cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphologic characteristics of subcortical heterotopia: MR imaging study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Gray matter heterotopia have been divided into three groups based on clinical and imaging characteristics: subependymal, subcortical, and band heterotopia. Nonetheless, subcortical heterotopia can have variable morphologic findings. The purpose of this study was to perform a morphologic analysis of a series of cases of subcortical heterotopia based on MR images, to correlate the morphologic appearance with clinical characteristics, and to speculate about the embryologic implications of our results. METHODS: The MR imaging studies and clinical records of 24 patients with subcortical heterotopia were retrospectively reviewed. The morphologic findings of the heterotopia were recorded along with presence and type of associated malformations. These results were correlated with available data on development and neurologic status. RESULTS: Analysis revealed that, in six cases, the heterotopia were composed exclusively of multiple nodules, in 13, they appeared primarily as curvilinear ribbons of cortex extending into the white matter, and in five, they had deep nodular regions with curvilinear areas more peripherally. All of the curvilinear regions were contiguous with the cerebral cortex in at least two locations. In eight cases, curvilinear heterotopia contained curvilinear areas of flow void that were thought to be blood vessels; in 10, they contained fluid resembling CSF. No difference in developmental or neurologic manifestations was noted among patients with heterotopia of different morphologic appearances. CONCLUSION: Subcortical heterotopia can have nodular or curvilinear morphologic appearances. Although no difference was found in the clinical conditions of the patients with differing morphologic appearances, additional analysis of these patients or studies of animal models of these malformations may further our understanding of normal and abnormal brain development.
Comparing Novice and Experienced Students in Virtual Performance Assessments

Inquiry skills are an important part of science education standards. There has been particular interest in verifying that these skills can transfer across domains and instructional contexts [4,15,16]. In this paper, we study transfer of inquiry skills, and the effects of prior practice of inquiry skills, using data from over 2000 middle school students using an open-ended immersive virtual environment called Virtual Performance Assessments (VPAs) that aims to assess science inquiry skills in multiple virtual scenarios. To this end, we assessed and compared student performance and behavior within VPA between two groups: novice students who had not used VPA previously, and experienced students who had previously completed a different VPA scenario. Our findings suggest that previous experience in a different scenario prepared students to transfer inquiry skills to a new one, leading these experienced students to be more successful at identifying a correct final conclusion to a scientific question, and at designing causal explanations about these conclusions, compared to novice students. On the other hand, a positive effect of novelty was found for motivation. To better understand these results, we examine the differences in student patterns of behavior over time, between novice and experienced students.
Visual Effects of Variety and Area Saliency on Food Product Volume Estimates

ABSTRACTThis paper aims to assess the combined effects of variety and area saliency on consumer estimates of product volume. In the first of two studies, we examine the effect of color variety on perceived quantity estimates of cereal in a bowl. In addition, this study was designed to determine if the saliency of the area occupied by the cereal in the bowl moderates any effect of color variety. The second study utilizes a matching task to determine if product variety and area saliency cause consumers to pour more cereal into bowls due to perceptual errors in volume estimation. Findings reveal that consumers use visual cues of area saliency first when approximating quantity. When area saliency cues are removed, consumers base quantity approximations on visual cues provided by product variety. This suggests that container design plays an important role in perceived quantity expectations by moderating the influence of perceived variety.
Social Controls in the Race Relations Pattern of a Small New England Town

W H HAT are the means of controlling and perpetuating a race relations pattern? What are the processes and techniques of social control as they operate to keep Negroes "in their place"? It was previously pointed out that many of the obvious formal and institutionalized informal means of control have been extensively investigated in the South, in some large northern cities, and on a nationwide basis.' In the North we do not find for the most part the thinly veiled threat of violence against Negroes for getting "out of place." On the contrary, legally they have equal status, and the spoken values of the dominant white population emphasize equality. Nevertheless, Negroes do stay "in their places," and we must ask: what is "their place" and what keeps them there? This study investigates these questions in a small New England town by means of a field study. One further note should be mentioned at this time. In any situation of separation between racial, religious, or nationality groups such as exists in the United States, there is a "place" for both the dominant and the subordinate group. The white has to learn "his place" as does the Negro, and controls operate in both cases. For purposes of simplification, however, this study has stressed the maintenance of the Negro's ''place." The concept of social control generally seems inadequate, at least in regard to the interracial situation, for most authorities in this specific field2 seem to have neglected two important aspects. In effect, they define the white techniques for keeping the Negro "in his place," but they do not carry the concept of social control far enough. Two conceptual modifications of the theory of social control appear to be necessary. First, the theory assumes the influence of human agents but neglects the effect of such impersonal factors as different cultural and regional backgrounds, different behavior patterns, differences in living conditions and relative numbers, and so forth. Secondly, while the theory mentions the control a group exercises over its own members, it does so only in passing; the main emphasis seems to be on the controls emanating from the dominant group. The possibility of self-imposed control by the subordinate group is largely ignored. To be sure, some social psychologists have stressed the conditioning of the individual, but conditioning on a group basis has been largely overlooked. For purposes of this study, therefore, social control consists of the pressures exerted on groups or individuals by impersonal forces as well as by others or themselves, all of which make for conformity to the established rules and social norms. It is further the sum total of techniques, mechanisms, rules, sanctions, folkways, mores, and processes whereby a community or society
Construction of hepatocyte growth factor cDNA expression vector

Objective:To construct expression vector of HGF cDNA.Methods: We extracted the fetal liver total RNA,used RT-PCR to amplify HGF cDNA,and then cloned them in pMD18-T vector to construct recombinant vectors.The result of recombinant vector was identified using PCR and DNA sequencing.Results: HGF cDNA expression vector was constructed successfully.Conclusion: Constructing HGF cDNA expression vector may provide an experimental basis for the further study of the relationship between HGF and hepatic carcinoma.
Posterior Transthoracic Approach for Adrenal Surgery

We present a modification of the posterior surgical approach for adrenalectomy wherein the pleura and diaphragm are directly incised to expose the adrenal gland. This technique has been used in 20 patients undergoing adrenalectomy for hyperplasia or a small benign adenoma. In our series chest tube drainage usually was not necessary, operative morbidity was minimal and most patients were discharged from the hospital within 1 week postoperatively. The posterior surgical approach remains an excellent method to perform adrenalectomy in selected patients. The transthoracic modification described can enhance operative exposure of a high-lying adrenal gland through this incision, particularly on the right side.
Effects of supplemental protein source and level of urea on intestinal amino acid supply and feedlot performance of lambs fed diets based on alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of supplemental CP source and level of urea on intestinal amino acid (AA) supply and feedlot performance of lambs fed diets based on alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw (AHPWS). In Exp. 1, five cannulated (ruminal, duodenal, and ileal) crossbred wethers (61 kg) were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square design. Treatments consisted of different sources of CP and included soybean meal (SBM), a combination of urea, distillers dried grains (DDG), and fish meal, each provided an equal portion of supplemental CP (UDF), and three levels of urea (17, 33, and 50% of supplemental CP) fed in combination with DDG (U17, U33, and U50). Organic matter and N digestibilities decreased (P less than .05) when lambs were fed U17 compared with those fed SBM. There were no differences (P greater than .05) in bacterial N or AA flows to the duodenum due to CP source despite large differences in ruminal NH3 N concentrations and lower ruminal OM digestion when lambs were fed U17. Duodenal nonbacterial N and AA flows were highest (P less than .05) in lambs fed U17 and UDF and lowest when lambs were fed U50 and SBM. Lysine concentration in duodenal digesta decreased with incremental increases in DDG. In Exp. 2, 30 individually penned ram lambs (33 kg) were allotted to five CP treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were similar to those of Exp. 1, with the exception that U17 was replaced by a 14% CP diet with SBM as the supplemental CP source; all other diets were formulated to contain 12% CP. Lambs fed U50 had decreased (P less than .08) ADG and gain/feed compared with all other treatments, and lambs fed UDF had greater (P less than .05) ADG and gain/feed than lambs fed U33. It was concluded that 17% of the supplemental CP from urea seems adequate to maximize bacterial protein synthesis and that no more than 33% of the supplemental CP should be provided by urea in diets based on AHPWS. Feeding a combination of ruminally resistant protein sources with complementary AA profiles of lysine and methionine (UDF) may enhance quality of protein entering the duodenum and feedlot performance.
Study and Research

This chapter reports on study and research into the Hong Kong Police (HKP) organized into four sections: The study of policing in Hong Kong, which traces the development of police education in Hong Kong; HKP and Higher Education, which documents HKP engagement with higher education; the research of policing in Hong Kong, which describes the establishment of police studies as a scholarly enterprise in Hong Kong; and the Conclusion, which summarizes the chapter and provides a road map for this book.
Transection of radioactive seeds in breast specimens

Radioactive seed localization is a new procedure for localizing breast lesions that has several advantages over the standard wire-localization procedure. It is reported to be safe for both patients and medical personnel. Although it is theoretically possible to transect the titanium-encapsulated seed while processing the breast specimen in the pathology laboratory, the likelihood of such an event is thought to be exceedingly low. In fact, there are no previous reports of such an event in the literature to date. We recently encountered 2 cases in which a radioactive seed was inadvertently transected while slicing a breast specimen at the grossing bench. In this report, we describe each case and offer recommendations for minimizing radioactive exposure to personnel and for preventing radioactive contamination of laboratory equipment.
Reuse-oriented mapping discovery for meta-querier customization

With the tremendous growth in (semi-)structured information, in particular, the databases behind the deep Web, customized integration of data sources is highly desirable to accommodate various user needs. To build and maintain a potentially large number of customized integration systems (called meta-queriers), the first important step is to discover the mappings among their query forms for enabling interoperability between themeta-queriers and user-selected data sources. This paper proposes a reuse-oriented solution to mapping discovery by exploiting existing mappings. For facilitating mapping reuse, ontology-based and changedoriented models are introduced to abstract mappings respectively from the mapping peers (the mappings in the same domain) and the mapping evolution (the mappings from the previous versions). A human-friendly validation strategy is proposed in the pursuit of wide and active participation of non-technical volunteers. Our experimental results on real-world data sets confirm the feasibility and effectiveness of this solution.
Post-launch geometric calibration of linear array imaging system

Presents a mathematical model of post-launch geometric calibration for linear array imaging systems. This developed model is based on multilens multi-array detector cameras for interior and exterior orientation parameter calibration. Corresponding software has been developed. We evaluated the model and system using the first threefold, along-track stereoscopic MOMS-2P/Priroda imagery, taken from the 390-km orbit of the Mir space station, of a 50 km by 105 km patch covering a portion of Southern Germany. A real accuracy of RMS 15.3 m (0.8 pixel) for x, RMS 8.9 m (0.5 pixel) for y in planimetry and RMS 18.0 m (0.9 pixel) in height was achieved as verified by 24 independent checkpoints distributed over the test field which contained open, forested, and urban areas. We also used a data set acquired by the HRSC from the German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR) to evaluate our software. The exterior accuracy for this data set was as low as RMS 0.15 m (1.5 pixel) for x, RMS 0.073 m (0.7 pixel) for y and RMS 0.18 m (1.8 pixel) in height. These experimental results demonstrated that our model is applicable for both single- and multi-lens multi-array sensor cameras.
Atomic layer deposition of high-k dielectrics on III–V semiconductor surfaces

Abstract The goal of this article is to provide an overview of the state of knowledge regarding the Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) of metal oxides on III–V semiconductor surfaces. An introduction to ALD, the band structure, various defects present on the III–V surface and how they relate to Fermi level pinning are discussed. Surface passivation approaches are examined in detail in conjunction with experimental and computational results. The “interface clean-up” reaction that leads to the formation of a sharp gate oxide/semiconductor interface is related to the surface chemistry and the transport of the surface oxides through the growing dielectric film. Finally, the deposition of metal oxides on semiconductors is discussed in the context of interface quality and some examples of devices using III–V channels and ALD metal oxides are given.
Principles Behind the Lessons

This chapter discusses several key principles of applied behavior analysis for teaching executive function skills to learners. For example, positive reinforcement, the key principle for teaching new behavior, is defined and considerations for successful implementation are provided. Ways to assist the learner to acquire new skills via prompting are offered, and methods and considerations for slowly removing or fading out prompts to promote independence are described. Chaining, a procedure for teaching skills that require multiple steps, is defined, and instructions and considerations for implementing three methods of chaining are provided. Methods to achieve positive outcomes of teaching, such as generalization to real-life settings and situations, as well as maintenance of newly acquired skills, are outlined. Finally, data collection and graphing are recommended for evaluating effectiveness of interventions.
Protein-bound Vaccinium fruit polyphenols decrease IgE binding to peanut allergens and RBL-2H3 mast cell degranulation in vitro

Peanut allergy is a worldwide health concern. In this study, the natural binding properties of plant-derived polyphenols to proteins was leveraged to produce stable protein-polyphenol complexes comprised of peanut proteins and cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) or lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) pomace polyphenols. Protein-bound and free polyphenols were characterized and quantified by multistep extraction of polyphenols from protein-polyphenol complexes. Immunoblotting was performed with peanut-allergic plasma to determine peanut protein-specific IgE binding to unmodified peanut protein, or to peanut protein-polyphenol complexes. In an allergen model system, RBL-2H3 mast cells were exposed to peanut protein-polyphenol complexes and evaluated for their inhibitory activity on ionomycin-induced degranulation (β-hexosaminidase and histamine). Among the evaluated polyphenolic compounds from protein-polyphenol complex eluates, quercetin, - in aglycone or glycosidic form - was the main phytochemical identified to be covalently bound to peanut proteins. Peanut protein-bound cranberry and blueberry polyphenols significantly decreased IgE binding to peanut proteins at p < 0.05 (38% and 31% decrease, respectively). Sensitized RBL-2H3 cells challenged with antigen and ionomycin in the presence of protein-cranberry and blueberry polyphenol complexes showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in histamine and β-hexosaminidase release (histamine: 65.5% and 65.8% decrease; β-hexosaminidase: 60.7% and 45.4% decrease, respectively). The modification of peanut proteins with cranberry or blueberry polyphenols led to the formation of peanut protein-polyphenol complexes with significantly reduced allergenic potential. Future trials are warranted to investigate the immunomodulatory mechanisms of these protein-polyphenol complexes and the role of quercetin in their hypoallergenic potential.
Model-assisted measurements of suspension-feeding flow velocities

ABSTRACT Benthic marine suspension feeders provide an important link between benthic and pelagic ecosystems. The strength of this link is determined by suspension-feeding rates. Many studies have measured suspension-feeding rates using indirect clearance-rate methods, which are based on the depletion of suspended particles. Direct methods that measure the flow of water itself are less common, but they can be more broadly applied because, unlike indirect methods, direct methods are not affected by properties of the cleared particles. We present pumping rates for three species of suspension feeders, the clams Mya arenaria and Mercenaria mercenaria and the tunicate Ciona intestinalis, measured using a direct method based on particle image velocimetry (PIV). Past uses of PIV in suspension-feeding studies have been limited by strong laser reflections that interfere with velocity measurements proximate to the siphon. We used a new approach based on fitting PIV-based velocity profile measurements to theoretical profiles from computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models, which allowed us to calculate inhalant siphon Reynolds numbers (Re). We used these inhalant Re and measurements of siphon diameters to calculate exhalant Re, pumping rates, and mean inlet and outlet velocities. For the three species studied, inhalant Re ranged from 8 to 520, and exhalant Re ranged from 15 to 1073. Volumetric pumping rates ranged from 1.7 to 7.4 l h−1 for M. arenaria, 0.3 to 3.6 l h−1 for M. mercenaria and 0.07 to 0.97 l h−1 for C. intestinalis. We also used CFD models based on measured pumping rates to calculate capture regions, which reveal the spatial extent of pumped water. Combining PIV data with CFD models may be a valuable approach for future suspension-feeding studies.
Relationship between Pentavalent Rotavirus Vaccine and Intussusception: A Retrospective Study at a Single Center in Korea.

Purpose Despite withdrawal of RotaShield® and the development of second generation live attenuated rotavirus vaccines, concerns remain regarding the relationship between rotavirus vaccine and intussusception. Nevertheless, since there is no study in Korea, we reviewed data from cases at Severance Children's Hospital to determine the association between rotavirus vaccine and intussusception. Materials and methods Patients coded as intussusception and following a prescription of RotaTeq® from 2007 to 2013 were reviewed. We calculated comparative incidence figures (CIFs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to compare the risk of intussusception in Korea with the risk in the United States. Expected cases within the four-week post-vaccination window were calculated by applying rates of intussusception from data compiled by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (for a five-year period) to numbers of vaccinations. Results In total, 10530 doses of pentavalent rotavirus vaccine were administered. A total of 65 intussusception cases were diagnosed, although only two cases occurred within four weeks after vaccination. This was compared to six cases within 999123 doses in United States from April 2008 to March 2013 (CIF, 31.63; CI, 31.33-31.93). When we adjusted incidence rate differences for both countries, the CIF decreased to 7.05 (CI, 6.72-7.40). When we compared our identified cases with the expected cases from our hospital, there was no increased intussusception occurring within four weeks of vaccination. Conclusion We found no association between pentavalent rotavirus vaccine and intussusception. Therefore, rotavirus vaccination should be considered due to its benefits of preventing rotavirus-associated diseases.
Deciphering participation: an interpretive synthesis of its meaning and application in rehabilitation

AbstractPurpose: Participation is widely recognized as an important outcome for rehabilitation. However, it lacks a universally accepted definition. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the literature about participation in rehabilitation in order to clarify the term and increase its usefulness for rehabilitation providers and researchers.Methods: We undertook an interpretive synthesis of the literature, drawing from a broad and varied selection of the vast number of publications on the subject of participation. The search and analysis was iterative and continued until saturation of themes was achieved.Results and Conclusions: Seventy-six articles were included in our analysis. We argue that three essential dimensions – performance, subjective experience, and interpersonal connection – constitute participation. We further divide participation into community-based and interventional contexts. Interventional participation is circumscribed by the treatment setting, whereas community-based encompasses ...
Whole exome and whole genome sequencing with dried blood spot DNA without whole genome amplification.

Newborn screening for rare conditions is performed in all 50 states in the USA. We have partnered with the California Department of Public Health Genetic Disease Laboratory to determine whether sufficient DNA can be extracted from archived dried blood spots for next generation sequencing in the hopes that next generation sequencing can play a role in newborn screening. We optimized the DNA extraction and sequencing library preparation protocols for residual infant dried blood spots archived over 20 years ago and successfully obtained acceptable whole exome and whole genome sequencing data. This sequencing study using dried blood spot DNA without whole genome amplification prior to sequencing library preparation provides evidence that properly stored residual newborn dried blood spots are a satisfactory source of DNA for genetic studies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
High temperature irradiation induced creep in Ag nanopillars measured via in situ transmission electron microscopy

Abstract Irradiation induced creep (IIC) rates are measured in compression on Ag nanopillar (square) beams in the sink-limited regime. The IIC rate increases linearly with stress at lower stresses, i.e. below ≈2/3 the high temperature yield stress and parabolically with pillar width, L, for L less than ≈300 nm. The data are obtained by combining in situ transmission electron imaging with simultaneous ion irradiation, laser heating, and nanopillar compression. Results in the larger width regime are consistent with prior literature.
Incorporating Ecosystem Health and Fire Resilience Within the Unified Economic Model of Fire Program Analysis

Abstract We expand on a budget constrained, wildfire program optimization model to include a decision variable input for ecosystem health and fire resilience (H). With ecosystem health and fire resilience as a decision variable, two ecosystem states are delineated; the ecosystem can be within or outside its range of variability. The Southwest ponderosa pine ecosystem is used to illustrate the effects of fuels or restoration treatments on the decision variable input H within the probabilistic production function for wildfire losses. To estimate the health and fire resilience of the ecosystem, a short-term metric of ecosystem health (trees per acre for Southwest ponderosa pine) is used. Analysis of how the state of the ecosystem affects the optimization of the probabilistic production function for wildfire loss is carried out on the two ecosystem states. Results indicate that if the ecosystem is outside its range of variability, optimization of the objective function cannot be achieved. However, if the ecosystem is within its range of variability or if the ecosystem is transitioned within its range of variability through fuels or restoration treatments, the objective function can be optimized with respect to the decision input variables.
Pervasive Computing: Enabling Technologies and Challenges

In this chapter, we have presented an overview of the enabling technologies for the emergence of pervasive computing and communication infrastructures. While the Internet will perhaps continue to be the backbone of pervasive computing, the tremendous advances in wireless mobile communications allow the creation of ubiquitous networks with very little effort and insignificant cost Moreover, wireless communications offer users the luxury of mobility and provide connectivity on the move. Sensor networks, RFID tags, and embedded devices also help in the deployment of environments that are replete with computing and communicating services. Heterogeneous devices and networks, interoperability among disparate entities, and mobility and security will continue to challenge pervasive computing researchers.
The association of parental and offspring educational attainment with systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and waist circumference in Latino adults.

Author(s): Whitley, JC; Peralta, CA; Haan, M; Aiello, AE; Lee, A; Ward, J; Zeki Al Hazzouri, A; Neuhaus, J; Moyce, S; Lopez, L | Abstract: ObjectiveThe objective of the study is to evaluate the association of intergenerational educational attainment with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among US Latinos.MethodsWe used cross-sectional data from the Ninos Lifestyle and Diabetes Study, an offspring cohort of middle-aged Mexican-Americans whose parents participated in the Sacramento Latino Study on Aging. We collected educational attainment, demographic and health behaviours and measured systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting glucose and waist circumference. We evaluated the association of parental, offspring and a combined parent-offspring education variable with each CVD risk factor using multivariable regression.ResultsHigher parental education was associated only with smaller offspring waist circumference. In contrast, higher offspring education was associated with lower SBP, fasting glucose and smaller waist circumference. Adjustment for parental health behaviours modestly attenuated these offspring associations, whereas adjustment for offspring health behaviours and income attenuated the associations of offspring education with offspring SBP and fasting glucose but not smaller waist circumference, even among offspring with low parental education.ConclusionsHigher offspring education is associated with lower levels of CVD risk factors in adulthood, despite intergenerational exposure to low parental education.
Search for the High Spin Members of the Alpha:2n:Alpha Band in 10Be

Background: Clustering plays an important role in the structure of $^{10}\mathrm{Be}$. Exotic molecular-like configurations, such as $\ensuremath{\alpha}$:$2n$:$\ensuremath{\alpha}$, have been suggested at relatively low excitation energies.Purpose: To search for the high-spin states that may belong to the molecular-like $\ensuremath{\alpha}$:$2n$:$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ configuration in $^{10}\mathrm{Be}$.Method: Measuring excitation functions for $^{6}\mathrm{He}+\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ scattering, populating states in the excitation energy range from 4.5 MeV to 8 MeV in $^{10}\mathrm{Be}$ using a $^{6}\mathrm{He}$ rare-isotope beam and a thick helium gas target.Results: No new excited states in $^{10}\mathrm{Be}$ have been observed. Stringent limits on the possible degree of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-clustering of the hypothetical yrast ${6}^{+}$ state have been obtained.Conclusions: The high-spin members of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$:$2n$:$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ molecular-like rotational band configuration, that is considered to have a ${0}^{+}$ band head at 6.18 MeV, either do not exist or have small overlap with the $^{6}\mathrm{He}$(g.s.)$+\ensuremath{\alpha}$ channel.
Enhancing epoxide kinetics and tuning polymer properties using hydroxyl-containing (meth)acrylates in hybrid photopolymerizations

Abstract In order to improve epoxide kinetic outcomes and to control the phase separation that can occur in cationic/free-radical hybrid systems, the cationic activated monomer (AM) mechanism was promoted through a hydroxyl functional group on the (meth)acrylate, covalently bonding (meth)acrylate chains and epoxide networks. The impact of the AM mechanism on the reaction kinetics and physical properties was studied using real-time Raman spectroscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis to compare a hydroxyl-containing acrylate and methacrylate to non-hydroxyl-containing controls. The promotion of the AM mechanism improved epoxide conversion and polymerization rate. The effect on the (meth)acrylate kinetics correlated to the propagation rate of the neat (meth)acrylate. Formulation viscosity did not have a significant impact in these hybrid systems. The presence of the hydroxyl group increased network homogeneity and cross-link density, yet still allowed control of the glass transition temperature in the hybrid systems by varying the ratio of epoxide to (meth)acrylate.
Frequency and characteristics of drowsiness, somnolence, or daytime sleepiness in patients with advanced cancer.

IntroductionCancer-related drowsiness (CRD) is a distressing symptom in advanced cancer patients (ACP). The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and factors associated with severity of CRD. We also evaluated the screening performance of Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale-drowsiness (ESAS-D) item against the Epworth Sedation Scale (ESS).MethodWe prospectively assessed 180 consecutive ACP at a tertiary cancer hospital. Patients were surveyed using ESAS, ESS, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Insomnia Severity Index, and Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale.ResultNinety of 150 evaluable patients had clinically significant CRD (ESS); median (interquartile ratio): ESS. 11 (7–14); ESAS-D. 5 (2–6); Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. 8 (5–11); Insomnia Severity Index. 13 (5–19); Stop Bang Scoring 3 (2–4), and Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale-D 6 (3–10). ESAS-D was associated with ESAS (r, p) sleep (0.38, <0.0001); pain (0.3, <0.0001); fatigue (0.51, <0.0001); depression (0.39, <0.0001); anxiety (0.44, <0.0001); shortness of breath (0.32, <0.0001); anorexia (0.36, <0.0001), feeling of well-being [(0.41, <0.0001), ESS (0.24, 0.001), and opioid daily dose (0.19, 0.01). Multivariate-analysis showed ESAS-D was associated with fatigue (odds ratio [OR] = 9.08, p < 0.0001), anxiety (3.0, p = 0.009); feeling of well-being (OR = 2.27, p = 0.04), and insomnia (OR = 2.35; p = 0.036). Insomnia (OR = 2.35; p = 0.036) cutoff score ≥3 (of 10) resulted in a sensitivity of 81% and 32% and specificity of 70% and 44% in the training and validation samples, respectively.Significance of resultsClinically significant CRD is frequent and seen in 50% of ACP. CRD was associated with severity of insomnia, fatigue, anxiety, and worse feeling of well-being. An ESAS-D score of ≥3 is likely to identify most of the ACP with significant CRD.
Community College Single-Parent Students’ Angst: Inequities Balancing Roles as Parent and Student

Single-parent students are predominantly female, identified as a marginalized group, and a growing population on community college campuses which poignantly suggests an opportunity for change. Sing...
A Comparison of Approaches for Teaching Remedial Courses at the College Level.

WHEN arithmetic, elementary algebra, and intermediate algebra are taught at the college level, they are considered remedial. At some colleges pre-calculus courses (al gebra and trigonometry, elementary func tions, and so on) are also considered reme dial. This article will describe several approaches to teaching such courses and will point out pros and cons of each. The views are pragmatic, based on experiences and reactions of students and instructors. While the experiences on which the article is based are at the college level, the courses dealt with are at the high school level. It is felt that what is said applies both at the high school and at the college level.
Egoistic norms, organizational identification, and the perceived ethicality of unethical pro-organizational behavior: A moral maturation perspective:

Do some employees engage in unethical behavior because they actually believe it is the right thing to do? We explore this question in this article. Unlike other forms of unethical behavior, unethic...
Execution of Lexical and Conceptual Processes in Sentence Comprehension among Adult Readers as a Function of Literacy Skill

Little is known about conceptual integration processes and their contributions to memory representations that are constructed in sentence comprehension among adults with underdeveloped literacy ski...
A distributed temperature profiling method for assessing spatial variability in ground temperatures in a discontinuous permafrost region of Alaska

Abstract. Soil temperature has been recognized as a property that strongly influences a myriad of hydro-biogeochemical processes and reflects how various properties modulate the soil thermal flux. In spite of its importance, our ability to acquire soil temperature data with high spatial and temporal resolution and coverage is limited because of the high cost of equipment, the difficulties of deployment, and the complexities of data management. Here we propose a new strategy that we call distributed temperature profiling (DTP) for improving the characterization and monitoring near-surface thermal properties through the use of an unprecedented number of laterally and vertically distributed temperature measurements. We developed a prototype DTP system, which consists of inexpensive, low-impact, low-power, and vertically resolved temperature probes that independently and autonomously record soil temperature. The DTP system concept was tested by moving sequentially the system across the landscape to identify near-surface permafrost distribution in a discontinuous permafrost environment near Nome, Alaska, during the summertime. Results show that the DTP system enabled successful acquisition of vertically resolved profiles of summer soil temperature over the top 0.8 m at numerous locations. DTP also enabled high-resolution identification and lateral delineation of near-surface permafrost locations from surrounding zones with no permafrost or deep permafrost table locations overlain by a perennially thawed layer. The DTP strategy overcomes some of the limitations associated with – and complements the strengths of – borehole-based soil temperature sensing as well as fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (FO-DTS) approaches. Combining DTP data with co-located topographic and vegetation maps obtained using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data allowed us to identify correspondences between surface and subsurface property distribution and in particular between topography, vegetation, shallow soil properties, and near-surface permafrost. Finally, the results highlight the considerable value of the newly developed DTP strategy for investigating the significant variability in and complexity of subsurface thermal and hydrological regimes in discontinuous permafrost regions.
Predicting a “Lazarus Effect” in Patients With Advanced Cancer Near the End of Life: Prognostic Uncertainty, Oncologists’ Emotions, and Ethical Questions

I think if the crystal ball is telling me this guy is going to die in a week no matter what you do, you don’t treat him. Period. But it’s just not always that clear cut.—Oncologist. (Bluhm et al. 2...
Beyond Their Absence: Male Intergenerational Social Ties and Community Informal Social Control:

Objective:Examine the degree to which adult male social ties with neighborhood youth, or intergenerational ties, increase the perceived willingness of residents to engage in the informal social con...
Impact of immediate cryopreservation on the establishment of patient derived xenografts from head and neck cancer patients.

Background: Patient-derived xenografts established from human cancers are important tools for investigating novel anti-cancer therapies. Establishing PDXs requires a significant investment and many PDXs may be used infrequently due to their similarity to existing models, their growth rate, or the lack of relevant mutations. We performed this study to determine whether we could efficiently establish PDXs after cryopreservation to allow molecular profiling to be completed prior to implanting the human cancer. Methods: Fresh tumor was split with half used to establish a PDX immediately and half cryopreserved for later implantation. Resulting tumors were assessed histologically and tumors established from fresh or cryopreserved tissues compared as to the growth rate, extent of tumor necrosis, mitotic activity, keratinization, and grade. All PDXs were subjected to short tandem repeat testing to confirm identity and assess similarity between methods. Results: Tumor growth was seen in 70% of implanted cases. No growth in either condition was seen in 30% of tumors. One developed a SCC from the immediate implant but a lymphoproliferative mass without SCC from the frozen specimen. No difference in growth rate was seen. No difference between histologic parameters was seen between the two approaches. Conclusion: Fresh human cancer tissue can be immediately cryopreserved and later thawed and implanted to establish PDXs. This resource saving approach allows for tumor profiling prior to implantation into animals thus maximizing the probability that the tumor will be utilized for future research.
Use of the ACTH challenge test to identify the predominant glucocorticoid in the southern sea otter ( Enhydra lutris nereis)

After nearly being hunted to extinction during the fur trade of the late 20th Century, sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations have recovered to varying degrees of their historical range. While overall population numbers and range have increased, there are regions in which expansion has occurred at a slower rate and/or animal numbers have decreased, which may be a result of chronic stress from a variety of sources. Some have employed glucocorticoid analysis in their attempts to validate these explanations. Our goal was to conduct a controlled study using sea otters managed under human care to validate the use of serum glucocorticoid analysis to monitor stress physiology in the sea otter. We used a standard ACTH challenge test to compare cortisol and corticosterone responses, thereby identifying the primary glucocorticoid in the sea otter. Fourteen sea otters of both sexes (five males, nine females), including juveniles, sub-adults and adults, participated in the study. The results of the testing supported cortisol as the primary glucocorticoid in the sea otter. Sex and age did not affect how the individual responded to the ACTH or saline injection. Interestingly, the saline injection not only confirmed the effects of the ACTH on glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands but also provided information on how long it takes the sea otter's glucocorticoid levels to return to baseline after capture and sedation. The insight gained from this study will aid in future efforts to better understand the role of stress in free-ranging sea otter populations. Recognition of the primary glucocorticoid will facilitate evaluation of more stable biological material, such as fur or whiskers, which tend to be less affected by the diurnal cycling of glucocorticoids.
Multimodality Imaging of the Right Heart

While historically neglected, the right ventricle has become recognized as being an important component of cardiac status. Pathophysiologic impact of various conditions on the right side of the heart can have profound implications on mortality, morbidity, and quality of life. Due to its complex shape, the right ventricle often requires multiple modalities, to view from various planes and angles, in order to assess its size, function, and tissue characterization. This, in turn can provide potential useful information, including prognosis, extent of disease, associated impact on the tricuspid valve and pulmonary circulation, and finally for patient selection and periprocedural planning of invasive treatment options.
Pelvic incidence in a femoroacetabular impingement population.

Abstract Objective We aim to determine if pelvic incidence (PI) differed between a symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) population and a control. Methods We retrospectively identified a cohort of symptomatic FAI patients and compared measured PI to a control group. Results The PI was significantly lower in the FAI group compared to the control (51.32±1.07 vs. 55.63±1.04; P Conclusion The mean PI was significantly decreased in the FAI population compared to a control.
Chapter 5 – Dielectric ceramics

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the basic dielectric principles and theory regarding fundamental dielectric parameters such as dielectric constant and loss, polarization, dielectric breakdown, and ferroelectricity. The chapter also focuses on dielectric materials with corresponding applications. The various forms of ceramic dielectrics from bulk to thick and thin films are described in the chapter. The ceramic insulators and substrates are explained with an emphasis on a new trend toward integrated multilayer structures. Chip capacitors have always been a large portion of the ceramic dielectrics. Titanates and relaxor materials are described as primary candidates for the capacitor materials. Microwave dielectrics are a relatively new area, which is of significant concern in wireless communications for the military and consumer electronic applications. Thick film dielectrics including thick film capacitors are stated in conjunction with their material and processing issues. The thin film dielectric materials are briefly introduced with an emphasis on required properties.
Cortical Auditory Event-Related Potentials and Categorical Perception of Voice Onset Time in Children With an Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder

Objective: This study evaluated cortical encoding of voice onset time (VOT) in quiet and noise, and their potential associations with the behavioral categorical perception of VOT in children with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD). Design: Subjects were 11 children with ANSD ranging in age between 6.4 and 16.2 years. The stimulus was an /aba/-/apa/ vowel-consonant-vowel continuum comprising eight tokens with VOTs ranging from 0 ms (voiced endpoint) to 88 ms (voiceless endpoint). For speech in noise, speech tokens were mixed with the speech-shaped noise from the Hearing In Noise Test at a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of +5 dB. Speech-evoked auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) and behavioral categorization perception of VOT were measured in quiet in all subjects, and at an SNR of +5 dB in seven subjects. The stimuli were presented at 35 dB SL (re: pure tone average) or 115 dB SPL if this limit was less than 35 dB SL. In addition to the onset response, the auditory change complex (ACC) elicited by VOT was recorded in eight subjects. Results: Speech evoked ERPs recorded in all subjects consisted of a vertex positive peak (i.e., P1), followed by a trough occurring approximately 100 ms later (i.e., N2). For results measured in quiet, there was no significant difference in categorical boundaries estimated using ERP measures and behavioral procedures. Categorical boundaries estimated in quiet using both ERP and behavioral measures closely correlated with the most-recently measured Phonetically Balanced Kindergarten (PBK) scores. Adding a competing background noise did not affect categorical boundaries estimated using either behavioral or ERP procedures in three subjects. For the other four subjects, categorical boundaries estimated in noise using behavioral measures were prolonged. However, adding background noise only increased categorical boundaries measured using ERPs in three out of these four subjects. Conclusions: VCV continuum can be used to evaluate behavioral identification and the neural encoding of VOT in children with ANSD. In quiet, categorical boundaries of VOT estimated using behavioral measures and ERP recordings are closely associated with speech recognition performance in children with ANSD. Underlying mechanisms for excessive speech perception deficits in noise may vary for individual patients with ANSD.
Abstract P203: Determinants Of Perceived Factors Discouraging Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) Use Among Youth

Introduction: Despite cardiovascular and other health risks, youth use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has reached an epidemic level. Studies have examined factors associated with EN...
Animals in Greek and Roman Thought: A Sourcebook

Part 1. Animals as Beings A. The Intellect of Animals: Rational or Irrational? B. Human-Animal Kinship C. Animal Behaviors 1. Introductory 2. Rearing Offspring 3. Relation to the Environment: Prey and Predators 4. Helping Behaviors 5. Skills and Shortcomings 6. The Language of Animals Part 2. Human-Animal Relations A Animals as Moral Beings 1. Justice toward Animals 2. Justice from Animals B. Animals as Offerings : Hunting and Sacrifice C. Animals as Food: Vegetarianism and Its Opponents D. Animals as Sport: The Arena E. Animals as Friends: Kindness to Animals Texts Consulted Bibliography Passages Discussed
From Reception to Pattern Recognition and Perception

The reception, encoding, and transmission of information about the internal and external environment lack value unless they leads to a different outcome from the one that would have otherwise occurred. Practically, the utilization of neural information always involves some modifications, even if no more than delay and relocation. In this chapter we will consider the relatively complex combination and processing of input signals that result in new patterns of neuronal activity.