cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting Cross Reactive Immunological Material (CRIM) Status in Pompe Disease Using GAA Mutations: Lessons Learned from 10 Years of Clinical Laboratory Testing Experience

Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for Pompe disease using recombinant acid alpha-glucosidase (rhGAA) has resulted in increased survival although the clinical response is variable. Cross Reactive Immunological Material (CRIM)-negative status has been recognized as a poor prognostic factor. CRIM-negative patients make no GAA protein and develop sustained high antibody titers to ERT that render the treatment ineffective. Antibody titers are generally low for the majority of CRIM-positive patients and there is typically a better clinical outcome. Because immunomodulation has been found to be most effective in CRIM-negative patients prior to, or shortly after, initiation of ERT, knowledge of CRIM status is important before ERT is begun. We have analyzed 243 patients with infantile Pompe disease using a Western blot method for determining CRIM status and using cultured skin fibroblasts. Sixty-one out of 243 (25.1%) patients tested from various ethnic backgrounds were found to be CRIM-negative. We then correlated the CRIM results with GAA gene mutations where available (52 CRIM-negative and 88 CRIM-positive patients). We found that, in most cases, CRIM status can be predicted from GAA mutations, potentially circumventing the need for invasive skin biopsy and time wasted in culturing cells in the future. Continued studies in this area will help to increase the power of GAA gene mutations in predicting CRIM status as well as possibly identifying CRIM-positive patients who are at risk for developing high antibody titers.
An evaluation of lift engines in tactical vtol aircraft

The key to the attainment of efficient operational VTOL aircraft is the successful optimization of the propulsion system for discrete mission requirements. One of the more challenging problems facing the designer of VTOL aircraft is the mismatch in thrust that exists between takeoff and cruise flight conditions. VTOL aircraft normally require three to four times as much thrust for vertical flight as needed for cruise. When turbine engines are throttled back to meet cruise requirements, the fuel consumption characteristics suffer markedly. The system tradeoffs narrow down to the weight of an engine sized for cruise plus the additional weight of lift engines, as compared to a main propulsion engine sized for takeoff plus the weight and volume of excessive amounts of fuel. The results of a detailed analysis evaluating several lift systems installed in both VTOL fighter and transport aircraft indicate that engines must be uncompromisingly designed for cruise, and the available thrust also be utilized for vertical flight. The thrust needed above this amount, to account for the difference in takeoff weight and aircraft control, should then be provided by separate lift engines. The ultimate selection of the lift engine configuration will be established primarily by the aircraft hover and control requirements.
Synthesis and catalytic activity of silica pillared type 2 titanate

Abstract A layered crystalline titanate labelled as type 2 titanate [Anthony et al., US Patent 5 177 045 (1993)] is pillared with tetraethyl orthosilicate to prepare a porous and high surface area support for a sulfided MoNi catalyst. Silica intercalated type 2 titanate is prepared by stepwise intercalation. First, the interlayer distance is increased by n-alkylammonium ions prior to intercalation with tetraethyl orthosilicate. The surface area and pore structure of silica intercalated type 2 titanate can be tailored by controlling the concentration of tetraethyl orthosilicate. The catalytic activities for hydrogenation of pyrene of sulfided MoNi supported silica intercalated type 2 titanates are higher than those of commercial catalysts (Shell 324 and AMOCAT 1C), and approximately equal to sulfided MoNi prepared by using a hydrous titanium-silicon oxide catalyst. The silica content of silica intercalated type 2 titanate, used as a support, has a considerable effect on its catalytic activity. In general, as the silica content decreases, the activity increases.
Binding environments for parallel logic programs in non-shared memory multiprocessors

A method known asclosed environments can be used to represent variable bindings for OR-parellel logic programs without relying on a shared memory or common address space. The representation is based on a procedure that trans-forms stack frames after unification, taking into account problems with common unbound ancestors and shared instances of complex terms. Closed environments were developed for the AND/OR Process Model, but may be applicable to other OR-parallel models.
Three-sphere free energy for classical gauge groups

In this note, we calculate the S 3 free energy F of 3-d $ \mathcal{N} $ ≥ 4 supersymmetric gauge theories with U(N), O(N), and USp(2N) gauge groups and matter hypermultiplets in the fundamental and two-index tensor representations. Supersymmetric localization reduces the computation of F to a matrix model that we solve in the large N limit using two different methods. The first method is a saddle point approximation first introduced in [1], which we extend to next-to-leading order in 1/N. The second method generalizes the Fermi gas approach of [2] to theories with symplectic and orthogonal gauge groups, and yields an expression for F valid to all orders in 1/N . In developing the second method, we use a non-trivial generalization of the Cauchy determinant formula.
The vibrational spectra and conformational properties of liquid dimethyl oxalate

Abstract The infrared spectra of dimethyl oxalate and dimethyl oxalate-d 6 have been recorded in the liquid phase. These spectra are compared with both the infrared and Raman spectra recorded in solid phase. It is shown that dimethyl oxalate exists as a conformational equilibrium mixture in the liquid phase. The most stable conformer is that present exclusively in the crystal, the planar, cis -ester C 2h structure. The second conformer is probably one formed by rotation about the carbonyl carbon-oxygen bonds of the molecule.
Corporate Lobbying Revisited

Using a panel data of S&P 500 Index firms covering 1998-2004, this paper compares the determinants of lobbying expenditures and campaign contributions and estimates the returns to lobbying as assessed by the financial market. Lobbying depends more on managerial incentives and protection needs beyond industry structures than contributions do. Lobbying also has a positive effect on the firm's equity returns relative to the market and, to a lesser degree, relative to its industry.
Tapered quasi-planar germanium waveguides for mid-IR chemical and biochemical sensing

We have developed an efficient means of coupling light through a thin mid-IR-transmitting Ge waveguide. A commercial tool for grinding concave cylindrical lenses is used to grind and polish the waveguide, allowing it to be tapered from a thickness of 1 mm at the ends to a minimum of 20 - 100 micrometers at the center. This tapering improves the efficiency of the optical coupling both into the waveguide from an FTIR spectrometer, and out of the waveguide onto a small-area IR detector. The tapering makes it possible to dispense with using an IR microscope couple light through the waveguide. Instead, it is possible to obtain extremely efficient coupling with an detector directly coupled to an immersion lens. This optical arrangement makes such thin supported waveguides more useful as sensors, because they can be made quite long (e.g. 50 mm) and mounted horizontally. Furthermore, even with a 20-micrometers X 1 mm cross section, sufficient throughput is obtained to give signal/noise ratios in excess of 1000 over most of the 1000 - 5000 cm-1 range, with just 2 min of scanning at 8 cm-1 resolution. The small (0.02 mm2) cross section of the waveguide nevertheless yields great sensitivity to small numbers of IR-absorbing molecules near its surface.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evidence of universality in the dynamical response of micromechanical diamond resonators at millikelvin temperatures

We report kelvin- to millikelvin-temperature measurements of dissipation and frequency shift in megahertz-range resonators fabricated from ultrananocrystalline diamond. Frequency shift $\ensuremath{\delta}f/{f}_{0}$ and dissipation ${Q}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ demonstrate temperature dependence in the millikelvin range similar to that predicted by the glass model of tunneling two-level systems. The logarithmic temperature dependence of $\ensuremath{\delta}f/{f}_{0}$ is in good agreement with such models, which include phonon relaxation and phonon resonant absorption. Dissipation shows a weak power law, ${Q}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{1/3}$, followed by saturation at low temperature. A comparison of both the scaled frequency shift and dissipation in equivalent micromechanical structures made of single-crystal silicon and gallium arsenide indicates universality in the dynamical response.
Indistinguishability Obfuscation for Turing Machines with Unbounded Memory

We show how to build indistinguishability obfuscation (iO) for Turing Machines where the overhead is polynomial in the security parameter λ, machine description |M| and input size |x| (with only a negligible correctness error). In particular, we avoid growing polynomially with the maximum space of a computation. Our construction is based on iO for circuits, one way functions and injective pseudo random generators.Our results are based on new "selective enforcement" techniques. Here we first create a primitive called positional accumulators that allows for a small commitment to a much larger storage. The commitment is unconditionally sound for a select piece of the storage. This primitive serves as an "iO-friendly" tool that allows us to make two different programs equivalent at different stages of a proof. The pieces of storage that are selected depend on what hybrid stage we are at in a proof.We first build up our enforcement ideas in a simpler context of "message hiding encodings" and work our way up to indistinguishability obfuscation.
Heat transfer on accreting ice surfaces

Based on previous observations of glaze ice accretion, a 'Multi-Zone' model with distinct zones of different surface roughness is demonstrated. The use of surface roughness in the LEWICE ice accretion prediction code is examined. It was found that roughness is used in two ways: to determine the laminar to turbulent transition location and to calculate the turbulent heat transfer coefficient. A two zone version of the Multi-Zone model is implemented in the LEWICE code, and compared with experimental heat transfer coefficient and ice accretin results. The analysis of the boundary layer transition, surface roughness, and viscous flow field effects significantly increased the accuracy in predicting heat transfer coefficients. The Multi-Zone model was found to greatly improve the ice accretion prediction for the cases compared.
Underwriter price support and the IPO underpricing puzzle

Abstract This paper reassesses the apparent systematic underpricing of initial public offerings (IPOs). Investigation of the distribution of initial returns following IPOs shows that positive mean initial returns may reflect the existence of a partially unobserved left (negative) tail. Moreover, most IPOs with zero one-day returns subsequently fall in price, suggesting that underwriter price support may account for the skewed distribution and hence the phenomenon of positive average initial IPO returns, even if offering prices are set at expected market value. This paper thus challenges the presumption underlying previous research that positive average initial IPO returns result primarily from deliberate underpricing.
In defense of criminal defense expenditures and plea bargaining

Given the continuing controversy over defendants' buying justice through defense expenditures, this paper shows that disparities in criminal defense expenditures can insure that it is the guilty and not the innocent who will be punished. Our model allows defense and prosecution expenditures to be simultaneously determined. We show that criminal defense expenditures result in lower expected penalties for the innocent at trial and that they helo ensure that plea bargaining efficiently screens defendants even when differential risk aversion is present. Finally, we examine how differences in defendant's wealth and the use of public defenders affect the legal system's ability to differentiate the innocent from the guilty.
Mini-walls for Bridgeland stability conditions on the derived category of sheaves over surfaces

For the derived category of bounded complexes of sheaves on a smooth projective surface, Bridgeland and Arcara-Bertram constructed Bridgeland stability conditions $(Z_m , \mathcal{P}_m)$ parametrized by $m \in (0, {+\infty})$. In this paper, we show that the set of mini-walls in $(0, {+\infty})$ of a fixed numerical type is locally finite. In addition, we strengthen a result of Bayer by proving that the moduli of polynomial Bridgeland semistable objects of a fixed numerical type coincides with the moduli of $(Z_m , \mathcal{P}_m)$-semistable objects whenever $m$ is larger than a universal constant depending only on the numerical type. We further identify the moduli of polynomial Bridgeland semistable objects with the Gieseker/Simpson moduli spaces and the Uhlenbeck compactification spaces.
Linear and chiral superfields are usefully inequivalent

Chiral superfields have been used, and extensively so, almost ever since supersymmetry was discovered. Complex linear superfields afford an alternative representation of matter, but are widely misbelieved to be `physically equivalent' to chiral ones. We prove that the opposite is true. Curiously, this re-enables a previously thwarted interpretation of the low-energy (super)field limit of superstrings.
Standard LISP report

Although the programming language LISP was first formulated in 1960 [6], a widely accepted standard has never appeared. As a result, various dialects of LISP have been produced [4-12], in some cases several on the same machine! Consequently, a user often faces considerable difficulty in moving programs from one system to another. In addition, it is difficult to write and use programs which depend on the structure of the source code such as translators, editors and cross-reference programs.
Analysis of three-phase rectifiers with constant-voltage loads

This work presents a quantitative analysis of the operating characteristics of three-phase diode bridge rectifiers with AC-side reactance and constant-voltage loads. We focus on the case where the AC-side currents vary continuously (continuous AC-side conduction mode). This operating mode is of particular importance in alternators and generators, for example. Simple approximate expressions are derived for the line and output current characteristics as well as the input power factor. Expressions describing the necessary operating conditions for continuous AC-side conduction are also developed. The derived analytical expressions are applied to practical examples and both simulations and experimental results are utilized to validate the analytical results. It is shown that the derived expressions are far more accurate than calculations based on traditional constant-current models.
Quasifinite highest weight modules over the Lie algebra of differential operators on the circle

We classify positive energy representations with finite degeneracies of the Lie algebraW 1+∞ and construct them in terms of representation theory of the Lie algebra $$\hat gl(\infty ,R_m )$$ of infinites matrices with finite number of non-zero diagonals over the algebraR m =ℂ[t]/(t m+1). The unitary ones are classified as well. Similar results are obtained for the sin-algebras.
The thermolysis of tetramethyl‐1,2‐dioxetane in degassed 1,4‐cyclohexadiene. Hydrogen abstraction by excited acetone

The thermolysis of tetramethyl-1,2-dioxetane (1) in degassed 1,4-cyclohexadiene affords products attributable to hydrogen abstraction from solvent by excited acetone: benzene + 2-propanol (.14–.15 moles each per mole 1), 1,4-dihydrocumyl alcohol (2-[2,5-cyclohexadien-1-yl]-2-propanol) (.05 moles per mole 1), and a small amount of tetrahydrobiphenyls. These products are formed in the same proportions during the irradiation of acetone in degassed 1,4-cyclohexadiene. The rate and kinetic order of the decomposition of 1 is the same as in air-saturated solvents, where no acetone reduction products are observed. Comparison of the product yields with the known rate of quenching of acetone triplets by cyclohexadiene leads to the conclusion that at least one-third of the quenching is of the nonreactive type, accompanying capture of allylic hydrogen from the hydrocarbon. The mechanism of the reaction is discussed, and a comparison is drawn between different radicals and anions in their modes of coupling with the cyclohexadienyl radical.
Eighth International Conference of Europeanists

and agricultural activities enabled shipbuilding's worker-peasants to resist migration and proletarianization. By integrating industrial production into long-standing patterns of rural work, these worker-peasants retained their traditional community. Their workshop concerns reflected their identity as peasant owners intent on maintaining traditional modes of life and, as such, diverged sharply from the strike agenda of urban workers.
First-principles calculation of the effect of strain on the diffusion of Ge adatoms on Si and Ge(001) surfaces

First-principles calculations are used to calculate the strain dependencies of the binding and diffusion-activation energies for Ge adatoms on both Si(001) and Ge(001) surfaces. Our calculations reveal that the binding and activation energies on a strained Ge(001) surface increase and decrease, respectively, by 0.21 and 0.12 eV per percent compressive strain. For a growth temperature of 600°C, these strain-dependencies give rise to a 16-fold increase in adatom density and a fivefold decrease in adatom diffusivity in the region of compressive strain surrounding a Ge island with a characteristic size of 10 nm.
Inflation, taxation and corporate behavior

Under the U. S. tax law, taxable income differs systematically from economic income when there is inflation. For example, nominal interest payments and nominal capital gains are taxable or tax deductible, and depreciation allowances are based on historic rather than replacement costs. Therefore, even fully anticipated inflation can have real effects. The purpose of this paper is to investigate to what degree an increase in the inflation rate, given these differences between taxable and economic income under existing tax law, ought to change corporate investment and financial policy, and cause capital gains or losses to existing owners of corporate equity.
Internal Migration, Center-State Grants and Economic Growth in the States of India

This paper examines the growth experience of 20 states of India during 1961-91, using cross-sectional estimation and the analytical framework of the Solow-Swan neoclassical growth model. We find evidence of absolute convergence--initially poor states grew faster than their initially rich counterparts. Also, the dispersion of real per capita state incomes widened over the period 1961-91. However, relatively more grants were transferred from the central government to the poor states than to their rich counterparts. Significant barriers to population flows also exist, as net migration from poor to rich states responded only weakly to cross-state income differentials.
New ternary rhenium chalcogenides with isolated [Re6X8]-cluster units: Preparation and properties

Abstract New ternary rhenium chalcogenides A 4 Re 6 X 12 with A = Tl, Cu, Na, Cs, and X = Se; A = Tl, Rb and X = S; A 2 Re 6 X 12 with A = Pb and X = S, Se have been prepared by high temperature and ion exchange techniques in closed systems. X-ray diffraction powder patterns show them to be isostructural with previously reported A 4 Re 6 X 12 which are characterized by Re 6 X 8 cluster units interconnected into a three-dimensional network structure by X and X 2 linkages. Temperature variation of resistivity measured on sintered pellets shows semiconducting behavior in agreement with 24 electrons per cluster filling the bonding valence band which is separated in energy from the empty antibonding conduction band. Variation of the number and size of the A and X ions are correlated with structural stability in these compounds.
Experimental realization of an on-chip all-optical analogue to electromagnetically induced transparency

We show experimentally an all-optical analogue to electromagnetically induced transparency due to coherent interference between two coupled resonators. We measured an EIT-like resonance mode with quality factor of 11,800 using silicon ring resonators.
Synthesis of carbobicyclic compounds via palladium-catalyzed cyclization/hydrosilylation: evidence for reversible silylpalladation.

Cyclization/hydrosilylation of substituted 1-vinyl-1-(3-butenyl)cycloalkanes catalyzed by a 1:1 mixture of (phen)Pd(Me)Cl (1) and NaBAr4 [phen = 1,10-phenanthroline; Ar = 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2] formed silylated spirocycles in high yield with excellent regio and diastereoselectivity. Cyclization/hydrosilylation of substituted 3-(3-butenyl)cycloalkenes or 2,3-diallyl-5,6-dimethyl-1,4-hydroquinone diacetate (16) formed silylated fused bicyclic complexes in good yield. Reaction of substituted 1,6,11-nonatrienes with silane catalyzed by 1/NaBAr4 led to cascade cyclization with hydrosilylation. This latter procedure was employed in the synthesis of silylated bicyclopentanes and a linear triquinane.
Analysis, prediction, and prevention of edge delamination in rotor system structures

Analytical methods such as simple sublaminate analysis, as well as quasi three-dimensional finite element analysis, provide insight into delamination characteristics and reliable trend data with which to make rapid evaluations of competitive concepts in the design environment. It is concluded that free edge delamination can be managed by analysis and prevented by design. However, in order to ensure durable composite structures, more work is needed to characterize delamination that occurs from other sources, such as matrix cracking and ply drops.
Mesh patterns with superfluous mesh

Mesh patterns are a generalization of classical permutation patterns that encompass classical, bivincular, Bruhat-restricted patterns, and some barred patterns. In this paper, we describe all mesh patterns whose avoidance is coincident with classical avoidance, in a sense declaring that the additional data of a mesh was unnecessary for these patterns. We also describe the permutations having the fewest superfluous meshes, and the permutations having the most, enumerating the superfluous meshes in each case.
A statistical physics perspective on Web growth

Abstract Approaches from statistical physics are applied to investigate the structure of network models whose growth rules mimic aspects of the evolution of the World Wide Web. We first determine the degree distribution of a growing network in which nodes are introduced one at a time and attach to an earlier node of degree k with rate Ak∼kγ. Very different behaviors arise for γ 1. We also analyze the degree distribution of a heterogeneous network, the joint age-degree distribution, the correlation between degrees of neighboring nodes, as well as global network properties. An extension to directed networks is then presented. By tuning model parameters to reasonable values, we obtain distinct power-law forms for the in-degree and out-degree distributions with exponents that are in good agreement with current data for the web. Finally, a general growth process with independent introduction of nodes and links is investigated. This leads to independently growing sub-networks that may coalesce with other sub-networks. General results for both the size distribution of sub-networks and the degree distribution are obtained.
Feedback, Disk Self-Regulation, and Galaxy Formation

Self-regulation of star formation in disks is controlled by two dimensionless parameters: the Toomre parameter for gravitational instability and the porosity of the interstellar medium to supernova remnant-heated gas. An interplay between these leads to expressions for the gas velocity dispersion, gas fraction, star formation rate and star formation efficiency in disks and to a possible explanation of the Tully-Fisher relation. I further develop feedback arguments that arise from the impact of massive star formation and death on protogalaxies in order to account for the characteristic luminosity of a galaxy and for early winds from forming spheroids.
Bulk gauge fields in warped space and localized supersymmetry breaking

We consider five dimensional supersymmetric warped scenarios in which the Standard Model quark and lepton fields are localized on the ultraviolet brane, while the Standard Model gauge fields propagate in the bulk. Supersymmetry is assumed to be broken on the infrared brane. The relative sizes of supersymmetry breaking effects are found to depend on the hierarchy between the infrared scale and the weak scale. If the infrared scale is much larger than the weak scale the leading supersymmetry breaking effect on the visible brane is given by gaugino mediation. The gaugino masses at the weak scale are proportional to the square of the corresponding gauge coupling, while the dominant contribution to the scalar masses arises from logarithmically enhanced radiative effects involving the gaugino mass that are cutoff at the infrared scale. While the LSP is the gravitino, the NLSP which is the stau is stable on collider time scales. If however the infrared scale is close to the weak scale then the effects of hard supersymmetry breaking operators on the scalar masses can become comparable to those from gaugino mediation. These operators alter the relative strengths of the couplings of gauge bosons and gauginos to matter, and give loop contributions to the scalar masses that are also cutoff at the infrared scale. The gaugino masses, while exhibiting a more complicated dependence on the corresponding gauge coupling, remain hierarchical and become proportional to the corresponding gauge coupling in the limit of strong supersymmetry breaking. The scalar masses are finite and a loop factor smaller than the gaugino masses. The LSP remains the gravitino.
A mild method for the conversion of activated aryl methyl groups to carboxaldehydes via the uncatalyzed periodate cleavage of enamines

Abstract A mild procedure for the oxidative cleavage of aryl enamines to aryl aldehydes by periodate without the need for transition metal catalysis is presented.
Intelligent control using neural networks

Intelligent control, using neural networks, of complex dynamical systems in the presence of structural failures is addressed. After a failure occurs, the dynamical system is assumed to be in one of a finite number of configurations, with a stabilizing controller corresponding to each. A two-level controller structure is used, in which the higher level detects a failure using pattern recognition techniques and activates a stabilizing controller. At the second level, an adaptive controller is used to optimize the stabilized system. Multilayer neural networks are used at the lower level for the identification and control of the plant and as a pattern recognizer in the higher level for the detection of a failure in the system. Simulation results are presented, showing that efficient multilevel controllers using neural networks can be designed for nonlinear dynamical systems. >
A Generalized Theory for Eccentric and Misalignment Effects in High-Pressure Annular Seals

High-pressure annular seal leakage and dynamic coefficients vary with eccentricity and misalignment. Recent seal leakage data with both concentric and fully eccentric alignments support the seal leakage model with surface roughness and eccentricity effects included. In this paper, the seal dynamic coefficient calculation has been generalized and allows direct calculation of the seal dynamic coefficients at any circumferential location. The generalized solution agrees with the results obtained by using the calculated values of an earlier paper and performing a coordinate transformation. The analysis results coincide with the measured data in showing that the stiffness and damping matrices of seal coefficients are not skew symmetric, and the main diagonal seal coefficients are not equal. The measured direct stiffnesses were found higher than predicted by the concentric seal theory, but this may be explained by the presence of eccentricity in the test operating mode.
Male pseudohermaphroditism with gynaecomastia due to testicular 17-ketosteroid reductase deficiency

SUMMARY A 28-year-old male pseudohermaphrodite with gynaecomastia was raised as a female until the age of 17 years, at which time he developed masculine features (deepening of the voice, development of facial hair, male distribution of body hair and male body habitus) and assumed a male gender role. He had a small phallus with perineal urethra, absence of labioscrotal fusion, presence of vaginal pouch and undescended testes. The testicular biopsy showed hyalinization of the tubular basement membrane, lack of spermatogenesis and hyperplastic Leydig cells. Baseline peripheral plasma studies showed androstenedione concentrations ten times normal, low testosterone, elevated oestrone and elevated gonadotrophins. The in vitro incubation of testicular tissue showed no significant conversion of androstenedione to testosterone. However, two types of peripheral tissues, skin fibroblasts and erythrocytes, had a normal conversion, as did the body overall as measured by the technique of androstenedione constant infusion. These studies demonstrate that the 17-keto-steroid reductase deficiency of the patient was limited to the testes.
The color glass condensate: an overview

The color glass condensate is a theory of the dynamical properties of partons in the Regge limit of QCD: \(x_{\mathrm {Bj}}\rightarrow 0\), \(Q^2 \gg \Lambda_{\mathrm {QCD}}^2 = {\mathrm {fixed}}\) and the center of mass energy squared \(s\rightarrow \infty\). We provide a brief introduction to the theoretical ideas underlying the color glass condensate and discuss the application of these ideas to high energy scattering in QCD.
Thinking about economic growth: cities, networks, creativity and supply chains for ideas

Discussions of economic growth require an examination of the role of cities. It is widely claimed that cities exist because they facilitate economic growth and development. Spatial concentrations reduce transactions costs. There are additional benefits gained as positive spillover effects are realized. The latter is especially important for the exchange of ideas. Creativity comes from new arrangements of thoughts and ideas. The thoughts of others facilitate new combinations of ideas. It is argued here that propitious spatial arrangements make both sets of benefits possible. These arrangements involve choices from a very large combinatorial set. The choice problem is too complex to entrust to models or planning agencies. Rather, flexible land markets are required. This paper is based on the author’s presidential address delivered at the February 2012 meetings of the Western Regional Science Association in Kauai, Hawaii.
Semiparametric Binary Choice Panel Data Models Without Strictly Exogeneous Regressors

Previous estimators of binary choice panel data models with fixed effects require strong parametric error asumptions, strictly exogeneous regressors, or both. This is because nonlinearity of the model precludes the use of the "moment conditions on differences" based estimators that are generally employed for linear models without strictly exogeneous regressors. Based on the cross section binary choice estimator in Lewbel (2000a), we show how discrete choice panel data models with fixed effects can be estimated with only predetermined regressors. The estimator is semiparametric in that the error distribution is not specified, it allows for some general forms of heteroskedasticity, and converges at rate root n.(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Stability and BPS branes

We define the concept of Π-stability, a generalization of μ-stability of vector bundles, and argue that it characterizes = 1 supersymmetric brane configurations and BPS states in very general string theory compactifications with = 2 supersymmetry in four dimensions.
Prior-free auctions for budgeted agents

We consider prior-free auctions for revenue and welfare maximization when agents have a common budget. The abstract environments we consider are ones where there is a downward-closed and symmetric feasibility constraint on the probabilities of service of the agents. These environments include position auctions where slots with decreasing click-through rates are auctioned to advertisers. We generalize and characterize the envy-free benchmark from Hartline and Yan [2011] to settings with budgets and characterize the optimal envy-free outcomes for both welfare and revenue. We give prior-free mechanisms that approximate these benchmarks. A building block in our mechanism is a clinching auction for position auction environments. This auction is a generalization of the multi-unit clinching auction of Dobzinski et al. [2008] and a special case of the polyhedral clinching auction of Goel et al. [2012]. For welfare maximization, we show that this clinching auction is a good approximation to the envy-free optimal welfare for position auction environments. For profit maximization, we generalize the random sampling profit extraction auction from Fiat et al. [2002] for digital goods to give a 10.0-approximation to the envy-free optimal revenue in symmetric, downward-closed environments. Even without budgets this revenue maximization question is of interest and we obtain an improved approximation bound of 7.5 (from 30.4 by Ha and Hartline [2012]).
Space-time resolved simulation of femtosecond nonlinear light-matter interactions using a holistic quantum atomic model: application to near-threshold harmonics.

We introduce a new computational approach for femtosecond pulse propagation in the transparency region of gases that permits full resolution in three space dimensions plus time while fully incorporating quantum coherent effects such as high-harmonic generation and strong-field ionization in a holistic fashion. This is achieved by utilizing a one-dimensional model atom with a delta-function potential which allows for a closed-form solution for the nonlinear optical response due to ground-state to continuum transitions. It side-steps evaluation of the wave function, and offers more than one hundred-fold reduction in computation time in comparison to direct solution of the atomic Schrodinger equation. To illustrate the capability of our new computational approach, we apply it to the example of near-threshold harmonic generation in Xenon, and we also present a qualitative comparison between our model and results from an in-house experiment on extreme ultraviolet generation in a femtosecond enhancement cavity.
SYNCHRONIZATION ANALYSIS FOR DECENTRALIZING COMPOSITE WEB SERVICES

Web Services are emerging as the standard mechanism for making information and software available programmatically via the Internet, and as building blocks for applications. A composite web service may be built using multiple component web services. Once its specification has been developed, the composite service may be orchestrated either using a centralized engine or in a decentralized fashion. Decentralized orchestration brings performance benefits, and improves scalability and concurrency. Dynamic binding coupled with decentralized orchestration adds high availability and fault tolerance to the system. However in such systems, the coordination between components needs to be carefully designed to ensure correct execution of the composite and to limit the synchronization overheads. In this paper, we categorize different forms of concurrency and provide an algorithm to identify these forms in a composite service specification. We explore different mechanisms for transferring data between the components in the presence of different forms of concurrency. Then we experimentally evaluate the efficiency and scalability of each mechanism. We also analyze the coordination requirements of a decentralized orchestration in the presence of dynamic binding and fault propagation.
The flood of US lawyers: natural fluctuation or professional climate change?

This paper considers how US courts, which regulate the US legal profession, should respond to the perceived excess of lawyers (i.e. to the lack of adequate employment opportunities for lawyers). It begins by summarizing the courts' regulatory role. It then situates the contemporary flood-of-lawyers problem in the unavailability of well-paid legal work, not in the absence of a need for lawyers' services: many people need lawyers, but they cannot afford them. Next, the paper explores whether the problem is simply a product of natural economic fluctuation which will be solved naturally, particularly if potential law school applicants become better informed, and suggests that the problem is at least in part an artificial product of professional regulation. Finally, the paper explores possible regulatory solutions, concluding with the possibility of eliminating lawyers who perform adequate but lowest-quality work. It concludes that using regulatory means of lowering the tide of lawyers is not viable.
Recent results of fluctuation and correlation studies from the STAR experiment

Enhanced fluctuations and correlations have been observed in the phase transitions of many systems. Their appearance at the predicted QCD phase transition (especially near the expected critical point) may provide insight into the nature of the phase transition. Recent results from the STAR experiment will be presented with a focus on particle ratio (K/π and p/π) fluctuations, forward-backward multiplicity correlations, and balance functions. Also discussed will be possibilities for measuring these correlations and fluctuations in the recently initiated beam energy scan at RHIC.
A type system equivalent to a model checker

Type systems and model checking are two prevalent approaches to program verification. A prominent difference between them is that type systems are typically defined in a syntactic and modular style whereas model checking is usually performed in a semantic and whole-program style. This difference between the two approaches makes them complementary to each other: type systems are good at explaining why a program was accepted while model checkers are good at explaining why a program was rejected.We present a type system that is equivalent to a model checker for verifying temporal safety properties of imperative programs. The model checker is natural and may be instantiated with any finite-state abstraction scheme such as predicate abstraction. The type system, which is also parametric, type checks exactly those programs that are accepted by the model checker. It uses a variant of function types to capture flow sensitivity and intersection and union types to capture context sensitivity. Our result sheds light on the relationship between type systems and model checking, provides a methodology for studying their relative expressiveness, is a step towards sharing results between the two approaches, and motivates synergistic program analyses involving interplay between them.
Zero-temperature dynamics of Ising spin systems following a deep quench: results and open problems

Abstract We consider zero-temperature, stochastic Ising models σ t with nearest-neighbor interactions and an initial spin configuration σ 0 chosen from a symmetric Bernoulli distribution (corresponding physically to a deep quench). Whether σ ∞ exists, i.e., whether each spin flips only finitely many times as t →∞ (for almost every σ 0 and realization of the dynamics), or if not, whether every spin — or only a fraction strictly less than one — flips infinitely often, depends on the nature of the couplings, the dimension, and the lattice type. We review results, examine open questions, and discuss related topics.
Experimental probing of photonic density of states in hyperbolic metamaterial

In the metamaterial with hyperbolic dispersion, we have observed six-fold reduction of the emission life-time of dye deposited onto the metamaterial's surface.
Design of tree networks for distributed data

The advent of computerized information networks connotes a change in the normal data processing concept of information as a localized object, a disk file tied to computer X, for instance. Having available a facility for communication between computers it is more natural to think of related data files at different sites as elements of a single unified data collection. As an example, crime reports gathered in various cities across the nation inherently constitute an integrated data base of more than local interest. In banking, manufacturing, and other applications the same is often found to be true; information gathered and maintained in one geographical area is closely related to data collected elsewhere. Computer networks offer not only a replacement for unwieldy document-oriented methods of communicating between distributed data files, but also promise the flexibility needed to develop new ways of applying these data collections.
Effect of Substrate Surface Finish on the Lubrication and Failure Mechanisms of Molybdenum Disulfide Films

An optical microscope was used to study the lubrication and failure mechanisms of rubbed (burnished) MoS2 films applied to three substrate surface finishes—polished, sanded, and sandblasted—as a function of sliding distance. The lubrication mechanism was the plastic flow of thin films of MoS2 between flat plateaus on the rider and on the metallic substrate. If the substrate were rough, flat plateaus were created during “run-in” and the MoS2 flowed across them. Wear life was extended by increasing surface roughness since valleys in the roughened substrate served as reservoirs for MoS2 and a deposit site for wear debris. In moist air, the failure mechanism was the transformation of metallic-colored MoS2 films to a black, powdery material that was found by X-ray diffraction to consist primarily of â-iron and MoO3 powders. In dry argon, the failure mechanism was the gradual depletion of the MoS2 film from the contact region by transverse flow. Analysis of the wear debris on the wear track at failure showed it...
Stability robustness improvement using constrained optimization techniques

In a multiloop feedback control system, stability margin improvement by singular value shaping can be achieved by a noise adjustment procedure. A direct method for shaping singular value spectrum using constrained optimization technique is described. The design algorithm minimizes a standard LQG performance index while trying to satisfy minimum singular value constraints at the plant input, or output, or at both. Selected parameters of a stabilizing control law are used as the design variables. The capabilities of this method are demonstrated using a two input two output system representing a drone aircraft and its lateral attitude control system.
Novel Repair-by-Transfer Codes and Systematic Exact-MBR Codes with Lower Complexities and Smaller Field Sizes

The $(n,k,d)$ regenerating code is a class of $(n,k)$ erasure codes with the capability to recover a lost code fragment from other $d$ existing code fragments. In this paper, we focus on the design of exact regenerating codes at minimum bandwidth regenerating (MBR) points. For $d=n-1$ , a class of $(n,k,d=n-1)$ exact-MBR codes, termed as repair-by-transfer codes, have been developed in prior work to avoid arithmetic operations in node repairing process. The first result of this paper presents a new class of repair-by-transfer codes via congruent transformations. As compared with prior works, the advantages of proposed codes include: i) the minimum of field size is significantly reduced from $n \atopwithdelims ()2$ to $n$ ; ii) the encoding complexity is decreased from $n^4$ to $n^3$ . Our simulation results show that the proposed code achieves faster operations than the prior approach does under large $n$ . The second result of this paper presents a new form of coding matrix for product-matrix exact-MBR codes. The proposed coding matrix includes the following advantages: i) the minimum of finite field size is reduced from $n-k+d$ to $n$ ; ii) the fast Reed-Solomon erasure coding algorithms can be applied on the proposed exact-MBR codes to reduce the time complexities.
Blood lead, blood pressure, and hypertension in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.

Context Lead exposures have been shown to be associated with increased blood pressure and risk of hypertension in older men. In perimenopausal women, skeletal lead stores are an important source of endogenous lead exposure due to increased bone demineralization. Objective To examine the relationship of blood lead level with blood pressure and hypertension prevalence in a population-based sample of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women in the United States. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional sample of 2165 women aged 40 to 59 years, who participated in a household interview and physical examination, from theThirdNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurveyconductedfrom1988to1994. Main Outcome Measures Associations of blood lead with blood pressure and hypertension, with age, race and ethnicity, cigarette smoking status, body mass index, alcohol use, and kidney function as covariates. Results A change in blood lead levels from the lowest (quartile 1: range, 0.5-1.6 µg/dL) to the highest (quartile 4: range, 4.0-31.1 µg/dL) was associated with small statistically significant adjusted changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Women in quartile 4 had increased risks of diastolic (90 mm Hg) hypertension (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-8.7), as well as moderately increased risks for general hypertension (adjusted OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.92-2.0) and systolic (140 mm Hg) hypertension (adjusted OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.72-3.2). This association was strongest in postmenopausal women, in whom adjusted ORs for diastolic hypertension increased with increasing quartile of blood lead level compared with quartile 1 (adjusted OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.1-19.2 for quartile 2; adjusted OR, 5.9; 95% CI, 1.5-23.1 for quartile 3; adjusted OR, 8.1; 95% CI, 2.6-24.7 for quartile 4). Conclusions At levels well below the current US occupational exposure limit guidelines (40 µg/dL), blood lead level is positively associated with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and risks of both systolic and diastolic hypertension among women aged 40 to 59 years. The relationship between blood lead level and systolic and diastolic hypertension is most pronounced in postmenopausal women. These results provide support for continued efforts to reduce lead levels in the general population, especially women. JAMA. 2003;289:1523-1532 www.jama.com