cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How important is glycemic control during coronary artery bypass

In summary, poor perioperative glycemic control in patients undergoing CABG is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Maintaining serum glucose less than or equal to 180 mg/dL in patients with diabetes during CABG reduces morbidity and mortality, lowers the incidence of wound infections, reduces hospital length of stay, and enhances long-term survival. In nondiabetic patients undergoing CABG surgery, maintaining serum glucose less than 180 mg/dL has also resulted in improved perioperative outcomes. More aggressive glycemic control (80-120 mg/dL) provides no added improvement in CABG patients with less than or equal to 3 days of ICU care in the absence of ventilatory support or multiorgan failure. Although the precise value for achieving glycemic control in the perioperative period is the subject of much debate, the benefits of perioperative glycemic control with continuous insulin infusions in patients undergoing CABG is no longer debatable.
The urinary excretion of free taurine in acute and chronic disease, following surgical trauma, and in patients with acute alcoholism

Summary o 1. In 40 studies carried out in 16 normal adult males the 24 hour urine taurine excretion was found to lie between 58 and 208 mg. with occasional variations in the same individuals of as much as 80 per cent. The rate of excretion was not found to be appreciably influenced by the intake of fluid. In multiple studies in three normal men high calorie, high protein diets were found to increase the output of taurine an average of 24 per cent. Low protein diets had the opposite effect. 2. Following surgical operations an abrupt elevation in the excretion of taurine was observed. Taurine excretion fell back to normal levels within several days after surgery unless complications in the postoperative course supervened. Taurine excretion was found to parallel the urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. 3. Taurinuria was found in patients admitted with acute alcoholism and the elevated taurine excretion was found to persist from five to ten days after admission to the hospital. 4. Adrenal steroid therapy, miscellaneous acute infections and miscellaneous diseases of the liver and bilary tree were also found to be frequently associated with an increased output of taurine in the urine. 5. Chronic diseases of the types observed were found to have little or no effect on the excretion of taurine as long as the nutritional status of the patient was constant and as long as the patient was receiving an adequate diet. 6. The technique for the quantitative determination of urinary taurine described by Pentz et al. has been modified by the substitution of a borate buffer, pH 9.6, for 8% sodium bicarbonate.
Multiphoton Ionization of Ammonia Clusters with a Tunable Laser

Clusters of ammonia, formed by adiabatic expansion, were subjected to analysis in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer following multiphoton ionization. All cluster ions had the composition (NH3)n · H+ (with n ranging up to approximately 65) and none corresponding to (NH3)n·+ were detected with the exception of n = 1. An unusually stable species (NH4+)(NH3)4 was produced under all expansion and ionizing conditions investigated; it is attributed to an especially stable ion structure. Well resolved rotational structure for the β and c states of a cold monomer beam were obtained and rotational assignments are presented for the c' band. A search for resonances in the ammonia clusters failed to reveal any well resolved structure, although isotope shifts in the monomer spectra were found through use of deuterium substitution.
Energy-selective detection of phonons by superconducting zinc films

Experiments have been performed in which phonons are incident on a zinc film at temperatures much less than the superconducting transition temperature. We find that if the energy of the phonons exceeds a threshold energy ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{c}$ a resistance is induced in the film. The variation of ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{c}$ with applied magnetic field has been studied. This system may be useful as a tunable detector of phonons in the energy range 0 to 20 K.
Near-triploidy and near-tetraploidy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: association with B-lineage blast cells carrying the ETV6–RUNX1 fusion, T-lineage immunophenotype, and favorable outcome

Abstract The prognostic significance of near-triploidy (68–80 chromosomes) and near-tetraploidy (>80 chromosomes) in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is unclear. Therefore, we retrospectively evaluated the incidence of and outcome associated with these subtypes of ALL. In 620 children with ALL diagnosed between 1988 and 1999, the leukemic cells were near-triploid (DNA index, 1.50–1.73) in 4 and near-tetraploid (DNA index, 1.79–2.28) in 14. Of 15 patients with B-lineage ALL, 11 (73.3%) had an ETV6–RUNX1 (previously TEL-AML1 and then ETV6–CBFA2 ) fusion. No differences in age ( P = 0.99), leukocyte count ( P = 0.99), or immunophenotype ( P = 0.99) were observed between patients with near-triploidy and those with near-tetraploidy. Patients with near-triploidy or near-tetraploidy were more likely than those with high-hyperdiploidy (51–67 chromosomes) ( n = 159) to be female ( P = 0.05) and have T-lineage ALL ( P = 0.02), L2 morphology ( P ETV6–RUNX1 fusion ( P n = 3) in this study.
Immobilization of alkoxylated phosphine ligands and their Rh complexes to a silica surface coated with an organic mono- or multilayer

A new methodology for the immobilization of homogeneous catalysts on a modified silica surface is suggested. Phosphine ligands with polar substituted groups as well as their rhodium carbonyl complexes are attached to modified silica substrates. The modified silica substrates were prepared by either depositing a crosslinked poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) network on the surface of porous silica, or by transforming the surface-pendant hydroxyl groups of silica into [3-(siloxysilyl)propyl]-ethylenediamine groups. They are denoted as P(HEMA-MBAM) /SiO2 and SSPEDA/SiO2, respectively. The following phosphine ligands were attached to the modified silica: (1) α,ω-bis(diphenylphosphino)-poly(ethylene glycol) (DPP-PEG); (2) 2-methoxy-methylenephenyl-diphenylphosphine (MPDPP); and (3) 1,2-bis{[(2-methoxyacetylphenyl)-phenyl-(diphenyl)]phosphino}ethane (MAPDPPE). The FT-IR investigations of these immobilized catalysts revealed hydrogen bonding between the surface-pendant hydroxyl or amino groups and the oxygen atoms of the phosphine ligands. The SEM and EDS surface analyses showed that the phosphine rhodium carbonyl complexes were uniformly distributed over the polymer coated silica. Hydroformylation reactions of several olefins were employed for the assessment of the efficiency of immobilization, and both hydrophobic (cyclohexane) and hydrophilic (water) reaction media have been employed. The time dependence of the hydroformylation of 2-(±)-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA) in a hydrophobic medium indicated that the modified silica surfaces are more compatible with the hydrophobic reactant molecules than the pure silica surface, and that SSPEDA/SiO2 is more effective than P(HEMA-MBAM)/SiO2. The much higher hydroformylation rate for sodium 10-undecenoate (UDNa) than for 1-vinylimidazole when water was used as reaction medium is due to the higher ability of the former surface active molecules to be adsorbed on the catalyst surface. Successive reuses of the immobilized catalysts in the hydroformylation of ethyl 10-undecenoate in cyclohexane have demonstrated that MAPDPPE provides stronger immobilization than MPDPP.
Synthesis of isotopically labeled Δ2-isopentenylpyrophosphate☆

Abstract The high yield chemical conversion of acetate to Δ2-isopentenylpyrophosphate is described. This procedure, plus the availability of high specific activity isotopic labels in acetate, allows the efficient synthesis of large quantities of highly labeled Δ2-isopentenylpyrophosphate.
Avalon: an Alpha/Linux cluster achieves 10 Gflops for $15k

As an entry for the 1998 Gordon Bell price/performance prize, we present two calculations from the disciplines of condensed matter physics and astrophysics. The simulations were performed on a 70 processor DEC Alpha cluster (Avalon) constructed entirely from commodity personal computer technology and freely available software, for a cost of 152 thousand dollars.Avalon performed a 60 million particle molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of shock-induced plasticity using the SPaSM MD code. The beginning of this simulation sustained approximately 10 Gflops over a 44 hour period, and saved 68 Gbytes of raw data. The resulting price/performance is $15/Mflop, or equivalently, 67 Gflops per million dollars. This is more than a factor of three better than last year's Gordon Bell price/performance winners. This simulation is similar to those which won part of the 1993 Gordon Bell performance prize using a 1024-node CM-5. This simulation continued to run for a total of 332 hours on Avalon, computing a total of 1.12 x 1016 floating point operations. This puts it among the few scientific simulations to have ever involved more than 10 Petaflops of computation.Avalon also performed a gravitational treecode N-body simulation of galaxy formation using 9.75 million particles, which sustained an average of 6.78 Gflops over a 26 hour period. This simulation is exactly the same as that which won a Gordon Bell price/performance prize last year on the Loki cluster, at a total performance 7.7 times that of Loki, and a price/performance 2.6 times better than Loki. Further, Avalon ranked at 315th on the June 1998 TOP500 list, by obtaining a result of 19.3 Gflops on the parallel Linpack benchmark.
Governments' Resistance to the Free Flow of International Communication

The revolutionary developments in communication and transportation have eradicated the natural barriers that separated nations from one another. Fearful of the impact of uncontrolled information on their peoples, many governments have installed artificial barriers on their frontiers. Unesco, an international agency devoted to the promotion of world understanding, has attempted to eliminate or lower these man-made barriers; but its success in this respect has been hampered by political, economic, and cultural problems.
Absorption spectra, emission spectra, and magnetic susceptibility of chromium in sodium-β-alumina

Abstract Absorption spectra, emission spectra, and magnetic susceptibility from 4.2 to 300°K have been measured for β-alumina doped with 2w o chromium. Chromium-doped β-alumina sintered in air was found to contain only Cr(IV) even though Cr(III) was the oxidation state initially present. Heating air-sintered samples at 1200°C in 10% H 2 90% N 2 for 5 hr reduced the Cr(IV) to Cr(III). The absorption spectra for Cr(IV) and Cr(III) have been fitted to the Tanabe-Sugano diagram and Dq and B were calculated. Results are consistent with the assignment of both Cr(III) and Cr(IV) to octahedral coordination sites in β-alumina. A parallel study of chromium doped α-alumina also showed the existence of Cr(IV) and Cr(III) in that host lattice depending on the firing atmosphere.
Estimating the Sensitivity of Radiative Impacts of Shallow, Broken Marine Clouds to Boundary Layer Aerosol Size Distribution Parameter Uncertainties for Evaluation of Satellite Retrieval Requirements

AbstractA proposed objective of the planned Aerosol–Cloud–Ecosystem (ACE) satellite mission is to provide constraints on climate model representation of aerosol effects on clouds by retrieving profiles of aerosol number concentration, effective variance, and effective radius over the 0.1–1-μm radius range under humidified ambient conditions with 500-m vertical resolution and uncertainties of 100%, 50%, and 10%, respectively. Shallow, broken marine clouds provide an example of conditions where boundary layer aerosol properties would be retrieved in clear-sky gaps. To quantify the degree of constraint that proposed retrievals might provide on cloud radiative forcing (CRF) simulated by climate models under such conditions, dry aerosol size distribution parameters are independently varied here in large-eddy simulations of three well-established modeling case studies. Using the rudimentary available aerosol specifications, it is found that relative changes of total dry aerosol properties in simulations can be ...
Atomic imaging of Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 using low-dose techniques

Abstract Atomic resolution images of Ba 0.6 K 0.4 BiO 3 have been obtained at electron-dose levels of 10 2 e - /A 2 using a slow-scan CCD camera on a high-resolution electron microscope; at this dose level electron-beam damage can be avoided. The superconducting material is a clean perovskite without evidence for any distortions such as charge-density waves. At higher dose levels modulations appear which, from measurements of the desorbing species under low-energy electron radiation, are due to ionization damage and loss of oxygen.
SOME COBALT(III) COMPLEXES OF S-AZETIDINE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID

Abstract One isomer of [Co(S-azet)3] (S-azet=S-azetidine-2-carboxylate ion) has been isolated and assigned the A-facial configuration from absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectra. Both optical isomers of [Co(en)2S-azet]I2 were isolated and their absolute configurations assigned. Two isomers assigned as A (+)-β2-SS- and δ-(-)-β1-RR-[Co(trien)S-azet]I2 were isolated in the case of the triethylenetetraamine complex. The complexes are closely related to the corresponding S-proline complexes.
A discriminative two-lever test of dizocilpine's ability to reinstate ethanol-seeking behavior

Because ethanol has N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist effects, we tested whether dizocilpine, an NMDA antagonist, reinstates ethanol-seeking behavior. Rats were trained to lever-press for a 10% ethanol/2% sucrose (EtOH) or a 3% sucrose (Suc) solution using a two-lever (one lever active) procedure (FR2). After extinction, rats were injected with ethanol (0.5 g/kg). The EtOH group emitted more active than inactive lever presses and the Suc group showed minimal responding. Thus, ethanol reinstated ethanol-seeking behavior in a specific manner. In contrast, dizocilpine (0.175 mg/kg) increased responding on both levers in both groups suggesting a loss of discriminative control. Dizocilpine fails to reinstate ethanol-seeking behavior. These data also demonstrate the necessity of using a discriminative, two-lever test for drug reinstatement.
Cellobiase from Trichoderma viride: Purification, properties, kinetics, and mechanism

Three distinct cellobiase components were isolated from a commercial Trichoderma viride cellulase preparation by repeated chromatography on DEAE cellulose eluting by a salt gradient. The purified cellobiase preparations were evaluated for physical properties, kinetics, and mechanism. Results from this work include: (1) development of a one step enzyme purification procedure using DEAE-cellulose; (2) isolation of three chromatographically distinct, yet kinetically similar, cellobiase fractions of molecular weight of ∼76,000; (3) determination of kinetics which shows that cellobiase hydrolyzes cellobiose by a noncompetitive mechanism and that the product, glucose, inhibits the enzyme, and (4) development of an equation, based on the mechanism of cellobiase action, which accurately predicts the time course of cellobiose hydrolysis over an eightfold range of substrate concentration and conversions of up to 90%. Based on the data presented in the paper, it is shown that product inhibition of cellobiase significantly retards the rate of cellobiose hydrolysis.
H Gas: Captured at last?

In the strange world of low-temperature physics, few more unusual phenomena have been discovered than monatomic hydrogen gas. According to a recent report (New Scientist, Jan. 1981, p. 204), hydrogen atoms do not tend to pair up to form molecules under special low-temperature-cryogenic experimental conditions. The reasons for the existence of atomic hydrogen gas at ultra-low temperature, and for its implications, lie in an understanding of its almost pure quantum mechanical properties. Practical uses of atomic hydrogen will await more knowledge of its properties, but right now, if available in sufficient abundance, atomic hydrogen could be used in maser clocks because it emits highly defined frequencies of microwave radiation at room temperature, and atomic hydrogen gas could be used as an energy conservative fuel, as it recombines to the diatomic molecule. For every recombination between two hydrogen atoms, 4.5 eV of energy are released, which calculates to be over 1 million watts of power per second for 10 grams of atomic hydrogen recombined. The large impulse relative to its light mass could be significant in applications of atomic hydrogen as a rocket fuel. Practical applications aside, the main interest in atomic hydrogen at this moment is in the insight into quantum mechanics that study of its properties may provide. Atomic hydrogen atoms ‘abound throughout the universe,’ even though not on Earth, and thus quantum effects in space, and the hydrogen-rich planets as well, may be elucidated by results of these studies.
The Behavior of Sunspot Contrast during Cycle 23

Results are presented from a study of various sunspot contrast parameters in broadband red (672.3 nm) Cartesian full-disk digital images taken at the San Fernando Observatory (SFO) over eight years, 1997 – 2004, of the twenty-third sunspot cycle. A subset of over 2700 red sunspots was analyzed and values of average and maximum sunspot contrast as well as maximum umbral contrast were compared to various sunspot parameters. Average and maximum sunspot contrasts were found to be significantly correlated with sunspot area (rs=− 0.623 and rs=− 0.714, respectively). Maximum umbral contrast was found to be significantly correlated with umbral area (rs=− 0.535). These results are in agreement with the works of numerous other authors. No significant dependence was detected between average contrast, maximum contrast, or maximum umbral contrast during the rising phase of the solar cycle (rs=0.024, rs=0.033, and rs=0.064, respectively). During the decay phase, no significant correlation was found between average contrast or maximum contrast and time (rs=− 0.057 and rs=0.009, respectively), with a weak dependence seen between maximum umbral contrast and cycle (rs=0.102).
Loss of coordination in a competitive supply chain with pre-orders and endogenous pricing

In this work, we investigate a two-tier supply chain in which there is a supplier offering price-only contracts to several retailers who face stochastic demand. Each retailer has to determine his price before taking pre -orders and his demand depends on the prices of all retailers in the market. We assume the expected demand function is affine. We analyze two scenarios when retailers compete with substitutes or complements. In contrast to most existing literature which typically assumes symmetric retailers with a homogeneous product, we study asymmetric price-setting retailers with differentiated products. We derive tight upper and lower bounds on the profit loss due to lack of coordination in the supply chain. Our results show that when retailers compete with substitutes, horizontal competition among retailers compensates the double marginalization effect and promotes efficiency. Furthermore, the loss of profit in the decentralized setting is no more than 25% of the optimal profit in the centralized setting. This implies that in a substitutable product market, there is limited room for improvement from more elaborate contracts, which are often costly to implement. The opposite happens for complements, where horizontal competition aggravates the double marginalization effect and further deteriorates the chain-wide efficiency. It suggests that large profit gains can be achieved through more complex contracts which coordinate the chain.
Characterization by pulsed oxidation of coke on platinum/alumina

Pt/Al2O3 samples of different metal loads and reduced at different temperatures were used as catalysts in n-hexane conversion. The “coke” overlayer formed during 24 h was characterized by pulsed oxidation, keeping the temperature constant during a given oxygen pulse but usually increasing it between pulses in steps from 30°C to 550°C. Carbon-to-metal (C/M) and H/C ratios of the coke were determined for defined regimes of the coke oxidation process. It was found that platinum is partially oxidized before carbon dioxide is formed; platinum oxidation, either to PtO or to a surface compound of Pt2+ with Al2O3, is complete in an early stage of coke oxidation. Coke oxidation to T < 300 °C is catalyzed by PtO or, though less efficiently, by the ternary Pt-Al-O compound; carbon dioxide evolution starts at lower temperature for the high platinum load catalysts. Dramatic differences, both m catalytic and coke oxidation parameters are found between samples originally reduced at 350 °C or 600 °C respectively; e.g. the C/M ratios are significantly lower for samples reduced at 600 ° C. Independent data show that chemical interaction takes place between platinum and Al2O3 at 600°C. It follows that coke formation is an ensemble-specific process. For the high platinum load sample which was originally reduced at 350 °C the coke oxidation-vs.-temperature profile shows two characteristic “spikes” where coke oxidation is extremely fast.
Fidelity and processivity of reverse transcription by the human mitochondrial DNA polymerase.

Abstract We have characterized, by transient-state kinetic methods, the polymerase and exonuclease activities of the human mitochondrial DNA polymerase (pol γ) during reverse transcription, employing a synthetic oligonucleotide consisting of a DNA primer and an RNA template. In comparison with the kinetic parameters observed with a DNA template, the rate of correct deoxynucleotide incorporation was reduced 25-fold (5.5 ± 0.2 s–1), whereas the dissociation constant (Kd) for nucleotide binding was increased 4-fold (12 ± 1 μm). In addition, discrimination against mismatches was reduced ∼20-fold to only 15,000 on average. The proofreading exonuclease favored the removal of an incorrect nucleotide (0.0021 ± 0.0002 s–1 for correct versus 0.034 ± 0.004 s–1 for incorrect), and the partitioning between incorporation beyond a mismatch (5.5 × 10 –5 ± 0.4 × 10 –5 s–1), and exonuclease removal of that mismatch favors removal of the mismatch. These data suggest that the “reverse transcriptase activity” of mitochondrial polymerase could be physiologically relevant. However, the enzyme stalls and is unable to efficiently incorporate beyond a single nucleotide with an RNA template. Additionally, we present a refined method for calculating net discrimination, which more accurately describes the contributions of correct and incorrect incorporation. The biological and biotechnological significance of these results are discussed.
A Falling Drop for Sample Injection in Capillary Zone Electrophoresis

The inlet of a capillary is joined to an open stream of buffer formed on an inclined narrow surface, and a constant voltage is applied to the capillary. A drop of sample falls directly to the capillary inlet and then is washed away quickly. Thus, a short sample plug with limited dilution by the buffer stream and limited fronting or tailing is injected in electrokinetic mode. No moving parts are involved, and no adjustment of voltage is necessary in the injection process. The method is simple, reproducible, easy to automate and should prove to be a valuable complement to the present injection techniques for capillary zone electrophoresis.
A Numerical Study of the Development of Tensile Principal Stresses During Die Compaction

Although the average macroscopic stresses are compressive during die compaction, tensile stresses develop locally, and lead to fragmentation in low ductility particles. In this article, this phenomenon is analyzed using finite element discretization of an assembly of particles. The simulations show that there are two stages in die compaction, an early stage in which increased levels of tensile stresses develop in a number of particles located along discrete load transmission paths, and a second stage where the increasing homogeneity of the stress field leads to a decrease of the number of particles developing tensile principal stresses. A comparison between two scenarios with interparticle friction of w =0 and w =0.5 is presented. It is shown that: (1) high friction results in a higher number of particles under tensile stresses especially at low relative density, and (2) the peak fraction of material under high tensile stresses is double for w =0.5 compared to the frictionless case, and occurs at ~85% ver...
CONCEPTUAL STUDIES OF A FUEL-FLEXIBLE LOW-SWIRL COMBUSTION SYSTEM FOR THE GAS TURBINE IN CLEAN COAL POWER PLANTS

This paper reports the results of preliminary analyses that show the feasibility of developing a fuel flexible (natural gas, syngas and high-hydrogen fuel) combustion system for IGCC gas turbines. Of particular interest is the use of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s DLN low swirl combustion technology as the basis for the IGCC turbine combustor. Conceptual designs of the combustion system and the requirements for the fuel handling and delivery circuits are discussed. The analyses show the feasibility of a multi-fuel, utility-sized, LSI-based, gas turbine engine. A conceptual design of the fuel injection system shows that dual parallel fuel circuits can provide range of gas turbine operation in a configuration consistent with low pollutant emissions. Additionally, several issues and challenges associated with the development of such a system, such as flashback and auto-ignition of the high-hydrogen fuels, are outlined.© 2010 ASME
Influence of thyroid state on positive inotropic effect of ouabain on isolated rat ventricle strips.

SummaryThe influence of thyroxine administration and thyroidectomy on the contractility of the myocardium and its responsiveness to ouabain was evaluated in rats. Electrically driven strips of right ventricle, isolated from rats treated for 36 days with thyroxine, contracted with less than 50% of the force of strips (under comparable conditions) removed from normal animals. Ventricle strips removed from rats 58 days after thyroidectomy contracted with greater force than those of normal hearts. Ouabain, 1 μg/ml, increased contractile force in all groups, but the total increase was less in both the thyroxine-treated group and thyroidectomized group than in the control. No explanation can be offered for the altered contractility and responsiveness of myocardium produced by excess thyroxine and by ablation of the thyroid gland.
Measurement of human service staff satisfaction: Development of the Job Satisfaction Survey

The development of the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS), a nine-subscale measure of employee job satisfaction applicable specifically to human service, public, and nonprofit sector organizations, is described. The item selection, item analysis, and determination of the final 36-item scale are also described, and data on reliability and validity and the instrument's norms are summarized. Included are a multitrait-multimethod analysis of the JSS and the Job Descriptive Index (JDI), factor analysis of the JSS, and scale intercorrelations. Correlation of JSS scores with criteria of employee perceptions and behaviors for multiple samples were consistent with findings involving other satisfaction scales and with findings from the private sector. The strongest correlations were with perceptions of the job and supervisor, intention of quitting, and organizational commitment. More modest correlations were found with salary, age, level, absenteeism, and turnover.
Extracellular and intracellular alkalinization and the constriction of rat cerebral arterioles.

1. Direct observations of perfused cerebral arterioles in vivo and in vitro have demonstrated that alkalinization of blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) causes arteriolar constriction. Inasmuch as such alkalinizations lead to increases in intracellular pH (pHi) as well as interstitial pH (pHo), it is possible that increases in either pHi or pHo (or both) underlie alkalinization-induced cerebral vasoconstriction. In order to test the hypothesis that changes in pHi alone underline alkalinization-induced cerebral vasoconstriction, we simultaneously measured vessel diameter and pHi (using the pH-sensitive dye, SNAFL) in isolated cerebral arterioles from adult rats during imposed alterations in pHo and pHi. 2. Penetrating cerebral arterioles from the distribution of the middle cerebral artery were hand dissected, cannulated on one end and occluded distally. Vessels were inflated hydrostatically to 60 cmH2O under no-flow conditions. Confocal microscopy verified specific pH-sensitivity dye staining of the vascular smooth muscle cells within the vessel wall. 3. Extracellular alkalinization from pH 7.3 to 7.8 caused pHi to increase by 0.06 +/- 0.01 of a pH unit, and vessel diameter to decrease by 21.8 +/- 1.8% (mean +/- S.E.M.). 4. Intracellular alkalinization at constant pHo was produced by exposure to weak bases, including NH3 and trimethylamine, or by exposure to, followed by withdrawal of, weak acids, including CO2 and acetic acid. None of these treatments evoked vasoconstriction even though each of them caused increases in pHi greater than those observed in the same vessels during exposure to the pHo 7.8 solution. 5. We conclude that, at least in cerebral arterioles, alkalinization-induced vasoconstriction is mediated by an increase in pHo, not pHi [corrected].
Enzymatic Determination of Serum Adenosine-5-Triphosphate by Amperometric Measurement of the Rate of Oxygen Depletion

Abstract ATP is determined by measuring the competition for glucose between a hexokinase-catalyzed dephospnorylation of ATP and glucose oxidase catalyzed oxidation of glucose. The ATP competition for glucose decreases the rate of oxygen consumption via the oxidation reaction, which is measured amperometrically with a Clark oxygen electrode. The decrease in the oxygen depletion is proportional to the concentration of ATP in the sample. A 10 to 50 μl sample is required and analyses are completed in 3 minutes or less.
Doing it anyway Lesbian sado‐masochism and performance

(2002). Doing it anyway Lesbian sado‐masochism and performance. Women & Performance: a journal of feminist theory: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 89-106.
The Effect of Integrator Pole Position on the Performance of an Adaptive Array

The LMS adaptive array requires an integrator in each weight feedback control loop. In practice the integrator is often replaced by a low-pass filter, i.e., by a filter with a single pole at s = - ? (where s is complex frequency). The effect of this pole position on array performance is examined. It is shown that to obtain optimal performance from the array, ? must be less than k?2, where k is the loop gain and ?2 is the thermal noise power per element. When at exceeds k?2, the output signal-to-inter ference-plus-noise ratio from the array is degraded for intermediate values of interference power.
Specification and testing of count data recreation demand functions

This article examines the effects of alternative formulations of count data recreation demand models on parameter estimates, model selection, and consumer surplus. The results indicate that large parameter and consumer surplus differences exists across the various count model formulations. More importantly, the results show that distributional assumptions, heteroscedastic functional forms, and overdispersion can have a substantial effect on consumer surplus estimates.
Protein expression in relation to the cell cycle of exponentially growing human prostatic epithelial cells.

. This report concerns the study of the relationship between protein expression and the cell cycle in exponentially proliferating benign and malignant human prostate epithelial cells in short-term cultures. Multiparameter flow cytometric measurements were performed to correlate the expression of prostate-specific acid phosphatase, epithelial membrane antigen and epitectin with cell cycle progression. The expression of the three proteins was heterogeneous in G1 cells. The early post-mitotic cells exhibited the lowest levels when compared with late G1 cells, wherein the expression was many times greater. There was no further increase as the cells progressed through S and G2+ M. These findings, corroborating prior observations in other systems, suggest the possibility that the levels of the proteins studied increase during the G1 phase of the cell cycle and drop during or immediately after cytokinesis. As an alternate explanation, the heterogeneity of protein expression characteristic of G1 cells may be due, at least in part, to an asymmetric apportionment of cell constituents at mitosis.
Changes in Food Cravings during Low-Calorie and Very-Low-Calorie Diets

MARTIN, CORBY K., PATRICK M. O’NEIL, AND LAURA PAWLOW. Changes in food cravings during lowcalorie and very-low-calorie diets. Obesity. 2006;14: 115–121. Objective: This study examined food cravings during a primarily food-based low-calorie diet (LCD) and a supplement-based very-LCD (VLCD). Research Methods and Procedures: The Food Craving Inventory (FCI) was used to measure general cravings and cravings for specific types of foods (sweets, high fats, carbohydrates/starches, and fast food fats). The FCI was completed by participants in the LCD and VLCD programs at baseline and after 11 weeks of dieting. The VLCD group also completed the FCI at Week 6 and after 5 weeks of a refeeding phase, when their diet consisted primarily of solid food. Results: From baseline to Week 12, craving decreases were greater for the VLCD group than for the LCD group on all measures. All craving measures decreased significantly for the VLCD group. The LCD group experienced a marginally significant decrease in sweet cravings. Within the VLCD group, all craving measures decreased significantly by Week 6 and did not change thereafter, including after resumption of solid food intake, and craving scores during all dieting points were lower than baseline. Changes in cravings were not related to weight loss. Discussion: Cravings did not increase during either diet; all changes represented decreases. Compared with a primarily food-based diet (LCD), a more restrictive supplement-based diet (VLCD) resulted in significantly larger decreases in food cravings that occurred by the end of the 5th week of supplement use and did not rebound with resumption of solid food intake. The results of this study suggest that food cravings diminish with calorie restriction.
Odd-parity D states in He.

The states considered lie below the n = 2 threshold of He(+) and decay radiatively to the lower states. The most general D-state wave function of odd parity of two electrons is examined. The results presented are optimized with respect to four nonlinear parameters for 112 terms. A mass-polarization correction is given for all the states listed. The positions of the D states, including the reduced mass and the mass-polarization corrections, with respect to the ground state of He are reported.
Scientific Method and Hermeneutics

L'A. se propose de montrer qu'il y a identite entre la methode scientifique et la methode hermeneutique. Ces deux methodologies destinees a constituer un savoir epistemologique, en effet, reposent, d'apres lui, sur des principes similaires. Il commence par comparer sciences naturelles et sciences sociales. Puis, il releve l'emploi que les sciences naturelles font de l'hermeneutique. Il examine le cercle en tant qu'element de justification. Il tire enfin les conclusions qui s'imposent a la suite de ces divers examens
Matrix Interactions in Biomineralization: Aragonite Nucleation by an Intrinsically Disordered Nacre Polypeptide, n16N, Associated with a β-Chitin Substrate

Previous literature by Falini et al. suggests that the cooperation between β-chitin, proteins, and a silk fibroin-like hydrogel determines polymorph selectivity within the nacreous layer of mollusk shells (favoring aragonite over calcite formation). Here we present an in vitro assay in which we combine functionalized organic surfaces with soluble peptides to probe the role of surface−peptide interactions in calcium carbonate polymorph selectivity. Specifically, we combined n16N (a 30 amino acid peptide from the Japanese pearl oyster Pinctada fucata) and its sequence variants, n16Ns (randomly scrambled) and n16NN (global Asp → Asn, Glu → Gln substitution), with different forms of chitin (α and β). We found that the combination of n16N adsorbed onto β-chitin leads to the formation of aragonite in vitro as well as demonstrated chitin binding ability. Negative controls, including sequence modified versions of n16N (n16Ns and n16NN), exhibit variation in β-chitin binding and the ability to nucleate aragonite. ...
Presynaptic Inhibition of Gamma Lobe Neurons Is Required for Olfactory Learning in Drosophila

The loss of heterotrimeric G(o) signaling through the expression of pertussis toxin (PTX) within either the α/β or γ lobe mushroom body neurons of Drosophila results in the impaired aversive olfactory associative memory formation. Herein, we focus on the cellular effects of G(o) signaling in the γ lobe mushroom body neurons during memory formation. Expression of PTX in the γ lobes specifically inhibits G(o) activation, leading to poor olfactory learning and an increase in odor-elicited synaptic vesicle release. In the γ lobe neurons, training decreases synaptic vesicle release elicited by the unpaired conditioned stimulus -, while leaving presynaptic activation by the paired conditioned stimulus + unchanged. PTX expression in γ lobe neurons inhibits the generation of this differential synaptic activation by conditioned stimuli after negative reinforcement. Hyperpolarization of the γ lobe neurons or the inhibition of presynaptic activity through the expression of dominant negative dynamin transgenes ameliorated the memory impairment caused by PTX, indicating that the disinhibition of these neurons by PTX was responsible for the poor memory formation. The role for γ lobe inhibition, carried out by G(o) activation, indicates that an inhibitory circuit involving these neurons plays a positive role in memory acquisition. This newly uncovered requirement for inhibition of odor-elicited activity within the γ lobes is consistent with these neurons serving as comparators during learning, perhaps as part of an odor salience modification mechanism.
Collecting Duct Renin in 2K1C Goldblatt Hypertensive Rats is Up-Regulated by Angiotensin II Independently of high Blood Pressure

Chronic angiotensin II (AngII) infusion leads to hypertension and stimulation of proximal tubule angiotensinogen and augmentation of collecting duct (CD) renin, specifically in principal cells. The present study was performed to determine if the enhancement of CD renin in AngII-dependent hypertension is a direct effect of AngII or primarily due to the elevated arterial blood pressure by evaluating renin mRNA and protein levels separately in renal cortex and medulla of both kidneys in two-kidney, one-clip rats (2K1C) prepared by placing a 0.25 mm clip on left renal artery. After 25 days, systolic blood pressure in 2K1C (n = 8) was 196 ± 3 mm Hg compared to 116 ± 2 mm Hg in sham-operated rats (n = 8); kidney (0.2 ± 0.0 vs. 1.0 ± 0.0 DU) but increased in the clipped kidney (1.7 ± 1.0 vs. 1.0 ± 0.0 DU) compared to sham. However, renin immunoreactivity in cortical and medullary CDs increased in both kidneys of 2K1C rats compared to sham (clipped = 2.8 ± 1.5 cortex; 2.1 ± 1.0 medulla; non-clipped = 4.6 ± 2.3 cortex; 3.2 ± 0.8 medulla vs. 1.0 ± 0.0 DU) compared to sham. Renin protein levels assessed by Western blot in kidney medulla of 2K1C rats were also increased compared to sham (1.4 ± 0.2 in clipped and 1.5 ± 0.3 in non-clipped). Likewise, renin mRNA levels measured by real-time qRT-PCR were higher in medullary tissue from both kidneys of 2K1C (clipped = 10 ± 4.0; non-clipped = 4.3 ± 2.6) compared to sham rats. Increased expression of renin in principal cells of CDs of clipped as well as non- clipped kidneys is consistent with the hypothesis that intrarenal AngII levels stimulate renin in distal nephron segment independently of high blood pressure. The increased distal tubular renin may contribute to increased intrarenal and intratubular AngII formation in AngII-dependent hypertension. Supported by grants from NIH (P20RR017659), HL 26371, AHA-0325269B and the Louisiana Board of Regents Millennium Excellence Fund (2001-06-07).
Glucose disappearance rate in rhesus monkeys: Some technical considerations.

The intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) has been widely used as a tool to assist in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Glucose disappearance rate (KG) is calculated as an indicator of relative glucose tolerance; however, a standardized dose, consistent sampling times, and a consistent formula for the calculation of KG have not yet been established for rhesus monkeys. Interpretation of results reported by different laboratories has, therefore, been rendered difficult. In the present study, 48 IVGTTs obtained from 33 male rhesus monkeys ranging widely in glucose tolerance have been analyzed. Various formulas for calculating KG values have been tested in all experiments including a range of different pairs of time points, as well as the t1/2. Regression analysis revealed that the loge transformation of the plasma glucose levels obtained after an intravenous glucose load were best fitted with a straight line during the period between five and 20 minutes (R2 = 0.97 ± 0.005). The use of time points prior to the five-minute value tended to produce spuriously larger KG values, while sampling points that were later than 30 min occasionally produced an invalid KG because in some monkeys the plasma glucose levels had already returned to basal levels. The advantages of using the five- and 20-minute glucose levels in calculating the KG include (1) the optimal reflection of tissue uptake of glucose; (2) the relatively short sampling time required to obtain an accurate, consistent, and meaningful value for KG; and (3) the relative ease in the calculation of KG.
Emergency medical service utilization and door-to-balloon time for HIV-infected individuals with ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

a Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Ca, United States b Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Ca, United States c Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States d Division of Cardiology, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
A reference electrode for use in methanol solutions

Abstract The choice of a suitable reference electrode for electrochemical testing of metals in organic solutions poses a major difficulty. The goal of this research was to develop a stable, reproducible and minimally contaminating reference electrode to be used while conducting electrochemical experiments in methanol solutions of varied compositions. The applicability of the Ag AgCl (Methanol) electrode was investigated. Examination of the thermodynamic behavior of this electrode showed that the observed Nernst slope with respect to chloride concentration agreed well with theory. The equilibrium potential was also found to vary with water concentration, possibly due to changes in the energy needed to transfer a chloride ion from water to methanol and/or changes in the activity coefficient of chloride. The electrode interface was found to be moderately reversible, with an exchange current density of 3 × 10−5A/cm2. Further, this electrode was observed to be stable and durable for over two years. The water leakage rate from the reference electrode was found to be quite low over the time periods of relevance for the electrochemical experiments.
One-Centimeter Orbit Determination for Jason-1: New GPS-Based Strategies

The U.S./French Jason-1 satellite is carrying a state-of-the-art GPS receiver to support precise orbit determination (POD) requirements. The performance of the Jason-1 “BlackJack” GPS receiver was strongly reflected in early POD results from the mission, enabling radial accuracies of 1–2 cm soon after the satellite's 2001 launch. We have made further advances in the GPS-based POD for Jason-1, most notably in describing the phase center variations of the on-board GPS antenna. We have also adopted new geopotential models from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). The new strategies have enabled us to better exploit the unique contributions of the BlackJack GPS tracking data in the POD process. Results of both internal and external (e.g., laser ranging) comparisons indicate that orbit accuracies of 1 cm (radial RMS) are being achieved for Jason-1 using GPS data alone.
The case for capability based computers (Extended Abstract)

The idea of a capability which acts like a ticket authorizing the use of some resource was developed by Dennis and Van Horn as a generalization of addressing and protection schemes such as the code- words of the Rice computer, the descriptors of the Burroughs machines, and the segment and page tables in computers such as the GE-645 and IBM 360/67. Dennis and Van Horn generalized the earlier schemes by extending them to include not just memory, but all systems resources: memory, processes, input/output devices, and so on; and by stressing the explicit manipulation of access control by nonsystem programs. The idea is that a capability is a special kind of address for an object, that these addresses can be created only by the supervisor, and that in order to use any object, one must address it via one of these addresses. The name comes from the fact that having one of these special kinds of addresses for a resource provides one with the capability to use the resource.The use of capabilities as a protection mechanism has been the subject of considerable interest and is now fairly well understood. Access control schemes using capabilities and capability -like notions are, as a whole, the most flexible and general schemes available. It will in fact be assumed that the reader is familiar with the advantages of capabilities for protection put-poses; a somewhat different advantage of capabilities will be developed here.
Unlocking the constraints on memory formation.

A leading therapeutic molecule for multiple sclerosis, FTY720, is shown to mimic a key component of sphingolipid signaling, resulting in specific manipulation of histone deacetylases and the extinction of memory.
Simulated Scale‐up and Cost Estimate of a Process for Alkaline Isomerization of Lactose to Lactulose Using Boric Acid as Complexation Agent

A continuous pilot plant process for converting lactose to lactulose, using boric acid as a complexation agent was previously developed. To appraise the commercial feasibility of the process, a scale-up to a commercial plant using the ERRC Food Process Simulator, a process simulator developed at the Eastern Regional Research Center was projected and a cost estimate made. The cost to produce a 55% lactulose syrup at a rate of 93 kilograms per hour (563359 kg year−1) was $5.20 per kilogram ($2.36 per pound). These costs, which do not include packaging or distribution expenses, do include a 25% return on the plant investment. © 1997 SCI.