cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IS AN INDEPENDENT PREDICTOR OF BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK: A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY

The association of atrial fibrillation (Afib) with sinus nodal and AV nodal dysfunction (first degree heart block) is well known. However, there are no studies or anecdotal reports that have found an association between Afib and the presence of a bundle branch block (BBB). Patient data were
Commentary: Modern Political Economy and Public Policy:

This article directly and bluntly challenges traditional thought by casting aside conventional wisdom regarding the national economy, replacing it with Modern Political Economy and Public Policy. A...
Abstract TP232: Disparities in Access to Stroke Research in the State of Texas

Objective: Access to care is an important healthcare goal but access to research is also important to patients. We sought to gain an understanding of the status of stroke research among the various...
Vedolizumab Achieved Clinical and Histologic Remission in a Patient with Lung Cancer Who Had a Steroid-Refractory Upper Gastrointestinal Injury Due to Nivolumab Treatment

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have emerged as a novel therapeutic class for various malignancies. Their immune upregulation promotes significant anti-tumor effect, but simultaneously, can also result in treatment-limiting immune-related adverse events (irAEs). The data on upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract irAEs are sparse. We herein describe a case of steroid-dependent upper GI toxicity with nivolumab (an anti-programmed death [PD] protein-1) that achieved clinical and histological remission with vedolizumab treatment (a GI tract targeted anti-integrin antibody). A 65-year-old male patient with progressive lung cancer was treated with nivolumab and following 16 cycles, developed severe nausea, vomiting, and epigastric abdominal cramps requiring five hospitalizations. His initial esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) showed active inflammation in both the stomach and duodenum. Nivolumab was discontinued, but despite treatment with multiple steroid courses, his symptoms always recurred during prednisone taper. Clinical remission was ultimately achieved with vedolizumab. His last EGD after five infusions of vedolizumab demonstrated resolution of inflammation. His lung cancer has since relapsed and the treatment plan was to resume nivolumab concurrently with vedolizumab. In conclusion, ICIs, such as nivolumab, have emerged as therapy for various malignancies. Their use can be associated with various irAEs including the upper GI adverse events which is uncommon. This case scenario showed that vedolizumab can provide a steroid-sparing therapeutic effect to achieve remission of upper GI irAEs even in cases where multiple steroid courses have failed.
High-Pressure Synthesis and Local Structure of Corundum-Type In2-2xZnxSnxO3 (x ≤ 0.7).

In2-2xZnxSnxO3 solid solutions with 0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.8 are synthesized from stoichiometric mixtures of In2O3, SnO2, and ZnO (70 kbar, 1000 °C, 30 min for x ≤ 0.7 and 1150 °C, 1 h for x = 0.8).
A Comparison of Echocardiographic Findings in Young Adults with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Due to Methamphetamine-Associated, Alcoholic, and Idiopathic Cardiomyopathy

Background Methamphetamine is the most widespread illegal stimulant abused in the United States and the 3rd most common drug of abuse in the US after alcohol and opiates. New Mexico is one of the top ten states for methamphetamine use. No previous reports comparing echocardiographic findings of cardiomyopathy with and without a history of methamphetamine abuse in New Mexico are available. Objective To define demographic and echocardiographic characteristics of patients admitted for acute decompensated heart failure with reduced ejection fraction due to methamphetamine-associated Cardiomyopathy (MA-CMP), during index hospitalization. To compare these characteristics to patients with alcoholic cardiomyopaty (A-CMP) and Non ischemic cardiomyopathy(NICMP). Methods We performed a single institution retrospective review of medical records and analyses of echocardiographic findings in patients ≤ 55 years of age hospitalized between 2008 and 2015 who were discharged with a diagnosis of acute decompensated heart failure after their index hospitalization. Patients with ischemic CMP, severe valvular disease, or left ventricular ejection fraction > 40% were excluded. The remaining patients were divided into three groups: no substance abuse, methamphetamine abusers, and alcohol only abusers- as determined by the documented history in the medical records or urine toxicology testing. For each of the three groups in addition to demographic findings following Echocardiographic parameters were collected: Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV),and LV end-systolic volume (LVESV). Results Among 225 patients who met inclusion criteria, 59 (26%) had MA-CMP, 42 (18%) A-CMP, and 124(54%) had NICMP. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that MA-CMP group had a lower EF of 19.93 (P Conclusions Patients with MA-CMP admitted for acute decompensated heart failure with reduced ejection fraction during index hospitalization tend to have echocardiographic findings of lower quantified LVEF, higher LVESV and LVEDV compare to patients with NICMP and alcoholic CMP related heart failure. We postulate different mechanism to explains this difference.
Dignity in Transgender Lives: A Capabilities Approach

AbstractTransgender people frequently contend with serious challenges to living lives of dignity. They face elevated risks of violent assault, discrimination in employment and healthcare, and socia...
Mutually Assured Restraint: A New Approach for United States-China Relations

Distrust between the United States and China has increased in recent years, despite a close connection between the two countries’ economic welfares and an increase in trade between the two nations. To avoid the United States and China falling into the Thucydides trap, in which a dominant power’s fear of a rising power necessarily leads to war, both nations would be well-served by further embracing a strategy of Mutually Assured Restraint (MAR). MAR seeks to inject substance into the vague phrases mouthed by both powers: China ought to have a "new model of major-country relations" with the United States, and the United States seeks to build a “cooperative partnership” with China. MAR is a foreign policy based on mutual respect, a quest for confidence building, and a set of new institutionalized arrangements that would move both powers away from situations that could escalate into major conflicts.
Behavioral Patterns and Prayer

Professional counselors, ecclesiastical leaders and other "helping" persons often work with troubled people whose frustration is complicated by unsuccessful attempts to solve problems through prayer. It is not uncommon to hear complaints like, "I prayed for help, but nothing happened." Even more difficult could be, "I fasted, prayed, and got my answer but it didn't work out." ("She married someone else," or "The job just didn't work out," or "I was miserable in that location.") Our sometimes quick, general answers based on the simple guidelines in the scriptures, Le., real intent, keep the commandments, be humble, have faith and repent, may prove to be unhelpful to the frustrated person because of the lack of some specific diagnostic model linking the condition for receiving answers to prayer to one's behavioral patterns. The helping person may find himself hard pressed to assist a discouraged, disillusioned person who is burdened not only with a personal problem but also with a seeming lack of help through prayer. Feelings of frustration and inadequacy are often intensified when the miserable one says, "I attend my church meetings, pray regularly, keep the Word of Wisdom, pay an honest tithing, keep myself morally clean, I have a testimony, and yet my prayers don't seem to be answered." Even the insight that "No" is also an answer will be unhelpful and inadequate at these times. This paper (a) outlines requirements set forth in the scriptures for praying and for receiving answers to prayers, (b) outlines a systematic classification of patterns of behavior and description of the positive and . negative elements of each behavioral pattern, and (c) combines these into an analytical framework to identify and classify the types of prayers most likely to be given from each pattern of behavior along with the answers to be expected. Clinical experience with this framework suggests that it can aid counselors in helping clients understand, analyze and deal with prayer-related delimmas. Reviewing the scriptures we find instruction for prayer and praying in the following categories: (1) how to approach the Lord, (2) what conditions are set for receiving answers, (3) what prior conditions facilitate answers to prayer, and (4) what conditions restrict answers to prayer (Figure 1). Scriptural instructions are clear about how to approach the Lord. We are to pray over all aspects of our daily activities, call on His name in the name of His Son, pour out our souls, seek Him diligently, and pray always. The conditions set for receiving answers are also specified and include: asking in faith, believing we will receive, having real intent, not doubting, having an honest heart, asking for that which is appropriate, and
Unscheduled Radiologic Examination Orders in the Electronic Health Record: A Novel Resource for Targeting Ambulatory Diagnostic Errors in Radiology

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of unscheduled radiologic examination orders in an electronic health record, and the proportion of unscheduled orders that are clinically necessary, by modality. Methods This retrospective study was conducted from January to October 2016 at an academic institution. All unscheduled radiologic examination orders were retrieved for seven modalities (CT, MR, ultrasound, obstetric ultrasound, bone densitometry, mammography, and fluoroscopy). After excluding duplicates, 100 randomly selected orders from each modality were assigned to two physician reviewers who classified their clinical necessity, with 10% overlap. Interannotator agreement was assessed using κ statistics, the percentage of clinically necessary unscheduled orders was compared, and χ2 analysis was used to assess differences by modality. Results A total 494,503 radiologic examination orders were placed during the study period. After exclusions, 33,546 unscheduled orders were identified, 7% of all radiologic examination orders. Among 700 reviewed unscheduled orders, agreement was substantial (κ = 0.63). Eighty-seven percent of bone densitometric examinations and sixty-five percent of mammographic studies were considered clinically necessary, primarily for follow-up management. The majority of orders in each modality were clinically necessary, except for CT, obstetric ultrasound, and fluoroscopy (P Conclusions Large numbers of radiologic examination orders remain unscheduled in the electronic health record. A substantial portion are clinically necessary, representing potential delays in executing documented provider care plans. Clinically unnecessary unscheduled orders may inadvertently be scheduled and performed. Identifying and performing clinically necessary unscheduled radiologic examination orders may help reduce diagnostic errors related to diagnosis and treatment delays and enhance patient safety, while eliminating clinically unnecessary unscheduled orders will help avoid unneeded testing.
Microstructure and creep performance of a multicomponent Co-based L12–ordered intermetallic alloy

Abstract The chemistry, thermodynamics and mechanical properties of the L12-ordered Co3(Al,W) γ’-phase are crucial for the understanding of γ(f.c.c.)/γ’(L12) cobalt-based superalloys. A single-phase γ’(L12) alloy with the composition Co-30Ni-11Al-5.5W-4Ti-2.5Ta-0.10B (at.%) and a γ’(L12)-solvus temperature of 1268 °C was recently identified using the Calphad-methodology. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy reveals that the single-phase microstructure is stable at 900 and 1000 °C for 1000 h and at 1100 °C for 168 h, without other phases being observed, resulting in similar levels of microhardness for all annealing temperatures. Atom-probe tomography confirms the presence of a single-phase γ’(L12)-microstructure with a composition of (Co,Ni)3(Al,W,Ti,Ta). Grain boundaries exhibit depletion of Ni, W and Ta and enrichment of Co, Al and B. A remarkable yield stress anomaly is observed, with the yield strength increasing from ~ 300 to ~ 700 MPa from room temperature to 800 °C, which is stronger than Co3(Al,W)(L12) and Ni3Al(L12). The creep tests at 850 and 950 °C display power-law behavior with a stress exponent of n = ~ 3 and an activation energy of Qn = 497 kJ•mol-1 for (Co,Ni)3(Al,W,Ti,Ta), similar to that of single-phase Ni3Al(L12) compound (Qn = 406–421 kJ•mol-1) [ 1 , 2 ].
COVID-19 pandemic may fuel academic bullying

The COVID-19 pandemic may exacerbate factors influencing abusive workplace behaviors in general such as psychological health, economic and social inequities. This is true in academic and research environments where we can expect to see an increase in the incidence of academic bullying. Research and experience shows that academic bullying will have significant and enduring negative effects on scientific integrity and academic health. In this perspective piece we will explore the potential facilitative influence of COVID-19 and specifically responses to it, on bullying behaviors in academic and research environments.
From 8-bit punk to 8-bit avant-garde: designing an embedded platform to control vintage sound chips

Music technology has advanced remarkably since the 1980s, yet the 8-bit sounds of computers and video game consoles from that era are still considered iconic and difficult to replicate. The sound chips originally used in these devices are no longer compatible with modern tools for music making, heavily constraining the further exploration of this popular aesthetics. With this paper, I present the ongoing development of a novel platform, built with open-source embedded technologies, and designed for the integration of vintage sound chips in widely used music programming and instrument design frameworks. The goal of the project is to innovate chiptune music practice, while preserving the role of authentic hardware and fostering the appropriation of its signature limitations.
Morphologically conditioned phonology with two triggers

Morphologically conditioned phonology, where a particular phonological alternation or requirement holds only for a subset of lexical items or in a subset of morphological contexts, is well documented. This paper expands on the literature by examining phonological alternations where two independent triggering morphemes must both be present for a phonological alternation to apply. Several cases of doubly morphologically conditioned phonological alternations, from a diverse set of languages, are described. The existence of morphologically conditioned phonology with two triggers informs our models of the interface between morphology and phonology, in that phonological operations must be able to reference the presence of more than one morpheme simultaneously. A range of possible analyses are considered, including those set in Stratal OT, Indexed Constraint Theory, Cophonology Theory and Cophonologies by Phase Theory. A Cophonologies by Phase account is found to be optimal, where multiple morpheme-specific phonological requirements accumulate and co-trigger alternations within a single spell-out domain.
On Graphs Derived from Posets

A graph is associated with a poset. If the set of upper bounds of the set of lower bounds of two elements in a poset is the poset itself then we say that these two elements are adjacent in the graph. Properties of this graph are studied. It is shown that if the chromatic number of the associated graph is finite then the clique number is equal to the chromatic number. Some properties of this graph are obtained.
Alzheimer's disease drug development pipeline: 2021.

Introduction The number of individuals worldwide with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is growing at a rapid rate. New treatments are urgently needed. We review the current pipeline of drugs in clinical trials for the treatment of AD. Methods We interrogated ClinicalTrials.gov, the federal registry of clinical trials to identify drugs in trials. Results There are 126 agents in 152 trials assessing new therapies for AD: 28 treatments in Phase 3 trials, 74 in Phase 2, and 24 in Phase 1. The majority of drugs in trials (82.5%) target the underlying biology of AD with the intent of disease modification; 10.3% are putative cognitive enhancing agents; and 7.1% are drugs being developed to reduce neuropsychiatric symptoms. Discussion This pipeline analysis shows that target biological processes are more diversified, biomarkers are more regularly used, and repurposed agents are being explored to determine their utility for the treatment of AD.
Is Democracy a Procedural Right in Vacuo? A Democratic Perspective on Procedural Violations as a Basis for Standing

Many commentators express concern that democracy in the United States is under threat, whether from the pressure of concentrated wealth and structural racism, government secrecy and authoritarian tendencies, an outdated constitutional structure and old-fashioned corruption, or perhaps a combination of them all. Against this background, this Article argues that the Supreme Court’s treatment of procedural rights for determining standing—the key that opens the door to federal court—is an overlooked factor in contributing to democratic erosion. According to these cases, the alleged violation of a congressionally conferred procedural right that does not safeguard some separate, non-procedural, concrete interest of the plaintiff—a procedural right “in vacuo” as dubbed by the Court—does not constitute Article III injury so the right holder is barred from federal court. Conceding that standing requires a showing of a concrete injury, the Article argues that a congressionally conferred right to participate in the processes of self-governance is valuable in and of itself, and its infringement should be treated as Article III injury even if it does not cause immediate financial loss or injury to some other non-procedural interest. The Court’s devaluation of these procedural rights in its standing doctrine not only has diminished opportunities for democratic practice, but also has destabilized political institutions that support democratic values. Part I sets out the background assumptions about democracy, procedure, and democratic procedure. Part II provides the doctrinal basis for the claim that the Court’s approach to procedural standing gives insufficient constitutional weight—indeed, gives no weight—to intrinsic process values such as equality, dignity, and participation. Part III discusses how the Court’s procedural standing decisions line up against some of the key indicators of democratic erosion. This Part further shows that the Court’s devaluation of process values in its standing doctrine is not unique to its Article III decision making, but rather marks a general tendency in its constitutional analysis—a trend that has worked to reduce the public sphere, entrench power by race and class, and shrink public participation of certain groups such as workers and consumers. Overall, the Article seeks to reorient standing doctrine in ways that support participatory norms and intrinsic process values that serve as guardrails of democracy.
Automated Control of Oxygen in Neonates

Supplemental oxygen is given to a large proportion of preterm infants to maintain adequate levels of oxygenation. In this population exposure to supplemental oxygen increases the risk of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and oxygen radical injury to other organs and systems (McColm and Fleck 2001; Tin and Gupta 2007; Saugstad 2003). These effects are more pronounced in infants born at earlier gestational ages due to their immaturity and the prolonged duration of the exposure to oxygen.
Partial Resolution of the Enzymes Catalyzing Oxidative Phosphorylation XXXIX. RECONSTITUTION OF THE THIRD SEGMENT OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

Abstract 1. Cytochrome oxidase was combined with a hydrophobic protein fraction derived from bovine heart mitochondria in the presence of cytochrome c, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and sodium cholate. After removal of cholate by dialysis and of external cytochrome c by washing, the vesicles were combined with coupling factors. The reconstituted vesicles catalyzed oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of ascorbate plus N-methylphenazinium methyl sulfate with a P:O ratio between 0.25 and 0.5. 2. For optimal activity the ratios of the protein and of the phospholipid components were critical. Excess cytochrome oxidase or cytochrome c yielded vesicles with a low P:O ratio. The ratio of cholate to phospholipids and the proportions of individual phospholipids also influenced the effectiveness of reconstitution. With purified phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine a ratio of 1:4 was optimal. At a ratio of 1:1 the rate of phosphorylation was low but was markedly increased when cardiolipin was added to the phospholipid mixture. 3. Synthetic phospholipids replaced the natural phospholipids even when they contained unnatural side chains. With synthetic phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine the P:O ratio was lower and optimal conditions were different from those used with natural phospholipids. 4. The reconstituted vesicles oxidized both external and internal ferrocytochrome c. Removal of external cytochrome c was essential for effective coupled phosphorylation. In the presence of external ferrocytochrome c the P:O ratio as well as the net rate of phosphorylation was depressed. This uncoupling effect by external cytochrome c was not observed with submitochondrial particles. It appears therefore that in contrast to the membrane of mitochondria and of submitochondrial particles, which are asymmetrical, the reconstituted particles exhibit symmetrical features of assembly. Asymmetry, required for phosphorylation, was only induced by removal of external cytochrome c.
Así se enseña periodismo en Norteamérica

La formacion periodistica en Estados Unidos es quiza una de las mas admiradas en el mundo entero y en particular, la que ofrece la Universidad de Columbia. Sin embargo, el valor de la ensenanza, como lo dice, el propio decano de la facultad, es todavia bastante subjetivo.
ÜER KOSTEN UND ERTRÄGE VON AUSBILDUNGSINVESTITIONEN

SUMMARY Recently there has been an increasing interest in the economic aspects of education. It is due to the insight—which itself gained ground because of the growing quantitative importance of education—that education involves costs, or demands resources which are essentially scarce. The optimal allocation of resources to the sector of education is therefore an important problem. It is not automatically solved by the market mechanism, because social costs and returns of an education are not recorded in the market. A rational solution of the problem, therefore, depends largely on non-market decisions, which in turn presuppose an indirect evaluation of costs and returns of an investment in education. The present article reviews critically the methods applied and the problems encountered by American economists and calculating the costs and returns of an investment in education, taking as an example the typical four-year college education. It is shown that, under certain assumptions, costs and returns of investments in education can be calculated, compared with corresponding data for other investments and thus be used as a basis for a decision as to whether expenditures on education should be increased or decreased. The main shortcoming of this approach, judging from the hitherto published contributions, seems to be a neglect of the dynamic implications which in turn are closely connected with the external effects of education. It is to be hoped that further research will better take into account these effects which are likely to be of considerable importance.
Tolerance analysis for phased arrays

The effects of phase and amplitude quantization, random and periodic errors, channel to channel crosstalk, and missing radiators upon the line response of a phased array imaging system are discussed. A tolerance analysis is developed that allows the design engineer to evaluate the effects of those errors and to set limits as to their maximum allowable magnitudes.
A multimodal real-time platform for studying human-avatar interactions

A better understanding of the human user's expectations and sensitivities to the real-time behavior generated by virtual agents can provide insightful empirical data and infer useful principles to guide the design of intelligent virtual agents. In light of this, we propose and implement a research framework to systematically study and evaluate different important aspects of multimodal real-time interactions between humans and virtual agents. Our platform allows the virtual agent to keep track of the user's gaze and hand movements in real time, and adjust his own behaviors accordingly. Multimodal data streams are collected in human-avatar interactions including speech, eye gaze, hand and head movements from both the human user and the virtual agent, which are then used to discover fine-grained behavioral patterns in human-agent interactions. We present a pilot study based on the proposed framework as an example of the kinds of research questions that can be rigorously addressed and answered. This first study investigating human-agent joint attention reveals promising results about the role and functioning of joint attention in human-avatar interactions.
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption, Fat Intake, and Physical Activity Participation in Relation to Socio-demographic Factors Among Medically Underserved Adults

Fruit and vegetable intake as well as physical activity participation in Mississippi is consistently lower than recommendations. We conducted a cross-sectional study to examine fruit and vegetables consumption, fat intake, and moderate-intensity physical activity participation and how these variables relate to socio-demographic factors among medically underserved adults in south Mississippi. Fruit and vegetable consumption and fat intake along with physical activity participation and socio-demographic characteristics was collected from a sample of 161 (48 male and 113 female) adults in south Mississippi. A majority (81.9%) of participants reported consuming less than five servings of fruits and vegetables per day and 54% reported exercising less than three times a week. Only 14% of participants reported eating a low fat diet. Bivariate correlations revealed no significant relationships between fruit and vegetable consumption and fat intake as well as no significant relationships between fruit and vegetable consumption and gender, ethnicity, income, marital status, or education. However, there were significant correlations between physical activity and fat intake (r = -0.21, p = 0.01), and physical activity with fruit and vegetable consumption (r = 0.16, p = 0.05). Higher physical activity rates were associated with decreased fat intake and increased fruit and vegetable consumption. Physical activity was also higher among men (r = -0.16, p = 0.05) and positively correlated with income level (r = 0.21 p = 0.01). In order to effectively identify or develop strategies to improve health by promoting increased fruit and vegetable intake and physical activity, further research is needed to understand the factors that affect behavior choices regarding nutrition and physical activity in this medically underserved adult population.
Episodic and Semantic Memory Components of Verbal Paired-Associate Learning:

One argument for distinguishing between hard (i.e., low-associate) and easy (i.e., high-associate) paired-associate learning is that hard associates provide a selective measure of episodic memory, whereas easy associates reflect both episodic and semantic memory. This study examined correlations between hard and easy verbal paired associates and episodic and semantic memory in a mixed clinical sample. When age and education were controlled, hard paired associates correlated as much with category fluency (i.e., semantic memory) as they did with immediate recall or retention (i.e., episodic memory). Correlations with hard and easy associates differed more on retention than on immediate recall. Letter fluency was essentially unrelated to either easy or hard associates. The study concludes that hard paired associate learning should not be presumed to selectively measure episodic memory.
Retinal ganglion cell death and neuroprotection: Involvement of the CaMKIIα gene

Abstract The purpose of this study is to determine if calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-II (CaMKII) plays a role in neuronal cell death and if inhibition of this kinase affords some neuroprotection in the RGC-5 retinal ganglion cell line. The RGC-5 cells were treated with glutamate at various concentrations for increasing increments of time. Cytotoxicity was assayed by measuring the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage from non-viable cells and TUNEL assays. The involvement of caspase-3, Bcl-2 and caspase-8 in glutamate-induced cytotoxicity was determined by immunoblots and/or real time RT-PCR. In addition, the autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide (AIP), a specific inhibitor of CaMKII, was used to determine the involvement of CaMKII in glutamate-induced RGC-5 cell death. Application of increasing concentrations of glutamate to RGC-5 cells caused a dose-dependent increase in the level of cell death after 24 h. There was a glutamate-stimulated increase in the expression of caspase-8 and caspase-3 and a corresponding decrease in Bcl-2. The active fragment of caspase-3 increased in glutamate-treated cells. An early transient increase in the expression of CaMKIIαB gene and a corresponding CaMKIIα nuclear translocation was found in glutamate-treated cells. Treatment with AIP blocked the activation of caspase-3 and protected RGC from glutamate-mediated cell death but did not alter the glutamate-enhanced expression levels of caspase-8 or caspase-3. This report shows the likely involvement of a transcript of the CaMKIIα gene in the cytotoxicity response of RGC-5 cells similar to previous reports in the neural retina. AIP is shown to be a neuroprotectant for RGC-5 cells as was reported for the neural retina.
Analysis of Boundary Slip in a Flow with an Oscillating Wall

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is used to study slip at the fluid-solid boundary in an unsteady flow based on the Stokes' second problem. An increase in slip is observed in comparison to the steady flow for shear rates below the critical shear rate of the corresponding steady flow. This increased slip is attributed to fluid inertial forces not represented in a steady flow. An unsteady mathematical model for slip is established, which estimates the increment in slip at the boundary. The model shows that slip is also dependent on acceleration in addition to the shear rate of fluid at the wall. By writing acceleration in terms of shear rate, it is shown that slip at the wall in unsteady flows is governed by the gradient of shear rate and shear rate of the fluid. Nondimensionalizing the model gives a time dependent yet universal curve, independent of wall-fluid properties, which can be used to find the slip boundary condition at the fluid-solid interface based on the information of shear rate, gradient of shear rate of the fluid, and the instant of time during the cycle. A governing nondimensional number, defined as the ratio of phase speed to speed of sound, is identified to help in explaining the mechanism responsible for the transition of slip boundary condition from finite to a perfect slip and determining when this would occur. Phase lag in fluid velocity relative to wall is observed. The lag increases with decreasing time period of wall oscillation and increasing wall hydrophobicity. The phenomenon of hysteresis is seen when looking into the variation of slip velocity as a function of wall velocity and slip velocity as a function of fluid shear rate. The cause for hysteresis is attributed to the unsteady inertial forces of the fluid. The rate of heat generated by viscous shear is compared for an unsteady Stokes' second problem and simple Couette flow and is shown to be higher for the unsteady flow.
Some Effects of Feeding Various Filled Milks to Dairy Calves. III. Blood Plasma Tocopherol and Vitamin A Levels, Diet Storage Effects, and Evidence of Toxicity

Summary Low blood plasma tocopherol levels were found in calves fed corn oil filled milk, despite a relatively high tocopherol intake. Both plasma tocopherol and vitamin A values declined progressively during the experimental period in the corn oil filled milk group. Low blood plasma tocopherol levels also occurred in animals fed lard filled milk and a ration containing butter oil, which was prepared from oxidized butter. Oral supplementation of the corn oil and lard filled milk diets with 500mg. of dl-alpha tocopherol or alpha tocopheryl acetate daily resulted in high plasma tocopherol values. A loss of 30-40% of total tocopherol content of the corn oil filled milk resulted during a maximum storage period of seven days. It was also demonstrated that an extremely high peroxide content developed in the corn oil tilled milk during a similar storage period. The feeding of a corn oil filled milk prepared daily rather than at weekly intervals markedly reduced the severity of the diarrhea and increased dry matter digestibility. Weight gains, however', were not materially affected. The weekly prepared corn oil filled milk was found to be as detrimental for calves 4 mo. old as for younger animals. The possibility that corn oil filled milk is toxic to dairy calves is discussed in considerable detail.
In progress: Relational urban models

The article describes the principles behind the approach of Relational Urbanism to the use of digital interface as a mechanism for multi-disciplinary engagement in urban planning and design, but also ultimately as the starting point for a research on new modes of regional projects. It describes its relationship between recent tends of urban design such as parametric urbanism, to outline its particular critical position. It then moves to outline the Relational Urbanism design methodology altogether with a description of an interface used for initial design stage of urban projects. It then outlines the regional ambitions and results of the academic exploration of Relational Urbanism as part of the Berlage Institute 2010 agenda.
Ab initio coupled cluster determination of the equilibrium structures of cis- and trans-1,2-difluoroethylene and 1,1-difluoroethylene.

The equilibrium structures of cis- and trans-1,2-difluoroethylene and 1,1-difluoroethylene, C2H2F2, have been determined with high-level coupled cluster techniques combined with large basis sets, explicit consideration of core/valence, and scalar relativistic and higher order correlation effects. Excellent agreement was found with new semiexperimental structures, increasing the level of confidence in both approaches. Differences in bond lengths among ethylene and the fluoroethylenes are discussed.
Misleading Children's Story Recall: Forgetting and Reminiscence of the Facts.

Reasons for the transient nature of misinformation effects in children's long-term recollection are discussed. Two of the key issues are initial encoding confounds and analytical insensitivity. A recently developed model of long-term retention that eliminates these problems is outlined and used to analyze the data from two experiments on children's (kindergarten and Grade 2) story recall. The main results show that (a) misinformation effects were small in magnitude and were directly related to rate of forgetting, not age, (b) developmental differences in retention were controlled by forgetting, particularly storage failures, and (c) reminiscence occurred across test trials and increased the probability of correct factual recall. These results clearly demonstrate that when initial encoding is controlled and appropriate measurement techniques are in place, age and misinformation effects are independent
Characterization of chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells

Although tyrosine kinase inhibitors have redefined the care of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), these agents have not proved curative, likely due to resistance of the leukemia stem cells (LSC). While a number of potential therapeutic targets have emerged in CML, their expression in the LSC remains largely unknown. We therefore isolated subsets of CD34(+) stem/progenitor cells from normal donors and from patients with chronic phase or blast crisis CML. These cell subsets were then characterized based on ability to engraft immunodeficient mice and expression of candidate therapeutic targets. The CD34(+)CD38(-) CML cell population with high aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity was the most enriched for immunodeficient mouse engrafting capacity. The putative targets: PROTEINASE 3, SURVIVIN, and hTERT were expressed only at relatively low levels by the CD34(+)CD38(-)ALDH(high) CML cells, similar to the normal CD34(+)CD38(-)ALDH(high) cells and less than in the total CML CD34(+) cells. In fact, the highest expression of these antigens was in normal, unfractionated CD34(+) cells. In contrast, PRAME and WT1 were more highly expressed by all CML CD34(+) subsets than their normal counterparts. Thus, ALDH activity appears to enrich for CML stem cells, which display an expression profile that is distinct from normal stem/progenitor cells and even the CML progenitors. Indeed, expression of a putative target by the total CD34(+) population in CML does not guarantee expression by the LSC. These expression patterns suggest that PROTEINASE 3, SURVIVIN, and hTERT are not optimal therapeutic targets in CML stem cells; whereas PRAME and WT1 seem promising.
Ultracentrifugation study of mouse plasma containing rauscher virus

Abstract MOUSE plasma containing Rauscher virus was diluted with 3 volumes of 0.05 M potassium citrate and centrifuged in cold (4°C) at 105,000 × g. After 2 hours of centrifugation, the infective material present in the supernatant fractions was comparable to that present in the pellet fraction. However, after centrifugation for 15 hours, the infective material decreased in the supernatant and increased in the pellet fraction indicating further sedimentation of the infective material. These results indicated the possibility of soluble infective material present in the plasma.
Aspects of the population dynamics of the polychaeteSabellaria vulgaris Verrill, in the Delaware Bay

Aspects of the population dynamics of the polychaeteSabellaria vulgaris Verrill 1874 were studied by observing the temporal occurrence of larvae in the plankton of Delaware Bay. Vertical plankton samples were collected monthly from July 1970 to October 1971. Four 25-hour plankton studies were conducted within this time period, and on one occasion samples were collected on a transect across the mouth of the bay.Sabellaria vulgaris larvae were present in the bay only from mid-April through October. July (1970) and August (1971) 25-hour plankton studies showed larvae present in the water column at virtually all times of the day and night. Horizontal dispersion of larvae in the plankton was clearly aggregated. However, correlation of larval presence, absence or abundance with the measured physical factors in the estuary was not apparent except on a seasonal scale.
Belief, Community, and Technology on the Internet

Technological failure is usually seen as precluding success in computer network projects. In Jay County, Indiana, technological failure in a rural, county-wide community networking initiative did not get defined as such. Because we had turned what was first seen as a purely technical project into a community-wide discourse on technological needs and issues, technological failure simply did not matter.
Investigation of large transit vehicle accidents and establishing appropriate protection for wheelchair riders.

Securing wheelchairs and restraining wheelchair riders on buses is difficult for many wheelchair riders and transit providers. This study examined injury-producing events aboard large transit buses in general in an attempt to better understand the potential risks and required protection for wheelchair users. The study found that few injuries and fatalities occur on large transit buses. Examination of the relatively few injury-producing events advanced the understanding of these events in terms of acceleration/deceleration magnitude and direction. Low acceleration/deceleration, or low-g, events such as those involving abrupt braking or turning occur frequently and are associated with approximately half of onboard passenger injuries. Unfortunately, the actual frequency of high-g events was not determined. Most of the injurious events involved the bus rapidly decelerating because of frontal impacts with another vehicle or roadside object. Further study is needed to determine the magnitude and frequency of high-g events. This information is necessary to determine the level of protection commensurate with real-world risk necessary for wheelchair riders in the transit bus environment and may ultimately facilitate the development of easier-to-use safety systems that secure and restrain wheelchairs and their riders. Language: en
Relationship between Anti-Tax Antibody Responses and Cocultivatable Virus in HTLV-I-Infected Rabbits

The presence of anti-Tax antibody responses in human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-infected individuals has been correlated with increased proviral load, increased risk of transmitting infection, and increased risk of developing tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). In this study, a rabbit model of HTLV-I infection was used to determine whether anti-Tax antibody responses could predict the presence of virus with the potential to replicate. Seven of 14 HTLV-I-infected rabbits developed anti-Tax antibody responses. The onset of Tax reactivity was variable, but once detected remained constant throughout the remainder of the 60-week course of the study. All anti-Tax antibody positive rabbits produced virus as measured by p19 expression upon coculture, while p19 was detected in only one of the Tax antibody negative animals. Thus the presence of an anti-Tax antibody response correlates with p19 expression following cocultivation, and may be a useful predictor of virus replication in HTLV-I infected individuals.
A Critical Role for STAT3 Transcription Factor Signaling in the Development and Maintenance of Human T Cell Memory

STAT3 transcription factor signaling in specific T helper cell differentiation has been well described, although the broader roles for STAT3 in lymphocyte memory are less clear. Patients with autosomal-dominant hyper-IgE syndrome (AD-HIES) carry dominant-negative STAT3 mutations and are susceptible to a variety of bacterial and fungal infections. We found that AD-HIES patients have a cell-intrinsic defect in the number of central memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells compared to healthy controls. Naive T cells from AD-HIES patients had lower expression of memory-related transcription factors BCL6 and SOCS3, a primary proliferation defect, and they failed to acquire central memory-like surface phenotypes in vitro. AD-HIES patients showed a decreased ability to control varicella zoster virus (VZV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latency, and T cell memory to both of these viruses was compromised. These data point to a specific role for STAT3 in human central memory T cell formation and in control of certain chronic viruses.
A study of CNVs as trait-associated polymorphisms and as expression quantitative trait loci.

We conducted a comprehensive study of copy number variants (CNVs) well-tagged by SNPs (r2≥0.8) by analyzing their effect on gene expression and their association with disease susceptibility and other complex human traits. We tested whether these CNVs were more likely to be functional than frequency-matched SNPs as trait-associated loci or as expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) influencing phenotype by altering gene regulation. Our study found that CNV–tagging SNPs are significantly enriched for cis eQTLs; furthermore, we observed that trait associations from the NHGRI catalog show an overrepresentation of SNPs tagging CNVs relative to frequency-matched SNPs. We found that these SNPs tagging CNVs are more likely to affect multiple expression traits than frequency-matched variants. Given these findings on the functional relevance of CNVs, we created an online resource of expression-associated CNVs (eCNVs) using the most comprehensive population-based map of CNVs to inform future studies of complex traits. Although previous studies of common CNVs that can be typed on existing platforms and/or interrogated by SNPs in genome-wide association studies concluded that such CNVs appear unlikely to have a major role in the genetic basis of several complex diseases examined, our findings indicate that it would be premature to dismiss the possibility that even common CNVs may contribute to complex phenotypes and at least some common diseases.
Alpha and beta diversity of encrusting foraminifera that recruit to long-term experiments along a carbonate platform-to-slope gradient: Paleoecological and paleoenvironmental implications

Abstract The spatial and temporal distribution and diversity of sediment-dwelling foraminifera are reasonably well known, but encrusting (hard-substrate dwelling) foraminifera are little studied. Encrusting foraminifera are common in the world's oceans, attached to floating debris or marine animals in the water column to living on rocks, sand grains and organisms in benthic environments from shallow to deep marine regions. With projected ocean acidification and warming conditions, these important calcifying protists that comprise beaches, buffer sediments, and contribute to complex food webs are potentially in peril. Results indicate that calcifying foraminifera were the first to colonize experimental molluscan substrates within the first year in shallow habitats, with colonization offshore in subsequent years. Agglutinated foraminifera become more common after one year. Species richness (α diversity) remained relatively similar throughout the study, but species turnover (β diversity) was greatest within the first year and between the shelf/slope break and deeper water, following the thermocline and photic zone regions. The equivalent of the Shannon Entropy Index provided important information on β diversity and community structure. Paleobathymetric distributions can be resolved after six years into four distinct foraminiferal distributional zones: shallow shelf (15 m), outer shelf (33 m), shelf/slope break (73–88 m), and slope depths (> 213 m to 267 m). Some encrusting foraminifera are invasive, settling in high numbers within the first year, and increasing their abundance through the duration of the experiment. A foraminiferan, Discorbis bertheloti, was discovered to bioerode carbonate, and is a potentially excellent paleobathymetric indicator for 15–33 m depths. Results differ from previously reported pioneer and climax foraminiferal communities documented for Caribbean coral reefs, because long-term experiments reveal the spatial and temporal development and distribution of carbonate-producing encrusting foraminifera in these climatically-sensitive regions.
Genetic algorithms and solutions of an interesting differential equation

The Schrodinger equation is a second order differential equation that describes and governs many real world systems of interest. Analytical techniques are sufficient to solve this equation for some simple systems, and numerical techniques can provide adequate approximate solutions for somewhat more complex problems. However, attempts to use numerical techniques for yet more complex systems, some of great interest, have proven to be beyond the capabilities of conventional computing resources. Computational intelligence techniques have been applied in some approaches to addressing this problem. This paper reports an approach to using genetic algorithms with "mixed" analytical wave functions, to solve the Schrodinger equation.