cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Force Redistribution in a Quadruped Running Trot

In this paper, an attitude control strategy is developed for a high-speed quadruped trot. The forces in the trot are redistributed among the legs to stabilize the pitch and roll of the system. An important aspect of the strategy is that the controller works to preserve the passive dynamics of quadruped trotting that are accurately predicted by the spring-loaded inverted pendulum (SLIP) model. A hybrid control strategy is presented which allows the quadruped to reach a speed of 4.75 m/s and turn at a rate of 20 deg/s in simulation under operator control. The discrete part of the controller runs once per trot step and outputs a stance thrust energy and hip angles for touchdown. The stance thrust energy accounts for losses during the step, especially at touchdown. Both the stance thrust energy and hip angles dictate the natural dynamics during stance. The force redistribution algorithm continuously operates during stance to stabilize the body's tilt axes, roll and pitch, with minimal effect on the prescribed natural dynamics. The 1.0 m/s increase in speed over previously presented work is largely due to the more dynamically-consistent force redistribution algorithm presented in this paper. The controller also tracks desired changes in heading, for which the biomimetic method of banking into a high-speed turn is also realized.
The Effects of War on Children: School Psychologists' Role and Function.

War may be the most profound psychosocial stressor on child and adolescent development, for it has the potential to inflict loss, disruption of stability, deleterious health effects and family/community system disorganization. This article reviews the literature regarding the effects of war on children and explores the role and function of the school psychologist with respect to the profession’s responsibilities regarding war and peace. Recommendations are made for local, national and international efforts.
Discovering patterns of missing data in survey databases: An application of rough sets

Databases for data mining often have missing values. Missing data are often mistreated in data mining and valuable knowledge related to missing data is often overlooked. This study discusses patterns of missing data in survey databases. It proposes a framework of rough set rule induction method that enables the data miner to obtain association rules of patterns of missing data in a survey database. Through an experiment on a real-world data set, we demonstrate the approach to discovering knowledge about missing data.
The effects of mine acid on the pond river watershed in Western Kentucky

: H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) is formed by a chemical process that occurs in unreclaimed coal mines. The highly toxic acid then flows into the lower swamp areas where it causes considerable damage to the ecosystem. The major effect of the acid is the mass destruction of thousands of trees and various other phreatophytic plants. The contamination is so serious that most of the wildlife has migrated out of the affected area of the swamp in order to survive. Certain geological features such as coal bearing monadanocks make the area somewhat sensitive to mining activities and related geologic hazards. New methods of mine acid abatement make the concept of mass reclamation more realistic than at any time in the past. The constant annihilation of swamp life and processes emphasizes the urgent need for reclamation of the swamp.
Intertextual Biography in the Rivalry of Cratinus and Aristophanes

MORE THAN A DECADE AGO, Malcolm Heath provided an influential explanation for charges of plagiarism between comic poets when he posited a growing store of ideas that were recycled as quickly as they were invented. As a result, “Anything put on stage in a comedy would become public property and be absorbed into the repertoire, so that all comic poets contributed to it; and all drew on it, although each would aim to give a new and original twist to the material which he borrowed, so that the repertoire constantly evolved. If this was so, then any poet could lay claim to originality . . . and any rival could make a counterclaim of plagiarism.” 1 These remarks have important implications for the study of Old Comedy, not least in exposing the irony of such assertions as that of Antiphanes (Poie\, fr. 189 K-A), which overstates generic distinctions between tragedy and comedy on the score of originality. Beyond merely acknowledging comedy’s essentially adaptive nature, Heath’s position suggests that a certain degree of allusiveness was, as it were, built into the genre. Unfortunately there are few opportunities to test the potential insights that follow from Heath’s general proposition since the corpus of comic fragments poses so many questions of plot, context, attribution, and—always important for this kind of study—chronology. There is one sequence of plays, however, that has attracted attention since antiquity as an example of comic poets responding to one another and for which valuable insights can still be gained by building on Heath’s thesis. In 423 Cratinus took the prize against Aristophanes’ Clouds with Pytine, a play in which Cratinus boldly portrayed himself as the hero while borrowing heavily from Aristophanes’ caricature of him in Knights the previous year. While interest in the relationship of these plays has been renewed in recent years, the convergence of issues pertaining to adaptation, intertextuality, and rivalry has not been fully explored. Besides discussing these ideas as they relate to Knights and
Effective primary prevention programs in public health and their applicability to the prevention of child maltreatment

Principles of public health practice can be applied to problems, such as child maltreatment, that have behavioral antecedents and injury outcomes. Successful campaigns to promote bicycle helmet use to prevent brain injury and to promote supine sleeping to prevent sudden infant death are described. These programs were universally applied, featured simple behavioral goals, were based on the best available evidence, and monitored both behavioral and health-related outcomes.
Quality of Life and Parental Adjustment in Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension

Background This study examines the impact of pulmonary hypertension (PH) on the quality of life (QoL) of affected youth, as well as the relationships among PH disease severity, parental adjustment variables, and family relational functioning. Methods Subjects were 47 eligible parents of children with PH aged 2 to 18 years who were evaluated at Boston Children's Hospital. Measures of patient QoL and of parental stress, coping, and adjustment were administered to the caregivers. Clinicians rated illness severity and family relational functioning. Results Youth with PH scored significantly lower than healthy norms on a measure of parent-reported QoL (total, psychosocial, and physical QoL, each P P P = .03). Conclusions PH takes a major toll on children and their families. Decreased QoL among youth with PH was significantly associated with high levels of parental stress, over and above the effect of illness severity. These findings suggest that interventions to better support the caretakers of affected children and adolescents should accompany medical treatment advances so as to improve QoL for patients facing pediatric PH.
Effects of aging and obesity on aromatase activity of human adipose cells

Adipose tissue is the principal site of estrogen formation in postmenopausal women; with advancing age as well as with increased body weight, there is an increase in the fractional conversion of circulating androstenedione to estrone. We have studied the effects of aging as well as body weight on aromatase activity of adipose tissue specimens taken from 50 women of various ages and weights. Since aromatase activity of adipose tissue is detectable primarily in stromal cells, these cells were incubated with [1-3H]androstenedione (150 nM), and estrogen formation was assayed by measuring the incorporation of tritium into [3H]water. The aromatization rate, when normalized on the basis of equal numbers of cells, increased with increasing age (P ¼ 0.03; r = 0.43). In contrast, when expressed as a function of body weight, no change in aromatase activity of adipose stromal cells were found. Aromatization of androstenedione by cells from young women who had undergone oophorectomy was not increased compared with tha...
Law and Politics in Judicial Oversight of Federal Administrative Agencies

Administrative agencies play a substantial role in the formulation and implementation of national policy. Central to this role is their exercise of discretion. A normative consensus exists that such discretion should be constrained by administrative deference to the rule of law. The courts of appeals are expected to insure that such discretion is constrained. The analysis reported below examines how effectively they fulfill that expectation. The findings suggest that agency success is related to political considerations, with agencies being successful when their decisions are consistent with the policy preferences of the judges. However, variables that captured elements of the legal model were also related to success. Taken together, it appears that the appeals courts respond to both legal concerns and political preferences. Thus, the courts appear to fulfill the expectation that they will constrain the worst abuses of discretion by imposing the rule of law.
SPECIES LIMITS IN ANTBIRDS (THAMNOPHILIDAE): THE WARBLING ANTBIRD (HYPOCNEMIS CANTATOR) COMPLEX

Abstract Six populations of Warbling Antbird (Hypocnemis cantator) currently considered subspecies are more appropriately recognized as species, given the multiplicity of vocal differences that distinguishes them. These vocal differences are as great or greater than vocal differences documented between syntopic species-pairs in the family Thamnophilidae (Isler et al. 1998). Evidence is also provided that two forms currently considered subspecies are syntopic and that two others are parapatric without apparent physical barriers. Vocally, the pair of syntopic taxa were distinguished dramatically, but solely, by common calls. The finding that common calls were as diversified as songs in this species-group suggests that calls may be as important as songs in reproductive isolation. Future field studies should therefore focus on clarifying the function of different types of thamnophilid vocalizations and elucidating their role in speciation. This is the first contribution to a multifaceted analysis of the vocal...
Significantly Enhanced Inductance and Quality Factor of GHz Integrated Magnetic Solenoid Inductors With FeGaB/ ${\rm Al}_{2}{\rm O}_{3}$ Multilayer Films

We report new high quality factor (Q) integrated GHz magnetic inductors based on solenoid structures with FeGaB/Al2O3 multilayer films, which show significantly enhanced inductance and quality factor at GHz frequencies over their air core counterparts. These inductors show an excellent high-frequency performance with a wide operation frequency range 0.5-2.5 GHz, in which the inductance is flat and the peak quality factor can reach ~20. The inductance of the magnetic inductor shows >100% enhancement compared with that of the same size air core inductor. These novel GHz inductors with high inductance and Q enhancement show great promise for applications in radio frequency integrated circuits.
Genetic programming: a tutorial introduction

Genetic programming emerged in the early 1990's as one of the most exciting new evolutionary algorithm paradigms. It has rapidly grown into a thriving area of research and application. While sharing the evolutionary inspired algorithm principles of a genetic algorithm, it differs by exploiting an executable genome. Genetic programming evolves a 'program' to solve a problem rather than a single solution. This tutorial introduces the basic genetic programming framework. It explains how the powerful capability of genetic programming is derived from modular algorithmic components: executable representations such as an abstract syntax tree, variation operators that preserve syntax and explore a variable length, hierarchical solution space, appropriately chosen programming functions and fitness function specification.
Saturation Transfer Spectroscopy: A Progress Report on Instrumental Developments

Saturation transfer EPR applications to a number of slow rotational diffusion problems of biomedical interest are described along with recent advances in instrumentation which enhance the motional process discrimination and signal-to-noise sensitivity of the saturation transfer EPR response.
A Sinergia entre as Heurísticas de Usabilidade de Software e as Heurísticas de Ensino - Aprendizagem do ponto de vista da Educação à Distância Mediada pela Web

Resumo: A usabilidade dos ambientes ou conteudos educacionais multimidia projetados para serem utilizados em Educacao a Distância Mediada pela Web (EADMW) e um dos fatores determinantes para o sucesso do processo de ensino-aprendizagem apoiado por esses ambientes e conteudos. A pesquisa de estrategias de teste de usabilidade para software educacional para EADMW nao tem levado em consideracao aspectos pedagogicos, com excecao de um trabalho que foca na integracao entre heuristicas de usabilidade monousuario e o socio-construtivismo. O presente trabalho explicita e investiga teoricamente o relacionamento entre um amplo conjunto de teorias educacionais – modeladas como heuristicas de ensino-aprendizagem – e as heuristicas de usabilidade de software. Foi encontrada forte sinergia entre as duas classes de heuristicas, o que evidencia que desenvolver software educacional para a Web atentando as heuristicas de usabilidade facilita o processo de ensino-aprendizagem mediado por esse software, conhecimento esse que podera beneficiar o desenvolvimento de software para EADMW. Abstract: A usabilidade dos ambientes ou conteudos educacionais multimidia projetados para serem utilizados em Educacao a Distância Mediada pela Web (EADMW) e um dos fatores determinantes para o sucesso do processo de ensino-aprendizagem apoiado por esses ambientes e conteudos. A pesquisa de estrategias de teste de usabilidade para software educacional para EADMW nao tem levado em consideracao aspectos pedagogicos, com excecao de um trabalho que foca na integracao entre heuristicas de usabilidade monousuario e o socio-construtivismo. O presente trabalho explicita e investiga teoricamente o relacionamento entre um amplo conjunto de teorias educacionais – modeladas como heuristicas de ensino-aprendizagem – e as heuristicas de usabilidade de software. Foi encontrada forte sinergia entre as duas classes de heuristicas, o que evidencia que desenvolver software educacional para a Web atentando as heuristicas de usabilidade facilita o processo de ensino-aprendizagem mediado por esse software, conhecimento esse que podera beneficiar o desenvolvimento de software para EADMW.
Correlates of HIV and STI testing among Latino men who have sex with men in New York City.

We assessed the extent to which sociodemographic, personal, and behavioral factors are associated with human immunodeﬁciency virus/sexually transmitted infection (HIV/STI) testing among a diverse group of Latino men who have sex with men (MSM) in New York City. The triangulation approach was used to synthesize data from 176 MSM who completed an in-person or phone questionnaire about substance use, alcohol consumption, sexual behaviors, and HIV/STI testing history and 40 participants who participated in focus groups. Correlates of testing significant in univariable analyses (p < .05) were entered into multivariable logistic regression models. Over half (57.9%) of study subjects tested for HIV in the previous 12 months and 60.2% tested for STIs in the previous 12 months. Age and education were positively correlated with HIV testing in multivariable analysis. No significant correlates of STI testing were identified. Spanish-speaking only subjects were less likely to get tested for HIV and STI; however, this association was not significant. Our study demonstrates the need for further study of predictors of STI testing as well as the potential role of language barriers and education in routine testing for HIV. Social and behavioral factors may intensify these obstacles. Future research and interventions should address the role of language barriers and perceived issues of immigration status in the decision to get tested.
Results of an international leed intensity project: I. Reproducibility of experimental spectra

Five laboratories participated in a project consisting in the collection of LEED (low-energy electron diffraction) data from a self-prepared Cu{001} surface for the purpose of testing methodologies and reproducibility. Each of the five data sets consists of normal-incidence I–V spectra for the four degenerate 10-, 11- and 20-type beams and for some of the eight degenerate 21-type beams, the electron energy varying in the range from 20 to 300 eV somewhat differently in different sets. Although equivalent I–V curves look very similar to one another a quantitative analysis reveals that the energy scale may be shifted by as much as 10 eV from laboratory to laboratory, the peak positions may fluctuate by ±2.5 eV and the peak intensities may vary by as much as 70%.
Nitric oxide inhibits topoisomerase II activity and induces resistance to topoisomerase II-poisons in human tumor cells.

Abstract Background Etoposide and doxorubicin, topoisomerase II poisons, are important drugs for the treatment of tumors in the clinic. Topoisomerases contain several free sulfhydryl groups which are important for their activity and are also potential targets for nitric oxide ( NO)-induced nitrosation. NO, a physiological signaling molecule nitrosates many cellular proteins, causing altered protein and cellular functions. Methods Here, we have evaluated the roles of NO/ NO-derived species in the activity/stability of topo II both in vitro and in human tumor cells, and in the cytotoxicity of topo II-poisons, etoposide and doxorubicin. Results Treatment of purified topo IIα with propylamine propylamine nonoate (PPNO), an NO donor, resulted in inhibition of both the catalytic and relaxation activity in vitro, and decreased etoposide-dependent cleavable complex formation in both human HT-29 colon and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. PPNO treatment also induced significant nitrosation of topo IIα protein in these human tumor cells. These events, taken together, caused a significant resistance to etoposide in both cell lines. However, PPNO had no effect on doxorubicin-induced cleavable complex formation, or doxorubicin cytotoxicity in these cell lines. Conclusion Inhibition of topo II function by NO/ NO-derived species induces significant resistance to etoposide, without affecting doxorubicin cytotoxicity in human tumor cells. General significance As tumors express inducible nitric oxide synthase and generate significant amounts of NO, modulation of topo II functions by NO/ NO-derived species could render tumors resistant to certain topo II-poisons in the clinic.
The role of the endogenous opioid system in the human stress response

This article critically reviews strategies and the status of experimental work accomplished to assess the involvement of the endogenous opioid system in human adaptation to stressors. The authors present their findings and offer directions for clinical research.
Site-Directed Therapy for Lung Cancer Metastases

At the time of diagnosis, 40% of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and nearly 70% of patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) have advanced metastatic disease. The prognosis of patients with advanced lung cancer is dismal, with a 5-year overall survival rate of 1–2%. The primary treatment of advanced disease is supportive care and palliative chemotherapy. However, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that highly selected patients with oligometastatic disease can achieve long-term survival with ablative forms of site-directed therapy, including surgical resection, external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), and radiofrequency ablation (RFA). This chapter summarizes the experience with site-directed therapy in the management of metastatic lung cancer in the most commonly involved sites: brain, adrenal gland, liver, lung, and bone.
Gaucher Disease Type IIIC, with Oculomotor Apraxia

Four siblings with consanguineous parents, presenting with oculomotor apraxia in early childhood, were diagnosed with Gaucher disease (GD) at 10 years of age, at King Faisal Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
RESIDUAL MICROORGANISMS IN CLEANED-IN-PLACE SYSTEMS FOR HANDLING MILK

A model system was used to simulate commercial cleaned in-place (CIP) conditions. Alterations in the system were made to determine the effect on the microflora, as potential food product contaminants. By the use of Serratia marcescens as a tag, contamination was shown to be more complex than a simple residue from the daily operation. Also, the use of S. marcescens revealed that contamination did not move from outside surfaces of the equipment into the liquid food even with severely corroded equipment. Increasing corrosion provided greater harborage for microorganisms. The harborage could be limited somewhat by drying the surfaces, but a much greater reduction in harborage was obtained by storing the system filled with a solution at pH 11. With manipulations that reduced the total contaminants, there was an increase in the relative frequency of Gram-positive asporogenous rods, certain genera of which show promise as indicators of un-satisfactory equipment condition.
A Review of Alan Bollard's a Few Hare's to Chase: The Economic Life and Times of Bill Phillips

A.W.H. Phillips is little known to the economics profession today, except at the creator of the Phillips curve. Bollard’s engaging biography tells the story of a provincial New Zealander and practical engineer, who emerges as a hero in World War II, and plots a spectacular rise from 3rd class sociology degree to Tooke Professor of Economics at the LSE in just eight years. Bollard’s biograph is a welcome corrective – both in demonstrating that Phillips’ most important contributions to economics lay in the realms of macroeconomic dynamics and time-series econometrics and in showing how those aspects of his work must be appreciated to place the more famous Phillips curve into perspective.
Breast cancer cell adhesome and degradome interact to drive metastasis.

Although primary breast tumors are detected early in most cases, it is inevitable that many patients remain at risk for future recurrence and death due to micrometastases. We investigated interactions between the degradome and the adhesome that drive metastasis, and have focused on matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) within the degradome and integrins and E-cadherin within the adhesome. The aim of this study is to identify interaction networks between adhesion molecules and degradative enzymes in breast cancer metastasis. We compared non-metastatic (BT-474, T47D, MCF7) and metastatic (MDA-MB-231, SUM149, SUM159) human breast cancer cell lines and xenografts, in which we measured growth rate, migration, invasion, colony formation, protein expression, and enzyme activity in vitro and in vivo. The metastatic breast cancer lines and xenografts displayed higher expression and activity levels of MMPs, which was also confirmed by noninvasive imaging in vivo. These metastatic breast cancer models also displayed elevated heterophilic cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) and lower homophilic cell–cell adhesion compared with those of non-metastatic models. This was conferred by an increased expression of the heterophilic cell adhesion molecule integrin β1 (ITGB1) and a decreased expression of the homophilic cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin. Inhibition of MMPs in metastatic cells led to a reduced expression of ITGB1, and stimulation of ITGB1 resulted in higher MMP activities in metastatic cancer cells, demonstrating reciprocal dependencies between degradome and adhesome. Re-expression of E-cadherin (CDH1) led to an increased expression of the precursor form of ITGB1. Our results point toward a concerted interdependence of MMPs, ITGB1, and CDH1 that is critical for breast cancer metastasis. Proteins that assist breast cancer cells to stick to healthy tissue influence levels of enzymes that destroy healthy tissue — helping tumors to spread. Enzymes known as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are essential for metastasis because they help tumor cells to migrate by degrading nearby healthy tissue. However, treatments that target them have been unsuccessful. Kristine Glunde and co-workers at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in the United States set out to identify molecules that affect MMP levels. The team profiled cell adhesion and degradation proteins expressed by metastatic and non-metastatic breast cancer cells and used an online database to identify interactions. They found that adhesion molecules such as integrins and e-cadherin alter MMP levels, and vice-versa, and suggest that critical nodes in the adhesion–degradation network make the best clinical targets.
Non-myeloablative peripheral blood stem cell transplant in a patient with platelet (HPA) mismatch and pre-existing anti-donor platelet alloantibodies

17541 Background: Platelets display a series of polymorphic epitopes which are known as the human platelet alloantigen (HPA) system. Alloantibodies directed against these HPA epitopes cause platele...
Leflunomide derivative A77 1726 has antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects upon neoplastic B-cell lines, and is cytotoxic to human chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 631 Leflunomide is a commercially available immunosuppressive agent approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The compound is administered orally and is rapidly converted to the active compound A77 1726. The proposed mechanism of A77 1726 is a reduction in lymphocyte proliferation due to inhibition of de novo pyrimidine synthesis and inhibition of tyrosine kinases. Given the need for chemotherapeutics with activity against neoplastic B-cell diseases that possess favorable pharmacokinetic and side effect profiles, we examined the in vitro antiproliferative effect of A77 1726 upon neoplastic B-cell lines, and its in vitro cytotoxic effect upon primary CLL cells. Raji, Ramos, 697, WaC3CD5 and Daudi B-cell lines were treated with A77 1726 (0, 1, 10, 50, 100, 200 and 300 μM) for 24, 48 and 96 hrs in RPMI media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The antiproliferative effect was determined using the MTT assay. A77 1726 IC50 values for each cell line are: Daudi (13 μM), Ramos (18 μM), 697 (29 μM), Raji (39 μM), and WaC3CD5 (89 μM). Cell cycle analysis of Raji cells using propidium iodide (PI) staining with FACS analysis, showed a reduction in the fraction of cells in G2 from 19 % to 4.9 % with A77 1726 (200 μM) treatment. For WaC3CD5 cells, A77 1726 did not block cell cycle progression. A77 1726 reduces de novo pyrimidine synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. The reduction in de novo pyrimidine synthesis can be surmounted by the addition of uridine to the culture media. The Raji and WaC3CD5 cell lines were incubated with A77 1726 with and without uridine to determine the role of pyrimidine synthesis in A77 1726’s antiproliferative effect upon the cell lines. For the Raji cell line, addition of 50 μM uridine to A77 1726 (200 μM) treated cells increased the number of viable cells from 22% to 62% of the untreated control. For the WaC3CD5 cell line, the addition of uridine did not decrease the antiproliferative effect of A77 1726. These data agree with prior studies that indicated an antiproliferative effect of A77 1726 beyond its inhibition of de novo pyrimidine synthesis. B-CLL cells do not reproduce in vitro ; however, we hypothesized that the pyrimidine-independent effect of A77 1726 may be cytotoxic to CLL cells in vitro . Five negatively selected primary CLL samples were treated with A77 1726 (0, 50, 100, 200 and 300 μM) for 120 hrs and cell viability was determined with the MTT assay. Significant (greater than 40 % of control value) cytotoxicity occurred with 200 μM A77 1726 in 3 of 5 samples. Treatment with 300 μM A77 1726 led to significant killing in all the samples. The mean viability, as compared to untreated control, was 36% (SD 21, N=5). Addition of uridine did not reverse the observed cytotoxic effect of A77 1726 upon CLL cells. Further study of leflunomide in animal models of neoplastic B-cell disorders is warranted.
Changing Definitions of Fresh Start in U.S. Bankruptcy Law

Consumer bankruptcy law in the United States has been distinguished by its commitment to the fresh start concept, enabling the debtor to discharge indebtedness and begin a new economic life. In this paper recent developments respecting four important limitations on the scope of the fresh start are examined. The four limitations are: (1) the debtor must give up non-exempt property; (2) in some parts of the country debtors are effectively required to complete 3 to 5 year debt repayment plans (called Chapter 13 plans) before receiving a discharge; (3) certain debts are "excepted" from discharge; and (4) many rights of secured creditors in collateral are preserved despite discharge.
Prospective Validation of Molecular Prognostic Markers in Cutaneous Melanoma: A Correlative Analysis of E1690

Purpose: To validate the prognostic impact of combined expression levels of three markers (SPP1, RGS1, and NCOA3) in melanoma specimens from patients enrolled in the E1690 clinical trial of high-dose or low-dose IFNα-2b versus observation.Experimental Design: Tissue was available from 248 patients. Marker expression was determined by digital imaging of immunohistochemically stained slides. The prognostic impact of each marker was first assessed by recording its expression value relative to the median. A multimarker index was then developed to combine marker expression levels by counting for each patient the number of markers with high expression. The impact of the multimarker index on relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis, and both univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses.Results: By Kaplan-Meier analysis, high multimarker expression scores were significantly predictive of RFS (P < 0.001) and OS (P < 0.001). Stepwise multivariate Cox regression analysis with backward elimination that included routine clinical and histologic prognostic factors revealed high multimarker expression scores and tumor thickness as the only factors significantly and independently predicting RFS and OS. Stepwise multivariate Cox regression analyses that also included treatment type and number of positive lymph nodes generated identical results for both RFS and OS. In the molecularly defined low-risk subgroup, patients treated with high-dose IFN had a significantly improved RFS compared with patients in the other two subgroups (P < 0.05).Conclusions: These results validate the independent impact of combined expression levels of SPP1, RGS1, and NCOA3 on survival of melanoma in a prospectively collected cohort. Clin Cancer Res; 23(22); 6888-92. ©2017 AACR.
First demonstration of band-to-band tunneling in black phosphorus

Black phosphorus (BP) has recently attracted wide interest for various applications and is particularly appealing for low power tunneling devices due to several unique properties such as a small bandgap and small carrier effective masses. Here, we report the first experimental demonstration of band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) in BP. In addition, we also report fully top gated BP FETs with record-high n-type current drive capabilities.
Prospective elementary teachers’ conceptions of multidigit number: exemplifying a replication framework for mathematics education

Replication studies play a critical role in scientific accumulation of knowledge, yet replication studies in mathematics education are rare. In this study, the authors replicated Thanheiser’s (Educational Studies in Mathematics 75:241–251, 2010) study of prospective elementary teachers’ conceptions of multidigit number and examined the main claim that most elementary pre-service teachers think about digits incorrectly at least some of the time. Results indicated no statistically significant difference in the distribution of conceptions between the original and replication samples and, moreover, no statistically significant differences in the distribution of sub-conceptions among prospective teachers with the most common conception. These results suggest confidence is warranted both in the generality of the main claim and in the utility of the conceptions framework for describing prospective elementary teachers’ conceptions of multidigit number. The report further contributes a framework for replication of mathematics education research adapted from the field of psychology.
Salicylic Acid in Plant Disease Resistance

Salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in plant defense. Its role in plant disease resistance is well documented for dicotyledonous plants, where it is required for basal resistance against pathogens as well as for the inducible defense mechanism, systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which confers resistance against a broad-spectrum of pathogens. The activation of SAR is associated with the heightened level of expression of the pathogenesis-related proteins, some of which possess antimicrobial activity. Studies in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana have provided important insights into the mechanism of SA signaling in plant defense. The NPR1 protein is an important component of SA signaling in Arabidopsis. Homologues of NPR1 are present in other plant species. NPR1 is also required for plant defense mechanisms that do not require SA. Hence, NPR1 provides an important link between different defense mechanisms. Similarly, cross talk between SA and other defense signaling pathways results in the fine-tuning of plant defense response. Recent discoveries have implicated an important role for lipids in SA signaling. We discuss the progress made in understanding SA biosynthesis and signaling, its cross talk with other mechanisms in plant defense and the practical utility in targeting this defense mechanism for enhancing disease resistance.
Immune status of PIC Camborough-15 sows, 25% Meishan sows, and their offspring kept indoors and outdoors.

Newer genetic lines of pigs are being used in indoor and outdoor production systems. The objectives of Exp. 1 were to describe the effects of the maternal sow line genotype, environment (indoor vs outdoor), and the genotype × environment interactions on blood hemoglobin (Hb), immunoglobulin G (IgG) con- centrations, white blood cell (WBC) numbers, lympho- cyte transformation/blastogenesis (LTA), natural killer (NK) cell activity, neutrophil chemotaxis, cortisol con- centrations, and leukocyte differentials. Studies were performed using two genotypes: PIC Experimental-94 (Exp-94, an experimental line containing 25% Meishan) and PIC Camborough-15 (C-15). The Exp-94 sows had lower LTA at 0.2 g/mL mitogen than the C-15 sows, whereas Exp-94 sows had higher NK cytotoxicity than the C-15 sows. When indoors, the two genotypes showed
Intrazelluläre Wirkung von Angiotensin II in glatten Muskelzellen

Angiotensin (ANG) II befindet sich in glatten Muskelzellen (VSMC). Die intrazellulare Funktion ist dennoch unklar. Wir haben in glatten Muskelzellen den Einflus von intrazellularem ANG II auf zytosolische und nukleare [Ca++]i-Signale untersucht. Mikroinjektion von ANG II in das Zellinnere fuhrte zu einem raschen Anstieg der intrazellularen und der nuklearen [Ca++Ji-Konzentration, der durch den Einstrom von extrazellularem Ca++-Ionen vermittelt wurde. Die intrazellulare Wirkung von ANG II konnte durch die Injektion des ANG-II-Rezeptorantagonisten CV 11947 inhibiert werden. Weder Desensibilisierung der extrazellularen ANG-II-Rezeptoren noch die extrazellulare Zugabe des AT1-Rezeptorblockers CV 11947 beeinflusten die intrazellulare ANG-II-Wirkung. Die mikroinjizierte Zelle, aber auch bestimmte, direkt angrenzende Nachbarzellen zeigten einen Anstieg der intrazellularen [Ca++]i-Konzentration. Im Gegensatz zur mikroinjizierten Zelle kam es in den angrenzenden Nachbarzellen zu einem Anstieg der [Ca++li-Konzentration, welcher hauptsachlich durch die Freisetzung der intrazellularen Speicher verursacht wurde. Die Vorbehandlung mit Thapsigargin verhinderte die ANG-II-vermittelte Reaktion in der Nachbarzelle. IP3-Injektion fuhrte zu einer ahnlichen Ca++-Antwort in der Nachbarzelle wie nach ANG-II-Injektion. Vorinkubation der VSMC mit DMSO und Heptanol, Substanzen, die den Zellkontakt unterbrechen, verminderte die eigentliche Ca++-Antwort in der injizierten Zelle nicht, dagegen wurde das [Ca++]i-Signal in der Nachbarzelle unterdruckt. Wir folgern, das ANG II an intrazellulare ANG-II-Rezeptoren bindet und zu einem Anstieg von [Ca++]i in der injizierten Zelle und anschhesend auch in bestimmten, direkt angrenzenden Nachbarzellen fuhrt. Der Zell-Zell-Kontakt ist fur die ANG-II-vermittelten Effekte uneriaslich. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, das die ANG-II-vermittelten Wirkungen durch intrazellular vermittelte ANG-II-Effekte verstarkt werden konnen.
If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Procreation: Methodology and Subject-Matter in Fourteenth Amendment Pedagogy

This essay, written for a symposium on teaching the Fourteenth Amendment, examines and critiques the practice of teaching the Fourteenth Amendment on a subject-by-subject basis. Using the metaphor of a whirlwind European tour, it argues that the subject-matter approach provides an unsatisfying introduction to the material. In particular, it discourages students from seeking out commonalities in the Court’s approaches to different, but related issues, and thus makes it harder for students to understand and critique the Court’s general approaches to Fourteenth Amendment questions. Unfortunately, many casebooks push teachers (and thus their students) in precisely that pedagogical direction. In its place, the essay promotes a methodological approach to Fourteenth Amendment pedagogy. This approach groups and presents Fourteenth Amendment issues according to the Court’s underlying methodology for deciding those issues. This approach allows students to evaluate the Court’s handiwork in a broader light, and to experience the ebb and flow of different decisional methodologies. Indeed, it also allows them to read the Court’s most recent Fourteenth Amendment cases with an eye toward divining the future path of its jurisprudence. To be sure, subject-matter divisions have their place in teaching the Fourteenth Amendment. Most notably, the centrality of racial equality to the Fourteenth Amendment requires that teaching materials present students with the broad sweep of the Court’s race jurisprudence as a unit. Nevertheless, fully appreciating that jurisprudence requires students to understand the underlying methodologies that were ascendant when the Court decided the canonical race equality cases. The essay uses examples from due process and equal protection to illustrate both the methodological approach and its pedagogical advantages, as well as the drawbacks of a primarily subject matter-driven approach.
Are sleep continuity disturbance and fatigue prodromal symptoms of cancer development

Sleep continuity disturbance (also known as insomnia) and fatigue are common complaints of individuals diagnosed with cancer. Traditionally, many have believed that sleep continuity disturbance and fatigue are caused, in large measure, by the impact of the cancer diagnosis and treatment. Recent prospective research suggests however, that sleep continuity disturbance and fatigue may actually precede a cancer diagnosis. We suggest that sleep continuity disturbance and fatigue may in fact represent prodromal symptoms of cancer. We review the current perspectives of this sequence of events and present a revised schematic that accounts for the role of biological, behavioural, and cognitive factors that contribute to the development and maintenance of sleep continuity disturbances in cancer patients. Monitoring emergent and unexplained patient-reported fatigue, sleepiness, and insomnia may serve as early warning signs of new onset cancer, providing opportunity for early detection and early intervention.
Going the Distance: Online Course Performance and Motivation of Distance Learning Students.

This study was designed to better understand what drives the learning and performance of students enrolled in distance-learning courses. Between 1999 and 2008, the number of students enrolled in at least one online course increased from 10% to 24% (NCES, 2014). In 2015, the number of students enrolled in at least one distance-learning course approached 6 million, with close to half of those students enrolled in programs that are exclusively online (NCES, 2018; Allen & Seaman, 2017). This enrollment growth, however, is coupled with an alarmingly high attrition rate - a rate as high as 50% greater than campus-offered programs (Willging & Johnson, 2009). As GPA and course performance have been linked to distance-learning persistence and retention, we found it imperative to explore differences in motivational orientations as they relate to passing and failing status for an individual course. To do so, we surveyed distance learning students and identified correlations between motivational constructs such as instrumentality, self-efficacy, connectedness, use of knowledge building strategies, and final course performance. Differences related to gender and major/non-major status are also reviewed and discussed. These findings offer insights into next steps for research, but also inform teaching practice.
Ultra-low-power sub-photon-voltage high-efficiency light-emitting diodes

Conventional light-emitting diodes (LEDs) face an efficiency droop at low current due to non-radiative recombination overtaking radiative recombination at low carrier density. To overcome this universal problem, we develop LEDs with high efficiency at ultralow current and voltage, using a novel quantum well design and high-quality interfaces to suppress non-radiative recombination and enhance radiative recombination. The device exhibits close to unity internal quantum efficiency at a low current density of <1 × 10−4 A cm−2, more than three orders of magnitude lower than conventional LEDs. The LED bias voltage is reduced to ~30% below the photon voltage (hν/q). Wireless communication is demonstrated at these low-power conditions, which enables new applications in smart dust and sensor networks 1–6 , low-cost block chain and authentication 7–9 , medical applications 10,11 and wherever high efficiency at low power is needed. New phenomena such as high-efficiency electroluminescent cooling becomes possible as the LED unity internal quantum efficiency extends to smaller voltage and current. By using a single-quantum-well active region with a unique well–cladding design to suppress non-radiative recombination and enhance radiative recombination, light-emitting diodes with close to unity internal quantum efficiency at a low current density of <10−4 A cm−2 are demonstrated.
Poster: Understanding Long-Term Mobility and Charging Evolving of Shared EV Networks

Due to the ever-growing concerns over air pollution and energy security, many cities have started to update their taxi fleets with electric ones. In this paper, we perform the first comprehensive measurement investigation called ePat to explore the evolving mobility and charging patterns of electric vehicles. Our ePat is based on 5-year 4.8 TB taxi GPS data, 240 GB taxi transaction data, and metadata from 117 charging stations, during an evolving process from 427 electric taxis in 2013 to 13,178 in 2018. Moreover, ePat also explores the impacts of various contexts and benefits during the evolving process. Our ePat as a comprehensive investigation of the electric taxi network mobility and charging evolving has the potential to advance the understanding of the evolving patterns of electric taxi networks and pave the way for analyzing future shared autonomous vehicles.
Use of Treatments for Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Patient Satisfaction Based on the IBS in America Survey

Many treatments for irritable bowel syndrome are available to those with the disease. Satisfaction with these treatments is low, and a need exists for further effective treatments for the condition.
In the Shadow of the Second Ghetto

This essay offers a personal reflection on the significance of Arnold Hirsch’s Making the Second Ghetto. Drawing on her personal experiences going to school with African American students and trave...
The efficacy of venetoclax and hypomethylating agents in acute myeloid leukemia with extramedullary involvement.

To the EditorExtramedullary disease (EMD) is not an uncommon presentation at the time of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) diagnosis and/or relapse, and can present either as an isolated disease (myeloi...
A Proposed Process for Risk Mitigation During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Recent executive orders have led some applied behavior analysis (ABA) providers to interpret themselves as “essential personnel” during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, we argue against a blanket interpretation that being labeled “essential personnel” means that all in-person ABA services for all clients should continue during the COVID-19 pandemic. We believe this argument holds even if ABA providers are not in a jurisdiction currently under an active shelter-at-home or related order. First, we provide a brief description of risks associated with continued in-person ABA service delivery, as well as risks associated with the temporary suspension of services or the transition to remote ABA service delivery. For many clients, continued in-person service delivery carries a significant risk of severe harm to the client, family and caregivers, staff, and a currently overburdened health care system. In these situations, ABA providers should temporarily suspend services or transition to telehealth or other forms of remote service delivery until information from federal, state, and local health care experts deems in-person contact safe. In rare cases, temporary suspension of services or a transition to remote service delivery may place the client or others at risk of significant harm. In these situations, in-person services should likely continue, and ongoing assessment and risk mitigation are essential.