cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discussing the processes constraining the Jovian synchrotron radio emission's features

Abstract Our recent analysis and understanding of the Jovian synchrotron radio emission with a radiation-belt model is presented. In this work, the electron population is determined by solving the Fokker–Planck diffusion equation and considering different physical processes. The results of the modeling are first compared to in situ particle data, brightness distributions, radio spectrum, and beaming curves to verify the simulated particle distributions. The dynamics of high-energy electrons in Jupiter's inner magnetosphere and their related radio emission are then examined. The results demonstrate that the Jovian moons set the extension and intensity of the synchrotron emission's brightness distribution along the magnetic equator. Simulations show that moons and dust both control the transport toward the planet by significantly reducing the abundance of particles constrained to populate, near the equator and inside 1.8 Jovian radii, the innermost region of the magnetosphere. Due to interactions with dust and synchrotron mechanism, radiation-belt electrons are moved along field lines, between Metis (1.79 Jovian radii) and Amalthea (2.54 Jovian radii), toward high latitudes. The quantity of particles transported away from the equator is sufficient to produce measurable secondary radio emissions. Among all the phenomena acting in the inner magnetosphere, the moons (Amalthea and Thebe) are the primary moderator for the radiation's intensity at high latitudes. Moon losses also affect the characteristics of the total radio flux with longitude. The sweeping effect amplifies the 10-h modulation of the beaming curve's amplitude while energy resonances occurring near Amalthea and Thebe belong to phenomena adjusting it to the right level. Interactions with dust do not significantly constrain radio spectrum features. Resonances near Amalthea and Thebe are responsible for the Jovian radio spectrum's particular slope.
Signalled versus unsignalled intravenous amphetamine: large differences in the acute psychomotor response and sensitization

Both the acute psychomotor response and the development of sensitization to amphetamine are attenuated if i.p. injections are given in the cage where animals live (HOME), relative to when injections are given in a novel (NOVEL), but otherwise physically identical cage. It was suggested that this effect of environment on sensitization may be due to the relative availability of cues predictive of drug administration in the two conditions. It was hypothesized, therefore, that removal of all environmental cues predictive of drug administration would attenuate the development of sensitization even further. This was accomplished by comparing the psychomotor activating effects (rotational behavior) of repeated unsignalled intravenous (i.v.) infusions of 1.0 mg/kg amphetamine given in a HOME environment with those of signalled i.v. infusions given in a NOVEL environment. It was found that signalled i.v. amphetamine administration (NOVEL) produced a large acute psychomotor response, and repeated administrations resulted in a significant increase in psychomotor response (i.e., sensitization). In contrast, the same treatment in the HOME condition produced only a very small acute response and no sensitization. Indeed, the magnitude of the psychomotor response to an amphetamine challenge varied approximately 23-fold as a function of past drug history and environmental condition. It is suggested that this paradigm provides a powerful new model to study how environmental factors modulate responsiveness to psychoactive drugs.
Role of the Met3534–Ala4271 Region of the Ryanodine Receptor in the Regulation of Ca2+ Release Induced by Calmodulin Binding Domain Peptide

CaMBP, a peptide corresponding to the 3614–3643 calmodulin (CaM) binding region of the ryanodine receptor (RyR1), is known to activate RyR1 Ca2+ channel. To analyze the mechanism of channel regulation by the CaMBP-RyR1 interaction, we investigated a), CaMBP binding to RyR1, b), induced local conformational changes in the CaMBP binding region of RyR1 using the fluorescent conformational probe badan attached to CaMBP (CaMBP-badan), and c), effects of “a” and “b” on SR Ca2+ release. We also monitored the interaction of CaMBP-badan with CaM and a peptide corresponding to the Met3534–Ala4271 region of RyR1 (R3534–4271) as a control. At lower peptide concentrations (≤15 μM), CaMBP binding to RyR1 increased the intensity of badan fluorescence emission at a shorter wavelength (the state resembling CaMBP-badan/Ca-CaM) and induced Ca2+ release. Further increase in CaMBP concentration (up to ∼50 μM) produced more binding of CaMBP accompanied by further increase in the badan fluorescence emission but at a longer wavelength (the state resembling CaMBP-badan/apo-CaM) and inhibited Ca2+ release. Binding of CaMBP-badan to R3534–4271 increased the intensity of badan fluorescence, showing the similar concentration-dependent red-shift of the emission maximum. It is proposed that CaMBP interacts with two classes of binding sites located in the Met3534–Ala4271 region of RyR1, which activate and inhibit the Ca2+ channel, respectively.
Fetal heart rate accelerations, fetal movement, and fetal behavior patterns in twin gestations.

Abstact OBJECTIVE : Previous studies have shown that twins, when monitored simultaneously, show a remarkably high incidence of coincident fetal heart rate accelerations (about 58%). The current study examines synchrony of behavior patterns in twins. STUDY DESIGN : We examined 37 fetal monitor strips from 15 sets of twins with simultaneous fetal heart rate and fetal movement recorded by means of Doppler techniques (Toitu MT-430 fetal actocardiograph). The strips were analyzed for coincidence of fetal heart rate accelerations and fetal movement episodes and then conceptually for synchrony of fetal behavior patterns on the basis of descriptions of behavioral states by Prechtl. RESULTS : Thirty-six percent of fetal heart rate accelerations were found to be simultaneous. Forty-three percent of movement epochs were considered simultaneous. We found that twins exhibited synchronous behavior patterns (basically sleep or awake state) 94.7% of the time. CONCLUSION Twin-twin interactions are more consistently related than suspected when observation is limited to heart. rate alone, and the synchrony and role of fetal behavior states must be considered when twin interactions and behavior are studied. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:1140–4.)
Anatomical arrangement of muscle tissue in the anterior mitral leaflet in man

Muscle tissue in atrioventricular (A-V) cardiac valve leaflets was studied in 35 human hearts and was found to be more prominent in the anterior leaflet of the mitral (MAL) than in the other valve leaflets. From serial sectioning and wax model reconstruction, the anatomic arrangement of the muscle in the MAL indicates bundles passing from the two commissural regions towards the mid-zone of the valve. Age did not appear to reduce the mass of muscle tissue in the MAL. The possibility of muscle contraction in the MAL increasing leaflet tension and accelerating post-artial movements received support by comparisons of the anterior and posterior leaflets of the mitral valve in their movements towards closure.
A general derivation of the binding potential.

Abstract A general derivation of the binding potential is given. In this approach, the ligands are treated as though they were partitioned between two phases. This permits a derivation of the binding potential without assumptions regarding the relative amount of chemically bound ligand to total ligand in the system.
Optical oscillator strengths for carbon

Abstract An analytic atomic independent particle model adjusted to experimental single-particle energy levels is used to generate wave functions for the excited states of carbon. Using these wave functions in conjunction with the Born approximation and the Russell-Saunders LS coupling scheme, we calculate optical oscillator strengths for various transitions from the 2p 2 ( 3 P 0 ) ground state. The results are compared to experiment and other calculations.
Polymer nanocomposites from organoclays: Structure and properties

Summary: Polymer nanocomposites formed from organically modified montmorillonite offer the promise of greatly improved properties over those of the matrix polymer, provided the organoclay can be dispersed, or exfoliated, into the polymer matrix to generate high aspect ratio particles. The exfoliation of organoclays in two series of ethylene-based polymers, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers and sodium ionomers of ethylene-methyacrylic acid copolymers, is described along with the properties of these nanocomposites.
Cramér-Rao bounds for posterior variances☆

Abstract The paper obtains Cramer-Rao type bounds for posterior variances. Conditions are provided for attainability of these bounds. The present bounds are usually more widely applicable, and are often sharper than the ones reported in Schutzenberger (1957). Also, our results extend immediately to find lower bounds of posterior risks, and subsequently of Bayes risks of parameters of interest. Such results can be contrasted to the findings of Gart (1959) who obtained lower bounds for Bayes risks of estimators from which posterior risks are not easy to retrieve. We have provided also multiparameter generalization of our results. Finally, certain Bhattacharyya type bounds for posterior variances are also obtained. In contrast to the usual technique of differentiation under integration for finding Cramer-Rao bounds, our method of proof involves integration by parts.
The distribution and metabolism of lysergic acid diethylamide.

Late in the 1950s, Axelrod became interested in the distribution, excretion, metabolization and rate of "biotransformation" of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) by the body. In this first of several articles on the narcotic drug, he detailed the subcellular processes involved in the transformation of LSD, determined the order of concentrations of the drug in various tissues, determined that it was almost completely metabolized by the body, and found that their were considerable differences between various animal species in the rate of biotransformation of LSD.
Shape-selective sieving layers on an oxide catalyst surface

New porous materials such as zeolites, metal–organic frameworks and mesostructured oxides are of immense practical utility for gas storage, separations and heterogeneous catalysis. Their extended pore structures enable selective uptake of molecules or can modify the product selectivity (regioselectivity or enantioselectivity) of catalyst sites contained within. However, diffusion within pores can be problematic for biomass and fine chemicals, and not all catalyst classes can be readily synthesized with pores of the correct dimensions. Here, we present a novel approach that adds reactant selectivity to existing, non-porous oxide catalysts by first grafting the catalyst particles with single-molecule sacrificial templates, then partially overcoating the catalyst with a second oxide through atomic layer deposition. This technique is used to create sieving layers of Al2 O 3 (thickness, 0.4–0.7 nm) with ‘nanocavities’ (<2 nm in diameter) on a TiO 2 photocatalyst. The additional layers result in selectivity (up to 9:1) towards less hindered reactants in otherwise unselective, competitive photocatalytic oxidations and transfer hydrogenations.
A multilocus study of an experimental barley population

Morphological marker loci and enzyme loci were studied in the experimental barley population Composite Cross II. This population was started in 1929 by crossing 28 varieties of barley and pooling equal numbers of the F2 seed. Subsequently, the population has been grown at Davis, Calif., without conscious selection. Large directional changes occurred in allelic frequencies for four of the five enzyme loci studied. A decline in genie diversity occurred at all the morphological marker loci, and three of these loci became monomorphic after 45 generations. The esterase loci were significantly associated with each other, but other loci did not form as significant associations. Multilocus associations fluctuated in intensity over generations, being weaker in the intermediate generations studied than in the early or late generations. These patterns must be largely due to natural selection, but whether selection acts directly on these loci cannot be resolved.
Mutations in CAX1 produce phenotypes characteristic of plants tolerant to serpentine soils

Plant tolerance of serpentine soils is potentially an excellent model for studying the genetics of adaptive variation in natural populations. A large-scale viability screen of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants on a defined nutrient solution with a low Ca(2+) : Mg(2+) ratio (1 : 24 mol : mol), typical of serpentine soils, yielded survivors with null alleles of the tonoplast calcium-proton antiporter CAX1. cax1 mutants have most of the phenotypes associated with tolerance to serpentine soils, including survival in solutions with a low Ca(2+) : Mg(2+) ratio; requirement for a high concentration of Mg(2+) for maximum growth; reduced leaf tissue concentration of Mg(2+); and poor growth performance on 'normal' levels of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+). A physiological model is proposed to explain how loss-of-function cax1 mutations could produce all these phenotypes characteristic of plants adapted to serpentine soils, why 'normal' plants are unable to survive on serpentine soil, and why serpentine-adapted plants are unable to compete on 'normal' soils.
Anal warts and anal cancer

Abstract The incidence of anal cancer is higher in patients with anal canal condyloma, a sexually transmitted disease, than in the general population. The prevalence of anal dysplasia and cancer in patients with anal canal condyloma with respect to HIV status, immunity status, and human papillomavirus types was determined. In 174 consecutive patients (114 HIV positive, 60 HIV negative) with anal canal condyloma, lesions were cured and the patients were then observed prospectively. Several factors differed significantly between HIV positive and HIV negative patients: Langerhans cells/mm anal tissue (15 vs 30), oncogenic human papillomavirus (27% vs 13%), other current infections (44% vs 0%), and sex ratio (93% vs 73% male). During follow-up, condylomas relapsed in 75% of the HIV positive patients, with 19 high grade dysplasias (HGDs) and one invasive carcinoma, but relapsed in only 6% of HIV negative patients with HGDs. The authors conclude that the prevalence of HGD and carcinoma is higher in HIV positive patients than in HIV negative ones, probably because of HPV activity. HIV positive patients with high serum HIV loads and/or histories of anal dysplasia should be examined by anoscopy, and condylomas should be analyzed histologically.
A microcomputer program for evaluation analysis

Abstract Systematic program/policy evaluation generally involves processing a set of (I) goals to be achieved, (2) alternative programs or policies for achieving them, and (3) relations between goals and alternatives in order to arrive at the best alternative, combination, or allocation. The nature of evaluation thus leads to such analytic problems as (1) multiple dimensions on multiple goals, (2) multiple missing information, (3) multiple alternatives that are too many to determine the effects of each one, (4) multiple and possibly conflicting, constraints, and (5) the need for simplicity in spite of all that multiplicity. Microcomputers aid in overcoming all five problems by facilitating such methods as (1) paired comparisons, weighted raw scores, and part/whole percentaging to deal with multi-dimensionality, (2) sensitivity analysis to deal with missing information, (3) allocation percentages to deal with multiple alternatives, (4) sub-optimizing to deal with conflicting constraints, and (5) decision matrices to deal with the need for simplicity.
Crystal Structure of a Sulfur Carrier Protein Complex Found in the Cysteine Biosynthetic Pathway of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The structure of the protein complex CysM−CysO from a new cysteine biosynthetic pathway found in the H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been determined at 1.53 A resolution. CysM (Rv1336) is a PLP-containing β-replacement enzyme and CysO (Rv1335) is a sulfur carrier protein with a ubiquitin-like fold. CysM catalyzes the replacement of the acetyl group of O-acetylserine by CysO thiocarboxylate to generate a protein-bound cysteine that is released in a subsequent proteolysis reaction. The protein complex in the crystal structure is asymmetric with one CysO protomer binding to one end of a CysM dimer. Additionally, the structures of CysM and CysO were determined individually at 2.8 and 2.7 A resolution, respectively. Sequence alignments with homologues and structural comparisons with CysK, a cysteine synthase that does not utilize a sulfur carrier protein, revealed high conservation of active site residues; however, residues in CysM responsible for CysO binding are not conserved. Comparison of the CysM−CysO binding interface with other sulfur carrier protein complexes revealed a similarity in secondary structural elements that contribute to complex formation in the ThiF−ThiS and MoeB−MoaD systems, despite major differences in overall folds. Comparison of CysM with and without bound CysO revealed conformational changes associated with CysO binding.
Surface Ligand Dynamics in Growth of Nanocrystals

Amine ligands were identified to bond on the surface of CdSe nanocrystals in a dynamic fashion under elevated temperatures in the reproducible growth domain of the specific designed growth reactions. The surface ligand dynamics was found to strongly depend on the growth temperature, the ligand concentration, and the ligand chain length. The strong chain-length dependence was originated from the interligand interactions in the ligand monolayer of a nanocrystal, provided fatty amines being weak ligands for CdSe nanocrystals. When the growth reaction was above the boiling point of an amine ligand, the surface ligand dynamics was violent, a quasi-gas-phase state, indicated by strong temperature-dependent and fast growth rates of the nanocrystals. Approximately below its boiling point, a significantly weak temperature dependence of the growth rate of the nanocrystals associated with the quasi-liquid state of the surface ligands was observed. A direct result of studying the surface ligand dynamics of this well-established nanocrystal system was the formation of high-quality CdSe nanocrystals under much reduced temperature, 150 degrees C, in comparison to the standard 250-350 degrees C temperature range. This was achieved by using fatty amines with a short hydrocarbon chain at a low ligand concentration in the solution. Preliminary results indicate that a similar temperature (160 degrees C) also worked for the growth of InP nanocrystals.
Synthesis and reactivity of the putative neurotoxin tryptamine-4,5-dione

Abstract In dilute aqueous solution at physiological pH tryptamine-4,5-dione (1; ≤200 μ m ) slowly reacts to give 3-(2-aminoethyl)-6-[3′-(2-aminoethyl)-indol-4′,5′-dione-7-yl]-5-hydroxyindole-4,7-dione (7) as the major product. Attempts to isolate pure solid samples of 1 by freeze-drying a chromatographically pure solution of the dione always results in the formation of significant (15–35%) amounts of 7,7′-bi-(5-hydroxytryptamine-4-one) (10). Similarly, relatively high concentrations of 1 (e.g., 20 m m ) in vehicles such as 0.5 m NH4Cl, pH 7.0, or isotonic saline containing ascorbic acid (1 mg/ml) at pH 3 rapidly transform into dimer 10, which subsequently polymerizes. Dione 1 has been claimed to be a neurotoxin which when administered into the brains of laboratory animals causes nerve terminal damage similar to that observed in human Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the present study suggests that under the conditions employed to prepare and centrally adminster solutions of 1 it would be almost completely transformed to 10. Procedures are given to prepare the solutions of dione 1 and to assess the purity of such solutions.
The effect of emotional factors on football injury rates--a pilot study.

Abstract The Life Event Scale for Adolescents (LES-A) was used to gather data regarding the events that had occurred during the previous year from 114 high school football players. Injuries during the season were classified according to the National Athletic Injury/Illness Reporting System (NAIRS). The findings indicated that players who experienced more family instability, particularly those who experienced parental illnesses, separations, divorces and deaths, were more likely to sustain a significant injury. It is postulated that a player's mental or emotional state may increase his risk of injury.
Fidelity and breeding probability related to population density and individual quality in black brent geese Branta bernicla nigricans.

Summary 1 Patterns of temporary emigration (associated with non-breeding) are important components of variation in individual quality. Permanent emigration from the natal area has important implications for both individual fitness and local population dynamics. 2 We estimated both permanent and temporary emigration of black brent geese (Branta bernicla nigricans Lawrence) from the Tutakoke River colony, using observations of marked brent geese on breeding and wintering areas, and recoveries of ringed individuals by hunters. We used the likelihood developed by Lindberg, Kendall, Hines & Anderson 2001 (Combining band recovery data and Pollock's robust design to model temporary and permanent emigration. Biometrics, 57, 273–281) to assess hypotheses and estimate parameters. 3 Temporary emigration (the converse of breeding) varied among age classes up to age 5, and differed between individuals that bred in the previous years vs. those that did not. Consistent with the hypothesis of variation in individual quality, individuals with a higher probability of breeding in one year also had a higher probability of breeding the next year. 4 Natal fidelity of females ranged from 0·70 ± 0·07–0·96 ± 0·18 and averaged 0·83. In contrast to Lindberg et al. (1998), we did not detect a relationship between fidelity and local population density. Natal fidelity was negatively correlated with first-year survival, suggesting that competition among individuals of the same age for breeding territories influenced dispersal. Once females nested at the Tutakoke River, colony breeding fidelity was 1·0. 5 Our analyses show substantial variation in individual quality associated with fitness, which other analyses suggest is strongly influenced by early environment. Our analyses also suggest substantial interchange among breeding colonies of brent geese, as first shown by Lindberg et al. (1998).
Analysis of subsurface crack propagation under rolling contact loading in railroad wheels using FEM

A general subsurface crack propagation analysis methodology for the wheel/rail rolling contact fatigue problem is developed in this paper. A three-dimensional elasto-plastic finite element model is used to calculate stress intensity factors in wheels, in which a sub-modeling technique is used to achieve both computational efficiency and accuracy. Then the fatigue damage in the wheel is calculated using a previously developed mixed-mode fatigue crack propagation model. The advantages of the proposed methodology are that it can accurately represent the contact stress of complex mechanical components and can consider the effect of loading non-proportionality. The effects of wheel diameter, vertical loading amplitude, initial crack size, location and orientation on stress intensity factor range are investigated using the proposed model. The prediction results of the proposed methodology are compared with in-field observations.
MO-E-17A-01: BEST IN PHYSICS (IMAGING) - Calculating SSDE From CT Exams Using Size Data Available in the DICOM Header of CT Localizer Radiographs

Purpose: To demonstrate the feasibility of using existing data stored within the DICOM header of certain CT localizer radiographs as a patient size metric for calculating CT size-specific dose estimates (SSDE). Methods: For most Siemens CT scanners, the CT localizer radiograph (topogram) contains a private DICOM field that stores an array of numbers describing AP and LAT attenuation-based measures of patient dimension. The square root of the product of the AP and LAT size data, which provides an estimate of water-equivalent-diameter (WED), was calculated retrospectively from topogram data of 20 patients who received clinically-indicated abdomen/pelvis (n=10) and chest (n=10) scans (WED-topo). In addition, slice-by-slice water-equivalent-diameter (WED-image) and effective diameter (ED-image) values were calculated from the respective image data. Using TG-204 lookup tables, size-dependent conversion factors were determined based upon WED-topo, WED-image and ED-image values. These conversion factors were used with the reported CTDIvol to calculate slice-by-slice SSDE for each method. Averaging over all slices, a single SSDE value was determined for each patient and size metric. Patientspecific SSDE and CTDIvol values were then compared with patientspecific organ doses derived from detailed Monte Carlo simulations of fixed tube current scans. Results: For abdomen/pelvis scans, the average difference between liver dose andmore » CTDIvol, SSDE(WED-topo), SSDE(WED-image), and SSDE(ED-image) was 18.70%, 8.17%, 6.84%, and 7.58%, respectively. For chest scans, the average difference between lung dose and CTDIvol, SSDE(WED-topo), SSDE(WED-image), and SSDE(ED-image) was 25.80%, 3.33%, 4.11%, and 7.66%, respectively. Conclusion: SSDE calculated using WED derived from data in the DICOM header of the topogram was comparable to SSDE calculated using WED and ED derived from axial images; each of these estimated organ dose to within 10% for both abdomen/pelvis and chest CT examinations. The topogrambased method has the advantage that WED data are already provided and therefore available without additional post-processing of the image data. Funding Support: NIH Grant R01-EB017095; Disclosures - Michael McNitt-Gray: Institutional Research Agreement, Siemens AG; Research Support, Siemens AG; Consultant, Flaherty Sensabaugh Bonasso PLLC; Consultant, Fulbright and Jaworski; Disclosures - Cynthia McCollough: Research Grant, Siemens Healthcare.« less
Dissociation of ribosomal ribonucleic acid from silkmoth pupae by heat and dimethylsulfoxide: Evidence for specific cleavage points☆

Abstract Phenol treatment of wing epidermal tissue from Hyalophora cecropia silkmoth pupae yields RNA with ribosomal components having slightly lower sedimentation rates than those from rat liver. These are designated 26 s and 17s. Heating for three minutes at 50 or 60 °C abolishes the 26 s component, the material of which then appears quantitatively in the 17 s position in sucrose gradient analyses. Isolated 26 s RNA breaks down in the same manner, whereas native 17 s RNA is unaltered by brief heat treatment. Gradual degradation attributable to nuclease action, exhibited by both 26 s and 17 s components, is kinetically distinct from the sharp thermal dissociation. The thermal dissociation is inhibited by NaCl (0.4 m ) or magnesium ions. Similar conversion of 26 s RNA to a 17 s product is brought about by 80% dimethylsulfoxide at 0 °C. It is attributed to separation of base-paired secondary structure at points of pre-existing cleavage in the polynucleotide chain. The homogeneity of the dissociated product indicates specificity in the points of cleavage, which, it is suggested, may be due to nuclease action in the intact ribosome. RNA heavier than 26 s, demonstrated in the same preparations by pulse labeling and presumed to represent ribosomal precursor, is stable during brief heating.
Seasonal and Regional Variation in the Correlation of Thunderstorm Days with Tornado Frequency

Abstract The goal of this study was to determine the degree of correlation between monthly values of thunderstorm days and tornado occurrences in the eastern United States and to determine the geographic and seasonal patterns of significantly correlated areas. In an initial 8-year analysis (January 1968–December 1975) for each of 124 2° squares of longitude and latitude the number of days with thunderstorms for one city within each square was correlated by month with the number of tornado occurrences. This analysis revealed that 110 coefficients of 1488 (124 squares × 12 months) were significant at the 95% confidence level. Only five coefficients were negative. The pattern of significant squares suggests that strong correlation is most likely at a place during the month(s) of average passage of the polar front. In a second analysis the 124 squares used in the initial analysis were grouped into 33 regions and into four seasons. Maps of the r values in these 33 regions and four seasons were prepared which s...
Predicting Benzene Vapor Concentrations with a Near Field/Far Field Model

Published data on benzene vapor concentrations in work simulation settings were used to examine the predictive ability of a near field/far field vapor dispersion model with an exponentially decreasing vapor emission rate. A given simulation involved two 15-min periods of applying a known volume of benzene-containing liquid to equipment on a worktable in a room with a measured air exchange rate. Replicate personal breathing zone (15-min time-weighted average, TWA) and room area (1-hr TWA) air samples were collected. In our modeling, the benzene vapor concentration in the near field zone (at the worktable) represented the personal breathing zone exposure level, and the benzene vapor concentration in the far field zone represented the room area concentration. Across 10 simulation combinations of two factors (the mass of benzene applied and the room air exchange rate), the mean of the personal breathing zone exposure levels ranged from 0.2 to 9.9 mg m−3, and the mean of the room area concentrations ranged fro...
Trace element contents in European species of wild growing edible mushrooms: A review for the period 2000–2009

Abstract The review follows a previous report ( Kalac & Svoboda, 2000) , focused on cadmium, mercury and lead. Numerous papers on the topic, published during the last decade, rendered a lot of new information on 15 reviewed metals and metalloids and limited information on a further 14 elements and lanthanides. Usual reported contents for most of species grown in unpolluted sites are 20–150 (Al), 0.5–5 (As), 2–4 (Ba), 1–5 (Cd),
Towards Increased Waste Loading in High Level Waste Glasses: Developing a Better Understanding of Crystallization Behavior

Abstract A number of waste components in US defense high level radioactive wastes (HLW) have proven challenging for current Joule heated ceramic melter (JCHM) operations and have limited the ability to increase waste loadings beyond already realized levels. Many of these “troublesome” waste species cause crystallization in the glass melt that can negatively impact product quality or have a deleterious effect on melter processing. Recent efforts at US Department of Energy laboratories have focused on understanding crystallization behavior within HLW glass melts and investigating approaches to mitigate the impacts of crystallization so that increases in waste loading can be realized. Advanced glass formulations have been developed to highlight the unique benefits of next-generation melter technologies such as the Cold Crucible Induction Melter (CCIM). Crystal-tolerant HLW glasses have been investigated to allow sparingly soluble components such as chromium to crystallize in the melter but pass out of the melter before accumulating. The Hanford site AZ-101 tank waste composition represents a waste group that is waste loading limited primarily due to high concentrations of Fe 2 O 3 (with higher Al 2 O 3 ). Systematic glass formulation development utilizing slightly higher process temperatures and higher tolerance to spinel crystals demonstrated that an increase in waste loading of more than 20% could be achieved for this waste composition, and by extension higher loadings for wastes in the same group.
Orbital Subperiosteal Hematoma From Scuba Diving

Only a few cases of nontraumatic orbital subperiosteal hematoma due to scuba diving have been reported, and this is the first of such cases that underwent surgical intervention. This injury results from negative pressure within the face mask, suctioning orbital tissues into the mask after incomplete equilibration of pressure on descent. Valsalva maneuver is a second mechanism implicated in the etiology of this injury. Recognition of this injury is of the utmost importance because vision loss is a possible complication if there is compression of the optic nerve or increased intraocular pressure. In many cases of nontraumatic orbital hematoma, conservative management is adequate; however, this case was an exception due to worsening exam findings. Divers may be able to prevent this injury by frequent and gentle equilibration of mask pressure on descent.
Sonographic diagnosis of thoracic gastroenteric cyst in utero

A case of prenatal sonographic detection of a posterior mediastinal cyst in an otherwise normal fetus is presented. Following surgical excision 5 days after birth, histological examination confirmed the cyst to be gastroenteric. The differential diagnosis and clinical value of prenatal detection are discussed.
Separation of Type 2 Toxins of Vibrio cholerae

Choleragenic toxin was separated from vascular permeability factor by ion-exchange chromatography of supernatants of dialyzed peptone cultures of Vibrio cholerae. The choleragenic toxin eluted from columns of QAE-Sephadex with low-ionicity systems is free of permeability factor activity. Further elution of these columns with 0.5M NaCl removes both the permeability factor and residual choleragenic toxin. When this latter material is chromatographed on columns of carboxymethyl-Sephadex, the permeability factor toxin is eluted by 0.02M phosphate buffer and is free of choleragenic activity. Therefore, choleragenic and permeability factor activities of the type 2 cholera toxins are different and can be separated by these procedures.
IN VIVO AND IN VITRO ACTIVITY OF TOLERANT ANTI-LEUKAEMIA SERUM.

IN previous work we have shown that after the induction of artificial immunological tolerance in the rabbit to normal mouse tissues, subsequent immunization with tumour produces tolerant anti-tumour sera. These show low murine toxicity and significantly greater toxicity for the tumour than do non-tolerant anti-tumour sera or anti-sera against normal tissues—tolerant or non-tolerant. So far we have prepared such tolerant specific antisera against the transplantable Ehrlich ascites tumour1,2 and the spontaneous AKR lymphatic leukaemia3,4. The assays of these anti-sera have been done in vivo. Other workers have also reported tolerant specific anti-tumour sera using both homologous5–8 and isologous9,10 tumours.
Biliary excretion of silver in the rat, rabbit, and dog☆

Abstract The fecal elimination of silver is more important than urinary elimination. Within 4 days after iv administration of silver to the rat (0.1 mg/kg), 70% is excreted into the feces and less than 1% into the urine. The disappearance of 110Ag from the plasma and its excretion into the bile were measured for 2 hr after the iv administration of 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, and 0.3 mg/kg of silver to rats. The concentration of silver in the bile was 16–20 times higher than that of the plasma. With the two lower doses of silver used, the overall plasma-to-bile gradient was due almost equally to the plasma-to-liver gradient and the liver-to-bile gradient and with the two higher doses of silver the liver-to-bile gradient became more important. Marked species variation in the biliary excretion of silver was observed. Rabbits excreted silver at a rate about 1 10 , and dogs excreted silver at a rate about 1 100 of that observed in the rat. These results suggest that while species variation exist, biliary excretion is an important route for the elimination of silver.
Experimental Study of Relaxation Processes for Divalent Cobalt Ions

The nuclear orientation produced for stable ${\mathrm{Co}}^{59}$ nuclei of divalent cobalt ions in the $X$ site of ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Zn}}_{3}$${(\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{12}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}24${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O by saturation of allowed and forbidden transitions between levels of the hyperfine structure in a strong magnetic field has been deduced from measurements of the intensity of allowed transitions while some other transition was saturated. These measurements give more detailed results than just the nuclear orientation; and, when combined with transient measurements, permit one to deduce the values of the many relaxation rates. The relaxation rates depend strongly on the direction of the applied magnetic field but can all be predicted rather accurately by the theory presented in the preceding paper when an appropriate and reasonable choice is made for the four constants left undetermined in that theory. The temperature dependence of the relaxation rates is of the form $\frac{1}{(aT+b{T}^{9})}$ and, below 2.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the direct process dominates. The most striking effects are the extreme importance of the hyperfine relaxation effects, and a perfect Overhauser effect, producing nuclear alignment opposite in sign from that usually anticipated.
Threonine appears to be essential for proliferation of human as well as mouse embryonic stem cells.

Mouse embryonic stem (mES) cell proliferation depends exclusively on the nutritionally essential amino acid, L-threonine, in the medium. Other essential and non-essential amino acids need not be added to the medium for mES cell proliferation. Furthermore, the threonine analog, 3-hydroxynorvaline (3-HNV), selectively inhibits mES cell proliferation (Wang et al., 2009). HeLa, MEF and 3T3 cell growth all are not affected by 3-HNV. Selective inhibition of ES cell proliferation by 3-HNV is expected to have teratogenic and embryotoxic effects on development, and these effects have been observed in chicken and mouse embryos (Louw et al., 2005). It has been proposed that rapid catabolism via threonine dehydrogenase (TDH) accounts for how threonine supplementation is needed to support mES cell proliferation and that TDH is the site of 3-HNV inhibition of mES cell proliferation (Wang et al., 2009; Han et al., 2013; Chen and Wang, 2014). In support of this possibility, TDH induction enhances reprogramming of mouse somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, and 3-HNV inhibits this induction (Han et al., 2013). The concentrations of threonine or 3-HNV needed for mES cell proliferation or its inhibition are, however, over an order of magnitude lower than the apparent Km or Ki values for interaction of threonine or 3-HNV with TDH (Wang et al., 2009). Hence, another mechanism may account for the influences of threonine and 3-HNV on mES cell proliferation. To test this hypothesis, we determined whether 3-HNV inhibits human embryonic stem (hES) cell proliferation. Humans produce truncated and apparently inactive TDH proteins that cannot make appropriate contact with 3-HNV, threonine or NAD+, the cofactor needed for TDH activity (Edgar, 2002).
THE EFFECT OF ACUTE RADIATION INJURY ON THE PERMEABILITY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF INTRACEREBRAL CAPILLARIES

A study was made on the vascular permeability alteration produced in the rat brain 2 to 9 days after a single application of 30 krad of X-rays. The permeability was assessed by fluorescence and electron microscopy following intravenous injection of Evans blue-albumin (EBA) and horseradish peroxidase (HP). Both tracers penetrated vascular walls and spread extensively outside the vessels in the irradiated regions. The HP penetrated between separated endothelial cells or through gaps formed by necrotic endothelial cells. The vascular basement membranes and the perivascular astrocytes did not prevent the further diffusion of HP. Lesions of the vascular endothelium are considered to be of crucial importance for the extravasation of proteins in acute radionecrosis of the brain.
Putting smell on the map

The vertebrate olfactory system must cope with a staggering developmental problem: how to connect millions of olfactory neurons expressing different odorant receptors to appropriate targets in the brain. Recent studies demonstrate remarkable plasticity in integrating novel olfactory sensory neurons into this circuitry.
Mitigating the hazards of Mount Rainier

Mount Rainier volcano is an ever-present reminder to the more than three million inhabitants of the Puget Sound Lowland of the potentially hazardous geologic setting of the Pacific Northwest. Increased public awareness resulting from the recent eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Nevado del Ruiz, and Mount Pinatubo, among others, and the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI)'s designation of Mount Rainier as a Decade Volcano [Swanson et al., 1992] afford an opportunity to improve our knowledge about Mount Rainier with the goal of reducing these hazards. A workshop to discuss research needs and strategies, cosponsored by the National Academy of Sciences, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the University of Washington, was held at the University of Washington in Seattle from September 18 to 20, 1992. About seventy-five Earth scientists, social scientists, and representatives of several companies and government agencies attended.
Successful transgastric drainage of a large mucinous adenocarcinoma of the stomach for palliation of malignant gastric luminal obstruction.

Six months prior to being seen at our institution, a 30year-old man presented with sudden onset of large volume ascites. The fluid cytology revealed malignant cells. An exploratory laparotomy revealed massive peritoneal involvement with metastatic mucinous adenocarcinoma, signet ring type. An ulcerated neoplasm at the gastro-esophageal junction was found on esophagogastroduodenoscopy; it was biopsied and demonstrated moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. CTscan showed thickening of the gastric wall. He received several rounds of chemotherapy over several months. One month prior to the patient being seen at our institution, a CTscan showed compression of the stomach lumen by a large cystic mass arising from the wall of the stomach (Fig. 1). He presented to Mayo Clinic with anorexia, nausea, and postprandial vomiting of both solids and liquids, and had required 2 hospitalizations for dehydration with weight loss of 50 pounds over 2 months. Gastroenterology was consulted for advice on feeding options. A PEG or percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tube was not possible because of the large volume ascites and gastric compression. A nasojejunal tube was declined by the patient. Transmural drainage was offered as a novel approach for palliation. An EUS was done to confirm that the lesion was composed primarily of liquid and amenable to drainage. The EUS showed a large cystic mass abutting the greater curvature of the stomach, consisting mostly of nonviscous fluid with a small solid component (Fig. 2). It was determined, by the endoscopic appearance, that the lesion was fluid, and a primary aspirate was not performed. The presence of viscous contents might have necessitated the use of lavage, though the 10-mm stent would have been adequate to drain viscous fluid, as opposed to 10F plastic stents.
Early predictors of prolonged mechanical ventilation in major torso trauma patients who require resuscitation.

Abstract Background The study purpose was to identify early predictors of prolonged mechanical ventilation in major torso trauma patients. Methods This was a retrospective review of torso trauma patients who met specific criteria for shock resuscitation and required 48 hours of mechanical ventilation. Independent variables evaluated included patient demographics, injury characteristics, and initial 24-hour resuscitation parameters. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed using a significance level of P Results Over 59 months, 224 patients met study criteria. Age was 34 years (range 25 to 69), 68% were male, 78% sustained blunt trauma, and injury severity score was 27 (range 18 to 38). Thirty-three percent required prolonged mechanical ventilation. In the analysis, predictors of prolonged mechanical ventilation included total fluid resuscitation, facial trauma, age, positive end-expiratory pressure ≥10 mm Hg on admission, arterial partial pressure of oxygen divided by the fraction of inspired oxygen ratio less than 300 at 24 hours, and chest abbreviated injury scale score. Conclusions The need for prolonged mechanical ventilation can be accurately predicted and these predictors may assist clinicians in resource allocation and patient management decisions.
Synthesis-dependent first-order Raman scattering in SrTiO3 nanocubes at room temperature

Raman spectroscopy was used to demonstrate that the lattice dynamics of SrTiO3 (STO) nanoparticles strongly depends on their microstructure, which is in turn determined by the synthetic approach employed. First-order Raman modes are observed at room temperature in STO single-crystalline nanocubes with average edge lengths of 60 and 120 nm, obtained via sol-precipitation coupled with hydrothermal synthesis and a molten salt procedure, respectively. First-order Raman scattering arises from local loss of inversion symmetry caused by surface frozen dipoles, oxygen vacancies, and impurities incorporated into the host lattice. The presence of polar domains is suggested by the pronounced Fano asymmetry of the peak corresponding to the TO2 polar phonon, which does not vanish at room temperature. These noncentrosymmetric domains will likely influence the dielectric response of these nanoparticles.
A MicroRNA as a Translational Repressor of APETALA2 in Arabidopsis Flower Development

Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) show a high degree of sequence complementarity to, and are believed to guide the cleavage of, their target messenger RNAs. Here, I show that miRNA172, which can base-pair with the messenger RNA of a floral homeotic gene, APETALA2, regulates APETALA2 expression primarily through translational inhibition. Elevated miRNA172 accumulation results in floral organ identity defects similar to those in loss-of-function apetala2 mutants. Elevated levels of mutant APETALA2 RNA with disrupted miRNA172 base pairing, but not wild-type APETALA2 RNA, result in elevated levels of APETALA2 protein and severe floral patterning defects. Therefore, miRNA172 likely acts in cell-fate specification as a translational repressor of APETALA2 in Arabidopsis flower development.
Using a Difference-in-Differences Approach to Estimate the Effects of Teacher Merit Pay on Student Performance

The present study uses a difference-in-differences approach to estimate the effects of teacher merit pay on student graduation rates and dropout rates. Using district-level data from the Schools and Staffing Survey for the years 1999–2000, 2004–2005, and 2007–2008, results of the present study suggest that merit pay for excellence in teaching has statistically significant and positive effects on the district-level graduation rate, but no significant effect on dropout rates. Merit pay for national teacher certification, however, had no effects on either dropout rates or graduation rates.
Morphological instabilities in directional solidification of a binary alloy: endeffects

This paper considers the unidirectional solidification of a binary alloy for which the liquid and solid phases are bounded by endwalls. In order to account for the transport of latent heat and solute, thermal and solutal boundary layers must be placed at the solidifying interface. Further, under the assumption of fixed temperature gradients, the presence of the endwalls leads to a velocity of solidification that decreases with time, and hence to an unsteady basic state having a planar interface. From a stability analysis of this state, a nonlinear long-wave evolution equation of Sivashinsky type is derived, with modified coefficients, that shows how the onset of cellular structure is delayed by the presence of endwalls.