cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Malignancies

Epidemiologic studies of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-associated malignancies continue to demonstrate the interrelationship of multiple etiologic factors, thereby allowing several opportunities for intervention with the disease process. For the two malignancies most closely linked with EBV, Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), the risk factors are more readily identified in high-incidence areas than in low-incidence areas. The report of an apparent decline in BL incidence in Africa is in contrast with a reported increase in incidence among young white males in the United States. The search for etiologic factors in BL, in addition to EBV and malaria, is currently focusing on retroviruses. For NPC, evidence continues to support the major roles of genetics and salted fish in southern Chinese, but other etiologic factors appear to be important in non-Chinese. In areas of low incidence for BL and NPC, less homogeneous patterns are seen suggesting the inclusion of unrelated cases. Precise definition of study groups may be aided by new laboratory assays. The further development and utilization of cancer registry data throughout the world will also increase our knowledge of these diseases.
Microbiologic Considerations: Disinfection and Sterilization Strategies and the Potential for Airborne Transmission of Bloodborne Pathogens

This article reviews the principles of disinfection and sterilization practiced in health-care settings and the potential for airborne transmission of bloodborne pathogens. Emphasis is placed on hepatitis B virus and HIV. A review of those factors necessary for environmentally mediated infection transmission to occur as well as the types of evidence that document such transmission is included. Methods used in hospitals for disinfection and sterilization are described as well as the levels of antimicrobial activity associated with liquid chemical germicides.
An Event-Triggered Virtual Force Algorithm for Multi-Agent Coverage Control with Obstacles

In this work, we propose an event-triggered algorithm based on a virtual force deployment approach to address the multi-agent coverage control problem in the presence of obstacles. Unlike most works that consider this problem, we are mainly interested in reducing the amount of communication and motion required by the agents to reach a configuration that increases the coverage throughout an environment of interest. In particular, most works that consider this problem assume agents are in constant communication with each other. Instead, the event-triggered algorithm we propose allows agents to decide for themselves when communication is necessary while still achieving the primary goal of covering the environment and ensuring collisions are avoided. Several simulations illustrate the result of our algorithm with and without the presence of an obstacle and compares it against a similar algorithm that does not consider event-triggered communication.
Do Bigger Brains Mean Smaller Gods? Cognitive Science and Theological Perspectives on Transhumanism and the Church (or, Why We Can’t Outrun Faith)

As with many human desires, transhumanist hope often lapses into transhumanist hype, but that recognition usually seems to come from those who fear the prospects. As a result, denunciations are frequently as vague as they are dismissive. Yet, despite potential benefits in the transhumanist agenda, there are legitimate reasons for questioning some of its particular projections and doing so can help distinguish between the hope and hype. Focusing on inherent limitations to cognitive enhancement, for instance, is instructive because that arena is so intimately connected to personhood and is also the gateway to other envisioned forms of improvement. Identifying those restrictions is also germane to considerations of Christian engagement with the realities of a transhumanist future—a future whose “superior” beings can never escape faith.
Benchmarking in vitro tissue-engineered blood-brain barrier models.

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a key role in regulating transport into and out of the brain. With increasing interest in the role of the BBB in health and disease, there have been significant advances in the development of in vitro models. The value of these models to the research community is critically dependent on recapitulating characteristics of the BBB in humans or animal models. However, benchmarking in vitro models is surprisingly difficult since much of our knowledge of the structure and function of the BBB comes from in vitro studies. Here we describe a set of parameters that we consider a starting point for benchmarking and validation. These parameters are associated with structure (ultrastructure, wall shear stress, geometry), microenvironment (basement membrane and extracellular matrix), barrier function (transendothelial electrical resistance, permeability, efflux transport), cell function (expression of BBB markers, turnover), and co-culture with other cell types (astrocytes and pericytes). In suggesting benchmarks, we rely primarily on imaging or direct measurements in humans and animal models.
Interactions between the immune and neuroendocrine systems.

The concept that the mind can affect the body, that emotions can affect disease, is not new. From before the time of Hippocrates until today, the popular culture has championed the belief that stress and the emotions can affect bodily disease. Until recently, however, this concept was dismissed by the scientific and medical community as unfounded. However, the availability of technological tools in neurobiology and immunology, and in the related clinical disciplines of clinical psychiatry, psychology, and rheumatology, has permitted definition of the molecular, biochemical and neuroanatomical pathways by which the immune system and the central nervous systems communicate. Through defining these communication networks, it is possible to better understand the diseases that result when these pathways are interrupted. Such understanding is leading not only to the scientific community's acceptance of the concept of wholeness of mind and body, but to the development of novel approaches to treat illnesses which result when such communication networks are disturbed. There are many levels and mechanisms by which the immune and central nervous system communicate, and interruptions or perturbations of each can alter the severity, course and susceptibility to, and resistance to inflammatory, autoimmune, and infectious diseases. The immune system signals the central nervous system at multiple levels and through many mechanisms, depending on the route of administration, dose and specific cytokine involved. Cytokines can signal the brain via systemic vascular routes, by crossing the blood brain barrier at leaky points (the circumventricular organs), or by specific active transport uptake mechanisms. One of the most important mechanisms by which cytokines signal the brain is through activation of second messenger synthesizing enzymes and resultant production of second messengers, such as the nitric oxide synthase (NOS)/nitric oxide and the cyclooxygenase/prostaglandin system.
Analyzing change in network polarization

The growing influence of social media in an era of media fragmentation has amplified concerns of political polarization. Yet relatively few studies have analyzed polarization in user networks over ...
Evaluating elbow osteoarthritis within the prehistoric Tiwanaku state using generalized estimating equations (GEE).

Author(s): Becker, Sara K | Abstract: OBJECTIVES:Studies of osteoarthritis (OA) in human skeletal remains can come with scalar problems. If OA measurement is noted as present or absent in one joint, like the elbow, results may not identify specific articular pathology data and the sample size may be insufficient to address research questions. If calculated on a per data point basis (i.e., each articular surface within a joint), results may prove too data heavy to comprehensively understand arthritic changes, or one individual with multiple positive scores may skew results and violate the data independence required for statistical tests. The objective of this article is to show that the statistical methodology Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) can solve scalar issues in bioarchaeological studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Using GEE, a population-averaged statistical model, 1,195 adults from the core and one colony of the prehistoric Tiwanaku state (AD 500-1,100) were evaluated bilaterally for OA on the seven articular surfaces of the elbow joint. RESULTS:GEE linked the articular surfaces within each individual specimen, permitting the largest possible unbiased dataset, and showed significant differences between core and colony Tiwanaku peoples in the overall elbow joint, while also pinpointing specific articular surfaces with OA. Data groupings by sex and age at death also demonstrated significant variation. A pattern of elbow rotation noted for core Tiwanaku people may indicate a specific pattern of movement. DISCUSSION:GEE is effective and should be encouraged in bioarchaeological studies as a way to address scalar issues and to retain all pathology information.
Effect of axial eccentricity on the performance of a cylindrical differential mobility classifier

AbstractA differential mobility classifier (DMC) is one of the core components in electrical mobility particle sizers for sizing sub-micrometer particles. A DMC in the cylindrical configuration (i.e., constructed by axial aligning of the inner and outer cylinders) is typically included in the sizers. The knowledge of construction tolerance is required in the design of a cylindrical DMC. The numerical approach was applied in this study. Our study shows that the DMC transfer function deteriorated as the axial eccentricity was increased (i.e., the peak is reduced and the width at the half peak height is broaden). At high axial eccentricity, the transfer function peak would split into two. In addition to the flow parameters such as the sheath-to-aerosol flow rate ratio and total flow rate, the effect of geometrical parameters (i.e., the length and aspect ratio of the particle classification channel, and the ratio of outer-to-inner cylinder radii) on the transfer function of an eccentric DMC were also investig...
History of surgical site infection increases the odds for a new infection after open incisional hernia repair.

Abstract Background It is unclear whether a history of surgical site infection is associated with developing a new infection after subsequent operations. We aim to investigate the impact of an earlier abdominal wall surgical site infection on future 30-day infectious wound complications after open incisional hernia repair with mesh. Methods Patients undergoing elective, clean open incisional hernia repair were identified within the Americas Hernia Society Quality Collaborative and were divided into those with and without a history of a surgical site infection. Predictors of a surgical site infection and a surgical site infection requiring a procedural intervention were investigated using logistic regression and propensity-matched analysis. A subgroup analysis was done to investigate whether an earlier methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infection specifically increases odds for infectious complications. Results Of 3,168 identified patients, 589 had a history of a surgical site infection and experienced higher rates of postoperative surgical site infection (6.5% vs 2.9%, P Conclusion History of a surgical site infection increases the odds for new infectious complications after open incisional hernia repair in a clean wound. Investigations on perioperative interventions to ameliorate the negative impact of such association are necessary.
Implementation of a pilot electronic stroke outcome reporting system for emergency care providers

Abstract Introduction Emergency department (ED) providers and clinicians find that feedback on acute stroke patients is rewarding, valuable to professional development, and helpful for practice improvement. However, feedback is rarely provided, particularly for patients with stroke. Here we describe the implementation of an electronic stroke outcome reporting tool for providing feedback to ED providers. Methods We sought to evaluate the implementation of an electronic stroke outcome reporting tool at 3 Nashville hospitals. ED staff and providers voluntarily enrolled to receive de-identified reports of clinical (e.g., survival) and operational (e.g., timeliness) outcomes of patients with acute ischemic stroke and were offered free continuing education (CE) credits for following up on patients. We evaluated the implementation of this system through a descriptive evaluation of the feasibility, use of the system and CE, and perceived usefulness of the reports. Results We enrolled 232 ED providers, including 107 (46%) nurses and 57 (25%) attending physicians and transmitted 55 stroke outcome reports. Reports took 30–60 min to compile and were viewed by a mean of 2.6 (SD 1.5) registered providers; 97.1% found the reports useful and 36.2% reported likelihood to change practice. Continuing education credits were initiated or claimed by 22 providers. Conclusions An electronic stroke outcome reporting tool was used and liked by ED staff and providers but the time to compile the reports is the major challenge to scalability. Future research should address the effectiveness of this reporting tool as a source of provider education and its impact on clinical and operational outcomes.
Lifetime Revenue from Energy Storage considering Battery Degradation

Energy storage systems are experiencing increasing deployment due to their ability to offer multiple services in an evolving grid. However, the degradation of such devices is an important factor that needs to be addressed while evaluating their lifetime economic benefits. In this study, a battery energy storage system (BESS) has been considered to be participating in the energy and ancillary markets. The energy dispatch of the BESS is optimized to generate the maximum possible revenue from the market. A semi-empirical degradation model is utilized to evaluate the degradation of the battery, and hence the lifetime revenue generated by the BESS is determined. The maximum remaining capacity of the battery is updated at regular intervals to provide a more accurate estimate of the revenue. A Li-ion battery is used for this study due to its widespread popularity which arises from its high energy density, high efficiency, and decreasing costs. PJM energy and ancillary market data are employed for the study. Results show significant effects of considering battery degradation, and the importance of updating the maximum capacity of the BESS after regular intervals.
Physical, chemical, and biological treatment of groundwater at contaminated nuclear and NORM sites

Abstract Various potential processes for treating radioactively contaminated groundwater are described in this chapter. Filtration will remove particulates including radioactive particles, and is frequently used as a pretreatment step prior to other processes. Reverse osmosis (RO) will retain most of the ions in groundwater, including the radionuclides. The concentrated retentate stream (typically 10–20% of the original volume) from the RO system will contain the radionuclides plus the common ions in groundwater, and will need to be treated for disposal. Air stripping can remove volatile contaminants including radon. Biological treatment is normally used to degrade organic contaminants, but some radionuclides will be retained in the sludge from the process. Chemical treatment methods, such as ion exchange and precipitation, are the most common methods for treating radionuclides in groundwater. The application of these treatment processes to specific radionuclides is described.
Liberation and Female Criminality in England and Wales

The recognition by social scientists in the early 1970s that female criminality had received little attention produced a flood of publications on women and crime by the end of that decade. Adherents of the women's liberation move ment are likely to acknowledge their contribution to the recent attention criminologists have given this topic. But the contention in some of the result ing studies (Adler, 1975; Deming, 1977) that this movement has caused an increase in female criminality is understandably regarded as detracting from the movement's accomplishments. One of the earliest and more vigorous denouncements of the attempt to associate the women's movement with increases in female criminality ap peared in a book by Smart (1976) ; and her more recent article (1979), the subject of this comment, also rejects any such association largely on the basis of an analysis of criminal indictments in England and Wales. However, careful examination of the data for England and Wales that she presented shows that her interpretation is in error. Table 3 in Smart's (1979) article is the one on which her rejection of an association between the women's movement and female criminality most strongly depends. She interprets this table as indicating that " although every decade except 1946 to 1955 shows women offenders to be increasing more rapidly than men this was much more the case between 1935 and 1946; 1955 and 1965, than between 1965 and 1975, the years during which the women's movement in Britain was revived " (p. 54). Table 1 below, which is based on Smart's Table 3, shows that this interpretation is correct for Class III offences (theft and the handling of stolen goods) and for the total of indictable offences. However, Smart overlooks the results for offences in Classes I (violence against the person and sexual offences) and II (burglary and robbery). For these more serious offences, it is precisely the 1965-75 decade which shows the greatest percentage increase for females relative to males.
Accounting for the large radial tension in Morris–Thorne wormholes

It is well known that a Morris–Thorne wormhole can only be held open by violating the null energy condition, physically realizable by the use of “exotic matter.” Unfortunately, even a small- or moderately sized wormhole would have a radial tension equal to that of the interior of a massive neutron star. So outside a neutron star setting, such an outcome is problematical at best, calling for more than an appeal to exotic matter whose introduction had a completely different objective and with possibly different outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to account for the enormous radial tension in three ways: (1) directly invoking noncommutative geometry, an offshoot of string theory, (2) appealing to noncommutative geometry in conjunction with f(R) modified gravity, and (3) determining the possible effect of a small extra spatial dimension.
The Demographics of Wide-Separation Planets

I begin this review by first defining what is meant by exoplanet demographics, and then motivating why we would like as broad a picture of exoplanet demographics as possible. I then outline the methodology and pitfalls to measuring exoplanet demographics in practice. I next review the methods of detecting exoplanets, focusing on the ability of these methods to detect wide separation planets. For the purposes of this review, I define wide separation as separations beyond the 'snow line' of the protoplanetary disk, which is at roughly $\sim3$ au for a sunlike star. I note that this definition is somewhat arbitrary, and the practical boundary depends on the host star mass, planet mass and radius, and detection method. I review the approximate scaling relations for the signal-to-noise ratio for the detectability of exoplanets as a function of the relevant physical parameters, including the host star properties. I provide abroad overview of what has already been learned from the transit, radial velocity, direct imaging, and microlensing methods. I outline the challenges to synthesizing the demographics using different methods and discuss some preliminary first steps in this direction. Finally, I describe future prospects for providing a nearly complete statistical census of exoplanets.
Are Victims’ Rights Honored in Veterans Courts? A Statewide Assessment of Law on the Books versus Law in Action

Veterans treatment courts provide alternative resolution of a wide variety of crimes, including crimes of victimization, for eligible veterans. These courts have been evaluated on multiple fronts, ...
Analogical Approaches to Biosemiotic Criticism

In this chapter, I will explore what Timo Maran calls “Analogical Approaches to Biosemiotic Criticism.” I study the extent to which nature is always already a meaning-making, agentive, ironic, and signing process by looking at (1) the linguistic and artistic modeling of predator-prey relationships in medieval English lyric poetry and how these predator-prey relationships may be understood as scaffolding the emergence of significant figural, narrative, and even ethical dimensions of human culture; (2) how Milton’s linguistic and artistic modeling of the ecology of his Mount of Purgatory and Garden of Paradise (in Paradise Lost) both reveal and mask the agency of the signing action of nature and, not coincidentally, of other religious systems of belief; (3) how the linguistic and artistic modeling of the poetry of John Clare, when held up to that of Milton, helps readers to recover the suppressed (within Milton’s Paradise Lost) agency of natural communities, to be suspicious of models of evolution based on so-called “progress” (see how, for von Uexkull, “meaning” replaces “progress” as a dominant ideology in evolution) and, by analogy, to help readers appreciate the ecological and sustainable interpretive power of the Midrash and Talmud, a power erased by the hyphen of the phrase Judaeo-Christian and by Milton’s ecological architecture in Paradise Lost); (4) how, that is, spaces, places, and texts are all equally (analogously) interpretive systems; and, (5) how Richard Power’s The Overstory models how phytosemiosis, zoosemiosis, anthroposemiosis, and even autonomosemiosis (the signing actions of autonomous digital avatars) are scaffolded upon, are analogous in structure and function to, each other.
Elastic Modulus of Cetacean Auditory Ossicles

In order to model the hearing capabilities of marine mammals (cetaceans), it is necessary to understand the mechanical properties, such as elastic modulus, of the middle ear bones in these species. Biologically realistic models can be used to investigate the biomechanics of hearing in cetaceans, much of which is currently unknown. In the present study, the elastic moduli of the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) of eight species of cetacean, two baleen whales (mysticete) and six toothed whales (odontocete), were measured using nanoindentation. The two groups of mysticete ossicles overall had lower average elastic moduli (35.2 ± 13.3 GPa and 31.6 ± 6.5 GPa) than the groups of odontocete ossicles (53.3 ± 7.2 GPa to 62.3 ± 4.7 GPa). Interior bone generally had a higher modulus than cortical bone by up to 36%. The effects of freezing and formalin-fixation on elastic modulus were also investigated, although samples were few and no clear trend could be discerned. The high elastic modulus of the ossicles and the differences in the elastic moduli between mysticetes and odontocetes are likely specializations in the bone for underwater hearing. Anat Rec, 297:892–900, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Congestion-aware traffic routing for large-scale mobile agent systems

Traffic congestion is a serious world-wide problem. Drivers have little knowledge of historical and real-time traffic congestion for the paths they take and often tend to drive suboptimal routes. Congestion phenomena are sure to be influenced by the coming of autonomous cars. This thesis presents route planning algorithms and a system for either autonomous or human-driven cars in road networks dealing with travel time uncertainty and congestion. First, a stochastic route planning algorithm is presented that finds the best path for a group of multiple agents. Our algorithm provides mobile agents with optimized routes to achieve time-critical goals. Optimal selections of agent and visit locations are determined to guarantee the highest probability of task achievement while dealing with uncertainty of travel time. Furthermore, we present an efficient approximation algorithm for stochastic route planning based on pre-computed data for stochastic networks. Second, we develop a distributed congestion-aware multi-agent path planning algorithm that achieves the social optimum, minimizing aggregate travel time of all the agents in the system. As the number of agents grows, congestion created by agents' path choices should be considered. Using a data-driven congestion model that describes the travel time as a function of the number of agents on a road segment, we develop a practical method for determining the optimal paths for all the agents in the system to achieve the social optimum. Our algorithm uses localized information and computes the paths in a distributed manner. We implement the algorithm in multi-core computers and demonstrate that the algorithm has a good scalability. Third, a path planning system using traffic sensor data is then implemented. We predict the traffic speed and flow for each location from a large set of sensor data collected from roving taxis and inductive loop detectors. Our system uses a data-driven traffic model that captures important traffic patterns and conditions using the two sources of data. We evaluate the system using a rich set of GPS traces from 16,000 taxis in Singapore and show that the city-scale congestion can be mitigated by planning drivers' routes, while incorporating the congestion effects generated by their route choices. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, libraries.mit.edu/docs - docs@mit.edu)
Superconducting proximity effect and possible evidence for Pearl vortices in a candidate topological insulator

We report the observation of the superconducting proximity effect in nanoribbons of a candidate topological insulator (Bi${}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$), which is interfaced with superconducting (tungsten) contacts. We observe a supercurrent and multiple Andreev reflections for channel lengths that are much longer than the inelastic and diffusive thermal lengths deduced from normal-state transport. This suggests that the proximity effect couples preferentially to a ballistic surface transport channel, even in the presence of a coexisting diffusive bulk channel. When a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the plane of the nanoribbon, we observe magnetoresistance oscillations that are periodic in magnetic field. Quantitative comparison with a model of vortex blockade relates the occurrence of these oscillations to the formation of Pearl vortices in the region of proximity-induced superconductivity.
America and the European Sense of History

The ways in which Europeans have tried to make sense of America constitute a special chapter in the European history of ideas. At first glance what strikes us in the bewildering variety of European readings of America is the recurring attempt to formulate the critical differences that set America apart from the historical experience and cultural conventions of European nations. America is never seen as purely sui generis, as constituting an alien entity to be fathomed in terms of an inner logic wholly its own. Instead, there is always the sense that America is a stray member of a larger family, a descendant from Europe. Since America belongs to the genus of Western civilization, the point is to define the differentia specifica according to an almost Linnaean taxonomy. European conventions have always served as the yardstick, implied or explicit, in European attempts at uncovering the rules of transformation that cut America adrift from the European mainstream. Hardly ever, though, is this intellectual quest for the crucial difference entirely disinterested. More often than not there is an existential urgency in the exploration of the American difference. If Europe serves as the standard for measuring difference, the outcome is always geared to a discussion of America's potential impact on Europe. In other words, there is always a triangulation going on, in the sense that the reflection on America as a counterpoint to European conventions functions within a larger reflection on Europe's history and destiny. If this unduly intellectualizes the repertoire of European views of America, I hasten to say that in addition to the more intellectually articulate versions there are vernacular, or popular, versions. Widely shared and informing everyday conversations, they are more like unreflective stereotypes, providing ready answers to people trying to understand the many Americas that reach them in their daily lives through modern mass communication. Yet we should not exaggerate the difference between the intellectual and the vernacular views of America. At both levels a triangulation takes place, less articulate, perhaps, at the vernacular level, yet similar: popular constructions of America, shared with peer groups, focus on American counterpoints that help Europeans develop individual and group identities different from models and standards prevailing in their home setting. There are other ways in which we can explore the similarities underlying the
The effects of product photographs and reputation systems on consumer behavior and product cost on eBay

For years, computer-mediated communication (CMC) research has explored and theorized about the effects of technology on the process of interpersonal impression formation. However, as the Internet has evolved to allow users to accomplish more and more day-to-day tasks (e. g., the buying and selling of goods and services) little research and theory development has explored how non-interpersonal impressions form on the internet. This work seeks to extend theoretical perspectives on online signaling (the warranting effect; Walther & Parks, 2002) to predict consumer behavior on the popular online auction website, eBay.com. A content analysis of 217 completed eBay auctions revealed that auctions that featured higher seller reputation scores and actual product photographs (vs. stock photographs) generated more bidding interest and resulted in higher final sales prices. These findings as well as future theoretical development in this area are discussed.
Concurrent Detection of Vibration and Distance Using Unmodulated CW Doppler Vibration Radar With An Adaptive Beam-Steering Antenna

A new method to concurrently detect the vibration and distance with a beam-steering antenna is proposed. Unmodulated CW Doppler vibration radar is able to detect the distance to the target with a fast-switching beam-steering antenna. An adaptive beam-steering 2 $\,\times\,$ 2 phase-array antenna is developed for a 5.8-GHz Doppler noncontact vibration radar system. The antenna with $-27^{\circ} $ to $+20^{\circ}$ beam-steering angles shows 85 $^{\circ}$ coverage for detection. The size of this adaptive beam-steering antenna is exactly the same as the original 2 $\,\times\,$ 2 fixed-beam antenna. This adaptive beam-steering antenna with electronic switches provides 0.83-ms fast-switching rate for steering the beams. Furthermore, different dc offsets due to different propagation paths are measured under different beam-steering angles. The distance to the target can be accurately extracted with less than 8% error by analyzing the dc offsets of the baseband signals at different beam-steering angles. This system successfully detects the architectural deformation caused by a seismic simulator.
Diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in school-age children in primary care settings: a synopsis of the AAP Practice Guidelines. American Academy of Pediatrics.

1. Martin T. Stein, MD* 2. James M. Perrin, MD† 1. *Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 2. †Director, MGH Center for Child and Adolescent Health Policy; Director, Division of General Pediatrics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common chronic conditions of childhood and the most common neurobehavioral disorder in child health. This article describes the developmental process and content of two recent American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Clinical Practice Guidelines: Diagnosis and Evaluation of the Child With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Treatment of the School-Aged Child With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. (1)(2) Readers are urged to refer to the original documents for a more thorough presentation. Underlying the AAP development of these guidelines were: 1) a commitment to a multidisciplinary approach, 2) a focus on diagnosis and management in primary care settings, 3) use of the best available evidence, and 4) attention to opportunities to improve practice. (3) The AAP gathered an outstanding group of clinicians that included experts in general pediatrics, developmental-behavioral pediatrics, child and adolescent psychiatry, child psychology, child neurology, developmental pediatrics, family practice, education, and clinical research methodology and data analysis. Recognizing the limitations of the research literature, the Committee limited its review to school-age children (6 to 12 years old). Studies of practice patterns suggested that most of the children who had ADHD seen by primary care clinicians also were in this age group. Despite an emerging literature, the available evidence for diagnosis and treatment among adolescents and preschool children was insufficient to develop firm evidence-based recommendations. Similarly, the research literature regarding ADHD in primary care settings provided limited evidence regarding the diagnosis and management of children who had major coexisting conditions; the Committee, therefore, limited the guidelines to children who did not have coexisting conditions. The Committee used two major systematic evidence reviews supported by the federal Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (4)(5) and another systematic review conducted by University of British Columbia investigators for the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology. …
Network Traffic Prediction Models for Near- and Long-Term Predictions

The large quantity of data flowing through network equipment demands that effective and efficient models be built to identify whether sessions are healthy or malicious. These models can be complex to build, and may rely on manually-labeled data. As a result, it is desirable to update or rebuild these models as rarely as possible without impairing classification performance. In this work, we consider the Kyoto dataset, training models on a single day's worth of data and testing these models under two circumstances: using 12 datasets gathered between six and twelve months after the training date, and using 9 datasets gathered between 18 and 19 months after the training date. In all cases, we apply three feature rankers (in addition to no feature ranking) and consider four classification models. We find that the results for the "near-term" 12 datasets are similar to those from the "long-term" 9 datasets, demonstrating that once a model has been built, it can potentially be used for over a year afterwards.
Mitomycin C- and streptozotocin-induced motility and numerical sperm variants in mice.

Abstract Groups of HA (ICR) albino male mice were injected once i.p. with 0, 2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg mitomycin C (MC), or 2.65 or 26.5 mg/kg streptozotocin (SZ). 4 weeks after treatment each male was mated with 2 untreated CF1 albino females. 5 weeks after treatment the males were killed for determination of sperm motility and count from the cauda and vas. Both agents decreased sperm motility and count in a dose-dependent manner in the treated males. The effect is believed to be caused primarily by interference with gene expression involved in spermatogenesis. The females mated to treated males showed decreased percentage pregnancy and had fewer progeny. Mean percentage motility and sperm count was significantly lower in the F1 male progeny of MC- or SZ-treated males compared to control males. 50–60% of F1 males from treated male parents had percentage sperm motility below control range. Decreased motility and count in the F1 progeny of treated males may have been caused by gene mutations and/or chromosomal aberrations. The method which is presented may be useful for detecting mutations and/or developmental effects.
Rates of Heating and lnstron Measurements for Turkey Batters with Sodium Salts of Nitrite, Chloride and Phosphate

Electrical resistance heating at two voltage levels was used to heat muscle batters containing a variety of sodium salts. Peak heights or depths from Instron curves indicated resistance of heated muscle batters to expansion or contraction. Batters heated at the higher voltage had increased peak heights, higher temperatures at which the batters reached that peak and decreased peak depths. Batters with sodium nitrite became less fluid in the initial stages of heating and expanded more with heating than those with water only. Sodium chloride increased peak heights and increased the temperatures at which the batters reached those peaks. Batters with sodium chloride and sodium tripolyphosphate were the least fluid during heating and began to expand at the lowest temperatures.
Energy sustainability and economic stability with Breed and Burn reactors

Abstract The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the impact a successful development of Breed and Burn (B&B) fast reactors and their fuel reconditioning technologies could have on the uranium ore utilization, uranium enrichment capacity, nuclear waste and energy security. It is found that a successful development of B&B reactors will offer 40-folds increase in the uranium ore utilization versus that presently achieved. A successful development of a fuel reconditioning technology could increase the attainable uranium utilization to 100-folds its present value. The growth rate of the installed capacity of B&B reactors possible to achieve using the “spawning” mode of operation is estimated to be nearly 4% per year. The amount of natural uranium required for starting a fleet of B&B reactors that will reach an electricity generation capacity of 1000 GWe by the end of this century is estimated to be the equivalent of 10 years of supply to the presently operating commercial fleet of LWRs in the US (86 GWe). No natural uranium and no enrichment capacity will be required to support this fleet beyond the later part of this century. The energy value of the depleted uranium stockpiles (“waste”) that will be accumulated in the US by that time is equivalent to, when used in the B&B reactors, up to 20 centuries of the total 2010 supply of electricity in the USA. It is therefore concluded that a successful development of B&B reactors and associated fuel reconditioning could provide a great measure of energy security, proliferation resistance and cost stability.
Intermediates in associative phosphine substitution reactions of (η5-C5H5)W(CO)2(NO)

The reaction of (η5-C5H5)W(CO)2(NO), 6W, with P(CH3)3 proceeds rapidly at 25°C to give (η5-C5H5)W(CO)(NO)[P(CH3)3], 7W. The rate of formation of 7W was found to be 4.48 × 10−2 M−1 [6W] [P(CH3)3] at 25.0°c in THF. In neat P(CH3)3 at −23°C, 6W is converted to (η1-C5H5)W(CO)2(NO)[P(CH3)3]2, 8W. In dilute solution, 8W decomposes to initially give a 2:1 mixture of 6W and 7W. The mixture is then converted to 7W. The reaction of (η5-C5H5)Mo(CO)(NO), 6Mo, with P(CH3)3 is 6.1 times faster than that of the tungsten analog.
Ego development in perspective: Structural stage, functional phase, and cultural age-period models

Abstract Ego development is emerging as one of the more important areas of research in developmental psychology. This paper presents a structural stage approach to ego development and distinguishes it from two other models of ego development, which are termed functional phases and cultural ages . Two subtypes are also delineated within the structural stage approach—a monodomain and a multisubdomain—and the latter is argued for. These concepts are then illustrated through an analysis of four prominent ego development theories—those of Robert Selman, Robert Kegan, Jane Loevinger, and Erik Erikson. The important similarities and critical differences of the theories are clarified, which enables the authors to present a summary integration.
Specific antibody secreting cells from chickens can be detected by three days and memory B cells by three weeks post-infection with the avian respiratory coronavirus

Abstract Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), the first coronavirus described, has been a continuing problem in poultry for more than 70 years. IBV, causing a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens, resembles the recently described severe acute respiratory syndrome virus in pathogenesis and genome organization. While previous studies demonstrated that effector and memory CD8 + T lymphocytes are critical in controlling acute IBV infection and disease in chickens, here chicken anti-IBV antibody (IgG) secreting cells (ASC) in both peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and spleens collected following IBV Gray infection were evaluated using an ELISPOT assay. The ASC in peripheral blood and spleens can be detected from 3 to 7 days post-infection (p.i.), which is 3–7 days earlier than anti-IBV IgG detected in the serum. The ASC frequency reached a maximum at 7–10 days p.i., and decreased more than 90% in the spleen and 70% in PBMC by 14 days p.i. The ASC levels in the PBMC then decreased gradually to 0.5 ASC/10 6 over the next 8 weeks. The higher concentration of about 20 ASC/10 6 cells in spleens may, at least partially, account for the presence of antibody in the serum although bone marrow ASC were not determined. In vitro stimulation of PBMC and splenocytes with IBV antigen demonstrated that memory B cells can be activated to secrete antibody by 3 weeks p.i. ELISPOT detection of primary B cells could be useful in the early detection of infection following infection with respiratory coronaviruses.
Conceptual Bases For Improving Dental Radiography

In order to systematically improve a diag nostic system it is desirable to meaningfully specify the objectives. In dental radiogra-phy it is practically impossible to obtain absolute agreement as to what these objectives are or should be. At least two, however, are obvious and have essential limits which provide a sound basis for discussion. They are respectively: 1) The reduction of hazards associated with the use of ionizing radiation, and 2) the improvement of diagnostic accuracy.
Mutual Education of Drug Addicts and Townspeople: Establishing a Residential Facility in a Nonurban Area:

The development of Alpha House, a therapeutic community in Ithaca, New York, is described. The success of this program is attributed to many factors, such as: the inclusion of a variety of persons ...
Preliminary Feasibility Study of Groundwater Source Geothermal Heat Pumps in Mason County and the American Bottoms Area, Illinois

Groundwater source heat pumps exploit the difference between the ground surface temperature and the nearly constant temperature of shallow groundwater. This project characterizes two areas for geothermal heating and cooling potential, Mason County in central Illinois and the American Bottoms area in southwestern Illinois. Both areas are underlain by thick sand and gravel aquifers and groundwater is readily available. Weather data, including monthly high and low temperatures and heating and cooling degree days, were compiled for both study areas. The heating and cooling requirements for a single-family house were estimated using two independent models that use weather data as input. The groundwater flow rates needed to meet these heating and cooling requirements were calculated using typical heat pump coefficient of performance values. The groundwater in both study areas has fairly high hardness and iron concentrations and is close to saturation with calcium and iron carbonates. Using the groundwater for cooling may induce the deposition of scale containing one or both of these minerals.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Toward enhanced pharmacovigilance using patient-generated data on the internet.

The promise of augmenting pharmacovigilance with patient-generated data drawn from the Internet was called out by a scientific committee charged with conducting a review of FDA's current and planned pharmacovigilance practices. To this end, we present a study on harnessing behavioral data drawn from Internet search logs to detect adverse drug reactions (ADRs). By analyzing search queries collected from 80 million consenting users and by using a widely recognized benchmark of ADRs, we find that the performance of ADR detection via search logs is comparable and complementary to detection based on FDA's adverse event reporting system (AERS). We show that by jointly leveraging data from AERS and search logs, the accuracy of ADR detection can be improved by 19% over the use of each data source independently. The results suggest that leveraging nontraditional sources, such as online search logs, could supplement existing pharmacovigilance approaches.
Exact convex relaxation for optimal power flow in distribution networks

The optimal power flow (OPF) problem seeks to control the power generation/consumption to minimize the generation cost, and is becoming important for distribution networks. OPF is nonconvex and a second-order cone programming (SOCP) relaxation has been proposed to solve it. We prove that after a "small" modification to OPF, the SOCP relaxation is exact under a "mild" condition. Empirical studies demonstrate that the modification to OPF is "small" and that the "mild" condition holds for all test networks, including the IEEE 13-bus test network and practical networks with high penetration of distributed generation.
Chromatin and transcriptional signatures for Nodal signaling during endoderm formation in hESCs

The first stages of embryonic differentiation are driven by signaling pathways hardwired to induce particular fates. Endoderm commitment is controlled by the TGF-β superfamily member, Nodal, which utilizes the transcription factors, SMAD2/3, SMAD4 and FOXH1, to drive target gene expression. While the role of Nodal is well defined within the context of endoderm commitment, mechanistically it is unknown how this signal interacts with chromatin on a genome wide scale to trigger downstream responses. To elucidate the Nodal transcriptional network that governs endoderm formation, we used ChIP-seq to identify genomic targets for SMAD2/3, SMAD3, SMAD4, FOXH1 and the active and repressive chromatin marks, H3K4me3 and H3K27me3, in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and derived endoderm. We demonstrate that while SMAD2/3, SMAD4 and FOXH1 associate with DNA in a highly dynamic fashion, there is an optimal bivalent signature at 32 gene loci for driving endoderm commitment. Initially, this signature is marked by both H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 as a very broad bivalent domain in hESCs. Within the first 24h, SMAD2/3 accumulation coincides with H3K27me3 reduction so that these loci become monovalent marked by H3K4me3. JMJD3, a histone demethylase, is simultaneously recruited to these promoters, suggesting a conservation of mechanism at multiple promoters genome-wide. The correlation between SMAD2/3 binding, monovalent formation and transcriptional activation suggests a mechanism by which SMAD proteins coordinate with chromatin at critical promoters to drive endoderm specification.