cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review of Unpaywall [Chrome & Firefox browser extension]

A new, free, open source browser extension, Unpaywall, indicates whether or not there is a free open access (OA) version of an article when users encounter a paywall. It may be particularly useful to researchers whose workflows don’t include Google Scholar, those who are concerned about copyright compliance, and those who are not privileged to have access to subscription resources. Researchers may use Unpaywall in combination with other tools. I encourage librarians to recommend Unpaywall to researchers, especially since its color-coded tabs educate users about the different types of OA.
Evaluation of Headache

The evaluation of headache begins with ruling out a health- or life-threatening cause. If concern is identified, the workup must progress rapidly. Headache is classically defined as primary or secondary. If suspicion is alleviated, a reasonable approach involves determining whether symptoms are related to a benign secondary headache disorder versus a primary headache disorder. Headaches may resolve without further need for treatment if a secondary cause of headache can be identified and eliminated. Alternatively, if symptoms appear to be related to a primary headache disorder, establishing a correct diagnosis is vital to subsequently developing a treatment plan.
Impact of Lesion Visibility on Transrectal Ultrasound on the Prediction of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer (Gleason Score 3 + 4 or Greater) with Transrectal Ultrasound-Magnetic Resonance Imaging Fusion Biopsy.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to estimate the impact of lesion visibility with transrectal ultrasound on the prediction of clinically significant prostate cancer with transrectal ultrasound-magnetic resonance imaging fusion biopsy.Materials and Methods: This HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) compliant, institutional review board approved, retrospective study was performed in 178 men who were 64.7 years old with prostate specific antigen 8.9 ng/ml. They underwent transrectal ultrasound-magnetic resonance imaging fusion biopsy from January 2013 to September 2016. Visible lesions on magnetic resonance imaging were assigned a PI-RADS™ (Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System), version 2 score of 3 or greater. Transrectal ultrasound was positive when a hypoechoic lesion was identified. We used a 3-level, mixed effects logistic regression model to determine how transrectal ultrasound-magnetic resonance imaging concordance predicted the presence of clinically significant pro...
Circadian and ultradian rhythms in period mutants of Drosophila melanogaster.

Using digital techniques for signal analysis—the correlogram and a high-resolution analysis of time series, maximum-entropy spectral analysis (MESA)—we have detected both circadian and ultradian rhythms in the locomotor activity of free-runningper 0 males and in females lacking theper locus (per −; heterozygous for two deficiencies, each of which deletes the gene). Over half theper 0 individuals and half theper − individuals tested were rhythmically active, with dominant periods ranging from 4 to 22 h; most of the significantly rhythmicper 0 andper − flies clearly exhibited multiple periodicities. This novel pattern of rhythmic behavior is thoroughly distinct from the wild-type pattern. One hypothesis suggested by our observations is that theper + gene products mediate the coupling of multiple ultradian oscillators to produce wild-type circadian rhythms.
Human aggression: A social-cognitive view

Aggressive and violent behavior by one human being toward another is not a new phenomenon. It was prevalent among our hunter/gatherer ancestors 25,000 years ago, among the Greek, Egyptian, and Roman societies two to three thousand years ago, among most societies in the last two centuries, and in almost every society today. Periodically, events such as the Holocaust, the Columbine, Colorado school shootings; or the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 make people wonder 'what the world is coming to'; but although technology has made mass violence easier to accomplish, it is doubtful that people are more prone to be violent today than thousands of years ago. In fact, the portion of the world's population who behave violently today is probably lower than in most previous times. Nevertheless, the prevalence of aggressive and violent behavior today is sufficient to make it a social problem worthy of attention around the world.
Set and Relation Manipulation for the Sparse Polyhedral Framework

The Sparse Polyhedral Framework (SPF) extends the Polyhedral Model by using the uninterpreted function call abstraction for the compile-time specification of run-time reordering transformations such as loop and data reordering and sparse tiling approaches that schedule irregular sets of iteration across loops. The Polyhedral Model represents sets of iteration points in imperfectly nested loops with unions of polyhedral and represents loop transformations with affine functions applied to such polyhedra sets. Existing tools such as ISL, Cloog, and Omega manipulate polyhedral sets and affine functions, however the ability to represent the sets and functions where some of the constraints include uninterpreted function calls such as those needed in the SPF is non-existant or severely restricted. This paper presents algorithms for manipulating sets and relations with uninterpreted function symbols to enable the Sparse Polyhedral Framework. The algorithms have been implemented in an open source, C++ library called IEGenLib (The Inspector/Executor Generator Library).
Urinary Calculus Formation in Small Bowel Bypass Patients

Urinary calculus formation is an acknowledged complication of small bowel bypass performed for alleviation of morbid obesity and has been conclusively shown to be related to the increased postoperative absorption of exogenous oxalate. Despite much recent interest the magnitude of this problem is uncertain and current therapy unsuccessful. It is felt that a better understanding of stone formation in these patients could prove of therapeutic benefit and that at the same time a study of this population might open an investigative pathway for the study of idiopathic calcium oxalate calculogenesis.
State Space Decomposition for Large Markov Chains

This paper discusses various approaches for decomposing large Markov chains in a way that facilitates the use of aggregation type algorithms and increases the efficiency of such methods. For a Markov chain defined on state space N = {1,…, N} governed by transition probability matrix (t.p.m.)P, we are interesetd in finding the stationary distribution π, satisfying π T = π T , with π > 0, π T e =1, where e is the vector containing all ones. Agggregation disaggregation (A/D) algorithms are based on a decomposition of the state space N into smaller groups of states \(\mathcal{N} = \cup _{{m = 1}}^{M}L\left( m \right);\) L(m) ∩ L(n) = O for m ≠ n. For an approximation π 1 of π, one defines two mappings Y: R N → R M (typically based on π 1) and E: R M → R N , and an aggregate matrix A = Y P E. In the aggregation step one finds a probability vector γ that solves the aggregated system γ T = γ T A. In the disaggregation step, one assigns a conditional probability vector yL(m) to the states in lump L(m). This may be achieved by constructing a new Markov chain on L(m) representing flow within L(m) as well as flow to and from the other sets. A new approximation of it is then obtained by setting π 2:L(m) = γ m y L(m)A/D algorithms proceed iteratively, until convergence is reached. Examples of A/D methods for Markov chains include Takahashi’s algorithm [7] and the replacement process algorithm of Sumita and Rieders [6].
Anisotropic Plasticity Modeling Incorporating EBSD Characterization of Tantalum and Zirconium

The application of automated EBSD techniques in the context of an overall predictive materials modeling effort incorporating anisotropic properties for tantalum and zirconium is covered in this chapter. The focus will be on the role of microtextural investigations as an integral tool supporting the development and validation of material models that incorporate anisotropic constitutive behavior. Continuum mechanics codes require accurate descriptions of materials behavior to adequately predict large-strain deformation response. The corresponding requirement of characterizing micro structure s after significant deformation places severe requirements on the EBSD system. In this work, a Philips XL30 SEM employing a warm Schottky FEG was used for all data collection; the combination of high resolution with adequate beam current was a necessity for analyzing fine detail amid heavily worked structures. The ability to spatially resolve orientation differences on the order of 100 nm is achievable. All EBSD data collection and analysis was performed with TSL’s OIM™ software, while the popLA code (Kallend et al., 1991) was used for x-ray texture analysis.
Carbon fiber intramedullary nails reduce artifact in postoperative advanced imaging.

This study assessed whether radiolucent carbon fiber reinforced-polyetheretherketone (CFR-PEEK) intramedullary nails decreased hardware artifact on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) in vitro and in an oncologic patient population. In vitro and clinical evaluations were done. A qualitative assessment of metal artifact was performed using CFR-PEEK and titanium nail MRI phantoms. Eight patients with a femoral or tibial prophylactic CFR-PEEK nail were retrospectively identified. All patients had postoperative surveillance imaging by MRI, CT, and were followed for a median 20 months (range, 12–28 months). CFR-PEEK images were compared to images from a comparative group of patients with titanium femoral intramedullary nails who had a postoperative MRI or CT. A musculoskeletal-trained radiologist graded visualization of the cortex, corticomedullary junction, and bone–muscle interface, on T1-weighted (T1W), STIR, and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted fat-saturated (T1W FS) sequences of both groups with a five-point scale, performing independent reviews 4 months apart. Statistical analysis used the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and a weighted kappa. Substantially less MRI signal loss occurred in the CFR-PEEK phantom than in the titanium phantom simulation, particularly as the angle increased with respect to direction of the static magnetic field. CFR-PEEK nails had less MRI artifact than titanium nails on scored T1W, STIR, and contrast-enhanced T1W FS MRI sequences (p ≤ 0.03). The mean weighted kappa was 0.64, showing excellent intraobserver reliability between readings. CFR-PEEK intramedullary nail fixation is a superior alternative to minimize implant artifact on MRI or CT imaging for patients requiring long bone fixation.
Analysis of discrete event dynamic system based on state-space description in 2-d domain

Abstract Linear discrete event dynamic system (DEDS) theory based on dioid algebra has became one of important branchs of studying discrete event system. But the method of analysing DEDS is not perfect especially DEDS theory in 2-D domain. There must be found great difficulty in analysing eigen-system, the kernel of system analysis, because of higher dimension of DEDS. An approach to hierarchical decomposition for higher dimensional, large scale DEDS and an algorithm of calculating the eigenvalue of strongly-connected subsystem are presented in the paper. Practice indicated that the approachs proposed here were feasible and effective.
Adolescents’ Beliefs about Math Ability and Their Relations to STEM Career Attainment: Joint Consideration of Race/ethnicity and Gender

Much of the workforce demand in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in the United States goes unmet, and females and racial/ethnic minorities are vastly underrepresented in these fields. To understand the psychological antecedents for STEM career attainment, this study took an intersectional approach and examined racial/ethnic and gender differences in youth’s math-related ability beliefs—growth mindset, self-concept, and career expectancy—and their longitudinal relations to STEM career attainment. Specifically, the study utilized nationally representative data of 10th graders over 10 years (n ~ = 14,320, Mage = 16.46, 50.4% female; 60.6% White, 15.5% Latinx, 14.1% Black, 9.8% Asian). The results indicated that youth’s math-related ability beliefs positively predicted their later STEM career outcomes. Furthermore, female adolescents’ math self-concept was more negative than male adolescents among Whites and Latinxs but not among Blacks and Asians. Black adolescents did not fully garner the advantage of having positive self-concept. Finally, high school math achievement did not predict Latina and Black youth’s STEM career expectancy. The current findings inform future interventions that different ability beliefs may need to be targeted for each race/ethnicity and gender.
Feminists among us: resistance and advocacy in library leadership

Why review a book examining feminist library leadership in a technical services journal? Though Feminists Among Us does not focus upon any functional area of libraries, many of the injustices the b...
Internet Killed the Radio Star? An Abstract

In the current research, we strive to explore the boundary conditions to this long-standing claim that radio airtime leads to better album sales. To this end, we draw from recent literature on celebrity brand management, consumer satiation, and brand identification in order to explicate the interrelationship between musician star power and radio airtime. We build and test a moderated mediation model using a large, proprietary sample of cross-sectional time-series data. We reveal a set of competing effects of how radio airtime may influence music album sales depending on a musician’s star power. On the one hand, lesser known musicians are not as susceptible to the satiation effect caused by radio airtime as famous musicians, and therefore their albums are more likely to take advantage of the direct exposure from radio airtime. On the other hand, radio airtime may also serve as a reminder of past consumption experience which inspires consumers’ social identification with famous musicians, a correlation not as pronounced in the case of lesser known musicians. Online brand identification is in turn associated with increased album sales. These findings provide implications on how label companies may take different approaches when managing the radio promotion campaigns for famous and lesser-known musicians.
Intraoperative Use of Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blocking Agents During Cardiac Surgery and Postoperative Pulmonary Complications: A Prospective Randomized Trial.

Objective Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are associated with perioperative complications in noncardiac surgery; however, little is known about their effect on cardiac surgery. This study assessed the effect of neuromuscular blockade (NMB) on the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) after cardiac surgery and operating conditions. Design Prospective, randomized clinical trial with blinded outcomes assessment. Setting University hospital, single institution. Participants Adult patients having cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. Interventions One hundred patients were randomized to receive succinylcholine (group SUX) for intubation with no further NMB administered or cisatracurium (group CIS) for intubation and maintenance NMB. The primary outcome was a composite incidence of PPCs in the 72 hours after elective cardiac surgery. PPCs included failure to extubate within 24 hours, need for reintubation, pneumonia, aspiration, unanticipated need for noninvasive respiratory support, acute respiratory distress, and mortality from respiratory arrest. The secondary outcome was the adequacy of operating conditions as assessed by blinded surgeon survey (including a rating of surgical conditions on a Likert scale from 1 = poor to 5 = excellent), anesthesiologist report, and patient questionnaire. Measurements and Main Results The composite incidence of PPCs did not differ between groups (8 of 50 patients in both groups; 16%). Mean surgeon rating of surgical conditions was lower in the SUX group (4.65 ± 0.85 v 4.96 ± 0.20, p = 0.02). Conclusion Although avoiding nondepolarizing NMBA is feasible, doing so worsened operating conditions and did not reduce the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications.
3D-printed ZSM-5 monoliths with metal dopants for methanol conversion in the presence and absence of carbon dioxide

Abstract The development of effective strategies to utilize CO2 as a renewable feedstock for producing commercially-viable products is an interesting challenge to explore new concepts and opportunities in catalysis and industrial chemistry. In this study, 3D-printed ZSM-5 monoliths doped with Ga2O3, Cr2O3, CuO, ZnO, MoO3, and Y2O3were synthesized using the state-of-art 3D printing technique. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2 physisorption, NH3 and CO2 temperature-programed desorption and H2 temperature-programmed reduction. The promotional effect of doped metals on catalytic performance of 3D-printed ZSM-5 monoliths in methanol to hydrocarbon (MTH) reaction in the presence and absence of CO2 was investigated. Results indicated that both metal dopants type and reaction atmosphere greatly influence catalyst stability and product distribution. The yield of light olefins was enhanced over all metal-doped 3D-printed ZSM-5 monoliths in N2 atmosphere (absence of CO2), however, CO2 atmosphere did not favor the production of light olefins. Although selectivity toward ethylene slightly decreased, the propylene yield was almost constant after switching N2 to CO2 in MTH reaction at 400 °C. Furthermore, it was found that Y- and Zn-doped ZSM-5 monoliths exhibited higher yield of light olefins and BTX compounds in the in the absence and presence of CO2, respectively.
Materials science in the artificial intelligence age: high-throughput library generation, machine learning, and a pathway from correlations to the underpinning physics

The use of statistical/machine learning (ML) approaches to materials science is experiencing explosive growth. Here, we review recent work focusing on the generation and application of libraries from both experiment and theoretical tools. The library data enables classical correlative ML and also opens the pathway for exploration of underlying causative physical behaviors. We highlight key advances facilitated by this approach and illustrate how modeling, macroscopic experiments, and imaging can be combined to accelerate the understanding and development of new materials systems. These developments point toward a data-driven future wherein knowledge can be aggregated and synthesized, accelerating the advancement of materials science.
High prevalence of disability and HIV risk among low socioeconomic status urban adults, 17 U.S. cities.

Abstract Background In the United States, approximately 10% of adults 18–64 years are disabled. However, there is scarce literature on the associations between disability and HIV risk. Objective To assess disability prevalence and its associations to health and HIV risk factors among low socioeconomic status (SES) (≤high school education or ≤ poverty guidelines) urban adults. Methods We assessed disability prevalence from a cross-sectional sample of low SES urban heterosexually active adults at risk for HIV participating in the 2016 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS) and calculated crude and adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals of disability for health and HIV risk behaviors. Results In the NHBS sample, 39.6% of participants reported any disability. Disability was associated with health care utilization and risk behaviors, even when adjusting for demographics. Participants with disabilities were more likely to have condomless sex with a casual partner and engage in exchange sex. Conclusions Low SES urban heterosexually active adults reported high prevalence of disabilities and differences in health, health care utilization, and risk factors. Disability might contribute to sexual risk behaviors that increase the likelihood of HIV infection. Further investigations into the intersection of disability and HIV risk are needed, especially in poor communities often excluded from national assessments.
Low-Power Dual Mode MEMS Resonators With PPB Stability Over Temperature

We demonstrate two novel dual-mode ovenized MEMS resonators, each with an in-chip device layer micro-oven that utilizes less than 30mW for resonator temperature control over variations in external temperature from −40°C to +60°C. The device layer micro-oven enables correction for ambient temperature variations and achieves a 1-week frequency stability for the output mode over temperature near 1.5 ppb for the Lame-mode resonator. The devices were built in the Epi-Seal fabrication process and take advantage of the exceptional long-term stability of MEMS resonators built in that process. These results exceed all prior reports for frequency stability over time and temperature for MEMS resonators and have the potential to impact the development of miniature, low-power time references. [2019-0054]
Development and Psychometric Testing of the Peer-Mentor Support Scale for Parents of Children With Type 1 Diabetes and for Youths With Type 1 Diabetes

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Peer-Mentor Support Scale (PMSS), a measure of peer-mentor support provided to parents of children wi...
The development of problem-solving abilities in a population of candidate detection dogs ( Canis familiaris )

Both ontogenetic and phylogenetic factors have shaped dogs’ cognitive capabilities, resulting in a heightened social sensitivity at the apparent cost of non-social problem-solving abilities. Research has suggested that training history and life experience can influence problem-solving abilities in dogs. However, the ontogenetic development of problem-solving abilities in dogs has been less explored. We tested a population of candidate detection dogs of various ages across the first year of development on four well-established problem-solving tasks targeting different cognitive domains (i.e., cylinder, A-not-B barrier, delayed search, and spatial transposition tasks). We examined developmental effects by comparing cognitive task performance across three age groups. Age-related improvements for all four cognitive measures indicate developmental increases in processes related to inhibitory control, attention, and spatial cognition between 3 and 12 months of age. Additionally, we found some relationships between cognitive measures and detection dog performance measures, though effects were not as robust. We discuss the results in the context of canine cognitive development and corresponding effects of phylogeny and ontogeny, as well as potential applications to working dog training and selection.
A Plasma Protein Network Regulates PM20D1 and N-Acyl Amino Acid Bioactivity.

Summary N-acyl amino acids are a family of cold-inducible circulating lipids that stimulate thermogenesis. Their biosynthesis is mediated by a secreted enzyme called PM20D1. The extracellular mechanisms that regulate PM20D1 or N-acyl amino acid activity in the complex environment of blood plasma remains unknown. Using quantitative proteomics, here we show that PM20D1 circulates in tight association with both low- and high-density lipoproteins. Lipoprotein particles are powerful co-activators of PM20D1 activity in vitro and N-acyl amino acid biosynthesis in vivo. We also identify serum albumin as a physiologic N-acyl amino acid carrier, which spatially segregates N-acyl amino acids away from their sites of production, confers resistance to hydrolytic degradation, and establishes an equilibrium between thermogenic “free” versus inactive “bound” fractions. These data establish lipoprotein particles as principal extracellular sites of N-acyl amino acid biosynthesis and identify a lipoprotein-albumin network that regulates the activity of a circulating thermogenic lipid family.
Perceptions of social consensus at the regional level relate to prioritization and support of climate policy in Maryland, USA

While considerable research has investigated the importance of the public’s understanding of the scientific consensus on climate change beliefs and policy support, only recently have scholars begun to evaluate the role of social consensus perceptions, e.g., what others in the same group think. People receive information about these norms directly from social interactions, such as with neighbors and friends, but also indirectly from media, as in reporting on national public opinion statistics. We assess how well the public understands the level of social consensus across different geographic scales—regional, state, and national—and test whether understanding these norms differentially relates to climate and energy policy support. Among a representative sample of Maryland adults surveyed in 2015 (n = 1547), nearly half underestimated the extent of the social consensus about climate change within their region, state, and country. Individuals’ consensus perceptions were significantly related to the true social consensus—estimated through survey data—at the regional scale; however, the size of the relationship was small. We found that consensus perceptions across all geographic levels related to support for climate policy, as mediated by climate belief certainty. But perceptions of social consensus at smaller spatial scales—e.g., regional—appear to have larger effects on public opinion. The results of this study suggest both the importance—and limitations—of geographies of social consensus and the role of attitudinal certainty as a mediator for this relationship. Conveying localized social consensus information may promote public support of climate policy.
Nanoparticles as antibiotic-delivery vehicles (ADVs) overcome resistance by MRSA and other MDR bacterial pathogens: The grenade hypothesis.

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to examine how the concentrated delivery of less effective antibiotics, such as the β-lactam penicillin G, by linkage to nanoparticles (NPs), could influence the killing efficiency against various pathogenic bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other multidrug resistant (MDR) strains. Methods The β-lactam antibiotic penicillin G (PenG) was passively sorbed to fluorescent polystyrene NPs (20 nm) that were surface-functionalized with carboxylic acid (COO−-NPs) or sulfate groups (SO4−-NPs) to form a PenG-NP complex. Antimicrobial activities of PenG-NPs were evaluated against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including antibiotic resistant strains. Disc diffusion, microdilution assays and live/dead staining were performed for antibacterial assessments. Results The results showed that bactericidal activities of PenG-NP complexes were statistically significantly (P Conclusions As a whole, PenG-NP complexation demonstrated a remarkable activity against different pathogenic bacteria, including MRSA and MDR strains. We term this the ‘grenade hypothesis’. Further testing and development of this approach will provide validation of its potential usefulness for controlling antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.
New Financial Instruments for Managing Longevity Risk

Reduced returns and longevity risk are making it challenging for employers to offer defined benefit pensions. In countries with large defined benefit pension plan sectors, sponsors are transferring these obligations, and the associated investment and longevity risk, to life (re)insurers via buy-outs, buy-ins, and longevity swaps. Nevertheless, to date, there has been no successful longevity bond issuance, although there have been several false starts. This contrasts with the active market for catastrophe bonds that transfer risk associated with catastrophic events from (re)insurers to capital markets. This paper reviews catastrophe bond and other insurance risk transfer market developments, to identify the factors and design features that have resulted in success and failure. Conclusions are informed by an extensive literature review and quantitative survey, plus discussions with market participants including public policy makers. We conclude with suggestions for product design features and public policies that might kick start vibrant longevity bond markets.
Play It Again: R&B Answers, Copycats, and Follow-Ups—Volume One and Volume 2

Whatever happened to those funny song parodies that were so popular during the 1950s and 1960s? Released on 45 r.p.m. discs, they all followed a similar production formula. Borrow the melody from a...
Physical and mental health screening in a New York City HIV cohort during the COVID-19 pandemic: A preliminary report.

Background Mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have been observed. Psychiatric symptoms in people living with HIV, and their relationship to physical symptomatology and prior psychopathology, are not yet reported. Setting An HIV cohort sheltering-in-place in New York City. Methods Forty-nine participants in a longitudinal study were contacted by telephone in April 2020. A structured interview queried COVID-19-associated physical symptoms, and mental health screens were performed with the generalized anxiety disorder-2 (GAD-2) and patient health questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2). Prior medical and neuropsychiatric data were obtained from preceding study visits. Post-hoc analyses were performed. Results The mean age of respondents was 62.1 years, 39% were women, and 35% African American, 37% Latinx, and 28% Caucasian. COVID-19-indicator symptoms were present in 69%; 41% had respiratory and 61% extra-pulmonary symptoms. Mental health symptoms were endorsed in 45% with PHQ-2 and 43% with GAD-2, although threshold for major depression was met in only 4% and for GAD in 14%. Higher PHQ scores were associated with respiratory symptoms, but not prior mood or anxiety disorders. GAD-2 scores were higher with past mood disorders, but not with prior anxiety disorders or respiratory symptoms. Conclusions Physical symptoms were frequent and mild psychiatric symptoms were common, but serious anxiety and depression were not often endorsed by this group of people living with HIV at the acute height of the New York City COVID-19 pandemic. Reasons for this are unclear, as this preliminary report is descriptive in nature. Short- and long-term consequences of acute mental health symptoms require further study.
Superelasticity and cryogenic linear shape memory effects of CaFe2As2.

Shape memory materials have the ability to recover their original shape after a significant amount of deformation when they are subjected to certain stimuli, for instance, heat or magnetic fields. However, their performance is often limited by the energetics and geometry of the martensitic-austenitic phase transformation. Here, we report a unique shape memory behavior in CaFe2As2, which exhibits superelasticity with over 13% recoverable strain, over 3 GPa yield strength, repeatable stress–strain response even at the micrometer scale, and cryogenic linear shape memory effects near 50 K. These properties are acheived through a reversible uni-axial phase transformation mechanism, the tetragonal/orthorhombic-to-collapsed-tetragonal phase transformation. Our results offer the possibility of developing cryogenic linear actuation technologies with a high precision and high actuation power per unit volume for deep space exploration, and more broadly, suggest a mechanistic path to a class of shape memory materials, ThCr2Si2-structured intermetallic compounds. Shape memory materials are capable of returning to their original form post-deformation, but those with high actuation performances remain scarce. Here the authors reveal that CaFe2As2 exhibits cryogenic linear shape memory behaviour with high recoverable strain and yield strength, owing to a reversible uni-axial phase transformation.
A Cross-Sectional Study of Attitudes and Factors That Promote Medical Student Participation in Professional Medical Societies.

Purpose Medical student participation in professional medical societies is an understudied extracurricular activity. The purpose of this study is to assess student characteristics associated with participation and their attitudes toward professional medical societies. Methods A cross-sectional study using a 21-item survey questionnaire was administered to Wisconsin medical students in the fall of 2019. Regression analysis was used to find factors associated with participation. Results A total of 308 questionnaire responses were collected with a response rate of 17.4%. Sixty-three percent of respondents participated in a professional medical society, and the most important reasons for participating included professional development, networking, and advocacy. Participation was positively associated with age (OR = 1.16; 95% CI, 1.01 - 1.33); years of medical education (OR = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.18 - 1.69); number of memberships in professional medical societies (OR = 2.02; 95% CI, 1.61 - 2.53); number of extracurricular advocacy events attended outside of professional medical societies (OR = 1.62; 95% CI, 1.17 - 2.23); belief that participation is important for professional development (OR = 1.76; 95% CI, 1.39 - 2.23), patients (OR = 1.51; 95% CI, 1.23 - 1.86), and medical education (OR = 1.43; 95% CI, 1.19 - 1.71); and the desire to participate as a physician (OR = 1.53; 95% CI, 1.25 - 1.88). Participation was negatively associated with male gender (OR = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.27 - 0.95). Conclusions Medical students who participate in professional medical societies believe participation supports their education, their patients, and their professional development. Further study is required to elucidate reasons for nonparticipation.
Exchange Traded Funds (ETF)

ETFs arose to address all the weaknesses and capture all the benefits of mutual funds. Just like closed-end funds, they trade in the markets continuously, and just like open-end funds, they can be created and redeemed at any time by investors. The purpose of an ETF is to match a particular market index, leading to a fund management style known as passive management, which is the chief distinguishing feature of ETFs, and it brings a number of advantages for investors in index funds.
Questioning Autism’s Racializing Assemblages

This article questions the ways autism knowledge is racially assembled. Of specific interest is how clinical and cultural definitions of autism routinely deny the existence of autistics of colour and regularly instantiate autism as a White condition. Employing a contrapuntal reading of autism knowledge, which foregrounds the life-writings of autistics of colour, this article argues that disproportionality and delayed autism diagnoses for children of colour as well as autistic Whiteness habituates autism’s diagnostic space. Not only does this result in the clinical and cultural exclusion of children of colour from autism knowledge, it also hierarchically orders humanity. While autism has received recent philosophical attention from Ian Hacking, this article suggests that Hacking’s historical ontology does not adequately attend to the racializing effects of autism knowledge. As such, this article concludes by gesturing toward the need to re-assemble autism’s diagnostic shape through the invention of collective sites of expression which make possible #BlackAutisticJoy.
Porosity-permeability relationships in crystal-rich basalts from Plinian eruptions

Magma permeability allows release of exsolved and pressurized volatiles during magma ascent, potentially modulating explosive volcanic eruptions. While porosity-permeability relationships in the clasts from silicic Plinian eruptions have received considerable interests in recent years, knowledge on magma permeability during Plinian eruptions of basaltic magma is lacking. In this study, we investigate the porosity-permeability relationships in pyroclasts from the well-studied Plinian eruptions of basaltic magma at Mt. Tarawera, New Zealand (1886 CE) and Mt. Etna, Italy (122 BCE). We find that Darcian permeabilities in the studied clasts range between approximately 10−12 m2 and 10−10 m2 over a range of total porosity between 48 and 82%. The vesicles are well connected with values of 45–82% for connected porosity. Pyroclasts from the studied Plinian eruptions contain abundant microlites (∼ 60–90 vol. %) in the matrix surrounding vesicles. At a given total porosity, the measured permeabilities are somewhat higher than that measured in the crystal-poor lapilli from less explosive basaltic eruptions, and about 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than that in silicic Plinian clasts. The estimated percolation threshold is ∼34% for the two basaltic Plinian eruptions. Using modeling of ascent of multiphase magma through volcanic conduits during eruptions, we find that the relative timing of crystallization and the onset of percolation might have played a key role in the development of the measured porosity-permeability relationships. Using scaling analysis, we further show that rheological stiffening of basaltic melt due to a high crystal content just prior to magma fragmentation should have stabilized the vesicle networks, preserving textures reflecting the eruptive conditions with insignificant post-eruptive modification.
Automatic Cognitive Processing and Choice of Suppliers by Business-to-Business Customers

Within a business-to-business context, we test the proposition that a few benefit-to-supplier automatic memory retrievals are associated strongly with customer choice of suppliers. We extend automaticity theory (see Bargh 1994) by proposing that distinct automatic network structures occur when a person allocates focal attention, for example, encounters a buying problem/opportunity. A workbench theory of automatic network structures for research on adaptive decision making is described. The empirical study included in this report demonstrates how a spreading activation of benefits-to-brand associations is related to top-of-mind brand retrieval and share-of-business awards.
MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF THE NA+, K+-ATPASE AND CHLORIDE CHANNELS IN THE OCULAR CILIARY EPITHELIUM

Publisher Summary The ocular ciliary epithelium is a bilayer of neuroepithelial cells with a unique configuration in the mammalian eye and possibly in the entire human body. The bilayer consists of two secretory polarized epithelial cells—the nonpigmented epithelial (NPE) and pigmented epithelial (PE) cells—opposing each other at their apical plasma membranes. This unusual configuration is intriguing and has hampered progress in understanding the way the ciliary epithelium regulates the secretion of aqueous humor into the posterior chamber of the eye. The generally accepted theory that the ciliary epithelium is the site of secretion of aqueous humor is based on anatomical and physiological evidence. Along the ocular ciliary epithelium, several distinct anatomical regions have been defined based on the morphological characteristics of the NPE and PE cells. The pars plicafa, which is the most anterior region of the ciliary epithelium, is distinguished by numerous folding processes providing a large transport surface area.
Abstract 4420: Matriptase-mediated proteolytic regulation of biological activity and spatial distribution of PDGF-D

The oncogenic roles of platelet-derived growth factor D (PDGF-D) and its proteolytic activator, matriptase, have been strongly implicated in human prostate cancer. The latent full-length PDGF-D consists of N-terminal CUB domain, C-terminal growth factor domain, and hinge region in between. Matriptase processes the full-length PDGF-D dimer (FL-D) into PDGF-D growth factor domain dimer (GFD-D) in a step-wise manner, involving generation of hemidimer (HD), which is an intermediate product containing one full-length PDGF-D subunit and one growth factor domain subunit. In this study, we showed that HD acts as a dominant-negative ligand of PDGF/PDGFR signaling in fibroblasts whereas it has its own unique function in pre-osteoclasts. The regulation of PDGF-D9s activity by matriptase is biphasic as demonstrated by the event that active PDGF-D GFD-D can be further cleaved into a smaller and yet inactive form if the enzymatic action of matriptase persists. By mutagenesis analyses, we identified amino acid residues R 340 R 341 GR 343 A at the C-terminus of PDGF-D growth factor domain to be the matriptase cleavage site through which PDGF-D is inactivated. Based on the sequence analysis in comparison with the published crystal structure of PDGF-B, we suggest that R 340 R 341 GR 343 A is within the loop III of PDGF-D growth factor domain, a critical domain for its binding to the PDGF receptor. When the positively charged arginine residues of R 340 R 341 GR 343 A were mutated to alanine residues, PDGF-D GFD-D lost its biological activity in activating β-PDGFR. Further, we found that proteolytic processing of latent PDGF-D to remove CUB domain and hinge region is tightly linked with the storage of PDGF-D GFD-D within extracellular matrix (ECM) in vitro. These results indicate the increased affinity to the ECM from FL-D, HD, to GFD-D and also suggest that CUB domain and hinge region of PDGF-D prevent the sequestration of PDGF-D in ECM. Interestingly, the matriptase cleavage site R 340 R 341 GR 343 A within the growth factor domain is also critical for PDGF-D association with ECM. Taken together, the present study reports structural elements crucial to the biologically function of PDGF-D and its association with ECM, suggesting that proteolytic processing is a crucial mechanism for PDGF-D to establish its tissue gradient. Citation Format: Wei Huang, Hyeong-Reh C. Kim. Matriptase-mediated proteolytic regulation of biological activity and spatial distribution of PDGF-D. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4420. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4420
Lytic Organisms and Photooxidative Effects: Influence on Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin

The effects of exposure to high light intensities on blue-green algal (cyanobacterial) populations were examined in Lake Mendota, Wis. The algal populations were shown to be susceptible to inhibition of photosynthetic activity and pigment bleaching as a result of exposure. These effects generally influence only a small percentage of the lake population and thus are probably not important in causing major declines in chlorophyll a. Lytic organisms were shown to increase in numbers in the lake in response to the seasonal development of blue-green algae, reaching values of greater than 1,000 plaque-forming units per ml in midsummer. Both bacteria and protozoa were observed in plaque zones, but it could not be determined whether these lytic organisms had a major role in algal biomass declines.
Effect of dietary taurine on renal taurine transport by proximal tubule brush border membrane vesicles in the kitten.

Renal adaptation of the kitten to altered dietary taurine intake was assessed using proximal tubule brush border membrane (BBM) vesicles. Three groups of kittens were adapted to purified diets containing 43.5% soy protein that were either taurine-free (OT) or contained 0.15% taurine (NT) or 1.0% taurine (HT). The plasma taurine concentration of the kittens fed OT decreased from 104 +/- 25 microM to 16 +/- 5 microM and 1.7 +/- 0.5 microM in 1 and 6 wk, respectively. Feeding HT increased plasma taurine concentration to 350 +/- 116 microM in 1 wk. Compared to NT, taurine accumulation by BBM vesicles was significantly elevated after 4 wk of feeding OT and decreased after 2 wk or less of feeding HT (P less than 0.05). Maximum renal adaptation occurred by 6 wk of feeding OT (206% increase in taurine uptake/15 s compared to NT) and by 2 wk or less of feeding HT (43% decrease in taurine uptake/15 s compared to NT). Evaluation of transport kinetics using renal cortex from groups of four kittens (16 determinations) fed NT, OT (12 wk) or HT (10 wk) revealed a Vmax of 55 +/- 10, 123 +/- 24 or 39 +/- 7 pmol.mg protein-1.10 s-1 and a Km of 32 +/- 7, 16 +/- 2 or 37 +/- 8 microM, respectively. The differences in Vmax and Km were significant between NT and OT (P less than 0.05), but not significant between NT and HT (P greater than 0.05). Our results suggest that renal adaptation of the kitten to changes in dietary taurine occurs with modifications of both Vmax and Km of the taurine transport system.
Anisotropic photocurrent response at black phosphorus–MoS2 p–n heterojunctions

We investigate the photocurrent generation mechanisms at a vertical p–n heterojunction between black phosphorus (BP) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) flakes through polarization-, wavelength-, and gate-dependent scanning photocurrent measurements. When incident photon energy is above the direct band gap of MoS2, the photocurrent response demonstrates a competitive effect between MoS2 and BP in the junction region. In contrast, if the incident photon energy is below the band gap of MoS2 but above the band gap of BP, the photocurrent response at the p–n junction exhibits the same polarization dependence as that at the BP–metal junction, which is nearly parallel to the MoS2 channel. This result indicates that the photocurrent signals at the MoS2–BP junction primarily result from the direct band gap transition in BP. These fundamental studies shed light on the knowledge of photocurrent generation mechanisms in vertical 2D semiconductor heterojunctions, offering a new way of engineering future two-dimensional materials based optoelectronic devices.
A unified approach to failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA)

A unified approach in performing a failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) is described. This procedure provides a technique for performing a thorough analysis that can identify engineering problem areas and failure modes at specific plant levels, and contribute to the validity of design review process. It provides formats for documenting plant/equipment operating characteristics so that failure modes can readily be identified with a functional characteristic. In addition, it gives an analytical technique that can identify necessary corrective action with which top management can make critical decisions. >
Electrochemical Synthesis of M:DNA Nanohybrids

Metal - DNA (M:DNA) nanohybrids have shown promise as functional nanomaterials in several practical applications. In this paper, electrochemical synthesis of metal - DNA nanohybrids is explored. First, metal ions (M n+ ) are attached to the sugar - phosphate backbone of calf thymus DNA. The metal - ion doped DNA (M n+ :DNA) is then deposited on a substrate by layer-by-layer deposition, drop casting or electrostatic deposition. This is followed by electrocherical reduction of the metal ion to form M: DNA. Ag + :DNA/Ag:DNA is chosen as a model system to perform in-depth study. Future directions for this work are also provided.
Chain Order and Mobility of High-Density C18 Phases by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy and Liquid Chromatography

C18 phases prepared by different synthetic pathways are examined by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Silane functionality is clearly indicated by 29Si CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. Order and mobility of the alkyl chains are investigated with high-speed 1H MAS and 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy. Differences in coverage are monitored by 1H line widths, 13C chemical shifts, 13C cross-polarization constants, and 1H relaxation times in the rotating frame. It is shown that C18 phases prepared by the surface polymerization technique exhibit a more regular surface coverage than sorbents prepared by conventional polymeric synthesis. The findings from solid-state NMR investigations are discussed in the context of liquid chromatography (LC) separations of linear and bulky polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) solutes.