cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equality of opportunities, redistribution and fiscal policies : the case of Liberia

This paper brings back the fiscal angle to the analysis of equal opportunities both by connecting traditional benefit-incidence analysis of public spending with equal opportunities and by conducting ex-ante micro-simulations on the fiscal cost of equal opportunity policies in education. Four simulations are conducted in Liberia, a country devastated by a civil war, with serious educational enrollment gaps and fiscal policies highly dependent on international aid. Results for the simulated policy scenarios (increases in teachers' salaries, elimination of both fee and non-fee costs borne by households, and targeting public spending on education to rural schools) point to very modest redistributive effects but very different patterns of winners and losers among groups of children in Liberia.
Safety Analysis of Concept Systems for Guidance and Control of Transit Buses

This report presents the findings from a literature review and field observations of the operations of transit buses in an urban setting with focus on the automated guidance of these buses. It contains a description of two types of automated docking systems. In addition, a summary of the safety research conducted by the California PATH Program on this topic is included.
Efficient Fair Exchange with Verifiable Confirmation of Signatures

We propose a new efficient protocol, which allows a pair of potentially mistrusting parties to exchange digital signatures over the Internet in a fair way, such that after the protocol is running, either each party obtains the other's signature, or neither of them does. The protocol relies on an off-line Trusted Third Party (TTP), which does not take part in the exchange unless any of the parties behaves improperly or other faults occur. Efficiency of the protocol is achieved by using a cryptographic primitive, called confirmable signatures (or designated confirmer signatures in its original proposal [9]). We recommend using a new efficient confirmable signature scheme in the proposed fair exchange protocol. This scheme combines the family of discrete logarithm (DL) based signature algorithms and a zero-knowledge (ZK) proof on the equality of two DLs. The protocol has a practical level of performance: only a moderate number of communication rounds and ordinary signatures are required. The security of the protocol can be established from that of the underlying signature algorithms and that of the ZK proof used.
Modeling colloid transport and retention in saturated porous media under unfavorable attachment conditions

[1] A mathematical model is presented for colloid transport and retention in saturated porous media under unfavorable attachment conditions. The model accounts for colloid transport in the bulk aqueous phase and adjacent to the solid surface, and rates of colloid collision, interaction, release, and immobilization on the solid phase. Model parameters were estimated using (1) filtration theory; (2) calculated interaction energies in conjunction with the Maxwellian kinetic energy model of diffusion; (3) information about the velocity magnitude and distribution adjacent to the solid phase that was obtained from pore scale water flow simulations; (4) colloid and collector sizes; (5) the balance of applied hydrodynamic and resisting adhesive torques; and (6) time dependent filling of retention locations using a Langmuirian approach. The presented theory constrains the model parameters and output to physically realistic values in many instances, and minimizes the need for parameter optimization. Example simulations demonstrate that our modeling formulation is qualitatively consistent with observed trends for retention with colloid size and concentration, grain size, and velocity for many systems. The model provides a clear conceptual explanation for the causes of hyperexponential, exponential, uniform, and nonmonotonic retention profiles without invoking hypotheses with regard to colloid heterogeneity, aggregation, or multiple deposition rates. Furthermore, the model formulation and research presented herein helps to identify areas where additional research and theory development are still needed.
Approximability of Capacitated Network Design

In the capacitated survivable network design problem (Cap-SNDP), we are given an undirected multi-graph where each edge has a capacity and a cost. The goal is to find a minimum cost subset of edges that satisfies a given set of pairwise minimum-cut requirements. Unlike its classical special case of SNDP when all capacities are unit, the approximability of Cap-SNDP is not well understood; even in very restricted settings no known algorithm achieves a o(m) approximation, where m is the number of edges in the graph. In this paper, we obtain several new results and insights into the approximability of Cap-SNDP. We give an O(logn) approximation for a special case of Cap-SNDP where the global minimum cut is required to be at least R. (Note that this problem generalizes the min-cost ?-edge-connected subgraph problem, which is the special case of our problem when all capacities are unit.) Our result is based on a rounding of a natural cut-based LP relaxation strengthened with knapsack-cover (KC) inequalities. Our technique extends to give a similar approximation for a new network design problem that captures global minimum cut as a special case. We then show that as we move away from global connectivity, even for the single pair case (that is, when only one pair (s,t) has positive connectivity requirement), this strengthened LP has Ω(n) integrality gap. We also consider a variant of Cap-SNDP in which multiple copies of an edge can be bought: we give an O(logk) approximation for this case, where k is the number of vertex pairs with non-zero connectivity requirement. This improves upon the previously known O(min{k,logRmax})-approximation when Rmax is large; here Rmax is the largest requirement. On the other hand, we observe that the multiple copy version of Cap-SNDP is Ω(loglogn)-hard to approximate even for the single-source version of the problem.
Counterfactuals and policy analysis in structural models

Evaluation of counterfactual queries (e.g., "If A were true, would C have been true?") is important to fault diagnosis, planning, determination of liability, and policy analysis. We present a method for evaluating counterfactuals when the underlying causal model is represented by structural models - a nonlinear generalization of the simultaneous equations models commonly used in econometrics and social sciences. This new method provides a coherent means for evaluating policies involving the control of variables which, prior to enacting the policy were influenced by other variables in the system.
“Geometrical” Stability Theory

In this paper I will give a survey of a collection of techniques and results which I call “geometrical” stability theory. My description of the area as geometrical is more intuitive than formal. The actual geometry involved is rather elementary. (This material is summarized in the Appendix.) Later I will try to indicate how these techniques might be useful in proving a special case of Vaught's conjecture (which states that if T has fewer than many countable models, then it has countably many).
Attribute-Based Encryption for Circuits from Multilinear Maps

In this work, we provide the first construction of Attribute- Based Encryption (ABE) for general circuits. Our construction is based on the existence of multilinear maps. We prove selective security of our scheme in the standard model under the natural multilinear generalization of the BDDH assumption. Our scheme achieves both Key-Policy and Ciphertext-Policy variants of ABE. Our scheme and its proof of security directly translate to the recent multilinear map framework of Garg, Gentry, and Halevi.
Large Scale Structure in an Era of Precision CMB Measurements

The advent of high signal-to-noise cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy experiments now allow detailed studies on the statistics related to temperature fluctuations. The existence of acoustic oscillations in the anisotropy power spectrum is now established with the clear detection of the first, and to a lesser confidence the second and the third, peak. Beyond the acoustic peak structure associated with CMB photon temperature fluctuations, we study the possibility for an observational detection of oscillations in the large scale structure (LSS) matter power spectrum due to baryons. We also suggest a new cosmological test using the angular power spectrum of dark matter halos, or clusters of galaxies detected via wide-field surveys of the large scale structure. The standard rulers of the proposed test involve overall shape of the matter power spectrum and baryon oscillation peaks in projection. The test allows a measurement of the angular diameter distance as a function of redshift, similar to the distance to the last scattering surface from the first acoustic peak in the tempetaure anisotropy power spectrum. The simultaneous detection of oscillations in both photons and baryons will provide a strong, and a necessary, confirmation of our understanding related to the physics during the recombination era. The proposed studies can be carried out with a combined analysis of CMB data from missions such as the MAP and the large scale structure data from missions such as the DUET.
Does the Measurement of Property and Structural Characteristics Affect Estimated Implicit Prices for Environmental Amenities in a Hedonic Model

Hedonic models are commonly used to estimate marginal willingness to pay for environmental amenities. These studies utilize variables that are assumed to be measured without error (such as the square footage of the lot or the number of bedrooms) and proxy variables (such as neighborhood or school quality). Lot and structural characteristics may in fact be measured with error. Potential sources of error include inaccurate measures and inconsistent updating. We investigate the effect of using tax-assessor data versus survey data from purchasers to estimate the implicit price of an environmental amenity, lake-water clarity. Convergent validity of the implicit price for water clarity is established if the town and survey data provide statistically indistinguishable estimates of implicit prices for this amenity. Overall, the town-office and survey data on property characteristics were not statistically different in three of the four market groupings examined, which suggests that the traditional municipal sources of these data may not contain substantial measurement error. Furthermore, convergent validity is satisfied in all four market areas. However, differences in computed implicit prices of clarity in two of the market areas are large enough that policy decisions for environmental quality could be affected by the source of the lot and structural data.
MARKET SIZE, LINKAGES, AND PRODUCTIVITY: A STUDY OF JAPANESE REGIONS

One account of spatial concentration focuses on productivity advantages arising from market size. We investigate this for forty regions of Japan. Our results identify important effects of a region's own size, as well as cost linkages between producers and suppliers of inputs. Productivity links to a more general form of 'market potential' or Marshall-Arrow-Romer externalities do not appear to be robust in our data. Landlocked status does not matter for productivity of regions in Japan. The effects we identify are economically quite important, accounting for a substantial portion of cross-regional productivity differences. A simple counterfactual shows that if economic activity were spread evenly over the forty regions of Japan, aggregate output would fall by nearly twenty percent.
Squamous odontogenic tumor: Report of a case with multiple lesions

A case of squamous odontogenic tumor of the maxilla and mandible is presented. The symptoms, differences in behavior of the lesion in the maxilla and mandible, and treatment are discussed.
Learning Nonlinear Manifolds of Dynamic Textures

Dynamic textures are sequences of images of moving scenes that show stationarity properties in time. Eg: waves, flame, fountain, etc. Recent attempts at generating, potentially, infinitely long sequences model the dynamic texture as a Linear Dynamic System. This assumes a linear correlation in the input sequence. Most real world sequences however, exhibit nonlinear correlation between frames. In this paper, we propose a technique of generating dynamic textures using a low dimension model that preserves the non-linear correlation. We use nonlinear dimensionality reduction to create an embedding of the input sequence. Using this embedding, a nonlinear mapping is learnt from the embedded space into the image input space. Any input is represented by a linear combination of nonlinear bases functions centered along the manifold in the embedded space. A spline is used to move along the input manifold in this embedded space as a similar manifold is created for the output. The nonlinear mapping learnt on the input is used to map this new manifold into a sequence in the image space. Output sequences, thus created, contain images never present in the original sequence and are very realistic.
Weil–Petersson isometries via the pants complex

We extend a theorem of Masur and Wolf which states that given a finite area hyperbolic surface S, every isometry of the Teichmuller space for S with the Weil-Petersson metric is induced by an element of the mapping class group for S. Our argument handles the previously untreated cases of the four times-punctured sphere, the once-punctured torus, and the twice-punctured torus.
On Jacobians of curves with superelliptic components

We investigate the decomposition of Jacobians of superelliptic curves based on their automorphisms. For curve with equation $y^n=f(x^m)$ we provide an necessary and sufficient condition in terms of $m$ and $n$ for the decomposition of the Jacobian induced by the automorphisms of the curve. Moreover, we generalize a construction in \cite{Ya} of a family of non-hyperelliptic curves $\mathcal X_{r,s} $ and determine arithmetic conditions on $r$ and $s$ that the Jacobians $\mbox{Jac} (\mathcal X_{r, s})$ decomposes.
Sleep surgery and medical malpractice.

Objectives/Hypothesis To describe and analyze the causes and outcomes of lawsuits pertaining to sleep surgery to mitigate future litigation and improve physician education. Study Design A retrospective review of a publicly available database containing jury verdicts and settlements. Methods The LexisNexis MEGA Jury Verdicts and Settlements database was reviewed for all lawsuits including settlements and trial verdicts related to sleep surgery. Data including type of surgery performed, plaintiff allegation, nature of injury, outcomes, and indemnities were collected and analyzed. Results Fifty-one cases met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 30 were decided by a jury, nine were settled out of court, and 10 were resolved by other means. Overall, 57% of known outcomes favored the defendant. The most common surgery performed was tonsillectomy (57%), followed by uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (45%), adenoidectomy (31%), and septoplasty (31%). No difference was found between outcomes when comparing the most common injuries cited, including wrongful death (P = .572), airway compromise (P = .376), and drug reaction (P = .443). If failure to recognize a complication (P = .034) or delay in diagnosis (P = .026) was a component of the legal allegations, the outcome significantly favored the plaintiff. The median settlement ($545,000) and plaintiff award ($1.45 million) were not significantly different (P = .13). Conclusions The majority of outcomes favored the defendant. Type of injury did not predict outcome. Failure to recognize complications and delay in diagnosis strongly predicted a verdict in favor of the plaintiff. Level of Evidence 2c Laryngoscope, 124:E250–E254, 2014
A lecture on detonation-shock dynamics

We summarize some recent developments of J. B. Bdzil and D. S. Stewart's investigation into the theory of multi-dimensional, time-dependent detonation. These advances have led to the development of a theory for describing the propagation of high-order detonation in condensed-phase explosives. The central approximation in the theory is that the detonation shock is weakly curved. Specifically, we assume that the radius of curvature of the detonation shock is large compared to a relevant reaction-zone thickness.
Positive Energy and Kaluza-Klein Theory

In most field theories that enter physics, the energy is defined as the integral of a gauge invariant physically meaningful energy density T00(x):
A First Look at the Nuclear Region of M31 with Chandra

We report on the first observation of the nuclear region of M31 with the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. The nuclear source seen with the Einstein and ROSAT HRIs is resolved into five point sources. One of these sources is within 1'' of the M31 central supermassive black hole. As compared to the other point sources in M31, this nuclear source has an unusual X-ray spectrum. Based on the spatial coincidence, we speculate that this source is associated with the central black hole and note that the unusual spectrum is a challenge to some current theories. A bright transient is detected ~26'' to the west of the nucleus and may be associated with a stellar mass black hole.
Statistical analysis of storm-time near-Earth current systems

Abstract. Currents from the Hot Electron and Ion Drift Integrator (HEIDI) inner magnetospheric model results for all of the 90 intense storms (disturbance storm-time (Dst) minimum
Strict Bounds for Pattern Avoidance

Cassaigne conjectured in 1994 that any pattern with m distinct variables of length at least 3(2 m − 1) is avoidable over a binary alphabet, and any pattern with m distinct variables of length at least 2 m is avoidable over a ternary alphabet. Building upon the work of Rampersad and the power series techniques of Bell and Goh, we obtain both of these suggested strict bounds. Similar bounds are also obtained for pattern avoidance in partial words, sequences where some characters are unknown.
Adaptive LDPC-coded polarization multiplexed coherent optical OFDM in optically-routed networks

We present a power-variable rate-adaptive LDPC-coded polarization multiplexed coherent OFDM scheme, suitable for use in optically-routed networks in which different lightwave paths experience different penalties due to deployment of ROADMs and WXCs. We demonstrate that channel capacity can be closely approached with proposed scheme.
An examination of the workflow process of the screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment program

Background Substance abuse and dependence are widely recognized as widespread societal problems, and most people who engage in risky substance use do not recognize it as a problem. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) launched the Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) grant program in 2003 to identify, reduce, and prevent problematic use, abuse, and dependence on alcohol and illicit drugs among individuals who would not typically seek treatment. Following the evidence base, SBIRT programs were implemented in general health-care settings, with the aim of integrating behavioral health services in locations that provide an opportunity to identify risky patients and provide them with an appropriate level of treatment. In 2008, SAMHSA sponsored an evaluation of the SBIRT program among its third cohort of grantees. A key focus of the evaluation was to understand the SBIRT workflow process, or the process by which clients interact with health-care personnel to obtain SBIRT services. SBIRT has been implemented in many treatment settings, and each setting has adjusted the workflow process to meet its respective needs. This study focuses on the overall workflow process, adaptations, and key observations in emergency departments and ambulatory clinics.
Design and control of micro-cellular networks with QOS provisioning for real-time traffic

The major focus of the paper is the design and control of micro/picocellular systems supporting real-time wireless connections subject to a guaranteed quality-of-service as defined by three metrics: call blocking, call hand-off dropping, and forced call termination probability. The authors introduce the notion of the cell-cluster and provide a model as well as an analytical methodology which can be used to design wireless micro-cellular networks (in terms of base station coverage), to allocate wireless spectrum (in terms of base station capacity), as well as to perform wireless call admission control such that once a call is admitted to the system, it will enjoy a predefined quality-of-service (in terms of call hand-off dropping and/or forced termination probability). This wireless call control policy is simple enough that a high rate of mobile connection hand-offs can be managed in a timely fashion. >
Using information technology to leverage research productivity

New information technologies provide tremendous leverage to research, especially as practiced in a traditional teaching university seeking to become a research institution. The paper reports several applications of fax machines, teleconferencing combined with taping and transcription databases, and the Internet as powerful and inexpensive tools for achieving greater research output with minimal increases in resources. A survey on ISO 9000 implementation conducted via fax machine generated a 74% response rate and required only a $300 budget. Other examples of using information technology to leverage research productivity are offered.
Localization of geoid anomalies and the evolution of oceanic lithosphere: A case study from the Mendocino Fracture Zone

[1] The thermal evolution of oceanic lithosphere is investigated by focusing on geoid offsets occurring across the Mendocino Fracture Zone, where plates with different ages are juxtaposed. Various processing techniques have been devoted to separate the geoid signal of the age contrast from regional and shorter wavelength components unrelated to the thermal structure of lithosphere. Nevertheless, due to processing differences, estimates of geoid offsets vary, and no agreement on the thermal evolution of oceanic lithosphere has been found so far. In this study, we propose to use a continuous wavelet analysis to accurately characterize the components of the geoid at different spatial scales and to estimate a new geoid slope-age relationship from localized signals. We also apply the same wavelet transform on a set of synthetic geoid calculated with different assumptions on plate cooling. The comparison of the observed geoid offsets with those predicted from cooling models indicates that our approach can successfully remove unwanted regional contributions and isolate the geoid signature due to lithospheric cooling. Our results suggest that, contrary to previous studies, geoid slopes measured at the Mendocino Fracture Zone are compatible with both the half-space cooling model and the plate model.
Non-local Instruction Scheduling with Limited Code Growth

Instruction scheduling is a necessary step in compiling for many modern microprocessors. Traditionally, global instruction scheduling techniques have outperformed local techniques. However many of the global scheduling techniques described in the literature have a side effect of increasing the size of compiled code. In an embedded system, the size of compiled code is often a critical issue. In such circumstances, the scheduler should use techniques that avoid increasing the size of the generated code. This paper explores two global scheduling techniques, extended basic block scheduling and dominator path scheduling, that do not increase the size of the object code, and, in some cases, decrease it.
the inadvertent modification of the atmosphere by air pollution

Recent measurements indicate that the particulate concentration near urban areas has increased an order of magnitude in the past 10 yr. Much of this increase can be attributed to increased automobile usage, incineration, and electricity generation. Airborne particles are active agents in cloud formation and precipitation. It is strongly indicated that particulate pollution from various sources is modifying the cloud patterns over large areas of the globe. In particular, lead iodide formed by reaction of lead from automobile exhaust with airborne iodine has been shown to be a major source of nuclei for ice crystal formation. Modification of clouds also changes the precipitation patterns and types, and the general weather of an area.
Markets for contracts: experiments exploring the compatibility of games and markets for games

The research explores the relationship between games and the economic environment in which the games might be embedded. The focus is on a market institution in which agents buy and sell rights to participate in a follow on stage of strategic interaction. The central question posed concems how two different types of processes, the game and the market, interact. The market converges to a competitive equilibrium that is consistent with the Nash equilibrium that obtains in the game, and the convergence of the market to a competitive equilibrium lags the convergence of behaviors in the game to a Nash equilibrium.
Should Elliptical Galaxies be Idealised as Collisionless Equilibria

This review summarises several different lines of argument suggesting that one should not expect cuspy nonaxisymmetric galaxies to exist as robust, long-lived collisionless equilibria, i.e., that such objects should not be idealised as time-independent solutions to the collisionless Boltzmann equation.
Algorithms for learning kernels based on centered alignment

This paper presents new and effective algorithms for learning kernels. In particular, as shown by our empirical results, these algorithms consistently outperform the so-called uniform combination solution that has proven to be difficult to improve upon in the past, as well as other algorithms for learning kernels based on convex combinations of base kernels in both classification and regression. Our algorithms are based on the notion of centered alignment which is used as a similarity measure between kernels or kernel matrices. We present a number of novel algorithmic, theoretical, and empirical results for learning kernels based on our notion of centered alignment. In particular, we describe efficient algorithms for learning a maximum alignment kernel by showing that the problem can be reduced to a simple QP and discuss a one-stage algorithm for learning both a kernel and a hypothesis based on that kernel using an alignment-based regularization. Our theoretical results include a novel concentration bound for centered alignment between kernel matrices, the proof of the existence of effective predictors for kernels with high alignment, both for classification and for regression, and the proof of stability-based generalization bounds for a broad family of algorithms for learning kernels based on centered alignment. We also report the results of experiments with our centered alignment-based algorithms in both classification and regression.
Development of our "technical entrepreneurship" course

Design experience for biomedical engineering students is offered through the authors' Technical Entrepreneurship course in which the students participate in the entire process from formulating the concept for various products, selecting a few for development, design, prototyping, business planning and even seeking funds for the developmental expenses. The course is developed with an award from the National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance. The experiment is currently running and details of the outcome at the end of the academic year will be reported. In comparison with the traditional Senior Design Process, this approach is very promising, the participants have been excited and involved. In addition to the technical tasks, team building and the development of professionalism have been emphasized. This may serve as a new model for teaching design and product development skills in an integrated fashion.
A Fast Quality Assessment Algorithm for Phasor Measurements

Summary form only given. This paper proposes two procedures to compute the quality of phasor estimations. These procedures enable phasor measurement units (PMUs) to report, with each measurement, the quality of the estimated phasor. The procedures rely solely on measured data and are independent of the algorithm used to obtain the phasor estimate. These procedures were conceived requiring a reduced number of numerical operations to make possible its implementation in microcontroller based PMUs. Perhaps, the most important contribution of this paper is the suggestion that phasor measurements should, along with the time stamp, carry information on the quality of the phasor estimation
Existence of black holes due to concentration of angular momentum

We present a general sufficient condition for the formation of black holes due to concentration of angular momentum. This is expressed in the form of a universal inequality, relating the size and angular momentum of bodies, and is proven in the context of axisymmetric initial data sets for the Einstein equations which satisfy an appropriate energy condition. A brief comparison is also made with more traditional black hole existence criteria based on concentration of mass.
Framing local conflict and justice in Bangladesh

The institutional landscape of local dispute resolution in Bangladesh is rich: it includes the traditional process of shalish, longstanding and impressive civil society efforts to improve on shalish, and a somewhat less-explored provision for gram adalat or village courts. Based on a nationally representative survey, qualitative evidence from focus groups, and a telephone survey of 40 Union Parishad chairpersons (a little less than 1 percent of the total Union Parishads), it provides both an empirical mapping of local conflict and justice and pointers to possible policy reforms. It suggests a number of opportunities for strengthening local justice and argues that the village courts may pose a useful bridge between Bangladesh's informal and formal justice institutions.
The Implications of 'Zeroing' on Enforcement of U.S. Antidumping Law

The United States and other countries enforce their antidumping regulations in roughly the same way. There is a difference, however. The United States - but not other countries - now uses 'zeroing' in its determination of whether imports are dumped. The use of 'zeroing' will almost always increase the level of any antidumping duty, and will sometimes create a duty where none would have been imposed, had the methodology not been used. All countries test for dumping by attempting to determine whether imports are being sold at less than 'normal' value. Other countries do this by simply comparing the average price at which the product is sold in the country of production with the average price at which the same product are sold in the importing market. If the average of the observed prices in the importing country is lower than the average price in the country of production (the 'normal' value), then the foreign firm is said to be dumping. Using zeroing, however, the U.S. treats import price observations above the 'normal' value as if they occurred at the 'normal' value (rather than at their observed level). Transactions at prices below the normal value are treated at their observed levels. The result of zeroing has been to make the U.S. antidumping laws more restrictive than they might appear, with a positive antidumping margin potentially being found if any single transaction occurs below 'normal' value, even if the average of the import prices in the U.S. is much higher than the 'normal' value. The U.S. practice of zeroing has recently been challenged at least six times before the World Trade Organization (WTO), and has generally been found to be inconsistent with the WTO obligations of the United States. The net impact of the zeroing methodology on the United States (compared to antidumping enforcement without zeroing) depends inter alia on the dispersion of the U.S. prices obtained by foreign exporters under dumping investigation. No real estimates of this dispersion exist, but the paper discusses some related evidence which may permit an inference. This evidence is itself quite dispersed, and, therefore, an estimate of the impact and cost of zeroing to the United States has a broad range of uncertainty. But it is plausible that zeroing could add perhaps 3-4 % to the typical U.S. antidumping duty with a cost to the U.S. of around $150 million per year when all existing U.S. antidumping orders were determined by zeroing.
Comprehensive wealth, intangible capital, and development

Existing wealth estimates show that in most countries intangible capital is the largest share of total wealth. Intangible capital is calculated as the difference between total wealth and tangible (produced and natural) capital. This paper uses new estimates of total wealth, natural capital, and physical capital for a panel of countries to shed light on the constituents of the intangible capital residual. In a development-accounting framework, the authors show that factors of production are very successful in explaining the variation in output per worker when they use intangible capital instead of human capital as a factor of production. This suggests that intangible capital captures a broad range of assets typically included in the total factor productivity residual. Human capital is an important factor, both in statistical and economic terms, in regressions decomposing intangible capital.
Long‐run Health Repercussions of Drought Shocks: Evidence from South African Homelands

I present new evidence from Africa that droughts are an important component of long-run variation in health human capital. Using Census data, I estimate effects of early childhood drought exposure on later-life disabilities among South Africans confined to homelands during apartheid. By exploiting 40 years of quasi-random variation in local droughts experienced by different cohorts in different districts, I find that drought exposure in infancy raises later-life disability rates by 3.5–5.2%, with effects concentrated in physical and mental disabilities, and largest for males. My findings are relevant for low-income settings where avoiding droughts through migration is costly.
A Weighted U‐Statistic for Genetic Association Analyses of Sequencing Data

With advancements in next-generation sequencing technology, a massive amount of sequencing data is generated, which offers a great opportunity to comprehensively investigate the role of rare variants in the genetic etiology of complex diseases. Nevertheless, the high-dimensional sequencing data poses a great challenge for statistical analysis. The association analyses based on traditional statistical methods suffer substantial power loss because of the low frequency of genetic variants and the extremely high dimensionality of the data. We developed a Weighted U Sequencing test, referred to as WU-SEQ, for the high-dimensional association analysis of sequencing data. Based on a nonparametric U-statistic, WU-SEQ makes no assumption of the underlying disease model and phenotype distribution, and can be applied to a variety of phenotypes. Through simulation studies and an empirical study, we showed that WU-SEQ outperformed a commonly used sequence kernel association test (SKAT) method when the underlying assumptions were violated (e.g., the phenotype followed a heavy-tailed distribution). Even when the assumptions were satisfied, WU-SEQ still attained comparable performance to SKAT. Finally, we applied WU-SEQ to sequencing data from the Dallas Heart Study (DHS), and detected an association between ANGPTL 4 and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Spin-Isospin Modes in Heavy-Ion Collisions: I: Nuclear Matter at Finite Temperatures

Abstract With a view toward implementation in microscopic transport simulations of heavy-ion collisions, the properties of spin-isospin modes are studied in nuclear matter consisting of nucleons and Δ isobars that interact by the exchange of π and ρ mesons. For a standard p -wave interaction and an effective g ′ short-range interaction, the dispersion relations for the spin-isospin modes, and the associated amplitudes, are calculated at various nuclear densities and temperatures within the random-phase approximation. Quantities of physical interest are then extracted, including the total and partial Δ decay widths and the Δ cross sections in the nuclear medium. The self-consistent inclusion of the Δ width has a strong effect on the Δ cross sections at twice the normal nuclear density, as compared with the result of ignoring the width. Generally, the obtained quantities exhibit a strong density dependence, but are fairly insensitive to the temperature, at least up to T = 25 MeV. Finally, it is described how these in-medium effects may be consistently included in microscopic transport simulations of nuclear collisions, and the improvements over previous approaches are discussed.
Luminosities of recycled radio pulsars in globular clusters

Using Monte Carlo simulations, we model the luminosity distribution of recycled pulsars in globular clusters as the brighter, observable part of an intrinsic distribution and find that the observed luminosities can be reproduced using either log-normal or power-law distributions as the underlying luminosity function. For both distributions, a wide range of model parameters provide an acceptable match to the observed sample, with the log-normal function providing statistically better agreement in general than the power-law models. Moreover, the power-law models predict a parent population size that is a factor of between two and ten times higher than for the log-normal models. We note that the log-normal luminosity distribution found for the normal pulsar �
How evaporative water losses vary between wet and dry water years as a function of elevation in the Sierra Nevada, California, and critical factors for modeling

[1] High altitude basins in the Sierra Nevada, California, have negligible summer precipitation and very little groundwater storage, making them ideal laboratories for indirectly monitoring changes in evaporative losses between wet and dry years. Dry years typically have greater potential evapotranspiration (ET) due to warmer June and July air temperatures, warmer summer water/soil temperatures, greater solar radiation exposure due to less frequent cloud cover, greater vapor pressure deficit, and longer growing seasons. However, dry years also have limited moisture availability compared to wetter years, and thus actual evapotranspiration is much less than the potential in dry years. The balance of these factors varies with elevation. Here, we use gridded temperature, precipitation, and snow data, along with historic streamflow records in two nested basins of the Merced River, California, and a simple model to determine the following: Annual ET increases in wetter years at midelevations (2100–2600 m), but this pattern can only be represented in model simulations that include some representation of water transfer between higher and lower elevation soil reservoirs. At higher elevations (>2600 m), greater water availability in wet years is offset by shorter growing seasons due to longer snow cover duration. These results suggest that models seeking to represent changes in ET in mountainous terrain must, at a minimum, include both hillslope processes (water transfer down steep slopes) and snow processes (timing of water and energy supply).
Molecular dynamics simulation of nucleic acids.

We review molecular dynamics simulations of nucleic acids, including those completed from 1995 to 2000, with a focus on the applications and results rather than the methods. After the introduction, which discusses recent advances in the simulation of nucleic acids in solution, we describe force fields for nucleic acids and then provide a detailed summary of the published literature. We emphasize simulations of small nucleic acids (∼6 to 24 mer) in explicit solvent with counterions, using reliable force fields and modern simulation protocols that properly represent the long-range electrostatic interactions. We also provide some limited discussion of simulation in the absence of explicit solvent. Absent from this discussion are results from simulations of protein-nucleic acid complexes and modified DNA analogs. Highlights from the molecular dynamics simulation are the spontaneous observation of A B transitions in duplex DNA in response to the environment, specific ion binding and hydration, and reliable rep...
Free-Energy-Driven Transfer of Charge in Dense Electrochemically Active Monomolecular Films

The interest in monomolecular films as electric conductors arises from the search for innovative materials. The lateral charge transfers in noncovalently bonded films are limited to the distances in the order of a micrometer because they are mechanically unstable and consist of poorly connected domains. Here, we show that a recently developed gas-phase assembling method, which produces robust dense monolayers of NTCDI (1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxylic diimide) covalently attached to the surface of silicon, allows one to overcome this scale limitation. These virtually insulating monolayers can be photochemically populated with cation radicals via ejection of electrons into the semiconducting base. The positive charges of cation radicals can migrate as far as several millimeters within microseconds in a random walk fashion thus demonstrating the macroscopic connectivity of the film. Since the charges exist as cation radicals, which are potent oxidants, their migration is coupled to transfer of the free e...
Bicyclic and tricyclic bis(amido)cyclodiphosph(III)azane compounds of main group elements

Abstract The coordination chemistry of bis(amido)cyclodiphosph(III)azanes as dinegative chelating N -donor ligands for main-group elements is reviewed. The subject is introduced by way of an overview of convenient syntheses for bis(amino)cyclodiphosph(III)azanes and a discussion of their structures, followed by classifications of the ligands and their compounds by structure type. Detailed descriptions of syntheses and structures of bicyclic and tricyclic main-group bis(amido)cyclodiphosph(III)azane compounds, organized by groups, constitute the main part of the discussion. A summary of structural trends and potential applications concludes the review.
Success of Openhole Completions in the Northeast Butterly Field, Southern Oklahoma

Unconsolidated heavy-oil sandstone reservoirs under active water typically involve production problems with produced sand and water channeling. Through case histories, this paper illustrates how openhole completions, in comparison with perforations, have resulted in a significant reduction in sand and water production and an increase in oil production from the Basal Oil Creek sandstone. The performance of recently completed wells with openhole completions will be examined and compared with several older, perforated wells.
Cutoff-effects in the spectrum of dynamical Wilson fermions

We investigate the low–lying eigenvalues of the improved Wilson–Dirac operator in the Schrodinger functional with two dynamical quark flavors. At a lattice spacing of approximately 0.1 fm we find more very small eigenvalues than in the quenched case. These cause problems with HMC–type algorithms and in the evaluation of fermionic correlation functions. Through a simulation at a finer lattice spacing we are able to establish their nature as cutoff–effects.
Atmospheric Hypoxia Limits Selection for Large Body Size in Insects

Background The correlations between Phanerozoic atmospheric oxygen fluctuations and insect body size suggest that higher oxygen levels facilitate the evolution of larger size in insects. Methods and Principal Findings Testing this hypothesis we selected Drosophila melanogaster for large size in three oxygen atmospheric partial pressures (aPO2). Fly body sizes increased by 15% during 11 generations of size selection in 21 and 40 kPa aPO2. However, in 10 kPa aPO2, sizes were strongly reduced. Beginning at the 12th generation, flies were returned to normoxia. All flies had similar, enlarged sizes relative to the starting populations, demonstrating that selection for large size had functionally equivalent genetic effects on size that were independent of aPO2. Significance Hypoxia provided a physical constraint on body size even in a tiny insect strongly selected for larger mass, supporting the hypothesis that Triassic hypoxia may have contributed to a reduction in insect size.
Time resolved optical spectroscopy to examine chemical decomposition of energetic materials under static high pressure and pulsed heating conditions

Abstract A new approach that permits real time (ns to μs) investigation of condensed phase chemical reactions under extreme conditions of high pressure and high temperature is presented. Time resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy has been used in conjunction with a high pressure gem anvil cell to monitor chemical changes initiated by pulsed laser heating in statically compressed samples. Absorption measurements are presented for 3,6-trinitroethylaminetetrazine samples pressurized up to 4.0 GPa. Emission measurements are presented for aluminum/water combustion at pressures to 0.8 GPa. The experimental approach is also expected to be valuable for examining temperature induced changes in statically compressed inert materials.
New high-accuracy electromagnetic measurement methods for read-write head alignment in floppy disk drives

This paper describes new techniques of measuring read-write head alignment that reflect a 5:1 improvement or greater over the conventional industry method of measuring the radial head spacing of double-sided diskette drives using cat's-eye diskettes. Measurement errors can be reduced further to nearly zero, based on calibrations with a laser interferometer. The new techniques are also being applied to measure and to correct for errors in “industry standard” cat's-eye diskettes; using the correction factors obtainable with these techniques, the “standard” diskettes can be used in the normal manner with greatly improved accuracies. Although these techniques were developed specifically for the 48 and 96 track-per-inch (tpi) 5.25-in floppy drives, they are applicable to any product that uses a double-sided read-write head assembly.