cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The School-to-Prison Pipeline: How Roles of School-Based Law Enforcement Officers May Impact Disciplinary Actions

The presence of law enforcement officers in schools has generated an overwhelming amount of concern among educators, parents, researchers, and policy-makers. It is believed their mere presence in schools is associated with the school-to-prison pipeline (STPP), which suggests that the use of police criminalizes minor student behavior and pushes them into the juvenile and criminal justice systems. However, it remains unclear as to what impact law enforcement officers truly have on this phenomenon. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of law enforcement officers on the STPP in relation to the roles they are assigned. We argue that an officer’s role impacts how they choose to respond to student misconduct, which ultimately could impact this pipeline. Interviews were conducted with school-based law enforcement officers in Texas and each was analyzed to identify common themes. The findings suggest a difference between the disciplinary actions officers perform compared to alternative disciplinary actions they believe would be more effective for handling different types of student infractions. The findings also suggest an association between the roles officers have and the types of disciplinary action they perform, which has direct implications for examining and addressing the STPP. Future research should focus on assessing a relationship between the types of training officers receive and the roles in which they are tasked.
COVID-19 and Excess All-Cause Mortality in the US and 18 Comparison Countries.

This Viewpoint compares the COVID-19 per capita overall and excess mortality rates in the US vs that of 18 OECD countries and the timing of any increases in excess mortality between February and September 2020.
The development and validation of an empirical scale to inform community diagnostics and change

The purpose of this research was to develop and validate a robust scale, based on the community capital framework, to provide an empirical measure of community perceptions. The proposed measure was...
Internalized HIV Stigma Predicts Suboptimal Retention in Care Among People Living with HIV in the United States.

HIV-related stigma is a known barrier to retention in care. However, no large-scale, multi-site studies have prospectively evaluated the effect of internalized stigma on retention in care. The Cent...
Opportunistic Networks: Protocols, Applications & Simulation Trends

Opportunistic Network (OppNet) is the next step in the Mobile Ad hoc Networks family with tremendous and updated features that make it second to none in the domain of Network Technology. The main advantage of OppNet is its capability of storing messages to be communicated at intermediate nodes up to the moment of successful communication without any time limit. This quality of OppNet makes it unique among other Network Techniques. From the past few years, it has attracted a huge number of researchers to get involve and innovate it further. it has various applications in real life ranging from smart city to Inter-Planetary Communication. itt has a large number of routing protocols developed by researchers’ time-to-time as their research contribution towards shaping OppNet better than its current versions. Many such attempts have been proved as benchmarks globally. Due to this huge popularity and research scope, young researchers are also getting attracted to OppNet, but, there is no such platform that delivers a basic somehow of OppNet to date. To partially fulfill this space, This paper is intended to familiarize basic knowledge of OppNet covering its introduction, applications, routing protocols, Challenges, and future aspects. It is believed that this paper will be beneficial to the novice researchers to gain basic knowledge of OppNet.
Homogeneous Heavy Water Moderated Critical Assemblies. Part 1. Experimental

Ten critical assemblies of enriched uranyl-fluoride heavy-water solutions have been studied. In six cases, heavy water reflectors surrounded solutions in which the atomic ratio of deuterium to uran...
Abstract 4084: NKG2D receptor activation of mTOR and NFκB enhances antitumor immunity in effector CD8+ T cells

To induce strong anti-tumor immune responses, naive CD8+ T cells require stimulation through the TCR and costimulatory receptors. Each costimulatory molecule can have a unique effect on the function of T cells due to differential activation of downstream signaling pathways and gene expression. However, the effect of stimulating costimulatory receptors on activated T cells is still unclear. One costimulation receptor that is likely to be engaged in the tumor microenvironment is NKG2D since the ligands for this receptor are expressed on over 80% of tumors. In order to determine how activation of costimulatory receptors in the tumor microenvironment affects CD8+ T cell functions, this study investigated the differential activation of signaling pathways by two costimulatory receptors, CD28 and NKG2D. Specifically, this study focused on the activation of mTORC1 and mTORC2 along with NFκB, all of which have been shown to have important roles in anti-tumor functions of CD8+ T cells. Stimulation through the CD3 and NKG2D receptors differentially activated the mTOR and NFκB pathways compared to the other receptors in our study. Activation of CD8+ T cells through CD3 and NKG2D lead to increased phosphorylation of signal transduction pathway members upstream of mTOR, including AKT, p70 S6K, and GSK3β. Also, expression of genes upstream and downstream of mTORC1 and mTORC2 were differentially activated after stimulation through NKG2D, indicating that activation of mTOR pathways are altered after CD3/NKG2D stimulation as compared to stimulation through CD3 or CD3/CD28. In addition, IKKα, IκBα, and NFκB phosphorylation and IκBα degradation was increased after CD3/NKG2D stimulation. This increased activation of the NFκB pathway also lead to increased gene expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma, and decreased gene expression and secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-10 and VEGF-alpha. Together, these data show that stimulation through NKG2D leads to the differential activation of signaling pathways and alters the anti-tumor functions of effector CD8+ T cells. Citation Format: Emily Whitman, Amorette E. Barber. NKG2D receptor activation of mTOR and NFκB enhances antitumor immunity in effector CD8+ T cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4084. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4084
26 Aorta and Peripheral Vascular Disease

Due to the need for rapid diagnosis of patients with suspected acute aortic rupture or dissection, computed tomographic angiography (CTA) is preferable to magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) (limited evidence). Screening with ultrasound for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) among men between the ages of 60 and 74 has been shown to be cost-effective with a mean cost-effectiveness ratio of £28,400 per life year gained (strong evidence). Endovascular repair of AAA has been shown to significantly reduce 30-day mortality from repair of AAA rupture. However, the procedural cost of endovascular repair is greater than that for open surgical repair (strong evidence). CTA is preferred to catheter angiography for detection of aortic stent-graft endoleak (moderate evidence). Computed tomographic angiography is comparable to MRA for evaluation of peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and for the preoperative evaluation of renal artery stenosis (moderate evidence). The most cost-effective imaging strategy for the evaluation of the living renal donor varies and is dependent on the perspective of the analysis (renal donor or recipient), as well as the specificity of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) (moderate evidence).
Corporate Speech and the First Amendment: History, Data, and Implications

This Article draws on empirical analysis, history, and economic theory to show that corporations have begun to displace individuals as direct beneficiaries of the First Amendment and to outline an argument that the shift reflects economically harmful rent seeking. The history of corporations, regulation of commercial speech, and First Amendment case law is retold, with an emphasis on the role of constitutional entrepreneur Justice Lewis Powell, who prompted the Supreme Court to invent corporate and commercial speech rights. The chronology shows that First Amendment doctrine long post-dated both pervasive regulation of commercial speech and the rise of the U.S. as the world’s leading economic power – a chronology with implications for originalists, and for policy. Supreme Court and Courts of Appeals decisions are analyzed to quantify the degree to which corporations have displaced individuals as direct beneficiaries of First Amendment rights, and to show that they have done so recently, but with growing speed since Virginia Pharmacy, Bellotti, and Central Hudson. Nearly half of First Amendment challenges now benefit business corporations and trade groups, rather than other kinds of organizations or individuals, and the trend-line is up. Such cases commonly constitute a form of corruption: the use of litigation by managers to entrench reregulation in their personal interests at the expense of shareholders, consumers, and employees. In aggregate, they degrade the rule of law, rendering it less predictable, general and clear. This corruption risks significant economic harms in addition to the loss of a republican form of government.
Epigastric pain with elevated serum calcium, lipase, and amylase.

A57-year-old man presented to the emergency department because of epigastric pain for 2 days. His serum lipase, amylase, and calcium levels were markedly elevated, but the lipoprotein profile was within normal limits. Diagnostic studies are shown below (Figures ​(Figures11–4). Figure 1 Computed tomography (CT) image shows the pancreas (arrowheads) to be diffusely enlarged and surrounded by a moderate amount of peripancreatic edema (arrows). Figure 4 Delayed sestamibi image shows that the tracer has washed out of the thyroid. There is retention of tracer (arrows) in the right side of the neck. For diagnosis and discussion, see the following page. DIAGNOSIS: Acute pancreatitis secondary to hypercalcemia produced by a parathyroid neoplasm.
A single C2 domain from synaptotagmin I is sufficient for high affinity Ca2+/phospholipid binding.

Synaptotagmin I is a Ca(2+)- and phospholipid-binding protein of synaptic vesicles with an essential function in neurotransmission. Ca2+/phospholipid binding by synaptotagmin I may be mediated by its C2 domains, sequence motifs that have been implicated in the Ca2+ regulation of a variety of proteins. However, it is currently unknown if C2 domains are sufficient for Ca2+/phospholipid binding or if they even directly participate in Ca2+/phospholipid binding. In order to address this question, we have studied the Ca2+/phospholipid-binding properties of the first C2 domain of synaptotagmin I. Our results show that this C2 domain by itself binds Ca2+ and phospholipids with high affinity (half-maximal binding at 4-6 microM free Ca2+) and exhibits strong positive cooperativity. The C2 domain is specific for negatively charged phospholipids and for those divalent cations that are known to stimulate synaptic vesicle exocytosis (Ca2+ > Sr2+, Ba2+ > Mg2+). These studies establish that C2 domains can serve as independently folding Ca2+/phospholipid-binding domains. Furthermore, the cation specificity and the cooperativity of Ca2+ binding by the C2 domain from synaptotagmin I support a role for this protein in mediating the Ca2+ signal in neurotransmitter release.
The Cooperon and the Random Matrix Model for Type-II Superconductors

We derive the connection between the Cooperon problem in weak localization theory and the random matrix description of type-II superconductors. As magnetic field and disorder increase, an extreme type-II superconductor crosses over from a state in which the low energy quasiparticles are primarily localized and the density of states is determined by the electronic structure of individual vortices, to a `chaotic' state, in which quasiparticles are primarily extended and the density of states is determined by the random matrix description.
A comparative study of disease genes and drug targets in the human protein interactome

Disease genes cause or contribute genetically to the development of the most complex diseases. Drugs are the major approaches to treat the complex disease through interacting with their targets. Thus, drug targets are critical for treatment efficacy. However, the interrelationship between the disease genes and drug targets is not clear. In this study, we comprehensively compared the network properties of disease genes and drug targets for five major disease categories (cancer, cardiovascular disease, immune system disease, metabolic disease, and nervous system disease). We first collected disease genes from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for five disease categories and collected their corresponding drugs based on drugs' Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification. Then, we obtained the drug targets for these five different disease categories. We found that, though the intersections between disease genes and drug targets were small, disease genes were significantly enriched in targets compared to their enrichment in human protein-coding genes. We further compared network properties of the proteins encoded by disease genes and drug targets in human protein-protein interaction networks (interactome). The results showed that the drug targets tended to have higher degree, higher betweenness, and lower clustering coefficient in cancer Furthermore, we observed a clear fraction increase of disease proteins or drug targets in the near neighborhood compared with the randomized genes. The study presents the first comprehensive comparison of the disease genes and drug targets in the context of interactome. The results provide some foundational network characteristics for further designing computational strategies to predict novel drug targets and drug repurposing.
Electronic Processes in α-Sulfur

The mobilities of photo-generated electrons and holes in orthorhombic sulfur are determined by drift mobility techniques. At room temperature electron mobilities between 0.4 cm^2/V-sec and 4.8 xm^2/V-sec and hole mobilities of about 5.0 cm^2/V-sec are reported. The temperature dependence of the electron mobility is attributed to a level of traps whose effective depth is about 0.12 eV. This value is further supported by both the voltage dependence of the space-charge-limited, d.c. photocurrents and the photocurrent versus photon energy measurements. As the field is increased from 10kV/cm to 30kV/cm a second mechanism for electron transport becomes appreciable and eventually dominates. Evidence that this is due to impurity band conduction at an appreciably lower mobility (4.10^(-4) cm^2/V-sec) is presented. No low mobility hole current could be detected for fields below 35 KV/cm. When fields exceeding 30 kV/cm for electron transport and 35 kV/cm for hole transport are applied, avalanche phenomena are observed. The results obtained are consistent with recent energy gap studies in sulfur. The theory of the transport of photo-generated carriers is modified to include the case of appreciable thermo-regeneration from the traps in one transit time.
Immunospecific isolation of a human chromatin fraction from mouse-human hybrid cells☆

Abstract This paper describes an immunospecific isolation of chromatin derived from a single human chromosome (No. 7) in a mouse-human hybrid cell line. Antisera to mouse and to human chromatin were prepared in rabbits and cross-absorbed with heterologous chromatin to render them species-specific. The specificities of the antisera were verified by micro-complement fixation assays. Chromatin from the hybrid cells was treated batchwise with an IgG fraction of antiserum specific for mouse chromatin coupled to sepharose. The immunoabsorbent removed more than 90% of the mouse chromatin, leaving a supernatant fraction considerably enriched for the human chromatin of chromosome 7. This chromatin fraction reacted only with antiserum specific for human chromatin in the micro-complement fixation assay, and it contained non-histone chromatin proteins characteristic of the human parent of the hybrid cells when examined by high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
Influence of Mycorrhizal Inoculation, Inundation Period, Salinity, and Phosphorus Availability on the Growth of Two Salt Marsh Grasses, Spartina alterniflora Lois. and Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Roth., in Nursery Systems

Restoration of salt marsh ecosystems is an important concern in the eastern United States to mitigate damage caused by industrial development. Little attention has been directed to the mycorrhizal influence on plantings of salt marsh species to stabilize estuarine sediments and establish cover. In our study, seedlings of two salt marsh grasses, Spartina alterniflora and Spartina cynosuroides, were grown in soil with a commercial, mixed species inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plants were grown in experimental “ebb and flow” boxes, simulating three levels of tidal inundation, to which two levels of applied phosphorus (P) and two levels of salinity were imposed. After 2.5 months, S. alterniflora was poorly colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizae, developing only fungal hyphae and no arbuscules, but S. cynosuroides became moderately colonized. Mycorrhizal inoculation marginally improved growth and P and nitrogen (N) content of both plant species at low levels of P supply but significantly increased tillering in both plant species. This factor could be beneficial in enhancing ground cover during restoration procedures. Greater P availability increased the mycorrhizal status of S. cynosuroides and improved P nutrition of both plant species, despite a reduction in the root-to-shoot ratio. Increasing salinity reduced mycorrhizal colonization of S. alterniflora but not of S. cynosuroides. Growth and nutrient content of S. alterniflora was improved at higher levels of salinity, but only increased nutrient content in S. cynosuroides. Increased duration of tidal inundation decreased plant growth in both species, but tissue P and N concentrations were highest with the longest time of inundation in both species.
Correlation of variations in trace elements and mineralogy of the Esopus Formation, Kingston, New York

Abstract In the area studied, the Esopus Fm. is composed of three or, locally, two members which are distinguished in terms of petrographic and field characteristics. X-ray diffraction data and spectrographic analyses are used to strengthen the meaning of this subdivision and to define the Esopus Fm. and separate it from enclosing stratigraphic units. Mineralogic data are used to form 12 pairs of relative value mineral ratios formed of illite, kaolin, chlorite, quartz, calcite, dolomite and feldspars. Twenty-four other variables were investigated; these include: maximum grain size in specimens, stratigraphic position within the units studied, and abundance of lime and 21 trace elements. The trace elements considered include: B, Ba, Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Ge, La, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sc, Sn, Sr, V, Y, Zn and Zr; and, their occurrences are discussed. Pearson correlations are made for the data of 36 variables, in terms of 3 sample populations. Certain correlative relationships are suggested as criteria for distinction of Esopus beds; these include highly significant correlations between (1) the relative value mineral ratios, kaolin:illite and quartz:feldspar, kaolin:illite and dolomite:feldspar, dolomite:feldspar and quartz:illite; and, (2) the trace element pairs, B V, Ba Ga, Ba Rb, Ba Sc, Be V, Cr Sr, Cu Rb, Cu Sr and Ni V. Other highly correlative relationships, including Y B, Mn CaO and Mn Sr, definitely rule out the presence of Esopus beds. Because of the great number of significant correlations found, only those at an extreme level of significance (0·0005 or 99·95%) are discussed. Other conclusions drawn relate concentration variations and trends of analytical data to geologic conditions. Concentrations of La and Y, respectively 70 and 90 ppm, are recorded; these values are in excess of other published abundances for these elements in sedimentary rocks.
Prediction of concurrent keypeck treadle-press responding from simple schedule performance

Four pigeons pecked keys and pressed treadles for food reinforcers delivered by several variable-interval schedules of reinforcement. Then the subjects responded on several concurrent schedules. Keypecking produced reinforcers in one component, and treadle-pressing produced reinforcers in the other. The changeover delay, which prevented reinforcement after all switches from one response to the other, was 0, 5, or 20 sec long. An equation proposed by Kerrnstein (1970) described the rates of treadle-pressing and keypecking emitted during the variable-interval schedules. The k parameter of this equation was larger for keypecking than for treadle-pressing. The R0 parameters were not systematically different for the two responses. The rates of keypecking and treadle-pressing emitted during the components of the concurrent schedules correlated with, but were not equal to, the rates of responding predicted by Herrnstein’s equation and the subject’s simple schedule responding. The ratios of the rates of responding emitted during, and the ratios of the time spent responding on, the components of the concurrent schedules conformed to an equation proposed by Baum (1974), but not to Herrnstein’s equation.
Differential regulation of alternate UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 gene promoters by hepatic nuclear factor-1.

Abstract UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 (UGT1A6) is a major UGT contributing to the glucuronidation of small phenolic compounds. The gene for rat 1A6 is expressed using two promoters, a distal promoter P1 and a proximal promoter P2. Transcripts from P2 are high in liver, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney, whereas P1 transcripts predominate in other tissues. Here we report evidence for primary control of the P2 promoter by hepatic nuclear factor 1 (HNF1). Transient transfection of a P2 reporter plasmid, p(−1354/+65) 1A6P2-luc, resulted in enhanced luciferase activity in HepG2 but not Hepa1 cells compared to cells transfected with pGL3-Basic control vector. A truncated reporter under the control of −224 to +65 exhibited comparable activity. Footprint analysis of the −224/+65 fragment revealed specific binding by rat liver nuclear protein to a region between bases −60 and −37. The binding activity was also observed with HepG2 cell but not Hepa1 cell extract. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays were consistent with the presence of HNF1 in the binding complexes. The functionality of an HNF1-binding site at −51/−37 is also supported by (1) marked decreases in the activity of P2 reporter plasmids containing a three-base substitution in the proposed HNF1 binding site and (2) the enhancement of P2 reporter activity following cotransfection of an HNF1α expression plasmid. The UGT1A6 P1 promoter lacks an HNF1 binding site in the analogous position and showed little response to HNF1 overexpression. Although these data do not strictly rule out an interaction between the P1 promoter and HNF1 bound to −51/−37 of P2, the results suggest a mechanism for the more abundant expression of P2-derived UGT1A6 transcripts in liver and other HNF1-enriched tissues.
Surge-front propagation and velocities during the early-1993-95 surge of Bering Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A., from sequential SAR imagery

The initiation and propagation of the 1993–95 surge of Bering Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A., was observed using ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar(SAR) imagery. Images were acquired before and during the surge, between November 1992 and October 1993. Terrain-corrected and co-registered imagery was used to measure the propagation of the surge front. Surface undulations interpreted to be evidence of accelerated flow, indicating surge initiation in late winter, were observed in the 26 March 1993 image. From 19 May to 25 August 1993, the mean propagation velocity of the surge front was 90 m d−1. The surge reached the terminus shortly after 25 August 1993. The central area of the calving terminus then advanced into proglacial Vitus Lake at a mean rate of 19 md−1 between 9 August and 18 October 1993. Feature matching was used to measure discrete velocity vectors between 9 August and 13 September; the vectors were kriged onto a uniform grid and used to compute the principal strain rates. Shattering of the calving front and dramatically increased iceberg calving were accompanied by high compressive strain rates immediately up-glacier from the calving front.
A fast method for solving both the time-dependent Schrödinger equation in angular coordinates and its associated "m-mixing" problem.

An efficient split-operator technique for solving the time-dependent Schrodinger equation in an angular coordinate system is presented, where a fast spherical harmonics transform accelerates the conversions between angle and angular momentum representations. Unlike previous techniques, this method features facile inclusion of azimuthal asymmetries (solving the “m-mixing” problem), adaptive time stepping, and favorable scaling, while simultaneously avoiding the need for both kinetic and potential energy matrix elements. Several examples are presented.
17.2 A 64kb 16nm asynchronous disturb current free 2-port SRAM with PMOS pass-gates for FinFET technologies

FinFET technology has been adopted in the 16nm node because it provides superior l on /l off ratio, short-channel effect and local variation [1,2]. 2P-SRAM, which offers simultaneous read and write operations, is widely used for media processing because of its high operating efficiency. However, 2P-SRAM using the conventional 2P8T cell has a read-disturb issue, when both read wordline (RWL) and write word-line (WWL) are asserted simultaneously in the same row [3]. Furthermore, read-disturb becomes worse in FinFET technology compared with classical planar technology. In order to overcome these problems, we develop a disturb-current-free (DCF) 2P8T cell with PMOS write pass-gates and peripheral assist circuits to further improve its performance.
MAP kinase regulation of IP10/CXCL10 chemokine gene expression in microglial cells

Interferongamma inducible protein-10 (IP10 or CXCL10), a Th-1 affiliated chemokine, is expressed by activated glial cells and may contribute to the trafficking of immune cells in the inflamed central nervous system. This study examines the regulation of the expression of this chemokine in cultured microglial cells focusing on the roles of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades. Exposure of a mouse microglial cell line, BV-2, to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IFNgamma led to an induction of IP10 mRNA and protein as determined by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. This induction was suppressed by pharmacological inhibitors of p38 MAPK (i.e., SB203580) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK, SP600125), suggesting the involvement of the two kinases in IP10 expression. LPS also induced the activity of an IP10 promoter reporter (luciferase) construct transfected into BV-2 cells in a MAP kinase- and NFkappaB-dependent manner. The use of deletion constructs revealed that the kinase-targeted sequences were within the region between -533 bp and -332 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site. Co-transfection of IP10 luciferase with the active forms of the upstream kinases in the MAP kinase cascades, i.e., MAPK kinase-3 (MKK3), MKK6 (the immediately upstream activators of p38 kinase) and a MAP3K, i.e., TGFbeta-activated kinase-1 (TAK1), produced a marked stimulation of the promoter activity. The results of this study indicate that the MAP kinase cascades prominently regulate IP10 gene expression in microglial cells.
Neutral Massive Leptons in an SO(10) Model With Massless Neutrinos

The neutral massive leptons expected in SO(10) have been studied in a model which permits neutrinos to be massless. The mixing of these leptons with ordinary neutrinos introduces violations of weak universality. Three massive leptons occur: ${N}_{1}$, coupling to $\ensuremath{\mu}$ and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ with strength ($0.026 \frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{{M}_{{N}_{1}}}$) relative to the ordinary weak coupling; ${N}_{2}$, coupling to $\ensuremath{\tau}$ and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ with relative strength ($1.8 \frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{{M}_{{N}_{2}}}$); and ${N}_{3}$, coupling to $\ensuremath{\mu}$ and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ with relative strength ($1.8 \frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{{M}_{{N}_{3}}}$) and to $\ensuremath{\tau}$ and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ with relative strength ($8 \frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{{M}_{{N}_{3}}}$). Their masses are bounded from below by 0.37, 6, and 25 GeV, respectively. The prospects for observing the neutral massive leptons in neutrino neutral-current interactions, in $W$ and $Z$ decays, and in $\ensuremath{\tau}$, $c$, and $b$ decays are discussed.
Choroid plexus carcinoma of childhood

The presentation, growth patterns, and response to therapy of 11 consecutive children with choroid plexus carcinomas were analyzed, and the results were compared with the outcome reported in other series. Patients were a median of 26 months of age at diagnosis. Two patients had thalamic tumors, one had a posterior fossa primary, and the rest had ventricular lesions. Five of 11 (45%) children remain in continuous progression-free remission a median of 48 months from diagnosis. Four of the five in continuous remission had a "gross total" surgical resection, and only one received radiation therapy. Five of six patients with subtotal resections relapsed despite postoperative treatment with radiation therapy (three) and chemotherapy (one). The response to treatment with radiation therapy or chemotherapy at relapse was disappointing, with only one child (treated with etoposide) responding. In combination with other series, 11 of 14 children had prolonged progression-free survival after gross total resection (only two of whom received adjuvant therapy) compared with two of 20 after less than total resections, independent of the type of adjuvant therapy given. Adjuvant therapy for children with choroid plexus carcinomas is of unproven benefit, and this must be considered when analyzing innovative treatment trials for such children, especially for those with totally resected tumors. Patients with partially resected lesions fare poorly with present forms of treatment.
A Statistical Model of Bubble Coalescence and Its Application to Boiling Heat Flux Prediction—Part I: Model Development

In this work a statistical model is developed by deriving the probability density function (pdf) of bubble coalescence on boiling surface to describe the distribution of vapor bubble radius. Combining this bubble coalescence model with other existing models in the literature that describe the dynamics of bubble motion and the mechanisms of heat transfer, the surface heat flux in subcooled nucleate boiling can be calculated. By decomposing the surface heat flux into various components due to different heat transfer mechanisms, including forced convection, transient conduction, and evaporation, the effect of the bubble motion is identified and quantified. Predictions of the surface heat flux are validated with R134a data measured in boiling experiments and water data available in the literature, with an overall good agreement observed. Results indicate that there exists a limit of surface heat flux due to the increased bubble coalescence and the reduced vapor bubble lift-off radius as the wall temperature increased. Further investigation confirms the consistency between this limit value and the experimentally measured critical heat flux (CHF), suggesting that a unified mechanistic modeling to predict both the surface heat flux and CHF is possible. In view of the success of this statistical modeling, the authors tend to propose the utilization of probabilistic formulation and stochastic analysis in future modeling attempts on subcooled nucleate boiling.
Effect of aminophylline on diaphragmatic contractility in the piglet.

ABSTRACT: Minute ventilation, arterial blood gases, arterial pH, cardiac output, and transdiaphragmatic force generation, both during spontaneous ventilation and in response to phrenic nerve stimulation during airway occlusion at end expiration, were measured in nine anesthetized, tracheostomized piglets before and 30 min after parenteral infusion of 20 mg/kg aminophylline. Serum theophylline levels averaged 109 ± 21 μmol/L (19.7 ± 3.7 μg/mL) at 30 min postinfusion. No significant changes were noted in pH, blood gases, blood pressure, or ventilatory measures after aminophylline. Aminophylline infusion also had no effect on transdiaphragmatic force generation at any frequency of phrenic nerve stimulation studied. It is concluded that aminophylline has no effect on diaphragmatic contractility in the quietly breathing, nonfatigued piglet.
Individual Differences in Gains from Computer-Assisted Remedial Reading.

Abstract Two hundred second- to fifth-grade students (aged approximately 7 to 11 years) spent 29 h in a computer-assisted remedial reading program that compared benefits from accurate, speech-supported reading in context, with and without explicit phonological training. Children in the “accurate-reading-in-context” condition spent 22 individualized computer hours reading stories and 7 small-group hours learning comprehension strategies. Children in the “phonological-analysis” condition learned phonological strategies in 7 small-group hours, and divided their computer time between phonological exercises and story reading. Phonologically trained children gained more in phonological skills and untimed word reading; children with more contextual reading gained more in time-limited word reading. Lower level readers gained more, and benefited more from phonological training, than higher level readers. In follow-up testing, most children maintained or improved their levels, but not their rates, of training gains. Phonologically trained children scored higher on phonological decoding, but children in both conditions scored equivalently on word reading.
Unraveling Atomic Positions in an Oxide Spinel with Two Jahn−Teller Ions: Local Structure Investigation of CuMn2O4

At first sight, the quenched tetragonal spinel CuMn2O4 can be formulated with Cu2+ and Mn3+, implying that the tetrahedral site is Jahn−Teller (JT)-active Cu2+ and the octahedral site is JT-active Mn3+. High-resolution, high-momentum-transfer neutron scattering analysis suggests that the sample has ∼30% inversion: Mn on the tetrahedral Cu site with compensating Cu on the octahedral site. Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) analysis of the pair distribution function allows details of metal−oxygen connectivity to be probed in a manner that is significantly on the local rather than the average scale. Bond valence analysis of the RMC supercell reveals that both JT ions disproportionate to higher and lower valence states as a means of avoiding their JT tendency, particularly on the tetrahedral site. The occurrence of Cu3+ in particular is suggested for the first time and is supported by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data. The bimodal distribution of O−Cu−O bond angles at the tetrahedral site (distinct from what is se...
The courtesan in art: Historical fact or modern fantasy?

(1991). The courtesan in art: Historical fact or modern fantasy? Women's Studies: Vol. 19, Women in the Renaissance: An Interdisciplinary Forum (MLA 1989), pp. 209-222.
A Majorization Algorithm for Constrained Correlation Matrix Approximation

Abstract We desire to find a correlation matrix R ^ of a given rank that is as close as possible to an input matrix R , subject to the constraint that specified elements in R ^ must be zero. Our optimality criterion is the weighted Frobenius norm of the approximation error, and we use a constrained majorization algorithm to solve the problem. Although many correlation matrix approximation approaches have been proposed, this specific problem, with the rank specification and the R ^ ij = 0 constraints, has not been studied until now. We discuss solution feasibility, convergence, and computational effort. We also present several examples.
Non-dimensionalised closed-form parametric analysis of semi-active vehicle suspensions using a quarter-car model

This article provides a non-dimensionalised closed-form analysis of semi-active vehicle suspensions, using a quarter-car model. The derivation of the closed-form solutions for three indices that can be used for ride comfort, vehicle handling, and stability are presented based on non-dimensionalised suspension parameters. The behaviour of semi-active vehicle suspensions is evaluated using skyhook, groundhook, and hybrid control policies, and compared with passive suspensions. The relationship between vibration isolation, suspension deflection, and road holding is studied, using three performance indices based on the mean square of the sprung mass acceleration, rattle space, and tyre deflection, respectively. The results of the study indicate that the hybrid control policy yields significantly better comfort than a passive suspension, without reducing the road-holding quality or increasing the suspension displacement for typical passenger cars. The results also indicate that for typical passenger cars, the hybrid control policy results in a better compromise between comfort, road holding and suspension travel requirements than both the skyhook and groundhook control methods.
Port security/safety, risk analysis, and modeling

Freely flowing international trade, carried predominantly by ocean-going vessels, has been a major contributor to the global prosperity experienced in the second-half of the 20th century. In the U.S. and many countries worldwide, maritime traffic in ports and waterways is a critical component of national supply chains and the backbone of many economies. However, the proximity of major seaports to urban centers and the volume and diversity of seaport activities render them vulnerable targets, where even small incidents could have crippling economic effects. Increasing important is that security operations must strike a balance between providing security and impeding the movement of cargo with the attendant economic costs, as any stoppage or appreciable slow-down in port operations impacts numerous supply chains, and extended stoppages necessitate diverting vessels to other ports, as was the case in the 2003 strike of longshoremen in the port complex of LA/LB. Maintaining efficient port operations sometimes conflicts with port security measures addressing worldwide concerns about terrorism, drug smuggling, and crime. This volume explores a wide variety of topics at the interface of port security, safety, and port operations, with an emphasis on technical tools using mathematical modeling and risk analysis. In particular, this volume considers the general areas of port security and/or safety risk analysis, port and waterway maritime traffic analysis and modeling, cargo screening and inspection algorithms, nuclear detection issues and algorithms, analysis of container delays and costs due to cargo inspection, cost and economic trade-off of port security, accident probability modeling and decision analysis, and multi-objective trade-off in port security. Such models can assist in analyzing the effectiveness of interdiction measures and the disruptive impact of high-consequence events in and around port complexes, as well as in assessing the effectiveness of strategies to mitigate and recover from such events. These models can further help in effectively setting up the “Rules of the Road” in ports and waterways.
New guidelines for coding physicians' services--a step backward.

In July 1998, the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) intended to implement a revised and more complex set of guidelines specifying how physicians should code and document “evaluation and management” services billed to Medicare. These services include office visits and hospital visits and are distinguished from surgery and other invasive procedures. In 1996, Medicare payments for evaluation and management services totaled about $16 billion, or 40 percent of payments to physicians under the program.1 Before the proposed date of implementation, the new guidelines created considerable turmoil among practicing physicians and were a subject of spirited and sometimes angry commentary in . . .
Effect of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 on Proliferation and Death of Rat Prostatic Cells*

The ability of transforming growth factor B1 (TGFβ1) to inhibit proliferation and activate death of rat ventral prostatic glandular cells was tested both in vivo and in vitro. In vivo administration of 50 ng TGFβ1/day directly to the regressed ventral prostate of previously castrated male rats had no effect on the proliferative regrowth of the prostatic glandular cells induced by exogeneous androgen replacement. In addition, androgen- stimulated ventral prostatic cell proliferation in vitro in organ culture was not affected by exposure to 0.1–20 ng/ml TGFβ1. In contrast in vivo administration of 50 ng TGFβ1/day directly to the ventral prostate of intact noncastrated male rats resulted in the death of about 25% of the prostatic glandular cells within 7 days of treatment. Such TGFjSi treatment did not lower serum testosterone, nor did it affect the size or DNA content of the seminal vesicles, demonstrating the local nature of the response. Likewise, in androgen-maintained ventral prostate organ cultures in ...
Sexual assault history and social support: six general population studies.

We evaluated the association of sexual assault history with later social support, operationalized as network size, marital status, presence of a partner, frequency of network contacts, and emotional support from friends and family, from spouse, and from partner. Data came from six independent general population surveys (pooled N = 9,865) whose results were summarized using meta-analysis. People who had been sexually assaulted were less likely than others to be married (OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.65, 0.87) or to report at least weekly contact with friends and relatives (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.31, 0.75), and reported less emotional support from friends and family (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.58, 0.89) and spouse (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.54, 0.82). Results were consistent across studies, genders, and ethnic groups. Circumstances of sexual assault were sometimes related to social support.
Molecular bonding-based descriptors for surface adsorption and reactivity

Abstract Descriptors, quantities that correlate with catalytically interesting quantities, are widely used in computational catalyst screenings. For example, adsorption energies of atomic species (O, C, etc.) are often employed as descriptors of catalytic activity, in conjunction with appropriate scaling and Bronsted–Evans–Polanyi relations. While very successful in terms of their predictive value, the reaction-specific mechanistic insight gained from such relations can be limited since adsorption energy descriptors often correlate indirectly with catalytic activity. To this end, we have developed a novel class of descriptors based on molecular bonding, characterizing the intramolecular bonding of adsorbed reactants in terms of two-center bonding derived on the basis of Natural Bond Orbital analysis. We demonstrate this approach by examining a diverse set of reactions across a variety of transition metal surfaces. We find that these bonding-based descriptors have a direct connection with the surface–adsorbate interactions that mediate catalysis, explicitly treating the bond breakage/formation that accompanies the rearrangement of atomic contacts. In many cases, we can interpret these interactions in terms of adsorbate “pre-activation”, reflecting the intrinsic locality of surface reactions. We anticipate that this molecular bonding-based approach can help elucidate more comprehensive mechanistic insight into surface-catalyzed reactions and facilitate the unification of concepts from homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis.
Evaluating the fate of patients who undergo resections of very large, node-negative lung cancers using the National Cancer DataBase.

OBJECTIVES To determine whether there are differences in survival associated with different treatment modalities among patients with lymph node-negative, very large non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). METHODS The National Cancer DataBase was used to identify patients diagnosed with NSCLCs >7 cm (T3) without lymph node involvement (N0) or metastatic disease (M0) from 1999 to 2006. Surgical therapy included surgery alone, neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy or chemotherapy, surgery followed by adjuvant chemoradiation therapy or chemotherapy and surgery followed by postoperative radiation therapy (PORT). The 5-year overall survival (OS) was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and comparisons were made using log-rank tests and Cox regression models. RESULTS Of the 2296 patients identified with cT3N0M0 disease, 45% underwent surgical therapy. The 5-year OS rate was 38%. Across the different treatment regimens, there was a significant difference in 5-year OS. Neither neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy or chemotherapy nor adjuvant chemoradiation therapy was associated with improved 5-year OS. The use of adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with improved OS relative to surgery alone [hazard ratio (HR) 0.70; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54-0.91, P = 0.008]. PORT alone was associated with a detrimental effect on 5-year OS relative to surgery alone [HR 2.04; 95% CI 1.38-3.03, P < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS Large T3N0 NSCLCs appear to be optimally treated with surgical resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy.
Pathways of trace elements in power plants: interim research results and implications

Abstract EPRI's Plant Integrated Systems: Chemical Emissions Studies (PISCES) research program has been instituted to improve the understanding of chemical emissions from power plants. Key components of this program are to create an industry data base on trace chemical emissions, to define methods for measuring these substances, to establish the capabilities of existing and emerging environmental technologies for controlling these chemicals, if warranted, and to conduct field sampling campaigns at pilot and full-scale power plants to ascertain process trace chemical data absent from the literature. The ultimate aim of the current effort is to characterize industry emission profiles and produce information and tools for utilities to assess emission risks and evaluate alternative control options. Interim results from this research indicate microgram per cubic meter levels of emissions for many trace substances. In fact for mercury, the concentrations from coal-fired power plants can be much less. Particulate control devices such as ESPs and baghouses are capable of removing more than 90% of most non-volatile heavy metals from coal combustion flue gases. Further research continues to address mercury species behavior and its removal under varying flue gas conditions.
Relationship intimacy, need for privacy, and privacy restoration behaviors

This study had two purposes: 1) to examine the relationship between relationship intimacy, type of privacy violation, and privacy restoration behaviors, and 2) to examine the relationship between need for privacy and these other three variables. The results showed that relationship intimacy and privacy violation type interacted to affect the likelihood of using interaction control restoration strategies. Need for not neighboring interacted with type of privacy invasion to affect the likelihood of using expression of negative arousal strategies.