cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Left-digit price effects on smoking cessation motivation

Background Cigarette price increases have been associated with increases in smoking cessation, but relatively little is known about this relationship at the level of individual smokers. To address this and to inform tax policy, the goal of this study was to apply a behavioural economic approach to the relationship between the price of cigarettes and the probability of attempting smoking cessation. Methods Adult daily smokers (n=1074; ie, 5+ cigarettes/day; 18+ years old; ≥8th grade education) completed in-person descriptive survey assessments. Assessments included estimated probability of making a smoking cessation attempt across a range of cigarette prices, demographics and nicotine dependence. Results As price increases, probability of making a smoking cessation attempt exhibited an orderly increase, with the form of the relationship being similar to an inverted demand curve. The largest effect size increases in motivation to make a quit attempt were in the form of ‘left-digit effects,’ (ie, maximal sensitivity across pack price whole-number changes; eg, US$5.80–6/pack). Significant differences were also observed among the left-digit effects, suggesting the most substantial effects were for price changes that were most market relevant. Severity of nicotine dependence was significantly associated with price sensitivity, but not for all indices. Conclusions These data reveal the clear and robust relationship between the price of cigarettes and an individual9s motivation to attempt smoking cessation. Furthermore, the current study indicates the importance of left-digit price transitions in this relationship, suggesting policymakers should consider relative price positions in the context of tax changes.
BIVALVE SYSTEMATICS DURING THE 20TH CENTURY

Abstract Over the past 75 years, the higher-level taxonomy of bivalves has received less attention than that of their fellow molluscs, gastropods. The publication of the bivalve volumes of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology in 1969 was not followed by an explosion of study into the evolution of bivalves; rather, with only one or two exceptions, bivalve workers were noticeably absent from the cladistic and molecular revolutions that were taking place during the 1970s and 1980s, even as gastropods received considerable attention. Over the past ten years, cladistics and molecular systematics have begun to be applied to solve problems of bivalve evolutionary biology. These studies, most of which have been undertaken by paleontologists, have halted the stagnation in bivalve systematics. Bivalve systematics looks to have an exciting future, as the excellent fossil record of the Bivalvia will be used in conjunction with cladistics and molecular systematics to solve problems in not just bivalve evolution b...
Predicting relative species composition within mixed conifer forest pixels using zero-inflated models and Landsat imagery

Abstract Ecological and land management applications would often benefit from maps of relative canopy cover of each species present within a pixel, instead of traditional remote-sensing based maps of either dominant species or percent canopy cover without regard to species composition. Widely used statistical models for remote sensing, such as randomForest (RF), support vector machines (SVM), and generalized linear regression (GLM), are problematic for this purpose as they often fail to properly predict the absence of a target species, especially in areas of high vegetation diversity, due to the relative abundance of absence observations (or zero values) in the reference data used to train predictive models. Experience has shown that RF, SVM, and GLM models trained on such reference data produce biased values of PCC, for example, in forested areas absent the target species, PCC is overestimated, while in forested areas where a target species PCC is abundant, PCC tends to be underestimated. We used zero-inflated regression modeling to reduce such bias and better predict PCC-by-species within each pixel in mixed conifer forests. Zero-inflated regression models use a two-step process to first predict the presence or absence of the target species, and then to predict continuous levels of PCC only where the target species is present. We compared the results of three widely used methods (RF, SVM, and GLM) to nine zero-inflated models for their ability to predict continuous PCC for each of five different conifer species in heterogeneous forests of northwestern Montana using Landsat TM and OLI imagery. Our best zero-inflated models resulted in a mean difference of − 3.84% to 2.26%, 95% confidence interval of 6.22% to 13.09%, and RMSE of 11.26% to 22.98%, depending on the species. The success of the zero-inflated model was robust across methods tested. Both the zero-inflated and traditional methods were successful in estimating continuous canopy cover, however, the traditional models showed a substantial bias by never correctly predicting the absence of the target species, while the zero-inflated models correctly predicted species absence 57% to 84% of the time, depending on the species. Visual inspection of the predicted maps compared to high-resolution imagery demonstrated that the zero-inflated models also more closely matched the landscape, as traditional models more often incorrectly predicted canopy cover in non-forested areas. Using the zero-inflated process dramatically reduced the bias of the results, allowing end users to make management decisions with increased confidence about where a target species is absent, something not possible with the traditional methods tested.
Bifunctional hydrophobic ionic liquids: facile synthesis by thiol–ene “click” chemistry

We describe the facile, robust and orthogonal fabrication of a structurally comprehensive library of hydrophobic trimethoxysilyl-functionalized ionic liquids with C7–C15 thioether spacer, using thiol–ene “click” chemistry. The synthesized ionic liquids displayed very low glass transition temperatures, high thermal stability and were hydrophobic in character. And the ability to serve as surface coating agents was tested by immobilizing them on the surface of iron oxide supermagnetic nanoparticles and the organic loadings were quantified.
A Multicenter Evaluation of Lipid Profiling with a Compact Analyzer (Miles Clinistat)

We evaluated the Clinistat Analyzer (Miles Inc., Diagnostics Division, Elkhart, IN) for measuring cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol at three medical centers. The system, based on multilayer film technology, uses precalibrated, dry film reagent disks. Ten microliters of serum is applied to the dry film reagent disk in the test procedure. For HDL-cholesterol measurement, serum is pretreated by precipitation with phosphotungstic acid and magnesium chloride. Total precision (CVs) of each of the three assays was less than or equal to 5%. The assay ranges were linear and satisfactory for clinical use. Patients' results compared well with established methods. No significant interferences were found with hemolysis, icterus, and lipemia.
Hermetic Sealing of Stainless Steel Packages by Seam Seal Welding

Welded stainless steel packages offer a number of advantages relative to those fabricated from kovar or aluminum metals and braze sealed. They are highly resistant to corrosion, especially in aqueous or elevated temperature environments, are mechanically stronger, dramatically so at temperatures above 100°C, exhibit lower outgassing rates, and have better vibration characteristics. Since welded stainless steel packages do not require over plating to facilitate braze sealing, combined material and fabrication costs are lower than kovar or aluminum packages. Also, unlike kovar, stainless steel is nonmagnetic, which is advantageous in many electronic applications. For sealing stainless steel packages, we elected to use seam sealing rather than laser welding for two reasons. Seam sealing subjects the package contents to lower thermal excursions than laser welding because less material is melted to achieve a weld in seam sealing. Second, seam sealing confines the molten material between the cover and package, ...
Optometry as Remediation and as Education

I have been enchanted with the kind of things I have been hearing in these reports during these last few days, the wonderful details and discoveries and so on. What I have to say is of a little different nature. I am interested in our thinking framework and our action framework for dealing with matters of vision for example. In order that I may get said all I want to say in this short time and say it the way I want it, I am going to read to you what I have to say. What I have to say is addressed primarily to optometrists, and thus to the remediation and education of visual performance. In this matter, two problems emerge. What is to be done and whose job it is to do what. This recognizes that it is not only optometrists that may be involved. Since the concerns we are going to discuss have to do with humans as subjects, or as patients, it is fundamental that we all understand the principles operating in the human organism as a person. We need to understand what personness this is and how it is involved in what often seems to be less than personness.
Maternal Supportive Behavior, Cognitive Talk, and Desire/Emotion Talk at 24 Months: Distinct Factors and Differential Antecedents

SYNOPSISObjective. Mental-state talk is an important aspect of parenting, but it is not clear whether this type of talk is structurally distinct from behavioral support or sensitivity. Although assessment of sensitive, supportive behavior captures a mother’s responses to her child’s needs, mental-state talk assesses a mother’s consideration of (and comments on) her child’s inner world. This study examined the structure and antecedents of mental-state talk, behavioral support, and sensitivity. Design. Data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development were used, and mothering was assessed during a laboratory session when children were 24 months old (N = 1114). Results. Confirmatory factor analyses provided support for the hypothesized three-factor model, in which maternal supportive behavior, cognitive talk, and desire/emotion talk formed distinct factors. Furthermore, maternal depressive symptoms assessed at 1 and 6 months predicted less supportive behavior, whereas traditional parenting ...
Oxyfunctionalization with Cp*IrIII(NHC)(Me)(Cl) with O2: Identification of a Rare Bimetallic IrIV μ-Oxo Intermediate

Methanol formation from [Cp*IrIII(NHC)Me(CD2Cl2)]+ occurs quantitatively at room temperature with air (O2) as the oxidant and ethanol as a proton source. A rare example of a diiridium bimetallic complex, [(Cp*Ir(NHC)Me)2(μ-O)][(BArF4)2], 3, was isolated and shown to be an intermediate in this reaction. The electronic absorption spectrum of 3 features a broad observation at ∼660 nm, which is primarily responsible for its blue color. In addition, 3 is diamagnetic and can be characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Complex 3 was also characterized by X-ray crystallography and contains an IrIV–O–IrIV core in which two d5 Ir(IV) centers are bridged by an oxo ligand. DFT and MCSCF calculations reveal several important features of the electronic structure of 3, most notably, that the μ-oxo bridge facilitates communication between the two Ir centers, and σ/π mixing yields a nonlinear arrangement of the μ-oxo core (Ir–O–Ir ∼ 150°) to facilitate oxygen atom transfer. The formation of 3 results from an Ir oxo/oxyl interme...
CMM-RS Potential for Characterization of the Properties of the Halogen-Bonded OC–Cl2 Complex, and a Comparison with Hydrogen-Bonded OC–HCl

Transitions associated with the vibrations ν1, ν1 + νb1, ν1 + ν51, and ν1 + ν51 – ν51 of the complex OC···Cl2 have been rovibrationally analyzed for several isotopologues involving isotopic substitutions in Cl2. Spectra were recorded using a recently constructed near-infrared (4.34 to 4.56 μm), quantum-cascade laser spectrometer with cw supersonic slit jet expansion. Spectral analysis allowed precise determination of the ν51 intermolecular vibration of OC–35Cl2 to be 25.977637(80) cm–1. These results were incorporated with other previously determined data into a spectroscopic database for generation of a five-dimensional morphed potential energy surface. This compound-model morphed potential with radial shifting (CMM-RS) was then used to make more accurate predictions of properties of the OC–35Cl2 complex including De = 544(5) cm–1, D0 = 397(5) cm–1, ν3 = 56.43(4) cm–1, and νb1 = 85.43(4) cm–1. The CMM-RS potential determined for OC–Cl2 was also used to compare quantitatively many of the inherent properti...
Mediatisierung und Aneignung digitaler Medien

Dieses Kapitel soll die vorliegende Arbeit innerhalb des Faches der Kommunikations- und Medienwissenschaft verorten. Hierfur werden im ersten Teil die relevanten Theorien und Begrifflichkeiten dargelegt, vor deren Hintergrund anschliesend im zweiten Abschnitt konkrete Konzepte formuliert werden, mit denen sich theoretische Annahmen anwenden und fur eine empirische Analyse fruchtbar machen lassen. Ziel des ersten Teils dieses zweiten Kapitels Annaherungen: Die Konzepte der Mediatisierung und Medienaneignung (2.1) ist es, den theoretischen Rahmen der Arbeit abzustecken und in die zugrunde gelegten Begriffe und Konzepte einzufuhren, die fur eine Annaherung an eine Auseinandersetzung mit der Aneignung digitaler Medien in heutigen Gesellschaften notwendig erscheinen.
An Image of Expertise

Although as teachers we tend to think more about the kind of writing our students will do, the kind of books they need to read, and the particular problems they need to solve, we begin with an image of expertise. We have a particular kind of person in mind who deals with writing in a certain way.
WI'07/IAT'07/BIBM'07/GrC'07 Joint Keynote: Computer Science as a Lens on the Sciences: The Example of Computational Molecular Biology

This talk will trace the growing influence of fundamental ideas from computer science on the nature of research in a number of scientific fields. There is a growing awareness that information processing lies at the heart of the processes studied in fields as diverse as quantum mechanics, statistical physics, nanotechnology, neuroscience, linguistics, economics and sociology. Increasingly, mathematical models in these fields are expressed in algorithmic languages and describe algorithmic processes. The speaker will briefly describe connections between quantum computing and the foundations of quantum mechanics, and between statistical mechanics and phase transitions in computation. He will indicate how the growth of the Web has created new phenomena to be investigated by sociologists and economists. He will then focus in greater detail on computational molecular biology, where the view of living cells as complex information processing systems has become the dominant paradigm, and will discuss specific algorithmic problems arising in the sequencing of genomes, the comparative analysis of the resulting genomic sequences,the modeling of networks of interacting proteins, and the associations between genetic variation and disease.
Social Equity and Evidence: Insights from Local Government

This article examines the role of evidence-based decision making in social equity, with a particular focus on local government. It offers an assessment of the past, present, and future of such efforts by engaging themes from Matias Valenzuela's article based on King County, Washington. King County is one of more than 70 local governments that are members of the Government Alliance on Race and Equity, a growing national network of governments using an evidence-based approach to achieve racial equity. In general, previous social equity measures have focused largely on measuring the extent to which disparities exist. More recently, tools and resources have become available to assist local governments in designing and evaluating their approach and performance in reducing social inequities. Future evidence should include more standardized measures to benchmark success, provide comparative analysis, and better support the identification of best practices.
Modeling College and Career Readiness for Adolescents With and Without Disabilities: A Bifactor Approach:

Nonacademic skills related to college and career readiness (CCR) have become more prevalent in the literature as proposed conceptual models and frameworks, yet little empirical research exists in t...
Analysis of Performance Benefits of Multitier Gate-Level Monolithic 3-D Integrated Circuits

Vertical interconnects used in monolithic 3-D integrated circuits (3-D ICs), so-called monolithic interlayer vias (MIVs), are as small as local vias. Thus, redesigning an existing 2-D IC layout in a monolithic 3-D IC generally results in shorter wire length than the 2-D IC layout. In addition, MIVs have almost negligible resistance and capacitance, so their impact on signal delay is very small. Thus, redesigning a 2-D IC layout in a monolithic 3-D IC is expected to improve its performance significantly. Some researchers designed several monolithic 3-D IC layouts and showed their timing benefits in the literature. In this paper, we present analytical models for performance (timing) benefits of multitier gate-level monolithic 3-D ICs. The analytical models we develop in this paper can be used to quickly estimate the performance benefits multitier gate-level monolithic 3-D integration provides without physically redesigning 2-D IC layouts in 3-D.
Application of the Principles of Universal Design to Evaluate Active-Leisure Facilities Used by Baby Boomers—Examples from Seven Ski Resorts

Boomers, especially the older end of the cohort, are reaching an age where physical abilities influence choices in leisure activities. By facilitating access to recreational activities that Boomers...
Scaffolding argumentation in asynchronous online discussion: Using students’ perceptions to refine a design framework

Despite its wide usage and pedagogical benefits, asynchronous online discussion in higher education courses does not necessarily lead to students' knowledge-constructing discourse and reflective learning. Integrating argumentation into online discussion can facilitate meaningful learning. In this article, the authors present a framework of Scaffolded Online Dialogic Argumentation (SODA) that they created for designing an asynchronous online discussion. Based on the design framework, the authors developed and implemented an argumentation activity in a graduate-level online course. They then examined participants' perceptions of the pedagogical components of SODA using a qualitative inquiry approach. Findings indicate that students perceive a positive influence of the scaffolded argumentation activity on their learning engagement in online discussion. Implications include suggestions for researchers and practitioners in refining and using SODA for future research and discussion activity design.
PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS FOR AORTOOSTIAL CHRONIC TOTAL OCCLUSIONS: INSIGHTS FROM A MULTICENTER REGISTRY

Ostial chronic total occlusions (CTOs) can be challenging to recanalize. We analyzed the prevalence, angiographic and procedural characteristics of ostial CTOs (within ≤5 mm of aortocoronary ostium) in 1,000 CTO PCIs performed in 969 patients between 2015 and 2017 in 14 US and European centers.
Demonstration of Subluminal and Superluminal Group Velocities of Diffraction-Free Space-Time Light Sheets in Free Space

We report on an experimental study to control the group velocity of diffraction-free space-time light sheets propagating in free space. We demonstrate pulsed light sheets with speeds exceeding 30c and going below 0.5c. We also show space-time light sheets with negative group velocity.
Enhancing students’s social and ethical development in schools

Abstract This chapter describes effects on students social and ethical attitudes and behaviors of a comprehensive elementary school program that was implemented in 12 elementary schools in six school districts in the United States over a four-year period, with an additional 12 schools serving as a comparison group. The program as a whole is designed to promote a sense of the school as a community. Data, collected in a baseline year and each of three program years, included classroom observations and student and teacher questionnaires. Data analyses showed variability both within and between schools in teacher changes from baseline to classroom program implementation. Positive effects on students’s sense of community and on several social/ethical variables were found for the five program schools that showed adequate changes in implementation. Structural equations modeling analyses of classroom-level data showed clear support for a model in which program effects on social-ethical outcomes for students were mediated through intervening linkages with program implementation and with the sense of community.
Case Study: Fosphenytoin: A Prodrug of Phenytoin

Fosphenytoin was designed to be a water-soluble, parenterally safe form of phenytoin, or 5,5-diphenylhydantoin, a sparingly water-soluble (20–30 µg/mL), weakly acidic drug (pKa 8.3) useful in the treatment of epilepsy. To achieve an aqueous solution suitable for parenteral administration, phenytoin was originally formulated as its sodium salt (sodium phenytoin) in a vehicle consisting of 40%propylene glycol and 10% ethanol with a final pH of 12. This formulation can be very toxic, causing severe irritation and pain at the local site of injection and occasional fatalities if injected too rapidly. Sodium phenytoin cannot be administered by intramuscular (IM) injection. Its water-soluble prodrug, fosphenytoin, is formulated in a purely aqueous solution at a pH of about 8.5; it has shown superior safety compared to sodium phenytoin while also permitting IM dosing. Two patents covering fosphenytoin (Stella and Sloan, 1979, 1981) have expired, but two formulation patents are still valid (Herbranson et al., 1990; Stella 2000). An extensive review of the history of fosphenytoin has been published; it includes other examples of prodrugs of phenytoin (Stella, 1996).
RNA in situ hybridization in plants

In situ hybridization of nucleic acid probes to mRNA was developed as a method to examine differences in gene expression in closely associated tissues within a developing or mature organ. In situ hybridization has been widely used in studies of gene expression during embryo and organ development in mammals, insects, plants and other organisms [ 1, 2, 6–9, 11, 13–16]. These studies include the spatial expression of genes regulating embryo development, such as homeotic genes in mammals and insects [8]. In plants, where organ systems develop at meristems throughout the life of the plant, in situ hybridization has been used to examine genes with different spatial expression patterns in floral, seed and leaf development [6–8,11,14–16]. In situ hybridization has also been useful in examining the tissue-specific expression of constitutively expressed genes in mature organ systems and the spatial expression of inducible genes following a given stimulus. These studies have been useful in understanding the function of gene products in specific tissues and the relation between tissue function and its place in the complex structure of an organ or system of organs. In plant biotechnology, characterization of expression patterns associated with specific genes has also been useful in defining promoters to direct the expression of foreign genes in specific plant tissues in transgenic plants.
Serosurveillance of First-Year Military Personnel for Hepatitis A and B.

An editorial is presented which addresses the authors' views about public health surveillance of first-year U.S. military personnel and vaccinations to prevent hepatitis A and B infections as of 2018. Preexposure prophylaxis and a three-dose vaccination regime are examined, along with the risks associated with hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. Seroprotection and emergency responses to hurricanes are assessed.
AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION ASSOCIATES WITH ARTERIAL INFLAMMATION: POSSIBLE MEDIATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK

Particulate matter (PM) air pollution exposure associates with MACE. We hypothesized that: 1) PM associates with higher arterial wall inflammation (ArtI) and 2) higher ArtI mediates the association between PM and MACE. Individuals (N=477, median age (IQR): 55 (44-66) years, 42% male) without
Landscape genetic inferences vary with sampling scenario for a pond-breeding amphibian

A critical decision in landscape genetic studies is whether to use individuals or populations as the sampling unit. This decision affects the time and cost of sampling and may affect ecological inference. We analyzed 334 Columbia spotted frogs at 8 microsatellite loci across 40 sites in northern Idaho to determine how inferences from landscape genetic analyses would vary with sampling design. At all sites, we compared a proportion available sampling scheme (PASS), in which all samples were used, to resampled datasets of 2-11 individuals. Additionally, we compared a population sampling scheme (PSS) to an individual sampling scheme (ISS) at 18 sites with sufficient sample size. We applied an information theoretic approach with both restricted maximum likelihood and maximum likelihood estimation to evaluate competing landscape resistance hypotheses. We found that PSS supported low-density forest when restricted maximum likelihood was used, but a combination model of most variables when maximum likelihood was used. We also saw variations when AIC was used compared to BIC. ISS supported this model as well as additional models when testing hypotheses of land cover types that create the greatest resistance to gene flow for Columbia spotted frogs. Increased sampling density and study extent, seen by comparing PSS to PASS, showed a change in model support. As number of individuals increased, model support converged at 7-9 individuals for ISS to PSS. ISS may be useful to increase study extent and sampling density, but may lack power to provide strong support for the correct model with microsatellite datasets. Our results highlight the importance of additional research on sampling design effects on landscape genetics inference.
An Asymmetric, Energy Efficient One-to-Many Traffic-Aware Wireless Network-in-Package Interconnection Architecture for Multichip Systems

High Performance Computing (HPC) platforms like blade servers consist of multiple processor chips which may be multicore CPUs, GPUs, memory modules and other subsystems. These high performance and memory intensive multichip systems require efficient support for one-to-many traffic patterns which originates from cache coherency, system-level synchronization mechanisms and other control signals. Small portions of such traffic can introduce congestion which significantly reduce overall performance and cause energy bottleneck unless low latency transmission is ensured by a one-to-many traffic aware interconnection architecture. Traditional metal based Network-on-Chip (NoC) interconnection architecture is not suitable for such traffic as it provides high-latency, power hungry multi-hop paths. To address this issue, we propose the design of a one-to-many traffic-aware Wireless Network-in-Package (WiNiP) architecture by introducing a novel asymmetric wireless interconnection topology and flow control. The proposed asymmetric topology provides low latency communication for one-to-many traffic and increase system bandwidth with lower energy consumption. Through cycle accurate simulator we show that the proposed topology reduce energy by 55.92% and outperforms other interconnection architecture for synthetic as well as application specific traffics.
5W diode pumped compact mid-IR fiber laser at 2.7μm

Er/Pr co-doped ZBLAN double-cladding fiber pumped by high power collimated laser diode with wavelength of 975nm, excites radiation of 2.7-2.8μm through the transition from energy level 4 I 11/2 → 4 I 13/2 of erbium. A maximum measured output power of 5.4W and a slope efficiency of 21% were obtained by both-end pumping.
Confirmatory Factor Analyses of the PSVT: R with Data from Engineering Design Graphics Students.

The Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Visualization of Rotations (PSVT: R) is a widely used assessment of spatial ability. In this report, the factor structure of the PSVT: R test items was examined through confirmatory factor analysis with data from 541 engineering design graphics students. Stata 15 and Mplus 8.2 statistical software were used to examine a hypothesized 30 item one-factor model. Upon initial examination, data from engineering design graphics students produced a poor model-fit for the hypothesized one-factor 30 item model in both statistical programs. Respecified one-factor models with 10 test items and eight test items produced acceptable model-fit for the data employing Stata 15 and Mplus 8.2, respectively.
Exploration of teachers’ personal practical knowledge for teaching controversial public issues in elementary school classrooms

Abstract This study explores teachers’ personal practical knowledge and curricular-instructional gatekeeping as they relate to the teaching of controversial issues in public elementary school settings, particularly the issue of immigration. The study took place in the urban setting of Houston and, using a case study design, documented how three elementary school teachers made curricular-instructional decisions by making use of their personal practical knowledge. Findings illuminate that personal practical knowledge plays a role in teacher’s curricular-instructional gate keeping in socially divisive contexts. And, the findings indicate that these three elementary school teachers make curricular-instructional decisions to effectively address controversial public issues in their classrooms through curriculum choosing, assignments creating, and conflict dialogue building.
Kinetics, Affinity, Thermodynamics, and Selectivity of Phosphate Removal Using Immobilized Phosphate-Binding Proteins.

A phosphate (Pi)-selective adsorption system featuring immobilized Pi-binding proteins (PBP) has recently attracted attention for ultralow Pi removal followed by recovery. This study investigated t...
Cambridge Analytica’s Black Box

The Cambridge Analytica–Facebook scandal led to widespread concern over the methods deployed by Cambridge Analytica to target voters through psychographic profiling algorithms, built upon Facebook ...
Administrative-turned-Criminal Searches: The Fragmented Privacy Rights of Occupants in Condemned Housing

This Article seeks to bring attention to an area that is currently going unnoticed in legal scholarship: the reasonable expectation of privacy within condemned homes. There are robust debates centered around privacy and Fourth Amendment rights in the context of temporary housing and encampments, but both property and criminal law scholarship have glossed over privacy rights within condemned homes. As society continues to redefine what a “home” is, and as the housing crisis puts more people at risk of property condemnations or unstable housing, there is no better time than now to start a robust discussion on what Fourth Amendment protections are afforded to the home that the municipality condemns. By analyzing the small but growing number of condemned housing cases, this Article argues that some courts are calibrating privacy rights based on a dangerous categorization of harm that disproportionately affects financially vulnerable individuals. For example, individuals in homes that are deemed unhabitable due to fire damage receive stronger constitutional protections than individuals in homes condemned for failure to maintain utilities. This Article explores the “reasonable expectation of privacy” test articulated by Justice Harlan’s concurrence in Katz v. United States, and how the subjective nature of the test—and its normative determination of the societal value of various places—allows courts to make discretionary decisions that have harmful implications for under-propertied people. Originally published in the BERKELEY JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW (Fall 2020).
Viral hepatitis in children: what do we know in 2021?

Abstract Viruses are a common cause of hepatitis in children. Hepatitis A and E cause acute infections while Hepatitis B, C and D can lead to chronic infection with increased morbidity and mortality due to chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in later life. Acute infections may be fulminant causing acute liver failure necessitating a liver transplant. Our understanding of these viruses continues to evolve, and this review aims to summarize the current strategies in diagnosis, prevention and use of anti-viral drugs to treat these infections.
Look-Ahead Model-Predictive Generation and Demand Dispatch for Managing Uncertainties

In this chapter, we focus on demand response in the timescales of day-ahead and real-time operation. We show the formulation, numerical examples, and the results of economic dispatch considering an elastic load with its demand function and the generation resources. We use two distinct algorithms for this demand and generation dispatch: Day-Ahead Scheduling and Real-Time Adjustment. We compare and analyze the results of these two different methods and discuss their implications for short-term system dispatch and operation.
Dynamics of Dense Electron-Hole Plasma and Heating of Silicon Lattice Under Picosecond Laser Irradiation

Numerous investigations of the mechanisms for pulsed laser-induced phase transition provide ample evidence that the surface of metals and semiconductors undergoes a solid-liquid phase change as soon as a critical laser fluence is exceeded. There is no doubt about the thermal nature of the phase transition as long as nanosecond pulses are being used [1]. It is the main purpose of this contribution to clarify whether under picosecond irradiation the simple thermal melting approach is still valid. This question is focused on the time required to establish thermal equilibrium between carriers and phonons [2].
Absolute flux density calibrations: Receiver saturation effects

The effect of receiver saturation was examined for a total power radiometer which uses an ambient load for calibration. Extension to other calibration schemes is indicated. The analysis shows that a monotonic receiver saturation characteristic could cause either positive or negative measurement errors, with polarity depending upon operating conditions. A realistic model of the receiver was made by using a linear-cubic voltage transfer characteristic. The evaluation of measurement error for this model provided a means for correcting radio source measurements.
Inhibition of liver amylase synthesis by cyanide: Protective effects of methemoglobin and thiosulfate

Abstract It has previously been demonstrated, in experiments using the isolated perfused rat liver, that amylase is synthesized by the liver and then secreted into the plasma of the perfusing blood. Under normal conditions, production of amylase is about 30–40 units per g of liver per 4-hr perfusion period. Addition of 1–2 mg potassium cyanide (2–4 × 10 −4 M final concentration) to the perfusing blood had relatively little effect on amylase production. Addition of 5 mg KCN (10 −8 M) reduced amylase production to 11.5units/g of liver and addition of 10 mg resulted in a net loss of amylase in the 4-hr perfusion. Since 2 mg KCN is enough to kill a rat of the size from which these livers were taken, the amounts of cyanide necessary to inhibit amylase production are surprisingly high. It is postulated that the high rhodanese concentration in liver serves as a protective mechanism against the cyanide toxirity. Production of methemoglobin or the presence of thiosulfate in the perfusing blood protected against the inhibiting action of cyanide on amylase production.
Fluorescence spectroscopy of ultrashort‐lived states of aromatic molecules

Detailed analysis of phenomena associated with the radiationless deactivation of highly excited states of aromatic compounds has been limited until recently by the lack of a suitable method for making direct spectroscopic measurements. The decay times have been found by a number of workers to be <10-12s, thereby preventing direct time-resolution. However, it was known that much useful information could be obtained through a study of fluorescent emission from these states if it indeed could be observed. During the past couple of years, we have developed a new experimental approach along these lines [1–4].
Inhibition of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase by adenine dinucleotides: Unique inhibitory action of Ap5A

Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT) exhibits strong sensitivity to ATP and its dinucleotide analogues, Ap2A, Ap3A, Ap4A, Ap5A and Ap6A. Similar to ATP, all of the dinucleotides appear to be competitive inhibitors of TdT catalysis with respect to substrate deoxynucleoside triphosphates and effectively block the UV-mediated substrate cross-linking to TdT. Among the various dinucleotides, Ap5A and Ap6A (diadenosine 5'-5' penta- and hexaphosphate, respectively) are significantly more effective than dinucleotides containing 2, 3 or 4 phosphate backbones. Furthermore, Ap5A is found to be the only dinucleotide which has reactivity at both substrate- and primer-binding domains in TdT.
Rescripting Shakespeare: Inserting an intermission/interval

“the interim's mine” Hamlet, 5.2.73 Like most playgoers for years I paid little attention to the twin questions of (1) how many intermissions (US) or intervals (UK) a performance should have and (2) where they should be placed. A series of productions in 1989, however, made me conscious of the often tricky choices that a director must make. At the Oregon Shakespeare Festival I saw a strong production of All My Sons in which Miller's three acts were presented with only one break and an even stronger Cyrano in which Rostand's three scripted breaks for his four acts were reduced to two. At the National Theatre in London I then saw Speed the Plow with Mamet's two intervals reduced to one and Hedda Gabler with two intervals rather than Ibsen's scripted three. Then at the Pit I saw The Man of Mode with Etherege's three acts presented as two. The rhythms of all five shows were changed, however slightly, by such adjustments, with the most notable consequences in Howard Davies's Hedda . If economy of presentation is the goal, the obvious choice in this four-act script would be to have one interval placed after Ibsen's Act 2, but, in order to set up some special effects (e.g., falling snow during a winter night while Hedda and Mrs. Elvsted awaited the return of Lovborg), Davies ran Acts 2 and 3 together, in the process causing confusion for some playgoers about the passage of time.
Excitation-contraction coupling of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.

Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) hold enormous potential in many fields of cardiovascular research. Overcoming many of the limitations of their embryonic counterparts, the application of iPSC-CMs ranges from facilitating investigation of familial cardiac disease and pharmacological toxicity screening to personalized medicine and autologous cardiac cell therapies. The main factor preventing the full realization of this potential is the limited maturity of iPSC-CMs, which display a number of substantial differences in comparison to adult cardiomyocytes. Excitation-contraction coupling, a fundamental property of cardiomyocytes, is often described in iPSC-CMs as being more analogous to neonatal than adult cardiomyocytes. With calcium handling linked, directly or indirectly, to almost all other properties of cardiomyocytes, a solid understanding of this process will be crucial to fully realizing the potential of this technology. Here we discuss the implications of differences in excitation-contraction coupling when considering the potential applications of iPSC-CMs in a number of areas as well as detailing the current understanding of this fundamental process in these cells.
Identity of the conduction-band minimum in (AlAs)1/(GaAs)1 (001) superlattices: Intermixing-induced reversal of states.

First-principles pseudopotential calculations on the (001) (AlAs){sub 1}/(GaAs){sub 1} superlattice (SL) shows that {ital partial} intermixing of the Al and Ga atoms relative to the abrupt case lowers its formation energy, making this SL even stabler at low {ital T} than the fully randomized Al{sub 0.5}Ga{sub 0.5}As alloy. Concomitantly, the conduction-band minimum (CBM) reverts from the GaAs {ital L}-derived state, to the {ital X}{sup {ital x}{ital y}}-derived AlAs state. The previously noted discrepancy between theory (pertinent to abrupt SL's and yielding an {ital L}-derived CBM) and experiment (yielding an {ital X}{sup {ital x}{ital y}}-derived CBM) is therefore attributed to insufficient interfacial abruptness in the samples used to date in experimental studies.
Moving Music, Mapping Music: Connecting Children to the Classics

“Let’s do it again,” shout the children as they complete an activity in music class. A casual observer would be aware that the children are fully engaged but may not be sure of the lesson focus. Is it to help children learn a new orchestra piece? To teach about the beat? To teach form? To teach rhythm? To teach children to read a music score? To teach them how to manage themselves in space? To help children practice thinking and problem solving? This article explores the power of movement to teach multiple music concepts, problem solving, and social skills simultaneously and effectively.
Spinal lipoma misinterpreted as a meningomyelocele on antenatal MRI scan in a baby girl.

Abstract Introduction. Antenatal screening for spina bifida with ultrasound and MR imaging is increasingly used. Case report. A baby girl's antenatal MRI examination showed features originally interpreted as a lumbar meningomyelocele. Repeat MRI examination soon after birth showed features of a spinal lipoma (lipomeningomyelocele). This was excised surgically and complete spinal cord untethering was achieved. Conclusion. As antenatal MR scanning is increasingly used, and fetal surgery is becoming more prominent, the correct interpretation of such images is crucial. We present a rare case of a misleading antenatal radiological diagnosis of spina bifida, which would have had severe implications if termination of the pregnancy or intra-uterine surgical repair had been considered.
Formamide denaturation of chromosomal DNA for in situ hybridization and c-band preparation in the guinea pig, Cavia porcellus.

Abstract Cytological preparations were incubated in 0.07 N NaOH at room temperature or 90% formamide (final salt concentration 2 × SSC) at either 65 °C or 37 °C for 2.5 h to denature guinea pig chromosomes. Chromosomes treated with NaOH or formamide at 65 °C showed a large amount of DNA loss, while chromosomes treated with formamide at 37 °C showed little or no DNA loss. Repeated sequences were isolated from guinea pig DNA and [3H]cRNA was transcribed with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase for in situ hybridization. Localization of the [3H]cRNA occurred in the centromeric regions and C-band positive short arms of almost all of the chromosomes in the NaOH preparations. Chromosomes treated with formamide at 65 °C showed the same grain distribution with a decrease in the number of grains/cluster. Slides incubated in formamide at 37 °C showed localization in only a few chromosomes and the number of grains/cluster was greatly diminished. Thermal denaturation of isolated chromatin indicated that incubation of chromosomes in formamide at 37 °C did not fully denature the DNA. C-bands could be induced by treating slides in formamide at either 65 °C or 37 °C when followed by a “reassociation” in 2 × SSC at 65 °C for 16 h. If the “reassociation” step was omitted, C-bands were found in the 65 °C formamide slides but not the 37 °C formamide slides.
Abstract 1015: Mammary stem cells increase late in embryogenesis, facilitating their characterization and revealing links to breast cancer

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Parallels between embryonic development, stem cells, and cancer have long been recognized. The proliferative and invasive characteristics of the most lethal forms of breast cancer and their lack of differentiated characteristics resemble aspects of embryonic mammogenesis, raising the possibility that they share molecular mechanisms. We have identified, isolated and characterized a fetal mammary population with concentrated mammary stem cell activity and shown that it exhibits gene expression similarities to certain human breast cancer molecular subtypes. Limiting dilution transplantation analyses demonstrate that a robust increase in fetal mammary stem cell (fMaSC) activity is evident after embryonic day 16 (E16), coincident with invasion of the rudiment through the mesenchyme and into the fat pad precursor. Markers used to enrich adult MaSCs enabled isolation of a population at E18.5 that is highly enriched for fMaSCs and capable of serial transplantation in vivo and clonal, multilineage sphere formation in vitro. Genome-wide expression profiling and single cell analyses revealed candidate pathways in both the epithelial and stromal compartments with relevance to fMaSC activity and cancer. Notably, ErbB and FGF signaling were critical and synergistic for the in vitro growth of spheres derived from the fMaSC-enriched population, and fMaSCs expressed elevated ErbB2, 3, and 4 relative to adult MaSC enriched populations. We explored molecular links between fetal mammary development and cancer further by analyzing the expression of fetal gene signatures in archived breast cancer array data and in breast cancer cell lines. We identified gene expression modules correlating with certain cell lines, intrinsic breast cancer subtypes and clinical outcome. These studies advance the attractive hypothesis that regulatory pathways governing fMaSC function and embryonic mammogenesis that are deregulated in certain types of human cancer can be targeted in the development of new therapies and prognostic metrics. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1015. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1015