cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data Model Property Inference, Verification, and Repair for Web Applications

Most software systems nowadays are Web-based applications that are deployed over compute clouds using a three-tier architecture, where the persistent data for the application is stored in a backend datastore and is accessed and modified by the server-side code based on the user interactions at the client-side. The data model forms the foundation of these three tiers, and identifies the sets of objects (object classes) and the relations among them (associations among object classes) stored by the application. In this article, we present a set of property patterns to specify properties of a data model, as well as several heuristics for automatically inferring them. We show that the specified or inferred data model properties can be automatically verified using bounded and unbounded verification techniques. For the properties that fail, we present techniques that generate fixes to the data model that establish the failing properties. We implemented this approach for Web applications built using the Ruby on Rails framework and applied it to ten open source applications. Our experimental results demonstrate that our approach is effective in automatically identifying and fixing errors in data models of real-world web applications.
Evidence for cyclopropene formation in the reactions of 4,4-dimethyl-4-silacyclohexadienylidene

Abstract In the reactions of 4,4-dimethylcyclohexadienylidene no evidence for cyclopropene formation has been found. By contrast, 4,4-dimethyl-4-silacyclohexadienylidene yields a product on reaction with butadiene that is best rationalized by intramolecular cyclopropene formation.
Effect of Aureomycin, Erythromycin, and Hygromycin on the Growth Rate and Well-Being of Young Dairy Calves

Summary Eighty-eight two-day-old calves were used in two 84-day experiments to evaluate the antibiotics aureomycin, erythromycin, and hygromycin as supplements to a milk replacer–starter type of ration. Hygromycin was fed at five levels ranging from 3.0 to 50mg. of hygromycin per pound of replacer. A milk replacer-calf starter-hay system of feeding was used in both experiments. Supplementing the rations with either aureomycin or erythromycin improved the rate of gain of the calves, increased the feed consumption, and reduced the incidence of calf scours. Hygromycin did not improve weight gains or skeletal growth of the calves, but did significantly reduce the incidence of calf scours. All levels of hygromycin tended to reduce the consumption of calf starter, particularly when fed at high levels.
The expression of the receptor for glycation endproducts (RAGE) in oral squamous cell carcinomas.

Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and their receptors, receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), are novel groups of molecules with roles in inflammation, cytokine activation, and promotion of cell growth. Recently, RAGE has been implicated in the progression and metastasis of several epithelial tumors. The expression of RAGE was examined in 38 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cases by immunohistochemistry. In the OSCCs, RAGE positivity, interpreted as more than 25% positive cells, was detected in 10 of 10 well-differentiated, 3 of 4 well-to-moderately differentiated, 3 of 9 moderately differentiated, 1 of 7 moderate-to-poorly differentiated, and 0 of 8 poorly differentiated tumors. The staining percentage was significantly higher in well-differentiated tumors compared to moderately ( P P
Antisense Modulation of RNA Processing as a Therapeutic Approach in Cancer Therapy

Next-generation antisense technologies are re-emerging as viable and powerful approaches to the treatment of several genetic diseases. Similar strategies are also being applied to cancer therapy. Reprogramming of the expression of endogenous oncogenic products to replace them with functional antagonists, by interfering with alternative splicing (AS) or polyadenylation, provides a promising novel approach to address acquired drug resistance and previously undruggable targets.
Ions in Liquid Helium

The mobility of an ion in liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ is known to be appreciably less than the mobility of a ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ atom and varies in a different way with temperature. It is suggested that the essential difference is that electrostriction effects increase the liquid density over a large region surrounding the ion, so that the ion drags around with it about 50 ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ atoms. The density field of the positive ion is calculated in a semiclassical approximation. A possible difference between the density fields for positive and negative ions is briefly discussed. Various experimental ways of checking this picture of an ion are suggested.
Constraints on the speciation of hydrogen in earth’s transition zone

Abstract The thermodynamic stability of hydrous B-type phases relative to hydrous β- and γ-phases is examined. The stability of phase B (Mg12Si4O19(OH)2) and superhydrous B (Mg10Si3O14(OH)4) relative to hydrous β-phase (with an end-member formula of Mg7Si4O14(OH)2) appears to be controlled by reactions that depend on whether coexisting MgSiO3 resides in the garnet structure, or is present as a pyroxene. In majorite garnet-bearing systems, the volume of B-bearing assemblages is smaller than those containing hydrous β-phase; the corresponding volume change between B-assemblages relative to hydrous γ-phase-bearing assemblages is ambiguous. The increase in volume between superhydrous B-bearing assemblages and hydrous β-phase-bearing assemblages produces a free energy difference that is significantly greater than that expected from thermal contributions to the free energy. Phase B-bearing assemblages also have a smaller volume than hydrous β-phase assemblages, but the difference in volume is a factor of two smaller than that associated with superhydrous B: this may account for the greater stability range of superhydrous B compared to phase B. In contrast, pyroxene-bearing assemblages clearly favor the formation of hydrated β-phase. In accord with these expectations, heavily hydrated β- and γ-phases (those with greater than ∼1 wt.% H2O) have been synthesized in the past primarily from melt-rich or pyroxene-bearing assemblages. To confirm these trends, we conducted synthesis experiments on samples at pressures between 15 and 25 GPa, utilizing the laser-heated diamond cell with chrysotile, San Carlos olivine, Bamble enstatite and a garnet lherzolite as starting compositions, with several weight percent water added to the anhydrous materials. At transition zone pressures, each of these materials yields a B-phase as the main crystalline hydrous phase. The combination of our calculations and experiments thus indicates that the B-phases are probably the main repository for hydrogen in the mantle between 400 and at least 520 km depth, particularly as their thermal stability is expected to be enhanced through the incorporation of levels of fluorine similar to those present in xenolithic phlogopites and amphiboles.
The Rubin–Stark Conjecture for imaginary abelian fields of odd prime power conductor

We build upon ideas developed in [9], as well as results of Greither on a strong form of Brumer’s Conjecture ([2]–[4]), and prove Rubin’s integral version of Stark’s Conjecture for imaginary abelian extensions of Q of odd prime power conductor.
Logical subband decomposition based secured multimedia system

The technological efficiency and growing research in digital networks, devices, and transmission has made digital multi-media an increasingly popular alternative to conventional analog media. With the recent advancements in internet and multi-media technologies, the need for secured multimedia has increased exponentially. In this paper, we present a logical subband based novel secured multimedia system for digital images that could be used for both data hiding and cryptographic applications. It decomposes the cover into various integer valued sub-images that also provides the location map of flippable subband coefficients. Moreover, this approach enhances the capacity of data hiding system by a significant amount of data and simultaneously reduces the visible distortions that could occur in the image. In addition, this technique could also be employed for cryptographic applications, as this framework offers lossless recovery of the scrambled data and effective scrambling. Simulation results show that the proposed technique limits the changes to boundary regions of the image. Further, this approach can retrieve the embedded information without prior knowledge of the original unmarked image.
Effect of Conformation and Drop Properties on Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Dried Biopolymer Drops

Biofluids are complex solutions consisting of small ions and large biopolymers such as DNA, proteins, or proteoglycans. Biopolymers affect fluid properties but their effect on drop deposition has not been examined. Hyaluronic acid (HA), an important component in synovial fluid, was chosen as a model biopolymer, and examined using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Nanoliter volumes of HA solutions were dried onto a patterned SERS substrate and spectra were collected from the dried hyaluronic acid drops with a near-infrared Raman microscope. Characteristic hyaluronic acid bands were examined. Capillary viscometry measured properties of HA solutions, and entanglement behavior was also modeled using scaling theory principles. Viscosity measurements were incorporated into models of suspended particle droplets to account for the effect of inter-chain attraction on droplet formation. Microscope images were used to evaluate the shape of the dried drop. Relative drop thickness was estimated from concentric rings found at drop edges using established models of light interference by thin films. We found SERS spectra were sensitive not only to polymer conformation, but also to type of deposition (ring versus uniform), and the thickness of the resulting deposition. These data suggest an approach to elucidate the effects of biopolymers and dehydrated biofluids on SERS analysis.
Initiating activity of diethylnitrosamine in a rapid production model for pancreatic carcinomas in Syrian hamsters.

The potential initiating activity of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) was studied in a rapid production model for pancreatic carcinogenesis in hamsters developed in our laboratory incorporating the principle of selection based on resistance to cytotoxicity, originally demonstrated for liver carcinogenesis in rats. Female Syrian golden hamsters were given DEN at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight or N-nitrosobis-(2-oxopropyI)amine (BOP) at a dose of 70 mg/kg body weight as initiators followed by 3 cycles of augmentation pressure (choline-deficient diet combined with DL-ethionine, L-methionine upon return to basal diet and then administration of 20 mg/kg body weight BOP), and killed 10 weeks after the beginning of the experiment. DEN followed by the augmentation pressure induced a 65% incidence of total pancreatic lesions including 15% carcinomas, while BOP followed by the augmentation pressure induced 100% incidence of total pancreatic lesions and 84.2% for carcinomas. These yields were significantly greater than those observed for augmentation pressure alone. The results thus indicate that DEN possesses weak initiating activity for pancreatic carcinogenesis under the present experimental conditions.
Conversion of cellulose to hydrocarbon fuels by progressive removal of oxygen

Abstract We report a catalytic process to convert cellulose into liquid hydrocarbon fuels (diesel and gasoline), using a cascade strategy to achieve the progressive removal of oxygen from biomass, allowing the control of reactivity and facilitating the separation of products. The process starts with the deconstruction of solid cellulose in an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid yielding an equi-molar mixture of levulinic acid and formic acid. The formic acid in this mixture can then be used (upon decomposition to H2 and CO2) to reduce levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone (GVL) in the sulfuric acid solution over a Ru/C catalyst. The formation of GVL allows strategies for the separation and recycling of the sulfuric acid used in the cellulose deconstruction step. This GVL product, with residual amounts of sulfur, can be upgraded to 5-nonanone with high yields (90%) in a single reactor by using a dual catalyst bed of Pd/Nb2O5 plus ceria-zirconia. The 5-nonanone product is hydrophobic and separates spontaneously from water, yet possesses a functional group that can be used to control the structure and molecular weight of hydrocarbon fuel components formed in downstream catalytic upgrading treatments.
Detection of clustered DNA lesions: Biological and clinical applications.

Humans are daily exposed to background radiation and various sources of oxidative stress. My research has focused in the last 12 years on the effects of ionizing radiation on DNA, which is considered as the key target of radiation in the cell. Ionizing radiation and endogenous cellular oxidative stress can also induce closely spaced oxidatively induced DNA lesions called “clusters” of DNA damage or locally multiply damage sites, as first introduced by John Ward. I am now interested in the repair mechanisms of clustered DNA damage, which is considered as the most difficult for the cell to repair. A main part of my research is devoted to evaluating the role of clustered DNA damage in the promotion of carcinogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Currently in my laboratory, there are two main ongoing projects. (1) Study of the role of BRCA1 and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit repair proteins in the processing of clustered DNA damage in human cancer cells. For this project, we use several tumor cell lines, such as breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and HCC1937 (BRCA1 deficient) and human glioblastoma cells MO59J/K; and (2) Possible use of DNA damage clusters as novel cancer biomarkers for prognostic and therapeutic applications related to modulation of oxidative stress. In this project human tumor and mice tissues are being used.
Comparative Study Of Various Linear Mapping Algorithms For Hybrid Statistical Pattern Recognition

We study the relations among various linear mapping-based algorithms by formulating a more general unified pseudo-inverse algorithm. We show that the least-square linear mapping technique, the simplified least-square linear mapping technique, the synthetic discriminant function, the equal correlation peak method and the Caulfield-Maloney filter are in fact all special cases of the unified pseudo-inverse algorithm. When the total number of the training images (KM, where K is the number of classes and M is the number of training images in each class) is larger than the dimension of the images (N), the overdetermined case of the unified pseudo-inverse algorithm is the same as the least-square linear mapping technique, due to the fact that both algorithms are based on optimization processes of minimization of the least square error. When KM < N, the underdetermined case of the unified pseudo-inverse algorithm is the same as the least-square linear mapping technique and the synthetic discriminant function. Furthermore, when KM < N, the synthetic discriminant function method can be considered as the degenerated case of the least-square linear mapping technique. Experimental results on classification using the linear mapping-based algorithms are provided and show good agreement with the theoretical analysis.
1120 PREVALENCE OF GENITAL HERPES AND/OR HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 2 (HSV-2) ANTIBODIES IN TWO OBSTETRIC POPULATIONS

Since the pregnant woman's HSV infected genital tract is the source of virus in most cases of neonatal herpes, monitoring in the last trimester for genital virus in a woman with a history in herself or her partner is currently recommended as a method of possible prevention by C-section. We have examined the prevalence of a history of genital herpes, as well as measured HSV-2 antibodies (with an immunodot ELISA on nitrocellulose paper using a purified HSV-2 typespecific glycoprotein, gG-2) in two obstetric populations: a low socioeconomic (LS) group of 300 women and a middle class HMO group of 187 women. The prevalence of genital herpes in pregnant women by history in LS was 3.5% and in HMO 10%; including a history of genital herpes in the male partner, the rates were 1% and 13% respectively. The rates of HSV-2 antibodies in the pregnant women were 49% (LS) and 33% (HMO). Variability in history and antibody rates was noted according to age, race and awareness of the clinical entity of genital herpes. We conclude: (a) that a high proportion of obstetric patients are at some risk for transmitting HSV to their infants; (b) the current monitoring policy needs to be modified. The changing patterns of neonatal herpes as a consequence of the above, as well as other current findings to be discussed, will affect any new approaches to management of this severe neonatal problem.
Electrical transport in amorphous LaGa alloys

Abstract The temperature coefficient of resistivity, TCR, changes sign from positive to negative as the concentration of Ga in amorphous LaGa alloys increases. Measurements of the thermopower of samples with opposite signs for the TCR but not too different Ga concentrations are not in agreement with simplified versions of the Ziman theory. This coupled with a positive Hall coefficient suggests that a new theory of electrical transport may be needed for such materials.
Driving habits and behaviour patterns of university students

Etude psychometrique comparant le comportement type A a l'auto-evaluation des habitudes de conduite des sujets caracterises par ce type de comportement. C'est le «Activity Survey» de Jenkins qui a ete utilise pour le diagnostic du comportement type A, tandis que l'auto-evaluation des comportements de conduite a ete obtenue grâce a deux formes paralleles d'un nouvel instrument: le «Behaviors in Traffic». On a ainsi recueilli des donnees demographiques elementaires et des renseignements sur les deplacements
Abstract 1391: SOX2-p63 interaction and genomic co-localization in squamous cell carcinomas

SOX2 is a transcription factor essential for pluripotent stem cells and the development and maintenance of squamous epithelium. We previously reported SOX2 to be an oncogene subject to highly recurrent genomic amplification in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Here, we aim to further characterize SOX29s function in SCC. We demonstrate that SOX2 binds to distinct genomic loci in SCCs than in embryonic stem (ES) cells through comparative ChIP-seq analysis. Through mass-spectrometric analysis following tandem-affinity immunopurification in SCCs we identify SOX2 interacts with another master squamous transcription factor, p63, instead of its partner in ES cells, OCT4. We find that genomic occupancy of SOX2 in SCC overlaps with that of p63 at a large number of loci and this SOX2-p63 coordinate binding is absent in ES cells. We further demonstrate that SOX2 and p63 jointly regulate gene expression, including the oncogene ETV4, which we find essential for SOX2-amplified SCC cell survival. Together, these findings demonstrate that SOX29s actions in SCC differ substantially from its role in pluripotency. The identification of novel SOX2-p63 interaction enables deeper characterization of SOX29s function in SCC and normal squamous epithelial physiology. Citation Format: Hideo Watanabe, Qiuping Ma, Shouyong Peng, Guillaume Adelmant, Danielle Swain, Wenyu Song, Cameron Fox, Joshua M. Francis, Chandra Sekhar Pedamallu, David S. Deluca, Angela N. Brooks, Jianwen Que, Anil K. Rustgi, Kwok-kin Wong, Keith L. Ligon, X. Shirley Liu, Jarrod A. Marto, Matthew Meyerson, Adam J. Bass. SOX2-p63 interaction and genomic co-localization in squamous cell carcinomas. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1391. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1391
Bulk silicon micromachining for the scanning thermal profiler and other applications

It has previously been shown that bulk silicon micromachining using a dissolved wafer process with an impurity based etch stop can be used to fabricate structures with variable thickness, high (thickness-to- width) aspect ratios, and overhanging features, as well as structures with multiple stacked levels. This technology has been further extended in the development of silicon micromachined thermal profilers (SMTPs). The SMTP consists of a polysilicon-gold thermocouple located at the tip of a probe shank that overhangs the edge of the substrate. The probe shank is suspended by flexible beams, and can be electrostatically excited into motion by comb drives. A polysilicon heater is built into the base of the shank to provide a thermal bias. As the thermocouple is scanned across a sample, the varying proximity and temperature of features on the sample surface can be mapped as a function of position, providing high resolution topographic and thermographic information. The same principle can also be used in photothermal absorption spectroscopy, microelectronic metrology, and microflow measurements. Advanced versions of the SMTP suspend the thermocouple on a dielectric diaphragm for improved thermal isolation, and replace it with a thermopile for a larger readout signal. Devices have been fabricated using an IC-compatible, 8 mask, single-sided process that has general applicability beyond the SMTP. Preliminary data from test scans is presented.
Angiogenic activity of Onchocerca volvulus recombinant proteins similar to vespid venom antigen 5

Although the mechanisms underlying the host inflammatory response in ocular onchocerciasis have been examined, the role of particular parasite proteins in this process remains largely unexplored. Recently, it was found that one of the most abundant expressed sequence tags in Onchocerca volvulus infective larvae encoded a protein with similarities to a component of vespid venom. This clone was designated O. volvulus Activation associated Secreted Protein -1 (Ov-asp-1). We report the characterization of three members of a family of proteins, designated the Ov-ASP family, of which Ov-ASP-1 is a member. Sequence based and phylogenetic analyses suggest that these proteins form a filarial specific protein family related to both the vespid venom antigen 5 and the vertebrate CRISP/Tpx family of proteins. The three members of the Ov-ASP family exhibit distinct patterns of expression in the life cycle of O. volvulus. Genomic Southern blot analyses indicate that several genes encoding sequences related to the Ov-asp family are present in the genome of O. volvulus. Recombinant proteins expressed from full length cDNAs encoding two members of the Ov-asp family were found to induce an angiogenic response after injection into corneas of naive mice, and vessel formation was associated with only minor inflammatory cell infiltration. These data suggest that Ov-ASP proteins may directly induce an angiogenic response and may therefore contribute to corneal neovascularization in onchocercal keratitis.
K+-independent effects of valinomycin in photosynthetic systems.

With chromatophores ofRhodospirillum rubrum, valinomycin inhibited electron transport in the presence or absence of K+. NH4Cl had no effect on photophosphorylation but uncoupled with valinomycin present. ATPase activity was stimulated by NH4Cl plus valinomycin but not by either alone. K+ partially reversed the inhibition of phosphorylation and the stimulation of ATPase by valinomycin plus NH4Cl.
HIV-1 Tat protein disrupts the blood–brain barrier through the oxidative and inflammatory mechanisms

Tat protein, which is released from HIV-infected cells, may play a major role in HIV-induced pathological processes in the CNS, including HIV-associated dementia. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of Tat on vascular inflammatory responses as well as blood–brain barrier structure and function both in vitro and in vivo environments. Tat treatment induced cellular oxidative processes, activities of redox-regulated transcription factors, and expression of inflammatory mediators. Most importantly, Tat disrupted the blood–brain barrier and stimulated monocyte infiltration of the CNS. Disruption tight junction protein integrity appeared to be the underlying mechanism of these effects. Among studied junctional proteins, claudin 5 expression was the most affected by Tat treatment. These data provide evidence that Tat can be involved in the blood–brain barrier breakdown and HIV entry into the brain. Acknowledgements: Supported by NIH; NS39254, MH63022, and AA013843.
Dorsal Nucleus Raphé

This report contains a gene expression summary of the dorsal nucleus raphe (DR), derived from the Allen Brain Atlas (ABA) in-situ hybridization (ISH) mouse data set. The structure’s location and morphological characteristics in the mouse brain are described using the Nissl data found in the Allen Reference Atlas. Using an established algorithm, the expression values of the DR were compared to the values of the macro/parent-structure, in this case the midbrain, for the purpose of extracting regionally specific gene expression data. The highest ranking ratios were then manually curated and verified. The 50 Select Genes were compiled for expression characterization. The experimental data for each gene may be accessed via the links provided; complementary sagittal data may also be accessed using the ABA. Correlation between gene expression in the DR and the rest of the brain, across all genes in the coronal dataset (~4300 genes), were derived computationally and are presented below. A gene ontology table (derived from DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 2007) is also included, highlighting possible functions of these 50 Select Genes.
Evidence That Oxidative Stress Is Associated with the Pathophysiology of Inherited Hydrocephalus in the H-Tx Rat Model

Oxidative stress can contribute to many neurological disease processes. Because many events known to involve oxidative stress (infection, hemorrhage, brain trauma) are accompanied by hydrocephalus, the present study sought to evaluate the relationship between oxidative stress and the progression of hydrocephalus. Assays for reactive oxygen species (ROS), using dichlorofluorescein (DCF) fluorescence, and lipid peroxidation, using malondialdehyde (MDA), were performed on brain tissue from the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and hippocampus of 4-, 10-, and 25-day-old normal and hydrocephalic H-Tx rats. These rats inherit hydrocephalus at a rate of 30-50% and represent a unique model for studying the progression of hydrocephalus. When hydrocephalic and normal H-Tx rats were compared, ROS levels were significantly higher in the cerebral cortex of 4-day-old and in the cerebellum and hippocampus of 4- and 10-day-old hydrocephalic rats. ROS levels also were significantly higher in the basal ganglia of 25-day-old hydrocephalic rats. MDA levels were significantly higher in the hippocampus and basal ganglia of 25-day-old hydrocephalic rats. There were no significant differences in MDA levels at younger ages. These results indicate that, in H-Tx rats, oxidative stress is associated with the progression and molecular pathophysiology of hydrocephalus. This association suggests that oxidative brain damage may represent an important factor resulting from or contributing to the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus.
O-phospho-L-serine and the thiocarboxylated sulfur carrier protein CysO-COSH are substrates for CysM, a cysteine synthase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The kinetic pathway of CysM, a cysteine synthase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was studied by transient-state kinetic techniques. The expression of which is upregulated under conditions of oxidative stress. This enzyme exhibits extensive homology with the B-isozymes of the well-studied O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase family and employs a similar chemical mechanism involving a stable α-aminoacrylate intermediate. However, we show that specificity of CysM for its amino acid substrate is more than 500-fold greater for O-phospho-l-serine than for O-acetyl-l-serine, suggesting that O-phospho-l-serine is the likely substrate in vivo. We also investigated the kinetics of the carbon−sulfur bond-forming reaction between the CysM-bound α-aminoacrylate intermediate and the thiocarboxylated sulfur carrier protein, CysO-COSH. The specificity of CysM for this physiological sulfide equivalent is more than 3 orders of magnitude greater than that for bisulfide. Moreover, the kinetics of this latter reaction are limited by...
Determinants of program repair maintenance requirements

Considerable resources are devoted to the maintenance of programs including that required to correct errors not discovered until after the programs are delivered to the user. A number of factors are believed to affect the occurrence of these errors, e.g., the complexity of the programs, the intensity with which programs are used, and the programming style. Several hundred programs making up a manufacturing support system are analyzed to study the relationships between the number of delivered errors and measures of the programs' size and complexity (particularly as measured by software science metrics), frequency of use, and age. Not surprisingly, program size is found to be the best predictor of repair maintenance requirements. Repair maintenance is more highly correlated with the number of lines of source code in the program than it is to software science metrics, which is surprising in light of previously reported results. Actual error rate is found to be much higher than that which would be predicted from program characteristics.
The Truth about Public Reason

Public reason is supposed to enable the enforcement of the conditions of a distinctively liberal ideal of autonomy on grounds acceptable to all citizens. After sketching the abstract concept of public reason, this paper sets out several conceptions of that ideal, in order to show that the logic of the public reason project carries it toward the sectarian politics it seeks to avoid.
Nanocrystalline undoped ceria oxygen sensor

Abstract The results of a study of the structure and the electrical properties of nanocrystalline cerium oxide sensor are presented. The relationship between the resistance of the thin film ceria and oxygen partial pressure is shown. In the range of oxygen concentration from 10 ppm to 100% the conductivity of the ceria follows (PO2)−1/4 behavior. The response time of the sensor and its cross-sensitivity to nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide is investigated.
Impact of injury level and self-monitoring on free time boredom of people with spinal cord injury.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not level of injury and personality characteristics creates an interaction effect that impacts the free time boredom of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).Method: Using a survey method, a packet containing a cover letter, a consent form, research questionnaires, and a self-addressed, stamped envelope was sent to 500 individuals with SCI who were randomly selected by computer at one of the rehabilitation centres in USA. The research questionnaires included the measures of self-monitoring (SM) and free time boredom (FTB) along with some demographic factors such as gender, ethnicity, age, injury level, and etc.Results: This study found that a significant interaction effect between injury level and SM on FTB. That is, low self-monitors with tetraplegia reported higher levels of boredom in free time than high self-monitors with paraplegia.Conclusion: Not all individuals with similar injury levels rate FTB in a similar degree. Individuals' pe...
A positional Toll receptor code directs convergent extension in Drosophila

Elongation of the head-to-tail body axis by convergent extension is a conserved developmental process throughout metazoans. In Drosophila, patterns of transcription factor expression provide spatial cues that induce systematically oriented cell movements and promote tissue elongation. However, the mechanisms by which patterned transcriptional inputs control cell polarity and behaviour have long been elusive. We demonstrate that three Toll family receptors, Toll-2, Toll-6 and Toll-8, are expressed in overlapping transverse stripes along the anterior-posterior axis and act in combination to direct planar polarity and polarized cell rearrangements during convergent extension. Simultaneous disruption of all three receptors strongly reduces actomyosin-driven junctional remodelling and axis elongation, and an ectopic stripe of Toll receptor expression is sufficient to induce planar polarized actomyosin contractility. These results demonstrate that tissue-level patterns of Toll receptor expression provide spatial signals that link positional information from the anterior-posterior patterning system to the essential cell behaviours that drive convergent extension.
The chemotherapy of staphylococcic infections

Summary In cultures of living human marrow infected with hemolytic or nonhemolytic Staphylococcus aureus , neoarsphenamine and sulfathiazole have proved superior to sulfanilamide and sulfapyridine. Sulfamethylthiazole is effective, but because of its toxicity, it should not be used clinically. The most desirable concentration of neoarsphenamine is 1:150,000; this corresponds to about 130 gamma of arsenic per 100 c.c. One-half of this concentration is ineffective, and twice this concentration over a period of time kills the marrow cells. The optimal concentration of sulfathiazole is from 5 to 10 mg. per 100 c.c., with relatively little difference in effectiveness in the lower and higher concentrations. In some experiments neoarsphenamine was definitely superior to sulfathiazole. In other experiments the reverse was true. The combination of the two drugs was often more effective than either alone and was always more effective than the less effective of the two used. Neither drug led to complete sterility of the cultures in as high a percentage of the cases as did sulfanilamide against the beta hemolytic streptococcus when similarly tested. The larger the inoculation of organisms, the less effective were the drugs. A tentative dosage plan to attain the proper blood levels of these drugs clinically is outlined. In a limited number of cases of serious staphylococcic infections, neoarsphenamine alone and sulfathiazole alone or the two in combination have demonstrated definite therapeutic value. Suggestions are made as to the therapy of various types of staphylococcic infection, but much further work must be done before final conclusions are justified. The data available suggest that each drug will have a place in the therapy of staphylococcic infections and that the combination of the two may prove more effective than either alone in the most serious of these infections.
Time-related changes in the Q-T interval in acute myocardial infarction: possible relation to local hypocalcemia.

Abstract In 63 patients with either acute transmural or nontransmural myocardial infarction, the Q-T interval was prolonged beyond normal limits on at least 1 of the 5 days after infarction In 27 patients (8 with transmural and 19 with nontransmural infarction). The time-related changes in the corrected Q-T (Q-Tc) interval were defined for the entire sample and showed significant expansion, maximal on day 2, from a preinfarction control value. By day 5, the Q-Tc interval was no longer significantly prolonged and was not expanded beyond normal limits in any patient. Various possible causes of Q-T prolongation in myocardial infarction are local hypothermia, local conduction delay, neurogenic effect and local hypocalcemia. Collateral evidence suggests that the latter may contribute significantly to prolongation.
A Distributed Reactivity Model for Sorption by Soils and Sediments. 5. The Influence of Near-Surface Characteristics in Mineral Domains

Phenanthrene sorption by eight particulate mineral solids was examined. The polar surfaces of these inorganic solids comprised three general types with respect to particle structure; namely, (i) the external surfaces of non-porous α-Al2O3, quartz, kaolinite, and amorphous SiO2, (ii) the internal pore surfaces of three mesoporous silica gels, and (iii) the internal interlayer surfaces of a swelling bentonite clay. Our experimental data reveal that (i) equilibrium is attained rapidly for all sorbents studied; (ii) the isotherms for all sorbents other than the bentonite are linear; and (iii) the external surfaces have surface-area-based sorption coefficients that are comparable to those of the interlayer surfaces of bentonite at high residual aqueous-phase concentrations, but an order of magnitude greater than those for the internal pore surfaces. The differences in sorption behavior exhibited by the three types of surfaces appear to result from differences in their relative accessibility to the sorbate, as ...
Electrical Resistivity of Europium and Ytterbium

Electrical resistivity measurements on europium and ytterbium metuls from 1.3 deg to 300 deg K are reported. Euro-pium exhibits a sharp peak in its resistivity at 90 deg K which must correspond to its magnetic ordering temperature. The shape of the peak indicates antiferromagnetic ordering below 90 deg K. Ytterbium has no sharp anomalies in its resistivity. (auth)
Laser photolysis studies of the reduction of paraquat cations in methanol

— A computer-controlled laser photolysis apparatus has been used to investigate the results of photoexcitation of paraquat. cations (PQ2+) in methanol solution. The formation of the monoreduced species (PQ+) is shown to occur in two processes overall; one is too fast to be resolved from the laser pulse; the second shows first order kinetics with an observed rate constant which is linearly dependent on the paraquat concentration. The natural lifetime of this second precursor to PQ+ was measured at 1.4 μs. about ten times longer than the CH3O'radical which is the anticipated reductant. The identity of this precursor is possibly a radical pair.
CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND NATURAL HISTORY OF AIDS-RELATED KAPOSI'S SARCOMA

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is the most common tumor arising in persons infected with HIV, and among all HIV risk groups it is most common in homosexual or bisexual men. During the past decade KS has shifted more and more from being an index diagnosis for AIDS to an opportunistic neoplasm occurring later in the course of AIDS and leading to increasing morbidity and mortality. This article focuses on the clinical presentation and natural history of KS; other articles deal with the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of this disease.
Calcitonin and the Formation of 32,52-AMP in Bone and Kidney

Porcine calcitonin, O.S µg⁄ml; salmon calcitonin, 0.001 µg⁄ml; or parathyroid hormone caused an increase in concentration of 3',5'-AMP in calvaria incubated in vitro. The maximal effects of parathyroid hormone and salmon calcitonin were additive. Propranolol, 20 µM, partially inhibited the effect of salmon calcitonin but not of parathyroid hormone. Adenylate cyclase extracted from calvaria was activated by parathyroid hormone or by 0.001 µg'ml of salmon calcitonin. Maximal effects of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin on adenylate cyclase were additive. The effect of calcitonin was partially inhibited by propranolol, 20 µM. Renal cortical adenylate cyclase was activated by 0.025 µg'ml of porcine calcitonin and 0.001 µg'ml of salmon calcitonin. Salmon calcitonin showed a log-linear dose response from 0.025-0.1 µg'ml and was 20 times more potent than porcine calcitonin as calculated by standard bioassay methods. Propranolol did not inhibit the effect of salmon calcitonin on the renal enzyme.The greater pote...
Interannual Variability of Stratospheric Zonal Wind Forced by the Northern Lower-Stratospheric Large-Scale Waves

Abstract An interactive stratospheric model was run for 13 years while being forced with the observed daily varying Northern Hemisphere (NH) waves (numbers 1 to 3) on the 368-K isentropic surface (which lies near 150 mb) from 1980 to 1993. It reproduced much of the observed interannual variability (IAV) in the high-latitude monthly mean stratospheric zonal winds during NH winter, especially in December. In the model, wavenumber 1 played the major role in producing the high-latitude IAV. In addition, observations (from 1974 to 1995) revealed some strong anticorrelations between the large-scale 150-mb stationary wave-1 amplitude and the 10-mb high-latitude zonal wind during the NH early winter. It therefore seems that planetary wave variability in the lower stratosphere is the direct cause of much of the IAV in the monthly mean stratospheric zonal wind during the NH winter (especially in December). During late winter agreement between model and observations is improved by increasing the damping of planetary...
Teachers' Perceptions of the Parenting Abilities of Their Secondary Students with Mild Mental Retardation

Twenty-two teachers of secondary educable mentally retarded (EMR) students were interviewed about their perceptions of their students' parenting aspirations and abilities. Results indicated that teachers believe that the majority of their students expect to marry and have children. However, EMR secondary students were perceived as varying in their ability to competently assume a parenting role. Some were judged to have characteristics that would allow them to become good parents, while others were perceived as capable of being trained or doing adequately with support, and still others were felt to lack the attributes necessary for adequately parenting offspring. It was recommended that educators provide a comprehensive, realistic, and practical course in sexuality, intimate social relationships, and parenting for EMR students in secondary programs.
Twists of elliptic curves

If E is an elliptic curve over \(\mathbb{Q}\), then let E(D) denote theD-quadratic twist of E. It is conjectured that there are infinitely many primesp for which E(p) has rank 0, and that there are infinitely many primes\(\ell \) for which \(E(\ell )\) has positive rank. For some special curvesE we show that there is a set S of primes p with density\(\frac{1}{3}\) for which if \(D = \prod {p_j } \) is a squarefree integer where\(p_j \in S\), then E(D) has rank 0. In particular E(p) has rank 0 for every\(p \in S\). As an example let E1 denote the curve
Monteggia fractures in children and adults

The eponymous term "Monteggia fracture" is most precisely used to refer to dislocation of the proximal radioulnar joint in association with a forearm fracture. It is the character of the ulnar fracture, rather than the direction of radial head dislocation, that is useful in determining the optimal treatment of Monteggia fractures in both children and adults. Stable anatomic reduction of the ulnar fracture results in anatomic reduction of the radial head. The notoriously poor results of treatment of Monteggia fractures in adults improved dramatically after the development of modern techniques of plate-and-screw fixation, which facilitate early mobilization by ensuring anatomic reduction. The relatively good results associated with nonoperative treatment of pediatric Monteggia injuries reflect the prevalence of stable (incomplete) fractures in children. Unstable (complete) ulnar fractures are prone to residual or recurrent displacement and may require operative fixation. Late reconstruction of chronic Monteggia lesions in children can be complicated and unpredictable. The key to a good outcome after a Monteggia-type fracture-dislocation of the forearm remains early recognition of proximal radioulnar dissociation.
Anesthetic considerations in 65 patients undergoing unilateral pneumonectomy: problems related to fluid therapy and hemodynamic control

Abstract Study Objective To examine perioperative management and complications in patients undergoing pneumonectomy. Design Observational cohort study. Setting University-affiliated city hospital. Measurements 65 patients who underwent unilateral pneumonectomy for resection of lung cancer between March 1997 and October 2007 were included in this study. Patients who underwent pneumonectomy were then classified into two groups: Group C patients had signs of postoperative acute right heart failure, and Group N patients had no signs of postoperative acute right heart failure. Main Results In the pneumonectomy patients, extubation did not occur in 8 patients (12%) and postoperative death occurred in 4 patients (6%), compared with no such occurrences among patients who underwent lobectomy. Perioperative respiratory function was significantly lower in Group C ( P P Conclusions Fluid infusion volume, fluid balance volume, intraoperative total balance, blood loss volume, and blood transfusion volume were important intraoperative risk factors in the development of postoperative right-sided heart failure.
Synaptic plasticity in rat subthalamic nucleus induced by high-frequency stimulation

The technique of deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become a preferred surgical choice for the treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is presently the most promising target for such DBS. In this study, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made from 46 STN neurons in rat brain slices to examine the effect of high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the STN on glutamatergic synaptic transmission in STN neurons. HFS, consisting of trains of stimuli at a frequency of 100 Hz for 1 min, produced three types of synaptic plasticity in 17 STN neurons. First, HFS of the STN induced short-term potentiation (STP) of evoked postsynaptic current (EPSC) amplitude in four neurons. STP was associated with a reduction in the EPSC paired-pulse ratio, suggesting a presynaptic site of action. Second, HFS of the STN generated long-term potentiation (LTP) of EPSC amplitude in eight neurons. Although the EPSC paired-pulse ratio was reduced transiently in the first 2 min following HFS, ratios measured 6-20 min after HFS were unchanged from control. This suggests that LTP is maintained by a postsynaptic mechanism. Third, HFS produced long-term depression (LTD) of EPSC amplitude in five STN neurons. LTD was associated with a significant increase in EPSC paired-pulse ratios, indicating a presynaptic site of action. These results suggest that HFS can produce long-term changes in the efficacy of synaptic transmission in the STN. HFS-induced synaptic plasticity might be one mechanism underlying the effectiveness of DBS in the STN as a treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease.
The New Welfare Economics and Gains in International Trade

I. Scitovszky's conclusions, 91. — II. Samuelson's criteria and the utility-possibility function, 92. — III. Increasing costs and a suitable tariff or quota, 93. — IV. Tariffs or quotas, free international trade plus domestic lump-sum taxation, and completely free trade considered in the situation sense, 96. — V. Lifting the assumptions of fixed factors indifferent between their different uses and increasing costs, 97. — VI. The all-or-none discrimination situation, 98. — VII. Summary and qualifications of the welfare analysis, 99.
Spatial Representation and the Orbits of City Life

A THEORETICAL problem in urban sociology is how urban social worlds are related to specified spaces, areas, and streets of the city. After some discussion of earlier urban studies, a set of concepts is offered for handling various aspects of the symbolism of urban space. These include ceremonial areas, locale, location, and orbits. These latter are discussed in relation to urban worlds–the important thing about worlds being not that they are rooted in space but that their members are linked by a shared symbolism.