cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Path tracking control of four wheel independently steered ground robotic vehicles

Because of their high degree of maneuverability, four wheel steered robotic vehicles have increasingly attracted interest in many applications. These robots are characterized by ability to easily maneuver tight turns. Two types of such vehicles have been identified: vehicles with independently steered wheels, and vehicles with mechanically coupled pairs of steered wheels. While the latter group has been easy to model and control, the former group still poses many control challenges. The common approaches employed in modeling and controlling vehicles with independently steered wheels either assume that the rear wheels will copy the front steering angles or allow wheel slippage to accommodate independent steering angles for all wheels. Both these approaches do not offer the sought maneuverability advantages. This paper revisits the problem of four independent wheel steering and proposes an approach that makes it possible to achieve maximum maneuverability while avoiding wheel slippage. It develops individual wheel constraints that enable the wheels to be independently controlled while satisfying the desired vehicle motion. Numerical simulation results have shown that this approach can indeed simplify the problem of controlling four steered wheel vehicles.
Preadipocyte factor-1 is associated with marrow adiposity and bone mineral density in women with anorexia nervosa.

Context: Despite having low visceral and sc fat depots, women with anorexia nervosa (AN) have elevated marrow fat mass, which is inversely associated with bone mineral density (BMD). Adipocytes and osteoblasts differentiate from a common progenitor cell, the human mesenchymal stem cell. Therefore, understanding factors that regulate this differentiation process may provide insight into bone loss in AN. Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between preadipocyte factor-1 (Pref-1), a member of the epidermal growth factor-like family of proteins and regulator of adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation, and fat depots and BMD in AN. Design: This was a cross-sectional study. Setting: The study was conducted at a clinical research center. Patients: Patients included 20 women with AN (26.8 ± 1.5 yr) and 10 normal-weight controls (29.2 ± 1.7 yr). Interventions: There were no interventions. Main Outcomes Measure: Pref-1, leptin, IGF-I, IGF binding protein (IGF-BP)-2 and estradiol levels were measured. BMD of the spine and hip was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Marrow fat content of the L4 vertebra and femur was measured by 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results: Pref-1 levels were significantly higher in AN compared with controls (P = 0.01). There was a positive correlation between Pref-1 and marrow fat of the proximal femoral metaphysis (R = 0.50, P = 0.01) and an inverse association between leptin and L4 marrow fat (R = −0.45, P < 0.05). There was an inverse association between Pref-1 and BMD of both the anteroposterior spine and lateral spine (R = −0.54, P = 0.003; R = −0.44, P = 0.02, respectively). Conclusions: Pref-1 is elevated in AN. Pref-1, IGF-I, IGF-BP2 and leptin are associated with marrow adiposity and BMD.
Cefamandole preparation for colonic surgery

A controlled, prospective, randomized study of 457 patients undergoing colonic surgery was done to compare systemic cefamandole therapy to neomycin-erythromycin in reducing postoperative septic complications. Parenteral cefamandole and cephalothin were given before, during, and after surgery to achieve maximal antimicrobial coverage in the blood, tissues, peritoneum, and urine. Such protection is not obtained with oral antibiotic preparation. Major surgical indications were carcinoma in 216 patients and diverticulitis in 107 patients. More than half the patients had colonic perforations, obstruction, or fistulas. All patients were operated upon by a single surgeon during 1975–1980. Cephalothin (151 patients), combined with neomycin-erythromycin, resulted in an 11.3 per cent rate of post-operative septic complications. Cefamandole treatment in 112 patients resulted in an 8.9 per cent postoperative infection rate compared with 16.3 per cent in 141 matched control patients.
Cognitive factors in computer anxiety

The recent growth of computer technology has been accompanied by an increasing number of individuals who are anxious or intimidated by computers. The current study was designed to test a cognitive model of computer anxiety, where computer anxiety is seen as a function of internal dialogue, underlying meaning systems, behavioral acts, and behavioral outcomes when working on a computer. The Self-Statements About Computers (SSAC) checklist was empirically developed to assess thoughts or internal dialogue associated with anxiety and computer use, as well as the meaning of those thoughts for the individual. Analyses revealed that high computer-anxious subjects had lower expectations of performance and reported more debilitative thoughts during an actual computer task. They also reported higher levels of anxiety during this computer interaction, had more bodily sensations, and took longer to complete the task. In addition, high computer-anxious individuals reported less computer experience and mechanical interest, and higher levels of math anxiety. These results support the proposed cognitive model of computer anxiety and suggest directions for clinical intervention.
Jimson weed extract as a protective agent in severe organophosphate toxicity.

UNLABELLED: Treatment of patients following an organophosphate (OP) exposure can deplete a hospital's entire supply of atropine. Given the possibility of multiple severe exposures after a terrorist attack using OP nerve agents, there exists a need for either greater atropine stores or the development of alternative antidotes. Jimson weed (Datura stramonium) contains atropine and other anticholinergic compounds and is common and readily available. It is used recreationally for its central anticholinergic effects and is made easily into an extract by boiling the crushed seeds. The extract has rapid onset of effects and may be useful for treatment of OP poisoning. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether pretreatment with an easily stored and prepared Datura seed extract (DSE) will increase survival following a severe OP poisoning. METHODS: Datura stramonium seeds were collected, crushed, and then heated in water to make a 2-mg/mL atropine solution (100 seeds contain approximately 6 mg of atropine or 0.007 mg/seed). Male rats were randomized to pretreatment with either saline (n = 10) or 7.5 mg/kg DSE (n = 10) given as a single intraperitoneal injection 5 minutes prior to a subcutaneous injection of 25 mg/kg of dichlorvos. The endpoint was time to death recorded by a blinded observer. RESULTS: The Kaplan-Meier estimates of the 24-hour survival rate was 90% (95% CI = 56% to 100%) for the DSE-pretreated group and 10% (95% CI = 0% to 45%) for the control group. The log-rank test revealed a statistically significant longer survival for the Datura-treated animals (p = 0.0002). Median survival time was 22 minutes 30 seconds for the control group and greater than 24 hours for the DSE-pretreated group. CONCLUSIONS: Pretreatment with DSE significantly increases survival following severe dichlorvos exposure. Language: en
Application of Utility Theory to Petroleum Decision-Making: ABSTRACT

The application of logic to the exploration for minerals may be divided into two discrete phases--preparation and analysis of the raw data, and the decision-making process based on such analyses. Both involve non-random characteristics that are not entirely encompassed by the procedures of classical probability and statistics methods, which are based largely on the supposition of random systems. This paper is a report on a study in depth of the decision-making process in several petroleum companies, one of which is a "major." The purpose of the study is to define better what role "utility theory" might play (if any) by establishing whether or not characterization of individuals and groups is feasible. This necessarily involves the establishment of criteria for such characterization so that the degree of the non-random factors may be better understood. End_of_Article - Last_Page 476------------
A carbon nanotube field emission cathode with high current density and long-term stability

Carbon nanotube (CNT) field emitters are now being evaluated for a wide range of vacuum electronic applications. However, problems including short lifetime at high current density, instability under high voltage, poor emission uniformity, and pixel-to-pixel inconsistency are still major obstacles for device applications. We developed an electrophoretic process to fabricate composite CNT films with controlled nanotube orientation and surface density, and enhanced adhesion. The cathodes have significantly enhanced macroscopic field emission current density and long-term stability under high operating voltages. The application of this CNT electron source for high-resolution x-ray imaging is demonstrated.
The measured radiation environment within Spacelabs 1 and 2 and comparison with predictions.

A set of passive and active radiation detectors was flown as part of the verification flight instrumentation (VFI) in an attempt to measure the radiation environment in the Spacelab (SL) module and on the pallet. SL 1 carried 4 passive and 2 active detector packages which were used to evaluate the radiation environment within the spacecraft and SL 2 carried 2 passive VFI units on the pallet. Dose equivalents of 330 + or - 70 mrem and 537 + or - 37 mrem were measured in the SL 1 module and SL 2 pallet, respectively.
Sensors for Structural Displacement Measurement

Displacement measurements in large-scale structures are used to characterize structural response to dynamic excitation. A review of the current applicable sensor technologies presents alternatives to the traditional accelerograph method for obtaining those displacements.
A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS: RESULTS OF LONGITUDINAL FOLLOWUP OF THE INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS DATA BASE COHORT

Purpose: We present baseline characteristics and longitudinal profiles of symptoms in the Interstitial Cystitis Data Base study, a prospective cohort study of patients with interstitial cystitis.Ma...
A Monte Carlo coalescence model for reaction with dispersion in a tubular reactor

Abstract Deviations from plug flow are handled by a Monte Carlo model which simulates mixing and segregation effects in a tubular chemical reactor. The model superimposes dispersion, which is simulated by local droplet coalescence, on the plug-flow mean velocity. Both the residence time distribution and the micromixing details are determined by the local coalescence-mixing phenomena. The model is applied with success to the experiments of Vassilatos and Toor. Comparisons are drawn between this and other models. Use of the model is suggested whenever deviations from plug flow are present in conjunction with segregation effects and rapid of two miscible fluids with mixed or unmixed feed. Further use should be possible with coalescence two-phase extraction and reaction systems.
Electron microscopic analysis of chromatin replication in the cellular blastoderm drosophila melanogaster embryo

Abstract Transmission electron microscopic techniques were used to study the spatial distribution of replicons and the ultrastructure of chromatin in the S phase genome of cellular blastoderm Drosophila melanogaster embryos. We observed chromatin exhibiting distinct bifurcations along each fiber during the initial 20 min of the first cell cycle of blastulation. We interpreted the "bubble-like" configurations produced by adjacent bifurcations as intermediate structures in chromatin replication (that is, replicons). We observed homologous ribonucleoprotein (RNP) fiber arrays on both chromatid arms within some replicons, implying DNA sequence homology and reinforcing the identification of such arms as daughter chromatid fibers. We did not observe replicon configurations on chromatin obtained from embryos staged at more than 20 min into cellular blastulation. Daughter chromatid fibers, however, were identified by the presence of identical RNP fiber arrays on chromatid strands arranged in parallel on the electron microscope grid. We examined the distribution of replicon structures on the cellular blastoderm genome and compared it with electron microscopic data on DNA replication in cleavage embryos (Blumenthal, Kriegstein and Hogness, 1973). S phase is completed in slightly We found that the ultrastructure of newly replicated chromatin exhibited a morphology indistinguishable from nucleosomal chromatin. Unreplicated chromatin fibers separating adjacent replicons also exhibit spherical subunits. We inferred that the spherical structures on replicating chromatin are nucleosomes and concluded that histones are not disassociated from the DNA significantly prior to DNA replication, and that a very rapid reassociation of nucleosomes occurs on both daughter DNA molecules following replication.
Five lens corrector for Cassegrain-form telescopes.

Refractive elements are commonly used on Cassegrain-form telescopes to correct off-axis aberrations and both widen and flatten the field. Early correctors used two lenses with spherical surfaces, but their performance was somewhat limited. More recent correctors have three or four lenses with some including at least one aspheric surface. These systems produce high resolution images over relatively wide fields but often require the corrector and mirrors to be optimized together. Here we present a new corrector design using five spherical lenses. This approach produces high image quality with low distortion over wide fields and has sufficient degrees of freedom to allow corrector to be optimized independent of the mirrors if necessary.
Toti“potent” repressors

A fascinating property of germ cells is their ability to maintain totipotency throughout development. At fertilization, this totipotency is unleashed and the egg generates all the cell types needed to make a brand new organism. Occasionally, germ cells differentiate precociously in the embryo or in the gonads and form teratomas, tumors containing many differentiated somatic cell types. Until recently, the genetic basis for teratoma formation was not known. The unexpected discovery of a teratoma in a C. elegans double mutant points to translational control as a key mechanism to maintain totipotency in developing germ cells.
Radial patterns of xylem sap flow in non‐, diffuse‐ and ring‐porous tree species

We investigated radial patterns of sap flux density and wood properties in the sapwood of young loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), mature white oak (Quercus alba L.) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), which represent three major classes of wood anatomy : non-porous (coniferous), ring-porous and diffuse-porous. Radial measurements of xylem sap flux density were made in sections of xylem extending to 20 mm and 20-40 mm from the cambium. These measurements were compared with measurements of the relative water content (R s ) and sapwood specific gravity (ρ f ) of corresponding radial sections. In both hardwood species, sap flow differences were rarely significant between the two depth intervals. In pine, a 59% reduction in daily sap flux density from outer to inner sapwood was found. This could not be accounted for by a 3% drop in R s ; rather, an accompanying 9% reduction in ρ f indicated a transition between the depth intervals from mature to juvenile sapwood, and is the probable cause of the lower flux rate in the inner xylem of pine.
An Evolutionary Analysis of Learned Attention

Humans and many other species selectively attend to stimuli or stimulus dimensions—but why should an animal constrain information input in this way? To investigate the adaptive functions of attention, we used a genetic algorithm to evolve simple connectionist networks that had to make categorization decisions in a variety of environmental structures. The results of these simulations show that while learned attention is not universally adaptive, its benefit is not restricted to the reduction of input complexity in order to keep it within an organism's processing capacity limitations. Instead, being able to shift attention provides adaptive benefit by allowing faster learning with fewer errors in a range of ecologically plausible environments.
Isolation of intact spinach chloroplasts in the CF-6 continuous-flow zonal rotor; implications for membrane-bound organelles.

Abstract Intact chloroplasts were separated from large volumes of spinach brei by continuous-flow zonal centrifugation in the CF-6 rotor in gradients of colloidal silica. Tests with the Z-15/Mark 10 rotor showed that the external membranes of chloroplasts were sensitive to high rotor speeds and especially to the bore of the fluid seal. Enlargement of the CF-6 seal channel diameter to 4 mm resulted in almost complete recovery of the intact chloroplasts.
LUTHER AND DIONYSIUS: BEYOND MERE NEGATIONS

This article argues that common ground may be found between Dionysius and Luther if one goes beyond the customary “mystical” framework for analyzing Dionysius’ work and views Luther (despite his dismissal of Dionysius as an impostor) as standing in a long line of interpreters who had sought to give Dionysian ideas a more explicitly Christological focus. Specifically, I argue, the similarities lie in Luther's conceptualization of God's hidden presence and the reformer's strongly ontological doctrine of justification. The latter has a procession-return structure within which the status of the justified person, qua justified, is expressed in terms reminiscent of the Dionysian analogia.
Update in feline therapeutics Clinical use of 10 emerging therapies

Practical relevance:The field of veterinary medicine is constantly evolving. New medications are being introduced into clinical practice, and novel uses for established medications are frequently being discovered as new information comes to light.Clinical challenges:Therapeutic options for our feline patients can be restricted based on inadequate clinical evidence, adverse effects and patient compliance concerns. Additionally, with the reduced availability of commonly used medications in some regions, clinicians are forced to utilize alternatives with which they may have limited experience.Audience:This review article is directed towards primary care veterinarians working with feline patients. The selection of medications discussed is based on many of the clinical challenges commonly encountered in practice.Evidence base:The evidence for use of some of these medications is limited due to their novelty. Known mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics data, adverse effects and clinical uses...
Teaching Writing to College Students with Learning Disabilities

Delineates a course to teach college students with learning disabilities how to become self-regulated learners in writing through strategies in prewriting, drafting, revising, and editing, along with evaluation and comprehension
Parallel program execution on a network of workstations

In this project we study the parallel execution of programs on a collection of workstations connected by a local area network. So far, our work has focused on developing a number of pilot applications. We intend to use these applications as an experimental testbed for studying issues in problem partitioning, fault tolerance, load sharing, and monitoring and debugging of distributed programs. In this overview we focus our attention on one particular application (a distributed compiler) and on our work in fault-tolerance.
Ethanol enhances recurrent inhibition in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus

Intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (2 g/kg) substantially augmented recurrent inhibition in the dentate gyrus, as measured by population responses to paired-pulse stimulation of the perforant path. In contrast, this dose of ethanol had no significant effect on singly evoked (or conditioning) population spikes. These data indicate that the increased recurrent inhibition by ethanol was not due to a generalized depressant effect, and suggests that at these doses and time points ethanol can selectively alter synaptic transmission in the hippocampus.
Influence of Martensite Mechanical Properties on Failure Mode and Ductility of Dual-Phase Steels

The effects of the mechanical properties of the martensite phase on the failure mode and ductility of dual-phase (DP) steels are investigated using a micromechanics-based finite element method. Actual microstructures of DP steels obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used as representative volume elements (RVEs) in the finite element calculations. Ductile failure of the RVE is predicted as plastic strain localization during the deformation process. Systematic computations are conducted on the RVE to quantitatively evaluate the influence of the martensite mechanical properties and volume fraction on the macroscopic mechanical properties of DP steels. These properties include the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), ultimate ductility, and failure modes. The computational results show that, as the strength and volume fraction of the martensite phase increase, the UTS of DP steels increases, but the UTS strain and failure strain decrease. In addition, shear-dominant failure modes usually develop for DP steels with lower martensite strengths, whereas split failure modes typically develop for DP steels with higher martensite strengths. The methodology and data presented in this article can be used to tailor DP steel design for its intended purposes and desired properties.
A chromosome No. 2 abnormality in a child with a few congenital defects.

An abnormal chromosome No. 2 was found in the case of a child with an imperforate anus, a recto-vaginal fistula, unilateral atresia of the inner canal, and deformity of the external ear. G-banding studies revealed an insertion of a segment of the short arm into the long arm in one of the chromosomes No. 2 of the proband, the apparent result of a de novo phenomenon of chromosome rearrangement.
Programmable Chemical Gradient Patterns by Soft Grayscale Lithography

A method for fabricating chemical gradients on planar and nonplanar substrates using grayscale lithography is reported. Compliant grayscale amplitude masks are fabricated using a vacuum-assisted microfluidic filling protocol that employs dilutions of a carbon-black-containing polydimethylsiloxane emulsion (bPDMS) within traditional clear PDMS (cPDMS) to create planar, fully self-supporting mask elements. The mask is then placed over a surface functionalized with a hydrophobic coumarin-based photocleavable monolayer, which exposes a polar group upon irradiation. The mask serves to modulate the intensity of incident UV light, thereby controlling the density of molecules cleaved. The resulting molecular-level grayscale patterns are characterized by condensation microscopy and imaging mode time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Due to the inherent flexibility of this technique, the photofuse as well as the gradient patterns can be designed for a wide range of applications; in this paper two proof-of-concept demonstrations are shown. The first utilizes the ability to control the resulting contact angle of the surface for the fabrication of a passive pressure-sensitive microfluidic gating system. The second is a model surface modification process that utilizes the functional groups deprotected during the photocleavage to pattern the deposition of moieties with complementary chemistry. The spatial layout, resolution, and concentration of these covalently linked molecules follow the gradient pattern created by the grayscale mask during exposure. The programmable chemical gradient fabrication scheme presented in this work allows explicit engineering of both surface properties that dictate nonspecific interactions (surface energy, charge, etc.) and functional chemistry necessary for covalent bonding.
Resistance of certain long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine oils to pancreatic lipase hydrolysis.

When whale oil triglycerides were subjected to pancreatic lipase hydrolysis, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were found mainly in the di- and triglyceride products, suggesting that they are in the 1,3-positions but resistant to the action of the lipase. Their presence in the 1,3-positions was confirmed. Their resistance to pancreatic lipase hydrolysis was demonstrated by analysis of the products of the enzyme action on: (a) a concentrate of highly unsaturated whale oil triglycerides; (b) the latter after randomization; and (c) synthetic 1,2-di-octadecenoyl-3-eicosapentaenoyl glycerol.
How Do We Learn?: Contributions of Learning Theory to Reference Service and Library Instruction

Summary This article focuses on some major contributions from learning theory that impact how adults learn. Following an overview of two major learning theories—behavioral and cognitive theories—the authors discuss four factors that affect learning. These are attention, perception, memory, and contiguity and practice. Other topics presented include prior knowledge effect and transfer of knowledge problems. The article closes with five recommendations for incorporating results from learning theory research into reference service and user instruction.
THE EFFECTS OF CARBAMYLCHOLINE ON INCORPORATION IN VIVO OF [1-14C]ARACHIDONIC ACID INTO GLYCEROLIPIDS OF MOUSE BRAIN

— The effects of carbamylcholine on incorporation of [1-14C]arachidonate into the glycerolipids in mouse brain synaptosome-rich and microsomal fractions were examined at 1, 3 and 10 min after intracerebral injection of the labeled precursor. When carbamylcholine was included with the labeled arachidonate, there was a decrease in the proportion of labeled fatty acid incorporated into the phospholipids. Among the phospholipids in the synaptosome-rich fraction, a decrease in incorporation of radioactivity into diacyl-glycerophosphoinositols and diacyl-glycerophosphocholines was observed at 1 and 3 min after injection. A decrease in labeling of diacyl-glycerophosphoethanolamines and diacyl-glycerophosphocholines in the microsomal fraction was observed at 3 and 10 min after injection. The decrease in phospholipid labeling was marked by an increase in labeling of diacylglycerols which was observed initially in the synaptosome-rich fraction, but also in the microsomal fraction at later time periods. Other lipid changes included an increase in triacylglycerol labeling which was found in the synaptosome-rich fraction and an increase in phosphatidic acid labeling which was found in the microsomal fraction. Results of the in vivo study have demonstrated changes in brain lipid metabolism during carbamylcholine stimulation. Furthermore, these changes appear to be initiated mainly in the synaptosome-rich fraction.
The integration of trajectory models and analysis into spill response information systems

Abstract The spill response community is engaged in a technological rush towards computer-based, information-synthesis systems. Typically, they are modeled after many successful ‘incident command’ or ‘command and control’ systems that rely on micro- or mini-computer technology that is friendly and graphically oriented. Virtually all of these systems offer spill trajectory modeling components. What is typically lacking in this modeling output is any reliable way to estimate the uncertainty. This means that advice derived from the models is of questionable value, and when integrated into a complex response plan, the propagation of errors could seriously compromise the usefulness of results. It is shown that no single trajectory model run can provide the necessary information to respond in an optimal, ‘minimum regret’ strategy. However, a well-defined series of model runs used as the basis for trajectory analysis can provide the required information. A discussion of options suggests that the adoption of a minimum standard analysis procedure would significantly improve the ability of integrated response systems to use the predictions of oil distributions.
Memory as a Generative Epistemic Source

It is widely assumed that memory has only the capacity to preserve epistemic features that have been generated by other sources. Specifically, if S knows (justifiedly believes/rationally believes) that p via memory at T2, then it is argued that (i) S must have known (justifiedly believed/rationally believed) that p when it was originally acquired at T1, and (ii) S must have acquired knowledge that p (justification with respect to p/rationality with respect to p) at T1 via a non-memorial source. Thus, according to this view, memory cannot make an unknown proposition known, an unjustified belief justified, or an irrational belief rational–it can only preserve what is already known, justified, or rational. In this paper, I argue that condition (i) is false and, a fortiori, that condition (ii) is false. Hence, I show that, contrary to received wisdom in contemporary epistemology, memory can function as a generative epistemic source.
Effects of phenobarbital pretreatment on the metabolism and toxicokinetics of aflatoxin B1 in the rhesus monkey

Abstract The in vitro and in vivo metabolism and toxicokinetics of [ 14 C]aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) were determined in the rhesus monkey with and without phenobarbital pretreatment. Metabolic induction with phenobarbital increases an animal's resistance to the carcinogenic effects of AFB 1 . Phenobarbital pretreatment reduced plasma levels of total aflatoxins, AFB 1 , aflatoxin M 1 , and water-soluble metabolites; enhanced the circulation and elimination of less toxic, less mutagenic, and more water-soluble urinary products; and increased the in vitro formation of aflatoxin Q 1 and aqueous metabolites. These changes are consistent with increased resistance to AFB 1 , based on previously proposed correlations between metabolism and species susceptibility. Phenobarbital did not evoke significant toxicokinetic changes in rate constants for distribution and elimination, which have been associated with susceptibility to the acute effects of AFB 1 . Phenobarbital protection may be attributable to the enhancement of detoxification pathways.
Activation of μ opioid receptors in the medial preoptic area following copulation in male rats

Abstract The current study tested the hypothesis that sexual behavior is a biological stimulus for release of endogenous opioid peptides. In particular, activation of μ opioid receptors (MOR) in the medial preoptic area (MPOA), a key area for regulation of male sexual behavior, was studied in male rats. MOR endocytosis or internalization was used as a marker for ligand-induced receptor activation, utilizing confocal, electron, and bright microscopic analysis. Indeed, mating including one ejaculation induced receptor activation in the MPOA, demonstrated by increased immunoreactivity for MOR, increased numbers of endosome-like particles immunoreactive for MOR inside the cytoplasm of neurons, and increased percentage of neurons with three or more endosome-like particles inside the cytosol. Moreover, it was demonstrated that MOR activation occurred within 30 min following mating and was still evident after 6 h. Mating-induced internalization was prevented by treatment with the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone before mating, suggesting that mating-induced receptor activation is a result of action of endogenous MOR ligands. I.c.v. injections of MOR ligand [ d -Ala(2), N-Me-Phe(4), Gly(5)-ol]-enkephalin resulted in internalization of the MOR in a similar manner observed following mating. Finally, mating induced Fos expression in MOR containing neurons in the MPOA. However, naloxone pretreatment did not prevent Fos activation of MOR neurons, suggesting that Fos induction was not the result of MOR activation. In summary, these results provide further evidence that endogenous opioid peptides are released in the MPOA during male sexual behavior.
What predicts drive for muscularity in college students

While research has established that men tend to exhibit greater levels of DFM than women, little research has examined the relation between DFM and other forms of disordered eating and exercise behaviors. Study 1 examined the influence of disordered eating and obligatory exercise on DFM in male and female college students. In women, DFM was related to eating concern and obligatory exercise; whereas in men, DFM was related to obligatory exercise and shape concern. Study 2 examined the influence of exercise motivations and body dissatisfaction on DFM in male and female college students. In women, DFM was predicted by personal goal achievement exercise motives, exercising to cope, and dissatisfaction with specific body areas. In men, DFM was predicted by appearance orientation, personal goal achievement, affiliation, and recognition exercise motives.
Mythology as the Original Framework in the Development of Leadership Principles

Mythology served a much greater sociological role than just the telling of story and legend. Leadership principles developed inadvertently through narrative story and the invention of the mythological tale. Story was an original methodology by which we could teach others about the essential traits and qualities leaders needed for effective leadership. Myths and legends also warned listeners to avoid the dark side of leadership. The principles of leadership were originally embedded in our sociobiological evolution through social learning theory. Thus humanity was learning about leadership at an unconscious level and transferring that knowledge through new and similar story over time. Often we look for new leadership theory and answers, and yet most of that knowledge is already present if we just listen to the mythological stories we tell.
Ultrasonic vocalizations by male mice (Mus musculus) to female sex pheromone: Experiential determinants

Adult male mice (Mus musculus), separated from females at weaning, did not emit 70-kHz courtship ultrasounds to female urine. Other adult males that in addition were given 3-min exposures per day to stimulus females and males for 8 consecutive days later emitted many ultrasounds to female urine. However, even those males that initially responded to female urine typically ceased responding during the course of repeated presentations of female urine. This loss of responsiveness to urine did not generalize to female stimuli. Thus, both the acquisition and maintenance of the male ultrasonic response to female urine are affected by experiential factors.
Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNFα) Stimulates Map4k4 Expression through TNFα Receptor 1 Signaling to c-Jun and Activating Transcription Factor 2

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a cytokine secreted by macrophages and adipocytes that contributes to the low grade inflammation and insulin resistance observed in obesity. TNFα signaling decreases peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and glucose transporter isoform 4 (GLUT4) expression in adipocytes, impairing insulin action, and this is mediated in part by the yeast Ste20 protein kinase ortholog Map4k4. Here we show that Map4k4 expression is selectively up-regulated by TNFα, whereas the expression of the protein kinases JNK1/2, ERK1/2, p38 stress-activated protein kinase, and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases 4/7 shows little or no response. Furthermore, the cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 as well as lipopolysaccharide fail to increase Map4k4 mRNA levels in cultured adipocytes under conditions where TNFα elicits a 3-fold effect. Using agonistic and antagonistic antibodies and small interfering RNA (siRNA) against TNFα receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNFα receptor 2 (TNFR2), we show that TNFR1, but not TNFR2, mediates the increase in Map4k4 expression. TNFR1, but not TNFR2, also mediates a potent effect of TNFα on the phosphorylation of JNK1/2 and p38 stress-activated protein kinase and their downstream transcription factor substrates c-Jun and activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2). siRNA-based depletion of c-Jun and ATF2 attenuated TNFα action on Map4k4 mRNA expression. Consistent with this concept, the phosphorylation of ATF2 along with the expression and phosphorylation of c-Jun by TNFα signaling was more robust and prolonged compared with that of IL-1β, which failed to modulate Map4k4. These data reveal that TNFα selectively stimulates the expression of a key component of its own signaling pathway, Map4k4, through a TNFR1-dependent mechanism that targets the transcription factors c-Jun and ATF2.
Prospect for development of a pulsed CPT Raman Ramsey clock using atomic vapor

The phenomenon of all-optical Ramsey interference using pulsed coherent population trapping (CPT) beams provides a new avenue for developing frequency standards using atomic vapor. In this study, we show that frequency narrowed Ramsey fringes can be produced in rubidium vapor without the effect of power broadening. We observed fringes of width as narrow as 1 kHz using a buffer-gas filled rubidium cell. A compact injection-locked laser (ILL) system was used to generate CPT beams. Studies also show that ac Stark effect on Ramsey fringes can be reduced, and higher frequency stability can be achieved in a clock application. The results are encouraging to propose an architecture for development of a pulsed CPT Ramsey clock. In this paper, we also provide related discussions on clock frequency stability, and our plans for future experiments.
Application of local discriminant bases discrimination algorithm for theater missile defense

The local discriminant bases (LDB) method is a powerful algorithmic framework that was originally developed by Coifman and Saito in 1994 as a technique for analyzing object classification problems. LDB is a feature extraction algorithm which selects a best-basis from a library of orthogonal bases based on relative entropy or a similar metric. The localized nature of these orthogonal basis functions often results in features that are easier to interpret and more intuitive than those obtained form more conventional methods. An evaluation of the best-basis technique using LDB was conducted with IR sensor data. In particular, our data set consisted of the intensity fluctuations of subpixel targets collected don a focal plane array. This 1D dat set provides a useful benchmark against current feature estimation/extraction algorithms as well as preparation for the much more difficult 2D problem. Significantly, LDB is an automated procedure. This has a number of potential advantages, including the ability to: (1) easily handle an increased threat set; and (2) significantly improve the productivity of the feature estimation 'expert' by removing them from the mechanics of the classification process.
Chromophore-Functionalized Glassy Polymers with Large Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Responses. Synthesis, Characterization, and Architecture-Processing-Response Characteristics of Poly(p-hydroxystyrenes) Functionalized with Chiral Chromophoric Side Chains

This paper reports a systematic study of the synthesis, characterization, and second-order nonlinear optical properties of a series of chromophore-functionalized glassy polymers prepared by covalently appending chiral N-(4-nitrophenyl)-(S)-prolinoxy ((S)-NPP) moieties to poly(p-hydroxystyrene) (PHS). Key issues are how macromolecule architecture, chromophore-chromophore interactions, and processing (including corona and contact electric field poling) modulate second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency as well as the temporal stability thereof. As probed by optical spectroscopy, optical rotation, FT-IR, homochiral versus racemic NPP substituents, and the dependence of SHG response on the chromophore number density, the effects of chromophore-chromophore interactions are found to be relatively minor for 16-90% functionalization of the PHS backbone. The nonresonant second harmonic coefficient, d 33 , for corona-poled films varies from 12.8 x 10 -9 to 79.0 x 10 -9 esu (λ = 1.064 μm) over this same functionalization range. The relationship of d 33 and the contact poling field is approximately linear with the poling field up to ∼1.3 MV/cm, beyond which saturation of the response is observed. Increasing NPP functionalization levels are accompanied by declining SHG temporal stability, which approximately tracks polymer T g values. SHG temporal stability subsequent to poling can be substantially enhanced by prepole film annealing which removes volatile, plasticizing contaminants (and/or minimizes free volume) and by simultaneous cross-linking with diexpoxide reagents. For example, simultaneous poling and cross-linking of (S)-NPP-PHS films with 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane effects a 3-fold enhancement in the long-term time constant for SHG decay at 25 °C. However, the influence of various diepoxides on film transparency and SHG temporal characteristics is a sensitive function of stoichiometry and diepoxide conformational mobility. An accompanying contribution explores quantitatively how poling methodology influences macromolecular dynamics and SHG temporal stability.
Favorable outcome in a twin pregnancy with complete hydatidiform mole and coexisting fetus

A complete hydatidiform mole coexisting with a normal fetus decreased in size in the second half of pregnancy, and the patient delivered a healthy infant at term. This and other reported cases suggest that the presence or absence of symptoms such as preeclampsia or bleeding predicts pregnancy outcome.
Message from the Workshop General Chairs [includes other messages]

As an integral part of the conference, the ICCCN workshop program provides international forums for scientists and engineers to exchange and share their experiences, research results, and new ideas on hot and emerging topics on computer communications and networks. This year we enjoyed the great privilege to have worked with researchers across the world in organizing nine workshops covering a variety of topics in the area of computer communications and networks. These workshops are: ContextQoS ? Context-Aware QoS Provisioning and Management for Emerging Networks, Applications and Services; PMECT ? Performance Modeling and Evaluation of Computer and Telecommunication Networks; WiMAN ? Wireless Mesh and Ad Hoc Networks; MCC ? Multimedia Computing and Communications; coHetNet ? Cooperative Heterogeneous Networks; MobiPST ? Privacy, Security and Trust in Mobile and Wireless Systems; NIME ? Networking Issues in Multimedia Entertainment; SecloT ? Security of the Internet of Things; and SN ? Sensor Networks.
The use of well controls: an unhealthy practice in psychiatric research.

Background. Studies comparing cases with controls to uncover the causes of psychiatric disorders are common in biological research. The validity of these studies depends upon adherence to the methodological principles underlying the case-control design. However, these principles are often violated. One common practice that violates these principles is the use of well controls. In this paper we describe the bias that it can cause and discuss why the use of well controls leads to invalidity in case-control studies. Method. Using hypothetical numerical examples we illustrate the consequences of using well controls. Results. The results illustrate that the use of well controls can cause substantial bias. In no instance does the use of well controls improve validity. Conclusions. We conclude that the use of well controls is an unhealthy practice in psychiatric research.
Structural Analysis of the −1 Ribosomal Frameshift Elements in Giardiavirus mRNA

The RNA polymerase of giardiavirus (GLV) is synthesized as a fusion protein through a −1 ribosomal frameshift in a region where gag and pol open reading frames (ORFs) overlap. A heptamer, CCCUUUA, and a potential pseudoknot found in the overlap were predicted to be required for the frameshift. A 68-nucleotide (nt) cDNA fragment containing these elements was inserted between the GLV 5′ 631-nt cDNA and the out-of-frame luciferase gene that required a −1 frameshift within the 68-nt fragment for expression. Giardia lamblia trophozoites transfected with the transcript of this construct showed a frameshift frequency at 1.7%, coinciding with the polymerase-to-capsid protein ratio in GLV. The heptamer is required for the frameshift but can be replaced with other sequences of the same motif. Mutations placing stop codons in the 0 or −1 frame, located directly before or after the heptamer, implicated the latter as the site for the −1 frameshift. Shortening or destroying the putative stem decreased the frameshift efficiency threefold; the efficiency was fully recovered by mutations to restore the stem. Deleting 18 nt from the 3′ end of the 68-nt fragment, which formed the second stem in the putative pseudoknot, had no effect on the frequency of the frameshift. Chemical probing of the RNA secondary structure in the frameshift region showed that bases resistant to chemical modification were clustered in the putative stem structures, thus confirming the presence of the postulated stem-loop, while all the bases in the loop were chemically modified, thus ruling out their capability of forming a pseudoknot. These results confirmed the conclusion based on data from the mutation study that there is but a simple stem-loop downstream from the heptamer. Together, they constitute the structural elements for a −1 ribosomal frameshift in the GLV transcript.
Heat Shock-Induced Apoptosis in Preimplantation Bovine Embryos Is a Developmentally Regulated Phenomenon

Apoptosis is a form of cell death that can function to eliminate cells damaged by environmental stress. One stress that can compromise embryonic development is elevated temperature (i.e., heat shock). For the current studies, we hypothesized that heat shock induces apoptosis in bovine embryos in a developmentally regulated manner. Studies were performed to 1) determine whether heat shock can induce apoptosis in preimplantation embryos, 2) test whether heat-induced apoptosis is developmentally regulated, 3) evaluate whether heat shock-induced changes in caspase activity parallel patterns of apoptosis, and 4) ascertain whether exposure to a mild heat shock can protect embryos from heat-induced apoptosis. As determined by TUNEL reaction, exposure of bovine embryos $16 cells on Day 5 after insemination to 41 or 428C for 9 h increased the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis. In addition, there was a durationdependent increase in the proportion of blastomeres that were apoptotic when embryos were exposed to temperatures of 40 or 418C, which are more characteristic of temperatures experienced by heat-stressed cows. Heat shock also increased caspase activity in Day 5 embryos. However, heat shock did not induce apoptosis in 2- or 4-cell embryos, nor did it increase caspase activity in 2-cell embryos. The apoptotic response of 8- to 16cell-stage bovine embryos to heat shock depended upon the day after insemination that heat shock occurred. When 8- to 16-cell embryos were collected on Day 3 after insemination, heat shock of 418C for 9 h did not induce apoptosis. In contrast, when 8to 16-cell embryos were collected on Day 4 after insemination and exposed to heat shock, there was an increase in the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis. Exposure of 8- to 16-cell embryos at Day 4 to a mild heat shock of 408C for 80 min blocked the apoptotic response to a subsequent, more-severe heat shock of 418C for 9 h. In conclusion, apoptosis is a developmentally acquired phenomenon that occurs in embryos exposed to elevated temperature, and it can be prevented by induced thermotolerance. apoptosis, developmental biology, early development, embryo, stress