cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Acetyl Coenzyme A Holocarboxylase in Vitro by a Cytosolic Preparation from Chicken Liver

SummaryUsing 0-60% ammonium sulfate fraction of a cytosolic preparation from biotin-deficient chicken liver as the enzyme source, the ATP-dependent formation of acetyl CoA holocarboxylase was demonstrated. Citrate significantly stimulated the holoenzyme formation. Apart from ATP, other nucleoside triphosphates proved to be about equally effective in promoting synthesis of the holoenzyme.
Industry Partnership to Help Transform Liberal Arts Graduates to Advanced Manufacturing Careers

It is well recognized that manufacturing is making a comeback to the US, from the outsourcing that took place between 1980–2010. The need for advanced manufacturing careers is also well documented by many manufacturing organizations, substantiated by the report entitled “A National Strategic Plan for Advanced Manufacturing” which was released by the Executive Office of the President National Science and Technology Council’s in February 2012. The Association for Manufacturing Excellence (AME) points out that at the height of the recession, 32% of manufacturers reported that they had jobs unfilled because they could not find people with requisite skills. It is also well documented that liberal arts (BA) graduates suffer from mal-employment problems; they are either underemployed or unemployed. To solve this problem, this paper describes an innovative solution of transforming BA graduates to take on advanced manufacturing positions to meet the skilled workforce needs and fill these positions. This paper briefly describes the program, but focuses mainly on one aspect of it: industry partnerships. We describe the importance of industry partners to the proposed solution. We also discuss industry needs.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Climate and Economic Development: Further Evidence in Support of “The Tropical Effect”

Economists have historically ignored the relationship between geographical factors and economic growth and development. However researchers in other fields, historians and biologists, have provided detailed and plausible explanations of the connection between geography/climate and economic progress. Recently, economists have also begun to examine the existence of this relationship by studying the effects of climate on agricultural and labour productivity, for example. Using both cross-sectional and panel data sets, studies have been conducted on the specific aspects of climate and weather that may influence economic outcomes. This paper adds to that literature by focusing in particular on the effects of climate as it pertains to temperature and rainfall, using ground station data from the Global Historical Climatology Network over a period of 30 years. The study finds empirical evidence suggesting that higher temperatures are negatively associated with the level of GDP per capita of a country. In addition, countries that have larger ranges of temperature extremes also have higher incomes. The relationship between temperature and GDP per capita growth rates turns out to be more complex but again the evidence indicates that temperature matters. Lastly, the paper discusses evidence that points to the importance of rainfall and stresses the need for further verification to pinpoint the relationship.
Position Estimation for Single-Lens Stereovision System Using Prism

In order to improve the theoretical model of prism based single-lens stereovision system,and enhance the precision of three-dimensional reconstruction,a parameter simplifying method for prism as well as a position estimation method that based on geometrical optics were proposed. First,a perspective projection model for prism based single-lens stereovision system was derived. Then,the parameters of prism which could express its position were decreased to six by making use of rotational vector and the relationship between points. At last, these six parameters could be solved out as a result of nonlinear optimization,and an accurate position of prism could be obtained. Experimental results indicated that the average reprojection error of proposed method was less than 0. 5 pixel,the average error for three dimensional reconstruction was 2. 22 mm. This method could be used for calculating the epipolar geometry of stereo matching. It could increase the precision of three-dimensional reconstruction up to 2 ~ 3 times.
Determination Result analysis of Lead in Urine of 103 Workers in Blast furnace Smelting Plants

[Objective]To analyze the determination results of the lead in urine of 103 workers in 4 smelting plants of Yuxi City from 2004 to 2008,to discuss the prevention methods of lead poisoning,and provide experiences and approaches for future occupational poisoning prevention.[Methods]The determination of lead in urine applied the Diphenylthiocarbazone Colorimetry in the Volume of Diagnosis of Occupational Diseases in the collection of China Hygiene Standard. The determination criteria of lead in urine:the one with the history of lead exposure,without clinical features of lead poisoning,and the lead level in urine over 0.07 mg/L,was identified as the observation subject of lead poisoning; the one with lead level ≥0.12 mg/L,and symptoms of abdomen dull pain,abdominal distension,constipation and so on,was judged as mild intoxication; and the mild intoxicated one plus abdominal angina,anemia,mild intoxication peripheral neuropathy,could be diagnosed as moderate intoxication.[Results]Of 103 workers,the urine lead levels of 37 exceeded the national limit of lead absorption(0.07 mg/L),the over limit rate was 35.92%(37/103). The observation subjects of lead absorption accounted for 15.53%(16/103),and the lead poisoning rate was 20.39%(21/103). The major proportion of the over-limit workers were furnacemen.[Conclusion]The supervision of law enforcement should be strengthened. The occupational hygiene legal awareness of the enterprises should be improved,as well as the self-protection awareness of workers. By so doing,the incidence of lead poisoning can be reduced and the worker's health can be guaranteed.
What Alliance Partners are Trustworthy? The Roles of Governance and Organizational Culture

Despite the widespread acceptance of trustworthiness as an important organizational resource, empirical knowledge of the antecedents to trustworthiness is virtually nonexistent. In this paper, we investigate the relative effects of contractual safeguards and organizational culture on the perceived trustworthiness of alliance partners and examine the moderating roles of familiarity and reputation. Based on dyadic survey data, the results suggest that, ceteris paribus, the positive effect of contractual safeguards on trustworthiness is stronger than that of organizational culture. While the latter relationship is positively moderated by familiarity, the former is negatively moderated by partner reputation.
Antigens specified by herpesviruses: I. Effect of arginine deprivation on antigen synthesis☆

Abstract The synthesis of herpes simplex virus antigens was studied in BHK21 cells deprived of arginine for 48 hours prior to infection and maintained in the absence of arginine thereafter. Even though infectious virus yields were 10,000-fold lower than those obtained in the presence of arginine, immunofluorescent (IF) and complement-fixing (CF) antigens were detected. However, in the absence of arginine both IF and CF antigens were found primarily in the cytoplasm of the infected cells. Release of the arginine block at 10 hours after infection resulted in the prompt appearance of increasing amounts of nuclear IF and CF antigens; within 6 hours after arginine addition, the extent of nuclear immunofluorescence and the titers of CF antigen in the nuclear fractions approximated those of infected cells that had been maintained in the presence of arginine throughout the 16–18-hour period.
Black–White Disparities in Criminal Justice Referrals to Drug Treatment: Addressing Treatment Need or Expanding the Diagnostic Net?

Slightly more than half of admissions to U.S. publicly-funded treatment for marijuana use are referred by the criminal justice system; this pattern has remained for at least 20 years. Nationally, Blacks comprise nearly a third of treatment admissions for marijuana use. This article explores the interplay between race and criminal justice referrals to treatment for marijuana use. Using data from the (U.S.) 2011 Treatment Episode Data Set, we examine the relationship between race and diagnosis of cannabis use disorder (dependence versus abuse) among referrals to community-based treatment in North Carolina. We compare Black/White differences in cannabis diagnoses across four referral sources: the criminal justice system, healthcare providers, self, and other sources. Race was significantly related to type of diagnosis across all four referral sources, however, the nature of the relationship was distinctly different among criminal justice referrals with Whites being more likely than Blacks to be diagnosed with cannabis dependence. Moreover, the marijuana use profiles of criminal justice referrals differed substantially from individuals referred by other sources. The findings suggest that diagnoses of cannabis abuse (rather than dependence) may have worked to widen the diagnostic net by "capturing" individuals under control of the criminal justice system who manifested few problems with marijuana use, other than their involvement in the criminal justice system. The potential for a net-widening effect appeared to be most pronounced for Blacks.
Myeloid-derived suppressor cell quantity prior to treatment with ipilimumab at 10mg/kg to predict for overall survival in patients with metastatic melanoma.

2518 Background: Ipilimumab, an antibody that blocks the function of the immune inhibitory molecule cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), significantly prolongs survival in patients with metas...
Low VOC Paints and Coatings

This section pertains to the implementation of emulsion polymerization of MMA in n-Heptane under conventional precipitation environment (as low as 60°C reactor operating temperature), although there is the likelihood that emulsion particles react at temperature above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Even though phase separation below the upper critical solution temperature (UCST) is believed to occur at the start of reaction within emulsion particles, the hour-glass phase envelope of the PMMA–MMA–n-Heptane system has been shown to provide a pathway system temperature to attain higher levels where they could well go above the LCST. The polymerization system is based on a redox initiation formulation, and the formation of block copolymer in emulsion particles is implemented in a two-stage polymerization procedure. Solvent/precipitant is removed through a stripping operation. In order to minimize residual monomer in the system at the end of the two-stage reaction run and solvent/precipitant removal step, a chase initiator solution is admixed into the reactor. Product emulsion is used as a binder for a latex paint formulation, which is applied as a film and tested for various coating properties.
Capsaicin synergizes with camptothecin to induce increased apoptosis in human small cell lung cancers via the calpain pathway

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is characterized by excellent initial response to chemotherapy and radiation therapy with a majority of the patients showing tumor shrinkage and even remission. However, the challenge with SCLC therapy is that patients inevitably relapse and subsequently do not respond to the first line treatment. Recent clinical studies have investigated the possibility of camptothecin-based combination therapy as first line treatment for SCLC patients. Conventionally, camptothecin is used for recurrent SCLC and has poor survival outcomes. Therefore, drugs which can improve the therapeutic index of camptothecin should be valuable for SCLC therapy. Extensive evidence shows that nutritional compounds like capsaicin (the spicy compound of chili peppers) can improve the anti-cancer activity of chemotherapeutic drugs in both cell lines and animal models. Statistical analysis shows that capsaicin synergizes with camptothecin to enhance apoptosis of human SCLC cells. The synergistic activity of camptothecin and capsaicin is observed in both classical and variant SCLC cell lines and, in vivo, in human SCLC tumors xenotransplanted on chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) models. The synergistic activity of capsaicin and camptothecin are mediated by elevation of intracellular calcium and the calpain pathway. Our data foster hope for novel nutrition based combination therapies in SCLC.
Info-Matter and Formal Autonomy: The Expansion of Authorship in Materiality

The essay extends previous claims by the author on the problematic relationship between computation and the relative authorship of the designer when using interfaces, common algorithms or even drawing manually through computer aided design software. The current essay extends the previous claims to discuss authorship in relation to information materialization. There is a necessary expansion of the work of the designer-architect in working with information materialization. It seems necessary today not only to develop innovative algorithms, but also to be able to claim higher levels of authorship when incorporating the new emerging digital fabrication paradigm. The argument proposes a series of questions that intend to expose the sedimented structures that become referential between the different types of digital fabrication mechanisms and the interfaces that control them. The essay proposes to displace the common emerging types of mechanisms and the software interfaces that control them, including the protocols and algorithms that translate information between the computer numeric control mechanisms and their interfaces. In parallel the essay discusses innovation relative to materiality and new matter, extending the work of the architect as well. While previously architects chose typical materials to work with understanding their potential and combinatory latent logic to create an original syntax even at the level of details, contemporary architects research new means of understanding and ultimately creating matter. The ultimate proposition questions that the development of new technologies does not necessarily secure design authorship, but it may be the location where conflicts for the development of an expanded cultural project may emerge. Information materialization presents an extension of the place of origination of contemporary architecture.
Farm and landscape factors interact to affect the supply of pollination services

Abstract Farms can harbor substantial biodiversity, which in turn sustains the supply of ecosystem services. The effectiveness of farm management to enhance biodiversity, however, may be modified by land cover in the surrounding landscape beyond a farmer’s direct control. We examined how landscape pattern and farm management affect the abundance and diversity of native bees visiting highbush blueberry in Vermont, USA. We quantified landscape pattern at multiple scales and created an agricultural intensity index that represents farm management practices such as pesticide use, mowed and grain crop area. We observed native bee visitation to assess the supply of pollination service provided to blueberry growers. Across 15 farms, 84 wild bee species were observed visiting highbush blueberry, almost a third of bee species recorded in Vermont. Visitation rate, abundance and species richness increased with the amount of natural area surrounding farms. Less intensively managed farms had higher levels of bee visitation, abundance and a more diverse bee community. Bee communities and the pollination services they provide are influenced by interactions between local management and landscape pattern. In particular, intensive farm management appears to compound the negative effects of landscape simplification. To support native pollinators on their farms, growers should consider farming approaches in the context of the broader landscape.
Motor vs. Brake: Comparative Studies on Performance and Safety in Hybrid Actuations

Human-centered robotics draws growing interest in utilizing pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) for robots to cooperate with humans. In order to address the limited control performance which prevents PAMs from being more widely used, a hybrid actuation scheme has been proposed to combine PAMs and a low inertia DC motor, and presented significantly improved control performance without loss of robot safety.While the DC motor provides high precision and reliability, the small motor has, however, difficulties in dealing with the large stored energies of the PAMs, especially in the events of PAMs failure and large initial load changes. In order to further ensure robot safety, we developed a new hybrid actuation scheme with PAMs (macro) and a particle brake (mini), which provides high torque-toweight ratio and inherent stability.We then conducted comparative studies between hybrid actuations with (1) a DC motor and (2) a brake in terms of robot safety and performance. Experimental comparisons show that the hybrid actuation with PAMs and a brake provides higher energy efficiency for control bandwidths under 2 Hz, and is capable of effectively reducing large impacts due to the brake’s high torque capacity and passive energy dissipation. These comparative studies provide insight that the hybrid actuation with PAMs and a brake can be a competitive solution for the applications that require high efficiency, but accept a relatively low control performance, for example, a waist joint.
A comparison of the Sensory Profile scores of children with autism and an age- and gender-matched sample.

Background The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects one in 88 children in the United States. 1 The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) defines ASD as a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by qualitative impairment in communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive and stereotyped behavior patterns. 2 The purpose of this study was to determine whether children with autism differ in their response to sensory input relative to typically developing age- and gender-matched peers. Method The Sensory Profile (SP) is a 125-item caregiver questionnaire designed to measure a child's ability to process sensory information and to profile the effect of sensory processing on daily life activity. The results of the SP of 21 participants with autism ages 3 to 9 years were compared with an age- and gender-matched sample of typically developing children. Results Significant differences were found across all four SP quadrants (Registration, Seeking, Sensitivity, and Avoiding) as well as eight of the nine SP factor scores. This study adds to the evidence indicating that children with autism process and respond to sensory input differently than typically-developing peers. Conclusion The findings from this study support previous research findings that sensory processing differences exist between children with ASD and their typically-developing peers, as measured by the SP.
Lunar Advanced Volatile Analysis Integration and Testing

The Regolith and Environment Science Oxygen and Lunar Volatile Extraction (RESOLVE) payload is part of Resource Prospector (RP) along with a rover and a lander that are expected to launch in 2020. RP will identify volatile elements that may be combined and collected to be used for fuel, air, and water in order to enable deeper space exploration. The Resource Prospector mission is a key part of In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU). The demand for this method of utilizing resources at the site of exploration is increasing due to the cost of resupply missions and deep space exploration goals. The RESOLVE payload includes the Lunar Advanced Volatile Analysis (LAVA) subsystem. The main instrument used to identify the volatiles evolved from the lunar regolith is the Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). LAVA analyzes the volatiles emitted from the Oxygen and Volatile Extraction Node (OVEN) Subsystem. The objective of OVEN is to obtain, weigh, heat and transfer evolved gases to LAVA through the connection between the two subsystems called the LOVEN line. This paper highlights the work completed during a ten week internship that involved the integration, testing, data analysis, and procedure documentation of two candidate mass spectrometers for the LAVA subsystem in order to aid in determining which model to use for flight. Additionally, the examination of data from the integrated Resource Prospector '15 (RP' 15) field test will be presented in order to characterize the amount of water detected from water doped regolith samples.
EXERCISE THERAPY IN THE NON-OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF FULL-THICKNESS ROTATOR CUFF TEARS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.

Background Although commonly prescribed, the evidence to support exercises therapy (ET) and conservative management for the treatment of full-thickness rotator cuff tears (FTT) is equivocal. Purpose The purpose of this systematic review of the literature was to determine the current level of evidence available for ET in the treatment of FTT and to provide a formal Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Working Group of recommendation. Methods Five databases were systematically searched to evaluate the effectiveness of ET for FTT. Inclusion criteria: experimental or observational studies of adults clinically diagnosed with FTT, or massive, or inoperable tears that contained a treatment group that received ET for FTT. Exclusion criteria included: history of surgical repair, concurrent significant trauma, neurological impairment, and level V studies. Articles were assessed for quality, the level of evidence (I - V) and GRADE of recommendation (A to F) was determined. Data extraction included: demographics, specific interventions, and outcomes. Results One thousand, five-hundred and sixty-nine unique citations were identified, 35 studies were included: nine randomized controlled studies, six cohort studies, 15 case series and five case reports. There were 2010 shoulders in 1913 subjects with an average age of 64.2 years, 54% males, 73% of tears were > 1 cm and 37% were classified as massive. Based on studies that reported, >58% of tears were > 1 year and 73% were atraumatic. Of the non-operatively treated cohorts that reported the respective outcomes: 78% improved in pain (9/10 cohorts that reported statistically significant differences [stat-sig] p<0.05), 81% improved in ROM (14/14 cohorts that reported, met stat-sig), 85% improved in strength (7/8 cohorts that reported, met stat-sig), 84% improved in functional outcomes (17/17 cohorts that reported, met stat-sig). Dissatisfied outcomes occurred in 15% of patients, who then transitioned to surgery. Conclusion The current literature indicates GRADE B recommendation (moderate strength) to support the use of ET in the management of FTT. There is further need for well-designed randomized controlled trials. Level of Evidence 2a.
Potentially avoidable inter-hospital transfer for gynaecology consultation at a tertiary care centre: a retrospective study.

Inter-hospital transfers for consultation are common and costly in the USA. Our objective was to evaluate the inter-hospital transfers between the emergency departments (ED) for a gynaecology consu...
For Better or Worse: an Assessment of the 'Linked Lives' Concept and the Race-Based Effects of Partner Stress on Self-Rated Health Among Older Adults.

The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of the life course framework concept of “linked lives” for examining the effects of partner stress on self-rated health among older adult populations. Data were derived from a partner-dyad study of Miami-Dade County residents and their significant others. We limited our analysis to respondents ages 60 or older (n = 409). Regression analyses revealed that greater levels of personally experienced major life events were associated with worse self-rated health. However, the association between a significant other’s stress exposure and one’s own self-rated health was only statistically significant among Black respondents. Extending prior study indicating that Black Americans tend to have worse self-rated health later in life relative to other racial groups, these findings demonstrate the utility of the linked lives concept for furthering an understanding of racial disparities in health based upon loved ones’ stressful experiences.
Mechanical stress-induced cell death in breast cancer cells.

ABSTRACT Providing an external mechanical stress to cancer cells seems to be an effective approach to treat cancer locally. Numbers of reports on cancer cell death subjected to mechanical stress loading are increasing, but they are more focused on apoptosis. Inducing necrosis is also important in attracting more immune cells to the cancer site via the release of danger-associated molecular patterns from cancer cells. Here we applied dynamic compression to breast cancer cells with a low frequency (0.1–30 Hz) and for a short duration (30–300 s) and they resulted in a mixed mode of apoptosis and necrosis dominant with necrotic cell death, which we call mechanical stress-induced cell death (MSICD). The necrotic cell damage of mechanically treated breast cancer cells increased in a force-dependent and time-dependent manner while a trend of frequency-independent MSICD was observed.
Postsurgical Opioid Prescriptions and Risk of Long-term Use: An Observational Cohort Study Across the United States.

Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in risk of long-term opioid therapy after surgery among an opioid-naive population using varying cutoffs based on days supplied (DS), total morphine milligram equivalents (MME) dispensed, and quantity of pills (QTY) dispensed.Background:In
SAT to SAT-hard clause translator: work-in-progress

Logic obfuscation emerged as an efficient solution to strengthen the security of integrated circuits (ICs) from multiple threats including reverse engineering and intellectual property (IP) theft. Emergence of Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) attacks and its variants have shown to circumvent the security mechanisms such as obfuscation and a plethora of its variants. Considering the size of ICs and the amount of time it takes to validate a defense i.e., obfuscation against SAT attack could range from few ms to days. In contrast, our current work focuses on devising an iterative, dynamic and intelligent SAT-hard clause generator for a given SAT-prone problem. The proposed Machine Learning (ML)-based SAT to unSAT clause translator is a SAT-hard clause generator that utilizes a bipartite propagation based neural network model. The utilized model comprises multiple layers of artificial neural networks to extract the dependencies of literals and variables, followed by long short term memory (LSTM) networks to validate the SAT hardness. The proposed ML-based SAT to unSAT clause translator is trained with conjunctive normal form (CNF) of the IC netlist that are both SAT solvable and SAT-hard. Further, the model is also trained to convert a CNF from satisfiable (SAT) to unsatisfiable (unSAT) form with minor perturbation (which translates to minor overheads) so that the SAT-attack cannot decrypt the keys. To the best of our knowledge, no previous work has been reported on neural network based SAT-hard clause or CNF translator for circuit obfuscation. We evaluate our proposed models's empirical performance against MiniSAT with 300 CNFs.
Smart Health in Medical Image Analysis

Medical imaging can facilitate diagnoses, treatment, and surgical planning, and increase clinical productivity. However, manual assessments of medical images require time-consuming works and lead to subjective conclusions. Through application of artificial intelligence (AI), automatic medical image analysis can be achieved to improve the accuracy and efficiency of healthcare services. This chapter describes two deep learning-based AI techniques for medical image analysis, e.g., tissue classification and medical image data augmentation. For each example, the algorithms are described first. Then the experiment results are presented to show the potential performance of using AI to enhance smart health. Conclusions and future directions are summarized at the end of the chapter.
‘Sin is Rightly Called the Punishment of Sin’: Francis Turretin’s Reformed Doctrine of Sin

ABSTRACTThis article contextualizes Francis Turretin’s (1623–87) doctrine of sin, and in particular his understanding of sin as a punishment for sin. Specifically, it elaborates on the theological ...
Hemoperfusion with Cytosorb in pediatric patients with septic shock: A retrospective observational study.

Objective:To determine the clinical effect of continuous hemoperfusion with Cytosorb associated with standard Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy on hemodynamics and on clinically relevant outcome...
Extracting Crowd Velocities at High Density

Velocity is a fundamental property of foot traffic flow. Monitoring the change of velocity patterns at high pedestrian densities may provide valuable insights on foot traffic dynamics. In this paper, a closer look is taken to explore the capability of the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique on extracting crowd velocities from surveillance camera images. Experiments are performed to report the accuracy of pedestrian velocity extraction with PIV. Quantitative accuracy is reported with manual tracking of pedestrians, surveying correlation misses at different window sizes and compute times. The results indicate that the PIV algorithm can be a good candidate for velocity extraction in real-time.
Treatment Retention in Older Versus Younger Adults with Opioid Use Disorder: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis from a Large Single Center Treatment Program.

Objective To compare treatment retention in a Medication for Opioid Use Disorder program between older and younger adults with opioid use disorder. Methods This retrospective cohort study was conducted from 2015 to 2018 at an urban academic hospital's opioid and drug treatment center. Participants were adults, 18 and older, diagnosed with Opioid Type Dependence. Older adults were defined as age 50 and older. Poisson and logistic regression analyses examined whether older age was associated with treatment retention. Results Overall, 288 individual charts were reviewed; 123 were aged 18-49, and 78 were aged 50 and older. Older adults were more likely to stay in treatment for six months or longer (OR=1.73, [1.02, 2.96], P-value = 0.04] and have a higher number of treatment visits overall (RR=1.06, [0.98, 1.16] (P-value=0.16). Conclusions Older adults are more likely than younger adults to be retained in long-term treatment in a Medication for Opioid Use Disorder program.
Top-Down or from the Ground?: A Practical Perspective on Reforming the Field of Children and the Law

Children get a raw deal in this country at the federal, state, and family levels. The law indisputably treats children in many limiting and paternalistic ways, typically designating them as objects to be controlled either by their parents or the government—two parties perpetually duking it out for authority. In their article, The New Law of the Child, 127 Yale L. J. 1448 (2018), Anne C. Dailey and Laura A. Rosenbury envision overhauling constitutional law to better promote children’s broader interests. Theirs is thus a top-down approach to change: by extending the Constitution to safeguard more robust rights for children, they hope that our communities will also come to embrace and respect children as full persons. Their proposal is fresh and innovative, making a real contribution to scholarly conversations about children and the law. However, because their framework demands broad constitutional reform, actual implementation of their new paradigm is ultimately quixotic. Further, even if it were adopted, it would likely disappoint in practice. This Response submits that, rather than force change through a constitutional hammer as Dailey and Rosenbury propose, a more practical and effective path forward is through a youth-led approach. Youth-driven efforts within our current framework, rather than widespread constitutional reform directed by adults, are more likely to produce real changes to the ways in which society views, honors, and treats children. Such a method allows youth to self-select the issues and interests that matter to them, promotes their agency, and capitalizes on their effectiveness as change-agents specifically because of their youth.
Moments of permutation statistics and central limit theorems

We show that if a permutation statistic can be written as a linear combination of bivincular patterns, then its moments can be expressed as a linear combination of factorials with constant coefficients. This generalizes a result of Zeilberger. We use an approach of Chern, Diaconis, Kane and Rhoades, previously applied on set partitions and matchings. In addition, we give a new proof of the central limit theorem (CLT) for the number of occurrences of classical patterns, which uses a lemma of Burstein and Hasto. We give a simple interpretation of this lemma and an analogous lemma that would imply the CLT for the number of occurrences of any vincular pattern. Furthermore, we obtain explicit formulas for the moments of the descents and the minimal descents statistics. The latter is used to give a new direct proof of the fact that we do not necessarily have asymptotic normality of the number of pattern occurrences in the case of bivincular patterns. Closed forms for some of the higher moments of several popular statistics on permutations are also obtained.
Audiovisual task switching rapidly modulates sound encoding in mouse auditory cortex

In everyday behavior, sensory systems are in constant competition for attentional resources, but the cellular and circuit-level mechanisms of modality-selective attention remain largely uninvestigated. We conducted translaminar recordings in mouse auditory cortex (AC) during an audiovisual (AV) attention shifting task. Attending to sound elements in an AV stream reduced both pre-stimulus and stimulus-evoked spiking activity, primarily in deep layer neurons. Despite reduced spiking, stimulus decoder accuracy was preserved, suggesting improved sound encoding efficiency. Similarly, task-irrelevant probe stimuli during intertrial intervals evoked fewer spikes without impairing stimulus encoding, indicating that these attention influences generalized beyond training stimuli. Importantly, these spiking reductions predicted trial-to-trial behavioral accuracy during auditory attention, but not visual attention. Together, these findings suggest auditory attention facilitates sound discrimination by filtering sound-irrelevant spiking in AC, and that the deepest cortical layers may serve as a hub for integrating extramodal contextual information.
Beyond Intuitionism — A Step

If the argument of the preceding chapter is accepted, then it appears that there can be no single fundamental practical principle, nor can there be a principle for the ordering of kinds of moral considerations. John Rawls has characterized as ‘intuitionistic’ those ethical theories which hold that there are a number of possibly conflicting ‘first’ principles, with no higher-level principle to determine priorities among them: ‘we are to strike a balance by intuition’.1Even disregarding those views which involve moral skepticism and nihilism, it is by no means clear that the sole alternative to an appeal to exceptionless principles need be an appeal to unaided intuition; nor amongst those who are paradigmatically intuitionists, who emphasize the role of some sort of immediate apprehension of the moral quality of acts, need their intuitionism be based on the recognition of a conflict of principles. I shall say more on each of these points below.
Upper Mantle Seismic Discontinuities

The upper mantle seismic discontinuities provide important constraints on models of mantle composition and dynamics. New observations of reflected and converted phases from the discontinuities have made possible more detailed measurements of discontinuity structure than are provided by traditional analyses of refracted waveforms. This paper reviews seismic observations of discontinuity properties, including their depth, topography, sharpness, and amplitude. Topography on the 410- and 660-km discontinuities is largely uncorrelated at global scales, and the 660 topography is significantly larger in peak-to-peak amplitude. The positions of subduction zones are correlated with depressions in the 660-km discontinuity, consistent with tomography results indicating the presence of large cold (fast) regions deep in the transition zone. A significant fraction of the velocity increases near 410 and 660 km occur over a depth interval less than 5 km; the 520-km reflector is more diffuse and appears to occur over a 10 to 50 km depth interval. The magnitude of the velocity and density increases across the discontinuities are poorly constrained by many seismic observations; they are currently best resolved from measurements of the amplitudes of reflected phases.
Persistence in University Continuing Education Online Classes

This study presents persistence and attrition data from two years of data collection. Over the eight quarters studied, the persistence rate in online courses was 79 percent. The persistence rate for similar onground courses was 84 percent. The drops for both course modalities were disaggregated by the time of the request for withdrawal: before course start, during the initial week, and during instruction. There was a significant difference between online and onground requests for withdrawals during the initial week. There was no significant difference between online and onground drop rates after the start of instruction, leading to the conclusion that differences in instruction online and onground was unlikely to be a major influencing factor in the student’s decision to drop.
Biological Activity and Potential Remediation Involving Geotextile Landfill Leachate Filters

The paper presents the results of a biological growth study in geotextile filters used in landfill leachate collection systems. After reviewing the first year's activity, a completely new experimental approach has been taken. Using 100 mm diameter columns for the experimental incubation and flow systems, the effects of six landfill leachates are evaluated. Aerobic and anaerobic states, four different geotextiles, and soil/no soil conditions above the geotextiles are involved in the testing program. The results in 96 individual test columns. Flow data is measured regularly, and over the first six months of evaluation certain trends were observed. For two of the landfill leachates, backflushing has been attempted so as to reinstitute flow. The procedure works well for the geotextile alone while not as well for the geotextile/soil columns. The exception is the nonwoven heat set geotextile. All tests are still ongoing and will be dismantled and further investigated at the end of 12 months exposure time. The experimental setup and procedure has been written up as a tentative ASTM test method and is currently in task group review.
Response Primacy in Fear Conditioning: Disentangling the Contributions Of UCS VS. UCR Intensity

Debates have ensued over whether fear conditioning is mainly a function of the strength of the aversive unconditioned stimulus (UCS) or the severity and intensity of the unconditioned response (UCR). The present study introduces a novel and clinically relevant preparation to test these competing hypotheses. Sex-balanced groups of undergraduate participants (N = 96) were assigned to one of three conditioned stimuli (CS) differing in fear relevance (snake, heart, and flowers) and within each CS, to either 20% or 13% CO2-enriched air as UCSs. Autonomic (electrodermal, heart rate) and self-report (SUDS) conditioned responses (CRs) at acquisition and extinction were predicted from (a) UCS intensity (20% vs. 13% CO2-enriched air), and (b) UCR intenSity. UCS intensity predicted autonomic CRs during acquisition and extinction, but not SUDS CRs during extinction. However, these UCS-CR relations were almost completely mediated by UCR intensity. Findings suggest that UCS intensity is limited as a predictor of conditioning, and that UCR intensity is a more robust predictor of fear conditioning. We discuss the conditions that may account for the differential predictive value of the UCS and UCR in explaining fear onset.
Foreign objects in the root canal: Review of the literature and report of two cases

In the two cases reported here, the foreign object in the child's tooth was not the specific reason for seeking treatment. When the presence of the objects was ascertained, neither parent could recall any mention being made by the child of introduction of the foreign body.
Geochemical constraints on the origin of sulfide mineralization in the Duke Island Complex, southeastern Alaska

[1] Magmatic Cu-Ni-PGE sulfide mineralization associated with mafic to ultramafic igneous rocks is rare in convergent plate settings. However, recent exploration in the Duke Island Complex of southeastern Alaska has detected horizons of sulfide mineralization primarily in the olivine clinopyroxenite unit. The composition of the sulfides, recalculated to 100% sulfide, averages 0.48% Ni and 1.4% Cu. The Duke Island Complex was generated by the emplacement of multiple pulses of variably fractionated magma ranging in composition from picrite to ankaramite that originated in deeper staging chambers. The presence of sulfides in the complex indicates that fO2 conditions were more reduced than those commonly ascribed to arc-related magmas. The mass of sulfide mineralization together with the sulfur isotopic values indicates that external sulfur was added to the parent magmas at staging chambers. Os isotopic data from sulfides and C isotopic compositions of graphite in the olivine clinopyroxenites also indicate that the parental magmas were contaminated by crustal material. However, oxygen isotopic values of clinopyroxene together with the REE data suggest that bulk assimilation of country rocks has not occurred and the contamination was selective, involving C- and S-bearing fluids or graphitic sulfides. The observed enrichment in Cu and S isotopic values of the sulfides is best explained by assimilation of sulfides from metal-bearing rock types such as black shales or volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits that occur in terranes above the mantle wedge.
ab-plane optical properties of YBa2Cu3O7- delta Bry single crystals.

Room-temperature infrared- and optical-spectroscopic measurements are reported on brominated ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6.2}$ single-crystal samples. Incorporation of bromine in the lattice was observed in both Auger electron and infrared-spectroscopy experiments but the exact lattice site for bromine dopant atoms remains unknown. Five of the six in-plane infrared-active ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{u}}$ phonon modes were observed in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6.2}$${\mathrm{Br}}_{\mathit{y}}$ samples and phonon frequency softening was observed for the 591-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ phonon [Cu(2)-O(2) in-plane stretch] mode. The frequency-dependent optical conductivity \ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega}) was obtained from the Kramers-Kronig transformation of the near-normal-incidence reflectance R(\ensuremath{\omega}) measurements, and the resulting \ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega}) showed the presence of a mid-infrared band (centered at \ensuremath{\sim}2500 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$) in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6.2}$${\mathrm{Br}}_{\mathit{y}}$.
Professional Capital: Transforming Teaching in Every School by Andy Hargreaves and Michael Fullan

The African proverb, “When an old person dies, a library burns down,” is one of several memorable adages the authors use to vividly and concretely describe what could be a rather fuzzy and nebulous...
Courtroom Modifications for Child Witnesses: Law and Science in Forensic Evaluations

This book is aimed at mental health professionals who perform forensic evaluations of child witnesses in cases of alleged maltreatment in order to determine whether to recommend courtroom modifications. Authors Susan R. Hall and Bruce D. Sales consider, from both legal and psychological standpoints, courtroom modifications such as allowing supportive adults in the witness box and allowing hearsay exemptions. The legal implications of more controversial practices such as using screens to shield the witness from the defendant, and using remote or videotaped depositions or testimony are also discussed. Finally, the authors review current research on trauma, PTSD, fear, anxiety, and depression in children who allegedly have been abused, and examine the implications for child testimony. The nuanced analysis in this book provides mental health and legal professionals with the expert guidance they need when making crucial forensic judgments.
Design and verification of a mechanical system for magnetospheric mapping missions

This paper describes the design and qualification of the Space Technology 5 spacecraft mechanical system. Key points include: testing results for the "Frisbee" type deployer system, which imparts a precise spin rate to the spacecraft; layout of the structural bus, with emphasis on design for both compactness and accessibility during assembly; design of the electronics housing, which serves an important dual purpose as the spacecraft structural backbone. Also included is a description of its special accommodations for electrical harness and the integration process; electro-mechanical aspects of the separation connectors and shape-memory-actuated pin pullers; unique challenges due to limited volume and resources were overcome through extensive testing and "skunkworks" type development procedures. Overall, this paper encompasses the unique mechanical system design innovations to enable the 25 kg, fully functional Space Technology 5 spacecraft to blaze a trail towards scale-reduction and system functional integration for upcoming nano-satellite constellations.
Asymptomatic regional ileitis manifest as fever, hepatic disease, and splenomegaly: report of a case.

This case of regional ileitis demonstrates the need and practical value of considering potential visceral and systemic disease involvement in a patient with negligible gastrointestinal symptoms. Regional ileitis, alone, may be responsible for hepatosplenomegaly, high temperature, and hepatic dysfunction. The age of our patient, duration of disease and lack of gastrointestinal symptoms all tend to preclude the possibility of carcinoma of the small intestine.
“Transfer Prices and Profit Maximization in Multinational Enterprise Operations”: Comment

A recent article by D. J. Fowler in this journal considers the use of transfer pricing by multinational enterprises (MNEs) as a mechanism for increasing global after-tax profits.1 Fowler focuses on the operation of a Canadian subsidiary by a U.S. MNE. This comment observes several mathematical errors in Fowler's study; in addition the authors argue that the variation in tariff rates deserves more emphasis than it receives in Fowler's study, and that the variation in levels of foreign ownership deserves less emphasis. Based upon these changes, Fowler's key table is recomputed and the empirical results for all but one industry are shown to be consistent with theoretical predictions.