cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Movements in the Myelin Schwann Sheath of the Vertebrate Axon

THE demonstration in our laboratory that radioactive amino-acid and uridine label the myelin lamellae of vertebrate peripheral nerve and penetrate into the axon1–3 raised the problem of the route and mechanism of transport of these materials through the layered sheath4. Two mechanisms seemed salient: direct transfer through the battery of stacked myelin membranes, governed by the forces involved in transport across membranes; and transport within the Schwann cytoplasm into the depths of the myelin via the Schmidt–Lanterman clefts, perhaps propelled by movements of the Schwann cell body. These speculations, particularly the second one, led us to examine the myelin sheaths of living nerve fibres with lapsed-time microcinematography. We report our findings on movements in the myelin sheath, with particular reference to the clefts.
Recent improvements in benzene chemistry for radiocarbon dating

Abstract Benzene radiocarbon dating is discussed in view of recent improved chemistry. A high yield benzene catalyst is described which eliminates concern for carbon isotope fractionation, benzene purity and extensive sample preparation time.
Oxidation-reduction midpoint potentials of the mitochondrial flavoproteins.

Abstract The potentiometric titrations of the mitochondrial flavoprotein reveal the presence of three absorbing and/or fluorescent species. The respective midpoint potentials are: −45 mV, −160 mV and about −220 mV.
Evaporative Water Losses of Some Small Australian Lizards

Water loses of small (1.5 to 4.6 g) representatives of three species of Australian lizards, Amphibolurus ornatus (Agamidae), Gehyra variegata (Gekkonidae), and Sphenomorphus labillardieri (Scincidae), were determined from weight losses incurred by the animals in a dry atmosphere. In one set of experiments conducted at 20°C, the animals were unrestrained in their chambers.The rates of total water loss by A. ornatus, G. variegata, and S. labillardieri averaged 1.9 g (100g day)—1, 3.0 g (100g day)—1, and 6.8 g (100 day)—1, respectively. These rates primarily reflect the evaporative loss of water. The differences among them did not appear to result from differences in activity, for the metabolic rates of S. labillardieri and A. ornatus both approximated 0.07 cc O2 (g hr)—1. In a second set of experiments conducted at 20 and 30°C, the water losses of restrained individuals were compartmentalized. The total loss by A. ornatus averaged significantly lower than that by G. variegata and S. labillardieri at both temperatures. This resulted primarily from differences in pulmonary water loss among the three lizards. At 20°C cutaneous loss accounts for 70% of the evaporative loss by A. ornatus and variegata and 41% of that by S. labillardieri. The percentages are somewhat lower at 30°C owing to the greater effect of temperature on pulmonary than on cutaneous loss. The distributions of these three lizards correlate well with these observations on water loss, A. ornatus and G. variegata reaching hotter and drier sections of Australia than S. labillardieri.
Field-Effect Transistors with Mixed Ionic-Electronic Gate

Field-effect transistors with mixed ionic-electronic conductors have been prepared by varying the ratio of room temperature ionic liquid and emeraldine salt of polyaniline. Transistor with sufficiently high electronic conductivity (32 mol% ES-PANI) and Au gate contact exhibited theoretical behavior of insulated gate field-effect transistor. On the other hand the purely ionic gate behaved irreproducibly, indicating that a capacitive divider has been formed in the gate.
Detection of viral sequences of low reiteration frequency by in situ hybridization

The sensitivity of in situ hybridization has been increased at least 10-fold by hybridizing in cDNA excess, by increasing the diffusion of the cDNA through the cells, by hybridizing at optimum temperature, and by stabilizing hybrids during autoradiography. Saturation of intracellular RNA with [3H]cDNA has been achieved. The assay is quantitative. In situ hybridization has been used to detect and quantitate visna virus RNA in infected cells. By using [3H]cDNA with specific activity of 2 X 10(8) dpm/micrograms and conditions that reduce background to negligible levels, 10--20 copies of viral RNA per cell can be detected and quantitated after 2 days of autoradiographic exposure.
Stable isotope analysis of Pacific salmon: insight into trophic status and oceanographic conditions over the last 30 years

Abstract Food web interactions and the response of Pacific salmon to physical processes in the North Pacific Ocean over interannual and interdecadal timescales are explored using naturally occurring stable isotope ratios of carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N). Stable isotope analyses of five species of sexually mature North Pacific salmon from Alaska (Oncorhynchus spp.) cluster into three groups: chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) have the highest values, followed by coho (O. kisutch), with chum (O. keta), sockeye (O. nerka), and pink (O. gorbuscha) together having the lowest values. Although detailed isotopic data on salmon prey are lacking, there are limited data on relevant prey items from areas in which they are found in high abundance. These data suggest that the characteristics of the sockeye, pink and chum we have analyzed are compatible with their diets including open ocean squid and zooplankton, which are in general agreement with stomach content analyses. Isotope relationships between muscle and scale show consistent relationships for both δ13C (R2=0.98) and δ15N (R2=0.90). Thus, scales, which have been routinely archived for many systems, can be used for retrospective analyses. Archived sockeye salmon scales spanning 1966–1999 from Red Lake, Kodiak Island, Alaska were analyzed for their stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen. The δ15N record displays a decreasing trend of ~3‰ from 1969–1982 and an increasing trend of ~3‰ from 1982–1992, while the variations in δ13C are relatively minor. These trends may result from factors such as shifts in trophic level of feeding and/or feeding location, or may originate at the base of the food web via changes in processes such as nutrient cycling or primary productivity. Detailed studies on prey isotopic variability and its controls are needed to distinguish between these factors, and thus to improve the use of stable isotope analysis as a tool to learn more about present and past ecosystem change in the North Pacific and its relation to climatic change.
Hospital Outcomes in Major Teaching, Minor Teaching, and Nonteaching Hospitals in New York State

Abstract Purpose The possible benefit that hospital teaching status may confer in the care of patients with cardiovascular disease is unknown. Our purpose was to determine the effect of hospital teaching status on in-hospital mortality, use of invasive procedures, length of stay, and charges in patients with myocardial infarction, heart failure, or stroke. Subjects and methods We analyzed a New York State hospital administrative database containing information on 388 964 consecutive patients who had been admitted with heart failure (n = 173 799), myocardial infarction (n = 121 209), or stroke (n = 93 956) from 1993 to 1995. We classified the 248 participating acute care hospitals by teaching status (major, minor, nonteaching). The primary outcomes were standardized in-hospital mortality ratios, defined as the ratio of observed to predicted mortality. Results Standardized in-hospital mortality ratios were significantly lower in major teaching hospitals (0.976 for heart failure, 0.945 for myocardial infarction, 0.958 for stroke) than in nonteaching hospitals (1.01 for heart failure, 1.01 for myocardial infarction, 0.995 for stroke). Standardized in-hospital mortality ratios were significantly higher for patients with stroke (1.06) but not heart failure (1.0) or myocardial infarction (1.06) in minor teaching hospitals than in nonteaching hospitals. Compared with nonteaching hospitals, use of invasive cardiac procedures and adjusted hospital charges were significantly greater in major and minor teaching hospitals for all three conditions. The adjusted length of stay was also shorter for myocardial infarction in major teaching hospitals and longer for stroke in minor teaching hospitals. Conclusion Major teaching hospital status was an important determinant of outcomes in patients hospitalized with myocardial infarction, heart failure, or stroke in New York State.
Assessing threatened coastal sites: Applications of ground-penetrating radar and geographic information systems

Abstract Rainsford Island is an 11-acre island located in central Boston Harbor, Massachusetts. The proximity to the City of Boston resulted in the Island being used as a quarantine facility, poorhouse, veteran's hospital and school for wayward boys from 1737 to 1920. The Island consists of two linked topographic highs of glacial origin connected by a spit formed from reworked glacial material. The majority of the southern “high” is only slightly elevated above present-day sea level and was the site of a cemetery that serviced the quarantine facility, poorhouse and veteran's hospital. Historical research indicates that more than 1100 persons were buried on Rainsford during this time. The records for the cemetery have been lost through fire and only four sandstone posts presently mark the cemetery. Our team sought to (1) assess shoreline change on the southern portion of the Island; (2) map the boundaries of the unmarked cemetery using ground-penetrating radar and (3) determine the vulnerability of the cemetery to coastal erosion caused by long-term sea-level rise and episodic flooding. Shoreline change analysis indicates that the southern portion of the island has eroded on the north-facing beach at a rate of 0.2 m/yr while the south-facing beach has been stable. Topographic analysis of the landscape indicates that the central area of the southern portion is less than 1 m above sea level with a slightly elevated rim approximately 2 m above sea level. The ground-penetrating radar surveys indicated that the low-lying central portion exhibited evidence for burials. The results indicate that the cemetery is vulnerable to erosion and coastal flooding. A storm with a coastal storm surge of approximately 1 m will result in flooding of the cemetery. The northern edge of the cemetery is extremely vulnerable to erosion and the first mapped burial on the northern side will be impacted in approximately 10 years. The southern edge of the cemetery is protected by horizontal and vertical accretion. As a result, conservation resources should be concentrated on the northern edge of the cemetery.
15 HEMATOLOGIC ABNORMALITIES IN ADOLESCENTS ON BIRTH CONTROL PILLS

Because birth control pills are known to cause alterations in folate metabolism in adult women, this study's purpose was to determine if adolescents on birth control pills are at risk of developing anemia secondary to abnormal folate metabolism. 90 adolescents taking Brevicon or Norinyl 1/50 for longer than 6 months were compared to 90 non-pill users. Intake of folate was evaluated by a dietary history questionnaire. 14% of pill users and 8% of controls had low serum folates ( 0.1). Low whole blood folates (<150 ng/ml) were seen in 32% of pill users, but in only 18% of controls. (p<0.1). However, controls were more likely to have low ferritins (<10 ng/ml) than pill users (21% v 11%; p<0.1), perhaps because of diminished menstrual flow on the pill. Of the low ferritin patients two-thirds had neither low hemoglobin (<12 g/dl) nor low MCV (<80 um3). No low cobalamins and no significant difference was noted in the Hgb, MCV, or polylobe count in either group. This study indicates that serum folate levels, whole blood folate levels and ferritins are frequently low in adolescents and are often not reflected by CBC's. Although pill use appears to increase slightly the risk of developing cellular folate deficiency, the pill appears to be protective against iron deficiency and is not associated with anemia.
High pressure-high temperature synthesis of distorted perovskite-type Cu-based oxides

Abstract We have synthesized the rhombohedrally distorted perovskite phase of LaCuO3 by reacting mixtures of La2O3 and CuO in an oxygen rich atmosphere at 1500°C and 6.5 GPa. We find this phase to be metastable; at 410°C and ambient pressure, it undergoes an irreversible transition to a tetragonal structure. By selective replacement of some or all of the La or Cu with one or more of the following elements: Ba, Ca, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sc, Sr, Ti, Y, Zn, and Zr, over 150 different alloys have been formed. Magnetic susceptibility measurements have failed to reveal the presence of superconductivity in any of these new polymorphs.
Complex partial status epilepticus presenting as gelastic seizures: A case report

Abstract A middle-aged man, who presented to the emergency room because of bizarre outbursts of laughter, was found to be in partial complex status epilepticus. His seizure disorder had been misdiagnosed, at various times, as a variety of “functional” psychiatric disorders. Despite proper diagnosis and aggressive treatment, management was difficult, being complicated by postictal agitation and confusion, postictal psychosis, and interictal compulsive and paranoid personality features. This case is described, and issues of diagnosis and management in partial complex epilepsy are briefly discussed. The importance of not overlooking organic and especially epileptic factors, despite the presence of prior psychiatric illness, psychologic contributors, and environmental stressors, is emphasized.
Deuteron Stripping on a Realistic Nucleus

A model for deuteron stripping is formally examined in which both neutron and proton can excite collective degrees of freedom of the target nucleus. A set of coupled equations is derived and truncated by defining optical-model potentials. Appropriate optical-model potentials for computing are discussed and compared with potentials for related reactions such as proton elastic scattering. An expression for the stripping amplitude is derived in the weak-coupling limit. It describes all possible excitations in the model, not just the single-particle component of the final state as current stripping theory does. The purpose of the paper is to show what is involved in obtaining a realistic description of stripping and to make the approximations as explicit as possible.
Small mammal response to experimental canopy gaps in the southern Washington Cascades

Abstract General patterns of small mammal species occurrence across major successional gradients have been studied extensively in western Washington forests, but the effects of smaller-scale disturbances are less clear. Understanding such effects will help to evaluate alternatives to traditional clear-cut logging. We compared relative abundances, population characteristics, and species occurrence of small mammals in experimentally created canopy gaps and adjacent forests in the southern Washington Cascade Range. Contrary to our predictions, species characteristic of closed-canopy conditions dominated captures in all gap sites. No significant declines in abundance between forests and large gap patches were observed for any closed-canopy species. Measures of persistence, reproductive status, sex ratios, and weight distributions did not indicate that gaps were sinks or lower quality habitat for Trowbridge’s shrew (Sorex trowbridgii), Keen’s mouse (Peromyscus keeni), or the southern red-backed vole (Clethrionomys gapperi). The creeping vole (Microtus oregoni) was the only early-successional species to respond strongly to the openings. It occurred frequently in large (0.1–0.2 ha) gaps but rarely in smaller gaps and forested patches. The large gaps targeted in this study are at the upper end of the range of natural gap sizes reported for the western Cascades, but may be too small to provide habitat for most early-successional species. Our results indicated that the main direct effect of disturbance-created small gaps in these areas was to increase resources for forest species rather than to facilitate recruitment of early-successional small mammals.
A variational solution for electron states in liquid metals

Abstract Because of irregularities in the Green's function treatment carried to finite order, a variational solution based upon pseudopotentials is sought. The difficulty of orthogonality of the conduction-electron states is circumvented by constructing a many-electron state. The calculation is in close analogy to that of the superconducting ground state. It yields a one-electron energy spectrum and the plane-wave decomposition of the states. Calculations are carried out for a model simple metal and the generalization to transition metals is outlined. Though the perturbation-theoretic irregularities are eliminated and the results appear to be qualitatively correct, the computed corrections to the free-electron curves are smaller than those from the Green's function treatment. It is not clear which is nearer the truth.
Stepwise mass extinctions and impact events: Late Eocene to early Oligocene

Abstract Species ranges and relative abundances of dominant planktonic foraminifers of eight late Eocene to early Oligocene deep-sea sections are discussed to determine the nature and magnitude of extinctions and to investigate a possible cause-effect relationship between impact events and mass extinctions. Late Eocene extinctions are neither catastrophic nor mass extinctions, but occur stepwise over a period of about 1–2 million years. Four stepwise extinctions are identified at the middle/late Eocene boundary, the upperGlobigerapsis semiinvoluta zone, theG. semiinvoluta/Globorotalia cerroazulensis zone boundary and at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. Each stepwise extinction event represents a time of accelerated faunal turnover characterized by generally less than 15% species extinct and in itself is not a significant extinction event. Relative species abundance changes at each stepwise extinction event, however, indicate a turnover involving > 60% of the population implying major environmental changes. There microtektite horizons are present in late Eocene sediments; one in the upperG. semiinvoluta zone (38.2 Ma) and two closely spaced layers only a few thousand years apart in the lower part of theGloborotalia cerroazulensis zone (37.2 Ma). Each of the three impact events appears to have had some effect on microplankton communities. However, the overriding factor that led to the stepwise mass extinctions may have been the result of multiple causes as there is no evidence of impacts associated with the step preceding, or the step following the deposition of the presently known microtektite horizons.
The use of illustration to improve older adults' comprehension of health-related information: is it helpful?

Abstract Objective To examine whether explanatory illustrations can improve older adults’ comprehension of written health information. Methods Six short health-related texts were selected from websites and pamphlets. Young and older adults were randomly assigned to read health-related texts alone or texts accompanied by explanatory illustrations. Eye movements were recorded while reading. Word recognition, text comprehension, and comprehension of the illustrations were assessed after reading. Results Older adults performed as well as or better than young adults on the word recognition and text comprehension measures. However, older adults performed less well than young adults on the illustration comprehension measures. Analysis of readers’ eye movements showed that older adults spent more time reading illustration-related phrases and fixating on the illustrations than did young adults, yet had poorer comprehension of the illustrations. Conclusion Older adults might not benefit from text illustrations because illustrations can be difficult to integrate with the text. Practice implications Health practitioners should not assume that illustrations will increase older adults’ comprehension of health information.
Analyzing Vegetation Change in an Elephant-Impacted Landscape Using the Moving Standard Deviation Index

Northern Botswana is influenced by various socio-ecological drivers of landscape change. The African elephant (Loxodonta africana) is one of the leading sources of landscape shifts in this region. Developing the ability to assess elephant impacts on savanna vegetation is important to promote effective management strategies. The Moving Standard Deviation Index (MSDI) applies a standard deviation calculation to remote sensing imagery to assess degradation of vegetation. Used previously for assessing impacts of livestock on rangelands, we evaluate the ability of the MSDI to detect elephant-modified vegetation along the Chobe riverfront in Botswana, a heavily elephant-impacted landscape. At broad scales, MSDI values are positively related to elephant utilization. At finer scales, using data from 257 sites along the riverfront, MSDI values show a consistent negative relationship with intensity of elephant utilization. We suggest that these differences are due to varying effects of elephants across scales. Elephant utilization of vegetation may increase heterogeneity across the landscape, but decrease it within heavily used patches, resulting in the observed MSDI pattern of divergent trends at different scales. While significant, the low explanatory power of the relationship between the MSDI and elephant utilization suggests the MSDI may have limited use for regional monitoring of elephant impacts.
Preclusion of the “second cycle” in the osmium-catalyzed asymmetric dihydroxylation of olefins leads to a superior process

The highest enantioselectivities yet obtained in catalytic asymmetric dihydroxylations are realized using potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) [potassium ferricyanide, K3Fe(CN)6] as the reoxidant.
Longitudinal patterns of cortisol regulation differ in maltreated and nonmaltreated children.

Objective Child maltreatment is associated with dysregulation of stress-mediating systems and an increased risk of mental and physical health problems. Specifically, disruptions in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis regulation have been reported in maltreated children. The current study investigates whether increased cortisol variability is responsible for inconsistent patterns in the literature. Method This study modeled cortisol activity over 20 weeks in 187 maltreated and 154 nonmaltreated children (mean = 8.4 years, SD = 1.8 years) in order to capture week-to-week cortisol patterns. Maltreatment was assessed through coding of Department of Human Services records. Children attended an after-school program 1 day per week for 20 weeks, where saliva was collected at the same time each day and subsequently assayed for cortisol. Results Multiple-group growth curves indicated that maltreated and non-maltreated children differ in longitudinal cortisol patterns. Maltreated children showed higher variance in the initial cortisol levels and slope over time compared to nonmaltreated children, indicating greater between-person variability in the maltreated group. Maltreated children with higher cortisol at the first assessment showed cortisol suppression over time, indicating potential HPA blunting after chronic high cortisol levels. The severity, timing, and number of subtypes of maltreatment predicted individuals' cortisol variability, and both maltreatment status and greater cortisol variability predicted more behavior problems. Conclusion Interventions for maltreated children may benefit from pre- and post-intervention HPA assessments to determine a component of treatment efficacy. As maltreatment dimensions predicted differential cortisol regulation, assessment of maltreatment experiences is necessary to understand alterations in behavior and HPA regulation post-intervention.
The absence of cataracts in mice with congenital hyperglycemia.

Abstract Investigations were conducted to determine the biochemical basis of the absence of cataracts in genetically diabetic mice. The resistance of these mice to cataracts appears to be due to the low activity of aldose reductase in the lens. Consequently only low amounts of polyols accumulate even after persistent hyperglycemia. The finding thus lends further support to the polyol theory of sugar cataractogenesis. The accumulation of sugar alcohols in galactosemic mice lenses was also much lower as compared to that in the lenses of galactosemic rats. A study was made of the enzymes that influence the polyol level in the lenses of various mouse strains. The activities of aldose reductase, polyol dehydrogenase, hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases in the mouse and rat lenses were determined. The activities of all the enzymes except that of aldose reductase were similar in the lenses of both species. The aldose reductase activity in the mouse lens was only one tenth of that present in the rat lens.
Effect of nematode-trapping fungi on an entomopathogenic nematode originating from the same field site in California.

Abstract We determined whether nematode-trapping fungi may influence the dynamics of a coastal shrub community. The food chain interactions in the shrub community involve the dominant plant species, its major insect herbivore, and an entomopathogenic nematode,Heterorhabditis hepialus.Of the 12 nematode-trapping fungi previously isolated from soils at the study site, 5 were selected for this study.Arthrobotrys oligospora, Geniculifera paucispora, Monacrosporium eudermatum,andMonacrosporium cionopagumefficiently trapped and colonizedH. hepialuson agar; in contrastNematoctonus concurrenstrapped but did not infect or colonize the nematode on agar. To determine whether these fungi can suppressH. hepialusin soil, we added the fungi in the form of fungal-colonized nematodes to pasteurized (2 hr at 62°C) and raw (nontreated) soil from the study site. Suppression was measured by comparing nematode invasion into a wax moth larva in fungus-treated and untreated soil in vials at 20°C. Fungal population density in soil was estimated using dilution plating and most probable number procedures. All fungi suppressedH. hepialusif the wax moth larvae were added 4 days after the nematodes. Suppression ranged between 37 and 54% and did not differ among fungi. Suppression was usually greater in raw than in pasteurized soil. Raw soil contained a constant background of nematode-trapping fungi, andA. oligosporawas the most common among these; no background was detected in pasteurized soil. The presence of background fungi in raw soil may explain the higher suppression in raw than in pasteurized soil. Fungal propagule densities in our laboratory experiments were similar to those observed in the field, suggesting that nematode-trapping fungi may influence the dynamics of the plant, insect herbivore, and entomopathogenic nematode in the coastal ecosystem.
Effect of exercise on postprandial lipemia in men with hypertriglyceridemia

We examined the effect of exercise on postprandial lipemia (PPL) and insulin resistance in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Subjects were 10 hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) males with insulin resistance [age = 40.1 +/- 2.2 years, body weight = 96.3 +/- 3.3 kg, fasting triglyceride (TG) = 263 +/- 25 mg/dl, VO(2)max = 37 +/- 1.1 ml/kg/min, and Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA-IR, an index of insulin resistance) = 3.05 +/- 0.40]. Each subject performed a control trial (Ctr, no exercise), and three exercise trials at 40% (40%T), 60% (60%T), and 70% (70%T) of their VO(2)max. The order of trials was randomized and there were 1-2 weeks wash-out period between the trials. All subjects had a fat-meal in each trial. In the exercise trials, subjects jogged on a treadmill for 1 h at a designated intensity 12 h prior to a fat-meal ingestion. Blood samples were taken at 0 h (before the meal), and 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after the meal. The plasma TG, area score under TG concentration curve for over an 8 h-period (TG AUC) after the meal, and HOMA-IR were analyzed. The TG AUC score in 40%T was 30% lower (P = 0.003), 60%T was 31% lower (P = 0.02), and 70%T was 39% lower (P = 0.02) than Ctr. There were no significant differences in the TG AUC scores among the exercise trials (P > 0.05). The insulin concentrations in both 60 and 70%T were lower than Ctr (P < 0.01) which did not differ from 40%T. HOMA-IR in both 60%T (P = 0.041) and 70%T (P = 0.002) were lower than Ctr, but not different from 40%T (HOMA-IR: Ctr = 3.05 +/- 0.40, 40%T = 2.67 +/- 0.35, 60%T = 2.49 +/- 0.31, 70%T = 2.21 +/- 0.27). The results suggest that for physically inactive individuals with metabolic syndrome, exercising at low to moderate intensity may be sufficient to attenuate PPL and increase insulin sensitivity, whereas higher intensity exercise may be needed to normalize blood glucose.
Impact of Migration on African American Family Development and Relationships

This article examines the short-and long-term influences of African American migration on the development and functioning of African American families and family relationships. Using existing research and the results from an ethnographic study of a large, African American, extended family, this article confirms the findings of previous studies and begins to examine the meaning and definition of contemporary types of migration. The study suggests that family members who have “migrated” with respect to socioeconomic status have many of the same issues as those who have migrated with respect to physical distance.
The Conservative Restoration and Neoliberal Defenses of Bilingual Education

The paper presents a critique of a popular orientation to language planning. The resource orientation promotes language diversity as an important part of economic development and national defense. In other words, languages are resources. It is argued here that language pluralists who try to “sell” language diversity and bilingual education by this language-as-resource strategy ultimately help to preserve the inequitable linguistic status quo. This is because the language of “resource” upholds the language of neoliberalism. Language pluralists may be trying to use neoliberalism to combat neoconservativism. This is a strategic mistake since both are part and parcel of the conservative restoration and this strategy will ultimately backfire.
A CRITERION FOR THE TIME DEPENDENCE OF DYNAMIC FRACTURE

Dynamic fracture is a time-dependent phenomena in which the spall stress depends on the stress pulse duration. It is shown that the empirical relation between the spall stress and the square root of the stress gradient is equivalent to a simple impulse criterion. A more general criterion based on the concept of cumulative damage is proposed, and good agreement is obtained between calculated and observed values of the spall layer thickness in aluminum.
Neutral donor-acceptor-pair recombination under a uniform electric field

The kinetics of the recombination of electrons trapped by donors, with holes trapped by acceptors, in semiconductor materials within a uniform electric field has been investigated. A simple form has been derived which shows that the decay rate of neutral donor-acceptor-pair (DAP) recombination increases under the presence of the electric field. This analysis can also be applied to the processes of neutral DAP recombination in quantum wells and superlattices where electric fields are always present in the interface regions.
Oxygen method for calculation of right to left shunt: new application in presence of right to left shunting through the ductus arteriosus.

The usual shunt equation has been misapplied to the calculation of shunts when a right to left ductal shunt may be present — for example, respiratory distress syndrome. New equations are derived and discussed which correctly estimate the percentage of the total cardiac output which is shunted, even in the presence of a right to left ductal shunt.
The integrated curriculum in medical education: AMEE Guide No. 96.

AbstractThe popularity of the term “integrated curriculum” has grown immensely in medical education over the last two decades, but what does this term mean and how do we go about its design, implementation, and evaluation? Definitions and application of the term vary greatly in the literature, spanning from the integration of content within a single lecture to the integration of a medical school's comprehensive curriculum. Taking into account the integrated curriculum's historic and evolving base of knowledge and theory, its support from many national medical education organizations, and the ever-increasing body of published examples, we deem it necessary to present a guide to review and promote further development of the integrated curriculum movement in medical education with an international perspective. We introduce the history and theory behind integration and provide theoretical models alongside published examples of common variations of an integrated curriculum. In addition, we identify three areas...
Two-Million-Year Record of Deuterium Depletion in Great Basin Ground Waters

Fluid inclusions in uranium series-dated calcitic veins from the southern Great Basin record a reduction of 40 per mil in the deuterium content of ground-water recharge during the Pleistocene. This variation is tentatively attributed to major uplift of the Sierra Nevada Range and the Transverse Ranges during this epoch with attendant increasing orographic depletion of deuterium from inland-bound Pacific storms.
Particulate reinforced PC/PBT composites. I. Effect of particle size (nanotalc versus fine talc particles) on dimensional stability and properties

The effect of particle size (nanotalc versus fine talc) on the dimensional stability, mechanical properties, and morphology of composites consisting of polycarbonate (PC), poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), and talc was investigated at various talc loadings. It was found that, by using nanotalc as opposed to fine talc particles, the level of talc reinforcement could be reduced from 6 to 1 wt% without sacrificing the dimensional stability, i.e. coefficient of linear thermal expansion and shrinkage of injection-molded plaques, or flexural modulus of the PC/PBT/talc composites at a PC-to-PBT blend ratio of 60/40 by weight or greater. Further benefits included a 14% increase in flexural strength, 120% increase in the tensile toughness and 3% reduction in the density of the PC/PBT/talc composites. The improved stiffness is attributed to the higher aspect ratio (diameter/thickness of the platelets) of nanotalc (20–25) relative to that of the fine talc (5–10). An increase in the flexural modulus of the PC/PBT/talc composites with an increase in nanotalc loading was observed even though there was evidence of significant degradation in the molecular weight of the PC/PBT matrix. Possible degradation in the molecular weight of the PC/PBT matrix was supported by a significant reduction in the storage modulus and complex viscosity, at high frequencies of the composites generated with the nanotalc relative to that of the unfilled matrix. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Spin-orbit scattering of Pb and Bi impurities in Cs, K, and Na films

The spin-orbit scattering (SOS) of the Pb and Bi impurities in Cs, K, and Na films is measured by means of weak localization. The dimensionless SOS cross section for Pb in Cs (in units of $4\ensuremath{\pi}{/k}_{F}^{2})$ has the large value of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{so}}^{*}\ensuremath{\approx}\frac{2}{3}.$ This SOS cross section is the absolute maximum possible for (s,p) impurities (if one neglects d and larger l scattering). The SOS contributes almost 50% to the total elastic scattering.
Phenylalanine as substrate and inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase.

Abstract Tyrosine hydroxylase prepared from bovine adrenal glands, canine caudate nuclei, and guinea pig heart has been shown to hydroxylate both phenylalanine and tyrosine. The experimental data indicate that one enzyme catalyzes both reactions and that hydroxylation of phenylalanine to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine occurs in two independent steps with free tyrosine as an intermediate.
Transient Photocurrent Characterization Of Amorphous Semiconductors

Transient photocurrent techniques for the characterization of amorphous semiconductors are reviewed; the techniques are based on the assumption that the photocarrier dynamics have the multiple-trapping form. The application of these techniques to five properties of defects in amorphous hydrogenated silicon (a-Si:H) are reviewed. The five properties are: the attempt-to-escape frequency, the photocarrier diffusion length, the total trap density, the capture coefficient-diffusion constant ratio, and the density of states. A discussion of the role of time-of-flight determinations in transient photocurrent characterization is given.
Low-frequency noise characterization of near-IR VCSELs for functional brain imaging

ABSTRACT Recent years have seen rising interest in optical system-on-a-chip sensors for biological applications. Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) are a natural choice for array-based sensors requiring high power and low noise. However, much of the noise characterization of VCSELs has been performed in frequency ranges on the order of 10 8 to 10 10 Hz, whereas many physiological phenomena occur in frequency bands in the hertz to kilohertz range where 1/ f and 1/f 2 noise is dominant. In this work we characterize the relative intensity noise (RIN) of commercial VCSEL devices and evaluate their feasibility for use in an integrated semiconductor optical sensor for functional brain imaging using Intrinsic Optical Signals (IOS). Our results show RIN on the order of -196 to -174 dB/Hz at an offset of 10 Hz. This is well below the signal-to-background and dynamic range requirements of 6 dB and 86 dB, respectively, for this application. Keywords: Relative intensity noise, VCSELs, near infrared, functional brain imaging, intrinsic optical signals
Synthesis and biological properties of 2-methylene-19-nor-25-dehydro-1α-hydroxyvitamin D3-26,23-lactones—weak agonists

In a continuing effort to explore the 2-methylene-1alpha-hydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3) class of pharmacologically important vitamin D compounds, two novel 2-methylene-19-nor-25-dehydro-1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-26,23-lactones, GC-3 and HLV, were synthesized and biologically tested. Based on reports of similarly structured molecules, it was hypothesized that these compounds might act as antagonists, at least in vitro. The pathway designed to synthesize these compounds was based on two key steps: first, the Lythgoe-type Wittig-Horner coupling of Windaus-Grundmann-type ketone 18, with phosphine oxide 15, followed, later in the synthesis, by the Zn-mediated Reformatsky-type allylation of aldehyde 20 with methylbromomethylacrylate 8. Our biological data show that neither compound has antagonistic activity but acts as weak agonists in vitro and in vivo.
A navigation model for exploring scientific workflow provenance graphs

Many scientific workflow systems record provenance information in the form of data and process dependencies as part of workflow execution. Users often wish to explore these dependencies to reproduce, validate, and explain workflow results, e.g., by examining the data and processes that were used to produce particular workflow outputs. A natural interface for determining relevant provenance information, which is adopted by many systems, is to display the complete provenance dependency graph. However, for many workflows, provenance graphs can be large, with thousands or more nodes and edges. Displaying an entire provenance graph for such workflows can result in "provenance overload," where the large amount of provenance information available makes it difficult for users to find relevant information and explore data and process dependencies. In this paper, we address the challenges of "provenance overload" through a novel navigation model that provides operations for creating different views of provenance graphs along with approaches for easily navigating between different views. Further, our proposed navigation model provides an integrated approach for exploring, summarizing, and querying portions of provenance graphs. We also discuss different architectures for efficiently navigating large provenance graphs against an underlying provenance database.
A complex logic module for the synthesis of combinational switching circuits

Continuing achievements in device technology (i.e., integrated circuits) are drastically changing the costs associated with the circuit realization of a switching function. Already the integrated circuit module has replaced the discrete transistor as the basic unit in a switching circuit. The factors which most greatly affect the cost of the integrated circuit module (i.e., the individual process steps, the packaging, the member of external interconnections, and the circuit yield) are almost wholly independent of the number of transistors on the monolithic chip contained within the module Furthermore, a large percentage of these costs are independent of the number of modules manufactured; therefore, the more uses that can be found for a module, the less expensive the per unit cost of the module will be.
Chaos in underwater acoustics

The range-dependent sound propagation problem differs in a fundamental way from the range-independent problem, at least in the geometric limit. In the range-independent problem the divergence between neighboring ray trajectories is slow (power law behavior). In the generic range-dependent problem some ray trajectories exhibit extreme sensitivity to initial conditions (chaotic behavior) wherein neighboring trajectories diverge exponentially. Using simple range-dependent models of oceanic waveguides, involving both volume and boundary structure, the chaotic behavior of sound rays is discussed and illustrated via the construction of Poincare sections, the calculation of power spectra, and the calculation of Lyapunov exponents. It is argued that under chaotic conditions ray trajectories are not computable beyond some finite predictability horizon. Under conditions in which ray trajectories are predominently chaotic, the growth in range of the complexity of the wavefield is shown to be exponential: the number of eigenrays connecting a fixed source and receiver grows exponentially while the average intensity of ray arrivals decays exponentially. Some preliminary attempts to investigate the extent to which the chaotic behavior of ray trajectories carries over to finite frequency wavefields are discussed.
Influence of Dipolar Fields on the Photochemical Reactivity of Thin Titania Films on BaTiO3 Substrates

The photochemical properties of TiO2 films supported on BaTiO3 were investigated to test the hypothesis that dipolar fields from a ferroelectric substrate would affect the reactivity of the supported film. Photochemical reaction products were formed on the TiO2 surface in patterns that correspond to the underlying domain structure of BaTiO3. As the film thickness increases from 10 to 100 nm, the titania more effectively screens the ferroelectric field, and the pattern of reaction products is obscured. It is concluded that dipolar fields from the ferroelectric substrate influence charge carrier transport in the film and spatially localize the reaction products.
Response to Intervention: Preventing and Remediating Academic Difficulties

We address the advantages and challenges of service delivery models based on student response to intervention (RTI) for preventing and remediating academic difficulties and as data sources for identification for special education services. The primary goal of RTI models is improved academic and behavioral outcomes for all students. We review evidence for the processes underlying RTI, including screening and progress monitoring assessments, evidence-based interventions, and schoolwide coordination of multitiered instruction. We also discuss the secondary goal of RTI, which is to provide data for identification of learning disabilities (LDs). Incorporating instructional response into identification represents a controversial shift away from discrepancies in cognitive skills that have traditionally been a primary basis for LD identification. RTI processes potentially integrate general and special education and suggest new directions for research and public policy related to LDs, but the scaling issues in schools are significant and more research is needed on the use of RTI data for identification.
MMPs in the eye: emerging roles for matrix metalloproteinases in ocular physiology

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of proteolytic enzymes that function to maintain and remodel tissue architecture. Their substrates represent an astounding variety of extracellular matrix components, secreted cytokines and cell surface molecules, and they have been implicated in a wide range of processes and diseases. To date MMPs have been found in virtually every tissue of the eye under conditions of health and disease. Although their functions in vivo remain poorly understood, it is clear they impact on essentially every aspect of eye physiology. This chapter reviews the expanding literature on MMPs in the eye and attempts to place it in the context of basic MMP biology. A general overview of MMP functions is presented first, and then the discussion moves to examples of possible MMP roles in two eye structures. For the cornea, we present recent work on the roles of MMPs during various aspects of wound healing. For the retina, we describe the activities of MMPs in specific disease states from which common principles may emerge.
The effect of inoculum, culture medium and antimicrobial combinations on the in-vitro susceptibilities of Legionella pneumophila

The in-vitro susceptibility of 14 strains of Legionella pneumophila to 17 anti-microbial agents were determined. The most active antibiotics were cefoxitin, erythromycin and doxycycline while the least active were cephalothin, cefamandole and cefazolin. Subculturing, type of medium and duration of incubation did not alter the effect of the antimicrobial agents. A change in the inoculum size, from 10(4) to 10(6) cfu, increased MICs two- to sixfold. Erythromycin was not synergistic with gentamicin, tobramycin or amikacin.
The “Other Hispanics”— What Are Their National Origins? Estimating the Latino-Origin Populations in the United States

This population study examines possible reasons for a severe underestimation of Latino-origin group populations in 2000 and introduces several alternative methods for estimating these Latino subgroup populations. The new simulated estimates for the Latino subgroups, based on the 2000 Public Use Microdata Sample from the 2000 U.S. Census, are presented at the national level and for selected states and cities. The figures included here represent some of the first alternative estimates for Latino-origin groups at the subnational level. Differences between official 2000 enumerations and estimated counts were larger for smaller Latino subgroups. The 2000 population of Dominicans should have been nearly 1 million rather than the approximately 799,768 the Census recorded. The estimates also gave 42.6% more Salvadorans, 47% more Central Americans, and 41.3% more South Americans.
The use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to predict the insoluble dietary fibre fraction of cereal products

The insoluble and soluble fractions of dietary fibre have different human physiological effects and their presence in foods is of interest to consumers, the medical community and the cereal product industry. The development of a model, using near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy, to predict insoluble dietary fibre in a wide range of dry-milled cereal products and grains is described. The products included breakfast cereals, crackers, brans, pastas and flours. Insoluble dietary fibre was measured by the AOAC enzymatic–gravimetric procedure (AOAC 991.43). The range in insoluble dietary fibre was 0–48%. Near infrared reflectance spectra were obtained with a scanning monochromator and data analysed with a commercial analysis program. A calibration (n = 90) was developed for prediction of insoluble dietary fibre using preprocessed spectra and modified partial least squares regression. The standard error of cross validation and R2 were 1.34% and 0.99, respectively. The model was tested with independent v...