cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyanogen iodide: A new reagent for disulfide bond formation in peptides

Abstract Three cyclic disulfides were formed from linear analogs of calcitonin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and a fragment of the DNA-binding Cro protein using a new reagent: cyanogen iodide (ICN). Each peptide contained two S-protected cysteine derivatives [Cys(Acm)] which were deprotected with concurrent disulfide bond formation. A comparison with I 2 , a common reagent for this reaction. is included.
Juvenile Police Informants: Friendship, Persuasion, and Pretense

The use of juvenile informants by police is rarely discussed among law enforcement, and published research is virtusally nonexistent. In most cases, ethical issues, legal circumstances, and traditional police secrecy keep any teenager involvement in covert law enforcement operations hidden. This article seeks to shed some light on the use of minors in police investigations through a presentation of known cases and semistructured interviews with law enforcement agents. The qualitative interviews reveal fundamental concerns regarding the precarious nature of the role of juveniles in the investigation process, despite the limitations of the sample size and generalizability of the data. The primary issues addressed in the research include coercion in the recruitment process and the potential for physical and emotional harm of the young informants.
Tunneling and Dynamics in Enzymatic Hydride Transfer

1. Introduction 30951.1. Properties of Hydrogen and Protein Motion 30951.1.1. Properties of Hydrogen 30951.1.2. Protein Dynamics 30961.1.3. Protein Motions Coupled to Catalysis 30971.1.4. Reorganization and Preorganization 30971.1.5. Adiabaticity and the Impact of Protein onTunneling30981.1.6. Experimental Links of Protein Motion toCatalysis30982. Alcohol Dehydrogenases 30982.1. Yeast and Horse Liver AlcoholDehydrogenase30992.1.1. Probes of Tunneling 30992.1.2. Role of Valine 203 in HLADH 31002.1.3. Low Temperature Behavior 31002.2. Prokaryotic Alcohol Dehydrogenases 31012.2.1. High Temperature AlcoholDehydrogenase (ht-ADH)31022.2.2. Comparison between the ht-ADH and aPsychrophilic Homologue (ps-ADH)31032.3. Toward an Integrative Model of Tunnelingand Dynamics in ADH31042.3.1. Tunnel Correction Models 31042.3.2. Full Tunneling Models 31053. Dihydrofolate Reductases 31073.1. Evidence of Motion 31073.1.1. Substrate-Induced ConformationalChanges31083.1.2. Crystal Structures of Intermediates (withAnalogues)31083.1.3. NMR Studies of DHFR 31093.2. Impact of Mutations on Catalysis and ProteinMobility31093.3. Single Molecule Experiments 31103.4. Simulations 31103.5. Comparative Properties of Tunneling amongHomologous DHFRs.31113.5.1. Evidence of Tunneling in ec-DHFR 31113.5.2. Studies of Hydrogen Transfer in DHFRfrom a Moderate Thermophile, B.Stearothermophilus(bs-DHFR), and theHyperthermophile T. Maritima(tm-DHFR)31123.5.3. Psychrophilic DHFR (mp-DHFR) 31123.6. Computer Modeling of the TemperatureDependence of the Isotope Effect in DHFR31134. Glucose Oxidase 31134.1. Properties of the C−H Activation Step:Evidence for Tunneling and Its Relationshipto Protein Flexibility31134.2. Involvement of Nuclear Tunneling in theElectron Transfer Step of GO31144.3. Conformational Sampling in the Family ofAlcohol Oxidases31155. Concluding Remarks 31156. Acknowledgment 31177. References 3117
Synthesis of Polysubstituted Cyclopentenones via [4+1] Reactions of TIPS-Vinylketenes

An efficient method for preparing a series of polysubstituted cyclopentenones from TIPS-vinylketenes and Kobrich reagent has been developed in this paper. Additionally, highly substituted cyclopentenones can be prepared via [4+1] reaction of TIPS-vinylketenes with tert-butyl isocyanide and there is a remarkable preference for formation of products with an exocyclic (Z)-imine moiety.
Asymmetric systematic uncertainties in the determination of experimental uncertainty

A new method is presented for determining a 95% confidence uncertainty interval for an experimental result when some of the measured variables have asymmetric systematic uncertainties. The technique is compared with the approximate method given in the American National Standards Institute/American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ANSUASME) standard on measurement uncertainty.
Tangential extremal principles for finite and infinite systems of sets, I: basic theory

In this paper we develop new extremal principles in variational analysis that deal with finite and infinite systems of convex and nonconvex sets. The results obtained, unified under the name of tangential extremal principles, combine primal and dual approaches to the study of variational systems being in fact first extremal principles applied to infinite systems of sets. The first part of the paper concerns the basic theory of tangential extremal principles while the second part presents applications to problems of semi-infinite programming and multiobjective optimization.
On the homology of elementary Abelian groups as modules over the Steenrod algebra

We examine the dual of the so-called “hit problem”, the latter being the problem of determining a minimal generating set for the cohomology of products of infinite projective spaces as a module over the Steenrod Algebra A at the prime 2. The dual problem is to determine the set of A-annihilated elements in homology. The set of A-annihilateds has been shown by David Anick to be a free associative algebra. In this note we prove that, for each k≥0, the set of k partially A-annihilateds, the set of elements that are annihilated by Sqi for each i≤2k, itself forms a free associative algebra.
Balkanization and assimilation: Examining the effects of state-created homogeneity

Abstract This paper investigates the effects of state-created homogeneity on the ability of socially distant individuals to trade. I show that where the state is absent, socially distant agents adopt the customs, practices and institutions of outsiders they desire to interact with. By creating a degree of homogeneity, agents signal their credibility to each other. These signals, in turn, enable inter-group exchange. Formal institutions provided by government can create noise in these signals. This noise incapacitates the information mechanism employed by heterogeneous agents to enable trade.
Highly Diastereoselective Asymmetric Mannich Reactions of 1,3-Dicarbonyls with Acyl Imines

The cinchona alkaloids catalyze direct asymmetric Mannich reactions of cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with acyl imines to afford α-quaternary carbon-bearing reaction products in yields of up to 98%, a diastereomeric excess of 90% or greater, and enantioselectivities up to 99% ee. A model is proposed that accounts for both the observed diastereoselectivities and the enantioselectivities for the reactions.
Nearfield Unsteady Pressures at Cruise Mach Numbers for a Model Scale Counter-Rotation Open Rotor

An open rotor experiment was conducted at cruise Mach numbers and the unsteady pressure in the nearfield was measured. The system included extensive performance measurements, which can help provide insight into the noise generating mechanisms in the absence of flow measurements. A set of data acquired at a constant blade pitch angle but various rotor speeds was examined. The tone levels generated by the front and rear rotor were found to be nearly equal when the thrust was evenly balanced between rotors.
Parallel routes of human carcinoma development: implications of the age-specific incidence data.

BackgroundThe multi-stage hypothesis suggests that cancers develop through a single defined series of genetic alterations. This hypothesis was first suggested over 50 years ago based upon age-specific incidence data. However, recent molecular studies of tumors indicate that multiple routes exist to the formation of cancer, not a single route. This parallel route hypothesis has not been tested with age-specific incidence data.Methodology/Principal FindingsTo test the parallel route hypothesis, I formulated it in terms of a mathematical equation and then tested whether this equation was consistent with age-specific incidence data compiled by the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) cancer registries since 1973. I used the chi-squared goodness of fit test to measure consistency. The age-specific incidence data from most human carcinomas, including those of the colon, lung, prostate, and breast were consistent with the parallel route hypothesis. However, this hypothesis is only consistent if an immune sub-population exists, one that will never develop carcinoma. Furthermore, breast carcinoma has two distinct forms of the disease, and one of these occurs at significantly different rates in different racial groups.Conclusions/SignificanceI conclude that the parallel route hypothesis is consistent with the age-specific incidence data only if carcinoma occurs in a distinct sub population, while the multi-stage hypothesis is inconsistent with this data.
Behavioral Incentives, Equilibrium Endemic Disease, and Health Management Policy for Farmed Animals

The article develops a dynamic capital valuation model in which farms can act with farm-varying cost to increase the probability of avoiding an infectious endemic animal disease. Multiple endemic disease equilibria can exist, and the one with the largest set of action takers is socially optimal. Costly capital markets are shown to be a factor in determining the extent of disease. Frictions, such as dealing with a veterinary public health bureaucracy, can enhance social welfare by encouraging precautionary biosecurity actions. Technical innovations can reduce social welfare, and a disease indemnification scheme is also studied. Suggestions for empirical implementation are provided.
Robust approximate likelihood ratio tests for nonlinear dynamic systems

The paper addresses the problem of determining which one of a finite number of nonlinear dynamic systems generated a given noisy measured signal. An approximate likelihood ratio test (LRT) is proposed that consists of bank of an extended Kalman filters (EKFs) each tuned to one of the candidate signal models. The prediction error sequences of each EKF are used to form the LRT since each is nominally approximately zero mean Gaussian with known covariance if it matches the measured signal. The Gaussian approximation is good at high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and when the signal models are close to linear, but can degrade rapidly as the SNR decreases, or when the system becomes increasingly nonlinear. The paper proposes a robustification of the test that is based on a generalization of Huber's (1965) robust LRTs. Simulations are used to examine the performance of the proposed tests. >
Ultraviolet Imagery of NGC 6752: A Test of Extreme Horizontal Branch Models

We present a 1620 A image of the nearby globular cluster NGC 6752 obtained with the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT) during the Astro-2 mission of the Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1995 March. An ultraviolet-visible color-magnitude diagram (CMD) is derived for 216 stars matched with the visible photometry of Buonanno et al. This CMD provides a nearly complete census of the hot horizontal-branch (HB) population with good temperature and luminosity discrimination for comparison with theoretical tracks. The observed data show good agreement with the theoretical zero-age horizontal branch (ZAHB) of Sweigart for an assumed reddening of E(B - V) = 0.05 and a distance modulus of 13.05. The observed HB luminosity width is in excellent agreement with the theoretical models and supports the single-star scenario for the origin of extreme horizontal branch (EHB) stars. However, only four stars can be identified as post-EHB stars, whereas almost three times this many are expected from the HB number counts. If this effect is not a statistical anomaly, then some noncanonical effect may be decreasing the post-EHB lifetime. The recent noncanonical models of Sweigart, which have helium-enriched envelopes due to mixing along the red giant branch, cannot explain the deficit of post-EHB stars, but might be better able to explain their luminosity distribution.
Universal polynomials for Severi degrees of toric surfaces

Abstract The Severi variety parameterizes plane curves of degree d with δ nodes. Its degree is called the Severi degree. For large enough d , the Severi degrees coincide with the Gromov–Witten invariants of C P 2 . Fomin and Mikhalkin (2010) [10] proved the 1995 conjecture that for fixed δ , Severi degrees are eventually polynomial in d . In this paper, we study the Severi varieties corresponding to a large family of toric surfaces. We prove the analogous result that the Severi degrees are eventually polynomial as a function of the multidegree. More surprisingly, we show that the Severi degrees are also eventually polynomial “as a function of the surface”. We illustrate our theorems by explicitly computing, for a small number of nodes, the Severi degree of any large enough Hirzebruch surface and of a singular surface. Our strategy is to use tropical geometry to express Severi degrees in terms of Brugalle and Mikhalkin’s floor diagrams, and study those combinatorial objects in detail. An important ingredient in the proof is the polynomiality of the discrete volume of a variable facet-unimodular polytope.
BEYOND GRAVITOELECTROMAGNETISM: CRITICAL SPEED IN GRAVITATIONAL MOTION

A null ray approaching a distant astronomical source appears to slow down, while a massive particle speeds up in accordance with Newtonian gravitation. The integration of these apparently incompatible aspects of motion in general relativity is due to the existence of a critical speed. The dynamics of particles moving faster than the critical speed could then be contrary to Newtonian expectations. Working within the framework of gravitoelectromagnetism, the implications of the existence of a critical speed are explored. The results are expected to be significant for high energy astrophysics.
Syntheses of novel hydroxylamine carbanucleosides

Abstract Enantiomerically pure 4′-hydroxylamino-adenine-derived carbanucleosides have been synthesized as isosteric 4′-hydroxymethyl analogs to carbovir, ddA, and aristeromycin. The key steps in the syntheses involved an enzymatic desymmetrization, two subsequent Mitsunobu reactions, and a highly diastereoselective ruthenium tetroxide-mediated dihydroxylation, overcoming the syn -directing effect seen in osmium tetroxide-mediated dihydroxylations. Hydroxylamino-propane analogs were also synthesized through similar methodology to afford adenine and cyclopropylamino purine analogs to acyclovir.
Index Futures and Predictability of the Underlying Stocks' Returns: The Case of the Nikkei 225

Theories predict that launching index futures could affect the price informativeness for the underlying stocks. We test this hypothesis by taking advantage of the introduction of the Nikkei 225 futures contracts in Singapore on September 3, 1986. Employing two alternative statistical methods applied to both daily and weekly data, we find that, following the listing of the index futures, returns become significantly more random and less predictable for the underlying stocks, even after controlling for concurrent marketwide shifts. These findings suggest improved price informativeness for the underlying stocks, which is further corroborated by their higher trading volume following the event.
A new measure of process output controllability

Abstract A steady state, multivariable, and nonlinear measure is presented for assessing the input–output, open-loop controllability of a process. This measure ascertains the inherent controllability of the process, as it is calculated in the absence of any regulatory control structure. For the process examples utilized in this paper, it is also independent of the inventory control structure that might be assumed present in order to keep the inventory levels constant. This measure evaluates the ability of a design to reach all points of the desired output space and to reject the expected disturbances utilizing input action not exceeding the available input space. Besides being applicable to a SISO (Single Input, Signal Output) case, its multivariable character is shown to be more appropriate than existing measures such as RGA (Relative Gain Array), minimum singular value, and condition number.
Postcolonial feminist research: challenges and complexities

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to outline the challenges and complexities in conducting research faced by scholars utilizing postcolonial feminist frameworks. The paper discusses postcolonial feminist key concepts, namely representation, subalternity, and reflexivity and the challenges scholars face when deploying these concepts in fieldwork settings. The paper then outlines the implications of these concepts for feminist praxis related to international management theory, research, and writing as well as entrepreneurship programs.Design/methodology/approach – This paper discusses the experiences of the author in conducting fieldwork on Turkish high‐technology entrepreneurs in the USA and Turkey by focusing explicitly on the challenges and complexities postcolonial feminist frameworks bring to ethnography and auto‐ethnography.Findings – The paper suggests that conducting fieldwork guided by postcolonial feminist frameworks faces challenges related to representation inclusive of the author and the p...
Measurements of Relative Phase in Two-Component Bose-Einstein Condensates

We have measured the relative phase of two Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) using a time-domain separated-oscillatory-field condensate interferometer. A single two-photon coupling pulse prepares the double condensate system with a well-defined relative phase; at a later time, a second pulse reads out the phase difference accumulated between the two condensates. We find that the accumulated phase difference reproduces from realization to realization of the experiment, even after the individual components have spatially separated and their relative center-of-mass motion has damped.
Valganciclovir Inhibits Human Adenovirus Replication and Pathology in Permissive Immunosuppressed Female and Male Syrian Hamsters

Adenovirus infections of immunocompromised pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients can develop into serious and often deadly multi-organ disease. There are no drugs approved for adenovirus infections. Cidofovir (an analog of 2-deoxycytidine monophosphate) is used at times but it can be nephrotoxic and its efficacy has not been proven in clinical trials. Brincidofovir, a promising lipid-linked derivative of cidofovir, is in clinical trials. Ganciclovir, an analog of 2-deoxyguanosine, has been employed occasionally but with unknown efficacy in the clinic. In this study, we evaluated valganciclovir against disseminated adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) infection in our permissive immunosuppressed Syrian hamster model. We administered valganciclovir prophylactically, beginning 12 h pre-infection or therapeutically starting at Day 1, 2, 3, or 4 post-infection. Valganciclovir significantly increased survival, reduced viral replication in the liver, and mitigated the pathology associated with Ad5 infection. In cultured cells, valganciclovir inhibited Ad5 DNA replication and blocked the transition from early to late stage of infection. Valganciclovir directly inhibited Ad5 DNA polymerase in vitro, which may explain, at least in part, its mechanism of action. Ganciclovir and valganciclovir are approved to treat infections by certain herpesviruses. Our results support the use of valganciclovir to treat disseminated adenovirus infections in immunosuppressed patients.
THE FIRST STARS

Pop III stars are the key to the character of primeval galaxies, the first heavy elements, the onset of cosmological reionization, and the seeds of supermassive black holes. Unfortunately, in spite of their increasing sophistication, numerical models of Pop III star formation cannot yet predict the masses of the first stars. Because they also lie at the edge of the observable universe, individual Pop III stars will remain beyond the reach of observatories for decades to come, and so their properties are unknown. However, it will soon be possible to constrain their masses by direct detection of their supernovae, and by reconciling their nucleosynthetic yields to the chemical abundances measured in ancient metal-poor stars in the Galactic halo, some of which may bear the ashes of the first stars. Here, I review the state of the art in numerical simulations of primordial stars and attempts to directly and indirectly constrain their properties.
Toward a q-Deformed Standard Model

A gauge theory with an underlying SUq(2) quantum group symmetry is introduced, and its properties are examined. With suitable assumptions, this model is found to have many similarities with the usual SU (2) × U (1) standard model, specifically, the existence of four generators and thus four gauge fields. However, the two classical symmetries are unified into one quantum symmetry, and therefore there is only a single coupling constant, rather than two. By incorporating a Higgs sector into the model, one obtains several explicit tree-level predictions in the undeformed limit, such as the Weinberg angle: sin2 θw = 311. With the Z-boson mass mz and fine structure constant α as inputs, one can also obtain predictions for the weak coupling constant, the mass of the W, and the Higgs VEV. The breaking of the quantum invariance also results in a remaining undeformed U (1) gauge symmetry.
A Study of Singularities on Rational Curves Via Syzygies

Consider a rational projective curve C of degree d over an algebraically closed field k. There are n homogeneous forms g1;:::;g n of degree d in B = kk(x;y) which parameterize C in a birational, base point free, manner. We study the singularities of C by studying a Hilbert-Burch matrix ' for the row vector (g1;:::;g n). In the "General Lemma" we use the generalized row ideals of ' to identify the singular points on C, their multiplicities, the number of branches at each singular point, and the multiplicity of each branch. Let p be a singular point on the parameterized planar curve C which corresponds to a general- ized zero of '. In the "Triple Lemma" we give a matrix ' 0 whose maximal minors parameterize the closure, in P 2 , of the blow-up at p of C in a neighborhood of p. We apply the General Lemma to ' 0 in order to learn about the singularities of C in the first neighborhood of p. If C has even degree d = 2c and the multiplicity of C at p is equal to c, then we apply the Triple Lemma again to learn about the singularities of C in the second neighborhood of p. Consider rational plane curves C of even degree d = 2c. We classify curves according to the configuration of multiplicity c singularities on or infinitely near C. There are 7 possible configurations of such singularities. We classify the Hilbert-Burch matrix which corresponds to each configuration. The study of multiplicity c singularities on, or infinitely near, a fixed rational plane curve C of degree 2c is equivalent to the study of the scheme of generalized zeros of the fixed balanced Hilbert-Burch matrix ' for a parameterization of C. Let
Sensitivity analysis of a wing aeroelastic response

The present shape-sensitivity analysis of wing aeroelastic response proceeds from aeroelastic response sensitivities obtained on the basis of the aerodynamic performance valid for high aspect ratio wings in subsonic, subcritical flow. Attention is given to the shape sensitivity of various static aeroelastic responses; the formulation is general, and assumes that, for a given shape and elastic deformation, the aerodynamic analysis will furnish the distribution of the pressure and the pressure sensitivity derivatives with respect to the shape parameters of interest. Wing displacements are obtained by means of an iterative scheme.
Serum gonadotropin responses to estrogen and progestogen in recently castrated human females

ABSTRACT Serum FSH and LH levels were studied in 3 females recently oophorectomized while in the reproductive age and the responses of FSH and LH levels to exogenous estrogen (mestranol, 0.1 mg) and progestogen (ethynodiol diacetate, 2.0 mg) administered separately and in combination were investigated. Medication was withheld until the 41st to 53rd postoperative days. Mestranol was then given daily for 14 days and stopped; after 14 unmedicated days ethynodiol diacetate was administered for 14 days; after a 2nd 14-day hiatus, both drugs were given for 14 days. Bloods were drawn preoperatively and immediately postoperatively, on alternate days during the first or second week before receiving mestranol, on alternate days during the week preceding each other treatment, and 3 times a week during each medicated interval. LH and FSH were measured by a double antibody radioimmunoassay. FSH and LH rose promptly in 2 subjects the first week after surgery and rose in all 3 patients over the ensuing 5 weeks. During e...
Labor Market Conditions, Political Events, and Palestinian Suicide Bombings

This paper analyzes the relationship between Palestinian suicide bombings and economic and political conditions. Labor market conditions can affect the frequency of attacks because when the economy worsens, the opportunity cost of being a terrorist decreases. An alternative explanation is that suicide bombings are responses to changes in the political environment. This paper examines these alternative explanations by estimating count data regression models of the occurrence of Palestinian terrorist attacks from 1993 to 2004. Contrary to the previous literature, this paper finds that economic conditions are correlated with suicide terrorism. Specifically, deteriorating local labor market conditions during the al-Aqsa Intifada account for nearly half of the increase in suicide bombings during that time.
Limits on the Ununified Standard Model

Abstract The ununified standard model is an extension of the standard model that contains separate electroweak gauge groups for quarks and leptons. When it was originally proposed, data allowed the new gauge bosons to be quite light. We use recent data from precision electroweak measurements to put stringent bounds on the ununified standard model. In particular, at the 95% confidence level, we find that the ununified gauge bosons must have masses above about 2 TeV.
Optimal control of maneuver-induced vibration in flexible aerospace vehicles.

Abstract : Forces applied to a large, flexible aero or space vehicle in order to change the vehicle's attitude or position will in general also excite undesirable vibration. The added cost in terms of time, complexity of thrust pattern and fuel or total control effort required to effect a given maneuver when the unwanted vibration is suppressed is studied in this paper. Techniques for interpreting optimal solutions to these problems are given based on the use of multiple phase plane plots. (Author)
Subsolidus Compatibilities in the Y2O3‐BaO‐CuO System via Diamagnetic Susceptibility

Subsolidus compatibilities in the YO1.5-BaO-CuO system involving the superconducting 1:2:3 compound have been determined via optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and diamagnetic susceptibility measurements. The susceptibility is particularly sensitive to the presence or absence of the superconducting phase.
Toxicant-induced loss of tolerance

Drug addiction and multiple chemical intolerance (abdiction) appear to be polar opposites—the former characterized by craving and dependency, the latter by aversion. However, when the two are viewed in juxtaposition similarities emerge, revealing a common underlying dynamic, one which appears to be a new paradigm of disease. TILT, or toxicant-induced loss of tolerance, bridges the gap between addiction and abdiction and has the potential to explain a variety of illnesses, including certain cases of asthma, migraine headaches and depression, as well as chronic fatigue syndrome, e bromyalgia and “Gulf War syndrome”. This paper argues that both addiction and chemical intolerance involve a fundamental breakdown in innate tolerance, resulting in an amplie cation of various biological effects, particularly withdrawal symptoms. While addicts seek further exposures so as to avoid unpleasant withdrawal symptoms, chemically intolerant individuals shun their problem exposures, but for the same reason—to avoid unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. These observations raise critical questions: do addictive drugs and environmental pollutants initiate an identical disease process? Once this process begins, can both addictants and pollutants trigger symptoms and cravings? TILT opens a new window between the e elds of addiction and environmental medicine, one that has the potential to transform neighboring realms of medicine, psychology, psychiatry and toxicology.
Consequences of Organizational Change in U.S. Hospitals

Organizational change has become commonplace among U.S. hospitals. Empirical investigations of the consequences of organizational change, however, are relatively scarce, and findings of existing studies are inconsistent. In this article, the authors review the rationale and performance implications of hospital organizational change in three areas: (1) the development of new multi-institutional arrangements, (2) change in traditional ownership and management configurations, and (3) diversification in organizational products/services and consolidation of organizational scale. Empirical research on hospital change published between 1980 and 1999 in the health services research, social science, and business literatures is reviewed to highlight the potential pitfalls that hospitals may encounter in their effort to remain viable. The article also summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of current hospital change research and provides specific suggestions for future research in this area.
Process, Temperature, and Supply-Noise Tolerant 45 $~$ nm Dense Cache Arrays With Diffusion-Notch-Free (DNF) 6T SRAM Cells and Dynamic Multi-Vcc Circuits

This paper addresses the stability problem of diffusion-notch-free (DNF) SRAM cells used in dense last level caches (LLC). A DNF cell eliminates lithographic induced variations due to nMOS diffusion notches used in conventional 6T SRAM cells. However, it also results in reduced overall cell stability. We describe a new WL under-drive (WLUD) circuit that enables a read stable DNF cell with all minimally sized devices (called M-cell). The proposed WLUD circuit is both PT and supply noise tolerant. Write stability is maintained at low voltage thanks to a VCC dynamic voltage collapse (DVC) scheme that trades large dynamic cell retention margin for improving write stability. Another DNF cell, called P-cell, with pMOS pass device and charged high bit-lines is also presented. This cell is inherently read ratio-ed and extra read margin can be obtained through upsizing the nMOS PD without creating a notch as in conventional cell. A VSS DVC circuit is used along the P-cell to recover write stability. Two SRAM macros in 45 nm were fabricated to experiment with the proposed schemes. Both simulation and measurement results confirm that ~20% WLUD along with proper VCC DVC enables a stable M-cell across a wide voltage range. A low voltage operating window for the P-cell also exists by appropriately selecting pMOS strength, nMOS pull-down size, and VSS DVC.
How well do we know the electromagnetic form factors of the proton

Recent measurements of recoil polarization in elastic scattering have been used to extract the ratio of the electric to the magnetic proton form factors. These results disagree with Rosenbluth extractions from cross-section measurements, indicating either an inconsistency between the two techniques, or a problem with either the polarization transfer or cross-section measurements. To obtain precise knowledge of the proton form factors, we must first understand the source of this discrepancy.
Thermochemical Nitridation of Microporous Silica Films in Ammonia

Nitruration dans l'ammoniac entre 500-1100 o C des couches de silice poreuses deposees sur Si. La composition de la couche et sa structure chimique sont suivies par XPS et spectrometrie Auger
Environmentally Friendly Methodologies of Nanostructure Synthesis

Environmentally friendly synthetic methodologies have gradually been implemented as viable techniques in the synthesis of a range of nanostructures. In this work, we focus on the application of green-chemistry principles to the synthesis of complex metal oxide and fluoride nanostructures. In particular, we describe advances in the use of the molten-salt synthetic methods, hydrothermal protocols, and template-directed techniques as environmentally sound, socially responsible, and cost-effective methodologies that allow us to generate nanomaterials without the need to sacrifice sample quality, purity, and crystallinity, while allowing control over size, shape, and morphology.
Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Decomposition of Dolomite to a Metastable Solid Product

The decomposition of dolomite, CaMg(CO/sub 3/)/sub 2/, in vacuum was studied by the torsion-effusion and torsion-Langmuir methods. Complete decomposition yields poorly crystalline MgO and CaO of high total surface area, but the decomposition product when the reaction is 50% complete does not give coherent x-ray scattering. Extrapolation of the effusion pressures to pressures for zero orifice area yields thermodynamic data that disagree with well-established data for dolomite and its thermodynamically stable products. The data are consistent with the interpretation that dolomite and CO/sub 2/ are at equilibrium with a glasslike solid which has a free energy of formation of (17,600--8.8T) cal from 0.5 CaO + 0.5 MgO. From the torsion-Langmuir data, the apparent activation enthalpy and entropy of decomposition to this product are calculated to be 46.5 kcal and 22.3 cal/degree per mol of CO/sub 2/. The ratio of the free surface decomposition pressure to the metastable equilibrium pressure is 1 x 10/sup -4/ at 850/sup 0/K. Earlier anomalously low pressures measured for decomposition of Mg(OH)/sub 2/ are also consistent with the interpretation that the solid product was glasslike.
Spectrum of Complex DNA Damages Depends on the Incident Radiation

Abstract Hada, M. and Sutherland, B. M. Spectrum of Complex DNA Damages Depends on the Incident Radiation. Radiat. Res. 165, 223–230 (2006). Ionizing radiation induces bistranded clustered damages— two or more abasic sites, oxidized bases and strand breaks on opposite DNA strands within a few helical turns. Since clusters are refractory to repair and are potential sources of double-strand breaks (DSBs), they are potentially lethal and mutagenic. Although induction of single-strand breaks (SSBs) and isolated lesions has been studied extensively, little is known about the factors affecting induction of clusters other than DSBs. To determine whether the type of incident radiation could affect the yields or spectra of specific clusters, we irradiated genomic T7 DNA, a simple 40-kbp linear, blunt-ended molecule, with ion beams [iron (970 MeV/nucleon), carbon (293 MeV/nucleon), titanium (980 MeV/nucleon), silicon (586 MeV/nucleon), protons (1 GeV/nucleon)] or 100 kVp X rays and then quantified DSBs, Fpg-oxypuri...
The lightning-TGF relationship on microsecond timescales

[1] We analyze the count rates of two terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes (TGFs) detected by the Fermi Gamma‐ray Burst Monitor (GBM) with the broadband magnetic fields (1 to 300 kHz) produced by the simultaneous lightning processes. The microsecond‐scale absolute time accuracy for these data, combined with independent geolocations of the source lightning, enable this analysis with higher accuracy than previously possible. In both events, fast discharge‐like processes occur within several tens of microseconds of the gamma‐ray generation, although not with a consistent relationship. The magnetic field data also show a slower signal component produced by a source current that in both events mirrors the gamma‐ray count rate closely in shape and time. This indicates electromagnetic radiation directly associated with the gamma‐ray generation process and thus provides a new means for probing the internal physics of this enigmatic phenomenon. Citation: Cummer, S. A., G. Lu, M. S. Briggs, V. Connaughton, S. Xiong, G. J. Fishman, and J. R. Dwyer (2011), The lightning‐TGF relationship on microsecond timescales, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L14810, doi:10.1029/2011GL048099.
What’s Wrong With Factory Farming?

Factory farming continues to grow around the world as a low-cost way of producing animal products for human consumption. But many of the practices associated with intensive animal farming have been criticized by public health professionals and animal welfare advocates. The aim of this essay is to raise three independent moral concerns with factory farming, and to explain why the practices associated with factory farming flourish despite the cruelty inflicted on animals and the public health risks imposed on people. I conclude that the costs of factory farming as it is currently practiced far outweigh the benefits, and offer a few suggestions for how to improve the situation for animals and people.
The Pre-WDVV Ring of Physics and its Topology

We show how a simplicial complex arising from the WDVV (Witten-Dijkgraaf-Verlinde-Verlinde) equations of string theory is the Whitehouse complex. Using discrete Morse theory, we give an elementary proof that the Whitehouse complex Δn is homotopy equivalent to a wedge of (n−2)! spheres of dimension n−4. We also verify the Cohen-Macaulay property. Additionally, recurrences are given for the face enumeration of the complex and the Hilbert series of the associated pre-WDVV ring.
Vortices in Thin, Compressible, Unmagnetized Disks

We consider the formation and evolution of vortices in a hydrodynamic shearing-sheet model. The evolution is done numerically using a version of the ZEUS code. Consistent with earlier results, an injected vorticity field evolves into a set of long-lived vortices, each of which has a radial extent comparable to the local scale height. But we also find that the resulting velocity field has a positive shear stress, Σδvrδv. This effect appears only at high resolution. The transport, which decays with time as t-1/2, arises primarily because the vortices drive compressive motions. This result suggests a possible mechanism for angular momentum transport in low-ionization disks, with two important caveats: a mechanism must be found to inject vorticity into the disk, and the vortices must not decay rapidly due to three-dimensional instabilities.
AIDS, “reversal” of the demographic transition and economic development: evidence from Africa

Using country- and region-level data, I investigate the effect of HIV/AIDS on fertility in Africa during 1985–2000. Results differ depending on the variation used and the estimation method. Between estimates that exploit cross-sectional variation suggest a positive significant effect of HIV/AIDS on fertility, whereas within estimates that are identified of off time-series variation show both positive and negative results depending on the HIV/AIDS variable used. These within estimates are insignificant in most of the specifications.
An Information-Theoretic Derivation of Min-Cut-Based Clustering

Min-cut clustering, based on minimizing one of two heuristic cost functions proposed by Shi and Malik nearly a decade ago, has spawned tremendous research, both analytic and algorithmic, in the graph partitioning and image segmentation communities over the last decade. It is, however, unclear if these heuristics can be derived from a more general principle, facilitating generalization to new problem settings. Motivated by an existing graph partitioning framework, we derive relationships between optimizing relevance information, as defined in the Information Bottleneck method, and the regularized cut in a K-partitioned graph. For fast-mixing graphs, we show that the cost functions introduced by Shi and Malik can be well approximated as the rate of loss of predictive information about the location of random walkers on the graph. For graphs drawn from a generative model designed to describe community structure, the optimal information-theoretic partition and the optimal min-cut partition are shown to be the same with high probability.
Trade mechanism selection in markets with frictions

Abstract We endogenize the trade mechanism in a search economy with many homogeneous sellers and many heterogeneous buyers of unobservable type. We study how heterogeneity and the traders' continuation values—which are endogenous—influence the sellers' choice of trade mechanism. Sellers trade off the probability of an immediate sale against the surplus expected from it, choosing whether to trade with everyone and how quickly. In equilibrium sellers may simply target one buyer type via non-negotiable offers (price posting), or may price discriminate (haggling). We also study when haggling generates trading delays. A price setting externality arises because of a strategic complementarity in the sellers' pricing choices.
Removing Distortions in the U.S. Ethanol Market: What Does It Imply for the United States and Brazil?

We analyze the impact of trade liberalization and removal of the federal tax credit in the United States on ethanol markets using a multimarket international ethanol model. We find that U.S. trade barriers have been effective in protecting the ethanol industry. Under current policy, there is separability of the U.S. ethanol market from world markets. With trade liberalization, the ethanol market deepens, making it less susceptible to price volatility. The effect of trade liberalization extends beyond ethanol markets, affecting agricultural markets. The results show that the impact of removal of the tax credit overrides the impact of the tariff removal. Copyright 2008, Oxford University Press.
STAR FORMATION IN SPACE AND TIME: THE ORION NEBULA CLUSTER

We examine the pattern of star birth in the Orion Nebula cluster (ONC), with the goal of discerning the cluster's formation mechanism. Outside the Trapezium, the distribution of stellar masses is remarkably uniform and is not accurately described by the field-star initial mass function. The deconvolved, three-dimensional density of cluster members peaks at the Trapezium stars, which are truly anomalous in mass. Using theoretical pre-main-sequence tracks, we confirm the earlier finding that star formation has accelerated over the past 107 yr. We further show that the rate of acceleration has been the same for all masses. Thus, there is no correlation between stellar age and mass, contrary to previous claims. Finally, the acceleration has been spatially uniform throughout the cluster. Our reconstruction of the parent molecular cloud spawning the cluster shows that it had a mass of 6700 M☉ prior to its destruction by the Trapezium. If the cloud was supported against self-gravity by mildly dissipative turbulence, then it contracted in a quasi-static but accelerating manner. We demonstrate this contraction theoretically through a simple energy argument. The mean turbulent speed increased to its recent value, which is reflected in the present-day stellar velocity dispersion. The current ONC will be gravitationally unbound once cloud destruction is complete, and is destined to become a dispersing OB association. We hypothesize that similarly crowded groups seen at the centers of distant OB associations are also unbound and do not give rise to the Galactic population of open clusters. Finally, accelerating star formation implies that most clumps within giant molecular complexes should have relatively low formation activity. Sensitive infrared surveys could confirm this hypothesis.
On Constant-Round Concurrent Zero-Knowledge from a Knowledge Assumption

In this work, we consider the long-standing open question of constructing constant-round concurrent zero-knowledge protocols in the plain model. Resolving this question is known to require non-black-box techniques. We consider non-black-box techniques for zero-knowledge based on knowledge assumptions, a line of thinking initiated by the work of Hada and Tanaka (CRYPTO 1998). Prior to our work, it was not known whether knowledge assumptions could be used for achieving security in the concurrent setting, due to a number of significant limitations. Nevertheless, we obtain the first constant round concurrent zero-knowledge argument for NP in the plain model based on a new variant of knowledge of exponent assumption. We give evidence that our new variant of knowledge of exponent assumption is in fact plausible. In particular, we show that our assumption holds in the generic group model.
STRONG JORDAN SEPARATION AND APPLICATIONS TO RIGIDITY

We prove that simple, thick hyperbolic P-manifolds of dimension at least three exhibit Mostow rigidity. We also prove a quasi-isometry rigidity result for the fundamental groups of simple, thick hyperbolic P-manifolds of dimension at least three. The key tool in the proof of these rigidity results is a strong form of the Jordan separation theorem, for maps from which are not necessarily injective.
Birth of the universe from the landscape of string theory

We show that a unique, most probable and stable solution for the wavefunction of the universe, with a very small cosmological constant \(\Lambda_1\simeq\big(\frac{\pi}{l_{p}N}\big)^2\), can be predicted from the supersymmetric minisuperspace with N vacua of the landscape of string theory without referring to the anthropic principle. Due to the nearest neighbor tunneling in moduli space lattice, the N-fold degeneracy of the vacua is lifted and a discrete spectrum of bound state levels over the whole minisuperspace emerges. Supersymmetry is spontaneously broken by these bound states, with discrete non-zero energy levels \(\Lambda_s\simeq\big(\frac{s\pi}{l_{p}N}\big)^2\), s=1,2,...
Do the Largest Firms Grow the Fastest? The Case of U.S. Dairies

We analyze growth and diversification of U.S. dairy farms by examining longitudinal changes in ten size cohorts and new entrants through three successive censuses. Gibrat's law (random walk) and mean reversion hypotheses of growth are tested and rejected. Growth rates are bimodal with the largest farm cohort growing the fastest. All cohorts become more diversified over time, and smaller farms diversify most rapidly. New entrants are generally large, and they diversify more rapidly than incumbents. These data suggest that scale economies persist even for the largest cohort of dairy farms and that scale economies dominate scope economies for large farms.
Variable selection using shrinkage priors

Variable selection has received widespread attention over the last decade as we routinely encounter high-throughput datasets in complex biological and environment research. Most Bayesian variable selection methods are restricted to mixture priors having separate components for characterizing the signal and the noise. However, such priors encounter computational issues in high dimensions. This has motivated continuous shrinkage priors, resembling the two-component priors facilitating computation and interpretability. While such priors are widely used for estimating high-dimensional sparse vectors, selecting a subset of variables remains a daunting task. A general approach for variable selection with shrinkage priors is proposed. The presence of very few tuning parameters makes our method attractive in comparison to ad hoc thresholding approaches. The applicability of the approach is not limited to continuous shrinkage priors, but can be used along with any shrinkage prior. Theoretical properties for near-collinear design matrices are investigated and the method is shown to have good performance in a wide range of synthetic data examples and in a real data example on selecting genes affecting survival due to lymphoma.