cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Focused ion beam induced deposition: a review

Focused ion beam induced deposition complements the process of material removal by focused ion beam milling. Together, these two techniques are being used commercially for photomask repair and for repair or restructuring of integrated circuits and are being developed for the repair of x-ray lithography masks. This microsurgery of masks and circuits can be carried out with a precision determined by the minimum diameters of the ion beams which are now approaching 0.05 micrometers . In ion-induced deposition, a local gas ambient in the millitorr range is created on the surface around the point of ion incidence, usually by aiming a miniature gas nozzle at the surface. Incident ions break up the gas molecules that are adsorbed on the surface. The precursor gas is usually an organometallic or a metal halide. Deposits of W, Au, Al, Cr, Ta, and Pt have been produced. Often these deposits have high concentrations of impurities, particularly carbon if organometallics are used, and sometimes also oxygen. The resistivities of the 'metal' films fall in the 70-1000 (mu) $OMEGAcm range that one would expect for pure metals. Nevertheless, even at these resistivities, useful conducting connections can be made for integrated circuit repair. Under special circumstances resistivities approaching the pure metal values have also been demonstrated. For x-ray mask repair, high aspect ratio (e.g., 0.25 micrometers wide by 0.4 to 0.7 micrometers high) deposits of a high-Z material such as Au, W, or Pt are needed. The considerable body of experience in this field is revealed, and the theoretical models of the process are examined.
Coated vesicles are implicated in the post-fusion retrieval of the membrane of rat atrial secretory granules

Using an in situ tannic acid perfusion technique, this study presents evidence that the removal of membrane components from the rat atrial secretory granule membrane after granule exocytosis is mediated by coated vesicles. When tannic acid is used to arrest the post-fusion stages of granule release, coated pit formation occurs on granule membrane, which, although continuous with the sarcolemma, is easily recognised by the membrane omega profile and the continued presence of the granule core. Tannic acid perfusion, before aldehyde fixation, allows a degree of continued cell function, and granule fusions can persist after tannic acid has reached the cell. This results in an increase in the numbers of fusion profiles and the appearance of coated pits on granule membrane at these sites. The proportion of granules with coats increases with perfusion time, suggesting that endocytotic, as well exocytotic events, may be arrested by the action of tannic acid. Coated vesicles are also involved at earlier stages of the release pathway. In other types of secretory system this is considered to represent recycling of membrane proteins as part of the maturation process of the granule. Although arrested granules exhibiting this clathrin coat could have had the coat prior to fusion, as part of the maturation process, our results show that it is more likely to represent a second stage of membrane protein recycling; the postfusion reclamation of proteins from the sarcolemma. This facet of the tannic acid perfusion procedure suggests a general method for quantifying coated pit formation during secretory granule release.
Laser induced gratings in a styryl due

Abstract Nonlinear optical phenomena like phase conjugation, beam coupling, self diffraction, development of permanent gratings, image storage/retrieval and photochemical effects have been demonstrated in a styryl dye doped in boric acid host. The third-order nonlinear susceptibility was estimated to be ≈ 1.7×10 -2 esu and two wave mixing gain coefficient was as high as 5. Self diffraction efficiencies into -1 image were measured as a function of laser power. Phase conjugate reflectivities were measured as a function of laser power and spatial frequency.
Brown-headed Cowbird parasitism of the Black-throated Sparrow in central Arizona

Abstract From 1994–1996 we investigated effects of Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) parasitism on Black-throated Sparrow (Amphispiza bilineata) nesting success in the Verde Valley of central Arizona. Of 56 Black-throated Sparrow nests, 52% were parasitized. Black-throated Sparrows appear to respond to natural parasitism by accepting the cowbird egg, deserting the nest, or burying the cowbird egg. Removal and damage of host eggs by female cowbirds effectively reduced clutch size from an average of 3.4 to 1.9 eggs. Because of this reduced clutch size, Black-throated Sparrow reproductive success was significantly lower in parasitized nests (0.2 young fledged/ nest) as compared to nonparasitized nests (1.6 young fledged/nest). When comparing cowbird parasitism between two habitat types, we found significantly higher parasitism frequencies in crucifixion-thorn (Canotia holacantha) versus creosote-bush (Larrea divaricata) habitat. We argue that this difference in parasitism is due to the greater number of ...
Time delay and Doppler tests of the Lorentz symmetry of gravity

Modifications to the classic time-delay effect and Doppler shift in general relativity (GR) are studied in the context of the Lorentz-violating standard-model extension (SME). We derive the leading Lorentz-violating corrections to the time-delay and Doppler shift signals, for a light ray passing near a massive body. It is demonstrated that anisotropic coefficients for Lorentz violation control a time-dependent behavior of these signals that is qualitatively different from the conventional case in GR. Estimates of sensitivities to gravity-sector coefficients in the SME are given for current and future experiments, including the recent Cassini solar conjunction experiment.
Active Idd consumption test in 4Meg DRAM failure analysis

Active current consumption testing measures the current of the device while in active operation. During device operation, the device transistors switch from one state to another as the input signal propagates through the device. Eventually, the signal would have completed triggering the transistors and reach steady state condition. In this paper, the analysis was done on 4meg dram using 0.6 micron CMOS technology. Idd consumption testing has been more successful in CMOS devices due to its complementary arrangement of transistors. At steady state, one of the transistors will be "shorted" to either Vdd or Vss, while the other complementary transistor is "open". Any defect that exists resulting in a bridging or open fault at the transistors would give an abnormal steady state current. In bridging fault, the current increase can be milliamps from the nanoamps of steady state current. Open faults normally leads to a stuck-at fault. In the case of open, it is dependant on how the defective transistors affect the next stage of transistors or circuits.
The Importance of Discovery in Children's Causal Learning from Interventions

Four-year-olds were more accurate at learning causal structures from their own actions when they were allowed to act first and then observe an experimenter act, as opposed to observing first and then acting on the environment. Children who discovered the causal efficacy of events (as opposed to confirming the efficacy of events that they observed another discover) were also more accurate than children who only observed the experimenter act on the environment; accuracy in the confirmation and observation conditions was at similar levels. These data suggest that while children learn from acting on the environment, not all self-generated action produces equivalent causal learning.
Observation of water tree growth in polyethylene in real time

The growth of water trees that lead to breakdown in polyethylene insulation of underground power cables is studied in real time, using a special observation cell for polyethylene that can be placed on the stage of a conventional microscope. The growth of the water tree was followed by time-lapse photography. Sample results are given. The water tree is shown to grow from a single streamer to a bushlike structure. This structure acts as an electrode, and the cycle repeats, with another streamer being sent out. >
Anatomy of a Research Paper

Writing, editing, and publishing the paper is the last step in the research process. The paper tells the story of the project from inception, through the data-collection process, statistical analysis, and discussion of the results. Novice authors often struggle with writing and often find themselves with either nothing on paper or a weighty version of random thoughts. The process of writing the paper should be analogous to the research process. This article describes and provides a template for the essential sections and features of a scientific report (structured abstract, introduction, hypothesis, methods, results, discussion, and conclusions), describes authorship guidelines that have been established by professional societies, and discusses the importance of adequate and correct references.
SPECTRAL DIFFERENTIAL IMAGING DETECTION OF PLANETS ABOUT NEARBY STARS.

Direct ground-based optical imaging of planets in orbit about nearby stars may be accomplished by spectral differential imaging using multiple passband acoustooptic filters with a CCD. This technique provides two essential results. First, it provides a means to modulate the stellar flux reflected from a planet while leaving the flux from the star and other sources in the same field of view unmodulated. Second, spectral differential imaging enables the CCD detector to achieve a sufficiently high dynamic range to locate planets near a star in spite of an integrated brightness differential of 5 x 10 to the 8th. Spectral differential imaging at nearby diffraction limited imaging conditions with telescope apodization can reduce the time to conduct a sensitive planetary search to a few hours in some cases. The feasibility of this idea is discussed here and shown to provide, in principle, the discrimination and sensitivity to detect a Jovian-class planet about stars at distances of about 10 parsecs. The detection of brown dwarfs is shown to be feasible as well.
Greater Abnormalities of Brain Cerebrospinal Fluid Volumes in Younger Than in Older Patients With Alzheimer's Disease

• Objective. —This study used a semiautomated analysis technique to quantify differences in regional brain cerebrospinal fluid volumes observed with computed tomography between healthy adults and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Design. —Cross-sectional, between-subject design, using an age-regression model. Setting. —Palo Alto (Calif) Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Patients and Other Participants. —The 117 patients with probable or definite AD were recruited from the Geriatric Psychiatry Research Unit and National Institute of Mental Health Clinical Research Center of the Palo Alto Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. The 114 healthy volunteers were recruited from the local community. Main Outcome Measures. —Cerebrospinal fluid volumes estimated from computed tomographic scans and neuropsychological test scores. Results. —The computed tomographic estimates of ventricular and sulcal cerebrospinal fluid volumes increased significantly in all sampled brain regions in normal aging and were vastly larger in AD than in normal aging. Furthermore, younger patients with AD had significantly greater cerebrospinal fluid volume enlargement than did older patients with AD compared with healthy controls of their age. When the AD group was divided on the basis of reported age at symptom onset, patients in the early-onset group (onset before age 65 years) were quantitatively more abnormal than and showed a different pattern of abnormality from the patients in the late-onset group. This onset difference was also evident in neuropsychological test performance. Conclusions. —This cross-sectional study revealed a number of converging findings that suggested greater abnormality in the early-onset than in the late-onset group of patients with AD. The possibility remains, however, that the two onset groups represent different stages along a continuum of pathologic changes.
Micromachined Particles for Detecting Metal-Ion Concentration in Fluids

A remote microfluidic metal-ion sensor is developed using an electrochemical system integrated with a compact photovoltaic cell power supply. The sensor is designed to detect the sum of metal ions in a remote environment. The sensor uses electrodeposition to remove ions from the fluid around the sensor and deposit them on an electrode at the tip of a cantilever. The electrodeposited mass changes the resonant frequency of the cantilever, which can be determined upon read-out. The sensor is designed to be dropped in liquids or flow through microfluidic systems and can be used in parallel with many other similar sensors. The photovoltaic cells are directly integrated on the device and are capable of producing tens of microwatts of power at about 15% efficiency with laser excitation. However, the sensor operates at power levels of 50 nW with small voltages and currents using only scavenged daylight or room light. The complete device is integrated into a total volume below 0.046 mm3, which is more than two orders of magnitude smaller than other remote electrically-powered sensors reported to date. Although it is expected that multiple devices will be used in parallel to gain statistical data, individual particles detect metal-ion concentration within 24% of the actual concentration, making them suitable for safety testing and endpoint monitoring among other applications
Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2: adverse events reported to the Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience database

Abstract Background context Adverse effects of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in spinal surgery have previously been observed. However, because of its size, scope, and nature, the US Food and Drug Administration’s database of postmarketing reports is useful for detecting new and unexpected safety concerns. Purpose To characterize adverse events reported to the FDA; to characterize off-label use of rhBMP-2. Study design Review of adverse events reported to the FDA after the use of rhBMP-2 (INFUSE Bone Graft) in spinal surgery. Methods The Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience database was searched for the brand name “infuse bone graft,” for reports received from July 2, 2002, through August 31, 2011. Adverse events were reviewed, summarized, and classified by an MD. For each report, the most important clinical entity was identified as the principal adverse event. Off-label uses were summarized. Results Of 834 reports, four (0.5%) described procedures in which rhBMP-2 was used in accordance with the approved indication. Nearly half of all the reports, 370 (44.4%), stated that the patient required revision surgery or other invasive interventions to address the reported adverse event. Swelling, fluid collections, osteolysis, pain/radiculopathy, heterotopic bone, pseudarthrosis, surgical site infections and other wound complications, thromboembolic events, respiratory distress, cancer, and other events were reported. Conclusions Because of their duration, scope, and expense, prospective studies designed to estimate the risk of rare adverse events may be impractical. Despite its imperfections, postmarketing surveillance helps to narrow the focus by revealing patterns and prioritizing topics for further research. One should not extrapolate from these results to the rhBMP-2 experience as a whole; the findings reported here might not be representative. This analysis indicates that serious adverse events can occur after the use of rhBMP-2 in spinal surgery and raises many points that surgeons may wish to consider when deciding when and how to use this product in their patients.
A Bjork-Shiley valve 40 years in action.

The Bjork–Shiley mechanical heart valve (Shiley Corp, Irvine, CA) was one of the earliest tilting disc valve prosthesis used for the replacement of diseased cardiac valves. This valve was implanted in a large number of patients in the 1970s and early 1980s. A change in the valve design in the early 1980s led to a high rate of fracture and disc escape and a high patient mortality. As a result, the manufacturer of this valve stopped the production of the valve. We recently treated a patient with a Bjork–Shiley mitral valve prosthesis implanted more than 40 years ago. An 83-year-old man with cardiomyopathy, permanent atrial fibrillation, and a biventricular pacemaker with threatened skin erosion of the pacemaker pocket underwent revision of the pacemaker pocket with transfer of the pacemaker generator to a sub-pectoral position. He had undergone a mitral valve replacement with a Bjork– Shiley tilting disc valve in 1970 (Fig 1). In preparation for surgery, an intravenous heparin infusion was started and warfarin was withheld until international normalized ratio level reached 2. The Bjork–Shiley tilting disc valve was a low profile mechanical valve with a Delrin disc held in a tantalum housing by two metal struts. The valve was introduced in clinical practice in 1969 [1]. The initial Delrin disc was subsequently replaced with a pyrolytic carbon disc. This valve provided significant advantage over the bulky Starr–Edwards cage ball valve with a lower transvalvular gradient [2]. A change in the design of the valve led to a high failure rate of this valve and its disappearance from
Low-noise and high-speed charge detection in high-resolution CCD image sensors

This paper analyzes problems associated with low-noise and high-speed charge detection encountered in high-resolution image sensors. It is found that the conventional Floating Diffusion (FD) charge detection concept is inferior to the previously studied, but not frequently utilized, Floating Gate (FG) approach. A new output charge detection well reset technique and an improved biasing method allowed the design of the FG charge detection amplifier with a comparable conversion gain to FD structures but with much better noise performance at the data rates up to 40 MHz. The theoretical analysis of the FG amplifier performance, including the Correlated Pixel Clamp signal processing method, is confirmed by measurements performed on a high-resolution 1000/spl times/1000 pixel Frame Transfer CCD image sensor built using an Advanced Virtual Phase Technology. The described details of the sensor design include: (1) the over all device architecture, (2) the pixel cross section with the cross section of the lateral overflow drain antiblooming structure, (3) the dual serial register with a single output amplifier, and (4) the resistive gate reset structure for the output charge detection well. The developed image sensor does not need the conventional Correlated Double Sampling (CDS) circuit for the signal processing, since the FG detection node is sensing charge nondestructively without generation of kTC noise. The described progress in the FG charge detection approach thus opens up a possibility for future designs of distributed FG amplifiers that can theoretically reach the ultimate low-noise performance at virtually any clocking frequency.
3-Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction with Relevance to Clinical Staging

The posterior tibial tendon (PTT) is the most important dynamic stabilizer of the medial ankle and longitudinal arch of the foot. PTT dysfunction is a degenerative disorder of the tendon, which secondarily involves multiple ligaments, joint capsules, fascia, articulations, and bony structures of the ankle, hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot. When the tendon progressively attenuates, the patient develops a painful, progressive collapsed flatfoot or pes planovalgus deformity. This comprehensive review illustrates the 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (3T MRI) features of PTT dysfunction. In addition, the reader will gain knowledge of the expected pathologic findings on MRI, as they are related to clinical staging of PTT dysfunction.
Analysis of a Ubiquitous Promoter Element in a Primitive Eukaryote: Early Evolution of the Initiator Element

Typical metazoan core promoter elements, such as TATA boxes and Inr motifs, have yet to be identified in early-evolving eukaryotes, underscoring the extensive divergence of these organisms. Towards the identification of core promoters in protists, we have studied transcription of protein-encoding genes in one of the earliest-diverging lineages of Eukaryota, that represented by the parasitic protist Trichomonas vaginalis. A highly conserved element, comprised of a motif similar to a metazoan initiator (Inr) element, surrounds the start site of transcription in all examined T. vaginalis genes. In contrast, a metazoan-like TATA element appears to be absent in trichomonad promoters. We demonstrate that the conserved motif found in T. vaginalis protein-encoding genes is an Inr promoter element. This trichomonad Inr is essential for transcription, responsible for accurate start site selection, and interchangeable between genes, demonstrating its role as a core promoter element. The sequence requirements of the trichomonad Inr are similar to metazoan Inrs and can be replaced by a mammalian Inr. These studies show that the Inr is a ubiquitous, core promoter element for protein-encoding genes in an early-evolving eukaryote. Functional and structural similarities between this protist Inr and the metazoan Inr strongly indicate that the Inr promoter element evolved early in eukaryotic evolution.
The role of acculturation in life satisfaction among Hispanic cancer survivors: results of the American Cancer Society's study of cancer survivors.

Objective: We sought to identify the role of acculturation in the life satisfaction of Hispanic cancer survivors. Methods: We compared life satisfaction among the high- vs low-acculturated Hispanics who participated in a national, cross-sectional study of quality of life among cancer survivors. Results: Despite fewer socio-economic resources, low-acculturated Hispanic survivors had higher life satisfaction (Beta=5.08, p<0.05). This relationship was mediated by higher levels of social support and spirituality found among low-acculturated survivors, with spirituality being the strongest predictor (Beta=0.379, p<0.001). Conclusions: Acculturation may provide opportunities for improved socio-economic status often necessary for adequate functioning in the host culture. However, it may also result in a departure from traditional cultural values, which in turn may negatively impact life satisfaction during cancer survivorship. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Altered kinetics of nonhomologous end joining and class switch recombination in ligase IV–deficient B cells

Immunoglobulin heavy chain class switch recombination (CSR) is believed to occur through the generation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the long and repetitive switch regions. Although implied, the role of the major vertebrate DSB repair pathway, nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), in CSR has been controversial. By somatic gene targeting of DNA ligase IV (Lig4; a key component of NHEJ) in a B cell line (CH12F3) capable of highly efficient CSR in vitro, we found that NHEJ is required for efficient CSR. Disruption of the Lig4 gene in CH12F3 cells severely inhibits the initial rate of CSR and causes a late cell proliferation defect under cytokine stimulation. However, unlike V(D)J recombination, which absolutely requires NHEJ, CSR accumulates to a substantial level in Lig4-null cells. The data revealed a fast-acting NHEJ and a slow-acting alterative end joining of switch region breaks during CSR.
Measurements of third-order resonant wave interactions

This paper presents the results of experiments on the resonant interaction of gravity waves. Two mutually-orthogonal primary wave trains are generated in a tank and their interaction products studied at various positions on the surface. Under suitable conditions, the growing resonant third-order interaction product is identified; its amplitude is shown to be a linear function of the interaction distance. The band-width of the response decreases with increasing distance, as is characteristic of the phenomenon of resonance. The ratio of the frequencies of the primary waves at resonance is very close to that predicted theoretically; the growth rate of the third component is close to, though about 20% higher than, the predicted value. Conditions far from resonance are also studied; it is found that the growing tertiary wave is absent in this case.These results offer the first unambiguous experimental demonstration of resonant wave interactions.
Optimal resource allocation in multihop relay-enhanced WiMAX networks

Multihop relaying in WiMAX networks is considered an increasingly attractive technology for providing throughput enhancement, coverage extension, or both. In this paper, we consider deploying non-transparent relay stations (RSs) that transmit on the same carrier frequency as the base station (BS) for the purpose of coverage extension. Since it is possible that the RSs and BS are transmitting/receiving simultaneously to/from the subscriber stations (SSs) during the access zone period, it is challenging to schedule resources optimally for serving SSs in a fair manner. We propose an optimal scheduling scheme that preserves fairness among active SSs, and compare its performance with two different resource allocation schemes, namely, the overlapped and orthogonal in terms of cell throughput and outage performance. Our numerical results show that proposed scheme can achieve more throughput than the orthogonal scheme, while maintaining the fairness and lower outage performance of the orthogonal one.
PP07.5 – 2252: Safety and tolerability of lacosamide as adjunctive therapy in children with partial-onset seizures

Objective To evaluate the safety and tolerability of adjunctive lacosamide (LCM) in children with partial-onset seizures. Methods This multi-national, open-label, dose-titration trial (SP0847; NCT00938431) enrolled patients aged 1 month to 17 years with partial-onset seizures uncontrolled on stable doses of 1 to 3 AEDs. LCM was initiated at 2 mg/kg/day (bid) and titrated at 2 mg/kg/day weekly increments to the maximum cohort-defined dose. An initial cohort of 8 patients (5–11 years) received up to 8 mg/kg/day LCM, which determined the dosing (up to 12 mg/kg/day; not exceeding 600 mg/day) for the remaining cohorts (12–17 years; 2–4 years; 5–11 years; 1 month– Results 47 patients were enrolled (mean age 7.0 years, 51.1% female, mean time since diagnosis 4.3 years, 78.7% on ≥2 concomitant AEDs). The mean LCM treatment duration was 40.4 days, 24 (51.1%) patients completed the study and 40 (85.1%) planned to continue LCM in the follow-up study. 89.4% of patients reported ≥1 treatment emergent adverse event (TEAE) most frequently vomiting (21.3%), diarrhoea (14.9%), somnolence (12.8%), irritability (10.6%), dizziness (10.6%) and pyrexia (10.6%). 20 (42.6%) patients discontinued due to TEAEs most frequently vomiting (8.5%), gait disturbance (6.4%), dizziness (6.4%) and somnolence (6.4%). 6 (12.8%) patients reported serious TEAEs most commonly status epilepticus (6.4%). No deaths were reported. Conclusion This study supports the safety of adjunctive LCM in children (aged 1 month to 17 years) with partial-onset seizures. The TEAE profile was generally consistent with that observed in previous LCM studies in adults, and no new safety concerns were identified. A more flexible titration scheme may improve tolerability. Disclosure: UCB Pharma-Funded Study
Hydrodynamic Modeling of Tsunamis Generated by Submarine Landslides: Generation, Propagation, and Shoreline Impact

On July 17, 1998, an earthquake occurred near the Pacific coast of western Papua New Guinea (PNG), and a large tsunami followed. The death toll had been the worst from a tsunami in the previous 50 years, with over 1,000 persons killed by the 10-m waves. The exact causative mechanism of the tsunami had been the subject of considerable debate; detailed offshore investigations coupled with analysis of runup patterns eventually and convincingly indicated a slump source (e.g., Tappin et al. 2001; Synolakis et al. 2002). Since PNG, the tsunami community has expended significant energy into examining the state of knowledge regarding landslide tsunamis, with a particular hope to determine the risk associated with these events. This paper will detail some of these recent advances, as well as provide a fundamental background into the physics of wave generation by submarine mass movements. Topics to be discussed include coupling seafloor motion to the hydrodynamics, characteristics of landslide tsunami waves as compared to “traditional” subduction earthquake tsunamis, and the behavior of landslide tsunamis in shallow water.
Introduction to Nova Law Review Articles for the Goodwin Seminars - Trade Winds in Caribbean Law: Evolution of Legal Norms and Quest for Independent Justice

During the fall semester of 2004, Nova Southeastern University Shepard Broad Law Center (NSU Law Center) devoted its Goodwin Seminar series to an examination of emerging legal trends and institutions in the Commonwealth Caribbean. Accordingly, the seminar series invited a number of speakers to explore the ongoing legal reform and change within the region. Along these lines, the Goodwin Seminar speakers provided insights into the long-term efforts to address contemporary national, regional and international concerns by advancing Caribbean law and legal institutions. These innovations have culminated with such historic regional undertakings as the inauguration of the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) scheduled for April 2005 and the establishment of the Caribbean Single Market and Economy (CSME).
Investigating David Baltimore and Thereza Imanishi-Kari

This case study case is designed to teach about federal support for basic biomedical research and the shifting regulatory terrain for oversight of scientific conduct. The case is especially useful for instructors in healthcare policy, healthcare politics, and NIH-mandated courses in the responsible conduct of research (RCR).Issues of scientific misconduct and responsibility for the oversight of biomedical research came to a head in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In the course of a series of investigations into scientific fraud and misconduct involving Nobel laureate David Baltimore and research scientists Thereza Imanishi-Kari, new policies were established in the United States and internationally. The institutional structure of oversight of scientific conduct by U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) expanded, first with the creation of the Office of Scientific Integrity and later, the Office of Research Integrity (ORI). Set in December 1991, the case asks whether Baltimore should resign as president of Rockefeller University. His short tenure had been rocked by controversy over allegations concerning a publication from 1986 in the leading journal, Cell. Although Baltimore himself was never accused of misconduct or data manipulation, investigations into the underlying data led to questions about his role as co-author. His position was weakened when he staunchly defended his collaborator and clashed with John Dingell, a powerful member of Congress. Furthermore, faculty members at Rockefeller were opposed to the institutional changes he was imposing and used the investigations as a basis for challenging Baltimore.
International Relations: Putting the Pieces Together

Modern physical science and applied technology have released unmeasured potentials of power and destruction. Space has been opened for human transit, and machines are taking over more and more of the repetitive aspects of man's labor. Yet neither through their innate judgments, values, discriminations and instinct for survival, nor through their social sciences have human beings yet learned how to use these vast new powers safely or wholly constructively. We do not know how to control our potentials for destruction. We have yet to consider seriously the ordering of our activities in space. We are even now pushing headlong into automation and possibly a partially cybernatic society without adequate thought for precautions or consequences. We are even multiplying our own numbers without sufficient forethought and planning. Technologically man has become extraordinarily sophisticated, but in general his knowledge of himself remains highly subjective and undisciplined. He is strongly inclined toward believing of himself and his fellows whatever it suits him to believe at any given moment. In view of the awesome weapons we now have at our disposal, it is no longer sufficient to learn about individual human behavior in the laboratory of the experimentalist or on the psychiatrist's couch. What we need desperately is a unified theory of human behavior?and the testing of its various hypotheses by many means. We need to know about the behavior of man in all kinds of groups, but perhaps in political groups particularly. We need to know more about man organized into nations and about how nations behave?and why. We need to be able to study the behavior of Khrushchev?or Hitler or Castro or Nehru or Kennedy?as rhe behavior of an individual and also as the head and major spokesman of a state.
Tandem gene duplication and fixed heterozygosity in the parasitic wasp, Trichogramma marylandense

All males and females of the parasitic waspTrichogramma marylandense exhibit the 5-band ME phenotype normally found in heterozygous individuals. Since no diploid males were found and all males are hemizygous at both PGI and PGM loci, it is concluded that the permanent heterozygosity at this ME locus inT. marylandense is the result of tandem gene duplication.
Influence of Vitamin A and B Deficiency upon Intestinal Acid-Base Equilibrium and Bacterial Flora

The intra-intestinal acid-base equilibrium and the distribution of the bacterial flora have been investigated in certain vitamin deficiencies. The basic diet consisted of casein, cornstarch, Osborne and Mendel salt mixture, butter fat and dried yeast. In the vitamin A deficient diet, the butter fat was omitted. In the vitamin B deficient diet the yeast was omitted. Sixty-five 50 gm. rats were placed upon each of these 3 diets. The vitamin A deficiency series were killed in gas chamber after 7-8 weeks, the B deficiency series after 3-4 weeks. The end point was determined at the time the weight curve was stationary for 4 successive days. The controls were fed for 8 weeks.All animals were put in single cages and fasted for 24 hours. Illuminating gas lethal chambers were used to kill the rats. The specimen of gastro-intestinal contents were removed after ligature of the segments with hemostats. The upper portion of the tract was empty and to make conditions comparable, 0.4 cc. of distilled water was used to f...
A coupled dynamics, multiple degree of freedom process damping model, Part 1: Turning

Abstract Self-excited vibration, or chatter, is an important consideration in machining operations due to its direct influence on part quality, tool life, and machining cost. At low machining speeds, a phenomenon referred to as process damping enables stable cutting at higher depths of cut than predicted with traditional analytical models. This paper describes an analytical stability model which includes a process damping force that is dependent on the surface normal velocity, chip width, cutting speed, and an empirical process damping coefficient. Model validation is completed using time domain simulation and turning experiments. The results indicate that the multiple degree of freedom model is able to predict the stability boundary using a single process damping coefficient.
Why there is no supernatural morality: response to Miller's opening statement

If one is going to argue that objective morality depends on an Archimedean point outside the natural world, then it would seem to imply that this source is necessarily supernatural. Thus, Christian Miller begins by defining precisely who he thinks this supernatural moral law giver is: the omniscient, omnipotent, and omnibenevolent creator of the universe who is still actively involved with human affairs-Elohim, Jehovah, Yahweh, or Allah-aka God. Already I'm skeptical.
Mouse model of pulmonary cavitary tuberculosis and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9

Cavitation is a key pathological feature of human tuberculosis (TB), and is a well-recognized risk factor for transmission of infection, relapse after treatment and the emergence of drug resistance. Despite intense interest in the mechanisms underlying cavitation and its negative impact on treatment outcomes, there has been limited study of this phenomenon, owing in large part to the limitations of existing animal models. Although cavitation does not occur in conventional mouse strains after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, cavitary lung lesions have occasionally been observed in C3HeB/FeJ mice. However, to date, there has been no demonstration that cavitation can be produced consistently enough to support C3HeB/FeJ mice as a new and useful model of cavitary TB. We utilized serial computed tomography (CT) imaging to detect pulmonary cavitation in C3HeB/FeJ mice after aerosol infection with M. tuberculosis. Post-mortem analyses were performed to characterize lung lesions and to localize matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) previously implicated in cavitary TB in situ. A total of 47-61% of infected mice developed cavities during primary disease or relapse after non-curative treatments. Key pathological features of human TB, including simultaneous presence of multiple pathologies, were noted in lung tissues. Optical imaging demonstrated increased MMP activity in TB lesions and MMP-9 was significantly expressed in cavitary lesions. Tissue MMP-9 activity could be abrogated by specific inhibitors. In situ, three-dimensional analyses of cavitary lesions demonstrated that 22.06% of CD11b+ signal colocalized with MMP-9. C3HeB/FeJ mice represent a reliable, economical and tractable model of cavitary TB, with key similarities to human TB. This model should provide an excellent tool to better understand the pathogenesis of cavitation and its effects on TB treatments.
Interference in the measurement of CA-125 in peritoneal fluid *

CA-125 has been found to be mildly elevated in the serum of patients with advanced stages of endometriosis, but not with minimal endometriosis. Peritoneal fluid levels were measured in conjunction with serum levels in 12 consecutive patients with endometriosis and 12 consecutive normal controls. Apparent peritoneal fluid values were found to be 10-fold higher than serum levels, with no difference between the study groups (130 versus 106 U/ml, respectively). However, when peritoneal fluid was diluted to validate the assay system in peritoneal fluid, no sample of peritoneal fluid showed decreased binding with serial dilutions of 1:2, 1:5, and 1:10. At a dilution of 1:100, there was some decreased binding, but the level was 17-fold higher than expected. The source of this interference is unknown.
The relationship between avatar-based customization, player identification, and motivation

Player identification is an outcome of gameplay experiences in virtual worlds and has been shown to affectenjoyment and reduce self-discrepancy. Avatar customization has potential to impact player identificationby shaping the relationship between the player and the character. This mixed method study examines theeffects of avatar-based customization on players' identification with their characters, and the effects ofidentification dimensions (i.e., perceived similarity, wishful identification, embodied presence) on theirmotivation in a massively multiplayer online game, Lord of the Rings Online (LotRO). Participants (N= 66) played LotRO either in customization or in no-customization group for ten hours in four sessionsin a lab setting. Data were collected through interviews and surveys. Results showed both time andavatar customization positively impacted player identification with their characters. Player motivationwas predicted in different sessions by different identification dimensions, which shows the dynamic andsituational impact of identification on motivation.
Estimating product‐specific and multiproduct economies of scale with data envelopment analysis

Nonparametric cost frontier estimation and subsequent analysis of the relative efficiency of firms has historically been conducted without critically examining the shape of the cost frontier. The shape of the cost frontier has been examined using additional parametric estimation methods to recover potential cost savings from multiproduct and product-specific economies of scale. This paper presents and tests an approach to estimate multiproduct and product-specific economies of scale using data envelopment analysis. Data for the study are simulated assuming an underlying production technology. Nonparametric estimates of efficiency, multiproduct scale, product specific scale, and scope economies are compared to those of the assumed production technology. Results show that the nonparametric approach accurately estimates multiproduct economies of scale and product-specific economies of scale under alternative inefficiency distributional assumptions.
Multi-terahertz frequency sweeps for high-resolution, frequency-modulated continuous wave ladar using a distributed feedback laser array

Swept-wavelength reflectometry is an absolute distance measurement technique with significant sensitivity and detector bandwidth advantages over normal pulsed, time-of-flight methods. Although several tunable laser sources exist, many exhibit short coherence lengths or require mechanical tuning components. Semiconductor distributed feedback laser diodes (DFBs) are advantageous as a swept source because they exhibit a narrow instantaneous linewidth and can be frequency-swept simply via a single injection current. Here, we present a novel bandwidth generation technique that uses a compact, monolithic, 12-element DFB array to create an effectively continuous, gap-free sweep. Each DFB is sequentially swept over 3.5 nm at 1,600 THz/s using a shaped current pulse, ensuring spectral overlap between each element. After combining the self-heterodyned return signatures, the transform-limited resolution of the 43.6 nm sweep is demonstrated to be ~27.4 μm in air with a precision of 0.18 μm at a distance of 1.4 m.
Inhibition of ovarian tumor-associated DJ-1 expression and tumor progression.

e16527 Background: DJ-1, an oncogene product, plays a critical role in tumor survival, invasion and progression. Enhanced expression of DJ-1was associated with increased resistance to cisplatin in ...
Corn Breeding: Types of Cultivars

A cultivar is a plant variety that has been developed for a specific use, such as production of grain. The most common type of corn cultivar grown since the middle of the 20th century by U.S. farmers is the single-cross hybrid. Before this time, other types of cultivars predominated. In this lesson we describe the development and production of single-cross hybrids and other types of corn cultivars. The lesson begins with a brief description of genes and alleles, which is helpful in understanding some of the genetic differences among types of cultivars. This lesson is written at an introductory level, targeting people without prior training in genetics, breeding, or related sciences. Farmers who want to participate in breeding clubs, scientists who are not plant breeders but work collaboratively with them, or others who want an introduction to types of corn cultivars may benefit from this lesson. After completing this lesson, a person should be able to:
Associations between language acculturation, age of immigration, and obesity in the Mexican American Mano A Mano cohort

Summary Introduction As Mexican immigrants to the U.S. become acculturated, they face worsening health outcomes such as obesity. The role of language acculturation in the development of obesity has not been thoroughly examined. Methods To examine associations between language acculturation and obesity, data were drawn from the Mexican–American Mano A Mano cohort study. Participants aged 20 years and over (n=18,298) completed baseline questionnaires on socio-demographic and behavioural factors, including physical activity and sitting time. The Bi-dimensional Acculturation Scale for Hispanics assessed language acculturation. Multivariate-adjusted logistic regression was conducted to investigate associations between language acculturation, immigration age, and obesity, and whether sitting time and physical activity mediated these associations. Results Individuals with obesity were more linguistically acculturated than individuals who were normal weight or overweight ( P 0.001); however, this relationship differed by gender and nativity. Among Mexico-born women, language acculturation score was inversely related to BMI ( P 0.001). Language acculturation was associated with higher risk of obesity (OR=1.35, 95% CI: 1.12–1.62) in U.S.-born participants and lower risk in Mexico-born participants (OR=0.90, 95%CI=0.81–1.00). For Mexico-born participants, arrival in the U.S. as an adult (≥20years old) was associated with a reduced obesity risk (OR=0.74, 95% CI: 0.67–0.80). Sitting time mediated the association between language acculturation and obesity. Conclusions Language acculturation may influence obesity development among the U.S.-born Mexican Americans in this cohort, but not their Mexico-born counterparts. Sitting time could be targeted in obesity prevention efforts in this population.
Analysis and Design of a Three Phase Photovoltaic System with Battery Backup

A solar converter with integrated battery back-up is presented in this paper for medium power application. The proposed system uses a single stage power conversion topology to extract power from solar panels. The integrated battery energy storage system ensures continuity of power flow during partial shading and night times. Proposed solution reduces the cost and complexity of solar power converters with a single stage power conversion unit. Battery energy storage system smoothens the power obtainable from photovoltaic generation and adds to system reliability.
Performance Investigation of a Wearable Distributed-Deflection Sensor in Arterial Pulse Waveform Measurement

This paper presents a performance investigation of a wearable distributed-deflection sensor in arterial pulse waveform measurement. Built on a flexible substrate, the sensor entails a polymer microstructure embedded with an electrolyte-enabled resistive transducer array. By pressing the sensor against an artery with hold-down pressure exerted by two fingers, the pulse signal from the artery deflects the microstructure and registers as a resistance change by the transducer at the artery site. The radial and carotid pulse signals of five subjects are recorded via the sensor. Related signal-processing algorithms are written in Matlab to remove motion artifacts from a recorded pulse signal, extract its key tonometric parameters, and calculate the Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) and radial and carotid Augmentation Index (AI). Whereas the tonometric parameters of the measured radial and carotid pulse waveforms on each subject are consistent with the related findings in the literature, the difference in tonometric parameters among the subjects also reveals physiological significance. The measured PWV and radial and carotid AI of the subjects show good agreement with how they should vary with age, gender and hypertension. Finally, the effect of the hold-down pressure on a measured pulse signal and the repeatability of the sensor are examined.