cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coupling of the PISCES device modeler to a 3-D Maxwell FDTD solver

We show how PISCES-like semiconductor models can be joined non-invasively to finite difference time domain models for the calculation of coupled external electromagnetics. The method involves "tricking" the standard current boundary condition for the device model into accepting an effective parallel external capacitance. For nearly steady state device conditions we show the results for a transmission line-coupled PISCES diode agree well with those for an ideal diode. >
An in vivo battery for identifying endocrine modulators that are estrogenic or dopamine regulators.

Abstract We have combined several endpoints into a single 5-day in vivo screening procedure to identify estrogenic compounds and dopaminergic modulators, both of which play important roles in enhancing mammary tumorigenesis in rodents. The endpoints evaluated as markers of estrogenicity included increases in uterine fluid and vaginal cornification incidence, serum prolactin levels, uterine weight, uterine epithelial cell height, uterine stromal cell proliferation, and uterine progesterone receptor (PR) number and decreases in uterine estrogen receptor (ER) number. The endpoints evaluated for changes in dopamine regulation included increases in prolactin and decreases in growth hormone levels. The estrogen agonists estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3), the mixed estrogen agonist/antagonist tamoxifen (TAM), the full antiestrogen ICI-182,780 (ICI), and the dopamine modulators haloperidol (HAL) and reserpine (RES) were tested using a three-time/day (8-hr intervals) intraperitoneal dosing regimen in sexually mature ovariectomized female Crl:CD BR rats. All compounds were evaluated over a range of concentrations. This in vivo battery was used to evaluate the effects of different classes of endocrine modulators on the selected endpoints. For example, the estrogen receptor agonists E2 and E3 display a unique profile based on changes in the uterotrophic endpoints (estrus conversion, uterine fluid imbibition, increases in uterine weight, and uterine endometrial cell proliferation) where full and partial agonists can be distinguished by the magnitude of these responses. Both the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI and the dopamine modulators HAL and RES lack these uterotrophic responses. Dopamine modulators can be distinguished from estrogen receptor agonists by the profile of increased prolactin levels with no uterotrophic changes. Estrogen receptor antagonists can be distinguished from agonists by comparing their effects on ER, PR, and uterotrophic responses. For instance, the full estrogen receptor antagonist ICI decreased ER (to almost 0) and PR levels, but has no uterotrophic effects, while TAM decreases ER (to almost 0) and increases PR with uterotrophic effects. The most useful endpoints for distinguishing estrogen agonists and dopamine modulators were uterine fluid imbibition, uterine weight, uterine stromal cell proliferation, and serum prolactin levels. In order to distinguish an estrogen agonist from an antagonist, other endpoints, such as receptor levels, are necessary. The advantage of an in vivo screen is that it utilizes a metabolically and physiologically defined system which is especially important with highly integrative systems such as the endocrine system. This battery can be used as a screening tool to identify potential endocrine modulators as well as to identify mode of action following adverse findings in toxicology studies. Last, additional endpoints may be added to identify other classes of endocrine modulators.
Democratic Norms and Forces of Gatekeeping: A Study of Influences on Iraqi Journalists’ Attitudes toward Government Information Access

Gatekeeping theory and the hierarchy of influences model were used as a framework to analyze democratic norm development in Iraq. The study developed three watchdog gatekeeping models that could be adapted for other conflict or postdictatorship environments or modified for longtime democracies. The study used hierarchical regression to analyze forces that influenced attitudes of 588 Iraqi journalists in their gatekeeping role. Individual-level forces, followed by ideological-level forces, contributed the most toward watchdog gatekeeping attitudes toward access to government meetings, and news media routine forces contributed the most toward influencing attitudes toward access to government records.
Array regrouping and structure splitting using whole-program reference affinity

While the memory of most machines is organized as a hierarchy, program data are laid out in a uniform address space. This paper defines a model of reference affinity, which measures how close a group of data are accessed together in a reference trace. It proves that the model gives a hierarchical partition of program data. At the top is the set of all data with the weakest affinity. At the bottom is each data element with the strongest affinity. Based on the theoretical model, the paper presents k-distance analysis, a practical test for the hierarchical affinity of source-level data. When used for array regrouping and structure splitting, k-distance analysis consistently outperforms data organizations given by the programmer, compiler analysis, frequency profiling, statistical clustering, and all other methods we have tried.
Camera calibration from orthogonally projected coordinates with noisy-RANSAC

We introduce a formulation for “orthogonal calibration” which is to extract camera calibration parameters from the world coordinates with unknown heights. Such coordinates can be obtained from an aerial photograph or a GPS device. A typical approach would be to introduce a planar surface assumption and apply the plane homography. However, the planar assumption often fails; moreover, the camera parameters recovered from a homography matrix is highly sensitive to noise. We introduce a formulation for the orthogonal calibration which is similar to the fundamental matrix equation. Based on the formulation, we introduce a 6-point algorithm to recover the rotation and translation and a 7-point algorithm to recover the focal lengths in addition. Then, we introduce a noisy-RANSAC method which enables robust parameter recovery from a small number of point correspondences. The noisy-RANSAC naturally incorporates the orthogonal calibration and any available information on the scene structure, which delivers much improved estimates. Experimental results on synthetic datasets and an example application to a real image are presented.
Scheduling conservation designs for maximum flexibility via network cascade optimization

One approach to conserving endangered species is to purchase and protect a set of land parcels in a way that maximizes the expected future population spread. Unfortunately, an ideal set of parcels may have a cost that is beyond the immediate budget constraints and must thus be purchased incrementally. This raises the challenge of deciding how to schedule the parcel purchases in a way that maximizes the flexibility of budget usage while keeping population spread loss in control. In this paper, we introduce a formulation of this scheduling problem that does not rely on knowing the future budgets of an organization. In particular, we consider scheduling purchases in a way that achieves a population spread no less than desired but delays purchases as long as possible. Such schedules offer conservation planners maximum flexibility and use available budgets in the most efficient way. We develop the problem formally as a stochastic optimization problem over a network cascade model describing a commonly used model of population spread. Our solution approach is based on reducing the stochastic problem to a novel variant of the directed Steiner tree problem, which we call the set-weighted directed Steiner graph problem. We show that this problem is computationally hard, motivating the development of a primal-dual algorithm for the problem that computes both a feasible solution and a bound on the quality of an optimal solution. We evaluate the approach on both real and synthetic conservation data with a standard population spread model. The algorithm is shown to produce near optimal results and is much more scalable than more generic off-the-shelf optimizers. Finally, we evaluate a variant of the algorithm to explore the trade-offs between budget savings and population growth.
Computers and the End of Progressive Education

Multiculturalism is an essential tool for democratic citizenship in a world made ever more closely interconnected by information technologies. In this paper, I propose a model for progressive multicultural education in the computer age. I begin by describing the Pragmatic Progressive model of learning implicit in Dewey’s writing on education. I then discuss two revisions to the model in light of technological developments and theoretical work over the last few decades. Taken together, these revisions suggest that we might profitably revisit—and revise—Dewey’s ideas in the post-industrial era. I bring these ideas together to describe a theory of pedagogical praxis that offers an opportunity to move from multiculturalism to multisubculturalism: a view of education that focuses on diverse educational goals rather than diverse pathways to a single pedagogical end—and thus a view of learning more suited to the diverse ways of thinking and living that characterize our increasingly integrated world.
EMILE BOUTROUX, REDEFINING SCIENCE AND FAITH IN THE THIRD REPUBLIC

Historians have convincingly shown the extent to which Protestantism played a role in the founding of the Third Republic, undermining the once canonical claim that republicanism and religion were implacably hostile opponents in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Catholics, however, continue to be viewed as nearly universally antirepublican. Analyzing the writings of philosopher Emile Boutroux and his students, this article shows how the specifically Catholic concern with the relationship between free will and scientific concepts of determinism both influenced the direction of French philosophy of science into the twentieth century and provided a framework for defending the Republic at the height of the Dreyfus affair.
Impacts of tropospheric ozone and climate change on net primary productivity and net carbon exchange of China's forest ecosystems

Aim We investigated how ozone pollution and climate change/variability have interactively affected net primary productivity (NPP) and net carbon exchange (NCE) across China’s forest ecosystem in the past half century. Location Continental China. Methods Using the dynamic land ecosystem model (DLEM) in conjunction with 10-km-resolution gridded historical data sets (tropospheric O3 concentrations, climate variability/change, and other environmental factors such as land-cover/ land-use change (LCLUC), increasing CO2 and nitrogen deposition), we conducted nine simulation experiments to: (1) investigate the temporo-spatial patterns of NPP and NCE in China’s forest ecosystems from 1961–2005; and (2) quantify the effects of tropospheric O3 pollution alone or in combination with climate variability and other environmental stresses on forests’ NPP and NCE. Results China’s forests acted as a carbon sink during 1961–2005 as a result of the combined effects of O3, climate, CO2, nitrogen deposition and LCLUC. However, simulated results indicated that elevated O3 caused a 7.7% decrease in national carbon storage, with O3-induced reductions in NCE (Pg C year -1 ) ranging from 0.4–43.1% among different forest types. Sensitivity experiments showed that climate change was the dominant factor in controlling changes in temporo-spatial patterns of annual NPP. The combined negative effects of O3 pollution and climate change on NPP and NCE could be largely offset by the positive fertilization effects of nitrogen deposition and CO2. Main conclusions In the future, tropospheric O3 should be taken into account in order to fully understand the variations of carbon sequestration capacity of forests and assess the vulnerability of forest ecosystems to climate change and air pollution. Reducing air pollution in China is likely to increase the resilience of forests to climate change. This paper offers the first estimate of how prevention of air pollution can help to increase forest productivity and carbon sequestration in China’s forested ecosystems.
The Last Temptation of Satan: Divine Deception in Greek Patristic Interpretations of the Passion Narrative*

N Introduction A remarkable number of Greek patristic thinkers gave expression to the theory that Satan was deceived by Christ, who exploited his adversary's mistaken belief that the object of his desires was a mere man and not the deity incarnate. Driven by an insatiable hunger for human bodies, the demonic appetite was inexorably drawn to devour the seemingly mortal flesh of Jesus. That flesh, however, was but a seductive lure concealing the power of divinity that brought about Satan's downfall and even (in some traditions) his salvation. The crucial events in this drama of deception were Christ's agony in the garden and his suffering on the cross, moments of apparent weakness and vulnerability which patristic writers daringly reconfigured as the cunning ruses of a master strategist defeating the enemy through his own devices. Such a radical reinterpretation of Scripture was achieved largely through the tools of typological and allegorical exegesis, by which patristic writers sought to explain - and thereby eliminate - the "shame and folly of the cross" (compare 1 Cor 1:18-25; Heb 12:2; Deut 21:23), along with the attendant spectacles of Christ's apparent fearfulness and uncontrolled emotion.
Provision of Services in Perinatal Palliative Care: A Multicenter Survey in the United States

Abstract Background: Congenital anomalies account for 20% of neonatal and infant deaths in the United States. Perinatal palliative care is a recent addition to palliative care and is meant to meet the needs of families who choose to continue a pregnancy affected by a life-limiting diagnosis. Objective: To examine characteristics of programs and services provided, assess alignment with the National Consensus Project domains of care, and identify providers and disciplines involved in programs. Design: A cross-sectional survey design included 48 items addressing funding and domains of quality care. Subjects: Program representatives from 30 states (n = 75). Principal results: Perinatal palliative care programs are housed in academic medical centers, regional or community hospitals, local hospices, or community-based organizations. Significant differences by program setting were observed for type of fetal diagnoses seen, formal training in communicating bad news to parents, mechanisms to ensure continuity of c...
The meaning of frequency words in different contexts.

The problem was to identify the effect of context situations on the meaning of frequency words. One hundred college students served in the rating of the materials as well as in the experimental tas...
Use of Bicarbonate in Patients With Metabolic Acidosis.

Please elaborate on why bicarbonate is not used unless the ph is 7.2 or less. Many nurses, particularly cardiovascular nurses, have difficulty understanding this when the patient’s blood pressure is low and the patient is acidotic with large negative base excesses. Please explain the physiological basis for the deci
The role of dimensionality reduction in classification

Dimensionality reduction (DR) is often used as a preprocessing step in classification, but usually one first fixes the DR mapping, possibly using label information, and then learns a classifier (a filter approach). Best performance would be obtained by optimizing the classification error jointly over DR mapping and classifier (a wrapper approach), but this is a difficult nonconvex problem, particularly with nonlinear DR. Using the method of auxiliary coordinates, we give a simple, efficient algorithm to train a combination of nonlinear DR and a classifier, and apply it to a RBF mapping with a linear SVM. This alternates steps where we train the RBF mapping and a linear SVM as usual regression and classification, respectively, with a closedform step that coordinates both. The resulting nonlinear low-dimensional classifier achieves classification errors competitive with the state-of-the-art but is fast at training and testing, and allows the user to trade off runtime for classification accuracy easily. We then study the role of nonlinear DR in linear classification, and the interplay between the DR mapping, the number of latent dimensions and the number of classes. When trained jointly, the DR mapping takes an extreme role in eliminating variation: it tends to collapse classes in latent space, erasing all manifold structure, and lay out class centroids so they are linearly separable with maximum margin.
Understanding Institutions and Institutional Change in Weak Post-Soviet Democracies: The Case of Doing Business Reforms in Moldova

The 2010 World Bank Doing Business Report ranks Moldova in the top decile on reforms aimed at improving the local doing business environment. Moldova's success is attributed to a number of new policy reforms, started in 2009, which simplified the existing administrative processes of business formalization. However, as a weak democracy in transition, Moldova lacks the institutional foundations to support beneficial reforms. Numerous quantitative and qualitative studies describe Moldova's poor economic performance, lasting high levels of corruption, massive out-migration, and lack of media and political freedom. This paper attempts to complement the recent World Bank report with qualitative insights gathered from interviews with Moldovan entrepreneurs. Our interviews revealed the existence of many informal regulatory practices with a crowding out effect on productive entrepreneurship in Moldova. Without these informal barriers to doing business factored in, the success of Moldova's recent reforms is overestimated. In reality, the quality of the overall formal-informal institutional environment within which Moldovan entrepreneurs conduct their daily affairs is lower.
Lithography-free Nanoscale Patterned Growth of GaAs on Si(001) with Sub-100-nm Silica Nanoparticles by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Lithography-free, nanoscale patterned, molecular beam epitaxial growth of GaAs on Si is demonstrated on a Si(001) substrate coated with a dense, single-particle-high, stack of ∼80-nm-diameter silica nanoparticles (NPs). The NP stack plays the role of a high aspect ratio, deep sub-100 nm opening area SiO2 pattern which is small enough for nanoscale patterned growth of large lattice-mismatched heterostructures. The GaAs, selectively grown through the interparticle spaces, proceeds over the NP stack initially with island formation and ultimately buries the NP stack by epitaxial lateral overgrowth and coalescence. X-ray diffraction confirms that the GaAs grown over the NP stack has highly improved crystallinity as compared with a reference growth on unpatterned Si. This is explained by necking of the defects propagating along {111} by the small opening, high aspect ratio characteristic of the NP stack.
Forecasting Policy Decisions: An Expected Utility Approach to Post-Khomeini Iran *

ble to war fever and worship of leadership 10. The immortality of "Big Brother" 11. World of patriots v. enemies (uncritical love of country and leaders, and uncritical hatred of enemies) 12. Unthinking political orthodoxy 13. Infallibility of the Party 14. A perpetual, privileged Party elite 15. Political and social indoctrination 16. Children informing on parents 17. Torture by government as systematic policy 18. Thought police 19. Omnipresent surveillance 20. Doublethink (reality control) (with help of "blackwhite" and "duckspeak") 21. Falsification of history 22. Armaments consuming a people's livelihood
An Investigation in Improving the Exhaust Management Process on Miller Cycle and Turbocompounding

A reduction in diesel engine fuel consumption at a constant emissions level can be achieved by various means. A power turbine as a means of waste heat recovery (i.e., turbocompounding) and altered intake valve closure timing (Miller cycle) are two such mechanisms. Each of these technologies act as a means of improving the expansion process of the combustion gases, requiring reduced fueling for the same work extraction. When these embodiments are typically implemented, the timing of the exhaust valve opening is maintained. However, optimization of the timing of the exhaust valve opening presents the potential for further improvement in the expansion process. Variations in the exhaust valve opening timing will be investigated for Miller and turbocompounding cycles as well as the combination of the two features. Results will be shown to quantify the impact these variations have in system efficiency. Second law analysis will be used to show how these variations in engine configurations impact individual loss mechanisms. Finally, comparisons will be made to show the relative differences between Miller cycle and turbocompounding with and without optimization of the exhaust valve timing.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
0188 Speak Up! What Are The Barriers To Challenging Seniors?

Background Recent high-profile cases of medical errors within a culture, where individuals felt unable to speak up, suggest that failure to challenge erroneous decisions contributes to patient morbidity and mortality.1 “Responsible” followers are team-members with interpersonal skills, which allow for decisions of leaders to be challenged without contributing to a defensive or risk adverse culture.2 It is crucial to identify those effective interpersonal skills and possible barriers to challenging seniors. Previous work suggests that simulation sessions incorporating erroneous decisions, can promote appropriate leadership challenges.3 This project attempts to explore reasons for failure in a safe simulation environment and identify actual or perceived barriers to challenging senior anaesthetists to guide further medical education. Methodology 20 CT1/2 anaesthetic trainee volunteers from our deanery will be invited to participate in a high-fidelity simulation scenario. Candidates will be randomly allocated to one of 2 standardised scenarios (scenario 1: surgeon requesting administration of wrong antibiotic triggering anaphylaxis. Scenario 2: consultant anaesthetist fixated on intubation despite patient desaturation). Scenarios will be videoed and watched during debriefing and each candidate asked to “think aloud”4 to identify behaviours and "barrier themes". The debrief conversation will be transcribed, coded and analysed qualitatively using NVivo software. A phenomenological approach to data analysis, contrasting emerging themes with a control group will be adopted. Quantitative measurements will be undertaken to allow for triangulation. Results and potential impact Using a mixed strategy, we will explore the dynamics of the trainee-supervisor relationship, and reflect on its implications to the timely delivery of safe care. Identifying possible barriers and underlying frames for trainees’ challenging behaviours and time-lag for challenging seniors can suggest effective strategies to challenge erroneous decisions. This research will be advanced further as a team-skills workshop, where human factors, CRM and successful techniques for challenging can be developed. References Belyansky I, Martin TR, Prabhu AS. Poor Resident Attending Intraoperative Communication May Compromise Patient Safety. J Surg Res 2011;171:386–94 Grint K, Holt C. Followership in the NHS. London, UK: King’s Fund. 2011 Moneypenny MJ, Guha A, Mercer SJ, et al. Don’t follow your leader: Challenging erroneous decisions. British Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;pp. 1–8 Fonteyn ME, Kuipers B, Grobe SJ. A Description of Think Aloud Method and Protocol Analysis. Qualitative Health Research 1993;3(4):430–41
Effects of 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid on the rate of ethylene release from detached fruiting spurs and on fruit abscission in apple

Summary1-Aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) was applied to apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) trees or to individual fruiting spurs between full bloom (FB) and 31 d after full bloom (DAFB; mean fruit diameter of 20 mm) to determine the effects of ACC on the ethylene released from detached spurs and on fruit abscission. The rate of ethylene release from detached fruiting spurs increased 1 d after applying 50 mg l–1 ACC at full bloom or 16 DAFB (mean fruit diameter of 10 mm), but ACC had a reduced effect on the rate of ethylene release when it was applied 31 DAFB (mean fruit diameter of 20 mm). ACC reduced fruit set in ‘GoldRush’ apple in a concentration-dependent manner in 2009 and in 2010, but had no thinning activity on ‘Pink Lady’ in 2010. ACC at 200 mg l–1 resulted in the yellowing and abscission of ‘GoldRush’ spur leaves in 2009, but not in 2010. The effects of combining ACC and 5 mg l–1 naphthaleneacetic acid on fruit set in ‘GoldRush’ apple were additive. The application of 200 mg l–1 ACC when fr...
Influences on Grief Among Parentally Bereaved Adults

Although the parent-child relationship is significant throughout life, many changes occur as children grow, particularly during young adulthood. Parental loss and resulting grief during adulthood is likely influenced by many variables, including age, gender, relationship quality, and sex roles. In the present study, parentally bereaved adults completed measures assessing parental involvement, personal grief and adjustment, and sex role preferences. Analyses of covariance indicated that gender of the bereaved child was significant in predicting some aspects of grief, wherein females were more strongly impacted by the loss of a parent, irrespective of that parent's sex. However, the interaction of sex of parent and sex of child was also significant, suggesting that maternal loss may be particularly difficult for daughters. Results suggested that women may have a stronger emotional experience of grief and maintain closer bonds with a deceased mother. This may result from deeper emotional connections, feeling excluded by age peers, or vulnerability for rumination.
Dynamic Termo - Mechanical Spectra of Pen/Pet Fibres

PEN fibres are well known for their high performance properties, resistance, and good tensile properties. Their potential markets are the packaging, film and fibre markets. For tyre yarns in particular, the response to dynamic deformations at elevated temperatures is interesting. The ultimate modulus of PEN fibres is substantially higher than that of polethylenetrephtalate (PET). However, in the amorphous domains of PEN, the rotation of the naphthalene rings induces conformational transitions, which negatively influence the dynamic mechanical properties (Militký, 1999) The main aim of this contribution is to measure and characterize the dynamic mechanical spectra of PEN fibres. These spectra are obtained at various levels of pre-straining. The analysis is based on the real part of the dynamic modulus and on an evaluation of the loss tangent. The simple model of dynamic behaviour based on the standard linear viscoelastic body is presented. The special apparatus for measuring dynamic behaviour under various types of deformation (tension, compression, bending, shearing) is described in detail.
The persuasive phish: examining the social psychological principles hidden in phishing emails

Phishing is a social engineering tactic used to trick people into revealing personal information [Zielinska, Tembe, Hong, Ge, Murphy-Hill, & Mayhorn 2014]. As phishing emails continue to infiltrate users' mailboxes, what social engineering techniques are the phishers using to successfully persuade victims into releasing sensitive information?Cialdini's [2007] six principles of persuasion (authority, social proof, liking/similarity, commitment/consistency, scarcity, and reciprocation) have been linked to elements of phishing emails [Akbar 2014; Ferreira, & Lenzini 2015]; however, the findings have been conflicting. Authority and scarcity were found as the most common persuasion principles in 207 emails obtained from a Netherlands database [Akbar 2014], while liking/similarity was the most common principle in 52 personal emails available in Luxemborg and England [Ferreira et al. 2015]. The purpose of this study was to examine the persuasion principles present in emails available in the United States over a period of five years.Two reviewers assessed eight hundred eighty-seven phishing emails from Arizona State University, Brown University, and Cornell University for Cialdini's six principles of persuasion. Each email was evaluated using a questionnaire adapted from the Ferreira et al. [2015] study. There was an average agreement of 87% per item between the two raters.Spearman's Rho correlations were used to compare email characteristics over time. During the five year period under consideration (2010--2015), the persuasion principles of commitment/consistency and scarcity have increased over time, while the principles of reciprocation and social proof have decreased over time. Authority and liking/similarity revealed mixed results with certain characteristics increasing and others decreasing.The commitment/consistency principle could be seen in the increase of emails referring to elements outside the email to look more reliable, such as Google Docs or Adobe Reader (rs(850) = .12, p =.001), while the scarcity principle could be seen in urgent elements that could encourage users to act quickly and may have had success in eliciting a response from users (rs(850) = .09, p =.01). Reciprocation elements, such as a requested reply, decreased over time (rs(850) = -.12, p =.001). Additionally, the social proof principle present in emails by referring to actions performed by other users also decreased (rs(850) = -.10, p =.01).Two persuasion principles exhibited both an increase and decrease in their presence in emails over time: authority and liking/similarity. These principles could increase phishing rate success if used appropriately, but could also raise suspicions in users and decrease compliance if used incorrectly. Specifically, the source of the email, which corresponds to the authority principle, displayed an increase over time in educational institutes (rs(850) = .21, p
Williams-Beuren Syndrome with Brain Dysplasia

Investigators from Jichi and Yokohama City Universities, Japan, report a patient with the common Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) deletion in 7q11.23 who presented with severe cerebral and cerebellar dysplasia and progressive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Ceruloplasmin and other copper binding components of blood plasma and their functions: an update

We know that blood plasma contains many proteins and also other components that bind copper. The largest contributor to copper in the plasma is ceruloplasmin, which accounts for 40–70 percent. Apart from ceruloplasmin and albumin, most of these components have not been studied extensively, and even for ceruloplasmin and albumin, much remains to be discovered. New components with new functions, and new functions of known components are emerging, some warranting reconsideration of earlier findings. The author's laboratory has been actively involved in research on this topic. This review summarizes and updates our knowledge of the nature and functions of ceruloplasmin and the other known and emerging copper-containing molecules (principally proteins) in this fluid, to better understand how they contribute to copper homeostasis and consider their potential significance to health and disease.
Transnormativity: A New Concept and Its Validation through Documentary Film About Transgender Men

While prior research has called attention to how medically based, normative understandings of sex and gender place undue restrictions on transgender people's autonomy, there has yet to be an attempt to consolidate this research into a recognizable concept that is situated within existing theoretical frameworks. This article uses documentary films focused on transgender men as an empirical example to develop the concept of transnormativity. Transnormativity describes the specific framework to which transgender people's presentations and experiences of gender are held accountable. Drawing on research specific to transgender community groups, medicalization, and legal transition, I argue that transnormativity structures transgender experience, identification, and narratives into a hierarchy of legitimacy that is dependent upon medical standards. This ideology, as I show via a content analysis of documentary films, circulates in media depictions of transgender people in ways that eclipse alternative explanations of gender non-conformity. While medical transition is a central component of many transgender people's gender trajectory, I argue in this article that the privileging of the medical model over others creates a marginalizing effect for gender-non-conforming people who cannot or do not wish to medically transition.
The Human Right to a Green Future: Human Rights as Inheritance: Instituting Intergenerational Environmental Justice

Thou shalt raise up the foundations of many generations, and thou shalt be called the repairer of the breach, the restorer of paths to dwell in. Isaiah 58:12 Toward the end of An Inconvenient Truth , former Vice-President and Nobel Prize winner Al Gore's movie and book (2006) exposing the prospects of global warming and climate change, Gore concludes that the solutions to environmental degradation lie within reach, but only if there exists enough political will to make difficult policy decisions. The sentiment is somewhat truistic, because the need for sufficient political will is necessary for any decision on many issues facing every nation and every generation. All collective choices wait on the coalescence of political will, so that the issue really depends on how we build sufficient political will to make the necessary environmental decisions that will indeed save the earth. In this book I have argued that employing the language and persuasive power of human rights presents a new, muscular approach to recognizing environmental ethical obligations to future generations. In other words, the power of human rights is uniquely suited to assisting us in gathering the collective will necessary to preserve the planet. That collective will, I have argued, is distributed within nations and peoples but rarely shared among them. This presents both a particular difficulty of collective action regarding the environment as well as suggesting an alternative path on which to travel in building sufficient political will to confront a global problem.
The Future of Publishing Herpetological Research: Peer Review, “Pre-Publications”, and Openness and Transparency of Data

Abstract The availability of new technologies, combined with changing perceptions of traditional journal publications, has created a wave of “new models” for reviewing and publishing scientific research. As the Journal of Herpetology (JH) celebrates its 50th anniversary, this is an appropriate time for the membership of SSAR to consider what kinds of changes in JH are needed to meet the needs of those who publish research in herpetology. In this review, I focus on three issues with traditional models of journal publications: criticisms of the peer-review process (especially bias and elitism); issues with rapid communication of research findings; and increasing calls for better transparency and openness of data. For issues such as gender or age bias, I provide support for calls for changes such as double-blind reviews to reduce the prevalence of such bias and also review new methods for making peer reviews more open and efficient. Conversely, I find serious problems with mechanisms such as citable “pre pri...
Linearly Solvable Optimal Control

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Linearly Solvable Optimal Control Problems Extension to Risk-Sensitive Control and Game Theory Properties and Algorithms Conclusions and Future Work References ]]>
Bringing the Hydrosocial Cycle into Climate Change Adaptation Planning: Lessons from Two Andean Mountain Water Towers

Glaciers, snowpack, rivers, lakes, and wetlands in mountain regions provide freshwater for much of the world's population. These systems, however, are acutely sensitive to climate change. In Andean water towers, which supply freshwater to more than 100 million people, climate change adaptation planning is critical. Adaptation plans, however, are more than just documents; they inform and are informed by sociopolitical processes with major implications for hydrosocial relations in mountain water towers. Noting the inadequate scholarly attention to climate change in relation to the hydrosocial cycle, we draw on the hydrosocial literature to examine and compare climate change adaptation plans from mountain water tower regions of Piura, Peru, and the Santiago metropolitan region in Chile. Through a hydrosocial lens, we find that these plans reinforce hydrosocial relations such as upstream–downstream disparities that tend to exclude those who access water informally, have differing ontologies of water, or have ...
A Theory of Worker Turnover in R&D Intensive Firms

This paper builds a theoretical model to address evidence on labor mobility patterns in technology-intensive firms engaged in R&D. Labor turnover in these firms is characteristically different from turnover in traditional industries both in size and composition. Specifically, the pool of workers switching employers comprises of relatively productive workers. Our model explains these characteristics of labor turnover by focusing on the distinguishing features of R&D-intensive firms, in particular, the stochastic nature of returns to R&D investment and the transmission of knowledge spillovers through worker movement, to explain patterns of labor mobility in these firms. The analysis also serves as a tool to analyze the role of Non Disclosure Agreements in wage contracts.
The Medical Electricians: Dr. Scott and His Victorian Cohorts in Quackery by Robert K. Waits

In 1743, when electricity was more a poorly understood wonder than a science, Johann Gottlob Kruger, a professor in the German city of Halle, was asked by his students what usefulness electricity m...
Modeling the impacts of hemlock woolly adelgid infestation and presalvage harvesting on carbon stocks in northern hemlock forests

To better understand the potential impact of the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA, Adelges tsugae Annand) and presalvage activities on carbon (C) dynamics in northern stands of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.), we used the Forest Vegetation Simulator and Forest Inventory and Analysis data to model C storage and successional pathways under four scenarios: presalvage harvesting; HWA-induced mortality; presalvage harvesting plus HWA-induced mortality; and no disturbance (control). Our simulation showed that all treatments differed in total C storage in the short term, with HWA-induced mortality providing the highest total C storage due to regeneration and ingrowth of replacement species combined with retention of standing and downed deadwood. At the end of the 150-year simulation, all disturbance scenarios had significantly lower total C than the control. The cumulative net C gain was lower for the two presalvage scenarios than for the HWA scenario, indicating that allowing HWA to progress n...
Global Land Use Impacts of U.S. Ethanol: Revised Analysis Using GDyn-BIO Framework

This paper describes dynamic extension of the comparative static computable general equilibrium (CGE) GTAP-BIO model—framework employed in assessments of biofuel policies. In the dynamic extension, called GDyn-BIO, several structural components of the static model, including food demand responses to higher incomes and intensification options in land-based sectors and food processing, were revised to better capture changes in derived demand for land under pressure of growing population and per capita incomes. The impact of 15-billion gallon biofuel mandate on land use, analyzed with the GDyn-BIO model, evolves significantly over time. In particular, net global cropland brought into production due to the mandate declines over time, which is in sharp contrast to the results of static analysis where policy impacts are pictured as fixed for the next 30 years. Despite the fact that land use change impacts of this policy are transitory, environmental impacts and the global warming implications of such policies should not be underestimated. The policy causes earlier conversion of forest and pasture lands to cropland, resulting in earlier GHG emissions and lost carbon sequestration that contribute to global warming.
The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

The article reviews the scientific respectability of the theory of cognitive dissonance, and concludes: 1) the theory does not fulfill some of the requirements of an acceptable theory as the basic hypothesis cannot be negated because: (a) key definitions are imprecise, (b) dissonance has not as yet been measured or even shown to exist, (c) clear priorities are not predicted among the various modes of dissonance reduction, and (d) the theory approaches having a continuous consequent, and 2) some of the assumptions of the theory are questionable; e.g., the dissonance drive does not appear to be strong enough to produce the predicted results, the striving toward consistency does not seem to be as pervasive as assumed, and people apparently do not always strive to reduce tension.
Roundtable discussion: Dietary fats in prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Abstract This roundtable discussion on dietary fats was inspired by a recent Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association giving recommendations about dietary fats for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The Advisory clarifies a long-held position that saturated fat should be reduced in the American diet. New studies and meta-analyses have questioned the adverse role of saturated fat. The Advisory adds a crucial clarification based primarily on 4 randomized controlled diet trials, each conducted over 4 to 8 years during the 1960s extending to the 1970s. In each trial, saturated fat was reduced and replaced by vegetable oil rich in polyunsaturated fat (PUFA). Meta-analysis showed 29% reduction in major coronary events in the groups receiving PUFAs. Randomized clinical trials provide the best kind of evidence. Replacing saturated fat with PUFA reduces cardiovascular events. Replacing saturated fats with carbohydrates or trans fats does not reduce cardiovascular events. Cardiovascular risk reduction has also been seen in randomized trials with monounsaturated fat in the context of whole food diets, mostly plant based (Mediterranean diets). In this discussion, we additionally cover some of the roller-coaster history of recommendations concerning dietary fat and provide advice for practical counseling.
Designing a Trusted Application Using an Object-Oriented Data Model

Key problems in developing trusted application systems are defining the security requirements in a way that is comprehensible to the users and implementing the system in a way that makes it clear that these requirements are met. An object-oriented approach can help solve both of these problems because it permits describing the requirements in terms familiar to the users—objects can be mapped directly to real-world entities—and it permits identifying the parts of the system that enforce security requirements. In this paper we illustrate the usefulness of the object-oriented approach by considering from these two points of view the modeling of the NRL Secure Military Message System (SMMS) [Hei86,LHM84] as an object-oriented database system. Future work will address the problem of building such an application on top of a general-purpose trusted relational DBMS in much the same way that an object-oriented DBMS such as POSTGRES [Row87,SR87] is built on top of a relational database.
Surgery Candidate (Intracranial EEG)

A 54-year-old right-handed female was in good health until she was 28 years old. Without risk factors, she developed recurrent focal seizures with impaired consciousness that intermittently evolved to convulsions. After the seizures failed to be controlled after trials of five AEDs, she was self-referred and subsequently underwent a presurgical evaluation for drug-resistant seizures. A high-resolution 3-T brain MRI using an epilepsy protocol was normal. FDG-PET demonstrated left temporal hypometabolism. She was admitted for video-EEG monitoring to further characterize her seizures. Scalp interictal EEG revealed left > right bitemporal epileptiform discharges with phase reversals at the T1/F7 and T2/F8 derivations (75:25 ratio). Three focal seizures (1–3) and one focal seizure that evolved to a convulsion (4) were captured. Independent left (n = 2; seizure 1 and 4) and right (n = 2; seizure 2 and 3) temporal onsets were captured. The semiology demonstrated a sudden blank stare without warning, with impaired consciousness, and manual automatisms for 40 s following which she was agitated and “could not talk” (left temporal onset on scalp EEG [scEEG]). In addition, a second semiology (infrequent by report) manifested as a blank stare, impaired consciousness, and left arm posturing, and afterwards she had similar trouble expressing herself. Wada testing demonstrated left hemisphere dominance for language and bilateral memory function. She was highly motivated toward surgery, so she was implanted with bilateral subdural strips and depth electrodes (Fig. 32.1). All seizures (n = 8) demonstrated left temporal onset (Fig. 32.2) with a “switch” to the right strips/depths (b) noted in her two seizures associated with left-sided dystonic posturing. She underwent a left temporal lobectomy and has been a class 2 outcome.
WILAMOWITZ'S CORRESPONDENCE WITH BRITISH COLLEAGUES

Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848–1931) wrote surprisingly often to British colleagues. Usually it was a matter of a letter or two. The prolonged exchange with Gilbert Murray is the exception. More typical is the brief but important one with Sir James George Frazer. Extant evidence attests that he corresponded with some forty Englishmen and Scots. I omit Anglo-Irish: J.B. Bury, J.P. Mahaffy, L.C. Purser and the papyrologist, J.G. Smyly. The evidence is incomplete because most letters after the letter N were stolen and burned in the Berlin winter 1945–6. A first catalogue of his British correspondents is assembled. Because of the remoteness of much published biographical material, I include references to the important published sources and occasionally publish a document which otherwise would be forgotten. For the first time Wilamowitz's influence on the English scholars of his time is precisely documented.
Efficacy of nivolumab and ipilimumab (Nivo + Ipi) combination in melanoma patients (pts) treated at a single institution on an expanded-access program (EAP).

9554Background: Nivo + Ipi is FDA approved in the US to treat pts with advanced melanoma, but efficacy outside of formal clinical trials is unknown. We report efficacy in pts enrolled in the Nivo +...
Permutation and randomization tests for network analysis

Abstract Permutation tests have a long history in testing hypotheses of independence between nodal attributes and network structure, though they are often thought less informative than parametric modeling techniques. In this paper, we show that when the nodal attribute is random assignment to a treatment condition, permutation tests provide a valid test of the causal effect of treatment. We discuss existing test statistics used in network permutation tests and propose several new statistics. In simulations we find that these statistics perform well compared to parametric tests and that specific statistics can be selected to provide power against common network models. We illustrate the methods with gene-wide association study performed on randomized study participants and an observational study of gender membership on Scandinavian corporate boards.