cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substation information project-field experience with Internet technologies

The UK National Grid has embarked on the installation of Intranet servers into their substations; these servers are connected to the National Grid internal network and allow engineers to log into the substation information system. The servers regularly poll the protection and control IEDs to collect and store data such as switchgear positions, transformer tap positions, voltage, current, MW and MVArs. Access to the server also allows engineers to examine the substation event log and download fault records from the fault recorders that are installed on all National Grid feeder circuits. This paper discusses the experience that National Grid has gained from these installations. It highlights the benefits that have been identified by the use of Internet technologies and the issues involved in a system wide implementation. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of future enhancements that will be made.
Lexical and Conceptual Representations in More- and Less-Skilled Bilinguals: The Role of Cognates.

Abstract: Models of bilingual memory allow language teachers and psycholinguists to propose and visualize mental relationships within and between languages. Following a review of the most common mental models, this article describes a study comparing the translation of cognates from French into English by more- and less-skilled bilinguals. Results of this preliminary study, wherein more-skilled bilinguals experienced significantly greater translation onset intervals than less-skilled bilinguals, suggest that a new model unique to the cognate must be considered. Pedagogical implications based on the study, and stemming from the proposed cognate model, are presented.
An Avidin-Biotin--Peroxidase Method for Fc Receptors on Macrophages Isolated from and in Sections of Rat Lung'

Receptors for the Fc region of immunoglobulin G (Fc receptors) were detected on pulmonary macrophages by adapting an avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique to isolated cells and sections of rat lung. After incubation with soluble rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG), surface bound IgG was identified consistently and reproducibly on glass-adherent pulmonary macrophages and on macrophages in tissue sections made from incubated lung slices. Control experiments indicated that binding was specifically mediated by surface Fc receptors. This method may be useful for identifying macrophages in intact tissues.
Three-dimensional conductive constructs for nerve regeneration†

The unique electrochemical properties of conductive polymers can be utilized to form stand-alone polymeric tubes and arrays of tubes that are suitable for guides to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. Noncomposite, polypyrrole (PPy) tubes ranging in inner diameter from 25 microm to 1.6 mm as well as multichannel tubes were fabricated by electrodeposition. While oxidation of the pyrrole monomer causes growth of the film, brief subsequent reduction allowed mechanical dissociation from the electrode mold, creating a stand-alone, conductive PPy tube. Conductive polymer nerve guides made in this manner were placed in transected rat sciatic nerves and shown to support nerve regeneration over an 8-week time period.
Environmental Chemistry at Vapor/Water Interfaces: Insights from Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy

The chemistry that occurs at surfaces has been an intense area of study for many years owing to its complexity and importance in describing a wide range of physical phenomena. The vapor/water interface is particularly interesting from an environmental chemistry perspective as this surface plays host to a wide range of chemistries that influence atmospheric and geochemical interactions. The application of vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG), an inherently surface-specific, even-order nonlinear optical spectroscopy, enables the direct interrogation of various vapor/aqueous interfaces to elucidate the behavior and reaction of chemical species within the surface regime. In this review we discuss the application of VSFG to the study of a variety of atmospherically important systems at the vapor/aqueous interface. Chemical systems presented include inorganic ionic solutions prevalent in aqueous marine aerosols, small molecular solutes, and long-chain fatty acids relevant to fat-coated aerosols. The ability of VSFG to probe both the organization and reactions that may occur for these systems is highlighted. A future perspective toward the application of VSFG to the study of environmental interfaces is also provided.
Predicting changes in temperate forest budburst using continental-scale observations and models

[1] A new framework for understanding the macro-scale variations in spring phenology is developed by using new data from the USA National Phenology Network. Changes in spring budburst for the United States are predicted by using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 outputs. Macro-scale budburst simulations for the coming century indicate that projected warming leads to earlier budburst by up to 17 days. The latitudinal gradient of budburst becomes less pronounced due to spatially varying sensitivity of budburst to climate change, even in the most conservative emissions scenarios. Currently existing interspecies differences in budburst date are predicted to become smaller, indicating the potential for secondary impacts at the ecosystem level. We expect that these climate-driven changes in phenology will have large effects on the carbon budget of U.S. forests and these controls should be included in dynamic global vegetation models.
Recent results in the organosulfur and organoselenium chemistry of genus Allium and Brassica plants. Relevance for cancer prevention.

Since the discovery by Weisberger and Pensky in 1957 of the anti-tumor activity of ethanesulfinothioic acid S-ethyl ester (1, EtS (O)SEt),1 there has been considerable interest in the cancer preventative properties of genus Allium and Brassica plants, known to generate compounds similar to 1 upon cutting or crushing. This interest has been further stimulated by epidemiological studies suggesting that frequent consumption of these plants is associated with a reduction in risk for certain human cancers,2–4 by research indicating that sulfur compounds from Allium spp. can reduce gastric juice nitrite concentrations,5 that garlic enriched with selenium shows enhanced cancer preventative properties compared to normal garlic,6–8 and that “allylic” constituents of garlic can both inhibit HMG-CoA reductase9 and can prevent activation of nitrosamines.10 Because the cancer preventative properties of genus Allium and Brassica plants are typically associated with sulfur- and selenium-containing phytochemicals in these plants, the nature of the latter compounds will first be reviewed. This will be followed by a summary of recent epidemiological studies associating garlic consumption with reduced risk of gastrointestinal cancer, and a discussion of the antibacterial, cytotoxic, anti-tumor, and antioxidant activity of garlic relevant to cancer prevention.
Reinventing Anthropology: Response to Kaplan and Donald

I appreciate the serious reviews of Reinventing Anthropology by Kaplan (AA 76:824-839, 1974) and Donald (AA 76:857-861, 1974). They are the first. I would like to clarify a few respects in which my own contribution has been misunderstood, or perhaps been insufficiently clear. Kaplan (p. 824) suggests that to begin by saying that anthropology, if reinvented now, would not be the same, is a cryptic way of saying that anthropology has become otiose. Later in the essay I state that the point of view is to revise, not to repudiate. The initial remark is a way of dramatizing the problem of departmental boundaries and of parochial interpretations of the notion of "general anthropology." Such problems are familiar in any discipline; I wrote amid what was to me traumatic experience. The book's major purpose is taken to be "to tell us what forms and directions this
Two-hop-relay architecture for next-generation WWAN/WLAN integration

Next-generation wireless systems (4G and beyond) are envisioned to provide ubiquitous high-speed access over heterogeneous radio technologies. The integration of cellular WWANs and WLANs has drawn considerable attention from the research and commercial communities (e.g., 3G+802.11). Emerging dualmode mobile terminals could provide flexibility and system performance enhancement by providing seamless roaming between WWANs and WLANs. In this article we propose a novel integrated WWAN/WLAN two-hop-relay architecture that both enhances the system capacity of existing WWAN systems and extends the system coverage of WLAN terminals. The proposed two-hop-relay architecture can be considered as a system-level macro diversity technique that utilizes temporal channel quality variation to achieve increased system capacity. Significant capacity gain is achieved with the proposed twohop-relay architecture in both a fixed-rate uplink CDMA system and a variable data rate downlink HDR-like system.
Preferential cis action of IS 10 transposase depends upon its mode of synthesis

Summary A number of bacterial DNA-binding proteins, including IS element transposases, act preferentially in cis. We show below that the degree of preferential cis action by IS 10 transposase depends upon its mode of synthesis at steps subsequent to transcription initiation. Cis preference is increased several fold by mutations that decrease translation initiation, by the presence of IS 10-specific antisense RNA and by plasmids that increase the level of cellular RNases. Conversely, cis preference is decreased by mutations that increase translation initiation; in some cases, cis preference is nearly abolished. Mutations that alter the rate of transcription initiation have no effect. In light of other observations, we suggest that cis preference is strongly dependent upon the rate at which transcripts are released from their templates and/or the half-life of the transposase message. These observations provide further evidence that inefficient translation plays multiple roles in the biology of IS 10.
The Social Side of Abstraction: Psychological Distance Enhances Conformity to Group Norms

Intuition suggests that a distanced or abstract thinker should be immune to social influence, and on its surface, the current literature could seem to support this view. The present research builds on recent theorizing to suggest a different possibility. Drawing on the notion that psychological distance regulates the extent to which evaluations incorporate context-specific or context-independent information, we suggest that psychological distance should actually increase susceptibility to sources of social influence that tend to be consistently encountered across contexts, such as group norms. Consistent with this hypothesis, two studies showed that psychological distance and abstraction increased conformity to group opinion and that this effect persisted in a novel voting-booth paradigm in which participants believed their voting behavior was both anonymous and consequential. We discuss implications of these findings for understanding the social side of abstraction as well as the conditions under which d...
Brugia malayi Gene Expression in Response to the Targeting of the Wolbachia Endosymbiont by Tetracycline Treatment

Background: Brugia malayi, like most human filarial parasite species, harbors an endosymbiotic bacterium of the genus Wolbachia. Elimination of the endosymbiont leads to sterilization of the adult female. Previous biochemical and genetic studies have established that communication with its endobacterium is essential for survival of the worm. Methodology/Principal findings: We used electron microscopy to examine the effects of antibiotic treatment on Wolbachia cell structure. We have also used microarray and quantitative RT-PCR analyses to examine the regulation of the B. malayi transcripts altered in response to the anti-Wolbachia treatment. Microscopy of worms taken from animals treated with tetracycline for 14 and 21 days (14 d and 21 d) demonstrated substantial morphologic effects on the Wolbachia endobacterium by 14 d and complete degeneration of the endobacterial structures by 21 d. We observed upregulation of transcripts primarily encoding proteins involved in amino acid synthesis and protein translation, and downregulation of transcripts involved in cuticle biosynthesis after both 7 d and 14 d of treatment. In worms exposed to tetracycline in culture, substantial effects on endobacteria morphology were evident by day 3, and extensive death of the endobacteria was observed by day 5. In a detailed examination of the expression kinetics of selected signaling genes carried out on such cultured worms, a bimodal pattern of regulation was observed. The selected genes were upregulated during the early phase of antibiotic treatment and quickly downregulated in the following days. These same genes were upregulated once more at 6 days post-treatment. Conclusions/Significance: Upregulation of protein translation and amino acid synthesis may indicate a generalized stress response induced in B. malayi due to a shortage of essential nutrients/factors that are otherwise supplied by Wolbachia. Downregulation of transcripts involved in cuticle biosynthesis perhaps reflects a disruption in the normal embryogenic program. This is confirmed by the expression pattern of transcripts that may be representative of the worms’ response to Wolbachia in different tissues; the early peak potentially reflects the effect of bacteria death on the embryogenic program while the second peak may be a manifestation of the adult worm response to the affected bacteria within the hypodermis. Citation: Ghedin E, Hailemariam T, DePasse JV, Zhang X, Oksov Y, et al. (2009) Brugia malayi Gene Expression in Response to the Targeting of the Wolbachia
On the yield of compiler-based eSRAMs

This work presents an extensive evaluation of the manufacturing yield of embedded SRAMs (eSRAM) which are designed using a memory compiler. The yield is evaluated by considering the different design constructs (generally referred to as kernels) that are used in defining the memory architecture through a compiler. Architectural considerations such as array size and line (word and bit) organization are analyzed. Compiler-based features of different kernels (such as required for decoding) are also treated in detail. An extensive evaluation of the provided redundancy (row, column and combined) is pursued to characterize its impact on the memory yield. Industrial data is used in the evaluation and an industrial ASIC chip (made of multiple eSRAMs) is also considered as a design case.
PSYCHOSOCIAL PREDICTORS OF PRENATAL ANXIETY

Abstract A growing body of research indicates that maternal stress in general, and anxiety in particular, during pregnancy are significant risk factors for adverse birth outcomes. Researchers know very little empirically about the specific psychological and social factors that contribute to perceptions of stress and anxiety for women during pregnancy. To address this critical gap in the literature, this study investigates a variety of factors that may contribute to prenatal anxiety, including mastery, attitudes toward the pregnancy, social support, life events, and demographic factors. Structured interviews were conducted at three intervals in pregnancy (18–20 weeks, 28–30 weeks, and 35–36 weeks) in a sample of 453 European American, African American, and Latina pregnant women. Results from cross–sectional analyses indicated that prenatal anxiety was higher among women who were low in mastery, who had less positive attitudes toward their pregnancy, and who experienced a larger number of life events during...
Optimizing seeding and culture methods to engineer smooth muscle tissue on biodegradable polymer matrices.

The engineering of functional smooth muscle (SM) tissue is critical if one hopes to successfully replace the large number of tissues containing an SM compo- nent with engineered equivalents. This study reports on the effects of SM cell (SMC) seeding and culture condi- tions on the cellularity and composition of SM tissues engineered using biodegradable matrices (5 ◊ 5 mm, 2- mm thick) of polyglycolic acid (PGA) fibers. Cells were seeded by injecting a cell suspension into polymer ma- trices in tissue culture dishes (static seeding), by stirring polymer matrices and a cell suspension in spinner flasks (stirred seeding), or by agitating polymer matrices and a cell suspension in tubes with an orbital shaker (agitated seeding). The density of SMCs adherent to these matri- ces was a function of cell concentration in the seeding solution, but under all conditions a larger number (ap- proximately 1 order of magnitude) and more uniform distribution of SMCs adherent to the matrices were ob- tained with dynamic versus static seeding methods. The dynamic seeding methods, as compared to the static method, also ultimately resulted in new tissues that had a higher cellularity, more uniform cell distribution, and greater elastin deposition. The effects of culture condi- tions were next studied by culturing cell-polymer con- structs in a stirred bioreactor versus static culture condi- tions. The stirred culture of SMC-seeded polymer matri- ces resulted in tissues with a cell density of 6.4 ± 0.8 ◊ 10 8 cells/cm 3 after 5 weeks, compared to 2.0 ± 1.1 ◊ 10 8 cells/ cm 3 with static culture. The elastin and collagen synthe- sis rates and deposition within the engineered tissues were also increased by culture in the bioreactors. The elastin content after 5-week culture in the stirred biore- actor was 24 ± 3%, and both the elastin content and the cellularity of these tissues are comparable to those of native SM tissue. New tissues were also created in vivo when dynamically seeded polymer matrices were im- planted in rats for various times. In summary, the system defined by these studies shows promise for engineering a tissue comparable in many respects to native SM. This engineered tissue may find clinical applications and pro- vide a tool to study molecular mechanisms in vascular development. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bio- eng 57: 46-54, 1998.
Reduction of open-loop low frequency beam motion at the APS

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) 7-GeV positron storage ring at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) produces high brilliance bending magnet and insertion device X-rays for up to 70 X-ray beamlines. To efficiently make use of the storage ring's high brilliance, an extremely tight tolerance has been placed on positron beam stability, namely that the beam be stable to a level which is less than 5% of its rms size. This requirement amounts to /spl plusmn/4.4 microns rms in the vertical plane and /spl plusmn/17 microns horizontally, assuming 10% coupling. While real-time closed orbit feedback (discussed elsewhere in these proceedings) will be employed to exceed the required stability requirement, efforts are underway to identify and reduce sources of beam motion in the absence of feedback. These sources include ground- and water-system-induced vibrations in addition to power supply jitter and drift. Results to date of this effort will be presented.
Numerical Analysis of Attached Turbulent Boundary Layers Along Strongly Curved Surfaces

The problem of steady incompressible turbulent flow past two-dimensional or axisymmetric bodies with strong longitudinal and transverse curvature effects is solved numerically for the region where the streamlines stay approximately parallel to the wall. Although predictive computer simulation models for such flow systems exist, published simulation results fall short in matching measured local and integral properties of thick turbulent boundary layers. The main reason for the observed discrepancies lies in the use of inappropriate modeling equations. The computer simulation results based on a new set of higher-order boundary-layer equations with zero-equation turbulence model are in excellent agreement with experimental observations for two different afterbodies. A a b,c f h
Multicolor laser altimeter for barometric measurements over the ocean: experimental.

Measurement theory and results from testing a breadboard multiwavelength (355-, 532- and 1064-nm) laser altimeter over horizontal paths are presented. They show that pressure accuracies of 3 mbar can be achieved when ranging at nadir to cube corner targets when using a 500-psec resolution waveform digitizer and utilizing new calibration techniques. Streak camera-based receivers will be required for the same or higher accuracies when ranging to the ocean surface. System design calculations for aircraft and spaceborne experiments are presented.
Focused image search in the social web

Recently, social multimedia-sharing websites, which allow users to upload, annotate, and share online photo or video collections, have become increasingly popular. The user tags or annotations constitute the new multimedia "meta-data". We present an image search system that exploits both image textual and visual information. First, we use focused crawling and DOM Tree based web data extraction methods to extract image textual features from social networking image collections. Second, we propose the concept of visual words to handle the image's visual content for fast indexing and searching. We also develop several user friendly search options to allow users to query the index using words and image feature descriptions (visual words). The developed image search system tries to bridge the gap between the scalable industrial image search engines, which are based on keyword search, and the slower content based image retrieval systems developed mostly in the academic field and designed to search based on image content only. We have implemented a working prototype by crawling and indexing over 16,056 images from flickr.com, one of the most popular image sharing websites. Our experimental results on a working prototype confirm the efficiency and effectiveness of the methods, that we proposed.
Preliminary observations of cryocoagulation of the endometrium

The histologic changes of the endometrium in 6 patients following cryosurgery are described. The interval between cryocoagulation and hysterectomy varied from 30 minutes to 6 weeks. Coagulation necrosis which resulted from the procedure was limited to the endometrium with minimal reaction in the myometrium.
The Use of Purpose in Casework Practice

long-range goals with the client is accepted .. . . ,. , . . r , r i , , . r Purpose was chosen to be studied on the as an integral part of the helping process. r . . . . . „ . ? r, n j assumption that it is central to the case But how do workers actually use and com, r , , , , ,. , . , il■ work method, the latter conceptualized in municate purpose in the worker-client situa,. , , r . , . WT r ,r ,. , the literature as a planned, purposive mode tion? How is purpose perceived by workers , , 1 . . , . r r r, . . 7 . ^ of procedure, consciously directed toward and clients in a casework relationship? Do r.r , „ , . . , „ . , .. , ,, , . .r specific ends. From this it follows that all workers address themselves to intermer , ,, , . „ . , . ,. ,. ,. . . . purpose should enter into the relationship diate as well as long-range goals in case; 1 . , , . , 1 ,. i r r i_ between worker and client and, therefore, work? These represent but a few of the , . . . , r . , .... be subject to examination in the ongoing questions that must be answered to fill J o o in the missing links between high-level Pr°^ess. , . . 6 ,. . j i -c Two kinds of purpose were examined: theoretical generalizations and the specifics . ,. ,, r r , , . . . r . intermediate and long range. These were of the workers actions in the practice ^ „ °. . ° TM . . r treated as discrete entities. The mterme si uation. ,. ,, , n i _ ... . diate purpose was operationally defined as From an interest in trying to make more , ,r r . , F , , . ... . . 76 . the aims perceived by workers and clients explicit some of the actual content of caser . . £., , . , for their fifth and sixth interviews in sus work practice, the author conducted a study . , . t-, i i r . . j 7 tamed, continuous treatment. The long in which the foregoing questions served as e was defined as the ls a principal frame of reference for obtaining dients h d to achieve if th data from workers and clients involved in . , . . , ,S , . , u , . , , continued their relationship for whatever casework. Purpose was selected as the com. , r . , . ,, • . , r period of time this would require, ponent of theory to be examined. The T . „ ir i jn using the term workers purpose mmammtmtmm—mammi there was no intention to disregard the JUUANNA T. SCHMIDT, DSW, h Associate Professor, ^ ^ ^ ^ School of Social Work, University of Washington, ... , . ... „ .i „ ' ,. , . . . , . ,, still the primary consideration. Rather, Seattle, Washington. This paper is based on the U _ 7
Antibodies against Adenoviruses

Infection with adenovirus or exposure to adenovirus vectors induces antibodies that can interfere with gene therapy. Unfortunately, the most popular and widely studied adenovirus (human type 5) also has one of the highest prevalences of preexisting antibodies in humans. This chapter will review the surprisingly diverse mechanisms by which antibodies inhibit adenoviruses, the impact of antibodies on adenovirus vectors in vivo, and the many creative strategies that have been developed to try to mitigate the impact of antibodies on adenovirus vectors.
Modeling SMAP Spacecraft Attitude Control Estimation Error Using Signal Generation Model

Two ground simulation software are used to model the SMAP spacecraft dynamics. The CAST software uses a higher fidelity model than the ADAMS software. The ADAMS software models the spacecraft plant, controller and actuator models, and assumes a perfect sensor and estimator model. In this simulation study, the spacecraft dynamics results from the ADAMS software are used as CAST software is unavailable. The main source of spacecraft dynamics error in the higher fidelity CAST software is due to the estimation error. A signal generation model is developed to capture the effect of this estimation error in the overall spacecraft dynamics. Then, this signal generation model is included in the ADAMS software spacecraft dynamics estimate such that the results are similar to CAST. This signal generation model has similar characteristics mean, variance and power spectral density as the true CAST estimation error. In this way, ADAMS software can still be used while capturing the higher fidelity spacecraft dynamics modeling from CAST software.
Clinical value of amylase isoenzyme determinations.

Amylase isoenzyme determination, using cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis and a chromogenic starch substrate, was performed in 30 cases of hyperamylasemia in an attempt to evaluate its clinical usefulness. Six isoenzymes (three pancreatic and three salivary) can be rapidly differentiated with this method. All 15 patients with clinically diagnosed pancreatic disease had elevated pancreatic isoenzyme activities, as did six patients suspected of having pancreatic or peri-pancreatic disease. The isoenzyme pattern was not helpful in regard to etiology. In cases of clinically unexplained hyperamylasemia, elevations of a variety of isoenzyme activities were observed, notably the salivary components. The pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying these increases is unknown. Amylase isoenzyme determinations apparently add little information in cases of clinically suspected pancreatitis. Their major role is in the investigation of cases of clinically unexplained hyperamylasemia, in which the procedure will more accurately define the tissue or organ of origin.
Range Compressed Holographic Aperture Ladar

Range and cross-range compressed 3D data is generated by simultaneously using Holographic Aperture Ladar for aperture synthesis and frequency diversity for range-compression. Laboratory results presented here clearly demonstrate resolution gain in azimuth and range.
Factor Analysis of Drawings: Application to College Student Models of the Greenhouse Effect.

Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify models underlying drawings of the greenhouse effect made by over 200 entering university freshmen. Initial content analysis allowed deconstruction of drawings into salient features, with grouping of these features via factor analysis. A resulting 4-factor solution explains 62% of the data variance, suggesting that 4 archetype models of the greenhouse effect dominate thinking within this population. Factor scores, indicating the extent to which each student's drawing aligned with representative models, were compared to performance on conceptual understanding and attitudes measures, demographics, and non-cognitive features of drawings. Student drawings were also compared to drawings made by scientists to ascertain the extent to which models reflect more sophisticated and accurate models. Results indicate that student and scientist drawings share some similarities, most notably the presence of some features of the most sophisticated non-scientific model held a...
Authenticated Range \& Closest Point Queries in Zero-Knowledge.

We present an efficient method for answering one-dimensional range and closest-point queries in a verifiable and privacy-preserving manner. We consider a model where a data owner outsources a dataset of key-value pairs to a server, who answers range and closest-point queries issued by a client and provides proofs of the answers. The client verifies the correctness of the answers while learning nothing about the dataset besides the answers to the current and previous queries. Our work yields for the first time a zero-knowledge privacy assurance to authenticated range and closest-point queries. Previous work leaked the size of the dataset and used an inefficient proof protocol. Our construction is based on hierarchical identity-based encryption. We prove its security and analyze its efficiency both theoretically and with experiments.
Dynamical Observation and Detailed Description of Catalysts under Strong Metal-Support Interaction.

Understanding the structures of catalysts under realistic conditions with atomic precision is crucial to design better materials for challenging transformations. Under reducing conditions, certain reducible supports migrate onto supported metallic particles and create strong metal–support states that drastically change the reactivity of the systems. The details of this process are still unclear and preclude its thorough exploitation. Here, we report an atomic description of a palladium/titania (Pd/TiO2) system by combining state-of-the-art in situ transmission electron microscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations with structurally defined materials, in which we visualize the formation of the overlayers at the atomic scale under atmospheric pressure and high temperature. We show that an amorphous reduced titania layer is formed at low temperatures, and that crystallization of the layer into either mono- or bilayer structures is dictated by the reaction environment and predicted by theory. Fu...
Ethanol-induced whey protein gels as carriers for lutein droplets

Abstract Lutein-in-safflower oil was dispersed in ethanol-water mixtures to form droplets of nano- and micron scale size. Such dispersions were stabilized by stirring them in a whey protein isolate (WPI) solution, which gelled immediately upon coming in contact with ethanol, entrapping the lutein droplets. Gels were dried in a vacuum oven before storage. The mean droplet size of ethanolic emulsions was in the range of 54.1–1300.2 nm in 30–80% (v/v) ethanol as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of lutein droplets entrapped in protein gels revealed that their initial droplet size was kept through the gelation and drying processes. Raman spectra of dried gels showed the characteristic peaks of lutein (1008, 1160 and 1529 cm −1 ) confirming the chemical stability of lutein through the process. X-ray diffraction data showed no evidence of lutein crystallization, suggesting that lutein remained dispersed within the oil droplets. The residual ethanol content of dried gels was found to be lower than the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) limit. The study indicated that lutein-in-safflower oil readily dispersed in ethanol-water mixtures, forming fine emulsions without the aid of surfactants. Whey protein gels intended for the entrapment of lutein-in-safflower oil droplets were formed by ethanol-induced gelation at room temperature. Ethanol-induced protein gelation is a promising technique for the stabilization of nanoscale to micron scale oil droplets containing heat sensitive compounds.
Orbitofrontal Cortex Value Signals Depend on Fixation Location during Free Viewing

In the natural world, monkeys and humans judge the economic value of numerous competing stimuli by moving their gaze from one object to another, in a rapid series of eye movements. This suggests that the primate brain processes value serially, and that value-coding neurons may be modulated by changes in gaze. To test this hypothesis, we presented monkeys with value-associated visual cues and took the unusual step of allowing unrestricted free viewing while we recorded neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). By leveraging natural gaze patterns, we found that a large proportion of OFC cells encode gaze location and, that in some cells, value coding is amplified when subjects fixate near the cue. These findings provide the first cellular-level mechanism for previously documented behavioral effects of gaze on valuation and suggest a major role for gaze in neural mechanisms of valuation and decision-making under ecologically realistic conditions.
Sepsis-Induced Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Leading to Torsades de Pointes

Background. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) is sudden and reversible myocardial dysfunction often attributable to physical or emotional triggers. Case Report. We describe a 51-year-old man presented to emergency department with sepsis from urinary tract infection (UTI). He was placed on cefepime for UTI and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction protocol given elevated troponins with chest pain. Subsequently, patient was pulseless with torsades de pointes (TdP) and then converted to sinus rhythm with cardioversion. An echocardiogram revealed low ejection fraction with hypokinesis of the apical wall. Over 48 hours, the patient was extubated and stable on 3 L/min nasal cannula. He underwent a cardiac catheterization to evaluate coronary artery disease (CAD) and was found to have mild nonobstructive CAD with no further findings. Conclusion. TCM is a rare disorder presenting with symptoms similar to acute coronary syndrome. Though traditionally elicited by physical and emotional triggers leading to transient left ventricular dysfunction, our case suggests that it may also be triggered by a urinary tract infection and lead to severe QT prolongation and a malignant ventricular arrhythmia in TdP.
Effects of Race and Sex on Measured GFR: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Background Kidney failure disproportionately affects older blacks versus whites. The reasons are unknown and may be related to lower measured glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and higher levels of albuminuria in community-based population samples. Study Design Cross-sectional analysis of a substudy of a prospective cohort. Setting & Participants Ancillary study following Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) visit 5. Predictor Age, sex, and race. Outcomes & Measurements Measured GFR using plasma clearance of iohexol and urine albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR). Results GFR was measured in 294 participants. Mean age was 71±9 (SD) years, 47% were black, 48% were women, mean GFR was 73±19mL/min/1.73m 2 , and median ACR was 10.0 (IQR, 5.8-20.9) mg/g. Measured GFR was on average 1.02 (95% CI, 0.79-1.24) mL/min/1.73m 2 lower per year older. Mean GFR indexed for body surface area was not different between blacks versus whites (mean difference, 2.94 [95% CI, −1.37 to 7.26] mL/min/1.73m 2 ), but was lower in women than men (mean difference, −9.34 [95% CI, −13.53 to −5.15] mL/min/1.73m 2 ); this difference persisted and remained significant after adjustment for demographics, clinical characteristics, and measures of body size. The difference between men and women, but not between blacks and whites, was substantially greater when GFR was not indexed for body surface area. ACR was higher in older versus younger participants (mean difference, 3.2% [95% CI, 1.5%-4.8%] per year), but geometric mean ratio of ACR did not differ between blacks versus whites (mean difference, 19.7%; 95% CI, −39.1% to 6.1%) or between men versus women (mean difference, −4.4%; 95% CI, −27.7% to 26.3%). Limitations This is a study of survivors. People who agreed to participate were younger than those who refused. Conclusions In this first community-based study that included blacks and whites, no differences in measured GFR between races were found, suggesting that other factors must account for the disproportionately higher burden of kidney failure in older blacks versus whites.
The Color Purple: Dating Solarized Amethyst Container Glass

From the late-19th century on, there was an increased production of colorless bottles for a wide variety of products. Producing colorless glass is not difficult if pure sand with a very low iron content is available. Iron in sand gives the glass a range of colors from light green to dark amber, depending on the amount of iron in the sand. To overcome this problem, some factories that used iron-bearing sands added manganese to their batch as a decolorizer. While this produces colorless glass, that glass will turn a light purple or amethyst color when it is exposed to sunlight. Dating of solarized glass by archaeologists has relied on information from a variety of sources, including books produced by bottle collectors. Some of this information is good and some of it, erroneous. The objective here is to provide a useful chronology of the development and use of manganese as a decolorizer and to dispel some of the myths that have crept into the literature.
The Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors' (CORD) Academy for Scholarship in Education in Emergency Medicine: A Five-Year Update.

The Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors’ (CORD) Academy for Scholarship in Education in Emergency Medicine was founded in 2010 to support emergency medicine educators, advance educational methods and scholarship in Emergency Medicine, and foster collaboration among members. As one of the first academies housed in a specialty organization, the CORD Academy concept has been successfully implemented, and has now grown to thirty members in the categories of Distinguished Educator, Academy Scholar, and Academy Member in four focus areas (Teaching and Evaluation; Enduring Educational Materials, Educational Leadership, and Education Research). In this update, the Academy leadership describes the revised academy structure, evolution of the application, and reports the activities of the three Academy pillars – membership/awards/recognition; faculty development and structured programs; and education research and scholarship – in the first five years of the Academy.
Selfless Persons: Goodness in an Impersonal World?

Mark Johnston takes reality to be wholly objective or impersonal, and aims to show that the inevitability of death does not obliterate goodness in such a naturalistic world. Crucial to his argument is the claim that there are no persisting selves. After critically discussing Johnston's arguments, I set out a view of persons that shares Johnston's view that there are no selves, but disagrees about the prospects of goodness in a wholly impersonal world. On my view, a wholly objective world is ontologically incomplete: Persons have irreducible first-person properties. My aim is to show that we can (and should) reject selves, but that we can (and should) retain persons and their essential first-person properties as ontologically significant.
Imaging Techniques in Desmoid Tumors

From an imaging perspective, desmoid tumors are best classified as extra-abdominal, abdominal wall, and intra-abdominal. MRI is the imaging modality of choice for extra-abdominal desmoids, demonstrating a lesion that can be well-defined, has infiltrative margins, or a combination of both. The lesions are low in T1 signal, while T2 signal is variable, depending upon the stage of evolution. During their early growth stage, desmoid tumors are highly cellular with relatively less collagen. As a result, they are predominantly high in T2 signal with small foci of low T2 signal, and demonstrate avid contrast enhancement. As they evolve over time, the tumors become less cellular and more densely collagenous, with a resultant decrease in T2 signal intensity and enhancement, and often with a concomitant decrease in size. Radiation and medical therapy can also result in these signal changes, suggesting treatment response even in the absence of decreases in size. Abdominal wall desmoid tumors can best be imaged with MRI or CT, while intra-abdominal desmoid tumors are best imaged with CT. CT demonstrates a mass which is nearly isodense to muscle on noncontrast images and which demonstrates mild-to-moderate enhancement with intravenous contrast. CT is superior to MRI in distinguishing intra-abdominal desmoids from adjacent bowel loops, although vascular involvement can be accurately assessed with either CT or MRI. MRI is sometimes desirable to CT for imaging of intra-abdominal desmoids, particularly in patients who cannot receive iodinated contrast material, either because of allergies or impaired renal function, or in patients in whom radiation exposure is a major concern. In patients with severe renal dysfunction, intravenous contrast should not be used with MRI either because of the risk of developing nephrogenic systemic sclerosis.
Modeling intentions to sanction among anglers in a catch-and-release recreational fishery for golden dorado (Salminus brasiliensis) in Salta, Argentina

Catch-and-release (C&R) angling is a powerful tool for reducing impacts on recreationally targeted fishes. Although C&R can be mandated in fisheries through regulation, voluntary adoption and infor...
When is a guideline not a guideline? The devil is in the details

Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are intended to enhance the practice of evidence-based medicine by streamlining healthcare delivery and improving the process and outcomes of patient care. Because guidelines are believed to represent the best evidence and best judgements, they are adopted as standards of care by payers and have a powerful influence on medical practice. However, because guideline development, like all areas of medicine, is vulnerable to biased judgements,1–3 commercial sponsorship of guidelines and conflicts of interest (COI) of panel members remains an important public health issue. There also are increasing concerns that common medical practices, often codified in CPGs, are not evidence based and may be drivers of overtreatment, raising questions about the quality and trustworthiness of guidelines.4–9 Certainly, some progress has been made in the last few years in terms of increased transparency, enhanced guideline development methods and requirements, and improved dissemination standards. For example, in 2011, the Institute of Medicine (IOM, now the National Academy of Medicine) published standards for enhancing the integrity of the guideline development process. The U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) recently required stricter standards (eg, a systematic literature search of the evidence base must be conducted) for CPGs to be included on the National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC).10 The stricter inclusion criteria provided another signal that more safeguards are needed to ensure the trustworthiness of guidelines. Similarly, the Guideline International Network (G-I-N) developed a minimal criteria set for high-quality guidelines.11Last year a new BMJ collaboration, ‘Rapid Recommendations’, was initiated.12 Using The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, this multidisciplinary team evaluates emerging evidence and conducts systematic reviews in order to produce trustworthy practice recommendations. Additionally, a number of checklists have been developed that can be used to assist guideline developers, clinicians and journal …
Gender and Sexual Minority Students' Engagement with School: The Impacts of Grades, Feeling Unsafe, and Gay/Straight Alliances.

Compared to the general student population, gender and sexual minority (GSM) students are at increased risk of low academic achievement, poor attendance, and not completing high school with their cohort. One construct that has the potential to identify GSM students at increased risk for negative educational outcomes is school engagement. Based on self-report data from 411 middle and high school GSM students who attended community sexual minority youth support programming, this study utilized statistical stepwise regression to develop a model of behavioral and demographic variables that predicted a sexual minority student’s engagement with school. Confirmatory hierarchical regression found that school grades, feeling unsafe, and presence of a school-based Gay/Straight Alliance support group accounted for 31% of the variance seen in student school engagement scores. Recommendations for supporting the engagement of GSM students and future research are given.
A Second Generation Multiphase-CFD Framework Toward Predictive Modeling of DNB

AbstractBuilding on the strong belief that the advancement and consistent adoption of cutting-edge simulation tools is critical to the future of nuclear power, three-dimensional thermal-hydraulic methods in the form of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have made enormous advancement and promise to transform the way we approach the design of more efficient and reliable systems. The success of these methods hinges on the accuracy and predictive ability of the underlying models, which must, at the same time, limit the computational cost and allow optimal scalability. A large effort at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has been devoted to the development of a second-generation of multiphase-CFD (M-CFD) closures and to leveraging the continuous progression in the experimental techniques. Among the numerous objectives, the central challenge that has driven the overall approach is the prediction of departure from nucleate boiling. This work focuses on deriving the fundamental meso-scale mechanisms from ...
Leading Edge Online Classroom Education: Incorporating Best Practices beyond Technology.

Educators often struggle with delivering top-notch online courses that create a climate for a fulfilling classroom experience, provide content that translates into immediate action and application, and blends relevance, rigor and a personal touch to the classroom setting. Based on research studies of human intelligence also known as multiple intelligences by cognitive scientist Howard Gardner, and secondary sources focused on functions of management, the art and science of using technology and multiple intelligence practices to deliver leading edge online classroom education is examined. Furthermore, this empirical study through a lens of instructing and observing as a teacher and administrator, over 80 online courses comprised of learners seeking undergraduate, graduate and doctoral degrees during 18 years at public and private universities, explores a myriad of implications resulting from using technologies to deliver stellar online classroom education to include: (a) human psychology, (b) medium, (c) information, and (d) instructional design. The article concludes with a perspective on the challenges and opportunities of using technologies to deliver leading edge online classroom education. The content can be used to assist current and future educators with developing or strengthening the online classroom using technologies and incorporating multiple intelligence practices for a more fulfilling classroom experience.