cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring void search for fault detection on extreme scale systems

Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF), now calculated in days or hours, is expected to drop to minutes on exascale machines. The advancement of resilience technologies greatly depends on a deeper understanding of faults arising from hardware and software components. This understanding has the potential to help us build better fault tolerance technologies. For instance, it has been proved that combining checkpointing and failure prediction leads to longer checkpoint intervals, which in turn leads to fewer total checkpoints. In this paper we present a new approach for fault detection based on the Void Search (VS) algorithm. VS is used primarily in astrophysics for finding areas of space that have a very low density of galaxies. We evaluate our algorithm using real environmental logs from Mira Blue Gene/Q supercomputer at Argonne National Laboratory. Our experiments show that our approach can detect almost all faults (i.e., sensitivity close to 1) with a low false positive rate (i.e., specificity values above 0.7). We also compare our algorithm with a number of existing detection algorithms, and find that ours outperforms all of them.
Intra-conduction-band magneto-optical studies of InSb

C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$-laser---induced phonon-assisted cyclotron-resonance harmonics (PACRH) in $n$-type InSb are investigated at low magnetic fields with photoconductivity techniques. The high resolution allowed transitions up to the 23rd harmonic to be seen. Polarization studies of PACRH show that strong resonances are present for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{e}}\ensuremath{\perp}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{B}}$ (but not for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{e}}\ensuremath{\parallel}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{B}}$) in the Voigt geometry. In the Faraday geometry, the resonances were found to be of approximately equal amplitude for both ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{R}$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{L}$ circularly polarized light. A large variety of intra-conduction-band magneto-optical experimental work has been unified and explained using a modified Pidgeon-Brown energy-band model and only one set of band parameters. These include cyclotron resonance, combined resonance, cyclotron-resonance harmonics, combined resonance harmonics, electron-spin resonance, and PACRH data from a wide variety of authors. The resulting set of energy-band parameters are ${E}_{g}=235.2$ meV, ${E}_{p}=23.2$ eV, $\ensuremath{\Delta}=0.803$ eV, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}=3.25$, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2}=\ensuremath{-}0.2$, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{3}=0.9$, $\ensuremath{\kappa}=\ensuremath{-}1.3$, $F=\ensuremath{-}0.2$, $q=0.0$, ${N}_{1}=\ensuremath{-}0.55$. These parameters are also shown to explain the variation of the effective $g$ factor with magnetic field. In addition, these parameters also quantitatively explain recent two-photon magnetoabsorption data and recent intra-valence-band data.
TU‐FF‐A2‐05: The Dosimetric Stability of the Prostate and Critical Structures in the Presence of Internal Motion for An Adaptive Correction Strategy

Purpose: An adaptive correction strategy has been proposed in which internal motion is corrected for by repositioning the MLC aperture as an alternative to the current practice of patient repositioning. The study purpose was to investigate the dosimetric stability of this strategy in the presence of internal motion. Method and Materials: Internal motion shifts were introduced in 25 prostate plans by shifting the PTV, rectum and bladder contours with respect to the bony‐anatomy. Thirty‐six randomly selected isotropic displacements of magnitude 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 cm were sampled for each patient, totaling 3600 errors. The adaptive correction strategy, which shifted the beams‐eye‐view of the MLC aperture to match the contours, was used to correct each of these errors. Recomputed plans were compared to the original treatment plans via dose‐volume histogram analysis. Changes of more than 5% of the prescription dose were deemed clinically significant. Results: The adaptive correction strategy produced small dose discrepancies for all structures considered apart from the femoral heads. Coverage of the PTV was excellent: D5, D95 and Dmean where changes were 5% in 9/3600 sampled internal motion shifts, while the bladder D20 deviated by >5% in 9/3600 samples. The femoral heads Dmean increased by >5% for 651/3600 (18%) internal motion shifts. However, D2 was not increased by >5% for any of the internal motion shifts. Conclusion: These data demonstrate the robustness of the proposed adaptive correction strategy for correction of internal motion. The corrections can be performed remotely, thus eliminating errors resulting from increases in treatment time or from patient repositioning. This method has the ability to correct for both interfraction displacement of the prostate and for intrafraction prostate motion. Supported by NCI R01CA93626 and R01CA98524.
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE IN RELATION TO STIMULATION AND CYCLOSIS IN NITELLA FLEXILIS

Nitella flexilis cells are not stimulated to "shock stoppage" of cyclosis by suddenly evacuating the air over the water or on sudden readmission of air, or on suddenly striking a piston in the water-filled chamber in which they are kept with a ball whose energy is 7.6 joules, provided the Nitella cell is not moved by currents against the side of the chamber. Sudden increases in hydrostatic pressure from zero to 1000 lbs. or 0 to 5000 lbs. per square inch or 5000 to 9000 lbs. per square inch usually do not stimulate to "shock stoppage" of cyclosis, but some cells are stimulated. Sudden decreases of pressure are more likely to stimulate, again with variation depending on the cell. In the absence of stimulation, the cyclosis velocity at 23°C. slows as the pressure is increased in steps of 1000 lbs. per square inch. In some cells a regular slowing is observed, in others there is little slowing until 4000 to 6000 lbs. per square inch, when a rapid slowing appears, with only 50 per cent to 30 per cent of the original velocity at 9000 lbs. per square inch. The cyclosis does not completely stop at 10000 lbs. per square inch. The pressure effect is reversible unless the cells have been kept too long at the high pressure. At low temperatures (10°C.) and at temperatures near and above (32°–38°C.) the optimum temperature for maximum cyclosis (35–36°C.) pressures of 3000 to 6000 lbs. per square inch cause only further slowing of cyclosis, with no reversal of the temperature effect, such as has been observed in pressure-temperature studies on the luminescence of luminous bacteria. Sudden increase in temperature may cause shock stoppage of cyclosis as well as sudden decrease in temperature.
XPath query processing improvements

Much research has been done adapting relational technology for use with XML and XPath query processing, several research efforts have focused on native XML databases, and some research efforts have focused on hybrid approaches. This paper presents a hybrid design: we extend the usage of path summary indexes by combining them with partitioned indexes on schema-less XML documents to accelerate XPath query processing. Efficient XPath query processing is important because XPath is the query language used for node selection within XQuery. To index an XML document, each node is assigned a path identifier that is unique for every root-to-node path. A separate XML path summary index is created, itself encoded as an XML document, which summarizes the document structure by eliminating path redundancies which are inherent within many XML document instances. The use of structure summaries is widely adopted. Two additional supporting indexes are utilized: first, the XML structure is placed into a structure index that is partitioned by the path identifier, and second, the XML element and attribute values are placed into a separate value index that is partitioned by the same path identifier. Therefore, we integrate structure summaries, complete structure, and values into a unified index. To support comprehensive integration we use unique implementation and query methods. XPath queries, either partially or fully, are first executed against the summary index to derive candidate path identifiers which are placed into a specialized hash map tree cursor. We introduce the partitioned branching path join, a twig join that enables efficient index nested loop joins between various B+-tree partitions on the same structure relation, guided by the hash map tree cursor. We conclude with performance results from several queries using our lightweight prototype system, which demonstrates that our combination of methods matches or outperforms existing high-end database engines when determining node sequences for several XPath queries.
Primary intraepithelial sebaceous gland carcinoma of the palpebral conjunctiva.

Sebaceous gland carcinoma usually arises from meibomian or Zeis glands deep within the eyelid, but it can rarely arise within the conjunctival epithelium without a deep component. We describe a woman with a history of chronic blepharoconjunctivitis unresponsive to topical medications. Examination disclosed confluent papillary hypertrophy of the upper palpebral conjunctiva and deposits of white flaky material. Tarsoconjunctival punch biopsy revealed intraepithelial sebaceous gland carcinoma. Management consisted of frozen section–controlled complete tumor excision with removal of the entire posterior lamella of the right upper eyelid, cryotherapy to the margins, and reconstruction. Histopathologic analysis confirmed primary sebaceous gland carcinoma localized to the conjunctival epithelium without involvement of underlying meibomian or Zeis glands or the caruncle. Patients with unexplained chronic unilateral blepharoconjunctivitis or papillary hypertrophy of the palpebral conjunctiva should be considered for biopsy to rule out neoplasia, even when there is no sign of an underlying eyelid mass.
Modelling below- and above-ground biomass for non-woody and woody plants.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intraspecific relationships between below- and above-ground biomass (MB and MA, respectively) have been studied extensively to evaluate environmental effects on growth and development at the level of the individual plant. However, no current theoretical model for this relationship exists for broad interspecific trends. The aims of this paper are to provide a model and to test its predictions using a recently assembled, large database (1406 data entries for 257 species). METHODS An allometric model was derived to predict the relationship between MB and MA for non-woody and woody plants based on previously developed scaling relationships for leaf, stem and root standing biomass and annual growth rates. The predictions of this model were tested by comparing the numerical values of predicted scaling exponents (the slopes of log-log regression curves) with those observed for the database. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS For non-woody plants and the juveniles of woody species, the model predicts an isometric scaling relationship (i.e. MB proportional, variant MA). For woody plants, a complex scaling function is predicted. But, for a particular set of biologically reasonable conditions, the model predicts MB proportional, variant MA across woody plants. These predictions accord reasonably well with observed statistical trends when non-woody and woody plants are studied separately (n=1061 and 345 data entries, respectively). Although the reliability of regression formulas to estimate MB based on MA measurements increased with increasing plant size, estimates of MB can be as much as two orders of magnitude off, even when using regression formulas with r2 >>0.90 and F >>53,000.
Teaching methods in a design class

The methodology described here is based on several years' experience teaching a senior-level, first-year graduate student design class in nuclear engineering. Unlike some design courses, which stress details of the actual design, the primary goal of the present courses is to teach the design process, i.e., issues related to technology synthesis, project management, team organization, engineering ethics, budgeting and cost analysis, and environmental and sociological aspects of engineering projects. Considerable stress is placed on the development of both oral presentation and written communication skills. It is concluded that a design class offers an excellent opportunity to teach the basics of project management as well as the design process. This has an advantage over a topical lecture-only course, in that students can learn by actually doing a small project. >
RATE OF RESPIRATION AS RELATED TO AGE

In the present paper it is shown that as the leaves of corn, sorghum, wheat, and oats increase in age there is a decrease in rate of respiration; but that as the leaves become still older (past about middle age) the rate gradually increases.
Molecular Characterization and Sequence of a Methionine Biosynthetic Locus from Pseudomonas syringae

Two methionine biosynthetic genes in Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, metX and metW, were isolated, sequenced, and evaluated for their roles in methionine biosynthesis and bacterial fitness on leaf surfaces. The metXW locus was isolated on a 1.8-kb DNA fragment that was required for both methionine prototrophy and wild-type epiphytic fitness. Sequence analysis identified two consecutive open reading frames (ORFs), and in vitro transcription-translation experiments provided strong evidence that the ORFs encode proteins with the predicted molecular masses of 39 and 22.5 kDa. The predicted amino acid sequence of MetX (39 kDa) showed homology to several known and putative homoserine O-acetyltransferases. This enzyme is the first enzyme in the methionine biosynthetic pathway of fungi, gram-negative bacteria of the genus Leptospira, and several gram-positive bacterial genera. Both metX and metW were required for methionine biosynthesis, and transcription from both genes was not repressed by methionine. MetW (22.5 kDa) did not show significant homology to any known protein, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic methionine biosynthetic enzymes. Several classes of methionine auxotrophs, including metX and metW mutants, exhibit reduced fitness on leaf surfaces, indicating a requirement for methionine prototrophy in wild-type epiphytic fitness. This requirement is enhanced under environmentally stressful conditions, suggesting a role for methionine prototrophy in bacterial stress tolerance.
UWB microwave imaging for early breast cancer detection: A novel confocal imaging algorithm

A novel image reconstruction algorithm for early breast cancer detection via ultra wideband microwave signals is proposed. In this algorithm, the backscattered electric and magnetic intensities are measured and combined in a novel way to detect cancerous growth. Specifically, a power calculation is performed wherein E y is multiplied by H z after appropriate time shifting to create a focal point. Numerical results indicate successful localization of tumors as small as 3mm in diameter.
Behavioral Theories Applied to Nutritional Therapies for Chronic Diseases in Older Adults

Behavioral theories can guide clinicians in developing the best strategies for promoting a therapeutic nutritional change. Commonly utilized behavioral models in nutrition interventions in geriatric populations include the Ecological Perspective, the Health Belief Model, the Stages of Change Model, the Theory of Meaningful Learning, the Information Processing Model, and Social Cognitive Theory. Integration of behavioral theories in clinical care can facilitate improved chronic disease self-management by supporting adoption and maintenance of healthful nutritional practices.
Environmentally persistent free radicals amplify ultrafine particle mediated cellular oxidative stress and cytotoxicity

Background: Combustion generated particulate matter is deposited in the respiratory tract and pose a hazard to the lungs through their potential to cause oxidative stress and inflammation. We have previously shown that combustion of fuels and chlorinated hydrocarbons produce semiquinone-type radicals that are stabilized on particle surfaces (i.e. environmentally persistent free radicals; EPFRs). Because the composition and properties of actual combustion-generated particles are complex, heterogeneous in origin, and vary from day-to-day, we have chosen to use surrogate particle systems. In particular, we have chosen to use the radical of 2-monochlorophenol (MCP230) as the EPFR because we have previously shown that it forms a EPFR on Cu(II)O surfaces and catalyzes formation of PCDD/F. To understand the physicochemical properties responsible for the adverse pulmonary effects of combustion by-products, we have exposed human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) to MCP230 or the CuO/silica substrate. Our general hypothesis was that the EPFR-containing particle would have greater toxicity than the substrate species. Results: Exposure of BEAS-2B cells to our combustion generated particle systems significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and decreased cellular antioxidants resulting in cell death. Resveratrol treatment reversed the decline in cellular glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels for both types of combustion-generated particle systems. Conclusion: The enhanced cytotoxicity upon exposure to MCP230 correlated with its ability to generate more cellular oxidative stress and concurrently reduce the antioxidant defenses of the epithelial cells (i.e. reduced GSH, SOD activity, and GPx). The EPFRs in MCP230 also seem to be of greater biological concern due to their ability to induce lipid peroxidation. These results are consistent with the oxidizing nature of the CuO/silica ultrafine particles and the reducing nature and prolonged environmental and biological lifetimes of the EPFRs in MCP230.
Estimating the Breast Surface Using UWB Microwave Monostatic Backscatter Measurements

This paper presents an algorithm for estimating the location of the breast surface from scattered ultrawideband (UWB) microwave signals recorded across an antenna array. Knowing the location of the breast surface can improve imaging performance if incorporated as a priori information into recently proposed microwave imaging algorithms. These techniques transmit low-power microwaves into the breast using an antenna array, which in turn measures the scattered microwave signals for the purpose of detecting anomalies or changes in the dielectric properties of breast tissue. Our proposed surface identification algorithm consists of three procedures, the first of which estimates points on the breast surface given channels of measured microwave backscatter data. The second procedure applies interpolation and extrapolation to these points to generate points that are approximately uniformly distributed over the breast surface, while the third procedure uses these points to generate a 3-D estimated breast surface. Numerical as well as experimental tests indicate that the maximum absolute error in the estimated surface generated by the algorithm is on the order of several millimeters. An error analysis conducted for a basic microwave radar imaging algorithm (least-squares narrowband beamforming) indicates that this level of error is acceptable. A key advantage of the algorithm is that it uses the same measured signals that are used for UWB microwave imaging, thereby minimizing patient scan time and avoiding the need for additional hardware.
Cognition, Language Contact, and the Development of Pragmatic Comprehension in a Study‐Abroad Context

This study examined two issues: (a) whether there are gains in accurate and speedy comprehension of second language (L2) pragmatic meaning over time and (b) whether the gains are associated with cognitive processing ability and the amount of language contact in an L2 environment. Forty-four college students in a US institution completed three measures three times over a 4-month period: (a) the pragmatic listening test that measured the ability to comprehend implied speaker intentions, (b) the lexical access test that measured ability to make speedy semantic judgment, and (c) the language contact survey that examined the amount of time learners spent in L2 outside the class. The learners' pragmatic comprehension was analyzed for accuracy (the scores on the pragmatic listening test) and comprehension speed (the average time taken to answer items correctly). Results showed that the learners made significant improvement on comprehension speed but not on accuracy of comprehension. Lexical access speed was significantly correlated with comprehension speed but not with accuracy. The amount of speaking and reading outside class that the students reported on the language contact survey significantly correlated with the gains in comprehension speed but not with accuracy of comprehension.
beta-adrenergic blockade in developing heart failure: effects on myocardial inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and remodeling.

Background—Whether β-adrenergic blockade modulates myocardial expression of inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) in heart failure is unclear. Methods and Results—We administered oral metoprolol or no therapy to rats for 12 weeks after large myocardial infarction and subsequently examined left ventricular (LV) remodeling; myocardial tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 expression; and NO. In untreated rats, echocardiography revealed significant (P<0.001) LV dilatation and systolic dysfunction compared with sham. Papillary muscle studies revealed isoproterenol hyporesponsiveness to be unaltered by NO synthase (NOS) inhibition. Circulating NO metabolites were undetectable. In noninfarcted myocardium, although inducible NOS (iNOS) mRNA was absent, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA and protein were markedly elevated compared with sham (P<0.001), with 2-fold higher expression (P<0.025) of IL-6 compared with TNF-α or IL-1β. Metoprolol administration starting 48 hours after infarction (1...
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist inhibits the hypercalcemia mediated by interleukin-1

Recently, the effects of interleukin-1 (IL-1) on bone resorption in organ culture have been shown to be inhibited by an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), a novel monocyte cytokine in the IL-1 family. IL-1RA, which binds to IL-1 receptors and inhibits many of the effects of IL-1 alpha and beta, has been purified, cloned, and expressed. We used IL-1RA to investigate its effects on calcium homeostasis in vivo. After confirming that IL-1RA completely inhibited the effects of IL-1 on bone resorption in organ cultures, we tested the effects of IL-1RA on hypercalcemia mediated by IL-1 in normal mice and found that prolonged hypercalcemia provoked by IL-1 was completely inhibited by IL-1RA. The initial transient decrease in blood ionized calcium observed following an injection of IL-1 was also abrogated. IL-1RA had no effect alone on blood ionized calcium or on hypercalcemia mediated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) or PTH-related protein (PTHrP). These data suggest that antagonists to the IL-1 receptor may provide a useful therapeutic approach to osteoclastic bone resorption and hypercalcemia that is IL-1 dependent.
Occupational Orientation and Exploration Programs

(1976). Occupational Orientation and Exploration Programs. The Journal of Business Education: Vol. 51, No. 5, pp. 228-230.
Drug resistance and drug development in multiple myeloma.

Abstract Circumvention of drug resistance in multiple myeloma is a major obstacle to improving clinical outcomes for myeloma patients. Identification of several mechanisms of acquired drug resistance has led to the development of chemosensitizing agents that counter specific drug resistance mechanisms. Initial successes in therapy using chemosensitizers often culminate in relapse because of the multifactorial nature of acquired multidrug resistance. Therefore, it may be important to design therapeutic strategies that focus on mechanisms that allow for cell survival following initial treatments, before the acquisition of multidrug resistance. It has been proposed that extracellular effectors such as cytokines, matrix components, and adjacent cells may provide a sanctuary for cancer cells by preventing stress-induced cell death. This review focuses on research implicating the cancer cell environment as a particularly important determinant in the emergence of drug resistance. Semin Oncol 29 (suppl 17):21-25. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Cytochalasin D Blocks Touch Learning in Octopus vulgaris

Supraoesophageal lobes in 11 specimens of Octopus vulgaris were split sagitally into two symmetrical halves and isolated by a thin inert mica barrier. Each half-brain is known to control the four arms on its side of the animal and to be able to learn opposite touch paradigms mediated by its four arms. Powdered cytochalasin D was applied directly in each animal to the subfrontal lobe of one half-brain, and both half-brains were then trained to opposite touch paradigms. The cytochalasin treated half-brains could not learn either touch paradigm whereas the control half-brains learned readily. In another set of four animals, cytochalasin D was similarly applied but to the vertical lobe of one half-brain. In this case all the half-brains learned the touch paradigm.
Spontaneous optical pattern formation in a large array of optoelectronic feedback circuits

Strong nonlinear optical effects and optical pattern-forming systems can be designed with the optical system architectures introduced here on the basis of large-scale arrays of optoelectronic feedback circuits. Experiments were performed with a liquid-crystal television panel as a large-scale array of phase modulators and a CCD camera as a photoarray. By synthesizing various nonlinearities and using controllable spatial coupling, we obtained a variety of transversal optical patterns, localized states, waves, and chaotic regimes.
GloMoSim: a library for parallel simulation of large-scale wireless networks

A number of library based parallel and sequential network simulators have been designed. The paper describes a library, called GloMoSim (Global Mobile system Simulator), for parallel simulation of wireless networks. GloMoSim has been designed to be extensible and composable: the communication protocol stack for wireless networks is divided into a set of layers, each with its own API. Models of protocols at one layer interact with those at a lower (or higher) layer only via these APIs. The modular implementation enables consistent comparison of multiple protocols at a given layer. The parallel implementation of GloMoSim can be executed using a variety of conservative synchronization protocols, which include the null message and conditional event algorithms. The paper describes the GloMoSim library, addresses a number of issues relevant to its parallelization, and presents a set of experimental results on the IBM 9076 SP, a distributed memory multicomputer. These experiments use models constructed from the library modules.
The effects of cognitive processes on skin conductance reactivity to an aversive film

Two experiments tested the proposition derived from the theory of cognitive dissonance that attenuation in skin conductance response to a stressor film would be greatest where the individual voluntarily commits himself to watching the film, and makes the discrepant commitment under conditions of low rather than high justification. Experiment 1 showed that skin conductance was indeed less in the dissonance conditions than in a no-dissonance control condition, and Experiment 2 provided partial replication of these results. In both studies, however, the justification manipulation failed to exert a differential impact on skin conductance.
Reduction in surgical innovation, 1988 to 2006

Abstract Objective We hypothesize that increasing regulation of human subject research has reduced the number of published reports of surgical innovation in otolaryngology. Study Design A systematic review of a predetermined subset of otolaryngology literature. Methods We randomly selected half of the articles published in 1988 and 2006 in three prominent journals. After identifying information was concealed, abstracts were classified independently by two authors into three groups: innovation, modification, or neither. Disagreements were resolved by a third author who read the entire article. Proportions were compared with χ2 analysis. Results The proportion of articles classified as innovation or modification decreased significantly from 67 of 367 (18.3%) in 1988 to 59 of 548 (10.8%) in 2006 (P = 0.001). The elimination of radiology and pathology quiz cases yielded similar results: 11.1 percent vs 18.9 percent, P = 0.001. Innovation or modification in animal model research also decreased (0.9% vs 3.8%, P = 0.003). Overall, only 4 articles were actually classified as true innovation. Conclusions The frequency of true innovation was low in both years, but articles that described surgical modifications decreased significantly over this 18-year period. One reason may be increased administrative barriers for clinical research approval. Although our analysis cannot determine cause and effect, it is an important finding that deserves further study.
International Harmonization of Product Standards and Firm Heterogeneity in International Trade

As free trade areas have proliferated and statutory tariffs have been dramatically reduced in recent decades, non-tariff barriers (NTBs) to international trade have risen in importance. Destination-specific product standards are oneof the major types of NTBs as they impose additional costs on exporters and increase the time required to bring a product to market. This paper examines the response of U.S. manufacturing firms to a reduction of this NTB by looking at the harmonization of European product standards to international norms in the electronics sector. Using a highly detailed dataset that links U.S. international trade transactions to U.S. firms and a new industry-level database of EU product standards, the author finds that harmonization increases U.S. exports to the EU and that this increase is due to more U.S. firms entering the EU market –the extensive margin of trade. New entrants to the EU region are drawn mainly from the most productive set of firms already exporting to developing markets before harmonization -the extensive margin of trade composition. These firms are characterized by being smaller and less productive than the firms that were already exporting to the EU before harmonization. Furthermore, harmonization decreases export sales at existing exporters -the intensive margin of trade. These findings are consistent with a model featuring the role of product standards heterogeneity across market destinations and productivity heterogeneity across firms. These results suggest that working toward a harmonization of product rules across markets could be a supportive policy to encourage small and medium size firms'ability to enter new export markets.
Adolescent females with a substance use disorder: affiliations with adult male sexual partners.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that low socioeconomic status (SES), a disturbed parent-daughter relationship, early sexual development, and antisocial behavior are risk factors in adolescent females affiliating with adult male sexual partners. To determine whether the relation between these risk factors and affiliating with adult male sexual partners is stronger in females with greater, rather than fewer, substance use disorders (SUD). Method: Subjects were 180 adolescent females with SUD and 87 normal controls (14-18 years of age). Results: The SUD group had a lower SES and more negative parent-daughter interactions, and exhibited greater antisocial tendencies. Also, the SUD group showed a more frequent affiliation with adult male sexual partners. Chronological age, age of menarche (sexual development), antisocial behavior, and quality of the parent-daughter relationship were significantly associated with affiliation with adult male sexual partners. Moreover, the number of SUD diagnoses enhanced the r...
ProDeGe: a computational protocol for fully automated decontamination of genomes

Single amplified genomes and genomes assembled from metagenomes have enabled the exploration of uncultured microorganisms at an unprecedented scale. However, both these types of products are plagued by contamination. Since these genomes are now being generated in a high-throughput manner and sequences from them are propagating into public databases to drive novel scientific discoveries, rigorous quality controls and decontamination protocols are urgently needed. Here, we present ProDeGe (Protocol for fully automated Decontamination of Genomes), the first computational protocol for fully automated decontamination of draft genomes. ProDeGe classifies sequences into two classes—clean and contaminant—using a combination of homology and feature-based methodologies. On average, 84% of sequence from the non-target organism is removed from the data set (specificity) and 84% of the sequence from the target organism is retained (sensitivity). The procedure operates successfully at a rate of ~0.30 CPU core hours per megabase of sequence and can be applied to any type of genome sequence.
IT Investments, Firm Performance and Tobin's Q: An Analytical Investigation

This paper attempts to analytically examine and address some of the limitations present in models examining the effects on firm performance of IT investment and to clarify the use of Tobin’s q as a potentially attractive measure of firm performance in empirically evaluating the effectiveness of IT investments. Using a set of analytical models it suggests possible improvements to the specification of empirical models examining the effect of firms’ IT investments on Tobin’s q, including the explicit incorporation of time-lag effects and market conditions.
Psychological Adaptiveness and Sales Performance

The impact of adaptive psychological traits on sales performance is not well understood. In spite of sound theoretical foundations, initial research efforts have yielded inconsistent, inconclusive and generally disappointing results. In this paper, we examine how three adaptiveness traits (self-monitoring, androgyny and intrinsic reward orientation) impact sales performance. We conclude that, when sales performance is viewed as a multidimensional construct, relationships suggested by theory are revealed. In addition, the impacts of these traits are shown to differ somewhat depending on the salesperson's gender. Findings help to clarify the confusion in the literature and reveal a highly focused impact of adaptiveness on performance. Important implications for sales managers and adaptiveness research in marketing are highlighted.
Optical Coherence Microscopy using a Handheld Probe and Novel Phase Modulator

An optical coherence microscope is demonstrated using a hand-held probe and a reflective grating delay line for broadband phase modulation. Real time, cellular imaging with 3 um transverse resolution is achieved.
Adequacy and the Rights Revolution: Reinterpreting the Education Clauses in State Constitutions

In the past decade, a number of state courts have found a new "fundamental right" to education in centuries-old state constitutional provisions. These courts have then used the fundamental rights determinations to establish levels of educational funding that, in the court's view, are required to be constitutionally "adequate", and even to mandate the content of the curriculum itself, ignoring considered legislative judgments to the contrary in the process. In this paper, I explore the historical understanding of the actual language of the state constitutional provisions on which these new state court decisions rest, concluding that in almost every instance the original provisions were designed to set only hortatory goals for the legislature, not to confer judicially-enforceable individual rights to certain levels of financial support for, or quality of, public education. I next consider some recent constitutional amendments that might be read as supporting the "fundamental rights" holdings, and conclude that in most cases these amendments, too, fall short of conferring a judicially enforceable right to a constitutionally mandated "adequate" public education. Finally, I take issue with the judicial holdings that have, through the use of "fundamental rights" determinations, injected themselves into what is inherently a policy judgment, reserved by the state constitutions to the political branches of government, and conclude with a cautionary note about the threat to participatory democracy these holdings might pose.
An OOD methodology for shop floor control systems

This chapter describes how object-oriented design (OOD) was used to produce a high-level design in conjunction with a top-down stepwise refinement methodology. It also describes how OOD was used recursively through several layers of recursion on the design of a large, complex software system.
First-Principles Calculations and Analysis of 29Si Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Chemical Shifts in Silicon Oxycarbide Ceramics

We calculate 29Si NMR chemical shifts for silicon atoms in different chemical environments observed in amorphous silicon oxycarbide ceramics using a library of optimized structural models and the g...
Diversity and Dynamism of Fire Science User Needs

The Joint Fire Science Program has initiated regional consortia to deliver science to managers and other natural resource stakeholders. Given the diversity and complexity of forest management and policy, there is a need to understand and reframe fire science user audiences. In this article, we assess fire science use in the US Northwest (Oregon and Washington) to describe these diverse users and how they perceive, access, and apply fire science. We found that user needs range widely and are sometimes contradictory because of their professions, roles, and relationships, as well as the networks in which they are embedded. Contradictions included desires for both generality and specificity, for social and personal learning, and for science to remain an expert arbiter even as it may increasingly come from nonexpert or potentially partial sources. These factors suggest that fire science delivery should address audiences not only by user typologies but also as a set of dynamic, shifting uses. There is a clear need for intermediary organizations and networks to organize, interpret, and deliver science. These may be most relevant and useful if they offer multiple delivery formats that appeal to the various ways that fire science users learn both as individuals and socially in interactive settings.
Abstract P2-08-02: The large scale structure of the HER-2/neu amplicon in breast cancer

Classical models of gene amplification envision chromosomally localized focal amplicons encompassing the immediate contiguous chromosomal regions flanking the driver gene. We present evidence that this is not the case for the HER2/neu amplicon in human breast cancer. Using a large panel of HER-2/neu positive cell lines, we observed that the HER-2/neu amplicon is made up of DNA segments mapping at different positions along chromosome 17. Sub-regions were subsequently re-amplified with the creation of condensed array of shorter amplicons. In addition, we show involvement of other chromosomes. The massive inter and intra-chromosomal reshuffling associated with amplified HER-2/neu containing sequences not only shed new light on the mechanism of gene amplification in human cancer but also have significant clinical implications for developing new targeted therapies and for combating drug resistance in this important subtype of breast cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-08-02.
Supersymmetric quantum mechanics of the flux tube

Abstract The Operator Product Expansion approach to scattering amplitudes in maximally supersymmetric gauge theory operates in terms of pentagon transitions for excitations propagating on a color flux tube. These obey a set of axioms which allow one to determine them to all orders in 't Hooft coupling and confront against explicit calculations. One of the simplifying features of the formalism is the factorizability of multiparticle transitions in terms of single-particle ones. In this paper we extend an earlier consideration of a sector populated by one kind of excitations to the case of a system with fermionic as well as bosonic degrees of freedom to address the origin of the factorization. While the purely bosonic case was analyzed within an integrable noncompact open-spin chain model, the current case is solved in the framework of a supersymmetric sl ( 2 | 1 ) magnet. We find the eigenfunctions for the multiparticle system making use of the R-matrix approach. Constructing resulting pentagon transitions, we prove their factorized form. The discussion corresponds to leading order of perturbation theory.
Test result interpretation of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate in flour products

Objective:To learn about the quality and safety of flour products in Chenggu and Lueyang counties to draw the administration′s attention and remind the consumers of self-protection.Results:The laboratary tests show that the data of the samples match the data of the flour on market,which reveals in the areas with more purchaasing power,the more likely Rongalite is added.Densely-populated areas should be the major consern of supervising branches of food safety.Conclusion:The government should supervise flour products more severely to create a healthy and safe environment for consumers.Consumers should buy food products in qualified stores,especially these with a title "qualified for food hygien",to keep themselves from poisnous and harmful foods.
Neutron- γ competition for β -delayed neutron emission

We present a coupled quasiparticle random phase approximation and Hauser-Feshbach (QRPA+HF) model for calculating delayed particle emission. This approach uses microscopic nuclear structure information, which starts with Gamow-Teller strength distributions in the daughter nucleus and then follows the statistical decay until the initial available excitation energy is exhausted. Explicitly included at each particle emission stage is $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray competition. We explore this model in the context of neutron emission of neutron-rich nuclei and find that neutron-$\ensuremath{\gamma}$ competition can lead to both increases and decreases in neutron emission probabilities, depending on the system considered. A second consequence of this formalism is a prediction of more neutrons on average being emitted after $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay for nuclei near the neutron drip line compared to models that do not consider the statistical decay.
Narrative and Myth

Storytelling is a basic human activity. We need and use stories to describe and explain the human being, the human condition, and the universe we inhabit. In particular, we have used our stories—especially our grand or master narratives (e.g., Graeco-Roman, Judeo-Christian, or Secular-Scientific)—to produce and assign meaning for and to our experience of existence. Throughout human history, sacred or significant myths have unified societies and cultures. Since ancient times, we have also told stories about technology. They reveal how we understand it, its place in our lives, and ourselves as human beings in relation to it. While some stories advocate, others question technological progress. While some mythologize, others demythologize. These narratives teach and inculcate worldviews. They compete, as well, for our allegiance.
The Ottoman Empire and the Bosnian Uprising: Janissaries, modernisation and rebellion in the nineteenth century

In this welcome contribution to the literature on Ottoman Bosnia, Professor Fatma Sel Turhan examines a pivotal decade (1826–1836) in Bosnia’s history in the context of that province’s position and...
Management of Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma Using Cytoreductive Surgery and Perioperative Chemotherapy

Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma is a rare disease, with approximately 800 new patients per year in the United States. Its natural history is defined by progression restricted to the peritoneal space. In the past, patients with this disease had a limited lifespan of approximately 1 year. Numerous single-institution studies as well as a systematic review have reported median survival of 3 to 5 years with a combination of cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic perioperative chemotherapy. These markedly improved survival statistics were achieved in experienced centers with 1% mortality and 20% morbidity rates. Data have shown that knowledgeable patient selection is required to prevent patients unlikely to benefit from undergoing these interventions. The conclusion is that patients with peritoneal mesothelioma can experience long-term progression-free survival or significant palliation with cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic perioperative chemotherapy. This management plan should be considered the standard of care for properly selected patients with malignant peritoneal mesothelioma at experienced centers around the world.
Simultaneous orthogonal plane imaging.

Purpose Intrafraction motion can result in a smearing of planned external beam radiation therapy dose distributions, resulting in an uncertainty in dose actually deposited in tissue. The purpose of this paper is to present a pulse sequence that is capable of imaging a moving target at a high frame rate in two orthogonal planes simultaneously for MR-guided radiotherapy. Theory By balancing the zero gradient moment on all axes, slices in two orthogonal planes may be spatially encoded simultaneously. The orthogonal slice groups may be acquired with equal or nonequal echo times. Methods A Cartesian spoiled gradient echo simultaneous orthogonal plane imaging (SOPI) sequence was tested in phantom and in vivo. Multiplexed SOPI acquisitions were performed in which two parallel slices were imaged along two orthogonal axes simultaneously. An autocalibrating phase-constrained 2D-SENSE-GRAPPA (generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition) algorithm was implemented to reconstruct the multiplexed data. Results SOPI images without intraslice motion artifacts were reconstructed at a maximum frame rate of 8.16 Hz. The 2D-SENSE-GRAPPA reconstruction separated the parallel slices aliased along each orthogonal axis. Conclusion The high spatiotemporal resolution provided by SOPI has the potential to be beneficial for intrafraction motion management during MR-guided radiation therapy or other MRI-guided interventions. Magn Reson Med, 2016. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
PLASTICITY AND DESIGN IN METAL FORMING

ABSTRACT A goal of research in manufacturing is to accomplish proper design and control of processes for producing required parts most economically. One of the most important aspects of process design in metal forming is design of preforms and process sequence. The research reported in this paper is a development of the methodology for systematic process sequence design, considering requirements for material formability, defects-free metal flow and economic die manufacturing, in addition to the geometrical requirement. The approach consists of evaluation of the cases where a process sequence has been established and development of design strategies for improved sequence for those cases, using extensively the capabilities of the finite element method for forward simulation and backward tracing schemes. The approach is illustrated in an example, and specific applications of the method are indicated for the cases in forging, extrusion, deep drawing and sheet metal forming.