cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stage dependent aberrant regulation of cytokine-STAT signaling in murine systemic lupus erythematosus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease of unknown etiology that involves multiple interacting cell types driven by numerous cytokines and autoimmune epitopes. Although the initiating events leading to SLE pathology are not understood, there is a growing realization that dysregulated cytokine action on immune cells plays an important role in promoting the inflammatory autoimmune state. We applied phospho-specific flow cytometry to characterize the extent to which regulation of cytokine signal transduction through the STAT family of transcription factors is disturbed during the progression of SLE. Using a panel of 10 cytokines thought to have causal roles in the disease, we measured signaling responses at the single-cell level in five immune cell types from the MRLlpr murine model. This generated a highly multiplexed view of how cytokine stimuli are processed by intracellular signaling networks in adaptive and innate immune cells during different stages of SLE pathogenesis. We report that robust changes in cytokine signal transduction occur during the progression of SLE in multiple immune cell subtypes including increased T cell responsiveness to IL-10 and ablation of Stat1 responses to IFNα, IFNγ, IL-6, and IL-21, Stat3 responses to IL-6, Stat5 responses to IL-15, and Stat6 responses to IL-4. We found increased intracellular expression of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 protein correlated with negative regulation of Stat1 responses to inflammatory cytokines. The results provide evidence of negative feedback regulation opposing inflammatory cytokines that have self-sustaining activities and suggest a cytokine-driven oscillator circuit may drive the periodic disease activity observed in many SLE patients.
Structural change, savings and current account balance

Abstract Private savings have experienced remarkable divergences across countries in recent years. In this paper we use a new factor, economic structural changes, to explain the differences of private savings in developing countries and its impacts on current account balance. We point out that growth related structural changes can be decomposed into productivity changes and job reallocations, which will affect private savings differently through wage effect and labor reallocation effect. Wage variation resulting from productivity growth will increase private savings, while labor reallocation moving from low income to high income sectors will reduce savings. Using sector level data, we find strong empirical evidence that structural change patterns have a significant impact on private savings and current account balance. This result provides another way to understand the recent “savings glut” in East Asian countries and also has some implications for the large current account imbalance issue.
The dependence of annulate lamellae formation on the nucleus in parthenogenetic rabbit eggs.

Previously it has been shown that, in the rabbit, although annulate lamellae (AL) are absent in the follicular oocytes, they appear in the fertilized eggs after the formation of the pronuclei. Furthermore, neither pronuclei nor AL appear when unfertilized eggs are aged in vivo or in vitro. This study was undertaken to determine whether AL formation requires presence of an intact nucleus, or whether the sperm alone contains the stimulatory factors essential to AL synthesis. Rabbit eggs were exposed to 10°C, then incubated for 24 hours. Control eggs were incubated without cold-treatment. Electron microscopic observations indicated that two-thirds of the eggs formed one or two ‘pronuclei,’ or subnuclei. The remainder one-third of the cold-treated eggs and the control eggs failed to form ‘pronuclei.’ AL were present in large amounts only in those activated eggs (parthenogenones) which formed ‘pronuclei.’ AL were absent in the control and the non-activated experimental eggs, both of which failed to form a ‘pronucleus.’ A few small AL were observed in eggs with subnuclei. Condensed fine textured nucleoli appeared precociously during cold-treatment in some eggs and they were present in the ‘pronuclei’ of activated eggs. It was concluded that the sperm is not necessary for AL formation, but the presence of an intact nucleus is mandatory.
The value of improvements in the absorbing and glazing surfaces of solar devices

Abstract Simulation techniques are used to examine the value of various technical improvements in solar collection-storage devices in residential, industrial and agricultural passive space heating applications. The improvements include decreased emittances and increased absorptances in absorbing surfaces, and decreased reflectances and emittances in glazings. The improvements are evaluated in the context of a single family house and of an agricultural and an industrial application having large ventilation requirements. The results of this study show that decreases in glazing reflectance are of the most value, followed (in order of likely decreasing importance) by increased absorber absorptance, decreased absorber emittance, and decreased glazing emittance. These qualitative results should not be used to determine or guide research priorities directly; rather, individual research programs should be evaluated using the quantitative results of this study in conjunction with other applicable information.
Refolding Intermediates of Acid-unfolded Mitochondrial Aspartate Aminotransferase Bind to hsp70

The cytosolic (cAAT) and mitochondrial (mAAT) isozymes of eukaryotic aspartate aminotransferase share a high degree of sequence identity and almost identical three-dimensional structure. The rat liver proteins can be refolded and reassembled into active dimers after unfolding at low pH. However, refolding of the mitochondrial form after unfolding at pH 2.0 is arrested in the presence of hsp70, whereas this chaperone does not affect the refolding of the cytosolic isozyme unfolded under similar conditions. To elucidate the nature of the differential interaction between hsp70 and the two transaminase forms, we have characterized their refolding from their acid-unfolded states. The recovery of activity of the cytosolic enzyme is monophasic and can be adequately described by a single first-order reaction. By contrast, two sequential first-order rate-limiting steps can be detected for the refolding and reactivation of the mitochondrial protein. The overall refolding pathway of mAAT includes a very fast collapse to an intermediate with 80% of the secondary structure of the active dimer. This is followed by a slow isomerization to form assembly-competent monomers that rapidly associate to form an inactive dimer and a final structural rearrangement of the dimer to the native conformation. Analysis of the interaction of hsp70 with intermediates along the folding pathway of mAAT shows that the polypeptide loses its ability to bind to the chaperone after it has proceeded through the first isomerization/fast dimerization steps. Thus it appears that only the first collapsed intermediate states in the folding of mAAT bind hsp70. By contrast a faster refolding of cAAT from this collapsed state could explain, at least in part, the inability of hsp70 to bind this isozyme.
Suicide in the Media: A Quantitative Review of Studies Based on Nonfictional Stories

Research on the effect of suicide stories in the media on suicide in the real world has been marked by much debate and inconsistent findings. Recent narrative reviews have suggested that research based on nonfictional models is more apt to uncover imitative effects than research based on fictional models. There is, however, substantial variation in media effects within the research restricted to nonfictional accounts of suicide. The present analysis provides some explanations of the variation in findings in the work on nonfictional media. Logistic regression techniques applied to 419 findings from 55 studies determined that: (1) studies measuring the presence of either an entertainment or political celebrity were 5.27 times more likely to find a copycat effect, (2) studies focusing on stories that stressed negative definitions of suicide were 99% less likely to report a copycat effect, (3) research based on television stories (which receive less coverage than print stories) were 79% less likely to find a copycat effect, and (4) studies focusing on female suicide were 4.89 times more likely to report a copycat effect than other studies. The full logistic regression model correctly classified 77.3% of the findings from the 55 studies. Methodological differences among studies are associated with discrepancies in their results.
Income inequality between the sexes in male-dominated public health specialties

Abstract Four explanations have been developed to explain women's low wage earnings. Human capital and sex-role socialization theories provide individualistic explanation, while dual labor and split labor market analyses focus on labor market segmentation. This research examines structural factors and finds that females in male-dominated public health specialties earn considerably less than males even when “investments” and opportunities” are controlled.
Direction of the black‐white contrast of dislocation loops

The electron microscope image contrast of dislocation loops under two-beam dynamical diffraction conditions is calculated using the Howie-Whelan equations and the displacement fields of the dislocation loops of pure edge, as well as shear, orientation in an infinite isotropic medium. The results indicate that the deviation of the black-white direction, measured from the diffraction vector, is directly proportional to the sum of the deviations of Burgers vector and loop normal projected onto the image plane. The rule governing the black-white direction, which is also consistent with first-order analytical theories of image contrast, will be useful in determining the crystallographic nature of dislocation loops from contrast analysis. Der elektronenmikroskopische Bildkontrast wird mit Hilfe der dynamischen Beugungstheorie (Zwei-Strahl-Fall) fur Versetzungsringe mit Hilfe der Howie-Whelan-Gleichungen berechnet. Zugrunde gelegt werden hierbei die Verzerrungsfelder von Versetzungsschleifen mit reiner Stufen- wie auch mit Scher-Orientierung in einem unendlichen, isotropen Medium. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, das die Abweichung von der Schwarz-Weis-Richtung, vom Beugungsvektor aus gemessen, direkt proportional der Summe der Abweichungen des Burgersvektors und der Schleifen-Normalen ist, beide projiziert auf die Bildebene. Diese Beziehung, die die Schwarz-Weis-Richtung bestimmt, ist nutzlich bei der Ermittlung der kristallographischen Natur von Versetzungsschleifen mittels der Kontrast-Analyse. Das Ergebnis ist ebenfalls konsistent mit den „first-order”-Bildkontrast-Theorien.
Comparison of the stimulation of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis and of cyclic GMP formation by neurotensin, some of its analogs, and neuromedin N in neuroblastoma clone N1E-115.

Neurotensin, some of its analogs, and neuromedin N were examined for comparison of their potencies at stimulating inositol phospholipid hydrolysis and cyclic GMP synthesis in intact murine neuroblastoma cells (clone N1E-115). Neurotensin(8-13) and acetylneurotensin(8-13) had the highest potencies for the stimulation of the hydrolysis of inositol phospholipid, which were about three times as potent as neurotensin (EC50 = 0.9 nM). On the other hand, fragments of the amino-terminal portion of neurotensin, such as neurotensin(1-6), neurotensin(1-8) and neurotensin(1-11), showed no ability to stimulate this hydrolysis. Neuromedin N, which is similar in structure to neurotensin(8-13) and which has been demonstrated to stimulate cyclic GMP formation [J.A. Gilbert and E. Richelson, Eur. J. Pharmac. 129, 379 (1986)], had EC50 values of 2.5 and 4.5 nM for release of [3H]inositol phosphates and stimulation of cyclic [3H]GMP respectively. A strong correlation was obtained between the EC50 values for neurotensin and several analogs in the stimulation of the release of inositol phosphates and the EC50 values for these peptides in the stimulation of cyclic GMP formation in neuroblastoma clone N1E-115 cells under similar experimental conditions. Thus, these two different biochemical effects of neurotensin and its analogs appear to be mediated by the same receptor site, which may also have been the site of action of neuromedin N in these cells.
Imaging hemidiaphragmatic injury

The supine chest radiograph is the initial and most commonly performed imaging study to evaluate the thorax after trauma. Whenever the chest radiograph is equivocal or suspicious for acute diaphragmatic injury (DI), computed tomography (CT) is usually the next study of choice since it is both generally available and often used to examine other body regions in the patient after trauma. CT is usually diagnostic, particularly if supplemented by multiplanar reformation (MPR) obtained using thin-slice axial scanning and overlapping images for reformations. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is potentially useful to assess the diaphragm if CT findings are indeterminate and the patient is stable enough to have the procedure. Simple T1-weighted spin-echo images in the sagittal and coronal orientation are usually sufficient to establish or exclude DI. This article reviews imaging modalities and strategies for diagnosing DI from blunt trauma.
The effects of long term administration of psychotropic drugs on human sleep. I. Methodology and the effects of placebo.

These six papers present the effects on human sleep of long-term administration of reserpine (0.50 mg/day), amitriptyline (50 mg/day), chlorpromazine (50 mg/day), chloral hydrate (500 mg/day), and chlordiazepoxide (50 mg/day). This initial paper describes in detail the methodology of the entire study which involves six 60-day drug periods for each subject completing the protocol-one period on each of the five drugs and one period on placebo, in a balanced design. Measures of laboratory sleep, home sleep, and mood were obtained throughout the study. Comparisons between the long placebo-only period of this study and the more usual “baseline” period-laboratory nights 4-6-revealed a significantly higher total desynchronized sleep time (D-time) and D-time per cent in the placebo period. Other variables were not significantly different. Some clear changes over time within the long placebo period are also described.
Structural Limits on Force Production and Shortening of Smooth Muscle

This study determined the factors that limit force production and shortening in two smooth muscles having very different relationships between active and passive force as a function of muscle length. The rat anococcygeus muscle develops active force over the range of lengths 0.2-2.0× the optimum length for force production (Lo). Passive tension due to extension of the resting muscle occurs only at lengths exceeding Lo. In contrast, the rabbit taenia coli develops force in the range of lengths 0.4-1.1 Lo, and passive force which is detectable at 0.56 Lo, increases to ~0.45 maximum active force at Lo, and increases sharply with further extension. The anococcygeus muscle can shorten to 0.2 Lo and the taenia coli to 0.4 Lo. Dynamic stiffness and energy usage at short muscle lengths suggest that the limit of shortening in the taenia coli, in contrast to the anococcygeus muscle, is not due to a failure of cross bridge interaction. Phosphorylation of the regulatory myosin light chains in intact muscles decreased to a small extent at short lengths compared to the decrease in force production. The differences in force production and the extent of shortening in the two muscles was maintained even when, following permeabilization, the myosin light chains were irreversibly phosphorylated with ATPγS, indicating that differences in activation played little, if any role. Ultrastructural studies on resting and activated muscles show that the taenia coli, which is rich in connective tissue (unlike the anococcygeus muscle) undergoes marked cellular twisting and contractile filament misalignment at short lengths with compression of the extracellular matrix. As a result, force is not transmitted in the longitudinal axis of the muscle, but is dissipated against an internal load provided by the compressed extracellular matrix. These observations on two very different normal smooth muscles reveal how differences in the relative contribution of active and passive structural elements determine their mechanical behavior, and how this is potentially modified by remodeling that occurs in disease and in response to changes in functional demand.
Conditional response scaling

Conditional response scaling is a method for constructing scales and assigning numerical scores to subjects. The procedure utilizes the conditional distribution of the responses of subjects to items possessing the accumulative property basic to Guttman scaling. A simple random sample of subjects from the population to be measured is used to select the items by applying a criterion which assumes that, under the hypothesis of a scale, the errors follow a Poisson distribution. Included in the paper is a comparison of the results obtained by applying this method to the responses from a sample of subjects with those obtained by applying it to responses generated by a computer. The method of conditional response scaling succeeded in obtaining a 3-item scale from the data from subjects and rejected the hypothesis of the existence of a scale for the computer generated data. In the generation of these data, the conditional dependencies were not used. Hence, die successful rejection of the hypothesis of the existence of a scale for the generated data may be viewed as additional support for the proposed method of conditional response scaling.
Preparation and Properties of a Cephalosporin Acetylesterase Adsorbed onto Bentonite

A cephalosporin acetylesterase produced by Bacillus subtilis was immobilized by adsorption onto bentonite. The immobilized enzyme (E(I)) and the soluble enzyme (E(S)) exhibited Michaelis-Menton kinetics with 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA): K(m) = 2.8 x 10(-3) M and K(m) = 3.2 x 10(-3) M, respectively. Similar kinetics were observed with 7-(thiophene-2-acetamido)cephalosporanic acid (cephalothin), but the K(m) value measured with E(I) (3.7 x 10(-3) M) was less than one-half that measured with this substrate and E(S). The reduction in K(m) value was correlated with the ability of bentonite to adsorb cephalothin. The reaction products, acetate and deacetyl-7-ACA, were weak competitive inhibitors of E(S) and E(I). The K(i) values for E(I) were 5.0 x 10(-2) M for acetate and 3.6 x 10(-2) M for deacetyl-7-ACA. Similar values were measured with E(S) and these substrates. E(I) retained about 80% of its initial activity after 3 weeks of storage in solution at 25 C. However, the enzyme dissociated from the bentonite particles during the deacetylation reaction. This dissociation was minimized by cross-linking E(I) with glutaraldehyde or bis-dimethyladipimidate, or by adding Al(OH)(3) to the suspension. With the latter addition, E(I) was stabilized so that it could be reused nine times before one-half of the initial activity was lost.
Probe-pulse optimization for nonresonant suppression in hybrid fs/ps coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering at high temperature

Hybrid femtosecond/picosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (fs/ps CARS) offers accurate thermometry at kHz rates for combustion diagnostics. In high-temperature flames, selection of probe-pulse characteristics is key to simultaneously optimizing signal-to-nonresonant-background ratio, signal strength, and spectral resolution. We demonstrate a simple method for enhancing signal-to-nonresonant-background ratio by using a narrowband Lorentzian filter to generate a time-asymmetric probe pulse with full-width-half-maximum (FWHM) pulse width of only 240 fs. This allows detection within just 310 fs after the Raman excitation for eliminating nonresonant background while retaining 45% of the resonant signal at 2000 K. The narrow linewidth is comparable to that of a time-symmetric sinc2 probe pulse with a pulse width of ~2.4 ps generated with a conventional 4-f pulse shaper. This allows nonresonant-background-free, frequency-domain vibrational spectroscopy at high temperature, as verified using comparisons to a time-dependent theoretical fs/ps CARS model.
A Pneumotropic Pasteurella of Laboratory Animals. I. Bacteriological and Serological Characteristics of the Organism

Many laboratory animals are known to harbor infectious agents which produce spontaneous disease or are present in a latent state. Swiss mice have been studied with special care in this respect, and a number of bacteria1-7 and other organisms8'9 have been found to produce epizootic outbreaks from time to time in breeding colonies. Increasing interest in human respiratory infections has led to many attempts to adapt agents causing such diseases to small laboratory animals for more convenient study. Blind passage of lung material by the respiratory route under ether anesthesia frequently led to the production of lung lesions in the experimental animals due to the activation of latent agents. A number of latent viruses10-16 and pleuro-
Capitalism on the Frontier: Billings and the Yellowstone Valley in the Nineteenth Century

Focusing on the Clark's Fort Bottom, a twenty-five-mile stretch between present-day Park City and Billings, Montana, this pathbreaking study examines the successive stages of capitalist development in Billings and the Yellowstone Valley during the nineteenth century. From the subsistence and barter economy of the Native Americans, through the fur trade era and the settlers' introduction of a market economy, the introduction of industrial capitalism by the Northern Pacific Railroad, and the increasing influence of corporate capitalism in the latter part of the century, Carroll Van West shows how each stage affected the relationships and choices shared by the local inhabitants.By setting local events in a broader context, West not only illuminates the circumstances unique to the Yellowstone Valley but sheds new light on a central issue of western history: the interaction of local, regional, and national economies and the influence of corporate decisions made in the east on western settlement and urban development.
MICROPHTHALMOS, CORNEAL OPACITY, MENTAL RETARDATION, AND SPASTIC CEREBRAL PALSY; AN OCULOCEREBRAL SYNDROME.

Three sisters with microphthalmos, severe mental retardation, and spastic cerebral palsy are described. A review of the literature has revealed several nonfamilial examples of this triad. Each patient also had various degrees of corneal opacity in the absence of cataract or coloboma. Their normally intelligent mother had unilateral microphthalmos and marginal dysplasia of Descemet's membrane. The frequent association of microphthalmos with nonocular congenital defects is discussed from the viewpoint of the genetic counselor.
The Efficacy of Art and Writing Therapy: Increasing Positive Mental Health Outcomes and Participant Retention After Exposure to Traumatic Experience

Research has shown that traumatic stress has negative effects on overall health and well-being. Traumatic exposure has been linked to higher rates of psychological and physical health problems. Writing about trauma or stress has been shown to improve health and reduce stress, but can negatively affect mood. The purpose of this study was to examine whether art therapy is as effective as writing therapy in improving psychological and health outcomes. Participants in the writing condition, but not the art therapy condition, showed a decrease in social dysfunction. However, participants who completed artwork reported more enjoyment, were more likely to continue with the study, and were more likely to recommend the study to family and friends. Future research could combine writing and art therapy to determine whether a mixed design would both improve health and maximize participant retention.
The Coal Crisis in Appalachia: Agrarian Transformation, Commodity Frontiers and the Geographies of Capital

Capital's commodity frontiers strategy has at once woven together regional differences within an expanding world-system and remade the productive and reproductive activities of humans and the rest of nature. The development of successive commodity frontiers gave way to long waves of economic expansion that have been pivotal to accelerating accumulation and transcending capital's recurrent crises. In short, commodity frontiers are constitutive of world-ecological moments premised on booms and crises of accumulation. In this paper, I examine the coal commodity frontier in Appalachia, to illustrate the region's history as one of succeeding frontiers in and out of the region over the long twentieth century of American capitalism. I argue that the origin of Appalachia's coal frontier was decisively made through the nineteenth-century agricultural revolution expressed outside of the region. Appalachia's full-fledged development was an outcome of capital's under-reproduction strategies. The crisis of the region's frontier turned on a lack of surplus from under-reproduction strategies, competing coal basins, economic diversification and competing energy sources. I find that the commodity frontier concept not only illuminates regional political economies and ecologies of difference, but also explains the production of nature of historical capitalism.
Enhancing medication adherence among inner-city children with asthma: results from pilot studies.

Despite the availability of effective treatments that aid in controlling asthma symptoms, inner-city children with asthma have high rates of morbidity and are frequent users of emergency department...
Optimum Fault-Tolerant Control of Multi-phase Permanent Magnet Machines for Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Faults

This paper presents optimal fault-tolerant control of multi-phase permanent magnet (PM) machines for open-circuit and short-circuit faults. Control techniques are developed for general n-phase PM machines to operate under any of these faulty conditions with minimum output torque ripple and stator ohmic loss. These control technique are based on instantaneous power balance theory. For open-circuit fault, the currents of the healthy phases are controlled in such a manner that the machine continues its operation optimally. A constraint which makes the summation of the phase currents to zero is considered in the derivation of the technique. A control technique is proposed for short-circuit fault-tolerant operation to mitigate the short circuit fault and continue operation under it. In this scheme, the healthy phase currents are controlled in such a way that they maintain the flux linkage in the shorted phase at zero or constant, as well as, produce the desired output torque with minimum ripple and minimum stator ohmic loss. The short circuit fault tolerant technique is also extended for the condition where sum of the phase currents are zero. Finally, a five phase PM machine is considered to demonstrate the control strategies. Optimal currents are calculated for fault-tolerant operation of the machine under various fault conditions. Simulation results are also presented for verification of the control methods.
PLANNING LEGISLATIVE CAREERS UNDER TERM LIMITS

This research note examines the hypothesis that the impact of state legislative term limits on legislators' career planning varies by political context. A comparison of the career planning of legislative candidates from Michigan, a state with relatively restrictive term limits and a high degree of legislative professionalism, with candidates from Oklahoma, a state with less restrictive term limits and somewhat less professionalism, support this view. In addition, the data reveal substantial differences between supporters and opponents of term limits with respect to institutional loyalty and zdesiredcareer patterns.
The Special Role of Strategic Planning for Family Businesses

Most family-owned businesses struggle to survive beyond a single generation. Strategic planning—for both business and family—can help to strengthen the family enterprise and extend its lifespan.
Minimal pre-mRNA substrates with natural and converted sites for full-round U insertion and U deletion RNA editing in trypanosomes

Trypanosome RNA editing by uridylate insertion or deletion cycles is a mitochondrial mRNA maturation process catalyzed by multisubunit complexes. A full-round of editing entails three consecutive steps directed by partially complementary guide RNAs: pre-mRNA cleavage, U addition or removal, and ligation. The structural and functional composition of editing complexes is intensively studied, but their molecular interactions in and around editing sites are not completely understood. In this study, we performed a systematic analysis of distal RNA requirements for full-round insertion and deletion by purified editosomes. We define minimal substrates for efficient editing of A6 and CYb model transcripts, and established a new substrate, RPS12. Important differences were observed in the composition of substrates for insertion and deletion. Furthermore, we also showed for the first time that natural sites can be artificially converted in both directions: from deletion to insertion or from insertion to deletion. Our site conversions enabled a direct comparison of the two editing kinds at common sites during substrate minimization and demonstrate that all basic determinants directing the editosome to carry out full-round insertion or deletion reside within each editing site. Surprisingly, we were able to engineer a deletion site into CYb, which exclusively undergoes insertion in nature.
Seawater as the source of minor elements in black shales, phosphorites and other sedimentary rocks

Many of the minor elements in seawater today have a concentration-depth profile similar to that of the biologically essential nutrients, NO−3 and PO3−4. They show a relative depletion in the photic zone and enrichment in the deep ocean. The difference between their surface- and deep-ocean values, normalized to the change in PO3−4, approaches the average of measured minor-element: P ratios in marine plankton, although individual analyses of the latter show extreme scatter for a variety of reasons. Despite this scatter in the minor-element analyses of plankton, agreement between the two sets of data shows unequivocally that an important marine flux of many minor elements through the ocean is in the form of biogenic matter, with a composition approaching that of plankton. This interpretation is further supported by sediment studies, particularly of sediments which accumulate in shelf-slope environments where biological productivity in the photic zone is exceptionally high and organic carbon contents of the underlying sediment elevated. The interelement relations observed for some of these sediments approach the average values of plankton. These same interelement relations are observed in many marine sedimentary rocks such as metalliferous black shales and phosphorites, rocks which have a high content of marine fractions (e.g., organic matter, apatite, biogenic silica and carbonates). Many previous studies of the geochemistry of these rocks have concluded that local hydrothermal activity, and/or seawater with an elemental content different from that of the modern ocean, was required to account for their minor-element contents. However, the similarity in several of the minor-element ratios in many of these formations to minor-element ratios in modern plankton demonstrates that these sedimentary rocks accumulated in environments whose marine chemistry was virtually identical to that seen on continental shelf-slopes, or in marginal seas, of the ocean today. The accumulation of the marine fraction of minor elements on these ancient sea floors was determined largely by the accumulation of organic matter, settling from the photic zone and with a composition of average plankton. A second marine fraction of minor elements in these rocks accumulated through precipitation and adsorption from seawater. The suite of elements in this fraction reflects redox conditions in the bottom water, as determined by bacterial respiration. For example, high Mn, high Cr+V and high Mo concentrations, above those which can be attributed to the accumulation of planktonic matter, characterize accumulation under bottom-water oxidizing, denitrifying and sulfate-reducing conditions, respectively.
Energy Conversion and Control at Berkeley

The recent developments in this area in terms of curricular changes in the Electrical Engineering program have been described and evaluated. A previous required course, which covered electric machinery in some detail, has been replaced by a more general course which studies the principles of electromechanical energy conversion and the control of the flow of electrical energy by both static and motional devices. In addition, a new experimental two-semester course has been developed which integrates the study of energy conversion and control devices into a study of systems and the role of these devices in meeting system specifications.
An All-Digital Transmitter With a 1-Bit DAC

This paper presents a practicable scheme for building a high-frequency, direct digital-to-RF transmitter. The transmitter uses a simple look-up table to generate a binary output stream which then is filtered to produce a radiated signal, so that there is no need for precise digital-to-analog converters. The look-up table entries are produced by a new constrained list decoding algorithm operating over the real alphabet. This all-digital transmitter can be a modulator only, or a combined encoder and modulator and supports the direct generation of RF signals using currently available high-speed CMOS. The paper concludes with spectra having carrier frequencies over 10 GHz and data rates up to 1200 Mbps.
Id-1, ITF-2, and Id-2 Comprise a Network of Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins That Regulate Mammary Epithelial Cell Proliferation, Differentiation, and Apoptosis

Mammary epithelial cells proliferate, invade the stroma, differentiate, and die in adult mammals by mechanisms that are poorly understood. We found that Id-1, an inhibitor of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, regulates mammary epithelial cell growth, differentiation, and invasion in culture. Here, we show that Id-1 is expressed highly during mammary development in virgin mice and during early pregnancy, when proliferation and invasion are high. During mid-pregnancy, Id-1 expression declined to undetectable levels as the epithelium differentiated fully. Surprisingly, Id-1 increased during involution, when the epithelium undergoes extensive apoptosis. To determine whether Id-1 regulates both proliferation and apoptosis, we constitutively expressed Id-1 in mammary epithelial cell cultures. Id-1 stimulated proliferation in sparse cultures but induced apoptosis in dense cultures, which reflect epithelial cell density during early pregnancy and involution, respectively. To understand how Id-1 acts, we screened a yeast two-hybrid library from differentiating mammary epithelial cells and identified ITF-2, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, as an Id-1-interacting protein. Overexpression of ITF-2 significantly reduced Id-1-stimulated proliferation and apoptosis. We show further that, in contrast to Id-1, Id-2 was expressed highly in differentiated mammary epithelial cells in vivo and in culture. In culture, Id-2 antisense transcripts blocked differentiation. Our results suggest that Id-1, ITF-2, and Id-2 comprise a network of interacting molecular switches that govern mammary epithelial cell phenotypes.
Spring temperature responses of oaks are synchronous with North Atlantic conditions during the last deglaciation

Paleoclimate proxies based on the measurement of xylem cell anatomy have rarely been developed across the temperature range of a species or applied to wood predating the most recent millennium. Here we describe wood anatomy-based proxies for spring temperatures in central North America from modern bur oaks (Quercus macrocarpa Michx.). The strong coherence of temperature signals across the species range supports the use of these proxies across thousands of years of climatic change. We also used 79 subfossil oak log cross sections from northern Missouri, 14C-dated to 9.9–13.63 ka (ka is 1000 cal yr BP), to assess the frequency of oak deposition into alluvial sediments and a subset of these oaks for a wood anatomy-based reconstruction of spring paleotemperatures. Temperatures during the Younger Dryas cold period (YD) were up to 3.5°C lower than modern temperatures for that region, equivalent to or lower than those experienced at the northern edge of the modern species range. Compared to extant oaks growing a...
Stopped-flow Kinetic Analysis of the Interaction of Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase with the Bacteriophage T7 A1 Promoter

We have conducted a detailed kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of open complex formation between Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and the A1 promoter from bacteriophage T7 by monitoring alterations in the intrinsic protein fluorescence of RNA polymerase in stopped-flow kinetic studies. The stopped-flow kinetic data are consistent with a minimal model involving four steps for the formation of the open complex. Arrhenius plots for both the association and dissociation reactions for the equilibrium binding step leading to the formation of the closed complex were linear. With a positive van't Hoff enthalpy (DeltaHobs=18(+/-3) kcal mol-1) and a positive entropy (DeltaSobs=94(+/-15) e.u.) change for the equilibrium binding process, formation of the closed complex is entropy driven. The value of the apparent association rate constant for this binding step was approximately three orders of magnitude less than that expected for facilitated binding. Thus, a minimum of two steps is required to describe the formation of the closed complex. A fast facilitated binding step appears to be followed by a conformational change in RNA polymerase which leads to the formation of the closed complex. A non-linear Arrhenius plot obtained for the isomerization step in the conversion of the closed complex to an open one indicates that there are at least two steps in the conversion of the closed complex to an open one. We have assigned the apparent activation energy of 9.1(+/-1.9) kcal mol-1 to the step involving a conformational change in the protein and nucleation of strand separation and the apparent activation energy of 46(+/-12) kcal mol-1 to the step involving strand separation. At 37 degreesC, the value of the macroscopic isomerization rate constant (0.26(+/-0.02) s-1) in the conversion of the closed complex to an open one was an order of magnitude greater than the value reported in abortive initiation assays. This suggests that open complex formation is not the rate-determining step in the initiation of transcription in the case of the A1 promoter. To gain greater insight into the mechanism of initiation at the A1 promoter, we investigated the process of abortive product formation (pppApU) under conditions of non-saturating concentrations of the initiating nucleotide. A comparison of the lag times in the approach to the steady-state rate of abortive product formation when the reaction was initiated by the addition of UTP, ATP, the enzyme and the A1 promoter, respectively, indicates that the initiating nucleotide plays a key regulatory role in the initiation of transcription in the case of the A1 promoter.
Fast approximation of Kullback-Leibler distance for dependence trees and hidden Markov models

We present a fast algorithm to approximate the Kullback-Leibler distance (KLD) between two dependence tree models. The algorithm uses the "upward" (or "forward") procedure to compute an upper bound for the KLD. For hidden Markov models, this algorithm is reduced to a simple expression. Numerical experiments show that for a similar accuracy, the proposed algorithm offers a saving of hundreds of times in computational complexity compared to the commonly used Monte Carlo method. This makes the proposed algorithm important for real-time applications, such as image retrieval.
Maternal Immune Activation Alters Nonspatial Information Processing in the Hippocampus of the Adult Offspring

The observation that maternal infection increases the risk for schizophrenia in the offspring suggests that the maternal immune system plays a key role in the etiology of schizophrenia. In a mouse model, maternal immune activation (MIA) by injection of poly(I:C) yields adult offspring that display abnormalities in a variety of behaviors relevant to schizophrenia. As abnormalities in the hippocampus are a consistent observation in schizophrenia patients, we examined synaptic properties in hippocampal slices prepared from the offspring of poly(I:C)- and saline-treated mothers. Compared to controls, CA1 pyramidal neurons from adult offspring of MIA mothers display reduced frequency and increased amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents. In addition, the specific component of the temporoammonic pathway that mediates object-related information displays increased sensitivity to dopamine. To assess hippocampal network function in vivo, we used expression of the immediate-early gene, c-Fos, as a surrogate measure of neuronal activity. Compared to controls, the offspring of poly(I:C)-treated mothers display a distinct c-Fos expression pattern in area CA1 following novel object, but not novel location, exposure. Thus, the offspring of MIA mothers may have an abnormality in modality-specific information processing. Indeed, the MIA offspring display enhanced discrimination in a novel object recognition, but not in an object location, task. Thus, analysis of object and spatial information processing at both synaptic and behavioral levels reveals a largely selective abnormality in object information processing in this mouse model. Our results suggest that altered processing of object-related information may be part of the pathogenesis of schizophrenia-like cognitive behaviors.
The durability of beneficial health effects associated with expressive writing.

This study examined the durability of benefits associated with expressive writing. Sixty-eight college undergraduates completed measures of physical and psychological health at the beginning of their first year and were then randomized to either an expressive writing or a control writing condition. Changes in physical health, psychological health (i.e., depression, stress, and anxiety), and academic performance were assessed two, four, and six months later. Findings indicated that participants assigned to the expressive writing condition reported less depression symptom severity at the two-month follow-up assessment relative to participants assigned to the control condition. However, these symptom reductions were not observed at any of the subsequent follow-up assessments. No significant changes were reported for physical health complaints, stress symptoms, anxiety symptoms, or academic performance. These findings suggest that, among first-year college students, expressive writing may provide some short-term relief for certain symptoms.
The study of social conflict in English industrial towns

The problem of social conflict is central to the historiography of nineteenth-century cities. Since Friedrich Engels wrote his powerful indictment of social relations in English industrial towns, urban historians have told and retold tales of dramatic struggles between workers and their middle-class employers. Whether seen from a Marxist or non-Marxist perspective, the standard books on social life in industrial towns abound with strikes, demonstrations, confrontations, and other more subtle signs of conflict. A. Temple Patterson and Malcolm Thomis depict the often tumultuous responses of Leicester and Nottingham framework knitters to their economic decline. Accounts of urban Chartism regularly link workers’ economic and social demands to strong middle-class disapproval and disavowal within a local context. Books on the 1830s and 1840s are particularly rich in incidents of confrontation, but the growing literature on the late nineteenth century also emphasizes this theme. Gareth Stedman Jones places middle-class misconceptions and fears at the centre of his analysis of casual labour in London, and Robert Grey's discussion of Edinburgh artisans assumes the reality of class conflict as a determinant of urban social relations. Nevertheless our understanding of divisions among urban social groups and of the relationships of one group to another remains primitive and unsatisfactory.
Ridges and Recirculations: Gaps and Jets

Abstract A linear, single-layer model is used to describe the complex system of recirculations that may be expected when a long ridge system is pierced by several gaps. The recirculations are fed by jets issuing from the western basin. These jets may be intensely recirculating themselves as dipolar, two-way jets or may be simple, single-direction flows through the ridge gaps.
Appendix II: Bessel Functions

This appendix contains sections titled: Ordinary Bessel Functions Modified Bessel Functions This appendix contains sections titled: References
ENFIRE: An Energy-efficient Fine-grained Spatio-temporal Reconfigurable Computing Fabric (Abstact Only)

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are well-established as fine-grained hardware reconfigurable computing platforms. However, FPGA energy usage is dominated by programmable interconnects, which have poor scalability across different technology generations. In this work, we propose ENFIRE, a novel, energy-efficient, fine-grained, spatio-temporal, memory-based reconfigurable computing framework that provides the flexibility of bit-level information processing, which is not available in conventional coarse-grain reconfigurable architectures (CGRAs). A dense two-dimensional memory array is the main computing element in the proposed framework, which stores not only the data to be processed, but also the functional behavior of a mapped application in the form of lookup tables (LUTs) of various input/output sizes. Spatially distributed configurable computing elements (CEs) communicate with each other based on data dependencies using a mesh network, while execution inside each CE occurs in a temporal manner. A custom software framework has also been co-developed which enables application mapping to a set of CEs. By finding the right balance between spatial and temporal computing, it can achieve a highly energy-efficient mapping, significantly reducing the programmable interconnect overhead when compared with FPGA. Simulation results show an improvement of 7.6X in overall energy, 1.6X in energy efficiency, 1.1X in leakage energy, and 5.3X in Unified Energy-Efficiency, a metric that considers energy and area together, compared with comparable FPGA implementations for a set of random logic benchmarks.