cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular Effects of Sustained Norepinephrine Infusions in Dogs IV. PREVIOUS TREATMENT WITH ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS

Sustained infusions of norepinephrine (NE) are known to produce deleterious pathophysiologic effects on the circulatory system. The mechanisms responsible for these effects were investigated in 25 dogs; 17 were treated with selective block of alpha receptors by phenoxybenzamine or of beta receptors by propranolol, or by both agents, and then infused with NE (4 µg.kg-1.min-1) for 4 hours; 8 control animals were given only adrenergic blocking agents. Left ventricular and systemic pressure, cardiac output and arterial blood gases were measured at selected intervals throughout the infusion period, and histologic examinations of the heart and other vital organs were performed at the conclusion of each study. In animals with alpha-receptor blockade, NE infusions were associated with extensive subendocardial hemorrhage and focal myofiber fatty degeneration, yet blood pressure, cardiac output, and derived cardiac work parameters were well maintained. In animals with beta-receptor blockade, NE caused minimal pathologic changes in the heart despite significant reduction in cardiac output, minute and stroke work, and significant increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and peripheral vascular resistance. In animals receiving combined alpha- and beta-receptor blockade, NE infusions were not associated with significant hemodynamic or morphologic abnormality. These findings indicate: (1) the hemodynamic abnormalities are the result of the action of NE mediated primarily through alpha receptors; (2) the morphologic changes are produced by NE mediated mostly through beta receptors; and (3) the reductions in cardiac output and minute and stroke work and the increase in LVEDP produced by sustained NE infusions are not necessarily a consequence of the pathologic changes which develop in the heart muscle.
Repeated restraint stress alters sensitivity to the social consequences of ethanol in adolescent and adult rats.

Abstract Human adolescents consume alcohol largely to enhance social interactions. Adolescent, but not adult rats likewise exhibit ethanol-induced social facilitation under low-stress circumstances. Since the relationship between stress and ethanol sensitivity across ontogeny still has yet to be well explored, the present study sought to characterize possible age-associated differences in the influence of stressor exposure on ethanol-induced changes in social behavior in adolescent [postnatal days (P) 30–36] and adult (P65–71) male and female Sprague–Dawley rats. Animals were repeatedly restrained (90 min/day) for 5 days, followed by examination of ethanol-induced (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, or 1.0 g/kg) alterations in social behaviors on the last day. Results revealed typical age-related differences in sensitivity to ethanol among controls, with adolescents being uniquely sensitive to low-dose ethanol stimulation of social investigation and play fighting, but less sensitive than adults to the social suppression emerging at higher doses. At both ages, stressor exposure decreased sensitivity to social inhibitory effects of ethanol, while augmenting expression of ethanol's social facilitatory effects. Ethanol also attenuated the stress-related suppression of social motivation at both ages. These results suggest that repeated stressor exposure diminishes age-related differences in the social consequences of ethanol, with stress enhancing ethanol-induced social facilitation across age.
The structure of aniline by ab initio studies

Abstract The structure of aniline has been studied by ab initio calculations. Complete geometry optimization of (1) the energy minimum structure and the transition states for (2) internal rotation and (3) inversion of the amino group were carried out at the SCF level using several different basis sets. For these three stationary geometries vibrational frequencies were calculated at the SCF/6-31G∗∗ level. The effect of electron correlation was estimated by single point MP4(SDQ) calculations using the 6-311G∗∗ basis set. To satisfactorily describe the conformation and orientation of the amino group a fully polarized (6-31G∗∗) basis set is required. It is predicted that the aniline molecule has a pyramidal amino group with an angle between the C-N bond and the NH2 plane of 42.3°. The angle between the C-N bond and the plane of the benzene ring is 2.0°. The barriers to inversion and internal rotation of the amino group are estimated to be 1.7 and 3,7 kcal mol− respectively.
Mechanics and deformation of the nucleus in micropipette aspiration experiment

Robust biomechanical models are essential for the study of nuclear mechanics and deformation and can help shed light on the underlying mechanisms of stress transition in nuclear elements. Here, we develop a computational model for an isolated nucleus undergoing micropipette aspiration. Our model includes distinct components representing the nucleoplasm and nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope itself comprises three layers: inner and outer nuclear membranes and one thicker layer representing the nuclear lamina. The nucleoplasm is modeled as a viscoelastic Maxwell material with a single time constant, while a modified Maxwell model, equivalent to a spring and a dashpot in series and both in parallel with a spring, is adopted for the inner and outer nuclear membranes. The nuclear envelope layer is taken as a linear elastic material. The proposed computational model, validated using experimental observations of Guilak et al. [2000. Viscoelastic properties of the cell nucleus. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 269, 781-786] and Deguchi et al. [2005, Flow-induced hardening of endothelial nucleus as an intracellular stress-bearing organelle. Journal of Biomechanics 38, 1751-1759], is employed to study nuclear mechanics and deformation in micropipette aspiration and to shed light on the contribution of individual nuclear components on the response. The results indicate that the overall response of an isolated nucleus in micropipette aspiration is highly sensitive to the apparent stiffness of the nuclear lamina. This observation suggests that micropipette aspiration is an effective technique for examining the influence of various kinds of alteration in the nuclear lamina, such as mutations in the gene encoding lamin A, and also structural remodeling due to mechanical perturbation.
Dual-Phase Metal−Carbonate Membrane for High-Temperature Carbon Dioxide Separation

This paper describes a new concept of dense, dual-phase membrane consisting of two phases conducting, respectively, CO32- and electrons for selective permeation of CO2 and O2 at high temperatures. ...
Layer-by-Layer Growth and Condensation Reactions of Niobate and Titanoniobate Thin Films

Thin films were grown on amine-primed Si and glass substrates by sequential adsorption reactions of polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) and anionic colloids derived from HTiNbO5 and HCa2Nb3O10. The acid−base chemistry of polycation/polyanion adsorption was studied in detail for PAH/HTiNbO5. The pKa of PAH, defined as the pH at which it is half protonated, is 8.7. Titanoniobate colloids, prepared by reaction of HTiNbO5 with tetra(n-butylammonium) hydroxide, TBA+OH-, are unilamellar at pH ≥ 8.5 and restack below pH 7.0. Efficient tiling of a PAH-terminated surface by a layer of unilamellar titanoniobate sheets occurs only at intermediate pH values (8.5−9.0). At lower pH, the colloid restacks on the surface, and at higher pH, only partial coverage by single sheets is observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). At pH 8.5, high-quality multilayer films can be grown by sequentially adsorbing PAH with either the titanoniobate or niobate colloid. TGA/DTA studies of bulk PAH/titanoniobate intercalation compounds sho...
Conformation-dependent effects of VIP on nociception in rats.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether intrathecal injection of aqueous (random coil) vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and VIP self-associated with sterically stabilized phospholipid micelles (α-helix VIP) at the lower lumbar vertebral level modulates foot withdrawal latency to low and high rate noxious radiant skin heating in anesthetized rats. We found that intrathecal random coil VIP evoked a significant bimodal, concentration-dependent response, early potent antinociception followed by hyperalgesia, during exposure to low and high rates of skin heating (P
The uniqueness of positive solutions of the Wiener-Hopf equation

where k(x) is a given non-negative integrable function. We normalize k(x) by reoo quiring that ~ k(t) dt = 1, so as to permit probabilisticinterpretations. In particular, setting q(x, y)=k(y-x) , we use q(x, y) as the transition density for the restriction of a random walk to the positive real line. This stationary Markov process is constructed in the usual way from one-step transition measures, which are given as follows: For measurable subsets A of the positive half-line and for x > 0, let
Dynamics of irradiation-induced grain subdivision and swelling in U3Si2 and UO2 fuels☆

Abstract Observations on low-temperature swelling of irradiated uranium silicide dispersion fuels have shown that the growth of fission-gas bubbles is strongly affected by fission rate. The plot of swelling versus fuel burnup exhibits a distinct “knee” that shifts to higher fission density with increased fission rate. State-of-the-art models of fission-gas behavior do not predict such a dependence. Below the knee, no gas bubbles can be detected by scanning electron microscopy. Just at the knee, gas bubbles are seen to form in a heterogeneous fashion. Above the knee, the bubble population rapidly multiplies and the bubble size increases with fission density. “Subdivision” of the original grains has been observed in high-burnup uranium dioxide. In addition, the peripheral region of LWR fuel pellets reveals an increasingly porous microstructure with burnup. Observations of this “rim effect” show that an extremely fine-grained structure formed by subdivision of the original fuel grains is associated with the porous microstructure. The singular observation that gas-bubble swelling is strongly dependent on fission rate has led us to speculate that a dense network of subgrain boundaries forms in UO2 and U3Si2 at high burnup. Fission-gas bubbles nucleate at the newly formed boundaries and then grow at an accelerated rate relative to that of fission-gas bubbles in the bulk material. A theoretical formulation is presented wherein the stored energy in the material is concentrated on a network of sink-like nuclei that diminish with dose due to interaction with radiation-produced defects. Grain subdivision is induced when the energy per nucleus is high enough that the creation of grain-boundary surfaces is offset by the creation of strain-free volumes, with a resultant net decrease in the free energy of the material. This formulation, applied within the context of a mechanistic treatment of fission-gas-bubble behavior, is shown to provide a plausible interpretation of the observed phenomenon.
Repetitive electroacupuncture causes prolonged increased met-enkephalin expression in the rVLM of conscious rats

Abstract Enkephalinergic neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM), an important presympathetic region in the brainstem, are activated by 30 min of low frequency (2 Hz) electroacupuncture (EA) at acupoints P5–P6, which overlie the median nerves. To more closely model the clinical application of acupuncture, we administered EA for 30 min twice over a 72 h period to unsedated conscious rats to examine its prolonged action. We hypothesized that repetitive EA would increase preproenkephalin mRNA and met-enkephalin in the rVLM of unsedated conscious rats. Rats received either EA (1–4 mA, 0.5 ms, 2 Hz) or sham stimulation (needle placement without electrical stimulation) twice at P5–P6 acupoints bilaterally. Preproenkephalin mRNA and its peptide met-enkephalin in the rVLM were measured 24 or 48 h after the final EA or sham procedure. Relative ratios of preproenkephalin mRNA levels (normalized with the 18S housekeeping gene) were almost doubled at 24 h compared to sham (6.1 ± 0.79 vs. 3.1 ± 0.47). Met-enkephalin measured in rVLM tissue pooled from several rats exposed to the same treatment was increased by repeated EA by 68% after 24 h and 51% after 48 h, relative to sham. These findings suggest that repeated application of EA in the conscious rats enhances transcription and translation of enkephalin in rVLM for days. Since opioids in the rVLM contribute importantly to the action of EA on sympathetic outflow, this mechanism may contribute to the prolonged action of acupuncture on elevated blood pressure in patients.
Development of 100 g Si and 250 g Ge detectors for a dark matter search

Over the last two years we have proposed and implemented a new phonon sensing scheme for Cryogenic elementary particle detectors based upon Transition Edge Sensors (TES) operated in the (negative) Electrothermal-feedback (ETF) mode, and utilizing large Al collection pads for the initial phonon absorption. We have also implemented an ionization electrode, in addition to the phonon sensors, to allow the simultaneous measurement of ionization and phonon signals in Si and Ge absorbers. Our progress to date include successfully discriminating between electron and nuclear recoils down to a threshold of 4 keV recoil energy for a 4 g Si detector. Our first 100 g Si detectors have been fabricated, and initial work on Ge detectors indicates that our phonon sensing scheme will also work on large mass Ge absorbers.
Stress regulation of adrenocorticosteroid receptor gene transcription and mRNA expression in rat hippocampus: time-course analysis

Abstract Neuronal glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) proteins mediate the transcriptional effects of circulating glucocorticoids. These receptors bind the same DNA response element, yet mediate quite different cellular functions. The present study tests the hypothesis that acute and chronic stress, which cause increases in glucocorticoids sufficient to bind the GR, will regulate expression of the GR and MR genes in the hippocampal formation. Analysis of MR gene transcription using an intronic MR probe revealed a transient 50% decrease in MR hnRNA in CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus at 60–120 min post-stress, consistent with glucocorticoid down-regulation of the MR gene. However, no changes were seen in full-length MR mRNA at any post-stress time point. In contrast, GR hnRNA was not affected by acute stress, but GR mRNA was decreased 120 min post stress in all hippocampal subregions. Chronic stress exposure down-regulated GR mRNA in CA3 only; effects were first evident 7 days post stress and persisted for the entire stress time-course (28 days). There was no evidence for down-regulation of GR hnRNA or MR hnRNA/mRNA at any point in the chronic stress regimen. The transient decrease in MR hnRNA in the absence of mRNA changes suggests increased MR mRNA stability. In contrast, acute stress decreases the availability of GR mRNA without demonstrably affecting transcription, suggesting reduced GR mRNA stability. The results suggest that acute stress alters GR mRNA expression by largely post-transcriptional mechanisms. However, elevations in basal corticosterone secretion seen following chronic stress are not sufficient to markedly down-regulate GR/MR expression in a long-term fashion.
Warning: This keyboard will deconstruct— The role of the keyboard in skilled typewriting

Skilled actions are commonly assumed to be controlled by precise internal schemas or cognitive maps. We challenge these ideas in the context of skilled typing, where prominent theories assume that typing is controlled by a well-learned cognitive map that plans finger movements without feedback. In two experiments, we demonstrate that online physical interaction with the keyboard critically mediates typing skill. Typists performed single-word and paragraph typing tasks on a regular keyboard, a laser-projection keyboard, and two deconstructed keyboards, made by removing successive layers of a regular keyboard. Averaged over the laser and deconstructed keyboards, response times for the first keystroke increased by 37%, the interval between keystrokes increased by 120%, and error rate increased by 177%, relative to those of the regular keyboard. A schema view predicts no influence of external motor feedback, because actions could be planned internally with high precision. We argue that the expert knowledge mediating action control emerges during online interaction with the physical environment.
Interaction of bile acids and cholesterol with non-systemic agents having hypocholesterolemic properties.

6. Introduction Background biochemistry and physiology 1. Systemic transport of cholesterol 2. Bile acids and micelles 3. Intestinal physical chemistry 4. Enterohepatic circulation 5. Regulation of the synthesis of cholesterol and bile acids Inhibitors of diffusion at the microvillus boundary layer 1. Psycillium mucilloid 2. Guargum 3. Pectin 4. Other soluble dietary fibers Agents for enhanced excretion of cholesterol 1. Inhibitors of passive transport 2. Sequesterants and precipitants Agents for enhanced excretion of bile acids 1. Soluble organic sequesterants 2. Insoluble organic sequesterants 3.Dietarysaponins 4. Inorganic sequesterants 5. Hydrophobic sequesterants Efficacy of bile acid sequestrants in vivo 1. Affinity constants and interfering substances 2. Physical chemistry in vivo 3. Inhibition of active transport 267 267 268 5. 271 271 272 275 277 277 278 278 279 280 I .. Summary 281 l.Testmethods 281 2. Future directions 281 References 282
How to get good typists in today's situation

Office managers are critical of work produced by their ‘qualified’ typists. Ray Kesteven, a former Chief Examiner in Typewriting and author of many popular typewriting textbooks, is critical of gimmicky typing qualifications and instant typing courses.
[W6S8] octahedral tungsten clusters functionalized with thiophene derivatives: toward polymerizable building blocks.

The functionalization of octahedral [W6S8] clusters with a family of phosphino−thiophene ligands has been investigated with the goal of synthesizing extended networks of [W6S8] units covalently linked to one another through thiophene-conjugated bridges. In addition to new phosphino−thiophene ligands, eight clusters were synthesized and characterized by 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopies, elemental analysis, and UV−vis absorption. These clusters are formulated [W6S8(T−PPh2)6] (1a), [W6S8(T−PEt2)6] (1b), [W6S8(2T−PPh2)6] (2a), [W6S8(2T−PEt2)6] (2b), [W6S8(3T−PPh2)6] (3a), [W6S8(3T−PEt2)6] (3b), [W6S8((2T)3P)6] (4), and [W6S8(2EDOT−PEt2)6] (5) (T = thiophene and EDOT = 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). The molecular structure of six of them has been obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. All of them crystallize in the P1 triclinic space group except 3b, which has the P21/c monoclinic symmetry. The redox behavior of both the ligands and the corresponding functionalized clusters has been investigated by...
The French Nobility in the Eighteenth Century: Reassessments and New Approaches – Edited by Jay M. Smith

A renewed emphasis on social history rescues these nobles from “benign neglect” in this collection of symposium papers (3). The contributors' intention is to place the nobility in the context of a ...
Regression Selection Strategies and Revealed Priors

Abstract The computation and selection of constrained regressions may be motivated by prior information and, if so, a regression selection strategy reveals the implicit prior. The selection strategies of principal component regression, stepwise regression, and imposing equality constraints are connected with prior densities which are uniform on spheres, hyperbolas, and cones, respectively. Omitting variables in a predetermined order reveals lexicographic priors.
Boundary conditions for multistep finite-difference methods for time-dependent equations☆

The stability and accuracy of various boundary treatments are analyzed for the two-step Richtmyer and MacCormack methods. Special attention is paid to ways of imposing the extra boundary conditions after the first step of the two-step process. The theory of Kreiss is used to study stability properties for both scalar and vector equations. The theory of Skollermo is used to compare accuracies of the various methods. Computations were also performed on both wavelike equations and on systems that approach a steady state. Several suggestions are given for more reliable boundary treatments.
Family Diabetes Matters: A View from the Other Side

BACKGROUND Typically, chronic disease self-management happens in a family context, and for African American adults living with diabetes, family seems to matter in self-management processes. Many qualitative studies describe family diabetes interactions from the perspective of adults living with diabetes, but we have not heard from family members.
Tensile toughness test and high temperature fracture analysis of thermal barrier coatings

Abstract In this paper, an effective fracture toughness test which uses interface fracture mechanics theory is introduced. This method is ideally suited for determining fracture resistance of multilayered thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) consisting of ceramic and bond layers and, unlike other fracture experiments, requires minimal set-up over a simple tensile adhesion test. Furthermore, while other test methods usually use edge cracked specimens, the present test models a crack embedded within the coatings, which is more consistent with actual TBCs where failure initiates from internal voids or defects. The results of combined computational and experimental analysis show that any defects located within the ceramic coating can significantly weaken a TBC, whereas the debonding resistances of the bond coating and its interfaces are found to be much higher. In a separate analysis, we have studied fracture behavior of TBCs subjected to thermal loading in a high temperature environment. The computed fracture parameters reveal that when the embedded crack size is on order of the coating thickness, the fracture driving force is comparable to the fracture resistance of the coating found in the toughness test. In addition, the major driving force for fracture derives from the thermal insulating effect across the crack faces rather than the mismatch in the coefficients of thermal expansion. We have also investigated the effects of functionally graded material (FGM) within TBCs and found its influences on the fracture parameters to be small. This result implies that the FGM may not contribute toward enhancing the fracture toughness of the TBCs considered here.
Matrix metalloproteinases and the regulation of tissue remodelling

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were discovered because of their role in amphibian metamorphosis, yet they have attracted more attention because of their roles in disease. Despite intensive scrutiny in vitro, in cell culture and in animal models, the normal physiological roles of these extracellular proteases have been elusive. Recent studies in mice and flies point to essential roles of MMPs as mediators of change and physical adaptation in tissues, whether developmentally regulated, environmentally induced or disease associated.
Implicit Attitudes, Explicit Choices: When Subliminal Priming Predicts Candidate Preference

Citizens are asked to make many judgments in politics, often in the face of scarce information and limited motivation. In making political judgments, citizens may rely upon a variety of cues, including the partisanship, ethnicity, race, or sex of candidates. Some cues, however, are more democratically troublesome than others. Democratic norms of equality suggest that attitudes towards racial or ethnic groups should not influence citizens’ evaluations of candidates. Often, however, attitudes towards these groups do matter. This article identifies a limiting condition on the effect of group attitudes: the presence of a party cue. I demonstrate that attitudes towards Hispanics influence willingness to support a Hispanic candidate, but only in the absence of a party cue. The article also contributes to existing work by analyzing both explicit and implicit measures of attitudes towards groups. Explicit measures include stereotypes and feeling thermometers; implicit measures are derived from a subliminal priming task. Subjects with positive attitudes towards Hispanics (whether these attitudes were measured implicitly or explicitly) were more likely to support the Hispanic candidate, in the absence of party cues. Subjects with negative attitudes towards Hispanics were less likely to support the Hispanic candidate, in the absence of party cues. The presence of party cues, however, eliminates the impact of attitudes towards Hispanics on political choice.
Cloning and characterization of a proliferation-associated cytokine-inducible protein, CIP29.

We identified a novel erythropoietin (Epo)-induced protein (CIP29) in lysates of human UT-7/Epo leukemia cells using two-dimensional gel analysis and cloned its full-length cDNA. CIP29 contains 210 amino acids with a predicted MW of 24 kDa, and has a N-terminal SAP DNA-binding motif. CIP29 expression was higher in cancer and fetal tissues than in normal adult tissues. CIP29 mRNA expression is cytokine regulated in hematopoietic cells, being up-regulated by Epo in UT7/Epo cells, and by thrombopoietin (Tpo), FLT3 ligand (FL) and stem cell factor (SCF) in primary human CD34+ cells. Up-regulation of CIP29 in UT7/Epo cells by Epo was associated with cell cycle progression but not with antiapoptosis. Epo withdrawal reduced CIP29 expression concomitant with cell cycle arrest. Overexpression of CIP29-GFP in HEK293 cells enhances cell cycle progression. CIP29 appears to be a new cytokine regulated protein involved in normal and cancer cell proliferation.
Synthesis and secretion of low molecular weight cuticular proteins during heat shock in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta.

In the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, heat shock normally elicits synthesis of the classic heat-shock proteins. A 1-hr heat shock of 42°C and above can also increase the relative synthesis of certain 12–18 kD proteins in the epidermis. These 12–18 kD proteins were identified as cuticular proteins for several reasons. Like cuticular proteins, they appear only in the epidermis. They can be precipitated from epidermal homogenates with an antiserum to larval cuticle. The same conditions that increased labeled 12–18 kD proteins in the epidermis also increased labeled 12–18 kD proteins in the cuticle. Some of the epidermal increase may result from a partial inhibition of secretion to the cuticle during 46°C heat shock, causing abnormal accumulation in the epidermis. However, slight increases also occur at lower temperatures, which do not inhibit secretion detectably. Preliminary results also indicate that total quantities of at least one cuticular protein mRNA may increase during heat shock, either because of increased transcription or increased mRNA stability. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Prolonged Remission of Recurrent, Metastatic Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor after Chemotherapy

Abstract Background. Placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) is a form of gestational trophoblastic neoplasm that is frequently resistant to chemotherapy. In most cases disease is confined to the uterus and can be cured by curettage or simple hysterectomy. Patients with metastases, however, frequently have progression of disease and die despite aggressive multiagent chemotherapy. Case. A 31-year-old woman was found on review of uterine curettings to have a PSTT. Imaging studies revealed multiple lung lesions, a liver lesion, and an enlarged irregular uterus. Hysterectomy and staging surgery revealed a large tumor in the endometrial cavity and multiple metastases. She was treated with etoposide–methotrexate–dactinomycin and cyclophosphamide–vincristine and had a complete clinical remission. Six months later, however, she had a recurrence. She was then treated with six cycles of etoposide–methotrexate–dactinomycin and etoposide–cisplatin. Three years after completion of the second regimen she is without evidence of disease. Conclusion. Treatment with multiagent chemotherapy can produce long-term remission, even in patients with recurrent, metastatic PSTT. Addition of platinum may be helpful in patients who have recurred or progressed after treatment with non-platinum-containing regimens.
Pharmacological and second messenger signalling selectivities of cloned P2Y receptors

1. Four different phospholipase C (PLC)-activating P2Y receptors have been cloned and stably expressed in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells. These include the human homologues of the P2Y1, P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors and the rat homologue of the P2Y6 receptor. 2. The nucleotide selectivities of these four receptors have been compared directly by measuring inositol phosphate accumulation in response to nucleotides under conditions in which the initial purity and stability of agonist was rigidly assured and quantitatively assessed. 3. The P2Y1 receptor is specific for adenine nucleotides and slightly more sensitive to disphosphates than triphosphates. When expressed in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells, it couples selectively to the stimulation of PLC and not to the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. 4. The P2Y2 receptor is activated by UTP and ATP with similar potency and is not activated by nucleoside diphosphates. Diadenosine terraphosphate is a potent agonist at this receptor. 5. The P2Y4 receptor is highly selective for UTP over ATP and is not activated by nucleoside disphosphates. 6. The P2Y6 receptor is activated most potently by UDP, but weakly or not at all by UTP, ADP and ATP. The P2Y6 receptor appears to be identical to the uridine nucleotide-specific receptor previously characterized in C6-2B rat glioma cells. 7. We have identified a P2Y receptor on C6 glioma cells that inhibits adenylyl cyclase but has no effect on PLC. This receptor exhibits a pharmacological selectivity similar but not identical to that of the P2Y1 receptor. When the P2Y1 receptor was expressed in these C6 cells, it conferred an inositol lipid signalling response to adenine nucleotides that was pharmacologically identical to that of the P2Y1 receptor. Thus, the P2Y receptor of C6 glioma cells represents an additional receptor that exhibits the classical pharmacological selectivity of a P2Y1-R, but which couples to adenylyl cyclase rather than to PLC.
Antiviral Oligo- and Polyribonucleotides Containing Selected Triazolo[2,3-a]purines‖

Several amphipathic (hydrophobic base, hydrophilic backbone) polyribonucleotides have recently been shown to have potent antiviral activity against HIV and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). The working hypothesis developed during these studies was that the ability to form an ordered, non-hydrogen-bonded array in solution was an important criterion for activity. To explore further the role of structure and molecular size on the inhibition of virus replication, one new polynucleotide and two 32-mer oligonucleotides based on the triazolo[2,3-a]purine ring system have now been prepared. High-molecular-weight polynucleotide 4a (PTPR) and sulfur-containing 32-mer 5b (TTPR) were moderately active against HIV but showed greater potency against HDMV than ganciclovir. Both 4a and 5b gave clear evidence of cooperative melting behavior, whereas inactive 32-mer 5a showed no such behavior.
Short term changes in the expression of lipogenic genes in broilers (Gallus gallus)

The purpose of these experiments were to determine possible relationships between certain indices of lipid metabolism and specific gene expression in chickens fed graded levels of dietary crude protein. Male, broiler chickens growing from 7 to 28 days of age were fed diets containing 12 or 30% protein ad libitum. Both groups were then switched on day 28 to the diets containing the opposite level of protein. Birds were killed on day 28 (basal values prior to the switch) and at 12, 18 and 24 h post switch. Measurements taken included in vitro lipogenesis, malic enzyme activity the expression of the genes for malic enzyme, fatty acid synthase and acetyl coenzyme carboxylase. In vitro lipogenesis and malic enzyme activity were inversely related to dietary protein levels (12 to 30%) and to acute changes from 12 to 30%. Malic enzyme, fatty acid synthase and acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase genes were constant over a dietary protein range of 12 to 21% as in previous experiments, but decreased by feeding a 30% protein diet in the present experiments (acute or chronic feeding). Results of the present study demonstrate a continued role for protein in the regulation of broiler metabolism. Metabolic regulation at the gene level only occurs when feeding very high levels of dietary protein.
Predicting muscular strength in women: a preliminary study.

(1995). Predicting Muscular Strength in Women: A Preliminary Study. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 168-172.
U. S. TAR SAND OIL RECOVERY PROJECTS – 1984

Even with a temporarily stable world oil price, which is lower or only slightly higher than estimated values for most unconventional liquid hydrocarbon fuels, interest and activity in U. S. tar sands remains relatively high. Data are reported for 58 projects involving in situ, mining and plant extraction, modified in situ and upgrading technologies. The data include operator name, project location, project status (completed, current, or planned), project type (commercial or pilot), reservoir and oil characteristics, and estimated product costs based on mid-1981 dollars. The cost estimates per unit of produced oil provide encouragement for the commercialization of the U. S. tar sand resource.
Ganglioside localization on myelinated nerve fibres by cholera toxin binding

GM1 ganglioside has been localized on the surfaces of myelinated, peripheral nerve fibres by using immunofluorescence to detect cholera toxin receptors. Unfixed, mouse sciatic nerves were teased into individual, intact fibres in order to expose their extracellular surfaces. Cholera toxin binding sites were abundant at all nodes of Ranvier; they were scarce on the internodal fibre surfaces. The nodal receptors were resistant to various degradative enzymes, including trypsin and proteinase K. Proteases did not unmask receptors on the internodal surfaces. Exogenous GM1 successfully competed for the toxin binding sites on the fibres. From this evidence and the specificity of cholera toxin binding, we conclude that GM1 ganglioside is abundantly present on the membrane surfaces of peripheral nodes of Ranvier and is not present on the internodal Schwann cell surfaces in an appreciable amount. The patterns of fluorescence within the node suggest that the axon and Schwann cell structures are sites where GM1 is localized.
O2-03-03: Depletion of GGA3 regulates BACE in vivo

has been shown to degrade A . Therefore, NEP2 may be an important A degrading enzyme. Methods: Knockout mice deficient for NEP2 and NEP were analyzed in this study. Specific ELISA for A was used for quantification in vitro and in vivo. Immunoblot and flow cytometry utilizing specific antibodies were used for molecular characterization of NEP2. Results: We have investigated the role of NEP2 in A degradation in vivo. Aged mice deficient for the NEP2 gene showed a 3 fold increase in A 42 levels compared to age and strain matched controls. Furthermore, knockout mice lacking NEP, showed a gene dose dependent increase in A 42 levels inversely correlated with NEP2 gene copy number. Only mild effects were seen on A 40 levels. We have also characterized the human homolog of NEP2. hNEP2 was shown to mediate the degradation of cell produced A 40 and A 42, however, not all splice forms were active. The active variant of NEP2 was shown to be a type-II integral membrane protein similar to NEP. It was also found to be sensitive to thiorphan and phosphoramidon. Finally, NEP2 expression was detected in human brain tissue by RT-PCR. Conclusions: These findings suggest NEP2 is required for maintenance of normal A levels in the brain.
A Leakage-Based Precoding Scheme for Downlink Multi-User MIMO Channels

In multiuser MIMO downlink communications, it is necessary to design precoding schemes that are able to suppress co-channel interference. This paper proposes designing precoders by maximizing the so-called signal-to-leakage-and-noise ratio (SLNR) for all users simultaneously. The presentation considers communications with both single- and multi-stream cases, as well as MIMO systems that employ Alamouti coding. The effect of channel estimation errors on system performance is also studied. Compared with zero-forcing solutions, the proposed method does not impose a condition on the relation between the number of transmit and receive antennas, and it also avoids noise enhancement. Simulations illustrate the performance of the scheme
Cutting Edge: Transpresentation of IL-15 by Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Necessitates Expression of IL-15 and IL-15Rα by the Same Cells

IL-15 is critical for generation of multiple lymphoid subsets. Recent data have demonstrated a unique aspect of responses to IL-15, in that cells bearing the IL-15Rα chain can bind soluble IL-15 and “transpresent” the cytokine to other cells, allowing the latter to respond to IL-15. However, it is unclear whether IL-15 is normally secreted and then becomes bound to surface IL-15Rα on bystander cells, or whether transpresentation is mediated by the same cells which synthesize IL-15. Using mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, we present evidence for the latter model, showing that development of NK cells and memory phenotype CD8 T cells necessitates that both IL-15 and IL-15Rα be expressed by the same population of cells. These data argue that soluble forms of IL-15 are irrelevant for physiological responses to this cytokine, and the implications of this finding are discussed.
Low-Temperature Quasiparticle Transport in a D-Wave Superconductor with Coexisting Charge Order

In light of the evidence that charge order coexists with d-wave superconductivity in the underdoped cuprate superconductors, we investigate the manner in which such charge order will influence the quasiparticle excitations of the system and, in particular, the low-temperature transport of heat by those quasiparticles. We consider a d-wave superconductor in which the superconductivity coexists with charge density wave order of wave vector (\pi/a,0). While the nodes of the quasiparticle energy spectrum survive the onset of charge order, there exists a critical value of the charge density wave order parameter beyond which the quasiparticle spectrum becomes fully gapped. We perform a linear response Kubo formula calculation of thermal conductivity in the low temperature (universal) limit. Results reveal the dependence of thermal transport on increasing charge order up to the critical value at which the quasiparticle spectrum becomes fully gapped and thermal conductivity vanishes. In addition to numerical results, closed-form expressions are obtained in the clean limit for the special case of isotropic Dirac nodes. Signatures of the influence of charge order on low-temperature thermal transport are identified.
Adaptive genetic complementarity in mate choice coexists with selection for elaborate sexual traits

Choice of genetically unrelated mates is widely documented, yet it is not known how self-referential mate choice can co-occur with commonly observed directional selection on sexual displays. Across 10 breeding seasons in a wild bird population, we found strong fitness benefits of matings between genetically unrelated partners and show that self-referential choice of genetically unrelated mates alternates with sexual selection on elaborate plumage. Seasonal cycles of diminishing variation in ornamentation, caused by early pairing of the most elaborated males, and influx of increasingly genetically unrelated available mates caused by female-biased dispersal, lead to temporal fluctuations in the target of mate choice and enabled coexistence of directional selection for ornament elaboration with adaptive pairing of genetically unrelated partners.
Hydraulic resistance to overland flow on surfaces with partially submerged vegetation

[1] This study investigates numerically the characteristics of upscaling the Manning resistance coefficient (nt) for areas covered by partially submerged vegetation elements, such as shrub or tree stems. A number of high-resolution hydrodynamic simulations were carried out corresponding to scenarios with different domain slopes (S), inflow rates (Q), bed roughness (nb), and vegetation cover fractions (Vf). Using simulations performed at fine space-time scales, two methods were developed for computing the upscaled Manning coefficient, termed “Equivalent Roughness Surface (ERS)” and “Equivalent Friction Slope (EFS).” Results obtained with these two methods indicate that both yield highly correlated estimates of nt. The effects of four independent variables (Vf, S, Q, and nb) on nt were further investigated. First, as Vf increases, nt also grows. Second, two distinct modes of the relationship between S and nt for a fixed Vf and Q emerge: a positive dependence at low-flow rates and a negative dependence at high-flow rates. For a fixed Vf and S, two distinct modes of the relationship between Q and nt are also identified: a positive dependence at mild domain slopes and a negative dependence at steep slopes. A regression analysis shows that the two conflicting trends can occur depending on whether the variability of flow depth with respect to S (or Q) is greater than the ratio of h and S (or Q). Third, a rougher soil bed (i.e., larger values of nb) implies a higher resistance due to vegetation. Last, the study argues that nt increases as h increases and decreases as V increases. A generic regression relation that includes all four of the above variables and the difference nt − nb (i.e., the additional resistance due to partially submerged vegetation representing the sum of the form and wave resistances) was developed. The range of applicability of this relation is given by the following conditions: Vf ≤ 0.5, 0.1 ≤ S ≤ 1.1, and 0.0001 ≤ Q ≤ 0.01. The difference nt − nb computed from the developed regression relation was compared with estimates reported by five different studies. Furthermore, the simulated wave resistance coefficients were compared with those predicted from an equation in a previous study; the estimates were consistent in the range of experimental conditions for which the latter equation was developed. The relationship is sufficiently general and applicable to other flow conditions with partially submerged roughness elements.
Histopathology of the Effects of Tuneable Dye Laser on Monkey Retina

The tuneable dye laser was used to simulate treatment of choroidal neovascularization and panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) in monkey retina. The histopathologic effects of wavelengths from 560 to 630 nm in juxtafoveal, papillomacular bundle, and nonfoveal areas were investigated. An unexpected observation using high-intensity burns in juxtafoveal and, to a lesser extent, in papillomacular bundle areas was inner retinal damage with 600-nm light. At moderate energy levels, the effect of 600 nm were more comparable with those with other wavelengths and included much less damage to the inner retinal layers. At mild energy levels, the effects were comparable with other wavelengths. During and after the application of the burns, the energy levels and ophthalmoscopic appearances were comparable for each wavelength for the high-, moderate-, and mild-intensity burns. The histopathologic effects of 630-nm light (tuneable dye red) were comparable with those of the standard krypton red (647 nm) laser. Nonmacular and PRP effects were similar with all wavelengths. These results indicate that power levels may need to be reduced when placing 600-nm (orange) laser burns in the macula.
Nonlinear budget constraints and consumer demand: An application to public programs for residential housing

Abstract This study presents a methodology for exploiting the nonlinear hedonic nature of housing prices to estimate the compensated demands of households for particular housing attributes. The methodology is employed to provide Hicksian benefit measures of a particular housing subsidy program typical of those undertaken recently in developing countries.
Effects of Dislocations and Stacking Faults on the Reliability of 4H-SiC PiN Diodes

Silicon carbide has numerous advantages for fabricating power devices compared to silicon including a 3X larger bandgap, higher internal breakdown field and higher thermal conductivity. However, there are a number of material and processing problems that must be overcome before SiC devices are reliable and commercially viable. A major material problem impeding the development of reliable PiN diodes is the formation of stacking faults during forward-biased operation, which causes the forward voltage to drift upward. The origin of the stacking faults, how they affect the electrical behavior and progress in reducing stacking faults are discussed.
Collapse of a tube in a single-V-groove drawing block: an approximate analysis

Abstract The collapse of tubes in a cold-drawing process using a V-grooved tubespin block machine is analyzed for the first time in this paper. A collapsed shape is assumed for the analysis based on the observation of the actual collapsed shape of the tube cross section. The draw pull force is converted into the load acting on the cross-sectional plane. Since the tube is very long compared with its cross-sectional dimensions, a ring of unit length under plane-strain deformation is considered. The effects of plastic strain hardening rate, semi-groove angle, friction, and the thickness and diameter of the tube on the collapse, are studied in detail and the results are presented graphically. A special case, the crushing of a tube between two parallel rigid plates, is considered and the results are compared with the existing analytical and experimental results found in the literature. The close agreement of the analytical predictions with the experimental data verifies the validity of the model and analysis presented in this paper.
Gender and the economy of health on the Santa Fe Trail.

Correspondence surrounding the death from consumption of a New England woman on the Santa Fe Trail in 1857 demonstrates how gender roles and economic networks influenced health travel and the search for healthy places in the nineteenth-century United States. Women did travel seeking healing or relief from sickness-sometimes, as here, in arduous, overland trips-but in ways subtly different from male health seekers: family attachments, as well as their own health concerns, impelled and justified women in their decisions to take journeys. Yet for women as for men, decisions about health travel were also bound up with the economic considerations that shaped their families' lives.
Tracking Arabinoxylans Through the Preparation of Pancakes

ABSTRACT Arabinoxylans (AX) are well known to have a wide-ranging influence on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) end-use quality and are associated with health benefits. There is little information on the effects of processing on AX properties in high-water-content batter-based products and on the associations between AX properties and end-use quality in such products. The objective of this study was to track total and water-extractable AX (TAX and WEAX, respectively) contents and determine changes in AX characteristics throughout the baking process of pancakes, a batter-based wheat product. The TAX and WEAX contents along with the arabinose-to-xylose (A/X) ratio were quantified in refined flour and wholemeal as well as batter and pancakes from two soft and three hard wheat varieties. ANOVA F values indicated that the variation in TAX content was influenced most by sample type differences (flour versus batter versus pancakes), whereas varietal differences were responsible for the greatest differences in WEAX. ...