cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Power delivery in 3D packages: Current crowding effects, dynamic IR drop and compensation network using sensors

In 3D packages top-die power delivery is a not only limited by back-end of line (technology scaling), but also by the TSV integration scheme, the stacking method and the microbump current-carrying capability. The microbump structure and its electromigration time-to-failure (TTF) rate determine the current carrying capability of each TSV, and this is far lower than the current-carrying capability of a C4 bump. Therefore, the power delivery to the top die(s) needs to be distributed through a network of TSVs that tie into the power grid of the top die. The drawback of such a design is the resistive losses in the BEOL of the bottom-die. In this paper, we highlight these challenges faced by each stacking method, and as a promising solution, we will present the use of a voltage-compensation network with dynamic IR-drop sensors that can be used as part of the power-delivery cell to maintain nominal power delivery during all loading cycles. This can help eliminate the use of off-chip voltage regulator modules.
Will Virtual Pediatric Subspecialist Networks "Disrupt" Existing Narrow Networks?

Health plans try to maintain profit margins and limit rising premiums as escalating drug prices, expensive new technologies, and higher physician and hospital expenditures increase health care costs. Rural areas have the additional issue of adverse risk because young, healthier people often move to live in urban areas, leaving an older, sicker population in these communities. Health plan cost-containment strategies include having a narrow network that excludes primary care, specialty, and pediatric subspecialty physicians whose practice patterns and/or high payment rates result in higher costs. When a health plan’s physician network is restricted (narrow), the plan has more leverage to negotiate favorable payments because a high proportion of the patients in a participating physician’s practice are enrolled in the plan. Having a network that has fewer specialists and pediatric subspecialists may also discourage the enrollment of children and adults with chronic and complex conditions when they recognize that their physician does not participate in the plan. When a plan has fewer sick enrollees, it can have lower premium costs, which also encourages enrollment of lower … Address correspondence to Stephen Berman, MD, FAAP, 13199 E Montview Blvd, Suite 310, A090, Aurora, CO 80045. E-mail: stephen.berman{at}childrenscolorado.org
Abstract A56: Identification and characterization of an alternative cancer-derived PDL1 isoform

Cancer immunotherapy has been demonstrated to be an effective strategy for the treatment of numerous tumor types. Antibodies targeting the PD1 receptor and its ligands, PDL1 and PDL2, have recently been FDA approved for multiple tumor types. Although there has been considerable success in treating patients using anti-PD1/PDL1 therapies, only a subset of patients respond to this treatment, highlighting a gap in the understanding of the mechanisms driving immune evasion in cancer. We previously identified a novel potential mechanism of immune evasion in a pan-cancer computational analysis of HPV integration sites in the human genome (Parfenov et al. PNAS. 2014), where we detected a case in which HPV integration into the PDL1 locus was predicted to drive expression of a novel truncated PDL1 isoform (tPDL1) lacking the transmembrane domain. We aimed to characterize the localization and function of tPDL1 with the hypothesis that tPDL1 functions as an immunomodulatory factor which will act as a soluble negative regulator of T cell function. We extended our observations into a large cohort of human cancers (Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia and TCGA Network) and demonstrated that this novel form of PDL1 is expressed in multiple cancer types including bladder, breast, lung, ovarian and other non-HPV-driven cancers. In human cancer cell lines predicted to have high secreted PDL1 levels (RKO, CAL62), we were able to measure a secreted form of PDL1 protein by western blotting of protein precipitation of cell supernatants and/or by ELISA. In contrast, we were unable to detect secreted PDL1 in the media from negative control cells HEK293T and RERF-LC-Ad1 (predicted to have high wildtype (WT) PDL1 but low secreted PDL1). We expressed tPDL1 in HEK293T cells and found that a higher proportion of tPDL1 is secreted compared to WT PDL1, as measured by ELISA and western blotting of protein precipitation from cell supernatants and cell lysates. Surface staining for tPDL1 also verified that tPDL1 is not membrane-bound, as measured by flow cytometry. The ability of tPDL1 to inhibit T cell function was assessed by measuring IL2 and IFNγ secretion. We noted a reduction in both IL2 and IFNγ secretion in primary human T cell blasts which were incubated with recombinant FC-tagged tPDL1 or FC-tagged PDL1 (RD 2016 Oct 20-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2017;5(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A56.
Buridan on Sense Perception and Sensory Awareness

Klima’s second chapter argues for an alternative interpretation of Buridan’s position, presenting it as a purely functionalist, “physicalist” theory of pure sensory awareness. To be sure, the concluding paragraph of the chapter grants that in the case of the human soul, Buridan would certainly take a dualistic position, which definitely adds some further complications to Buridan’s account of specifically human consciousness (to be addressed by later chapters in detail). However, it should be pointed out that Buridan takes this dualistic position not on account of his theory of the common sense (for which he explicitly assigns a material organ, namely, the heart, after considering and rejecting the idea that it is in the brain), but because he thinks the intellective soul is immaterial, although he argues that this is not a demonstrated philosophical conclusion, but rather an article of faith.
Transient Visual Loss Associated with the Factor V Leiden Mutation

Transient visual loss may be a manifestation of reduced ophthalamic or cortical perfusion or related to migraine or migraine equivalent phenomenon. Although transient and permanent loss of vision has been described in several hypercoagulable states, transient visual loss has not been described in patients with the Factor V Leiden mutation. In this report, we describe two patients this hypercoagulability state that presented to the emergency department with transient visual disturbance. Although headache was also part of the presenting symptoms, the visual disturbance did not consistently precede the headache in the classical migraine aura pattern. Several reports have demonstrated an increased incidence of hypercoagulable states in migraine with aura suffers. It may be that patients with hypercoagulability states have ischemic events that are misclassified as migraine with aura. [N A J Med Sci. 2017;10(2):61-64. DOI: 10.7156/najms.2017.1002061]
Projecting the effects of climate change on Calanus finmarchicus distribution within the U.S. Northeast Continental Shelf.

Calanus finmarchicus is vital to pelagic ecosystems in the North Atlantic Ocean. Previous studies suggest the species is vulnerable to the effects of global warming, particularly on the Northeast U.S. Shelf, which is in the southern portion of its range. In this study, we evaluate an ensemble of six different downscaled climate models and a high-resolution global climate model, and create a generalized additive model (GAM) to examine how future changes in temperature and salinity could affect the distribution and density of C. finmarchicus. By 2081–2100, we project average C. finmarchicus density will decrease by as much as 50% under a high greenhouse gas emissions scenario. These decreases are particularly pronounced in the spring and summer in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank. When compared to a high-resolution global climate model, the ensemble showed a more uniform change throughout the Northeast U.S. Shelf, while the high-resolution model showed larger decreases in the Northeast Channel, Shelf Break, and Central Gulf of Maine. C. finmarchicus is an important link between primary production and higher trophic levels, and the decrease projected here could be detrimental to the North Atlantic Right Whale and a host of important fishery species.
Substrate Specificity of the Kinase P-TEFb towards the RNA Polymerase II C-Terminal Domain

Abstract The positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) promotes transcription elongation through phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain. This process is not well understood, partly due to difficulties in determining the specificity of P-TEFb toward the various heptad repeat motifs within the C-terminal domain. A simple assay using mass spectrometry was developed to identify the substrate specificity of the Drosophila melanogaster P-TEFb (DmP-TEFb) in vitro. This assay demonstrated that DmP-TEFb preferentially phosphorylates Ser5 and, surprisingly, that pre-phosphorylation or conserved amino acid variation at the 7-position in the heptad can alter DmP-TEFb specificity, leading to the creation of distinct double-phosphorylation marks.
Public Defenders: The Vanguard of Redemption: A Tribute to David Bodiker

In this annual David Bodiker lecture, Professor Rapping urges students and young lawyers to find purpose in the law. The lecture illustrates the power of lawyers to address society's most pressing challenges through an exploration of the role of public defenders in driving criminal justice reform.
Reduced modeling of porous media convection in a minimal flow unit at large Rayleigh number

Abstract Direct numerical simulations (DNS) indicate that at large values of the Rayleigh number (Ra) convection in porous media self-organizes into narrowly-spaced columnar flows, with more complex spatiotemporal features being confined to boundary layers near the top and bottom walls. In this investigation of high-Ra porous media convection in a minimal flow unit, two reduced modeling strategies are proposed that exploit these specific flow characteristics. Both approaches utilize the idea of decomposition since the flow exhibits different dynamics in different regions of the domain: small-scale cellular motions generally are localized within the thermal and vorticity boundary layers near the upper and lower walls, while in the interior, the flow exhibits persistent large-scale structures and only a few low (horizontal) wavenumber Fourier modes are active. Accordingly, in the first strategy, the domain is decomposed into two near-wall regions and one interior region. Our results confirm that suppressing the interior high-wavenumber modes has negligible impact on the essential structural features and transport properties of the flow. In the second strategy, a hybrid reduced model is constructed by using Galerkin projection onto a fully a priori eigenbasis drawn from energy stability and upper bound theory, thereby extending the model reduction strategy developed by Chini et al. (2011) [45] to large Ra. The results indicate that the near-wall upper-bound eigenmodes can economically represent the small-scale rolls within the exquisitely-thin thermal boundary layers. Relative to DNS, the hybrid algorithm enables over an order-of-magnitude increase in computational efficiency with only a modest loss of accuracy.
Controlled hydrogen release from metastable hydrides

Abstract Metastable hydrides are an interesting class of hydrogen carrier since many offer high volumetric and gravimetric hydrogen densities and rapid hydrogen release rates at low temperatures. Unlike reversible metal hydrides, which operate near equilibrium, metastable hydrogen carriers rely on kinetic barriers to limit or prevent the release of hydrogen and can be prepared in a stabilized state far from equilibrium. Despite the advantage of low temperature hydrogen release, this type of one-way thermolysis reaction can be difficult to control since the hydrogen release rate varies with temperature and composition. Here we developed a kinetic rate equation from a series of isothermal measurements, which describes the relationship between temperature, hydrogen release rate and composition for aluminum hydride. This equation is necessary to thermally control the rate of hydrogen release throughout decomposition. This equation was used to run a fuel cell at a controlled rate of ∼1 wt%/hr. Although the equation established in this paper relates specifically to aluminum hydride, the method used is applicable to other metastable hydrides.
I.5 – The Structure and Interpretation of Neuronal Codes in the Visual System

Publisher Summary The responses of single visual system neurons can be interpreted correctly only if the representation of stimulus features in the neuronal responses is correctly identified, that is, the complete stimulus–response relation must be characterized. The chapter discusses an approach that treats each neuron as an information channel. Visual stimuli can be broken down into multiple, simple elements. These simple elements can be considered as axes in a stimulus space. Some of these such as luminance or color can be easily represented in physical terms, whereas others such as shape or texture are more difficult to define. For analytic purposes, pictures can be represented as the sets of basic features constructed from complete, orthogonal basis sets. Pictures constructed from these sets can be considered as basic picture features. Such a set of stimuli should allow one to infer the stimulus–response relation and from this, it should be possible to predict the neuronal response to any stimulus that can be made up from the basic set. Hypotheses about the role of single neurons in vision have been based on the connection between a single optimal feature or receptive field structure and the strength of neuronal responses. However, the temporal encoding of visual information is a fundamental property of neurons throughout the visual system. The use of temporally modulated messages provides a basis for mechanisms to carry out higher functions such as featural binding and pattern recognition. Thus, a single principle can be used to derive many properties necessary to explain visual function.
Clinical Anatomy of the Abdomen

From an understanding of the embryologic development of the abdomen as detailed in the previous chapter, we can now see that it is composed of two basic anatomic constituents that render diagnostic imaging more precise and comprehensive.
Cross Section Processing Codes and Data Bases (AMPX)

The AMPX system, in continuing development at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, is a collection of computer programs in a modular arrangement.1 Starting with ENDF-formatted nuclear data files or pseudo-problem-independent multigroup cross-section data, the system includes a full range of features needed to produce problem-dependent neutron, gamma-ray production, and gamma-ray interaction cross-section data for use with neutronics transport codes such as ANISN, DOT, MORSE, KENO, CITATION, and VENTURE.
A Theory of Costly Sequential Bidding (Presentation Slides)

We propose a model of sequential bidding for a valuable object, such as a takeover target, when it is costly submit or revise a bid. An implication of the model is that bidding occurs in repeated jumps, a pattern that is consistent with certain types of natural auctions such as takeover contests. The jumps in bid communicate bidders' information rapidly, leading to contests that are completed with a small number of bids. The model provides several new results concerning revenue and efficiency relationships between different auctions, and provides an information-based interpretation of delays in bidding. Prepublication version available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=161013.
A three-dimensional strain energy density factor theory of crack propagation

It is common knowledge that a material will fail under applied load either by separation or segmentation. This process may occur suddenly, or over a long time interval, depending on the temperature, rate of loading, and other variables present. A material that breaks after it has deformed appreciably may have lost its structural usefulness long before it actually separates. In this case, the initiation of yielding or plastic flow may represent failure, and a criterion of yielding such as maximum shear stress or maximum distortional energy may be used. When a material breaks with very little deformation the separation process usually takes place suddenly, and is known as brittle fracture. For materials under uniaxial loading, such as tensile specimens, the maximum principal stress has customarily been used in a brittle failure criterion.
Facility inspection using UAVs: a case study in the University of Georgia campus

Facility inspections are an essential factor to maintaining the physical integrity of a building for several years. If inspections and follow up maintenance are only performed when reported, a sign...
Declining Job Quality in the United States: Explanations and Evidence

The declining quality of jobs has emerged as a key challenge for researchers and policymakers in the twenty-first century. The growing realization that the quality of jobs is central to addressing a myriad of social and economic problems— such as economic development, family formation and social
H· Transfer-Initiated Synthesis of γ-Lactams: Interpretation of Cycloisomerization and Hydrogenation Ratios.

A cobaloxime/H2 system used to synthesize valuable γ-lactams from acrylamide molecules is described. In addition to cycloisomerized lactams, linear hydrogenated products were also observed. The amounts of the hydrogenation product were observed to correlate with the bulk of the substituent on the acrylamide nitrogen. Further analysis of the product distributions with experimental and computational studies suggested that while cyclization can occur from one C=C acrylamide rotamer, hydrogenation can occur from both. This observation was further evinced through calculation of the hydrogenation rate constant, which was observed to be ca. 102 faster than previously determined for a related system using n Bu3SnH.
Reactivity of salivary uric acid in response to social evaluative stress in African Americans

High uric acid (UA) is associated with hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD), both of which occur disproportionately among African Americans. High UA also predicts greater blood pressure reactivity responses to acute social stress. However, whether UA itself shows reactivity in response to stress is unknown. We evaluated salivary uric acid (sUA) and blood pressure reactivity in response to acute social stress. Healthy African Americans (N = 103; 32 % male; M age = 31.36 years), completed the Trier Social Stress Test. sUA and blood pressure measurements were taken before, during and after the stressor task. sUA showed significant reactivity and recovery, especially among older African Americans. Total sUA activation was also associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure total activation. Findings illuminate that acute stress may be a way in which UA is implicated in hypertension and CVD, suggesting a critical need to explore UA reactivity as a novel parameter of the acute stress response.
Chapter 8 – Central Nervous System Stimulants

Central nervous system (CNS) stimulants are agents that increase physical and motor activity, elevate mood and euphoria, improve concentration, decrease appetite, improve task performance, and increase alertness and attention span. CNS stimulants speed up mental and physical processes in the body, which can be useful in the treatment of certain medical conditions. Historically, CNS stimulants were used to treat respiratory problems, obesity, and neurological disorders. Now, stimulants are prescribed for treating only a few health conditions, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression that has not responded to other treatments, and narcolepsy. They may also be used for short-term treatment of obesity and some cases of asthma. Most CNS stimulants are classified as controlled substances. There are different categories of stimulants possessing different chemical structures and employing different pharmacological mechanisms. Among them are alkaloids (nicotine), methylxanthines (caffeine and theophylline), cocaine, amphetamines, and benzhydrylsulfinylacetamides (modafinil and armodafinil). This chapter describes the syntheses of CNS stimulants that are included in the list of Top 200 Drugs by sales for the 2010s.
Challenges in use of saliva for detection of SARS CoV-2 RNA in symptomatic outpatients.

Abstract Background A major expansion in SARS CoV-2 testing is urgently needed. Saliva is an attractive option as an alternative for nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS), since saliva can be self-collected, is non-invasive, and sample quality is not dependent on the expertise of the collector. Objective To compare SARS CoV-2 positivity on paired NPS and saliva samples. Study design NPS and paired saliva samples were prospectively collected from symptomatic outpatients suspected of having COVID-19 and were tested by real-time RT-PCR. Results In total, 35/124 (26.6 %) samples were RT-PCR positive, with 33/35 positive by NPS (sensitivity = 94.3 % (95 % CI 81.4%–99.0%)) and 30/35 by pure saliva (sensitivity = 85.7 % (95 % CI 70.6%–93.7%)), for an overall agreement of 117/124 (94.4 %). The median cycle threshold value was significantly lower for NPS than for saliva (p = 0.0331). A third or more of pure saliva samples from symptomatic patients were thick, stringy, and difficult to pipet. Conclusions Real-time RT-PCR of pure saliva had an overall sensitivity for SARS CoV-2 RNA detection of 85.7 % when compared to simultaneously collected NPS. Our study highlighted the need to optimize collection and processing before saliva can be used for high volume testing.
Context-Dependent Relationships between Locus Coeruleus Firing Patterns and Coordinated Neural Activity in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Ascending neuromodulatory projections from the locus coeruleus (LC) affect cortical neural networks via the release of norepinephrine (NE). However, the exact nature of these neuromodulatory effects on neural activity patterns in vivo is not well understood. Here we show that in awake monkeys, LC activation is associated with changes in coordinated activity patterns in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). These relationships, which are largely independent of changes in firing rates of individual ACC neurons, depend on the type of LC activation: ACC pairwise correlations tend to be reduced when tonic (baseline) LC activity increases but are enhanced when external events drive phasic LC responses. Both relationships covary with pupil changes that reflect LC activation and arousal. These results suggest that modulations of information processing that reflect changes in coordinated activity patterns in cortical networks can result partly from ongoing, context-dependent, arousal-related changes in activation of the LC-NE system.
Flatten the Bureaucracy: Deregulation and Covid-19 Testing

Lockdown measures enacted across the US due to the Covid-19 pandemic have severely curtailed personal and economic liberty. Although a growing body of research estimates the benefits and costs of these restrictive measures, significantly less research examines the role of deregulation in expanding healthcare capacity. This paper examines the impact of the FDA and CDC's deregulation on Covid-19 testing. I find laboratories and test developers greatly expanded Covid-19 testing availability and expanded the variety of tests after deregulation occurred. My findings provide critical and timely implications for research in public health and pandemic response policy more broadly.
Antagonism between germ cell-less and Torso receptor regulates transcriptional quiescence underlying germline/soma distinction.

Transcriptional quiescence, an evolutionarily conserved trait, distinguishes the embryonic primordial germ cells (PGCs) from their somatic neighbors. In Drosophila melanogaster, PGCs from embryos maternally compromised for germ cell-less (gcl) misexpress somatic genes, possibly resulting in PGC loss. Recent studies documented a requirement for Gcl during proteolytic degradation of the terminal patterning determinant, Torso receptor. Here we demonstrate that the somatic determinant of female fate, Sex-lethal (Sxl), is a biologically relevant transcriptional target of Gcl. Underscoring the significance of transcriptional silencing mediated by Gcl, ectopic expression of a degradation-resistant form of Torso (torsoDeg) can activate Sxl transcription in PGCs, whereas simultaneous loss of torso-like (tsl) reinstates the quiescent status of gcl PGCs. Intriguingly, like gcl mutants, embryos derived from mothers expressing torsoDeg in the germline display aberrant spreading of pole plasm RNAs, suggesting that mutual antagonism between Gcl and Torso ensures the controlled release of germ-plasm underlying the germline/soma distinction.
5 alpha-reductase inhibitor Dutasteride inhibits fatty acid synthase activity in prostate cancer cells.

5339 While androgen ablation therapy remains the main treatment for advanced prostate cancer, the overall survival rate is only two to three years from initiation. The success of androgen ablation therapy is often terminated by the emergence of androgen-depletion-independent (ADI) disease. With malignant progression to androgen independence, prostate cancer cells develop resistance to apoptosis and exhibit a variety of gene expression changes, including increased fatty acid synthase expression. Dutasteride is a novel dual inhibitor of the 5 alpha-reductase isoenzymes which convert testosterone to the more potent dihydrotestosterone in prostate cells. It is currently in use clinically both for treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and in the REDUCE prostate cancer prevention trial. Previously, we have shown that dutasteride causes cell death in LNCaP prostate cancer cells both in the presence or absence of androgens, indicating that dutasteride is affecting more than the androgen pathway via reduction in DHT levels by inhibition of 5-alpha-reductase. For this reason we sought to delineate other genes and pathways that might be involved by treating LNCaP cells with dutasteride and performing microarray analysis. In this report, we have treated prostate cancer cells with clinically relevant levels of dutasteride and monitored genes and pathways affected by microarray analysis. One gene that was markedly down-regulated by dutasteride treatment was fatty acid synthase (FASN). FASN is an androgen-regulated enzyme involved in lipogenesis. In prostate cancer, increased FASN expression has been shown to correlate with poor prognosis and correspondingly, the FASN gene has been proposed as a therapeutic target. We have demonstrated that the 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor dutasteride, at clinically relevant levels, inhibits FASN mRNA, protein expression and enzyme activity in prostate cancer cells.
Multi-Period Contracting and Salesperson Effort Profiles: The Optimality of 'Hockey Stick,' 'Giving Up' and 'Resting on Laurels'

We study multi-period sales-force incentive contracting where salespeople can engage in effort gaming, a phenomenon that has extensive empirical support. Focusing on a repeated moral hazard scenario with two independent periods and a risk-neutral agent with limited liability, we conduct a theoretical investigation to understand which effort profiles the firm can expect under the optimal contract. We show that various effort profiles that may give the appearance of being sub-optimal, such as postponing effort exertion (“hockey stick”) and not exerting effort after a bad or a good initial demand outcome (“giving up” and “resting on laurels,” respectively) may indeed be induced optimally by the firm. The reason is that, under certain conditions that depend on how severe the contracting frictions are and how effective effort exertion is in increasing demand, the firm wants to concentrate rewards on extreme demand outcomes; this induces gaming and reduces expected demand, but also makes motivating effort cheaper thus saving on incentive payments. On introducing dependence between time periods, such as when the agent can transfer demands between periods, this insight continues to hold and, furthermore, “hockey stick,” “giving up” and “resting on laurels” can be optimal for the firm even under repeated short time horizon contracting. Our results imply that one must carefully consider the setting and environmental factors when making inferences about contract effectiveness from dynamic effort profiles of agents.
The contribution of sluggish cognitive tempo to processing speed in survivors of pediatric brain tumors

Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) describes a pattern of under-activity, poor initiation, and slowness. It was first reported within the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) literature and ...
Expression of serum response factor in the lung mesenchyme is essential for development of pulmonary fibrosis.

Extracellular matrix deposition characterizes idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and is orchestrated by myofibroblasts. The lung mesenchyme is an essential source of myofibroblasts in pulmonary fi...
The nanoscale molecular morphology of docked exocytic dense-core vesicles in neuroendocrine cells

Rab-GTPases and their interacting partners are key regulators of secretory vesicle trafficking, docking, and fusion to the plasma membrane in neurons and neuroendocrine cells. Where and how these proteins are positioned and organized with respect to the vesicle and plasma membrane are unknown. Here, we use correlative super-resolution light and platinum replica electron microscopy to map Rab-GTPases (Rab27a and Rab3a) and their effectors (Granuphilin-a, Rabphilin3a, and Rim2) at the nanoscale in 2D. Next, we apply a targetable genetically-encoded electron microscopy labeling method that uses histidine based affinity-tags and metal-binding gold-nanoparticles to determine the 3D axial location of these exocytic proteins and two SNARE proteins (Syntaxin1A and SNAP25) using electron tomography. Rab proteins are distributed across the entire surface and t-SNARE proteins at the base of docked vesicles. We propose that the circumferential distribution of Rabs and Rab-effectors could aid in the efficient transport, capture, docking, and rapid fusion of calcium-triggered exocytic vesicles in excitable cells.
Federated Learning of Molecular Properties in a Heterogeneous Setting.

Chemistry research has both high material and computational costs to conduct experiments. Institutions thus consider chemical data to be valuable and there have been few efforts to construct large public datasets for machine learning. Another challenge is that different intuitions are interested in different classes of molecules, creating heterogeneous data that cannot be easily joined by conventional distributed training. In this work, we introduce federated heterogeneous molecular learning to address these challenges. Federated learning allows end-users to build a global model collaboratively while preserving the training data distributed over isolated clients. Due to the lack of related research, we first simulate a federated heterogeneous benchmark called FedChem. FedChem is constructed by jointly performing scaffold splitting and Latent Dirichlet Allocation on existing datasets. Our results on FedChem show that significant learning challenges arise when working with heterogeneous molecules. We then propose a method to alleviate the problem, namely Federated Learning by Instance reweighTing (FLIT). FLIT can align the local training across heterogeneous clients by improving the performance for uncertain samples. Comprehensive experiments conducted on our new benchmark FedChem validate the advantages of this method over other federated learning schemes. FedChem should enable a new type of collaboration for improving AI in chemistry that mitigates concerns about valuable chemical data.
You Might Have Drugs at Your Command: Reconsidering the Forced Drugging of Incompetent Pre-Trial Detainnes from the Perspectives of International Human Rights and Income Inequality

Ever since the Supreme Court's 2003 decision in Sell v. United States, 539 U.S. 166 (2003), there has been a cottage industry of commentary on the question of whether the state can medicate an incompetent defendant for the purpose of making him or her competent to stand trial. Moreover, there have been multiple cases interpreting Sell broadly and narrowly, both in the context of medication issues and in the context of other treatments. Because of the vagueness of certain terminology, questions such as what a "serious" crime is, what "substantially" meant to the Court in Sell, and how the least restrictive alternative doctrine was supposed to be applied in such cases have all been considered by later federal and state courts, with the predictable range of decisions. These issues have been discussed and reconsidered in multiple arenas from the scholarly literature (both legal and behavioral) to professional conferences and to law school classes and other academic settings.Two seemingly unrelated issues, however, have been the subject of virtually no consideration at all, and we address both of these in this paper to encourage readers to think about these questions when they reflect on Sell's limits and its potential reach -- the application of international human rights law to the forensic process in all its aspects (especially the potential impact of the United Nations' Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)), and the reality that the entire jurisprudence that has developed on questions related to Sell and its progeny is a jurisprudence of income inequality, as it presumes that all defendants at risk are in jail pre-trial because of inability to make bail. This paper discusses both of these questions, looking at the second issue through the specific filter of therapeutic jurisprudence.
Pincer Complexes as Catalysts for Amine Borane Dehydrogenation

Amine boranes have received attention as attractive materials for the chemical storage of hydrogen. Thermal dehydrogenation of these materials is possible, but catalyzed dehydrogenation would allow for greater control of the rate and extent of H2 release. Recent work has shown that metal complexes bearing pincer ligands are competent catalysts for amine borane dehydrogenation.
Latent Price Impact

We introduce a state space representation of the limit order book where price impact is modeled by a latent dynamic variable. We provide empirical evidence in support of the model by analyzing data from January 2014 through May 2014 of the NASDAQ Historical TotalView-ITCH database, and present an application to real-time Bayesian estimation of price impact with Kalman filtering.
Time-Transformations for Reversible Variable Stepsize Integration

The development of a Sundman-type time-transformation for reversible variable stepsize integration of few-body problems is discussed. While a time-transformation based on minimum particle separation is suitable if the collisions only occur pairwise and isolated in time, the control of stepsize is typically much more difficult for a three-body close approach. Nonetheless, we find that a suitable choice of time-transformation based on particle separation can work quite well for certain types of three-body simulations, particularly those involving very steep repulsive walls. We confirm these observations using numerical examples from Lennard-Jones scattering.
The estimation of serum phosphatase activity with disodium phenyl phosphate

Abstract 1.1. A revision of the serum phosphatase method of King and Armstrong, in which disodium phenyl phosphate is used as the substrate, is presented. 2.2. The revised method eliminates certain sources of inaccuracy. It is simpler, and is especially well suited for clinical use. 3.3. The phosphatase values obtained by the new method agree in general with those previously obtained by other methods.
Factors Associated With the Use of Cervical Spine Computed Tomography Imaging in Pediatric Trauma Patients

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:906–911 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Abstract Objectives: The objectives were to identify patient and hospital characteristics associated with the use of computed tomography (CT) imaging of the cervical spine (c-spine) in the evaluation of injured children and, in particular, to examine the influence of hospital setting. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort of children younger than 19 years of age from the Massachusetts Hospital Emergency Department (ED) database who were discharged from the ED with an injury diagnosis from 2005 through 2009. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze characteristics associated with CT imaging of the c-spine. Results: Of the 929,626 pediatric patients diagnosed with an injury in Massachusetts EDs and then discharged home, 1.3% underwent CT imaging of the c-spine. Rates of CT imaging nearly doubled over the 5 years. In the multivariable model, patient age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.0 to 2.7 for children age 12 to 18 years vs. under 1 year of age) and evaluation outside of a pediatric Level I trauma center (AOR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.1 to 4.3 for children evaluated at non Level I trauma centers vs. pediatric Level I trauma centers; AOR = 2.1, 95% CI = 0.93 to 4.7 for children evaluated at adult Level I trauma centers vs. pediatric Level I trauma centers) were associated with higher rates of CT imaging of the c-spine. Conclusions: Cervical spine CT imaging for children discharged from the ED with trauma diagnoses increased from 2005 through 2009. Older age and evaluation outside a Level I pediatric trauma center were associated with a higher c-spine CT rate. Educational interventions focused outside pediatric trauma centers may be an effective approach to decreasing CT imaging of the c-spine of pediatric trauma patients.
Eggs and Abortion: “Women‐Protective” Language Used by Opponents in Legislative Debates over Reproductive Health

The language of “protection” has been a dominate frame in the political discourse of the contemporary women’s movement, especially as it relates to reproductive health. Since the 1960s, and coming of age in the Women’s Health Movement, activists and advocates have fought for the protection of women’s rights and health, and against gender-based discrimination and restrictions to reproductive health services, such as abortion and contraception. In the case of women’s reproductive rights, the use of the “protective” frame has been a resonant and effective mobilizing discourse for quite a while. This paper investigates the use of this frame, by ideological opponents, during a recent California legislative session.
Low-rank kernel learning for electricity market inference

Recognizing the importance of smart grid data analytics, modern statistical learning tools are applied here to wholesale electricity market inference. Market clearing congestion patterns are uniquely modeled as rank-one components in the matrix of spatiotemporally correlated prices. Upon postulating a low-rank matrix factorization, kernels across pricing nodes and hours are systematically selected via a novel methodology. To process the high-dimensional market data involved, a block-coordinate descent algorithm is developed by generalizing block-sparse vector recovery results to the matrix case. Preliminary numerical tests on real data corroborate the prediction merits of the developed approach.
A new experimental system to study the temperature and pressure dependence of viscosity, density, and phase behavior of pure fluids and solutions

Abstract A new apparatus which has been designed to determine viscosity, density, and phase behavior in pure fluids or mixtures is presented. The measurements can be conducted from atmospheric conditions up to 70 MPa and 473 K. Using this apparatus, density and viscosity for n-hexane and n-octane have been measured and the results have been compared with the literature values as a function of pressure from about 7 to 70 MPa at temperatures 323, 348, 373, 398, 423, and 448 K. The densities are observed to be measurable with an accuracy better than ±1% and viscosities with an accuracy better than ±5%.
Computerized detection and identification of the types of defects on crystal blanks

To assure quality in crystal production detection of the defects especially cracks and scratches is a vital task. Up to the present inspection operation on crystal blanks is still being carried out with naked eyes under an optical magnifier. Due to the tiresomeness or unconscientiousness which might result from the continual exposure to strong illumination the misclassification rate will unavoidably be high. Noting that the degree of the seriousness of cracks and scratches are different part of the defected crystal blanks (mainly those with scratches) could be retrieved to increase the productivity rate. In this paper a criterion is established to precisely defme the fme scratches and cracks based on the data collected from large amount of crystal blank samples which are known to contain cracks and/or scratches and algorithms are developed to automate the detection and defect-category identification. THE PROBLEM Automated inspection has been a very popular topic during the past twenty years not only in research and development but has already been put into practical use. A lot of successful experience has been obtained in modern factories in detecting the imperfection of the parts In many cases the computerized inspection coordinates very well with robotics and becomes an important link in the intergrated manufactured system. However in our crystal manufacturing industry such a development is completely new. As we know crystal products have widely been used. It has already© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in infants and children: protection from radioiodines.

Potassium iodide (KI) is recommended as an emergency treatment for exposure to radioiodines, most commonly associated with nuclear detonation or mishaps at nuclear power plants. Protecting the thyroid gland of infants and children remains a priority because of increased incidence of thyroid cancer in the young exposed to radioiodines (such as 131I and 133I). There is a lack of clinical studies for KI and radioiodines in children or infants to draw definitive conclusions about the effectiveness and safety of KI administration in the young. In this paper, we compare functional aspects of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis in the young and adults and review the limited studies of KI in children. The HPT axis in the infant and child is hyperactive and therefore will respond less effectively to KI treatment compared to adults. Research on the safety and efficacy of KI in infants and children is needed.
Infra-red analysis for acetylene in flame gases at 1 820°K

Abstract A method of analysing flame gases for acetylene utilizing the peak absorption at 730 cm −1 is described. Five rich ethylene-air flame yielding burnt gases at 1 820°K with between 0·012 and 0·0028 mole fraction acetylene were used as standards. The acetylene content of the gases was determined by mass analysis of probe samples. After subtraction of background absorption by water vapour and carbon dioxide, the 730 cm −1 absorption by the flames was found to be proportional to their acetylene content. The peak 730 cm −1 molecular absorption coefficients of acetylene at 1 820°K for spectral passbands of 2·3 and 0·7 cm −1 are 5·8 ± 0·3 and 7·7 ± 0·7 respectively in units of 10 −19 cm 2 molecules −1 . The effect of temperature on the absorption coefficient has been obtained approximately from similar measurements at 300°K. For a 2·3 cm −1 , passband, the absorption coefficient at 300°K is about 7·5 times that at 1 820°K. For a 10 cm optical path in the flame, acetylene can be determined by this method when it forms 0·02 volume per cent or more of the burnt gas.
Fast yet accurate computation of the complete radiance distribution in the coupled atmosphere–ocean system

Abstract The iteration of the source-function technique is used in conjunction with the discrete ordinate radiative transfer (DISORT) method to derive analytic solutions for the radiances at arbitrary polar angles and arbitrary levels in a multiple scattering (random) medium consisting of two strata with a change in the index of refraction across the interface between them. The atmosphere overlying a body of water (the ocean) serves as a prime example of such a system consisting of two adjacent strata with different indices of refraction. The accuracy of the solutions is tested by considering the coupled atmosphere–ocean system where absorption and scattering by molecules and particles are included. The tests show that these analytic solutions are superior to a spline interpolation that has been used previously in connection with the DISORT method applied to a random medium consisting of two strata with different indices of refraction.
Microprocessor-controlled Auger spectrometer☆

Abstract The Auger microcomputer system is used to provide voltage-ramp control for the Varian Auger spectrometer. † This system is being tested and evaluated, particularly in the hardware and machine/man interface. This firmware system is especially convenient because redesign mainly entails software regeneration and/or modification. The initial design should allow for future modifications, including both hardware and firmware expansion. The microcomputer permits solutions that are not feasible or economical using other forms of logic.
Mining concept associations for knowledge discovery in large textual databases

In this paper, we describe a new approach for mining concept associations from large text collections. The concepts are short sequences of words that occur frequently together across the text collections. It is these concepts that convey most of the meaning in any language. Our goal is to extract interesting associations among concepts that co-occur within the text collections. Interesting association between the concepts is mined using association rule mining algorithm. Finally we construct directed graph from current rules. The experimental result shows that our approach can efficiently find interesting concept associations in large text collections.
Practicing food justice at Dig Deep Farms & Produce, East Bay Area, California: self-determination as a guiding value and intersections with foodie logics

This article describes Dig Deep Farms & Produce, a food justice organisation and urban farm working to stimulate local economic development, create jobs, and improve the quality and accessibility of food in Ashland and Cherryland in California's Bay Area. Their practices are based on self-determined values although they take a flexible, anti-essentialist approach to foodie logics, which are prominent and problematic in the Bay Area. The case study then examines specific practices and strategies, as well as intersections with foodie logics, in three arenas – values determination, strategic partnerships, and foodways – that help to cultivate food justice and highlights key characteristics of food justice work: emphasising self-determination and working to fundamentally change the economic and social conditions of food apartheid.