cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic analysis suggests high conservation value of peripheral populations of Chihuahau chub (Gila nigrescens

Genetic drift is expected to be the predominant evolutionary force in small, fragmented peripheral populations, which can lead to divergent allele frequencies and lowered diversity compared to the core population. Peripheral populations are not considered a high priority for conservation for this reason. However, peripheral populations may possess unique genetic variability not found elsewhere in the species’ range, and may be especially important if core populations are at extirpation risk. Here, we characterized levels and patterns of genetic diversity at microsatellites and mtDNA for the peripheral populations of Chihuahua chub in New Mexico, and compared these results to populations in Mexico including a new locality in the Rio Yaqui basin. All populations of Chihuahua chub in New Mexico were genetically depauperate as expected due to their small and peripheral status, and harbored distinct variation compared to those in Mexico. Allele and haplotype frequencies were divergent between New Mexican and Mexican populations, and mitochondrial haplotypes were not shared between them. All New Mexican populations were significantly divergent from one another suggesting little genetic exchange. New Mexican populations also exhibited relatively small genetic effective size. Chihuahua chub in New Mexico thus represent a unique component of the species’ evolutionary legacy and hence suggests high conservation value of this peripheral population. Conservation value of this population is bolstered by the fact that Chihuahua chub has more legal protection than counterparts in Mexico.
A Comparison of Two Methods for Examining Inmates’ Self-Reported Drug Use

This article examines the reliability of prison inmates’ self-reported drug use. Data were collected from face-to-face interviews and self-administered questionnaires. A number of steps were taken to increase the validity of self-reports. Results indicate that self-reported drug use is reliable although inmates were slightly more likely to admit to using drugs on a self-administered questionnaire than during face-to-face interviews. The study's limitations and implications are discussed.
A game-theoretic approach to stable routing in max-min fair networks

In this paper, we present a game-theoretic study of the problem of routing in networks with max-min fair congestion control at the link level. The problem is formulated as a noncooperative game, in which each user aims to maximize its own bandwidth by selecting its routing path. We first prove the existence of Nash equilibria. This is important, because at a Nash equilibrium (NE), no user has any incentive to change its routing strategy-leading to a stable state. In addition, we investigate how the selfish behavior of users may affect the performance of the network as a whole. We next introduce a novel concept of observed available bandwidth on each link. It allows a user to find a path with maximum bandwidth under max-min fair congestion control in polynomial time, when paths of other users are fixed. We then present a game-based algorithm to compute an NE and prove that by following the natural game course, the network converges to an NE. Extensive simulations show that the algorithm converges to an NE within 10 iterations and also achieves better fairness compared to other algorithms .
Strip-yield and finite element analysis of part-through surface flaws

Abstract A slice synthesis methodology is developed and used to construct a weight function based strip-yield model for a semi-elliptical part-through surface flaw in an elastic–perfectly plastic body under monotonic loading. The model enables rapid approximate computation of the crack surface displacements and the crack front plastic zone size in the crack plane. A detailed mathematical description of the model is presented. Crack surface displacements from the model are shown to compare well with results from detailed three-dimensional elastic–plastic finite element analyses. From the finite element analyses, the crack plane plastic zone is shown to give an unrealistic perspective of overall crack front plasticity.
Phase-shifting\nonmaximal sequences: modulo-2 adders

The shift-and-add property is usually considered in terms of linear binary msequences. After rigorously defining the property, it is shown that a less rigid form of it applies to all linear sequences. A brief description is given of two modulo-2 adders using less components than their conventional counterpart.
Sodium borohydride reduction of anthocyanidins

Abstract The reduction of anthocyanidins with NaBH 4 in EtOH or MeOH produces inter alia racemates of epicatechins. Thus, the (±) racemates of 3′,5′-di- O -methylepigallocatechin, 3′- O -methylepigallocatechin, and 3′- O -methylepicatechin have been identified as the reduction products of malvidin, petunidin, and peonidin, respectively, by their UV, MS and NMR spectra.
Human retroviruses: a common virology.

There are five known human retroviruses: human T-lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV-I), HTLV-II, HTLV-V, human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), and HIV-2. These are related to animal lentiviruses. The simian retroviruses, simian T-lymphotropic virus-I (STLV-I) and STLV-III are related closely to HTLV-I and HIV-2 respectively. HTLV-I and HTLV-II and, possibly, HTLV-V are transforming agents that immortalize the CD4 cell. In contrast, HIV-1 and HIV-2 cause this cell to lyse, resulting in immunodeficiency (ID). HIV-1 and HIV-2 cause severe ID resulting in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In HTLV-I and HTLV-II, ID is less severe and rarely progressive. Both of these retroviruses induce proliferation of CD4 cells. In HTLV-I, this results in acute Tcellieukemia and mycosis fungoides (MF) with hypercalcemia. HTLV-V produces a less severe form of MF without hypercalcemia. Associated lymphomas (AL) occur with HTLV-I. HIV-1 and HIV-2 produce AL as well as Kaposi's sarcoma. Both also cause subcortical dementia because they are neurotropic. All human retroviruses appear to be transmitted sexually and by blood. Transfusional AIDS may be almost entirely eliminated by serologic testing of the blood supply, and transfusional lymphoma can be almost entirely eliminated by universal testing for HTLV-I.
Lack of Association between Pre-Discharge Apnea and Acid G-E Reflux in Formerly Preterm Infants

Lack of Association between Pre-Discharge Apnea and Acid G-E Reflux in Formerly Preterm Infants
Response Of Fiber Gyros To Signals Introduced At The Second Harmonic Of The Bias Modulation Frequency

A technique that can be used for the closed-loop operation of dynamically biased optical fiber gyroscopes is discussed. The source wavelength dependence of the scale factor is considerably suppressed and the dynamic range of this system is limited only by that of the phase modulator used. Preliminary experimental results using an all-fiber gyroscope are compared with theoretical predictions.
From totipotency to T in a dish

Given the right sequence of cues, embryonic stem cells can develop into any cell type found in the body. New work shows how manipulation of supportive stromal cells to provide essential Delta-Notch interactions allows embryonic stem cells to develop into functional T lymphocytes during in vitro culture.
Childhood bullying and healthcare adherence in adulthood

BACKGROUND: The relationship between childhood bullying and healthcare adherence in adulthood has been rarely studied, but one published study suggests that being bullied in childhood is related to lower healthcare adherence among adolescents. This previous study examined few adherence variables and was limited to youths. AIMS: In this study, we assessed five variables for childhood bullying as related to seven measures of healthcare adherence among a cohort of adult primary care outpatients. METHOD: Using a cross-sectional, self-report survey methodology in a sample of 263 consecutive internal medicine outpatients, we examined five aspects of bullying and seven aspects of adherence with general healthcare. RESULTS: Being a victim of bullying, type of bullying (emotional, physical), number of years bullied and number of bullies each evidenced no statistical relationships with healthcare adherence. However, being a bully demonstrated several statistical relationships with healthcare adherence, indicating less adherence to instructions provided by healthcare professionals. CONCLUSIONS: Despite all of the deleterious psychological and physical effects of being bullied in childhood, there was no evidence that non-adherence with healthcare in adulthood is one of them. In contrast, bullies evidenced several areas of reduced healthcare adherence. Language: en
A Three Parameter Representation of the Shape and Size Distributions of Hailstones--A Case Study.

Abstract The characteristics of shapes and sizes of a sample of 679 hailstones, collected on 22 June 1976 during a hailstorm at Grover, Colorado, were analyzed using a three-parameter formula developed by us previously. These parameters are a, the horizontal dimension, c, the vertical dimension, and λ, the shape parameter. Once these three parameters are specified, both the shape and size of a hailstone are fixed. It is believed that this analysis produces the most complete and quantitative information about the hailstone shape and size distributions reported so far. The dataset of the three parameter also allows the relatively good reconstruction of the sizes and shapes of the original hailstones if desired. The results for this collection of hail show that the distributions of both horizontal and vertical dimensions can be described by gamma distributions, while the shape parameter can be described by an exponential distribution. Since the shape parameter basically describes the vertical asymmetry, it m...
Some remarks on Shear's Liapunov function for systems of chemical reactions

Abstract In a recent paper Shear has given a proof that an analog of the Boltzman H function provides a Liapunov function for open systems of chemical reactions. Shear concludes that such systems cannot exhibit limit cycle behavior in contradiction to several theoretical examples of oscillating chemical reactions. It is shown here that his proof is incorrect. While the H function is a Liapunov function for closed systems, its extention to open systems is in general limited to those involving only first-order or pseudo first-order reactions. As theoretical examples of oscillating systems involve bimolecular reactions, the contradiction appears to be resolved.
Alfalfa root nodule phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase: characterization of the cDNA and expression in effective and plant-controlled ineffective nodules

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) plays a key role in N2 fixation and ammonia assimilation in legume root nodules. The enzyme can comprise up to 2% of the soluble protein in root nodules. We report here the isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding the nodule-enhanced form of PEPC. Initially, a 2945 bp partial-length cDNA was selected by screening an effective alfalfa nodule cDNA library with antibodies prepared against root nodule PEPC. The nucleotide sequence encoding the N-terminal region of the protein was obtained by primer-extension cDNA synthesis and PCR amplification. The complete amino acid sequence of alfalfa PEPC was deduced from these cDNA sequences and shown to bear striking similarity to other plant PEPCs. Southern blots of alfalfa genomic DNA indicate that nodule PEPC is a member of a small gene family. During the development of effective root nodules, nodule PEPC activity increases to a level that is 10- to 15-fold greater than that in root and leaf tissue. This increase appears to be the result of increases in amount of enzyme protein and PEPC mRNA. Ineffective nodules have substantially less PEPC mRNA, enzyme protein and activity than do effective nodules. Maximum expression of root nodule PEPC appears to be related to two signals. The first signal is associated with nodule initiation while the second signal is associated with nodule effectiveness. Regulation of root nodule PEPC activity may also involve post-translational processes affecting enzyme activity and/or degradation.
Chimera Analysis Supports a Predominant Role of PDGFRβ in Promoting Smooth-Muscle Cell Chemotaxis after Arterial Injury

The carotid artery shows a common response to many forms of injury, including a rapid activation of smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation in the media and migration of SMCs into the intima to form a neointima. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is believed to play a role in this response to injury, but it has proven difficult to distinguish whether it is stimulating cell migration or cell proliferation, and whether the action is direct or indirect. To determine this, we created chimeric mice composed of both wild-type (WT) and marked PDGF receptor β (PDGFRβ)-deficient cells, and determined the consequences of PDGFRβ expression for SMC participation in response to ligation of the left common carotid artery. The proportion of PDGFRβ−/− SMCs increased 4.5-fold in the media and decreased 1.8-fold during formation of the neointima, consistent with migration of WT SMCs out of the media and into the intima, leaving the PDGFRβ−/− cells behind. The fibrotic reaction in the adventitia, which does not involve cell migration, did not result in any change in relative abundance of WT and PDGFRβ-deficient fibroblasts. We conclude that the most significant direct role of PDGFRβ is to mediate responses that involve cell migration rather than proliferation.
Comparative Tissue Absorption of Oral 14C-Aspirin and Topical Triethanolamine 14C-Salicylate in Human and Canine Knee Joints

The local, articular, and systemic absorption of oral and topical salicylates was studied in dogs and humans using radioisotope techniques. Topical triethanolamine 14C-salicylate was found capable of percutaneous absorption into the knee joint and surrounding tissues. In dogs, topical salicylate application resulted in higher salicylate concentrations than oral aspirin in a number of tissues, despite lower blood levels. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, intraarticular 14C-salicylate levels after triethanolamine 14C-salicylate cream were 60 per cent of those obtained with oral aspirin. Four of six patients reported equal improvement in local discomfort after oral and topical salicylates. A potential role for topical salicylate cream in the treatment of localized rheumatic disorders is suggested.
Workplace Diversity and Ihe Global Economy

(2000). Workplace Diversity and Ihe Global Economy. Administration in Social Work: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 75-93.
Temperature Dependence of the Ni 2+ Ion Absorption Transition in Magnetic Host Materials

The temperature dependence of the Ni2 + ion absorption-transition maxima has been studied in the magnetic host materials of KNi1–xMgxF3, RbFeF3, RbCoF3, RbMnF3, MnF2, and KMnF3. The behavior of the absorption transitions in these materials differs from the behavior due to purely thermal effects observed in the nonmagnetic hosts. Additional shifts, due to the exchange interactions responsible for the magnetic properties, are superimposed on the thermal shifts. In the pure-nickel salts, the departures from purely thermal behavior occur in the vicinity of the ordering temperature of the crystals. In KNi1–xMgxF3, crystals, the departures are observed in materials of sufficient Ni2+ concentration, below the Neel temperature of the pure material. In magnetic materials where the Ni2+ ion is an impurity, the magnetically induced shifts in the nickel absorption bands are observed near the ordering temperature of the host crystal.
Local Mechanical Properties of a Magnesium Hood Inner Component Formed at Elevated Temperature

There is considerable worldwide interest in magnesium (Mg) sheet as a replacement for heavier steel and aluminum alloys in vehicle closure components. As Mg gains acceptance in the automotive industry, there will be an increasing demand for accurate material properties for finite element simulations of Mg structures. In this paper, we investigate the extent to which average grain size and postformed tensile properties vary across a Mg AZ31B hood inner component formed at 485°C for 20 min under a constant gas pressure. Tensile specimens were extracted from six regions of the hood inner, which underwent varying degrees of thinning. A state-of-the-art digital image correlation (DIC) algorithm and custom image acquisition software provided true stress-true strain data for each specimen. Tensile data acquired during room temperature testing was compared with that from baseline (undeformed) Mg AZ31B in a fully recrystallized condition (O-temper). Due to its importance in finite element simulations, particular emphasis was placed on the variation of postformed yield strength with specimen thickness and average grain size. Finally, we compute local strain fields during fracture in a tensile specimen with DIC grids positioned in the failure region.
Surgical treatment for cervicomedullary compression among infants with achondroplasia

Purpose Achondroplasia is the most common form of dwarfism. Respiratory failure is responsible for most deaths among these children and is often related to cervicomedullary compression (CMC). We present our experience with early cervicomedullary decompression in infants with achondroplasia.
Equipment Response Spectra for Nuclear Power Plant Systems

Abstract An analytical method is developed whereby a simple estimate can be obtained of the maximum dynamic response of light equipment attached to a structure subjected to ground motion. The natural frequency of the equipment, modeled as a single-degree-of-freedom system, is considered to be close or equal to one of the natural frequencies of the N -degree-of-freedom structure. This estimate provides a convenient, rational basis for the structural design of the equipment and its installation. The approach is based on the transient analysis of lightly damped tuned or slightly nontuned equipment-structure systems in which the mass of the equipment is much smaller than that of the structure. It is assumed that the information available to the designer is a design spectrum for the ground motion, fixed-base modal properties of the structure, and fixed-base properties of the equipment. The results obtained are simple estimates of the maximum acceleration and displacement of the equipment. The method can also be used to treat closely spaced modes in structural systems, where the square root of the sum of the squares procedure is known to be invalid. This analytical method is also applied to nontuned equipment-structure systems for which the conventional floor spectrum method is mathematically valid. A closed-form solution is obtained which permits an estimate of the maximum response of the equipment to be determined without the necessity to compute time histories as required by the floor spectrum method.
Perioperative and clinical outcomes in the management of epithelial ovarian cancer using a robotic or abdominal approach

Abstract Objective To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of robotic-assisted management of epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods Retrospective review of robotic-assisted or abdominal ovarian cancer cases presenting with pelvic mass, initial staging, or debulking after neoadjuvant chemotherapy performed by a single surgeon (2008–2012). Patient characteristics and outcomes were compared using chi-squared or Student's t-tests. Results There were 63 robotic and 26 abdominal cases. Patient characteristics were similar for age, uterine weight, and BMI, with prior abdominal surgery more common in the abdominal group (p=0.0257). Robotic operative time was longer (p Conclusions A robotic approach for the management of epithelial ovarian cancer, including patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, is feasible and effective. Debulking, recurrence, and survival rates were similar to laparotomy at 1year.
Monolayer culture of human endometrium: Methods of culture and identification of cell types

Monolayer cultures can be established from human endometrial tissue after enzymatic dispersal into isolated glands or single cells. Three cell types that have distinct morphology by light and electron microscopy are observed in the resulting primary cultures. One cell type, an elongated spindle cell, is similar in appearance to fibroblasts derived from other tissues. A second cell type forms colonies of tightly cohesive cells, ranging in shape from oval to polygonal. These cells have typical organelles and junctional complexes characteristic of epithelial cells from the endometrium. The third cell type assumes a pavement-like appearance composed of polygonal cells when viewed by phase contrast microscopy, but lacks distinctive ultrastructural features of epithelial cells. These cells in culture resemble the endometrial stromal cell, the predominant cell type of the human endometrium in vivo. The epithelial cell does not survive subculturing but the other two cell types can be passaged through several generations and can be stored in liquid nitrogen and subsequently returned to culture.
The incidence of endoparasitism of Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) by Contortylenchus brevicomi (Massey) Rühm (Nematoda: Sphaerulariidae)1

Adults of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm., emerging from the lower and middle sections of infested boles usually had a higher incidence of endoparasitism by the nema Contortylenchus brevicomi (Massey) Ruhm than did beetles emerging from the upper bole. But the incidence of parasitism was similar among beetles flying at different heights. Endoparasitism was significantly greater in emerging females than males, but significantly more infected males than females were trapped flying to new host trees. The number of infected male beetles descreased as the summer progressed, but no difference in infection rate was found between brood and reemerged beetles. Zusammenfassung Zum Auftreten des Nematoden Contortylenchus brevicomi (Massey) Ruhm als Endoparasit des Borkenkafers Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm. Imagines von Dendroctonus frontalis, die aus unteren oder mittleren Abschnitten befallener Stamme schlupften, zeigten gewohnlich ein starkeres Auftreten des endoparasitischen Nematoden Contortylenchus brevicomi als jene aus oberen Abschnitten. Doch waren in verschiedener Hohe gefangene fliegende Kafer gleich stark befallen. Der Endoparasitismus war signifikant starker bei schlupfenden Weibchen als bei Mannchen, doch wurden signifikant mehr parasitierte fliegende Mannchen als Weibchen gefangen. Die Zahl parasitierter mannlicher Kafer nahm mit fortschreitendem Sommer ab. Zwischen den die Stamme verlassenden Jung- und Altkafern wurden keine Parasitierungsunterschiede festgestellt.
Reactions of Laser-Ablated Vanadium Atoms with Nitric Oxide. Infrared Spectra and Density Functional Calculations on NVO, V−η1-NO, V−(η1-NO)2, V−(η1-NO)3, and V−η2-NO

Laser-ablated vanadium atoms have been reacted with NO molecules during condensation in excess argon. Absorptions due to NVO (998.1, 906.4 cm-1), V−η1-NO (1606.0 cm-1), V−η2-NO (1075.7 cm-1) and V−(η2-NO)2 (1119.6,1153.8 cm-1) are observed and identified via isotopic substitution and DFT calculations. Higher nitrosyls are also formed on annealing. On the basis of the observed isotopic splitting, bands at 1614.5 and 1736.8 cm-1 are assigned to antisymmetric and symmetric N−O vibrations of the C2v dinitrosyl V(NO)2, and 1715.1 and 1850.6 cm-1 bands are assigned to the analogous vibrations of V(NO)3 with C3v symmetry. The observation of (VO), (N2O) and (N2), (VO2) complexes suggests that V atoms also react with (NO)2 in these experiments.
Bladder Injury Model Induced in Rats by Exposure to Protamine Sulfate Followed by Bacterial Endotoxin

AbstractPurpose: A bladder injury model was developed using protamine sulfate (PS) and endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administered intravesically to female Sprague-Dawley rats.Materials and Methods: Experimental and control animals were catheterized and intravesically exposed to PS-LPS, PS, LPS, or phosphate buffered saline. After 4, 24 or 72 hours, rats were sacrificed. Urines and bladder tissues were then obtained. Bladder mucosal permeability was evaluated by measuring14 C-urea uptake 24 hours after injury. Repeated instillations of PS/LPS were also made in another group of rats over a period of 5 weeks to attempt to establish a more serious mucosal injury, possibly reflected by altered staining of the collagen IV component of the urinary basement membrane (UBM).Results: Histological examination of the tissues indicated a maximal inflammatory response in the mucosa 4 hours after instillation of PS/LPS. Neutrophils and macrophages in close proximity to the UBM and intraepithelially could be demonstr...
Changes in elderly household participation in the food stamp program

Participation of the elderly in the food stamp program in 1977-78 and 1979-80 are studied using nationally representative and comparable samples. The impact of the elimination of the purchase requirements for the Food Stamp program and changes in other eligibility requirements are studied. Large increases in FSP participation are documented as are some of the factors, particularly social isolation, which are still associated with lowered participation.
The transport of bacteria in the sediments of a temperate marsh

The number of bacteria in sediments, interstitial water and overlying tidal water of an oligohaline marsh system are about 109, 106, and 106 cells cm-3, respectively. Average cell size in the overlying water (about 0•06 µm3), is much smaller than that in sediments and interstitial water (about 0•18 µm3). Most bacterial cells in sediments are bound to sediment particles and less than 1% of the cells were displaced by percolating water through sediment columns. Concentration of bacteria in flooding tidal waters is generally higher than that in ebbing waters. Movement of bacterial biomass does not appear to be a significant mechanism of particulate organic transport in marsh sediments and marsh sediments do not appear to be a source of suspended bacteria for estuaries.
Studies of a Putative Amphipathic Helix in the N-Terminus of Poliovirus Protein 2C

Poliovirus protein 2C contains near its N-terminus a putative amphipathic helix which is well conserved among picornaviruses. Three mutants were constructed within this region by site-directed mutagenesis. In the first mutant (pT7XL2-2C-N1) two glutamic acids were replaced with valines at the boundary of the charged and uncharged faces of the helix. The second mutant (pT7XL2-2C-N2) contains an isoleucine to lysine change in the hydrophobic half; in the third mutant (pT7XL2-2C-N3) two lysines were replaced with threonines in the hydrophilic half of the helix. Upon transfection of HeLa cells with RNA transcripts made from these plasmids only pT7XL2-2C-N1 yielded viable virus (W1-2C-N1) which had a small-plaque phenotype. A large-plaque revertant of this virus, W1-2C-N1R, was found to contain the original glutamic acid at one of the mutated sites (E19). There is no detectable minus-stranded RNA synthesis following transfection of HeLa cells with transcript RNAs of the other two plasmids, pT7XL2-2C-N2 and -N3. In vitro translation of these two mutant RNA transcripts in HeLa extracts revealed processing abnormalities in the P2/P3 region of the polyprotein. This leads to a nearly complete absence of 2C and 3AB, which might be the primary cause of defective viral RNA synthesis. The putative amphipathic helix was found to overlap a consensus binding site for double-stranded RNA.
Note on cyclical employment in the consumption goods sector

Abstract The basic neoclassical growth model makes the counterfactual prediction that the consumption share of employment is countercyclical. When endogenous growth from a formal training sector is added to this model, the consumption share of employment becomes procyclical, owing to the additional margin of adjustment in the allocation of time.
The Adolescent Body Image Satisfaction Scale for Males: Exploratory Factor Analysis and Implications for Strength and Conditioning Professionals

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is evidence of reliability and validity for the Adolescent Body Image Satisfaction Scale (ABISS), an instrument previously developed to measure adolescent body image. A sample (N = 330) of adolescent males, aged 14-19 years, completed the ABISS to determine current body image satisfaction. Data were analyzed for measures of instrument composite reliability and initial content and construct validity. Exploratory factor analysis supported a 3-factor solution (16 total items), which explained 42.7% of variance in the model. Composite reliability for the subscales, body competence, body inadequacy, and internal conflict ranged from 0.64 to 0.82. Exploratory factor analysis of the ABISS provides initial psychometric support for a valid and reliable measure for assessing adolescent male body image, which also can be used as a needs assessment tool. Strength and conditioning professionals should be aware of their athlete and client psychological attributes, many of whom are adolescents. Understanding how adolescents view their bodies and their body image will assist professionals in designing appropriate, health-promotive strength programs, while at the same time monitoring for signs of body image dissatisfaction. Assessing body image can help heighten awareness and possibly encourage preventative programming to help avert negative health practices (e.g., performance-enhancing drug use, exercise addictions, disordered eating). The ABISS seems to have preliminary psychometric support to be a valid and reliable instrument that helps gauge at-risk populations.
Patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease due to BIRC4 mutation have normal invariant natural killer T-cell populations.

Human invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) are a unique population of T cells that express an invariantly rearranged T-cell receptor (TCR) composed of TCRVα24 and TCRVβ11 chains which recognize glycosphingolipid antigens presented by the CD1d molecule. iNKT cells are absent in patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) due to SH2D1A mutation, and are reported to be decreased in patients with XLP due to BIRC4 mutations. However, mice deficient in the BIRC4 gene product, X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis (XIAP), have normal iNKT cell populations. Because of this, we studied iNKT cell populations in 6 patients with XLP due to BIRC4 mutations, with comparison to 103 pediatric and adult normal control samples. We found that iNKT cells constitute 0.008%-1.176% of normal peripheral blood T cells, and that iNKT cell populations were normal or increased in patients with BIRC4 mutations. We conclude that XLP due to BIRC4 mutation is not associated with decreased populations of iNKT cells, and that XIAP is likely not a requirement for iNKT cell development.
What Teachers Learn From Students: Focusing on the Use of Student Products and Qualitative Methods in the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Hospitality and Tourism

The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) is a term that is frequently used for discipline-based studies in higher education, and yet it is not commonly described in hospitality and tourism education. This article presents a case for the use of SoTL in hospitality and tourism education, specifically using student-generated products as sources of evidence or data and via qualitative methods. The article provides background information on the SoTL movement and offers suggestions for how SoTL projects may be used effectively in hospitality and tourism education.
Conjugative R Plasmids in Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Causing Nosocomial Infections

Increasing resistance to aminoglycoside antimicrobial agents in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus was encountered in one hospital over a three-year period. Eleven of 16 isolates, selected to represent different time periods, transferred gentamicin resistance on filter membranes with transfer properties and restriction-enzyme analyses that were similar to pAM899-1, a self-transferable gentamicin plasmid previously isolated from Staphylococcus epidermidis within the same hospital. Self-transferable gentamicin R plasmids were demonstrated in isolates from six other nosocomial environments as early as 1974 and, though showing different restriction-enzyme digests, were highly related to pAM899-1 on the basis of Southern hybridization. These recently recognized, self-transferable plasmids seem to share a common evolutionary background and are important contributors to the increased resistance encountered in nosocomial staphylococci.
Proton magnetic resonance of several new chelates

Abstract The proton magnetic resonance spectra of several new chelates of the type M(TTA) a · b S, where TTA is monoionized thenoyltrifluoroacetone, and S is a neutral organophosphorus ester, have been determined. The metal ring proton resonance is found about 0·4–1·2 p.p.m upfield from that in benzene, and 0·8–1·6 p.p.m. downfield from that in metal acetylacetonates. This is a consequence of the electronegativity of the thenoyl- and CF 3 -groups in TTA, and the possible resonance between the thenoyl and the chelate rings.
A Closed-Form Nonlinear Model for the Constraint Characteristics of Symmetric Spatial Beams

The constraint-based design of flexure mechanisms requires a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the constraint characteristics of flexure elements that serve as constraints. This paper presents the constraint characterization of a uniform and symmetric cross-section, slender, spatial beam—a basic flexure element commonly used in three-dimensional flexure mechanisms. The constraint characteristics of interest, namely stiffness and error motions, are determined from the nonlinear load–displacement relations at the beam end. Appropriate assumptions are made while formulating the strain and strain energy expressions for the spatial beam to retain relevant geometric nonlinearities. Using the principle of virtual work, nonlinear beam governing equations are derived and subsequently solved for general end loads. The resulting nonlinear load–displacement relations capture the constraint characteristics of the spatial beam in a compact, closed-form, and parametric manner. This constraint model is shown to be accurate using nonlinear finite element analysis, within a load and displacement range of practical interest. The utility of this model lies in the physical and analytical insight that it offers into the constraint behavior of a spatial beam flexure, its use in design and optimization of 3D flexure mechanism geometries, and its elucidation of fundamental performance tradeoffs in flexure mechanism design.
NUTRIENTS DO NOT INFLUENCE SWIMMING BEHAVIOR OR SETTLEMENT RATES OF ECTOCARPUS SILICULOSUS (PHAEOPHYCEAE) SPORES

Spores newly released from plurilocular sporangia of Ectocarpus siliculosus (Dillw.) Lyngb. sporophytes were assayed for chemotaxis to nutrients and for settlement stimulation by nutrients. To enable these measurements with relatively small volumes and numbers of released spores, we developed a computer-assisted motion-analysis assay for spore chemotaxis and verified the results with a more standard, capillary tube chemotaxis assay. The presence of a nutrient gradient did not influence the swimming behavior of E. siliculosus spores in the motion-analysis assay, and likewise no chemotactic effect was measured in the capillary tube assay. Microplate settlement assays previously utilized with bacteria and invertebrates were adapted for use with algal spores. E. siliculosus spores settled at higher rates on a hydrophobic plastic surface than on surfaces with either positively or negatively charged hydrophilic coatings. Nutrient mixtures had no effect on the rate of spore settlement on hydrophobic surfaces.
Variability in nutrient uptake based on analyses of plant samples from individual pots versus replicate composites

Abstract Total N, P, K, Ca, and Mg concentrations were determined in corn (Zea mays L.) and in southern pine seedlings (Pinus sp) grown in N, P, and K response experiments in greenhouse pots. Analyses of variance were made for dry matter yields, for nutrient concentrations, and for nutrient uptake determined for individual pots and calculated as percent nutrient of composite samples times individual pot dry matter. Compositing replicate plant samples gave satisfactory uptake values and usually gave similar or lower coefficients of variability (CV) than did uptake determined by individual pots. Amounts of each replicate sample composited should be in proportion to the respective dry matter yields to avoid bias in concentration and uptake values. Such compositing, together with accurate analytical methods, can greatly reduce the analytical work load and produce satisfactory research results.
Pathology associated with Edwardsiella ictaluri in catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque, and Danio devario (Hamilton‐Buchanan, 1822)

The pathology associated with infections of Edwardsiella ictaluri in a new host, the danio, is described and compared to that observed in the channel catfish. In catfish the acute stage was characterized by petechial haemorrhage of the jaw, ventral body surface, and at the base of the fins. In chronic cases a characteristic finding was an erosion of skin and muscle overlying the skull, exposing bone and occasionally the brain. Histologically there was a diffuse granulomatous inflammation of the olfactory bulb and the telencephalon. In the catfish the infection was often systemic, involving intestine, liver, spleen, and occasionally kidney. In the danio no gross lesions were observed. Infected fish exhibited an erratic, spinning-type swimming behaviour. Histologically, lesions usually were confined to the brain. They consisted of an acute, primarily granulocytic inflammation of the medulla oblongata (rhomboencephalon). Only one fish showed evidence of a systemic infection.
On Race and Policy History: A Dialogue about the G.I. Bill

We have independently analyzed the effects of the G.I. Bill's widely-utilized education and training benefits, and reached different conclusions. One of us argues that the implementation of these benefits, especially in the South, helped widen the income and wealth gaps between whites and blacks and further marginalized many African Americans; the other considers them to have been a rare example of a relatively inclusive policy, one that fostered equal citizenship. Because we are both historical institutionalists and we both share interests in matters of social policy, equality, and race, these dissimilar accounts require explanation. This dialogue first considers methodological issues, explaining our decisions about which forms of data to use and to emphasize, and how we made sense of contradictory findings. It next discusses interpretive matters, examining the processes through which we sometimes reached different conclusions even when we confronted the same evidence. Finally, the exchange considers some implications of our findings, probing the lessons they convey both about policy research and practice.
Cryoprobe-induced apical lesions in the chinchilla. I. Morphological effects of lesioning parameters

Abstract To create experimental lesions localized to the low frequency region of the organ of Corti, a cryoprobe was applied to the apical area of 37 cochleas from 26 adult chinchillas. Twenty cochleas were exposed to single applications of a cryoprobe for 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 min; 17 cochleas were exposed to two applications of 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 min each with about a 3 min interval between applications. Cryoprobe tip temperature rose from about −140°C when placed on the apex to about −80°C after a continuous 3.5 min application. Survival time after lesioning was from 2 to 75 days, with most being 12 days or less. All cochleas except one sustained regions of damage characterized by complete absence of the organ of Corti and by missing hair cells indicated by extensive scarring. Inner hair cells were less susceptible to damage than were outer hair cells. Well-defined lesions which were continuous over the apical organ of Corti were found in some cochleas exposed to single probe applications, but such applications more often resulted in lesions which had areas of less damage. Of the various application protocols used, two applications of 1.5 min each, with an interval to allow the tissue to warm, most consistently produced severe and discrete apical lesions. In 9 of 13 cochleas exposed to two 1.5 min probe applications, such lesions extended about 35% or less of the distance from the apex. In most cochleas, regardless of the severity of the apical lesion, the pattern of hair cell rows and stereocilia configuration appeared normal in the basal 40–50% of the organ of Corti.
Social Commentary in Argentine Cartooning: From Description to Questioning

Argentina has undergone several decades of social and political turmoil since the Second World War with the rise to power of Juan Pero'n, labor strife, and the protracted battle between leftists and the government. In her examination of the social content of Argentine single-drawing cartoons appearing in mass audience publications since the 1940s, Naomi Lindstrom focuses on the Peronist period (1946-1955) and immediately afterward. She observes that descriptive, nonevaluative humor characterized the cartoon until the latter half of the fifties, when hrtmorists became more explicit in their criticism of social hierarchy and the distribution of power. After Pergn's demise, a new wave o f humor appeared which was indecorous and irreverant. Examples are drawn from several Argentine publications including Rico Tipo, Esto and Que'. Along with David Foster's article on Quino's Mafalda, readers have an interesting overview of Argentine cartoons during the last thirty years.
Capacity improvement with base-station antenna arrays in cellular CDMA

The use of an antenna array at a base-station for cellular CDMA is studied. The authors present a performance analysis for a multicell CDMA network with an antenna array at the base-station for use in both base-station to mobile (downlink) and mobile to base-station (uplink) links. They model the effects of path loss, Rayleigh fading, log-normal shadowing, multiple access interference, and thermal noise, and show that by using an antenna array at the base-station, both in receive and transmit, one can increase system capacity several fold. Simulation results are presented to support the claims. >
Anatomical Demonstration of the Nerve-Supply to the Flexor Tendon

A dissection of four unembalmed human fingers demonstrated a branch from the digital nerve which enters the flexor tendon sheath at the same place as the transverse branch of the digital artery. We conclude that this branch supplies the nerve fibres found within the vinculum.
Radiation-induced strengthening and embrittlement in aluminum

Commercially pure aluminum (1100 grade) in the annealed condition was irradiated to fast fluences in the range 1 to 3 × 1026 neutron/m2 (E > 0.1 MeV) and to similar thermal fluences at temperatures of 318 to 328 K, and was then tensile tested at temperatures between 298 and 643 K. This irradiation doubled the ultimate tensile strength and more than tripled the flow stress at all test temperatures. The work hardening exponent was severely reduced and there was a large loss in ductility. Strengthening is shown to be due to a fine precipitate of transmutation-produced silicon and an associated dislocation structure. At test tempera-tures below about 423 K the fracture mode was transgranular. Above 473 K grain boundary cavities were observed, the fracture mode become predominantly intergranular, and ductil-ity was further reduced. Unirradiated specimens containing cyclotron-injected helium showed no change in strength but displayed a loss in ductility at elevated temperatures. Concurrently holes were formed on the grain boundaries. Embrittlement in the neutron-irradiated specimens arises from two sources. One is through the defect structure which reduces the work-hardening exponent. The other is an additional effect at elevated temper-atures involving grain boundary failure by cavity growth and coalescence. Helium encour-ages cavity nucleation, the degree of cavitatlon increasing with increasing tensile strength.
Crack buckling in soft gels under compression

Recent interest in designing soft gels with high fracture toughness has called for simple and robust methods to test fracture behavior. The conventional method of applying tension to a gel sample suffers from a difficulty of sample gripping. In this paper, we study a possible fracture mechanism of soft gels under uni-axial compression. We show that the surfaces of a pre-existing crack, oriented parallel to the loading axis, can buckle at a critical compressive stress. This buckling instability can open the crack surfaces and create highly concentrated stress fields near the crack tip, which can lead to crack growth. We show that the onset of crack buckling can be deduced by a dimensional argument combined with an analysis to determine the critical compression needed to induce surface instabilities of an elastic half space. The critical compression for buckling was verified for a neo-Hookean material model using finite element simulations.
Overview of microRNA biology.

In considering an overview of microRNA biology, it is useful to consider microRNAs as a part of cellular communication. At the simplest level, microRNAs act to decrease the expression of messenger RNAs that contain stretches of sequence complementary to the microRNA. This function can be likened to the function of endogenous or synthetic short interfering RNA. However, microRNA function is more complicated and nuanced than this “on–off” model would suggest. Further, many microRNA targets are themselves noncoding RNAs. In this review, the authors discuss the role of microRNAs in shaping the proteome of the cell in a way that is consistent with microRNA involvement in a highly regulated conversation, sensitive to outside influence and internal feedback.
DICTATION AS A MEASURE OF COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE IN FRENCH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE1

Dictation has been proposed as a relatively simple yet reliable and valid indirect measure of functional language skills and is gaining in popularity as a test of placement and proficiency in L2 programs of all kinds. Yet the continued reliance on exact word scoring of dictation would seem to limit its use as a measure of communicative competence. This paper reports on the development of other than exact word procedures for scoring dictation tests in French. Three separate passages were dictated to college students of French at various levels of proficiency as well as to smaller groups of native speakers and children who had acquired French in “natural” or immersion settings. A scoring procedure was developed which evaluated chunks rather than words on three criteria: exact word, phonetic similarity, and conveyance of meaning. The analysis of results suggests that this procedure offers a reliable and efficient alternative to word for word scoring on an exact word basis and that the distinction between the three criteria is potentially useful in diagnosing functional language skills in classroom programs.