cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mass transfer mechanism in chiral reversed phase liquid chromatography.

Abstract The mechanism of mass transfer in chiral chromatography was investigated using an experimental protocol already applied in RPLC and HILIC chromatography. The different contributions to the reduced height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) include the longitudinal diffusion HETP term, the solid–liquid mass transfer resistance HETP term, the short-range eddy dispersion HETP term, and the long-range eddy dispersion HETP term. Their accurate measurement permits the determination of the adsorption rate constant k ads of trans -stilbene enantiomers on a column packed with Lux 5 μm Cellulose-1 particles. The experimental results demonstrate that the number of adsorption–desorption steps per unit time of chiral compounds on polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases is four orders of magnitude smaller than that of achiral compounds.
Routine crime in exceptional times: The impact of the 2002 Winter Olympics on citizen demand for police services

Despite their rich theoretical and practical importance, criminologists have paid scant attention to the patterns of crime and the responses to crime during exceptional events. Throughout the world large-scale political, social, economic, cultural, and sporting events have become commonplace. Natural disasters such as blackouts, hurricanes, tornadoes, and tsunamis present similar opportunities. Such events often tax the capacities of jurisdictions to provide safety and security in response to the exceptional event, as well as to meet the “routine” public safety needs. This article examines “routine” crime as measured by calls for police service, official crime reports, and police arrests in Salt Lake City before, during, and after the 2002 Olympic Games. The analyses suggest that while a rather benign demographic among attendees and the presence of large numbers of social control agents might have been expected to decrease calls for police service for minor crime, it actually increased in Salt Lake during this period. The implications of these findings are considered for theories of routine activities, as well as systems capacity.
Further Biological and Chemical Aspects of Host Selection by Scolytus multistriatus

By use of a newly developed bioassay technique, biting responses by Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham) were oriented and initiated by the sublimable fraction of a benzene extract of elm twig bark at distances up to 17.5 mm on sucrose-treated discs. The residue (nonsublimable fraction) was significantly less active than either the original benzene extract or the sublimate. However, feeding on discs treated directly with the benzene extract or the nonsublimable fraction was much greater than on discs so treated with the sublimate fraction. Thus, the sublimate, while evoking strong orientation responses by the beetles, contained very little of the feeding stimulant properties of the benzene extract. Therefore, chemicalsin healthy elm bark show a broad array of biologicalactivity (i.e., short-range orientation, feeding incitation, feeding stimulation, etc.). Interpretation of the experimental results provided new levels of insight to the continuum of behavioral responses by S. multistriatus to these chemicals.
Ischemic stroke during sexual intercourse: a report of 4 cases in persons with patent foramen ovale.

Background The association between patent foramen ovale (PFO) and stroke risk in young adults is controversial and poorly understood. Paradoxical embolization through a PFO represents a possible mechanism by which PFO might predispose to stroke. Objective To describe 4 patients with PFO who experienced the onset of ischemic stroke during sexual intercourse. Design Case series. Setting Tertiary referral stroke clinic. Patients Consecutive patients experiencing stroke during intercourse. Results All 4 patients were found to have PFO. Despite a thorough evaluation, no other etiology for stroke was identified. Conclusion We suggest that paradoxical embolization through a PFO due to elevated intrathoracic pressure during sexual activity could be a potential mechanism for stroke in these patients.
Derivation and Use of Simple Relationships between Aerodynamic and Optical Particle Measurements

AbstractA simple relationship, referred to as a mass conversion factor (MCF), is presented to convert optically based particle measurements to mass concentration. It is calculated from filter-based samples and optical particle counter (OPC) data on a daily or sample period basis. The MCF allows for greater temporal and spatial mass concentration information than typical filter-based measurements. Results of MCF calculations from several field studies are summarized. Pairwise comparisons from a collocated study with multiple OPCs and mass samplers suggest the minimum variability of the MCF is 5–10%. The variability of the MCF within a sample period during a field study with distributed samplers averaged 17–21%. In addition, the precision of the Airmetrics MiniVol Portable Air Sampler for particulate matter (PM) was typically <10%. Comparisons with federal reference method (FRM) samplers showed that MiniVols yield PM2.5 concentrations essentially equivalent to FRMs with slightly greater deviations from the ...
Synthesis of β-D-ribo- and 2'-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl derivatives of 6-aminopyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-4(5H)-one by a ring closure of pyrazole nucleoside precursors

6-Amino-1-(2-deoxy-β-D-erthro-pentofuranosyl)pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-4(5H)-one (5), as well as 2-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)- and 2-(2-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl)- derivatives of 6-aminopyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-4(5H)-one (18 and 22, respectively) have been synthesized by a base-catalyzed ring closure of pyrazole nucleoside precursors. Glycosylation of the sodium salt of methyl 3(5)-cyanomethylpyrazole-4-carboxylate (6) with 1-chloro-2-deoxy-3,5-di-O-p-toluoyl-α-D-erythro-pentofuranose (8) provided the corresponding N-1 and N-2 glycosyl derivatives (9 and 10, respectively). Debenzoylation of 9 and 10 with sodium methoxide gave deprotected nucleosides 14 and 16, respectively. Further ammonolysis of 14 and 16 afforded 5(or 3)-cyanomethyl-1-(2-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide (15 and 17, respectively). Ring closure of 15 and 17 in the presence of sodium carbonate gave 5 and 22, respectively. By contrast, glycosylation of the sodium salt of 6 with 2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribofuranosyl bromide (11) or the persilylated 6 with 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranose gave mainly the N-2 glycosylated derivative 13, which on ammonolysis and ring closure furnished 18. Phosphorylation of 18 gave 6-amino-2-β-D-ribofuranosylpyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-4(5H)-one 5′-phosphate (19). The site of glycosylation and the anomeric configuration of these nucleosides have been assigned on the basis of 1H nmr and uv spectral characteristics and by single-crystal X-ray analysis of 16.
Detection of brain-reactive autoantibodies in the sera of autoimmune mice using ELISA

There are considerable problems with developing an assay to detect the often small quantities of autoantibodies which react against antigens in a heterogeneous and complex mixture from a source such as brain. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed which can detect naturally occurring autoantibodies in serum that are reactive with integral brain membrane antigens. Sera were collected from autoimmune BXSB and NZB mice and non-autoimmune C57BL/6 mice at various ages and were assayed for the presence of brain-reactive autoantibodies (BRAAs). It is shown that this technique provides a highly sensitive, specific, and rapid assay for detecting BRAAs in serum. It shows that integral membrane antigens from whole brain can be isolated and used to detect and quantitate antibodies in the sera of autoimmune and non-autoimmune mice. The data also confirm studies, using different techniques, showing higher levels of autoantibodies to brain in autoimmune as compared to non-autoimmune mice. There are numerous potential applications for this ELISA, such as in rapidly screening large numbers of samples of biological fluids, tracking autoimmune disease progression over time, detecting small quantities of antibody against brain antigens, and as an assay system for investigating the role of BRAAs in the pathogenesis of immune mediated CNS disease.
Associations of Rape-Supportive Attitudes with Fraternal and Athletic Participation

Rape-supportive attitudes are examined among a sample of university athletes, fraternity members, and controls. A sample of 477 males were recruited on a large southeastern university campus. Comparison of mean scores indicates that fraternity men reported significantly greater agreement with five statements supportive of rape and adversarial gender beliefs than did controls. Athletes reported significantly greater agreement with 14 rape-supportive statements than did controls. The control group reported significantly greater agreement with two rape-supportive statements than did athletes. Results are examined in light of research connecting sexual violence and rape-supportive attitudes.
A numerical investigation of dopant segregation by modified vertical gradient freezing with moderate magnetic and weak electric fields

The paper numerically investigates melt growth of doped gallium-antimonide (GaSb) semiconductor crystals by the vertical gradient freeze (VGF) method utilizing a submerged heater. Electromagnetic (EM) stirring can be induced in the gallium-antimonide melt just above the crystal growth interface by applying a small radial electric current in the melt together with an axial magnetic field. The transport of any dopant by the stirring can promote better compositional homogeneity. This investigation presents a numerical model for the unsteady transport of a dopant during the VGF process by submerged heater growth with a moderate axial magnetic field and a weak electric field. Numerical predictions of the dopant distributions in the crystal and in the melt at several different stages during growth are presented.
Living Renal Donor Allograft Lithiasis: A Review of Stone Related Morbidity in Donors and Recipients

Purpose: The use of screening computerized tomography angiography has resulted in the increased detection of incidental nephrolithiasis in potential living renal donor candidates. We reviewed current acceptance guidelines for donors with stone disease as well as data on stone related outcomes in donors with stone disease and recipients who received a kidney with a stone left in situ.Materials and Methods: We performed a medical literature search in English using MEDLINE®/PubMed® that addressed renal donor allograft lithiasis. We then analyzed the literature with respect to the historical evolution of this concept, current guidelines regarding the acceptance of donors with stones and stone related morbidity in recipients and donors.Results: The prevalence of asymptomatic solitary nephrolithiasis has increased with the widespread use of screening computerized tomography angiography during renal donor evaluation. Few studies have addressed the risk of stone related morbidity in donors and recipients. Short-t...
The brominated aryl-polyene (xanthomonadin) pigments ofXanthomonas juglandis protect against photobiological damage

The brominated aryl-polyene, (xanthomonadin) pigments-characteristic of the nonphotosynthetic and phytopathogenic bacteria belonging to the genusXanthomonas-were examined for their role in protecting these bacteria against photobiological destruction of some as-yet unknown vital cellular component(s). Survival of a pigmented wild-type strain (ICPB XJ103) ofXanthomonas juglandis and a colorless mutant strain (ICPB XJ103-31) derived from it were compared after exposure to visible light in the presence of an exogenous photosensitizer, toluidine blue. Under these conditions, the survival of the pigmented wild-type strain was approximately two order of magnitude greater than the survival of the colorless mutant strain. Both strains were fully protected in the dark in the presence of toluidine blue. Although the oxygen-free controls were inconclusive-and the mechanisms(s) and target(s) remain unknown-the results do indicate that xanthomonadin pigments protect against photokilling.
Endosymbiosis in Blastocystis hominis.

Abstract Examination of eight strains of axenically grown Blastocystis hominis by Nomarski interference optics revealed the presence in all strains of intracellular bacterialike spheres and rods, which were named alpha. These structures were confirmed by transmission (TEM) and freeze fracture (FEM) electron microscopy. The endosymbiont was spherical to rod-shaped. A limiting membrane was present, but never a cell wall. Alpha could not be grown outside of the B. hominis cell. There was a direct relationship of increasing endosymbiont numbers and B. hominis cell size. Cells containing hundreds of alpha were from 80 to 200 μm in diameter. Conventional B. hominis cells (4–7 μm) contained few or no endosymbiont. B. hominis in fecal specimens contained the endosymbiont.
Physiological and environmental regulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration: a model that includes a laminar boundary layer

Abstract This paper presents a system of models for the simulation of gas and energy exchange of a leaf of a C3 plant in free air. The physiological processes are simulated by sub-models that: (a) give net photosynthesis (An) as a function of environmental and leaf parameters and stomatal conductance (gs); (b) give g, as a function of the concentration of CO2 and H2O in air at the leaf surface and the current rate of photosynthesis of the leaf. An energy balance and mass transport sub-model is used to couple the physiological processes through a variable boundary layer to the ambient environment. The models are based on theoretical and empirical analysis of gs, and An measured at the leaf level, and tests with intact attached leaves of soybeans show very good agreement between predicted and measured responses of gs and An over a wide range of leaf temperatures (20–35°C), CO2 concentrations (10–90 Pa), air to leaf water vapor deficits (0.5–3.7 kPa) and light intensities (100–2000 μmol m−2s−1). The combined models were used to simulate the responses of latent heat flux (λE) and gs for a soybean canopy for the course of an idealized summer day, using the ‘big-leaf’ approximation. Appropriate data are not yet available to provide a rigorous test of these simulations, but the response patterns are similar to field observations. These simulations show a pronounced midday depression of λE and gs at low or high values of boundary-layer conductance. Deterioration of plant water relations during midday has often been invoked to explain this common natural phenomenon, but the present models do not consider this possibility. Analysis of the model indicates that the simulated midday depression is, in part, the result of positive feedback mediated by the boundary layer. For example, a change in gs affects An and λE. As a consequence, the temperature, humidity and CO2 concentration of the air in the proximity of the stomata (e.g. the air at the leaf surface) change and these, in turn, affect gs. The simulations illustrate the possible significance of the boundary layer in mediating feedback loops which affect the regulation of stomatal conductance and λE. The simulations also examine the significance of changing the response properties of the photosynthetic component of the model by changing leaf protein content or the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere.
Optical Limiting Properties of Suspended and Solubilized Carbon Nanotubes

Full and shortened single-walled and multiple-walled carbon nanotubes were suspended in water to form stable suspensions in the presence of a surfactant. Optical limiting properties of the suspensions were determined for 532-nm pulsed laser irradiation, and the results were comparable with those of carbon black aqueous suspension. Solubilization of the shortened carbon nanotubes was achieved by attaching the nanotubes to highly soluble poly(propionylethylenimine-co-ethylenimine) or by functionalizing the nanotubes with octadecylamine. The soluble carbon nanotube samples formed homogeneous solutions in room-temperature chloroform. Optical limiting properties of these solutions were also determined for 532-nm pulsed laser irradiation, and the results were found to be quite different from those of the carbon nanotube aqueous suspensions. Apparently, the carbon nanotubes exhibit significantly weaker optical limiting responses in homogeneous solutions than in suspensions. Mechanistic implications of the experi...
An extreme point theorem for inverses in a Banach algebra with identity

A version of Corollary 2 for Hilbert space was orally communicated to the author by C. Pearcy. His proof employed facts about the numerical range, inner products, and orthogonality, and thus made use of structure peculiar to Hilbert space. A Banach algebra with identity is a more comfortable setting for these results, and there it is much clearer just what is important in each proof.
In vitro metabolism of vitamin D3 by isolated liver cells.

Liver cells were prepared from rats fed a rachitogenic diet to investigate the hepatic metabolism of [α — 1,2 —3H2] vitamin D3. Rat hepatocytes suspended in Hanks medium rapidly took up labeled vitamin D3 from the incubation medium and converted this sterol to various metabolites, including 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25-OH-D3). There was a steady increment in the cellular production of 25-OH-D3 and of the more polar metabolites of vitamin D3 over 3 hr of incubation as determined by thin layer chromatography. Neither the addition of cyclic nucleotides or dexamethasone to, nor the removal of calcium or phosphate from the medium resulted in changes in the rate of conversion of vitamin D3 to its products. Rats pretreated with sodium diphenylhydantoin converted labeled vitamin D3 to its metabolites at the same rate as control rats. These data indicate that isolated liver cells retain the capacity for vitamin D3 hydroxylation, but suggest that the rate of this process does not undergo rapid changes in response to metabolic stimulation.
Longitudinal association between social capital and self-esteem: A matter of context

The aim of this study is to investigate the longitudinal association between indicators of different components of social capital at the individual, household, and area levels and self-esteem while adjusting for various confounders at multiple levels. Respondents participating in Wave 1 (2009) and 2 (2010) of the Seoul Welfare Panel Study were used in the analysis. The final sample for the current study includes a total of 5127 participants in 2738 households within 25 administrative areas. This study shows that only a small amount of variance in self-esteem was attributed to the area level (7.6%). On the other hand, a relatively large amount of variance in self-esteem was attributed to the household level (52.5%). It has also shown that all individual-level social capital indicators including perceived helpfulness, organizational participation, and volunteer work were positively associated with self-esteem. Among household-level indicators of social capital, only organizational participation was associated with self-esteem. However, none of the area-level social capital indicators were associated with self-esteem. The main finding of the current study suggested that the association between social capital and self-esteem varied depending on both dimensions and levels of social capital indicators.
Automated discrete-trials techniques of appetitive conditioning in honey bees

Automated techniques of appetitive conditioning in honey bees are described. The subject is pretrained to come to the laboratory, where it is confined while the training trials are programmed and then is free to return to the hive. The responses recorded are approach to and entering a tube into which sucrose solution is pumped. Illustrative experiments on classical conditioning, simple instrumental conditioning, and choice are reported.
High-Sensitivity Observation of Dipolar Exchange and NOEs between Exchangeable Protons in Proteins by 3D Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

A highly sensitive new 1H-detected 3D solid-state NMR method is described for characterizing 1H−1H spin exchange in nanocrystalline samples of 15N- and 2H-enriched protein. Long-range contacts are observed in human ubiquitin. The method is also used to show that numerous NOEs between backbone amides and crystal water protons can be observed.
Presence versus absence of hydrogen bond donor Tyr-39 influences interactions of cationic trypsin and mesotrypsin with protein protease inhibitors.

Mesotrypsin displays unusual resistance to inhibition by polypeptide trypsin inhibitors and cleaves some such inhibitors as substrates, despite a high degree of conservation with other mammalian trypsins. Substitution of Arg for the generally conserved Gly-193 has been implicated as a critical determinant of the unusual behavior of mesotrypsin toward protein protease inhibitors. Another relatively conserved residue near the trypsin active site, Tyr-39, is substituted by Ser-39 in mesotrypsin. Tyr-39, but not Ser-39, forms a hydrogen bond with the main chain amide nitrogen of the P4′ residue of a bound protease inhibitor. To investigate the role of the Tyr-39 H-bond in trypsin-inhibitor interactions, we reciprocally mutated position 39 in mesotrypsin and human cationic trypsin to Tyr-39 and Ser-39, respectively. We assessed inhibition constants and cleavage rates of canonical protease inhibitors bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and the amyloid precursor protein Kunitz protease inhibitor domain by mesotrypsin and cationic trypsin variants, finding that the presence of Ser-39 relative to Tyr-39 results in a 4- to 13-fold poorer binding affinity and a 2- to 18-fold increase in cleavage rate. We also report the crystal structure of the mesotrypsin-S39Y•BPTI complex, in which we observe an H-bond between Tyr-39 OH and BPTI Ile-19 N. Our results indicate that the presence of Ser-39 in mesotrypsin, and corresponding absence of a single H-bond to the inhibitor backbone, makes a small but significant functional contribution to the resistance of mesotrypsin to inhibition and the ability of mesotrypsin to proteolyze inhibitors.
Identifying opportunities for improved colorectal cancer screening in primary care.

Background. Although current recommendations advocate screening persons 50 years of age or older for colorectal cancer (CRC), actual screening practice is highly variable among primary care physicians (PCPs). Knowledge of the factors that influence whether or not screening is offered during a clinic visit is essential to develop effective screening strategies. Methods. A cross-sectional telephone survey of one in four randomly selected patients aged 50 years or older (n = 400) attending a primary care clinic within an integrated health care system in central Texas was conducted. A survey of all PCPs (n = 32) at the practice sites was also administered. Results. The visit type was an important determinant of whether CRC screening was discussed, with most discussion occurring during visits for physicals (P < 0.0001). This finding was corroborated by the physician survey. Patient age and education were also associated with a higher likelihood of having been offered CRC screening (P = 0.009 and 0.014, respectively). Patient race, gender, primary language, PCP, or clinics attended were not significantly associated with the discussion of CRC screening. Conclusions. Discussions regarding CRC screening are most likely to occur during preventive care visits. Thus, facilitating preventive visits especially for the elderly represents an opportunity to improve CRC screening rates in primary care practice.
135. Comparison of multiplex immunoassays and ELISAs for the determination of circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines

To determine whether multiplex immunoassays yield results that are comparable to those obtained with traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), cytokine concentrations were determined in 53 EDTA plasma samples from 7 college-age healthy individuals (3 female) undergoing experimental placebo ( n = 4) or endotoxin ( n = 3) exposure; 6–8 blood samples per subject were collected over a 7-h observation period. Plasma was assayed according to the manufacturer’s protocols for IL1-β, IL6, and TNF-α by high sensitivity ELISAs (Quantikine, R& D Systems), and as part of an 11-plex Performance High Sensitivity Human Cytokine multiplex bead-based (Luminex) assay (R& D Systems). When all samples in the placebo and endotoxin conditions were examined together, strong correlations were seen between ELISA and multiplex concentrations of IL1-β ( r = 0.91), IL6 ( r = 0.99), and TNF-α ( r = 0.94; all p values r = 0.89) and IL6 ( r = 0.98; both p values r = −0.28). This difference for TNF was not a function of assay sensitivity, as the calculated TNF concentrations for all placebo samples were within the range of the standard curve on both ELISA and multiplex assays. For IL-1 and IL-6, ELISAs and multiplex immunoassays yield similar results for samples in the physiological circulating range.
Endpoints in pediatric pain studies

Assessing pain intensity in (preverbal) children is more difficult than in adults. Tools to measure pain are being used as primary endpoints [e.g., pain intensity, time to first (rescue) analgesia, total analgesic consumption, adverse effects, and long-term effects] in studies on the effects of analgesic drugs. Here, we review current and promising new endpoints used in pediatric pain assessment studies.
Robotic telesurgery for achalasia

The craft of surgery has always relied on the use of instruments. Innovations in surgery have paralleled innovations in instrumentation. Advances in surgical instrumentation continue today and have enabled huge strides in surgical procedures and outcomes during this generation. Computers and related technology are now changing the interface between the surgeon and the patient, and are poised to improve patient outcomes by enhancing the surgeon’s skills and training. The application of computer enhanced telemanipulators, or “robots”, may specifically enhance operations, for example Heller myotomy, that require good visualization and precise careful dissection of delicate structures. This review covers the pathophysiology of achalasia and its history of medical and surgical treatment, leading to modern robotic telesurgical approaches. Improvements in outcome from medical to standard surgical to robotic telesurgical approaches are discussed. Current operative technique for robotic telesurgical treatment of achalasia is described and the authors conclude with a glimpse of where, in the future, current research endeavors will lead us in the treatment of achalasia.
Treatment and Prevention of Recurrence of Multinodular Goiter: An Evidence-based Review of the Literature

Background Reportedly, 10−15% of patients with goiters ultimately require operative intervention, and recurrences of multinodular goiter (MNG) account for up to 12% of all thyroid operations.
The Effect of Varied Brooding Temperature on the Incidence of Leg Weakness and Subsequent Performance of Turkeys

Abstract Male Nicholas turkeys were used in a study designed to determine the effects of high, moderate, and low brooding temperature on the occurrence of leg abnormalities during a subsequent 20 week grow-out period. Performance data were also obtained. There were no significant differences among the poults brooded under any of the three temperature regimens in the incidence of leg weakness or mortality. Body weights and feed/gain ratios measured at 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 weeks of age were similar regardless of brooding temperature.
Editor's Choice: Becoming Student Centered Via the One-Stop Shop Initiative: A Case Study of Onondaga Community College:

The article provides a blueprint of how a mid-sized community college in the midst of coping with increasing enrollment and scarce resources was able to improve dramatically its services to new enr...
RUM III vehicle control system

The hardware and software design of a control system for the RUM III vehicle project, is described. The functional requirements, design constraints, and system configuration are first examined. A description of the hardware systems and their corresponding software components follows.
Instantons and chiral Lagrangian.

We derive the chiral Lagrangian including instanton corrections in a consistent way. $\mathrm{CP}$ violation associated with the $\ensuremath{\theta}$ term in QCD is discussed in terms of this chiral Lagrangian. A particular emphasis is given to a phenomenological determination of ${m}_{u}$ and $\ensuremath{\theta}$. It is shown that, contrary to the previous conclusion that ${m}_{u}=0.56{m}_{d}$ and $\ensuremath{\theta}=0$, all three distinct cases (i) $0.56\ensuremath{\ge}\frac{{m}_{u}}{{m}_{d}}g0$, $\ensuremath{\theta}=0$, (ii) ${m}_{u}=0$, (iii) $0.56\ensuremath{\ge}\frac{{m}_{u}}{{m}_{d}}g0$, $\ensuremath{\theta}=\ensuremath{\pi}$ are phenomenologically acceptable depending on the strength of the instanton corrections. In cases (i) and (iii), the ratio $\frac{{m}_{u}}{{m}_{d}}$ can be much smaller than the usually quoted value 0.56. As a result, the models of spontaneous $\mathrm{CP}$ violation which predict $|\ensuremath{\theta}|\ensuremath{\gg}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ can be phenomenologically viable. Also in the axion models, because of the possibility of $\frac{{m}_{u}}{{m}_{d}}$ being arbitrarily small, the cosmological upper bound on the axion decay constant can be relaxed.
Parental Nurturance and the Mental Health and Parenting of Urban African American Adolescent Mothers.

This study examined the relationship between a teen mother's perceptions of nurturance from her mother and father and her mental health and parenting attitudes. One-hundred and thirty-eight urban, primarily African American adolescent mothers were interviewed. Multivariate results indicate that teen mothers who felt nurtured by their mothers had greater empathy toward their own children, and those who felt nurtured by their fathers reported greater parenting satisfaction. These findings support the importance of interventions that include supporting nurturing parenting of adolescent mothers by their mothers and their fathers.
Differential far-end crosstalk cancellation — Implementations and challenges

This paper is a follow-up of the paper published in 2011 IEEE EMC symposium, where a new type of far-end crosstalk cancellation for differential signal was proposed. Since then, various implementation schemes had been attempted in system designs. However, it turned out that due to routing constraints, the implementation on a production board can be very challenging. The authors will discuss what the challenges are and how we mitigate it. Furthermore, lab results will also be presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of crosstalk cancellation in products.
Aircraft design optimization with dynamic performance constraints

This paper describes an integrated optimization procedure for aircraft design in which multidisciplinary criteria are used as performance measures. A composite objective function consisting of a handling qualities parameter and other measures of mission performance is minimized using an unconstrained optimization method. The design variables may include aircraft configuration variables and control system gains. Three example design problems using this methodology are discussed: tail sizing for minimum trimmed drag with longitudinal handling qualities constraints, wing weight minimization with aeroelastic constraints, and oblique wing design for commanded response decoupling. Results show that the integrated design procedure can achieve performance that exceeds that obtained in a sequential design synthesis.
Midgut Bacteria in Anopheles gambiae and An. funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Kenya and Mali

Field studies in Kenya and Mali investigated the prevalence of bacteria in the midguts of malaria vectors, and the potential relationship between gram-negative bacteria species and Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. Midguts were dissected from 2,430 mosquitoes: 863 Anopheles funestus Giles and 1,037 An. gambiae s.l. Giles from Kenya, and 530 An. gambiae s.l. from Mali. An. funestus had a higher prevalence of gram-negative bacteria (28.5%) compared with An. gambiae collected in Kenya and Mali (15.4 and 12.5%, respectively). Twenty different genera of bacteria were identified by gas chromatography from 73 bacterial isolates from mosquito midguts. Pantoea agglomerans (Enterobacter agglomerans) was the most common species identified. There was no association between gram-negative bacteria in the midgut and P. falciparum sporozoites in field-collected An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus. However, An. funestus females that harbored gram positive bacteria were more likely to be infected with sporozoites compared with those with no cultivable bacteria or gram negative bacteria in their midguts. Habitat-related variation in the prevalence of diverse types of bacteria in mosquitoes could influence malaria parasite development in mosquitoes and corresponding sporozoite prevalence.
“Anti-colonial Genomic Practice?” Learning from the Genographic Project and the Chacmool Conference

I want to commend the organizers of the Chacmool Conference panel. All too often attempts to discuss the broader social and cultural dimensions of genetic studies of ancient human migrations devolve into simplistic celebrations or condemnations. It is heartening to find here an example of a conference session that managed to avoid these dangerous poles, and to grapple instead with the hard task of discerning the issues raised and not raised by genomic studies of human migrations and history. I would like to devote my commentary to exploring what might be learned from the discussions at Chacmool.
THE KITSELAS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

W HERE the Skeena river breaks through the easteiln barrier of the Coast Ra ge in British Columbia, 75 miles from its mouth, the pent-up waters have cut a deep cation upward of a mile and a half in length, impassable during the spring and summer freshets and fraught with danger at all seasons. It is the most justly dreaded inland waterway of the Northwest, for, aside from the tremendous force of the contracted river over an
The responses of eight coral reef calcifiers to increasing partial pressure of CO2 do not exhibit a tipping point

The objective of this study was to investigate whether a tipping point exists in the calcification responses of coral reef calcifiers to CO2. We compared the effects of six partial pressures of CO2 (PCO2 ) from 28 Pa to 210 Pa on the net calcification of four corals (Acropora pulchra, Porites rus, Pocillopora damicornis, and Pavona cactus), and four calcified algae (Hydrolithon onkodes, Lithophyllum flavescens, Halimeda macroloba, and Halimeda minima). After 2 weeks of acclimation in a common environment, organisms were incubated in 12 aquaria for 2 weeks at the targeted PCO2 levels and net calcification was quantified. All eight species calcified at the highest PCO2 in which the calcium carbonate aragonite saturation state was , 1. Calcification decreased linearly as a function of increasing partial PCO2 in three corals and three algae. Overall, the decrease in net calcification as a function of decreasing pH was , 10% when ambient PCO2 (39 Pa) was doubled. The calcification responses of P. damicornis and H. macroloba were unaffected by increasing PCO2 . These results are inconsistent with the notion that coral reefs will be affected by rising PCO2 in a response characterized by a tipping point. Instead, our findings combined among taxa suggest a gradual decline in calcification will occur, but this general response includes specific cases of complete resistance to rising PCO2 . Together our results suggest that the overall response of coral reef communities to ocean acidification will be monotonic and inversely proportional to PCO2 , with reef-wide responses dependent on the species composition of calcifying taxa.
Dual function of Slit2 in repulsion and enhanced migration of trunk, but not vagal, neural crest cells

Neural crest precursors to the autonomic nervous system form different derivatives depending upon their axial level of origin; for example, vagal, but not trunk, neural crest cells form the enteric ganglia of the gut. Here, we show that Slit2 is expressed at the entrance of the gut, which is selectively invaded by vagal, but not trunk, neural crest. Accordingly, only trunk neural crest cells express Robo receptors. In vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrate that trunk, not vagal, crest cells avoid cells or cell membranes expressing Slit2, thereby contributing to the differential ability of neural crest populations to invade and innervate the gut. Conversely, exposure to soluble Slit2 significantly increases the distance traversed by trunk neural crest cells. These results suggest that Slit2 can act bifunctionally, both repulsing and stimulating the motility of trunk neural crest cells.
Statutory Central Bank Independence in Taiwan

This paper critically reviews the Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) Act and finds that the level of legal independence of the central bank is relatively low compared to the rest of the world. However, Taiwan has been able to combine low inflation with a legally dependent central bank. We provide possible explanations to this low inflation/low independence puzzle in Taiwan and argue that Taiwan should still follow the trend of creating a more independent central bank.
Are there imaging characteristics associated with lung adenocarcinomas harboring ALK rearrangements

Introduction 5% of lung adenocarcinomas harbor rearrangements of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene. This study compared computed tomography (CT) imaging features in patients with ALK rearrangements and those with EGFR mutations.
Transient genital abnormalities in striped hyenas (Hyaena hyaena)

The highly masculinized genitalia of female spotted hyenas Crocuta crocuta is unique among mammals: Crocuta have no external vagina so urination, penile intromission and parturition take place through the clitoris, which mimics a fully erectile male penis. Among hyenids, virilization of external female genitalia has previously been observed only in Crocuta, so functional explanations of masculinization have focused on aspects of social ecology unique to the species. Here we first show that the striped hyena Hyaena hyaena exhibits both unusual similarity in male and female androgen concentrations and transient genital anomalies characterized by a convergence in genital appearance among young males and females. We then evaluate hypotheses regarding the evolution of genital masculinization in the Hyaenidae and other taxa. Hyaena are behaviorally solitary, so discovery of unusual genital development patterns in this species does not support any current evolutionary models for masculinization in Crocuta, which all rely on the trait originating within a highly social species. Some hypotheses can be modified so that masculinization in Crocuta represents an extreme elaboration of a preexisting trait, shared as a homology with Hyaena.
Serum digoxin concentrations in dogs before and during concomitant administration of furosemide

Healthy dogs were treated once a day for 16 days with a liquid, oral dosage form of digoxin (0.022 mg/kg). From day 9 to 16 they were also injected intramuscularly with furosemide (4.4 mg/kg). Serum digoxin was measured by a radioimmunoassay technique. Eight hours after the eighth dose of digoxin had been administered, serum digoxin concentration was in the accepted therapeutic range. After 8 days of concomitant administration of digoxin and furosemide, serum digoxin concentration was found to be in the accepted moderate-to-severe toxic range. Clinical signs of digitalis toxicosis were consistently observed during the combined digoxin-plus-furosemide treatment period. There was no significant (P>0.05) change in the serum concentrations of potassium, sodium, or in osmolality during digoxin treatment alone. Serum creatinine concentrations remained within the accepted normal range for dogs. Serum sodium concentration was significantly (P<0.05) lower during combined digoxin-plus-furosemide treatment when compared to digoxin treatment only. Results indicate that an interaction between digoxin and furosemide occurred which led to significantly (P<0.05) higher concentrations of serum digoxin during combined digoxin and furosemide treatment.
Primary motor cortical neurons encode functional muscle synergies

Many different kinematic and kinetic signals have been proposed as possible variables under the control of the primary motor cortex. Despite the presence of direct projections to motor neurons, muscle activation has received less attention as a controlled variable. Furthermore, although it is well known that descending fibers project to multiple motor pools, an objective, quantitative study of the relation between neuronal modulation and the activity of groups of muscles has not previously been reported. We have recorded the discharge of 310 neurons located in the primary motor cortex of two monkeys, along with the activity of a variety of arm and hand muscles. Data were recorded while the monkey reached to and pressed a series of illuminated buttons. The similarity of a given neuron’s discharge with respect to each muscle was determined by calculating the linear cross-correlation between its discharge rate and each rectified, filtered electromyogram. A “functional linkage vector” was then constructed, which expressed the similarity of that neuron’s discharge to the entire set of muscles. We discovered discrete groups of functional linkage vectors within the high order muscle space for both monkeys which corresponded to functional properties of the neurons measured by other methods. Several of these groups appeared to represent a functional synergy of muscles, such as those required to extend the limb, press a button, or open the hand in preparation for the press. When the dimensionality of this space was reduced by a principal components analysis, the originally identified clusters of neurons remained well separated. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the discharge of individual neurons in the primary motor cortex encodes the activity of a relatively small number of functionally relevant groups of muscles. It will be important to determine whether these results will also apply to more complex behavior, and to what extent these functional muscle synergy representations remain fixed across behaviors.
Use of Buffered Solvent Systems with Concentric Flow Nebulization Liquid Chromatography/Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry

Identifiable Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of species eluting from a high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) in buffered mobile phases are shown. The spectra are measured with the use of an online solvent-elimination HPLC/FT-IR interface based on direct-deposition concentric flow nebulization. Both volatile and nonvolatile buffers were used, in mobile phases consisting of 63-100% water. Examples of spectra of components separated by microbore HPLC using these buffered systems are shown. For the systems using nonvolatile buffers, spectral subtraction is needed to obtain analyte spectra, and absorption bands due to the buffer are rarely completely eliminated. For systems using volatile buffers, very little or no spectral subtraction is needed at low buffer concentrations. Minimum identifiable quantities in the low-nanogram range were achieved.
Natural history and captive management of the Aye-aye Daubentonia madagascariensis: at the Duke University Primate Center, Durham

The Aye-aye Daubentonia rnadagascariensis is an endangered primate indigenous to Madagascar. Originally identified as a type of squirrel and only recognized as a primate in 1800, it was not until 1992 that successful breeding in captivity occurred. This paper summarizes the morphology, natural history, captive history and captive management of the species. Since 1987 the Aye-aye has been kept at Duke University Primate Center, the first birth there from a captive mating occurred in 1992. The original 2.2 animals were maintained on local photoperiod but, in 1992, with the arrival of 1.3 wild-caught Aye-aye and because there had been no successful breeding to date, a Madagascar photoperiod was instituted. Between 1992 and 1994 five young, of which four were reared, were born at the Center. Because of the animals' selective eating of favoured food items the diet offered had to be amended to include a gruel to reduce the chances of the recurrence of the protein and vitamidmineral deficiency observed in an 11-month-old infant.
Solubility of Petroleum in Water as Function of Temperature and Salinity and Its Significance in Primary Petroleum Migration: ABSTRACT

The aqueous solubilities of individual hydrocarbons, petroleums, and petroleum fractions increase with increasing temperatures. The rate of solubility increase is uniform from room temperature to about 100°C, after which the rate of increase rises markedly. At temperatures above 150°C, solubilities are high enough to account for the transfer of significant quantities of dissolved hydrocarbons in geologic systems. Salinities of 350,000 ppm NaCl concentration reduce the aqueous solubilities of individual gasoline-range hydrocarbons to 5-7% of their solubilities in fresh water. A temperature drop from 150 to 25°C reduces the aqueous solubility of a whole petroleum by a factor of 4.5-20.5. Thus, the pronounced decrease in solubility of petroleums at higher salinities and lower temperatures encountered at shallow depths readily serves to release dissolved hydrocarbons during the upward movement of subsurface waters. Other investigators have shown that 15-20% water, by volume, remains in Gulf Coast argillaceous sediments at depths below 14,000-18,000 ft. This quantity of water is sufficient to account for the primary migration of petroleum from source rocks by molecular solution. Faults are believed to provide the pathways for vertical movement of water and dissolved hydrocarbons from great depth. Eventually the fluids are focused into sands when the fault becomes impermeable to further fluid movement. Field examples are present in the Gulf Coast and Los Angeles basin. This mechanism is restricted to argillaceous basins containing high concentrations of expandable mixed-layer clays that are buried to a minimal depth of 20,000 ft. It does not apply to carbonates or argillaceous limestones in which primary migration can occur at much shallower depths. End_of_Article - Last_Page 801------------
Environmental modeling vs. the "chicken soup" approach: work in progress

The author wishes to note that the models discussed in this paper are all now under construction. Al though they are all being designed by the Environ mental Studies Division (ESD), there are large num bers of inputs from various other members of the research and policy community. Further, not all of the members of the ESD design team look at the models exactly as the author does. Each member of ESD's teams was chosen because of his unique point of view and the resulting models all represent a meld. Specifically, the SEAS project staff is composed of Martin Brossman, John Gerba, Sam Ratick, and Gene Tyndall; the carrying-capacity team, of Dr. Martin Redding and Robert Livingston; and so forth. Dr. Philip Patterson and I are members of each of these teams. Because the staff is small in number, there is considerable cross-fertilization in each model area. As a result, the points of view in this paper are mine to the extent that team members disagree, and are all of ours when all do agree. The reader is aske...