cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms and causes of hypomagnesemia.

Purpose of reviewIdentification of the mechanisms of magnesium absorption and reabsorption has markedly enhanced our understanding of the causes of hypomagnesemia.Recent findingsNew gastrointestinal and renal causes of hypomagnesemia have been recently documented.SummaryThe recognition of new mechan
Recklessness as Scienter in Corporate Securities Trading: An Analysis and Evaluation of United States Investor Protection Policy Reforms and Their Implications for the Commonwealth Caribbean

This Article serves as an analysis and evaluation of some specific United States investor protection policy reforms and their implications for the Commonwealth Caribbean. Reception into the laws of the Commonwealth Caribbean of the investor protection policies epitomized in the purported reforms proposed in section 204 of H.R. 10 of January 4, 1995 would be lamentable. The analysis and evaluation of the impressive effort of the United States Circuit Courts to bring the highest levels of honesty and integrity to corporate securities trading in United States securities markets indicates the dimensions of the impending tragedy if section 204 of H.R. 10 of January 4, 1995 becomes law in the United States in its present form.Undoubtedly, a United States Supreme Court decision explicitly embracing recklessness as scienter for purposes of civil suits under section 10(b) and rule 10(b)(5), that forthrightly declared this set of principles to be the law of the United States with regard to trading in corporate securities in the marketplace would have so securely established this principle in United States securities regulation law, that Congress should have treated it as impregnable. The added weight of United States Supreme Court opinion is immeasurable in the calculus of political policy dynamics. In this regard, the United States circuit courts were exemplary in generating for the United States Supreme Court, the necessary record of transcendently reasoned cases to provide guidance in resolving the efficacy of recklessness as scienter under the securities laws. It is regrettable that the United States Supreme Court refrained from taking the critical step of declaring that recklessness does indeed pass muster as actionable scienter for purposes of section 10(b) and rule 10(b)-5.This Article acknowledges the importance of the United States Supreme Court, in implementing laws that protect against violations of securities laws, and in turn, how these laws have greatly benefitted the Commonwealth Caribbean. The investing public-both domestic in the United States and internationally-undeniably owes a debt of gratitude to the heroic efforts of the United States Circuit Courts in stepping into the breach left by the United States Supreme Court. The United States Circuit Courts have very effectively protected the viability of civil litigation under the implied private right to bring suit based on recklessness as scienter for violations of the United States securities laws. Section 204 of H.R. 10 puts at risk all of this substantive effort that the United States Circuit Courts based upon recklessness as an efficient tool for genuine equity and justice in the United States and international capital markets.
Abstract 3467: Moderate-intensity exercise to reduce radiation therapy-related fatigue in black breast cancer patients: A feasibility trial

Background: Fatigue is an important side-effect of radiation therapy (RT) for treatment of early stage breast cancer. Evidence on the efficacy of physical activity (PA) interventions in reducing fatigue among Black cancer patients undergoing RT is lacking. In a randomized controlled trial we tested the efficacy of a structured PA intervention, coinciding with the start of RT, in reducing cancer-related fatigue among Black patients undergoing RT for breast cancer. Methods: We randomly assigned 30 Black, sedentary, RT-naive, non-pregnant patients diagnosed with stage 0-IIIA breast cancer who had completed adjuvant or neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and were scheduled for RT to the PA intervention (n = 15) and control groups (n = 15). PA intervention was an 8-week structured, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise regimen (75 minutes/week) using PEDLARS (portable stationary cycle ergometers) concurrent with RT. Fatigue was measured by using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-Fatigue) survey, a 13-item scale whose score ranges from 0 to 52 with a higher score denoting lower fatigue. We used ANCOVA to compare fatigue levels between the groups at T8 weeks after adjusting for baseline (T0) fatigue levels. We also compared change in fatigue scores (T8 weeks - T0) using 2-sample t-tests. All tests were double-sided with alpha = 0.05. Results: 27 women completed baseline and follow-up assessments. After adjusting for baseline fatigue scores, intervention group participants reported lower fatigue at T8 weeks than the control group (42.53 vs. 37.12; P = 0.17). Intervention group participants improved their fatigue scores at T8 weeks compared to T0 (mean change +1.3) but the control group did not (mean change -1.91; P = 0.42). Conclusion: Although statistically not significant, moderate-intensity exercise regimen among Black breast cancer patients undergoing RT was associated with lower RT-associated fatigue. This trial demonstrated the feasibility and acceptability of conducting a randomized clinical trial of a moderate-intensity exercise program among women initiating RT for breast cancer. Citation Format: Chiranjeev Dash, Mary Mills, Vivian Watkins, Pamela Randolph-Jackson, Claudine Isaacs, Kepher Makambi, Lucile L. Adams-Campbell. Moderate-intensity exercise to reduce radiation therapy-related fatigue in black breast cancer patients: A feasibility trial. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3467.
Behavior: System Dynamics

Systems are never still. Even a rock weathers and often changes chemically over long enough time scales. Systems are dynamic, which means they have behavior. In this chapter we explore the dynamic properties of systems from a number of perspectives. Systems as a whole behave in their environments. But systems contain active components that also behave internally relative to one another. We look at a myriad of characteristics of system dynamics to understand this important principle. A key concept that pertains to system dynamics is that of energy flow and work. Every physical change involves the accomplishment of work, which requires the use of energy. The laws of thermodynamics come into play in a central way in systems science.
Development of a Proximity Labeling System to Map the Chlamydia trachomatis Inclusion Membrane.

Chlamydia grows within a membrane-bound vacuole termed an inclusion. The cellular processes that support the biogenesis and integrity of this pathogen-specified parasitic organelle are not understood. Chlamydia secretes integral membrane proteins called Incs that insert into the chlamydial inclusion membrane (IM). Incs contain at least two hydrophobic transmembrane domains flanked by termini, which vary in size and are exposed to the host cytosol. In addition, Incs are temporally expressed during the chlamydial developmental cycle. Data examining Inc function are limited because of (i) the difficulty in working with hydrophobic proteins and (ii) the inherent fragility of the IM. We hypothesize that Incs function collaboratively to maintain the integrity of the chlamydial inclusion with small Incs organizing the IM and larger Incs interfacing with host cell machinery. To study this hypothesis, we have adapted a proximity-labeling strategy using APEX2, a mutant soybean ascorbate peroxidase that biotinylates interacting and proximal proteins within minutes in the presence of H2O2 and its exogenous substrate, biotin-phenol. We successfully expressed, from an inducible background, APEX2 alone, or fusion proteins of IncATM (TM=transmembrane domain only), IncA, and IncF with APEX2 in Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2. IncF-APEX2, IncATM-APEX2, and IncA-APEX2 localized to the IM whereas APEX2, lacking a secretion signal, remained associated with the bacteria. We determined the impact of overexpression on inclusion diameter, plasmid stability, and Golgi-derived sphingomyelin acquisition. While there was an overall impact of inducing construct expression, IncF-APEX2 overexpression most negatively impacted these measurements. Importantly, Inc-APEX2 expression in the presence of biotin-phenol resulted in biotinylation of the IM. These data suggest that Inc expression is regulated to control optimal IM biogenesis. We subsequently defined lysis conditions that solubilized known Incs and were compatible with pulldown conditions. Importantly, we have created powerful tools to allow direct examination of the dynamic composition of the IM, which will provide novel insights into key interactions that promote chlamydial growth and development within the inclusion.
Isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations: A biomarker for glioma-related excitability and seizures

Tumor-related epilepsy (TRE) is common in patients with gliomas (40%–70%) and carries a substantial degree of morbidity and mortality.1,2 The impetus to understand the pathophysiology of TRE has led to the identification of several tumor markers that are associated with increased risk of seizures. Tumor-mediated glutamate release is one proposed mechanism that has more recently gained traction.3,4 Another tumor marker that has attracted the attention of researchers is expression of mutated isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1mut), an enzyme whose normal function is key to the Kreb cycle; the nonmutated enzyme catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate. IDH1mut is an accepted diagnostic biomarker for secondary glioblastomas that is associated with improved survival.5 In its mutated form, IDH1mut reduces α-ketoglutarate to d-2-hydroxyglutarate (D2HG). Structural similarities between D2HG and glutamate have promoted the theory that overproduction of D2HG could mechanistically play a role in neuronal excitation in the glial tumor model. Thus far, the association between mutant IDH expression and epilepsy has been disputed in the work of previous groups.6,7
Company Cannot Treat Minority-Owned Foreign Subsidiary as Extension of Itself to Satisfy the FTAIA

In In re Refrigerant Compressors Antitrust Litigation, the Eastern District of Michigan dismissed plaintiff General Electric Corp.’s antitrust claims against defendants Danfoss A/S, Danfoss Flensburg GmbH, and Danfoss, LLC on the grounds that the claims were barred under the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act of 1982 and the Illinois Brick indirect purchaser rule. The court reasoned that GE cannot treat its minority-owned foreign manufacturing subsidiary as an extension of itself for the purposes of satisfying the FTAIA or avoiding the indirect purchaser standing rule.
Ca2+ signaling in polarized exocrine cells.

Exocrine cells respond to a battery of neurotransmitters and hormones that act on G protein-coupled and G protein-independent receptors. Receptors transmit their signals by activation of biochemical pathways that change the concentration of second messengers, the most common of which are cAMP and intracellular Ca2+ ions ([Ca2+] i ). Many G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) expressed in a given cell, activate the same biochemical pathway changing the concentration of the same second messengers. With the development of techniques that measure the concentration of second messengers in single cells and subcellular compartments, it became clear that different receptors using the same biochemical pathway could generate receptor-specific signals. In this short review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding a central question in cell signaling (Hunter, 2000: Weng et al., 1999) of how signaling specificity is achieved by GPCR expressed in a given cell using the same signaling pathway.
Shape-controlled fabrication of TiO2 hollow shells toward photocatalytic application

Abstract This paper introduces a droplet-based microfluidic approach, followed by several post-treatments, for the fabrication of TiO2 hollow shells with novel morphology and perfectly uniform size distribution, which were further decorated with platinum nanostructures to improve their photocatalytic activity and their ability to remove organic pollutants. In particular, a single-emulsion technique was used to emulsify an oil phase containing a titanium dioxide precursor, titanium n-butoxide (TBT), and a UV-curable polymer resin, trimethylolpropane triacrylate (ETPTA), into an aqueous phase. These emulsion droplets then readily underwent phase separation and sol-gel reaction at the emulsion interface, forming a TiO2 shell that would eventually rupture, release the ETPTA core, and form an anatase TiO2 hollow shell after UV, isopropanol, and thermal post-treatments. Compared with TiO2 hollow spheres reported in the literature, the TiO2 hollow shells produced here have a well-defined inner cavity that significantly improves their photocatalytic activity and allows for the selective introduction of advanced functions by the addition of metal co-catalysts like platinum. This new approach, by offering the ability to uniformly control the shape of the TiO2 photocatalyst and the ability to selectively introduce co-catalysts, offers an alternative platform for the design and fabrication of high-performance photocatalysts for efficient water purification.
Speaking with Confidence and Listening with Empathy: The Impact of "Project Soapbox" on High School Students.

AbstractThis case study investigates an action civics curriculum, Project Soapbox, designed to foster key civic outcomes among high school students. Framed by research highlighting profound disparities in civic educational opportunities and the best practices of civic education programs, this article examines the democratic and literacy skills high school students report learning from participation in Project Soapbox. Data include pre- and post-surveys with 204 high school students from 9 public high schools, classroom observations, teacher interviews, student work samples, and student focus group interviews. Findings indicate that students who participated in Project Soapbox reported modest gains in their expectations for future civic engagement and expressed greater confidence in their rhetorical skills. Additionally, although this curriculum is designed to emphasize rhetorical skills and democratic orientations, some of the strongest impact appeared in students’ reports of their listening and empathy s...
Comparison of the Wintrobe Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate with the Zeta Sedimentation

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) determinations performed by the Wintrobe method were correlated with a newer, rapid method, the zeta sedimentation ratio (ZSR), in 189 adult patients. Good correlation between the two methods was achieved over a wide range of values, with a correlation coefficient of 0.88 in female and 0.92 in male subjects. The precision of each method was evaluated by performing ten replicate determinations for 11 patients. The average variance for the ZSR was 2.91%, compared with 7.04% for the Wintrobe ESR; a difference significant at p < 0.01. Good correlation with standard methods, speed of performance and superior precision make the ZSR an attractive alternate procedure for the determination of the sedimentation rate.
Sexual Attitudes and Behavior

The focus is on trends in sexual attitudes and behaviors in the last half of the twentieth century as revealed in nationally representative surveys in various societies. Specifically, examination centers on premarital, homosexual, and extramarital sexuality. Trends for these three areas of sexuality disclosed in these national surveys are examined and explained. Findings concerning the relationship between sexual attitudes and sexual behavior are presented. Some existing theories explaining the major trends are discussed. The problems involved in measuring attitudes and behaviors and the need to develop more theoretical explanations are covered. The likely future directions of culturally shared sexual attitudes and behaviors, and the importance of developing a graduate discipline of sexual science are presented.
Innovations in Thermal Treatment of Food

This chapter presents a review of recent innovations that have been made in the field of thermal processing for food preservation, and attempts to foresee what impact these innovations may have on food markets. Three categories of innovation are addressed: improved methods for establishing optimum process conditions, new factory equipment systems for retorting and materials handling, and new retortable packaging systems. The first category focuses on new and novel methods for estimating kinetic parameters, which are needed to mathematically model the thermal inactivation of bacterial spores. Results from new and traditional methods are presented that illustrate the impact of the new methods in justifying shorter process times. The second category focuses on advances in retort design and control, as well as on automated materials handling systems for large cookroom operations. The third category focuses on the growing interest in retortable flexible pouches and semi-rigid bowls and trays for shelf-stable foods. A case study involving the development of ethnic menu items with such packaging systems is described.
Hyaena brunnea (Brown hyena)

The karyotypes presented here are gifts of Dr. D. H. Wurster-Hill, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA. The animals are kept in the National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C., USA. Skin biopsies were used for the initiation of cell cultures. The karyotype of this species is essentially the same as those of other members of Hyaenidae. The marker chromosome (autosome #10) has a secondary constriction in the short arm.
Effect of chronic melatonin supplementation during mid to late gestation on maternal uterine artery blood flow and subsequent development of male offspring in beef cattle.

The objective of the current study was to examine the effects of supplemental melatonin implants on uterine artery blood flow from mid to late gestation in beef cattle and subsequent development of their male offspring. Commercial beef heifers (n = 32) and cows (n = 25) were bred via artificial insemination and assigned to 1 of 2 groups supplemented with melatonin implants (MEL) or without (CON) at day 180, 210, and 240 of gestation. Uterine artery blood flow was determined using color Doppler ultrasonography. A subset of 12 crossbred heifers (n = 6 MEL; n = 6 CON) underwent Cesarean sections on day 243 ± 2 of gestation to allow for placentome collection. Maternal and fetal serum were collected to analyze melatonin concentrations. The remaining cattle were allowed to calve and at weaning (195 ± 2 d of age), bull calves (n = 15) were castrated and testicular tissue harvested for seminiferous tubule analysis. Heifer uterine artery blood flow was increased (P = 0.009) at day 240 of gestation in MEL compared with CON heifers. Cow uterine artery blood flow was increased (P = 0.003) in MEL compared with CON cows irrespective of gestational day. Maternal and fetal concentrations of melatonin were increased (P 0.40) between treatments. In summary, melatonin supplementation increased uterine artery blood flow in mid to late gestating cattle, but this was not accompanied by an increase in fetal weight. Alterations in postnatal development of bulls, including increased body weight and scrotal circumference, warrants future investigations related to attainment of puberty and subsequent fertility of offspring born to melatonin supplemented dams.
Design and field evaluation of a ground robot for high-throughput phenotyping of energy sorghum

This article describes the design and field evaluation of a low-cost, high-throughput phenotyping robot for energy sorghum for use in biofuel production. High-throughput phenotyping approaches have been used in isolated growth chambers or greenhouses, but there is a growing need for field-based, precision agriculture techniques to measure large quantities of plants at high spatial and temporal resolutions throughout a growing season. A low-cost, tracked mobile robot was developed to collect phenotypic data for individual plants and tested on two separate energy sorghum fields in Central Illinois during summer 2016. Stereo imaging techniques determined plant height, and a depth sensor measured stem width near the base of the plant. A data capture rate of 0.4 ha, bi-weekly, was demonstrated for platform robustness consistent with various environmental conditions and crop yield modeling needs, and formative human–robot interaction observations were made during the field trials to address usability. This work is of interest to researchers and practitioners advancing the field of plant breeding because it demonstrates a new phenotyping platform that can measure individual plant architecture traits accurately (absolute measurement error at 15% for plant height and 13% for stem width) over large areas at a sub-daily frequency; furthermore, the design of this platform can be extended for phenotyping applications in maize or other agricultural row crops.
Global Warming and the Interaction Between the Public and Technical Spheres of Argument: When Standards for Expertise Really Matter

This article considers public usurpation of the technical sphere a problematic implication of Goodnight (1982). I argue that in order to protect the roles of the public and technical sphere from du...
Patterns of Medical Cannabis Use among Cancer Patients from a Medical Cannabis Dispensary in New York State

Abstract Background: Research on the patterns of use of medical cannabis among cancer patients is lacking. Objective: To describe patterns of medical cannabis use by patients with cancer, and how p...
Protein multi-functionality: introduction

The five articles in this multi-author review in CMLS provide examples of multi-functionality of proteins belonging to several families. Distinct structural features of proteins suggesting multi-functionality are emphasized: intrinsically disordered elements that can “mold” themselves to fit various binding partners, as well as short linear motifs within larger proteins that perform particular functions. Although only a few protein families are discussed in detail, the conclusions apply to numerous, if not all, proteins. Multi-functionality of virtually every protein implies that the manipulation of its expression levels by over-expression, knockdown, or knockout affects every one of its functions, known and unknown, so that the results of these experiments must be interpreted with this complexity in mind. Particular functions in a multi-functional protein are often fulfilled by identifiable smaller elements that can be expressed separately. Identification of mono-functional elements of a multi-functional protein paves the way to the construction of novel precisely targeted molecular tools for selective manipulation of cellular signaling that can be used for mechanistic studies in cell biology, as well as for therapeutic purposes.
Bootstrap Aggregating and Random Forest

Bootstrap Aggregating (Bagging) is an ensemble technique for improving the robustness of forecasts. Random Forest is a successful method based on Bagging and Decision Trees. In this chapter, we explore Bagging, Random Forest, and their variants in various aspects of theory and practice. We also discuss applications based on these methods in economic forecasting and inference.
Short Take: Lowering the Access Barriers to Ethnographic Methodology:

Researchers based in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) often cannot access conventional but high-priced ethnographic tools. I developed a low-cost methodology as an exercise in meeting the ne...
HIV-1 RNA genomes initiate host protein packaging in the cytosol independently of Gag capsid proteins

ABSTRACT HIV-1 RNA genomes interact with diverse RNA binding proteins (RBPs) in the cytoplasm including antiviral factor APOBEC3G (A3G) that, in the absence of viral Vif proteins, is packaged into virions. Where and when HIV-1-A3G interactions are initiated for packaging inside the cell is unknown, and the relative contributions of genome vs. Gag capsid proteins to this process remains controversial. Here we visualized A3G responses to HIV-1 infection over an entire replication cycle using long-term (up to 72 h) live single cell imaging. We show that Vif-deficient HIV-1 dramatically shifts A3G and a second RNA surveillance factor, MOV10, from the cytoplasm to virus particle assembly sites with little to no net discernible effects on general markers of cytoplasmic processing bodies (DCP1A), stress granules (TIA-1), or a marker of the nonsense-mediated decay machinery (UPF1). Using a new live cell RNA-protein interaction assay based on RNA tethering (the in-cell RNA-protein interaction protocol, or IC-IP), we provide evidence that A3G- and MOV10- genome interactions are selective, strong, occur in presence or absence of Gag, and are initiated in the cytosol soon if not immediately after genome nuclear export. Finally, although Gag is sufficient to package A3G into virions even in the absence of genomes, single virion imaging indicates that selective A3G-genome interactions promote much more consistent per virion delivery of A3G to assembly sites. Collectively, these studies suggest a paradigm for early, strong, and persistent cytosolic detection of select HIV-1 RNA signatures by A3G, MOV10 and other host RBPs that are enriched in virions. IMPORTANCE Host-pathogen interactions determine the success of viral replication. While extensive work has identified many interactions between HIV-1 and cellular factors, our understanding of where these interactions in cells occur during the course of infection is incomplete. Here, we show that multiple RNA-binding proteins (including the antiviral restriction factor, APOBEC3G, and MOV10 helicase) bind HIV-1 RNA genomes in the cytoplasm and co-traffic with them into progeny virions. Furthermore, we show that these interactions with HIV-1 RNA occur in the absence of Gag and are sufficiently strong to recruit these to otherwise non-native subcellular locales. Together, these data begin to illuminate the intracellular trafficking pathways shared by host RNA binding proteins and the viral RNAs they preferentially bind.
Review of Teaching Educational Leadership in Muslim Countries: Theoretical, Historical and Cultural Foundations

Samier and ElKaleh’s (2019) book titled Teaching Educational Leadership in Muslim Countries: Theoretical, Historical and Cultural Foundations is part of the series of Educational Leadership Theory books, which address trends in educational leadership scholarship and aim to “deliver an innovative and provocative dialogue whose coherence comes not from the adoption of a single paradigmatic lens but rather in an engagement with the theoretical and methodological preliminaries of scholarship” (Eacott & Niesche, 2019, p. v). Samier and ElKaleh (2019) present “what it means to teach educational administration and leadership in a Muslim context” (p. ix) through theory, current controversies, and case studies.
The Impact of a Nursing Strike on Glycemic Control in Hospitalized Patients with Diabetes.

Introduction Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia have been found to increase morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients with diabetes. In July of 2018, our academic medical center experienced a 48-hour nursing strike, during which time 600 replacement nurses were employed. This cohort study evaluated the impact of the nursing strike on glycemic control among hospitalized patients with diabetes. Methods Point-of-care fingerstick blood glucose (POC BG) values among hospitalized patients with diabetes were compared between the 48-hour nursing strike period and two 48-hour periods when the nursing strike did not occur. We evaluated the percentage of POC BG values that were hyperglycemic (POC BG 181-250 mg/dL), severely hyperglycemic (POC BG >250 mg/dL), and hypoglycemic (POC BG <70 mg/dL). Additionally, we assessed the proportion of patients who experienced one or more days of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, or severe hyperglycemia. Results We found a significant association between the distributions of POC BG test results during the nursing strike; test results more frequently showed hyperglycemia, severe hyperglycemia, or hypoglycemia during the nursing strike than during the control period (p=0.006). There was a significant difference in the days of hypoglycemia, with 7.7% of patients experiencing one or more days of hypoglycemia during the strike period compared with 1.4% of patients during the control period (p=0.03). Conclusion Nursing strikes have been employed as a last resort in contract negotiations with hospitals, but they have the potential to significantly affect patient care and safety. Further studies are needed to evaluate these impacts to prepare for future workforce disruptions.
The effectiveness of an implementation intentions intervention for fruit and vegetable consumption as moderated by self-schema status☆

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether self-schema status moderates the effectiveness of an implementation intentions intervention on nutrition behavior among university students not meeting relevant dietary guidelines. In Experiment 1, students were asked to eat at least 2 servings of fruit and 3 of vegetables daily for a week. Implementation intention condition participants listed what fruits and vegetables they would eat and when and where they would eat them; control condition participants did not. Among those who did not initially meet vegetable targets (n = 108), implementation intentions increased the vegetable consumption of healthy eater schematics, but not of nonschematics. There were no significant effects for fruit consumption among those initially not meeting fruit targets (n = 83). Experiment 2 replicated the moderating effect of healthy eater self-schema status in regard to the effectiveness of an implementation intentions intervention for vegetable consumption among undergraduates who were not initially eating at least 3 servings of vegetables daily (n = 62). Findings are discussed in regard to promoting healthy eating among university students, as well as the implementation intention, self-schema, and self-concordance literatures.
Hardware Modeling Using Function Encapsulation

We describe how to specify an executable behavioral model of hardware without specifying the hardware detail using ACL2 encapsulation. ACL2 encapsulation is a mechanism to introduce abstract functions with constraints. It can be used to specify a microarchitectural design of hardware, which can be used for early simulation and for verification. Such a high-level design can also be used as a reference model when implementing low-level designs in RTL. This paper examines two abstract specifications from a microprocessor verification project. One example is a branch predictor for a processor with speculative execution and the other is a pipelined multiplier.
What Would Justice Holmes Do (WWJHD)?: Rehnquist's Plessy Memo, Majoritarianism, and Parents Involved

As a law clerk to Justice Robert H. Jackson in December 1952, William Rehnquist wrote a memo during the oral arguments in Brown defending Plessy v. Ferguson. Rehnquist's memo is more than just a relic from a time when reasonable people could disagree about the validity of Brown. It makes a popular argument against the Court's school desegregation decisions both before and after Brown, an argument that permeated Rehnquist's own jurisprudence, and an argument often associated with Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes deference to majority rule. During the last four decades, conservatives have mostly abandoned Holmesian deference to majority rule as an argument against school desegregation. Liberals, however, have embraced this argument in support of affirmative action and other programs designed to promote racial and ethnic diversity. This role reversal was particularly evident in the dueling opinions of Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Stephen Breyer in Parents Involved. The majoritarian argument in Rehnquist's Plessy memo is worth revisiting because it continues to factor into the modern debate about the interpretation and implications of Brown.
Oscillating mitotic newt lung cell kinetochores are, on average, under tension and rarely push

Experimentally introduced tension on kinetochores and their centromeres has been shown to stabilize kinetochore attachment to microtubules, modify kinetochore directional instability, and regulate cell-cycle progression into anaphase. In mitosis, kinetochore tension and the stretch of centromere chromatin are produced by the movement of sister kinetochores toward opposite poles and astral ejection forces on the chromosome arms. However, newt lung cell kinetochores oscillate between poleward and away from the pole motility states throughout mitosis, indicating kinetochores are not under constant tension. To test whether kinetochores are under net tension while they are oscillating, and how often they are under compression and pushing into the chromosome, we measured the distance between sister kinetochores in newt lung cells using both video-enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy (VE-DIC) and immunofluorescence microscopy. We found that for chromosomes in which sister kinetochores are attached to opposite spindle poles, centromeres are, on average, stretched (2.2 microns in living cells and 1.8 microns in fixed cells) with respect to the inter-kinetochore 'rest' length (1.1 microns in living and fixed cells). For chromosomes in which only one kinetochore is attached to the spindle, the centromere chromatin associated with the tethered kinetochore is, on average, stretched to approximately half of the average inter-kinetochore distance measured for chromosomes in which both kinetochores are attached. We conclude that while newt lung cell kinetochores oscillate between states of P and AP movement, they are under tension approximately 90% of the time and under compression less than 6% of the time.
A population-based study comparing HRQoL among breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer survivors to propensity score matched controls, by cancer type, and gender

Background Objectives were to compare health-related quality of life (HRQoL) between breast cancer survivors, prostate cancer survivors (PCS), and colorectal cancer survivors (CCS) to matched controls, stratified by short and long-term survivors, by cancer type, and gender.
Novel 1.8-μm-band light sources composed of thulium-doped fiber for in vivo imaging

We have developed a single mode fiber-light source at 1.8um band, which composes of thulium (Tm)-doped silica fiber and optical devices used in telecommunication fields. This laser can be operated as a laser and broadband light source selectively. The laser wavelength is tuned from 1765nm to 1812nm by adjusting an angle of a built-in band pass filter (BPF). A maximum output power is 115mW at 1812nm, in the case that pump power is 363mW. The broadband light source has a maximum power of 10mW, the peak wavelength of 1840nm and the full width at half maximum of 50nm. By using these light sources, we have succeeded in obtaining images of test target by observing reflected light through opaque liquid.
Blockade of Ovulation in Rabbits by Hypothalamic Implants of Norethindrone

A study has been made of the ovulation-blocking effects of localized implants of norethindrone in the hypothalamus and hypophysis of mature New Zealand female rabbits. A minute amount of the antifertility steroid was implanted stereotaxically into the hypothalamus or hypophysis, and copulation-induced ovulation was tested 10 days, 5 weeks and 8 weeks after implantation. Pituitary LH content was determined by the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion method. When norethindrone was implanted into the posterior median eminence-posterior tuberal region of the hypothalamus (PME) ovulation was blocked in 5 of 7 rabbits 10 days later and in 4 of 5 rabbits 5 weeks after implantation. Five of 7 rabbits with 5-week-old PME implants also failed to ovulate post coitum when they were primed with estogen. However, by 8 weeks after implantation 3 of 4 previously blocked rabbits ovulated in response to the coital stimulus. The ovulatory stimulus was not blocked by control implants in the PME nor by norethindrone implants in ot...
Reaction synthesis of FeAl alloys

Abstract Reaction synthesis of several FeAl alloys has been observed in an evacuated quartz tube under a vacuum of 10 −4 Pa. The compositions studied include 25, 30, 35.8, 45, and 54 at.% Al. Direct observation of the progression of the reaction of compacts formed from 45 μm Fe and 10 μm Al powders revealed that an unusual “two-stage” rection exists under these conditions. The occurrence of this two-stage reaction is sensitive to the composition, density, and volume of the powder compact. The first stage, which lasts several seconds, starts at around 650 °C. After it passes through the powder compact, the temperature continues to rise, and the second reaction begins at about 900 °C. The second reaction reaches temperatures between 1250 and 1350 °C. Electron microprobe analysis of samples quenched during the first reaction stage revealed the presence of large amounts of FeAl 3 together with unalloyed Fe and small amounts of an aluminum-rich phase (∼ 95 at.% Al). Samples allowed to react through the second stage contained primarily FeAl and Fe 3 Al, with very small amounts of FeAl 2 . The occurrence of the “two-stage” reaction is explained in terms of thermodynamics and heat transfer.
Urethral manipulation: An unusual paraphilia

Abstract Urethral manipulation may be an active form of autoerotic behavior or can present as a compulsive search for iatrogenic instrumentation. Seven cases exhibiting this paraphilic behavior are discussed which share both fetishistic and sadomasochistic features.
Magnetospectroscopy of shallow donors in GaAs

Abstract Spectral measurements in the frequency range from 10 to 130 cm -1 in magnetic fields from 0 to 30 kG of the far infrared photoconductivity due to shallow donors in GaAs are reported. The measurements reveal peaks due to the isolated (1 s → 2 p ) and (1 s → 3 p ) transitions in addition to a broad continuum at higher energy. From the energy of these peak transitions and their splitting in a magnetic field we obtain a donor ionization energy of 5.86 ± 0.02 meV and an effective mass of0.0665 ± .0005 m 0 .
Isolation and Chemical Composition of Dinoflagellate Nuclei

SYNOPSIS Nuclei were isolated from Peridinium cinctum. Peridinium trochoideum, Gyrodinium cohnii (Cryptothecodinium cohnii) and Gymnodinium nelsoni. The nuclei of G. cohnii, P. trochoideum and G. nelsoni were found to contain ∼ 6.9, 34 and 143 picograms of DNA respectively. The ratios to DNA of RNA, acid-soluble and acid-insoluble protein for G. cohnii were 0.32, 0.13 and 0.99, respectively. The corresponding values for P. trochoideum were 0.22, 0.08 and 1.22, while those for G. nelsoni were 0.21, 0.10 and 1.09. The chemical composition of dinoflagellate nuclei is compared and contrasted with that of typical eukaryotic nuclei. The culture of these difficult organisms also is discussed.
Viral and cellular src genes contribute to the structure of recovered avian sarcoma virus transforming protein

Recovered avian sarcoma viruses (rASVs) were obtained from tumors induced by certain transformation-defective (td) mutants of Schmidt-Ruppin strain Rous sarcoma virus of subgroup A (SR-A). The genomes of these td SR-A mutants lack most but not all of the src gene. rASV genomes, however, possess intact src genes, which are largely derived from cellular genetic information, presumably an endogenous cellular gene called c-src, which shares considerable homology with the viral src. To further define the genetic origin of rASV src, we examined by tryptic peptide analysis the product of this gene, pp60src, from rASV and SR-A, as well as the normal cellular homolog pp60c-src. We found peptides unique to each putative "parental" protein present together in maps of rASV p60src, demonstrating that the endogenous cellular c-src gene itself contributes to the structure of rASV pp60src. Certain isolates of rASV encode pp60srcS of altered apparent molecular weight. In these cases, the variation in structure was located in the amino-terminal portion of the protein. That such polymorphism can be tolerated suggests that this region of the protein is less critical to the ability of these agents to transform cells.
Equivalence of pion loops in equal-time and light-front dynamics

We demonstrate the equivalence of the light-front and equal-time formulations of pionic corrections to nucleon properties. As a specific example, we consider the self-energy $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ of a nucleon dressed by pion loops, for both pseudovector and pseudoscalar $\ensuremath{\pi}NN$ couplings. We derive the leading and next-to-leading nonanalytic behavior of $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ on the light front, and show explicitly their equivalence in the rest frame and infinite momentum frame in equal-time quantization, as well as in a manifestly covariant formulation.
Lower-bound energy functionals and their application to diatomic systems

A systematic method for determining lower-bound energy functionals within both the density-functional and orbital frameworks is presented. Lower-bound calculations are carried out on the Thomas-Fermi-Dirac---$\frac{1}{5}$ von Weizs\"acker ($\mathrm{TFD}\frac{1}{5}\mathrm{W}$) diatomic nitrogen molecule and the Hartree-Fock (HF) diatomic hydrogen molecule. In the $\mathrm{TFD}\frac{1}{5}\mathrm{W}$ model, binding is found but not as much as previously thought to exist. Furthermore, an anomaly in the behavior of the energy at short internuclear distances (\ensuremath{\sim}1 bohr) is discovered through comparisons with HF data. In the Hartree-Fock theory, a strict lower bound on the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ potential-energy curve is obtained without performing any two-electron integrals. A dissociation energy results, which is 6% more than the exact HF value.
Lacan and Bion Psychoanalysis and the Mystical Language of `Unsaying'

We examine the theory and language of psychoanalysts Jacques Lacan and Wilfred Bion, regarding central issues such as the role of healing, the viability of truth and its location, and the status of the unconscious, including where it is and who can know it. We place Lacan and Bion in a critical dialogue with the language of mystical `unsaying', as exemplified in the writings of Plotinus, John the Scot Erigena, Ibn `Arabi, Marguerite Porete and Meister Eckhart. On the basis of this comparison, we argue that the languages of Lacan and Bion, on the one hand, and that of the above-cited mystics, on the other, are mutually illuminating of a central and often misunderstood human phenomenon, the language of unsaying.
In vivo allogeneic homing using cfse labeled murine stem cells or surrogate secondary transplant

Abstract In order to characterize homing of allogeneic murine stem cells, a direct and a surrogate approach were utilized. First, 105 CFSE-labeled B6/SJL Lin-Sca1+ cells were injected in non-myeloablated BALB/c mice and fluorescent mononuclear cells were detected 1 and 6 hours after transplant by high-speed FACS analysis. In the surrogate approach, 108 B6/SJL whole BM cells were injected in lethally irradiated BALBc mice (10Gy) (5/time point). 1, 3 and 6 hours after transplant, BM was harvested and 1.1×107 cells were secondarily injected into myeloablated (8Gy) C5/BL6 mice (12/time point) with 1.1×107 competing C57/BL6 BM cells. Direct approach—CFSE positive cells were detected by FACS in BM 1 and 6 hours after injection. ∼11×106 events were analyzed in 4 mice. Surrogate approach—Secondary engrafted B6/JL Ly5.1 cells were detected in BM, spleen and thymus of myeloablated C57/BL6 recipient. Percentages of Ly5.1 cells over total Ly5.1 + Ly5.2 cells are shown in the figure. In conclusion, allogeneic homing was detectable from 1 to 6 hours after injection using either a direct approach with purified Lin-Sca1+ cells or a surrogate approach with whole bone marrow.
Comment on “Heat transfer in MHD viscoelastic boundary layer flow over a stretching sheet with thermal radiation and non-uniform heat source/sink”, M.M. Nandeppanavar, K. Vajravelu & M.S. Abel [Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 16 (2011) 3578–3590]

Abstract Two discrepancies are discovered in the paper of Nandeppanavar et al. (2011) [1] . First, the homogeneous solution for the temperature field is incorrect. Moreover, only one of the two homogeneous solutions that decay exponentially in the far field is presented; since two such solutions are available, a discussion of the selection process is needed. Second, the particular solution of the inhomogeneous energy equation is incorrect. These solutions are corrected and new tabulated results for the PST and PHF thermal problems are presented.
Structure and Organization of the Human Thrombospondin 3 Gene (THBS3)

The promoter/5{prime} flank sequence, cDNA sequence, and exon/intron structures of the human thrombospondin 3 (THBS3) gene have been determined. THBS3 cDNA clones were obtained by PCR amplification of human fetal lung cDNA using THBS3-specific primers. Analysis of cDNA and genomic sequences showed the THBS3 gene to be composed of 23 exons, 1 more than the number of exons in the previously characterized mouse TSP3 gene. The additional exon results from the division of mouse exon F into exons F1 and F2. The cDNA encodes a polypeptide of 956 amino acids that is highly acidic, with a clustering of acidic side chains in the third quarter of the polypeptide. This region corresponds to seven type III (Ca{sup 2+}-binding) repeats, a feature shared with other thrombospondins. In addition to these type III repeats, four type II (EGF-like) repeats and NH{sub 2}- and COOH-terminal domains are present in thrombospondin 3. The THBS3 and mouse TSP3 genes differ in intron sizes, but exon sequences and sizes and positions of insertion of introns are conserved to a high degree. The structural organization of the THBS3 gene is of interest because of its close proximity to that of metaxin, with which it shares a common promotermore » sequence, and to the gene encoding glucocerebrosidase, a deficiency in which causes Gaucher disease. 33 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.« less
Reforms in pharmacy education and opportunity to practise clinical pharmacy

The impact on 357 newly licensed pharmacists, graduates of two colleges, of efforts to tum pharmacy into a clinical profession, was examined by way of a self-administered questionnaire. Perceptions and expectations about work, differences in consulting practices, relationships between practice and attitudes, and the presence or absence of an identifiable general value orientation (which could account for spedfic perceptions and attitudes), were examined. Results indicated that hospital practice was more likely to be associated with clinical pharmacy and clinical pharmacy practice was more likely to meet the expectations of recently graduated pharmacists. In addition, 52 per cent of the community-based pharmacists were found to engage in patient counseling, as compared with 39 per cent of hospital-based pharmacists. Newly licensed pharmacists are deepening the existing divisions in the profession, while moving toward a revision of their place in the health care delivery system.