cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probing the QCD Pomeron in e + e − Collisions

The total cross section for scattering virtual photons at high energy is sensitive to pomeron physics. If the photons are sufficiently virtual, QCD perturbation theory applies, so that the reaction probes the short distance pomeron. We study this reaction for present and future ${e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ colliders.
Elevated hepatic fatty acid elongase-5 activity affects multiple pathways controlling hepatic lipid and carbohydrate composition.

Hepatic fatty acid elongase-5 (Elovl-5) plays an important role in long chain monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis. Elovl-5 activity is regulated during development, by diet, hormones, and drugs, and in chronic disease. This report examines the impact of elevated Elovl-5 activity on hepatic function. Adenovirus-mediated induction of Elovl5 activity in livers of C57BL/6 mice increased hepatic and plasma levels of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3,n-6) while suppressing hepatic arachidonic acid (20:4,n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6,n-3) content. The fasting-refeeding response of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α-regulated genes was attenuated in mice with elevated Elovl5 activity. In contrast, the fasting-refeeding response of hepatic sterol-regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1)-regulated and carbohydrate-regulatory element binding protein/Max-like factor X-regulated genes, Akt and glycogen synthase kinase (Gsk)-3β phosphorylation, and the accumulation of hepatic glycogen content and nuclear SREBP-1 were not impaired by elevated Elovl5 activity. Hepatic triglyceride content and the phosphorylation of AMP-activated kinase α and Jun kinase 1/2 were reduced by elevated Elovl5 activity. Hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase expression was suppressed, while hepatic glycogen content and phosphorylated Gsk-3β were significantly increased, in livers of fasted mice with increased Elovl5 activity. As such, hepatic Elovl5 activity may affect hepatic glucose production during fasting. In summary, Elovl5-induced changes in hepatic fatty acid content affect multiple pathways regulating hepatic lipid and carbohydrate composition.
Appraisal of the future climate of the Holocene in the Rocky Mountains

Abstract Consideration of the history of Holocene climate in the Rocky Mountains indicates that the over-all trend during the past 2500 yr has been toward increasing warmth, interrupted by cooler times of minor advances of cirque glaciers. Comparison of Holocene climatic history with the record of past interglacials in the region suggests that the present interglacial is not complete and that the climate may become first warmer and subsequently wetter before it is completed. Correlation of the timing of the regional glacial-interglacial record for the past 140,000 yr with the record of major sea level changes and with the calculated changes in the earth's insolation suggest that the present interglacial may be completed within a few millenia and that it may be followed by a significant cooling of the climate.
Measuring flow reattachment lengths downstream of a stenosis using MRI.

Flow reattachment lengths (l(r)) are measured downstream of an abrupt axisymmetric 75% stenosis, located inside a cylindrical channel, for steady flow using ultra-fast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The MRI results are compared with those from other similar (non-MRI) studies. The MRI data confirm the existence of three flow reattachment regimes (laminar, fully turbulent, and transition) related to the flow Reynolds number (Re) measured inside the stenosis. Based on the MRI experiments, the laminar regime occurs at a stenotic Reynolds number below 250 with a slope (l(r)/Re) of 0.086. The fully developed turbulence occurs at a stenotic Reynolds number above 3600 with a minimum observed reattachment length of 5 step heights. The transition regime (occurring between the laminar and fully turbulent regimes) is characterized by a reattachment length plateau and then a drop with Re(-1.1). J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2000;12:939-948.
The role of sediment particle size in the nutritional energetics of a surface deposit-feeder. I. Ingestion and absorption of sedimentary microalgae by Hydrobia truncata (Vanatta)

The effect of sediment particle size on carbon intake by the deposit-feeding gastropod Hydrobia truncata was investigated. Radiotracer techniques were employed to estimate ingestion rate and absorption efficiency of microalgal carbon and sediment processing rate on two size fractions of natural sediment (silt-clay), < 63 μm; medium sand, 300–600 μm). In two of three experiments, ingestion and absorption rates of microalgal carbon were higher on sand, even though microalgal concentrations were 5 and 17 times lower than on silt-clay. Within each sediment type, ingestion and absorption rates were positively related to microalgal abundance, whereas sediment processing rate and absorption efficiency varied little over a 3–4 fold range in microalgal concentration. Examination of the effect of sediment particle size on carbon intake suggests that the inverse relationship between body size and density of hydrobiid populations and sediment grade in nature is not due to a lack of food associated with coarse-grained sediments.
Products of Locally Pseudocompact Topological Groupsa

An old theorem of Comfort and Ross to the effect that the product of any number of pseudocompact groups remains pseudocompact is generalized, and a brief survey of some known results of locally pseudocompact groups is given. The product of any number of pseudocompact regularly closed subspaces of topological groups is proved to be pseudocompact. A corollary is obtained that the classes of locally pseudocompact groups and of locally compact groups behave similarly with respect to products. Additional known facts concerning products of functionally bounded sets that are connected with the results are briefly surveyed.
Wetland Invertebrate Community Responses to Varying Emergent Litter in a Prairie Pothole Emergent Marsh

Plant litter produced in the interior of dense emergent stands may directly or indirectly influence invertebrate communities. Low litter may provide structure and refuge to invertebrates while high litter may displace vegetation and decrease oxygen concentration. Within an emergent stand, an edge-to-interior transect study and an interior litter treatment study were performed to investigate the impact of increasing litter densities on the invertebrate community. The interior had more litter, lemnid biomass, and hypoxia than the edge but did not differ in total invertebrate abundance. Low and moderate litter plots in the interior treatment study experienced higher lemnid biomass and greater total invertebrate abundance than the high litter plots, but the high litter plots were characterized by higher invertebrate diversity. There was a significant negative relationship between litter and invertebrate abundance in July and August. Invertebrate patterns were driven primarily by amphipod abundance and may be related to the use of lemnids as habitat. Hypoxic-tolerant and semi-aquatic taxa were associated with high litter, while several algal-feeding taxa were associated with the edge. High litter can reduce abundant invertebrates that support higher trophic levels and shift invertebrate communities. These findings underscore the importance of understanding long-term litter accumulation dynamics in wetland systems.
Analysis of guided resonances in photonic crystal slabs

We present a three-dimensional analysis of guided resonances in photonic crystal slab structures that leads to a new understanding of the complex spectral properties of such systems. Specifically, we calculate the dispersion diagrams, the modal patterns, and transmission and reflection spectra of these resonances. From these calculations, a key observation emerges involving the presence of two temporal pathways for transmission and reflection processes. Using this insight, we introduce a general physical model that explains the essential features of complex spectral properties. Finally, we show that the quality factors of these resonances are strongly influenced by the symmetry of the modes and the strength of the index modulation.
Pathway of indole metabolism by a denitrifying microbial community

The metabolism of indole in a mineral-salts medium inoculated with 9% anaerobically digested nitrate-reducing sewage sludge was studied. The sequential occurrence of four structurally-related compounds — oxindole, isatin, dioxindole, and anthranilic acid — was detected using high-performance liquid or thin-layer chromatography. Mass spectrometry and proton nuclear resonance were used to identify isatin and dioxindole isolated from the culture fluids. Prior exposure of the microorganisms to indole, oxindole, isatin, or anthranilic acid resulted in accelerated decomposition of these compounds in a pattern that was consistent with a proposed pathway for the metabolism of indole under denitrifying conditions.
Prone Sleeping Is a Risk for SIDS, Not for Suffocation

The Policy Statement “SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Expansion of Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment” (http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2011/10/12/peds.2011-2284) needs a comment. Although the Safe Infant Sleeping Environment campaign is a worthwhile endeavor for the Academy and its partners, the recommendations should have been listed as 2 separate columns: 1 for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and 1 for accidental trauma to the infant. It is a stretch of the facts to say, in both the abstract and the introduction, that “many of the modifiable risks and …
SOME IMAGES OF A PRIMARY SCREENING DEVICE

Summmy.-Rescaled image analysis was applied to the item scores of a primary screening instrument. Auditory, motor, language, and visual subscales were readily retrieved and identified. Strong correlations were found among several components, however. Implications for the use of primary screening devices were discussed. Recently considerable attention has been given to the importance of motor, visual, auditory, and language skills as prerequisites to academic activity in early age school children. As a result, inventories intended to index a child's facility in those areas were developed and used as "screening devices" for improving instructional efficiency (Kallstrom, 1975). The results suggest some promise for the prediction of success as well as indicating areas requiring remediation (Dziuban & Mealor, 1982). This study assessed the construct validity of a typical screening device using explanatory methods with a lacge body of data. PROCEDURE The data constituted the item responses to the perceptual motor screening device termed the Yellow Brick Road (Kallstrom, 1971). The instrument has been used for several years in an east central Florida school system. It is district policy to administer the test to entering kindergarten students before substantial instruction. The device is individually administered and yields scores on ;he four areas of development. Over the past years, this practice has resulted in a bank of several thousand item responses. From this pool of available subjects, a random sample of 1500 sets was selected for analysis. The tasks' correct counts for each of the 24 items of the test were reduced to a correlation matrix (R 24 X 24), and the image covariance matrix formed by
Junction of the 50S ribosomal subunit with the 30S initiation complex.

Some new facts suggest that the junction of a 50S particle with a 30S initiation complex does not require the hydrolysis of GTP.
Effects on a Poison Center’s (PC) Triage and Follow-up After Implementing the No Ipecac Use Policy

For years, The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) had supported home use of syrup of Ipecac. However, due to mounting evidence that Ipecac use did not improve outcome nor reduce Emergency Department (ED) referrals, the AAP in November of 2003 issued a statement that Ipecac not be used for the home management of poison ingestion. To determine if the cessation of the use of Ipecac for home ingestions is associated with an increased number of follow-up calls, an increased time of observation at home and an increase in the number of ED referrals for care by poison center staff were administered. Fifty randomly selected pediatric (<6 years) cases that received Ipecac (“Ipecac” group) from January 1, 2003 to October 31, 2003 were selected for study. Up to two controls (“no Ipecac” group) were matched by age, amount ingested, and by toxin. Controls were selected from the 2004–2006 time period (Ipecac no longer in use). Fifty “Ipecac” cases and 84 “no Ipecac” controls were analyzed. The groups had no significant differences with respect to percent symptomatic, median time post-ingestion, mean age, and distribution of toxin categories (e.g., antidepressants, beta blockers, etc.). The “no Ipecac” group had nearly ten times the odds of ED referral compared to the “Ipecac” group, (OR = 9.9, 95%CI 3.3–32.2). The mean total hours of follow-up was not significantly different between the groups (diff = −1.1, t = −1.8, p = 0.07). The mean number of follow-up calls was significantly less in the “no Ipecac” group (diff = −1.4 calls, t = −6.8, p < 0.001). Toxicology consults were greater in the “no Ipecac” group (χ2 = 4.05, p = 0.04); however, consults were not associated with ED referral. For the time period from 2004 to 2006, the “no Ipecac” policy resulted in an increase in ED referrals at our center. While prior studies have shown that not using Ipecac did not affect clinical outcome, our research suggested that it may have initially influenced triaging outcome. Since the use of Ipecac by centers was once a commonly used home remedy for some ingestions (albeit without rigorously established efficacy), poison center personnel had to transition to the “no Ipecac” policy. Although our referrals increased during a transitional period of time, referral rates have since stabilized and returned to baseline.
Fumaric acid esters: an alternative systemic treatment for psoriasis

We report the successful clearance of severe chronic plaque psoriasis following treatment with fumaric acid esters (FAE) in two patients who had failed previous systemic therapy. FAE is gaining increasing acceptance for the treatment of psoriasis in countries such as Germany and the Netherlands, but at present remains unlicensed in Britain.
Phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic patterns in North American members of Carex section Acrocystis (Cyperaceae) using nrDNA ITS and ETS sequence data

Carex section Acrocystis currently includes 27 taxa in North America. Recent phylogenetic studies have suggested that the North American and some but not all of the Eurasian species form a clade. Relationships and biogeographic patterns among species in this core-Acrocystis group are explored here using nuclear ribosomal (nrDNA) internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and nrDNA external transcribed spacer region (ETS) sequence data. While maximum parsimony analysis of the ITS and ETS data provides only a moderately resolved branching structure for species relationships within the core-Acrocystis clade, maximum likelihood analysis provides a more resolved hypothesis of relationships in the section. The core-Acrocystis clade consists of a grade of Eurasian and primarily western North American species, with a well-supported clade of only eastern North American species nested within this grade. ITS and ETS types do not coalesce within many species or species complexes. Possible explanations for the non-coalescent nature of ITS and ETS copies in Acrocystis are explored, including lineage sorting, hybridization, and cryptic species.
Synergism between environmental lighting and taurine depletion in causing photoreceptor cell degeneration.

Experiments were conducted to examine the possible interaction between retinal taurine depletion and environmental lighting in causing photoreceptor cell degeneration. Albino rats were raised from birth in either dim (2 lx) or relatively bright (300 lx) cyclic light. Beginning at weaning, half the animals from both light environments were taurine-depleted by treating them for 10 weeks with guanidinoetyl sulfonate as a 1% solution in their drinking water. The remaining animals were given ordinary tap-water and served as controls. In the 2 lx light environment, taurine depletion caused a decrease in electroretinogram (ERG) a- and b-wave amplitude of 36 and 46%, respectively; however, no photoreceptor cells were lost in this group. Tap-water controls kept in the 300 lx light environment had a 59- and 43% decrease in ERG a- and b-wave amplitude, respectively, and a 21% reduction in the number of photoreceptor cells. In contrast to the other groups, animals that were taurine-depleted in the 300 lx environment showed a marked retinal degeneration. ERG a- and b-wave amplitude was decreased by 94- and 89% respectively and there was a 62% loss of photoreceptor cells. The greatest cell loss occurred in the central superior region of the retina, in which the outer nuclear layer was typically reduced to one to two rows of nuclei. The results of a two-way analysis of variance applied to the data indicated that the effects of taurine depletion on the retina were greater in the 300, lx as compared with the 2 lx environment in terms of loss of photoreceptor cells and reduction in log ERG a- and b-wave amplitude. These findings demonstrate a synergism between environmental lighting and taurine depletion in causing photoreceptor cell degeneration.
Representing energy. I. Representing a substance ontology for energy

The nature of energy is not typically an explicit topic of physics instruction. Nonetheless, verbal and graphical representations of energy articulate models in which energy is conceptualized as a quasimaterial substance, a stimulus, or a vertical location. We argue that a substance ontology for energy is particularly productive in developing understanding of energy transfers and transformations. We analyze classic representations of energy---bar charts, pie charts, and others---to determine the energy ontologies that are implicit in those representations, and thus their affordances for energy learning. We find that while existing representations partially support a substance ontology for energy and thus the learning goal of energy conservation, they have limited utility for tracking the flow of energy among objects.
Effects of experimentally altered plant moisture stress on the performance of Neodiprion sawflies

Abstract For five years we studied the effects of experimentally altered levels of plant moisture stress on Pinus ponderosa (Dougl. ex Laws.) on the performance of Neodiprion autumnalis and N. fulviceps. We could not consistently support the hypothesis that high plant moisture stress leads to improved herbivore performance. An alternative hypothesis that sawflies performed better on non-stressed trees was supported in some years. Sixty trees were divided into three treatments: trenching; watering, and control. Plant moisture stress differed significantly among treatments, being highest on trenched trees and lowest on watered trees. Mean N. autumnalis survival rates from first larval instar to cocoon spining differed significantly among treatments over a four-year period, with mean survival being lowest on experimentally trenched trees. Neopridion fulviceps survival from first larval instar to cocoon spinning did not differ among treatments. No correlation existed among survival rates on trees between years, indicating that trees did not tend to be consistently susceptible or resistant. Inclusion of the inital levels of total terpenes, Dbh and age for each tree as covariates did not improve the explanatory power of the analysis of variance on treatment effects.
Visual effects of sinusoidal components of complex gratings: independent or additive?

Abstract Modulation (contrast) thresholds for complex gratings comprised of two sinusoidal components were measured. The spatial frequency of one component was twice that of the second component. By comparing the thresholds for complex gratings with those for simple sinusoidal gratings, it was possible to determine the degree of additivity of the visual effects of the sinusoidal components of the complex gratings. Different degrees of component summation were observed depending upon the spatial frequency of the components and their drift speed across the retina. Some implications of the results for models of spatial information processing are discussed.
Collective Intelligence: An Agent-Based Approach to Programmatic Organization in Architecture:

Architectural programming is the research and decision-making process that identifies the scope of work to be designed. Programming is difficult because it involves identifying, collecting, analyzing and updating information from different sources such as engineers, clients, users, consultants, and others. In this paper I propose a computational model for programming and describe its implementation, a tool called PENA that allows a programming expert to represent different processes and people involved in a project using intelligent agents. By delegating responsibility to agents, a programming expert can better organize and manage project data as well as find creative solutions to conflicting issues through agent negotiation. As a proof-of-concept, I show how an agent, called the Arch-Learner, manages adjacencies of rooms in a simple program for a house by clustering them into public and private rooms. I conclude with a discussion of future work and development of PENA.
Heat-Flow Effects in a Resistance-Type Thermometer

IT IS a well-established fact that temperature can be measured by observing the change in resistance of a given material whose resistivity is a function of temperature. This principle of temperature detection is utilized in present-day resistance-type thermometers which commonly are called “aircraft thermometer bulbs.” When used in conjunction with the proper indicating instrument, the resistance-type thermometer provides an accurate system for furnishing information to the instrument panel on temperatures at remote points in an aircraft. This information is transmitted in the form of changes in electric current that are caused by variations in the electrical resistance of the temperature-sensitive element.
Compatibility of Virelure and Looplure Dispensed from Traps for Cabbage Looper 1 and Tobaccoy Budworm 1 Survey 2

Looplure (( Z )-7-dodecenyl acetate) and virelure (a 16:1 mixture of ( Z )-11-hexadecenal and ( Z )-9-tetradecenal) were combined as lures in insect survey traps to attract loopers, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) and Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), and tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (F.). Each lure was formulated in separate dispensers; ca. 20 mg/trap were used in field tests and 10 mg/trap were used in field cage bioassays. Cigarette filters and laminated plastic dispensers were tested in electric grid traps. Numbers of male loopers or tobacco budworms caught in traps baited with a combination of the 2 lures were not significantly different from numbers of each species caught in traps baited with their respective lure. Apparently, no pheromonal communications between male loopers and male budworms occurred when moths were captured alive in traps baited with both synthetic lures.
Evaluating the impact of caprock and reservoir properties on potential risk of CO2 leakage after injection

Numerical models are essential tools in fully understanding the fate of injected CO2 for commercial-scale sequestration projects and should be included in the life cycle of a project. Common practice involves modeling the behavior of CO2 during and after injection using site-specific reservoir and caprock properties. Little has been done to systematically evaluate and compare the effects of a broad but realistic range of reservoir and caprock properties on potential CO2 leakage through caprocks. This effort requires sampling the physically measurable range of caprock and reservoir properties, and performing numerical simulations of CO2 migration and leakage. In this study, factors affecting CO2 leakage through intact caprocks are identified. Their physical ranges are determined from the literature from various field sites. A quasi-Monte Carlo sampling approach is used such that the full range of caprock and reservoir properties can be evaluated without bias and redundant simulations. For each set of sampled properties, the migration of injected CO2 is simulated for up to 200 years using the water–salt–CO2 operational mode of the STOMP simulator. Preliminary results show that critical factors determining CO2 leakage rate through caprocks are, in decreasing order of significance, the caprock thickness, caprock permeability, reservoir permeability, caprock porosity, and reservoir porosity. This study provides a function for prediction of potential CO2 leakage risk due to permeation of intact caprock and identifies a range of acceptable seal thicknesses and permeability for sequestration projects. The study includes an evaluation of the dependence of CO2 injectivity on reservoir properties.
Good Law from Tragic Facts: Congress, the FDA, and Preemption

In Wyeth v. Levine, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the approval of a drug by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) did not prohibit injured patients from filing state civil lawsuits against pharmaceutical companies alleging failure to provide adequate warning about the drug's dangers.
Fixed final-time near optimal regulation of nonlinear discrete-time systems in affine form using output feedback

 Abstract— In this paper, the fixed final-time near optimal output regulation of affine nonlinear discrete-time systems with unknown system dynamics is considered. First, a neural network (NN)-based observer is proposed to reconstruct both the system state vector and control coefficient matrix. Next, actor-critic structure is utilized to approximate the time-varying solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation or value function. To satisfy the terminal constraint, a new error term is defined and incorporated in the NN update law so that the terminal constraint error is also minimized over time. A NN with constant weights and time-dependent activation function is employed to approximate the time-varying value function which subsequently is utilized to generate the fixed final time near optimal control policy due to NN reconstruction errors. The proposed scheme functions in a forward-in-time manner without offline training phase. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified via simulation.
Proton-carbon bremsstrahlung calculation

The Feshbach-Yennie approximation is applied to calculate the proton-carbon bremsstrahlung cross sections near the resonance at 1.7 MeV. In all but one case, the predicted cross sections are in very good agreement with the experimental data. The calculation includes not only the principal term of the approximation but also the correction term, which is negligible at an energy far from the resonance but becomes very significant in the region of the resonance.
Hyperkalemia with concomitant watery diarrhea: an unusual association

Four patients presented to the emergency room with life-threatening hyperkalemia and concomitant watery diarrhea. Hypovolemia, acidosis, and renal insufficiency were present in all 4 cases. In 2 patients, hyperkalemia followed initiation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor therapy, whereas 1 patient experienced hyperkalemia after a dose increase of an ACE inhibitor, and the fourth patient was on continuous ACE-inhibitor therapy at the time of the hyperkalemia episode. Two of the 3 patients with functioning kidneys required hemodialysis to correct the hyperkalemia, whereas the other patient was on long-term hemodialysis therapy. In the 2 patients in whom transtubular potassium (K+) gradients were available, their values ranged far below normal, indicating tubular failure to secrete K+. This abnormality was attributed to decreased distal delivery of sodium and water and to renin/angiotensin II/aldosterone blockade. It has been proposed that aldosterone blockade impairs the capacity of the colonic epithelial cells to secrete K+. In all 4 patients the watery diarrhea ceased in parallel with the correction of serum K+ to normal values. It is suggested that hyperkalemia, most likely by stimulating intestinal motility, induced the watery diarrhea in all 4 patients. The watery diarrhea, however, failed to compensate for the renal tubular failure to secrete K+.
Selenium Remobilization Due To Destruction Of Wetlands In The Irvine Subbasin, Orange County, California

The Irvine Subbasin forms part of the coastal edge of Orange County, California. Prior to 1900, the central part of the Subbasin was marshland. After 1900, drainage ditches and channels were constructed to drain the marshes for agriculture. Today, the drainage ditches still exist in the Irvine Subbasin, which is undergoing massive urban growth. Shallow groundwater discharges into these channels, and the surface water eventually flows into Upper Newport Bay, a thriving habitat. Surface flows in these channels usually exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency chronic criterion for selenium (Se) of 5 ppb for protection of aquatic life. Se in surface flows is caused by groundwater inflows. The highest concentrations of Se in shallow groundwater in the Irvine Subbasin coincide with the marshland areas that were displaced by agriculture. Concentrations of Se in groundwater in the former marsh areas often exceed 50 ppb and are as high as 200 ppb. In areas where marshes were absent, concentrations of Se in groundwater are usually 10 ppb. The marshes are presumed to have been oxygen-deficient, following modern analogs in undisturbed habitats along the California coast. In oxygen-deficient marshlands, Se is usually in the form of selenite or elemental Se, two relatively insoluble forms of Se that collect in the sediment at the bottom of the marsh. We hypothesize that the elevated concentrations of Se in groundwater where the marshes once existed are a direct result of the destruction of the marsh. Today, oxygenated groundwaters flow through the soils where the marshes once existed, remobilizing Se as selenate, a water-soluble form of Se that is highly mobile in aquifer systems.
Calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II mRNA in the gerbil brain after cerebral ischemia.

Abstract The effect of transient cerebral ischemia on the expression of Ca 2+ /calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II) mRNA in the gerbil brain was analyzed by Northern blots using cDNA clones for CaM kinase II. Ten minutes of bilateral carotid occlusion and 30 min of reperfusion resulted in reduced protein levels for α and β subunits of the CaM kinase II, decreasing to 35% of control levels at 24 h. Recovery of immunoreactivity was detected in the cortex after 48 h. Eight to twelve hours after ischemia, the cortex showed a decrease in α and β CaM kinase II mRNA levels. By 12–24 h of reperfusion the level of CaM kinase II mRNA was reduced to 26% of the control mRNA levels. CaM kinase II mRNA levels recovered by 48 h after ischemia, coinciding with the increase in CaM kinase II protein immunoreactivity. These results suggest that CaM kinase II is involved in neuronal survival through the reorganization of the neuroarchitecture and that the regulation of this role is controlled at the level of gene expression.
p107 in the public eye: an Rb understudy and more

p107 and its related family members Rb and p130 are critical regulators of cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis. Due to the extent of functional overlap within the Rb family, it has been difficult to assess which functions are exclusive to individual members and which are shared. Like its family members, p107 can bind a variety of cellular proteins to affect the expression of many target genes during cell cycle progression. Unlike Rb and p130, p107 is most highly expressed during the G1 to S phase transition of the cell cycle in actively dividing cells and accumulating evidence suggests a role for p107 during DNA replication. The specific roles for p107 during differentiation and development are less clear, although emerging studies suggest that it can cooperate with other Rb family members to control differentiation in multiple cell lineages. As a tumor suppressor, p107 is not as potent as Rb, yet studies in knockout mice have revealed some tumor suppressor functions in mice, depending on the context. In this review, we identify the unique and overlapping functions of p107 during the cell cycle, differentiation, and tumorigenesis.
Bioinspired Glue for Healing Atherosclerotic Plaques

It's always a surprise when a twig sprouts legs and walks away—as a praying mantis. Being able to mimic surroundings is a powerful tool in nature that scientists have recently been exploring in medicine. "Bioinspired" by underwater life, Kastrup and colleagues biochemically mimicked the underwater adhesives of marine mussels to develop a protective strategy for atherosclerosis. Mussels rely on the adhesive properties of proteins that they secrete to bond to underwater surfaces. Responsible for the adhesion process is catechol, which the authors used to develop their synthetic equivalent along with polysaccharide and alginate. Covalent bonds allow the gel to adhere to cellular surfaces while simultaneously resisting shear stresses, as the authors found when the gel was administered to endothelial cells within microfluidic channels and to bovine carotid arteries lacking their endothelial lining. Kastrup et al. then applied the adhesive gel locally to the healthy carotid artery of mice. Intravital fluorescence microscopy confirmed that the gel layer remained stable and adhered for up to 4 months after treatment, without occluding the artery. The gel also stimulated the growth of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, suggesting a natural healing role in blood vessels. The accompanying acute but minor inflammatory response was similar to that for biological implants. In a mouse model of atherosclerosis, atherosclerotic plaques were coated via catheter by the adhesive gel loaded with the anti-inflammatory molecule dexamethasone. The resultant cellular remodeling promoted increased stability of the fibrous cap. Panels of inflammatory markers suggested a reduction in the inflammatory response in gel-treated as compared with saline-treated mice. Kastrup and colleagues believe that the adhesive gel technology leads to a remodeling and shielding of the inner vascular surface, which would be useful for treating atherosclerotic disease, but further mechanistic experiments will be needed to confirm this. Nevertheless, this is an important first step in mimicking the functional chemistry of marine mussels for biomedical applications. As the authors note, assessing long-term safety and efficacy in larger animals will be crucial for translation. C. J. Kastrup et al ., Painting blood vessels and atherosclerotic plaques with an adhesive drug depot. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , published online 11 December 2012 (10.1073/pnas.1217972110). [[Abstract] ][1] [1]: http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/12/10/1217972110.long
A model of working memory: bridging the gap between electrophysiology and human brain imaging

Human neuroimaging methods such as positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging have made possible the study of large-scale distributed networks in the behaving human brain. Although many imaging studies support and extend knowledge gained from other experimental modalities such as animal single-cell recordings, there have also been a substantial number of experiments that appear to contradict the animal studies. Part of the reason for this is that neuroimaging is an indirect measure of neuronal firing activity, and thus interpretation is difficult. Computational modeling can help to bridge the gap by providing a substrate for making explicit the assumptions and constraints provided from other sources such as anatomy, physiology and behavior. We describe a large-scale model of working memory that we have used to examine a number of issues relating to the interpretation of imaging data. The gating mechanism that regulates engagement and retention of short-term memory is revised to better reflect hypothesized underlying neuromodulatory mechanisms. It is shown that in addition to imparting better performance for the memory circuit, this mechanism also provides a better match to imaging data from working memory studies.
WDR response profiles of spinal dorsal horn neurons may be unmasked by barbiturate anesthesia

The number of WDR (convergent, multireceptive) neurons encountered in the spinal dorsal horn of physiologically intact, awake, drug-free cats has been much smaller than expected (9% in intact, drug-free animals). Control studies in barbiturate-anesthetized or spinal cord transected animals indicate that the dearth of WDR neurons was not just an artifact of the chronic recording technique. In those preparations WDR neurons represented 34% and 61% of the sample, respectively. Initial studies in which the effects of light barbiturate anesthesia on spinal dorsal horn neurons (n = 12) have been examined revealed that a 20 mg/kg dose of pentobarbital can, in some neurons (n = 4), unmask thermally evoked activity that was not present in the intact, drug-free animal. Responses to noxious mechanical stimuli were also enhanced following barbiturate administration. These changes resulted in a reclassification of neural type from low threshold in the intact, awake, drug-free animal to WDR in the anesthetized animal.
Designing Against Size Effect on Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams without Stirrups: II. Verification and Calibration

After theoretical derivation of the general form of the size effect formula for beam shear in the preceding Part I, this Part II presents experimental verification by least-square fitting of those existing individual data sets that have a broad size range. Subsequently, empirical prediction formulas for the size effect parameters, consisting of the asymptotic small-size strength v0 and the transitional size d0 , are calibrated by least-square regression of (1) a recent American Concrete Institute database with 398 data points, and (2) a combination of this database with large-scale Japanese tests and Northwestern reduced-scale model tests. Previous alternative proposals for dealing with the size effect in beam shear are also discussed.
Wideband phased array calibration method for digital beamforming

Previous study has used chirp signals to characterize the RF response of a multi-channel RF receiver [1]. The results showed a significant channel imbalance. After applying a time-reversal filter, the channel imbalance was remedied and both phase and amplitude were realigned among the channels. In the present study, the RF response of a complete multichannel receiver with antenna was characterized. A 1-8 GHz phased array antenna was mounted in an anechoic chamber and a chirp signal was used to measure the frequency response of each channel as a function of azimuth angle. Each channel's response was equalized using a time-reversal filter derived from the measured data and a combined beam pattern was formed. Time-reversal filters that steer the beam were also generated and it was found that sidelobe level worsened with larger steer angles. A simple mutual coupling model was proposed to explain the beam pattern feature.
Contrasting behavior of oxygen and iron isotopes in banded iron formations revealed by in situ isotopic analysis

Abstract In situ O and Fe isotope measurements of magnetite and hematite in banded iron formations (BIFs) from the 2.5 Ga Dales Gorge member of the Brockman Iron Formation, Hamersley Group, Western Australia, document distinct fine-scale isotopic zonation. For hematite, δ O 18 values (VSMOW) range from −7.1 to − 0.6 ‰ , and δ Fe 56 values range from −0.50 to + 1.53 ‰ . Magnetite has a δ O 18 range of −5.6 to + 7.0 ‰ and a δ Fe 56 range of −0.76 to + 1.33 ‰ . Notably, magnetite shows significant O isotope variability at a δ O 18 values exists between low-Si core and Si-rich overgrowth. Iron isotope compositions are homogeneous to ± 0.2 ‰ in δ Fe 56 values within individual grains or layers. Hematite is always isotopically heavier than co-existing magnetite by 0.1 – 0.4 ‰ in δ Fe 56 within individual samples, and there is a large variation ( > 2 ‰ ) in δ Fe 56 values between BIF samples at the > m-scale (e.g., between meso- or macro-bands of the Dales Gorge Member). In situ isotopic results highlight the distinct behavior of O and Fe isotopes during interaction with post-deposition diagenetic or metamorphic fluids. The large variations in δ O 18 values of iron oxides likely reflect exchange with fluids during post-depositional events at temperatures up to ca. 280 °C, and the lower δ O 18 values of Fe oxides are interpreted to reflect less isotopic modification and lower temperatures. δ O 18 variations support a model where initial Fe(OH)3 precipitates that formed in the photic zone were converted to hematite during very early diagenesis, followed by production of magnetite over a range of temperatures during later diagenesis/metamorphism. In contrast, magnetite and hematite seem to have preserved the initial δ Fe 56 values of early Fe(OH)3 precipitates, despite significant changes in O isotope compositions in magnetite. The consistency in apparent Fe isotope fractionation between co-existing hematite and magnetite suggests that they share a common precursor, where magnetite was formed in soft sediment through in situ reduction by microbial processes, and possibly including reaction with aqueous Fe(II). Combined in situ Fe–O isotope analyses allow distinctions to be made between near-primary and post-depositional signatures in BIFs, which bears on the use of BIFs as paleo-environmental proxies and recorders of microbial processes.
Design of synthetic waveforms with low sidelobes

We propose a new systematic approach for designing pulse trains with nonuniform frequency shifts between the center frequencies of the consecutive subpulses. We suggest specific relationships between the frequency shifts so that the waveform's matched filter response would have a desired sidelobe level. Our approach can be also used for designing Doppler tolerant waveforms. We show that waveforms generated by our algorithm exhibit improved performance when compared with traditional synthetic waveforms.
REMOTE SENSING OF GYPSY MOTH DEFOLIATION TO ASSESS VARIATIONS IN STREAM NITROGEN CONCENTRATIONS

Disturbance is an important mechanism controlling dissolved nitrogen (N) leakage to receiving streams, rivers, lakes, and estuaries from forested watersheds. In oak forests of the eastern United States, defoliation by the gypsy moth caterpillar represents a recurring disturbance regime that can impact water quality. Following an upsurge in gypsy moth activity in the mid-Appalachian region in 2000–2001, we examined the relationship between defoliation and N export within the Fifteenmile Creek watershed in Maryland and Pennsylvania using intensive stream surveys and remotely sensed imagery. Concentrations of dissolved N species were determined six times during seasonal baseflow and once during stormflow conditions at the outlet of 35 randomly selected sub-watersheds between April 2001 and June 2002. Summer Landsat images were used to characterize forest disturbance within each of the sub-watersheds in 1999, 2000, and 2001. Quantitative differences in imagery between the defoliation years of 2000 and 2001 (a...
The Development of Imaginative Cognition

Over the last ten years or so, many cognitive scientists have begun to work on topics traditionally associated with philosophical aesthetics, such as issues about the objectivity of aesthetic judgments and the nature of aesthetic experience. An increasingly interdisciplinary turn within philosophy has started to take advantage of these connections, to the benefit of all. But one area that has been somewhat overlooked in this new dialogue is developmental psychology, which treats questions about whether and to what extent children's intuitions about various aspects of aesthetic experience match those of adults, as well as the origins and developmental trajectories of these intuitions. The current paper reviews some recent work in developmental psychology that has the potential to inform philosophical research on a variety of topics – not necessarily because of this work tells us directly about what children think, but because learning what children's aesthetic intuitions are and how they develop can help us to better understand why adults have the intuitions that they do.
Daily variability in human serum prostate-specific antigen and prosttic acid phosphatase: A comparative evaluation

Abstract The daily variation of serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) was investigated simultaneously in 10 patients with osseous metastatic prostatic cancer, 10 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, and 10 volunteers without prostatic disease. Duplicate serum samples were obtained from all patients on the same day at 8 am , 12 pm , 4 pm , and 8 pm . Statistical analysis (two factor analysis of variance comparing time period to disease group) of the mean PSA and PAP levels at the four sampling times on all patient groups demonstrated no evidence of circadian rhythmic variation or any other distinct pattern for the observed sample times. Overall, the variability in PSA levels was significantly less than that observed for PAP. There was no significant difference in mean percent variation between patient groups (cancer, benign, and normal prostate glands) for both the PSA and PAP assays. Our data reveal that serum PSA measurements fluctuate unpredictably over the course of a day in patients with and without prostatic disease, but to a lesser extent than that seen for serum PAP values. These findings illustrate the potential inaccuracy of single determinations of serum PAP or PSA levels for monitoring disease recurrence and treatment response in patients with prostate cancer.
Nonlinear model reduction via a locally weighted POD method

Summary In this article, we propose a new approach for model reduction of parameterized partial differential equations (PDEs) by a locally weighted proper orthogonal decomposition (LWPOD) method. The presented approach is particularly suited for large-scale nonlinear systems characterized by parameter variations. Instead of using a global basis to construct a global reduced model, LWPOD approximates the original system by multiple local reduced bases. Each local reduced basis is generated by the singular value decomposition of a weighted snapshot matrix. Compared with global model reduction methods, such as the classical proper orthogonal decomposition, LWPOD can yield more accurate solutions with a fixed subspace dimension. As another contribution, we combine LWPOD with the chord iteration to solve elliptic PDEs in a computationally efficient fashion. The potential of the method for achieving large speedups while maintaining good accuracy is demonstrated for both elliptic and parabolic PDEs in a few numerical examples. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Not by P Alone: A Virtuous Economy

Abstract Samuelsonian (mainstream) economics cannot even think of stepping beyond its Max U, prudence-only model. But if we are going to have an economics that works and that matters, as economists like Sen and Akerlof and Hirschman have been saying, we need to admit that people do not live by prudence alone. They love and hope, they are just or unjust, they are temperate and courageous, faithless or faithful. Recognizing such virtues and vices is not a betrayal of economics. It is a fulfillment of the political economy of Adam Smith.