cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mangravite et al. reply

Replying to D. F. Carr et al. , 10.1038/nature13628 (2014) ; J. S. Floyd et al. , 10.1038/nature13629 (2014) Our study1 tested for associations of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the GATM loci with statin-induced myopathy based on the finding that one of these SNPs (rs986699) was associated with statin-induced expression of GATM in a panel of human lymphoblastoid cell lines, and the fact that GATM encodes the enzyme responsible for synthesis of creatine, a major source of energy in skeletal muscle1. Significant associations with incidence of myopathy were found for rs9806699 in statin users from the Marshfield Clinic cohort. Furthermore, significant association was reported in both the Marshfield cohort and in the SEARCH clinical trial of simvastatin treatment for two SNPs in linkage disequilibrium with the index SNP (rs1719247 and rs1346268, r2 > 0.7) that were genotyped in each of these groups. We have extended our meta-analysis to include the study data reported in the accompanying Comments by Carr et al.2 and Floyd et al.3, two studies that individually failed to replicate this association.
Color Recognition during Voluntary Saccades

Color recognition during voluntary eye movements has been measured by presenting various luminances of red, blue, or green test flashes superimposed on a white adaptation field. A 3-μsec test flash is delivered at various times before, during, or after a saccadic eye movement that is recorded on film by use of ultraviolet light reflected from the cornea. Color recognition is found to be best when the flash is presented during steady fixation, somewhat poorer just before a saccade, and still poorer just after a saccade. The poorest recognition of red and green test flashes occurs when the flash arrives precisely in the middle of a saccade; with blue stimuli, the maximum inhibition occurs when the flash arrives 40 to 80 msec later. Recognition of colors is not impaired during a control procedure in which the subject moves his hand to trigger the stimulus flash during steady fixation. Hence it is concluded that a specific visual suppression accompanies eye movements but not other motor activities that might equally well divert attention from the visual task.
Limits to environmental bonds

Abstract Bonds have recently been promoted as an alternative tool to control environmental damages, particularly in those instances when the innovative activities of a firm have uncertain future impacts. Under this mechanism, a firm would post a bond ex ante, forfeiting all or a portion of the bond if its activities harmed environmental resources. While the benefits of bonds have been developed, there has been little systematic effort to explore their limitations. In contrast, the labor literature has extensively studied the limits of bonds as a mechanism to prevent worker shirking. Using insights from this parallel problem, this paper explores the limits to environmental bonds, focusing on the problems of moral hazard, liquidity constraints, and legal restrictions. Each limit offers a challenge to the success of environmental bonds. We explore the use of bonds in surface mining and agricultural nonpoint pollution as motivating examples. We also consider how other incentive schemes suggested by the labor literature might prove useful in the context of environmental management. We consider the labor mechanisms of efficiency wages, increasing wage profiles, trust funds, and rank-order tournaments.
WE‐C‐304A‐07: A Method for Measuring the MTF of Digital Radiography Systems Using Noise Response

Purpose: To provide a new method for measurement of the modulation transfer function(MTF) using the noise response of digital radiographysystems.Method and Materials: Cascaded linear system methods have been used for several decades to accurately predict the signal and noise performance of a wide variety of digital x‐ray imaging technologies including x‐ray image intensifiers, direct and indirect flat‐panel detectors(FPDs), and CCD/EMCCD‐based detectors. The noise response of such imagers inherently incorporates the detector resolution response, i.e. the detectorMTF. In this work, a generalized linear systems analysis was used to derive an exact relationship. The two‐dimensional noise power spectrum (NPS) was plotted versus the mean signal level, for all spatial‐frequencies. A linear regression was fitted to this data to isolate the quantum‐noise component, the shape of which depends in part on the system resolution. The spatial‐frequency response of the resulting slopes was then used to obtain the MTF. The accuracy of this method was investigated using simulated images from a simple detector model, based on high‐resolution EMCCD detectors, in which the MTF was known exactly. Measurements were also done on a FPD and the results were compared using the standard edge response method. Results: The MTF measured from the noise response of the simulated detectorsystem showed exceptional agreement with the “true MTF” at both low and high spatial‐frequencies. Differences of 0.3%, 1.8% and 6.1% were observed at 5, 10 and 15cycles/mm, respectively. The FPDMTF obtained using the noise and edge response methods were also shown to agree within experimental uncertainty. Conclusions: Initial results indicate that the noise response method is a simple technique which can be used to accurately measure the MTF (in all directions simultaneously) of digital x‐ray imagers, alleviating the burdens of development and implementation of precision edge or slit devices. (Support: NIH‐R01‐EB008425; NIH‐R01‐EB002873)
Final Flight Data Report from ASCOT

This paper presents selected results from five years of flight data obtained by the Advanced Solar Cell Orbital Test (ASCOT). The experiment contains five types of advanced cells, including GaAs/Ge single junction devices from both Tecstar and Spectrolab, and two types of silicon cells as reference devices. The total equivalent 1 MeV electron fluence received by the silicon cells exceeds 1.2E16/cm2 , giving this experiment the highest cumulative radiation exposure of any to date. Complete IV curves were obtained for the entire period, and these have been compared with models of predicted degradation. The degradation of the silicon reference devices suggests a highly dynamic trapped proton environment, not well represented by the standard AP8 model, that is confirmed by dosimeters flown concurrently on spacecraft in similar orbits. Evidence of annealing in the GaAs devices is apparent during naturally occurring periods of low proton flux
Seven Faces of Putin's Russia: Federal Districts as the New Level of State—territorial Composition:

Russian President Vladimir Putin has made federal reform one of his key priorities, and his first serious action, taken just a couple of days after his inauguration, was the introduction of a new system of seven enlarged federal districts. In five cases, the presidential envoys appointed to these districts were generals, who hand-picked their deputies and staff mostly from the ranks. The majority of the chief federal inspectors in the regions also come from established `power structures'. In this article, the seven federal districts are described, and an analysis is made of the essence of the reform, the way it is proceeding, its effectiveness, and its future prospects. The forceful start of the federal reform in 2000 noticeably reduced the development of regional trends in Russia and strengthened central control; however, in 2001 the reform lost much of its dynamism, and the need for the new level of territorial organization remains questionable. It is argued that, whatever the Kremlin's initial plans an...
Computer simulation of surface segregation in ternary alloys

Abstract This paper addresses the use of Monte Carlo (MC) methods, in conjunction with empirical embedded atom method and Finnis–Sinclair potentials, for modeling surface segregation phenomena in ternary alloys. After a brief overview of these simulation approaches, comparisons are provided between the results of simulations and experimental data on two ternary systems: Cu–Ag–Au and Pb–Bi–Ni. Some comparisons are also made between simulated results and the behavior of the underlying binary Cu–Ag, Cu–Au, Pb–Bi and Pb–Ni systems. The ternary alloys considered are interesting insofar as they display site competition and co-segregation effects which are characteristic of systems containing more than one surface-segregating species. It is shown that the results of the simulations are in qualitative agreement with the experimentally observed trends, but that quantitative agreement in most cases is only fair. Some possible reasons for lack of quantitative agreement are discussed.
Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure

Abstract While research indicates that leisure is an important source of both family cohesion and conflict, comparatively little attention has been given to the development of conceptual models which define the nature and operation of leisure barriers. Traditionally, barriers have been assumed to constitute intervening variables in the leisure preference‐participation relationship. This paper suggests that the prevailing conceptualization of leisure barriers addresses only one of the ways in which barriers may be associated with preferences and participation. The model proposed in this paper considers barriers to be of three types: (1) intrapersonal barriers, wherein the primary relationship of importance is between preferences and barriers; (2) interpersonal barriers, which result from either the non‐correspondence of individuals’ intrapersonal barriers or from the behavioral patterning of interpersonal relations, thus indicating a relationship with both preferences and participation; and (3) structural ...
Dietary supplement ingredient database (DSID): Preliminary USDA studies on the composition of adult multivitamin/mineral supplements

The Nutrient Data Laboratory of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is collaborating with the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS), the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), and other government agencies to design and populate a dietary supplement ingredient database (DSID). This analytically based, publicly available database will provide reliable estimates of vitamin and mineral content of dietary supplement (DS) products. The DSID will initially be populated with multivitamin/mineral (MVM) products because they are the most commonly consumed supplements. Challenges associated with the analysis of MVMs were identified and investigated. A pilot study addressing the identification of appropriate analytical methods, sample preparation protocols, and experienced laboratories for the analysis of 12 vitamins and 11 minerals in adult MVM supplement products was completed. Preliminary studies support the development of additional analytical studies with results that can be applied to the DSID. Total intakes from foods and supplements are needed to evaluate the associations between dietary components and health. The DSID will provide better estimates of actual nutrient intake from supplements than databases that rely on label values alone.
B72-26 Computer Organization and the System/370

Goal and Result: The author states that the aim of this book is "1) to present an introduction to computers and programming using the System/370 as the primary vehicle; and 2) to present an introduction o the System/370 for people experienced in computer science. I have found that this book contains a lot of useful information and, in fact, I can say that I learned quite a bit from the book. However, this does not mean that the author has met his goals. As for the beginner, hewould not come out with a thorough understanding of S/370 or computers in general because so little space was devoted to his initiation. The intermediate or advanced computer scientist would learn much about S/370 but I am afraid he would be left with many questions about the beast, just as I was.
Unexplained hypotension: The spectrum of dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in critical care settings*

Objective:To illustrate the clinical and hemodynamic abnormalities caused by dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) in critical care setting.Design:We reviewed cases referred to Cardiology with echocardiographic evidence of LVOTO and their clinical presentations. We present those
Possible relationships between orienting and diving reflexes.

THE diving reflex has been studied extensively in aquatic organisms that breathe air and submerge to obtain food or to escape from predators such as ducks, seals and alligators1. This reflex seems to have two phases: an initial phase which may be mediated by the vagus and trigeminal nerves2, and a later one which follows prolonged holding of the breath during voluntary or forcible submersion3. The initial phase includes bradycardia1,4, apnoea (specifically, an interruption of respiration)1,4, peripheral vasoconstriction4,5 and cephalic vasodilation5. Gaunt and Gans6 have reported that bradycardia in Caiman crocolilius is minimal during spontaneous dives but great during the approach of an investigator or during handling. They suggest that early diving bradycardia is mainly “psychogenic” in origin and results from “threatening” stimuli. We have been studying (ref. 7 and unpublished results) the responses of the wholly aquatic salamander Necturus maculosus (mudpuppy) and have noted similarities to the early components of diving, specifically bradycardia and an interruption of respiration. (Necturus breathes through large external gills beating back and forth at 0.5–1.0 beats/s.) Insofar as it does not dive, we suggest here that these responses of Necturus are components of the orienting reflex8,9 rather than the initial diving reflex, and that both reflexes may reflect some common neural substrate involving adaptive responses to external stimulation.
Salivary alpha amylase-cortisol asymmetry in maltreated youth.

BACKGROUND: Maltreatment represents a major stressor in the lives of many youth. Given the known effects of stress exposure on subsequent functioning of biological stress response systems, researchers have been interested in the effects of maltreatment on the functioning of these systems. Experimental studies reveal that previous exposure to stress affects the symmetry between components of the physiological stress response to subsequent stress. The present study examined asymmetry between salivary alpha amylase (sAA), a sympathetic indicator, and cortisol reactivity to a social stressor among maltreated and comparison youth age 9 to 14 years. Consistent with earlier studies suggesting that stress leads to asymmetry between hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system activity, we expected that maltreated youth would exhibit greater sAA-cortisol asymmetry than would comparison youth. METHODS: Forty-seven maltreated and 37 comparison youth visited the laboratory and engaged in a social stress protocol. We collected 2 saliva samples before the stressor and 4 after, at 0 min post-stress and every 10 min for 30 min. RESULTS: Maltreatment status moderated the relation between sAA and cortisol activity in response to the stressor. Comparison youth showed significant links between the sAA and cortisol responses; maltreated youth had no significant associations between responses in the two biomarkers. CONCLUSION: The data were consistent with sAA-cortisol asymmetry among maltreated youth. Further research should seek to replicate this finding and investigate its implication for developmental trajectories. Language: en
Scholarships and University Development in Kenya and Tanzania.

Concern about the increasing cost and questionable relevance of much overseas training, combined with the growth of home country training facilities, has in Africa raised questions about the extent to which scholarship provision has adapted to changing circumstances in recent years. It has pointed to the need for more systematic information than we now have about the pattern of scholarship provision and its relationship to training needs and job performance. At present we have a rather fragmentary basis for deciding which kinds of skills and knowledge can best be provided at home and which need to be sought elsewhere. Where overseas training seems advisable we need to know more about the kinds of training, institutions, programmes and time periods which relate to particular skill needs and how they can be integrated into national and regional programmes. As a step towards the provision of some relevant information this article examines the impact of one specific scholarship programme which has been concerned with the training of university staff for Kenya and Tanzania. The experience of this programme is used to suggest some conditions and identify some issues associated with effective overseas training. Effectiveness is examined from the standpoint of congruence between training content and occupational requirements and then in relation to features of the occupational and administrative culture which exist in the scholar's home country. Finally some suggestions are made for fruitful research areas and approaches.
An enzymatic cleavage and phosphoryl transfer reaction involving monothiolphosphate.

Abstract Thiolphosphates have been suggested as intermediates in various activation processes, but conclusive evidence for their participation in these reactions has not been obtained. Recently, however, cysteamine-S-phosphate has been synthesized and its enzymatic hydrolysis to cysteamine and orthophosphate demonstrated ( Akerfeldt, 1959, 1960 ). Earlier, Binkley (1949) demonstrated the enzymatic cleavage of monothiolphosphate to orthophosphate and sulfide. While investigating the cleavage of thiolphosphates with enzymes obtained from Escherichia coli , glucose was found to be a potent inhibitior. Evidence presented in this report suggests that an enzymatic phosphoryl transfer from monothiolphosphate to glucose probably accounts for this inhition.
An improved synthesis of 6-O-monotosyl-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin

Abstract Addition of p-toluenesulfonic anhydride (Ts2O) to β-cyclodextrin (CD) in water, followed by treatment with 10% aqueous NaOH solution for 10 min and removal of excess Ts2O by filtration, gave mono-6-deoxy-6-(O-p-toluenesulfonyl)-CD (1) in 61% yield.
How to succeed in science.

Adherence to these principles will not guarantee success, but the testimony of many famous scientists supports the hypothesis that these guidelines can significantly (p less than .05, Wilcoxon unpaired X-test run at pH 5.6) increase your chances of achieving recognition, acquiring wealth, and ultimately being known as a successful scientist. At the very least, they should prevent you from falling too far outside the boundaries of "normal" science where you could easily be branded for life as a troublemaker or heretic.
Osteoclasts, no longer osteoblast slaves.

A protein has been identified that promotes the formation of osteoclasts, bone-degrading cells—while also inhibiting osteoblasts, bone-forming cells. The findings could lead to new avenues of drug development to strengthen bone (pages 1403–1409).
Abstract 5633: Two-compartment pharmacokinetics model of radioimmunotherapy with131I-3F8 directly administered into the cerebrospinal fluid

Introduction Injection of 131 I-3F8 directly into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through an Ommaya reservoir is a safe form of radioimmunotherapy (RIT) treatment for leptomeningeal metastasis (JCO, 25:5465, 2007). Recently, we described a one-compartment pharmacokinetics model that showed good fitting to CSF sampling data from 6 patients (JNM 50:1324, 2009). We now describe an improved two-compartment model to take into account the ventricular reservoir before 131 I-3F8 distribution into the subarachnoid space and to explore limiting factors that may significantly affect the efficacy of the therapy. Methods The distribution and binding of 131 I-3F8 in the cerebral spinal fluid were modeled using a system of rate equations derived from the principle of mass conservation. The model was fitted to CSF sampling data from an expanded cohort of patients (39 injections in 25 patients). Three sets of criteria were used to examine the effect of each parameter on the efficacy of the treatment. These criteria were (1) the area under the radioactivity concentration curve of the bound antibody (AUC[C IAR ]) (2) the unbound antibody AUC[C IA ], and (3) their therapeutic ratio (AUC[C IAR ]/AUC[C IA ]). In addition to parameters tested in the previous model, immunoreactivity, tumor distribution, and nonspecific binding were also tested. Results The two-compartment model showed improved fitting to patient data when compared to the one compartment model (R=0.92±0.11 versus 0.77±0.21, p=0.005). Predictions from the one compartment model were confirmed. Furthermore, we made these new observations: (1) Increasing immunoreactivity of 131 I-3F8 from 10% to 90% increased both (AUC[C IAR ]) and therapeutic ratio ([AUC[C IAR ]/AUC[C IA ]) by 7.4 fold, (2) The presence of ≤ 5% tumor cells in the ventricles or ≤ 10% of nonspecific 131 I-3F8 binding to normal tissues had no appreciable effect on the therapeutic ratio. When extrapolated to a clinical setting, the model predicted that if 131 I-3F8 could be split into 4 doses of 1.4 mg each and given at ≥ 24 hours apart, an antibody affinity of K D of 4 × 10 −9 and immunoreactivity of 50% were adequate in order to deliver ≥10,000 Rad to tumor cells while keeping normal CSF exposure to Conclusion The two compartment model of intra-ommaya radioimmunotherapy showed better fitting to patient data than the one-compartment model. This model predicted that immunoreactivity and affinity were crucial in improving therapeutic efficacy. Nevertheless, an optimal scheduling of antibody injections should permit highly favorable therapeutic ratio even with 4 nM affinities and suboptimal immunoreactivity. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5633.
Partial Splenic Embolization in the Treatment of Patients with Portal Hypertension: A Review of the English Language Literature

This article reviews the existing literature on the use of partial splenic embolization in patients with portal hypertension. All articles published in the English language on splenic embolization or partial splenic embolization as a treatment for portal hypertension were identified with a PubMed search from 1973 through 2005. Partial splenic embolization appears to be efficacious in reducing episodes of variceal bleeding, improving hematologic parameters, enhancing hepatic protein synthesis, and reducing the severity of hepatic encephalopathy. Associated morbidity and mortality appear to be acceptable. The literature, however, is limited in quality. Given the potential benefits of partial splenic embolization, further investigation is warranted to allow evidence-based evaluation of its use.
Physical Restraints in Nursing Homes: A Review of the Literature Since the Nursing Home Reform Act of 1987:

The use of physical restraints is one of the most negative features of nursing home care. Their use significantly affects the quality of life of residents. In an attempt to limit the use of restraints, the Nursing Home Reform Act (NHRA) of 1987 contained provisions regulating their use. In this article, the authors review the literature on the use and consequences of physical restraints in nursing homes since the passage of the NHRA. First, they describe the history behind the use of restraints and define what is considered to be a physical restraint. Second, they examine the four most common justifications for restraint use. Third, they describe the incidence and prevalence of restraint use. Fourth, they address demographic and clinical characteristics of residents that have been found to be associated with restraint use. Fifth, they examine negative outcomes of restraining residents. Finally, they describe alternatives to using restraints.
Butches, Bullies and Buffoons: Images of Physical Education Teachers in the Movies

The purpose of this study was to examine the cinematic images of physical educators during the past decade. This study is approached from two perspectives: (a) framing and (b) social cognition. Framing, an approach to media studies most often reserved for critical analysis of news, provides useful generalities for a formative study of movie images, which directs explicit attention toward the construction and use of media frames. Contemporary social cognition theory blends social learning theory with an understanding of the power of media images. Media observers (i.e. movie viewers) can acquire symbolic representations of behavior through media images and these images are powerful and informative enough to inform subsequent behavior. Using the Internet Movie Database (IMDB), each researcher compiled a list of movies. After an initial list from the IMDB was compiled, researchers added films that they knew, from personal knowledge, included physical education teachers. A final list of 18 movies was distribut...
Surface wave tomography of the upper mantle beneath the Reykjanes Ridge with implications for ridge–hot spot interaction

[1] We modeled fundamental mode Love and Rayleigh waves to study the seismic properties of the upper mantle beneath the Reykjanes Ridge. These waves were generated by regional earthquakes occurring in the North Atlantic to the south of Iceland and were recorded by stations located on Iceland. Over 12,000 measurements of the phase, group arrival time, and amplitude of narrow-pass-filtered waveforms (over the period range of 9.5–100 s) were used to solve for mantle shear wave velocity structure and anisotropy. In a vertical plane oriented normal to the ridge axis, the velocity structure contains a broad and deep low-velocity zone in the upper mantle beneath the ridge. A joint analysis of the seismic structure with gravity data reveals that the low velocities are consistent with elevated temperatures (∼75°). Our study shows that plume material spreads broadly outward beneath the Reykjanes Ridge from Iceland and is not confined to a narrow lithospheric channel. At distances >200 km from the ridge, shear wave anisotropy indicates a predominant horizontal alignment of the fast axes of anisotropic crystals (mainly above 50 km depth), which can be interpreted as past, horizontal, ridge-perpendicular flow. Within ±200 km of the ridge the anisotropy indicates a general vertical alignment of the fast axes or an alignment such that the fast axes point along the ridge. The transition to this type of anisotropy coincides with the appearance of increased hot spot–ridge interaction ∼20 Myr ago, indicating that plume flow has largely disrupted mantle flow beneath the ridge since that time.
The Effect of Topical Local Anesthetics on Thermal Pain Sensitivity in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Generalized hypersensitivity that extends into somatic areas is common in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The sensitized state, particularly assessed by experimental methods, is known to persist even during remissions of clinical pain. It was hypothesized that disease-related nociceptive activity in the gut maintains a systemic-sensitized state. The present study evaluated responses to prolonged thermal stimuli maintained at constant temperature or constant pain intensity during stimulation. The effect of topically applied rectal lidocaine on heat sensitivity was also evaluated. The question is whether silencing potential intestinal neural activity (which may not always lead to a conscious pain experience) with lidocaine attenuates sensitization of somatic areas. Tests were also performed where lidocaine was applied orally to control for systemic or placebo effects of the drug. The IBS subjects exhibited a greater sensitivity to somatic heat stimuli compared to controls; however, lidocaine had no discernible effect on sensitization in this sample of IBS patients, where most of the individuals did not have clinical pain on the day of testing.
Synthesis study of a 6-element non-uniform array with tilted elements for CLARREO project

The results of a preliminary study of the gain/pattern properties of a 6-element Radio Occultation (RO) array for the proposed CLARREO (Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) Project. There are two array antennas at each observatory. Each array is attached to a vertical end of the spacecraft bus with the beam tilted to point towards the Earth's limb. The requirement is the attainment of a tilted beam with respect to the plane of the array with a maximized uniform coverage over a range of +/-45 degree angles, namely a sector beam. The novelty of this array design is that it is non-uniform and non-planar and falls into the category of spatial arrays where the location and orientation of the array elements are variable. The beam shaping is performed, in general, by variation of a number of spatial and electronic phase and amplitude parameter. We reduce the number of required parameters by taking advantage of various symmetries. Then an overview of the analysis of such arrays is presented. Subsequently we use two approaches to the synthesis problem: one analytic and other a numeric global optimization method using a new evolutionary programming technique. The results for two designs with simultaneous near optimum performance at two different required GPS frequencies of L1 (1.575 GHz) and L2 (1.2 GHz) are presented.
Dendritic Supramolecular Assembly with Multiple Ru(II) Tris(bipyridine) Units at the Periphery: Synthesis, Spectroscopic, and Electrochemical Study

A supramolecular assembly with eight peripheral ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridine), [Ru(bpy)3]2+, units covalently linked to a carbosilane dendrimer platform has been synthesized. 1H NMR and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry confirm the target structure. Spectroscopic and electrochemical studies disclose that the identical [Ru(bpy)3]2+ units in this system interact neither in the ground state nor in the excited state. In acetonitrile solutions of identical molar concentration of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ units, both the dendrimer and reference monomeric [Ru(bpy)2(4-octoxy-2,2‘-bipyridine)]2+ exhibit identical absorption and emission spectra. Cyclic voltammetry reveals that the dendrimer and monomer possess the same redox potentials of the metal-centered oxidation process [Ru(bpy)3]2+/3+ and the first ligand-centered reduction process [Ru(bpy)3]1+/2+. The abnormal redox peaks of the [Ru(bpy)3]0/1+ and [Ru(bpy)3]1-/0 transitions of the dendrimer are attributed to the accumulation of neutral dendrimer on the electrode. A prelimina...
Grief among gay men associated with multiple losses from AIDS.

Abstract Few quantitative studies have examined the phenomena of multiple loss and cumulative grief occurring in gay men as a result of the AIDS epidemic. In this study, Sanders's Integrative Theory of Bereavement (1989) was used to examine the relationship between multiple loss and the intensity of grief experienced by gay men. The relationship of selected situational, factors and internal characteristics of the bereaved to the numbers of losses and intensity of grief was also explored. Ninety-three gay men living in San Francisco, whose own HIV status was negative or unknown, and who had lost at least three friends, lovers, or relatives to AIDS, completed the Grief Experience Inventory and a demographic questionnaire. There was no signaficant relationship between the number of individual losses reported and the intensity of grief experienced. There were significant relationships among social and demographic variables. Factors influencing the bereavement response found in this study are consistent with s...
A rapid method for estimating nitrate in biological samples using gas chromatography with a flame-ionization detector or a thermal energy analyzer.

Abstract A simple, rapid method for estimating the nitrate content of biological samples was developed and tested. The method was based on the nitration of benzene under acidic conditions. The resulting nitrobenzene was analysed by gas chromatography with either a flame ionization detector (FID) or a Thermal Energy Analyzer (TEA) for detection. Recovery of nitrate added to urine, blood, saliva or faeces was 96, 97, 96 and 98%, respectively. Coefficients of variation for repeated analyses ranged from 2.2% for saliva to 12% for blood. Sensitivity was of the order of 0.5–1.5 mg/kg for the FID and 0.02–0.05 mg/kg for the TEA.
Pursuing a career in transplant pharmacy

On any given day in the United States, more than 100,000 people await a lifesaving solid organ transplant.[1][1] Based on historical data, it appears that less than one third of these people will receive an organ transplant this year. The demand for organs far exceeds current supply, and there are
Regulating with Reg proteins: a new role in Th17 cell-mediated skin inflammation.

The mechanisms linking skin inflammation and observed defects in skin barrier function and integrity need further elucidation. In this issue of Immunity, Lai et al. (2012) identify REG3A as a downstream mediator of interleukin 17A that enhances keratinocyte proliferation and downmodulates keratinocyte differentiation.
Quality of Work Life Some Unintended Effects On the Seniority Tradition of an Industrial Union

This article examines some unintended effects of a quality of work life (QWL) effort in a metals processing plant in the midwestern United States. The project spanned 18 months with employee surveys and interviews at both project start-up and start plus 18 months. Overall analysis demonstrated many desired effects were achieved. However, when more detailed analysis was performed, it revealed that workers of relatively low seniority benefited more than, and sometimes at the expense of. workers with relatively high seniority. Additionally, data revealed that in some respects senior workers suffered negative effects (i.e., lost ground), whereas junior workers remained unchanged. Causes of these effects are explored with recommen dations for avoiding the undesirable consequences.
Interhalogen plasma chemistries for dry etch patterning of Ni, Fe, NiFe and NiFeCo thin films

Abstract ICl/Ar and IBr/Ar plasmas operated in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source have been examined for dry etching of Ni, Fe, NiFe and NiFeCo. The removal of the Fe etch products limits the etch rates under most conditions, but rates of ∼500 A min−1 are obtained for both NiFe and NiFeCo in both chemistries. The etched surfaces are smooth (atomic force microscopy root-mean-square roughness
Keeping up with the Jones's: open donor nephrectomy in the laparoscopic era.

Abstract Several new approaches have been developed to perform donor nephrectomy. These include laparoscopic donor nephrectomy and open donor nephrectomy performed through small incisions, herein referred to as “mini-open donor nephrectomy”. In the past, we performed open donor nephrectomy via a standard flank incision. In October 2002, we introduced mini-open donor nephrectomy via an anterior, retroperitoneal approach. Contemporaneously, we offered the option of laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. Herein, we review our single-center experience with these three techniques. Mini-open donor nephrectomy was comparable to the laparoscopic approach for duration of narcotic requirement and donor length of stay. The laparoscopic procedure was more expensive. Both procedures demonstrated improvement over the flank approach by eliminating the risk of pneumothorax, neuropathy, and flank bulge. In addition, length of stay and narcotic requirements were higher with the flank approach. Mini-open donor nephrectomy provides a good alternative to laparoscopic surgery, offering the donor an equivalent convalescence at lower cost and potentially with reduced morbidity.
Mesoporous nanoparticle TiO2 thin films for conductometric gas sensing on microhotplate platforms

Abstract Mesoporous TiO 2 nanoparticle thin films were prepared on MEMS microhotplate (μHP) platforms and evaluated as high-sensitivity conductometric gas sensor materials. The nanoparticle films were deposited onto selected microhotplates in a multi-element array via microcapillary pipette and were sintered using the microhotplate. The films were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopies and by conductometric measurements. The thin films were evaluated as conductometric gas sensors based on the critical performance elements of sensitivity, stability, speed and selectivity. The nanoparticle films were compared with compact TiO 2 films deposited via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and the nanoparticle films were found to demonstrate higher sensitivity to target analytes. The nanoparticle films were also stable with regard to both baseline conductance and signal response over 60 h of continuous operation at high temperatures (up to 475 °C). Sensor response times were evaluated and the TiO 2 nanoparticle films showed fast responses to the presence of analyte (≈5 s) and a response-time dependence on the analyte concentration. Control of the sensor operating temperature, an inherent benefit of the microhotplate platform, was employed to demonstrate the selectivity of the nanoparticle films.
Turbulent structures in planar gravity currents and their influence on the flow dynamics

[1] Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of planar gravity current in the Boussinesq limit have been conducted with the objective of identifying, visualizing, and describing turbulent structures and their influence on the flow dynamics. The simulations are performed for Reynolds numbers of Re = 8950 and Re = 15,000 with 31- and 131-million grid point resolutions, respectively. This range of Reynolds numbers ensures fully developed turbulent gravity currents, which have never been simulated before using DNS. The flow develops zones with different turbulence characteristics, which eventually interact with each other. The near-wall bottom flow resembles boundary layer flow with several hairpin-like vortices oriented in the direction of the flow and preferential patterns of low- and high-speed streaks. The separation between low-speed streaks at the front scales with the lobe size, which is about 200 wall units for Re = 15,000. Upstream of the front, the separation between low-speed streaks scales with the well-accepted value of 100 wall units for turbulent boundary layers. These patterns have associated regions of low and high bottom shear stresses with implications for sediment erosion and bed load transport. Most of the erosive power of the flow is found in the gravity current front. The interface between heavy and light fluids rolls up by baroclinic generation of Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices, which undergo sudden breakup and decay to small-scale turbulence. The effect of turbulence and three-dimensionality on the flow dynamics is addressed by comparing two- and three-dimensional simulations. Three-dimensional simulations present active mechanisms that undermine the strong flow coherence, comparing well with experimental observations.
Exploring the Structure of Nitrogen-Rich Ionic Liquids and Their Binding to the Surface of Oxide-Free Boron Nanoparticles

The structure of two different energetic ionic liquids and the nature of their binding to elemental boron surfaces were investigated by a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, zeta potential measurements, thermogravimetric analysis, and first-principles theory. It was found that both 1-methyl-4-amino-1,2,4-triazolium dicyanamide ([MAT][DCA]) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ([BMIM][DCA]) ionic liquids bind to boron well enough to resist removal by ultrasonic washing and to protect the boron surface from oxidation during air exposure of the washed powder. The data suggest that both the cation and the anion of the ionic liquids interact with the boron surface; however, for [MAT][DCA], the interaction of the cation appears to dominate, while for [BMIM][DCA] the interaction with the [DCA]− anion dominates. The difference is attributed to the binding of boron to the amino group of [MAT]+, and the amino group also appears to help bind a thicker ionic liquid (IL) capping layer.
The value of intravenous procaine amide in the treatment of tachycardias.

Abstract 1. 1. Procaine amide was given intravenously to sixteen patients during twenty-two episodes of tachycardia of various origins with conversion to normal sinus rhythm in fourteen instances. 2. 2. Ventricular tachycardia was successfully treated in all of five attempts. 3. 3. Supraventricular tachycardias responded in eight out of twelve episodes. Two cases of atrial tachycardia with 2:1 block included in this group did not revert to normal rhythm. 4. 4. In four cases of recent atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rates, one returned to normal sinus rhythm and in two instances atrial flutter appeared. 5. 5. Aberrant ventricular conduction at a rapid rate complicated two cases of atrial fibrillation. Isolated ventricular aberration appeared in one case of atrial tachycardia with 2:1 block when treated with both procaine amide and Quinidine Sulfate. 6. 6. It would appear advisable to fully digitalize all patients with atrial fibrillation before giving procaine amide. 7. 7. The intravenous route of administration is a safe method and results are accomplished rapidly.
Friction and Wear Properties of As-Deposited and Carbon Ion-Implanted Diamond Films

Recent work on the friction and wear properties of as-deposited and carbon ion-implanted diamond films was reviewed. Diamond films were produced by the microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. Diamond films with various grain sizes and surface roughnesses were implanted with carbon ions at 60 ke V ion energy, resulting in a dose of 1.2310(exp 17) carbon ions/cm(exp 2). Various analytical techniques, including Raman spectroscopy, proton recoil analysis, Rutherford backscattering, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction, were utilized to characterize the diamond films. Sliding friction experiments were conducted with a polished natural diamond pin in contact with diamond films in the three environments: humid air (40 percent relative humidity), dry nitrogen (less than 1 percent relative humidity), and ultrahigh vacuum (10(exp -7) Pa). The CVD diamond films indeed have friction and were properties similar to those of natural diamond in the three environments. The as-deposited, fine-grain diamond films can be effectively used as self-lubricating, wear-resistant coatings that have low coefficients of friction (0.02 to 0.04) and low wear rates (10(exp -7) to 10(exp -8)mm(exp 3)/N-m) in both humid air and dry nitrogen. However, they have high coefficients of friction (1.5 to 1.7) and a high wear rate (10(exp -4)mm(exp 3/N-m) in ultrahigh vacuum. The carbon ion implanation produced a thin surficial layer (less than 0.1 micron thick) of amorphous, nondiamond carbon on the diamond films. In humid air and dry nitrogen, the ion-implanted, fine- and coarse-grain diamond films have a low coefficient of friction (around 0.1) and a low wear rate (10(exp -7)mm(exp 3/N-m). Even in ultrahigh vacuum, the presence of the nondiamond carbon layer reduced the coefficient of friction of fine-grain diamond films to 0.1 or lower and the wear rate to 10(exp -6)mm(exp 3)/N-m. Thus, the carbon ion-implanted, fine-grain diamond films can be effectively used as wear-resistant, self-lubricating coatings not only in air and dry nitrogen, but also in ultrahigh vacuum. The wear mechanism of diamond films is that of small fragments chipping off the surface. The size of wear particles is related to the extent of wear rates.
The deoxyribonucleoproteins of sea urchin sperm extraction and analyses.

Deoxyribonucleoproteins are extracted from sea urchin sperm with 0.1 M solutions of glycine and clarified by centrifugation at 24,000 × g. In comparison with different concentrations of glycine solutions and of various salts and alcohols, an 0.1 M solution of glycine was found to provide the optimum conditions for the extraction of deoxyribonucleoproteins. The chemical analyses of the solutions of the deoxyribonucleoproteins extracted in such a way show that the ratio of proteins to DNA content is 71% to 29%. The absorption spectra of the deoxyribonucleoprotein solutions under different conditions and their solubility in various salt concentrations indicate that the deoxyribonucleoproteins are not degraded, but are quite stable at 4 °C. Biophysical and immunological studies, to be presented in greater detail, show that the solutions of deoxyribonucleoproteins have a high degree of purity.
Inverse Design of LCN Films for Origami Applications Using Topology Optimization

Liquid crystal polymer networks (LCNs) have unique advantages as potential constituents of origami-based smart materials due to their reversible actuations and availability of fabrication techniques to create complex strain fields. Although identifying functional designs is crucial in making use of this technology, conventional approaches have largely consisted of trial-and-error experimentation. We introduce an inverse design procedure based on a topology optimization method to map out an LCN pattern with a desired spontaneous strain field to achieve prescribed shapes. In this study, we focus on a target deformation of a film to create an improved hinge to be integrated into an origami structure. Our preliminary results indicate the potential of using computational tools to determine what designs yield desired functionalities and how to best pattern LCN films to achieve them.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Preliminary studies on the use of acid-soluble cellulose acetate internal capsules for workplace metals sampling and analysis.

articles entering filter cassettes used to collect samples of aerosol can deposit elsewhere than on the filter. One suggested procedure for ensuring that those deposits are included in the analysis...
A fast pressure-correction method for incompressible two-fluid flows

We have developed a new pressure-correction method for simulating incompressible two-fluid flows with large density and viscosity ratios. The method's main advantage is that the variable coefficient Poisson equation that arises in solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for two-fluid flows is reduced to a constant coefficient equation, which can be solved with an FFT-based, fast Poisson solver. This reduction is achieved by splitting the variable density pressure gradient term in the governing equations. The validity of this splitting is demonstrated from our numerical tests, and it is explained from a physical viewpoint. In this paper, the new pressure-correction method is coupled with a mass-conserving volume-of-fluid method to capture the motion of the interface between the two fluids but, in general, it could be coupled with other interface advection methods such as level-set, phase-field, or front-tracking. First, we verified the new pressure-correction method using the capillary wave test-case up to density and viscosity ratios of 10,000. Then, we validated the method by simulating the motion of a falling water droplet in air and comparing the droplet terminal velocity with an experimental value. Next, the method is shown to be second-order accurate in space and time independent of the VoF method, and it conserves mass, momentum, and kinetic energy in the inviscid limit. Also, we show that for solving the two-fluid Navier-Stokes equations, the method is 10-40 times faster than the standard pressure-correction method, which uses multigrid to solve the variable coefficient Poisson equation. Finally, we show that the method is capable of performing fully-resolved direct numerical simulation (DNS) of droplet-laden isotropic turbulence with thousands of droplets using a computational mesh of 1024^3 points.
Asymptotic formulas for the dual radon transform and applications

Caracterisation de la transformation de Radon duale d'une fonction indefiniment differentiable. Formules asymptotiques et applications