cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An electron microscopic study of human neutrophils obtained by crevicular washing.

The application of electron microscopic methods to the study of neutrophils obtained from single sites by crevicular washing is described. A subsequent preliminary study of neutrophils and neutrophil-bacterial interactions at advanced lesions in patients with juvenile periodontitis and juvenile diabetes indicated that the neutrophils are phagocytically active at these sites. It is suggested that in vitro assays of crevicular neutrophil function may exaggerate the extent of impairment of phagocytosis because of cellular activity which has taken place prior to the time of sampling.
Negative self-hypnosis

A review of recent developments in psychotherapeutic methods of cognitive behavior therapy leads to the conclusion that negative self-hypnosis (NSH) is operative in problematic behavior. NSH is elucidated, and a counteractive, five-stage approach of self-hypnosis is proposed to effectively deal with NSH.
Autoimmune thyroiditis associated with marrow fibrosis and pancytopenia

There are a number of causes of hypothyroidism, which include primary, transient, and secondary causes. Primary causes consist of autoimmune hypothyroidism, also known as Hashimotos thyroiditis, or...
An analysis of the inhibition of β-amylase by urea

Abstract The rate of hydrolysis of starch, catalyzed by crystallized sweet potato β-amylase, has been measured by using various initial concentrations of starch and at concentrations of urea up to 3.15 M. The inhibition by urea was shown to be noncompetitive and reversible, at least at lower urea concentrations. Although an analysis based on simple mass law considerations indicated that the formation of the inactive complex involved the association of about 1.7 urea molecules with each enzyme molecule or catalytically active site, the experimental results did not support the assumption that a single species of enzyme-urea complex is formed when inactivation occurs. An equation was derived which appears to describe the data, and which assumes the successive combination of one, two, and more urea molecules with the enzyme or enzyme-substrate compound. The dissociation constants for the first, second, and third such inactive complexes have been estimated. Data in the literature on the urea inhibition of Cypridina luciferase and yeast invertase have been analyzed in the same way.
Mass transit trends and the role of unlimited access in transportation demand management

Abstract Current statistics regarding mass transit reveal transportation problems that can be addressed through comprehensive transportation demand management (TDM). Central to TDM is a public transit pass incentive program known as Unlimited Access. The discount bus pass program is shown to be an effective way of dealing with traffic congestion, parking shortages, and broader transportation issues. This study evaluates current transportation practices and policies, specifically the costs and benefits of parking versus the application of Unlimited Access programs at American universities. Case studies from universities in Utah illustrate national transportation problems, and demonstrate the potential to increase transit ridership.
Rebuilding Mathematically: A Study of the Rebuilding of Lisbon and London

In 1666, the City of London burned to the ground in what has become known as the “Great Fire of London”. In 1755, just 89 years later, Lisbon was destroyed by an earthquake. Throughout this time period Lisbon and London were joined by extensive commercial ties and there are several interesting parallels between the rebuilding of these two great cities. Both processes were led by individuals deeply committed to modernization and the use of the scientific method as a part of reconstruction. At the time of the 1666 London fire, calculus was being discovered in Europe and there were early attempts to create mathematical models for the properties of materials. By 1755, the elasticity of beams was reasonably well understood and some of the first seismically engineered structures were built in Lisbon. This paper examines some of the similarities and differences between how London and Lisbon were reconstructed and the role that mathematics and engineering played in their reconstruction.
A New Look at the Effective Schools Literature

There are limits to the "more effective schools" research. "Teaching to the test" may, paradoxically, result in attenuated education.
Litterati, Spirituales, and Lay Christians According to Otloh of Saint Emmeram

It seems somewhat paradoxical that at the very time in the eleventh century when laity and clergy were most critical of the corrupt and decadent life led in many monasteries throughout Europe, one should find among reformers the most exaggerated claims for the benefits of monastic life. Peter Damian (1007–1072), one of the most ardent and indefatigable monastic reformers, provides ample evidence of this paradox.
Going and Passing Through Community Colleges: Examining the Effectiveness of Project Lead The Way in STEM Pathways

Project Lead The Way (PLTW), which aims to create a seamless pathway from secondary education to college and career success in STEM fields, was first implemented in the state of Iowa in 2005. As a part of a statewide, longitudinal research in PLTW, this study explores the effectiveness of PLTW in college persistence by analyzing multiple data sources to examine multiple educational pathways of PLTW and non-PLTW students into higher education. Data sources included the state's K–12, community college Management Information System, and National Student Clearinghouse. More specifically, this study looks at patterns of students' educational mobility within two years after high school graduation.
Fatigability of the dorsiflexors and associations among multiple domains of motor function in young and old adults

Declines in neuromuscular function, including measures of mobility, muscle strength, steadiness, and patterns of muscle activation, accompany advancing age and are often associated with reduced quality of life and mortality. Paradoxically, older adults are less fatigable than young adults in some tasks. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of age on fatigability of the dorsiflexors and to evaluate the ecological validity of this test by comparing it to motor function subdomains known to decline with advancing age. The community-dwelling older adults (n=52, 75.2±6.0years) were more fatigable than young adults (n=26, 22.2±3.7years), as assessed by endurance time for supporting a submaximal load (20% of one-repetition maximum; 1-RM) with an isometric contraction of the dorsiflexor muscles (8.9±0.6min and 15.5±0.9min, p<0.001), including participants matched for 1-RM load and sex (Y: 13.3±4.0min, O: 8.5±6.1min, n=11 pairs, 6 women, p<0.05). When the older adults were separated into two groups (65-75 and 76-90years), however, only endurance time for the oldest group was less than that for the other two groups (p<0.01). All measures of motor function were significantly correlated (all p<0.05) with dorsiflexor endurance time for the older adults, and multiple regression analysis revealed that the variance in endurance time was most closely associated with age, steadiness, and knee flexor strength (R(2)=0.50, p<0.001). These findings indicate that dorsiflexor fatigability provides a valid biomarker of motor function in older adults.
Calculational and experimental investigations of the pressure effects on radical-radical cross combination reactions: C2H5+C2H3.

Pressure-dependent product yields have been experimentally determined for the cross-radical reaction C2H5 + C2H3. These results have been extended by calculations. It is shown that the chemically activated combination adduct, 1-C4H8*, is either stabilized by bimolecular collisions or subject to a variety of unimolecular reactions including cyclizations and decompositions. Therefore the “apparent” combination/disproportionation ratio exhibits a complex pressure dependence. The experimental studies were performed at 298 K and at selected pressures between about 4 Torr (0.5 kPa) and 760 Torr (101 kPa). Ethyl and vinyl radicals were simultaneously produced by 193 nm excimer laser photolysis of C2H5COC2H3 or photolysis of C2H3Br and C2H5COC2H5. Gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry/flame ionization detection (GC/MS/FID) were used to identify and quantify the final reaction products. The major combination reactions at pressures between 500 (66.5 kPa) and 760 Torr are (1c) C2H5 + C2H3 → 1-butene, (2c) C2H5 + C2H5 ...
Genetic determinants of bone mass do not relate with breast cancer risk in US white and African-American women.

The association between high bone mass and increased breast cancer risk has been established. Identification of polymorphisms and the resultant variant receptors suggests the possibility of differential effects on hormone responsive genes when complexed with the hormones. Both estrogen receptor-α (ER) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms have been associated with bone density. Thus, we examined these polymorphisms for association with increased breast cancer risk among US African-American and white women. A case–control study was conducted to measure ER and VDR polymorphisms and radial bone mineral density (BMD) in African-American and white women, and to examine the association between polymorphisms, bone density and breast cancer risk. Genotypes and bone density were obtained from 412 women (220 cases and 192 controls, with equal distribution between the two ethnic groups). We found no evidence for an association between either the ER or VDR genotypes and breast cancer risk. Also, there was no difference in the risk of breast cancer by genotypes after adjusting for ethnicity. The addition of age, sex and ethnicity-specific BMD (Z-scores) did not significantly change the odds ratio for breast cancer. Our data suggest that the polymorphisms investigated had no effect on risk of breast cancer in this population. Thus, we found no evidence to support our hypothesis that breast cancer cases and controls would have a different distribution of ER and VDR genotypes. Furthermore, the polymorphisms were not associated with differences in bone mass and its relationship with breast cancer risk.
New guidelines for topical NSAIDs in the osteoarthritis treatment paradigm

AbstractBackground:Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of arthritis, often affects hands, hips, and knees and involves an estimated 26.9 million US adults. Women have a higher prevalence of OA, and the risk of developing OA increases with age, obesity, and joint malalignment. OA typically presents with pain and reduced function. Therapeutic programs are often multimodal and must take into account pharmaceutical toxicities and patient comorbidities. For example, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are associated with cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and renal adverse events. Topical NSAIDs offer efficacy with reduced systemic drug exposure.Research design and methodsThis is a review of current guideline recommendations regarding the use of topical NSAIDs in OA of the hand and knee. Articles were identified by PubMed search (January 1, 2000 to May 21, 2010).Results:Several current guidelines for management of OA recommend topical NSAIDs, indicating them as a safe and effective treatment. On...
Catholic NGOs following the 1995 referendum on divorce in the Republic of Ireland

This article examines patterns of political, social, and economic change within the Republic of Ireland that led to passage of the 1995 Referendum of Divorce. It also looks at this policy’s impact on public and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that provide court-related services. Because the passing of the referendum is in many ways a reflection on the changing role of the Catholic church in public life, considerable attention is granted to the evolving nature of this institution, from policymaker to service provider. Implications include how Catholic NGOs partner with public institutions in providing services to families experiencing divorce. T HIS ARTICLE examines patterns of political, social, and economic change within the Republic of Ireland that led to passage of the 1995 Referendum of Divorce. A particular focus is given to how the passing of this referendum is indicative of the changing role of the Catholic church within the island country’s public life, especially with regard to the religious institution’s influence over policymakers. Since the 1920s, Catholic church leaders have gone from primary consultants for policymakers to taking great pains to avoid the appearance of interfering in political matters (Schmitt, 2004). Despite the loss of political capital the Catholic church endured through the passing of the Divorce Act and related social policies, Catholic nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) expanded their service delivery to divorcing families following the referendum. New service delivery strategies for families affected by divorce were partly made possible through government grants to these religiously affiliated NGOs. In addition to investigating the patterns of change that led to the passing of the 1995 referendum, this article describes how the church, through its human service NGOs, is a phoenix rising from the ashes.
Reaching Your Highest Personal Potential

Thirty years ago, IEEE Potentials was initiated as a new IEEE student magazine. The title was selected to indicate that a major objective of the magazine was to encourage you to achieve your highest personal potential level of success. Though your focus is on your formal academic opportunities, you will achieve greater career success when you look beyond the present and start planning your future now.
Neonatal oxygen exposure alters airway hyper-responsiveness but not the response to allergen challenge in adult mice.

Background Infants born prematurely are often treated with supplemental oxygen, which can increase their risk for airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), asthma, reduced lung function, and altered responses to respiratory viral infections later in childhood. Likewise, exposure of newborn mice to hyperoxia alters baseline pulmonary mechanics and the host response to influenza A virus infection in adult mice. Here, we use this mouse model to test the hypothesis that neonatal hyperoxia also promotes AHR and exacerbated allergen-induced symptoms in adult mice. Methods Baseline lung mechanics and AHR measured by methacholine provocation were assessed in adult male and female mice exposed to room air or 100% oxygen (hyperoxia) between post-natal days 0–4. AHR and lung inflammation were evaluated after adult female mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) plus alum and challenged with aerosolized OVA. Results Baseline lung compliance increased and resistance decreased in adult female, but not male, mice exposed to neonatal hyperoxia compared with siblings exposed to room air. Neonatal hyperoxia significantly enhanced methacholine-induced AHR in female mice, but did not affect allergen-induced AHR to methacholine or lung inflammation. Conclusion Increased incidence of AHR and asthma is reported in children born prematurely and exposed to supplemental oxygen. Our findings in adult female mice exposed to hyperoxia as neonates suggest that this AHR reported in children born prematurely may reflect non-atopic wheezing due to intrinsic structural changes in airway development.
Ultrastructure of a Feeding Peg and Tube Associated With Rotylenchul Us Reniformis in Cotton

Ultrastructural studies of Rotylenchulus reniformis feeding on cotton roots revealed: 1) the tip of the nematode stylet was inserted into the prosyncyte or initial syncytial cell (ISC); 2) the stylet tip was covered by a cell wall-like feeding peg apparently formed by the ISC in response to stylet penetration and/or nematode feeding; 3) the lumen of the stylet was continuous with that of the feeding tube at the stylet aperture; 4) the feeding tube and feeding peg appear to be lasting structures associated with feeding by R. reniformis; and 5) the feeding peg and feeding tube appear to be mostly of plant and of nematode origin, respectively. The differences between R. reniformis feeding peg and Heterodera glycines feeding plug formation are discussed. Key Words: prosyncyte, initial syncytial cell, Gossypium hirsutum, G. arboreum, endoplasmic reticulum, feeding peg, feeding plug, reniform nematodes, feeding tube, Heterodera glycines.
Short-term nerve stimulation increases enkephalin production and content in the guinea pig myenteric plexus

Methionine-enkephalin content in the guinea pig myenteric plexus was determined before and after acute, short-term electrical or chemical stimulation. Stimulation at 20 Hz for 30 s or exposure to high potassium, the calcium channel agonist, CGP28 392, or the narcotic antagonist, (-)-naloxone, resulted in a significant increase in the content of myenteric methionine-enkephalin. The increase produced by electrical stimulation is dependent upon functional sodium channels and the presence of extracellular calcium. These results indicate that tissue levels of enkephalin are not fixed but can fluctuate in response to nerve stimulation and suggest a mechanism whereby the rate of production of this opioid peptide is coupled to neuronal activity. Furthermore, the ability of (-)-naloxone but not (+)-naloxone to almost double myenteric enkephalin content suggests that the neurons in which this increase occurs are under tonic modulation (direct or indirect) by opioids.
Fenfluramine and fluoxetine spare protein consumption while suppressing caloric intake by rats

The effects of fenfluramine and other sanorectic drugs on the consumption of both protein and total calories by rats given simultaneous access to two isocaloric diets containing 5 or 45 percent casein were examined. Anorectic doses of fenfluramine failed to decrease protein intake but increased the proportion of total dietary calories represented by protein. In contrast, anorectic doses of d-amphetamine decreased protein and calorie consumption proportionately. Subanorectic doses of fenfluramine also increased the proportion of caloric intake represented by protein among animals given prior treatment with the serotonin precursor tryptophan. Fluoxetine, a drug that blocks reuptake of serotonin, similarly spared protein consumption while reducing caloric intake. These observations indicate that two distinct brain mechanisms, sensitive to different drugs, underlie the elective consumption of protein and calories.
Patterns, Probabilities, and People: Making Sense of Quantitative Change in Complex Systems

The learning sciences community has made significant progress in understanding how people think and learn about complex systems. But less is known about how people make sense of the quantitative patterns and mathematical formalisms often used to study these systems. In this article, we make a case for attending to and supporting connections between the behavior of complex systems, and the quantitative and mathematical descriptions. We introduce a framework to examine how students connect the behavioral and quantitative aspects of complex systems and use it to analyze interviews with 11 high school students as they interacted with an agent-based simulation that produces simple exponential-like population growth. Although the students were comfortable describing many connections between the simulation’s behavior and the quantitative patterns it generated, we found that they did not readily describe connections between individual behaviors and patterns of change. Case studies suggest that these missed connec...
An Analysis of the Latin American Wireless Telecommunications Market Portfolios of Telefonica and America Movil

In response to slowing growth, intensifying competition in their traditional wireless voice, text markets with an eye toward increasing revenues from offering a bundle of mobile and fixed-line voice, data, text, and video services to subscribers, management at Telefonica and America Movil have restructured their companies and reconsidered their internationalization strategies. This paper focuses on the two companies' Latin American wireless market portfolios, providing background on why these reorganizational and strategic actions were taken. In particular, the paper compares the portfolios with respect to their market attractiveness and competitive positions in 2008 relative to 2002 on both an overall average and degree of variance basis across the markets in the portfolios. The portfolio analysis technique employed in the paper may have wider applicability for formulating corporate strategy.
Managing hereditary ovarian cancer risk

Ovarian cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in American women. About 10% of cases are thought to have a hereditary basis, and family history is the strongest known risk factor. In the past, prophylactic oophorectomy has been advocated for women with two or more affected first-degree relatives. More recently, with the identification of the genes responsible for most hereditary ovarian cancers (BRCA1, BRCA2), oophorectomy can now be offered specifically to women who are mutation carriers. Conversely, noncarriers in these families can be reassured that their risk of ovarian cancer is not increased. The value of oophorectomy in mutation carriers has not yet been proven, however, and concern exists that the benefit may be less than intuitively expected. First, although the lifetime risk of ovarian cancer initially was reported to be as high as 60%, more recent studies have suggested risks in the range of 15 to 30%. A better understanding of the factors that underlie variable penetrance in mutation carriers is needed to augment our ability to counsel individual women. In addition, peritoneal papillary serous carcinoma indistinguishable from ovarian cancer occurs in some women after oophorectomy. Studies that better define the frequency with which this occurs are needed to establish the magnitude of the protective effect conferred by prophylactic oophorectomy. In view of the uncertainty regarding the efficacy of prophylactic oophorectomy, chemopreventive and early detection approaches also deserve consideration as strategies for decreasing ovarian cancer mortality in women who carry mutations in ovarian cancer susceptibility genes.
EDUCATION IN A GLOBAL SOCIETY: MEETING THE NEEDS OF CHILDREN IN A SOCIALLY TOXIC WORLD

The education of future generations of citizens is the one common theme that connects otherwise culturally, linguistically, ethnically, and politically diverse communities and countries in an increasingly global society. Social systems foster socially toxic environments, instilling a culture of fear while ignoring the importance of preparing youth for advanced citizenship in a global civil society. The author examines the role of education in relation to global events and explores the purposes of education in meeting the needs of tomorrow's children in an evolving, global society. Specifically, education is examined in relation to creating a safe and socially just society.
Measuring electrical components of lithium ion battery at different states of charge

Abstract Equations that describe the voltage variations with time of rechargeable batteries during charging and discharging measurements are used to determine the component values of the equivalent circuit of lithium ion batteries as the battery state of charge (SOC) changes from 100% to 40% SOC. The battery is described as an ideal voltage source in series with a resistor and the parallel combination of a resistor and a capacitor. The model uses different values of resistance and capacitance, in the parallel combination, during the different phases of the discharge-rest–charge-rest sequence. For the 3.7 V 900 mA-hour camera battery resistances vary from 0.01 Ω to 0.39 Ω and capacitances from 1.03 F to 16.23 F. The resistances are higher at 40% SOC than at 100% SOC. For both the charge and discharge phases the capacitor value decreases as the SOC decreases. The component values are useful in the design of circuits driven by the lithium ion battery.
A spectrophotometer for measuring liquid attenuation lengths at wavelengths between 400 and 600 nm

Abstract We describe the design and operation of a 1 m long spectrophotometer for measuring liquid attenuation lengths using light having wavelengths between 400 and 600 nm. By utilizing a blue light emitting diode and a lens focusing system, we are able to measure attenuation lengths from less than 1 m to above 30 m.
To Add or Not To Add Polysorbate 80: Impact on Colistin MICs for Clinical Strains of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Quality Controls

Colistin adherence to plastics can be diminished by adding a surfactant, i.e., polysorbate 80. Incorporating polysorbate 80 resulted in 3 twofold and 2 twofold modal MIC decreases for Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. The reproducibility of the quality controls (QCs) with and without polysorbate 80 supports the use of Escherichia coli strain 25922 and P. aeruginosa strain 27853.
Determinants of the structure of U.S. foreign trade, 1958–1976

Abstract The Heckscher-Ohlin model with three direct-factor inputs is borne out for U.S. net exports of manufactures in annual cross-section regressions for 1958–1976. The coefficient on unskilled labor became significantly more negative over the period, and there is evidence that the negative sign on physical capital may reflect the inclusion of natural resource industries. Further analysis based upon 1960 and 1970 census years suggests the importance as well of skill and technological variables. Calculations of the total factor requirements of U.S. trade uphold the Leontief paradox for 1958 but not for 1972.
Success Factors for Offshore Information System Development

AbstractThis paper investigates key factors affecting the success of small to medium organizations providing offshore software development, usually to companies in the United States. Five success factor groups (people factors, technical infrastructure, client interface, business infrastructure, and regulatory interface) with a total of 31 critical success factors were identified through a literature review. The critical success factors were assessed for importance by surveying individuals in organizations that outsource system development or that provide system development services. The survey found that the critical success factors of workers’ skills, client knowledge, trust in the client-outsourcer relationship, telecommunications, and intellectual property protection are the most critical to the success of offshore software development outsourcers. Somewhat surprising was that cost was not the most critical success factor. The paper concludes with a discussion on the implications of these findings to o...
Determination of serum catalase activity on a centrifugal analyzer by an NADP/NADPH coupled enzyme reaction system.

We developed a simple, kinetic method for the determination of catalase activity in which i) the enzyme catalyzes the peroxidation of ethanol by hydrogen peroxide to acetaldehyde and water, and ii) the acetaldehyde so formed is rapidly oxidized to acetic acid and NADPH by the addition of an excess of NADP + and aldehyde dehydrogenase. The rate of NADPH production was monitored at 340 nm in a COBAS centrifugal analyzer. The reaction was linear to 800 U/L or a ΔA of 0.020/min. Using human serum pools containing 80 and 460 U/L of peroxidase activity, the within-run coefficients of variation (CV) were 1.9 and 1.3%, respectively. Between-run CV values were 5% for both pools. The reference range for sera from 72 males and 52 females was 23 to 158 U/L (mean + 2 SD ) by log normal transformation. The activity in red cells was 600 U/g hemoglobin but did not change the reference range appreciably provided that serum without visible hemolysis was used. Preliminary observations on sera from nine patients with various pancreatic disorders showed a poor correlation between the activities of catalase (peroxidase) and amylase in serum. The reasons for this discrepancy are under investigation.
Design of diffractive elements at millimeter wavelengths using subwavelength cylindrical microstructures

We describe a design methodology for synthesizing diffractive elements based on two-dimensional subwavelength cylindrical microstructures. We combine a numerical and experimental approach to demonstrate that by varying the diameter, pitch, and depth of subwavelength cylindrical occlusions in a homogenous substrate it is possible to produce multiphase diffractive elements. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 1880–1884, 2007; Published online in Wiley Inter-Science (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22571
Mathematical model for cyclocytidine pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of the drug cyclocytidine in humans were modeled by using a physiological and anatomical approach. Each pertinent tissue is represented by a single compartment, and these compartments are linked together by the circulatory system. Each compartment is then represented by an ordinary differential equation that represents the rate of change in drug concentration as a function of convecting transport, metabolism, and urinary clearance. The models for cyclocytidine and cytarabine are linked together by a hydrolysis term in each equation set. The resulting equation sets are then solved numerically to predict the concentration of both drug species in situ. The models use physiological blood flows, tissue volumes, and clearance parameters. The results of the model show that cyclocytidine can act as a reservoir for cytarabine in vivo over the time studied. This effect is confined to relatively long times and relatively low plasma concentrations.
Sex differences in in vivo concentration of labeled 1-thyroxine by rat liver.

Summary1. When labeled 1-thyroxine was given to rats, the concentration of “hormonal” (TCA-precipitable) radioactivity in liver was significantly greater in the female than in the male. 2. Castration did not alter these findings in either the male or female. The administration of estrogens to normal males and to castrated females, and the administration of androgens to normal females and castrated males were also without effect. However, hypophysectomy in females lowered values to those in normal or hypophysectomized males. 3. No significant difference in the radioactivity of kidney, blood, skeletal muscle and G.I. tract were found after 1-thyroxine administration, nor were urinary, fecal, or bile excretion rates of radioactivity significantly different. 4. Following administration of labeled 3,5,3' 1-triiodothyronine, no consistent differences in liver conncentration between male and female were found. 5. The mechanism responsible for the difference in the “thyroxine” concentration in the liver of male a...
Vortex Dynamics of Synthetic Jets: A Computational and Experimental Investigation

Seamless advancements in electronics industry resulted in high performance computing. These innovations lead to smaller electronics systems with higher heat fluxes than ever. However, shrinking nature of real estate for thermal management has created a need for more effective and compact cooling solutions. Novel cooling techniques have been of interest to solve the demand. One such technology that functions with the principle of creating vortex rings is called synthetic jets. The jets are meso-scale devices operating as zero-net-mass-flux principle by ingesting and ejection of high velocity working fluid from a single opening. These devices produce periodic jet streams, which may have peak velocities over 20 times greater than conventional, comparable size fan velocities. Those jets enhance heat transfer in both natural and forced convection significantly over bare and extended surfaces. Recognizing the heat transfer physics over surfaces require a fundamental understanding of the flow physics caused by micro fluid motion. A comprehensive computational and experimental study has been performed to understand the flow physics of a synthetic jet. Computational study has been performed via Fluent commercial software, while the experimental study has been performed by using Laser Doppler Anemometry. Since synthetic jets are typical sine-wave excited between 20 and 60 V range, they have an orifice peak velocity of over 60 m/s, resulting in a Reynolds number of 2000. CFD predictions on the vortex dipole location fall within 10% of the experimental measurement uncertainty band.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Intranets as Part of an E-Business Strategy

Summary form only given. This paper provides an overview of one the fastest growing segments of the Web environment - the Intranet. Discussions include what an Intranet is (definition), its uses and benefits (both general and specific), its challenges and critical issues (both organizational and technical), as well as future trends (both short-term and mid- to long-term). In addition, throughout this paper the position and vital role the Intranet plays as part of a company's e-Business strategy is highlighted. The same concepts and technologies of the Internet, such as clients and servers, are used to build an Intranet. HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) and other Internet protocols, especially FTP (File Transfer Protocol) and SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), which is often used for email, are commonly utilized as well.
Labeling of Metabolic Pools by [6-14C]Glucose during K+-Induced Stimulation of Glucose Utilization in Rat Brain:

[6-14C]Glucose is the tracer sometimes recommended to assay cerebral glucose utilization (CMRglc) during transient or brief functional activations, but when used to study visual stimulation and sei...
Who is becoming hallucinogen dependent soon after hallucinogen use starts

Abstract This study, based upon epidemiological survey data from the United States (U.S.) National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) from 2000 to 2001, presents new estimates for the risk of developing a hallucinogen dependence syndrome within 24 months after first use of any hallucinogen (median elapsed time ∼12 months). Subgroup variations in risk of becoming hallucinogen dependent also are explored. Estimates are derived from the NHSDA representative samples of non-institutionalized U.S. residents ages 12 and older (n = 114,241). A total of 2035 respondents had used hallucinogens for the first time within 24 months prior to assessment. An estimated 2–3% of these recent-onset hallucinogen users had become dependent on hallucinogens, according to the NHSDA DSM-IV computerized diagnostic algorithm. Controlling for sociodemographic and other drug use covariates, very early first use of hallucinogens (age 10–11 years) is associated with increased risk of hallucinogen dependence (p
A macroeconomic model for centrally planned economies

Abstract Aggregate analysis of centrally planned economies suffers from the absence of a theoretical framework. The purpose of this paper is to supply such a framework. We develop a dynamic disequilibrium model which traces out the effects of planners' decisions. The model focuses on how current period decisions affect the development of opportunities over time. We show how cycles may develop under central planning with rational expectations and discuss some extensions.
Update on the use of dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation among women with diminished ovarian function.

Objective We assessed the role of DHEA supplementation on pregnancy rates in women with diminished ovarian function.
Molecular analysis of original antigenic sin. I. Clonal selection, somatic mutation, and isotype switching during a memory B cell response.

To determine how the memory B cell population elicited to one epitope might be used in immune responses to other, structurally related epitopes, we explored the phenomenon of original antigenic sin. Strain A/J mice reproducibly respond to immunization with p-azophenylarsonate (Ars) by production of anti-Ars antibodies encoded predominantly by a single VH gene segment (VHIdCR). The structural analogue of Ars p-azophenylsulfonate (Sulf) fails alone to elicit such V regions, but can do so in A/J mice previously immunized with Ars, providing a means to specifically examine B cells capable of responding secondarily to a crossreactive antigen (i.e., memory cells). VHIdCR-expressing hybridomas were derived from the Ars-primed, Sulf-boosted original antigenic sin response of A/J mice at various times after Ars priming, and the properties of the antibodies they express and the structure of the genes encoding these antibodies were characterized. The data obtained support the following conclusions: (a) The Ars-induced memory B cell population capable of being crossreactively stimulated by Sulf is largely formed from a small fraction of all B cells participating in the anti-Ars primary response that express somatically mutated V regions; (b) the antibody repertoire and clonal composition of this population are stable over long periods of time; (c) memory B cells are capable of clonal expansion in the absence of a high rate of V gene somatic mutation; (d) the activation requirements for clonal selection of memory, versus naive B cells appear to differ; and (e) a major fraction of Ars-induced memory B cells express either IgM or IgG3 prior to and during the initial stages of the sin response.
Volatile Cucumis melo components: Identification of additional compounds and effects of storage conditions

Abstract Additional volatile compounds were isolated from muskmelon fruit by means of a water recycling apparatus, separated by GLC, and identified principally by MS and GLC retention data. Compounds reported for the first time as melon components are: n -hexanol, 1-octen-3-ol, cis -3-nonen-1-ol, n -butyl acetate, iso butyl acetate, 2-methylbutyl acetate, n -hexyl acetate, ethyl n -butyrate, ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, benzyl acetate, β-phenethyl acetate, and γ-phenylpropyl acetate. Muskmelon fruit stored frozen prior to steam distillation-extraction yielded an essence which, when compared with that obtained from freshly harvested fruit, contained considerably larger amounts of trans -2-nonenal, n -nonanol, cis -3-nonen-1-ol, cis -6-nonen-1-ol, and the methyl and ethyl esters of linoleic and linolenic acids. Marked decreases in the relative amounts of benzyl acetate, β-phenethyl acetate, and γ-phenylpropyl acetate resulted from freezing. All 21 compounds examined were present in the essences prepared from fresh, refrigerated, and frozen fruit.
Characterization of butyrate-dependent electroneutral Na-Cl absorption in the rat distal colon

Recent studies have established that mucosal butyrate stimulates electroneutral sodium-chloride (NaCl) absorption in the distal colon of the rat and a model in which Na-hydrogen (H) and Cl-butyrate exchanges are coupled has been proposed as the mechanism of butyrate-dependent electroneutral Na-Cl absorption. These studies were designed to examine butyrate-dependent electroneutral Na-Cl absorption in experimental conditions in which HCO3-dependent electroneutral Na-Cl absorption is inhibited: in Na-depleted (aldosterone-treated) animals and in the presence of increased mucosal cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Butyrate-dependent electroneutral Na-Cl absorption was markedly reduced in Na-depleted rats. In contrast, the inhibition of both net Na and net Cl absorption by 5 mM serosal theophylline was significantly less in butyrate-containing, HCO3-free Ringer solution than in butyrate-free-HCO3-containing Ringer solution. These studies indicate that cyclic AMP does not inhibit butyrate-dependent electroneutral Na-Cl absorption and we propose that the mechanism of cyclic AMP inhibition of HCO3-dependent electroneutral Na-Cl absorption may be a result of its inhibition of Cl-HCO3, not Na-H exchange.
Effectiveness of monthly IV Iron maintenance regimen for chronic hemodialysis patients

Iron supplementation is needed for renal failure patients receiving erythropoietin therapy for anemia. Administering IV iron on a regular basis may be better in maintaining body iron stores than supplementation on an as needed basis. We conducted this retrospective study to compare the effectiveness of regular maintenance (RM) over intermittent supplementation (IS). 16 chronic hemodialysis patients were given RM after receiving IS. Clinical and laboratory parameters related to iron supplementation and anemia therapy were obtained at 4-week intervals for 72 weeks for each regimen. RM consisted of 125mg of iron as sodium ferric gluconate given IV once or twice monthly while IS consisted of courses of 500mg or 1g (infused 125 mg/dialysis). Mean doses of iron for RM and IS phases were 41.0±6.4 and 42.5±14.0 mg/week, respectively (p=NS). Mean Hgb, serum iron, TIBC and TSAT remained stable throughout the 72 weeks and no significant differences were found between the regimens. The mean ferritin levels were higher for RM than IS (429.2±50.1 vs 229.4±31.7, p<0.0001) while the mean EPO doses needed to maintain Hgb of about 11.0 g/dL were significantly lower in RM phase than IS (12,892±1,974 vs 14,622±2,007 units/week, p=0.008). Results of this study demonstrate that monthly IV administration of 125–250 mg of iron is superior to as needed replacement for maintaining body iron stores and enhancing response to erythropoietin therapy. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P62–P62; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.237
Neutrophil chemiluminescence and opsonic fibronectin levels following blunt trauma.

Abstract Trauma is known to result in depression of opsonic fibronectin levels as well as abnormalities in neutrophil function. Neutrophil oxidative metabolism, important for bactericidal activity, has not been investigated following injury. Since fibronectin has been reported to increase neutrophil chemiluminescence (CL), we examined the relationship between neutrophil oxidative metabolism (as measured by chemiluminescence) and opsonic fibronectin levels following blunt trauma. Sera from 11 nonseptic and 9 eventually septic-trauma patients were studied. Normal neutrophils incubated in septic-trauma serum had decreased CL responses compared to incubation in nonseptic serum (P
Behavior of Slender, Posttensioned Masonry Walls under Transverse Loading

A conceptual model of the response of slender, posttensioned masonry walls to uniformly distributed, transverse loading is introduced and verified through an experimental program. To validate the model, 12 simply supported 3.54 m (11.6 ft) tall walls with 810×100 mm (32×4 in.) cross sections were tested under monotonically increasing transverse (i.e., out-of-plane lateral) loads. Six walls were built using cored clay brick, and the remaining six using hollow concrete block. The walls were posttensioned using threaded steel bars with six walls featuring “unrestrained” tendons (i.e., neither grout nor mechanical devices were used to restrain the bars), while the other six had “restrained” bars (i.e., mechanical devices were used to restrain the bars relative to the masonry), and three magnitudes of effective prestress were investigated. Initial response to transverse loads was linear, but cracking was observed over a broad range of loading. The response of the wall specimens is traced through crack propagat...
Substitution and Reduction of Platinum(IV) Complexes by a Nucleotide, Guanosine 5'-Monophosphate.

A series of PtIV anticancer complexes with different reduction potentials has been investigated for their reactivity toward 5‘-guanosine monophosphate (5‘-GMP). The PtIV complexes studied were PtIV(trans-d,l)(1,2-(NH2)2C6H10)Cl4 (tetraplatin, PtIV(dach)Cl4; dach = diaminocyclohexane), cis,trans,cis-[PtIV((CH3)2CHNH2)2(OH)2Cl2] (iproplatin, PtIV(ipa)2(OH)2Cl2; ipa = isopropylamine), cis,trans,cis-[PtIV(en)(OH)2Cl2] (PtIV(en)(OH)2Cl2; en = ethylenediamine), PtIV(en)Cl4, and cis,trans,cis-[PtIV(en)(OCOCH3)2Cl2] (PtIV(en)(OCOCH3)2Cl2). The reactivity was monitored by the decreased 1H NMR peak intensity at 8.2 ppm due to H8 of free 5‘-GMP and the increased intensity of a new peak around 8.6 ppm due to H8 of 5‘-GMP bound to PtII. The reactivity followed the order of cathodic reduction potentials of the PtIV complexes: PtIV(dach)Cl4 (−90 mV) ≫ PtIV(en)Cl4 (−160 mV) > PtIV(en)(OCOCH3)2Cl2 (−546 mV) > PtIV(ipa)2(OH)2Cl2 (−730 mV). The most reactive complex, PtIV(dach)Cl4, showed an additional weak peak at 9.2 ppm...
An examination of psychoticism and motion capture controls as moderators of the effects of violent video games

The current study examined the potential moderating effects of motion capture technology and participants' own level of psychoticism on their hostility and aggressive thoughts after playing violent video games. A total of 118 participants (68 females, 50 males) first completed a measure of psychoticism and then played either a violent video game or a non-violent video game using either a traditional controller or motion capture controls. Immediately after the video game play period, participants' current level of hostility and aggressive cognitions were assessed using self-report questionnaires. Results indicated that the use of motion capture controls did not increase the negative effects of violent video games. However, participants with elevated levels of psychoticism were much more affected by violent video games than other participants. Such findings suggest that only some individuals are adversely affected by violent video games and that those who are affected have preexisting dispositions which make them susceptible to such violent media.
Localization of sites of interaction between p23 and Hsp90 in solution.

The co-chaperone p23 forms a complex with the chaperone Hsp90 that mediates the folding pathway leading to the production of functional steroid receptors. Solution NMR spectroscopy has been used to characterize sites of interaction between Hsp90 and p23. Titration of p23 with Hsp90 results in the selective broadening of certain cross-peaks in the 15N-1H heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) spectrum. The interaction sites on p23 and Hsp90 have been localized by dissection of Hsp90 into single-domain and two-domain constructs. The N-terminal (N) domain of Hsp90 does not affect the NMR spectrum of p23 either in the presence or absence of the ATP analogue ATPγS. Similarly, the HSQC spectrum of 15N-labeled N domain is unperturbed by the addition of p23. A subset of cross-peaks in the HSQC spectrum of p23 is shifted upon addition of the middle (M) domain of Hsp90, and the same shifts are observed upon the addition of the two-domain construct containing the N and M domains (NM). The addition of the co-chaperone Aha1, which is known to bind to the M domain of Hsp90, displaces p23 from Hsp90. The resonances that shift upon addition of the M and NM Hsp90 constructs correspond to those that were broadened at the lowest ratios of full-length Hsp90 to p23 and define an Hsp90 binding site that includes much of the C-terminal sequence of p23 together with a contiguous β-hairpin from the N terminus. We conclude that p23 forms a specific complex with Hsp90 primarily through binding to its middle domain.
Preliminary studies of the disposition of cerium in a glass-bonded sodalite waste form.

Argonne National Laboratory has developed an electrometallurgical treatment for DOE spent metallic nuclear fuel. Fission products are immobilized in a durable glass bonded sodalite ceramic waste form (CWF) suitable for long term storage in a geological repository. Cesium is estimated to be in the waste form at approximately 0.1 wt.%. The exact disposition of cesium was uncertain and it was believed to be uniformly distributed throughout the waste form. A correlation of X-ray diffractometry (XRD), electron microscopy (EM), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) performed on surrogate ceramic waste forms with high cesium loadings found a high cesium content in the glass phase and in several non-sodalite aluminosilicate phases. Cesium was not detected in the sodalite phase.