cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seven years' experience with early defibrillation by police and paramedics in an emergency medical services system.

Abstract Primary objective : To assess the outcome of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with ventricular fibrillation as the presenting rhythm in an emergency medical services system utilizing a combined police/paramedic response to provide early defibrillation. Materials and methods : Police and paramedics were dispatched from law enforcement and ambulance communications centers, respectively. First-arriving personnel delivered initial shocks, all using automated external defibrillators. Patients were classified according to response to initial shocks: restoration of pulses with shocks only or in need of advanced life support, including epinephrine. Discharge survival was defined as return to home without disabling neurologic injury. Results : Over the 7-year period of study 131 patients presented with ventricular fibrillation; 58 were first treated by police and 73 by paramedics. Restoration of pulses with shocks only and discharge survival were not different in police and paramedic groups, with overall survival of 40% (53 of 131 patients). Among the survivors, 19% (18/95 patients) obtained a spontaneous circulation only after administration of epinephrine and other ALS interventions. Conclusion : Both restoration of a functional circulation, without need for advanced life support interventions, and discharge survival without neurologic disability are very dependent upon the rapidity with which defibrillation is accomplished, regardless of who delivers the shocks. In addition, a smaller but significant number of patients who require ALS interventions, including epinephrine, for restoration of a spontaneous circulation survive to discharge. Short time differences, on the order of 1 min, are significant determinants of both immediate response to shocks and discharge survival.
The Effect of Acute Ethanol Exposure on the Chronotropic and Inotropic Function of the Rat Right Atrium

Consumption of ethanol (CH2CH3OH), both acutely and chronically, is known to affect cardiac function and may alter the autonomic control of the heart. This study investigated the effects of two modes of acute exposure to ethanol on the chronotropy and inotropy of the rat right atrium with emphasis on alterations in the adrenergic responses. Atria from rats infused with an anesthetizing level of ethanol for 21 h showed a tendency for a greater increase of the unstimulated beating rate with isoproterenol (ISO), while both unstimulated inotropy and the inotropic response to ISO were significantly decreased compared with the control. Right atria in the presence of ethanol in-vitro demonstrated decreased basal active tension development and decreased inotropic responses to ISO. No alteration of the chronotropic response to ISO was evident with any concentration of ethanol. These results demonstrate both an immediate as well as a persistent effect of ethanol on right atrial chronotropy and inotropy. Alterations in the G-stimulatory subunit of the adenylate cyclase system and alterations in myofilament binding of Ca2+ are consistent with these observed ethanol effects.
Continuous time-varying biasing approach for spectrally tunable infrared detectors

In a recently demonstrated algorithmic spectral-tuning technique by Jang et al. [Opt. Express 19, 19454-19472, (2011)], the reconstruction of an object's emissivity at an arbitrarily specified spectral window of interest in the long-wave infrared region was achieved. The technique relied upon forming a weighted superposition of a series of photocurrents from a quantum dots-in-a-well (DWELL) photodetector operated at discrete static biases that were applied serially. Here, the technique is generalized such that a continuously varying biasing voltage is employed over an extended acquisition time, in place using a series of fixed biases over each sub-acquisition time, which totally eliminates the need for the post-processing step comprising the weighted superposition of the discrete photocurrents. To enable this capability, an algorithm is developed for designing the time-varying bias for an arbitrary spectral-sensing window of interest. Since continuous-time biasing can be implemented within the readout circuit of a focal-plane array, this generalization would pave the way for the implementation of the algorithmic spectral tuning in focal-plane arrays within in each frame time without the need for on-sensor multiplications and additions. The technique is validated by means of simulations in the context of spectrometry and object classification while using experimental data for the DWELL under realistic signal-to-noise ratios.
Enhanced Surgical Exposure for the High Extracranial Internal Carotid Artery

The need for enhanced surgical exposure for the high extracranial (Zone III) internal carotid artery is not uncommon. In certain circumstances, the posterior border and angle of the mandible may interfere with access to the distal internal carotid artery (ICA). The use of modified mandibular osteotomies has provided vascular surgeons in our institution with improved exposure of the ICA in selected cases. The intraoral sagittal split and extraoral vertical ramus osteotomies of the mandible allow manipulation of the posterior border and angle of the mandible with low morbidity and minimal postoperative complications. These procedures can be performed for both dentate and edentulous patients without the need for intermaxillary fixation. This paper introduces these modifications and discusses the benefits over previously described methods of mandibular manipulation.
Clinical Features, Testing, and Management of Patients with Suspected Prosthetic Hip-Associated Cobalt Toxicity: a Systematic Review of Cases

Safety concerns regarding cobalt-containing metal alloy hip prosthetics (Co-HP) have resulted in product recalls, a medical device alert, and issuance of guidance for clinicians. Recently, cases of suspected prosthetic hip-associated cobalt toxicity (PHACT) from Co-HP have been reported. Although little is known about suspected PHACT, these patients may be referred to medical toxicologists for evaluation and management recommendations. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and unpublished abstracts from toxicology scientific meetings for references relevant to PHACT. Authors independently screened publications for inclusion criteria: publication in English, human study population, subject(s) are symptomatic (except for isolated hip pain), and cobalt values in any matrix (blood, serum, urine, CSF, synovial fluid) available for review. Data from 10 cases are reviewed. Patients with suspected PHACT had findings consistent with cobalt toxicity, including thyroid, cardiac, and neurologic dysfunction. Signs and symptoms appeared between 3 and 72 months after arthroplasty (median 19 months). Neurologic symptoms were most common. Ancillary testing varied considerably. All patients had elevated cobalt levels in one or more matrices. Enhanced elimination was attempted in 27 % of patients. At this time, the information currently available regarding patients with suspected PHACT is inadequate to guide clinical decision making. No consensus has been reached regarding the management of Co-HP patients with systemic symptoms. Indications for chelation have not been established and require further study. Improved case definitions, improved surveillance, and controlled studies are needed to elucidate the scope of this problem and guide future investigations.
Peracetic acid as a superior oxidant for preparation of [123I]IBZM: A potential dopamine D‐2 receptor imaging agent

Various oxidizing agents: chloramine-T, hydrogen peroxide, sodium persulfate, m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid and peracetic acid were examined as the oxidant for preparing radioiodinated IBZM ((S)-(–)-3- iodo-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-N-[(1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]benzamide), which is a useful dopamine D-2 receptor imaging agent. Of all the oxidizing agents tested, peracetic acid appears to be the best agent for no-carrier added radioiodination. The advantages of using peracetic acid as the oxidant for the preparation of [125I] or [123I] IBZM include: high radiochemical yield, high radiochemical purity, and short reaction time at room temperature.
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF THE SWIMMING BEHAVIOR OF HINCKSIA IRREGULARIS SPORES (PHAEOPHYCEAE)

The swimming behavior of spores of the brown alga Hincksia irregularis was analyzed using computer-assisted motion analysis. We distinguished five main swimming patterns: straight paths, search circles, orientation, gyration, and wobbling. We suggest different functional values for the individual swimming patterns. Straight paths, search circles, and orientation are different but all may be important in small-scale movements in the benthic boundary layer. As such, they could enable a spore to find a suitable microenvironment for germination and growth. Gyration occurs during the initial reversible phase of adhesion that can lead to settlement. Wobbling is typical for irritated or mechanically damaged spores and does not seem to be a typical pattern associated to settlement. The dominant swimming patterns changed with spore age (10 ± 5 to 60 ± 5 min of spore age), with young spores mainly swimming in straight paths and search circles and older spores in orientation and gyration. This change in swimming patterns can be quantified by speed (decrease over time) and rate of change of direction (increase over time). Based on these results, we suggest that computer-assisted motion analysis of the swimming behavior of H. irregularis spores can be used to develop bioassays with both ecological and technological relevance.
Visual acuity in human infants: a review and comparison of behavioral and electrophysiological studies.

Abstract Three techniques—optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), preferential looking (PL), and the visually evoked potential (VEP)—have been used to assess visual acuity in infants between birth and 6 months of age. All three techniques indicate that the visual acuity of infants increases during the first 6 months postnatal. The accumulating evidence strongly suggests that all three techniques give meaningful and reliable—if somewhat different—estimates of visual acuity in infants, and that variants of these techniques will eventually be useful for the assessment of infant vision in clinical settings.
Trichodermin, a possible inhibitor of the termination process of protein synthesis.

The mode of action of the antibiotic, trichodermin, on yeast cells has been investigated. Trichodermin specifically inhibits protein synthesis and, during the in vivo inhibition of protein synthesis, ribosomes remain in polyribosomes rather than shifting to monoribosomes. This observation suggests that trichodermin inhibits either an elongation step or a termination step of protein biosynthesis. These two possibilities were distinguished by comparing the action of trichodermin with that of cycloheximide, a known elongation inhibitor, upon the reformation of polyribosomes during recovery from a block in polypeptide chain initiation. Cycloheximide slows the recovery of polyribosomes from monoribosomes following a block in polypeptide chain initiation whereas trichodermin enhances the recovery of polyribosomes. This observation is interpreted to mean that trichodermin primarily inhibits the termination step of protein biosynthesis.
Managing atrial fibrillation to prevent its major complication: ischemic stroke

Atrial fibrillation is an acute or chronic arrhythmia that occurs postoperatively or during intense emotional stress, exercise, or acute alcohol intoxication. More than 10% of Americans aged 75 and older have atrial fibrillation, which is common in elderly patients with cardiopulmonary disorders. During atrial fibrillation, uncoordinated electrical activity leads to ineffective atrial contraction, reduced atrial filling time, and decreasing cardiac output. Blood flow stasis may cause thrombi to form in the quivering atria. Cardioversion may be indicated to convert an unstable patient into sinus rhythm. However, if cardioversion converts the patient's status to sinus rhythm, thrombi may become dislodged and propelled into the bloodstream as emboli. Occlusion of a cerebral blood vessel often follows, leading to stroke. Because patients with longstanding atrial fibrillation are predisposed to stroke, anticoagulation therapy (usually with heparin, warfarin, or aspirin) should be initiated 3 weeks prior to cardioversion. Proper anticoagulation can usually prevent ischemic stroke.
Characterization of Aqueous Plutonium(IV) Nitrate Complexes by Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy

The structures of the aqueous nitrate complexes of Pu(IV) have been studied by extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) at nitric acid concentrations of 3, 8, and 13 M. Systematic changes in the EXAFS spectra demonstrate the trends of increasing nitrate ligation and decreasing water ligation as a function of increasing nitric acid concentration. The coordination numbers of the nitrogens and noncoordinating oxygens are consistent with previous studies in which the principal species were found to be the di-, tetra-, and hexanitrato complexes in these solutions. The Pu(IV) nitrato complexes in nitric acid appear to have similar actinide−nitrate structures as seen in the solid state structures of analogous thorium and neptunium nitrate compounds in which the nitrate ligands are planar and bidentate, and the central actinide atom is in the plane of the nitrates. The nitrates are distorted with respect to free nitrate in that the nitrogen−oxygen bond length of the noncoordinating oxygen is significantly...
Country and soul hits: Manufacturer strategies and crossover characteristics

(1979). Country and soul hits: Manufacturer strategies and crossover characteristics. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 284-292.
Imaging optically induced neural activity in the brain

Infrared neural stimulation (INS) is well characterized for the peripheral nervous system; however, translation to the central nervous system (CNS) presents a new set of challenges which require us to consider different anatomy, multiple cell types, and the physiology associated with structures in the CNS. This study presents our first attempt to translate INS to in vivo stimulation of the CNS and to image the related response. The results from this study show that INS generates intrinsic optical signals of similar magnitude and shape associated with well characterized mechanical stimuli. The implications of this work could lead to neural implants which allows for single cell stimulation making it possible to design closed loop neural prosthetics.
SUMO modification regulates inactivation of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.5.

The voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel Kv1.5 mediates the IKur repolarizing current in human atrial myocytes and regulates vascular tone in multiple peripheral vascular beds. Understanding the complex regulation of Kv1.5 function is of substantial interest because it represents a promising pharmacological target for the treatment of atrial fibrillation and hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Herein we demonstrate that posttranslational modification of Kv1.5 by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins modulates Kv1.5 function. We have identified two membrane-proximal and highly conserved cytoplasmic sequences in Kv1.5 that conform to established SUMO modification sites in transcription factors. We find that Kv1.5 interacts specifically with the SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 and is a target for modification by SUMO-1, -2, and -3 in vivo. In addition, purified recombinant Kv1.5 serves as a substrate in a minimal in vitro reconstituted SUMOylation reaction. The SUMO-specific proteases SENP2 and Ulp1 efficiently deconjugate SUMO from Kv1.5 in vivo and in vitro, and disruption of the two identified target motifs results in a loss of the major SUMO-conjugated forms of Kv1.5. In whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiological studies, loss of Kv1.5 SUMOylation, by either disruption of the conjugation sites or expression of the SUMO protease SENP2, leads to a selective ≈15-mV hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation. Reversible control of voltage-sensitive channels through SUMOylation constitutes a unique and likely widespread mechanism for adaptive tuning of the electrical excitability of cells.
The Use of the Behavior Problem Checklist with Greek Deaf Children in Cross-Cultural Research

Abstract The Behavior Problem Checklist was completed by teachers of 127 students who attended a state supported school for the deaf in Athens, Greece. Analyses were performed which generated three, four, five, and ten factors. The biographic variables of sex and age were also included in some of the analyses to determine their effect, if any, on the factor structure. Results of the analyses were compared to analogous results for U.S. deaf children and Greek hearing children. Three factors which correspond to dimensions found in earlier research and previously labeled conduct problem, personality problem, and inadequacy-immaturity were found. Overall the Greek deaf children tended to have problem behavior patterns similar to the U.S. deaf and Greek hearing as well as other populations. It was apparent that these patterns for the Greek deaf children were largely independent of the deafness handicap and differences in cultural background.
Chronic Angina and the Treatment with Ranolazine: Facts and Recommendations

More than 6 million people in the United States are affected by chronic angina. On January 27, 2006, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a new medication for the treatment of chronic stable angina called ranolazine (Ranexa). This is the first angina drug approved by the FDA in over a decade. The unique thing about this drug is that it falls into a new class of therapies in that it works at the level of cellular metabolism in decreasing demand on the cardiac tissue. There are many factors to consider when prescribing this medication including past studies, dosing, and education. There is also evidence that this drug may also benefit diabetic patients with glycemic control.
The Experience of Emotion in the Workplace: Professing in the Midst of Tragedy.

Emotion in the workplace has increasingly become an issue of importance to organizational and management scholars. This article takes a very personal look at emotion in the workplace. Using autoeth...
The distribution of the usual provider continuity index under Markov dependence

Abstract In the health care sector, a sequence identifying which doctor/provider was seen by a particular patient over a number of visits can be viewed as a series of outcomes from multi-state trials. The usual provider continuity (UPC) index, defined as the fraction of patient visits to some specified “usual” provider, is one of the most commonly used measures for quantifying continuity of care. In this note, we derive the exact distribution of UPC under the assumption of Markov dependence between visits, using the finite Markov chain imbedding technique. Numerical examples are given to illustrate our main result.
Leveraging provenance to improve data fusion in sensor networks

Provenance is the information about the origin of the data inputs and the data manipulations to a obtain a final result. With the huge amount of information input and potential processing available in sensor networks, provenance is crucial for understanding the creation, manipulation and quality of data and processes. Thus maintaining provenance in a sensor network has substantial advantages. In our paper, we will concentrate on showing how provenance improves the outcome of a multi-modal sensor network with fusion. To make the ideas more concrete and to show what maintaining provenance provides, we will use a sensor network composed of binary proximity sensors and cameras to monitor intrusions as an example. Provenance provides improvements in many aspects such as sensing energy consumption, network lifetime, result accuracy, node failure rate. We will illustrate the improvements in accuracy of the position of the intruder in a target localization network by simulations.
Thermoelectric properties of p-type PbTe-PbSe alloys

The thermoelectric properties of p-type PbTe-PbSe alloys have been studied as a function of temperature. The high-temperature figures of merit of several alloy compositions have been found to be significantly greater than PbTe. This improvement is related to the ability to achieve higher doping levels in these alloys and, hence, superior electrical properties at elevated temperatures.
Infrared spectra of amino acids in water

Abstract The infrared spectra of the common α-amino acids in aqueous solution in tile region 6.5–11 μ (1538–909 cm −1 ) are presented and discussed. In addition, the spectra of related amino acids, e.g. ethionine, β-alanine and other α- and non-α-amino acids are presented. The results show that it is possible to obtain distinct, characteristic spectra for many of the compounds examined.
Synaptic modifications accompanying epileptogenesis in vitro: long-term depression of GABA-mediated inhibition

Abstract We used an in vitro model similar to kindling to examine the processes underlying epileptogenesis. A 60 Hz train was applied every 5–10 min to the Schaffer collateral pathways in guinea pig hippocampal slices until epileptiform bursting was elicited in the CA3 region. The resultant alterations in both spontaneous and evoked activities were studied using intracellular recordings from CA3 pyramidal cells. An attempt was made to elucidate the synaptic modifications responsible for the conversion to this state of enhanced excitability. Analyses revealed that the emergence of epileptiform discharge was accompanied by a long-term depression of evoked inhibitory conductances. This tetanus-induced reduction of inhibition involved both the early and late phases of the evoked hyperpolarization, suggesting modification of both the GABAA and GABAB receptor-mediated events. Previous studies have suggested that NMDA receptor activation plays an important role in the induction of epileptiform activity in this model. Our data, showing that depression of inhibition can be induced in the presence of CNQX, is consistent with this hypothesis. The parallel development of long-term depression of inhibition and epileptiform bursting following tetanic stimulation suggests that plasticity of the inhibitory transmission process is a potential source of vulnerability contributing to epileptogenesis.
Model Decomposition Speeds Distribution Center Design

Recently, in designing Hewlett-Packard's new North American distribution center, we decomposed the modeling and design process into loosely independent pieces that could be developed in a parallel or concurrent fashion, rather than trying to model the entire system at once. Using this approach, we developed simulation models of four different facets of the distribution center, with each model providing useful results in time to aid in system design decisions. While not all systems can be easily decomposed, we believe many simulation modeling projects could benefit from such an approach. The new distribution facility is now operating with a 60 percent improvement in order-picking efficiency and an 80 percent increase in shipment-preparation efficiency.
Syntheses and structures of σ-pyridine, quinoline, and isoquinoline complexes of the formula [(η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(NCxHy)]+ CF3SO3−

Abstract Reaction of (η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(OTf) with pyridine, quinoline, and isoquinoline gives the title complexes in high yields. The crystal structure of the isoquinoline complex is determined, and exhibits unexpected features.
Direct application of radioiodinated aminoacyl tRNA for radiolabeling nascent proteins

Abstract A two-step procedure to incorporate 125I-iodotyrosine into protein synthesized in a reticulocyte lysate is described. In the first step, the iodination of tyrosyl tRNA was catalyzed by a solidstate glycouril compound. More than one-third of 200 μCi of radioiodine became bound to 70 μg of aminoacyl tRNA after 15 min at 0°C. The isotope was distributed in a three-to-one ratio of monoiodotyrosine to di-iodotyrosine. In the second step, the soluble product of the radioiodination was transferred directly into a nuclease-treated reticulocyte lysate coded with RNA isolated from the human hepatoma cell line Hep G2. Fractional recovery of radioiodine in nascent protein was maximally 7.6%. Reaction of the product of translation with antibody against α-antitrypsin separated an 125I-containing protein having a molecular weight estimated as 47,000. The synthesis of unprocessed α-antitrypsin was confirmed by cleavage of the labeled protein with leader peptidase and by its displacement from immunocomplex formation with purified α-antitrypsin. The amount of 125I incorporated into α-antitrypsin was proportionate to iodinated tRNA additions up to a concentration of 70 μg/ml. The synthesis of α-antitrypsin as detected in radioautograms after gel electrophoresis was more than twice as sensitive using radioiodinated aminoacyl tRNA as compared with [35S]methionine. Iodine labeling of thyroxine-binding globulin was also demonstrated in the translation product of Hep G2 RNA. Since the specific activity of the radioiodine is high and the means for detection of the isotope efficient, the method described can facilitate the demonstration of quantitatively minor translation products.
Lead in forage grass from a suburban area in Northern California

Abstract Particulate lead from motor vehicle exhausts contaminates plants. We found the lead content of forage grass from sites at varying distances from roads sufficient to pose a threat to grazing animals. In comparison with earlier studies, where smelting was responsible for contamination of forage that caused plumbism in animals, the present study shows motor vehicle exhaust to be an important source of toxic levels of lead in California's most common forage grass, Avena fatua. Ingestion of such grass by cattle may pose a threat to them and, in addition, may provide an additional increment of lead in Man's diet.
Structural health monitoring using continuous sensors and neural network analysis

A method for damage detection in a plate structure is presented based on strain waves that are generated by foreign object impact on the structure, or by damage that is propagating in the structure. The response characteristics of continuous sensors, which are long ribbon-like sensors, were studied by simulation of wave propagation in a panel. The advantage of the continuous sensor is to improve damage detection by having a large coverage of sensors on the structure using a small number of channels of data acquisition. Strain responses from the continuous sensors were used to estimate the damage location using a neural network technique. Eight hundred numerical wave propagation simulation runs for a plate were carried out to train the neural network and verify the proposed method for damage localization. The identified damage locations agreed reasonably well with the exact damage locations. Overall, the approach presented is meant to simplify the instrumentation needed for damage detection by using continuous sensors, a small number of channels of data acquisition, and training a neural network to do the work of locating the damage source.
Mission Statements, Physical Space, and Strategy in Higher Education.

The effectiveness of higher education institutions has bases in institutional structures and cultures. However, structure and culture represent abstract concepts while institutions realize high performance in practice. Given their salience in higher education, mission statements and campus space bring structure and culture into the realm of practice. Moving from abstract to concrete, this paper shows how mission statements embody structure and culture and how physical space, in turn, enacts mission in day-to-day institutional life. By harnessing the mission-space linkage, strategy can access structure and culture for the purpose of increasing effectiveness.
Distinctive Clinical Features of Portopulmonary Hypertension

Study objective To differentiate the cardiopulmonary profile of portopulmonary hypertension (PPHTN) from that of primary pulmonary hypertension and chronic liver disease. Design Retrospective survey. Setting Tertiary care center. Patients Thirty patients with cardiac catheterization-proven PPHTN were compared to 30 randomly selected patients with primary pulmonary hypertension alone and 30 patients with chronic liver disease alone necessitating consideration of liver transplantation (L-CONT). Interventions All patients underwent right heart catheterization, echocardiography, ECG, chest radiography, pulmonary function tests, ventilation-perfusion scanning, and room air arterial blood gas measurements. Results Patients with PPHTN exhibited elevated pulmonary pressures (mean pulmonary pressure, 48.6±2.1 mm Hg) and pulmonary vascular resistance (11.6±1.6 mm Hg/L/min/m 2 ) with simultaneous elevation in the cardiac index (3.8±0.3 L/min/m 2 ) and depression of systemic vascular resistance (24.9±1.7 mm Hg/L/min/m 2 ). Arterial blood gas measurements indicate that PPHTN exhibits a significant accentuation of the chronic respiratory alkalosis (Pco 2 , 28.7±0.5 mm Hg) usually seen with chronic liver disease and pulmonary hypertension. In addition, patients with PPHTN have an increased alveolar-arterial gradient (27.0±2.7 mm Hg) when compared to patients with L-CONT, suggesting impaired gas exchange. Conclusions PPHTN is associated with a unique clinical profile that possesses characteristics common to and exclusive of liver disease and primary pulmonary hypertension.
A sibship with neuroaxonal dystrophy and renal tubular acidosis: A new syndrome?

The clinical and pathological features of three siblings from nonconsanguineous parents are described. Two of the children died at 61/2 and 7 months of age of a central nervous system disorder characterized by severe behavioral retardation, hypotonia, and pyramidal tract signs. The third child, now 8 years old, has global mental retardation, inability to talk, marked tremors, and gait disturbances. All children exhibited inability to concentrate or acidity the urine, with growth delay partially corrected in the living child by alkali therapy. Computed tomographic scans revealed hyperdense lesions in the thalamus of one of the siblings and more striking hyperdensity of the basal ganglia in the eldest child. Findings at postmortem examination in two children, and by renal and sural nerve biopsy in the third, include swollen axons in the internal capsule and peripheral nerves, and neurons with iron-staining deposits, gliosis, and macrophages containing lipofuscin pigments in the brain. The renal findings include material positive for periodic acid–Schiff and hyperdense granular deposits in renal tubules.
Nonparametric estimation in mixing sequences of random variables

Abstract Let X1,X2,… be random variables defined on (Ω, A ,P) and taking values in R t , t≥1 . Suppose that the sequence {Xj},j≥1, is strictly stationary and φi-mixing, for some i=1,…,4, and let ƒ be the probability density function of X1. Let ƒn(x) be the usual kernel estimate of ƒ(x), xϵ R t. Under certain conditions, it is shown that fn(x) is a strongly consistent estimate of ƒ(x). Under some additional conditions, this consistency is shown to be uniform over certain sets extending over all of R t as the sample size n tends to infinity. These results, specialized to certain Markov processes, provide strongly cosistent estimates, as well as uniformly, as above, strongly consistent estimates, for the initial, the 2t-variate joint and the transition probability density functions. Finally, a uniformly, in the above sense, strongly consistent estimate is obtained for the one-step transition distribution function of the process.
Identification of Evidence-Based Interventions for Promoting HIV Medication Adherence: Findings from a Systematic Review of U.S.-Based Studies, 1996–2011

A systematic review was conducted to identify evidence-based interventions (EBIs) for increasing HIV medication adherence behavior or decreasing HIV viral load among persons living with HIV (PLWH). We conducted automated searches of electronic databases (i.e., MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL) and manual searches of journals, reference lists, and listservs. Interventions were eligible for the review if they were U.S.-based, published between 1996 and 2011, intended to improve HIV medication adherence behaviors of PLWH, evaluated the intervention using a comparison group, and reported outcome data on adherence behaviors or HIV viral load. Each intervention was evaluated on the quality of study design, implementation, analysis, and strength of findings. Of the 65 eligible interventions, 10 are EBIs. The remaining 55 interventions failed to meet the efficacy criteria primarily due to null findings, small sample sizes, or low retention rates. Research gaps and future directions for development of adherence EBIs are discussed.
Differential transcription of cytochrome P450s and glutathione S transferases in DDT-susceptible and -resistant Drosophila melanogaster strains in response to DDT and oxidative stress

Metabolic DDT resistance in Drosophila melanogaster has previously been associated with constitutive over-transcription of cytochrome P450s. Increased P450 activity has also been associated with increased oxidative stress. In contrast, over-transcription of glutathione S transferases (GSTs) has been associated with resistance to oxidative stress. However, little is known in regards to the impact of xenobiotics on induction of P450s and GSTs and if there exist differences in inducibility between the pesticide susceptible and resistant strains. Thus, we investigated the transcriptional expression of GSTs and P450s in DDT resistant (Wisconsin) and susceptible (Canton-S) Drosophila strains in response to exposure to DDT and the oxidative stressor H2O2. Wisconsin constitutively over-transcribed P450s, constitutively under-transcribed 27% of its total GSTs, and was more susceptible to H2O2 than Canton-S. DDT exposure induced GST expression only in the Wisconsin strain and not in the Canton-S strain. These results suggest that there are potentially more differences between pesticide susceptible and resistant strains than just constitutive expression of P450s; there may also exist, at least in some strains, differences in their patterns of inducibility of P450s and GSTs. Within the context of the Wisconsin strain, these differences may be contributing to the fly lines increased susceptibility to oxidative stress.
Substitutional-Gate MOSFETs With Composite $( \hbox{In}_{0.53}\hbox{Ga}_{0.47}\hbox{As}/\hbox{InAs}/\hbox{In}_{0.53}\hbox{Ga}_{0.47}\hbox{As})$ Channels and Self-Aligned MBE Source–Drain Regrowth

We report enhancement-mode composite-channel (In0.53Ga0.47As/InAs/In0.53Ga0.47As) MOSFETs fabricated using a substitutional-gate process, with n+ relaxed InAs source-drain regions formed by regrowth by molecular beam epitaxy. A device with 70-nm gate length and 2-nm In0.53Ga0.47As/3.5-nm InAs/3-nm In0.53Ga0.47As channel showed a peak transconductance of greater than 0.76 mS/μm at Vds = 0.4 V and showed Id = 0.5 mA/μm at Vds = 0.4 V and Vgs - Vth = 0.7 V. The subthreshold swing at Vds = 0.1 V was 130 mV/dec.
Simulation environment scenarios using cellular automata for wireless sensor network analysis

Applications and middleware popular in the study of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) often involve monitoring dynamically changing environments. As the complexity and scale of these applications increase, so does the need for effective comparative analysis. Deterministic benchmarks for head-to-head comparisons, as well as stochastic tests modeling the unpredictability of environmental phenomenon are needed. Approaches employed for ad hoc network simulation are not sufficient, since the network is typically modeled solely in terms of network topology, without a separate model for the physical environment within which the network is deployed. We propose a simulation architecture in which various cellular automata models representing dynamic physical environments can be developed. Our architecture allows environment scenarios to evolve independently of simulation models for network protocols and topology. To verify the architecture, we implement cellular automatons to model different physical systems: the FHP rule describes the motion of particles traveling in a discrete space colliding with each other; the OFC rule describes stress loading and rupture cycles; and a mathematical CA model describing the spread of a fire, incorporating weather (wind) and land topology conditions. We use these rules to effectively model scenarios such as spreading of gas, earthquakes, bridge or building rupture, and forest fires.
A SIMPLIFIED THEORY OF KINEMATIC WAVES IN HIGHWAY TRAFFIC, PART III: MULTI-DESTINATION FLOWS

Suppose that one specifies the times at which vehicles enter each freeway junction and where (but not when) they will exit. The problem is to determine the cumulative flows past various points of the freeway, trip times, etc. To solve this problem, one must combine the equations of traffic dynamics for the total flow (for all origins and destinations) as described in Part II, with equations specifying that the trip time of a vehicle between two successive junctions is independent of its origin or destination. One must evaluate not only the total flow past each point but the component flows past each point for each destination. A solution of this problem based on the theory in Part II is fairly straightforward.
Oxygen on Mo(110): low-temperature adsorption and high-temperature oxidation

Abstract High-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and thermal desorption mass spectrometry (TDS) have been used to study the low-temperature and high-temperature oxidation of a Mo(110) single crystal. Oxidized overlayers prepared at 90 and 1000 K were studied at temperatures up to 1400 K. A low-oxygen coverage on Mo(110) at 90 K produces only one vibrational loss at 530 cm−1, indicating dissociative oxygen adsorption into the long-bridge site on this surface. Upon increased exposure, oxygen undergoes conversion to a quasi-threefold adsorption site, causing two characteristic losses at 395 and 605 cm−1 to become spectroscopically visible. An additional loss at 990 cm−1 appears at saturation oxygen exposure. An overlayer prepared by exposure of Mo(110) at 90 K to a low coverage of oxygen followed by heating to 1200 K regenerates a “clean” surface, as observed in HREELS; this is caused by oxygen diffusion into the subsurface region. Heating an oxygen-saturated overlayer to 1200 K regenerates a vibrational spectrum that is similar to a low coverage of oxygen on Mo(110). Heavy oxidation of Mo(110) at 1000 K produces an oxide layer characterized by the appearance of a fourth vibrational mode at 740 cm−1 and a twofold increase in the O(KLL)/Mo(LMM) Auger peak-to-peak ratio. Heating this O/Mo(110) layer to 1400 K regenerates a surface that is similar to the oxidized molybdenum overlayer produced by a saturation-oxygen exposure at 90 K.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Lecture versus Independent Study.

Abstract The lecture method continues to be the predominant teaching medium in medical education despite widespread emphasis to reduce the lecture hours and make more time available for independent study. This study evaluated the impact on student test scores and study time when taught using the independent study versus lecture approach. Third-year surgery clerks (n = 205) from five medical schools participated in the study. Learning objectives, multiple choice and essay questions were developed for a given topic in surgery. A lecture outline with audiovisuals and an independent study guide were also developed. The teaching method to be used with students in the first rotation was determined randomly for each institution. The alternate teaching method was to be employed in the second rotation. A Lecturer Evaluation Form was used to assess the individuals giving the lecture to measure comparability among lecturers. A Study Habit Survey was completed by students at the end of each clerkship rotation to determine the amount of time and resources used. The written examinations were administered at the end of each clerkship. A two-way analysis of variance was used to determine school and method differences on exam performance, lecturer assessment by students, and self-reported study hours. T tests were used to study differences in study hours between the two groups. The results showed no differences (p > .05) in students' knowledge as measured by test performance or in the amount of time spent studying. Findings provide added support to medical faculty advocating a decrease in lecture hours and an increase in more active learning strategies.
Electrochemistry in liquid SO2 photohole emission from a platinum electrode

Photoemission of holes from a platinum electrode into liquid sulfur dioxide was investigated by determining the photocurrent produced by both Ar ion and rhodamine 6G dye laser illumination (611.3 to 457.9 nm). A plot of photocurrent versus potential obeyed the ”five-halves-law“ and yielded threshold potentials that linearly correlated with excitation energy. Holes are injected from a photoexcited Pt electrode into an SO2/tetra-η-butyl ammonium PF−6 electrolyte solution with a threshold potential of 3.74 V versus AgREF that corresponds to an energy level of −9.1±0.1 eV versus vacuum. This level is 0.4 eV beyond the estimated level for reversible electrochemical oxidation of solvent.
Seismic response of rotating machines–structure–RFBI systems

The seismic response of a critical rotating machine either rigidly attached to a floor or independently isolated housed within an initially aseismically designed or uncontrolled structure are investigated. A particular isolation system, the Resilient-Friction Base Isolator (RFBI), is employed. Finite element formulations of a rotor-disk-bearing model on a rigid base are developed. The equations of motion for the combined rotating machine–structure–RFBI systems are presented. Parametric studies are performed to investigate the effects of variations in system physical properties including friction coefficient, mass ratio, shaft flexibility, bearing rigidity, bearing damping and speed of rotation on the response of rotating machines for the combined rotating machine–structure–isolator systems. Comparative studies in the peak response of the rotating machine supported on various isolation systems and the corresponding fixed base system are carried out. The study indicates that the Resilient-Friction Base Isolator can significantly reduce the seismic response of rotating components to potentially damaging ground excitations. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring security vulnerabilities by exploiting buffer overflow using the MIPS ISA

By exploiting a well known security vulnerability in many C library implementations, it is possible for an unprivileged user to gain unrestricted system privileges. With an understanding of how the process execution stack is allocated and managed during process execution, a user can override the return address of a C library routine and thereby resume execution at a different address where a set of malicious functions can be invoked [1]. This is known as the buffer overflow exploit. With buffer overflow as the underlying theme, an example will be described using C and the MIPS assembly language that simultaneously exposes students to issues in computer security, operating systems concepts such as memory management and function invocation/return, and the MIPS instruction set architecture.
The Unrealized Potential of 34mCl for Radiopharmaceutical Research with PET

The unstable isotopes of chlorine have a brief history limited largely to production from sulphur isotopes. Recent improvements in accelerator targetry have made radiochlorine available from small cyclotrons, and concurrent research into labeling chemistry suggests both electrophilic and nucleophilic avenues for the synthesis of novel imaging probes. The prevalence of chlorine compounds from anthropogenic and natural sources offers varied and fertile ground for future scientific explanation with their radiolabeled counterparts.
Run-Time Optimization of Sparse Matrix-Vector Multiplication on SIMD Machines

Sparse matrix-vector multiplication forms the heart of iterative linear solvers used widely in scientific computations (e.g., finite element methods). In such solvers, the matrix-vector product is computed repeatedly, often thousands of times, with updated values of the vector until convergence is achieved. In an SIMD architecture, each processor has to fetch the updated off-processor vector elements while computing its share of the product. In this paper, we report on run-time optimization of array distribution and off-processor data fetching to reduce both the communication and computation time. The optimization is applied to a sparse matrix stored in a compressed sparse row-wise format. Actual runs on test matrices produced up to a 35 percent relative improvement over a block distribution with a naive multiplication algorithm while simulations over a wider range of processors indicate that up to a 60 percent improvement may be possible in some cases.
Changes in Odor Quality Discrimination following Recovery from Olfactory Nerve Transection

Following recovery from olfactory nerve transection, animals regain their ability to discriminate between odors. Odor discrimination is restored after new neurons establish connections with the olfactory bulb. However, it is not known if the new connections alter odor quality perception. To address this question, 20 adult hamsters were first trained to discriminate between cinnamon and strawberry odors. After reaching criterion (≥90% correct response), half of the animals received a bilateral nerve transection (BTX) and half a surgical sham procedure. Animals were not tested again until day 40, a point in recovery when connections are re-established with the bulb. When BTX animals were tested without food reinforcement, they could not perform the odor discrimination task. Sham animals, however, could discriminate, demonstrating that the behavioral response had not been extinguished during the 40 day period. When reinforcement was resumed, BTX animals were able to discriminate between cinnamon and strawberry after four test sessions. In addition, their ability to discriminate between these two familiar odors was no different than that of BTX and sham animals tested with two novel odors, baby powder and coffee. These findings suggest that, after recovery from nerve transection, there are alterations in sensory perception and that restoration of odor quality discrimination requires that the animal must again learn to associate individual odor sensations with a behavioral response.
Lumbrical and interossei recording in severe carpal tunnel syndrome

Patients with severe carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) may occasionally have absent median motor and sensory responses; in these cases, it is not possible to accurately localize the median mononeuropathy to the wrist using standard electrodiagnostic tests. We prospectively investigated the use of comparing the median motor latency to the second lumbrical and the ulnar motor latency to the interossei muscles in 28 patient hands with severe CTS and absent median motor and sensory responses. We found a prolonged latency difference in 92.8%. Along with its use in mild CTS, study of the lumbrical-interossei latency difference is helpful in patients with severe CTS with absent median motor and sensory responses.