cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing force-dynamic models from video sequences

This paper presents a method for recovering the support, contact, and attachment (i.e., force dynamic) relations between objects depicted in video sequences. It first presents a stability-analysis procedure that determines whether a configuration of observed objects is stable under a given interpretation using a reduction to linear programming. It then presents a model-reconstruction procedure for searching the space of admissible interpretations to find the simplest stable interpretations or models. These stability-analysis and model-reconstruction procedures have been implemented as part of a system that recovers force-dynamic interpretations from video sequences and uses those interpretations to classify the events that occur in those sequences. This paper presents the details of the stability-analysis and model-reconstruction procedures and illustrates their operation on sample video sequences.
Teaching techniques to attract women to science: Applications of feminist theories and methodologies

Synopsis In order to increase the number of feminist scientists, we need more women in science. During the last decade, a growing body of research has explored possible factors which may deter young women from majoring in science, leading to a loss of increased employment opportunities and better paying careers for them and a valuable source of talent needed by our increasingly scientific and technological society. In this paper methods and approaches based on an examination of the ways in which feminists have suggested that women may approach science differently from men are explored to ascertain means to attract women to science. The likelihood that scientists are now more willing to entertain alternative, including feminist, approaches to teaching is increased by the predicted shortage of scientists in the 1990s.
From conventional to cutting edge: the new era of biologics in treatment of psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic T-cell-mediated inflammatory disease of the skin and joints that affects 1-3% of the world population. Conventional treatments for moderate to severe psoriasis are associated with broadband immunosuppression and/or organ toxicities that can be problematic when used long term. Advances in the understanding of psoriasis pathogenesis have led to targeted therapy in the form of biologics. These agents have gained popularity as safe, effective, and convenient alternatives for the treatment of chronic, moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. This review will focus on the five main biologics used in the treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: efalizumab, alefacept, etanercept, infliximab and adalimumab. Mechanisms of action, guidelines for usage, efficacy data, and safety concerns will be discussed for each biologic. In addition, the new Th17 biologics and their role in psoriasis pathogenesis will also be examined.
Accommodation of Pb in yttrium iron garnet films grown by liquid phase epitaxy

Single crystal thin films of yttrium iron garnet grown by liquid phase epitaxy from PbO−B2O3 fluxed melts have been found to contain Pb and Pt. The lattice parameter increase which accompanies Pb incorporation is significantly larger than the expansion which is calculated by treating Pb simply as a substitutional impurity, even when the effects of Pt and charge compensation are considered. The lattice expansion can be accounted for if some Y enters octahedral a-sites which normally are occupied by Fe. The net replacement of Fe3+, as deduced from lattice parameter measurements, chemical analyses and crystal chemistry considerations, is in good agreement with observed changes in Neel temperature and magnetization.
Full length article: Regularization networks with indefinite kernels

Learning with indefinite kernels attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their success in various learning scenarios. In this paper we study the asymptotic properties of the regularization kernel networks where the kernels are assumed to be indefinite, without the usual restrictions of symmetry and positive semi-definiteness as in the traditional study of kernel methods. The kernels are characterized in terms of the singular value decomposition of the corresponding kernel integrals. Two reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces are induced to characterize the approximation ability. Capacity independent error bounds are proved. Fast convergence rates are obtained both in reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces and in L^2 sense.
Qualitative comparison and synthesis of nursing presence and caring.

PURPOSE. To better understand the concepts nursing presence and caring. METHOD. Qualitative concept comparison and synthesis. FINDINGS. There are substantive similarities and a notable lack of differences among the antecedents, attributes, and outcomes of nursing presence and caring. Presence and caring comprise an intentional therapeutic process that involves expert nursing practice and intimate interpersonal sensitivity. Outcomes of the process are improved mental and physical well-being among recipients and improved mental well-being among nurses. CONCLUSIONS. Based on the preponderance of references to presence and caring in the nursing literature, it is inferred that they are important concepts, albeit substantively redundant. IMPLICATIONS. To decrease confusion, nurses are urged to recognize the synonymous nature of presence and caring. Additional comparative studies are recommended to avoid redundant terminology and to promote clarity within the lexicon of nursing.
Optical Microvariability in Radio-quiet Quasars

We report the results of a study of optical microvariability in radio-quiet and radio-intermediate quasars. Observations were obtained on a total of seven objects: five radio-quiet quasars and two radio-intermediate quasars. No microvariability was detected in either the radio-quiet or radio-intermediate objects in our sample, despite intensive monitoring for several consecutive nights. In one object, PG 1257+346, evidence for interday variability was detected. We examined a sample of 117 radio-quiet objects found in the literature that have been studied for microvariability. This sample is discussed in terms of classification, redshift distribution, R (the ratio of the radio [5 GHz] flux to the optical [4400 A] flux), optical magnitude, luminosity, and observing strategy. Objects with 10 > R > 1 were found to show a higher instance of microvariability than those with R < 1. This suggests that R = 1 is the appropriate cutoff between radio-loud and radio-quiet objects. A preference for low-redshift objects to display microvariability more often than higher redshift objects is seen; however, this is explainable via selection effects. We find a dependence in detection probability on observation length similar to that seen in radio-loud objects.
The emerging role of primary care in genetics.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Advances in genetics are occurring at a rapid pace. It will ultimately be the primary care pediatrician who assimilates this knowledge and applies it to patient care. This article is written in a patient encounter format with which the pediatrician is familiar. The vignettes are from the author's own experiences in 13 years of general pediatric practice. RECENT FINDINGS The current literature reinforces the idea that changes in the complexity of the diagnostic evaluation and the time spent explaining the recommended testing will be required by the pediatrician. With this responsibility comes the need of new training strategies for medical students and established pediatricians. SUMMARY Pediatricians will be called upon to incorporate new genetic findings into patient care. This task will ultimately be no different than it was for past pediatricians to incorporate new immunizations or antibiotics into the care plan for each patient. Patient care will improve because therapy will be tailor-made for both the disease and the patient.
Hepatic, pulmonary, and CNS involvement by histiocytosis X in an adult: MRI and CT appearance

Histiocytosis X (HX) is a disease of the lymphoreticular system characterized by histiocytic infiltration of one or more tissues. We present a case with extensive hepatic involvement in an adult visualized on ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The findings on MRI are strongly suggestive of the correct diagnosis.
Fourier transform and convolution subroutines for the IBM 3090 Vector facility

A set of highly optimized subroutines for digital signal processing has been included in the Engineering and Scientific Subroutine Library (ESSL) for the IBM 3090 Vector Facility. These include FORTRAN-callable subroutines for Fourier transforms, convolution, and correlation. The subroutines are carefully designed and tuned for optimal vector and cache performance. Speedups of up to 9½ times over scalar performance on the 3090 have been obtained.
Hematologic and IgG responses of heifers experimentally infected with the agent of epizootic bovine abortion

Background Epizootic bovine abortion (EBA) is a tick-transmitted abortive disease of beef cattle in the western United States. Infected cattle do not have clinical signs until abortion occurs, usually within the last trimester of gestation. There is little information on the hematologic response of the dam following infection. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine if changes in blood leukocytes and serum IgG concentrations could be detected following experimental infection of pregnant heifers with the etiologic agent of EBA (aoEBA). Methods Twelve Angus heifers were infected during gestation with the aoEBA using an inoculum prepared from the thymus of an infected fetus. Five pregnant heifer controls were given an inoculum prepared from the thymus of an aoEBA-negative calf. PCVs, total and differential leukocyte counts, and serum IgG concentrations were measured weekly following administration of the inocula until abortion or calving. Gross and microscopic examinations were performed on all aborted fetuses to confirm infection. Results Eleven of 12 heifers in the treatment group aborted, and significant findings were decreased lymphocyte counts at weeks 1 and 14 postinoculation and increased monocyte counts at week 4 compared with control animals. Serum IgG concentrations were significantly increased at weeks 6–8 and 11 in the treatment group. Conclusions Leukogram changes are subtle in infected cattle. Future research efforts should be aimed at development of an antibody test specific for detection of previously infected animals, which could graze safely on EBA-endemic pastures.
PRESSURE-INDUCED DIFFUSION IN SWOLLEN BUTYL RUBBER MEMBRANES.

Membranes were prepared from butyl rubber of different levels of chain unsaturation to produce membranes with four different well characterized cross-link densities. Pressure-induced permeation rates through them were measured for various organic liquids which highly swell the membranes. The data conformed to and were analyzed by previously published theories. It was found that the product of the diffusivity of the liquid in the membrane and the pure liquid viscosity is very nearly a constant which is approximately 20% less than observed earlier for polyisoprene membranes. More lightly cross-linked membranes yielded higher liquid fluxes at fixed pressures. Most of the effect is attributed to the higher degree of swelling of these membranes. The diffusion coefficient is essentially independent of crosslink density over the range studied.
Xenobiotic metabolism in humans during early pregnancy: peroxidase-mediated oxidation and bioactivation of 2-aminofluorene.

1. Arylamines such as 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) are known teratogens and transplacental carcinogens in laboratory animal species. Although exposure of women to arylamines is likely to occur during pregnancy, how these chemicals are metabolized by the enzymes from the human conceptual tissues is currently unknown.2. Highly purified preparations of peroxidase isolated from human intrauterine conceptual tissues at 8 weeks of gestation were used to study in vitro metabolism of 2-AF. The oxidation of 2-AF was examined spectrophotometrically whereas the bioactivation was assessed from the covalent binding to protein and DNA using [3H] 2-AF.3. Using guaiacol as a model substrate, the purified preparations of peroxidase used exhibited a specific activity of 15–20 μmol/min/mg protein. 2-AF oxidation was found to be enzymatic in nature. Kinetic data obtained under optimal assay conditions yielded a Km = 41 μM for 2-AF, 8.33 μM for H2O2, and a Vmax = 1.2 μmol 2-AF oxidized/min/mg protein.4. Under optimal assay conditio...
A historical note on U.S. railroad train collisions

A TABLE--PUBLISHED BY THE U.S. BUREAU OF RAILROAD SAFETY AND SERVICE--ON TRAIN ACCIDENTS IN THE U.S. ON THE NUMBER OF COLLISIONS PER YEAR BETWEEN PASSENGER TRAINS, FREIGHT TRAINS, ETC. FROM 1936 TO 1968 (EXCLUDING 1967, FOR LACK OF AVAILABLE DATA) IS VERY BRIEFLY DISCUSSED.
Tame thoughts on violence

Aggression: Conflict in Animals and Humans Reconsidered. By John Klama. Longman, Harlow, UK/Wiley, New York: 1988. Pp.169. Hbk $17.95; pbk £6.95.
Some aspects of the photophysics of DNA

We have made room-temperature measurements of transfer of electronic energy in calf thymus DNA in which 75% of the guanine residues are methylated at position N-7. The methylated residues absorb light at much longer wavelengths than the nonmethylated residues and, as a result, constitute an irreversible energy trap. For excitation at 270 nm the efficiency of intrastrand transfer is found to be 0.31. We note that this is the first measurement of the efficiency of energy transfer along the double helix of a nucleic acid. In addition, the data have been simulated by using a stochastic model in terms of Forster's theory for dipole-dipole transfer. The adequacy of the latter is discussed. Preliminary measurements of the dependence of the fluorescence spectrum and of the fluorescence anisotropy of the alternating polynucleotide poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) on the excitation wavelength and temperature are interpreted in terms of emission from molecular complexes formed between A and T residues.
A silicon nitride optomechanical oscillator with zero flicker noise

We present an integrated chip-scale Radiation-Pressure driven Opto-Mechanical Oscillator (RP-OMO) in silicon nitride with excellent close-to-carrier phase noise. We illustrate a process to micro-fabricate optomechanical resonators, waveguides and grating couplers in silicon nitride and demonstrate an RP-OMO operating at 41.95MHz, with phase noise of −85dBc/Hz at 1kHz offset. The phase noise does not show 1/f3 or other higher order slopes all the way down to 10Hz offset from carrier. Using a lower optical quality factor resonance, we demonstrate improvement of 6dB in phase noise.
A new structural framework for integrating replication protein A into DNA processing machinery

By coupling the protection and organization of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) with recruitment and alignment of DNA processing factors, replication protein A (RPA) lies at the heart of dynamic multi-protein DNA processing machinery. Nevertheless, how RPA coordinates biochemical functions of its eight domains remains unknown. We examined the structural biochemistry of RPA's DNA-binding activity, combining small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering with all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the architecture of RPA's DNA-binding core. The scattering data reveal compaction promoted by DNA binding; DNA-free RPA exists in an ensemble of states with inter-domain mobility and becomes progressively more condensed and less dynamic on binding ssDNA. Our results contrast with previous models proposing RPA initially binds ssDNA in a condensed state and becomes more extended as it fully engages the substrate. Moreover, the consensus view that RPA engages ssDNA in initial, intermediate and final stages conflicts with our data revealing that RPA undergoes two (not three) transitions as it binds ssDNA with no evidence for a discrete intermediate state. These results form a framework for understanding how RPA integrates the ssDNA substrate into DNA processing machinery, provides substrate access to its binding partners and promotes the progression and selection of DNA processing pathways.
Effect of Visual Stimuli on Varied Learning Objectives

This study was designed to investigate the instructional effectiveness of eight types of visual illustrations used to complement oral instruction. Tenth grade students received identical oral presentations and viewed their respective visual treatments for equal amounts of time. Students were randomly assigned by class to treatment groups, received a pretest, participated in their respective instructional presentation and received four individual criterial measures. Results indicated that the use of visual illustrations to complement oral instruction is an effective way of increasing student achievement on the criterial tests. The analysis also indicated that some types of visuals are more effective than others in facilitating student achievement of specific educational objectives.
Fulleride solid state chemistry: Gospel, heresies and mysteries

Abstract The superconducting properties of fullerene intercalation compounds can be rationalized fairly well in the context of standard theories. In contrast, our understanding of correlations between properties and chemical composition, crystal structure, molecular orientations and valency remains rudimentary. Key features which were believed to be well understood have been called into question by recent experiments while others remain unexplained.
The effect of trout farm effluent on the taxa richness of benthic macroinvertebrates

Abstract Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected using an intensive multi-habitat qualitative technique similar to that used by the North Carolina Division of Environmental Management to assess water quality in streams and rivers. Comparisons of the taxa richness of stream insect groups sensitive to water quality [i.e., mayflies (Ephemeroptera), stoneflies (Plecoptera) and caddisflies (Trichoptera) = EPT] were made in May, June, August and October of 1990 and in February/March of 1991 above three commercial trout farms in western North Carolina, just below their outfalls and approximately 1.5 km further downstream. EPT taxa richness was significantly lower just below their outfalls compared to stream sites above their intakes indicating reduced water quality. Differences in taxa richness were greatest in June, August and October, periods of low flow and high temperature. Higher abundances of pollution-tolerant forms [Chironomidae, Simuliidae, Oligochaeta and Pisidium (Bivalvia: Sphaeriidae)] were noted just below the outfalls for all sampling dates. Taxa richness was significantly higher 1.5 km further downstream compared to sites just below the outfall, however, richness here was also significantly lower compared to sites above the farms indicating that water quality had not fully recovered. Significantly greater percentages of collectors and percent Hydropsychidae to Total Trichoptera were found at both sites below the outfalls suggesting utilization of organic solids coming from the farms and a continuum shift in the EPT communities below trout farms. The presence of sewage fungus just below the outfalls resulting from these increased organics suggests that anaerobic conditions existed within the microhabitats of the benthos. This may have been primarily responsible for the decrease of the EPT taxa richness. This study also provides a basis for assessing the carrying capacity of catchments for fish farms.
Separation and reunion behaviors as criteria of attachment to mothers and fathers

Twenty infants were observed 4 times between 7 and 13 months of age in a short-term longitudinal study. Responses to separations from and reunions with mothers and fathers are reported. None of the measures showed a preference for either parent at any age. Other studies confirm that even young infants are attached to both parents. It is argued that greater attention must be paid to the family's role in social and personality development.
Self-aligned TiSi2/Si Hetero-nanocrystal Nonvolatile Memory

This work describes a novel nonvolatile memory device with self-aligned TiSi2/Si hetero-nanocrystal charge storage nodes. The TiSi2/Si hetero-nanocrystals can be readily fabricated using industrial standard self-aligned silicidation technique based on Si nanocrystals deposited on ultra-thin tunnel oxide with LPCVD. As compared with a Si nanocrystal memory device, a TiSi2/Si hetero-nanocrystal memory device exhibits faster programming and erasing, and longer retention time.
Pharmacological and surgical interventions in morbid obesity

James, a 13-year-old boy is a tertiary referral for management of long-standing morbid obesity. He has participated in previous attempts at weight loss instigated by the local hospital dietetic department and also attended a 12-week course in the community offering psychological, activity and diet based intervention. Although he briefly slowed his rate of weight gain with the 12-week intervention he has since continued to gain weight inexorably. His current height is 168 cm, weight is 178 kg and he has a body mass index of 63 (Class 3 obesity).
Two Cytoplasmic Domains of Mammalian Adenylyl Cyclase Form a GSα- and Forskolin-activated Enzyme in Vitro

Mammalian adenylyl cyclases have two homologous cytoplasmic domains (C1 and C2). The first cytoplasmic domain of type I enzyme (IC1) and the second cytoplasmic domain of type II enzyme (IIC2-Δ3, a construct in which 36 N-terminal amino acids of the C2 region are deleted) were expressed and purified to homogeneity. Alone, each had no adenylyl cyclase activity; however, mixing of the two domains in vitro resulted in GSα- and forskolin-activated enzyme activity. The turnover number for GSα- and forskolin-stimulated enzyme activity of the complex between IC1 and IIC2-Δ3 was 8.2 s-1. The concentration of IIC2-Δ3 to achieve half-maximal activation of IC1 was 0.8 and 1.3 μM when stimulated by forskolin and GSα, respectively. The concentration of IIC2-Δ3 needed to complex with IC1 was reduced 10-fold (0.08 μM) when the enzyme was activated by both forskolin and GSα, suggesting that GSα and forskolin increased the affinity of the two cytoplasmic domains for each other.
Cyclic nucleotide levels in resting and mitogen-stimulated spleen cell suspensions from young and old mice.

Abstract The levels of cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cAMP) in suspensions of unstimulated spleen cells from tumor-free 30-month old (C57BL/10Sn × C3H/HeDiSn)F 1 hybrid mice averaged only 14% of that of 6-month old mice. By contrast, the level of cyclic guanosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cGMP) in spleen cell suspensions from old mice was about 270% that of young mice. The cAMP/cGMP ratio for the undstimulated (resting) state showed a decline by 30 months to about 5% of its 6-month value. Cyclic nucleotide levels were also measured in cell suspensions from old and young mice at intervals over a two hour period following in vitro stimulation with the plant mitogens phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin-A and pokeweed mitogen. Quantitative and in some instances qualitative differences in responses were noted. These results might conceivably reflect either age-related changes in the splenic lymphoid cell subpopulations or intrinsic cellular alterations or both. It is unlikely that changes of this degree could be wholly explained by population shifts. An imbalance in cyclic nucleotide levels in both resting and stimulated lymphoid cells in older animals might contribute to the immune dysfunction known to occur with normal aging.
A theta (1) algorithm for modulo addition

A theta (1) algorithm for large modulo addition for architectures based on the residue number (RNS) is proposed. The addition is done in a fixed number of stages which does not depend on the size of the modulus. The proposed modulo adder is much faster than previous adders and more area efficient. The implementation of the adder is modular and is based on simple cells, which leads to efficient VLSI realization. >
Adaptive enzyme formation during hyperlipogenesis

Abstract The rise in specific enzyme activity of the liver enzymes catalyzing fatty acid synthesis (acetyl-CoA carboxylase and saturated fatty acid synthetase) may be attributed to new enzyme formation. Both actinomycin-D and puromycin block the striking elevation in enzyme activity which is normally observed as early as 6 hr after refeeding a high-carbohydrate, fat-free diet to starved animals. The adaptive increase in citrate cleavage enzyme is similarly thwarted by these agents. Although serum albumin stimulates the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in vitro, the relative response of the various enzyme preparations was the same, regardless of the nutritional state of the animal. Albumin could replace isocitrate in the assay for acetyl-CoA carboxylase. These results indicate that endogenous protein-bound fatty acids do not determine the relative enzyme activities of the semipurified liver fractions.
Use of Hatchery Fish in Enhancement Programs

Abstract The practice of stocking hatchery fish is coming under increasing criticism. Views that genetic integrity may be altered by the intermingling of wild and hatchery fish originating from different stocks and that hatchery fish have been genetically altered as a result of generations of selection are widely held. Past breeding and hatchery management practices have produced instances wherein hatchery fish were poorly prepared to compete in the wild.
Intraocular pressure control with echothiophate iodide in children's eyes with glaucoma after cataract extraction.

Purpose To report the intraocular pressure (IOP)–lowering ability and side-effect profile of echothiophate iodide (EI) in the control of glaucoma in aphakic and pseudophakic eyes of children. Methods The medical records of all aphakic and pseudophakic children treated with EI for IOP lowering after developing glaucoma were retrospectively reviewed. Results A total of 32 eyes of 21 children were included. Mean age at cataract removal was 3.9 months (range, 5 days-2.7 years). Mean age of glaucoma diagnosis was 3.2 years (range, 40 days-12 years). Mean duration from cataract removal and diagnosis of glaucoma was 2.9 years (range, 16 days-12 years). EI reduced IOP in 31 of 32 eyes. Mean baseline IOP (29.1 ± 5.3 mm Hg) dropped to 19.6 ± 6.7 mm Hg. Six eyes had IOP spikes that could not be controlled with other medications when commercial unavailability led to discontinuation of EI. Average duration of use was 3.5 years. Mean final IOP on an average of 2.2 medications was 16.9 ± 5.1 mm Hg 7.9 years following initial glaucoma diagnosis. Four eyes required surgery for uncontrolled IOP. Side-effects included transient redness (3/32 eyes), not necessitating discontinuation of EI. Conclusions EI lowered IOP to within an acceptable range with no significant adverse events. In several patients it was the only pharmacologic agent that was successful.
Dielectric response of triplex DNA in ionic solution from simulations.

We have analyzed a 1.2-ns molecular dynamics simulation of 51 mM d(CG.G)7 with 21 Na+ counter-ions and 1 M NaCl in water. Via the dipole fluctuations, the dielectric constant for the DNA is found to be around 16, whereas that for the bases and sugars combined is only 3. The dielectric constant for water in this system is 41, which is much smaller than 71 for pure SPC/E water, because of the strong restriction imposed on the motion of water molecules by the DNA and the ions. Also addressed in the present work are several technical issues related to the calculation of the dipole moment of an ionic solution from molecular dynamics simulations using periodic boundary conditions.
The occult bacteremia controversy

Abstract A young child with a high fever and no source for infection is a common situation confronting pediatricians and pediatric emergency medicine physicians alike. Although most febrile children with no apparent source of infection are suffering from viral illnesses, a percentage will he harboring occult bacterial infection. Whereas most cases of occult bacteremia resolve spontaneously, a small number of cases progress to serious bacterial illness, This article reviews the approach to children 3 to 36 months of age with fever mid no apparent source and reflects on practice guidelines developed to guide clinicians managing this situation, The rationale for a variety of management approaches is reviewed and data from ongoing studies which might influence care in the future are presented.
Quantitatively Modeling the Equilibrium Properties of Thiol-Decorated Gold Nanoparticles

We employ a molecular mean-field theory to quantitatively understand the sizes, surfactant surface coverage, and size fluctuations of gold nanocrystals decorated with thiol surfactants of different chain lengths. Our model assumes that surfactant-coated nanoparticles are equilibrium structures. We find that packing constraints experienced by the surfactant tails are less significant for more curved (smaller) particles. This effect enables us to rationalize the experimental observations/deductions that the thiol coverage per unit area increases with decreasing particle size. The reduction of surface coverage with increasing size also explains the fact that size polydispersity increases with increasing nanoparticle size. We find that increasing the length of the surfactants results in larger nanoparticles.
25-Hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase: A specific requirement for NADPH and a hemoprotein component in chick kidney mitochondria

Reduced NADPH and a hemoprotein component are two specific chick kidney intramitochondrial cofactors essential for the conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. It is concluded that the reversal of the respiratory electron flow is the major pathway for the production of NADPH during the succinate, malate, or isocitrate-supported 1-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. When mitochondria are swollen with 10 m m Ca 2+ and 5 m m Mg 2+ , extramitochondrial NADPH is capable of supporting the 1-hydroxylase reaction without Krebs cycle intermediates. In this case respiratory chain inhibitors and uncouples of oxidative phosphorylation are without effect. The succinate-supported 1-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is inhibited by carbon monoxide with a partition coefficient ( K ) of 0.5. The NADPH-supported hydroxylation is also inhibited by carbon monoxide ( K =2.5) but this inhibition can be partially reversed by exposure to white light.
Icelandic Saga Heroes: The Anthropology of Natural Existentialists

The institutional structure necessary to support Christianity did not develop in Iceland until after its incorporation into Norway in 1262, in spite of the formal conversion of the country in 1000. As the institutional structure of Christianity was lacking, the intellectual and everyday outlook of Icelanders remained pagan. The pagan outlook has much in common with the modern philosophy of existentialism. I suggest that the Icelanders of the settlement and commonwealth periods are "natural existentialists."
Indications for Heart Transplantation in Current Era of Left Ventricular Assist Devices

Although both heart transplantation and left ventricular assist device therapy have enjoyed clinical success in the treatment of patients with end-stage heart disease, newer left ventricular assist devices currently undergoing testing are likely to have a tremendous impact on the management of these patients. Smaller, more durable devices with improved safety profiles will allow for longer duration of therapy and make biventricular support more feasible, obviating the need for the total artificial heart. In this article we review the historical aspects of both forms of therapy and highlight the current use of left ventricular assist device therapy on patients awaiting heart transplantation.
Compositional ordering and quantum transport in Mo 6 S 9 − x I x nanowires: Ab initio calculations

We use ab initio calculations to study the compositional ordering and quantum transport in ${\mathrm{Mo}}_{6}{\mathrm{S}}_{9\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{I}}_{x}$ nanowires. The skeleton of these nanowires consists of Mo octahedra, which are functionalized by S and I adsorbates and connected by flexible ${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ bridges. The optimum geometries and relative stabilities at different compositions are determined by using density functional theory. We find nanowires with $x=3$ to be particularly stable. Nanowires with other compositions are likely to phase separate into iodine-rich and iodine-depleted domains, some of which should have the ${\mathrm{Mo}}_{6}{\mathrm{S}}_{6}{\mathrm{I}}_{3}$ stoichiometry. Our transport calculations, which are based on the nonequilibrium Green's function formalism, indicate that the nanowires are metallic independent of composition and exhibit a quantum conductance of $G=3{G}_{0}$, with the three conductance channels involving the ${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ bridges.
Stress characterization of MEMS microbridges by micro-Raman spectroscopy

Abstract In this research, micro-Raman spectroscopy is employed to examine, and characterize the residual stress in MUMPs polysilicon, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) microbridge structures. Currently, few techniques are available to measure the residual stress in MEMS devices. The residual stresses from the deposition processes can have a profound effect on the functionality of the fabricated MEMS structures. Typically, material properties of thin films used in surface micromachining are not controlled during deposition. The residual stress, for example, tends to vary significantly for different deposition methods. Several post-fabrication processes are available to reduce the inherent residual stress from these deposition methods. In an attempt to reduce the residual stress in MEMS microbridges, a phosphorous diffusion and accompanying anneals were performed. Residual stress profiles obtained through micro-Raman spectroscopy are presented, illustrating stress reduction is possible through these post-processing techniques. The stress profiles presented demonstrate the variations between the MUMPs structural layers (Poly1 and Poly2) for different microbridge widths. The improved stress levels could significantly increase device performance, reliability, and yield.
In Vivo Bone Lead Measurement in Suburban Teenagers

Objective. Bone represents a biologically active long-term storage site for lead, and bone lead data on teenagers are limited. Therefore, this study was designed to identify the distribution of bone lead in a teenage population and to explore the environmental and demographic factors associated with bone lead concentrations in young, nonoccupationally exposed subjects. Design. A cross-sectional study of bone lead levels in high school students. Participants. A total of 168 students at a suburban Boston high school. Subjects (90 boys, 78 girls) ranged in age from 13.5 to 19 years and included 40% nonwhite minorities. Of the 168 subjects, 45 lived in homes constructed before 1960. None of the participants reported a history of lead poisoning. Outcome Measures. Tibial bone lead concentrations were measured in vivo for 60 minutes using K x-ray fluorescence. Lead exposure information was obtained by self-administered questionnaire. Results. Point estimates of bone lead levels ranged from −7.15 to 14.23 μg lead/g bone mineral (μg/g), (mean, 4.0 μg/g; standard deviation, 4.4 μg/g). The reported measurement uncertainties accompanying each of the point estimates ranged from 2.56 to 9.01 μg/g (mean, 3.9 μg/g; standard deviation, 1.0 μg/g). Bone lead levels were not associated with the demographic factors of age, sex, or race. Additionally, current home conditions (housing age, traffic level) were not predictive of bone lead levels, even though these factors were predictive of in-home lead concentrations. Conclusions. These results demonstrate that although bone lead levels are measurable in this age group, the common predictors of blood and bone lead concentrations are not explanatory for bone lead levels.
Peering through a glass darkly

We all know RFID is going to change our industry. But we don’t know how much, or how soon. To make robust investment decisions we need a better understanding of new technologies’ evolutionary journeys.
On control of transport in Brownian ratchet mechanisms

Abstract Engineered transport of material at the nano/micro scale is essential for the manufacturing platforms of the future. Unlike conventional transport systems, at the nano/micro scale, transport has to be achieved in the presence of fundamental sources of uncertainty such as thermal noise. Remarkably, it is possible to extract useful work by rectifying noise using an asymmetric potential; a principle used by Brownian ratchets. In this article a systematic methodology for designing open-loop Brownian ratchet mechanisms that optimize velocity and efficiency is developed. In the case where the particle position is available as a measured variable, closed loop methodologies are studied. Here, it is shown that methods that strive to optimize velocity of transport may compromise efficiency. A dynamic programming based approach is presented which yields up to three times improvement in efficiency over optimized open loop designs and 35% better efficiency over reported closed loop strategies that focus on optimizing velocities.
Oxalic acid biosynthesis is encoded by an operon in Burkholderia glumae

Although the biosynthesis of oxalic acid is known to occur in a number of bacteria, the mechanism(s) regulating its production remains largely unknown. To date, there is no report on the identification of an oxalic acid biosynthetic pathway gene from bacteria. In an attempt to identify such a gene(s), a mutant screen was conducted using the simple oxalic acid-producing phytopathogenic bacterium, Burkholderia glumae. Four mutants that failed to produce oxalic acid were isolated from a transposon-mutagenized B. glumae library and named Burkholderia oxalate defective (Bod)1. DNA sequence analysis revealed that each mutant contained an insertion event at different sites in the same ORF, which we referred to as the oxalate biosynthetic component (obc)A locus. Complementation of the Bod1 mutant with the obcA gene, however, resulted only in a partial restoration of the oxalic acid-producing phenotype. Further complementation studies utilizing a larger DNA fragment encompassing the obcA locus coupled with deletion mutagenesis led to the identification of another ORF that we named the obcB locus, which was essential for higher levels of oxalic acid production. Transcript analysis indicated that both obcA and obcB are coexpressed and encoded on a single polycistron message.
Appreciating the role of carbon nanotube composites in preventing biofouling and promoting biofilms on material surfaces in environmental engineering: A review

The ability of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to undergo surface modification allows them to form nanocomposites (NCs) with materials such as polymers, metal nanoparticles, biomolecules, and metal oxides. The biocidal nature, protein fouling resistance, and fouling release properties of CNT-NCs render them the perfect material for biofouling prevention. At the same time, the cytotoxicity of CNT-NCs can be reduced before applying them as substrates to promote biofilm formation in environmental biotechnology applications. This paper reviews the potential prospects of CNT-NCs to accomplish two widely varying objectives in environmental engineering applications: (i) preventing biofouling, and (ii) promoting the formation of desirable biofilms on materials surface. This paper addresses practical issues such as costs, risks to human health, and ecological impacts that are associated with the application, development and commercialization of CNT-NC technology.
Pulmonary sequestration in infants and children: a 20-year experience and review of the literature.

Abstract Pulmonary sequestration is a relatively rare condition in which a portion of lung tissue develops without communication with the tracheobronchial tree or the pulmonary artery. Blood supply is derived from one or more branches of the aorta. Its embryogenesis is uncertain, but it occurs in two forms, extralobar (ELS) and intralobar (ILS). In ELS the abnormal lung tissue is completely separate from the normal lung. It occurs in males four times as frequently as in females and is usually discovered in infancy. It is associated with an ipsilateral diphragmatic hernia in the majority of cases, and occasionally bronchial connections from the ELS to the esophagus or stomach have been described. ELS almost always occurs on the left side and, rarely, may be found below the diaphragm. Venous drainage is to the systemic veins or to the portal system. The ELS itself usually does not become diseased; symptoms are produced either by cystic degeneration and resultant compression of adjacent lung or by an associated diaphragmatic hernia. On the other hand, ILS typically occurs in the posterior basal segment of one of the lower lobes, most often the left. It occurs in males and females with equal frequency, and usually it makes its appearance later in childhood. Only very occasionally are associated anomalies present. Venous drainage is to the inferior pulmonary vein together with the rest of the lower lobe. The sequestered segment very frequently becomes infected and gives rise to symptoms of pneumonia. Arteriography is useful in diagnosis, and segmental resection or lobectomy is the indicated treatment.
Required catalytic properties for alkane production from carboxylic acids: Hydrodeoxygenation of acetic acid

Abstract The supported Pt catalysts (1 wt%) were prepared by the incipient impregnation method and analyzed using synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction, BET surface area, oxygen adsorption, CO pulse chemisorption, temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of acetic acid, H 2 -TPD, NH 3 -TPD, O 2 -TPD, and H 2 -TPR. The reactivity of Pt-based catalysts was studied using a fixed bed reactor at 300 °C and 4 MPa for hydrodeoxygenation of acetic acid, where Pt/TiO 2 was very selective for ethane production. TPD experiments revealed that several conditions must be satisfied to achieve this high selectivity to ethane from acetic acid, such as Pt sites, moderate acidity, and medium metal-oxygen bond strength in the oxide support. This work provides insights in developing novel catalytic materials for hydrocarbon productions from various organics including bio-fuels.
Management of Perioperative Pain in Patients Chronically Consuming Opioids

Background The prevalence of licit and illicit opioid use is growing, and a greater percentage of chronically opioid-consuming patients are presenting for surgery. These patients can be expected to experience increased postoperative pain, greater postoperative opioid consumption, and prolonged use of healthcare resources for managing their pain. Methods Achieving adequate pain control in these patients can be challenging because commonly used strategies for alleviating postoperative pain may have diminished effectiveness. We explore the prevalence and characteristics of opioid use in the United States and discuss its impact on the perioperative management of pain. We examine mechanistically why adequate perioperative pain control in chronically opioid-consuming patients may be difficult. Conclusions We present strategies for providing adequate analgesia to these patients that include the optimal use of opioids, adjuvant medications, and regional anesthetic techniques.
Disappearing Jobs: Staffing Implications for Print Serials Management

This article discusses the results of a survey on the staffing implications of reductions in traditional print serials management tasks within academic libraries. The author describes specific tasks that have been eliminated or reduced and the effect on positions and employees. Survey results show that while the majority of positions and employees have remained in the library, less than half of the retrained employees are involved in electronic serials management. The author concludes with a list of tasks for support staff working with electronic serials to assist in staff training and the development of position descriptions that meet the current and future needs of serials management.
A Preliminary Investigation of the Relationship between Alcohol Use and Sport Fandom

The current research examined the relationship between level of sport fandom (operationally defined as the degree subjects considered themselves to be a sports fan, the amount of money they spent each year on sport spectating, and the amount of time they spent each week reading about, discussion, watching, or listening to sport programs) and the consumption of beer and liquor. Data collected from 180 college students failed to find any significant relationships.
A Pvm Implementation of the Mchf Atomic Structure Package

The Multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock MCHF package is a suite of programs that provide the atomic data re quired by many science and engineering disciplines. Previous implementations of the MCHF on parallel computers provided means for meeting the ever- increasing computational demands posed by these calculations. However, the resulting codes had strict limitations on speed, problem size, and communication. In this paper, a Parallel Virtual Machine PVM imple mentation of the MCHF is considered on a cluster of high-end workstations. Some of the limitations are overcome through the high utilization of resources in cluding CPU, prime memory, and disk space. The de velopment of efficient routines for global operations and of a user-friendly interface exploits the special characteristics of PVM programming. Moreover, a re structuring of the methods provides new codes that do not bear the above limitations and that exhibit signifi cantly better speedups. Besides the algorithmic im provements, this paper presents a flexible code that can be used equally well on workstations and on the IBM SP2 multiprocessor to solve problems of one or der of magnitude larger than any previous attempts, and thus facilitates new research in various scientific fields.
A fast algorithm for efficient estimation of frequencies

The paper addresses the problem of fast and accurate estimation of sinusoidal frequencies from noisy measurements. An iterative algorithm of complexity O(n log n) is proposed that produces accurate frequency estimates whose precision can be arbitrarily close to that of maximum likelihood. Convergence and accuracy of the algorithm are ensured by a rigorous mathematical analysis which includes statistical consistency, asymptotic distribution, and requirements on initial values.
USER BEHAVIOR EVALUATION OF AN INTELLIGENT SHARED ELECTRIC VEHICLE SYSTEM

Critical to any new transportation system technology is how users respond to the new technology or system. Various intelligent transportation system studies and demonstrations have shown that the greatest likelihood for success comes when users adjust their behavior and embrace the system. However, user behavior is often difficult to predict and is often overlooked as a critical component when introducing new transportation systems or technology. To better understand user behavior in shared vehicle systems, an intelligent shared electric vehicle system test bed has been developed at the University of California-Riverside (UCR), named UCR IntelliShare. Faculty and staff use this system, consisting of 15 shared electric vehicles and three stations, for their daily travel needs. The system technology includes smart cards, touch-screen registration kiosks, vehicle monitoring and tracking hardware, and sophisticated management software. With this test bed system, researchers can develop and implement new opera...
Incidence and clinical significance of iliac vein compression

ObjectivesTo determine the frequency of left common iliac vein (CIV) compression by the right common iliac artery (CIA) based on CT scan images.MethodsCT scan images were reviewed and the diameter ...