cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Ethics of Intellectual Property: An Ethical Approach to Copyright and Right of Publicity Law Ethics Core Encyclopedia - National Center for Professional & Research Ethics

The ethical approach to copyright and right of publicity law should be a constant concern of designers and artists. Copyright is the intellectual property protection of original and creative works including designs, images, writings, and other creations. Right of publicity is a right to control the use of a person’s name, image, or likeness under legal theories that draw from intellectual property law, equity, privacy law, and property law. This encyclopedia article discusses the ethical approach to the use of copyrighted works and names, images, and likenesses protected by the right of publicity.
Stream gains and losses across a mountain-to-valley transition: Impacts on watershed hydrology and stream water chemistry

[1] The mountain to alluvial valley transition is a dominant landscape of the American West, and of mountainous regions around the world, and is crucial to water resources in these regions. We combined stream water and groundwater (GW) hydrometric methods with geochemical hydrograph separations to investigate stream gains and losses across a mountain to alluvial valley transition in southwestern Montana to address the following questions: (1) How do alpine to valley bottom transitions affect stream discharge? (2) How do stream gains and losses change across alpine to valley bottom transitions? There was an annual 23% net loss in stream discharge across the transition zone, which we refer to as the mountain front recharge (MFR) zone. Gross stream gains were minimal in the MFR zone. Gross stream losses across the valley bottom equaled ∼140,000 m3 while gross gains equaled ∼70,000 m3, resulting in a net loss of ∼70,000 m3 in the valley bottom zone. Stream discharge was 97% alpine runoff (AL) in the MFR zone, whereas downstream discharge in the valley bottom was 48% AL and 52% valley groundwater. These large spatial and long temporal scale exchanges of water across the mountain-to-valley transition affected stream discharge magnitude, valley aquifer storage state, and valley stream water chemistry. This work suggests that streams do not simply lose or gain over a particular reach, but rather many streams are both gaining and losing and that net differences yield an incomplete depiction of stream hydrology.
Mitral valve replacement complicated by iatrogenic left ventricular outflow obstruction and paravalvular leak: case report and review of literature

Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction and paravalvular leak (PVL) are relatively uncommon, but are serious complications of prosthetic valve replacement. We present a case that displays the unique therapeutic challenges of treating a patient who developed both LVOT obstruction and mitral PVL after undergoing surgical aortic and mitral valve replacement (MVR). We also describe the use of alcohol septal ablation and albumin-glutaraldehyde (BioGlue) for septal ablation to percutaneously treat the patient’s LVOT obstruction, followed by use of an Amplatzer vascular plug for percutaneous closure of an antero-medial mitral PVL associated with severe regurgitation. Percutaneous interventional management of these entities may be considered as an initial therapeutic option, especially in high-risk patients with significant morbidity and mortality of repeat surgical operations.
Raven's Progressive Matrices and inspection time: P200 slope correlates

Abstract The N1P2 complex is a component of cortical event related-potentials. It has been linked to intelligence as well as early processing and attention. This study examined a new measure—the slope of the N1P2 complex—during an inspection time task. The 49 participants also completed the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices as an intelligence index. P200 slope at the frontal and temporo-occipital, but not at temporal or occipital, recording sites was significantly correlated with both inspection time and Raven's performance. This study supports earlier N1P2 links with intelligence, and refines the ERP measure and eliciting task.
Sound, death and Amour

This article explores Michael Haneke’s Amour by following two pairs of complementary elements: silence and noise (to which the voice is added to complete what we understand as sound in cinema), and death and love. At the core of Haneke’s project, representations of love and death are the driving narrative force of the film while the dialogue between image and sound is the aesthetic driving force. The argument shows how Amour depicts death and love on two levels: on the one hand thematically, and more importantly on the other hand cinematically, in the editing, the particularity of the shots and most clearly in the unique manipulation of sound.
Abstract: Advantages of a Bayesian Approach for Examining Class Structure in Finite Mixture Models

In the social sciences, finite mixture models (FMMs) are being used increasingly to describe unobserved population heterogeneity in psychological constructs and processes. In most applications, maximum likelihood (ML) estimation is used, and the number of latent classes is determined by estimating solutions with different numbers of classes and selecting the optimal number based on various statistical criteria. However, no statistic works well in all cases for all models, and different criteria often give contradictory results. Further difficulties arise in estimation and identification of mixture models. The likelihood surface is highly multimodal as well as infinite at the boundary of the parameter space—problematicforMLestimationbecausetheEMalgorithmonlyfindslocalmodes.WhenaFMMisestimatedwith too many classes or insufficient restrictions, identification is violated, and the asymptotic behavior of the ML estimator is unstable. Unidentified models can appear to be estimated normally using popular software packages, as parameters are fixed to boundary values. All of these challenges can lead to convergence problems and spurious solutions and threaten the reliability and validity of FMM applications using ML. In this study I investigate how a Bayesian approach can help overcome current challenges with ML-based FMM applications in social science. I analytically compare Bayesian andMLapproachestodeterminingthenumberofclassesand present potential advantages of the fully Bayesian approach as well as challenges that arise in practice. Whereas ML estimation determines a point estimate for each parameter in the model, a Bayesian approach estimates thedistributionforeachparameter.InaBayesianframework,
L-forms and urinary tract infections.

Abstract Bacteria may be transformed into L-forms as a result of stress. They could theoretically persist in the host as commensals and produce disease when they revert to their parent pathogenic bacterial form. Even though L-forms have been reported to occur in 20 per cent of patients with chronic bacteriuria, our current knowledge does not allow us to directly implicate them in the production of disease.
NNP education in neonatal end-of-life care: a needs assessment.

Purpose: To determine from practicing neonatal nurse practitioners (NNPs) their perceived end-of-life (EOL) care learning needs. Design and Method: A needs assessment-based evaluation methodology was used to answer the research questions. A neonatal EOL needs assessment survey was developed, pilot tested, and then mailed to 260 NNPs across the United States. Results: NNPs in clinical practice regarded their education on EOL for neonates and their families as inadequate. Twenty-three percent ranked "delivery room decisions to resuscitate infants considered at edge of viability" as the item for which they most wanted more training. The other top-ranked EOL items included balance between giving parents false hopes and removing all hopes, and communicating and giving bad news to families. Clinical Implications: Based on these findings, specific neonatal EOL education and communication skill workshops are warranted for graduate nursing core and advance practice continuing education courses. Additionally, there needs to be a mechanism to provide EOL content and support for the NNP already in clinical practice; it is suggested that learning about EOL issues can be integrated into existing (continuing nursing education CNE) educational activities. Further research is needed on what issues, tools, and methods in CNE programs make a difference in the experience of NNPs.
T‐cell receptor sequences that elicit strong down‐regulation of premature termination codon‐bearing transcripts

The nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) RNA surveillance pathway detects and degrades mRNAs containing premature termination codons (PTCs). T-cell receptor (TCR) and immunoglobulin transcripts, which commonly harbor PTCs as a result of programmed DNA rearrangement during normal development, are down-regulated much more than other known mammalian gene transcripts in response to nonsense codons. Here, we demonstrate that this is not because of promoter or cell type but instead is directed by regulatory sequences within the rearranging VDJ exon and immediately flanking intron sequences of a Vβ8.1 TCR-β gene. Insertion of these sequences into a heterologous gene elicited strong down-regulation (>30-fold) in response to PTCs, indicating that this region is sufficient to trigger robust down-regulation. The rearranging Vβ5.1 exon and the flanking intron sequences from another member of the TCR-β family also triggered strong down-regulation, suggesting that down-regulatory-promoting elements are a conserved feature of TCR genes. Importantly, we found that the Vβ8.1 down-regulatory-promoting element was position dependent, such that it failed to function when positioned downstream of a PTC. To our knowledge, this is the first class of down-regulatory elements identified that act upstream of nonsense codons.
Sphene: uranium-lead ages.

Uranium-lead ages were measured on 14 samples of sphene from rocks aged from 1000 to 2750 x 10 6 years. All samples gave concordant or nearly concordant ages, the maximum difference between the Pb 206 -U 238 and Pb 207 -Pb 206 ages being 10 percent. Sphene has more concordant ages than has the coexisting zircon in each of seven rocks in which they were compared. Sphene sometimes has greater ages than does coexisting biotite, although in two metamorphic rocks, in which metamorphism was sufficiently intense to cause redistribution of radiogenic strontium-87 between various mineral phases, sphene dates the time of metamorphism rather than of original crystallization of the rocks.
Effects of 60 Hz magnetic field exposure on the pineal and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in the Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus).

Experiments using the dwarf Siberian hamster Phodopus sungorus were carried out to determine possible neuroendocrine consequences of one-time and repeated exposures to 60 Hz magnetic fields (MF). Animals were maintained in either a short-light (SL, 8 h light:16 h dark) or long-light (LL, 16 h light:8 h dark) photoperiod. Acute (one-time, 15 min) exposure of male SL animals to a linearly polarized, horizontally oriented, 60 Hz MF (0.1 mT) gave rise to a statistically significant (P .05), compared with sham-exposed SL animals. At 42 days, however, no significant changes in overnight melatonin or prolactin levels were detected. In both repeated exposure experiments, gonadal weights were lowest in the MF-exposed groups. This difference was statistically significant (P < .05) after 42 days of exposure. These data indicate that both one-time and repeated exposure to a 0.1 mT, 60 Hz MF can give rise to neuroendocrine responses in Phodopus.
TGF-β Promotes the Growth of Bovine Chondrocytes in Monolayer Culture and the Formation of Cartilage Tissue on Three-Dimensional Scaffolds

We have investigated the ability of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) to promote the growth and differentiation of chondrocytes in monolayer and on three-dimensional scaffolds. Treatment of chon...
Insulin-like growth factor 1 synergizes with bone morphogenetic protein 7-mediated anabolism in bovine intervertebral disc cells.

Objective We undertook this study to assess the therapeutic benefits of intervertebral disc matrix repair and regeneration by evaluating the potential synergistic effect of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) on bovine spine discs and by elucidating the relevant molecular/cellular mechanisms. Methods Bovine nucleus pulposus (NP) cells were treated with BMP-7 and IGF-1. The subsequent anabolic effects driven by NP cells were assessed for proteoglycan (PG) synthesis by 35S-sulfate incorporation and for PG accumulation by dimethylmethylene blue assays. Matrix formation was visualized by particle exclusion assay. Key matrix components and transcription factors were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction to determine the signaling pathways by which IGF-1 suppresses noggin, a potent inhibitor of BMP-7. Western blotting and nuclear translocation experiments were performed to assess the activation of Smad proteins. Results Stimulation of bovine NP cells by both IGF-1 and BMP-7 greatly potentiated anabolism through complementary and synergistic mechanisms on matrix formation compared with treatment with either growth factor alone. The exogenously added decoy ligand, noggin, attenuated the anabolic effects of BMP-7, and noggin was substantially increased by BMP-7, suggesting a negative feedback regulatory mechanism. In contrast, IGF-1 significantly suppressed noggin expression via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway and thus potentiated BMP-7 signaling in bovine NP cells. Upon combination treatment, IGF-1 activated Smad2, while BMP-7 activated Smad1/5/8 and Smad3, thus inducing all Smad signaling pathways and mimicking the effects of the combination of transforming growth factor β and BMP-7 Conclusion Combination growth factor therapy using BMP-7 and IGF-1 may have considerable promise in the treatment of spine disc degeneration.
Chelator used in pectin extraction triggers ethylene production by tomato fruit

In our search for an endogenous ethylene trigger from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ev. Rutgers) fruit cell wall alkaline soluble pectin (ASP), we purified an active component using DEAE-Sepharose chromatography followed by elution on Bio-Gel P-100 or Superose 12. The purified active fraction produced a single band on silver-stained SDS-PAGE of approximately Mr 20000. Using two-dimensional proton-proton and proton-carbon correlation spectroscopy, we identified the repeating sub-unit as trans-1,2-diamino-cyclohexane- N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (CDTA), a chelator used to extract ASP. Although the ASP undergoes extensive dialysis during its extraction which should remove CDTA, the CDTA apparently forms a large molecular weight polymer which does not diffuse out of the dialysis tubing. Infiltration of commercially prepared CDTA into mature green tomato fruit stimulated ethylene production. The ethylene stimulatory effect of CDTA was not affected by the presence of equimolar amounts of CaCl2, or nmol g-1 amounts of the calcium channel blockers, nifedipine or verapamil. EDTA, EGTA, and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, other divalent cation chelators, also stimulated ethylene production when they were infiltrated into tomato fruit. Neither the purified material nor commercial CDTA stimulated ethylene production when they were infiltrated into leaf tissue.
Lobar collapse: basic concepts

Lobar colapse is important to diagnose when present, as it may indicate the presence of a central bronchial obstructing lesion. In some instances, its appearance is rather classical and easily diagnosed. In other instances, its appearance can challenge even the most experienced radiologist. In yet other instances, it may be simulated by other disease processes. This material represents a discussion of some basic concepts and signs the author considers important in determining whether or not lobar collapse is present.
Complications of laryngeal framework surgery (phonosurgery)

The rising popularity of surgery involving the laryngeal framework (surgical medialization of immobile vocal folds, vocal fold tightening, pitch variation, etc.) has resulted in increasing case experience. Little has appeared in the literature regarding complications or long-term results of this type of surgery. Several years' experience in a major referral center with various types of laryngeal framework surgery has led to a small number of complications. These have included late extrusion of the prosthesis and delayed hemorrhage. A review of these complications and recommendations for modification of technique to minimize them in the future are discussed.
Effects of temperature and acid stress on hatching, survival capacity, metabolism and postural reflexes in caenid mayflies (ephemeroptera)

Abstract 1. 1. Mortality was 100% at pH 3.5 over a temperature range of 10–30°C for embryos and nymphs of Caenis diminuta and C. hilaris. 2. 2. Hatching success for both species was highest at pH values above 4.5. 3. 3. Survival capacities were significantly higher at 20°C over a pH range of 4.0-7.2. 4. 4. Oxygen consumption rates increase as a function of increasing temperature and reduced acidity. 5. 5. Loss of the nymphal righting response was observed at pH 3.5. This response can be used as a behavioral assay for acid stress.
A human placental cDNA clone that encodes nonhistone chromosomal protein HMG-1

Abstract From a human placental lambda gt11 cDNA library, we have isolated a cDNA clone that encodes the entire 215-residue amino acid sequence of HMG-1. Analysis of an internal sequence similarity suggests that the DNA-binding domains of HMG-1 are separated by a rather long and flexible linker segment. Southern blotting of DNA digested with BamHI indicated a highly variable number of genes (or pseudogenes) for HMG-1 in different species. Characterization of HMG-1 mRNA expression by Northern blotting showed that three mRNA species of approximately 1.0, 1.4 and 2.4 kb were expressed in all mammalian organs and cell lines examined. These included several rat organs at different stages of development. Northern analysis also suggested the occurrence of HMG-1 mRNA in an invertebrate and a plant species.
The Role of Anticipated Emotions in the Endowment Effect

This research explored the role of anticipated negative feelings in the observed disparity between buying and selling prices for the same endowed object. We assumed that anticipated negative reactions to losses deter people from trading an endowed object and therefore psychological variables that attenuate the emotional response to negative events should further reduce the price disparity between buyers and sellers. In 3 studies, we tested whether factors that either decrease concern about negative feelings (e.g., positive mood, framing of the transaction as involving no action) or increase the anticipated negative reaction to failure to act (e.g., priming errors of omission) further eliminate the disparity between buying and selling prices. These studies provide a novel conceptualization of the endowment bias and, more generally, illustrate the role of anticipated negative feelings in decision making.
Further Support for the Developmental Significance of the Quality of the Teacher–Student Relationship

Abstract Sociometric nominations and ratings assessed peers' perceptions of supportive and conflicted teacher–student relationships, evaluations of children's positive and negative attributes, and peer-rated liking. Participants were 993 third- and fourth-grade children. Girls obtained higher Teacher Support and lower Teacher Conflict scores compared with boys. The pattern of correlations between teacher–student relationship scores and other peer evaluations was comparable across genders. Both Teacher Support and Teacher Conflict made independent contributions to peer evaluations of children's competencies and acceptance of children. Teacher Support contributes to the prediction of social preference scores beyond that predicted by peer nominations of aggression. Teacher ratings of aggression were available for a subsample of 71 behaviorally at-risk children. For this subsample, Teacher Support predicted social preference scores after controlling for both peer nominations of aggression and teacher ratings of aggression. Peers' perceptions of Teacher Support may function as an “affective bias,” influencing both perceptions of child competencies and liking for the child. Implications of these findings for classroom-based interventions with peer-rejected children are discussed.
The Kin I Kinesins Are Microtubule End-Stimulated ATPases

The Kin I kinesins are microtubule-destabilizing enzymes important for neuronal transport, spindle assembly, and chromosome segregation. Hunter et al. (2003) now show that the Kin I MCAK is a microtubule end-stimulated ATPase that can catalytically depolymerize MT's.
Intermittency in the φ3 branching model

Intermittency in particle physics is an inverse-power dependence of normalized factorial moments of particle multiplicity on the width of the rapidity window. Its occurence in branching models is investigated in the φ3 theory. From the integral equation that describes the branching process, it is found that a self-consistent solution exhibiting intermittent behavior exists. Implication of the result is discussed.
Adverse events that are associated with the selective estrogen receptor modulator levormeloxifene in an aborted phase III osteoporosis treatment study.

Abstract Objective: Selective estrogen receptor modulators are novel compounds that bind to the estrogen receptor and have mixed agonistic and antagonistic activities. Recently, an increase in urinary incontinence has been reported with hormone replacement therapy use. A decrease in surgical procedures for pelvic floor relaxation has been recently reported with raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator that is not uterotropic. Levormeloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator that was developed for the purpose of the treatment and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Study Design: This was a multicentered prospective study of healthy women aged ≥65 years with osteoporosis who were randomized to blindly receive placebo or levormeloxifene 0.5 mg or 1.25 mg daily as part of a planned 3-year osteoporosis treatment study. Multiple medical and gynecologic evaluations were performed. Adverse events were reported to investigators and coded with the use of World Health Organization terminology. This study was halted after 10 months because of the large number of gynecologic and other adverse events. Results: Among 2924 women who were studied, those women who were treated with levormeloxifene had a marked increase compared with placebo in leukorrhea (30% vs 3%), increased endometrial thickness on ultrasound scan (19% vs 1%), enlarged uterus (17% vs 3%), uterovaginal prolapse (7% vs 2%), urinary incontinence (17% vs 4%), increased micturition frequency (9% vs 4%), lower abdominal pain (17% vs 6%), hot flushes (10% vs 3%), and leg cramps (6% vs 0.8%). All of these differences were highly statistically significant with a probability value of.0001 for each. Conclusion: Levormeloxifene results in multiple adverse gynecologic and other events in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:521-7.)
Analysis of the vibrational spectra of the hexakis(pyridine N-oxide)metal(II)perchlorates

Abstract The far infrared (far i.r.) and laser Raman spectra of M(C5H5NO)6(ClO4)2 (M = Co2+, Ni2+, CU2+ and Zn2+) are reported in the 500-100 cm−1 region. The compounds are all isomorphous and crystallize in the space group R 3 . The metal coordination sphere has S6 symmetry. A normal coordinate analysis of the vibrational spectra in the metal—ligand region yields excellent agreement between observed and calculated bands, however, anomalous vibrational absorption in the copper(II) analog requires reduction of the copper site symmetry from S6 to Ci. This indicates the presence of a static Jahn—Teller distortion on the vibrational time scale.
Ribosomal protein synthesis in Xenopus laevis oocytes

The synthesis of ribosomal structural proteins has been studied in the developing occytes of the frog, Xenopus laevis. It was found that the synthesis of these proteins was regulated during oogenesis such that their synthesis appeared to be coordinated with the accumulation of 28s and 18s ribosomal RNA rather than with 5s ribosomal RNA. During mid oogenesis greater than 30% of the protein synthesized in the oocyte can be accounted for as ribosomal structural protein. The assembly of ribosomes in these oocytes is at some level under hormonal control.
Current Management of Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia

Gestational trophoblastic neoplasms are malignant lesions that arise from placental villous and extravillous trophoblast. Four clinicopathologic conditions make up this entity: invasive mole (IM), choriocarcinoma (CCA), placental-site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT), and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT). IM and CCA, which make up the majority of these tumors, are highly responsive to chemotherapy with an overall cure rate exceeding 90%, making it usually possible to achieve cure while preserving reproductive function. PSTT and ETT, which rarely occur, are relatively resistant to chemotherapy, making surgery the primary treatment modality, chemotherapy being used only when the disease has metastasized.
Production of interferon by chick embryo cells exposed to Rous sarcoma virus.

Abstract An interferon-like inhibitor has been demonstrated in cultures of chick embryo cells exposed to active or heat-inactivated Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). The interferon suppressed both the reproduction of the virus and the morphological conversion of infected cells. Chick embryo cells infected with avian lymphomatosis virus or the “resistance-inducing factor” of Rubin (1961) also produce interferon. There is reason to believe that the interferon produced by RSV stocks was due to RSV, and not to either of these viruses as a contaminant. Examination of certain aspects of the mechanism of interferon action brought the following conclusions: (1) a single unit of interferon is sufficient to inhibit the consequences of infection caused by a single infectious particle of RSV; (2) the inhibitory activity of interferon is lost rapidly in cultures of dividing cells; (3) to be effective interferon must be available to cells during the early stages of virus-cell interaction.
Sources And Detectors For Potential Super-Long Wavelength (2 µm-6 µm) Fiber Optics Applications

A new class of optical fibers operating in the 2 μm to 6 μm region and at longer wave-lengths is presently under development. These fibers offer the enticing possibility of losses far below those currently or potentially achievable with conventional silica fibers. They may be useful in applications requiring short links, such as those found in a variety of instrumentation systems. Ultimately, when their development reaches the predicted performance, their use in repeaterless communication systems, over hundreds to thousands of kilometers in length, may become a reality. A very important aspect of the systems problems that must be considered is the availability of sources and detectors. This paper briefly reviews the state-of-the-art in laser sources and photodetectors that are appropriate candidates to be used in conjunction with these fibers. The characteristics of presently available Pb-salt and other lasers are reviewed; the performance parameters attained with HgCdTe and other detectors are summarized.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Studies of Visual Depth Perception: III. Choice Behavior of Newly Hatched Chicks on a Visual Cliff:

Gibson and Walk ( 1960) have reported recently their interesting comparative experiments on a new and novel visual depth perception apparatus, the visual cliff. They stated that the age of their chicks was less than 24 hr. when tested on the visual cliff. The writer wished they had been more specific about the age, for if their chicks were as young as 3 hr, old, they would have substantiated an informal observation by Fishman and Tallarico (1960) of the ability of newly hatched chicks to perceive visual depth to at least a distance of 1 ft. Since they did not report the ages as precisely as would have been necessary to compare results of the two studies, the primary purpose of the present experiment was, therefore, to determine the choice behavior of 3-hr.-old chicks on a visual cliff. The secondary purpose was to follow up a direction taken by Gibson and Walk regarding the primacy of visual cues in determining the choice behavior of an S on the centerboard of the visual cliff. Using kids and goats as Ss, Gibson and Walk have stated that With the pattern held immediately beneath the glass, the animal would move about the glass freely. With the optical floor a foot below the glass, the animal would immediately freeze into its defensive posture. Despite repeated experience of the tactual solidity of the glass, the animals neuer learned to function wirhout optical lupport. Their sense of security or danger continued to depend upon the visual cues that give their perception of depth (pp. 64-66, emphasis added). Chicks are like kids and goats and unlike rats and cats with regard to possessing stiff whiskers about their noses. Rats and cats, with their vibrissae to receive tactual cues from the solid surface of the glass over the deep end of the apparatus, behave differently on the visual cliff. The nocturnal rat shows no preference for deep or shallow side; whereas the cat prefers the shallow side. Gibson and Walk did not report whether chicks, when given the opportunity to receive tactual cues through their feet and by pecking at the glass, favored these cues over the visual ones. It would be predicted that chicks after experience of the solidity of the glass would choose the shallow side as do kids, goats, and cats. METHOD Design In attempting to follow the methodology of Gibson and Walk, the writer was faced with the quantification of "repeated experience of the tactual solidity of the glass." How much time per trial? How many trials? What interval of time separated the trials? The decision made here was to vary the duration of a single trial. Within one trial, an S may receive repeated experiences. The experimental chicks were given a trial of either
The Role of Endogenous Opioids in the Pathophysiology of Self-Injurious and Suicidal Behavior

Multiple lines of evidence suggest that endogenous opioids are involved in the pathogenesis of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Evidence for such a role is based on the partial success of opioid antagonist treatment to ameliorate NSSI, reports of altered pain sensitivity during episodes of NSSI, and findings of altered endogenous opioid levels in individuals with NSSI. While suicidal behavior (SB) and NSSI are distinct behaviors, NSSI is a significant risk factor for suicide attempts and suicide. The high co-occurrence of SB and NSSI suggests that they may share a common biology. Available data indicate that endogenous opioids may be involved in the pathophysiology of SB. Future studies of the role of opioids in the biological mechanisms of NSSI and SB are merited and may lead to the development of new treatment modalities.
9,10-Anthracene dicarboxylate bridged complexes with M2 quadruply bonded dimetal units: [{M2(O2CtBu)3}2(μ-9,10-An(CO2)2)], where M = Mo or W

From the reactions between [M2(O2CtBu)4] and 9,10-anthracenedicarboxylic acid in toluene, the dicarboxylate bridged complexes [{M2(O2CtBu)3}2(μ-9,10An(CO2)2)], have been obtained as microcrystalline yellow (M = Mo) and red (M = W) powders. The powders are soluble in THF forming intense red (M = Mo) and green (M = W) solutions. The electronic absorption spectra in 2-MeTHF have been recorded as a function of temperature (2–298 K) and show a small bathochromic shift on cooling. The electronic structures have been investigated by molecular orbital calculations employing density functional theory on the model compounds [(HCO2)3M2]2(μ-9,10-An(CO2)2) where the M4 unit is constrained to lie in a plane. These reveal a minimum energy, gas-phase structure wherein the plane of the anthracene is twisted by ca. 54° with respect to its 9,10-carboxylate units for both Mo and W. The results of these calculations are correlated with the electronic absorption spectral data and the electrochemical measurements (CV and DPV) of the first and second oxidation waves. The EPR spectra of the radical cations formed by single-electron oxidation with [Cp2Fe]+[PF6]− in a THF–CH2Cl2 solvent mixture show that the complexes are valence trapped at ambient temperature on the EPR timescale. These results are discussed in the light of recent studies of dicarboxylate-linked MM quadruple bonds.
Structurally characterized magnesium carboxylates with tuned melting points

Abstract A novel family of carboxylic acid modified Mg species has been synthesized through the reaction of Mg(OEt)2 with a series of sterically varied carboxylic acids (HORc) where HORc=HO2CMe (HOAc), HO2CCHMe2 (HOPc), HO2CCMe3 (HOBc) and HO2CCH2CMe3 (HONc). The resultant products were isolated as [Mg(OAc)2]3(HOAc)2(H2O)2 · 2(HOAc) (1), [Mg(OPc)2(HOPc)]6 (2), Mg(OBc)2(HOBc)4 (3) and [Mg(ONc)2(HONc)]6 (4). Compound 1 is trinuclear wherein the two terminal octahedral (Oh) bound Mg metal centers possess one terminal water, one terminal, one unidentate bridging and two bidentate bridging OAc ligands that symmetrically bind to the central Oh bound Mg cation. The water in 1 is believed to be generated in situ through an esterification process. In contrast, each of the six Mg atoms of 2 or 4 adopt a trigonal bipyramidal geometry by coordinating one terminal and four bidentate bridging ORc ligands that yield a ring (diameter 6.54 A for 2 and 6.57 A for 4) of bridging ORc ligands. Compound 3 binds two terminal OBc ligands and four terminal HOBc ligands to yield a monomeric complex with no water present. Standard analytical data were obtained but did not add significant amounts of information concerning the bulk properties of 1–4. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermal analysis indicated the melting point of these species was tunable.
Half-field and normal electron spin resonance study of the quasi-two dimensional magnetic crystal Mn(CHOO)2·2H2O

Abstract We have studied the normal electron spin resonance at the Larmor frequency as well as the half-field resonance of the quasi two dimensional magnetic crystal Mn(CHOO)2·2H2O at 35 GHz and room temperature. There are two groups of Mn2+ ions referred as A and B in this compound. The A ions lie in parallel (100) planes and have a strong exchange interaction within the plane. On the other hand, the B ions which lie in the adjacent parallel planes have no exchange interaction in the plane. We have measured the line width of the normal resonance from the A ions as a function of θ and φ where θ is the angle between the d.c. magnetic field H0 and the a-axis of the crystal, which is very nearly perpendicular to the (100) plane and φ is the azimuthal angle of H0 in the bc plane with respect to the b-axis. We also measured the intensity of the half-field resonance as a function of φ. We have calculated the second moments of the normal resonance line as a function of θ and φ. There is a satisfactory agreement between the calculated and the observed θ dependence of the line widths. The intensity of the half-field resonance has a maximum at φ = 40° whereas in an ideal 2d magnet, the maximum intensity is expected at φ = 45°. The ESR line width, because of the spindynamics in a 2 dimensional magnetic crystal, has an angular dependence of the form (3 cos2 θ − 1)2. The observed dependence of the line width in Mn(COOH)2·2H2O seems to follow the same angular dependence when corrected for the contribution from the nearest neighbor B ions.
CAVITY QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMIC ENHANCEMENT OF SPONTANEOUS AND STIMULATED EMISSION IN MICRODROPLETS

A brief review is presented of recent developments in the field of cavity quantum electrodynamic emission enhancement in liquid microdroplets. These include spectral changes, emission lifetime modification, enhanced energy transfer, and enhanced lasing and Raman gains.
Toward ab initio modeling of strong field molecular ionization

Coupled time-dependent single-particle Schroedinger equations describing the neutral amplitude and continuum electron are constructed. Results of strong field ionization on small (e.g. N2) to medium size (e.g. n-butane) molecules will be considered.
Phragmen-Lindelöf type results for periodic solutions of parabolic equations on a half-line

Let u be a time periodic solution of a parabolic equation with time periodic coefficients on the half-line x > 0. We prove that if ⨿u(x,·)⨿ ⩽ exp(γx) for a certain nerm, where γ > γo, then u ( x , t ) is bounded. The constant γo makest he following sense. Let the equation be written as ane volution equation in the space of periodic 2-vector function s( u,ux). Then the evolution operator has discrete spectrum, and γ0 is the minimal positive real part of all the eigenvalues
A Case of Traumatic Pericarditis with Chronic Tamponade and Constriction

Abstract A blunt injury to the chest wall caused a loculated hemothorax and hemopericardium. This led within two years to cardiac tamponade and constrictive pericarditis, with persistence of old degenerated blood in the pleural and pericardial cavities. Pericardiotomy with removal of the old blood and excision of a small piece of parietal pericardium has relieved the constriction and restored the patient to complete health.
HL-20 operations and support requirements for the Personnel Launch System mission

The processing, mission planning, and support requirements were defined for the HL-20 lifting-body configuration that can serve as a Personnel Launch System. These requirements were based on the assumption of an operating environment that incorporates aircraft and airline support methods and techniques that are applicable to operations. The study covered the complete turnaround process for the HL-20, including landing through launch, and mission operations, but did not address the support requirements of the launch vehicle except for the integrated activities. Support is defined in terms of manpower, staffing levels, facilities, ground support equipment, maintenance/sparing requirements, and turnaround processing time. Support results were drawn from two contracted studies, plus an in-house analysis used to define the maintenance manpower. The results of the contracted studies were used as the basis for a stochastic simulation of the support environment to determine the sufficiency of support and the effect of variance on vehicle processing. Results indicate the levels of support defined for the HL-20 through this process to be sufficient to achieve the desired flight rate of eight flights per year.
Tachycardia and apparent sino-atrial block due to concealed sinus node re-entry

The role of the middle intercaval area ("internodal pathway") in the genesis of atrial re-entry was studied using microelectrode techniques and the extrastimulus method in the rabbit heart. Following surgical interruption of the anterior and posterior internodal tracts, two patterns of re-entry were observed using the middle internodal pathway manifesting alternatively as tachy- and brady-arrhythmias. Re-entry which was produced by critically timed extrastimulation at the septal branch of the crista terminalis (CT) caused tachycardia reciprocating between the sinus node (SN) and intercaval area. Spontaneous re-entrant impulses were also observed, particularly following the addition of cedilanid (0.04 mg/L). In addition, in association with critical prolongation of conduction in the sino-septal area, premature discharge of the dominant pacemaker fibers was observed and resulted in the appearance of bradyarrhythmias. These were commonly manifest as bigeminy and trigeminy on the surface septal electrogram. Hence concealed sinus node re-entry could manifest itself as apparent sino-atrial block or sino-atrial re-entry tachycardia.
Comparative studies of a new subfamily of human Ste20-like kinases: homodimerization, subcellular localization, and selective activation of MKK3 and p38

The Sterile-20 or Ste20 family of serine/threonine kinases is a group of signaling molecules whose physiological roles within mammalian cells are just starting to be elucidated. Here, in this report we present the characterization of three human Ste20-like kinases with greater than 90% similarity within their catalytic domains that define a novel subfamily of Ste20s. Members of this kinase family include rat thousand and one (TAO1) and chicken KFC (kinase from chicken). For the lack of a consensus nomenclature in the literature, in this report, we shall call this family hKFC (for their homology to chicken KFC) and the three members hKFC-A, hKFC-B, and hKFC-C, respectively. These kinases have many similarities including an aminoterminal kinase domain, a serine-rich region, and a coiled-coil configuration within the C-terminus. All three kinases are able to activate the p38 MAP kinase pathway through the specific activation of the upstream MKK3 kinase. We also offer evidence, both theoretical and biochemical, showing that these kinases can undergo self-association. Despite these similarities, these kinases differ in tissue distribution, apparent subcellular localization, and feature structural differences largely within the carboxyl-terminal sequence.
Sexually Transmitted Parasitic Diseases

An increasing number of diseases are recognized as being sexually transmitted. The majority of these are bacterial or viral in nature; however, several protozoan and nematode infections can also be transmitted by sexual activity. For most of these diseases, the primary mode of transmission is nonsexual in nature, but sexual activity that results in fecal-oral contact can lead to transmission of these agents. Two parasitic diseases commonly transmitted by sexual contact are amebiasis and giardiasis. The management of these conditions is discussed.
Ford: business process innovation

This paper consists of a PowerPoint presentation on business process innovation. This paper focuses on the product innovation at Ford starting from 1908 up to 2004. This includes topics such as, order fulfillment, customer relations and new product delivery.
Naltrexone and insulin are independently effective but not additive in accelerating corneal epithelial healing in type I diabetic rats

Abstract Patients with diabetes are at increased risk for developing corneal disorders, termed diabetic keratopathy. Treatments for diabetic keratopathy are limited. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that topical administration of either naltrexone (NTX) or insulin (INS) accelerates corneal re-epithelialization in type I diabetic rats. This study determined whether the combination of NTX and INS would have additive effect(s) on the re-epithelialization of corneal abrasions in diabetic male Sprague–Dawley rats beyond either agent alone. Type 1 diabetes (DB) (glucose levels > 400 mg/dl) was induced with streptozotocin; glycemic levels were not controlled with INS. Eight weeks after induction of diabetes, a 5 mm diameter circular abrasion was created in the center of the cornea in one eye of each rat. Eye drops (0.05 ml) of INS [1 U (∼6 nM)] and NTX (10 −5 M) in Vigamox were administered separately 4 times daily for 7 days (NTX/INS); DB control rats received drops of sterile vehicle (DB SV) 4 times daily. Two other groups of rats were given only NTX (DB NTX) or only INS (DB INS). Re-epithelialization was monitored by fluorescein staining, and images were recorded with a CCD camera. Areal measurements were made using Optimas software, and the percentage of epithelial defect over a 40 h period was calculated. Twenty-four hour after formation of an abrasion (∼21.7 ± 0.4 mm 2 area), corneal wounds in DB rats treated with NTX, INS, or NTX/INS were significantly smaller ( p
Social facilitation in chickens: A different level of analysis

Abstract An assumption of the arousal ( D × H ) model of social facilitation effects is that in an otherwise constant stimulus situation the simple presence or absence of a conspecific has a quantitative influence on the D component, and that the habit hierarchy in the situation ( H ) is unaffected. However, certain evidence from avian subjects seemed inconsistent with the multiplicative effects predicted by the model, and experiments were conducted with the aim of resolving this discrepancy. In general, chickens were tested for consummatory responses in the company of companions, in isolation, or in the company of strangers. Clear findings emerged from these tests that showed that only the companion conditions were “facilitative”. Under the other test conditions there were qualitative (as opposed to merely quantitative) shifts in responses. Apparently, the different social test conditions evoked qualitatively different response hierarchies, and “facilitation” reflected this sort of shift rather than simple quantitative changes in arousal ( D ) across conditions. It was argued, therefore, that the appropriate level of analysis for facilitation effects for animals in a free response situation is not within the ( D × H ) envelope, but rather at the level of S (stimulus situation) in the S → ( D × H ) → R formulation. Implications for the analysis of social facilitation effects in humans were discussed.
"Because you're on birth control, it automatically makes you promiscuous or something": Latina women's perceptions of parental approval to use reproductive health care.

Abstract Purpose To explore the perceptions of Latina women and healthcare providers about the role of parents in the young women's access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services. Methods This qualitative study drew on 11 focus groups conducted with 95 young adult Latina women (ages 18–24 years) and 3 focus groups with 24 health providers recruited from clinics and programs with large Latino client-bases. The data were analyzed using an inductive approach. Results Young adult Latinas and providers emphasized that parents play an important role in young adults' access to sexual and reproductive health services. Some young women perceived parental support to access these services while others did not. The primary reason young adult Latinas and providers felt parents did not provide support was due to parental transmission of cultural values and beliefs, specifically: (1) a high value placed on virginity; (2) a presumption that unmarried women are not sexually active and therefore do not require sexual and reproductive health services; and (3) a belief that conversations about sex and reproductive health services encourage sexual activity and promiscuity. Conclusions Findings suggest that young adult Latinas perceive parents as playing an important role in their sexual and reproductive health seeking behaviors into adulthood. Parents appear to influence their young adult daughters by transmitting the cultural values they have on virginity and familismo , which stresses the importance of family, familial solidarity, and adherence to traditional gender roles within the family structure.
High power monolithic passively mode-locked slab-coupled optical waveguide lasers

A monolithic, electrically-pumped, passively mode-locked diode laser at 1550 nm with 58 pJ of pulse energy has been demonstrated. The laser produces 10-ps pulses at a 4-GHz repetition rate.