cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survival of boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) adults after feeding on pollens from various sources

The survival of overwintering boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis (Boheman), adults on non-cotton hosts in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of Texas was examined from 2001 to 2006. The success of the Boll Weevil Eradication Program, which was re- introduced into the LRGV in 2005, depends on controlling overwintering boll weevil populations. Laboratory studies were conducted using boll weevil adults that were captured in pheromone traps from September through March. The number of adults captured per trap declined significantly in the field from fall to the beginning of spring (3.5-7.0-fold). The proportion of trapped males and females did not differ significantly. The mean weight of boll weevil adults captured in September was 13.3 mg, while those of captured adults from November to February were significantly lower and ranged from 6.7 to 7.8 mg. Our results show that boll weevil adults can feed on different plant pollens. The highest longevity occurred when adults were fed almond pollen or mixed pollens (72.6 days and 69.2 days, respectively) and the lowest when they fed on citrus pollen or a non-food source (9.7 days or 7.4 days, respectively). The highest adult survival occurred on almond and mixed pollens (88.0%-97. 6% after 1st feeding period (10 days), 78.0%-90.8% after 3rd feeding period (10 days), 55. 0%-83.6% after 5th feeding period (10 days), and 15.2%-32.4% after 10th feeding period (10 days)). The lowest adult survival occurred on citrus pollen (52.0%-56.0% after 1st feeding period (10 days), 13.3% after 3rd and 5th feeding periods (10 days), and 0 after 6th feeding period (10 days)). Pollen feeding is not a behavior restricted to adult boll weevils of a specific sex or physiological state. Understanding how boll weevil adults survive in the absence of cotton is important to ensure ultimate success of eradicating this pest in the subtropics.
B7-1 overexpression by thymic epithelial cells results in transient and long-lasting effects on thymocytes and peripheral T helper cells but does not result in immunodeficiency.

The B7-1 (CD80) molecule provides costimulatory function for the activation of T helper lymphocytes upon encounter with antigen. To investigate the role of this molecule in thymocyte maturation, we have generated transgenic (Tg) mice in which CD80 expression is driven by the keratin 14 promoter (K14). This overexpression of CD80 resulted in the loss of detectable cell surface CD28 expression on thymocytes and a significant reduction in both the surface T cell receptor expression and the ratio of CD4(+) to CD8(+) single-positive thymocytes in Tg animals compared to nontransgenic (non-Tg) controls. While many of these defects were transient, the significant decrease in CD4(+) versus CD8(+) T cell ratio persisted peripherally. Peripheral T cells from these Tg mice were found to be significantly hyporesponsive to T cell mitogens and in mixed leukocyte reaction, effects that our data indicate are due to reduced IL-2 production by Tg T cells upon activation. Despite these functional defects, immunization with both complex and simple protein antigens produced no differences in the proliferative or humoral responses to these antigens between Tg and non-Tg groups. These data indicate that thymic CD80 signaling results in the deletion of significant numbers of CD4(+) T cells but does not culminate in antigen-specific immunodeficiency.
APPROXIMATING HYPERCUBES BY INDEX-SHUFFLE GRAPHS VIA DIRECT-PRODUCT EMULATIONS

Index-shuffle graphs are a family of bounded-degree hypercube-like interconnection networks for parallel computers, introduced by [Baumslag and Obrenic (1997): Index-Shuffle Graphs, …], as an efficient substitute for two standard families of hypercube derivatives: butterflies and shuffle-exchange graphs. In the theoretical framework of graph embedding and network emulations, this paper shows that the index-shuffle graph efficiently approximates the direct-product structure of the hypercube, and thereby has a unique potential to approximate efficiently all of its derivatives. One of the consequences of our results is that any member of the following group of standard bounded-degree hypercube derivatives: butterflies, shuffles, tori, meshes of trees, is emulated by the index-shuffle graph with a slowdown in the order of the logarithm of the slowdown of the most efficient emulation achieved by any other member of this group. Emulation algorithms are presented where the emulation host is the n-dimensional index-shuffle graph Ψn, having N=2n nodes. The emulated graph G is a direct product of the form: G=F0×F1×⋯×Fk-1 where k is a power of 2, and each factor Fi is an instance of any of the following three graph families: cycle, complete binary tree, X-tree. Let the size of each factor be |Fi|≤2nf, where k·nf≤n. The index-shuffle graph Ψn, emulates any factor Fi in the product G with slowdown: O(log k) + O(log nf), which is O(log n) = O(loglog N). Any collection of 2l copies of the product G, such that: l+k·nf≤n is emulated by the index-shuffle graph Ψn simultaneously, without any additional slowdown. Relaxing the assumption that k is a power of 2 introduces an additional factor of O(lg*N) into the slowdown.
Myoblast myosin phosphorylation is a prerequisite for actin-activation.

CYTOPLASMIC myosins are found in most non-muscle cellular systems studied to date1. In vertebrates these myosins are composed of two heavy chains of 200,000 molecular weight (MW) and four light chains, two each of 20,000 and 15,000 MW. A number of cytoplasmic myosins, as well as skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle myosin, can be enzymatically phosphorylated2–6. That is, those light chains of MWs 18,000–20,000, the so-called P-light chains6, can undergo phosphorylation catalysed by a myosin light chain kinase7,8. In this reaction the terminal phosphate of ATP is transferred to a specific amino acid residue on the myosin P-light chain, up to one mole of phosphate per mole of light chain9,10. A myosin light chain phosphatase that catalyses the removal of the covalently-linked phosphate group from the P-light chain, returns the myosin to the non-phosphorylated state5,11. Phosphorylation of human platelet myosin4, guinea pig vas deferens3 and chicken gizzard12,13 smooth muscle myosin results in an increase in the actin-activated ATPase activities of these myosins. Although the phosphorylation of the P-light chain of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin has been described10, no functional change in this myosin's activity due to phosphorylation has been demonstrated11. To study the role of myosin phosphorylation during muscle cell differentiation, we investigated precursor cells to skeletal muscle, namely proliferative myoblasts. The Yaffe L-5 810 line of cloned proliferative rat myoblasts is an actively dividing cell line in culture which under the appropriate conditions can form myofibrils. We now report: (1) that myosin isolated from proliferative myoblasts contains light chains of 20,000 and 15,000 MW, (2) the 20,000 MW light chain can be phosphorylated by an endogenous myosin light chain kinase14, (3) the proliferative myoblast myosin light chain kinase does not require calcium ions for activity, and (4) phosphorylation is a pre-requisite for actin activation of the myosin's ATPase activity.
Teaching the Inclusive Teacher: Restructuring the Mainstreaming Course in Teacher Education

Inclusive education for students with disabilities, as a component of school reform, is increasingly connecting to efforts to integrate diverse students in general education classes. These include students who are gifted and talented, who have limited English speaking abilities, and who are from various racial and ethnic groups. Teacher education programs must respond more effectively to these changes in schools by providing more effective preparation related to teaching truly diverse students in general education classes. Many complex issues are involved in this process. However, faculty members can make an important step towards responding to these needs through a simple mechanism—the restructuring of the typical "mainstreaming course. " This course can be restructured from one that essentially provides an overview of various disabilities to one that provides strategies that build on holistic, authentic instructional approaches and that provides a range of techniques for accommodation, adaptation of the...
Failure of a cemented all-polyethylene patellar component of a press-fit condylar total knee arthroplasty

A 65-year-old woman had a posterior cruciate-retaining cemented Press-Fit Condylar (PFC; Johnson & Johnson Professional, Inc., Raynham, MA) knee replacement with resurfacing of the patella using a cemented all-polyethylene, 3-peg component. Five years postoperatively, the patient developed anterior knee pain. The patella tracked normally, but radiographs showed a shift of the patellar component. At revision, there was shear failure of all 3 fixation pegs and loosening of the component. Revision with a cemented Press-Fit Condylar Sigma patellar 3-peg component (Johnson & Johnson Professional, Inc., Raynham, MA) was performed.
“Deep” RET: A reformulation of some psychodynamic explanations of procrastination

Ellis and Knaus (1977) have given an extremely helpful account of procrastination and how to overcome it. Their account focuses on irrational beliefs concerning the immediate task, and on ways of disputing those beliefs. Procrastination can also occur because of beliefs about the consequences of succeeding at the task. This paper describes four paradigms of cases that fall outside the framework provided by Ellis and Knaus. In these cases, therapeutic interventions aimed at beliefs about the task itself will fail, seemingly because of deep or dynamic motivations. If therapeutic attention is shifted from the presenting problem to the secondary ramifications of the problem, then rational-emotive theory can account for the cases without recourse to psychodynamic explanations.
The epidemiology of emergency medical services use by children: an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.

Objective. There is an absence of nationally representative data describing pediatric patients who use emergency medical services (EMS) andthe factors associated with EMS use by children. This study characterizes pediatric emergency department (ED) visits for which the patient arrived by EMS andidentifies factors associated with those visits using a nationally representative database. Methods. A secondary analysis of the ED component of the 1997–2000 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey was performed. The dependent variable was the mode of arrival to the ED (EMS vs. not EMS), andindependent variables were grouped into four domains: demographic, clinical, system, andservice characteristics. Bivariate analyses andmultivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results. There were 110.9 million ED visits by children aged <19 years between 1997 and2000. Pediatric patients constituted 27.3% of all ED visits during this time, and7.9 million (7.1%) of these patients arrived via EMS. Pediatr...
Granules are necessary for death of neutrophils after phagocytosis of crystalline monosodium urate.

Crystalline monosodium urate (MSU) produces inflammation in vivo and kills phagocytes in vitro. A plausible hypothesis to account for crystal-induced cell death is that ingested crystals perforate the phagocytic vacuole into which lysosomes have degranulated: "lysis from within." However, it has also been contended that degranulation is not required for crystal-induced cell death. To resolve this controversy, we have prepared neutrophil-derived cytoplasts ("neutroplasts") which are devoid of most cellular organelles, including lysosomal granules. Both intact neutrophils and neutroplasts ingested MSU crystals, but inhibition of phagocytosis by cytochalasin B reduced crystal-induced death of neutrophils (release of lactate dehydrogenase) from 42% to 16% without altering lysis of neutroplasts (27% with MSU alone and 26% with MSU and cytochalasin B). Moreover, addition of serum, which prevents direct interaction of crystals with the outer plasma membrane, reduced lysis of neutrophils, reducing cell death from 42% to 25%. After 60 min incubation, serum was totally ineffective in reducing neutrophil death but continued to reduce lysis of neutroplasts from 61% to 13%. Thus, the MSU lysed neutroplasts under conditions in which it ruptured membranes of nonphagocytic structures (erythrocytes, liposomes), i.e., in the absence of serum: "lysis from without." These data suggested that death of neutrophils after internalization of MSU requires a component that is lacking in neutroplasts. Granules (lysosomes) are the best candidates for this component, supporting the general validity of the "lysis from within" hypothesis.
Trying Juveniles As Adults: A Note on New Mexico’s Recent Experience

Much has been written and said about the juvenile crime wave that supposedly has swept over the United States during the past three decades. In response to this perceived dramatic rise in crime rates, many states have adopted more severe policies and sanctions for dealing with serious juvenile offenders. One particular approach to sanctioning serious juvenile offenders is to transfer them to adult court. This article will explore the recent experience of one state, New Mexico, in trying juveniles as adults.
Crystalline silicon thin film photovoltaic solar cells based on energy efficient nanomembrane transfer process

We report here experimental demonstration of crystalline semiconductor Si nanomembrane thin film solar cells based on room temperature frame-assisted membrane transfer (FAMT) process. Low-temperature compatible annealing processes have also been investigated for optimal metal contact formation. For two micrometer thick p-n junction Si solar cells, we obtained an open circuit voltage of 0.38 V and power efficiency of 1.64%, without any anti-reflection coating or light trapping schemes. Incorporating optimal anti-reflection coating, light trapping and plasmonic structures, we expect the cell efficiency to approach 10% and more for 2 μm thick Si cells. The results demonstrate a promising future for such a new type of cost effective flexible thin film solar cells, based on crystalline semiconductor membranes.
Early meteorological results from the viking 2 lander.

Early results from the meteorological instruments on the Viking 2 lander are presented. As on lander 1, the daily patterns of temperature, wind, and pressure have been highly repetitive during the early summer period. The average daily maximum temperature was 241 K and the diurnal minimum was 191 K. The wind has a vector mean of 0.7 meter per second from the southeast with a diurnal amplitude of 3 meters per second. Pressure exhibits both diurnal and semidiurnal oscillations, although of substantially smaller amplitude than those of lander 1. Departures from the repetitive diurnal patterns begin to appear on sol 37.
Characteristics of infections in patients undergoing staged implantation for sacral nerve stimulation.

OBJECTIVES To review clinical and surgical factors in patients who have undergone staged sacral nerve stimulator implantation and to determine whether there are any identifiable risk factors for infection. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed on 76 consecutive patients undergoing staged implantation for sacral nerve stimulation for voiding dysfunction. Patients with postprocedural wound infections (after Stage 1 or Stage 2) were compared with those without infections with regard to demographic factors and surgical characteristics, such as operative time and duration of exposed lead wire. Organisms cultured were also documented. RESULTS Lead infection occurred in 9 of 76 patients (12%). All cultures grew Staphylococcus aureus. Of 9 patients with lead infection, 6 had organisms sensitive to their perioperative antibiotic. Forty-five patients had an implantable pulse generator implanted, and 5 infections occurred (11%). Four cultures grew S. aureus (all sensitive to the perioperative antibiotic given), whereas one grew Pseudomonas. The only significant difference in clinical/surgical characteristics between infected and noninfected patients was a longer operative time for Stage 2 in infected patients. In addition, 3 patients with infection had one or more known risk factors for wound infection (steroid use, severe psoriasis, recurrent skin abscess). CONCLUSIONS Apart from known risk factors for surgical wound infections, the only variable we could identify that might increase the risk for infection is a longer operative time for Stage 2. S. aureus was the organism most commonly cultured. Often it was sensitive to the perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis.
When should a multicampus hospital be considered a single entity for public reporting on patient safety issues

OBJECTIVE Attempts to provide information to consumers about patient safety on specific hospitals have conflicted with organization self-perceptions and led to confusion among the general public. This article presents organizational theory framework and criteria to classify organizations as single versus multiple reporting entities. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Operational definitions are presented. A case study comparing institutions both within and across state boundaries in the Mayo Clinic Health System is used to demonstrate their utility. The study includes analysis of an employee survey on employee satisfaction and patient safety climate in 2004 among nurses and physicians at the 2 Mayo Clinic hospitals in Rochester, Minn. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The criteria for a single organization are more strongly supported for the Mayo Clinic hospitals located in the same city than for hospitals in the same system but separated geographically. Although there is debate about the measurement of organizational culture, employee surveys provide some evidence of a commonality across hospitals in the same city. The case study comparing institutions both within and across state boundaries in the Mayo Clinic Health System demonstrate the utility of the proposed criteria.
Modeling and Managing Mobile Commerce Spaces Using RESTful Data Services

This paper advocates the use of RESTful data services in mobile commerce information spaces. REST is a restriction of web services to a simple protocol centered on a limited set of access operations against data resources. This paper analyzes how REST may be used as a general design principle for mobile commerce spaces. This analysis is threefold. First, it provides an abstract component model that contains a minimal embodiment of the REST functionality needed to support mobile commerce. Second, it describes and analyzes the operation of a mobile commerce space, resulting in a reference REST-based data decomposition that may be reused across a variety of domains. Third, it provides and analyzes a set of usage cases in the mobile commerce domain, which can form the basis of future REST-oriented programming models and tools. This analysis is based on a substantial mobile commerce framework we have implemented, called Celadon. This framework is currently being used to demonstrate several ambitious mobile commerce applications.
Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Mediates Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transdifferentiation through a RhoA-dependent Mechanism

Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta) can be tumor suppressive, but it can also enhance tumor progression by stimulating the complex process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transdifferentiaion (EMT). The signaling pathway(s) that regulate EMT in response to TGF-beta are not well understood. We demonstrate the acquisition of a fibroblastoid morphology, increased N-cadherin expression, loss of junctional E-cadherin localization, and increased cellular motility as markers for TGF-beta-induced EMT. The expression of a dominant-negative Smad3 or the expression of Smad7 to levels that block growth inhibition and transcriptional responses to TGF-beta do not inhibit mesenchymal differentiation of mammary epithelial cells. In contrast, we show that TGF-beta rapidly activates RhoA in epithelial cells, and that blocking RhoA or its downstream target p160(ROCK), by the expression of dominant-negative mutants, inhibited TGF-beta-mediated EMT. The data suggest that TGF-beta rapidly activates RhoA-dependent signaling pathways to induce stress fiber formation and mesenchymal characteristics.
Naturalistic Misunderstanding of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle has been misinterpreted by naturalistic researchers. They have utilized the principle as an argument against the efficacy of the rationalistic paradigm. They falsely assume that this argument supports the naturalistic research paradigm. This article attempts to expose the basic misunderstanding of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and its misuse in the current literature on naturalistic research.
Radiation-Induced Thyroid and Other Head and Neck Tumors: Occurrence of Multiple Tumors and Analysis of Risk Factors*

In 2561 patients who received conventional external radiation treatment before age 15 yr for benign conditions of the head, neck, and upper thoracic area, we found an increase in the number of salivary gland tumors and benign neural tumors of the head and neck area. To determine whether patients who developed these relatively uncommon tumors were more susceptible to the long term effects of radiation, we analyzed how frequently these patients also developed benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms. Compared to the remainder of the irradiated population, the patients with salivary and neural tumors had an increased frequency of thyroid disease (19.4% us. 11.2% for thyroid cancer and 52.4% us. 39.9% for all thyroid nodules). Various risk factors were studied to determine whether they we’e related to the eventual occurrence of thyroid disease. Higher doses, being female, and lower ages at time of treatment were associated with increased risk. However, these factors did not fully explain the differences in the ...
Multilateral R&D alliances by new ventures

Abstract We examine the antecedents and outcomes of new ventures' formation of multilateral R&D alliances. Our results show an inverted U-shaped relationship between market uncertainty and a new venture's likelihood of forming multilateral R&D alliances. Top management team's social capital and ventures' technological capabilities are critical for new ventures to identify and capture alliance opportunities. Moreover, our analysis reveals value creation effects of multilateral R&D alliances for new ventures despite the challenges and difficulties associated. We further show that the value creation effect is a function of the type of exchange relationship (i.e., net- vs. chain-based) in the multilateral R&D alliance and that governance structure moderates this relationship.
Making It Easier To Be Green: A Single Case Demonstration of the Effects of Computer Defaults To Conserve Energy in a University Computer Lab

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/SUS.2013.9827
The dynamics of group codes: state spaces, trellis diagrams, and canonical encoders

A group code C over a group G is a set of sequences of group elements that itself forms a group under a component-wise group operation. A group code has a well-defined state space Sigma /sub k/ at each time k. Each code sequence passes through a well-defined state sequence. The set of all state sequences is also a group code, the state code of C. The state code defines an essentially unique minimal realization of C. The trellis diagram of C is defined by the state code of C and by labels associated with each state transition. The set of all label sequences forms a group code, the label code of C, which is isomorphic to the state code of C. If C is complete and strongly controllable, then a minimal encoder in controller canonical (feedbackfree) form may be constructed from certain sets of shortest possible code sequences, called granules. The size of the state space Sigma /sub k/ is equal to the size of the state space of this canonical encoder, which is given by a decomposition of the input groups of C at each time k. If C is time-invariant and nu -controllable, then mod Sigma /sub k/ mod = Pi /sub 1 >
Gun Policy, Opinion, Tragedy, and Blame Attribution: The Conditional Influence of Issue Frames

Political events and policy discussion set parameters for debate and help to determine how an issue comes to be defined. Though existing research has examined the effects of alternative representations of political issues on public opinion, less attention has been given to highly salient issues, such as gun policy, and the potential effect of framing on causal attributions of blame for tragic events. This study expands the framing research to include opinion on policies concerning guns as well as the attributions of blame following the school shooting in Littleton, Colorado. We test several hypotheses using data from two field polls-one examining support for concealed handgun laws and the other examining blame attribution following the shootings at Columbine High School. We find that alternative gun frames influence opinion about concealed handgun laws as well as attributions of blame for Columbine. However, the effect is conditional, hinging on the nature of respondents' predisposition and existing knowl...
A physical end-to-end model for molecular communication in nanonetworks

Molecular communication is a promising paradigm for nanoscale networks. The end-to-end (including the channel) models developed for classical wireless communication networks need to undergo a profound revision so that they can be applied for nanonetworks. Consequently, there is a need to develop new end-to-end (including the channel) models which can give new insights into the design of these nanoscale networks. The objective of this paper is to introduce a new physical end-to-end (including the channel) model for molecular communication. The new model is investigated by means of three modules, i.e., the transmitter, the signal propagation and the receiver. Each module is related to a specific process involving particle exchanges, namely, particle emission, particle diffusion and particle reception. The particle emission process involves the increase or decrease of the particle concentration rate in the environment according to a modulating input signal. The particle diffusion provides the propagation of particles from the transmitter to the receiver by means of the physics laws underlying particle diffusion in the space. The particle reception process is identified by the sensing of the particle concentration value at the receiver location. Numerical results are provided for three modules, as well as for the overall end-to-end model, in terms of normalized gain and delay as functions of the input frequency and of the transmission range.
Occupancy Modeling of Ruffed Grouse in the Black Hills National Forest

Ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) are a popular game bird and the management indicator species for quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) in the Black Hills National Forest (BHNF), which requires development of a robust monitoring protocol to evaluate trends in ruffed grouse populations. We used roadside drumming surveys in spring 2007 and 2008 to estimate ruffed grouse occupancy and detection probabilities in the BHNF while simultaneously assessing the influence of sampling and site covariates on these processes. Ruffed grouse occupancy estimates were constant between spring 2007 and 2008 (C ¼ 0.12, SE ¼ 0.03) and were positively influenced by the amount of aspen surrounding the site. Detection probability estimates were constant between spring 2007 and 2008 ( p ¼ 0.27, SE ¼ 0.06) and were influenced by survey date in a quadratic form and negatively influenced by wind speed and time of the survey. Collectively, our results demonstrated that ruffed grouse occupancy and detection probabilities in the BHNF were low. Occupancy could be increased by increasing the extent of aspen. To improve monitoring efficiency and maximize probability of detecting ruffed grouse, ruffed grouse monitoring should be conducted during the peak of drumming (mid-May), during favorable weather conditions such as low wind speeds and little precipitation, and during early morning, near sunrise. 2011 The Wildlife Society.
An empirical model of the organization knowledge system in new product development firms

Abstract A structural equation model of the knowledge system for new product development (NPD) is derived from a sample of 1200 engineers in 10 technology firms, and validated on a hold-out sample. Core to the model are knowledge work behaviors that: (1) expand knowledge relevant to NPD by focusing on the performance of the organization as a system; (2) increase knowledge available by linking knowledge sources with needs; (3) access procedural knowledge by using systematic processes; and (4) generate knowledge by trying new approaches and experimenting. We examine the organizational antecedents of these behaviors, and their impacts on knowledge outcomes and organizational effectiveness.
The archaeology of African‐European interaction: Investigating the social roles of trade, traders, and the use of space in the seventeenth‐ and eighteenth‐century Hueda Kingdom, Republic of Bénin

Abstract Archaeological research has been underway at the site of the town of Savi, on the coast of Benin, West Africa, since 1991. Savi grew to international fame in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as the capital of the Hueda (Whydah) Kingdom, and a port of great importance in the trans‐Atlantic slave trade. Traders of many European nations, including the Netherlands, England, France, and Portugal, maintained permanent trading establishments in Savi, until its destruction at the hands of the expanding state of Dahomey. These historical circumstances place Savi in a unique situation which can shed light on the transformations and continuities experienced by an African society in the early period of extensive European trade contacts. This paper discusses recent research that has focused on identifying the role of trade and intercultural contact in the development and transformation of Hueda society during the course of Savi's transition into a major trans‐Atlantic trading centre. Archaeological re...
Nuclear non-proliferation and international security: A drama theoretic approach

While game theoretic tools have been widely applied to nuclear proliferation and disarmament issues, traditional decision analysis assumes that decision makers, options, and preferences are fixed. A drama theoretic approach is used to overcome these limiting assumptions: Drama Theory (DT) II allows global leaders and national security policy makers to engage in a rational-emotional process of re-defining international security negotiations (and their “positions” in them) until agreement on a satisfactory nuclear non-proliferation resolution is reached. The 2009 nuclear energy negotiations between Iran and world powers are modeled with DT II and the Confrontation ManagerTM Decision Support System. By adjusting strategy and deriving transformative security policy, it is shown how international security can be achieved by promoting nuclear non-proliferation and resolving strategic conflict.
Source of digital terrain data

The digital terrain map of the United States published on the cover of Eos, v. 62, no. 1, January 6, 1981, has elicited a number of enquiries about enlarged copies and the data source. The terrain data are available from: U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA/EDIS/NGSDC (D62), 325 Broadway Boulder, CO 80303
Brightening of an accretion disk due to viscous dissipation of gravitational waves during the coalescence of supermassive black holes.

Mergers of supermassive black hole binaries release peak power of up to $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{57}\mathrm{erg}\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in gravitational waves (GWs). As the GWs propagate through ambient gas, they induce shear and a small fraction of their power is dissipated through viscosity. The dissipated heat appears as electromagnetic (EM) radiation, providing a prompt EM counterpart to the GW signal. For thin accretion disks, the GW heating rate exceeds the accretion power at distances farther than $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{3}$ Schwarzschild radii, independently of the accretion rate and viscosity coefficient.
Evaluation of cardiac transplant candidates: Preliminary observations

Abstract Acting in a consultation-liaison role, the authors assisted the surgical team with preoperative and postoperative evaluation of psychiatric complications, and with postoperative management, for the eight cardiac transplant patients described in vignettes in this article. The incidence of depression, anxiety, and organic mental disorders was high, leading to the recommendation that a psychiatric team be regularly involved with assessment and management of the transplant patient before and after the operation
Neuroadaptation. Incubation of cocaine craving after withdrawal.

Relapse to cocaine addiction is frequently associated with subjective reports of craving, a poorly understood state that precedes and accompanies cocaine-seeking behaviours1. It has been suggested2 that over the first few weeks of withdrawal from cocaine, human addicts become sensitized to drug-associated environmental cues that act as external stimuli for craving, although the evidence for this is inconsistent3. Here we provide behavioural evidence from laboratory animals suggesting that the onset of craving is delayed and that craving does not decay, but rather increases progressively, over a two-month withdrawal period.
A Negative Regulatory Element Controls mRNA Abundance of the Leishmania mexicana Paraflagellar Rod Gene PFR2

The Leishmania mexicana PFR2 locus encodes a component of the paraflagellar rod (PFR), a flagellar structure found only in the insect stage of the life cycle. PFR2 mRNA levels are 10-fold lower in the mammalian stage than in the insect stage. Nuclear run-on experiments indicate that the change in PFR2 mRNA abundance is achieved posttranscriptionally. Deletion and block substitution analysis of the entire 1,400-nucleotide 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of PFR2C led to the identification of a regulatory element contained within 10 nucleotides of the 3′ UTR, termed the PFR regulatory element (PRE), that is necessary for the 10-fold regulation of PFR2 mRNA levels. Comparison of the half-lives of PFR2 transcripts, identical except for the presence or absence of the PRE, revealed that the PRE acts by destabilizing the PFR2 mRNA in amastigotes. The PRE was inserted into a construct which directs the constitutive expression of a chimeric PFR2 transcript. Insertion of the PRE resulted in regulated expression of this transcript, demonstrating that the regulatory element is sufficient for promastigote-specific expression. Since the PRE is present in the 3′ UTR of all L. mexicana PFR genes examined so far, we propose that it serves a means of coordinating expression of PFR genes.
Beispiele und Hinweise

Wir haben in den vorangegangenen Kapiteln die Grundlagen einer freien Geometrie der ebenen Kurven entwickelt und damit das Ziel unserer Einfuhrung erreicht. Im folgenden bringen wir noch einige Beispiele und zum Schlus Hinweise auf nicht geloste Probleme.
Insufficient Effort Survey Responding: An Under‐Appreciated Problem in Work and Organisational Health Psychology Research

Insufficient effort responding (IER) is problematic in that it can add a systematic source of variance for variables with average responses that depart from the scale midpoints. We present a rationale for why IER is of particular importance to Work and Organisational Health Psychology (WOHP) researchers. We also demonstrate its biasing effects using several variables of interest to WOHP researchers (perceived work ability, negative affectivity, perceived disability, work–safety tension, accident/injury frequencies, and experienced and instigated incivility) in two datasets. As expected, IER was significantly correlated with the focal study variables. We also found some evidence that hypothesised bivariate correlations between these variables were inflated when IER respondents were included. Corroborating IER's potential confounding role, we further found significant declines in the magnitude of the hypothesised bivariate correlations after partialling out IER. In addition, we found evidence for biasing (under-estimation) effects for predictors not contaminated by IER in multiple regression models where some predictors and the outcome were both contaminated by IER. We call for WOHP researchers to routinely discourage IER from occurring in their surveys, screen for IER prior to analyzing survey data, and establish a standard practice for handling IER cases.
Achieving Fill Factor Above 80% in Organic Solar Cells by Charged Interface

Poor carrier mobility in organic semiconductors and high free carrier recombination at the polymer interfaces hinder efficient collection of photogenerated carriers in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. This inefficiency in charge collection is reflected in the low fill factor (FF) of the OPV cells (FFOPV ∼ 65%) compared with its inorganic counterparts (FF ∼ 85%). In this paper, we show that the FF of the OPV devices made of the conventional low-mobility materials can be radically improved (>80%) by introducing a “fixed charge layer” at the donor-acceptor interfaces. We find that the fixed charges prevent free-carrier accumulation at the interface and, hence, minimize charge loss due to interfacial recombination. We use detailed device simulation to estimate the fixed charge density required for significant performance gain in typical P3HT:PCBM cells. We conclude by suggesting several strategies for introducing such charged interfaces within the conventional OPV device structure.
Photon coincidence counting in parametric down-conversion: Interference of field-matter quantum pathways

The coincidence rate in two detectors that register signal and idler photons in parametric down-conversion is calculated using a quantum description of the radiation field that extends the semiclassical theory to the resonance regime. The signal is given by a sum over paths in the joint field plus matter space, each involving a pair of sites (molecules) and six radiation field modes. It may not be factorized into amplitudes representing one-site, three-mode paths. All effects of multiple vacuum modes are accounted for by theses paths without adding a Langevin noise source. The molecular information is given by a time-ordered superoperator Green's function rather than the susceptibility ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(2)}$ used in the semiclassical theory.
Sequence-Defined Polymers via Orthogonal Allyl Acrylamide Building Blocks

Biological systems have long recognized the importance of macromolecular diversity and have evolved efficient processes for the rapid synthesis of sequence-defined biopolymers. However, achieving sequence control via synthetic methods has proven to be a difficult challenge. Herein we describe efforts to circumvent this difficulty via the use of orthogonal allyl acrylamide building blocks and a liquid-phase fluorous support for the de novo design and synthesis of sequence-specific polymers. We demonstrate proof-of-concept via synthesis and characterization of two sequence-isomeric 10-mer polymers. 1H NMR and LCMS were used to confirm their chemical structure while tandem MS was used to confirm sequence identity. Further validation of this methodology was provided via the successful synthesis of a sequence-specific 16-mer polymer incorporating nine different monomers. This strategy thus shows promise as an efficient approach for the assembly of sequence-specific functional polymers.
Entangled State Engineering in Single-Mode Fibers

We present novel designs for fiber-based sources of entangled photon pairs, and investigate the increasing number of available options for quantum-state engineering in the telecom band using four-wave mixing in standard fibers.
Research on Electromagnetic Environment of EHV AC Transmission Line Across the Agricultural Greenhouse

To assess electromagnetic environment of EHV AC transmission lines across the agricultural greenhouses,power frequency electromagnetic field of 500kV EHV AC transmission lines across the agricultural greenhouses in LiaoNing province is measured.Then,a software package on calculating of electromagnetic field for various AC transmission lines is developed based on charge simulation method and current simulation method.Finally,power frequency electromagnetic field of Agricultural Greenhouses is calculated by this package,and the results are compared with that of field measurement.The results show that power frequency electromagnetic field of agricultural greenhouses meet the requirements of standard(10kV/m and 0.1mT).And the greenhouse has a larger impact on electric field than magnetic field.In addition,the calculated result is consistent with that of field measurement as to the electromagnetic field of agricultural greenhouses.Accordingly,the software package can provide reference for electromagnetic environment assessment for HVAC transmission lines across the agricultural greenhouses.
Chemoreceptor-mediated elongation of stereocilium bundles tunes vibration-sensitive mechanoreceptors on cnidocyte-supporting cell complexes to lower frequencies

Cnidocyte-supporting cell complexes (CSCCs) discharge nematocysts into targets upon coincidental stimulation of specific chemoreceptors and contactsensitive mechanoreceptors. In addition, CSCCs in the tentacles of at least one species of sea anemone discharge nematocysts into targets vibrating at specific frequencies. In seawater alone, these CSCCs discharge nematocysts preferentially at 55, 50 and 75 Hz. In the presence of 10−7M N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) or mucin, the CSCCs discharge nematocysts preferentially at the lower frequencies of 0, 5, 15, 30 and 40 Hz. Furthermore, the stereocilium bundles (SBs) within ciliary cones of CSCCs elongate significantly from a mean length of 6.08 μm in seawater to 7.14 μm in 10−7M mucin. The responses of (1) shifting the optimal frequencies for discharging nematocysts to lower frequencies and (2) elongating the SBs both exhibit dose-dependency and temporal adaptation to chemosensitizer. We conclude that these responses are controlled by CSCC chemoreceptors for JV-acetylated sugars. We suggest that specific size-classes of SBs respond to specific frequencies of vibration, since the dose-response parameters to NANA depicting the relative abundances of SB size classes measuring 3–4, 5 and 7 μm correlate with dose-response parameters for the discharge of nematocysts into targets vibrating at 75, 55, and 30 Hz. Treating tentacles with cytochalasin disorganizes the SBs of ciliary cones and decreases the number of frequency optima for nematocyst discharge without significantly affecting nematocyst discharge into static targets. Thus, ciliary cones on CSCCs are vibration-sensitive mechanoreceptors that can be tuned by chemoreceptors to specific, lower frequencies by the elongation of SBs.
Value-sensitive review and analysis of technology-enabled self-management systems: a conceptual investigation

The design and use of technology-enabled systems are increasing in healthcare. Patients with chronic diseases use technologies to self-manage their health. To be effective, the self-management (SM) of chronic diseases must reflect the needs, lifestyles, and preferences of the patients. However, the extant literature does not make clear what patients value the most in the SM process and how these preferences are designed in the SM systems they use. In this paper, we will conduct a value-sensitive review and analysis of the literature on the technology-enabled SM of chronic diseases and conditions. We use a value-sensitive design (VSD) lens to identify what patients value in the SM process and how these values are implicated in the systems they use for SM. We provide a comprehensive list of values and explore their definitions, dimensions, and system implications. We then discuss the theoretical and practical contributions of our findings.
MiR-146a/b: a family with shared seeds and different roots

MicroRNAs are small, noncoding, RNAs known for their powerful modulation of molecular processes, making them a major focus for studying pathological mechanisms. The human miR-146 family of microRNAs consists of two member genes, MIR146A and MIR146B These two microRNAs are located on different chromosomes and exhibit differential regulation in many cases. However, they are nearly identical in sequence, sharing a seed region, and are thus predicted to target the same set of genes. A large proportion of the microRNA (miR)-146 literature focuses on its role in regulating the innate immune response in the context of various pathologies by modulating two widely studied target genes in the toll-like receptor signaling cascade. A growing subset of the literature reports a role of miR-146 in cardiovascular and renal disease, and data suggest there is exciting potential for miR-146 as a diagnostic and therapeutic target. Nevertheless, the published literature is confounded by unclear and imprecise language concerning the specific effects of the two miR-146 family members. The present review will compare the genomic origin and regulation of miR-146a and miR-146b, discuss some approaches to overcome analytical and experimental challenges, and summarize findings in major areas of miR-146 research. Moving forward, careful evaluation of miR-146a/b specificity in analytical and experimental approaches will aid researchers in elucidating the functional relevance of differential regulation of the miR-146 family members in health and disease.
20/X: Visuality, Representation and Epistemology in the Age of Intelligent Seeing Machines

To understand, critique and shape the impact of machines that can see in ways exceeding human capabilities, humans may need to learn to see like machines, to understand their abstractions and categorizations. The installation 20/X explores visuality, representation and epistemology in the age of intelligent seeing machines. This project is a collaboration between artists and biomedical researchers in an attempt to bring science, technology and the arts together to create an opportunity for public dialogue around an invention that will soon permeate the designed world.
Concurrent Variable-Interval Schedules With Food and Water Reinforcers

Four adult male hooded rats pressed one lever to produce food and another lever to produce water. The frequency of both reinforcers was orthogonally varied within subjects in a steady-state design. Decreasing food availability decreased relative time spent responding for food, decreased response rates for food, and increased response rates for water. Decreasing water availability decreased response rates for water and increased relative time spent responding for food (all p <.01). Effects of the two reinforcers were asymmetrical, unlike studies using only food reinforcement. Findings demonstrated the importance of the type of reinforcer in operant research.
The Power of Gratitude

Not only can the regular practice of gratitude promote health and boost one’s mood, but it may be the most important habit one can cultivate in order to sidestep burnout. When we decide to focus on all that is good in our lives, blood pressure lessens; heart rate slows; peace and well-being usher in; and resiliency is fortified (Fredrickson and Levenson, Cognit Emot 12:191–220, 1998; Emmons and McCullough, J Pers Soc Psychol 84:377, 2003) (Fig. 9.1).
EFT and the Process of Change

Over the past several hundred years, the United States has developed a unique financial-service system. Private financial intermediaries have long offered the public a wider range of financial institutions—such as commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, mutual savings banks, and credit unions—than exist in other nations. The variety of these institutions has in turn been protected by our government’s tendency to define specialized functions for each class of institution and to supervise the activities that support them.