cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fans of Columbine shooters Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold

On April 20, 1999, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold murdered 12 students and one teacher at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, in what was then the deadliest school shooting in American history. Despite causing a national panic and serving as a flash point for larger narratives on bullying, gun control, and media violence, both boys have gained active online fans. These fandoms dedicated to the Columbine shooters are widely referred to as dark examples of Internet communities, while the fans are also frequently denigrated as unstable and violent outcasts. Such dark online fandoms are yet to permeate mainstream culture or to challenge the preexisting perception of these communities as breeding grounds for the next wave of school shooters. While studies have covered the types of fans and their myriad interests, the field remains focused on more conventional examples of fan communities. In an effort to challenge and expand the object of focus when we study fandom, this qualitative study examines Columbine fans and their activity in order to understand the dominant motives they appear to have for engaging with and around such controversial figures and then concludes by exploring how this community might help us reflect more broadly on our concept of fandom. Redeeming these fans as part of diverse and complex communities of social relevance can demonstrate how even a dark fandom such as that of these Columbine shooters provides valuable cultural insights and benefits the field of fan studies.
Medicaid Coverage Expansion and Implications for Cancer Disparities

Objectives. We estimated the impact on cancer disparities in US states that have chosen or not chosen to expand Medicaid since passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.Methods. Data came from the 2013 Uniform Data System for colorectal and cervical cancer screening rates among patients of federally qualified health centers (FQHCs); the 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System for colorectal, cervical, and breast cancer screening rates; and the US Cancer Statistics (2007–2011) for colorectal, cervical, and breast cancer mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Dyads of Medicaid expansion decisions with cancer screening rates and MIRs were mapped using ArcMap.Results. States that had not expanded Medicaid as of September 2014 had lower cancer screening rates, especially among FQHC patients. Overall, cancer MIRs were not significantly different by Medicaid expansion status. However, Southeastern states without Medicaid expansion tended to have higher cancer MIRs and lower screening rates...
Behind the smile: the working lives of Caribbean tourism (2nd ed.)

Local voices are relatively quiet in much academic research on tourism in the developing world. In Behind the smile, George Gmelch seeks to address this significant omission, giving readers a view ...
Approximate deconvolution large eddy simulation of a stratified two-layer quasigeostrophic ocean model

Abstract We present an approximate deconvolution (AD) large eddy simulation (LES) model for the two-layer quasigeostrophic equations. We applied the AD-LES model to mid-latitude two-layer square oceanic basins, which are standard prototypes of more realistic stratified ocean dynamics models. Two spatial filters were investigated in the AD-LES model: a tridiagonal filter and an elliptic differential filter. A sensitivity analysis of the AD-LES results with respect to changes in modeling parameters was performed. The results demonstrate that the AD-LES model used in conjunction with the tridiagonal or differential filters provides additional dissipation to the system, allowing the use of a smaller eddy viscosity coefficient. Changing the spatial filter makes a significant difference in characterizing the effective dissipation in the model. It was found that the tridiagonal filter introduces the least amount of numerical dissipation into the AD-LES model. The differential filter, however, added a significant amount of numerical dissipation to the AD-LES model for large values of the filter width. All AD-LES models reproduced the DNS results at a fraction of the cost within a reasonable level of accuracy.
Diffusion of water into oxides during microhardness indentation

L'indentation d'echantillons de verre de silice et de monocristaux d'alumine dans l'air ou dans le toluene, provoque une diminution de la durete des deux materiaux. L'evolution des proprietes mecaniques est suivie par spectrometrie d'absorption IR
State Education Agencies’ Acquisition and Use of Research Knowledge for School Improvement

Over the last two decades, state education agencies (SEAs) have been given considerable responsibilities for improving low-performing schools and for adopting research-based practices in doing so. Yet we know little about how and where these organizations search for, select, and use research and other kinds of evidence. We examined these questions as they relate to school improvement designs and strategies in three SEAs using a combination of surveys and interviews conducted in 2010–11. We found that SEA staffs relied most heavily on their colleagues for information but that information often flowed across departments and offices, contrary to the usual image of the SEA as a segmented and siloed bureaucracy. A large number of external organizations were identified in SEA research advice networks and played a catalyzing role in the design or elaboration of research for policy. Although most sources were named by just one person, each SEA also had central internal staff who played an important role in broker...
Regional economic co‐operation, global markets and domestic politics: A comparison of NAFTA and the Maastricht Treaty1

Abstract Global economic interdependence has created incentives for greater international economic co‐operation. In many instances, these incentives have led states to accept important and controversial co‐operative agreements, despite their costs. A crucial form of contemporary international economic policy co‐operation is the development of regional patterns of economic integration, exemplified by the NAFTA accord and the Maastricht Treaty on European Monetary Union (EMU). Why did countries choose to co‐operate in NAFTA and the EMU, especially given the costs? This question is addressed in three parts. First, why did political leaders initiate these negotiations? Given the costs of such far‐reaching accords, why were leaders interested in pursuing them? The second issue is why were the countries able to reach agreement? A number of factors, such as the end of the Cold War and the economic difficulties experienced by the advanced industrial countries after 1987, could have undermined such co‐operation. F...
Regulatory Phosphorylation Induces Extracellular Conformational Changes in a CLC Anion Channel

CLH-3b is a CLC-1/2/Ka/Kb channel homolog activated by meiotic cell cycle progression and cell swelling. Channel inhibition occurs by GCK-3 kinase-mediated phosphorylation of serine residues on the cytoplasmic C-terminus linker connecting CBS1 and CBS2. Two conserved aromatic amino acid residues located on the intracellular loop connecting membrane helices H and I and α1 of CBS2 are required for transducing phosphorylation changes into changes in channel activity. Helices H and I form part of the interface between the two subunits that comprise functional CLC channels. Using a cysteine-less CLH-3b mutant, we demonstrate that the sulfhydryl reagent reactivity of substituted cysteines at the subunit interface changes dramatically during GCK-3-mediated channel inhibition and that these changes are prevented by mutation of the H-I loop/CBS2 α1 signal transduction domain. We also show that GCK-3 modifies Zn2+ inhibition, which is thought to be mediated by the common gating process. These and other results suggest that phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic C-terminus inhibits CLH-3b by inducing subunit interface conformation changes that activate the common gate. Our findings have important implications for understanding CLC regulation by diverse signaling mechanisms and for understanding the structure/function relationships that mediate intraprotein communication in this important family of Cl− transport proteins.
Three-Dimensional Display Of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Images

We report on the results of a collaboration between two independent research projects at the Buffalo and Stony Brook campuses of the State University of New York. At Buffalo we have been developing a software system for the detection and display of surfaces of organs and organ systems from three-dimensional reconstructions. At Stony Brook we have been developing hardware and software for the three-dimensional reconstruction of objects using nuclear magnetic resonance zeugmatographic imaging. The merging of these two modalities gives us a truly powerful tool for three-dimensional visualization. This is demonstrated by frames from movies illustrating the external and internal three-dimensional structure of organs, such as the brain and the heart, produced by applying the Buffalo display programs to the Stony Brook nuclear magnetic resonance reconstructions.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Soot production in axisymmetric laminar diffusion flames at pressures from one to ten atmospheres

Laminar axisymmetric ethylene-air diffusion flames were studied at pressures from 0.1 to 1.0 MPa (1–10 standard atmospheres) in order to gain insight into the processes controlling the evolution of soot from such flames. Measurements of the attenuation of laser light across the flame diameter were used to characterize the volume of soot present in the flame. Data were acquired as a function of axial position above the burner port, allowing independent identification and examination of regions of soot formation and soot oxidation. The peak integrated soot volume fraction fv across the diameter of the flameincreases with pressure p according to ∫ − ∞ + 8 f υ d r ∝ p n where n=1.2±0.1 for pressures between 0.1 and 1.0 MPa. Integral volume fraction measurements begin to fall noticeably below this trend as pressure approaches 1.0 MPa, indicating decreasing dependence of soot volume fraction on pressure at the highest pressures studied. As at atmospheric pressure, the quantity of soot emitted from a particular flame is ultimately determined by a competition between formation and oxidation processes. These experiments show that not only does the formation of soot increase strongly with pressure, but also that soot oxidation removes a decreasing fraction of the soot that is formed as pressure increases. Hence, it is increasingly difficult to prevent the emission of smoke at increasing pressure. The reciprocal of the maximum non-smoking fuel mass flow rate 1 / m ˙ fuel increases with pressure according to 1 / m ˙ fuel ∝ p 1.3
Acetabular revision with a modular anti-protrusio acetabular component.

Abstract Current anti-protrusio cages are non-porous-coated and 1 piece and they require liner cementation. These factors limit bone ingrowth, trials, and modularity. Results of a completely modular porous-coated anti-protrusio component (MAPC) are presented. Sixty-three acetabular revisions with MAPC were performed from 1998–2001 by 2 surgeons. Average follow-up was 29 months (range, 24–50). 30/63 (48%) had Paprosky type 3A or B defects. 55/63 (87%) MAPCs remain in place. Four components were removed for infection, 3 for loosening, and 1 for malposition. Eight hips dislocated, requiring 6 reoperations. Two MAPCs are radiographically loose but asymptomatic. At short-term follow-up, these results are comparable to conventional 1-piece anti-protrusio cages. Advantages include the potential for bone ingrowth and long-term fixation, surgical technique similar to large hemispherical components, ability to trial, and modularity.
TrickleDNS: Bootstrapping DNS security using social trust

This paper presents TrickleDNS, a decentralized system for proactive dissemination of DNS data. Unlike prior solutions, which depend on the complete deployment of DNSSEC standard to preserve data integrity, TrickleDNS offers an incrementally deployable solution with a probabilistic guarantee on data integrity that becomes stronger as the adoption of DNSSEC increases. TrickleDNS provides resilience from data corruption attacks and denial of service attacks, including sybil attacks, using three key steps. First, TrickleDNS organizes participating nameservers into a well-connected peer-to-peer Secure Network of Nameservers (SNN) using two types of trust links: (a) strongly trusted social relationships across DNS servers (which exist today); (b) random yet constrained weak trust links between DNS servers, which it introduces. The SNN allows nameservers in the network to reliably broadcast their public-keys to each other without relying on a centralized PKI. Second, TrickleDNS reliably binds domains to their authoritative name servers through independent verification by multiple, randomly chosen peers within the SNN. Finally, TrickleDNS servers proactively disseminate self-certified versions of DNS records to provide faster performance, better availability, and improved security.
Rapid Microbiological Assay for Chloramphenicol and Tetracyclines

Abstract An agar diffusion assay for chloramphenicol and tetracyclines is described, using inhibition of hemolysis by Clostridium perfringens as a biological indicator of antimicrobial activity. Well-defined zones formed after a 1.5- to 2-h incubation in an anaerobic chamber or after 3 h using a GasPak system. Serum levels of chloramphenicol as low as 2.0 μg/ml could be reproducibly determined with this method. Concurrent presence of gentamicin did not influence the assay. Levels of penicillin G were also reproducibly determined with this method, although use of stable zones of growth inhibition which would form after overnight incubation were a more convenient end point for this bactericidal drug. The hemolytic assay with C. perfringens is a reproducible, accurate, and rapid method for determination of levels for chloramphenicol and tetracyclines.
Perception of Relative Velocity: A Revision of the Hypothesis of Relational Determination:

The conventional formulation of the hypothesis of relational determination asserts that the perceived relative velocities of two or more objects depend upon their relative rates of displacement with respect to stationary referents in the visual field. Experiment 1 showed that this formulation is too restrictive by demonstrating the transposition-of-velocity effect under conditions in which two light spots moved in the absence of static visible contours and traversed unequal path lengths. Experiment 2 showed that angular velocity per unit of relative angular extent, and not relative linear or perceived extent, of the respective motion paths influences perceived relative velocity in nonarticulated space. The retinal dimensions of static visible frameworks were shown in experiment 3 to influence perceived relative velocity in a direction consistent with the conventional formulation of the relational-determination hypothesis, but the weight of the evidence suggested a reformulation along the following lines: ...
Constrained genetic search via schema adaptation: An immune network solution

Genetic search derives its computational advantage from an intrinsic pattern recognition capability. Patterns or schemata associated with a high level of fitness are rapidly identified and reproduced at a near-exponential growth rate through generations of simulated evolution. This highly exploitative search process has been shown to be extremely effective in searching for schema that represent an optimum, requiring only that an appropriate measure of fitness be defined. This exploitative pattern recognition process is also at work in another biological system-the immune system which recognizes antigens foreign to the system and generates antibodies to combat the growth of these antigens. The present paper describes key elements of how the functioning of the immune system can be modeled in the context of genetic search, and its applicability for handling constrained genetic search. Results from this simulation are compared with those obtained from the more traditional approach of handling constraints in genetic search, viz. through the use of a penalty function formulation.
Transient and total dose radiation characteristics of an SOS LSI array

Transient and total dose characteristics of irradiated 300 gate LSI arrays are presented. These arrays are configured to carry out the arithmetic function of an Arithmetic-Logic Unit. Samples were fabricated with ion implanted source-drain regions, wet-or dry-oxide (SiO 2 ) gate insulator, and n+deposited polysilicon gates. Irradiation sources were the AFCRL Linac operating with 20- and 100-ns pulses, and the Fort Monmouth Cobalt 60 facility. Transient upset measurements of four worst case outputs are presented with the samples operating in an active and static mode during exposure. Worst case is the static mode of operation during exposure. The upset dose rate during an active mode depends on the time of occurrence of the radiation pulse relative to the transition waveform. Functional failure doses made in-situ are presented for exposure dose rates ranging from 4.2 to 1000 krads (Si)/h. Corresponding total dose failure for these dose rates varies from 105to 106rads (Si). The rapid annealing properties of the gate insulator are responsible for this dependence on dose rate.
Two ways to quantify uncertainty in geophysical inverse problems

We present two approaches to invert geophysical measurements and estimate subsurface properties and their uncertainties when little is known a priori about the size of the errors associated with the data. We illustrate these approaches by inverting first-arrival traveltimes of seismic waves measured in a vertical well to infer the variation of compressional slowness in depth. First, we describe a Bayesian formulation based on probability distributions that define prior knowledge about the slowness and the data errors. We use an empirical Bayes approach, where hyperparameters are not well known ahead of time (e.g., the variance of the data errors) and are estimated from their most probable value, given the data. The second approach is a non-Bayesian formulation that we call spectral, in the sense that it uses the power spectral density of the traveltime data to constrain the inversion (e.g., to estimate the variance of the data errors). In the spectral approach, we vary assumptions made about the characteristics of the slowness signal and evaluate the resulting slowness estimates and their uncertainties. This approach is computationally simple and starts from a few assumptions. These assumptions can be checked during the analysis. On the other hand, it requires evenly spaced traveltime measurements, and it cannot be extended easily (e.g., to data that have gaps). In contrast, the Bayesian framework is based on a general theory that can be generalized immediately, but it is more involved computationally. Despite the conceptual and practical differences, we find that the two approaches give the same results when they start from the same assumptions: The allegiance to a Bayesian or non-Bayesian formulation matters less than what one is willing to assume when solving the inverse problem.
The decidability of a mapping problem for generalized sequential machines with final states

The following problem is shown to be decidable for arbitrary regular sets R1 and R2: Does there exist a generalized sequential machine with final states which maps R1 onto R2? In the development of the solution a graphical interpretation of bounded and unbounded regular sets is presented. Also, the subproblem when R1 and R2 are arbitrary bounded regular sets is shown to be decidable.
Louis Hartz and the Liberal Metaphor: A Half-Century Later

In his introduction to the 1991 edition of Louis Hartz's The Liberal Tradition in America, journalist Tom Wicker noted its relevance for understanding the ambivalent appeal of values that had led both to the downfall of communism and to the “demonization” of Saddam Hussein. Wicker also noted that Hartz's synoptic use of “liberal” as encompassing what is commonly referred to in American political discourse as “liberal” and “conservative” ideologies might “add to some Americans' confusion” about the already “confused and abused” use of the term. As we reach the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of Hartz's book, it is important to reassess the work, especially in light of what might seem an obvious parallel between his concerns in the context of the Cold War and contemporary worries about the relationship between American foreign policy and domestic politics that has evolved since 2001. Whether the valence has been negative or positive, Hartz's image of a liberal consensus in the United States has created a picture that has held the academic mind captive and shaped its approach to both scholarship and political analysis.
Energy diagram method for bragg reflections in low energy electron diffraction (LEED) spectra

A point of view and a method of calculation derived from energy band theory are applied to the problem of finding energies of Bragg reflections from a given crystal. Energy curves are defined and calculated which describe the behavior of individual diffracted electron beams for a given set of beams incident on a particular face of the crystal. Intersections of these curves correspond to and identify the Bragg reflections associated with each beam. Energy diagrams and Bragg peak positions are shown for simple cubic and face-centered cubic lattices for various angles of incidence. We discuss the method in some simple cases and then solve the problem of finding Bragg reflections from the general crystal lattice with an arbitrary surface plane and arbitrary incident beams. The effect of the surface in producing well-defined diffracted beams for any incident beam and in grouping the Bragg reflections into these beams is described. Tables and formulas, which apply to any direction of incidence, are given for the Bragg reflections from the (001), (110) and (111) faces of the face-centered cubic lattice.
Agglutination of sensitized alligator erythrocytes by rheumatoid factor(s).

RECENTLY, it was found that alligator erythrocytes can be effectively used as carriers for reactant globulin in tests for rheumatoid factor(s)1–3. The cells are remarkable because most human sera do not contain heterophile antibodies to them, and the cells show extraordinary durability under osmotic and mechanical stress1,2.
Control of cavitation-induced hemolysis with a surface-active polymer

This study was performed to identify the affect of variations in the surface activity of the polymer poly(propylacrylic acid) (PPAA) on cavitation-induced hemolysis. The surface activity of PPAA was varied by changing the molecular weight (MW1=43 kDa and MW2=60 kDa) and the solution pH (pH=5.0, 6.1, and 7.4). Acoustic energy was delivered with a 1.1-MHz high-intensity focused ultrasound transducer. Comparing the two molecular weights, the 60-kDa polymer was a better agent for nucleating cavitation independent of the solution pH, and was a better agent for enhancing cavitation-induced hemolysis.
The Colonial Monetary Standard of Massachusetts

M or OST recent studies of the monetary system of the American colonies have been concerned with the conflicts over imperial regulation and the grievances that may have contributed to the American Revolution. An older group of studies was coloured by the late-nineteenth-century preoccupation with gold-standard orthodoxies or by concern during the I930's with monetary expansion. The composite picture that emerged might suggest that the colonists in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, drained of specie by a "chronic deficit" in their payments and prevented from retaining their own mint, were driven to the unfortunate expedients of wampum, barter, bills of exchange, and, finally, a paper money.' Most of these accounts have been content to leave the story at the moment when the mint was suppressed, when papermoney issues were outlawed, or when specie coins once again restored "orthodoxy". The accounts of these episodes were seldom brought together and the problems of one period seem to disappear in the next like patients in a hospital. Whether they have survived or have been cured and by which therapy and how altered are all questions that such studies fail to answer. They fail largely because their interest has been in the political relationship between colony and mother country and their focus is therefore on the sequence of negotiation and regulation rather than on the effect of regulation and manner of operation of the economy. With varying degrees of economic sophistication, writers have described the monetary system in arguments like Curtis Nettels's:
The effects of annulation on cyclobutadiene bond alternation: a comparative study of semiempirical and ab initio methods☆

Abstract A great deal of interest has been directed toward cyclobutadiene (CBD) in the past because of its low activation barrier for automerization. The high reactivity of CBD has limited experimental investigations largely to tert-butyl substituted species. Little is known about the effect of specific molecular design perturbation, such as annulation, on the automerization energies. Herein, we describe this annulation effect and present a comparative study between semiempirical and ab initio methods. The calculations indicate that method selection is essential in these strained cyclic species. The semiempirical methods (AM1, MNDO and PM3) exhibit a reversal in the trend of isomerization energies from that obtained with ab initio methods (RHF/6-31G ∗ and MP2(fc)/6-31G ∗ //RHF/6-31G ∗ ) with respect to annulation.
Optical absorption spectra of s2 impurity ions in aqueous halide ion glasses

Abstract The optical absorption bands of aqueous 0·05 M Sn2+ in 7 M LiI at 77°K appear at 361, 352, 325, 310, 300, 292 and 262 nm. They are considered to be the A1, A2, B, C1, C2, C3 and D′ bands since the positions and relative intensities lie within the range of those bands for Sn2+-doped alkali iodide crystals. Upon warming the glass there is an uncorrelated increase in the B band and a decrease in the A1 band. In 3·6, 4·1, 4·6 and 5·1 M CaCl2 glasses with 5×10−3 M Sn2+ the A1 and A2 bands show uncorrelated increases with increasing concentration of Cl−. Comparable observations are reported for Pb2+-doped glasses of lithium halides and CaI2. In general the spectra of the Sn2+- and Pb2+-doped glasses correlate well with those of the corresponding crystal systems. The effect of temperature and halide-ion concentration are attributed to shifts in chemical equilibria among the well-known halo complexes, MXn2−n MXn−11−n+X−, each having a characteristic, absorption and emission. Absorptions may be attributed to M2+(3P1 ← 1S0) and M2+(1P1 ← 1S0) in the complex, shifted by partially covalent bonding of n halide ions.
Fluorination of cyclohexanols with 4-morpholinosulfur trifluoride [1]

Abstract In contrast to most simple alcohols, cyclohexanol has proved to be a surprising difficult compound to fluorine with aminosulfur trifluorides. In the reaction of 4-morpholinosulfur trifluoride (morpho-DAST) with cyclohexanol, a correlation was found between the polarity index of the solvent, P′ , and the yield of fluorocyclohexane. In the solvents of low polarity, there appears to be an uncharged intermediate that leads to fluorocyclohexane. In solvents of higher polarity, there appears to be a charged intermediate that gives fluorocyclohexane. By a study of the fluorination of cis - and trans -4- tert -butylcyclohexanol, conformational effects were shown to be a major factor in hindering the S N 2 attack by fluoride ion on the reactive intermediates(s)
Cation−Ether Complexes in the Gas Phase: Bond Dissociation Energies of M+(dimethyl ether)x, x = 1−3, M+(1,2-dimethoxyethane)x, x = 1 and 2, and M+(12-crown-4) Where M = Rb and Cs

Bond dissociation energies of M+[O(CH3)2]x, x = 1−3; M+[(CH2OCH3)2]x, x = 1 and 2; and M+[c-(C2H4O)4], where M = Rb and Cs are reported. The bond dissociation energies (BDEs) are determined experimentally by analysis of the thresholds for collision-induced dissociation of the cation-ether complexes by xenon (measured using guided ion beam mass spectrometry). In all cases, the primary dissociation channel observed experimentally is endothermic loss of one ligand molecule. The cross section thresholds are interpreted to yield 0 and 298 K BDEs after accounting for the effects of multiple ion−molecule collisions, internal energy of the complexes, and unimolecular decay rates. The experimentally determined BDEs for the monodentate ligand complexes are in good agreement with conventional ideas of electrostatic ligation of gas-phase ions and with recent ab initio calculations by Feller et al. (average discrepancy of 5 ± 6 kJ/mol). The experimentally determined BDEs for the multidentate ligand complexes do not ag...
Thirty-Month Follow-Up of Resting and Postexercise Apexcardiogram in Asymptomatic Subjects

Ninety-eight asmptomatic subjects who had a resting and postexercise apexcardiogram and maximal treadmill stress test (MTST) were clinically evaluated 30 months later. Two of six subjects (33%) with an initially abnormal resting apexcardiogram and two of 92 subjects (2.2%) with an initially normal resting apexcardiogram developed coronary heart disease within 30 months. Three of 15 subjects (20%) with an initially abnormal postexercise apexcardiogram and one of 83 subjects (1.2%) with an initially normal postexercise apexcardiogram developed coronary heart disease within 30 months. Two of four subjects (50%) with an initially abnormal resting apexcardiogram and MTST and two of 94 subjects (2.1%) without both an initially abnormal resting apexcardiogram and MTST developed coronary heart disease within 30 months. Three of seven subjects (43%) with an initially abnormal postexercise apexcardiogram and MTST and one of 91 subjects (1.1%) without both an initially abnormal postexercise apexcardiogram and MTST developed coronary heart disease within 30 months. An abnormal resting apexcardiogram, postexercise apexcardiogram, or MTST correlated with an increased incidence of subsequent coronary heart disease. An abnormal postexercise apexcardiogram plus an abnormal MTST correlated best with an increased incidence of subsequent coronary heart disease.
The Human Asialoglycoprotein Receptor Is Palmitoylated and Fatty Deacylation Causes Inactivation of State 2 Receptors

We report here for the first time that ASGP-Rs expressed in the human hepatoma cell lines HuH-7 and HepG2 are fatty acylated. Cells were metabolically labeled with [3H]palmitate and active ASGP-Rs, which contain two subunits (HHL1 and HHL2), were purified by affinity chromatography and subjected to nonreducing SDS-PAGE and fluorography. [3H]Palmitate was covalently incorporated into both HHL1 and HHL2. When gel slices containing HHL1/HHL2 were treated at neutral pH with 1 M hydroxylamine, but not 1 M Tris, > 95% of the radioactivity was removed, indicating that the attachment of palmitate to ASGP-Rs is to cysteines. Furthermore, the same mild hydroxylamine treatment caused partial ASGP-R inactivation; 50-70% of receptors corresponding to the previously characterized State 2 ASGP-Rs were inactivated. We conclude that both HHL1 and HHL2 are covalently modified by fatty acylation, which may regulate the ligand-binding activity of human State 2 ASGP-Rs. We propose that fatty acylation/deacylation of cytoplasmic domains is a general mechanism by which extracellular ligand-binding activity of oligomeric transmembrane receptors can be regulated.
Cartilage begets bone versus endochondral myelopoiesis

Observations on the cellular events involved in embryonic long-bone formation, ectopic osteogenesis, fracture repair, and the analysis of mesenchymal stem-cell potential provide evidence of the intimate and direct relationship of osteogenesis to angiogenesis and vasculature. The sequence of cellular events is that cartilage is not replaced by bone but, rather, is a target for vascularization and myelopoiesis. With this in mind, it may be necessary to replace the term "endochondral bone formation" with "endochondral myelopoiesis."
Inter-partner violence in the context of gangs: A review

Gang youth are a concern to society because they are often associated with crime and acts of violence and are particularly at-risk for involvement in sexual victimization, relationship abuse, and inter-partner violence (IPV). The current study reviews the nature of the association between gang involvement and IPV. The study summarizes what is currently known about IPV and gangs, reviews risk factors that are connected to both gang membership and relationship violence, the manifestation of relationship abuse and violence among those affiliated or associate with gangs, and how factors such as gender roles and the social structure of gangs play a role in IPV risk. Eighteen articles met the criteria for the current study and are described in this review. Implications for the additive risk associated with gang involvement are discussed.
Development of an analytical diffusion model for modeling hydrogen isotope exchange

Abstract We create a model for H retention depth profiles in W and subsequently model how this profile changes after isotope exchange. This is accomplished by calculating how trapping defects in W accumulate D (or H) inventory as W is being exposed to plasma. Each trapping site is characterized by a trapping rate and a release rate, where the only free parameters are the distribution of these trapping sites in the material. The filled trap concentrations for each trap type are modeled as a diffusion process because post-mortem deuterium depth profiles indicate that traps are filled well beyond the ion implantation zone (2–5 nm). Using this retention model, an isotope exchange rate is formulated. The retention model and isotope exchange rate are compared to low temperature isotope exchange experiments in tungsten with good agreement. The limitations of the current model highlight important physics and motivate future work.
Empirically derived micromodels for sequences of page exceptions

Based on a statistical analysis of actual computer program address traces, some results are presented of a study aimed at deriving empirically valid stochastic models for program reference patterns in a computer system operating under demand paging. For the address traces examined, a semi-Markov model for the (univariate) point process of page exceptions is formulated and found to be an adequate characterization of the data.
Testing trait depression as a potential clinical domain in schizophrenia

Abstract The DSM-5 includes depression as a dimension of psychosis. We tested whether persistent experience of depression, called ‘trait depression’, is a clinical feature separate from psychosis and several well-known, trait-like deficits of schizophrenia. 126 individuals with schizophrenia and 151 control participants completed the Maryland Trait and State Depression questionnaire, with a subset completing measures of cognition and functional capacity, and diffusion tensor imaging (n = 73 patients and 102 controls for imaging analysis). Subjectively experienced, longitudinal trait depression is significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia compared with controls. Higher trait depression scores were associated with more severe psychosis. Surprisingly, individuals with higher trait depression manifested less cognitive and global functioning deficits. In addition, trait depression scores were positively associated with fractional anisotropy of white matter. Trait depression appears to be a highly relevant clinical domain in the care of patients with schizophrenia that also has distinct relationships with some other known traits of the disease. Trait depression may be an important contributor to the clinical heterogeneity of schizophrenia.
Increasing resilience of natural protected areas to future climate change: A fuzzy adaptive management approach

Abstract Climate change and variability is a major threat to natural protected areas that is likely to change the mix of ecosystem goods and services provided by such areas in the future. Managers of natural protected areas may be able to increase the resilience of natural protected areas to climate change and variability by implementing compensatory management actions and evaluating their efficacy using active adaptive management. A fuzzy multiple attribute-adaptive management method is proposed that determines the most preferred compensatory management actions for increasing the resilience of natural protected areas to future climate change and variability. Use of the method requires managers to: (1) identify compensatory management actions that can alleviate potential negative impacts of future climate change and variability on natural protected areas; (2) choose the attributes of compensatory management actions used to assess their efficacy; (3) conduct statistically valid experiments in each time period that generate sample values of the attributes; (4) use the fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity of Ideal Solution to rank compensatory management actions in each time period within a planning horizon; and (5) use the rankings to determine the optimal adaptive management strategy for a planning horizon. The method accounts for uncertainty about the nature of future climate change and variability and the extent to which compensatory management actions reduce potential adverse impacts of climate change and variability on natural protected areas and uses statistically valid experiments to evaluate the efficacy of compensatory management actions. Accordingly, the proposed method is superior to other methods such as safe minimum standard, precautionary principle, minimax regret criterion, scenario planning, and passive adaptive management.
Configuration and Evaluation of the WRF Model for the Study of Hawaiian Regional Climate

AbstractThe Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model V3.3 has been configured for the Hawaiian Islands as a regional climate model for the region (HRCM). This paper documents the model configuration and presents a preliminary evaluation based on a continuous 1-yr simulation forced by observed boundary conditions with 3-km horizontal grid spacing in the inner nested domain. The simulated vertical structure of the temperature and humidity are compared with twice-daily radiosonde observations at two stations. Generally the trade wind inversion (TWI) height and occurrence days are well represented. The simulation over the islands is compared with observations from nine surface climatological stations and a dense network of precipitation stations. The model simulation has generally small biases in the simulated surface temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. The model realistically simulated the magnitude and geographical distribution of the mean rainfall over the Hawaiian Islands. In addition, the...
Temporal endothelin dynamics of the myocardial interstitium and systemic circulation in cardiopulmonary bypass.

Abstract Objective: Increased systemic levels of the bioactive peptide endothelin 1 during and after cardioplegic arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass have been well documented. However, endothelin 1 is synthesized locally, and therefore myocardial endothelin 1 production during and after cardiopulmonary bypass remains unknown. Methods: Pigs (n = 11) were instrumented for cardiopulmonary bypass, and cardioplegic arrest was initiated. Myocardial interstitial and systemic arterial levels of endothelin 1 were measured before cardiopulmonary bypass, throughout bypass and cardioplegic arrest (90 minutes), and up to 90 minutes after separation from bypass. Myocardial interstitial endothelin 1 was determined by microdialysis and radioimmunoassay. Results: Baseline myocardial endothelin 1 levels were higher than systemic endothelin 1 levels (25.6 ± 6.7 vs 8.3 ± 1.1 fmol/mL, P P Conclusion: Myocardial compartmentalization of endothelin 1 exists in vivo. Cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegic arrest induce temporal differences in endothelin 1 levels within the myocardial interstitium and systemic circulation, which, in turn, may influence left ventricular function in the postbypass period. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;120:864-71)
Endocrine changes after diethylstilbestrol therapy Effects on prostatic neoplasm and pituitary-gonadal axis

This study was undertaken to determine the effects of DES (diethylstilbestrol) on prostatic neoplasms and of different dosage levels on the pituitary-gonadal axis. It is recommended that when DES is chosen for treatment plasma testosterone be monitored carefully and for long periods of time to evaluate the ability of the dose to achieve levels comparable to castration in each patient.
Supramolecular photochemistry: from molecular crystals to water-soluble capsules

Photochemical and photophysical behavior of molecules in supramolecular assemblies are different and more selective than in gas and isotropic solution phases. Knowledge of the inherent electronic and steric properties of the reactant is insufficient to predict the excited state behavior of molecules confined in such assemblies. Weak interactions between the medium and the reactant as well as the free space in a reaction cavity would play a significant role in modulating the excited state properties of molecules when they are included within confined spaces. The concepts of 'Molecular Photochemistry' should be modified while applying them to 'Supramolecular Photochemistry'. In this review we show that the topochemical rules established to understand reactions in crystals could be extended to supramolecular assemblies in general. To make the best use of the medium one needs to understand the features of the medium, the nature of interaction between the medium and the molecule and the rules that govern the behavior of a molecule in that medium. This tutorial provides introduction to these aspects of 'Supramolecular Photochemistry'.
High-resolution localization of drug binding sites.

Previous attempts at the ultrastructural identification of drug binding sites have been thwarted by denaturation and extraction of the tissue, and unreliable specificity of the localization procedure. We minimized the first problem by using the low denaturation method reported by Sjostrand and Barajas (1968, J. Ultrastruct. Res. 25, 121). Specific and reliable localization of lucanthone and methylene blue in the Ehrlich Ascites Circinoma was accomplished by precipitation of the drugs with phosphotungstic acid a pH 7. Lucanthone was localized only in the heterochromatin and interchromatinic granules, which supports the biochemical reports of lucanthone binding to DNA. The useful light microscopic stain, methylene blue was localized also in nuclear locations such as: the nucleolus, heterochromatin, and interchromatinic granules. This new approach should have a wide application in the analysis of the subcellular distribution, toxicology, structure-activity relationships, and possible mechanism of action of various drugs.
Expectation and Experience in Alternative and Conventional Birth

A study was conducted to determine if differences exist between the clients of two types of health-care services with regard to the childbirth experience. Nurse-midwife-attended and physician-attended births were compared in terms of the birthing woman's expected and actual participation in her own birthing experience. Questionnaires were completed before and after delivery. The nurse-midwife group both anticipated and experienced significantly more active participation in the birth than the physician group. Also, women attended by nurse-midwives viewed themselves and their partners as the most important individuals for contributing to the satisfaction of the experience while women attended by physicians more often viewed the infant as most important. Differences between the study groups were also found regarding the perceived importance of the birth attendant and the staff nurse.
Chemical stability of cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 with molten lithium at elevated temperature

Cubic garnet of nominal composition Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) is of interest as a possible electrolyte in a Li–metal halide battery composed of molten Li and an insoluble metal halide as electrodes operating in the temperature range of ~300–350 °C. As a consequence, the chemical stability of LLZO with molten Li in this temperature range was investigated. After heating in molten Li, the LLZO surface had undergone chemical coloration. X-diffraction, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, and heat-treatment experiments suggest that chemical coloration is a result of the formation of color centers, composed of an electron trapped at an oxygen vacancy. It was also observed that after immersion in molten Li that LLZO exhibited intergranular cracking. It is believed that cracking results from stresses generated from an increased Li+ content, gained during immersion.
Inhibition of quantitative PCR analysis of fungal conidia associated with indoor air particulate matter

Environmental samples analyzed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) are subject to interference by inhibitors present in the environment being sampled. A controlled determination of the effect of inhibitors associated with sampling indoor air and the ability of internal standard controls to detect inhibition was carried out by filter collection of air samples followed by spiking of the filters with green fluorescent protein-expressing Aspergillus fumigatus conidia. Microscopic conidial counts were compared with qPCR results and correlated with levels of particulate matter and viable airborne microorganisms. Our data showed that PCR can be inhibited by masses of particulate matter as low as 50 μg and that the amount of inhibition was positively correlated with the mass of particulate (r = 0.75) and the number of non-filamentous organisms (r = 0.73). The use of internal standard DNA identified the presence of inhibitors and indicated the need for additional sample processing or qualification of sample results.
Role of somatostatin in the regulation of vasopressin secretion

Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of somatostatin-28 (SS-28) (30 ng-1 micrograms) resulted in a dose-dependent elevation of plasma concentrations of vasopressin. Continuous i.c.v. infusion of SS-28 produced a depletion of vasopressin-like immunoactivity within the paraventricular and supraoptic of the hypothalamus as determined by immunocytochemistry. To evaluate the role of endogenous brain somatostatin in the regulation of vasopressin secretion, animals were treated with cysteamine. Cysteamine (90 mg/kg) treatment given s.c. produced a 50% depletion of endogenous brain somatostatin-like peptide concentrations. Pretreatment of animals with cysteamine attenuated hemorrhage-induced elevation of plasma vasopressin levels. The elevation of plasma vasopressin concentrations following the i.v. administration of hypertonic saline or the i.c.v. administration of angiotensin-II were not altered by cysteamine treatment. These results are consistent with the conclusion that an endogenous brain somatostatin may be involved in the physiologic regulation of vasopressin secretion following hemorrhage.