cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling of vegetation dynamics in the Mississippi River deltaic plain

An analysis was made of vegetation phenomena associated with cyclic river delta building and abandonment in the Mississippi River deltaic plain, Louisiana. Markov models of vegetation succession were completed for the new Atchafalaya delta and for the abandoned Lafourche delta. Transition matrices representing different flood conditions in the Atchafalaya delta (1979–1984) were used separately and in combinations based on long term river discharge data. Effect of grazing was introduced into the model as a special transition matrix. Succession during active delta building is heavily dependent on a particular sequence of flood conditions and, apparently, on the intensity of grazing. Natural vegetation changes and land losses in the abandoned Lafourche delta were simulated using a transition matrix based on air photographs from 1945 and 1956. A general flow diagram of long cyclic vegetation changes in the Mississippi deltaic plain was completed.
Sociological Imperialism: A Brief Comment on the Field

(1968). Sociological Imperialism: A Brief Comment on the Field. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 397-400.
Design of tele-educational system for interpreting dental tumor images

Despite the fact that oral cancer is usually diagnosed with the naked eye, dental radiology can play a significant role in the process of diagnosis, treatment planning, assessment of response to treatment, and prognosis. This paper will discuss a prototype tele-educational system to support dental radiology training programs, which will help dental students get the skills necessary for interpreting dental tumor images. The system consists of a central database, an online case annotation tool and a case demonstration tool. The annotation tool allows dental faculty to integrate image findings with related clinical information, and to prepare high-quality teaching cases. The tele-educational system can improve and reinforce dental students' and dentists' skills in analyzing dental tumor images. The design of tele-educational system could serve as a model for self-evaluation of interpreting skills in dental tumor images as part of Continuous Medical Education (CME) in the future.
Wear of projectile rotating bands

Abstract Rotating or driving bands are bands of relatively soft materials surrounding a projectile. They have a number of functions the chief of which is probably that they produce stabilizing rotation of the projectile when they are “engraved” or keyed into the rifling. These bands are used on spinstabilized projectiles as small as 20 mm caliber, but this discussion concerns especially the larger cannon, i.e . in excess of 105 mm. Excess wear of projectile rotating bands has a number of important negative consequences including inaccuracy and “short rounds”. There are two distinctly different mechanisms of wear. At low speeds near the beginning of motion, wear is by adhesion, abrasion and even, under some conditions, scuffing. After a few centimeters of sliding, a thin surface film of molten band material is formed and the remainder of the sliding is melt lubricated. While metal-on-metal sliding is limited to the first few centimeters, it is very important and can result in serious wear problems down bore. The exact wear of rotating bands depends on the motion of the projectile in the bore of the cannon. Therefore, this motion can be inferred from the wear.
Cytokines and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients show evidence of immune activation, as demonstrated by increased numbers of activated T lymphocytes, including cytotoxic T cells, as well as elevated levels of circulating cytokines. Nevertheless, immune cell function of CFS patients is poor, with low natural killer cell cytotoxicity (NKCC), poor lymphocyte response to mitogens in culture, and frequent immunoglobulin deficiencies, most often IgG1 and IgG3. Immune dysfunction in CFS, with predominance of so-called T-helper type 2 and proinflammatory cytokines, can be episodic and associated with either cause or effect of the physiological and psychological function derangement and/or activation of latent viruses or other pathogens. The interplay of these factors can account for the perpetuation of disease with remission/exacerbation cycles. A T-helper type 2 predominance has been seen among Gulf War syndrome patients and this feature may also be present in other related disorders, such as multiple chemical sensitivity. Therapeutic intervention aimed at induction of a more favorable cytokine expression pattern and immune status appears promising.
Radiation safety in pediatric interventional radiology: Step Lightly

The “Step Lightly” campaign, launched in 2009, is the next phase of the “Image Gently” social marketing campaign, and focuses on improving radiation safety during pediatric interventional radiology procedures. Downloadable content available on the Image Gently website includes parent-friendly information about radiation dose, protocol suggestions and procedure checklists for providers, and information for referring physicians, radiologic technologists and physicists. There are also links to additional reading material and to other relevant organizations.
Programmatic, programmatically non-programmatic and beyond: reflections on the role of collaboration, serendipity and strategic windows in my research pursuits

I am honored and humbled to have been selected for the 2008 Paul D. Converse Award and thank everyone involved in my nomination and selection. Given that both of my papers nominated for the award, ...
Coherence properties of squeezed light and the degree of squeezing

Certain two-time correlation functions of squeezed optical fields and their Fourier conjugates are investigated. These functions are related to the autocorrelation function and the spectral density of the photoelectric current that appears in measurements made of the squeezed light by a homodyne technique. Because the field is often assumed to contain a monochromatic carrier, it is only quasi-stationary, and modified quantum correlation functions, specially constructed to be time independent, are used to describe its properties. The symmetries of the corresponding conjugate spectral functions, which are not always spectral densities, are investigated. The concepts of homogeneous squeezing, inhomogeneous squeezing, and spectral component squeezing are introduced, and it is shown that the condition for cross-spectral purity, when satisfied, leads to homogeneous squeezing. A frequency-dependent parameter called the degree of squeezing, which lies between 0 and −1 for a squeezed state and is simply related to photoelectric measurements, is introduced. These ideas are then applied to the squeezing produced in resonance fluorescence, in parametric downconversion, and in four-wave mixing, and the degrees of squeezing under different conditions are compared.
Special Issue: HIV/AIDS and Historically Underserved Populations

Twenty-five years into the HIV/AIDS pandemic, significant health outcome disparities and gaps in culturally congruent strategies continue to exist for historically underserved racial/ethnic populat...
Martingale, market efficiency and commodity prices

Abstract The martingale model of market efficiency is based on a hypothesis of efficient utilization of information and on the possibility of expressing market equilibrium in terms of expected returns. The paper is concerned with providing an answer to the two following questions: (1) Under which (microeconomic) conditions is it feasible to describe equilibrium in efficient spot commodity markets in terms of expected returns? (Are the two underlying assumptions consistent?) (2) Is the ‘expected return’ assumption necessary to test market efficiency and what alternative can be proposed?
UMTS-TDD: a solution for internetworking Bluetooth piconets in indoor environments

The standards that are supposed to play a leading role in third-generation mobile telecommunication and personal area networks in the near future are the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) and the Bluetooth (BT) radio technology, respectively. In this paper, we advocate that a hybrid architecture of UMTS and Bluetooth can take advantage of the complementary characteristics of these two technologies and provide a total solution for an indoor communication environment. We envision a cooperating scenario in which small Bluetooth networks (scatternets) offer basic wireless connectivity to several peripheral units scattered over small areas, while indoor UMTS supports communication among scatternets and provides wireless access to the Internet. We focus our analysis on a centralized topology, in which communication occurs only between the peripheral units and the access point. This topology can be used in many different application scenarios and represents an example of cooperation between 3G and PAN technologies. In addition to describing the architecture, we address the issue of fair capacity allocation in such a centralized topology and provide some analytic and simulation results for the topology considered.
Cerebral perfusion and arterial transit time changes during task activation determined with continuous arterial spin labeling.

Perfusion imaging by arterial spin labeling (ASL) can be highly sensitive to the transit time from the labeling site to the tissue. We report the results of a study designed to separate the transit time and perfusion contributions to activation in ASL images accompanying motor and visual stimulation. Fractional transit time decreases were found to be comparable to fractional perfusion increases and the transit time change was found to be the greatest contributor to ASL signal change in ASL sequences without delayed acquisition. The implications for activation imaging with ASL and the arterial control of flow are discussed.
New Classes of LDPC Stabilizer Codes Using Ideas from Matrix Scrambling

This paper proposes efficient construction of new classes of quantum low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes through quasi-cyclic matrices, symmetric matrices and scrambling matrices. Unlike many of the existing quantum LDPC codes, the proposed construction is based on classic binary codes rather than quaternary codes, targets the general stabilizer formalism rather than the special CSS formalism, employs systematic approaches rather than computer search, and generates a rich class of codes of different rates and lengths rather than a single code. Simulations demonstrate that these new codes outperform the existing non-CSS LDPC stabilizer codes reported in literature.
Role of Arg182 in the Second Extracellular Loop of Angiotensin II Receptor AT2 in Ligand Binding

Abstract The phenolic side chain of Tyr4 present in Ang II is proposed to interact with the side chain of Arg 167 of the AT1 receptor. To determine the contribution of the analogous Arg182 in the ligand-binding properties of the AT2, we replaced the Arg182 with Glu and Ala, and analyzed the ligand-binding properties. Our results suggest that replacing Arg182 with either Glu or Ala abolished the ability of the AT2 receptor to bind the nonspecific peptidic ligands, 125I-Ang II and [125I-Sar1-Ile8]Ang II, as well as the AT2 receptor-specific peptidic ligand 125I-CGP42112A. We have shown previously that replacing the positively charged side chain of Lys215 with the negatively charged side chain of Glu in the fifth TMD did not alter the high affinity binding of 125I-CGP42112A to the AT2 receptor. However, ligand-binding properties of the Arg182Glu mutant suggest that positively charged side chain of Arg182 located in the junction of second ECL and the fourth TMD is critical for high affinity binding of all three peptidic ligands to the AT2 receptor.
The importance of vein selvaging in controlling the intensity and character of subsurface alteration in hydrothermal systems

The identity and abundance of secondary minerals produced when a hydrothermal fluid, initially in equilibrium with its host formation, convects or is otherwise propelled down a temperature gradient toward the surface are calculated with and without boiling. The calculations show that the mass of secondary minerals produced by a unit throughput of hydrothermal water is surprisingly dependent on selvaging. Mineral precipitation is over 1,000 times greater when chemical contact is maintained with the host formation than when the upwelling fluid is chemically isolated from the host rock by selvages. This means, for example, that a selvaged vein with only one-tenth the hydrothermal mineral alteration of a nonselvaged vein formed in a similar environment may nevertheless have transmitted over 100 times more hydrothermal fluid and precipitated 100 times the mass of ore minerals. These conclusions are for end-member equilibrium models. The magnitude of the effect suggests, however, that selvage formation will remain an important consideration in cases between the two end-member extremes and for cases subject to kinetic control.
Post-Traumatic Headaches in Civilians and Military Personnel: A Comparative, Clinical Review

Post-traumatic headache (PTH) is the most frequent symptom after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We review the epidemiology and characterization of PTH in military and civilian settings. PTH appears to be more likely to develop following mild TBI (concussion) compared with moderate or severe TBI. PTH often clinically resembles primary headache disorders, usually migraine. For migraine-like PTH, individuals who had the most severe headache pain had the highest headache frequencies. Based on studies to date in both civilian and military settings, we recommend changes to the current definition of PTH. Anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are frequently associated with TBI, especially in military populations and in combat settings. PTSD can complicate treatment of PTH as a comorbid condition of post-concussion syndrome. PTH should not be treated as an isolated condition. Comorbid conditions such as PTSD and sleep disturbances also need to be treated. Double-blind placebo-controlled trials in PTH population are necessary to see whether similar phenotypes in the primary headache disorders and PTH will respond similarly to treatment. Until blinded treatment trials are completed, we suggest that, when possible, PTH be treated as one would treat the primary headache disorder(s) that the PTH most closely resembles.
Three-transmit-antenna space-time codes based on SU(3)

Fully diverse constellations, i.e., a set of unitary matrices whose pairwise differences are nonsingular, are useful in multiantenna communications especially in multiantenna differential modulation, since they have good pairwise error properties. Recently, group theoretic ideas, especially fixed-point-free (fpf) groups, have been used to design fully diverse constellations of unitary matrices. Here, we give systematic design methods of space-time codes which are appropriate for three-transmit-antenna differential modulation. The structures of the codes are motivated by the special unitary Lie group SU(3). One of the codes, which is called the AB code, has a fast maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding algorithm using complex sphere decoding. Diversity products of the codes can be easily calculated, and simulated performance shows that they are better than group-based codes, especially at high rates and as good as the elaborately designed nongroup code.
Stimulus information vs processing time in auditory pattern recognition

Previous studies have shown that pitch perception improves with increases in tone duration. An increase in tone duration increases the information available in the stimulus presentation. Other recent experiments have shown that sufficient perceptual processing time is also necessary for accurate pitch perception. The present study determines the relative contribution of stimulus information and processing time in an absolute pitch indentification task. The results indicate that processing time is more critical than stimulus information. The results are described accurately by a model that describes the perceptual process in terms of the information in the stimulus and the time the information is available for perceptual processing.
A scalable technique for characterizing the usage of temporaries in framework-intensive Java applications

Framework-intensive applications (e.g., Web applications) heavily use temporary data structures, often resulting in performance bottlenecks. This paper presents an optimized blended escape analysis to approximate object lifetimes and thus, to identify these temporaries and their uses. Empirical results show that this optimized analysis on average prunes 37% of the basic blocks in our benchmarks, and achieves a speedup of up to 29 times compared to the original analysis. Newly defined metrics quantify key properties of temporary data structures and their uses. A detailed empirical evaluation offers the first characterization of temporaries in framework-intensive applications. The results show that temporary data structures can include up to 12 distinct object types and can traverse through as many as 14 method invocations before being captured.
Indicadores como intervenciones: obstáculos y expectativas al apoyar iniciativas de desarrollo

Los indicadores son transversales en la politica del desarrollo: corrupcion, trafico de personas, obstaculos para hacer negocios, mortalidad y morbilidad infantil… Hay indicadores para todos estos problemas sociales y estos indicadores no solo son metodos para seleccionar, evaluar y publicar intervenciones de desarrollo: ison intervenciones por derecho propio! Los indicadores tienen el potencial de ser intervenciones constructivas para enfrentar problemas de desarrollo. A partir de tres casos de estudio y de una revision a la literatura, este reporte proporciona un marco para entender los efectos de producir indicadores en la gobernanza global y en contextos transnacionales relacionados con el desarrollo, para brindar atencion a ciertos obstaculos y efectos perversos que pueden facilmente ser el resultado de producir y usar indicadores sin la conciencia de que ellos en si mismos son una intervencion, o sin consideracion ni consulta de largo alcance.
Blunt Abdominal Trauma in the Pediatric Patient

Trauma remains the leading cause of death and disability of children 1. , 2. . Prompt diagnosis and management of abdominal injuries are critical for improving outcomes for injured children. The vast majority of pediatric injuries are the result of blunt trauma. This review will therefore focus on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and initial management of blunt abdominal trauma.
An examination of regional cerebral blood flow during object naming tasks

The purpose of this study was to examine regional cerebral blood flow using positron emission tomography (PET) during the performance of tasks related to visual confrontation naming. Ten healthy, young participants were scanned twice in each of 5 conditions; blood flow was measured using standard PET [15O]-water technology. Two major findings have replicated previous studies. First, the naming of visually presented objects, whether covert or overt, requires a region of the left inferior cortex including the fusiform gyrus. Second, during overt naming, there is an increase in activity in the inferior or frontal cortex and insula as a consequence of generating speech code. These data are consistent with other studies demonstrating the importance of the inferior temporal regions for semantic processing, and the frontal cortex for word form generation.
Channel assignment in an IEEE 802.11 WLAN based on Signal-To-Interference Ratio

In this paper, we propose a channel-assignment algorithm at the Access Points (APs) of a wireless local area network (WLAN) in order to maximize signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) at the user level. We start with the channel assignment at the APs, which is based on minimizing the total interference between APs. Based on this initial assignment, we calculate the SIR for each user. The algorithm can be applied to any WLAN, irrespective of the user distribution and user load. Results show that the proposed algorithm is capable of significantly increasing the SIR over the WLAN, which in turn improves throughput.
Analytical and Computational Particulate Load Models in Planetary Surface Spacecraft Cabins

The pressurized volume of spacecraft and vehicle cabins on future planetary surface missions may potentially be susceptible to planetary dust. Expectations are that these volumes will, to some degree, be exposed to dust intrusion via extravehicular activity, leading to elevated particle concentrations that may prove harmful to the crew. To properly design filtration systems for these vehicles, detailed knowledge or data on environmental factors, among them particulate generation loads, will be needed. To address a lack of data in this area, analytical and computation models of particulate generation, transport and removal by filtration in closed cabin environments are being developed. Data from the International Space Station as well as data derived from the Apollo missions were used as inputs to these models. For the computational effort, a Computational Fluid Dynamic solver coupled with a Lagrangian discrete phase (particle) model was used to simulate the planetary dust loads, transport and transients that may take place after an EVA event. The transient simulations showing the dynamics of particle dissipation were particularly interesting for comparing against an analytically derived decay model, and for providing additional insight into the relationship between dissipation rates and particle distribution throughout the volume. This paper reports on the initial results and recommendations derived from the modeling effort.
Classroom teaching in memomotion

imposing list of pedagogic jargon. This word refers to a technique used by industrial engineers in time and motion studies. Specifically, memomotion is the study of a particular task by means of time-lapse photography and the careful analysis of that event.1 The educational researcher as well as the engineer is particularly concerned with obtaining an accurate record of the events which occur in a given location. For the engineer the site may be an assembly line or a retail store. For the educator, it may be the classroom or the principal's office. Trained observers, films, tape recordings, and the TV camera have been used extensively by educators. However, the literature reveals that only one brief study has ever been conducted by using time-lapse photography to scrutinize classroom instruction.2 This paper is intended to report the results of a further inquiry into this technique. In January, 1962, the writer met with a class of fifth grade pupils to carry out a unit of instruction. Most of the basic elements present in a typical teaching-learning situation occurred during this time, i.e., discussion between teacher and pupils, group activities, reports by children of projects they had completed outside of school, teacher demonstrations and chalkboard illustrations.
IERI: Analyses of Twenty Sets of Visual Performance Data in Terms of a Quantitative Method for Prediction of Visual Performance Potential as a Function of Reference Luminance

This article reports the analyses of visual performance work data by means of a quantitative method for predicting visual performance potential as a function of lighting variables reported earlier. The primary purpose of the analyses was to verify the applicability of the quantitative method which was derived from basic visual performance studies to more realistic conditions of visual work. Additional purposes included simplification of the quantitative method if possible, and evaluation of some of its quantitative parameters. Analysis consisted of using the quantitative method to predict performance data under different lighting conditions which provided reasonable matches to the performance data obtained in 20 field test experiments. The first outcome of the analyses was simplification of the quantitative method by elimination of a total of five parameters, although one additional parameter had to be added. The simplified quantitative method was shown capable of providing matching data for the 20 experi...
Murine chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis: induction by human uveitis mycoplasma-like organisms

Mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO) are non-cultivated intracellular cell wall deficient pathogenic bacteria with a distinctive ultrastructural appearance. Diagnosis of MLO disease rests on finding the organisms in parasitized cells using a transmission electron microscope. MLO are a well studied cause of transmissible chronic plant vascular disease responsive to antibiotics. MLO have recently been found to cause human chronic progressive ophthalmic disease including uveitis. In human uveitis MLO are readily found within parasitized intraocular fluid leucocytes. Inoculation of human uveitis MLO into mouse eyelids produced a high incidence of chronic progressive ophthalmic disease including uveitis. MLO also disseminated to produce randomly distributed lethal systemic inflammatory disease. MLO parasitized leucocytes and microvascular alterations were found in the disease sites by electron microscopy. This report describes the chronic progressive tubulointerstitial nephritis in 12 of 100 human uveitis MLO eyelid inoculated mice versus 0 in 200 control mice (p < 0.0001). MLO parasitized leucocytes accompanied by tubular and microvascular alterations were found by electron microscopy in all 12 inflamed kidneys versus 0 of 4 control kidneys. Pathobiology of the MLO-induced murine nephritis, resemblance of this nephritis to human idiopathic chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, bacterial molecular biology, and antibiotic therapy of MLO disease are discussed.
High speed force-volume mapping using atomic force microscope.

This article proposes a control approach based on the notion of superimposition and iterative learning control to achieve high-speed force-volume mapping on scanning probe microscope (SPM). Current forcevolume mapping measurement is slow, resulting in large temporal errors in the force mapping when rapid dynamic evolution is involved in the sample. The force-volume mapping speed is limited by the challenge to overcome the hardware adverse effects excited during high-speed mapping, particularly over a relatively large sample area. The contribution of this article is the development of a novel control approach to high-speed force-volume mapping. The proposed approach utilizes the concept of signal decoupling-superimposition and the recently-developed model-less inversion-based iterative control (MIIC) technique. Experiment on force-curve mapping of a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sample is presented to illustrate the proposed approach. The experimental results show that the mapping speed can be increased by over 20 times.
Dating relationships and infidelity : attitudes and behaviors

Abstract This study of 197 college student participants found that marital injidelity is signajicantly more unaccqtabk than dating injidelity. Mentended to be more lenient in their ratings of injidelity than women. Selfesteem scores were signijicantly higher fm individuals who did not become involved in dating injidelity than for participants who did. Howmer, self-esteem was not found to be a signajicant factor in whether a person remained in a current relationship in which the partner had been unfaithful.
Test Systems for Evaluating the Antiviral Activity of Nucleoside Analogues

Several challenges confront the investigator involved in determining if a particular nucleoside analog has significant antiviral activity. These include, first, selecting an initial test system which will utilize the relatively small amounts of the new chemical usually made available to him. A second problem is to express the antiviral results obtained in a readily understandable, quantitative manner. Finally, and of major importance, is the challenge of selecting those test systems which will accurately predict the antiviral efficacy of a new substance to the human situation. Normally the answers to these challenges are not found in a single, all-encompassing test, but rather are resolved in stepwise fashion beginning with a simple in vitro screening test and then moving into appropriate predictive animal systems.
A generalized hybrid fuzzy-bayesian methodology for modeling complex uncertainty

Due to its well understood nature and its ability to model many phenomena in the physical world extremely well, probability theory is the method of choice for dealing with uncertainty in many science and engineering disciplines. However, as a tool for building representative models of complex real world systems, probability theory has a rather recent history which starts with the introduction of Bayesian Networks (BN). Broadly construed, the BN model of a system is the compact representation of a joint probability distribution of the variables comprising the system. Many complex real-world systems are naturally represented by hybrid models which contain both discrete and continuous variables. However, when it comes to modeling uncertainty and to performing probabilistic inferencing about hybrid systems, what BNs have to offer is quite limited. Although exact inferencing in BNs composed only of discrete variables is well understood, no exact inferencing algorithms exist for general hybrid BNs. In this thesis we concentrate on the problem of inferencing in Hybrid Bayesian Networks (HBNs). Our focus, hence our contributions are three-fold: theoretical, algorithmic and practical. From a theoretical point of view, we provide a novel framework to implement a hybrid methodology that complements probability theory with Fuzzy Sets to perform exact inferencing with general Hybrid Bayesian Networks that is composed of both discrete and continuous variables with no graph-structural restrictions to model uncertainty in complex systems. From an algorithmic perspective, we provide a suite of inferencing algorithms for general Hybrid Bayesian Networks. The suite includes two new inferencing algorithms for the two different types of Fuzzy-Bayesian Networks introduced in this study. Finally, from a practical perspective, we apply our framework, methodology, and techniques to the task of assessing system safety risk due to the introduction of emergent Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs) into the National Airspace System (NAS).
A Simplified Interassembly Heat Transfer Model for the Analysis of Liquid-Metal Fast Breeder Reactor Core Restraint Systems

A simplified interassembly heat transfer model has been developed to satisfy liquid-metal fast breeder reactor core restraint system analysis needs that explicitly treats steady-state intra-assembly and interassembly heat transfer in core assemblies. The intra-assembly heat transfer inside reactor assemblies is modeled based on application of the subchannel concept together with the use of bulk parameters for coolant velocity and coolant temperature within a subchannel. The model utilizes a tri-grid system to treat interassembly heat transfer between assemblies. Because of this special nodal scheme, a set of finite difference equations, derived from the energy equation for all the subchannels, duct wall, and gap flow, is actually a rather special system of simultaneous linear algebraic equations which have a tri-diagonal matrix form. Due to this special form, an efficient method of solution for computers is used without matrix elimination and inversion. Although this model was developed for core restraint applications, it is also well suited for the determination of core-wide coolant temperature distributions.
Grandparent Visitation Claims: Assessing the Multiple Harms of Litigation to Families and Children

This article provides a detailed appraisal of the negative consequences of grandparent visitation lawsuits, and of the harms caused by state-coerced grandparent visitation, in the context of the malfunctioning extended family. I suggest that the special weight afforded a fit parent's decision should be very substantial, and that it should be dispositive of the case unless the grandparent can produce convincing evidence showing that extraordinary circumstances, involving clear harm to the child, justify court ordered visitation. This high degree of deference to parents derives from two features of grandparent visitation cases that deserve more attention than they have received so far in the reported cases. First, the litigation itself is much more damaging to the well-being of children than the cases have yet articulated; if it is to be permitted at all, this litigation must be strictly limited so as not to place undue burdens on the parent-child relationship. Second, the best interest of the child standard used in these cases is fundamentally flawed, leaving judges free rein to impose their subjective views of childrearing upon parents. It is only in extreme circumstances that the best interest test can be used to justify court ordered visitation against a parent's wishes. In view of the many significant negative consequences for parents and children, states must recognize that it is the rare case in which a fit custodial parent's decision to curtail grandparent visitation should be superseded by a court. I suggest standards and litigation procedures that might restrict this litigation, to protect the best interests of children and the constitutional childrearing rights of parents.
Making Aluminum in the Rainforest: The Social Impact of Globalization in the Brazilian Amazon

A great deal of recent attention in the social science literature has focused on the process of globalization, that is, the increasing economic and social integration of all regions of the world. The development of the capitalist world economy over the last five hundred years has been tied to and dependent upon the incorporation of socially and geographically remote regions and ecosystems into the world economy.' A major driving force behind this process of incorporation has been increasing demand for raw materials to fuel industrialization and feed growing populations in the core nations.2 This process of raw materials-based incorporation is shaped by the natural characteristics of particular raw materials;3 the strategies of transnational corporations to gain access to raw materials;4 and the strategies of core, semiperipheral, and peripheral states to capture benefits and avoid the costs of these development strategies.: This paper applies the theoretical model of the new historical materialism to the analysis of data from four raw materials-based communities in the Brazilian Amazon.6 New historical materialism argues that the characteristics of particular raw materials and the social processes of extraction, processing, and consumption
Distribution of Tetracycline and Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin B Resistance Genes in Anaerobic Bacteria

Clinical resistance to antibiotics is due primarily to the acquisition of new genes coding for proteins that confer resistance rather than mutation, deletion, or rearrangement of existing chromosomal genes [1, 2]. Over the past 10 years, the number of strains and genera acquiring antibiotic resistance genes has increased dramatically, and changes in therapy have often been required as a result [1, 2]. Within the genus Bacteroides, a number of mechanisms of antibiotic resistance have been described, including the production of f-lactamases, metallo-f-lactamases, cephalosporinases, chloramphenicol acetyltransferases and nitroreductases, rRNA methylases, and streptomycin adenyltransferases; plasmid and chromosomal resistance to 5-nitroimidazoles; ribosomal protection against tetracycline; and efflux of tetracycline [3, 4]. Many of these same antibiotic-resistance mechanisms have been found in the genus Clostridium [3, 4]. Despite the variety of antibiotic-resistant gram-positive and gram-negative anaerobic bacterial species described, little work has been done to analyze their mechanisms of antibiotic resistance.
Velocity and wall shear-stress measurements in high-Reynolds-number turbulent boundary layers

Velocity and wall shear stress were measured using hot-wire anemometry in two distinct turbulent boundary layers in the National Diagnostic Facility and have demonstrated some new and unique features of the high Reynolds number turbulent boundary layer. In agreement with the literature, mean velocity profiles showed that the socalled logarithmic region grew continuously for increasing Reynolds number for all of the boundary layers confirming an extended disparity between small and large scale motion. It was also observed from the mean velocity profiles that surface roughness elements of less than 2 viscous lengths caused a noticeable overshoot of the log-law line as the Reynolds number increased which indicated the importance of surface roughness at high Reynolds number even when the roughness height was within the viscous sublayer. Spectra computed from long time-series of the streamwise velocity revealed a bi-modal distribution of energy in the boundary layer close to the wall (50 viscous units) asserting that the large-scale, lowfrequency motions of the boundary layer are important in the near-wall region. Direct shear stress measurements using wire-on-wall and MEMS sensors were compared to the Clauser prediction, and it was seen that the Clauser scaling tended to mask the streamwise (Re.,) dependencies of the boundary layer quantities.
Mega-Furrows, Contour Currents and Density Flows of the Northwest Gulf of Mexico Continental Slope and Rise

A geophysical survey of the northern Gulf of Mexico Continental Slope and Rise around Bryant Canyon in the spring of 1999, collecting deep-tow data, which consisted of a 3.5 kHz subbottom profiler and a 100 kHz side-scan-sonar, surveyed a series of longitudinal mega-bed-forms in ~3000 m of water along strike and at the base of the Sigsbee Escarpment.
Influence of CO2 on cardiovascular response to hypoxia in conscious dogs.

The modulating effect of CO2 on the circulatory response to hypoxia in chronically instrumented conscious dogs was examined over a wide range of arterial partial pressure of O2 [PaO2 (from 80 to 25...
The Isolation of Functional Acetylcholine Receptor

In current studies on the purification of acetylcholine receptor, efforts have been directed towards purification of that component of the receptor which bears the recognition site or sites. Consequently, we do not use the term ‘functional’ in the sense that we propose to describe purification of receptor macromolecules which contain the whole apparatus of recognition and (after insertion into an appropriate membrane) transduction. Instead we mean ‘functional’ to imply only that the purified macromolecule can recognize and bind its own transmitter. In particular, we are concerned to contrast the use of the technique which we shall call the reversible ligand technique, and which generally employs acetylcholine as the ligand, with techniques in which ‘irreversibly’ bound α-bungarotoxin (BuTX) is used as a label.
The Third and Final Complication

This case discusses a pharmacokinetic interaction between warfarin and nafcillin. Nafcillin is an inducer of warfarin metabolism and discontinuation led to reversal of induction and increased anticoagulant effect.
“A Curious Epitome of the Life of the City” New York, Broadway, and the Evolution of the Longitudinal View

Discussions of urban representation have been hampered by a persistent contrast between the view from above and the view from street level, or between the urban planner’s panoptic gaze and the flân...
Online dictionary learning from large-scale binary data

Compressive sensing (CS) has been shown useful for reducing dimensionality, by exploiting signal sparsity inherent to specific domain representations of data. Traditional CS approaches represent the signal as a sparse linear combination of basis vectors from a prescribed dictionary. However, it is often impractical to presume accurate knowledge of the basis, which motivates data-driven dictionary learning. Moreover, in large-scale settings one may only afford to acquire quantized measurements, which may arrive sequentially in a streaming fashion. The present paper jointly learns the sparse signal representation and the unknown dictionary when only binary streaming measurements with possible misses are available. To this end, a novel efficient online estimator with closed-form sequential updates is put forth to recover the sparse representation, while refining the dictionary ‘on the fly’. Numerical tests on simulated and real data corroborate the efficacy of the novel approach.
Removal of dissolved silica from industrial waters using inorganic ion exchangers

Abstract Dissolved silica is ubiquitous in impaired waters, a fouling agent in desalination membranes, resistant to existing antiscalants, and difficult to remove from power plant feed waters, thereby inhibiting long term reuse of industrial water. Herein we report a systematic materials study of an inorganic anion exchanger, hydrotalcite (HTC, (Mg6Al2(OH)16(CO3)•4H2O)), for the highly selective removal of silica from aqueous solutions. HTCs exist in two different forms: crystalline uncalcined and calcined (550 °C) phases. Variables studied in ion-exchange studies include pH, HTC concentration, duration and selectivity with competing anions. Results indicate calcined HTC effectively removes silicate anion from different waters including simulated concentrated cooling tower water (CCTW), and waters with high concentration of competing ions, such as SO42− and Cl−. The non-optimized HTC can be easily regenerated and recycled. Calcined HTC has a silica adsorption capacity of 45 mg SiO2/g HTC. The single path flow through (SPFT) studies indicate that using ∼1.1 g/L calcined HTC effectively removes >90% of the dissolved silica from the CCTW. A pseudo-second order kinetic model was fit the experimental data of calcined HTC. Data is supported by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Thermogravimetric-Mass analyses (TGA-MS), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD).
The Story of the Caliphate: Understanding the Islamic State through Narrative Analysis

In the summer of 2014, the Islamic State catapulted into the international spotlight with its gruesome execution videos and savvy use of social media. Ever since, the United States and its allies have struggled to clearly articulate both the nature of the threat posed by the Islamic State and a coherent strategy for managing it. The author argues that the United States can do neither effectively without first understanding the Islamic State's strategic narrative. First, this paper describes the evolution of the Islamic State. Second, it defines strategic narrative in the context of doctrine, literary narrative, and propaganda, along with methods of interpretation. Third, this paper presents a theme-based content analysis of the Islamic State's official magazine, Dabiq, arguing that it advances the Islamic StateA¢â¬â¢s strategic narrative by promoting the following five themes: Islamic legitimacy, statehood, belonging, righteousness, and engagement. Finally, this paper concludes by summarizing the Islamic State's strategic narrative and offering insights as to how an understanding of it could influence US policy and strategy.
100 Years of Fourier Series and Spherical Harmonics in Convexity

Various examples are given that illustrate the fact that Fourier series and spherical harmonics are sometimes essential tools for proving interesting theorems in the geometry of convex sets. To make the article more self-contained most pertinent definitions are stated and the underlying geometric and analytic facts are briefly discussed.
Salivary Glands and Other Head and Neck Structures

Fine needle aspiration and small tissue biopsies have become a primary modality to achieve a definitive diagnosis of a mass-like lesion of the salivary gland. This chapter delineated cytologic and histologic features of common and rare neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions of the salivary gland. The utilities and pitfalls of commonly used diagnostic immunohistochemical (IHC) stains, such as CD117, p63, GATA3, AR, GCDFP-15, and S100, and small diagnostic IHC panels, were described. Multiple challenging and yet practical cases at the end of the chapter were used to reemphasize important points illustrated throughout the chapters.
Breeding bird communities associated with land cover in intensively managed pine forests of the southeastern U.S.

Abstract Intensively managed pine (Pinus spp.) forests (IMPFs) in the southern U.S. are often harvested by clearcutting in conjunction with green tree retention (i.e., retention of unharvested or less-intensively harvested trees and other vegetation), which is thought to promote structural diversity and to benefit wildlife. Management units in IMPFs thus primarily consist of regenerating pine clearcuts (RCCs) plus retained cover in streamside management zones (SMZs: vegetative buffers along perennial and intermittent streams) and/or stringers (forested buffers along ephemeral drains). To understand relationships between retained structures and avian communities, we documented and compared species diversity of breeding bird species and avian guilds in three-year-old RCCs and associated SMZs and stringers on 60 IMPF management units within the South Central Plains ecoregion of the southeastern U.S. We detected 5617 individuals of 60 species. Eight species were considered “common birds in steep decline,” one of which was frequently detected (Prairie Warbler, Setophaga discolor). Three of our 15 most frequently detected species were identified by Partners in Flight as “warranting management attention” for “moderate or high regional declines,” and 19 other species were listed as “warranting management attention” but were uncommonly detected. Forty-two of 44 species documented in RCCs were also observed accessing retention cover areas. SMZs and stringers comprised an average of 17.4% of management unit area, but 27% of species were detected solely in retention cover types. There was an 84% species overlap between SMZs and stringers. Stringers augmented SMZ contributions to site avian diversity by hosting forest specialist guilds. Diversity of early-successional specialists was similar between stringers and RCCs, suggesting stringers also enhanced RCC contributions to site bird diversity. Furthermore, we detected several species only within stringers. Green tree retention land cover contributed to stand scale avian diversity disproportionately to its area, and in particular, stringer cover appeared to enhance the value to avifaunal species diversity of RCC and SMZ patches.
Light-Inducible Gene Regulation with Engineered Zinc Finger Proteins

The coupling of light-inducible protein-protein interactions with gene regulation systems has enabled the control of gene expression with light. In particular, heterodimer protein pairs from plants can be used to engineer a gene regulation system in mammalian cells that is reversible, repeatable, tunable, controllable in a spatiotemporal manner, and targetable to any DNA sequence. This system, Light-Inducible Transcription using Engineered Zinc finger proteins (LITEZ), is based on the blue light-induced interaction of GIGANTEA and the LOV domain of FKF1 that drives the localization of a transcriptional activator to the DNA-binding site of a highly customizable engineered zinc finger protein. This chapter provides methods for modifying LITEZ to target new DNA sequences, engineering a programmable LED array to illuminate cell cultures, and using the modified LITEZ system to achieve spatiotemporal control of transgene expression in mammalian cells.
Comparison of an experimental pulsation systemwith conventional pulsation

This study examined whether cows milked with a "copulsation" milking machine differed from cows milked with a standard pulsation milking unit in measures of udder health, teat end condition, and milk flow rate. Study design was a one-year trial with a completely randomized block crossover. Background on the "copulsation" method will be provided.