cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘Ancient episteme’ and the nature of fossils: a correction of a modern scholarly error

Beginning the nineteenth-century and continuing down to the present, many authors writing on the history of geology and paleontology have attributed the theory that fossils were inorganic formations produced within the earth, rather than by the deposition of living organisms, to the ancient Greeks and Romans. Some have even gone so far as to claim this was the consensus view in the classical period up through the Middle Ages. In fact, such a notion was entirely foreign to ancient and medieval thought and only appeared within the manifold of 'Renaissance episteme,' the characteristics of which have often been projected backwards by some historians onto earlier periods. This paper endeavors to correct this error, explain the development of the Renaissance view, describe certain ancient precedents thereof, and trace the history of the misinterpretation in the literature.
Effect of Instruction on Development of Throwing for Accuracy of First Grade Children

Abstract Two experimental groups and two control groups, composed of boys and girls respectively, were studied to see to what extent instruction in the overhand throw for accuracy is practicable for first grade children. Each group received 26 twenty-minute periods of instruction in throwing or practice in games using a ball. Each group was tested five times. The results indicated no statistically significant differences between the mean gains of the experimental and control groups for either boys or girls. However, the experimental groups did have consistently higher mean gains for all test periods.
Connecting Cultures: A training model promoting evidence-based psychological services for refugees.

Training clinical psychology graduate students in providing effective psychological services to refugees can be extremely complex. The training approach requires a culturally sensitive framework, potential modification of empirically validated techniques, and flexibility on the part of trainees and supervisors. Connecting Cultures is a program that creates a culturally sensitive context from which trainees can learn to effectively work with refugees within a social justice framework and the ecological model of human development. Connecting Cultures graduate students provide both community-based outreach and direct clinical services to meet the mental health needs of refugees in the Northeast region of the United States. The primary aim of this manuscript is to provide an overview of Connecting Cultures’ training and supervision model, highlight the importance of working with cultural consultants, interpreters, and community elders, and discuss the impact this work has on clinical psychology graduate students. A secondary aim is to describe our method for evidence-based psychological assessment and to present preliminary outcome data from our graduate students. Strengths of the Connecting Cultures program include its clinical and research efforts with refugees from over 20 countries, and its ability to flexibly incorporate alternative therapeutic frameworks such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Finally, the manuscript concludes by providing the implications of our work in attempting to meet the mental health needs of refugees after resettlement.
FDTD Simulation of an Open-Ended Metallized Ceramic Probe for Broadband High-Temperature Dielectric Properties Measurements

Open-ended coaxial probes have been used in broadband dielectric properties measurements for several years. To aid in the ongoing numerical simulation and microwave sintering research at the University of Utah, we have found it necessary to make dielectric properties measurements up to temperatures as high as 1400 °C. The available cavity perturbation techniques were unsuitable in this application due to their relatively narrow band, and the available metal probes are also unsuitable due to the differential thermal expansions of the inner and outer conductors, which makes it difficult to carry out accurate and on-line calibration procedures for these probes. To help us achieve both broadband and high-temperature dielectric properties measurements, we have developed a new metallized ceramic coaxial probe. The detailed design of this probe is described and the metallization procedure is discussed. Also to optimize the design of the probe and in particular to increase the penetration of fields in samples under test and hence improve the probe sensitivity to variation in properties of a larger class of materials, and to determine the required minimum thickness of various samples to obtain accurate results, we modeled and simulated the probe performance using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method. Results from the FDTD simulation are presented and some guidelines that may be used to optimize the design of the probe are discussed.
Sexual Size Dimorphism in Chipmunks

Sexual size dimorphism among chipmunks is widespread, with females being larger in the taxa exhibiting such dimorphism. The degree of sexual size dimorphism is not correlated with body size. Females generally are larger in severe environments relative to moderate environments, whereas the opposite usually is true for males. The ratio of female size to male size is greater for populations inhabiting severe environments than for those inhabiting moderate environments in 19 of 27 consubspecific comparisons. Factors implicated in larger female size in chipmunks include hibernation and the timing of resource accumulation.
Establishing a danger zone: An anatomic study of the lingual artery in base of tongue surgery

Objectives/Hypothesis To contrast the changes in measurement of the hypoglossal/lingual artery neurovascular bundle (HLNVB) to constant surface landmarks in the base of tongue (BOT) during surgically simulated retraction versus resting anatomic position, and to identify a safe zone for BOT robotic surgery to avoid injury to the HLNVB. Study Design Human cadaver study. Methods Five fresh-frozen head and neck complexes were obtained, and seven HLNVBs were dissected. A microcaliper was used to measure the distance from the HLNVB to constant surface landmarks in resting and surgically simulated positions using a Feyh-Kastenbauer retractor. Results Measurements from foramen cecum to palatoglossus muscle (P < 0.042) was significantly different when comparing anatomical to surgically simulated positions. Importantly, the location of the lingual artery in reference to the surface landmarks measured was dramatically altered with tongue retraction. With retraction, the branches of the dorsal lingual artery were not encountered posterior to a horizontal line between midway circumvallate papilla (mCVP). Conclusion Measurements of the HLNVB to surface landmarks in the BOT differs significantly between resting and a surgically simulated tongue position. The dorsal branch of the lingual artery seems more superficial in the BOT than previously described. A safe zone may exist posterior to an imaginary horizontal line between mCVP; however, further studies are needed to confirm this. Level of Evidence N/A. Laryngoscope, 2016
Percutaneous treatment of osteoporotic spinal compression fractures

Osteoporotic spinal compression fractures are a significant health risk for elderly females, as well as other patient groups. These fractures are associated with an increased risk of mortality in comparison with age-matched controls. Recent techniques of minimally invasive surgical treatment show promising early results with respect to pain reduction and restoration of function, with low procedural complication rates.
Lessons from Animal Models of Viral Myocarditis

Enteroviruses have been identified through in situ hybridization techniques in biopsies from up to 50% of myocarditis and 30% of dilated cardiomyopathy patients [1–3]. The prevalence of viral genomic material in the heart implies an etiological role for enteroviruses in the disease process. A major controversy, however, is whether the virus is the predominant pathogenic element in the disease, or whether the virus acts primarily as a trigger for the induction of immunopathogenic (either autoimmune or virus-immune) myocyte injury. The answer to this question impacts directly on the development of effective therapies for myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy.
A general risk-based adaptive management scheme incorporating the Bayesian Network Relative Risk Model with the South River, Virginia, as case study

Adaptive management has been presented as a method for the remediation, restoration, and protection of ecological systems. Recent reviews have found that the implementation of adaptive management has been unsuccessful in many instances. We present a modification of the model first formulated by Wyant and colleagues that puts ecological risk assessment into a central role in the adaptive management process. This construction has 3 overarching segments. Public engagement and governance determine the goals of society by identifying endpoints and specifying constraints such as costs. The research, engineering, risk assessment, and management section contains the decision loop estimating risk, evaluating options, specifying the monitoring program, and incorporating the data to re-evaluate risk. The 3rd component is the recognition that risk and public engagement can be altered by various externalities such as climate change, economics, technological developments, and population growth. We use the South River, Virginia, USA, study area and our previous research to illustrate each of these components. In our example, we use the Bayesian Network Relative Risk Model to estimate risks, evaluate remediation options, and provide lists of monitoring priorities. The research, engineering, risk assessment, and management loop also provides a structure in which data and the records of what worked and what did not, the learning process, can be stored. The learning process is a central part of adaptive management. We conclude that risk assessment can and should become an integral part of the adaptive management process. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:115-126. © 2016 SETAC.
The “Cobaltite” Crystals from the Kibblehouse Quarry

(1978). The “Cobaltite” Crystals from the Kibblehouse Quarry. Rocks & Minerals: Vol. 53, Pennsylvania, pp. 130-134.
Evolution of Gene Expression Signatures in Relapsed Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Differs Based on Timing of Relapse.

The outcome for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) following marrow relapse remains bleak in spite of numerous approaches to further intensify therapy. Understanding the biological basis of relapse and chemoresistance, as well as identifying and validating potential new targets, are the goals of our study. Previously we determined global gene expression patterns of matched diagnosis and relapse leukemic blasts in 32 patients (64 samples) with childhood B-precursor ALL using Affymetrix U133A arrays (Blood 2006;108(2):711–7). We now have extended this analysis to 60 patients (120 samples). Thirty-six patients relapsed early (within 36 months of initial diagnosis), while 24 patients relapsed late. Within the TEL/AML1 subset (n=12 patients), time to relapse was inversely proportional to the correlation co-efficient of expression profiles of the diagnosis and relapse matched pair samples, suggesting that the later the relapse, the more distinct the relapse clone is from the diagnostic clone. A supervised pairwise analysis in all 60 patients identified 292 probesets that were differentially expressed between diagnosis and relapse (FDR < 10%). In a relative enrichment analysis, multiple genes mediating cell death were down-regulated at relapse (p=0.00003), suggesting that the leukemia cells had evolved mechanisms to enhance survival. These included p21, TNFPAI3, RIPK2, BCLAF1, STK17B . In concert, DNA replication genes were up-regulated at relapse (p=0.00002). Differences in pathways leading to early vs. late relapse were evident. Early relapse was characterized by an over-expression of cell cycle genes reflecting a proliferative state. At the time of relapse, a marked over-representation of genes involved in the progression through the M phase of the cell cycle was observed in early relapse compared to late relapse (p=1.3E-08). Late relapse was characterized by the over-expression of genes involved in nucleoside biosynthesis, particularly targets of antifolates ( DHFR, MTHFD1, TYMS ). A small number of gene expression patterns were common to both early and late relapse, including up-regulation at relapse of BIRC5 (survivin): an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. In conclusion, analysis of an expanded cohort of matched diagnosis/relapse pairs has validated and extended our previous findings that early relapse is associated with a proliferative gene expression signature. In addition we have now identified pathways operative in late relapse. Targeting these individual genes and pathways may lead to innovative strategies to treat or prevent relapsed ALL.
Concrete Objects in Conrad Ferdinand Meyer’s Novellen

(1943). Concrete Objects in Conrad Ferdinand Meyer’s Novellen. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 251-265.
Dreams of the Hmong kingdom: the quest for legitimation in French Indochina, 1850–1960

Mai Na Lee’s study traces the history of the Hmong in Laos from the mid-nineteenth century, with a particular focus on alternative visions of leadership and polity. The early part of the book is fo...
Operators Working with Transmission Flexibility: Enhancing Utility Control Rooms with Dynamic Line Rating Technique

This paper reflects generally on the human factors approach of integrating the Dynamic Line Rating (DLR) technique into power utilities control room as well as other monitoring systems, investigates how to accommodate transmission operators’ needs and incorporate the new technology into a control room regarding these needs.
Using transitivity to increase the accuracy of sample-based Pearson correlation coefficients

Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients are a well-practiced quantification of linear dependence seen across many fields. When calculating a sample-based correlation coefficient, the accuracy of the estimation is dependent on the quality and quantity of the sample. Like all statistical models, these correlation coefficients can suffer from overfitting, which results in the representation of random error instead of an underlying trend. In this paper, we discuss how Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients can utilize information outside of the two items for which the correlation is being computed. By introducing a transitive relationship with one or more additional items that meet specified criterion, our Transitive Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient can significantly reduce the error, up to over 50%, of sparse, sample-based estimations. Finally, we demonstrate that if the data is too dense or too sparse, transitivity is detrimental in reducing the correlation estimation errors.
One family, two children, and six parents: understanding the absent presence of birth families through a five-year investigation of an adoptive mother’s narratives

This five-year single case study was aimed to understand the role of birth families in the family dynamics of one American family with two daughters adopted from China over the course of their tran...
Inbreeding effective population size under some artificial selection schemes. 1. Linear distribution of breeding values.

It is well known that truncation selection is the most efficient form of directional selection in terms of changing gene frequency. In this paper we show circumstances where truncation selection followed by a balanced mating generates inbreeding effective population size smaller than that generated by a selection that assigns mating frequencies to individuals according to their breeding values, where both selection schemes give the same expected performance of selected individuals (selection differential). Breeding values of selected individuals and the weight used to determine mating frequencies are assumed to be linearly distributed on a performance scales, x. To assign mating frequencies to the individuals in the weighting system, the selected individuals are grouped using a constant δ, and ith group in the interval xi, xi + δ. With small number of groups, say 2 or 3, the weighting system in general generates inbreeding effective population size that is larger than that generated by a truncation selection. As the number of the groups increases, truncation selection generates larger effective numbers.
Acute toxicities after volumetric modulated arc therapy for craniospinal irradiation in adults

Different methodologies to deliver craniospinal irradiation (CSI) to patients have been implemented due to the toxicity and planning challenges associated with traditional three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy. Patient outcomes data are needed to assess the feasibility and safety of these methods. We describe the set up and planning methodology used in our clinic to treat adult patients undergoing CSI using volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT). Eight patients treated with CSI using VMAT delivery were reviewed for treatment-associated toxicities and survival. Median follow-up time was 7.5 months (range 1–44 months), and median radiation dose was 36 Gy (range 23.4–36 Gy). The most common acute toxicities experienced were nausea (n = 5, 62.5%), fatigue (n = 4, 50%), and sore throat (n = 3, 37.5%). Grade III toxicities included leukopenia (n = 2, 25%), fatigue (n = 1, 12.5%), anemia (n = 1, 12.5%), and nausea (n = 1, 12.5%). There were no grade IV or V toxicities. Only patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 2) had hematologic toxicities (grade II anemia, n = 1; grade III anemia n = 1; grade III leukopenia, n = 2). VMAT radiation delivery is feasible and well tolerated in adult patients receiving CSI. The addition of adjuvant chemotherapy carries an increased risk for hematologic toxicity.
Outcomes After the Operative Treatment of Bucket-Handle Meniscal Tears in Children and Adolescents.

Background:Bucket-handle meniscal tears (BHMTs), which we define as vertical longitudinal tears of the meniscus with displacement of the torn inner fragment toward the intercondylar notch region, a...
Embedding topological semigroups in topological groups

In [6] Rothman investigated the problem of embedding a topological semigroup in a topological group. He defined a concept calledProperty F and showed that Property F is a necessary and sufficient condition for embedding a commutative, cancellative topological semigroup in its group of quotients as an open subset. This paper announces a generalization of Rothman’s result by definingProperty E and stating that a completely regular topological semigroup S can be embedded in a topological group by a topological isomorphism if and only if S can be embedded (algebraically) in a group and S has Property E. Property E is defined by first constructing a free topological semigroup (Theorem 1.1). This construction resembles the one in [4] for a free topological group. Full details, examples, and other embedding results will appear elsewhere.
Disability Benefits and Change in Prescription Opioid Dose

Abstract Among chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients, workers' compensation is associated with longer term prescription opioid analgesic use (OAU). The aim was to study the association between rece...
Physics-based Compact Models: An Emerging Trend in Simulation-based GaN HEMT Power Amplifier Design

An important and impactful trend in GaN HEMT transistor model representation is the emergence of physics-based compact models. Developed from device physics, these models offer: high scalability, close connection to technology for deign-technology co-optimization, ability to model statistical manufacturing variations, and ability to model long-term device degradation effects. The novel features of these models will be compared with the traditional empirical modeling approaches. Results achieved so far with these models will be discussed. As the power amplifier design requirements become increasingly stringent, physics-based compact models can become enablers of next generation simulation-based power amplifier designs.
Use of the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step-1 Score as a Screening Tool for Orthopaedic Surgery Away Rotations.

Background Orthopaedic surgery has become an increasingly competitive specialty for medical students applying to residency. Aside from residency interviews, away rotations are one of the only opportunities for residency programs to qualitatively evaluate an applicant. The purpose of this study was to determine if residency program directors (PDs) use a minimum United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step-1 score as a screening tool for students applying for away rotations at their institution. Methods An anonymous 12-question survey about residency selection criteria and which criteria are used to select applicants for away rotations was distributed to PDs at U.S. allopathic orthopaedic surgery residency programs who are members of the Council of Orthopaedic Residency Directors (CORD). Questions included information on minimum USMLE Step-1 scores, the number of students who complete away rotations at the program each year, and how applicants are selected for rotations. Results Survey responses were received from 87 (58%) of 149 PDs. Seventy-one (82%) of these PDs reported that their program uses a minimum Step-1 score for residency applications, with the most common cutoff score being between 231 and 240 (as answered by 33 [46%] of 72 PDs). Twenty-seven (31%) of 87 PDs reported that if a student does not meet their residency minimum Step-1 score, he or she is not offered the opportunity to rotate at the program. Eleven (25%) of 44 PDs reported that they do not inform students when their score is below the program's minimum. Conclusions A substantial proportion of orthopaedic surgery residency PDs use the USMLE Step-1 score as a screening tool for students interested in doing away rotations at their programs. If a student's Step-1 score does not meet the program's minimum, the majority of programs still will allow the student to rotate at their institution. Students should take this information into account when selecting away rotations in order to maximize their chances of matching into an orthopaedic surgery program.
When Patients Take Charge of Opioids: Self-Management Concerns and Practices Among Cancer Outpatients in the Context of Opioid Crisis.

Abstract Context With concerns about opioid prescribing practices prominent in the professional and lay literature, there is less focus on patients' self-management of opioids for cancer pain and potential safety risks. Objectives To investigate reports of opioid self-management practices and concerns among patients undergoing active cancer treatments—a group excluded from the scope of most policy initiatives on prescription opioids. Methods This sequential multimethod study used freelisting (n = 65) and open-ended semistructured interviews with a racially diverse subgroup (n = 32). Adult ambulatory patients with solid malignancies or multiple myeloma and pain (≥4 on a scale of 0–10) were recruited from an urban National Cancer Institute–designated cancer center in Philadelphia. Freelists were analyzed using consensus analysis and semistructured interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results In freelisting, “pain relief” emerged as the primary term in relation to taking pain medications preceding “addiction” concerns. In interviews, patients described several heuristics and some potentially unsafe practices to minimize opioid use to a self-defined “normal.” These included reducing opioid dose by cutting pills; self-tapering off opioids; using extended-release/long-acting opioids on an as-needed basis; mixing over-the-counter, nonopioid analgesics; and using illicit drugs to avoid “harder medicines” (opioids). Many patients preferred nonopioid treatments for pain but invariably faced access barriers. Some described assuming stewardship of their prescribed opioids and felt that oncology clinicians are quick to prescribe opioids without providing workable alternatives. Conclusions Risks related to self-management of opioids among cancer outpatients, including potential overdose risks, need urgent attention. Interventions are needed for improving clinician-patient communication, patient education, safety, and access to effective nonopioid alternatives.
Observations on the Tear Trough.

BACKGROUND The tear trough is a prominent structure of the midface. Many surgical and nonsurgical techniques have been devised to efface this feature. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to define an aesthetically pleasing tear trough and understand the effect of various surgical procedures on its appearance. METHODS We undertook a retrospective review of "ideal" subjects (ie, young men and women as well as male and female models) as well as surgical patients undergoing lower blepharoplasty with fat excision, fat transposition, erbium laser resurfacing of the eyelids and midface, or endoscopic midface lifting. Marginal reflex distance-2, lower eyelid length, and nasojugal fold depth were measured and analyzed for all patients. RESULTS The nasojugal fold was significantly less prominent in ideal female models than in all other groups (P < 0.0001). Lower eyelid length was significantly shorter after fat excisional lower blepharoplasty, laser resurfacing, and midface lift (P < 0.0001), and did not change after fat transpositional lower blepharoplasty. Postsurgical reduction in lower eyelid length was significantly less with fat transpositional lower blepharoplasty than in all other groups (P < 0.0001). The nasojugal fold was significantly effaced after all types of procedures (P < 0.0001), but was significantly more effaced after fat transpositional lower blepharoplasty (P < 0.01) than after all other procedures. CONCLUSIONS A slight, medial tear trough is present in youth in many patients. The clinical tear trough is a virtual topographic structure distinct from the anatomic tear trough ligament and can be altered in a variety of ways. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4
Evaluation of sequential applications of quizalofop-p-ethyl and propanil plus thiobencarb in acetyl-coA carboxylase inhibitor–resistant rice

A field study was conducted in 2015 and 2016 at the H. Rouse Caffey Rice Research Station near Crowley, Louisiana, to evaluate the interactions of quizalofop and a mixture of propanil plus thiobencarb applied sequentially or mixed to control weedy rice and barnyardgrass. Visual weed control evaluations occurred at 14, 28, and 42 d after treatment (DAT). Quizalofop was applied at 120 g ai ha–1 at 7, 3, and 1 d before and after propanil plus thiobencarb were each applied at 3,360 g ai ha–1. In addition, quizalofop was applied alone and in a mixture with propanil plus thiobencarb at day 0. Control of red rice ‘CL-111' and ‘CLXL-745' was greater than 91% when quizalofop was applied alone at day 0, similar to control for quizalofop applied 7, 3, and 1 d prior to propanil plus thiobencarb at all evaluation dates. Control of the same weeds treated with quizalofop plus propanil plus thiobencarb applied in a mixture at day 0 was 70% to 76% at each evaluation date, similar to quizalofop applied 1 or 3 d after propanil plus thiobencarb. A similar trend in control of barnyardgrass by 88% to 97% occurred when quizalofop was applied alone and by 48% to 53% at 14, 28, and 42 DAT when the mixture was used. ‘PVL01’ rough rice yield was 4,060 kg ha–1 when treated with quizalofop alone; however, yield was reduced to 3,180 kg ha–1 when it was treated with quizalofop mixed with propanil plus thiobencarb at day 0, similar to PVL01 rice treated with quizalofop 1 or 3 d following the propanil plus thiobencarb application.Nomenclature: quizalofop; propanil; thiobencarb; barnyardgrass; Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv; weedy rice, Oryza sativa L; rice, Oryza sativa L
Update on bladder cancer molecular subtypes

In 2014, there was a burst of studies on the molecular subtypes of bladder cancer in the published literature that was made possible by the advances in high-throughput technologies. Based on gene expression profiling, the major molecular classification subdivisions were basal and luminal subtypes, which resembled to those observed in breast cancers. These basal and luminal subtypes were further subdivided by TCGA into squamous, infiltrated, luminal-papillary, luminal/genomically unstable (GU), and neuronal/small cell carcinoma (SCC) subtypes. Recently, an international subtypes consensus project further expanded on the TCGA subtypes by defining a consensus molecular classification (CMC). A multidisciplinary team of experts generated CMC to overcome the difficulties of clinical applications due to several published bladder cancer molecular classifications with various nomenclatures and molecular features. It included six molecular subtypes with the addition of one more luminal subtype (luminal nonspecified) compared to the TCGA subtype classification. The initial research efforts have focused on the characterization of each subtype at the molecular and histopathologic levels, but more recent studies have examined their significance in terms of clinical utility, i.e., biomarkers that inform prognostication and/or to predict therapeutic responses to be tested in future clinical trials. This review provides an overview of recent investigations into the relationship between molecular subtypes and the clinical management of patients with bladder cancer.
The die is cast

The future of hardware security will evolve with hardware. As packaging advances and focus moves to beyond Moore's law technologies, hardware security experts will need to keep ahead of changing se...
A multi-institutional review of endovenous thermal ablation of the saphenous vein finds male sex and use of anticoagulation are predictors of long-term failure.

BackgroundTo review long-term outcomes and saphenous vein (SV) occlusion rate after endovenous ablation (EVA) for symptomatic varicose veins.MethodsA review of our EVA database (1998–2018) with at ...
Lateral retroperitoneal approach for surgical treatment of lumbar diskitis/osteomyelitis with post-infectious spinal deformity

Abstract Lumbar diskitis/osteomyelitis (LDO) can cause destruction of the anterior and middle spinal column leading to loss of structural integrity further compounded by iatrogenic violation of the posterior tension band during initial decompressive surgeries. Progressive deformity and/or medically refractory infection may necessitate aggressive debridement and reconstructive arthrodesis. Anterior debridement and reconstruction with posterior stabilization is an effective treatment option; however, existing open surgical techniques have limited efficacy for correction of the focal deformity, which can expose the patient to long term sagittal imbalance, pain, and disability. The aim of this chapter is to briefly review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and the role of medical versus surgical management in LDO. The role of the lateral retroperitoneal approach to the lumbar spine is then discussed and illustrated with two clinical cases.
Distribution, Density, and Land Cover Associations of Wintering Golden Eagles in the Southern Great Plains

In addition to its resident Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), the Southern Great Plains of North America receives an influx of migrant Golden Eagles each winter. However, little current or quantitative information is available regarding eagle presence or the species' land cover associations across the region. During the winters of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016, we surveyed Golden Eagles along 51 approximately 55-km-long road survey transects within a 136,800-km2 area of the Southern Great Plains of eastern New Mexico and the panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma. Our goal was to estimate the winter density of Golden Eagles in the region and to evaluate their land cover associations. Detections were low, with an estimated regional winter density of 0.31 eagles per 100 km2. We found that Golden Eagles were detected in rangeland cover types in greater proportion, and in agricultural and other land cover types in lesser proportion, to their availability. Our results provide regulatory agencies with data that may facilitate better-informed decision making for eagle conservation in the region.
Initiation of buprenorphine for opioid use disorder in the hospital setting: Practice models, challenges, and legal considerations.

Disclaimer In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time. Purpose To provide health-system pharmacists with published examples of strategies utilized to offer buprenorphine to inpatients with opioid use disorder (OUD) along with information on challenges and legal considerations. Summary Hospitals and emergency departments (EDs) are a constant source of healthcare for patients with OUD. As a result, hospital practitioners can screen, diagnose, begin treatment, and facilitate transfer of care to the outpatient setting. Offering sublingual buprenorphine in the hospital can bridge the gap before outpatient care is established. Multiple studies have shown that initiating treatment in the ED or during inpatient hospitalization results in 47% to 74% of patients utilizing medication-assisted treatment at day 30 of follow-up, statistically superior to the rates achieved with brief interventions or referral alone. Moreover, initiating buprenorphine treatment in the ED has been shown to decrease healthcare costs. Despite the benefits of offering buprenorphine in the inpatient setting, several challenges must be solved by hospital administration, such as achieving clinician readiness to prescribe buprenorphine, developing relationships with outpatient providers of buprenorphine, and creating an efficient workflow. Treatment of OUD with buprenorphine is heavily regulated on the federal level. Pharmacists can participate in the development of these programs and ensure compliance with applicable laws. Conclusion As health systems continue to care for patients with OUD, starting buprenorphine in the inpatient setting can improve the transition to outpatient treatment. Several institutions have developed programs with positive results. With an understanding of the typical barriers and relevant laws when initiating buprenorphine in the hospital setting, health-system pharmacists can assist in the development and operation of these initiatives.
Review of Understanding Consciousness by Max Velmans

Understanding Consciousness can almost be said to have a plot/narrative, or a dramatic structure similar to the ‘three-act structure’ model used by numerous screenwriters. In Part I—the Setup—Velmans surveys “mind-body theories and their problems”, in part II—the Confrontation—he reconstructs “a new analysis: how to marry science with experience”, and in part III—the Resolution—he shares with us “a new synthesis: reflexive monism” (v-vi). Velmans starts off in the first chapter with perhaps one of the most basic, nevertheless hard, questions in the field of consciousness studies: “what is consciousness?”
Dietary supplementation with oils rich in (n-3) and (n-6) fatty acids influences in vivo levels of epidermal lipoxygenase products in guinea pigs

Certain dietary oils may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders. Presumably, the fatty acid constituents of these dietary oils exert their effects by altering the levels of cutaneous eicosanoids. Prompted by this possibility, we investigated whether supplementation of guinea pig diets with fish oil [rich in 20:5(n-3)] or borage oil [rich in 18:3(n-6)] could significantly alter epidermal levels of eicosanoids compared with control animals supplemented with olive oil. After feeding periods of 4, 8 or 12 wk, the epidermis from the animals was analyzed for: 1) fatty acid composition of individual epidermal phospholipids, 2) levels of lipoxygenase products, and 3) levels of cyclooxygenase products (prostaglandins). Our results demonstrated that the animals supplemented with dietary fish oil had elevated levels of 20:5(n-3) in epidermal phospholipids and elevated epidermal levels of 15-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (15-HEPE) [the 15-lipoxygenase product of 20:5(n-3)] compared with guinea pigs fed olive oil or borage oil. Similarly, the animals supplemented with dietary borage oil had elevated levels of 20:3(n-6) [the epidermal elongase product of 18:3(n-6)] in epidermal phospholipids and elevated epidermal levels of 15-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid [15-HETrE, the epidermal 15-lipoxygenase product of 20:3(n-6)] compared with guinea pigs fed olive oil or fish body oil. There were no significant changes in epidermal levels of prostaglandins. Both 15-HEPE and 15-HETrE have been identified as possible anti-inflammatory metabolites, and their elevated presence in the epidermis of animals fed oils rich in 20:5(n-3) or 18:3(n-6) may provide a mechanism for the beneficial effects of these oils on inflammatory conditions.
Role of tissue microenvironment in determining prostate cancer cell phenotype

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004 2785 The tissue microenvironment in which prostate cancer arises contributes significantly to the differences in quiescence/progression, apoptotic death/survival and remission/recurrent growth of CaP. We have developed a model for characterizing the role of the tissue microenvironment in determining tumorigenic potential and tumor phenotype of transformed prostate stem cells. In vitro selection of spontaneous transformants of rat prostate stem cells employed a “fluctuation analysis” format where individual lineages initiated from four independent rat prostate stem cell lines were maintained independently for twelve cycles of in vitro selection comprised of maintenance at confluence for one month. At the conclusion of the sixth and twelfth cycles of in vitro selection the individual lineages were transplanted subcutaneously into young male syngeneic rat hosts. None of the parental stem cell lines produced tumors during one-year of in vivo incubation. Transplantation of syngeneic hosts with the lineages at the completion of six rounds of in vitro selection produced 8 tumors (12% of hosts transplanted) that developed with an average latency of 240 days. Transplantation of the syngeneic hosts with the lineages following 12 rounds of in vitro selection has produced 24 tumors (33% of hosts), to date, with an average latency of 130 days. Tumors produced by the lineages derived from two of the rat prostate stem cell lines predominantly form well-differentiated adenocarcinomas that express AR, often at high levels, but that are negative for expression of the basal cell marker p63 and the neuroendocrine cell marker synaptophysin. However, two of these tumors contained nests of basal-like cells that were strongly positive for both AR and p63, but with no synaptophysin positive cells. In contrast, tumors produced by lineages of another stem cell line were described as epithelial tumors (carcinomas). These tumors generally were comprised of basal-like cells that were p63 positive and AR negative, containing adjacent areas of cells that stained weakly for both p63 and AR with the morphology of poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas and focal areas of synaptophysin positive, NE-like cells that generally were localized at the interfaces between areas of p63 positive basal-like cells and the AR positive carcinoma cells. The mixed phenotypes exhibited by the tumor cells suggest the potential for commitment to multiple differentiation lineages and supports the hypothesis of the role of stem-like cells as the nidus of malignant neoplasms and the importance of the tissue microenvironment in determining the phenotype of the tumor.
Radiographic heart size in apparently healthy newborn infants: clinical and biochemical correlations.

The transverse diameter of the heart of mature healthy babies at the age of 1 to 6 hours was larger in those subjected to cord stripping or to more asphyxiation than in those for whom the cord was clamped within 1 minute and asphyxiation minimal. The two effects were additive. A crescendo systolic murmur occurred in 47% of asphyxiated babies. Tachypnea or an expiratory grunt at the end of the first hour was common among the babies in whom the transverse diameter was increased. The heart was smaller by the fifth day. However, in a significant percentage of babies with initially small hearts, there was no change. Although notable enlargement on the first day, as judged by a decrease in transverse diameter by the fifth day, may be a sign of the adaptive capacity of the newborn infant, it is not a consequence of the normal circulatory readjustment to birth.
Implications of job rotation literature for performance improvement practitioners

Job rotations have existed as a means of developing individual knowledge and skills since the industrial revolution, and in today's dynamic global workplace, they afford organizations an opportunity to manage changing psychological work contracts and employee desires for self-managed careers. Through the systematic mining of psychology, business, management, and educational databases, this literature review provides a summary of job rotation practices, individual and organizational benefits, likely costs associated with job rotations, and implications for practitioners. Findings indicate that while employees seek learning and marketability over job security and stability, organizations strive to maintain continuity and internal growth and development of their workforce. Job rotations can appease both individuals and organizations through enhanced knowledge and skills, facilitation of greater job satisfaction, and identification of individual strengths for optimal organizational performance. However, these benefits come at a price to the individual and the organization in the form of increased work/life conflict, potentially higher training costs, and possible lower work unit morale. Conclusions are presented on the practical implications and recommendations for implementing job rotations and integrating the practice into performance improvement models.
A NEW FAST TRANSMISSION DETECTOR OF CHARGED PARTICLES

Abstract A new type of transmission detector of charged particles is described and analyzed. Its characteristics are large area (∼104 mm2), thin windows (2μ nickel), fast response (coincidence τ∼5 × 10−9sec) and large signal (gas gain ∼ 5000 for ion collection).
Effect of topical anesthesia and age on pain scores during retinopathy of prematurity screening

The efficacy of topical anesthesia during retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening has been a controversial issue. To determine the efficacy of proparacaine eye drops (0.5%), we compared the Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) scores in 40 preterm infants undergoing ROP screening. Prospective randomized double masked cross-over clinical trial. The study was conducted in the neonatal intensive units for infants undergoing routine ROP screening exams. Baseline PIPP scores and post-examination PIPP scores at 1 and 5 min were compared for: (1) those receiving saline vs proparacaine eye drops (2) first ROP screening vs second ROP screening, regardless of the type of eye drops used. Wilcoxon signed-ranks test was used to pair pain scores. Forty preterm infants were included in the study. Mean gestational age (GA) at first and second examinations was 33.3 and 35.3 weeks, respectively. Proparacaine use significantly lowered mean PIPP scores (P=0.027) and delta scores (P=0.013) at 1 min after examination, but there was no difference at 5 min after examination. Second examinations showed significantly lower mean PIPP scores after examination (1 min (P=0.003) and 5 min (P=0.025)), regardless of the type of drop used. Proparacaine eye drops offer significant relief of pain that is apparently short lived. Significantly lower PIPP scores at second ROP examinations suggested that infants of older GA may have a greater ability to tolerate ROP screening. We recommend the use of proparacaine eye drops for the short term, immediate relief of pain during ROP screening in preterm infants of lesser GA.
Small-area estimation based on natural exponential family quadratic variance function models and survey weights

SUMMARY We propose pseudo empirical best linear unbiased estimators of small-area means based on natural exponential family quadratic variance function models when the basic data consist of survey-weighted estimators of these means, area-specific covariates and certain summary measures involving the weights. We also provide explicit approximate mean squared errors of these estimators in the spirit of Prasad & Rao (1990), and these estimators can be readily evaluated. A simulation study is undertaken to evaluate the performance of the proposed inferential procedure. We estimate also the proportion of poor children in the 5-17 years age-group for the different counties in one of the states in the United States.
Manipulating Display Feedback Parameters for Enhanced Data Entry Performance

Despite its widespread use, little is known regarding the manner in which to implement performance monitoring systems to enhance CRT-based task design and employee productivity. For example, no empirical studies to date have investigated the effects of varied levels of CRT-based performance goals and feedback on data entry performance. Theories of learned helplessness, as well as empirical data, suggest that in cases of very difficult goals and very frequent feedback, performance will be negatively affected.A 3 (Goal Difficulty) × 3 (Feedback Frequency) completely randomized experiment, with 90 clerical workers serving as test participants, did not support this hypothesis. Instead, the performance of test participants who received the most difficult goals and most frequent feedback showed 25% higher performance scores than the average of the other groups and 12% higher than the next highest performing group. However, the performance of these test participants in the medium-difficulty goal/frequent feedbac...
Primary effusion lymphoma in HIV

Abstract Following the widespread use of HAART, malignancy now accounts for nearly 30% of all HIV deaths. Non-AIDS defining malignancies (NADMs) make up a large proportion of this burden, however, AIDS-defining malignancies (ADM) such as non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) still makes up nearly 10% of all HIV-deaths. Following recent reclassification by the WHO, Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), plasmablastic and lymphoma arising in HHV8-associated Castleman's disease make up the lymphomas that occur more frequently in the setting of HIV infection. PEL also referred to as body cavity based lymphoma, accounts for 4% of all HIV associated NHL. PEL presents as malignant effusions of the pleura, pericardium or peritoneum without lymphadenopathy. The pathogenesis is through malignant conversion of lymphoid cells by human herpes virus 8, and evidence of this virus is essential for diagnosis. Other key criteria include presence of common leukocyte marker CD45, but absence of common T-cell and B-cell markers. Prognosis is poor despite treatment with median survival being about 6 months. Standard treatment includes continuation or initiation of HAART and CHOP-like chemotherapy regimens. Novel therapies including use of rituximab, or autologous cell transplant have been used with mixed results. Our case highlights the need to be vigilant when assessing HIV patients with Kaposi's sarcoma for the presence of PEL.