cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural network adaptive robust control with application to precision motion control of linear motors

In this paper, neural networks (NNs) and adaptive robust control (ARC) design philosophy are integrated to design performance-oriented control laws for a class of single-input–single-output (SISO) nth-order non- linear systems. Both repeatable (or state dependent) unknown non-linearities and non-repeatable unknown non-linearities such as external disturbances are considered. In addition, unknown non-linearities can exist in the control input channel as well. All unknown but repeatable non-linear functions are approximated by outputs of multi-layer neural networks to achieve a better model compensation for an improved performance. All NN weights are tuned on-line with no prior training needed. In order to avoid the possible divergence of the on-line tuning of neural network, discontinuous projection method with fictitious bounds is used in the NN weight adjusting laws to make sure that all NN weights are tuned within a prescribed range. By doing so, even in the presence of approximation error and non-repeatable non-linearities such as disturbances, a controlled learning is achieved and the possible destabilizing effect of on-line tuning of NN weights is avoided. Certain robust control terms are constructed to attenuate various model uncertainties effectively for a guaranteed output tracking transient performance and a guaranteed final tracking accuracy in general. In addition, if the unknown repeatable model uncertainties are in the functional range of the neural networks and the ideal weights fall within the prescribed range, asymptotic output tracking is also achieved to retain the perfect learning capability of neural networks in the ideal situation. The proposed neural network adaptive control (NNARC) strategy is then applied to the precision motion control of a linear motor drive system to help to realize the high-performance potential of such a drive technology. NN is employed to compensate for the effects of the lumped unknown non-linearities due to the position dependent friction and electro-magnetic ripple forces. Comparative experiments verify the high-performance nature of the proposed NNARC. With an encoder resolution of 1 µm, for a low-speed back-and-forth movement, the position tracking error is kept within ±2 µm during the most execution time while the maximum tracking error during the entire run is kept within ±5.6 µm. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Controversy of Prostate Screening

Within the context of aging and ageism, this article evaluates current research on the benefits and risks of prostate cancer screening. Prostate cancer is a concern for many men because it often strikes in the prime of life. Prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer in American men and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality after lung cancer. Although the disease can be cured if discovered early, it is a slow-growing malignancy that leads to an agonizing death if left untreated. Differential diagnosis often is complicated by comorbid conditions that are part of the normal aging process. Moreover, practitioners' judgment often is prejudiced by common aging misconceptions. Despite the benefits of early screening and detection, the benefits of screening initiatives remain controversial.
Design approaches for digitally dominated active pixel sensors: leveraging Moore's Law scaling in focal plane readout design

Although CMOS technology scaling has provided tremendous power and circuit density benefits for innumerable applications, focal plane array (FPA) readouts have largely been left behind due to dynamic range and signal-to-noise considerations. However, if an appropriate pixel front end can be constructed to interface with a mostly digital pixel, it is possible to develop sensor architectures for which performance scales favorably with advancing technology nodes. Although the front-end design must be optimized to interface with a particular detector, the dominant back end architecture provides considerable potential for design reuse. In this work, digitally dominated long wave infrared (LWIR) active pixel sensors with cutoff wavelengths between 9 and 14.5 μm are demonstrated. Two ROIC designs are discussed, each fabricated in a 90-nm digital CMOS process and implementing a 256 x 256 pixel array on a 30-μm pitch. In one of the implemented designs, the feasibility of implementing a 15-μm pixel pitch FPA with a 500 million electron effective well depth, less than 0.5% non-linearity in the target range and a measured NEdT of less than 50 mK at f/4 and 60 K is demonstrated. Simple on-FPA signal processing allows for a much reduced readout bandwidth requirement with these architectures. To demonstrate the potential for commonality that is offered by a digitally dominated architecture, this LWIR sensor design is compared and contrasted with other digital focal plane architectures. Opportunities and challenges for application of this approach to various detector technologies, optical wavelength ranges and systems are discussed.
Chitinase Activity in Tall Fescue Seedlings as Affected by Cultivar, Seedling Development, and Ethephon

Recent reports indicate that tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) may be selected for increased disease resistance with the use of a marker such as chitinase, a defense protein associated with disease resistance in tall fescue. The objective of this study was to determine if chitinase activity in tall fescue cultivars differs consistently across seedling stage, and to determine if chitinase activity could be increased with ethephon ([2-chloroethyl]phosphonic acid), a growth regulator used as a chemical elicitor. Ten cultivars of tall fescue were planted in a greenhouse, and seedlings were harvested at 14, 28, and 42 d after germination. Seedlings were treated with and without ethephon 3 d prior to each harvest. Foliage was analyzed for total and specific chitinase activity. Both total and specific chitinase activity differed (P < 0.01) among cultivars and seedling stages. Highest ranking cultivars expressed at least 16% more total chitinase activity and 18% more specific activity than the lowest ranking cultivars. Though chitinase activity changed drastically over seedling development, there were no cultivar × seedling stage interactions (P < 0.01) for total or specific activity. Ethephon increased total and specific activity only at the 0.06 and 0.07 probability level and was far less effective than biological elicitors used to increase chitinase in previous studies. We concluded that chitinase could serve as a consistent marker among tall fescue cultivars across seedling stages, but a more effective chemical elicitor would be desirable to increase chitinase activity.
Effects of thermal dispersion on forced convection in fibrous media

Abstract This experimental study investigates non-Darcian flow and heat transfer in high-porosity fibrous media. It considers forced convection through materials of different permeability, porosity and thermal conductivity. The results show that the porous medium enhances heat transfer from a surface as compared to predicted results for slug or for laminar flow in a channel. This enhancement results from dispersion, a non-Darcian phenomenon describing the intra-pore mixing that develops as the fluid moves past the solid particles. The dispersive transport increases with flow rate and permeability, and at large Reynolds numbers overwhelms transport from solid conduction within the fibrous medium. To predict dispersion, this work develops a simple model based on the flow conditions and types of porous media. Results from the experiment and model demonstrate the effects of dispersion and the adequacy of the homogeneous fluidsolid energy equation to model the transport.
Combining bottom-up and top-down attentional influences

Visual attention to salient and relevant scene regions is crucial for an animal's survival in the natural world. It is guided by a complex interplay of at least two factors: image-driven, bottom-up salience [1] and knowledge-driven, top-down guidance [2, 3]. For instance, a ripe red fruit among green leaves captures visual attention due to its bottom-up salience, while a non-salient camou aged predator is detected through top-down guidance to known predator locations and features. Although both bottom-up and top-down factors are important for guiding visual attention, most existing models and theories are either purely top-down [4] or bottom-up [5, 6]. Here, we present a combined model of bottom-up and top-down visual attention.
Decision Making for Primary Cesarean Delivery: The Role of Patient and Provider Preferences

Primary cesarean delivery requires both the clinical assessment and judgment of the provider performing the procedure and the consent of the patient. The interaction between patient and provider and the relative weight and influence of patient preferences and provider recommendations may vary depending on whether a cesarean delivery is planned or unplanned, elective or indicated; understanding the range of contexts in which decision making takes place and the interplay of patient and provider factors in each of these situations is crucial to identifying ways to impact the cesarean rate that are safe and acceptable to both patients and providers. We conducted a review of the literature on patient and provider preferences and obstetrical decision making in the context of primary cesarean delivery, and offer recommendations for future research directions, including potential interventions that may impact the patient and provider factors affecting the primary cesarean rate.
Use of chemical lonization mass spectrometry in analysis of amino acid phenylthiohydantoin derivatives formed during edman degradation of proteins

Abstract A method is described for the identification and quantification of the amino acid phenylthiohydantoins produced during successive steps of the Edman degradation of proteins. The technique employs chemical ionization mass spectrometry and permits rapid identification of all PTH derivatives. Use of this method in the Edman degradation of sperm whale myoglobin is described and compared to gas chromatography.
High-repetition-rate femtosecond pulse generation in the blue.

We report the generation of high-repetition-rate femtosecond pulses in the blue by intracavity doubling of a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser using β-BaB2O4. To reduce the pulse-broadening effect of group-velocity mismatch, an extremely thin β-BaB2O4 crystal is used. By pumping the Ti:sapphire laser with 4.4 W of power from an Ar+ laser, as much as 230 mW of 430-nm light is produced at a 72-MHz repetition rate and a 89-fs pulse width. This represents an effective conversion efficiency of ~75% from the typical infrared output to the second harmonic. Pulse widths as short as 54 fs are achieved for the blue output.
High power microwave circuits and the demand to HTS materials

Abstract The paper focuses on the latest progress of the power handling capability of HTS thin film materials and microwave circuits particularly filters. The surface resistance vs. rf magnetic field data measured at 8.14 GHz and different temperatures for YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ and Tl 2 Ba 2 CaCu 2 O 8 films are presented. A 3-pole 6.04 GHz 1.3% filter with polygon-shape resonators and back-side coupling circuits were designed, fabricated and tested up to 74 watts transmitting power at 77 K, which is suitable for applications in the transmitters.
Self-handicapping and pain catastrophizing

Abstract The present study investigated whether dispositional self-handicapping (tendency to create or claim obstacles to performance in order to protect the self from negative attributions) predicts pain catastrophizing and self-reported pain. Based on the idea that exaggerated claims of pain provides a potential and an easy way to self-handicap, it was hypothesized that trait self-handicapping would be related to pain catastrophizing, which in turn, would be associated with higher levels of self-reported pain. A sample of undergraduate students (N = 251) completed measures of self-handicapping, pain catastrophizing, and self-reported pain. It was found that self-handicapping was moderately associated with pain catastrophizing, accounting for 20% of the variance in pain catastrophizing. Furthermore, mediation analyses suggested that pain catastrophizing fully mediated the association between self-handicapping and pain.
Depolymerization of cortical microtubules is not a primary cause of chilling injury in corn (Zea mays L. cv Black Mexican Sweet) suspension culture cells

Cold-induced depolymerization of cortical microtubules were examined in suspension culture cells of corn (Zea mays L. cv Black Mexican Sweet) at various stages of chilling. In an attempt to determine whether microtubule depolymerization contributes to chilling injury, experiments were carried out with and without abscisic acid (ABA) pretreatment, since ABA reduces the severity of chilling injury in these cells. Microtubule depolymerization was detectable after 1 h at 4°C and became more extensive as the chilling was prolonged. There was little chilling injury after 1 d at 4°C in either ABA-treated or non-ABA-treated cells. After 3 d at 4°C, there was about 26% injury for ABA-treated and 40% injury for non-ABA-treated cells, as evaluated by 2,3,5-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride reduction and by regrowth. After 1d at 4°C, less than 10% of cells retained full arrays of microtubules in both ABA-treated and non-ABA-treated cells, the remainder having either partial arrays or no microtubules. After 3d at 4°C, about 90% of cells showed complete or almost complete depolymerization of microtubules in both ABA-treated and non-ABA-treated cells. ABA did not stabilize the cortical microtubules against cold-induced depolymerization. In about 66% of ABA-treated cells and 57% of non-ABA-treated cells that had been held at 4°C for 3d, repolymerization of cortical microtubules occurred after 3h at 28°C. These results argue against the hypothesis that depolymerization of cortical microtubules is a primary cause of chilling injury.
A comparison of high resolution schemes for the two-dimensional linear advection equation

Abstract Two-dimensional linear advection solutions of transported fluid temperature is explored by implementing high-resolution, explicit finite difference schemes. An application is given to the case of a spatially uniform, oscillating velocity field specified a priori. A comparison of flux-corrected transport (FCT) methods is made with other total variation diminishing (TVD) schemes for the 2-D linear advection of a 2-D Gaussian initial temperature distribution of various half-widths. Further clipping of the sharply peaked Gaussian in 2-D over that which occurs in 1-D is established for the FCT and upwind TVD schemes.
Fabrication and Defect Designs on DNA Linked 2-D Colloidal Photonic Crystals Using a Nd:YAG Pulsed Laser

Controlled defects were created on DNA linked 2-D colloidal photonic crystals using a Nd:YAG pulsed laser. The 2-D photonic crystals were self-assembled using 1.8 μm polystyrene (PS) microspheres on functionalized glass substrates. To synthesize the hexagonal close packed crystalline samples, both substrate and particles attached single-strand DNA, sequence A on the substrate and sequence B on the particles. The DNA was hybridized using the DNA linker with complementary single-strand A’B’ that anchored the particles to the substrate during self-assembly. The 532 nm second harmonic wavelength beam of the pulsed Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) with a pulse width of 10 ns was used for the removal of individual colloidal particles from the self assembled photonic crystals. In the present tests, the diameter of the laser beam was optically reduced from 7 mm to about 1.8 μm. Controlled line defects and geometrical shapes (e.g., hexagonal and triangle) were created in the 2D arrays in an aqueous medium.
An examination of statistical software packages for categorical data analysis using exact methods. Part II

This article reviews three statistical software packages that are devoted completely or partly to analyzing categorical data using exact methods. The three packages are StatXact, LogXact, and Stata. Only Windows versions of these packages are reviewed. The packages differ in their target audiences and capabilities for categorical data analysis using exact methods. They are examined according to criteria that should be of interest to statisticians, researchers, and data analysts who need to perform categorical data analysis. Recommendations regarding these software packages are provided.
Freshwater ascomycetes: Aliquandostipite minuta (Jahnulales, Dothideomycetes), a new species from Florida

An undescribed ascomycete similar to species in the Aliquandostipitaceae (Jahnulales, Dothideomycetes) was collected from submerged wood in a freshwater swamp in Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida. The characteristic features of the new species are as follows: (i) ascomata are small, sessile, light brown, globose to subglobose, papillate, and anchored to the substrate by wide, brown, septate and subtending hyphae; peridial wall is composed of 1 to 2 layers of large, angular cells with large lumens; (ii) asci are ovoid to broadly clavate, and fissitunicate; (iii) ascospores are one-septate, fusiform, multiguttulate, pale brown, surrounded by a fusiform gelatinous sheath, and equipped with numerous filamentous appendages around the midseptum. The new fungus is most similar to Aliquandostipite crystallinus, from which it differs in overall smaller size and morphology. This new fungus is described and illustrated herein as A. minuta.
Targeting the Glutamatergic System for the Treatment of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

The accumulation of excess glutamate in the extracellular space as a consequence of CNS trauma, neurodegenerative diseases, infection, or deregulation of glutamate clearance results in neuronal damage by excessive excitatory neurotransmission. Glutamate excitotoxicity is thought to be one of several mechanisms by which HIV exerts neurotoxicity that culminates in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Excess glutamate is released upon HIV infection of macrophage/microglial cells and has been associated with neurotoxicity mediated by gp120, transactivator of transcription (Tat) and other HIV proteins. Several strategies have been used over the years to try to prevent glutamate excitotoxicity. Since the main toxic effects of excess glutamate are thought to be due to excitotoxicity from over activation of glutamate receptors, antagonists of these receptors have been popular therapeutic targets. Early work to ameliorate the effects of excess extracellular glutamate focused on NMDA receptor antagonism, but unfortunately, potent blockade of this receptor has been fraught with side effects. One alternative to direct receptor blockade has been the inhibition of enzymes responsible for the production of glutamate such as glutaminase and glutamate carboxypeptidase II. Another approach has been to regulate the transporters responsible for modulation of extracellular glutamate such as excitatory amino acid transporters and the glutamate-cystine antiporter. There is preliminary experimental evidence that these approaches have potential therapeutic utility for the treatment of HAND. These efforts however, are at an early stage where the next steps are dependent on the identification of drug-like inhibitors as well as the development of predictive neuroAIDS animal models.
Scanning Force Microscopy: With Applications To Electric, Magnetic, And Atomic Forces

PART ONE: LEVERS AND NOISE 1. Mechanical properties of levers 2. Resonance enhancement 3. Sources of noise PART TWO: SCANNING FORCE MICROSCOPES 4. Tunneling detection systems 5. Capacitance detection systems 6. Homodyne detection systems 7. Heterodyne detection systems 8. Laser-Diode feedback detection systems 9. Polarization detection systems 10. Deflection detection systems PART THREE: SCANNING FORCE MICROSCOPY 11. Electric force microscopy 12. Magnetic force microscopy 13. Atomic force microscopy References Index
Effect of secretory immunoglobulin A on bacterial translocation in an enterocyte-lymphocyte co-culture model

Intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) plays an important role in gut mucosal immunity in vivo; however, in-vitro enterocyte models for studying the mechanisms of these effects are lacking. This study utilizes a cell-culture model to investigate the effect of sIgA on bacterial translocation (BT) across human enterocytes co-cultured with human lymphoid cells (Raji cells). This model is intended to mimic in-vivo enterocyte/lymphocyte interactions found in intestinal follicle-associated epithelia. Human Caco-2 enterocytes were grown to confluence on porous filters in the apical chamber of a two-chamber cell-culture system. After differentiation, human B lymphoid cells (Raji cells) were added to the basolateral surface of Caco-2 monolayers for 3 days' co-culture, followed by washing away of unincorporated Raji cells. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was used to measure tight-junction permeability. Monolayers were treated with or without sIgA, IgG (negative control), or mannose (positive control). BT across the cell monolayer was determined 1.5 h after addition of Escherichia coli. Statistical analysis was by the Kruskal–Wallis test, P below 0.05 considered significant. In co-culture monolayers treated with sIgA, IgG, or mannose, there was no significant effect on TEER; however, the magnitude of BT across cells treated with sIgA (1.3 ± 0.4 log10CFU/ml) and mannose (1.6 ± 1.1 log10CFU/ml) was significantly decreased compared to PBS (3.9 ± 0.4 log10CFU/ml) and IgG (2.9 ± 0.6 log10CFU/ml) controls (P < 0.05). sIgA BT inhibition was dose-dependent. BT inhibition by sIgA and mannose was additive (0.5 ± 1 log10CFU/ml). Inhibition of BT was negated when sIgA and mannose were removed by washing prior to E. Coli addition (3.6 ± 0.5 log10CFU/ml), suggesting that both inhibitors act through bacterial binding.
Artifacts caused by dehydration and epoxy embedding in transmission electron microscopy

Epoxy resins are the principal embedding media for the preservation of tissues to be sectioned and examined by transmission electron microscopy. Their primary advantages are good ultrastructural preservation, little or no shrinkage, ease of sectioning, and reasonable stability in the electron beam. However, epoxy resins also have disadvantages; namely, some are toxic, they may mask antigenic sites to a greater extent than do some other embedding resins, and they do not penetrate tissues as well as less viscous embedding formulations. Some unusual characteristics may also be revealed, for example, as shrinkage of organelles, as problems in poststaining sections, and as movement of tissue elements within the block and section. Some of the properties of epoxy resins are discussed in this report. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Contemporary approaches to orthodontic retention.

Wouldn’t it be nice if teeth stayed aligned for life? In the absence of orthodontic movement, teeth exist in their current positions as a result of a dynamic equilibrium of multiple forces acting upon them (cheeks, tongue, lips, periodontal ligament, etc.).1 Following orthodontic movement, teeth have a tendency to return to their initial positions; hence, a retention phase is an integral part of orthodontic treatment.
Material Representations: From the Genetic Code to the Evolution of Cellular Automata

We present a new definition of the concept of representation for cognitive science that is based on a study of the origin of structures that are used to store memory in evolving systems. This study consists of novel computer experiments in the evolution of cellular automata to perform nontrivial tasks as well as evidence from biology concerning genetic memory. Our key observation is that representations require inert structures to encode information used to construct appropriate dynamic configurations for the evolving system. We propose criteria to decide if a given structure is a representation by unpacking the idea of inert structures that can be used as memory for arbitrary dynamic configurations. Using a genetic algorithm, we evolved cellular automata rules that can perform nontrivial tasks related to the density task (or majority classification problem) commonly used in the literature. We present the particle catalogs of the new rules following the computational mechanics framework. We discuss if the evolved cellular automata particles may be seen as representations according to our criteria. We show that while they capture some of the essential characteristics of representations, they lack an essential one. Our goal is to show that artificial life can be used to shed new light on the computation-versus-dynamics debate in cognitive science, and indeed function as a constructive bridge between the two camps. Our definitions of representation and cellular automata experiments are proposed as a complementary approach, with both dynamics and informational modes of explanation.
Minority carrier injection in relaxation semiconductors under illumination

Abstract The paper considers the injection of minority carriers into a relaxation semiconductor under uniform illumination. Steady state solutions have been computed, and used to assess the nature of the recovery process after cessation of the light. It is concluded that measurements of photoconductive decay do not in general lead to reliable lifetime estimates because, besides recombination, the movement of space charges is involved in the recovery.
The Greenways Initiative: A Green DreamLinking the Landscape and Communities of Southeast Michigan

Suddenly, the path from here to there seems as wide open as you can dream it. Imagine, within a decade, metro Detroit transformed into a region known as much for its natural landscape---its riverfronts, parks, bike paths, and greenbelts---as for being a worldclass industrial and auto center. That's the vision of the GreenWays Initiative, a five-year effort by the Community Foundation for Southeastern Michigan.
The effects of circulating testosterone and pubertal maturation on risk for disordered eating symptoms in adolescent males.

Background Testosterone may be a biological factor that protects males against eating disorders. Elevated prenatal testosterone exposure is linked to lower levels of disordered eating symptoms, but effects emerge only after mid-puberty. Whether circulating levels of testosterone account for decreased risk for disordered eating in boys after mid-puberty is currently unknown; however, animal data support this possibility. In rodents, prenatal testosterone's masculinizing effects on sex-differentiated behaviors emerge during puberty when circulating levels of testosterone increase and 'activate' the expression of masculinized phenotypes. This study investigated whether higher levels of circulating testosterone predict lower levels of disordered eating symptoms in adolescent boys, and in particular whether effects are associated with advancing pubertal maturation. Method Participants were 213 male twins from the Michigan State University Twin Registry. The Minnesota Eating Behavior Survey and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire assessed several disordered eating symptoms. The Pubertal Development Scale assessed pubertal status. Afternoon saliva samples were assayed for testosterone using enzyme immunoassays. Results Consistent with animal data, higher levels of circulating testosterone predicted lower levels of disordered eating symptoms in adolescent boys and effects emerged with advancing puberty. Results were not accounted for by several important covariates, including age, adiposity, or mood/anxiety symptoms. Conclusions Findings suggest that elevated circulating testosterone may be protective and underlie decreased risk for eating pathology in males during/after puberty, whereas lower levels of testosterone may increase risk and explain why some, albeit relatively few, males develop eating disorders.
Real time dispatching: a catalyst to assembly test manufacturing execution automation

Intel's Assembly Test (AT) factories have long relied on legacy applications for lot kitting out of inventory locations. The accuracy, usability and product enhancement cycle times of these applications were constrained by data latency, inflexibility in business rule implementation and maintenance. To address these issues we successfully leveraged the Real Time Dispatching (RTD) application framework to provide a variety of kitting capabilities. We describe these projects and the new capabilities enabled through the use of the RTD framework in this paper.
Timing and effect of a safe routes to school program on child pedestrian injury risk during school travel hours: Bayesian changepoint and difference-in-differences analysis

In 2005, the US Congress allocated $612 million for a national Safe Routes to School (SRTS) program to encourage walking and bicycling to schools. We evaluated the effectiveness of a SRTS in controlling pedestrian injuries among school-age children. Bayesian changepoint analysis was applied to model the quarterly counts of pedestrian injuries among 5- to 19-year old children in New York City between 2001 and 2010 during school-travel hours in census tracts with and without SRTS. Overdispersed Poisson model was used to estimate difference-in-differences in injury risk between census tracts with and without SRTS following the changepoint. In SRTS-intervention census tracts, a change point in the quarterly counts of injuries was identified in the second quarter of 2008, which was consistent with the timing of the implementation of SRTS interventions. In census tracts with SRTS interventions, the estimated quarterly rates of pedestrian injury per 10,000 population among school-age children during school-travel hours were 3.47 (95% Credible Interval [CrI] 2.67, 4.39) prior to the changepoint, and 0.74 (95% CrI 0.30, 1.50) after the changepoint. There was no change in the average number of quarterly injuries in non-SRTS census tracts. Overdispersed Poisson modeling revealed that SRTS implementation was associated with a 44% reduction (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 87% decrease to 130% increase) in school-age pedestrian injury risk during school-travel hours. Bayesian changepoint analysis of quarterly counts of school-age pedestrian injuries successfully identified the timing of SRTS intervention in New York City. Implementation of the SRTS program in New York City appears to be effective in reducing school-age pedestrian injuries during school-travel hours.
Renovation of Public Housing: Suggestions from a Simple Model

This paper presents a simple model to contrast the benefit and cost of renovating public housing units against the benefit and cost of building new ones. Benefit is measured as the additional expected life created, and empirically-estimated survivor functions for housing are used to calculate maximum costs at which renovation is cost-effective relative to new construction. Actual renovation costs for an existing program are compared with calculated maximums. Results suggest that past renovation practice may not have been cost-effective relative to new construction. Possible changes in program guidelines are presented. The paper concludes with a discussion of policy implications.
Estimating the “Thickness” of the Boulder Batholith, Montana, from Heat-Flow and Heat-Productivity Data

Estimates of minimum thickness of the Boulder batholith, computed using the linear relation between heat flow and heat productivity and assuming constant heat productivity with depth, are highly nonspecific. They can vary between about 3 and 20 km, depending on values of surface-rock heat productivity and values of assumed contribution of nonbatholith heat sources (such as lower crustal and upper mantle) to the measured surface heat flow used in the calculations. Models involving radiogenic heat sources decreasing with depth in the batholith lead to significantly greater estimates of thickness by as much as a factor of two or more. A reappraisal of data and arguments related to earlier conflicting estimates, based only on one heat-flow determination and within the context of several newly published additional heat-flow measurements, indicates that the previous differences of opinion are negligible and acceptable, in view of the enormous uncertainties inherent in the method of estimation.
CASE STUDY: Relationships Between Dietary, Plasma, and Muscle Amino Acids in Maintenance Horses, Exercising Horses, and Growing Weanling Horses1

The objective of this study was to evaluate relationships between diet, plasma, and muscle amino acids for horses in maintenance, exercise, and growth. Eight horses in each maintenance (MH) and exercise (EH) group were fed diets for 8 wk, whereas 6 weanlings in the growth (GH) group were fed diets for 4 wk. Blood samples and muscle biopsies were taken at the beginning of the study from the MH and EH groups and at the end of the study for all groups. Plasma urea-N and lysine concentrations were higher for the EH group than for the MH group, whereas plasma urea-N concentrations were higher for the GH group than for the MH group. Plasma histidine and 3-methyl-histidine concentrations for the GH group were higher than for the MH group at the conclusion of the study. Poststudy muscle methionine concentrations for the EH group were lower than for the MH group. Correlations were found between plasma and muscle concentrations of urea-N for the MH and EH groups. Plasma and muscle correlations also existed with serine for the EH group and with threonine, leucine, valine, histidine, phenylalanine, and serine for the GH group. Fewer correlations for the MH and EH groups may indicate an excess of amino acids in the diet in relation to needs, whereas the large number of correlations for the GH group may indicate a closer relationship between supply of amino acids in the diet and need by the body. More exploration of this area is needed for horses in all functions.
Scattering of elastic waves in geometrically anisotropic random media and its implication to sounding of heterogeneity in the Earth's deep interior

SUMMARY The scattering features of elastic waves in media with geometrically anisotropic heterogeneities are investigated in terms of scattering attenuation, coda level and scattering directivity. The theoretical variation of scattering attenuation with normalized wavenumber (ka) is formulated using the multiple forward scattering and single backscattering approximation. Estimates obtained from numerical simulations agree with the theoretical predictions well. The level of scattering is influenced by the anisotropy (aspect ratio, direction) and the wave incidence direction. The scattering level is not sensitive to the scale variation in the wave incidence direction, but is highly sensitive to the scale variation in the tangential direction. Forward scattering is dominant when waves are incident along the major direction of geometrically anisotropic heterogeneity, and backward scattering is dominant when the waves are incident in the minor direction. The scattered energy is not distributed isotropically in media with anisotropic heterogeneity, and the level of early coda varies with the wave incidence angle. The late coda is composed of multiscattered and multipathing waves, and displays a stochastically stable energy level. The incidence angle of waves is a key parameter in the early coda variation, and an approach with classified seismic data for incidence angle is desired in the study of anisotropic heterogeneity in Earth's deep interior from seismic coda and precursor.
Magnetic-field-intensity and current-density distributions in transformer windings

One single-layer and two four-layer example winding structures are used to illustrate the impact of excitation frequency on the magnetic field intensity and current density distributions in transformer windings. By plotting the distributions as phasors in three-dimensional isometric plots, greater insight is gained into the origin and behavior of eddy currents. This insight enhances the design engineer's ability to understand and evaluate the available design options. >
Toward a Global Map of Raindrop Size Distributions. Part I: Rain-Type Classification and Its Implications for Validating Global Rainfall Products

Variability in the global distribution of precipitation is recognized as a key element in assessing the impact of climate change for life on earth. The response of precipitation to climate forcings is, however, poorly understood because of discrepancies in the magnitude and sign of climatic trends in satellite-based rainfall estimates. Quantifying and ultimately removing these biases is critical for studying the response of the hydrologic cycle to climate change. In addition, estimates of random errors owing to variability in algorithm assumptions on local spatial and temporal scales are critical for establishing how strongly their products should be weighted in data assimilation or model validation applications and for assigning a level of confidence to climate trends diagnosed from the data. This paper explores the potential for refining assumed drop size distributions (DSDs) in global radar rainfall algorithms by establishing a link between satellite observables and information gleaned from regional validation experiments where polarimetric radar, Doppler radar, and disdrometer measurements can be used to infer raindrop size distributions. By virtue of the limited information available in the satellite retrieval framework, the current method deviates from approaches adopted in the ground-based radar community that attempt to relate microphysical processes and resultant DSDs to local meteorological conditions. Instead, the technique exploits the fact that different microphysical pathways for rainfall production are likely to lead to differences in both the DSD of the resulting raindrops and the three-dimensional structure of associated radar reflectivity profiles. Objective rain-type classification based on the complete three-dimensional structure of observed reflectivity profiles is found to partially mitigate random and systematic errors in DSDs implied by differential reflectivity measurements. In particular, it is shown that vertical and horizontal reflectivity structure obtained from spaceborne radar can be used to reproduce significant differences in Zdr between the easterly and westerly climate regimes observed in the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Large-scale Biosphere‐Atmosphere (TRMM-LBA) field experiment as well as the even larger differences between Amazonian rainfall and that observed in eastern Colorado. As such, the technique offers a potential methodology for placing locally observed DSD information into a global framework.
"Doctor, will I be able to play the piano?".

There is probably no clinician in the world who does not know the proper response when a patient asks, “Doctor, will I be able to play the piano after this?” The correct response, of course, is, “Could you play the piano before?” Knowing a person’s premorbid condition is important to clinicians and at least equally important to researchers. In this issue of Neurology , McGurn et al.1 have shown that it is possible to use a simple test, the National Adult Reading Test (NART), to determine how persons functioned before they were affected by dementia. The test only requires that the patient read irregularly pronounced words like “ache” and “thyme.” The more of these they can read, the higher their predisease functioning. The NART is a simple test. It involves giving a person a list of around 50 (depending on the version) irregular words and asking them …
Compensation of Random and Systematic Timing Errors in Sampling Oscilloscopes

In this paper, a method of correcting both random and systematic timebase errors using measurements of only two quadrature sinusoids made simultaneously with a waveform of interest is described. The authors estimate the fundamental limits to the procedure due to additive noise and sampler jitter and demonstrate the procedure with some actual measurements
Quantitation and relative distribution of extracellular matrix in Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm

The relationship between adherence of bacteria to foreign bodies and their deposition of extracellular matrix was examined on glass and suture material. To quantitate bacterial adherence, uptake of ({sup 3}H)thymidine into bacterial DNA was analyzed. Corresponding amounts of extracellular matrix were measured by a new technique using ({sup 14}C)glucose incorporation. This study shows that ({sup 14}C)glucose preferentially labeled bacterial strains in proportion to biofilm production. The ratio of {sup 3}H{sup 14}C in high biofilm producers was 0.9 and in low producers it was 3.7. Radioactive identification of organisms as high and low producers was confirmed by electron microscopy. The results presented here show that production and accumulation of biofilm over time is a stable characteristic in different strains of S. epidermidis. The use of ratios reflecting radiolabeling of bacteria and biofilm by ({sup 3}H)thymidine and ({sup 14}C)glucose, respectively, is a quantitative yet simple technique to assess extracellular matrix of different strains of S. epidermidis.
Evaluation of surgical energy devices for vessel sealing and peripheral energy spread in a porcine model.

Purpose: Vessel sealing capabilities and the peripheral energy spread associated with currently available energy based surgical instruments were evaluated.Materials and Methods: Four groups of energy based surgical instruments were established for evaluation, including the ACE™, LCS-C5 (Ethicon, Cincinnati, Ohio), LigaSure™ V and the prototype Trissector™. In vivo vessel diameter under physiological conditions, bursting pressures and seal failure were recorded and analyzed for arteries and veins separately. After burst testing the vessels were fixed and evaluated histopathologically for peripheral energy damage. ANOVA was used to determine differences between groups.Results: The LigaSure V sealed arteries and veins with an average burst pressure of 536 and 386 mm Hg, respectively. The Harmonic ACE sealed arteries and veins with an average burst pressure of 436 and 160 mm Hg, respectively. The Harmonic LCS-C5 sealed arteries and veins with an average burst pressure of 363 and 215 mm Hg, respectively. The T...
Case Formulation and the Therapeutic Relationship: The Role of Therapist Self-Reflection and Self-Revelation

This article examines the role of the therapist's self-reflection and self-revelation in case formulation. We believe that a collaboratively constructed case formulation must always be considered in the context of an evolving therapeutic relationship. Further, self-reflection and self-revelation on the part of the therapist are critical for a more elaborate and nuanced case formulation and for understanding the patient. This highlights the importance of attunement to the here and now and the evolving therapeutic relationship. From this attunement, the therapist's self-reflection and self-revelation can emerge further, which can lead to the patient's personal growth and increased self-other awareness. To illustrate our point, we present an integrative, relational model in the case of a patient who has been in treatment.
Recent advances in hematopoietic stem cell biology.

Purpose of review Exciting advances have been made in the field of hematopoietic stem cell biology during the past year. This review summarizes recent progress in the identification, culture, and in vivo tracking of hematopoietic stem cells. Recent findings The roles of Wnt and Notch proteins in regulating stem cell renewal in the microenvironment, and how these molecules can be exploited in ex vivo stem cell culture, are reviewed. The importance of identification of stem cells using functional as well as phenotypic markers is discussed. The novel field of nanotechnology is then discussed in the context of stem cell tracking in vivo. This review concludes with a section on the unexpected potential of bone marrow-derived stem cells to contribute to the repair of damaged tissues. The contribution of cell fusion to explain the latter phenomenon is discussed. Summary Because of exciting discoveries made recently in the field of stem cell biology, researchers now have improved tools to define novel populations of stem cells, examine them ex vivo using conditions that promote self-renewal, track them into recipients, and determine whether they can contribute to the repair of damaged tissues. These discoveries will significantly advance the field of stem cell transplantation.
Time Series Concepts for Conditional Distributions

The paper asks the question – as time series analysis moves from consideration of conditional mean values and variances to unconditional distributions, do some of the familiar concepts devised for the first two moments continue to be helpful in the more general area? Most seem to generalize fairly easy, such as the concepts of breaks, seasonality, trends and regime switching. Forecasting is more difficult, as forecasts become distributions, as do forecast errors. Persistence can be defined and also common factors by using the idea of a copula. Aggregation is more difficult but causality and controllability can be defined. The study of the time series of quantiles becomes more relevant.
Partial molar excess properties, null spaces, and a new update for the hybrid method of chemical process design

A new thermodynamically consistent quasi-Newton formula is proposed for building iterative representations of the approximated part of the Jacobian matrix in the hybrid method of chemical process design. This update exploits the fact that the excess enthalpy and activity coefficient functions are homogeneous functions of degree zero in mole numbers which, in turn, gives rise to a natural null space for the approximated part of the Jacobian matrix that is defined by the component molal flow rates. The new formula builds iterative approximated parts that satisfy this null space constraint in addition to the usual overall secant condition and the desired sparsity constraints. The new quasi-Newton formula is derived using the variational calculus approach first for the nonsparse case. This solution is then extended to the sparse case. The new updating formula, which is applicable to any chemical process design problem that involves nonideal phase equilibria and/or enthalpy of mixing considerations, is compared to the modified Schubert update in the context of the hybrid method. It is also compared to an implementation of Newton's method in which the approximated part of the Jacobian matrix is calculated by finite differences. Using an adiabatic single stage flash problem for a binary mixture with strongly nonideal liquid phase behavior, it is shown that the new updating formula compares favorably with finite differencing and can result in solutions to problems for which the original hybrid method fails.
Which Hat Are You Wearing: "You Need What? When?" (Session 208)

With a brief historical look at the changing and challenging role of the lone arranger, participants discuss the difficulties and joys of wearing the many hats of a solo archivist. Speaking interactively with the audience, they offer advice and experience on working effectively and efficiently with others in the organization; generating support to create a sustainable program for the future; and balancing the many functions of an archives program as a lone arranger.