cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global distribution of convection penetrating the tropical tropopause

[1] Tropical deep convection with overshooting tops is identified by defining five different reference heights using a 5-year TRMM database. The common properties of these extreme convective systems are examined from a global perspective. It is found that 1.3% of tropical convection systems reach 14 km and 0.1% of them may even penetrate the 380 K potential temperature level. Overshooting convection is more frequent over land than over water, especially over central Africa, Indonesia and South America. The seasonal, diurnal and geodistribution patterns of overshooting deep convection show very little sensitivity to the definition of the reference level. The global distribution of overshooting area, volume and precipitating ice mass shows that central Africa makes a disproportionately large contribution to overshooting convection. A semiannual cycle of total overshooting area, volume and precipitating ice mass is found.
Microstructural evolution in mechanically alloyed Nb-25 at.% Ge

The current study involves the microstructural evolution in mechanically alloyed elemental niobium and germanium powder blends. As a result of the energy imparted to the powders during processing, the ''average'' temperature of the powder reached 60/sup 0/C. With forced air cooling, the temperature was maintained at 30/sup 0/C. X-ray diffraction was used to study the phases present as a function of time as well as the average ''crystallite'' sizes from line broadening measurements. Results indicated: (1) a gradual broadening and eventual disappearance of the germanium lines; (2) a gradual broadening and decrease in 20 (increasing interplanar spacing) of the niobium lines; and (3) the development of a diffraction pattern similar to that obtained for amorphous Nb/sub 3/Ge produced by vapor quenching. After 13 hours of mechanical alloying, line broadening corresponded to powders composed of approx. =1 nm diameter coherently diffracting domains. No formation of intermetallic compounds was indicated.
The Fundamental Plane at z = 1.27: First Calibration of the Mass Scale of Red Galaxies at Redshifts z > 1* **

We present results on the fundamental plane of early-type galaxies in the cluster RDCS J0848+4453 at z ¼ 1:27. Internal velocity dispersions of three K-selected early-type galaxies are determined from deep Keck spectra, using absorption lines in the rest-frame wavelength range 3400-4000 A ˚ . Structural parameters are determined from Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS images. The galaxies show substantial offsets from the fundamental plane of the nearby Coma Cluster, as expected from passive evolution of their stellar popula- tions. The offsets from the fundamental plane can be expressed as offsets in mass-to-light (M=L) ratio. The M=L ratios of the two most massive galaxies are consistent with an extrapolation of results obtained for clus- ters at 0:02 3 and RK > 5, and our results show that it is hazardous to use simple models for converting lumi- nosity to mass for these objects. The work presented here, and previous mass measurements at lower redshift, can be considered first steps to empirically disentangle luminosity and mass evolution at the high-mass end of the galaxy population, lifting an important degeneracy in the interpretation of evolution of the luminosity function.
The 99 price ending as a signal of a low-price appeal

Abstract There is evidence that the rightmost digits, or endings, of retail prices can communicate meanings to consumers. To better understand how such meanings are formed, this paper addresses the question of how the 99 price ending can have a low-price meaning even though 99-ending prices tend to be higher rather than lower competitive prices. Analysis of two large samples of newspaper price advertising indicates that there is a strong and robust correlation between the use of the 99 price ending and the presence of a low-price appeal such as a claimed discount. It is suggested that the salience of price advertising leads it to dominate other sources of information in the consumer's learning of price-ending meanings.
The effect of vaginal bleeding during pregnancy on preterm and small-for-gestational-age births: US National Maternal and Infant Health Survey, 1988

We examined the effects of vaginal bleeding during pregnancy on preterm and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) births using data from the 1988 US National Maternal and Infant Health Survey. We examined the severity of vaginal bleeding and separated the preterm births into subsets by the degree of prematurity (< 32, 32-33, 34-36 weeks' gestation). We also evaluated associations stratified by race. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that vaginal bleeding was associated with an increased risk of preterm birth, with a more pronounced elevated risk for preterm birth before 34 weeks' gestation and a notably stronger association for more severe bleeding that occurred in both the first and the second half of pregnancy. Odds ratios, but not risk differences, for birth before 34 weeks' gestation were greater for white women with vaginal bleeding than for black women. There was no association between vaginal bleeding during pregnancy and SGA births.
High-performance 1550 nm polymer-based LEDs on silicon using hybrid polyfluorene-based type-II heterojunctions

We report on the optoelectronic properties of hybrid polymer-based light-emitting diodes integrated on silicon chip. Using a hybrid polyfluorene-based type-II heterostructure host with PbS quantum dots, we achieved efficient room-temperature electroluminescence at telecommunication wavelengths.
Effect of Bi2O3 on Impurity Ion Distribution and Electrical Resistivity of Li‐Zn Ferrites

Preventing the incorporation of impurities in Li-Zn ferrite grains during sintering is essential for production of ceramics with reproducible magnetic and electrical properties. Li-Zn ferrites of composition Li0.3Zn0.4Mn0.05Fe2.25O4 were prepared with Bi2O3 and borosilicate sintering additives. The distribution of impurity ions in the sintered ferrites was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Ceramics prepared with Bi2O3 contained Si, Ca, and S impurities, located at grain boundaries and triple point regions. The low viscosity and good wetting properties of the Bi2O3 and to a lesser extent the borosilicate liquid phase allowed impurities to be selectively removed from the growing ferrite phase during sintering, thus improving sample resistivities.
Predictive Analytics Using a Blackboard-Based Reasoning Agent

Significant increase in collected data for investigative tasks and the increased complexity of the reasoning process itself have made investigative analytical tasks more challenging. These tasks are time critical and typically involve identifying and tracking multiple hypotheses; gathering evidence to validate the correct hypotheses and eliminating the incorrect ones. In this paper we specifically address predictive tasks that are concerned with predicting future trends. We describe RESIN, an AI blackboard-based agent that leverages interactive visualizations and mixed-initiative problem solving to enable analysts to explore and pre-process large amounts of data in order to perform predictive analytics. Our empirical evaluation discusses the advantages and challenges of predictive analytics in a complex domain like intelligence analysis.
Torsional vibrations and barriers to internal rotation for ethanol and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol

Abstract The far-IR (370-50 cm −1 ) spectra of gaseous ethanol, CH 3 CH 2 OH, and the O- d compound have been recorded at a resolution of 0.10 cm −1 . Similar far-IR spectra have been collected for 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, CF 3 CH 2 OH, and the O- d , C- d 2 and - d 3 isotopic species. In addition, the Raman (4000-50 cm −1 ) and the mid-IR (5000-400 cm −1 ) spectra have been collected for CF 3 CH 2 OH and the isotopic compounds in the vapor phase. A detailed examination of the torsional modes has been carried out and potential functions for the hindered internal rotation of the OH and OD groups and the CH 3 and CF 3 rotors are calculated. For ethanol, the fundamental OH torsion for the trans conformer is observed at 202.6 cm −1 whereas for the gauche conformation, the 1 −1 ← 0 + transition is found at 243.1 cm −1 and the 1 + ← 0 − transition is 195.8 cm −1 . An asymmetric potential function utilizing these transitions gives values of 403 cm −1 (1.15 kcal mol −1 ) for the trans/gauche barrier and 399 cm −1 (1.14 kcal mol −1 ) for the gauche/gauche barrier with the trans conformer more stable by 42 cm −1 (120 cal mol −1 ) than the gauche conformer. Potential functions for the hydroxy torsions are also calculated for the ethanol O- d compound and the four 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol isotopic molecules. The CH 3 torsional transitions of trans ethanol give a V 3 barrier of 1185 ± 16 cm −1 (3.39±0.05 kcal mol −1 ) and the corresponding barrier for the gauche conformer is 1251±2 cm −1 (3.58±0.01 kcal mol −1 ). Similarly, a series of CF 3 torsional transitions was observed for the trans and gauche conformations of the CF 3 CH 2 OH molecule as well as for some of the isotopic species. In addition to the examination of the far-IR spectra, a series of sum and difference bands associated with the OH and OD stretching fundamentals is found in the mid-IR spectra for the 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol compounds and a possible explanation for these modes is given.
On the Physics of Type I X-Ray Bursts on Accreting Neutron Stars at High Accretion Rates

We investigate the effect of the hot CNO cycle breakout reaction 15O(α, γ)19Ne on the occurrence of type I X-ray bursts on accreting neutron stars. For frp 0.1, where frp is a dimensionless factor by which we multiply the 15O(α, γ)19Ne reaction rate of Caughlan & Fowler, our model predicts that bursts should occur only for accretion rates below a critical value ≈ 0.3Edd. This agrees with observations. For larger values of frp, including the standard choice frp = 1, the model switches to a new regime in which bursts occur all the way up to ≈ Edd. Since the latter regime disagrees with observations, we suggest that the true 15O(α, γ)19Ne reaction rate is lower than usually assumed.
Aqueous alteration of potassium-bearing aluminosilicate minerals: from mechanism to processing

The anticipated increase in demand for potassium fertilizers and alumina from developing nations experiencing a high-rate of population growth brings a global sustainability concern. Most of these countries do not have economically viable resources for both commodities; and the environmental footprint of existing technologies may compromise local ecosystems. Alternatives, both in terms of resources and extraction technologies, are therefore needed. Aqueous alteration of potassium-bearing aluminosilicate minerals has been proposed as an alternative to both traditional K-fertilization and alumina production. This work discusses the mechanism of aqueous alteration of aluminosilicate minerals, and the chemical processes that have been proposed to date. Although extensive studies are found in the fields of geochemistry and materials chemistry, their results have rarely been analysed and engineered to allow a proper control and design of chemical processing. The review suggests that such a multi-disciplinary approach is required to enable new technologies that both comply with green chemistry principles and are economically viable.
The Age and Metallicity of the Boötes I System

We present Washington CT 1 T 2 photometry of a field central to the Bootes I dwarf spheroidal galaxy, which was discovered as a stellar overdensity in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (DR5). We show that the Washington filters are much more effective than the Sloan filters in separating the metal-poor turn-off stars in the dwarf galaxy from the foreground stars. We detect 165 objects in the field, and statistically determine that just over 40% of the objects are nonmembers. Our statistical analysis mostly agrees with radial velocity measurements of the brighter stars. We find that there is a distinct main-sequence turn-off and subgiant branch, where there is some evidence of a spread in chemical abundance. Any evidence of an age spread is limited to a few billion years. The brightest seven Bootes I members give a (photometric-color derived) weighted mean iron abundance of [Fe/H] = –2.1+0.3 –0.5, and the best-fit isochrone is the 14.1 Gyr, Z = 0.0002 model, with (m – M) V = 19.11 and E(B – V) = 0.02.
Evaluation of multiplex immunoassays, used for determination of adiponectin, resistin, leptin, and ghrelin from human blood samples, in comparison to ELISA assays

AbstractBackground. Many different multiplex biomarker immunoassays based on Luminex®-technology have been developed during recent years. We have evaluated the performance of two multiplex immunoassays for determination of adiponectin, resistin, ghrelin and leptin in comparison to corresponding, conventional ELISA assays. Methods. Human serum or plasma samples were analysed by commercially available multiplex and ELISA immunoassays manufactured by Millipore Corp. Results. The correlation between tested multiplex and ELISA immunoassays was good, r > 0.9 for all analytes. The agreement between the methods was acceptable but there were differences in analytical levels. Intra- and inter-assay variation was comparable between both assays. The coefficient of variation for all analytes, independent of method, was ≤15% and for most of them <10%. Conclusion. The performance of the tested multiplex assays was reasonable and they can be considered as valid options to the conventional ELISA assays. However, results o...
Modification of the ionosphere by large space vehicles

A brief history of rocket-induced perturbations upon the upper atmosphere is presented. The theory of "ionospheric hole" formation is described, stressing the role of a rapidly diffusing cloud of highly reactive rocket exhaust molecules interacting with the ionospheric plasma. Computer simulation results of this F-region modification problem show that carefully planned modification experiments can lead to significant advances in our understanding of the near-Earth plasma environment. These modification studies are of particular value in attempts to understand large-scale plasma dynamics, the thermal energy balance of a plasma, and the various modes by which plasma instabilities may be generated on a geophysical scale. The results also demonstrate that the F-region ionosphere will experience significant modification effects with virtually every in-orbit engine burn of the Space Shuttle and the proposed Heavy Lift Vehicles needed to construct Solar Power Satellites. Finally, a method of determining how to maximize (or minimize) ionospheric hole formation is detailed. Introduction A. Background A little over two decades ago, when plans for the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-58 were underway, it was proposed to launch a small Earth satellite that would carry instruments capable of investigating conditions "just outside" the Earth's atmosphere (Abell, 1964). While the notion of a "top" to the terrestrial environment has now been replaced by the concept of "earthspace"(generally accepted to mean that the Earth's domain as a planet is defined by its "magnetosphere") , the spirit to explore that environment has not diminished. An important epoch in the history of human technology occurred on Oct.4, 1957, when Sputnik I marked the first Copyright ©1980 by Michael Mendillo. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics with permission. Associate Dean, Graduate School, 99 Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Evidence of the Effectiveness of Child Support and Visitation: Examining Food Insecurity among Children with Nonresident Fathers

Over six million children who reside with a single mother and have a father who lives elsewhere are food insecure. This study examines the effectiveness of two aspects of nonresident father involvement, in-person visitation and financial contributions, in reducing food acquisition problems using data from the National Survey of America’s Families. We find that frequent visits by nonresident fathers are related to a reduced likelihood that the resident mother’s household will experience indicators of food insecurity. The effects of child support receipt on reducing food acquisition problems, however, are less consistent. Our results support policies designed to recognize and encourage nonresidential parents to make both monetary and nonmonetary contributions to the lives of their children.
OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY OF THE LARGE KUIPER BELT OBJECTS 136472 (2005 FY9) AND 136108 (2003 EL61)

We present high signal precision optical reflectance spectra of the large Kuiper Belt objects 2005 FY9 and 2003 EL61. The spectrum of 2005 FY9 exhibits strong CH4 ice bands. A comparison between the spectrum and a Hapke model indicates that the CH4 bands are shifted 3.25 ± 2.25 A relative to pure CH4 ice, suggesting the presence of another ice component on the surface of 2005 FY9, possibly N2 ice, CO ice, or Ar. The spectrum of 2003 EL61 is remarkably featureless. There is a hint of an O2 ice band at 5773 A; however, this feature needs to be confirmed by future spectroscopic observations of 2003 EL61 with a higher continuum signal precision sufficient to detect a second, weaker O2 ice band at 6275 A.
The area spectrum in quantum gravity

We show that, apart from the usual area operator of non-perturbative quantum gravity, there exists another, closely related, operator that measures areas of surfaces. Both corresponding classical expressions yield the area. Quantum mechanically, however, the spectra of the two operators are different, coinciding only in the limit when the spins labelling the state are large. We argue that both operators are legitimate quantum operators, and the choice of which one to use depends on the context of the physical problem of interest. Thus, for example, we argue that it is the operator proposed here that is relevant for use in the context of black holes as measuring the area of the black-hole horizon. We show that the difference between the two operators is due to the non-commutativity that is known to arise in the quantum theory. We give a heuristic picture explaining the difference between the two area spectra in terms of quantum fluctuations of the surface whose area is being measured.
Three-electron atoms from a Bethe-Salpeter equation approach.

The two-electron Bethe-Salpeter equation is reviewed. The transition to a Hamiltonian form is discussed, and the criterion that the first-order energy shift vanish is used to determine the electron-electron potential that appears in the Hamiltonian. A similar program is carried through for the three-electron case. The fundamental idea of Feldman and Fulton is used for the transition to the Hamiltonian form, although some changes are necessary. The optimum two-electron interaction is the same as that in the two-electron case.
Planetary magnetic fields

The past several years have seen dramatic developments in the study of planetary magnetic fields, including a wealth of new data, mainly from the Galilean satellites and Mars, together with major improvements in our theoretical modeling effort of the dynamo process believed responsible for large planetary fields. These dynamos arise from thermal or compositional convection in fluid regions of large radial extent. The relevant electrical conductivities range from metallic values to values that may be only about 1% or less that of a typical metal, appropriate to ionic fluids and semiconductors. In all planets, the Coriolis force is dynamically important, but slow rotation may be more favorable for a dynamo than fast rotation. The maintenance and persistence of convection appears to be easy in gas giants and ice-rich giants, but is not assured in terrestrial planets because the quite high electrical conductivity of iron-rich cores guarantees a high thermal conductivity (through the Wiedemann–Franz law), which allows for a large core heat flow by conduction alone. In this sense, high electrical conductivity is unfavorable for a dynamo in a metallic core. Planetary dynamos mostly appear to operate with an internal field ∼(2ρΩ/σ)^(1/2) where ρ is the fluid density, Ω is the planetary rotation rate and σ is the conductivity (SI units). Earth, Ganymede, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and maybe Mercury have dynamos, Mars has large remanent magnetism from an ancient dynamo, and the Moon might also require an ancient dynamo. Venus is devoid of a detectable global field but may have had a dynamo in the past. The presence or absence of a dynamo in a terrestrial body (including Ganymede) appears to depend mainly on the thermal histories and energy sources of these bodies, especially the convective state of the silicate mantle and the existence and history of a growing inner solid core. Induced fields observed in Europa and Callisto indicate the strong likelihood of water oceans in these bodies.
Probing electron-phonon interactions at the saddle point in graphene

High frequency differential transmission spectroscopy of graphene, probing near the M-point, is performed and analyzed theoretically. Electron-phonon coupling is identified as the chief mechanism for renormalization with an effective acoustic deformation potential of approximately 5eV.
Compiling mappings to bridge applications and databases

Translating data and data access operations between applications and databases is a longstanding data management problem. We present a novel approach to this problem, in which the relationship between the application data and the persistent storage is specified using a declarative mapping, which is compiled into bidirectional views that drive the data transformation engine. Expressing the application model as a view on the database is used to answer queries, while expressing the database schema as a view on the application model allows us to leverage view maintenance algorithms for update translation. This approach has been implemented in a commercial product. It enables developers to interact with a relational database via a conceptual schema and an object-oriented programming surface. We outline the implemented system and focus on the challenges of mapping compilation, which include rewriting queries under constraints and supporting nonrelational constructs.
Algebraic methods in sum-product phenomena

We classify the polynomials f(x, y) ∈ ℝ[x, y] such that, given any finite set A ⊂ ℝ, if |A + A| is small, then |f(A,A)| is large. In particular, the following bound holds: |A + A‖f(A,A)| ≳ |A|5/2. The Bezout theorem and a theorem by Y. Stein play an important role in our proof.
An architecture for high-level language database extensions

This paper describes an architecture for a set of database extensions to the existing high-level languages. The scheme described forms an architecture in the sense that it is not based on any particular language: its constructs and functions, or some suitable subset of them, may be mapped into the concrete syntax of a number of distinct languages, among them COBOL and PL/I. The architecture includes both the means for specifying the programmer's view of a database (i.e. for defining the external schema) and the means for manipulating that view. A significant feature is that the programmer is provided with the ability to handle all three of the well-known database structures (relational, hierarchical, network), in a single integrated set of language extensions. Another important aspect is that both record- and set-level operations are provided, again in an integrated fashion. The objectives of the architecture are to show that it is possible for relational, hierarchical and network support to co-exist within a single language, and also, by providing a common framework and treating the three structures in a uniform manner, to shed some new light on the continuing debate on the relative merits of each.The paper is intended as an informal introduction to the architecture, and to this end includes several illustrative examples which make use of a PL/I-based concrete syntax.
Nonlinear dynamics and control of process systems with recycle

Abstract Process systems with material and energy recycle are well-known to exhibit complex dynamics and to present significant control challenges, due to the feedback interactions induced by the recycle streams. In this paper, we address the dynamic analysis and control of such process systems. Initially, we establish, through an asymptotic analysis, that (i) small recycle flowrates induce a weak coupling among individual processes, whereas (ii) large recycle flowrates induce a time scale separation, with the dynamics of individual processes evolving in a fast time scale with weak interactions, and the dynamics of the overall system evolving in a slow time scale where these interactions become significant; these slow dynamics is usually nonlinear and of low order. Motivated by this, we present (i) a model reduction methodology for deriving nonlinear low-order models of the slow dynamics induced by large recycle streams, and (ii) a controller design framework consisting of properly coordinated controllers in the fast and the slow time scales. The theoretical results are illustrated in a reaction-separation network with a large recycle compared to the throughput.
Synthesis of tetrahydrothiophenes via nucleophilic addition of Harpp's reagent to cyclic carbonates : application toward the synthesis of breynolide

Abstract A method for the conversion of a triol to a tetrahydrothiophene is described in which the key step involves ring cleavage of a cyclic carbonate with loss of carbon dioxide.
How Do Outer Spiral Rainbands Affect Tropical Cyclone Structure and Intensity

Abstract A long-standing issue on how outer spiral rainbands affect the structure and intensity of tropical cyclones is studied through a series of numerical experiments using the cloud-resolving tropical cyclone model TCM4. Because diabatic heating due to phase changes is the main driving force of outer spiral rainbands, their effect on the tropical cyclone structure and intensity is evaluated by artificially modifying the heating and cooling rate due to cloud microphysical processes in the model. The view proposed here is that the effect of diabatic heating in outer spiral rainbands on the storm structure and intensity results mainly from hydrostatic adjustment; that is, heating (cooling) of an atmospheric column decreases (increases) the surface pressure underneath the column. The change in surface pressure due to heating in the outer spiral rainbands is significant on the inward side of the rainbands where the inertial stability is generally high. Outside the rainbands in the far field, where the iner...
Current carriers for the field-aligned current system

The Dynamics Explorer satellites have returned a large body of data containing high resolution magnetometer measurements and distributions of charged particles of all but thermal electrons. From these data the relations of the field aligned currents to particle precipitation structures were investigated and the charge carriers were identified. Results include the following: (1) during very quiet periods, field aligned currents exist primarily as fine structure; (2) during onset of substorms, region 1 and region 2 become clearly evident but contain significant structure; (3) as magnetic activity subsides, current regions become less distinct, and structure becomes more dominant; (4) the distribution of the upward currents derived from magnetometer data and calculated from suprathermal electron data agree remarkably well in shape but not necessarily in magnitude; (5) at all local times, 5 eV electrons seldom carry most of the upward current; (6) except for the accelerated inverted-V electrons, the dominant upward current carriers which are masured are below 500 eV and are distributed in energy; (7) dusk upward currents (region 1) are associated with the boundary plasma sheet; and (8) suprathermal electron bursts are important current carrying structures.
Protecting Ecosystems and Alleviating Poverty with Parks and Reserves: ‘Win-Win’ or Tradeoffs?

National parks and reserves are globally popular approaches to protecting biodiversity and the supply of ecosystem services. Because these protected areas limit agricultural development and exploitation of natural resources, they are frequently opposed in developing nations where reducing poverty is an important social objective. Conservation advocates argue that protected areas can alleviate poverty by supplying ecosystem services, promoting tourism and improving infrastructure. Thus ‘win-win’ scenarios may be possible in which ecosystems and their services are protected and poverty is alleviated. Previous studies (Andam et al. in Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(42):16089–16094 2008; 2010) suggest that Costa Rica’s protected area system reduced deforestation and alleviated poverty. We demonstrate that these environmental and social impacts were spatially heterogeneous. Importantly, the characteristics associated with the most avoided deforestation are the characteristics associated with the least poverty alleviation. In other words, the same characteristics that limited the conservation effectiveness of protected areas may have improved the social welfare impacts of these areas. These results suggest that ‘win-win’ efforts to protect ecosystems and alleviate poverty may be possible when policymakers are satisfied with low levels of each outcome, but tradeoffs exist when more of either outcome is desired.
Hyperbolic Equations for Vacuum Gravity Using Special Orthonormal Frames

By adopting Nester's four-dimensional special orthonormal frames, the tetrad equations for vacuum gravity are put into explicitly causal and symmetric hyperbolic form, independent of any time slicing or other gauge or coordinate specialization.
Promotion and rowmotion

We present an equivariant bijection between two actions-promotion and rowmotion-on order ideals in certain posets. This bijection simultaneously generalizes a result of R. Stanley concerning promotion on the linear extensions of two disjoint chains and certain cases of recent work of D. Armstrong, C. Stump, and H. Thomas on noncrossing and nonnesting partitions. We apply this bijection to several classes of posets, obtaining equivariant bijections to various known objects under rotation. We extend the same idea to give an equivariant bijection between alternating sign matrices under rowmotion and under B. Wieland's gyration. Finally, we define two actions with related orders on alternating sign matrices and totally symmetric self-complementary plane partitions.
Skew-focus phased array imaging : Application to multidimensional velocity estimation

A novel method for multi-dimensional velocity estimation using phased arrays is introduced. The method is based on the 'skew- focus' beam recently discovered by the author. The skew-focus can be steered and focused like any normal phased array beam, except that the phase fronts within the resolution cell are slanted off the main direction of propagation. Using two complementary skew-focus beams with skew angles on both sides of the main beam direction, one can obtain two independent estimates of the velocity vector. The true velocity vector can be estimated from these measurements in a straightforward manner. Skew-focus beams can be optimally synthesized in the CW case using a technique previously introduced by the author. It was discovered that the CW synthesis leads to a family of apodization functions largely independent of frequency and are directly applicable in the wideband case. These apodization functions can be expressed analytically and evaluated numerically for a given slant angle (in addition to the steering angle and focal depth). It is important to note that the resulting apodization functions are smooth and do not result from an ill-posed synthesis procedure. Therefore, these solutions are robust to quantization and discretization effects.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Synthesis of β-keto Fischer carbene complexes

Abstract The synthesis of β -keto Fischer carbene complexes is reported. Deprotonation of alkyl Fischer carbene complexes followed by acylation of the resulting metal enolates with acid chlorides yielded β -keto carbene complexes in yields up to 50%. The complexes were relatively stable and could be characterized spectroscopically. Upon treatment with bases such as pyridine, these complexes produced β -methoxy unsaturated ketones.
Double-energy-differential cross sections for the Coulomb four-body problem in a quasiclassical framework

In a quasiclassical framework, we formulate the double energy differential cross sections for the Coulomb four-body problem. We present results for the triple photoionization from the Li ground state at 220.5, 115, 50 and 3.8 eV excess energies. With the energy of one of the electrons kept fixed, the double energy differential cross sections at 220.5 and 115 excess energies are found to be of "U-shape" (unequal energy sharing), with those at 115 eV being in very good agreement with ab-initio results. At 50 eV, it seems that a transition starts taking place to more equal energy sharing configurations. Close to threshold, at 3.8 eV excess energy, the equal energy sharing configurations are the dominant ones.
Organized condensation of worm-like chains

We consider the equilibrium behavior of a wormlike chain of arbitrary length interacting with a spherical organizing center via a short-range attraction. We obtain a rich phase diagram in which a wrapping state is transformed into a multi-leafed ("rosette") structure as the adhesion energy is reduced. By neglecting interactions between the leaves, the statistical mechanics of the "melting" of the rosette reduces to a one-dimensional many-body problem.
Staggered domain wall fermions

Abstract Staggered Domain Wall Fermions (SDWF) combine the attractive chiral properties of staggered fermions with those of domain wall fermions. SDWF describe four flavors with exact U(1)×U(1) flavor chiral symmetry. An extra lattice dimension is introduced and the full SU(4)×SU(4) flavor chiral symmetry is recovered as its size is increased. Here, the free theory of SDWF is described and a preliminary discussion of the interacting case is presented. SDWF may be well suited for numerical simulation of lattice QCD thermodynamics.
Influences upon Managerial Moral Decision Making: Nature of the Harm and Magnitude of Consequences

Business ethics research typically emphasizes the influence of personal and organizational forces upon ethical decision making. While accepting these forces as important, Collins (1989) and Jones (1991) suggest that the moral issue and its intensity may also influence individuals' resolution of an ethical dilemma. Utilizing a sample of 259 managers and a modified Moral Judgment Interview survey, this research reports that the type of harm, that is, the nature or kind of harm, and the magnitude of the consequences, that is, the degree or extent of the harm affecting the victim, influence the moral reasoning criteria evoked to resolve the dilemmas, as predicted by Collins and Jones. This finding has significant theoretical, empirical, and practical implications, as discussed in the paper.
The principle of sufficient reason: A guide to language design for parallel processing.

To a large extent, the design of languages for parallel processing machines seems to be a problem merely because of the historical precedence of von Neumann machines. We have grown up professionally in a serial computing environment, so that many of the habits we have acquired are related to that seriality and yet are so deeply ingrained thay we do not recognize seriality as the reason for doing them. Instead they seem like 'natural' laws, sometimes so 'natural' that we don't even notice their existence. In many cases then, we can arrive at the proper design of languages for parallel processing simply by forgetting what we 'know' about programming languages — but forgetting is not an easy thing to do without specific guidelines. One such guideline is the Principle of Sufficient Reason, which states: “parallel is more natural than serial, unless proved otherwise.”
Horn's problem, Vinnikov curves, and the hive cone

A Vinnikov curve is a projective plane curve that can be written in the form det(xX + yY + zZ) = 0 for X, Y, and Z positive definite Hermitian (n × n)-matrices. Given three n-tuples of positive real numbers, α, β, and γ, there exist A, B, and C ∈ GLnℂ with singular values α, β, and γ and ABC = 1 if and only if there is a Vinnikov curve passing through the 3n points $(-1: \alpha_i^2:0)$, $(0:-1:\beta_i^2)$, and $(\gamma_i^2:0:-1)$. Knutson and Tao proved that another equivalent condition for such A, B, and C to exist is that there is a hive (defined within) whose boundary is (log α, log β, log γ). The logarithms of the coefficients of F approximately form such a hive; this leads to a new proof of Knutson and Tao's result. This paper uses no representation theory and essentially no symplectic geometry. In their place, it uses Viro's patchworking method and a topological description of Vinnikov curves.
Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations in Simulated Galaxy Redshift Surveys

Baryonic acoustic oscillations imprinted in the galaxy power spectrum provide a promising tool for probing the cosmological distance scale and dark energy. We present results from a suite of cosmological N-body simulations aimed at investigating possible systematic errors in the recovery of cosmological distances. We show the robustness of baryonic peaks against nonlinearity, redshift distortions, and mild biases within the linear and quasi-linear regime at various redshifts. While mildly biased tracers follow the matter power spectrum well, redshift distortions do partially obscure baryonic features in redshift space compared to real space. We calculate the statistical constraints on cosmological distortions from N-body results and compare these to the analytic results from a Fisher matrix formalism. We conclude that the angular diameter distance will be constrained as well as in our previous Fisher matrix calculations while the Hubble parameter will be less constrained because of nonlinear redshift distortions.
Enumeration in Convex Geometries and Associated Polytopal Subdivisions of Spheres

We construct CW spheres from the lattices that arise as the closed sets of a convex closure, the meet-distributive lattices. These spheres are nearly polytopal, in the sense that their barycentric subdivisions are simplicial polytopes. The complete information on the numbers of faces and chains of faces in these spheres can be obtained from the defining lattices in a manner analogous to the relation between arrangements of hyperplanes and their underlying geometric intersection lattices.
Fuglede's conjecture is false in 5 and higher dimensions

We give an example of a set Ω ⊂ R 5 which is a finite union of unit cubes, such that L 2 (Ω) admits an orthonormal basis of exponentials { 1 |Ω|1/2 e 2πiξj ·x :
Game of Singular Stochastic Control and Strategic Exit

We investigate a game of singular control and strategic exit in a model of competitive market share control. In the model, each player can make irreversible investments to increase his market share, which is modeled as a diffusion process. In addition, each player has an option to exit the market at any point in time. We formulate a verification theorem for best responses of the game and characterize Markov perfect equilibria (MPE) under a set of verifiable assumptions. We find a class of MPEs with a rich structure. In particular, each player maintains up to two disconnected intervals of singular control regions, one of which plays a defensive role, and the other plays an offensive role. We also identify a set of conditions under which the outcome of the game may be unique despite the multiplicity of the equilibria.
Cyclic hydropyran oligolides as preorganized ligand arrays: Modular assembly of 18-, 24-, 36-, 48-, 54- and 72-membered rings via iteration and cyclooligomerization

Abstract Modular assembly routes to cyclic hydropyran oligolides of diverse structures are described. Macrolactonization of the appropriate tris(hydropyran) hydroxy acid provided compounds 1–8 , whereas macrocycles 9–13 resulted from the cyclodimerization, cyclotrimerization, and cyclotetramerization of the bis- or tris(hydropyran) seco acids, utilizing the “normal” or “modified” Yamaguchi lactonization conditions.
Outliers in the spectrum of iid matrices with bounded rank perturbations

It is known that if one perturbs a large iid random matrix by a bounded rank error, then the majority of the eigenvalues will remain distributed according to the circular law. However, the bounded rank perturbation may also create one or more outlier eigenvalues. We show that if the perturbation is small, then the outlier eigenvalues are created next to the outlier eigenvalues of the bounded rank perturbation; but if the perturbation is large, then many more outliers can be created, and their law is governed by the zeroes of a random Laurent series with Gaussian coefficients. On the other hand, these outliers may be eliminated by enforcing a row sum condition on the final matrix.
A new method for fast and accurate derivation of molecular conformations.

During molecular simulations, three-dimensional conformations of biomolecules are calculated from the values of their bond angles, bond lengths, and torsional angles. In this paper we study how to efficiently derive three-dimensional molecular conformations from the values of torsional angles. This case is of broad interest as torsional angles greatly affect molecular shape and are always taken into account during simulations. We first review two widely used methods for deriving molecular conformations, the simple rotations scheme and the Denavit-Hartenberg local frames method. We discuss their disadvantages which include extensive bookkeeping, accumulation of numerical errors, and redundancies in the local frames used. Then we introduce a new, fast, and accurate method called the atomgroup local frames method. This new method not only eliminates the disadvantages of earlier approaches but also provides lazy evaluation of atom positions and reduces the computational cost. Our method is especially useful i...
Race to the Future: Innovations in Gifted and Enrichment Education in Asia, and Implications for the United States

How are Asian countries preparing children to have skills—including creativity, innovation, and technical capability—to compete in the 21st Century global economy? Countries including China, Korea, Japan and Singapore have begun to integrate education policy and practice into a key component of national innovation strategies: human capital development. Asian countries are developing an emphasis on innovation and creativity at all levels of education, while the United States continues (via No Child Left Behind testing and budget cut-backs) to move away from that model. Developments in China (including Hong Kong and Taiwan), Korea and Singapore are complemented with comparisons to trends in national policy and private sector practice in Japan and the United States. Preliminary findings indicate that while progress has been made towards establishing education practices that enrich student learning, helping children to reach their highest potential in some countries, cultural practices and budgetary constraints have limited reform in others. The paper concludes with a summary of comparative best practices in enrichment education policy and practice and implications for globally competitive national innovation systems.
Efficient data capturing for network forensics in cognitive radio networks

Network forensics is an emerging interdiscipline used to track down cyber crimes and detect network anomalies for a multitude of applications. Efficient capture of data is the basis of network forensics. Compared to traditional networks, data capture faces significant challenges in cognitive radio networks. In traditional wireless networks, usually one monitor is assigned to one channel for traffic capture. This approach will incur very high cost in cognitive radio networks because it typically has a large number of channels. Furthermore, due to the uncertainty of the primary user's behavior, cognitive radio devices change their operating channels dynamically, which makes data capturing more difficult. In this paper, we propose a systematic method to capture data in cognitive radio networks with a small number of monitors. We utilize incremental support vector regression to predict packet arrival time and intelligently switch monitors between channels. We also propose a protocol that schedules multiple monitors to perform channel scanning and packet capturing in an efficient manner. Monitors are reused in the time domain, and geographic coverage is taken into account. The real-world experiments and simulations show that our method is able to achieve the packet capture rate above 70% using a small number of monitors, which outperforms the random scheme by 200%-300%.
Oxidation chemistry of d0 organometallic complexes

Electron-transfer processes can play an important role in organometallic chemistry. Herein, we demonstrate that even d^0 organometallic complexes exhibit a rich redox chemistry and present electrochemical, kinetics, and stereochemical studies that establish a general outer-sphere oxidation process for d^0 group 4 metallocene complexes. This oxidation chemistry closely parallels the reported LMCT photochemistry of these complexes.
Infinite-dimensional super Lie groups

Abstract A super Lie group is a group whose operations are G ∞ mappings in the sense of Rogers. Thus the underlying supermanifold possesses an atlas whose transition functions are G ∞ functions. Moreover the images of our charts are open subsets of a graded infinite-dimensional Banach space since our space of supernumbers is a Banach Grassmann algebra with a countably infinite set of generators. In this context, we prove that if h is a closed, split sub-super Lie algebra of the super Lie algebra of a super Lie group G , then h is the super Lie algebra of a sub-super Lie group of G . Additionally, we show that if g is a Banach super Lie algebra satisfying certain natural conditions, then there is a super Lie group G such that the super Lie algebra g is in fact the super Lie algebra of G . We also show that if H is a closed sub-super Lie group of a super Lie group G , then G → G / H is a principal fiber bundle. We emphasize that some of these theorems are known when one works in the super-analytic category and also when the space of supernumbers is finitely generated in which case, one can use finite-dimensional techniques. The issues dealt with here are that our supermanifolds are modeled on graded Banach spaces and that all mappings must be morphisms in the G ∞ category.
Automated assumption generation for compositional verification

We describe a method for computing a minimum-state automaton to act as an intermediate assertion in assume-guarantee reasoning, using a sampling approach and a Boolean satisfiability solver. For a set of synthetic benchmarks intended to mimic common situations in hardware verification, this is shown to be significantly more effective than earlier approximate methods based on Angluin's L* algorithm. For many of these benchmarks, this method also outperforms BDD-based model checking and interpolation-based model checking. We also demonstrate how domain knowledge can be incorporated into our algorithm to improve its performance.
Games of school choice under the Boston mechanism

Many school districts in the U.S. use a student assignment mechanism that we refer to as the Boston mechanism. Under this mechanism, a student loses his priority at a school unless his parents rank it as their first choice. Therefore, parents are given incentives to rank high on their list the schools where the student has a good chance of getting in. We characterize the Nash equilibria of the induced preference revelation game. An important policy implication of our result is that a transition from the Boston mechanism to the student-optimal stable mechanism would lead to unambiguous efficiency gains.