cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In situ hybridisation for albumin RNA in paediatric liver cancers compared with common immunohistochemical markers

Aims In situ hybridisation (ISH) for albumin mRNA is a sensitive marker of primary liver tumours in adults. However, paediatric tumours, such as hepatoblastoma (HB) and fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FLC), have not been tested thoroughly and may require ancillary tests to diagnose with confidence. We aim to determine if albumin ISH is useful in the pathological evaluation of these malignancies and to compare it to commonly used immunohistochemical markers HepPar 1 (HEPA) and arginase-1 (ARG). Methods Tissue microarrays of 26 HB and 10 FLC were constructed. Controls included 4 embryonal undifferentiated sarcomas of the liver, 51 neuroblastomas and 64 Wilms tumours. We evaluated a commercially available RNA ISH to detect albumin mRNA. Immunohistochemistry for HEPA and ARG was performed in the usual fashion. Results Twenty-six of 26 HB showed positive staining by albumin ISH including 14 fetal, 8 embryonal and 4 mixed variants. All 10 FLC were diffusely positive. The sensitivity and specificity of albumin ISH were 100% for HB and FLC. ARG had 100% sensitivity and specificity for HB (26 of 26 cases) and FLC (9 of 9). HEPA stained 22 of 26 HB (85% sensitivity, 99.2% specificity) and 7 of 9 FLC (78% sensitivity, 99.1% specificity). Conclusion Albumin RNA ISH is a useful test to determine hepatocytic origin in HB and FLC. ARG was equally sensitive and easy to interpret, while HEPA was inferior to both in HB and FLC.
Characterization of Silicon Materials for VLSI

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the characterization of silicon materials for very large-scale integration (VLSI) technology. Characterization of semiconductor silicon properly focuses upon the measurement of electrical properties, as these most clearly reflect the potential performance of device structures. Electrical characterization is the simplest and often the best tool for monitoring the quality of silicon during the manufacture of the basic material and during device fabrication. Methods for chemical characterization focus upon the determination of elemental concentrations in the ppm range for dopants and down to the sub-ppb range for adventitious impurities. Physical characterization methods are directed toward detecting crystalline imperfections. The challenge of characterization lies in the fact that the electrical properties, which are of primary interest, are complex manifestations of the chemical and physical properties of the silicon material system. The demands placed on silicon materials throughout the evolution of VLSI technology are going to be extremely stringent. The resultant demands placed on materials characterization techniques to perform the quality and process control are going to stretch the capabilities of both standardized, and diagnostic techniques. In spite of these demands on silicon materials quality and the tools used to perform quality and process control, it is important to understand that the inexpensive, standardized characterization techniques will serve as the base.
Metrics for Evaluating Inundation Impacts on the Decomposer Communities in a Southern California Coastal Salt Marsh

Southern California coastal wetlands are heavily impacted by urbanization and are under increased inundation stress due to sea level rise (SLR). This study evaluated the impacts of inundation on decomposition rates and sediment decomposer communities (invertebrates, fungi, and bacteria) by manipulating inundation using a marsh organ. Under increased inundation, invertebrate diversity decreased, and plant litter decomposition was reduced by excluding fungi and invertebrates from substrates using litter bags, indicating that all three decomposer guilds are important. This study showed significant impacts of increased inundation on bacterial, fungal and invertebrate community structure and diversity, yet only modest effects on sulfate reduction and decomposition rates, suggesting a degree of resilience or functional redundancy in the decomposer community. While the marsh organ successfully simulated increased inundation, it also created experimental ‘bottle effects’ that may have obscured inundation treatment effects and altered communities from the natural marsh. In our study, invertebrates were most sensitive to inundation, while bacteria appeared to be more resistant. This has implications for how decomposition and associated biogeochemical and ecological processes might change in the face of increased inundation due to SLR and suggests that marsh organs may be less suitable for investigating microbial communities compared with plants.
Multivalent interactions drive nucleosome binding and efficient chromatin deacetylation by SIRT6.

The protein deacetylase SIRT6 maintains cellular homeostasis through multiple pathways that include the deacetylation of histone H3 and repression of transcription. Prior work suggests that SIRT6 is associated with chromatin and can substantially reduce global levels of H3 acetylation, but how SIRT6 is able to accomplish this feat is unknown. Here, we describe an exquisitely tight interaction between SIRT6 and nucleosome core particles, in which a 2:1 enzyme:nucleosome complex assembles via asymmetric binding with distinct affinities. While both SIRT6 molecules associate with the acidic patch on the nucleosome, we find that the intrinsically disordered SIRT6 C-terminus promotes binding at the higher affinity site through recognition of nucleosomal DNA. Together, multivalent interactions couple productive binding to efficient deacetylation of histones on endogenous chromatin. Unique among histone deacetylases, SIRT6 possesses the intrinsic capacity to tightly interact with nucleosomes for efficient activity. SIRT6 plays essential roles in metabolism, tumor suppression, and DNA repair through the deacetylation of histone substrates. Here the authors use biophysical methods to investigate the molecular basis for SIRT6 interaction with the nucleosome core particle.
Blue Zone Region Older Adults Mitigate ACEs and Other Chronic Stress Exposures

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) has been linked to many negative health outcomes, including shortened lifespan. ACEs are prevalent in the US, where it is estimated that one in ten have experienced at least three ACEs. Knowing the adverse ACEs impact, it is important to understand mitigating factors, leading to healthier and longer life. Loma Linda, CA has been identified as a longevity hotspot region (LHR) and may provide insight into reducing impact of chronic stressors. Our purpose to interview LHR older adults regarding their childhood experiences to inform chronic disease prevention framework. We conducted a qualitative study with LHR community members. Childhood exposures and practices assessed using semi-structured key informant interviews (KIs), with questions informed by ACE International Questionnaire and supplemented with lifestyle and resiliency factor (RFs) questions. Data were audio recorded and transcribed. Integrative grounded theory methods guided coding and theming. Participants included 26 community members (14 aged 100 or older and 12 aged between 90 and 99) who reported numerous chronic stressors including ACEs and environmental exposures (i.e. household economic depression). Correlation analysis revealed overlapping of negative experiences. Several domains of protective themes (i.e. guiding presence, spirituality)—were identified in childhood, with potential to dampen chronic systemic inflammation—and many themes maintained across their life. Our findings show that even among older adults who are 90 or older there is a high prevalence of ACEs and stressors; however, many lifestyle protective factors were practiced by them, which may offset damage of stressors and positively influence health and longevity.
Impacts of COVID-19 on the Middle Class and Higher Education

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Biden Challenge was held at the Joseph R. Biden, Jr. School of Public Policy and Administration to address the needs of the middle class (September 28, 2018). Di...
Building Langmuir Probes and Emissive Probes for Plasma Potential Measurements in Low Pressure, Low Temperature Plasmas.

Langmuir probes have long been used in experimental plasma physics research as the primary diagnostic for particle fluxes (i.e., electron and ion fluxes) and their local spatial concentrations, for electron temperatures, and for electrostatic plasma potential measurements, since its invention by Langmuir in the early 1920s. Emissive probes are used for measuring plasma potentials. The protocols exhibited in this work serve to demonstrate how these probes may be built for use in a vacuum chamber in which a plasma discharge may be confined and sustained. This involves vacuum techniques for building what is essentially an electrical feedthrough, one that is rotatable and translatable. Certainly, complete Langmuir probe systems may be purchased, but they can also be built by the user at considerable cost savings, and at the same time be more directly adapted to their use in a particular experiment. We describe the use of Langmuir probes and emissive probes in mapping the electrostatic plasma potential from the body of the plasma up to the sheath region of a plasma boundary, which in these experiments is created by a negatively biased electrode immersed within the plasma, in order to compare the two diagnostic techniques and assess their relative advantages and weaknesses. Although Langmuir probes have the advantage of measuring the plasma density and electron temperature most accurately, emissive probes can measure electrostatic plasma potentials more accurately throughout the plasma, up to and including the sheath region.
Modeling Salinity Response to Relative Sea Level Rise in a Brackish Floodplain Region

A model-based assessment of the response of mean salinities to relative sea level rise (RSLR) in a brackish floodplain region is presented. The study area is located on the Gulf coastal region of Louisiana which is experiencing some of the highest rates of relative sea level rise in the world. A two-dimensional modeling approach is developed, and the local hydrodynamic model is well calibrated for scenario testing purposes. Numerous alternative scenarios of RSLR are evaluated to simulate the salinity response in both the open water and adjacent floodplain areas under a range of wetland roughness and dispersion factors. The analysis reveals key insights on the mean salinity response patterns to RSLR including the sensitivity to deterioration of wetlands and offshore boundary conditions. Also developed are expressions describing the qualitative nonlinear response. A novel partitioning strategy is also employed in the simulation trials to analyze the effect of various accretion deficit scenarios on the nonlinear RSLR-induced salinity response. The analysis shows that the fraction of the floodplain which is able to keep pace with RSLR has an effect an order of magnitude larger than transport parameters associated with marsh deterioration on the RSLR salinity response. Sites exhibiting sustained accretion surpluses over the long term are able to keep pace and would likely contribute to greater overall resilience to future RSLR-induced salinity changes. The robust scenario analysis and findings of this study are widely applicable to the global challenge of managing the effects of RSLR in coastal wetland areas.
Nanomaterials: Science and applications in the lithium–sulfur battery

Summary Reliable and cost-effective technologies for electrical energy storage are in great demand in sectors of the global economy ranging from portable devices, transportation, and sustainable production of electricity from intermittent sources. Among the various electrochemical energy storage options under consideration, rechargeable lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries remain the most promising platform for reversibly storing large amounts of electrical energy at moderate cost set by the inherent cell chemistry. The success of Li–S storage technology in living up to this promise calls for solutions to fundamental problems associated with the inherently low electrical conductivity of sulfur and sulfides, and the complex solution chemistry of lithiated sulfur compounds in commonly used electrolytes. These problems appear well posed for innovative solutions using nanomaterials and for fundamental answers guided by the tools of nanotechnology. Beginning with a review of the current understanding of Li–S battery chemistry and operation, this review discusses how advances in nano-characterization and theoretical studies of the Li–S system are helping advance the understanding of the Li–S battery. Factors that prevent Li–S cells from realizing the theoretical capacity set by their chemistry are discussed both in terms of the impressive advances in cell design enabled by nanomaterials and recent progress aimed at nanoengineering the cathode and other cell components. Perspectives and directions for future development of the Li–S storage platform are discussed based on accumulated knowledge from previous efforts in the field as well as from the accumulated experience of the writers of this review.
Hormone-Induced Gene Expression During Gravicurvature of Brassica Roots

To investigate the spatial and temporal dependence of hormonal regulation during gravitropism, we compared the effects of root cap application of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) with gene expression changes occurring naturally during gravitropic reaction of Brassica rapa roots. The expression of auxin, ABA, and metabolism-related genes in the tip, elongation zone, and maturation zone varied with time, location, and hormone concentration and characterized polar auxin transport. IAA was transported readily shootward and inhibited growth more than ABA. Expression of PIN3 and IAA5 in the elongation zone showed downregulation on the convex but upregulation on the concave side. Both PIN7 and IAA5 responded near maximally to 10−8 M IAA within 30 min, suggesting that auxin activates its own transport system. Ubiquitin 1 (UBQ1) responded after a lag time of more than 1 h to IAA. The metabolic control gene Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase 1 (PEPC1) was more sensitive to ABA but upregulated by high concentrations of either hormone. The time course and duration of gene activation suggests that ABA is not involved in gravitropic curvature, differential elongation is not simply explained by IAA-induced upregulation, and that reference genes are sensitive to auxin.
Collaborative Concept Mapping and Critical Thinking in Fourth-Year Medical Students

Objective. To test the hypothesis that small group concept mapping of 4 core neonatal topics as part of a fourth-year allopathic medical student elective would improve critical thinking (CT) as measured by the California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST). To describe any correlations between scores on the CCTST and the step 1 and step 2 Clinical Knowledge parts of the United States Medical Licensing Exam. Methods. Twenty-seven students participated in this pilot study during a 1-month elective. A pretest CCTST, California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI), and multiple choice knowledge test (MCKT) were completed immediately before the elective began. Four weekly group sessions were held with assigned reading on each of the 4 neonatal topics. Concept mapping was performed in small groups of 4 to 6 students with a group concept map collected at the end of the exercise. A posttest CCTST and MCKT was completed after the 4 group sessions. Results. Pre-CCTST overall score was 83.9 ± 6, and pos...
The Mutator transposable element system of maize.

The Mutator trait was first identified by Robertson as a heritable high forward-mutation rate exhibited by lines derived from a single maize stock (Robertson 1978). Many of these de novo mutations exhibited somatic instability, primarily apparent reversion to wild type. This instability, or mutability, was suggestive of the transposable element-induced mutations that had first been carefully characterized by McClintock (1948, 1949) in maize. Subsequent molecular studies confirmed this similarity, with the eventual cloning of Mu transposable elements from mutant loci generated in Mutator stocks (Bennetzen et al. 1984; Taylor and Walbot 1987; Oishi and Freeling 1988; Fleenor et al. 1990; Hershberger et al. 1991).
The Galois Group

We now set up an analogy with symmetries of polygons in the plane even though some of the algebraic analogues have not yet been defined.
Some recent observations concerning the toxemias of pregnancy.

Abstract 1. 1. There is no increase in antidiuretic activity of serum during normal and toxemic pregnancy. 2. 2. “Total corticosteroid” increases throughout pregnancy, reaching a peak before delivery. Freely water-soluble corticosteroid increases throughout pregnancy. A poorly water-soluble material appears during the first trimester and increases until the end of pregnancy, constituting 25 per cent of the corticosteroid. 3. 3. In toxemia, corticosteroid is considerably increased above the level found in normal pregnant women at the same stage of pregnancy. The poorly water-soluble component is also considerably increased above that seen in the normal, respresenting approximately 35 per cent of the total corticosteroid. In one patient with eclampsia, paper chromatography demonstrated a material which has a rate of flow characteristic of 3-oxygen-containing steroids. 4. 4. The possibility that this material might play a part in the etiology of eclampsia is discussed. 5. 5. The placental steroid increases during pregnancy, while the levels of chorionic gonadotrophin remain at a low level. 6. 6. These steroids together with the adrenal steroids may affect the general metabolism of the body and also may sensitize the kidneys so that added factors, perhaps from the placenta, may extend the lesions in these organs so that the function of the kidneys is temporarily altered. Prolonged action of all factors may permanently damage the kidneys. 7. 7. Reversed excretion of placental hormones during the latter months of pregnancy is noted in toxemia, and may reflect failing placental physiology. 8. 8. These studies have significant clinical application and direct our attention to the fact that sodium chloride, particularly, should be restricted as early in the gestation as the one hundred twentieth day.
Congenital abnormalities of pulmonary vessels and their relation to malformations of the lung

The common embryologic origin of various pulmonary malformations has been reviewed. Reported cases have been discussed with reference to the pulmonary and/or cardiovascular consequences of the malformations. Available hemodynamic data have been tabulated and analyzed. A plea is made for the accurate observation and careful recording of anatomic, clinical and physiologic data that will permit a better understanding of the nature and course of congenital malformations of the lung.
Narrative Medicine and Contemplative Care at the End of Life

Two important movements leading the way toward a new approach to healthcare are narrative medicine and contemplative care. Despite considerable common ground between these two movements, they have existed largely parallel to each other, with different literatures, different histories, different sub-communities, and different practitioners. This article works toward integration of narrative medicine and contemplative care through a philosophical exploration of key similarities and differences between them. I start with an overview of their similar diagnosis of healthcare's problems and then consider their related, but different, responses to these problems. Finally, I use the example of Margaret Edson's Pulitzer Prize winning drama W;t to highlight how these issues can play out at the end of life.
Adenylate Cyclase in Intestinal Crypt and Villus Cells: Stimulation by Cholera Enterotoxin and Prostaglandin E1

The secretory responses to cholera enterotoxin and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) are dependent upon elevation of the intracellular levels of cyclic AMP. Although several previous reports have suggested that intestinal secretion due to cholera enterotoxin and PGE1 may be confined to the crypt cells, this matter has been incompletely resolved. These studies were undertaken to define the activity of adenylate cyclase in villus and crypt cells from rabbit and rat intestine, and to determine the influence of enterotoxin and PGE1 on this activity. Mucosal fractions were prepared from rabbit ileum with a planing device, and from rat distal small intestine by a vibration technique. In both species base line adenylate cyclase activity was greater in crypt than in villus cells. After exposure to cholera enterotoxin in vivo, adenylate cyclase activity was enhanced in all fractions prepared from rabbit ileum, and the response was most marked in villus cells. Furthermore, adenylate cyclase in membranes prepared from both rat villus and crypt intestinal cells was responsive to the in vitro addition of PGE1. The results of these studies indicate that both villus and crypt cells contain one of the important components required for the cyclic AMPmediated secretory response, namely, a cholera enterotoxin and PGE1-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity. Since an increased level of cyclic AMP alone may not be sufficient to evoke a secretory response, these studies do not clarify the extent to which each of these major cell types may participate in cyclic AMP-mediated secretion.
Some research opportunities in hospital pharmacy

Research opportunities in hospital pharmacy, especially in administrative and managerial areas, are discussed. Six areas of hospital pharmacy practice that have potential for research are discussed: personnel, inventory, services, evaluation, management, and research/education. Specific topics mentioned are employee satisfaction, technicians and their impact on hospital pharmacy, purchasing, use of electronic data processing in inventory control, extent of decentralization of pharmaceutical services, pharmacy and therapeutics committees, reimbursement for consultations and pharmacokinetics services, quality assurance, evaluation of pharmacy management, and the cost-benefit ratio of research and education activities.
Intracardiac echocardiography during radiofrequency catheter ablation of cardiac arrhythmias in humans

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this study was to describe our preliminary experience using catheter-based intracardiac echocardiography as an adjunct to biplane fluoroscopy for guiding radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial arrhythmias in the right side of the heart. Background. Catheter ablation requires precise positioning and stable ablation electrode-endocardial contact. This procedure is currently guided by an analysis of intracardiac electrograms and fluoroscopy. However, the use of fluoroscopy does not allow the endocardium and certain anatomic landmarks to be identified and is associated with the hazards of radiation exposure. Methods. Seventeen symptomatic patients were studied. A 10F 10-MHz intracardiac imaging catheter was used to visualize specific anatomic landmarks in the right atrium for directing the ablation electrode in 15 patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation of 19 arrhythmias and to assist with interatrial septal puncture in 3 patients. Results. Continuous intracardiac imaging was performed for a mean ± SD of 63.6 ± 39.2 min and demonstrated distal electrode-endocardial tissue contact in 81 (60%) of 134 radiofrequency applications. Movement of the catheter was demonstrated during 36 (44%), microcavitations during 39 (48%) and thrombus during 15 (19%) of the 81 imaged applications. In 7 of 10 procedures for atrial flutter, successful ablation was directed at anatomic corridors in the right atrium visualized with intracardiac echocardiography. During ablation of atrial tachycardia, imaging identified abnormal atrial anatomy related to previous surgery and guided successful ablation of a reentrant tachycardia circulating around these anatomic obstacles. In two procedures for slow pathway modification of atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia, intracardiac echocardiography confirmed catheter stability at the tricuspid annulus anterior to the coronary sinus. Conclusions. During catheter ablation, intracardiac echocardiography augments fluoroscopy by visualizing anatomic landmarks, ensuring stable endocardial contact and assisting in transseptal puncture. Ablation of typical atrial flutter can be successfully directed at anatomic corridors identified using intracardiac imaging.
Search for penetrating, highly charged particles at mountain altitude

We have exposed a 16-${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ detector consisting of three layers of CR-39 plastic track detector and an aluminum absorber at White Mountain (646 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) for one year. We etched these detectors in such a way as to reveal tracks of penetrating particles with ionization rate greater than that of a nucleus with $\frac{Z}{\ensuremath{\beta}}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}15$. Our negative result implies that the flux of electrically charged particles with $\frac{Z}{\ensuremath{\beta}}g15$ at a depth of 646 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ is less than \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$${\mathrm{sr}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ (90% C.L.) and that the flux of monopoles with magnetic charge $gg~\frac{e}{2\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ and velocity greater than $7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}c$ is less than \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$${\mathrm{sr}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ (90% C.L.).
Regional-Scale Flows in Mountainous Terrain. Part I: A Numerical and Observational Comparison

This study uses observed data and a numerical simulation to examine the generation of thermally driven flows across the Colorado mountain barrier on meso-beta to meso-alpha scales. The observations were collected from remote surface observing systems at exposed mountaintop locations throughout the state of Colorado, over the summers of 1984-88, as part of the Rocky Mountain Peaks Experiment (ROMPEX). The data show the development of a recurrent circulation system across the Colorado mountain barrier, operating on a diurnal timescale. From the observations, the basic structure of the flow system appears as a daytime inflow toward the highest terrain, and a nocturnal outflow away from it. However, when examined in detail, the flow system exhibits more unusual behavior, especially west of the barrier crest. Here, winds in the early evening are occasionally observed to onset abruptly from an easterly direction, generally counter to the upper-level winds. Observations from ROMPEX for 26 August 1985 are used to provide comparison data for a numerical simulation with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). This three-dimensional case study experiment is initialized with data from the National Meteorological Center and incorporates two-way interactive grid nesting. From the observed data and case study simulation, four distinct phases of the regional-scale circulation system have been identified. In the development phase, a deep mountain-plains solenoid is generated through terrain heating along the Front Range. This circulation system transforms in the late afternoon transition phase into a westward-propagating density current (WPDC). The third phase, called the 'density-current propagation phase,' occurs as the WPDC moves westward across the mountains, leaving in its wake strong southeasterly flow at the mountaintop level. This current appears to be the cause of the peculiar easterly component winds found in the ROMPEX mountaintop observations along the western slope. In the final late-night adjustment phase, the WPDC dissipates near the western edge of the Colorado mountains and steady southerly flow evolves over the high mountain terrain. This southerly flow is the steady response to the differential heating that develops between the low-lying plains and the intermountain region.
Continuous or modulation expression of hematopoietic cell antigens in sublines of the leukemia cell line, K-562

K-562 is described as a pluripotent leukemic cell line which expresses a diversity of hematopoietic cell differentiation antigens. With the use of monoclonal antibodies (MoAb), we show that the expression of these antigens is either "modulated", i.e. they are not expressed in early logarithmic growth but are expressed in late logarithmic growth, or "continuous", i.e. they are not affected by proliferation and phase of culture growth. Whether an antigen is modulated or continuously expressed appears to be an inherent property of the subline, since the expression of myeloid antigen binding the MoAb, PM81, was modulated on cells from a clone, whereas, the expression of this antigen was continuous by the parent subline and an independent subline F-1. Continuously expressed antigens appear to be an integral component of the K-562 cell surface matrix, while modulated antigen expression appears to be influenced by culture growth conditions.
The use of Landsat-3 thermal data to help differentiate land covers

Landsat-3 Multispectral Scanner Subsystem (MSS) digital data of the Baltimore, Maryland area gathered on May 24, 1978, are examined to show the usefulness of thermal data in providing better discrimination between agricultural and residential areas, certain types of urban/industrial areas and water, cloud shadows and water, and bare-extractive areas and bright urban cover types. High altitude aircraft imagery taken on May 3, 1978, provides ground truth and training site verification. Two classifications are made for each training site: the initial one using bands 4, 5, and 7 and a second in which the thermal data are included with the visible and near infrared data. This permits a direct comparison of areas spectrally similar with and without the inclusion of the thermal data. Commission errors determined from selected subsets of the data show reductions of 95% for the urban/industrial versus water themes, 84% for the residential versus agriculture themes, 64.0% for the bare-extractive versus bright urban themes, and 24% for the cloud shadow versus water themes when the thermal data are included in the signature.
Plasma leptin, ghrelin and adiponectin concentrations in young fit racehorses versus mature unfit standardbreds.

Abstract Concentrations of hormones related to energy homeostasis may differ between populations with varied body compositions, acting as signals to increase or decrease energy intake and/or expenditure. How these parameters correlate with body composition in horses and how they vary in fit (F) versus unfit (UF) Standardbred racehorses is unclear. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that plasma concentrations of glucose (GLU), insulin (INS), cortisol (CORT), ghrelin (GHRL), adiponectin (ADIP) and leptin (LEP) would be correlated with body composition and differ in fit (F) versus unfit (UF) horses. Fasting plasma samples were taken from 12 unfit (11 ± 2 years, 521 ± 77 kg; mean ± SD) and 34 fit (4 ± 2 years, 475 ± 83 kg) Standardbred horses. GHRL, LEP, ADIP, INS and CORT concentrations were measured using radioimmunoassay. GLU concentration was measured using colorometric kits. Body composition data included body weight, body condition score (BCS), and percent fat (%fat) calculated using rump fat thickness measured ultrasonically and the Westervelt equation. Data were analyzed using Pearson Product moment and Student’s t tests. There were no differences ( P > 0.05) between F and UF horses for the plasma concentrations of CORT (69 ± 14 versus 76 ± 23 μg/dL), INS (7.2 ± 3.5 versus 7.1 ± 1.8 μIU/mL) or GLU (90 ± 6 versus 86 ± 7 mg/dL). Plasma GHRL and ADIP concentrations were greater ( P P P > 0.05), although there was a positive correlation between %fat and LEP (+0.72, P P
The neurosteroids, progesterone and 3α,5α-THP, enhance sexual motivation, receptivity, and proceptivity in female rats

Abstract The effects of progesterone (P) and the neurosteroid and P metabolite, 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one (3α,5α-THP) on ovariectomized (ovx), estradiol-3-benzoate (EB)-primed rats on sexual motivation, receptivity, and proceptivity were examined. Changes in central P and 3α,5α-THP were measured following administration of EB, EB+P, EB+3α,5α-THP, or EB+inhibitor of 5α-reductase or P metabolism (epostane and finasteride)+P (Expt. 1). Partner preference was measured as the duration of time females in these different hormonal treatments spent in proximity to a male vs. female conspecific (Expt. 2). Receptivity (lordosis quotients and ratings) and proceptivity (darting, hopping, ear wiggling, and pacing), for different hormone treatments were assessed (Expt. 3 and Expt. 4, respectively). Conditioned place preference following hormone treatments and paced mating enabled assessment of sexual motivation (Expt. 5). Central P and 3α,5α-THP were measured in various combinations of hormone/mating conditions (Expt. 6). Studies revealed that 3α,5α-THP has a significant role in these reproductive measures. Brain concentrations of 3α,5α-THP were significantly higher in animals receiving EB+P or EB+3α,5α-THP compared to animals receiving EB alone, or EB+P in conjunction with an inhibitor of P metabolism. EB+P and EB+3α,5α-THP significantly increased time spent in proximity to the male, receptivity and proceptivity. When administered to ovx, EB-primed rats, the progestin metabolite, 3α,5α-THP, had effects on these behaviors similar to P. Epostane, an inhibitor of P and 3α,5α-THP biosynthesis, and finasteride, an inhibitor of P metabolism to 3α,5α-THP, administered to EB+P animals reduced male partner preference, proceptive, and receptive behaviors to levels seen in EB+vehicle animals. Notably, whole brain 3α,5α-THP levels were significantly increased and whole brain P levels were significantly reduced in paced mated rats compared to standard mated, and receptive non-mated animals. These studies suggest that P and 3α,5α-THP may have some common effects on reproductive behavior, e.g., sexual motivation, receptivity, and proceptivity.
An Environmental Plan for Mysore, India

This paper summarizes the report of a graduate level workshop that took place at the School of Planning, College of Architecture, Art and Planning, University of Cincinnati, USA, the objective of which was to prepare students to work overseas in data-poor environments as professional consulting planners. Several lectures were given to set the framework for the class of eighteen students to operate in sector-level working groups to prepare a 5-year plan to solve the urban environmental problems of Mysore, India, one of Cincinnati’s sister cities, utilizing a real-world data base and a limited budget. This project culminated in the preparation of a professional quality plan. The instructor, who has over thirty years of planning experience in developing countries, including India, attempted to create an atmosphere within the project that duplicates the actual conditions of carrying out such a consultancy.
Enkephalinergic inhibition in parasympathetic ganglia of the urinary bladder of the cat.

1. Repetitive stimulation (10-20 Hz, 0.5-5 s duration) of the preganglionic nerves to ganglia on the surface of the urinary bladder of the cat produced a prolonged inhibition (duration, 30-65 s) of the postganglionic action potentials, elicited by low-frequency stimulation (0.25-1 Hz) of another preganglionic nerve to the same ganglion. 2. Intra-arterial administration of naloxone, an opiate antagonist (20-50 micrograms/kg), reduced the magnitude and duration of this heterosynaptic inhibition and also blocked the depression of ganglionic transmission elicited by the intra-arterial administration of leucine-enkephalin (0.1-10 micrograms/kg). 3. Naloxone did not alter adrenergic inhibition elicited by repetitive stimulation of the hypogastric nerve or exogenous noradrenaline. Naloxone did not alter the postganglionic firing elicited by single stimuli or trains of low-frequency (1-3 Hz) stimuli to the preganglionic nerves. 4. Heterosynaptic inhibition was not altered by the administration of antagonists for alpha-adrenergic (dihydroergotamine, prazosin, yohimbine), muscarinic (atropine), purinergic (theophylline) or GABAergic (picrotoxin) receptors. 5. A delta-selective opiate receptor agonist, DSLET (D-Ser2-leucine-enkephalin-Thr), inhibited parasympathetic ganglionic transmission in low doses (mean threshold dose, 0.02 microgram/kg, I.A.), whereas a mu-opiate receptor agonist, morphine sulphate, produced only a small depression in larger doses (mean threshold dose, 100 micrograms/kg, I.A.). Ethylketocyclazocine, which has an affinity for kappa-receptors did not alter transmission in relatively large doses (1 mg/kg, I.A.). 6. These findings coupled with previous immunocytochemical demonstrations of leucine-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in preganglionic nerve terminals in bladder ganglia suggest that opioid peptides released endogenously from preganglionic nerves are involved in delta-receptor-mediated inhibitory mechanisms at cholinergic synapses in bladder ganglia.
Income, Experience, and the Structure of Internal Labor Markets.

I. Internal labor markets, 63. — II. Classifying internal labor markets, 65. — III. Structure, income, and experience, 74. — Appendix, 84.
Design and analysis issues and strategies in psychophysiological research.

Issues in the design and analysis of psychophysiological research are outlined. Then strategies for design and analysis are reviewed. Evoked response potential (ERP) data are discussed as an important example. The nature of the research and the measurement methodology place unusual demands on the experimenter. Controlling error rates, exploratory versus confirmatory research, and the problem of many variables are important issues. Strategies for design and analysis follow naturally from the principles presented. Useful design strategies include pilot studies, cross validation, and “leapfrog” strategies. Useful analysis strategies include restricted ANOVA/MANOVA and unrestricted ANOVA/MANOVA.
Overtone Absorption Bands of Gaseous HF

With a 21-foot grating, the structure of the 3\ensuremath{\leftarrow}0 and 4\ensuremath{\leftarrow}0 vibration-rotation absorption bands of gaseous HF was observed and the lines measured. The vibrational constants of the molecules are, using also Imes' measurements of the 1\ensuremath{\leftarrow}0 band: ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{e}=4141.305$, ${x}_{e}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{e}=90.866$, ${y}_{e}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{e}=0.921$. These constants do not permit evaluation of the energy of dissociation, but the simple Birge formula gives rough agreement. Rotational constants are compared with those obtained from the fundamental band and agree, in general, satisfactorily. No evidence of associated molecules is observed in the overtone bands.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE ATPASE ACTIVITY OF THE BAI STRAIN A (MYELOBLASTOSIS) AVIAN TUMOR VIRUS

Thymus glands of chicks with leukemia induced by BAI strain A (myeloblastosis) virus were fixed in cold 4 per cent formaldehyde-sucrose. Frozen sections were incubated in the ATPase medium of Wachstein and Meisel and studied by light microscopy and electron microscopy. The ATPase activity of the virus is localized to the outermost membrane of the virus. The membrane of the blast-like cells of the thymus cortex from which the virus emerges, by budding, also possesses such activity. It appears likely that the outermost membrane of the virus is derived from the plasma membrane of these cells.
Amperometric analysis of exocytosis at chromaffin cells from genetically distinct mice.

Amperometry is a very powerful technique for investigating the role(s) specific proteins play in exocytosis at the single-cell level. In this study, amperometry has been used to investigate possible changes in exocytosis at chromaffin cells isolated from coloboma and tottering mutant mice. Coloboma mice possess a deletion mutation that encompasses the gene for the presynaptic protein SNAP-25 and tottering mice carry a mutation of the α1A subunit gene, which encodes the pore-forming region of P/Q-type calcium channels. Although amperometric data measured from tottering and coloboma cells are not significantly different from that measured at wild-type control cells, significant differences are found when groups of wild-type chromaffin cells are analyzed at room temperature and at 37°C. Due to the large variability inherent to amperometric data, it is possible that changes in release resulting from some genetic differences cannot be detected. To fully exploit the technical advantages of using mouse chromaffin cells, experimental guidelines are described which should maximize changes in release resulting from genetic differences and increase the likelihood of detecting a change in amperometric data.
FISCAL REALITY AND ACADEMIC QUALITY: PART-TIME FACULTY AND THE CHALLENGE TO ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AT COMMUNITY COLLEGES

ABSTRACT This paper reports on a qualitative case study concerned with how the use of part-time faculty influences and embodies organizational culture at one southwestern community college. It examines how four differing cultural perspectives interact from a functional perspective to allow the college to fulfill its mission, and how those four perspectives combine to define an overarching culture that can be described as globalized in its orientation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the policies, opinions, and practices of academic administrators regarding the use of part-time faculty to understand how they contribute to the cultural climate of an institution. We examined how the interests of administrators are oriented to each of the four theoretical models of organizational culture, and how upper-level leadership is served or threatened by part-time faculty.
Synthesis of 1,10-Dimethylbicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane and 1,10-Dihydroxybicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane

1,10-Dimethylbicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane (1) and 1,10-dihydroxybicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane (2) were prepared in 4% yield over seven steps and in 18% yield over three steps, respectively, starting from 1,10-cyclooctadecanedione. The identities and out,out conformations of these compounds were established by single-crystal X-ray analysis.
Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging parameters independent of baseline T10 values

A baseline T(10) value is typically needed for dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE-) MRI studies. However, an assumed baseline T(10) has to be used when T(10) measurements for patients are not available. In this work, we systematically investigate the dependence on T(10) of the commonly used DCE-MRI parameters (K(trans), k(ep), v(e) and IAUC) as well as several newly defined parameters [the normalized ratios (NRs) of k(ep), K(trans) and v(e), which are measures of relative changes in these parameters between two time points] for a spoiled gradient-echo pulse sequence using simulations and in vivo studies. Effects of various factors on the T(10) dependence, such as the true T(10) value, flip angle and the potential changes in T(10) due to treatment, were also assessed using simulations. We found that DCE-MRI parameters k(ep) and the NR of k(ep) are largely independent of T(10), especially when larger flip angles are used (e.g., 30-40 degrees). Their estimations therefore do not require any knowledge of T(10). The NRs of K(trans), v(e) and IAUC also exhibit independence to T(10), but only when T(10) remains constant between pre- and posttreatment. The estimation of parameters themselves (K(trans), v(e) and IAUC) is highly dependent on the T(10) value.
Quantitative assessment of whole body galactose metabolism in galactosemic patients

We employed [1-13C]galactose in isotope kinetic studies to delineate whole body galactose metabolism in vivo in patients with galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficiency. The data in three control and three adult galactosemic subjects, homozygous for the most common GALT gene defect, the Q188R mutation, and with absent RBC GALT activity, revealed an apparent endogenous galactose synthesis rate of 0.53-1.05 mg/kg per hour. Unlike normal children and adults who eliminated 3%– 6% and 21%–47% of an intravenous bolus of [1-13C] galactose as 13CO2 in expired air in 1 and 5 h respectively, classic galactosemic patients, either Q188R/Q188R or Q188R/unknown, released almost none in 1h and 3%–6% in 5h. In contrast, an African-American galactosemic variant patient with a S135L/S135L mutation and no residual RBC GALT activity oxidized [1-13C]galactose to 13CO2 at a rate comparable to control subjects. Individuals homozygous for the Duarte mutation, N314D/N314D and Q188R/ N314D, Q188R/+ and S135L/+ subjects also had normal breath test results. Not surprisingly, the Q188R/Q188R classic galactosemic patient cannot handle an acute galactose load, failing to match a control subject in the rapid conversion of [1-13C]galactose to [13C]glucose and 13CO2. However, classic patients synthesize substantial quantities of galactose de novo and on a lactose-free diet must oxidize comparable amounts of galactose to maintain steady-state levels of galactose and galactose metabolites such as galactose-1-phosphate, galactitol and galactonate. In vivo isotope kinetic analyses may allow us to understand better these aspects of galactose metabolism and, through the use of studies in variant galactosemics, perhaps allow us to begin to unravel the pathophysiology of galactosemia.
Stimulus intensity, attentional instructions, and the ear advantage during dichotic listening☆

Abstract The present experiment was designed to investigate the effects of the following two variables on the identification of dichotically presented CV syllables: (1) the relative difference in intensity levels of the stimuli presented to the two ears and (2) the instructions to attend to both ears or to focus attention on one ear. As expected for a verbal task, more CV's were identified from the right ear than from the left ear. Furthermore, identification of stimuli presented to one ear improved when (1) those stimuli were relatively higher in volume than the stimuli presented to the other ear and (2) when subjects were instructed to focus attention on only that ear rather than distribute attention across both ears. Of particular importance is the finding that the effects of relative stimulus intensity are the same under conditions of focused attention as under conditions of divided attention. This finding is inconsistent with an attention explanation of the relative intensity effects. Instead, the results are consistent with a model of dichotic listening in which ear of stimulus presentation and relative stimulus intensity influence a perceptual stage of information processing and attentional instructions influence a subsequent response selection stage.