cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Walking endurance, muscle oxygen extraction, and perceived fatigability after overground locomotor training in incomplete spinal cord injury: A pilot study.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of overground locomotor training (OLT) on walking endurance and gastrocnemius oxygen extraction in people with chronic cervical motor-incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). Design: Prospective single-arm pre-post pilot study. Setting: Human Performance Research Laboratory. Participants: Adult men with traumatic chronic cervical SCI (n = 6; age = 30.8 ± 12.5). Intervention: Twenty-four sessions of structured OLT. Outcome measures: Walking endurance was determined during a constant work-rate time-to-exhaustion treadmill test. Normalized perceived fatigability was calculated by dividing subjective ratings of tiredness by walking time. Cardiorespiratory outcomes and muscle oxygen extraction were analyzed using breath-by-breath gas-exchange and near-infrared spectroscopy. Results: OLT resulted in large effects on walking endurance (1232 ± 446 s vs 1645 ± 255 s; d = 1.1; P = 0.045) and normalized perceived fatigability (5.3 ± 1.5 a.u. vs 3.6 ± 0.9 a.u.; d = 1.3; P = 0.033). Small-to-medium effects on absolute (2.8 ± 2.5 a.u. vs 4.2 ± 3.5 a.u.; d = 0.42; P = 0.035) and isotime (2.8 ± 2.5 a.u. vs 3.8 ± 3.0 a.u.; d = 0.33; P = 0.023) muscle oxygen extraction were also observed after OLT. Conclusion: These findings provide preliminary data supporting the potential for improved walking endurance, enhanced muscle O2 extraction, and reduced perceived fatigability in people with chronic cervical motor-incomplete SCI following the OLT program described in this study.
ERMM: An Engineering Requirements Management Method

Automotive product development is a lengthy and complex process. There exists a large body of various requirements, standards, and regulations, which need to be followed by all engineering activities throughout the entire vehicle development process. The underlying relationships between these requirements are very complicated. Although most of engineering requirements can be found in various engineering databases, it is the lack of the underlying relationship between the requirements and their association with the design that makes it extremely difficult for even experienced engineers to follow the requirements in their dayto-day work. This paper introduces an Engineering Requirements Management Method (ERMM) that captures these interrelationships and associations using a matrix-based representation. A case study with a real automotive component is also presented.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Characterization of the Early Years of Bevacizumab Use for First-Line Treatment of Ovarian Cancer in the United States.

PURPOSE:To quantify early dissemination patterns, factors influencing use, and costs of bevacizumab (BEV) for the treatment of newly diagnosed ovarian cancer (OC) in the United States before its re...
Thrombosis and bleeding outcomes in the treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis in cancer

There is a need for clinical outcome data of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) in cancer patients. We examined the recanalization, thrombosis recurrence and major bleeding during CVT treatment in a cancer exclusive adult population. We performed a retrospective review of cancer associated CVT identified through an institutional data warehouse. The primary endpoint was radiological and comprised the evaluation of thrombus recanalization at 12 months. Secondary endpoints were clinical and included rates of bleeding complications and recurrence of CVT. Variables were compared across subgroups of study outcomes. The backward stepdown procedure was used to identify variables for the final logistic model regarding thrombosis and bleeding outcomes. The population included forty-five patients, slightly predominant of male adults (55.6%) with a median age of 54.5 years. Solid malignancies comprised 64.4% of cases. A total of 33 cases were treated with anticoagulation. CVT recanalization was documented in almost 60% of cases. The cerebral venous thrombosis recurrence or propagation rate at 12 months was 15.6%. Major bleeding complications were observed in 15 patients. Our findings are suggestive of a narrow therapeutic index of anticoagulation in cancer-CVT. Careful monitoring of anticoagulation effect and bleeding complications are of utmost clinical relevance in cancer patients. Further larger and controlled studies are needed to confirm our observations.
Evading International Law: How Agents Comply with the Letter of the Law ButViolate Its Purpose

Despite the widespread nature of evasion (bad faith compliance), this interesting phenomenon is understudied in International Relations (IR). Even the most sophisticated typologies of compliance and rule following overlook evasion. This is problematic because evasion is essentially a false positive that looks like genuine compliance but can have the effect of violation. Drawing on purposivist legal theory, this paper offers an in depth discussion of evasion. It articulates what evasion is, why it occurs, how it relates to designed flexibility, and how it impacts accountability. Evasion entails intentional compliance with the letter of the law but violation of the purpose of the law to minimize inconvenient obligations in an arguably legal fashion. Three original case studies illustrate the empirical purchase and generalizability of evasion in IR. Evasion contributes a more nuanced understanding of compliance, cautions that legality sometimes hinders accountability, and offers policy recommendations to counter undesirable evasion. The paper concludes with promising directions for a research program on evasion.
Retbindin mediates light-damage in mouse retina while its absence leads to premature retinal aging

Vision requires the transport and recycling of the pigment 11-cis retinaldehyde (retinal) between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors. 11-cis retinal is also required for light-mediated photoreceptor death in dark-adapted mouse eye, probably through overstimulation of rod cells adapted for low light. Retbindin is a photoreceptor-specific protein, of unclear function, that is localized between the RPE and the tips of the photoreceptors. Unexpectedly, young Rtbdn-KO mice, with targeted deletion (KO) of retbindin, showed delayed regeneration of retinal function after bleaching and were strongly resistant to light-induced photoreceptor death. Furthermore, bio-layer interferometry binding studies showed recombinant retbindin had significant affinity for retinoids, most notably 11-cis retinal. This suggests that retbindin mediates light damage, probably through a role in transport of 11-cis retinal. In Rtbdn-KO mice, retinal development was normal, as were amplitudes of rod and cone electroretinograms (ERG) up to 4 months, although implicit times and c-waves were affected. However, with aging, both light- and dark-adapted ERG amplitudes declined significantly and photoreceptor outer segments became disordered, However, in contrast to other reports, there was little retinal degeneration or drop in flavin levels. The RPE developed vacuoles and lipid, protein and calcium deposits reminiscent of age-related macular degeneration. Other signs of premature aging included loss of OPN4+ retinal ganglion cells and activation of microglia. Thus, retbindin plays an unexpected role in the mammalian visual cycle, probably as an adaptation for vision in dim light. It mediates light damage in the dark-adapted eye, but also plays a role in light-adapted responses and in long term retinal homeostasis.
Absolute rate constants for O + NO + N2 yields NO2 + N2 from 217-500 K

Rate constants for the reaction O + NO + N2 yields NO2 + N2 from 217 to 500 K were obtained by a method combining the flash photolysis of NO with the time resolved detection of O by means of resonance fluorescence. The rate constants were found to obey the Arrhenius equation k = (15.5 plus or minus 2.0) x 10 to the -33rd exp((1160 plus or minus 70)/1.987 T) cm to the 6th/squared molecule/s, while the temperature dependence of k is described by k = 3.80 x 10 to the -27th/T to the 1.82 cm to the 6th/squared molecule/s.
Optimization of permanent magnet stabilization for balanced sensitivities and variations of spin valve heads

In this paper, we present micromagnetic modelling work for synthetic anti-ferromagnetic (SAF) spin valve heads with permanent magnet (PM) stabilization. It is known that the PM stabilization in a spin valve head has to be strong enough so that the free layer magnetisation is in single domain state during head operation.
Eavesdropping in The Cove: Interspecies ethics, public and private space, and trauma under water

ABSTRACTThe Cove is an activist documentary that seeks to stop the dolphin drives in Taiji, Japan in which tens of thousands of dolphins annually are herded into a hidden lagoon where some are culled for dolphinaria and the majority slaughtered. This pro-cetacean effort proceeds by means of an intense, clandestine field deployment of high-tech cameras and audio recorders to infiltrate the forbidden above- and underwater space of the lagoon and expose the stabbing, suffering and dying. Responses to the film have questioned whether the resulting depiction of the coastal whalers is unethical, anti-Japanese or even racist, and whether the film's focus on dolphins neglects the broader catastrophe of marine life depletion. This article develops a spatial media approach to reframe these and raise other questions. Extrapolating from ‘eavesdropping’—a research practice that marine mammal scientists use to study dolphin-to-dolphin and dolphin-to-human communication—the article explores how The Cove extends document...
Genetic Analysis of Mating Type and Alkane Utilization in Saccharomycopsis lipolytica

The mating reaction in Saccharomycopsis lipolytica is shown to be bipolar through the analysis of whole meiotic tetrads. Genetic evidence is provided that alkane metabolism proceeds through a fatty acid or a fatty acid intermediate since several mutants unable to grow on n-tetradecane were also unable to utilize palmitic acid.
Rituals of Returning: A Dialogic Interpretation

Rituals are about time and participation, and usually we study them in other people. In this article, we examine a study of ourselves in which time returns rather than progresses and in which participation is dialogic. The article represents a departure from realist ethnography and is rendered as a conversation.
Tracing Competing Paradigms

This chapter explores how the notion of a paradigm shift can guide the design of information visualization and help the study of competing paradigms. The chapter demonstrates the use of co-citation network analysis techniques through two case studies of competing paradigms. One is the evolution of mass extinctions research spanning over a decade. The other is a study of research concerning supermassive black homes in cosmology.
Phase Problem and Reference-Beam Diffraction

Publisher Summary X-ray diffraction from crystalline materials is a widely used method in many fields of modern science, such as structural biology and materials science, for solving and analyzing crystal structures with atomic-scale resolution. A typical x-ray diffraction or crystallography experiment involves measuring a large number of diffraction peaks or Bragg reflections while rotating or oscillating a crystal specimen. In a typical diffraction experiment, the phase of a structure factor is lost. This is the fundamental phase problem in diffraction, and its general solution remains one of the most difficult parts of a structure determination, especially for biological macromolecular crystals. The conventional method of performing a three-beam experiment involves exciting one Bragg reflection, and then rotating the crystal around the scattering vector to bring another reflection into its diffraction condition. The reference-beam diffraction (RBD) technique is a simple conceptual modification to the conventional oscillation camera setup in the direct-beam geometry.
State-Of-The-Art in Permeability Determination From Well Log Data: Part 1- A Comparative Study, Model Development

This study discusses and compares, from a practical point of view, three different approaches for permeability determination from logs. These are empirical, statistical, and the recently introduced virtual measurement methods. They respectively make use of empirically determined models, multiple variable regression, and artificial neural networks. All three methods are applied to well log data from a heterogeneous formation and the results are compared with core permeability, which is considered to be the standard. In this first part of the paper we present only the model development phase in which we are testing the capability of each method to match the presented data. Based on this, the best two methods are to be analyzed in terms of prediction performance in the second part of this paper.
Rhetorical Spaces in Memorial Places: The Cemetery as a Rhetorical Memory Place/Space

Abstract Focusing on a seacoast New Hampshire African American burying ground and the grave of a white woman buried in a Massachusetts rural cemetery, this article considers how the essential nature of the cemetery makes it both a very usual and unusual memory place. Considering de Certeau's distinctions between space and place as well as Foucault's definition of a heterotopia, this paper argues that the paradoxes of the heterotopia combined with the symbolism and materiality of the grave make the cemetery a particularly potent lieu de memoire for those otherwise forgotten in public memory.
Selecting for productivity within a strain of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., in three environments.

The effectiveness of selecting cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants solely for productivity was examined in three climatic zones of the San Joaquin Valley. Individual plant selections (F7) were made from the breeding line 12302 (later released as Acala SJ-1 cultivar) in 1965 at locations in the northern, western, and southern zones of the valley. Increased production of seed cotton was shown for selections in each zone when compared with the parental check in replicated trial in 1968.Selecting at the northern zone resulted in a higher proportion of high yielding lines than was attained by selections at other zones. Observations indicated productivity in the northern zone of the valley may be closely associated with early maturity.Fiber quality was also affected to a greater extent for the northern selections, with the more productive selections showing a greater reduction in fiber length.These findings suggest that selecting plants or progenies in a marginal environment can aid in identifying variation due to cryptic variability that remains following pure line breeding in a favorable environment.
Solutions for ion–electron–radiation coupling with radiation and electron diffusion

Abstract We present semi-analytic solutions to the equations for radiation–electron–ion coupling, the so-called 3-T equations. Our solutions use a linearization based on Pomraning's form for the heat capacity given by C v ∝ T e 3 with additional stipulations for the electron heat conduction and ion–electron coupling coefficients. To solve the linearized equations we use integral transform techniques and compute a Fourier integral numerically. We give solutions for a 3-T version and a 2-T with heat conduction version of the Su–Olson problem as well as solutions for spherical and spherical shell sources. We use the xRage radiation hydrodynamics code to demonstrate that our solutions are useful for code verification in multiple dimensions and axisymmetric geometries.
Aerodynamic Tip Desensitization of an Axial Turbine Rotor Using Tip Platform Extensions

Aerodynamic losses due to the formation of a leakage vortex near the tip section of rotor blades form a significant part of viscous losses in axial flow turbines. The leakage flow, mainly induced by the pressure differential between the pressure side and suction side of a rotor tip section, usually rolls into a streamwise vortical structure near the suction side part of the blade tip. The current study uses the concept of a tip platform extension that is a very short “winglet” obtained by slightly extending the tip platform in the tangential direction. The use of a pressure side tip extension can significantly affect the local aerodynamic field by weakening the leakage vortex structure. Phase averaged, time accurate total pressure measurements downstream of a single stage turbine facility are provided from a total pressure probe that has a time response of 150 kHz. Complete total pressure maps in all of the 29 rotor exit planes are measured accurately. Various pressure and suction side extension configurations are compared against a baseline case. The current investigation performed in the Axial Flow Turbine Research Facility (AFTRF) of the Pennsylvania State University shows that significant total to total efficiency gain is possible by the use of tip platform extensions.Copyright © 2001 by ASME
Description of a stationary drop-net for estimating nekton abundance in shallow waters

Abstract A 4 m2 stationary drop-net capable of sampling the entire column of water in depths up to 1 m is described. The net is a modified purse seine constructed of 3-mm nylon mesh with top enclosed and hung from a frame 1 m above the surface. The net is dropped when support pins are released via a trip line from the shore. In 25 paired trials, the haul seine, with its greater area of coverage per haul (525 m2), captured more species than the drop-net, but the drop-net yielded estimates of a significantly higher density for fish and macrocrustaceans by individual species.
WHEN LOW TECHNOLOGY IS THE ANSWER: RESPONSE TO A REMOTE OIL SEEP

ABSTRACT Emergency responders must resist the temptation to overbuild response facilities. They need to balance the inherent conflicts of safety and effectiveness versus costs and benefits. They should always try to apply the simplest, most appropriate technology to the site and its problems. This should result in the most cost-effective and least disruptive response while ensuring responders keep their commitment to protecting health and the environment. Oil seeps are common in central California. One seep discharged up to 15 bbl/week into Toro Creek. Because of the site's remote location, lack of electricity, and steep terrain, an innovative oil-water separator system was installed linking the separator by gravity to an underground storage tank (UST). These features were employed: There are no moving parts. All separation and collection is by gravity. Solar power runs a monitoring system and modem, which monitors system performance and phones emergency responders if there is a problem. All oil is collec...
Score Comparability for Language Minority Students on the Content Assessments Used by Two States

In this research investigation of score comparability for language minority students (English language learners [ELLs] and former English language learners), we examined 3 indicators of score comparability (reliability, internal test structure, and differential item functioning) for 4th and 8th grade students who took the NCLB-mandated content assessments in English-language arts and mathematics in 2 different U. S. states. Overall, for the 8 assessments we examined, a high degree of score comparability was found for ELLs and former ELLs, when compared with native English speakers. The results from this study showed that although the assessments from the 2 states differed somewhat with respect to the 3 indicators, a high degree of score comparability was found for both states' content assessments.
Integrating asthma education and smoking cessation for parents: Financial return on investment†

BACKGROUND: Caregivers who smoke and have children with asthma are an important group for intervention. Home-based interventions successfully reduce asthma morbidity, yet are costly. This study evaluated the financial return on investment (ROI) of the Parents of Asthmatics Quit Smoking (PAQS) program, a combined asthma education and smoking cessation intervention. METHODS: Participants included caregivers (n?=?224) that smoked, had a child with asthma, and were enrolled in a Medicaid managed care plan. Participants received nurse-delivered asthma education and smoking counseling in three home visits. Program implementation costs were estimated, and healthcare expenses were obtained from insurance claims data 12 months pre- and 12 months post intervention. ROI was calculated for all participants, children <6 years, children 6-18 years, and children with moderate/severe persistent asthma. RESULTS: Total program implementation cost was $34,481. After intervention, there was increased mean annual refills of beta-agonist (0.51 pre, 1.64 post; P?<?0.001), and controller medications (0.65 pre, 2.44 post; P?<?0.001). Reductions were found in mean annual emergency department visits (0.33 pre, 0.14 post; P?<?0.001), hospitalizations (0.23 pre, 0.08 post; P?<?0.001), and outpatient visits (2.33 pre, 1.45 post, P?<?0.001). The program had negative ROI (-21.8%) for the entire sample. The ROI was positive (+106.9) for children <6 years, negative (-150.3) for children 6-18, and negligible for moderate/severe persistent asthma (+6.9%). CONCLUSION: PAQS was associated with increased medication use and decreased healthcare utilization. While the overall ROI for PAQS was negative, PAQS had a positive ROI for caregivers of young children with asthma.
Document Delivery to a Cast of Thousands : Free Article Delivery Service at Indiana University

SUMMARY In January of 2006, Indiana University Libraries launched a free document delivery service on its Bloomington campus. A fee-based service for faculty was in existence until December of 2005, but billing problems and lack of use caused the library to re-think this service. The library wanted to expand the service to make the libraries' resources more useful to all users on campus, but also wanted to eliminate billing problems that had become the standard in the fee-based service. Also, the process needed to be streamlined and become more integrated into the regular interlibrary loan workflow. The entire document delivery service was reviewed and many changes were made. The revamped service, Request Article Delivery, became a free article delivery service implemented through ILLiad and offered to the more than 45,000 students, faculty, and staff affiliated with the Bloomington campus. The service has proven to be a popular one with over 12,000 requests submitted in 2006. This article will discuss im...
Federal Activity in Marine Geology in Gulf of Mexico: ABSTRACT

Seven agencies of the federal government are involved either directly or indirectly in marine geologic research in the Gulf of Mexico. These are: Naval Oceanographic Office; Office of Naval Research; Army Corps of Engineers, Department of Defense; Environmental Sciences Services Administration, Department of Commerce; Water Pollution Control Administration; Bureau of Commercial Fisheries; and Geological Survey, Department of Interior. Activities by NOO and ONR are related to national defense and the development of undersea technology and include regional studies of sediments on the sea floor and the strata beneath by coring and by acoustical profiling. Corps of Engineers studies are concerned with the mass movement of sediments and erosional patterns along the coastline as they relate to marine processes. ESSA is concerned primarily with charting and mapping the coastal and deep-ocean waters. Programs of ESSA are providing detailed bathymetry of the sea floor and regional surveys of bottom conditions. Agencies of Interior are engaged in research that bears on both the stewardship of resources on public lands and exploration and development of both renewable and nonrenewable resources of the marine environment. WPCC, through the Office of Estuarine Studies, is establishing a program for the investigation of pollution and sedimentation in the inshore waters of lagoons and estuaries. BCF is studying intensively the environmental factors controlling the profileration and movement of edible sea life, including the effect of sediments on bottom dwellers. USGS, through its Water Resources, Conservation, and Geologic Divisions is the federal agency most heavily engaged in marine geologic research in the Gulf. The Water Resources Division is studying the effect of flooding in coastal bays a d will have a leading role in estuarine studies. The Conservation Division acts in a managerial capacity in evaluating, on geologic grounds, prospective lease property on the continental shelf. The Geologic Division, through the Office of Marine Geology, is engaged in a broad research program that includes study of sedimentation and diagenesis processes in the nearshore and shelf environments, heavy metals content of sediments, geochemistry of sediments, and crustal structure of the Gulf basin. The Survey's overall program in the Gulf is following the pattern established for other marine provinces--the extension of geologic knowledge from peripheral land areas seaward as the public needs require. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1829------------
Erosion of the rights of pregnant women: in the interest of fetal well-being.

T he current interest in fetal well-being has been generated by the hope that the striking advances made in the health care of women during childbearing could be followed by similar improvements in the health of their fetuses. From the end of World War II, maternal mortality has declined dramatically in the United States and other developed countries because of medical progress in controlling the major causes of illness and death in pregnant women, ie, blood loss, infection, and toxemia of pregnancy. Antibiotics, modern blood banking, surgical technology, and improved living conditions made these improvements in outcome possible. The better outcomes for women naturally improved the lot of their fetuses, but there have remained many fetal conditions that were not affected by this indirect approach via improvements in maternal health. With the pregnant woman's health and safety largely secure, medical attention has been more intensively focused on trying to improve the outlook for the fetus directly by making fetal evaluation and, at times, therapy a part of obstetrical care. In addition, it was hoped to improve fetal outcome by reducing unhealthy habits and lifestyles of pregnant women, such as smoking and alcohol consumption, which have an adverse effect on fetal health. Advances in prenatal diagnosis, surveillance, and treatment in the last 25 years have made it possible to consider approaches to fetal problems in utero. Ultrasound, amniocentesis, and fetal surgery have allowed access to the fetus while it is still in the womb. This access to the fetus, however, has been at the expense of invasive procedures through the pregnant woman who must consent for the procedures not only for her unborn child but for herself as well. It was also discovered that common practices of everyday life could have a devastating impact on pregnancy and the fetus. Thus smoking during pregnancy was noted to cause prematurity and low birth weight. Alcohol consumption has resulted in infants with physical and mental problems, appropriately labeled fetal alcohol syndrome. Street drugs have more recently © 1990 by The Jacobs Institute of Women's Health 1049-3867/90/53.50
Characteristics and long-term outcomes of percutaneous revascularization of unprotected left main coronary artery stenosis in the United States: A report from the national cardiovascular data registry, 2004 to 2008

Objectives This study sought to assess percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for unprotected left main coronary artery (ULMCA) stenosis in routine U.S. clinical practice. Background Percutaneous coronary intervention for ULMCA stenosis is controversial; however, current use and outcomes of ULMCA PCI in routine U.S. clinical practice have not been described. Methods We evaluated 5,627 patients undergoing ULMCA PCI at 693 centers within the National Cardiovascular Data Registry Catheterization Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Registry for temporal trends in PCI use (2004 to 2008), patient characteristics, and in-hospital mortality. Thirty-month mortality and composite major adverse events (death, myocardial infarction, and revascularization) with drug-eluting versus bare-metal stents were compared using inverse probability weighted (IPW) hazard ratios (HRs) in a nonrandomized Medicare-linked (age ≥65 years) patient cohort (n = 2,765). Results ULMCA PCI was performed in 4.3% of patients with ULMCA stenosis. Unadjusted in-hospital mortality rates ranged from 2.9% for elective cases to 45.1% for emergent/salvage cases. By 30 months, 57.9% of the elderly ULMCA PCI population experienced death, myocardial infarction, or revascularization, and 42.7% died. Patients receiving drug-eluting stents (versus bare-metal stents) had a lower 30-month mortality (IPW HR: 0.84, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.73 to 0.96), but the composite of major adverse events were similar (IPW HR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.84 to 1.06). Conclusions In the United States, ULMCA PCI is performed in
Surgical procedures for coronary atherosclerosis

HE RAPID EVOLUTION of bypass grafting for coronary artery disease during the past 3 yr has greatly stimulated the development of new techniques for diagnosis and therapy.1-3 In this critique of the status of different surgical approaches, six different areas can be delineated: elective bypass grafting for angina pectoris; bypass grafting for congestive failure; left ventricular aneurysms, scars, and akinetic areas; preinfarction angina; arterial implants; and acute myocardial infarction-assisted circulation. E~~crrrvn BYPASS GRAFTING FOR ANGINA P~crom The pathologic basis for bypass grafting, discussed earlier in this symposium, is based on the fact that coronary atherosclerosis occurs principally in the proximal one-third to one-half of the major coronary arteries, with the distal vessels remaining patent in the majority of patients. When Green examined a series of nearly 50 hearts with atherosclerosis in the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery, the distal vessel was found to be patent in over 90X4 Similarly Berger recently described a postmortem study of 300 hearts with coronary atherosclerosis in which a patent segment was found distal to the area of obstruction in 80-90%; however, this finding varied with the pattern of proximal obstruction present5 Although this high frequency of patent distal vessels has long been noted by pathologists, its therapeutic significance was not appreciated because the arteries are small (1.0-2.5 mm internal diameter) and may appear even smaller when examined in contracted postmortem hearts. 5 An important point in surgical technique is that these collapsed vessels distal to an obstruction can often be gently dilated with small graduated probes to more than 50% of the initial diameter. A combination of fortunate circumstances led to the rather belated discovery of the widespread feasibility of bypass grafting. As recently as 1967, any direct operative procedure upon the left coronary artery was avoided because of a prohibitive mortality, exceeding 50%’ It is astonishing now, only 4 yr later, that bypass procedures can be regularly performed upon the left coronary artery with an operative risk of less than 5%. The most significant factors permitting this low mortality rate include the immediate increase in flow of blood to ischemic myocardium, the technical advances in microsurgery which permit effective anastomoses to arteries as small as 1.0 mm internal diameter, and the increasing safety of all operative procedures performed with cardiopulmonary bypass.
Gradient elution isotachophoresis for enrichment and separation of biomolecules.

A novel format for performing capillary isotachophoresis (ITP) is describedgradient elution ITP (GEITP). GEITP merges the recently described electrophoretic separation technique of gradient elution moving boundary electrophoresis (GEMBE) with an ITP enrichment step. GEMBE utilizes a combination of continuous sample injection with a pressure-controlled counterflow; as the counterflow is reduced, analytes are sequentially eluted onto the separation column and detected as boundary interfaces. By incorporating leading electrolytes into the counterflow and terminating electrolytes into the sample matrix, an ionic interface can be formed near the capillary inlet. The discontinuous buffer system forms highly enriched analyte zones outside of the capillary, which are then eluted onto the separation capillary as the counterflow is reduced. Separation of fluorescent analytes was achieved either through discrete electrolyte spacers added to the sample or by using ampholyte mixtures to form a continuum of spacers. As...
Photoinitiation of the anionic condensation reaction in 2-chloroacrylonitrile via the charge-transfer bands of the Cl−·(2-chloroacrylonitrile)1,2 clusters

Abstract The ion-molecule complexes Cl − ·(2-chloroacrylonitrile) n , n = 1, 2 were used to study electron-induced reactions of solvent molecules initiated by a charge-transfer transition of the cluster. Photoexcitation of the Cl − ·2-chloroacrylonitrile complex produces the radical anion of 2-chloroacrylonitrile (CAN), with expulsion of the Cl atom. Excitation of Cl − ·(CAN) 2 yielded photofragments that indicate the occurrence of an addition reaction of the CAN − radical to the second CAN molecule, where Cl is again ejected. This photochemistry corresponds to the chain propagation step in the polymerization of (CAN) n − clusters, and is sufficiently exothermic to sequentially eliminate HCl units.
Gradient-index antireflective subwavelength structures for planar waveguide facets

We demonstrate the use of subwavelength gratings etched into the facets of silicon-on-insulator ridge waveguides as a means of reducing facet reflectivity by the gradient-index effect. Reflectivities as low as 2.0% and 2.4% for the fundamental TE and TM modes, respectively, are demonstrated experimentally for light of 1.55 μm wavelength, in agreement with both effective medium theory and finite-difference time domain calculations. Simulations show that facet reflectivites can be further reduced to less than 1% by increasing the grating modulation depth.
Larger size vehicles (LSVs) contribution to red light running, based on a driving simulator experiment

Larger size vehicles (LSVs), comprising semis and six-wheelers drive higher and wider than passenger cars which could affect the visibility of traffic lights for the following passenger car driver at signalized intersections. This paper investigates the contribution of LSVs to red light running resulting from vertical visibility blockage based on a driving simulator experiment. Three sub-scenarios were developed in the driving simulator. The first sub-scenario served as a base sub-scenario, where the simulator car follows a passenger car. The second sub-scenario served as the test sub-scenario, where the simulator car tracks an LSV. The results obtained by comparing the sub-scenarios confirmed that LSVs generate higher red light running rate at signalized intersections due to vertical visibility blockage. The third sub-scenario (or suggested solution sub-scenario) tested a suggested solution by the Federal Highway Administration for the vertical visibility blockage issue, which consists of installing an additional signal pole on the right side of the road. The comparison between the test sub-scenario and the suggested solution sub-scenario demonstrated that the addition of a signal pole on the right side of the road decreases red light running resulting from vertical visibility blockage significantly.
Peptide-Derived Antagonists of the Urokinase Receptor. Affinity Maturation by Combinatorial Chemistry, Identification of Functional Epitopes, and Inhibitory Effect on Cancer Cell Intravasation†

The high-affinity interaction between urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its glycolipid-anchored receptor (uPAR) plays an important role in pericellular plasminogen activation. Since proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix has an established role in tumor invasion and metastasis, the uPA-uPAR interaction represents a potential target for therapeutic intervention. By affinity maturation using combinatorial chemistry we have now developed and characterized a 9-mer, linear peptide antagonist of the uPA-uPAR interaction demonstrating specific, high-affinity binding to human uPAR (K(d) approximately 0.4 nM). Studies by surface plasmon resonance reveal that the off-rate for this receptor-peptide complex is comparable to that measured for the natural protein ligand, uPA. The functional epitope on human uPAR for this antagonist has been delineated by site-directed mutagenesis, and its assignment to loop 3 of uPAR domain III (Met(246), His(249), His(251), and Phe(256)) corroborates data previously obtained by photoaffinity labeling and provides a molecular explanation for the extreme selectivity observed for the antagonist toward human compared to mouse, monkey, and hamster uPAR. When human HEp-3 cancer cells were inoculated in the presence of this peptide antagonist, a specific inhibition of cancer cell intravasation was observed in a chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay. These data imply that design of small organic molecules mimicking the binding determinants of this 9-mer peptide antagonist may have a potential application in combination therapy for certain types of cancer.
Stabilizing selection of protein function and distribution of selection coefficient among sites

In this study, I take a new approach to modeling the evolutionary constraint of protein sequence, introducing the stabilizing selection of protein function into the nearly-neutral theory. In other words, protein function under stabilizing selection generates the evolutionary conservation at the sequence level. With the help of random mutational effects of nucleotides on protein function, I have derived the distribution of selection coefficient among sites, called the S-distribution whose parameters have clear biological interpretations. Moreover, I have studied the inverse relationship between the evolutionary rate and the effective population size, showing that the number of molecular phenotypes of protein function, i.e., independent components in the fitness of the organism, may play a key role for the molecular clock under the nearly-neutral theory. These results are helpful for having a better understanding of the underlying evolutionary mechanism of protein sequences, as well as human disease-related mutations.
Fabrication of vertical InAs-Si heterojunction tunnel field effect transistors

Gated p-i-n diodes operating as tunnel field effect transistors (TFETs) [1] are recently attracting much attention because of potential benefits over conventional MOSFETs. They are expected to have lower off-current, and operate at lower supply voltage compared to MOSFETs. Unfortunately, these promises are very difficult to realize using materials like Si, Ge and its alloys. However, encouraging experimental results were recently obtained using lower bandgap III–V (InGaAs) material systems [2, 3] offering higher tunneling probabilities. Here we report first results on the fabrication and electrical characterization of III–V / Si heterojunction TFETs with InAs as low bandgap source. This material combination maintains the advantages of Si as channel, drain and substrate material as proposed in [4].
Evaluation of Silicon for Managing Powdery Mildew on Gerbera Daisy

Powdery mildew, caused by Erysiphe cichoracearum or Podosphaera fusca, is a common disease of gerbera daisy (Gerbera jamesonii) grown in Florida. Previous studies demonstrated that silicon reduces powdery mildew in Arabidopsis, cucumber, grape, strawberry, and wheat. In this study, two silicon (Si) sources, calcium silicate and potassium silicate, were evaluated for their ability to reduce powdery mildew in gerbera ‘Snow White’. The effect of calcium silicate in flower quality and the silicon uptake was also determined. Calcium silicate was not effective in reducing powdery mildew or in improving flower quality. The silicon content of gerberas treated with potassium silicate was slightly greater than that in plants treated with calcium silicate. However, the severity of powdery mildew was not reduced by potassium silicate. The results suggest that silicon may not be useful for managing this disease of gerbera daisy, possibly due to the low accumulation of silicon by gerbera leaves.
A comparative study of copper ion induced lysis of vertebrate red blood cells.

Abstract 1. 1. Erythrocytes from different vertebrate classes were tested for susceptibility towards copper ion-induced lysis under identical copper ion concentration and per cent cell volumes. 2. 2. The susceptibility towards lysis was found to be correlated with the rate of copper ion entry into the erythrocytes. 3. 3. GSH levels decline in red blood cells at a rate proportional to the rate of copper ion entry. 4. 4. Hemolysis does not seem to be causally related to the level of GSH in the erythrocytes.
Effects of sulfate species on V2O5/TiO2 SCR catalysts in coal and biomass-fired systems

Abstract Sulfation occurs when commercial vanadia SCR catalysts are exposed to SO 2 -laden coal combustion flue gases. Effects of sulfation on the surface chemistry of vanadia/titania catalysts and SCR activity have not been adequately addressed in previously published work. In this work, in situ FTIR spectroscopy and post situ XPS investigations were performed during vanadia/titania catalyst sulfation under simulated coal combustion flue gas conditions. In situ FTIR spectroscopy combined with XPS analyses on fresh and sulfated TiO 2 , 2% and 5% V 2 O 5 /TiO 2 indicate that sulfate does not form on vanadia sites but rather on titania sites. FTIR spectroscopy data show that sulfation inhibits NO adsorption in the presence of oxygen, but greatly enhances NH 3 adsorption by generating additional Bronsted acid sites while reducing the concentration of Lewis acid sites. Observed increases in the intrinsic NO reduction activity of sulfated vanadia/titania catalysts (relative to fresh catalysts) are consistent with spectroscopy data showing that the sulfation enhances NO reduction activity by increasing the number of active sites without changing the activation energy or site acid strength.
Analysis of Irradiated Drosophila Populations for Meiotic Drive

Irradiated populations of Drosophila were analyzed for the existence of chromosomes or alleles represented in the gametes of a heterozygote with a frequency greater than the expected 50%. Such phenomena have been referred to as cases of meiotic drive when the basis is found in some aberration of meiosis. Chromosomes were tested for about 200 generations. The genetic tests consisted of back-crossing heterozygotes for chromosomes derived from the irradiated populations and for stock chromosomes carrying mutant genes to the mutant stock in order to detect any deviation in the progeny from the expected 50% of each type. Of 1654 tests there were two instances in which the chromosomes derived from the irradiated population were recovered in significantly more than half the progeny, and where this deviation persisted after repeated testing. (C.H.)
Consciousness, Trauma, and Health: A Cognitive Systems Response to Payne, Walsh, and Oman

Religion and cognitive science contribute complementary understandings of the human person, and an integrated perspective can bridge clinical, spiritual, and philosophical resources to facilitate healing and growth. Drawing upon cognitive science and systems theory, I respond to Richard Payne, Mary Walsh, and Doug Oman’s comments on my Mind, Brain, and the Elusive Soul (Graves 2008; Oman 2011; Payne 2011; Walsh 2011).
Multiple Pit-1-binding sites facilitate estrogen responsiveness of the prolactin gene.

Previous studies have shown that estrogen responsiveness of the rat PRL gene requires the presence of both the estrogen receptor and the tissue-specific transcription factor, Pit-1. To examine the contribution of individual Pit-1-binding sites in permitting an estrogen response, we mutated specific sites in both the proximal and distal regions of the rat PRL gene. The studies reveal that mutation of Pit-1-binding sites in either the proximal or the distal region can have an effect on estrogen responsiveness. The most important Pit-1-binding site appears to be the site in the distal enhancer, which is adjacent to the estrogen receptor-binding site. However, mutation of combinations of other Pit-1-binding sites reveals that these sites also contribute to the estrogen response of the PRL gene. The binding sequences for another transcription factor cannot substitute for Pit-1 sites in bringing about a wild-type estrogen response, as shown by replacement of Pit-1-binding sites with a consensus cAMP-responsive ...
DYSPEPSIA AND ULCERS

Abstract Dyspepsia, characterized by persistent abdominal pain thought to arise in the upper gastrointestinal tract, is a common reason for visits to primary care physicians. One third of the patients with dyspepsia, when fully evaluated, will have a definable abnormality to explain the symptomatology. Esophagitis, gastritis, and peptic ulcer disease are the most common entities. Helicobacter pylori has been implicated as the etiologic agent in peptic ulcer disease. There are invasive and noninvasive methods for identification of this organism. There are excellent new treatment protocols aimed at eradicating H. pylori and curing the ulcerative disease associated with infection. This review discusses clinical management and diagnostic options for primary care physicians faced with the patient complaining of dyspepsia, discusses the role of H. pylori in both duodenal and peptic ulcers, and outlines accepted protocols for ulcer treatment.
Stability of Two Hierarchical Grouping Techniques Case I: Sensitivity to Data Errors

Abstract The impact of observational errors on the dendrograms produced by the complete linkage and single linkage hierarchical grouping techniques was investigated. Data corresponding to basal taxonomies were perturbed by adding error to the ranks of the inter-specimen pair proximities. The goodness of fit of the dendrograms obtained from the perturbed data and that corresponding to the basal taxonomies were measured by means of the Goodman-Kruskal gamma coefficient. Empirical sampling distributions of the gamma coefficients indicated that the single linkage grouping technique was more sensitive to the type of data errors employed than the complete linkage technique.
The long-term impact of parents' childbearing decisions on children's self-esteem

We examine the long-term impact of parents' childbearing decisions on children's self-esteem. We focus on subjective aspects of the home environment in the creation of children's internalized sense of self-worth. Unique 23-year family panel data combining measures of mothers' childbearing, mothers' childbearing intentions, and children's self-esteem allow us to examine the overall links between parents' childbearing and children's self-esteem. The results demonstrate that parents' childbearing intentions can have a significant long-term impact on their children's self-esteem. Children who were unintended by their mothers have significantly lower self-esteem 23 years later. Our findings indicate that giving birth to an unintended child can have a long-term negative impact on subjective aspects of the child's well-being, at least in terms of self-esteem. Unintended childbearing has received an increasing amount of research attention in recent years.