cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of reactions of sulfur hydride hydroxide: tautomerism, condensations, and C-sulfenylation and O-sulfenylation of 2,4-pentanedione.

The conformations, equilibrium structures, hydrogen bonds, and non-covalent interactions involved in the mechanisms of tautomerization, condensations, and C-sulfenylation and O-sulfenylation of 2,4-pentanedione by sulfur hydride hydroxide (hydrogen thioperoxide, oxadisulfane, H–SOH) have been studied using BD(T), CCSD(T), and QCISD(T) with the cc-pVTZ basis set and using B3LYP, B3PW91, CAM-B3LYP, PBE1PBE, PBEh1PBE, LC-ωPBE, M06-2X, and ωB97XD with the 6-311+G(d,p) basis set. All levels of theory predict the sulfenyl (H–SOH) tautomer of hydrogen thioperoxide to be lower in energy than the sulfinyl (H2S═O) tautomer. Four reasonable mechanisms were considered for the tautomerization of the sulfenyl tautomer of hydrogen thioperoxide to the sulfinyl tautomer: a cyclic three-membered water-free transition state (TS, CCSD(T) activation energy barrier E⧧ = 65.1 kcal/mol), a cyclic five-membered transition state with one water molecule (TSH2O, E⧧ = 31.1 kcal/mol), a cyclic seven-membered transition state with two ...
Evolution of basal crevasses links ice shelf stability to ocean forcing

Abstract Iceberg calving is one of the primary mechanisms responsible for transferring ice from the Antarctic ice shelves to the ocean, but remains poorly understood. Previous theories of calving have sought to explain the calving process as a brittle phenomenon that occurs rapidly when surface or basal crevasses penetrate the entire ice thickness. Here we show that the strain-rate-weakening nature of ice permits initially narrow basal crevasses to seed an instability that gives rise to locally enhanced ductile deformation and thinning over length scales that are large compared to the ice thickness. This ductile failure process, called necking, amplifies long wavelength features of bottom topography and allows basal crevasses to penetrate an increasing fraction of the ice thickness as they advect downstream. Application of the model to the four largest Antarctic ice shelves shows that necking occurs downstream of pinning points and sharp protrusions in the ice shelf embayment where stress is highly concentrated. However, model predictions are sensitive to assumptions about basal melting and refreezing within crevasses, suggesting that the combination of mechanical instability and ice–ocean interaction on the scale of an individual crevasse may play a leading role in controlling ice shelf stability.
Providing Outcomes Information to Nursing Homes: Can It Improve Quality of Care?

Purpose This study examined whether providing outcomes information to 120 nursing homes facilitated improvements in quality over a 12-month period, as compared with 1,171 facilities not receiving this information. The outcomes information provided consisted of a report mailed to administrators that examined six measures of care quality. These were the rates of physical restraint use, urethral catheterization, contractures, pressure ulcers, psychotropic medication use, and certification survey quality of care deficiencies. Design and methods Data used in this investigation came from the 1998 and 1999 On-line Survey, Certification and Recording (OSCAR) system. With the use of generalized least squares regression and each of the six quality indicators as dependent variables, risk-adjustment models were developed by using aggregate resident variables as independent variables. These risk-adjustment models were used to compare the outcome measures for the intervention facilities with the same outcome measures in other facilities in the same states (Kansas, Maine, Mississippi, New York, Texas, and South Dakota). The difference between 1998 predicted scores less actual scores was calculated, and the difference between 1999 predicted scores less actual scores for each facility was calculated. Subtracting these 1998 difference scores from the 1999 difference scores gives some indication of the change in outcomes controlling for resident mix. Results Physical restraint use and psychotropic medication use were significantly lower after 12 months in the intervention facilities, suggesting that quality had improved. Implications This study may provide evidence that some of the outcomes initiatives currently being pursued in the long-term care arena will positively affect quality of care.
A PROOF OF THE GENERALIZED PICARD'S LITTLE THEOREM USING MATRICES

Abstract The generalized Picard's little theorem about a holomorphic map is proved again by basic discussion of matrices.
The problem of platinum resistance.

Commentary to:Impaired Cisplatin Influx in an A2780 Mutant Cell Line: Evidence for a Putative, cis-Configuration-Specific, Platinum Influx TransporterJozien Helleman, Herman Burger, Irene H.L. Hamelers, Antonius W.M. Boersma, Anton I.P.M. de Kroon, Gerrit Stoter and Kees NooterCancer Biology & Therapy Volume: 5 Issue: 8http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/cbt/article/2876
The measurement of drinking patterns and alcohol problems in Nigeria.

As in most other societies, alcoholic beverages have been consumed in what is present-day Nigeria for a long time. Before the arrival of western factory-made drinks, alcohol consumption was limited to a variety of beverages produced from palm trees and food grains. Today, beer has become the most popular drink in the country but traditional beverages (palm wine, burukutu, ogogoro, pito) are still widely consumed in both rural and urban areas. Though research has shown that heavy drinking seems to be the norm among those who drink any type of alcohol, there is no clear association between drinking and social or health problems. On the other hand, certain types of beverages are linked with positive attributes. Despite their potential significance, these and other issues have not received the attention they deserve in the alcohol research literature on Nigeria and other African countries. The focus of this paper is on the need to take into consideration relevant measurement issues (e.g., container and serving size, alcohol contents, drinking expectancies, perceived risks associated with the consumption of different types of alcoholic beverages, as well as reasons for drinking) in alcohol research. It is suggested that a better understanding of these and related factors is necessary for the advancement of alcohol epidemiology in the country.
Crystal growth and superconductivity in the Bi-Ca-Sr-Cu-O system

Abstract Crystal growth and characterization of a new superconductor from the Bi-Ca-Sr-Cu-O system is described.
Factors Predicting Community College Faculty Satisfaction with Instructional Autonomy

In light of growing speculation that the autonomy of community college faculty members is eroding, this study draws on the 2004 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty to explore the institutional ...
Acute oral toxicity of methylrosaniline chloride

Abstract Toxicity of single po doses of methylrosaniline chloride (gentian violet) given in solution or as powdered enteric coated tablet material was determined to be as follows per kg: mice LD50 1.2 g, rats LD 50 1.0 g, dogs approximately 1 g, guinea pigs, rabbits and cats approximate lethal dose between 0.1 and 0.25 g. Death was accompanied by severe gastrointestinal irritation with water and electrolyte loss.
981 FACTORS PREDISPOSING TO RLF-COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY

Little is known about the factors determining the variability in response of developing retinal vessels to oxidant stress which is seen in individual premature and (rarely) in term infants.RLF fails to occur in some infants in spite of much oxygen exposure. It can occur in the absence of oxygen treatment. That genetic factors are important is emphasized by an instance of RLF seen by the authors involving a term infant never treated with oxygen whose older sibling, identical in appearance and also born without complications at term, also had severe RLF. Pregnancy complications which necessitate fetal adjustment to chronic low-grade hypoxia appear also to predispose to RLF as evidenced by the table below. Pregnancy complications included fetal growth retardation, moderate to severe toxemia, severe maternal diabetes or anemia, second or third trimester bleeding requiring treatment, heavy cigarette smoking, ruptured fetal membranes with amnionitis or exceeding 6 days. 77 Infants with Birth Weight <1750 gm born Feb.′77 to Nov.′77 11 of 22 RLF infants received no oxygen in the nursery 7 of the 22 RLF infants as compared to 8 of the 51 No RLF infants were undergrown
Defining extreme wildland fires using geospatial and ancillary metrics

There is a growing professional and public perception that 'extreme' wildland fires are becoming more common due to changing climatic conditions. This concern is heightened in the wildland-urban interface where social and ecological effects converge. 'Mega-fires', 'conflagrations', 'extreme' and 'catastrophic' are descriptors interchangeably used increasingly to describe fires in recent decades in the US and globally. It is necessary to have consistent, meaningful and quantitative metrics to define these perceived 'extreme' fires, given studies predict an increased frequency of large and intense wildfires in many ecosystems as a response to climate change. Using the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity dataset, we identified both widespread fire years and individual fires as potentially extreme during the period 1984-2009 across a 91.2 × 106-ha area in the north-western United States. The metrics included distributions of fire size, fire duration, burn severity and distance to the wildland-urban interface. Widespread fire years for the study region included 1988, 2000, 2006 and 2007. When considering the intersection of all four metrics using distributions at the 90th percentile, less than 1.5% of all fires were identified as potentially extreme fires. At the more stringent 95th and 99th percentiles, the percentage reduced to
Multiscale Modeling for the Long-Term Behavior of Laminated Composite Structures

A multiscale modeling framework for the long-term behavior of fiber-reinforced-polymeric (FRP) laminated composite materials and structures is presented. Each unidirectional layer is idealized as a doubly periodic array of rectangular fibers. The authors' previously developed unit cell with four fiber and matrix subcells is used. The constitutive models for the elastic linear fiber and nonlinear viscoelastic matrix constituents are performed at the lowest level of the micromodel. This nonlinear micromodel is integrated with both three-dimensional and shell-based finite elements. A plane-stress constraint is added to the three-dimensional micromodel in the case where shell elements are used. Long-term experimental creep data from the literature for graphite/epoxy are used in order to characterize the material properties. The effect of material nonlinearity on the long-term behavior of FRP composites is also investigated. Applications are presented for long-term creep responses of a notched composite panel under surface pressure and a single lap joint under tensile load. This modeling approach is general and can include temperature, moisture, and physical aging effects.
Aviation software guidelines

Regulatory authorities in the US and Europe have received two documents crucial to aviation software developers. The first one, DO-248B, clarifies existing software guidelines for airborne systems and equipment certification, and the other, CNS/ATM (a counterpart to DO-178B) provides new guidance for non-airborne communication and navigation systems.
A combined inspiratory and expiratory muscle training program improves respiratory muscle strength and fatigue in multiple sclerosis.

Abstract Objective To determine the effects of a short-duration, combined (inspiratory and expiratory), progressive resistance respiratory muscle training (RMT) protocol on respiratory muscle strength, fatigue, health-related quality of life, and functional performance in individuals with mild-to-moderate multiple sclerosis (MS). Design Quasi-experimental before-after trial. Setting University rehabilitation research laboratory. Participants Volunteers with MS (N=21) were divided into 2 groups: RMT (n=11; 9 women, 2 men; mean age ± SD, 50.9±5.7y, mean Expanded Disability Status Scale score ± SD, 3.2±1.9) and a control group that did not train (n=10; 7 women, 3 men; mean age ± SD, 56.2±8.8y, mean Expanded Disability Status Scale score ± SD, 4.4±2.1). Expanded Disability Status Scale scores ranged from 1 to ≤6.5. No patients withdrew from the study. Intervention Training was a 5-week combined progressive resistance RMT program, 3d/wk, 30 minutes per session. Main Outcome Measures The primary outcome measures were maximal inspiratory pressure and expiratory pressure and the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale. All subjects completed secondary measures of pulmonary function, the six-minute walk test, the timed stair climb, the Multiple Sclerosis Self-Efficacy Scale, the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, and the Physical Activity Disability Scale. Results Maximal inspiratory pressure and expiratory pressure (mean ± SD) increased 35%±22% ( P P P Conclusions A short-duration, combined RMT program improved inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength and reduced fatigue in patients with mild to moderate MS.
S. cerevisiae TFIIIB is the transcription initiation factor proper of RNA polymerase III, while TFIIIA and TFIIIC are assembly factors

The S. cerevisiae RNA polymerase III (pol III) transcription factor TFIIIB binds to DNA upstream of the transcription start site of the SUP4 tRNA(Tyr) gene in a TFIIIC-dependent reaction and to the major 5S rRNA gene in a reaction requiring TFIIIC and TFIIIA. It is shown here that TFIIIB alone correctly positions pol III for repeated cycles of transcription on both genes, with the same efficiency as fully assembled transcription complexes. Thus, TFIIIB is the sole transcription initiation factor of S. cerevisiae pol III; TFIIIC and TFIIIA are assembly factors for TFIIIB. The TFIIIB-dependent binding of pol III to the SUP4 tRNA and 5S rRNA genes has been analyzed in binary (protein and DNA only) and precisely arrested ternary (protein, DNA, and RNA) transcription complexes. Pol III unwinds at least 14 bp of DNA at the SUP4 transcription start in a temperature-dependent process. The unwound DNA segment moves downstream with nascent RNA as a transcription bubble of approximately the same size.
Human ecology in medicine.

Abstract Understanding the close interrelationships between the social and biological ills of man is a current challenge for modern medicine. The consideration of health from an ecological perspective is a recognition of the necessity for consciously planning and manipulating ways to modify the bio-social environment in a manner that forces are created that will fundamentally change the problems of the public health. Human ecology in medicine is a timely approach in the organization of the health sciences and in the development of an integrated picture of what environment means for both the individual and the community of man.
Phasor-based approch for harmonic assesment from multiple distributed energy resources

This paper analyzes impacts and interactions of harmonics from multiple sources, especially distributed energy resources, on distribution networks. We propose a new index, the Phasor Harmonic Index (PHI), that considers both harmonic source magnitude and phase angle, while other commonly used harmonic indices are based solely on magnitude of waveforms. The use of such an index becomes feasible and practical through emerging monitoring technologies like micro-Synchrophasors in distribution networks that help measure and visualize voltage and current phase angles along with their magnitudes. A very detailed model of a distribution network is also needed for the harmonic interaction assessment in this paper.
Cooperative contributions of Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) and IRF8 to interferon-γ-mediated cytotoxic effects on oligodendroglial progenitor cells

Administration of exogenous interferon-γ (IFNγ) aggravates the symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS), whereas interferon-β (IFNβ) is used for treatment of MS patients. We previously demonstrated that IFNγ induces apoptosis of oligodendroglial progenitor cells (OPCs), suggesting that IFNγ is more toxic to OPCs than IFNβ. Thus we hypothesized that a difference in expression profiles between IFNγ-inducible and IFNβ-inducible genes in OPCs would predict the genes responsible for IFNγ-mediated cytotoxic effects on OPCs. We have tested this hypothesis particularly focusing on the interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) well-known transcription factors up-regulated by IFNs. Highly pure primary rat OPC cultures were treated with IFNγ and IFNβ. Cell death and proliferation were assessed by MTT reduction, caspse-3-like proteinase activity, Annexin-V binding, mitochondrial membrane potential, and BrdU-incorporation. Induction of all nine IRFs was comprehensively compared by quantitative PCR between IFNγ-treated and IFNβ-treated OPCs. IRFs more strongly induced by IFNγ than by IFNβ were selected, and tested for their ability to induce OPC apoptosis by overexpression and by inhibition by dominant-negative proteins or small interference RNA either in the presence or absence of IFNγ. Unlike IFNγ, IFNβ did not induce apoptosis of OPCs. Among nine IRFs, IRF1 and IRF8 were preferentially up-regulated by IFNγ. In contrast, IRF7 was more robustly induced by IFNβ than by IFNγ. Overexpressed IRF1 elicited apoptosis of OPCs, and a dominant negative IRF1 protein partially protected OPCs from IFNγ-induced apoptosis, indicating a substantial contribution of IRF1 to IFNγ-induced OPC apoptosis. On the other hand, overexpression of IRF8 itself had only marginal proapoptotic effects. However, overexpressed IRF8 enhanced the IFNγ-induced cytotoxicity and the proapoptotic effect of overexpressed IRF1, and down-regulation of IRF8 by siRNA partially but significantly reduced preapoptotic cells after treatment with IFNγ, suggesting that IRF8 cooperatively enhances IFNγ-induced OPC apoptosis. This study has identified that IRF1 and IRF8 mediate IFNγ-signaling leading to OPC apoptosis. Therapies targeting at these transcription factors and their target genes could reduce IFNγ-induced OPC loss and thereby enhance remyelination in MS patients.
A novel approach to calculate acid additions for alkalinity control in greenhouse irrigation water

Abstract Excessive alkalinity in greenhouse irrigation water can increase substrate solution pH, resulting in reduced micronutrient availability for plants. A spreadsheet was designed to offer a quick and practical method for calculating: 1) amount of nitric, phosphoric, and sulfuric acid required to achieve an endpoint alkalinity or pH in irrigation water; 2) the amount of nutrients added by the acid addition; and 3) acid costs. It calculates both pH and alkalinity after acidification, regardless of endpoint selected. The spreadsheet accounts for the pH dependent reaction which determines the relative percentage of each of the carbonate species ‐carbonates (CO3 2‐), bicarbonates (HCO3 ‐), and carbonic acid (H2CO3) ‐ present in the solution. In addition, the acidification calculations account for the starting pH of the solution, the alkalinity found in the initial solution, and the dissociation characteristics of the acid selected to neutralize the alkalinity. The spreadsheet was validated with six water ...
Carbon dioxide fluxes in a semiarid environment with high carbonate soils

Abstract Carbon dioxide is increasing in the atmosphere due to human activities. Over long time periods semiarid soils have sequestered inorganic carbon to accumulate the third largest global carbon pool. The hypothesis for this study was that these soils are maintaining this carbon pool under present climatic conditions and are a sink for some of the increasing atmospheric carbon. Bowen ratio systems were used to measure CO 2 fluxes from a brush and a grass community with different soil types over 4 years in southeastern Arizona. Aboveground biomass and soil samples taken in spring and fall were analyzed to determine seasonal changes in carbon content. Contrary to the hypothesis, both sites were found to be losing carbon annually. Absence and presence of rainfall were important carbon flux driving forces. The brush site, with higher inorganic carbon in the soil, had an average annual loss of 144 g C m −2 and the grass site a loss of 128 g C m −2 from organic and inorganic sources. Average annual daytime CO 2 flux from the brush site was a loss of 26 g C m −2 , while the grass site had a gain of 86 g C m −2 . Based on measured average annual aboveground biomass data and estimates of belowground biomass, the brush site sequestered 80 g C m −2 and the grass site 135 g C m −2 into biomass during the growing season. Analysis of combined inorganic soil carbon data from both sites showed a significant seasonal difference with more in the fall season than in spring. The average annual fall season soil inorganic carbon was 22.5 g kg −1 and the spring season was 19.4 g kg −1 to a depth of 30 cm. This significant seasonal difference indicated that some of the measured CO 2 fluxes were into and out of the inorganic carbon pool. The source of carbon for the measured annual losses from these sites was concluded to be from the large inorganic carbon pool with carbon cycling through both the organic and inorganic pools at the sites.
Benefits of marriage for reducing risk of violent death from suicide and homicide for white and nonwhite persons: generalizing Gove's findings.

Gove (1973) noted that marriage reduced the relative risk of suicide (and mental illness) for men more than it did for women. He looked at the coefficient of preservation (Durkheim, 1951), the ratio, for example, of the suicide rate for single persons divided by the suicide rate for married persons. The present study examined the generality of Gove's finding for homicide as well as suicide using the only published rates by marital status for the USA for 1959-1961 from Langberg ( 1967) and Massey ( 1967) and explored whether the phenomenon was observed for both white and nonwhite persons. The coefficient of preservation for suicide was greater for men than for women for the single/married white group (1.88 versus 1.41), divorced/ married white group (4.05 versus 3.55), and widowed/married white group (4.84 versus 2.07). The coefficient of preservation for suicide was also greater for men than for women, for the single/married nonwhite group (1.72 versus 1.04), the divorced/married nonwhite group (2.55 versus 1.79), and for the widowed/married nonwhite group (2.92 versus 2.34). In addition, the coefficient of preservation for homicide was greater for men than for women for the single/married white group (1.69 versus 0.61), the divorced/married white groilp (6.64 versus 4.61), but not for the widowed/ married white group (3.52 versus 3.61). The coefficient of preservation was also greater for men than for women for nonwhite persons; the three similar comparisons were 1.55 versus 1.17, 2.55 versus 1.79, and 2.92 versus 2.34, respectively. Marriage may be inferred to reduce the relative risk of suicide and homicide more for men than for women for both white and nonwhite groups. Gove's finding appears to be robust.
Microsatellite analysis of relationships among North American plums (Prunus sect. Prunocerasus, Rosaceae)

Fifteen microsatellite primer pairs developed in sweet cherry and peach were used to explore genetic relationships among North American plums (Prunus section Prunocerasus). In all, 186 putative alleles were detected with a mean value of 12.4 per locus. The Jaccard coefficient of similarity was calculated between all pairs of accessions and their genetic similarities represented by a UPGMA dendrogram. Despite the apparent closeness among native American plums as evidenced by their ability to hybridize freely and their very similar ITS and trnL-trnF nucleotide sequences, all pairs of accessions among the North American plums shared fewer than half of their alleles. Some of the relationships suggested by the UPGMA dendrogram are congruent with current taxonomic hypotheses, but others are difficult to interpret. Further resolution of relationships among American plums will require molecular markers more variable than ITS yet less variable than microsatellites.
Free fluid on abdominal computed tomography without solid organ injury after blunt abdominal injury does not mandate celiotomy

Abstract Background: Mandatory celiotomy has been proposed for all patients with unexplained free fluid on abdominal computed tomography (CT) scanning after blunt abdominal injury. This recommendation has been based upon retrospective data and concerns over the potential morbidity from the late diagnosis of blunt intestinal injury. This study examined the rate of intestinal injury in patients with free fluid on abdominal CT after blunt abdominal trauma. Methods: This study was a multicenter prospective series of all patients with blunt abdominal trauma admitted to four level I trauma centers over 22 months. Data were collected concurrently at the time of patient enrollment and included demographics, injury severity score, findings on CT scan, and presence or absence of blunt intestinal injury. This database was specifically queried for those patients who had free fluid without solid organ injury. Results: In all, 2,299 patients were evaluated. Free fluid was present in 265. Of these, 90 patients had isolated free fluid with only 7 having a blunt intestinal injury. Conversely, 91% of patients with free fluid did not. All patients with free fluid were observed for a mean of 8 days (95% confidence interval 6.1 to 10.4, range 1 to 131). There were no missed injuries. Conclusions: Free fluid on abdominal CT scan does not mandate celiotomy. Serial observation with the possible use of other adjunctive tests is recommended.
The Binding Process of a Nonspecific Enzyme with DNA

Protein-DNA recognition of a nonspecific complex is modeled to understand the nature of the transient encounter states. We consider the structural and energetic features and the role of water in the DNA grooves in the process of protein-DNA recognition. Here we have used the nuclease domain of colicin E7 (N-ColE7) from Escherichia coli in complex with a 12-bp DNA duplex as the model system to consider how a protein approaches, encounters, and associates with DNA. Multiscale simulation studies using Brownian dynamics and molecular-dynamics simulations were performed to provide the binding process on multiple length- and timescales. We define the encounter states and identified the spatial and orientational aspects. For the molecular length-scales, we used molecular-dynamics simulations. Several intermediate binding states were found, which have different positions and orientations of protein around DNA including major and minor groove orientations. The results show that the contact number and the hydrated interfacial area are measures that facilitate better understanding of sequence-independent protein-DNA binding landscapes and pathways.
Potential teratogenic effects of ultrasound on corticogenesis: Implications for autism

The phenotypic expression of autism, according to the Triple Hit Hypothesis, is determined by three factors: a developmental time window of vulnerability, genetic susceptibility, and environmental stressors. In utero exposure to thalidomide, valproic acid, and maternal infections are examples of some of the teratogenic agents which increase the risk of developing autism and define a time window of vulnerability. An additional stressor to genetically susceptible individuals during this time window of vulnerability may be prenatal ultrasound. Ultrasound enhances the genesis and differentiation of progenitor cells by activating the nitric oxide (NO) pathway and related neurotrophins. The effects of this pathway activation, however, are determined by the stage of development of the target cells, local concentrations of NO, and the position of nuclei (basal versus apical), causing consequent proliferation at some stages while driving differentiation and migration at others. Ill-timed activation or overactivation of this pathway by ultrasound may extend proliferation, increasing total cell number, and/or may trigger precipitous migration, causing maldistribution of neurons amongst cortical lamina, ganglia, white matter, and germinal zones. The rising rates of autism coincident with the increased use of ultrasound in obstetrics and its teratogenic/toxic effects on the CNS demand further research regarding a putative correlation.
Good Sense, Art, and Morality in Hume's ‘Of the Standard of Taste’

In his essay ‘Of the Standard of Taste,’ Hume argues that artworks with morally flawed outlooks (including Homer's poems) are, to some extent, aesthetically flawed. While Hume's remarks regarding the relationship between art and morality have influenced contemporary aestheticians, Hume's own position has struck many people as incoherent. For Hume appears to entangle himself in two separate contradictions. First, Hume seems to claim both that true judges should not enter into vicious sentiments and that true judges should adopt the standpoint of an artwork's intended audience. But The Iliad, say, was obviously intended for an audience that shared Homer's flawed moral outlook. Second, Hume appears to claim that our moral sentiments are both highly resistant to change and extremely fragile. This essay defends Hume against these two objections by drawing increased attention to the role that Hume's aesthetics assigns to the faculty of good sense or sound reason.
Influence of sodium hypochlorite on the permeability and structure of cervical human dentine.

Summary The effect of 5% sodium hypochlorite and 35% hydrogen peroxide on dentine samples in vitro was investigated. It was demonstrated that both 5% NaOCI and 35% H2O2 depletes the dentine, which can be recorded as weight loss. Sodium hypochlorite removes approximately 14% of dry weight from dentine samples in 24 h; hydrogen peroxide is half as destructive. The hydraulic conductance (Lp) of dentine after treatment with NaOCI is increased over 100%. It is suggested that the use of high concentrations of sodium hypochlorite during root canal treatment may negatively affect the integrity of the root canal wall thereby allowing increased access of caustic bleaching fluids to cervical vital tissues.
Low temperature selective crystallization of amorphous silicon

Abstract We have used rapid thermal annealing to crystallize PECVD a-Si:H films deposited on glass at low thermal budgets of 700°C/4 min. The a-Si:H films can be selectively crystallized using thermal budgets lower than 700°C/4min. by selectively depositing an ultrathin Pd layer on the silicon surface. We have investigated the electrical and the structural properties of these selectively crystallized films.
Recent developments in the classification of pain

Abstract Current physical, psychiatric, and descriptive classifications of pain lack applicability to most chronic pain patients. The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) system of five axes combined with their pain definitions is recommended as a nontheoretical and comprehensive scheme for classifying pain patients. A better pain classification has practical implications in that somatic and deafferentation pain differ in their response to treatment.
Prostaglandin release by the isolated perfused rabbit heart.

Abstract The adenine nucleotides, ATP and ADP, were the only consistent releasers of prostaglandin-like substance (PLS) from the isolated perfused rabbit heart. Indomethacin abolished the release of PLS induced by ATP and ADP. Norepinephrine, bradykinin, and angiotensin I and II were ineffective as PLS releasers.
Pseudotumor cerebri associated with lithium use in an 11-year-old boy

Pseudotumor cerebri, also termed idiopathic intracranial hypertension, is defined by increased intracranial pressure in the setting of normal brain imaging and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. It can often be associated with optic nerve head edema. Several medications have been associated with pseudotumor cerebri, 1 including the use of lithium carbonate in the adult population 3 as well as in adolescents. 4 Signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure typically resolve after cessation of lithium carbonate usage. 5 We report a case of the onset of pseudotumor cerebri associated with lithium treatment in a child who sustained long-term optic atrophy and vision loss and required acetazolamide treatment for approximately 1 year after cessation of lithium.
Cost-Effectiveness of Procalcitonin-Guided Antibiotic Use in Community Acquired Pneumonia

BACKGROUND Although prior randomized trials have demonstrated that procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy effectively reduces antibiotic use in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), uncertainties remain regarding use of procalcitonin protocols in practice.
Effects of Gender and Dominance on Leadership Emergence: Incentives Make a Difference

Several decades of laboratory research have shown that high-dominant women, when paired with low-dominant men, are less likely than expected to emerge as leaders on gender-neutral tasks. The current study was designed to investigate the impact of an incentive on leadership emergence in mixed-gender pairs in which one member was high in personality dominance and one was low. Across incentive conditions, men high in personality dominance were more likely than women to emerge as leaders. Under the no-incentive condition, personality dominance relative to men did not significantly improve women’s leadership likelihood; men were more likely to emerge as leaders regardless of personality dominance. However, under the incentive condition, high-dominant women were significantly more likely to emerge as leaders than were their low-dominant male counterparts, and high-dominant men were also more likely than low-dominant women to emerge as leaders.
Ethyne-Bridged (Porphinato)Zinc(II)−(Porphinato)Iron(III) Complexes: Phenomenological Dependence of Excited-State Dynamics upon (Porphinato)Iron Electronic Structure

We report the synthesis, spectroscopy, potentiometric properties, and excited-state dynamical studies of 5-[(10,20-di-((4-ethyl ester)methylene-oxy)phenyl)porphinato]zinc(II)-[5'-[(10',20'- di-((4-ethyl ester)methylene-oxy)phenyl)porphinato]iron(III)-chloride]ethyne (PZn-PFe-Cl), along with a series of related supermolecules ([PZn-PFe-(L)1,2]+ species) that possess a range of metal axial ligation environments (L = pyridine, 4-cyanopyridine, 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (collidine), and 2,6-dimethylpyridine (2,6-lutidine)). Relevant monomeric [(porphinato)iron-(ligand)1,2]+ ([PFe(L)1,2]+) benchmarks have also been synthesized and fully characterized. Ultrafast pump-probe transient absorption spectroscopic experiments that interrogate the initially prepared electronically excited states of [PFe(L)1,2]+ species bearing nonhindered axial ligands demonstrated subpicosecond-to-picosecond relaxation dynamics to the ground electronic state. Comparative pump-probe transient absorption experiments that interrogate the initially prepared excited states of PZn-PFe-Cl, [PZn-PFe-(py)2]+, [PZn-PFe-(4-CN-py)2]+, [PZn-PFe-(collidine)]+, and [PZn-PFe-(2,6-lutidine)]+ demonstrate that the spectra of all these species are dominated by a broad, intense NIR S1 --> Sn transient absorption manifold. While PZn-PFe-Cl, [PZn-PFe-(py)2]+, and [PZn-PFe-(4-CN-py)2]+ evince subpicosecond and picosecond time-scale relaxation of their respective initially prepared electronically excited states to the ground state, the excited-state dynamics observed for [PZn-PFe-(2,6-lutidine)]+ and [PZn-PFe-(collidine)]+ show fast relaxation to a [PZn+-PFe(II)] charge-separated state having a lifetime of nearly 1 ns. Potentiometric data indicate that while DeltaGCS for [PZn-PFe-(L)1,2]+ species is strongly influenced by the PFe+ ligation state [ligand (DeltaGCS): 4-cyanopyridine (-0.79 eV) < pyridine (-1.04 eV) < collidine (-1.35 eV) < chloride (-1.40 eV); solvent = CH2Cl2], the pump-probe transient absorption dynamical data demonstrate that the nature of the dominant excited-state decay pathway is not correlated with the thermodynamic driving force for photoinduced charge separation, but depends on the ferric ion ligation mode. These data indicate that sterically bulky axial ligands that drive a pentacoordinate PFe center and a weak metal axial ligand interaction serve to sufficiently suppress the normally large magnitude nonradiative decay rate constants characteristic of (porphinato)iron(III) complexes, and thus make electron transfer a competitive excited-state deactivation pathway.
Exercise and heart rate recovery.

Purpose: This study examines whether heart rate recovery (HRR) improves as a result of exercise training during cardiac rehabilitation (CR). Methods: A retrospective study was performed that included 100 patients who completed phase II CR and had entry and exit exercise stress tests. HRR was compared for the sample. Improvements in HRR were compared between gender and age groups. Correlation between age and HRR was performed. Results: The total sample improved HRR (P = .020). There was no significant difference in the improvement of HRR based on gender, indicating males and females improve at similar rates (P = .833). Similarly, there was no significant difference in the improvement of HRR based on age, indicating older subjects improve similarly to younger subjects (P = .700). There was no relationship between age and HRR; therefore, as age increases there is no decrease in HRR. Conclusion: HRR improves in patients who complete CR.
Calibration of the kinematic method of studying solar wind disturbances on the basis of a one-dimensional MHD solution and a simulation study of the heliosphere disturbances between 22 november and 6 december 1977

Abstract An empirical kinematic method developed by Hakamada and Akasofu (1982) is calibrated on the basis of a one-dimensional MHD solution. The calibrated results are used to simulate the stream-stream interaction and the background corotating structure in a simple situation and also during 22 November–6 December 1977. The solar wind disturbances caused by solar activities during this period are then introduced into the above background stream in simulating the heliospheric disturbance event which was observed by an aligned set of spacecraft at distances between 0.6 and 1.6 a.u. The observations and the simulated results are satisfactory, and a little more refinement in the simulation could reconstruct reasonably well the data by filling the data gaps in the solar wind speed, the density and the IMF magnitude.
Modified vacuum thermal stability test apparatus for energetic materials

Abstract An apparatus, hereinafter named the modified vacuum thermal stability (MVTS) test apparatus, that replaces the mercury manometric method used to determine the vacuum thermal stability of energetic materials is described. The volume calibrated MVTS system provides continuous pressure/time data for the duration of the test via a computerized data acquisition system. Total gas volume (reduced to STP) is computed from the pressure data. Subsequent gas chromatographic analysis of the evolved gaseous mixture further provides identification and individual volumes of the components. Water/solvent volume is obtained by difference (Vp — VCalibrated Gases GC).
Massenspektrometrie und ihre Anwendung auf strukturelle und stereochemische Probleme, CVII. Das Fragmentierungsverhalten von Semicarbazonen

In den Spektren von Semicarbazonen aliphatischer Aldehyde und Ketone uberlagert sich den von den Carbonylverbindungen her bekannten Fragmentierungen ein Abbau der Semicarbazidseitenkette. Ionisierung des Molekul-Ions erfolgt im Wesentlichen an dem Stickstoffatom, das die Stelle des Carbonylsauerstoffs vertritt. Wichtige Abbauschritte sind α-Spaltung, die unter Wanderung eines γ-Wasserstoffatoms ablaufende β-Spaltung (McLafferty-Umlagerung) und γ-Spaltung, wie durch Analyse wichtiger Spitzen durch Hochauflosung und Deuterium-Markierung nachgewiesen wird. Die bevorzugte ubertragung eines sekundaren Wasserstoffatoms im Zuge der McLafferty-Umlagerung, die in den Spektren der Oxime nicht beobachtet werden konnte, wird hier wieder aufgefunden. Dagegen last sich keine Wanderung einer Methylgruppe nachweisen. Alle Proben wurden mit einem direkten Einlassystem in die Ionenquelle eingefuhrt; die Spektren deuten keine thermischen Zersetzungsreaktionen an, wie sie bei der Verwendung eines geheizten Einlassystems beobachtet worden sind.
Covalent binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene to lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues following oral administration to B6C3F1 mice.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) is cytotoxic to various murine lymphoid tissues, including the spleen, thymus, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), and Peyer's patches (PPs). In the present studies, we measured the amount of covalent binding of [3H]DMBA to lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues and correlated these findings with the overall levels of [3H]DMBA (and derived substances) present in various tissues following a single oral administration to mice. Results show that [3H]DMBA was taken up relatively rapidly from the GI tract and that it was nearly completely eliminated within 24 hr via the feces. Peak plasma levels were obtained approximately 6 hr after gavage, and most organs (including brain, heart, liver, lung, kidney, spleen, and thymus) achieved their peak level of DMBA at this time. Maximal concentrations of DMBA were detected in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (i.e., PPs and MLNs) at 4 hr, during which time covalent binding of [3H]DMBA was also maximal. The time course for covalent binding was different in the liver, lung, thymus, and spleen, peaking at 6–12 hr. The amount of covalent binding of [3H]DMBA and derived metabolites in the spleen was more than twice that seen in the other tissues examined. Since the spleen has previously been found to be less sensitive to DNA fragmentation induced by DMBA than the PPs, these results suggest that covalent binding may not be the primary determinant of lymphotoxicity in these organs.
Two-choice discrimination learning using multiple stimuli

Abstract In two experiments rats were trained in a Y maze on a two-choice simultaneous visual discrimination in which either a constant positive stimulus was used and the negative stimulus varied from trial to trial, or a constant negative stimulus was used and the positive stimulus varied. In both experiments the constant S-multiple S+ discrimination was easier to learn than the constant S+ multiple S-discrimination.
Biosensors: nanotubes light up cells.

By measuring changes in the photoluminescence of single-walled carbon nanotubes caused by the presence of molecules that damage DNA, it could be possible to build a biosensor that can identify multiple analytes in real time.
Waveguide Embedded in Silicon Inverse Opal

Waveguides embedded in a Si-inverse opal, with a bandgap centered at 1.55 µm wavelength, have been simulated. Transmitted power spectrum and power loss calculations have been performed with different waveguide materials using the FDTD method.
Two experimental studies on creative concept combinations in modular design of electronic embedded systems

This paper discusses the nature of concept combinations in modular design of electronic embedded systems as well as the relation between combination characteristics and novelty, quality, and usefulness of the produced solutions. Through two experimental studies, this work explored the frequency of relation-based and property-based combinations in embedded design solutions, and how the specifics of the given building blocks, i.e. salience, relatedness and number, influenced the produced combinations. The impact of popular aids, like titles and short descriptions (briefs), in improving novelty, quality, and usefulness of the designs was also analyzed. Design solutions include mostly relation-based combinations. Design novelty correlates mainly to the purpose and context of the produced combinations. Novelty is aided by titles but not by briefs.
GC-MS Analysis of Organic Vapours Emitted from Polyurethane Foam Insulation

Abstract The vapours emitted by rigid polyurethane foam at 40° and 80° in dry and in humid (90% RH) air were trapped with a Tenax TA sampling tube and, after thermal desorption, analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The chromatograms obtained demonstrate a certain characteristic pattern. The qualitative composition of the effluent mixture is basically independent of both temperature and humidity of the foam. Over seventy compounds were identified as polyurethane foam off-gases. Among them the most numerous are hydrocarbons. The most abundant is the blowing agent, trichlorofluoromethane. The most interesting are cyclic acetals, aldehydes, cyclic ethers, alcohols, chloroform and chlorobenzene. The headspace concentration of the majority of them is below 10mg/m3, there are, however, several compounds with the concentration exceeding 100mg/m3.
Theory of Multilayer Adsorption with Correct Critical Behavior

It is shown that an expansion of the configurational energy in powers of density allows correcting the critical behavior of Ono−Kondo theory for multilayer adsorption. The proposed approach results in a new equation relating densities in each layer with density in the bulk. This equation predicts spinodals and binodals which are in excellent agreement with the exact phase diagram for a two-dimensional system and with the phase diagram known from Monte Carlo simulations for a three-dimensional system.
Nutrition management of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in adults: Review by the diabetes care and education dietetic practice group

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a chronic disease in which insulin production from the pancreas is diminished or absent. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is most often diagnosed in childhood, but it also occurs in adults. Treatment requires the use of exogenous insulin coordinated with food intake and physical activity. Management goals for IDDM are to attain metabolic control of glucose and lipid levels and to prevent or delay the onset of medical complications associated with diabetes. Because the type and amount of food consumed directly affect blood glucose levels, meal and snack planning, along with an appropriate insulin regimen and physical activity program, is necessary to achieve management goals. Nutrition assessment, initial education, implementation of a meal plan, and ongoing nutrition education and counseling are part of the process of nutrition management of diabetes. The registered dietitian who has a working knowledge of nutrition and diabetes management serves as an integral part of the diabetes health care team.
Boethius and the triple ending of the Cent Balades

L'A. etudie les influences et la presence de la pensee de Boethius que l'on peut detecter dans les Cent balades et, plus precisement, dans les quatre derniers poemes de cet ensemble. Il montre comment Christine de Pizan s'appuie sur l'autorite du philosophe pour asseoir sa propre ecriture, et analyse la maniere dont l'ecrivain re-visite la pensee et la thematique de Boethius
A new polymerization reaction for the synthesis of aromatic polyketones

A new polymerization reaction for aromatic polyketones is described based on palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of aromatic diacid chlorides and bis(trimethylstannane) monomers. This method addresses some of the shortcomings of current synthetic approaches to this valuable class of thermoplastics. Most importantly, the polymerization can be carried out under mild conditions and polymer backbones free of ether linkages can be realized. Several high molecular weight, soluble polyketones having good thermal stability are synthesized using this polymerization reaction. An improved synthesis of aromatic bis-(trimethylstannane) monomers is also described that provides monomers in high yield