cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
(Generation 1.5) Latino Students and the Library: A Case Study

Abstract This study investigated pre-college (K–12) and present day library use and perceptions of research for 105 U.S.-educated first-year Latino undergraduates (generation 1.5). Data were collected through focus groups and an electronic survey. Results suggest K–12 library use and information literacy development are correlated. Research skills were underdeveloped for the sample as a whole, and correlated with students’ low levels of K–12 library use.
The HIV-Positive Traveler

Antiretroviral therapy has led to a substantial increase in the life expectancy and quality of life for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients. Increasingly, physicians are asked to counsel them before international travel to regions in which infectious diseases are more prevalent. The pretravel evaluation requires an accurate assessment of the patient's level of immune compromise as well as an understanding of the risks involved in travel to tropical countries. We review the safety and efficacy of travel medicine-related vaccines, important considerations when selecting antimalarial prophylaxis, and strategies for management of traveler's diarrhea. The prevention of sexually transmitted infections while abroad also is an important public health intervention for both the traveler and the potential sexual partners abroad. Beyond the health-related issues in international travel, HIV-positive patients may confront some significant legal hurdles in crossing international borders. We provide guidance in navigating the diverse and complex issues that arise for the HIV-positive traveler.
SU‐E‐T‐82: Evaluation of Two Detector Arrays for Treatment Gantry Angle Specific IMRT Quality Assurance

Purpose: To evaluate the dosimetric characteristics of two commercially available detector arrays, the MapCHECK2 diode array and the PTW Octavius® II ionchamber array, and to assess their use with patient‐specific step‐and‐shoot IMRT QA delivered from treatment specific gantry angles. Methods: Detector properties were compared in their response to varying dose rates, field sizes, and gantry angles. Ten patient‐specific IMRTQuality Assurance (QA) plans were analyzed. The selected patient files were separated into high and low degrees of modulation, e.g. Head and Neck vs. Prostate. Delivered doses to PTW and MapCHECK2 were evaluated with 5% 3mm and Van Dyk Gamma analysis criteria. Results: For both arrays, our findings showed a 1% difference in the measurement for the 100MU/min to 600 MU/min dose rate change for the 10 × 10 cm2field size. A pearson product‐moment correlation test calculated to evaluate eachdetector's deviation from TPS for increasing field size resulted correlation coefficients of −0.8 and 0.01 for PTW and MapCHECK2 respectively, exhibiting PTW's field size dependence which increases by 5% for a 10×10 o 1×1 field. The average 5 × 5 cm2 measurement deviation from the TPS over all angles resulted in 2% and 4% absolute error for PTW and MapCHECK2 respectively, with MapCHECK2 erring up to 36% only at the lateral beams angles 90° and 270° (±10°). For the other angles the absolute error decreased to 1% for MapCHECK2. All 10 patient‐specific IMRT QAs passed the gamma criteria on both detector arrays.Conclusions: BothMapCHECK2 and PTW detector arrays can be used for treatment angle specific IMRT QA. Care must be taken for gantry angles within 10° of the detector plane of MapCHECK2. This is less pronounced for rotational delivery where a smaller portion of the beams will contribute to the total dose from these directions.
Growth Factors and Ovarian Function: The IGF-I Paradigm

The large body of information now supports the existence of an intraovarian IGF system replete with ligands, receptors, and binding proteins. The intraovarian IGF system is most likely concerned with the amplification of gonadotropin hormonal action, other potential regulatory roles remaining speculative at this time. There is every reason to believe that work in this area in the upcoming several years will yield new insight necessary to establish whether or not IGFs are truly indispensable to ovarian function. At this time, this ultimate requirement remains to be demonstrated through selective ablation of ovarian IGF-I gene expression and the examination of the impact of such manipulation on reproductive potential.
Novel infrared spectroscopic method for the determination of crystallinity of hydroxyapatite minerals.

Biologically important apatite analogues have been examined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and a method developed to quantitatively assess their crystalinity. Changes in the phosphate v1 and v3 regions, 900–1,200 cm-1, for a series of synthetic (containing hydroxide, fluoride, or carbonate ion) and biological apatites with crystal sizes of 100–200 A were analyzed with curve-fitting and second derivative spectroscopy. The v1,v3 contour was composed of three main subbands. Correlations were noted between two spectral parameters and crystal size as determined by x-ray diffraction. The percentage area of a component near 1,060 cm-1 decreased as the length of the c-axis of the hydroxyapatite (HA) compounds increased, while the frequency of a band near 1,020 cm-1 increased with increasing length of the apatite c-axis. These parameters are thus proposed as indices of crystallinity for biological (poorly crystalline) HA. The FT-IR spectra of highly crystalline apatitic compounds were also analyzed. For crystal sizes of 200–450 A, the percentage area of the phosphate v1 band (near 960 cm-1) decreased with increasing HA crystal size. IR indices of crystallinity have thus been developed for both well crystallized and poorly crystallized HA derivatives. The molecular origins of the various contributions to the v1,v3 contour are discussed, and a preliminary application of the method to a microscopic biological sample (rat epiphyseal growth plate) is illustrated.
Trends in PCBS and Chlorinated Pesticides in U.S. Fish and Shellfish

Historical data on concentrations of PCBs and chlorinated pesticides in U.S. marine and estuarine fish and invertebrates have been collected, archived and analyzed to determine long-term and large-scale geographic trends and to provide a basis for improving monitoring strategies. Data have been acquired from about 20,000 samples of nearly 500 marine species surveyed over the past three decades. The approach developing this data base is described.
School readiness practices and children at-risk: Examining the issues

This article examines school readiness practices for children at-risk. Conceptual problems with the ways that “readiness” and “at risk” are defined are examined. The research on school readiness practices, including screening and testing, delayed school entrance, and extra year programs, for children at risk is reviewed; methodological problems with this research are also noted. Particular emphasis is placed on research studies that have examined future school retention rates, later use of special education services, and drop-out rates for students who have used school readiness practices to reduce school failure. Suggestions for best practices are offered, considering the issues of “readiness” and “at risk” from a constructivist perspective that recognizes the ongoing interactions between students and the intervention programs they receive. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Immunochemical characterization of the main intrinsic proteins of the human lens membrane

Using antibodies to both the 26000 dalton and 22000 dalton fractions of the human lens membrane, it is shown that in the normal aging process there is cleavage of the 26000 dalton chain to products with molecular weights of 22000 and 16000 daltons. Furthermore, the human lens membrane contains at least one other 22000 dalton chain which is immunochemically unrelated to the 26000 dalton component.
Interactive effects of personality and organizational politics on contextual performance

The authors explored the process of evaluating contextual performance in the context of a politically charged atmosphere. They hypothesized that the negative relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and contextual performance is weaker among workers high in three of the Big Five model of personality dimensions—agreeableness, extraversion, and conscientiousness. Data were collected from a matched sample of 540 supervisors and subordinates employed in the private sector. Results indicated that the interaction of politics and the personality dimension of agreeableness explained a significant incremental amount of variance in the interpersonal facilitation facet of contextual performance. These findings demonstrate the need to consider both the situation and the person as antecedents of contextual performance. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Miscoding potential of the N2-ethyl-2'-deoxyguanosine DNA adduct by the exonuclease-free Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I.

Acetaldehyde, a major metabolite of ethanol, reacts with dG residues in DNA, resulting in the formation of the N2-ethyl-2‘-deoxyguanosine (N2-Et-dG) adduct. This adduct has been detected in lymphoc...
Monoclonal Antibody-Based Therapies: A New Dawn in the Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Modern multiagent chemotherapy regimens have increased the cure rate in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In pediatric ALL, refinements of doses and schedules of chemotherapy combinations have increased the cure rate from less than 40% in the 1960s to 80% in 2000 without the addition of any novel chemotherapy drugs or targeted therapies.1–3 The pediatric regimens have included induction, consolidation, maintenance, and CNS treatment phases. Using similar strategies in adult ALL has improved the cure rates from less than 20% to 35% to 50%.4–6 The addition of asparaginase to pediatric chemotherapy regimens further improved the cure rates. Using similar regimens in adult ALL seems to improve the cure rates but at the expense of significant toxicity, particularly in patients age 45 years or older.7 Further intensification of existing chemotherapy regimens is unlikely to increase the cure rate and may significantly increase toxicities. Survivors of childhood ALL are at risk of multiple late effects related in part to the intensity of their therapy.8 Therefore, novel anti-ALL agents are needed to overcome chemotherapy resistance and reduce nonspecific toxicities. Targeted therapy in ALL has shown promise in both children and adults. In Philadelphia chromosome–positive ALL, the discovery of the activity of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors and their addition to intensive chemotherapy has increased survival rates from less than 10% to approximately 50% in adults and from approximately 35% to 80% in children.9–12 Targeted therapy using monoclonal antibodies against cell surface markers of ALL cells has shown promising results.13–15 Herein, we will review the results and status of investigational monoclonal antibody–based therapies in ALL.
Desert Bighorn Sheep Mortality Due to Presumptive Type C Botulism in California

During a routine telemetry flight of the Mojave Desert (California, USA) in August 1995, mortality signals were detected from two of 12 radio-collared female desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in the vicinity of Old Dad Peak in San Bernardino County (California). A series of field investigations determined that at least 45 bighorn sheep had died near two artificial water catchments (guzzlers), including 13 bighorn sheep which had presumably drowned in a guzzler tank. Samples from water contaminated by decomposing bighorn sheep carcasses and hemolyzed blood from a fresh bighorn sheep carcass were tested for the presence of pesticides, heavy metals, strychnine, blue-green algae, Clostridium botulinum toxin, ethylene glycol, nitrates, nitrites, sodium, and salts. Mouse bioassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detected type C botulinum toxin in the hemolyzed blood and in fly larvae and pupae. This, coupled with negative results from other analyses, led us to conclude that type C botulinum poisoning was most likely responsible for the mortality of bighorn sheep outside the guzzler tank.
Extraction of operating parameters from an injection-locked quantum-dash fabry-perot laser at 1.55μm

Using a series of modulation response curves for an injection-locked quantum dash laser, characteristic parameters of the system were extracted by means of a theoretical model that incorporates nonlinear gain.
αvβ3 integrin and cofilin modulate K1735 melanoma cell invasion

Cytoskeletal reorganization is partially mediated through cofilin, an actin assembly regulatory protein. Cofilin activity is modulated by reversible phosphorylation at Ser3. In this study, using K1735 murine melanoma cells, we examined the relationship between beta3-integrin expression, phosphorylation of cofilin, and metalloproteinase production. The levels of phosphorylated cofilin were 10-fold higher in cells expressing alphavbeta3 than in alphavbeta3-negative cells when plated on vitronectin for 30 min. However, by 60 min, phosphorylation of cofilin was greater in the beta3-negative cells. Expression of the wild type (WT) or non-phosphorylatable cofilin (A3 mutant) increased melanoma cell migration on vitronectin and invasion through a reconstituted basement membrane. Expression of a pseudophosphorylated, poorly active cofilin (E3 mutant) reduced cell motility. Expression of active cofilin accelerated the phosphorylation of FAK at Y397 and at Y576, strongly implicating cofilin as a mediator of cell signaling. The expression of MT1-MMP and MMP2 was also increased by expression of wild type or A3 cofilin. A 50% reduction of both enzymes was observed by the expression of the E3 cofilin. Overexpression of non-phosphorylatable cofilin was sufficient to induce the expression of MT1-MMP and MMP2 in the beta3-negative M2Tbeta3 cells. Interestingly, the invasion of M2Tbeta3 cells could be sustained by overexpression of cofilin A3. These results suggest that the integrin alphavbeta3 and cofilin together regulate K1735 melanoma cell invasion.
Control of integrated micro-resonator wavelength via balanced homodyne locking

We describe and experimentally demonstrate a method for active control of resonant modulators and filters in an integrated photonics platform. Variations in resonance frequency due to manufacturing processes and thermal fluctuations are corrected by way of balanced homodyne locking. The method is compact, insensitive to intensity fluctuations, minimally disturbs the micro-resonator, and does not require an arbitrary reference to lock. We demonstrate long-term stable locking of an integrated filter to a laser swept over 1.25 THz. In addition, we show locking of a modulator with low bit error rate while the chip temperature is varied from 5 to 60° C.
Image compression and SANN equations

Image compression can be achieved by using stochastic artificial neural networks (SANN). The idea is to store an image in stable distribution of a stochastic neural network. Given an input image f (epsilon) F, one can find a SANN t (epsilon) T such that the equilibrium distribution this SANN is the given image f. Therefore, the input image, f, is encoded into a specification of a SANN, t. This mapping from F (image space) to T (parameter space of SANN) defines SANN transformation. To complete a SANN transformation, an SANN equation has to be solved. In this paper, we will first introduce two types of SANN equations. Then, we will develop an algorithm to solve SANN equation.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
THE ENHANCEMENT OF BEHAVIOR MODELING TRAINING OF SUPERVISORY SKILLS BY THE INCLUSION OF RETENTION PROCESSES

Twenty-four first-line supervisors were randomly assigned to two behavior modeling workshops. The training was designed to improve the supervisors' skills in coaching and handling employee complaints. One workshop included both formalized symbolic coding and symbolic rehearsal processes (experimental group) and one did not (control group). Trainee reaction to the training did not differ between groups; however, generalization of observational learning to a novel context was significantly better in the experimental group. The results of this field study replicated Decker's (1980) laboratory results showing the efficacy of formalized retention processes over any retention processes performed by trainees spontaneously. The implications of this line of research are discussed as well as future research needs.
Evidence for opposed currents in active region loops.

EUV and X-ray images of the Sun are used as tracers of the magnetic field structure in the Solar atmosphere in order to study the existence of currents in active regions. Criteria are suggested for comparing the data with theoretical extrapolations of magnetic field lines above the level of magnetograph observations. Analysis of the data presented in conjunction with force-free field calculations suggests the existence of currents flowing in opposite directions in nearby sets of loops in the active regions shown. Some simple qualitative implications of opposed current structures are suggested.
Identification and Correction of Dual-Loop Sensitivity Problems

Freeway traffic speed and bin volumes for different vehicle categories are typically collected by dual-loop detectors. Good quality dual-loop detector data are crucial for effective real-time traffic management systems and traveler information systems. However, loop detectors are subject to various malfunctions that can result in erroneous measurements. Previous studies indicated that loop sensitivity-level discrepancies between two single loops forming a dual-loop detector and unsuitable sensitivity levels of the single loops are two major causes of quality degradation in dual-loop data. This paper presents an algorithm and its implementation for identifying and correcting such loop sensitivity problems. The algorithm identifies dual-loop sensitivity problems using individual vehicle data extracted from loop event data and corrects dual-loop sensitivities through a two-step procedure: (a) remove the sensitivity discrepancy between the two single loops and (b) adjust their sensitivities to the appropriate...
Computing the topological degree of a mapping inRn

LetP be a connectedn-dimensional polyhedron, and let $$b(P) = \sum\limits_{j = 1}^m {t_j [Y_1^{(j)} ...Y_n^{(j)} ]}$$ be the oriented boundary ofP in terms of orientednÂ?1 simplexest j[Y 1 (j) ...Y n (j)], whereY i (j) is a vertex of a simplex andt j=Â±1. LetF=(f 1, ...,f n) be a vector of real, continuous functions defined onP, and letFÂ?Â?Â?(0, ..., 0) onb (P). Assume that for 1 0, =0 or <0 respectively, and where Δ(B 1, ...,B n) denotes the determinant of thenA—n matrix withi'th rowB i. An algorithm is given for computingd(F, P, Â?) using (2), and the use of (2) is illustrated in examples.
Frictional Heating in Neutron Stars

If neutron star interiors are superfluid, heat is dissipated within the star as its rotation is slowed. This process sets a lower limit to the temperature such a star can attain: the limit is such that thermal X-ray emission from certain pulsars may be detectable.
Photonic power delivery

Photonic Power delivery or “Power-over-fiber” is an emerging technology for powering without the need for electrical wiring. Suitable to power data communication devices, this proven technology could now enter FTTH and eliminate costly copper installations.
Residential Neighborhoods as Humane Environments

This paper describes a study of residential neighborhoods. Data from a number of sources were used to identify ten independent dimensions which appeared intuitively meaningful as descriptors of residential settings. The independence of the dimensions indicates that stereotyped characterizations of the ‘urban/rural’ or the ‘affluent/nonaffluent’ type are unable to capture the multidimensional character of residential neighborhoods. It was hypothesized that the dimensions could describe some of the humane characteristics of residential neighborhoods, and a study of well-being in former mental patients lent some support to this hypothesis. Although this was a pilot study and much work remains to be done, the results are encouraging in that they appear to be applicable to planning for the community care of the mentally ill; to the design of humane environments; and as a methodological link in identifying some of the environmental components of psychological well-being.
Molecular Characterization of a Novel A Kinase Anchor Protein from Drosophila melanogaster

Activation of protein kinase A (PKA) at discrete intracellular sites facilitates oogenesis and development inDrosophila. Thus, PKA-anchor protein complexes may be involved in controlling these crucial biological processes. Evaluation of this proposition requires knowledge of PKA binding/targeting proteins in the fly. We now report the discovery and characterization of cDNAs encoding a novel, DrosophilaA kinase anchor protein, DAKAP550. DAKAP550 is a large (>2300 amino acids) acidic protein that is maximally expressed in anterior tissues. It binds regulatory subunits (RII) of both mammalian andDrosophila PKAII isoforms. The tethering region of DAKAP550 includes two proximal, but non-contiguous RII-binding sites (B1 and B2). The B1 domain (residues 1406–1425) binds RII ∼20-fold more avidly than B2 (amino acids 1350–1369). Affinity-purified anti-DAKAP550 IgGs were exploited to demonstrate that the anchor protein is expressed in many cells in nearly all tissues throughout the lifespan of the fly. However, DAKAP550 is highly enriched and asymmetrically positioned in subpopulations of neurons and in apical portions of cells in gut and trachea. The combination of RII (PKAII) binding activity with differential expression and polarized localization is consistent with a role for DAKAP550 in creating target loci for the reception of signals carried by cAMP. The DAKAP550 gene was mapped to the 4F1.2 region of the X chromosome; flies that carry a deletion for this portion of the X chromosome lack DAKAP550 protein.
Are People Polite to Computers? Responses to Computer‐Based Interviewing Systems

The present studies were designed to test whether people are “polite” to computers. Among people, an interviewer who directly asks about him- or herself will receive more positive and less varied responses than if the same question is posed by a third party. Two studies were designed to determine if the same phenomenon occurs in human–computer interaction. In the first study (N= 30), participants performed a task with a text-based computer and were then interviewed about the performance of that computer on 1 of 3 loci: (a) the same computer, (b) a paper-and-pencil questionnaire, or (c) a different (but identical) text-based computer. Consistent with the politeness prediction, same-computer participants evaluated the computer more positively and more homogeneously than did either paper-and-pencil or different-computer participants. Study 2 (N= 30) replicated the results with voice-based computers. Implications for computer-based interviewing are discussed.
Resin duct characteristics associated with tree resistance to bark beetles across lodgepole and limber pines.

Bark beetles have recently killed billions of trees, yet conifer defenses are formidable and some trees resist attack. A primary anti-insect defense of pines is oleoresin from a system of resin ducts throughout the tree. Resin defense traits are heritable, and evidence suggests that resin duct characteristics are associated with resistance to insects. However, comparisons of resin ducts in trees killed by bark beetles to trees that resisted attack are unavailable. We compared vertical resin duct characteristics (number, density, and size) and growth rates from trees that were “resistant” (survived mass attack) versus “susceptible” (killed by attack) to bark beetles in lodgepole (Pinus contorta) and limber (Pinus flexilis) pines. Resistant trees of both species had significantly more resin ducts in recent growth than susceptible trees. Discriminant analysis (DA) correctly categorized 84 % of lodgepole and 92 % of limber pines as susceptible/resistant based on combinations of resin duct and growth characteristics from recent 5- through 20-year growth intervals. DA models using measures from only the most recent 5 years of growth correctly categorized 72 and 81 % of lodgepole and limber pines, respectively. Comparing resistant to susceptible trees independent of species identity led to the correct categorization of 82 % of trees based on factors from 5- to 20-year intervals, and 73 % of trees using only resin duct counts from the most recent 5 years. We conclude that resin duct characteristics can be used to assess tree resistance to bark beetles across pine species, and offer a metric for management to enhance pest resistance.
Problems in the investigational study and clinical use of cancer immunotherapy

The last decade has witnessed a veritable explosion in the investigational study and clinical use of immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer. Although this is an exciting development, the promise of cancer immunotherapy has not yet been fulfilled. Why is there an apparent discrepancy between the theory of cancer immunotherapy and the actual results from clinical studies? Michael Osband and Susan Ross suggest that there are several basic problems with the clinical study and therapeutic use of immunotherapy that must be overcome before it can be considered a viable treatment for a broad range of tumors. The purpose of this article is to describe some of the more important of these problems.
The Gas‐Phase Thermal Decomposition of 5‐Ethyl‐1‐pyrroline

The gas-phase thermal decomposition of 5-ethyl-1-pyrroline has been studied in the temperature range 721–786 K. The decomposition appears to proceed by two pathways, one a radical route yielding pyrrole, ethylene and ethane as major products, and the other a molecular hydrogen elimination to form initially 2-ethyl-3H-pyrrole which rapidly rearranges to other ethylpyrroles via a series of 1,5-hydrogen shifts. Approximate rate constants for the unimolecular hydrogen elimination have been calculated and fit the Arrhenius relationship: Approximate calculations based on the radical pathway yield a value of ∼14 kcal mol−1 for the stabilization energy in the 1-pyrrolin-5-yl radical, in good agreement with that reported earlier for the substituted 2-aza-allyl radical.
Amnesic effects of scopolamine

Abstract Rentention of a passive avoidance response in mice was impaired when scopolamine (10 mg/kg) was administered immediately after training. Methylscopolamine (10 mg/kg) produced no deficit. The strength of learning was varied by employing low shock during training or detention in the apparatus after training. There was no amnesic effect of scopolamine with low shock although scopolamine's effect was enhanced following detention. Administration of scopolamine 15 min prior to training also impaired retention. This latter, much larger, effect was partially antagonized by administering physostigmine immediately after training. The results were discussed in terms of a modulatory role of cholinergic processes in the storage of memories.
Steam press hand burns: A serious burn injury

Steam presses cause full-thickness burns when the operator's extremity is caught between the buck and the head of the steam press. Patients with serious steam press burns should be referred to a regional burn center for excision of the full-thickness burn and coverage by either a split-thickness skin graft or a flap. The safety features in steam presses that could prevent this serious injury include: (1) emergency safety releases, (2) peripheral safety bars, and (3) two-hand operator control.
Gaussia luciferase variant for high-throughput functional screening applications.

Gaussia luciferase (Gluc) is a sensitive reporter for studying different biological processes such as gene expression, promoter activity, protein−protein interactions, signal transduction, as well as tumor cell growth and response to therapy. Since Gluc is naturally secreted, the kinetics of these processes can be monitored in real-time by measuring an aliquot of conditioned medium in culture or a few microliters of blood in vivo at different time points. Gluc catalyzes light emission with a short half-life which is unfavorable for certain applications. We isolated a Gluc mutant that catalyzes enhanced light stability in the presence of a detergent, in combination with high sensitivity, making it an attractive luciferase for high-throughput functional screening applications.
Treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin: a single surgeon's experience with 53 consecutive patients

Axillary hyperhidrosis is a debilitating disease that affects the social and occupational lives of many Americans. It can be treated with subdermal injections of botulinum toxin. This study aimed to determine the interval between injections during which patients are symptom free and whether that interval varies depending on the number of treatments a patient has received. The study enrolled all the patients treated with botulinum toxin for axillary hyperhidrosis by the senior author between 2004 and 2010. Patient responses to the treatment with regard to both satisfaction and length of the symptom-free interval were collected prospectively and analyzed. An in-depth PubMed search was performed through July 2010 to compile the published data on using botulinum toxin injections to treat axillary hyperhidrosis. These data served as a benchmark to which the trends at our institution were compared. The 53 patients included in the study had an average age of 29 years, and 64% were women. Of the 53 patients, 23 (43%) underwent multiple injections of botulinum toxin. The average symptom-free interval was 261 days. There was no statistically significant difference in symptom-free intervals after multiple treatments. Patient satisfaction rates were very high, similar to the high degrees of satisfaction found in the published data. Botulinum toxin injections provide an effective treatment for axillary hyperhidrosis with a rapid onset and high patient satisfaction. Many patients have a symptom-free interval of 6–9 months after each botulinum toxin injection. This interval does not change significantly after multiple treatments.
Iron-sulfur components of succinate dehydrogenase: stoichiometry and kinetic behavior in activated preparations.

Extensively or completely activated preparations of beef heart succinate dehydrogenase have been investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques at 6 to 97 K. Reductive titrations with dithionite and rapid kinetic studies were performed with various types of soluble and membrane-bound preparations of the enzyme. The following components were detected and their behavior analyzed: a free radical, presumably arising from the covalently bound flavin on reduction, two iron-sulfur centers of the ferredoxin type, the signals of which appear on reduction, and a high-potential iron-sulfur component, detectable in the oxidized state. The high-potential component was only detected in complex II and inner-membrane preparations. This component and one of the ferredoxin-type centers were present in amounts close to stoichiometric with the flavin and were reduced by substrate. The other ferredoxin-type center was present in amounts between 0.1 and 0.5 times that of the flavin and was reduced only by dithionite. Of the components reduced by succinate. however, only a fraction (up to 50% of the high-potential iron-sulfur center and 40–60% of the ferredoxin-type iron-sulfur center) was reduced within the turnover time of the enzymes. In complex II not more than about 10% of the flavin appeared in the semiquinone form at any time. Soluble, purified preparations behaved similarly except that the high-potential component was nearly or completely absent and extensive accumulation of the free radical occurred (up to 70 to 80% of the flavin) in titration and kinetic experiments. No significant difference was observed between the rates of semiquinone formation and the reduction of the ferredoxin-type or high-potential centers by the substrate. Also no qualitative differences in the properties studied in this work became apparent between preparations containing 4 or 8 iron atoms, respectively.
Pythagorean Women: their history and writingsSARAH B. POMEROY

Sarah Pomeroy has devoted her entire career to better understand women's lives in the ancient Mediterranean world. Here she focuses on women in philosophical communities in southern Italy in the si...
A model for organization‐based 360 degree leadership assessment

Success in the new economy is more dependent on successful relationships with internal and external stakeholders than ever before. The “business ecosystem” has created webs of interdependent relationships between organizations and their employees, suppliers, customers, and business partners. These relationships not only impact how firms add value to customers and create competitive advantage, but various internal processes as well. Unfortunately, these relationships often fail to capture their full potential due to misalignment between the organization and its stakeholders. This article presents a practical guide for organization‐based 360 degree leadership assessment, which should help organizations to identify gaps or “blind spots” with internal and external stakeholders. Borrowing from the multi‐rater feedback literature, a discussion of the steps in using the organization’s leadership as the focal point is provided. Self‐assessment on a series of organizational leadership dimensions is proposed, which...
Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) Science Instruments

Concepts of scientific instruments designed to perform infrared astronomical tasks such as imaging, photometry, and spectroscopy are discussed as part of the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) project under definition study at NASA/Ames Research Center. The instruments are: the multiband imaging photometer, the infrared array camera, and the infrared spectograph. SIRTF, a cryogenically cooled infrared telescope in the 1-meter range and wavelengths as short as 2.5 microns carrying multiple instruments with high sensitivity and low background performance, provides the capability to carry out basic astronomical investigations such as deep search for very distant protogalaxies, quasi-stellar objects, and missing mass; infrared emission from galaxies; star formation and the interstellar medium; and the composition and structure of the atmospheres of the outer planets in the solar sytem.
Transfer of water and electrolytes across the perfused ducts of the dog submandibular gland.

Abstract Wharton's duct of dogs was cannulated and the submandibular gland perfused in a retrograde direction with Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer at 40 mm Hg pressure. During each 10 min perfusion, an average of 2.6 ml flowed into the gland. When the perfusion was ended and the gland allowed to drain, about 0.5 ml returned from the gland. Replacement of sodium by choline, replacement of chloride by sulphate or methylsulphate, replacement of both sodium and chloride by sucrose, and incorporation of 10 −4 M ouabain or acetylstrophanthidin into the perfusion virtually eliminated the retrograde flow. Lithium and nitrate could partially substitute for sodium and chloride, respectively. Radioactive tracer experiments indicated that over 90 per cent of the sodium, potassium, and chloride contained in the perfusion were absorbed in the duct system, and these ions were absorbed at a rate faster than the net water movement out of the ducts. Part of the sodium, potassium, chloride, and water in the expelled fluid are added into the ducts either from the duct cells or from the extracellular space.
Evaporation of Boric Acid from Sea Water

Previous investigators have shown that the boron-chlorinity ratios of rain waters are many times greater than the boron-chlorinity ratio of sea water. The presence of boron in the atmosphere has been attributed to sea spray, volcanic activity, accumulation in dust, evaporation from plants, and industrial pollution. In this paper data are presented to demonstrate that boric acid in sea water has a vapor pressure at ordinary temperatures of the sea and, when sea water evaporates, boric acid occurs in the condensate of the water vapor. It is postulated that, while some of the boron in the atmosphere can be attributed to the sources mentioned above, most of the boric acid results from evaporation from the sea. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1959.tb00039.x
Human gastric mucosal zymogen granules.

Abstract Zymogen granules prepared from human gastric nucosal homogenate by differential centrifugation contained most of the activity of the homogenate. All the pepsinogen bands demonstrable on agar gel electrophoresis from whole mucosal homogenate were found in this zymogen granular fraction except “Cathepsin” or “slow moving protease.” However, cathepsin bands could be easily demonstrated in fractions other than zymogen granules. The fractions obtained by differential centrifugation were examined by electron microscope. Zymogen fractions lacked large numbers of mucous granules. There is currently no certainty of the exact number and cellular origin of the human gastric proteinases. The number of demonstrable pepsinogens has been reported variously as seven (1), nine (2), and eleven (3). Human gastric mucosa contains another acid proteinase which differs from the pepsinogens in its stability to sequential acidification and neutralization (4,5) and in its presence in jejunal mucosa. This proteinase has been given various names, slow moving protease (SMP) (1) or cathepsin (6). This nonpepsinogen proteinase has been found to be immunochemically distinct from all known pepsinogens (7–9). Using rabbit antiserum to pepsinogens, it has been shown that the zymogen (chief) and mucous neck cells react positively for some of the pepsinogens (10,11). The cellular origin of cathepsin is, however, still disputed. In the present study zymogen granules were isolated from the fundic glands of gastric mucosa which was known to contain all the pepsinogens and cathepsin, and the granules examined by electrophoretic techniques to determine which proteinases they contained.
Optimal signal-to-noise in digital phase lock amplifiers

An expression for the optimal signal-to-noise ratio for linear phase lock amplifiers is derived. In its digital form the optimal method can be implemented by real-time signal processing techniques. The case of detector-noise-limited systems is analyzed in detail; it is found that the optimal technique can be used to eliminate effectively the detector's time constant from the set of parameters determining the overall efficiency. This has important implications for optical detection system design. Also reported is an experimental verification of the optimal method, thus establishing its practicality.
Reordering contigs of draft genomes using the Mauve Aligner

Summary: Mauve Contig Mover provides a new method for proposing the relative order of contigs that make up a draft genome based on comparison to a complete or draft reference genome. A novel application of the Mauve aligner and viewer provides an automated reordering algorithm coupled with a powerful drill-down display allowing detailed exploration of results. Availability: The software is available for download at http://gel.ahabs.wisc.edu/mauve. Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online and http://gel.ahabs.wisc.edu
Dangerous Games across the Taiwan Strait

Changes in cross‐strait relations between the March 2004 Taiwanese elections and the 2008 Beijing Olympics will force the United States to question the core of U.S. policy toward both China and Taiwan. Washington must begin to answer those questions now.
Underdesigned and Opportunistic Computing

Variation in the specifications of microelectronic chips across parts and over time has been a great source of concern for the integrated circuit chip designers because of the ever-increasing guard-bands that the circuit and system designers must rely upon to ensure working parts and systems. This prompts us to look for solutions that can mitigate the effect of performance and power variability through innovations in sys-tem software. In this paper, we outline a novel, flexible hardware-software stack and interface that use adaptation in software to relax variation-induced guard-bands in hardware design.
Clinical spectrum of pheochromocytoma.

Background Pheochromocytomas vary in presentation, tumor size, and in catecholamine production. Whether pheochromocytoma size correlates with hormone levels, clinical presentation, and perioperative complications is not known. The goal of this study was to determine if tumor size and hormone level correlate according to the clinical presentation at diagnosis. Study Design We retrospectively analyzed all patients who underwent an adrenalectomy with a diagnosis of a pheochromocytoma from February 1996 to October 2008. We grouped patients according to their clinical presentation at diagnosis (routine biochemical screening, incidentaloma, classic symptoms, pheochromocytoma crisis) and obtained preoperative radiographic tumor size and catecholamine hormone levels. ANOVA was used for the group effects and the Kruskal–Wallis rank test was used for pairwise comparison between groups with the Sidak/Bonferroni method for multiplicity adjustment according to age, tumor size, and hormone level. The Pearson correlation coefficient was then calculated to determine if hormone level correlated with tumor size. Results Eighty-one of 107 patients had data available for complete analysis. The average age at diagnosis for all patients was 47.1 years, and the average tumor size was 4.9 cm. The average highest hormone ratio among all patients was 27.4. Tumor size and hormone ratio levels differed among all groups (p ≤ 0.03). A direct correlation (p = 0.014) was apparent between tumor size and hormone level. Complication rates also differed among the four groups of patients (p ≤ 0.02). Conclusions Our study showed that tumor size directly correlates with hormone level. Smaller tumors tend to secrete lower levels of catecholamines, but larger tumors have a wider variation in secretory potential. Larger tumors, however, produced the highest hormone ratios.
Suppression of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis by En3638: Dependence

Oral administration of 2, 3 or 4 doses of 100 or 250 mg/kg of EN3638 during the incubation period of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis delayed the onset and reduced the incidence and severity of clinical signs and histological lesions. Five doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg effected virtually complete and permanent suppression of clinical signs even after cessation of therapy, and five doses of 250 mg/kg eliminated histological lesions as well. Optimum results required coverage of the entire incubation period regardless of dose level. These results were obtained only when carbonyl iron was used as the adjuvant for production of EAE. When complete Freund's adjuvant was used, EN3638 delayed the onset but had little or no influence on late-developing clinical signs and histologic lesions after cessation of therapy. The permanence of suppression when carbonyl iron was used is related to the absence of an oil depot. Carbonyl iron is a superior adjuvant for drug suppression studies.
Sedimentation of Soils from Three Physiographic Regions of Alabama at Different Salinities

This study evaluated the rate of sedimentation from water under various salinities, over a time period of 72 h. The particles come from soils that are commonly found in shrimp growing areas of Alabama: Black Belt Prairie, Piedmont Plateau, and Upper Coastal Plain. Different salinity treatments and settling times resulted in significant differences (P≤ 0.05) in the reduction of turbidity and TSS for each soil type. Solutions containing 2 ppt salinity had a similar rate of turbidity reduction as the solutions with 5, 10, or greater ppt treatments. Concentrations of turbidity and TSS decreased rapidly between 1 and 12 h of sedimentation; very little decline was observed during the time intervals 12–72 h. Higher salinity treatments yielded settling patterns similar to the 2 ppt salinity treatment. After 1 h, turbidity was removed by 65% in the control compared with 85% salinity treated samples. Variations in turbidity and TSS among the three sediments suggest that finer particles, the Piedmont Plateau soils, settled at a slower rate than larger particles. This difference occurs because the percentage of turbidity and TSS removed was significantly higher in mineralized waters compared to freshwater. Therefore, a small amount of salt, 2 ppt, can be used in pond aquaculture treatments to reduce the turbidity and TSS concentrations in shrimp ponds.
Lymph node dissection during the surgical treatment of renal cancer in the modern era

The increasing use of routine CT scan, along with advances in imaging technology, have facilitated the early diagnosis of incidental renal masses. This has resulted in the reduction in the rate of metastatic disease diagnosis. Although surgery remains the mainstay in the treatment of renal tumors, the decreasing incidence of lymph node involvement has created controversy regarding the importance and the ideal extent of lymph node dissection, formerly considered mandatory at the time of radical nephrectomy. In this review, we critically assessed the role of lymph node dissection at the time of radical nephrectomy. To date, randomized trials have failed to show a benefit of lymph node dissection when broadly employed. This is likely due to the low prevalence of lymph node metastasis at the time of presentation, the unpredictable pattern of lymph node metastasis from renal tumors, and the continued downward stage migration of the disease. As a result, lymph node dissection for renal cancer is currently not recommended in the absence of gross lymphadenopathy. In high risk patients, lymph node dissection may be considered, but it remains controversial and more clinical evidence is warranted. Extended lymph node dissection is still recommended in individuals with isolated gross nodal disease or those with lymphadenopathy at the time of cytoreductive surgery prior to systemic therapy. A practical approach is summarized in an algorithm form.
Steroid hormone masculinization of neural structure in rats: a tale of two nuclei

We review the mechanisms by which steroid hormones masculinize two different regions of the central nervous system (CNS) in rats. Although in both cases, androgens induce a male phenotype, the detailed mechanisms are remarkably different in the two models. In the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB), testosterone must be present during the perinatal period to spare motoneurons and their target muscles from cell death. This masculinization of the SNB system is through activation of androgen receptors, because XY rats with a defective gene for the androgen receptor fail to develop a masculine SNB system. Interestingly, the motoneurons are spared by androgen, even though they themselves do not possess androgen receptors during the critical period for their survival. Thus, steroids can act on one part of the body to secondarily masculinize the CNS. In the posterodorsal aspect of the medial amygdala (MePD), testosterone can induce masculine development even in adulthood, indicating that there is no critical period for steroids to affect sexual differentiation of this system. In the case of the MePD, both estrogen receptors and androgen receptors appear to mediate testosterone’s masculinizing influence on neural structure. The extended neural plasticity of the MePD may reflect annual breorganizationQ of the brain in the seasonally breeding ancestors of laboratory rats.
The Media Economy, by Alan Albarran

There are books on the media industry and there are books on economics. Alan Albarran has tackled an ambitious goal: To write a textbook on the media economy. This should not be confused with his o...