cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Integration of Embedded Language Islands in Pashto-English Bilingual Data

This study offers a discussion on the integration of English Embedded Language islands in Pashto-English bilingual data. It investigates the function of Embedded Language islands, in the morphsyntax of Pashto language. It also shows the types and pragmatic force behind English EL islands. The study use Matrix Language Frame model to explore the role of the two languages in the process of codeswitching. It also explains the pragmatic force behind the selection of the EL islands. A data of 14 hours is collected from AVT Khyber; YouTube channel, which covers a wide range of take shows and interviews. The data is analyzed for the research question: How do Embedded Language islands figure in overall clause structure of Pashto-English Codeswitching? The data is also analyzed for the types of EL islands and the pragmatic force behind the speakers' intention. The findings of the study show English (islands) multiword insertion is following the structure dependency rule of the Embedded Language in order to retain the well-formedness with the overall grammatical frame of Pashto langue. Most of the Embedded Language islands are fixed expressions and the multiword are collocated with each other. In most cases the Embedded Language Islands is used as its counterpart in Pashto language lack the same pragmatic force.
Community Sponsored Agriculture in Florida

Community sponsored agricultural (CSA) enterprises are relatively new phenomena in the United States. CSA’s are farms that are largely operated on a subscription basis. Members pay a fee for a share of fruit and vegetables, and sometimes meat and fish, that is available to them during the growing season. It is believed that the first CSA opened in the United States in 1980. Today, there are more than 1500 CSA’s throughout the country. In order to evaluate the significance of CSA’s in Florida, we examined the number and distribution of them by assessing the well-regarded Local Harvest Website that catalogues a variety of different types of local agricultural initiatives. We found that there were 65 CSA farms in Florida, with most of them located within standard metropolitan statistical areas. This is not particularly surprising, given that CSA’s are generally considered suburban and urban phenomena. However, upon closer examination, it is evident that CSA distribution is not evenly distributed throughout the state. There are distinct clusters of CSA development in Tampa Bay, Gainesville, and Tallahassee. It is surprising that there is a lack of CSA operations in South Florida. The impact of CSA’s on MSA’s is strongest in the Gainesville and Tallahassee region, suggesting that university communities strongly influence the growth and success of CSA’s. There is a tremendous opportunity for entrepreneurs interested in expanding CSA’s in Florida given the lack of them in some communities.
Transfer of dietary nonradioactive strontium from hen to chick.

ABS>The ash of egg shells from White Leghorn hens fed ration contains 0.049 plus or minus 0.020% strontium and the ash of bones of chicks contains 0.040 plus or minus 0.012%. When these hens are fed the same breeder ration with 0.2% strontium added, the contentration of strontium in the ash of the egg shells increases by a factor of 40 to 50 within 3 days, but no further increase occurs after that time. During the posttreatment period, the hens release some of the body stores of strontium to the eggs. After 50 days, the strontium content of the eggs decreases to approximately 2.5 times the natural level. Chicks hatched from eggs containing large amounts of strontium are able to metabolize appreciable amounts of this element. However, the strontium content of the ash of chick bones decreases to the natural level in 2 months or less because of elimination and dilution caused by rapid growth. Strontium to calcium ratios, calculated from approximate calcium percentages, indicate that there is no discrimination against strontium between the feed and the hen's eggs. The chick embryo shows some selectivity for strontium relative to calcium. (auth)
SPARTAN 1 X-ray observation of diffuse emission at the galactic center

The 1–10 keV X-ray detectors on SPARTAN 1 scanned the central 2 degree region of the galactic center during 20–21 June 1985. Four strong point sources and extended emission ~10 In diameter centered near the galactic center were detected [1]. We have re-analyzed the diffuse component data following the discovery [2] of Intense Fe line emission. The radial distribution of this component Is examined by grouping the data Into radial bins centered on Sgr A West, after first removing known point sources. We confirm that this component Is an Intense source of Fe line radiation, but find that the Fe line flux Is more sharply peaked and narrowly distributed than previously reported. A Gaussian surface brightness distribution with FWHM of 49-92 arcmln (90% confidence limits) Is consistent with the SPARTAN 1 data. The spectrum can be approximated with either a single power-law or thermal form, but the high χ2 suggests a more complex shape. The radial distribution of the Fe line and continuum emission Is presented and used to address the nature of the diffuse component.
Baylis-Hillman reaction

Also known as Morita—Baylis—Hillman reaction, and occasionally known as Rauhut—Currier reaction. It is a carbon-carbon bond-forming transformation of an electron-poor alkene with a carbon nucleophile. Electron-poor alkenes include acrylic esters, acrylonitriles, vinyl ketones, vinyl sulfones, and acroleins. On the other hand, carbon nucleophiles may be aldehydes, α-alkoxycarbonyl ketones, aldimines, and Michael acceptors.
Differential expression of rice Nramp genes in response to pathogen infection, defense signal molecules and metal ions

Abstract The Nramp genes encode a class of metal transporters that universally exist in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In animals such as the mouse, the Nramp1 gene is important for natural host resistance to the infection of intracellular pathogens. To investigate the potential role of Nramp genes in plant defense response, we have conducted expression analysis of three OsNramp genes in rice seedlings and cell suspension cultures. In 2-week-old rice seedlings, the expression of OsNramp1 appeared to be suppressed by Burkholderia glumae during the susceptible interaction, unaffected by a virulent Magnaporthe grisea isolate, but was significantly induced by an avirulent M. grisea isolate during the resistant interaction. The expression of OsNramp2 and OsNramp3 was also significantly induced by B. glumae and M. grisea, but their induction by the M. grisea isolate was weak during the susceptible interaction. In rice leaf tissues, OsNramp1 transcription was delayed and suppressed by jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA), respectively, while OsNramp2 was induced by JA, ABA and ethephon. In rice suspension cells, OsNramp3 was activated by the M. grisea cell wall elicitor and ABA. The elicitor-stimulated OsNramp3 expression was Ca2+ dependent and could be accentuated by cycloheximide (CHX). Both OsNramp1 and OsNramp2 had relatively high basal expression in suspension cells, and their expression was not significantly affected by the defense signal molecules. However, OsNramp1 transcript was increased drastically with EDTA, while OsNramp1 and OsNramp2 were slightly suppressed by 10 mM ferrous iron. In contrast, OsNramp3 was induced by 10 mM ferrous iron and zinc. These results indicate that rice Nramp genes are differentially expressed in response to pathogen infection, defense signals and metal ions, and are potentially involved in plant defense response.
OUTLAW: using geo-spatial associations for outlier detection and visual analysis of cargo routes

U.S. Customs deals with a huge number of cargo trucks and shipments crossing borders by air, water and land. In this paper, we present a system for Outlier analysis by measuring waywardness, called OUTLAW. It distinguishes abnormal and wayward behavior of cargo or goods from that of normal. This wayward behavior can appear to be normal due to lack of correlation. Our aim will be to combine disparate data in meaningful ways by utilizing such parameters as spatial proximity, spatial correlation, and association. Use of thematic map coloring, geographic visualization of individual variables can be very effective for identifying correlations between the variables, week spots, loop holes, wayward routes or vagrants etc. Based on the correlation of the data a predictive model can be generated to detect an index of measuring the waywardness. OUTLAW employs an N-step mechanism to detect vagrants or outliers in the normal scheme of events.
T-cell exhaustion due to persistent antigen: quantity not quality?

T-cell exhaustion is characterized by failure to respond to a persistent antigen and is a hallmark of chronic infections and cancer. Here, we discuss several recent reports on T-cell exhaustion, including one in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology where Richter et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 42:2290–2304] examine the importance of the amount of persistent antigen versus the cell type presenting it to induce CD8+ T-cell exhaustion, and the consequences for host survival during chronic viral infection.
A Charged Erez-Rosen Spacetime and Gravitational Repulsion

An Erez–Rosen spacetime having a highly-charged source (e> m) is presented. Motions of a neutral particle along the symmetry axis and in the median plane are shown to exhibit repulsion near the source. The absence of frame-dragging effects in this static spacetime permits radial motions and allows for a comparison of motions along these special geodesics.
Design optimization of ultrasonic transducer element by evolutionary algorithm

Focused ultrasonic wave generation in bio-medical applications depends primarily on the transducer’s shape, piezoelectric material and the arrangements of transducer elements over the piston surface for specific power and pulse repetition frequency (PRF). For a given surface area, knowing the relationship between the transducer element’s geometry and the generated pressure will be useful for improving the transducer designs. In this study, patterns of pressure field variations with several selected transducer design variables (kerf, transducer element’s number and element’s width-height) have been investigated. These patterns indicate that there is an optimum shape and arrangement of transducer elements in a given area to achieve highest possible pressure at the focused zone. The number of design variables and their combinations can be used in this case is considerably large, and a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based evolutionary global search method is used to optimize design shape and the distribution of ultrasonic transducer element.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Upper body pose estimation from stereo and hand-face tracking

In applications such as immersive telepresence we want to extract high quality 3D models of collaborators in real time from multiview image sequences. One way to improve the quality of stereo or visual hull based models is to estimate the kinematic pose of the user first and then constrain 3D reconstruction accordingly. To serve as a preprocessing step such pose extraction must be very fast, precluding the usual generate and test techniques. We examine a method based on psychophysical evidence that known relative hand position can be used to directly compute the pose of the arm. First we explore a number of possible models for this relationship using motion capture data. We then examine how reconstruction of face and hand position as well as a patch on the torso, allow us to exploit these simple direct calculations to estimate the pose of a user in a desktop collaboration environment.
A comparison of stepped continuous-wave radar imaging algorithms

This paper compares four different radar imaging techniques using both real and synthetic data. Some description is given of each technique and subjective comparisons are made in terms of image quality and computational speed. The filtered backprojection method, also known as the convolution backprojection, yields the best imaging results at a reasonable computational price. >
Expression of the CB1 and CB2 receptor messenger RNAs during embryonic development in the rat

Abstract We mapped the distribution of CB1 and CB2 receptor messenger RNAs in the developing rat to gain insight into how cannabinoids may affect embryogenesis. In situ hybridization histochemistry studies were done using riboprobes specific for CB1 or CB2 receptor messenger RNAs. We found that CB1 and CB2 receptor messenger RNAs are expressed in the placental cone and in the smooth muscle of the maternal uterus at the earliest gestational periods studied [from eight days of gestation (E8) through E12]. In the embryo, as early as E11, CB1 receptor messenger RNA is expressed in some cells of the neural tube and, at later embryological stages (from E15 to E21), in several distinct structures within the central nervous system. In addition, high levels of CB1 receptor messenger RNA were also found in areas of the peripheral nervous system such as the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, in the retina and in the enteric ganglia of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition to neural structures, high levels of the CB1 receptor messenger RNA were also present in two endocrine organs, the thyroid gland and the adrenal gland. On the other hand, CB2 receptor messenger RNA is expressed exclusively in the liver of the embryo as early as E13. The region-specific expression of CB1 and CB2 receptor messenger RNAs suggests that these receptors have a functional role during embryogenesis.
Technique for aligning optical and mechanical axes based on a rotating linear grating

We describe a technique for aligning the axis of an optical system with the axis of a rotating mechanical system. The optical system is focused onto a linear grating that rotates in conjunction with the mechanical system. Light reflected from the grating produces an interference pattern in the pupil of the optical system. Temporal modulation of the fringes in the interference pattern is observed as the mechanical system rotates if the optical and mechanical axes are misaligned. Experimentally we demonstrate alignment to better than 0.1 μm.
Use of TiB2 diffusion barriers for Ni/Au ohmic contacts on p-GaN

Abstract The use of a TiB 2 diffusion barrier for Ni/Au contacts on p-GaN is reported. The annealing temperature (25–950 °C) dependence of ohmic contact characteristics using a Ni/Au/TiB 2 /Ti/Au metallization scheme deposited by sputtering were investigated by contact resistance measurements and auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The as-deposited contacts are rectifying and transition to ohmic behavior for annealing at ≥500 °C . A minimum specific contact resistivity of ∼3 × 10 −4 Ω cm −2 was obtained after annealing over a broad range of temperatures (800–950 °C for 60 s). The contact morphology became considerably rougher at the higher end of this temperature range. AES profiling showed significant Ti and Ni outdiffusion through the TiB 2 at 800 °C. By 900 °C the Ti was almost completely removed to the surface, where it became oxidized. Use of the TiB 2 diffusion barrier produces superior thermal stability compared to the more common Ni/Au, whose morphology degrades significantly above 500 °C.
Evaluation of High-Frequency Ultrasonic Attenuation in Superconductors in the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer Theory of Superconductivity

Calculations are given of the ratio of the attenuations of longitudinal sound waves in the superconducting and normal states according to the BCS theory of superconductivity for an isotropic model at arbitrary frequencies and temperatures. It is predicted that there is a discontinuity in attenuation at a frequency corresponding to the energy gap.
Suicide by overdoses of medicines among the aged.

The current literature on suicide by medicinal overdose among the elderly population of the United States and Britain is discussed. The older white male is a high risk in this regard. Physical and mental illnesses contribute to the problem of suicide among the aged, and some of the drugs prescribed for treatment (e.g., barbiturates and psychotherapeutic agents) are often accessible to the older person for misuse in suicide. The responsibilities of the prescribing physician and the practices of the dispensing pharmacist are considered in relation to the exposure of the elderly patient to potentially lethal drugs. Prediction of suicidal attitudes in the elderly is complicated by the fact that any attempt at suicide usually is serious and rarely preceded by gestures. Depression, based on social factors, is common among older people. Some of them face problems of declining income and prestige, as well as a loss of physical and mental powers. A change in the attitude of society towards the elderly may help to alleviate the depressive state which so often contributes to the suicidal potential.
Infantile and adult heart rate patterns in cats during aversive conditioning

Adult cats acquire complex heart rate response patterns to a CS paired with footshock US. The direction of the heart rate change in the last third of the CS-US interval is acceleratory when the subject performs a unilateral leg flexion, but a deceleration occurs when the motor response is a bilateral leg flexion (crouching) or immobility. In contrast, 4-week-old kittens show a uniform heart rate pattern that retains the same form whether the stimulus is novel, paired with the US, or unpaired. The amplitude of this infantile heart rate pattern undergoes habituation with unpaired presentations of the CS and US, but it is protected from habituation by the procedure of conditioning.
Full-Spectral Interrogation of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors Exposed to Steady-State Vibration

In this paper we measure for the first time the full-spectral response of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor subjected to vibration. We consider two cases: with and without an initial spectral distortion due to non-uniform strain along the length of the FBG. Previous work has measured only the dynamic response at a single wavelength which is valid when no spectral distortion is present. FBG sensors are mounted near the notch tip on a double edge notch specimen that is also subjected to harmonic vibration. We measure the full-spectral response of the FBG at 100 kHz applying an interrogator recently developed by the authors. The measurements of the FBG response with an initial spectral distortion clearly show the transient response and are verified through simulation. Finally, we demonstrate that the use of the high-speed, full-spectral interrogator permits the separation of the spectral distortion and the harmonic vibration from the FBG response signal through classical filtering and can therefore be applied to measure non-uniform strain fields in noisy environments.
Propensity Analysis of Long-Term Survival After Surgical or Percutaneous Revascularization in Patients With Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease and High-Risk Features

Background— Although most randomized clinical trials have suggested that long-term survival rates after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or surgical multivessel coronary revascularization (CABG) are equivalent, some post hoc analyses in high-risk groups and adjustment for severity of coronary disease have suggested higher mortality after PCI. Methods and Results— We studied 6033 consecutive patients who underwent revascularization in the late 1990s. PCI was performed in 872 patients; 5161 underwent CABG. Half the patients had significant left ventricular dysfunction or diabetes. Propensity analysis to predict the probability of undergoing PCI according to 22 variables and their interactions was used. The C-statistic for this model was 0.90, indicating excellent discrimination between treatments. There were 931 deaths during 5 years of follow-up. The 1- and 5-year unadjusted mortality rates were 5% and 16% for PCI and 4% and 14% for CABG (unadjusted hazard ratio, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.0 to 1.4; P=0.07). ...
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF CONTACT ANGLES IN RANDOM PACKINGS OF GRANULAR MATERIALS

ABSTRACT For a certain spectrum of stable grain configurations in randomly packed granular aggregates it is possible to determine the frequency distribution of relative contact angles among neighboring grains. This possibility is explored in the present paper for both two-dimensional and three-dimensional random packings of granular materials. Two relationships are first derived for the local void ratios of any stable “Voronoi Cell“ within the spectrum of stable configurations for the two and the three dimensional random packings, respectively. These relationships depend on the local distribution of relative contact angles, i.e., directions of contact normals. These local void ratios are then related to the gross void ratios of the random 2-D and 3-D assemblies through two integral equations of the Fredholm type of the first kind, their arguments being the frequency distribution functions. The first integral equation corresponding to a two-dimensional random disk packing is solved, exactly by a set of exp...
Endoscopic fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) images of aortic plaque: an automated classification method

The objective of this study was to develop an automated algorithm which uses fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) images of human aortic atherosclerotic plaque to provide quantitative and spatial information regarding compositional features related to plaque vulnerability such as collagen degradation, lipid accumulation, and macrophage infiltration. Images were acquired through a flexible fiber imaging bundle with intravascular potential at two wavelength bands optimal to recognizing markers of vulnerability: F377: 377/55 nm and F460: 460/50 nm (center wavelength/bandwidth). A classification method implementing principal components analysis and linear discriminant analysis to correlate FLIM data sets with histopathology was validated on a training set and then used to classify a validation set of FLIM images. The output of this algorithm was a false-color image with each pixel color coded to represent the chemical composition of the sample. Surface areas occupied by elastin, collagen, and lipid components were then calculated and used to define the vulnerability of each imaged location. Four groups were defined: early lesion, stable, mildly vulnerable and extremely vulnerable. Each imaged location was categorized in one of the groups based on histopathology and classification results; sensitivities (SE) and specificities (SP) were calculated (SE %/SP %): early lesion: 95/96, stable: 71/97, mildly vulnerable: 75/94, and extremely vulnerable: 100/93. The capability of this algorithm to use FLIM images to quickly determine the chemical composition of atherosclerotic plaque, particularly related to vulnerability, further enhances the potential of this system for implementation as an intravascular diagnostic modality.
Do we do it well? A bibliographic essay on the evaluation of reference effectiveness

This bibliographic essay examines recent (1994–2006) research into the evaluation of reference effectiveness. Different methods for evaluating traditional in-person reference services are compared ...
Defining patients at high risk for gastrointestinal hemorrhage after drug-eluting stent placement: a cost utility analysis.

Introduction: The study goal was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of drug-eluting stent (DES) placement with consideration of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding risk. DES reduce the need for future coronary revascularization, but require prolonged dual anti-platelet (DAT) therapy, which may increase the risk for GI bleeding. While DES have been found to be cost-effective in patients at average risk for GI bleeding, they may not be the most cost-effective strategy in higher risk patients. Methods: A Markov model was created to compare DES with bare metal stents (BMS). Patients were a hypothetical cohort of 60-year-old individuals with coronary artery stenosis that required nonemergent percutaneous coronary revascularization (PCI). The primary outcomes were the threshold incremental risks of GI bleeding from DAT based on willingness to pay (WTP) of $50,000, $100,000, and $150,000 per quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained. Results: For a WTP of $100,000, the relative risk of GI bleeding from DAT could be as high as 10.8 (when compared to aspirin alone) before DES would no longer be cost-effective. In patients with two risk factors for GI bleeding, the threshold relative risk could be as low as 1.6. Conclusion: In average-risk patients, the risk of GI bleeding from DAT can be substantial without affecting the cost-effectiveness of DES. However, DES are unlikely to be cost-effective in patients with two or more risk factors for GI bleeding. (J Interven Cardiol 2010;23:179-187)
Economic ordering decisions with market choice flexibility

Standard approaches to classical inventory control problems treat satisfying a predefined demand level as a constraint. In many practical contexts, however, total demand is comprised of separate demands from different markets or customers. It is not always clear that constraining a producer to satisfy all markets is an optimal approach. Since the inventory-related cost of an item depends on total demand volume, no clear method exists for determining a market's profitability a priori, based simply on per unit revenue and cost. Moreover, capacity constraints often limit a producer's ability to meet all demands. This paper presents models to address economic ordering decisions when a producer can choose whether to satisfy multiple markets. These models result in a set of nonlinear binary integer programming problems that, in the uncapacitated case, lend themselves to efficient solution due to their special structure. The capacitated versions can be cast as nonlinear knapsack problems, for which we propose a heuristic solution approach that is asymptotically optimal in the number of markets. The models generalize the classical EOQ and EPQ problems and lead to interesting optimization problems with intuitively appealing solution properties and interesting implications for inventory and pricing management. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004.
IN SITU SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE COMPARISON STUDIES ON ELECTROMIGRATION OF CU AND CU(SN) ALLOYS FOR ADVANCED CHIP INTERCONNECTS

A high‐resolution in situ SEM (scanning electron microscope) has been configured for real time comparison studies of the electromigration characteristics of Cu and Cu(Sn) alloys. Drift velocity test structures were fabricated and used to simulate the Cu line/W via structure in the multilevel interconnects. Electromigration comparison testings were carried out over a temperature range of 250 to 450 °C and current density of 5×105 to 2.1×106 A/cm2. Under these test conditions, the measured electromigration activation energy for Cu, Cu(0.5 wt %Sn), Cu(1.0 wt % Sn), and Cu(2 wt % Sn) are 0.73, 0.95, 1.25, and 1.14 eV, respectively. The measured critical length for Cu and Cu(Sn) alloys are ≂2.5 μm at a current density of 2.1×106 A/cm2. The observed average drift velocity of Cu mass transport in Cu(Sn) alloys changes with the depletion of Sn atoms which were also found to move in the direction of electron current. Eventually, the Cu mass transport rate reaches a value comparable to that in pure copper test stripes. The measured resistivity values of the Cu(0.5 wt % Sn) and Cu(1 wt % Sn) using Van der Pauw test structures are 2.4 and 2.9 μΩ cm, respectively. In comparison with Cu and Al(Cu) device interconnects, Cu(Sn) alloys exhibits higher electromigration activation energy, good resistance to hillocks and void formation and comparable resistivity. These characteristics clearly indicate the fact that Cu(Sn) alloys are potentially good candidate for advanced device interconnect applications where high‐current density and good electromigration resistance are required.
A Multi-step Method for In Situ Mechanical Characterization of 1-D Nanostructures Using a Novel Micromechanical Device

A novel micromechanical device was developed to convert the compressive force applied by a nanoindenter into pure tensile loading at the sample stages inside a scanning electron microscope or a transmission electron microscope, in order to mechanically deform a one-dimensional nanostructure, such as a nanotube or a nanowire. Force vs. displacement curves for samples with Young’s modulus above a threshold value can be obtained independently from readings of a quantitative high resolution nanoindenter with considerable accuracy, using a simple conversion relationship. However, in-depth finite element analysis revealed the existence of limitations for the device when testing samples with relatively low Young’s modulus, where forces applied on samples derived from nanoindenter readings using a predetermined force conversion factor will no longer be accurate. In this paper, we will demonstrate a multi-step method which can alleviate this problem and make the device capable of testing a wide range of samples with considerable accuracy.
A key informant needs assessment of an adult population: Application to consultation and prevention programs

Sixty-three key informants first identified the four most important problems confronting adults between the ages of 30 and 40 years and then responded to a series of open-ended questions in relation to the two most important problems identified. Respondents then rated a list of life events and problem areas as to their seriousness and prevalence and identified those they viewed as most important. Respondent-generated problems, in order of importance, were financial, employment, parenting, health/mental health, and marital. As examples of the qualitative outcomes of the open-ended questions, responses are summarized in this article for two problems: financial and parenting. The two most important problems identified from the rating scales were financial troubles and divorce, followed by a number of items pertaining to mental health, child-rearing, and marital problems. The discussion focuses on considerations of reliability and validity and on implications of the findings for the design of services.
Antimicrobial Studies of Two Alternative Prophylactic Regimens Used in Developing Countries Against Ophthalmia Neonatorum: Human Colostrum and Providone-Iodine

Antimicrobial Studies of Two Alternative Prophylactic Regimens Used in Developing Countries Against Ophthalmia Neonatorum: Human Colostrum and Providone-Iodine
Immunodiffusion tests with Rh antigens and antibodies.

Summary. Double diffusion tests in Agarose gel were performed using stromata of trypsinized human erythrocytes and Rh antisera: anti-CD, anti-D and anti-C. Reaction lines were observed which corresponded well to the anticipated interaction of Rh antigens and their corresponding antibodies. From the reaction pattern observed, the conclusion was derived that stromata of R1r erythrocytes are split into particles with different antigenic specificities.
The effect of anti-inflammatory agents on human synovial fibroblast prostaglandin synthetase.

Abstract Human synovial fibroblast prostaglandin synthetase activity is inhibited by many different non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Aspirin, indomethacin and phenylbutazone significantly inhibit both PGE1, PGE2 and PGF1α and PGF2α synthesis; whereas penicillamine and aurothioglucose are more potent inhibitors of the F prostaglandins. Histidine and antimalarials do not inhibit, to a significant degree, human synovial prostaglandin synthetase activity. Hydrocortisone has no direct effect on prostaglandin synthetase activity. No changes in synthetase activity are observed when synovial cells are incubated with hydrocortisone, and the prostaglandin synthetase system subsequently isolated and assayed. The proposed inhibitory effects of hydrocortisone on prostaglandin production by synovium may be the result of an alteration of enzyme substrate or cofactor concentration rather than a direct effect on prostaglandin synthetase.
Near-optimal, asymptotic tracking in control problems involving state-variable inequality constraints

The class of all piecewise time-continuous controllers tracking a given hypersurface in the state space of a dynamical system can be split by the present transformation technique into two disjoint classes; while the first of these contains all controllers which track the hypersurface in finite time, the second contains all controllers that track the hypersurface asymptotically. On this basis, a reformulation is presented for optimal control problems involving state-variable inequality constraints. If the state constraint is regarded as 'soft', there may exist controllers which are asymptotic, two-sided, and able to yield the optimal value of the performance index.
Back to basics in CS1 and CS2

This paper describes a significant redesign of the introductory courses at the University of Washington that has led to increased enrollments, increased student satisfaction and an increase in the number of women admitted to the CS major. The new courses are still taught in Java, but they represent a return to the basics that were emphasized in the pre-Java era. The biggest changes have occurred in the CS1 course where we have replaced an "objects early" curriculum with a more traditional procedural approach using static methods in Java. The new CS1 course emphasizes problem solving, procedural decomposition and mastery of basic skills (e.g., loops, conditionals and arrays). The new CS2 course emphasizes data structures, linked lists, binary trees and recursion.
Structure of a multihormonally regulated rat gene.

Abstract Gene 33, a rat gene transcriptionally enhanced by glucocorticoids, insulin, or cyclic AMP, was isolated from a library of rat genomic DNA and characterized by sequence comparison to a full-length cDNA. The structural gene spans 13 500 bp encoding 2970 bp of exon sequences interrupted by three introns of about 9600, 101 and 811 bp, respectively. Exons (5' to 3') are 198, 194, 77 and 2501 bp in length; the first of these initiates at the transcriptional start point determined by S1 nuclease mapping. The 5'-flanking DNA contains several putative transcriptional control elements including TATA and CAAT boxes and a binding site for the Sp1 transcription factor in the usual locations proximal to the start point. Sequences resembling known glucocorticoid and cyclic AMP regulatory elements are also found upstream. A chimeric plasmid was constructed containing putative gene 33 regulatory elements fused to the Escherichia coli gene cat, encoding the enzyme chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, and transfected into cultured fibroblasts. Transient expression assays established that this gene 33 DNA is effective in promoting transcription.
The Viscosity of Certain ``Ferric Oxide'' Hydrosols

(1) The changes produced in the viscosities of ``ferric oxide'' hydrosols by aging, heating, and the addition of a number of electrolytes and a non‐electrolyte have been studied, in some instances together with the attendant changes in the pH values and specific conductances of the systems. (2) Agreement with Poiseuille's law has been demonstrated for typical cationic and anionic hydrosols. (3) The decrease in viscosity of hydrosols on aging and heating is accompanied by an increase in specific conductance. This conductance increase in the case of cationic sols is due almost entirely to the increase in hydrogen ion activity which occurs during the reaction. This is not so for anionic hydrosols, where the conductance increase is explained by the conversion of coordinated citrato groups to citrate ions. (4) The addition of salts and acids to these hydrosols first results in a viscosity decrease, followed by an increase in viscosity at higher electrolyte concentrations. (5) The viscosity increase occurs at lower salt concentrations for those salts which are potent precipitants than for those which are weak. For cationic hydrosols, salts of both weakly and strongly coordinating anions have the same effect in depressing the viscosity; in the case of anionic hydrosols, potassium citrate is less effective in this respect than potassium sulfate and nitrate. (6) The effects of acids in decreasing the viscosity of a sol, either cationic or anionic, was found to be the same for all acids used, when compared at the same pH values. The more powerful precipitants caused the subsequent viscosity increase to occur at lower electrolyte concentrations. (7) Acids are less effective than salts in decreasing the viscosities of cationic hydrosols. (8) Large concentrations of acetone produced a decrease in the relative viscosity of cationic hydrosols; this effect is, however, negligible in comparison with the magnitude of the changes caused by electrolytes. (9) The viscosity decrease produced by aging, heating, and the addition of electrolytes may be attributed in each case partly to the increase in electrolyte concentration of the system. (10) The viscosity resulting from these reactions is considered to be dependent also upon the micellar charge: the lower the charge, the lower the viscosity. (11) The viscosity increase at higher electrolyte concentrations may be ascribed to agglomeration of dispersed particles. (12) A mechanism based upon a Donnan equilibrium between the dispersed particle and the dispersion medium has been proposed to account for the effects observed.
Role of Doppler echocardiography in coronary artery disease

Doppler echocardiography can have a major role in the evaluation of patients with coronary artery disease. This review deals with the imaging planes in relation to coronary vascular territories and the role of Doppler echocardiography in evaluating patients with acute and chronic ischemic syndromes.
THE BEAUTIFUL AND THE SUBLIME IN NATURAL SCIENCE

. The various aesthetic phenomena found repeatedly in the scientific enterprise stem from the role of God as artist. If the Creator is an artist, how and why natural scientists study the divine art work can be understood using theological aesthetics and the philosophy of art. The aesthetic phenomena considered here are as follows. First, science reveals beauty and the sublime in natural phenomena. Second, science discovers beauty and the sublime in the theories that are developed to explain natural phenomena. Third, the search for beauty often guides scientists in their work. Fourth, where beauty is perceived, feelings of the sublime often also follow upon further contemplation. This linkage of beauty in science with truth and the sublime runs counter to most aesthetic theory since Kant. Scholarship in theological aesthetics has recently argued that the modern and postmodern elevation of the sublime over beauty is merely a preference that reveals a bias against transcendence—against God. If doing and understanding science can show this sundering of the sublime from the beautiful to be in error, science also gives evidence of transcendence.
The relation between nongranulomatous uveitis and arthritis

Abstract Arthritis occurred in 20 (30 per cent) of 67 patients with nongranulomatous uveitis, but in only 8 (3 per cent) of 277 patients with other uveal lesions. It was more common in patients wth recurrent, acute rather than persistent, chronic nongranulomatous uveitis. The arthritis had distinctive features. It was usually an asymmetrical, nonankylosing, peripheral polyarthritis involving the lower extremities more frequently than the upper ones. In addition, ankylosing spondylitis was present in almost all male but in no female arthritis patients. Rheumatoid factor could not be demonstrated in the sera of these patients. The data suggest a relation between nongranulomatous uveitis and a distinctive type of arthritis.
Thermal stability of CdZnO thin films grown by molecular-beam epitaxy

Abstract CdZnO thin films with near-band-edge (NBE) photoluminescence (PL) emission from 2.39 eV to 2.74 eV were grown by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy on c -plane sapphire substrates with 800 °C in situ annealing. CdZnO thin films evolve from pure wurtzite (wz) structure, to mixture of wz and rock-salt (rs) structures confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies. Rapid-thermo-annealing (RTA) was performed on in situ annealed CdZnO samples. Pure wz CdZnO shows insignificant NBE PL peak shift after RTA, while mixture structure CdZnO shows evident blue shifts due to phase change after annealing, indicating the rs phase CdZnO changes to wz phase CdZnO during RTA process.
Quantitative measurements of released amines from individual exocytosis events

Chemical analysis of single cells is an area of great interest in the biological sciences. Single-cell systems are being utilized as a model to understand in vivo processes better. One method that is moving to the forefront in cellular analysis is electrochemistry. Owing to their rapid response time and small dimensions, voltammetric microelectrode techniques, such as amperometry and fast-scan voltammetry, have made it possible to monitor minute amounts of biological compounds and transiently occurring chemical events in cellular systems. The application of these methods to the quantitation of individual vesicular release events from single cells is overviewed here. The application of electrochemical monitoring to several types of cultured cells, including bovine adrenal chromaffin cells, rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, beige mouse mast cells, superior cervical ganglion neurons, and human pancreatic β-cells, as well as to the invertebrate systems, the leechHirudo medicinalis, and pond snailPlanorbis corneus has provided a wealth of new information concerning exocytosis. Results obtained from the studies highlight the potential of electrochemical techniques in cellular analysis to contribute to our understanding of molecular and pharmacological effects on exocytosis. This article overviews work done on all the above cell types with an emphasis on PC12 cells.
Effects of saccular otolith removal on hearing sensitivity of the sleeper goby (Dormitator latifrons).

It is not known to what extent the entire saccule contributes to overall hearing sensitivity in any fish species. Here we report directional and frequency sensitivity in a teleost fish (Dormitator latifrons) and effects of unilateral and bilateral removal of saccular otoliths on its hearing sensitivity. The fish had different hearing thresholds in the horizontal (–54.4 to –50.3 dB re: 1 µm) and mid-sagittal (–58.6 to –53.1 dB) planes. At 100 Hz, unilateral otolith removal did not significantly change hearing sensitivity in the mid-sagittal plane, but caused selective reductions of auditory sensitivity by 3–7 dB in the azimuthal axes that are consistent with the longitudinal axis of the damaged saccule. Along the fish's longitudinal axis, unilateral otolith removal significantly decreased auditory sensitivity at 50 Hz and 400 Hz, but not at 100 Hz, 200 Hz, and 345 Hz. At 100 Hz, bilateral otolith removal resulted in robust hearing loss of 27–35 dB at different axes in both horizontal and mid-sagittal planes. Along the fish's longitudinal axis, the bilateral removal reduced auditory sensitivity by 13–27 dB at the different frequencies. Therefore, these results demonstrate that the saccule plays important roles in directional hearing and frequency responses.
The Primary Factors that Characterize Effective Interventions with Juvenile Offenders: A Meta-Analytic Overview

Abstract Previous meta-analyses have identified many effective interventions for reducing the recidivism of juvenile offenders and various program factors that are associated with the best outcomes. Most of that work has been focused on only one intervention area and thus has limited scope. Notable exceptions are two relatively comprehensive meta-analyses that have identified a small number of factors or principles that appear to characterize the most effective programs. This paper presents a new analysis of data from one of those meta-analyses designed to test a broader range of intervention factors in a manner that allows identification of both the general principles and the distinct intervention types associated with the greatest reductions in recidivism. Only three factors emerged as major correlates of program effectiveness: a “therapeutic” intervention philosophy, serving high risk offenders, and quality of implementation. With other variables statistically controlled, relatively few differences wer...
Environmental cognition of small rural towns: The case of older residents

Abstract This study reports the relation of town size and personal and demographic characteristics of 989 rural older persons to five environmental cognition dimensions: perceived neighborhood size, neighborhood ratio, awareness of town amenities, number of amenity types and tour ratio. Town size differences were found for all five dimensions: residents of smaller towns (0–500 in population) identified smaller neighborhoods but larger neighborhood ratios, listed fewer town amenities and amenity types, and produced smaller tour ratios, than did residents of larger towns (1,501–2,500 in population). Relations were also found for gender, marital status, dwelling unit type, employment status, religion, and mental health status.
Advancing quasi-freestanding epitaxial graphene electronics through integration of wafer scale hexagonal boron nitride dielectrics

A key limitation to graphene based electronics is graphene’s interaction with dielectric interfaces. SiO 2 and various high-k gate dielectrics can introduce scattering from charged surface states, impurities, and surface optical phonons; degrading the transport properties of graphene. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) exhibits an atomically smooth surface that is expected to be free of dangling bonds, leading to an interface that is relatively free of surface charge traps and adsorbed impurities. Additionally, the decreased surface optical phonon interaction from h-BN is expected to further reduce scattering. While h-BN gated graphene FETs have been demonstrated on a small scale utilizing CVD grown or exfoliated graphene, integrating quasi-freestanding epitaxial graphene (QFEG) with h-BN gate dielectrics on a wafer scale has not been explored. We present results from the first large scale CVD growth of h-BN and its subsequent transfer to a 75mm QFEG wafer. The effects of growth conditions on the thickness and quality of the h-BN film and its potential and limitations as a gate dielectric to QFEG are discussed. The introduction of charged impurities during the transfer process resulted in an average degradation in mobility of only 9%. Despite the slight degradation, we show that h-BN is highly beneficial compared to high-k dielectrics when the charged impurity concentration of QFEG is below 5x10 12 cm -2 . Here we show improvements in mobility of >3x and intrinsic cutoff frequency of >2x compared to HfO 2 .