cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TU-E-BRB-06: Monte Carlo Simulations of a Novel Kilovoltage Radiotherapy Source

Purpose: To study the depth‐dose delivery of a novel kilovoltage source using Monte Carlo(MC) simulations. Methods: The large area scanning beam x‐ray source (SBDX) designed for fluoroscopic imaging was modeled for diverging and converging beamlets. The MC model of SBDX was built in the EGSnrc/BEAMnrc code and validated against EBT Gafchromic film measurements in the DOSXYZnrc code. The SBDX was modeled as a number of highly collimated 120 kV x‐ray sources distributed along a line. Simulations were performed of the source arcing around a target beneath the surface in a soft tissue human‐sized phantom. The design of the source was optimized to minimize skindose with a high beam output. A comprehensive study of the source design included the investigation of incident electron beam arrangement, and collimator design, as well as x‐ray delivery setup, such as the source‐to‐surface distance and beam angles. Results: SBDX depth dose curves for three energies simulated by MC agreed with the measured ones to within 5%. The comprehensive study of the source's design parameters and x‐ray delivery setup determined optimum parameters for high depth‐to‐skin ratios and beam output of the novel 120 kV source. With these parameters, a 4‐cm diameter, subsurface target was covered with a 75% isodose line, and the corresponding target‐to‐skin ratio was 2.74. Another set of source parameters resulted in a target‐to‐skin ratio of 3.03, however, the beam output was by 80% lower. Conclusions: The dose distributions created with a novel kilovoltage source have been studied using MC simulations, and a possible design for clinical use has been determined. Sirius Medicine, LLC provided the presenting author with financial support to conduct the research.
STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION : VII. FIXATION OF BACTERIA AND OF PARTICULATE MATTER AT THE SITE OF INFLAMMATION.

India ink or graphite partides injected into an area of inflammation fail to disseminate to the tributary lymph nodes. When injected into a normal peritoneal cavity they rapidly appear in the retrosternal lymph nodes. When injected into an inflamed peritoneal cavity they are fixed in situ and fail to reach the regional lymph nodes. Graphite particles injected in the circulating blood stream enter an inflamed area both as free particles owing to increased capillary permeability and also as phagocyted material within leucocytes. Bacteria (B. prodigiosus) injected into inflamed tissue are fixed at the site of inflammation and fail to disseminate to the regional lymph nodes as readily as when injected into normal tissue. Bacteria (B. prodigiosus) injected at the periphery of an inflamed area do not readily penetrate into the site of inflammation. The experiments furnish evidence, in addition to that already provided, that fixation of foreign substances by the inflammatory reaction is primarily due to mechanical obstruction caused by a fibrin network and by thrombosed lymphatics at the site of inflammation. Bacteria (B. prodigiosus and B. pyocyaneus) injected intravenously rapidly enter an inflamed area. It is suggested that localization of bacteria in a locus minoris resistentiae may be explained as the result of increased capillary permeability with subsequent accumulation and fixation of bacteria from the blood stream at the point of injury.
Immunology of Infectious Diseases: Medical microbiology meets immunology

Here is a book to fill the gap between medical microbiology and immunology, disciplines that have diverged over the past century.
Binding of the Inward Rectifier K+ Channel Kir 2.3 to PSD-95 Is Regulated by Protein Kinase A Phosphorylation

Dynamic regulation of ion channel interactions with the cytoskeleton mediates aspects of synaptic plasticity, yet mechanisms for this process are largely unknown. Here, we report that two inwardly rectifying K+ channels, Kir 2.1 and 2.3, bind to PSD-95, a cytoskeletal protein of postsynaptic densities that clusters NMDA receptors and voltage-dependent K+ channels. Kir 2.3 colocalizes with PSD-95 in neuronal populations in forebrain, and a PSD-95/Kir 2.3 complex occurs in hippocampus. Within the C-terminal tail of Kir 2.3, a serine residue critical for interaction with PSD-95, is also a substrate for phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). Stimulation of PKA in intact cells causes rapid dissociation of the channel from PSD-95. This work identifies a physiological mechanism for regulating ion channel interactions with the postsynaptic density.
Non-classical helix-stabilizing interactions: CH⋯O H-bonding between Phe and Glu side chains in α-helical peptides

The classical picture of H-bonds has evolved considerably. In contrast to earlier expectations, C-H O H-bonds !
Agamben and Marx: Sovereignty, Governmentality, Economy

This essay reconsiders Marx’ prehistory of capital through the lens of the work of Giorgio Agamben, who in the wake of Foucault has proposed a bio-political theory of sovereignty that breaks down the analytical separation between sovereignty and governmentality that Foucault in his work tries to maintain. Although Agamben mentions Marx only once in his study of sovereign power, I argue that his study nevertheless contributes to our understanding of the capitalist relation as not only a governmental but also a sovereign power relation. In the first part of this essay, I show through a philological commentary on Marx’ use of the adjective ‘vogelfrei’—translated as free, rightless, without protection, outlawed—to characterise the proletariat, that the Marxian proletariat is a figure of what Agamben in his study of sovereign power calls bare life. In the second part of the essay, I show that this sovereign dimension of the capitalist relation is also substantiated by Marx’ analysis of the logic of the capitalist relation as that of the exception. After Carl Schmitt, who wrote that ‘sovereign is who decides on the state of exception’, Agamben has argued that the logic of the exception is the logic of sovereign power. Reconsidered through the lens of Agamben’s argument, Marx’ account of the prehistory of capital reveals that there is a sovereign logic of the exception at work in the capitalist relation. In the final part of the essay, I start from Agamben’s single reference to Marx in his study of sovereign power to discuss the importance of my conclusions for Agamben’s political message.
From Coal Mine Dust To Quartz: Mechanisms of Pulmonary Pathogenicity

Exposure to coal mine dust or crystalline silica can result in the initiation and progression of interstitial lung disease. Pathogenesis is the consequence of damage to lung cells and resulting lung scarring associated with activation of fibrotic processes. This review presents the radiologic and histologic characteristics of simple and complicated coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) as well as pathological indices of acute and chronic silicosis. This presentation also reviews the results of in vitro, animal, and human investigations that elucidate mechanisms involved in the development of these pneumoconioses. Results support the involvement of four basic mechanisms in the etiology of CWP and silicosis: 1. Direct cytotoxicity of coal dust or silica, resulting in lung cell damage, release of lipases and proteases, and eventual lung scarring. 2. Activation of oxidant production by pulmonary phagocytes, such as alveolar macrophages. When oxidant production exceeds antioxidant defenses, lipid peroxidation and protein nitrosation occur, resulting in tissue injury and consequent scarring. 3. Activation of mediator release from alveolar macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells. Chemokines recruit polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages from the pulmonary capillaries into the air spaces. Once within the air spaces, these leukocytes are activated by proinflammatory cytokines to produce reactive species, which increase oxidant injury and lung scarring. 4. Secretion of growth factors from alveolar macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells. Release of such mediators stimulates fibroblast proliferation and induces fibrosis. In conclusion, results of in vitro and animal studies have provided the basis for proposing mechanisms that may lead to the initiation and progression of CWP and silicosis. Data obtained from exposed workers has lent support to these proposals. The mechanistic understanding obtained for the development of CWP and silicosis should be useful in elucidating the possible pathogenicity of other inhaled particles.
A fracture mechanics based numerical analysis for predicting optimum interface properties in a metal matrix composite

Abstract The interface in continuous fiber reinforced composites governs the mode and extent of load transfer between the fiber and the matrix. It also affects the damage initiation and growth mechanisms. An additional feature of the interface is that it is strongly influenced by thermal residual stresses due to the processing history of the composite. The effect of residual stresses on the stress state of the interface near a crack tip might prove to be advantageous or detrimental to the global mechanical properties of the composite. These issues are of interest for a better understanding of the mechanics of fracture of composites, which in turn will lead to the development of composites with superior properties. In this study, 2-D plane stress and axisymmetric residual stress analyses are performed for a 37% volume fraction SiC fiber (SCS-6) reinforced titanium (Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn) composite plate with single and multilayered interphases. “Design plots” for optimum utilization of fiber and matrix strength properties are obtained. Initial debonding and subsequent debond growth at the fiber/interphase interface are predicted using quasistatic numerical analysis. The results suggest that the composite retains sufficient load bearing capability upon initial debonding to allow a graceful failure. The residual stresses due to the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatches between the fiber and the matrix with single or multilayered interphases are also compared with the help of axisymmetric analysis of the composite. The use of the multilayered interphase effects a smooth transition of the hoop stresses between the fiber and the matrix across the interphase, thus reducing the propensity of interfacial cracking due to the residual stresses caused by the CTE mismatch.
MiR-433 and miR-127 Arise from Independent Overlapping Primary Transcripts Encoded by the miR-433-127 Locus

MicroRNAs play significant roles in development, metabolism and carcinogenesis, however, limited information is available about their primary transcripts and the transcriptional regulation of the microRNA genes. We report here the cloning of two primary miRNAs (pri-miR-433 and pri-miR-127) encoded by the miR-433-127 locus. Using both database mining and experimental methods, we isolated the full-length primary transcripts of the mouse miR-433 and miR-127 and demonstrated that they overlapped in a 5′-3′ unidirectional way. These two miRNA genes are expressed in a compact space by using overlapping coding regions. This is the first report to identify an economical structure for miR-433 and miR-127 genes, which may be a novel way of miRNA gene to maximize the genetic information in order to fit the complex physiological function of mammalian organism.
Perceptual grouping for generic recognition

We address the problem of recognition of generic objects from a single intensity image. This precludes the use of purely geometric methods which assume that models are geometrically and precisely designed. Instead, we propose to use descriptions in terms of features and their qualitative geometric relationships. To succeed, it is clear that these features need to be high level, rather than points or lines. We propose to detect groups using perceptual organization criteria such as proximity, symmetry, parallelism, and closure. The detection of these features is performed in an efficient way using proximity indexing. Since many groups are created, we also perform selection of relevant groups by organizing them into sets of similar perceptual content. Finally we present an implementation of a recognition system using these sets as primitives. It is an efficient colored graph matching algorithm using the adjacency matrix representation of a graph. Using indexing, we retrieve matching hypotheses, which are verified against each other with respect to topological constraints. Groups of consistent hypotheses represent detected model instances in a scene. The complete system is illustrated on real images. We also discuss further extensions.
Liquid metal flow in a simple manifold with a strong transverse magnetic field

This paper treats a liquid-metal flow through a simple manifold connecting one duct to two parallel ducts. The manifold consists of an infinitely long, constant-area, rectangular duct with a uniform, transverse magnetic field and with a semi-infinite middle wall at the plane of symmetry which is perpendicular to the magnetic field. The magnetic flux density is sufficiently large that inertial effects can be neglected everywhere and that viscous effects are confined to boundary layers and to an interior layer along the magnetic field lines through the end of the middle wall. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate an approach with eigenfunction expansions which will be useful for manifolds with many parallel ducts. In the present simple manifold, the principal three-dimensional effect is a transfer of flow to the inviscid core region from the high-velocity jets adjacent to the sides which are parallel to the magnetic field. There is also an important redistribution of flow along magnetic field lines inside the side-wall boundary layers.
Present and future instrumentation for the Hobby-Eberly Telescope

The Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) is an innovative large telescope of 9.2 meter aperture, located in West Texas at McDonald Observatory. The HET operates with a fixed segmented primary and has a tracker which moves the four-mirror corrector and prime focus instrument package to track the sidereal and non-sidereal motions of objects. The HET has been taking science data for six years. Work over the past two years has improved performance significantly, replacing the mirror coatings and installing metrology equipment to provide feedback that aids tracking and alignment of the primary mirror segments. The first phase of HET instrumentation includes three facility instruments: the Low Resolution Spectrograph (LRS), the Medium Resolution Spectrograph (MRS), and High Resolution Spectrograph (HRS). The current status of these instruments is described. A major upgrade of HET is planned that will increase the field of view to 22 arcminutes diameter, replacing the corrector, tracker and prime focus instrument package. This wide field upgrade will feed a revolutionary new integral field spectrograph called VIRUS, in support of the Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX).
Periodic solutions of arbitrary length in a simple integer iteration

We prove that all solutions to the nonlinear second-order difference equation in integers yn+1 = ⌈ay n ⌉-yn-1, {a ∈ ℝ:|a|<2, a≠0,±1}, y0, y1 ∈ ℤ, are periodic. The first-order system representation of this equation is shown to have self-similar and chaotic solutions in the integer plane.
Elastic wave propagation in anisotropic spherical curved plates

Abstract Spherical plate-like structures are used in pressure vessels, spherical domes of power plants, and in many other industrial applications. For non-destructive evaluation of such spherical structures, the mechanics of elastic wave propagation in spherical curved plates must be understood. The current literature shows some valuable studies on Rayleigh surface wave propagation in isotropic solids with spherical boundaries. However, the guided wave propagation problem in an anisotropic spherical curved plate, which has not been studied before, is solved for the first time in this paper. The wave propagation, in both isotropic and anisotropic spherical curved plates, is investigated. The differential equations of motion and the stress-free boundary conditions on the inner and outer surfaces of a hollow sphere are approximately solved by a general solution technique. This solution technique was successfully utilized by the authors for solving the wave propagation problem in cylindrical plates, in their earlier works. Dispersion curves for spherical plates made of isotropic aluminum, steel, and anisotropic composite material are presented as well.
Combining Forecasts: Multiple Regression versus a Bayesian Approach*

Simple linear combinations of forecasts have consistently been found to be more accurate than individual forecasts. Several recent studies have found that combination forecasts derived by constrained or unconstrained multiple regression are more accurate than a simple average of individual forecasts. This study uses macroeconomic data to compare the accuracy of combination forecasts derived by a Bayesian methodology with the accuracy of composite forecasts derived by multiple regression. Using the forecasts of four macroeconomic variables from five well-known econometric models, the study finds that the Bayesian combination procedure produces more accurate composite forecasts than does the regression combination procedure, based on a version of Theil's U2 statistic.
Kant and the ‘Monstrous’ Ground of Possibility: A Reply to Abaci and Yong

I reply to recent criticisms by Uygar Abaci and Peter Yong, among others, of my reading of Kant's pre-Critical ‘possibility proof’ of God's existence, and of its fate in the Critical period. Along the way I discuss some implications of this debate for our understanding of Kant's modal metaphysics and modal epistemology generally.
Letter by Rangaraju and Jadhav Regarding Article, “Predicting Clinical Outcomes After Thrombolysis Using the iScore: Results From the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive”

We commend Saposnik et al1 for their analysis of the effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy in acute ischemic stroke using iScore as a predictor of outcome in the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive (VISTA) database. They clearly demonstrate that intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) increases the likelihood of achieving a good outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS], 0–2) at 3 months if the iScore is <200. This beneficial effect of tPA was not observed in the high iScore group (≥200). However, they did observe a significant …
Nucleation and growth of epitaxial silicon on Si(001) and Si(111) surfaces by scanning tunneling microscopy

Abstract The epitaxial growth of silicon on Si(111)-(7×7) and Si(001)-(2×2) substrates at temperatures between 300 and 700 K is studied using scanning tunneling microscopy. On Si(111)-(7×7), the epitaxial islands are triangular and exhibit (7×7)-like reconstructions even at low coverage. STM images show that multilayer growth initiates at boundaries between different (7×7) domains and between (5×5) and (7×7) phases. On Si(001), the epitaxial islands are highly anisotropic, forming long narrow rows only a few dimers wide. Multilayer growth initiates at (2×1) anti-phase boundaries. A model is proposed for the structure at these anti-phase boundaries.
Thermodynamics of Born-Infeld-anti-de Sitter black holes in the grand canonical ensemble

The main objective of this paper is to study thermodynamics and stability of static electrically charged Born-Infeld black holes in AdS space in $D=4$. The Euclidean action for the grand canonical ensemble is computed with the appropriate boundary terms. The thermodynamical quantities such as the Gibbs free energy, entropy and specific heat of the black holes are derived from it. The global stability of black holes are studied in detail by studying the free energy for various potentials. For small values of the potential, we find that there is a Hawking-Page phase transition between a BIAdS black hole and the thermal-AdS space. For large potentials, the black hole phase is dominant and is preferred over the thermal-AdS space. Local stability is studied by computing the specific heat for constant potentials. The nonextreme black holes have two branches: small black holes are unstable and the large black holes are stable. The extreme black holes are shown to be stable both globally as well as locally. In addition to the thermodynamics, we also show that the phase structure relating the mass $M$ and the charge $Q$ of the black holes is similar to the liquid-gas-solid phase diagram.
Reverse Mathematics, Computability, and Partitions of Trees

WeexaminethereversemathematicsandcomputabilitytheoryofaformofRamsey'stheorem in which the linear n-tuples of a binary tree are colored. Let 2 <N denote the full binary tree of height ! . We identify nodes of the tree with finite sequences of zeros and ones, and refer to any subset of the nodes as a subtree. For positive integers n, let (2 <N ) n denote the set of all linearly ordered n-tuples of nodes in 2 <N. We say that a subtree S of 2 <N is isomorphic to 2 <N if every node of S has exactly two immediate successors. More formally, S ! 2 <N is isomorphic to 2 <N if there is a bijective function f :2 <N " S such that for all ", # # 2 <N , we have " ! # if and only if f(" ) ! f(# ). This weak form of isomorphism does not preserve minima. Using this terminology, we can formulate the following version of Ramsey's theorem for trees. TT n : Suppose that (2 <N ) n is colored with k colors. Then there is a subtree S isomorphic to 2 <N such that (S) n is monochromatic.
Entrepreneurship training, risk aversion and other personality traits: Evidence from a random experiment

A growing literature examines the relationship between personality traits and entrepreneurship, but no previous studies explore whether personality or psychological traits predispose individuals to benefit more from entrepreneurship training. To address selection issues, we use novel data from the largest-ever randomized control experiment providing entrepreneurship training in the United States. We find evidence indicating that individuals who are more risk tolerant benefit more from entrepreneurship training than less risk tolerant individuals. We find some limited evidence that individuals who have a preference for autonomy benefit more from entrepreneurship training in the short run, but we find no evidence of longer-term effects and no evidence of differential effects of entrepreneurship training for individuals who are more innovative.
‘Their Blood is Eastern’: Shahin Makaryus and Fin de Siècle Arab Pride in the Jewish ‘Race’

This article studies the origins and functions of a belief in Jewish race in the Arab fin de siecle through a case study of the writings of Shahin Makaryus and al-Muqtaṭaf, the influential journal he co-edited. The article begins by examining the racial definition of the Jews proffered by Makaryus and al-Muqtaṭaf. It situates this view, first, within the then-recent controversy surrounding Darwinism and the problem of secularism within the Arab renaissance of the fin de siecle and, second, within the contemporary Egyptian discourse about race concerning Egypt's rule over the Sudan. It then studies the presumed implications of this categorization of the Jews for their supposed racial relatives, the Arabs. It argues that it was precisely the imagined racial link between Jews and Arabs that made race an attractive category for understanding the Jews in the minds of certain Nahda thinkers. Next, it examines Makaryus's approach to Jewish nationalism and Zionism and contends that his apparent sympathy toward th...
Jovian planet missions for solar cell powered electric propulsion spacecraft

Missions for solar-electric propulsion spacecraft, calculating flyby and elliptic capture missions to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
AN EXAMINATION OF THE UTILITY OF THE PRECIPITIN TEST FOR EVALUATION OF ARTHROPOD PREDATOR–PREY RELATIONSHIPS

A serological technique, the precipitin test, was examined as a method for determining the feeding habits of the spider Pardosa sternalis Thorell (Araneae: Lycosidae). Radial immunodiffusion responses were significantly influenced by quantity of prey consumed, the time elapsed between spider feeding and serological analysis, and the temperature at which spiders were maintained after feeding. Maximum antigen detection time after feeding was 150–200 h for spiders fed varying quantities of prey and held at 25°C and over 400 h for those held at 4°C. Ouchterlony double diffusion tests indicated that although two congeneric prey species could be distinguished from one another, significant cross-reactivity between the two was observed. No such cross-reactivity occurred between more distantly related prey species. The feasibility for utilizing precipitin analyses in field studies of predator–prey relationships is discussed.
Electronic-to-vibrational energy transfer reactions: Na(3 2P) + CO (X1Σ+, υ=0)

Abstract The vibrational distribution of CO produced from the electronic-to-vibrational energy transfer reaction: Na(32P) + CO(X1Σ+, υ=0)→Na(32S) + CO(X1Σ+, υ⩽8) has been determined by means of infrared resonance absorption measurements employing a cw CO laser. A flash-lamp-pumped dye laser is used to excite the ground state Na to the 32P 1 2 and 32P 3 2 states. The CO molecules formed in the reaction were found to be vibrationally excited up to the limits of available electronic energies carried by the excited Na atoms, and the vibrational population exhibits a maximum at υ=2. The efficiency of E→V energy transfer was determined to be 35%. Our present results were found to be consistent with the impulsive (half-collision) and curve-crossing models.
ecSOD Controls the Delicate Balance of Reactive Oxygen Species in Bone Marrow and Ischemic Tissue Needed for Neovascularization

See related articles, pages 409–419 “In this issue of Circulation Research , Tohru Fukai and colleagues (1) provide evidence from a mouse hindlimb ischemia model indicating that the superoxide anion scavenging activity of the secreted extracellular form of superoxide dismutase (ecSOD) has an apparently essential role in enabling neovascularization to occur.” Both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) appear to be part of many of the signaling mechanisms in individual cell types and subcellular environments influencing key processes (shown in the Figure) that both enable and prevent the restoration of impaired blood flow to ischemic tissue through neovascularization. Thus, it seems rather remarkable that the ecSOD system has such an important role in controlling the balance of processes involved. Moreover, ecSOD appears to be a key regulator of the mobilization of circulating inflammatory and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from bone marrow, which are major contributors to inflammation driven vascular growth promoting processes involved in neovascularization. Model showing the potential role of an increase in ecSOD caused by hindlimb ischemia in modulating ROS and NO-derived species and processes potentially regulated by changes in the balance of redox signaling that potentially contribute to the reparative neovascularization based on studies in …
Toward a predictive theory of speciation: The ecology of isolate selection

I suggest that speciation is ecologically-biased because the high vulnerability to extinction of incipient species isolates (and perhaps non-isolates also) subjects them to intense isolate selection for extinction-resistant ecological properties. This hypothesis is predictive and testable, a virtue lacking in much of previous speciation theory which has relied heavily on post hoc explanations. It predicts that species newly formed from geographical isolates should, for example, be biased toward having relatively stable population levels. Evidence is given to support this prediction. I also show how isolate selection can help to explain several important evolutionary phenomena, including taxon cycles, latitudinal gradients in species diversity, punctuated equilibria, and directionality in speciation trends.
Gamut of Genetic Testing for Neonatal Care

The field of clinical genetics has advanced at an unprecedented pace. Today, with the aid of several high-resolution and high-precision technologies, physicians are able to make molecular genetic diagnoses for many infants affected with genetic disease. It is imperative, however, that perinatologists and neonatologists understand the strengths and limitations of genetic testing. This article discusses the different genetic testing options available for perinatal and neonatal diagnostics, along with their clinical utilities and indications. From variant-specific testing to whole-exome and genome sequencing, the article covers the whole gamut of genetic testing, with some thoughts on the changing paradigm of medical genetics.
Nineteenth Century Coastal Geomorphology of Southern California

Abstract Historical sources indicate that, in the late 19th century, the portion of the southern California coastline between Palos Verdes Peninsula and San Mateo Point was composed of a series of barrier spits backed by estuaries, beaches backed by cliffs, and occasional rocky headlands. Nearly natural conditions, a reflection of minimal human impact, prevailed during this relatively stormy interval. US Coast [and Geodetic] Survey materials, early scientific work, newspaper articles, and the accounts of travelers provide much of the information utilized to reconstruct the shoreline. Serving as a major roadway, the beach that extended between San Juan Creek and San Mateo Creek was especially well known. The barrier spits were capped by low dunes and were separated by migrating inlets connecting the ocean with the backing estuaries. Rivers discharged into the estuaries at times, decreasing salinities and depositing sediments. Rocky coastlines are believed to have experienced substantial erosion as high lev...
The Social Roots of Dutch Pietism in the Middle Colonies

When Godfridus Dellius, Dutch Reformed minister at Albany, surveyed the religious situation of the Middle Colonies in 1694, he found little to cheer him. In addition to the recent deaths of two colleagues and the political upheaval in New York, Dominie Dellius lamented the intrusion of William Bertholf into the Dutch churches in New Jersey. Bertholf, a cooper by trade, openly flaunted his independence from both the Netherlands ecclesiastical authorities and the orthodox New York clergy. With pietist leanings, Bertholf had ingratiated himself with Dutch communicants on the New Jersey frontier. "He will now not neglect anything to carry out his designs," Dellius warned, and "soon some marvelous kind of theology will develop here."1 Dellius's observations could not have been more prescient. Bertholf's support in New Jersey drew on the latent disaffections building within the Dutch religious community since the English had conquered New Netherland in 1664. Class antagonisms and recent political events in New York had galvanized Dutch farmers and artisans into an opposition force with independent religious leaders and a novel emphasis on personal piety. The changes convulsing the Dutch Reformed church in the 1690s, as Dellius quite accurately predicted, would shape colonial Dutch religion for the next half-century. Already the bifurcation in the church signaled an irreparable parting of ways, and the breach grew in succeeding years as other ministers of Bertholf's persuasion, especially Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen, arrived in the New World.
A morphologic study of long-term retention of fluorocarbon after liquid ventilation.

Study objectives To determine how long perfluorinatedhydrocarbons remain in the lung after they are used for lungventilation in dogs, and to determine if residual perfluorinatedhydrocarbons cause structural alteration or an inflammatory reaction ofthe lung. Design Adult dogs were anesthetized andreceived ventilation with oxygenated perfluorinated hydrocarbon liquid.Morphologic studies of tissue from the lungs of these dogs wereperformed at intervals of a few minutes to 10 years after reconversionto breathing gas. Setting University College ofMedicine. Participants Adult mongrel and beagledogs. Interventions Anesthetized adult dogs breathedoxygenated liquid fluorocarbons for 1 h and then were reconvertedto breathing air. Three fluorocarbons, FX-80(C 8 F 16 O; 3M Company; St. Paul, MN), Caroxin-D(C 10 F 22 O 2 ; P-1D; Allied ChemicalCompany; Morristown, NJ), and Caroxin-F(C 9 F 20 O; P-12F; Allied Chemical Company), wereused. Morphologic studies of the lungs of these animals were performedimmediately after restoration of air breathing and at intervals for upto 10 years. Not all animals were studied at each time interval. Measurements and results A transient, acute inflammatoryreaction was followed by a massive influx of macrophages, which were atfirst intra-alveolar and later interstitial, especially around vesselsand bronchioles. Fluorocarbons remained in the lung in diminishingamounts for at least 5 years, as evidenced by persistent vacuolatedmacrophages in the alveoli, interstitium, and hilar lymph nodes;fluorocarbon was also detected in these tissues by chemical assays. Inno case was there fibrosis or any other structural alterationassociated with the residual fluorocarbon, which suggests that it wasinert. At 10 years, no evidence of residual fluorocarbon was seenmorphologically.
I. Evaluation of the impact of alternative light technology on male broiler chicken growth, feed conversion, and allometric characteristics

Abstract This study evaluates the impact of light-emitting diode (LED), cold cathode fluorescent (CCFL), and incandescent lamps on broiler performance. Male Ross 708 broilers (n = 672) were raised to 6 wk age in 8 black-out modified large colony houses, under identical intermittent lighting conditions using 4 unique types of lamps, which were gradually dimmed throughout the study. Incandescent lamps served as the control; experimental technologies tested included CCFL and 2 different LED lamps. Each technology was tested in duplicate for each of 4 trials (8 replications total per technology) conducted across the course of one year to account for seasonal variance. Live performance for each technology was evaluated using live broiler body weight (BW), weight gain, feed conversion, and mortality. Birds were removed from each house at 7, 14, 35, and 42 d to be humanely euthanized, weighed, and necropsied for allometric tissue sample analysis. Relative to the technologies tested, results indicate that birds raised under incandescent lamps had significantly higher BW by 42 d, compared to birds raised under CCFL lamps, which had poorer BW performance (P = 0.03). Birds raised under both LED technologies grew to final BWs similar to those raised under incandescent light, with significant differences in neither feed conversion nor mortality.
Using practitioner inquiry within and against large-scale educational reform

This research study examines the impact of teacher research on participants in a large-scale educational reform initiative in the United States, No Child Left Behind, and its strand for reading teachers, Reading First. Reading First supported professional development for teachers in order to increase student scores on standardized tests. The authors were part of the team delivering university courses to augment that training so that teachers could earn graduate credit in the authors’ state. Participants in the two-year study included 250–400 Reading First K–3 reading teachers in about 60 schools. In hopes of empowering teachers in what the authors felt was an over-prescriptive reading program that imposed numerous constraints on teachers, they viewed teacher research as a way to work within and against the Reading First agenda. Investigating the impact of teacher research on participants, the authors used mixed methods and found a powerful gain in teachers’ self-efficacy resulting from the inquiry projects.
Communication correlates of college success: An exploratory investigation

This paper reports the results of a two‐year study of college students' communication competence. Results indicate that communication competence is linked to success in college, that high school communication experience is related to higher GPAs and higher communication competence ratings, and that communication apprehension is related to perceptions of communication competence. Implications of these results are discussed vis a vis current theories of communication competence, and research directions are identified.
Automatic test case generation from relational algebra queries

The authors: develop mapping rules from the relational algebra to linear predicates defining relations in the (output) domain; describe how these predicates can be interpreted in the (input) domain using f/sub Q/, a specified query relation; describe a translation from these predicates to sets of systems of linear inequalities; and discuss the use of a set of systems of linear inequalities to generate complete test cases, inputs, and expected outputs from the queries using the domain testing theory. The proposed techniques support software development based on specification testing, specification-directed testing, and rapid prototyping. >
Detachment of the Polymer Melt from the Roll Surface: Calendering Analysis and Data from a Shear Roll Extruder

Abstract The detachment behavior of a polymer melt from the hot roll surface/s during roll-driven processes affects the maximum production rates achievable in various processes including calendering, embossing and shear roll milling. Here the continuous shear roll milling process is used to investigate the conditions that lead to the detachment of the polymer melt from the surface of one or both heated rolls. During the shear roll milling process the polymer melt needs to continuously stick to one roll and periodically to stick and then to detach from the other roll (at the nip). Different roll speeds, surface roughness and temperatures are used to facilitate continuous stick to one roll and periodic stick and detachment from the other roll. Shear roll mill process fails to convey the melt in the forward direction under conditions for which the melt detaches from both rolls. The shear roll mill processing of a high density polyethylene revealed the detachment of the melt from both rolls under various comb...
A trivariate continual reassessment method for phase I/II trials of toxicity, efficacy, and surrogate efficacy

Recently, many Bayesian methods have been developed for dose finding when simultaneously modeling both toxicity and efficacy outcomes in a blended phase I/II fashion. A further challenge arises when all the true efficacy data cannot be obtained quickly after the treatment so that surrogate markers are instead used (e.g., in cancer trials). We propose a framework to jointly model the probabilities of toxicity, efficacy, and surrogate efficacy given a particular dose. Our trivariate binary model is specified as a composition of two bivariate binary submodels. In particular, we extend the bivariate continual reassessment method (CRM), as well as utilize a particular Gumbel copula. The resulting trivariate algorithm utilizes all the available data at any given time point and can flexibly stop the trial early for either toxicity or efficacy. Our simulation studies demonstrate that our proposed method can successfully improve dosage targeting efficiency and guard against excess toxicity over a variety of true model settings and degrees of surrogacy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies of the Navigation Acts: New Economic Non‐History?

ASERIES of counterfactual studies dealing with the Navigation Acts' cost to I the colonies has recently appeared.' These studies purport to test the 11. historical interpretation tying British Imperial policy to the American Revolution. In that interpretation costs imposed by British policy upon the colonists function as antecedents from which the American Revolution is deduced. Unfortunately none of these studies succeeds in testing the historical interpretation under question. Thomas found historians differing over the Navigation Acts' importance. He claimed he would resolve the disagreement. That disagreement was whether that policy's economic costs could explain the American Revolution. McClelland quickly and clearly states the historical interpretation he will test.
Modified LMS algorithms for high speed underwater acoustic signal processing

Several modified Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithms are studied in order to improve the rate of convergence of the regular LMS algorithm. The performance of these modified LMS algorithms is evaluated by simulations. It shows that the error feedback LMS algorithm converges much faster then all other modified LMS algorithms including regular LMS algorithm. >
A NEW, ANALYTIC, NON-PERTURBATIVE, GAUGE-INVARIANT, REALISTIC FORMULATION OF QCD

This Brief Review presents a new, analytic, gauge-invariant, non-perturbative and rigorous approach to the calculation of QCD phenomena. In this formulation a basic distinction between the conventional description of QCD and a more "realistic" description, taking into account that asymptotic quarks exist only in bound states, is brought into focus by the evaluation of the Schwinger solution for the QCD generating functional (GF) in terms of the exact Fradkin representations of the Green's functional G0(x, y|A) and the vacuum functional L[A]. A new and simplifying output called "Effective Locality" appears, in which the interactions between quarks by the exchange of a "gluon bundle" (GB) (which "bundle" contains an infinite number of gluons, including cubic and quartic gluon interactions) display an exact locality property that reduces the several functional integrals of the formulation down to a set of ordinary integrals, susceptible to desktop-computer computation. As an example of the power of these methods we offer as a first pencil-and-paper calculation the quark–antiquark binding potential of a pion, and the corresponding three-quark binding potentials of a nucleon, obtained in a simple way from relevant eikonal scattering approximations. This example is followed by the estimation of a nucleon–nucleon binding potential to form a model deuteron, which may have relevance to the origin of the nuclear shell model and nuclear binding in general.
Acute pyloric perforation after prolonged crack smoking

A 28-year-old homosexual man, previously healthy, presented with an acute abdomen on the fifth day of his crack binge. Abdominal free air was demonstrated by radiographic studies. Exploratory laparotomy discovered a clean, ulcer-free, pyloric perforation. This unusual case underscores the possibility of a life-threatening visceral perforation after cocaine use.
Magnaporthe oryzae isolates causing gray leaf spot of perennial ryegrass possess a functional copy of the AVR1-CO39 avirulence gene

SUMMARY Gray leaf spot of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is a severe foliar disease caused by the ascomycete fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (formerly known as Magnaporthe grisea). Control of gray leaf spot is completely dependent on the use of fungicides because currently available perennial ryegrass cultivars lack genetic resistance to this disease. M. oryzae isolates from perennial ryegrass (prg) were unable to cause disease on rice cultivars CO39 and 51583, and instead triggered a hypersensitive response. Southern hybridization analysis of DNA from over 50 gray leaf spot isolates revealed that all of them contain sequences corresponding to AVR1-CO39, a host specificity gene that confers avirulence to rice cultivar CO39, which carries the corresponding resistance gene Pi-CO39(t). There was also an almost complete lack of restriction site polymorphism at the avirulence locus. Cloning and sequencing of the AVR1-CO39 gene (AVR1-CO39(Lp)) from 16 different gray leaf spot isolates revealed just two point mutations, both of which were located upstream of the predicted open reading frame. When an AVR1-CO39(Lp) gene copy was transferred into ML33, a rice pathogenic isolate that is highly virulent to rice cultivar CO39, the transformants were unable to cause disease on CO39 but retained their virulence to 51583, a rice cultivar that lacks Pi-CO39(t). These data demonstrate that the AVR1-CO39 gene in the gray leaf spot pathogens is functional, and suggest that interaction of AVR1-CO39(Lp) and Pi-CO39(t) is responsible, at least in part, for the host specificity expressed on CO39. This indicates that it may be possible to use the Pi-CO39(t) resistance gene as part of a transgenic strategy to complement the current deficiency of gray leaf spot resistance in prg. Furthermore, our data indicate that, if Pi-CO39(t) can function in prg, the resistance provided should be broadly effective against a large proportion of the gray leaf spot pathogen population.
Causes and consequences of recent freshwater invasions by saltwater animals.

Abstract Transitions from marine to freshwater habitats constitute dramatic shifts between ‘adaptive zones' that have initiated the radiation and speciation of many taxa. As recently as 10 000 years ago, deglaciation resulted in marine fauna being trapped in freshwater lakes. In modern times, human activity has caused the acceleration of freshwater invasions from marine or brackish habitats, leading to serious environmental problems. The rapid pace of these invasions provides ideal opportunities for examining initial responses to environmental change and mechanisms involved in habitat transitions. Despite conservation implications and evolutionary applications, recent transitions to fresh water remain inadequately explored.
Aerobic Storage and Utilization of Ammonia-Treated Distillers Wet Grains for Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of NH 3 treatment on the aerobic stability of distillers wet grains and value of the NH 3 -treated grains as protein supplements for lactating cows. In Experiment 1, fresh distillers wet grains were treated with NH 3 at 0, 1.57, 3.14, or 4.71% of DM, compacted in polyethylene bags, and kept in aerobic storage at 16, 27, or 38°C for 14 d. Intermediate and high NH 3 reduced temperature increases, mold growth, and spoilage and improved DM recoveries. Low ammonia grains were less stable and deteriorated faster than untreated grains. In Experiment 2, lactating Holstein cows were supplemented with NH 3 -treated distillers wet grains (13.8% of total DM) or soybean meal (10.1% of total DM) for 70 d. Intakes of DM tended to be lower on ammoniated grains (19.4 and 17.6 kg/d). Milk yields (27.1 vs. 27.9 kg/d) and composition were not significantly different among treatments, but efficiency of converting feed to milk and income over feed costs were greater for ammoniated grains than soybean meal.
Linear Accelerator Modeling: Development and Application

Most of the parameters of a modern linear accelerator can be selected by simulating the desired machine characteristics in a computer code and observing how the parameters affect the beam dynamics. The code PARMILA1 is used at LAMPF for the low-energy portion of linacs. Collections of particles can be traced with a free choice of input distributions in six-dimensional phase space. Random errors are often included in order to study the tolerances which should be imposed during manufacture or in operation. Once a machine is built, the simulation can be put to another use - that of modeling the actual, observed behavior. If a model of good fidelity can be found, it can be used in many ways: for example, to understand what is happening at intermediate points unobservable in practice. A most important use is to derive optimum settings for the accessible variables. Often the effect of imperfections can be largely alleviated or circumvented once it is realized that they are present and the actual measurements are used in the model. This technique has been successfully applied to the question of longitudinal tuning of the side-coupled linac portion of LAMPF, and is here applied to the same problem in the low-energy portion of the accelerator. We have incorporated as many of the actual measured physical parameters as possible into the code, and have found it necessary to include a more comprehensive treatment of the beam dynamics in order to obtain agreement between the model and experimental observations.