cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adverse Drug Events in Elderly Patients Receiving Home Health Services following Hospital Discharge

OBJECTIVE:To assess incidence, healthcare consequences, and identify risk factors for adverse drug events (ADEs) in elderly patients receiving home health services during the month following hospital discharge.METHODS:This was a prospective cohort study of three home health agencies in Madison, Wisconsin, and its surrounding area. The sample consisted of 256 participants aged •65 years who were hospitalized for medical illness, received home nursing after discharge, and completed the one-month interview. The main outcome measure was self-reported ADEs (possible, probable, or definite) during the month following hospital discharge.RESULTS:Incidence of ADEs was 20%. Fifty-two participants (20.3%) reported 64 ADEs: 23 possible, 37 probable, and four definite. The most common ADEs involved the gastrointestinal tract (31.3%) and the central nervous system (31.3%). Of 53 ADEs reported to providers, 59% of the drugs were discontinued or altered. One ADE resulted in hospitalization. In logistic regression, female...
Dual functions for the Schizosaccharomyces pombe inositol kinase Ipk1 in nuclear mRNA export and polarized cell growth.

The inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (IP5) 2-kinase (Ipk1) catalyzes the production of inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) in eukaryotic cells. Previous studies have shown that IP6 is required for efficient nuclear mRNA export in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we report the first functional analysis of ipk1+ in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. S. pombe Ipk1 (SpIpk1) is unique among Ipk1 orthologues in that it harbors a novel amino (N)-terminal domain with coiled-coil structural motifs similar to those of BAR (Bin-amphiphysin-Rvs) domain proteins. Mutants with ipk1+ deleted (ipk1Δ) had mRNA export defects as well as pleiotropic defects in polarized growth, cell morphology, endocytosis, and cell separation. The SpIpk1 catalytic carboxy-terminal domain was required to rescue these defects, and the mRNA export block was genetically linked to SpDbp5 function and, likely, IP6 production. However, the overexpression of the N-terminal domain alone also inhibited these functions in wild-type cells. This revealed a distinct noncatalytic function for the N-terminal domain. To test for connections with other inositol polyphosphates, we also analyzed whether the loss of asp1+ function, encoding an IP6 kinase downstream of Ipk1, had an effect on ipk1Δ cells. The asp1Δ mutant alone did not block mRNA export, and its cell morphology, polarized growth, and endocytosis defects were less severe than those of ipk1Δ cells. Moreover, ipk1Δ asp1Δ double mutants had altered inositol polyphosphate levels distinct from those of the ipk1Δ mutant. This suggested novel roles for asp1+ upstream of ipk1+. We propose that IP6 production is a key signaling linchpin for regulating multiple essential cellular processes.
Radar clutter suppression using adaptive algorithms

Radar clutter is the extraneous return waveform from the radar background environment. Because the clutter has a large cross-section, radar clutter can seriously degrade target detection. Conventional radar systems assume the clutter is stationary with its energy concentrated at low frequencies. Thus, a fixed high pass filter (HPF) is used to filter out the clutter. This approach has two major problems: (1) it degrades detection of a slow moving target, and (2) it cannot filter out the high frequency clutter. To overcome the difficulties of conventional radar clutter suppression algorithms, This work proposed two adaptive clutter suppression schemes to enhance the target detection probability. Computer simulations are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed clutter suppression algorithms.
Numerical simulations of larval transport into a rip-channeled surf zone

Competent larvae of intertidal invertebrates have to migrate toward shore for settlement; however, their migration through the surf zone is not understood. We investigated larval transport mechanisms at a ripchanneled beach. Because tracking larvae in the surf zone is infeasible, we used a three-dimensional biophysical model to simulate the processes. The coupled model consists of a physical module for currents and waves, and a biological module for adding larval traits and behaviors as well as Stokes drift to Lagrangian particles. Model calculations were performed with and without onshore wind forcing. Without wind, wave-driven onshore streaming occurs in the bottom boundary layer outside the surf zone. With onshore wind, onshore currents occur near the surface. In the surf zone, offshore-directed rip currents and compensating onshore-directed currents over shoals are formed in both no-wind and wind cases. In the biological module, neutral, negative, and positive buoyant particles were released offshore. Additionally, particles either sank in the presence of turbulence or not. Two scenarios achieved successful onshore migration: Negatively buoyant larvae without wind forcing sink in the turbulent bottom boundary layer and are carried onshore by streaming; positively buoyant larvae drift toward shore in wind-driven surface currents to the surf zone, then sink in the turbulent surf zone and remain near the bottom while transported shoreward. In both cases, the larval concentration is highest in the rip channel, consistent with field data. This successful result is only obtained if turbulence-dependent sinking behavior and Stokes drift are included in the transport of larvae.
The Genetics of Curly, a Dominant, Sex-Linked Mutant of Culex Tritaeniorhynchus

Curly , a new wing mutant isolated following ethyl methanesulfonate treatment of the mosquito Culex tritaeniorhynchus , is described. Genetic experiments indicate that the mutant is dominant and sex-linked (linkage group I) but is lethal when homozygous. The gene sequence is dt-Cy-wre-M and the recombination frequencies are as follows: dt-Cy = 4.6%, Cy-wre = 21.1%, and wre-M = 16.0%.
The Leishmania major LACK Antigen with an Immunodominant Epitope at Amino Acids 156 to 173 Is Not Required for Early Th2 Development in BALB/c Mice

The Leishmania major LACK antigen contains an immunodominant epitope at amino acids 156 to 173 (LACK(156-173)) that is believed to nucleate the pathological Th2 immune response in susceptible BALB/c mice. To test this hypothesis, we generated L. major parasites that express a mutated LACK that fails to activate Vbeta4/Valpha8 T-cell receptor transgenic T cells specific for this epitope. Although mutant parasites attenuated the expansion of endogenous LACK-specific, interleukin-4 (IL-4)-expressing, CD4 T cells compared to wild-type parasites in vivo, the overall frequency of IL-4 and gamma interferon-secreting lymphocytes was similar to that elicited by wild-type L. major. Mutant parasites demonstrated diminished amastigote viability and delayed lesion development in mice, although parasites could be recovered over 200 days after infection. Complementation with a wild-type lack fusion construct partially rescued these defects, indicating a role for endogenous LACK in parasitism. Mice inoculated with mutant parasites were not protected against subsequent infection with wild-type L. major.
Utility of gene-specific algorithms for predicting pathogenicity of uncertain gene variants.

The rapid advance of gene sequencing technologies has produced an unprecedented rate of discovery of genome variation in humans. A growing number of authoritative clinical repositories archive gene variants and disease phenotypes, yet there are currently many more gene variants that lack clear annotation or disease association. To date, there has been very limited coverage of gene-specific predictors in the literature. Here the evaluation is presented of “gene-specific” predictor models based on a naive Bayesian classifier for 20 gene–disease datasets, containing 3986 variants with clinically characterized patient conditions. The utility of gene-specific prediction is then compared with “all-gene” generalized prediction and also with existing popular predictors. Gene-specific computational prediction models derived from clinically curated gene variant disease datasets often outperform established generalized algorithms for novel and uncertain gene variants.
Task-based grasp quality measures for grasp synthesis

To facilitate manipulation tasks, grasp should be selected intelligently to fulfill different stability properties and manipulative requirements in the tasks. In this paper, two task-dependent grasp quality measures are introduced: task wrench coverage measure and the manipulator efficiency measure. The first one measures the ability of a grasp to provide required interactive wrench during a task, while the second measures the effort that the manipulator takes for the whole manipulation process in facilitating the required instrument motion, which is determined by the grasp when the motion of the instrument is defined. The proposed measures are then used in selecting grasps for three typical manipulation tasks in simulations and using a real robotic system and produced successful grasp synthesis outcomes that satisfy manipulative requirements.
A Dynamic Model for the Evolution of Protein Structure

Domains are folded structures and evolutionary building blocks of protein molecules. Their three-dimensional atomic conformations, which define biological functions, can be coarse-grained into levels of a hierarchy. Here we build global dynamical models for the evolution of domains at fold and fold superfamily (FSF) levels. We fit the models with data from phylogenomic trees of domain structures and evaluate the distributions of the resulting parameters and their implications. The trees were inferred from a census of domain structures in hundreds of genomes from all three superkingdoms of life. The models used birth-death differential equations with the global abundances of structures as state variables, with one set of equations for folds and another for FSFs. Only the transitions present in the tree are assumed possible. Each fold or FSF diversifies in variants, eventually producing a new fold or FSF. The parameters specify rates of generation of variants and of new folds or FSFs. The equations were solved for the parameters by simplifying the trees to a comb-like topology, treating branches as emerging directly from a trunk. We found that the rate constants for folds and FSFs evolved similarly. These parameters showed a sharp transient change at about 1.5 Gyrs ago. This time coincides with a period in which domains massively combined in proteins and their arrangements distributed in novel lineages during the rise of organismal diversification. Our simulations suggest that exploration of protein structure space occurs through coarse-grained discoveries that undergo fine-grained elaboration.
Abstract NS2: A Comparison of IV t-PA Administration between Critical Access Hospitals and a Primary Stroke Center

Background: Critical access hospitals (CAH) and small community hospitals increase the availability of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV t-PA) in rural areas. However, are their quality control measures and outcomes comparable to a Primary Stroke Center (PSC) functioning as a hub hospital? A comparison of quality control and protocol deviations, as well as outcome measures, of t-PA administered at CAHs to a PSC hospital was undertaken. Methods: A retrospective chart review of 35 cases of IV t-PA administered in 2012 was completed, including age and gender, initial NIHSS, door to needle time (DTN), protocol deviations, the presence of hemorrhagic transformation, and discharge destinations. Results: A total of 35 patients received IV t-PA_21 at CAHs and 14 at the PSC hospital in the first 7 months of 2012. The mean age of the CAH patients was 59.33 + 13.8 with 59% female; the mean age of the patients at the PSC hospital was 67.21 + 13.1 with 35% female. The initial NIHSS was lower, but not statistically significant (p=0.074) at CAHs_9.94 compared with the PSC hospital NIHSS of 14.31. The mean DTN time was significantly (p=0.026) longer at the CAHs--104.12 minutes, compared to 64.71 minutes at the PSC hospital, with only 23% of patients receiving IV t-PA within the goal of 60 minutes. At the PSC hospital 36% of patients received t-PA within 60 minutes. The hemorrhagic transformation rate at the CAHs was 18% compared with 7% at the PSC hospital. Protocol deviations were similar between the 2 populations. Discharge destinations varied between CAHs and the PSC hospital with 30% of stroke patients from the CAHs discharged home and 24.2% transferred to in-patient rehab; compared with 15.2% from the PSC discharged home and 6.1% to rehab. Discussion: CAHs were designed to function as an integral link to provide health care to rural communities. The communities served benefit when CAHs collaborate with Regional referral centers. The significant difference in IV t-PA administration between CAHs and a PSC hospital demonstrate the on-going need for collaboration and education.
Organ Cultures of Normal, Dysplastic, Hyperplastic, and Neoplastic Human Mammary Tissues

Portions of 52 mammary biopsy specimens were maintained in organ culture in chemically defined media both with and without added hormones. In cultures without hormones there was good survival of normal ducts and lobules various patterns of mammary dysplasia ductal carcinoma in situ fibroadenoma intraductal papillima gynecomastia and colloid carcinoma. There was poor survival of scirrous carcinoma. Addition of amorphous insulin aldosterone and ovine mammatropin alone or in combination had no effect on survival and caused no cell proliferation or secretion. At higher concentrations estradiol 17-beta sometimes was harmful. Although further study is needed findings also suggest that oxygen tension may not be as critical a factor as previously supposed for human mammary tissues.(AUTHORS MODIFIED)
Modeling InGaAs/AlGaAs/Au Lasers for Brain Surgery

This work develops parametric models to compute coupling coefficients of semiconductor-metal lasers at 980 nm for brain surgery. Numerical results computed by the photonic and the optical methods are close.
The Job Demands–Control–Support Model and Job Satisfaction Across Gender: The Mediating Role of Work–Family Conflict

This study examined the gender difference regarding the simultaneous impacts of Job Demands–Control–Support model variables (job demands, job control, supervisor support, and coworker support) on job satisfaction via work–family conflict using multiple group structural equation modeling. The participants were 1,092 male and 1,367 female employees from the 2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce. Results showed that job control was only significantly associated with work–family conflict in female employees. In addition, high levels of job control, supervisor support, and coworker support were significantly associated with an increase in job satisfaction in both male and female employees. Regarding the mediating effect, work–family conflict mediated relationships between job demands, supervisor support, coworker support, and job satisfaction in both male and female employees, whereas work–family conflict only mediated the association between job control and job satisfaction in female employees. In thi...
Analysis of Fluoride Level in Drinking Water in Guzhen County

Objective To understand the distribution of fluoride and the application of the engineering of reducing the fluoride in drinking water of Guzhen country.Methods To detect fluoride level in the 5 handpump water samples of each natural village by screening.Results A total of 1155 villages were surveyed,among which the fluoride over standard were 486,accounting for 42.08%.There were 6 towns in the whole county with the fluoride concentration in drinking water exceeding the standard,and the proportion was over 50% of the total.!While the proportion of fluoride exceeding the standards was only 3.69% in the engineering of reducing the fluoride level.Conclusions It is widely seen that the fluoride level in drinking water exceeds the standard in the whole county.The fluoride reducing engineering hadn't achieved the expected results.
Resources for Morphology Learning and Evaluation

Recently, there has been a proliferation of research into the acquisition of morphological grammars—that is, grammars and lexicons required for computer-based morphological analysis and synthesis. The approaches to acquiring such grammars range from tools which structure data provided by native speakers and linguists, to unsupervised machine learning. Despite this flurry of research into morphology learning, a means of comparing results among different approaches is largely lacking. This paper describes a test bench for morphology learning, which would assist designers of morphology learning programs by providing both training and evaluation data, and would allow comparison across programs. This paper is simultaneously a description of the projected form of the test bench, and a call for further input.
A Simple Substitute for a Missing Segment of the Proximal Anterior Urethra

We describe 2 patients with an absent segment of the bulbomembranous urethra, in 1 of whom the defect extended from the triangular ligament to the scrotal area. A simple method to restore continuity is presented, which is applicable to a wide variety of conditions resulting in the absence of a long segment of the bulbomembranous urethra.
Platelet-activating factor primes neutrophil responses to agonists: role in promoting neutrophil-mediated endothelial damage.

During inflammation polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) are exposed to agonistic stimuli including activated complement, kallikrein, arachidonic acid metabolites, monokines, and platelet-activating factor (PAF). We report that PAF not only directly activates PMNs but in miniscule quantities (10(-12) mol/L) “primes” them as well, that is, permits PMNs to respond to subsequent stimuli that would be otherwise ineffectual. PAF priming of responses including superoxide generation, elastase release, and aggregation is time dependent and is maximal within five minutes. PAF need not be present during the subsequent exhibition of PMN agonists, but priming is inhibited by cold and is also inhibited by the PAF receptor antagonists BN 52021, L-652, and kadsurenone. An intact PAF molecule is required because lyso-PAF and methoxy-PAF do not prime PMN responses. PAF priming is associated with both enhanced expression of the adhesive glycoprotein identified by OKM- 1 antibody and an enhanced rise in intracellular calcium levels in response to the subsequent addition of agonists such as FMLP. PMNs primed with PAF and stimulated with either F-Met-Leu-Phe or phorbol esters are more effective in lysing and detaching cultured human endothelial cells--damage that can also be inhibited by the PAF antagonists. Because PAF is synthesized and exhibited on surfaces of endothelial cells perturbed by coagulation, we suggest that this lipid may potentiate otherwise trivial activators of marginated PMNs so that they become damaging to the PAF-synthesizing endothelium itself. If so, our studies suggest a possible therapeutic role for PAF inhibitors in excessive inflammatory states.
Advanced Anderson-Fabry disease presenting with left ventricular apical aneurysm and ventricular tachycardia

A 54-year-old female with Anderson-Fabry disease (AFD)-R342Q missense mutation on exon 7 in alpha-galactosidase A (GLA) gene - presented with sustained ventricular tachycardia. Imaging confirmed the presence of a new left ventricular apical aneurysm (LVAA) and a significantly reduced intra-cavitary gradient compared to two years prior. AFDcv is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by GLA enzyme deficiency. The phenotypic expression of AFD in the heart is not well described. Cardiac involvement can include left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), which is typically symmetric, but can also mimic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Left ventricular apical aneurysm is a rare finding in HCM. We suggest a shared mechanism of LVAA formation in AFD and HCM, independent of the underlying cardiomyopathy. Mechanisms of LVAA formation in HCM include genetic predisposition and long-standing left ventricular wall stress from elevated intra-cavitary systolic pressures due to mid-cavitary obstruction. Both mechanisms are supported in this patient (a brother with AFD also developed a small LVAA). Screening for AFD should be considered in cases of unexplained LVH, particularly in patients with the aneurysmal variant of HCM.
The Interaction of Colchicine and Some Related Alkaloids with Rat Brain Tubulin

A study of the interaction of colchicine and purified rat brain microtubule protein is presented. Experimental data agree with a theory derived to describe the system. Protein stabilized with 0.1 mM vinblastine and 1 mM GTP lost the ability to bind colchicine in a first-order reaction, with a rate constant of 1.1 ± 0.1 x 10-5 sec -1. The colchicine-microtubule protein complex appeared to be stable. The rate constant for the second-order association of colchicine and microtubule protein is 128.7 ± 6.5 M-1 sec-1, while the rate constant for dissociation is 8.1 ± 0.8 x 10-6 sec-1. The dissociation constant calculated from these two numbers is 6.3 x 10-8 M. By using other ligands to perturb the interaction between colchicine and microtubule protein, the affinities of these ligands for microtubule protein could be measured. The methods developed are applicable in general for ligands of microtubule protein. Podophyllotoxin binds firmly to microtubule protein (Kd = 0.28 ± 0.06 µM), while picropodophyllin and lumicolchicine bind much more weakly than their respective isomeric partners. All three ligands appear to compete with colchicine for a binding site on microtubule protein. The diastereoisomeric pair of podophyllotoxin and picropodophyllin should be a useful tool with which to study the involvement of microtubules in physiological processes.
Preparing Faculty to Integrate Ethics into Online Facilitation

This qualitative case study was designed to determine the extent to which a framework for exploring ethical principles for online facilitation is integrated into an online training course for faculty preparing to teach online. Specifically, this study examined the extent to which the principles of ethical teaching are addressed in an asynchronous faculty training course where participants complete learning activities designed to promote comprehension, application, and synthesis of ethical principles for teaching. Content analysis was performed on archived discussion forum transcripts from 18 randomly selected faculty members over a 12-month period. This chapter summarizes the ethical themes that emerged through content analysis.
Gene Therapy Approaches for Lung Cancer

Lung cancers exhibit multiple genetic lesions that can be detected even in histologically normal bronchial mucosa from individuals with a smoking history. These genetic abnormalities provide an array of targets for therapy. Tobacco smoke has over 100 carcinogenic agents, and the specific interactions of specific carcinogens with genes that suppress tumors and repair DNA have been identified.1 Dysfunctional tumor suppressor genes are the most common genetic lesions identified to date in human lung cancers. Functional copies of tumor suppressor genes can be introduced into cancer cells by gene transfer.
The Triumph of the Trapos

By the middle of 1989 it was clear that the old politics had triumphed. Aquino’s popularity had slipped to 35 percent approval, according to a “Social Weather Station” survey, down from 77 percent a year earlier.2 Put another way, the “margin of satisfaction” with her rule, measured as the percentage “satisfied” minus those “unsatisfied,” had gone from +58 percent in February 1988 to +22 percent in August 1989.3 For the opportunistic vice president, Doy Laurel, the margin had gone in the same period from a mere +16 percent to a −18 percent among ABCs. Where there are losers there must be winners: General Eddie Ramos stayed high—around two thirds—among all groups in the same period.
A negative group delay model for feedback-delayed manual tracking performance

We propose that feedback-delayed manual tracking performance is limited by fundamental constraints imposed by the physics of negative group delay. To test this hypothesis, the results of an experiment in which subjects demonstrate both reactive and predictive dynamics are modeled by a linear system with delay-induced negative group delay. Although one of the simplest real-time predictors conceivable, this model explains key components of experimental observations. Most notably, it explains the observation that prediction time linearly increases with feedback delay, up to a certain point when tracking performance deteriorates. It also explains the transition from reactive to predictive behavior with increasing feedback delay. The model contains only one free parameter, the feedback gain, which has been fixed by comparison with one set of experimental observations for the reactive case. Our model provides quantitative predictions that can be tested in further experiments.
Take an Adventure Bite

The Adventure Bites - Cooking with Kids program enhanced nutrition curriculum by including a Life Skill development focus and a family night - to improve youth nutrition behaviors. The data was collected using the WSU 4-H Life Skills pre-post youth evaluations, staff surveys, a parent retrospective pre-post survey, and comparison data from non-program sites. The results support adding Life Skills and family night events into youth nutrition curricula. There are opportunities to improve evaluation and do further testing, to determine what the individual impact of Life Skill development and/or individual impact of having family nights had on changes in youth behaviors regarding nutrition.
Surface Chemistry and Adsorption

Environmental chemists typically encounter two types of adsorption processes: site-limited chemisorption and physisorption by partitioning. The two processes have distinctly different adsorption isotherms: the empirical site-limited isotherm model and the linear partition isotherm model. Site-limited adsorption isotherms characterize the adsorption of most compounds by mineral colloids or cation adsorption by humic colloids, but partitioning isotherms are restricted to the adsorption of neutral organic compounds by humic colloids and other molecular-association colloids.
Death on the Early Formative Oaxaca coast: The human remains of La Consentida

Abstract Based on calibrated AMS radiocarbon dates from stratigraphically controlled contexts, the Early Formative period site of La Consentida was occupied between 1950 and 1550 cal BCE. In addition to evidence of early pottery and mounded earthen architecture, this site has produced fourteen sets of human remains in twelve discrete burials. The people of La Consentida lived and died during a period of key socioeconomic transitions including the establishment of sedentary villages, a shift toward agriculture, and the origins of formalized social inequality. In this paper, we discuss the archaeological context of La Consentida's burials and the results of bioarchaeological and stable isotopic analyses of human and faunal remains from the site. Stable isotope values and paleopathological data suggest significant maize consumption concurrent with increasing dental attrition. Considered alongside changes in food processing tools, this pattern suggests a culinary transition regarding maize use. Burial goods and associated features (including a ceremonial cache containing faunal remains, ceramics, and a musical instrument) shed light on mortuary practices. As some of Oaxaca's earliest known human remains the burials of La Consentida offer a rare opportunity for multidisciplinary investigation of the diet, lifestyles, and mortuary traditions of an early Mesoamerican village.
Case of primary bilateral diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the ovary with plasmablastic features in an HIV-negative female patient

A 37-year-old woman from Puerto Rico was incidentally found to have bilateral ovarian masses during a laparoscopy for sterilization. CT of the abdomen and pelvis with contrast showed bilateral large heterogeneous adnexal masses with large ascites and right pleural effusion. Tumour markers CA 125 was 766 U/mL and lactate dehydrogenase was 654 U/L. She underwent total laparoscopy hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection and partial omentectomy. Pathology of ovarian masses revealed a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The staging work-up was negative, which pointed towards the diagnosis of primary ovarian lymphoma. The patient completed 8 cycles of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone chemotherapy. After 18 months of chemotherapy completion, she remains in remission.
Allelic Variation in Outer Membrane Protein A and Its Influence on Attachment of Escherichia coli to Corn Stover.

Understanding the genetic factors that govern microbe-sediment interactions in aquatic environments is important for water quality management and reduction of waterborne disease outbreaks. Although chemical properties of bacteria have been identified that contribute to initiation of attachment, the outer membrane proteins that contribute to these chemical properties still remain unclear. In this study we explored the attachment of 78 Escherichia coli environmental isolates to corn stover, a representative agricultural residue. Outer membrane proteome analysis led to the observation of amino acid variations, some of which had not been previously described, in outer membrane protein A (OmpA) at 10 distinct locations, including each of the four extracellular loops, three of the eight transmembrane segments, the proline-rich linker and the dimerization domain. Some of the polymorphisms within loops 1, 2 and 3 were found to significantly co-occur. Grouping of sequences according to the outer loop polymorphisms revealed five distinct patterns that each occur in at least 5% of our isolates. The two most common patterns, I and II, are encoded by 33.3% and 20.5% of these isolates and differ at each of the four loops. Statistically significant differences in attachment to corn stover were observed among isolates expressing different versions of OmpA and when different versions of OmpA were expressed in the same genetic background. Most notable was the increased corn stover attachment associated with a loop 3 sequence of SNFDGKN relative to the standard SNVYGKN sequence. These results provide further insight into the allelic variation of OmpA and implicate OmpA in contributing to attachment to corn stover.
Role of the locus coeruleus in the emergence of power law wake bouts in a model of the brainstem sleep-wake system through early infancy.

Abstract Infant rats randomly cycle between the sleeping and waking states, which are tightly correlated with the activity of mutually inhibitory brainstem sleep and wake populations. Bouts of sleep and wakefulness are random; from P2–P10, sleep and wake bout lengths are exponentially distributed with increasing means, while during P10–P21, the sleep bout distribution remains exponential while the distribution of wake bouts gradually transforms to power law. The locus coeruleus (LC), via an undeciphered interaction with sleep and wake populations, has been shown experimentally to be responsible for the exponential to power law transition. Concurrently during P10–P21, the LC undergoes striking physiological changes – the LC exhibits strong global 0.3 Hz oscillations up to P10, but the oscillation frequency gradually rises and synchrony diminishes from P10–P21, with oscillations and synchrony vanishing at P21 and beyond. In this work, we construct a biologically plausible Wilson Cowan-style model consisting of the LC along with sleep and wake populations. We show that external noise and strong reciprocal inhibition can lead to switching between sleep and wake populations and exponentially distributed sleep and wake bout durations as during P2–P10, with the parameters of inhibition between the sleep and wake populations controlling mean bout lengths. Furthermore, we show that the changing physiology of the LC from P10–P21, coupled with reciprocal excitation between the LC and wake population, can explain the shift from exponential to power law of the wake bout distribution. To our knowledge, this is the first study that proposes a plausible biological mechanism, which incorporates the known changing physiology of the LC, for tying the developing sleep-wake circuit and its interaction with the LC to the transformation of sleep and wake bout dynamics from P2–P21.
Radiocarbon and Stable Isotope Evidence for Changes in Sediment Mixing in the North Pacific over the Past 30 kyr

Deep-sea sediment mixing by bioturbation is ubiquitous on the seafloor, and it can be an important influence on the fidelity of paleoceanographic records. Bioturbation can be difficult to quantify, especially in the past, but diffusive models based on radioactive tracer profiles have provided a relatively successful approach. However, a singular, constant mixing regime is unlikely to prevail in a region where dynamic oceanographic changes in the bottom water environment are a consequence of paleoclimatic variability. In this study, foraminiferal stable isotopes, radiocarbon (14C) dating, and 230Th fluxes are utilized to understand the sediment mixing history in the easternmost region of the North Pacific. In the uppermost sediment, a 12,000-yr offset between planktonic foraminifera species N. incompta and G. bulloides is observed that coincides with age plateaus at 2000–2500 yr for N. incompta and 15,000–16,000 yr for G. bulloides despite coincident glacial-interglacial shifts in δ18O of benthic species. These age plateaus, particularly for G. bulloides, are a result of changing foraminiferal abundance related to assemblage shifts and carbonate preservation changes since the last glacial period, providing a window into the extent of mixing in the past. The 14C and stable isotope results can be simulated using an iterative model that couples these changes in foraminiferal abundance with variability in mixing depth over time. The best-fit model output suggests that the deepest, or most intense, mixing of the past 30,000 yr (30 kyr) may have occurred during the Holocene. Even though changes in mixing affect the 14C and δ18O of planktonic species that have dramatically varying abundance, substantial age control is nevertheless provided by δ18O measurements on the more consistently abundant benthic foraminifera Uvigerina, thus allowing the construction of a reliable chronology for these cores.
Applying Entrepreneurship to Health Care Organizations

This study examines entrepreneurship and assesses its relevance to health care organizations through a detailed description of the optimal environment, organizational factors, and managerial roles in the entrepreneurship process. The article finds entrepreneurship processes to be especially useful to health care organizations as they struggle to survive in the competitive managed care environment.
Health Information Systems. Understanding Health Care IT Alignment.

OBJECTIVES Summarize excellent current research in the field of Health Information Systems. METHOD Synopsis of the articles selected for the IMIA Yearbook 2010. RESULTS Five papers from international peer reviewed journals have been selected for the section on health information systems. CONCLUSIONS The elected articles illustrate how health care IT alignment, assessment and benchmarking have become a challenge and a key aspect to the strengthening of health information systems in order to maintain and expand the objectives and strategies of organizations.
Wall shear stress fixed points in cardiovascular fluid mechanics.

Abstract Complex blood flow in large arteries creates rich wall shear stress (WSS) vectorial features. WSS acts as a link between blood flow dynamics and the biology of various cardiovascular diseases. WSS has been of great interest in a wide range of studies and has been the most popular measure to correlate blood flow to cardiovascular disease. Recent studies have emphasized different vectorial features of WSS. However, fixed points in the WSS vector field have not received much attention. A WSS fixed point is a point on the vessel wall where the WSS vector vanishes. In this article, WSS fixed points are classified and the aspects by which they could influence cardiovascular disease are reviewed. First, the connection between WSS fixed points and the flow topology away from the vessel wall is discussed. Second, the potential role of time-averaged WSS fixed points in biochemical mass transport is demonstrated using the recent concept of Lagrangian WSS structures. Finally, simple measures are proposed to quantify the exposure of the endothelial cells to WSS fixed points. Examples from various arterial flow applications are demonstrated.
Individual Change in Organizational Settings

The rapid pace of technological change, the changing demographics of the American work force, and the competitive threat that results from a global economy are affecting organizational life in the United States in important ways. Specifically, this turbulence in the environment is creating pressures to change in those who work for organizations. Employees who assumed they had a lifetime commitment to Exxon, GE, or Ma Bell, to name only a few large and well-known companies, are finding themselves laid off, retired early, or working for a vastly different enterprise than the one that hired them. Even if they are currently making money, other companies are moving to redesign both technical and social work systems in the anticipation of competition from abroad. They know that within a few years they may be outpaced if they do not continually improve their productivity.
Genital Skin Loss and Scrotal Reconstruction

Genital skin loss is an unusual condition, which in addition to obvious physical deformity can lead to significant psychological and emotional distress. A variety of causes have been described, including external trauma, burns, infections, self-mutilation, constrictive devices, and lymphedema. Each of these has a different underlying mechanism leading to eventual skin loss. Initial management depends on the underlying etiology and ultimately directs the timing and appropriate surgical choice for definitive reconstruction. Extensive skin loss poses a considerable challenge for the urologic surgeon. Several different surgical techniques have been described, all of which share the goal of restoring functionality and cosmesis while at the same time minimizing morbidity. In recent years skin grafting has become the most commonly used reconstructive technique with good functional and cosmetic outcomes.
Photosensitization in Mammalian Cells

In general, the photobiologic responses of cells result from chemical changes produced by photons of electromagnetic radiation absorbed by certain molecules making up the cells. In some cases, the response results from an alteration of the molecule that absorbs the photons, for example, the inactivation of an enzyme molecule in a cell after the absorption of UVC photons. In contrast, many kinds of photobiologic responses involve the alteration of one type of molecule in the cell as a result of the absorption of photons by another type of molecule. Such phenomena, which occur by way of a number of different reaction mechanisms, are termed photosensitized reactions, and the molecule that absorbs the light is referred to as the photosensitizer (or sensitizer).1–8 Most types of cells are relatively insensitive to light and UVA radiation because the bulk of the molecules in cells do not absorb these wavelengths strongly. However, in the presence of an appropriate sensitizer that absorbs in this range, cells can be injured and killed when illuminated. This phenomenon was discovered at the end of the last century by Raab,1 who found that paramecia were rapidly killed when exposed to light in the presence of certain acridines that, at the low concentrations used, had no deleterious effects on the cells in the dark.
Amyloid, tau, pathogen infection and antimicrobial protection in Alzheimer's disease -conformist, nonconformist, and realistic prospects for AD pathogenesis

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a fatal disease that threatens the quality of life of an aging population at a global scale. Various hypotheses on the etiology of AD have been developed over the years to guide efforts in search of therapeutic strategies. In this review, we focus on four AD hypotheses currently relevant to AD onset: the prevailing amyloid cascade hypothesis, the well-recognized tau hypothesis, the increasingly popular pathogen (viral infection) hypothesis, and the infection-related antimicrobial protection hypothesis. In briefly reviewing the main evidence supporting each hypothesis and discussing the questions that need to be addressed, we hope to gain a better understanding of the complicated multi-layered interactions in potential causal and/or risk factors in AD pathogenesis. As a defining feature of AD, the existence of amyloid deposits is likely fundamental to AD onset but is insufficient to wholly reproduce many complexities of the disorder. A similar belief is currently also applied to hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates within neurons, where tau has been postulated to drive neurodegeneration in the presence of pre-existing Aβ plaques in the brain. Although infection of the central nerve system by pathogens such as viruses may increase AD risk, it is yet to be determined whether this phenomenon is applicable to all cases of sporadic AD and whether it is a primary trigger for AD onset. Lastly, the antimicrobial protection hypothesis provides insight into a potential physiological role for Aβ peptides, but how Aβ/microbial interactions affect AD pathogenesis during aging awaits further validation. Nevertheless, this hypothesis cautions potential adverse effects in Aβ-targeting therapies by hindering potential roles for Aβ in anti-viral protection. AD is a multi-factor complex disorder, which likely requires a combinatorial therapeutic approach to successfully slow or reduce symptomatic memory decline. A better understanding of how various causal and/or risk factors affecting disease onset and progression will enhance the likelihood of conceiving effective treatment paradigms, which may involve personalized treatment strategies for individual patients at varying stages of disease progression.
Semantics and Soundness

In this chapter, we prove that the temporal type theory developed in Chaps. 4 and 5 is sound in the topos \(\mathcal {B}\). To do so, we begin in Sect. 6.1 by recalling the Kripke–Joyal semantics by which to interpret type-theoretic formulas in the topos \(\mathcal {B}\). Then in Sect. 6.3 we discuss the sheaf of real numbers and Time. We then proceed to our main goal: proving that our type signature—i.e., the one atomic predicate symbol and the ten axioms presented in Chap. 5—are sound in \(\mathcal {B}\). This is done in Sect. 6.5, which begins with a Table 6.2 summarizing the type signature.
Rapid Prototyping Insider Threat Inference Enterprise Model Workflows Using Ontology-Template Approach

An approach is proposed to assist modelers in developing models of insider threat inference enterprises. A key challenge in inference enterprise modeling (IEM) is addressing complexities such as vast quantities of data and low probability of occurrence of an insider threat. These complexities make development of a modeling workflow a difficult and time-consuming task. The ontology-template-based modeling approach described in this paper is applied to specific examples of insider threat detection problems. This approach assists modelers so that they can quickly create new models for new inference enterprise scenarios, thus improving the efficiency of building inference enterprise models. Efficiency improvements provide opportunities to enhance the performance of insider threat inference enterprises. The paper describes theoretical concepts and presents an example of building an IEM workflow using the proposed approach.
Influence of donor KIR genotypes on reduced relapse risk in acute myelogenous leukemia after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with CMV reactivation

Abstract Multiple retrospective studies have demonstrated an association between cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation and reduced risk of AML relapse. However, the potential mechanism explaining this association remains elusive. We investigated a homogeneous cohort of 288 adult patients with AML in remission who received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) from matched sibling/unrelated donors between 1995 and 2011. The 5-year cumulative incidence of relapse was greater in patients without CMV reactivation compared with those with reactivation (30.2% vs. 12.1%, p = 0.001) in a landmark analysis. In multivariate analyses CMV reactivation was independently associated with reduced relapse risk (HR: 0.49 [0.25-0.95], p = 0.036) and increased non-relapse mortality (26.5% vs. 13.1%, p = 0.002) resulting in similar 5-year overall survival (64.5% vs. 59.1%, p = 0.8). In further subgroup analyses the protective effect of CMV reactivation was significant in patients who received HCT from donors with KIR Bx compared to KIR AA (11.7% vs. 29.5%, p = 0.01). Likewise, the protective effect of CMV reactivation was more significant when the donors had 2DS1 activating KIR (11.5% vs. 30.7%, p = 0.05) compared with those without 2DS1 (14.3% vs. 27.5%, p = 0.12). Our data independently confirmed the association between CMV reactivation and AML relapse, suggesting the involvement of donor KIR genotypes and NK cell-mediated graft-versus-leukemia effect.
New bounds on the spectral radius of graphs based on the moment problem

Let $\mathcal{G}$ be an undirected graph with adjacency matrix $A$ and spectral radius $\rho$. Let $w_k, \phi_k$ and $\phi_k^{(i)}$ be, respectively, the number walks of length $k$, closed walks of length $k$ and closed walks starting and ending at vertex $i$ after $k$ steps. In this paper, we propose a measure-theoretic framework which allows us to relate walks in a graph with its spectral properties. In particular, we show that $w_k, \phi_k$ and $\phi_k^{(i)}$ can be interpreted as the moments of three different measures, all of them supported on the spectrum of $A$. Building on this interpretation, we leverage results from the classical moment problem to formulate a hierarchy of new lower and upper bounds on $\rho$, as well as provide alternative proofs to several well-known bounds in the literature.
Downsizing and Stratified Operation

Downsizing and turbocharging combined with direct injection are regarded as a key technology to allow petrol engines to cope with the challenges of fuel economy enhancement and driveability improvement. Stratified part load operation can be a solution even for downsized engines if the maximum fuel economy potential of a spray-guided petrol direct injection combustion system is available, as shown by Ford’s analysis of the stratified window size impact on cycle fuel economy.