cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Light‐scattering study of the oxidative degradation of polystyrene

An investigation into the nature of the structural and molecular changes during the bulk oxidation of polystyrene has been conducted by light-scattering and viscometric methods. Oxidations were conducted on films in an air oven at 0, 2, 4, and 5 hr. at 200°C. The oxidized films were dissolved and various parameters obtained on the resulting solutions. Fractionation of unoxidized and oxidized thermally polymerized polystyrene showed a narrowing of the molecular weight distribution during oxidation. The weight-average molecular weight decreased from 1,090,000 to 33,000. That of an unfractionated commercial polystyrene, Styron 683K, decreased from 281,000 to 16,000. These results show that random chain scission of oxidize polymer occurs along with the formation of carbonyl groups giving polymer molecules of shorter chain length most of which probably retain the initial linear random coil structure. In addition to the chain scission, branching and crosslinking are indicated by the distortion of Zimm plots by microgel.
Is sexual selection operating in the androdioecious clam shrimp,Eulimnadia texana (Crustacea: Conchostraca)?

Experiments were performed to document the existence of intersexual or intrasexual selection in the clam shrimp, Eulimnadia texana. Individuals within this species are either males or hermaphrodites. Hermaphrodites can self their own eggs or outcross with a male, but they cannot outcross with other hermaphrodites. Theoretical considerations suggest that both intrasexual and intersexual selection could be occuring on the part of the hermaphrodites and the males. When males were given a choice between two non-gravid hermaphrodites of different sizes, they did not exhibit a mating preference based upon size. When two males of different sizes were isolated with a single nongravid receptive hermaphrodite, the hermaphrodite showed no preference between the two males. There was evidence, however, of male-male competition for receptive hermaphrodites and of mate guarding on the part of the males. During aggressive encounters between two males, the larger of the two had a significant advantage over the smaller, and larger males were always the victors when hermaphrodite takeovers occurred as a result of male-male conflict. Hermaphrodites appear to control the mating process both by struggling with males when they are not receptive to them and by selfing in the presence of males. This suggests that hermaphrodites withhold receptivity cues from males, or produce non-receptivity cues, when they are going to self. Though hermaphrodites do not appear to select males based upon size, they may make a selection between selfing and outcrossing by controlling the use of receptivity signals.
Acute versus subacute haemorrhagic shock evaluated in an isolated perfused rat lung model

Volume resuscitation of haemorrhagic shock (HS) may lead to delayed apparition of shock lung. We compared acute versus subacute grade IV HS with and without volume resuscitation in an isolated blood-perfused and ventilated lung rat model.
Rural Community Views on the Role of Local and Extralocal Interests in Public Lands Governance

Based on in-depth interviews with residents on the Rocky Mountain Front in Montana, this article examines how disagreements about the appropriate role of local interests influence local conflict over public lands. Residents who advocated that local interests should be privileged framed the conflict in terms of class, social standing, and fairness. While some residents were clearly venue shopping (advocating the level of decision making where they believed they could achieve their goals), others supported the decision-making level they believed to be most democratic. We found that claims for increased local influence were not necessarily tied to support for development of public lands. Antigovernment sentiment was contributing to local resistance of extralocal proposals, and national attention to the area had further entrenched and polarized local views. Disagreement about the decision-making process and the conflation of conflicts over policy process with conflicts over policy outcome made local disputes ...
A natural gas-assisted steam electrolyzer for high-efficiency production of hydrogen

This paper presents a description and analysis of a novel, high-efficiency, solid oxide natural gas-assisted steam electrolyzer (NGASE). In conventional solid oxide electrolyzers, most of the electric power is used in forcing the oxygen to diffuse through the electrolyzer, against a high chemical potential. In the NGASE, natural gas is reacted with the oxygen produced in the electrolysis, reducing the chemical potential across the electrolyzer, thus minimizing electricity consumption. The oxygen produced in the electrolysis is consumed in either a total oxidation or a partial oxidation reaction with natural gas. Experiments performed on single cells show a voltage reduction of as much as 1 V when compared to conventional steam electrolyzers. Analysis indicates that incorporating the electrolyzer with a heat recovery system (heat exchangers and catalytic reactor) results in a high-efficiency hydrogen production system. The system efficiency is up to 70% with respect to primary energy.
Mechanism of the lethal interaction of chlordecone and CCl4 at non-toxic doses

There is significant interest in the possibility of unusual toxicity due to interaction of toxic chemicals upon environmental or occupational exposures even though such exposures may involve levels ordinarily considered harmless individually. While many laboratory and experimental models exist for such interactions, progress in this area of toxicology has suffered for want of a model where the interactants are individually non-toxic. We developed such a model where prior exposure to non-toxic levels of the pesticide Kepone (chlordecone) results in a 67-fold amplification of CCl4 lethality in experimental animals. The mechanism(s) by which chlordecone amplifies the hepatotoxicity of halomethanes such as CCl4, CHCl3, and BrCCl3 has been a subject of intense study. The biological effects of this interaction include extensive hepatotoxicity characterized by histopathological alterations, hepatic dysfunction, and perturbation of related biochemical parameters. Close structural analogs of chlordecone such as mirex and photomirex do not share the propensity of chlordecone to potentiate halomethane toxicity. Mechanisms such as induction of microsomal cytochrome P-450 by chlordecone and greater lipid peroxidation are inadequate to explain the remarkably powerful potentiation of toxicity and lethality. Time-course studies in which liver tissue was examined 1-36 h after CCl4 administration were conducted. While animals receiving a normally nontoxic dose of CCl4 alone show limited hepatocellular necrosis by 6 h, proceeding to greater injury after 12 h, recovery phase ensues as revealed by greatly increased number of mitotic figures. Such regeneration and hepatic tissue repair processes are totally suppressed in animals exposed to chlordecone prior to CCl4. Thus, the arrested hepatocellular repair and renovation play a key role in the potentiation of CCl4 liver injury by chlordecone. These findings have allowed us to propose a novel hypothesis for the mechanism of chlordecone amplification of halomethane toxicity and lethality. While limited injury is initiated by the low dose of CCl4 by bioactivation followed by lipid peroxidation, this normally recoverable injury permissively progresses due to arrested hepatocellular regeneration and tissue repair processes. Recent studies designed to test this hypothesis have provided additional supporting evidence. Hepatocellular regeneration stimulated by partial hepatectomy was unaffected by 10 ppm dietary chlordecone, while these animals were protected from the hepatotoxic and lethal actions of CCl4 if administered at the time of maximal hepatocellular regeneration. The protection was abolished when CCl4 was administered upon cessation of hepatocellular regeneration.
Surviving Sudden Death: Whatever Happened to Webster?

Excerpt To the Editors:In "My Fair Lady," Professor Higgins bemoans the improper use of the English language by many people and concludes by observing that "in America they haven't used it for year...
Renaming, Reclaiming, Renewing the Self Intersections of Gender, Identity, and Health Care

This is an autoethnographic account of seeking double mastectomy as a sexual minority due to advanced fibrocystic scarring. Using social construction, feminist, and ambiguous loss theories, themes ...
THE LEUKOTOXIC ACTION OF STREPTOCOCCI

Following phagocytosis of certain streptococci human neutrophils undergo a rapid disintegration: the leukotoxic reaction. Monocytes and eosinophils are similarly injured, as are polymorphonuclear cells of rabbit and guinea pig blood. The leukotoxic injury is not produced by culture filtrates of leukotoxic cocci nor does it follow phagocytosis of heat-killed cocci. The leukotoxic effect does not appear to be due to action of any presently known streptococcal product. The distribution of leukotoxicity among streptococci is not random, for it was found in all strains tested of certain types of group A (6, 12), and was absent from almost all strains of other types (5, 14, 30). Still other types (3, 4) had both leukotoxic and non-leukotoxic representatives. The injury was also produced by some group C and G strains. Often the streptococci that cause leukocyte death remain alive and proliferate in the cellular debris, but sometimes they are injured by the phagocyte before the latter disintegrates and are unable to proliferate on the slides. The capacity of a strain of streptococcus to injure leukocytes does not necessarily confer virulence on it. This is thought to be because a chain of streptococci, having survived its sojourn in a leukocyte it has killed, is still susceptible to phagocytosis by a fresh leukocyte, and serial phagocytoses may continue until the chain has been exposed sufficiently to the unfavorable intracellular environment to be, itself, killed. Whether leukotoxicity plays a role in naturally occurring streptococcal disease is unknown. The high incidence of leukotoxicity in Type 12 strains suggested that it might be involved in acute hemorrhagic nephritis, but if so there must be other factors since leukotoxic strains are present in types and groups not now known to be associated with nephritis.
Boosted ellipsoid ARTMAP

Ellipsoid ARTMAP (EAM) is an adaptive-resonance-theory neural network architecture that is capable of successfully performing classification tasks using incremental learning. EAM achieves its task by summarizing labeled input data via hyper-ellipsoidal structures (categories). A major property of EAM, when using off-line fast learning, is that it perfectly learns its training set after training has completed. Depending on the classification problems at hand, this fact implies that off-line EAM training may potentially suffer from over-fitting. For such problems we present an enhancement to the basic Ellipsoid ARTMAP architecture, namely Boosted Ellipsoid ARTMAP (bEAM), that is designed to simultaneously improve the generalization properties and reduce the number of created categories for EAM's off-line fast learning. This is being accomplished by forcing EAM to be tolerant about occasional misclassification errors during fast learning. An additional advantage provided by bEAM's desing is the capability of learning inconsistent cases, that is, learning identical patterns with contradicting class labels. After we present the theory behind bEAM's enhancements, we provide some preliminary experimental results, which compare the new variant to the original EAM network, Probabilistic EAM and three different variants of the Restricted Coulomb Energy neural network on the square-in-a-square classification problem.
C.W. operation of ion-implanted GaAs read-type IMPATT diodes

Epitaxial and ion-implantation techniques have been combined to form a high/low doping profile for GaAs Schottky-barrier Read-type IMPATT diodes. A c.w. output power of 1.1 W with 25% conversion efficiency was obtained at 11 GHz.
A B12-responsive Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) Element in Human Methionine Synthase

Regulation of homocysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid that is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, is poorly understood. Methionine synthase (MS) is a key enzyme that clears intracellular homocysteine, and its activity is induced by its cofactor, vitamin B12, at a translational level. In this study, we demonstrate that translation of MS, which has a long and highly structured 5′-untranslated region, is initiated from an internal ribosome entry site (IRES), which is modulated by B12. The minimal IRES element spans 71 bases immediately upstream of the initiation codon. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis reveals the presence of a B12 -dependent protein-RNA complex and suggests the possibility that B12-dependent increase of IRES efficiency is mediated via a protein. Modulation of the IRES-dependent translation of an essential gene by the cofactor of the encoded enzyme represents a novel example of a gene-nutrient interaction.
Identification of a neuronal laminin receptor: an Mr 200K/120K integrin heterodimer that binds laminin in a divalent cation-dependent manner

Neuronal interactions with extracellular matrix (ECM) components are crucial for axon growth and guidance during development and nerve regeneration. Laminin (LN), a prominent ECM glycoprotein, promotes neuronal survival and axon growth. To identify neuronal receptors for LN, we looked for cell surface proteins on the neuronal cell line B50 that bind LN. An integrin alpha/beta 1 dimeric receptor was identified and purified using lectin and LN affinity chromatography. The purified integrin contains two subunits with Mrs of 200 K and 120 K that bind LN specifically in the presence, but not the absence, of divalent cations (Ca2+/Mg2+ or Ca2+/Mn2+). The Mr 120 K protein was identified as the rat integrin beta 1 subunit using two beta 1 subunit-specific antibodies, and was shown to form a noncovalent complex with the Mr 200K putative alpha subunit. Since neurons and neuronal cell lines express similar integrin beta 1-class heterodimers that mediate attachment and process outgrowth on LN, the Mr 200K/120K complex identified here is likely to be an important laminin receptor used by neurons. This integrin may also mediate binding to LN by many nonneuronal cell types.
Long-Distance Regulation of Fetal Vδ Gene Segment TRDV4 by the Tcrd Enhancer

Murine Tcra and Tcrd gene segments are organized into a single genetic locus ( Tcra/Tcrd locus) that undergoes V(D)J recombination in CD4 − CD8 − double-negative (DN) thymocytes to assemble Tcrd genes and in CD4 + CD8 + double-positive thymocytes to assemble Tcra genes. Recombination events are regulated by two developmental stage-specific enhancers, E δ and E α . Effects of E α on Trca/Tcrd locus chromatin have been well documented, but effects of E δ have not. In this regard, E α acts over long distances to activate many V α and J α segments for recombination in double-positive thymocytes. However, in DN thymocytes, it is unclear whether E δ functions over long distances to regulate V δ gene segments or functions only locally to regulate D δ and J δ gene segments. In this study, we analyzed germline transcription, histone modifications, and recombination on wild-type and E δ -deficient alleles in adult and fetal thymocytes. We found that E δ functions as a local enhancer whose influence is limited to no more than ∼10 kb in either direction (including D δ , J δ , and TRDV5 gene segments) in adult DN thymocytes. However, we identified a unique long-distance role for E δ promoting accessibility and recombination of fetal V δ gene segment TRDV4, over a distance of 55 kb, in fetal thymocytes. TRDV4 recombination is specifically repressed in adult thymocytes. We found that this repression is enforced by a developmentally regulated loss of histone acetylation. Constitutively high levels of a suppressive modification, histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation, may contribute to repression as well.
The influence of prior rape on the psychological and physical health functioning of older adults

Objectives: Older adults who have experienced traumatic events earlier in life may be especially vulnerable to additional challenges associated with aging. In a cross-sectional study of older females, the present study examines whether a history of rape is associated with current psychological and health problems.Method: This study used existing data from the female respondents (N = 1228) in the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP), a national probability sample of adults between the ages of 57 and 85 interviewed in their homes. It was determined whether or not the participant experienced forced sexual contact since the age of 18. Measures of psychological health (e.g., scales of depression, anxiety, and loneliness), the presence or absence of a number of serious health problems, and a one-item measure of self-esteem were obtained.Results: Adult rape occurred in 7% of the sample. On average, 36 years had elapsed since the rape had occurred. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), rape...
Some remarks on bounded and unbounded weak solutions of elliptic systems

The result of Ladyzenskaya on global bounds for weak solutions of elliptic equations is carried over to certain quasilinear elliptic systems in diagonal form. A generalization of De Giorgi's example shows that there are unbounded weak solutions for systems with only “small” deviation from the diagonal form.
An unusual, delayed, localized bullous reaction after subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy.

C. Left arm Cat (10,000 BAU/mL) 6 3000 AU 2400 AU Dog (1:20) 2 0.1 mL 0.08 mL Phenolated buffered 2 N/A N/A A 19-year-old man with a history of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and who was receiving monthly subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (SCIT) presented with an unusual delayed local reaction. The patient had previously tolerated 17 months of SCIT buildup and 3 months of maintenance immunotherapy in 3 separate injections (Tables I and II) with only large local reactions. In this instance, he had large local reactions approximately 1 hour after injections (2 in the right arm 5 cm apart and 1 in the left arm). Six to 7 hours later, he noticed multiple vesicles on the right arm just below the lower injection site. The patient returned to our clinic with bullous lesions at this site approximately 24 hours after inoculation with 0.4 mL of a 1:1 concentration of extract that contained weeds, ragweed, molds, and dust mites (Tables I and II) near the end of our ragweed season. He had received the same dose the previous month due to a large, painful local reaction from his prior maintenance dose of 0.5 mL. The patient had severe pruritus around the bullae and no tenderness, burning, or any systemic symptoms. There were no associated extrinsic factors on the day of presentation (physical exercise, trauma, or concomitant viral infection) or before the injections. He had no recent travel. His medical history was significant for unspecified mitochondrial metabolism disorder. There was no prior personal or family history of bullous dermatitis. He was not taking any medications known to cause bullae, nor was he using any topical medications. Results of a physical examination were significant for a 10 10-mm bulla just inferior to the lower injection site, and below this was a larger 25 25-mm bulla with surrounding erythema, which measured 31 33 mm (Figure 1). The differential diagnosis included infection, such as bullous impetigo, and delayed local hypersensitivity reaction. The patient was started on cephalexin 500 mg twice daily for 10 days and prednisone 40 mg once daily for 3 days. The following day, Dermatology lanced the bullae, and fluid was sent for Gram stain and culture. Results of the Gram stain showed no organisms. The culture eventually showed no growth. No skin biopsy was obtained. When the patient was evaluated 1 month saline solution
In the absence of diagnosed concussion in collegiate contact sport athletes, a relationship is suggested between the effects of head impact exposure, white matter diffusivity measures and cognition

Commentary on: McAllister TW, Ford JC, Flashman LA, et al. Effect of head impacts on diffusivity measures in a cohort of collegiate contact sport athletes. Neurology 2014;82:63–9.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2] There is growing concern that head impacts sustained during contact sports may lead not only to concussion but also to increased susceptibility to concussion, long-term cognitive decline and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Study findings on this matter have been contradictory. A previous study by this group suggested that collegiate contact sport athletes are vulnerable to the cognitive effects of repetitive head impacts.1 Between 2007 and 2011, 80 non-concussed members of Division 1 National Collegiate Athletic Association American football and ice hockey teams were examined preseason and postseason with white matter MR diffusion imaging and cognitive testing at Dartmouth. Female ice hockey players were included. The contact sport athletes … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNeurology%26rft.volume%253D82%26rft.spage%253D63%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1212%252F01.wnl.0000438220.16190.42%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1212/01.wnl.0000438220.16190.42&link_type=DOI
Biologic characteristics of 164 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes.

Rates of proliferation, apoptosis and cytokine expression were measured in bone marrow (BM) biopsies of 164 myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients. There were 107 males and 57 females. Median age was 69 years and 101 had refractory anemia (RA), 17 RA with ringed sideroblasts (RARS), 38 with RA and excess blasts (RAEB) and 8 with RAEB in transformation (RAEB-t). Apoptosis measured by in-situ end labeling (ISEL) was directly related to the number of macrophages (p = 0.028, n = 83). Mean tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and ISEL positivity were higher in RAEB + RAEB-t patients (p = 0.0554 and p = 0.06 respectively) while hemoglobin was higher for RA + RARS group (p = 0.0472). Patients with high apoptosis had lower white blood cell counts (p = 0.0009), lower percentage of blasts (p = 0.0009) and higher number of macrophages (p= 0.0086). We conclude that measurements of apoptosis, proliferation and cytokine expression provide important biological information which helps to distinguish RA + RARS patients fr...
Verminous pneumonia in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus).

Verminous bronchitis and pneumonia due to Parafiaroides decorus infection is described in California sea lions (Zalapbus californianus). Marked edema and multiple nodules occurred throughout the lungs. Histologically, both intact and degenerate lungworms occurred and the inflammatory response was pleomophic. A hyaline eosinophilic structure occurring beneath the tracheal and bronchial epithelium was morphologically similar to a structure seen in several human pulmonary diseases. Hypersensitivity may have been important in the underlying pathogenesis of This disease. Liver flukes (Zalophotrema hepaaticum) and gastric ulcers containing nematodes (Contraceacum osculalum) occurred in several animals.
Influence of actual and manual black cutworm (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) damage on recovery and grain yield of field corn

The percentage of recovery and yields of corn plants damaged by black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), larvae were compared with manual damage. Significant losses in yield generally occurred before the four-leaf stage (84%of all damaged plants). The recovery of corn seedlings from actual damage and manual damage differed; 1982, 50 and 67%; 1983, 34 and 45%; 1984, 54 and 45%. Often seedlings damaged by black cutworm produced greater yields than did manually damaged plants. The degree of yield reduction depended on the position of the growing point within the plant relative to where the plant had been severed (i.e., above, at, or below the soil surface). Corn plants were much less likely to recover if cut by black cutworm below the soil surface. The possible use of manual cutting in screening corn genotypes for their ability to recover from black cutworm damage is discussed.
Amak Island Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia amaka) are not evolutionarily significant

The conservation status and evolutionary distinctiveness of the isolated, small, and endemic population of Amak Island Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia amaka) have been equivocal. Coupled with a reassessment of phenotypic evidence for this taxon, we used mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences and eight microsatel- lite loci to evaluate the relationship of the Amak population to nearby Song Sparrow populations. Phenotypically, M. m. amaka is not a valid taxon, and we found that Amak Song Sparrows possess no unique haplotypes and have allele frequencies and heterozygosity values similar to those in other populations. Congruence between ge- netic and morphological evidence suggesting no diagnosable differences leads us to propose that this population is not an evolutionarily significant unit (ESU), not a valid subspecies, not a distinct population segment (DPS), nor a diagnosable conservation unit, but rather a sink colonized by regional source populations.
Risk calculation of an economic transmission project using Kolmogorov equations

Merchant transmission projects are market based projects for importing cheap power from inexpensive power suppliers. Due to uncertainties in the energy market, market based cost recovery mechanisms have not been successful in guaranteeing full recovery of the investment cost. As a result, a regulated recovery via approved transmission rate is likely to be needed. In a previous paper, a method to apply perpetual option theory was proposed to allow an investor to decide when best to invest based on a cost recovery via regulated rate. The proposed method views the investment decision (e.g., construction of a new transmission line) as an option that can be exercised before the optimal condition at which the expected return is maximized under uncertainties. This paper is an extension of that paper. The probability of not recovering the capital investment associated with an early exercise of the option to build before the optimal condition is reached is calculated using Kolmogorov forward equation. The risk of an early exercise is needed for investment decision and for assessing the incentive needed to make the much needed transmission investment.
The Limited Benefits Of Load Sharing In Multicomputer Systems

Dynamic load sharing has been the focus of a great deal of research to enhance the performance of distributed systems by transferring jobs from heavily loaded nodes to lightly loaded ones. When each node has a single resource (i.e., the CPU) previous research suggests that load sharing yields substantial improvement in system performance . In most distributed systems, however, each node is a computer in its own right. In addition to the CPU, it has one or more 1/0 devices (e.g., a local disk). Thus, each node shouId be modeled as an aggregate of resources. Using simulation, we show that the benefits of dynamic load sharing in homogeneous multicomputer systems diminish rapidly with node complexity (i.e., the number of resources per node). This result holds regardless of system size, utilization, node topology or the load measure used to compare different nodes. We present a queuing theory argument explaining it. In addition, we identify two cases in which load sharing has a potential to improve system performance significantly namely, nodes with bottleneck resources and nodes with different workload intensities.
Intussusception of bypassed ileal segment following ileal exclusion for progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis

Abstract Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) is a rare cause of hepatocellular cholestasis. The disease is typically refractory to medical management and often requires surgical intervention for long-term management. Accepted surgical therapies include biliary diversion, ileal bypass and ultimately orthotopic liver transplantation. Ileal exclusion is felt to be an attractive alternative as it avoids the cutaneous ostomy required with external biliary diversion. We describe a case of ileocolic intussusception following ileal exclusion for PFIC presenting as abdominal pain and hyperbilirubinemia. After reduction of the intussusceptum, the terminal ileum was resected and the ileocolostomy was taken down with re-establishment of bowel continuity. The patient had immediate correction of her hyperbilirubinemia and pruritus post-operatively. This case report describes a unique complication of ileal diversion that has not been previously reported.
Heterogeneity and the fragility of the first best: Putting the “micro” in bioeconomic models of recreational resources☆

Abstract We bridge the non-market microeconomic recreational demand and bioeconomic modeling literatures by constructing a dynamic model to guide optimal management of recreational fisheries. Our model incorporates multiple forms of angler heterogeneity and directly models feedbacks between policy instruments and angler behavior rather than dictating behavior as a social planner. This approach highlights the importance of distinct forms of heterogeneity for price and technology based management. We show that management with a price instrument charged per unit fish mortality or a differentiated charge per trip, an input to fish mortality, fully internalizes the dynamic stock externality when the manager observes agent heterogeneity in stock impacts, but is naive to heterogeneity in preferences. Unobserved heterogeneity in stock impacts leads to welfare loss that increases with the variance of unobserved stock impacts. When the manager uses technology constraints to manage the fishery, understanding heterogeneity in preference, price, and stock impacts leads to greater social welfare, and understanding all sources of heterogeneity is necessary to optimally manage the resource. Nevertheless, technology based management can never replicate the first best. Explicit incorporation of heterogeneity and behavior enables us to show exactly where welfare is lost.
A Case Management Treatment Program for Drug-Involved Prison Releasees:

This article considers the application of the case management model for community-based treatment of prison releasees. The case management model has been successfully applied to rehabilitation in t...
Facet Formation on One-Dimensionally, Periodic Si Substrates

The development of surface morphology during homoepitaxial growth on one-dimensionally periodic, patterned Si substrates and subsequent annealing has been investigated using transmission electron microscopy. Si layers grown by MBE are characterized in terms of facets which develop at a trench edge. 1000 A thick films deposited at ~ 600°C on Si substrates develop large (311) facets at the bottom and top of the sidewall. After annealing at high temperatures for short times (~ 1 hour), the amplitude of corrugation decreases but the surface profile is facetted along its length. The “annealed shape” at the trench edge is shown to consist of several surfaces including: (211), (311), (511), and (711). This evidence suggests that (311) facets develop as a result of the growth kinetics.
Mitigating the Perception of Threat to Freedom through Abstraction and Distance

This study tested theoretical relationships between key concepts in psychological reactance theory and construal level theory. Through a 3 x 2 x 2 experiment (n = 155), we manipulate (1) how abstractly or concretely participants are processing a message, (2) the psychological distance to the message, and (3) whether or not the message restricts choice. Dependent measures include perceptions of threat to freedom and message effectiveness. Results show that increasing abstraction and/or distance can mitigate the perception of threat to freedom that is experienced when a message restricts choice. Furthermore, this process has a subsequent influence on message effectiveness. As the first study to consider the perception of threat to freedom in the context of construal level theory, this experiment furthers understanding of key theoretical relationships. Strategies for the design of successful persuasive messages are discussed.
The field is ripe: Christian literary scholarship, postcolonial ecocriticism, and environmentalism:

Christian literary scholars and ecocritics have generally not engaged each other in sustained and productive conversation. This article therefore updates and extends Timothy J. Burbery’s 2012 call ...
Using the prisms of gender and rank to interpret research collaboration power dynamics

Collaboration is central to modern scientific inquiry, and increasingly important to the professional experiences of academic scientists. While the effects of collaboration have been widely studied, much less is understood about the motivations to collaborate and collaboration dynamics that generate scientific outcomes. A particular interest of this study is to understand how collaboration experiences differ between women and men, and the attributions used to explain these differences. We use a multi-method study of university Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics faculty research collaborators. We employ 177 anonymous open-ended responses to a web-based survey, and 60 semi-structured interviews of academic scientists in US research universities. We find similarities and differences in collaborative activity between men and women. Open-ended qualitative textual analysis suggests that some of these differences are attributed to power dynamics – both general ones related to differences in organi...
Patients cured of acromegaly do not experience improvement of their skull deformities

Purpose Acromegaly is a rare disease that is associated with many co-morbidities. This condition also causes progressive deformity of the skull which includes frontal bossing and cranial thickening. Surgical and/or medical management can cure this condition in many patients, but it is not understood if patients cured of acromegaly experience regression of their skull deformities.
The Statistical Evaluation of Observational Data

Confidence limits assigned to the final reduced data which result from an extensive observational program should proceed from experimental techniques which are carefully designed to produce certain statistical information. Before one attempts to analyze a set of observations, indeed, if possible, before the observations are made, one should consider the following questions: 1) To what extent is the between-instrument bias conserved when the several instruments are relocated and to what extent is this bias really a random variable? 2) To what extent will the fluctuations remaining in the data after its abstraction and reduction for a particular instrument correspond to those from another instrument which has sampled the same geophysical environment? 3) To what extent can the noise (non-common fluctuations) and signal (common components) be separated by a linear algebraic filter?
Recovery of Range of Motion, Pain and Function Similar in Revision and Primary Single Radius Knees

1) INTRODUCTION Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is one of the most common orthopaedic procedures performed, and is projected to exponentially increase over the next 20 years. As primary TKA cases increase, so does the frequency of revisions. The primary goals for all TKA cases include alleviating pain and improving overall knee function. The objective of this study was to evaluate the change in outcomes as measured by the Knee Society Score (KSS) between primary and revision TKA systems. 2) METHODS This data was collected as part of three prospective, post-market, multicenter studies comparing preoperative to 6-week data. Patients were stratified into two groups based on type of single radius knee device; Posteriorly Stabilized (PS) group and Total Stabilizer (TS) group. Early clinical outcomes based on the KSS and operative data were used to compare groups. 3) RESULTS The KSS was compared to determine the amount of improvement in revision vs. primary cases. Within the KSS Pain/Motion section, the improvement in range of motion was greatest in the TS revision group (change of 8°) in comparison to the primary PS group (change of 3°), as well as a significant decrease in pain classification. The KSS Functional scores improved significantly more in the revision group compared to the primary group. 4) DISCUSSION and CONCLUSION Studies have determined that revision TKAs have lower rates of functional outcomes, leading to a decreasing trend in KSS. This trend can be correlated to increased difficulty of the surgical technique due to increased bone loss and anatomical changes, as well as a higher constraint in revision TKA devices. The design of a single radius knee revision system addresses these issues with revision TKA and has been shown to have comparable KSS evaluations to patients receiving primary single radius TKAs.
Pregnant women with substance use disorders: The intersection of history, ethics, and advocacy

Pregnant women with substance use disorders face many obstacles, including obtaining evidence-based treatment and care. This article (1) briefly reviews the history of pregnant women in clinical trials and substance use disorders treatment research; (2) identifies current ethical issues facing researchers studying pregnant women with substance use disorders; (3) presents and describes an ethical framework to utilize; and (4) identifies future directions needed to develop appropriate research and treatment policies and practices. Current research is not providing enough information to clinicians, policy-makers, and the public about maternal and child health and substance use disorders, and the data will not be sufficient to offer maximum benefit until protocols are changed.
Millimeter-wave full-duplex wireless: Applications, antenna interfaces and systems

Millimeter-waves offer significantly wider channel bandwidths (BW) than RF and are drawing significant interest for short-range wireless personal area networks (WPANs), vehicular radar and next generation (5G) cellular communication. Full-duplex is another emergent technology which can theoretically double the data capacity by transmitting and receiving simultaneously on the same frequency. This paper reviews recent developments at Columbia University on millimeter-wave full-duplex which merges these two emergent technologies. In this context, potential applications for millimeter-wave full-duplex links are described. A 60GHz full-duplex transceiver and 25GHz magnetic-free non-reciprocal passive circulator implemented in 45nm SOI CMOS are discussed. The 60GHz full-duplex transceiver employs polarization-based antenna and RF cancellation to achieve almost 80dB self-interference (SI) suppression. The 25GHz circulator is based on spatio-temporal conductivity modulation and achieves 3.2dB insertion loss, >18.3dB isolation (limited by the measurement setup) over a 4.6GHz 1dB insertion loss (IL) BW, and an input P1dB of >20dBm. Finally, topics for future research are discussed.
A nine-legged tick: Report of a morphological anomaly in the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) from the northeastern United States.

Abstract Morphological anomalies have been reported in the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae), from the northeastern and upper Midwestern United States, complicating identification of this important vector of human pathogens. Here, we report a case of a local morphological anomaly in I. scapularis, parasitizing a human living in Connecticut. We used a dichotomous morphological key, high-resolution and scanning electron microscopy images, as well as DNA sequencing for identification. The specimen was identified as an adult female I. scapularis with the left leg II split at the trochanter, resulting in two complete legs from the femur to pretarsus giving the appearance of five legs on the left side versus four on the right side. Here we discuss recent reports of morphological anomalies in I. scapularis, and highlight the need for further studies of teratology in this important tick species and its potential implications.
New Technologies in Password Cracking Techniques

At its heart, a password cracking attack is a modeling problem. An attacker makes guesses about a user’s password until they guess correctly or they give up. While the defender may limit the number of guesses an attacker is allowed, a password’s strength often depends on how hard it is for an attacker to model and reproduce the way in which a user created their password. If humans were effective at practicing unique habits or generating and remembering random values, cracking passwords would be a near impossible task. That is not the case, though. A vast majority of people still follow common patterns, from capitalizing the first letter of their password to putting numbers at the end. While people have remained mostly the same, the password security field has undergone major changes in an ongoing arms race between the attackers and defenders. The goal of this chapter is to highlight the current state of password cracking techniques, as well as discuss some of the cutting edge approaches that may become more prevalent in the near future.
Polyvalent Hybrid Virus-Like Nanoparticles with Displayed Heparin Antagonist Peptides

The potential applications for nanomaterials continue to grow as new materials are developed and environmental and safety concerns are more adequately addressed. In particular, virus-like particles (VLPs) have myriad applications in medicine and biology, exploiting both the reliable, symmetric self-assembly mechanism and the ability to take advantage of surface functionalities that may be appropriately modified through mutation or bioconjugation. Herein we describe the design and application of hybrid VLPs for use as potent heparin antagonists, providing an alternative to the toxic heparin antidote protamine. A two-plasmid system was utilized to generate VLPs that contain both the wild-type coat protein and a second coat protein with either a C- or N-terminal cationic peptide extension (4–28 amino acids). Incorporation of the modified coat proteins varied from 8 to 31%, while activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) assays revealed a range of the heparin antagonist activity. Notably, when examined on ...
3H(p, gamma )4He reaction and the ( gamma,p)/( gamma,n) ratio in 4He.

The absolute differential cross section for the $^{3}\mathrm{H}$(p,\ensuremath{\gamma}${)}^{4}$He reaction has been measured at ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$=90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{p}}$=2.0--15.0 MeV, corresponding to photon energies ${\mathit{E}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$=21.3--31.1 MeV. The present results are 35% lower than previously measured (p,\ensuremath{\gamma}) cross sections and are in excellent agreement with recent (\ensuremath{\gamma},p) data obtained with monoenergetic photons. Comparing our results to current photoneutron cross sections gives a ratio \ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\gamma},p)/\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\gamma},n)=1.09\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.17 for ${\mathit{E}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$=24--31 MeV. This ratio is consistent with conventional theoretical predictions, indicating that no charge-symmetry violation in $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ is required.
Molecular Techniques to Detect Disease and Response to Therapy: Minimal Residual Disease

Evaluation for the presence of neoplastic cells or karyotypic abnormalities has traditionally been performed to monitor therapeutic response of hematolymphoid neoplasms. The application of multicolor flow cytometry and nucleic acid amplification techniques has extended evaluable markers and lowered limits of detection, thus leading to the term “minimal residual disease” (MRD). The ability to monitor MRD has, in turn, led to new concepts in the definition of disease “remission” and early relapse and opportunities for personalized therapy. This chapter focuses on the principles of the molecular assessment of MRD.
Congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia with an unstable hexokinase variant

We report a family with a new hexokinase variant that gives rise to nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia in one apparently homozygous family member. The variant enzyme has a normal pH optimum, normal reaction kinetics, and normal electrophoretic properties, but has reduced activity and is apparently inactivated rapidly as the affected erythrocytes age.
Technology Needs for Actinide and Technetium Separations Based on Solvent Extraction, Ion Exchange, and Other Processes

Several examples of research and development activities in actinide and technetium separations are presented. These examples indicate that separation science and technology is a very active area with many opportunities for significant advances. Although the discussion concerns separations applied to materials and wastes from nuclear materials processing operations, the development of separation technology for nuclear materials is closely linked to industrial separations in general. Nuclear materials processing operations, like industrial processes in general, must move toward better total life cycle design in which all inputs and outputs of an industrial activity are considered and optimized to balance environmental costs and societal benefits. Separations technology will play an important part in achieving this goal.
Something's fishy.

Bruce Gibb focuses on fatty acids and wonders whether we’ll all be eating cyanobacteria before too long.
Pain Management for Patients With Advanced Cancer in the Opioid Epidemic Era

Use of opioids for the treatment of pain is necessary for the majority of patients with advanced cancer, however its use has become challenging in the face of the opioid epidemic and the emerging evidence that patients with cancer are also at risk for nonmedical opioid use. This article proposes an assessment and treatment plan that incorporates universal screening with monitoring for all patients with cancer who are considered for opioid treatment to assess their risk for opioid misuse and harm. Timely identification with appropriate management, including referral of at-risk patients, will allow oncology professionals to optimize the risk-to-benefit and support the safe use of opioids for patients with cancer.
Feedback, Observers, and Canonical Forms

It is said that the idea of using feedback to improve the performance of an electrical signal amplifier first occurred to Harold S. Black one Saturday morning in 1927 while he was riding a ferry across the Hudson River to his office in New York City. There is no question that Black’s fundamental insight, coupled with the concurrent and subsequent pioneering work of Hendrick Bode, Harry Nyquist, and others, changed the course of modern engineering. Perhaps more than any other theoretical development, the concept of using feedback to modify the behavior of input-output processes has served to establish the identity of system theory as a distinguished subfield of engineering modeling.