cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperspectral image reconstruction of an array of extended targets using chromotomosynthesis

The ability of a chromotomosynthetic imaging (CTI) system to accurately represent spatial and spectral characteristics of a spectrally diverse set of extended sources was evaluated. The goal is to evaluate CTI hyperspectral imagery for the remote classification of widely separated combustion events against a dark background. Accuracy is determined by comparing results to those of a liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF). The reconstructed CTI two-dimensional (2-D) image was equivalent to a wideband, undispersed image for images reconstructed using 1 deg projection separation. The Colsher discrepancy metric degrades from 0.44 for the 1 deg sampling to 0.72 for a 10 deg sampling, with 5 deg sampling still equivalent to the image obtained by integrating the spectral frames of the LCTF. Hyperspectral data cubes are reconstructed with image quality dependent primarily on source intensity, not wavelength. Through nearly the entire range, narrower spectral lineshapes are attained from CTI data with little degradation in results from the 1 deg, 5 deg, and 10 deg sampled projections. The measured spectral locations were in agreement between the CTI and LCTF for most elements in the mosaic. Spectral and spatial artifacts are observed in the CTI hyperspectral imagery particularly for dim objects adjacent to bright and spectrally similar sources. As a scene becomes more continuous with spatially and spectrally similar sources, more complex processing will be necessary to avoid degraded performance.
Beam loss due to the v r - v z = 1 and 3v r - v z = 3 resonances

In the Oak Ridge Isochronous Cyclotron (ORIC) there had been unexplained beam loss when protons were accelerated to maximum energy. Since recent successes in computing trim-coil currents lend assurance that the magnetic field is reasonably isochronous, the computed orbit properties can now be compared with the observed beam behavior. The orbit properties computed for proton acceleration indicate that the 60-MeV beam passes through the vr - vz =l resonance; computed and measured radii for beam loss are in excellent agreement. Computations also show that the beam is passing through, and in some cases closely following, the essential resonance 3vr - vz = 3. Under certain operating conditions where it had been very difficult to accelerate the beam to full radius, the valley coils (which can vary the axial focusing strength over a wide range) can now be adjusted so as to avoid the vr - vz = 1 coupling resonances and allow acceleration of the beam to full radius without significant beam loss.
Chronic Li+ attenuates agonist- and phorbol ester-mediated Na+/H+ antiporter activity in HL-60 cells.

Abstract The effects of Li+ on signal transduction in dibutyrl cAMP-differentiated HL-60- cells were studied. Upon differentiation, these human promyelocytic leukemia cells express a chemotactic formyl peptide receptor, which is coupled through a guanine nucleotide-binding protein to phospholipase C. Stimulation with fMet-Leu-Phe results in changes in intracellular pH which are thought to be mediated by protein kinase C regulation of Na−/H+ antiporter function. Acute LiCl treatment (10 mM) was without any effect on Na+/H+ activity. However, pretreatment of HL-60 cells with 1 or 10 mM LiCl for at least 5 days resulted in a marked attenuation of fMet-Leu-Phe effects on Na+/H+ activity. In undifferentiated HL-60 cells, which lack fMet-Leu-Phe receptors, intracellular acidification induced by the proton ionophore nigericin generates an alkalinization response. Chronic (but not acute) Li+ treatment also resulted in an inhibition of nigericin-mediated response. Furthermore, stimulation of the Na+/H+ antiporter by the phorbol ester, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, was also markedly attenuated by chronic LiCl treatment, suggesting an impairment of protein kinase C activity. In contrast, fMet-Leu-Phe-induced increases in intracellular Ca2+ and phospho-inositide breakdown were unchanged in cells treated with Li+ for 5 days. These results indicate that chronic but not acute Li+ treatment alters intracellular pH regulation possibly at a site distal to the fMet-Leu-Phe receptor.
The utilization of research by the police

The present-day interest in linking police practitioners and researchers in the USA finds its roots in a 40-year old recommendation made by the 1967 President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice. Specifically, the Commission called for the use of social science to assist law enforcement agencies in their efforts to understand better and address the problems they face in their related communities. This advocacy spawned the rapid growth of empirical research intended to provide support to the law enforcement community. Moreover, these research endeavours found important support in federal grant funding initiatives from the US Department of Justice through the National Institute of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance and Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. Despite this tremendous effort to link the police practitioner and research communities, there has been little knowledge on whether the resulting empirical knowledge is utilized by the law enforcement community i...
Vocational integration services in community mental health: Professionals' perceptions of training needs

Vocational integration in mental health is part of a national initiative to make quality, community-based work a possibility for persons with psychiatric disabilities. While effective delivery of these services requires trained staff, preparing professionals to provide relevant vocationally oriented services is complex and challenging. This study examines perceived priority training needs in vocational integration services from the perspectives of professionals in mental health, rehabilitation, and education organizations in Mississippi. Findings suggest that vocational integration activities are perceived differently across organizations and across occupational specialties. Implications for staff development in community support and psychosocial rehabilitation programs are discussed.
Sodium Chlorite Treatment of Plant Materials: Fiber and Lignin Composition, Digestibility, and Their Interrelationships

Abstract Effects of NaClO 2 treatment on various structural components of different feedstuffs were studied. Six hays (alfalfa, tall fescue, orchardgrass, red clover, timothy, and a mixed hay), two straws (barley and wheat), four stovers (two corn and two soybean), three hulls (peanut, rice, and soybean), and corn cobs were treated with sodium chlorite at 11 concentrations ranging from .000 to .394g of sodium chlorite/g of feed. At .394g, NDF fiber and organic dry matter percent digestibilities were alfalfa hay, 93, 98; barley straw, 96, 98; corn cobs, 98, 99; corn stover I, 100, 100; corn stover II, 98, 99; tall fescue hay, 95, 97; mixed hay, 93, 96; orchardgrass hay, 93, 96; peanut hulls, 15, 42; red clover hay, 88, 95; rice hulls, 64, 79; soybean hulls, 98, 99; soybean stover I, 97, 98; soybean stover II, 97, 98; timothy hay, 95, 96; and wheat straw, 99, 99. Although NDF content (organic matter basis) was significantly correlated with concentration of NaClO 2 for all feeds, ADF content (organic matter basis) was not for soybean hulls and lignin content was not for peanut hulls. Regression analysis of lignin oxidation products against concentration of NaClO 2 showed a significant correlation for syringaldehyde when using all feeds. Individually, only for corn cobs was syringaldehyde highly correlated with treatment. Regressions between lignin oxidation products and digestibility measurements likewise varied with the feed and with the specific measure of digestibility.
Multi-Mode Modulator and Frequency Demodulator Circuits for Gb/s Data Rate 60 GHz Wireless Transceivers

Compact RF circuits that enable Gb/s wireless links on integrated 60 GHz radios are presented. A multi-mode modulator performs a variety of signaling schemes including MSK directly from a digital bit-stream and also performs the IF up-conversion. An FM discriminator operates at an IF frequency of 9 GHz with a sensitivity of -70 dBm referred to the RF input and yields an output digital bit stream. Implemented in a SiGe 0.13 mum BiCMOS process as part of a transceiver chipset, the modulator and demodulator occupy an area of only 0.03 mm2 and 0.02 mm2, respectively. The performance of the proposed circuits is verified individually and also in a HDTV 2 Gb/s MSK link.
Usefulness of scanning procedures for diagnosis of fever of unknown origin in children.

During a 5-year study period, 109 patients were referred to a large children's hospital for evaluation of prolonged fever of unknown origin, defined as temperature ≥38°C (100.4°F) for 3 weeks or longer and negative findings on initial examination. A two-phase protocol of outpatient followed by inpatient diagnostic studies was instituted for most patients. Confirmed diagnoses were achieved in just 36 of these children (33%) in the following disease categories: infectious, 24 (22%); autoimmune, 7 (6%); and neoplastic, 2 (2%). Scanning or special procedures and the number with positive results (in parentheses) were as follows: abdominal ultrasonography, 43 (8); abdominal computed tomography, 14 (3); indium scan 11 (5); gallium scanning, 4 (1), upper gastrointestinal tract series, 13 (2); technetlum bone scanning 15 (2); bone marrow examination, 16 (1); and cranial computed tomography, 7 (0). These studies rarely led to an unsuspected diagnosis. It appears most appropriate in evaluating fever of unknown origin in children to obtain only basic laboratory studies such as a complete blood cell count, urinalysis and culture, chest radiograph, tuberculin skin test, and, in the older child, an antinuclear antibody titer. When these test results are negative, almost all children can be observed clinically for progression of illness or a focus that might then direct specific diagnostic procedures.
Love Types and Subjective Well-Being: A Cross-Cultural Study

This cross-cultural research explored the relationship between Hatfield & Rapson's (1993) love types and subjective well-being. College students from an individualistic culture (USA) and a collectivist culture (Korea) completed the Passionate Love Scale (PLS; Hatfield & Rapson), the Companionate Love Scale (CLS; Sternberg, 1986), the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS; Pivot & Diener, 1993), and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS; Watson, Clarke, & Tellegen, 1988). It was found that two love types are related to subjective well-being in a different way: life satisfaction was more strongly predicted by companionate love than by passionate love, whereas positive and negative emotions were more accounted for by passionate love than by companionate love. No culture and gender difference was found in this overall relationship, but gender difference was found in the extent of the association between companionate love and satisfaction with life, and between passionate love and emotional experiences, respectively.
Immunologic reconstitution following bone marrow transplantation for X-linked hyper IgM syndrome.

X-linked hyper IgM syndrome (XHIM), caused by mutations of the CD40 ligand (CD40L) gene, is characterized by recurrent bacterial and opportunistic infections, an increased incidence of autoimmunity and malignancies, and immunodeficiency due to abnormal T/B cell interaction. Because of poor long-term prognosis, bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has been proposed as an alternative treatment. An 8-month-old boy with XHIM and a splice site mutation of CD40L underwent BMT using a fully matched sibling donor. Markers of engraftment and immunologic reconstitution were measured serially. After BMT, activated T cells expressed functional CD40L, and genomic DNA obtained from circulating white cells contained predominantly wild-type CD40L sequences. Serum immunoglobulin levels including IgE and antibody responses to recall antigens normalized, and immunization with the T-cell-dependent neoantigen, bacteriophage φX174, demonstrated amplification of the response and isotope switching. BMT provides a permanent cure for XHIM if a fully matched sibling donor is available and the procedure is performed before complications have occurred.
CM‐like interplanetary dust particles in lower stratosphere during 1989 October and 1991 June/July

The stratospheric interplanetary dust particles L2005T12 and L2011O3 are linked to CM chondrite matrix. Particle L2005T12 is dominated by tabular grains of partially dehydrated greenalite-rich serpentine. Its amorphous matrix contains abundant smectite nanocrystals and annular Fe,Ni,S units. A uniquely stratified (partial) maghemite rim occurs only on S-rich parts of the matrix. Formation of this rim and Mg depletions in the matrix occurred during atmospheric entry heating of this particle. Particle L2011O3 has large iron sulfide and magnesiowustite grains in an amorphous low-Al, ferromagnesiosilica matrix. Hydrous crystallisation of this matrix produced ultrafine-grained smectites and disseminated iron sulfides. Atmospheric entry heating of both particles is indicated by the partial iron oxide rim, vesicular sulfides, and the scatter of matrix compositions due to loss of Mg. While many uncertainties remain, the high incidence of chondritic rough particles, which include an unknown amount of CM-like particles, in the lower stratosphere during 1984, 1989, and 1991 suggests annual variations in their abundances. The timing of lower stratospheric dust samplings is critical to collect these particles.
Comparative study of the bactericidal activity of ampicillin/sulbactam and erythromycin against intracellular Legionella pneumophila

Intracellular bactericidal activity of ampicillin/sulbactam and erythromycin was determined with a human macrophage-like (U-937) cell line infected with Legionella pneumophila. Cell monolayers inoculated with L. pneumophila were treated with erythromycin, ampicillin, sulbactam, or ampicillin/sulbactam during the logarithmic phase of bacterial growth. Intracellular bacterial counts were determined at 2-h intervals for 8 h from the time that antibiotics were added. The number of viable intracellular bacteria increased during this time by 0.9 x log10 cfu/mL (P < 0.05) in the control culture, did not change significantly in the cultures treated with ampicillin or sulbactam, decreased by 0.8 x log10 cfu/mL (P < 0.05) with erythromycin, and decreased by 1.8 x log10 cfu/mL with ampicillin/sulbactam (P < 0.05). The number of cfu/mL was significantly less after incubation with ampicillin/sulbactam than with erythromycin (P < 0.05). Ampicillin/sulbactam appeared to have greater bactericidal activity against intracellular L. pneumophila than erythromycin in this in-vitro model. The bactericidal action of ampicillin/sulbactam was significantly greater than would be expected from the additive effects of ampicillin plus sulbactam, suggesting synergic bactericidal activity.
Removal of blobs from retinal videos using intra-video registration

Medical images and videos are used for surgical planning and augmentation, post surgical analysis, disease progression, and cure estimation. Retinal videos help ophthalmologists in diagnosis and analysis of the different eye impairments. Such videos contain the essential information, however, illuminating devices used for capturing fine details result in formation of blobs in the captured video. Resultantly, visibility of the eye is masked and obscures the observation of underlying area. This paper proposes a method of removing the blobs (artifacts) from retinal videos based on automatic video registration. Rigid registration model is used for intra-video (inter-frame) registration; normalized mutual information is used as image similarity measure which is optimized using Powell's method. The registration results show very good alignment between the frames and blobs are removed by replacing the area under them from the other frames. The results are checked on six retinal videos and they seem very promising.
Thymectomy in the treatment of myasthenia gravis: report of 247 patients

We made a retrospective assessment of the long-term outcome in 247 consecutive patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) who underwent thymectomy in the period January 1971–December 1985. In 84 cases a thymoma was found at surgery, while 163 patients had a non-neoplastic thymus. The duration of symptoms before surgery, the age at onset of the disease and the presence of germinal centres in the thymus did not appear to influence the prognosis. Patients with a non-neoplastic thymus showed a better response to thymectomy. Thymoma was associated with more severe disease and with a higher mortality; moreover, more thymoma patients required corticosteroid treatment in order to achieve good therapeutic results. In our opinion, thymectomy is indicated in the treatment of generalized MG, while ocular myasthenia seems not to be improved by the removal of the thymus.
Immunoenhancing effects of alprazolam in mice

Abstract The GABA/benzodiazepine receptor chloride channel complex has been proposed to play a modulatory role in immune function. The effects of alprazolam, a triazolobenzodiazepine with high affinity for “central” benzodiazepine receptors, were examined on several parameters of immune function in mice. Natural killer cell activity, mixed leukocyte reactivity and mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation were all significantly increased two hr after administration of low doses (0.02–1.0 mg/kg) of alprazolam. Twenty four hr later, similar but less robust immunoenhancing effects were observed. Higher doses of alprazolam (5–10 mg/kg) did not affect these measures of immune function. The immunoenhancing effects of alprazolam did not appear related to corticosterone levels. In contrast, vehicle injection caused a profound suppression of these immune parameters two hr later, which was no longer apparent 24 hr later. This immunosuppression appeared to correlate with a concurrent rise in serum corticosterone levels. These data support the hypothesis that the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor chloride channel complex modulates immune function. Use of low doses of alprazolam may be of potential clinical importance when immunoenhancement is required.
Information extraction and evaluation

This topic session focussed on a variety of issues in evaluation (three presentations) and extraction (one presentation). For the extraction presentation, Tsuyoshi Kitani, a visiting researcher at the Center for Machine Translation at Carnegie-Mellon University gave a presention entitled "Overview of TEXTRACT Template-Filling Solutions". This talk gave an overview of TEXTRACT, which processes articles in the Japanese joint venture and microelectronics domains. Although TEXTRACT was developed at CMU as an optional system of the GE-CMU SHOGUN system, the systems share no code beyond the MAJESTY morphological analyzer, and some of the knowledge in TEXTRACT was used to develop SHOGUN.
Administration Of Integrated Rural Development Policy: The Politics of Agrarian Reform in Developing Countries

Integrated rural development has become the focus of growth with equity policies in developing countries. Evaluations of development programs and plans over the past two decades indicate that little change can be achieved in developing societies through single purpose policy interventions and that diversified and integrated programs aimed at increasing agricultural productivity and dispersing directly productive and social overhead investments in rural regions are essential for socially equitable economic growth. Because of their importance to emerging development strategies, this paper identifies and analyzes the political and administrative problems of planning and implementing integrated rural development programs. It reflects a sympathetic but skeptical view of the prospects for achieving rural development without fundamental political and administrative reforms. It suggests that unless governments in developing countries and international assistance agencies can resolve three crucial problems—those of mobilizing political commitment, restructuring administrative arrangements, and delivering basic services to the rural poor—integrated rural development may go the way of all previous development fads, and have little impact on intended beneficiaries.
Anisotropy of the high-energy satellites of the K emission band in graphite.

Two satellites on the high-energy side of the K emission band of graphite have been observed and found to be anisotropic. One of them is attributed to the radiative decay of double ionization of the K shell while the other is tentatively explained as resulting from electronic transitions from the conduction-band minimum into the K-shell vacancy.
Electron spin dynamics due to hyperfine coupling in quantum dots

Abstract : The dynamics of spins in semiconductor quantum dots often is controlled by their hyperfine coupling to nuclear spins. We develop a straightforward and efficient approach to describe the dynamics and the effective decoherence of the electron spins due to hyperfine coupling in realistic quantum dots. Systems with a large number of nuclei and an arbitrary initial nuclear polarization for which the number of nuclei initially flipped over is much less than the total number of nuclei are treated. This treatment employs a pole approximation within a Schrodinger equation of motion for the state of the coupled electron and nuclear spin system, and it allows us to treat systems with arbitrary initial conditions. We find that typical time scales for the effective spin decoherence are on the order of tens of microseconds.
Learning at the “boundaries”: radical listening, creationism, and learning from the “other”

In our forum contribution to Federica Raia's manuscript (2012) on learning at the boundaries, we propose that using radical listening in the science education classroom, especially when contentious issues such as evolution are discussed, helps stakeholders learn from each other's values and viewpoints and contributes to bridging divides.
Analyzing the Branch Migration Activities of Eukaryotic Proteins

The Holliday junction is a key intermediate of DNA repair, recombination, and replication. Branch migration of Holliday junctions is a process in which one DNA strand is progressively exchanged for another. Branch migration of Holliday junctions may serve several important functions such as affecting the length of genetic information transferred between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, restarting stalled replication forks, and ensuring the faithful repair of double strand DNA breaks by homologous recombination. Several proteins that promote branch migration of Holliday junctions have been recently identified. These proteins, which function during DNA replication and repair, possess the ability to bind Holliday junctions and other branched DNA structures and drive their branch migration by translocating along DNA in an ATPase-dependent manner. Here, we describe methods employing a wide range of DNA substrates for studying proteins that catalyze branch migration of Holliday junctions.
Schools for tomorrow

Abstract If we are to have a much better educational system, we need to have a vision of what such a system should be, and we need to have a strategy for attaining such a system. The present chapter considers a vision of a future educational system. This system is heavily based on the use of highly interactive learning technologies. This includes the computer and associated instruments such as the interactive videodisc and the CD-ROM, creating a true multimedia learning environment that is individualized to the needs of each student, and that provides a unique interactive learning environment for each student. We do not currently have experience to move directly towards such a system, so this chapter proposes a large scale experiment which will develop the necessary information, and provide the basis for securing the substantial funding needed for the new educational system.
Regulatory T Cells in Lupus

Naturally occurring, CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells that are exported from the thymus early in life play an important role in controlling organ-specific autoimmune diseases, but they may not be critical for suppressing systemic autoimmunity in lupus. On the other hand, lupus-prone subjects appear to be deficient in generation of adaptive T-regulatory cells that can be induced by various means. We review autoantigen-specific therapeutic approaches that induce such regulatory T cells. Of particular interest are TGF-ss producing CD4+ CD25+ and CD8+ regulatory T cells that are induced by low dose tolerance therapy of lupus-prone mice with nucleosomal histone peptide epitopes, administered subcutaneously in subnanomolar doses. These regulatory T cells are not only efficient in suppressing autoantigen recognition and autoantibody production, but they also inhibit migration/accumulation of pathogenic autoimmune cells in the target organ, such as the kidneys of mice prone to develop lupus nephritis. We discuss why and under what conditions such therapeutic approaches would be beneficial in lupus patients and lupus-prone subjects.
Liquid Crystalline Properties of Some Pollinastanol Fatty Acid Esters

Abstract Pollinastanol, the only known naturally occurring 3-desmethyl sterol possessing a 9,19-cyclopropane ring, is capable of exhibiting liquid crystalline properties, cholesteric and smectic, when esterzed with certain even-chain acids. The decanoate and the palmitate exhibited a markedly colored cholesteric mesophase, while the laurate and myristate showed no colors except in the presence of traces of solvent. These specific mesophase formations are believed to be due to the distinctive structure of pollinastanol, which is intermediate between that of the tetracyclic triterpene 31-norcycloartanol(2) and cycloartanol(3,4) both known to form distinct liquid crystalline mesophases. Pollinastanol was isolated from the pollen of Taraxacum dens leonis where it is present in minute quantities mainly in esterified form. Its possible presence as a naturally occurring liquid crystal is discussed.
Synergy Versus Potency in the Defensive Secretions from Nymphs of two Pentatomomorphan Families (Hemiptera: Coreidae and Pentatomidae)

One characteristic of true bugs (Heteroptera) is the presence of dorsal abdominal glands in the immature nymphal stages. These glands usually produce defensive chemicals (allomones) that vary among taxa but are still similar in closely related groups. Knowledge of the chemistry and prevalence of allomones in different taxa may clarify the evolution of these chemical defensive strategies. Within the infraorder Pentatomomorpha, the known secretions of nymphs of Pentatomidae tend to contain the hydrocarbon, n-tridecane, a keto-aldehyde, and an (E)-2-alkenal as the most abundant components. In the Coreidae, the dorsal abdominal gland secretions of nymphs often contain little or no hydrocarbon, and the most abundant keto-aldehyde and (E)-2-alkenal are often of shorter chain-length than those of pentatomids. We hypothesized that the long chain compounds would be less potent than their shorter homologs, and that bugs that carry the former would benefit from a synergistic effect of n-tridecane. To test this hypothesis we used three different behavioral assays with ants. A predator–prey assay tested the deterrence of allomones toward predators; a vapor experiment tested the effectiveness of allomones in the gaseous phase toward predators; and application of allomones onto predators tested the effect of direct contact. The results substantiate the hypothesis of a synergistic effect between n-tridecane and longer chain keto-aldehyde and (E)-2-alkenal in deterring predators. The short chain keto-aldehyde 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal was highly effective on its own. Thus, it seems that different groups of the infraorder diverged in their strategies involving defensive chemicals. Implications of this divergence are discussed.
A comparison of finite element and analytic models of acoustic scattering from rough poroelastic interfaces

The finite element method is used to model acoustic scattering from rough poroelastic surfaces. Both monostatic and bistatic scattering strengths are calculated and compared with three analytic models: Perturbation theory, the Kirchhoff approximation, and the small-slope approximation. It is found that the small-slope approximation is in very close agreement with the finite element results for all cases studied and that perturbation theory and the Kirchhoff approximation can be considered valid in those instances where their predictions match those given by the small-slope approximation.
Helical Chiral 2-Aminopyridinium Ions: A New Class of Hydrogen Bond Donor Catalysts

Helical chiral 2-aminopyridinium ions were designed as a significantly more acidic (active) dual hydrogen-bonding catalyst than commonly used (thio)urea-based systems. The helicene framework was specifically utilized to position an inherently chiral barrier on the hydrogen-bonding side of the catalyst. The catalyst reactivity and enantioselectivity were successfully demonstrated in additions of 4,7-dihydroindoles to nitroalkenes (0.5−2 mol % catalyst loadings, up to 98:2 er).
Adhesive Elastic–Plastic Microcontact Analysis of Truncated Cylinder-on-Flat with Asperities

Adhesion interaction during micro-contacts of deformable rough bodies is characterized in this study using finite element based methodology. The interacting bodies are a truncated cylinder and a flat. Surfaces roughness is simulated by multiple asperities on a cylindrical segment. Lennard–Jones potential methodology is used to calculate adhesion forces by volume integration over the contacting bodies as well as over all asperities, both undeformed and deformed. Cylindrical segment of the asperity is deformed basically in two cylindrical segments. The flat body is deformed the least at the center and maximum at the outer portion of contact width, causing concave bending of the upper body with multi-asperity interfaces. Radius of asperities decreases from the center to outer periphery along the contact width. Adhesion force at each asperity is minimum at the center and maximum at the outer portion of the contact width in the deformed state after complete unloading. The total adhesion force between all asper...
Light scattering from a dipole near a rough metallic surface

We discuss the resonance fluorescence and absorption spectra pertaining to a dipole near a randomly rough metallic surface. In the framework of a fully quantum-mechanical formulation, the effects of the rough surface are embodied in the statistical properties of the matrix elements that couple surface-plasmon and reflected-wave modes. We analyze the dynamics of the system under the approximation of neglecting the diffuse photon and surface-plasmon (polariton) scattering, yet accounting for the surface-plasmon and photon coupling to all orders. We find that surface-roughness induces distortions in the flat-surface Lorentzian line shape toward a Gaussian line shape as the surface-roughness amplitude increases.
The genetics of differentiation in a stream population of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus

The genetics of differentiation in a stream population of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus
Thioredoxin-1 Modulates Transcription of Cyclooxygenase-2 via Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Hypoxic induction of gene expression occurs mainly via the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) transcription factor and is a critical step in tumor growth. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is commonly overexpressed in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, we sought to determine the role of HIF-1 in the induction of COX-2 expression during hypoxia. Through sequence comparison of hypoxia-responsive genes, COX-2 promoter deletion analysis, and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified a hypoxia-responsive element within the COX-2 promoter that interacts with HIF-1α and underlies the mechanism of hypoxic activation of COX-2 in lung cancer cells. Proteomic analysis of NSCLC identified thioredoxin-1 as a redox protein overexpressed in NSCLC correlated with poor prognosis. We also show that thioredoxin-1 stabilizes HIF-1α to induce hypoxia-responsive genes under normoxic conditions. Our results identify two new mechanisms for regulation of COX-2 expression in NSCLC. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(1): 143-50)
Altered hepatic foci: their role in murine hepatocarcinogenesis.

The recognition that the appearance of malignant disease in an organism is a reflection of a number of convergent processes, usually described as stages, has become one of the foremost areas of knowledge in the field of oncology. Notwithstanding the substantial epidemiologic and experimental evidence of extended latent periods between exposure to carcinogenic agents and the appearance of cancer, it was from the early studies of Rous and Kidd ( 1), Mottram (2), and Berenblum & Shubik (3) on the development of the two-stage process of epidermal carcinogenesis in the mouse that such descrip­ tive information was placed on a firm experimental basis. However, because epidermal neoplasms were seldom induced by dietary or parenteral adminis­ tration of putative carcinogenic agents, it was not until the multistage nature of carcinogenesis in other tissues was described that the impact of the natural history of carcinogenesis became a significant factor in both basic and applied cancer research. Of the extra-epidermal tissues studied, multistage carci­ nogenesis of the liver in both the mouse and the rat has become the best known. Prominent among early investigations of experimental carcinogenesis of �" the liver were those of Farber (4), Goldfarb & Zak (5) , and Gossner &
Railroad Accident Rates for Use in Transportation Risk Analysis

Annual safety statistics published by FRA provide train accident counts for various groupings, such as railroad, accident type, cause, track type and class, train length, and speed. However, hazardous materials transportation risk analysis often requires more detailed accident rate statistics for specific combinations of these groupings. The statistics that are presented enable more precise determination of the probability that Class I and non-Class I railroad freight trains will be involved in an accident on various classes of main-line track. An increase in the overall accident rate from 1997 to 2001 can be largely attributed to the increase in yard accidents. During that time, the main-line derailment rate for Class I freight trains remained nearly constant. Track class-specific derailment rates for Class I main-line freight trains show two orders of magnitude difference between the lowest and highest FRA track classes. Depending on the risk analysis question, accounting for these differences in rates will often be important in developing an accurate estimate of risk over the length of a route or at particular locations along a route. A sensitivity analysis suggests that the distribution of freight train miles by FRA track class may have changed since a study conducted by the Association of American Railroads in the early 1990s. More up-to-date estimates of track class-specific accident rates would require new data on this distribution.
Coupling parameters for a side-coupled ring resonator and a microstrip line

A ring resonator side coupled to a microstrip line shows two close but distinct resonance peaks. These are identified as due to even-mode (magnetic field) and odd-mode (electric field) coupling. Equivalent circuit models for both cases have been proposed and coupling parameters are calculated using piecewise, coupled-line approximations. The calculated coupling coefficients for the two cases are compared with the experimentally-measured coupling coefficients and show very good agreement with the models used.
Assessing the component associations of the healthy worker survivor bias: occupational asbestos exposure and lung cancer mortality.

Background The healthy worker survivor bias is well-recognized in occupational epidemiology. Three component associations are necessary for this bias to occur: i) prior exposure and employment status; ii) employment status and subsequent exposure; and iii) employment status and mortality. Together, these associations result in time-varying confounding affected by prior exposure. We illustrate how these associations can be assessed using standard regression methods.
61: Recombinant adenoviral gene transfer by ex vivo perfusion does not affect cardiac allograft vasculopathy

occurring during accelerated rejection of cardiac allografts in presensitized recipients. Methods and Materials: LEW rats (n 12) were sensitized with WF skin grafts, followed 7 days later by transplantation of WF hearts. Results: These grafts were rejected within 24 hours post transplantation. Lymphocytes from presensitized recipients showed significant host cell proliferation in MLR cytotoxicyty in LMC accompanied by the occurrence of anti-donor allo-antibodies in the recipients’ sera at the time of graft loss ( FACS analysis). Immunohistochemical studies of accelerately rejecting cardiac allografts revealed a dense infiltration with MHC class II bearing cells, monocytes and macrophages (ED1) as well as T-cells (R73). In addition, apoptosis was observed during accelerated rejection of cardiac allografts (but not in the recipients naive hearts) as demonstrated by DNA laddering and TUNEL assay. Western blot analysis revealed a marked down regulation of the survival gene Bcl-2 in accelerated rejecting allografts, in comparison to naive and isograft control hearts. Reduction of Bcl-2 protein levels seems to be mediated by a proteolytical degradation, since quantitative RT-PCR analysis disclosed no alteration of Bcl-2 mRNA levels. Conclusions: Apoptosis was discovered as a so far unknown effector mechanism in accelerated cardiac transplant rejection which accompanies combined cellular and humoral immune alloreactivity. Apoptotic cell death in accelerateled rejection as well as the cascade of upand downstream events leading to apoptosis should be considered as critical steps and potential therapeutical targets in the pathogenesis of accelerated rejection.
An Examination of the Affective Consequences of Assigned and Self-Set Goals:

This study attempts to provide some insights into the goal-setting process and to explain the inconsistent findings in the literature concerning the effect of different goal-setting modes on subsequent affective reactions. This examination was conducted within an attribution theory framework. The subjects were 92 undergraduate business students and the experimental task consisted of proofreading a manuscript. The subjects were randomly assigned to two goal-setting modes-self-set and assigned. Subjects causal attributions to performance reports of success and failure as well as their affective reactions were measured. The results suggest that one's affective reactions may not be influenced by goal-setting modes but may be moderated by the causal attributions one makes in response to performance cues.
Ion–molecule reactions for the differentiation of primary, secondary and tertiary hydroxyl functionalities in protonated analytes in a tandem mass spectrometer

A mass spectrometric method utilizing gas-phase ion-molecule reactions of 1-butanethiol and di-tert-butyl peroxide has been developed for the differentiation of primary, secondary and tertiary hydroxyl functionalities in protonated analytes in a FT-ICR mass spectrometer.
Adaptive stack filtering by LMS and perceptron learning

Stack filters are a class of sliding-window nonlinear digital filters that possess the weak superposition property (threshold decomposition) and the ordering property known as the stacking property. They have been demonstrated to be robust in suppressing noise. Two methods are introduced to adaptively configure a stack filter. One is by employing the least mean square (LMS) algorithm and the other is based on perceptron learning. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the methods for noise suppression. >
The Professional and Organizational Socialization of New English Headteachers in School Reform Contexts

The headteacher's role in school improvement and the changing nature of the role suggest the need to investigate how new school leaders learn their jobs, that is, their socialization to the leader role. This study has two purposes: (1) to identify the content and methods used in the professional and organizational socialization experiences of new English headteachers; and (2) to examine how headteachers perceive that these socialization processes affect their roles as headteachers. The study is based on a longitudinal, multi-case study of primary headteachers during their second and third years. The study found that the new headteachers experience what they referred to as traumatic first-year experiences, which involved management issues. They also had to learn how to form important relationships and how to develop self-learning. This learning occurred through professional, organizational and personal socialization methods and reinforced the important role of mentors, teachers, deputies and former headtea...
The Promise of Meaningful Eligibility Determination Functional Intervention-Based Multifactored Preschool Evaluation

Despite considerable controversy, standardized norm-referenced assessment procedures are widely used to determine eligibility for special education services. Under Public Law 105-17, children ages 3 through 9 may receive special services under the broad category of child with a disability—rather than traditional diagnostic labels—based on a delay in one or more developmental domains. Due to the limitations of traditional ability and developmental norm-referenced measures, the determination of developmental delays may be highly error prone and unrelated to intervention decisions. As an alternative, we describe minimal requirements for functional intervention-based assessment and suggest strategies for using these methods to analyze developmental delays and make special service eligibility decisions for preschool children (intervention-based multifactored evaluation or IBMFE). The IBMFE model provides a basis for deriving logical, natural, and meaningful discrepancies in behavior or performance through the ...
A building block approach to sensornet systems

We present a building block approach to hardware platform design based on a decade of collective experience in this area, arriving at an architecture in which general-purpose modules that require expertise to de sign and incorporate commonly-used functionality are integrated with application-specific carriers that satisfy the unique sensing, power supply, and mechanical constraints of an application. Of course, modules are widespread, but our focus is far less on the performance of any individual module and far more on an overall architecture that supports the prototype, pilot, and production stages of design, and preserves the artifacts and learnings accumulated along the way.We present heuristics for partitioning functionality between modules and carriers, and identify guidelines for their interconnection. Our approach advocates exporting a wide electrical interface, eliminating the system bus, and supporting many physical interconnect options for modules and carriers. We evaluate this approach by constructing a family of general-purpose modules and application-specific carriers that achieve a high degree of reuse despite very different application requirements. We show that this approach shortens platform development time-to-result for novice graduate students, making custom platforms broadly accessible.
Right To Work: A Backward Glance

The subject of unemployment in general came into its own in the age of mercantilism. Mercantilist authors saw in unemployed who might be set to work a source of additional economic power. The subject of accessibility to employment, though always of concern to social philosophers, commanded greater attention as the medieval economy gave place to the modern.
SNAKE VENOM SYMPOSIUM IN HONOR OF PROFESSOR C. Y. LEE LECTURE BY A. T. TU ON OCTOBER 31, 2003: SNAKE VENOM RESEARCH IN TAIWAN BEFORE 1945 (DURING JAPANESE COLONIAL DAYS)

Snake venom research before 1945 in Taiwan is summarized. The year of 1945 had significant meaning in the history of Taiwan because this was the year Japanese colonial rule ceased. From this year on, Taiwanese scientists started their own work. During the colonial days, the Japanese developed Taiwan into a modern society, making a foundation for future industrial development in Taiwan. Taiwan has been recognized as the world leader in snake venom research. Alpha and beta bungarotoxins were discovered by Dr. C. Y. Lee in Taiwan. Taiwan had very strong snake venom research before 1945 because of Professor Tsungming Tu's extensive research. Therefore, it is worthwhile to review the origin of snake venom research in Taiwan before 1945.Taiwan has been recognized as the world leader in snake venom research. Among many venom scientists in Taiwan, Dr. C. Y. Lee was one of the most outstanding scientists.Snake venom research in Taiwan started in the early part of the 1930s. The active venom research could be trace...
Attachment Narratives and Behavioral and Emotional Symptoms in an Ethnically Diverse, At-Risk Sample

ABSTRACT Objective: To examine the clinical correlates and predictions from attachment narratives in a sample of early school-age children from a high psychosocial risk, ethnically diverse sample. Method: A total of 113 children were assessed using the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task, a semistructured assessment of children's attachment representations. Parents and teachers provided data using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Peer nominations of popularity and antisocial behavior were also obtained. Results: Significant associations that were modest to moderate in magnitude were obtained between attachment narrative scales indexing security, coherence, and disorganization with multiple indices of children's behavioral and emotional adjustment, prosocial behavior and competence; these associations held across ethnic groups and were independent of psychosocial risk. Conclusions: The findings build on and extend support for the use of attachment narrative assessments in the clinical context and demonstrate their applicability and validity across a broad range of ethnicity and social contexts.
Implications of Reduced Search Cost and Free Riding in E-Commerce

This paper examines a market where the provision of information service is costly, but information service has the characteristics of a public good. Consumers, on the other hand, can use the information service to make an informed purchase decision and derive higher utility from consuming their ideal product. However, after receiving the information service from an information service provider, consumers can easily free ride by purchasing at low-price sellers who do not provide any information service. The paper examines the competition where sellers compete by providing information service for horizontally differentiated products and where technology reduces consumers' search cost. It is found that in this market a seller needs to establish itself as an information service provider in order to make positive profits, even when there is free riding. A seller, however, cannot make positive profits by free riding all the time. Also, with an increase in competition in the information service market, sellers have reduced incentives to provide information service. It is also found that in this market a decrease in search cost may increase or decrease social welfare.