cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combined receiver for active and passive microwave remote sensing

Existing spaceborne radiometer receivers, particularly below 40GHz, have typically utilized analog direct detection, but recently have been pushing toward heterodyne systems with digital signal processing to deal with the problem of radio frequency interference (RFI). But, radar and radiometer receivers have yet to be integrated in an optimized manner for spaceborne systems. Fast sampling analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) have been evolving to where we can consider in the 2025 time frame digitizing broad IF signals containing the desired radar signal, natural brightness emission and extraneous man-made RF signals (e.g. RFI) which can then be distributed and processed by radar and radiometer specific digital processors. In this way, a common RF front-end architecture can interface with an agile reconfigurable backend and can be used across several systems (e.g. small, large class sensors). In this study, we designed and demonstrated a multi-purpose receiver that can serve both the needs for the radar and radiometer, first focusing on Ka-band.
SEVERE MITRAL AND LEFT VENTRICULAR CALCIFICATION AS A LATE COMPLICATION OF ANOMALOUS LEFT MAIN CORONARY ARTERY FROM THE PULMONARY ARTERY

Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a rare congenital condition that has historically been misdiagnosed as primary endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE). Due to symptoms of heart failure (HF) and failure to thrive, ALCAPA is often corrected in the 1st year of life. A 2-
The Ankle and the Foot

In many general musculoskeletal practices, injections into the foot and ankle regions are not as commonly performed as are injections into other body regions. For example, in a 2-year musculoskeletal injection teaching study, injections into the foot/ankle region were the least commonly performed (1.6% of the total) [1]. Perhaps one reason for the relative paucity of injections into the foot and ankle regions is the principle that injections into the foot should generally be avoided if possible in diabetic patients. In addition, aspiration/injection procedures have not been proven to be of benefit as part of the typical treatment algorithm for typical soft tissue ankle injuries such as the usual (inversion) ankle sprain, one of the most common musculoskeletal conditions involving the foot/ankle region [2]. Furthermore, injections into this body region can be quite uncomfortable. Finally, it has traditionally been taught that corticosteroid injection procedures should be avoided into regions of weight-bearing tendons, particularly the posterior tibial tendon and the Achilles tendon regions. In contrast to their comparatively smaller incidence in general musculoskeletal practice, these injections obviously play a potentially large role in the practice of orthopedic foot/ankle surgeons and podiatrists both for therapeutic purposes and by offering diagnostic information, particularly when arthrodesis or other surgical interventions are being considered [3–5].
An introduction to BeanGrinder

BeanGrinder is a free online practice system developed at Northern Arizona University and deployed on Google App Engine. BeanGrinder's philosophy is to support many small problems that embody targeted practice on key concepts from CS1 and core problem solving skills. BeanGrinder provides students with instant feedback using a unit test based solution checker. In this tutorial we will describe how we use BeanGrinder at NAU and how other instructors can integrate BeanGrinder as part of their own curriculum. Participants will have the opportunity to solve several BeanGrinder problems and use the administration tools to set up mock classes, design new problems, and build testing suites for those problems. We will consider several simple as well as advanced use cases such that participants are proficient users of the system and can deploy BeanGrinder in their own classes.
One-step fabrication of biomimetic PVDF-BaTiO3 nanofibrous composite using DoE

Dielectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and Barium titanate (BaTiO3)-PVDF nano-fibrous composites were made using the electrospinning process based on a design of experiments approach. An ultrasonication process was optimized using 2 k factorial DoE approach to disperse BaTiO3 particles in PVDF solution in DMF. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the microstructure of the fabricated mesh. The FT-IR and Raman analysis were carried out to investigate the crystal structure of the prepared mesh. Surface morphology contribution to the adhesive property of the composite was explained through contact angle measurements. The capacitance of the prepared PVDF-BaTiO3 nanofibrous mesh was a more than 40% increase over the pure PVDF nanofibers. The results obtained indicates that electrospinning offers a potential way to produce nanofibers with desired crystalline nature which was not observed in molded samples. In addition, BaTiO3 can be used to increase the capacitance, desired surface characteristics of the PVDF nanofibers which can find potential application as flexible piezoelectric sensor mimicking biological skin for use in structural health monitoring applications.
Textile materials and structures for topical management of wounds

Abstract A thorough understanding of the healing mechanism and dressing requirements for different types of wound repair is necessary before optimum products based on textiles could be engineered. In this chapter, first a general overview of the wounds and their healing, and of the available dressings and bandages, is presented. This is followed by a detailed discussion of the polymer and fibre materials of which the dressings are composed and of the textile processes that are used in forming the wound care products.
Comparison of overall survival and unplanned hospital readmissions between partial and radical nephrectomy for cT1a and cT1b renal masses.

Background:The aim of the study was to compare overall survival (OS) and unplanned hospital readmissions (UHRs) within 30 days between partial nephrectomy (PN) and radical nephrectomy (RN) for clin...
A Quantitative Study of the Deployment of DNS Rate Limiting

As a preventative measure against DDoS attacks, many Domain Name System (DNS) software installations include a configurable rate-limiting feature to dismiss abusive traffic. In this paper we conduct a measurement study of the rate-limiting configurations employed by DNS servers for popular domain names, providing a better understanding of the precautions being taken to protect the DNS infrastructure. We believe that an improved understanding of existing defense mechanisms will allow us to propose improvements to the Internet infrastructure that will ultimately yield a more stable and secure internet.
Interleukin 1, Interferon Gamma, and the Modulation of Macrophage-T-Cell Interactions

Activation of clones of T cells by the specific antigen to which they are reactive requires that the antigen be processed (i.e., metabolized and displayed on the cell surface) by antigen-presenting cells (APCs; reviewed in Ref. 1). While the macrophage has been the most thoroughly studied of APCs, over the past few years it has been determined that a variety of cell types may function in this capacity. We now know that dendritric cells, B cells, and endothelial and Langerhans cells are all capable of antigen presentation, although this may not be a constitutive property of each cell type.1 The three basic properties that define the APCs are: (1) the ability to process antigen, usually by an endocytic route involving lysosomal function; (2) the expression of class II MHC products (the Ia glycoproteins), in association with which the processed antigenic determinant is recognized by the T-cell antigen receptor; and (3) the production of interleukin 1 (IL-1), which provides a requisite signal during T-cell activation. Antigen-induced activation is accompanied by a series of changes in the resting T cell, paramount among which is the induction of receptors for, and secretion of, interleukin 2 (IL-2). A variety of lymphokines that is important for immune function is also produced by the activated T cell, and one of them, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), plays a key role in macrophage activation. The end result of this antigen-induced activation is the selective proliferation of the antigen-reactive T cells.
Certain Banach-Space Operators Acting on the Semicircular Elements Induced by Orthogonal Projections

The main purposes of this paper are (i) to construct-and-study (weighted-)semicircular elements induced by mutually orthogonal \(\left| \mathbb {Z}\right| \)-many projections, and the Banach \(*\)-probability space \(\mathbb {L}_{Q}\) generated by these operators, (ii) to establish \(*\)-isomorphisms on \(\mathbb {L}_{Q}\) from shifting processes on the set \(\mathbb {Z}\) of integers, (iii) to consider the \(*\)-isomorphisms of (ii) as Banach-space operators acting on \(\mathbb {L}_{Q}\) (by regarding the Banach \(*\)-algebra \(\mathbb {L}_{Q}\) as a Banach space), and (iv) to compare the free-distributional data affected by the operators of (iii) from the original data.
Cosmic rays in the atmosphere

As we discussed in the previous chapter, primary cosmic rays interact with the atmosphere and produce fluxes of secondary, tertiary, etc. particles. All these particles together create a cascade, called an air shower. In principle, measurements of air shower particles can be interpreted in terms of the energy spectrum and the composition of the primary cosmic rays. The interpretation of these measurements requires one additional step — calculation of the fluxes generated by a cosmic ray nucleus of mass A, charge Z and energy E.
Family Weight Teasing, LGBTQ Attitudes, and Well-being among LGBTQ Adolescents

This study explored weight-based victimization by family members, accepting lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning (LGBTQ) attitudes, and family connectedness, and how these experiences are associated with health, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms among LGBTQ adolescents. Data came from the LGBTQ National Teen Survey (N = 9261, mean age = 15.6 years). The 3 key variables were significantly associated with poorer self-rated health, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms. For example, weight-based victimization was associated with approximately 2 more points on the depressive symptoms scale (β = 1.81, P < .001), adjusting for covariates. Findings highlight the negative impact of weight-based victimization among LGBTQ youth, even in the context of other types of family support.
The role of echocardiography in diagnostic evaluation of patients with syncope-a retrospective analysis.

Background: Syncope is a symptom complex comprising of a brief loss of consciousness leading to a transient decrease in cerebral blood flow that resolves completely. 2D-transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is a useful tool to detect underlying structural heart disease, which can lead to syncope, e.g., aortic stenosis, atrial masses. This study aimed to find the subgroups of patients with syncope who would benefit the most from a TEE. Methods: We did a retrospective chart review of all patients aged 18 years or older, admitted to our hospital with a primary diagnosis of syncope between January 2015 and January 2017 to determine the frequency and findings of echo in all these patients. The baseline characteristics, demographics were taken into account for the inclusion of these patients into the study. Results: A total of 369 patients were initially studied, but only 139 patients were included in the final analysis based on inclusion criteria. Among the high-risk patients (i.e., abnormal Physical exam and/or abnormal EKG, population), 43.75% had significant echocardiographic finding. While among low-risk patients (i.e., normal EKG and exam), 10% (9/91) had a significant finding. Patients with abnormal EKG or examination findings were 7.08 times (95% CI = 2.89-17.3) more likely to have an abnormal echocardiogram (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Our study suggests that the diagnostic yield of 2D-TTE in the absence of abnormal physical exam and/or abnormal EKG is very limited and may add an extra burden on the finances and resources of both the patient and the hospital.
Efficacy of Antihypertensive Therapy in a Child with Unilateral Focal Fibromuscular Dysplasia of the Renal Artery: A Case Study and Review of Literature

Background: Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is one of the important etiologies of renovascular hypertension in children. It is usually resistant to multiple antihypertensive agents and can cause extreme elevation in blood pressures, which can lead to end organ damage if not promptly diagnosed and treated. Treatment options include medical management with antihypertensive agents, balloon or stent angioplasties, surgical revascularization, and nephrectomy. The aim of the study was to review the efficacy of antihypertensive therapy only in the management of FMD in a very young child. Methods: This is a retrospective chart study with review of literature. Results: Here, we report a 22-month-old toddler who presented with severe resistant hypertension and cardiomyopathy who was found to have focal FMD of the right renal artery. She also presented with proteinuria, hyponatremia that was probably secondary to pressure natriuresis, hypokalemia, hyperaldosteronism, and elevated plasma renin activity. The stabilization of blood pressures was done medically with the usage of antihypertensive medications only, without the need for angioplasty or surgical revascularization. Conclusions: We demonstrate that surgical intervention may not always be necessary in the treatment of all cases of FMD, especially in a small child where such intervention may be technically challenging and lead to potential complications. Hence, medical management alone may be sufficient, at least for the short-term, in small children with controlled hypertension and normal renal function, with surgical intervention reserved for FMD with medication-refractory hypertension and/or compromised renal function.
Exploring the Association Between Bullying Victimization and Suicidal Thoughts Through Theoretical Frameworks of Suicide

The role of bullying victimization in suicide has been discussed at length in the literature. Additionally, it is an association that has gained widespread attention in media, with shows like 13 Reasons Why receiving a great deal of attention. However, just how bullying victimization can contribute to suicidal thoughts is less understood. The present study explores two theoretical frameworks for suicide within the context of bullying victimization: the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide (IPTS) and the social pain model (SPM). In a sample of college students (N = 252), we explored three models: (1) a model drawn from the SPM, (2) a model drawn from the IPTS, and (3) a combined model informed from model 1 and 2. The combined model showed greater support for the IPTS in understanding the bullying-suicide link—though this support was partly attenuated by the introduction of depressive and anxiety symptoms as a control. The findings highlight the role of perceived burdensomeness, hopelessness, and depressive and anxiety symptoms in the experience of suicidal thoughts. Further work is needed to expand upon the role of bullying in theoretical frameworks for suicide.
Unintentional aortic puncture during lumboperitoneal shunt placement

Abstract Unintentional aortic puncture has not been reported during lumboperitoneal (LP) shunt placement. A patient with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) had arrest of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow after each of 3 punctures for LP shunt placement. Because of that, bone was removed from 2 adjacent spinous processes to visualize the midline interlaminar space through which a 14 gauge Tuohy needle was advanced, still without obtaining any CSF. The needle was then pushed further through some resistance. Arterial blood came out when the stylet was removed. X-ray showed the needle to be through the L2-L3 disc with its tip in the aorta. Under fluoroscopy, it was slowly withdrawn. The track was then injected with Surgiflo mixed with contrast. Two aneurysm coils were deployed in it before removing the needle. The patient had no sequelae and an LP shunt was placed uneventfully through the same space four days later. Excellent resolution of NPH symptoms was maintained at 13 months postoperatively.
Readily Dispersible Chemically Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets for Solution-Processable Electrodes and Conductive Coatings

Reduced graphene oxides (rGO) are a promising class of materials for scalable electrodes and performance enhancing additives; however, commercial deployment of these materials is challenged by thei...
HIV-1 Tat Protein Promotes Neuroendocrine Dysfunction Concurrent with the Potentiation of Oxycodone's Psychomotor Effects in Female Mice.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with neuroendocrine dysfunction which may contribute to co-morbid stress-sensitive disorders. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) or -gonadal (HPG) axes are perturbed in up to 50% of HIV patients. The mechanisms are not known, but we have found the HIV-1 trans-activator of transcription (Tat) protein to recapitulate the clinical phenotype in male mice. We hypothesized that HPA and/or HPG dysregulation contributes to Tat-mediated interactions with oxycodone, an opioid often prescribed to HIV patients, in females. Female mice that conditionally-expressed the Tat1–86 protein [Tat(+) mice] or their counterparts that did not [Tat(−) control mice] were exposed to forced swim stress (or not) and behaviorally-assessed for motor and anxiety-like behavior. Some mice had glucocorticoid receptors (GR) or corticotropin-releasing factor receptors (CRF-R) pharmacologically inhibited. Some mice were ovariectomized (OVX). As seen previously in males, Tat elevated basal corticosterone levels and potentiated oxycodone’s psychomotor activity in females. Unlike males, females did not demonstrate adrenal insufficiency and oxycodone potentiation was not regulated by GRs or CRF-Rs. Rather OVX attenuated Tat/oxycodone interactions. Either Tat or oxycodone increased anxiety-like behavior and their combination increased hypothalamic allopregnanolone. OVX increased basal hypothalamic allopregnanolone and obviated Tat or oxycodone-mediated fluctuations. Together, these data provide further evidence for Tat-mediated dysregulation of the HPA axis and reveal the importance of HPG axis regulation in females. HPA/HPG disruption may contribute vulnerability to affective and substance use disorders.
Performance, Reliability, or Time-to-Market? Innovative Product Development and the Impact of Government Regulation

Consider a firm that is developing an innovative product. We study the trade‐offs associated with its product design decisions in regards to product performance (the function of the product), product reliability (whether the product will perform its function), and product time‐to‐market (the development time for the product). Specifically, while a more innovative product may deliver better product performance, without sufficient development time, the product may not be as reliable given that innovations require a time buffer to conduct many iterations of product testing and improvement. We further examine the impact of a government‐imposed minimum product reliability standard on the firm, the product, and on social welfare. We find that contrary to common belief, a minimum product reliability standard set by the government may induce more unreliable products or hurt consumer surplus and social welfare. We also find that regulation, besides being a cost burden to the firm, can serve as a credible commitment for product reliability typically not observable to the customers when they are making purchasing decisions. Correspondingly, the regulation may have the surprising effect of increasing firm profit or prompting product innovation. Our work is useful in informing regulators in different industries of how decisions concerning government regulation could impact product reliability.
A global compilation of U-series-dated fossil coral sea-level indicators for the Last Interglacial period (Marine Isotope Stage 5e)

Abstract. This dataset is a comprehensive, global compilation of published uranium–thorium (U-series) dated fossil coral records from ∼ 150 000–110 000 years ago, as well as associated elevation measurements and sample metadata. In total, 1312 U-series measurements from 994 unique coral colonies are included in the current version of the dataset, all of which have been normalized and recalculated using the same decay constant values. Of these measurements, 444 analyses from 330 colonies are relative sea-level indicators, whereas 15 analyses from 13 colonies are marine limiting. Two example geochemical screening criteria have been included to assist users with identifying altered fossil corals that display geochemical open-system behavior, and the originally published interpretations on age quality have been preserved within the sample metadata. Additionally, a clear distinction has been made between coral colonies that are in primary growth position, which may be used for relative sea-level reconstructions, and colonies that have been transported/reworked, which cannot be used for these purposes. Future research efforts involving fossil coral sea-level reconstructions should emphasize an “integrated” and holistic approach that combines careful assessment of U-series age quality with high-precision surveying techniques and detailed facies/stratigraphic observations. This database is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4309796 (Chutcharavan and Dutton, 2020).
Improving Attitude Estimation Using Gaussian-Process-Regression-Based Magnetic Field Maps

Magnetometers measure the local magnetic field and are present in most modern inertial measurement units (IMUs). Readings from magnetometers are used to identify Earth’s Magnetic North outdoors, but are often ignored during indoor experiments since the magnetic field does not behave how most expect. This paper presents methods to create, validate, and visualize three-dimensional magnetic field maps to expand the use of magnetic fields as a sensing modality for navigation. The utility of these maps is measured in their ability to accurately represent the magnetic field and to enable dynamic attitude estimation. In experiments with motion capture truth data, a small multicopter with three-axis inertial measurements, including magnetometer, traversed five flight profiles distinctly exciting roll, pitch, and yaw motion to provide interesting trajectories for attitude estimation. Indoor experimental results were compared to those outdoors to emphasize how spatial variation in the magnetic field drives the need for our mapping techniques. Our work presents a new way of visualizing 3D magnetic fields, which allows users to better reason about the magnetic field in their workspace. Next, we show that magnetic field maps generated from coverage patterns are generally more accurate, but training such maps using observations from desired flight paths is sufficient in the vicinity of these paths. All training sets were interpolated using Gaussian process regression (GPR), which yielded maps with <1 μT of error when interpolating between and extrapolating outside of observed locations. Finally, we validated the utility of our GPR-based maps in enabling attitude estimates in regions of high magnetic field spatial variation with experimental data.
The Pursuit and Maintenance of Happiness.

Happiness was articulated as a fundamental right by the founding fathers of the United States. Few illnesses interfere with the pursuit of happiness more than depression, and approximately 6% of th...
Visualization of Potato Starch Chirality with Polarization Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy

Polarization resolved second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy is used to determine the laboratory frame chiral 2nd order nonlinear optical susceptibility tensor components ratio for potato starch.
Structural fatigue and fracture of shape memory alloy actuators: Current status and perspectives:

Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)-actuators are efficient, simple, and robust alternatives to conventional actuators when a small volume and/or large force and stroke are required. The analysis of their fai...
The Origins of American Literature Studies: An Institutional History

Acknowledgements Introduction 1. The birth of the PhD: the Johns Hopkins research model 2. Seminary wars: female teachers and the seminary model at Mount Holyoke 3. Higher education for African-Americans: competing models at Wilberforce University 4. Literary value and the land-grant model: the Ohio State University Conclusion. The end of the curriculum Works cited Archives consulted Index.
Energy Harvesting Technologies

Energy Harvesting Technologies provides a cohesive overview of the fundamentals and current developments in the field of energy harvesting. In a well-organized structure, this volume discusses basic principles for the design and fabrication of bulk and MEMS based vibration energy systems, theory and design rules required for fabrication of efficient electronics, in addition to recent findings in thermoelectric energy harvesting systems. Combining leading research from both academia and industry onto a single platform, Energy Harvesting Technologies serves as an important reference for researchers and engineers involved with power sources, sensor networks and smart materials.
Comparative actions of selected vasoactive drugs on isolated human uterine arteries

Abstract Isolated human uterine arteries contracted to the following drugs in decreasing order of potency: norepinephrine, vasopressin, serotonin, histamine, ergonovine, and lysergic acid diethylamide. Oxytocin relaxed norepinephrine-contracted uterine arteries. Responses to serotonin were antagonized by methysergide, and those to histamine were antagonized by tripelennamine.
Isoleucine and Valine Metabolism of Escherichia coli XVI. Pattern of Multivalent Repression in Strain K-12

The levels of the five enzymes required for isoleucine and valine synthesis were examined under several growth conditions in strain K-12 of Escherichia coli and mutants derived from it. In strains with wild type repressibility, the same pattern of derepression was found on limiting isoleucine as is found to be constitutive in strain Tir-8, which has an altered isoleucine-activating enzyme. Homoserine dehydrogenase, which is essential for the biosynthesis of threonine and is normally derepressed on limiting isoleucine or threonine, is also derepressed in strain Tir-8. Threonine deaminase and homoserine dehydrogenase were partially repressed in strain Tir-8 by very high levels of isoleucine, but were not further derepressed over levels in minimal medium by limiting isoleucine.
Preventing the repetition: Or, what Los Angeles' experience in water management can teach Atlanta about urban water disputes

[1] Southern California's water history is an epic story with larger-than-life characters and ambitions and abundant hubris. Students of water policy might reasonably ask: Does this story, while unique to greater Los Angeles, hold lessons for other metropolises experiencing water conflict caused by explosive growth? We examine this question by considering similarities between the challenges facing Atlanta, Georgia, one of the nation's fastest growing cities in the 21st century, with those of Los Angeles. We focus on junctures where important decisions regarding water were made and how these decisions continue to challenge both cities' futures. Atlanta's financial, cultural, and environmental imprint on its surrounding region share remarkable similarities with Los Angeles' influence trajectory: it is the largest city in the southeast, a principal transportation and business hub, and it is embroiled in water conflict with nearby communities and adjoining states.
Sudden and unexpected death in infancy: a review of the world literature 1954-1966.

It is apparent that we are still woefully ignorant with respect to the subject of sudden and unexpected deaths in infants. Only by continual investigation of large series of cases, employing uniform criteria to define such deaths and using the investigative procedures outlined above as well as others which will undoubtedly suggest themselves, can we hope to understand and possibly prevent the deaths of some 15,000 to 25,000 infants in the United States each year. These lives, to say nothing of those in other countries throughout the world might provide some of the leadership which is necessary to maintain and advance the human race in the years to come.
Biogeografía y estimación de tiempos de divergencia en bambúes leñosos: entendiendo la evolución de los bambúes Neotropicales

Los bambues lenosos Neotropicales son un linaje monofiletico dentro de Bambusoideae con tres subtribus: Arthrostylidiinae, Chusqueinae y Guaduinae. La distribucion geografica de estas va desde Mexico, Centroamerica, Islas del Caribe hasta Sudamerica. Para entender los patrones biogeograficos y el origen de estos bambues se realizo un analisis filogenetico. Posteriormente las estimaciones de los tiempos de divergencia de nodos particulares bajo una aproximacion Bayesiana y la reconstruccion de las areas ancestrales utilizando S-DIVA fueron realizadas. Los resultados sugieren un origen en el Mioceno para los bambues Neotropicales, donde la subtribu Chusqueinae fue la mas antigua, seguida de Arthrostylidiinae y Guaduinae. La reconstruccion de las areas ancestrales, indican un escenario complejo donde el area ancestral para Chusqueinae fueron Los Andes, seguido de multiples eventos de dispersion hacia el bosque Atlantico y Mesoamerica. Los resultados soportan la hipotesis de un origen Sudamericano para los bambues Neotropicales, corroborado por la datacion molecular, la reconstruccion del area ancestral y el registro fosil.
Vitamin E attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in murine AIDS.

The incidence of myocardial infarction in patients who have the aquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is increasing. However, no effective therapeutic agents have been discovered to reduce myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in pathologies associated with AIDS. The aim of this study was to determine if infarct size is increased in murine AIDS after I/R injury and if I/R injury could be attenuated with vitamin E supplementation. Three groups of mice were studied: control, murine AIDS, and murine AIDS with vitamin E supplementation. Anesthetized mice were subjected to 30 min of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion and 120 min of reperfusion. The hearts in mice that had murine AIDS had a larger infarct size compared to controls after I/R injury. Vitamin E supplementation significantly reduced infarct size and inhibited polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) CD11b expression (p<0.05). However, vitamin E supplementation did not affect PMN reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and platelet CD62p expression. These results suggest that the reduction of myocardial I/R injury with vitamin E supplementation may be the result of the inhibition of PMN CD11b expression. Vitamin E may be a promising prophylactic agent for the reduction of the severity of myocardial I/R injury in patients who have AIDS.
Exercise-Induced Asthma: The “Silent Asthma”

Exercise-induced asthma produces discomfort and anxiety and frequently limits normal activity in children. New knowledge about exercise-induced asthma can be used by nurses to identify undiagnosed children and to control the undesirable effects produced by exercise. Normal growth and development are fostered by an individualized program that promotes the child's involvement without unduly stimulating attacks. A review of the literature concerning exercise-induced asthma is presented along with a description of assessment, management, and teaching.
A Classroom Exercise on Unconscious Bias in Financial Reporting and Auditing

In this instructional resource, I describe a classroom exercise in which students witness their own behavioral biases as they arise endogenously within a financial reporting and auditing setting. Students use data from the exercise to identify evidence of unconscious biases in their judgments, to differentiate between unconscious biases in judgment and biases attributable to deliberate gamesmanship, and to consider the importance of making such a distinction. The exercise contributes to accounting and auditing education by illustrating a provocative argument made by Bazerman et al. (1997), that the quality of financial reporting and auditing is affected by unconscious biases in judgment. In addition to identifying biases, students use insights from the exercise as a platform for exploring issues pertaining to the quality of auditing and financial reporting at a deeper level than would otherwise be possible. In light of its short duration (about 30 minutes) and ease of implementation, the exercise is well ...
Extrachromosomal circular copies of an 'inter-Alu' unstable sequence in human DNA are amplified during in vitro and in vivo ageing.

A DNA sequence situated in the human genome between Alu-repeat clusters (‘inter-Alu’ DNA) is progressively amplified in extrachromosomal DNA, including covalently closed DNA circles, during serial passage of diploid fibroblasts. A single-size class of inter-Alu circles is also amplified in lymphocytes from nine old donors and yet is not detected in cells from eight young donors.
Regimes of surface roughness measurable with light scattering

In this paper we summarize a number of previous experiments on the measurement of the roughness of metallic surfaces by light scattering. We identify several regimes that permit measurement of different surface parameters and functions, and we establish approximate limits for each regime. Using a straightforward criterion, we calculate that the smooth-surface regime, in which the angular distribution of scattered light is closely related to the power spectral density of the roughness, ranges over 0 < σ/λ ≲ 0.05, where σ is the rms roughness and λ is the opitcal wavelength. Above that the surfaceautocorrelation function may be calculated from a Fourier transform of the angular distribution over 0 < σ/λ ≲ 0.14. Then comes the specular regime where the specular beam can still be identified andmeasured over 0 < σ/λ ≲ 0.3. For all these regimes and for rougher surfaces too, the rms width of thescatter distribution is proportional to the rms slope of the surface.
Dissociation of functional status from accrual of CML and RAGE in the aged mouse brain

The objectives of this study were: (i) to identify regions of the aged mouse brain in which advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) were increased, and (ii) assess the functional significance of AGEs by determining the extent to which they could predict age-related brain dysfunction. Densitometric analyses of immunoblots for N epsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), a predominant AGE, and receptor for AGE (RAGE), were performed in different brain regions of mice aged 8 or 25 months. The 25-month-old mice were tested for ability to perform on tests of cognitive and psychomotor function prior to assessment of CML or RAGE, to determine if immunostaining results could predict functional impairment among the older mice. The amounts of CML increased with age in cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and midbrain, but were unchanged in the brainstem and cerebellum. Increases in RAGE were evident in all brain regions but the hippocampus, and were not linked to increased amounts of CML. Different statistical approaches each failed to reveal any strong association between the degree of age-related functional impairment among individual mice and amounts of CML or RAGE in any particular region of the brain. The findings from this study suggest that accrual of CML and expression of RAGE in different brain regions are time-related phenomena that do not account for individual differences in brain aging or cognitive decline.
Some effects of dieldrin and mirex on Ehrlich ascites tumor cellsin vivo andin vitro

The effects of dieldrin and mirex on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were assessed, using certainin vivo (in mice) andin vitro measurements. Mirex retarded the development of Ehrlich ascites tumorin vivo, but dieldrin did not. Effects of dieldrin onde novo RNA purine synthesis from formatein vivo were slight, while mirex inhibited the synthesis of both RNA purines. Dieldrin inhibited thein vitro incorporation of thymidine, uridine, and L-leucine into DNA, RNA, and protein, respectively, but mirex was virtually without effect.
Effect of Temperature on Geotechnical Properties of Recycled Asphalt Shingle Mixtures

Abstract Shear strength, compressibility, and hydraulic conductivity of recycled asphalt shingles (RASs) mixed with bottom ash (BA) or stabilized with self-cementing fly ash (FA) were evaluated in a systematic manner at temperatures ranging from 5 to 35°C, representing seasonal field temperature variation. Increasing temperature reduced the shear strength and increased the compressibility and hydraulic conductivity of compacted RAS-BA and RAS-FA mixtures. When the temperature increased from 5 to 35°C, the effective friction angle ( ϕ ′ ) of the compacted RAS-BA mixture containing 25% RAS decreased from 41 to 35°. The mixture containing 50% RASs decreased from 41 to 29°. The ϕ ′ of the compacted RAS-FA mixture containing 20% FA decreased from 46 to 26°; however, the effective cohesion ( c ′ ) increased from 45 to 70 kPa, and the compressive strength remained higher than that of compacted sand. In contrast, the secondary compression ratio ( C α e ) increased with temperature. The C α e of the RAS-BA mixture...
Novel graphene FETs with field-controlling electrodes to improve RF performance

We propose and extensively analyze a novel Graphene-FET (GFET) with two capacitively coupled field-controlling electrodes (FCE) at the ungated access regions between gate and source/drain. The FCEs are proposed to be positioned both on top and bottom of the device. The FCEs could be independently biased to modulate sheet carrier concentration and thereby the resistance in the ungated regions. The reduction of source/drain access resistance results in increased cut off frequency compared to those of conventional GFETs with the same geometry. The DC and improved RF characteristics of the proposed device have been studied using both analytical and numerical techniques and compared with the baseline designs.
Altered Host Cell–Bacteria Interaction due to Nanoparticle Interaction with a Bacterial Biofilm

Nanoparticle (NP) use in everyday applications creates the potential for NPs to enter the environment where, in aquatic systems, they are likely to settle on substrates and interact with microbial communities. Legionella pneumophila biofilms are found as part of microbial communities in both natural and man-made environments, especially in man-made cooling systems. The bacterium is the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease. Legionella requires a host cell for replication in the environment, and amoebae commonly serve as this host cell. Our previous work demonstrated significant changes in Legionella biofilm morphology after exposure to 0.7 μg/L gold NPs (AuNPs). Here, we investigate how these morphology changes alter host-bacteria interactions using Acanthamoeba polyphaga as a model. Host-bacteria-NP interactions are affected by NP characteristics. Biofilms exposed to 4- and 18-nm, citrate-capped, spherical AuNPs significantly altered the grazing ability of A. polyphaga, which was not observed in biofilms exposed to 24-nm polystyrene beads. Uptake and replication of NP-exposed planktonic L. pneumophila within A. polyphaga were not altered regardless of NP size or core chemistry. Nanomaterial effects on the interaction of benthic organisms and bacteria may be directly or, as shown here, indirectly dependent on bacterial morphology. NP contamination therefore may alter interactions in a normal ecosystem function.
Simulation of steel microstructure evolution during induction heating

Abstract An effective model and approach have been developed and validated to simulate the microstructure evolution and composition variation during induction heating. The basic method is described, and the validation and application are addressed in the paper. In this model, a real initial microstructure is used as an input to simulate austenitization, and the intrinsic chemical difference is utilized to describe the ferrite and pearlite phases. A set of temperature curves is applied to the corresponding locations in an induction heating part and the dynamic variation in microstructure, grain size and carbon content is revealed through modeling. The shift of the start temperature of austenite formation (Ac1) is taken into account and the correlation between Ac1 and the heating rate is presented. This model is being used in industrial practice to optimize existing processes and support new process development.
MERISTEMATIC PRECURSORS OF VASCULAR PARENCHYMA DIFFERENTIATE FROM G 2 PHASE AFTER REPLICATING DNA DISCONTINUOUSLY

A small population of cells representing 1% or less of those in the root-tip meristem was identified as the precursor of vascular parenchyma and certain root-cap cells in carbohydrate starved cultured pea roots. Autoradiography and cytophotometric measurements of nuclei labeled with [3 H]-thymidine showed that in the absence of carbohydrate the precursor cells replicate their DNA discontinuously accumulating temporarily in late S phase prior to differentiating from the G2 phase. Besides discontinuity of DNA synthesis, the nuclei of precursor cells undergo a change in morphology. The nuclei are shaped round when replicating DNA but later on, while differentiating, they become oblong. This transformation occurs within 72 hr after the starved roots are fed sucrose. Autoradiograms of serial cross-sections of pulse-labeled roots indicate that the cells in late S phase differentiate forming a ring around the stelar cylinder and a ring around the periphery of the root. These observations suggest that during the last half of the final S phase the precursor cells modify their chromosomal DNA and that this modification is associated with the initial steps of differentiation.
A dispersion function of paramagnetic relaxation

Synopsis An empirical dispersion function for paramagnetic relaxation is proposed which is intended to describe experimental data for the magnetic susceptibilities of some alums. This function gives an asymmetric frequency spectrum of the complex susceptibilities, thus an improvement over the function of Casimir and Du Pre in analyzing the experimental data. The characteristics of the distribution of the relaxation time of this function are discussed.
Structural Basis for the Regulation of Microtubule-Binding Affinity by Cytoplasmic Dynein

The molecular motor cytoplasmic dynein is responsible for most minus-end directed microtubule-based transport in eukaryotic cells. Dynein is especially important in neurons, where defects in dynein-based motility have been linked to neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases in humans. Due to the complexity and size of dynein our understanding of it has lagged behind that of other cytoskeletal motor proteins. A major goal in the field is to determine how ATP hydrolysis events in dynein's AAA+ motor domain “ring” are communicated to the microtubule-binding domain (MTBD), which is located 250A away. Information between these two sites is proposed to be conveyed via changes in the register of a long coiled-coil “stalk” that connects the MTBD to the AAA+ ring. Both low and high affinity registers have been identified and a crystal structure of the MTBD with the stalk locked into the low affinity register has been solved. To understand the structural changes that occur upon MT binding and how they might be regulated we have obtained a ∼10A resolution cryo-EM reconstruction of microtubules decorated with the MTBD of cytoplasmic dynein locked into the “high affinity” state. We used our density to perform molecular dynamics flexible fitting with the available crystal structure and observe significant rearrangements in three of the six alpha helices that make up the MTBD. Our pseudo-atomic model accounts for several mutations that were previously identified for their effects on microtubule-binding affinity. Based on our results we propose a model for the coordination between changes in the register of the coiled-coil and dynein's affinity for its track.
Mutagenesis in Escherichia coli by visible light

Mutation to resistance to bacteriophage T5 in continuous cultures of Escherichia coli was induced by visible light (wavelength longer than 408 nanometers) and by black light (300 to 400 nanometers). Mutation rates more than 18 times greater than the spontaneous rate (no light) were obtained with moderate, nonlethal intensities of visible light. Mutation rates for both visible and black light were proportional to irradiance.
Isolated Clitoral Hypertrophy

A 17-yr-old Caucasian female presented to the office for evaluation of clitoral enlargement detected at birth. As the clitoromegaly persisted, at age 4 she underwent hormonal evaluation at the recommendation of her primary care physician. The patient reported these tests to be normal. A bone age was also performed and reported to be within normal limits. She returned to the office at age 17 for further evaluation and management of her clitoromegaly. Menarche occurred at age 15 and thelarche a year prior. Her menses were irregular, occurring every 30 to 90 days. She denied any family, medical, or surgical history and was not taking any medications or drugs. Her mother’s pregnancy was uncomplicated; there was no history of exposure to any medications in utero. She denied any excess hair growth, deepening of the voice, or significant acne.
Differentiation of response duration.

Milk reinforcement for 2 rats was made contingent on the duration of a panel press response with reinforcement delivered on panel release. Various response distributions and cumulative records were taken at a panel “hold” duration requirement of 8 sec. Similarities and differences between the present data and those obtained with conventional DRL schedules were noted and are discussed in terms of response chaining.
In defense of the bar

The bar and kilobar are units of pressure ideally suited to earth sciences and to teaching. The bar is about equal to the atmosphere, a pressure commonly experienced and readily understood by people; millibars and kilobars and megabars are convenient and easily understood multiples. The bar (105 pascals) is a perfectly legitimate secondary unit in the SI. It is very convenient for thermochemical calculations (see Robie et al., U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, p. 1452, 1978). Then why, oh why do my colleagues, otherwise not famous for their abstemiousness, flee the bar and embrace the pascal? Now a mbar becomes a cPa, or a certified public accountant; a bar, 0.1 MPa; a kbar, 100 MPa or 0.1 GPa; and a Mbar, 100 GPa. Who can relate to these? I'd rather fight than switch.
Evaluation of the effects of cancer education on knowledge, attitude, and behavior of university undergraduate students

Abstract Reviews indicate that multiple predisposing factors such as knowledge, attitudes, and values significantly influence health‐related practices and lifestyle. Some predispositions, such as basic knowledge about and attitudes toward cancer, are conducive to change through education. This study has investigated the effects of cancer education on the knowledge, attitude, and behavior scores of students concerning cancer prevention. A quasiexperimental design using pretests and posttests was the design of choice. The undergraduate students served as the experimental group and enrolled in an elective course entitled “The Nature of Cancer.”; Another group of students enrolled in the elective course “Sex Education”; and served as a control group for one semester. A battery of instruments consisting of cancer prevention attitudes, knowledge, and behavior was used to measure the dependent variables. The findings, using a split‐plot model for repeated measure data, revealed significant improvements in attitu...