cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic Impact of UDC Farmers' Market 2015

Run by Center for Sustainable Development (CSD), College of Agriculture, Urban Sustainability and Environmental Sciences (CAUSES) on every Saturday at the Van Ness Campus from May to late November since 2013, the UDC Farmers’ Market brings local, fresh, and sustainable produce to Ward 3 residents and beyond. The economic impact of the farmers’ market goes far beyond the sales value because the local spending causes a larger multiplier effect throughout the economy that will stay local, compared to the spending happens at grocery stores. Using the Sticky Economy Evaluation Device (SEED) methodology, it is estimated that UDC Farmers’ Market in 2015 market season (mid-May to late-November) has an annual combined economic impact of $432,717 in the District of Columbia’s economy.
Michael J. Goodheart, MD

Dr. Michael Goodheart is an Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology in the Division of Gynecologic Oncology at the University of Iowa. In addition to clinical duties, Dr. Goodheart does research the focus of which is unraveling the role of the Wnt pathway in endometrial cancer.
A double-masked randomized trial of postoperative local anesthetic for pain control in pediatric strabismus surgery.

Purpose To determine to what extent local anesthetic reduces postoperative pain after pediatric strabismus surgery. Methods In this double-masked, randomized clinical trial of 50 children 13-91 months of age undergoing strabismus surgery, subjects were randomly assigned to one of three treatments given at the conclusion of surgery: topical lidocaine gel and sub-Tenon's (balanced salt solution) placebo (n = 16), topical placebo (hypromellose) and sub-Tenon's bupivacaine 0.75% (n = 17), or topical and sub-Tenon's placebo (n = 17). Pain was otherwise managed systemically in the usual fashion by the masked anesthesia team and assessed at regular postoperative intervals by a masked observer using an objective, validated pain scale. Results Average pain in the first 30 minutes was 6.57, 6.36, and 6.58 in the lidocaine, bupivacaine, and placebo groups, respectively, and was significantly lower ( P = 0.016) for bupivacaine vs placebo. The bupivacaine group had significantly lower scores for pain after 30 minutes, total pain, and peak pain versus the lidocaine group. Conclusions Sub-Tenon's bupivacaine may reduce postoperative pain in children undergoing strabismus surgery.
Morphological characterization of fullerene and fullerene-free organic photovoltaics by combined real and reciprocal space techniques

Morphology can play a critical role in determining function in organic photovoltaic (OPV) systems. Recently molecular acceptors have showed promise to replace fullerene derivatives as acceptor materials in bulk heterojunction solar cells and have achieved >10% efficiencies in single junction devices. The nearly identical mass/electron densities between the donor (polymer) and acceptor (molecule) materials results in poor material contrast compared to fullerene-based OPVs and therefore morphology characterization using techniques that rely on mass/electron density variations poses a challenge. This inhibits a fundamental understanding of the structure–property relationships for non-fullerene acceptor materials. We demonstrate that low angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy and resonant soft X-ray scattering form a set of complementary tools that can provide quantitative characterization of fullerene as well as non-fullerene based organic photovoltaic systems.
Clinical Food Addiction Is Not Associated with Development of Metabolic Complications in Liver Transplant Recipients

Background and Aims: Given the increased risk of post-transplant metabolic syndrome (PTMS; defined by hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia), we aimed to identify the potential role of food addiction in the development of metabolic complications in the post-liver transplant population.
THE EFFECT OF THE CONSUMPTION OF NPV-INFECTED DEAD FALL ARMYWORM LARVAE ON THE LONGEVITY OF TWO SPECIES OF SCAVENGER BEETLES

Adults of the scavenger beetles Ateuchus histeroides Weber and Trox suberosus F. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) were fed 4 meals in the laboratory over a 3-wk interval, of either dead fall armyworm lar...
Photoelectrochemical Performance of BiVO4 Photoanodes Integrated with [NiFe]-Layered Double Hydroxide Nanocatalysts

We immobilized laser-made nickel iron layered double hydroxide ([NiFe]-LDH) nanocatalysts on BiVO4 photoanodes. We compared photoelectrochemical performance of integrated [NiFe]-LDH-BiVO4 photoanodes in sulfite-free aqueous electrolyte with photocurrent generation of neat BiVO4 photoanodes in aqueous electrolyte with sulfite added as sacrificial hole acceptor. We optimized catalyst mass loading, which is a tradeoff between most efficient depletion of photogenerated holes that drive catalytic turnover and parasitic light absorption by the catalyst particles. We also mitigated nanocatalyst aggregation on the BiVO4 surface by a surfactant that selectively ligated the catalysts or by dispersing the catalyst suspension more rapidly on the photoanode surface. Our rational optimization strategies enhanced photoelectrochemical performance of integrated nanocatalyst photoanodes: Two thirds of all photogenerated holes escaped loss processes in our optimized integrated [NiFe]-LDH-BiVO4 photoanodes under 100 mW cm-2 of simulated air mass 1.5G illumination in aqueous pH 9.2 buffered electrolyte. Our systematic optimization strategies for integration of highly efficient water oxidation nanocatalysts with a visible-light absorber provide a path towards functional artificial photosynthesis devices.
Economics, Helium, and the U.S. Federal Helium Reserve: Summary and Outlook

In 2017, disruptions in the global supply of helium reminded consumers, distributors, and policy makers that the global helium supply chain lacks flexibility, and that attempts to increase production from the U.S. Federal Helium Reserve (the FHR) may not be able to compensate for the loss of one of the few major producers in the world. Issues with U.S. and global markets for helium include inelastic demand, economic availability of helium only as a byproduct, only 4–5 major producers, helium’s propensity to escape earth’s crust, an ongoing absence of storage facilities comparable to the FHR, and a lack of consequences for the venting of helium. The complex combination of these economic, physical, and regulatory issues is unique to helium, and determining helium’s practical availability goes far beyond estimating the technically accessible volume of underground resources. Although most of these issues have been analyzed since helium was recognized to be a valuable mineral commodity in the early 1900s, very few economic models have been developed that adequately consider the unique characteristics of helium and helium markets. In particular, there is a notable lack of recent empirical work to estimate the responsiveness of helium demand, supply, prices, and trade patterns to the ongoing drawdown and sale of helium reserves stored in the FHR. In general, existing models of helium either do not account for an oligopoly controlling supply, or they do not evaluate potential helium extraction and storage programs based on an intertemporal maximization of the value of the resource. Such models could be of very limited use to decision makers. This review found only one working paper with a helium market model that has incorporated both of these vital considerations. That and other economic studies along similar lines could be very useful in helping inform current helium policy discussions and decisions.
Finite Element Analysis for Elastoplastic Problems

Different from elastic materials, some materials, such as steels or aluminum alloys, show permanent deformation when a force larger than a certain limit (elastic limit) is applied and removed. A simple example is bending a paper clip. If a small force is applied and removed, the paper clip comes back to its initial geometry, but when the force is larger than the elastic limit (irreversible), it does not. In contrast to elasticity, this behavior of materials is called plasticity. Since these materials are initially elastic and then become plastic, this behavior of materials is called elastoplasticity, which is the main topic of this chapter.
The role of exposure time in computerized training of prostate cryosurgery: performance comparison of surgical residents with engineering students.

This study aims at the evaluation of a prototype of a computerized trainer for cryosurgery—the controlled destruction of cancer tumors by freezing. The hypothesis in this study is that computer-based cryosurgery training for an optimal cryoprobe layout is essentially a matter of exposure time, rather than trainee background or the specific computer-generated planning target. Key geometric features under considerations are associated with spatial limitations on cryoprobes placement and the match between the resulted thermal field and the unique anatomy of the prostate. All experiments in this study were performed on the cryosurgery trainer—a prototype platform for computerized cryosurgery training, which has been presented previously. Among its key features, the cryosurgery trainer displays the prostate shape and its contours and provides a distance measurement tool on demand, in order to address spatial constraints during ultrasound imaging guidance. Another unique feature of the cryosurgery trainer is an output movie, displaying the simulated thermal field at the end of the cryoprocedure. The current study was performed on graduate engineering students having no formal background in medicine, and the results were benchmarked against data obtained on surgical residents having no experience with cryosurgery. Despite fundamental differences in background and experience, neither group displayed superior performance when it comes to cryoprobe layout planning. This study demonstrates that computer-based training of an optimal cryoprobe layout is feasible. This study demonstrates that the training quality is essentially related to the training exposure time, rather than to a specific planning strategy from those investigated.
The Future of Race and Racism in the United States

This chapter recapitulates the fact that modern racism, microaggressions, and macroaggressions are complex, chronic issues that have grown increasingly insidious over time. The author discusses the importance of embracing anti-racism efforts and liberation in our lives, relationships, and institutions, as well as supporting leaders and policies with an anti-racism focus. The author also notes the importance of collective action and awareness education in addressing, reducing, and eradicating racism.
Adolescent Vulnerability and Psychological Interventions

Adolescents' level of personal vulnerability depends on the environment that they face, the efforts made by society to protect them, and their own understanding of this reality. How society assesses risks to adolescents reflects its priorities, and the protections that it sees them as deserving. Those concerns could be restricted to health and safety, or extended to other aspects of adolescents' well-being (e.g., mental health, political rights). Programs intended to protect young people may be directed at reducing specific risks or at providing systemic protection, by equipping adolescents with general coping skills or redesigning general aspects of their environment. Although adolescents are often accused of having an overriding feeling of invulnerability, there is little evidence that they are any worse than adults in this respect. Often, however, adolescents face particularly great challenges, as they contend with novel, diverse, and potentially risky situations. As a result, they have an acute need for credible, comprehensible information, relevant to the decisions that they are increasingly called upon to make.
Generic Properties of Differential Equations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses generic properties of differential equations. Let M be a compact differential manifold and let B be the Banach space of all C 1 first-order differential equations, with the C 1 metric, on M, then the property of having only elementary critical points and elementary periodic solutions is generic in B. When Eigen values have nonzero entity, then the critical point of a differential system in B is elementary. Therefore, a generic differential system in B has only a finite number of critical points and only a countable number of periodic solutions.
Nerve Growth Factor Promotes Survival of Septal Cholinergic Neurons After Injury

Alzheimer’s disease is associated with a selective loss of cholinergic neurons located in the basal forebrain. Even though some other neuronal systems are also affected, the loss of cholinergic neurons seems to be a principal factor responsible for the memory loss that is characteristic for Alzheimer’s disease (for review see Bartus et al, 1982). A treatment preventing the degeneration of these neurons therefore would be of great value in the therapy of this disease. Such a therapeutic tool might promote the survival of remaining cholinergic neurons in mildly affected patients and might therefore prevent the normally progressive behavioral deterioration.
The Paternal Presence

Although fathers cannot imitate a mother's nurturing care of her children, fathers have an essential nurturing function that is distinctly their own. This article discusses this distinct role fathe...
Where History Meets Literature: Teaching the Holocaust, Genocide, and Mass Atrocity Through a Creative Approach in the Community College English Classroom

This chapter discusses how the author taught a unit on the Holocaust, genocide, and mass atrocity in a community college literature course. This unit included a talk by a Holocaust survivor, a guided tour of our campus’s Holocaust center, and a multimedia “museum” curating project in which students curated collections of literary, artistic, and historical sources related to the Holocaust, genocide, and mass atrocity. By contextualizing study of the Holocaust within different historical and societal contexts, students learned how Holocaust history remains relevant today. The unit’s interdisciplinary, creative, and student-directed nature, which encouraged exploration of historical and political issues through literary works and first-person narratives, also helped students understand why we study literature and how it plays a role in preserving historical memory.
A high-order accurate five-equations compressible multiphase approach for viscoelastic fluids and solids with relaxation and elasticity

Abstract A novel Eulerian approach is proposed for numerical simulations of wave propagation in viscoelastic media, for application to shocks interacting with interfaces between fluids and solids. We extend the five-equations multiphase interface-capturing model, based on the idea that all the materials (gases, liquids, solids) obey the same equation of state with spatially varying properties, to incorporate the desired constitutive relation; in this context, interfaces are represented by discontinuities in material properties. We consider problems in which the deformations are small, such that the substances can be described by linear constitutive relations, specifically, Maxwell, Kelvin–Voigt or generalized Zener models. The main challenge lies in representing the combination of viscoelastic, multiphase and compressible flow. One particular difficulty is the calculation of strains in an Eulerian framework, which we address by using a conventional hypoelastic model in which an objective time derivative (Lie derivative) of the constitutive relation is taken to evolve strain rates instead. The resulting eigensystem is analyzed to identify wave speeds and characteristic variables. The spatial scheme is based on a solution-adaptive formulation, in which a discontinuity sensor discriminates between smooth and discontinuous regions. To compute the convective fluxes, explicit high-order central differences are applied in smooth regions, while a high-order finite-difference Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory (WENO) scheme is used at discontinuities (shocks, material interfaces and contacts). The numerical method is verified in a comprehensive fashion using a series of smooth and discontinuous (shocks and interfaces), one- and two-dimensional test problems.
Morphological Basis of Persistent Bowel Problems Following a Properly Performed Pull-Through Operation for Hirschsprung’s Disease

Despite having a technically satisfactory pull-through operation for Hirschsprung’s disease (HSCR) (complete resection of all aganglionic or hypoganglionic colon with hypertrophic nerve trunks while avoiding injury to the sphincter mechanism), a substantial proportion of patients continue to experience symptoms such as intractable constipation, soiling, or recurrent Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis. Some of these patients are later found to have a retained segment of aganglionic or transition zone colon. This may be avoided with more rigorous definition of what constitutes transition zone colon and by ensuring that a margin, the recommended length of which has yet to be determined, of colon above the normally ganglionated intraoperative biopsy is also resected.
The nature of /r/ and /l/ in English: evidence from speech errors

Abstract: The phonemic status of prevocalic, post-volcalic, and syllabic /r/ in American English is explored using speech error evidence. Post-vocalic /r/ and /l/ do not behave like glides or other consonants. It is argued that, unlike glides, they are not a part of the vowel, but, unlike consonants, they are part of the syllable nucleus rather than the syllable coda. Syllabic /r/ and /l/ show some error-patterns characteristic of vowels, and other error-patterns characteristic of consonants. Even sophisticated attempts to treat syllabic /r/ and /l/ as vowels fail. All variants of /r/ and /l/ are members of a single consonant phoneme. Phonemes thus apparently do not contain a feature for syllabicness; that must be imposed on the segment from an external source, such as the syllable structure.
DNS for Flow Past a 3D Flexible Wing

We will present a matrix-free discontinuous Galerkin method for simulating compressible viscous flows on two- and three-dimensional moving domains. To this end, we solve the Navier-Stokes equations in an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) framework. Spatial discretization is based on standard structured and unstructured grids but using an orthogonal spectral hierarchical basis. The method is third-order accurate in time, and converges exponentially fast in space for smooth solutions. A novelty of the method is the use of a force-directed algorithm from graph theory that requires no matrix inversion to efficiently update the grid while minimizing distortions. We present several simulations using the new method, including validation using published results from a pitching airfoil, and new results for flow past a three-dimensional wing subject to large flapping insect-like motion.
Zoonotic Disease Exposure Risk and Rabies Vaccination Among Wildlife Professionals

More than 70% of zoonotic diseases are wildlife associated putting wildlife professionals at increased risk of occupational exposure. In 2008 and 2018, the Arizona Department of Health Services surveyed Arizona wildlife professionals from multiple agencies to assess the risk of disease exposure, rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) history, personal protective equipment (PPE) use, and zoonoses knowledge. In 2008, a 12-question survey was distributed at a state wildlife professional meeting using an anonymous email link. In 2018, a 20-question survey was distributed using an anonymous email link to wildlife agency employees. We received 164 and 81 complete responses in the 2008 and 2018 surveys, respectively. Bites from rabies reservoir or spillover species were higher in 2008 (42%) than in 2018 (16%). More respondents received PrEP in 2018 (53%) than in 2008 (45%). Among 43 respondents who performed necropsies or collected animal samples within the past 5 years (2014–2018), only 60% always wore latex or nitrile gloves, and 79% never wore a facemask. Respondents indicated lower awareness of certain zoonoses, including brucellosis (72%) and leptospirosis (60%). Results on zoonoses awareness and reasons for non-use of PPE highlighted targets for education to improve practices, including facilitation of PPE training to prevent future disease transmission.
Why Don’t Things Change? The Matter of Morphostasis

In a series of volumes on morphogenesis, it is also important to reflect on morphostasis and the mechanisms that account for it. Not everything is changing or changing as quickly as we would expect. Why not? This chapter addresses this question. To do so, it reflects on several specific cases: Why the U.S. public for so long allowed its government to support repressive regimes in Central America; why the U.S. even now continues to resist national health care; and why not enough is being done to confront either global warming or world poverty. As will be seen, the mechanisms that account for stasis in these cases range from individual choice through culture and social structure, in other words, factors collected under the acronym Margaret Archer has labeled SAC.
Operational Seasonal Water Supply and Water Level Forecasting for the Laurentian Great Lakes

AbstractSeasonal water supply forecasts are a critical component of regional water resources management planning. Across the United States, multiple modeling tools and operational protocols have ev...
Decellularization of whole hearts for cardiac regeneration

Abstract Cardiovascular disease is an important public health problem. Heart transplantation remains the definitive treatment for patients with end-stage heart failure (ESHF), but the availability of donor hearts falls short of the need. Although the use of mechanical devices has emerged as an alternative solution, these devices have several limitations. Tissue engineering techniques that utilize cells and regenerative medicine for the treatment of various heart diseases including ESHF have shown promise as new approaches in cardiovascular research. For the reconstruction of new tissues, scaffolds (i.e., biomaterials to be used as supports), cells, and appropriate growth factors are needed. Because the biomaterial plays an important role in the attachment of human cells and their functional integrity, generating an ideal scaffold is the greatest challenge in tissue engineering. A decellularized heart composed of native extracellular matrix has been shown to offer a complex, unique, and natural scaffold that provides both physical and chemical cues required for cardiac function. In this chapter, the key steps of reconstructing a whole heart from a decellularized scaffold are described, including procedures before decellularization (e.g., perfusion methods), during decellularization (e.g., monitoring of flow dynamics and outflow turbidity and viscosity), and after decellularization (e.g., disinfectant treatments, biomechanical and microstructural property evaluation). Remaining challenges in the field of cardiac regenerative research are also discussed.
Postoperative Analgesia Protocol: A Resident-Led Effort to Standardize Opioid Prescribing Patterns.

OBJECTIVES The combined impact of variable surgeon prescribing preferences and low resident prescribing comfort level can lead to significant disparity in opioid prescribing patterns for the same surgery in the same academic surgical practice. We report the results of a resident led initiative to standardize postoperative prescription practices within the Department of Otolaryngology at a single tertiary-care academic hospital in order to reduce overall opioid distribution. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS Following approval by the Institutional Review Board, performed a retrospective review of 12 months before (July 2016-June 2017) and after (July 2017-June 2018) implementation of the Postoperative Analgesia Protocol, which included all adults undergoing tonsillectomy, septoplasty, thyroidectomy, parathyroidectomy, tympanoplasty, middle ear exploration, stapedectomy, and ossicular chain reconstruction. RESULTS Seven hundred and thirty eight procedures met inclusion criteria. Following implementation, total morphine milligram equivalents decreased by 26% (P < .0001). The number of patients requiring opioid refills decreased by 49%, and morphine milligram equivalents received as refills decreased by 16% (P < .001). Thyroid and parathyroid surgery had the greatest reduction in morphine milligram equivalents prescribed (84%, P < .001), followed by septoplasty (30%, P = .001) and tonsillectomy (18%, P < .001). The number of patients receiving refills of opioid medications decreased for all procedures (tonsillectomy 54%; septoplasty 67%; thyroid/parathyroid surgery 80%, middle ear surgery 100%). CONCLUSIONS While every patient and surgery must be treated individually, this study demonstrates that a resident led standardization of pain control regimes can result in significant reductions in total quantity of opioids prescribed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV Laryngoscope, 131:982-988, 2021.
Abstract IA09: Tumor cell oxidative metabolism as a barrier to antitumor immunity in melanoma

The treatment of melanoma has been fundamentally changed by immunotherapies like blockade of coinhibitory “checkpoint” molecules like CTLA-4 and PD-1. However, despite these remarkable successes, even within T cell-inflamed, high-mutational-burden tumors, response rates remain low, likely due to additional immune inhibitory mechanisms present in the tumor microenvironment. It is now generally appreciated that the tumor microenvironment is characterized by a distinct metabolic landscape, having low oxygen tension, depleted levels of essential nutrients, and buildup of toxic byproducts. We sought to determine whether this metabolic landscape was variable from patient to patient and how this landscape affected antitumor immunity and thus response to immunotherapy. Using extracellular metabolic flux analysis, we profiled the metabolic derangement of patient-derived cell lines as well as direct ex vivo patient tumor samples, revealing striking heterogeneity not only in the degree of metabolic derangement but also in the type of metabolism a tumor cell was dependent on. Analysis of the tumor infiltrate revealed that a tumor’s preference for oxidative metabolism was associated with immune dysfunction, suggesting that the ability to generate hypoxic regions in vivo is a key aspect of immune resistance. We confirmed this finding in vivo using a novel model of melanoma in which individual metabolic pathways can be selectively targeted in a single-cell derived line: loss of oxidative metabolism in tumor cells sensitizes animals to PD-1 blockade immunotherapy, while loss of glycolytic metabolism has no appreciable effect on antitumor immunity. Analysis of melanoma patient biopsy samples prior to initiation of immunotherapy revealed that increased tumor oxidative metabolism and intratumoral hypoxia was associated with poorer responses to checkpoint blockade. Our data highlight the use of tumor microenvironment hypoxia as a potential predictor of immunotherapy resistance and shed light on the use of modulators of tumor cell oxidation as a means to improve responses to checkpoint blockade. Citation Format: Greg M. Delgoffe. Tumor cell oxidative metabolism as a barrier to antitumor immunity in melanoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Melanoma: From Biology to Target; 2019 Jan 15-18; Houston, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(19 Suppl):Abstract nr IA09.
Renewal: Liberal Protestants and the American city after World War II, by Mark Wild: Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press, 2019

American Protestants have long suffered a contentious relationship with urban space. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, leading Protestant voices echoed Thomas Jefferson in decrying cities as ...
Silicon carbide nanoparticles electrospun nanofibrous enzymatic glucose sensor.

Abstract This paper presents an electrospun-nanofibrous-membrane (ENFM) of silicon carbide nanoparticles (SiCNPs) with a conductive polymer (CP) for an electrochemical enzymatic glucose sensor. The surface area of a fiber matrix is a key physical property of a nanofiber membrane for enzyme binding. It is found that glucose sensing electrodes, having a SiCNPs-ENFM nanostructure, show enhanced binding of glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme within the fibrous membrane. Morphological characterization of SiCNPs based ENFM was performed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for SiC nanoparticles. The electrochemical analysis of SiCNPs-ENFM electrode was conducted by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry (CA) methods. Glucose concentration was detected at +0.6 V in a 5 mM potassium ferricyanide electrolyte. SiCNPs-ENFM based glucose electrodes show a detection range from 0.5 mM to 20 mM concentration with the sensitivity of 30.75 μA/mM cm2 and the detection limit was 0.56 μM. The lower change in current response for SiCNPs-ENFM based glucose sensing electrodes was observed for a 50 day period.
Comparative evaluation of adaptive fuzzy inference system and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for mandatory lane changing decisions on freeways

An essential activity of driving is making lane changes. Depending on the driver’s motivation, lane changing events may be classified as discretionary or mandatory. Past research has shown that the...
Enhanced Spatial–Temporal Map-Based Video Analytic Platform and Its Local- Versus Cloud-Based Deployment with Regional 511 Camera Network:

This paper explores the cloud- versus server-based deployment scenarios of an enhanced computer vision platform for potential deployment on low-resolution 511 traffic video streams. An existing com...
Review of molten salt reactor off-gas management considerations

Abstract Molten salt reactors offer a wide range of potential benefits but pose some unique challenges, particularly for designs that use an unclad liquid salt fuel. This type of fuel will result in the transport of fission gases into the headspace of the reactor where in some designs a cover gas can be circulated to remove certain fission products and maintain an inert atmosphere. The cover gas leaving the reactor core is expected to contain both noble and non-noble gases, aerosols, volatile species, tritium, radionuclides, and their daughters. To remove these radioactive gases, it is necessary to develop a robust off-gas system for molten salt–fueled reactors. Various treatment systems must be staged in series to remove the off-gas constituents from the stream before recirculating the gas back to the headspace of the reactor. Treatment options vary greatly depending on what they are designed to remove from the gas stream. This paper reviews the anticipated composition of a typical molten salt reactor off-gas stream and subsequently the available resources that could be employed to remove these species from the gas stream. An example off-gas system is then detailed, along with important design considerations, exemplifying the necessity for high-fidelity modeling. Lastly, the need for further thermophysical property research and the employment of advanced sensor technology for treatment component testing are discussed.
Expert Witness Ethics

Expert witness ethics is one of those topics about which there appears to be a fair degree of resigned acceptance of the status quo. In large measure this is because of a lack of agreed upon ethical standards and, therefore, a lack of consensus concerning what steps we should take to encourage more ethical behavior. Both of these are difficult issues, and I do not propose to offer noncontroversial solutions to either. Nevertheless, the topic is worthy of our attention. The costs of unethical expert witnessing are substantial. They include the costs associated with weeding out the most unethical witnesses and, equally important, the costs reflected in any reduced ability of fact-finders to come to correct conclusions. This essay is organized into three sections. In the first part, I discuss the nature of the expert’s ethical obligation and impediments to fulfilling that obligation. This part is informed by the central proposition that the primary purpose of a trial is to ascertain the truth.2 This purpose informs the central ethical obligation of experts, which is to provide adequate, unbiased justifications for their position. I argue that the “same intellectual rigor” test advanced by the U.S. Supreme Court in Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael,3 although much criticized, is with some modification the most appropriate measure of this ethical standard. Is the legal system meeting its ethical obligations? With respect to expert witnesses, there is room for doubt. The nature of the difficulty is twofold. First, experts may be asked to adopt a different standard of justification for
Kernelizing sorting, permutation, and alignment for minimum volume PCA

We propose an algorithm for permuting or sorting multiple sets (or bags) of objects such that they can ultimately be represented efficiently using kernel principal component analysis. This framework generalizes sorting from scalars to arbitrary inputs since all computations involve inner products which can be done in Hilbert space and kernelized. The cost function on the permutations or orderings emerges from a maximum likelihood Gaussian solution which approximately minimizes the volume data occupies in Hilbert space. This ensures that few kernel principal components are necessary to capture the variation of the sets or bags. Both global and almost-global iterative solutions are provided in terms of iterative algorithms by interleaving variational bounding (on quadratic assignment problems) with a Kuhn-Munkres algorithm (for solving linear assignment problems).
Vector Spaces and Subspaces

At the end of Section 1.1 we mentioned that various sets of functions have the same kind of structure as the Euclidean vector spaces we had studied, and are also called vector spaces. (By structure we mean the algebraic operations on these sets.) The precise definition will follow below. In subsequent sections, we are going to develop several concepts, such as subspaces, linear independence, and so on, that are common to all these cases. Thus it is advantageous to consider such spaces in general, before taking them up individually. Nevertheless, our focus will remain ℝ n , but we also need to study its subspaces, which are vector spaces in their own right.
Tribulaciones de una nariz: impostores inquisitoriales en la periferia de la Nueva España en el siglo XVII

El articulo se aproxima al tema de la identidad y la impostura en la Nueva Espana en el siglo XVII a partir de un estudio de dos casos de impostores que actuaron en las zonas marginales del virreinato,Lorenzo de Torquemada e Isidro Avila Zepeda, y uno en las cercanias de la capital, Hernando Cortes de Tolosa. Estos individuos intentaron,con diferentes niveles de exito,suplantar a miiustros del Santo Oficio y aprovecharse de la poblacion local. La Inquisicion, a su vez,discutio el problema de los impostores y tomo medidas para aprehenderlos y prevenir tales casos
The business‐education relationship: Using organization theory to conceptualize a research agenda

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize the relationship between business and education and thereby offer a research agenda for examining the influence of business on education. Educational research has given relatively limited attention to the impact of business on education.Design/methodology/approach – This paper describes a theoretical framework drawn from organization theory that identifies five types of influence of business on education. The emerging literature on business‐school relations is accessed not to present a comprehensive review of research on the impact of business on education, but rather to identify issues regarding the impact of business on education that bear the scrutiny of researchers and educational and business leaders and policy makers.Findings – The types of influence include business consuming the outputs of schools, supplying inputs to schools, competing with public schools for students and state funding, shaping educational policy at various levels, and distr...
Modeling the Effects of Underwing Missile Canards on F-16 Limit Cycle Oscillations

This research evaluated various methods using ZONA’s Euler Unsteady Aerodynamic Solver against flight tests previously flown at USAF Test Pilot School, using underwing air-to-air missiles with removable canards, which allows the aerodynamics of the store configuration to be changed while maintaining identical mass properties. ZONA’s Euler Unsteady Aerodynamic Solver was employed with various linear flutter and nonlinear time-domain analyses. ZONA’s Euler Unsteady Aerodynamic Solver correctly predicted that removing the canards would delay limit cycle oscillation onset. However, all of the methods generally predicted onset earlier than flight test. Consistent with the results found by previous researchers, the nonlinear simulation still predicted divergent classical flutter rather than limit cycle oscillation until nonlinear structural damping was added and tuned to produce limit cycle oscillation. Without known structural damping characteristics, the nonlinear structural damping model needed to be arbitra...
Characterization of the internal signal-anchor domain of Escherichia coli leader peptidase.

Abstract Leader peptidase, an integral transmembrane protein of Escherichia coli, is synthesized without a cleavable amino-terminal leader peptide. Of the five domains that participate in the membrane assembly of this protein, one is an internal "signal" region. We have used oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis to examine the properties of the internal signal that are crucial for leader peptidase assembly. For this purpose, the net charge at the amino terminus of the internal signal was changed from +2 to +1 and -1 and, at the carboxyl terminus of the signal, from 0 to -1 or +1. These mutations had no effect on the membrane assembly of leader peptidase, suggesting that the charges have little role in the signal function. The apolar core of this signal was disrupted by substitution of basic amino acids for apolar residues. Substitution of an arginyl residue at position 70, or two arginyl residues at position 67 and 69, prevented membrane assembly. However, substitution of an arginyl residue at position 66 or either arginyl or lysyl residue at position 68 was without effect. Thus, while the apolar character of the internal signal is important, the precise position of a charged residue determines its effect on assembly.
Molecular mechanisms of liver regeneration: VI. Incorporation of [14C]orotic acid into cytoplasmic RNA in normal and regenerating liver

Abstract The incorporation of [ 14 ]orotic acid into cytoplasmic RNA was measured in non-hepatectomized and partially hepatectomized rats 6, 12, 18 and 24 h following the operation. At each of these times after partial hepatectomy groups of 3 rats were killed 20, 40 and 60 min after intraperitoneal injection of labeled orotic acid. Cytoplasmic RNA was extracted from the post-mitochondrial supernatant with cold phenol in the presence of bentonite. The specific activity of total cytoplasmic RNA increases 6 h after partial hepatectomy, reaches a maximum at 12 h and decreases thereafter. Sucrose gradient analysis of the cytoplasmic RNA shows three radioactive peaks corresponding to 4-S, 18-S and 28-S RNA. After orotic acid injection, 4-S cytoplasmic RNA is labeled first followed by the labeling of 18-S and 28-S RNA. The labeling of 18-S and 28-S RNA is accelerated after partial hepatectomy. A distinct peak of radioactivity is already found in 18-S RNA of 12-, 18- and 24-h regenerating liver 20 min after injection of the precursor. The highest specific activity of 18-S RNA was found 12 h after partial hepatectomy while the specific activity of 28-S RNA reaches a peak at 24 h. In normal and regenerating liver 18-S RNA has a higher specific activity than that of 28-S. During regeneration the ratio between the specific activities of 28-S and 18-S RNA does not remain constant in the first hour after orotic acid injection. The results suggest that the turnover rates of 18-S and 28-S RNA are increased after partial hepatectomy but the increase is greater for 18-S RNA. It is possible that the 18-S RNA is a mixture of ribosomal and messenger RNA.
Is Dividend Policy Related to Information Asymmetry: Evidence from Insider Trading Gains

The existence and implications of asymmetric information in financial markets have been the subject of extensive research in the finance literature. Two of the major propositions in this literature are that (1) corporate insiders take advantage of asymmetric information by trading on their informational advantage and (2) dividend policy is related to asymmetric information. It follows there may be a relationship between dividend policy, asymmetric information, and insider trading gains. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether such a relationship exists. There are three theories about dividend policy that motivate this relationship. The first theory is the "free cash flow theory" of dividends, which focuses on the divergence of interests between managers and shareholders and on dividends as a disciplining mechanism that reduces the agency costs (see Easterbrook (1984), Jensen (1986)). The second is the "institutional monitoring theory" based on Allen, Bernardo, and Welch (2000), which focuses on the role of institutions as a monitoring mechanism. The third theory is the "information signaling theory" of dividends, which argues that dividend changes reduce asymmetric information by acting as a signaling mechanism (See Bhattacharya (1979), Miller and Rock (1985), John and Williams (1985), John and Lang (1991)). This paper uses insider trading gains as a proxy for information asymmetry, as well as a variable of interest in its own right, and finds a cross-sectional relationship between dividend policy and asymmetric information/insider trading gains. Using a sample of insider trades from 1982 through 1995, we find that dividend policy is a determinant of insider gains/information asymmetry. First, we find that the higher a firm's dividends, the lower its insider trading gains. Second, we find that whether or not a firm pays dividends is not a determinant of insider gains. Third, we find little evidence that changes in dividend policy affect information asymmetry. Thus, we find the evidence is most consistent with the "free cash flow theory."
The effect of lateral geniculate lesions on phasic electrical activity of the cortex during desynchronized sleep in the cat.

Summary By the method of bilateral coagulation in the lateral geniculate nucleus and adjacent areas of the optic radiations, the present study was designed to investigate whether the phasic electrical activity recorded from the cortex during desynchronized sleep traveled exclusively via a discrete ponto-geniculo-cortical fiber tract. Despite extensive damage of the subcortical areas of the visual system in all 5 cats operated on, cortical phasic activity was not abolished after coagulation. Rather, while the frequency of cortical waves remained the same as it had been prior to coagulation, the average amplitude and duration of each single wave was greater. The results indicate that the pathway transmitting the phasic activity is not discretely localized in the area of the LGN and optic radiations but is more diffuse at the thalamic level. The enhancement of sharp-wave amplitude is attributed to release of posterolateral cortical elements from tonic regulation by the lateral geniculate nucleus.
Implementation of the systems approach to improve a pharmacist-managed vancomycin dosing service.

Purpose Quality improvements achieved by applying the systems approach to assess the clinical effectiveness, operational efficiency, and financial feasibility of a pharmacist-managed vancomycin dosing service are described. Summary Faced with increased patient volumes and resource demands, the pharmacy department at Tufts Medical Center conducted an evaluation of its adult inpatient vancomycin dosing service using the systems approach, which emphasizes multidisciplinary assessment of system inputs, processes, and outcomes and consensus-building methods to identify needed changes and recommended action steps. A multidisciplinary committee composed of representatives of the medical center’s pharmacy, internal medicine, infectious diseases, nursing, phlebotomy, and clinical laboratory services was assembled; in a series of three moderated monthly sessions, committee members deliberated and ultimately reached consensus on a list of action items. Relative to a concurrent intradepartmental assessment of the vancomycin dosing service based solely on pharmacist feedback, the systems approach identified a greater number and wider array of needed improvements in key program areas. Quality improvements implemented as a direct result of the systems-based analysis included a policy change authorizing pharmacists to order serum vancomycin determinations without physician cosignature and inclusion of a vancomycin dosing algorithm in the institutional antibiotic dosing guide. Future changes based on deliverable action items will result in a structured process to help direct program resources toward the patients most in need of pharmacist-managed vancomycin dosing services. Conclusion The systems approach allowed for a comprehensive multidisciplinary evaluation of the service, as indicated by the identification of process improvements not identified by the department of pharmacy alone.
Effect of Temperature, Time and Number of Water Extractions on the Physicochemical and Flavor Characteristics of Peanuts

The effects of temperature, time, and number of extractions on the color, gas chromatographic profile, and flavor characteristics of water extracted peanuts were determined. Temperature was the major factor which affected these attributes. Increasing the extraction temperature resulted in darker colored peanuts with less chroma, less raw peanut flavor, and more cooked peanut flavor. It also led to a significant decrease in flavor volatiles. Based on the results, the recommended conditions are to water extract at 90°C for 10 min three times to produce peanuts which arc light in color and bland in flavor.