cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consequences of magnetic ordering in chiral M n 1 / 3 Nb S 2

We have investigated the structural, magnetic, thermodynamic, and charge-transport properties of $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{n}}_{1/3}\mathrm{Nb}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ single crystals through x-ray and neutron diffraction, magnetization, specific heat, magnetoresistance, and Hall-effect measurements. $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{n}}_{1/3}\mathrm{Nb}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ displays a magnetic transition at ${T}_{C}\ensuremath{\sim}45\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ with highly anisotropic behavior expected for a hexagonal-structured material. Below ${T}_{C}$, neutron diffraction reveals increased scattering near the structural Bragg peaks having a wider Q dependence along the $c$ axis than the nuclear Bragg peaks. This indicates either a short-range ferromagnetic (FM) order with a domain size of \ensuremath{\sim}250 nm along the $c$ axis or a possible magnetic modulation with a large pitch length. The expectation of a significant Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in this chiral-structured magnet, along with the helical state discovered in isostructural $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{r}}_{1/3}\mathrm{Nb}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, suggest either a long period helical state with $q\ensuremath{\sim}0.0025\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\AA{}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, or FM regions separated by magnetic solitons, may be responsible for the apparent small size of the FM domains. Here, the domain length along the $c$ axis is substantially larger than the pitch length of 48 nm found for the helimagnetic state in $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{r}}_{1/3}\mathrm{Nb}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$. Specific-heat-capacity measurements confirm a second-order magnetic phase transition with a substantial magnetic contribution that persists to low temperature. The low-temperature specific-heat capacity is consistent with a large density of low-lying magnetic excitations that are likely associated with topologically interesting magnetic modes. Changes to the magnetoresistance, the magnetization, and the magnetic neutron diffraction, which become more apparent below 20 K, imply a modification in the character of the magnetic ordering corresponding to the magnetic contribution to the specific-heat capacity. These observations signify a more complex magnetic structure both at zero and finite fields for $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{n}}_{1/3}\mathrm{Nb}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ than for the well-investigated $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{r}}_{1/3}\mathrm{Nb}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$.
Cortical transformation of stimulus space in order to linearize a linearly inseparable task

The human brain is able to learn difficult categorization tasks, even ones that have linearly inseparable boundaries; however, it is currently unknown how it achieves this computational feat. We in...
A longitudinal examination of the role of sensory exploratory behaviors in young children's acceptance of new foods

Abstract Objective Prompted engagement with a new food's sensory properties (smell, texture) has been associated with young children's acceptance of new foods. However, little is known about the prevalence and stability of children's sensory exploratory behaviors exhibited spontaneously when trying new foods. The aim of this analysis was to examine developmental trajectories of sensory exploratory behaviors (i.e., smelling, licking, spitting) in response to new foods. Method This 3-year longitudinal study included observational data collected from 244 preschoolers. At age 4 years, children were asked to taste four novel foods. An experimenter recorded the child's displays of smelling, licking, spitting, refusals, and acceptance. Assessments were repeated at 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5 years of age. Summary scores were created for each child by totaling the number of foods smelled, licked, spit out, refused, and accepted at each time point. A series of growth models were fit to the summary scores to examine individual sensory behavior trajectories and associations between trajectories of sensory behaviors and acceptance. Results Linear growth model parameters indicated that spitting and refusals decreased over time (p-values 0.01) Furthermore, decreases in licking, spitting, and refusals were associated with increases in acceptance across the study period (p-values Discussion The decline in young children's sensory exploratory behaviors in response to new foods was associated with increases in food acceptance. Our findings suggest that sensory exploratory behaviors may promote familiarity and help children learn that new foods are acceptable and safe to consume.
Consideration of Heterogeneity in a Meta-analysis of Latino Sexual Health Interventions.

* Abbreviation: SRH — : sexual and reproductive health Latino adolescents are disproportionately affected by teenage pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and HIV, persistent sexual and reproductive health (SRH) disparities that represent a national public health concern. Despite progress nationally, Latina adolescents continue to exhibit above-average teenage pregnancy, birth, and repeat birth rates.1 Particularly concerning are the 17% increase in reportable sexually transmitted infections among 10- to 19-year-old Latino adolescents since 2014 and the 6% rise in new HIV diagnoses among 13- to 19-year-old Latino adolescents between 2016 and 2017 alone.2–4 Given these statistics, research is needed to strengthen the evidence on programs to reduce Latino adolescent SRH disparities. In this issue of Pediatrics , Evans et al5 systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed the empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of SRH interventions for Latino adolescents. Their findings suggested small to moderate but significant mean pooled intervention effects across all examined behavioral outcomes (abstinence, condom use, and number of sex partners). Building on this evidence, strengthening interventions for Latino adolescents is a priority. Important considerations for the interpretation of meta-analytic review evidence, including clinical, methodologic, and statistical heterogeneity,6 may yield additional insights into factors associated with intervention effectiveness.7,8 We examine these 3 … Address correspondence to Vincent Guilamo-Ramos, PhD, MPH, LCSW, ANP-BC, AAHIVS, Center for Latino Adolescent and Family Health, New York University, 15 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003. E-mail: vincent.ramos{at}nyu.edu
Essential Features and Critical Issues With Educational Chatbots: Toward Personalized Learning via Digital Agents

Conversational agents, also known as chatbots, are automated systems for engaging in two-way dialogue with human users. These systems have existed in one form or another for at least 60 years but have recently demonstrated significant potential with advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies. The use of conversational agents or chatbots for education can potentially reduce costs and supplement teacher instruction in transformative ways for formal learning. This chapter examines the design and status of chatbots and conversational agents for educational purposes. Common design functions and goals of educational chatbots are described, along with current practical applications of chatbots for educational purposes. Finally, this chapter considers issues about pedagogical commitments, ethics, and equity to suggest future work in the field.
Staying in place: narratives of middle-income renter immobility in New York City

Existing research has enumerated why people move; this article responds to recent calls for increased focus on residential immobility – or staying in place – by focusing on why and how middle-incom...
Phage engineering and the evolutionary arms race

Phages are versatile agents for delivering a variety of cargo, including nanomaterials, nucleic acids, and small molecules. A potentially important application is treatment of antibiotic-resistant infections. All of these applications require molecular engineering of the phages, including chemical modification and genetic engineering. Phages are remarkably amenable to such engineering. We review some examples, including for controlled phage therapy. We suggest that the ability of phages to support extensive engineering may have evolutionary origins in the billions-year-old 'arms race' between bacteria and phages, which selects for sequences and structures that are robust in the face of rapid evolutionary change. This leads to high tolerance of both naturally evolved mutations and synthetic molecular engineering.
852 Differential expression of surface protein-encoding genes highlights therapeutic vulnerabilities of four SCLC subtypes

Background Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive neuroendocrine malignancy that accounts for 15% of lung cancer diagnoses. The severity of this disease is exacerbated by the fact that there are few therapeutic options, which mostly offer limited clinical benefit, culminating in a 5-year survival rate of Methods To identify transcriptional subtypes, we used non-negative matrix factorization of gene expression data from 81 SCLC tumors and identified four subtypes largely based on differential expression of the transcription factors ASCL1, NEUROD1, and POU2F3. We hypothesized that these subtypes may underlie unique therapeutic vulnerabilities. We examined differential expression of genes that encode surface-expressed proteins that may be targetable by reagents such as therapeutic antibodies or antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Results Our four subtypes are defined either by high expression of ASCL1 (SCLC-A), NEUROD1 (SCLC-N), POU2F3 (SCLC-P), or an absence of those transcription factors and instead a prevalence of immunological factors (SCLC-Inflamed, or SCLC-I). We curated a list of approximately 60 candidate genes encoding surface proteins that are differentially expressed across the four subtypes. Within these 60 candidates, we have identified a few specific to each subtype for which there exist clinically available, targeted ADCs. The most prevalent subtype, SCLC-A, showed high expression of targets such as DLL3 (SCLC-A) and CEACAM5 (SCLC-A). SCLC-N highly expressed SSTR2, a somatostatin receptor that is being actively targeted in SCLC clinical trials. The two non-neuroendocrine subtypes, SCLC-P and SCLC-I shared some common hits such as the NK cell ligand MICA and B7H6. All of the identified and highlighted hits have been or are actively being pursued in clinical trials, highlighting the importance of understanding their expression levels pre- and post-treatment so that novel therapies can be developed that will be effective over the course of disease progression Conclusions The underlying biology defining our four identified subtypes of SCLC has revealed a striking number of targetable, differentially expressed surface protein encoding genes many of which already have clinically available reagents that could be repurposed for treatment of SCLC on a subtype-specific basis.
GD2 or HER2 targeting T cell engaging bispecific antibodies to treat osteosarcoma

The cure rate for metastatic osteosarcoma has not substantially improved over the past decades. Clinical trials of anti-HER2 trastuzumab or anti-GD2 dinutuximab for metastatic or refractory osteosarcoma were not successful, and neither was immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). We tested various target antigen expressions on osteosarcoma cell lines using flow cytometry and analyzed in vitro T cell engaging BsAb (T-BsAb)-dependent T cell-mediated cytotoxicity using 4-h 51Cr release assay. We tested in vivo anti-tumor activities of T-BsAb targeting GD2 or HER2 in established osteosarcoma cell line or patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models carried out in BALB-Rag2−/−IL-2R-γc-KO (BRG) mice. We also generated ex vivo BsAb-armed T cells (EATs) and studied their tumor-suppressive effect against osteosarcoma xenografts. In order to improve the anti-tumor response, ICIs, anti-human PD-1 (pembrolizumab) or anti-human PD-L1 (atezolizumab) antibodies were tested their synergy with GD2- or HER2-BsAb against osteosarcoma. GD2 and HER2 were chosen from a panel of surface markers on osteosarcoma cell lines and PDXs. Anti-GD2 BsAb or anti-HER2 BsAb exerted potent anti-tumor effect against osteosarcoma tumors in vitro and in vivo. T cells armed with anti-GD2-BsAb (GD2-EATs) or anti-HER2-BsAb (HER2-EATs) showed significant anti-tumor activities as well. Anti-PD-L1 combination treatment enhanced BsAb-armed T cell function in vivo and improved tumor control and survival of the mice, when given sequentially and continuously. Anti-GD2 and anti-HER2 BsAbs were effective in controlling osteosarcoma. These data support the clinical investigation of GD2 and HER2 targeted T-BsAb treatment in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors, particularly anti-PD-L1, in patients with osteosarcoma to improve their treatment outcome.
Is There a Role for Prone Computed Tomography Prior to Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Background: The majority of PCNLs are performed prone, while most pre-operative CT scans are done supine. The purpose of this pilot study is to determine if there is utility of prone CT scans in pr...
Peripheral nerve blocks with liposomal bupivacaine are associated with increased opioid use compared to thoracic epidural in patients with an epigastric incision.

BACKGROUND Thoracic epidurals are commonly recommended in enhanced recovery protocols, though they may cause hypotension and urinary retention. Peripheral nerve blocks using liposomal bupivacaine are a potential alternative, though they have not been extensively studied in major cancer operations with an epigastric incision. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of prospectively collected data following the transition from thoracic epidural to liposomal peripheral nerve blocks in patients undergoing major oncologic surgery. Patients receiving peripheral nerve blocks were compared to those receiving thoracic epidural. Outcome variables included postoperative opioid use (milligram morphine equivalents [MME]), severe pain, and postoperative complications. RESULTS Forty-seven of 102 patients studied (46%) received peripheral nerve blocks. Opioid use was higher in the peripheral nerve block group during the 0-24 h (116 vs. 94 MME, p = 0.04) and 24-48 h postoperative period (94 vs. 23 MME, p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in severe pain, hypotension, urinary retention, or ileus. Peripheral nerve blocks were associated with earlier ambulation (1 vs. 2 days, p = 0.04), though other milestones were similar. CONCLUSIONS Liposomal peripheral nerve blocks were associated with increased opioid use compared to thoracic epidural. On the basis of our results, thoracic epidural might be preferred in surgical oncology patients with an epigastric incision.
Some Rudiments of Diesel Particulate Emissions

Certain aspects of particulate production in fuel-efficient passenger car diesel engines are addressed: e.g. the combustion environment of soot formation and mechanisms involved, the in-cylinder oxidation of soot, and effects of exhaust dilution on particulate mass collected on a sampling filter. In the absence of a universally accepted kinetic mechanism for soot formation and a suitable combustion model for the divided-chamber diesel engine, equilibrium combustion calculations indicate that it is desirable to avoid locally-rich equivalence ratios, fuels with low hydrogen/carbon ratios, and low-reaction temperatures, in order to minimize the thermochemical potential for carbon condensation. Experimental evidence suggests a more complex dependence upon reaction temperature than equilibrium calculations reveal. Numerous studies dealing with diesel particulate emissions are cited. Where significant experimental results from diesel engines are lacking, appropriate nonengine experience is reviewed to contribute additional insights. Practical implications of particulate control in diesel engines are discussed.
Basic culture methods.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the basic culture methods of the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) system. The nematode C. elegans is a small, rapidly growing organism that can easily be raised in the laboratory on the bacterium Escherichia coli. Because C. elegans is a self-fertilizing hermaphrodite, it is possible to grow large quantities of the organism in swirling liquid cultures, and possible to propagate severely incapacitated mutants. The rapidity of growth and the ability to self-fertilize necessitate special measures to establish a synchronous culture. C. elegans grows rapidly and is most fecund at 20°C. Growth at 16 and 25°C provides some control over the rate of growth and the facility to work with temperature-sensitive mutants. Gram quantities of nematodes can be prepared by growth on petri plates, or by rotary shaking in a flask at controlled temperatures. Petri plate methods are economical and require no special equipment. Large quantities of nematodes are more easily prepared in fermentor-like devices. Fementors offer the advantage of scalability, minimizing the number of parallel cultures required to grow a large quantity of worms.
Impact of elective versus emergent admission on perioperative complications and resource utilization in lumbar fusion

Abstract Background The notion of higher complication rate and mortality in emergency surgeries is well established. There is a paucity of literature demonstrating the impact of emergent versus elective admissions for spinal surgery on the perioperative outcomes. We aim to evaluate the influence of the type of admission (elective or emergent) and day of surgery (same day versus other days within the emergent group) on the incidence, pattern of perioperative complications and hospital charges in the patients undergoing lumbar fusion for degenerative spine disease. Methods Data was obtained from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database between 2002 and 2011. We performed multivariate analysis to evaluate the impact of admission type and day of surgery on perioperative outcomes. Results A total of 266439 patients were identified. The majority of the admissions were elective (92.6%). Emergent admission comprised 7.4% of the total admission. Mean Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) was significantly higher in emergent and ‘other days’ ( Conclusions ‘Emergent admission’ and surgery performed on the ‘other days’ in lumbar fusion are independent risk factors for the higher incidence of perioperative complications. Complicated hospital course and longer stay of the patients in the emergent admission and ‘other days’ group seems to be associated with higher total hospital charges.
Abstract 3909: Cisplatin resistant head and neck cancer cells are susceptible to growth inhibition by CDF curcumin

Head and neck (HN however the five year survival rate is only 50% and development of drug resistance is one of the major challenges for effective therapy. Thus, development of new strategies to overcome drug resistance will help in HN 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3909. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3909
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Update on Treatment Options and Treatment Considerations for the Future

Polycystic ovary syndrome is an endocrine disorder characterized by insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, obesity, and inflammation, and is the most common cause of infertility. Women with PCOS are at higher risk than non-PCOS women for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, endometrial cancer, and psychiatric disorders. Because many abnormalities present in PCOS and symptoms vary considerably among PCOS women, treatment is guided by presentation and does not consist of simply one modality. Often, however, one type of medication can ameliorate more than one abnormality in PCOS. This review summarizes current research on several treatment modalities for PCOS, including drugs that are fairly well-established as efficacious and other agents that may prove efficacious in the future, with particular emphasis on the benefits and barriers of lifestyle change.
Halidu Osumare, The Hiplife in Ghana: West Africa Indigenization of Hip-Hop

Ghana’s music industry can be described as a thriving one, much like its film industry. The West African sovereign state is well on its way to becoming a force to reckon with on the international music market. With such contemporary rap artists as Sarkodie, Fuse ODG (Azonto), Reggie Rockstone, R2Bs, and Edem in its fold, Ghana’s music is transcending borders and penetrating international markets. Historically, Ghana’s varying ethnic groups, as well as its interaction with countries on the continent, greatly influences the genres of music that the country has created over the years. Traditionally, Ghana’s music is geographically categorized by the types of musical instruments used: Music originating from the North uses stringed instruments and high-pitched voices; and music emanating from the Coast features drums and relatively low-pitched voice intermissions.
Internet Defamation, Freedom of Expression, and the Lessons of Private International Law for the United States

This article reviews current developments in U.S. conflict of laws doctrine pertaining to transnational internet defamation cases, including personal jurisdiction, choice of law, and recognition of judgments. To resolve personal jurisdiction and choice of law issues in internet defamation cases, U.S. courts have adapted rules from the non-internet context with relative ease. Reported cases tend to concern domestic internet disputes between U.S. entities, with few plaintiffs attracted to U.S. courts for the purpose of litigating cross-border defamation claims. Although the U.S. serves as a magnet jurisdiction for many types of litigation, two liability-defeating laws render the country inhospitable to defamation claims: (1) the U.S. Constitution's First Amendment speech protections and (2) a statute affording immunity to internet "providers or users" for information "provided by another content provider." Perhaps because of these provisions litigants are largely inspired to go elsewhere. The resulting libel tourism has prompted important U.S. developments pertaining to enforcement and recognition of foreign defamation judgments. Thus, for conflict of laws matters pertaining to internet defamation, it is judgments law that reflects the greatest activity and most profound change. After reviewing personal jurisdiction and choice of law trends, this article describes legal developments pertaining to internet defamation judgments. The article critiques lawmakers’ adherence to First Amendment exceptionalism in regulating internet defamation judgments and identifies flaws reflected in state libel tourism statutes and the federal libel tourism statute, the SPEECH act of 2010.
Ground through on-orbit transfer of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90): radiometeric scale using the CERES thermistor bolometers and built-in flight calibration systems

The Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES thermistor bolometers were calibrated using filtered radiances, characterized on an International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) derived absolute radiometric scale. Longwave filtered radiances were characterized using the optical and geometric surface properties of the reference Narrow-Field-of-View Blackbody (NFBB), the NFBB temperature measurements from the ITS-90 calibrated platinum resistance thermometers (PRT) embedded in the blackbodies, and the spectral responses of the CERES bolometers. Shortwave filtered radiances were characterized using the cryogenically-cooled Transfer Active Cavity Radiometer (TACR) which was an ITS-90 transfer standard, and using the spectral responses of the bolometers. In ground vacuum facilities, the ITS-90, temperature-based radiometric scale was transferred to the CERES bolometers. As ITS-90 transfer standards, the bolometers were used to characterize the emitted filtered radiances from in-flight systems: (1) the internal calibration module (ICM) which consisted of anodized aluminum blackbodies and tungsten lamp sources; and (2) mirror attenuator mosaic (MAM) which was an aluminum solar diffuser plate, built into the bolometer instrumentation. From the ground [October 1995] through the on-orbit phases [December 1998 - July 1999] of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Spacecraft CERES instrument mission, the stabilities of the bolometer's responses were assessed from periodical observations of the in-flight calibration systems radiances. Each CERES instrument package consisted of broadband shortwave [0.3 micrometer to 5.0 micrometer], broadband total [0.3 micrometer to greater than 100 micrometer], and narrowband window [8 micrometer and 12 micrometer], scanning thermistor bolometer sensor units; and of in-flight calibration systems. Between the ground and initial on-orbit calibrations, the TRMM CERES bolometers and the built-in, flight calibration system sources maintained their filtered radiance measurement ties to ITS-90 at the plus or minus 0.2 Wm-2sr-1 precision level. On-orbit calibration studies indicate that the radiance measurements were stable at the plus or minus 0.2 Wm-2sr-1 precision level. The ground and on- orbit calibration results are presented and discussed.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Attributes of Instinct

The instinct versus learning controversy once revived by LEHRMAN's critique of LORENZ's theory has subsided, yet the issue seems to remain unclear in the minds of many people (SCHOENFELD & BARON, 1965). Although neither the definition of instinct nor the criteria for the dichotomy have been formally put forth, ethologists characterized instinctive behavior by several properties (LORENZ, 1956). The critics of ethological theory not only questioned the reality of the attributes of instinct but also considered it inappropriate to create a category for behavior, the underlying physiological basis for which is of a heterogeneous nature (BEACH, 1955; LEHRMAN, 1953; SCHNEIRLA, 1956). JENSEN (196I) argued that instinct is not demonstrable since it is not operationally defined. However, some of its important attributes are operationally defined, i.e. "operations necessary to demonstrate" them are possible. The present paper attempts at re-evaluating those attributes of instinct.
Using Neural Networks as an Aid in the Determination of Disease Status: Comparison of Clinical Diagnosis to Neural-Network Predictions in a Pedigree with Autosomal Dominant Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy

Studies of the genetics of certain inherited diseases require expertise in the determination of disease status even for single-locus traits. For example, in the diagnosis of autosomal dominant limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD1A), it is not always possible to make a clear-cut determination of disease, because of variability in the diagnostic criteria, age at onset, and differential presentation of disease. Mapping such diseases is greatly simplified if the data present a homogeneous genetic trait and if disease status can be reliably determined. Here, we present an approach to determination of disease status, using methods of artificial neural-network analysis. The method entails "training" an artificial neural network, with input facts (based on diagnostic criteria) and related results (based on disease diagnosis). The network contains weight factors connecting input "neurons" to output "neurons," and these connections are adjusted until the network can reliably produce the appropriate outputs for the given input facts. The trained network can be "tested" with a second set of facts, in which the outcomes are known but not provided to the network, to see how well the training has worked. The method was applied to members of a pedigree with LGMD1A, now mapped to chromosome 5q. We used diagnostic criteria and disease status to train a neural network to classify individuals as "affected" or "not affected." The trained network reproduced the disease diagnosis of all individuals of known phenotype, with 98% reliability. This approach defined an appropriate choice of clinical factors for determination of disease status. Additionally, it provided insight into disease classification of those considered to have an "unknown" phenotype on the basis of standard clinical diagnostic methods.
SUCCESSFUL BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION IN DIGEORGE SYNDROME

DiGeorge syndrome is a congenital immunodeficiency disorder with variable degrees of T cell immunity. Immunologic reconstitution with fetal thymic tissue or hormones has shown varied success, and appropriate tissue is difficult to obtain. A patient with DiGeorge syndrome presented at day 3 with hypocalcemia, seizures, Tetralogy of Fallot, and typical facies. Thymus shadow was absent on X-ray. Parathormone level was low. Evaluation at 26 weeks showed normal lymphocyte count, T cells 16% by E rosette, 1% by pan-T cell monoclonal antibody, B cells 65%, IgG 277 mg/dl, IgM 61 mg/dl, IgA 0, IgE 15 IU/ml, isohemagglutinins present at titer 1:1. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA), antigen and allogeneic stimulation were flat. Factor thymic serique was present at 1/4 (low),thymosin α1 was 700 pg/ml (normal). Because of the profound T cell defect with antibody defect, we performed bone marrow transplant (BMT) with 1.16 × 109 nucleated cells/kg from her HLA,A,B,C matched, DR mismatched, MLC non-reactive brother without conditioning. There was no evidence of GVH disease. PHA stimulated lymphocytes now show XY karyotype and T cells are 43% by E rosette. EB virus stimulated B cells are 29/30 XY, but DR type is unchanged. Immunoglobulins are normal, antibody and in vitro proliferative response to injected antigen are present. This experience indicates that little thymic function is necessary for successful BMT, but does not determine whether there has been central or peripheral reconstitution.
Algorithmic choices in WARP – A framework for continuous energy Monte Carlo neutron transport in general 3D geometries on GPUs

Abstract In recent supercomputers, general purpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs) are a significant faction of the supercomputer’s total computational power. GPGPUs have different architectures compared to central processing units (CPUs), and for Monte Carlo neutron transport codes used in nuclear engineering to take advantage of these coprocessor cards, transport algorithms must be changed to execute efficiently on them. WARP is a continuous energy Monte Carlo neutron transport code that has been written to do this. The main thrust of WARP is to adapt previous event-based transport algorithms to the new GPU hardware; the algorithmic choices for all parts of which are presented in this paper. It is found that remapping history data references increases the GPU processing rate when histories start to complete. The main reason for this is that completed data are eliminated from the address space, threads are kept busy, and memory bandwidth is not wasted on checking completed data. Remapping also allows the interaction kernels to be launched concurrently, improving efficiency. The OptiX ray tracing framework and CUDPP library are used for geometry representation and parallel dataset-side operations, ensuring high performance and reliability.
The effects of stimulus preference on habituation of looking behavior in normal and retarded children

Picture preferences in terms of looking time were determined for groups of normal and moderately retarded children. Categories of highly preferred and nonpreferred pictures were then used with a constant picture stimulus alternated with a continually changing stimulus. For both groups, habituation of looking time was similar, being significant for preferred stimuli and nonsignificant for nonpreferred stimuli. The findings support an “attention” interpretation of any differential effects of stimulus satiation or habituation in normal vs. retarded individuals.
Yersinia septic shock following an autologous transfusion in a pediatric patient.

Abstract Although the literature on infections transmitted via transfused blood focuses on viruses, Yersinia enterocolitica can also cause severe infections in patients receiving transfusions. A 13-year-old patient developed severe sepsis after an autologous blood transfusion contaminated with Y. enterocolitica . The patient was an otherwise healthy female undergoing posterior spinal fusion for congenital scoliosis. Prior to surgery, the patient donated blood for perioperative and postoperative use. A few days before the donation, she had complained of abdominal pain and was experiencing mild diarrhea. The patient received four units of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) during the surgery. Intraoperatively, the patient developed fever up to 103.6 °F, became hypotensive requiring epinephrine and dopamine, and developed metabolic acidosis with serum bicarbonate concentration dropping to 16 mmol/l. The surgery team believed the patient was experiencing malignant hyperthermia and attempted to cool patient during the procedure. Postoperatively, the patient was transferred to the pediatric intensive care unit and treated for severe shock of unknown etiology. The patient further developed disseminated intravascular coagulation. The patient received supportive care and was started on ampicillin/sulbactam on postoperative day (POD) one which was changed to clindamycin, ciprofloxacin and tobramycin on POD two when blood cultures grew gram-negative bacilli. On POD three, cultures were identified as Y. enterocolitica and antibiotics were changed to tobramycin and cefotaxime based on susceptibility data. Sequelae of the shock included adult respiratory distress syndrome requiring intubation and a tracheostomy and multiple intracranial hemorrhagic infarcts with subsequent seizure disorder. Due to severe lower extremity ischemia, she required a bilateral below the knee amputation. The cultures of the snippets from the bags of blood transfused to the patient also grew Y. enterocolitica . This case illustrates the importance of considering transfusion related bacterial infections in patients receiving PRBCs. All patients in shock following any type of transfusion may require aggressive antibiotic therapy, until the diagnosis and etiology are known.
What's brewing: how interventional radiologists can learn from the reinvention of Starbucks.

The 2013 Medicare Physician FeeSchedule,whichwentintoeffectonJanuary 1, decreases interventionalradiology (IR) revenue by an esti-mated 3% [1]. Further declines areexpected, as well as a shift in pay-ment models from fee-for-serviceto bundled payments [2]. Our in-dustry is under enormous pressureto get costs under control. Nearlyeveryotherindustryhashadtoalterits strategies to survive under simi-lar difﬁcult circumstances. As ourhealth care system undergoes un-precedented changes, there aremany lessons that we can learnfrom how other industries haveprospereddespitetheirownuniquechallenges. We need not look anyfurtherforanexamplethanthecupmany of us hold every morning.Starbucks, the ubiquitous coffeecompany, currently has a marketcapitalization of nearly $40.9 bil-lion. The company was founded inSeattle in 1971 and since then hadbeen in a seemingly perpetualgrowth phase as it expandedthroughout the world ﬁlling a de-mand for convenient, high-qualitycoffee. However, in 2007, Star-bucks’invincibilitywaschallenged,as the company’s share price plum-meted42%in1year.Amidaglobaleconomic meltdown, customerswere balking at a $4 cup of coffee.And as competitors introducedlower cost alternatives, customersabandoned Starbucks, leading tothe ﬁrst ever decline in customervisits since the company went pub-lic [3,4]. It was clear the companywas in severe trouble, and specula-tors even viewed Starbucks as atakeover target.Howard Schultz, the original CEOof Starbucks, was brought back toturnthecompanyaroundinJanuary2008. As a result of his vision, thecompany’s share price not only re-coveredbuthitanall-timehigh,withthe 2010 ﬁscal year representing thebest in the company’s history [5].The strategic cornerstones of the re-inventionofStarbuckscanoffersim-pleyetpowerfulguidancetotheﬁeldof IR, facing its own dauntingchallenges.
Acute toxic effects of oxamyl in the rat.

Abstract The effects of single acute oral doses of 1, 2.1, and 3.5 mg/kg oxamyl (a carbamate insecticide) on selected biochemical parameters in male Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated. The animals exhibited significantly decreased weight gain when compared to control animals. The compound inhibited brain and blood acetycholinesterase significantly in the first few hours of exposure. Liver glucose-6-phosphatase was inhibited substantially after 7 and 4 days at the levels of 2.1 and 3.5 mg/kg, respectively. Maximum inhibition of liver succinic acid dehydrogenase was noted after 1 day at the level of 1 mg/kg and after 6 hr at the level of 2.1 and 3.5 mg/kg. Significant changes in serum total lipids and glucose were observed when oxamyl was given at 2.1 and 3.5 mg/kg, but serum protein was not affected at any dose level. However, the absence of statistically significant effects between Days 7 and 14 in most of the investigated parameters is indicative of an overall moderate degree of toxicity of oxamyl following acute oral administration of the selected doses.
Circuits in colour

Chemoarchitecture of the Brain. By Rudolf Nieuwenhuys. Springer-Verlag: 1985. Pp.246. Pbk DM 99.
Effects of abscisic acid on CAM in Portulacaria afra.

Water stress induces Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)† in Portulacaria afra as manifested by day stomatal closure, organic acid fluctuation, and night CO2 uptake. We now have evidence that abscisic acid treatment of leaves causes partial stomatal closure that is accompanied by the induction of CAM in a manner similar to water stress. There appears to be an inverse relationship between exogenous CO2 uptake and decarboxylation of organic acids in that organic acids remain high during the day providing stomata are open. When stomata close, there is consumption of organic acids by decarboxylation. The hypothesis is that stomatal opening controls CAM in this species.
Binding of latent rheumatoid synovial collagenase to collagen fibrils

Abstract Collagenase released from rheumatoid synivial cells in culture is in a latent form. Subsequently, it may be activated by limited proteolysis. This study was designed to determine whether latent enzyme could bind to collagen fibrils and await activation. The data showed that latent collagenase bound to fibrils equally well at 24°C and 37°C, but that this represented little more than half the binding achieved by active enzyme at temperatures lower than that at which fibril can be degraded. Binding was not inhibited by the presence of α 2 macroglobulin, the principal proteinase inhibitor of plasma which cannot complex with inactive or latent collagenase but readily complexes with active species of enzyme. The data support the hypotheses that inactive forms of collagenase accumulate in tissues by binding the substrate, and that activation by proteases such as plasmin intiates collagen breakdown.
Transition state analogue discrimination by related purine nucleoside phosphorylases.

Transition state analogues of PNP, the Immucillins and DADMe−Immucillins, were designed to match transition state features of bovine and human PNPs, respectively. The inhibitors with or without the hydroxyl and hydroxymethyl groups of the substrate demonstrate that inhibitor geometry mimicking that of the transition state confers binding affinity discrimination. This finding is remarkable since crystallographic analysis indicates complete conservation of active site residues and contacts to ligands in human and bovine PNPs.
NO decomposition and reduction by CH4 over Sr/La2O3

Both NO decomposition and NO reduction by CH4 over 4%Sr/La2O3 in the absence and presence of O2 were examined between 773 and 973 K, and N2O decomposition was also studied. The presence of CH4 greatly increased the conversion of NO to N2 and this activity was further enhanced by co-fed O2. For example, at 773 K and 15 Torr NO the specific activities of NO decomposition, reduction by CH4 in the absence of O2, and reduction with 1% O2 in the feed were 8.3·10−4, 4.6·10−3, and 1.3·10−2 μmol N2/s m2, respectively. This oxygen-enhanced activity for NO reduction is attributed to the formation of methyl (and/or methylene) species on the oxide surface. NO decomposition on this catalyst occurred with an activation energy of 28 kcal/mol and the reaction order at 923 K with respect to NO was 1.1. The rate of N2 formation by decomposition was inhibited by O2 in the feed even though the reaction order in NO remained the same. The rate of NO reduction by CH4 continuously increased with temperature to 973 K with no bend-over in either the absence or the presence of O2 with equal activation energies of 26 kcal/mol. The addition of O2 increased the reaction order in CH4 at 923 K from 0.19 to 0.87, while it decreased the reaction order in NO from 0.73 to 0.55. The reaction order in O2 was 0.26 up to 0.5% O2 during which time the CH4 concentration was not decreased significantly. N2O decomposition occurs rapidly on this catalyst with a specific activity of 1.6·10−4 μmol N2/s m2 at 623 K and 1220 ppm N2O and an activation energy of 24 kcal/mol. The addition of CH4 inhibits this decomposition reaction. Finally, the use of either CO or H2 as the reductant (no O2) produced specific activities at 773 K that were almost 5 times greater than that with CH4 and gave activation energies of 21–26 kcal/mol, thus demonstrating the potential of using CO/H2 to reduce NO to N2 over these REO catalysts.
Interdigitated photoconductors using organic and small molecule materials

In this study we present research results on interdigitated organic / small molecule photoconductors. We investigated photoconductivity in interdigitated lateral photoconductors with aluminum contacts, using (1) a spin-coated organic blend and (2) evaporated organic multilayers as the active layer. The spin-coated devices were made with a blend of a poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyl-oxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene] [MEH-PPV] and {6}-1-(3-(methoxycarbonyl) propyl)-{5}-1-phenyl-[6,6]-C61 [PCBM]. In spin-cast devices, the quantum efficiency was limited by the dissociation of the excitons. The field dependence of the dissociation of the excitons was explained using a modified Onsager model for charge dissociation. The evaporated devices were made from layers of alpha-sexithiophene [α-6T] and C60. In the evaporate devices, trap sites in the active layer limited the quantum efficiency. By modeling the quantum efficiency based on exciton diffusion to the interface and the dissociation of the excitons, the experimental quantum efficiency was explained by a trapping model with a charge carrier lifetime of 0.002s.
Hemispheric differences in global versus local processing of hierarchical visual stimuli by normal subjects: New data and a meta-analysis of previous studies

Twenty-four normal right-handed male subjects classified hierarchical visual stimuli (small letters arranged to form larger letters), which were presented separately to each cerebral hemisphere. Previous studies using similar paradigms have yielded mixed evidence for the specialization of local, analytic processing in the left hemisphere and global, holistic processing in the right hemisphere. No statistically significant evidence for such a pattern of specialization was evident in the results of the present study. However, when meta-analytic techniques were used to combine the present results with those from previous studies, there was evidence that the hypothesized left-hemisphere/local, right-hemisphere/global specialization does in fact exist.
An empirical study of the effect of heterogeneous within-groups variance upon certainF-tests of significance in analysis of variance

In the application of the analysis of variance to data obtained in educational methods experiments which involve several classes of several schools, one assumption is that of homogeneity in the variances of pupil scores from school to school. It is shown that such variances on representative educational achievement tests are heterogeneous. The effects of this heterogeneity upon theF-tests of significance commonly employed in methods experiments are investigated by comparing the actual distribution ofF values for a large number of “experiments” involving marked heterogeneity with a theoretical distribution based on the assumption of homogeneity. Although the findings, which vary somewhat with the type of variance ratio, are not entirely conclusive, they apparently demonstrate that departure from homogeneity does not invalidate the use of the customaryF-tests for evaluating results of the typical methods experiment.
Histopathology of autoimmune pancreatitis: Recognized features and unsolved issues

Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a chronic fibroinflammatory condition affecting the pancreatic gland. Reflecting the numerous clinical and pathologic aspects of this process (or processes), this condition has been variably reported in the literature as primary sclerosing pancreatitis, 1 sclerosing cholangitis, 2 nonalcoholic duct destructive chronic pancreatitis, 3 lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis, 4 and autoimmune pancreatitis. 5 The original description is attributed to Sarles and colleagues, 6,7 who reported, in the 1960s, several cases of chronic pancreatitis in patients with hyper– gamma globulinemia. As discussed by Gerlud and Freedman, 8 one of the characteristic features of this immune-mediated process is its frequent association with fibroinflammatory conditions affecting other organ systems. Consequently, AIP has been classified as either primary or secondary whether it appears singly or in association with systemic autoimmune/
Applications of a Microbeam to the Problem of Soft Upsets in Integrated Circuit Memories

The charge from electron-hole pairs, produced by the passage of a charged particle, may be sufficiently large to alter the stored information in modern dynamic random access memories (dRAMs), thus producing a soft upset. A microbeam from a 5-MV Van de Graaff has been used to investigate the upset process in 64K dRAMs. The microbeam has also been used to investigate the related problem of charge collection by small MOS structures and its dependence on gate oxide thickness. A model relating the charge observed in the external circuit to the charge collected internally has been developed.
Grazing termination date influence on annual ryegrass seed production and reseeding in the southeastern USA.

Production costs could be reduced if annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) could be managed for reseeding. Spring grazing termination dates (GTD) of 31 March, 14 April, 28 April, and 12 May were evaluated on seven cultivars for two growing seasons to study spring seed production and volunteer reseeding the following autumn in northeast Texas. There were year X GTD X cultivar interactions for spike density, seed yield, seed weight per spike, and volunteer seedling density and a year X GTD interaction for 1000-seed weight. Moisture conditions were good during the 1994-1995 growing season followed by a dry summer. Spike density was high (1256 +/- 59 spikes m-2), seed yields were low (48.7 +/- 3.2 g m-2), but seed weight was high with a 1000-seed weight of 3.12 +/- 0.03 mg. All cultivars exceeded the 500 seedlings m-2 target in 1995 when grazed through 28 April. In the 1996-1997 growing season, May was very dry followed by high June rainfall. Spike density was lower but seed yields were higher than in 1995. However, 1000-seed weight was only 1.37 mg. Only 'Surrey' exceeded 500 seedlings m-2 through 28 April GTD, 'TAM 90' through 14 April GTD, and 'Rio', 'Gulf', and 'Jackson' at only one of the two early GTDs. The superior reseeding ability of Surrey is probably due to its selection for a high level of high temperature dormancy. In normal rainfall years in the southeastern USA, most cultivars of annual ryegrass can be grazed until late April and still produce satisfactory volunteer stands the following autumn.