cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cinco de Mayo, Normative Whiteness, and the Marginalization of Mexican-Descent Students

This case study is concerned with how institutional practices of normative whiteness can impede the school involvement of Mexican-descent students. It examines how damaging forms of white normativity can operate in school settings where one might least expect to find them: in commemorations of Mexican cultural holidays. The author shows how such commemorations can have the paradoxical effect of marginalizing Mexican-descent students and discouraging their involvement in a range of school activities. [Mexican American, whiteness, cultural conflict, cultural celebrations, belonging, identity formation]
Balance, uncorrelatedness and the strict avalanche criterion

Abstract A number of criteria have been proposed in the literature for cryptographic transformations. We explore here the connections between three of these: balance, uncorrelatedness and the strict avalanche criterion. Our main result is that there are no balanced, uncorrelated functions which satisfy the strict avalanche criterion of order n − 2.
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Coma: A Complication of Short-term Systemic Corticosteroid Use

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma is a serious and often lethal clinical biochemical syndrome. We report three cases of ophthalmic problems that were treated with a short course of oral corticosteroids and which resulted in the development of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma. Two of these cases concerned relatively young, previously healthy patients and had fatal outcomes. The third patient, who was elderly, survived because of early detection and initiation of therapy. All three cases demonstrate that hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma is a serious potential complication of systemic steroidal therapy, even in a short course of treatment such as is often used in ophthalmology.
Preliminary investigation of the reststrahlen phenomenology at low-grazing angles

Detection of buried and flush buried landmines has been dangerous and time consuming for both military and humanitarian de-mining personnel throughout the world. In an effort to make the process safer, faster, and more reliable, scientists have successfully employed Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) systems in nadir and near nadir viewing angles. Leveraging this successful technology, Forward-Looking Ground Penetrating Radar (FLGPR) technology, using low grazing angles, is being developed which promises to provide an increase in detection stand-off distance thereby increasing safety of personnel during land-based mine detection efforts. However, the application of GPR for the detection of buried plastic mines has been problematic, research has begun to exploit the comination of broadband and hyper-spectral passive electro-optical technologies with GPR technologies. One such embodiment is to use Forward Looking InfraRed (FLIR) technology with the intention to augment the capability of, and overcome limitations inherent to, current FLGPR technology. The emphasis in using FLIR is to understand and exploit specific spectral features which are complementary fo FLGPR and exhibited by buried metal and plastic mine targets. One spectral feature being investigated is the resstrahlen emission which results when soil is excavated or disturbed. This paper is a preliminary investigation of the performance of a vehicle based FLIR camera system for detecting resstrahlen emissions from disturbed soils. Specifically, this paper will examine the robustness of the resstrahlen feature in a forward-looking low grazing angle application. The data presented in this paper was collected at an eastern US Army testing site over targets deployed in soils which had been disturbed from one day before the start of the collection.
Gene flow and genetic drift in a species subject to frequent local extinctions

Abstract Two models of the effect of extinction and recolonization on the genetic differentiation of local populations are analyzed. One model is Wright's “island model” in which there is gene flow from a source of fixed gene frequency. The other is an island model with a continuous production of new alleles and gene flow among all the populations. Individual and group selection are not considered. It is shown that the extent of population differentiation and the direction of the effect of the colonization and extinction process depend on the manner in which the propagules that establish new colonies are formed. Two extreme cases are considered. In the “propagule pool” model all the individuals in a single propagule are derived from one population while in the “migrant pool” model, the individuals in a propagule are derived from a random sample of the entire collection of populations.
Quantitative analysis of interfacial impurities using secondary‐ion mass spectrometry

A new secondary‐ion mass spectrometry technique is described which permits quantitative analysis of impurities at buried interfaces. The technique utilizes the cascade mixing which accompanies sputtering to mix, and dilute, interfacial impurities into the surrounding matrix to such an extent that ion yields through the interface region are constant and characteristic of the matrix. Comparison with ion‐implanted standards then yields analyses accurate to better than 30% (limited by knowledge of the standards) with a statistical uncertainty of 2%.
Reconstruction Patterns in a Single Institution Cohort of Women Undergoing Mastectomy for Breast Cancer

The purpose of the current study was to conduct a patient-centered investigation of reconstruction practices following mastectomy at our institution. A questionnaire was administered to patients who underwent unilateral or bilateral mastectomy for breast cancer from 2006 to 2010. The survey queried on demographics, surgical choices, and rationale for those choices. Data were summarized by contingency tables and compared by chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. Of 321 patients queried, 185 (58 %) underwent unilateral mastectomy and 136 (42 %) underwent bilateral mastectomy (mean age 56 ± 12 years). Overall, 189 (59 %) women underwent breast reconstruction, and 132 (41 %) did not. Immediate breast reconstruction was performed in 125 of 189 (69 %) women, whereas 67 of 189 (31 %) underwent delayed reconstruction. The method of definitive reconstruction included 143 of 189 (75 %) prostheses, 32 of 189 (17 %) abdominal tissue flap, 12 of 189 (6 %) latissimus flap (±implant), and 5 of 189 (2 %) with a combination of prostheses and tissue flaps. Of the 114 patients who did not undergo reconstruction, 68 (60 %) reported lack of desire for reconstruction as their motive, and the remaining 46 (40 %) reported medical contraindications for reconstruction or did not report a specific reason. A significant percentage of women undergoing unilateral or bilateral mastectomy for breast cancer at our institution elect to undergo reconstruction. Prosthetic reconstruction was the most common method utilized. The impetus for referral to the reconstructive surgeon was nearly always initiated by the surgical oncologist.
Gas exchange and metabolite fluctuations in green and yellow bands of variegated leaves of the monocotyledonous CAM species Agave americana

The variegated leaves of the Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) species Agave americana have a large central longitudinal green band with narrow yellow bands on either side. The yellow bands had 97% less pigment content, 84% lower ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity, but only 20% lower phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity than the green band. The green bands exhibited gas exchange typical of CAM plants, with most CO2 uptake occurring at night, leading to a daily net CO2 uptake of 127 mmol m−2 day−1. The yellow bands had some nighttime net CO2 uptake but a larger loss during the daytime, indicating that they were sink tissues. Nocturnal citrate and malate accumulations for the yellow bands were 65 and 75%, respectively, of those of the green bands; sucrose supported 64-83% of their nocturnal acid accumulation. This is the first evidence that agaves, which are malic-enzyme-type CAM plants, use sucrose as the carbon source for nocturnal acid accumulation. About 44% of the carbon demand of the yellow bands can be supplied by sucrose diffusing via the symplast from the adjacent green band, about 25% from fructose and glucose diffusion, and some via the apoplast.
Erythrocyte AMP-deaminase: an investigation of the increase in activity during chick maturation.

Abstract 1. 1. AMP-deaminase activity in erythrocytes increases gradually during chick ( Gallus domesticus ) maturation, reaching the adult level of enzymatic activity at about 16 weeks after hatching. 2. 2. Adenosine deaminase activity increases approximately two-fold during this period. 3. 3. Substrate specificity and immunoinhibition studies indicate that erythrocytes from adult chickens and newly-hatched chicks contain the same AMP-deaminase isozyme. 4. 4. Comparison of temporal changes in RBC AMP-deaminase with those previously described for this enzyme in muscle and brain suggests that the level of this enzyme is regulated differently in these tissues.
Eysenck Personality Inventory as a Mood Test with Manic-Depressive Patients:

The Eysenck Personality Inventory was used as a mood indicator instead of as a trait test with a group of manic-depressive patients associated with a research ward. Some patients completed the EPI while in a normal state, some while in a depressed or manic state, and some in two or more clinically defined states. Results showed that depression was associated with a significant decrease in extraversion and a significant increase in neuroticism. The manic state however, was not clearly differentiated from the normal one. It appears that the inventory may be a useful indicator of depressive mood.
Carbon dioxide-induced melting point depression of biodegradable semicrystalline polymers

Abstract The melting point depression of semicrystalline polymers exposed to a compressed fluid allows certain biodegradable polymers to be processed in the molten state using carbon dioxide at modest temperatures. Experimental melting temperature ( T m ) data are presented for the aliphatic polyesters, polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), as a function of the applied pressure of carbon dioxide. The characteristic features of the T m versus P curve – a linear regime at modest P , followed by an abrupt transition to a second regime where T m changes little with P – are interpreted using the Clapeyron equation for two-component, three-phase equilibrium. For PCL and PBS, as well as for other polymers, the slope of the lower pressure linear regime can be quantitatively estimated from the normal T m , the enthalpy of fusion of the polymer, and the Henry's law coefficient for CO 2 dissolved in the melt. The location of the abrupt change in slope is correlated with equivalence of the molar volumes of the compressed fluid and the Kuhn monomer unit of the polymer crystal. The method is also applicable to non-polymeric compounds which have high critical points and low solubility in the compressed fluid.
Connecting geometry, topology and spectra for finite-gap NLS potentials

Using the connection between closed solution curves of the vortex filament flow and quasiperiodic solutions of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLS), we relate the knot types of finite-gap solutions to the Floquet spectra of the corresponding NLS potentials, in the special case of small amplitude curves close to multiply covered circles.
B cells in Cardiac Transplants: From Clinical Questions to Experimental Models

After many years of debate, there is now general agreement that B cells can participate in the immune response to cardiac transplants. Acute antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is the best defined manifestation of B cell responses, but diagnostic and mechanistic questions still surround AMR. Many complement dependent mechanisms of antibody-mediated injury have been elucidated. C5 has become a therapeutic target that may not just truncate complement activation, but also may tip the balance away from inflammation by altering macrophage function. Additional complement independent effects have been identified. These may escape diagnosis and progress to chronic graft injury. The function of B cell infiltrates in cardiac transplants is even more enigmatic. Nodular endocardial infiltrates that contain B cells and plasma cells have been described in protocol biopsies of cardiac transplants for decades, but an understanding of their significance is still evolving based on more critical morphological and molecular evaluation of these infiltrates. A range of infiltrates containing B cells has also been described in the epicardial fat in transplants with advanced chronic rejection. B cells have been observed in endocardial and epicardial tertiary lymphoid nodules, but their impact on antigen presentation or antibody production remains to be determined. Experimental models in small and large animals suggest that B cells could be essential for the formation of lymphoid nodules through cytokine production. Similarly, the role of proinflammatory adipokines in the formation or function of epicardial lymphoid nodules has not been studied. These clinical observations provide critical questions to be addressed in experimental models.
Kinetic Interconversion of Rat and Bovine Homologs of the α Subunit of an Amiloride-sensitive Na+ Channel by C-terminal Truncation of the Bovine Subunit

We have recently cloned the alpha subunit of a bovine amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel (alphabENaC). This subunit shares extensive homology with both rat and human alphaENaC subunits but shows marked divergence at the C terminus beginning at amino acid 584 of the 697-residue sequence. When incorporated into planar lipid bilayers, alphabENaC almost exclusively exhibits a main transition to 39 picosiemens (pS) with very rare 13 pS step transitions to one of two subconductance states (26 and 13 pS). In contrast, the alpha subunit of the rat renal homolog of ENaC (alpharENaC) has a main transition step to 13 pS that is almost constituitively open, with a second stepwise transition of 26 to 39 pS. A deletion mutant of alphabENaC, encompassing the entire C-terminal region (R567X), converts the kinetic behavior of alphabENaC to that of alpharENaC, i. e. a transition to 13 pS followed by a second 26 pS transition to 39 pS. Chemical cross-linking of R567X restores the wild-type alphabENaC gating pattern, whereas treatment with the reducing agent dithiothreitol produced only 13 pS transitions. In contrast, an equivalent C-terminal truncation of alpharENaC (R613X) had no effect on the gating pattern of alpharENaC. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that interactions between the C termini of alphabENaC account for the different kinetic behavior of this member of the ENaC family of Na+ channels.
The Lifetime of the Positive $pi$ Meson

The lifetime of the positive $\ensuremath{\pi}$-meson has been measured using a method similar to that used by Richardson in his measurement of the negative $\ensuremath{\pi}$-meson. The lifetime obtained is $\ensuremath{\tau}=1.97\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ sec. or ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\frac{1}{2}}=1.37\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ sec. These values are about 2.5 probable errors from Richardson's value of $\ensuremath{\tau}=7.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec. The method has been extended so that two points on a decay curve could be determined and the geometry of the system determined to better accuracy. The geometry of the apparatus was checked by measuring the effective "lifetime" of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particles in the same configuration; this was found to be greater than 0.5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ sec.
Heat Transfer and Thermal Elastic Deformation Analysis on the Piston/Cylinder Interface of Axial Piston Machines

The piston/cylinder interface of swash plate–type axial piston machines represents one of the most critical design elements for this type of pump and motor. Oscillating pressures and inertia forces acting on the piston lead to its micro-motion, which generates an oscillating fluid film with a dynamically changing pressure distribution. Operating under oscillating high load conditions, the fluid film between the piston and cylinder has simultaneously to bear the external load and to seal the high pressure regions of the machine. The fluid film interface physical behavior is characterized by an elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication regime. Additionally, the piston reciprocating motion causes fluid film viscous shear, which contributes to a significant heat generation. Therefore, to fully comprehend the piston/cylinder interface fluid film behavior, the influences of heat transfer to the solid boundaries and the consequent solid boundaries’ thermal elastic deformation cannot be neglected. In fact, the mechanical bodies’ complex temperature distribution represents the boundary for nonisothermal fluid film flow calculations. Furthermore, the solids-induced thermal elastic deformation directly affects the fluid film thickness. To analyze the piston/cylinder interface behavior, considering the fluid-structure interaction and thermal problems, the authors developed a fully coupled simulation model. The algorithm couples different numerical domains and techniques to consider all the described physical phenomena. In this paper, the authors present in detail the computational approach implemented to study the heat transfer and thermal elastic deformation phenomena. Simulation results for the piston/cylinder interface of an existing hydrostatic unit are discussed, considering different operating conditions and focusing on the influence of the thermal aspect. Model validation is provided, comparing fluid film boundary temperature distribution predictions with measurements taken on a special test bench.
Envy and Schadenfreude

To test the hypothesis that Schadenfreude, pleasure at the suffering of others, will result when an envied person experiences a misfortune, envy was created in subjects by asking them to watch a videotaped interview of a student who was made to appear either superior or average. An epilogue informed subjects that the student had suffered a recent setback. The envy created in subjects was found to enhance the likelihood that they would feel Schadenfreude on learning of this setback. In addition, dispositional envy predicted subjects' envy of the student, and this envy also mediated subsequent Schadenfreude. These results strongly support linking envy with Schadenfreude.
Central corticotropin-releasing factor suppresses natural killer cytotoxicity

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) administered as a single dose intraventricularly produces a dose-dependent suppression of rat splenic natural killer (NK) cell activity. Neither systemic CRF nor CRF in vitro significantly altered NK activity. The immunosuppressive effect of central CRF was antagonized by central, but not by systemic, preadministration of the CRF antagonist, α-helical oCRF residues 9–41. These data suggest that CRF released in the brain may have a role in the central modulation of natural killer cytotoxicity.
BReW: Blackbox resource selection for e-Science workflows

Workflows are commonly used to model data intensive scientific analysis. As computational resource needs increase for eScience, emerging platforms like clouds present additional resource choices for scientists and policy makers. We introduce BReW, a tool enables users to make rapid, highlevel platform selection for their workflows using limited workflow knowledge. This helps make informed decisions on whether to port a workflow to a new platform. Our analysis of synthetic and real eScience workflows shows that using just total runtime length, maximum task fanout, and total data used and produced by the workflow, BReW can provide platform predictions comparable to whitebox models with detailed workflow knowledge.
Large-Scale Production of Palindrome DNA Fragments

Our structural studies of nucleosomes necessitated the production of over 100 mg of a 146-bp perfect palindrome DNA for use in the reconstitution of perfectly symmetrical nucleosome core particles for detailed X-ray crystallographic analysis. The propagation of palindromic DNA DNA sequences by bacterial culture is hindered by the instability of these sequences during bacterial replication and recombination. While the loss of some palindrome sequences can be eliminated by the use of sbcB or sbcC mutants of Escherichia coli, not all palindrome-containing plasmids are faithfully maintained by these strains. The production of large quantities of palindrome DNA that involves production of plasmid containing multiple copies of the repeating unit of the palindrome which are isolated by restriction digestion and ligated in vitro to form the palindrome DNA. The procedure has resulted in the production of over 20 mg of a 146-bp DNA fragment in 2 weeks.
Podocyte Biology for the Bedside

The explosion of podocyte biology during the last decade has radically altered our views on the pathophysiologic process of proteinuria, glomerular disease, and progressive kidney disease. In this review, we highlight some of these landmark findings, but focus on recent advances in the field and implications for translating this biology into therapy for podocyte diseases.
GeoName: a system for back-transliterating Pinyin place names

To be unambiguous about a Chinese geographic name represented in English text as Pinyin, one needs to recover the name in Chinese characters. We present our approach to this back-transliteration problem based on processes such as bilingual geographic name lookup, name suggestion using place name character and pair frequencies, and confirmation via a collection of monolingual names or the WWW. Evaluation shows that about 48% to 72% of the correct names can be recovered as the top candidate, and 82% to 86% within top ten, depending on the processes employed.
The role of chromatin modifiers in normal and malignant hematopoiesis

Complex developmental processes such as hematopoiesis require a series of precise and coordinated changes in cellular identity to ensure blood homeostasis. Epigenetic mechanisms help drive changes in gene expression that accompany the transition from hematopoietic stem cells to terminally differentiated blood cells. Genome-wide profiling technologies now provide valuable glimpses of epigenetic changes that occur during normal hematopoiesis, and genetic mouse models developed to investigate the in vivo functions of chromatin-modifying enzymes clearly demonstrate significant roles for these enzymes during embryonic and adult hematopoiesis. Here, we will review the basic science aspects of chromatin modifications and the enzymes that add, remove, and interpret these epigenetic marks. This overview will provide a framework for understanding the roles that these molecules play during normal hematopoiesis. Moreover, many chromatin-modifying enzymes are involved in hematologic malignancies, underscoring the importance of establishing and maintaining appropriate chromatin modification patterns to normal hematology.
Effects of cyano substituents on cyclobutadiene and its isomers.

The effects of cyano substitution on cyclobutadiene are explored using density functional, coupled-cluster, CASSCF, and CASPT2 calculations. An isodesmic reaction is employed to gauge the relative stabilization (ΔHrxn°) of cyclobutadienes with varying numbers of cyano groups. Although density functional theory predicts a relatively large stabilization for the addition of four cyano substituents to cyclobutadiene (18.5 kcal/mol), coupled-cluster theory predicts a smaller stabilization (9.3 kcal/mol). The effect of the number of cyano groups on the singlet−triplet gaps is also investigated. NBO calculations lend insight into the structural trends of the triplets, and the comparison of coupled-cluster and CASSCF calculations sheds light on the multireference electronic character in these systems. The effect of tetracyano substitution on tetrahedrane and other C4H4 isomers is also explored.
Longitudinal Relations Between Adolescent and Parental Behaviors, Parental Knowledge, and Internalizing Behaviors Among Urban Adolescents

High prevalence rates of depression and anxiety among adolescents underscore the importance of identifying parental and adolescent behaviors that may lessen the risk for these outcomes. Previous research has shown that parental acceptance, parental knowledge, and child disclosure are negatively associated with internalizing behaviors. It is also important to explore the impact of internalizing behaviors on these parental and child constructs. The current study examined longitudinal relationships between parental acceptance, parental knowledge, child disclosure, and internalizing symptoms across a one-year time period. Participants were 358 adolescents (54 % female) and their primary caregivers, who were primarily African American (92 %). Parents and adolescents provided data through face-to-face interviews. Results showed that parental knowledge and parental acceptance predicted child disclosure, and child disclosure predicted parental knowledge one year later. Higher levels of parental acceptance predicted lower levels of adolescent-reported depressive symptoms, while higher levels of parental report of adolescents’ internalizing symptoms predicted lower levels of parental knowledge. No differences in the strength of these relationships were found across grade or gender. These findings highlight the role of the adolescent’s perceived acceptance by parents in promoting children’s disclosure, and the benefits of parental acceptance in decreasing depressive symptoms over time. Overall, these results show the impact that both adolescent and parental behaviors and internalizing behaviors have on each other across time.
Stimulation of synthesis of the proteins of 30-S nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles in human amnion U cells by viral infection.

Abstract Early increase in RNA synthesis induced in human amnion U cells by infection with poliovirus is accompanied by an increased incorporation of amino acids into non-histone nuclear proteins with an approximate molecular weight of 40000. These proteins are the main polypeptides of the 30-S nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles. After fractionation of nuclear proteins by extraction with solutions of different ionic strength, these polypeptides are present in the fraction of nuclear sap proteins soluble in 0.1 M Tris · HCl buffer, pH 7.6, and in the fraction of non-histone chromosomal proteins which are soluble in 0.35 M NaCl. The increase in synthesis of non-histone nuclear proteins with an approximate molecular weight of 40000, observed in the infected cells, represents an increase in the synthesis of proteins concerned with post-transcriptional events and, therefore, is the result and not the cause of gene activation.
Statistical properties of Rechtschaffner designs

Abstract Rechtschaffner designs are saturated designs of resolution V in which main effects and two-factor interactions are estimable if three-factor and higher order interactions are negligible. Statistical properties of Rechtschaffner designs are studied in this paper. Best linear unbiased estimators of main effects and two-factor interactions are given explicitly and asymptotic properties of correlations between these estimators are studied as well. It is shown that designs recommended by Rechtschaffner [1967. Saturated fractions of 2 n and 3 n factorial designs, Technometrics 9, 569–576] are not only A-optimal but also D-optimal. Comparisons of Rechtschaffner designs with other A- and D-optimal designs of resolution V are also discussed.
Holy balls! Balls that walk on water

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Timed reciprocal dermal‐epidermal interactions between comb, mid‐dorsal, and tarsometatarsal skin components

The epithelio-mesenchymal interactions in development of chicken comb were studied in 106 skin chimeras grown on the chorioallantois. Explants were formed by enzymatic separation and recombinations of epidermis and dermis from the comb area, the mid-dorsum, and the tarsometatarsus, at stages before and during primordia formation. Under the experimental conditions, reciprocal developmental roles for comb dermis and epidermis were revealed. Comb dermis determines regional character and induces comb type epidermis. The strength of the inductive stimulus is too weak to erase feathers and scales induced (determined) in older mid-dorsal and tarsometatarsal epidermis. Comb area epidermis of younger developmental stages can respond to feather and scale induction, but older comb epidermis may continue along its initial course of induction. Indeed, when comb epidermis of eight days and older is placed in contact with other dermis it appears to have an inductive role for comb. The onset of keratinization by 13 days limits comb tissue interaction. The respective roles for dermis and epidermis and critical periods in comb development are discussed.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome criteria in trauma patients: Why the definitions do not work

Background:The international consensus definitions for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have formed the basis for recruitment into randomized, controlled trials and, more recently, standardized the protocols for ventilatory treatment of acute lung injury. Although possibly appropriate for
Effect of the 80-hour work week on resident case coverage.

Background On July 1, 2003, residency training programs were required to institute restricted duty hours as mandated by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. A major concern, voiced by both surgical residents and faculty, was an expectation that this would result in a decrease in operative experience. We hypothesized that implementing restricted duty hours would decrease case coverage by resident trainees. Study Design A retrospective study was performed of operative and endoscopic cases scheduled for a single general surgery practice for a year before and after July 1, 2003. Data collected included operation performed, number of attending surgeons present, whether a resident was present, and level of resident. Results From July 2002 to June 2003, there were 1,278 cases scheduled; 890 records were available. From July 2004 to June 2005, there were 1,182 cases scheduled; 960 records were available. Before institution of the restricted duty hours, 24.6% of junior-level (PGY1 and 2) cases, 21.7% of intermediate-level (PGY3) cases, and 6.2% of senior-level (PGY4 and 5) cases were not covered by residents. After restricted duty hours were implemented, 27.3% of junior-level cases, 15.9% of intermediate-level cases, and 8.1% of senior-level cases were not covered by residents. Overall 20.8% (185 of 890) and 20.4% (196 of 960) of cases were not covered by residents before and after instituting restricted duty hours, respectively. No difference in case coverage was statistically significant in each category or overall. Conclusions Restricted duty hours have not affected resident case coverage.
Providing audiological services to individuals with aphasia: considerations, preliminary recommendations, and a call for research

Purpose The populations most susceptible to hearing loss and to aphasia overlap substantially, creating a high likelihood that audiologists will be called on to assess and treat individuals with ap...
Integration of On-Chip Peristaltic Pumps and Injection Valves with Microchip Electrophoresis and Electrochemical Detection

A microfluidic approach that integrates peristaltic pumping from an on-chip reservoir with injection valves, microchip electrophoresis and electrochemical detection is described. Fabrication and operation of both the peristaltic pumps and injection valves were optimized to ensure efficient pumping and discrete injections. The final device uses the peristaltic pumps to continuously direct sample from a reservoir containing a mixture of analytes to injection valves that are coupled with microchip electrophoresis and amperometric detection. The separation and direct detection of dopamine and norepinephrine were possible with this approach and the utility of the device was demonstrated by monitoring the stimulated release of these neurotransmitters from a layer of cells introduced into the microchip. It is also shown that this pumping/reservoir approach can be expanded to multiple reservoirs and pumps, where one reservoir can be addressed individually or multiple reservoirs sampled simultaneously.
Modeling of thermal residual stress in environmental barrier coated fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composites

For SiC/SiC composites to replace metallic materials in future turbine engines, prime reliant environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) are required. However, due to the mismatch in thermal expansion and elastic modulus between the substrate and the coating, thermal residual stresses are generated in the coating after processing as well as during exposure to turbine engine operating conditions. The nature and magnitude of the thermal stresses will have a profound effect on the durability and reliability of the EBC. To estimate the magnitude of in-plane (x- and y-directions) and through-the-thickness (z-direction) thermal residual stresses in the coating, a finite element model (FEM) was developed. Using FEM, the residual stresses were predicted for three multilayered EBC systems considered for the SiC/SiC composites: (1) barium strontium aluminum silicate, (2) ytterbium disilicate, and (3) ytterbium monosilicate. Influence of thickness and modulus of the coating layer on the thermal residual stress were model...
Treatment of the Acute Retinal Necrosis Syndrome with Intravenous Acyclovir

Abstract We treated 13 eyes of 12 patients with the acute retinal necrosis syndrome (ARN) with intravenous acyclovir (1500 mg/M 2 /day) for an average of 10.9 days. All patients were also treated with oral aspirin or Coumadin in an attempt to prevent thrombotic complications and nine of twelve patients were treated with oral prednisone after intravenous acyclovir had been initiated. Regression of retinal lesions was first seen on average 3.9 days after initiation of therapy and required 32.5 days on average for completion. No eye developed new retinal lesions or progressive optic nerve involvement 48 hours or more after initiation of therapy, although progression within the first 48 hours was occasionally seen. Treatment did not ameliorate vitritis or prevent retinal detachment, which occurred in 11 of 13 eyes, an average of 59 days after the initiation of therapy. There were no evident ocular or systemic complications of therapy. Our data suggest the need for a prospective randomized clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of intravenous or oral acyclovir in the treatment of the acute retinal necrosis syndrome.
Structure of the Electrical Engineering Profession

What is the structure of the electrical engineering profession? What are the chief branches of the profession recognized today, and relatively how many engineers are engaged primarily in each branch? What are the relationships of each branch to the other special branches? In an effort to clarify these questions, a quantitative study has been made of the membership of the A.I.E.E. and is reported herewith. On the basis of his findings, Dean Hoover makes several recommendations for improving the nomenclature of electrical engineers. Discussion is invited.
Entropy and expected acceptance counts for finite automata

If a sequence of independent unbiased random bits is fed into a finite automaton, it is straightforward to calculate the expected number of acceptances among the first n prefixes of the sequence. This paper deals with the situation in which the random bits are neither independent nor unbiased, but are nearly so. We show that, under suitable assumptions concerning the automaton, if the difference between the entropy of the first n bits and n converges to a constant exponentially fast, then the change in the expected number of acceptances also converges to a constant exponentially fast. We illustrate this result with a variety of examples in which numbers following the reciprocal distribution, which governs the significands of floating-point numbers, are recoded in the execution of various multiplication algorithms.
Atopy, the use of condoms, and a history of cesarean delivery: potential predisposing factors for latex sensitization in pregnant women.

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to assess the prevalence of latex sensitization among women admitted for delivery and the relevant risk factors. Study Design: In a prospective study 333 consecutive patients admitted for delivery were screened for specific immunoglobulin E antibodies to latex and for atopic status. A questionnaire was filled in and included questions about the obstetric and surgical history, known contact with latex, and previous use of condoms. Results: Nine of 333 (2.7%) women showed latex-specific immunoglobulin E. All 9 women had atopy (100% vs 26.2% in the latex-negative group; P P Conclusion: Given a prevalence of 2.7% of latex sensitization, all obstetric patients should be questioned about known immediate allergic reaction to latex, a predisposition to atopy, previous intra-abdominal operations, and the regular use of condoms in the past. Patients with atopy and additive risk factors should be treated in a latex-free environment. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:1461-4.)
Sleeve fracture of the patella in children.

Purpose.To report the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of sleeve patellar fractures in children.Methods.Records of a consecutive series of patients with sleeve patellar fractures were retrospecti...
Reflectance Distribution Characteristics Of The GRSFE Modeling Sites

The Lunar Crater area of Nevada contains diverse, yet simple, surface types for examining bidirectional reflectance characteristics and developing and validating anisotropic models. In support of the Geologic Remote Sensing Field Experiment (GRSFE), three sites were examined in mid-July, 1989: a smooth playa (bright), cobble (dark on bright), and lava bed (dark) with a sparse grass and scrub cover. The smooth silt playa exhibited the highest reflectances (in dl three spectral bands) with nadir values of 53 % and 56% in the red d nearinfrared wavebands at a solar zenith angle of 30". The inclusion of the black lava cobbles covering about 30% of the surface of the playa reduced the nadir reflectance values to 24% and 25 96, respectively. These values contrast with nadir reflectances of 11 % and 13 9% for the lava site at the same sun angle. At a 70" solar zenith angle the nadir reflectancm dropped about 20% (relative) for the playa site but dropped by more than 40% on the cobble and lava sites. Reflectance anisotropy was found at all three sites and in all three wavebands, but the characteristics of the anisotropy varied substantially between sites and different solar zenith angles. Nadir-normalized reflectance factors ranged from 0.59 to 6.83 Keywords: Bidirectional reflectance, BRDF, deserts, anisotropy, geologic. and biophysical parameter estimation from satellite data. It is apparent that in order to correctly interpret nadir satellite data acquired at different solar incidence angles, and to exploit the advantages of oblique-looking current and future sensors, view angle effects due to anisotropic reflec,tance characteristics of earth and other planetary surfaces must be accounted for (not to exclude needed corrections for atmospheric effects). By acquiring bidirectional measurements that encompass the full range of illumination geometries expected over a wide range of surface conditions, the BRDFs can be approximated and the data can be used to develop and test models, which can be applied to satellite data interpretations. directional distribution of optical-reflective radiant energy in three spectral bands for three sites in the Lunar Crater area of Nevada. These BRDF characterizations are destined to be used later to validate quantitative multispectral radiative transfer models for extraction of surface property information from spacebome Earth and Mars observation systems. This study reports on field measurements of the
Regulation of two highly similar genes, omcB and omcC, in a 10 kb chromosomal duplication in Geobacter sulfurreducens.

The Fe(III)-reducing micro-organism Geobacter sulfurreducens requires an outer-membrane c-type cytochrome, OmcB, for Fe(III) reduction, but a related cytochrome, OmcC, which is 73 % identical to OmcB, is not required. The omcB and omcC genes are part of a tandem chromosomal duplication consisting of two repeated clusters of four genes. The 2·7 kb sequences preceding omcB and omcC are identical with the exception of a single base pair change. Studies that combined genetic, Northern blotting and primer extension analyses demonstrated that both omcB and omcC are transcribed as monocistronic and polycistronic (orf1-orf2-omcB/omcC) transcripts. All of the promoters for the various transcripts were found to be located within the 2·7 kb identical region upstream of omcB and omcC. The sequences of the promoter regions for the two monocistronic transcripts are identical and equidistant from the omcB or omcC start codons. The promoters for the two polycistronic transcripts, in contrast, are distinct. One is specific for transcription of orf1-orf2-omcB and the other is associated with transcription of orf1-orf2-omcC. Studies with an RpoS-deficient mutant suggested that transcription from all four promoters is RpoS dependent under one or more growth conditions. Deletion of orfR, a gene immediately upstream of orf1-orf2-omcB that encodes a putative transcriptional regulator, significantly lowered the omcB transcription when Fe(III) was the electron acceptor and partially inhibited Fe(III) reduction. In contrast, levels of omcC transcripts were unaffected in the orfR mutant. These results indicate that omcB and omcC operons represent a rare instance in which duplicated operons, located in tandem on the chromosome, have different transcriptional regulation.
Liposomes modified by carbohydrate ligands can target B cells for the treatment of B-cell lymphomas.

Evaluation of: Chen WC, Completo GC, Sigal DS, Crocker PR, Saven A, Paulson JC. In vivo targeting of B-cell lymphoma with glycan ligands of CD22. Blood 115(23), 4778–4786 (2010).A strategy has been developed to deliver selectively chemotherapeutic drugs to B cells by employing doxorubicin-loaded liposomes modified by a ligand for the B-cell-specific cell-surface protein CD22, also known as Siglec-2. The liposomes bound in a rapid and saturable manner to the human Burkitt lymphoma Daudi B-cell line and exhibited significantly higher cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo compared with similar untargeted liposomes. The CD22-targeted liposome bound to B cells isolated from lymphoma patients and although binding was proportional to CD22 expression on the cell surface, low levels of expression on chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells were sufficient to effect cell neutralization. The glycan-based strategy for delivery of chemotherapeutic agents may provide a new strategy for the treatment of B-cell lymphomas.
Gene therapy of pituitary diseases.

Despite a stuttering course, gene therapy continues to provide a potential treatment avenue for many human diseases, including cancer and various inherited disorders. Gene therapy is also attractive for the treatment of local, benign disorders, such as pituitary adenomas. Advances in technology have focused on modifying existing viral vec- tors and developing targeted expression of therapeutic genes in an effort to achieve efficacy with minimal toxicity. Gene therapy also offers innovative strategies for treating hypopituitarism by replacing hormones such as growth hormone (GH) and vasopressin.
On the Elimination of Pulsed Output Current in Z-loaded Chargers/Rectifiers

As proven in literature, the Z-loaded rectifier is an alternative topology for PFC applications requiring wide output voltage controllability. The main advantage of the Z-rectifier is the availability of two control signals allowing buck-boost operation. This raises the possibility of regarding the Z-rectifier as a novel single-stage PFC converter with ripple-less output regulation, whereby one control signal is used for input current shaping, while the other for reduction of pulsating output current in charger applications. This paper qualifies the advantages over the typical 2-stage approach and describes how decoupling the two control signals and forcing one of them to be placed within its useful range can accomplish such a scheme. Simulations are presented to confirm the mathematical derivations.
Close-packed noncircular nanodevice pattern generation by self-limiting ion-mill process.

We describe a self-limiting, low-energy argon-ion-milling process that enables noncircular device patterns, such as squares or hexagons, to be formed using precursor arrays of uniform circular openings in poly(methyl methacrylate) defined using electron beam lithography. The proposed patterning technique is of particular interest for bit-patterned magnetic recording medium fabrication, where square magnetic bits result in improved recording system performance. Bit-patterned magnetic medium is among the primary candidates for the next generation magnetic recording technologies and is expected to extend the areal bit density limits far beyond 1 Tbit/in 2 . The proposed patterning technology can be applied either for direct medium prototyping or for manufacturing of nanoimprint lithography templates or ion beam lithography stencil masks that can be utilized in mass production.
Brown strikes another blow against earmarking

On September 15, George Brown (D-Calif.), chairman of the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, held his second hearing on academic earmarking. The hearing, postponed from August, examined institutions that have actively solicited earmarks and the agencies that were directed to provide the earmarked funds. Academic earmarking refers to the practice by which congressional members, through the appropriations bill for an agency, specify funds for a particular research program or facility (usually in their own state or district). George Brown has been an active opponent of this process, because he thinks it bypasses the normal competitive, peer-review process by which agencies determine their research funding priorities and because, as chairman of an authorizing committee (one that sets priorities and approves programs but does not provide funds), he sees his committee's role being usurped by appropriators. As Brown stated in his opening remarks, “;Earmarking circumvents the system we have in place that allocates funding based on national needs and competitive merit review.… Earmarked projects often steer agencies away from their stated mission.”
Surface Spectroscopy Using High Energy Heavy Ions

Surface atoms ionized by high energy heavy ions have been detected by time-of-flight and quadrupole mass spectroscopic techniques. The experimental arrangements are described and potential applications are suggested. Both techniques are demonstrated to produce significant improvements in the detection of atomic hydrogen, with the TOF method producing a nine order of magnitude increase in the sensitivity of atomic hydrogen compared to standard nuclear analysis methods.