cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-order direct correlation functions of uniform classical liquids

Analytic approximations for the third- and higher-order direct correlation functions of uniform classical liquids are presented. These are derived from a weighted-density approximation for the one-particle direct correlation function of a nonuniform liquid which requires as input only the two-particle function of the corresponding uniform liquid. The three-particle result is shown to have the same accuracy as two recently proposed approximations, but has a much simpler form. The four- and five-particle results are new, and in principle can be tested by simulation methods.
Asymmetrical hatching behaviors influence the development of postnatal laterality in domestic chicks (Gallus gallus).

Lateralized motor behaviors have been reported in some avian species. For instance, footedness has been reported in parrots and domestic chicks, and turning biases have been reported in such species as quail and domestic chicks. This study examined the effects of asymmetrical hatching behaviors on the development of lateralized turning bias and footedness in domestic chicks. Asymmetrical hatching behaviors are counter-clockwise full body turns that many precocial birds make to escape the egg. To study the role of such coordinated prenatal motor behaviors in the development of lateralization, hatching behaviors were systematically disrupted following pipping. Subjects were subsequently tested on two measures of laterality: footedness and turning bias. Results indicated a significant reduction in individual and group lateralization for both measures. These findings suggest that the hatching behaviors found in domestic chicks serve to induce the development of strong motor biases at both the individual and population level. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 37: 13–24, 2000
Environmental Hazard Ranking of Chemicals Spilled in the Rhine River in November 1986

In 1986 a chemical spill took place from the Sandoz plant in Basel, Switzerland, into the Rhine River. Several chemicals entered the river and were transported downstream. In this paper we rank the environmental hazard of eight chemicals, Disulfoton, Dinitroorthocresol, Propetamphos, Thiometon, Parathion, Etrimphos, Metoxuron and Fenitrothion found in the German section of the Rhine River. Five attributes related to the toxicity, physio-chemical characteristics and fate are used to rank the chemicals. The fate attributes were derived using the fate model EXWAT. Two ranking methods were used and results were compared. One method is based on the standardization of the data into attributes and aggregation into an index. The second method allows one to visually compare chemicals based on a large number of test results which might otherwise be very confusing when displayed in a table form: The Hasse diagram is an effective graphical display of data difficult to understand otherwise. Results by both ranking methods show that these chemicals can be divided into two groups, the most hazardous include Dinitroorthocresol, Propetamphos and Parathion, and the least hazardous include Disulfoton, Thiometon, Etrimphos, Metoxuron and Fenitrothion.
Structure and Scientific Controversies

In this paper, I highlight the importance of models and social structure to Kuhn’s conception of science, and then use these elements to sketch a Kuhnian classification of scientific controversies. I show that several important sorts of non-revolutionary scientific disagreements were both identified and analyzed in Structure. Ultimately, I contend that Kuhn’s conception of science supports an approach to scientific controversies that has the potential to both reveal the importantly different sources of scientific disagreements and to provide useful resources for understanding their endurance and eventual termination. Several brief examples are used to suggest the power of a Kuhnian analysis and this analysis is contrasted with several more contemporary alternatives.
Amount of computation preceding externally detectable steady-state behavior in a class of complex systems

Abstract The amount of computation a system must perform before a steady-state condition is assertable by an external observer is empirically examined for a class of binary systems. Results are given in terms of the functions computed by the systems' elements. Data are included summarising system computation as related to system size. It is found that measures of the functions' sensitivity to changed input conditions and the functions' stability jointly predict the amount of computation, and predict especially well the reciprocal of the amount of computation.
Chloroplast DNA Variation Confirms a Single Origin of Domesticated Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Although sunflower was long thought to be the product of a single domestication in what is now the east-central United States, recent archaeological and genetic evidence have suggested the possibility of an independent origin of domestication, perhaps in Mexico. We therefore used hypervariable chloroplast simple-sequence repeat markers to search for evidence of a possible Mexican origin of domestication. This work resulted in the identification of 45 chloroplast haplotypes from 26 populations across the range of wild sunflower as well as 3 haplotypes from 15 domesticated lines, representing both primitive and improved cultivars. The 3 domesticated haplotypes were characterized by 1 primary haplotype (found at a frequency of 6.7% in the wild) as well as 2 rare haplotypes, which are most likely the products of mutation or introgression. One of these rare haplotypes was not observed in the wild, bringing the total number of haplotypes identified to 46. A principal coordinate analysis revealed the presence of 3 major haplotype clusters, one of which contained the primary domesticated haplotype, the 2 rare domesticated variants, as well as haplotypes found across much of the range of wild sunflower. The Mexican haplotypes, on the other hand, fell well outside of this cluster. Although our data do not provide insight into the specific location of sunflower domestication, the relative rarity of the primary domesticated haplotype in the wild, combined with the dissimilarity between this haplotype and those found in the Mexican populations surveyed, provides further evidence that the extant domesticated sunflowers are the product of a single domestication event somewhere outside of Mexico.
Monoclonal Light Chain Deposits Within the Stomach Manifesting as Immunotactoid Gastropathy

AbstractImmunotactoid deposits are defined by their ultrastructural appearance and are characterized by microtubular or cylindrical structures typically measuring greater than 30 nm in diameter. Although a rare entity, immunotactoid deposition most often manifests as immunotactoid glomerulopathy and is associated with underlying lymphoplasmacytic disorders. Corneal immunotactoid deposition known as immunotactoid keratopathy has also been reported in patients with paraproteinemia. Here, we describe the first reported case of immunotactoid deposition in the stomach. The deposits were composed solely of kappa immunoglobulin light chains without significant lambda light chain or immunoglobulin heavy chain components. The patient displayed no renal signs or symptoms, and additional thorough clinical examination failed to detect any evidence of a paraproteinemia or plasma cell dyscrasia. Thus, the gastric immunotactoid deposits in this case appear to be an isolated finding of light chain deposition, of which th...
A systematic approach towards the design of multimode quasi-integrated horn antennas for receiver applications

A systematic approach has been developed for the design of multimode pyramidal horn antennas for quasi-optical receiver applications. The method is applied to the design of quasi-integrated horn antennas at millimeter-wave frequencies with a gain in the range of 18-25 dB, a fundamental Gaussian coupling efficiency around 97%, and a 10% bandwidth. The design criterion chosen is the maximization of the fundamental Gaussian coupling efficiency, and the corresponding necessary conditions are determined directly from the aperture fields. Also, for the analysis of the gradually flared gain-enhancing and phasing section, an improved technique is introduced which accounts for mode conversion. The optimized design is tested by performing a final full-wave analysis on the structure, using the generalized scattering matrix technique, and by pattern measurements at 91 GHz and 370 GHz. >
Normal Sonographic Variants of the Neonatal Head

Normal sonograms on 50 infants admitted to the Johns Hopkins Hospital Neonatal Intensive Care Unit were reviewed as to the echogenicity of the caudate nucleus relative to the thalamus. The infants ...
Linear-programming-based productivity and business strategy analyses in the factory automation era

Abstract Despite a century-old history of productivity measurement and analysis, productivity still confuses managers because, even though it improves, profits may become reduced. After discussing the inherent problems with productivity, including the productivity paradox, this paper attempts to solve them by an unconventional use of a linear programming (LP) method. Accommodation of such strategic factors as manufacturing quality and flexibility is emphasized. The LP-based performance analysis also demonstrates that ‘manufacturing’ strategy can be the most important business strategy of a company.
Accelerating analysis of void space in porous materials on multicore and GPU platforms

Developing computational tools that enable discovery of new materials for energy-related applications is a challenge. Crystalline porous materials are a promising class of materials that can be used for oil refinement, hydrogen or methane storage as well as carbon dioxide capture. Selecting optimal materials for these important applications requires analysis and screening of millions of potential candidates. Recently, we proposed an automatic approach based on the Fast Marching Method (FMM) for performing analysis of void space inside materials, a critical step preceding expensive molecular dynamics simulations. This breakthrough enables unsupervised, high-throughput characterization of large material databases. The algorithm has three steps: (1) calculation of the cost-grid which represents the structure and encodes the occupiable positions within the void space; (2) using FMM to segment out patches of the void space in the grid of (1), and find how they are connected to form either periodic channels or inaccessible pockets; and (3) generating blocking spheres that encapsulate the discovered inaccessible pockets and are used in proceeding molecular simulations. In this work, we expand upon our original approach through (A) replacement of the FMM-based approach with a more computationally efficient flood fill algorithm; and (B) parallelization of all steps in the algorithm, including a GPU implementation of the most computationally expensive step, the cost-grid generation. We report the acceleration achievable in each step and in the complete application, and discuss the implications for high-throughput material screening.
Troglitazone inhibits glutamine metabolism in rat mesangial cells

Troglitazone is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist that has been shown to halt mesangium expansion in experimental models of type 2 diabetes mellitus and to act directly on rat mesangial cells. Because glutamine serves as the precursor for cellular biosynthetic processes, we asked whether troglitazone would inhibit mesangial cell glutamine metabolism under these conditions. Confluent monolayers of rat mesangial cells were incubated in RPMI medium in the presence of troglitazone or vehicle (DMSO). Troglitazone effected a dose-dependent reduction in glutamine utilization and in alanine formation, associated with a decrease in monolayer collagen-glycosaminoglycan content. Despite the reduced glutamine uptake, ammonium formation did not decrease, consistent with increased glutamate flux through the deamination pathway. Assayable activity of the alanine aminotransferase decreased by 63%, whereas assayable glutamate dehydrogenase remained unchanged. In control monolayers, the sum of ammonium plus alanine plus glutamate nitrogen released accounted for <75% of the glutamine nitrogen uptake. In troglitazone-treated monolayers, all of the glutamine nitrogen taken up could be accounted for as ammonium nitrogen released into the medium. These results are consonant with troglitazone reducing glutamine metabolism and specifically the transamination pathway in rat mesangial cells associated with a reduction in collagen-glycosaminoglycan content.
Adolescents' Perceptions of Military Service as a Vehicle for Social Mobility: A Racial Comparison of Rural Youth.

Abstract The broad purpose of this paper was to investigate orientations toward military service held by Negro and white teen-age boys, utilizing data gathered in rural East Texas during 1966. Two hypotheses guided the analysis: (1) that Negro youth are more positively inclined toward military service than white boys and (2) that lower class boys with high status aspirations, regardless of race, are more positively oriented toward military service than others. Measures were available for aspiration for military service, expected military service, certainty of this expectation, and general attitude toward service. These variables were manipulated by race, SES, and level of job aspiration to test the hypotheses. The findings did not support the hypotheses: Negro and white youth were generally positive about military service and lower class youth with high aspirations differed little from other youth in their orientations toward military service. Appropriate implications were drawn and suggestions made for future research.
The Logic of Color: Theory and Graphics in Christine Ladd-Franklin's Explanation of Color Vision

In the years after 1870, two theories of color vision vied for primacy: the “trichromatic” theory and a four-color theory, also known as an “opponent” theory of color vision. Among scientists who participated in this debate, mathematician Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847–1930) made special use of graphics as a rhetorical template for reasoning and explanation. Her later work included figures modeled upon novel graphic representations of logical relationships to describe chemical reactions fundamental to visual processes. These and other illustrations demonstrate, in retrospect, how innovation in graphic notation can underlie shifts in the practice and perception of science.
Reliable and Effective Diagnostics Are Keys to Accelerating Personalized Cancer Medicine and Transforming Cancer Care: A Policy Statement from the American Association for Cancer Research

Diagnostics are enabling physicians to make more informed treatment decisions by tailoring treatments based on each patient's unique molecular profile. Diagnostics are also an increasingly vital tool for translating the state-of-the-art advances made in basic research into improved clinical outcomes
Epidemiologic Studies of Trauma, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and other Psychiatric Disorders

This paper reviews recent epidemiologic studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the general population. Estimates of the prevalence of exposure to traumatic events vary with the method used to ascertain trauma exposure and the definition of the stressor criterion. Changes in the DSM-IV definition of “stressor” have increased the number of traumatic events experienced in the community that can be used to diagnose PTSD and thus, the number of PTSD cases. Risk factors for PTSD in adults vary across studies. The 3 factors identified as having relatively uniform effects are 1) preexisting psychiatric disorders, 2) a family history of disorders, and 3) childhood trauma. In civilian populations, women are at a higher risk for PTSD than are men, following exposure to traumatic events. Most community residents have experienced 1 or more PTSD-level traumas in their lifetime, but only a few succumb to PTSD. Trauma victims who do not succumb to PTSD are not at an elevated risk for the subsequent onset of major depression or substance use disorders, compared with unexposed persons. (Can J Psychiatry 2002;47:923–929) See page 928 for funding and support and page 929 for author affiliations.
INFANTS' MENTAL AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT: EFFECTS OF HOME ENVIRONMENT, MATERNAL ATTITUDES, MARITAL ADJUSTMENT, AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS

27 two-yr.-old infants and their mothers were studied in their homes to analyze the relationship between infants' development and their home environment, mothers' attitudes as parents, mothers' marital adjustment, and families' socioeconomic status. Bayley Mental Development Indexes correlated with the infants' home environment, families' socioeconomic status, and maternal attitudes. Bayley Psychomotor Development Indexes related to home environment and socioeconomic status. Home environment, maternal attitude, and marital adjustment scores correlated with socioeconomic status. The implications of these ecological factors on infants' mental and motor development are discussed.
The Confronting Prejudiced Responses (CPR) Model: Applying CPR in Organizations

Despite increased diversity efforts, stigmatized targets report frequent experiences with discrimination, particularly in its subtle, everyday forms. We argue that confrontation provides targets an...
Posttranscriptional regulation of the heterochronic gene lin-14 by lin-4 mediates temporal pattern formation in C. elegans

During C. elegans development, the temporal pattern of many cell lineages is specified by graded activity of the heterochronic gene Lin-14. Here we demonstrate that a temporal gradient in Lin-14 protein is generated posttranscriptionally by multiple elements in the lin-14 3'UTR that are regulated by the heterochronic gene Lin-4. The lin-14 3'UTR is both necessary and sufficient to confer lin-4-mediated posttranscriptional temporal regulation. The function of the lin-14 3'UTR is conserved between C. elegans and C. briggsae. Among the conserved sequences are seven elements that are each complementary to the lin-4 RNAs. A reporter gene bearing three of these elements shows partial temporal gradient activity. These data suggest a molecular mechanism for Lin-14p temporal gradient formation: the lin-4 RNAs base pair to sites in the lin-14 3'UTR to form multiple RNA duplexes that down-regulate lin-14 translation.
Transparent implementation of conservative algorithms in parallel simulation languages

Parallel discrete event simulation offers significant speedup over the traditional sequential event list algorithm. A number of conservative and optimistic algorithms have been proposed and studied for parallel simulation. We examine the problem of transparent execution of a simulation model using conservative algorithms, and present experimental results on the performance of these transparent implementations. The conservative algorithms implemented and compared include the null message algorithm, the conditional-event algorithm, and a new algorithm which is a combination of these. We describe how dynamic topology can be supported by conservative algorithms. Language constructs to express lookahead are discussed. Finally, performance measurements on a variety of benchmarks are presented, along with a study of the relationship between model characteristics like lookahead, communication topology and the performance of conservative algorithms.
Measure Guideline: Guide to Attic Air Sealing

The Guide to Attic Air Sealing was completed in 2010 and although not in the standard Measure Guideline format, is intended to be a Measure Guideline on Attic Air Sealing. The guide was reviewed during two industry stakeholders meetings held on December 18th, 2009 and January 15th, 2010, and modified based on the comments received. Please do not make comments on the Building America format of this document. The purpose of the Guide to Attic Air Sealing is to provide information and recommendations for the preparation work necessary prior to adding attic insulation. Even though the purpose of this guide is to save energy - health, safety and durability should not be compromised by energy efficiency. Accordingly, combustion safety and ventilation for indoor air quality are addressed first. Durability and attic ventilation then follow. Finally, to maximize energy savings, air sealing is completed prior to insulating. The guide is intended for home remodelers, builders, insulation contractors, mechanical contractors, general contractors who have previously done remodeling and homeowners as a guide to the work that needs to be done.
An unusual initial presentation of mantle cell lymphoma arising from the lymphoid stroma of warthin tumor

Warthin tumors presenting concomitantly with a lymphoma is vanishingly rare with only 15 reported cases in English literature. Herein, we report an unusual initial presentation of a mantle cell lymphoma involving the lymphoid stroma of a Warthin tumor. A seventy-seven year old otherwise healthy gentleman with a 50-pack year smoking history presents with a slowly enlarging left cheek mass. CT scan of the neck demonstrated a left parotid gland tumor measuring 3.4 cm in greatest dimension. He underwent a left superficial parotidectomy, with subsequent histopathologic examination revealing a Warthin tumor with extensive expansion of the lymphoid stroma. Flow cytometric, immunohistochemical, and cytogenetic studies of the stromal component of the tumor confirmed the presence of a mantle cell lymphoma. Clinical staging demonstrated stage IVa disease, and was considered to be at low to intermediate risk due to the slow growth of the parotid lesion. The patient is undergoing close follow up with repeat PET-CT scans at six months. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first well documented collision tumor between mantle cell lymphoma and a Warthin tumor. This case also brings to light the significance of thorough evaluation of the lymphoid component of Warthin tumor.
Talker-specificity and adaptation in quantifier interpretation

Linguistic meaning has long been recognized to be highly context-dependent. Quantifiers like many and some provide a particularly clear example of context-dependence. For example, the interpretation of quantifiers requires listeners to determine the relevant domain and scale. We focus on another type of context-dependence that quantifiers share with other lexical items: talker variability. Different talkers might use quantifiers with different interpretations in mind. We used a web-based crowdsourcing paradigm to study participants’ expectations about the use of many and some based on recent exposure. We first established that the mapping of some and many onto quantities (candies in a bowl) is variable both within and between participants. We then examined whether and how listeners’ expectations about quantifier use adapts with exposure to talkers who use quantifiers in different ways. The results demonstrate that listeners can adapt to talker-specific biases in both how often and with what intended meaning many and some are used.
A room-temperature autonomically-healing PMMA bone cement: influence of composition on fatigue crack propagation rate.

PURPOSE To test two hypotheses. First, autonomic healing is achievable in a commercially available poly (methyl methacrylate) bone cement brand that is widely used to anchor total joint replacements. Secondly, in this self-healing cement, the fatigue crack propagation (FCP) rate is critically dependent on the relative amount of the mass of the healing agent (endo-isomer of dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) embedded in poly (urea-formaldehyde) (PUF) microcapsules (diameter = 226 plusmn; 51 mu;m)) (MDM) to that of the catalyst (a first-generation Grubbsrsquo; catalyst) (MGC). (Note that, in this work, the term, ldquo;autonomic healingrdquo; or ldquo;self healingrdquo;, refers to the ability of the material, after having been damaged during service, due to formation of cracks, for example, to restore its initial mechanical performance without the need for any external intervention). METHODS The strategy that was developed by White et al. for room-temperature autonomic healing of a neat polymeric material was used. The DCPD-filled PUF microcapsules and the catalyst were blended with the cementrsquo;s powder in a mortar bowl using a polymeric spatula, and the blended powder mixture and the cementrsquo;s liquid monomer were mixed under a partial vacuum. FCP tests were performed on specimens of seven study groups: the control cement (CMWTM1), four sets having different values of MDM/MGC, one set in which only the DCPD-filled microcapsules were blended with the CMWTM1 powder, and one set in which only the Grubbsrsquo; catalyst was blended with the CMWTM1 powder. RESULTS An index of the self-healing achieved, as computed using the estimated FCP rates, was within the range reported in the literature for autonomically-healing neat polymeric materials. Furthermore, the variation of the estimated FCP rate with MDM/MGC suggests that changes in this rate is critically dependent on change of MDM/MGC. CONCLUSION The results supported both of the study hypotheses.
Prevention of murine graft-versus-host disease and bone marrow alloengraftment across the major histocompatibility barrier after donor graft preincubation with anti-LFA1 immunotoxin

We have investigated the effects of the in vitro depletion of LFA1 positive cytolytic T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and monocytes on the afferent phase of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Lethal GVHD was induced across the murine major histocompatibility complex by injecting C57BL/6 (H-2b) bone marrow (BM) cells (a source of stem cells) and splenocytes (S) (a source of T cells) into lethally irradiated B10.BR (H-2k) recipients. Because anti-LFA1 does not bind complement (C') effectively, we conjugated anti-LFA1 alpha chain monoclonal antibody (MoAb) to ricin toxin A chain (RTA) as a means of facilitating target cell elimination. A 2-hour preincubation of C57BL/6 bone marrow/spleen (BMS) with anti-LFA1-RTA in the presence of ammonium chloride (a potentiator of immunotoxin toxicity), but not a control immunotoxin (IT), reduced CTL activity by greater than 2 logs, significantly reduced NK cell activity, and prevented B10.BR mice from developing GVHD. Depletion of target cells by toxin-labeled-MoAb and not the blockade of the LFA1 molecule by the anti-LFA1 MoAb accounted for our results, because incubating cells with IT in the absence of a potentiator had no effect on GVHD prevention. In contrast, C57BL/6 recipients of C3H BMS grafts only partially benefited from anti-LFA1-RTA preincubation, demonstrating that in this system, different cells not expressing LFA1 were involved in GVHD generation. The same findings observed with anti-LFA1-RTA preincubation were observed with preincubation with L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester, a chemical compound eliminating cytolytic cells, providing further support that GVHD induction in the C3H/HeJ into C57BL/6 system is not entirely mediated by classical cytolytic T cells. We next tested anti-LFA1-RTA in a model devised to measure its effect on alloengraftment (B10.BR recipients given lower doses of irradiation). Anti-LFA1-RTA BM preincubation selectively reduced alloengraftment in the model. This observation, combined with experiments showing that LFA1-RTA preincubation, but not anti-Thy 1.2 + C' or control IT preincubation, reduced colony-forming unit-spleen formation, indicates that anti-LFA1 alpha chain IT may remove accessory cells or stem cells critical to engraftment. Still, anti-LFA1-RTA may be useful for clinical GVHD prevention when combined with positive selection techniques designed to enrich for stem cells.
Increased Activity of γ-Glutamyl Hydrolase in Human Sarcoma Cell Lines: A Novel Mechanism of Intrinsic Resistance to Methotrexate (MTX)

Intracellular levels of folate or methotrexate (MTX) polyglutamates are regulated at least in part by the enzyme, folylpolyglutamate synthase (FPGS), which is responsible for synthesis, and γ-glutamate hydrolase (GGH), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of polyglutamates to monbglutamate forms.1 Decreased accumulation of long chain polyglutamates of methotrexate (MTX) may result from decreased FPGS activity or increased GGH activity. Previous studies showed that natural resistance to MTX in soft tissue sarcomas is associated with the inability of these cells to accumulate long chain MTX polyglutamates after exposure to this drug.2,3 As no appreciable difference of FPGS activity was observed between MTX-resistant and sensitive cells, we measured GGH activity in these cell lines and found increased levels of this enzyme in MTX resistant soft tissue sarcoma cell lines.
Armstrong, Louis (1901–71)

Louis Armstrong established jazz as an improvisational music form that emphasized individual expression over technique. His individual expression included unusual energy, intensity, and zest for living. Armstrong's playing style made the trumpet a vehicle for primary musical creativity and, while he was in his prime, the trumpet moved to the forefront of developments in jazz. The growth and mainstream acceptance of jazz music parallelled Armstrong's musical career. His later career was largely influenced by the commercialization and popularization of his music and image, and his celebrity came to overshadow his music. His balancing act between jazz music and popular entertainment offended some jazz purists during the post-World War II years. The novelist Ralph Ellison described Armstrong's jazz as a process of making lyrical poetry out of being invisible. According to Ellison, Armstrong was man and mask, with sophistication and taste hiding behind clowning and crude manners. Keywords: African American; art; music
Renal transplantation into the reconstructed bladder.

AbstractIn our experience with 821 renal transplants performed between 1974 and October 1987 we used the native or reconstructed bladder of the patient in all but 2 instances. Seven patients have undergone enterocystoplasty and subsequent renal transplantation, while 1 underwent bladder augmentation after transplantation. Of these 8 patients 4 have functioning grafts 6 months to 7 years after transplant or reconstruction.Renal transplantation coupled with enterocystoplasty in properly selected patients has acceptable morbidity and should be considered as an alternative to other forms of urinary diversion in allograft recipients.
Aerodynamic forces on a tall building in a turbulent boundary layer

The model studies were designed to obtain information concerning wind loads on a tall building by placing the model in a turbulent shear flow simulating expected atmospheric boundary-layer winds. Since current design codes are inadequate for predicting all possible motions of tall buildings, it is important that better knowledge of mean and fluctuating loadings and their distributions becomes available.
Conquest by contract : Wealth transfer and land market structure in colonial New Zealand

Much of the British empire was acquired by purchase rather than conquest, but indigenous peoples usually acquired little wealth despite extensive land sales. Explanations of where the money went tend to blame either the imprudence of indigenous sellers or the duplicity of British buyers. This article suggests that a focus solely on the conduct of the individuals operating within the land market rests on a poor theoretical understanding of the relationship between law and markets, an understanding that blinds historians to the allocative effects of markets' constitutive rules. Using New Zealand as an example, the article shows how the British modified the structure of the land market over the 19th century, sometimes intentionally and sometimes inadvertently, to transfer wealth from the Maori to themselves
The practice of pastoral empathy in Wordsworth’s Salisbury Plain poems.

In Wordsworth’s Salisbury Plain (1793–94) and Adventures on Salisbury Plain (1795–99) the poet’s sense of the congruence of human mind and nature is aligned to the relationship between affect and history. This interest in the emotional binding or severing of people and their environments speaks to the comfort asserted by the dwelling space’s pastoral antecedents, particularly bringing into relief social inequity and the displaced working class. These concerns were part of Wordsworth’s engagement with enclosure in England, and its close relation, the Poor Laws. His departures from the pastoral mode represent his response to an emerging predicament, something that is clearest at those points in the poems at which the innocence of the Golden Age is met with a murder, a sacrifice and a hanging. This concern with the capacity of pastoral to establish relationships between trauma and transfigurative accounts of nature takes place while Wordsworth is reworking pastoral for Lyrical Ballads – the high point in British Romantic poetry which gives birth to the modern lyric (Kane 271). In the two poems under discussion, speaking subjects evoke a large canvas of sombrous allegories of communities in crises. I consider Wordsworth’s use of landscape and narrative that frames and colours dialogue through his modernising of a type of Eclogue, during a period that was to produce the social pattern of modern industrial England.
Ganglioside accumulation in activated glia in the developing brain: comparison between WT and GalNAcT KO mice

Our previous studies have shown accumulation of GM2 ganglioside during ethanol-induced neurodegeneration in the developing brain, and GM2 elevation has also been reported in other brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. Using GM2/GD2 synthase KO mice lacking GM2/GD2 and downstream gangliosides, the current study explored the significance of GM2 elevation in WT mice. Immunohistochemical studies indicated that ethanol-induced acute neurodegeneration in postnatal day 7 (P7) WT mice was associated with GM2 accumulation in the late endosomes/lysosomes of both phagocytic microglia and increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes. However, in KO mice, although ethanol induced robust neurodegeneration and accumulation of GD3 and GM3 in the late endosomes/lysosomes of phagocytic microglia, it did not increase the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes, and the accumulation of GD3/GM3 in astrocytes was minimal. Not only ethanol, but also DMSO, induced GM2 elevation in activated microglia and astrocytes along with neurodegeneration in P7 WT mice, while lipopolysaccharide, which did not induce significant neurodegeneration, caused GM2 accumulation mainly in lysosomes of activated astrocytes. Thus, GM2 elevation is associated with activation of microglia and astrocytes in the injured developing brain, and GM2, GD2, or other downstream gangliosides may regulate astroglial responses in ethanol-induced neurodegeneration.
LSA as a theory of meaning.

The fundamental scientific puzzle addressed by the latent semantic analysis (LSA) theory is that there are hundreds of distinctly different human languages, every one with tens of thousands of words. The ability to understand the meanings of utterances composed of these words must be acquired by virtually every human who grows up surrounded by language. There must, therefore, be some humanly shared method-some computational system-by which any human mind can learn to do this for any language by extensive immersion, and without being explicitly taught definitions or rules for any significant number of words.
Quality of Posttreatment Care Among Breast Cancer Survivors in the University of California Athena Breast Health Network (Athena)

Abstract Introduction Multiple oncology providers are involved in the initial breast cancer treatment. To better understand the patterns and quality of posttreatment breast cancer care, we surveyed patients who had been treated at each of the 5 University of California (UC) cancer centers. Patients and Methods We identified breast cancer patients diagnosed in 2008-2009 from hospital tumor registries; invitations for the mailed survey on posttreatment care were sent between September 2011 and November 2012. The survey requested information on the number and type of provider visits, discussion of key topics, use of treatment summaries, and survivorship care plans (SCP). Results A total of 329 patients completed the survey. The mean age of respondents was 60.5 years, and they were 3.2 years since diagnosis (range, 1.6-4.8 years). A total of 82% had continued posttreatment care at a UC facility, and they reported high numbers of clinical follow-up visits, with an average of > 2 providers (range, 1-5). Surgery-only patients reported an average of 4 to 5 office visits a year; patients who received surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy reported 5 to 6 office visits a year. Overall, 45% of women reported receiving a treatment summary; receipt of a SCP was reported by 59%, occurring significantly more often among those in follow-up at a UC (P = .004). Conclusion Patients reported visits to multiple providers during their follow-up care, in excess of what is recommended by current guidelines. This was in spite of many women reporting that they had received a SCP.
Emergent Behaviors in Cell Mechanics

Cells and therefore tissues ordinarily experience some form of mechanical stimulation as they are often in mechanically diverse and dynamic environments. As a result we have learned that cells have the astounding ability to sense and respond to their environment. This seemingly innate behavior of cells has intrigued many researchers in the field of cell mechanics for decades and compelled efforts aimed at characterizing its behaviors and underlying mechanisms. While many techniques exist, in the context of this chapter, novel techniques we have developed and implemented will be examined as well as new emergent behaviors we have discovered. The behaviors that will be discussed have relevance in various areas of pathology and physiology including collective cell migration and cancer metastasis.
Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: a case-control study

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the major cause of blindness among working age adults. The aim of the study was to investigate risk factors for development of DR. A case–control study was performed based on data from 240 individuals (80 cases and 160 controls) attending the Outpatient Specialty Clinic of the University of South Santa Catarina (UNISUL), between Mar/2010 and May/2014. Data collection occurred through review of medical charts for presence or absence of DR, determined by an ophthalmologist. Study protocol included demographic characteristics, metabolic control, diabetes mellitus (DM) profile and comorbidities. Statistical analysis used Chi square test for qualitative variables and multivariate logistic regression analysis to select independent variables (SPSS®18.0 software). Odds ratio (OR) was used as measure of association. The study was approved by research ethics committee of UNISUL. Mean age of group case was 59.5 years with a slight female predominance. Gender, age, body mass index were not associated with outcome. Individuals with poor glycemic control were more likely to DR (OR 3.83; 95 % CI 1.57–9.37). It was observed a positive relationship between duration of DM and DR, with higher chances in 11–15 years of disease (OR 7.52, 95 % CI 3.03–18.68) and >15 years (OR 9.01, 95 % CI 3.58–22.66). Regarding comorbidities, only diabetic nephropathy showed higher chance for DR (OR 3.32; 95 % CI 1.62–6.79). Diabetic patients after 10 years of disease with poor glycemic control and nephropathy have a higher chance of DR.
A Defining Moment

This paper examines the current vision of the profession of social work embodied in its great and little traditions. It advocates incorporating the great and little traditions of our profession in the conceptualization of the educational continuum. It advocates use of a competence-oriented model to define outcomes for each level of the continuum and to design educational programs to meet those outcomes. Finally, it advocates blending the great and little traditions of the profession in the educational designs developed at each level.
When 1 + 1 > 2: How Investors React to New Product Releases Announced Concurrently with Other Corporate News:

AbstractFirms routinely use press releases to announce the launch of their new products. An examination of these press releases shows that in approximately 7% of cases, firms issue new product announcements concurrently with other corporate announcements. However, the consequences of these actions are unknown because event studies typically eliminate concurrent announcements in an attempt to avoid their confounding effects. The authors use a comprehensive sample of press releases issued by publicly traded U.S. firms to document the consequences of firms announcing the release of a new product concurrently with another corporate announcement that conveys good news. Drawing on Merton’s (1987) model of capital market equilibrium with incomplete information, the authors identify three conditions that are conducive to the issuance of concurrent new product announcements. They then verify that under these conditions, the increase in shareholder value associated with concurrent announcements is higher than that ...
Patterns, correlates, and paternity consequences of extraterritorial foray behavior in the field sparrow ( Spizella pusilla ): an automated telemetry approach

In many territorial species, occasional movements beyond territory boundaries (extraterritorial forays) have been documented in many species. While many explanations for the occurrence of extraterritorial forays have been proposed, a logical and proposed function of extraterritorial forays is to engage in extra-pair copulations with extra-pair mates outside of their territories. We used an automated radio-telemetry system (ARTS) to examine the patterns and correlates of foray behavior of male and female field sparrows (Spizella pusilla) and investigated if forays were associated with extra-pair paternity (EPP) and cuckoldry. We found that male and female field sparrows regularly engaged in extraterritorial forays. In males, age and time of foraying (day vs. night) were important factors explaining foray rates (foray/h); older (ASY) males forayed more than younger (SY) males and, while we detected many nocturnal forays, most forays occurred during the day. For females, fertility stage and age appeared to be important in explaining foray rates; older females forayed more during pre-fertile period than fertile and post-fertile periods. Unlike foray rates, the duration of forays (min) was not explained by any of the variables examined. Surprisingly, despite the large number of forays documented (>3500), greater foray rates or duration of forays were not associated with higher probability of EPY for males or females or with cuckoldry in males. Forays may play a role in prospecting and acquiring information about their social and ecological environment, which ultimately may help them to achieve greater reproductive success, but not necessarily in the form of EPP. Despite many territorial species are known to conduct extraterritorial forays (movements beyond their territory), very little is known about this behavior. We used an automated radio-telemetry system (ARTS) to examine the patterns, correlates, and paternity consequences of extraterritorial foray behavior in male and female field sparrows (Spizella pusilla). We documented more than 3500 forays and found that both male and female field sparrows regularly engaged in extraterritorial forays; however, different factors explain their foray rates (age, time of foraying (day vs. night), and fertility stage) but not the duration of forays. Surprisingly, greater foray rates or duration of forays were not associated with higher probability of EPY in males or females or with cuckoldry in males. Rather than exclusively acquiring extra-pair matings, forays likely serve multiple purposes, such as prospecting and acquiring information about their social and ecological environment, which ultimately may help individuals achieve greater reproductive success.
Fundamental BER performance trade-off in cooperative cognitive radio systems with random number of secondary users

A cooperative underlay cognitive radio system with an instantaneous interference constraint at the primary receiver is considered. Secondary users (SU) whose interference above this threshold will relay primary user's (PU) signal, and the rest will fulfill their own underlay transmissions. Hence the numbers of relay and underlay SUs are random at a time instant. As the mean number of relay SUs increases, the PU's performance will be improved which causes degradation of underlay SUs' performance concurrently. We will quantify this fundamental performance trade-off by deriving the optimal ratio between the mean number of relay and underlay SUs in closed form.
Auditory Object Formation and Selection

Most normal-hearing listeners can understand a conversational partner in an everyday setting with an ease that is unmatched by any computational algorithm available today. This ability to reliably extract meaning from a sound source in a mixture of competing sources relies on the fact that natural, meaningful sounds have structure in both time and frequency. Such structure supports two processes that enable humans and animals to solve the cocktail party problem: auditory object formation and auditory object selection. These processes, which are closely intertwined and difficult to isolate, are linked to previous work on auditory scene analysis and auditory attention, respectively. This chapter considers how the brain may implement object formation and object selection. Specifically, the chapter focuses on how different regions of the brain cooperate to isolate the neural representation of sound coming from a source of interest and enhance it while suppressing the responses to distracting or unimportant sounds in a sound mixture.
Accounting for geography: Nonprofit financial distress in a devolved service world

Over fifty years publicly-produced human services have been devolved to private producers. This paper considers the financial health of human-service producers, and in particular, what populations ...
Model Reduction for Large Scale Systems with Application to a Pulp Digester

Abstract Existing model reduction algorithms tend to be ill-conditioned for process systems with larger than 300 states. An approach for the reduction of high-state dimension systems with block diagonal structure is introduced. The block diagonal model structure is common for chemical process models in which numerical approximations are used to model distributed parameter behavior. The procedure is applied to a linearized continuous pulp digester model with 1050 states: an accurate reduced-order model with 54 states is obtained in less than 3 minutes. The procedure is also modified to use a set of transformation matrices, obtained at a nominal operating point, to reduce the model in less than 5 seconds. With this development, the utilization of high-order, nonlinear process models in nonlinear model predictive control is feasible.
Chiral phosphoric acid catalysis: from numbers to insights

Chiral phosphoric acids (CPAs) have emerged as powerful organocatalysts for asymmetric reactions, and applications of computational quantum chemistry have revealed important insights into the activity and selectivity of these catalysts. In this tutorial review, we provide an overview of computational tools at the disposal of computational organic chemists and demonstrate their application to a wide array of CPA catalysed reactions. Predictive models of the stereochemical outcome of these reactions are discussed along with specific examples of representative reactions and an outlook on remaining challenges in this area.