cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quasi-geostrophic turbulence in a rotating homogeneous fluid

Abstract Quasi-two-dimensional turbulence is generated in a rotating cylinder by an homogeneous distribution of bottom sources and sinks which oscillate in time. Typical Reynolds numbers reach 2000 and inertial time-scales are about an order of magnitude smaller than the Ekman spin-up time. This allows the genuine inertial effects of the flow field such as the gross spectral evolution of the energy containing eddies to be emphasized. The case of no topography is first discussed. When the fluid is steadily forced, it is observed that the energy containing scale is significantly larger than the forcing scale. Theoretical arguments for that behavior are presented. In the decaying stage the red cascade is observed and rates of interaction are measured. The forcing is next applied over various large scale topographies modelling the geophysical beta effect. The polar beta plane geometry preserves the above spectral characteristics but at the same time introduces anisotropy into the flow pattern. A broad westwar...
Metabolic regulation of aortic chemoreceptor responses to CO2.

Abstract Modification of the usually feeble responses of aortic chemoreceptors to CO 2 was studied in cats which were anethetized, paralyzed, artificially ventilated and maintained at 38°C. The inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation, oligomycin, strikingly augmented the initial responses to CO 2 of aortic chemoreceptors just as for carotid chemoreceptors, indicating that the basic mechanism of chemoreception might be regulated in part through energy metabolism.
Effects of ganglionic blocking agents on the neuromuscular junction

Abstract Effects of ganglionic blocking agents on neuromuscular transmission and on responses of nicotinic agents have been studied using the baby chick biventer cervicis nerve muscle preparation. Responses of nicotinic agents such as nicotine, tetramethylammonium, dimethylphenylpiperazinium and carbachol were markedly inhibited by 10 mg % of hexamethonium (C 6 ) and 100 mg % of tetraethylammonium (TEA) and almost completely abolished by 100 mg % of C 6 and 1 g% of TEA. However, responses induced by ACh were not significantly affected by these ganglionic blocking agents, indicating that nicotinic agents were blocked by these ganglionic blocking agents at a site other than the ACh receptor, probably at the motor nerve endings. Neuromuscular transmission was also blocked by C 6 and TEA without affecting ACh responses suggesting that C 6 and TEA might block the uptake of choline bynerve across the membrane and thus inhibit ACh synthesis and thereby block neuromuscular transmission. Initial facilitation and concomitant contraction of the biventer cervicis muscle preceded neuromuscular blockade induced by TEA indicating that part of the TEA effect might be due to the release of endogenous ACh.
Guided wave phased array sensor tuning for improved defect detection and characterization

Ultrasonic guided waves are finding increased use in a variety of Nondestructive Evaluation and Structural Health Monitoring applications due to their efficiency in defect detection using a sensor at a single location to inspect a large area of a structure and an ability to inspect hidden and coated areas for example. With a thorough understanding of guided wave mechanics, researchers can predict which guided wave modes will have a high probability of success in a particular nondestructive evaluation application. For example, in a sample problem presented here to access bond integrity, researchers may choose to use a guided wave mode which has high in-plane displacement, stress, or other feature at the interface. However, since material properties used for modeling work may not be precise for the development of dispersion curves, in many cases guided wave mode and frequency selection should be adjusted for increased inspection efficiency in the field. In this work, a phased array comb transducer is used to sweep over phase velocity – frequency space to tune mode excitation for improved defect characterization performance. A thin polycarbonate layer bonded to a thick metal plate is considered with a contaminated surface prior to bonding. Physicallybased features are used to correlate wave signals with defect detection. Features assessed include arrival time and the frequency of maximum amplitude. A pseudo C-scan plot is presented which can be used to simplify data analysis. Excellent results are obtained.
Cloning, expression, and chromosome mapping of the murine Hip/Rpl29 gene.

We previously have identified murine heparin/heparan sulfate-interacting protein (HIP) identical to mouse ribosomal protein L29 that is, like its human orthologue, distinctively expressed both on the cell surface and intracellularly in different adult tissues and cell types. In the present study, we show that mouse HIP/RPL29 is encoded by a single mRNA and that it is expressed to different extents in most of the tissues of the developing embryo without restriction to a specific cell type. We isolated the single-copy gene coding for murine Hip/Rpl29 among a large number of pseudogenes, established its structure, and assigned its location to distal chromosome 9. Similar to other ribosomal protein promoters, the promoter of Hip/Rpl29 is rich in polypyrimidine tracts, contains binding motifs for ubiquitously expressed transcription factors, and lacks a TATA box. Progressive 5' deletion analyses identified a strong enhancer region that includes CT-rich sequences and a potential consensus binding site for NF-kappaB. These data will provide valuable tools to progress the understanding of HIP/RPL29 function as a ribosomal protein and/or as a regulator of growth and cell adhesion through interaction with heparan sulfate proteoglycans.
Leisure and consumer behavior

The topic of consumer's leisure-time behavior is receiving increasing attention by marketers as Americans' leisure-related spending rapidly approaches the $200 billion level. This paper first examines the concept of “leisure” and then reviews various measurement issues. It concludes with several marketing implications and suggested issues needing further research.
Holland Code Type and Psychological Reactance.

This study investigated the relationship between the construct of psychological reactance and personality type. Recent studies have suggested that psychological reactance may well be an important client variable mediating the process and outcome of therapy. Psychological reactance was measured by both the Therapeutic Reactance Scale (TRS) and the Questionnaire for the Measurement of Psychological Reactance (QMPR). Personality type was measured by the Self-Directed Search. A total of 186 participants, including 80 males and 106 females, were administered the instruments. Regression analysis showed that three of the six Holland Code types significantly predicted psychological reactance for both the TRS and QMPR. These results add to the description of the psychological reactant individual and could allow therapists to devise treatment strategies, general therapeutic approaches, and treatment interventions that best meet the needs of the client.
Collision-induced dissociation and ab initio studies of boron cluster ions: determination of structures and stabilities

Bonding in small boron cluster cations (BZTl3+) is examined by measurement of appearance potentials and fragmentation patterns for collision-induced dissociation (CID) with Xe. Cluster stabilities are generally found to increase with increasing cluster size; however, there are large fluctuations from the overall trend. The lowest energy fragmentation channel for all size cluster ions is loss of a single atom. Clusters smaller than six atoms preferentially lose B', while for the larger clusters the charge remains on the BW1+ fragment. The results are used to estimate cluster ionization potentials and geometries. Comparison of measured stabilities with "magic" numbers in the cluster ion size distribution and with total CID cross sections shows that neither is a reliable indicator of stability. We also report on ab initio calculations for both neutral and ionic BI4. The results include cluster geometries, ionization potentials, charge distributions, dissociation energies, and bonding character. The results for IPS, geometries, and De)s are compared with experiment.
Airline station performance as a function of employee satisfaction

Abstract Is employee satisfaction linked to organizational performance and customer satisfaction? Satisfaction data from 12,842 employees at 60 airport stations and performance data of those stations were used to explore the relationship between satisfaction levels and airport station performance. Results indicate that traffic volume and some dimensions of employee satisfaction are related to performance, and that traffic volume and employee affective commitment interact in accounting for customer satisfaction.
Discharge Timing, Outpatient Follow-up, and Home Care of Late-Preterm and Early-Term Infants

OBJECTIVE: To compare the timing of hospital discharge, time to outpatient follow-up, and home care practices (breastfeeding initiation and continuation, tobacco smoke exposure, supine sleep position) for late-preterm (LPT; 34 0/7–36 6/7 weeks) and early-term (ET; 37 0/7–38/6/7 weeks) infants with term infants. METHODS: We analyzed 2000–2008 data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. χ 2 Analyses were used to measure differences in maternal and infant characteristics, hospital discharge, outpatient care, and home care among LPT, ET, and term infants. We calculated adjusted risk ratios for the risk of adverse care outcomes among LPT and ET infants compared with term infants. RESULTS: In the adjusted analysis, LPT infants were less likely to be discharged early compared with term infants, whereas there was no difference for ET infants (odds ratio [OR; 95% confidence interval (CI)]: 0.65 [0.54–0.79]; 0.95 [0.88–1.02]). LPT and ET infants were more likely to have timely outpatient follow-up (1.07 [1.06–1.08]; 1.02 [1.02–1.03]), more likely to experience maternal tobacco smoke exposure (1.09 [1.05–1.14]; 1.08 [1.06–1.11]), less likely to be initially breastfed (0.95 [0.94–0.97]; 0.98 [0.97–0.98]), less likely to be breastfed for ≥10 weeks (0.88 [0.86–0.90]; 0.94 [0.93–0.96]), and less likely to be placed in a supine sleep position (0.95 [0.93–0.97]; 0.97 [0.96–0.98]). CONCLUSIONS: Given that LPT and ET infants bear an increased risk of morbidity and mortality, greater efforts are needed to ensure safe and healthy posthospitalization and home care practices for these vulnerable infants.
Distribution of hemoglobinopathy variants by ethnicity in a multiethnic state

It has been well known for many years that Black Americans are at increased risk for sickle cell disease and that individuals of Mediterranean ancestry are at increased risk for thalassemias. Beyond this, however, complete assessments of the epidemiology of hemoglobinopathies in Americans have been constrained by lack of large enough sample size, incomplete diagnostic work or testing inadequacies, or missing or misleading ethnicity data. California began universal, mandatory screening of all infants born in the state in 1990, and by January 1996, had screened over 3.3 million infants of various ethnic backgrounds. New information is now available on groups at increased risk for disease, as well as carrier status. The overall prevalence of sickle cell disease (all types) remains high in Blacks at 1 per 396 births, but is lower than expected (from east coast/ Caribbean published data) for Hispanics at 1 m 36,000 births or from previously published data on other higher risk groups such as Middle Eastern (no cases in over 22,000 screens) or Asian Indian (1 case in 16,000 screens). The distribution of different types of sickle cell disease has also changed, with increased numbers of Hb SE disease resulting from multiethnic partnerships. Demographic trends in California have led to a major sift in the at-risk groups for major beta thalassemias, with the majority of cases detected in families of Asian, Southeast Asian, and Asian Indian ancestry. The "new" hemoglobinopathy condition in California, Hb E/Beta. Thalassemia, is found almost exclusively in Southeast Asians with a prevalence of 1 in every 2,600 births. Carrier conditions are found in virtually every ethnic category, with higher than expected rates in non-Hispanic Whites (1 per 600 births).
Friend, an integrated analytical front-end application for bioinformatics

Friend is a bioinformatics application designed for simultaneous analysis and visualization of multiple structures and sequences of proteins and/or DNA/RNA. The application provides basic functionalities, such as structure visualization, with different rendering and coloring, sequence alignment and simple phylogeny analysis, along with a number of extended features to perform more complex analyses of sequence structure relationships, including structural alignment of proteins, investigation of specific interaction motifs, studies of protein--protein and protein--DNA interactions and protein super-families. It is also useful for functional annotation of proteins, protein modeling and protein folding studies. Friend provides three levels of usage: (1) an extensive GUI for a scientist with no programming experience, (2) a command line interface for scripting for a scientist with some programming experience and (3) the ability to extend Friend with user written libraries for an experienced programmer. The application is linked and communicates with local and remote sequence and structure databases. Availability: http://mozart.bio.neu.edu/friend Contact: [email protected]
District segregation, race legislation, and black enrollment in charter schools

Objective. This article examines how segregation at the school level within districts and charter school legislation predict black enrollment levels at local charter schools. Methods. This study uses the Schools and Staffing Survey Charter School Data 1999–2000, Common Core of Data, and a unique data set of district test scores to estimate OLS regression models of black enrollment in charter schools on district racial segregation and race provisions in charter school legislation. Results. Findings suggest that segregated school districts, those districts where whites and blacks are more unevenly distributed among schools, have a larger percentage of blacks enrolled in local charter schools than districts where schools are integrated. In addition, charter schools in states that do not have a racial clause have a smaller percent of blacks in their charter schools. Conclusion. Findings suggest that black enrollment in charter schools is a function of district segregation and state policy.
LIQUID PHASE ELECTRON SPIN‐ECHO STUDIES: DIRECT DETECTION OF THE TRANSVERSE RELAXATION TIME OF PHOTOPRODUCED TETRAMETHYLBENZIDINE CATION IN AQUEOUS MICELLAR SOLUTIONS OF SODIUM DODECYLSULFATE

Electron spin echo detection of laser photogenerated tetramethylbenzidine cation in liquid sodium dodecylsulfate micellar solutions at room temperature is reported. The phase memory time is 180 ns which can be identified with the transverse relaxation time. Deuteration effects on the phase memory time indicate that the cation interacts more strongly with surfactant molecules than with water molecules.
COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY IN TEACHING AND RESEARCHING PRONUNCIATION

Pronunciation, long on the periphery of applied linguistics research and pedagogy, continues to grow in importance because of its central roles in speech recognition, speech perception, and speaker identity. Pronunciation-related issues such as comprehensibility, accent, and the mutual intelligibility of varieties of world Englishes are central to many questions in applied linguistics. This calls for a sophisticated understanding of how technological tools that have long been used to shed light on phonological categories can be applied to teaching. Research into computer-assisted pronunciation teaching (CAPT) suggests that both researchers and pronunciation teachers increasingly make use of technology to answer key questions, to ensure that claims are defensible, and to develop theories and practices that more closely match acoustic reality. This article reviews three key areas where computer technology and pronunciation intersect: (1) appropriate pedagogical goals and the measurement of improvement; (2) the ability of CAPT to give useful, automatic feedback; and (3) the use of technology in diagnosing pronunciation errors. This article concludes with recommendations for key technological competencies needed by any researcher or teacher who examines pronunciation-related issues.
Fast onset of dopamine uptake inhibition by intravenous cocaine

In vivo voltammetry in the nucleus accumbens of anesthetized rats was used to investigate the time of onset of dopamine uptake inhibition by intravenous cocaine. There is disagreement between behavioral and neurochemical studies concerning the time-course of cocaine effects. Because of the high temporal resolution of voltammetry, the processes of dopamine release and uptake could be temporally separated to make evaluation of cocaine effects on uptake easier to address. Within 4 s after intravenous cocaine administration (1.5 mg/kg) there was significant inhibition of dopamine uptake that reached a plateau in 20 s. The peak heights of electrically evoked dopamine signals were also rapidly increased by cocaine. The signals returned to baseline values within approximately 1 h. In parallel behavioral studies, locomotor activity was significantly increased within 5-6 s following intravenous infusion of cocaine. Here we demonstrate that intravenous cocaine administration begins inhibiting the uptake of dopamine within a few seconds. This is at least 10-fold faster than previous neurochemical estimates. The present findings may contribute to the understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the early behavioral responses to cocaine.
Diurnal Evolution of Three-Dimensional Wind and Temperature Structure in California's Central Valley

Abstract The diurnal evolution of the three-dimensional summer-season mean wind and temperature structure in California's Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys (collectively called the Central Valley) is investigated using data from 22 radar wind profiler/radio acoustic sounding systems (RASS) operated as part of the Central California Ozone Study in 2000. The profiler network revealed, for the first time, that the persistent summer-season flow pattern documented by surface observations extends 800–1000 m above the surface. At most locations, up-valley winds persist during both day and night except at the upper ends of the valleys and close to the valley sidewalls where diurnal wind reversals occur. Wind speeds exhibit pronounced diurnal oscillations, with amplitudes decreasing with height. A low-level wind maximum occurs in the lowest 300 m, with a sharp decrease in speed above the maximum. Especially well defined nocturnal low-level jets occur at sites in the southern San Joaquin Valley, where maximum spee...
Nonlinear root-derived carbon sequestration across a gradient of nitrogen and phosphorous deposition in experimental mesocosms

Enhanced sequestration of plant-carbon (C) inputs to soil may mitigate rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and related climate change but how this sequestration will respond to anthropogenic nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) deposition is uncertain. We couple isotope, soil C fractionation and mesocosm techniques to assess the sequestration of plant-C inputs, and their partitioning into C pools with different sink potentials, under an experimental gradient of N and P deposition (0, 10, 30, 60 and 100 kg N ha−1 yr−1; and 0, 2, 6, 12 and 20 kg P ha−1 yr−1). We hypothesized that N deposition would increase sequestration, with the majority of the C being sequestered in faster cycling soil pools because N deposition has been shown to accelerate the turnover of these pools while decelerating the turnover of slower cycling pools. In contrast to this hypothesis, sequestration into all soil C pools peaked at intermediate levels of N deposition. Given that P amendment has been shown to cause a net loss of soil C, we postulated that P deposition would decrease sequestration. This expectation was not supported by our data, with sequestration generally being greater under P deposition. When soils were amended simultaneously with N and P, neither the shape of the sequestration relationship across the deposition gradient, nor the observed sequestration at the majority of the deposition rates, was statistically predictable from the effects of N and P in isolation. The profound nonlinearities we observed, both for total sequestration responses and the partitioning of C into soil pools with different sink potentials, suggests that the rates of N and P deposition to ecosystems will be the critical determinant of whether they enhance or decrease the long-term sequestration of fresh plant-C inputs to soils.
Posting versus Lurking: Communicating in a Multiple Audience Context

Two experiments examined public and private responding in a multiple-audience context—a context in which members have varying opinions. I propose and find that posters (those communicating their experience to others) are influenced only by another's negative opinion because it triggers such social concerns as appearing indiscriminate. Consequently, they adjust their public attitudes downward. Self-presentational concerns appear to cause this negativity bias: lurkers (those not posting their opinion) were less affected by another's negative opinion. Furthermore, posters presented more than one side when publicly explaining their attitudes. These effects persisted despite posters' favorable product experiences and commitment to these attitudes.
A Role and Context Based Access Control Model with UML

As the wide uses of access control model in systems, a more agile access control model is required to solve complicated modeling, user authorizing and verifying problem. In this paper, an access control model based on the concepts of role, attribute and context, named C-RBAC, is proposed. This model is based on and further improved role-based access control (RBAC). The proposed model adds system conditions in access control, distinguishes users that belong to one role by user attributes, provides an agile and dynamic role model by adopting the concept of conditional role, and designs a more flexible access authorization mechanism to reinforce role model of RBAC. The implementation and the UML-modeling approaches of proposed model are also explained in this paper. Theoretical analysis and experiments prove that the new access control model is more effective by comparing with traditional RBAC model.
What Do Parents Value in Education? An Empirical Investigation of Parents' Revealed Preferences for Teachers

This paper examines revealed preferences of parents for their children's education, using parent requests for individual elementary school teachers and information on teacher attributes, including principal reports of teacher characteristics that are typically unobservable. On average, parents strongly prefer teachers whom principals describe as good at promoting student satisfaction, though they also value teacher ability to raise academic achievement. These aggregate effects mask striking differences across schools. Families in higher poverty schools strongly value student achievement and appear indifferent to the principal's report of a teacher's ability to promote student satisfaction. The results are reversed for families in wealthier schools.
Progress in photorefractive tungsten bronze crystals

We review the current status of the photorefractive tungsten bronze family crystals in terms of their growth problems and applications, with special emphasis on the current results for the Sr1−xBaxNb2O6 solid-solution system. Ferroelectric morphotropic phase-boundary materials are discussed as an appropriate goal for future development.
Solid state polymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate): Kinetic and property parameters

The kinetics of solid state polymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) have been investigated at a variety of conditions. Equations have been developed to describe the relationships of time, temperature, and final molecular weight for PET precursors prepared from specified catalyst and monomer systems. These studies show effects of: time and temperature of solid stating, moisture concentration, oxygen exposure, and nitrogen purge flow rate. Measurements of inherent viscosity, carboxyl end group concentration, melting point, residual acetaldehyde, and acetaldehyde generated during melting are used to monitor molecular weight, purity, and thermal stability of these solid stated resins.
Hardware-accelerated gradient noise for graphics

A synthetic noise function is a key component of most computer graphics rendering systems. This pseudo-random noise function is used to create a wide variety of natural looking textures that are applied to objects in the scene. To be useful, the generated noise should be repeatable while exhibiting no discernible periodicity, anisotropy, or aliasing. However, noise with these qualities is computationally expensive and results in a significant fraction of the run time for scenes with rich visual complexity. We propose modifications to the standard algorithm for computing synthetic noise that improve the visual quality of the noise, and a parallel hardware implementation of this improved noise function that allows the use of reduced precision arithmetic during the noise computation. The result is a special-purpose function unit for producing synthetic noise that computes high-quality noise values approximately two orders of magnitude faster than software techniques. The circuit, using a commercial CMOS cell library in a 65nm process, would run at 1GHz and consume 325μm x 325μm of chip area.
Invasive cystic hypersecretory ductal carcinoma of breast: A case report and review of the literature

Few individual cases of invasive cystic hypersecretory ductal carcinoma of the breast have been described. Review of 33 cases of cystic hypersecretory carcinoma, including the current case, indicate that only 6 cases presented with invasive disease. Two of these cases had positive nodes and 2 had distal metastases. The case presented here is unique in an additional aspect: the contralateral breast harbored lobular breast carcinoma 10 years after mastectomy of the first malignancy. Bilateral breast disease resulting in bilateral mastectomies over long-term follow-up, as in the case presented here, was reported in 3 of 33 cases.
Content Based Image Synthesis

A new method allowing for semantically guided image editing and synthesis is introduced. The editing process is made considerably easier and more powerful with our content-aware tool. We construct a database of image regions annotated with a carefully chosen vocabulary and utilize recent advances in texture synthesis algorithms to generate new and unique image regions from this database of material. These new regions are then seamlessly composited into a user’s existing photograph. The goal is to empower the end user with the ability to edit existing photographs and synthesize new ones on a high semantic level. Plausible results are generated using a small prototype database and showcase some of the editing possibilities that such a system affords.
A test of the von Neumann-Morgenstern stable set solution in cooperative non-sidepayment N-person games

This article reports a competitive test of the von Neumann-Morgenstern stable set solution against the imputation set and the undominated set in cooperative non-side-payment games. Two laboratory experiments involving group decision making were conducted with 3-person and 4-person non-sidepayment games having empty core. Predictions for the undominated set, imputation set, and stable set were computed under parameters of α-effectiveness and strict preference. Goodness-of-fit results show that the stable set predicts the observed outcomes more efficiently than do the other solutions tested.
Analysis of the healing response to gutta-percha and Diaket when used as root-end filling materials in periradicular surgery.

Witherspoon DE, Gutmann JL. Analysis of the healing response to gutta-percha and Diaket when used as root-end filling materials in periradicular surgery. International Endodontic Journal, 33, 37–45, 2000. Aim To analyse the healing response to gutta-percha and Diaket when used as root-end filling materials in periradicular surgery. Methodology Periradicular surgery was completed using the mandibular second, third and fourth premolar teeth from nine male mongrel dogs. The six roots on one side of the mouth were randomly allocated to one of the following groups: group A: a resected root end and a burnished gutta-percha root filling; group B: cavities were prepared to a depth of 4.0 mm, using ultrasonic root-end preparation and filled with Diaket. The response was evaluated histologically at 55 (nine specimens) and 150 (three specimens) days post operatively. Results The data for the 55-day period was analysed statistically using Wilcoxon's Signed Ranks test. No statistical analysis was carried out on the 150-day group due to the small number of specimens. The level of significance was set at P <0.05. No statistical significance was observed in the healing response between Diaket and gutta-percha in the following categories at 55 days: inflammatory response, angiogenesis, root-end resorption, and cementum deposition. Statistically significant differences were observed in the healing categories: bone apposition (P <0.05) and periodontal ligament formation (P <0.05). Conclusions At both time intervals, Diaket had a better healing response that was characterized by hard tissue formation adjacent to the root-end filling material bordered by occasional multinucleated giant cells. The nature of both the hard tissue formation and the adjacent cells, however, remains undetermined. Diaket displayed the best healing of either material used in this study.
50+ Years of impedance measurement and spectroscopy, and implementation of virtual spectroscopy based on finite element analysis

Impedance spectroscopy of dielectrics has a long history, going back to Heaviside. Modern multiphysics finite element analysis packages allow dielectric spectra to be computed from detailed physical models for comparison with measurements.
The Bond Fluctuation Model and Other Lattice Models

Lattice models constitute a class of coarse-grained representations of polymeric materials. They have enjoyed a longstanding tradition for investigating the universal behavior of long chain molecules by computer simulations and enumeration techniques. A coarse-grained representation is often necessary to investigate properties on large time- and length scales. First, some justification for using lattice models will be given and the benefits and limitations will be discussed. Then, the bond fluctuation model by Carmesin and Kremer [1] is placed into the context of other lattice models and compared to continuum models. Some specific techniques for measuring the pressure in lattice models will be described. The bond fluctuation model has been employed in more than 100 simulation studies in the last decade and only few selected applications can be mentioned.
Interphase cell cycle dynamics of a late-replicating, heterochromatic homogeneously staining region : Precise choreography of condensation/decondensation and nuclear positioning

Recently we described a new method for in situ localization of specific DNA sequences, based on lac operator/repressor recognition (Robinett, C.C., A. Straight, G. Li, C. Willhelm, G. Sudlow, A. Murray, and A.S. Belmont. 1996. J. Cell Biol. 135:1685–1700). We have applied this methodology to visualize the cell cycle dynamics of an ∼90 Mbp, late-replicating, heterochromatic homogeneously staining region (HSR) in CHO cells, combining immunostaining with direct in vivo observations. Between anaphase and early G1, the HSR extends approximately twofold to a linear, ∼0.3-μm-diam chromatid, and then recondenses to a compact mass adjacent to the nuclear envelope. No further changes in HSR conformation or position are seen through mid-S phase. However, HSR DNA replication is preceded by a decondensation and movement of the HSR into the nuclear interior 4–6 h into S phase. During DNA replication the HSR resolves into linear chromatids and then recondenses into a compact mass; this is followed by a third extension of the HSR during G2/ prophase. Surprisingly, compaction of the HSR is extremely high at all stages of interphase. Preliminary ultrastructural analysis of the HSR suggests at least three levels of large-scale chromatin organization above the 30-nm fiber.
Analysis of pacemaker malfunction and complications of temporary pacing in the coronary care unit

The medical records of 100 patients who received 113 temporary transvenous pacemakers were reviewed to determine the incidence of complications and malfunction. Malfunction, defined as failure to capture or sense, or both, occurred in 42 (37 percent) of 113 temporary pacemakers. The initial malfunction occurred within 24 hours in 21 (50 percent) and within 48 hours in 36 (86 percent) of the 42 pacemakers. Although the incidence of malfunction was not significantly different for brachial and femoral venous pacing catheters, 7 (37 percent) of 19 brachial venous pacemakers required repositioning or replacement compared with 8 (9 percent) of 91 femoral venous catheters (p = 0.005). Thirty-seven complications occurred in 23 (20 percent) of 113 episodes of pacing; ventricular tachycardia during catheter insertion, fever and phlebitis were the most common complications. No complication resulted in death. The incidence of complications and perforation was greater for brachial than for femoral venous pacemakers (p less than 0.05). Sepsis, local infection and pulmonary embolus occurred only with femoral venous pacemakers. Sepsis, phlebitis and pulmonary embolus were more common with temporary pacemakers in place for 7 hours or longer (p = 0.04). Recognition to the problems peculiar to each pacing catheter site and shortening the duration of pacing should help minimize problems with temporary pacing.
Patient care transitions from the emergency department to the medicine ward: evaluation of a standardized electronic signout tool

Objective. To evaluate the impact of a new electronic handoff tool for emergency department to medicine ward patient transfers over a 1-year period. Design. Prospective mixed-methods analysis of data submitted by medicine residents following admitting shifts before and after eSignout implementation. Setting. University-based, tertiary-care hospital. Participants. Internal medicine resident physicians admitting patients from the emergency department. Intervention. An electronic handoff tool (eSignout) utilizing automated paging communication and responsibility acceptance without mandatory verbal communication between emergency department and medicine ward providers. Main outcome measures. (i) Incidence of reported near misses/adverse events, (ii) communication of key clinical information and quality of verbal communication and (iii) characterization of near misses/adverse events. Results. Seventy-eight of 80 surveys (98%) and 1058 of 1388 surveys (76%) were completed before and after eSignout implementation. Compared with pre-intervention, residents in the post-intervention period reported similar number of shifts with a near miss/adverse event (10.3 vs. 7.8%; P= 0.27), similar communication of key clinical information, and improved verbal signout quality, when it occurred. Compared with the former process requiring mandatory verbal communication, 93% believed the eSignout was more efficient and 61% preferred the eSignout. Patient safety issues related to perceived sufficiency/accuracy of diagnosis, treatment or disposition, and information quality. Conclusions. The eSignout was perceived as more efficient and preferred over the mandatory verbal signout process. Rates of reported adverse events were similar before and after the intervention. Our experience suggests electronic platforms with optional verbal communication can be used to standardize and improve the perceived efficiency of patient handoffs.
Bio-inspired iron-catalyzed olefin oxidation. Additive effects on the cis-diol/epoxide ratio

Abstract A landscape of mechanistic possibilities for the oxidation of olefins by bio-inspired non-heme iron catalysts has been explored in this work. The complexes studied consist of iron centers coordinated to the tetradentate N4 ligands tpa and bpmen, which provide two cis -labile sites to the iron center. These complexes catalyze conversion of olefin substrates into epoxide and/or cis -diol products. The diol-to-epoxide ratio is very sensitive to the nature of the tetradentate ligand and reaction conditions. With the aim of understanding how these systems can be modulated, the effects of additives such as water, acetone or acetic acid have been explored. These additives significantly alter the catalytic activity of Fe(bpmen) and Fe(tpa) complexes. Accordingly, the initial mechanistic proposals where the HO–Fe V O intermediate appeared as the unique active oxidizing species have been expanded and other key catalytic intermediates such as Fe III (OOH) or Fe IV O are implicated as a consequence of the results reported in this work.
Comprehensive analysis of complement factor H and LOC387715/ARMS2/HTRA1 variants with respect to phenotype in advanced age-related macular degeneration.

Purpose To examine the interaction of genotypic variation of 16 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the complement factor H ( CFH ) and LOC387715/ARMS2/HTRA1 loci with clinical characteristics of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods Eighty-four patients with neovascular AMD were genotyped using direct sequencing or Sequenom iPLEX technology. The Fisher exact test, Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistics, and Mann–Whitney U test were used to assess the effect of each SNP with respect to the following phenotypic manifestations: age at diagnosis, gender, affected eye, study and fellow eye visual acuity at diagnosis and at last follow-up, study eye best acuity during follow-up, presence of large drusen and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) hyperpigmentation in study and fellow eye, choroidal neovascularization (CNV) angiographic subtype (classic vs occult), CNV size, presence of wet AMD in fellow eye, presence of dry AMD in fellow eye, and smoking history. Results Only SNPs in the LOC387715/ARMS2/HTRA1 (10q26) region were associated with disease phenotypes. The polymorphisms rs10664316 and rs1049331 were associated with a decreased risk of poor visual acuity during follow-up and at diagnosis; rs2672598 and rs2293870 were associated with a decreased risk of RPE hyperpigmentation; rs10664316 was associated with a decreased risk of RPE hyperpigmentation with large drusen in the study eye, but an increased risk of large drusen in the fellow eye; rs11200638 was associated with an increased risk of larger CNV; rs10490924 and rs11200638 were associated with younger age of diagnosis. Conclusions Several polymorphisms examined in the LOC387715/ARMS2/HTRA1 locus, but none in the CFH region, correlated with specific phenotypic attributes of AMD.
The End of the Stroke Belt? It May Be Too Early to Declare Victory!

Although there is little debate about whether there has been excess stroke mortality in the southeastern United States,1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 there is a growing healthy scientific debate about whether this “Stroke Belt” is dissipating or persisting. With both scientific involvement as cerebrovascular epidemiologists and personal involvement as long-term residents, we greet news of the potential dissipation of the Stroke Belt with great enthusiasm. However, describing the Stroke Belt reminds one of the proverb of blind men probing different parts of the elephant and trying to describe the total animal. Which part of the beast one gropes changes the perception of the animal. Similarly, different methodological approaches to describing the Stroke Belt and temporal changes in this region greatly influence interpretation. Not that different approaches are “wrong”; rather, differences must be appreciated to understand the nature of the beast. As such, the strengths and weaknesses of different methodological approaches should be reviewed. In this issue of Stroke Lanska and Peterson1 report an analysis of state mortality rates and conclude that “the long-standing excess of stroke mortality in the southeastern United States, and particularly the dense concentration of excess stroke mortality along the Atlantic coastal plain, is beginning to dissipate.” The authors also note that the rate of decline in stroke mortality rates has been highest in the South and that the magnitude of the difference between high- and low-rate areas has become much smaller. That there is a “shifting” of high stroke rates from the Piedmont region of the Southeast to the Mississippi River valley is also supported by recent publications from Casper and coworkers.2 These recent reports seem to support the position that the Stroke Belt in the southeastern United States is dissipating; however, the interpretation of these results should …
A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Syndromic Data for Biosurveillance

We have shown in this chapter not only how to look at the number of patients entering into the surveillance system, but also to consider from whence they came. The statistic used to measure the goodness-of-fit of the spatial distribution we consider is the M-statistic. This statistic has the advantage that its distribution, for large numbers of patients, is approximately independent of the number of patients, so it affords us a two-dimensional statistic (one spatial and one temporal) to simultaneously evaluate departures from normalcy.
A New Relaxation Labeling Architecture for Secure Localization in Sensor Networks

In this paper, a new strategy is proposed to defend against colluding malicious nodes in a sensor network. The new strategy is based on a new relaxation labeling algorithm to classify nodes into benign or malicious ones. Only reports from benign nodes can then be used to perform localization and obtain accurate results. Experimental results based on simulations and field experiments illustrate the performance of the algorithm.
Reaction-diffusion systems and external morphogen gradients: the two-dimensional case, with an application to skeletal pattern formation.

We investigate a reaction–diffusion system consisting of an activator and an inhibitor in a two-dimensional domain. There is a morphogen gradient in the domain. The production of the activator depends on the concentration of the morphogen. Mathematically, this leads to reaction–diffusion equations with explicitly space-dependent terms. It is well known that in the absence of an external morphogen, the system can produce either spots or stripes via the Turing bifurcation. We derive first-order expansions for the possible patterns in the presence of an external morphogen and show how both stripes and spots are affected. This work generalizes previous one-dimensional results to two dimensions. Specifically, we consider the quasi-one-dimensional case of a thin rectangular domain and the case of a square domain. We apply the results to a model of skeletal pattern formation in vertebrate limbs. In the framework of reaction–diffusion models, our results suggest a simple explanation for some recent experimental findings in the mouse limb which are much harder to explain in positional-information-type models.
Focusing on the Reader Engagement Trumps Satisfaction

Satisfaction is commonly monitored by news organizations because it is an antecedent to readership. In fact, countless studies have shown the satisfaction–readership relationship to be true. Still,...
Pragmatism and the Politics of Meaning

The article examines the historic origins of pragmatic philosophy and its relationship to law from Pierce, James, and Dewey to Richard Rorty. It argues that despite some post-modern claims that this outlook has no moral foundation, its greatest thinker saw at as a means to access important truths of the human condition.
The Significance of Being Ethical: An essay on the case for moral realism and theism

William Irwin defends a form of moral anti-realism, according to which there are no objective moral facts. He contends that moral realism is objectionable because of its being more complex or not as simple as anti-realism; moral realism is in conflict with science; moral realism is also challenged by the fact that our moral judgements would differ if we were subject to a different biology or evolutionary past. Irwin also argues that insofar as moral realism is supportable evidentially by experience this would lead to the absurdity of thinking theism may be supported evidentially by religious experience. In response, it is argued that there are many truths (about logic and mathematics) and practices (such as science itself) that are not intelligible if there are no objective, normative truths and that objective moral truths are no more dispensable or odd than epistemic norms. It is further argued that Irwin's account of the evolution of morality is not able to escape presupposing objective moral facts (about harm and benefaction). Finally, the appeal to moral and religious experience is defended in making the case for moral realism and theism.
The Future of the Consular Office

The consulate is an old and a dignified office. Through various vicissitudes the consul has come down to us from the days when, with the dawn of new courage and enterprise, the closing of the Middle Ages saw the revival of international trade and travel in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Hence the future of that office must be of considerable interest from an historical point of view, to say nothing of the interest which all of us who expect to do any foreign traveling ought to feel in the fate of the traveler's best friend. All of this is doubly true in view of the fact that serious changes in the consulate are in point of fact impending, or even taking place before we have had time to notice them. Almost everyone who has even a slight acquaintance with the history of international relations is aware of the way in which the consular office has already lost much of its old standing through the abolition of privileges of extraterritoriality in modern states. Originally, the consul was a judge in many cases between citizens of the state which he represented who were permanently, or even only temporarily, residing abroad. Today in all Western states he has come to exercise judicial powers only with respect to seamen on vessels flying the flag of his appointing state. The result has been a great diminution of his powers and prestige, a change so pronounced and of such long standing that few nowadays appreciate the great dignity and influence of the consular office in its earlier history.