cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic diversity analysis of Gossypium arboreum germplasm accessions using genotyping-by-sequencing

The diploid cotton species Gossypium arboreum possesses many favorable agronomic traits such as drought tolerance and disease resistance, which can be utilized in the development of improved upland cotton cultivars. The USDA National Plant Germplasm System maintains more than 1600 G. arboreum accessions. Little information is available on the genetic diversity of the collection thereby limiting the utilization of this cotton species. The genetic diversity and population structure of the G. arboreum germplasm collection were assessed by genotyping-by-sequencing of 375 accessions. Using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism sequence data, two major clusters were inferred with 302 accessions in Cluster 1, 64 accessions in Cluster 2, and nine accessions unassigned due to their nearly equal membership to each cluster. These two clusters were further evaluated independently resulting in the identification of two sub-clusters for the 302 Cluster 1 accessions and three sub-clusters for the 64 Cluster 2 accessions. Low to moderate genetic diversity between clusters and sub-clusters were observed indicating a narrow genetic base. Cluster 2 accessions were more genetically diverse and the majority of the accessions in this cluster were landraces. In contrast, Cluster 1 is composed of varieties or breeding lines more recently added to the collection. The majority of the accessions had kinship values ranging from 0.6 to 0.8. Eight pairs of accessions were identified as potential redundancies due to their high kinship relatedness. The genetic diversity and genotype data from this study are essential to enhance germplasm utilization to identify genetically diverse accessions for the detection of quantitative trait loci associated with important traits that would benefit upland cotton improvement.
Radiation Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Protostellar Core Formation

We perform 3D nested-grid radiation magnetohydrodynamic (RMHD) simulations of the formation of proto-stellar cores from molecular cloud cores with and without the Ohmic dissipation of magnetic fields. In the ideal RMHD models, the evolution of the protostellar core is very similar to that in the spherically symmetric non-rotating model due to the efficient angular momentum transport. However, if the resistivity presents, the angular momentum transport is considerably suppressed due to the loss of magnetic flux, and rotationally-supported circumstellar disks are rapidly built up in the vicinity of the protostellar cores. Magnetic fields are amplified by rotation and fast outflows are launched from the protostellar cores via magnetic pressure gradient force. To our knowledge, these are the first 3D RMHD simulations resolving the protostellar cores in the world.
Combining Solar Steam Processing and Solar Distillation for Fully Off-Grid Production of Cellulosic Bioethanol

Conventional bioethanol for transportation fuel typically consumes agricultural feedstocks also suitable for human consumption and requires large amounts of energy for conversion of feedstock to fuel. Alternative feedstocks, optimally those not also in demand for human consumption, and off-grid energy sources for processing would both contribute to making bioethanol far more sustainable than current practices. Cellulosic bioethanol production involves three steps: the extraction of sugars from cellulosic feedstock, the fermentation of sugars to produce ethanol, and the purification of ethanol through distillation. Traditional production methods for extraction and distillation are energy intensive and therefore costly, limiting the advancement of this approach. Here we report an initial demonstration of the conversion of cellulosic feedstock into ethanol by completely off-grid solar processing steps. Our approach is based on nanoparticle-enabled solar steam generation, in which high-efficiency steam can be...
Variability in species composition and distribution of forage fish in the Gulf of Alaska

Abstract In the Gulf of Alaska (GOA), forage fish species, such as age-0 walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus), capelin (Mallotus villosus), Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), and mesopelagic fishes (e.g. Myctophidae), are ecologically important as both consumers of zooplankton, and as prey for fish, seabirds, and marine mammals. As part of the Gulf of Alaska Integrated Ecosystem Research Program, an acoustic-trawl survey was conducted in the summer and fall of 2011 and 2013 to quantify variability in species composition, density, and distributions of forage fish over the continental shelf and slope in the central and eastern regions of the GOA. The forage fish community in 2011 was characterized by the absence of age-0 pollock and lower densities of capelin, herring, and mesopelagics compared to observations in 2013. Age-0 pollock were abundant across both regions in summer 2013, but were rarely observed in fall. In contrast, summer observations of herring were rare, while aggregations of herring were observed over the eastern GOA shelf in fall of both years. Seasonal changes in community composition are attributed to the transport of age-0 pollock from offshore waters in summer to nearshore waters in fall, and to immigration of herring to the eastern GOA shelf in fall. Forage fish spatial patterns varied within and between regions due to intra- and interspecific differences in horizontal and vertical distributions that were correlated with bottom depth. Observed spatial and temporal variability in community composition and distributions of forage fish species may potentially impact predator foraging in the GOA, as well as the effectiveness of monitoring to detect changes in forage fish biomass.
Being Aware of Rational Animals

Modern science has qualified human beings as homo sapiens. Is there a serious scientific theory backing this nomenclature? And can we proclaim ourselves as wise (sapiens)? The classical rational animals characterization has apparently the same syntactic form (a qualificative applied to a substantive) but it is not working exactly in the same way. Moreover the semantics behind is more appropriate, encompassing a pivotal ambiguity. In the second part of the paper, we further delve into this ambiguity, relating rationality with three fundamental features of these creatures: ability to laugh, sexuality and transformation.
Roll‐to‐roll nanoimprint lithography of ultrafiltration membrane

Nanoimprinting of a commercial, as supplied, polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane has been carried out for the first time using a roll-to-roll (R2R) process. To support this processing approach, we also developed a reusable flexible polyetherimide mold. We were able to pattern membrane at room temperature (∼21 °C) due to the high pressures (22 MPa) applied during the low contact times (<2 s) inherent to R2R imprinting. N2 permeance (L m−2 h−1 bar−1) testing was used as an indicator to verify retention of membrane porosity and to guide selection of imprinting parameters during initial screening studies. Further measurements showed the N2 and (scaled) deionized water permeances to have a 0.97 correlation coefficient. We scaled up the size of patterned membranes to as large as 226 cm2 area, thereby demonstrating the plausibility of continuously patterning commercial ultrafiltration membranes. We also investigated pattern stability versus aqueous heat treatment and found that time, temperature, and imparted strain (during patterning) may all influence stability, but no evidence of pattern loss was observed in electron micrographs after our filtration experiments. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45993.
Influence of impurities on the high temperature conductivity of SrTiO3

In studies of high temperature electrical conductivity (HiTEC) of dielectrics, the impurity in the highest concentration is assumed to form a single defect that controls HiTEC. However, carrier concentrations are typically at or below the level of background impurities, and all impurities may complex with native defects. Canonical defect models ignore complex formation and lump defects from multiple impurities into a single effective defect to reduce the number of associated reactions. To evaluate the importance of background impurities and defect complexes on HiTEC, a grand canonical defect model was developed with input from density functional theory calculations using hybrid exchange correlation functionals. The influence of common background impurities and first nearest neighbor complexes with oxygen vacancies (vO) was studied for three doping cases: nominally undoped, donor doped, and acceptor doped SrTiO3. In each case, conductivity depended on the ensemble of impurity defects simulated with the ext...
From Promoting Political Polyarchy to Defeating Participatory Democracy: U.S. Foreign Policy towards the Far Left in Latin America

During the 1980s, the United States initiated an explicit policy of democracy promotion throughout the world. William Robinson (1996) more accurately described this initiative as “promoting polyarchy,” whereby the United States supported moderate elite actors that promoted neoliberal economic policies to displace both right-wing and communist despots, such as General Augusto Pinochet in Chile and Soviet rulers in Eastern Europe. While much of Latin America remained characterized by polyarchies throughout the late 20th Century, Latin American citizens began to reject these political arrangements and to elect anti-neoliberal candidates that promoted participatory democracy by the turn of the 21st Century, particularly in Bolivia, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Venezuela. How has the United States changed its democracy promotion strategies to respond to these new dynamics? The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how the U.S. government, through agencies such as the National Endowment for Democracy (NED) and USAID, has altered the main thrust of its foreign policy in Latin America, from promoting polyarchy and displacing despotic leaders, to supporting opposition actors to unseat democratically-elected far leftist leaders that promote participatory democracy. This paper deploys a case study method involving recent U.S. foreign policy in Bolivia, Nicaragua, and Venezuela, and it utilizes both U.S. diplomatic cables and interviews with U.S. state elites to illustrate this shift.
Predictors of Timely Prenatal Care Initiation and Adequate Utilization in a Sample of Late Adolescent Texas Latinas.

Introduction:Little is known of late adolescent Texas Latinas’ prenatal care perceptions or how these perceptions predict timely prenatal care initiation or adequate utilization. Hence, the purpose...
Orthographic Features for Bilingual Lexicon Induction.

Recent embedding-based methods in bilingual lexicon induction show good results, but do not take advantage of orthographic features, such as edit distance, which can be helpful for pairs of related languages. This work extends embedding-based methods to incorporate these features, resulting in significant accuracy gains for related languages.
Virtual Learning Environments for Promoting Self Transformation: Iterative Design and Implementation of Philadelphia Land Science

The objective of this design-based research study was to develop, implement and refine Philadelphia Land Science (PLS), an interactive web-based experience designed to support learning framed as identity exploration over time, leading to identity change around environmental science and urban planning careers. PLS was developed using Projective Reflection (PR) and tested with high school students at a science museum in Philadelphia as part of a larger on-going study funded by the National Science Foundation (Foster 2014). Projective Reflection (PR) frames learning as identity exploration and change to inform the design of games and game-based learning curricula to facilitate intentional change in learners’ (a) knowledge, (b) interest and valuing, (c) self-organization and self-control, and d) self-perceptions and self-definitions in academic domains/careers. Change is tracked from a learner’s initial current self, through exploration of possible selves (measured repeatedly), to a learner’s new self at a desired specific end-point (Shah et al. 2017). PLS was constructed through the modification of the virtual internship Land Science, and capitalized on the strengths of its design features, which were informed by the Epistemic Frames Theory (Shaffer 2006). The paper introduces two iterations of PLS and concludes with implications for design and implementation of games for facilitating identity change. Implications are discussed for advancing research on learning and identity in immersive virtual environments.
Grazing History Effects on Rangeland Biomass, Cover and Diversity Responses to Fire and Grazing Utilization

Abstract Exclusion of large grazers from rangelands that evolved with significant grazing pressure can alter natural processes and may have legacy effects by changing magnitude or direction of community responses to subsequent disturbance. Three moderately grazed pastures were paired with 12-ha areas with 15 yr of livestock exclusion. Six treatments were assigned to each in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of fire (fall fire or no fire) and grazing utilization (0%, 50%, or 75% biomass removal) to determine grazing history effects on rangeland response to subsequent disturbance. Livestock exclusion increased C3 perennial grass (1 232 vs. 980 ± 50 kg ⋅ ha-1) and forbs (173 vs. 62 ± 19 kg ⋅ ha-1) and reduced C4 perennial grass (36 vs. 180 ± 25 kg ⋅ ha-1) with no effect on total current-year biomass. Diversity was greater in pastures than exclosures (H’ = 1.5400 vs. 1.3823 ± 0.0431). Every biomass, cover, and diversity measure, except subshrub biomass, was affected by fire, grazing utilization, or both. Contrary to expectations, grazing history only interacted with fire effects for old standing dead material and interactions with grazing utilization were limited to old dead, bare ground, richness and dominance. Fire by grazing utilization interaction was limited to bare ground. Fire reduced annual grass (64 vs. 137 ± 29 kg ⋅ ha-1), forbs (84 vs. 133 ± 29 kg ⋅ ha-1), and diversity (H’ = 1.3260 vs. 1.5005 ± 0.0537) with no difference in total current-year biomass (1 557 vs. 1 594 ± 66 kg ⋅ ha-1). Grazing to 75% utilization reduced total current-year biomass (1 467 vs. 1 656 ± 66 kg ⋅ ha-1) and dominance (0.4824 vs. 0.5584 ± 0.0279). Grazing history affected starting points for most variables, but changes caused by grazing utilization or fire were similar between pastures and exclosures, indicating management decisions can be made based on independent knowledge of grazing or fire effects.
A deadly droop: small cell lung cancer presenting as upper eyelid ptosis

Orbital metastases are a rare manifestation of systemic malignancies, most commonly originating from the breast or lung in adults. Not infrequently there is not any diagnosis of cancer at the time of presentation with orbital metastatic disease. This is a case of a 62-year-old man whose initial presentation of metastatic small cell lung cancer was left upper lid ptosis and hypoglobus.
Autonomous River Exploration

Mapping a rivers course and width provides valuable information to help understand the ecology, topology and health of a particular environment. Such maps can also be useful to determine whether specific surface vessels can traverse the rivers. While rivers can be mapped from satellite imagery, the presence of vegetation, sometimes so thick that the canopy completely occludes the river, complicates the process of mapping. Here we propose the use of a micro air vehicle flying under the canopy to create accurate maps of the environment.We study and present a systemthat can autonomously explore riverswithout any prior information, and demonstrate an algorithm that can guide the vehicle based upon local sensors mounted on board the flying vehicle that can perceive the river, bank and obstacles. Our field experiments demonstrate what we believe is the first autonomous exploration of rivers by an autonomous vehicle. We show the 3D maps produced by our system over runs of 100-450 meters in length and compare guidance decisions made by our system to those made by a human piloting a boat carrying our system over multiple kilometers.
Imaginative Thinking and Human Rights

Images have long mattered for human rights, and they continue to do so. And with that, the interest in visual ways of knowing only increases. This chapter is concerned with these visual ways of knowing because they have the capacity to accommodate less linear, less authoritative and more imaginative modes of engagement with important ethical, social and political questions. The chapter thus presses for a next iteration, perhaps a further advance in visual epistemologies, striving for an imaginative thinking that could reposition human rights issues. Such a repositioning becomes necessary at a time of global anxieties that fuel deep concerns about the future of international norms and human rights aspirations.
Racism and health: Challenges and future directions in behavioral and psychological research.

Objectives Racism is a critical determinant of racial inequalities in health. This article discusses three pressing challenges in the study of racism as a social determinant of health and identifies ideas to guide future psychological and behavioral research. Method The first challenge is moving beyond a near-exclusive focus on individual racism. The second challenge is measuring racism, and the third challenge is elucidating the developmental pathways linking racism to health outcomes. Results I recommend the consideration of institutional, cultural, and structural racism, the incorporation of developmental health and resilience perspectives, the use of diverse methods and transdisciplinary approaches, and improved education and training. Conclusions Eliminating racism and racial health disparities will require: 1) a bold, comprehensive, and sustained agenda that addresses structural forms of racism and unpacks developmental mechanisms underlying racism and poor health; 2) improved measurement, diverse methods, and new analysis; and 3) coalition building across disciplines and with community partners, organizers, and activists. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Passive underwater acoustic tags using layered media

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) navigation requires accurate positioning information from the environment. Existing underwater navigation paradigms employ active acoustic transponders that assist in this task, but these more complex and costly systems require maintenance and power. This paper presents instead a passive underwater marker made of different horizontally stacked acoustically reflective materials that is cost effective and relatively simple to service. A marker's characteristic acoustic signature can be detected by AUVs as acoustic backscattering upon tag insonification, and hence be used for navigation purposes.
Development and evaluation of a computable phenotype to identify pediatric patients with leukemia and lymphoma treated with chemotherapy using electronic health record data

Background Widespread implementation of electronic health records (EHR) has created new opportunities for pediatric oncology observational research. Little attention has been given to using EHR data to identify patients with pediatric hematologic malignancies. Methods This study used EHR-derived data in a pediatric clinical data research network, PEDSnet, to develop and evaluate a computable phenotype algorithm to identify pediatric patients with leukemia and lymphoma who received treatment with chemotherapy. To guide early development, multiple computable phenotype-defined cohorts were compared to one institution's tumor registry. The most promising algorithm was chosen for formal evaluation and consisted of at least two leukemia/lymphoma diagnoses (Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine codes) within a 90-day period, two chemotherapy exposures, and three hematology-oncology provider encounters. During evaluation, the computable phenotype was executed against EHR data from 2011 to 2016 at three large institutions. Classification accuracy was assessed by masked medical record review with phenotype-identified patients compared to a control group with at least three hematology-oncology encounters. Results The computable phenotype had sensitivity of 100% (confidence interval [CI] 99%, 100%), specificity of 99% (CI 99%, 100%), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 100%, and C-statistic of 1 at the development institution. The computable phenotype performance was similar at the two test institutions with sensitivity of 100% (CI 99%, 100%), specificity of 99% (CI 99%, 100%), PPV of 96%, NPV of 100%, and C-statistic of 0.99. Conclusion The EHR-based computable phenotype is an accurate cohort identification tool for pediatric patients with leukemia and lymphoma who have been treated with chemotherapy and is ready for use in clinical studies.
Corrections to “A Software-Defined Ultrasonic Networking Framework for Wearable Devices”

In Section VI of the above paper [1] , incorrectly numbered reference citations were introduced during the editing of the paper. The citations should be as follows.
Model Predictive Control Based AC Line Overload Alleviation by Using Multi-Terminal DC Grids

The increasing power/load demand is becoming a new concern for the grid operators as it can potentially overload transmission lines. Among advantages of a multi-terminal dc (MTDC) grid, its high controlability makes it a promising asset for ac line overload alleviation. This paper proposes a model predictive control based strategy, which regularly updates the power setpoints of the MTDC converter stations and ac generators to alleviate ac line overloads. To compute and update the power setpoints, necessary measurements are received by the controller within regular time intervals. The proposed controller ensures that subsequent to any ac line overload, changing the power setpoints of the MTDC converter station does not cause any operation violation in the MTDC grid. Furthermore, it ensures that the ac voltage limits and voltage stability criteria are met to avoid voltage instability. Performance and effectiveness of the proposed controller are evaluated by simulation studies on two systems, i.e., the 39-bus New England system integrated with a 5-bus MTDC system and the IEEE 118-bus system connected to a 6-bus MTDC system. Simulation results confirm that the MTDC grid can play a major role in controlling active powers of most of the ac transmission lines.
Genes, Environment, and Health Disparities: Risks and Benefits of Gene-Environment Interactions Research

Genes, Environment, and Health Disparities: Risks and Benefits of Gene-Environment Interactions Research
Characterizing how probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri 6475 and lactobacillic acid mediate suppression of osteoclast differentiation

Osteoporosis is a disease that impacts over 200 million people worldwide. Taking into consideration the side effects stemming from medications used to treat this illness, investigators have increased their efforts to develop novel therapeutics for osteoporosis. In a previous study, we demonstrated that ovariectomy-induced bone loss in mice was prevented by treatment with the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri 6475 (L. reuteri), an effect that correlated with reduced osteoclastogenesis in the bone marrow of L. reuteri treated mice. We also demonstrated that L. reuteri directly inhibited osteoclastogenesis in vitro. To better understand how L. reuteri impacts osteoclast formation, we used additional in vitro analyses to identify that conditioned supernatant from L. reuteri inhibited osteoclastogenesis at the intermediate stage of fused polykaryons. To elucidate the effect of L. reuteri treatment on host cell physiology, we performed RNAseq at multiple time points during in vitro osteoclastogenesis and established that L. reuteri downregulated several KEGG pathways including osteoclast differentiation as well as TNF-α, NF-κB, and MAP kinase signaling. These results were consistent with Western Blot data demonstrating that NF-κB and p38 activation were decreased by L. reuteri treatment. We further identified that lactobacillic acid (LA), a cyclopropane fatty acid produced by L. reuteri, contributed significantly to the suppression of osteoclastogenesis. Additionally, we demonstrated that L. reuteri is signaling through the long chain fatty acid receptor, GPR120, to impact osteoclastogenesis. Overall, these studies provide both bacterial and host mechanisms by which L. reuteri impacts osteoclastogenesis and suggest that long chain fatty acid receptors could be targets for preventing osteoclastogenesis.
Proteus: A Scalable BFT Consensus Protocol for Blockchains

Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) consensus exhibits higher throughput in comparison to Proof of Work (PoW) in blockchains. However, BFT-based protocols suffer from scalability problems with respect to the number of replicas in the network due to their inherent quadratic message complexity. Previously, proposed solutions improve BFT performance for normal operation, but will fall back to quadratic message complexity once the protocol observes a certain number of failures. To address this issue we propose Proteus, a new BFT-based consensus protocol which elects a subset of nodes c as a root committee. Proteus guarantees stable performance, regardless of the number of failures in the network and it improves on the quadratic message complexity of typical BFT-based protocols to O(cn) messages, where c << n, for large number of nodes n. We tested our protocol on 200 Amazon EC2 instances, with two different baseline BFT protocols (PBFT and Bchain) for comparison. In these tests, our protocol outperformed the baselines by more than 2× in terms of throughput as well as latency.
Diagnosis and treatment for anemia of chronic kidney disease in children

There are many reasons for children with anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD), such as chronic renal insufficiency due to lack of raw materies erythropoietin(iron, folic acid, vitamin B12 deficiency), shortening of the life of red blood cells and blood loss, bone marrow suppression by urine toxins such as erythropoietin.But the main reason is decreased production of renal erythropoietin accompanying chronic renal insufficiency.Anemia affects tissue's oxygen supply, utilization, and cardiac output, and patients often show a series of pathophysiology of immune dysfunction, such as fatigue, difficulty in breathing, enlargement of the hearts, ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, cerebral insufficiency, cognitive decline, affecting the prognosis and quality of life of patients.Renal anemia requires aggressive treatment, which is closely related to the survival and quality of life in patients with chronic renal failure.This paper elaborates on the diagnosis of anemia in children with CKD, the evaluation strategies of anemia, iron therapy and erythropoiesis stimulating agents treatment. Key words: Anemia of chronic kidney disease; Diagnosis; Treatment; Iron; Erythropoiesis stimulating agent; Child
Diagnostic Imaging Evaluation of Stress Fractures

Stress-induced injuries are common in athletes. Symptomatic individuals constitute a significant proportion of patients who are evaluated in a typical sports medicine practice. Imaging is an important component of the assessment of these patients and contributes vital information that not only influences the course of treatment but can also help predict the amount of time before the athlete is allowed to return to athletic activity. In this chapter, a comprehensive review of the available imaging modalities in the radiology armamentarium will be discussed, and how they may be most optimally employed in the assessment of stress fractures.
Light particles with baryon and lepton numbers

Abstract We consider light new particles χ and ϕ that carry baryon and lepton numbers. If these particles are lighter than nucleons they lead to exotic decays such as p → π + χ and p → e + ϕ , not yet fully constrained by dedicated searches. For χ and ϕ masses in the GeV range, proton decays are kinematically forbidden but other decays of the forms baryon → meson + χ, meson → baryon + χ ¯ , and baryon → anti-lepton + ϕ involving heavy initial hadrons are allowed. This opens up the possibility to search for apparent baryon number violation not just in underground experiments such as Super-Kamiokande and DUNE but also in decays of heavy hadrons in charm and B factories.
A systematic review and meta-analysis on the association between solitary drinking and alcohol problems in adults.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Solitary drinking in adolescents and young adults is associated with greater risk for alcohol problems, but it is unclear whether this association exists in older demographics. The current paper is the first meta-analysis and systematic review, to our knowledge, to determine whether adult solitary drinking is associated with greater risk for alcohol problems. METHODS: PsychINFO, PubMed and Google Scholar were searched following a pre-registered International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) protocol (CRD42019147075) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Following the methodology used in our recent systematic review and meta-analysis on adolescent/young adult solitary drinking, we systematically reviewed solitary drinking measures/definitions, prevalence rates and associated demographic variables in adults. We then meta-analyzed (using random-effects models) associations between adult solitary drinking and alcohol use/problems, negative affect and negative/positive reinforcement-related variables (e.g. drinking to cope or for enhancement). RESULTS: Solitary drinking was defined as drinking while physically alone in nearly all studies, but measures varied. Prevalence rates were generally in the 30-40% range, with some exceptions. In general, males were more likely than females to report drinking alone, and married individuals were less likely than unmarried individuals to report drinking alone; racial/ethnic differences were mixed. Meta-analytical results showed significant effects for the associations between solitary drinking and the following factors: alcohol consumption, r = 0.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.18, 0.33, k = 15, I = 97.41; drinking problems, r = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.10, 0.21, k = 14, I = 92.70; and negative reinforcement, r = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.14, 0.32, k = 11, I = 89.77; but not positive reinforcement, r = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.06, 0.09, k = 8, I = 76.18; or negative affect, r = 0.03, 95% CI = -0.02, 0.08, k = 8, I = 52.06. Study quality moderated the association between solitary drinking and negative affect (β = -0.07, P < 0.01) such that lower-quality studies were significantly associated with larger effect sizes. Study quality was generally low; the majority of studies were cross-sectional. CONCLUSIONS: Solitary drinking appears to have a small positive association with alcohol problems.
Iatrogenic Hypothalamic Disorders

Hypothalamic diseases cause secretory dysfunction of its releasing hormones subsequently resulting in hypopituitarism. Knowledge of the hypothalamic nuclei, fibers, connections, and their specific functions guide the clinician on potential consequences with hypothalamic disorders. Etiologies for hypothalamic conditions range from malignancy, autoimmune conditions, infection, trauma, functional, vascular insufficiency, and iatrogenic, among others. Iatrogenic hypothalamic disorders can be classified according to the general treatment and/or diagnostic modality the patient was exposed to resulting in hypothalamic disorder. Knowledge of these specific modalities can potentially guide planning for diagnostics and treatment approaches involving the hypothalamus. This chapter focuses on iatrogenic hypothalamic disorders due to medical or non-surgical and surgical testing, pharmaceuticals, or procedures and will provide insight on how to potentially prevent or avoid these iatrogenic effects.
First Amendment Interests and Copyright Accomodations

Copyright law exists to encourage the creation of works of authorship by granting exclusive rights. But copyright’s incentive function seems in tension with the public’s First Amendment interests to use and freely hear copyrighted speech. Conventional wisdom holds, however, that copyright law serves to encourage much more speech than it discourages, and resolves First Amendment concerns with protections internal to copyright law like the fair use defense and the idea/expression dichotomy. This Article argues that the conventional wisdom no longer holds given the unprecedented expansion of copyright’s scope and corresponding drastic diminution of the public domain in the last three decades. This Article extends the U.S. Supreme Court’s reasoning in Eldred v. Ashcroft, which rejected the notion that courts should never subject copyright laws to First Amendment analysis, to read First Amendment accommodations into copyright laws where use of copyrighted materials implicates significant speech interests.
Perilipin 5 links mitochondrial uncoupled respiration in brown fat to healthy white fat remodeling and systemic glucose tolerance.

Exposure of mice or humans to cold promotes significant changes in brown adipose tissue (BAT) with respect to histology, lipid content, gene expression, and mitochondrial mass and function. Herein we report that the lipid droplet coat protein Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) increases markedly in BAT during exposure of mice to cold. To understand the functional significance of cold-induced PLIN5, we created and characterized gain- and loss-of-function mouse models. Enforcing PLIN5 expression in mouse BAT mimics the effects of cold with respect to mitochondrial cristae packing and uncoupled substrate-driven respiration. PLIN5 is necessary for the maintenance of mitochondrial cristae structure and respiratory function during cold stress. We further show that promoting PLIN5 function in BAT is associated with healthy remodeling of subcutaneous white adipose tissue and improvements in systemic glucose tolerance and diet-induced hepatic steatosis. These observations will inform future strategies that seek to exploit thermogenic adipose tissue as a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes, obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Perilipin 5 is a lipid droplet protein that interacts with PGC1α in the nucleus to regulate mitochondrial metabolism. Here the authors use genetically engineered mouse models to determine the physiologic role of Perilipin 5, and show that it regulates mitochondrial adaptations to cold, as well as systemic energy metabolism.
Expert Report Regarding the Ponzi Scheme 'Presumption' of Actual Intent to Defraud Creditors

This Expert Report was filed (and extensively relied upon by the court in its summary judgment decision) in the case of Perkins v. Lehman Bros., Inc. (In re Int’l Mgmt. Assocs.), 563 B.R. 393 (Bankr. N.D. Ga. 2017) (“IMA”), which calls into doubt the validity of the so-called Ponzi “presumption” of actual fraud that characterizes payouts from a Ponzi scheme as transfers made with an actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud a Ponzi debtor’s creditors, within the meaning of fraudulent conveyance law. This Expert Report, filed in the IMA case in 2013, contains the first critical scholarly analysis of the widely adopted Ponzi “presumption” of actual fraud (that now dominates what are often dubbed “clawback” suits to recover Ponzi payouts), challenging its fundamental legitimacy even before the Minnesota Supreme Court rejected the Ponzi “presumption” of actual fraud in Finn v. Alliance Bank, 860 N.W.2d 638 (Minn. 2015). This Expert Report traces the origins and evolution of the Ponzi “presumption” and exposes fundamental flaws in the supposedly “unassailable” logic on which it is premised. The Ponzi “presumption” confuses (i) the fraudulent inducement intent intrinsic to a Ponzi schemer’s efforts to dupe defrauded investors into transferring funds to a Ponzi debtor, with (ii) the altogether different and unique intent to defraud a debtor’s creditors by removing assets from their reach that is the object of fraudulent conveyance laws. Ponzi payouts involve only the former (fraudulent inducement intent) and not the latter (intent to defraud creditors), as well as an intrinsic intent to prefer some creditors (defrauded investors) over others, which likewise is not the kind of intent to defraud creditors contemplated by fraudulent transfer laws. The confusion sown by the Ponzi “presumption” has proliferated to the point that reductio ad absurdum propositions are accepted without question, such as: (1) a Ponzi debtor’s actual subjective intent is entirely irrelevant!, and (2) those transfers by a Ponzi debtor that do fit the classic pattern of a transfer made with actual intent to defraud creditors (e.g., transfers to the Ponzi scheme perpetrator himself and his family and friends) are not actual-intent fraudulent transfers under the Ponzi “presumption.” The law of Ponzi scheme “clawbacks” can be rescued from hopeless disarray and folly only by recognizing that the principal bodies of law under which Ponzi scheme payouts are appropriately challenged are (1) the law of so-called “constructive” (i.e., not) fraudulent transfers, and (2) even more significantly (and vastly under-appreciated), the law of restitution and unjust enrichment.
A Field Study on the Utilization of Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Drainage Systems

A field study of the exfiltration behavior of French drain system built with recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) as a pipe backfill material was conducted. This study was designed to evaluate the long-term exfiltration performance of four types of French drain systems in the field test. Each French drain system was constructed with different aggregate type and condition, which involve limestone, RCA ‘as is’, RCA with 2% and 4% additional fines. To evaluate the exfiltration performance of RCA French drain systems, field and laboratory tests were employed. From the field test, the flow rate and discharge rate of French drain systems were monitored and measured for 12 months to estimate an average permittivity of each trench in the field. Two laboratory tests of this study included exfiltration test of nonwoven geotextiles and material characterization of RCA fines were conducted. Geotextiles were excavated and taken from the four RCA French drain systems after 12 months and tested to measure the average permittivity. The results of field and laboratory tests show that major factors affecting the exfiltration performance of French drain system are permeability of surrounding soil condition and groundwater table in the field. The aggregate type (RCA or limestone), on the other hand, is a minor factor affecting the exfiltration performance of French drain system. In conclusion, the utilization of RCA as a pipe backfill material in a drainage system causes no significant reduction in exfiltration performance of a drainage system in comparison with the natural aggregate (limestone).
PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION OF RESERPINE IN THE TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION DUE TO ACUTE AND CHRONIC NEPHRITIS Clinical and Renal Hemodynamic Studies

Parenteral administration of reserpine has been evaluated for its antihypertensive effect in normal subjects, in patients with hypertension due to acute nephritis and in a limited number of patients with hypertension due to chronic nephritis. The greatest reduction in blood pressure was obtained in the patients with severe hypertension (diastolic 130 mm of mercury or greater) due to acute nephritis while patients with mild hypertension (diastolic blood pressure less than 110 mm of mercury) showed a less marked response. This has led to the designation of reserpine administered parenterally as an antihypertensive rather than a hypotensive agent. Reserpine appears to be safe and effective for use in the hypertension associated with acute nephritis when given parenterally in doses of 80 to 150 µg/kg of body weight. In certain patients the hypertension is resistant to parenteral administration of reserpine and the addition of hydralazine may be necessary for ideal control of blood pressure. In our experience only rare patients have required combined drug therapy. Patients with chronic nephritis and hypertension show a decrease in blood pressure with reserpine either parenterally or orally. However, in some patients the addition of a ganglionic blocking agent may be necessary to achieve ideal control of the patient9s hypertension. Renal hemodynamic studies show a decrease in renal function associated with acute reduction in blood pressure. This decrease is not marked and within an hour is usually followed by a gradual return of renal function toward normal.
Crystal-direction dependence of uniaxial tensile strain in ultra-thin SOI

Strain engineering by lateral relaxation is a powerful method for generating large biaxial and uniaxial silicon strain in an SOI structure. By choosing the crystal direction of the features, one should be able to control not only the mobility enhancement, but also maximize the uniaxial strain. Uniaxial tensile strain as large as 1.0% in the (100) direction can be achieved in 10 nm silicon films.
Parity of Resources for Defense Counsel and the Reach of Public Choice Theory

The quality of criminal defense counsel desperately needs improving. The strategy this article explores is not a change in the legal standard governing ineffective assistance of counsel claims, or a change in the Supreme Court's reasoning, but something far more fundamental: money. The article asks whether it is feasible to link the funding available for defense lawyers to the money that the government spends on prosecution lawyers - in other words, parity of resources. For reasons described in this article, resource parity will probably not come from the courts, at least not if they act alone. Major funding changes like this must come from the legislature, so the article reviews the prospects for resource parity in the state legislatures. The odds that legislators will vote for such a law are surprisingly good, given the willingness of Tennessee and other jurisdictions to experiment with the idea. The approach in this article is multi-disciplinary, using history, traditional case analysis, journalistic case studies, and a close review of public choice theory. The article explores more generally the applicability of a public choice theory to crime legislation, and classifies criminal justice laws based on their different implications for this theory. Public choice theory has led to overbroad claims that criminals always lose in the legislative process; there are predictable settings where criminal defendants can benefit incidentally from laws favored by well-organized and influential interests such as the organized bar and judges.
Relationships among neighborhood environment, racial discrimination, psychological distress, and preterm birth in African American women.

ABSTRACT Objectives To (a) examine the relationships among objective and perceived indicators of neighborhood environment, racial discrimination, psychological distress, and gestational age at birth; (b) determine if neighborhood environment and racial discrimination predicted psychological distress; (c) determine if neighborhood environment, racial discrimination, and psychological distress predicted preterm birth; and (d) determine if psychological distress mediated the effects of neighborhood environment and racial discrimination on preterm birth. Design Descriptive correlational comparative. Setting Postpartum unit of a medical center in Chicago. Participants African American women ( n 1 = 33 with preterm birth; n 2 = 39 with full‐term birth). Methods Women completed the instruments 24 to 72 hours after birth. Objective measures of the neighborhood were derived using geographic information systems (GIS). Results Women who reported higher levels of perceived social and physical disorder and perceived crime also reported higher levels of psychological distress. Women who reported more experiences of racial discrimination also had higher levels of psychological distress. Objective social disorder and perceived crime predicted psychological distress. Objective physical disorder and psychological distress predicted preterm birth. Psychological distress mediated the effect of objective social disorder and perceived crime on preterm birth. Conclusion Women's neighborhood environments and racial discrimination were related to psychological distress, and these factors may increase the risk for preterm birth.
Alternative Retailer Couponing Strategies: Consumer Reactions and Marketing Implication

Couponing, traditionally a promotional tool used by manufacturers to generate trial, brand continuity and brand switching, has been seized by supermarket retailers as a vehicle for building store loyalty, patronage, and traffic. This research focuses on the interaction of alternative retailer couponing strategies with selected key variables such as shopper awareness, preference, intention, and behavior. The results suggest that significant gaps exist between the supermarket retailer’s perception of the benefits associated with such strategies and the actual effects observed. In essence, the researchers question the appropriateness of double and triple couponing options by retailers given the primary supermarket objective of building store loyalty.
Advances in Immunotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer: 2013

Pancreatic cancer is one of the more difficult malignancies to treat, and there is a great need for less toxic, effective regimens. Immunotherapy has shown potential in the treatment of pancreatic cancer, and at ASCO 2013 there were several progressive advances in its clinical application. Abstracts #3067, #3049, #3007, #4040, #LBA4004, and #3090 will be discussed. New developments in the field of immunotherapy are promising novel treatments for pancreatic neoplasms with tolerable side effect profiles. Image: Detail of immune response pathways induced following cytotoxic therapy.
Marketspace: The New Locus of Value Creation

Publisher Summary New products and services―some real and some virtual― are created to dramatically affect how business is being transacted and, consequently, where value increasingly will be created. This is called a transition from the marketplace to the market space. The transition occurs at three levels of economic activity. The first is products and services, which will be reshaped to accommodate a market space whose salient characteristic is that it is information-based. The second level is marketing management systems. Managers communicate with customers and organize their selling efforts via systems that are significantly different from those in current use. The third level is the markets themselves, affected because of the changes at the first two levels. Transformations at each of these levels profoundly affect the subject of all marketing efforts. The market space provides a new way to customers to learn about purchase and consumer products and services in entirely new ways. It is a more effective means of responding to customer needs and executing related transactions. The market space is the place where economic value is realized for large numbers of people consuming a wide range of real and virtual products and services.