cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of a novel bites, steps and eating rate-focused weight loss randomised controlled trial intervention on body weight and eating behaviours.

Background Eating rate (ER), comprising the amount of food consumed per unit of time, is associated with obesity and energy intake (EI). Methods The present study tested whether adding a self-monitoring wearable device to a multifaceted 8-week weight loss intervention increased weight loss. In addition, the device's effect on secondary change outcomes in EI, ER and estimated energy expenditure was explored. Tertiary outcomes included examining eating behaviours measured by the Weight-Related Eating Questionnaire (WREQ). Seventy-two adults who were overweight or obese [mean (SD) age, 37.7 (15.3) years; body mass index, 31.3 (3.2) kg m-2 ] were randomised into two groups: intervention workbook plus device (WD) or intervention workbook only (WO). Three 24-h dietary recalls were obtained before weeks 0 and 8. Participants were weighed, consumed a test meal and completed 7-day Physical Activity Recall and WREQ at weeks 0 and 8. Results There was no significant difference between WD and WO groups with respect to weight change [-0.46 (1.11) vs. 0.26 (0.82) kg, respectively], ER, EI, energy expenditure or WREQ scores, although there were significant changes over time, and within-group changes on all of these variables. At week 8, participants were dichotomised into weight loss or weight stable/gainers groups. A significant time by group change was seen in susceptibility to external cues scores, with significant time effects for susceptibility and restraint. Conclusions An intervention focused on reducing ER, energy density and increasing steps was effective for weight loss, although the wearable device provided no additional benefit. Participants with higher susceptibility to external eating may be more responsive to this intervention.
Family Environment in Children With Hearing Aids and Cochlear Implants: Associations With Spoken Language, Psychosocial Functioning, and Cognitive Development.

Objectives To examine differences in family environment and associations between family environment and key speech, language, and cognitive outcomes in samples of children with normal hearing and deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children who use hearing aids and cochlear implants. Design Thirty families of children with normal hearing (n = 10), hearing aids (n = 10), or cochlear implants (n = 10) completed questionnaires evaluating executive function, social skills, and problem behaviors. Children's language and receptive vocabulary were evaluated using standardized measures in the children's homes. In addition, families were administered a standardized in-home questionnaire and observational assessment regarding the home environment. Results Family environment overall was similar across hearing level and sensory aid, although some differences were found on parental responsivity and physical environment. The level of supportiveness and enrichment within family relationships accounted for much of the relations between family environment and the psychosocial and neurocognitive development of DHH children. In contrast, the availability of objects and experiences to stimulate learning in the home was related to the development of spoken language. Conclusions Whereas broad characteristics of the family environments of DHH children may not differ from those of hearing children, variability in family functioning is related to DHH children's at-risk speech, language, and cognitive outcomes. Results support the importance of further research to clarify and explain these relations, which might suggest novel methods and targets of family-based interventions to improve developmental outcomes.
SAR Target Recognition Based on Transfer Learning and Data Augmentation with LSGANs

This paper presents a method combining transfer learning and data augmentation based on least squares generative adversarial networks (LSGANs), which can effectively solve the problem of lacking training samples in the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) target recognition algorithm. Compared with the conventional methods of data augmentation, the new generated data are more realistic when using the LSGANs to expand the data set, and the recognition accuracy is significantly improved. Transfer learning can apply characteristics extracted from the source domain for the target domain, which effectively reduce the need for training samples in existing algorithms. Features were extracted by using ResNet50 that has been pre-trained, and convolution neural network (CNN) was used as a classifier for SAR target recognition. Experimental results based on real radar data sets testify that the method proposed in this paper significantly improves the recognition accuracy.
Primary Care-Relevant Interventions for Tobacco and Nicotine Use Prevention and Cessation in Children and Adolescents: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.

Importance Interventions to discourage the use of tobacco products (including electronic nicotine delivery systems or e-cigarettes) among children and adolescents may help decrease tobacco-related illness and injury. Objective To update the 2013 review on primary care–relevant interventions for tobacco use prevention and cessation in children and adolescents to inform the US Preventive Services Task Force. Data Sources The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, MEDLINE, PsyINFO, and EMBASE (September 1, 2012, to June 25, 2019), with surveillance through February 7, 2020. Study Selection Primary care–relevant studies; randomized clinical trials and nonrandomized controlled intervention studies of children and adolescents up to age 18 years for cessation and age 25 years for prevention. Trials comparing behavioral or pharmacological interventions with no or a minimal tobacco use intervention control group (eg, usual care, attention control, wait list) were included. Data Extraction and Synthesis One investigator abstracted data and a second investigator checked data abstraction for accuracy. Two investigators independently assessed study quality. Studies were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Main Outcomes and Measures Tobacco use initiation; tobacco use cessation; health outcomes; harms. Results Twenty-four randomized clinical trials (N = 44 521) met inclusion criteria. Behavioral interventions were associated with decreased likelihood of cigarette smoking initiation compared with control interventions at 7 to 36 months’ follow-up (13 trials, n = 21 700; 7.4% vs 9.2%; relative risk [RR], 0.82 [95% CI, 0.73-0.92]). There was no statistically significant difference between behavioral interventions and controls in smoking cessation when trials were restricted to smokers (9 trials, n = 2516; 80.7% vs 84.1% continued smoking; RR, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.93-1.01]). There were no significant benefits of medication on likelihood of smoking cessation in 2 trials of bupropion at 26 weeks (n = 523; 17% [300 mg] and 6% [150 mg] vs 10% [placebo]; 24% [150 mg] vs 28% [placebo]) and 1 trial of nicotine replacement therapy at 12 months (n = 257; 8.1% vs 8.2%). One trial each (n = 2586 and n = 1645) found no beneficial intervention effect on health outcomes or on adult smoking. No trials of prevention in young adults were identified. Few trials addressed prevention or cessation of tobacco products other than cigarettes; no trials evaluated effects of interventions on e-cigarette use. There were few trials of pharmacotherapy, and they had small sample sizes. Conclusions and Relevance Behavioral interventions may reduce the likelihood of smoking initiation in nonsmoking children and adolescents. Research is needed to identify effective behavioral interventions for adolescents who smoke cigarettes or who use other tobacco products and to understand the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy.
Preclinical Strategies for Testing of Targeted Radiosensitizers

Use of radiation for cancer therapy began shortly after the discovery of X-rays in 1895. Technological advances over the ensuing 120 years have enabled the development of sophisticated treatment systems, and radiation therapy remains an important component of cancer treatment, with more than 50% of all cancer patients receiving radiation therapy at some point in the course of the disease. In the 1960s and 1970s, combining chemotherapy with radiation was found to have synergistic anti-cancer effects for patients with advanced cancer. In more recent years, the advent of molecular biology has facilitated the development of specific drugs for molecular targets involved in neoplastic processes, giving rise to targeted therapy. Although the radiosensitization capabilities of some targeted agents have led to improved clinical outcomes in some cases, numerous clinical trials of targeted therapies with radiation have failed to demonstrate such improvements. One reason for this failure may be the use of poorly designed and reported preclinical studies as the rationale for undertaking large, expensive, and ultimately unsuccessful clinical trials. In this chapter, we introduce current preclinical screening methods for radiosensitizers, review current guidelines and recommendations for the standardization of preclinical studies, and discuss future opportunities in the era of precision radiation oncology.
Structural insights into mRNA reading frame regulation by tRNA modification and slippery codon-anticodon pairing

ABSTRACT Modifications in the tRNA anticodon, adjacent to the three-nucleotide anticodon, influence translation fidelity by stabilizing the tRNA to allow for accurate reading of the mRNA genetic code. One example is the N1-methylguaonosine modification at guanine nucleotide 37 (m1G37) located in the anticodon loop, immediately adjacent to the anticodon nucleotides 34-36. The absence of m1G37 in tRNAPro causes +1 frameshifting on polynucleotide, slippery codons. Here, we report structures of the bacterial ribosome containing tRNAPro bound to either cognate or slippery codons to determine how the m1G37 modification prevents mRNA frameshifting. The structures reveal that certain codon-anticodon contexts and m1G37 destabilize interactions of tRNAPro with the peptidyl site, causing large conformational changes typically only seen during EF-G mediated translocation of the mRNA-tRNA pairs. These studies provide molecular insights into how m1G37 stabilizes the interactions of tRNAPro with the ribosome and the influence of slippery codons on the mRNA reading frame. IMPACT STATEMENT Chemical modifications near the tRNA anticodon and specific mRNA-tRNA pairs combine to control the ribosomal three-nucleotide mRNA reading frame, essential for the sequential addition of amino acids into polypeptide chains. Data deposition Crystallography, atomic coordinates, and structure factors have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank, www.pdb.org (PDB codes 6NTA, 6NSH, 6NUO, 6NWY, 6O3M, 6OSI)
The restriction of polynomial modules for the Virasoro algebra to $\mathfrak{sl}_2 ( \cc )$

The Lie algebra $sl_2 ( \mathbb{C} )$ may be regarded in a natural way as a subalgebra of the infinite-dimensional Virasoro Lie algebra, and this suggests there may be connections between the representation theory of the two algebras. In this paper, we explore the restriction to $sl_2 ( \mathbb{C} )$ of certain induced modules for the Virasoro algebra. Specifically, we consider Virasoro modules induced from so-called polynomial subalgebras, and we show that the restriction of these modules results in twisted versions of familiar modules such as Verma modules and Whittaker modules.
On Support Recovery with Sparse CCA: Information Theoretic and Computational Limits

In this paper we consider asymptotically exact support recovery in the context of high dimensional and sparse Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA). Our main results describe four regimes of interest based on information theoretic and computational considerations. In regimes of "low" sparsity we describe a simple, general, and computationally easy method for support recovery, whereas in a regime of "high" sparsity, it turns out that support recovery is information theoretically impossible. For the sake of information theoretic lower bounds, our results also demonstrate a non-trivial requirement on the "minimal" size of the non-zero elements of the canonical vectors that is required for asymptotically consistent support recovery. Subsequently, the regime of "moderate" sparsity is further divided into two sub-regimes. In the lower of the two sparsity regimes, using a sharp analysis of a coordinate thresholding (Deshpande and Montanari, 2014) type method, we show that polynomial time support recovery is possible. In contrast, in the higher end of the moderate sparsity regime, appealing to the "Low Degree Polynomial" Conjecture (Kunisky et al., 2019), we provide evidence that polynomial time support recovery methods are inconsistent. Finally, we carry out numerical experiments to compare the efficacy of various methods discussed.
Batteries and Free Fuel based Photovoltaics and Complimentary Wind Energy based DC Power Networks as 100% Source of Electric Power around the Globe

The increase in growth rate in the implementation of free fuel-based solar and wind energy can be seen across the globe in recent times. These systems are regulated and conditioned to work with the existing power grid. However, the 24/7 implementation of solar and wind energy systems is still questionable. Numerous research efforts are being conducted to penetrate these sources into the current power grid with maximum efficiency. Even with all the effort, the basic Alternating Current (AC) to Direct Current (DC) losses can only be minimized to a certain extent which is physically permissible. This paper emphasizes the importance of DC architecture in solar and wind energy implementation. It also focusses on providing an alternative point of view for a DC-based power network that has Photovoltaics (PV) and Lithium-ion Battery systems at its center along with Wind energy systems to supplement it. The two viewpoints of conversion loss minimization in working with the current AC infrastructure and complete end-to-end DC power network for niche applications like desalination, cement manufacturing, steel manufacturing, mining operations, etc. are discussed. The viability and cost-effectiveness of such an improved power network is emphasized.
An analysis of American physician professional statements about gun violence against children.

Abstract Background We examine the content of physician professional association statements and assess the extent to which these statements kept gun violence-especially against children-on policymakers’ agendas. Methods After constructing a list of U.S. physician professional associations, we located position statements by consulting association websites, conducting a PubMed search, and reviewing the citations of identified statements. Once unique statements were identified (N = 32), two reviewers independently coded content such as major events, pediatric focus, firearm type, and policy recommendations. Results Recent statements appear to be timed following mass casualty events such as the Sandy Hook and Parkland school shootings. Associations have increasingly adopted public health framing over time. Nine statements focused on the pediatric population, while an additional 13 made reference to the pediatric population. The most common recommendations include increased gun violence research or research funding (84%), freedom of physician counseling (75%), mandatory background checks (72%), and safe storage (72%). Conclusion Based on this analysis, recent statement volume appears to be tied to current events rather than keeping daily gun violence against children continuously on the agenda. Mentions of “gun control” have receded over time and have been replaced by public health framing that places advocacy for firearm injury prevention in the physician's domain. Level of evidence III/IV
Effects of fumed silica flow aids on flowability and packing of metal powders used in Binder-Jetting additive manufacturing process

Abstract Binder-Jetting is a fairly new sinter-based additive manufacturing technology for metals. Due to sintering, small particle size distributions are favorable, yet they are limiting the printing process due to bad flowability and compaction. This paper aims to resolve this contradiction by adding flow aids to powders used in Binder-Jetting. Therefore 5 different powders with successively decreasing particle size distributions ranging from 32 µm (D90) to 5 µm (D90) are combined with 2 different fumed silica (aerosil) flow aids. Improvements are measured by the use of apparent and tap density as well as hausner ratio. Results show that the mixing process for flow aids and powders has significant influence on the improvements. Moreover, the amount of aerosil is a key criterion for optimized flow behavior. Improvements up to 42 % for apparent and 11 % for tap density are achieved. Hausner ratio can be improved up to 34 %. Preliminary printing results indicate that increased flowability and packing behavior also increases powder bed density and green density. The results are in line with existing theories regarding the use of flow aids in powders used in other industries and can be now be adopted for metal powders as well.
Is Normal Distribution due to Karl Gauss? Euler, his Family of Gamma Functions, and Place in History of Statistics

While Gauss (1777–1855) has primacy in explicating properties of the normal distribution, it is Euler (1707–1783) who is predominant with respect to analytical formulation of this function. This case is discussed within the context of uniform rendering of computer algorithms for higher transcendental functions.
Action of Micrococcal Nuclease on Polymers of Deoxyadenylic and Deoxythymidylic Acids

Abstract Hydrolysis of crab d(A-T)n and biosynthetic (dA)n·(dT)n by micrococcal nuclease was measured by titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods, and the ratio of dinucleotides to mononucleotides was determined at the midpoint and at the end point of the reaction. Hydrolysis of crab d(A-T)n shows similar kinetics when measured by both methods. With (dA)n·(dT)n the spectrophotometric method shows a lag period followed by a rapid increase in hyperchromicity. This is interpreted as evidence for the maintenance of ordered structure during early stages of the reaction. Kinetic measurements and product analysis lead to the following conclusions: (a) an exonucleolytic mechanism of action begins during early stages of the reaction; (b) it is more pronounced with (dA)n·(dT)n than with crab d(A-T)n; and (c) it is maximal at moderate ionic strength with (dA)n·(dT)n as substrate; (d) at low ionic strength (pH-stat), exonucleolysis occurs mainly on the dA strand of (dA)n·(dT)n.
In-Stream Deoxygenation Rate Prediction

Empirical relationships have been derived relating the stream deoxygenation rate, Kd, to indices relevant to stream hydraulic geometry. The data base was developed from available literature and included 36 separate reaches from 23 river systems. Observed deoxygenation coefficients were found to vary significantly from 0.08 per day to 4.25 per day. Steady-state streamflow and wetted perimeter were the best predictors of the deoxygenation coefficient. The predictive equations involving flow and wetted perimeter represents a more reliable methodology for rate estimation than is currently available. For flows greater than 800 cfs (22.4 m³/sec) conventional laboratory to adequately quantify Kd.
Keynote: the web changes everything: understanding and supporting people in dynamic information environments

Most digital library resources and the Web more generally are dynamic and ever-changing collections of information. However, most of the tools that have been developed for interacting with Web and DL content, such as browsers and search engines, focus on a single static snapshot of the information. In this talk, I will present analyses of how web content changes over time, how people re-visit web pages over time, and how re-visitation patterns are influenced by user intent and changes in content. These results have implications for many aspects of search including crawling, ranking algorithms, result presentation and evaluation. I will describe a prototype that supports people in understanding how information they interact with changes over time, by highlighting what content has changed since their last visit. Finally, I will describe a new retrieval model that represents features about the temporal evolution of content to inform crawl policy and improve ranking.
[12] Reductive alkylation of lysine residues to alter crystallization properties of proteins.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the reductive alkylation of lysine residues to alter the crystallization properties of proteins. Chemical modification has played an essential role in the development of protein function. The reductive alkylation of lysine residues involves the initial formation of a Schiff base between the ɛ-amino group of a lysine residue and a ketone or aldehyde that is then reduced to a secondary or tertiary amine. In principle, a wide variety of alkyl moieties can be added to an amino group by reductive alkylation. In practice, the majority of cases employing this chemical modification have focused on adding methyl groups using formaldehyde because of the greater reactivity of formaldehyde than other ketones or aldehydes and because this modification has the mildest effect on the biochemical properties of a protein. The protocols described in the chapter are designed for complete modification of all available lysine residues. Amino acid analysis is the best way of determining the degree of modification of the lysine residues after reductive alkylation. It has the advantage of quantitatively defining the number of non-, mono-, di-, and tri-methylated lysine residues. It reveals the presence of any side reactions with other reactive amino acid side chains in a protein.
Bilateral Pulmonary Infiltrates in Association with Disseminated Actinomycosis

The most common infectious cause of bilateral upper-lobe pulmonary disease is tuberculosis. However, we recently encountered a patient with bilateral apical infiltrates and multiple soft-tissue abscesses caused by Actinomyces odontolyticus. Other findings included fever, weight loss, and leukocytosis, and the patient's only known source of immunosuppression was a long history of alcoholism. There was no history of diabetes, steroid use, or other chronic underlying disease. The diagnosis was made by culture of drainage fluid from one abscess. Therapy with intravenous penicillin G led to rapid clinical improvement and reduction in the infiltrates. To our knowledge, the presentation of pulmonary infection, with bilateral apical infiltrates due to A. odontolyticus has not been previously reported in the medical literature.
Perioperative hazards in myotonic dystrophy.

Summary A 32-year-old man with myotonic dystrophy underwent a thoracotomy for removal of a mediastinal thymoma. Pre-operative examination reilealed features of myotonic dystrophy, the only other abnormality was mild restrictive pulmonary disease. Anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone and maintained with enflurane, nitrous oxide, oxygen and curare. Following surgery, the patient was mechanically ventilated for sereral hours and remained intubated for 9 hours. The anaesthesia and surgery were tolerated well; howeoer, postoperative complications included refractory dysrhythmias, hypoxia, pneumoccocal pneumonia and pulmonary emboli. More intensive preoperatiue pulmonary eiialuation and physiotherapy coupled with more aggressiiv postoperatiire pulmonary care might have resulted in a smoother recovery phase.
The dilution process in sample preparation for atomic-absorption flame photometry

Summary A graph is presented and discussed to assist in choosing the appropriate dilutions for original samples in atomic-absorption flame photometry. It is based on the percentual sensitivity obtained with a given instrumental system. The additive properties of log-log scales permit even further simplifications of the scheme. The graph is also shown to be useful in choosing single dilutions for multielement analysis with analytes having different percentual sensitivities.
Weighted mobility aware sampling system for wireless sensor networks

In this paper, the authors propose an energy and mobility aware system for wireless sensor network. The remaining battery capacity, mobility, velocity, and distance to the critical point are taken into consideration for the next moving, and a fuzzy logic system is applied to the decision making for the moving possibility of mobile unit. Simulation results show that this scheme can extend the network lifetime longer than the general applied fixed-rate sampling system, and meets the accuracy requirements of applications.
The whole-block approach to measuring hydrogen diffusivity in nominally anhydrous minerals

A method is developed for determining the diffusivity of infrared-active species by transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in samples prepared as rectangular prisms without cutting the sample. The primary application of this “whole-block” or “3D-WB” method is in measuring the diffusion of hydrogen (colloquially referred to as “water”) in nominally anhydrous minerals, but the approach is applicable to any IR-active species. The whole-block method requires developing a three-dimensional model that includes the integration of the beam signal through the sample, from rim to core to opposite rim. The analysis is carried out using both forward and tomographic inverse modeling techniques. Measurements collected from central slices cut from the whole block are simpler to interpret than whole-block measurements, but slicing requires destructive sample analysis. Because the whole-block method is nondestructive, this approach allows a time-series of diffusion experiments on the same sample. The potential pitfalls of evaluating whole-block measurements without correcting for path integration effects are explored using simulations. The simulations demonstrate that diffusivities determined from whole-block measurements without considering path-averaging may be up to half an order of magnitude too fast. The largest errors are in fast and/or short directions, in which the diffusion profiles are best developed. A key characteristic of whole-block measurements is that the central values in whole-block traverses always change before the concentration of the IR-active species changes in the block’s center because of signal integration that includes concentrations in the sample rims. The resulting plateau in the measurements is difficult to fit correctly without considering path integration effects, ideally by using 3D whole-block models. However, for early stages of diffusion with <50% progress, diffusivities can be accurately determined within 0.5 log units using a 1D approximation and the whole-block central plateau values because diffusivities are more dependent on profile shape than absolute concentrations. To test the whole-block method, a dehydration experiment was performed on an oriented piece of diopside from the Kunlun Mts with minimal zoning, cracks, or inclusions. The experiment was performed in a gas mixing furnace for 3 days at a temperature of 1000 °C and oxygen fugacity of 10−11.1 bar (QFM). First, whole-block analysis was performed by taking FTIR traverses in three orthogonal directions. Then, a slice was cut from the center of the sample, and hydrogen profiles were measured by FTIR and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The results of FTIR and SIMS measurements on the slice are in good agreement both with each other and with diffusion profiles calculated based on the results of forward and inverse models of the whole-block FTIR measurements. Finally, the new method is applied to previous whole-block measurements of hydrogen diffusion in San Carlos olivine using both the forward and inverse approaches.
Biodegradation of tar-sand bitumens from the Ardmore/Anadarko Basins, Oklahoma—II. Correlation of oils, tar sands and source rocks

Abstract In an earlier paper we reported the effects of biodegradation on tar-sand bitumens from the southern part of the Ardmore and Anadarko Basins. In this paper we wish to describe geochemical correlations that have been made between the tar-sand bitumens and oils produced from various formations in the Pauls Valley area, 25 miles to the north. It was determined that the tar-sands were formed from a source similar to many of these oils whose reservoir ages ranged from Ordovician to Pennsylvanian. The oils had been previously divided into two major groups, on the basis of their biomarker distributions, with one group (80% of the oils studied) proposed to have been sourced from the Woodford Shale (Devonian) and the other group from the Viola Limestone (Ordovician). The tar sand bitumen-oil correlation study, based on hydrocarbon and porphyrin biomarker distributions, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography of asphaltenes, has shown that the tar-sand bitumen appears to be genetically related to the group of oils derived from the Woodford Shale and more specifically to those present in the Oil Creek Formation (Ordovician) of the Anadarko Basin.
Cystic fibrosis: an update for the otolaryngologist.

Abstract Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting exocrine gland function. Formerly a deadly disease of infants and children, recent improvements in antibiotics, nutritional therapy, and supportive care have extended the median survival to adulthood. Patients with CF commonly go to an otolaryngologist with a myriad of medical and surgical problems. Fortunately, the treatment and management of CF have rapidly evolved during the past few years, and changes in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment are occurring almost daily. As physicians on the forefront of care for patients with CF, otolaryngologists need to be aware of the new developments in the management of CF. An overview of CF is presented with an emphasis on the current treatment strategy and what the next decade brings for this formerly lethal disease. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;120:502-6.)
Classical methods in molecular scattering: a continuous quantization procedure

Abstract A simple improvement of the quasiclassical histogram approximation in molecular scattering is presented, based on a continuity ansatz that relates arbitrary classical actions and non-stationary quantum states. This procedure is applied to the case of collinear collisions in atom—harmonic oscillator systems and increases the accuracy of standard quasiclassical methods
XV.—Descriptions and records of bees.—CLXXX

(1938). XV.—Descriptions and Records of Bees.—CLXIX. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 2, No. 8, pp. 146-154.
A new accurate finite difference scheme for Neumann (insulated) boundary condition of heat conduction

Abstract The Neumann (or insulated) boundary condition is often encountered in engineering applications. The conventional finite difference schemes are either first-order accurate or second-order accurate but need a ghost point outside the boundary. Compact finite difference schemes are difficult to apply for multi-dimensional cases or for cylindrical and spherical coordinate cases. In this study, we present a kind of new and accurate finite difference schemes for the Neumann (insulated) boundary condition in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates, respectively. Combined with the Crank–Nicholson finite difference method or other higher-order methods, the overall scheme is proved to be unconditionally stable and provides much more accurate numerical solutions. The numerical errors and convergence rates of the solution are tested by several examples. Results show that the new method is promising.
Prophylactic use of manual thrombectomy in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Abstract Objective We sought to evaluate the effects of manual thrombectomy on myocardial reperfusion performed during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Background Complete reperfusion after primary PCI is compromised by the presence of intraluminal thrombus. Thus effective and safe extraction of thrombus in a timely fashion is important for successful reperfusion. Methods Thirty-two patients (age 51±12 years, males 78%) with STEMI and angiographic evidence of intraluminal thrombus underwent thrombectomy during an 18-month period. Thrombectomy was performed after the presence of thrombus was confirmed angiographically by the operator either before or after primary angioplasty. Thrombectomy was performed using the 6F Export Aspiration Catheter (Medtronic Corporation, Santa Rosa, CA, USA). Myocardial reperfusion using Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow and myocardial blush grade was assessed by two independent observers. Results The infarct-related artery was left anterior descending (59%), right coronary artery (19%), saphenous venous graft (19%), or left circumflex artery (3%). The coronary lesion was Type B in 62% and Type C in 37% patients, with an average length of 18.2 + 4.6 mm and reference vessel diameter of 3.2±0.4 mm. The preprocedural TIMI flow was 0 in 62%, 1 in 12%, 2 in 22%, and 3 in 3% of patients. The postprocedural TIMI flow was 0 in 3%, 1 in 6%, 2 in 25%, and 3 in 56% of patients. The postprocedural myocardial blush grade was 0 in 6%, 1 in 9%, 2 in 35%, and 3 in 48% of patients. The in-hospital mortality was 0 and the 30-day mortality was 3%. Conclusion Manual thrombectomy using an Export catheter is safe and effective in establishing myocardial reperfusion after STEMI.
Systemic lupus erythematosus and B-cell hematologic neoplasm.

The association of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and B-cell malignancy is widely reported in the literature. Here we report nine cases of concurrent of SLE or discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) and lymphoma or plasma cell disorder. A MEDLINE search was done using the keywords, ‘SLE’ and ‘lymphoma’ and the characteristics of all identified cases were summarized and analyzed, along with data from our own cases. Numerous variants of B-cell malignancies were encountered in these patients. B-cell malignancy occurs after the diagnosis and treatment of SLE in most reported cases, although it may precede SLE, or occur synchronously with it. The age at onset of the B-cell neoplasm in SLE patients is similar to that in the general population. Mortality in patients with both diseases is associated with progressive B-cell neoplasm, sepsis secondary to either disease, or both. B-cell malignancy and SLE seem to run independent clinical courses rather than being affected by each other. The use of immunosuppressive d...
Ensuring Homogeneous Data Collection for Present and Future Research on Possible Psi Phenomena by Detailing Subjective Descriptions, Using the Multi-Axial A to Z SEATTLE Classification

Spontaneous apparently anomalous experiences are often inappropriately bundled together based on brief common descriptions. Yet, they may be phenomenologically and etiologically distinct. Consequently, heterogeneous results lead to mistaken pooling of dissimilar events, incorrect implying single etiologies, though actually reflecting different phenomenological types (e.g., “out-of-body experiences” induced by brain stimulation in epileptic patients compared with spontaneous events in “subjective paranormal experients”). This paper attempts to motivate researchers to apply detailed multi-axial evaluations of spontaneous, experimental and induced anomalous experiences. It presents a new “Subjective Experience of Anomalous Trait Typology Evaluation (SEATTLE)” classification. Modeled on the American Psychiatric Association’s successful multi-axial Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) psychopathology classification, the SEATTLE applies 26 detailed phenomenological descriptive levels (A-Z) (Specific, General and Interpretative subclassifications).The same valuable approach can be successfully applied to consciousness studies, parapsychological research, and to all subjective or objective spontaneous, induced, or experimental biopsychophysical phenomena. This implies a conceptual shift away from the attempted, and at times, impossible objectification of parapsychological phenomena (or psi), to the detailed analysis of specific characteristics and events based on detailed multisystems of ethicobiopsychofamiliosociocultural, anatomicophysiological, and biopsychophysical models that allow for applying detailed criteria and descriptions. This non-prejudicial approach of examining spontaneous and experimental "subjective paranormal / psi experiences" (SPEs) makes ostensible but unverified psi phenomena and relative non-local consciousness easier to tame and far less threatening. The shift in emphasis is from objectification and verification of paranormal phenomena to commonalities of, e.g., specific cerebral function. Locating a correlative brain area or mechanism or chemical for processing of such subjective experiences becomes a legitimate alternative correlative approach to conceptualize psi. By such means, SPEs, such as those involving hallucinations, delusions, deja vu, and temporal lobs symptomatology can be measured and scientifically phenomenologically subtyped. This detailing of anomalistic psychology research, has allowed the author to extend the discipline of parapsychology from the objective approach into a related discipline, phenomenological parapsychology.
The Corrosion Behavior of Galvanized Steel in Alkaline Soil

The grounding grid of some substation shows severely corrosion, which affects the safe running of power grid. Galvanized steel is widely used in grounding grid. However, the galvanized steel is easy to corrosion in alkaline soil. In this paper, the corrosion behavior of galvanized steel was studied through accelerated corrosion test of burying specimens in laboratory soils and the corrosion rate was measured by electrochemical test. The corrosion products and corrosion appearance were analyzed by means of SEM, and XRD. The results show that pitting corrosion and localized corrosion were observed on the surface of the galvanized steel, the corrosion products were rough and loose, indicating no protection, the corrosion products of galvanized steel were ZnO,FeO(OH),FeCl3,Zn3O(SO4)2,and ZnSO3·2.50H2O. Electrochemical test show that the corrosion rate of galvanized steel in the later corrosion stage is higher than in the initial corrosion stage.
Fitting a Line to Three or Four Points on a Plane

Linear regression and principal components analysis are examples of plane fitting methods. Plane fitting is a very important activity in multivariate statistical analysis. The geometry of plane fitting is surprisingly complex, but general insights into it can be gained by considering the problem of fitting a line (``one-dimensional plane'') to only three or four bivariate, quantitative data points. Graphical analysis reveals that any line fitting method must have ``singularities,'' i.e., data sets near which the line fitting method is unstable. (For example, collinear data sets are the singularities of least squares linear regression.) Singularities can be classified according to the effects they have on the behavior of the line fitting method and those effects can be quantified as well. The dimension of (``degrees of freedom'' in) the set of all singularities of a line fitting method is related to the probability of getting a data set near a singularity. These ideas are illustrated in principal component analysis and least squares and least absolute deviation linear regression.
The peptide TRH uncovers the presence of presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors via activation of a second messenger pathway in the rat dorsal vagal complex.

1 It is well recognized that brainstem microinjections of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) act synergistically to stimulate gastric function in vivo. Previous in vitro experiments have shown that this synergism does not occur at the level of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) motoneurone. 2 In order to determine the mechanism of this action, whole cell patch clamp recordings were made from identified gastric-projecting rat DMV neurones to investigate the effects of 5-HT and TRH on GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) evoked by stimulation of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS). 3 5-HT (30 μM) decreased IPSC amplitude by 26 ± 2.5 % in approximately 43 % of DMV neurones. In the remaining neurones in which 5-HT had no effect on IPSC amplitude, exposure to TRH (1 μM) uncovered the ability of subsequent applications of 5-HT to decrease IPSC amplitude by 28 ± 3 %. Such TRH-induced 5-HT responses were prevented by the 5-HT1A antagonist NAN-190 (1 μM) and mimicked by the 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT (1 μM). 4 Increasing cAMP levels using the phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX; 10 μM), the non-hydrolysable cAMP analogue 8-bromo-cAMP (1 mM), or the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin (10 μM), like TRH, uncovered the ability of 5-HT to decrease evoked IPSC amplitude (17 ± 2.2 %, 28.5 ± 5.3 % and 30 ± 4.8 %, respectively), in neurones previously unresponsive to 5-HT. Conversely, the adenylate cyclase inhibitor, dideoxyadenosine (10 μM) and the protein kinase A inhibitor, Rp-cAMP (10 μM), blocked the ability of TRH to uncover the presynaptic inhibitory actions of 5-HT. 5 These results suggest that activation of presynaptic TRH receptors initiates an intracellular signalling cascade that raises the levels of cAMP sufficient to uncover previously silent 5-HT1A receptors on presynaptic nerve terminals within the dorsal vagal complex.
The Wind-driven Circulation: Quasi-geostrophic Simulations and Theory for Nonsymmetric Winds

Abstract Simulations of the wind-driven Ocean circulation, carded out with an eddy-resolving quasi-geostrophic numerical model, and symmetric, idealized wind forcing have a large-scale structure that is predicted wen by the steady nonlinear theory of Rhines and Young. The sharp jet and inertial recirculation am often confined weft inside the region of closed hyperbolic characteristics, defined by that theory, and hence do not affect the Sverdrup-dynamics part of the gyre. The characteristics make possible simple predictions about the development of the circulation, including time dependence and eddy stirring. By tilting the line of vanishing Ekman pumping away from the east-west orientation (as it is tilted in the North Atlantic, and less so the North Pacific), we explore a family of circulations. As the tilt of the wind held is increased, characteristics originating at the eastern boundary begin to thread through the energetic region occupied by the free jet. Then, extensive new branches of eddy-driven f...
7: Models of Educational Organizations

In attempting to understand the almost bewildering diversity of organizations that present themselves for study, sociologists have built various models; these models have explicitly or implicitly guided research on organizations in education. This chapter reflects the belief that institutional organizations, such as those in education, constitute an important subject matter in themselves and are not to be regarded merely as "production systems." A fundamental task to which research must address itself is to identify available models of social organization and determine the priorities to be given to each of the many variables whereby organizations can be studied-including not only those variables that have been most frequently considered in the literature, but also those that have been generally neglected despite their possible relevance. Until this task is completed, researchers will continue to be diverted by often senseless debates about whether or not the "characteristics" of
Short-term regulation of fatty acid synthesis in cultured glial and neuronal cells

Summary The short-term regulation of fatty acid synthesis has been studied in C-6 glial and neuroblastoma cells. Striking regulatory effects were observed in both cell types. Thus, when serum was removed from the medium, fatty acid synthesis from acetate was stimulated, and when serum was added, fatty acid synthesis was inhibited. The major effector was exogenous lipid, specifically free fatty acid, which caused a distinct inhibition of cellular fatty acid synthesis within seconds to minutes. Significant quantitative and qualitative differences in the short-term regulation were observed between the two cell types. Several observations established that the effects on fatty acid synthesis from acetate did not involve alterations in uptake of the radioactive precursor, conversion of acetate to acetyl-CoA, dilution by intracellular acetate or acetyl-CoA, or major differences in the relative contributions of the de novo vs. chain elongation pathways for fatty acid synthesis. The de novo pathway was found to predominate. The mechanism of the inhibitory effect of exogenous free fatty acids on de novo synthesis is considered to be inhibition of acetyl-CoA car☐ylase by the corresponding intracellular CoA derivatives. The latter produced marked inhibition of partially purified acetyl-CoA car☐ylase from both glial and neuronal cells at concentrations of the order of1.0 × 10−6 M. Comparison of these data with determinations of the inhibition of cellular fatty acid synthesis by exogenous fatty acids in the medium indicates that although the final mechanism of regulation, i.e. inhibition of acetyl-CoA car☐ylase by long-chain acyl-CoA derivatives, is probably similar in the two cell types, the critical steps involved in the generation of the final active effector differ. Because C-6 glial and neuroblastoma cells exhibit features of glia and neurons of the developing nervous system, the data may have important implications for the short-term regulation of fatty acid synthesis during brain maturation.
A 76-Year-Old Woman with Diaphoresis and Anxiety

In this series, a clinician extemporaneously discusses the diagnostic approach (regular text) to sequentially presented clinical information (bold). Additional commentary on the diagnostic reasoning process (italics) is integrated throughout the discussion.
Collective Structure and Dynamics in Dense Colloid−Rod Polymer Suspensions

Microscopic liquid-state theories are employed to study the structure, free volume, and dynamical properties of rod polymer−colloid suspensions with an emphasis on the high particle density regime. Depletion effects result in strong local clustering of the colloids and polymers in the one-phase region, and more so with increasing colloid-to-rod size asymmetry ratio. The colloidal collective cage order at high densities is a nonmonotonic function of rod concentration reflecting competing physical effects. A dynamic consequence is a strong modification of the colloidal glass transition volume fraction. Far from the glass transition, depletion attraction between colloids can suppress (enhance) self-diffusion (shear viscosity) by modest factors of ∼2−4 and lead to a violation of the Stokes−Einstein relation with increasing rod polymer concentrations. Polyelectrolytes are also studied using a simple nonadditive excluded volume model. The additional polymer−polymer repulsions result in suppression of depletion-...
Intimate Partner Violence and Risk for Child Neglect during Early Childhood in a Community Sample of Fragile Families

The current study explores the relationship between child neglect and intimate partner violence (IPV) in a longitudinal community sample of 1,740 families with young children, with a special focus on the association between specific typologies of both neglect behaviors and IPV. We focused on families followed across early childhood, because infants and toddlers are at the greatest risk of exposure to neglect (the most prevalent type of child maltreatment), and this period spanning the transition to parenthood presents heightened risk for IPV. We found evidence that coercive IPV is an important driver of the connections between IPV and subsequent neglect through affecting the mother’s well-being and ability to provide basic care and nurturance. Implications for intervention and future work addressing definitions and pathways to neglect are discussed.