cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An assessment of molecular dynamic force fields for silica for use in simulating laser damage mitigation

We compare force fields (FF's) that have been used in molecular dynamic (MD) simulations of silica in order to assess their applicability for use in simulating IR-laser damage mitigation. Although pairwise FF?s obtained by fitting quantum mechanical calculations such as the BKS and CHIK potentials have been shown to reproduce many of the properties of silica including the stability of silica polymorphs and the densification of the liquid, we show that melting temperatures and fictive temperatures are much too high. Softer empirical force fields give liquid and glass properties at experimental temperatures but may not predict all properties important to laser mitigation experiments.
Terrestrial gamma ray flashes and lightning discharges

[1] Analysis of ELF/VLF broadband data from Palmer Station, Antarctica indicates that 76% Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) detected on the RHESSI spacecraft occur in association with lightning-generated radio atmospherics arriving from near the footprint of RHESSI and within a few ms of the TGF. The remaining TGFs are not associated with any radio atmospheric, thus by implication CG lightning. The peak currents of TGF-associated lightning discharges are often among the most intense from a given storm, with the degree of this association apparently varying between oceanic and land regions. The time-integrated ELF energy of the associated sferics (and thus the lightning charge moment) exhibit much less tendency to be large. Statistical analysis of the spread in arrival time suggests a ∼2 ms variance due to factors other than geometry and measurement error.
The evolutionary pattern of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis and the emerging phylogeny of pseudomonad bacteria

Pseudomonad bacterial are a phylogenetically diverse assemblage of species named within contemporary genera that includePseudomonas, Xanthomonas andAlcaligenes. Thus far, five distinct rRNA homology groups (Groups I through V) have been established by oligonucleotide cataloging and by rRNA/DNA hybridization. A pattern of enzymic features of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis (enzymological patterning) is conserved at the level of rRNA homology, five distinct and unambiguous patterns therefore existing in correspondence with the rRNA homology groups. We sorted 87 pseudomonad strains into Groups (and Subgroups) by aromatic pathway patterning. The reliability of this methodology was tested in a blind study using coded cultures of diverse pseudomonad organisms provided by American Type Culture Collection. Fourteen of 14 correct assignments were made at the Group level (the level of rRNA homology), and 12 of 14 correct assignments were made at the finer-tuned Subgroup levels. Many strains of unknown rRNA-homology affiliation had been placed into tentative rRNA groupings based upon enzymological patterning. Positive confirmation of such strains as members of the predicted rRNA homology groups was demonstrated by DNA/rRNA hybridization in nearly every case. It seems clear that the combination of these molecular approaches will make it feasible to deduce the evolution of biochemical-pathway construction and regulation in parallel with the emerging phylogenies of microbes housing these pathways.
Functorial products for GL2×GL3 and functorial symmetric cube for GL2

Abstract We prove that the functorial tensor product of cuspidal automorphic representations of GL2 and GL3 is an automorphic representation of GL6. As a consequence, we prove that the symmetric cube of a cuspidal automorphic representation of GL2 is an automorphic representation of GL4 which is in general cuspidal (conjectured by Langlands). We improve on present estimates for Ramanujan and Selberg conjectures on GL2, breaking the crucial 1/6 estimate.
Immunosuppressive Effect of Staphylococcus aureus Peptidoglycan on Antibody Response in Mice

Immunosuppressive effect of an adjuvant, Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan, on the primary IgM antibody response in mice was studied with application of the hemolytic plaque assay
Women's and Men's Expectations About the Effects of New Technology at Work:

This article compares the views of men and women employed in hourly production jobs regarding the effects of an innovation on their working conditions, their organization, and the rewards they rece...
Increased glucose utilization in superficial layers of the rat spinal dorsal horn during precipitated morphine withdrawal

The 2-deoxy-D-[1-14C]glucose method was used to map effects of morphine withdrawal on glucose utilization in the rat spinal cord. Naloxone (0.5 mg s.c.) given to morphinized rats (225 mg morphine over 7 days) produced a withdrawal syndrome, and increased glucose utilization in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn in the cervical and thoracic spinal cord. The findings are consistent with an increased input from small diameter primary afferent fibers during the morphine withdrawal syndrome.
Determination of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) load by RT-PCR and cellular dilution

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus which establishes life-long latency in the B-lymphocytes of infected individuals. Epstein-Barr virus is associated with Hodgkin's disease, AIDS-associated lymphoma and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). In PTLD, the onset of malignancy correlates with a rise in EBV load. The relationship between malignancy and EBV load in other EBV-associated malignancies is not known. Epstein-Bar virus latency is associated with the expression of a limited set of viral transcripts. The most numerous of these are the EBERs (Epstein-Barr early RNAs). The high copy number of the EBERs in each latently infected cell led the author to combine serial dilution of lymphocytes with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for EBER-1 as a means to rapidly quantitate EBV load. The highest viral load was seen in a bone marrow transplant patient, where one in 3906 lymphocytes harboured EBV. Elevated viral load was seen in two solid-organ transplant patients. Viral loads in healthy volunteers ranged from less than one in 1x10(6) to one in 6.25x10(4). Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for EBER-1 in serial lymphocyte dilutions should allow the relationship of EBV load and malignancy to be examined in a number of disease settings and should also provide a quantitative picture of the impact of anti-viral therapy.
A systems-level methodology for the analysis of inland waterway infrastructure disruptions

Inland waterways are vital to the Nation’s economic strength, and to the health and welfare of the American people. This paper describes an end-to-end systems analysis methodology for inland waterways that incorporates infrastructure interdependencies and cascading impacts due to loss of a key asset. The methodology leverages available Federal, State, and private-sector data, methods, tools, expertise, and existing studies to minimize duplication and ensure broad acceptance and applicability. The approach determined potential adverse scenarios and impacts upon directly affected assets (e.g., downtime of a lock, dam, or bridge), and identified industrial sites that would be affected by the loss of normal transport capability (e.g., loss of barge transport). Origin and destination information along an inland waterway was correlated with the port and dock locations of industrial sites. Practical alternative transportation modes and routes for each affected industrial site were identified, based on existing railheads and estimated alternative mode system surge capacity. Reasonable assumptions were developed and applied where specific data were unavailable, and consequences such as additional transportation costs, costs of transportation delays, jobs losses, and economic impacts on other sectors locally and regionally were determined for unique inland waterway facilities critical to the Illinois Waterway.
Low-temperature catalytic oxidation of aldehyde mixtures using wood fly ash: Kinetics, mechanism, and effect of ozone

Poultry rendering emissions contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are nuisance, odorous, and smog and particulate matter precursors. Present treatment options, such as wet scrubbers, do not eliminate a significant fraction of the VOCs emitted including, 2-methylbutanal (2-MB), 3-methylbutanal, and hexanal. This research investigated the low-temperature (25-160 degrees C) catalytic oxidation of 2-MB and hexanal vapors in a differential, plug flow reactor using wood fly ash (WFA) as a catalyst and oxygen and ozone as oxidants. The oxidation rates of 2-MB and hexanal ranged between 3.0 and 3.5 x 10(-9)mol g(-1)s(-1) at 25 degrees C and the activation energies were 2.2 and 1.9 kcal mol(-1), respectively. The catalytic activity of WFA was comparable to other commercially available metal and metal oxide catalysts. We theorize that WFA catalyzed a free radical reaction in which 2-butanone and CO(2) were formed as end products of 2-MB oxidation, while CO(2), pentanal, and butanal were formed as end products of hexanal oxidation. When tested as a binary mixture at 25 and 160 degrees C, no inhibition was observed. Additionally, when ozone was tested as an oxidant at 160 degrees C, 100% removal was achieved within a 2-s reaction time. These results may be used to design catalytic oxidation processes for VOC removal at poultry rendering facilities and potentially replace energy and water intensive air pollution treatment technologies currently in use.
Ammonia-induced injury in pure cultures and natural populations of coliform bacteria

Ammonia-induced injury was investigated in pure cultures of Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes, and in natural coliform populations obtained from the oligotrophic Luxapallila and the eutrophic Sunflower Rivers in northern Mississippi. Pure cultures were affected by ammonia exposure as indicated by changes in the injury ratio (IR) of CFU on m-T7 agar/CFU on m-Endo agar. Ammonia concentrations between 0 and 20 (mg NH3-N/1) had little or no effect and concentrations between 40 and 80 caused the greatest injury. Natural coliform populations from the oligotrophic river were more prone to ammonia-induced injury than those from the eutrophic river. The results stress the need for the routine use of m-T7 media and the enumeration of injured cells when using the membrane filter procedure to ascertain domestic water quality.
Fluid-Loaded Vibration due to a Non-Homogeneous Turbulent Boundary Layer

Flow-induced structural acoustics involves the study of the vibration of a structure induced by a fluid flow as well as the resulting sound generated and radiated by the motion of the structure. A thin rectangular, structure, non-fluid-loaded was excited by turbulent boundary layer flow. A method called magnitude-phase identification (MPI) is derived to measure modal information from a structure using only two-point measurements. Using MPI, the mode shapes and the auto-spectral density of vibration of each mode was measured and found to agree well with the theoretical values. When the non-fluid-loaded structure was excited with a spatially non-homogeneous wall pressure field or fluid-loaded structure was excited with a spatially homogeneous wall pressure field, the measured mode shapes were found to be the same as those predicted by theory. When a fluid-loaded structure was excited with a spatially non-homogeneous wall pressure field, the mode shapes were found to change. This suggests that standard modal analysis may not be sufficient to predict the vibration of fluid-loaded structures, as such theory assumes that the mode shapes of the structure are independent of the method by which the structure is excited.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Adrenalectomy via the dorsal approach: a benchmark for laparoscopic adrenalectomy.

AbstractPurpose: We reviewed our experience with posterior surgical excision of aldosteronomas.Materials and Methods: A retrospective review identified 40 consecutive cases performed by 1 surgeon.Results: Mean patient age was 46 years and mean blood loss was 237 cc. There was no perioperative mortality or intraoperative complications. Times to unassisted ambulation and return to a normal diet were 2.2 and 2.4 days, respectively, with a mean postoperative hospital stay of 4.4 days.Conclusions: The removal of aldosteronomas via the dorsal approach is a safe reliable technique with acceptable morbidity. These results provide a benchmark by which the results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy may be judged.
A WAVELET PACKETS TECHNIQUE FOR THE DETECTION OF ANOMALIES IN FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED INTERFEROGRAMS

A technique that integrates applications of wavelet packets and principal component analysis is developed. This technique is applied for the purpose of detecting anomalies in Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) interferograms. An experimental example is given to demonstrate the performance of this technique.
Laser-induced incandescence measurements of soot in turbulent pool fires.

We present what we believe to be the first application of the laser-induced incandescence (LII) technique to large-scale fire testing. The construction of an LII instrument for fire measurements is presented in detail. Soot volume fraction imaging from 2 m diameter pool fires burning blended toluene/methanol liquid fuels is demonstrated along with a detailed report of measurement uncertainty in the challenging pool fire environment. Our LII instrument relies upon remotely located laser, optical, and detection systems and the insertion of water-cooled, fiber-bundle-coupled collection optics into the fire plume. Calibration of the instrument was performed using an ethylene/air laminar diffusion flame produced by a Santoro-type burner, which allowed for the extraction of absolute soot volume fractions from the LII images. Single-laser-shot two-dimensional images of the soot layer structure are presented with very high volumetric spatial resolution of the order of 10−5 cm3. Probability density functions of the soot volume fraction fluctuations are constructed from the large LII image ensembles. The results illustrate a highly intermittent soot fluctuation field with potentially large macroscale soot structures and clipped soot probability densities.
Sulindac Sulfide, but Not Sulindac Sulfone, Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Growth

Sulindac sulfide, a metabolite of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) sulindac sulfoxide, is effective at reducing tumor burden in both familial adenomatous polyposis patients and in animals with colorectal cancer. Another sulindac sulfoxide metabolite, sulindac sulfone, has been reported to have antitumor properties without inhibiting cyclooxygenase activity. Here we report the effect of sulindac sulfone treatment on the growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. We observed that sulindac sulfide or sulfone treatment of HCA-7 cells led to inhibition of prostaglandin E2 production. Both sulindac sulfide and sulfone inhibited HCA-7 and HCT-116 cell growth in vitro. Sulindac sulfone had no effect on the growth of either HCA-7 or HCT-116 xenografts, whereas the sulfide derivative inhibited HCA-7 growth in vivo. Both sulindac sulfide and sulfone inhibited colon carcinoma cell growth and prostaglandin production in vitro, but sulindac sulfone had no effect on the growth of colon cancer cell xenografts in nude mice.
Comparisons of Rotamer Populations of Nialamide, Azaperone, and Chloroquine in Solid State and in Solution

IR and NMR spectroscopy were combined with previously published X-ray crystallographic data to determine the solution conformations of the -(CH2)n- fragments of nialamide, azaperone, and chloroquine. The solution conformation of these compounds then was compared to the solid-state conformation. In addition, the limits of the IR-X-ray method are discussed. This paper shows that a combination of IR, NMR, and X-ray crystallographic data can lead to a complete picture of the conformations available to drugs. In addition, the danger of using solid-state conformational data alone to make pharmacological suggestions is illustrated.
A novel Generalized State-Space Averaging (GSSA) model for advanced aircraft electric power systems

The growing complexity of Advanced Aircraft Electric Power Systems (AAEPS) has made conventional state-space averaging models inadequate for systems analysis and characterization. This paper presents a novel Generalized State-Space Averaging (GSSA) model for the system analysis, control and characterization of AAEPS. The primary objective of this paper is to introduce a mathematically elegant and computationally simple model to copy the AAEPS behavior at the critical nodes of the electric grid. Also, to reduce some or all of the drawbacks (complexity, cost, simulation time…, etc) associated with sensor-based monitoring and computer aided design software simulations popularly used for AAEPS characterization. It is shown in this paper that the GSSA approach overcomes the limitations of the conventional state-space averaging method, which fails to predict the behavior of AC signals in a circuit analysis. Unlike conventional averaging method, the GSSA model presented in this paper includes both DC and AC components. This would capture the key dynamic and steady-state characteristics of the aircraft electric systems. The developed model is then examined for the aircraft system’s visualization and accuracy of computation under different loading scenarios. Through several case studies, the applicability and effectiveness of the GSSA method is verified by comparing to the actual real-time simulation model obtained from Powersim 9 (PSIM9) software environment. The simulations results represent voltage, current and load power at the major nodes of the AAEPS. It has been demonstrated that the obtained results from GSSA model in Matlab® closely agree with those of obtained in an actual AAEPS implemented in PSIM9 software.
Public and higher education policies influencing African-American women

This article examines critically the position of African-American women in relation to public and higher education policies. Post-baccalaureate students (graduate and professional), faculty, and administrators are the foci. The article examines the following: (1) legislative, judicial, and executive decisions influencing African-American women; (2) the development and implementation of public and higher education policies with special focus on the State of Georgia; (3) a descriptive statistical analysis of where African-American women are situated in higher education; (4) the establishment of programs to enhance African-American representation in higher education; and (5) future policy research issues including those which analyze interactive nexuses among federal and individual state and higher education policies.
Separating the sheep from the goats: Differentiating global categories ☆

Abstract The nature of the conceptual categories that children have developed in the second year was studied in a series of experiments using an object-manipulation task. In the first two experiments, it was shown that by 18 months children have developed global conceptual categories of animals and vehicles without yet clearly differentiating basic-level categories within these domains. The basic-level categories were tested by using a series of contrasts: a low degree of contrast was provided by presenting the children with dogs versus horses and with cars versus trucks. A moderate degree of contrast consisted of dogs versus rabbits and cars versus motorcycles. A high degree of contrast consisted of dogs versus fish (or birds) and cars versus airplanes. A domain-level contrast of animals versus vehicles was included as well. From 18 to 30 months the children tended to respond categorically only on the global domain-level contrast and on the high-contrast basic-level distinctions. Not until 30 months did the children consistently differentiate the low and moderate basic-level contrasts. Experiment 3 replicated the finding of global animal and vehicle categories, using the widest possible range of exemplars. Experiment 4 extended the study of global categorization to the domains of plants, furniture, kitchen utensils, tools, and musical instruments. Global categorization was found for plants, furniture, and kitchen utensils, but not for tools and musical instruments. Experiment 5 found little evidence for basic-level categorization of plants, and only suggestive evidence for basic-level categorization in the domains of furniture and utensils. The data demonstrate the presence of a number of global conceptual categories from an early age, and suggest that at least in some domains (animals, vehicles, and plants) such categories develop before true basic-level distinctions are made.
Effect of Fibrin Glue and Opsite on Open Wounds in DB/DB Mice

Fibrin glue is a hemostatic and adhesive agent that has been used for many years in Europe. It is made by the simultaneous mixing of concentrated fibrinogen complex and bovine thrombin reconstituted in a solution of calcium chloride. Upon mixing, the final stages of the coagulation cascade are mimicked, resulting in formation of a fibrin clot. Fibrin is vital in wound healing because the network formed in the wound acts not only as a hemostatic barrier but also as a scaffold for migrating cells. In this study, fibrin glue (60 mg/ml) was applied on 6-mm-diameter circular full-thickness wounds in homozygous, genetically diabetic mice. Results showed delayed wound closure as compared to paired control wounds. Dilution of the protein concentration of fibrin glue to 1 mg/ml resulted in higher histological scores compared to those for wounds treated with 60 mg/ml fibrin glue. Finally, the application of an adherent semipermeable dressing (Opsite) over the wound per se resulted in delayed wound closure. Delayed closure may be due either to mechanical obstruction to the migration or proliferation of cells that actively participate in the wound healing process, mechanical inhibition of wound contraction, or both.
Multifrequency-gray method for radiation diffusion with Compton scattering

Abstract We describe an improved multifrequency-gray method for time-dependent nonequilibrium flux-limited radiation diffusion in a high temperature system, using a two-temperature model for electrons and ions and including energy exchange between photons and electrons by Compton scattering. Our gray equation has a nonsymmetric finite difference matrix that allows us to represent negative gray diffusion coefficients, which occur in the presence of a "green-house" effect, in a numerically stable manner. Numerical results are presented.
Validation of the University of California San Francisco Oral Cancer Pain Questionnaire

The aim of this paper was to validate the published UCSF Oral Cancer Pain Questionnaire. To test for validity of the questionnaire 16 oral cancer patients completed the 8-item questionnaire immediately prior to and following treatment (surgical resection) of their oral cancer. For all 8 questions the difference between mean preoperative and mean postoperative responses were statistically significant (p<0.05) confirming the validity of the questionnaire to measure oral cancer pain. Internal consistency of the questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha which provides an estimate of reliability based on all correlations between the items (questions) of the instrument (questionnaire). In the oral cancer pain questionnaire questions 1, 3, and 5 evaluate the intensity, sharpness and throbbing nature of pain when the patient is not engaged in oral function (talking, eating and drinking). Questions 2, 4, and 6 measure the intensity, sharpness and throbbing nature of pain during oral function. Cronbach’s alpha for questions 1, 3, and 5 is 0.87 and Cronbach’s alpha for questions 2, 4, and 6 is 0.94, values greater than 0.7 indicate reliability. In this study we have validated the UCSF Oral Cancer Pain Questionnaire as an effective tool in quantifying pain from oral cancer. Perspective: The study validates an oral cancer pain questionnaire. The questionnaire can be used to reliably measure oral cancer patients’ pain levels before and after surgical resection.
Symbol recognition without prior segmentation

We describe a new method for recognizing cursive and degraded text using OCR technology. Using this method, symbols on a page are identified by detecting primitives (parts of symbols), and then finding the best global grouping of primitives into symbols. On an image of text, primitives are detected using mathematical morphology operations, in a way that does not require or involve a prior segmentation step. This paper lays out the overall strategy of a system that implements the recognition method. A following paper reports on experimental protocols and results. This system has three major features: (1) by globally optimizing the process of combining primitives into symbols, it is robust and less sensitive to noise; (2) it does not require segmenting a text block into lines, a line into words, nor a word into characters; and (3) it is language independent in that training determines the symbol set it recognizes.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Perturbative QCD corrections in ep scattering

Abstract The lowest order perturbative QCD corrections in deep-inelastic ep scattering are calculated. We discuss how cancellation of the infrared divergences occurs. The remaining logarithmic mass singularity is absorbed in the input parton distributions. In a phenomonological analysis the gluon-corrected structure functions are compared with the AF-corrected ones. The pattern of scaling violation is interpreted by the Feynman diagrams.
Upgrading the control system of the SRC 1 GeV storage ring

Abstract The SRC 1 GeV electron storage ring was designed in the mid-1970s and built between 1978 and 1981. The control system was designed with a central minicomputer linked to the ring hardware by simple microprocessor systems and, after the minicomputer was replaced by a super-minicomputer, has proved adequate for the commissioning of the ring. The extra demands which operating the machine as a user facility will make on the control system and ageing of the hardware mean that the existing system will be augmented and eventually replaced over the next few years. This paper discusses the design and implementation of a new, network based control system which will take advantage of recent technology and provide the flexibility to make future enhancements simpler.
Systems Engineering for the Design of a Smart Energy Box

This paper illustrates that the inclusion of system-level safety analysis, in this case Systems Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP)-based Process Analysis (STPA), in conjunction with systems engineering tools, such as Axiomatic Design, in the conceptual design phase of complex socio-technical systems is critical to capturing key functional and non-functional requirements early in the development lifecycle. In particular, capturing safety-related non-functional requirements during the conceptual design phase can help avoid operational scenarios that result in conditions hazardous to life and property. In addition, such an approach prevents costly “add-ons” later in the design and implementation phases of the system life cycle. We illustrate this through the design of a “smart box” that enables large-scale integration of distributed Renewable Energy Systems (RES) into the electrical power grid to more effectively and efficiently manage overall power demands across the grid. In the conceptual design of this system we arrive at a first set of functional requirements using stakeholder interviews and the Axiomatic Design approach. We then present a detailed discussion of the STPA tool and its application to our “smart box” concept, to arrive at unique safety-related requirements identified through application of the STPA.
Surface Charge of Alumina and Magnesia in Aqueous Media

By streaming potential measurements, the zero point of charge (zpc) of or-Al2O3 having a fully hydroxylated surface was found to occur at pH 9.2 ± 0.2. By calcining the alumina at temperatures above 1000°C, the zpc was lowered to about pH 6.7. By aging the calcined material in water at room temperature for a period of weeks, the surface was rehydroxylated and the zpc increased. The zpc of MgO occurred at pH 12.5 f 0.5. Because of its high solubility, the zpc of MgO was not affected by heat treatment.
N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Alcohol Acetylation: An Organic Experiment Using Organocatalysis.

Undergraduate students in the teaching laboratory have successfully used N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as organocatalysts for the acetylation of primary alcohols, despite the high water sensitivity of uncomplexed ("free") NHCs. The free NHC readily reacted with chloroform, resulting in an air- and moisture-stable adduct that liberates the free NHC when heated to temperatures above 45 °C in solution. The free NHC is a kinetically competent catalyst for the acetylation of benzyl, n-amyl, and isoamyl alcohols, a process that was monitored by gas chromatography (GC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Using the method of initial rates, students have calculated the relative rates for the three alcohol substrates, noting the trend: rate of benzyl > rate of n-amyl > rate of isoamyl alcohol. In their reports, students used these rates to demonstrate how NHC catalysts are sensitive to the steric bulk of the alcohol substrates. Overall, students were exposed to all aspects of chemical catalysis: synthesis of a catalyst, collection of initial rate data, development of a steric model to explain the data, and postulation of catalyst modification for increased activity based on their model.
Assist feature OPC implementation for the 130 nm technology node with KrF and no forbidden pitches

At the 130 nm technology node with KrF illumination the k1 factor is only approximately 0.35. At k1 equals 0.35 it becomes essential to apply some form of Resolution Enhancement Technology (RET). The addition of sub-resolution assist features is one route to achieving a manufacturable process window. One potential drawback to assist features has always been the so called 'forbidden pitch' issue. In this paper the authors will describe a method for achieving a manufacturable process window for all pitches including those within the 'forbidden pitch' zone. The authors will show through simulation how careful optimization of the illumination settings can result in a manufacturable process window for all pitches. Finally, experimental results will be given which confirm the through pitch performance of the final process.
Visual vs physical social deprivation and affiliation in rats

Rats were housed in pairs and allowed full contact, in pairs separated by a wire mesh screen, or alone for 1 week before being tested for social attraction. Completely deprived animals were significantly more gregarious than animals given complete social contact over the 18-day test period. Animals allowed only visual contact were initially indistinguishable from rats housed alone, indicating the importance of physical contact. Differences gradually emerged, suggesting an additional effect of lack of visual contact, especially as deprivation became longer.
Synthesis and pharmacological properties of some fluorine‐containing amide derivatives

Eight fluorine-containing compounds, seven of which are derivatives of bromal or dichloroacetaldehyde, were synthesized and their physical constants determined. These compounds have been screened for anticancer, antispasmodic, tranquilizing, and blood pressure effects. Acute toxicity studies have also been carried out.
Reasons for Belief

Davidson claims that nothing can count as a reason for a belief except another belief. This claim is challenged by McDowell, who holds that perceptual experiences can count as reasons for beliefs. I argue that McDowell fails to take account of a distinction between two different senses in which something can count as a reason for belief. While a non-doxastic experience can count as a reason for belief in one of the two senses, this is not the sense which is presupposed in Davidson’s claim. While I focus on McDowell’s view, the argument generalizes to other views which take experiences as reasons for belief.
The efficacy of structured memory retraining in a group comparison of head trauma patients

Abstract Empirically proven mnemonic techniques from the literature were assembled into a comprehensive treatment program for bruin injured clients. Twenty head injured subjects with mild to moderate neuropsychological impairments were matched on the variables of age, sex, years of formal premorbid education, and elapsed time since insult. These patients were then randomly assigned to either the control or experimental remediation group. Both groups attended a six-week program and were blind as to what type of treatment they were receiving. Each followed identical daily schedules where the experimental group received the formal memory remediation and the controls received treatment focusing on psychosocial issues. Both groups improved on the neuropsychological memory measures over the course of the study. The experimental group did not improve significantly more than did the control group; however, once the groups were subdivided according to the severity of neuropsychological functioning at intake, significant treatment effects were observed. More specifically, only those patients with mild residual impairments seemed to benefit from rehabilitative efforts, and those with more moderate deficits did not respond to treatment. Clinical implications and future research are discussed.
Ascertaining Human Identity in Night Environments

Understanding patterns of human activity from the fusion of multimodal sensor surveillance sources is an important capability. Most related research emphasizes improvement in the performance of biometric systems in controlled conditions characterized by suitable lighting and favorable acquisition distances. However, the need for monitoring humans in night environments is of equal if not greater importance. This chapter will present techniques for the extraction, processing and matching of biometrics under adverse night conditions in the presence of either natural or artificial illumination. Our work includes capture, analysis and evaluation of a broad range of electromagnetic bands suitable for night-time image acquisition, including visible light, near infrared (IR), extended near IR and thermal IR. We develop algorithms for human detection and tracking from night-time imagery at ranges between 5 and 200 meters. Identification algorithms include face, iris, and gait recognition, supplemented by soft biometric features. Our preliminary research indicates the challenges in performing human identification in night-time environments.
Effect of 1,2-indanedione on PCR-STR typing of fingerprints deposited on thermal and carbonless paper.

Abstract 1,2-Indanedione treated fingerprints deposited on two substrates (thermal and carbonless paper) were swabbed and tested to determine the effect of the chemical on PCR-STR DNA typing. Samples from 10 post-treatment intervals were analyzed. Two extraction methods, Chelex ® and Qiamp, were used to determine the effect of extraction procedure on the quality of the DNA profiles. The LCN DNA samples were concentrated using Microcon ® 100 and amplified using the Profiler Plus amplification kit. 1,2-Indanedione did not adversely affect the DNA profiles obtained from the treated fingerprints. Partial DNA profiles were obtained at all post-development time frames. Both extraction methods produced comparable profiles although more "drop-ins" were observed with the Qiamp method. More "drop-outs" occurred in the DNA profiles from samples deposited on the thermal substrate compared with carbonless substrate.
Constraining condensed-phase formation kinetics of secondary organic aerosol components from isoprene epoxydiols

Abstract. Isomeric epoxydiols from isoprene photooxidation (IEPOX) have been shown to produce substantial amounts of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass and are therefore considered a major isoprene-derived SOA precursor. Heterogeneous reactions of IEPOX on atmospheric aerosols form various aerosol-phase components or "tracers" that contribute to the SOA mass burden. A limited number of the reaction rate constants for these acid-catalyzed aqueous-phase tracer formation reactions have been constrained through bulk laboratory measurements. We have designed a chemical box model with multiple experimental constraints to explicitly simulate gas- and aqueous-phase reactions during chamber experiments of SOA growth from IEPOX uptake onto acidic sulfate aerosol. The model is constrained by measurements of the IEPOX reactive uptake coefficient, IEPOX and aerosol chamber wall losses, chamber-measured aerosol mass and surface area concentrations, aerosol thermodynamic model calculations, and offline filter-based measurements of SOA tracers. By requiring the model output to match the SOA growth and offline filter measurements collected during the chamber experiments, we derive estimates of the tracer formation reaction rate constants that have not yet been measured or estimated for bulk solutions.
Phase 1 Trial of High-Dose Exogenous Testosterone in Patients with Castration-Resistant Metastatic Prostate Cancer

Background Growth of selected castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cell lines and animal models can be repressed by reexposure to androgens. Low doses of androgens, however, can stimulate tumor growth.
Interactive pedagogical drama

This paper describes an agent-based approach to realizing interactive pedagogical drama. Characters choose their actions autonomously, while director and cinematographer agents manage the action and its presentation in order to maintain story structure, achieve pedagogical goals, and present the dynamic story to as to achieve the best dramatic effect. Artistic standards must be maintained while permitting substantial variability in story scenario. To achieve these objectives, scripted dialog is deconstructed into elements that are portrayed by agents with emotion models. Learners influence how the drama unfolds by controlling the intentions of one or more characters, who then behave in accordance with those intentions. Interactions between characters create opportunities to move the story in pedagogically useful directions, which the automated director exploits. This approach is realized in the multimedia title Carmen’s Bright IDEAS, an interactive health intervention designed to improve the problem solving skills of mothers of pediatric cancer patients.
What does the pharmacological future of treating chronic hepatitis C look like

Development of direct acting antivirals has revolutionized the standard of care for the treatment of hepatitis C virus. New interferon-free regimens provide sustained virologic response rates of >90% in many genotype 1 patients with only 12 weeks of oral therapy. This review will provide a brief overview of current standards of care with a summary of the evidence supporting the recommended combinations of direct acting antivirals. We will discuss the direction of future therapies, with strategies for shorter durations of therapy and new all-oral combinations in the pipeline.
Rck/p54 interacts with APP mRNA as part of a multi-protein complex and enhances APP mRNA and protein expression in neuronal cell lines.

Abstract Overproduction of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and β-amyloid likely contribute to neurodegeneration seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD). APP mRNA contains several, 3′-untranslated region (UTR), cis -acting regulatory elements. A 52 base element (52sce), immediately downstream from the stop codon, has been previously shown to complex with uncharacterized cytoplasmic proteins. In this study, we purify and identify six proteins that specifically bind to the 52sce, and show that these proteins interact with each other and with APP mRNA in intact human neuroblastoma cells. We also present evidence that at least one of these proteins, the DEAD-box helicase rck/p54, is involved in post-transcriptional regulation, as its overexpression in cultured cells results in elevated levels of APP mRNA and protein. These findings suggest a novel mechanism for post-transcriptional regulation of APP mRNA.
Cutaneous signs of child abuse

Child abuse is a well-established clinical entity affecting over one million children each year in this country. All physicians are responsible for the recognition of this syndrome and for the initiation of prompt treatment. Presented are some of the classical cutaneous signs of child abuse, including physical abuse, neglect, and sexual assault. The abusive pattern is described and the need for physician awareness noted.
Distributed‐Parameter dynamics by correlation analysis

The experimental dynamic response of a distributed-parameter, simulaneous heat and mass transfer system was investigated using correlation analysis. The system was a wetted-wall column operating as a nonadiabatic humidifier with both liquid and gas phase in turbulent flow. The experimetnal frequency response results were compared to the values predicted by an existing mathematical model. The investigation also included a study of the effect of employing forcing functions having nonideal power spectra. Analog-simulated, first-order systems were tested to verify the computational procedure and to support the conclusions for the humidification system. System dynamic identifications, acceptable for most engineering purposes, were obtained from forcing signals having power spectra which differed significantly from ideality. For the reduction technique employed, a time-domain record of approximately 2,500 pairs of input-output data points was found to suffice for a satisfactory analysis. The correlation technique yielded reliable results over approximately the same range of frequencies as reported for previous pulse test studies based on a comparable forcing procedure. However, the results showed an upper frequency limit below that previously achieved by direct frequency forcing of the same system.
Effect of vacuum on high-temperature degradation of gold/aluminum wire bonds in PEMs

Gold/aluminum wire bond degradation is one of the major failure mechanisms limiting reliability of plastic encapsulated microcircuits (PEMs) at high temperatures, It is known also that oxidative degradation is the major cause of failures in epoxy composite materials; however, the effect of oxygen and/or vacuum conditions on degradation of PEMs has not been studied yet. In this work, three groups of linear devices have been subjected to high-temperature storage in convection air chambers and in a vacuum chamber. Electrical characteristics of the devices, variations of the wire bond contact resistances, mass losses of the packages, and thermo-mechanical characteristics of the molding compounds were measured periodically during the testing. The results showed that high-temperature storage in vacuum and air conditions changed thermo-mechanical characteristics of molding compounds in a similar way; however, the failure rates and the degree of wire bond degradation for parts stored in air was significantly larger than for parts stored in the vacuum chamber. A mechanism of Au/Al wire bond failures in PEMs at high temperatures, the role of oxygen, and non-linearity of the degradation rate at a certain critical temperature above the glass transition temperature of molding compounds are discussed.
Differences Among NGOs in the Business–NGO Cooperative Network

Informed by the symbiotic sustainability model, this theory-building research compares a stratified subsample (N = 66) from 695 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that have relationships with U.S...
The Living Landscape: An Ecological Approach to Landscape Planning (2nd ed.)

Frederick Steiner. Island Press, Washington, DC, 2008. 496 pages. $45 (paperback). Forty years have passed since McHarg's Design with Nature (Natural History Press, 1969) made strides toward multid...
Genetic risk factors for major depression in men and women: similar or different heritabilities and same or partly distinct genes?

Background. Although women are at consistently greater risk for major depression (MD) than men, it is unclear whether sex modifies the aetiological impact of genetic factors on MD. Is the heritability of MD different in men and women? Do the same genetic risk factors predispose to MD in the two sexes?Methods. We obtained a lifetime history of MD by personal interview on two occasions from 6672 individual twins and 2974 complete twin pairs. Three diagnostic criteria of increasing narrowness were employed: DSM-III-R, DSM-III-R plus impairment and Washington University. To increase power by controlling for unreliability of assessment, we evaluated sex differences on genetic risk for MD using a structural equation measurement model.Results. Using DSM-III-R criteria, but not the two narrower definitions, heritability of MD was significantly greater in women than in men. In the three diagnostic systems, the genetic correlation in liability to MD in men and women was estimated at between +0·50 and +0·65. These estimates differed significantly from unity for the two broader definitions.Conclusion. Using broad but not narrower definitions of illness, genetic factors play a greater role in the aetiology of MD in women than in men. The genes that influence risk for MD in the two sexes are correlated but are probably not entirely the same. These results raise the possibility that, in linkage and association studies, the impact of some loci on risk for MD will differ in men and women.
Supporting Scalable and Cooperative Interval Caching in a Clustered Video Server

The design of scalable video servers with high throughput is receiving considerable attention with the growing popularity of VOD services. This paper presents a design solution we call scalable and cooperative interval caching (SCIC) for clustered video servers. SCIC uses interval caching and cache cooperation done by hash-based request distribution, and a randomized way of probing for an available cache. This way, SCIC can provide high scalability and throughput in clustered servers with a reasonably small amount of communication among hosts. Our simulation results demonstrate that SCIC is an effective caching strategy providing significant performance gains in clustered video servers.
Reporting Sexual Harassment: The Importance of Organizational Culture and Trust

Few victims of sexual harassment at work file complaints. The current study looks at ways in which the organizational climate, including trust in the system and fear of reprisal, impacts victim decisions to file complaints. A military sample offers the advantage of a work context with formalized reporting processes and a highly segregated and gendered work environment. The findings indicate that fear of coworker backlash keeps victims from seeking organizational relief. Such non-formal consequences of reporting should be addressed in future workplace sexual harassment policies. The findings also suggest that widespread mishandling of complaints erodes trust in the grievance process, which may in turn influence future responses to sexual harassment. The discussion highlights the limitations of current cross-sectional research designs for identifying the causal order of this trust-filing relationship and suggests ways in which future quantitative studies may be designed to gain a broader understanding of the dynamic relationship between organizational context and victim response.
ONEHUNDRED FRACTURES OF THE FEMUR TREATED BY MEANS OF THE DIAMOND-SHAPED MEDULLARY NAIL

The simplest and most generally applicable techniqune of medullary nailing is open reduction with retrograde insertion of the nail. Callus formation was unimpaired and the fracture united in all but two of ninety cases; in seventeen of these previous attempts at fixation had been unsuccessful. Disability is greatly reduced and the patients undergo less pain and fewer complications than when treated by other methods.