cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract A78: Cancer in Hinkley: What was the real problem?

Background: Hinkley, California, is a poor desert community known for a $333 million legal settlement and for the “Erin Brockovich” film that alleged a cancer excess from groundwater contaminated with chromium 6 [Cr(VI)] released by a public utility. The carcinogenic role for aqueous Cr(VI) in humans is disputed. Methods: We assessed observed and expected counts of new cancers, including 19 cancer subtypes in the Hinkley tract for 1996–2008. Indirect standardization yielded expected counts adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, population size, and change in population size. Observed numbers of cancers divided by adjusted expected counts defined standardized incidence ratios (SIR) with 95 percent confidence intervals (CI). Results: After adjusting for demographic characteristics, the observed number of cervix cancers was significantly above the expected count (SIR; 95% CI=2.83; 1.82, 5.86). Findings for all cancers combined (SIR; 95% CI=0.91; 0.78, 1.04) and each of 15 specific cancers did not differ significantly from expected counts. Observed counts for childhood, hematopoietic, and respiratory cancers were slightly above expected counts, while observed counts for digestive and breast cancers were below expected. No nasopharyngeal carcinoma or pancreatic cancers were identified, and the observed prostate cancer count (SIR; 95% CI=0.65; 0.40, 0.98) was significantly below the expected number. The observed count for colorectal cancer was below the expected number, although a markedly larger fraction of Hinkley cases were diagnosed at advanced stage compared to the county, region and state. Conclusions: These findings do not support claims of a generalized cancer excess in Hinkley, although the cervix, prostate, and colorectal cancer findings reveal underutilization of cancer screening in the Hinkley tract. These findings are consistent with previous assessments that did not identify a cancer excess in the Hinkley tract. Funding: The California Department of Public Health, National Cancer Institute (Grant N01-PC-35136 and N01-PC-35139), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Grant N02-PC-54404) funded cancer surveillance necessary for this study. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):A78.
Investigation of electrical and optical properties of ZnO thin films grown with O2/O3 gas mixture

The electrical and optical properties of ZnO thin films grown with an O2/O3 gas mixture are compared with samples grown with pure oxygen gas. The ZnO films were grown on sapphire(0001) by pulsed laser deposition. The residual background carrier concentration is reduced by using an O2/O3 gas mixture as compared to pure molecular oxygen. In particular, a one order of magnitude reduction in residual background carrier density (6.15×1016 cm-3) is achieved by using an O2/O3 gas mixture. The lower donor defect density is attributed to the generation of acceptor defects compensating for the residual donor defects. Photoluminescence results show that the deep level emission increased and the band edge emission decreased for the ZnO films grown with ozone, as compared to the samples grown with pure oxygen gas.
Warrant and Accidentally True Belief

My gratitude to Richard Greene and Nancy Balmert for their perceptive discussion of my account of warrant ('Two notions of warrant and Plantinga's solution to the Gettier problem', ANALYSIS, this issue). Actually, they begin by noting two accounts: an initial description or location as 'that which when added to true belief yields knowledge' (k-warrant), and then the account I give of what I think the item so located really is (p-warrant). There is a minor glitch ab initio, however: I said that warrant is that quantity (whatever precisely it is) enough of which is what distinguishes knowledge from mere true belief. The point here is that warrant comes in degrees. A belief constitutes knowledge only if it has a certain degree of the quantity in question; a true belief that enjoyed at least some warrant could still fail to be knowledge if it didn't have a sufficient degree of warrant (Greene and Balmert seem to me to stumble over this in their footnote 5, p. 135).
Expression of Leukocyte Inhibitory Immunoglobulinlike Transcript 3 Receptors by Ovarian Tumors in Laying Hen Model of Spontaneous Ovarian Cancer

Attempts to enhance a patient's immune response and ameliorate the poor prognosis of ovarian cancer (OVCA) have largely been unsuccessful owing to the suppressive tumor microenvironment. Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like transcript 3 (ILT3) inhibitory receptors have been implicated in immunosuppression in several malignancies. The expression and role of ILT3 in the progression of ovarian tumors are unknown. This study examined the expression and association of ILT3 in ovarian tumors in laying hens, a spontaneous preclinical model of human OVCA. White Leghorn laying hens were selected by transvaginal ultrasound scanning. Serum and normal ovaries or ovarian tumors were collected. The presence of tumors and the expression of ILT3 were examined by routine histology, immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In addition to stromal immune cell-like cells, the epithelium of the ovarian tumors also expressed ILT3 with significantly high intensity than normal ovaries. Among different subtypes of ovarian carcinomas, serous OVCA showed the highest ILT3 staining intensity, whereas endometrioid OVCA had the lowest intensity. Similar to humans, an immunoreactive protein band of approximately 55 kDa for ILT3 was detected in the ovarian tumors in hens. The patterns of ILT3 protein and messenger RNA expression by ovarian tumors in different subtypes and stages were similar to those of immunohistochemical staining. The results of this study suggest that laying hens may be useful to generate information on ILT3-associated immunosuppression in OVCA. This animal model also offers the opportunity to develop and test anti-ILT3 immunotherapy to enhance antitumor immunity against OVCA in humans.
A factor analysis of the human's corpus callosum.

Abstract We have recently developed a computer program for measuring midsagittal sections of the human corpus callosum, similar to one used for the rat. Callosal area, perimeter, axis length, and 99 widths for 104 subjects were entered into a factor analysis in order to define regional clusters. Seven width factors were obtained. Regional widths were found to be sensitive to Sex × Handedness interactions in the anterior body, with right-handed females and left-handed males being larger. In the posterior body males had wider callosa than females. A further analysis within the ‘isthmus’ region compared consistent and non-consistent right-handed males and females. Consistent right-handed males and both female groups had smaller callosa than non-consistent right-handed males. These findings confirmed the use of consistency of handedness as an important independent variable with respect to human callosal morphology.
A new turbulence model for porous media flows. Part II: Analysis and validation using microscopic simulations

A new model for turbulent flows in porous media developed in an accompanying paper [F.E. Teruel, Rizwan-uddin, A new turbulence model for porous media flows. Part I: Constitutive equations and model closure, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer (2009), doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2009.04.017.], in which new definitions of the macroscopic turbulence quantities are introduced, is analyzed and validated. The model is validated using a simple but often used porous medium consisting of a staggered arrangement of square cylinders. Theoretically predicted values of the newly defined turbulence variables, under fully developed conditions, are compared with corresponding variables used in existing turbulence models. Additionally, evolution of the macroscopic turbulence quantities obtained numerically using the model developed here are compared with reference results, obtained by averaging over space the microscopic level solution of the RANS equations. Comparison exercise for the 75% porosity case is carried out for a range of turbulence intensity at the entrance of the porous medium. Comparison of results shows very good agreement. The spatial evolution of the dispersive kinetic energy, which is included in the definition of the macroscopic turbulent kinetic energy introduced here, is computed using the microscopic solution. Its magnitude relative to the conventional turbulent kinetic energy shows the importance of this quantity in the representation of turbulence effects in porous media flows.
Racial integration as an innovation: Empirical evidence from sports leagues

This paper treats racial integration as an innovation in economic process in which economic entities find it advantageous to utilize potentially more productive inputs previously unavailable due to law, custom, or managerial discretion. Data on the racial integration of Major League Baseball and Atlantic Coast Conference basketball are employed to address this issue. The central question examined is which type of team integrated first—losers or winners? The results strongly support the idea that entrepreneurship trumps competitive rivalry; that is, winning teams led the process of racial integration. (JEL LI, J7) One of the watershed events in U.S. history is the struggle to achieve a racially integrated society. While the civil rights laws and court rulings in the 195O's, 196O's, and 197O's are among the major changes in public policy that gradually led to a breakdown of Jim Crow rule in the American South, other changes in law and custom also motivated the process of racial integration across time and place. Indeed, segregation was not limited to the South but was a prominent feature of many national organizations and markets. Despite the extensive commentary on these events from various perspectives, there has been very little economic analysis of the actual process of racial integration.' Economists have focused their efforts on the economics of discriminatio n while the actual process by which individuals, firms, and
Ability of arginine to reverse the growth depression induced by supplementing a crystalline amino acid diet with excess lysine.

Abstract In a prior report it was demonstrated that a crystalline amino acid diet, capable of supporting excellent weight gain (14gm./chick/day) during the period 8–14 days of age, could be readily imbalanced by excess lysine (Dean and Scott, 1966). The ease with which this could be accomplished was not anticipated since the diet contains the equivalent of 17.7% protein (N × 6.25) and is believed not to be limiting in any one amino acid or total nitrogen. It has generally been accepted that the imbalance effect can best be demonstrated when the diet is low in total protein and limiting in an amino acid other than the one used to induce the imbalance. The data submitted by Dean and Scott (1966) show that supplementing the crystalline amino acid diet with 1% lysine depressed weight gain 44%. We are presenting at this time the results of assays conducted during the same . . .
Analysis of G/A polymorphism in the androgen response element I of the PSA gene and its interactions with the androgen receptor polymorphisms.

Abstract Objectives To compare the in vitro functional activity of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) androgen response element (ARE) I alleles alone or in combination with androgen receptor (AR) polymorphisms and to determine the association of ARE I alleles with serum PSA in men without clinical prostatic disease. Data are conflicting regarding the association of PSA promoter alleles with serum PSA in men. Methods In vitro functional analyses of ARE I and AR polymorphisms were conducted by luciferase reporter assays in LNCaP and PC-3 cells. Associations among serum PSA, ARE I, and AR genotypes were determined by genotyping 109 white and 71 African-American men determined to be free of clinical prostatic disease. Results We found no significant difference in the androgen responsiveness of the two alleles when cells were transfected with PSA promoter reporter constructs differing only in the ARE I single nucleotide polymorphism and treated with varying doses of androgen. The response to androgens of the ARE I alleles co-transfected with AR expression vectors of 9, 21, and 29 CAG repeat lengths were identical. No individual or combined effects of the ARE I genotype and the AR genotype on serum PSA were noted. Conclusions Our data indicate that ARE I polymorphisms, alone or in combination with AR polymorphisms, have no functional effect on the activity of the PSA promoter in vitro and in vivo.
JAKing up immunosuppression.

A new immunosuppressive agent makes its debut in primate models of kidney transplantation. The drug has the potential to join the ranks of immunosuppressants currently used in transplantation.
Compressibility Considerations for Kappa-Omega Turbulence Models in Hypersonic Boundary Layer Applications

The ability of kappa-omega models to predict compressible turbulent skin friction in hypersonic boundary layers is investigated. Although uncorrected two-equation models can agree well with correlations for hot-wall cases, they tend to perform progressively worse - particularly for cold walls - as the Mach number is increased in the hypersonic regime. Simple algebraic models such as Baldwin-Lomax perform better compared to experiments and correlations in these circumstances. Many of the compressibility corrections described in the literature are summarized here. These include corrections that have only a small influence for kappa-omega models, or that apply only in specific circumstances. The most widely-used general corrections were designed for use with jet or mixing-layer free shear flows. A less well-known dilatation-dissipation correction intended for boundary layer flows is also tested, and is shown to agree reasonably well with the Baldwin-Lomax model at cold-wall conditions. It exhibits a less dramatic influence than the free shear type of correction. There is clearly a need for improved understanding and better overall physical modeling for turbulence models applied to hypersonic boundary layer flows.
Appraisal of sinus nodal recovery time in patients with sick sinus syndrome

Abstract Right atrial pacing for 2 to 5 minutes at rates ranging from 90 to 150/ min was performed in 17 patients with the sick sinus syndrome and in 15 control subjects with no evidence of sinus node disease. The postpacing pause or the sinus recovery time was defined as the pause between the last paced atrial beat and the subsequent sinus escape beat. The corrected sinus recovery time was determined by subtracting the basic sinus cycle length from the sinus recovery time. In the 15 control subjects, the corrected sinus recovery time ranged from 0 to 375 msec (210 ± 131 [mean ± standard deviation]). In patients with the sick sinus syndrome, the corrected sinus recovery time was normal in 11 (−150 to 350 msec) and prolonged in 6 (480 to 5,690 msec). Intravenously administered atropine (0.6 to 2 mg) used in 11 patients produced an adequate increase in the sinus rate in 6 patients. Junctional escape rhythm lasting for several seconds appeared in three of seven patients who underwent repeat atrial pacing after administration of atropine. Two of these had a normal control recovery time and an adequate response of the sinus rate to atropine administration; in one, the control recovery time was slightly prolonged and the response to atropine was inadequate. In the remaining four patients, three with a normal and one with a prolonged control recovery time, no significant change in recovery time occurred after administration of the drug. We conclude that only a limited number of patients with the sick sinus syndrome have an abnormal corrected sinus recovery time. Some patients with a normal control recovery time may show an abnormal response when atrial pacing is repeated after atropine administration.
D-Cystine Utilization by the Chick

Abstract Young chicks were fed graded levels of either L-cystine or DL-cystine in a purified crystalline amino acid diet made adequate in methionine but void in cystine. Gain performance and slope-ratio efficacy comparisons indicated that the D-isomer of cystine could not be utilized by the chick.
Monuments of Endlesse Labours: English Canonists and their Work, 1300-1900

An account of the evolution of a distinct tradition and literature of English canon law. The study and teaching began in England in the 12th century, and during the 13th a profession of practising canonists arose. Their expertise was not confined to ecclesiastical matters in a narrow sense, but extended into such important fields as marriage and probate. Taking the work of individual canonists in turn, from William Paull and William Bateman in the 14th century to Stephen Lushington and Sir Robert Phillimore in the 19th, Baker assesses the various contributions to this national tradition made by original thinkers, writers, compilers, editors and judges. The survival for so long of a distinct legal system parallel to the common law, which nevertheless touched in so many vital respects the lives of everyone in England, makes the story of English ecclesiastical law an essential part of English legal history.
Orbiter environment at S- and Ku-band frequencies

Detailed measurements of the electric field strength associated with the Ku-band radar and S-band communication link were made by the Plasma Diagnostics Package (PDP) on STS 51F. These measurements were made while the PDP was attached to the Remote Manipulation System arm and again while the PDP was released as a subsatellite. The results indicate that cargo elements that remain inside of the scan limits of the radar should experience fields less than 2 V/m and that elements that may encounter the main beam can use 300 V/m as a design guideline with adequate safety margin. S-band fields tended to be several dB lower than worst-case predictions. Safe design practice indicates that an electric field E = 100/r (r in meters) should be used as a guideline for deployable systems. S-band electric fields within the cargo bay envelope should be less than 2 V/m even with edge diffraction effects and reflections from other payloads taken into account. The absolute accuracy of these measurements is about 2 dB.
C2-α-Lactylthiamin Diphosphate Is an Intermediate on the Pathway of Thiamin Diphosphate-dependent Pyruvate Decarboxylation EVIDENCE ON ENZYMES AND MODELS

Thiamin diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent decarboxylations are usually assumed to proceed by a series of covalent intermediates, the first one being the C2-trimethylthiazolium adduct with pyruvate, C2-α-lactylthiamin diphosphate (LThDP). Herein is addressed whether such an intermediate is kinetically competent with the enzymatic turnover numbers. In model studies it is shown that the first-order rate constant for decarboxylation can indeed exceed 50 s–1 in tetrahydrofuran as solvent, ∼103 times faster than achieved in previous model systems. When racemic LThDP was exposed to the E91D yeast pyruvate decarboxylase variant, or to the E1 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHc-E1) from Escherichia coli, it was partitioned between reversion to pyruvate and decarboxylation. Under steady-state conditions, the rate of these reactions is severely limited by the release of ThDP from the enzyme. Under pre-steady-state conditions, the rate constant for decarboxylation on exposure of LThDP to the E1 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was 0.4 s–1, still more than a 100-fold slower than the turnover number. Because these experiments include binding, decarboxylation, and oxidation (for detection purposes), this is a lower limit on the rate constant for decarboxylation. The reasons for this slow reaction most likely include a slow conformational change of the free LThDP to the V conformation enforced by the enzyme. Between the results from model studies and those from the two enzymes, it is proposed that LThDP is indeed on the decarboxylation pathway of the two enzymes studied, and once LThDP is bound the protein needs to provide little assistance other than a low polarity environment.
Absence of Small Conductance K+ Channel (SK) Activity in Apical Membranes of Thick Ascending Limb and Cortical Collecting Duct in ROMK (Bartter's) Knockout Mice

The ROMK (Kir1.1; Kcnj1) gene is believed to encode the apical small conductance K(+) channels (SK) of the thick ascending limb (TAL) and cortical collecting duct (CCD). Loss-of-function mutations in the human ROMK gene cause Bartter's syndrome with renal Na(+) wasting, consistent with the role of this channel in apical K(+) recycling in the TAL that is crucial for NaCl reabsorption. However, the mechanism of renal K(+) wasting and hypokalemia that develop in individuals with ROMK Bartter's syndrome is not apparent given the proposed loss of the collecting duct SK channel. Thus, we generated a colony of ROMK null mice with approximately 25% survival to adulthood that provides a good model for ROMK Bartter's syndrome. The remaining 75% of null mice die in less than 14 days after birth. The surviving ROMK null mice have normal gross renal morphology with no evidence of significant hydronephrosis, whereas non-surviving null mice exhibit marked hydronephrosis. ROMK protein expression was absent in TAL and CCD from null mice but exhibited normal abundance and localization in wild-type littermates. ROMK null mice were polyuric and natriuretic with an elevated hematocrit consistent with mild extracellular volume depletion. SK channel activity in TAL and CCD was assessed by patch clamp analysis in ROMK wild-type ROMK(+/+), heterozygous ROMK(+/-), and null ROMK(-/-) mice. In 313 patches with successful seals from the three ROMK genotypes, SK channel activity in ROMK (+/+ and +/-) exhibited normal single channel kinetics. The expression frequencies are as follows: 67 (TAL) and 58% (CCD) in ROMK(+/+); about half that of the wild-type in ROMK(+/-), being 38 (TAL) and 25% (CCD); absent in both TAL or CCD in ROMK(-/-) between 2 and 5 weeks in 15 mice (61 and 66 patches, respectively). The absence of SK channel activity in ROMK null mice demonstrates that ROMK is essential for functional expression of SK channels in both TAL and CCD. Despite loss of ROMK expression, the normokalemic null mice exhibited significantly increased kaliuresis, indicating alternative mechanisms for K(+) absorption/secretion in the nephron.
Filled and empty surface electronic states observed on GaAs(110)1×1-K

An investigation of the development of the potassium-covered GaAs(110) surface up to a monolayer coverage has been performed. Low-energy electron diffraction shows that a monolayer of K forms an ordered 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 structure. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy reveals the early formation of a filled surface state extending into the fundamental band gap. At full coverage this state relaxes to below the valence-band maximum. Using angle-resolved inverse photoemission the appearance of an empty surface state has been observed at normal incidence. The energy position of the latter is lower than the state found on clean GaAs(110) but is still 0.35 eV above the conduction-band minimum. As a consequence of this the GaAs(110)1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1-K surface is found to be nonmetallic.
Courting Gentility: Handel at the Bank of England

The discovery that Handel began investing in South Sea Annuities five years earlier than previously believed (1723 rather than 1728) offers important new information about the composer's investment practices and their financial outcomes. Further, renewed examination of the records at the Bank of England has permitted a better understanding of the importance of signed transfer forms as biographical documents and, in particular, provides new information about the distribution of Handel's estate. Included are a diplomatic transcription of the newly identified account from this early period, biographical identification of persons named in the account, a financial accounting of Handel's investments from 1723 to 1732, and photographic images of the account ledger and selected transfer forms.
The impact of instructions on seriousness ratings

Recently, Miethe (1982) hypothesized that the use of legal referents in the instructions on crime seriousness surveys biases ratings. The present study assessed this possibility through a survey of 210 college students in which the respondents were randomly assigned to three different instructional conditions (items were referred to as crimes, deviant behaviors, or behaviors). Although instances were detected in which instructions appeared to influence ratings, most of the evidence indicated that instructional bias is not a major factor shaping respondent evaluations. This suggests that findings on crime seriousness cannot be attributed to the nature of the instructions commonly used in past survey instruments.
Enhancement of Heat and Mass Transfer with Innovative Impinging Jets

ABSTRACT Impinging jets are widely used throughout various industries. The nozzle design used most frequently for jet impingement is the in-line jet. There have been many attempts at altering a jet's flow to increase its transport characteristics. The transport characteristics of two recently developed innovative and practical submerged impinging jets are described. Specifically, the heat and mass transfer characteristics of the Radial Jet Reattachment (RJR) nozzle and Self-Oscillating Jet Impinging Nozzle (SOJIN) are presented and cornoared lo the in-line iet nozzle. Both nozzles orovide high transport Coeficients. The RJR nozzle is for applications where'it is crucial to control the normal force on the imoinaement surface and those aoolications where space above the surface is to be minimized. The SOJIN offers an inexpensive modification to in-line nozzles in order to increase their transport properties. The SOJIN is exceptionally beneficial when standard in-line nozzles are required to work closer to t...
Simulated pediatric trauma team management: assessment of an educational intervention.

Objectives:Trauma is the leading cause of death in children. The quality of initial medical care received by injured children contributes to outcomes. Our objective was to assess effectiveness of an educational intervention on performance of emergency department (ED) teams during simulated pediatric
Anticoagulation for prevention of cerebral infarcts following subarachnoid hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND Late neurologic deterioration following subarachnoid hemorrhage is often due to vasospasm and rebleeding. Although the sudden onset of a focal neurologic deficit can actually be the result of thromboembolism, anticoagulation has rarely been used in such cases. METHODS We report a case of a 55-year-old woman who developed recurrent transient focal neurologic deficits 13 days after having a subarachnoid hemorrhage, with multiple cerebral infarcts by CT. Two cerebral angiograms showed no aneurysm. Her symptoms and clinical temporal profile were consistent with thromboembolic phenomenon. We elected to treat her with systemic anticoagulation. RESULTS The patient had no recurrent events after systemic anticoagulation, but had episodic sensory changes and a new infarct on MRI once the anticoagulation was discontinued. CONCLUSIONS Anticoagulant was safely administered after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in this patient and may have been effective in preventing further cerebral ischemic infarction following her SAH. Our patient's clinical profile of sudden (rather than gradual) onset of a transient focal neurologic deficit and resolution of blood on CT indicates one setting in which the use of heparin may be considered.
Rodlach, Alexander. (2006). Witches, Westerners, and HIV: AIDS & Cultures of Blame in Africa. CA: Left Coast Press, (232272 pp., $29.95-pb, ISBN-978-1-59874-034-9)

There are several multidisciplinary books that are unveiling the mismanagement of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. Scholars from several disciplines are uncovering the beauty of cultural life, stren...
A Population-Based Analysis of Robotic-Assisted Mitral Valve Repair

Background Robotic-assisted mitral valve repair is becoming more frequently performed in cardiac surgery. However, little is known about its utilization and safety at a national level. Methods Patients undergoing mitral valve repair in the United States from 2008 to 2012 were identified in the National Inpatient Sample. Inhospital mortality, complications, length of stay, and cost for patients undergoing robotic-assisted mitral valve repair were compared with patients undergoing nonrobotic procedures. Results We identified 50,408 isolated mitral valve repair surgeries, of which 3,145 were done with robotic assistance. In a propensity score matched analysis of 631 pairs of patients, we found no difference between patients undergoing robotic-assisted and nonrobotic-assisted mitral valve repair with respect to inhospital mortality, complications, or composite outcomes in unadjusted or multivariable analyses. Robotic-assisted mitral valve repair surgery was associated with a shorter median length of stay (4 versus 6 days, p Conclusions In our analysis of a large national database with its inherent limitations, robotic-assisted mitral valve repair was found to be safe, with an acceptable morbidity and mortality profile.
Superconductivity: Higgs, Anderson and all that

The Higgs mechanism is normally associated with high energy physics, but its roots lie in superconductivity. And now there is evidence for a Higgs mode in disordered superconductors near the superconductor–insulator transition.
Linking Relevance to Practical Significance

Researchers in academic disciplines, including but not limited to information systems, have long been aware of, but have not linked, two research issues: one issue is the lack of relevance, despite the plethora of rigor, in their research, the other issue is the distinction between statistical significance and practical significance, where the latter is no less important than the former. In this essay, we link the two issues by examining and revealing the practical significance of the research reported in a well known, published article and stating the questions that this examination raises.
Atmospheric power spectra

As a fringe tracking stellar interferometer, the NPOI routinely determines time series of fringe motion and provides the only currently available simultaneous multi- baseline atmospheric turbulence data. We have used these time series to determine properties of atmospheric turbulence at the Anderson Mesa astronomical site near Flagstaff AZ. The shapes of the temporal power spectra imply an infinite outer scale. However, the total atmospheric power is significantly less than expected. This implies a very short outer scale, despite the shape of the spectra. The data are presented and discussed.
Recent Developments in Dry Eye Management

A concise review of current knowledge in the stimulation and regulation of tear production and its relationship to the ocular surface is presented. A discussion of treatment modalities, their benefits and drawbacks, follows. An approach to developing a rational treatment plan in the management of dry eyes is suggested with specific strategies. The application of these principles and the use of specific treatment modalities to manage the discreet manifestations of dry eye syndrome can lead to successful management in the majority of cases, with the preservation of useful vision and the relief of symptoms.
A comparative study on the fine structure of developing spermatozoa in the isopod, Oniscus asellus, and the amphipod, Orchestoidea sp.

Developing spermatids and mature spermatozoa from the isopod, Oniscus asellus and the amphipod, Orchestoidea sp. have been examined with the light microscope and the electron microscope and have been found to have similar morphologies. As spermiogenesis proceeds the nucleus migrates to one pole of the spermatid at which point an acrosome, contiguous rod, and cross-striated tail develop. The acrosomal vesicle elongates to a cone-shaped, mature acrosome lying at the apex of a cross-striated tail and nucleus which are situated at approximate forty-five degrees to each other. The cross-striated tail originates as an evagination of the spermatid plasma membrane near the acrosomal vesicle. The tail eventually grows to lengths of four to five hundred microns. The mature, tail-like appendage is cross-striated at major 750 to 800 A, and minor 125 to 150 A, periodicities. When observed in vitro, mature sperm of both species appear non-motile. Possible homologies of this unusual spermatozoon with other types of spermatozoa are made and it is concluded that: 1) isopod and amphipod spermatozoa should be classified as non-flagellate; 2) the cross-striated tail, previously thought to be a flagellum, is a non-motile structure associated in development and possible function with the acrosome; and 3) the rodlike structure contiguous with the acrosome is similar to perforatoria described in some vertebrate sperm.
Reply to my critics

I want to thank Louise, Andrew and Jaegwon for their very helpful comments. They have given me a lot to think about. Jaegwon' s comments address my overall strategy, so I will begin with them. At the end of his comments Jaegwon poses a dilemma: either my physicalism doesn't count as physicalism, or it is a version of reductionist type physicalism. I certainly regard myself as a physicalist, and I think I accept the "starkly physicalist" picture Jaegwon finds suggested by some of what I say. I think that mental properties are physical in the same sense that automotive properties, architectural properties, computer properties, and botanical properties are physical. I would express this sense by saying that instances of all such properties are physically realized they are both property-realized in accordance with my subset account, and realized in microphysical states of affairs in the way I spell out in Chapter Three. What matters for physicalism is that the actual world instances of these properties are physical, and it is sufficient for that that these instances are physically realized. What Jaegwon sees as clashing with physicalism is the distinction I draw between the mental causal features of properties and the physical causal features of properties. Here my terminology was misleading. I didn't mean to imply that the mental causal features are non-physical. Let's say that mental properties are a class of physical properties. The mental causal features of a property are those specified in terms of the effects on the instantiation of properties belonging to this class. And what I called the physical causal features are those specified in terms of the effects on the instantiation of physical properties not belonging to this class, e.g., physiological properties. As for whether my physicalism is reductive type physicalism, I think that it isn't while I hold that all actual world realizers of mental properties are physical, I am not committed to mental properties being necessarily such that they can only be realized physically, for I am agnostic about
Medication-Induced Hyperprolactinemia

Medication use is a common cause of hyperprolactinemia, and it is important to differentiate this cause from pathologic causes, such as prolactinomas. To ascertain the frequency of this clinical problem and to develop treatment guidelines, the medical literature was searched by using PubMed and the reference lists of other articles dealing with hyperprolactinemia due to specific types of medications. The medications that most commonly cause hyperprolactinemia are antipsychotic agents; however, some newer atypical antipsychotics do not cause this condition. Other classes of medications that cause hyperprolactinemia include antidepressants, antihypertensive agents, and drugs that increase bowel motility. Hyperprolactinemia caused by medications is commonly symptomatic, causing galactorrhea, menstrual disturbance, and impotence. It is important to ensure that hyperprolactinemia in an individual patient is due to medication and not to a structural lesion in the hypothalamic/pituitary area; this can be accomplished by (1) stopping the medication temporarily to determine whether prolactin levels return to normal, (2) switching to a medication that does not cause hyperprolactinemia (in consultation with the patient's psychiatrist for psychoactive medications), or (3) performing magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography of the hypothalamic/pituitary area. If the patient's hyperprolactinemia is symptomatic, treatment strategies include switching to an alternative medication that does not cause hyperprolactinemia, using estrogen or testosterone replacement, or, rarely, cautiously adding a dopamine agonist.
Effects of texture, temperature and strain on the deformation modes of zirconium

Clock-rolled, high-purity, textured polycrystalline zirconium exhibits significant plastic anisotropy for compression along the through-thickness and in-plane directions and strong temperature dependence of flow stress for both orientations. Orientation imaging microscopy in a scanning electron microscope and defect analysis via transmission electron microscopy are used to characterize the defect microstructures as a function of initial texture, deformation temperature and plastic strain. The observed deformation mechanisms are correlated with the measured mechanical response.
An Examination of the Relative Impact of Growth Strategies on Profit Performance

This article investigates the relative impact which marketing growth strategies have on profit performance as opposed to strategic debt utilisation, asset management, and margin management. A structural equation approach is used to assess which areas deserve the greatest attention in the process of making strategic decisions. Implications for management and future research are offered.
Time-dependent deficits in delay conditioning produced by trimethyltin

Trimethyltin (TMT) produces behavioral and cognitive deficits resulting, in part, from limbic system toxicity. To determine whether these effects result from learning deficits or accelerated memory loss, the present experiment examined two delay conditioning paradigms in rats previously treated with either saline or TMT. Saline-treated Long-Evans rats receiving injections of lithium after consuming saccharin-flavored water later avoided saccharin ingestion: the degree of avoidance varied inversely with the time (0.5, 3 or 6 h) separating initial saccharin availability and lithium injection. Rats treated with TMT (8 mg/kg IV, 30 days prior) showed impaired conditioning at the long but not the short or intermediate delay conditions, suggesting that the deficits were mnemonic and not associative. Similar delay-dependent deficits in rats treated with TMT were observed in a passive avoidance task that arranged one of two delays between response emission and shock delivery during training. The effects of TMT on delay conditioning were accompanied by reduced bodyweight and hippocampal pathology. In summary, TMT appears to alter the temporally dependent association of events (entering darkened compartment versus saccharin consumption) and consequences (foot shock versus lithium administration) during acquisition. Furthermore, the observed deficits in delay conditioning produced by TMT did not appear to be task specific, with similar effects determined with tests of both somatosensory and gustatory avoidance learning designed to distinguish between functional alterations due to deficits in memorial processes from those due to altered sensory, motor, or associative processes.
James's Answer to Hume: The Empirical Basis of the Unified Self

In the Appendix to A Treatise of Human Nature, Hume famously retracts his account of personal identity by confessing that it involves a profound problem he cannot solve, which I have elsewhere identified and called the Bundling Problem. Neither of the two possible solutions that Hume himself considers in the Appendix is a viable option for him by his own lights, which might suggest that any successful account of a unified self must go beyond the empirical framework. In this paper, I argue that we can find a strictly empiricist solution to Hume's problem in William James. I attempt to show that James's descriptions of our experience are phenomenologically more detailed and faithful to how experience is undergone from the first-person perspective, which allows him to explain our belief in an identical, unified self solely on empirical grounds. James finds unity and continuity right in the content of the stream of experience itself. A detailed investigation of James's accounts reveals that Hume's fundamental...
Field independence and performance in distraction.

(1969). Field Independence and Performance in Distraction. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 72, No. 1, pp. 65-69.
Implications of the Newark Supergroup-based astrochronology and geomagnetic polarity time scale (Newark-APTS) for the tempo and mode of the early diversification of the Dinosauria

The Newark-APTS established a high-resolution framework for the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic. Palaeomagnetic polarity correlations to marine sections show that stage-level correlations of continental sequences were off by as much as 10 million years. New U–Pb ages show the new correlations and the Newark basin astrochronology to be accurate. Correlation of Newark-APTS to the Chinle Formation/Dockum Group, Glen Canyon Group, Fleming Fjord Formation and Ischigualasto Formation led to the following conclusions: (1) there are no unequivocal Carnian-age dinosaurs; (2) the Norian Age was characterised by a slowly increasing saurischian diversity but no unequivocal ornithischians; (3) there was profound Norian and Rhaetian continental provinciality; (4) the classic Chinle-, Germanic- and Los Colorados-type assemblages may have persisted to the close of the Rhaetian; (5) the distinct genus-level biotic transition traditionally correlated with the marine Carnian–Norian is in fact mid-Norian in age and within published error of the Manicouagan impact; (6) the end-Triassic marine and continental extinctions as seen in eastern North America were contemporaneous; and (7) compared to Triassic communities, Hettangian and Sinemurian age terrestrial communities were nearly globally homogenous and of low diversity. Consequently, the complex emerging picture of dinosaur diversification demands biostratigraphically-independent geochronologies in each of the faunally-important regions.
Determination of the cross section for a reaction from a sequence of irradiation-count cycles

Abstract A procedure is described for calculating exactly reaction cross sections using data accumulated from a sequence of irradiation-count cycles.
Nonoptical noncoherent imaging in industrial testing

ABSTRACT A method is described for generation of an image from measurements of weak electromagnetic signals in a regionclose to their source. A Computer Assisted Contactless Test System consists of an array of sensors exposed to thereactive electric and magnetic fields surrounding the printed circuit board assembly. In a reference plane locateda distance small compared to the wavelength, a probe antenna scans the fields generated by its source, the signalfrom the sensor is acquired in the frequency domain by a spectrum analyzer and then transferred to a controlling computer. Measurements are made on a regularly spaced grid in a plane parallel to the board. A noncoherent estimate of pixel value is defined. This estimate is computed for each node of a grid. A practical implementation ofthe method and a simple fault detection technique are presented. 2 INTRODUCTION A general approach to electromagnetic inverse problems was presented in [1] . The electromagnetic fields in thenear field region are generated by the distribution of charges and currents on paths and elements of the source. Thenon-radiating reactive fields contain detailed information that may be used as signature of the source distributions.A computer assisted contactiess test system (CACTS), measuring electromagnetic nonradiating reactive near
Using the Internet to calculate clinical action thresholds

Abstract Understanding the risks and benefits of available treatments represents an essential element of clinical practice. Previous work has demonstrated that knowledge of net benefits and net risks can relate to our decisions on whether or not to administer a particular treatment or order a diagnostic test. A wider application of this model has been difficult because data on net benefits and net risks are not directly reported. We used more frequently reported data on treatment efficacy ( E ) and risks ( R rx ) to obtain an equation for the treatment threshold probability above which treatment should be given and below which it should be withheld. The diagnostic test should only be performed if the probability of a disease is between the testing threshold and the treatment threshold. We first described a theoretical background for these calculations. We then used a JavaScript programming language to write a computer program which physicians can use to calculate these threshold probabilities effortlessly through the Internet. In most clinical situations we do not have to achieve maximum diagnostic certainty in order to act. However, we should never treat or order a diagnostic test if the risk of the treatment is greater than its efficacy. The minimally required E/R ratio of a particular treatment is equal to the reciprocal value of the mortality/morbidity of untreated disease. Similarly, the lowest number of patients needed to be treated (NNT) for therapy to be worth administering is equal to the reciprocal of the treatment risk. We show how evidence-based summary measures of therapeutic effects, such as the treatment efficacy, harms, and NNT, can successfully be integrated within a decision analytic model. This in turn will facilitate wider use of the quantitative benefit–risk analysis. Accessing the Internet for direct and immediate approach to the formulas described here should make this task even easier in everyday clinical decision making.
Kinetid architecture and bicosoecid affinities of the marine heterotrophic nanoflagellate Caecitellus parvulus (Griessmann, 1913) Patterson et al., 1993

Summary The kinetid of the common marine heterotrophic nanoflagellate Caecitellus parvulus ( Griessmann, 1913 ) Patterson et al., 1993 is essentially identical to those found in members of the stramenopile protist order Bicosoecida (= Bicosoecales) in absolute configuration, microtubular root characters, especially those of root R3, and the structure and arrangement of bands connecting the basal bodies to each other and to the microtubular roots. Caecitellus parvulus , originally assigned to the bodonids (as Bodo parvulus ), is therefore considered to be allied with the Bicosoecida. The characters distinguishing the genus Caecitellus from other bicosoecids include the presence of gliding motility and a raptorial feeding mechanism, as well as the absence of flagellar hairs, a filter feeding mechanism, and the ability to adhere to substrate by the tip of the posterior flagellum. These results suggest that the stramenopile clade that includes bicosoecids and Caecitellus is likely to contain much additional taxonomic, morphological and ecological diversity.