cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical Recipes Routines and Examples in BASIC

Foreword by Numerical Recipes Software Disclaimer of warranty Author's preface Important note on dialects of BASIC 1. Preliminaries 2. Linear algebraic equations 3. Interpolation and extrapolation 4. Integration of functions 5. Evaluation of functions 6. Special functions 7. Random numbers 8. Sorting 9. Root finding and sets of equations 10. Minimization and maximization of functions 11. Eigensystems 12. Fourier methods 13. Statistical description of data 14. Modeling of data 15. Ordinary differential equations 16. Two-point boundary value problems 17. Partial differential equations Recipes index.
Synthesis of hexosamine in the rat.

Summary1. The relationship of carcass hexosamine concentration to age in growing rats showed that a marked decrease occurs between 10 and 80 days of age. 2. Hexosamine synthesis within the rat was demonstrated by means of balance studies on fasted animals and on animals fed diets containing very small or moderate amounts of hexosamine. 3. Supplementation of diets with moderate amounts of glucosamine-HCI had no effect on hexosamine levels in the carcass or excreta. 4. Hexosamines were demonstrated to occur in a number of semi-purified dietary proteins.
The dependence of optical properties on the structural composition of solar absorbers: Gold black

Abstract Specimens of gold black were produced under controlled laboratory conditions so as to study the dependence of their optical properties on the particle-like nature of the material. A theoretical model incorporating the particulate nature of the gold black films has been applied to describe their optical properties. This theory is related to the experimentally measured optical properties and its general nature is contrasted to previous theories of the optical properties of gold black.
The relationship between discrete and ongoing cerebral events

An attempt was made to determine the relationship between the somatosensory evoked response (SER) and preceding EEG activity. A canonical correlational analysis of a number of parameters derived from both prestimulus and poststimulus cerebral events revealed a complex pattern of relatedness between the two sets of electroencephalographic variables. However, the contribution made by each parameter to the canonical correlation showed little consistency across Ss. Moreover, the amount of variance in one set of parameters accounted for by the other set was relatively small. It was concluded that the SER, as recorded from the vertex, is essentially independent of ongoing EEG rhythms.
Megafauna biomass tradeoff as a driver of Quaternary and future extinctions

Earth's most recent major extinction episode, the Quaternary Megafauna Extinction, claimed two-thirds of mammal genera and one-half of species that weighed >44 kg between ≈50,000 and 3,000 years ago. Estimates of megafauna biomass (including humans as a megafauna species) for before, during, and after the extinction episode suggest that growth of human biomass largely matched the loss of non-human megafauna biomass until ≈12,000 years ago. Then, total megafauna biomass crashed, because many non-human megafauna species suddenly disappeared, whereas human biomass continued to rise. After the crash, the global ecosystem gradually recovered into a new state where megafauna biomass was concentrated around one species, humans, instead of being distributed across many species. Precrash biomass levels were finally reached just before the Industrial Revolution began, then skyrocketed above the precrash baseline as humans augmented the energy available to the global ecosystem by mining fossil fuels. Implications include (i) an increase in human biomass (with attendant hunting and other impacts) intersected with climate change to cause the Quaternary Megafauna Extinction and an ecological threshold event, after which humans became dominant in the global ecosystem; (ii) with continued growth of human biomass and today's unprecedented global warming, only extraordinary and stepped-up conservation efforts will prevent a new round of extinctions in most body-size and taxonomic spectra; and (iii) a near-future biomass crash that will unfavorably impact humans and their domesticates and other species is unavoidable unless alternative energy sources are developed to replace dwindling supplies of fossil fuels.
Facilitating Treaty Formation to Govern International Rivers

Freshwater is a natural resource that is essential for our survival. Although more than two-thirds of our “blue planet” is covered by water, only 2.5% constitutes freshwater. The majority of this freshwater is located in polar ice caps, glaciers, and deep aquifers that are too expensive to exploit. The remaining freshwater stocks are located in rivers and lakes (0.3%), many of which are shared between two or more states. These international rivers comprise 45.3% of the earth's continental land surface \[excluding Antarctica\] (Wolf, Natharius, Danielson, Ward, and Pender 1999). As they transcend political borders, rivers create a complex web of interdependencies that trigger property right contestation and conflict as states attempt to meet their municipal, industrial, and agricultural demands for freshwater. Population growth has increased the demand on the planet's finite supply of freshwater, while climate change is projected to aggravate shortages in water-stressed regions, such as the Middle East and North Africa (International Panel on Climate Change \[IPCC\] (2007). This ever-increasing demand for freshwater has certainly aggravated the potential for interstate conflict, and predictions of “water wars” continue to resonate in the popular press (Russell and Morris 2006). While prophesies of all-out wars over water have been challenged (Wolf and Hamner 2000), studies have focused on the factors that may motivate violent conflict (Naff 1994; Homer-Dixon 1999). Yet, the interdependent relationships rivers impose can also be an impetus for cooperation. In other words, the need to meet domestic water needs, respond to floods and droughts, manage drainage systems and ecosystems, and generate hydropower requires interstate coordination. The literature has thus focused on the factors that motivate and impede cooperation (for example, Le Marquand 1977; Elhance 1999). The majority of studies about conflict and cooperation over international rivers have tended to utilize either the single case …
Probability-of-error bounds for binary transmission on the slowly fading Rician channel

Chernoff bounds and tilted distribution arguments are applied to obtain error probability bounds for binary signaling on the slowly-fading Rician channel with L diversity. For the maximum likelihood receiver, the CB-optimum [optimum in the sense of minimizing the Chernoff (upper) bound on error probability] signal correlation is determined and plotted; it is found that antipodal signals should be used if a > b^{2}(1 + b) , where a is the signal-to-noise ratio of the specular components and b is that of the fading components. The CB-optimum number of diversity paths is then obtained. If a/b > 0.2 , antipodal signaling with unlimited diversity is CB-optimum; whereas, if a/b , orthogonal signaling with properly chosen diversity is very nearly CB-optimum. If restricted to orthogonal signaling, unlimited diversity is CB-optimum whenever a/b > 1.0 . Similar results are obtained for the generally nonoptimum square-law-combining receiver. In this case, orthogonal signaling with finite diversity is always CB-optimum.
Wnt-1 modulates cell-cell adhesion in mammalian cells by stabilizing beta-catenin binding to the cell adhesion protein cadherin

Wnt-1 homologs have been identified in invertebrates and vertebrates and play important roles in cellular differentiation and organization. In Drosophila, the products of the segment polarity genes wingless (the Wnt-1 homolog) and armadillo participate in a signal transduction pathway important for cellular boundary formation in embryonic development, but functional interactions between the proteins are unknown. We have examined Wnt-1 function in mammalian cells in which armadillo (beta-catenin and plakoglobin) is known to bind to and regulate cadherin cell adhesion proteins. We show that Wnt-1 expression results in the accumulation of beta-catenin and plakoglobin. In addition, binding of beta-catenin to the cell adhesion protein, cadherin, is stabilized, resulting in a concomitant increase in the strength of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion. Thus, a consequence of the functional interaction between Wnt-1 and armadillo family members is the strengthening of cell-cell adhesion, which may lead to the specification of cellular boundaries.
Learning to stabilize the head of a quadrupedal robot with an artificial vestibular system

During quadrupedal robot locomotion, there is pitch, yaw, and roll of the head and body due to the stepping. The head motion adversely affects visual sensors embedded in the robot's head. Mammals stabilize the head using a vestibulocollic reflex that detects linear and rotational acceleration. In this paper we describe the use of a machine learning algorithm that utilizes signals from an artificial vestibular system that has been embedded in the robot's head. Our approach can rapidly learn to compensate for the head movements that appear when no stabilization mechanism is present. The stabilization using a Sony Aibo robot occurs in only a few gait cycles.
“Nicotine deprivation effect” in rats with intermittent 23-hour access to intravenous nicotine self-administration

Abstract Our previous work demonstrates that rats allowed extended 23-hour access to intravenous nicotine self-administration (IVSA) display voluntary, dose-related levels of nicotine intake (i.e., higher doses result in higher intake) that remain stable across 40 days. This study examined whether an escalating dose regimen with intermittent abstinence periods produces different levels of nicotine intake relative to those observed during continuous access to a fixed unit dose. Rats were trained to nose-poke for food and water in 23-hour sessions prior to and after recovery from surgical implantation of jugular catheters. Animals ( n = 12) then were given access to nicotine IVSA in 4-day cycles, each separated by three intervening days of abstinence in their home cage. The unit dose available for nicotine IVSA was increased between cycles as follows: 0.015, 0.03, 0.06, 0.09 mg/kg/0.1 ml infusion/1 s, fixed ratio 1. Control rats ( n = 6) were given access to saline for five 4-day IVSA periods. Nicotine dependence was assessed by examining physical signs of withdrawal following an injection of the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine (1.5 mg/kg, i.p.). Nicotine intake dose-dependently increased between cycles. Within each cycle, nicotine intake was highest on the first day after abstinence and decreased over the next 3 days of continuous access. Mecamylamine produced a significant increase in overt signs of withdrawal in the 23-hour access animals comparable to that observed in previous studies of nicotine dependence. Our findings suggest that abstinence from nicotine may produce a “deprivation effect” in nicotine-dependent rats. In addition, intermittent access to increasing unit doses appears to produce higher levels of nicotine intake than continuous access to a constant unit nicotine dose.
Peptoniphilus gorbachii sp. nov., Peptoniphilus olsenii sp. nov., and Anaerococcus murdochii sp. nov. Isolated from Clinical Specimens of Human Origin

Three groups of previously unknown gram-positive, anaerobic, coccus-shaped bacteria were characterized using phenotypic and molecular taxonomic methods. Phenotypic and genotypic data demonstrate that these organisms are distinct, and each group represents a previously unknown subline within Clostridium cluster XIII. Two groups are most closely related to Peptoniphilus harei in the genus Peptoniphilus, and the other group is most closely related to Anaerococcus lactolyticus in the genus Anaerococcus. Based on the findings, three novel species, Peptoniphilus gorbachii sp. nov., Peptoniphilus olsenii sp. nov., and Anaerococcus murdochii sp. nov., are proposed. The type strains of Peptoniphilus gorbachii sp. nov., Peptoniphilus olsenii sp. nov., and Anaerococcus murdochii sp. nov. are WAL 10418T (= CCUG 53341T = ATCC BAA-1383T), WAL 12922T (= CCUG 53342T = ATCC BAA-1384T), and WAL 17230T (= CCUG 53340T = ATCC BAA-1385T), respectively.
Sexual selection and mating systems.

Sexual selection is among the most powerful of all evolutionary forces. It occurs when individuals within one sex secure mates and produce offspring at the expense of other individuals within the same sex. Darwin was first to recognize the power of sexual selection to change male and female phenotypes, and, in noting that sexual selection is nonubiquitous, Darwin was also first to recognize the importance of mating system—the “special circumstances” in which reproduction occurs within species. Analyses of mating systems since Darwin have emphasized either the genetic relationships between male and female mating elements, usually among plants, or the numbers of mates males and females may obtain, usually among animals. Combining these schemes yields a quantitative methodology that emphasizes measurement of the sex difference in the variance in relative fitness, as well as phenotypic and genetic correlations underlying reproductive traits that may arise among breeding pairs. Such information predicts the degree and direction of sexual dimorphism within species, it allows the classification of mating systems using existing genetic and life history data, and with information on the spatial and temporal distributions of fertilizations, it may also predict floral morphology in plants. Because this empirical framework identifies selective forces and genetic architectures responsible for observed male-female differences, it compliments discoveries of nucleotide sequence variation and the expression of quantitative traits. Moreover, because this methodology emphasizes the process of evolutionary change, it is easier to test and interpret than frameworks emphasizing parental investment in offspring and its presumed evolutionary outcomes.
Dance, Don't Interpret!: Commentary on Paper by Steven Cooper

With difficult patients who seek to engage the analyst through struggle rather than through warm connection, analysts struggle whether to interpret or contain. I use Cooper's case example to consider these two initial treatment approaches. I argue for the approach that is most difficult for all analysts—to let the patient be himself guiding us toward what he does and does not need.
Sequence analysis of the human thymidine kinase gene promoter: comparison with the human PCNA promoter.

We report the sequence of 4264 nucleotides of 5′ flanking sequence of the human thymidine kinase gene, a gene that is maximally expressed at the G1/S boundary of the cell cycle. The position of nucleotide sequences which can act as binding sites for trans-acting factors, Sp-1, AP-1/jun, AP-2, OTF-1 and CAAT box factors as well as other potential cis-acting sequences have been mapped. The organization of these cis-acting sequences in the promoter of the human PCNA gene (another gene that is maximally expressed at the G1/S boundary) are shown for comparison. The potential role that these sequences may play in the transcriptional regulation of these genes is discussed.
On the geometry of slip and spin in finite plastic deformation

Abstract A convenient description of the geometry of slip and the associated kinematics of finite deformation in an elastic-plastic crystal is presented. The physical meaning of the plastic spin is discussed in detail. The problem of uniaxial tension of a single crystal under multiple slip is analyzed, and a simple technique for the calculation of the rotation of the slip systems during plastic flow is presented. The paper closes with a relevant discussion of the kinematics of finite elastic-plastic deformations of a continuum.
Cell-specific signaling and structure-activity relations of parathyroid hormone analogs in mouse kidney cells.

PTH is an 84-amino acid protein. Occupancy of its cognate receptor generally results in activation of adenylyl cyclase and/or phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase Cβ (PLCβ). In the kidney, PTH receptors are present on proximal and distal tubule cells. In proximal tubules, PTH induces calcium signaling, typified by a transient rise in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) and inositol trisphosphate formation, but does not affect calcium absorption. By contrast, in distal tubules, PTH increases calcium absorption that is associated with a slow and sustained rise in [Ca2+]i, but does not stimulate phospholipase C (PLC) or cause inositol trisphosphate accumulation. Nonetheless, stimulation of distal calcium transport requires activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase A. We now characterize the origin of the differential effects of ligand occupancy by using synthetic human PTH analogs that preferentially activate adenylyl cyclase and/or PLCβ. We further tested the hypothesis that phospholipase D is ...
A RAPID PCR METHOD FOR DIRECT DETECTION of LOW NUMBERS of CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI

A rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was developed for detection of low numbers of Campylobacter jejuni. In this method, PCR was run directly from lysed C. jejuni cells and used a short denaturing and annealing time, a rapid transition, and an increased number of cycles to obtain good sensitivity. Only 3 h were required for PCR and 1 h for electrophoresis. Additional time for DNA isolation and DNA hybridization was not needed. This system was positive for C. jejuni but negative for C. coli and C. fetus. the method detected as few as two cells in original liquid ofC. jejuni in pure cultures. an internal probe hybridization test confirmed that the PCR products were from C. jejuni.
Sinus Rhythm Targeting of Channels for Ablation of Postinfarction Ventricular Tachycardia

Scar-related reentry is the most common cause of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with structural heart disease. These scars are comprised not only of dense fibrosis but also contain surviving myocyte bundles that support reentry. The separation of myocytes creates a circuitous path (zig-zag conduction) that slows conduction despite the presence of relatively normal action potential upstrokes.1,2 Gap junction remodeling and ion channel alterations may also contribute to slow conduction.3 After myocardial infarction, the scar evolves as part of the ventricular remodeling process, and acute reperfusion favorably influences this process. Article see p 90 Of 689 patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction who received acute percutaneous intervention for reperfusion reported by Zaman et al,4 only 17% had a left ventricular ejection fraction <40%, and of these, only 32 (≈5% of the total group) had inducible VT when studied early after the infarction. By 1 year, only 19% of the patients with inducible VT had spontaneous VT. Interestingly, the VTs that occurred spontaneously (a mean of 11 months after the infarct) were substantially slower as compared with those that were induced early after infarction. Thus, it seems likely that the ongoing remodeling efforts result in conduction slowing in or around the channels of surviving myocytes in the infarct that foster reentrant VT. The risk of VT may increase over years. The time between infarction and referral for VT ablation was an average of 16 years for patients who receive acute infarct reperfusion in one study.5 Once VT is clinically manifest, the reentry substrate is relatively stable, such that the risk of recurrence exceeds 40% by 2 years. An implantable defibrillator is protection against sudden death, but recurrent VT is associated with worse outcomes.6 Catheter ablation has an important role in reducing …
Developmental Performance of the Milfoil Weevil, Euhrychiopsis lecontei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), on Northern Watermilfoil, Eurasian Watermilfoil, and Hybrid (Northern × Eurasian) Watermilfoil

Abstract Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) is a non-native, aquatic, invasive species common throughout North America. The native aquatic milfoil weevil (Euhrychiopsis lecontei Dietz), whose natural host is the native northern watermilfoil (Myriophyllum sibiricum Komarov), has expanded its range to include M. spicatum. Previous studies show that it prefers the non-native Eurasian watermilfoil over native watermilfoils for feeding and oviposition. Previous studies also suggest that milfoil weevils that develop on M. spicatum have shorter development times and a greater mass. Eurasian watermilfoil and northern watermilfoil have hybridized, and hybrids can be more invasive than their parent species. One hypothesized mechanism for increased invasiveness in the hybrid watermilfoil is resistance to the milfoil weevil. To test for resistance, we compared development times, mass, and survival of the milfoil weevil reared on Eurasian, northern, and the Eurasian × northern hybrid watermilfoils. We fo...
Extraction of thermal contact conductance of metal–metal contacts from scale-resolved direct numerical simulation

Abstract The thermal contact conductance (TCC) between two conforming metallic rough surfaces was extracted from scale-resolved direct numerical simulation (DNS) of thermal transport across the interface. To compute thermal transport across the interface, microscale models of the interface geometry were created by stochastically reconstructing the topography of the two metallic surfaces, followed by generation of meshes that resolved all fine-scale features of the interface, including the air pockets. Steady state conjugate heat conduction computations were then conducted, and the TCC values were extracted and expressed as a function of the applied pressure (which translates into a mean separation distance) and the mean interface temperature. When compared with experimental data, the extracted TCC values were found to be in good agreement, thereby validating the approach. To lend practical value to the methodology and data presented in this paper, a relationship was also established between the extracted TCC and the number of contacts between the two surfaces. Further, it was shown that the number of contacts generated using surface reconstruction (numerically computed) correlates well with the theoretically calculated number of contacts using the joint probability distributions of the asperity heights on the two surfaces. The implication of these relationships is that irrespective of the actual topography of the surface, for a given pressure (separation distance) and metallic pair combination, the TCC can be estimated from the correlations presented in this paper (TCC versus number of contacts) without the need to conduct any additional numerical computations.
Comparison of Life Cycle Greenhouse Gases from Natural Gas Pathways for Medium and Heavy-Duty Vehicles

The low-cost and abundant supply of shale gas in the United States has increased the interest in using natural gas for transportation. We compare the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from different natural gas pathways for medium and heavy-duty vehicles (MHDVs). For Class 8 tractor-trailers and refuse trucks, none of the natural gas pathways provide emissions reductions per unit of freight-distance moved compared to diesel trucks. When compared to the petroleum-based fuels currently used in these vehicles, CNG and centrally produced LNG increase emissions by 0–3% and 2–13%, respectively, for Class 8 trucks. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) powered with natural gas-produced electricity are the only fuel-technology combination that achieves emission reductions for Class 8 transit buses (31% reduction compared to the petroleum-fueled vehicles). For non-Class 8 trucks (pick-up trucks, parcel delivery trucks, and box trucks), BEVs reduce emissions significantly (31–40%) compared to their diesel or gas...
Prostate cancer screening practices and diagnoses in patients age 50 and older, Southeastern Michigan, pre/post 2012.

Abstract Introduction Studies investigating the regional impact of the 2012 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation against the use of prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening for prostate cancer have been limited. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted on men age 50 years and older in Southeastern Michigan pre (n = 3647) and post (n = 3618) USPSTF recommendation. PSA screening, transrectal ultrasound, and prostate biopsy rates were evaluated pre/post using a generalized piecewise linear model with a Poisson distribution, and log link. A knot was placed at year 2011 to estimate pre/post slope coefficients. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the marginal probability of a prostate diagnosis as a logistic function of pre and post-period, and comorbidities. Results PSA utilization significantly increased (β = 0.28; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.31) during the pre-period, but significantly decreased in the post-period (β = − 0.29; 95% CI: − 0.34, − 0.25). Prostate biopsies decreased pre (β = − 0.16; 95% CI: − 0.25, − 0.08) and did not change post (β = 0.01; 95% CI: − 0.09, 0.12). Transrectal ultrasounds were stable pre (β = 0.16; 95% CI: − 0.03, 0.35) and significantly decreased post (β = − 0.27; 95% CI: − 0.50, − 0.04). Patients in the post-period had a decreased probability of having a diagnosis of prostate cancer (OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.74–0.89) compared to the pre-period. Conclusion Our study demonstrates how PSA tests are still being frequently used in Southeastern Michigan. Further research is needed to better understand regional variation in prostate cancer screening practices in the U.S.
Post t-PA transfer to hub improves outcome of moderate to severe ischemic stroke patients

Background and PurposeTelemedicine offers rural hospitals the ability to treat acute ischemic stroke on site with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). Most patients are subsequently transferred to a hub hospital with a primary stroke center for post t-PA care. There is little evidence that such transfer is beneficial. The purpose of our study is to determine whether the transfer of patients to hub hospitals is beneficial.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed data from our prospectively collected cohort in the AR SAVES (Stroke Assistance through Virtual Emergency Support) telestroke network from November 2008 till January 2012. We compared the outcome of patients who were transferred to a “hub” with those who remained at the “spoke” hospital where thrombolysis took place. We stratified patients according to stroke severity using admission NIHSS scores into two groups: patients with mild stroke (NIHSS <8) and those with moderate to severe stroke (NIHSS ≥8). We defined good outcome as a modified Ran...
Long-Term Interference at the Semantic Level: Evidence from Blocked-Cyclic Picture Matching.

Processing semantically related stimuli creates interference across various domains of cognition, including language and memory. In this study, we identify the locus and mechanism of interference when retrieving meanings associated with words and pictures. Subjects matched a probe stimulus (e.g., cat) to its associated target picture (e.g., yarn) from an array of unrelated pictures. Across trials, probes were either semantically related or unrelated. To test the locus of interference, we presented probes as either words or pictures. If semantic interference occurs at the stage common to both tasks, that is, access to semantic representations, then interference should occur in both probe presentation modalities. Results showed clear semantic interference effects independent of presentation modality and lexical frequency, confirming a semantic locus of interference in comprehension. To test the mechanism of interference, we repeated trials across 4 presentation cycles and manipulated the number of unrelated intervening trials (zero vs. two). We found that semantic interference was additive across cycles and survived 2 intervening trials, demonstrating interference to be long-lasting as opposed to short-lived. However, interference was smaller with zero versus 2 intervening trials, which we interpret to suggest that short-lived facilitation counteracted the long-lived interference. We propose that retrieving meanings associated with words/pictures from the same semantic category yields both interference due to long-lasting changes in connection strength between semantic representations (i.e., incremental learning) and facilitation caused by short-lived residual activation. (PsycINFO Database Record
Database system to allow accurate analysis of large clinical trials

1253 Learning Objectives Understand the importance of relational database in a large clinical trial: 1. Designing rationale. 2. Clinical questions translation into queries. 3. Final analysis. Since 2007 we have enrolled 128 patients as part of an NIH sponsored study investigating the performance of anti-3-[F18] FACBC, a synthetic amino acid PET radiotracer, in the detection of recurrent prostate cancer. Clinical information is stored in an electronic medical record and a paper folder is created for each patient recording each step in the study. However, there was no efficient methodology to sort the data, search, and analyze it. Hence we developed a relational database system to address those study requirements. Using a commercially available database (Microsoft Access 2007, Microsoft Corp, Redmond, WA, USA), we designed master tables based upon a standard medical admission note: “Patient ID”, “Initial Disease”, “Imaging Prior Scan”, “FACBC”, “FACBC results”, “Post Scan Treatment”, “Surgical Procedures”, “PSA Follow Up”, “Image Follow-up”, and “Consensus”. The tables which contain the past medical history prior to the FACBC PET are static, and each row represents one patient in the study. The remaining tables maintain the clinical follow-up information. These tables can expand dynamically to include additional scans, surgical procedures, treatments, PSA follow-up, etc. Every table has a primary key which creates a set of relations between the tables. During our prospective study we analyzed data regularly by linking all the required information of each patient using queries. Each clinical question was translated into a query presenting only the desired information in a table format. Additional processing was achieved by exporting the query to Microsoft Excel. Through this exhibit, the reader will learn how to develop a database to efficiently analyze data in a clinical trial using off-the-shelf software. We will demonstrate the creation of such a database using examples from an NIH trial conducted at our institution. Research Support Research sponsored by the NIH (1 R01 CA 129356-01) and the Georgia Cancer Coalition.
Physical health, lifestyle beliefs and behaviors, and mental health of entering graduate health professional students: Evidence to support screening and early intervention.

AbstractBackground and purpose:Little is known about the physical health, lifestyle beliefs and behaviors, and mental health among first-year health professional graduate students. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to describe these attributes as well as to explore the relationships among the
Total Synthesis of the Proposed Structure of Mycosporulone: Structural Revision and an Unexpected Retro-Aldol/Aldol Reaction

The proposed structure of the fungal metabolite, mycosporulone 1, was prepared starting from the cyclohexenone ester 11 and the d-(R)-glyceraldehyde acetonide 12. The spectroscopic data for both 1 and its C2 epimer 1a did not match those reported for the natural product. A revised structure 29 for mycosporulone is proposed.
Metabolism and Body Temperature of Two Desert Canids: Coyotes and Kit Foxes

Oxygen consumption (VO2) and body temperature (Tb) of desert coyotes ( Canis latrans ) and kit foxes ( Vulpes macrotis ) were measured at ambient temperatures between —10° and +43°C. Measurement of VO2 established a thermal neutral zone between 22° and 26°C for coyotes, between 19° and 31°C for kit foxes in summer, and between 23° and 33°C for kit foxes in winter. Within the zone, metabolic rate for coyotes was 0.0015 watts per gram (W/g) or 79% of the predicted weight-specific basal metabolic rate; kit fox metabolic rate was 0.0034 W/g in summer and 0.0028 W/g in winter, or 117% and 97% of predicted, respectively. Kit foxes exhibited high thermal conductance, which varied seasonally. High thermal conductance in the kit fox is hypothesized as an adaptation for dissipating exercise heat loads by nonevaporative means. Kit foxes made minimal use of evaporative cooling for dissipation of metabolic heat. The Tb of both species was elevated at warm ambient temperatures.
Automated immunohistochemical assay for estrogen receptor status in breast cancer using monoclonal antibody CC4-5 on the Ventana ES.

Determination of breast cancer estrogen receptor (ER) status as a predictor of tumor response to adjuvant endocrine therapy remains a mainstay of breast cancer management. Recent second generation anti-ER antibodies and new epitope retrieval methods have produced paraffin-based immunohistochemical results that correlate closely with the dextran-coated charcoal (DCC) assay and appear to represent a superior method of ER assay. The authors determined the ER status of 103 invasive breast cancers by paraffin-based, automated immunohistochemistry on the Ventana ES using a new monoclonal antibody, CC4-5, and compared the results to those of parallel DCC biochemical analysis and manual immunohistochemical analysis using anti-ER monoclonal antibody ER1D5. The specificity of the CC4-5 antibody for ER protein was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Sixty of 103 cases were positive for ER by CC4-5 automated immunohistochemistry. With a ligand binding assay threshold value of 20 fmol/mg protein, there were 50 positive cases by biochemical assay. The biochemical results corresponded to an 88% rate of agreement with automated CC4-5 staining. Analysis of discordant cases revealed that the majority of CC4-5 immunopositive only cases (8 of 11) were strongly positive, stroma rich tumors, suggesting that corresponding biochemical measurements were diluted by non representative stromal tissue. There was only one immunonegative, biochemically positive case (27 fmol/mg protein). Semiquantitation of CC4-5 staining using percent positive tumor cells or weighted average staining intensity (HSCORE) showed moderate to good correlation with quantitative DCC results (r = 0.64 and 0.62, P <.0001). ERID5 was not suitable for use on the Ventana ES, most likely due to temperature constraints of the instrument. By manual ER1D5 staining, 40 of 79 examined cases were positive corresponding to a 99% rate of agreement with automated CC4-5 staining. Semiquantitation of ERI D5 staining by percent positive tumor cells and weighted average staining intensity (HSCORE) showed excellent correlation with semiquantitation of automated CC4-5 results (r = 0.90 and 0.88, P <.0001). Automated immunohistochemistry using the Ventana ES and monoclonal antibody CC4-5 is a reliable method for determining breast cancer ER status. As with other immunohistochemical methods, direct correlation with morphology precludes errors due to tissue sampling, allowing for accurate analysis of stroma-rich or partially necrotic tumors and small neoplasms that otherwise would yield insufficient tumor tissue for biochemical analysis.
Surveillance on influenza antibody levels in Fujian population (2005-2012)

Objective To investigate the levels of influenza antibodies of population of surveillance sites in Fujian and predict the influenza epidemic trends.Methods Totally 20samples of blood serum were collected from five age groups(2005-2012).The antibody levels were detected by using blood agglutination inhibition test and the epidemiological characteristics were analyzed.Results From 2005to 2012,the positive rates of new H1N1,H1N1,H3N2,BY,and BV were 34.5%,39.8%,56.4%,36.0%,and 17.2%,respectively.The protection rates were 18.0%,14.8%,31.5%,25.7% and 8.6%,respectively.In the five types,the overall antibody GMT trend shown that the highest titer was H3N2,the lowest one was BV.Conclusion The overall antibody level in Fujian population is at lower level.Type BV may be in the risk of epidemic or outbreak.The epidemic risk of new H1N1is greater than that of H1N1.The current recommended flu vaccine containing the ingredient of new H1N1is suitable for the population immunization.
Mass spectrometry‐based proteomics of oxidative stress: Identification of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (HNE) adducts of amino acids using lysozyme and bovine serum albumin as model proteins

Modification of proteins by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), a reactive by-product of ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation, on specific amino acid residues is considered a biomarker for oxidative stress, as occurs in many metabolic, hereditary, and age-related diseases. HNE modification of amino acids can occur either via Michael addition or by formation of Schiff-base adducts. These modifications typically occur on cysteine (Cys), histidine (His), and/or lysine (Lys) residues, resulting in an increase of 156 Da (Michael addition) or 138 Da (Schiff-base adducts), respectively, in the mass of the residue. Here, we employed biochemical and mass spectrometry (MS) approaches to determine the MS "signatures" of HNE-modified amino acids, using lysozyme and BSA as model proteins. Using direct infusion of unmodified and HNE-modified lysozyme into an electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer, we were able to detect up to seven HNE modifications per molecule of lysozyme. Using nanoLC-MS/MS, we found that, in addition to N-terminal amino acids, Cys, His, and Lys residues, HNE modification of arginine (Arg), threonine (Thr), tryptophan (Trp), and histidine (His) residues can also occur. These sensitive and specific methods can be applied to the study of oxidative stress to evaluate HNE modification of proteins in complex mixtures from cells and tissues under diseased versus normal conditions.
Philosophy against and in Praise of Violence: Kant, Thoreau and the Revolutionary Spectator

In this article, the author argues that the works of Immanuel Kant and Henry David Thoreau can help reframe current political discussions about violence and nonviolence within revolutionary movements. For both of them, the means and ends of political change must coincide. Since they seek a nonviolent state of affairs, each argues against violent political change. However, they are also concerned to articulate a relationship between armed and unarmed struggle. After all, Kant and Thoreau worked to find what was positive in violent acts: the French Revolution and John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry, respectively. They suggest that one of the ethical acts of revolutionary nonviolence is the sympathetic spectatorship of comrades in struggle who have chosen violent means. This opens up a theory of revolutionary nonviolence as a dual injunction to remain resolutely opposed to violence, but also to be capable of finding within violent acts a deeper desire for the end of violence.
Interorganizational cooperation and our manifest destiny: An evolutionary perspective

The largest business unit is no longer the multinational corporation but rather, cooperating networks of globally connected organizations and firms. The principal focus of this chapter is to identify trends which have come to a head in the last two decades in the world economy and have fostered interorganizational cooperation on an unprecedented scale. The technological, political, spatial and cultural complexities of global operations are becoming simply too great in many areas to be encompassed by a single company or agency. It is impossible to build a technologically complex global civilization without interorganizational cooperation, any more than a multicellular organism could survive without cooperation between its distinct but specialized constituents. The chapter reviews the evolutionary basis for cooperation, describes recent economic forces that have shaped interorganizational cooperation and describes why planetary economic cooperation is our “manifest destiny.”
Complete mutational spectrum of the autophagy interactome: a novel class of tumor suppressor genes in myeloid neoplasms.

Complete mutational spectrum of the autophagy interactome: a novel class of tumor suppressor genes in myeloid neoplasms
A Lightweight and Inexpensive In-ear Sensing System For Automatic Whole-night Sleep Stage Monitoring

This paper introduces LIBS, a light-weight and inexpensive wearable sensing system, that can capture electrical activities of human brain, eyes, and facial muscles with two pairs of custom-built flexible electrodes each of which is embedded on an off-the-shelf foam earplug. A supervised non-negative matrix factorization algorithm to adaptively analyze and extract these bioelectrical signals from a single mixed in-ear channel collected by the sensor is also proposed. While LIBS can enable a wide class of low-cost self-care, human computer interaction, and health monitoring applications, we demonstrate its medical potential by developing an autonomous whole-night sleep staging system utilizing LIBS's outputs. We constructed a hardware prototype from off-the-shelf electronic components and used it to conduct 38 hours of sleep studies on 8 participants over a period of 30 days. Our evaluation results show that LIBS can monitor biosignals representing brain activities, eye movements, and muscle contractions with excellent fidelity such that it can be used for sleep stage classification with an average of more than 95% accuracy.
A New Genus and Species of Stridulating Edrotini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pimeliinae) from West Texas, with Notes on Stridulation Within the Tribe

Eremocantor marioni, gen. nov. et sp. nov. is described for an unusual species of stridulating darkling beetle discovered in West Texas, USA. Stridulation in other members of the tribe Edrotini (Tenebrionidae: Pimeliinae) is discussed, including Edrotes LeConte and the previously unrecognized sound producing genera Pimeliopsis Champion, Pescennius Champion, Trichiotes Casey, and Oxygonodera Casey. A key to the known stridulating edrotine genera is also provided.
Optimal control in selective catalytic reduction using linear quadratic regulator

Selective Catalytic Reactor [SCR] in the existing system have been using the two classical PID controllers in cascade form. It is being employed to reduce the NOx value by predicting the set point of ammonia. When this process is being applied to a thermal power plant, we get the higher cost, increased peak overshoot and more settling time, which caused time delay affecting the process to a certain extent. In the proposed system, we are incorporating Linear Quadratic Regulator in place of two PID controllers, where we optimize the system to get a constant feedback which overcomes the existing disadvantages of the existing system. The LQR technique minimizes the energy of the system by giving minimum cost which is lesser than that of nominal cost of the system. This also gives lower cost, faster setting time and less peak overshoot when compared to PID control.
Abstract 312: Anti-proliferative effects of cinnamon extract in colon cancer

Colon cancer is the third most lethal cancer worldwide, and is estimated to cause 49,190 cancer-related deaths in the U.S. in 2016 alone. Current treatments for colon cancer are limited in their capacity to target tumor cells employing adaptive mechanisms necessary for survival and proliferation, often resulting in poor prognosis. Therefore, it is critical to develop novel target-specific therapeutic approaches with minimal cytotoxicity to normal cells, in order to mitigate potential side effects. Proanthocyanidins represent a subclass of flavonoids, which have been widely investigated for their chemopreventive and therapeutic potential. Cinnamtannin B-1 (CTB-1) is a proanthocyanidin shown to have anti-cancer effects in several cancers, but its anti-cancer potential in colon cancer has not been tested. Hence, the focus of this study was to determine the anticancer effects of CTB-1 in colon cancer. Our results show that CTB-1 treatment significantly decreases the cell viability and proliferation of DLD-1 and COLO 201 human colon cancer cells in a time and dose-dependent manner. In addition, CTB-1 treatment modulated the cell cycle progression of colon cancer cells via G2/M arrest, coupled with a reduction of cells in the S phase. The expression and/or phosphorylation of key molecules involved in apoptosis and cell cycle progression were also modulated in response to CTB-1 treatment. Collectively, these findings, for the first time, shed light on the anti-proliferative effects of CTB-1 in colon cancer, and further demonstrate its potential as a novel therapeutic/preventive agent. Citation Format: Patrick P. Carriere, Hina Mir, Neeraj Kapur, Clarence E. Clark, Shailesh Singh. Anti-proliferative effects of cinnamon extract in colon cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 312. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-312
Exploring the Essential Psychological Factors in Fostering Hope Concerning Climate Change.

AbstractHope is an important component that helps engage people in solving problems. Environmental educational resources addressing climate change effectively should ideally nurture hope as well as increase understanding about the issue. However, hopefulness about resolving climate change challenges is a relatively new construct in the literature and little is known about it. To understand the factors that affect hope, we assessed hope using the reasonable person model and hypothesized that students are more likely to be hopeful and work toward solutions if they: (1) are able to make sense of information (model building); (2) perceive there are actions they can take (meaningful action); and (3) believe that society and laypeople have the ability to undertake actions to make a difference (being effective). We surveyed 728 high school students between September 2013 and January 2014 and found that students’ belief of competency (being effective) is a significant and direct path to hope.
Localized plasmonic structured illumination microscopy with an optically trapped microlens

Localized plasmonic structured illumination microscopy (LPSIM) is a recently developed super resolution technique that demonstrates immense potential via arrays of localized plasmonic antennas. Microlens microscopy represents another distinct approach for improving resolution by introducing a spherical lens with a large refractive index to boost the effective numerical aperture of the imaging system. In this paper, we bridge together the LPSIM and optically trapped spherical microlenses, for the first time, to demonstrate a new super resolution technique for surface imaging. By trapping and moving polystyrene and TiO2 microspheres with optical tweezers on top of a LPSIM substrate, the new imaging system has achieved a higher NA and improved resolution.