DK/t, of 130 Fatt, the lens meets FDA guidelines for overnight wear and offers advantages of comfort and reliability.
Private Paternalism, the Commitment Puzzle, and Model-Free Equilibrium†

Abstract Paternalism is a policy that advances an individual's interests by restricting his or her freedom. In a setting with present-biased agents, I characterize the scope of private paternalism—paternalism implemented by private institutions. Private paternalism arises from two channels: (i) agents who seek commitment because they hold sophisticated beliefs about their present bias, and (ii) agents (naive or sophisticated) who use model-free forecasts to choose organizations that have a history of generating high experienced utility flows for their members (O'Donoghue and Rabin 1999b). When naive consumers are common, private paternalism will be shrouded, explaining why commitment mechanisms are typically shrouded in the labor market (the commitment puzzle). Private paternalism has greater traction when production occurs in the formal sector instead of the informal (household) sector, where monitors are not always present, able, or willing to implement socially efficient forcing mechanisms.
The Will to Power and Parallel Distributed Processing

The world, according to Nietzsche, is will to power, and nothing besides (WP 1067; BGE 36).1 But the world as will to power remains enigmatic, despite Nietzsche’s many efforts to explicate its operation in physics, chemistry, biology, psychology, and politics.2
ANALYSIS OF DAILY AND MONTHLY SPATIAL VARIANCE COMPONENTS IN HISTORICAL TEMPERATURE RECORDS

The purpose of this paper is to examine changes in the spatial variance of mean monthly and daily temperatures that may have occurred during the period of historical records. The northern hemispheric lower-tropospheric satellite-based temperature records from 1979 to 1996 and the near-surface air temperature records from either 1947 to 1996 or 1897 to 1996 show relatively consistent temporal patterns with respect to spatial variance. Overall, the spatial variance in temperature anomalies has declined during the period of historical records; the interannual spatial variance levels in temperature anomalies are negatively related to mean hemispheric temperature. Both of these fundamental findings are consistent with model simulations for increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. It is further argued that these findings from the historical temperature records are consistent with a growing body of literature on reductions in cyclone activity in the Northern Hemisphere. [Key words: historical t...
Wave-particle correlations of non-classical light

We present our investigations of a third order correlation function of the electromagnetic field. The correlation function is subject to Schwartz inequalities and under conditions where third-order moments of the noise are negligible is the Fourier transform of the spectrum of squeezing. We present measurements and calculations of this correlation function in a strongly coupled system of cavity QED that produces non-classical light.
A Numerical Method for Shape Design Sensitivity Analysis and Optimization of Built-up Structures

A general purpose design sensitivity analysis and optimization method for built-up structures is proposed and software implementation of the method is considered. Both conventional (sizing) and shape design variables for components of built-up structures are studied. For conventional design sensitivity analysis, distributed parameter structural design sensitivity analysis theory is used. For shape design sensitivity analysis, the material derivative concept of continuum mechanics is employed. A domain method of shape design sensitivity analysis is presented as the foundation of a design component method that leads to systematic organization of computations for design sensitivity analysis, which can be implemented with existing finite element codes. A sparse matrix symbolic factorization technique for iterative structural optimization is used for efficient repeated solution of matrix finite element equilibrium and eigenvalue equations. For optimization, Pshenichny’s linearization method is employed. Feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated through design optimization of a truss-beam-plate built-up structure.
The European Refugee Crisis and Humanitarian Citizenship in Greece

Greece has been at the epicentre of two overlapping ‘humanitarian crises:’ the economic crisis and the crisis of refugees. Since 2011, as austerity policies have hamstrung the Greek state’s capacit...
Electrospinning Cargo-Containing Polyelectrolyte Complex Fibers: Correlating Molecular Interactions to Complex Coacervate Phase Behavior and Fiber Formation

We present the first demonstration of the direct encapsulation of cargo into polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) fiber mats. This approach takes advantage of the intrinsic self-assembly characteristics of complex coacervates to simplify the formulation requirements to electrospin fibers containing a high loading and an even distribution of cargo. Two families of structurally similar fluorescent dyes were used as model cargo of varying hydrophobicity and charge and were encapsulated into coacervates of poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid, sodium salt) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride). The coacervate phase behavior, dye partitioning, and resulting fibers were systematically investigated as a function of dye and salt concentration. Strong partitioning was facilitated by favorable electrostatic and π–π interactions but was adversely affected by increased salt. We further identified that dye and salt interactions can be treated as independent control parameters to modulate the properties and electrospinnability of...
Interparental Conflict and Adolescent Adjustment: A Narrative Review of Bidirectional Pathways

Adolescent research has traditionally focused on adolescent adjustment outcomes in the context of interparental conflict, rather than jointly examining predictive relationships between adolescent adjustment and the interparental dynamic. Given that sub-systems within the family are interwoven in reciprocal relationships, examination of these more complex pathways serves to inform developmental research in both the areas of adolescent adjustment and family wellbeing. Utilizing a family systems framework, this narrative review examines bidirectional pathways, including adolescent psychological adjustment effects on interparental conflict and conflict-driven effects on adolescent adjustment. In doing so, the lifespan and contextual factors of parenting an adolescent are examined, for which evidence suggests that pubertal development of the adolescent, adolescent adjustment, and the lifespan timing of interparental relationships may pose unique risks for interparental conflict. Interparental conflict pathways exacerbating adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems are also examined. Mediational factors, such as cognitive-contextual variables, are reviewed. Finally, evidence for bidirectional spillover, triangulation, and developmental cascades is evaluated, and future recommendations issued, including the need to emphasize the bidirectional pathways and other relevant moderating factors linking interparental conflict and adolescent psychosocial functioning.
Folate receptor-beta expression as a diagnostic target in human & rodent nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Abstract Introduction Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) afflicts 20–36% of individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A lipotoxic hepatic environment, altered innate immune signaling and inflammation are defining features of progression to NASH. Activated resident liver macrophages express folate receptor beta (FR-β) which may be an indicator of progression from steatosis to NASH. The goals of this study were to characterize FR-β protein expression in human NAFLD and rodent models of NASH, and demonstrate liver targeting of an FR-β imaging agent to the liver of a rodent NASH model using FR-β. Methods Rat liver lysates from methionine choline deficient (MCD) fed rats, high fat diet (HFD) and methionine choline sufficient (MC+) rat controls were analyzed for hepatic FR-β protein. The FR-β-targeted agent, Etarfolatide was injected into MCD and MC + -fed C57BL/6 mice for efficient FastSPECT hepatic imaging. Additionally, FR-β expression across the stages of human NAFLD from normal to NASH was assessed. Results FastSPECT images show targeting of Etarfolatide to the liver of mice fed 8 weeks of MCD diet but not control-fed mice. The MCD rat model exhibited significantly increased protein expression of hepatic FR-β in contrast to HFD or normal samples. Similarly human liver samples categorized as NASH Fatty or NASH Not Fatty showed elevated FR-β protein when compared to normal liver. FR-β transcript expression levels were elevated across both NASH Fatty and NASH Not Fatty samples. Conclusion The findings in this study indicate that FR-β expression in NASH may be harnessed to target agents directly to the liver.