cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aligning Equity, Engagement, and Social Innovation in Anchor Initiatives.

Drawing on cultural studies and the practice of engaged learning and scholarship, this paper proposes a cultural approach to institutional transformation, which we argue necessarily follows anchor partnerships. The authors advance a model of cohesion and alignment among equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI), community engagement, and social entrepreneurship commitments at colleges and universities. This centers on the notion of “joining” as an epistemology and a methodology in community and campus-based work to achieve the anchor mission. In addition to advancing a theoretical model, the authors draw upon theory in practice at the University of San Diego, where the Center for Inclusion and Diversity, Mulvaney Center for Community, Awareness, and Social Action, and the Changemaker HUB aligned their efforts to approach student learning, community empowerment, and economic development through a cohesive lens.
UNIT 15.14 Autoimmune Myocarditis

Myosin-induced autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) is a model of inflammatory heart disease initiated by CD4+ T cells. It is a paradigm of the immune-mediated cardiac damage believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of a subset of postinfectious human cardiomyopathies. Myocarditis is induced in susceptible mice by immunization with purified cardiac myosin or specific peptides derived from cardiac myosin, or by adoptive transfer of myosin-reactive T cells. Myocarditis is induced in Lewis rats by immunization with purified cardiac myosin or by adoptive transfer of T cells stimulated by specific peptides derived from cardiac myosin. Myocarditis begins 12 to 14 days after the first immunization, and is maximal after 21 days. In addition to the protocols used to induce EAM in mice and rats, support protocols are included for preparing purified cardiac myosin using mouse or rat heart tissue, preparing purified cardiac myosin for injection, and collecting and assessing hearts by histopathological means.
Atomic Layer Deposition for Membranes, Metamaterials, and Mechanisms

Bending and folding techniques such as origami and kirigami enable the scale-invariant design of 3D structures, metamaterials, and robots from 2D starting materials. These design principles are especially valuable for small systems because most micro- and nanofabrication involves lithographic patterning of planar materials. Ultrathin films of inorganic materials serve as an ideal substrate for the fabrication of flexible microsystems because they possess high intrinsic strength, are not susceptible to plasticity, and are easily integrated into microfabrication processes. Here, atomic layer deposition (ALD) is employed to synthesize films down to 2 nm thickness to create membranes, metamaterials, and machines with micrometer-scale dimensions. Two materials are studied as model systems: ultrathin SiO2 and Pt. In this thickness limit, ALD films of these materials behave elastically and can be fabricated with fJ-scale bending stiffnesses. Further, ALD membranes are utilized to design micrometer-scale mechanical metamaterials and magnetically actuated 3D devices. These results establish thin ALD films as a scalable basis for micrometer-scale actuators and robotics.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis: What do BRCA mutation carriers think?

1526Background: The use of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) to select against BRCA mutated embryos for in-vitro fertilization (IVF), introduces complex choices for patients with pathogenic ...
The importance of not only living longer but also better in the setting of advanced urothelial cancer.

Cancer treatment that can prolong life and improve quality of life remains the ideal goal in cancer research. Patients with advanced urothelial cancer (UC) have poor prognosis and experience significant impairment in their health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) during their course (1). Platinum-based chemotherapy has been the standard treatment for these patients for decades.
Data to Care Opportunities: An Evaluation of Persons Living With HIV Reported to Be "Current to Care" Without Current HIV-Related Labs

Background Data to care (D2C) is an effective strategy using HIV surveillance data to link/relink persons living with HIV into medical care. However, some appearing to be not in care (NIC) report being in care (persons "current to care"). Setting New York State's Expanded Partner Services (ExPS) D2C program has identified many persons reported as "current to care." This evaluation describes these persons after 24 months of follow-up and identifies HIV-related laboratory-based testing patterns and results to determine whether this cohort could benefit from further programmatic intervention. Methodology Data from ExPS assignments from September 2013 to May 2016 were used. Persons "current to care" were compared with persons NIC on demographics, subsequent HIV-related laboratory-based testing, and viral load suppression status. Persons "current to care" receiving subsequent HIV-related laboratory-based testing were compared with those who did not receive HIV-related labs. Results Persons "current to care" significantly differed from persons NIC on demographics and subsequent HIV-related laboratory-based testing (82% of persons "current to care" had subsequent HIV-related labs, versus 99% of those NIC who were relinked to care). Persons "current to care" were more likely to be virally suppressed at their subsequent lab than persons NIC who were relinked to care (72% vs. 47%). Minor differences were noted for persons "current to care" receiving subsequent HIV-related labs compared with those who did not. Conclusions Persons "current to care" reflect a unique cohort who might benefit from further programmatic intervention. Although most received additional HIV-related labs, some were without labs for the duration of follow-up.
Nanoparticle characterization techniques

Abstract Nanoparticles must be well characterized before performing an experiment. As researchers following the scientific method, we must first control the variables to be able to attribute the outcome of an experiment to a specific known factor. If our test article itself (i.e., nanoparticle) is inherently unknown or unpredictable, then the value of the data gathered is also inconclusive and greatly limited. This chapter discusses some of the more common techniques used to determine specific properties of nanomaterials and speaks to some of the challenges of both data collection and interpretation.
Adverse Events Related to Partial Splenic Embolization for the Treatment of Hypersplenism: A Systematic Review

Partial splenic embolization is a common procedure that reduces thrombocytopenia in patients with hypersplenism. The present review evaluated the adverse event profile of partial splenic embolization detailed in 30 articles. Although the technical success rate of the procedure in these papers is high, many patients experienced postprocedural complications. Minor complications such as postembolization syndrome occurred frequently. Major complications were less frequent but sometimes resulted in mortality. Underlying liver dysfunction and high infarction rates may be risk factors leading to major complications. Interventional radiologists should be aware of the complication profile of this procedure and further advance research in techniques dealing with hypersplenism.
Fatigue Life Distribution Estimation

Modeling fatigue life is complex whether it is applied to structures or experimental programs. Through the years several empirical approaches have been utilized. Each approach has positive aspects; however, none have been acceptable for every circumstance. On many occasions the primary shortcoming for an empirical method is the lack of a sufficiently robust database for statistical modeling. The modeling is exacerbated for loading near typical operating conditions because the scatter in the fatigue lives is quite large. The scatter may be attributed to microstructure, manufacturing, or experimental inconsistencies, or a combination thereof. Empirical modeling is more challenging for extreme life estimation because those events are rare. The primary purpose herein is to propose an empirically based methodology for estimating the cumulative distribution functions for fatigue life, given the applied load. The methodology incorporates available fatigue life data for various stresses or strains using a statistical transformation to merge all the life data so that distribution estimation is more accurate than traditional approaches. Subsequently, the distribution for the transformed and merged data is converted using change-of-variables to estimate the distribution for each applied load. To assess the validity of the proposed methodology percentile bounds are estimated for the life data. The development of the methodology and its subsequent validation is illustrated using three sets of fatigue life data which are readily available in the open literature.
DeLone & McLean models of information system success: Critical meta-review and research directions

Abstract Considerable research has focused on information system success (ISS) over the years largely using the models proposed by DeLone and McLean (DM) in 1992 and 2003. Several relationships found in the DM models have been sporadically supported in empirical research although the complete DM models have not been consistently applied. Studies have also interchanged relationships in the 1992 and 2003 models, tested relationships between ISS dimensions unspecified in the DM models, and examined relationships between ISS dimensions and other factors. This study presents a critical meta-review of 53 studies using DM models published between 1992 and 2019, identifies the state of ISS research, and raises several directions for research.
Subphenotyping depression using machine learning and electronic health records

Objective To identify depression subphenotypes from Electronic Health Records (EHRs) using machine learning methods, and analyze their characteristics with respect to patient demographics, comorbidities, and medications. Materials and Methods Using EHRs from the INSIGHT Clinical Research Network (CRN) database, multiple machine learning (ML) algorithms were applied to analyze 11 275 patients with depression to discern depression subphenotypes with distinct characteristics. Results Using the computational approaches, we derived three depression subphenotypes: Phenotype_A (n = 2791; 31.35%) included patients who were the oldest (mean (SD) age, 72.55 (14.93) years), had the most comorbidities, and took the most medications. The most common comorbidities in this cluster of patients were hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes. Phenotype_B (mean (SD) age, 68.44 (19.09) years) was the largest cluster (n = 4687; 52.65%), and included patients suffering from moderate loss of body function. Asthma, fibromyalgia, and Chronic Pain and Fatigue (CPF) were common comorbidities in this subphenotype. Phenotype_C (n = 1452; 16.31%) included patients who were younger (mean (SD) age, 63.47 (18.81) years), had the fewest comorbidities, and took fewer medications. Anxiety and tobacco use were common comorbidities in this subphenotype. Conclusion Computationally deriving depression subtypes can provide meaningful insights and improve understanding of depression as a heterogeneous disorder. Further investigation is needed to assess the utility of these derived phenotypes to inform clinical trial design and interpretation in routine patient care.
Selenium-independent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of thioredoxin reductase inhibition in alveolar macrophages.

Abstract Aims Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) contributes to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Thioredoxin reductase-1 (Txnrd1) inhibition activates nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent responses. Txnrd1 activity is selenium (Se) dependent and Se deficiency is common in prematurity. Auranofin (AFN), a Txnrd1 inhibitor, decreases IL-1β levels and increases Nrf2 activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated alveolar macrophages. In lung epithelia, AFN-induced Nrf2 activation is Se dependent. We tested the hypothesis that the effects of Txnrd1 inhibition in alveolar macrophages are Se dependent. Main methods To establish Se sufficient (Se+) and deficient (Se−) conditions, alveolar (MH-S) macrophages were cultured in 2.5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) ± 25 nM Na2SeO3. Se− (2.5% FBS) and Se+ (2.5% FBS + 25 nM Na2SeO3) cells were cultured in the presence or absence of 0.05 μg/mL LPS and/or 0.5 μM AFN. Nrf2 activation was determined by measuring NADPH quinone oxidoreductase-1 (Nqo1) and glutathione levels. IL-1β mRNA (Il1b) and protein levels were measured using qRT-PCR and ELISA. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc. Key findings We detected an independent effect of AFN, but not LPS, on Nqo1 expression and GSH levels in Se+ and Se− cells. LPS significantly increased Il1b and IL-1β levels in both groups. AFN-mediated attenuation of this effect was not impacted by Se status. Significance The beneficial effects of Txnrd1 inhibition in alveolar macrophages are Se-independent and therefore unlikely to be diminished by clinical Se deficiency.
Calcinosis in Systemic Sclerosis: Updates in Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Treatment

Calcinosis is a common complication of systemic sclerosis with no known effective pharmacologic therapy. We reviewed the literature regarding systemic sclerosis-related calcinosis as well as other disorders of biomineralization in order to identify targets of future study for calcinosis. Patients with systemic sclerosis-related calcinosis demonstrate systemic abnormalities in mineralization pathways, including decreased levels of the mineralization inhibitor inorganic pyrophosphate. Insights from other mineralization disorders suggest that local and systemic phosphate metabolism pathways involving the ABCC6, ENPP1, and NT5E genes play a critical role in regulation of ectopic calcification. Knockout models of these genes may lead to an appropriate murine model for study of calcinosis. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes may also play a critical role in hydroxyapatite nucleation and warrant future study in systemic sclerosis. Study of local and systemic mineralization pathways, particularly phosphate metabolism pathways and PARP enzymes, should provide greater insight into the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis-related calcinosis.
Sloshing Behavior in Rigid and Flexible Propellant Tanks: Computations and Experimental Validation

Liquid-propellant slosh occurrence in spacecraft continues to introduce instability-induced failures. Current mechanical models are insufficient in predicting differences in slosh frequencies for v...
Development of Evidence-Based COVID-19 Safety Protocols for Practice in Dental Schools and Their Application for Future General Practice

As COVID-19, which is caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, initially spread worldwide, limited information was available about the nature and modes of transmission of the virus. Scientific guidance on how to prevent transmission and the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2, particularly in dental settings, was lacking. Consequently, the dental community became highly anxious about the possible risk of transmission in dental settings. Because of the uncertainties regarding safety measures needed to practice safely, clinical operations at many dental schools were reduced to emergency services only. Some clinics reopened for expanded services later in the spring or summer of 2020 after COVID-19 safety protocols were adopted. This article reviews the evidence that was used to develop COVID-19 safety protocols at two dental schools: University of California San Francisco and Temple University. The policies were aimed at ensuring safety for all dental personnel and patients receiving dental care at the schools. At these two academic dental institutions there have been no reports of SARS-CoV-2 transmission due to exposure while dental care was being provided or received. This is a testament to the COVID-19 safety protocols put in place for the provision of dental care with minimized risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Water heating energy use reductions from EPA WaterSense lavatory plumbing fittings

Abstract Hot water savings from water-efficient lavatory fittings lead to reductions in water heating energy consumption, and ultimately to decreases in carbon emissions. This paper characterizes existing and proposed approaches used to estimate hot water savings and carbon emissions reductions stemming from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's WaterSense program. Also described are refinements that improve the accuracy of residential hot water use percentage estimates of lavatory fittings. The authors conclude that (1) hot water percentages for showers and faucets calculated using up-to-date, publicly available national data are consistent with those found by regional studies and household-level models of water use; (2) the accuracy of heating energy savings estimates attributable to WaterSense-labeled lavatory products, as well as associated emissions reductions, can be refined by modifying the existing energy factor/uniform energy factor (EF/UEF)-based estimation approach with available data. The refined approach accounts for more nuanced conditions than the EF/UED-based approach but depends on data not always available; and (3) the approaches described and intermediate outputs can be generalized for other water conservation programs or estimating purposes.
Pregnant Smokers' Intention to Switch From Cigarettes to E-Cigarettes: A Reasoned Action Approach.

Abstract Introduction This study used the reasoned action approach (RAA) to examine 1) factors associated with pregnant smokers’ intention to switch from cigarettes to e-cigarettes and 2) the influence that intention to switch had on future expectations to resume cigarette use post-partum. Methods U.S. pregnant women (N = 267) who reported past 30-day use of cigarettes completed an online cross-sectional survey between November and December 2019. A 30-item scale measured RAA constructs (intention, instrumental attitudes, experiential attitudes, injunctive norms, descriptive norms, perceived autonomy, and perceived capacity). A confirmatory factor analysis confirmed and structural equation modeling tested the RAA constructs’ association with intention to switch and the relationship between intention to switch and future expectations to resume smoking after pregnancy. Results The confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the seven-factor measurement model. Structural equation modeling found instrumental attitudes (β = 0.43; p Conclusions This study examined multiple facets of behavioral decision-making that may influence pregnant smokers' intention to switch to e-cigarettes during pregnancy. In this sample, pregnant people who believed switching from cigarettes to e-cigarettes was important and that other smokers commonly switched during pregnancy reported greater intention to switch. Novel theories, such as the RAA, may provide an optimal lens to understand pregnant smokers’ behavioral decision-making process as they consider switching from cigarettes to e-cigarettes.
Barriers to the access and utilization of healthcare for trafficked youth in the United States

Background Child trafficking is a pervasive public health problem in the United States, with significant health consequences for survivors. Previous studies demonstrated that survivors face barriers to healthcare, though much of the literature has not solely focused on domestic child trafficking. Objective To identify barriers to healthcare faced by survivors of child trafficking in the United States, and to characterize the landscape of available trauma-informed medical services. Participants 62 adult survivors of child trafficking (83% female, 10% male, 7% transgender; 90% sex trafficking, 25% labor trafficking; median age of entry 16) and 37 community agency professionals who work with trafficked children. Setting The United States of America. Methods The Barriers to Care Questionnaire (BCQ) was adapted, piloted with a focus group, and disseminated to participants. Results A statistically significant increase in survivors seeking healthcare after compared to before trafficking was demonstrated (p Conclusions Survivors of child trafficking in the U.S. experience a wide range of barriers to healthcare, and a lack of available trauma-informed healthcare. This study identified barriers to healthcare that can be considered by providers hoping to provide accessible and truama-informed services to trafficked children.
A Novel Routing Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks Based on the Behavior of Slime Mold Physarum Polycephalum

In this research, we propose a novel bio-inspired algorithm modeled after the slime mold Physarum Polycephalum. Though Physarum Polycephalum lacks a brain of any kind, it can solve mazes and develop efficient networks through simple, repeated behaviors. To improve the performance of routing algorithms in wireless ad hoc networks, we designed the Optimized Physarum Link State Routing (OPLSR) Protocol. We based the mathematical model of OPLSR on the behavior of Physarum Polycephalum to determine the node's willingness to forward packets sent from neighboring nodes. We tested our novel protocol using NS3 network simulator. We compared OPLSR to the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) Protocol, the most used routing protocol in wireless ad hoc networks, and Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) protocol in multiple network environments. Our exhaustive simulations use six important performance measures to show that OPLSR protocol outperforms OLSR and AODV protocols in various network conditions.
PET-Driven, Voltage-Guided Atrial Endomyocardial Biopsy Clinches the Diagnosis of Cardiac Sarcoidosis.

Abstract Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is used in diagnosing infiltrative and other suspected cardiomyopathies. We present a case in which positron emission tomography– and electroanatomic mapping-gu...
Hormone Antibodies in Endocrinology

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses hormone antibodies in endocrinology. This account of the hormonal antibodies has touched on aspects of widely differing disciplines and has, of necessity, covered many topics to some of which full justice may not have been done. There is no doubt, however, that hormone antibodies are now being found, studied, and used under so many circumstances that detailed knowledge of them will become more and more important in the future. It seems right that this account should end, therefore, with some specific observations of potential general interest. Of the human protein hormones, pituitary and placental gonadotropins have been used to treat cases of impotence and amenorrhea following hypophysectomy and to facilitate pregnancy in women with secondary amenorrhea. Most of the existing information concerning hormone transport in the blood comes from studies of insulin, and on the subject of insulin transport there is considerable controversy.
Infant Speech Perception

The formal study of infant speech perception was inaugurated by Eimas, Siqueland, Jusczyk, and Vigorito (1971), who assumed a radical theoretical position in asserting that infant perceptual abilities with regard to speech are “linguistic” and “innate.” Since then, research on the speech perceptual capabilities of infants has expanded enormously, and a major controversy has developed around the nature—nurture question. In order to introduce the evidence feeding this controversy, as well as the conclusions based on this evidence, the following listing of key empirical results and interpretations is provided. The studies mentioned are representative of the field in general and illustrate the theoretical confusion that has characterized this domain.
Definition of the Kinematic Plant for the Human Musculoskeletal System

This report defines a simulation of the kinematic plant (the human body) portion of the human musculoskeletal system. This simulation may serve as a model for the ideal robot as well as become the appropriate linkage system for human musculoskeletal simulations incorporated in more complex man-in-the-loop simulations. This human body is defined as an OpenGL hierarchical structure with 171 solid segments (bones) linked with 182 revolutes (up to 3 degrees-of-freedom per joint). It was developed in the Microsoft development environment using visual C++ and OpenGL. The bones are triangular mesh (stereolithography -stl) files derived from high resolution, computerized tomography scans of intact cadaver specimens. Muscle-tendon paths, ligaments and other soft tissue structures are modeled using a variety of B-splines. The result is an interactive, 3D simulation of musculoskeletal kinematics with real-time computation and update of interaction, viewing and control variables
Whole blood oxygen affinities of women with various hemoglobinopathies.

Abstract The oxygen affinities of whole blood containing different abnormal hemoglobins are described. The hemoglobins are S and A and Zurich and A. The oxygen affinity of whole blood containing hemoglobins Zurich and A is higher than that for normal adult whole blood at the same pH and percentage oxygen saturation. The assumption that separation between the oxygen dissociation curves of maternal and fetal blood is a prerequisite for oxygenation in utero is not substantiated when the results are reviewed in conjunction with the reproductive histories of this patient.
What Circumstellar SiO and OH Masers Tell us about Mass Loss from Red Giants

We advocate an alternative model of mass loss from red giant and super-giant stars. We suggest that the stars are ejecting dense knots of cool molecular gas; the typical size of a knot is <0.1 × the radius of the star and typical density nH2<1012cm-3 (Alcock and Ross, 1985a). The filling fraction of these knots is low (~10% at the photosphere, decreasing outward) and once the knots become optically thin in the dust they move out radially at constant solid angle (subtended at the star). Some knots fall back onto the star. The mean outflow is spherically symmetric, but close to the star and density and velocity structure is chaotic and rapidly changing. This model is not well approximated by a wind.
Changes in market equilibria resulting from food safety regulation in the meat and poultry industries

Abstract This study presents a unique view on the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA FSIS) implementation of the so-called “Mega-Reg” authorizing establishment of regulatory hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) procedures. Surveys were sent to plant managers of the 11 firms participating in the HACCP Roundtable at the University of Arkansas. Results of the survey were used to create HACCP implementation cost estimates for poultry kill plants and perform welfare analysis by using equilibrium displacement model (EDM). Results show average welfare losses up to 35 million a year for the broiler industry as well as substantial losses to consumers resulting from the new regulation.
The ODE Method and Spectral Theory of Markov Operators

We give a development of the ODE method for the analysis of recursive algorithms described by a stochastic recursion. With variability modeled via an underlying Markov process, and under general assumptions, the following results are obtained: (i) Stability of an associated ODE implies that the stochastic recursion is stable in a strong sense when a gain parameter is small. (ii) The range of gain-values is quantified through a spectral analysis of an associated linear operator, providing a non-local theory, even for nonlinear systems. (iii) A second-order analysis shows precisely how variability leads to sensitivity of the algorithm with respect to the gain parameter. All results are obtained within the natural operator-theoretic framework of geometrically ergodic Markov processes.
Alexei Navalny and challenges in reconciling “nationalism” and “liberalism”

This article examines the challenges and complexities in the efforts by political activist Alexei Navalny to reconcile “nationalist” and “liberal” modes of thinking in the current Russian environment. After deciphering three major axes of Navalny's narratives on the national question, the author then discusses the social and political context within which the national-democratic (Natsdem) movement was forged. Natsdems, who are simultaneously pro-European and democratic but also xenophobic, and who target an audience among the urban middle classes, reflect a fundamental shift in Russian society. The last part of the article discusses the paradoxes of Navalny's trajectory, in which a failed theoretical articulation between “nationalism,” “democracy,” and “liberalism” nonetheless has translated into a political success.
Decay of viscous surface waves without surface tension in horizontally infinite domains

We consider a viscous fluid of finite depth below the air, occupying a three-dimensional domain bounded below by a fixed solid boundary and above by a free moving boundary. The fluid dynamics are governed by the gravity-driven incompressible Navier–Stokes equations, and the effect of surface tension is neglected on the free surface. The long-time behavior of solutions near equilibrium has been an intriguing question since the work of Beale (1981). This is the second in a series of three papers by the authors that answers the question. Here we consider the case in which the free interface is horizontally infinite; we prove that the problem is globally well-posed and that solutions decay to equilibrium at an algebraic rate. In particular, the free interface decays to a flat surface. Our framework utilizes several techniques, which include a priori estimates that utilize a “geometric” reformulation of the equations; a two-tier energy method that couples the boundedness of high-order energy to the decay of low-order energy, the latter of which is necessary to balance out the growth of the highest derivatives of the free interface; control of both negative and positive Sobolev norms, which enhances interpolation estimates and allows for the decay of infinite surface waves. Our decay estimates lead to the construction of global-in-time solutions to the surface wave problem.
Making Doubling Metrics Geodesic

The starting point of our research is the following problem: given a doubling metric ℳ=(V,d), can one (efficiently) find an unweighted graph G′=(V′,E′) with V⊆V′ whose shortest-path metric d′ is still doubling, and which agrees with d on V×V? While it is simple to show that the answer to the above question is negative if distances must be preserved exactly. However, allowing a (1+e) distortion between d and d′ enables us bypass this hurdle, and obtain an unweighted graph G′ with doubling dimension at most a factor O(log e −1) times the doubling dimension of G. More generally, this paper gives algorithms that construct graphs G′ whose convex (or geodesic) closure has doubling dimension close to that of ℳ, and the shortest-path distances in G′ closely approximate those of ℳ when restricted to V×V. Similar results are shown when the metric ℳ is an additive (tree) metric and the graph G′ is restricted to be a tree.
How do Teachers Identify Multicultural and Cross‐cultural Pedagogical Phenomena in and out of Arts Classrooms?

Abstract This paper examines the way 17 teachers identified and shaped multicultural issues in arts learning and teaching situations. Written observations, queries, informal interviews, case study notes, photographs, drawings, and journals are some of the methods and data forms teachers used to illuminate a variety of context‐specific multicultural issues in arts learning and teaching. A model for multicultural teaching effectiveness is proposed.
NATURE, TECHNOLOGY, AND THEOLOGY

. Modern technology presents new challenges and possibilities to the environment and life on earth. It is argued that ecology as the science of the earth as a whole cannot provide the means for making technical decisions pertaining to the environment. An alternative means is suggested in which modern technology provides the medium for communicating with nature, so that a dialogue, an intruding in and listening to nature, becomes the basis both for seeing modern technology in a new light and for living with modern technology in a new way. Some theological ramifications are also explored.
The effectiveness of indigestible markers for identifying individual animal feces and their prevalence of use in North American zoos

Techniques for analyzing hormone metabolites in animal excreta have created many opportunities for noninvasive monitoring of health, reproduction, and welfare in zoo animals, but can be difficult to implement when individual samples are not readily identifiable in animal groups. A common approach to this problem is to feed animals an indigestible marker that subsequently appears in feces, but there has been little systematic research on the use of such “fecal markers.” First, we used an online survey to assess the prevalence of fecal marker use in North American zoological institutions. Second, we conducted a series of experimental tests utilizing commonly employed fecal markers in a variety of typical zoo taxa to determine the: (1) effectiveness of several markers to accurately distinguish samples in a variety of species, (2) minimum quantity of marker needed for detection, and (3) length of time between ingestion and detection in the feces. The majority of the 45 institutions that completed the survey reported using fecal markers with their collections. The survey also revealed that the most frequently used markers are seeds/grains and food colorants, with the former generally used in Carnivora and the latter in Primates. Our experimental data confirmed the success of these taxa/marker combinations and also revealed that food colorants function as markers in a variety of avian, reptilian, and mammalian species. Our data describe successful fecal markers for a wide variety of zoo taxa and should, therefore, be useful for zoological managers and researchers needing to employ fecal markers in future investigations. Zoo Biol 30:379–398, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Efficient and saturated blue organic polymer light emitting devices with an oxadiazole containing poly(fluorene) polymer emissive layer

A new series of organic light emitting copolymers, poly(dioctyl fluorene -co - diphenyl oxadiazole)s P(DOF-DPO), are reported in this paper. We found organic polymer light emitting devices with comparable device efficiency and more saturated blue color based on this new series of copolymers with less than 10% DPO moiety when compared with poly(dioctyl fluorene) P(DOF) devices. The device structures used in this study were indium tin oxide (ITO) anode / PEDOT-PSS layer / emissive layer / calcium (Ca) / aluminum (Al) cathode, while the emissive layer was P(DOF) or P(DOF-DPO) copolymer with different DOF and DPO ratio. The AFM data shows that the emissive layer has a smooth surface with RMS roughness of about 0.5 ± 0.2 nm over a 2 μm by 2 μm area. The photo-luminescence quantum efficiency of the P(DOF-DPO) copolymer decreases with increasing DPO moiety. Both the photo-luminescence spectra and electro-luminescence spectra are slightly blue shifted when adding less than 10% DPO moiety into P(DOF). Both the emission efficiency (∼0.3-0.6 cd/A at 100 cd/m 2 ) and power efficiency (∼0.1-0.2 lm/W at 100 cd/m 2 ) of the P(DOF-DPO) based PLEDs with less than 10% DPO moiety are comparable to the P(DOF) based PLEDs.
Explicit expression for the effective potential for massive three-dimensional O(N) theories

The explicit result for the effective potential for massless three-dimensional $\mathrm{O}(N)$-invariant theories obtained in a previous paper is generalized to the case of massive scalars. It is shown that the potential in different limits reduces to known expressions.
The Effect of Removing Geographic Restrictions on Banking in the United States: Lessons for Europe*

In this paper the author argues that cross-border, intra-European bank mergers are likely to generate benefits similar to those enjoyed in the United States when interstate banking restrictions were removed. These benefits include greater banking efficiency, higher economic and employment growth, more entrepreneurial activity, and reduced economic volatility.
Spanish energy planning towards a sustainable future

Abstract There is a growing awareness among all countries and their decision makers, regardless of economic and industrial development, that the environment must be protected, leading towards a sustainable future. This is especially important in the energy sector—which is the principal factor in economic and industrial development—since the primary energy sources of today, fossil fuels, are the main culprits of global environmental problems, such as the greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, acid rains and pollution. Industrial countries, being greater consumers of fossil fuels, are affected to a greater extent by their environmental harms. Consequently, these countries are leading the way in environmental protection measures. The European Union, the second largest industrial grouping in the world, has become one of the leaders in taking important measures in the energy sector to curb the harmful emissions over the years. Spain, a member of the European Union, has initiated planning to reduce the pollutants produced by the energy sources and bring them in line with the European Union efforts, while keeping up the country's economic development. This paper reports the efforts and planning of Spain through the year 2010 to comply with the European Union environmental regulations on one hand and to sustain economic development on the other.
Pain management for children following selective dorsal rhizotomy

Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) is a neurosurgical procedure used for treating lower extremity spasticity in patients with cerebral palsy. The purpose of this paper is to present a review of our institution's first three years' experience with postoperative pain and spasticity management in patients who have undergone SDR. The medical records of the 55 patients who had an SDR during the study period were reviewed. The basis of postoperative analgesia was morphine, with the majority of patients receiving continuous morphine infusions (20-40 micrograms.kg-1.hr-1 (n = 49), 60 micrograms.kg-1.hr-1 (n = 1)). Four patients used a patient-controlled delivery system. One patient had successful analgesia with epidural morphine. Ketorolac (1 mg.kg-1 i.v. loading dose followed by 0.5 mg.kg-1 i.v. every six hr for 48 hr) was used as an adjunct to morphine in six patients. For management of postoperative muscle spasm, an intravenous benzodiazepine was used (diazepam 0.1 mg.kg-1 (n = 2), or midazolam infusion 10-30 micrograms.kg-1.hr-1 (n = 51)). All patients were cared for on a ward where nurses were familiar with the use of continuous opioid and benzodiazepine infusions. All patients received continuous cardiorespiratory monitoring as well as frequent nursing assessment. There were no episodes of postoperative apnoea or excessive sedation. We have found the use of continuous infusions of morphine and midazolam, along with adjunct ketorolac, to be effective in treating postoperative pain and muscle spasms following SDR.
Subadult stress, morbidity, and longevity in Latte Period populations on Guam, Mariana Islands.

The frequency and age distribution of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) in the dentition of 293 individuals from Latte Period sites (AD 800–1521) on Guam, Mariana Islands, are examined in this study. Individuals dying as subadults (before age 16) and as young adults (ages 16–21) have more frequent LEHs than those who survived to middle or late adulthood, documenting a relationship between LEH-causing stress events and reduced life expectancy. The age distributions of cribra orbitalia and skeletal infection in children who died by age 10 exhibit striking similarities to the etiological age patterns of LEH in children, and those with skeletal infection have more frequent hypoplasias than children without infection. The comorbidity of systemic stress and infection in children, and their impact on life expectancy, are interpreted in the biocultural context of high population density in the large coastal villages of the late prehistoric period in the Marianas. Am J Phys Anthropol 104:363–380, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The oncogene jun and nuclear signalling.

Abstract Jun is a transcription factor that can also induce oncogenic transformation. Its DNA-binding domain is conserved from yeast to man and shows homology to several other transcriptional regulators. Jun dimerizes with the fos protein through an α-helical domain termed the leucine zipper, and the jun-fos heterodimers bind to DNA and regulate transcription of numerous specific unlinked genes.
Value-based Purchasing of Medical Devices

Background Health care in the United States is known for its continued innovation and production of new devices and techniques. While the intention of these devices is to improve the delivery and outcome of patient care, they do not always achieve this goal. As new technologies enter the market, hospitals and physicians must determine which of these new devices to incorporate into practice, and it is important these devices bring value to patient care. We provide a model of a physician-engaged process to decrease cost and increase review of physician preference items.
Responses of Aquatic Invertebrates to Declining Oxygen Conditions

Several models for the analysis of data relating the rate of oxygen uptake to environmental oxygen level have been evaluated. We conclude that the quadratic (or second-degree) polynomial, though hardly perfect, is the best. Data from 31 species of aquatic invertebrates are described by constants of the quadratic (or second-degree) polynomial equation. The results suggest a phylogenetic trend of increasing regulation of aerobic metabolism in response to declining environmental levels as animals acquire structures that effectively insulate their respiring tissue from the habitat. Many of these species apparently cease withdrawing oxygen from their external environment long before they have exhausted its supply. Presumably, those species with long lasting internal oxygen reservoirs, such as gas bubbles or pools of high oxygen affinity hemoglobin, continue to operate aerobic pathways, but those without substantial oxygen storage devices must switch over to anaerobic pathways, despite the availability of small residual volumes of external oxygen.
Kinetic Determination of Potassium Affinities by IRMPD: Elucidation of Precursor Ion Structures

Dissociation kinetics of the K+ loss reaction of three potassiated tertiary amino acids (Scheme 1) were studied by infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT ICR)-MS instrument. The aim of the study was to probe if a kinetic study by IRMPD can yield useful information on the ion structure of the precursor ion species. The measured activation energy values determined by IRMPD are related to the potassium affinity, ΔHK+, of N-methyl proline determined by threshold collision-induced dissociation experiments. By appropriate scaling with this reference value, the experimentally determined activation energy values for the K+ loss are transformed into respective potassium affinities, ΔHK+IRMPD. These values match the calculated potassium affinity values for salt bridge (SB) structures, ΔHK+SB, substantially better than those for canonical structures with a single formal charge site (charge solvation (CS)), thereby allowing structure identification. This concl...
Regulation of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates by guanosine triphosphate.

Abstract GTP (2 mM) promotes protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates in which protein chain initiation is inhibited by the activation of specific adenosine 3′:5′ cyclic monophosphate independent protein kinases in: 1) heme deficiency; or 2) in hemin-supplemented lysates by the addition of the purified heme-regulated protein kinase (HRI); or 3) oxidized glutathione; or 4) by low levels of double stranded RNA. The molecular basis for the promotion of protein synthesis by GTP under these various conditions was investigated by examining the in , situ state of eIF-2 phosphorylation. The results show that GTP (2 mM) blocks eIF-2 phosphorylation and also promotes the dephosphorylation of phosphorylated eIF-2. These findings suggest that GTP restores protein synthesis by a common mechanism that involves the relief of eIF-2 from phosphorylation. The nonphosphorylated eIF-2 is, therefore, available for the maintenance and the restoration of protin chain initiation cycle.
Pressure-Induced Disappearance of the γ2 (HgSn7-8) Phase in Dental Amalgam

Examination of the crystalline structure of dental amalgam during an investigation that involved high pressures led to the detection of the disappearance of the γ2 phase after high pressure treatment. This phase disappearance was detected during periodic X-ray diffraction measurements made several months to a year after the samples had been subjected to pressures of up to 50 kilobars (750,000 psi) by use of a solid medium pressure apparatus. No new phases were detected during the process.
A three-dimensional model of tongue movement based on ultrasound and x-ray microbeam data.

Point‐tracking techniques provide timing information about structural movements of the tongue. Imaging techniques provide information about cross‐sectional and pharyngeal tongue shape and movement. This study joined these techniques in a single subject. Five pellets on the tongue surface were tracked using x‐ray microbeam, and the midsagittal and coronal planes of the tongue were imaged using real‐time ultrasound. The speech materials were the consonants [s] and [l] and the vowels [i], [a], and [o] combined in VCVC E utterances. Analyses concentrated on the difference in tongue movements related to the two consonants. A model of tongue movement was developed, in which critical features of consonant shape and position dominated the tongue opening movement. In this model, the tongue is divided into subdivisions termed ‘‘functional segments’’ in both the sagittal and coronal planes. Movements of the functional segments created observable opening movement patterns.
The Point of the Step-Parallelism in Luke 1–2

It has long been noted by interpreters that Luke's birth narrative offers a comparative portrayal of Jesus and John, with the effect that Jesus is seen as the greater of the two (a feature of the text commonly called ‘step-parallelism’). Several explanations for this narrative device have been offered by commentators, including the proposal that the step-parallelism serves as an apologetic response to a messianic sect proclaiming John the Baptist as the Christ. This paper argues that while apologetic concerns may play a role, the primary motivation for the contrast Luke composes between the two characters is christological. In short, the point of the step-parallelism is to show that in preparing the way for God, John is really preparing the way for Jesus, because Jesus represents Yahweh in his mission and person.