cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
B-cell CLL/Lymphoma 10 (BCL10) Is Required for NF-κB Production by Both Canonical and Noncanonical Pathways and for NF-κB-inducing Kinase (NIK) Phosphorylation

B-cell CLL/lymphoma 10 (BCL10), the caspase recruitment domain (CARD)-containing protein involved in the etiology of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas, has been implicated in inflammatory processes in epithelial cells, as well as in immune cells. Experiments in this report indicate that BCL10 is required for activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB by both canonical and noncanonical pathways, following stimulation by the sulfated polysaccharide carrageenan (CGN). In wild type and IκB-kinase (IKK)α−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts, increases in phospho-IκBα, nuclear NF-κB p65 (RelA) and p50, and KC, the mouse analog of human interleukin-8, were markedly reduced by silencing BCL10 or by exposure to the free radical scavenger Tempol. In IKKβ−/− cells, BCL10 silencing, but not Tempol, reduced the CGN-induced increases in KC, phospho-NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK), cytoplasmic NF-κB p100, and nuclear NF-κB p52 and RelB, suggesting a BCL10 requirement for activation of the noncanonical pathway. In NCM460 cells, derived from normal, human colonic epithelium, the CGN-induced increases in NF-κB family members, p65, p50, p52, and RelB, were inhibited by BCL10 silencing. Although enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confocal images demonstrated no change in total NIK following CGN, increases in phospho-NIK in the wild type, IKKβ−/− and IKKα−/− cells were inhibited by silencing BCL10. These findings indicate an upstream signaling role for BCL10, in addition to its effects on IKKγ, the regulatory component of the IKK signalosome, and a requirement for BCL10 in both canonical and noncanonical pathways of NF-κB activation. Also, the commonly used food additive carrageenan can be added to the short list of known activators of both pathways.
Two-Dimensional Dealiasing of Doppler Velocities

Abstract The Doppler velocity dealiasing problem has been discussed for many years. Because aliasing is easily identified by detecting abrupt changes in the data field, most existing algorithms use this technique to correct aliased data. Such algorithms are typically based on local expansion methods. Such methods make a dealiasing decision for each gate based on the information of its dealiased neighbors and thus can be sensitive to scattered incorrect data. This paper introduces a new approach that attempts to find all dealiased values for a given dataset by solving a linear system involving the entire dataset and thus avoiding local expansion. Because the solution is global, the new technique is conceptually simple and displays good performance on a number of test cases. The new technique described here was implemented to support real-time dealiasing in an operational setting.
Microstructures of polybutadienes prepared by anionic polymerization in polar solvents. Ion‐pair and solvent effects

En general la teneur en -1,4 augmente avec la taille de l'ion antagoniste (lithium, sodium ou potassium)
Abstract 4927: 68Ga/177Lu-Peptide antagonist targeting of breast cancer: A xenograft evaluation

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Introduction: Recent progress in developing BB2r (bombesin receptor subtype 2) antagonist vectors with long term cellular retention has captured significant interest for in vivo targeting of BB2r positive tumor cells using diagnostic and therapeutic radioisotopes. Here we report on the evaluation of a 68Ga-labeled BB2r antagonist in comparison to 18F-FDG for selective PET imaging of BB2r expressing breast cancer xenografts. The theranostic potential of this BB2r antagonist vector is further explored by direct comparison of tumor targeting using the companion beta particle emitting 177Lu-labeled BB2r antagonist. Methods: Breast tumor cell lines (T47D, MCF7, MB361, MB468, and MB231) were implanted in female SCID mice. ER+ cell line implanted mice were supplemented with 90 day release 17-beta Estradiol pellets (0.50 mg) one week prior to bilateral flank inoculations. 68Ga labeling of a commercially synthesized BB2r antagonist peptide, DOTA-Amino-Carboxymethyl-Piperidine-DPhe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Sta-Leu-NH2 (Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 38(1):97, 2011) was performed and the product verified to possess > 95% purity by HPLC. Animals were administered 75-100uCi (2.77-3.7MBq) of 68Ga-BB2r antagonist and 200-300uCi (7.4-11.1MBq) of 18F-FDG on consecutive days with all PET imaging performed one hour post injection. Mice receiving 177Lu-BB2r antagonist 1.5-2.0mCi (55.5-74GBq) were imaged using Micro-SPECT/CT at 24hrs and 48hrs post injection (p.i.). Results: The presence of the BB2r in each cell line was verified by Western blot analysis. 68Ga-BB2r antagonist uptake in xengorafts was observed in all breast tumor xenograft models and varied with the highest uptake being visualized in ER+ xenograft models. Concurrent 18F-FDG PET demonstrated relatively consistent glucose metabolism across all models. In all xenograft models requiring estradiol supplementation, prolonged bladder retention was observed. In the xenograft models administered 177Lu-BB2r antagonist, the tumor uptake at 1 hr p.i. was highest for ER+ models (7.12+1.92 %ID/g and 9.58+/-1.93 %ID/g for MCF7 and T47D xenografts, respectively) compared to 1.5+0.5%ID/g for the ER- MB231 xenograft model. Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that PET imaging of BB2r expression in breast cancer models may be possible with preferential uptake in ER+ tumor cell lines. The preliminary theranostic data obtained using the analogous 177Lu-BB2r antagonist demonstrates the potential for in vivo delivery of targeted radiotherapeutics to BB2r expressing breast tumors. Citation Format: Tammy L. Rold, Ashley F. Berendzen, Nicole E. Bernskoetter, Jillian C. Rushin, Lixin Ma, Timothy J. Hoffman. 68Ga/177Lu-Peptide antagonist targeting of breast cancer: A xenograft evaluation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4927. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4927
A re-examination of practical scalability limits of n-channel and p-channel MOS devices for VLSI

The device performance of scaled n-channel and p-channel MOS devices is theoretically examined in detail down to 0.2 µm gate length including all of the major effects such as source/ drain series resistance, mobility degradation due to both parallel and perpendicular fields, and inversion layer capacitance under three different scaling schemes which are based on different power supply scenarios. From the degradation factor of triode gain and drain saturation current, the relative contribution of each parasitic effect on device performance degradation has been examined. Based on these calculations, some modifications to straightforward scaling are considered.
Managing international technology transfer negotiation: a social exchange perspective

Abstract International technology transfer (ITT) is an increasingly important issue in the management of technology. Most of what we know about ITT, an exchange of firm-specific technical knowhow between a technology transferor and a transferee in different countries, is posited in broad economic terms. This study attempts to investigate ITT negotiation from a social exchange perspective, with special reference to ITT negotiation between firms in the USA and China. This approach is applied to data derived from two case studies of ITT negotiation between US and Chinese firms. The ITT exchanges involved are analyzed in terms of rewards in relation to costs (both reckoned in terms of strategic and tactical advantage or disadvantage), possession of power to make things happen, expectations vs. consequences, and conflict. Results show that social and cultural factors, in conjunction with economic factors, exert influence on the eventual outcome of an ITT negotiation. This paper suggests that the application of social exchange theory should enable participants in an ITT to get a better understanding of what is happening and why, and thus to better manage the ITT negotiation process.
The performance of a large-scale rotary magnetic refrigerator

Abstract Astronautics has constructed a large-scale rotary magnetic refrigerator which was designed to provide 2 kW of cooling power over a temperature span of 12 K with Electrical Coefficient Of Performance (COPe) > 2. The system uses a NdFeB magnet assembly with peak field of 1.44 T which rotates over twelve beds arranged circumferentially. Each bed was packed with six layers of LaFeSiH of different Curie temperatures, chosen to optimize system performance over the desired span. We report here on the performance of this system at flow rates ranging from 12.5 to 21.2 L min−1. At the largest flow rate, the system produced 3042 W of cooling power at zero span and peak performance of 2502 W over a span of 11 K. To our knowledge, this represents the largest cooling power yet observed for a magnetic refrigeration system. We show that the measured performance is in good agreement with theoretical prediction.
Research Note: Detection of Salmonella Serogroup D-Specific Antibodies in the Yolks of Eggs Laid by Hens Infected with Salmonella enteritidis

Abstract Eggs laid by hens experimentally infected with Salmonella enteritidis were assayed for the presence of Serogroup D-specific yolk antibodies. Yolk: antibodies were detected with S. enteritidis and Salmonella pullorum antigens in the microantiglobulin test as early as 9 days after inoculation of hens with S. enteritidis. Yolk antibody titers reached peak levels at 3 to 5 wk postinoculation and remained at detectable levels for at least 7 wk postinoculation in eggs from both orally inoculated and horizontally contact-exposed hens. Eggs laid by hens from commercial flocks implicated in epidemiological investigations of human S. enteritidis outbreaks were also tested. Serogroup D-specific yolk antibodies were detected in 5 to 22% of eggs from hens in houses identified as infected by bacteriological culturing of internal organs of hens for S. enteritidis.
Substantial recoverable energy storage in percolative metallic aluminum-polypropylene nanocomposites

Chemisorption of the activated metallocene polymerization catalyst derived from [rac-ethylenebisindenyl]zirconium dichlororide (EBIZrCl2) on the native Al2O3 surfaces of metallic aluminum nanoparticles, followed by exposure to propylene, affords 0–3 metal-isotactic polypropylene nanocomposites. The microstructures of these nanocomposites are characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Electrical measurements show that increasing the concentration of the filler nanoparticles increases the effective permittivity of the nanocomposites to ϵr values as high as 15.4. Because of the high contrast in the complex permittivities and conductivities between the metallic aluminum nanoparticles and the polymeric polypropylene matrix, these composites obey the percolation law for two-phase composites, reaching maximum permittivities just before the percolation threshold volume fraction, vf ≈ 0.16. This unique method of in situ polymerization from the surface of metallic Al particles produces a new class of materials that perform as superior pulse-power capacitors, with low leakage current densities of ≈10−7–10−9 A/cm2 at an applied field of 105 V/cm, low dielectric loss in the 100 Hz–1 MHz frequency range, and recoverable energy storage as high as 14.4 J/cm3.
The role of advisory organizations in ionizing radiation protection science and policy: a proposal.

Funding for radiation protection science and policy has been in decline for more than a decade. Agencies that set policies and standards for radiation protection depend on external expert groups for advice, and unless the funding situation is stabilized, the ability of these advisory organizations to provide timely advice will be compromised. This paper examines the history of radiation protection policy in the United States, reviews the funding patterns of international and national radiation protection advisory bodies, and suggests recommendations for assuring that radiological and radiation protection science remains an important part of the nation’s public health policy agenda. Five major advisory organizations are the focus of this paper—ICRP, ICRU, NCRP, National Research Council BEIR Committees, and UNSCEAR. The recommendations developed in this paper address the following issues: (1) the need to coordinate activities among national and international advisory bodies in order to minimize overlap of work scope and ensure comprehensive coverage of major radiation protection issues; (2) the need to reevaluate activities and operations of advisory groups in the context of an ever-changing radiation protection landscape; and (3) the need to establish the NCRP as the major federal advisory organization for radiation protection in the United States and to stabilize funding through Congressional appropriations.
Early Outcomes and Prognostic Factors for Left Atrioventricular Valve Reoperation After Primary Atrioventricular Septal Defect Repair

This study aimed to identify early outcomes of and prognostic factors for left atrioventricular valve (LAVV) reoperation after primary atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) repair. A retrospective cohort study was performed using the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium database, which included 370 patients with previously repaired AVSDs who subsequently underwent LAVV reoperation between 1982 and 2007. Of these patients, 243 underwent LAVV repair, and 127 underwent LAVV replacement. Median time to first reoperation after primary repair was 0.67 years in the repair subgroup and 0.18 years in the replacement subgroup. Thirty-day survival was significantly poorer in the replacement subgroup compared with the repair subgroup (P = 0.0002). In multivariable analysis, independent predictors of earlier time to valve replacement included presence of Down syndrome and postoperative left atrioventricular valve stenosis. Independent predictors of in-hospital death after valve replacement included presence of Down syndrome (hazard ratio [HR] 2.34, 95% CI 1.19–4.58) and prosthetic valve size-to-weight ratio >3 mm/kg (HR 3.02, 95% CI 1.52–6.01). The identification of a subgroup of previously repaired AVSD patients at high risk for early postoperative death after LAVV replacement suggests that for these patients, a low threshold for detailed hemodynamic monitoring and/or reintervention for hemodynamic aberrations is warranted.
Radiofrequency global endometrial ablation followed by hysteroscopic sterilization.

Abstract Study objective To describe the feasibility of performing Essure hysteroscopic sterilization immediately after NovaSure global endometrial ablation (GEA). Design Descriptive feasibility study (Canadian Task Force classification III). Setting Midwestern United States academic medical center. Patients Twenty-five women (aged 35–49 years) with menorrhagia who elected GEA treatment and requested concurrent permanent sterilization. Interventions NovaSure GEA followed immediately by Essure hysteroscopic sterilization. Patients returned 3 months after the procedure for hysterosalpingography (HSG) to document tubal occlusion. Measurements and main results The inserts were placed successfully in all 25 patients; 21 returned for 3-month follow-up HSG, as recommended. Bilateral tubal occlusion was documented at 3 months in 19 patients (90%) and unilateral occlusion in 2 patients. Six-month postprocedural HSG in these 2 patients documented bilateral tubal occlusion. Hysterosalpingography was not performed in 4 patients. In all 21 patients with appropriate follow-up, complete occlusion was documented, and the ability to perform or interpret HSG was not affected by endometrial ablation. Conclusion Essure hysteroscopic sterilization can be safely performed after NovaSure GEA. Intrauterine synechiae do not appear to adversely affect the ability to perform HSG at 3 months or to document tubal occlusion.
Theory and design of distributed amplifiers

A simple mathematical theory of the operation of a distributed amplifier is presented. It is shown that it can easily be applied to different types of network structures under assumed constraints. Thus, the result enables one to unify many of the existing results in the literature and provides some insight into the more complicated eases. Applications of the theory to transistor distributed amplifiers, to amplifiers using the m-derived filter sections with added resistive elements, and to constant-resistance type networks are also discussed. Normalized curves of the gain and the phase-shift characteristics, and the unit-step-voltage and the unit-impulse-voltage responses are plotted.
Reliability estimates for the immediate and delayed memory tasks.

The Immediate and Delayed Memory Tasks are variations of the Continuous Performance Test. While previous research with the tasks has focused on group performance across multiple blocks and sessions, reliability estimates have not been established. We estimated reliability (1) between blocks of a single testing session (N=106), (2) across four sessions within a single testing day (N=20), and (3) across sessions on four consecutive testing days (N=20). Analyses indicated that the primary variable of Interest, i.e., commission of errors, showed acceptable reliability within and across testing periods.
Erythrocyte incorporation of ingested 58Fe by 56-day-old breast-fed and formula-fed infants.

ABSTRACT: As an index of iron absorption, erythrocyte incorporation of the stable isotope, 58Fe, was determined 14 and 42 d after the administration of 58Fe-labeled ferrous sulfate to 56-d-old exclusively breast-fed infants and to infants fed a low-iron (1.8 mg/L) formula. Each infant received a dose of 0.6 to 1.0 mg of iron with ascorbic acid between feedings on each of 3 consecutive d. Fourteen d after administration of the 58Fe-labeled iron doses (age 70 d), arithmetic mean incorporation of the 58Fe label into erythrocytes by breast-fed infants was 20.0% of the dose—only slightly less than that reported for erythrocyte incorporation of iron by fasting adults fed small quantities of 59Fe-labeled human milk. Erythrocyte incorporation of iron by the formula-fed infants was 6.9% of the dose, suggesting that, even between feedings, components of infant formula exerted a major inhibitory effect on iron absorption. For reasons that are not clear, the percentage of the administered label incorporated into erythrocytes was significantly greater in breast-fed (but not in formula-fed infants) at 112 d of age than at 70 d of age.
The claustrum in review

The claustrum is among the most enigmatic of all prominent mammalian brain structures. Since the 19th century, a wealth of data has amassed on this forebrain nucleus. However, much of this data is disparate and contentious; conflicting views regarding the claustrum’s structural definitions and possible functions abound. This review synthesizes historical and recent claustrum studies with the purpose of formulating an acceptable description of its structural properties. Integrating extant anatomical and functional literature with theorized functions of the claustrum, new visions of how this structure may be contributing to cognition and action are discussed.
Visualization of quaternion slices

Abstract A simple technique is described for demonstrating graphically interesting behaviour in chaotic systems defined by four-dimensional quaternion iteration.
HIGH-FREQUENCY OSCILLATORY VENTILATION WITH PARTIAL LIQUID VENTILATION IN A MODEL OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE. ▴ 250

The objective of this study was to determine if there is an improvement in oxygenation when partial liquid ventilation (PLV) and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) are combined in the treatment of acute lung injury, compared to HFOV alone. Ten anestetized 3-kg piglets underwent HFOV prior to induction of acute lung injury with repeated saline lavage. When PaO2 was less than 100 torr on 100% oxygen and mean airway pressure of 20 cm H2O, five animals were randomized to receive escalating doses (3 ml/kg, 15 ml/kg, 30 ml/kg) of perflubron (Liqui Vent R, Alliance Pharmaceutical Corp., San Diego, CA.) at 60 min. intervals. The other 5 animals were treated similarly except they did not receive perflubron. The PaO2 of the HFOV/PLV and HFOV groups were no different after lung injury (66±17 and 56±13, respectively). However, after 3 ml/kg perflubron in the HFOV/PLV group and sham dosing in the HFOV group (both receiving similar conventional breaths during dosing), the difference became significantly greater in the HFOV/PLV group compared to HFOV alone(253±161 torr vs. 90±30 torr, p<0.05). There was no difference between the groups after 15 ml/kg perflubron (313±130 torr vs. 259±161 torr) or after 30 ml/kg perflubron (328±80 torr vs. 331±164 torr). PaCO2 and pH were not different in either group at any time. No hemodynamic compromise occurred in either group. We conclude that the combination of PLV with HFOV leads to more rapid improvement in arterial oxygenation in a piglet model of acute lung injury, compared to HFOV alone, however, larger doses of perflubron were not more effective than continuation of HFOV alone. The combination of PLV with HFOV may permit effective oxygenation and ventilation at lower MAP's by facilitating alveolar expansion and decreasing intrapulmonary shunt.
Iterative coordinate transformation procedure for one class of robots

A necessary feature of robot systems is a capability to process robot paths in terms of Cartesian coordinates. However, the so-called articulated robot arms which represent the more advanced systems operate in terms of their revolute and sliding joint coordinates, and these do not lend themselves easily to translation into Cartesian equivalents. As a rule, the direct (joint-to-Cartesian space) coordinate transformation can be solved for in closed form. As for the inverse (Cartesian-to-joint) transformation, for some rather common arm designs practical solutions cannot be found in closed form. An iterative procedure for one such class of articulated robots is presented. The procedure produces an exact solution for the wrist tip position coordinates and an approximate solution for the wrist orientation coordinates. The convergence characteristics of the procedure are discussed.
Effects of Propranolol and Nitroglycerin on Left Ventricular Performance in Patients with Coronary Arterial Disease

Left ventricular ejection fraction, end-diastolic volume, and cardiac output measured by a radionuclide method (scintillation probe and radioactive 113m indium) in 18 men with coronary arterial disease, and the effects of administration of propranolol (two hours following oral administration of 20 mg, 40 mg, or 80 mg), of nitroglycerin (0.4 sublingually administered), and of these two drugs in combination, were measured. Administration of nitroglycerin increased the ejection fraction and decreased the end-diastolic volume and cardiac output. Therapy with propranolol (20 mg regimen) did not alter these measurements, although a 15 percent or greater decrease in the ejection fraction was observed in three of six men with an abnormal ejection fraction. Therapy with propranolol (40 mg and 80 mg regimens) decreased the ejection fraction and cardiac output and increased the end-diastolic volume. Of six men with an abnormal ejection fraction, five had a 15 percent or greater decrease after receiving the 40 mg regimen of propranolol. Administration of nitroglycerin in combination with propranolol resulted in a decrease in the end-diastolic volume and an increase in the ejection fraction, with a further decrease in the cardiac output. Therapy with propranolol was associated with a reduction in heart rate, and this drug blocked the increase in heart rate associated with administration of nitroglycerin. These results suggest that the effects of therapy with propranolol in combination with nitroglycerin favorably alter the left ventricular volume and heart rate in terms of the myocardial demand for oxygen.
Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism

Any stable consensus in social science is fair game for critics or revisionists discontented with the orthodoxy of an existing paradigm. In the study of nationalism, the year 1983 might be taken as...
A study of the 51V(6Li, d)55Mn reaction

Abstract Alpha particle spectroscopic strengths extracted for transitions to low-lying levels in 55 Mn observed in a study of the 51 V( 6 Li, d) reaction at 32 MeV are compared with the results of shell-model calculations. These reproduce well the relative strengths of the levels.
Effect of intensive insulin treatment on linear growth in the young diabetic patient.

Although impaired growth is a well-recognized complication of uncontrolled diabetes, it has not been established whether less servere metabolic derangements commonly seen with conventional treatment adversely affect growth potential. To examine this question, growth velocity was measured in nine type 1 diabetic patients (age 14±3 years) before and after six months of intensive insulin treatment either with the insulin pump or with multiple injections, which lowered mean plasma glucose concentration from 270±96 to 105±55 mg/dl and total glycosylated hemoglobin from 12.4±3.0 to 8.4±1.5% (mean ±SD). During conventional treatment, growth velocity (5.3±2.2 cm/year) was within the range of normal despite elevations in plasma glucose concentrations. However, growth velocity increased sharply during intensive treatment (to 9.4±3.9 cm/year, P
Helping students understand the datapath with simulators and crazy models

Undergraduate computer science programs at many small colleges often include only one course focused on hardware. Many important concepts are covered in such a course, including the basics of computer architecture. By the end of such a course, students should have a good understanding of how a binary machine instruction is executed in hardware. Unfortunately, even a simplified diagram of a datapath is often difficult for students to master. We present two approaches that use lab exercises to help to address this problem. In one, students build a working model of the datapath out of ordinary materials; in the other, a software simulator is designed and implemented. These approaches are described and their merits discussed.
Diels-Alder topochemistry via charge-transfer crystals: novel (thermal) single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformations.

The solid-state [4+2] cycloaddition of anthracene to bis(N-ethylimino)-1,4-dithiin occurs via a unique single-phase topochemical reaction in the intermolecular (1:1) charge-transfer crystal. The thermal heteromolecular solid-state condensation involves the entire crystal, and this rare crystalline event follows topochemical control during the entire cycloaddition. As a result, a new crystalline modification of the Diels−Alder product is formed with a crystal-packing similar to that of the starting charge-transfer crystal but very different from that of the (thermodynamically favored) product modification obtained from solution-phase crystallization. Such a single-phase transformation is readily monitored by X-ray crystallography at various conversion stages, and the temporal changes in crystallographic parameters are correlated with temperature-dependent (solid-state) kinetic data that are obtained by 1H NMR spectroscopy at various reaction times. Thus, an acceleration of the solid-state reaction over tim...
Vocational Choices and Interest Test Scores of High School Students

(1941). Vocational Choices and Interest Test Scores of High School Students. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 297-306.
Concentration-dependent patterning by an ectopic expression domain of the Drosophila gap gene knirps

The asymmetric distribution of the gap gene knirps (kni) in discrete expression domains is critical for striped patterns of pair-rule gene expression in the Drosophila embryo. To test whether these domains function as sources of morphogenetic activity, the stripe 2 enhancer of the pair-rule gene even-skipped (eve) was used to express kni in an ectopic position. Manipulating the stripe 2-kni expression constructs and examining transgenic lines with different insertion sites led to the establishment of a series of independent lines that displayed consistently different levels and developmental profiles of expression. Individual lines showed specific disruptions in pair-rule patterning that were correlated with the level and timing of ectopic expression. These results suggest that the ectopic domain acts as a source for morphogenetic activity that specifies regions in the embryo where pair-rule genes can be activated or repressed. Evidence is presented that the level and timing of expression, as well as protein diffusion, are important for determining the specific responses of target genes.
Problems and research issues associated with the hybrid control of force and displacement

The hybrid control of force and position is basic to the science of robotics but is only poorly understood. Before much progress can be made in robotics, this problem needs to be solved in a robust manner. However, the use of hybrid control implies the existence of a model of the environment, not an exact model (as the function of hybrid control is to accommodate these errors), but a model appropriate for planning and reasoning. The monitored forces in position control are interpreted in terms of a model of the task as are the monitored displacements in force control. The reaction forces of the task of writing are far different from those of hammering. The programming of actions in such a modeled world becomes more complicated and systems of task level programming need to be developed. Sensor based robotics, of which force sensing is the most basic, implies an entirely new level of technology. Indeed, robot force sensors, no matter how compliant they may be, must be protected from accidental collisions. This implies other sensors to monitor task execution and again the use of a world model. This new level of technology is the task level, in which task actions are specified, not the actions of individual sensors and manipulators.
How motives, skills, and values determine what people do.

According to general behavior theory, motives, probability of success (or skill), and incentive value are three independent organismic determinants of excitatory potential (or the impulse to act) that combine with situational opportunity to determine response strength or response probability. Much con- fusion has been introduced into human motivation theory by investigators 'failure to measure separately motive strength (from coding operant thought) and incentive value (from value attitude questionnaires) and by their misuse of the term motivation. Moti- vation properly refers to an aroused motive, but they have broadened it to mean excitatory potential, which is determined partly by the aroused motive and partly by probability of success, incentive value, and other variables. Research is reviewed that dem- onstrates the importance of motivation, incentive value, and probability of success, independently mea- sured, for predicting achievement performance and the frequency with which affiliation acts are per- formed. Both theory and experiment lead to the conclusions that motive strength, particularly in re- lation to the strength of other motives in the person, is the more important determinant of operant act frequency," that incentive value is the more important determinant of cognitively based choices," that motive strength and probability of success combine multi- plicatively to predict response strength or probability," and that all determinants, plus this last interaction, together account for over 75% of the variation in operants like affiliative act frequency. The remainder of the variation is readily attributable to environ- mental opportunities.
A new approach for determining thermal unit priority commitment order

A new approach is presented for determining the priority order for thermal unit commitment. In this approach, a new index CUF (commitment utilization factor) is used in conjunction with the classical economic index AFLC (average full-load cost) to determine the priority commitment order. Based on the author's application experience, the proposed approach is very effective because the resulting priority commitment orders are consistently better possible than those determined by the AFLC index alone. This approach can be easily implemented as an add-on module to an existing priority-order-based unit commitment model. The addition can significantly improve the performance of this priority-order-based model without noticeable penalty in the computational requirements. A midwestern utility system is used to illustrate the proposed approach. >
Diagnosis and Management of the Cardiac Amyloidoses

Cardiac amyloidosis is a manifestation of one of several systemic diseases known as the amyloidoses.1,2 This uncommon disease is probably underdiagnosed, and even when a diagnosis of amyloidosis of the heart is made, the fact that there are several types of amyloid, each with its unique features and treatment, is often unrecognized. This can lead to errors in management and in the information conveyed to the patient. The purpose of this review is to familiarize the reader with the clinical features of amyloidosis and to address the approach to the patient with this disease, focusing on the various types of amyloidosis, their prognosis and treatment. The common feature of this group of diseases is the extracellular deposition of a proteinaceous material that, when stained with Congo red, demonstrates apple-green birefringence under polarized light and that has a distinct color when stained with sulfated Alcian blue (Figure 1). Viewed with electron microscopy, the amyloid deposits are seen to be composed of a β-sheet fibrillar material (Figure 2). These nonbranching fibrils have a diameter3 of 7.5 to 10 nm and are the result of protein misfolding.4,5 Cardiac involvement in amyloidosis may be the predominant feature or may be found on investigation of a patient presenting with another major organ involvement. The presence of cardiac amyloidosis and its relative predominance varies with the type of amyloidosis. Thus, senile systemic amyloidosis and some forms of transthyretin amyloidosis invariably affect the heart, whereas cardiac involvement ranges from absent to severe in amyloidosis derived from a light-chain precursor (AL amyloidosis). Secondary amyloidosis almost never affects the heart in any clinically significant manner.6 The specific composition of the fibrils differs in the different types of amyloid7 and are outlined in the Table. Both on the basis of common usage and for …
Media Violence and Antisocial Behavior: An Overview

Do media portrayals of interpersonal violence engender aggression among the observers? This question has been the focus of social scientific inquiry for over a quarter of a century. The initial research efforts of numerous investigators led to the surgeon general's research program on television and social behavior in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The surgeon general's conclusion that “television violence, indeed, does have an adverse effect on certain members of our society” (Steinfeld, 1972) stimulated a torrent of research, congressional hearings, and expressions of public concern. The late 1970s and early 1980s also saw the emergence of cable television and the video cassette as major media forces. Accordingly, many teenagers and even preadolescents became frequent viewers of scenes that graphically couple sex and violence. Not surprisingly, a new research focus developed on the effects of such media stimuli.
Safety Incidents and High-Risk Activities of Masonry Construction

Masonry construction is one of the specialty trades with high risk of workrelated injuries. This case study analyzes 141 masonry incidents that occurred over a period of three years in a large masonry company. Incident analysis and interviews with the safety director and production managers identified the masonry tasks with high frequency and severity of incidents, the task factors that contribute to incidents and the events that resulted in incidents and injuries. Furthermore, the study categorizes the incidents according to the injured workers’ position such as foreman, masons, laborers, and forklift operators. The findings indicate that three activities— scaffold erection and dismantling, laying block and material handling are responsible for the highest number of incidents and consequences in terms of days away from work and days with modified task. The second finding in this case is that laborers of masonry crews have disproportionately more accidents compared to the masons. The study makes the following contributions to practice: first, it identifies the high-risk activities of masonry operations that require more effective controls to improve workers’ safety, and second it distinguishes between the traumatic injuries of laborers and masons, and identifies the population with higher injury risk.
Alternatives for measuring the unexplained wage gap

This chapter examines the different options that are available to analysts for measuring pay disparaties, how they relate to one another, and their advantages and disadvantages.
Collaborative Educational Ethnography: Problems and Profits.

The author describes difficulties and merits of a collaborative relationship involving a South Asian immigrant community, a school district, a community organization, and an educational anthropologist. She discusses collaborative activities within a well functioning research team, problems of local factionalism, and the value of community participation in research. The author suggests that the collaborative process helps to generate locally useful data upon which a district can plan for change, while also promoting broader research interests.
Introduction: Understanding the Role of Angiogenesis and Antiangiogenic Agents in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Inhibition of angiogenesis is critical in the prevention and treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Pathologic states such as hypoxia, ischemia, or inflammation may tip the balance of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors in favor of the formation of new blood vessels. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is pivotal in ocular angiogenesis because it is highly selective for endothelial cells, hypoxia drives its synthesis, it diffuses to its target, and it affects multiple components of angiogenesis such as endothelial cell proliferation, survival, and migration. Basic and clinical research implicates VEGF in the pathogenesis of choroidal neovascularization (CNV), although other candidate factors involved with regulation of angiogenesis exist. Intravitreal drugs that block VEGF have revolutionized the care of patients with neovascular AMD, decreasing growth and leakage from choroidal neovascular lesions and preventing moderate and severe vision loss associated with this process.
Fixed WiMAX Downlink Spectral Efficiency and Throughput Measurements under Channel Impairments

This paper presents WiMAX system performance results especially spectral efficiency and throughput under severe multi-path fading and noisy channel conditions. These results are obtained by simulating enhanced WiMAX physical layer models with and without transmit diversity. The system behavior is shown to be marginal for modulations beyond 16-QAM under worse conditions necessitating the mandatory use of adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) scheme.
Determination of Physostigmine in Plasma and Brain by HPLC

A specific, reliable, and accurate high performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of physostigmine in plasma and brain using carbaryl as an internal standard. Plasma and brain containing physostigmine were first precipitated with TCA, and then carbaryl was added. This was followed by chloroform extraction and then evaporation. The residue was reconstituted in the mobile phase. Physostigmine, its hydrolyzed product eseroline, and carbaryl were separated on a reversed-phase column eluted with mobile phase containing octanesulfonic acid with phosphate buffer in a methanol and water solution. The eluted compounds were detected at 245 nm, and physostigmine was quantified from the ratio of the area of physostigmine to carbaryl peaks. The chromatography was complete within 15 min. The dynamic range of quantitation of physostigmine was 0.05 micrograms to 0.5 micrograms/mL plasma or per gram of brain. Analytical recoveries varied from 95 to 107% over this range. Coefficient of variation ranged from 1.7 to 9.5%. This method was applied to study plasma and brain concentration in rats after 650 micrograms/kg intramuscular administration of physostigmine. The ratio of brain to plasma was found to be 0.48 and 1.97 at 15 and 30 min, respectively.
Morphological, Physiological, and Genetic Techniques for Improving Field Identification of Steelhead, Coastal Cutthroat Trout, and Hybrid Smolts

Abstract In streams with sympatric populations of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss and coastal cutthroat trout O. clarkii clarkii (hereafter, cutthroat trout), life history descriptions and smolt production estimates may be hampered by misclassification of hybrids as steelhead or cutthroat trout. Additionally, important morphological and physiological differences between hybrid and non-hybird smolts are often unknown. Therefore, we assessed field classification and created classification models to quantify and reduce misclassification rates among migrating steelhead, cutthroat trout, and hybrid smolts. Field misclassifications of smolts with steelhead or cutthroat trout genotypes were low (1% and 2%, respectively). However, field misclassification of fish with hybrid genotypes was high, with 11% of the hybrids being misclassified as steelhead and 42% of the hybrids being misclassified as cutthroat trout. Hybrid smolts were larger, had lower gill Na+, K+-ATPase activities, and lower condition factors than ste...
Rotational dynamics of calcium-free calmodulin studied by 15N-NMR relaxation measurements

The backbone motions of calcium-free Xenopus calmodulin have been characterized by measurements of the 15N longitudinal relaxation times (T1) at 51 and 61 MHz, and by conducting transverse relaxation (T2), spin-locked transverse relaxation (T1 rho), and 15N-[1H] heteronuclear NOE measurements at 61 MHz 15N frequency. Although backbone amide hydrogen exchange experiments indicate that the N-terminal domain is more stable than calmodulin's C-terminal half, slowly exchanging backbone amide protons are found in all eight alpha-helices and in three of the four short beta-strands. This confirms that the calcium-free form consists of stable secondary structure and does not adopt a 'molten globule' type of structure. However, the C-terminal domain of calmodulin is subject to conformational exchange on a time scale of about 350 microseconds, which affects many of the C-terminal domain residues. This results in significant shortening of the 15N T2 values relative to T1 rho, whereas the T1 rho and T2 values are of similar magnitude in the N-terminal half of the protein. A model in which the motion of the protein is assumed to be isotropic suggests a rotational correlation time for the protein of about 8 ns but quantitatively does not agree with the magnetic field dependence of the T1 values and does not explain the different T2 values found for different alpha-helices in the N-terminal domain. These latter parameters are compatible with a flexible dumb-bell model in which each of calmodulin's two domains freely diffuse in a cone with a semi-angle of about 30 degrees and a time constant of about 3 ns, whereas the overall rotation of the protein occurs on a much slower time scale of about 12 ns. The difference in the transverse relaxation rates observed between the amides in helices C and D suggests that the change in interhelical angle upon calcium binding is less than predicted by Herzberg et al. Strynadka and James [Strynadka, N. C. J. & James, M. N. G. (1988) Proteins Struct. Funct. Genet. 3, 1-17].
Antileukemic Activity of 1-β-d-Arabinofuranosyl-2-amino-1,4(2H)-4-iminopyrimidine, a New Depot Form of 1-β-d-Arabinofuranosylcytosine

Abstract 1-β-d-Arabinofuranosyl-2-amino-1,4(2 H )-4-iminopyrimidine (ara-AIPy) and its 3′-phosphate (ara-AIPyP) have been synthesized and have been shown to be very effective in the treatment of leukemia L1210 in female C57BL/6 × DBA/2 (hereafter known as BDF 1 ) mice (ara-AIPy increased life span 222% and cured 21 of 30 animals. ara-AIPyP increased life span 145% and cured 2 of 6 animals). The antileukemic activity of ara-AIPy is comparable to that of anhydro-ara-C. ara-AIPyP was also effective (i.p. treatments) against intracerebrally implanted leukemia L1210 in female BDF 1 mice (increased life span 126%, cured 1 of 6 animals). ara-AIPyP was not active against a leukemia L1210 strain which was resistant to ara-C treatments. ara-AIPy and ara-AIPyP were not substrates for enzymic deamination by crude extracts of Escherichia coli . ara-AIPyP was a substrate for E. coli alkaline phosphatase. In a Tris-HCI buffer (pH 7.4, 37°) ara-AIPy hydrolyzed to provide 2,2′-anhydro-1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine and 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C). Most of the ara-C produced by hydrolysis of ara-AIPy over a 24-hr period was due to direct deamination of ara-AIPy. Some ara-C (
Media X: the new liberal arts?

Stanford University, situated in California’s Silicon Valley, is in a prime location to both study the emerging new media as well as to incorporate it into the academic programs. This opportunity arises at the same moment that Stanford is encouraging intellectual explorations across all disciplines on the campus. The Media‐X project promotes collaborative efforts, not only on campus but between the Institution and the larger Silicon Valley community, exploring new opportunities in research, teaching and professional scholarship, as well as the implications for the Core Curriculum in the “new” liberal arts of the 21st century and beyond – Ed.
Searching for the ‘Popular’ and the ‘Art’ of Popular Art

Philosophy of art presupposes differences between art and other cultural activity. Philosophers have recently paid more attention to this excluded activity, particularly to the range of cultural production known as popular art. Three issues have dominated these discussions. First, there is debate about the basis of the distinction. Some philosophers contend that fine art is essentially different from popular art, but others hold that the distinction is entirely social in origin. Second, philosophers disagree on the degree of continuity or discontinuity that holds between fine and popular art. Third, there is controversy about the relative value of the two, and about the basis for the supposed superiority of fine art.