cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frustration effect and extent of instrumental response.

Goal-box activity of Ss run in a single alley was compared to activity of Ss placed directly into the goal box. Following nonreward significant increases in activity above rewarded activity levels were found for both Run and Placed groups. When these effects were compared to goal-box activity levels of never-rewarded control groups, however, only the activity increments in the Run group could be attributed to frustration produced by nonreward. The results are discussed in terms of Amsel's (1958) theory.
Epigenetics, asthma, and allergic diseases: a review of the latest advancements.

Environmental epigenetic regulation in asthma and allergic disease is an exciting area that has gained a great deal of scientific momentum in recent years. Environmental exposures, including prenatal maternal smoking, have been associated with asthma-related outcomes that may be explained by epigenetic regulation. In addition, several known allergy and asthma genes have been found to be susceptible to epigenetic regulation. We review the latest experimental and translational studies that have been published this past year in several areas, including 1) characterization of environmental asthma triggers that induce epigenetic changes, 2) characterization of allergic immune and regulatory pathways important to asthma that undergo epigenetic regulation, 3) evidence of active epigenetic regulation in asthma experimental models and the production of asthma biomarkers, 4) evidence of transmission of an asthma-related phenotype across multiple generations, and 5) “pharmaco-epigenetics.” The field has certainly advanced significantly in the past year.
Foraging and Habitat Use by the Bluegill Sunfish

Patterns of resource utilization by different species have provided fundamental inferences for the theory of the ecological niche and community organization (e.g., Schoener 1974). Consequently, how an animal chooses to use different resources, and how this use is related to the profitability or net energy return in various habitats are critical questions bearing on the mechanisms underlying the theory-e.g., the specific mechanism of competition between species. Our study interprets habitat utilization and switching behavior of the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) from laboratory measures of foraging efficiency or energetic return in different habitats. Learning or training bias appear to be an important determinant of individual specialization and habitat switching. We suggest that theoretical and empirical studies of foraging behavior that concern the utilization of different habitat and prey types must incorporate the action of learning or experience. We measured foraging rates of the bluegill in two common habitats: the open water column and sediments. Aquaria were constructed to mimic these habitats, and several combinations of prey size and density were presented to the fish. We measured search and handling times for the bluegill in each treatment combination and related search time to prey size and density using stepwise multiple linear regression. Foraging rates increased in both habitats with experience, in some cases as much as fourfold over the course of eight trials. Both prey size and density also strongly influenced foraging rates. These relationships enable us to estimate return rates for a bluegill foraging in a natural habitat whose resource abundance and size-distribution are known. Subsequently, we introduced a population of 225 bluegills into a pond (29 m in diameter, 1.8 m deep) consisting primarily of open water and exposed sediments. Both invertebrate resources and the fish were sampled at oneto two-week intervals. Habitat use of the fish was readily determined from stomach contents because three prey species obligate to specific habitats accounted for >80% of the diet. Following their introduction, the fish exhibited a rapid switch from feeding in the small amount of vegetation habitat in the pond to feeding in either the open water or sediment habitats. The majority of fish specialized on a single habitat (Figure 1). Generalists were less successful foragers than specialists; those individuals with a mixed diet (i.e., 80% of diet) on one habitat or the other.
Threshold energy effect on avalanche breakdown voltage in semiconductor junctions

Abstract The band bending for avalanche breakdown in semiconductor junctions and its temperature dependence are predicted taking account of threshold energy effects on the ionization process in semiconductors. Where experimental results exist, the theoretical predictions and experimental results are in excellent agreement. In the high electric field region inclusion of both bulk and boundary threshold energy effects is essential. The predictions were based on exact solutions in the nonlocalized ionization coefficient formulation developed by Okuto and Crowell who showed that ionization coefficients as usually understood are functions of both electric field and position in a device. Predictions for abrupt and p - i - n junctions in Ge, Si, GaAs and GaP are presented.
How a change in slope affects lava flows

As soon as lava flows from a volcano, exposure to air and wind causes it to start to cool and harden. Rather than hardening evenly, the energy exchange tends to take place primarily at the surface. The cooling causes a crust to form on the outer edges of the lava flow, insulating the molten lava within. This hardened lava shell allows lava to travel much farther than it would otherwise, although cracks in the lava's crust can cause it to draw up short.
Hypothesis of the formation of the Scotia and Caribbean seas

Abstract On the basis of available data it can be shown that the hypothesis of an expanding earth cannot solve space problems arising from sea-floor spreading and continental drift. It is suggested that the Caribbean and Scotia Arcs were considerably less curved when, in the movement of the continents away from the center of a pre-drift supercontinent, the perimeter of the Pacific advanced from one hemisphere to the other. Thereafter the Caribbean and Scotia Seas were formed as portions of Pacific crust were pinched out between the westward advancing and mutually approaching continents of North America and South America and South America and Antarctica respectively. All available evidence indicates that in spite of the presence of spreading ridges in the Pacific, this ocean as a whole must still be decreasing in size.
The Multidimensional Nature of Continuance Commitment: Commitment Owing to Economic Exchanges Versus Lack of Employment Alternatives

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to develop a multidimensional measure of continuance organizational commitment, specifying dimensions for continuance commitment based on the perception of beneficial economic exchanges versus the perception of low job alternatives.
Neurotransmitter regulation of neuronal outgrowth, plasticity and survival

Molecules used for communication in mature nervous systems also play important roles in development, maintenance and plasticity of individual neurons. This paper reviews the evidence that neurotransmitters, in addition to their mediation of trans-synaptic information coding, can induce a spectrum of effects on neuronal cytoarchitecture, ranging from neurite sprouting to dendritic pruning and even cell death. Such profound alterations may well constitute a part of the normal functioning and structuring of the nervous system as well as contribute to severe pathological processes.
Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology

Accuracy and reproducibility in determining response to therapy and tumor progression can be difficult to achieve for nervous system tumors. Current response criteria vary depending on the pathology and have several limitations. Until recently, the most widely used criteria for gliomas were “Macdonald criteria,” based on two-dimensional tumor measurements on neuroimaging studies. However, the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) Working Group has published new recommendations in high-grade gliomas and is working on recommendations for other nervous system tumors. This article reviews current response criteria for high-grade glioma, low-grade glioma, brain metastasis, meningioma, and schwannoma.
S/390 parallel enterprise server generation 3: a balanced system and cache structure

Since initiating the information technology industry-wide transition from bipolar to CMOS technology with the first generation of S/390® processors in 1994, IBM reached another major milestone with the introduction of the third generation in September 1996. The balanced system and cache structure and the modularity of the components of Generation 3 support a wide performance range from a uniprocessor to a high-performance multiprocessing system. Because of this modularity, Generation 4 is also based on this structure.
A general analysis of the Averch-Johnson effect

Abstract This note provides general proofs of the basic results concerning the effects of rate-of-return regulation on factor use and output levels. These results may be applied tothe case of a firm using an arbitrary form of price schedule.
Ethanol and drug metabolism in mouse liver microsomes subsequent to lipid peroxidation-induced destruction of cytochrome P-450

Abstract Preincubation of mouse liver microsomes with NADPH resulted in malondialdehyde formation, destruction of cytochrome P-450, and decreased rates of aniline hydroxylation and N-demethylation of aminopyrine and ethylmorphine. These phenomena were more pronounced in phosphate than in Tris buffer. No reduction in rates of NADPH-linked oxidation of ethanol or in the activities of NADPH oxidase and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase was observed. While addition of EDTA to preincubation mixtures prevented lipid peroxidation, loss of cytochrome P-450, and inactivation of the drug-metabolizing capacity of microsomes, it did not alter ethanol oxidation rates and the activities of NADPH oxidase and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. These findings argue against the involvement of cytochrome P-450 in the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system.
Structure-activity relationships of l-glutamate receptor ligands: Role of the ω-acidic terminal

Acidic amino acid analogues varying in their ω-terminal were evaluated: (1) as neuronal excitants or antagonists of excitatory synaptic transmission, and (2) as inhibitors of l-[3H]glutamate binding to synaptic membranes. ω-Phosphonates were antagonists and inhibited l-glutamate binding to the 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB)-sensitive population of binding sites; ω-sulfonates and ω-carboxylates were excitants and inhibited l-glutamate binding to APB-sensitive and -insensitive sites. The data indicate that properties of the ω-acidic group are important for establishing the relative potencies of antagonist substances and the overall excitatory/antagonist activity of these analogues.
High Osteoblastic Activity In C3H/HeJ Mice Compared to C57BL/6J Mice Is Associated with Low Apoptosis in C3H/HeJ Osteoblasts

This study sought to confirm that osteoblasts of C3H/HeJ (C3H) mice, which have higher differentiation status and bone-forming ability compared to C57BL/6J (B6) osteoblasts, also have a lower apoptosis level and to test whether the higher differentiation status and bone-forming ability of C3H osteoblasts were related to the lower apoptosis. C3H mice had 50% fewer (P < 0.01) apoptotic osteoblasts on the endocortical bone surface than B6 mice as determined by the TUNEL assay. Primary C3H osteoblasts in cultures also showed a 50% (P < 0.05) lower apoptosis level than B6 osteoblasts assayed by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining of apoptotic osteoblasts. The lower apoptosis in C3H osteoblasts was accompanied by 22% (P < 0.05) and 56% (P < 0.001) reduction in the activity of total caspases and caspases 3/7, respectively. C3H osteoblasts also displayed greater alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity (P < 0.001) and higher expression of Cbfa1, type-1 collagen, osteopontin, and osteocalcin genes (P < 0.05 for each). To assess if an association existed between population apoptosis and the differentiation status (ALP-specific activity) and/or bone-forming activity (insoluble collagen synthesis), C3H and B6 osteoblasts were treated with several apoptosis enhancers (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, dexamethasone, lipopolysaccharide, etoposide) and inhibitors (parathyroid hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, transforming growth factor beta1, estradiol). Both ALP (r = -0.61, P < 0.001) and insoluble collagen synthesis (r = -0.61, P < 0.001) were inversely correlated with apoptosis, suggesting that differentiation (maturation) and/or bone-forming activity of these mouse osteoblasts were inversely associated with apoptosis. In conclusion, these studies support the premise that higher bone density and bone formation rate in C3H mice could be due in part to lower apoptosis in C3H osteoblasts.
The Public’s Archaeology: Utilizing Ethnographic Methods to Link Public Education with Accountability in Archaeological Practice

This paper discusses exploratory PhD research which utilized ethnographic methods in an attempt to understand the myriad connections to archaeology, history, and heritage in a small Indiana town. I rejected an initial hypothesis that archaeological resources are an integral part of collective cultural identities and, instead, discovered that talking with living people can facilitate more effective communication and collaboration between archaeologists and local communities by making research and educational efforts contextualized and community-based. Through discussions with local stakeholders, I believe all archaeologists have better opportunities to link the professional ethics of accountability, public education, and stewardship in their research.
Model studies of six-membered water clusters

Abstract Using the molecular mechanics for clusters model, calculations have been performed that explore the types of minimum energy structures that occur for a collection of six water molecules. The results show an extensive set of structures. The global minimum structure is best described as a stack of two three-membered rings with nine close (around 3 ,) molecule-molecule separations, or “bonds”. Energetically less favorable structures occur mostly with fewer of these weak bonds; however, the energy per bond is greater in certain of the structures. In spite of the considerable variation in structures, there is a high degree of correlation between the average molecule separation distances and the stabilities for all the equilibrium structures. Furthermore, several calculations on clusters of other than six waters show the same correlation. Harmonic vibrational frequencies are presented for the most stable structures, and comparison calculations with two other widely used water potentials are reported.
Ion/molecule reactions in silane—carbon monoxide mixtures: possible synthesis of the SiC radical in the electric discharge chemistry

The initial ion/molecule reactions characteristic of electric discharges in SiH4CO mixtures, namely the reactions of C+, CO+, SiH+2, SiH+ and Si+ with CO and SiH4 have been studied in a tandem mass spectrometer over a kinetic energy range of 1–7 eV (lab) and a pressure range of 1–10 mTorr. As is typical of systems involving positive ions and SiH4, the predominant reactions observed are hydride abstraction from SiH4 by C+ and CO+, both of which are highly exothermic and which occur with cross-sections of 26 and 87 A2, respectively at 2eV laboratory energy. Other dominant reactions that form C bonds (and perhaps SiO bonds), and which we think may play a very important role in the recently reported synthesis of the SiC radical in COSiH4 discharges and in interstellar space, are reactions of C+ and CO+ with SiH4 that form CSiH+, the latter subsequently reacting by proton transfer with CO and perhaps with SiH4 to form the CSi radical. The CSiH+ ion also reacts with ND3 and H2 to form ND3H+ and H+3, which implies that in interstellar space CSi may be formed by reactions of CSiH+ with any molecule present having a proton affinity greater than 424 kJ mol−1.
From genericide to viral marketing: on 'brand'

Abstract The contemporary phenomenon of ‘brand’ is addressed within a Peircean semiotic framework, showing ‘brand’ to be an inherently unstable composite of tangible (e.g. product) and intangible (e.g. brand name) values. The professional literature of brand strategy is drawn upon for definitions, and branding work in an Internet-focused ‘New Economy’ consultancy is described. Three phenomena of branding—genericide, ingredient branding, and so-called ‘viral marketing’—reveal the vulnerabilities of brands, and show that it is not only material things, but events, experiences, and acts of communication that can be ‘branded’. The wider macroeconomic implications of these semiotic vulnerabilities are briefly explored in conclusion.
Evolutionary variation in the expression of phenotypically plastic color vision in Caribbean mantis shrimps, genus Neogonodactylus

Many animals have color vision systems that are well suited to their local environments. Changes in color vision can occur over long periods (evolutionary time), or over relatively short periods such as during development. A select few animals, including stomatopod crustaceans, are able to adjust their systems of color vision directly in response to varying environmental stimuli. Recently, it has been shown that juveniles of some stomatopod species that inhabit a range of depths can spectrally tune their color vision to local light conditions through spectral changes in filters contained in specialized photoreceptors. The present study quantifies the potential for spectral tuning in adults of three species of Caribbean Neogonodactylus stomatopods that differ in their depth ranges to assess how ecology and evolutionary history influence the expression of phenotypically plastic color vision in adult stomatopods. After 12 weeks in either a full-spectrum “white” or a narrow-spectrum “blue” light treatment, each of the three species evidenced distinctive tuning abilities with respect to the light environment that could be related to its natural depth range. A molecular phylogeny generated using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase C subunit 1 (CO-1) was used to determine whether tuning abilities were phylogenetically or ecologically constrained. Although the sister taxa Neogonodactylus wennerae and N. bredini both exhibited spectral tuning, their ecology (i.e. preferred depth range) strongly influenced the expression of the phenotypically plastic color vision trait. Our results indicate that adult stomatopods have evolved the ability to undergo habitat-specific spectral tuning, allowing rapid facultative physiological modification to suit ecological constraints.
A relationship of N-acetylaspartate biosynthesis to neuronal protein synthesis.

— A detailed time study of the incorporation of label from sodium-[1-14C]acetate, [1-14C]ethanol, and [2-14C]glucose into the aspartyl moiety of N-acetylaspartic acid (NAA) was conducted. As expected the specific activity of aspartate increased rapidly with time and peaked within 15-20 min after which it fell sharply; but significantly, that of the aspartyl moiety of NAA rose very slowly even after the specific activity of aspartate had fallen to less than 1 per cent of the peak values. A rat brain microsomal free supernatant preparation was shown enzymatically to incorporate label from sodium-[1-14C]acetate into the t-RNA fraction from which was isolated N-[1-14C]acetylaspartic acid. From these observations we were inclined to speculate that NAA-t-RNA may serve as an initiator of neuronal protein synthesis.
Near infrared spectroscopic determination of moisture content in foods: extraction method by organic solvents

In order to get a common NIR calibration equation which can be adapted to the determination of moisture content in various types of foods, we have tried to develop a water extraction method from foods by organic solvents. We used various starches and powder foods as the model. NIR spectra of various solvents containing water showed a clear band due to water around 1930 nm. Of the solvents used, this band in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) systems was not shifted by the change of the moisture content. Then, the moisture was extracted from starch by these solvents. Approximately 60% was consistently recovered in a single-step extraction by DMA or DMF. The extraction by DMSO was too viscous to handle. The calibration equation was developed from the results for the extraction from starch by DMA. Then, moisture contents of powder foods were predicted using the calibration equation. For six of eight foods, good correlations were obtained between the laborat...
38. Impact of microwave processing on dehydration and structural integrity of germinal vesicles from domestic cat oocytes

The ability to compact and inject the cat germinal vesicle (GV) into a recipient cytoplast allows exploration of a new fertility preservation strategy that avoids whole oocyte freezing and could enable drying and storage of GV at supra-zero temperatures. Previous studies demonstrated that (1) 60% of GVs can survive simple air-drying in the presence of trehalose followed by 4 weeks of storage at 4 °C and (2) 10% of reconstructed oocytes with rehydrated GV can achieve nuclear maturation (Graves-Herring et al., 2011). However, air-drying is an uncontrolled process that often results in non-uniform distributions of water within and between samples. Compared to existing techniques, microwave assisted dehydration appears to be a simple and reliable approach to dry biological samples at ambient temperatures (Chakraborty et al., 2008). The objective of the study therefore was to (1) explore the feasibility of drying GV exposed to trehalose using microwave processing and (2) assess the impact on GV structural integrity (chromatin configuration and incidence of DNA damage). Immature cat oocytes from adult ovaries were denuded from the cumulus cells and permeabilized with hemolysin. Groups of five denuded oocytes were exposed to Tris–HCL EDTA (pH 8.0) buffer containing 200 mM trehalose for 10 min and then transferred into 10-μl droplets placed on small pieces of Millipore Isopore Membrane filters (n = 182 total oocytes in 5 replicates). A maximum of eight droplets were arranged on the turntable of a CEM SAM 255 microwave system. Drying was conducted at 20% power for 5, 8, 20, 25 or 30 min. After each time point, samples were weighed immediately to establish the extent of water loss and then were rehydrated before fixation in 4% paraformaldehyde followed by GV chromatin configuration assessment (Hoechst staining) and DNA fragmentation assay (TUNEL). Fresh denuded oocytes (n = 60 total oocytes) were fixed as controls. The average ambient humidity during all measurements was 43.2 ± 1.1%. From time 0 through 30 min of microwave treatment, moisture contents (g water/g dry weight) progressively decreased (0 min: 12.3 ± 0.5; 5 min: 8.3 ± 1.2; 8 min: 8.9 ± 1.2; 20 min: 5.0 ± 0.5; 25 min: 1.9 ± 0.3; 30 min: 1.3 ± 0.4). GV chromatin configuration was not affected by the microwave treatment. The proportion of degenerated oocytes (absence of GV) ranged from 10% to 15% after the different time points and was not different (P > 0.05; Chi-square test) from the fresh controls. Interestingly, pooled proportions of GV with DNA damage following 5–8 min of microwave dehydration were not different (P > 0.05) from fresh controls (14.3% and 10.9%, respectively). However, the incidence of DNA fragmentation was higher (43.5%; P
Service Design for 3D Virtual World Learning Applications

In this paper, we first analyze the urgent needs of training service skills in a global environment. We then analyze the different patterns that 3D virtual world technologies can help learning activities. Instead of using the well known MVC model for Web application development, we propose a new design pattern for designing 3D virtual world learning applications named PWI model based on our own accumulated experience.
Statistical methods and experiment designs for bulk factor screening in manufacturing - in the style of Evolutionary Operations

A common engineering problem in manufacturing is identifying which of many possible factors influences a response of interest, or in other words “What is causing a performance, reliability, quality or cost issue?” Evolutionary Operations (commonly called EVOP) harnesses the muscle of manufacturing operations to generate large data sets with minimal disruption in the factory, and that capture the natural variance of the materials and processes and materials used in the manufacture of a product. Supersaturated Experiments methods guide experimental plans and supports statistical analysis of the data upon which sound conclusions and interpretations can be drawn. This paper presents these methods as they can be applied together to the problem of screening of many factors to find those that influence a particular response of interest. A case study from the Virtual Cell Factory is presented.
Origin and excitation mechanism of electron-stimulated desorption of H + from Nb(110) and O-contaminated Nb(100) and Ta(110) surfaces

Electron-stimulated desorption of H/sup +/ from a pure H adsorbate on a foil-recrystallized Nb(110) surface and from a mixture of H/sub 2/ and H/sub 2/O on O-contaminated Nb(100) and Ta(110) surfaces is studied as a function of electron-impact energy and ion energy. In the former case, it is found that the desorption of H/sup +/ has a low but detectable yield and is proceeded most likely via the excitation of the bonding (valence) electron. In the latter case, two distinguishable types of H/sup +/ ions are observed. Their desorption is shown to proceed via the creation of the highest-lying metal and the O 2s core holes, respectively, indicating two different origins of H/sup +/, namely, on OH or hydroxyl species and single H atoms bonded to the metals.
Lipoprotein(a) Level Does Not Predict Restenosis After Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty

The serum lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] level is a known risk factor for arteriosclerotic coronary artery disease. However, its association with restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is controversial. We hypothesized that the Lp(a) level is a significant risk factor for restenosis after angioplasty through a pathophysiological mechanism leading to excess thrombin generation or inhibition of fibrinolysis. We designed a prospective study of the relation of Lp(a) to outcome after PTCA, in which we measured selected laboratory variables at entry and collected clinical, procedural, lesion-related, and outcome data pertaining to restenosis. Restenosis was defined as >50% stenosis of the target lesion by angiography or as ischemia in the target vessel distribution by radionuclide-perfusion scan. Before the patients underwent PTCA, blood was obtained by venipuncture for measurement of Lp(a), total cholesterol, thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complex, alpha2-antiplasmin-plasmin (APP) complex, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Evaluable outcome data were obtained on 162 subjects, who form the basis of this report. Restenosis occurred in 61 subjects (38%). The Lp(a) level was not correlated significantly with TAT, APP, PAI-1, or the TAT-APP ratio. Levels of TAT, APP, and PAI-1 were not statistically different in the patients with versus those without restenosis. The median ratio of TAT to APP was 2-fold higher in the restenosis group, and this difference approached statistical significance (P=0.07). Univariate analysis was performed for the association of clinical, lesion-related, and procedural risk factors with restenosis. Lp(a) levels did not differ significantly in the restenosis versus no-restenosis group, whether assessed categorically (>25 mg/dL versus <25 mg/dL) or as a continuous variable by Mann-Whitney U test. The number of lesions dilated and the lack of family history of premature heart disease were significantly associated with restenosis (P=0.002 and P=0.008, respectively). A history of diabetes mellitus was of borderline significance (P=0.055). By multiple logistic regression analysis, the number of lesions dilated was the only variable significantly associated with restenosis (P=0.03). We conclude that the number of lesions dilated during PTCA is a significant risk factor for restenosis, whereas the serum Lp(a) level was not a significant risk factor for restenosis in our patient population. The TAT to APP ratio merits further study as a possible risk factor for restenosis.
A new ventilator for physiologic studies during high-frequency ventilation.

Abstract Research in the field of high frequency ventilation (HFV) has been hampered by the difficulty of collecting and analyzing expired gas, uncontaminated by gas of inspiratory composition, at ventilatory frequencies in the relevant range. A new mechanical ventilator is descrbied, which has been designed to facilitate studies on the respiratory physiology of small animals during HFV. Ventilation is controlled by an single rotary valve, which alternately switches the airway to an approximately constant-flow gas source during inspiration, and to gas measurement and analysis apparatus during expiration, which takes place passively. Theoretical and experimental studies, using the techniques of mechanical and methematical modelling, are used to measure the performance of the ventilator and to demonstrate that it allows the quantitative collection of expired gas during ventilation at rates up to least 20 Hz. The advantages and limitations of this approach are discussed.
Chemical microsensors ‐ a new approach for the detection of hazardous agrochemicals

A number of novel analytical devices are being pursued at the Naval Research Laboratory for potential application as very small, inexpensive and sensitive detectors of hazardous agricultural chemic...
Quality and Yield of Cottage Cheese Influenced by Psychrotrophic Microorganisms in Milk

Abstract Pasteurized milk, milk treated with hydrogen peroxide-catalase, and raw low-protein milk inoculated with each of two psychrotrophic organisms and uninoculated (control) milks were made into cottage cheese by the direct-acid-set method. Combinations of raw milk treatment, psychrotrophic concentration, separation temperature, and control were studied along with peroxide-catalase treated milk and pasteurized milk similarly inoculated and separated. Also, one trial with pasteurized milk similarly inoculated and separation was made by the culture method and studied. Later, raw and peroxide catalase treated milks were inoculated after separation instead of before separation prior to being made into cottage cheese by the direct-acid-set method. Vat failures occurred only when milk was inoculated with the psychrotrophic bacteria before separation. The higher the separation temperature and count, the greater was the tendency for vat failures. When psychrotrophic bacteria were more numerous in cheese milk, yields were lower than in uninoculated milk whether inoculation was before or after separation. Proteolysis was greater in milk inoculated before separation when vats failed than when failures did not occur. However, when inoculation was after separation and much proteolysis, no vats failed. Hence, the combination of proteolysis and higher separation temperatures appear to contribute to vat failure in cottage cheese making.
Statistical Experimentation Methods for Achieving Affordable Concurrent Systems Design

We describe an affordable method for designing in the conceptual stage using relatively high-fidelity concurrent systems analysis. Our method is rooted in three domains, namely, the design of experiments, the response surface methodology, and the compromise decision support problem. A sequential experimentation strategy as well as the heuristic rules for creating high-order response surface models are introduced as a cost-effective approach to applying the statistical experimentation methods in design of complex systems. A high-speed civil transport aircraft design is used as an example to illustrate the potential of our approach.
The CIPRES science gateway: enabling high-impact science for phylogenetics researchers with limited resources

The CIPRES Science Gateway (CSG) provides browser-based access to computationally demanding phylogenetic codes run on large HPC resources. Since its release in December 2009, there has been a sustained, near-linear growth in the rate of CSG use, both in terms of number of users submitting jobs each month and number of jobs submitted. The average amount of computational time used per month by CSG increased more than 5-fold since its initial release. As of April 2012, more than 4,000 unique users have run parallel tree inference jobs on TeraGrid/XSEDE resources using the CSG. The steady growth in resource use suggests that the CSG is meeting an important need for computational resources in the Systematics/Evolutionary Biology community.To ensure that XSEDE resources accessed through the CSG are used effectively, policies for resource consumption were developed, and an advanced set of management tools was implemented. Studies of usage trends show that these new management tools helped in distributing XSEDE resources across a large user population that has low-to-moderate computational needs.In the first quarter of 2012, 30% of all active XSEDE users accessed computational resources through the CSG, while the analyses conducted by these users accounted for 0.7% of all allocable XSEDE computational resources. User survey results showed that the easy access to XSEDE/TeraGrid resources through the CSG had a critical and measurable scientific impact: at least 300 scholarly publications spanning all major groups within the Tree of Life have been enabled by the CSG since 2009. The same users reported that 82% of these publications would not have been possible without access to computational resources available through the CSG. The results indicate that the CSG is a critical and cost-effective enabler of science for phylogenetic researchers with limited resources.
Conflict, aggression, and peer status: An observational study.

Children's conflicts with one another during free play were observed to determine the relation between a child's rate of conflict participation and his or her rate of aggressive behavior during conflict episodes, and between these variables and the degree to which the child was liked or disliked by peers. 4 ad hoc play groups of 12 boys and 4 groups of 12 girls were formed. Each group included an equal number of first and second graders, and was observed for 10 1-hour play sessions. Sociometric interviews were conducted both before and after the set of 10 play sessions. Rate of conflict participation was positively related both to the percentage of physical (but not verbal) aggression exhibited per conflict episode and to the frequency of both types of aggression over the entire session. Although being liked by peers was not related to either conflict or aggression, being disliked was: Postsession dislike scores were primarily related to rate of conflict participation, not to the incidence of aggressive behavior. These patterns were characteristic of both boys and girls.
The Diamagnetic Layer of the Earth's Atmosphere and Its Relation to The Diurnal Variation of Terrestrial Magnetism

Anisotropic conductivity of upper atmosphere due to presence of earth's magnetic field.---An investigation of the motion of ions and electrons in the region of long free paths shows that the electrical conductivity in the direction of the earth's magnetic field is that predicted by simple theory. The conductivity in a direction at right angles to the magnetic field and in the direction of the applied electric field is zero while the pseudo conductivity at right angles to both is finite and the mechanism such that ions of both kinds are swept in the same direction. As a consequence of this situation it appears that large circulating currents in the upper atmosphere of the type assumed in present theories of the diurnal terrestrial magnetic variations are hardly possible.Theory of the diurnal magnetic variation based on diamagnetic effect of ions in upper atmosphere.---A theory of the diurnal magnetic variation is worked out which explains quantitatively the major phenomena in terms of the diamagnetic effect produced by ions spiralling about the earth's magnetic field. The diamagnetic intensity of magnetization of the upper atmosphere in the region of long free paths is found to depend upon the total number of ions of all kinds per cubic centimeter; their mean kinetic energy and the impressed magnetic field. The maximum calculated diurnal magnetic variation as a function of latitude was found to agree in form with observation. The average maximum number of ions of all kinds per ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ in the upper atmosphere was then computed from observed magnetic data and found to be approximately 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{10}$, a number not inconsistent with the ionic density inferred from data derived from radio phenomena.
High‐latitude field‐aligned current sources and induced electric fields

Using a simple, planar model of the high latitude ionosphere with an enhanced conductivity auroral ring, the electric potential is computed for a pair of field-aligned current sheets inferred from observations. The relationship of various characteristics of the electric potential pattern to features of the field-aligned current distribution are elucidated in the context of a generalized field-aligned current Fourier analysis. On the basis of the analysis and observations to date, it is concluded that boundary layer dynamo action is the prevalent mechanism in the solar wind/magnetosphere/ionosphere interaction.
Development of titanium-dioxide-based aerogel catalyst with tunable nanoporosity and photocatalytic activity.

Nanostructured highly porous TiO2/WO3/Fe3+ aerogel composite photocatalysts are prepared, characterized and tested for model photocatalytic reactions. The catalyst structure is tailored to capture environmental pollutants and enable their decomposition in situ under both ultraviolet (UV) and visible light through oxidation to smaller benign molecules.A novel and green method is utilized to prepare the unique surfactant-templated aerogel composite photocatalyst that has a highly accessible porous nanostructure with high surface area and tailored pore size distribution. The sol–gel process is combined with supercritical extraction and drying. Supercritical drying with heat treatment results in titanium dioxide with anatase crystal form. Templates used further enable retention and tuning of the nanopore structure and surface properties.The synthesized catalysts were characterized using SEM, FIB, XRD and porosimetry prior to post-evaluation in model reactions. The bandgap of the catalyst particles was also determined using diffuse reflectance.The resulting aerogel TiO2/WO3/Fe3+ has similar photocatalytic capability compared to highly optimized commercial Degussa P25 under UV exposure and offers much superior photocatalytic capability under visible light exposure. The model reaction utilized employed methylene blue (MB) photooxidation under visible and UV light.
STUDIES BASED ON A MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE RABBIT III. INTRATESTICULAR TRANSPLANTATION AND CLINICAL COURSE OF THE DISEASE.

The results obtained by intratesticular inoculation of a malignant tumor of the rabbit are presented in the form of a general summary covering the phenomena of growth and spontaneous regression of the tumor and the clinical evidence of disease in tumor animals. Under ordinary circumstances, growth is obtained by this method of inoculation in practically all animals, and the majority of them show metastases. The ultimate fate of tumor animals is variable. Spontaneous regression is of frequent occurrence, and apparent recovery may take place even after extensive metastases have developed. More often, the disease terminates fatally. The course of the disease may be fulminating in character with death occurring 6 to 7 weeks after inoculation, or it may be prolonged over a period of more than 6 months, but death usually occurs between 7 weeks and 3 months after inoculation. The symptomatology varies with the course of tumor growth but is in general that of a debilitating disease of an acute or chronic character in which the picture is frequently complicated by symptoms referable to mechanical causes or to one or more of the glands of internal secretion. The most prominent of these are due to the presence of metastases in the suprarenals or pituitary body, in which case symptoms of Addison's disease or diseases of the pituitary may be superimposed upon those attributable to the presence of extensive tumor growths. In the absence of such growths, however, the symptoms of suprarenal or pituitary involvement may dominate the picture.
Chemical Modification Identifies Two Populations of Glycerophospholipid Flippase in Rat Liver ER

Transbilayer flipping of glycerophospholipids in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a key feature of membrane biogenesis. Flipping appears to be an ATP-independent, bidirectional process facilitated by specific proteins or flippases. Although a phospholipid flippase has yet to be identified, evidence supporting the existence of dedicated flippases was recently obtained through biochemical reconstitution studies showing that certain chromatographically resolved fractions of detergent-solubilized ER proteins were enriched in flippase activity, whereas others were inactive. We now extend these studies by describing two convenient assays of flippase activity utilizing fluorescent phospholipid analogues as transport reporters. We use these assays to show that (i) proteoliposomes generated from a flippase-enriched Triton X-100 extract of ER can flip analogues of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine; (ii) flipping of all three phospholipids is likely due to the same flippase(s) rather than distinct, phospholipid-specific transport proteins; (iii) functional flippases represent approximately 1% (w/w) of ER membrane proteins in the Triton extract; and (iv) glycerophospholipid flippase activity in the ER can be attributed to two functionally distinct proteins (or classes of proteins) defined by their sensitivity to the cysteine and histidine modification reagents N-ethylmaleimide and diethylpyrocarbonate, respectively. Analyses of the N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive class of flippase activity revealed that the functionally critical sulfhydryl group in the flippase protein is buried in a hydrophobic environment in the membrane but becomes reactive on extraction of the protein into Triton X-100. This observation holds considerable promise for future attempts to isolate the flippase via an affinity approach.
Magnetostatic Analysis Using Implicit Boundary Finite-Element Method

The implicit boundary finite-element method avoids the need for generating conforming mesh by using structured mesh for the analysis. A structured mesh (also referred to here as a grid) is a nonconforming mesh that is made up of regular shaped elements (rectangles for 2-D or cuboids for 3-D) and is easier to generate than traditional finite-element mesh. The geometry of the analysis domain is represented using equations that are independent of the grid. Essential boundary conditions are applied using solution structures that are constructed using approximate step functions of the boundary such that these boundary conditions are guaranteed to be enforced. A variety of interpolation functions and approximations such as B-splines can be used with this approach. Examples with known analytical solutions are used to validate the approach and to study convergence of elements using Lagrange interpolation and uniform B-spline approximation schemes.
PRESIDENTES OUTSIDERS Y MINISTROS NEÓFITOS: UN ANÁLISIS A TRAVÉS DEL EJEMPLO DE FUJIMORI

The critics of presidentialism point out that the arrival to power of outsiders is one of the perils of presidentialism. This contributes to this literature by analyzing the impact of outsider presidents on cabinet composition. The central argument is that outsider presidents tend to appoint technocratic and independent ministers. Outsiders do not have the willingness or the capacity to negotiate with other political forces because they lack a political socialization. Moreover, a strategy of confrontation with established parties is politically and electorally more advantageous for outsider presidents. In this article, I provide empirical evidence based on an in-depth analysis of the Peruvian cabinets in the period 1980-1995. This work compares the cabinets of two presidents that were traditional party leaders (Belaunde and Garcia) with the cabinets of an outsider (Fujimori). I also analyze the consequences of having a cabinet made of political neophytes for the functioning of the cabinet.
Concatenated Reed-Solomon/convolutional coding scheme for data transmission in CDMA cellular systems

An error control scheme for data transmission in code division multiple access (CDMA) cellular systems is proposed. The forward error correction scheme employs Reed-Solomon (RS) outer codes concatenated with convolutional inner codes. New tight upper bounds on the convolutional code performance in independent Rayleigh fading multipath channels are derived. Using these bounds and invoking the Gaussian assumption for the multiple access interference, the performance of the concatenated coding scheme is evaluated. Furthermore, design examples of RS outer codes and convolutional inner codes for data transmission at 9.6 and 128 kbit/s in CDMA cellular systems are presented. Finally, the capacity of a CDMA cellular system employing the proposed concatenated coding scheme is computed. >
Cognitive impairments in schizophrenia as assessed through activation and connectivity measures of magnetoencephalography (MEG) data

The cognitive dysfunction present in patients with schizophrenia is thought to be driven in part by disorganized connections between higher-order cortical fields. Although studies utilizing electroencephalography (EEG), PET and fMRI have contributed significantly to our understanding of these mechanisms, magnetoencephalography (MEG) possesses great potential to answer long-standing questions linking brain interactions to cognitive operations in the disorder. Many experimental paradigms employed in EEG and fMRI are readily extendible to MEG and have expanded our understanding of the neurophysiological architecture present in schizophrenia. Source reconstruction techniques, such as adaptive spatial filtering, take advantage of the spatial localization abilities of MEG, allowing us to evaluate which specific structures contribute to atypical cognition in schizophrenia. Finally, both bivariate and multivariate functional connectivity metrics of MEG data are useful for understanding how these interactions in the brain are impaired in schizophrenia, and how cognitive and clinical outcomes are affected as a result. We also present here data from our own laboratory that illustrates how some of these novel functional connectivity measures, specifically imaginary coherence (IC), are quite powerful in relating disconnectivity in the brain to characteristic behavioral findings in the disorder.