cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Personal-Professional Boundaries and Ethical Issues in Palliative Care.

Childers and Arnold (2019) are to be applauded for their thoughtful discussion of commonly encountered attributes that promote physician success through training and managing complex emotional resp...
Methods for DNA introduction into mammalian cells

Publisher Summary The development of methods for the introduction of DNA into cultured cells, especially mammalian cells, has proceeded in parallel with advances in molecular cloning techniques. The process of introducing DNA into vertebrate cells is generally referred to as “transfection,” although some authors have referred to the same process as “transformation,” by analogy with DNA transfer in prokaryotes. In this chapter, the term transfection is used to avoid confusion, as transformation can have a distinct meaning with regard to the growth and the morphologic state of mammalian cells. Ideally, a transfection efficiency of 100% (all target cells acquire and express the introduced DNA) associated with minimal toxicity (all cells survive the procedure) is desired. Although a number of transfection methods have been described, virtually all fall short of these ideals. Increased transfection efficiency often correlates with increased toxicity, necessitating a tradeoff. This chapter reviews the most commonly encountered methods, with consideration of their relative merits both in principle and in practice. The principal barriers to successful transfection are identified and discussed, as further research in this area will likely lead to improved methods in the future. Transfection methods can be grouped simplistically into three categories: physically mediated delivery, chemically mediated delivery and biological vector-mediated delivery of nucleic acid. Although mammalian cells have been transfected with nucleic acids from a variety of sources, including total genomic DNA and RNA, the vast majority of experiments involve DNA sequences that have been subcloned and propagated in Escherichia coli .
Characterization of bovine mammary gland dry secretions and their proteome from the end of lactation through day 21 of the dry period.

Abstract The dry period in dairy cows is critical to mammary health. We used label-free mass spectroscopy to quantify whey proteins from milk/dry secretions collected on days 0, 3,10, and 21 of the dry period. The number of proteins identified was 776. The number of proteins upregulated at one or more times in the dry period was 109. The most significant enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms for the upregulated proteins were immune function and stress-related. The number of proteins that are downregulated in the dry period was 68. The most significant enriched GO terms for the down-regulated proteins were stress and immune function related. In other assays, total protein and lactoferrin concentrations rose significantly by days 10 and 21 of the dry period. We then examined day 21 dry secretions for their ability to inhibit bacterial growth. Bacterial growth inhibition did not correlate with lactoferrin for 4 coliforms tested nor for all 7 mastitis pathogens tested. Eleven proteins out of the total number of proteins identified were significantly associated with positive or negative coliform growth in day 21 dry secretions. The dry secretion protein composition changes we found may provide new information for understanding the dry period and indirectly involution. Biological significance The dry period in a cow is critical to the success of a cow's subsequent lactation for many reasons. Of particular importance is the rate of establishment of new intramammary infections (IMI), which is significant in the dry period. IMI susceptibility is most significant in the first few weeks of the dry period. There are both physical and mechanical reasons for increased IMI susceptibility in the first few weeks of the dry period. We also know that dry secretions have high levels of antimicrobial proteins and bacterial growth is diminished in dry secretions compared to milk. However, we found that by day 21 of the dry period, antimicrobial proteins, such as lactoferrin, are no longer correlated with reduced bacterial growth in dry secretions. We established a dry secretion proteome for the first 3 weeks of the dry period. The library of proteins in dry secretions presented provides a better understanding of the critical dry period in dairy cow management.
Place-based sport for development accelerators: a viable route to sustainable programming?

This commentary explores a novel approach to building and managing sustainable community-based Sport for Development (SfD) organizations. Specifically, we outline the potential for place-based acce...
Inhibition of casein kinase 1 δ/ε improves cognitive performance in adult C57BL/6J mice.

Time-of-day effects have been noted in a wide variety of cognitive behavioral tests, and perturbation of the circadian system, either at the level of the master clock in the SCN or downstream, impairs hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. A number of kinases, including the serine-threonine casein kinase 1 (CK1) isoforms CK1δ/e, regulate the timing of the circadian period through post-translational modification of clock proteins. Modulation of these circadian kinases presents a novel treatment direction for cognitive deficits through circadian modulation. Here, we tested the potential for PF-670462, a small molecule inhibitor of CK1δ/e, to improve cognitive performance in C57BL/6J mice in an array of behavioral tests. Compared to vehicle-treated mice tested at the same time of the circadian day, mice treated with PF-670462 displayed better recall of contextual fear conditioning, made fewer working memory errors in the radial arm water maze, and trained more efficiently in the Morris Water Maze. These benefits were accompanied by increased expression of activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) in the amygdala in response to an acute learning paradigm. Our results suggest the potential utility of CK1δ/e inhibition in improving time-of-day cognitive performance.
Molecular Evolutionary Analyses of Tooth Genes Support Sequential Loss of Enamel and Teeth in Baleen Whales (Mysticeti)

The loss of teeth and evolution of baleen racks in Mysticeti was a profound transformation that permitted baleen whales to radiate and diversify into a previously underutilized ecological niche of bulk filter-feeding on zooplankton and other small prey. Ancestral state reconstructions suggest that teeth were lost in the common ancestor of crown Mysticeti. Genomic studies provide some support for this hypothesis and suggest that the genetic toolkit for enamel production was inactivated in the common ancestor of living baleen whales. However, molecular studies to date have not provided direct evidence for the complete loss of teeth, including their dentin component, on the stem mysticete branch. Given these results, several questions remain unanswered: (1) Were teeth lost in a single step or did enamel loss precede dentin loss? (2) Was enamel lost early or late on the stem mysticete branch? (3) If enamel and dentin/tooth loss were decoupled in the ancestry of baleen whales, did dentin loss occur on the stem mysticete branch or independently in different crown mysticete lineages? To address these outstanding questions, we compiled and analyzed complete protein-coding sequences for nine tooth-related genes from cetaceans with available genome data. Seven of these genes are associated with enamel formation (ACP4, AMBN, AMELX, AMTN, ENAM, KLK4, MMP20) whereas two other genes are either dentin-specific (DSPP) or tooth-specific (ODAPH) but not enamel-specific. Molecular evolutionary analyses indicate that all seven enamel-specific genes have inactivating mutations that are scattered across branches of the mysticete tree. Three of the enamel genes (ACP4, KLK4, MMP20) have inactivating mutations that are shared by all mysticetes. The two genes that are dentin-specific (DSPP) or tooth-specific (ODAPH) do not have any inactivating mutations that are shared by all mysticetes, but there are shared mutations in Balaenidae as well as in Plicogulae (Neobalaenidae + Balaenopteroidea). These shared mutations suggest that teeth were lost at most two times. Shared inactivating mutations and dN/dS analyses, in combination with cetacean divergence times, were used to estimate inactivation times of genes and by proxy enamel and tooth phenotypes. The results of these analyses are most compatible with a two-step model for the loss of teeth in the ancestry of living baleen whales: enamel was lost very early on the stem Mysticeti branch followed by the independent loss of dentin (and teeth) in the common ancestors of Balaenidae and Plicogulae, respectively. These results imply that some stem mysticetes, and even early crown mysticetes, may have had vestigial teeth comprised of dentin with no enamel. Our results also demonstrate that all odontocete species (in our study) with absent or degenerative enamel have inactivating mutations in one or more of their enamel genes.
SU-E-T-675: Remote Dosimetry with a Novel PRESAGE Formulation

Purpose: 3D-gel dosimetry provides high-resolution treatment validation; however, scanners aren't widely available. In remote dosimetry, dosimeters are shipped out from a central base institution to a remote site for irradiation, then shipped back for scanning and analysis, affording a convenient service for treatment validation to institutions lacking the necessary equipment and resources. Previous works demonstrated the high-resolution performance and temporal stability of PRESAGE. Here the newest formulation is investigated for remote dosimetry use. Methods: A new formulation of PRESAGE was created with the aim of improved color stability post irradiation. Dose sensitivity was determined by irradiating cuvettes on a Varian Linac (6MV) from 0–15Gy and measuring change in optical density at 633nm. Sensitivity readings were tracked over time in a temperature control study to determine long-term stability. A large volume study was performed to evaluate the accuracy for remote dosimetry. A 1kg dosimeter was pre-scanned, irradiated on-site with an 8Gy 4field box treatment, post-scanned and shipped to Princess Margaret Hospital for remote reading on an identical scanner. Results: Dose sensitivities ranged from 0.0194–0.0295 ΔOD/(Gy*cm)—similar to previous formulations. Post-irradiated cuvettes stored at 10°C retained 100% initial sensitivity over 5 days and 98.6% over 10 weeks while cuvettes stored at room temperature fell to 95.8% after 5 days and 37.4% after 10 weeks. The immediate and 5-day scans of the 4field box dosimeter data was reconstructed, registered to the corresponding eclipse dose-distribution, and compared with analytical tools in CERR. Immediate and 5-day scans looked visually similar. Line profiles revealed close agreement aside from a slight elevation in dose at the edge in the 5-day readout. Conclusion: The remote dosimetry formulation exhibits excellent temporal stability in small volumes. While immediate and 5-day readout scans of large volume dosimeters show promising agreement, further development is required to reduce an apparent time dependent edge elevation.
Chapter 32 Power and stability in politics

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses power and stability in politics and describes the applications of cooperative game theory to political science. The focus of the chapter is on the idea of power. The use of the Shapley and Banzhaf values for simple games to measure the power of political actors in voting situations, with a number of illustrative applications, is presented in the chapter. A voting situation can be modeled as a cooperative game in characteristic function form in which the value 1 is assigned to any coalition which can pass a bill and 0 to any coalition that cannot. The resulting game is known as a “simple game.” The coalitions that can pass bills are called “winning coalitions,” and the game is completely determined by its set of winning coalitions. If politics is the shaping of power, political actors might act to increase their power, and the rational choice assumption that they do so might have some explanatory efficacy in political dynamics. The chapter describes three possible situations of this type.
Comparing central nervous system (CNS) and extra-CNS hemangiopericytomas in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program: analysis of 655 patients and review of current literature.

BACKGROUND: Hemangiopericytomas (HPCs) are rare tumors in the central nervous system (CNS) and in extra-CNS sites. The authors of this report used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program to study prognostic factors in patients with HPC. METHODS: The SEER database was analyzed for patients who were diagnosed with HPC tumors from 1973 to 2007. Patients were stratified into CNS and extra-CNS groups. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for the overall survival (OS) endpoint using major demographic factors (age, race, and sex) and disease factors (tumor site). RESULTS: In total, 655 patients with HPC were stratified into a CNS group (n ¼ 199) and an extra-CNS group (n ¼ 456). The patients with extra-CNS HPC were statistically older (mean age, 53 years vs 49 years; P ¼ .008) and were more likely to have larger tumors (median greatest dimension, 7.0 cm vs 5.2 cm; P < .001). Patients who had CNS tumors had better OS and cause-specific survival (CSS) compared with patients who had extra-CNS tumors (P < .001 for both). Negative predictors of OS on multivariate analysis included extra-CNS tumor site (hazard ratio [HR], 1.6; P ¼ .005) and older age (ages 40-59 years: HR, 2.08; P ¼ .032; ages 60-79 years: HR, 3.9; P < .001; aged � 80 years: HR, 7.7; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The current analysis demonstrated that patients with extra-CNS HPCs had worse OS and CSS than patients with CNS HPCs. Cancer 2012;118:5331-8. V C 2012 American Cancer Society.
Impact of family functioning on quality of life in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures versus epilepsy.

Summary Purpose: To evaluate different contributions of aspects of family functioning (FF) on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) versus epileptic seizures (ES). Methods: Forty-five participants with PNES and 32 with ES completed self-report measures of FF (Family Assessment Device; FAD), HRQOL (Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31), and depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II; BDI-II). The FAD is a self-report questionnaire that assesses FF along six dimensions and general functioning. Regression analyses were used to evaluate the contribution of FF to HRQOL above and beyond the effects of disease severity and depression. Key Findings: Mean Family General Functioning fell in the unhealthy range in participants with ES or PNES. On further analysis, male participants in each group endorsed unhealthy levels of FF compared to female participants. Patients with PNES reported poorer HRQOL and greater depressive symptoms compared to ES participants; there were no gender differences in HRQOL. Regression analyses indicated that the FAD Roles subscale predicted reduced HRQOL in patients with PNES after controlling for illness duration, seizure frequency, and depression. After controlling for the same factors, Communication and Affective Involvement subscales scores predicted HRQOL in ES participants. Significance: Family dysfunction was reported in both ES and PNES participants, but greater family dysfunction was experienced by male participants in both groups. Aspects of FF predicted HRQOL in patients with PNES and ES differentially. FF may be an important treatment target to enhance coping in these groups, although the treatments may need to target different aspects of FF in PNES versus ES.
Characterizing periodic messaging interventions across health behaviors and media: Systematic review

Background: Periodic prompts serve as tools for health behavior interventions to encourage and maintain behavior changes. Past literature reviews have examined periodic messages targeting specific behaviors (smoking, physical activity, diet, etc) or media (telephone, email, face-to-face, newsletter, etc) and have found them to be effective in impacting health behavior in the short term. Objective: Our goal was to review the literature related to periodic messaging and prompts in order to explore typical characteristics, assess the role of prompt timing, identify common theoretical models used, and identify characteristics associated with the effectiveness of periodic prompts. Methods: Electronic searches of PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science were conducted in October 2012 and May 2013. Database search terms included variant terms for periods, prompts, interventions, media, and health behaviors. Results: Forty-two of the 55 included research articles found that prompts resulted in significant positive behavioral outcomes for participants. Prompts were delivered via text messages, email, mailed communications, and in a few instances via phone. Generally, the provision of feedback and specific strategies to accomplish behavior change appears to be important for the success of periodic prompts. Rationale for prompt timing was rarely provided, although some studies did organize message content around days of the week or times perceived to be high risk for particular behaviors. Smoking cessation interventions tended to be organized around quit date. Among studies using theoretical models to inform their interventions, the transtheoretical model was most common. Conclusions: Periodic messaging interventions yield positive results for short-term health behavior changes. Interventions including feedback and prompts that included strategies were more likely to report significantly positive outcomes. Work remains to better understand elements that make periodic prompts successful and whether they are effective in producing long-term outcomes. [J Med Internet Res 2014;16(3):e93]
Improved lookup-table-based algorithm for background linearization of VCO-based ADCs

A lookup-table (LUT) digital correction technique enabled by the “Split ADC” calibration approach is presented suitable for linearization of VCO-based ADCs. An improved background calibration algorithm ensures LUT continuity regardless of input signal amplitude. Measured results for a 10b, 50-kSps ADC show INL improvement of ≈ 10X after calibration convergence.
Gaseous Fuel Injection Modeling Using a Gaseous Sphere Injection Methodology

The growing interest in gaseous fuels (hydrogen and natural gas) for internal combustion engines calls for the development of computer models for simulation of gaseous fuel injection, air entrainment and the ensuing combustion. This paper introduces a new method for modeling the injection and air entrainment processes for gaseous fuels. The model uses a gaseous sphere injection methodology, similar to liquid droplet in injection techniques used for liquid fuel injection. In this paper, the model concept is introduced and model results are compared with correctly- and under-expanded experimental data.
An ecological analysis of four competing approaches to sustainability development

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to trace the impact that the ecological approach has in international development programs in both the USA and Europe. It discusses the applications of sustainability by international donor agencies among bilateral and multi‐lateral organizations in developing economies. It outlines the influence of sustainability in the US Federal Government agencies to protect and maintain environmentally‐based development programs.Design/methodology/approach – The paper compares industrial ecology and ecological anthropology approaches to sustainability development. It discusses their policy implications for international development assistance programs. It describes how anthropological and sociological approaches to sustainability have impacted the development policies and programs of bilateral and multilateral organizations, as well as those of multi‐national corporations.Findings – There are common sustainability trends among the four competing donor organizations in approachin...
Proposed data link protocol enhancements for STANAG-4538

The current NATO standard STANAG-4538 provides reliable data communications to support E-mail and many other types of IP applications. This standard is very tolerant to the sometimes harsh HF radio communication channels experienced by the war fighter. However, the protocol currently is limited by the choice of the raw high data rate waveform chosen when the HF channel improves. The paper visits several waveform level improvements that provide better throughput and lower latency than the current waveforms when SNRs and channel conditions allow. Simulation data is presented of the enhanced data link protocol with the existing NATO STANAG-4538.
Ferroic Domain Structures using Ginzburg-Landau Methods

We present a strain-based formalism of domain wall formation and microstructure in ferroic materials within a Ginzburg-Landau framework. Certain omponents of the strain tensor serve as the order parameter for the transition. Elastic compatibility is explicitly included as an anisotropic, long-range interaction between the order parameter strain components. Our method is compared with the phase-field method and that used by the applied mathematics community. We consider representative free energies for a twodimensional triangle to rectangle transition and a three-dimensional cubic to tetragonal transition. We also provide illustrative simulation results for the two-dimensional case and compare the constitutive response of a polycrystal with that of a single crystal.
Strategies of Solanum carolinense for regulating maternal investment in response to foliar and floral herbivory

Summary 1 The series of steps used to regulate a plant's investment in reproduction in response to environmental stresses is a life-history strategy critical to maximizing fitness. We investigated how the andromonoecious herb Solanum carolinense regulates its maternal investment in response to stress from foliar and floral herbivory. 2 Most of the variation among S. carolinense individuals (ramets) in maternal investment occurred during the initiation of flower-bud primordia, with ramets initiating between 9 and 167 flower buds. 3 In response to simulated floral herbivory, S. carolinense regulated maternal investment by decreasing the abortion rate of flower buds, increasing the ratio of perfect to male flowers and decreasing the rate of fruit abortion. 4 In response to foliar herbivory, the plants increased the rate of fruit abortion and decreased allocation to perennial root growth. 5 Some individuals specialized at regulating during early phenological stages, others specialized at later regulation, and there appeared to be trade-offs between these strategies. 6 Because most plants must cope with multiple stresses that occur at different times in their phenology, such trade-offs suggest the presence of adaptive constraints. In particular, a plant's ability to tolerate damage by one species of herbivore may be constrained by the cost of lower tolerance of the damage caused by the other herbivores that feed on the plant.
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide and gamma interferon induce transcription of beta interferon mRNA and interferon secretion in murine macrophages.

Abstract Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces interferon (IFN) secretion and an antiviral state in murine peritoneal macrophages (PM). These cells secrete predominantly IFN-beta, as shown by neutralization assays with monoclonal antibodies. Secretion of IFN-beta is also induced in PM by IFN-gamma. LPS and IFN-gamma synergistically stimulated PM to produce IFN in amounts almost comparable to those induced by infection with Newcastle disease virus. Low levels of IFN-beta mRNA can be detected in freshly harvested PM by hybridization assays. The accumulation of this mRNA is markedly increased in PM treated with LPS or IFN-gamma, and it is further enhanced in the presence of the inhibitor of protein synthesis, cycloheximide. Similar studies were carried out on the RAW 264.7 line of transformed macrophages. These cells are induced to secrete IFN-beta by LPS but not by IFN-gamma, suggesting that this cytokine may elicit such specific response only in PM. IFN-beta mRNA is undetectable in untreated RAW 264.7 cells, and accumulation of this mRNA is induced by LPS but not by IFN-gamma. The secretion of IFN induced by these agents in PM and by LPS in RAW 264.7 cells and the corresponding accumulation of IFN-beta mRNA are blocked by an inhibitor of protein kinase C, staurosporine. The activity of this kinase is apparently necessary to stimulate accumulation of IFN-beta mRNA. The induction of IFN-beta by IFN-gamma appears to be a characteristic response of PM and may be at least in part responsible for the resistance of these cells to viral infections.
When Timing Is Everything: Are Placental MRI Examinations Performed Before 24 Weeks' Gestational Age Reliable?

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to determine if placental MRI examinations performed for the detection of abnormal placentation earlier than 24 weeks' gestational age (GA) are more or less reliable than examinations performed at a later GA. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Two radiologists blinded to clinical, surgical, and pathologic reports retrospectively and independently reviewed 69 placental MRI examinations for nine imaging signs associated with abnormal placentation. A consensus of the suspicion of abnormal placentation (including accreta, increta, or percreta) was determined using a 5-point (low to high suspicion) Likert scale and compared with pathologic or surgical findings or both. RESULTS. Seventeen placental MRI examinations were performed at GA 14–23 weeks, and 52 placental MRI examinations were performed at GA 24–41 weeks. Reviewer agreement (Cronbach alpha) among the nine imaging signs was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.72–0.92) and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.92–0.94) for MRI examinations at GA 14–23 weeks and GA ...
Total cyanide mass measurement with micro-ion selective electrode for determination of specific activity of carbon-11 cyanide

Abstract In this research, we aim to directly measure the specific activity (SA) of the carbon-11 cyanide ([11C]CN¯) produced by our in-house built automated [11C]HCN production system and to identify the major sources of 12C-cyanide (12CN¯). The [11C]CN¯ is produced from [11C]CO2, which is generated by the 14N(p,α)11C nuclear reaction using a cyclotron. Direct measurement of cyanide concentrations was accomplished using a relatively inexpensive, and easy to use ion selective electrode (ISE) which offered an appropriate range of sensitivity for detecting mass. Multiple components of the [11C]HCN production system were isolated in order to determine their relative contributions to 12CN¯ mass. It was determined that the system gases were responsible for approximately 30% of the mass, and that the molecular sieve/nickel furnace unit contributed approximately 70% of the mass. Beam on target (33 µA for 1 and 10 min) did not contribute significantly to the mass. Additionally, we compared the SA of our [11C]HCN precursor determined using the ISE to the SA of our current [11C]CN¯ derived radiotracers determined by HPLC to assure there was no significant difference between the two methods. These results are the first reported use of an ion selective electrode to determine the SA of no-carrier-added cyanide ion, and clearly show that it is a valuable, inexpensive and readily available tool suitable for this purpose.
Piezoelectric PZT Semi-Ordered Nanotubes Arrays by Wetting of Porous Alumina Template

Piezoelectric nanotubes are applicable to many areas including sensors, actuators, and energy storage. Before these applications can be realized using nanoscale components, a study is needed to characterize the piezoelectric-properties of nanotube geometries versus the piezoelectric-properties of a thin-film of the same material (not shown here). The material used in this study is (PZT) lead-zirconate-titanate, PbZr0.5 Ti0.48 O3 . In this work, 200nm diameter PZT structures are manufactured by a template wetting procedure. These ceramic nanotubes are brittle but hold up well inside the alumina template structure. Having an array of nanometer-sized piezoelectric-tubes has been hypothesized to give comparable results to that of thin-films of the same material. The research described in this paper is a preliminary step towards testing this hypothesis via characterization and later producing piezoelectric-nanoscale-sensors, which are both small and efficient.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
A review of innovation research in economics, sociology and technology management

Abstract In this paper we review the extant innovation research from three fields—economics, organizational sociology and technology management—in order to find points at which the fields' approaches and assumptions overlap. By comparing research methods and approaches along three dimensions, stage of adoption, level of analysis, and type of innovation, we found, firstly, that studies from the three fields can be re-mapped into five more specific groups. We then illustrate how research from different groups can be cross-fertilized to help management of innovation in organizations. The paper suggests that knowing the ways in which different groups of studies differ from each other may lead to a more accurate understanding of the relative value of innovation research from each group, for both theorists and managers.
Orthorhombically arranged vein arrays

Abstract It is commonly accepted that arrays of en echelon veins occur either singularly or in conjugate pairs. Bulk finite plane strain is accompanied by these singular or conjugately arranged arrays when their formation and subsequent displacement occur in the same kinematic framework. A new geometric and kinematic model for vein arrays is proposed which takes into account the effects of bulk non-plane-strain deformations on the evolving arrays. In this model, four sets of arrays develop during coaxial non-plane-strain deformations and two non-conjugate sets of arrays develop during non-coaxial non-plane-strain deformations. The formation of singular and conjugate arrays is restricted to bulk plane-strain deformations. This model is the natural extension to the brittle-ductile realm of models proposed for the geometry and kinematics of brittle faults formed during non-plane-strain deformations. En echelon vein arrays mapped in central Australia which cannot be understood as simple conjugate structures, are interpreted as having formed during a bulk non-coaxial non-plane-strain deformation.
Increases in T cell telomere length in HIV infection after antiretroviral combination therapy for HIV-1 infection implicate distinct population dynamics in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.

Changes in mean telomeric terminal restriction fragment (TRF) length were examined as a marker for cellular replicative history in HIV-1-infected individuals after institution of anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Increases in mean T cell TRF lengths were observed in most patients following therapy; however, the contribution of individual T cell subsets was complex. An elongation of CD8+ T cell TRF was nearly uniformly observed while changes in mean TRF length in CD4+ T cells were heterogeneous as, despite potent suppression of viral replication, CD4 cell telomeres recovered in some patients, yet continued to decline in others. Increases in CD8 cell TRF correlated with decreased memory cells, suggesting a negative selection in the periphery for CD8 cells with extensive replicative history. In contrast, increases in CD4+ T cell TRF length correlated with increases in naive cell subsets, suggesting that the CD4+ T cell TRF increase may reflect a thymic contribution in some patients. These are the first increases in somatic cell telomere length in a population of cells observed in vivo, and the findings are compatible with therapy-induced reconstitution of the lymphoid compartment with cells having a more extensive replicative potential. These findings further distinguish lymphocytes from other somatic cell populations where only decreases in TRF over time have been noted. Thus, institution of ART in persons with moderately advanced HIV-1 disease reveals distinct population dynamics of CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets and also shows that the lymphocyte replicative history is dynamic.
Atopy in infancy predicts the severity of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in later childhood

Abstract We have prospectively followed 52 children of atopic parents from birth to age 7 years, documenting clinical atopic disease and allergen skin test reactions. We found bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) to histamine in 13 (25%) of the children at 7 years of age with 25 (48%) being atopic on skin testing and 15 (29%) having current wheeze, whereas 30 children (58%) had wheezed at some time during this period. BHR was significantly associated with wheeze and atopy at 5 and 7 years of age, but not during infancy. The six children with moderate to severe BHR (provocative dose causing a 20% fall in FEV 1
A Pitfall of Low Specific Activity Radioactive Thymidine

Influence of radioactive thymidine on x-radiation effects on desoxyribonucleic acid synthesis
The relationship between dispersal ability and geographic range size

There are a variety of proposed evolutionary and ecological explanations for why some species have more extensive geographical ranges than others. One of the most common explanations is variation in species’ dispersal ability. However, the purported relationship between dispersal distance and range size has been subjected to few theoretical investigations, and empirical tests reach conflicting conclusions. We attempt to reconcile the equivocal results of previous studies by reviewing and synthesizing quantitative dispersal data, examining the relationship between average dispersal ability and range size for different spatial scales, regions and taxonomic groups. We use extensive data from marine taxa whose average dispersal varies by seven orders of magnitude. Our results suggest dispersal is not a general determinant of range size, but can play an important role in some circumstances. We also review the mechanistic theories proposed to explain a positive relationship between range size and dispersal and explore their underlying rationales and supporting or refuting evidence. Despite numerous studies assuming a priori that dispersal influences range size, this is the first comprehensive conceptual evaluation of these ideas. Overall, our results indicate that although dispersal can be an important process moderating species’ distributions, increased attention should be paid to other processes responsible for range size variation.
Effects of lubrication and die radius on the friction behavior of Pb-coated sheet steels

Abstract Using a strip tensile friction simulator, the influence of lubricant properties (viscosity and extreme pressure) and pin radius on the interfacial friction and the surface quality of Pb-coated sheet steels is investigated. Nine distinct testing conditions are examined by varying the lubricants (three oils and two greases) and pin radii (10 and 20 mm). Friction coefficient curves are generated as a function of sliding distance for each condition examined and the surface quality of the sheets are evaluated from surface roughness and micrographs taken before and after testing. From the experimental results, tendencies for the interfacial friction and surface finish of Pb-coated sheet steels are established with respect to lubricant properties and pin radius. Specifically, the results indicated that the friction coefficient increases with both the viscosity and extreme pressure (oils only) of the lubricants. In addition, it was determined that the lubricant properties had little influence on the final surface roughness of the deformed sheet. Considering the influence of pin size, the results showed that the friction coefficient increased with decreasing pin radius values.
Altered glutathione S-transferase catalytic activities in female brown bullheads from a contaminated central Florida lake.

Abstract Brown bullheads ( Ameriurus nebulosus ) are a demersal freshwater species that can be found in a number of polluted ecosystems. The purpose of the present study was to determine the overall capacity for in vitro glutathione S -transferase (GST) detoxification by brown bullheads, and to see if bullhead GST catalysis was altered in bullheads from a polluted site. Brown bullhead liver cytosolic GSTs catalyzed the conjugation of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) over a large range of substrate concentrations, with apparent K m and V max for CDNB at fixed nucleophile (glutathione, GSH) concentrations of 1.8–1.9 mM and 12.1–14.6 μmol CDNB conjugated/min/mg, respectively. Bullhead GSTs were also highly active toward other substrates such as ethacrynic acid (ECA), Δ5-androstene-3,17-dione (ADI), and nitrobutyl chloride (NBC). Initial rate GST catalytic activities toward CDNB, NBC, ECA, and ADI were significantly lower in female bullheads from a contaminated lake (Lake Apopka Marsh) as compared to female bullheads inhabiting a nearby control site (Lake Woodruff). No site differences were observed with respect to male bullhead GST activities. These studies suggest that brown bullheads efficiently carry out GST conjugation of diverse electrophilic substrates. However, bullhead GST catalysis may be compromised in bullheads inhabiting polluted ecosystems.
Stochastic theory of compartments: An open, two compartment, reversible system with independent poisson arrivals

This paper discusses two compartment models with interaction allowed between the compartments. The total number of particles in the system at any time is discussed along with the number to the found in each separate compartment. An interesting result is that the number of particles in each of the two compartments areindependent random variables. Some asymptotic results are also given. The paper is a continuation of some earlier work by the author.
The balancing act: Accountability, affordability, and access in American higher education

Although an increasing number of students enroll in U.S. postsecondary education, concerns about costs, transparency, and outcomes continue to rise.
Dendritic spine remodeling after spinal cord injury alters neuronal signal processing.

Central sensitization, a prolonged hyperexcitability of dorsal horn nociceptive neurons, is a major contributor to abnormal pain processing after spinal cord injury (SCI). Dendritic spines are micr...
Do Identical Circumstances Preceed Minor and Major Injuries

The identical causation hypothesis contends that identical causes or circumstances preceed minor and major injuries in accidents. Tests of the identical causation hypothesis were carried out by examining frequencies of prior activities, accident events and injury events across minor and major injuries, including a breakdown by job family. Also, combinations of variables (scenerios) for minor and major injuries were examined. For the individual accident variables, the data clearly support a similar causation hypothesis. However, for the combinations of accident variables, differences were discerned between minor and major injuries. Overall, the present test of the identical causation hypothesis suggests that similar preceeding circumstances may underly both minor and major injuries.
Effects of Completing Sexual Questionnaires in Males and Females with Histories of Childhood Sexual Abuse: Implications for Institutional Review Boards

Few studies have sought to examine empirically the immediate effects of participation in sexual abuse research. The present study investigated the effects of childhood sexual abuse on measures of personality and psychological functioning in 250 males and females. The null hypothesis was that sexually abused and nonabused groups would show no significant differences between pre-and post-testing on measures of state anxiety, state depression, and state anger. No significant differences between pre-and post-testing were observed between nonabused, abused, and severely abused participants. In addition, there were no gender differences among the groups. Findings from this study support those of Savell, Kinder, and Young (2006) and have significant implications for Institutional Review Boards (IRB) as they suggest that participation in childhood sexual abuse or sexuality research does not place sexually abused individuals at greater than minimal risk for immediate increases in anxiety, depression, or anger.
Photo-Hall Effect in Anthracene

The Hall mobility for photogenerated carriers has been measured in anthracene crystals in the temperature range from -40 to 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Two-carrier effects were found to dominate, so that only lower limits could be calculated for the mobility. Near room temperature, the Hall mobility exceeds 50 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$${\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for electrons and 30 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$${\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for holes, compared with values close to 1 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$${\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ measured for the drift mobility. The most likely explanation for this difference is a change in transport properties with illumination level. The existence of the anomalous Hall effect predicted by LeBlanc and Friedman could not be verified.
An Integrated Theoretical Model of Sibling Violence and Abuse

Drawing on three theoretical perspectives (feminist, conflict, and social learning), an integrated analytical model of adolescence sibling violence and abuse is proposed. The model suggests that certain characteristics of the parents' relationship, various aspects of parent–child relations, and characteristics of the sibling relationship are major components in explaining sibling violence and abuse. These are mediated by individual sibling characteristics and sibling verbal conflict. The model should enable researchers to systematically examine, in a more holistic way, the factors related to violence and abuse, and to assess their relative importance in accounting for these phenomena.
Propagation of Blood Clotting in the Complex Biochemical Network of Hemostasis Is Described by a Simple Mechanism

Hemostasis is the complex biochemical network that controls blood clotting. We previously described a chemical model that mimicked the dynamics of hemostasis based on a simple regulatory mechanisma threshold response due to the competition between production and removal of activators. Here, we used human blood plasma in phospholipid-coated microfluidic channels to test predictions based on this mechanism. We demonstrated that, for a given geometry of channels, clot propagation from an obstructed channel into a channel with flowing blood plasma is dependent on the shear rate in the channel with flowing blood plasma. If confirmed in vivo, these results may explain clot propagation from a small vessel to a larger, clinically relevant vessel. In addition, these results would further validate the use of modular mechanisms, simplified chemical models, and microfluidics to study complex biochemical networks.
Bus crime in Los Angeles: II—Victims and public impact

This paper documents victims of bus crime and examines the extent to which fear of personal security affects bus ridership. Using data from a victimization survey of 1088 households in west central Los Angeles, it was found that frequency of bus use was the most important correlate of being victimized. Examining moderate and heavy bus users only, it was found that the elderly, women, Hispanics and low-income persons were more likely to be victimized than other subpopulations. There was a general perception that bus travel to downtown Los Angeles was more dangerous than travel within residential neighborhoods, and that night travel was much more dangerous than day travel. Women, Hispanics and persons of low education level were more likely to perceive bus use as dangerous, indicating a subpopulation correspondence between the likelihood of victimization and perceptions of safety from bus crime. In addition, persons who had been victimized by a bus crime or who knew persons who had been victimized were more likely to perceive bus use as less safe. Lastly, it appears that victims of bus crimes, persons who had witnessed bus crimes and persons who perceived bus travel as less safe may be less likely to use buses, especially on certain routes and during certain times, but these variables are secondary in importance to automobile access, the convenience of bus travel and age.
Layer IVA of Rhesus Monkey Primary Visual Cortex

Layer IVA of rhesus monkey striate cortex contains pyramidal cells arranged in distinct groups. Their cell bodies are in a configuration of flat cones, each with an average diameter of 60 microns, and their apical dendrites aggregate into bundles that ascend toward the pial surface. Nissl-stained sections suggest that these pyramidal cell cones have their bases in layer IVB, with their tops extending into layer IVA. The neurons in the cones are readily apparent in MAP2 antibody-stained material, and in cytochrome oxidase-reacted tissue it is evident that the pyramidal cell cones occupy the pale spaces that are surrounded by the darkly reactive honeycomb lattice. This lattice of neuropil around the cones contains some axons and boutons that are immunoreactive for parvalbumin, and it is within the lattice that other investigators have shown afferents from the parvocellular (P)-layers of the dLGN to terminate. Because of this input, it is likely that the pyramidal cell cones of layer IVA are involved with color and form perception. The relationship between the layer IVA cones of neurons and the underlying system of previously described pyramidal cell modules (Peters and Sethares, 1991) is discussed, as well as the possibility that the pyramidal cell cones might represent aggregations of neurons, which receive input from basic sets of P-like afferents originating from color-responsive ganglion cells of the retina, as described by Schein and de Monasterio (1987).
New Method of Obtaining the Well Depth for Weak Intermolecular Potentials

Abstract : A straightforward mass spectrometric determination of the dimerization heat of rare gases is shown to be feasible. A method of data reduction is proposed which appears to yield a depth of the potential well independent of prior choice of the form of the potential function. Errors in the measurements are discussed. (Author)
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: duodenopancreatic tumours.

The pancreaticoduodenal disease in Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is the most frequent cause of death due to the syndrome, and the most controversial with regard to its management. This article discusses the current data and recommendations with respect to disease screening, functional tumour diagnosis, natural history. preoperative imaging, operative strategy and follow-up.