cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A geometric approach to virtual battery modeling of thermostatically controlled loads

A large population of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) can be coordinated to provide various ancillary services to the grid. Effective operation and coordination of TCLs requires an accurate and simple model to capture their aggregate power flexibility. One appealing approach is the virtual battery method, which models the aggregate flexibility offered by a collection of TCLs as a simple scalar dynamical system that resembles the dynamic behavior of a battery with limits on the energy capacity and the output power. In this paper, we propose a novel geometric approach to design a virtual battery model for a given TCL population. We adopt a discrete time formulation of the individual TCL dynamics over a finite time-horizon. This allows for a clear geometric interpretation of the individual flexibility, which is shown to be a polytope. The aggregate flexibility can be represented by the Minkowski sum of the individual polytopes. In view of the special structure of these polytopes, we further propose two design methods to optimally extract each TCL's flexibilities, both via approximating the polytope with respect to the scaling and translation of a given polytope. The optimal scaling and translation factors are solved efficiently from equivalent linear programming problems. The aggregate flexibility is approximated by a virtual battery model obtained from an easy calculation of the Minkowski sum of those obtained similar polytopes. Simulation results show significant improvement and superior performance over the existing methods.
Vision zero: a toolkit for road safety in the modern era

Vision Zero (VZ) is a public program that aims to have zero fatalities or serious injuries from road traffic crashes. This article examines various major components of VZ: how VZ redefines road safety, how VZ principles and philosophies can be applied to modern car and road designs, and how VZ can be applied to traffic. Applications of these principles to real-world traffic infrastructure are explored in order to show policymakers the toolkits available to increase road safety while taking into consideration local contexts.
Practices and preferences: Exploring the relationships between food-related parenting practices and child food preferences for high fat and/or sugar foods, fruits, and vegetables.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between food-related parenting practices and child fruit, vegetable, and high fat/sugar food preferences. Parents (n = 148) of children (3-7 years old) completed the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ), the Preschool Adapted Food Liking Scale (PALS), and answered demographic questions. Separate linear regressions were conducted to test relationships between the different food categories on PALS (fruits, vegetables, and high fat/sugar foods) and each food-related parenting practice using race, ethnicity, and income level, and child age and gender as covariates. It was found that when a parent allows a child to control eating, it was negatively associated with a child's preference for fruit (β = -0.15, p = 0.032) and parent encouragement of child involvement in meal preparation was positively related to child preference for vegetables (β = 0.14, p = 0.048). Children preferred high fat and sugar foods more if parents used food to regulate child emotions (β = 0.24, p = 0.007), used food as a reward (β = 0.32, p < 0.001), pressured the child to eat more food (β = 0.16, p = 0.045), and restricted unhealthy food (β = 0.20, p = 0.024). Conversely, children preferred high fat and sugar foods less if parents made healthy food available in the home (β = -0.13, p = 0.05), modeled healthy eating in front of the child (β = -0.21, p = 0.021), and if parents explained why healthy foods should be consumed (β = -0.24, p = 0.011). Although it cannot be determined if the parent is influencing the child or vice versa, this study provides some evidence that coercive feeding practices are detrimental to a child's food preferences.
Iron reduction response and demographic differences between diabetics and non-diabetics with cardiovascular disease entered into a controlled clinical trial

Iron-catalyzed oxygen-free radical-induced oxidative stress mediates the pathogenesis of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Diabetics (n = 473) and non-diabetics (n = 804) with CVD entered into a randomized trial of iron (ferritin) reduction by calibrated phlebotomy (, Identifier NCT00032357) had comparable iron measures at entry but diabetics had a greater burden of CVD and comorbidities, lower hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, and higher glucose levels than non-diabetics. Entry iron measures were lower in diabetics on hypoglycemic therapy compared to previously untreated diabetics. Diabetics and non-diabetics had comparable iron measures during follow-up. The Loess analysis of paired ferritin and hemoglobin, and paired ferritin and glucose levels in diabetics randomized to phlebotomy showed higher ferritin levels associated with lower hemoglobin and higher glucose levels. Progressive ferritin reduction in diabetics correlated with increasing hemoglobin and decreasing glucose levels, neither of which reached levels observed in non-diabetics. We postulate that phlebotomy-triggered autophagy (ferritinophagy) released redox-active iron sequestered intracellularly, worsening anemia and glucose utilization that corrected partially with ferritin reduction. Intracellular redox-active iron levels contributory to disease, not reflected in peripheral iron measures, may persist because of glycation of iron transport proteins in diabetes. These findings suggest novel strategies for disease prevention and improving outcomes in diabetes and CVD.
Molecular Genetic Approaches Toward Understanding Forest-Associated Fungi and Their Interactive Roles Within Forest Ecosystems

The continued, rapid development of novel molecular genetic tools is contributing to a better understanding of forest-associated fungi and their interactive roles within diverse forest ecosystems. This paper focuses on recent developments of DNA-based diagnostics/detection, phylogenetics, population genetics, genomics, and metagenomics tools that have been applied to forest-associated fungi to better understand their roles in forest ecosystems and provide key insights for managing forest health. With the advent of new molecular technologies, we can better understand the biology of forest fungi by examining their genetic code. By utilizing genomics, fungal pathogens’ biological functions can be deduced from its genomic content. Further, high-resolution marker systems allow the determination of a pathogen’s population genetics and genomics, which provides important insights into its global movement and genetic shifts in local pathogen populations. Such genetic information has diverse applications for forest management to improve forest health. Lastly, new technologies in metagenomics will enhance the abilities to detect, describe, and utilize the complex interactions among fungal pathogens/symbionts, host trees, and associated microbial communities to develop novel management strategies for forest ecosystems. Continued development and applications of molecular genetic and genomic tools provide insights into the diverse roles of forest-associated fungi in forest ecosystems, but long-term, wide-scale research is needed to determine how ecological functions are influenced by complex ecological interactions among microbial communities, other forest ecosystem components, and the environment. Such approaches may foster a paradigm shift away from single microbial pathogens, decomposers, or symbionts interacting with a single host or substrate, and provide more holistic approaches toward understanding interactions among microbial communities that drive forest health processes.
Drugs Affecting Hemostasis and Hematopoiesis

Injury to blood vessels results in a series of events aimed at preventing blood loss (hemostasis), which include vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, and the deposition of fibrin. THROMBOSIS can be defined as the inappropriate response of the hemostatic process to alterations in the circulatory system, lesions in vascular walls, or other stimuli. EMBOLISM occurs when thrombi are dislodged and are carried by the circulation to small vessels, where they may cause occlusions and tissue ischemia. Thrombosis is treated by pharmacological intervention designed to inhibit platelet function, inhibit fibrin deposition, or to enhance fibrinolysis.
The Case of the Spotted Owl vs. The Logging Industry

In this chapter we analyze the controversy surrounding the Northern Spotted Owl. This debate has been raging in the United States for five years, particularly in the Pacific Northwest region of the country. On the surface it may appear that the problem is limited to deciding whether or not to fully protect a single species of bird, but in reality this issue has implications that extend much further.
Time Series Modeling of Army Mission Command Communication Networks: An Event-Driven Analysis

We examine the communication time series of a fully-networked Army coalition command and control organization. The network comprised two echelons of command, at the Division and Brigade levels, over a 2-week military scenario exercise involving a Mission Command staff communicating over email and phone. We used time series analysis to predict the communications record based on an external work variable of the number of important scenario events occurring across time. After taking into account structural features of the time series—decreasing communications over time, a network crash, and the transition between weeks—we examined the remaining variability in email and phone communication. We found that the exercise scenario events were not a significant predictor of the Divisional communications, which were best fit by an auto-regressive model of order 1, meaning that the best predictor of the volume of communications at a given time point was the volume of communications on the immediately preceding time point. The occurrence of scenario events, however, did predict the Brigade communication time series, which were well fit by a lag dependent variable model. These results demonstrate that Brigade communications responded to and could be predicted by battlefield events, whereas the Division communications were only predicted by their own past values. These results highlight the importance of modeling environmental work events to predict organizational communication time series and suggest that network communications are perhaps increasingly dependent upon battlefield events for lower echelons of command closer to the tactical edge.
Nicholas Stang’s Kant’s Modal Metaphysics

In this critical review, I focus on two things. First, I respond to Stang’s interpretation of Descartes, according to which Descartes’ endorsement of his ontological argument commits him to possibilism, the doctrine that there are, or at least could be, non-existent individuals. My response consists in presenting a version of Descartes’ argument the acceptance of which does not require the acceptance of possibilism. The second thing I focus on is Stang’s claim that Kant distinguishes several kinds of real possibility. I raise worries about Stang’s formulations of various doctrines of real possibility, and I preliminarily explore how real essence and ground are connected with the various kinds of real necessity Stang’s Kant recognizes.
Benefits for African American and white low-income 7-10-year-old children and their parents taught together in a community-based weight management program in the rural southeastern United States.

Low-income children and parents are at increased risk for developing overweight and obesity. Therefore, the purpose of this exploratory study was to compare whether African American and white children and parents benefitted equally from a community-based weight management intervention delivered in two rural counties in southeastern North Carolina (N.C.). We compared the efficacy of the Family Partners for Health intervention for African American and white children and their parents by testing the three-way interaction of the intervention group according to visit and race. African American children in the intervention group weighed significantly (P = 0.027) less than those in the control group, while white children in the intervention group weighed less than those in the control group, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. African American and white parents in the intervention group weighed less than their respective control groups across all three data collections, but the difference was only significant in the group of white parents (P = 0.010) at the completion of the study. At the completion of the study, African American children in the intervention group received significantly (P = 0.003) more support for physical activity than African American children in the control group. At both time points, white children in the intervention group were not significantly different from those in the control group. African American parents in the intervention group scored slightly worse in the stress management assessment compared to those in the control group, while white parents in the intervention group showed a significantly (P = 0.041) better level of stress management than those in the control group. At the completion of the study, African American parents in the intervention group scored somewhat worse in emotional eating self-efficacy compared to the scores of the African American parents in the control group, while white parents in the intervention group scored significantly (P < 0.001) better than those in the control group. We were successful in affecting some outcomes in both African American and white children and parents using the same intervention. NCT01378806 Registered June 22, 2011.
Relationship between perception of speech in noise and disordered speech: Influence of sensorineural hearing loss

It is well known that there exists substantial individual variability in the ability to understand speech in adverse listening conditions. Despite this variability, a recent study with normal-hearing listeners has revealed a strong relationship between the ability to perceive speech in noise (environmental degradation) and dysarthric speech (source degradation) [Borrie et al., Journal of Acoustical Society of America,141, 4660–4667 (2017)]. While a large body of literature on the difficulty faced by hearing-impaired listeners in understanding speech in noise exists, the difficulties faced by this population in understanding dysarthric speech has received much less attention. Further, investigations into the relationship between processing speech in noise and dysarthric speech for listeners with hearing loss do not exist. This current study extends on previous findings, investigating the relationship between processing speech in noise and dysarthric speech for listeners with sensorineural hearing loss. Preliminary results replicate previous findings of a relationship between the ability to perceive speech in noise and dysarthric speech for normal hearing listeners. This relationship is also observed for hearing-impaired listeners; however, these listeners perform substantially better with dysarthric speech relative to speech in noise. The complex interplay between hearing loss and type of degradation will be discussed.
Flexible fate determination ensures robust differentiation in the hair follicle

Tissue homeostasis is sustained by stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. How stem cells coordinately differentiate into multiple cell types is largely unclear. Recent studies underline the heterogeneity among stem cells or common progenitors, suggesting that coordination occurs at the stem cell/progenitor level1-4. Here, by tracking and manipulating the same stem cells and their progeny at the single-cell level in live mice, we uncover an unanticipated flexibility of homeostatic stem cell differentiation in hair follicles. Although stem cells have been shown to be flexible upon injury, we demonstrate that hair germ stem cells at the single-cell level can flexibly establish all of the differentiation lineages even in uninjured conditions. Furthermore, stem cell-derived hair progenitors in the structure called matrix, previously thought to be unipotent, flexibly change differentiation outcomes as a consequence of unexpected dynamic relocation. Finally, the flexible cell fate determination mechanism maintains normal differentiation and tissue architecture against an ectopic differentiation stimulus induced by Wnt activation. This work provides a model of continual fate channelling and late commitment of stem cells to achieve coordinated differentiation and robust tissue architecture.
Recent advances in anomalous transport models for predicting contaminants in natural groundwater systems

High degrees of spatial heterogeneity in hydrologic systems pose a major barrier for their protection and remediation. Dissolved and particulate contaminants are mixed and retained over timescales ranging from seconds to years due to their interactions with these structural heterogeneities. Over the last two decades, a new class of models has demonstrated its capacity to describe observed ‘anomalous transport’ behavior that is ubiquitous to nearly all flowing waters. The promise of these models lies in their potential for predicting transport using minimal parameters, while remaining faithful to the underlying complexity of the system. In this review, we highlight recent experimental studies that have improved our understanding of the structural controls of anomalous transport, as well as modeling studies that use these new insights to better predict contaminant fate.
Stronger associations of oil-based sexual lubricants and hygiene products using GC×GC–MS

Abstract The profile of minor compounds in complex sexual lubricants was investigated by traditional one-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC×GC–MS). Although GC–MS is a powerful instrument, it has some limitations with truly complex mixtures that have many components that can co-elute. This is the primary advantage of GC×GC. By coupling a second-dimension column in series with the first-dimension column using a modulator, components that co-elute on the first column may be resolved on a second column with orthogonal selectivity. This study utilized a forward fill/reverse flush differential flow modulator run in both two-dimensional mode (GC×GC–MS) and single dimensional mode (GC–MS) in the same instrumental sequence. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated for each intra-method pairwise comparison to determine which methodology provided an accurate measure of similarity or difference. The use of GC×GC–MS analysis can increase the differentiation of complex mixtures when GC chromatograms shows high similarity of two different samples. In this study, when GC chromatograms of two similar samples were compared they had low correlation scores. However, the comparison of the GC×GC chromatograms of the same samples had higher correlation scores shows high similarity based on the increased sensitivity and separation of co-eluting peaks by the two-dimensional GC×GC column configuration.
Worker Protection Standard: Requirements for Agricultural Employers of Workers and Handlers

Safety is a high concern for agricultural employers whose workers deal with hazardous materials, such as pesticides. In 1992, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued the Worker Protection Standard for Agricultural Pesticides (WPS), a regulation that requires agricultural employers to take steps to reduce pesticide-related risks for their workers and handlers. This five-page document describes the responsibilities of employers who must adhere to the WPS. Written by Frederick M. Fishel and published by the UF/IFAS Agronomy Department, January 2018. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ag417
The ePix10k 2-megapixel hard X-ray detector at LCLS.

The ePix10ka2M (ePix10k) is a new large area detector specifically developed for X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) applications. The hybrid pixel detector was developed at SLAC to provide a hard X-ray area detector with a high dynamic range, running at the 120 Hz repetition rate of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). The ePix10k consists of 16 modules, each with 352 × 384 pixels of 100 µm × 100 µm distributed on four ASICs, resulting in a 2.16 megapixel detector, with a 16.5 cm × 16.5 cm active area and ∼80% coverage. The high dynamic range is achieved with three distinct gain settings (low, medium, high) as well as two auto-ranging modes (high-to-low and medium-to-low). Here the three fixed gain modes are evaluated. The resulting dynamic range (from single photon counting to 10000 photons pixel−1 pulse−1 at 8 keV) makes it suitable for a large number of different XFEL experiments. The ePix10k replaces the large CSPAD in operation since 2011. The dimensions of the two detectors are similar, making the upgrade from CSPAD to ePix10k straightforward for most setups, with the ePix10k improving on experimental performance. The SLAC-developed ePix cameras all utilize a similar platform, are tailored to target different experimental conditions and are designed to provide an upgrade path for future high-repetition-rate XFELs. Here the first measurements on this new ePix10k detector are presented and the performance under typical XFEL conditions evaluated during an LCLS X-ray diffuse scattering experiment measuring the 9.5 keV X-ray photons scattered from a thin liquid jet.
Does chest wall Organ Injury Scale (OIS) or Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) predict outcomes? An analysis of 16,000 consecutive rib fractures

Abstract Background Chest wall injuries have serious clinical consequences. It is presumed a higher severity of injury correlates with worse outcomes. The 2 most common chest wall injury severity scores, the Organ Injury Scale and the Abbreviated Injury Scale, are based on expert opinion with unknown clinical endpoints. Our aim was to determine if either the Organ Injury Scale or the Abbreviated Injury Scale are associated with clinical outcomes. Methods A single institution, 4-year retrospective study of all patients with rib or sternal fractures was conducted. All patients were assessed for both Organ Injury Scale and Abbreviated Injury Scale scores. Outcomes assessed included mortality, complications, tracheostomy, and readmissions. Receiver operating characteristic areas under the curve were calculated to measure discriminatory accuracy of scoring systems for outcomes in chest wall injury. Results Overall, 3,033 patients presented with a total of 16,055 rib fractures. The median chest wall scores were 2 for Organ Injury Scale and 3 for Abbreviated Injury Scale. Abbreviated Injury Scale scores for the same patients were greater than the Organ Injury Scale in 48.7%, equivalent in 46.7%, and lower in 4.6%. The receiver operating characteristic areas under the curve for in-hospital outcomes were weakly predictive for the Organ Injury Scale over the Abbreviated Injury Scale. The receiver operating characteristic areas under the curve for readmissions were very weakly predictive for the Abbreviated Injury Scale over the Organ Injury Scale. Conclusion There is a very weak association between chest wall Organ Injury Scale score and in-hospital outcomes. The Abbreviated Injury Scale score outperformed the Organ Injury Scale, only being weakly predictive of readmission. Chest wall injury scoring systems may need revision for future outcomes-based research and practice improvements.
Information source’s influence on vaccine perceptions: an exploration into perceptions of knowledge, risk and safety

Background: College-age students are a particularly important population regarding establishing beliefs about vaccines that carry on into later adulthood. One of the primary ways these beliefs can ...
Suture Tape-Reinforced Human Dermal Allograft Used for Superior Capsule Reconstruction Demonstrates Improved Ability to Withstand Elongation.

Purpose To investigate the potential for a suture tape-reinforcement technique to prevent elongation with repetitive use of a human dermal (HD) allograft traditionally used for superior capsule reconstruction in a biomechanical model. Methods Using 8 scapulae and humeri Sawbones models, the standard superior capsule reconstruction was performed using 8 HD allografts. Four grafts were tested in the native state, whereas 4 were tested using reinforcement. Allografts were reinforced using suture tape in a running 360° fashion around the allograft borders, maintaining 5 mm of space from the edges. Allografts were measured pre- and postdynamic testing for length, width, and thickness. All specimens were affixed to a materials testing machine that allowed for allograft orientation in a longitudinal plane throughout testing. Specimens were preloaded to 10 N and then cyclically loaded to 100 N at a rate of 15 mm/s for 30 cycles. Results After dynamic, cyclic loading, suture tape-reinforced allografts experienced a significantly smaller percent change in anterior length (6.36% vs 14.50%, P = .013), posterior length (6.00% vs 13.68%, P = .002), medial width (5.80% vs 21.05%, P = .001), lateral width (5.45% vs 19.29%, P < .001), medial thickness (4.38% vs 17.93%, P = .005), central thickness (7.03% vs 16.11%, P = .026), and lateral thickness (4.55% vs 20.80%, P < .001). Linear stiffness values obtained for suture tape -reinforced allografts were significantly greater than those for native allografts when measured at cycles 1 (21.18 ± 1.03 N/mm vs 17.69 ± 1.91 N/mm, P = .02), 15 (29.90 ± 1.45 vs 24.93 ± 2.79, P = .03), and 30 (32.13 ± 1.98 N/mm vs 25.72 ± 3.01 N/mm, P = .01) of dynamic testing. Conclusions The suture tape-reinforcement technique described decreased HD allograft elongation, maintained graft thickness, and improved linear stiffness values following uniplanar cyclic loading in a biomechanical Sawbones model. Clinical relevance Suture tape reinforcement of the HD allograft could serve as one strategy to overcome the issue of allograft elongation with time following superior capsule reconstruction.
Prescribing Opioids: Universal Education on Opioid Use, Storage, and Disposal

This article highlights the challenges in opioid prescribing and provides guidance on patient education for opioid safety, storage, and disposal as well as recommendations for cautious prescribing for a patient with cancer. Amid the opioid crises, multiple groups have reported that there is a gap in knowledge among patients and prescriber on proper opioid use, storage, and disposal that contributes to unsafe opioid practices. Opioids are important in the treatment of pain in majority of patients with advanced cancer. Clinicians managing cancer-related pain have faced significant challenges in safely prescribing opioids in the time of an opioid epidemic and mounting evidence of non-medical opioid use in this patient population.
Nursing Aspects of ECPR and ECMO Training

Nurses who care for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) must be knowledgeable and competent in foundational critical care practices prior to caring for this critically ill subset of patients. An orientation program that incorporates a longitudinal, stepwise approach to knowledge acquisition and training with SimZones simulation complements various adult learning styles and provides a structure for educational activities. Establishing initial psychological safety and maintaining it throughout the educational experience is intrinsic to fostering an optimal learning environment. Creating psychological safety enhances participant engagement and is a fundamental element in the debriefing process. Principles of crisis resource management, including role clarity, communication, global assessment, resource management, and personnel support, are embedded throughout training. This chapter describes unique aspects of ECMO training for bedside nurses as part of the team caring for patients on mechanical circulatory support utilizing a SimZones-specific simulation model. Prerequisite activities include self-guided studies, discipline-specific exercises, and team-based activities with simulation.
The impact of 2H → 4I emission from Er3+ ions on ratiometric optical temperature sensing with Yb3+/Er3+ co-doped upconversion materials

Abstract Yb3+/Er3+ co-doped upconversion materials are widely used for luminescence intensity ratio (LIR) thermometry, where the relative intensity ratio of the green luminescence transitions (2H11/2 → 4I15/2 and 4S3/2 → 4I15/2) of Er3+ dopant ions changes with temperature. In this work we report on the impact of an additional transition from the 2H9/2 level to the intermediate 4I13/2 level, which overlaps with the green luminescence normally used for LIR thermometry. The 2H9/2 → 4I13/2 emission overlaps extensively with the 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 emission and is more sensitive to pump power. The wavelength intervals used to integrate both 2H11/2 → 4I15/2 and 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 luminescence need be selected carefully in order to achieve accurate temperature readouts.
THE BENEFITS CONFERRED BY MULTI-SPORT PARTICIPATION MAY NOT INCLUDE IMPROVED FUNCTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL READINESS FOLLOWING INJURY:

Background:Multi-sport participation has been advocated for youth as a means to foster athletic development and reduce over-use injury. Whether this sport variety may influence functional and psych...
Off-Campus Colloquia as Immersive Study and Active Learning: Capitaf, Milton and Rose Friedman’s Home

In this paper, two facilitators of an off-campus colloquia series examine its effectiveness as an alternative to study-abroad programs. The paper evaluates a week-long seminar in political economy held in the Vermont mountains at Capitaf, the former summer home of Nobel Prize-winning economist Milton Friedman and his wife, Rose. The colloquium is structured to foster active learning by combining intensive reading and discussion of Friedman’s critical writings, and immerse students in the place where the economist conducted most of his writing in the late 1960s and 1970s. More than 60 undergraduate students have experienced the program. The program has had a deep, lasting impact on students, as revealed through open-end comments and responses to post-colloquium assessments.
Triage Criteria: Medically, Ethically or Socially Defined?

While triage protocols share a common goal—maximizing life by selecting patients who would most benefit from critical care—there are many variations in the selection of criterion to respond to situ...
Anatomical and fMRI-network comparison of multiple DLPFC targeting strategies for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment of depression.

Background The efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for depression may vary depending on the subregion stimulated within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Clinical TMS typically uses scalp-based landmarks for DLPFC targeting, rather than individualized MRI guidance. Objective In rTMS patients, determine the brain systems targeted by multiple DLPFC stimulation rules by computing several surrogate measures: underlying brain targets labeled with connectivity-based atlases, subgenual cingulate anticorrelation strength, and functionally connected networks. Methods Forty-nine patients in a randomized controlled trial of rTMS therapy for treatment resistant major depression underwent structural and functional MRI. DLPFC rules were applied virtually using MR-image guidance. Underlying cortical regions were labeled, and connectivity with the subgenual cingulate and whole-brain computed. Results Scalp-targeting rules applied post hoc to these MRIs that adjusted for head size, including Beam F3, were comparably precise, successful in directly targeting classical DLPFC and frontal networks, and anticorrelated with the subgenual cingulate. In contrast, all rules involving fixed distances introduced variability in regions and networks targeted. The 5 cm rule targeted a transitional DLPFC region with a different connectivity profile from the adjusted rules. Seed-based connectivity analyses identified multiple regions, such as posterior cingulate and inferior parietal lobe, that warrant further study in order to understand their potential contribution to clinical response. Conclusion EEG-based rules consistently targeted DLPFC brain regions with resting-state fMRI features known to be associated with depression response. These results provide a bridge from lab to clinic by enabling clinicians to relate scalp-targeting rules to functionally connected brain systems.
Relation Between n 2 and Two-Photon Absorption

We present evidence from nonlinear refractive index measurements, two-photon absorption measurements, and four- wave mixing measurements on semiconductors showing that the bound electronic nonlinearity can be calculated from two-photon absorption dispersion via a simple Kramers-Kronig analysis. This analysis shows n2 changing from positive to negative as the photon energy approaches the band-gap energy, consistent with observations. Additionally, this simple calculation, which assumes two parabolic bands, gives good agreement with measured values of n2 in wide- gap dielectrics that are 2 to 3 orders of magnitude smaller than in semiconductors.
Reining in the Results: The Use of Human Indexing and Computer Algorithms in West’s Headnotes & Key Numbers and LexisNexis’s Headnotes & Topics as Tools for Finding Relevant Case Law

Since the advent of LexisNexis headnotes and the LexisNexis classification system, the author has wondered about the different ways results are generated in West’s Custom Digest and in LexisNexis’s 'Search by Topic or Headnote' and by KeyCite and Shepard’s. There has been some anecdotal discussion about the differences, but no empirical investigation. This paper starts the investigation process: the author took ten pairs of matching headnotes from legally important federal and California cases and reviewed the cases in the results sets generated by each classification and citator system for relevance. The relevance standards for each case are included. The paper first reviews previous full-text database testing, and the benefits and detriments of both human indexing and algorithmic indexing. Then the two very different systems are tested. Ten pairs of headnotes is too small a sample to say absolutely that results generated by system A are and always will be a certain percentage more or less relevant than system B. However, the differences in the results sets for classification systems and for citator systems do raise some interesting issues about the efficiency and comprehensiveness of any one system, and the need to adjust research strategies accordingly.
Synthesis of InN nanowires using a two-zone chemical vapor deposition approach

InN nanowires were synthesized and characterized using a variety of techniques. A two-zone chemical vapor deposition technique was employed to operate the vapor generation and the nanowire growth at differential temperatures, leading to high-quality products and growth rates as high as 4-10 /spl mu/m/hour. The as-grown nanowires showed highly single-crystalline structures and precisely controlled diameters by using monodispersed gold clusters as the catalyst. Devices consisting of single nanowires have been fabricated to explore their electronic transport properties. The temperature dependence of the conductance revealed thermal emission as the dominating transport mechanism.
Economic Analysis of Producing Alumina with Low-Grade Bauxite(Red Mud) by Calcification-Carbonization Method

Calcification-carbonization is a new method of producing alumina with low-grade bauxite (red mud). Low-grade bauxite (red mud) are all converted into garnet hydration during calcification process, then garnet hydration are treated with CO2 and the new structure red mud are gained by digestion. Main components of the new sturcture red mud are CaSiO3 and CaCO3, it can be used directly for cement industry and Bauxite resource recycling is carried out. A series of experiments were done by our team and confirmed that the new method was feasible, A/S of new structure red mud dropped to 0.21 and the content of sodium is under 0.2%. Process calculation software METSIM was used to design and simulate the new process of producing alumina with low-grade bauxite (red mud) by calcification-carbonization method, and its economic with series process and bayer process was analyzed.
S-RaP: a concurrent, evolutionary software prototyping process

This paper defines a highly concurrent, software rapid prototyping process that supports a sizable development team to develop a high-quality, evolutionary software prototype. The process is particularly aimed at developing user-interface intensive, workflow-centered software. The Software Engineering Department and User Interface Design Center at Siemens Corporate Research (SCR) have successfully practiced this process in prototyping a healthcare information system over the last year. We have evolved this agile, iterative software development process that tightly integrates the UI designers and the software developers with the prototype users (e.g., marketing staff), leading to efficient development of business application prototypes with mature user interfaces. We present the details of our process and the conditions that make it effective. Our experience with this process indicates that prototypes can be rapidly developed in a highly concurrent fashion given a stable prototyping software architecture and access to readily available domain knowledge.
Immune suppression therapy in aplastic anemia: influencing factors on response and survival.

OBJECTIVES Immune suppression (IS) therapy has provided another opportunity of cure or improvement in the aplastic anemia patients who cannot receive bone marrow transplantation due to many causes. There are a few reports regarding the factors that affect response, survival and prognosis after IS therapy, including antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) in aplastic anemia. Therefore, we analysed our experience to determine the prognostic factors. METHODS Statistically analysed were 172 patients, from April 1982 to July 1992, who were diagnosed as severe aplastic anemia and treated with IS therapy, including ALG, at Catholic University Medical College, St. Mary's Hospital. RESULTS Among 172 severe aplastic anemia (SAA) patients who entered the study from April 1982 to July 1992, 144 patients were analysed for response and 122 patient for survival. 58.4% (84/144) responded after the first course of IS therapy. Among those who did not respond on the first course an additional 44% (11/25) responded after the second course of IS therapy. Prognostic factors that might affect the response to the treatment and survival were analysed. In a univariate analysis of patients with no previous history of treatment before is therapy, and a shorter interval between diagnosis and treatment, higher hemoglobin levels before IS therapy, and higher granulocyte counts and combined use use of cyclosporin A(CSA) were positively associated with response (p < 0.05). The combined use of CSA during IS therapy, younger age, lower monthly requirement of platelets transfusion before IS therapy, higher leukocyte counts, higher percent of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lower percent of lymphocyte, higher bone marrow cellularity and response were positively associated with survival (p < 0.05). In a multivariate analysis, shorter interval between diagnosis and treatment, no combined use of hemopoietic stimulants, such as androgen, and lesser total amount of transfusion were positively associated with Response (p < 0.05). Higher leukocyte counts before IS therapy and the combined use of CSA during IS therapy were significantly associated with longer survival (p < 0.05). Patients with complete or partial response had excellent prognosis (96.7%-100% of 5 year survival rates). In contrast, patients with no response after IS therapy had 45.1% of 5 year survival rates. CONCLUSIONS With these results from the retrospective study of IS therapy, we find many valuable factors that have an influence on response or survival. IS therapy improves the survival of responded patients with SAA, and we confirmed that IS therapy is an important therapeutic tool for the SAA patients who are not feasible candidates for bone marrow transplantation.
Undergraduate Education in Psychology

Undergraduate psychology is among the most popular fields of study in the United States, and globally as well (e.g., Australia, China, European Union). Scholar-teachers of psychology are among the most published about disciplinary learning outcomes and pedagogical strategies. An increasing number of studies and best practices recommendations from 1990 to 2010 have been stimulated by three national conferences (St. Mary's, Psychology Partnerships Project, Puget Sound) and their subsequent task force reports. We evaluated this plethora of resources around two historical themes. The first, Constructing a Paradigm, includes our review of the curriculum, learning outcomes, students, faculty roles, teaching strategies, and the role of a community of scientist-educators of psychology. We conclude this section by evaluating the contemporary use of rubrics and benchmarks to measure change and to catalyze improvements. In the second section, Composing a Narrative, we widen our perspective beyond the analysis of one American discipline to the history of liberal learning and major fields of study, 21st century transdisciplinary outcomes, and global trends in higher education in general and psychology in particular. We conclude this section by considering the future of disciplinary paradigms and the tensions between liberal arts versus accreditation models for undergraduate education. Finally, to prepare psychologically literate global citizens, we propose that psychology has become a hub program in every baccalaureate degree, and that programmatic pluralism continue to be an essential element in a vibrant future. Keywords: undergraduate education; psychological literacy; global citizens
Catalytic mechanism and regulation of mammalian adenylyl cyclases.

cAMP is a key player in the intracellular signaling pathways of hormones, neurotransmitters, odorants, and chemokines. By activating PKA and cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels, this protean second messenger can change cellular attributes as diverse as the membrane potential and the rate of cell
Baseline disability in activities of daily living predicts dementia risk even after controlling for baseline global cognitive ability and depressive symptoms.

Objectives Late-life disability in Activities of Daily Living (ADL) is theorized to be driven by underlying cognitive and/or physical impairment, interacting with psychological and environmental factors. While we expect that cognitive deficits would explain associations between ADL disability and dementia risk, the current study examined ADL as a predictor of future dementia after controlling for global cognitive status.
Extended Stent Usage for Persistent Esophageal Leak: Should There Be Limits?

A patient with a spontaneous esophageal perforation was unsuccessfully managed elsewhere by repeated stent placement. Because of inability to remove the stents and persistent empyema, staged procedures of esophagectomy and later restoration of gastrointestinal continuity were necessary.
Effector regulation in a monomeric enzyme.

The monomeric B12-dependent ribonucleotide reductase from L. leichmannii has the central 10-stranded α/β-barrel found in all ribonucleotide reductases but incorporates two distinctive structural features, a novel cobalamin-binding fold and an insert forming part of a specificity control site that mimics the allosteric site found in the oligomeric di-iron dependent reductases.
Actions of interleukin-2 on amnion prostaglandin biosynthesis

Abstract Preterm labor is associated with increased intrauterine prostaglandin (PG) production. Intrauterine infections are frequently associated with preterm labor and increased cytokine production. The cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a potent T-cell growth factor necessary for effective cell-mediated immunity. In this study we evaluated the effects of IL-2 on PGE 2 biosynthesis by human amnion cells. IL-2 alone modestly but significantly inhibited amnion PGE 2 production. Moreover, IL-2 also attenuated, in a concentration-related fashion, the stimulatory actions of IL-1β on PGE 2 production by amnion cells. These data suggest that IL-2 could potentially represent a negative regulatory element in the mechanisms of preterm labor in association with intrauterine infection.
Rotation Crossbreeding with Sahiwal and Ayrshire Cattle in the Tropics

Abstract Data were analyzed for two breeding groups of cattle that were either 67% Sahiwal-33% Ayrshire or 33% Sahiwal-67% Ayrshire produced in a continuous two-breed rotation crossbreeding system at sea level on the Indian Ocean in Kenya at 003.5° latitude south. Characters in the analysis were age at first calving, calving interval, lactation yield, annual lactation yield, birth weight, average daily gain from birth to 50 kg, average daily gain from 50 to 90 kg, average daily gain from birth to 90 kg, and calf survival. The 33% Sahiwal-67% Ayrshire breeding group had a significant advantage over the 67% Sahiwal-33% Ayrshire breeding group in all characters except calf survival, calving interval, and birth weight.
Transcript abundance in mouse pituitaries with altered growth hormone expression quantified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction implicates transcription factor Zn-16 in gene regulation in vivo.

The correlation of growth hormone (GH) mRNA abundance and expression of specific transcription factors was studied in pituitaries of panhypopituitary (Ames df/df and Snell dwJ/dwJ dwarf), isolated GH-deficient (lit/lit), and GH-overproducing (growth hormone-releasing hormone [GHRH] transgenic) mice compared with normal littermates. A fluorescence-based reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay was developed for seven target mRNAs: GH, prolactin (PRL), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), α-subunit of the glycoprotein hormones (αSU), Pit-1, Prop-1, and Zn-16. Amplification parameters for each of these primer pairs were determined in order to calculate initial mRNA transcript number. The reproducibility of the assay was found to be ±10% for either Pit-1 or Zn-16 mRNAs measured in characterized murine GHFT1-5 somatotroph precursor cells. The cell extracts also showed an increased abundance of both Zn-16 and Pit-1 mRNAs when compared with whole pituitary extracts. Measurement of copy number in normal pituitaries showed that for every 106 GH or PRL mRNAs, there were 3 × 105 POMC, 4 × 104 αSU, 2 × 103 Pit-1, and only 70 Zn-16 or Prop-1 transcripts. Transcript abundance in GH-altered mice as a percentage of copy number per normal gland showed that POMC was significantly reduced in dwJ/dwJ (p<0.01) and df/df (p<0.05) mice. αSU mRNA was reduced in df/df (p<0.05), dwJ/dwJ (p<0.05), and lit/lit (p<0.05) mice, but not in GHRH-excess mice. PRL mRNA was not detected in dwarf mice, reduced to 52% of normal in lit/lit (p<0.05), and unchanged in GHRH-excess animals. GH mRNA was not detected in dwarf mice, reduced to 1.3% in lit/lit (p<0.005), and increased to 242% in GHRH-excess mice (p<0.05). Pit-1 mRNA was not detected in dwarf mice, was 2.9% of normal in lit/lit (p<0.005) mice, and increased to 200% in GHRH-excess mice (p<0.05). Prop-1 was not present in dwarf mice, was decreased to 1.4% in lit/lit (p<0.01), and increased to 223% in GHRH-excess mice (p<0.05). Zn-16 abundance in df/df mice was significantly reduced (p<0.05) to 4.8% of normals, to 6.3% of normals in dwJ/dwJ (p<0.005), to 6.1% of normals in lit/lit (p<0.005) mice, and significantly elevated in GHRH-excess mice to 197% (p<0.05). Altered pituitary mRNA abundance was found for several products not previously measured, or thought not to be affected by these mutations. Correlation of GH mRNA abundance with transcription factor copy number showed a significant correlation for Pit-1, Prop-1, and Zn-16. These quantitative analyses provide the first in vivo evidence that Zn-16 mRNA abundance correlates with GH expression.