cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of thermal processing on phenolics, antioxidant activity and health-relevant functionality of select grain sprouts and seedlings

Abstract The effect of thermal processing via autoclaving on modifications of total phenolics, antioxidant activity and functionality of wheat, buckwheat, corn and oats sprouts and seedlings were investigated. Functionality for type 2 diabetes related α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibition and levo-dihydroxy phenylalanine ( l -DOPA) content, hypertension related angiotensin converting enzyme 1 (ACE) inhibition and ulcer related Helicobacter pylori inhibition were evaluated using in vitro assays. Thermal processing in general resulted in tissue browning leading to higher total phenolic content and free radical scavenging-linked antioxidant activity. It increased α-amylase inhibitory activity in buckwheat and oats but decreased in wheat and corn sprouts and seedlings. It increased α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in wheat, buckwheat and oats but decreased in corn sprouts. It reduced the cognitive function/diabetes related l -DOPA content in all grains sprouts and seedlings tested. It increased ACE inhibitory activity in buckwheat and oats, but decreased in wheat and corn sprouts. It also improved the ulcer related H. pylori inhibitory activity in all grain sprouts and seedlings studied. These changes in functionality are suggested to be due to modifications in the total phenolic content and profile by phenolic oxidation or polymerization caused by thermal processing. Therefore, diet designs for chronic disease management will have to consider thermal processing-linked modification of bioactive ingredient profiles. Industrial relevance Thermal processing altered the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in winter wheat, buckwheat, corn and oats sprouts and seedlings. It modified the α-amylase inhibitory activity, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, l -DOPA content, ACE inhibitory activity and H. pylori inhibitory activity of samples. Therefore, the food processing industry and diet design for chronic disease management will have to consider thermal processing-linked modification of bioactive ingredient profiles for more effective health benefits.
Ancient engineering geology projects in China; A canal system in Ganzu province and trenches along the Great Wall in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

Abstract Two major construction projects of ancient times in China involved what todaywould be considered engineering geology. We describe an ancient canal system in Gaotai County, Gansu province that was possibly begun in the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD). The canal system heads at the Dasha River and extends northwestward for about 55 km to the City of Camels and Xusanwan village. Four parallel canals are present at the local site we examined. The canals were likely built primarily to transport water but may also have served as defensive military barriers. A second project involves trenches and berms along the north side of the Great Wall, dearly part of the Great Wall defensive system. This site is in Ningxia Autonomous Region near the town of Shizuishan.
Television in the opera house

The history of opera telecasts reveals the nature of the financial and production problems encountered in the attempt to transfer opera to the mass medium of television.
Large image modality labeling initiative using semi-supervised and optimized clustering

Medical image modality detection is a key step for indexing images from biomedical articles. Traditionally, complex supervised classification methods have been used for this. However, they rely on proportionally sized labeled training samples. With the increase in availability of image data it has become increasingly challenging to obtain reasonably accurate manual labels to train classifiers. Toward meeting this shortcoming, we propose a semi-automatic labeling strategy that reduces the human annotator effort. Each image is projected into several feature spaces, and each entry in these spaces is clustered in an unsupervised manner. The cluster centers for each feature representation are then labeled by a human annotator, and the labels propagated through each cluster. To find the optimal cluster numbers for each feature space, a so-called “jump” method is used. The final label of an image is decided by a voting scheme that summarizes the different opinions on the same image provided by the different feature representations. The proposed method is evaluated on ImageCLEFmed2012 data set containing approximately 300,000 images, and showed that annotating $$<$$ 1 % of the data is sufficient to label correctly 49.95 % of the images. The method spared approximately 700 h of human annotation labor and associated costs.
The effect of a magnetic tape coating process on the structure and properties of a semi-crystalline polymer

A combination of structure identifying and bulk property experiments were combined with a two-phase analytical methodology to elucidate the influence of a magnetic tape coating process on the substrate polymer film. Employing a typical tape manufacturing process that utilizes coating, drying, and calendering stages, polyethylenete-rephthalate polymer film samples with and without the magnetic coating were prepared.
Genetical analysis of the clones from a single tetrad of saccharomyces showing non-Mendelian segragation

A single tetrad in which one genetical marker had segregated irregularly was analyzed genetically by outcrossing each culture derived from the tetrad to other haploid clones. Regular segregation in the resultant hybrids indicated that the cultures were all haploid. The original ascus was tetratype proving that all four nuclei had survived after reduction. All clones were haploid proving that the irregularities could not have arisen from fusion following an extra mitosis. It is inferred that the extra recessive was the result of an interaction in the hybrid in which a dominant was converted into a recessive allele. The converted clone was identified by the intermediate character of its physiological activity.
Selected syntactic usage of language- impaired children

The syntactic performance of ten language-impaired and ten normal children, matched by mean length of utterance was compared. Language samples were analyzed with respect to grammatical marker need index (GMN), grammatical marker error index (GME), and GMEs for nouns (GME-N), verbs (GME-V), bound (GME-B), and unbound (GME-U) forms. The distribution of syntactic errors for nine syntactic categories was also explored. There was no significance between the groups for GMN; significant between-group differences were found for GME, GME-N versus GME-V, and GME-B versus GME-U. For all children, noun-related forms elicited fewer errors than verb-related forms; no differences were found between bound and unbound elements. The distribution of errors for the syntactic categories revealed that significant differences were not found between the groups. More errors were made with articles than pronouns and with contractible auxiliaries than contractible copulas. The results are discussed in terms of the nature of the syntactic impairments in language-impaired children and clinical implications.
Current american practice in color measurement.

Current American practice in color measurement is reviewed from the standpoint of instrumentation practice, measurement concepts, and computational methods. Instrumentation practice is described for spectrophotometers, abridged spectrophotometers, and tristimulus colorimeters. Measurement variables discussed include photometric and wavelength scales, standards and standardization, illuminating and viewing geometry, and instrument sources simulating standard illuminants. Computation methods practiced for obtaining color coordinates and color differences are discussed. Topics indirectly related to the measurement step, such as the basis of colorimetry, color mixing laws, and computer color matching, are specifically excluded from this paper.
Lack of maturation with anti-leptin receptor antibody in melanoma but not in nevi

We have previously shown thryotropin-releasing hormone expression in nevi and melanoma. Thryotropin-releasing hormone regulation by leptin has been shown in the hypothalamus. The present study was therefore undertaken to evaluate leptin and leptin receptor in nevi and melanoma. Leptin receptor expression as assessed using an anti-leptin receptor antibody showed uniform expression throughout the lesion in 14 of 17 melanomas; 3 melanomas lacked leptin receptor immunoreactivity. In contrast, out of 15 nevi, 10 showed weak to moderate leptin receptor immunoreactivity, with positivity present only in the superficial dermal component. Thus, maturation was present in nevi but not in melanoma with the anti-leptin receptor antibody (P<0.0001). Anti-leptin antibody, in contrast, did not show a significant difference in maturation between nevi and melanoma. We also compared leptin receptor in Spitz nevi and melanoma, as the two can sometimes be difficult to distinguish. Spitz nevi showed moderate to strong immunopositivity. Of 19 Spitz nevi, 7 showed lack of maturation, a finding statistically significant from both melanoma and nevi. Our results suggest a role for leptin receptor in melanoma, and we show for the first time that melanomas show more intense immunoreactivity as compared to nevi (but not Spitz nevi) and that maturation with anti-leptin receptor antibody may be a diagnostically useful tool in distinguishing melanomas, especially nevoid ones, from nevi in difficult cases.
Strategies to mitigate declines in the economic value of wind and solar at high penetration in California

Abstract Previously, we quantified a decline in the marginal economic value of wind and PV with increasing penetration levels based on a long-run equilibrium investment and dispatch model that accounted for operational constraints for conventional generation. We use the same model and data, based loosely on California in 2030, to evaluate several options to stem the decline in value of these technologies. The largest increase in the value of wind at high penetration levels comes from increased geographic diversity. The largest increase in the value of PV at high penetration levels comes from assuming that low-cost bulk power storage is an investment option. Other attractive options, particularly at more modest penetration levels, include real-time pricing and technology diversity.
John Milton's COMUS in Ann Radcliffe's THE MYSTERIES OF UDOLPHO

The action of Ann Radcliffe's Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) is nearly framed by two quotations from John Milton's 1634 dramatic poem A Maske Presented at Ludlow Castle (popularly known as Comus): Bef...
A Clinical method of appraisal of the language and learning behavior of young autistic children

Abstract Autistic children are generally believed to be untestable or the test scores are not felt to represent the child's abilities. This paper describes a clinical approach which permits intrusion on the withdrawal and catastrophic reactions that interfere with the performance of the children and reveals a higher level of function than their overt behavior would indicate. Adaptations of standard techniques of structure like those employed with perceptually handicapped and aphasic children were used with six nonverbal, medically diagnosed autistic children, ages three to six years. All were inpatients of a residential clinical research program and were studied over a 15 month period. Our findings indicate that the use of techniques which direct sensory modality input and control the response of these children results in an increase in the frequency of voluntary responses, and in more appropriate methods of responding to certain types of stimuli. It further reveals specific areas of functional deficits in the learning process that are amenable to training. The change in the children, as reflected by the results of this approach, is seen as an increase in competency in tasks involving the processing of sensory information and in their social behavior.
Mechanics of Surface Roughening in Metal Forming Processes

Inspection of 1100-H14 and 5052-0 aluminum alloy surfaces deformed in tension, sheet forming, and rolling with a thick lubricant film indicated that similar mechanisms were involved in the roughening process. The predominant mechanism was associated with the orientation of slip systems in adjacent grains leading to mismatch strains at the grain boundaries. The emergence of slip planes played a lesser role in the roughening process A roughening model that assumed a spatial hardness variation was developed. Theoretical predictions of the dependence of the R a surface roughness with bulk strain, based on micro-hardness measurements, show excellent agreement with experiment.
Design of self-checking iterative networks

The relevant definitions are given and a model of self-checking iterative network is presented. A general combinational circuit was developed that is totally self-checking and can detect an error on the input code lines and transmit the error to the output code lines. Thus, an error generated in a cell is transmitted from cell to cell until the last cell is reached. The error, and fault that generated it, can be detected by the checker at the last cell, which can also be made self-checking. The added redundancy increases the amount of logic required to realize the circuit, and the increase depends on the circuit being realized. If z is the number of output code lines for a general cell, a rough estimate of the percent increase in circuitry is 1/z*100. >
Scissor-Jack-Damper Energy Dissipation System

Installation of damping devices has been limited to diagonal or chevron brace configurations until the recent development of the toggle-brace configurations. These configurations magnify the effect of damping devices, thus facilitating their use in stiff framing systems. This paper introduces the scissor-jack-damper system that was developed as a variant of the togglebrace-damper systems, with the added advantage of compactness. The effectiveness of the scissor-jack configuration is demonstrated through testing of a large-scale steel-framed model structure on an earthquake simulator. Experiments showed that despite the small size of the damping device considered, the scissor-jack system provided a significant amount of damping and substantially reduced the seismic response of the tested structure. Response history and simplified analyses produce results that are consistent with the experimental results. [DOI: 10.1193/1.1540999]
Effects of chronic stimulation of the caudate nucleus on a preexisting alumina seizure focus.

Abstract The effect of chronic stimulation of the monkey caudate nucleus on the frequency of alumina cream focal motor seizures is presented. In animals with appropriately placed electrodes, a decline in seizure frequency was noted with continuous 100-Hz stimulation at 1 to 4.0 mA, and 1-ms duration. This same effect was not seen with alternating stimulation cycles or lesions. A rebound increase in seizure frequency after the termination of stimulation was noted. The decrease in seizure frequency appears to be grossly topographically dependent on electrode position.
Low-Complexity Welch Power Spectral Density Computation

This paper presents a low-complexity algorithm and architecture to compute power spectral density (PSD) using the Welch method. The Welch algorithm provides a good estimate of the spectral power at the cost of high computational complexity. We propose a new modified approach to reduce the computational complexity of the Welch PSD computation for a 50% overlap. In the proposed approach, an N/2-point FFT is computed, where N is the length of the window and is merged with the FFT of the previous N/2-point to generate an N-point FFT of the overlapped segment. This requires replacing the windowing operation as a convolution in the frequency domain. Fortunately, the frequency-domain filtering requires a symmetric 3-tap or 5-tap FIR filter for raised cosine windows. The proposed method needs to compute ( L+1) N/2-point FFTs instead of L N-point FFTs, where L is the number of overlapping segments. In the proposed novel merged FFT approach, the even samples are computed exactly, while the odd samples require a shift by a half-sample delay and are estimated using a bidirectional fractional-delay filter. The complexity reduction comes at the cost of slight performance loss due to the approximation used for the implementation of the fractional-delay filter. The performance loss is about 8% using fractional-delay filter with 2 multipliers. A novel architecture is presented based on the proposed algorithm. The proposed architecture not only consumes 33% less energy compared to the original method but also reduces the latency by about 44% for 8 overlapping segments. Further a low-complexity architecture is presented to compute a special case of the short-time Fourier transform based on the proposed PSD computation algorithm.
A molecular target for suppression of the evolution of antibiotic resistance: inhibition of the Escherichia coli RecA protein by N(6)-(1-naphthyl)-ADP.

We report that N6-(1-naphthyl)-ADP (1) inhibits the Escherichia coli RecA protein in vitro. A novel rapid screen identified 1 as a potent inhibitor of RecA nucleoprotein filament formation, and further characterization established 1 as an ATP-competitive inhibitor of RecA-catalyzed ATP hydrolysis. 1 and other inhibitors of RecA activities represent a new approach for understanding the molecular targets and pathways involved in the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
Over twenty years of eigenfaces

The inaugural ACM Multimedia Conference coincided with a surge of interest in computer vision technologies for detecting and recognizing people and their activities in images and video. Face recognition was the first of these topics to broadly engage the vision and multimedia research communities. The Eigenfaces approach was, deservedly or not, the method that captured much of the initial attention, and it continues to be taught and used as a benchmark over 20 years later. This article is a brief personal view of the genesis of Eigenfaces for face recognition and its relevance to the multimedia community.
Ultrastructure of the Juxtaganglionar Organ, a Putative Endocrine Gland Associated with the Cerebral Ganglia of Aplysia juliana

Summary Electron microscopy was used to examine the morphology of a putative endocrine gland, the juxtaganglionar organ (JO), and its relation to the cerebral ganglia of the hermaphroditic opisthobranch gastropod Aplysia juliana. The JO is a well-vascularized, poorly innervated tissue of glandular cells—rich in mitochondria, lipids, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum, with sparse cilia and membrane-limited secretory granules—within the connective tissue sheath just exterior to the neuronal soma in the dorsal and posterior portions of the cerebral ganglia. The cytology and organization of the JO supports its homology to the dorsal bodies of pulmonate gastropods, which axe endocrine organs known to release one or more female gonadotropic factors.
Intramuscular Selenium Administration in Selenium‐Deficient Cattle

Nine recently weaned Hereford heifers were randomly assigned to a control group (n = 3) or a treatment group (n = 6). The animals were selenium (Se) deficient (mean +/- SD blood Se concentration = 0.024 +/- 0.012 microgram/mL). They were maintained on a selenium-deficient diet, and on day 0 of the study the treatment group was given 0.05 mg Se/kg body weight intramuscularly, while the control group received a placebo. The Se concentration of blood, serum, and urine as well as the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of blood and serum was measured over an 84-day period. Peak blood Se and serum Se concentrations (mean +/- SD) in the treatment group occurred at 5 hours postinjection and were 0.131 +/- 0.028 microgram/mL and 0.154 +/- 0.027 microgram/mL, respectively. The mean blood Se concentration of the treatment group was greater (P < .05) than that of the control group for the first 28 days after injection. The mean serum Se concentration of the treatment group was greater (P < .05) than that of the control group for all times after injection, except for day 56. The mean (+/- SD) blood GSH-Px activity of the treatment group (12.0 +/- 2.3 mU/min/mg hemoglobin) was increased (P < .05) over the control group (2.0 +/- 1.4 mU/min/mg hemoglobin) by day 28 and continued to be greater (P < .05) throughout the 84 day postinjection period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Perturbation of HP1 localization and chromatin binding ability causes defects in sister-chromatid cohesion.

Abstract Sister-chromatid cohesion, the machinery used in eukaryote organisms to prevent aneuploidy, tethers sister chromatids together after their replication in S phase until mitosis. Previous studies in fission yeast, Drosophila and mammals have demonstrated the requirement for the heterochromatin formation pathway for proper centromeric cohesion. However, the exact role of heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) in sister-chromatid cohesion in mammals is still unknown. In this study, we disrupted endogenous HP1 expression in HeLa cells using a dominant-negative mutant of HP1β and wild-type or mutant forms of HP1α. We then examined their effects on chromosome alignment, segregation and cohesion. Enforced expression of these constructs leads to frequent chromosome misalignment and missegregation. Mitotic chromosomes from these cells also exhibit a loosened primary constriction and separated sister chromatids. We further demonstrate that alignment of the cohesin proteins around kinetochores was also aberrant and that cohesin complexes bound less tightly in these cells. Unexpectedly, we observed a “wavy” chromosome morphology resembling that seen upon depletion of condensin proteins in cells with over-expression of HP1α, but not in cells expressing the HP1β mutant. These results indicate that proper HP1 status is required for sister-chromatid cohesion in mammalian cells, and suggest that HP1α might be required for chromosome condensation.
A Theory of Negligence

NEGLIGENCE-the failure to exercise the care of an ordinarily prudent and careful man-has been the dominant standard of civil liability for accidents for the last 150 years or so, in this as in most countries of the world; and accident cases, mainly negligence cases, constitute the largest item of business on the civil side of the nation's trial courts. Yet we lack a theory to explain the social function of the negligence concept and of the fault system of accident liability that is built upon it. This article attempts to formulate and test such a theory, primarily through a sample of 1528 American appellate court decisions from the period 1875-1905.
Factorizations, M-separation, and extremal-epireflective subcategories

Abstract Every factorization structure on certain concrete categories induces an extremal-epireflective subcategory. We study these subcategories, give conditions under which an extremal-epireflective subcategory can be so induced, and then show that there are extremal-epireflective subcategories that cannot be induced in this manner.
Current status of laboratory tests for detection of antibody to DNA

Summary The autoantibodies to DNA are found in a wide variety of rheumatic diseases as well as in nonrheumatic diseases. The autoantibodies to DNA are heterogeneous, and the immunochemical reactivity and nature of the antibodies are important in the diagnosis and monitoring of the course of SLE and other related disorders. An important clinical consideration is the presence and level of autoantibodies reactive with ds-DNA, which include the antibodies that react in immunologic identity with ds-DNA and ss-DNA. In SLE patients, the cross-reactive double and single stranded DNA antibodies react with the secondary helical regions in denatured ss-DNA rather than the denatured regions in native ds-DNA. The uses and technical problems of the laboratory tests for DNA antibodies have been discussed. In order to achieve reproducible and standardized tests, it is necessary to consider a ds-DNA antigen free of protein with constant molecular weight that is stable without significant ss-regions and the use of a standard reference panel of well-defined, clinically significant, positive and normal sera. A reasonable procedure is to use a tissue immunofluorescent test such as the C. luciliae as a screening test for ds-DNA antibodies. The ds-DNA antibodies are best quantitated with a radioimmunoassay procedure.
Radiation Effects on Multiplier Phototubes

A multiplier phototube is an extremely sensitive device used to measure ultraviolet, visible and near infrared radiant energy. Physically, multiplier phototubes are high vacuum tubes which are comprised of a photo-cathode; an electron lens, which directs the photo-electrons onto the first dynode; a series of dynodes or amplifying stages; and an anode or collector. The use of multiplier phototubes in photometric and nuclear detectors for satellite systems has increased dramatically within the last few years. Because many of these systems are subjected to either natural or artificially created radiation, such as encountered in the Van Allen belts, or the South Atlantic anomaly, or galactic or solar cosmic radiation, a study of the behavior of these tubes under such conditions has become necessary. This paper summarizes the work of EMR and that of many other investigators, and discusses degradation of optical windows used; effects on photocathodes and dynodes; effects on noise, dark current and resolution. A list of conclusions is given.
Antihypertensive Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease: Impact of Effective Therapy on Disease Progression

Hypertension is the most ubiquitous risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of death in the United States. Results from clinical trials have established the benefit of antihypertensive therapy in preventing the morbidity and mortality associated with high blood pressure, including stroke, coronary heart disease, and heart failure. Treatment is effective in the elderly, a significant consideration because the percentage of the elderly population is growing rapidly. This article reviews the impact of antihypertensive treatment on cardiovascular disease and treatment endpoints.
Cerebral revascularization with an artificial graft: Long-term follow-up and discussion of the role of graft pretreatment with modified host endothelial cells

Abstract Controversy remains regarding the effectiveness of EC/ IC bypass for the prevention of stroke and the authors believe that some studies suggest that a subcategory of patients disabled by transient flow-related symptoms may benefit from surgery. The authors present a 7 1 2 year follow-up analysis of a patient who had undergone an EC/IC bypass from the proximal extracranial carotid to the middle cerebral artery using a 4 mm Gore-Tex prosthesis. Following his death from pulmonary sepsis, the graft was retrieved. Pathological and electron microscopic findings are reviewed
Horn functions and their DNFs

Abstract In this paper we introduce the concept of Horn functions and investigate the structure of their disjunctive normal forms. Horn functions arise in a variety of applications, including in particular the analysis of production rule knowledge bases of propositional expert systems. The goal of this paper is to reduce the study of the irredundant prime disjunctive normal forms of Horn functions to the study of the irredundant prime disjunctive normal forms of pure Horn functions. This reduction is achieved by proving that every prime irredundant disjunctive normal form of a Horn function consists of a prime irredundant disjunctive normal form of its “pure Horn component”, and of a “positive restriction” of the function. We provide a constructive characterization of all the positive restrictions, and present an efficient algorithm for decomposing any Horn function into its pure Horn component and its positive restriction. Finally, we reduce in quadratic time the minimization of a Horn function to the minimization of its pure Horn component.
Reactions of Laser-Ablated Copper Atoms with Dioxygen. Infrared Spectra of the Copper Oxides CuO, OCuO, CuOCuO, and OCuOCuO and Superoxide CuOO in Solid Argon

Laser-ablated copper atoms react directly with O2 to make CuO (627.7 cm-1), and linear OCuO (823.0 cm-1) which are identified by copper and oxygen isotopic shifts, comparison to earlier work, and DFT frequency calculations. The highest frequency Cu−O vibration (995.3 cm-1) exhibits a resolved copper isotopic triplet appropriate for the vibration of two equivalent copper atoms and oxygen isotopic components consistent with DFT-calculated frequencies for the nearly linear OCuOCuO molecule. Absorptions at 970.0 and 955.1 cm-1 are assigned to CuOCuO isomers. The simple addition product CuOO is characterized by O−O and Cu−O stretching frequencies at 1089.6 and 550.4 cm-1, isotopic shifts, and DFT calculations. The CuOO molecule forms higher complexes (O2)xCuOO readily on annealing the matrix sample.
Construction Craft Workers’ Perceptions of the Factors Affecting Their Productivity

In efforts to quantify craft workers’ perspective of construction productivity, a nationwide survey involving 1,996 craft workers was employed. The survey quantified the relative impact of 83 productivity factors, which had been identified through a series of focus group sessions involving craft workers conducted on construction jobsites located throughout the United States. The findings show that craft workers do have a good understanding of the factors affecting their daily productivity, and most of the adversarial factors affecting productivity can be addressed by site management teams. Factors involving tools and consumables, materials, engineering drawing management and construction equipment were identified as having the greatest impact on productivity from the craft workers’ perspective. A statistical comparative analysis was employed to distinguish the significant factors encountered by craft workers on projects with relatively low perceived productivity. The research further examined the differen...
Theoretical Analysis of Piston-Ring Lubrication Part II—Starved Lubrication and Its Application to a Complete Ring Pack

Most studies of piston-ring lubrication assume fully flooded lubrication in the cylinder-bore and piston-ring conjunction. However, the lubricant supply is not always adequate for fully flooded lubrication. This study incorporates the effects of lubricant starvation into the one-dimensional piston-ring analysis developed earlier and applies it to a complete ring pack. A system of three nonlinear equations is derived to solve the starved lubrication problem. A postulate for lubricant transport in a complete ring pack is also proposed. A computer code is developed to apply the starved lubrication model to a complete ring pack. The findings reveal that lubricant starvation has an important effect on the minimum film thickness of a ring pack, especially at mid-stroke for compression rings. The role of oil-control rings and the evaluation of ring performance as a complete ring pack are also discussed.
Dietary and physiological factors that affect the absorption and bioavailability of iron

Iron deficiency, a global health problem, impairs reproductive performance, cognitive development, and work capacity. One proposed strategy to address this problem is the improvement of dietary iron bioavailability. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of iron absorption is growing rapidly, with identification of mucosal iron transport and regulatory proteins. Both body iron status and dietary characteristics substantially influence iron absorption, with minimal interaction between these two factors. Iron availability can be regarded mainly as a characteristic of the diet, but comparisons between human studies of iron availability for absorption require normalization for the iron status of the subjects. The dietary characteristics that enhance or inhibit iron absorption from foods have been sensitively and quantitatively determined in human studies employing iron isotopes. People with low iron status can substantially increase their iron absorption from diets with moderate to high availability. But while iron supplementation and fortification trials can effectively increase blood indices of iron status, improvements in dietary availability alone have had minimal influence on such indices within several weeks or months. Plentiful, varied diets are the ultimate resolution to iron deficiency. Without these, more modest food-based approaches to human iron deficiency likely will need to be augmented by dietary iron fortification.
Fear of Falling Does Not Alter the Kinematics of Recovery From an Induced Trip: A Preliminary Study

Abstract Marone JR, Rosenblatt NJ, Troy KL, Grabiner MD. Fear of falling does not alter the kinematics of recovery from an induced trip: a preliminary study. Objective To provide preliminary information about the relationships between self-reported fear of falling (FOF) in healthy community-dwelling women, number of falls, and recovery kinematics in response to a laboratory-induced trip. Design Cohort study. Setting Clinical research laboratory. Participants A subset of community-dwelling older women (N=33) recruited from studies of laboratory-induced trips and fall prevention. Intervention A laboratory-induced trip. Main Outcome Measures Number of fallers in the FOF group versus the control group. Recovery kinematics of FOF group falls versus control group falls, and FOF group recoveries versus control group recoveries were compared. Degree of FOF was assessed by using the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale. Results Falls occurred in 6 of 14 (43%) FOF and 4 of 16 (25%) control subjects ( P =.26). The kinematics of FOF group falls were similar to those of control group falls. At completion of the initial recovery step, the FOF group showed significantly greater trunk extension velocity than controls (−82.1°/s±−66.1°/s vs −25.0°/s±−53.0°/s, respectively; P =.05). All other variables were not significantly different. ABC Scale scores of FOF subjects did not differ significantly between fallers and those who recovered (mean, 75.2±5.6, 71.1±11.8, respectively; P =.84). Conclusion Healthy community-dwelling older adults would benefit from fall prevention regardless of the presence of self-reported FOF.
Randomization and derandomization in space-bounded computation

This is a survey of spacebounded probabilistic computation, summarizing the present state of knowledge about the relationships between the various complexity classes associated with such computation. The survey especially emphasizes recent progress in the construction of pseudorandom generators that fool probabilistic space-bounded computations, and the application of such generators to obtain deterministic simulations.
An experimental and indo molecular orbital study of variable response of the p-phenyl substituent to electron demand. Relative conformations of two p-arylacetophenones as neutral molecules and +1 molecular ions

The INDO molecular orbital method suggests that the rings of p-phenylacetophenone and 2-fluoro-4′-acetylbiphenyl are more nearly coplanar in the +1 molecular ion than in the neutral molecule. This is indicated by old experimental data for the former and new data for the latter, based on the cleavage to [CH3CO]+.
In the human fetus, vascular endothelial growth factor is expressed in epithelial cells and myocytes, but not vascular endothelium: implications for mode of action.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is potentially an important regulator of angiogenesis, particularly during the extensive tissue growth and remodeling that occur in utero. In the present study, we have investigated the role of VEGF during human fetal development by analyzing the distribution of VEGF messenger RNA as well as the tissue- and cell-specific localization of VEGF peptide in the human midgestation (16-22 weeks) fetus. As a comparison, we conducted parallel studies on several human adult tissues. Messenger RNA encoding VEGF was detected in all fetal tissues studied and was most abundant in human fetal lung, kidney, and spleen; moderately abundant in heart, adrenal, pancreas, intestine, liver, testis, skin, muscle, and brain; and minimally detected in thymus and placenta. VEGF peptide, detected by immunohistochemistry, always was intracytoplasmic and localized principally in epithelial cells and myocytes, including the smooth muscle cells lining blood vessels. VEGF was not detected in vas...
A Measurement of the Yield of Carbon Monoxide from the Reaction of Methyl Radicals and Oxygen Atoms

We have determined the branching fraction for the production of CO from the reaction of methyl radicals and O(3P) atoms at room temperature to be 0.18 ± 0.04 at T = 296 K. The measurement was made by determining the concentration of CO using tunable infrared diode laser absorption. Methyl radicals and O atoms were prepared by 193-nm excimer laser photolysis of acetone and SO2. CO produced directly from acetone photolysis was distinguished from that generated by the radical−radical reaction by using acetone labeled with 13C only on the methyl groups. The result is in excellent agreement with another determination of the CO branching fraction made using time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
Personal and societal intervention strategies for successful ageing

The article explores contemporary and future options for better personal and societal ageing. The phenomena of significantly more present and projected elders, especially the upcoming diverse American baby boomers, have generated peaked interest in ageing-related issues from academic, practicing professional, business, governmental, and adult constituencies. Although much of ageing-related theory, research, and practice remains discipline-specific, an integration of physical, psychological, and social ageing domains is suggested as a paradigm for personal and societal intervention. The integrative physical, psychological, and social successful ageing paradigm is used to illustrate advantages for the conceptual perspectives of multidimensional, multidirectional adult lifestyles, applied and interdisciplinary research agendas, and intervention strategies for productive ageing. Findings from a number of research programs emphasizing the integrative successful ageing approach are shared. Personal and societal priorities for productive ageing are reviewed. Successful ageing intervention strategies are presented in the context of personal decisions and lifestyles related to societal opportunities and restrictions. Preventive, rather than remedial intervention, is emphasized.
Empirical approaches to information processing: Speed-accuracy tradeoff functions or reaction time

Abstract Recently Wickelgren has advocated the abandonment of reaction time research and its replacement with speed-accuracy methodology. This paper takes issue with the speed-accuracy approach and argues that the proposed methodology has little advantage over reaction time studies. Furthermore it is argued that speed-accuracy studies may have severe flaws of their own.
Accountability Policy, School Organization, and Classroom Practice: Partial Recoupling and Educational Opportunity

In this article, the author examines the links between high stakes testing policies, school organization processes, and instructional practice using data from a study of K-5 and K-8 schools in Chic...
Monte Carlo Simulation—Tool for Better Understanding of LRFD

The current procedures for reliability assessment based on limit states design method—load and resistance factor design (LRFD)—do not fully utilize the possibilities offered by advancing computer technology. A procedure is proposed based on the use of the Monte Carlo simulation, allowing to compute the frequency distributions for resulting reliability of structural components expressed, e.g. by ln(\IR\N/\IQ\N), where \IR\N represents the resistance variables, and \IQ,\N the load-effects variables. The procedure introduced through selected examples may be considered as a tool for better understanding of interaction, effects, and relationships of individual variables involved in the reliability assessment process defined by specifications (e.g. LRFD and Eurocode). Computer program M-Star for IBM PCs allows very fast calculation of algebraic, logarithmic, exponential, and trigonometric functions (containing up to 26 variables expressed by histograms) representing the reliability. In the discussed examples, the reliability is expressed by probability of exceedance (of failure), while nonnegligible dependence of the index of reliability on the actual shape of frequency distributions of individual variables is demonstrated.
The efficient generation of tunable near UV radiation using a N2 pumped dye laser

Abstract Power tuning curves are presented for a variety of dyes which lase, under nitrogen laser excitation, within the wavelength range 3600–4500 A. These curves may be used to determine the best choice of dye to generate radiation at any given wavelength within this interval.
Reciprocal actions of ATF5 and Shh in proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron progenitor cells

Precise regulation of neuroprogenitor cell proliferation and differentiation is required for successful brain development, but the factors that contribute to this are only incompletely understood. The transcription factor ATF5 promotes proliferation of cerebral cortical neuroprogenitor cells and its down regulation permits their differentiation. Here, we examine the expression and regulation of ATF5 in cerebellar granule neuron progenitor cells (CGNPs) as well as the role of ATF5 in the transition of CGNPs to postmitotic cerebellar granule neurons (GCNs). We find that ATF5 is expressed by proliferating CGNPs in both the embryonic and postnatal cerebellar external granule layer (EGL) and in the rhombic lip, the embryonic structure from which the EGL arises. In contrast, ATF5 is undetectable in postmitotic GCNs. In highly enriched dissociated cultures of CGNPs and CGNs, ATF5 is expressed only in CGNPs. Constitutive ATF5 expression in CGNPs does not affect their proliferation or exit from the cell cycle. In contrast, in presence of sonic hedgehog (Shh), a mitogen for CGNPs, constitutively expressed ATF5 promotes CGNP proliferation and delays their cell cycle exit and differentiation. Conversely, ATF5 loss-of-function conferred by a dominant-negative form of ATF5 significantly diminishes Shh-stimulated CGNP proliferation and promotes differentiation. In parallel with its stimulation of CGNP proliferation, Shh enhances ATF5 expression by what appeared to be a posttranscriptional mechanism involving protein stabilization. These findings indicate a reciprocal interaction between ATF5 and Shh in which Shh stimulates ATF5 expression and in which ATF5 contributes to Shh-stimulated CGNP expansion.
Controversies in the Treatment of Burkitt Lymphoma in AIDS

Purpose of review The success of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has transformed HIV infection into a survivable chronic disease in developed countries. Increasingly then, the risks of HIV associated cancers become paramount. Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is one of the cancer subtypes highly disproportionately affecting HIV infected patients.
Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis: champion colonizer of the infant gut

Oligosaccharides are abundant in human milk. Production of these highly diverse structures requires significant energy expenditure by the mother and yet these human milk oligosaccharides offer no direct nutritive value to her infant. A primary function of human milk oligosaccharides is to shape the infant’s intestinal microbiota with life-long consequences. Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis (B. infantis) is unique among gut bacteria in its prodigious capacity to digest and consume any human milk oligosaccharide structure, the result of a large repertoire of bacterial genes encoding an array of glycosidases and oligosaccharide transporters not found in other bacterial species. In vitro, B. infantis grows better than other bacterial strains in the presence of human milk oligosaccharides, displays anti-inflammatory activity in premature intestinal cells, and decreases intestinal permeability. In premature infants, B. infantis given in combination with human milk increases B. infantis and decreases Enterobacteriaceae in the feces. Probiotics containing B. infantis decrease the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants. Colonization with B. infantis is also associated with increased vaccine responses. Probiotic organisms have historically been selected based on ease of production and stability. The advantages of B. infantis, selected through coevolution with human milk glycans, present an opportunity for focused manipulation of the infant intestinal microbiota.
A computational and experimental approach to validating annotations and gene predictions in the Drosophila melanogaster genome

Five years after the completion of the sequence of the Drosophila melanogaster genome, the number of protein-coding genes it contains remains a matter of debate; the number of computational gene predictions greatly exceeds the number of validated gene annotations. We have assembled a collection of >10,000 gene predictions that do not overlap existing gene annotations and have developed a process for their validation that allows us to efficiently prioritize and experimentally validate predictions from various sources by sequencing RT-PCR products to confirm gene structures. Our data provide experimental evidence for 122 protein-coding genes. Our analyses suggest that the entire collection of predictions contains only ≈700 additional protein-coding genes. Although we cannot rule out the discovery of genes with unusual features that make them refractory to existing methods, our results suggest that the D. melanogaster genome contains ≈14,000 protein-coding genes.
Gyroless line-of-sight stabilization for pointing and tracking systems

A new platform stabilization approach is described where miniature, low-cost, linear accelerometers are used (instead of gyroscopes) for line-of-sight (LOS) stabilization. This is accomplished by placing the accelerometers at strategic locations and combining their outputs so that angular motion is determined from linear acceleration measurements. The control system uses the sensed angular accelerations to generate movement commands for the gimbal servomotors in the stabilization platform. This counterrotates the imaging device to stabilize its LOS. The use of accelerometers allows the servo system to operate in an acceleration control mode, which is more desirable than position or velocity control modes, typical of gyro-based systems, since this increases stabilization bandwidth. Substituting gyros with accelerometers provides the additional benefits of lower sensor cost, weight, and power consumption, better temperature characteristics, more robustness, and higher shock resistance.
Stillbirth and fetal growth restriction.

The association between stillbirth and fetal growth restriction is strong and supported by a large body of evidence and clinically employed for the stillbirth prediction. However, although assessment of fetal growth is a basis of clinical practice, it is not trivial. Essentially, fetal growth is a r
Developmental patterns in the encoding and combination of logical connectives

Abstract A total of 224 subjects in grades 2, 4, 6, 8, high school, and college solved problems requiring comprehension of the logical connectives and, or, if-then, only if , and if and only if , as well as the terms is and is not . Half the subjects were required merely to encode the connectives; the other half were required to combine as well as encode them. Problems were presented in two replications (over two sessions) via two different content vehicles. Quantitative analyses revealed significant effects of task, age, session, and connective, with comprehension of different connectives developing at different rates. In general, comprehension of the conjunctive connective was easiest; comprehension of the conditional and biconditional connectives was most difficult. Qualitative analyses indicated just how the logical connectives were interpreted at each grade level, and also investigated individual differences within each grade level.