cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Cancer Research: the 20th anniversary.

This year marks a milestone for Clinical Cancer Research ( CCR )—we are celebrating our 20th anniversary. CCR was launched in January 1995 by the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), and at the time it was the third journal to join AACR's family of publications (following Cancer
Global gene expression profile progression in Gaucher disease mouse models

Gaucher disease is caused by defective glucocerebrosidase activity and the consequent accumulation of glucosylceramide. The pathogenic pathways resulting from lipid laden macrophages (Gaucher cells) in visceral organs and their abnormal functions are obscure. To elucidate this pathogenic pathway, developmental global gene expression analyses were conducted in distinct Gba1 point-mutated mice (V394L/V394L and D409 V/null). About 0.9 to 3% of genes had altered expression patterns (≥ ± 1.8 fold change), representing several categories, but particularly macrophage activation and immune response genes. Time course analyses (12 to 28 wk) of INFγ-regulated pro-inflammatory (13) and IL-4-regulated anti-inflammatory (11) cytokine/mediator networks showed tissue differential profiles in the lung and liver of the Gba1 mutant mice, implying that the lipid-storage macrophages were not functionally inert. The time course alterations of the INFγ and IL-4 pathways were similar, but varied in degree in these tissues and with the Gba1 mutation. Biochemical and pathological analyses demonstrated direct relationships between the degree of tissue glucosylceramides and the gene expression profile alterations. These analyses implicate IFNγ-regulated pro-inflammatory and IL-4-regulated anti-inflammatory networks in differential disease progression with implications for understanding the Gaucher disease course and pathophysiology.
The synthesis of antibody binding-site probes: a hexasaccharide and two pentasaccharides related to the Brucella A antigen and prepared by in situ activation of thioglycosides with bromine.

Abstract Two pentasaccharide analogues and a hexasaccharide fragment of the Brucella A antigen [→2)-α- d -Rhap4NFo-(1→/]n have been prepared as their methyl glycosides. The pentasaccharide analogues each have two formamido groups replaced by hydroxyl groups. Protected derivatives of the three oligosaccharides were prepared by in situ activation with bromine of mono- and di-saccharide thioglycosides of d -rhamnose and 4-azido-4,6-dideoxy- d -mannose in the presence of a glycosyl acceptor and silver triflate as promoter. Reduction of the azido groups with hydrogen sulfide, N-formylation with ethyl formate, and hydrogenolysis then gave the target pentasaccharide glycosides.
Efficacy of a television literacy curriculum for emotionally disturbed and learning disabled children

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of a television viewing skills curriculum on the television-related knowledge, attitudes, character identification, and viewing habits of elementary school-aged emotionally disturbed (ED) and learning disabled (LD) children. Six ED classes ( n = 38) and eight LD classes ( n = 43) were taught the 14-lesson curriculum by their regular teachers. Seven ED classes ( n = 43) and eight LD classes ( n = 43) served as no-treatment controls. The findings showed that the curriculum classes outperformed the no-treatment classes at posttest and follow-up on test that assessed perceptions of media portrayals of reality versus fantasy, knowledge of special effects, and veracity of commercial messages. Parallel analyses revealed that compared with the ED children in the control group, those in the curriculum group identified significantly less with aggressive television characters after the intervention. There were no significant curriculum effects on measures of attitudes toward television or viewing habits. The findings are discussed with regard to the media literacy and television effects literature.
Expression analysis of carbohydrate antigens in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast by lectin histochemistry

The number of breast cancer patients diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) continues to grow. Laboratory and clinical data indicate that DCIS can progress to invasive disease. Carbohydrate-mediated cell-cell adhesion and tumor-stroma interaction play crucial roles in tumorigenesis and tumor aggressive behavior. Breast carcinogenesis may reflect quantitative as well as qualitative changes in oligosaccharide expression, which may provide a useful tool for early detection of breast cancer. Because tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACA) are implicated in tumor invasion and metastasis, the purpose of this study was to assess the expression of selected TACA by lectin histochemistry on DCIS specimens from the archival breast cancer tissue array bank of the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. For detection of TACA expression, specimens were stained with Griffonia simplicifolia lectin-I (GS-I) and Vicia vilosa agglutinin (VVA). We studied associations of lectin reactivity with established prognostic factors, such as tumor size, tumor nuclear grade, and expression of Her-2/neu, p53 mutant and estrogen and progesterone receptors. We observed that both lectins showed significant associations with nuclear grade of DCIS. DCIS specimens with nuclear grades II and III showed significantly more intense reactivity than DCIS cases with nuclear grade I to GS-1 (Mean-score chi-square = 17.60, DF = 2; P = 0.0002) and VVA (Mean-score chi-square = 15.72, DF = 2; P = 0.0004). The results suggest that the expression of VVA- and GS-I-reactive carbohydrate antigens may contribute to forming higher grade DCIS and increase the recurrence risk.
Role of surface electronic transitions in linear and nonlinear electromagnetic phenomena at noble metal surfaces: beyond jellium

Abstract We treat for the first time the contributions to the linear and nonlinear optical response of noble metal surfaces from surface electronic transitions involving intrinsic surface states, Rydberg states and surface modified continuum states, and in particular formulate SHG, and 3WM in general, in terms of three-step processes involving three virtual surface electronic transitions. The surface electronic transitions lead to differences in reflection by (111) and (110) surfaces and to an anisotropic reflection by the (110) surfaces. They also lead to differences in the energy and dispersion of the surface plasmons on Ag(111) and Ag(110) and to anisotropic dispersion of the surface plasmons on Ag(110). 3WM at the (110) and (111) surfaces of Cu and Ag is discussed in terms of specific three-step processes at high symmetry points in the surface Brillouin zones. Processes involving transitions between intrinsic surface states at the -Y point of the (110) surface Brillouin zone are shown to lead to resonances in the dependence of χ2y′y′z′ and χ2y′y′z′ the frequency of the input, or output EM waves.
Structural Organization of a Full-Length gp130/LIF-R Cytokine Receptor Transmembrane Complex

Summary gp130 is a shared receptor for at least nine cytokines and can signal either as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor (LIF-R). Here, we biophysically and structurally characterize the full-length, transmembrane form of a quaternary cytokine receptor complex consisting of gp130, LIF-R, the cytokine Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF), and its alpha receptor (CNTF-Rα). Thermodynamic analysis indicates that, unlike the cooperative assembly of the symmetric gp130/Interleukin-6/IL-6Rα hexameric complex, CNTF/CNTF-Rα heterodimerizes gp130 and LIF-R via noncooperative energetics to form an asymmetric 1:1:1:1 complex. Single particle electron microscopic analysis of the full-length gp130/LIF-R/CNTF-Rα/CNTF quaternary complex elucidates an asymmetric structural arrangement, in which the receptor extracellular and transmembrane segments join as a continuous, rigid unit, poised to sensitively transduce ligand engagement to the membrane-proximal intracellular signaling regions. These studies also enumerate the organizing principles for assembly of the "tall" class of gp130 family cytokine receptor complexes including LIF, IL-27, IL-12, and others.
A new class of quasi-linear models for describing the nonlinear viscoelastic response of materials

In this short note, we develop a new class of “quasi-linear” viscoelastic models wherein the linearized strain is expressed in terms of a nonlinear measure of the stress. The class of models that is developed could be regarded as counterpart to the class of models referred to popularly as “quasi-linear” models, proposed by Fung to describe the response of viscoelastic bodies; however, now the strain is expressed as an integral of a nonlinear measure of the stress. The class of models that are developed can describe response that cannot be described by the class of models proposed by Fung, and moreover, these models are more reasonable from the point of view of causality.
Oral tolerance as therapy for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis: Demonstration of T cell anergy

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an important model for developing therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS). The oral administration of the central nervous system antigen, myelin basic protein (MBP), to Lewis rats and susceptible mouse strains prior to MBP immunization prevents the induction of EAE. Clinical trials administering myelin orally to MS patients have met with only partial success, and thus require that oral tolerance be further studied to improve this treatment strategy. Clonal anergy, clonal deletion, immune deviation from Th1 to Th2 T cell subsets, and active suppression by TGF-beta-secreting T cells have all been implicated as possible mechanisms in oral tolerance. Which mechanism predominates depends on antigen dosage, frequency of feeding, and timing of antigen administration. In this study, we have characterized T cells derived from MBP-fed rats and determined the level of their unresponsiveness. Myelin basic protein-specific T cells are indeed present although in reduced numbers in lymphoid tissue of orally tolerized animals. Following several cell divisions in the presence of IL-2, these MBP-specific T cells undergo a dramatic reversal of unresponsiveness, proliferate in response to MBP and are capable of transferring EAE. These results support clonal anergy as an important mechanism for oral tolerance. Recent developments in clinical trials of oral tolerance are described.
Direct measurement of the nonlinear refractive-index coefficient γ at 355 nm in fused silica and in BK-10 glass

We have measured the nonlinear refractive-index coefficient γ interferometrically at 355 nm in fused silica and in BK-10, a borosilicate crown glass. These measurements are the first reported direct ultraviolet measurements of the nonlinear index of refraction in any transparent glass. Our results are γ = (2.5 ± 1.2) × 10−16 cm2/W and γ = (1.7 ± 0.8) × 10−16 cm2/W, respectively, for fused silica and BK-10.
Understanding the Effect of Natural Fractures on the Hydrofracture Stimulation of Gas Reservoirs

A finite element model for propagation of discrete fractures has been coupled to an implicit time-dependent fluid flow capability to be used as a predictive tool for hydraulic fracturing through sandstone lenses, as found in the Western Tight Gas Sands. Validation of the model is obtained by simulating controlled physical experiments. Our numerical model, FEFFLAP, was used to replicate the extension of a single-wing crack, driven through gypsum cement into a sandstone lens. Pressure-time records from the model and the experiments compare favorably. 8 refs., 7 figs.
Masculine norms, disclosure, and childhood adversities predict long-term mental distress among men with histories of child sexual abuse

Child sexual abuse (CSA) can have a profound effect on the long-term mental health of boys/men. However, not all men with histories of CSA experience psychopathology. To improve prevention and intervention services, more research is needed to understand why some male survivors experience mental health problems and others do not. The purpose of this study was to examine factors related to mental distress among a large, non-clinical sample of men with histories of CSA (N=487). Using a cross-sectional design with purposive sampling from three national survivor organizations, data were collected through an anonymous Internet-based survey. Multivariate analyses found that only one of the four CSA severity variables-use of physical force by the abuser-was related to mental distress. Additional factors that were related to mental distress included the number of other childhood adversities, years until disclosure, overall response to disclosure, and conformity to masculine norms. Overall, the final model predicted 36% of the variance in the number of mental health symptoms. Mental health practitioners should include masculine norms, disclosure history, and childhood adversities in assessments and intervention planning with male survivors. To more fully explicate risk factors for psychopathology in this population, future studies with probability samples of men that focus on mediational processes and use longitudinal designs are needed.
Theoretically guided evaluation

Evaluation research is relatively and unfortunately atheoretical in approach. The incorporation of empiricism is a philosophical and methodological strategy for evaluation research, has aided in profitable assessment and development of social policy, and has led the development of methodological and statistical innovation in social science. The full power of evaluation research will only be realized when evaluative research embraces the other component of science - theory. It is argued that as the functions of theory have defined the growth and utility of science it will characterize the growth and usefulness of evaluation research. Theoretical guided evaluation will make an already applying science an applied one.
Randomized trial of suture versus electrosurgical bipolar vessel sealing in vaginal hysterectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To compare blood loss and procedure time of vaginal hysterectomy using an electrosurgical bipolar vessel sealer versus using sutures. METHODS: Sixty patients scheduled for vaginal hysterectomy in a single surgical practice were randomized to either electrosurgical bipolar vessel sealer or sutures as the hemostasis technique. Procedure time was defined as time from initial mucosal injection to closure of the vaginal cuff with satisfactory hemostasis. Blood loss was estimated by the anesthesia service. Statistical methodology included the Student t and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, and all comparisons were two tailed, with P <.05 considered significant. RESULTS: Use of an electrosurgical bipolar vessel sealer resulted in shorter procedure times: The mean procedure time in the electrosurgical bipolar vessel sealer arm was 39.1 minutes (range 22-93) versus 53.6 minutes (range 37-160) for the suture arm (P =.003). Mean estimated blood loss was also statistically less with electrosurgical bipolar vessel sealer: 68.9 mL (range 20-200) versus 126.7 mL (range 25-600) for the suture arm (P =.005). Complication rate and length of stay did not differ by hemostasis technique. Seventy-eight percent of all cases were outpatient. CONCLUSION: Electrosurgical bipolar vessel sealer is an effective alternative to sutures in vaginal hysterectomy, resulting in significantly reduced operative time and blood loss.
Two Patients With an Anti-N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Antibody Syndrome-Like Presentation and Negative Results of Testing for Autoantibodies

We describe two boys whose distinct and remarkable clinical pictures suggested the possibility of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibody encephalitis. Both patients responded to immunotherapy, but neither manifested that antibody. Patient 1 exhibited florid encephalopathy with psychotic manifestations including inappropriate affect, intermittent delirium, visual hallucinations, severe anorexia, agitation, paranoid ideation, and abnormal electroencephalogram results. He responded to intravenous immunoglobulin, with steady improvement over 3 months to almost complete remission for 1 year, followed by a relapse that again responded, more quickly, to intravenous immunoglobulin. A second relapse occurred 1 month later, and again responded to intravenous immunoglobulin. Patient 2 exhibited progressive, severely debilitating limb dystonia that worsened over 1.5 years, with milder psychiatric symptoms including mood instability, aggressiveness, impulsivity, and depression. When he developed thymic hyperplasia 1.5 years into his illness, he underwent a thymectomy, and improved significantly on a regimen of plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin. Patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of autoimmune encephalitis, but without antibodies, may still respond to immunotherapy.
Direct Activation of the Epithelial Na+ Channel by Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-Trisphosphate and Phosphatidylinositol 3,4-Bisphosphate Produced by Phosphoinositide 3-OH Kinase

The phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) is accepted to be a direct modulator of ion channel activity. The products of phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase (PI3K), PtdIns(3,4)P2 and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3), in contrast, are not. We report here activation of the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) reconstituted in Chinese hamster ovary cells by PI3K. Insulin-like growth factor-I also activated reconstituted ENaC and increased Na+ reabsorption across renal A6 epithelial cell monolayers via PI3K. Neither IGF-I nor PI3K affected the levels of ENaC in the plasma membrane. The effects of PI3K and IGF-I on ENaC activity paralleled changes in the plasma membrane levels of the PI3K product phospholipids, PtdIns(3,4)P2/PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, as measured by evanescent field fluorescence microscopy. Both PtdIns(3,4)P2 and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 activated ENaC in excised patches. Activation of ENaC by PI3K and its phospholipid products corresponded to changes in channel open probability. We conclude that PI3K directly modulates ENaC activity via PtdIns(3,4)P2 and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. This represents a novel transduction pathway whereby growth factors, such as IGF-I, rapidly modulate target proteins independent of signaling elicited by kinases downstream of PI3K.
Sorption of benzene, tetrahydrofuran and 2-butanone by poly(vinyl acetate) at 323.15 K using a quartz crystal balance

Abstract Isothermal solubilities at 323.15 K, of benzene, tetrahydrofuran and 2-butanone in poly(vinyl acetate) are reported. These data, in the concentrated polymer regime, were measured using a recently constructed quartz crystal balance. Solvent activities were represented with a modified Flory–Huggins activity model to within experimental error. Our results compared with available literature data favorably. Three free volume activity models described in the literature predicted our experimental results with reasonable accuracy.
Fluvial and Eolian Sandstone Bodies in Colorado Plateau: ABSTRACT

The Colorado Plateau has been the site of accumulation and preservation of non-marine sediments since late Paleozoic time. The climatic conditions have been desert-like for long periods and wind-blown sand is a common sedimentary type. Much of the alluvial material did not leave the source area and is still near its place of origin. The deep and intricate erosion permits excellent three-dimensional views of the sedimentary bodies. Extensive eolian formations occur in the Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic systems. These are mainly interpreted as superposed dune fields. In many instances the edges of the formations are abrupt and comparison with modern sharply defined dune areas is obvious. Tangential cross-bedding with occasional contorted masses characterize these deposits. Chief interest attaches to the determination of wind directions; apparently the source of most of the sand lay to the north and northwest. Fluvial deposits are common after the Pennsylvanian. These offer excellent opportunity to study sedimentary variations resulting from differences in climate, weathering, distance of transport, provenance, and energy relations of stream systems. The common occurrence of uranium deposits in the fluvial sandstones has stimulated geologic investigation. The petroleum possibilities of these beds are also receiving increased attention. Practically every type of deposit seen in process of formation in modern rivers can be detected in the consolidated rocks. The overbank or flood-plain deposits are of less variety and interest than the channel deposits. All types of bars and channel-fill deposits are present but those formed during the building of alluvial plains are most common. Apparently the final composition of a typical fluvial formation depends on the gradient of the streams, the total amount of sediment supplied, and the relative amounts of fine and coarse material. Internal structures of channel sandstones show great variety and can be related to stream volume and velocity. Ripple-mark, festoon cross-bedding, rib-and-furrow, and lineation are the most common. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1257------------
Association between a quantitative CT scan measure of brain edema and outcome after cardiac arrest.

Abstract Background Cerebral edema is one physical change associated with brain injury and decreased survival after cardiac arrest. Edema appears on computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain as decreased X-ray attenuation by gray matter. This study tested whether the gray matter attenuation to white matter attenuation ratio (GWR) was associated with survival and functional recovery. Methods Subjects were patients hospitalized after cardiac arrest at a single institution between 1/1/2005 and 7/30/2010. Subjects were included if they had non-traumatic cardiac arrest and a non-contrast CT scan within 24 h after cardiac arrest. Attenuation (Hounsfield Units) was measured in gray matter (caudate nucleus, putamen, thalamus, and cortex) and in white matter (internal capsule, corpus callosum and centrum semiovale). The GWR was calculated for basal ganglia and cerebrum. Outcomes included survival and functional status at hospital discharge. Results For 680 patients, 258 CT scans were available, but 18 were excluded because of hemorrhage (10), intravenous contrast (3) or technical artifact (5), leaving 240 CT scans for analysis. Lower GWR values were associated with lower initial Glasgow Coma Scale motor score. Overall survival was 36%, but decreased with decreasing GWR. The average of basal ganglia and cerebrum GWR provided the best discrimination. Only 2/58 subjects with average GWR Conclusions Subjects with severe cerebral edema, defined by GWR
Experimental determination of a species-dependent effect in the transverse emittances of sputter-generated negative-ion beams

We report experimental evidence of a previously unseen species-dependent effect in the transverse emittances of momentum-analyzed $^{28}\mathrm{Si}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, $^{58}$${\mathrm{Ni}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, and $^{197}$${\mathrm{Au}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ negative-ion beams generated by cesium-ion sputtering. The differences in the emittances are found to be principally correlated with differences in the energy spreads in the respective ion beams, which have their origins in the sputter-ejection negative-ion formation process. The experimental equipment and techniques utilized for emittance data acquisition and analysis, and evidence for a species-dependent effect in the emittances and brightnesses of the subject ion beams, are presented in this paper.
Raman spectroscopic study of the pressure-induced coordination change in GeO2 glass.

Raman spectra of ${\mathrm{GeO}}_{2}$ glass are recorded in situ as a function of pressure to 56 GPa at room temperature. Under initial compression to 6 GPa the main 419-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ Raman band shifts to higher frequency and broadens with a gradual loss of intensity. These spectral changes are consistent with an increase in distortion of ${\mathrm{GeO}}_{4}$ tetrahedra and a decrease in the intertetrahedral bond angle with pressure. Between 6 and 13 GPa (the pressure range of the reported fourfold- to sixfold-coordination change of Ge in germania glass) the main Raman band broadens, and the scattering intensity is dramatically reduced with little shift in peak frequency. This pressure interval is also marked with the appearance and growth of a broad low-frequency band near 240 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. The inferred pressure-induced coordination change occurs without the formation of nonbridging oxygens. Above 13 GPa no further major structural changes are indicated by the Raman data taken with pressures up to 56 GPa. On decompression the back transformation of octahedral Ge to tetrahedral coordination is complete but exhibits a large hysteresis. The Raman data indicate that the high-coordinate germanium species are retained down to pressures of at least 2.3 GPa. In samples decompressed from high pressures, the intensity of the 520-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ ``defect'' band is considerably enhanced relative to that in normal germania glass, consistent with an increase in three-membered-ring population. It is proposed that a large component of this increase in three-membered rings is a result of the reversion of $^{\mathrm{III}}\mathrm{O}$ species to tetrahedra-bridging $^{\mathrm{II}}\mathrm{O}$ species under decompression.
SwitchBack: Using Focus and Saccade Tracking to Guide Users' Attention for Mobile Task Resumption

Smartphones and tablets are often used in dynamic environments that force users to break focus and attend to their surroundings, creating a form of "situational impairment." Current mobile devices have no ability to sense when users divert or restore their attention, let alone provide support for resuming tasks. We therefore introduce SwitchBack, a system that allows mobile device users to resume tasks more efficiently. SwitchBack is built upon Focus and Saccade Tracking (FAST), which uses the front-facing camera to determine when the user is looking and how their eyes are moving across the screen. In a controlled study, we found that FAST can identify how many lines the user has read in a body of text within a mean absolute percent error of just 3.9%. We then tested SwitchBack in a dual focus-of-attention task, finding that SwitchBack improved average reading speed by 7.7% in the presence of distractions.
Spatio-temporal scheduling of complementary sequences with application to MIMO-OFDM

In this paper, a new method of space-time processing is proposed for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) using complementary sequences derived from the rows of the DFT matrix. The autocorrelative properties of the complementary sequences allows multiple complex data signals at the transmitter with an arbitrary number of antennas to be perfectly separated at the receiver without prior channel knowledge while achieving full-rate. This new method is proposed and derived for multiple MIMO-OFDM systems with multipath fading; at the receiver, symbol estimation is effected via maximum likelhihood estimation (ML).
Don't Call Me Ishmael: Religious Naming Among Protestants and Catholics in the United States

We explore whether first names of religious origin continue to have religious connotations for Protestants and Catholics in a U.S. culture where naming is largely secularized. We use 1994 General Social Survey data to examine several questions: (1) whether there are Protestant-Catholic differences in broad categories of names (Old Testament, New Testament, saints, etc.); (2) whether worship attendance predicts the likelihood that Protestant and Catholic parents select categories of names corresponding to their respective traditions; and (3) whether worship attendance predicts selection of specific names that are disproportionately common within Protestantism and Catholicism (without regard to the broader categories). Results show some expected Protestant-Catholic differences in the frequency of name categories. However, there is no relationship between parental worship attendance and the likelihood of choosing these categories, suggesting that differences cannot be explained by religious motivations. In contrast, worship attendance does increase Catholics' likelihood of choosing specific names that are disproportionately common within their tradition. This suggests that committed Catholics perceive certain names as “Catholic” and represents one instance in which names do retain religious connotations for believers. We are aware of no previous research that has established such a link between parental religious commitment and naming.
Expression of genes and proteins specific for prostate cancer.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We reviewed the pertinent literature and discuss high throughput approaches to the identification of molecular markers characteristic of prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: A PubMed search was performed for expression array studies comparing prostate cancer tissues with nonmalignant tissues and serum proteomic studies comparing patients with prostate cancer and controls.Results: The expression of several genes may help distinguish prostate cancer cells from nonmalignant prostatic epithelial cells. A few genes, such as those coding for hepsin, LIM protein and α-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase, have consistently been identified as being over expressed in cancer cells compared with nonmalignant cells. Proteomic analysis using mass spectroscopy has identified spectral patterns that have a significant correlation with the presence of prostate cancer. The optimal presentation of the spectra may depend highly on technical factors and experimental protocols have yet to be standardized among lab...
Sins of Commission? Falkenrath and His Critics

In response to Richard Falkenrath’s critique of The 9/11 Commission Report, we would like to make three points.1 First, his criticisms, which have mostly to do with whether the commission’s recommendations oow from the narrative of 9/11, are well taken. While some of the recommendations do stand essentially on their own, Falkenrath is reacting fairly to an overly abbreviated summary of them. The original outline of the report envisioned ave chapters of systemic diagnosis, not just two. The commission concluded that the attendant detail would interest only Washington insiders.2 The commission also tried to avoid a “Hickam Field fallacy.” In response to Pearl Harbor, one could offer a policy recommendation not to line up planes on the runway at Hickam Field anymore. If all policy recommendations simply react to past foibles, they will defeat, in an imaginative sense, the previous attack. They may not really defeat the next one. Thus our investigation, as it reconstructed a historical narrative (about which, Falkenrath’s comments are gratifyingly complimentary), also yielded an opportunity for broader diagnoses of a disordered system. Policy recommendations oow from looking at the present and future, not just at the unreplicable past. Second, Falkenrath’s critique makes too little allowance for the circumstances in which the report was composed. Keeping peace within a large and diverse staff and avoiding the appearance of partisan tilt sometimes required muting interpretation. While no factual conclusion was ever watered down, the report often does not tell readers how to weigh those facts, and some readers—Falkenrath among them—feel frustrated that the commission did not instruct the American people to agree with their preconceptions. The fact that ave Republicans and ave Democrats endorsed such a long and complex report without dissent about a single line is important. We live in a period of venomous partisanship, matched probably only by the early national period Correspondence: Sins of Commission?
Multilayer Coextrusion of Polymer Composites to Develop Organic Capacitors

Abstract Multilayer coextrusion is applied to produce a tape containing layers of alternating electrical properties to demonstrate the potential for using coextrusion to manufacture capacitors. To obtain the desired properties, we develop two filled polymer systems, one for conductive layers and one for dielectric layers. We describe numerical models used to help determine the material and processing parameters that impact processing and layer stability. These models help quantify the critical ratios of densities and viscosities of the two layers to maintain stable layers, as well as the effect of increasing the flow rate of one of the two materials. The conducting polymer is based on polystyrene filled with a blend of low-melting-point eutectic metal and nickel particulate filler, as described by Mrozek et al. (2010). The appropriate concentrations of fillers are determined by balancing measured conductivity with processability in a twin screw extruder. Based on results of the numerical models and estima...
Time-domain physical-optics analysis of large reflector antennas

The time-domain analysis of large reflector antennas is presented. Physical-optics time-domain analysis is used to determine the antenna characteristics under pulse-modulated RF excitation. The resulting far fields for a front-fed paraboloid are shown. The waveforms of the incident wave and scattered field are plotted. From these patterns one can determine buildup and decay transient time as a function of reflector diameter or observer look angle. Using the peak of the steady-state field for different look angles, one can determine the gain pattern of the reflector, which agrees exactly with the gain pattern obtained directly from frequency-domain analysis. >
Stimulus control in the experimental study of cooperation.

The cooperative responses of pairs of human subjects were reinforced under several stimulus conditions in two settings designed to require a “social” response, i.e., where at least one of the two persons is responding to the behavior of the other. The first task, designed by Lindsley and Cohen, required individual responses within 0.5 sec of one another for reinforcement. The second (modified) task required a delay of 3 sec between individual responses. To determine dependence of cooperation on social stimuli, rates of cooperative behavior on these tasks were compared in the presence and absence of a stimulus indicating to each subject the other's response and a stimulus which indicated the duration of the timeout after reinforcement. The results indicated that only in the modified task was a high rate of cooperation always contingent upon the presence of the social stimuli.
The Neurobiological Basis of Cognition: Identification by Multi-Input, Multioutput Nonlinear Dynamic Modeling

The successful development of neural prostheses requires an understanding of the neurobiological bases of cognitive processes, i.e., how the collective activity of populations of neurons results in a higher level process not predictable based on knowledge of the individual neurons and/or synapses alone. We have been studying and applying novel methods for representing nonlinear transformations of multiple spike train inputs (multiple time series of pulse train inputs) produced by synaptic and field interactions among multiple subclasses of neurons arrayed in multiple layers of incompletely connected units. We have been applying our methods to study of the hippocampus, a cortical brain structure that has been demonstrated, in humans and in animals, to perform the cognitive function of encoding new long-term (declarative) memories. Without their hippocampi, animals and humans retain a short-term memory (memory lasting approximately 1 min), and long-term memory for information learned prior to loss of hippocampal function. Results of more than 20 years of studies have demonstrated that both individual hippocampal neurons, and populations of hippocampal cells, e.g., the neurons comprising one of the three principal subsystems of the hippocampus, induce strong, higher order, nonlinear transformations of hippocampal inputs into hippocampal outputs. For one synaptic input or for a population of synchronously active synaptic inputs, such a transformation is represented by a sequence of action potential inputs being changed into a different sequence of action potential outputs. In other words, an incoming temporal pattern is transformed into a different, outgoing temporal pattern. For multiple, asynchronous synaptic inputs, such a transformation is represented by a spatiotemporal pattern of action potential inputs being changed into a different spatiotemporal pattern of action potential outputs. Our primary thesis is that the encoding of short-term memories into new, long-term memories represents the collective set of nonlinearities induced by the three or four principal subsystems of the hippocampus, i.e., entorhinal cortex-to-dentate gyrus, dentate gyrus-to-CA3 pyramidal cell region, CA3-to-CA1 pyramidal cell region, and CA1-to-subicular cortex. This hypothesis will be supported by studies using in vivo hippocampal multineuron recordings from animals performing memory tasks that require hippocampal function. The implications for this hypothesis will be discussed in the context of ?cognitive prostheses?-neural prostheses for cortical brain regions believed to support cognitive functions, and that often are subject to damage due to stroke, epilepsy, dementia, and closed head trauma.
High Performance Materials for Long-Term Usage

Although high performance materials offer many advantages in reducing overall material usage and waste generation, there are limitations that must be addressed to their use. These include problems in materials design, testing and evaluation, manufacturing processing and recycling. These limitations will be discussed.
Effect of Changes in Grain Boundary Toughness on the Strength of Alumina

Indentation/strength data on a series of Ca-doped aluminas are presented, revealing considerable microstructural influence and increasing fracture resistance during crack propagation. The source of the increasing resistance is considered in terms of a restraining zone of grain-localized ligamentary bridges behind the crack tip. A simple fracture mechanics model is developed to characterize the effect of the restraining ligaments, which also allows the steady state toughness, applicable to large cracks, and the intrinsic strength, applicable to small cracks, to be predicted. The segregation of Ca to the grain boundaries is shown to correlate with decreases in grain boundary toughness and increases in toughness in the large crack limit. These latter two combined effects lead to decreases in intrinsic strength with increasing steady state toughness.
Accuracy and stability improvement of tomography video signatures

Video signature techniques based on tomography images address the problem of video identification. This method relies on temporal segmentation and sampling strategies to build and determine the unique elements that form the signature. In this paper an extension for these methods is presented; first an implementation for high contrast sub-sampling and up-sampling filters is used to increase tomography edge stability, then a robust temporal video segmentation system is used to replace the original method applied to determine shot changes more accurately, and finally a new feature extraction method, derived from the previously proposed sampling pattern, was implemented and tested, resulting in a highly distinctive set of signature elements. The video set for the test was recorded from live broadcast TV, using as queries 20 different commercials, with the objective of analyzing the audit proficiency of the signatures for new applications. The performance obtain over the version presented in [3] is significant with 99.58% of Recall and 99.35% of Precision prediction.
Phase II Study of Erlotinib Plus Temozolomide During and After Radiation Therapy in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme or Gliosarcoma

Purpose This open-label, prospective, single-arm, phase II study combined erlotinib with radiation therapy (XRT) and temozolomide to treat glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and gliosarcoma. The objectives were to determine efficacy of this treatment as measured by survival and to explore the relationship between molecular markers and treatment response. Patients and Methods Sixty-five eligible adults with newly diagnosed GBM or gliosarcoma were enrolled. We intended to treat patients not currently treated with enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs (EIAEDs) with 100 mg/d of erlotinib during XRT and 150 mg/d after XRT. Patients receiving EIAEDs were to receive 200 mg/d of erlotinib during XRT and 300 mg/d after XRT. After XRT, the erlotinib dose was escalated until patients developed tolerable grade 2 rash or until the maximum allowed dose was reached. All patients received temozolomide during and after XRT. Molecular markers of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), EGFRvIII, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PT...
Acceptability of Microwave Reheated Precooked Chicken After Packaging, Freezing and Storing

Abstract Chicken pieces were breaded and precooked in corn oil under pressure, individually packaged, frozen, stored for three months, reheated in a microwave oven and evaluated by a taste panel. Variations in freezing rates were accomplished by freezing in air −37°C. (air blast) or with Freon®-12 (−42°C). Packaging variables included bulk packaging in polyethylene bags; packaging individual pieces in Saran-Mylar-laminate pouches before and after freezing; air packaging in aluminum trays with coated paper lids; and coating pieces with acetylated monoglyceride, followed by packaging in aluminum trays. Storage variables included constant −18°C. and fluctuating temperatures. The microwave reheated pieces were equally acceptable when bulk packed in polyethylene bags or vacuum packaged in Saran-Mylar laminated pouches. Results were similar for those frozen by air-blast or using Freon®-12. Air packaged pieces had significantly lower juiciness, flavor and general acceptability scores than pieces from other packaging treatments, and those held at constant temperature had significantly higher scores than did those held under fluctuating temperatures.
Using a classic paper by Bell as a platform for discussing the role of corollary discharge-like signals in sensory perception and movement control.

Decades of behavioral observations have shown that invertebrate and vertebrate species have the ability to distinguish between self-generated afferent inputs versus those that are generated externa...
Ginseng leaf-stem: bioactive constituents and pharmacological functions

Ginseng root is used more often than other parts such as leaf stem although extracts from ginseng leaf-stem also contain similar active ingredients with pharmacological functions. Ginseng's leaf-stems are more readily available at a lower cost than its root. This article reviews the pharmacological effects of ginseng leaf-stem on some diseases and adverse effects due to excessive consumption. Ginseng leaf-stem extract contains numerous active ingredients, such as ginsenosides, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, flavonoids, volatile oils, polyacetylenic alcohols, peptides, amino acids and fatty acids. The extract contains larger amounts of the same active ingredients than the root. These active ingredients produce multifaceted pharmacological effects on the central nervous system, as well as on the cardiovascular, reproductive and metabolic systems. Ginseng leaf-stem extract also has anti-fatigue, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant and anti-aging properties. In normal use, ginseng leaf-stem extract is quite safe; adverse effects occur only when it is over dosed or is of poor quality. Extracts from ginseng root and leaf-stem have similar multifaceted pharmacological activities (for example central nervous and cardiovascular systems). In terms of costs and source availability, however, ginseng leaf-stem has advantages over its root. Further research will facilitate a wider use of ginseng leaf-stem.
RSVP II: a next generation automotive vector processor

A large number of sensors (i.e., video, radar, laser, ultrasound, etc.) that continuously monitor the environment are finding their way in the average automobile. The algorithms processing the data captured by these sensors are streaming in nature and require a high rate of computation. Due to the characteristics of the automotive environment, this computation has to be delivered under very low energy and cost budgets. The reconfigurable streaming vector processing (RSVP/spl trade/) architecture is a vector coprocessor architecture which accelerates streaming data processing. This paper presents the RSVP architecture and its second implementation, RSVP II. Our results show significant speedups on data streaming functions running compiled code. On a lane tracking application, RSVP II shows impressive performance results. From a performance/$ and performance/mW perspective, RSVP architecture compares favorably with leading DSP architectures. The time to market is substantially reduced due to ease of programmability, elimination of hand-tuned assembly code, and support for software re-use through binary compatibility across multiple implementations.
Comparing Exemplar- and Rule-Based Theories of Categorization

We address whether human categorization behavior is based on abstracted rules or stored exemplars. Although predictions of both theories often mimic each other in many designs, they can be differentiated. Experimental data reviewed does not support either theory exclusively. We find participants use rules when the stimuli are confusable and exemplars when they are distinct. By drawing on the distinction between simple stimuli (such as lines of various lengths) and complex ones (such as words and objects), we offer a dynamic view of category learning. Initially, categorization is based on rules. During learning, suitable features for discriminating stimuli may be gradually learned. Then, stimuli can be stored as exemplars and used to categorize novel stimuli without recourse to rules.
Discussion Aspects of High-Order Sliding Mode Control

This technical note discusses to what extent the high order sliding mode control may serve as an alternative to the conventional sliding mode control. Definition of sliding mode order, relative degree, chattering attenuation, filtering, and implementation complexity constitute the scope of the discussion.