cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploiting critical points to reduce positioning error for sensor-based navigation

This paper presents a planner that determines a path such that the robot does not have to heavily rely on odometry to reach its goal. The planner determines a sequence of obstacle boundaries that the robot must follow to reach the goal. Since this planner is used in the context of a coverage algorithm already presented by the authors, we assume that the free space is already, completely or partially, represented by a cellular decomposition whose cell boundaries are defined by critical points of Morse functions (isolated points at obstacle boundaries). The topological relationship among the cells is represented by a graph where nodes are the critical points and edges connect the nodes that define a common cell (i.e., the edges correspond to the cells themselves). A search of this graph yields a sequence of cells that directs the robot from a start to a goal. Once a sequence of cells and critical points are determined, a robot traverses each cell by mainly following the boundary of the cell along the obstacle boundaries and minimizes the accumulated dead-reckoning error at the intermediate critical points. This allows the robot to reach the goal robustly even in the presence of dead-reckoning error.
The transnational politics of the Tomato King: meaning and impact

In this article we deploy transnational ethnography to explore the transnational electoral politics by which Andres Bermudez, a successful tomato grower and labour contractor from Winters, California, who came to be called 'the Tomato King', was elected mayor of the municipality of Jerez in the Mexican state of Zacatecas. We seek to explain the meaning of his transnational electoral victory and its impact on the role of 'the migrant' as a new social actor in Mexican political development. We thus situate the Bermudista phenomenon in the context of the liter- ature on migrant transnational politics. We hope to move the literature on migrant political transnationalism forward by advancing an agency-oriented perspective that incorporates both the politics of representation of 'el migrante' in transnational electoral campaigns and the emerging dynamics of transnational coalition politics. Our approach underlines the need to carefully historicize the relationship between transnationalism and citizenship - namely, to map the contingency and agency underlying the changing practices of states, migrants, and transnational institutional networks vis-a-vis questions of transnational citizenship. This is best done by paying close attention to the actual social and political practices whereby human agents pursue historically specific political projects that extend the practices of citizenship across borders.
Swim Initiation Neurons in Tritonia diomedea

SYNOPSIS. Two groups of interneurons, Tr1 and DRI, have been identified in the escape swim circuit of the marine mollusc Tritonia diomedea that have important roles in behavioral initiation. DRI functions as a command neuron, receiving direct excitatory input from the afferent neurons, and in turn directly exciting the DSI neurons of the central pattern generator. DRI fires throughout the swim motor program, and activity in DRI is both necessary and sufficient for sensory input to elicit the swim motor program. Tr1 is an excitatory interneuron that fires briefly in response to sensory input and then remains silent during the motor program. Tr1 excites DRI with an excitatory connection that has fast and slow components and thus appears to have a role in converting brief afferent neuron activity to long-lasting firing in downstream circuit elements. These neurons complete the description of a continuous synaptic pathway from afferent to flexion neurons in the Tritonia swim circuit. Their identification should facilitate studies of motor program initiation, as well as of how various forms of experience, including simple forms of learning, act to influence neuronal decision-making processes.
Genetic influences on impulsivity, risk taking, stress responsivity and vulnerability to drug abuse and addiction

Genetic variation may partially underlie complex personality and physiological traits--such as impulsivity, risk taking and stress responsivity--as well as a substantial proportion of vulnerability to addictive diseases. Furthermore, personality and physiological traits themselves may differentially affect the various stages of addiction, defined chronologically as initiation of drug use, regular drug use, addiction/dependence and potentially relapse. Here we focus on recent approaches to the study of genetic variation in these personality and physiological traits, and their influence on and interaction with addictive diseases.
The Immunodominant Antigen of an Ultraviolet-induced Regressor Tumor Is Generated by a Somatic Point Mutation in the DEAD Box Helicase p68

The genetic origins of CD8+ T cell–recognized unique antigens to which mice respond when immunized with syngeneic tumor cells are unknown. The ultraviolet light-induced murine tumor 8101 expresses an H-2Kb-restricted immunodominant antigen, A, that induces cytolytic CD8+ T cells in vivo A+ 8101 cells are rejected by naive mice while A− 8101 tumor cells grow. To identify the antigen H-2Kb molecules were immunoprecipitated from A+ 8101 cells and peptides were eluted by acid. The sensitizing peptide was isolated by sequential reverse-phase HPLC and sequenced using microcapillary HPLC-triple quadruple mass spectrometry. The peptide, SNFVFAGI, matched the sequence of the DEAD box protein p68 RNA helicase except for a single amino acid substitution, caused by a single nucleotide change. This mutation was somatic since fibroblasts from the mouse of tumor origin expressed the wild-type sequence. The amino acid substitution created an anchor for binding of the mutant peptide to H-2Kb. Our results are consistent with mutant p68 being responsible for rejection of the tumor. Several functions of p68, which include nucleolar assembly and inhibition of DNA unwinding, may be mediated through its IQ domain, which was altered by the mutation. This is the first description of a somatic tumor–specific mutation in the coding region of a nucleic acid helicase.
Synthesis of tris(2-perfluorohexylethyl)tin hydride: A highly fluorinated tin hydride with advantageous features of easy purification

Tris (2-perfluorohexylethyl-tin hydride R Phenyltin trichloride I Tris (2-perfluorohexylethyl)phenyltin 1 Bromotris [2-(perfluorohexyl)ethyl]tin 2 P Tris (2-perfluorohexylethyl-tin hydride Keywords: organometallic compounds, magnesium; metalation reactions, magnesium; halogen compounds, fluorine compounds; halogen compounds, iodine compounds; halogen compounds, fluorine compounds; metalation reactions, tin; organometallic compounds, tin; organometallic compounds, tin; halogenation, bromination; halogen compounds, bromine compounds; replacement reactions, miscellaneous; reduction, CX CH; organometallic compounds, tin; replacement reactions, halogen by hydrogen; replacement reactions, miscellaneous; halogen compounds, fluorine compounds; metalation reactions, tin
Evolutionary Aspects of Annelid Regeneration

Annelids, like many other invertebrate animals, replace lost body parts in a process called regeneration. However, the ability to regenerate lost segments is present in some groups and not others; for example, leeches do not regenerate lost segments. Anterior and posterior regeneration involves the formation of a bud containing stem cells that differentiate into the new head or tail segments. Annelid regeneration also involves remodelling of surviving body fragments. The ability of annelids to regenerate tail segments appears to be nearly universal among species capable of regeneration. The ability to regenerate head segments, although common, is not universal and can depend on the number of segments lost. The absence and presence of regeneration across annelid groups, including closely related species, suggests that regeneration ability may be an ancient trait that has been lost in some species during annelid evolution. Key Concepts Annelids vary in their capability for regenerating body segments, including among closely related species. The ability of annelids to regenerate posterior segments appears to be nearly universal. The ability of annelids to regenerate anterior segments, although common, is not universal and is often limited depending on the number of segments lost. Annelid regeneration may involve both epimorphic and morphallactic mechanisms. Multiple losses and gains of regeneration ability have likely occurred during annelid evolution. Why regenerative ability among annelids varies extensively remains unclear. With development of new techniques for genetic analysis and microscopy, annelids are becoming important model systems for the study of regeneration. Keywords: annelid; polychaete; oligochaete; leech; regeneration; epimorphosis; morphallaxis; segment; nervous system
Not a Form of S-R Psychology

Skinner has long emphasized that his experimental program is not a form of stimulus-response psychology. There is a straightforward and widely recognized sense in which this is so: an operant response does not require a stimulus. In the simplest case, the organism already has a certain operant response (say, lever pressing) in its repertoire. It emits this response at a certain rate spontaneously, without benefit of stimulation. If we now arrange for delivery of a reinforcing stimulus (say, food) to be contingent upon this response, then conditioning will occur and the rate of the response will increase. But there is no sense in which the delivery of reinforcement after a given response elicits, in the manner of a reflex, the next such response. And in this sense, the response occurs without a stimulus. The effect of the environment is not to make the response occur (there can be an operant response without a stimulus), but simply to raise the rate of such occurrences. Respondent behavior, on the other hand, requires an environmental event if it is to occur—i.e., there is no response unless there is a stimulus. Thus, if we identify S-R psychology with the study of respondent behavior (classical, Pavlovian conditioning), then operant psychology will not be a form of S-R psychology.
Patients' Responses to IUD Insertion

The immediate and early responses to IUD insertion and subjective responses experienced during the first 2 weeks following insertion were evaluated for 93 nulliparous patients. These patients underwent a first IUD insertion at the Womens Health Clinic at the University of North Carolina during the April 1974-February 1975 period. The Lippes loop A and B the Dalkon Shield and the CU-7-200 were used. It was found that in isolated cases significant temporary changes in blood pressure pulse or respiratory rate may occur at the time of insertion. 7.5% of the women had vasovagal reactions. 95% experienced cramps resulting from the IUD insertion. For the loop and shield patients cramping occurred during or immediately follow insertion; for the CU-7-200 patients cramps and bleeding usually occurred after an hour postinsertion. The severity of the cramping was not related to the timing of the insertion within the menstrual cycle. More than 40% experienced severe pain during the 1-2 week postinsertion period. As a result of this study it was suggested that counseling mention the strong possibility of postinsertion pain and an analygesic be given at the time of insertion.
Bypassing Worst Case Analysis: Tensor Decomposition and Clustering (Invited Talk).

Typical worst case analysis of algorithms has led to a rich theory, but suffers from many pitfalls. This has inspired several approaches to bypass worst case analysis. In this talk, I will describe two vignettes from recent work in this realm. In the first part of the talk, I will discuss tensor decomposition -- a natural higher dimensional analog of matrix decomposition. Low rank tensor decompositions have proved to be a powerful tool for learning generative models, and uniqueness results give them a significant advantage over matrix decomposition methods. Yet, they pose significant challenges for algorithm design as most problems about tensors are NP-hard. I will discuss a smoothed analysis framework for analyzing algorithms for tensor decomposition which models realistic instances of learning problems and allows us to overcome many of the usual limitations of using tensor methods. In the second part of the talk, I will explore the phenomenon of convex relaxations returning integer solutions. Clearly this is not true in the worst case. I will discuss instances of discrete optimization problems where, for a suitable distribution on inputs, LP and SDP relaxations produce integer solutions with high probability. This has been studied in the context of LP decoding, sparse recovery, stochastic block models and so on. I will mention some recent results for clustering problems: when points are drawn from a distribution over k sufficiently separated clusters, the well known k-median relaxation and a (not so well known) SDP relaxation for k-means exactly recover the clusters.
Automated Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction of Urinary VOCs from Eleven Maned Wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus): A Recursive Workflow for GC–MS Analysis

The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is one of only two known canids exhibiting induced ovulation, a phenomenon that may be controlled by semiochemicals. This study employed headspace solid-phase microextraction with GC–MS coupled with the recursive use of Agilent’s MassHunter Workstation and Mass Profiler Professional software to investigate the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from monthly urine samples of 11 maned wolves. The goals were to find compounds that differ between males and females as a first step toward semiochemical discovery and to create a list of compounds found commonly across samples to form the basis of a control mixture for use in behavioral bioassays. Ten compounds were found to differ significantly between males and females (p 3.0): ψ-diosphenol, 1,3-di-tert-butylbenzene, and 2,4-dimethyl-1-heptene were respectively 3000, 600, and 85 times more abundant in males than females. Butanoic acid was unique to female maned wolves and nonanoic acid was 19 times more abundant in females than males. Twenty-five compounds were identified in >98 % of the samples. Several of these compounds have been previously identified in maned wolf urine and some have been reported as semiochemicals in other mammal species. The analysis demonstrates that HS–SPME–GC–MS combined with automated data processing can successfully shorten the list of compounds that require manual inspection and identification. The use of a recursive software workflow largely automates the search for maned wolf candidate semiochemicals, enabling an intense manual focus on compounds of interest.
An Introduction to United States Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 10b-5

This article is based on a talk at Nihon University College of Law in Tokyo. The piece covers six of the universal requirements for a defendant’s Rule 10b-5 criminal or civil liability: (1) use of an instrumentality of interstate commerce, (2) definition of security, (3) materiality, (4) fraud (or manipulation), (5) “in connection with” a purchase or sale of any security, and (6) scienter. The article also covers several other aspects of Rule 10b-5: (1) aiding and abetting civil liability, (2) permissible overlap with more specific provisions and rules, (3) an affirmative corporate duty to disclose material developments?, and (4) some requirements for a private Rule 10b-5 cause of action.
Neuroscience: Untangling autism

Disruption of the PTCHD1 gene in humans has been associated with attention deficits, intellectual disability, and autism spectrum disorders, but the brain areas involved are not known. Guoping Feng and colleagues report that Ptchd1 deletion in mice attenuated thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) activity by reducing calcium-dependent potassium currents (SK). Mice with TRN-restricted Ptchd1 deletion had fragmented sleep, attention deficits and hyperactivity, which could be rescued by an SK channel activator. By contrast, mice with global Ptchd1 deletion had learning impairments, hyper-aggression and motor defects, which were insensitive to the SK channel activator. These findings suggest that a TRN deficit may underlie several impairments associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, and identify possible therapeutic targets for individuals with PTCHD1 deletion.
Summary of a workshop on clindamycin colitis.

A workshop on clindamycin colitis was organized by the National Foundation for Ileitis and Colitis and the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group. The meeting was held at the ChalfonteHaddon Hall Hotel in Atlantic City, New Jersey on May 2 and 3, 1975. Participants included: David Alpers, John Bartlett, Henry Binder, Sydney Finegold, John Fordtran, Joseph Grady, Monto Ho, Edward Hook, Richard Hornick, Kurt Isselbacher, Henry Janowitz, Gerald Keusch, Joseph Kirsner, Burt Meyers, Francis Milligan, Raymond Parsons, Fred Pittman, Andrew Plaut, Daniel Present, Jack Remington, Richard Roberts, George Royer, Jay Sanford, Howard Steer, Herbert van Kruiningen, and Louis Weinstein. The meeting was organized into two parts: (1) the pharmacology and rational use of clindamycin; and (2) the incidence, nature, and management of gastrointestinal complications associated with clindamycin, including diarrhea and colitis.
Risk and Adaptation: Evidence from Global Hurricane Damages and Fatalities

AbstractWe examine whether countries adapt to hurricanes. A spatially refined global tropical cyclone data set is created to test for adaptation. We find evidence of adaptation in most of the world by examining the effects of income, population density, and storm frequency on damage and fatalities. In contrast, there is no evidence of adaptation to damage in the United States, leading to a damage function which is 14 times higher than other developed (OECD) countries.
Shear deformations of human articular cartilage: Certain mechanical anisotropies apparent at large but not small shear strains.

Abstract Articular cartilage has pronounced through-the-thickness heterogeneity in both ultrastructure and mechanical function. The tissue undergoes a combination of large deformations in vivo, where shear is critical in both failure and chondrocyte death. Yet the microstructure mechanical response of cartilage to multi-axial large shear deformations is unknown. We harvested a total of 42 cartilage specimens from seven matched locations across the lateral femoral condyles and patellofemoral grooves of six human male donors (30.2±8.8 yrs old, M±SD). With each specimen we applied a range of quasi-static, multi-axial large (simple) shear displacements both parallel and perpendicular to the local split-line direction (SLD). Shear stresses in cartilage specimens from the patellofemoral grooves were higher, and more energy was dissipated, at all applied strains under loading parallel to the local SLD versus perpendicular, while specimens from the lateral condyles were mechanically anisotropic only under larger strains of 20% and 25%. Cartilage also showed significant intra-donor variability at larger shear strains but no significant inter-donor variability. Overall, shear strain-energy dissipation was almost constant at 5% applied shear strain and increased nonlinearly with increasing shear magnitude. Our results suggest that full understanding of cartilage mechanics requires large-strain analyses to account for nonlinear, anisotropic and location-dependent effects not fully realized at small strains.
A new genus and three new species of Lygaeidae (Hemiptera) from South Africa, with additional records for the region

A new genus and species of flightless Antillocorini, Poliocoris umbrosus, a new species of Lilliputocorini, Lilliputocoris cootoni, and a new species of Drymini, Appolonius saladoloides, are descriptionbed from South Africa. Biological notes are included. Esinierus refactorius Scudder and Diniella cognita Scudder are reported from South Africa for the first time.
Uncovering Fake Likers in Online Social Networks

As the commercial implications of Likes in online social networks multiply, the number of fake Likes also increase rapidly. To maintain a healthy ecosystem, however, it is critically important to prevent and detect such fake Likes. Toward this goal, in this paper, we investigate the problem of detecting the so-called "fake likers" who frequently make fake Likes for illegitimate reasons. To uncover fake Likes in online social networks, we: (1) first collect a substantial number of profiles of both fake and legitimate Likers using linkage and honeypot approaches, (2) analyze the characteristics of both types of Likers, (3) identify effective features exploiting the learned characteristics and apply them in supervised learning models, and (4) thoroughly evaluate their performances against three baseline methods and under two attack models. Our experimental results show that our proposed methods with effective features significantly outperformed baseline methods, with accuracy = 0.871, false positive rate = 0.1, and false negative rate = 0.14.
An historical account of the 'WearComp' and 'WearCam' inventions developed for applications in 'personal imaging'

We are entering a pivotal era in which we will become inextricably intertwined with computational technology that will become part of our everyday lives in a much more immediate and intimate way than in the past. The recent explosion of interest in so-called "wearable computers" is indicative of this general trend. The purpose of this paper is to provide an historical account of the author's wearable computer effort, from the 1970s (WearComp0) to present (WearComp7), with emphasis on a particular variation whose origins were in imaging applications. This application, known as 'personal imaging', originated as a computerized photographer's assistant developed for what many regarded as an obscure photographic technique. However, it later evolved into a more diverse apparatus and methodology, combining machine vision and computer graphics, in a wearable tetherless apparatus, useful in day-to-day living. Personal imaging, at the intersection of art, science, and technology, has given rise to a new outlook on photography, videography, augmented reality, and 'mediated reality', as well as new theories of human perception and human-machine interaction. The author's current personal imaging apparatus, based on a camera and display built within an ordinary pair of sunglasses, together with a powerful multimedia computer built into ordinary clothing, points to a new possibility for the mass-market.
Clinical manifestations of benign prostatic hyperplasia

The clinical diagnosis of BPH is usually established after completing the initial evaluation of patients who present with symptoms of prostatism. The steps recommended in the initial evaluation include a medical history, symptom assessment using a Symptom Score Index, a digital rectal examination, a focused neurological examination, urinalysis, measurement of serum creatinine, and an optional PSA measurement. Further examinations such as uroflowmetry and cystoscopy are indicated only if the diagnosis is uncertain, or to determine the feasibility of specific invasive therapies.
Descriptive Characteristics of Concussions in National Football League Games, 2010-2011 to 2013-2014:

Background:Despite a high reported incidence rate of concussion, little is known about the on-field characteristics of injurious head impacts in National Football League (NFL) games.Purpose:To char...
Exploration of Relational Factors and the Likelihood of a Sexual Robotic Experience

As technology progresses, robots will become increasingly involved in our everyday lives. Robots are already available for individual purchase and are starting to appear in our homes and offices. Robots specifically built for sexual experiences are presently available on the market. There is no current research on sexual robots or how it will affect our previous, current, and future sexual relationships. This study asked 133 participants to understand what relational factors could contribute to the likelihood of participants having a sexual episode with a robot. Results indicate one is more likely to have a sexual episode with a robot the more sexual fantasies and risky behavior one partakes in. Additionally, one is less likely to have sex with a robot the more they view robots negatively. Findings are discussed with future research directions.
Analysis of AlxGa1-xN nanowires through simulated methods of scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy

Al x Ga 1-x N nanowires have promising applications in ultraviolet light emitting diodes (LEDs). However, these nanowires are not typical p-n junction semiconductors, but rather rely on varying concentrations of Al versus Ga to produce electron hole pairs. More information on the atomic structure is needed to better understand the properties of these nanowires. In this study, Al x Ga 1-x N nanowires were imaged using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and compared to computer simulated STEM images to obtain physical information on the nanowires. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and FEFF9 computer simulations were also performed to better understand the structural and chemical properties of the nanowires. Results from these simulations showed that changes in the chemical ordering of the nanowires were responsible for changes in intensity and resolution in the images. These intensity and resolution trends were not a result of interface effects. This will help to further characterize nanowires in the future.
Impact of pattern collapse on future micro/nano fabrication

Two mechanical models of pattern collapse, one by capillarity for wet process and the other by van de Waals under dry condition, have been analyzed for 7nm BEOL fine patterns. The effects of the dielectric materials and pattern geometries have been investigated and predictions have been made for future BEOL technology nodes.
Heat capacity and thermodynamic functions of boehmite (AlOOH) and silica-doped boehmite

Abstract Alumina has a variety of technological uses and has been utilized in many fields due to its versatility and abundance. The properties of aluminas, such as pore size, acid site concentration, and the amount of adsorbed water, can be tailored for a specific application using a variety of synthetic techniques. Doping alumina with silica has been shown to improve the thermal stability of the material and allows it to be used in higher temperature applications. Several synthetic routes to γ-Al2O3 involves the formation of a boehmite precursor that is later calcined at different temperatures to form various porous transitional aluminas. Silica-doped alumina can be prepared from a silica-doped boehmite precursor. We have measured the constant pressure heat capacities of a pure boehmite and a silica-doped boehmite alumina with the chemical formulas AlOOH·0.202H2O and AlOOH·0.045SiO2·0.284H2O, respectively. Molar heat capacities were measured from 1.8 K to 300 K using a Quantum Design Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS), and the data was fit to a theoretical functions below 15 K, orthogonal polynomials from 10 K to 60 K, and a combination of Debye and Einstein functions above 50 K. These fits were then used to generate Cp,m°, Δ0TSm°, Δ0THm°, and Φm° values at smoothed temperatures from 0 K to 300 K for all samples. The differences in the thermodynamic functions between both samples is attributed to the presence of silica in one of the samples. Results from this study are consistent with the results from a previous study comparing silica-doped γ-Al2O3 samples to pure γ-Al2O3 samples.
Screening for Syphilis Infection in Nonpregnant Adults and Adolescents.

R.J. is a 27-year-old man who presents for a well-patient visit. He always keeps his appointments and likes to make sure he is healthy. R.J. has started a new relationship and asks if he should be screened for syphilis.
The Health Gender Gap: A Constrained Choice Explanation

Abstract This chapter reviews a growing body of international research that documents a puzzling pattern of gender differences in health and considers the limitations of current explanations. Such limitations derive from a failure to capture the complexity of men's and women's lives because much of the research focuses either on differences in their social and economic status or biology. We argue that an integrated model is needed to enable researchers to understand more fully the health connections between gendered lives and physiological processes. We elaborate the framework of constrained choice (CC) as one approach to address this conundrum. Constrained choice provides an innovative multilevel model for examining how the social environment differentially shapes men's and women's agency and health-related opportunities and choices. We provide examples of studies in the United States and Qatar that employ the framework and highlight ways in which it can be used more effectively in future research.
Multi-view scatter estimation for moving blocker scatter correction of CBCT

The moving blocker method is economic and effective for scatter correction (SC) of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). However, at the regions with large intensity transition in the projection images in the axial blocker moving direction, the estimation of scatter signal from blocked regions in a single projection view can produce large errors, which can cause significant artifacts in reconstructed images and null the usability of these regions. In this work, we propose to use the adjacent multi-view projection images to jointly estimate scatter signal more accurately. The experimental results using CatPhan600 CBCT data show that the new method can effectively suppress the estimation errors of scatter signal and lead to much improved image quality in these regions. This development will expand the utility of moving blocker-based SC for the target with sharp intensity changes in the projection images, such as bone/lung and body/air interfaces.
Scalable and domain-independent entity coreference: establishing high quality data linkages across heterogeneous data sources

Due to the decentralized nature of the Semantic Web, the same real world entity may be described in various data sources and assigned syntactically distinct identifiers. In order to facilitate data utilization in the Semantic Web, without compromising the freedom of people to publish their data, one critical problem is to appropriately interlink such heterogeneous data. This interlinking process can also be referred to as Entity Coreference, i.e., finding which identifiers refer to the same real world entity. This proposal will investigate algorithms to solve this entity coreference problem in the Semantic Web in several aspects. The essence of entity coreference is to compute the similarity of instance pairs. Given the diversity of domains of existing datasets, it is important that an entity coreference algorithm be able to achieve good precision and recall across domains represented in various ways. Furthermore, in order to scale to large datasets, an algorithm should be able to intelligently select what information to utilize for comparison and determine whether to compare a pair of instances to reduce the overall complexity. Finally, appropriate evaluation strategies need to be chosen to verify the effectiveness of the algorithms.
Side scan sonar: A cost-efficient alternative method for measuring seagrass cover in shallow environments

Abstract Seagrass ecosystems provide a multitude of ecosystem services by acting as a nursery, limiting erosion, improving water clarity, and acting as a globally-significant sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. Despite the value of these services being estimated at $1.9 trillion, seagrass ecosystems are in global decline. As study of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) increase, specialized techniques are needed to map habitat coverage in regions which are largely inaccessible to current methods. Chief among these habitat types are seagrass meadows residing at depths of 1 m or less which are most susceptible to anthropogenic disturbance including physical disturbance. To encourage study of shallow SAV at large spatial scales a side scan sonar array was developed to efficiently map seagrass beds residing in 1 m or less of water. Constructed from consumer-grade sonar components the array cost approximately 10% of commercial units used in previous studies. The horizontal swath of the array in 1 m of water averaged 50 m in total (port plus starboard), allowing efficient study of large areas. Validation with satellite and aerial imagery of a large and highly-disturbed seagrass meadow demonstrates the array's capacity to produce high-resolution imagery (up to 2.5 cm/pixel) with sufficient spatial accuracy to produce detailed maps of seagrass habitat structure in very shallow environments. Results demonstrate operational readiness of the array, including benefits over traditional optical surveys during periods of high algal cover. The implications of an efficient, low-cost alternative to current mapping methods of seagrass habitats are discussed and a schematic for array construction is provided.
Network Inspection for Detecting Strategic Attacks

This article studies a problem of strategic network inspection, in which a defender (agency) is tasked with detecting the presence of multiple attacks in the network. An inspection strategy entails monitoring the network components, possibly in a randomized manner, using a given number of detectors. We formulate the network inspection problem $(\mathcal{P})$ as a large-scale bilevel optimization problem, in which the defender seeks to determine an inspection strategy with minimum number of detectors that ensures a target expected detection rate under worst-case attacks. We show that optimal solutions of $(\mathcal{P})$ can be obtained from the equilibria of a large-scale zero-sum game. Our equilibrium analysis involves both game-theoretic and combinatorial arguments, and leads to a computationally tractable approach to solve $(\mathcal{P})$. Firstly, we construct an approximate solution by utilizing solutions of minimum set cover (MSC) and maximum set packing (MSP) problems, and evaluate its detection performance. In fact, this construction generalizes some of the known results in network security games. Secondly, we leverage properties of the optimal detection rate to iteratively refine our MSC/MSP-based solution through a column generation procedure. Computational results on benchmark water networks demonstrate the scalability, performance, and operational feasibility of our approach. The results indicate that utilities can achieve a high level of protection in large-scale networks by strategically positioning a small number of detectors.
Other Stars in the Sky

This chapter describes homeopaths who are not easily classified in the other chapters. Dio(cletian) Lewis, inventor of the beanbag, campaigned for temperance, women’s rights, and physical fitness: he developed a system of gymnastics that was adopted throughout the United States and that has influenced teaching in schools. He designed physical fitness instruction for trainee teachers. Lewis was motivated by a fear that American society was becoming unfit due to an increasingly sedentary way of life.
Mathematical and Statistical Basics

There are many statistical equations that require finding the transpose of a matrix, the trace, rank, etc. Some of these operations are basic functions with sensible names that are easily discovered and used in IML. Some operations are less obvious.
Composition Variables Needed to Model Complex Chemical Systems

The state of a closed, uniform, thermostated chemical system is uniquely defined by specifying the temperature, the pressure, the number of moles of each species capable of undergoing any sort of reaction under the conditions of interest, and the numbers of moles of any species (such as inert solvent) which are incapable of undergoing any chemical change.
Professional Learning in the Midst of Teaching Computer Science

The recent groundswell of interest in computer science education across many countries has created a pressing need for computing teachers at the secondary level. To satisfy this demand, some educational systems are drawing from their pool of in-service teachers trained in other disciplines. While these transitioning teachers can learn about computing pedagogy and subject matter at professional learning workshops, daily teaching experiences will also be a source of their learning. We studied a co-teaching program where instructional responsibilities were distributed between teachers and volunteers from the tech industry to explore how specific teaching practices supported teacher learning, with a focus on pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). Through qualitative analysis of questionnaire and interview data gathered from three teachers during one school year, we identified the practices they engaged in and how their learning related to the enactment of those practices. Our results highlight several factors that influenced the ways in which teaching practices provided participants with opportunities to learn PCK: (a) active participation of students and volunteers; (b) teacher's level of content knowledge; (c) interdependent practices; and (d) immediacy of the classroom environment.
Individual Identification and Paternity Determination in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Using Human Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Markers

We studied 155 human short tandem repeat (STR) DNA markers in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). There is no difference in number of alleles per locus among STRs of different motif length (di-, tri-, or tetranucleotide repeats). We investigated 42 of the most informative STRs in greater detail using DNA isolated from a panel of 41 African-born, captive-housed chimpanzees. They reveal a wealth of genetic variability in chimpanzees, with an average of six alleles and 70.6% heterozygosity. The average paternity exclusion probability is 51.6%, and the best three STRs jointly provide >95% mean exclusion probability. Used in combination to define a multiple-locus genotype, the five most informative focal STRs can potentially uniquely identify every chimpanzee alive in the world. Although the subjects are of unknown geographical origin, homozygosity tests indicate little evidence for population subdivision. These markers represent the basis of a powerful battery of genetic tests, including individual identification, e.g., in poaching, paternity testing, or reconstruction of pedigrees among captive and wild chimpanzee breeding populations.
A Control Problem for Processing Discrete Parts with Random Arrivals1

An M/G/1 queue is introduced to model the productivity of a production system. Parts arrive according to to a Poisson process. The distribution of the production time is of general form, parameterized by a control variable - the production rate. The decision epochs for the control policy are restricted to the times when production is initiated for a part. A short-term cost is introduced as a weighted sum of penalties associated with the production rate control, penalties associated with part waiting time and penalties on the increase of parts in the queue, assessed during the time required to produce a single part. The major advantages of this formulation are generality, mathematical tractability of the problem and the properties of the closed-loop production system. A simple nonlinear search routine is required to determine the optimal production rate. For the special case of an exponential production time distribution and the special case where the production is modeled by a diffusion-threshold process, analytical expressions for the optimal control policy in terms of the queue length are obtained. A transportation example is presented to illustrate the design methodology; statistical data from computer simulation is obtained to evaluate the performance of the adaptive control policy.
Validity and efficiency of a smartphone-based electronic data collection tool for operative data in rotator cuff repair.

BACKGROUND This study tested validity and efficiency of Orthopaedic Minimal Data Set (OrthoMiDaS) Episode of Care (OME). METHODS We analyzed 100 isolated rotator cuff repair cases in the OME database. Surgeons completed a traditional operative note and OME report. A blinded reviewer extracted data from operative notes and implant logs in electronic medical records by manual chart review. OME and electronic medical record data were compared with data counts and agreement between 40 variables of rotator cuff disease and repair procedures. Data counts were assessed using raw percentages and McNemar test (with continuity correction). Agreement of categorical variables was analyzed using Cohen κ (unweighted) and of numerical variables using the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). Efficiency was assessed by median time to complete. RESULTS OME database had significantly higher data counts for 25% (10/40) of variables. A high level of proportional and statistical agreement was demonstrated between the data. Among 35 categorical variables, proportional agreement was perfect for 17%, almost perfect (0.81 ≤ κ ≤ 1.00) for 37%, substantial (0.61 ≤ κ ≤ 0.80) for 20%, moderate (0.41 ≤ κ ≤ 0.60) for 14%, fair (0.21 ≤ κ ≤ 0.40) for 6%, and slight (0.0 ≤ κ ≤ 0.20) for 6%. Of 5 numerical variables, agreement was almost perfect (CCC > 0.99) for 20% and poor (CCC < 0.90) for 80%. Median OME completion time was 161.5 seconds (interquartile range, 116-224.5). CONCLUSION OME is an efficient, valid tool for collecting comprehensive, standardized data on rotator cuff repair.
Accurate, Fast, But Not Always Cheap: Evaluating “Crowdcoding” as an Alternative Approach to Analyze Social Media Data:

Crowdcoding, a method that outsources “coding” tasks to numerous people on the internet, has emerged as a popular approach for annotating texts and visuals. However, the performance of this approac...
Verbal fluency in three Spanish-English bilingual speakers with TBI.

Abstract This study investigated differences between healthy bilingual participants and bilingual participants with traumatic brain injury (TBI) on verbal fluency tasks. The performance of three Spanish-English bilingual speakers with traumatic brain injury was compared to the performance of 30 neurotypical bilingual speakers on tasks of category and letter verbal fluency in English and Spanish. Responses were analyzed for total number of correct productions, differences in correct productions between languages, average cluster size, total number of switches, and rates of language choice errors. The data were analyzed using predicted scores from regression equations based on neurotypical data and modified t-tests. Analyses revealed significantly lower total output than predicted by the regression equations for both task types and in both languages for one TBI participant. The same participant demonstrated significantly lower total number of switches than the neurotypical group. Two participants demonstrated higher rates of language choice errors than the neurotypical group. There were no significant differences between TBI participants and the neurotypical group for average cluster size. There were no significant differences between predicted and obtained values for differences between English and Spanish total number correct in each task type. Results are discussed in the context of individual cognitive and linguistic profiles of the TBI participants.
Using Career Orientations to Map Professional Formation in Engineering Technology

This NSF funded research study is developing a greater theoretical understanding of the professional identity, institutional culture, and formation of engineer technicians and technologists who are prepared at two-year colleges. The study is identifying dimensions of career anchors orientations at various stages of professional preparation and map to engineering technology (ET) career pathways by surveying ET students, transfer students, and early career ET professionals. The complexity of integration of the multiple stages of professional preparation, within diverse environments, has led the researchers to integrate three interdisciplinary theoretical frameworks to examine fundamental questions of professional formation: (1) social cognitive career theory to situate individual attitudes, interests, and experiences within a larger career context; (2) Schein’s Career Anchors Theory focused on individual career orientations; and (3) the Hughes Value Creation Model for Organizational Competitive Advantage focused on cultural and organizational contexts. Initial results from the Schein’s Career Anchor survey for the two-year college ET students are presented. Findings from this and future work will transform the ET workforce through catalyzing interaction of researchers and practitioners with public support to bolster ET’s strategic position in the workforce development infrastructure.
Outdoor skills education: what are the benefits for health, learning and lifestyle?

A systematic literature review for the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (U.S.A.) focused on benefits of outdoor skills education contributions to health, learning, and lifestyle. The purpo...
Expression and distribution of synaptotagmin isoforms in the zebrafish retina

ABSTRACT Synaptotagmins belong to a large family of proteins. While various synaptotagmins have been implicated as Ca2+ sensors for vesicle replenishment and release at conventional synapses, their roles at retinal ribbon synapses remain incompletely understood. Zebrafish is a widely used experimental model for retinal research. We therefore investigated the homology between human, rat, mouse, and zebrafish synaptotagmins 1 to 10 using a bioinformatics approach. We also characterized the expression and distribution of various synaptotagmin (syt) genes in the zebrafish retina using RT-PCR and in situ hybridization, focusing on the family members whose products likely underlie Ca2+-dependent exocytosis in the central nervous system (synaptotagmins 1, 2, 5 and 7). We find that most zebrafish synaptotagmins are well conserved and can be grouped in the same classes as mammalian synaptotagmins, based on crucial amino acid residues needed for coordinating Ca2+ binding and determining phospholipid binding affinity. The only exception is synaptotagmin 1b, which lacks 34 amino acid residues in the C2B domain and is therefore unlikely to bind Ca2+ there. Additionally, the products of zebrafish syt5a and syt5b genes share identity with mammalian class 1 and 5 synaptotagmins. Zebrafish syt1, syt2, syt5 and syt7 paralogues are found in the zebrafish brain, eye, and retina, excepting syt1b, which is only present in the brain. The complementary expression pattern of the remaining paralogues in the retina suggests that syt1a and syt5a may underlie synchronous release and syt7a and syt7b may mediate asynchronous release or other Ca2+ dependent processes in different types of retinal neurons.
Antibiotics for paediatric community-acquired pneumonia in resource-constrained settings.

3 days of amoxicillin may be sufficient to treat most non-severe community-acquired paediatric pneumonia in resource-constrained settings https://bit.ly/3jmQSTX
Confucian Thought and Contemporary Western Philosophy

This chapter explores the encounter between traditional Confucian thought and contemporary Anglophone philosophy. It explores the evolution in philosophical methods and heuristics employed by Anglophone thinkers in the past 50 or so years, who often sought to extract Confucian thought from its specific social and historical roots. Unlike the disciplines of intellectual or literary history, these philosophers have articulated dimensions of Confucian philosophy not explicit in traditional texts, developed critiques of Western modernity, derived solutions to problems in Western philosophy, and sought to reimagine Confucian thought for an East Asian modernity. Analyzing how contemporary philosophers have engaged the Chinese tradition makes clearer the meaning of the much-debated term “Chinese philosophy,” without becoming mired in definitional disputes, and serves to justify the enterprise.