cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activity explorer: activity-centric collaboration from research to product

Activity Explorer is the first product from IBM that supports the notion of activity-centric collaboration. This new collaboration paradigm organizes and integrates resources, tools, and people around the computational concept of a work activity, with the goal of increasing work quality and efficiency. In essence, activity-centric collaboration is an important and compelling example of contextual collaboration. Activity Explorer emerged from a multiyear research effort on activity-centric collaboration. This paper presents an overview of the most significant milestones of this research program and highlights the most interesting findings. The research behind Activity Explorer is based on many empirical studies, design explorations, and infrastructural engineering and technical simulations. We demonstrate how our research not only influenced product direction, but also the IBM vision for activity-centric collaboration.
Institutions and Legacies: Electoral Volatility in the Postcommunist World:

The postcommunist states of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have witnessed levels of electoral volatility higher than both Western Europe and Latin America, levels that have deleterious ...
Relationship Between a Systemic Inflammatory Marker, Plaque Inflammation, and Plaque Characteristics Determined by Intravascular Optical Coherence Tomography

Objective— The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between the peripheral white blood cell (WBC) count, local plaque fibrous cap macrophage density, and the morphological features and presence of thin-cap fibroatheromas (TCFA) identified by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods and Results— OCT was performed in patients undergoing catheterization. Images were analyzed using validated criteria for plaque characteristics. Baseline WBC count correlated with macrophage density ( r =0.483, P r =−0.547 for macrophage density and −0.423 for WBC count, P P P =0.007). Receiver operator curves for WBC count, macrophage density, and these combined parameters for prediction of TCFA showed the area under the curves were 0.88, 0.91, and 0.97 ( P Conclusion— This study provides the first in vivo data linking the peripheral WBC count, plaque fibrous cap macrophage density, and the characteristics and presence of TCFA. Macrophage density correlated with the WBC count, and both parameters independently and particularly in combination predict the presence of TCFA.
U.S. Policy toward Israel, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia: An Integrated Analysis, 1981-2004

This project is an integrated quantitative and qualitative examination of the influences on U.S. foreign policy toward a sample of Middle East states (Israel, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia) over the last quarter century. Examinations of general trends in the relationships between these dyads, regression analyses, and brief case studies look at a number of factors contributing to the construction of these relationships, what these relationships look like, and how they have changed over time. The findings show that both policy reciprocation and U.S. executive play key roles in determining U.S. foreign policy outcomes. Also discussed is the utility of a broad-based research approach including the integration of qualitative and quantitative work, the examination of individual-level, state-level, and structure-level influences in an inclusive framework, as well as the taking interactive trends over time and the various degrees of conflict within these trends (“high,”“low,” and “middle”) into account.
Highly accurate absorbing boundary conditions for wide-angle wave equations

We develop a new class of absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs) to prevent unwanted artifacts and wraparounds associated with aperture truncation in migration/modeling using high-order, one-way wave equations. The fundamental approach behind the proposed development is the efficient discretization of the half-space, beyond the boundary of interest, using midpoint-integrated imaginary finite elements, an idea recently utilized in the development of effective one-way wave equations. The proposed absorbing boundary conditions essentially add absorbing layers at the aperture truncation points. We derive the absorbing boundary conditions, analyze their properties, and develop a stable explicit finite-difference scheme to solve the downward-continuation problem modified by these boundary conditions. With the help of numerical examples, we conclude that with as few as three absorbing layers, i.e., two additional gridpoints, the waves can be absorbed completely, thus preventing associated artifacts.
Binding and Localization of Mr 72,000 Matrix Metalloproteinase at Cell Surface Invadopodia

Degradation (turnover) of collagenous matrix occurs on the surface of specialized membrane extensions termed "invadopodia," which are sites of cell invasion into the extracellular matrix. Here we show the localization of the M(r) 72,000 type IV collagenase of the matrix metalloproteinase family at invadopodia. When added exogenously, latent M(r) 72,000 collagenase binds to invadopodia of chicken embryo fibroblasts transformed by Rous sarcoma virus, whereupon the bound collagenase loses its propeptide. The collagenase binds to a component contained within the detergent extract of transformed cells, and increased levels of the active M(r) 62,000 form of the collagenase are seen here. Such an association is not detected in the detergent extract derived from normal cells. Using a recently developed cell fractionation procedure to collect cell surfaces enriched in invadopodia, we show that the M(r) 72,000 collagenase associates with the invadopodial fraction and active forms of the enzyme become immobilized on the collagenous surface. Thus, invadopodia direct intense localized degradation of the extracellular matrix by concentrating active membrane-associated collagenases at sites of cellular invasion.
Services: What Do We Know and Where Shall We Go?

This paper presents a literature review in the area of services marketing and management from 1986 to the present. An electronic library search under the key words "service marketing" supplemented with a manual search yielded 865 articles. These articles are organized into a framework based on the services dimensions (simultaneity, heterogeneity, intangibility and perishability) and the services marketing "7 Ps" (product, price, place, promotion, people, process, physical environment). While greater depth of knowledge in several areas within services is desired, there is a good deal of understanding of many services qualities. Services marketers should begin to export their ideas beyond services.
Anatomical and Physiological Factors Contributing to Chronic Muscle Pain

Chronic muscle pain remains a significant source of suffering and disability despite the adoption of pharmacologic and physical therapies. Muscle pain is mediated by free nerve endings distributed through the muscle along arteries. These nerves project to the superficial dorsal horn and are transmitted primarily through the spinothalamic tract to several cortical and subcortical structures, some of which are more active during the processing of muscle pain than other painful conditions. Mechanical forces, ischemia, and inflammation are the primary stimuli for muscle pain, which is reflected in the array of peripheral receptors contributing to muscle pain-ASIC, P2X, and TRP channels. Sensitization of peripheral receptors and of central pain processing structures are both critical for the development and maintenance of chronic muscle pain. Further, variations in peripheral receptors and central structures contribute to the significantly greater prevalence of chronic muscle pain in females.
A radiation oncologist's guide to contouring the larynx.

The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) head and neck protocol 1016 identifies the larynx as the “triangular prism shaped volume that begins just inferior to the hyoid bone and extends to the cricoid cartilage inferiorly and extends from the anterior commissure to include the arytenoids. It includes the infrahyoid, but not the suprahyoid epiglottis.”1 These guidelines leave room for variation of interpretation of larynx contouring. For example, the guidelines do not specify whether or not to include the thyroid cartilage or whether to include the air column within the larynx. It is not incorrect to see this variability, but certainly these are issues one confronts during contouring. There are likely to be many such variations of contours of the larynx that are reasonable and appropriate. The purpose of this paper is to present an interpretation of the guidelines in a step-by-step format that we believewill be useful for radiation oncologists and dosimetrists who treat head and neck cancer.
China's Opening to the World: What Does it Mean for U.S. Banks?

Doing business in China is not without risk. There are economic, political and demographic trouble spots in the economy that could affect businesses operating in China. The article examines these risks. It discusses fears of an overheating market, possible protectionism by those countries to which it exports its goods, rising economic inequality in the country, and China's rapidly aging population. It then proceeds to look at the risks arising from an uncertain regulatory environment and a large unwieldy government bureaucracy. Corporate governance is generally not good, and the article reviews problems with corruption and lack of transparency in Chinese businesses, focusing particularly on Chinese banks. It then appraises the systems for ensuring a safe return of capital, concentrating on the adequacy of China's bankruptcy laws, the enforcement of contracts and legal judgments, the adequacy of its credit infrastructure, the availability of crucial personnel, and the government's commitment to open competition. The article ends with a summary of the analysis and concluding remarks.
Information Security Tradeoffs: The User Perspective

Abstract When taking a typical approach to computer security, one could make the following relatively extreme statements: A piece of data can be rendered completely secure with 100 percent assurance. Simply write the data on a piece of paper, burn the paper, and scatter the ashes. No one will be able to read or alter that data ever again. Of course, this exercise and the underlying premise are a trick. Understanding the deception is the key to understanding information security: Data that is being “protected” has to remain available to legitimate users. There is a strong tendency for information security researchers and practitioners to focus on “securing” data by preventing attacks and loss of data. An IS practitioner's job might depend on preventing and recovering from security-related problems. However, increased monitoring and enhanced use of security controls can easily lead to interference and delays of information usage for legitimate users.
Rectenna Array Equipped on Satellites

Space solar-power satellites may one day transmit large amounts of high-powered microwave beams to Earth from geostationary Earth orbit. New spacecraft can be designed to prosper from this new available source of energy by equipping future spacecraft with a rectenna array or hybrid photovoltaic/rectenna array system. This idea offers prospective benefits, such as extending the mission lifetime of the spacecraft through increasing the life of the power generation function and reducing the power generation units mass. This paper explores the integration of rectenna array and hybrid photovoltaic/rectenna array systems into future spacecraft and compares this method to the conventional photovoltaic array method, considering mission and component life, mass, area, and energy harvesting capabilities. Cost is compared between conventional photovoltaic array and the rectenna array. This paper shows that the integrated hybrid photovoltaic/rectenna array power generation unit seems a viable option in obtaining the ...
Catalysis of Electroless Copper Plating using Pd +2 /Poly(Acryilc Acid) TIIIN Films

A new method is described for initiating electroless copper deposition onto dielectric substrates. The method employs a thin poly(acrylic acid) film, applied to the substrate by dip-coating, to bind Pd+2 from PdSO4 solution. Uptake of Pd+2 takes place by H+/Pd+2 ion exchange at the carboxylic acid sites of the polymer. Upon immersion of a substrate treated with Pd+2/poly(acrylic acid) into an electroless copper plating bath, reduction of Pd+2 to Pd0 takes place, forming an active catalyst for the initiation of electroless copper plating.
Large Vascular Degenerating Chorioangioma Associated with Fetal Macrosomia and Good Fetal Outcome

Abstract Large vascular chorioangioma is often associated with adverse perinatal outcome as a result of prematurity, fetal heart failure, and fetal anaemia. We report a case of large vascular chorioangioma in a 38-year-old patient who presented at 31 weeks with polyhydramnios. The patient was managed expectantly with serial ultrasound scans and delivered Caesarean section at 38 weeks or breech presentation. The unique feature of this case was the spontanous vascular regression of the chorioangioma which permitted good fetal outcome. From the available literature, it seems that this is the first reported case of a large vascular chorioangioma with spontaneous vascular regression.
ETHNIC DIVERSITY AND THE SPREAD OF CIVIL WAR

This paper theoretically and empirically investigates the relationship between local-level ethnic composition and the spread of conflict. Cross-country literature on conflict finds that ethnic diversity, and ethnic polarization in particular, are associated with greater incidence of conflict. However, the question remains as to where within ethnically diverse countries conflict begins and where and how it spreads. To study this question, I present a model in which local ethnic groups' decision to attack depends on three key variables: ethnic population shares, ethnic groups' weapons ratio, and the share of co-ethnic successes in the battles that took place in the previous period. The model generates three predictions: conflict starts in ethnically homogeneous areas and only later spreads to ethnically heterogeneous areas; neighbor co-ethnics' success increases subsequent probability of winning and may lead to attack; and greater ethnic diversity is associated with costlier conflict. I find strong support for these predictions using detailed municipal-level data on attacks and ethnic polarization during the initial spread of the Bosnian Civil War. Moreover, my conflict model is able to predict the sequence of actual conflict outcomes with reasonably high accuracy. (JEL: D39, D74, J15, R12)
Epitaxial BaTiO3 Thin Films for 50 GHz Electro-optic Modulators

Slow light enhancement of electro-optic coefficient in χ(2) BaTiO3 epitaxial thin film photonic crystals is reported. Modulators with low voltage-length product and short device length of 1 mm are realized over 50 nm wavelength range.
Charcot-Marie-Tooth gene, SBF2, associated with taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy in African Americans.

// Bryan P. Schneider 1,* , Dongbing Lai 1,* , Fei Shen 1,* , Guanglong Jiang 1 , Milan Radovich 1 , Lang Li 1 , Laura Gardner 1 , Kathy D. Miller 1 , Anne O’Neill 2 , Joseph A. Sparano 3 , Gloria Xue 1 , Tatiana Foroud 1,** and George W. Sledge Jr. 4,** 1 Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA 2 Dana Farber Cancer Institute, ECOG-ACRIN Biostatistics Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA 3 Albert Einstein University, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA 4 Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA * These authors have contributed equally to this work ** These authors have contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Bryan P. Schneider, email: // Keywords : whole exome sequencing, African American, paclitaxel, peripheral neuropathy, SBF2 Received : August 29, 2016 Accepted : September 18, 2016 Published : October 09, 2016 Abstract Purpose: Taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy (TIPN) is one of the most important survivorship issues for cancer patients. African Americans (AA) have previously been shown to have an increased risk for this toxicity. Germline predictive biomarkers were evaluated to help identify a priori which patients might be at extraordinarily high risk for this toxicity. Experimental design: Whole exome sequencing was performed using germline DNA from 213 AA patients who received a standard dose and schedule of paclitaxel in the adjuvant, randomized phase III breast cancer trial, E5103. Cases were defined as those with either grade 3-4 (n=64) or grade 2-4 (n=151) TIPN and were compared to controls (n=62) that were not reported to have experienced TIPN. We retained for analysis rare variants with a minor allele frequency <3% and which were predicted to be deleterious by protein prediction programs. A gene-based, case-control analysis using SKAT was performed to identify genes that harbored an imbalance of deleterious variants associated with increased risk of TIPN. Results: Five genes had a p-value < 10 -4 for grade 3-4 TIPN analysis and three genes had a p-value < 10 -4 for the grade 2-4 TIPN analysis. For the grade 3-4 TIPN analysis, SET binding factor 2 ( SBF2 ) was significantly associated with TIPN (p-value=4.35 x10 -6 ). Five variants were predicted to be deleterious in SBF2 . Inherited mutations in SBF2 have previously been associated with autosomal recessive, Type 4B2 Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. Conclusion: Rare variants in SBF2 , a CMT gene, predict an increased risk of TIPN in AA patients receiving paclitaxel.
Propagation characteristics of differential transmission lines in hybrid-laminated materials

Hybrid-laminated material printed circuit board (PCB) can get good high speed bus performance with an acceptable cost. This study shows the transmission performance of straight and bended edge-coupled and broadside-coupled differential pairs in hybrid-laminated material PCB.
Structure of 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine-bound human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase 1, a novel mechanism of inactivation.

Intense efforts are underway to identify inhibitors of the enzyme gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase 1 (GGT1) which cleaves extracellular gamma-glutamyl compounds and contributes to the pathology of asthma, reperfusion injury and cancer. The glutamate analog, 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine (DON), inhibits GGT1. DON also inhibits many essential glutamine metabolizing enzymes rendering it too toxic for use in the clinic as a GGT1 inhibitor. We investigated the molecular mechanism of human GGT1 (hGGT1) inhibition by DON to determine possible strategies for increasing its specificity for hGGT1. DON is an irreversible inhibitor of hGGT1. The second order rate constant of inactivation was 0.052 mM−1 min−1 and the Ki was 2.7 ± 0.7 mM. The crystal structure of DON-inactivated hGGT1 contained a molecule of DON without the diazo-nitrogen atoms in the active site. The overall structure of the hGGT1-DON complex resembled the structure of the apo-enzyme; however, shifts were detected in the loop forming the oxyanion hole and elements of the main chain that form the entrance to the active site. The structure of hGGT1-DON complex revealed two covalent bonds between the enzyme and inhibitor which were part of a six membered ring. The ring included the OG atom of Thr381, the reactive nucleophile of hGGT1 and the α-amine of Thr381. The structure of DON-bound hGGT1 has led to the discovery of a new mechanism of inactivation by DON that differs from its inactivation of other glutamine metabolizing enzymes, and insight into the activation of the catalytic nucleophile that initiates the hGGT1 reaction. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
How does the presence of HOV lanes affect plug-in electric vehicle adoption in California? A generalized propensity score approach

Abstract Policymakers have sought to spur consumer adoption of advanced clean vehicles by granting them single-occupancy access to high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes. We offer the first evaluation of these policies that accommodates geographic variability in the magnitude of this policy's treatment effect. Focusing on the outcome of plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) adoption in California, we employ a generalized propensity score approach that allows for continuous, rather than binary, treatment effects. We estimate a state-wide dose-response curve to show that access to 6, 20, and 100 miles of nearby HOV lanes leads to 1, 3, and 10 additional PEV registrations in a census tract. The lower end of our 95% confidence interval implies that at least one quarter of California PEV registrations during 2010–2013 were a result of the HOV lane policy. We identify geographically-specific marginal policy effects that are smaller in Los Angeles, but relatively larger in San Diego and Sacramento.
A wavelet multiscale method for the inverse problem of a nonlinear convection–diffusion equation

Abstract This paper is concerned with the problem of identifying the diffusion parameters in a nonlinear convection–diffusion equation, which arises as the saturation equation in the fractional flow formulation of the two-phase porous media flow equations. The forward problem is discretized using finite-difference methods and the inverse problem is formulated as a minimization problem with regularization terms. In order to overcome disturbance of local minimum, a wavelet multiscale method is applied to solve this parameter identification inverse problem. This method works by decomposing the inverse problem into multiple scales with wavelet transform so that the original inverse problem is reformulated to a set of sub-inverse problems relying on scale variables, and successively solving these sub-inverse problems according to the size of scale from the smallest to the largest. The stable and fast regularized Gauss–Newton method is applied to each scale. Numerical simulations show that the proposed algorithm is widely convergent, computationally efficient, and has the anti-noise and de-noising abilities.
AN EFFICIENT SINGLE-SCREW 11 000 TEU CONTAINERSHIP: THE SUEZ MAX SS.

The ability to transport containers with the least cost at currently required service speeds of approximately 25 knots to maintain a regular operating schedule is the goal of every post-panamax containership operator. The desire to carry more containers is driven by several economies of scale and their implications, which allow for significant savings. A single-screw containership, the Suez Max SS, is designed and evaluated against existing designs that include the P & O Nedlloyd Southhampton, Maersk S-Class, and the twin-screw Suez Max, which is a concept vessel. The containerships are compared using several different ratios and a cost per 20-ft equivalent unit (TEU) evaluation. The design of the Suez Max SS was built to the maximum draft currently allowed by the Suez Canal Authority. An initial stability analysis is performed that utilizes five different container loading conditions. A cost analysis that involves capital, operating, port, and fuel costs and Suez Canal fees is also completed. The four vessels are evaluated on a round-trip schedule between the ports of Rotterdam and Singapore with the same voyage characteristics and conditions. The Suez Max SS is found to be a more economical design with savings of approximately 25% over the existing vessels and a 15% savings over the concept vessel evaluated in the cost analysis. The Suez Max SS utilizes its economies of scale and the advantages of a two-port schedule that allow it to be such a cost-efficient design.
Nonallergic Vasomotor Rhinitis

Chronic rhinitis is a difficult condition to diagnose and treat leading to miserable patients with frequent healthcare utilization and poor quality of life. A major barrier to proper treatment hinges on establishing the correct diagnosis. Therefore, appropriately characterizing chronic rhinitis subtypes is an essential first step toward symptomatic improvement. Classically, chronic rhinitis is divided into three main clinical phenotypes: allergic rhinitis (AR), infectious rhinitis, and nonallergic rhinitis (NAR). A number of NAR conditions will be discussed in different contexts throughout this book, but the most common form of NAR is nonallergic vasomotor rhinitis (NAVMR), which is the focus of this chapter. Unlike AR, which requires symptoms on exposure to a sensitizing aeroallergen confirmed by skin prick testing and/or serum-specific IgE, there are no conclusive tests available for the diagnosis of NAVMR. Instead NAVMR is a diagnosis of exclusion based on patients being nonatopic, with symptoms developing later in life, no seasonality or trouble around furry pets, no family history of allergies, and often symptoms in response to odorant and irritant triggers. Despite appropriate avoidance measures, medication administration technique, and adherence, NAVMR can be very challenging to treat because pathomechanisms are still poorly characterized, limiting the availability of therapies that target specific biologic pathways. The real-world cases presented in this chapter provide a comprehensive approach to working up a patient with NAVMR using evidence-based methodologies in an attempt to optimize care while limiting wasteful testing.
Developmental Plasticity of the Central Auditory System: Evidence from Deaf Children Fitted with Cochlear Implants

Congenital deafness results in a lack of input to the auditory system, hence dramatically altering cortical connectivity and development. Cochlear implants bypass the damaged cochlea by directly stimulating the central nervous system, providing a window into the development of the central auditory system. Converging evidence from studies of deaf animals and children fitted with cochlear implants have allowed us to delineate the characteristics and time course of deprivation-induced and activity-dependent plasticity in the central auditory system. These advances in our understanding of auditory system development can lead to the harnessing of plasticity for improved clinical treatments and outcomes.
Evaluation of Corrosion Inhibitors in Cooling Water Systems Using a Coupled Multi-Electrode Array Sensor

A multielectrode localized corrosion sensor has been developed for evaluating the performance of corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in cooling water. Experimental results indicate that the coupled multielectrode sensor provided instantaneous measurement of corrosion currents and a rapid real-time response to the addition of inhibitors. Evaluation of several inhibitors showed that the sensor was able to distinguish between inhibitor type and concentration. It was also demonstrated that the sensor has a detection limit of 5x10-11A with respect to current measurement. The capabilities of the sensor may be suitable for online monitoring of corrosion in a variety of applications where real-time monitoring is required.
Higher Prevalence of Concomitant Shoulder Labral Tears in Patients With Femoroacetabular Impingement.

Purpose To examine the prevalence of concomitant symptomatic glenoid labral tears in patients with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) in comparison to a control group of patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Methods We retrospectively identified 1,644 patients who underwent femoroacetabular osteoplasty (FAO) and labrum repair from January 2007 to September 2016 and 1,055 patients who underwent arthroscopic ACL reconstruction from January 2012 to December 2014, which acted as our control group. An electronic questionnaire, including 8 questions regarding history of shoulder pathology, was sent to all patients in both groups. Symptomatic shoulder labral tears were identified on the basis of a positive magnetic resonance imaging scan or history of labral repair by reviewing patients' medical records and the filled questionnaire. Continuous variables were compared by use of a Mann-Whitney U test, and categorical variables were compared using Fisher's exact test. The Holm-Bonferroni sequential correction method was used to adjust P values for multiple comparisons of the presence of shoulder pathology. Results A total of 443 patients (405 cam lesion) in the FAO group and 307 patients in the ACL reconstruction group completed the prepared questionnaire and were included in the study. Patients in the FAO group were slightly older (36.3 years [range, 15.4-61.7] vs 32.3 years [range, 16.3-75.7]) and more commonly female in the FAO group (58.0%, n = 257) compared with those in the ACL group (48.9%, n = 150). The prevalence of shoulder labral tear was 12.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.3%-15.3%) for the FAO group compared with only 3.3% (95% CI, 1.8%-5.9%) for the ACL group. This represents a 3.7-fold (95% CI, 1.9-7.1) increase in the risk of shoulder labral tear for patients in the FAO group. Furthermore, shoulder labral tears were reported to be traumatic in only 43.4% of patients in the FAO group compared with 80.0% of patients in the ACL group. A similar proportion of patients in both groups (66.0% for FAO vs 60.0% for ACL) underwent a shoulder labral repair procedure. Conclusion There appears to be an association between acetabular labral tear caused by FAI and shoulder labral lesions. Patients in the FAI group had a 3.7-fold increase in the risk of shoulder labral tear compared with the ACL group. Future studies are needed to examine a possible cause behind the current findings. Level of Evidence Level III, comparative trial study.
Dual-potential approach for coarse-grained implicit solvent models with accurate, internally consistent energetics and predictive transferability

The dual-potential approach promises coarse-grained (CG) models that accurately reproduce both structural and energetic properties, while simultaneously providing predictive estimates for the temperature-dependence of the effective CG potentials. In this work, we examine the dual-potential approach for implicit solvent CG models that reflect large entropic effects from the eliminated solvent. Specifically, we construct implicit solvent models at various resolutions, R, by retaining a fraction 0.10 ≤ R ≤ 0.95 of the molecules from a simple fluid of Lennard-Jones spheres. We consider the dual-potential approach in both the constant volume and constant pressure ensembles across a relatively wide range of temperatures. We approximate the many-body potential of mean force for the remaining solutes with pair and volume potentials, which we determine via multiscale coarse-graining and self-consistent pressure-matching, respectively. Interestingly, with increasing temperature, the pair potentials appear increasingly attractive, while the volume potentials become increasingly repulsive. The dual-potential approach not only reproduces the atomic energetics but also quite accurately predicts this temperature-dependence. We also derive an exact relationship between the thermodynamic specific heat of an atomic model and the energetic fluctuations that are observable at the CG resolution. With this generalized fluctuation relationship, the approximate CG models quite accurately reproduce the thermodynamic specific heat of the underlying atomic model.
A Novel Mechanism for Th17 Inflammation in Human Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

In their recent study, Nicholas et al. challenge the current dogma that T cell inflammation must be fueled by glycolysis and demonstrate a novel metabolic mechanism for Th17 inflammation in human type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): a combination of increased environmental long-chain fatty acid metabolites coupled with decreased fatty acid oxidation.
Optimal Number of Cells for a Part Family in a Stochastic Demand Environment

Abstract Cellular manufacturing system is designed and evaluated according to its profitability under stochastic demand environment. In this paper, the methodology consists of five phases. First, the cellular system is studied through identifying information of processing time and demand for parts according to part-machine matrix and demand data. Then, the cellular system is configured or designed through the following steps: determining means, variance and standard deviation of capacity requirements for parts in family, determining demand coverage probabilities for part family and determining the expected cells utilization. Second, the expected revenues generated by the cellular design are determined. Third, the total expected costs of cells open for part family are determined considering different scenarios of the expected shortages of units. Fourth, the expected profits generated by cells open are determined and finally the decision is made regarding the optimal design that yields the largest profits with its associated demand coverage probability. The results show that although five manufacturing cells meet the expected demand of the part family, three manufacturing cells generate the highest profits for the system
Researching armed conflict, Boko Haram and other violent non-state actors: problems with web sources

Over the past ten years, problems with using internet and social media as reliable research tools have emerged alongside rapid technological changes in scholarly research, writing and publishing. T...
Effects of dietary carnitine and lipid on growth and body composition of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis).

A study was undertaken to investigate the effects of graded dietary levels and different types of carnitine on hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops ♀ × M. saxatilis ♂ %) fed different levels of lipid. An incomplete factorial design was utilized in which diets containing lipid at either 5 or 10% were supplemented with l-carnitine at 0, 500, or 1000 mg kg−1 diet, dl-carnitine at 1000 mg kg−1 diet, or carnitine chloride to provide 1000 mg carnitine kg−1 diet. Juvenile hybrid striped bass (3.3 g fish−1) were stocked into individual 38-l aquaria connected as a brackish water (6‰), recirculating system and fed each diet in triplicate for 9 weeks.
Merging in Weighted Voting Games with Multiple Strategic Agents

Previous works have considered merging in weighted voting games using some well-known power indices, including Shapley-Shubik and Banzhaf indices. Bounds on the amount of power that strategic agents (or manipulators) are likely to gain for the simple case of when there are only two manipulators in the games exist. The bounds on the complicated case of when there are multiple strategic agents, until now, have remained open for the two indices. We use the Shapley-Shubik index and resolve one of these problems by providing two theoretical bounds on merging in weighted voting games with multiple strategic agents.
E-WarP: A System-wide Framework for Memory Bandwidth Profiling and Management

The proliferation of multi-core, accelerator-enabled embedded systems has introduced new opportunities to consolidate real-time systems of increasing complexity. But the road to build confidence on the temporal behavior of co-running applications has presented formidable challenges. Most prominently, the main memory subsystem represents a performance bottleneck for both CPUs and accelerators. And industry-viable frameworks for full-system main memory management and performance analysis are past due.In this paper, we propose our Envelope-aWare Predictive model, or E-WarP for short. E-WarP is a methodology and technological framework to: (1) analyze the memory demand of applications following a profile-driven approach; (2) make realistic predictions on the temporal behavior of workload deployed on CPUs and accelerators; and (3) perform saturation-aware system consolidation. This work aims at providing the technological foundations as well as the theoretical grassroots for truly workload-aware analysis of real-time systems. We provide a full implementation of our techniques on a commercial platform (NXP S32V234) and make two key observations. First, we achieve, on average, a 6% overprediction on the runtime of bandwidth-regulated applications. Second, we experimentally validate that the calculated bounds hold if the main memory subsystem operates below saturation.
Brief relaxation training effects on long-term endocrine therapy adherence among women with breast cancer.

12061Background: Despite life-saving potential, many women struggle to adhere to adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) for their early-stage, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Prior research has ...
Citrus photosynthesis and morphology acclimate to phloem-affecting huanglongbing disease at the leaf and shoot levels

Huanglongbing (HLB) is a phloem-affecting disease of citrus that reduces growth and has impacted citrus production in most global production regions. HLB is caused by a phloem-limited bacterium (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus; CLas). By inhibiting phloem function, HLB stunts sink growth, including reducing production of new shoots and leaves, and induces hyperaccumulation of foliar starch. Despite evidence that HLB induces feedback inhibition of photosynthesis by reducing foliar carbohydrate export, its effects on net CO2 assimilation (Anet) have not been reported. In this work we assessed the relationship of bacterial distribution within the foliage, foliar starch accumulation, and Anet. Because HLB impacts canopy morphology, we developed a chamber to measure whole shoot Anet, and tested the effects of HLB at both leaf and shoot levels. Starch accumulation was correlated with bacterial population, and starch was negatively correlated with Anet at the leaf but not at the shoot level. Starch increased between the uninfected group and the shortest duration of infection, then decreased progressively with increasing length of infection. HLB infection reduced Anet at the leaf level, but increased it at the whole shoot level. We attribute this enhancement of whole shoot Anet to the increased contribution of stem photosynthesis due to the altered shoot morphology induced by the disease. Despite the increased photosynthetic efficiency, total carbon fixation per shoot decreased because shoot size and leaf area were reduced. Overall, our results indicate a localized relationship of CLas distribution with negative impacts on foliar carbohydrate export and photosynthesis. Additionally, starch accumulation and Anet acclimate over time at the shoot level to the localized impacts of the disease. Stems contribute important proportions of whole shoot Anet, and these contributions are likely increased by the morphological acclimation induced by HLB. This study highlights the importance of temporal and spatial scale in assessing photosynthesis.
How Soon After Irradiation Do Chromosome Aberrations Form and Become Irreversible: a Direct Analysis by Means of the Premature Chromosome Condensation Technique

Radiation-induced chromosome breaks and rearrangements may play a crucial role in both mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. Yet, because radiation induces far more initial chromosome breaks than are observed as aberrations at metaphase, it has not been possible to examine the kinetics of primary breakage and rejoining in lymphocytes. A simple method for cell fusion and premature condensation induction is used to study primary chromosome breakage, rejoining and formation of irreversible chromosome rearrangements (e. g., rings, dicentrics) in G0 human lymphocytes. The dose-response relations for chromosome fragments analyzed immediately or 1, 2 or 24 h after exposure were found to be linear. Chromosome fragment rejoining and ring formation were completed about 6 h after irradiation. with the use of C-banded chromosome preparations, it could be seen that dicentric chromosomes were also formed in the G0 lymphocytes during the chromosome fragment rejoining process. Regardless of dose and post-irradiation time, rings were found to follow a Poisson distribution, whereas chromosome fragments were overdispersed.
What Is the Evidence for the Loss of Microbial Diversity

This chapter examines the effects of anthropogenic activities on microbial species richness and diversity. This is a challenging area of study because current investigative methods do not allow accurate assessment of species composition and diversity. Although this limitation, among others, does not allow firm conclusions to be made, an examination of the literature showed that most reports identified a negative relationship between anthropogenic activities and microbial species richness and diversity. This chapter reviews these studies, discusses the importance of the findings, and describes some of the challenges for future investigations. Agricultural practices including deforestation, the use of herbicides, fish farming, sewage sludge amendments, and copper amendments have all been shown to lower microbial diversity. Several reports described anthropogenic activities that have increased microbial diversity. The chapter addresses the relationship between microbial diversity and ecosystem functioning.
From the Warehouse to the Deathbed: Challenging the Conditions of Mass Death in Prison

The purpose of this project is to analyze the crisis of mass incarceration by placing the conditions faced by elderly, terminally ill, and dying prisoners, as its main point of focus. Much of this crisis was built through post-1970s American penal policies which set in place tough sentencing laws, increased prosecutorial power, and ultimately, led to a significant growth in the prisoner population. Today, elderly and terminally ill prisoners make up the fastest growing population inside of prisons. Few of these prisoners are approved for early release, and instead die while incarcerated. This has resulted in a condition of mass death within a system of mass incarceration. In order to manage the crisis of mass death, many prisons have constructed specialized hospice care units, internal to the prison facility. As the practice of providing hospice care inside of prisons becomes more and more commonplace, it is crucial to document their functions. The following project attempts to provide a critical analysis of the origins of prison-hospice care, the benefits and limitations of these facilities, and the experiences of prisoners within these spaces. Ultimately, this project seeks to highlight the conditions which have naturalized mass death inside of American prisons, and invites its readers to look beyond the horizon of mass incarceration.
Capitalism as a Necessary Evil: How E.W. Scripps Charted a Cautious Course toward the Left

Abstract Although E. W. Scripps despised the capitalist economic system that facilitated his publishing empire in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, he succeeded in the newspaper business. The sharp contrast between Scripps' left-leaning views and his capitalist success is an intriguing contradiction in American journalism history. This study, based on an examination of Scripps' 532 philosophical essays known as disquisitions, outlines the publisher's political views over the course of his life. The disquisitions reveal that Scripps' Progressive political views were in place early in life before he became a prominent publisher, and that his perspective did not change significantly over time as he achieved business success. The disquisitions also show that Scripps sympathized with the goals of socialism. Despite those sympathies, Scripps believed that socialism was fundamentally flawed and could not prevail in the America of his era, and he considered capitalism, with all its flaws, a neces...
Embryonic development of the leech nervous system: primary axon outgrowth of identified neurons

This paper describes the embryonic development of the leech nervous system and focuses on the differentiation of two identified pressure sensory (P) neurons, the PD and PV neurons. In the adult leech the P neurons have distinctive cell body locations in the central nervous system (CNS), different peripheral axon branching patterns, and different receptive field territories in the skin. The embryonic P neurons also have distinct and reproducible locations in the CNS and have been studied with recording and dye-filled microelectrodes from the time the first growth cones are projected from their somata. The peripheral axons of the P neurons are among the earliest peripheral axons to develop and may play an important role in the formation of peripheral nerves. The first or primary peripheral axons of the P neurons grow directly to their separate target territories. The specificity of the P neurons for their targets is probably not due to temporal differences in the outgrowth of their primary axons. Instead, the PD neuron seems to exhibit a preference early in embryogenesis for the target of its primary axon despite an apparent opportunity to occupy the target of the PV primary axon. It is hypothesized that the primary peripheral axons of the P neurons are among the first axons projected from the CNS and follow environmental cues to reach and innervate their target territories.
Two antibiotics (lavendulin and actinorubin) produced by two strains of Actinomyces.

This paper describes the purification of two antibiotic substances produced by strains of Actinomyces isolated from soil. Both organisms were isolated and studied by Dr. Albert Iielner of the University of Pennsylvania for their cultural characteristics and conditions for maximum production of the antibiotic substances. Animal experiments, determination of antibacterial spectrum, etc., were conducted by Dr. Harry E. Morton, also of the University of Pennsylvania (l-3). One strain of Actinomyces, designated as A-10 in earlier work, resembles Actinomyces lavendulae, and the antibacterial substance produced by it has been called lavendulin (2). The other strain of Actinomyces, originally designated as A-105, resembles in some respects Actinomyces erythreus, A. jradii, A. albosporeus, and A. calijornicus, and the antibacterial substance produced by it has been called actinorubin (2). Under suitable conditions of growth both strains of Actinomyces produce antibacterial substances which are active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Purification of the antibiotics is achieved by the same method. The antibiotic principle is adsorbed on a cation exchanger (notably Decalso) and eluted with saturated NaCl. The NaCl eluate containing the active principle is evaporated to dryness and extracted with boiling methanol. The methanol extract is precipitated with half its volume of ether, the supernatant discarded, and the precipitate washed with absolute ethanol. The resulting dried powder is the partially purified antibiotic. Most of the animal and toxicity experiments conducted by Dr. Morton were carried out with these preparations. The final purification of the antibiotics is accomplished through chromatographic adsorption on activated aluminum oxide in 85 per cent methanol. Certain fractions of the chromatogram containing the hydrochlorides of lavendulin (strain A-10) and actinorubin (strain A-105) form insoluble addition compounds with methyl orange, which are recrystallized from methanol-water mixtures.