cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Genetic Basis of Cancer

The human body is composed of about 200 different types of cells that organize into a multitude of tissues. Cancers can arise from nearly all of these cell populations. What we casually refer to as cancer is actually a diverse spectrum of human diseases. The most common cancers in adults are carcinomas, derived from epithelial cells that line body cavities and glands. Sarcomas arise from the mesenchymal tissues that form the connective tissues of the body. Melanomas, retinoblastomas, neuroblastomas and glioblastomas are derived from dividing cells in the ocular retina, immature peripheral neurons and neural support cells known as glia, respectively. Lymphomas and leukemias, sometimes referred to as the ‘liquid tumors’, arise in the tissues that give rise to lymphoid and blood cells. All of these diseases will be collectively referred to as ‘cancer’ throughout this book. The rationale for this simplification is that all of these diverse diseases have a single root cause.
Cartilage-targeting drug delivery: can electrostatic interactions help?

Current osteoarthritis therapies cannot sufficiently target cartilage and guarantee a biological response owing to limitations in the delivery methods. This Perspectives article discusses how electrostatic interactions can be utilized to increase drug penetration and retention in cartilage to provide sustained intra-tissue delivery. Current intra-articular drug delivery methods do not guarantee sufficient drug penetration into cartilage tissue to reach cell and matrix targets at the concentrations necessary to elicit the desired biological response. Here, we provide our perspective on the utilization of charge–charge (electrostatic) interactions to enhance drug penetration and transport into cartilage, and to enable sustained binding of drugs within the tissue's highly negatively charged extracellular matrix. By coupling drugs to positively charged nanocarriers that have optimal size and charge, cartilage can be converted from a drug barrier into a drug reservoir for sustained intra-tissue delivery. Alternatively, a wide variety of drugs themselves can be made cartilage-penetrating by functionalizing them with specialized positively charged protein domains. Finally, we emphasize that appropriate animal models, with cartilage thickness similar to that of humans, must be used for the study of drug transport and retention in cartilage.
Food, Money and Barter in the Lvov Ghetto, Eastern Galicia

“All the adults looked sad most of the time now. Food was becoming hard to get” noted in her memoir Nelly S. Toll. As a child she spent the war years in Lvov, Eastern Galicia (Lviv, today in Ukraine), first in the ghetto and then in hiding. Toll’s account and other accounts of Jewish survivors reveal the role of age, class and gender in developing survival strategies and in acquiring food. This article examines early postwar testimonies, diaries, memoirs, and oral interviews to discuss how survivors remember and describe the food crisis in the Lvov Ghetto. It explores how food deprivation and hunger shaped the daily lives of Jews. It seeks to examine how families used their financial resources and build social networks to gain access to food.
Exploring Social Media Scenarios for the Television.

The use of social technologies is becoming ubiquitous in the lives of average computer users. However, social media has yet to infiltrate users‟ television experiences. This paper presents the findings of an exploratory study examining social scenarios for TV. Eleven participants took part in the three-part study that included in-home field visits, a diary study of participants‟ daily usage of TV and social media, and participatory design sessions. During the participatory design sessions, participants evaluated and discussed several paper wireframes of potential social TV applications. Overall, participants responded to most social TV concepts with excitement and enthusiasm, but were leery of scenarios that they felt violated their privacy.
A discriminative-generative model for detecting intravenous contrast in CT images

This paper presents an algorithm for the automatic detection of intravenous contrast in CT scans. This is useful e.g. for quality control, given the unreliability of the existing DICOM contrast metadata. The algorithm is based on a hybrid discriminative-generative probabilistic model. A discriminative detector localizes enhancing regions of interest in the scan. Then a generative classifier optimally fuses evidence gathered from those regions into an efficient, probabilistic prediction. The main contribution is in the generative part. It assigns optimal weights to the detected organs based on their learned degree of enhancement under contrast material. The model is robust with respect to missing organs, patients geometry, pathology and settings. Validation is performed on a database of 400 highly variable patients CT scans. Results indicate detection accuracy greater than 91% at ~ 1 second per scan.
The function of information immediacy and smartphone usage

Abstract The current study used the delay discounting method to understand the need to respond to different communication mediums. In this method, participants were asked their preference between responding immediately for a smaller reward or after a delay for a larger reward. Experiment 1 asked participants their preference for responding to a text message, sticky note, and postcard. Participants indicated lower willingness in responding to the text message but did not have differing preferences between the other mediums. Experiment 2 sought to understand if the effect was related specifically to text messages or all instantaneous communication. Participants indicated their preference for responding to a text message, email, and voicemail while driving on a road trip. Participants indicated no differences in preference for responding to the message mediums. These results have implications for interpreting distracted driving research, specifically texting and driving, as the effect may apply to other communication mediums.
Multi-omics analysis: Repeated exposure of a 3D bronchial tissue culture to whole-cigarette smoke

Abstract Cigarette smoke (CS) is a major risk factor in the development of chronic inflammatory lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A comprehensive investigation of the biological impacts of chronic CS exposure on lung tissue is therefore important for understanding the pathogenesis of lung disease. We used three-dimensional (3D) organotypic human bronchial tissue cultures and metabolomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics to investigate changes in biological processes affected by repeated whole-CS exposure. We found that CS perturbed central carbon metabolism in relation with oxidative stress responses. Epidermal growth factor receptor, which is involved in the early-stage pathogenesis of airway diseases, was identified as a key regulator of the perturbed processes. Proteomic analysis of proteins in the apical surface liquid of the 3D bronchial tissue cultures indicated that repeated whole-CS exposure induced alterations in the secretion of several known biomarkers of airway diseases, including mucins and matrix metalloproteinases. These findings are consistent with observations from lung disease patients. Overall, our results suggest that 3D bronchial tissue cultures can provide valuable information on tissue-specific alterations in biological processes induced by chronic exposure to CS.
Increasing health facility deliveries in Cambodia and its influence on child health

A growing number of women in Cambodia are seeking support from health facilities during delivery, up from 8% in 2000 to 82% in 2014. This growth may be attributed to increased national level attention to incentivize hospital births and reduce potential barriers. This paper address three related questions regarding the impact of increased utilization of health care in Cambodia. First, did increasing health facility deliveries occur most among disadvantaged women? Second, as health facility utilization increased, did the benefit of delivery location on child health outcomes weaken? Finally, did socioeconomic disparities in child outcomes decline as a result of increased health facility deliveries? Data is from the 2010 and 2014 Cambodian Demographic and health surveys. Regression models include logistic regression to predict utilization of a health facility, linear regression to predict child nutritional status and Cox regression to measure child survival. Propensity score matching was used to account for selectivity. Analysis shows that health facility delivery is associated with better nutritional status and survival and the effectiveness of a health center delivery remains with this rapidly increasing care. However, the largest increases in delivery at a health facility did not occur among less educated, less wealthy, and rural Cambodian women, and inequalities in child health outcomes remain. Cambodian women have participated in a rapid increase in health center deliveries and those health facility deliveries remain beneficial for future child outcomes. However, initiatives to increase care are not addressing inequity in access to care among disadvantaged women. Additionally, disparities in children’s health outcomes remain, suggesting that health facility births are not sufficient in reducing disparities among children of disadvantaged mothers. Moving forward, current initiatives are rapidly increasing facility deliveries and maintaining their efficacy, but further efforts need to be placed on targeting disadvantaged women and their children.
Laryngotracheal Stenosis in Early vs Late Tracheostomy: A Systematic Review:

ObjectiveFor critically ill patients undergoing long-term mechanical ventilation, to determine whether early conversion from endotracheal intubation to tracheostomy reduces the incidence of laryngo...
Surface Roughness of Methacrylate- and Silorane-Based Composites After Finishing and Polishing Procedures.

OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of surface finishing and polishing protocols on the surface roughness (Ra) of methacrylate-based and silorane-based resin composites. METHODS AND MATERIALS Fifty specimens (5 mm x 2 mm) of each composite material were prepared using a split mold: Filtek™ Supreme Ultra (3M ESPE), Tetric EvoCeram® (Ivoclar Vivadent), Tetric Ceram™ HB (Ivoclar Vivadent), and Filtek™ LS Low Shrink (3M ESPE). Specimens were divided into five groups (n = 10) according to the following procedures: G1 - 15-µm fine diamond bur (FDB); G2 - 15-µm FDB followed by a 20-fluted tungsten carbide bur; G3 - 15-µm FDB followed by diamond-impregnated micropolishing points (D-FINE Double Diamond Polishing System, Clinician's Choice); G4 - 15-µm FDB followed by diamond-impregnated micropolishing points (Flame Point Pre-polisher and Shine, Brassseler USA); and G5 - 15-µm FDB followed by the application of a surface sealer (PermaSeal®, Ultradent Products, Inc.). Ra was measured in three different regions using a surface profilometer (Mitutoyo Surfest SJ-210, Mitutoyo America). RESULTS Multiple comparisons were obtained using a one-way ANOVA with Tukey's B rank order test ( = 0.05). No significant differences in Ra were observed among the resin composites tested in the same condition. The use of a FDB generated the highest roughness values, while the use of a surface sealer resulted in the lowest roughness values for all resin composites tested (P < .05). No significant difference in Ra was observed between the use of a multi-fluted carbide bur and the rubber point D-FINE Double Diamond Polishing System for all resin composites tested.
ISOLATED MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC EDDIES MOVING IN A ROTATING THIN SPHERICAL SHELL

We obtain two-dimensional solutions for isolated magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) eddies of large horizontal spatial scales moving in the direction of zonal magnetic field in a rotating thin spherical shell. This solution is, in essence, a MHD generalization of the so-called “Rossby modon” in spherical geometry. In general, there are two characteristic angular speeds for isolated MHD vortices moving in zonal directions for given parameters. An isolated MHD eddy is physically driven by variable Coriolis force and Lorentz force due to the curved zonal magnetic field. The “Rossby modon” has been invoked to model atmospheric “blocking phenomena” in meteorology; similar magnetic blocking phenomena may well exist in magnetofluid layers in a rotating system. This model of isolated MHD eddy may find its applications under geophysical and astrophysical conditions.
Computational Geometric Approaches to Equitable Districting: A Survey

Dividing a piece of land into sub-regions is a natural problem that belongs to many different domains within the world of operations research. There are many different tools that one can use to solve such problems, such as infinite-dimensional optimization, integer programming, or graph theoretic models. In this chapter, we summarize previous methods for solving districting problems that use computational geometry.
Substance use disorders and risk of suicide in a general US population: a case control study

Prior research suggests that substance use disorders (SUDs) are associated with risk of suicide mortality, but most previous work has been conducted among Veterans Health Administration patients. Few studies have examined the relationship between SUDs and suicide mortality in general populations. Our study estimates the association of SUDs with suicide mortality in a general US population of men and women who receive care across eight integrated health systems. We conducted a case–control study using electronic health records and claims data from eight integrated health systems of the Mental Health Research Network. Participants were 2674 men and women who died by suicide between 2000–2013 and 267,400 matched controls. The main outcome was suicide mortality, assessed using data from the health systems and confirmed by state death data systems. Demographic and diagnostic data on substance use disorders and other health conditions were obtained from each health system. First, we compared descriptive statistics for cases and controls, including age, gender, income, and education. Next, we compared the rate of each substance use disorder category for cases and controls. Finally, we used conditional logistic regression models to estimate unadjusted and adjusted odds of suicide associated with each substance use disorder category. All categories of substance use disorders were associated with increased risk of suicide mortality. Adjusted odds ratios ranged from 2.0 (CI 1.7, 2.3) for patients with tobacco use disorder only to 11.2 (CI 8.0, 15.6) for patients with multiple alcohol, drug, and tobacco use disorders. Substance use disorders were associated with increased relative risk of suicide for both women and men across all categories, but the relative risk was more pronounced in women. Substance use disorders are associated with significant risk of suicide mortality, especially for women, even after controlling for other important risk factors. Experiencing multiple substance use disorders is particularly risky. These findings suggest increased suicide risk screening and prevention efforts for individuals with substance use disorders are needed.
Telling the Story and Telling the Story Not: U.S. Army-Media Relations During the Battle of Manila

The battle of Manila was the longest and largest urban battle in the history of the U.S. Army. However, World War II engagement received little journalistic coverage. Despite having enormous advant...
Hospital variation in use of prophylactic drains following hepatectomy

Abstract Background Prophylactic drainage following hepatectomy is frequently performed despite evidence that drainage is unnecessary. It is unknown to what extent drain use is influenced by hospital practice patterns. The objectives of this study were to identify factors associated with the use of prophylactic drains following hepatectomy and assess hospital variation in drain use. Methods Retrospective cohort study of patients following hepatectomy without concomitant bowel resection or biliary reconstruction from the ACS NSQIP Hepatectomy Targeted Dataset. Factors associated with the use of prophylactic drains were identified using multivariable logistic regression and hospital-level variation in drain use was assessed. Results Analysis included 10,530 patients at 130 hospitals. Overall, 42.3% of patients had a prophylactic drain placed following hepatectomy. Patients were more likely to receive prophylactic drains if they were ≥65 years old (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.34, 95%CI: 1.16–1.56), underwent major hepatectomy (aOR: 1.42, 95%CI 1.15–1.74), or had an open resection (aOR 1.94, 95%CI 1.49–2.53). There was notable hospital variability in drain use (range: 0%–100% of patients), and 77.5% of measured variation was at the hospital level. Conclusion Prophylactic drains are commonly placed in both major and minor hepatectomy. Hospital-specific patterns appear to be a major driver and represent a target for improvement.
4 – Design provisions

Six international design guidelines representative of the use of externally applied fiber-reinforced polymers for strengthening reinforced concrete members are reviewed and compared. The review concerns analysis and design procedures for flexural strengthening, shear strengthening, and confinement. Specific flexural strengthening concepts reviewed include strengthening limits, environmental reduction factors, strain limits, strength reduction factors, serviceability, creep rupture and fatigue limits, end peeling and development length, and the flexural analysis and design procedure. Shear strengthening topics include wrapping schemes, strength reduction factors, reinforcement and spacing limits, strain limits, and the shear analysis and design procedure for continuous and spaced U-wrap, complete wrap, and two-sided strips. Confinement issues covered are strength reduction factors, strain and stress limits, and design and analysis procedures with consideration given to circular and square columns.
Blockade of the TLR4–MD2 complex lowers blood pressure and improves vascular function in a murine model of type 1 diabetes

While the pathogenesis of diabetes-induced high blood pressure (BP) is not entirely clear, current evidence suggests that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a key player in the mechanisms associated with hypertension. However, it is unknown whether this receptor affects BP under type 1 diabetes. Likewise, there is insufficient knowledge about the role of TLR4 in diabetes-associated vascular dysfunction of large arteries. To narrow these gaps, in this study, we investigated if blockade of the TLR4-MD2 complex impacts BP and vascular function in diabetic rats. We injected streptozotocin in male Sprague Dawley rats and treated them with a neutralizing anti-TLR4 antibody for 14 days. BP was directly measured in conscious animals at the end of the treatment. In another set of experiments, we excised the aorta from control and diabetic animals, and measured TLR4 and MD2—a co-receptor that confers functionality to TLR4—levels by Western blotting. We also performed functional studies and evaluated ROS levels with and without a pharmacological inhibitor for TLR4 as well as for MD2. Additionally, we scrutinized a large human RNA-Seq dataset of aortic tissue to assess the co-expression of TLR4, MD2, and subunits of the vascular NADPH oxidases under diabetes and hypertension. We report that (a) chronic blockade of the TLR4–MD2 complex lowers BP in diabetic animals; that (b) type 1 diabetes modulates the levels of MD2 expression in the aorta, but not TLR4, at least in the conditions evaluated in this study; and, that (c) acute inhibition of TLR4 or MD2 diminishes vascular contractility and reduces oxidative stress in the aorta of these animals. In summary, we show evidence that the TLR4–MD2 complex is involved in the mechanisms linking type 1 diabetes and hypertension.
African-American Views of Food Choices and Use of Traditional Foods

Objectives: In this study, we describe dietary intakes and examine variation among African-American adults in the Southwest, and identify barriers to engaging in healthy dietary behaviors, and use of traditional African-American foods, including pulses. Methods: Using mixed-methods parallel analysis, 97 African Americans aged 25-60 years completed surveys on lifestyle and dietary habits prior to focus group discussions in 3 geographic regions of Arizona. We identified themes in the qualitative transcripts using an inductive approach informed by Grounded Theory. Survey data were compared by sex, and age cohort via chi-square and ANOVA. Results: Qualitative knowledge of healthy choices was high for most participants, but survey dietary in-takes were below recommendations for fruit, vegetables, fiber, and pulses. Greens, fried chicken and fish, barbequed meats, okra-corn-tomato mix, grits, and sweet potatoes were eaten at least twice a month by 30%-50%. Statistically significant food consumption differences were observed by sex, age, and income. Healthy eating barriers included cost, access, convenience or time to prepare, accessibility, and cultural preferences and traditions. Interest in food preparation education was a common theme. Conclusions: Arizona African Americans retain elements of traditional foods in their diet. Health education should offer practical solutions for the cited barriers, be culturally relevant, and build on existing knowledge.
Constant-Degree Graph Expansions that Preserve Treewidth

Many hard algorithmic problems dealing with graphs, circuits, formulas and constraints admit polynomial-time upper bounds if the underlying graph has small treewidth. The same problems often encourage reducing the maximal degree of vertices to simplify theoretical arguments or address practical concerns. Such degree reduction can be performed through a sequence of splittings of vertices, resulting in an expansion of the original graph. We observe that the treewidth of a graph may increase dramatically if the splittings are not performed carefully. In this context we address the following natural question: is it possible to reduce the maximum degree to a constant without substantially increasing the treewidth? We answer the above question affirmatively. We prove that any simple undirected graph G=(V,E) admits an expansion G′=(V′,E′) with the maximum degree ≤3 and tw(G′)≤tw(G)+1, where tw(⋅) is the treewidth of a graph. Furthermore, such an expansion will have no more than 2|E|+|V| vertices and 3|E| edges; it can be computed efficiently from a tree-decomposition of G. We also construct a family of examples for which the increase by 1 in treewidth cannot be avoided.
A Case-Based Neuroanatomy Laboratory on the Neurobiology of Psychiatric Conditions for Second-Year Medical Students.

A case-based laboratory event integrating neuroanatomy, neuroscience, and psychiatry was implemented into a pre-clerkship psychiatry-based course for second-year medical students. Learners rotating through lab stations to work on different cases to make interdisciplinary connections among these fields is an innovative way for them to integrate foundational neurology, neuroanatomy, and psychiatry concepts.
Chapter 20 – Earth as a Planet: Atmosphere and Oceans

Exhibiting striking similarities as well as differences with the fluid envelopes of other planets, the atmosphere and ocean of Earth provide the foundation for understanding planetary atmospheres generally. Here we survey the physical and chemical behavior of our home planet's atmosphere, oceans, and climate. The Earth's atmosphere is dominated by nitrogen and oxygen, with a vertical temperature profile consisting of alternating layers of decreasing and increasing temperature with height—the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. This structure is largely controlled by the height-dependence of solar energy absorption and infrared emission. At large scales, the atmospheric circulation is driven primarily by the latitudinal gradient in solar heating, and the circulation responds to this gradient by transporting heat from the equator to the poles. Near the equator, this heat transport is accomplished by the Hadley circulation, whereas in midlatitudes, large-scale, so-called baroclinic eddies accomplish this transport. In the troposphere, the equatorial flow is weakly westward, but the airflow is eastward in the midlatitudes where the jet streams reside. The Earth is unique in the solar system in having a surface ocean. We describe its vertical structure, large-scale circulation, salinity, and interaction with the atmosphere. We next turn to climate. The Earth's climate is affected by numerous interacting positive and negative feedback mechanisms, including the greenhouse effect and feedbacks resulting from the distributions of ice and clouds. Over the past 50 years, the global mean surface temperature has been increasing, and numerous other climate changes are becoming evident. A widespread scientific consensus demonstrates that these changes have, to a large degree, occurred due to rapid increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases (primarily carbon dioxide) caused by burning of fossil fuels by humans. Over long timescales, Earth exhibits a wide range of climatic variations. In particular, we summarize the ice age cycles that have dominated climatic variation over the past 2 million years; understanding these cycles can provide insights into how the atmosphere/ocean system responds to perturbations generally. To close, we survey evidence for life on Earth as obtained from spacecraft flybys; this provides a reference point from which to assess humankind's ability to remotely detect surface life on other worlds.
REGEN-COV ® antibody cocktail bioanalytical strategy: comparison of LC-MRM-MS and immunoassay methods for drug quantification.

Aim: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Regeneron developed the anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody cocktail, REGEN-COV® (RONAPREVE® outside the USA). Drug concentration data was important for determination of dose, so a two-part bioanalytical strategy was implemented to ensure the therapy was rapidly available for use. Results & methodology: Initially, a liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry (LC-MRM-MS) assay, was used to analyze early-phase study samples. Subsequently, a validated electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassay was implemented for high throughput sample analysis for all samples. A comparison of drug concentration data from the methods was performed which identified strong linear correlations and for Bland-Altman, small bias. In addition, pharmacokinetic data from both methods produced similar profiles and parameters. Discussion & conclusion: This novel bioanalytical strategy successfully supported swift development of a critical targeted therapy during the COVID-19 public health emergency.
Neurosarcoidosis presenting as a tumour of the basal ganglia and brainstem: sequential MRI

Neurosarcoidosis may spread from the basal leptomeninges via the Virchow-Robin spaces to form intraparenchymal masses. We present a case of sarcoidosis whose first presentation was that of secondar...
Nonlinear elastic equation of state of solids subjected to uniaxial homogeneous loading

Applying the finite deformation theory to a solid, which possesses either cubic or isotropic symmetry at stress-free natural state and is subsequently loaded homogeneously in uniaxial direction, one obtains a stress (or strain) dependence of the Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and a volume (or density) change, together with a nonlinear elastic relation between stress and strain. These are all expressed in terms of the second and third order elastic constants of the solid material. These expressions are illustrated with examples of cubic silicon crystal, isotropic carbon steel, Pyrex glass, and polystyrene at the relaxed state.
Optimal combination treatment and vascular outcomes in recent ischemic stroke patients by premorbid risk level

Background Optimal combination of secondary stroke prevention treatment including antihypertensives, antithrombotic agents, and lipid modifiers is associated with reduced recurrent vascular risk including stroke. It is unclear whether optimal combination treatment has a differential impact on stroke patients based on level of vascular risk.
Protein Carbamylation and Cardiovascular Disease

Carbamylation constitutes a posttranslational modification of proteins or amino acids and results from different pathways in vivo . First is the non-enzymatic reaction between isocyanic acid, a decomposition product of urea, and either the N-terminus or the e-amino group of lysine residues. Isocyanic acid levels, while low in vivo , are in equilibrium with urea and are thus increased in chronic and end-stage renal diseases. An alternative pathway involves the leukocyte heme protein myeloperoxidase, which catalyzes the oxidation of thiocyanate in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, producing isocyanate at inflammation sites. Notably, plasma thiocyanate levels are increased in smokers, and leukocyte-driven protein carbamylation occurs both within human and animal atherosclerotic plaques, as well as on plasma proteins. Protein carbamylation is considered a hallmark of molecular aging and is implicated in many pathological conditions. Recently, it has been shown that carbamylated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) induces endothelial dysfunction via lectin-like-oxidized LDL receptor-1 activation and increased reactive oxygen species production, leading to endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling. Moreover, carbamylated LDL harbors atherogenic activities, including both binding to macrophage scavenger receptors inducing cholesterol accumulation and foam-cell formation, as well as promoting vascular smooth muscle proliferation. In contrast, high-density lipoprotein loses its anti-apoptotic activity after carbamylation, contributing to endothelial cell death. In addition to involvement in atherogenesis, protein carbamylation levels have emerged as a particularly strong predictor of both prevalent and incident cardiovascular disease risk. Recent studies also suggest that protein carbamylation may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of atherosclerotic heart disease.
Turning Practice into Principles: A Comparison of the IFLA Principles Underlying Subject Heading Languages (SHLs) and the Principles Underlying the Library of Congress Subject Headings System

SUMMARY The IFLA Section on Classification and Indexing's Working Group on Principles Underlying Subject Headings Languages has identified a set of eleven principles for subject heading languages and excerpted the texts that match each principle from the instructions for each of eleven national subject indexing systems, including excerpts from the LC's Subject Cataloging Manual: Subject Headings. This study compares the IFLA principles with other texts that express the principles underlying LCSH, especially Library of Congress Subject Headings: Principles of Structure and Policies for Application, prepared by Lois Mai Chan for the Library of Congress in 1990, Chan's later book on LCSH, and earlier documents by Haykin and Cutter. The principles are further elaborated for clarity and discussed.
Inferring community assembly mechanisms from functional diversity patterns: the importance of multiple assembly processes

Summary 1. Many studies of community assembly focus on two mechanisms: environmental filtering and competitive interactions. This focus ignores the importance of other assembly processes such as equalizing fitness processes and facilitation. The contribution of different processes to community assembly can be elucidated by examining functional diversity patterns of traits that differ in their contribution to different assembly processes. 2. In alpine tundra, we explored trait patterns along a stress–resource gradient that varied in productivity, nitrogen availability and soil moisture. We explore whether functional diversity is low in abiotic stressful environments and increases in more benign environments as competition becomes more important, and if equalizing fitness processes and facilitation affect functional diversity. We calculated community-weighted mean trait values and functional diversity for specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area, stomatal conductance, plant height and chlorophyll content as well as multivariate functional diversity and phylogenetic diversity. 3. At the community level, functional diversity increased at both ends of the gradient: high resource availability was associated with greater functional diversity in height and leaf area, and lower resource availability was associated with greater functional diversity in SLA, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll content. As a result of this trade-off in functional diversity among traits, multivariate functional diversity did not change across the gradient. Phylogenetic diversity increased with increasing resource availability. 4. We find evidence for at least three assembly processes along the gradient. Abiotic filtering by wind and cold exposure may reduce functional diversity in height and leaf area at the low resource end of the gradient. Also at low resource availability, increasing functional diversity in the other three traits suggests competition for below-ground resources. At the resource-rich end of the gradient, increased functional diversity in height and leaf area suggests increased competition for light or facilitation. 5.Synthesis: Our results suggest that multiple assembly processes (abiotic filtering, above-ground competition, and below-ground competition) operate simultaneously to structure plant communities along a stress–resource gradient. These processes would be obscured by a single multivariate trait index or phylogenetic diversity and are only evident by analysing functional diversity patterns of individual traits.
Test of Time-Reversal Symmetry in the β Decay of Ne 19

With a new detection method, the upper limit on the time-reversal-noninvariant triple angular correlation $\frac{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{J}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}({\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{p}}}_{e}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{p}}}_{\ensuremath{\nu}})}{{E}_{e}{E}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}}$ in the nuclear decay $^{19}\mathrm{Ne}$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow} $^{19}\mathrm{F}$ + ${e}^{+}+\ensuremath{\nu}$ has been reduced. Polarized $^{19}\mathrm{Ne}$ atoms from an atomic beam are captured in a holding cell, where the decay positrons and recoil ions are observed. The new value for the asymmetry parameter for this correlation is $D=0.004\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0008$, which is consistent with time-reversal symmetry.
The differing national civilian technology strategies of leading world traders

This paper compares some aspects of the national civilian technology policies, strategies and priorities of France, Germany, Japan, the UK and the USA. An analysis is given of similarities and differences in the national 'systems', data on RD and various options are presented.
Recent progress and standardization activities on 40 Gbit/s channel technologies

This paper reviews the recent progress and standardization activities on 40 Gbit/s channel technologies, focusing on technologies effective in the combined use of WDM. Furthermore, this paper reports a 40 Gbit/s/ prototype designed around the latest technologies and that complies with the latest standard. The paper also reports a tera-bit/s field trial, held in Japan on November 2000, that used the 40 Gbit/s/ch prototype.
Standards of Evidence for Behavioral Counseling Recommendations

Behavioral counseling interventions to promote healthy behaviors can significantly reduce leading causes of disease and death. Recommendations for delivery of these interventions in primary care have been and continue to be an important part of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force's portfolio of clinical preventive services recommendations. However, primary and secondary research on the effectiveness of behavioral counseling interventions can be more complex than recommendations for screening or use of preventive medications. The nature of behavior change and interventions to promote it can lead to unique challenges. This paper summarizes and expands upon an extensive discussion held at the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force's Expert Forum on behavioral counseling interventions held in November 2013. The paper describes the foundational challenges for using behavioral outcomes as evidence to support a Task Force recommendation. The paper discusses research design and reporting characteristics needed by behavioral counseling intervention researchers in order for their research to contribute to the evidentiary basis of a Task Force recommendation. Finally, the paper identifies critical issues that need to be considered by the Task Force and other stakeholders to maintain confidence and credibility in the standards of evidence for behavioral counseling recommendations.
On the modeling of composite beam cross-sections

Abstract This paper reviews on the modeling of composite beam cross-sections. Theoretical models are available for simple composite beam cross-sections. But computational technique, such as finite element analysis (FEA), is considered for complex composite beam cross-sections. It is found from the literature survey that variational asymptotic beam sectional analysis (VABS) and boundary element method (BEM) are very popular and computationally efficient models for composite beam cross-sectional analysis. The available theoretical and computational tools for the modeling of composite beam cross-sections are presented in this paper.
A short method for measuring error in a least-squares power series

When fitting a curve to a set of points by means of a least-squares powers series, it is frequently desirable to obtain also a measure of the total error of the curve. Such error is most often measured by the size of the residual sum of squares and, while it is not infrequent for computer programs to provide this error sum along with the coefficients of the power series, in every case we have so far found this sum has been obtained by evaluating the series at every data point. This procedure requires that either the data be read through the machine a second time after the determination of the coefficients or that every data point be stored in the memory of the computer.
In the Shadow of Tragedy: The Evolution of Safety Coregulation on America's Uninspected Towing Vessels

Disasters often prompt debates regarding public policy and lead to changes in safety regulations. With the deaths of 47 passengers and crew, the 1993 Sunset Limited tragedy focused public and governmental attention upon safety practices aboard uninspected towing vessels operated on US inland waterways. The event shaped the policy debate as the federal government imposed new safety regulations upon the towing industry and the dominant industry trade organization, the American Waterways Operators, adopted an industry-driven safety program. Subsequent tragedies revealed the inadequacies of the AWO’s Responsible Carrier Program and pushed industry stakeholders toward the creation of a formal US Coast Guard inspection regime for all uninspected towing vessels. Set within the context of steamboat safety regulations dating from 1838 and drawn from diverse primary sources, this article traces the evolution of safety coregulation aboard America’s uninspected towing vessels, explores the Coast Guard’s reluctance to establish a formal inspection regime for uninspected towing vessels, and highlights why self regulation without a form of strong government or third-party involvement is often unsuccessful.
A Recursive Formulation for Constrained Mechanical System Dynamics: Part II. Closed Loop Systems

ABSTRACT ABSTRACT A recursive formulation of the equations of motion of constrained mechanical systems with closed loops is derived, using tools of variational and vector calculus. Kinematic couplings between pairs of contiguous bodies presented in Part 1 of this paper are generalized. Lagrange multipliers are introduced to account for the effects of joints that are cut to define a tree structure. Constraint Jacobian terms are added to the reduced variational equations derived in Part I. Cut-joint constraint acceleration equations are derived, to complete the reduced equations of motion. Lagrange multipliers associated with each cut-joint are eliminated at the first junction body encountered that permits closing the loop that constraints in cut joint. The inductive algorithm developed in Part I is used to calculate accelerations for the system. A multi-loop compressor is analyzed to illustrate use of the method.
The prevalence of pseudoxanthoma elasticum–like connective tissue changes in an oral biopsy service and review of the literature

Objective The objective of this pilot study is to determine the prevalence of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE)–like connective changes in an oral biopsy service and compare it with the estimated prevalence of PXE as well as to the prevalence of the mutated PXE gene ABCC6. Study Design This prevalence study utilized 500 oral mucosal biopsy specimens received from the biopsy service of the Oral Pathology Consultants at the Ohio State University. Each specimen was microscopically evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin, Verhoeff-van Gieson and von Kossa stains. Results A prevalence of 9.8% was identified for PXE-like changes in the connective tissue of oral biopsy specimens submitted to this service. Conclusions The overall prevalence of PXE-like connective tissue changes found in routine oral mucosal biopsy specimens (9.8%) was much higher than either the suspected prevalence of PXE (0.001%-0.004%) or the estimated prevalence of the mutated gene ABCC6 (0.625%-1.25%).
A sophomore capstone solid modeling experience: Virtual dissection and reassembly of legacy drawings

A sophomore computer aided design course is investigated with respect to its ability to prepare students for an authentic team-based design experience surrounding solid modeling of a set of legacy drawings by a master draftsman from an earlier age. Work products include an electronic archive stored on a shared drive, part and subassembly renderings, a shop-ready drawing package, accurate animation of part assembly as well as normal operation, and reflective writing about the project. Preparation for the final project includes justin-time use of locally authored videos supplied via the course website, deployment of peer mentors within the computer lab, and scaffolding provided by four different mini-projects. Intermediate milestones given on the course website, impromptu instructor/team/mentor meetings next to computer monitors as well as an overhead projector screen, and exemplary portfolios of student work are considered essential for guiding team-based work on the final project. Significant personal growth in engineering graphics skills leading up to the final project and throughout the final project has been observed in an end-of-course surveys that explore many attributes of pre-cad sketching, part modeling, assembly modeling, and creation of engineering drawing packages. Some refinements to the survey are needed to capture more of the wisdom embedded in many legacy drawings and the wisdom typically gained through the final project.
A strategy to reduce healthy worker effect in a cross-sectional study of asthma and metalworking fluids

This report describes the reanalysis of a cross-sectional study of asthma in a large cohort of autoworkers with exposure to metalworking fluids (MWF). There is strong evidence from case reports, clinical studies, and medical surveillance data that exposure to MWF can cause asthma, yet no association was found in the original analysis. The central hypothesis of the reanalysis was that the absence of an association between asthma and MWF exposure was the result of bias caused by the self-selection of asthmatics out of exposed jobs. We addressed the potential job transfer bias by redefining exposure and disease status at the time of asthma onset, rather than at the time of the health survey. This permitted us to treat the cross-sectional study as if it were a historical cohort study, despite the fact that the population was a biased sample of the full cohort. This approach resulted in a significantly elevated incidence rate ratio of 3.2 (95% CI: 1.2-8.3) for synthetic MWF estimated in a Cox proportional hazards model. Although the cross-sectional design makes it impossible to document or control for differential selection out of the workforce, the approach described here provides a strategy for reducing the healthy-worker effect due to job transfer bias in cross-sectional studies.
On a property of the Wiener process

In an earlier paper [3] the authors gave a characterization of the Wiener process by the property that a stochastic integral\(\int_A^B {a\left( t \right)dX\left( t \right)} \) (taken in the sense of convergence in the quadratic mean) has the same distribution as α[X(t+1)−X(t)]. The assumption that the integral was defined in the sense of convergence in the quadratic mean necessitated a number of hypotheses; for instance one had to suppose that the process was of the second order and that its mean value function and its covariance function were of bounded variation.
Extracellular crystals in plasma cell myeloma.

A 66-year-old man presented to the emergency department with weakness and back pain. Remarkable laboratory results included a hemoglobin of 6.1 g/dL (13.5–17.5 g/dL) and creatinine of 17.3 mg/dL (0.6–1.3 mg/dL). Serum protein electrophoresis showed a gamma paraprotein spike demonstrated by immunofixation to be IgG lambda. Serum free lambda light chains were markedly elevated at 11,160 mg/L (5.7–26.3 mg/L). Bone marrow biopsy demonstrated 80% plasma cells with lambda light chain restriction, confirming the diagnosis of plasma cell myeloma (Fig. 1). Strikingly, both bone marrow (panel A) and renal (panel B) biopsies showed numerous, extracellular, eosinophilic, rectangular crystals measuring as large as several cell diameters and staining positive for lambda light chains (panel C) and negative for kappa light chains (panel D). Extracellular crystals have rarely been reported in plasma cell myeloma, and to our knowledge, only once previously demonstrated in both renal and bone marrow tissue from the same patient [1]. The precise etiology of these crystals is unknown; however, they are thought to arise from the precipitation of light chains in certain cases. Our patient received plasmapheresis and hemodialysis, followed by a combination of steroids and bortezomib. Unfortunately, his disease progressed rapidly despite treatment, resulting in death from disease-related complications seven months after diagnosis. Fig. 1
On improving the use of OCT imaging for detecting glaucomatous damage.

Aims To describe two approaches for improving the detection of glaucomatous damage seen with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods The two approaches described were: one, a visual analysis of the high-quality OCT circle scans and two, a comparison of local visual field sensitivity loss to local OCT retinal ganglion cell plus inner plexiform (RGC+) and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thinning. OCT images were obtained from glaucoma patients and suspects using a spectral domain OCT machine and commercially available scanning protocols. A high-quality peripapillary circle scan (average of 50), a three-dimensional (3D) scan of the optic disc, and a 3D scan of the macula were obtained. RGC+ and RNFL thickness and probability plots were generated from the 3D scans. Results A close visual analysis of a high-quality circle scan can help avoid both false positive and false negative errors. Similarly, to avoid these errors, the location of abnormal visual field points should be compared to regions of abnormal RGC+ and RNFL thickness. Conclusions To improve the sensitivity and specificity of OCT imaging, high-quality images should be visually scrutinised and topographical information from visual fields and OCT scans combined.