cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Military R&D and Innovation

Abstract Government military establishments have for generations exerted an important influence on technological change in most industrial economies. Nevertheless, although the influence of military activity (waging wars, acquiring weapons, training personnel) on technological change has been pervasive for centuries, the channels through which military activity influences innovation have changed significantly, just as the structure and scale of national military establishments and the industrial societies within which they operate have changed. The extensive literature on the role of the military in technological change is largely devoted to the second half of the twentieth century, a period characterized by massive expenditures by the governments of both industrial and centrally planned economies on military R&D and procurement in “peacetime.” This chapter devotes the bulk of its discussion to the post-1945 period, and within this period, focuses mainly on US military R&D programs. There is very little comparative work on the influence (or lack of same) on innovation of military R&D programs supported by other NATO governments, which raises fundamental questions about the generalizability of the US experience that forms the foundation of this survey. One of the greatest gaps in the vast literature on military R&D and innovation is the modest scope of comparative work.
Silver-Catalyzed Enantioselective Propargylation Reactions of N-Sulfonylketimines

The enantioselective silver-catalyzed propargylation of N-sulfonylketimines is described. This reaction proceeds in high yield and excellent enantiomeric ratio and is compatible with a wide variety of diaryl- and alkylketimines. Synthetic transformations of homopropargylic products via enyne ring-closing metathesis, Sonogashira cross-coupling, and reduction reactions proceed with high stereochemical fidelity. Both allenyl and propargyl borolane reagents can be used to obtain homopropargylic products, a distribution most consistent with a mechanism involving transmetalation of the silver catalyst with the borolane reagent.
Hypertension in Blacks

The major differences that have been recognized between black and white hypertensives are primarily epidemiologic, with hypertension being more prevalent, having an earlier onset, and having more severe sequelae in the black population. The cause of the problem in both black and white people remains obscure, but it appears that a difference in sodium handling may contribute to the particular hemodynamic and hormonal profile of black hypertensives. Salt sensitivity, expanded plasma volume and low renin levels have been the hallmark of the black hypertensive. Complications such as stroke and left ventricular hypertrophy remain the major sequelae of this disease in blacks. Finally, a current study confirmed the improved efficacy of antihypertensive therapy in blacks to diuretics and calcium channel blockers and a somewhat lower efficacy profile to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and beta blockers, although the latter classes of agents have shown better response in blacks than previously thought.
Web 2.0: Capabilities, Business Value and Strategic Practice.

Web 2.0 is the adoption of open technologies and architectural frameworks to facilitate participative computing. Web 2.0 has the potential to deliver rich peer-to-peer interactions among users, enable collaborative value creation across business partners and create dynamic new services and business models. With the emergence of new information technology it is necessary for organizations to redefine and reassess the new technology and its business value. Extant research does not provide managers guidance on how they can utilize their Web 2.0 presence to add value creating activities for the organization. In this research we develop a conceptual foundation for the value propositions enabled by Web 2.0 technologies. We provide taxonomy of features, capabilities and organizational value added activities. We develop a model of Web 2.0 capabilities and the nature of value adding services they can provide.
THE CEMENTLESS TKA: LIFETIME GUARANTEE ON PARTS & LABOR – OPPOSES

There has been a recent increase in interest for non-cemented fixation in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), however, the superiority of cement fixation is an ongoing debate. Whereas the results based on Level III and IV evidence show similar survivorship rates between the two types of fixation, Level I and II evidence strongly support cemented fixation. United Kingdom, Australia, Sweden, and New Zealand registry data show lower failure rates and greater usage of cemented than non-cemented fixation. Case series studies have also indicated greater functional outcomes and lower revision rates among cemented TKAs. Non-cemented fixation involves more patellofemoral complications, including increased susceptibility to wear due to a thinner polyethylene bearing on the cementless metal-backed component. The combination of results from registry data, prospective randomised studies, and meta-analyses support the current superiority of cemented fixation in TKAs. Cement Technique: 1. Proper exposure with adequate length of incision; 2. Pulsatile lavage to the cut to clean the cancellous bone; 3. Drill holes in the sclerotic bone surfaces; 4. Heated Simplex cement at a doughy state; 5. Apply cement on the cut bony surfaces including the posterior femoral condyles and pressurised, apply cement on the components as well and; 6. Further pressurization in extension with trial insert.
The mathematics of dispatchability revisited

Dispatchability is an important property for the efficient execution of temporal plans where the temporal constraints are represented as a Simple Temporal Network (STN). It has been shown that every STN may be reformulated as a dispatch-able STN, and dispatchability ensures that the temporal constraints need only be satisfied locally during execution. Recently it has also been shown that Simple Temporal Networks with Uncertainty, augmented with wait edges, are Dynamically Controllable provided every projection is dispatchable. Thus, the dispatchability property has both theoretical and practical interest. One thing that hampers further work in this area is the underdeveloped theory. The existing definitions are expressed in terms of algorithms, and are less suitable for mathematical proofs. In this paper, we develop a new formal theory of dispatchability in terms of execution sequences. We exploit this to prove a characterization of dispatchability involving the structural properties of the STN graph. This facilitates the potential application of the theory to uncertainty reasoning.
Saving the masses: The impact of perceived efficacy on charitable giving to single vs. multiple beneficiaries

Abstract People are more generous toward single than toward multiple beneficiaries, and encouraging greater giving to multiple targets is challenging. We identify one factor, perceived efficacy, which enhances generosity toward multiple beneficiaries. We investigate relationships between perceived self-efficacy (believing one can take steps to make an impact), response efficacy (believing those steps will be effective), and charitable giving. Four studies show that increasing perceived self-efficacy increases perceived response efficacy (Studies 1 and 2) and increases donations for multiple beneficiaries (Studies 1–4). Further, results show that boosting perceived self-efficacy enhances giving to a greater extent for multiple than for single beneficiaries (Studies 3 and 4). These effects emerge using various charitable giving contexts, efficacy manipulations, and measures of generosity.
Approximate tree decompositions of planar graphs in linear time

Many algorithms have been developed for NP-hard problems on graphs with small treewidth k. For example, all problems that are expressible in linear extended monadic second order can be solved in linear time on graphs of bounded treewidth. It turns out that the bottleneck of many algorithms for NP-hard problems is the computation of a tree decomposition of width O ( k ) . In particular, by the bidimensional theory, there are many linear extended monadic second order problems that can be solved on n-vertex planar graphs with treewidth k in a time linear in n and subexponential in k if a tree decomposition of width O ( k ) can be found in such a time.We present the first algorithm that, on n-vertex planar graphs with treewidth k, finds a tree decomposition of width O ( k ) in such a time. In more detail, our algorithm has a running time of O ( n k 2 log ź k ) . We show the result as a special case of a result concerning so-called weighted treewidth of weighted graphs.
Controller Design for Linear Multivariable Feedback Systems with Stable Plants, Using Optimization with Inequality Constraints

Summary The paper is motivated by the fact that all linear design techniques for linear multivariable systems ignore certain practical considerations. For example, whether or not a given design will: (i) avoid plant saturation by noise or input signal (ii) desensitize the closed-loop response to additive output disturbances (iii) desensitize the closed-loop response to perturbations in the plant (or modeling error) We propose a design methodology for unity-feedback multivariable systems, with stable plants, that expresses some of these considerations as inequality constraints in a generalized nonlinear programming probelm.
Optical wave propagation in periodic structures

We present a formalism for optical waveguiding in two-dimensional periodic structures by means of Bragg reflection. The theory provides analytic expressions for the field modal profiles, dispersion, and attenuation or gain in the waveguide. Line defects in two-dimensional photonic crystal slabs are used as the principal example.
Electronic Markets and Supply Chains: Emerging Models, Execution and Performance Measurement

This issue of EM brings together some of the best current work available in the area of supply chain management, especially as it relates to the design, adoption and performance of B2B marketplaces and exchanges. When this special issue planning began, the editors’ focus was on examining supply chain implications and technologies. The editors received more than 40 submissions for the special call. We want to thank the nearly 80 reviewers from around the world who engaged these manuscripts and provided clear and helpful feedback for all authors regardless of the final decision. As the initial call suggested and these papers attest, the information technologies in organizational and interorganizational systems that facilitate supply chains is changing the business landscape in fundamental ways. Managers are being forced to rethink and reshape their business strategies, use of technologies, and relations with suppliers and customers as competitive pressures have made faster and leaner supply chains a primary goal for all participants. DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES
Practical free-space quantum cryptography

An experimental free-space quantum key distribution (QKD) system has been tested over an outdoor optical path of ∼ 1 km under nighttime conditions at Los Alamos National Laboratory. This system employs the Bennett 92 protocol; here we give a brief overview of this protocol, and describe our experimental implementation of it. An analysis of the system efficiency is presented, as well as a description of our error detection protocol, which employs a two-dimensional parity check scheme. Finally, the susceptibility of this system to eavesdropping by various techniques is determined, and the effectiveness of privacy amplification procedures is discussed. Our conclusions are that free-space QKD is both effective and secure; possible applications include the rekeying of satellites in low earth orbit.
Arid3b Is Critical for B Lymphocyte Development

Arid3a and Arid3b belong to a subfamily of ARID (AT-rich interaction domain) transcription factors. The Arid family is involved in regulating chromatin accessibility, proliferation, and differentiation. Arid3a and Arid3b are closely related and share a unique REKLES domain that mediates their homo- and hetero-multimerization. Arid3a was originally isolated as a B cell transcription factor binding to the AT rich matrix attachment regions (MARS) of the immunoglobulin heavy chain intronic enhancer. Deletion of Arid3a results in a highly penetrant embryonic lethality with severe defects in erythropoiesis and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The few surviving Arid3a-/- (<1%) animals have decreased HSCs and early progenitors in the bone marrow, but all mature lineages are normally represented in the bone marrow and periphery except for B cells. Arid3b-/- animals die around E7.5 precluding examination of hematopoietic development. So it is unclear whether the phenotype of Arid3a loss on hematopoiesis is dependent or independent of Arid3b. In this study we circumvented this limitation by also examining hematopoiesis in mice with a conditional allele of Arid3b. Bone marrow lacking Arid3b shows decreased common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) and downstream B cell populations while the T cell and myeloid lineages are unchanged, reminiscent of the adult hematopoietic defect in Arid3a mice. Unlike Arid3a-/- mice, HSC populations are unperturbed in Arid3b-/- mice. This study demonstrates that HSC development is independent of Arid3b, whereas B cell development requires both Arid3a and Arid3b transcription factors.
Exact Sampling Algorithms for Latin Squares and Sudoku Matrices via Probabilistic Divide-and-Conquer

We provide several algorithms for the exact, uniform random sampling of Latin squares and Sudoku matrices via probabilistic divide-and-conquer (PDC). Our approach divides the sample space into smaller pieces, samples each separately, and combines them in a manner which yields an exact sample from the target distribution. We demonstrate, in particular, a version of PDC in which one of the pieces is sampled using a brute force approach, which we dub almost deterministic second half, as it is a generalization to a previous application of PDC for which one of the pieces is uniquely determined given the others.
Fibrés d'intersection

Let f:X→Sbe a projective morphism of Noetherian schemes. We assume fpurely of relative dimension dand finite Tor-dimensional. We associate to d+1 invertible sheaves \(L{\text{,}}...{\text{,}}L_{d + 1}\)on Xa line bundle IX/S(\(L{\text{,}}...{\text{,}}L_{d + 1}\)) on Sdepending additively on the \(L_{\text{1}}\), commuting to ‘good’ base changes and which represents the integral along the fibres of fof the product of the first Chern classes of the \(L_{\text{1}}\). If d=0, IX/S(\(L\)) is the norm NX/S(\(L\)).
Giant anisotropic nonlinear optical response in transition metal monopnictide Weyl semimetals

An optical second-harmonic generation study of a series of transition metal monopnictide Weyl semimetals reveals a giant, anisotropic nonlinear optical response in these systems. Although Weyl fermions have proven elusive in high-energy physics, their existence as emergent quasiparticles has been predicted in certain crystalline solids in which either inversion or time-reversal symmetry is broken1,2,3,4. Recently they have been observed in transition metal monopnictides (TMMPs) such as TaAs, a class of noncentrosymmetric materials that heretofore received only limited attention5,6,7. The question that arises now is whether these materials will exhibit novel, enhanced, or technologically applicable electronic properties. The TMMPs are polar metals, a rare subset of inversion-breaking crystals that would allow spontaneous polarization, were it not screened by conduction electrons8,9,10. Despite the absence of spontaneous polarization, polar metals can exhibit other signatures of inversion-symmetry breaking, most notably second-order nonlinear optical polarizability, χ(2), leading to phenomena such as optical rectification and second-harmonic generation (SHG). Here we report measurements of SHG that reveal a giant, anisotropic χ(2) in the TMMPs TaAs, TaP and NbAs. With the fundamental and second-harmonic fields oriented parallel to the polar axis, the value of χ(2) is larger by almost one order of magnitude than its value in the archetypal electro-optic materials GaAs11 and ZnTe12, and in fact larger than reported in any crystal to date.
A multiple-comparison-systems method for distributed stability analysis of large-scale nonlinear systems ☆

Lyapunov functions provide a tool to analyze the stability of nonlinear systems without extensively solving the dynamics. Recent advances in sum-of-squares methods have enabled the algorithmic computation of Lyapunov functions for polynomial systems. However, for general large-scale nonlinear networks it is yet very difficult, and often impossible, both computationally and analytically, to find Lyapunov functions. In such cases, a system decomposition coupled to a vector Lyapunov functions approach provides a feasible alternative by analyzing the stability of the nonlinear network through a reduced-order comparison system. However, finding such a comparison system is not trivial and often, for a nonlinear network, there does not exist a single comparison system. In this work, we propose a multiple comparison systems approach for the algorithmic stability analysis of nonlinear systems. Using sum-of-squares methods we design a scalable and distributed algorithm which enables the computation of comparison systems using only communications between the neighboring subsystems. We demonstrate the algorithm by applying it to an arbitrarily generated network of interacting Van der Pol oscillators.
Introduction to focus issue: Patterns of network synchronization

The study of synchronization of coupled systems is currently undergoing a major surge fueled by recent discoveries of new forms of collective dynamics and the development of techniques to characterize a myriad of new patterns of network synchronization. This includes chimera states, phenomena determined by symmetry, remote synchronization, and asymmetry-induced synchronization. This Focus Issue presents a selection of contributions at the forefront of these developments, to which this introduction is intended to offer an up-to-date foundation.
Impact of Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee on riparian zone hydrology and biogeochemistry

Although riparian zones are well known to reduce nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) runoff to streams, they also have the potential to affect greenhouse gas (GHG: CO2, N2O, CH4) fluxes to the atmosphere. Following large storms, soil biogeochemical conditions often become more reduced, especially in oxbow depressions and side channels, which can lead to hot moments of GHG production. Here, we investigate the impact of the remnants of Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee on riparian zone hydrology (water table: WT), and biogeochemistry (oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), dissolved oxygen (DO), NO3-, PO43-, CO2, N2O, CH4). Results indicate that large storms have the potential to reset WT levels for weeks to months. Overbank flooding at our site following Irene and Lee led to the infiltration of well-oxygenated water at depth (higher DO and ORP), while promoting the development of anoxic conditions within soil aggregates near the soil surface (increased N2O and CH4 fluxes). A short-term increase in CO2 emission was observed following Irene at our site where aerobic respiration was water-limited. Over a two-year period, an oxbow depression exhibited higher WT, higher N2O and CH4 fluxes (hot moment), higher CO2 fluxes (seasonal), and lower NO3- concentrations (seasonal) than the rest of the riparian zone. However, neither Irene, nor Lee, nor the oxbow depression significantly impacted PO43-. Dissolved organic carbon, ORP, and DO data illustrate the time-lag (>20 years) between the creation of an oxbow depression and the development of reducing conditions despite clear differences in riparian zone and oxbow WT dynamics.
Dynamic metric learning from pairwise comparisons

Recent work in distance metric learning has focused on learning transformations of data that best align with specified pairwise similarity and dissimilarity constraints, often supplied by a human observer. The learned transformations lead to improved retrieval, classification, and clustering algorithms due to the better adapted distance or similarity measures. Here, we address the problem of learning these transformations when the underlying constraint generation process is nonstationary. This nonstationarity can be due to changes in either the ground-truth clustering used to generate constraints or changes in the feature subspaces in which the class structure is apparent. We propose Online Convex Ensemble StrongLy Adaptive Dynamic Learning (OCELAD), a general adaptive, online approach for learning and tracking optimal metrics as they change over time that is highly robust to a variety of nonstationary behaviors in the changing metric. We apply the OCELAD framework to an ensemble of online learners. Specifically, we create a retroinitialized composite objective mirror descent (COMID) ensemble (RICE) consisting of a set of parallel COMID learners with different learning rates, demonstrate RICE-OCELAD on both real and synthetic data sets and show significant performance improvements relative to previously proposed batch and online distance metric learning algorithms.
A Bivariate Spline Method for Second Order Elliptic Equations in Non-divergence Form

A bivariate spline method is developed to numerically solve second order elliptic partial differential equations in non-divergence form. The existence, uniqueness, stability as well as approximation properties of the discretized solution will be established by using the well-known Ladyzhenskaya---Babuska---Brezzi condition. Bivariate splines, discontinuous splines with smoothness constraints are used to implement the method. Computational results based on splines of various degrees are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our method.
Distributed mean estimation with limited communication

Motivated by the need for distributed learning and optimization algorithms with low communication cost, we study communication efficient algorithms for distributed mean estimation. Unlike previous works, we make no probabilistic assumptions on the data. We first show that for d dimensional data with n clients, a naive stochastic rounding approach yields a mean squared error (MSE) of Θ (d/n) and uses a constant number of bits per dimension per client. We then extend this naive algorithm in two ways: we show that applying a structured random rotation before quantization reduces the error to O((log d)/n) and a better coding strategy further reduces the error to O(1/n). We also show that the latter coding strategy is optimal up to a constant in the minimax sense i.e., it achieves the best MSE for a given communication cost. We finally demonstrate the practicality of our algorithms by applying them to distributed Lloyd's algorithm for k-means and power iteration for PCA.
Advanced laser processing of metals

Summary form only given. The application of lasers span the entire commercial and industrial scene starting from the CD player at home to welding in automobile and aircraft plants. Processes such as welding and cutting of components in order of meters, drilling dimensions of mm to /spl mu/ms are widely accepted in manufacturing. Future applications in manufacturing include: nanometer size powder generation by laser ablation; Angstrom to micron size deposition by laser CVD; mm scale coating by laser cladding; surface modification and meter scale components by direct metal deposition. The laser is a tool which can provide energy density varying from 10/sup -3/ watts/cm/sup 2/ to 10/sup 12/ watts/cm/sup 2/. They have a wavelength range varying from UV (/sup a_/193 nm) to far infrared (10.6 /spl mu/m). Recently, high brightness lasers have created new opportunities for laser processing applications. This inertialess tool of optical energy has the potential to start a new era. The preferred approach for successful process development is to apply "atomic level understanding to applications". This paper discusses the science base for many of the important laser processing techniques. Emission, absorption and laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy have been applied for studying interaction physics whereas transport models are used for quantitative understanding of the effects of process parameters on the materials. Electron optical techniques are applied to characterize the processed materials and whenever possible an effort has been made to establish structure-property-process-parameters relationship.
The Conflict Family: Storytelling as an Activity and a Method for Locally Led, Community-Based Peacebuilding

Researchers and practitioners are beginning to look to community-based participatory research (CBPR) approaches in their efforts to address social problems with those directly affected by them. Yet additional methods and tools are needed. In this article, we propose storytelling as a participatory method in the context of peacebuilding. Drawing on the Conflict Family, an example of cultural storytelling from a locally led peacebuilding initiative in Ghana, we illustrate the ways in which storytelling emerged as a co-constructed, culturally relevant, collaborative, reflexive, and memorable participatory strategy that functioned as a catalyst for action. Storytelling helped create a dialogic space for participants to discuss land disputes in their communities. This study contributes to what is known about storytelling by showcasing how cultural storytelling can promote local citizens’ ownership for CBPR approaches. It also reveals the ways storytelling can serve as a CBPR method that encourages a relational orientation and the co-construction of meaning, as well as inspire transformation among local citizens, particularly in conflict situations and peacebuilding contexts.
NISAR L-Band feed antenna tiles, preliminary design

Being developed in partnership between NASA and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) satellite is planned to launch in late 2020. NISAR will measure many aspects of how Earth is changing with unprecedented accuracy on a global scale from a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) platform. With a 12m deployable mesh reflector, NISAR will feature one of the largest deployable mesh reflector ever launched for a scientific mission. Two large planar phased arrays will feed the reflector, one that will operate at L-Band and be developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and an S-band array that will be developed at the ISRO Space Application Centre (SAC). This paper describes the preliminary design of the L-Band feed array.
Research models with dissemination activities for research experience for teachers (RET)

Faculty members and staff from the Schools of Engineering & Technology, Science, and Education at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), have developed a model to provide research experience for high school teachers. In this intensive 8 week program, teachers spend 6 weeks in the summer conducting research, and two weeks designing classroom modules based upon their research experience to implement during the academic year.
Outcome uncertainty, fan travel, and aggregate attendance.

The classical Uncertainty of Outcome Hypothesis (UOH) informs economistsâ understanding consumer decisions to attend sporting events and models of team revenue generation. Coates, Humphreys and Zhou (2014) developed a reference dependent preference based consumer choice model under uncertainty to motivate the UOH in which loss-averse consumers prefer games with certain outcomes. We develop an alternative model based on a standard expected utility model of fan behavior which incorporates fansâ decisions to travel to away games and aggregates decisions across local and visiting fans. This model generates predictions consistent with the classical UOH and concave team and league-wide total revenue functions.
When Ties Bind: Public Managers’ Networking Behavior and Municipal Fiscal Health After the Great Recession

This study examines the relationship between managerial networking and the fiscal health of city governments in the United States that faced a serious budget crisis during and immediately after the Great Recession. Do public managers’ ties with external stakeholders help improve the fiscal health of these cities? Or do these ties bind city officials to decisions that further exacerbate the fiscal difficulties of their governments? These questions are answered using data from a survey of municipal governments across the United States with a population of 50,000 or more, and financial data from Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports (CAFR) covering more than 200 hundred cities and for three fiscal years. Using instrumental variable regression to address possible common source bias and simultaneous causation, there is strong evidence that an external networking orientation is associated with a decline in city government fiscal health, whether the measure used is perceptual or CAFR-based.
Accounting of the power balance for neutral-beam heated H-mode plasmas in NSTX

Abstract Power balance accountability was investigated for neutral beam heated plasmas in NSTX. Measurements of heat to the divertor strike plates and radiation in the divertor and the core were made as a function of heating power in lower single-null (LSN) and double-null (DN) configurations. Up to 70% of the net input power is accounted in the LSN discharges with ≈15–20% of power lost as fast ions, ≈25–35% incident on the divertor plates, ≈5% radiated in the core, and ≈5–10% radiated in the divertor. In DN discharges, the fast ion loss is comparable to LSN discharges, the core radiated power fraction is ≈10%, and the power deposited in the lower divertor as radiation and heat flux is ≈20–25% of the total. Assuming up/down symmetry, the power accountability in DN is ≈85–90%.
SI-ADMM: a stochastic inexact ADMM framework for resolving structured stochastic convex programs

We consider the resolution of the structured stochastic convex program: min [EQUATION] such that Ax + By = b. To exploit problem structure and allow for developing distributed schemes, we propose an inexact stochastic generalization in which the subproblems are solved inexactly via stochastic approximation schemes. Based on this framework, we prove the following: (i) when the inexactness sequence satisfies suitable summability properties, the proposed stochastic inexact ADMM (SI-ADMM) scheme produces a sequence that converges to the unique solution almost surely; (ii) if the inexactness is driven to zero at a polynomial (geometric) rate, the sequence converges to the unique solution in a mean-squared sense at a prescribed polynomial (geometric) rate.
A versatile energy diverter (crowbar)

An energy-diverter device (crowbar) has been developed that is capable of effectively providing protection in the event of a fault or arc occurring in a high-power microwave tube or system. This protection is accomplished by diverting the energy or "crowbarring" through an alternate path capable of dissipating the stored energy in the capacitor bank and the short-circuit energy delivered by the power supply. The device is a fixed multiple-gap system that is sequentially fired by a signal applied at approximately the mid-point of the gap system. It has an infinite range; that is, it will operate from zero voltage to the maximum required voltage. It requires lower trigger energy (in the order of one joule); is capable of fast firing (in the order of 0.5 microsecond including delays in firing circuit); and can be repetitively fired. Other features incorporated into the device are 100% overvoltage setting of the gaps; self-triggering if a fault occurs at high operating voltages; and a low inductance configuration. The device is also sufficiently flexible in design to be adapted to any application. The design features, operating characteristics of the device, and results obtained in actual use will be presented.
Exascale workload characterization and architecture implications

We use a hybrid methodology based on binary instrumentation and performance counters to characterize a set of proxy applications (mini-apps and PETSc applications) representative of a broad range of scientific applications (and particularly DOE's future high performance computing workloads). From this empirical basis, we create statistical models that extrapolate application properties (instruction mix, memory size, and memory bandwidth) as a function of problem size. We validate them and project the first quantitative characterization of an exascale computing workload. Finally, the exascale workload is used to evaluate a radical new exascale architecture, stacked DRAM with processor under memory (PUM). Of the two projections, one shows major potential benefits in using PUM. However, the second, more conservative projection suggests that only a small number of exascale applications are likely to be memory-bandwidth limited, but even these are fundamentally memory-capacity limited.
Can you cause inflammatory bowel disease with fecal transplantation? A 31-patient case-series of fecal transplantation using stool from a donor who later developed Crohn's disease

Despite rigorous donor screening, the possibility that transmission of chronic inflammatory disorders could occur as a consequence of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) remains a serious potent...
Chemotherapy in the elderly

Persons over the age of 65 years are the fastest growing segment of the US population. In the next 30 years it will comprise over 20% of the population. More than 50% of all cancers occur in this age group and therefore, the total cancer burden is expected to rise. Data are becoming available that will better guide the use of chemotherapy in the older patient population. Understanding the physiologic and functional changes that occur with aging will assist in developing useful strategies in the elderly. Pharmacokinetic data on a broad spectrum of chemotherapeutic agents will be presented. Many of these agents seem to have a beneficial therapeutic index, particularly in older patients. There has also been an increasing trend toward the use of oral chemotherapy. Factors that must be considered in choosing chemotherapy include limitations of saturability of absorption, patient compliance, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes that occur in older patients. Interpatient variability and age-related changes in drug metabolism are discussed. Careful attention to the physiologic changes with age and dose adjustments necessary for end organ dysfunction (renal, hepatic) are needed to ensure the safe administration of chemotherapy to older patients.
THE LATERAL UNI: “A ROAD LESS TRAVELED”

Lateral unicompartmental replacement is performed less frequently than medial replacement and is technically more difficult. The ratio of medial to lateral arthroplasties is approximately 10:1. Differences in technique include the following: The patella is more vulnerable to impingement on the leading edge of the femoral component and must be carefully recessed. Because the wear pattern in lateral disease is more posterior than in medial disease, there is often residual cartilage on the distal femoral condyle. This is also the case when UKA is performed for the sequella of a lateral plateau fracture. To avoid this impingement, residual cartilage should probably be removed from the distal condyle before its resection and the femoral component should be under-sized anteriorly. Initial tibial resection should be very conservative to avoid the need for very thick tibial components to restore alignment and stability. Err toward shifting the femoral component laterally and the tibial component medially to maximise M-L congruency. Consider a medial parapatellar approach (avoiding the anterior horn of the medial meniscus) to facilitate visibility and component alignment.
PERI-PROSTHETIC FX'S: A PROBLEM ON THE RISE

Prevention: Many periprosthetic femur fractures may be prevented by: good patient follow-up; timely reoperation of lytic lesions if radiographs suggest fracture risk; prophylactic use of longer stemmed implants or strut grafts to bypass cortical defects at revision surgery. Treatment: Periprosthetic fractures can be treated using an algorithmic approach based on the Vancouver classification system. Fractures of greater or lesser trochanter (Type A): nonoperative treatment if displacement acceptable and if not associated with lysis; operative treatment if displacement unacceptable or associated with progressive lysis. Fractures of distal femur well distal to implant (Type C): treat as any other femur fracture, usually operatively; fixation options: plate/retrograde nails. Fractures around the implant or at its tip (Type B): these fractures almost always require surgery. Nonoperative treatment is associated with high rate of malunion, nonunion, poor results. Treatment is according to fixation status of implant and bone quality. Well-fixed stem (Type B1): ORIF with cable plate and/or strut grafts; or with locking plate and minimally invasive biologic technique. Loose stem (Type B2 and Type B3): revise implant to long stem; usually use uncemented distally-fixed implant; occasionally long cemented stem (avoid cement extrusion). In most cases we favor use of a modular fluted tapered stem which provides axial and rotational stability by fixation distal to the fracture. Principles: obtain fracture stability, implant stability, and optimise conditions for bone healing (use bone grafts, don9t strip periosteum)
On partial and generic uniqueness of block term tensor decompositions

We present several conditions for generic uniqueness of tensor decompositions of multilinear rank \((1,\ L_{1},\ L_{1}),\cdots ,(1,\ L_{R},\ L_{R})\) terms. In geometric language, we prove that the joins of relevant subspace varieties are not tangentially weakly defective. We also give conditions for partial uniqueness of block term tensor decompositions by proving that the joins of relevant subspace varieties are not defective.
Prevention of myopia by partial correction of hyperopia: a twins study

To confirm the prediction of emmetropization feedback theory that myopia can be prevented by correcting the hyperopia of a child at risk of becoming myopic. We conducted such myopia prevention treatment with twins at risk. Their hyperopia was partially corrected by one half at age 7 and in subsequent years until age 16. Hyperopia progressively decreased in all eyes as expected. None of the twins developed myopia. The spherical equivalent refractions of the followed eyes were +1 and +1.25 D at age 16. Feedback theory accurately predicted these values. The treatment of the twins with partial correction of their hyperopia was successful. Prevention of myopia with this technique is relatively simple and powerful. The use of this myopia prevention treatment has no adverse effects. This prevention treatment is indicated in children with a hyperopic reserve at risk of developing myopia.
Differentiable Programs with Neural Libraries.

We develop a framework for combining differentiable programming languages with neural networks. Using this framework we create end-to-end trainable systems that learn to write interpretable algorithms with perceptual components. We explore the benefits of inductive biases for strong generalization and modularity that come from the program-like structure of our models. In particular, modularity allows us to learn a library of (neural) functions which grows and improves as more tasks are solved. Empirically, we show that this leads to lifelong learning systems that transfer knowledge to new tasks more effectively than baselines.
Symmetric groups and expander graphs

We construct explicit generating sets Sn and \(\tilde{S}_{n}\) of the alternating and the symmetric groups, which turn the Cayley graphs \(\mathcal{C}(\text{Alt}(n), S_{n})\) and \(\mathcal{C}(\text{Sym}(n), \tilde{S}_{n})\) into a family of bounded degree expanders for all n.
Easy over hard: a case study on deep learning

While deep learning is an exciting new technique, the benefits of this method need to be assessed with respect to its computational cost. This is particularly important for deep learning since these learners need hours (to weeks) to train the model. Such long training time limits the ability of (a)~a researcher to test the stability of their conclusion via repeated runs with different random seeds; and (b)~other researchers to repeat, improve, or even refute that original work. For example, recently, deep learning was used to find which questions in the Stack Overflow programmer discussion forum can be linked together. That deep learning system took 14 hours to execute. We show here that applying a very simple optimizer called DE to fine tune SVM, it can achieve similar (and sometimes better) results. The DE approach terminated in 10 minutes; i.e. 84 times faster hours than deep learning method. We offer these results as a cautionary tale to the software analytics community and suggest that not every new innovation should be applied without critical analysis. If researchers deploy some new and expensive process, that work should be baselined against some simpler and faster alternatives.
DRIVING RESISTANCE DUE TO DIFFERENT CUTTING RAKE ANGLE FOR SELF TAPPING BONE SCREW

Introduction Self tapping bone screw has been widely used in the fixation of Arthroplasty implants and bone graft. But the unwanted screw or driver breakage can be a direct result of excessive driving torque due to the thread cutting resistance. Previous studies showed that bone drill bit cutting rake angle was a critical factor and was inversely related to the bone cutting efficiency.1, 2, 3, 4 (Figure 1) However to date there was no data for how the rake angle could influence the performance of self tapping bone screw. The purpose of this study was to investigate the torque generated by the self tapping cortical screw in simulated bone insertion as a function of the screw tip cutting flute rake angle. Methods Two 5 mm thick BM5166 polyurethane block were stacked together and drilled through with 2.5mm diameter holes. Five 30mm long 3.5 mm diameter Ti6AL4V alloy self tapping cortical screws with 0°rake angle cutting flutes (Figure 2) were inserted in the holes and driven by the spanner attached to the test machine (Z5.0TN/TC-A-10) with a displacement control of 3 revolutions/min and 30N constant axial loading. The screws were driven into the stacked polyurethane block for 8mm depth. The maximum driving torque was recorded. Procedure was repeated for five same screws but with 7° rake angle cutting flutes. (Figure 2) The driving torqueses were compared. Student t test was performed with confidence level of 95% was assumed. Results The average insertion driving torque for the screw with 7° rake angle was 30% less torque required than that of the screw with 0° rake angle. (P=5.3E–06<0.05) (Table 1) Conclusion and discussion Screw failure during the insertion would be a nightmare. A slight positive rake angle significantly decreases the torque resistance. This design feature can significantly increase the safety margin of the self tapping screw implants and screw driving instruments. The likely mechanism would be the positive rake angle generated a more efficient bone cutting instead of pushing. More study on driving torque as a function of wider rake angle change is warranted. For figures and tables, please contact authors directly
The Nutrient Density of Snacks: A Comparison of Nutrient Profiles of Popular Snack Foods Using the Nutrient-Rich Foods Index

Background: Although Americans receive almost a quarter of their daily energy from snacks, snacking remains a poorly defined and understood eating occasion. However, there is little dietary guidance about choosing snacks. Families, clinicians, and researchers need a comprehensive approach to assessing their nutritional value. Objective: To quantify and compare the nutrient density of commonly consumed snacks by their overall nutrient profiles using the Nutrient-Rich Foods (NRF) Index 10.3. Methods: NRF Index scores were calculated for the top 3 selling products (based on 2014 market research data) in different snack categories. These NRF scores were averaged to provide an overall nutrient-density score for each category. Results: Based on NRF scores, yogurt (55.3), milk (52.5), and fruit (30.1) emerged as the most nutrient-dense snacks. Ice cream (-4.4), pies and cakes (-11.1), and carbonated soft drinks (-17.2) emerged as the most nutrient-poor snacks. Conclusions: The NRF Index is a useful tool for assessing the overall nutritional value of snacks based on nutrients to limit and nutrients to encourage.
{ n} =2 Gauge-Gravity Duals

We study the analog of the Klebanov-Strassler system. We first review the resolution of singularities by the enhancon mechanism, and the physics of fractional branes on an orbifold. We then describe the exact solution. This exhibits a duality cascade as in the case, but the singularity resolution is the characteristic enhancon. We discuss some related solutions and open issues.
A theory of integrating tamper evidence with stabilization

We propose the notion of tamper-evident stabilization –that combines stabilization with the concept of tamper evidence– for computing systems. On the first glance, these notions are contradictory; stabilization requires that eventually the system functionality is fully restored whereas tamper evidence requires that the system functionality is permanently degraded in the event of tampering. Tamper-evident stabilization captures the intuition that the system will tolerate perturbation upto a limit. In the event that it is perturbed beyond that limit, it will exhibit permanent evidence of tampering, where it may provide reduced (possibly none) functionality. We compare tamper-evident stabilization with (conventional) stabilization and with active stabilization and propose an approach to verify tamper-evident stabilizing programs in polynomial time. We demonstrate tamper-evident stabilization with two examples and argue how approaches for designing stabilization can be used to design tamper-evident stabilization. We also study issues of composition in tamper-evident stabilization. Finally, we point out how tamper-evident stabilization can effectively be used to provide tradeoff between fault-prevention and fault tolerance.
On the Performance of MRC Receiver with Unknown Timing Mismatch-A Large Scale Analysis

There has been extensive research on large scale multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) systems recently. However, there are many obstacles to achieve full potential of using large number of receive antennas. One of the main issues, which will be investigated thoroughly in this paper, is timing asynchrony among signals of different users. Most of the works in the literature, assume that received signals are perfectly aligned which is not practical. We develop a mathematical model that explicitly accounts for the timing mismatch among the received signals and shows the detrimental impact of asynchrony on the MRC receiver.