cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scholarly Communication as a Core Competency: Prevalence, Activities, and Concepts of Scholarly Communication Librarianship as Shown Through Job Advertisements

INTRODUCTION The dynamic nature of the scholarly communication landscape has produced a need for the creation of positions specifically focused on these issues. Yet, no clear title or job description for scholarly communication librarianship has emerged. The lack of standardization in this area is problematic for educators, professionals, and prospective professionals. METHODS Analyzing 13,869 job advertisements published between 2006 and 2014, this study attempts to examine the prevalence of scholarly communication terms and activities and the types of positions in which these terms and activities appear. RESULTS This study finds an increase in the use of the term “scholarly communication” in the title or text of job advertisements over the last nine years, with more than 7% of positions in the most recent year containing the term. CONCLUSIONS An analysis of the levels of engagement with scholarly communication demonstrates that jobs with substantial levels of engagement are increasing; whereas those requiring passive knowledge or awareness of scholarly communication issues are decreasing. Jobs with scholarly communication as a primary job responsibility are differentiated by a focus on repositories, open access, copyright, authors’ rights, and intellectual property differentiate core scholarly communication positions.
Spatial coherence between remotely sensed ocean color data and vertical distribution of lidar backscattering in coastal stratified waters

Abstract Detection of sub-surface optical layers in marine waters has important applications in fisheries management, climate modeling, and decision-based systems related to military operations. Concurrent changes in the magnitude and spatial variability of remote sensing reflectance ( R rs ) ratios and submerged scattering layers were investigated in coastal waters of the northern Gulf of Alaska during summer of 2002 based on high resolution and simultaneous passive (MicroSAS) and active (Fish Lidar Oceanic Experimental, FLOE) optical measurements. Principal Component Analysis revealed that the spatial variability of total lidar backscattering signal ( S ) between 2.1 and 20 m depth was weakly associated with changes in the inherent optical properties (IOPs) of surface waters. Also based on a 250-m footprint, the vertical attenuation of S was inversely related to the IOPs (Spearman Rank Correlation up to −0.43). Low (arithmetic average and standard deviation) and high (skewness and kurtosis) moments of R rs (443)/ R rs (490) and R rs (508)/ R rs (555) ratios were correlated with vertical changes in total lidar backscattering signal ( S ) at different locations. This suggests the use of sub-pixel ocean color statistics to infer the spatial distribution of sub-surface scattering layers in coastal waters characterized by stratified conditions, well defined S layers (i.e., magnitude of S maximum comparable to near surface values), and relatively high vertically integrated phytoplankton pigments in the euphotic zone (chlorophyll a concentration > 150 mg m − 2 ).
Characterization of Human γ-glutamyl hydrolase in solution demonstrates that the enzyme is a non-dissociating homodimer

Abstract Human γ-glutamyl hydrolase (hGH) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of folic acid and in the pharmacology of many antifolate drugs. hGH catalyzes removal of the poly-γ-glutamate chains of intracellular folic acid and antifolates. hGH crystallized as a homodimer with two putative active sites. However, the quaternary structure and the number of species of the enzyme in solution have not been determined. hGH has now been characterized using analytical ultracentrifugation and dynamic light scattering. HisTag fusion proteins of wild-type hGH, rat GH, and hGH expressed as a glycosylated protein were studied. Analyses of HisTag wild-type hGH were conducted over a range of protein concentrations (1.4–200 μM), ionic strengths (0–1 M NaCl), and pH (4.5–8.5). A single species with a molecular mass consistent with a homodimer was observed. Glycosylated hGH and HisTag rat γ-glutamyl hydrolase also formed very stable homodimers. The lack of dissociation of the dimer, the large monomer–monomer interface, and the presence of catalytically essential Tyr-36 in the homodimer interface sequences suggest that homodimer formation is required for the hGH monomer to fold into an active conformation. The conservation of hGH monomer–monomer interface sequences in other mammalian and plant γ-glutamyl hydrolase molecules suggests that they also exist as stable homodimers.
Utility of a repeated EUS at a tertiary-referral center

Background The utility of a repeated EUS by experts is not known. Objective To define the utility of a repeated EUS for the same indication. Design A retrospective case series. Setting Tertiary-referral hospital in Indianapolis, Indiana. Patients Consecutive subjects, with and without cancer, who, between January 2000 and September 2006, underwent an initial EUS elsewhere within 6 and 12 weeks of a repeated EUS at our hospital. Interventions A repeated EUS. Main Outcome Measurements Clinical impact of a repeated EUS. Results Of 8936 EUS examinations, 73 repeated procedures (0.8%) were identified, and 24 were excluded. The 49 initial EUS procedures (26 men, median age 59 years) were done in Indiana (n = 44) or another state (n = 5) by one of 15 physicians in private practice (n = 48) or at a teaching hospital (n = 1). An EUS-guided FNA (EUS-FNA) was performed during an initial EUS in 21 patients (no biopsy diagnostic for cancer) and was not attempted in 14 patients. The principle indication for a repeated EUS (n = 35) was for an EUS-FNA after the initial tissue sampling was benign, nondiagnostic, or not done. A second EUS had no clinical impact in 18 patients (37%). In the remaining 31 patients (63%), a repeated EUS provided a new or changed clinical diagnosis (n = 12), the initial diagnosis of primary pancreatic cancer (n = 5) or GI stromal tumor (GIST) (n = 1) after a previous nondiagnostic biopsy; or the initial diagnosis of primary (n = 4) or metastatic (n = 2) pancreatic cancer, metastatic esophageal cancer (n = 1), hilar cholangiocarcinoma (n = 1), GIST (n = 1), or pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (n = 1), or an initial aspiration of a pancreatic cyst (n = 3) after a previous EUS-FNA was not able to be performed. Limitations A retrospective design; a small number of nonpancreatic indications. Conclusions In this study, a repeated EUS at a tertiary-referral center had a clinical impact in 63% of patients when performed by experts for a similar clinical indication.
Profitability analysis of poultry feed marketing in Imo State, Nigeria

This study analysed the profitability of poultry feed marketing in Imo State with a view that potential investors would be more likely to invest in the business if they are convinced that the enterprise is viable economically. Imo State was selected for the study because of its high concentration of poultry feed marketers. A sample of 59 poultry feed marketers, spread across the state, were randomly selected from a sampling frame of 99 marketers. Data were collected with the use of a well structured and validated questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics, multiple regression techniques and profitability indices. The results indicated that the cost of initial purchase of the feeds constituted the greatest share of the total cost, at 95.18%. The rate of return to investment gave an index of 6%, implying that for every Naira currency unit invested the return to investment is six Naira thirteen kobo (N6.13K). Regression results showed that the cost of labour, storage and selling price was negatively and significantly associated with net income, while cost of initial purchase and wages showed a positive relationship with net income. No significant relationship was found to exist between net income, cost of transportation and rental. The major constraints to poultry feed marketing were found to be high cost of transportation, shortage of trading capital, and price fluctuations. It was therefore recommended that the government should provide good road networks to reduce transportation cost. The marketers should form cooperative associations (where they do not currently exist) for their common benefit, and as a source of facilities from the banks to solve the problem of capital shortage. To further reduce the cost of initial purchase, the government and other agencies should consider subsidising poultry feed.
‘I Shout with Fear at Night’: Understanding the Traumatic Experiences of Refugees and Asylum Seekers

Summary: In recent years, the plight of refugees and asylum seekers has garnered significant public attention. Yet many social workers find they have made limited preparations for meeting the needs...
Temporal changes in interference under different paradigms of transfer

The effect of the temporal point of interpolated learning (TPI) on retroactive inhibition (RI) was investigated under different paradigms of transfer. The first-list retention interval was 28 min. The TPI was either at the beginning or the end of the retention interval. In general RI was greater when the TPI was delayed rather than immediate. This effect was more pronounced when the responses in the successive lists were different (A-B, C-D; A-B, A-D) than when they remained the same or were closely similar (A-B, C-B; A-B, A-Br; A-B, A-B′). The apparent recovery during the retention interval is attributed to the dissipation of response-set interference.
Effects of diltiazem prophylaxis on the incidence and clinical outcome of atrial arrhythmias after thoracic surgery

Abstract Objectives: We sought to determine whether early prophylaxis with an L -type calcium channel blocker reduces the incidence and morbidity associated with atrial fibrillation/flutter and supraventricular tachyarrhythmia after major thoracic operations. Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 330 patients were given either intravenous diltiazem (n = 167) or placebo (n = 163) immediately after lobectomy (≥60 years) or pneumonectomy (≥18 years) and orally thereafter for 14 days. The primary end point with respect to efficacy was a sustained (≥15 minutes) or clinically significant atrial arrhythmia during treatment. Results: Postoperative atrial arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation/flutter = 60; supraventricular tachyarrhythmias=5) occurred in 25 (15%) of the 167 patients in the diltiazem group and 40 (25%) of the 163 patients in the placebo group ( P = .03). When compared with placebo, diltiazem nearly halved the incidence of clinically significant arrhythmias (17/167 [10%] vs 31/163 [19%], P = .02). The 2 groups did not differ in the incidence of other major postoperative complications or overall duration or costs of hospitalization. No serious adverse effects caused by diltiazem were seen. Conclusions: After major thoracic operations, prophylactic diltiazem reduced the incidence of clinically significant atrial arrhythmias in patients considered at high risk for this complication. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;120:790-8)
Effects of behavioural type, social skill and the social environment on male mating success in water striders

We examined the relative importance of individual differences in personality (activity and aggressiveness), social skill and the social environment (average activity and aggressiveness of the group, presence of hyperaggressive males) in determining the behaviour and mating success of males of the stream water strider, Aquarius remigis. Males that had a consistently more active–aggressive behavioural type had, on average, higher mating success largely because they spent more time active in microhabitats associated with acquiring mates. Some active–aggressive males, however, showed hyperaggressive behaviour, apparently attempting to mate forcibly with other males, or forcibly separate pairs, which was rarely successful. A higher tendency to be hyperaggressive was associated with reduced mating success (i.e. being hyperaggressive represents low social skill). The overall effect was thus stabilizing sexual selection on male activity and aggression. The social environment also had large effects on male behaviour and mating success. In particular, the presence of a keystone hyperaggressive male had strong negative effects on the mating success and general activity of other males in the pool. Notably, males with a more active–aggressive behavioural type maintained higher mating success than less active–aggressive males in the presence of a hyperaggressive male. Social plasticity (change in behaviour in response to changing social conditions) also depended on the male's behavioural type; males with a more active–aggressive behavioural type were more plastic.
Shock Wave Admissibility for Quadratic Conservation Laws

Abstract In this work we present a new approach to the study of the stability of admissible shock wave solutions for systems of conservation laws that change type. The systems we treat have quadratic flux functions. We employ the fundamental wave manifold W as a global framework to characterize shock waves that comply with the viscosity admissibility criterion. Points of W parametrize dynamical systems associated with shock wave solutions. The region of W comprising admissible shock waves is bounded by the loci of structurally unstable dynamical systems. Explicit formulae are presented for the loci associated with saddle-node, Hopf, and Bogdanov-Takens bifurcation, and with straight-line heteroclinic connections. Using Melnikov′s integral analysis, we calculate the tangent to the homoclinic part of the admissibility boundary at Bogdanov-Takens points of W . Furthermore, using numerical methods, we explore the heteroclinic loci corresponding to curved connecting orbits and the complete homoclinic locus. We find the region of admissible waves for a generic, two-dimensional slice of the fundamental wave manifold, and compare it with the set of shock points that comply with the Lax admissibility criterion, thereby elucidating how this criterion differs from viscous profile admissibility.
The influence of molecular weight on the melt rheology of polypropylene

Melt viscosity and melt elasticity data were obtained over a broad range of temperatures and shear rates on a series of four polypropylenes of different molecular weight but approximately the same molecular weight distribution. The superposition technique was used with both temperature and molecular weight to shift flow curves for all four materials at three temperatures each along the shear rate axis to generate a master flow curve at a given temperature and molecular weight. For polypropylenes of this type, and molecular weight distribution shift, factors which can be used to extend the useful range of experimentally obtained flow data were determined. The dependency of apparent viscosity on weight average molecular weight at shear stresses as high as 106 dynes/cm2 is shown. The dependency of melt elasticity on molecular weight and temperature is discussed.
Collaboration Between Victim Services and Faith Organizations: Benefits, Challenges, and Recommendations

Although many crime victims seek support from members of the faith community, faith leaders may feel unsure of their abilities to assist. This paper describes findings from a descriptive needs assessment that preceded a national project to link faith-based organizations and victim service programs in five high-crime neighborhoods. Approximately 90 participants were interviewed, including faith leaders, victim service providers, and other professionals. A majority saw positive implications of faith–secular collaboration but also identified concerns. Findings focus on perceived obstacles and facilitators of collaboration, addressing climate for faith–secular collaboration, disciplinary differences, community engagement, and church–state separation. Implications for collaboration are explored and recommendations are provided for future efforts to link faith communities and secular services.
Urban-Rural Differences in Overweight Status and Physical Inactivity among US Children Aged 10-17 Years.

ABSTRACT: Context: Few studies have examined the prevalence of overweight status and physical inactivity among children and adolescents living in rural America. Purpose: We examined urban and rural differences in the prevalence of overweight status and physical inactivity among US children. Methods: Data were drawn from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health, restricted to children aged 10-17 (unweighted N = 47,757). Overweight status was defined as the gender- and age-specific body mass index (BMI) values at or above the 95th percentile. Physical inactivity was defined using parentally reported moderate-to-vigorous intensity leisure-time physical activity lasting for at least 20 minutes/d on less than three days in the past week. The 2003 Urban Influence Codes were used to define rurality. Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine urban/rural differences in overweight status and physical inactivity after adjusting for potential confounders. Findings: Overweight status was more prevalent among rural (16.5%) than urban children (14.3%). After adjusting for covariates including physical activity, rural children had higher odds of being overweight than urban children (OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.01-1.25). Minorities, children from families with lower socioeconomic status, and children living in the South experienced higher odds of being overweight. More urban children (29.1%) were physically inactive than rural children (25.2%) and this pattern remained after adjusting for covariates (OR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.73-0.86). Conclusions: The higher prevalence of overweight among rural children, despite modestly higher physical activity levels, calls for further research into effective intervention programs specifically tailored for rural children.
Action of polychlorocycloalkane insecticides on binding of [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate to Torpedo electric organ membranes and stereospecificity of the binding site.

Abstract Binding of [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate ([35S]TBPS) to Torpedo electric organ membranes was characterized. A dose- and pH-dependent binding (100.8 pmol/mg protein) was detected with a single affinity (Kd of 0.9 μ m ) in the presence of 150 m m KCl at pH 6.8. Other anions such as Br− and I− also increased binding affinity, but to a lower degree than Cl−, which increased the affinity by two- to threefold. In presence of 150 m m KCl, [35S]TBPS binding was inhibited noncompetitively by Zn2+ and by 4,4′-diisothiocyano-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid (DIDS) (IC50 of 9 μ m ). The γ-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane (BHC) was much more potent in inhibiting this [35S]TBPS binding and the inhibition was competitive (Ki = 40 n m ). Like binding of [35S]TBPS to the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, its binding to Torpedo membranes was inhibited by pentobarbital, mephobarbital, and hexobarbital (IC50 of 85, 225, and 300 μ m , respectively), but not by phenobarbital. Binding was not inhibited by diazepam, GABA, bicuculline, or avermectin B1a, ligands that bind to the GABAA receptor. [35S]TBPS binding was inhibited by BHC isomers with the following decreasing order of potency α = γ > σ > β, and by cyclodiene insecticides. Endrin was more potent than dieldrin, but endosulfan I and II had similar effects. The data suggest that the binding site for polychlorocycloalkane insecticides on this protein is much less stereoselective than that of the Cl− channel of the GABAA receptor. Also, even though this Torpedo protein has higher affinity for insecticides, such as γ-BHC, than does the GABAA receptor, it is the latter whose specificity correlates best with polychlorocycloalkane toxicity. Nevertheless, because of its high affinity for γ-BHC such a protein in muscles or brain may be an important target for the action of this insecticide.
Brussels: Tracing the agglomeration

The paper explores Brussels and its past territorial makings while, at the same time, explaining the methodological implications of micro-empirical work. It draws on recent academic endeavours such as environmental history, political ecology and the Los Angeles School. It highlights the intricate power-relationships of actors and matters in the shaping of a city. But it has also a very clear connexion with the interactionnist Chicago School and the work of AMO, with the organic as well as the generic city, which, both, emphasise the thickness and undetermined character of social relationships, of urban patterns and of the more systemic workings of a city. The paper will thus show how empirical tracings, based on archival research, allow to unveil the macro and to discover, i.e. to follow step by step, the vectors of urban unity without using any theoretical or historical shortcuts.
Volcanic geology and eruption frequency, lower east rift zone of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii

Detailed geologic mapping and radiocarbon dating of tholeiitic basalts covering about 275 km2 on the lower east rift zone (LERZ) and adjoining flanks of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, show that at least 112 separate eruptions have occurred during the past 2360 years. Eruptive products include spatter ramparts and cones, a shield, two extensive lithic-rich tuff deposits, aa and pahoehoe flows, and three littoral cones. Areal coverage, number of eruptions and average dormant interval estimates in years for the five age groups assigned are: (I) historic, i.e. A D 1790 and younger: 25%, 5, 42.75; (II) 200–400 years old: 50%, 15, 14.3: (III) 400–750 years old: 20%, 54, 6.6; (IV) 750–1500 years old: 5%, 37, 20.8; (V) 1500–3000 years old: <1%, 1, unknown. At least 4.5–6 km3 of tholeiitic basalt have been erupted from the LERZ during the past 1500 years. Estimated volumes of the exposed products of individual eruptions range from a few tens of cubic meters for older units in small kipukas to as much as 0.4 km3 for the heiheiahulu shield. The average dormant interval has been about 13.6 years during the past 1500 years. The most recent eruption occurred in 1961, and the area may be overdue for its next eruption. However, eruptive activity will not resume on the LERZ until either the dike feeding the current eruption on the middle east rift zone extends farther down rift, or a new dike, unrelated to the current eruption, extends into the LERZ.
Dilution effects in the dynamics of ammonia oxidation on platinum with an inert or a product species in the feed mixture

Abstract Experimental studies on NH3 oxidation by air over Pt wires have revealed stable steady states, sustained periodic oscillations and nonperiodic states. An excess of N2 in the feed gas stream leads to simpler single-peaked catalyst temperature oscillations of increasing periods of up to 5 min. Small amounts of water vapor produced nonperiodic states at all times. Both of these indicate that an interplay of heat and mass transfer, convection, and a heterogeneous homogeneous mechanism is the cause of the intriguing phenomena observed during the oxidation of NH3 by air on Pt, at atmospheric pressure. Catalyst “memory” effects may also contribute to these phenomena.
Monte Carlo renormalization-group study of the impure Baxter-Wu model

We have used a Monte Carlo renormalization-group method to study the Baxter-Wu model with random, quenched, nonmagnetic site impurities. The results clearly show that the impurities change the critical exponents from the zero-impurity exact value of \ensuremath{\nu}=(2/3) to \ensuremath{\nu}=0.97\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04. The magnetic and crossover exponents do not change measurably with the addition of the impurities. We also find that the fixed point for the model with quenched impurities is further from the starting Hamiltonian than it was for the pure model.
Regressive biological evolution due to environmental change.

Simulation results are presented which suggest that regressive evolution (i.e., evolution to a less adapted state) often occurs in response to environmental change, by a process analogous to the stress-induced reversal of aging in glassy materials. The key to this process is the stress-induced disappearance of fitness optima that lead to irreversible changes in the location of a population in genotype space. Even though the population may always evolve to higher fitness states, this irreversible process will often act to bring an initially well-adapted system to a less adapted state upon a return to initial conditions.
Ileocolic intussusception in Kawasaki's disease

A case of intussusception in a child with Kawasaki's disease (KD) is presented. This complication of KD has not been previously reported. Its occurrence suggests the need to expand the differential diagnosis of abdominal pain in this group of patients.
Physical constants, deformation twinning, and microcracking of titanium aluminides

Physical properties that are relevant to mechanical behavior of single-phase TiAl and Ti3Al and two-phase TiAl/Ti3Al alloys are summarized. By using planar-fault energies and temperature-dependent elastic constants, dislocation dissociation reactions applicable to twin formation in TiAl are analyzed, and a pole mechanism based on a jogged [110]/2 ordinary dislocation is proposed to explain the available experimental data on deformation twinning in γ-TiAl single crystals. The strong plastic anisotropy reported in TiAl polysynthetically twinned (PST) crystals is attributed in part to the localized slip along lamellar interfaces, thus lowering the yield stress for soft orientations. The experimental findings reported on cleavage habit planes of PST crystals are discussed in terms of the calculated ideal work of adhesion and possible extrinsic factors.
Stable Isotopes of C and N Reveal Habitat Dependent Dietary Overlap between Native and Introduced Turtles Pseudemys rubriventris and Trachemys scripta

Habitat degradation and species introductions are two of the leading causes of species declines on a global scale. Invasive species negatively impact native species through predation and competition for limited resources. The impacts of invasive species may be increased in habitats where habitat degradation is higher due to reductions of prey abundance and distribution. Using stable isotope analyses and extensive measurements of resource availability we determined how resource availability impacts the long term carbon and nitrogen assimilation of the invasive red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) and a native, threatened species, the red-bellied turtle (Pseudemys rubriventris) at two different freshwater wetland complexes in Pennsylvania, USA. At a larger wetland complex with greater vegetative species richness and diversity, our stable isotope analyses showed dietary niche partitioning between species, whereas analyses from a smaller wetland complex with lower vegetative species richness and diversity showed significant dietary niche overlap. Determining the potential for competition between these two turtle species is important to understanding the ecological impacts of red-eared slider turtles in wetland habitats. In smaller wetlands with increased potential for competition between native turtles and invasive red-eared slider turtles we expect that when shared resources become limited, red-eared slider turtles will negatively impact native turtle species leading to long term population declines. Protection of intact wetland complexes and the reduction of introduced species populations are paramount to preserving populations of native species.
Operational procedure for the determination of the matrix elements of the direction cosines for a rigid symmetrical rotator

Abstract An operational procedure is presented for obtaining the matrix elements (J′K′M′|λAα|JKM), where λAα is the direction cosine between the A-axis (A = X,Y,Z) and the α-axis (α = x,y,z) of a space-fixed XYZ reference frame and a body-fixed xyz reference frame used to describe the pure rotation of a rigid symmetrical rotator. Ψ(J,K,M) are the normalized symmetrical rotator wave functions.
Communication and the experience of dialectical tensions in family life: An examination of abusive and nonabusive families

This study uses a dialectical perspective to examine the communication behavior of 10 couples with a history of abuse and 10 nonabusive couples. Each couple was asked to discuss their daily routines, and the conversations were collectively analyzed through a grounded theory approach. Seven communication‐based differences were identified: vague vs. precise language, opposition vs. collaboration, relational vs. content talk, despair vs. optimism, interfering vs. facilitating interdependence, complaints vs. compliments, and ineffective vs. effective change. In addition, the discovery of these differences provided a vehicle for understanding how the couples manage dialectical tensions. Implications of the results are discussed in terms of a culturally based frame for understanding abusive families.
Mechanisms of sexual egalitarianism in Western Europe

Abstract This paper presents historical evidence on marriage patterns in ancient Sparta, Rome, Early Christianity, and the Early Middle Ages. Monogamy occurred in all of these societies but there is a great deal of diversity in origin and function of monogamous mating arrangements. In the case of Sparta, monogamy arose as part of an intensively egalitarian, racially homogenous social structure which fostered intense cooperation and altruism within the group. In the case of Rome monogamy coexisted with pronounced social, political, and economic inequalities, and there was much more ethnic diversity at Rome than at Sparta. The case of early Christianity involved the spread of a more radical ideology of monogamy and sexual restraint among the lower and middle classes of the Roman Empire, but the crucial event in the Christianization of the West was the apparently chance conversion of a single powerful individual, the Emperor Constantine. In the case of the Christianization of barbarian Europe, the movement was spearheaded by a powerful institution and the acceptance among the aristocracy of Christian ideology. The revolution thus proceeded from the top of the society downward. These findings are related to a model of cultural evolution that emphasizes the irreducibility of social controls and ideology in maintaining egalitarian mating practices.
Vitamin E and colon cancer: Is there an association?

The role of vitamin E in the etiology and prevention of colon cancer is not clear. It is possible that various forms of vitamin E may act differently in colon tissue and may be effective chemopreventive agents. Previous reports of vitamin E and colon cancer have focused on alpha-tocopherol and have not considered other dietary forms of vitamin E. Data from a study of 1,993 cases and 2,410 controls were used to evaluate the associations between the four most common forms of dietary vitamin E and supplemental vitamin E and colon cancer. After adjusting for other health and life-style factors, we did not observe a statistically significant association between dietary tocopherols and colon cancer. There were, however, suggestions of an inverse association between total alpha-tocopherol equivalents and colon cancer among women diagnosed with colon cancer before the median age of the control population, 67 years [odds ratio (OR) = 0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.36-1.22] and a direct association between gamma-tocopherol and colon cancer among these women (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 0.92-1.93). Women diagnosed with colon cancer when > or = 67 years of age appeared to have some protection from use of vitamin E supplements (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.56-1.15). These data offer only limited support for a protective effect of vitamin E and colon cancer after adjustment for other health and life-style factors.
High Lithium Capacity MxV2O5Ay·nH2O for Rechargeable Batteries

Abstract The aqueous synthesis and electrochemical properties of nanocrystalline M x V 2 O 5 A y · n H 2 O are described. It is easily and quickly prepared by precipitation from acidified vanadate solutions. M x V 2 O 5 A y · n H 2 O has been characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, electron microscopy, TGA, chemical analyses, and electrochemical studies. The atomic structure is related to that of xerogel-derived V 2 O 5 · n H 2 O. In M x V 2 O 5 A y · n H 2 O, M is a cation from the starting vanadate salt and A is an anion from the mineral acid. This material exhibits high, reversible Li capacity and may be considered for use in a cathode in primary and secondary batteries. The lithium capacity of an electrode composed of M x V 2 O 5 A y · n H 2 O/EPDM/carbon (88/4/8) is ∼380(mA h)/g (C/80 rate) and the energy density is ∼1000(W h)/kg (120-μm-thick cathode, 4–1.5 V, versus Li metal anode). Critical parameters identified in the synthesis of M x V 2 O 5 A y · n H 2 O, with respect to achieving high Li-ion insertion capacity, are acid/vanadium ratio, starting vanadate salt, and temperature. Inclusion of carbon black in the synthesis yields a composite that maintains the high Li capacity, lowers the electrochemical-cell polarization, and preserves the lithium capacity at higher discharge rates. Li-ion coin cells, using pre-lithiated graphite anodes, exhibit electrochemical performance comparable to that of Li-metal coin cells.
Health Policy and Cost Containment Laws: Lessons for Public Health Education in Social and Behavioral Change

As an extension of a contribution by Health Policy and Law to Public Health Education in areas of mutual concern, a descriptive model of cost containment policy in health care delivery is developed. The model starts from the basis of a typology of key Congressional enactments promoting economically motivated policymaking in the Medicare and Medicaid programs. These policies and laws are, in turn, related to the resulting multilevel adaptive behavior in health care services delivery and acquisition. From this descriptive model the thesis is developed that although government has improved its effectiveness in attaining economic and budgetary goals, this type of policy is also creating displacements and generally leading to the retrenchment of national commitment to equity-promoting social welfare policy and the possibility of abandoning longstanding historical commitments on strictly economic and budgetary grounds. The article concludes by placing emphasis on the need for public health disciplines to collab...
Do management reports on internal control over financial reporting improve financial reporting

Abstract Sections 404a and 404b of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act require management and external auditors, respectively, to report on the adequacy of a company’s internal control over financial reporting (ICFR). Larger public firms were first required to file a management report and have an external audit of ICFR in 2004. Smaller public firms were first required to file a management report on ICFR in 2007 but are exempt from the attestation requirement. We investigate the distinct effect of management reports on financial reporting quality. We find that management reports on ICFR improve reporting quality and demonstrate that there are financial reporting benefits from the management report requirement on its own without attestation.
Organic vapor sorption and transport in a thermotropic liquid crystalline polyester

Abstract The sorption and transport properties of small molecules in a glassy liquid crystalline random copolyester, composed of 73 mol% p-hydroxybenzoic acid and 27 mol% 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (HBA/HNA), are reported. Acetone and methylene chloride sorption levels were extraordinarily low in HBA/HNA, and isotherms were convex to the activity axis, suggesting plasticization of the region of polymer accommodating penetrant sorption. These composite observations suggested that penetrant solubility may be limited to disclination regions between liquid crystalline domains. The gravimetric sorption kinetics were described by the Fickian model at low penetrant activities but exhibited non-Fickian protracted drifts at high penetrant activities, despite low overall penetrant concentrations. The values of acetone and methylene chloride diffusion coefficients in HBA/HNA were comparable to diffusion coefficient values of these penetrants in conventional glassy polymers.
New independent component analysis method using higher order statistics with application to remote sensing images

A new independent component analysis (ICA) method is pro- posed and a new ICA algorithm making use of the higher order statistics is introduced accordingly. We call it the joint cumulant ICA (JC-ICA) al- gorithm. Its application in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and airborne visible infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) images are discussed. The results show the potential usage in image processing problems. © 2002 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (DOI: 10.1117/1.1482722) Subject terms: higher-order statistics; independent component analysis; penalty function; gradient descent; neural networks; remote sensing.
The Machinist: Two perspectives

STUDENT’S PERSPECTIVE: One fact more than anything else makes this film truly memorable and deserves mention; the cachexic, unnerving individual we are looking at is in fact Batman. Christian Bale transformed himself from the almost parodically-handsome Patrick Bateman of American Psycho to his breathtaking (and not in a good way) appearance in The Machinist by losing a reported 63 pounds. Just one year later he appeared in theatres as Bruce “The Batman” Wayne in Batman Begins.
The N2 ERP component as an index of impaired cognitive control in smokers

Impaired cognitive control has been proposed as a hallmark of nicotine dependence and is thought to arise, in part, from synaptic alterations in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a primary component of the dopamine reward pathway. The N2 component of the event-related potential (ERP) appears to index a cognitive control process in paradigms such as the visual go/no-go task. Moreover, as dipole-modeling has suggested that the neural generator of the N2 component can be localized to the ACC, this component may prove useful for investigating impairments of cognitive control in smokers. Given conflicting reports of whether the N2 is reduced in smokers (as compared to non-smoker controls), the current study further examined the suitability of this component as an index for impaired cognitive control in smokers. Smokers and non-smokers performed a visual go/no-go task while electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. As predicted, the no-go N2 of smokers was significantly smaller than that of non-smoker controls, while the no-go P3 did not differ between groups. Importantly, behavioral performance (reaction time and accuracy) did not differ between smokers and nonsmokers, which might reflect the low levels of nicotine dependence (assessed by the Fagerstrom test) in our sample. The observed N2 modulation in the absence of behavioral impairments provides evidence for the utility of the N2 component as a sensitive measure of impaired cognitive control in smokers, even in those with low levels of nicotine dependence.
Cerebrovascular disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for ischemic, but not hemorrhagic stroke. The frequency of transient ischemic attacks is not increased in patients with diabetes compared to the general population. Diabetes mellitus is associated with higher mortality, worse functional outcome, more severe disability after stroke and a higher frequency of recurrent stroke. Diabetes is not associated with an increased size of cerebral infarction. Controversy exists regarding whether hyperglycemia adversely affects stroke outcome or primarily reflects stroke severity. Cerebral blood flow disturbances, impaired cerebrovascular reactivity, and damage to large and small extra- and intracranial cerebral vessels have been found in humans and animals with diabetes. Combinations of some or all of these factors may underlie the high incidence and worse outcome of stroke in patients with diabetes. Knowledge of these pathophysiologic factors will assist in the design of future intervention strategies.
Squarato-metal(II) complexes. 2. unusual bonding mode for a squarato-bridged trinuclear copper(II) complex.

Herein, we report the structural characterization and magnetic properties of the unique squarato-bridged-tricopper(II) complex, [Cu3(pmap)3(μ1,2,3-C4O4)](ClO4)4·2H2O (1), based on the tripod tripyridylamine ligand bis[2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl]-(2-pyridyl)methylamine (pmap). Each of the three copper centers is penta-coordinated by four N atoms of a pmap ligand and one bridging O atom of the central squarato dianion. This complex is the first example of a non-polymeric X-ray structurally characterized trimeric transition metal complex with the three metal cations being bridged by a single squarato ligand in a μ1,2,3 coordination mode. The magnetic properties of the complex were measured over the temperature range 2–300 K. The complex exhibits moderate bulk antiferromagnetic interaction. The three magnetic exchange pathways have J values of −27.8, −20.8, and −31.9 cm−1. The DFT calculations corroborate the relatively strong antiferromagnetic couplings obtained from the fitting of the experimental magnetic suscepti...
Antioxidant pretreatment does not ameliorate alcohol-induced Purkinje cell loss in the developing rat cerebellum.

Background: Recent research has suggested that oxidative stress is a potential mechanism for alcohol-induced injury and that supplementation with antioxidants can ameliorate alcohol-induced damage. In this study, two known antioxidants, melatonin and U83836E, were assessed for their effectiveness in blocking the expected alcohol-induced cerebellar Purkinje cell loss in neonatal rat pups. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rat pups were artificially reared from postnatal days (PDs) 4–9 and were exposed to either alcohol or antioxidants (melatonin or U83836E) individually or in combination. A normal control group (raised by rat dams) was included in this study. On PD 9, the brain from each pup was removed and weighed, and the cerebellar vermis was processed for stereological cell counting. Results: Alcohol exposure during the brain growth spurt produced microencephaly, in addition to significant decreases in the number and density of Purkinje cells in lobule I and the volume of lobule I. The antioxidants did not reduce any of the adverse effects observed from alcohol exposure, and they did not decrease the Purkinje cell number when administered alone. Furthermore, antioxidants did not change the only blood alcohol concentration measured on PD 6. Conclusions: The results confirmed alcohol-induced microencephaly and cerebellar Purkinje cell loss from neonatal alcohol exposure, and they showed that neither antioxidant could attenuate these adverse effects on the developing brain. The inability of antioxidants to reduce Purkinje cell loss from neonatal alcohol exposure suggests the existence of alternative mechanisms for developmental alcohol-induced Purkinje cell loss.
Influence of the standard free energy on swelling kinetics of gels

Classical theories of gel swelling employ the mixing free energy, thereby ignoring any effects of the free energy of the pure phases,i.e., the polymer standard free energy. In this paper we present a model for the swelling kinetics of gels that incorporates the free energy, including the polymer standard free energy. We provide a complete analysis of how the swelling kinetics and stable states and sizes of the swelled gel depends on the free energy parameters and show that theories that use only the mixing free energy cannot correctly describe equilibrium states or the swelling kinetics.
Regional moments, energy levels, and a new discriminant

Teleseismic observations of explosions tend to be richer in short-period energy than are earthquakes, thus the effectiveness of themb∶Ms discriminant. At regional distances the same basic separation occurs for smaller events in terms ofML∶M0 (Woodset al., 1993) andmb∶M0 (Patton andWalter, 1993). While these studies demonstrate the basic differences in excitation, they suffer in practical application because of the detailed information required in the retrieval ofM0. In this paper, we introduce a new method of discrimination, based on the energy strength (ME) from broadband regional records that appears to be effective and efficient. In this method all events are processed as earthquakes, and explosions are distinguished by their stronger energy levels relative to their long-period amplitudes. Results from 29 events recorded by TERRAscope, sampling 15 explosions from NTS and 14 earthquakes from the southwestern United States, are represented, indicating complete separation (45 data points).ML=3.6 is the smallest event examined to date but the method can probably be extended to even smaller levels in calibrated regions.
The Perpetual Education Fund: Providing higher education loans in the voluntary sector

Abstract Although many strategies are proposed to reduce the opportunity gap in higher education between and within countries, student loans with cost recovery measures are often preferred during times of fiscal constraint. This study briefly reviews the benefits and challenges of student loans over other forms of financial aid and presents the case for voluntary sector involvement in contexts where government and market failures constrain effective solutions. It describes an innovative program that has emerged to meet this challenge—the Perpetual Education Fund. This program utilizes public–private partnerships, a large financial corpus, pre-existing administrative structures, personal relationships, local vocational schooling, and intergroup solidarity to administer loans and recover costs. Because voluntary sector participation in loan financing and administration is relatively new, the experiences and innovative survival strategies of this program have valuable implications for other emerging programs.
A discrete-continuum hybrid method for dislocation-point defect interactions

Abstract A discrete-continuum hybrid method is used to calculate dislocation-point, defect interaction energies in body-centred cubic metals. The method is compared with lattice statics and anisotropic continuum elasticity. The hybrid interaction energy its taken to be the product of the continuum displacements of an atom due to the dislocation and the forces on it due to the point defect, determined from a discrete model such as lattice statics. The hybrid method gives results similar to lattice statics for 〈111〉 screw dislocation-vacancy interactions in Fe, K and some hypothetical b.c.c. metals. Both the hybrid and fully discrete methods show discrepancies with anisotropic continuum theory even at relatively large defect separations. The hybrid method is also applied to interactions of vacancies with [111] (110) edge and [100] (010) edge dislocations in b.c.c. metals and also to the interactions of these dislocations with interstitial carbon in α-Fe. Lattice statics and other discrete models are too com...
Müller-Breslau's Principle in Adjoint Design Sensitivity Analysis*

Abstract The adjoint variable method is now a well-known approach for calculating design sensitivity coefficients in structural systems. The adjoint variable method has its origins in optimal control theory. For structures, however, the adjoint variables have important significance. Past results have shown the adjoint displacements to be sensitivity coefficients with respect to the load vector. For linear functions, the adjoint displacements have been shown to be influence coefficients associated with the function, an important finding in locating worst-case positions of moving loads in bridge design. In this paper, further interpretations are presented. Specifically, the adjoint load is interpreted physically and is shown to be an initial strain and/or initial displacement given to the structure. This fact, together with previous findings, has been related to the classical Miiller-Breslau principle in mechanics. Finally, a proof of equivalence is provided between the aforementioned adjoint variable metho...