cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anti-heroes, wildfire, and the complex visibility of prison labor:

The vast majority of prison labor goes unnoticed by the public, serving as a microcosm of the invisibility of prisoners as a whole. This perpetuates stereotypical media representations and public p...
Soil Physical and Hydrological Changes Associated with Logging a Wet Pine Flat with Wide-Tired Skidders

A wet pine flat in the coastal plain of South Carolina was harvested with a rubber-tired skidder equipped with 68-in.-wide tires. Soil physical properties were measured immediately before and after a salvage harvest to document changes associated with traffic disturbance. Paired t-tests indicate that the wide-tired operation significantly increased soil volumetric water content, bulk, density, and soil strength, and decreased saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil porosity, and depth to the water table. Changes were greatest for the more disturbed areas, and rutting that occurred in the skid trails apparently interrupted subsurface drainage
Early Detection of Sporadic Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Problems, Promise, and Prospects.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer death, with more than 80% of patients diagnosed at advanced stages and a 5-year survival of only 9%. This commentar...
Palliative Medical Management of Inoperable Malignant Bowel Obstruction With "Triple Therapy": Dexamethasone, Octreotide, and Metoclopramide.

Context:Malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) is a complication of advanced malignancy. For inoperable patients, symptoms are often treated using analgesics, anticholinergics, and anti-emetics. There a...
Chip-Last HDFO (High-Density Fan-Out) Interposer-PoP

Interposer Package-on-Package (PoP) technology was developed and has been in very high-volume production over the last several years for high-end mobile application processors (APs). This is due to its advantages of good package design flexibility, controllable package warpage at room temperature (25°C) and high temperature (260°C), reduced assembly manufacturing cycle time and chip-last assembly manufacturing availability. To date, the laminate-substrate based interposer-PoP has been employed for high-end mobile APs with very high-volume production. Recently, this interposer-PoP design has faced some technical limitations including the need to reduce: top and bottom routing layer thickness, copper (Cu) trace line/space and via size for next generation mobile APs. These reductions may require ultra-thin package z-height and high-bandwidth bottom and top routing layers. To address these challenges, a new interposer-PoP with High-Density Fan-Out (HDFO) redistribution layer (RDL) routing layer has been designed and demonstrated. It is part of an initiative to achieve an ultra-thin package z-height, interposer-PoP structure with high bandwidth and improved signal integrity/power integrity (SI/PI) routing layer using a chip-last assembly manufacturing process flow. This paper will discuss package-level characterizations on the interposer-PoP with HDFO RDL routing layer as well as package z-height evaluation, temperature-dependent package warpage measurements and package-level reliability tests conducted in accordance with JEDEC.
Deification in Two Early Writings of St. Maximos the Confessor: Attaining Likeness to God

For St. Maximos the Confessor, the seventh century Byzantine theologian, deification was the ultimate goal of the monk and an event that required action both on the parts of God and the individual. While God originally bestowed upon humanity his image and likeness (Genesis 1:26), as a result of the disobedience of Adam and Eve that takes place in the garden (Genesis 3), humankind loses its ‘likeness’ to God. According to the Confessor, by following the commandments found in the Christian Gospel, one is able to regain the likeness to God and, by doing so, one moves closer and closer to God, ultimately experiencing deification. This study will focus on the Commentary on the Lord’s Prayer but will also reference the Ascetical Life and the Centuries on Charity. For Maximos, deification will not take place without becoming ‘like’ God.
Heavy Ion Damage in Thin Metal Films

A wide range of recoil energies is usually encountered in a material that is under irradiation with energetic particles. It is of considerable interest to know the damage as a function of recoil or cascade energy. Since isolated Frenkel pairs as well as cascades are usually produced together, it has been difficult to get specific information about the defect production in cascades, for example from studies of the energy dependence in charged par-icle irradiations(1,2,3). Especially in the case of electrical resistivity measurements, where only one integral quantity is measured, energy dependence measurements have not been very successful in showing the differences between cascades of various energies. The purpose of the present work was to see whether monoenergetic displacement cascades could be studied by means of electrical resistivity measurements. We can then hope to get specific information about the average displacement cascade of a well defined energy.
Primary macroglobulinemia: Review with a report on thirty-one cases and notes on the value of continuous chlorambucil therapy

Abstract This paper presents a review of the recent literature on primary macroglobulinemia (Waldenstrom) and a report on thirty-one patients, including ten patients personally treated with chlorambucil over a period of seven years as well as three others followed closely. The course of the disease was categorized in several types: asymptomatic, delayed-progressive and progressive, and the life expectancies in each category compared. The most common symptoms noted in the present series were fatigue, weakness, adenopathy, hemorrhage and visual disturbances. Ocular abnormalities, lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly were the most common physical findings. In six patients personally examined, no abnormalities were found on physical examination. Five of the thirty-one patients had no symptoms and an additional three patients had long survival. The remaining twenty-three patients, however, had significant symptoms and complications early in the observed course of their disease. Histopathologic findings on lymph node biopsy in eight of the thirty-one cases and autopsy findings in two indicate that Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia represents a distinct variant of a neoplastic plasma-lymphoproliferative disorder with a characteristic plasmacytoid-lymphocytic composition. One patient has been treated successfully and continually with chlorambucil for five and a half years, the longest period yet observed. No patient has had a relapse so far while under treatment with chlorambucil, but all who discontinued such treatment have had relapses. After relapse, the response to therapy has been disappointing. The view is expressed that once an adequate remission is induced, treatment with chlorambucil should be continued indefinitely.
Metamorphism of the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex, Turkey: influence of orogen‐normal collision vs. wrench‐dominated tectonics on P–T–t paths

The Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex (CACC) is a microcontinent in the Alpine–Himalayan belt. It has previously been considered as a coherent structural entity, but, although the entire CACC is comprised of similar rocks (primarily metasedimentary rocks and granitoids), it consists of at least four tectonic blocks characterized by different P–T–t paths. These blocks are the Kirsehir (north-west), Akdag (north-east), Nigde (south) and Aksaray (west) massifs. The northern massifs experienced thrusting and folding during collision and were slowly exhumed by erosion; metamorphic rocks are characterized by clockwise P–T paths at moderate P–T and local low-P–high-T (LP–HT) overprinting in the highest grade rocks. Apatite fission track ages are Eocene to Oligocene (47–32 Ma). The Aksaray block represents the hot, shallow mid-crust of a Late Cretaceous–early Tertiary arc. It is dominated by intrusions; rare metapelitic rocks record low-P (< 4 kbar) regional metamorphism overprinted by LP–HT contact metamorphism. Apatite fission track ages are 50–45 Ma. The Nigde massif is different from the other CACC blocks because it evolved as a core complex in a wrench-dominated setting. It is characterized by clockwise P–T paths at moderate P–T followed by widespread LP–HT metamorphism. Apatite fission track ages are Miocene (12–9 Ma), significantly younger than those in the northern massifs. Nigde rocks resided in the mid-crust at a time when the rest of the CACC was at or near the Earth's surface. Variations in P–T–t and tectonic histories — especially timing of exhumation — between the northern and southern CACC reflect the difference between head-on collision vs. mid-crustal wrenching.
Novel converter topology and algorithm for simultaneous charging and individual cell balancing of multiple Li-ion batteries

This work presents a novel lithium-ion battery charger based on pulse charging technique. A central power supply acting as a controlled current source is sequentially connected in parallel with different batteries through an array of switches. A forward converter realizes the controlled current source. Magnetics are restricted to the inductor and transformer of the forward converter. Each battery contains plurality of Li-ion cells, the number being determined by the voltage level of the application. The switch array at the output provides charging and discharging pulses to individual cells. Charging algorithm expected to increase the lifetime and performance of Li-ion cells along with charge balancing for applications involving series string of Li-ion cells is presented. Simulation results to demonstrate the proposed methodology are presented.
Appreciative Inquiry in Youthful Offender Psychiatric Nursing Research

PROBLEM: Combined with demonstrated impulsive behaviors and culturally bound expectations, youth who are detained in the juvenile justice system are challenged to find opportunities to articulate their stories and life experiences that contribute to a future life. METHODS: Appreciative inquiry (AI) as a research method is used to analyze interviews of youth residing in a juvenile detention center. FINDINGS: The narrative, or life pattern, that youth in detention express is explicated through the four processes of the 4-D Cycle in AI. The processes are discovery, dreaming, designing, and delivery. CONCLUSIONS: AI as a research method is useful to conduct interviews with detained youth, to provide a data analysis method for qualitative interviews, and generate nursing interventions. Through articulation of their own stories, youth discover voice and envision empowerment.
Viscus perforation in peritoneal dialysis patients: diagnosis and outcome

ObjectiveTo determine the incidence and outcome of spontaneous viscus perforation in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and which factors could facilitate early diagnosis.DesignA retrospective chart...
Analysis of grating doublets for achromatic beam-splitting

Achromatic beam-splitting grating doublets are designed for both continuous phase and binary phase gratings. By analyzing the sensitivity to lateral shifts between the two grating layers, it is shown that continuous-profile grating doublets are extremely difficult to fabricate. Achromatic grating doublets that have profiles with a constant first spatial derivative are significantly more resistant to lateral shifts between grating layers, where one design case showed a 17 times improvement in performance. Therefore, binary phase, multi-level phase, and blazed grating doublets perform significantly better than continuous phase grating doublets in the presence of a lateral shift between two grating layers. By studying the sensitivity to fabrication errors in the height of both grating layers, one grating layer height can be adjusted to maintain excellent performance over a large wavelength range if the other grating layer is fabricated incorrectly. It is shown in one design case that the performance of an achromatic Dammann grating doublet can be improved by a factor of 215 if the heights of the grating layers are chosen to minimize the performance change in the presence of fabrication errors.
Alternate pulse oximetry algorithms for SpO/sub 2/ computation

Arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO/sub 2/) values are currently computed using weighted moving average techniques. Digital signal processing algorithms were explored to identify improved algorithms for SpO/sub 2/ computation. The fast Fourier transform and discrete cosine transform were identified as potentially superior algorithms. Improvements to the original algorithm using combinations of overlapped processing and averaging techniques were also explored. >
Adversarial Infrahumanization in the Abortion Debate

Primary emotions such as pleasure or fear are routinely attributed to both humans and animals, but secondary emotions such as pride or resentment are typically attributed only to humans. Infrahumanization occurs when secondary emotions are attributed to human ingroups but not outgroups, thereby portraying outgroup members as less than human. This phenomenon is well documented as a psychological process, but has not been investigated in communication. The present study explored communicative infrahumanization in the abortion debate. Analyses of the emotion language used by prolife and prochoice bloggers revealed a reliable tendency among both groups to attribute primary but not secondary emotions to their adversaries.
Batch Pasteurization of Liquid Whole Egg 1. Bacteriological and Functional Property Evaluation

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE Food and Drug Administration, and several states, require that liquid egg products be free of salmonellae. This usually means pasteurization. The voluntary U.S.D.A. program for egg products inspection requires pasteurization. The only processes approved, prior to 1967, were continuous processes of the HTST (High-Temperature Short-Time) type. The equipment available was designed for operations involving several hundred gallons or more per hour and required fairly large capital investments. The processes and equipment were well suited to the large, high volume egg products plants of the midwestern U.S.A., which has historically produced most of our egg products. Liquid whole egg is now being produced in considerable quantities as a salvage operation in connection with the packing and marketing of table eggs. Many of these operations are relatively small, producing only a few hundred gallons or less per day and would not efficiently utilize HTST equipment nor justify the capital expenditure. . . .
A new species of Penicillium.

SUMMARYA new species of Penicillium, characterized by unusual stroma-like, mostly sterile coremia, is described and given the name Penicillium pseudostromaticum. This species has been isolated from...
Emulsion polymerization of styrene. II. Effect of agitation

Employing a reproducible system for the emulsion polymerization of styrene it has been demonstrated that agitation (stirring or shaking) affects both the rate of polymerization and maximum average molecular weight of the polymer formed. Increasing the agitation increases the inhibition, decreases the polymerization rate, and lowers the average molecular weight of the polymer formed. Agitation affects both a peroxide and a persulfate catalyzed polymerization in a similar manner. Agitation effects have been observed in the presence of a redox system and in the presence of a chain modifier. Oxygen has been demonstrated to stop as well as inhibit the initiation of an emulsion polymerization.
Apex: An Experiment in the Automated Creation of Pictorial Explanations

How might we automate the design of pictures that are intended to show the viewer how to perform a series of tasks?
Direct liquefaction for production of high yields of feedstocks for specialty chemicals or thermally stable jet fuels

Abstract This work was done to test the proposition that it is possible to produce high yields of two-ring compounds via direct liquefaction by selecting appropriate coal feedstock, catalyst, and reaction conditions. These products are valuable as starting materials for monomers of engineering plastics, for other specialty chemicals, and as constituents of a jet fuel having a high stability toward pyrolytic decomposition. An initial suite of eight coals was reduced to four candidates, based on reactivity in catalytic and non-catalytic liquefaction and on previously published structural characterization data. Further testing reduced the four candidates to two, Blind Canyon (Utah) highly volatile C and Pittsburgh No. 8 highly volatile A bituminous coals. The Pittsburgh seam coal is particularly attractive as a feedstock for this process. Liquefaction with a dispersed, sulfided molybdenum catalyst, followed by caustic washing to remove by-product phenols, provides ≈50% of yield of light liquid rich in two-ring compounds. Subsequent hydrotreating of a blended mixture of model compounds simulating the composition of the liquefaction product produces a material of exceptionally high stability in thermal stressing experiments. This liquid could be converted to a thermally stable jet fuel with further hydrotreating and use of appropriate additive packages.
Monte Carlo and deterministic analysis of a University of Virginia BNCT facility

A comprehensive effort is underway to design a high- performance BNCT facility at the 2 MW University of Virginia research reactor. This endeavor includes detailed core criticality and leakage calculations, coupled neutron/photon transport analyses, and dosimetry computations. Detailed geometries are modeled with MCNP for both the core and filter, as well as for phantom dosimetry studies, whereas the symmetric and deep-penetration problem of the filter/collimeter design is solved with the DORT code. Final filter configurations are evaluated with both stochastic and deterministic methods, and the results are compared and synthesized. The complementary use of these two computational methods yields a broader insight into the problem than can be achieved by using either method alone. Calculations show that certain adjustments to the core configuration increase the leakage to the filter thereby improving beam performance. Increased performance is also achieved by strategic shaping, placement, and optimization of neutral reflectors and filtering materials in the beam tube. Results of numerous optimization studies, which led to the final beam design, are presented. Ongoing work includes integration of recently developed treatment planning codes from INEL into the dosimetry analyses. New methods of coupling discrete ordinates and adjoint Monte Carlo calculations for medical applications are also under development.
Lymphocytic Response to Basal‐Cell Carcinoma: In Situ Identification of Functional Subsets Using Monoclonal Antibodies

We studied the cellular infiltrate surrounding basal-cell carcinomas in eight patients using immunoperoxidase staining of monoclonal antibodies directed against lymphocyte functional markers—B cells, T cells, and T-cell subsets. Approximately 90% of the infiltrate were T cells, 70–80% were helper/inducer T cells, 30–50% were cytotoxic/suppressor T cells, and less than 10% were B cells. There was no selective recruitment of specific T-cell subsets into the infiltrate. The ability to identify and quantitate lymphocytes in tissue by their functions will enhance our knowledge of the pathologic processes operative in various diseases.
The Indians of Texas : an annotated research bibliography

Until their final military defeat in the Red River War of 1874 and subsequent removal to western Oklahoma reservations, Indian peoples played a major role in all phases of southern Plains history, yet no systematic bibliographical tool has ever been compiled to identify the diverse published source materials about their cultures and histories. This bibliography, including 3,791 entries, not only lists the monographic and journal citations but also assesses the quality and reliability of most of these sources. Furthermore, it includes tribes ranging from the well-known Comanche, Kiowa, Caddo, and Wichita to the smaller, more obscure indigenous groups such as the Tonkawa, Karankawa, Jumano, Coahuiltecan, and Atakapa. The author also includes citations relevant to the Texas experiences of 'eastern removed tribes' such as the Cherokee, Alabama, Coushatta, Seminole, and Kickapoo.
Simulating lesions in multi-layer, multi-columnar model of neocortex

The paper presents results of modeling global and focal loss of layers in a multi-columnar model of neocortex. Specifically, the spread of activity across columns in conditions of inhibitory blockade is compared. With very low inhibition activity spreads through all layers, however, deep layers are critical for spread of activity when inhibition is only moderately blocked.
When Is Inhouse Service Cost Effective

The benefits and structure of the inhouse service program at the University of Alabama in Birmingham are reviewed. The program, when analyzed and compared to contracted service, realizes a savings of from $190,000 to $250,000 per year. Scaling the program to smaller hospitals indicates that inhouse service becomes cost effective when 11/2 million dollars or more of equipment is involved. For remotely located hospitals the cost effective equipment figure may be somewhat less.
A comparison of three empirically based, spatially explicit predictive models of residential soil Pb concentrations in Baltimore, Maryland, USA: understanding the variability within cities

In many older US cities, lead (Pb) contamination of residential soil is widespread; however, contamination is not uniform. Empirically based, spatially explicit models can assist city agencies in addressing this important public health concern by identifying areas predicted to exceed public health targets for soil Pb contamination. Sampling of 61 residential properties in Baltimore City using field portable X-ray fluorescence revealed that 53 % had soil Pb that exceeded the USEPA reportable limit of 400 ppm. These data were used as the input to three different spatially explicit models: a traditional general linear model (GLM), and two machine learning techniques: classification and regression trees (CART) and Random Forests (RF). The GLM revealed that housing age, distance to road, distance to building, and the interactions between variables explained 38 % of the variation in the data. The CART model confirmed the importance of these variables, with housing age, distance to building, and distance to major road networks determining the terminal nodes of the CART model. Using the same three predictor variables, the RF model explained 42 % of the variation in the data. The overall accuracy, which is a measure of agreement between the model and an independent dataset, was 90 % for the GLM, 83 % for the CART model, and 72 % for the RF model. A range of spatially explicit models that can be adapted to changing soil Pb guidelines allows managers to select the most appropriate model based on public health targets.
Generating explanations of social and nonsocial events

Thirty-six undergraduates generated explanations for five social events (e.g., “A patron leaves a small tip in a restaurant”) and five nonsocial events (e.g., “A block of a main city street has been closed to traffic”). The number of distinct explanations, the number of different types of explanations, the originality and elaboration of the explanations, and the systematicity of generating explanations were scored. Initial results suggested more thoughtful and less stereotypic performance when the subjects generated explanations for social events than for nonsocial events. Later analyses showed that many of these results depended on the particular stimulus items. Measures for describing and evaluating reasoning in everyday contexts are discussed.
The effects of short-term vitamin D supplementation on glucose metabolism in dialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose We tested whether short-term vitamin D supplementation improves insulin resistance in patients with kidney disease, a condition with little intrinsic vitamin D activity.
Familiarity and sex based stereotypes on instant impressions of male and female faculty

To address the stranger-to-stranger critique of stereotyping research, psychology students \((n= 139)\) and law students \((n = 58)\) rated photographs of familiar or unfamiliar male or female professors on competence. Results from Study 1 indicated that familiar male psychology faculty were rated as more competent than were familiar female faculty, whereas unfamiliar female faculty were rated as more competent than unfamiliar male faculty. By contrast, in Study 2, familiarity had a stronger positive effect on competence ratings of female faculty than it did for male faculty. Among psychology students, familiarity increased sex bias against female faculty, whereas among law students familiarity decreased sex bias. Together, these studies call into question the stranger-to-stranger critique of stereotyping research. Our findings have direct implications for the context of student evaluations. In male-dominated disciplines it is important for students to be exposed to female instructors in order to reduce pre-existing biases against such instructors.
Fever of Unknown Origin in the Elderly

An extensive literature survey was performed and hospital records were reviewed in order to identify cases of fever of undetermined origin in patients aged 65 or older. Analysis of the 111 cases discovered demonstrates a characteristic but not unique spectrum of underlying disorders. Potentially curable entities such as abdominal abscess, bacterial endocarditis, tuberculosis and giant-cell arteritis account for more than half of the serious illnesses presenting with prolonged pyrexia in elderly subjects. A diagnostic approach to the management of the persistently febrile geriatric patient is discussed.
A simplified two-dimensional electrophoretic technique

The two-dimensional electrophoretic O'Farrell technique can be simplified in terms of effort and equipment. This simplification derives mainly from the fact that the first dimension (isoelectric focusing) is run in a vertical slab gel. Since all tracks are cast in a single template, a reproducible and uniform first dimension is obtained, allowing easy and accurate comparison among tracks after standard staining and/or radioautographic procedures. After the first dimension, the focused tracks are cut and, following equilibration, simply laid on top of the second dimensional slab gel, whose spacers are 0.1 mm thicker than those used in the first separation. Thus, basically the same equipment can be used for both dimensions. This modified technique has been experimentally validated since it has allowed the detection of structural variants of two proteins related to the mouse complement system, namely, the fourth component and the sex-limited protein.
Prostaglandin synthesis in human cancer cells: influence of fatty acids and butyrate.

Abstract Previous research has suggested that prostaglandins (PGs) may play a role in the development of colon cancer since tumor cells produce more PGs than normal cells. However, the exact mechanism by which PGs play a role in the development of cancer is not known. In addition, factors that influence PG synthesis are not known since they are complicated by the presence of homeostatic mechanisms. To avoid the homeostatic mechanisms, the present research was designed to examine factors that may influence PG synthesis in an in vitro system, i.e. a tissue culture. We have chosen two human colon cancer cell lines that differ in their ability to metabolize long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs), LS174T cells and HT-29 cells. We examined the effect of LCFAs on their membrane fatty acid composition, growth, and ability to release the main PGs (PGE 2 and PGI). The LCFAs used were those most common in the colonic lumen [18:0, 18:2 (n-6), and 18:3 (n-3)]. In addition, we examined the effect of butyrate on the above mentioned parameters. Butyrate is produced in the colon through fermentation of dietary fibers. The data obtained suggest that although both of these tumor cell lines are of human colonic origin, they differ in their response to LCFAs and butyrate in some of the characteristics studied, such as growth, composition of membranes, and the relationship between membrane FA composition and PG synthesis. Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation stimulated the growth of HT-29 cells but not of LS174T cells when compared with growth in media supplemented with 18:0. However, the two cell lines were similar in their response to the stimulatory effect of PG production by butyrate. These butyrate-treated cells produced 40% more PGs compared to their controls.
Exercise and Multiple Sclerosis

The pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterised by fatigue, motor weakness, spasticity, poor balance, heat sensitivity and mental depression. Also, MS symptoms may lead to physical inactivity associated with the development of secondary diseases. Persons with MS are thus challenged by their disability when attempting to pursue an active lifestyle compatible with health-related fitness. Although exercise prescription is gaining favour as a therapeutic strategy to minimise the loss of functional capacity in chronic diseases, it remains under-utilised as an intervention strategy in the MS population. However, a growing number of studies indicate that exercise in patients with mild-to-moderate MS provides similar fitness and psychological benefits as it does in healthy controls. We reviewed numerous studies describing the responses of selected MS patients to acute and chronic exercise compared with healthy controls. All training studies reported positive outcomes that outweighed potential adverse effects of the exercise intervention. Based on our review, this article highlights the role of exercise prescription in the multidisciplinary approach to MS disease management for improving and maintaining functional capacity. Despite the often unpredictable clinical course of MS, exercise programmes designed to increase cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength and mobility provide benefits that enhance lifestyle activity and quality of life while reducing risk of secondary disorders. Recommendations for the evaluation of cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle performance and flexibility are presented as well as basic guidelines for individualised exercise testing and training in MS. Special considerations for exercise, including medical management concerns, programme modifications and supervision, in the MS population are discussed.
Sexual Adventurism, Substance Use, and High-Risk Sexual Behavior: A Structural Modeling Analysis of the Chicago MACS/Coping and Change Cohort

The purpose of this study was to model the relationships between dispositional tendencies towards sexual risk seeking (sexual adventurism) and engaging in risky behaviors (e.g., unprotected anal intercourse and recreational drug use). We analyzed data collected at semiannual assessments, between 1984 and 1993, from gay/bisexual participants in both the Chicago Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) and the Coping and Change Study (CCS). Factor analysis on 34 items from the CCS questionnaires guided the construction of an index of “sexual adventurism/risk-seeking” which was then used in univariate and multivariate analyses to determine its relationship, across time, with the outcome behaviors of drug use and risky sex. Path analysis models then assessed the relative importance of sexual adventurism and drug use covariates for predicting risky sex in subsequent assessments. Sexual adventurism was significantly associated with both substance use and risky sex at all time periods. Multivariate analyses revealed this relationship to be independent of drug use; however, this was not true for the association between risky sex and drugs. Path analysis confirmed the causal links (either direct or mediated by drug use) between sexual adventurism and risky sex. Substance use had little, if any, direct association with high-risk sexual behavior when sexual adventurism was included in the models. These findings support the existence of a common underlying dispositional factor, sexual adventurism/risk seeking, that would be a major determinant of the association between risky sex and drug use among gay men. Similar findings from other studies indicate the wider potential applicability of sexual adventurism/risk-seeking measures and suggest the need for focused intervention efforts in targeting this subgroup of high-risk individuals.
Hawaiian Islands formed through extrusive volcanic activity

Scientists generally believe that the Hawaiian Islands formed primarily through endogenous growth, or intrusion, in which hot magma intrudes into a rock and then solidifies before it reaches the surface. However, a new study suggests that the islands may actually have formed primarily through extrusion, which occurs when a volcano erupts and magma reaches the surface and flows away from the eruption site before cooling and solidifying.
Identification of sialyl Lewis-x in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Background Sialyl Lewis-x (sLx) is a cellular adhesion molecule (CAM) that has been implicated in the inflammatory reaction and cancer metastasis. The sLx is the carbohydrate ligand of endothelial-selectin (E-selectin), an inducible vascular endothelial CAM. The role of sLx has been investigated in several cancers, and its presence has been correlated with advanced disease stage, decreased disease-free survival, and greater metastatic potential. A recent study has found that cultured head and neck (HN) squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines express sLx and that binding of these cells to cytokine activated endothelium correlates with the endothelial expression of E-selectin. The purpose of this study was to identify sLx in the tumors of patients with HNSCC and to see if the presence of sLx correlated with disease status. Methods We performed immunohistochemical (IHC) staining to detect the sLx antigen using the monoclonal antibody (MAb) KM-93. Eighty-two specimens of HNSCC that were obtained at the time of resection or biopsy were analyzed for sLx staining patterns and intensities. The clinical outcomes of survival, disease-free interval, and incidence of distant metastasis were then assessed to determine whether there was a correlation with sLx tumor expression. In addition, we analyzed specimens from metastatic HNSCC sites for expression of sLx. Results The sLx expression was identified in 62% of the primary tumor specimens and 87% of the metastatic tumor specimens analyzed by IHC. The staining pattern in the HNSCC tumors differed from that seen in normal squamous epithelium but was variable in both intensity and distribution. The sLx expression in the metastatic sites was higher than in the primary sites in 67% of the specimens (10 of 15). There was no correlation between sLx staining and disease status. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate that sLx is present in HNSCC and supports the data that show that sLx may play a role in the metastasis of HNSCC. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the role of sLx, E-selectin, and other CAMs in HNSCC. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 20: 726–731, 1998.
ICSI-CRF: The Generation of References to the Main Subject and Named Entities Using Conditional Random Fields

In this paper, we describe our contribution to the Generation Challenge 2009 for the tasks of generating Referring Expressions to the Main Subject References (MSR) and Named Entities Generation (NEG). To generate the referring expressions, we employ the Conditional Random Fields (CRF) learning technique due to the fact that the selection of an expression depends on the selection of the previous references. CRFs fit very well to this task since they are designed for the labeling of sequences. For the MSR task, our system has a String Accuracy of 0.68 and a REG08-Type Accuracy of 0.76 and for the NEG task a String Accuracy of 0.79 and REG08-Type Accuracy of 0.83.
A Rule-Based Interpretation System For Signal Images

A rule-based interpretation system for images consisting of signals (such as seismic images) is presented in this paper. A test run of the interpreter on a piece of real seismic data shows that it can successfully segment the seismic image into regions of common signal character. The system consists of two substructures: a texture analyzer and an intelligent interpreter. The texture analyzer adapts the "texture energy measurement" method developed by Laws to extract discriminant features from the texture-like signal image. The major function of the analyzer is to assign a vector of initial certainty factors (CFs) to each texel in the image based on the extracted feature measures. The elements of the CF vector essentially correspond to the degree of membership of the texel to each of the texture regions in the image. The intelligent interpreter, which is the rule-based system, is made up of a knowledge database, a reasoning engine and a parallel region growing controller. Whenever a growing region requests to classify one of its boundary texels, a fact list is formed carrying information about the texel and its neighborhood. The interpreter takes the fact list and searches in the knowledge database to determine if any rules can be exercised. In the case of a seismic image, the rules are mostly geologic in nature. After a sequence of executions of rules and manipulations of CF numbers, a final CF vector emerges. If this vector favors the requesting region by having its corresponding component element exceed a preset threshold, the texel is classified to this texture class and merged into the requesting region. A noticeable advantage of the intelligent interpreter over other conventional classification techniques is its capability of patching small areas in the image for which the original data apparently do not provide enough discriminant information. An example illustrating these results on real seismic data from the Gulf of Mexico is presented.
The function of multiple anti‐predator mechanisms in adult tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae)

. 1. Predator avoidance mechanisms of adult tiger beetles (Cicindela spp.) were investigated in the Sulphur Springs Valley of southeastern Arizona, U.S.A. 2. The predators were found to be robber flies, lizards, and birds. 3. Effective antipredator characters included body size, orange abdomens, defence chemicals, flight and gregariousness. 4. The number of these five major antipredator mechanisms exhibited by each tiger beetle species varied with habitat. 5. The function and number of antipredator mechanisms was a complex interaction of deterrents; some were effective only in combination and some were characters that each deterred a different type of predator; in several cases, the characters that reduced the probability of attack by one type of predator simultaneously increased the probability of attack by another type of predator.
Variable sampling interval np process control chart

A new form of policy for the design of np charts is presented. The policy is characterized by a variable sampling interval, such that the taking of each sample is begun at a constant prior probability that the process is out of control. The new policy is shown to generate a vector of sampling intervals which dominates the fixed sampling interval under assumed known system parameters. The desireability of the VSI approach is shown to depend on the power of the sampling procedure, contradicting previously published results stating that a VSI procedure should always use the shortest and longest intervals possible. The vector of sampling intervals generated by the new policy converges to a fixed interval policy when conditions are such that variable sampling intervals are not warranted.
Specification of the neural crest occurs during gastrulation and requires Pax7

The neural crest is a stem population critical for development of the vertebrate craniofacial skeleton and peripheral ganglia. Neural crest cells originate along the border between the neural plate and epidermis, migrate extensively and generate numerous derivatives, including neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, melanocytes, bone and cartilage of the head skeleton. Impaired neural crest development is associated with human defects, including cleft palate. Classically, the neural crest has been thought to form by interactions at the border between neural and non-neural ectoderm or mesoderm, and defined factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and Wnt proteins have been postulated as neural crest-inducers. Although competence to induce crest cells declines after stage 10 (ref. 14), little is known about when neural crest induction begins in vivo. Here we report that neural crest induction is underway during gastrulation and well before proper neural plate appearance. We show that a restricted region of chick epiblast (stage 3–4) is specified to generate neural crest cells when explanted under non-inducing conditions. This region expresses the transcription factor Pax7 by stage 4 + and later contributes to neural folds and migrating neural crest. In chicken embryos, Pax7 is required for neural crest formation in vivo, because blocking its translation inhibits expression of the neural crest markers Slug, Sox9, Sox10 and HNK-1. Our results indicate that neural crest specification initiates earlier than previously assumed, independently of mesodermal and neural tissues, and that Pax7 has a crucial function during neural crest development.
Remote sensing data of SP mountain and SP lava flow in north-central Arizona

Multifrequency airborne radar image data of SP Mountain and SP flow in north-central Arizona were obtained in diverse viewing directions and direct and cross-polarization and compared with surface and aerial photography, Landsat multispectral scanner data, airborne thermal infrared imagery, surface geology, and surface roughness statistics. The extremely blocky, basaltic andesite of SP flow is brighter on direct-polarization K-band images than on cross-polarized images taken simultaneously. This effect is explained by multiple scattering and the strong wavelength dependence of polarization effects caused by the rectilinear basaltic andesite scatters. Two distinct types of surface relief on SP flow, one extremely blocky, the other subdued, are clearly discriminated on the visible and thermal wavelength images but are separable only on the longer wavelength L-band radar image data.
Evidence for porphyrins in early precambrian Swaziland System sediments

Porphyrin in Fig Tree shale and Onverwacht chert from Swaziland System sediments, noting age of three billion years and importance in abiogenesis research
Vocational Interest Themes and Personality Traits in Relation to College Major Satisfaction of Business Students

Based on 164 undergraduate business majors, we examined the relationship between satisfaction with major and Holland’s vocational interests and with the Big Five and narrow personality traits. Contrary to our hypothesis, enterprising scores were unrelated to major satisfaction. As hypothesized, using ipsative and normative scores, investigative, artistic, and realistic interests were negatively related to major satisfaction. As hypothesized, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and optimism were positively related to major satisfaction, as were extra-version and assertiveness. A stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that 49% of the variance in major satisfaction could be accounted for by a combination of vocational interest themes and personality traits. Implications were drawn for theory and practice, including support for Holland’s continuity principle, adding personality traits to Holland’s vocational theory, and using vocational interest and normal personality trait measures in student ad...
Getting agricultural prices right

Abstract Are agricultural price policies in developing countries inimical to both growth and equity? In recent critiques of govenment policy, such a view has been repeatedly affirmed. This paper takes the view that a positive analysis of the constraints under which price and tax policies must be set is seriously lacking and that, without such understanding, both the direction and the consequences of reform must remain uncertain. It attempts to lay the groundwork for such analysis by specifying a number of hypotheses concerning government policies and their consequences.
Immunotherapy for allergic diseases

Immunotherapy continues to be an important component in the treatment of allergic diseases. It remains the only mode of treatment that has exhibited the potential for modifying the natural history of allergic diseases and possibly for preventing them from occurring at all. Though many aspects of its administration still need to be studied in a scientifically rigorous manner, it has proven to be effective even when given with nonstandardized methods. As a result, it continues to be important for physicians to learn the art of giving effective immunotherapy in addition to the ever-expanding science.
Mass spectrometric characterization of 13C-labeled lipid tracers and their degradation products in microcosm sediments

Abstract A GC–MS approach was developed to characterize 13C-labeled tracers in microcosm sediments. Three major 13C-labeled fatty acids (16:1ω7, 16:0, and 18:1ω9) and phytol in labeled microalgae (added to sediments as organic substrate) were distinguished from natural sedimentary counterparts. During a series of incubations under various redox conditions (oxic and anoxic) and with and without the presence of macrofauna (i.e. Yoldia limiatula), two newly produced 13C-labeled compounds (iso-15:0 fatty acid and C16 alcohol) were identified from incubated sediments. Analyses of mass spectra showed that the iso-15:0 fatty acid was partially labeled while the C16 alcohol was uniformly labeled with 13C, implying that the formation pathways of these two degradation products may be different. Estimates of degradation rate constants of planktonic lipids during these incubations showed that oxic conditions and the presence of Yoldia significantly accelerated the degradation of planktonic lipids in sediments.
Effect of methylprednisolone and mechanical loading on canine articular cartilage in explant culture

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of mechanical load on articular cartilage after in vitro corticosteroid exposure. Canine humeral cartilage was equilibrated for 4 days in defined medium with a serum substitute, then exposed to methylprednisolone sodium succinate for 20 h at 0, 0.01 or 1.0 mg/ml. After a drug-free recovery period, the explants were subjected to 0, 1 or 10 mega pascals (MPa) for 1 out every 5 s for 20 min, then incubated with [35S]-sulfate and [3H]-leucine for 4 h to measure proteoglycan and protein synthesis, respectively. When the loading occurred 22 h after drug exposure, proteoglycan synthesis was inhibited and protein synthesis, was unaffected by the drug. Both were stimulated by load, relative to controls. When the loading was delayed until 142 h after drug exposure, there was no biosynthetic response to load whether or not the explant had been exposed to the drug. Proteoglycan and protein synthesis 142 h after 0 or 0.01 mg/ml were unchanged or slightly higher than at 22 h, in explants which did not receive load. In contrast, biosynthesis were strongly inhibited 142 h after 1.0 mg/ml, and there was a 40% loss of proteoglycan content, relative to 22 h controls. If explants receiving 1.0 mg/ml also received heavy (10 MPa) loads 142 h later, there was a 17% reduction in total dry content suggesting severe matrix damage. These in vitro results suggest that articular load can help maintain normal cartilage metabolism after corticosteroid exposure, but also suggest that heavy loading after a sub-clinical dose can cause a marked loss of matrix solids.