cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The 3rd International Conference on Boolean Algebra, Lattice Theory, Universal Algebra, Set Theory and Set-theoretical Topology—BLAST 2010

The 3rd International Conference on Boolean Algebra, Lattice Theory, Universal Algebra, Set Theory and Set-Theoretical Topology—BLAST 2010—was held at the University of Colorado at Boulder on June 2–6, 2010. The meeting brought together 70 researchers from Canada, Columbia, the Czech Republic, England, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Luxembourg, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Pakistan, Russia, Serbia, and the United States. The aim of the BLAST conference series is to promote interaction between researchers from diverse areas related to the foundations of mathematics. The acronym BLAST emphasizes that research in Boolean algebra, lattice theory, universal algebra, set theory and set-theoretic topology are within the scope of the conference series, but past BLAST meetings have also highlighted other areas including algebraic logic, quantum logic and point-free topology. Plenary speakers at the 2010 conference included Mohamed Bekkali (Universite Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah), Ken Kunen (University of Wisconsin), Ralph McKenzie (Vanderbilt University), David Milovich (Texas A & M International University), Judith Roitman (University of Kansas), Grigor Sargsyan (UCLA), Juris Steprans (York University), and Friedrich Wehrung (Caen University). To encourage cross-disciplinary interaction, four multi-day minicourses were scheduled: Special ultraf ilters on countable sets by Andreas Blass (University of Michigan), Topological games by Gary Gruenhage (Auburn University), Locally moving groups and how they are used by Matatyahu Rubin (Ben-Gurion University), and Universal algebra, Mal’cev conditions, and f inite relational structures by Ross Willard (University of Waterloo).
Characterization of Shift-Invariant Spaces on a Class of Nilpotent Lie Groups with Applications

Given a simply connected nilpotent Lie group having unitary irreducible representations that are square-integrable modulo the center, we use operator-valued periodization to give a range-function type characterization of shift-invariant spaces of function on the group. We then give characterizations of frame and Riesz families for shift-invariant spaces.
Projection Moire Interferometry Measurements of Micro Air Vehicle Wings

A series of wind tunnel tests were conducted to investigate the benefits of flexible wings on micro air vehicle aerodynamic performance. Projection Moir Interferometry (PMI) was used to quantify the aero-loaded wing shape for three different wing constructions of varying flexibility. The measurements fully describe the aero-loaded wing shape for a range of tunnel free stream velocity and vehicle angle-of-attack. The deformation measurement accuracy has been shown to be nominally plus or minus 0.25 mm. Generalized comparisons between wings were provided by examining the wing total integrated deformation as a function of simulated flight condition. Using this metric, it was found that a 6-batten, monofilm covered wing deformed approximately 65 percent less than a 2-batten, latex covered wing. A rigid, composite wing tested showed no change in shape throughout the test matrix, proving the aerodynamic performance data collected with this wing can be used as a baseline for comparison with other flexible wing designs. The complete database of wing shape measurements is currently being prepared for input into computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, enabling accurate modeling of the wing shape at each simulated flight condition tested.
Placental transfer of indomethacin in the human pregnancy

Little is known about the placental transfer of indomethacin in the human pregnancy. Twenty-six pregnant patients (gestational age, 29.4 ± 0.5 weeks) were given a 50 mg oral dose of indomethacin 6.08 ± 0.07 hours before 42 cordocenteses undertaken for standard indications. Maternal serum, fetal serum, and amniotic fluid levels were measured at the time of each procedure. Maternal indomethacin levels were not significantly different from corresponding fetal levels (218 ± 21 vs 219 ± 13 ng/ml). The maternal/fetal serum ratio (0.97 ± 0.07) was not found to vary with gestational age ( R = -0.07, p = 0.66). Fetal serum levels were significantly higher than corresponding amniotic fluid levels (219 ± 16 vs. 21 ± 2 ng/ml; p R = 0.33, p = 0.11). Indomethacin crosses the human placenta easily throughout gestation; only small amounts of the unchanged drug are found in the amniotic fluid.
Simulation of the Distribution of State of Cure for Multi-stage Curing Processes

The selection of a curing process for a molded elastomeric component is frequently carried out with consideration given to the elastomer compound characteristics, the geometry of the component, the molding equipment available, and the resulting cost of the process. In this work the effect of multi-stage cure processes on the distribution of state of cure in a component is examined. Cure processes that include elastomer preheat, press cures, oven bake steps, and cool down cycles are considered. The focus is to discern the effect of the molding process on the distribution of the state of cure within the component for processes that yield a technologically acceptable state of cure. The results are analyzed in terms of providing guidance toward optimization of state of cure distributions via practical molding process variables.
Dispersion and resonance of on-chip interconnect lines with underlayer orthogonal metal grids

High-speed interconnect lines with underlayer orthogonal metal grids show significant decreases in dispersions and signal transmission velocities below /spl sim/10 GHz. Strong resonance occurs at higher frequencies, which can be accurately predicated by the rectangular patch antenna theory.
First-order and higher-order creative ability factors in structure-of-intellect measures administered to sixth-grade children

This investigation is one in a series of re-analyses of those correlation matrixes consisting of structure-of-intellect (SOI) creativity tests devised by the late J. P. Guilford and his associates. Application of more recent exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic methodologies in comparison with those employed by Guilford and his associates provides a means for obtaining more objective, parsimonious, and possibly insightful interpretations of constructs underlying his creativity measures. Thus, the twofold purpose of this study was to ascertain for a sample of 403 sixth-grade children evenly divided by gender (a) the extent to which the first-order factors identified by Merrifield, Guilford, and Gershon in Report 27 from the Psychological Laboratory at the University of Southern California (May, 1963) could be replicated and (b) the degree to which higher-order factors could account for the covariance among the SOI measures in the correlation matrix. Three of Guilford's hypothesized creativity facto...
LGI1, a putative tumor metastasis suppressor gene, controls in vitro invasiveness and expression of matrix metalloproteinases in glioma cells through the ERK1/2 pathway.

Gliomas take a number of different genetic routes in the progression to glioblastoma multiforme, a highly invasive variant that is mostly unresponsive to current therapies. Gliomas express elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which have been implicated in the control of proliferation and invasion as well as neovascularization. Progressive loss of LGI1 expression has been associated with the development of high grade gliomas. We have shown previously that the forced re-expression of LGI1 in different glioma cells inhibits proliferation, invasiveness, and anchorage-independent growth in cells null for its expression. Here, using Affymetrix gene chip analysis, we show that reexpression of LGI1 in T98G cells results in the down-regulation of several MMP genes, in particular MMP1 and MMP3. LGI1 expression also results in the inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation but not p38 phosphorylation. Inhibition of the MAPK pathway using the pharmacological inhibitors PD98059, U0126, and SB203580 in T98G LGI1-null cells inhibits MMP1 and MMP3 production in an ERK1/2-dependent manner. Treatment of LGI1-expressing cells with phorbol myristate acetate prevents the inhibition of MMP1/3 and restores invasiveness and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, suggesting that LGI1 acts through the ERK/MAPK pathway. Furthermore, LGI1 expression promotes phosphorylation of AKT, which leads to phosphorylation of Raf1Ser-259, an event shown previously to negatively regulate ERK1/2 signaling. These data suggest that LGI1 plays a major role in suppressing the production of MMP1/3 through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/ERK pathway. Loss of LGI1 expression, therefore, may be an important event in the progression of gliomas that leads to a more invasive phenotype in these cells.
Experimental demonstration of remote optical detection of trace explosives

MIT Lincoln Laboratory has developed a concept that could enable remote (10s of meters) detection of trace explosives' residues via a field-portable laser system. The technique relies upon laser-induced photodissociation of nitro-bearing explosives into vibrationally excited nitric oxide (NO) fragments. Subsequent optical probing of the first vibrationally excited state at 236 nm yields narrowband fluorescence at the shorter wavelength of 226 nm. With proper optical filtering, these photons provide a highly sensitive explosives signature that is not susceptible to interference from traditional optical clutter sources (e.g., red-shifted fluorescence). Quantitative measurements of trace residues of TNT have been performed demonstrating this technique using a breadboard system, which relies upon a pulsed optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based laser. Based on these results, performance projections for a fieldable system are made.
Fast and Broadband Modeling Method for Multiple Vias With Irregular Antipad in Arbitrarily Shaped Power/Ground Planes in 3-D IC and Packaging Based on Generalized Foldy–Lax Equations

In this paper, we model multiple vias with irregular antipad in arbitrarily shaped 3-D integrated circuit and packaging system based on generalized Foldy-Lax equations method, boundary integral equation method, and generalized T matrix. We first obtain the impedance matrix for finite cavity, which includes the reflection features of the cavity boundaries. Then, the scattered field from a single via and a generalized T matrix, including the wall effects, are derived. The Foldy-Lax multiple scattering equations are generalized to include the wall effects using impedance matrix and the generalized T matrix. To obtain the incident field for the case of vias in the arbitrarily shaped antipad, we calculate the exciting and scattering field coefficients based on the transformation that converts surface integration of magnetic surface currents in antipad into 1-D line integration of surface charges on the vias and ground plane. The coupling among vertical vias are solved by applying Foldy-Lax multiple scattering equations. The scattering matrix of coupling among vias is calculated to make corresponding signal/power integrity analysis. Numerical results for the method are in a good agreement with a commercial full-wave numerical tool up to 50 GHz.
Atomic-scale analysis of martensitic transformation in titanium alloyed with vanadium Part I: verification of the embedded-atom method model

Abstract The embedded-atom method type interatomic potentials for h.c.p. titanium and b.c.c. vanadium, originally proposed by Johnson and coworkers, were modified in order to be able to model both the b.c.c. and the h.c.p. structures and the phase transformation between the two in titanium-base TiV alloys. The reliability of the modified potentials was tested with respect to lattice dynamics (the phonon dispersion curves and the phonon density of states) in the two structures and with respect to the relative thermodynamic stability of the two phases as a function of temperature and the alloy composition. The model predictions are found to be in reasonable agreement with their experimental counterparts. In particular, the predicted effect of vanadium on two phonon modes, a T1 N-point 1 2 [110] phonon and T1 [112] phonon, which play the key roles in the b.c.c. → h.c.p. transformation, was found to be consistent with the experiment.
A Competing Risk Analysis for Hospital Length of Stay in Patients With Burns

Importance Current outcome predictors for illness and injury are measured at a single time point—admission. However, patient prognosis often changes during hospitalization, limiting the usefulness of those predictions. Accurate depiction of the dynamic interaction between competing events during hospitalization may enable real-time outcome assessment. Objective To determine how the effects of burn outcome predictors (ie, age, total body surface area burn, and inhalation injury) and the outcomes of interest (ie, mortality and length of stay) vary as a function of time throughout hospitalization. Design, Setting, and Participants In this retrospective study, we used the American Burn Association’s National Burn Repository, containing outcomes and patient and injury characteristics, to identify 95 579 patients admitted with an acute burn injury to 80 tertiary American Burn Association burn centers from 2000 through 2009. We applied competing risk statistical methods to analyze patient outcomes. Main Outcomes and Measures We estimated the cause-specific hazard rates for death and discharge to assess how the instantaneous risk of these events changed across time. We further evaluated the varying effects of patient age, total body surface area burn, and inhalation injury on the probability of discharge and death across time. Results Maximum length of stay among patients who died was 270 days and 731 days among those discharged. Total body surface area, age, and inhalation injury had significant effects on the subdistribution hazard for discharge (P Conclusions and Relevance Real-time measurement of dynamic interrelationships among burn outcome predictors using competing risk analysis demonstrated that the key factors influencing outcomes differed throughout hospitalization. Further application of this analytic technique to other injury or illness types may improve assessment of outcomes.
Reduced Fatigue in Diaphragm Muscle of Merosin-Deficient dy/dy Dystrophic Mice

Background: The muscular dystrophies comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by the absence of specific glycoproteins located at or near the cell membrane. The eff
Methods for analyzing peptides and proteins on a chromatographic timescale by electron-transfer dissociation mass spectrometry

Advancement in proteomics research relies on the development of new, innovative tools for identifying and characterizing proteins. Here, we describe a protocol for analyzing peptides and proteins on a chromatographic timescale by coupling nanoflow reverse-phase (RP) liquid chromatography (LC) to electron-transfer dissociation (ETD) mass spectrometry. For this protocol, proteins can be proteolytically digested before ETD analysis, although digestion is not necessary for all applications. Proteins ≤30 kDa can be analyzed intact, particularly if the objective is protein identification. Peptides or proteins are loaded onto a RP column and are gradient-eluted into an ETD-enabled mass spectrometer. ETD tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) provides extensive sequence information required for the unambiguous identification of peptides and proteins and for characterization of posttranslational modifications. ETD is a powerful MS/MS technique and does not compromise the sensitivity and speed necessary for online chromatographic separations. The described procedure for sample preparation, column packing, sample loading and ETD analysis can be implemented in 5–15 h.
A Rare Presentation of In Situ Mantle Cell Lymphoma and Follicular Lymphoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

A 65-year-old gentleman presented with left groin swelling over the course of two months. Physical exam revealed nontender left inguinal adenopathy, and computed tomography scans detected multiple lymph nodes in the mesenteric, aortocaval, and right common iliac regions. An excisional lymph node biopsy was performed. Pathologic evaluation demonstrated follicular center site which stained positive for PAX5, CD20, CD10, Bcl-2, Bcl-6, and mantle zone cells. These findings demonstrated CCND1 and CD5 positivity, suggesting composite lymphoma comprising follicular lymphoma (FL) with in situ mantle cell lymphoma (MCLIS). FL is known as indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma; however, the clinical significance of a coexisting MCLIS continues to be elusive, and optimal management of these patients remains largely unknown. This case illustrates the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of composite lymphomas. This paper also discusses advances in molecular pathogenesis and lymphoma genomics which offer novel insights into these rare diseases.
Flanking sequences of an Alu source stimulate transcription in vitro by interacting with sequence-specific transcription factors.

An Alu source gene, called the EPL Alu, was previously isolated by a phylogenetic strategy. Sequences flanking the EPL Alu family member stimulate its RNA polymerase III (Pol III) template activity in vitro. One cis-acting element maps within a 40-nucleotide region immediately upstream to the EPL Alu. This same region contains an Apt site which, when mutated, abolishes the transcriptional stimulation provided by this region. The flanking sequence, as assayed by gel mobility shift, forms sequence-specific complexes with several nuclear factors including Apt. These results demonstrate that an ancestral Alu source sequence fortuitously acquired positive transcriptional control elements by insertion into the EPL locus, thereby providing biochemical evidence for a model which explains the selective amplification of Alu subfamilies.
A brief history of the Human Biology Association: 1974–2004

Originally incorporated as the Human Biology Council in 1974, the Human Biology Association, as it has been known since 1994, has matured in the intervening 30 years to become a society that represents broadly the interests of human biologists in the U.S. and throughout the world. The purpose of this paper is to trace the development of the Association from its foundation to the present in the context of changes in the organization of the Association and in its By-Laws, officers, committees, and membership; the history of the two journals that served as the Association's official organs (Human Biology and American Journal of Human Biology); and how the annual meetings have evolved from a modest one-day plenary session to meetings that last more than two days and include a variety of scientific contributions. Highlights of the national meetings include the Raymond Pearl Memorial Lecture, the Franz Boas Distinguished Achievement Award, and the Edward E. Hunt, Jr. Student Prize. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 17:141–154, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Managing microevolution: restoration in the face of global change

Evidence is mounting that evolutionary change can occur rapidly and may be an important means by which species escape extinction in the face of global change. Consequently, biologists need to incorporate evolutionary thinking into management decisions in conservation and restoration ecology. Here, we review the genetic and demographic properties that influence the ability of populations to adapt to rapidly changing selective pressures. To illustrate how evolutionary thinking can influence conservation and restoration strategies, we compare the potential of two California plant communities (vernal pools and blue oak woodlands) to evolve in response to global change. We then suggest ways in which restoration biologists can manipulate the genetic architecture of target populations to increase their ability to adapt to changing conditions. While there may not be any universal rules regarding the adaptive potential of species, an understanding of the various processes involved in microevolution will increase t...
Congregating and market formation

Agents in a multiagent system are not typically entirely self-sufficient; instead, they frequently need to enlist other agents to perform tasks for them or to exchange goods or services with them. This creates a problem: how can an agent efficiently locate other agents to work or trade with? As the number of agents grows, the cost of this computation can become prohibitively large. One solution to this is for the system to self-organize into smaller groups of agents. In this paper, we apply the idea of congregating to a model of an information economy. We illustrate how participants in this economy can self-organize into a set of markets such that agents are able to find suitable partners while retaining low computational costs. We show how congregating can help allocation problems scale to large populations by allowing agents to interact locally.
Isolation and Regulation of the Protein Kinase Inhibitor and the Calcium-Dependent Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase Regulator in the Sertoli Cell-Enriched Testis

The cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor (PKI) and calcium-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase regulator (CDR) proteins were examined in the Sertoli cell-enriched (SCE) rat testis. PKI activity was stable at 100 C for 10 min whereas the rate of decline of CDR activity at this temperature was first order (t½ of 7 min). Greater than 90% of both activities were found in the soluble fraction of the cell with the remaining 10% in the participate fraction. PKI and CDR could be separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gel filtration chromatography also resulted in their physical separation, CDR eluting slightly before PKI. Molecular weights estimated by gel filtration were 21,400 and 28,800 daltons for PKI and CDR, respectively. Sufficient PKI was present in the SCE testis to inactivate only 7% of the total cAMP-dependent protein kinase whereas CDR was present in vast excess over the amount required to activate maximally total calciumdependent phosphodies...
Graphic Methods Based upon Properties of Advancing Centroids

Abstract Short-cut techniques involving centroids of sets of points are extended to least squares applications in line fitting and to determining the mean of a frequency distribution. * Revision of part of the paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, Atlantic City, N. J., Sept. 13, 1957. This work was carried out at the Department of Therapeutic Research, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, supported in part by Grant H-625 (C-7) from the National Heart Institute of the National Institutes of Health, and at the Ophthalmology Research Laboratory, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Northern Division, Philadelphia, under a research grant from the Weinstock Fund.
Real Time Visualization of Protein Kinase Activity in Living Cells

A library of fluorescently labeled protein kinase C (PKC) peptide substrates was prepared to identify a phosphorylation-induced reporter of protein kinase activity. The lead PKC substrate displays a 2.5-fold change in fluorescence intensity upon phosphorylation. PKC activity is readily sampled in cell lysates containing the activated PKCs. Immunodepletion of conventional PKCs from the cell lysate eliminates the fluorescence response, suggesting that this peptide substrate is selectively phosphorylated by PKCalpha, beta, and gamma. Finally, living cells microinjected with the peptide substrate exhibit a 2-fold increase in fluorescence intensity upon exposure to a PKC activator. These results suggest that peptide-based protein kinase biosensors may be useful in monitoring the temporal and spatial dynamics of PKC activity in living cells.
Economic demand dispatch of controllable building electric loads for demand response

This paper presents a method for determining the economic dispatch of the controllable electric load (demand) of a group of buildings for demand response purposes. A generic problem formulation to minimize a facility's overall electricity cost is presented and discussed. This problem is simplified based on certain assumptions derived from real-world building issues so the problem can be solved as a linear programming problem, and a specific example is presented to demonstrate this approach. This example will compare the proposed method to possible approaches by a building manager attempting to shed load via on-site building management systems.
‘Flapping valves’ in brachiopods

M. J. S. Rudwick and others postulate ‘rhythmic-flow’ feeding for the Permian richtho-feniacean bi-achiopods, whereas R. E. Grant claims that they fed by normal ciliary action. Suspension-feeding has two components, current generation and food capture; normal brachiopod lophophores do both, but this is neither universal nor compulsory among animals. Opening and closing the richthofeniid shell generated a ‘tidal-flow’ current precisely analogous to respiratory currents in mammals; this is neither inefficient nor ‘self-defeating’, as Grant claims. Grant's analysis fails because he chose the wrong mechanical analogy (a pump). Morphological features of richthofeniids are better explained on a tidal-flow hypothesis than on a ciliary-flow model, and all the data adduced by Grant in rejecting the former is compatible with it or favorable to it. It explains morphological features that are bizarre mysteries on the ciliaiy-current model, and is therefore superior even though it implies that these Permian brachiopods were radically innovative.
Singular perturbations in the state space approach of linear electrical networks

Networks whose dynamic order is less than the number of energy storing elements they contain are considered. By adding parasitic elements, their dynamic order is restored. After selecting the state variables properly, singular perturbation theory is used to analyse the network behaviour with respect to the parasitic elements and to calculate the initial jumps in the network variables. Parasitic elements are seen to play a dominating role in dictating the stability of a network. The need for generalizing the presently available singular perturbation theory is pointed out by means of an example.
Using Redundancy to Optimize Manipulability of Stewart Platforms

For any robotic system, fault tolerance is a desirable property. This paper uses a comparative approach to investigate fault tolerance and the associated problem of reduced manipulability of robots. It is shown that for a certain class of manipulators, the mean squared relative manipulability over all possible cases of a given number of actuator failures is always constant irrespective of the geometry of the manipulator. In this context, optimal fault tolerant manipulability is quantified. The theory is applied to a special class of parallel manipulators called orthogonal Gough-Stewart platforms (orthogonal GSPs or OGSPs). A class of symmetric OGSPs that inherently provide for optimal fault tolerant manipulability under a single failure is developed.
The contribution of children's advocacy centers to felony prosecutions of child sexual abuse

Abstract Objective To describe trends of felony sexual abuse prosecutions between 1992 and 2002 for two districts of a large urban city that differed primarily in their use of children's advocacy centers (CACs) for sexual abuse evaluations in children. Methods Aggregate data for two districts of a large urban city were provided from 1992 to 2002 from the district attorney's office, child protective services (CPS) agency, and all CACs serving both districts. Summary statistics were calculated over time and compared between both districts for ecologic trends using negative binomial regression. Results Over the time period of the study, substantiated reports of child sexual abuse declined: District 1 experienced a 59% decrease in the incidence of reports, while District 2 experienced a 49% decrease in the incidence of reports. Despite this decrease, felony prosecutions of child sexual abuse increased in District 1 (from 56.6 to 93.0 prosecutions/100,000 children, rate ratio 1.64, 95% CI 1.38–1.95), but did not significantly increase in District 2 (from 58.0 to 54.9 prosecutions/100,000 children, rate ratio 0.94, 95% CI 0.73–1.23); by 2002, the rate of felony prosecutions in District 1 was 69% greater (95% CI 37–109%) than the rate in District 2. In 1992, CACs in District 1 evaluated approximately 400 children, increasing to 1,187 children by 2002. The number of children evaluated by CACs in District 2 increased modestly from nearly 800 in 1992 to 1,000 in 2002. Conclusion Felony prosecutions of child sexual abuse doubled in a district where the use of CACs nearly tripled, while no increase in felony prosecutions of child sexual abuse was found in a neighboring district, where the use of CACs remained fairly constant over time. Practice implications Though many limitations exist when bringing together ecological data from different agencies, the strength of the association we observed between increased CAC use and increased felony prosecutions, and the stepwise fashion in which it occurred should support future research to confirm our findings and to delineate which attributes of CAC performance might impact the likelihood of prosecution of child sexual abuse.
Molecular motors: forty years of interdisciplinary research.

A mere forty years ago it was unclear what motor molecules exist in cells that could be responsible for the variety of nonmuscle cell movements, including the “saltatory cytoplasmic particle movements” apparent by light microscopy. One wondered whether nonmuscle cells might have a myosin-like molecule, well known to investigators of muscle. Now we know that there are more than a hundred different molecular motors in eukaryotic cells that drive numerous biological processes and organize the cell's dynamic city plan. Furthermore, in vitro motility assays, taken to the single-molecule level using techniques of physics, have allowed detailed characterization of the processes by which motor molecules transduce the chemical energy of ATP hydrolysis into mechanical movement. Molecular motor research is now at an exciting threshold of being able to enter into the realm of clinical applications.
Stability of surface integral equation for left-handed materials

In recent years, left-handed materials (LHMS) have been a hot and debated research topic. Electromagnetic simulation is usually performed for prediction as well as for design. The stability of the surface integral equation method through an insightful and rigorous procedure is analysed. The conclusion is that the PMCHWT formulation at perfectly matched LHM–RHM interface has stability problem, which comes from the plasmon resonance condition. Adding a small amount of loss can greatly improve the condition number of the matrix. Physical and consistent numerical results are shown followed by a brief conclusion.
Kinetic Parameter Estimation of Time-temperature Integrators Intended for Use with Packaged Fresh Seafood

The United States Food and Drug Administrate (USFDA) considers any hermetically sealed package ccontaining fresh seafood as a reduced oxygen package (ROP) if the oxygen transmission rate of the package is less than 1000 cm 3 /m 2 /d. USFDA's recent Import Alert or 16-125 effectively bans the use of ROP for fresh seafood in the United States unless adequate temperature control and thermal history monitoring is used. Time-Temperature integrators (TTI) were proposed as one potential method ot satisty this thermal monitoring requirement. Evaluation and selection of appropriate TTIS remains a difficult process for seaforal manufacturers. Three commercially avallable TTIs [Vitsab M2-10, C2-10, and Fresh-Check TJ2) and 5 prototype TTIs (Avery Dennison) were evaluated for performance against the Skinner and Larkin (1998) botulinum toxin lag-time relationship. Ispthermal treatments at 0°C, 5°C, 10°C, and 15 °C were used to determine Arrhenius kinetic parameters of TTIs, Computer models were used to predict and campare actual TTI performance under ddynamic thermal conditions. Results saggest that Vitsab M2-10 and Avery Dennison T126(2) and T126(4) TTIs may be used to predict safety of fresls seafood in ROR.
Global properties of continuous piecewise linear vector fields. Part II: Simplest symmetric case in ℝ2

Among non-linear vector fields, the simplest that can be studied are those which are continuous and piecewise linear. Among these non-linear vector fields a large and important subset are those vector fields which are odd symmetric. Associated with these types of vector fields are partitions of the state space into a finite number of regions. In each region the vector field is linear. On the boundary between regions it is required that the vector field be continuous from both regions in which it is linear. This presentation is devoted to the analysis in two dimensions of the simplest possible types of continuous piecewise linear vector fields with odd symmetry, namely those vector fields possessing a pair of symmetric boundary conditions. As a practical concern the analysis will attempt to ask and answer questions raised about the existence of steady state solutions. Since the local theory of fixed points in a linear vector field is sufficient to determine the stability of fixed points in a piecewise linear vector field, most of the steady state behaviour to be studied will be towards limit cycles. the results will present sufficient conditions for the existence, or non-existence as the case may be, of limit cycles. Particular attention will be paid to the domain of attraction whenever possible. With these results qualitative statements may be made for piecewise linear models of physical systems which have odd symmetry.
Is outpatient tonsillectomy appropriate for young children

The current literature suggests that outpatient tonsillectomy is a safe, cost-effective procedure. These reports have based their conclusions on the low rates of postoperative bleeding and dehydration. Generally, they have not examined other factors that may influence the postoperative course or identified groups of patients in whom outpatient management may not be appropriate. The literature regarding tonsillectomy in young children is conflicting. A retrospective analysis of the records of 223 children, 36 months of age and younger who had tonsillectomies, was performed. Postoperative airway complications including oxygen desaturation and airway obstruction developed in 115 patients. Seventeen (7.6%) children required postoperative care in an intensive care unit while an additional 117 (52.5%) patients received more than standard management. Preoperative apnea, an age of less than 12 months, and the presence of accompanying medical conditions were associated with a higher incidence of postoperative airway complications. It is recommended that tonsillectomy in patients under 36 months of age be planned as an inpatient procedure.
Introductory remarks: protozoology (protistology) at the dawn of the 21st century.

HE protists are out there—in the waters of planet Earth, among the grains of sand on its beaches, in the intestines of termites, in the blood and intestines of far too many people— in other words, nearly everywhere. Malaria alone kills more than a million children annually (World Health Organization 1995). Whether they are nearly always cosmopolitan (Finlay 2002; Finlay and Fenchel 2002) or widely endemic (Coleman 2002), it is generally agreed that there are far more protist species than we currently know. Because some protists can tolerate almost unimaginable environmental extremes such as pH , 1 (Rothschild and Mancinelli 2001), they are likely to be among the early permanent inhabitants of other bodies in our solar system—that is, if they are not already there. Their fossil deposits guide geologists to oil, and they are used to calibrate phylogenetic trees. Tom Cech used a gene transcript from a ciliate as his experimental vehicle to a Nobel prize. And protists ‘‘invented’’ what it means to be a eukaryote, through experimentation that ultimately led to what, as John Corliss has often called, ‘‘big people plants and animals’’.
The Endometrium as a Source of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine

Stem cell therapies have opened new frontiers in medicine with the possibility of regenerating lost or damaged cells. Embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells have been used to derive mature cell types for tissue regeneration and repair. However, the endometrium has emerged as an attractive, novel source of adult stem cells that are easily accessed and demonstrate remarkable differentiation capacity. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of endometrial stem cells and their therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine.
Battling the telcos

Here is a look at fiber optics from the other side—at work. Will Americans be getting their news from an editor at the phone company rather than from a publisher or a broadcaster? The issue is free speech, say the telcos; the problem is control of information, say the broadcasters and publishers. Reprinted by permission from Washington Journalism Review, May 1990.
Imaging the Beating Heart

Immune cells invade the ischemic heart tissue after a myocardial infarction (MI). This inflammatory response can be detrimental and can extend infarct size, but little is known about how the immune system reacts after a heart attack. Jung and colleagues used intravital fluorescence microscopy to
Evaluation of a Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Analog of cGnRH II as a Spawning Aid for Channel Catfish Versus Analogs of mGnRH I and sGnRH III

AbstractThe effectiveness of three different analogs of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to induce spawning in female Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus were evaluated concurrently in a blind study. Two of those analogs are currently used under Investigative New Animal Drug by the catfish industry, mGnRH Ia (D-Ala6, Pro9-NHet) and sGnRH IIIa (D-Arg6, Trp7, Leu8, Pro9-NHet). A third analog, cGnRH IIa (D-Arg6, Pro9-NHet) derived from a different type of GnRH (i.e., type II), previously thought to have only secondary roles in reproduction compared to type I and III, was also evaluated. The study was divided into four independent, weekly trials over the course of the spawning season, and 78 females were tested for each of the three hormone treatments. Each female received one type of hormone (type I, II, or III) in two doses, one for priming and one for induction: mGnRH Ia or cGnRH IIa at 20 μg/kg of body weight (priming) and 80 μg/kg (induction) or sGnRH IIIa at 2 μg/kg and 8 μg/kg. Treatment had a sig...
Fungal Genetic Diversity within Decomposing Woody Conifer Roots in Oregon, U.S.A

Internal Transcribed Spacer - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (ITS-RFLP) and sequencing techniques were used to compare similarity of fungi decomposing roots of Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce), Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine), Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir), and Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock). Fungal DNA from hyphae growing on coarse roots, cultures isolated from roots, herbarium specimens, culture collections, and field collected samples was extracted, amplified, and digested with endonucleases. Over two hundred ITS-RFLP patterns from fungal samples were separated. Linearly increasing ITS-RFLP sampling intensity curves indicate high total genetic diversity of fungi. Nei and Li similarity index analysis showed similarities of fungi on roots as measured by ITS-RFLP patterns samples ranged from 0 to 1 (i.e., 0% to 100% similar) depending upon the root species, location, and harvest stand age. Sequences were obtained for the most common ITS-RFLP patterns. Results indicate that zygomycete fungi were most prominent in decomposing woody conifer roots and that the similarity of fungi was low between tree species and locations.
ENGINEERING DISLOCATION DYNAMICS IN Inx(AlyGa1-y)1-xP GRADED BUFFERS GROWN ON GaP BY MOVPE

To engineer high-quality Inx(AlyGa1-y)1-xP/GaP graded buffers, we have explored the effects of graded buffer design and MOVPE growth conditions on material quality. We demonstrate that surface roughness causes threading dislocation density (TDD) to increase with continued grading: dislocations and roughness interact in a recursive, escalating cycle to form pileups that cause increasing roughness and dislocation nucleation. Experiments show that V/III ratio, temperature, and grading rate can be used to control dislocation dynamics and surface roughness in InxGa1-xP graded buffers. Control of these parameters individually has resulted in x = 0.34 graded buffers with TDD = 5×10 6 cm -2 and roughness = 15 nm and a simple optimization has resulted in TDD = 3×10 6 cm -2 and roughness = 10 nm. Our most recent work has focused on more sophisticated optimization and the incorporation of aluminum for x > 0.20 to keep the graded buffer completely transparent above 545 nm. Given our results, we expect to achieve transparent, device-quality In x(AlyGa1-y)1-xP/GaP graded buffers with TDD < 10 6 cm -2 .
Ring‐Opening and polymerization of 1‐[2′‐(heptaphenylcyclotetrasiloxanyl)ethyl]‐1,3,3,5,5‐pentamethylcyclotrisiloxane

1 - [2' -(Heptaphenylcyclotetrasiloxanyl)ethyl]-1,3,3,5,5-pentamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (II) was prepared from 1-[2'-(methyldichlorosilyl)ethyl]-1,3,3,5,5,7,7-heptaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane (I) and tetramethyldisiloxane-1,3-diol. Acid-catalyzed ring-opening of II in the presence of tetramethyldisiloxane gave 1,9-dihydrido-5-[2'-(heptaphenylcyclotetrasiloxanyl)ethyl]nonamethylpentasiloxane (III) and 1,9-dihydrido-3-[2'-(heptaphenylcyclotetrasiloxanyl)ethyl]nonamethylpentasiloxane (IV). Both acid- and base-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of II gives highly viscous, transparent polymers. The structures of I-IV and polymers were determined by UV, IR, 1 H, 13 C, and 29 Si NMR spectroscopy. In addition, molecular weights obtained by GPC and NMR end group analysis were confirmed with mass spectrometry. On the basis of 29 Si NMR spectroscopy, the polymers appear to result exclusively from ring-opening of the cyclotrisiloxane ring. No evidence for ring-opening of the cyclotetrasiloxane ring was observed. Polymer properties were determined by DSC and TGA.
Spatial pattern and edge characteristics in restored terrace versus reference salt marshes in Galveston Bay

Terraced salt marsh restoration projects have been designed to maximize edge because the edges between habitat types have been shown to be the most productive locations in Spartina alterniflora salt marshes for nekton and benthic infauna. We compared terraced plots with reference plots to see how much edge was created. We also quantified the differences in the spatial patterns of the habitat in the plots. We found that reference marshes had significantly more habitat diversity and more total low marsh area. We also found that reference marshes had a greater absolute amount of low marsh edge. Yet, we found little difference between terraced restoration marshes and nearby reference marshes in Galveston Bay, Texas, USA in terms of the percent of all habitat-to-habitat edge-type combinations that were aquatic edge (water- or seagrass-to-low marsh interface), and much of the reference marshes’ area was in core marsh areas that were not suitable for high fisheries production value. Terracing appears an efficient strategy for the sole purpose of creating aquatic edge for fisheries production but does not appear to match other aspects of reference marshes in terms of their habitat composition or spatial configuration. This study shows the potential for using spatial pattern analysis to monitor restoration projects in the future.
A multipath routing overlay for networks with blockage

Blockage of communication links due to environmental obstructions and the resulting on/off channel behavior present challenges for providing reliable communication in mobile wireless networks. Traditional reliability techniques such as forward error correction and automatic repeat request (ARQ) are not designed to operate at the timescales typically observed in blockage channels. This work presents an approach to overcoming blockage that consists of multipath routing coupled with end-to-end rateless coding. In order to provide compatibility with operational IP networks as well as the possibility of incremental deployment, these techniques can be implemented as a routing overlay. We present algorithms to compute the maximum throughput achievable through this routing overlay approach, as well as a specific scheme to implement a multipath routing overlay in an IP network. Finally, we provide results from testing this approach on a mobile wireless network with satellite communication links. In our test scenario, satellite links suffer blockage from buildings in an urban setting. Our results characterize multipath routing overlay performance, which depends on the responsiveness of the underlay routing scheme.
Cheating in Management Science

Honesty is vital to scientific work and, clearly, most scientists are honest. However, recent publicity about cases involving cheating, including cases of falsification of data and plagiarism, raises some questions: Is cheating a problem? Does it affect management science? Should anything be done?
Substrate and Calcium Dependence of the Pyridine Nucleotide and Flavine Redox State in Rat Heart Mitochondria Respiring at Different Metabolic States

The role of the mitochondrial pyridine nucleotide redox state in the regulation of oxidative phosphorylation in the perfused heart has recently received renewed attention. Measurements of oxygen consumption, high-energy phosphate metabolites and redox state of the pyridine nucleotides during alterations in heart work have challenged the classical models of regulation of oxidative phosphorylation in which regulation was considered solely dependent on changes in ADP concentration or the ATP/ADP ratio1–3. An alternative hypothesis has placed substrate dehydrogenation and the supply of redox potential as important control parameters in the regulation of cardiac oxygen consumption4–9. Increased calcium within the mitochondrial matrix upon an increase in cardiac work is thought to activate dehydrogenase activity and generate a higher matrix NADH/NAD+ ratio to a level sufficient to blunt perturbations in the ATP/ADP ratio10.
A General Education Course in Pure Mathematics

(1956). A General Education Course in Pure Mathematics. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 63, No. 7, pp. 460-465.
High Dosage of Testosterone Propionate Increases Litter Production of the Genetically Obese Male Zucker Rat

SummaryA high dose of testosterone propionate increases dramatically the litter production of young genetically obese male Zucker rats. Twenty milligrams testosterone injected subcutaneously once every three days over a 90-day period resulted in a nearly fourfold increase in the number of litters sired compared to sham-injected controls. The efficacy of the treatment attenuates with time. TP was ineffective in inducing litter production in older, more obese, males. Young obese males injected with TP exhibited a significantly reduced rate of weight gain compared to sham-injected controls. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the reproductive inadequacy of the genetically obese male rat may be due to a deficiency of circulating testosterone. The treatment of obese males with TP greatly increases the efficiency with which the obese (fafa) genotype may be produced and also avoids time-consuming testcrossing for identification of heterozygous (Fafa) individuals.