cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and performance evaluation of a silicon eye using micromirrors

We have developed a new paradigm, based on massively parallel analog processing coupled with a MEMS micromirror device, for developing intelligent vision systems that is capable of performing adaptive optics at rates exceeding 1 kHz and 3D imaging at bandwidths exceeding 100 Hz. The design and modeling methodologies associated with our smart vision chip are presented along with experimental results that characterize its performance. We also present design and modeling methodologies of our micromirror devices along with experimental result that characterize their performance in typical adaptive optic systems. Finally, we present modeling and simulation methodologies of adaptive optics systems along with experimental results used to design and test an adaptive optic system. The design and modeling methodologies that are presented lend themselves to facilitating the design and development of a wide variety other sophisticated vision systems. In addition to speed, our approach offers advantages in low cost batch fabrication, compact size, low power consumption, and radiation tolerance, making it ideal for many applications.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Projections from the superior olivary complex to the cochlear nucleus in the tree shrew.

The origins and targets of projections from the superior olivary complex to the cochlear nuclei were studied in the tree shrew by placing small injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the cochlear nucleus and small injections of 3H-leucine in the superior olivary complex. The results show that the descending pathways originate in periolivary cell groups surrounding the medial and lateral superior olives and that the periolivary nuclei differ from one another in their patterns of projections to the cochlear nucleus. For example, cell groups may project either ipsilaterally or bilaterally. Cells in the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body project only to the ipsilateral cochlear nucleus. Other periolivary cell groups project bilaterally, although some of these may project more heavily to one side than the other. Some pathways have widespread targets in the cochlear nucleus whereas others have relatively specific targets. Diffuse projections to all divisions of the cochlear nucleus arise from the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body ipsilaterally and from the medial perioliviary nucleus bilaterally. The targets of other descending pathways are more restricted. The anterolateral, dorsal, and dorsolateral periolivary nuclei project mainly to the anteroventral cochlear nucleus; the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body and the posterior periolivary nucleus project mainly to the dorsal and posteroventral cochlear nuclei. All of these specific projections are bilateral. These results suggest that projections from the periolivary cell groups to the cochlear nucleus consist of multiple components with different degrees of specificity.
In reply [4]

In Reply .— We thank Drs Eneli and Davies for their letter, and we appreciate the concern they expressed about the generalizability of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) findings. Some of the issues they raise about accurate measurement of physician behavior were the impetus for our examination of these data. The purpose of this article was to look for alternative descriptions of pediatric practice patterns in regards to childhood obesity. Few disagree that physicians have an important role in the identification of childhood obesity, but each method to assess physician behavior has potential issues …
System transformation: USA and international strategies in healthcare organisation and policy

This paper draws attention to the US clusters and frames them in the context of regionalisation. It does this in three steps. First, it highlights key moments in US history in which regionalisation emerged as a central albeit unsuccessful policy strategy. Second, it considers how the strategic moves of multi-hospital systems contributed, especially in the 1990s, to the formation of hospital clusters. And third, it provides a broad overview of regional system formation internationally. The paper concludes that greater priority in both policy and research needs to be given to the provider clusters that now spread across this country's healthcare landscape.
Changes of the peripheral nerve excitability in vivo induced by the persistent Na+ current blocker ranolazine.

Abstract Persistent Na + current (Na p ) in the peripheral axons play an important functional role in controlling the axonal excitability. Abnormal Na p is believed to contribute to neurodegeneration and neuropathic pain, and thus it is an attractive therapeutic target. To assess the behavior of selective Na p blockade, axonal excitability testing was performed in vivo in 10 normal male mice exposed to ranolazine by recording the tail sensory nerve action potentials (SNAPs). Twenty minutes after administering ranolazine i.p. (50 mg/kg), the following changes were observed: lower SNAP amplitudes and the need for greater stimulus currents; greater threshold changes induced by long hyperpolarizing currents; reduced accommodation to long depolarizing current along with reduced late subexcitability; and reduced strength-duration time constant. These changes are explained by the suppression of Na p leading to greater threshold currents, partial block of transient Na + current, and suppression of slow K + currents. The suppressed slow K + currents appear to limit the modification of the membrane excitability by ranolazine. This study confirms the utility of axonal excitability testing as a useful treatment biomarker in neurological conditions in which Na p function is being modified.
A brief consideration of the SOS inducing signal.

Resume Les fonctions SOS sont induites chez E. coli par des traitements qui endommagent le DNA cellulaire ou en interrompent la synthese. La base biochimique de l'induction est l'activation de l'activite proteolytique specifique de la proteine recA, qui, a son tour, inactive le represseur lexA. Nous discutons du developpement du signal d'induction dans la cellule.
Phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from pea leaf mitochondria.

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from pea leaf mitochondria was rapidly deactivated in the presence of 50 to 200 μm ATP. The deactivation of the complex requires Mg2+ as shown by EDTA inhibition of deactivation. Deactivation was inhibited by 0.1 to 1 mm pyruvate or dichloroacetate. Activation required 10 mM Mg2+ or Mn2+ but Ca2+ and K+ had no effect. Activation was inhibited by the phosphatase inhibitor, F−. Autoradiograms of nondissociating electrophoresis gel, crossed immunoelectrophoresis gels, and dissociating sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis gels of the complex showed that one protein is labeled. Labeling of this protein is prevented by Mg2+, pyruvate, and dichloroacetate. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was isolated in a partially deactivated state and reactivation required exogenous Mg2+ and was inhibited by F−. These results are taken as conclusive evidence that the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in pea leaf mitochondria undergoes interconversion between deactivated and activated states by covalent modification (phosphorylation-dephosphorylation) catalyzed by a kinase and phosphatase. Isolation of the complex in a partially deactivated (phosphorylated) state suggests a physiologically significant role for this regulatory mechanism.
CAD-Based Shape Optimization Using a Meshfree Method

A shape design sensitivity analysis and optimization procedure is proposed using a meshfree method. A CAD tool connection is established to facilitate the seamless integration of structural modeling, simulation, and design optimization. A new CAD-based method for design velocity computation is proposed, applicable to both the meshfree method and the finite element method. A shape design variable can be chosen among the geometric parameters defined in the CAD model in order to support a concurrent engineering environment. A new CAD-based method for updating the discrete model is proposed, such that the meshfree model is automatically updated in a continuous and consistent way during design optimization. The proposed method is applied to 2D and 3D linear elastic problems, as well as to a large deformation hyperelastic problem.
Experimental and Analytic Investigation of Ground Effect

A low-speed wind-tunnel investigation was conducted to examine the effect of aspect ratio on ground effect. The characteristics of the wing and its section (a S8036 profile) were established at Re=1.2×105. The results indicate that ground effect is highly beneficial in augmenting lift, such that marked increases in the maximum lift-to-drag ratio may be realized. Finite wings in ground effect benefit from a reduction in vortex drag, as well as a lift increase, yielding greater gains in efficiency than achievable for an airfoil. The evaluation of analytic relations for estimation of the finite wing lift-curve slope and drag due to lift showed close accord with experiment.
Media agenda setting and elections: Voter involvement or alienation?

The article briefly reviews media agenda‐setting research findings from the past quarter century as well as findings from recent studies of the role of the “new” or nontraditional media in the 1992 U.S. presidential election. It is argued that past dominance of campaign agendas by politicians and the media is related to voter alienation, whereas evidence from the 1992 election of more grassroots agenda setting, with the help of nontraditional media such as television talk shows and town hall meetings, is coupled with evidence of greater voter interest and involvement in that election. Although the “new” media are not likely to solve all the problems of citizen alienation from politics and political manipulation of public and press, they do offer the possibility of more citizen involvement in elections and in politics more generally.
Failure of propranolol to prevent tilt-evoked systemic vasodilatation, adrenaline release and neurocardiogenic syncope

In patients with neurocardiogenic syncope, head-up tilt often evokes acute loss of consciousness accompanied by vasodilatation, increased plasma adrenaline and systemic hypotension. Since hypotension increases adrenaline levels and adrenaline can produce skeletal muscle vasodilatation by activating beta2 receptors, adrenaline might induce a positive feedback loop precipitating circulatory collapse. We hypothesized that propranolol, a non-selective beta-blocker, would prevent adrenaline-induced vasodilatation and thereby prevent syncope. Eight subjects with recurrent neurocardiogenic syncope and previously documented tilt-induced syncope with elevated plasma adrenaline levels participated in the present study. Subjects underwent tilt table testing after receiving oral propranolol or placebo in a double-blind randomized crossover fashion. Haemodynamic and neurochemical variables were measured using intra-arterial monitoring, impedance cardiography, arterial blood sampling and tracer kinetics of simultaneously infused [3H]noradrenaline and [3H]adrenaline. The occurrence of tilt-induced neurally mediated hypotension and syncope, duration of tilt tolerance, extent of the decrease in SVRI (systemic vascular resistance index) and magnitude of plasma adrenaline increases did not differ between the propranolol and placebo treatment phases. SVRI was inversely associated with fractional increase in plasma adrenaline during both phases. One subject did not faint when on propranolol; this subject's response is discussed in the context of central effects of propranolol. In this small, but tightly controlled, study, propranolol did not prevent tilt-induced vasodilatation, syncope or elevated plasma adrenaline.
Self-healing: science, engineering, and fiction

Most attacks on computing systems occur rapidly enough to frustrate manual defense or repair. It appears, therefore, that defense systems must include some degree of autonomy. Recent advances have led to an emerging interest in self-healing software as a solution to this problem. It is not clear, however, if the effort to create self-healing mechanisms is actually worth the cost in terms of development effort, deployment complexity, or runtime supervision and monitoring. Furthermore, no general purpose self-healing mechanisms have been shown to be achievable for general systems; it is hard to know beforehand exactly what an application should do in response to an arbitrary vulnerability. A number of very hard problems remain for researchers to explore before self-healing can be reliably applied to real computing systems. This paper provides a critique of the current state of the art and offers the position that self-healing as a concept should be relegated to the status of autonomic computing: a goal worth aiming for as a way to push the boundary of the possible rather than an achievable end in itself. Along the way, we identify a number of important but unsolved research problems in this space.
Observation of magnetized cooling in the IUCF cooler

Measurements of the longitudinal drag rate (R/sub D/, the rate at which the electron beam can change the energy of the proton beam) for 45-MeV protons with longitudinal velocities relative to the electron beam, nu */sub p/// in the range from 1*10/sup -7/ >
Application of Gaussian Error Propagation Principles for Theoretical Assessment of Model Uncertainty in Simulated Soil Processes Caused by Thermal and Hydraulic Parameters

Statistical uncertainty in soil temperature and volumetric water content and related moisture and heat fluxes predicted by a state-of-the-art soil module [embedded in a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model] is analyzed by Gaussian error-propagation (GEP) principles. This kind of uncertainty results from the indispensable use of empirical soil parameters. Since for the same thermodynamic and hydrological surface forcing and mean empirical parameters a soil module always provides the same mean value and standard deviation, uncertainty is first theoretically analyzed using artificial data for a wide range of soil conditions. Second, NWP results obtained for Alaska during a July episode are elucidated in relation to the authors’ theoretical findings. It is shown that uncertainty in predicted soil temperature and volumetric water content is of minor importance except during phase transition. Then the freeze–thaw term dominates and leads to soil temperature and moisture uncertainties of more than 15.8 K and 0.212 m 3 m 3 in mineral soils. Heat-flux uncertainty is of the same order of magnitude as typical errors in soil-heat-flux measurements. Uncertainty in the pore-size distribution index dominates uncertainty for all state variables and soil fluxes under most conditions. Uncertainties in hydraulic parameters (saturated hydraulic conductivity, pore-size distribution index, porosity, saturated water potential) affect soil-temperature uncertainty more than those in thermal parameters (density and specific heat capacity of dry soil material). Based on a thermal conductivity approach alternatively used, it is demonstrated that GEP principles are indispensable for evaluating parameterized soil-transfer processes. Generally, statistical uncertainty decreases with depth. Close beneath the surface, the uncertainty in predicted soil temperature, volumetric water content, and soil-moisture and heat fluxes undergoes a diurnal cycle.
Conflict and Coercion in Dependent States

The “dependencia” tradition offers a new perspective on underdevelopment in peripheral societies. A major premise of this body of scholarship is that the pattern of socioeconomic development in dependent states is, as a result of the states’ dependence, fundamentally different from those in advanced industrial states. Recently, this tradition has begun to focus on sociopolitical distortions in dependent states. Our basic argument centers on the proposition that the conditions associated with dependence lead to civil conflict and state coercion. The interaction of these two forces leads to the emergence of the increasingly repressive and authoritarian regimes identified with many dependent states.
Combining Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction using SYBR Green I Detection and Sequencing to Identify Vertebrate Bloodmeals in Fleas

Programs that aim to control vector-borne zoonotic diseases require information on zoonotic hosts and on the feeding behavior of bridging vectors that are capable of transmitting pathogens from those hosts to humans. Here we describe an assay developed to identify bloodmeals in field-collected cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis Bouche) to assess this species' potential role as a Yersinia pestis bridging vector in a plague-endemic region of Uganda. Our assay uses a single primer set and SYBR Green I-based real-time polymerase chain reaction to amplify a segment of the 12S mitochondrial ribosomal RNA gene for identification by sequencing. The assay capitalizes on the sensitivity of real-time polymerase chain reaction and the specificity of sequencing and can be used to differentiate vertebrate bloodmeals to the genus or species level without a priori knowledge of the host community. Because real-time assays that detect vertebrate DNA are highly sensitive to human DNA contamination, we analyzed detection in artificially fed and unfed fleas to establish a Ct cutoff that optimized specificity without completely sacrificing sensitivity. Using the established cutoff, our assay detected human, rat, and goat DNA in artificially fed C. felis up to 72 h postfeeding.
March Madness and the Office Pool

March brings March Madness, the annual conclusion to the U.S. men's college basketball season with two single elimination basketball tournaments showcasing the best college teams in the country. Almost as mad is the plethora of office pools across the country where the object is to pick a priori as many game winners as possible in the tournament. More generally, the object in an office pool is to maximize total pool points, where different points are awarded for different correct winning predictions. We consider the structure of single elimination tournaments, and show how to efficiently calculate the mean and the variance of the number of correctly predicted wins (or more generally the total points earned in an office pool) for a given slate of predicted winners. We apply these results to both random and Markov tournaments. We then show how to determine optimal office pool predictions that maximize the expected number of points earned in the pool. Considering various Markov probability models for predicting game winners based on regular season performance, professional sports rankings, and Las Vegas betting odds, we compare our predictions with what actually happened in past NCAA and NIT tournaments. These models perform similarly, achieving overall prediction accuracies of about 58%, but do not surpass the simple strategy of picking the seeds when the goal is to pick as many game winners as possible. For a more sophisticated point structure, however, our models do outperform the strategy of picking the seeds.
Control system architecture for integrated information technology facilities

Corporations, universities and other institutions are seeking to provide unified environments that integrate computer hardware and software with advanced and traditional presentation technologies. These integrated information technology facilities (IITF) are often called Boardroom 2000, Classrooms of the Future, and the like. The need for these facilities is real, but these unified environments unfortunately, do not currently exist except as vendor specific approaches. Integrated control of the software and hardware technologies from a variety of vendors is nonexistent. The paper develops a Control System Architecture for the consistent interface between the presenter and the information and presentation equipment. Following a layered approach similar to the ISO Open Systems Interconnection reference model, the primary components of the Control System Architecture are user interfaces, a Control System Processor, control network(s), and controlled equipment. >
Thinking Outside the Box to Expand Metropolitan Travel Choices

The multimodal expressway system is a concept of introducing travel choices for suburban commuters in major metropolitan areas relatively quickly and inexpensively. The entire existing limited-access highway system would provide for free flow of carpool vehicles and buses by temporarily slowing (or stopping) and releasing excess traffic at freeway entrance ramps and on the freeway main line at a series of concentric cordon locations around the core of the metropolitan area. At these locations, travel lanes would be created on the shoulder and restricted to use by buses and high-occupancy vehicles with three or more persons and would allow them to bypass the slower moving metered general-purpose traffic. A multicentered bus rapid transit system would serve commute trips between suburban residential areas and major employment centers. The transit system would be supplemented with a flexible carpooling system. An enhanced version of the concept would introduce variable peak period tolls to encourage further ...
Testing of digital controllers using real-time hardware in the loop simulation

Designing and testing digital control systems for power electronics applications can be costly and time consuming. In this paper, a rapid, low-cost prototyping and testing procedure for digital controller design is proposed using real-time hardware-in-the-loop (RT HIL) simulation. First, the control subsystem is prototyped using conventional simulation techniques. After the performance of the control logic is evaluated using non real-time simulation, the control subsystem is tested with RT HIL simulation. RT HIL simulation replaces the simulated control system with a real hardware controller, which interacts with other virtual models that are simulated in real-time. This increases the realism of the simulation and provides access to hardware features currently not available in software-only simulation models. Consequently, RT HIL makes the testing of new control equipment fast, safe and reliable. To perform RT HIL experiments, a real-time simulation platform has been implemented using virtual test bed (VTB) and its real-time extension (RTVTB). As a demonstration of the proposed procedure, a digital controller for an H-bridge inverter is designed, implemented and tested. The frequency response analysis is also performed on the closed-loop system.
PTEN Negatively Regulates Engulfment of Apoptotic Cells by Modulating Activation of Rac GTPase

Efficient clearance of apoptotic cells by phagocytes (efferocytosis) is critical for normal tissue homeostasis and regulation of the immune system. Apoptotic cells are recognized by a vast repertoire of receptors on macrophage that lead to transient formation of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] and subsequent cytoskeletal reorganization necessary for engulfment. Certain PI3K isoforms are required for engulfment of apoptotic cells, but relatively little is known about the role of lipid phosphatases in this process. In this study, we report that the activity of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), a phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphatase, is elevated upon efferocytosis. Depletion of PTEN in macrophage results in elevated PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 production and enhanced phagocytic ability both in vivo and in vitro, whereas overexpression of wild-type PTEN abrogates this process. Loss of PTEN in macrophage leads to activation of the pleckstrin homology domain-containing guanine-nucleotide exchange factor Vav1 and subsequent activation of Rac1 GTPase, resulting in increased amounts of F-actin upon engulfment of apoptotic cells. PTEN disruption also leads to increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and decreased production of proinflammatory IL-6 and TNF-α upon engulfment of apoptotic cells. These data suggest that PTEN exerts control over efferocytosis potentially by regulating PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 levels that modulate Rac GTPase and F-actin reorganization through Vav1 exchange factor and enhancing apoptotic cell-induced anti-inflammatory response.
Student Reading During Reading Class: The Lost Activity in Reading Instruction

Practice in oral and silent reading is an important component in the development of reading skills. But the extent to which students' reading instruction em phasizes such practice has not been documented. In this study, observational techniques were used to investigate the extent to which second-grade students actually read during a typical reading instructional period. Data on 53 events within 6 categories were collected in 10-second intervals during 2 two hour reading periods for each of 27 students. Approximately 240 minutes of scheduled reading time was observed; about 75% of that time was allocated to reading instruction. Students actually engaged in oral and silent reading 10-12 minutes during one reading period. The results are discussed with regard to effects of practice time on student reading.
Gemini Communications: A case applying revenue recognition standards

Abstract Gemini Communications (Gemini) is a case study on revenue recognition criteria. You will take on the role of an audit manager for the public accounting firm that audits Gemini. Your client, Gemini, is a US company that recently expanded operations into China through the acquisition of Apollo Man. Gemini prepares its financial statements in accordance with US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP) while Apollo Man prepares its financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS GAAP). Your assignment is to research, compare and contrast the technical criteria for revenue recognition under US GAAP, IFRS GAAP, and the proposed revenue standard. You will apply the various criteria to an Apollo Man sales transaction to determine the timing and amount of revenue Apollo Man should recognize. The case is designed to develop your research and written communication skills.
Testing the Impact of Job Search and Recruitment Source on New Hire Turnover in a Maquiladora

En faisant appel a un echantillon de 345 travailleurs mexicains d’une maquiladora , cette etude met a l’epreuve l’impact d’echelles de comportement de recherches preliminaires et actives de travail, l’impact de l’orientation des salaries et de mesures des sources de recrutement americaines et mexicaines sur le changement de personnel. Au dela des variables sous controle, la recherche active de travail et les mesures des sources de recrutement et d’orientation des salaries entretenaient des relations positives et significatives avec le changement de personnel. Beaucoup des sources de recrutement mexicaines presentaient avec les demissions une liaison negative plus forte que beaucoup des sources de recrutement americaines. Les resultats montrent qu’une prise en consideration attentive de la culture mexicaine est indispensable si l’on veut favoriser un developpement reussi des multinationales au Mexique. Using a sample of 345 Mexican maquiladora workers, this study tested the impact of preparatory and active job search behavior scales, employee referral, US and Mexican recruitment source measures on new hire turnover. Beyond controlled-for variables, active job search and employee referral recruitment source measures were found to have significant, positive relationships to new hire turnover. Number of Mexican recruitment sources used had a stronger negative relationship to voluntary turnover than number of US recruitment sources used. These findings suggest that careful consideration of Mexican culture is needed to enhance the successful growth of international firms in Mexico.
A model for the resistivity structure of LNAPL plumes and their environs in sandy sediments

Abstract Geophysical site characterization investigations at fuel spill sites have been generally guided by a working hypothesis which assumes that the light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPL) are a fully saturating phase of intrinsically very high electrical resistivity. Using observations from other related sciences, and contrary geophysical observations, a different model is developed which treats these spills as dynamic, changing systems dominated by surprisingly low resistivities. The major geophysical response of a mature or established spill of this type is due to an anomalously low resistivity zone in the lower vadose zone and upper portion of the aquifer. This zone is produced by a high total dissolved solids (TDS) leachate which is aperiodically flushed down from the volume of intimately mixed hydrocarbon, water, oxygen and soil near the base of the vadose zone where microbial activity is a maximum. This leachate is a result of acidification by organic and carbonic acids of the water-filled capillaries in the heterogeneous mixing zone at the free/residual product level, and is produced by the leaching and etching of the native mineral grains and grain coatings. This conductive inorganic plume is generally coincident with the uppermost part of the anaerobic dissolved hydrocarbon plume as defined by hydrochemical studies, but is thin and most concentrated at the top of the aquifer. It has been best detected and mapped by virtue of the amplitude shadow it causes on ground penetrating radar (GPR) profiles, and more recently by direct measurement using vertical resistivity probes (VRP) with readings every 5.08 cm from the surface to more than 7.5 m in depth. Other surface electrical geophysical methods (VES, electromagnetic method (EM), and multi-spaced horizontal resistivity profiling) can define this zone only if conditions are optimal. The conductive zone has been known for some years by hydrochemists and hydrogeologists, especially at sites where water samples are collected from short screens at multi-level wells.
Internal motion in organosilicon polymers. II. Dimethylpolysilazanes crosslinked through silicon

An investigation of the internal motion in organosilicon polymers by wideline nuclear magnetic resonance has been extended to a pair of dimethylpolysilazanes crosslinked through trifunctional silicon. The data suggest that there is considerable internal motion in all silazanes at 77°K. Evidence is presented for the presence of C3 rotation of the methyl groups, as well as rotation or torsional oscillation of the Si(CH3)2 groups about the polymer backbone. Upon warming the NMR line is seen to narrow, and this is associated with the onset of additional motion, including chain translation and chain flexing or bending. Crosslinking through silicon increases the barrier to chain translation while decreasing the barrier to chain flexing or bending.
A Realist Theory of Evaluation Practice

Some of the essential points of applying emergent realist theory to practice are sketched in this chapter. First a running conversation is offered to explain emergent realist evaluation; then an example pre-proposal highlights important aspects of practice.
Solid-solid phase transformation via internal stress-induced virtual melting, significantly below the melting temperature. Application to HMX energetic crystal.

We theoretically predict a new phenomenon, namely, that a solid−solid phase transformation (PT) with a large transformation strain can occur via internal stress-induced virtual melting along the interface at temperatures significantly (more than 100 K) below the melting temperature. We show that the energy of elastic stresses, induced by transformation strain, increases the driving force for melting and reduces the melting temperature. Immediately after melting, stresses relax and the unstable melt solidifies. Fast solidification in a thin layer leads to nanoscale cracking which does not affect the thermodynamics or kinetics of the solid−solid transformation. Thus, virtual melting represents a new mechanism of solid−solid PT, stress relaxation, and loss of coherence at a moving solid−solid interface. It also removes the athermal interface friction and deletes the thermomechanical memory of preceding cycles of the direct-reverse transformation. It is also found that nonhydrostatic compressive internal stre...
Making the Tacit Explicit

Tacit knowledge is both a ubiquitous and puzzling notion, related to the idea of hidden assumptions. The puzzle is partly a result of the conflict between the idea that assumptions are in the mind and the apparent audience-relativity of the "fact" of possessing an assumption or of the tacit knowledge that is articulated. If we think of making the tacit explicit as constructing a certain kind of inference repairing explanation for a particular audience "on the fly" we come closer to an explanation of what happens when we "make our tacit knowledge explicit." We can account for our capacity to construct such statements for particular audiences by reference to our non-conceptual capacities to understand others. This approach avoids problematic assumptions about shared representations that are common in cognitive science, and the equally problematic notion that tacit knowledge is sentence-like content that we retrieve when we articulate something based on our tacit knowledge.
The National Cooperative Research and Production Act

The National Cooperative Research and Production Act reduces the potential antitrust liabilities for various types of joint ventures involving research and development, production, or standards development in order to encourage their formation and operation. The chapter focuses on whether there is a need for such protections in the case of research joint ventures and examines the controversial possibility that the Act provides unnecessary, and perhaps even too much, antitrust protection.
Does the First-Sale Doctrine Apply to Your Digital Music?

So you own a few files of once favorite songs that you legally downloaded years ago but no longer want? If this music had been recorded on vinyl, audiotape, or a compact disc, you could simply resell it online or at a used music store. The first sale doctrine of copyright law allows the purchaser of a lawful copy of a copyrighted work to transfer possession of the physical copy to someone else without permission of the copyright owner. Several years ago, an online marketplace and cloud storage service known as ReDigi developed a business model based on the premise that the first sale doctrine allows the trading of digital music files. ReDigi refers to its service as a place where users can “recycle” digital media. Predictably, litigation by one of the copyright owners ensued and is recently ended with summary judgment in favor of the copyright owner. While not unexpected, the decision may have important ramifications not only for music, but also for other digital content, such as movies and ebooks.
KRAS and Combined KRAS/TP53 Mutations in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer are Independently Associated with Decreased Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy.

The response of rectal cancers to neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) is variable, but tools to predict response remain lacking. We evaluated whether KRAS and TP53 mutations are associated with pathologic complete response (pCR) and lymph node metastasis after adjusting for neoadjuvant regimen. Retrospective analysis of 229 pretreatment biopsies from patients with stage II/III rectal cancer was performed. All patients received CRT. Patients received 0–8 cycles of FOLFOX either before or after CRT, but prior to surgical excision. A subset was analyzed to assess concordance between mutation calls by Sanger Sequencing and a next-generation assay. A total of 96 tumors (42 %) had KRAS mutation, 150 had TP53 mutation (66 %), and 59 (26 %) had both. Following neoadjuvant therapy, 59 patients (26 %) achieved pCR. Of 133 KRAS wild-type tumors, 45 (34 %) had pCR, compared with 14 of 96 (15 %) KRAS mutant tumors (p = .001). KRAS mutation remained independently associated with a lower pCR rate on multivariable analysis after adjusting for clinical stage, CRT-to-surgery interval and cycles of FOLFOX (OR 0.34; 95 % CI 0.17–0.66, p < .01). Of 29 patients with KRAS G12V or G13D, only 2 (7 %) achieved pCR. Tumors with both KRAS and TP53 mutation were associated with lymph node metastasis. The concordance between platforms was high for KRAS (40 of 43, 93 %). KRAS mutation is independently associated with a lower pCR rate in locally advanced rectal cancer after adjusting for variations in neoadjuvant regimen. Genomic data can potentially be used to select patients for “watch and wait” strategies.
An Adjoint-Based hp-Adaptive Petrov-Galerkin Method for Turbulent Flows

In this study, an adjoint-based hp-adaptation algorithm has been developed within a Petrov-Galerkin finite-element method. The developed mesh adaptation algorithm is able to perform non-conformal mesh adaptations. To consistently account for hanging nodes, the constrained approximation method has been utilized. Hierarchical basis functions have been employed to facilitate the implementation of the constrained approximation. The methodology has been demonstrated on numerous cases using the Euler and Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, equipped with a modified SpalartAllmaras (SA) turbulence model. Also, a PDE-based artificial viscosity has been added to the governing equations, to stabilize the solution in the vicinity of shock waves. For accurate representation of the geometric surfaces, high-order curved boundary meshes have been generated and the interior meshes have been deformed through the solution of a modified linear elasticity equation. Fully implicit linearization has been used to advance the solution toward a steady-state. Dirichlet boundary conditions have been imposed weakly and the functional outputs have been modified according to the weak boundary conditions in order to provide a smooth adjoint solution near the boundaries. To accelerate the error reduction in presence of singularity points, an enhanced hrefinement, based on solution’s smoothness, has been used. Numerical results illustrate consistent accuracy improvement of the functional outputs for both hand hpadaptation, and also capability enhancement in capturing complex viscous effects such as shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction.
Design and realization of a new fire control radar simulation system

To solve the nut of the rarity of real air targets,the radar operator training usually can not always be assured,for that the simulator are used to operation training is developing trend of equipment.But making use of simulation system to proceed operation training is another military technique revolution after the weapon automation.The system introduced here is regarding computer technique as the core.The model of radar's echo signals is given,and the realization method is proposed.This realization employs computer to calculate radar echo data,and the key problems such as the real-time generation,control,and the display of targets are solved.The function simulation of the radar and operation training is realized;and the system has been used in training,which solves the problem of training.
Risk Perceptions for Developing Type 2 Diabetes among Overweight and Obese Adolescents with and without a Family History of Type 2 Diabetes.

Objectives Examine risk perceptions among overweight and obese adolescents for developing Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) compared to their peers, in adulthood and in their lifetime. Methods Participants (N = 319) were overweight/obese college-aged students. Multiple linear regression analyses examined the predictive relationship of the independent variables on comparative, absolute and 5-year perceived risk for developing T2D. Results Female adolescents (β=0.186, p .05) association with personal T2D risk assessment. Conclusions The at-risk participants in this investigation primarily based their T2D risk assessment on non-modifiable factors, possible undervaluing the influence of behavioral risk and protective factors. Future work should seek to improve awareness of the influence of behavioral factors and also seek to increase the perceived risk of not engaging in protective behaviors such as physical activity and weight management.
Myocardial protection in cyanotic neonatal lambs.

To investigate the susceptibility of cyanotic neonatal myocardium to ischemia and the effectiveness of cardioplegia for protection, we induced cyanosis in 2- to 5-day-old lambs (n = 16) by connecting the left atrial appendage to the main pulmonary artery with a 4 mm polytetrafluoroethylene graft, which produced an arterial oxygen tension of 34.1 ± 1.2 torr. Seven to 10 days after creation of the model, isolated perfused hearts from cyanotic animals were subjected to 2 hours of ischemia with topical cooling or crystalloid cardioplegia (K = 30 mEq/L) for myocardial protection (both at 15° C). Identical studies were performed on hearts from 16 normoxemic neonatal lambs 5 to 14 days old. The overall effect of cyanosis was to produce a significant impairment in recovery of maximum developed pressure (p
Predictive Models in Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer

The median overall survival from clinical trials evaluating therapies for patients with castration resistant prostate cancer has improved dramatically over the last 30 years from 6 months to over 32 months. As such, the willingness of physicians to administer and of patients to receive these therapies has also increased. However, not all patients will benefit equally from these therapies while still being exposed to, often significant, toxicities. The analysis of risk versus benefit is essential to the medical decision making process and is wholly dependent on the ability of the patient and physician to accurately predict relevant risks and benefits. Traditionally, physicians have made these predictions based on a combination of clinical experience and intuition. However, recent advances in computer based mathematical modeling and the availability of robust datasets from large randomized controlled trials have led to the development of predictive models that can outperform clinicians. In addition, the widespread availability of computers and other electronic devices means that these predictive models can be packaged and delivered to the lay public in an easy to use graphical representation, such as nomograms. While predictive models are powerful tools to aid in clinical decision making, they also have their own unique limitations. A given predictive model’s accuracy and relevance can vary dramatically based on the way the model was constructed, how it was validated, and the dataset from which the model was derived. In addition, predictive models do not consider the patient’s perspective on their disease, the impact of treatment complications or the goals of therapy. When these variables are clearly defined between the clinician and patient, predictive models powerful risk assessments tools for a variety of clinical endpoints.
The Insane Chicago Way: the insane plan of Chicago gangs to create a Spanish Mafia

The Insane Chicago Way is the story of an alleged plot to organize Chicago’s Hispanic street gangs into a ‘Spanish Mafia.’ Relying on street sources in Chicago, the author, John Hagedorn, describes...
Helping authors advance the discovery and usage of their work

Authors can help advance discovery and usage of their work before and after publication by using traditional sharing methods and participating in discovery options offered by publishers. SEG recently signed an agreement with Kudos through which authors can describe and distribute summaries of their
Micro-mechanical evaluation of SiC-SiC composite interphase properties and debond mechanisms

Abstract SiC-SiC composites exhibit exceptional high temperature strength and oxidation properties making them an advantageous choice for accident tolerant nuclear fuel cladding. In the present work, small scale mechanical testing along with AFM and TEM analysis were employed to evaluate PyC interphase properties that play a key role in the overall mechanical behavior of the composite. The Mohr-Coulomb formulation allowed for the extraction of the internal friction coefficient and debonding shear strength as a function of the PyC layer thickness, an additional parameter. These results have led to re-evaluation of the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion and adjustment via a new phenomenological equation.
Students’ uncertainty management in the college classroom

ABSTRACTThe uncertainty experienced by college students can have serious repercussions for their success and subsequent retention. Drawing parallels between instructional context and organizational context will enrich theory and research about students’ experiences of uncertainty in their college courses. Therefore, this study used Uncertainty Management Theory to explore how students manage their uncertainty about college courses with their classmates. Overall, the results suggest that although students experience uncertainty mostly related to their academic needs, their uncertainty management focuses more on their socioemotional needs. In managing their uncertainty, students rely on direct communication with their peers, which suggests the importance of considering uncertainty management as a relational activity as opposed to an independent activity. Given this, instructors can facilitate classroom climates and activities that allow students to establish relationships with one another and work interdepe...
Heterotopic gray matter and idiopathic Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder (P3.067)

Objective: Report a relation between idiopathic Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder and periventricular nodular heterotopic gray matter in a patient with partial epilepsy. Background: Heterotopic gray matter has been associated with epilepsy, there are no reports of gray matter heterotopia in association with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Design/Methods: Case report Results: We followed a 41 year old man with history of focal seizures with dyscognitive features since age of 15 years and REM sleep behavior disorder for the past 10 years. He is on Lamotrigine and Clonazepam. His seizures were initially controlled on Lamotrigine then became more frequent. His neurological exam revealed no features of Parkinson’s disease including rigidity, bradykinesia or rest tremor. His gait was normal. He was admitted to our epilepsy monitoring unit for evaluation of his seizures and we recorded REM sleep behavior disorder. MRI brain revealed bilateral periventricular nodules of heterotopic gray matter. There was no hippocampal abnormalities. The pathophysiology of idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is due to dysfunction of brainstem nuclei that regulate REM sleep. While it is proven that iRBD is associated with gray matter volume reduction in pontine tegmentum one study revealed that both hippocampi of patients with iRBD show increase in gray matter density as measured by Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM). This reflects a possible neuronal reorganization in this area. Relationship between epilepsy and iRBD exists. iRBD can occur in patients with epilepsy and epileptiform discharges can be recorded in patient with iRBD. Heterotopic gray matter is associated with epilepsy but no reports have associated it with iRBD. Further studies are needed to expand the spectrum of MRI abnormalities in REM sleep behavior. Conclusions: Epilepsy and structural MRI abnormalities were reported to exist with iRBD. To our knowledge this is the first case reporting a co-existence of iRBD with heterotopic gray matter. Disclosure: Dr. El Kouzi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Murr has nothing to disclose.