cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Three-Dimensional Vision by Off-Shelf System with Multi-Cameras

A three-dimnensional vision system for on-line operation that aids a collision avoidance system for an industrial robot is developed. Because of the real-time requirement, the process that locates and describes the obstacles must be fast. To satisfy the safety requirement, the obstacle model should always contain the physical obstacle entirely. This condition leads to the bounding box description of the obstacle, which is simple for the computer to process. The image processing is performed by a Machine Intelligence Corporation VS-100 machine vision system. The control and object perception is performed by the developed software on a host Digital Equipment Corporation VAX 11/780 Computer. The resultant system outputs a file of the locations and bounding descriptions for each object found. When the system is properly calibrated, the bounding descriptions always completely envelop the obstacle. The response time is data-dependent. When using two cameras and processed on UNIX time sharing mode, the average response time will be less than 2 s if eight or fewer objects are present. When using all three cameras, the average response time will be less than 4 s if eight or fewer objects are present.
The C Terminus of the Vps34p Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Is Necessary and Sufficient for the Interaction with the Vps15p Protein Kinase

Vps34p is a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase that is part of a membrane-associated complex with the Vps15p protein kinase. This kinase complex is required for the delivery of soluble proteins to the lysosomal/vacuolar compartment of eukaryotic cells. This study examined the Vps34p-Vps15p association and identified the domains within each protein that were important for this interaction. Using several different approaches, the interaction domain within Vps34p was mapped to a 28-amino acid element near its C terminus. This Vps34p motif was both necessary and sufficient for the interaction with Vps15p. Two-hybrid mapping experiments indicated that two separate regions of Vps15p were required for the association with Vps34p; they are the N-terminal protein kinase domain and a set of three tandem repeats of about 39 amino acids each. Neither domain alone was sufficient for the interaction. These Vps15p repeat elements are similar in sequence to the HEAT motifs that have been implicated in protein interactions in other proteins, including the Huntingtin protein. Finally, these studies identified a novel motif at the very C terminus of Vps34p that was required for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. This domain is highly conserved specifically in all Vps34p-like phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases but is not required for the interaction with Vps15p. This study thus represents a first step toward a better understanding of how this Vps15p.Vps34p kinase complex is assembled and regulated in vivo.
Efforts toward developing probes of protein dynamics: vibrational dephasing and relaxation of carbon-deuterium stretching modes in deuterated leucine.

The spectral position of C−D stretching absorptions in the so-called “transparent window” of protein absorption (1800−2300 cm−1) makes them well suited as probes of protein dynamics with high temporal and structural resolution. We have previously incorporated single deuterated amino acids into proteins to site-selectively follow protein folding and ligand binding by steady-state FT IR spectroscopy. Ultimately, our goal is to use C−D bonds as probes in time-resolved IR spectroscopy to study dynamics and intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) in proteins. As a step toward this goal, we now present the first time-resolved experiments characterizing the population and dephasing dynamics of selectively excited C−D bonds in a deuterated amino acid. Three differently deuterated, Boc-protected leucines were selected to systematically alter the number of additional C−D bonds that may mediate IVR out of the initially populated bright C−D stretching mode. Three-pulse photon echo experiments show that...
Tide gauge records of uplift along the northern Pacific-North American plate boundary, 1937 to 2001

[1] Vertical crustal motions at 15 sites along the northern Pacific-North America plate boundary are determined using relative sea level changes from tide gauge records. Our analysis is based on monthly mean sea levels, from which barometric pressure and seasonal effects are removed. The records are corrected for common-mode oceanographic variations. These records are statistically examined for non-linear behavior related to glacial isostatic, tectonic and postseismic effects. To estimate land uplift rates, the local effect of global sea level rise is removed from the relative sea level rates. Slow rates of vertical motion are observed along the southern strike-slip plate boundary. The extremely rapid uplift of the northern strike-slip boundary can be attributed entirely to viscoelastic postglacial rebound associated with tidewater-glacier retreat in Glacier Bay and regional post-Little Ice Age deglaciation. Isostatic modeling indicates a mantle viscosity of ∼2 × 1019–5 × 1019 Pa s, similar to that found elsewhere along the Pacific-North America plate margin. At Yakutat, near the transition of plate motion from strike-slip to subduction, complex non-linear behavior is evident, with a significant change in uplift rate following the 1979 St. Elias earthquake. Non-linear uplift rates are predominant within the 1964 Great Alaskan earthquake near-field. Rapid uplift at Kodiak during a 3.5 year period starting mid-1964 totaled 47 ± 8 cm. Anchorage, Seward and Seldovia exhibited oscillatory uplift in the period immediately following the earthquake until mid-1972. Since mid-1972, uplift rates have increased steadily at Anchorage, Seward, Cordova, and Valdez. During this period Nikiski and Kodiak show decreasing uplift rates.
Oxidized kaurene derivatives from leaves of Solidago missouriensis and S. Rigida

Abstract Oxidized kaurene derivatives were isolated from the leaves of Solidago missouriensis and S. rigida and identified as kauran-16β-ol, kaur-16-en-19-oic acid and 7β-hydroxykaur-16-en-19-oic acid. The structure of the latter compound was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis of its methyl ester.
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of leech muscle and nervous system

Abstract 1. 1. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) was used to measure the major intracellular metabolites in perchloric acid extracts of the Macrobdella decora muscle and nervous systems and the Oryctolagus cuniculus cerebrum. 2. 2. Acetate, alanine, choline, glutamate, inositol, and lactate were assigned in the spectrum of leech ventral cord, leech muscle, and rabbit cerebrum. 3. 3. Hirudonine and propionate were clearly observed only in the spectrum of leech muscle. 4. 4. Creatine, N- acetyl aspartate, gamma aminobutyric acid, aspartate, and taurine, distinctive components of spectra of the mammalian cerebrum, were not seen in the invertebrate spectra. 5. 5. 1H NMR spectroscopy provides a simple and rapid means of characterizing the major organic metabolites found in leech muscle and nervous tissues.
Cyclic nucleotides and mitosis in the rabbit cornea following superior cervical ganglionectomy.

Abstract Twenty hours after removal of the superior cervical ganglion, norepinephrine, released from degenerating adrenergic nerve terminals, causes a decrease in mitotic activity of the corneal epithelium of the rabbit. This is mediated through cyclic AMP which is elevated between 20 and 24 hr after surgery in ipsilateral corneas. Intravenous propranolol, administered 19 hr after surgery, blocks the increase in cyclic AMP and the decrease in mitotic activity. These findings suggest that adrenergically stimulated increases in cyclic AMP in the corneal epithelium may regulate mitotic activity during wound healing.
Predicting long-term creep failure of bimodal polyethylene pipe from short-term fatigue tests

Short-term fatigue testing was used to predict long-term creep failure of a bimodal polyethylene (BMPE) pipe with superior creep resistance. The stepwise crack propagation was studied by increasing the R-ratio (defined as the ratio of the minimum to the maximum stress intensity factor in the fatigue loading cycle) at 50 °C from 0.1 approaching creep (R = 1). Crack growth rate (da/dt) was related to the maximum stress intensity factor KI,max and R-ratio by a power law relationship \( {\frac{{{\text{d}}a}}{{{\text{d}}t}}} = B^{\prime } K_{{{\text{I}},\max }}^{4} (1 + R)^{ - 8.5} \). The correlation in crack growth kinetics allowed for extrapolation to creep fracture from short-term fatigue testing. The temperature dependence of crack growth rate was contained in the prefactor B′. A change in slope of the Arrhenius plot of B′ at 67 °C indicated that at least two mechanisms contributed to crack propagation, each dominating in a different temperature region. This implied that a simple extrapolation to ambient temperature creep fracture from elevated temperature tests might not be reliable.
Flow analysis of dynamic logic programs

Abstract Research on flow analysis and optimization of logic programs typically assumes that the programs being analyzed are static , i.e. any code that can be executed at runtime is available for analysis at compile time. This assumption may not hold for “real” programs, which can contain dynamic goals of the form call ( X ), where X is a variable at compile time, or where predicates may be modified via features like assert and retract . In such contexts, a compiler must be able to take the effects of such dynamic constructs into account in order to perform nontrivial flow analyses that can be guaranteed to be sound. This paper outlines how this may be done for certain kinds of dynamic programs. Our techniques allow analysis and optimization techniques that have been developed for static programs to be extended to a large class of “well-behaved” dynamic programs.
Nusselt number correlations for heat transfer to small spheres in thermal plasma flows

Seven different equations predicting heat transfer rates to small spheres in plasma flows are examined considering argon and nitrogan as plasma gases from 300 to 21,000 K at 1 atm. For argon there is a general consensus up to 9000 K, beyond which wide deviations in behavior occur. For nitrogen, the seven correlations are in good agreement up to 4000 K, but show substantial deviations beyond this value. Comparisons with the sparsely available experimental data are made for argon from 300 to 17,000 K and for nitrogen up to 5500 K. Disagreement between the various correlations and experiment can exceed one order of magnitude.
Mode of action, crop selectivity, and soil relations of the sulfonylurea herbicides†

The sulfonylurea herbicides are characterized by broad-spectrum weed control at very low use rates (c. 2–75 g ha−1), good crop selectivity, and very low acute and chronic animal toxicity. This class of herbicides acts through inhibition of acetolactate synthase (EC 4.1.3.18; also known as acetohydroxyacid synthase), thereby blocking the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine and isoleucine. This inhibition leads to the rapid cessation of plant cell division and growth. Crop-selective sulfonylurea herbicides have been commercialized for use in wheat, barley, rice, corn, soybeans and oilseed rape, with additional crop-selective compounds in cotton, potatoes, and sugarbeet having been noted. Crop selectivity results from rapid metabolic inactivation of the herbicide in the tolerant crop. Under growth-room conditions, metabolic half-lives in tolerant crop plants range from 1–5 h, while sensitive plant species metabolize these herbicides much more slowly, with half-lives > 20 h. Pathways by which sulfonylurea herbicides are inactivated among these plants include aryl and aliphatic hydroxylation followed by glucose conjugation, sulfonylurea bridge hydrolysis and sulfonamide bond cleavage, oxidative O-demethylation and direct conjugation with (homo)glutathione. Sulfonylurea herbicides degrade in soil through a combination of bridge hydrolysis and microbial degradation. Hydrolysis is significantly faster under acidic (pH 5) than alkaline (pH 8) conditions, allowing the use of soil pH as a predictor of soil residual activity. Chemical and microbial processes combine to give typical field dissipation half-lives of 1–6 weeks, depending on the soil type, location and compound. Very short residual sulfonylurea herbicides with enhanced susceptibility to hydrolysis (DPX-L5300) and microbial degradation (thifensulfuron-methyl) have been developed.
HR perceptions and the provision of workforce training in an AMT environment: An empirical study

Abstract Research literature indicates the importance of workforce development in the successful implementation of advanced manufacturing technologies (AMTs). However, the relationship between advanced technologies and workforce training is assumed to be a direct one with limited consideration provided to factors that may influence it. This study examines the impacts of environment and human resource (HR) manager perceptions on the provision of workforce development activities. A human-centered technology philosophy is proposed as a conceptual framework for examining the role of HR manager perceptions to mediate the relationship between AMTs and workforce development. Results from hierarchical regressions indicate that the perceptions of HR managers regarding technology-driven workforce need to explain a large portion of the variance for both individual and process development activities. Findings support that the managerial role of assessing workforce developmental needs from basic AMTs places HR managerial perceptions at the focal point of social–technical systems. The role of environmental uncertainty is also examined as a moderator of managerial perceptions of technology-driven needs in an AMT environment. The results suggest that environmental uncertainty did not moderate the relationship between HR perceptions as a predictor of workforce development activities. This could imply that HR managers may not consider critical external environment issues when making decisions of workforce development activities. The implications of these findings for HR perceptions in an AMT environment are discussed, and suggestions for future research are provided.
Infrared Thermography For Process Control

Traditionally, Infrared Thermography, when used for printed circuit board applications, has been used only as a tool to isolate defects in printed circuit boards so that they may be repaired and returned to the manufacturing line. There are many processes involved in the manufacturing of printed circuit boards, all of which must be under control to ensure the manufacturability of a quality product. Process excursions result in defective boards that may or may not be able to be repaired. Those that are repairable are generally repaired at a substantial expense. This large expense is justifiable due to the fact that many of today's printed circuit boards are complex, multi-layered printed circuit boards which are very expensive to manufacture and therefore, represent a substantial investment in the final form. Infrared Thermography may be utilized, not only as a tool to locate defects within a product, but also as a tool for process control for the identification of process excursions, however infrequent. With adequate identification methods and proper communications within the manufacturing environment, these process excursions can be identified and resolved with minimum manufacturing impact. This paper addresses the impact Infrared Thermography has had on process control at one particular plant, and how others may utilize these tools to facilitate process controls for their individual applications.
Making the Grade: The Importance of Academic Enablers in the Elementary School Counseling Program

Elementary school counselors can support academic achievement by connecting their comprehensive programs to increasing academic competence. One valuable framework focuses on academic enablers, which are identified as interpersonal skills, motivation, engagement, and study skills (DiPerna, 2004). In this article, the authors (a) discuss the essential role of elementary school counselors in supporting student achievement, (b) provide an overview of the academic enablers’ framework, and (c) offer practical recommendations for implementing this framework.
Apparatus for total hemispherical emittance measurements of full-scale receiver pipes from 100 to 300°C

Abstract An apparatus is described for measuring the total hemispherical emittance of pipes of a length suitable for use in a prototype solar collector. The calorimetric method used requires measurement of the temperatures of the surface of the test pipe and of a concentric outer cylinder and measurement of the electrical power used to heat the test pipe. Measurements were made of the total hemispherical emittance of black chrome, nickel, and bare steel pipes as a function of temperature. The emittance of the black chrome surfaces increased signicantly from an extrapolated value of about 0.1 at 25°C to values on the order of 0.3–0.4 at 300°C. The extrapolated values for black chrome agreed with measurements made using other techniques at room temperature. The results for the nickel-plated pipe agreed with total emittance calculated from spectral reflectance data.
Autonomous Agents and Human Interpersonal Trust: Can We Engineer a Human-Machine Social Interface for Trust?

There is a recognized need to employ autonomous agents in domains that are not amenable to conventional automation and/or which humans find difficult, dangerous, or undesirable to perform. These include time-critical and mission-critical applications in health, defense, transportation, and industry, where the consequences of failure can be catastrophic. A prerequisite for such applications is the establishment of wellcalibrated trust in autonomous agents. Our focus is specifically on human-machine trust in deployment and operations of autonomous agents, whether they are embodied in cyber-physical systems, robots, or exist only in the cyber-realm. The overall aim of our research is to investigate methods for autonomous agents to foster, manage, and maintain an appropriate trust relationship with human partners when engaged in joint, mutually interdependent activities. Our approach is grounded in a systems-level view of humans and autonomous agents as components in (one or more) encompassing metacognitive systems. Given human predisposition for social interaction, we look to the multi-disciplinary body of research on human interpersonal trust as a basis from which we specify engineering requirements for the interface between human and autonomous agents. If we make good progress in reverse engineering this “human social interface,” it will be a significant step towards devising the algorithms and tests necessary for trustworthy and trustable autonomous agents. This paper introduces our program of research and reports on recent progress.
The Commodification of Intimacy: Marriage, Sex, and Reproductive Labor

Over the past three decades, scholars have paid greater attention to the intensification and complex interconnectivity of local and global processes. Anthropological studies of cross-border marriages, migrant domestic workers, and sex workers have burgeoned, demonstrating growing scholarly interest in how social relations have become evermore geographically dispersed, impersonal, mediated by and implicated in broader political-economic or capitalist processes. At the same time, intimate and personal relations—especially those linked to households and domestic units, the primary units associated with reproductive labor—have become more explicitly commodified, linked to commodities and to commodified global processes (i.e., bought or sold; packaged and advertised; fetishized, commercialized, or objectified; consumed; assigned values and prices) and linked in many cases to transnational mobility and migration, presenting new ethnographic challenges and opportunities. This review highlights contemporary anthr...
Brief paper: On multiple model control for multiple contact systems

Multiple contact interaction is common in many robotic applications. These include grasping, wheeled vehicles, and distributed manipulation. All of these applications are capable of experiencing stick/slip phenomena at the contact interfaces. In particular, when there are more kinematic constraints then there are degrees of freedom, some contact interfaces must slip. Moreover, this stick/slip behavior is difficult to predict a priori due to strong sensitivities with respect to friction modeling and normal forces. Motivated by a simple multi-point manipulation device, we discuss how these effects can be accounted for and mitigated using tools from hybrid systems theory and multiple model adaptive control both for analysis and control design. In the context of the multi-point manipulation example, we show how multiple model supervisor-based adaptive control can provide stabilizing controllers for such systems. Our results are validated with simulations that both illustrate the need for these techniques and show their effectiveness.
Absorption of Radiation by Magnetic Superlattices

We calculate the absorption of infra-red radiation by a magnetic superlattice composed of alternating ferromagnetic films. Although the films are ferromagnetic, the interfacial interaction is antiferromagnetic (i.e. Fe/Gd or Co/Gd). As has been shown previously, such a system can exist in several distinct phases, and we calculate the power absorption for these different phases. The spin wave modes of the system were found and used to construct a Green's function via an eigenvector expansion. The incoming radiation was modeled as an oscillating magnetic field which was assumed to decay into the material. Given this driving field, the Green's function yields the response of the system. Our results indicate that a simple absorption measurement can be used to probe for surface and bulk magnetic phase transitions. Additionally, we can find the response of the system to a spatially uniform driving field and thus calculate the local susceptibility. We discuss the possibility of using such a susceptibility to find dipole-exchange modes in magnetic superlattices.
Transitioning Out of Peer Victimization in School Children: Gender and Behavioral Characteristics

The present study investigated the characteristics of children who remain consistently peer victimized in comparison to those who transition out of victimization status. The relationships between victimization and the victim’s level of overt aggression, relational aggression, impulsivity, and prosocial behaviors were examined from one year to the next. At Time 1, 1589 3rd, 4th, and 5th-grade children were administered a peer nomination instrument assessing victimization and standard sociometric variables. At Time 2 (1 year later), 1619 3rd, 4th, and 5th-grade children were administered the same measure. A mixed-design repeated measures MANOVA was conducted for boys and girls separately. Results indicated that in comparison to victims transitioning out of victimization status, consistently victimized boys were lower in prosocial behavior, and consistently victimized girls were higher in impulsivity. Results for girls also indicated that a reduction in victim’s own level of relational aggression was associated with cessation of victimization.
Antibiotic prophylaxis at Cesarean delivery.

Objective: Our aim was to compare the efficacy of ampicillin, cefotetan, and ampicillin/sulbactam in the prevention of post-Cesarean endomyometritis.Methods: Consenting patients undergoing Cesarean delivery at the University of Louisville Hospital were enrolled in a prospective, double-blinded randomization to receive either ampicillin/sulbactam (Group 1), cefotetan (Group 2), or ampicillin (Group 3) single dose antibiotic prophylaxis following umbilical cord clamping. The primary outcome variable was the frequency of endomyometritis in the respective groups.Results: Among 301 randomized patients, outcome data was available for 298 patients. Fourteen patients (4.7%), all of whom underwent non-elective Cesarean delivery, developed endomyometritis. The frequency of endomyometritis was not different among groups: Group 1, 4/101 (4%); Group 2, 4/96 (4.2%); and Group 3, 6/101 (5.9%). Wound infections were infrequently observed 4/298 (1.3%) without significant differences among groups. Stepwise discriminative a...
Gravity Interpretation in the Trans-Antarctic Mountains near McMurdo Sound, Antarctica

The broad structure of the Trans-Antarctic Mountains has been interpreted to be a horst, a monocline, or an anticline. Gravity measurements show that a negative Bouguer gravity anomaly of 130mgal follows the mountains and a maximum gravity gradient of 7 mgal/km is found along the west side of McMurdo Sound. Surface faults cannot explain the high gravity gradient, and a deep fault or step in the Moho causes a gradient that is too small. The gravity anomaly is satisfied by a shallowing of the Moho from 40 km under the Trans-Antarctic Mountains to 28 km under McMurdo Sound, and by a shallow, dense 8-km-thick slab under McMurdo Sound. This suggests that the crust in West Antarctica is thinner and more dense than in East Antarctica. The Antarctic continent may have formed by fusing together of two continental plates along an early Paleozoic subduction zone.
The global burden of hypertension: good news and bad news

Hypertension is a common disorder and a powerful risk factor for death and disability from heart disease and kidney failure. Worldwide, it affects an estimated 690 million persons and it is the major risk factor for stroke. The good news is that safe and effective treatments are available and in the majority of patients, hypertension can be diagnosed easily and blood pressure can be controlled. Unfortunately, most hypertensive patients have uncontrolled blood pressure. To effectively address this situation, a renewed commitment to refine strategies for controlling blood pressure is necessary. Additional emphasis is also warranted for the prevention of hypertension in the first place.
Factors affecting mourning dove harvest in Missouri

Mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) management efforts have focused on reducing uncertainties in harvest management at national and regional scales, but there remains considerable interest in issues related to local, intensively managed areas. Our objective was to evaluate effects of different local management strategies, including field management and regulations, and weather, on the number of hunts and the number of doves harvested annually. We collected harvest information from dove hunters, and area management characteristics from wildlife managers on 9 public hunting areas in Missouri, USA from 2005 to 2009. Number of hunts on an area was best explained by number of hectares of crop on the area; however, acreage above 50 ha offered limited increases in the number of hunts on a site. The most supported model for the number of doves harvested contained a positive effect of acreage of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) in good or excellent condition. This model was followed by a closely competing model reflecting increases in the number of doves harvested when an area used daily lottery and shot-type restrictions; however, complete overlap between these 2 regulations prevented separation of their individual effects. To manipulate hunting opportunities and harvest levels in Missouri, managers can be most effective by controlling hectares and condition of managed croplands, especially sunflowers. However, further work is needed to assess the relative impacts of lottery regulations and nontoxic-shot restrictions on dove harvest. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Deficient Bridge Mobility Performance Measures

The structural and functional performances of bridges affect their safety, mobility, and life span. The concepts of structural deficiency and functional obsolescence of bridges are essential engineering and management considerations with public and economic implications. This article discusses management aspects of deficient bridges. National bridge inventory database with conditional data and mobility measures were studied to compile practical data for more dependable decision-making. A forecast was developed to predict the number of structurally deficient and functionally obsolete bridges in the future. To reach a systematic conceptualization of deficiency, areas of bridges were also discussed as compared to the count of bridges. The resulting study is practical for transportation agencies, officials, and researchers. The presented result supports better bridge management practices by better planned policies, financial resources, and strategies.
Neuropsychiatric complications of cardiac surgery

Abstract Historically, intracardiac operations have carried a higher risk of neurologic complications than coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) procedures, although the incidence of such complications has been increasing after CABG in recent years. In both intrecardiac and extracardiac surgery, macroemboli from the surgical field cause most neurologic complications. The periods of highest risk for emboli are during aortic cannulation, onset of bypass, and weaning from bypass. Risk factors include atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta, advanced age, presence of concomitant cerebral vascular disease, previous neurologic abnormality, duration of surgery, diabetes, and history of failure of the native circulation. Although hypothermia is beneficial in elective circulatory arrest, its usefulness in reducing postoperative central nervous system deficits during routine cardiac operations may be limited. Studies suggest a role for barbiturate protection in intracardisc but not in extracardiac surgery. Studies have not shown better neurologic or neuropsychological outcome with the use of membrane oxygenation and arterial filtration. Recent studies suggest no correlation of neurologic injury with serum glucose levels during CABG, with either duration or severity of hypotension during hypothermic CABG, or with blood gas management during hypothermic CABG.
The role of microglia and the TLR4 pathway in neuronal apoptosis and vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage

Although microglia and the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway have long been thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), thus far only correlations have been made. In this study, we attempted to solidify the relationship between microglia and the TLR pathway using depletion and genetic knockouts, respectively. Subarachnoid hemorrhage was induced in TLR4−/−, TRIF−/−, MyD88−/− and wild type C57BL/6 mice by injecting 60 μl of autologous blood near the mesencephalon; animals were euthanized 1 to 15 days after SAH for immunohistochemical analysis to detect microglia or apoptotic cells. Lastly, microglial depletion was performed by intracerebroventricular injection of clodronate liposomes. On post operative day (POD) 7 (early phase SAH), neuronal apoptosis was largely TLR4-MyD88-dependent and microglial-dependent. By POD 15 (late phase SAH), neuronal apoptosis was characterized by TLR4- toll receptor associated activator of interferon (TRIF)-dependence and microglial-independence. Similarly, vasospasm was also characterized by an early and late phase with MyD88 and TRIF dependence, respectively. Lastly, microglia seem to be both necessary and sufficient to cause vasospasm in both the early and late phases of SAH in our model. Our results suggest that SAH pathology could have different phases. These results could explain why therapies tailored to aSAH patients have failed for the most part. Perhaps a novel strategy utilizing immunotherapies that target Toll like receptor signaling and microglia at different points in the patient’s hospital course could improve outcomes.
Use of Health Professionals for Obstetric Care in Northern Ghana

This study explores the role of access versus traditional beliefs in the decision to seek obstetric care from health professionals. Eighteen purposively sampled homogenous groups in Kassena-Nankana District of northern Ghana participated in focus-group discussions about traditional beliefs, barriers to the use of health professionals, and ways to improve obstetric care. All the groups were knowledgeable about the life-threatening signs and symptoms of complications of pregnancy and labor. Decisions about place of delivery generally were made after the onset of labor. Accessibility factors (cost, distance, transport, availability of health facilities, and nurses' attitudes) were major barriers, whereas traditional beliefs were reported as less significant. Informants made pertinent recommendations on how to improve obstetric services in the district. These findings demonstrate that even in this district, where African traditional religion is practiced by a third of the population, compared with a national average of 4 percent, lack of access was perceived as the main barrier to seeking professional obstetric care.
Informed Consent for Cardiac Procedures: Deficiencies in Patient Comprehension With Current Methods

Background Patients who undergo cardiac catheterization or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) often have a poor understanding of their disease and of related therapeutic risks, benefits, and alternatives. This pilot study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of 2 preprocedural educational approaches to enhance patients' knowledge of standard consent elements. Methods Patients undergoing first-time elective, outpatient cardiac catheterization and possible PCI were randomly assigned to a scripted verbal or written consent process (group I) or a web-based, audiovisual presentation (group II). Preconsent and postconsent questionnaires were administered to evaluate changes in patients' self-reported understanding of standard consent elements. Results One hundred and two patients enrolled at a single institution completed the pre- and postconsent surveys (group I=48; group II=54). Changes in patient comprehension rates were similar between groups for risk and benefit consent elements, but group II had significantly greater improvement in the identification of treatment alternatives than group I ( p = 0.028). Independent of intervention, correct identification of all risks and alternatives increased significantly after consent ( p Conclusions Although both scripted verbal and audiovisual informed consent improved patient comprehension, important patient misperceptions regarding PCI-related outcomes and alternatives persist, independent of informed consent approach, and considerable challenges still exist in educating patients about contemplated medical procedures. Future research appears warranted to improve patient comprehension.
The induction of thymine dimers by U.V. light as a function of cell stage.

(1978). The Induction of Thymine Dimers by U.V. Light as a Function of Cell Stage. International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine: Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 583-586.
Sodium potassium hydrogen citrate, NaKHC6H5O7.

The crystal structure of sodium potassium hydrogen citrate has been solved and refined using laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional theory techniques. The Na+ cation is six-coordinate, with a bond-valence sum of 1.17. The K+ cation is also six-coordinate, with a bond-valence sum of 1.08. The distorted [NaO6] octahedra share edges, forming chains along the a axis. The likewise distorted [KO6] octahedra share edges with the [NaO6] octahedra on either side of the chain, and share corners with other [KO6] octahedra, resulting in triple chains along the a axis. The most prominent feature of the structure is the chain along [111] of very short, very strong hydrogen bonds; the O⋯O distances are 2.414 and 2.400 A. The Mulliken overlap populations in these hydrogen bonds are 0.138 and 0.142 e, which correspond to hydrogen-bond energies of 20.3 and 20.6 kcal mol−1.
Herpesviruses and Cancer

Herpesviruses are a family of large DNA viruses. They are extremely successful pathogens that have adapted to latently infect and coexist with the host throughout the host’s lifetime. Because of their large coding capacity, these viruses are able to encode a wide variety of viral proteins and regulatory RNAs that impinge on many cellular proteins and critical pathways to the advantage of the virus. Processes important for growth and cell division can be regulated by viral proteins, and under certain circumstances this can contribute to malignant transformation and cancer development. This chapter gives an overview of herpesviruses and cancer. First, the spectrum of animal herpesviruses that are associated with cancer is given. Next, the two human herpesviruses associated with cancer, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), are reviewed. Epstein-Barr virus was the first virus to be associated with a human cancer, Burkitt’s lymphoma. EBV is also associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, gastric cancer, and other malignancies. The current models of how EBV is thought to contribute to these various cancers are presented. KSHV, which was identified in Kaposi’s sarcoma, is the most recently discovered human herpesvirus. KSHV is also present in primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric castleman’s disease. The role of KSHV and the viral proteins in the pathogenesis of these diseases is also reviewed in this chapter. The current animal models of EBV- and KSHV-related cancers are also reviewed briefly. Finally, the role of Marek’s disease virus to the development of cancer in birds is reviewed. The goal of this chapter is to give a general overview of the contributions of herpesviruses to the development of cancer that is further developed in other chapters of this volume.
FSH-induction of androgen binding protein in testes of Sertoli cell-only rats.

Administration of a single dose of FSH to immature rats results in the initiation of a complex series of biochemical events within cells present in testicular seminiferous tubules (1). In order to better define these events in chemically precise terms we have recently developed an animal model in which the tubules are devoid of all germ cells from birth. These Sertoli-cell only animals (SCO) respond to FSH in a manner which is indistinguishable from the effects noted in normal rats (2). Thus, after much indirect evidence the Sertoli cell emerges unequivically as a primary target cell for FSH.
Fast and reliable symplectic integration for planetary system N-body problems

We apply one of the exactly symplectic integrators, that we call HB15, of \cite{HB15}, along with the Kepler problem solver of \cite{WH15}, to solve planetary system $N$-body problems. We compare the method to Wisdom-Holman methods (WH) in the \texttt{MERCURY} software package, the \texttt{MERCURY} switching integrator, and others and find HB15 to be the most efficient method or tied for the most efficient method in many cases. Unlike WH, HB15 solved $N$-body problems exhibiting close encounters with small, acceptable error, although frequent encounters slowed the code. Switching maps like \texttt{MERCURY} change between two methods and are not exactly symplectic. We carry out careful tests on their properties and suggest they must be used with caution. We then use different integrators to solve a 3-body problem consisting of a binary planet orbiting a star. For all tested tolerances and time steps, \texttt{MERCURY} unbinds the binary after 0 to 25 years. However, in the solutions of HB15, a time-symmetric Hermite code, and a symplectic Yoshida method, the binary remains bound for $>1000$ years. The methods' solutions are qualitatively different, despite small errors in the first integrals in most cases. Several checks suggest the qualitative binary behavior of HB15's solution is correct. The Bulirsch-Stoer and Radau methods in the \texttt{MERCURY} package also unbind the binary before a time of 50 years, suggesting this dynamical error is due to a \texttt{MERCURY} bug.
Preparation of Starch−Fatty Acid Modified Clay and Its Application in Packaging Papers

To improve the bondability between clay filler and lignocellulosic fiber, Kaolin clay particles were modified using a starch−fatty acid complex method. The coating efficiency of starch on clay particle surfaces was investigated by measuring the dissolved starch in the supernatant. The experimental results indicated that more than 98% of the applied starch was precipitated onto the surface of the filler, and the resulting starch−fatty acid−clay composites had relatively good resistance against moderate shear force. The morphology, particle size, and ζ potential of the starch modified filler were also determined with scanning electron microscopy, Malvern particle size analyzer, and Malvern Zetasizer, respectively. An aqueous slurry of linerboard pulp containing 5−15 wt % modified fillers was used for handsheet preparation, and the effects of the addition of modified filler on the paper properties were studied. At a dosage of 10% of the modified filler (based on filler), the retention of the filler was highe...
Intrathecal Magnetic Drug Targeting: A New Approach to Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System

Intrathecal (IT) drug delivery is a standard technique which involves direct injection of drugs into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled space within the spinal canal to treat many diseases of the central nervous system. Currently, in order to reach the therapeutic drug concentration at certain locations within the spinal canal, high drug doses are used. With no method to deliver the large drug doses locally, current IT drug delivery treatments are hindered with wide drug distributions throughout the central nervous system (CNS) which cause harmful side effects. In order to overcome the current limitations of IT drug delivery, we have developed the novel method of intrathecal magnetic drug targeting (IT-MDT). Gold-coated magnetite nanoparticles are infused into a physiologically and anatomically relevant in vitro human spine model and then targeted to a specific site using external magnetic fields, resulting in a substantial increase in therapeutic nanoparticle localization at the site of interest. Experiments aiming to determine the effect of key parameters such as magnet strength, duration of magnetic field exposure, location of magnetic field, and ferrous implants on the collection efficiency of our superparamagnetic nanoparticles in the targeting region were performed. Our experiments indicate that intrathecal magnetic drug targeting and implant-assisted IT-MDT are promising techniques for concentrating and localizing drug-functionalized nanoparticles at required target sites within the spinal canal for potential treatment of diseases affecting the central nervous system.© 2013 ASME
New rig on the block: spatial policy discourse and the new suburban geography of energy production on Colorado's Front Range

ABSTRACTDrawing from the Critical Discourse Analysis and Cultural Sociology of Space frameworks, this empirical analysis explores the discursive struggle between stakeholders of divergent viewpoints as they respond to the newfound spatial proximity of oil and gas extraction to homes and schools in suburban residential areas on Colorado's northern Front Range. Through an analysis of media, policy-making, and neighborhood meeting discourse, this study examines the social construction of space through policy narratives and regional debates about the American West's relationship to extractive industries. Results reveal that the discursive struggle over suburban drilling hinges upon the question of whether industrial activities belong in residential areas and is carried out through competing policy narratives that invoke differing (spatial versus aspatial) policy solutions. The deliberative quality of these policy narratives is constrained by existing spatial policy practices and further constrains democratic ...
Properties of epitaxial (110) BaTiO 3 films from first principles

A first-principles-based effective Hamiltonian approach is used to simulate the temperature-versus-misfit strain phase diagram of epitaxial (110) BaTiO${}_{3}$ (BTO) thin films. Unusual features are discovered that significantly differ from those found in BTO films grown along the ``usual'' [001] direction. Examples include the independency of the Curie temperature with compressive strain and the existence of specific monoclinic and triclinic phases near room temperature. These low-symmetry phases are associated with a rapid strain-induced rotation of the polarization and possess large piezoelectric and dielectric responses. Our atomistic technique provides an insight into these novel features, as well as other predicted phenomena.
Monolayer tissue cultures. II. Poliomyelitis virus assay in roller tube cultures of trypsin-dispersed monkey kidney.

SummaryThe preparation of roller tube cultures of trypsin-dispersed monkey kidney cells and their utilization for the assay of poliomyelitis viruses has been described. Data have been presented that show that cultures prepared in the manner described are more sensitive indicators of the presence of poliomyelitis virus infectivity than are cultures prepared from minced kidney fragments.
Martyr, Narcissist, Opportunist...?: Edward Snowden and the Evolution of the Post 9/11 Security Clearance Process

This Comment is about the Edward Snowden controversy and its implications to the Security Clearance process. After taking the required oath of confidentiality and allegiance required of his multiple government positions, Mr. Snowden has leveraged his clearance level and leaked sensitive and confidential documents owned by the United States of America. The focus of this Comment addresses how Edward Snowden was able to access national secrets and disperse them worldwide; as well as, how the Security Clearance process has been able to recognize and move toward correcting flaws within the Intelligence Community that had previously allowed candidates like Mr. Snowden to obtain a fiduciary position within the federal government. Thus, denying candidates that do not meet the standards of moral and ethical hygiene that are set by the Security Clearance process from obtaining access to confidential documents; and, adapting that process to filter out unfit candidates before the tender of an initial offer of employment to unfit applicants.
Advances in Study on Rice Resistant Starch

Rice resistant starch has attracted more and more attentions for its important physiological functions and values in food industry. The classification and determination of resistant starch were briefly introduced,and the latest research progress on determination,physicochemical properties and physiological functions of resistant starch in rice as well as rice resistant starch industry were reviewed. It was intended to provide some references for breeding of rice rich in resistant starch and the development of resistant starch rice industry.
Genotyping of Shigella sonnei in Xiaoshan district by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

Objective To explore the molecular biological characteristics and genetic correlation of 54 Shigella sonnei( S. sonnei) strains in Xiaoshan district in 2010 by using pulsed- field gel electrophoresis( PFGE). Methods The 54 S. sonnei strains were identified by biochemical tests and serotyping according to WS 287- 2008. The homology analysis was performed with PFGE refering to CDC PulseNet method and the BioNumerics software was used to analyze the genetic relationship among these strains. Results Thirteen PFGE types were found among the 54 strains through XbaⅠdigestion,and the similarity of the main types was 92. 1%,and most were from a highly similar clone. Conclusion The PFGE typing method and typing database of S. sonnei strains were established in this study,containing the main clones of S. sonnei strains. Further analysis and comparison should be carried out to cinfirm whether the highly similar S. sonnei isolates in Xiaoshan were from single infection source.