cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of vegetated drainage ditches and low-grade weirs for aquaculture effluent mitigation: II. Suspended sediment

Abstract Total suspended solids are a priority pollutant under the Clean Water Act and a point of concern for aquaculture facilities. The use of ubiquitous vegetated ditches on the aquaculture landscape may serve as an environmentally and economically sustainable practice for reducing suspended sediment contributions to downstream environments. This study assessed effects of consecutive low-grade weirs on suspended solids retention and settling rates of aquaculture pond effluent in a single drainage ditch. Two control and nine treatment discharges were conducted in September and October 2012 at the Mississippi State University South Farm Aquaculture Facility. All discharges decreased total and volatile suspended solid loads. Total suspended solids were decreased 72–94%, with a significant removal rate of 0.02 ± 0.01 mg L −1 min −1 in both control ( F = 6.12, P F = 16.02, P −1 min −1 in both control ( F = 10.46, P F = 6.28, P P P P
Holographic visualization of acoustic fields

Optical holographic visualization of sound is demonstrated. Instantaneous pressure distributions are determined from patterns of optical interference fringes which appear in reconstructed images of sound fields. If the acoustic pressure is constant in one direction, the interference fringes can be interpreted in a particularly simple way: as contours of equal instantaneous acoustic pressure. Sensitivities of the order of 196 dB re 1 μPa are achieved. A series of reconstructed images recorded at 20 microsecond intervals are presented which show the propagation of a 16 kHz acoustic toneburst in water. Results obtained with the new holographic visualization method are compared with those of classical schlieren visualization methods. The new holographic visualization method is found to have better sensitivity, dynamic range and spatial resolution than schlieren methods at frequencies of most practical interest in underwater and environmental acoustics problems (below 50 kHz). Sensitivities of the order of 78 dB re 10−12 watts/m2 appear possible in air. The new method could find important applications to experimental investigations of the near fields of objects radiating or scattering sound at audio (or sonar) frequencies.
Selective stimulation of collagen synthesis in the presence of costimulatory insulin signaling by connective tissue growth factor in scleroderma fibroblasts.

Objective To examine the mechanism of collagen induction by connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a profibrotic cytokine overexpressed in the skin of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Methods Dermal fibroblasts from 7 SSc patients and 7 matched healthy adult donors were stimulated with CTGF in the presence or absence of the culture-medium supplement, insulin–transferrin–selenium (ITS). Expression of collagen protein was analyzed by a 3H-proline incorporation assay. To identify the signaling pathways mediating CTGF induction of collagen, pharmacologic inhibitors were used, including rottlerin, a protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) inhibitor. Results Collagen levels in both SSc and normal fibroblasts were increased after treatment with transforming growth factor β in serum-free medium, whereas no stimulation was observed following addition of CTGF. In the presence of ITS, CTGF (2.5 ng/ml) potently stimulated collagenous protein levels in SSc cell lines (n = 5); however, CTGF was not stimulatory in the majority of normal fibroblasts (n = 6). ITS alone induced collagen levels in normal fibroblasts to the levels observed in SSc skin fibroblasts, thereby diminishing the hallmark difference in basal collagen levels in these cell types. Insulin was the ITS component responsible for promoting the basal and CTGF stimulation of collagenous proteins. Rottlerin, the PKCδ inhibitor, down-regulated collagen synthesis in normal and SSc fibroblasts cultured in ITS, and inhibited the stimulatory effects of CTGF in cooperation with insulin or of insulin (500 ng/ml) alone. Conclusion Increased responsiveness of SSc fibroblasts to CTGF-mediated collagen synthesis requires the costimulatory activation of insulin signaling pathways to induce matrix production. Blockade of this effect via rottlerin may suggest that PKCδ is a downstream signaling molecule necessary for CTGF stimulation of collagen synthesis.
Dynamic assembly of electrically conductive PEDOT:PSS nanofibers in electrospinning process studied by high speed video

Abstract Electrospinning process is used to generate micrometer to nanometer sized fibers to form nonwoven mats, which is of great interest to produce functional materials exhibiting very high surface area needed to boost efficiency of devices such as sensors, catalyst carriers and drug delivery. Intrinsic conductive polymer materials, like PEDOT:PSS, offer unique material design pathways for a range of emerging flexible electronics applications, including flexible transparent electrodes, LEDs and photovoltaics. In these applications, conductivity and interfacial area of the intrinsic conductive polymer strongly affect the efficiency of the final assembled device. High conductivity increases the efficiency of the device by reducing the resistance. Large interfacial area provides more location for electron hole generation or recombination. This study provides a simple and easy way to generate highly conductive nonwoven nanomat of commercially available intrinsic conductive polymers. Spinnability and conductivity are achieved by using a very small amount of very high molecular weight PEO that provides stability in electrospinning process without interfering the percolation path of PEDOT:PSS within nanofibers. High speed video observations revealed a unique spinning pattern of fiber standing at the collecting plate in electrospinning. This was solved by introducing an air stream flowing along the direction deposition. Effect of humidity, viscosity and electrospinning voltage on electrospun fiber diameters was also investigated.
Synthesis of Virtual Environments for Aircraft Community Noise Impact Studies

A new capability has been developed for the creation of virtual environments for the study of aircraft community noise. It is applicable for use with both recorded and synthesized aircraft noise. When using synthesized noise, a three-stage process is adopted involving non-real-time prediction and synthesis stages followed by a real-time rendering stage. Included in the prediction-based source noise synthesis are temporal variations associated with changes in operational state, and low frequency fluctuations that are present under all operating conditions. Included in the rendering stage are the effects of spreading loss, absolute delay, atmospheric absorption, ground reflections, and binaural filtering. Results of prediction, synthesis and rendering stages are presented.
Optimization of a complex flow line for printed circuit board fabrication by computer simulation

Abstract The complex operations and considerable process time variability of printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication create difficulties in finding effective and efficient planning techniques for today's PCB production management. A great deal of money is involved. By modeling and testing a real world PCB fabrication facility, this paper shows that computer simulation can provide a viable planning tool to estimate production capacity and to explore optimum arrangement in batch work size of key bottleneck machines to minimize product throughput time. Many simulation experiments are performed and the results analyzed as a response surface. The general characteristic of product throughput time is found to be that its minimal value exists when batch job numbers of subsequential key machines are matched in batch size or in multiples thereof. A nonlinear empirical equation to estimate product throughput time has been derived from the simulation results.
Chronic Depression and Hospital Course in Adolescents

Survival curves were used to analyze the relationship between chronicity of depression and hospital course in 48 adolescents with unipolar major depression. The 25 adolescents with chronic depression (defined as a continuous course of depressive illness for 1 year or more) did not differ from those with acute depression in age, gender, or socioeconomic status. Despite similar admission and discharge Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised scores, adolescents with chronic depression had a significantly slower initial rate of improvement. The study suggests that chronicity of depression has predictive validity with regard to acute hospital course in adolescents.
Family Economic Hardship and Progression of Poor Mental Health in Middle-Aged Husbands and Wives

Using prospective data from 370 middle-aged husbands and wives during a 12-year period, we investigated the intra-individual and dyadic influence of family economic hardship on the levels of depressive symptoms of husbands and wives over their middle years. The results suggest that family economic hardship during the early middle years contributes to subsequent increase in depressive symptoms of husbands and wives after controlling for family economic hardship in late middle years. Consistent with stress-process theory, economic hardship influences depressive symptoms directly and indirectly through its influence on self-esteem. The results also provided evidence for the scar hypothesis which suggests that depression predicts subsequent level of self-esteem and form a reciprocal process between depressive symptoms and self-esteem over time. In sum, for both husbands and wives, our findings showed that depressive symptoms progress over the middle years through a self-perpetuating reciprocal process between self-esteem and depression initiated by early family economic hardship and through cross-spouse influences involving self-esteem and depressive symptoms.
Influence of Ligand–Precursor Molar Ratio on the Size Evolution of Modifiable Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

During the synthesis of nanoparticles via thermal decomposition of iron precursors, the capping ligand–precursor ratio influences the resulting size of the iron oxide nanoparticles. As the molar ratio of aliphatic amines to iron precursor is increased, the average diameter of the synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles decreases. This trend is opposite to previously reported results. We investigated this phenomenon by independently varying the ligand chain length, the ligand–precursor molar ratio, and the degree of saturation of the aliphatic chain. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the precursor illustrated the presence of a primary amine peak before heating and the peak absence after heating, potentially indicating that the primary amine acts as reducing agent to promote the decomposition of the iron precursor. We hypothesize that the amine groups play a dominant role in the nucleation of the particles, while the chain length and degree of aliphatic saturation have only a minor effect on particle size....
Task network-based project dynamic scheduling and schedule coordination

The resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP) is an extensively explored area. The existing RCPSP solutions tend to focus on single project scheduling problems without practical supports to address complex constraints, dynamic environments, and multi-project schedule coordination. This paper proposes a dynamic project scheduling algorithm based on partial task network heuristics. This algorithm takes time constraints, resource constraints, and particularly the changing task execution status into consideration. To coordinate conflicting schedules of multiple projects, we proposed an interactive decision support process and developed new algorithms for conflict detection, conflict resolution, and impact analysis. The proposed algorithms have been fully implemented and tested in a web-based aircraft maintenance management system and are being applied in construction for project scheduling and facilities maintenance management.
Penetration performance of multiple segmented rods at 2.6 km/s

Summary We investigated the penetration capabilities of segmented penetrators consisting of small aspect ratio segments, (1/8 ≤ L/D ≤ 1) using axisymmetric numerical simulations for constant mass, diameter, and collapsed length, tungsten alloy, long-rod penetrators impacting semi-infinite thick rolled homogeneous armor steel (RHA) at 2.6 km/s. The specific technical issues investigated were whether the total penetration of multiple segments is a constant multiple of the penetration of a single segment (not necessarily the first segment); whether the primary cause of any penetration degradation was due to entrance effects or to material remaining at the crater bottom; and whether the cumulative degradation effects for multiple segment impacts changed the optimum aspect ratio based upon single segment penetration.
Interactions of red cells with phagocytes of the wax-moth (Galleria mellonella, L.) and mouse

Abstract Phagocytic recognition was examined in the wax-moth Galleria and in the mouse, by means of a range of modified erythrocytes. Particles were injected into the body cavity of the larvae or incubated in vitro with the insect phagocytes or with mouse macrophages. Whereas untreated Alsever's stored sheep erythrocytes (SE) were taken up at a low rate, SE treated with aldehyde, Fe2+, tannic acid, colloidal silica, saponin, carbodiimide, or acid sucrose solutions, were taken up by or attached themselves to moth and mouse phagocytes. No significant uptake above that of control SE was found of SE exposed to hypertonic or hypotonic salt solutions, or of SE treated with Na dodecylsulfate, trypsin or chymotrypsin. SE made effete by incubation in saline at 37°C, or SE treated with salt-free sugar solutions or with homologous antiserum, were taken up in vivo but not in vitro by the insect phagocytes. Fetal bovine serum or Ca 2+ added to the saline lowered the subsequent uptake of the SE. Salt added to the sugar solutions likewise reduced the in vivo uptake of SE by the hemocytes. The uptake of glutaraldehyde-horse red cells by insect phagocytes in vitro was increased when the particles were treated with chymotrypsin and decreased when particles were treated with ovalbumin, in fashion similar to that previously reported for mouse macrophages and L2 cells. Thus, (1) hemocytes ingested in vivo a broader range of particles than in vitro; it is not known whether hemolymph recognition factors can explain the discrepancy; (2) rather extensive modification or damage of the SE was required for their interaction in vitro with insect or with mouse phagocytes; (3) despite some irregularities, similar patterns emerged of particle recognition by insect phagocytes and by mouse macrophages when these cells were incubated with particles in the absence of added hemolymph or serum. It is suggested that common features of the cell membranes of the two phylogenetically distant phagocytes may underlie this form of recognition.
The influence of technology on the teaching and learning of algebra

Abstract Of all the influences that shape mathematics education, technology stands out as the one with greatest potential for revolutionary impact. (National Research Council, 1990)
Crossover from photon-assisted tunneling to classical behavior in single-electron transistors

We present a quantitative study of the frequency and amplitude dependence of the response of single-electron transistors to microwave radiation. At high frequencies, photon-assisted tunneling of electrons and, in all-superconducting samples, of Cooper pairs is observed. At lower frequencies, a nonadiabatic classical response is found, which depends on the microwave amplitude but not on frequency. We relate the crossover frequency to the widths of the tunneling spectrum features, which depend on the electron temperature and the quasiparticle tunneling rates.
Women's talk in the ivory tower

Inequities in higher education persist, as revealed both by statistical indicators and in continuing reports by women students and faculty that the academic environment itself is alienating. Our review of the research on academic settings, including classroom interaction and the patterns of interaction among and between females and males, leads us to identify the structure of classroom talk itself as one reason many women find the classroom inhospitable. The norms of classroom interaction are more closely aligned with typical male patterns of interaction than with typical female patterns. We suggest that both can exist in classrooms side‐by‐side, as important resources for females and males. We conclude with suggestions for teaching and research.
Feminist-Informed Internal Family Systems Therapy with Couples

Abstract The authors suggest an expanded approach to using Internal Family Systems Therapy (Schwartz, 1992, 1995) with couples by adding several feminist-informed therapeutic concepts. From a feminist-informed perspective, the authors present the importance of the therapeutic alliance, hierarchy within therapy, client choice, compassionate witnessing, and an expansion of the concepts of boundaries, enmesh-ment, and disengagement. A feminist-informed case example illustrates several of these therapeutic themes. In order to provide a contcxlualized reflection on the therapeutic system, the authors then go on to discuss common issues that have arisen while training therapists to provide feminist-informed IFS therapy.
Crystallization and stability of the Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O x superconductor

A basic study of the stability of the Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox phase has been carried out in order to identify the composition and processing conditions for optimum superconducting properties. Analytical electron microscopy has been used to follow the crystallization of this phase during annealing in the solid state as well as from the melt. The crystal chemistry and phase purity is found to depend strongly on the processing conditions. Significant differences in crystallization behavior may be related to kinetic limitations of oxygen transport. The Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox phase has also been subjected to thermomechanical processing in order to improve our understanding of the deformation processes involved during fabrication of wires and tapes. It has been found that mechanical deformation can have significant effects on the microstructure of the material which in turn result in changes in superconducting properties.
The gifted child

Summary 1. Terman's follow-up study of gifted children into adult life is reviewed.The study was begun in 1921 and the average age of the group in 1945 was 35 years. 2. Gifted children are, as a rule, superior to the general child populationin physique and general health and the later mortality up to the age of 35 years is lower. It is not clear how much of this is to be credited to better home environment. 3. Throughout the educational period, the achievement of gifted children is superior to others, although a good many make poor or mediocre records in college. 4. The achievements of gifted children are versatile rather than one-sided,and they generally do well in all school subjects. 5. The typical gifted child is customarily held to a grade well below hisability. 6. Gifted children who have been promoted rapidly are, as a group, superior to gifted nonacclerates in health and general adjustment. They do better school work and are more successful in their later careers. 7. Gifted children average above the general child population in character and personality tests and trait ratings. They are more stable emotionally and better adjusted socially. 8. Up to age 35 the gifted group shows a normal or below normal incidenceof serious personality maladjustment, insanity, delinquency, alcoholism, and homosexuality. 9. Children of very high I.Q. (above 170) do better at school than lower testing individuals; they are not more prone to serious maladjustment; and they are more successful vocationally. 10. As adults, the gifted group is well above the average college graduate in vocational achievement. They marry more often than other college graduates and marital adjustment is better. The divorce rate is lower. 11. There is a tendency for the I.Q.'s of the offspring of gifted adults toregress toward the mean, but the mean I.Q. (127) of the children is much higher than that of average children (I.Q. 100).
Fossil Distribution across the Middle-Upper Devonian Boundary, Portage and Logan Canyons, North-Central Utah

The discovery of Rensselandia cloudi Frost and Langenheim in the Samaria Limestone Member at the base of the Hyrum Formation in north-central Utah has revived the question of the age of the member and has led to a detailed study of ranges of the various elements of the fauna in the member. The study shows that the lower part of the member, through at least 56 ft at Portage Canyon and 45 ft at Logan Canyon, is of Middle Devonian age, whereas undoubted Upper Devonian fossils first appear at 100 ft up in the Portage Canyon section and at 86 ft up in the Logan Canyon section.
Maskless ion beam lithography system

A new type of focused ion beam column is being designed to achieve a beam spot size of less than 100nm. This column is compact and can be operated with multiple beams to enhance the throughput for lithography applications. The column has been coupled with a multicusp ion source for beam transmission and high voltage holdup testing. The 2.5-cm long column can be used to accelerate different kinds of ion beams up to 45 keV.
At-sea high-resolution chemical mapping: extreme barium depletion in North Pacific surface water

We have modified an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICPMS) for use at sea, which permits mapping of dissolved Ba at high temporal and spatial resolution. While evaluating this system off the Pacific coast of Baja California, we discovered Ba depletion greater than 60% in surface waters over tens of kilometers. Observed Ba abundance is among the lowest reported in any ocean water. No corresponding depletion was seen in Sr, which strongly suggests that acantharians are not the primary source of biogenic Ba in these surface waters.
Cytoplasmic inclusions in satellite cells of adrenal medullary ganglia

An extraordinary and widespread abnormality of satellite cells in autonomic ganglia of both adrenals has been found in a 41-year-old woman who died of longstanding pan-hypopituitarism. The pituitary gland and hypothalamus were destroyed by craniopharyngioma. Two types of cytoplasmic changes were found in the satellite cells; one was oncocytic and presumably a reversible type of swelling and the other appeared to be irreversible hyaline degeneration. There is a possibility that the droplets and swelling may be related to secretory mechanisms at the junction of the satellite and ganglion cells, even though the usual stains for neurosecretory substances were negative.
Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Gurney/Jet Flap at Low Reynolds Numbers

A low-speed wind-tunnel investigation has been undertaken to establish the effect of a Gurney flap used in conjunction with a jet flap at low Reynolds numbers. The characteristics of the combination were explored as a potential control effector for small unmanned aerial vehicles. Measurements included force balance, wake survey, and flow visualization. The results indicate that the jet flap maintains a theoretically determined dependence on the jet momentum coefficient, even at a low Reynolds number (160,000). A numerical lifting-line program was modified to allow estimate of the rolling moment that may be generated by ailerons composed of a Gumey/jet flap. The numerical data suggest that the jet flap is capable of generating significant rolling moments with realistic jet momentum coefficients.
Fas-acting memory.

Genetic and behavioral analysis points to a role for fasciclin II in controlling odor memory and alcohol sensitivity in Drosophila.
Mechanistic studies to understand the progressive development of resistance in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase to abacavir.

Abacavir has been shown to select for multiple resistant mutations in the human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) pol gene. In an attempt to understand the molecular mechanism of resistance in response to abacavir, and nucleoside analogs in general, a set of reverse transcriptase mutants were studied to evaluate their kinetics of nucleotide incorporation and removal. It was found that, similar to the multidrug-resistant mutant reverse transcriptase (RT)Q151M, the mutations L74V, M184V, and a triple mutant containing L74V/Y115F/M184V all caused increased selectivity for dGTP over the active metabolite of abacavir (carbovir triphosphate). However, the magnitude of resistance observed in cell culture to abacavir in previous studies was less than that observed to other compounds. Our mechanistic studies suggest that this may be due to carbovir triphosphate decreasing the overall effect on its efficiency of incorporation by forming strong hydrophobic interactions in the RT active site. Unlike RTAZTR, no increase in the rate of ATP- or PPi-mediated chain terminator removal relative to RTWT could be detected for any of the mutants. However, marked decreases in the steady-state rate may serve as a mechanism for increased removal of a chain-terminating carbovir monophosphate by increasing the time spent at the primer terminus for some of the mutants studied. The triple mutant showed no advantage in selectivity over RTM184V and was severely impaired in its ability to remove a chain terminator, giving no kinetic basis for its increased resistance in a cellular system. Biochemical properties including percentage of active sites, fidelity, and processivity may suggest that the triple mutant's increased resistance to abacavir in cell culture is perhaps due to a fitness advantage, although further cellular studies are needed to verify this hypothesis. These data serve to further the understanding of how mutations in RT confer resistance to nucleoside analogs.
Ionic conductivity in crosslinked poly-4-vinylmethylpyridinium electrolytes

Abstract Electrical conductivity of crosslinked poly-4-vinylmethylpyridinium electrolytes in the film form has been measured as a function of temperature from −50°C to + 150°C. The conductivity of the pyridinium polymer in the carbonate ion form increased exponentially with temperature between −50°C and + 75°C. Above 75°C, the conductivity decreased as a result of polymer degradation. For the pyridinium polymer in the hydroxide ion form three distinct changes in conductivity were observed between −50°C and + 150°C. These changes are attributed to the molecular rearrangement in the poly-4-vinylmethylpyridinium hydroxide. Energy of activation, self-diffusion coefficients and entropy of activation for conduction of hydroxyl and carbonate ions have been calculated. These ion conduction results are useful for application in the design of a continuous electromigration process for absorbing contaminant acid gases from the environment.
A model scholar: Herbert A. Simon (1916-2001)

Abstract This paper surveys Herbert A. Simon’s work over more than five decades of research, focusing particularly on his early publications and his contributions to behavioral economics, including the importance of the interdisciplinary research program with which he was associated at Carnegie Mellon University in the1950s and early 1960s. We argue that although his influence extended over political science, psychology, economics, sociology, philosophy, administrative theory, public administration, and computer science, there is a considerable continuity in Simon’s writings. In particular, he persistently sought to clarify the real processes of human decision making, thus was pre-eminently a behavioral economist.
Acetylcholinesterase: Role of the enzyme's charge distribution in steering charged ligands toward the active site

The electrostatic steering of charged ligands toward the active site of Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase is investigated by Brownian dynamics simulations of wild type enzyme and several mutated forms, in which some normally charged residues are neutralized. The simulations reveal that the total ligand influx through a surface of 42 A radius centered in the enzyme monomer and separated from the protein surface by 1-14 A is not significantly influenced by electrostatic interactions. Electrostatic effects are visible for encounters with a surface of 32 A radius, which is partially hidden inside the protein, but mostly within the solvent. A clear accumulation of encounter events for that sphere is observed in the area directly above the entrance to the active site gorge. In this area, the encounter events are increased by 40% compared to the case of a neutral ligand. However, the differences among the encounter rates for the various mutants considered here are not pronounced, all rate constants being within +/- 10% of the average value. The enzyme charge distribution becomes more important as the charged ligand moves toward the bottom of the gorge, where the active site is located. We show that neither the enzyme's total charge, nor its dipole moment, fully account for the electrostatic steering of ligand to the active site. Higher moments of the enzyme's charge distribution are also important. However, for a series of mutations for which the direction of the enzyme dipole moment is constant within a few degrees, one observes a gradual decrease in the diffusional encounter rate constant with the number of neutralized residues. On the other hand, for other mutants that change the direction of the dipole moment from that of the wild type, the calculated encounter rate constants can be very close to that of the wild type. The present work yields two new insights to the kinetics of acetylcholinesterase. First, evolution appears to have built a redundant electrostatic steering capability into this important enzyme through the overall distribution of its thousands of partially charged atoms. And second, roughly half of the rate enhancement due to electrostatics arises from steering of the substrate outside the enzyme; the other half of the rate enhancement arises from improved trapping of the substrate after it has entered the gorge. The computational results reproduce qualitatively, and help to rationalize, many surprising experimental results obtained recently for human acetylcholinesterase.
Counting Bones: Environmental Cues That Decrease Food Intake:

At an all-you-can eat buffet in a sports bar, it was tested whether people would eat less if they knew how much they had already eaten. 50 graduate students (34 women; M age = 24.1 yr.) were seated at 21 tables randomly assigned to be bussed (leftover wings removed) or unbussed (wings left on table). The 31 students at the bussed tables ate more than those at the unbussed tables (7 wings vs. 5.5 wings), with the effect being stronger for men than women. In distracting eating environments, environmental cues may provide an effective means of reducing consumption. Implications for controlling alcohol intake were also noted.
Presidential Address: Psychosomatic Medicine and Biodefense Preparedness—A New Role for the American Psychosomatic Society

Biodefense preparations in the United States have focused mostly on improving biosurveillance and hospital surge capacity in the event of an outbreak or a weapons of mass destruction (WMD) event. However, what if an invisible bioweapon or dirty bomb was released in a major population center, or if avian flu took hold with sustained human to human transmission? Suddenly, we need to combine efforts from psychosomatic medicine and general medicine with public health practice to triage nonexposed patients with somatic symptoms from those with medical sequelae resulting from hazardous exposures. This would better enable the limited acute care resources to be directed to those most in need of urgent medical care. Furthermore, psychosomatic medicine experts are potentially important players in biodefense planning related to risk communication and health education strategies in a WMD scenario or outbreak in which individuals must make informed choices about their need for immediate medical attention.
Platelet-derived Growth Factor Inhibits Insulin Stimulation of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1-associated Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes without Affecting Glucose Transport

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activation is necessary for insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) translocation and glucose transport. Insulin and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulate PI3K activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, but only insulin is capable of stimulating GLUT4 translocation and glucose transport. We found that PDGF causes serine/threonine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) in 3T3-L1 cells, measured by altered mobility on SDS-polyacrylamide gel, and this leads to a decrease in insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1. The PI3K inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 inhibit the PDGF-induced phosphorylation of IRS-1, whereas the MEK inhibitor PD98059 was without a major effect. PDGF pretreatment for 60–90 min led to a marked 80–90% reduction in insulin stimulatable phosphotyrosine and IRS-1-associated PI3K activity. We examined the functional consequences of this decrease in IRS-1-associated PI3K activity. Interestingly, insulin stimulation of GLUT4 translocation and glucose transport was unaffected by 60–90 min of PDGF preincubation. Furthermore, insulin activation of Akt and p70s6kinase, kinases downstream of PI3K, was unaffected by PDGF pretreatment. Wortmannin was capable of blocking these insulin actions following PDGF pretreatment, suggesting that PI3K was still necessary for these effects. In conclusion, 1) PDGF causes serine/threonine phosphorylation of IRS-1, and PI3K, or a kinase downstream of PI3K, mediates this phosphorylation. 2) This PDGF-induced phosphorylation of IRS-1 leads to a significant decrease in insulin-stimulated PI3K activity. 3) PDGF has no effect on insulin stimulation of Akt, p70s6kinase, GLUT4 translocation, or glucose transport. 4) This suggests the existence of an IRS-1-independent pathway leading to the activation of PI3K, Akt, and p70s6kinase; GLUT4 translocation; and glucose transport.
Minimization of temperature distortion in thermocouple cavities

Introduction A DIRECT measurement of transient surface temperature and heat flux is often difficult. For example, a surface involves two modes of heat transfer, say radiative and convective heat transfer. In this case, if the measuring probe has a different radiative property from that of the surface, erroneous measurements will result. Therefore, indirect estimation by inverting the temperature history inside the heat conducting solid as measured by a thermocouple is often used for prediction of the surface temperature and heat flux. Beck, Herring and Parker, Frank, Imber and Khan, Stolz, and Chen and Thomsen have developed inversion solutions for this purpose. Since all of these solutions assumed that the cavity drilled into the solid does not distort the true temperature distribution, it is, therefore, important that the temperature measurement by an interior probe be accurate and involve little distortion or error. From studies made by Chen and Li and Beck, it was found that with a proper combination of the thermocouple cavity diameter, cavity depth, and the thermocouple material, the magnitude of the distortion of the temperature field with respect to space or time can be minimized. In this Note we study the optimum combination of geometrical parameters and material properties to eliminate the temperature distortion.
Experimental autoallergic parotitis.

. An experimental autoallergic parotitis in the rat with a high incidence, high mean grade of lesion and short time of onset is described.
Salvaging prosthetic dialysis fistulas with stents: forearm versus upper arm grafts

Abstract Objective We compared results of angioplasty with those of concomitant stent placement to treat thrombosed forearm hemodialysis grafts with results for upper arm grafts. Material and methods Between October 1998 and July 2002, stents were deployed in 61 patients undergoing balloon angioplasty because of venous anastomotic stenosis causing graft thrombosis. Stents were used only in cases of inadequate angioplasty results. Twenty-three forearm grafts and 38 upper arm grafts were treated. All procedures were performed in an endovascular operating suite, with fistulography. Primary and secondary patency rates were analyzed and compared for graft location with the life table method. Results Grafts had undergone a mean of 1.56 previous revisions because of thrombosis (forearm: 1.52, upper arm: 1.58; P = NS). Excluding early thrombosis, a single graft infection was the only procedural complication. Cumulative primary patency rate at 3, 6, and 12 months (from stent placement) was 36.4%, 15.6%, and 0%, respectively, for forearm grafts, which was inferior to the 59.5%, 34.0%, and 17.0% primary patency rate observed for upper arm grafts ( P = .0307) Secondary patency rate was 40.9%, 40.9%, and 30.7%, respectively, for forearm grafts, and 64.9%, 42.3%, and 19.7% for upper arm grafts ( P = NS). Conclusion Stent deployment can salvage thrombosed dialysis grafts. However, sustained patency occurs infrequently, with better results for upper arm grafts than for forearm grafts. Inasmuch as surgical revision of forearm grafts is usually straightforward, stenting should be reserved for use in high axillary grafts and other sites where surgical repair is difficult.
Theoretical corner rounding analysis and mask writer simulation

We present a derivation of a theoretical corner radius function describing analytically the corner shape and curvature as a function of position on along the feature profile. This function allows us to better describe corner rounding and the process influence (imaging, diffusion, etc.) responsible for corner rounding in mask writing and lithographic imaging. When extracting a corner radius from a feature profile shape, two approaches have been used. The first assumes a single corner radius for the entire profile shape. The profile shape is fit to a single circular function to obtain the corner radius. However because the curvature is not constant the corner radius value thus obtained is contaminated by values not part of the actual corner-even if the profile is data is windowed to contain only points near the corner. The second approach defines the corner radius as equal to the maximum value of the curvature in a region near the corner. This definition is very susceptible to noise in the profile (line edge roughness, etc). A better approach is to fit the profile to a theoretical curvature-verses-position function for a perfect corner imaged using a non-perfect imaging system. This theoretical curvature verses position function can be derived for simple optical imaging systems, chemical diffusion, and Gaussian laser writers. We couple this analysis with simulations of generalized mask writing processes to better understand the nature of corner rounding. The mask writing process is modeled in Fourier space as a convolution with a possibly asymmetric Gaussian kernel. Taking an isocontour of the resulting image corresponding to the desired level of bias gives quick approximate mask shape as might be obtained from a real mask writing device such as a laser writer with an asymmetric intensity profile to its beam.
Stress And The Designed Environment

This paper focuses on ways that the design of the physical environment affects important individual goals, such as appropriate levels of social interaction and wayfinding and spatial orientation. A preliminary framework is proposed that suggests that the design of the environment causes stress by affecting person-environment fit. Next, the role of the physical environment in the regulation of social interaction and in wayfinding and spatial orientation is discussed. Finally, several suggestions for future research are presented.
Contributions to the diatom flora of the Laurentian Great Lakes. I. New and little-known species of Amphora (Bacillariophyta Pennatibacillariophyceae)1

Abstract Records of occurrence of 12 rare species of the genus Amphora in the Laurentian Great Lakes are given. Five of the taxa discussed are reported as new and five are reported for the first time from North America. Presently known distribution and abundance of these entities is presented and apparent similarities with the flora of Lake Baikal are discussed.
On the role of social clusters in the transmission of infectious diseases

We introduce a spatial stochastic model for the spread of tuberculosis and HIV. We have three parameters: the size of the social cluster for each individual and the infection rates within and outside the social cluster. We show that when the infection rate from outside the cluster is low (this is presumably the case for tuberculosis and HIV) then an epidemic is possible only if the typical social cluster and the within infection rate are large enough. These results may be important in formulating new hypotheses for the transmission of TB and HIV.
Origins of ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism in Gd5Ge4

The total and partial density of states (DOS) of two polymorphic modifications of Gd5Ge4 show varying hybridization between the 5d states of Gd and the 4p states of Ge resulting in differences in the magnetism of the compound that are consistent with changes in the chemical bonding. The integrated numbers of electrons in the minority and majority bands differ substantially from one allotrope to another, showing different magnetic moments. A substantial decrease of indirect exchange interactions between 4f spins of specific Gd atoms, which is reflected in the decrease of 5d DOS and the 5d band splitting at the Fermi level, supports the antiferromagnetic ground state of Gd5Ge4. As follows from calculations of 4f–5d exchange interaction energies, total energy analysis of different spin configurations, and band energy analysis, short range interactions are ferromagnetic but long range antiferromagnetic coupling between Gd atoms prevails in the ground state allotrope of Gd5Ge4. On the other hand, only ferromagnetic coupling is found in the high field Gd5Ge4 structure.
Effects of gasoline formulation on methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) contamination in private wells near gasoline stations.

The extent of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) contamination in private wells near gasoline stations, which lack the relative protection afforded many public waters supplies through zoning and routin...
Tectonothermal evolution of the Pinaleño-Jackson Mountain core complex, southeast Arizona

Petrologic data, U-Pb analyses of zircon, and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar analyses were used to document the tectonothermal history of two mylonite zones and the temporal relationship of mylonite formation to movement on detachment faults in the Pinaleno-Jackson Mountain metamorphic core complex of southeastern Arizona. Mylonite formation in the Pinaleno Mountains is dated at ca. 29 and ca. 19 Ma. The later event possibly is synchronous with, and structurally related to, the most recent movement on the Black Rock detachment fault (at
MICROWAVE SURFACE RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS ON THE HEAVY FERMION SUPERCONDUCTOR UPT3

Abstract The relative change of the microwave surface resistance has been measured as a function of temperature in the superconducting and normal states of UPt 3 using a cavity perturbation technique. With our frequency range of ∼9–38 GHz, the microwave photon energy (ℏ ω ) is ∼20–95% of the estimated zero-temperature (BCS) energy gap (2 Δ 0 ) of UPt 3 . The surface resistance shows a change in slope as the signature of T c and has a significantly weaker temperature dependence in the superconducting state than would be predicted by the Mattis–Bardeen theory. At higher frequencies, the slope tends to change by a smaller amount. No indication of collective modes at any of the frequencies was observed down to the lowest temperatures measured (∼0.1 K).
Teacher Enactment Patterns: How Can We Help Move All Teachers to Reform-Based Inquiry Practice Through Professional Development?

The purpose of this study was to investigate high school teachers’ beliefs about inquiry instruction and determine how their beliefs influenced their use of inquiry after a professional development program. Thirty-six high school science teachers participated in this study. The professional development program consisted of a 2-week summer institute as well as academic year support. The summer program included discipline-specific content lessons that utilized inquiry-based instruction, pedagogical practice involving the use of a summer high school enrichment program, and reflection on this practice-teaching in content area groups. Both in-depth qualitative interview and written reflection data were collected as well as data from the teachers’ classroom implementation of inquiry. Based on the analysis of the teachers’ interviews and classroom enactments, the teachers were placed into four enactment categories: Integrated, Emerging, Laboratory-based, and Activity-focused. We used Windschitl’s (Rev Educ Res 72(2):131–175, 2002) four constructivist dilemmas as a framework to understand the teachers’ enactments. We describe the teachers’ beliefs and practices in each enactment category as well as the components of the professional development model that were important to making changes in the teachers’ practices. In the conclusion, we connect the enactment levels to the professional development experience and suggest future directions for professional developers to move teachers toward more integrated inquiry practices.
Composing Bézier simplexes

This paper describes two algorithms for solving the following general problem: Given two polynomial maps f: Rn ↦ RN and S RN ↦ Rd in Bezier simplex form, find the composition map S = S ° f in Bezier simplex form (typically, n ≤ N ≤ d ≤ 3). One algorithm is more appropriate for machine implementation, while the other provides somewhat more geometric intuition. The composition algorithms can be applied to the following problems: evaluation, subdivision, and polynomial reparameterization of Bezier simplexes; joining Bezier curves with geometric continuity of arbitrary order; and the determination of the control nets of Bezier curves and triangular Bezier surface patches after they have undergone free-form deformations.
Adaptive control of dynamic mobile robots with nonholonomic constraints

Abstract This paper presents adaptive control rules, at the dynamics level, for the nonholonomic mobile robots with unknown dynamic parameters. Adaptive controls are derived for mobile robots, using backstepping technique, for tracking of a reference trajectory and stabilization to a fixed posture. For the tracking problem, the controller guarantees the asymptotic convergence of the tracking error to zero. For stabilization, the problem is converted to an equivalent tracking problem, using a time varying error feedback, before the tracking control is applied. The designed controller ensures the asymptotic zeroing of the stabilization error. The proposed control laws include a velocity/acceleration limiter that prevents the robot’s wheels from slipping.
Naloxone reduces pressing for intracranial stimulation of sites in the periaqueductal gray area, accumbens nucleus, substantia nigra, and lateral hypothalamus

Albino rats were implanted with bipolar electrodes aimed for the periaqueductal gray area, accumbens nucleus, substantia nigra, or lateral hypothalamus and trained to press for intracranial stimulation (ICS) of 60-Hz sine waves, .3 sec duration, always less than 85 µA, rms. After stabilization of press rates, the rats were tested under morphine, naloxone, or placebo. Morphine sulfate (10 mg/kg, SC), with testing 3 h after injection, produced an increase in press rates at all sites tested. Naloxone hydrochloride (10 mg/kg, SC), given immediately before testing, produced reliable reductions in press rates in a 50–60-min test at all four sites. The same dose of naloxone, given 15 min before a 3-min test, produced a small, but reliable, reduction in pressing for ICS of the periaqueductal gray area and had no reliable effect on pressing for ICS of the accumbens nucleus or lateral hypothalamus. These results suggest that endorphin systems play a modulatory role in pressing for ICS.