cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of submersed angiosperm-epiphyte complexes on exchange of nutrients and organic carbon in littoral systems. I. Inorganic nutrients

Abstract Inorganic chemical parameters were analyzed daily for several weeks in water from an inlet stream of a small hardwater lake before and after passing through two replicated continuously, very slowly flowing (31/24 h) littoral systems containing natural stands of submerged Scirpus subterminalis Torr. and of Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. Macrophytic epiphytes were left intact. Calcium and alkalinity concentrations of the inflowing water decreased 40–45% in passing through the littoral systems. In both systems, pH values increased significantly, but to a greater extent in the more metabolically active Myriophyllum (than the Scirpus) littoral bed. Magnesium concentrations remained constant in passage through both systems. Sodium concentrations were unaffected by the Scirpus system but increased (8%) in the outflow from the Myriophyllum system. In contrast to the Scirpus system where potassium increased slightly, potassium concentrations decreased markedly (> 30%) in passage through the Myriophyllum complex. Nitrate-nitrogen concentrations were reduced significantly and NH4N decreased only slightly in both plant systems. Concentrations of NH4N and potassium increased markedly in inflow water after periods of rainfall. Both littoral systems were extremely effective in dampening these higher concentrations; only slight increases appeared in the outflows after passing slowly through the littoral complexes.
Contextual knowledge reduces demands on working memory during reading

An experiment is reported in which young, middle-aged, and older adults read and recalled ambiguous texts either with or without the topic title that supplied contextual knowledge. Within each of the age groups, the participants were divided into those with high or low working memory (WM) spans, with available WM capacity further manipulated by the presence or absence of an auditory target detection task concurrent with the reading task. Differences in reading efficiency (reading time per proposition recalled) between low WM span and high WM span groups were greater among readers who had access to contextual knowledge relative to those who did not, suggesting that contextual knowledge reduces demands on WM capacity. This position was further supported by the finding that increased age and attentional demands, two factors associated with reduced WM capacity, exaggerated the benefits of contextual knowledge on reading efficiency. The relative strengths of additional potential predictors of reading efficiency (e.g., interest, effort, and memory beliefs), along with knowledge, WM span, and age, are reported. Findings showed that contextual knowledge was the strongest predictor of reading efficiency even after controlling for the effects of all of the other predictors.
Peripheral nerve regeneration: An opinion on channels, scaffolds and anisotropy☆

Peripheral nerve regeneration presents a significant clinical challenge and the current state of the art using autografts to repair long peripheral nerve gaps is unsatisfactory. In this manuscript, the analytical framework that determines the fate of grafts (autografts or biomaterial-based grafts) is discussed. Also outlined are parameters and variables that might be manipulated to enhance the efficacy of scaffolds designed for peripheral nerve regeneration. The importance of using appropriate animal models and outcome measures in evaluating biomaterials-based scaffolds or other engineered constructs suitability for bridging peripheral nerve gaps is highlighted.
Polynomial loss models for economic dispatch and error estimation

Polynomial loss models are introduced for the economic dispatch problem. The models are based on interpolations of load flow solutions. An approximate error estimation method for the loss models is also presented. The effect of approximate loss models on the economic dispatch is evaluated according to the deterioration of total generation cost in addition to the relative values of the coefficients of the loss formula. Case study shows that loss expressions have characteristics which have not been considered previously. Comparisons between the proposed models and the generalized generation distribution factor (GGDF) based models show the advantages of the proposed models. >
Ethical issues in the supervision of psychotherapy.

Supervision is the accepted training model for the teaching and learning ofpsychotherapeutic skills. Although standards of ethical behavior between a psychotherapist and client have been established, specific guidelines for ethical behavior between a supervisor and trainee have not been delineated. Given the importance of the supervisory relationship in the development of competent psychotherapists, the relatively powerless and dependent position of the trainee, and the potential occurrence of therapylike experiences in supervision, the development of guidelines outlining the rights of trainees and responsibilities of supervisors is indicated. "Psychologists respect the worth of the individual and honor the preservation and protection of fundamental human rights" (American Psychological Association, [APA] 1977a, p. 1). This quote from the "Ethical Standards of Psychologists" is a statement of a commitment by psychologists to ensure the rights and to promote the welfare of their clients. This commitment has been given specific meaning for the client-therapist relationship (Hare-Mustin, Marecek, Kaplan, & Liss-Levinson, 1979), for providers of psychological services (APA, 1977b), and for therapy with female clients (APA, 1978a). Although the mandate is clear, the specific implications of this commitment for the conduct of psychotherapy supervision have received limited attention in the professional literature. Except for one article on sexual behavior between supervisor and trainee (Pope, Schover, & Levinson, 1980) and another article on standards of competency for supervisors (APA, 1971), virtually no examination of the ethical issues within supervision has been made. An examination of ethical issues in psychotherapy supervision is critical for three major reasons. First, the supervisory relationship is the primary training model for the development of psychotherapeutic skills. Second, the supervisory relationship is inherently unequal in status, power, and expertise. Third, insofar as trainees are expected to evaluate their own performance and to increase self-awareness within the context of supervision, the relationship possesses therapylike qualities. Each of these reasons will be briefly discussed, with emphasis on clarifying the responsibilities of supervisors and the rights of supervisees.
Cyclin D1 Represses Gluconeogenesis via Inhibition of the Transcriptional Coactivator PGC1α

Hepatic gluconeogenesis is crucial to maintain normal blood glucose during periods of nutrient deprivation. Gluconeogenesis is controlled at multiple levels by a variety of signal transduction and transcriptional pathways. However, dysregulation of these pathways leads to hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes. While the effects of various signaling pathways on gluconeogenesis are well established, the downstream signaling events repressing gluconeogenic gene expression are not as well understood. The cell-cycle regulator cyclin D1 is expressed in the liver, despite the liver being a quiescent tissue. The most well-studied function of cyclin D1 is activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), promoting progression of the cell cycle. We show here a novel role for cyclin D1 as a regulator of gluconeogenic and oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) gene expression. In mice, fasting decreases liver cyclin D1 expression, while refeeding induces cyclin D1 expression. Inhibition of CDK4 enhances the gluconeogenic gene expression, whereas cyclin D1–mediated activation of CDK4 represses the gluconeogenic gene-expression program in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, we show that cyclin D1 represses gluconeogenesis and OxPhos in part via inhibition of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC1α) activity in a CDK4-dependent manner. Indeed, we demonstrate that PGC1α is novel cyclin D1/CDK4 substrate. These studies reveal a novel role for cyclin D1 on metabolism via PGC1α and reveal a potential link between cell-cycle regulation and metabolic control of glucose homeostasis.
Ampicillin and Tetracycline in the Treatment and Prophylaxis of Chronic Bronchitis

Ampicillin and tetracycline, in doses of 2 g a day, were compared in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Seventy-nine patients were followed for 3 to 29 months and were treated for 118 exacerbations. Clinical improvement occurred after 10 days of treatment with either drug in over 80% of the cases. Haemophilus influenzae and Diplococcus pneumoniae were eradicated from the sputum more than 60% of the time, but in general there was a poor correlation between bacteriological clearing and clinical response. The effect of chemoprophylaxis with ampicillin and tetracycline in doses of 1 g a day on the frequency of acute exacerbations of bronchitis was compared with that of a placebo. Seven hundred eighty prophylactic regimens, consisting of one capsule every 12 hr for 5 days beginning with the first sign of a cold, were prescribed for 76 patients. Irrespective of the regimen, an acute exacerbation of bronchitis was encountered at approximately 13% of the follow-up visits to the clinic.
State splitting and state merging in probabilistic finite state automata

Probabilistic finite state automata (PFSA) are constructed from symbol sequences for modeling the behavior of dynamical systems. This paper presents construction of finite history automata from symbol sequences; such automata, called D-Markov machines, are structurally simple and computationally efficient. The construction procedure is based on: (i) state splitting that generates symbol blocks of different lengths according to their relative importance; and (ii) state merging that assimilates histories from symbol blocks leading to the same symbolic behavior. A metric on probability distribution of symbol blocks is introduced for trade-off between modeling performance and the number of PFSA states. These algorithms have been tested by two examples.
The Mickey Mouse Kachina and Other "Double Objects": Hybridity in the Material Culture of Colonial Encounters

Hybridity is a term used by anthropologists to characterize the amalgamation of influences from two (or more) different cultural groups. Hybridity has captivated archaeology in recent years, especi...
MUSLIM-STATE RELATIONS IN EAST AFRICA UNDER CONDITIONS OF MILITARY AND CIVILIAN OR ONE- PARTY DICTATORSHIPS

This paper examines how Muslims in East Africa have been alternately peripheralized, coopted and even on one occasion favored in the politics of military or one-party dictatorships. In response to the regional or ethnically-based politics of the post-colonial period, Muslim groups have devised strategies to promote their communities' goals or interests either within or outside officially sanctioned organizational circles. These strategies have ranged from seeking accomodation with governing parties, positioning themselves as pressure groups articulating the interests and grievances of their religious constituencies to, on rare occasions, resorting to outright armed opposition against the government.
The multifunctional RNA-binding protein La is required for mouse development and for the establishment of embryonic stem cells.

The La protein is a target of autoantibodies in patients suffering from Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and neonatal lupus. Ubiquitous in eukaryotes, La functions as a RNA-binding protein that promotes the maturation of tRNA precursors and other nascent transcripts synthesized by RNA polymerase III as well as other noncoding RNAs. La also associates with a class of mRNAs that encode ribosome subunits and precursors to snoRNAs involved in ribosome biogenesis. Thus, it was surprising that La is dispensable in the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the organisms from which it has been characterized most extensively. To determine whether La is essential in mammals and if so, at which developmental stage it is required, mice were created with a disrupted La gene, and the offspring from La+/-intercrosses were analyzed. La-/- offspring were detected at the expected frequency among blastocysts prior to implantation, whereas no nullizygotes were detected after implantation, indicating that La is required early in development. Blastocysts derived from La+/- intercrosses yielded 38 La+/+ and La+/- embryonic stem (ES) cell lines but no La-/- ES cell lines, suggesting that La contributes a critical function toward the establishment or survival of ES cells. Consistent with this, La-/- blastocyst outgrowths revealed loss of the inner cell mass (ICM). The results indicate that in contrast to the situation in yeasts, La is essential in mammals and is one of a limited number of genes required as early as the development of the ICM.
External Pressure Coefficients on Saw-Tooth and Mono-Sloped Roofs

A wind tunnel study to investigate wind pressures on single and multi-span saw-tooth roofs for a 1:100 geometrical scale model of a 1ow-rise building was carried out in atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel at the Wind Load Test Facility at Clemson University. The purpose of this investigation was to further investigate wind loads on low rise buildings with mono-sloped and saw-tooth roofs and study the validity of ASCE 7-02 specification on these buildings. By using larger models and a higher density of pressure tap than in previous studies, a greater resolution of the pressure variations was achieved. The paper presents representative results of the study that includes point and areaaveraged wind pressure coefficients on models with varying spans and building heights. Local peak pressures and area-averaged pressures obtained in this study are compared with the design values specified in ASCE 7-02 and with results of previous wind tunnel studies. The results presented showed no significant difference in wind pressures between the windward span of the saw-tooth roof and the mono-sloped roof. Comparing results with ASCE 7-02 suggest that the current wind design provisions for mono-sloped roofs may be un-conservative.
Time‐migration velocity analysis by velocity continuation

Time-migration velocity analysis can be performed by velocity continuation, an incremental process that transforms migrated seismic sections according to changes in the migration velocity. Velocity continuation enhances residual normal moveout correction by properly taking into account both vertical and lateral movements of events on seismic images. Finite-difference and spectral algorithms provide efficient practical implementations for velocity continuation. Synthetic and field data examples demonstrate the performance of the method and confirm theoretical expectations.
Complex signatures of selection and gene conversion in the duplicated globin genes of house mice.

Results of electrophoretic surveys have suggested that hemoglobin polymorphism may be maintained by balancing selection in natural populations of house mice, Mus musculus. Here we report a survey of nucleotide variation in the adult globin genes of house mice from South America. We surveyed nucleotide polymorphism in two closely linked α-globin paralogs and two closely linked β-globin paralogs to test whether patterns of variation are consistent with a model of long-term balancing selection. Surprisingly high levels of nucleotide polymorphism at the two β-globin paralogs were attributable to the segregation of two highly divergent haplotypes, Hbbs (which carries two identical β-globin paralogs) and Hbbd (which carries two functionally divergent β-globin paralogs). Interparalog gene conversion on the Hbbs haplotype has produced a highly unusual situation in which the two paralogs are more similar to one another than either one is to its allelic counterpart on the Hbbd haplotype. Levels of nucleotide polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium at the two β-globin paralogs suggest a complex history of diversity-enhancing selection that may be responsible for long-term maintenance of alternative protein alleles. The alternative two-locus β-globin haplotypes are associated with pronounced differences in intraerythrocyte glutathione and nitric oxide metabolism, suggesting a possible mechanism for selection on hemoglobin function.
Analysis of sheet metal forming operations by a stress resultant constitutive law

SUMMARY Sheet metal forming is simulated by finite element methods using a stress resultant constitutive law in this paper. A Lagrangian description of axisymmetric and plane-strain shell deformation is first reviewed. Then a stress resultant constitutive law in rate form is presented, where the effect of thickness reduction due to large plastic deformation is considered. A finite element formulation in terms of stress resultants and their work-conjugate generalized strain rates is derived based on the virtual work principle. A hemispherical punch stretching operation and a plane-strain draw operation are simulated by a finite element program based on the finite element formulation. The results of these finite element simulations are in good.agreement with those using the through-the-thickness integration method. The results of the hemispherical punch stretching simulation suggest that the coupling term of moments and membrane forces of the modified Ilyushin yield function should be eliminated to avoid numerical instability under stretching-dominated conditions for this rate-independent plasticity formulation. Further, the results suggest that the hardening rule in a power-law form based on the small-strain approach must be modified to take account for finite deformation effects of combined stretching and bending. Under the plane-strain draw operation, the sheet experiences a large amount of bending before the final stretching. The simulation based on the stress resultant constitutive law can produce this essential aspect of deformation pattern as that of the throughthe-thickness integration method, whereas a simulation based on a membrane theory cannot. In conclusion, the results of these simulations indicate that a finite element program based on the stress resultant constitutive law can simulate sheet-forming processes with much shorter computational time than that based on the through-the-thickness integration method.
Distributed sensor fusion for object position estimation by multi-robot systems

We present a method for representing, communicating and fusing distributed, noisy and uncertain observations of an object by multiple robots. The approach relies on re-parameterization of the canonical two-dimensional Gaussian distribution that corresponds more naturally to the observation space of a robot. The approach enables two or more observers to achieve greater effective sensor coverage of the environment and improved accuracy in object position estimation. We demonstrate empirically that, when using our approach, more observers achieve more accurate estimations of an object's position. The method is tested in three application areas, including object location, object tracking, and ball position estimation for robotic soccer. Quantitative evaluations of the technique in use on mobile robots are provided.
Regulation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CKI1-encoded choline kinase by zinc depletion.

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the CKI1-encoded choline kinase catalyzes the committed step in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine via the CDP-choline branch of the Kennedy pathway. Analysis of a PCKI1-lacZ reporter gene revealed that CKI1 expression was regulated by intracellular levels of the essential mineral zinc. Zinc depletion resulted in a concentration-dependent induction of CKI1 expression. This regulation was mediated by the zinc-sensing and zinc-inducible transcriptional activator Zap1p. A purified Zap1p probe interacted with two putative UASZRE sequences (ZRE1 and ZRE2) in the CKI1 promoter. Mutations of ZRE1 and ZRE2 to a nonconsensus UASZRE attenuated the induction of CKI1 expression in response to zinc depletion. A UASINO element in the CKI1 promoter was responsible for stimulating CKI1 expression, but this element was not involved with the regulation by zinc depletion. The induction of CKI1 expression in zinc-depleted cells translated into increased choline kinase activity in vitro and in vivo, and an increase in phosphatidylcholine synthesis via the Kennedy pathway.
Bilateral Proptosis as Initial Manifestation of Mantle Cell Lymphoma

A 65-year-old African American woman presented to the ophthalmology clinic reporting a 2-month history of painless bilateral proptosis with acute vision loss in her right eye. She denied any prior ophthalmic history. Her known medical history was remarkable for hypertension, for which she did not take medications. On examination, her visual acuity was light perception only in her right eye and 20/40 in her left eye. No afferent pupillary defect was noted. Visual field by confrontation was imperceptible in her right eye and full in her left eye. Extraocular motility was markedly reduced in both eyes and intraocular pressures were elevated, measuring 29 mm Hg in the right eye and 30 mm Hg in the left eye. External examination revealed marked bilateral proptosis with conjunctival edema (Figure) measuring 35 mm in the right eye and 30 mm in the left by Hertel exophthalmometry. Tense, bilateral upper eyelid edema, bilateral chemosis, and bilateral punctate epithelial erosions were present. No optic disc edema or pallor was noted. Funduscopic examination was within normal limits.
Expanding the test set: Chemicals with potential to disrupt mammalian brain development

High-throughput test methods including molecular, cellular, and alternative species-based assays that examine critical events of normal brain development are being developed for detection of developmental neurotoxicants. As new assays are developed, a "training set" of chemicals is used to evaluate the relevance of individual assays for specific endpoints. Different training sets are necessary for each assay that would comprise a developmental neurotoxicity test battery. In contrast, evaluation of the predictive ability of a comprehensive test battery requires a set of chemicals that have been shown to alter brain development after in vivo exposure ("test set"). Because only a small number of substances have been well documented to alter human neurodevelopment, we have proposed an expanded test set that includes chemicals demonstrated to adversely affect neurodevelopment in animals. To compile a list of potential developmental neurotoxicants, a literature review of compounds that have been examined for effects on the developing nervous system was conducted. The search was limited to mammalian studies published in the peer-reviewed literature and regulatory studies submitted to the U.S. EPA. The definition of developmental neurotoxicity encompassed changes in behavior, brain morphology, and neurochemistry after gestational or lactational exposure. Reports that indicated developmental neurotoxicity was observed only at doses that resulted in significant maternal toxicity or were lethal to the fetus or offspring were not considered. As a basic indication of reproducibility, we only included a chemical if data on its developmental neurotoxicity were available from more than one laboratory (defined as studies originating from laboratories with a different senior investigator). Evidence from human studies was included when available. Approximately 100 developmental neurotoxicity test set chemicals were identified, with 22% having evidence in humans.
Phosphorus doping of polycrystalline CdTe by diffusion

Phosphorus diffusion in single crystal and polycrystalline CdTe material is explored using various methods. Dynamic secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) is used to determine 1D P diffusion profiles. A 2D diffusion model is used to determine the expected cross-sectional distribution of P in CdTe after diffusion anneals. Time of flight SIMS and cross-sectional cathodoluminescence corroborates expected P distributions. Devices fabricated with diffused P exhibit hole concentrations up to low 1015 cm−3, however a subsequent activation anneal enabled hole concentrations greater than 1016 cm−3. CdCl2 treatments and Cu based contacts were also explored in conjunction with the P doping process.
Estimation and Evaluation of Loan Discrimination: An Informational Approach

Many recent studies have analyzed whether lending discrimination exists. In all previous studies, the researcher faces constraints with the available data or modeling problems. In this article, we ...
Additional Noncotton Hosts of the Boll Weevil and Cotton Leafworm1

The known, naturally occurring, noncotton host plants of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, and cotton leafworm, Alabama argillacea (Hubner), are Cienfuegosia affinis (H.B.K.), C. heterophylla (Vent.) Garcke, C. sulphurea (St. Hil.), and Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland (Szumkowski 1953b, Lukefahr and Martin 1962). The genera Cienjuegosia and Thespesia are closely related to Gossypium (Hutchinson 1947). The genus Cienfuegosia is of significance because of its wide distribution in North and South America and the likelihood that the boll weevil may have existed on some species of this genus before it was found on cotton in 1880. We have obtained seed of 5 of the 8 described American species and of 1 African species of Cienfuegosia , and of the Asian species, Thespesia lampas Cav. These plants were propagated for study to determine whether the boll weevil would attack them.
Regional archival organizations and the Society of American Archivists

For over three decades following its founding in 1936 the Society of American Archivists remained the only professional organization of archivists in the United States. Just as SAA was a child of other professional organizations, particularly the American Historical Association, it has in turn generated its own offspring. Even though some leaders of the SAA viewed the creation of the first regional archival organizations with apprehension, the SAA Council did provide a number of them with financial assistance as they were being organized. Likewise, several of the SAA's leaders were instrumental in organizing a number of the regionals. At present there is a considerable overlap between leaders of the SAA and the regionals.The author of this article describes the historical context for the emergence of the local, state, and regional archival organizations; provides a current profile of these organizations that includes information on the dates of their founding, number of members, cost of individual dues, f...
A CORRELATIVE STUDY OF THE CONTENT OF THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE(TSH) AND CELL MORPHOLOGY OF THE HUMAN ADENOHYPOPHYSIS.

This paper deals with a study of the human adenohypophysis in an attempt to determine whether or not the measured volume of any specific cell type can be linked with the content of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or concentration of the pituitary gland, or with production of TSH, as inferred from the weight and histology of the thyroid gland, or with other clinical data. Studies of cell structure in relation to hormonal function of the anterior pituitary have been reported, with a variety of histochemical procedures; however, the relations, especially in human tissue, remain unclear.' ' The naming of specific cells has depended on the staining method used. With the use of the PAS stain the amphophil has emerged as a distinct identifiable type. Some investigators, notably Russfield,' have attributed a wide variety of secretory activities to amphophils, whereas others believe only the production of TSH to have been demonstrated.
Structure and relaxation in germanium selenide glasses and supercooled liquids: a Raman spectroscopic study.

The structure of the tetrahedral backbone and the nature and time scale of the temperature-dependent structural changes in binary Ge−Se glasses and supercooled liquids with ≤33.33 atom % Ge have be...
Selectivity for echo spectral interference and delay in the auditory cortex of the big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus.

The acoustic environment for an echolocating bat can contain multiple objects that reflect echoes so closely separated in time that they are almost completely overlapping. This results in a single ...
Induction of Limb Regeneration in the Lizard, Lygosoma laterale, by Augmentation of the Nerve Supply.∗†

SummaryThe spinal cord was deviated from the tail into the rear limb of the lizard, Lygosoma. In those cases where the deviated cord retained its integrity and augmented the nerve complement of the limb, a limited regenerative response occurred. Therefore, the tissues of the limb are still capable of responding to the inductive influences of nerves. Histological examination of the regenerates revealed that they fulfilled the requirements of true limb regeneration. Experimental control limbs which underwent the same treatment with the exception that the cord was not deviated into them, failed to show a regenerative response. This study strongly suggests that lack of an adequate supply of nerve tissue imposes one, if not the major, restriction on limb regeneration in this lizard.The author wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. Merle Mizell for encouragement and guidance during this study.
Per Capita Drinking Water Intake among Households in Minhang District of Shanghai

[Objective] To estimate the per capita drinking water intake among households in Minhang District of Shanghai, and to provide reference for health risk assessment. [Methods] Totally 270 households were selected by stratified random sampling method for a questionnaire survey on the type and intake of drinking water. [Results] The median value of drinking water intake per capita was 1.24 L/d among the households selected. A significant difference in drinking water intake per capita was found among families in different locations(H=9.529, P=0.009), and the families in urban areas consumed more water than the families in rural areas(Z=2.971, P=0.003). A correlation was found between drinking water intake per capital and income per capita(r=0.231, P 0.001). The median values of per capita intake of boiled municipal supply water, bottled or barreled water, purified water, beverage, and instant-purified vending water was 1, 0.72, 1.33, 0.17 and 0.67 L/d, respectively, and all the above parameters showed significant differences between the urban and the rural households(H=24.539, P 0.001; H=8.716, P=0.013; H=10.006, P=0.007; H=12.737, P=0.002) except beverage(H=1.788, P=0.409). Moreover, a correlation of income per capita was also found with the average intake of bottled/barreled water or beverage(r=0.37, P=0.044; r=0.207, P=0.017, respectively). [Conclusion] The per capita drinking water intake among households in Minhang District of Shanghai is close to the national recommendation level. Households in rural areas show lower per capita drinking water intake than those in urban areas.
UV + V UV double-resonance studies of autoionizing Rydberg states of the hydroxyl radical

The hydroxyl radical (OH) is a key oxidant in atmospheric and combustion chemistry. Recently, a sensitive and state-selective ionization method has been developed for detection of the OH radical that utilizes UV excitation on the A2Σ+–X2Π transition followed by fixed 118 nm vacuum ultraviolet(VUV)radiation to access autoionizing Rydberg states [J. M. Beames et al., J. Chem. Phys. 134, 241102 (2011)]. The present study uses tunable VUVradiation generated by four-wave mixing to examine the origin of the enhanced ionization efficiency observed for OH radicals prepared in specific A2Σ+ intermediate levels. The enhancement is shown to arise from resonant excitation to distinct rotational and fine structure levels of two newly identified 2Π Rydberg states with an A3Π cationic core and a 3d electron followed by ionization. Spectroscopic constants are derived and effects due to uncoupling of the Rydberg electron are revealed for the OH 2Π Rydberg states. The linewidths indicate a Rydberg state lifetime due to autoionization on the order of a picosecond.
Words and Their Distributions

When we leave general style as a poor bet and pay attention to words, we find that Hamilton and Madison use certain words at quite different rates. Douglass Adair brought this spectacularly to our attention by pointing out their uses of while and whilst. In our work, we have used individual words as the principal basis for measuring likelihood of authorship. Early investigations convinced us that most single variables, carefully selected or not, have little discriminating value, and that a large pool of variables provides the greatest hope of success. Sentence length is a good example of a stylistic variable which had even been used effectively elsewhere, yet failed miserably here. Since the rate for each word can be regarded as a variable, words supply a pool of thousands of variables. Furthermore, words are easily recognized and effective for discrimination.
Exposure to and Attitudes Regarding Transgender Education Among Urology Residents

Abstract Introduction Transgender individuals are underserved within the health care system but might increasingly seek urologic care as insurers expand coverage for medical and surgical gender transition. Aim To evaluate urology residents' exposure to transgender patient care and their perceived importance of transgender surgical education. Methods Urology residents from a representative sample of U.S. training programs were asked to complete a cross-sectional survey from January through March 2016. Main Outcome Measures Respondents were queried regarding demographics, transgender curricular exposure (didactic vs clinical), and perceived importance of training opportunities in transgender patient care. Results In total, 289 urology residents completed the survey (72% response rate). Fifty-four percent of residents reported exposure to transgender patient care, with more residents from Western (74%) and North Central (72%) sections reporting exposure (P ≤ .01). Exposure occurred more frequently through direct patient interaction rather than through didactic education (psychiatric, 23% vs 7%, P Conclusion Urology resident exposure to transgender patient care is regionally dependent. Perceived importance of gender-confirming surgical training varies by sex and geography. A gap exists between the direct transgender patient care urology residencies provide and the didactic transgender education they receive.
Assessing header impacts in soccer with smartball: poster

Due to the popularity of soccer and the purposeful use of the head during play, traumatic brain injury to soccer players has been a concern for decades. However, there is a sense of urgency now in understanding and preventing concussions better, due to raising public awareness. Towards that end, intra-oral devices such as Vector MouthGuards are being studied [3] to measure the athlete's head's linear and rotational accelerations from impacts experienced in practices and games. But given the players' natural distaste for such intra-oral devices, more palatable alternatives for head impact monitoring are being developed [2]. X2 Biosystems xPatchis an electronic skin patch thatis worn behind the ear. Reebok Checklight embeds the impact sensor in the back of a skullcap which can be worn with or without a helmet. Triax SIM-P is placed inside a headband for non-helmeted sports and a skullcap for helmeted sports. While all these devices are much more convenient to wear than intra-oral devices, it is yet to be seen whether they gain wider acceptance, particularly by the millions of amateur soccer players all over the world.
Assessing Rural Communities through Youth Photography

Despite frequent concerns about youth and young adult migration from rural to urban areas, most measures used to assess youth in rural community research have been developed by adults. Accurate understanding of youth community perceptions necessitates youth input into the research process. The participatory research strategy described here, using photography to describe community, enables youth to define community and identify what they value about their communities. Photographs and explanations of the photographs indicated that youth value places (schools, churches, as well as locations unique to communities) and people from those communities. Photovoice, photography-based participatory-action research, is a feasible and engaging method for obtaining youth perspectives on community issues. Further, Photovoice may be adapted to the needs of different age groups and situations.
Too Hot for Photon-Assisted Transport: Hot-Electrons Dominate Conductance Enhancement in Illuminated Single-Molecule Junctions

We investigate light-induced conductance enhancement in single-molecule junctions via photon-assisted transport and hot-electron transport. Using 4,4′-bipyridine bound to Au electrodes as a prototypical single-molecule junction, we report a 20–40% enhancement in conductance under illumination with 980 nm wavelength radiation. We probe the effects of subtle changes in the transmission function on light-enhanced current and show that discrete variations in the binding geometry result in a 10% change in enhancement. Importantly, we prove theoretically that the steady-state behavior of photon-assisted transport and hot-electron transport is identical but that hot-electron transport is the dominant mechanism for optically induced conductance enhancement in single-molecule junctions when the wavelength used is absorbed by the electrodes and the hot-electron relaxation time is long. We confirm this experimentally by performing polarization-dependent conductance measurements of illuminated 4,4′-bipyridine junctio...
Gastrointestinal Microbiome Dysbiosis in Infant Mice Alters Peripheral CD8+ T Cell Receptor Signaling.

We recently reported that maternal antibiotic treatment of mice (MAT) in the last days of pregnancy and during lactation dramatically alters the density and composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota of their infants. MAT infants also exhibited enhanced susceptibility to a systemic viral infection and altered adaptive immune cell activation phenotype and function. CD8+ effector T cells from MAT infants consistently demonstrate an inability to sustain interferon gamma production in vivo following vaccinia virus infection and in vitro upon T cell receptor stimulation. We hypothesize that T cells developing in infant mice with gastrointestinal microbiota dysbiosis and insufficient toll-like receptor exposure alters immune responsiveness associated with intrinsic T cell defects in the T cell receptor signaling pathway and compromised T cell effector function. To evaluate this, splenic T cells from day of life fifteen MAT infant mice were stimulated in vitro with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies prior to examining the expression of ZAP-70, pZAP-70, pErk1/2, c-Rel, total protein tyrosine phosphorylation and IFN-gamma (IFN-γ) production. We determine that MAT infant CD8+ T cells fail to sustain total protein tyrosine phosphorylation and Erk1/2 activation. LPS treatment in vitro and in vivo, partially restored IFN-γ production in MAT effector CD8+ T cells and reduced mortality typically observed in MAT mice following systemic viral infection. Our results demonstrate a surprising dependence on the gastrointestinal microbiome and TLR ligand stimulation toward shaping optimal CD8+ T cell function during infancy.
Sense-Level Semantic Clustering of Hashtags

We enhance the accuracy of the currently available semantic hashtag clustering method, which leverages hashtag semantics extracted from dictionaries such as Wordnet and Wikipedia. While immune to the uncontrolled and often sparse usage of hashtags, the current method distinguishes hashtag semantics only at the word-level. Unfortunately, a word can have multiple senses representing the exact semantics of a word, and, therefore, word-level semantic clustering fails to disambiguate the true sense-level semantics of hashtags and, as a result, may generate incorrect clusters. This paper shows how this problem can be overcome through sense-level clustering and demonstrates its impacts on clustering behavior and accuracy.
Microkinetic Model for Oxygen Interstitial Injection from the ZnO(0001) Surface into the Bulk

Semiconductor surfaces provide efficient pathways for injecting native point defects into the underlying bulk. The present work constructs a quantitative microkinetic model for the injection of oxygen interstitial atoms from the polar Zn-terminated ZnO(0001) surface into the bulk. Rate constants for defect interaction with the surface and in the bulk were determined by a global optimization procedure of simulations fitted to self-diffusion profiles from isotopic gas–solid exchange experiments. Key activation barriers are 2.0 eV for injection, 0.62 eV for hopping diffusion, and 1.6 eV for lattice exchange. The injection barrier does not differ greatly from that for nonpolar TiO2(110), but the coverage of injectable oxygen increases with temperature, in contrast to the behavior of TiO2 and gas adsorption in general.
Munc13 marks the spot.

Super-resolution optical imaging of presynaptic terminals shows that a protein essential to all known forms of neurotransmitter release is clustered in small assemblies that likely correspond to release sites for synaptic vesicle fusion.
Reoviruses: General Features

Mammalian reoviruses (MRVs) are members of the genus Othoreovirus of the family Reoviridae. They are ubiquitous in their geographic distribution and infect animals from an enormous variety of species. MRV infection of humans is sporadic in nature and the majority of humans develop anti-MRV serum antibodies by late childhood. As the acronym ‘reo’ (respiratory enteric orphan) suggests, human MRV cause either asymptomatic or mild infections of the upper respiratory or intestinal tracts. However, there are rare reports of an association between MRV and more severe human infections, including central nervous system (CNS) disease, extrahepatic biliary atresia, keratoconjunctivitis, and pneumonia. The pathogenesis of MRV infection has been studied extensively in experimental animals including mice and rats. After peroral or intratracheal inoculation, virus particles adhere to the surface of epithelial M (microfold) cells, which overlie collections of lymphoid tissue in the small intestine and bronchi. Spread of virus from the site of primary infection to distant tissues and organs, by means of the lymphatic system, blood stream, or by axoplasmic transport within neurons, can result in systemic disease. MRV-induced pathogenesis at target sites, including the CNS, the lung, the heart, the hepatobiliary system, and the gastrointestinal tract, is influenced by host immune responses and virus–cell interactions including the onset of apoptosis.
Spinal trauma. Pathophysiology and management of traumatic spinal injuries.

Spinal trauma can originate from internal or external sources. Injuries to the spinal cord can be classified as either concussive or compressive and concussive. The pathophysiologic events surrounding spinal cord injury include the primary injury (compression, concussion) and numerous secondary injury mechanisms (vascular, biochemical, electrolyte), which are mediated by excessive oxygen free radicles, neurotransmitter and electrolyte alterations in cell membrane permeability, excitotoxic amino acids, and various other biochemical factors that collectively result in reduced SCBF, ischemia, and eventual necrosis of the gray and white matter. Management of acute spinal cord injuries includes the use of a high-dose corticosteroid regimen within the initial 8 hours after trauma. Sodium prednisolone and methylprednisolone, at recommended doses, act as oxygen radical scavengers and are anti-inflammatory. Additional considerations are the stability of the vertebral column, other conditions associated with trauma (i.e., pneumothorax), and the presence or absence of spinal cord compression, which may warrant surgical therapy. Vertebral fractures or luxations can occur in any area of the spine but most commonly occur at the junction of mobile and immobile segments. Dorsal and dorsolateral surgical approaches are applicable to the lumbosacral and thoracolumbar spine and dorsal and ventral approaches to the cervical spine. Indications for surgical intervention include spinal cord compression and vertebral instability. Instability can be determined from the type of fracture, how many of the three compartments of the vertebrae are disrupted, and on occasion, by carefully positioned stress studies of fluoroscopy. Decompression (dorsal laminectomy, hemilaminectomy, or ventral cervical slot) is employed when compression of the spinal cord exists. The hemilaminectomy (unilateral or bilateral) causes less instability than dorsal laminectomy and therefore should be used when practical. The preferred approach for atlantoaxial subluxation is ventral, and the cross pinning, vertebral fusion technique is used for stabilization. Fracture luxations of C-2 are repaired with small plates on the ventral vertebral body. The thoracic and upper lumbar spine is stabilized with dorsal fixation techniques or combined dorsal spinal plate/vertebral body plate fixation. Several methods of fixation can be used with lower lumbar or lumbosacral fractures, including the modified segmental technique and the combined dorsal spinal plate/Kirschner-Ehmer technique.
Deepwater Horizon Explosion: Challenges for Bioethics

On November 15, the Department of Justice announced that BP Exploration and Production Inc. agreed to plead guilty to multiple criminal counts as a result of the explosion in the Gulf of Mexico of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig. BP agreed to pay a record $4.5 billion in criminal fines and penalties, the largest criminal resolution in U.S. history. The BP oil spill raises issues that fall squarely within the field’s domain, including public health and the ethical use of technology.
Selective Electrochemical Determination of Etoposide Using a Molecularly Imprinted Overoxidized Polypyrrole Coated Glassy Carbon Electrode

A simple and efficient new electrochemical sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer has been developed for selective detection of an anticancer agent Etoposide (ETP). The sensor was prepared by electropolymerization via cyclic voltammetry (CV) of pyrrole onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in the presence of ETP molecules. The extraction of ETP molecules embedded in the polymeric matrix was carried out by overoxidation in sodium hydroxide medium using CV. Various important parameters affecting the performance of the imprinted film (MIP) coated sensor were studied and optimized using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Under optimal conditions, the sensor response exhibited a linear dependence on ETP concentration (R2 = 0.999) over the range 5.0×10−7 M – 1.0×10−5 M with a LOD (3σ/m) of 2.8×10−9 M. The precision (% RSD, n=6) of the proposed sensor for intra- and interdays was found to be 0.84 and 2.46%, respectively. The selectivity of MIP/GCE sensor toward ETP was investigated in the presence of different interfering molecules including excipients and ETP metabolites. The developed sensor showed great recognition ability toward ETP and was successfully applied for its determination in injectable dosage forms and biological human fluids.
Continuing the Legacy at Nordic Lodge: Succession Planning at an Iconic Family-Owned Restaurant:

The Nordic Lodge is an iconic family-owned restaurant located in Charlestown, Rhode Island. The restaurant is equally owned by third-generation siblings Nancy Log, Lisa Brown, and Steve Persson. St...