cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viral Replication, Translation, and Assembly of Nepoviruses

The first recognition that nepoviruses are multicomponent was by Stace-Smith et al. (40). Partially purified tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) was shown to have three zones in sucrose density gradients (SDG), with S values of 53, 94, and 128, respectively, for top (T), middle (M), and bottom (B) components. These components were shown to be serologically identical. Electron microscopy revealed that all components were spherical, ~28 mm in diameter, and that the T particles were empty shells. Further, the B component was shown to contain 42% RNA and was infectious. Then, in 1966, Diener and Schneider (6) were the first to recognize the existence of two species of RNA in TRSV virions (RNA-1 and RNA-2), by separating them in SDG. They found that the single RNA species from M was noninfectious and that the two RNA species from the B component contained an infectious RNA (32S) and a noninfectious RNA (24S) (RNA-1 and RNA-2), with the noninfectious RNA being in much greater proportion than the infectious RNA. The noninfectious RNA from B sedimented at the same rate as that from the M component. They hypothesized that two smaller, noninfectious RNAs might join to form the longer, infectious RNA. In 1972, Murant et al. (20) demonstrated that raspberry ringspot virus (RRV) (a nepovirus of European origin) had T, M, and B components with S values of 52, 92, and 130, respectively, and containing 0, 30, and 44% single-stranded RNA.
Insertion mechanics of bioinspired needles into soft tissues.

Introduction: Most studies to date confirm that any increase in the needle insertion force increases the damage to the tissue. When it comes to brain tissue, even minor damage can cause a long-lasting traumatic brain injury. Thus there is a great demand for innovative minimally invasive needles among the medical community. In our previous studies a novel bioinspired needle design with specially designed barbs was used to perform insertion tests into Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tissue-mimicking gels, in which it decreased the insertion force by as much as 25%.Material and methods: In this work, bioinspired needles were designed using a CAD software, and were then manufactured using a 3 D printer. The insertion tests into bovine brain and liver were then performed to further investigate the performance of our bioinspired needles in real tissues.Results: Our results show that there was a 10-25% decrease in the insertion force for insertions into bovine brain, and a 35-45% reduction in the insertion forc...
Approaches to Evaluating Causation of Suspected Drug Reactions

Knowledge about an adverse drug effect typically starts out as a signal of a possible problem, usually identified through spontaneous reports of a suspected adverse drug reaction. As diagrammed in Figure 1, this signal is verified in an iterative fashion, either through further reports or studies of its biological plausibility and, if important, it is quantitated with epidemiological or, rarely, experimental studies (clinical trials). Although often taken for granted, the driving force for this iteration is often based on the assumption or determination, through some means, that there is a cause-effect relationship between the purported risk and the pharmaceutical. This qualitative part of risk assessment which evaluates a signal is an important initial part of the process.
Market Power: Price Variation Among Commercial Insurers For Hospital Services.

Much research has focused on differences in hospital prices paid by private (commercial) versus public (Medicare and Medicaid) health insurers. Far less is known about price differences across comm...
A team-formation algorithm for faultline minimization

Abstract In recent years, the proliferation of online resumes and the need to evaluate large populations of candidates for on-site and virtual teams have led to a growing interest in automated team-formation. Given a large pool of candidates, the general problem requires the selection of a team of experts to complete a given task. Surprisingly, while ongoing research has studied numerous variations with different constraints, it has overlooked a factor with a well-documented impact on team cohesion and performance: team faultlines. Addressing this gap is challenging, as the available measures for faultlines in existing teams cannot be efficiently applied to faultline optimization. In this work, we meet this challenge with a new measure that can be efficiently used for both faultline measurement and minimization. We then use the measure to solve the problem of automatically partitioning a large population into low-faultline teams. By introducing faultlines to the team-formation literature, our work creates exciting opportunities for algorithmic work on faultline optimization, as well as on work that combines and studies the connection of faultlines with other influential team characteristics.
A bayesian approach for behavioral public administration: Citizen assessments of local government sustainability performance

Citizens are increasingly critical information-processors, and government performance information has become ubiquitous to the tenants of democratic anchorage and support for public programs. Yet human perceptions of governmental policies and outcomes are increasingly partisan and resistant to updating. Partisan motivated reasoning can lead to inaccurate or biased assessments of both the merit of specific policies and governmental performance. This article presents a case for the use of Bayesian inference for experimental work on information-processing. Combining previous findings with a new experimental design, this study examines whether provision of performance information on local government implementation of federally initiated sustainability efforts ameliorates the partisan motivated reasoning of citizens. Contrary to expectations, the study finds evidence of attitude-strengthening in the face of disconfirming performance as well as suggesting partisan cues may help citizens calibrate their evaluations.
An Anorexic Adult Who Re-fed and Revisited Adolescent Medicine

Learning Objective 1: Management of malnutrition in a patient with anorexia nervosa on a medical unit. Learning Objective 2: Effective recognition and management of thiamine deficiency and refeeding syndrome in-patient with anorexia nervosa. Learning Objective 3: Improved interdisciplinary communication regarding appropriate management of adult patients with severe anorexia nervosa. KH is a 23-year-old Caucasian female with a long-standing history of chronic anorexia nervosa, borderline personality disorder, anxiety, depression, and tobacco abuse who presented with weakness and tingling in her extremities. Transferred from …
A hidden Markov model for analyzing eye-tracking of moving objects : Case study in a sustained attention paradigm.

Eye-tracking provides an opportunity to generate and analyze high-density data relevant to understanding cognition. However, while events in the real world are often dynamic, eye-tracking paradigms are typically limited to assessing gaze toward static objects. In this study, we propose a generative framework, based on a hidden Markov model (HMM), for using eye-tracking data to analyze behavior in the context of multiple moving objects of interest. We apply this framework to analyze data from a recent visual object tracking task paradigm, TrackIt, for studying selective sustained attention in children. Within this paradigm, we present two validation experiments to show that the HMM provides a viable approach to studying eye-tracking data with moving stimuli, and to illustrate the benefits of the HMM approach over some more naive possible approaches. The first experiment utilizes a novel ‘supervised’ variant of TrackIt, while the second compares directly with judgments made by human coders using data from the original TrackIt task. Our results suggest that the HMM-based method provides a robust analysis of eye-tracking data with moving stimuli, both for adults and for children as young as 3.5–6 years old.
The question of authority

Authority is at the core of the human condition. In every realm of existence—social life, politics, economics—some people exercise authority over others. The exercising of authority comes in many d...
Towards industrial-scale production of cellulose nanocomposites using melt processing: A critical review on structure-processing-property relationships

Abstract Cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) naturally exist in plant biomass. The success of extraction of CNMs opened up a new era of using plant biomass for innovative industrial applications. Because CNMs are abundant, renewable, biodegradable, transparent, light weight and low in cost, they are ideal materials for large volume applications such as packaging, automotive, building and infrastructure. In many potential application areas, CNM-enabled products appear in a composite form, mostly polymer composites. The industrial-scale manufacturing of CNM/thermoplastic composites remains as a set of unsolved problems for academia and industry. A prime challenge in applications is the nanoscale dispersion of CNMs in thermoplastic matrices during melt processing. Both bench-scale and pilot-scale studies have been conducted to solve the dispersion issue of CNMs. In this article, research related to the dispersion of CNMs in thermoplastic matrices during melt processing were critically reviewed. All research papers were classified into three groups: chemically-aided dispersion, physically-aided dispersion and mechanically-aided dispersion. Numerous factors affect the CNM dispersion and the mechanical performance of its nanocomposites. There are material-related factors, including CNM types and forms, polymer matrices, surface modification, coupling agents, etc. Extrusion processing parameters also play a significant role, covering screw rotation speed, extrusion barrel temperature settings and screw design. In addition, the material-related factors interact with the processing-related factors. Understanding all factors and their interactions are important for moving CNM nanocomposites research a step further towards industrial-relevant production, which is the final ambitious goal of this manuscript.
Understanding the Impact of Contextual Clues in Misinformation Detection

To further reduce the pervasiveness of fake news on social networking sites and increase content integrity, an important yet one of the most basic of defenses has be explored—content descriptors. This paper investigates the effects of content descriptors in aiding the human factor against disinformation attacks through its recognition. An explicit fake news test was employed to assess the users on how they use these descriptors as contextual clues in categorizing specific contents as either legitimate or misleading. The results of this study reveal the varying effect of contextual clues in a population to recognize fake news.
Ratios Tell a Story—2019

This short case challenges students to review an array of corporate financial metrics and to match them to one of 13 listed industries. As such, students must use their intuition and common sense pertaining to the distinctive characteristics of, and the key differences between, the 13 named industries, and then identify the financial metrics that are most indicative of those traits. Excerpt UVA-C-2438 May 21, 2020 Ratios Tell a Story—2019 As a child, Jillian Herbert had enjoyed spending many summer afternoons on her grandparents' front porch listening to her grandfather's countless stories. Some were family histories, and some were fictitious yarns that his creative mind wove together. In that realm, she recalled sitting enraptured by the exploits of courageous heroes and heroines, the adventures of travelers (who sounded a lot like her siblings) to mysterious faraway lands, and the mischievous antics of her talking pets brought to life in make-believe tales. In fact, even as an adult, she believed in the power of stories to captivate, enlighten, create connections, facilitate memory, and foster understanding. As head of talent development at a major commercial bank, she knew financial information was invaluable in understanding numerous aspects of a business. In her opening remarks at this month's basic financial statement analysis seminar for her new commercial lending hires, she had noted that ratio-focused combinations of key financial data could actually convey a richer story about a company beyond the isolated component parts of the company's balance sheet or income statement. Indeed, she had made the analogy to some parallels in everyday life. For example, a person's ratio of weight and height could convey a story of obesity or not. Grocery store prices were often displayed, in addition to the total purchase price for an item, in terms of price per ounce or per pound. The speed of a car was denominated as miles per hour or kilometers per hour. And an elementary school's students-to-teacher ratio, in part, conveyed information about the instructional attention each student was likely to receive at that school. . . .
Watershed Suspended Sediment Supply and Potential Impacts of Dam Removals for an Estuary

Observations and modeling are used to assess potential impacts of sediment releases due to dam removals on the Hudson River estuary. Watershed sediment loads are calculated based on sediment-discharge rating curves for gauges covering 80% of the watershed area. The annual average sediment load to the estuary is 1.2 Mt, of which about 0.6 Mt comes from side tributaries. Sediment yield varies inversely with watershed area, with regional trends that are consistent with substrate erodibility. Geophysical and sedimentological surveys in seven subwatersheds of the Lower Hudson were conducted to estimate the mass and composition of sediment trapped behind dams. Impoundments were classified as (1) active sediment traps, (2) run-of-river sites not actively trapping sediment, and (3) dammed natural lakes and spring-fed ponds. Based on this categorization and impoundment attributes from a dam inventory database, the total mass of impounded sediment in the Lower Hudson watershed is estimated as 4.9 ± 1.9 Mt. This represents about 4 years of annual watershed supply, which is small compared with some individual dam removals and is not practically available given current dam removal rates. More than half of dams impound drainage areas less than 1 km2, and play little role in downstream sediment supply. In modeling of a simulated dam removal, suspended sediment in the estuary increases modestly near the source during discharge events, but otherwise effects on suspended sediment are minimal. Fine-grained sediment deposits broadly along the estuary and coarser sediment deposits near the source, with transport distance inversely related to settling velocity.
A redescription of the clam shrimp, Orthestheria shupei (Stephenson, in Stephenson & Stenzel, 1952) comb. nov., from the Cenomanian (Cretaceous) of Texas

Abstract Orthestheria shupei comb. nov. is a small clam shrimp from the Red Branch Member of the Woodbine Formation in Texas, USA, originally described as belonging to the living genus, Cyzicus. The redescription herein reveals its ornamentation pattern consisting of straight lirae formed perpendicular to the growthband, with rare shorter intercalating lirae. This is one of only two known records of clam shrimp from the Cretaceous of North America. The genus, Orthestheria, is also known from China and South America, and it is used in a biostratigraphic scheme in China. Orthestheria is very similar to another genus, Nemestheria, which is classified in a separate subfamily (Jilinestheriidae vs Fushunograptidae). The diagnoses for both are useless for telling the genera apart—both diagnoses exploit vague language that allow the admission of a broad array of taxa within a narrow stratigraphic range. Deciphering clam shrimp phylogeny will only progress with meaningful diagnoses that circumscribe monophyletic groups. Despite the higher level taxonomic problems, the age of the Woodbine Formation is broadly consistent with the age predicted from the Asian biostratigraphic scheme using Orthestheria.
Supply-Dependent Oxygen Consumption and Mixed Venous Oxyhemoglobin Saturation during Isovolemic Hemodilution in Pigs

To assess the responsiveness of mixed venous oximetry under conditions of supply-independent and supply-dependent oxygen consumption, we subjected ten pigs to graded isovolemic hemodilution while measuring cardiopulmonary variables, including oxygen consumption (VO2), oxygen delivery (DO2), and mixed venous oxyhemoglobin saturation (SvO2). Supply-dependent VO2 was reached at an average hemoglobin concentration of 3.9 +/- 0.7 g.dl-1, an SvO2 of 38.2 +/- 8.1 percent, and an oxygen extraction ratio of 0.55 +/- 0.10. The change in SvO2 corresponding to a 100-ml decrease in DO2 was -9.2 +/- 3.7 percent when VO2 was supply-independent and -7.6 +/- 5.2 percent when it was supply-dependent (NS). However, the rate of decline in SvO2 in the supply-dependent range was significantly slower than the rate calculated assuming unchanged VO2 (-32.6 +/- 16.3 percent; p less than 0.01). The results indicate that appearance of supply-dependence of VO2 does not render mixed venous oximetry unresponsive to further deterioration of oxygen supply during isovolemic hemodilution.
Prediction of the Dynamic Roll Stability of Hard-Chine Planing Craft

A method is presented to predict the roll restoring moments acting on hard-chine craft operating at planing speeds, which can be used to evaluate the dynamic roll stability of these vessels. Expression are developed for the static and dynamic contributions to the restoring moment. Tests were conducted to measure the restoring moment on five different planing hull models. The predictions for these hulls compare well with the experimental results.
Local foundations for better governance : A Review of Ghazala Mansuri and Vijayendra Rao's Localizing Development

In Localizing Development, Mansuri and Rao survey theory and evidence for development strategies based on local community empowerment. This note extends their theoretical argument by focusing on local government as a vital source of new leadership. Local leaders who provide better public service can prove their qualifications for higher office, but new competition from popular local leaders may be against the interests of incumbent national leaders. Thus, decentralization reforms that could benefit economic development may face powerful resistance. International assistance should promote a balanced development of local and national governments, along with a free press to monitor government at all levels. To better inform public discussions of decentralization reforms, the World Bank should actively support research on comparative subnational politics.
Non-narcotic modalities for the management of acute pain.

Analgesic modalities, including inhalational and intravenous techniques, regional blockade, and cryoanalgesia, are presented for the management of pain in the acute care setting. Citations in the article refer to the original source of publication, the Anesthesiology Clinics of North America.
A loosely-coupled applicative multi-processing system *

The architecture of highly-parallel machines has received increased attention from researchers over the past decade. At first, because of the machines' novelty, workers were content with proposing elaborate machine architectures without giving due consideration to how such machines would ultimately be programmed to exploit their available computational power. Experience with Illiac IV, Star-l00, etc. has shown this to be a mistake. Indications are that programming languages deserve consideration at the earliest stages of architectural conception. Included in such considerations are issues such as storage and task management.
Robust Redesign of Adaptive Control in the Presence of Disturbances and Unmodeled Dynamics

Abstract The effects of unmodeled weakly observable stable dynamics and bounded disturbances on the stability and performance of adaptive control schemes are analyzed. A second order example is used to illustrate the non-robust behavior of the present adaptive controllers when disturbances and/or unmodeled dynamics are present. An earlier modified adaptive law [1,2] is shown to quarantee the existence of a region of attraction for boundedness. A new adaptive controller has been introduced which guarantees boundedness for bounded initial conditions.
Proactive Complementarity: The International Criminal Court and National Courts in the Rome System of International Justice

When the International Criminal Court (?ICC? or ?Court?) was established in 2002, states, nongovernmental organizations (?NGOs?), and the international community had extraordinarily high expectations that the Court would bring an end to impunity and provide broad-based accountability for international crimes. Nearly five years later, those expectations remain largely unfulfilled due to political constraints, resource limitations, and the limited ability of the ICC to apprehend suspects. This article offers a novel solution to the misalignment between the Court?s limited resources and legal mandate on the one hand and the lofty expectations for it on the other, arguing that the Court must engage more actively with national governments and must encourage states to undertake their own prosecutions of international crimes. It advocates a shift in the ICC?s role through a policy of ?proactive complementarity,? whereby the Court would encourage and at times assist states in undertaking domestic prosecutions of international crimes. The article examines the legal mandate for such a policy, considers the political constraints on the Court, offers a practical framework for the implementation of proactive complementarity in the range of circumstances the ICC is likely to face, and documents examples of proactive complementarity in the ICC?s initial operations. Overall, the article argues that encouraging national prosecutions within the ?Rome System of Justice? and shifting burdens back to national governments offer the best and perhaps the only ways for the ICC to meet its mandate and help end impunity.
Privacy-Enhanced Personalization.

Multi-pronged strategies are needed to reconcile the tension between personalization and privacy.
NIHILISMO-EN-LÍNEA: El futuro de la tecnología de la información visto por Soren Kierkegaard en 1850

En este articulo se expone el caracter premonitorio de algunos planteamientos de Kierkegaard en su ensayo “La epoca actual”. Un nuevo fenomeno cultural e irreversible se gesto desde la Ilustracion, gracias a la incidencia de la prensa ordinaria, antecesora de internet: una opinion publica informada pero desmoralizada, mediocre, irreflexiva y sin compromisos incondicionales.
Iranite, CuPb10(CrO4)6(SiO4)2(OH)2, isomorphous with hemihedrite.

This study presents the first structural report of iranite, ideally CuPb10(CrO4)6(SiO4)2(OH)2 [copper deca­lead hexa­chromate bis­(orthosilicate) dihydroxide], based on single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. Iranite is isomorphous with hemihedrite, with substitution of Cu for Zn and OH for F. The Cu atom is situated at the special position with site symmetry \overline{1}. The CrO4 and SiO4 tetra­hedra and CuO4(OH)2 octa­hedra form layers that are parallel to (120) and are linked together by five symmetrically independent Pb2+ cations displaying a rather wide range of bond distances. The CuO4(OH)2 octa­hedra are corner-linked to two CrO4 and two SiO4 groups, while two additional CrO4 groups are isolated. The mean Cr—O distances for the three nonequivalent CrO4 tetra­hedra are all slightly shorter than the corresponding distances in hemihedrite, whereas the CuO4(OH)2 octa­hedron is more distorted than the ZnO4F2 octa­hedron in hemihedrite in terms of octa­hedral quadratic elongation.
US NRC Research and Digital Instrumentation and Control

Publisher Summary This chapter describes US National Research Council's (NRC) study analyzing safety and reliability of digital instrumentation and control systems in nuclear power plants. Digital Instrumentation and control systems designs are being proposed in ever-increasing number for commercial nuclear power plants. Digital systems are also being proposed for safety systems and process control systems for all advanced reactor designs. This technology brings with it new benefits and the potential for new failure modes. Past experience, standards, and regulatory requirements have been primarily based on analog, hard-wired systems. There is a need to explore the impact of introducing digital instrumentation and control technology into nuclear power plants and to define important safety issues that arise in such applications. Also, there is a need for an effective regulatory position that applies to the use of this technology to ensure the important safety issues are adequately addressed. The chapter discusses some of the programs to resolve these issues. It also discusses a NRC study and workshop on safety and reliability of digital instrumentation and control systems in nuclear power plants.
Does an AHEC-Sponsored Clerkship Experience Strengthen Medical Students' Intent to Provide Care for Medically Underserved Patients?

The mission of Area Health Education Centers (AHECs) is to recruit and educate students to serve as practicing health care professionals in rural, primary care, and medically underserved communities. We sought to determine if participation in an AHEC-sponsored family medicine clerkship experiences during medical school are significantly associated with a self-reported intent to practice primary care in a medically underserved environment upon graduation. The study was a prospective cohort study comparing third-year family medicine students with the Indiana University School of Medicine who participated in either an AHEC-sponsored family medicine clerkship to those who completed their required family medicine clerkship outside of the AHEC setting. Following the 160-h clinical clerkship, all students completed a mandatory, electronic survey and were asked to self-report their intent to the following question: “Which of the following statements best describes the impact of the family medicine clerkship on your intention to provide care to underserved patients when you complete residency training?” The question was integrated into a mandatory post-clerkship evaluation form required by the Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine. A Chi square test of independence as well as a multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent association of AHEC clerkship participation and reported intent. A total of 1138 students completed the survey. There were not significant differences in age, gender, race, and ethnicity between students that completed an AHEC clerkship and those that did not. After adjusting for gender, race, and ethnicity, AHEC participants were significantly more likely to report an intention to practice primary care in a medically underserved setting upon graduation. Female students were found to be 1.2–3.4 times as likely to report increased intent compared to male students (95 % CI 1.241–3.394). Participation in an AHEC-supported clerkship was associated with a significant increase in self-reported intent to practice primary care in a medically underserved setting. Additional research is required to determine if participation and/or reported intent are predictive of practice selection after graduation.
AgSbF6-catalyzed efficient propargylation/cycloisomerization tandem reaction for the synthesis of fully substituted furans and new insights into the reaction mechanism

A mild and efficient AgSbF6 mediated one-pot propargylation/cycloisomerization tandem process has been developed for the construction of fully substituted furans through the reaction of propargylic alcohols and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds. The isolation of a key reaction intermediate provided new insights into the reaction mechanism.
Improved Materials Characterization for Spacecraft Applications

The Air Force Materials Laboratory currently has two programs to improve the characterization of spacecraft-type materials for their contamination potential. The first program, Material Selection Criteria, is to develop a standardized out-gassing and condensation test providing kinetic data to support contamination models. The test will include quartz crystal microbalances, an effusion cell, and a mass spectrometer. The second program is to develop a chamber at Arnold Engineering and Development Center to determine the effects of contamination on sensitive spacecraft surfaces. The chamber should be capable of measuring change in solar absorbence on thermal control surfaces, change in transmittance of a Germanium window and change in efficiency of a solar cell, all as a function of contaminant mass level of the surface.
Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for lumbar spondylolisthesis

A 59-year-old woman with a history of persistent low back pain presents to the clinic with intermittent claudication and worsening right leg pain. The patient denies any bladder or bowel symptoms. On physical examination, there is bilateral lower extremity weakness specifically in the right extensor hallucis longus. The patient also demonstrates decreased sensation to light touch over the dorsum of the foot. Diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrates an L5-S1 spondylolisthesis with spinal stenosis. Given the persistent neurological symptoms and evidence of spinal instability the patients is scheduled to undergo a minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS TLIF).
An Explicit and Unconditionally Stable FDTD Method for the Analysis of General 3-D Lossy Problems

The root cause of the instability of an explicit finite difference time-domain (FDTD) method is quantitatively identified for the analysis of general lossy problems where both dielectrics and conductors can be lossy and inhomogeneous. Based on the root cause analysis, an efficient algorithm is developed to eradicate the root cause of instability, and subsequently achieve unconditional stability in an explicit FDTD-based simulation of general lossy problems. Numerical experiments have demonstrated the unconditional stability, accuracy, and efficiency of the proposed method.
Learning semantic scene models by trajectory analysis

In this paper, we describe an unsupervised learning framework to segment a scene into semantic regions and to build semantic scene models from long-term observations of moving objects in the scene. First, we introduce two novel similarity measures for comparing trajectories in far-field visual surveillance. The measures simultaneously compare the spatial distribution of trajectories and other attributes, such as velocity and object size, along the trajectories. They also provide a comparison confidence measure which indicates how well the measured image-based similarity approximates true physical similarity. We also introduce novel clustering algorithms which use both similarity and comparison confidence. Based on the proposed similarity measures and clustering methods, a framework to learn semantic scene models by trajectory analysis is developed. Trajectories are first clustered into vehicles and pedestrians, and then further grouped based on spatial and velocity distributions. Different trajectory clusters represent different activities. The geometric and statistical models of structures in the scene, such as roads, walk paths, sources and sinks, are automatically learned from the trajectory clusters. Abnormal activities are detected using the semantic scene models. The system is robust to low-level tracking errors.
Perceived Mathematical Ability Under Challenge: A Longitudinal Perspective on Sex Segregation Among STEM Degree Fields

Students’ perceptions of their mathematics ability vary by gender and seem to influence science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) degree choice. Related, students’ perceptions during academic difficulty are increasingly studied in educational psychology, suggesting a link between such perceptions and task persistence. Despite interest in examining the gender disparities in STEM, these concepts have not been considered in tandem. We investigate how perceived ability under challenge – in particular in mathematics domains – influences entry into the most sex-segregated and mathematics-intensive undergraduate degrees: physics, engineering, mathematics, and computer science (PEMC). Using nationally representative Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 (ELS) data, we estimate the influence of perceived ability under challenging conditions on advanced high school science course taking, selection of an intended STEM major, and specific major type two years after high school. Demonstrating the importance of specificity when discussing how gender influences STEM career pathways, the intersecting effects of gender and perceived ability under mathematics challenge were distinct for each scientific major category. Perceived ability under challenge in secondary school varied by gender, and was highly predictive of selecting PEMC and health sciences majors. Notably, women’s 12th grade perceptions of their ability under mathematics challenge increased the probability that they would select PEMC majors, increasing women's probability of selecting PEMC over and above biology. In addition, gender moderated the effect of growth mindset on students’ selection of health science majors. The implications of these results are discussed, with particular attention to access to advanced scientific coursework in high school and interventions aimed at enhancing young women’s perceptions of their ability to facilitate their pathways to scientific degrees.
Hypersonic Flow Over an Elliptic Cone: Theory and Experiment

By applying hyper sonic approximations to Ferri's linearized characteristics method simple re suits were obtained for the shock shape and surface pressure distribution for an unyawed conical body of arbitrary cross-section. Calculations were carried out for an elliptic cone having a ratio of major to minor axis of 2:1, and a semi-vertex angle of about 12° in the meridian plane containing the major axis. An experimental investigation of the flow over this body conducted at a Ma.ch number of 5.8 in the GALCIT hyper sonic wind tunnel showed that the surface pressure distribution at zero angle of attack agreed quite closely with the theoretical prediction. On the other hand the simple Newtonian approximation predicts pressures that are too low. Surface pressure distributions and schlieren photographs of the shock shape were also obtained at angles of attack up to 14° at zero yaw, and at angles of yaw up to 10°, at zero pitch. At the higher angles of attack the Newtonian approximation for the surface pressures is quite accurate.
Sampled-data systems, revisited: Reflections, recollections and reassessments

A review of the progress made in sampled-data systems during the l a s t t h i r t y y e a r s i s p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s p a p e r . In p a r t i c u l a r the impact of the d i s c r e t e t h e o r y on the continuous counterpart is mentioned. Additionally, the limiting process of d i s c r e t e system theory when t h e d i s c r e t e i n t e r v a l (o r t h e sampling period) goes to zero, i s discussed. Recent emergence of digital signal processing and d i g i t a l f i l t e r s a s an aftermath of sampled-data systems i s brought i n t o focus as well as the technological developments which a i d e d i n t h i s new development. f i e l d a s well as indicabions of possible future developments. The paper concludes with a c r i t i c a l view o f t h e p a s t a c h i e v e m e n t s i n t h i s
Refining The Resource Model: Cortical Competition Could Explain Hemifield Independence

A growing number of studies find that we can select independently from the right and left hemifields, prompting some to suggest separate resources in the two hemispheres. Here we report an experiment suggesting that competition between representations, rather than exhaustion of resources, underlies these effects. Subjects searched a briefly displayed array for one of two targets. Subjects were slower to detect a target when it shared a hemifield with the distractors than when the distractors appeared in the opposite hemifield. Importantly however, this only occurred when the array was dense, suggesting that competition, rather than hemifield-specific resources, explains the decrement.
Edge-colouring eight-regular planar graphs

It was conjectured by the third author in about 1973 that every d-regular planar graph (possibly with parallel edges) can be d-edge-coloured, provided that for every odd set X of vertices, there are at least d edges between X and its complement. For d = 3 this is the four-colour theorem, and the conjecture has been proved for all d ? 7 , by various authors. Here we prove it for d = 8 .
Trends in International Trade in Manufactured Goods and Structural Change in the Industrial Countries

This paper examines recent trends in trade in manufactured goods between the industrial and the developing countries and indicates the implications of these trends for structural change in the industrial countries. Part I provides information on changes over time in the current dollar value of trade in manufactured goods between the industrial and the developing countries. It further analyzes trends in the volume of trade in manufactured goods and the relative importance of trade with the developing countries for the manufacturing sector of the industrial nations. The commodity composition of trade in manufactured goods between the industrial and the developing countries is the subject of Part II. It examines the changing importance of trade in a seven commodity-group breakdown and covers the employment effects and conformity to the comparative advantage of the two groups of countries. The paper concludes with policy recommendations aimed at promoting international trade and structural change.
Skill acquisition via transfer learning and advice taking

We describe a reinforcement learning system that transfers skills from a previously learned source task to a related target task. The system uses inductive logic programming to analyze experience in the source task, and transfers rules for when to take actions. The target task learner accepts these rules through an advice-taking algorithm, which allows learners to benefit from outside guidance that may be imperfect. Our system accepts a human-provided mapping, which specifies the similarities between the source and target tasks and may also include advice about the differences between them. Using three tasks in the RoboCup simulated soccer domain, we demonstrate that this system can speed up reinforcement learning substantially.
PARKING SUBSIDIES AND TRAVEL CHOICES: ASSESSING THE EVIDENCE

This article reviews empirical studies of how employer-paid parking affects employees' travel choices. A strong effect is found: parking subsidies greatly increase solo driving. When employers reduce or remove parking subsidies, a significant number of solo drivers shift to carpools and/or transit. This conclusion is based on studies of parking subsidies in a variety of circumstances, including central city and suburban areas, private and public employers, and clerical and professional employees. Three measures are developed to compare changes in commute patterns: changes in the share of solo drivers. changes in the number of autos driven to work per 100 employees, and the parking price elasticity of demand for solo driving. The studies reviewed here show that 19 to 81 percent fewer employees drive to work alone when they pay for their own parking. Because 90 percent of American commuters who drive to work receive employer-paid parking, these findings are significant for designing transportation policies to reduce air pollution, traffic congestion, and energy consumption.
The Determinants of Debt Maturity at Issuance: A System-Based Model

We examine the determinants of corporate debt maturity while taking into account the interdependent relation between maturity and leverage. We do this by estimating a simultaneous-equations model on debt maturity and leverage for a sample of bond-issuing firms. To compare with previous studies, we also estimate a single-equation model on debt maturity using OLS. We define debt maturity as either the maturity of bonds at issuance (incremental approach), or the percentage of a firm's total debt that matures in more than three years (balance-sheet approach). Corroborating the findings of many previous studies, our single-equation OLS results support the underinvestment hypothesis purporting that firms with greater growth opportunities have shorter-term debt. However, under the simultaneous-equations model, the negative relation between a firm's debt maturity and its growth opportunities ceases to hold. Instead, it is the leverage decision that is influenced by growth opportunities. This suggests that existing models may overestimate the effect of growth opportunities on debt maturity.
Monte Carlo Radiative Heat Transfer Simulation on a Reconfigurable Computer

Recently, the appearance of very large (3 – 10M gate) FPGAs with embedded arithmetic units has opened the door to the possibility of floating point computation on these devices. While previous researchers have described peak performance or kernel matrix operations, there is as yet relatively little experience with mapping an application-specific floating point loop onto FPGAs. In this work, we port a supercomputer application benchmark onto Xilinx Virtex II and Virtex II Pro FPGAs and compare performance with three Pentium IV Xeon microprocessors. Our results show that this application-specific pipeline, with 12 multiply, 10 add/subtract, one divide, and two compare modules of single precision floating point data type, shows speed up of 10.37×. We analyze the trade-offs between hardware and software to characterize the algorithms that will perform well on current and future FPGA architectures.
A pursuer-evader game for sensor networks

In this paper a self-stabilizing program for solving a pursuer-evader problem in sensor networks is presented. The program can be tuned for tracking speed or energy efficiency. In the program, sensor motes close to the evader dynamically maintain a "tracking" tree of depth R that is always rooted at the evader. The pursuer, on the other hand, searches the sensor network until it reaches the tracking tree, and then follows the tree to its root in order to catch the evader.
Left ventricle composite material model for stress-strain analysis

Mechanical properties of the myocardium have been investigated intensively in the last four decades. Due to the nonlinearity and history dependence of the myocardial deformation, many complex strain energy functions have been used to describe the stress-strain relationship of myocardium. These functions are good at fitting in-vitro experimental data from myocardial stretch testing. However it is difficult to model in-vivo myocardium by using the strain energy functions. In a previous paper [24], we have implemented transversely anisotropic material model to estimate in-vivo strain-stress analysis in the myocardium. In this work, the fiber orientation is updated at each time step from the end of diastole to the end of systole, and the stiffness matrix is recalculated using the current fiber orientation. We also extended our model to include residual ventricular stresses and time dependent blood pressure in the left ventricle cavity.
Saving private randomness in one-way functions and pseudorandom generators

Can a one-way function f on n input bits be used with fewer than n bits while retaining comparable hardness of inversion? We show that the answer to this fundamental question is negative, if one is limited black-box reductions. Instead, we ask whether one can save on secret random bits at the expense of more public random bits. Using a shorter secret input is highly desirable, not only because it saves resources, but also because it can yield tighter reductions from higher-level primitives to one-way functions. Our first main result shows that if the number of output elements of f is at most 2k, then a simple construction using pairwise-independent hash functions results in a new one-way function that uses only k secret bits. We also demonstrate that it is not the knowledge of security of f, but rather of its structure, that enables the savings: a black-box reduction cannot, for a general f, reduce the secret-input length, even given the knowledge that security of f is only 2-k; nor can a black-box reduction use fewer than k secret input bits when f has 2k distinct outputs. Our second main result is an application of the public-randomness approach: we show a construction of a pseudorandom generator based on any regular one-way function with output range of known size 2k. The construction requires a seed of only 2n + O(k log k) bits (as opposed to O(n log n) in previous constructions); the savings come from the reusability of public randomness. The secret part of the seed is of length only k (as opposed to n in previous constructions), less than the length of the one-way function input.
Unraveling deterrence effects of regulatory activities under Clean Water Act

In this study, we empirically examine the effectiveness of regulatory actions on wastewater treatment plants in Illinois with careful attention to endogeneity issues that might have caused biased estimates in previous studies. We show that Pooled OLS and Fixed Effect models, which are the dominant estimation strategies in the literature, underestimate the effect of regulatory activities, giving rise to misleading conclusions on the effectiveness of regulatory activities. For example, in this particular application, Pooled OLS and Fixed Effects suggest that non-monetary sanctions "increase" emission levels and monetary sanctions have no deterrence effect. On the contrary, GMM suggests that non-monetary sanctions have no deterrence effect whereas monetary sanctions do have a deterrence effect. This suggests that reconsideration of the deterrence effect of regulatory activities may be worthwhile in other similar applications.
An Integration and Evaluation Framework for ESPC Coupled Models

Abstract : To realize its potential, a U.S. Earth system modeling and prediction capability must encompass a network of agencies and organizations that contribute model components, infrastructure, and scientific and technical expertise. The model component contributions must be integrated using coupling software, the coupled systems optimized for emerging computing platforms, and the predictive skill of the resulting models assessed using standard metrics. We propose to provide these integrative functions for the Earth System Prediction Capability (ESPC), using as a reference application a version of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) running an optimized version of the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). The objectives of our work are: * To establish an ESPC Coupling Testbed that allows for collaborative research into coupling technologies, and use it to prototype multi-model optimization techniques focused on computing systems with accelerator technologies. * To support migration of optimization strategies from the ESPC Coupling Testbed to infrastructure packages and coupled model applications, and provide support for coupling of optimized components in the ESPC program. * To update a newly coupled CESM-HYCOM model configuration with an optimized version of HYCOM and assess the coupled system performance. * To evaluate the CESM-HYCOM model using standard measures of predictive skill, and promote the usage of standard metrics by other models in the program. * To extend ESPC-related computational committees to address new requirements driven by changes in computing architectures and program needs, and to initiate scientific committees.