cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
fMRI BOLD response to alcohol stimuli in alcohol dependent young women.

Background: Cue reactivity in alcohol dependent adults has revealed autonomic, cognitive, and neural responses to alcohol-related stimuli that differ from those of nonabusers. Cue reactivity and craving responses have not been studied in youth. Method: Alcohol-dependent young women (n=8) and female light social drinkers (n=9) ages 18–24 were administered an alcohol cue reactivity task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine brain response to alcohol-related words. Results: Alcohol dependent young women demonstrated significantly more blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response than nonabusers during alcohol word presentation trials relative to neutral word trials in subcallosal, anterior cingulate, left prefrontal, and bilateral insular regions (P<.025). However, controls showed greater response to alcohol words in some right hemisphere cortical regions. Increased craving after cue exposure correlated with increased subcallosal cortex BOLD response to alcohol cues (r=.87) among alcohol dependent subjects. Conclusions: This pilot study corroborates previous reports of increased limbic and frontal response to substance cues and extends these findings to young alcohol dependent women. This limbic reaction may underlie the elevated physiological response and altered cognitive reactions to alcohol stimuli that are observed in alcohol dependent individuals.
Water-saturated and undersaturated melting relations in a Paricutin andesite and an estimate of water content in the natural magma

Phase relations have been determined for a Paricutin Volcano andesite at pressures to 10 kilobars and for H2O contents in the melt of 2 to 10 weight percent. Runs were made under H2O-saturated and undersaturated conditions. In undersaturated runs a H2O-CO2 fluid phase was always present. Fugacity of H2O in melt, which is directly related to H2O content in the melt, was calculated from thermodynamic data. Plagioclase was found to be the liquidus phase when H2O contents in melt were less than about two percent. With more H2O, orthopyroxene, in some cases joined by olivine, assumes the liquidus. Clinopyroxene crystallizes near the liquidus only for H2O contents greater than five percent. The upper temperature stability limit of hornblende is about 950° C, well below the other silicate liquidi except at H2O-saturated conditions above 5 kb. The geometry of undersaturated liquidi and experimental phase compositions may be compared to the mode and phase compositions of the natural rock. From this comparison, megaphenocrysts of the natural rock are interpreted to have crystallized from a lava which had a water content of 2.2±0.5 percent and a temperature of 1110±40°C. Mass-balance calculations on experimental and natural phase assemblages show that the Paricutin series could not have formed by fractionation at pressures less than 10 kb; rather, it was probably derived by partial melting of subducted basaltic oceanic floor.
Serum antibody in patients with mammary disease

Antibody to a breast cancer antigen was detected by immunodiffusion or complement fixation in at least one serum sample in 46% of 84 patients with a diagnosis of carcinoma, 34% of 96 patients with fibrocystic disease, and 25% of 44 patients with fibroadenoma. A single serum sample obtained from screenees of the Detection Center for Breast Diseases was tested by immunodiffusion only, and antibody was found in 3 of 206 screenees (1.5%). Eleven of 13 patients with breast cancer metastatic to lymph nodes and no detectable serum antibody either had recurrence or were dead within 12 months of mastectomy. Fifteen of 18 patients with breast cancer metastatic to lymph nodes and with detectable serum antibody were alive and free of disease for up to 24 months. Data to date indicate that serum antibody in the patient with breast disease cannot be used at this time as an “early detection test.” As a seroprognostic factor in patients with breast cancer metastatic to lymph nodes, the finding of antibody has great promise.
Kidney cysts, pancreatic cysts, and biliary disease in a mouse model of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease.

Mutations in PKHD1 cause autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). We produced a mouse model of ARPKD by replacing exons 1–3 of Pkhd1 with a lacZ reporter gene utilizing homologous recombination. This approach yielded heterozygous Pkhd1lacZ/+ mice, that expressed β-galactosidase in tissues where Pkhd1 is normally expressed, and homozygous Pkhd1lacZ/lacZ knockout mice. Heterozygous Pkhd1lacZ/+ mice expressed β-galactosidase in the kidney, liver, and pancreas. Homozygous Pkhd1lacZ/lacZ mice lacked Pkhd1 expression and developed progressive renal cystic disease involving the proximal tubules, collecting ducts, and glomeruli. In the liver, inactivation of Pkhd1 resulted in dilatation of the bile ducts and periportal fibrosis. Dilatation of pancreatic exocrine ducts was uniformly seen in Pkhd1lacZ/lacZ mice, with pancreatic cysts arising less frequently. The expression of β-galactosidase, Pkd1, and Pkd2 was reduced in the kidneys of Pkhd1lacZ/lacZ mice compared with wild-type littermates, but no changes in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) or liver function tests were observed. Collectively, these results indicate that deletion of exons 1–3 leads to loss of Pkhd1 expression and results in kidney cysts, pancreatic cysts, and biliary ductal plate malformations. The Pkhd1lacZ/lacZ mouse represents a new orthologous animal model for studying the pathogenesis of kidney cysts and biliary dysgenesis that characterize human ARPKD.
Political geography and regionalism in Louisiana: the impact of the French influence in the post-World War II era

Abstract Political geographers have long been interested in determining if cultural-historical differences are reflected on the political landscape. Louisiana with two major white cultural groups and African-Americans provided an excellent case study into that question. This essay explored to what extent cultural-historical divisions in the state have led to similar political divisions. The Republican vote in presidential elections at the parish (county) level were analyzed from 1948–2000. Spatial analysis, factor analysis, structural-spatial regression analysis, and survey data were employed. The results indicated that political regionalism stemming from the cultural-historical division was evident until recent elections. The state is moving toward class and race as major regional influences instead of religion and culture. Future research will be needed to determine if this process is unique to Louisiana or characteristic of other places undergoing economic and social change that were previously characterized by ethnic-regional political divisions.
Climatic Effects on Regeneration Trends for Two Columnar Cacti in the Northern Sonoran Desert

Abstract A traditional perception of desert vegetation is one of relatively slow change in a consistently harsh environment. More recent studies of population dynamics and paleoenvironmental reconstructions in arid environments have revealed the more dynamic nature of desert vegetation, in both a short-term and long-term perspective. This paper examines relationships of population dynamics to climatic fluctuation and anthropogenic factors in two columnar cactus species in the northern Sonoran Desert. The results underscore the responsiveness of desert plant populations to temporal variability in environmental stresses as well as the influence of temporal scale on our views of population dynamics. I use allometrically determined ages for 327 organ pipe cacti on hillslopes and 473 saguaros on flat sites in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona, to relate regeneration trends for each species to climatic variation in the last century. Residuals representing the deviation of the actual age distribution ...
Drug use and neurobehavioral, respiratory, and cognitive problems: precursors and mediators.

Abstract Purpose: To test a model of the early predictors and mediators of drug use and respiratory, neurobehavioral, and cognitive problems in adolescence and young adulthood. Methods: We prospectively examined self-reported measures of unconventional behavior, peer- and self-drug use, and self-reported health problems in a sample of 286 males and 327 females. The sample represented the northeastern United States at the time the data were first collected in 1975. The participants were assessed in early, middle, and late adolescence and in young adulthood. Latent variable structural equation models were used to examine the data. Results: Structural equation modeling conducted on the data provided support for the proposed longitudinal model. The findings indicated that adolescent drug use was associated indirectly with respiratory and directly with neurobehavioral and cognitive symptoms in young adulthood. Adolescent drug use during middle and late adolescence served as a mediator between unconventional behavior in early adolescence and health problems in young adulthood. Conclusions: A reduction in adolescent drug use may reduce respiratory and neurobehavioral and cognitive symptoms in young adulthood. This study identifies several points in the biopsychosocial pathways in adolescence leading to later health problems in young adulthood.
Dust Extinction Curves and Lyα Forest Flux Deficits for Use in Modeling Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows and All Other Extragalactic Point Sources

Since gamma-ray burst afterglows were first detected in 1997, the relativistic fireball model has emerged as the leading theoretical explanation of the afterglows. In this paper, we present a very general, Bayesian inference formalism with which this, or any other, afterglow model can be tested, and with which the parameter values of acceptable models can be constrained, given the available photometry. However, before model comparison or parameter estimation can be attempted, one must also consider the physical processes that affect the afterglow as it propagates along the line of sight from the burst source to the observer. Namely, how does extinction by dust, both in the host galaxy and in our galaxy, and absorption by the Lyα forest and by H I in the host galaxy, change the intrinsic spectrum of the afterglow? Consequently, we also present in this paper a very general, eight-parameter dust extinction curve model and a two-parameter model of the Lyα forest flux deficit versus redshift distribution. Using fitted extinction curves from Milky Way and Magellanic Cloud lines of sight, and measurements of Lyα forest flux deficits from quasar absorption line systems, we construct a Bayesian prior probability distribution that weights this additional, but necessary, parameter space such that the volume of the solution space is reduced significantly, a priori. Finally, we discuss the broad applicability of these results to the modeling of light from all other extragalactic point sources, such as Type Ia supernovae.
Career choices and characteristics of criminal justice undergraduates

Four hundred undergraduate criminal justice students from twelve colleges and universities in seven states participated in an anonymous, written survey designed to determine career choices and expectations as well as other demographic information. Approximately half of the students surveyed indicated that they were pursuing a career in law enforcement. Almost one-third indicated that they had no career plans. We found that reasons for studying criminal justice vary by race and gender, as do career goals.
A Cadastral Geodatabase for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

The U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Cadastral Data Working Group, comprised of cartographers and GIS specialists from all management regions, has produced a state-of-the-art database that stores data for all interests in real property in the U.S. National Wildlife Refuge System. The FWS Cadastral Geodatabase provides an integral component of the Refuge Lands Geographic Information System (RLGIS) by supplying boundary and parcel information to the biological geodatabases currently within the RLGIS data model. Cadastral data describes the past, current, and future right, title and interest in real property, including the spatial information necessary to describe the geographic extent. The geodatabase is the common data storage format for geographic features and attributes. A consistent and accurate cadastral geodatabase that is common across the nation and can be shared between management regions enables users to leverage the spatial data to its full potential. A web mapping application has been built utilizin...
A Study of the Distribution of the Force Exerted Upon the Blocks in Starting the Sprint from Various Starting Positions

(1934). A Study of the Distribution of the Force Exerted Upon the Blocks in Starting the Sprint from Various Starting Positions. Research Quarterly. American Physical Education Association: Vol. 5, No. sup1, pp. 27-32.
Improved resolution of spectral splittings via bayesian spectral analysis

Recently, the application of Bayesian analysis to NMR spectroscopy has provided excellent predictions of spectral parameters, suggesting that this technique may offer advantages over typical FT methods ( 1) . When the correct model is used, the results of the Bayesian technique are superior to those of Fourier transformation in both spectral linewidth and apparent frequency-domain signal-to-noise ratio (2). In this Communication, the results of the application of Bayesian analysis to a complex spectrum in which the peaks are not clearly resolved by FFT are presented. In general the FID can be represented as
Minimum breakdown degradation in binary source encoding

A memoryless binary equiprobable source produces one letter per second. Two people each are provided separately with private information about the source data at a rate of 1/2 bit per second. Suppose that by pooling their information they can produce a long-mn reconstruction of the source output that has arbitrarily small error frequency. We prove that then the least common asymptotic error frequency d that each can achieve without the other's help is (\sqrt{2}-1)/2=0.207 . Since it had been shown previously that 0.200 \leq d \leq 0.207 , our result closes the so-called "007 gap." New analytical techniques introduced to effect the proof are of broader significance in multiuser information theory.
Quantitative assay of psittacosis virus by the fluorescent cell-counting technique

Abstract An assay technique for psittacosis virus is described that is based on the enumeration of fluorescent cells within 24 hours after infection of McCoy cell monolayers. The distribution of infected cells is random; the relationship of cell counts to virus concentration is linear. The quantity of psittacosis virus neutralized by dilutions of antiserum is shown by this assay technique to be a linear function.
Students Prefer Audience Response System for Lecture Evaluation

Objectives: Student evaluation of courses is an important component of overall course evaluation. The extent of student participation in the evaluation may be related to the ease of the evaluation process. The standard evaluation format is a paper form. This study examines medical students preference of utilizing Audience Response System compared to a paper method. Methods: Following several medical school lectures, students were queried if they preferred Audience Response System versus a paper method, and if they would prefer using Audience Response System more for future course evaluations. Results: 391 students were queried. Overall response rate was 94%. Using a five point Likert scale, 299 out of 361 (82%) responded they agreed, or strongly agreed with the statement â??We should use ARS more. . .
Comparison of consonantal and vocalic cues in selective adaptation.

The acoustic cues to the phonetic identity of diphthongs normally include both spectral quality and dynamic change. This fact was exploited in a series of selective adaptation experiments examining the possibility of mutual adaptive effects between these two types of acoustic cues. One continuum of syllables varying from [ei] to [ed] and another varying from [e] to [ei] were synthesized; endpoint stimuli of both series used as adaptors caused identification boundaries to be shifted. Cross-series adaptation was also attempted on the [e−ei] stimuli, using [⊃], [∞], and [ai]. Only [ai] proved effective as an adaptor, suggesting the mediation of a rather abstract auditory level of similarity. The results argue strongly against interpretations in terms of feature detectors, but appear compatible with an “auditory contrast” explanation, which might in turn be incorporated within adaptation level theory in the form recently discussed by Restle (1978). The cross-series results further suggest that selective adaptation might be used to quantify the perceptual distance between auditory cues in speech.
Methyl‐tertiary‐butyl‐ether (MTBE) misclassified

Methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether (MTBE) was introduced into motor fuels in 1992 to reduce carbon monoxide automotive emissions in areas where the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for CO were exceeded. At a meeting of the National Toxicology Program's Board of Scientific Counselors (2–3 December 1998), data were presented showing that exposure to MTBE caused increased incidence of liver tumors, renal adenomas, carcinomas and interstitial cell adenomas of the testes in male, and lymphomas and leukemia in female CD1 mice [National Toxicology Program, 1998]. Despite this evidence, the NTP Board defeated a motion to list MTBE as “Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen” by a vote of 6 to 5. This decision directly contravenes rules and procedures previously established by NTP for assessing carcinogenicity of chemical compounds. Good public health policy dictates that the NTP Board conduct another review of MTBE with proper consideration of the criteria that have been established for listing agents as carcinogens. Millions of Americans who are exposed daily to this chemical deserve an unbiased evaluation of carcinogenic agents being introduced into the environment. Am. J. Ind. Med. 39:505–508, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Plant metabolic profiling en route to destination.

A conference in Potsdam, Germany confirms that plant metabolic profiling is moving from an early focus on technology development to one that also addresses trait discovery.
Effects of working parameters on surface finish in ball-burnishing of hardened steels

Burnishing is a chipless finishing method, which employs a rolling tool, pressed against the workpiece, in order to achieve plastic deformation of the surface layer. Recent developments made possible burnishing of heat-treated steel components up to 65 HRC. Features of burnishing include a good roughness (comparable to grinding), as well as improvement of mechanical characteristics of the surface (fatigue strength, corrosion resistance, and bearing ratio), due to implementation of compressive stresses into the surface layer. This paper will present influences of certain burnishing parameters upon roughness, for a hardened steel component (64 HRC).
Sex, drugs, and infections among youth: Parenterally and sexually transmitted diseases in a high-risk neighborhood

Background and Objectives:To determine the extent to which youth who reside in households in a neighborhood with large numbers of drug injectors 1) are infected with parenterally or sexually transmitted agents, and 2) engage in high-risk behaviors.Study Design:A multistage probability household samp
Polarimetric SAR Detection of Man-Made Structures Using Normalized Circular-pol Correlation Coefficients

Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter from man-made structures is often quite different than scatter from predominantly natural areas. Backscatter from natural areas is often characterized by near zero values for linear-basis covariance matrix off- diagonal terms of the form and . A new approach is proposed to detect man-made structures using circular-pol RR-LL correlation coefficients. This method uses a normalization term, which enhances the return from man-made structures and eliminates most of the unnecessary details of the backscatter from natural areas.
Antipredator behavior in troops of free-rangingLemur catta at Beza Mahafaly special reserve, Madagascar

Observations of antipredator behavior in two troops of free-rangingLemur catta were made during a 13-month study ofL., catta feeding ecology. Both responses to and frequency of encounters with other species were recorded. Ringtailed lemur antipredator calls differentiated between terrestrial and avian predators. L. catta responded to the Madagascar harrier hawk (Polyboroides radiatus) and the Madagascar buzzard (Buteo brachypterus) in a specific manner that differed from their reaction to the other bird of prey in the reserve, the Black kite (Milvus migrants) and to potential mammalian and reptilian predators. Encounters with avian predators peaked during the birth season and when infants were being weaned. These periods coincide with previously observed nesting periods for the Harrier hawk and the buzzard, and with times when their offspring are fledged. Both were periods whenL. catta infants might have been especially vulnerable to predation.
The Influence of National Culture on the Perceived Fairness of Grading Procedures: A Comparison of the United States and China

Although the desire to be treated fairly is a fundamental human preference, perceptions of fair treatment can be influenced by cultural beliefs and values. For this article, the author used a scenario-based experimental study to examine students' fairness perceptions of grading procedures in 2 countries with distinct national cultures, China and the United States. The results suggest that culture can influence students' perceptions of the fairness of 2 aspects of procedural justice: voice and interpersonal justice. Chinese students were more likely to value interpersonal justice (i.e., being treated with dignity and respect, and being provided with explanations of grading procedures) and perceived the lack of interpersonal justice as less fair than did U.S. participants. In contrast, U.S. students were more likely to perceive voice (i.e., the opportunity to discuss and appeal a grading decision) as fair. These findings are connected to differences in the cultural values of the United States and China.
High-pressure structural phase transitions in chromium-doped BaFe2As2

We report on the results from high pressure x-ray powder diffraction and electrical resistance measurements for hole doped BaFe2-xCrxAs2 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.4, 0.61) up to 81 GPa and down to 10 K using a synchrotron source and diamond anvil cell (DAC). At ambient temperature, an isostructural phase transition from a tetragonal (T) phase (I4/mmm) to a collapsed tetragonal (CT) phase is observed at 17 GPa. This transition is found to be dependent on ambient pressure unit cell volume and is slightly shifted to higher pressure upon increase in the Cr-doping. Unlike BaFe2As2 which superconduct under high pressure, we have not detected any evidence of pressure induced superconductivity in chromium doped samples in the pressure and temperature range of this study. The measured equation of state parameters are presented for both the tetragonal and collapsed tetragonal phases for x = 0.05, 0.15, 0.40 and 0.61.
Nitrosocarbaryl as a Potent Mutagen of Environmental Significance

THE widespread accumulation of environmental pollutants has led to concern over their long-range effects on living organisms. Although many herbicides, pesticides, and food additives have no deterimental effect on experimental animals, the possible chemical interaction of these compounds with each other or with natural elements of the environment to produce biologically active compounds has rarely been considered. We have found that the combination of a food additive, sodium nitrite, with a commonly used pesticide, carbaryl, results in the formation in acid solution of a new mutagen of considerable potency, nitrosocarbaryl (NC). A study of the reactions leading to formation of mutagens and carcinogens from several types of pesticides and herbicides is reported elsewhere1. We present here an examination of the mutagenicity of NC in two bacterial systems, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.
The Pahira: a population genetical study.

The Pahira is a small, primitive population of 1353 individuals inhabiting the hills and forests of the Ajodhya and the Dalma hill ranges in eastern India. Demographic, ABO blood groups, P.T.C. tasteblindness and anthropometric data are presented. The purpose of the present study is: to describe the biological characteristics of the population; to review the data from the point of view of the possible occurrence of maritally isolated, genetically different subpopulations within the population; to assess the possible causes of such differences, and to discuss the implications of such subpopulations and to examine the common assumption that allele frequencies throughout a population (i.e., among its several subpopulations) are homogeneous. It is shown that the Pahiras are divided into three subpopulations; that the subpopulations are different with respect to blood groups, tasteblindness and anhropometric measurements; that some of the variations show a clinal trend; that N.P. and S.P.I. are closer to each other than either of them to S.P.II; that such a breeding structure and genetic composition may have important evolutionary implications; that such a breeding structure emphasizes the importance of demographic information in population genetics; and, that our common assumption that allele frequencies throughout a population are homogeneous may not be valid.
Gender comparisons of perceived benefits of and barriers to physical activity in middle school youth

Perceived benefits of and barriers to physical activity (PA) reported by 206 middle school boys and girls in a survey were compared. Only "take care of myself, stay in shape, and be healthier" emerged as a greater benefit for girls than boys. Among students not on a sports team, boys reported fewer barriers than girls. Among those selecting an active pursuit, boys perceived more barriers than girls. When controlling for sports team participation and perceived benefits and barriers, boys reported more minutes of vigorous PA than girls. As boys and girls reported relatively similar benefits of and barriers to PA, nurse counseling with both groups can focus on the same information. Effort is particularly needed to increase PA among girls.
Optic disc progression and rates of visual field change in treated glaucoma

. Purpose: To investigate the relationship between optic disc progression and rates of visual field (VF) change in patients with treated glaucoma. Methods: Glaucoma patients with repeatable VF loss, ≥8 SITA-Standard 24-2 VF tests and good quality optic disc stereophotographs evaluated over a 10-year period were included. Optic disc photographs were reviewed for signs of glaucoma progression (neuroretinal rim change, widening of retinal nerve fibre layer defect, disc haemorrhage and enlargement of beta-zone parapapillary atrophy) by two glaucoma specialists masked to their temporal sequence. Disagreements were adjudicated by a third grader. VF progression was evaluated using automated pointwise linear regression (PLR) and defined as at least two adjacent test points progressing >1.0 dB/year at p < 0.01. VF progression outcomes were compared with photograph review results. Results: Three-hundred and eighty nine eyes (389 patients; mean age 64.9 ± 13.0 years; mean baseline MD, −7.1 ± 5.1 dB) were included. Most patients had primary open angle glaucoma (54%). Eighty-two eyes (21%) had confirmed optic disc progression and 115 eyes (29%) met the VF PLR criteria. Eyes with documented optic disc progression had more rapid rates of VF change (−0.66 ± 0.7 versus −0.36 ± 0.7 dB/year, p < 0.01) and met the VF PLR endpoint more often (univariate OR = 1.85, p = 0.02; multivariate OR = 1.78, p = 0.03) than eyes without optic disc progression. There was moderate spatial consistency between the location of the optic disc progression and the hemifield with more rapid progression (81%, kappa = 0.40). Conclusions: Treated glaucomatous eyes with documented optic disc progression are at increased risk of diminished visual function over time and may require more aggressive therapy to prevent future vision loss. Among the indicators of structural progression, disc haemorrhage was the single most significant predictor for VF deterioration.
THE INFLUENCE OF CERTAIN HORMONES ON THE CARBOHYDRATE LEVELS OF THE CHICK

A FEW SCATTERED OBSERVATIONS are recorded in the literature indicating that the endocrine regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in birds is quite different from that in mammals. Since a research program on the endocrine control of carbohydrate metabolism in mammals was being pursued in this laboratory, it seemed desirable to investigate some of these alleged differences in birds with a view to elucidating more fully the underlying regulatory mechanisms in either class of animals. An equally compelling reason for undertaking such an investigation at this time is the rapidly increasing usefulness of the chick (Gallus domesticus) in the biological laboratory. Quite apart from its economic importance, the chick is being widely employed for vitamin, hormone and virus research. Nevertheless, in spite of this widespread and growing use, only a relatively meager amount of information exists regarding avian carbohydrate metabolism. A brief review of this information is presented here.
The hemoglobins of phoronopsis viridis, of the primitive invertebrate phylum phoronida: characterization and subunit structure.

Abstract The primitive invertebrate, Phoronopsis viridis , of the phylum Phoronida, has intra-cellular hemoglobins composed of four unique polypeptide chains, two of which associate to form hetero- and homodimers and two which do not associate at all. The CO-derivatives of the associating chains are completely dimeric; removal of the ligand does not result in further aggregation as it does in several other invertebrate hemoglobins. Oxidation of the associating hemoglobins is accompanied by dissociation to monomers, but the cyanide derivative of the methemoglobin is dimeric. The four polypeptide chains all have molecular weights of about 16,000 as determined by iron content and gel electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate. The two associating chains form three components with isoelectric points at pH 5.6, 5.9, and 6.9 whereas those for the two monomeric chains are at pH 6.2 and 7.9. The chains have been characterized by amino acid composition, tryptic peptide patterns, and the amino acid sequence of the NH 2 -terminal segment. The oxygen equilibrium of a dimeric fraction has been determined at pH 7.5 and 20 °C; the pressure of half-saturation is 2.3 mm Hg.
Interactive volume visualization of cellular structures

Modern optical imaging techniques such as confocal and multi-photon microscopy can acquire volumetric datasets of cellular structures. In this paper we propose an approach for interactive volume rendering of such cellular datasets. In the first stage, we create a set of 2D textures corresponding to the image stacks in the original dataset. These textures are generated through a transfer function that maps voxel intensities to colors and opacities, and stored in the texture memory in computer. In the second stage, by blending the textures with hardware support, we can achieve interactive volume rendering including rotation and zooming on regular PCs. Besides, to generate good images for viewing in lateral directions, we use two additional sets of 2D textures for two orthogonal lateral directions and the texture resolutions can be adapted to the rendering requirement and computer hardware. This approach offers an effective visualization environment for biologists to better understand and analyze measured cellular structures.
Hough transform computer-generated holograms: new output format

We describe a computer generated hologram (CGH) to produce the Hough transform (HT) with a new output format that eliminates the ambiguity and noise caused by overlapping outputs in the Hough space. The new format HT CGH is designed and fabricated as a multilevel phase CGH which greatly increases the light efficiency and requires less space bandwidth product (SBWP) compared with amplitude HT CGHs reported previously. New format HT phase CGHs have been fabricated and tested in the laboratory and these results are presented. Optical laboratory data obtained using these CGHs are presented for multitarget tracking of point targets.
Complete resection of the caudate lobe of the liver: Technique and results

The caudate lobe of the liver is a frequent site of involvement by metastatic or primary liver tumours. This study describes the surgical anatomy and analyses the operative technique, results and postoperative morbidity of complete caudate lobectomy. The data represent a retrospective review of 21 consecutive complete caudate lobe resections performed over a 30-month period. The most common diagnosis was metastatic colorectal cancer (nine patients) and the most common procedure was extended left hepatic lobectomy with en bloc caudate lobectomy. Four patients underwent isolated complete caudate lobe resection. The median operating time was 5 h and the median blood loss was 1160 ml. The major complication rate was 38 per cent (nine major complications in eight patients) with 10 per cent mortality rate (two deaths). The median hospital stay was 11 days. This series demonstrates the feasibility of routine complete caudate lobe resection for tumours with general principles of liver resection. Isolated caudate lobectomy can be performed safely and the addition of caudate lobectomy to major liver resection does not add significantly to the morbidity or mortality of the procedure.
Effect of the Chemosterilant Tepa on Glossina morsitans Westw.

Pupae of Glossina morsitans Westw. collected in the Zambezi valley near Kariba, Rhodesia, were brought to the laboratory, and the effects of the chemosterilant tepa were investigated by observations on the resulting adults. In the standard test, 25 pairs of adults were caged together for 28 days at 79°F. and 70 per cent, relative humidity and fed on guinea-pigs, and the survival of both sexes, the numbers of pupae and adults produced and (in some tests) the insemination rate of the parent females were recorded. With untreated flies, the insemination rate was 94 per cent, or more, averages of 28 pupae and 26 adult progeny per cage were produced, and 72 and 77 per cent, of males and females, respectively, survived for the 28 days. These results were compared with those obtained when the flies of one sex in the cage had been treated with tepa either as pupae or as adults. Injection of 1 μg. tepa into the thorax of young males produced complete sterility. Dipping the pupae in 5 per cent, tepa solution for one minute caused complete sterility of adults emerging during the first two post-treatment weeks and partial sterility of males emerging during the third week. Adults emerging from dipped pupae washed one day after treatment were fertile. Dipping pupae in solutions containing 1 or 0·5 per cent, tepa did not completely sterilise the resulting adults. Contact exposure of adult males and females of various known ages usually resulted in complete sterility (99·7%) after exposures ranging from 15 to 240 min. to deposits on glass of 10 or 50 mg./ft. 2 tepa. Males exposed for 240 min. to 10 mg./ft. 2 tepa retained their sterility throughout a 42-day test period and, in special tests, competed well with untreated males for the females, but their life length was reduced by 25 per cent, when unmated and by 33 per cent, when mated. Males exposed for 60 min. or less survived as well over a 42-day test period as untreated males, but those exposed for 15 min. recovered an undesirable degree of fertility. No treatment affected the ability of the male to inseminate the females. Sperm from treated males were motile and appeared normal in their behaviour in the female spermathecae. Dominant lethality induced by tepa was usually expressed during the embroyonic stages, but occasionally was delayed until the pupal stage.
Charge sensing using point-functionalized carbonnanotube transistors for single-molecule detection

We have demonstrated that carbon-nanotube field-effect transistors act as highly sensitive single-molecule detectors when point functionalized. The hybridization kinetics of two complementary strands of DNA are associated with two-level fluctuations in the conductance of the nanotube to which the DNA is bound. We have studied the temperature dependence of the nanotube conductance and shown that the transport mechanism is consistent with Frenkel Poole emission, in which negatively charged DNA modulates a tunnel barrier at the point functionalized defect site. These transistors represent an important potential sensing platform for label-free single-molecule diagnostics.
Coupled cluster method with first-order correlation orbitals versus multireference configuration interaction method. Accurate calculations for HF, H 2 O, and NH 3

This article shows that with our Hylleras-functional based method1 for generating correlation orbitals, we can determine electronic structures for small polyatomic systems very accurately. The procedure is ab initio, uses conventional Gaussian basis sets, and solves the electronic Schrodinger equation with the coupled cluster method. A comparison is made with MRCI results obtained in equivalent basis sets for the HF, H2O, and NH3 molecules.
Genomic instability and bystander effects induced by high-LET radiation

An understanding of the radiobiological effects of high-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation is essential for radiation protection and human risk assessment. Ever since the discovery of X-rays was made by Rontgen more than a century ago, it has always been accepted that the deleterious effects of ionizing radiation, such as mutation and carcinogenesis, are due mainly to direct damage to DNA. With the availability of a precision single-particle microbeam, it is possible to demonstrate, unequivocally, the presence of a bystander effect with many biological end points. These studies provide clear evidence that irradiated cells can induce a bystander mutagenic response in neighboring cells not directly traversed by alpha-particles, and that cell-cell communication processes play a critical role in mediating the bystander phenomenon. Following exposure to high-LET radiation, immortalized human bronchial (BEP2D) and breast (MCF-10F) cells have been shown to undergo malignant transformation through a series of successive steps, before becoming tumorigenic in nude mice. There is a progressive increase in genomic instability, determined either by gene amplification or allelic imbalance, with the highest incidence observed among established tumor cell lines, relative to transformed, nontumorigenic and control cell lines.
Treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae in skin types IV, V, and VI with a long-pulsed neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser.

Abstract Background: Pseudofolliculitis barbae affects a large number of individuals with coarse curly hair, and present treatment options are suboptimal. Objective: We evaluated the safety and efficacy of a long-pulsed neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser in the treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae. Methods: This was a two-phase observational study conducted at a military tertiary medical facility. The study group included 37 patients (skin types IV, V, and VI) referred from primary care physicians with a diagnosis of pseudofolliculitis barbae refractory to conservative therapy. In phase I, one treatment with a Nd:YAG laser was performed on a tattooed area of the thigh with 3 light doses. Epidermal tolerance was evaluated, and hair counts were performed 3 months after treatment for each light dose. In phase II, the highest dose tolerated by the epidermis from phase I was applied to a small submental region of skin with an adjacent site as a control. Subsequently, papule counts were performed 90 days after treatment in the laser-irradiated and control areas. Results: Phase I: When normalized for controls, there was 33%, 43%, and 40% hair reduction on the thigh for the 50, 80, and 100 J/cm 2 fluences, respectively, after 90 days. Overall, the highest doses tolerated by the epidermis were 50, 100, and 100 J/cm 2 for type VI, V, and IV skin, respectively. Phase II: Mean papule counts after 90 days were 6.95 and 1.0 for the control and treatment sites, respectively. Conclusion: Nd:YAG laser treatment may represent a safe and effective option for reducing hair and subsequent papule formation in patients with pseudofolliculitis barbae. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:263-70.)
Is there a positive side to stress

Although it is generally assumed that stress is detrimental to the well-being of poultry, there are positive aspects which are often overlooked. In the context of evolution, stressors such as infec...
Water Management in A PEMFC: Water Transport Mechanism and Material Degradation in Gas Diffusion Layers

It has now been well recognized that both the performance and durability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are closely related to the water accumulation and transport inside its porous components, particularly in the gas diffusion layer (GDL), and microporous layer (MPL). In this paper, the key GDL and MPL properties that affect water transport through them are first discussed and a review of GDL degradation mechanisms is presented. An intermittent water drainage mechanism across the GDL is discussed. The capillary breakthrough pressure (CBP) and the dynamic capillary pressure (DCP), or recurrent breakthrough dynamics, have been identified as key GDL properties that affect its water management performance and function as indicators of the degradation of GDL material. This work uses a novel ex situ experiment to degrade a GDL by exposing it to an accelerated stress test (AST) that subjects the GDL to elevated operation conditions seen at the cathode side of a PEMFC for an extended period of time. In turn, the effect of the AST on the CBP and DCP is investigated. As a result, a loss of hydrophobicity occurred on the MPL surface. This altered the CBP and DCP, thus decreasing water management in the GDL.
Densification of Si3N4‐Y2O3/Al2O3 by a Dual N2 Pressure Process

Sintering studies of Si3N4-Y2O3/Al2O3 compositions indicated that increased densification could be produced using a dual N2 pressure process. RT modulus of rupture values and microstructures were found to be similar to hot-pressed material. The technique should be adaptable to complex shaped Si3N4 bodies where high density and strength are required.
Phylogenetic origins of local-scale diversity patterns and the causes of Amazonian megadiversity

What explains the striking variation in local species richness across the globe and the remarkable diversity of rainforest sites in Amazonia? Here, we apply a novel phylogenetic approach to these questions, using treefrogs (Hylidae) as a model system. Hylids show dramatic variation in local richness globally and incredible local diversity in Amazonia. We find that variation in local richness is not explained primarily by climatic factors, rates of diversification (speciation and extinction) nor morphological variation. Instead, local richness patterns are explained predominantly by the timing of colonization of each region, and Amazonian megadiversity is linked to the long-term sympatry of multiple clades in that region. Our results also suggest intriguing interactions between clade diversification, trait evolution and the accumulation of local richness. Specifically, sympatry between clades seems to slow diversification and trait evolution, but prevents neither the accumulation of local richness over time nor the co-occurrence of similar species.
Fitting Information Presentation Formats to Decision-Making: A Study in Strategies to Facilitate Decision-Making

A theoretical approach to structuring communication messages is outlined and an initial test of the approach is performed. The research question addressed is whether the job of decision makers can be made any easier by providing them with information organized to fit the decision-making strategy they intend to execute. An experiment employing a three-factor randomized design was executed (N = 211). The three independent variables were decision-making strategy employed (disjunctive vs. maximax). information format (alternative-by-alternative vs. attribute-by-attribute), and complexity of decision made (high vs. low). The dependent variables were several dimensions of decision-making facilitation (information recall, satisfaction, time and cognitive strain). Planned comparisons were used to directly test four hypotheses derived from the research question. The results provided some limited support for the hypothesized importance of matching information presentation formats to decision-making strategies to fa...
Rapid Prototyping of Patterned Multifunctional Nanostructures

The ability to engineer ordered arrays of objects on multiple length scales has potential for applications such as microelectronics, sensors, wave guides, and photonic lattices with tunable band gaps. Since the invention of surfactant templated mesoporous sieves in 1992, great progress has been made in controlling different mesophases in the form of powders, particles, fibers, and films. To date, although there have been several reports of patterned mesostructures, materials prepared have been limited to metal oxides with no specific functionality. For many of the envisioned applications of hierarchical materials in micro-systems, sensors, waveguides, photonics, and electronics, it is necessary to define both form and function on several length scales. In addition, the patterning strategies utilized so far require hours or even days for completion. Such slow processes are inherently difficult to implement in commercial environments. The authors present a series of new methods of producing patterns within seconds. Combining sol-gel chemistry, Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly (EISA), and rapid prototyping techniques like pen lithography, ink-jet printing, and dip-coating on micro-contact printed substrates, they form hierarchically organized silica structures that exhibit order and function on multiple scales: on the molecular scale, functional organic moieties are positioned on pore surfaces, on the mesoscale, mono-sized pores are organized into 1-, 2-, or 3-dimensional networks, providing size-selective accessibility from the gas or liquid phase, and on the macroscale, 2-dimensional arrays and fluidic or photonic systems may be defined. These rapid patterning techniques establish for the first time a link between computer-aided design and rapid processing of self-assembled nanostructures.
The global distribution of giant radiating dike swarms on Venus: Implications for the global stress state

Magellan radar data of Venus reveal 163 large radial lineament systems composed of graben, fissure, and fracture elements. On the basis of their structure, plan view geometry, and volcanic associations, at least 72% are interpreted to have formed primarily through subsurface dike swarm emplacement, the remainder through uplift or a combination of these two mechanisms. The population of swarms is used to determine regional and global stress orientation. The stress configuration recorded from 330-210 deg E (Aphrodite Terra) is best explained by isostatic compensation of existing long wavelength topography or coupling between mantle flow and the lithosphere. The rest are correlated with concentrations of rifting and volcanism in the Beta-Atla-Themis region. The global stress field on Venus is different than that of Earth, where plate boundary forces dominate.