cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Optimal Control Approach to Aircraft Automatic Ground Collision Avoidance

The US Air Force recently elded the F-16 Automatic Ground Collision Avoidance System (Auto GCAS). This system meets the operational requirements of being both aggressive and timely, meaning that extremely agile avoidance maneuvers will be executed at the last second to avoid the ground. This small window of automatic operation maneuvering in close proximity to the ground makes the problem challenging. There currently exists no similar Auto GCAS for manned military `heavy' aircraft with lower climb performance such as transport, tanker, or bomber aircraft. The F-16 Auto GCAS recovery is a single pre-planned roll to wings-level and 5-g pull-up which is very e ective for ghters due to their high g and climb performance, but it is not suitable for military heavy aircraft. This research proposes a new optimal control approach to the ground collision avoidance problem for heavy aircraft by mapping the aggressive and timely requirements of the automatic recovery to the optimal control formulation which includes lateral maneuvers around terrain. This novel mapping creates two ways to pose the optimal control problem for Auto GCAS; one as a Max Distance with a Timely Trigger formulation and the other as a Min Control with an Aggressive Trigger formulation. Further, the optimal path and optimal control admitted by these two formulations are demonstrated to be equivalent at the point the automatic recovery is initiated for the simpli ed 2-D case. The Min Control formulation is demonstrated to have faster computational speed.
NEW COMPUTING METHOD OF HORIZONTAL WELL TOTAL SKIN FACTOR

This paper begins with analyzing the meaning of skin factor, figuring that the total skin factor of horizontal well or vertical well is the same in nature, which is consisted of real skin factor and apparent skin factor. The reasons for its formation are not direct connected with that the well is horizontal or vertical. When calculating the total skin factor, not need to distinguish that the well is horizontal or vertical and not need to correct by a coefficient. Nine common computational formulas of horizontal well total skin factor were deduced, all them are explicit. In formula (2) of the paper, the product of coefficient multiplied by total skin factor was used to substitute the original , that made the 3 terms of denominator in formula (2) all can incarnate effects on off - take potential, according with practical production. Results of example indicated that the computational theories and formulas of horizontal well total skin factor are feasible. The study supplies theories for predicting horizontal well productivity and selecting reasonable well completions.
Edible Development and Prospects on Pseudostellariae heterophylla

Pseudostellaria heterophylla contains many nutrients such as sugars,amino acids,fattyacid,trace element,phosphatide,cyclopeptide alkaloid,heterosides,elaborate oils and steroid acid.It can build up immuniry,resist fatigue,reduce seress,prolong life,remove superoxide radical,and so on.The passage provided the basis for Pseudostellaria heterophylla edible development research by analyzing its nutrients,functions,utilization status and development prospects.
Analysis of the surveillance data on host animals in national monitoring sites of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Hebei province in 2011

Objective To get an insight into the composition,distribution and Hantavirus-carrying condition of host animals in the national monitoring sites of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome( HFRS) in Hebei province in 2011. Methods Host animals were investigated in spring and autumn in the four national monitoring sites in Hebei province respectively. Night trapping method was used to detect the rats density,immunofluorescence method was used to detect the pulmonary virus antigen,and the genotypes of positive rats were identified by RT-PCR. Results The density of rats in the populated area of the monitoring sites was 2. 44% and that was 0. 26% in the field,higher in the populated area than that in the field( χ2= 174. 356,P =0. 000). Rattus norvegicus was the dominant host( 86. 89%),followed by mus musculus( 7. 87%) and Tscherskia triton( 5. 24%). The virus-carrying rates of rats in the populated area and the field were 2. 05% and 0. 00% respectively,no statistic difference can be found in the two areas( P = 1. 000). In the 13 positive rodents,Rattus norvegicus accounted for 84. 62%( 11/13),followed by mus musculus and T. triton( both 7. 69%,1/13). The genotypes of the 13 positive lrodents all belonged to typeⅡ by RT-PCR. Conclusion R. norvegicus was the main host animal and source of infection in Hebei province. The density of rats in the populated area was higher than that in the field,so the comprehensive control measures should be taken to deal with the Rattus in populated area.
From Wiseguys to Whiteguys: The Italian American Gangster, Whiteness, and Modernity in Don DeLillo’s Underworld and Frank Lentricchia’s The Music of the Inferno

ABSTRACTFew tropes, if any, succeed in unveiling the interplay of the development of modern capitalism and the hegemonic place of whiteness in our culture as the Italian American gangster does. Mario Puzo’s and Francis Ford Coppola’s the Godfather is the figure that embodies this interplay. As such, it provides the starting point for the reinvention of the Italian American gangster that Don DeLillo and Frank Lentricchia achieve in Underworld and The Music of the Inferno, respectively. These Italian American writers create versions of the Italian American gangster that decompose the historical unfolding of modernity in America and its ideological corollary, the success story of assimilation. Historical memory is the tool that DeLillo and Lentricchia share to undermine the mainstream narrative of assimilation. The contextualized close reading of Underworld and The Music of the Inferno that I conduct presents these novels as post-Godfather literary elaborations of the above-mentioned interplay and its inversion.
Control of oyster shell contamination and its recycling use——Taking Hui′an County,Fujian Province as a case

Based on investigation of oyster production and oyster shell contamination in Hui'an County,Fujian Province,the harm of oyster shell contamination is analyzed,and its control and recycling use are proposed as follows.(1) The approach for recycling use of oyster shell should be explored.(2) A medium-to-long-term development and utilization plan should be worked out as soon as possible.
The protective role of bilirubin in oxygen-radical diseases of the preterm infant.

We hypothesized that because bilirubin is a potent free-radical quencher, infants without disorders that have oxygen-radical disease (ORD)-mediated mechanisms may have higher bilirubin levels than infants suffering from conditions possibly associated with ORD-mediated mechanisms (e.g., necrotizing enterocolitis, broncopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage, and retinopathy of prematurity). We identified 25 infants (birth weight 912 +/- 208 gm, gestational age 27 +/- 3 weeks) who comprised the ORD group and compared them with 57 controls (birth weight 1242 +/- 248 gm, gestational age 31 +/- 3 weeks). Infants with ORD had lower peak serum bilirubin concentrations, later ages at peak, and lower incidence of peak bilirubin concentrations exceeding 10 or 15 mg/dl. In addition, these infants exhibited a slower rate of bilirubin rise and a smaller area under the bilirubin-time curve measure compared with controls. To control for different birth weights, we analyzed subgroups weighing < 1000 gm. Significant differences were again identified in peak bilirubin concentrations, age at peak, phototherapy duration, and area under the curve. In this population of preterm infants, higher bilirubin levels were associated with a lower incidence of oxygen radical-mediated injury.
Instrumentation and techniques for therapeutic drug monitoring.

Immunoassay and chromatographic laboratory techniques have had a significant impact on the application of therapeutic drug monitoring. The current roles and limitations of these methods are evaluated.
Immunoglobulin distribution in the epithelium and stromal plasma cells of normal and neoplastic prostates

IgA, the major secreted immunoglobulin (Ig) in the prostate [1], has been described both in normal and pathologic glands [2]. Reports on its histotopography are limited. By immunofluorescence (IF) and immunoperoxidase (IP) techniques, IgA was present in a variegated distribution suggesting only certain cells internalize it. Intraepithelial IgA round cells (ERCs), probably lymphocytes, were seen. In benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) IgA was seen luminally, with a threefold increase in stromal plasma cells (SPCs). Well-differentiated cancers (WD-CA) had decreased intraepithelial IgA, and a 6-fold increase of SPCs, whereas poorly differentiated cancers (PD-CA) had negligible intraepithelial IgA and half as many IgA SPCs. Our findings suggest that internalization of IgA as well as attraction of IgA cells is dependent on differentiation. We conclude that IgA is the predominant Ig in normal and WD-CAs. In BPH an impaired transport mechanism relegating IgA to the luminal border may exist, a phenomenon also seen in WD-CA. Most PD-CAs expressed negligible amounts of intraepithelial IgA, with decreased SPCs. It is possible that the mechanism for attracting cells is altered in PD-CAs.
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy and Antegrade Ureteroscopy

Retrograde ureteroscopy has become a mainstay in the treatment of ureteral and renal calculi. Over the past decade there has been a dramatic increase in the number of retrograde ureteroscopic procedures performed for stone disease due to both high postoperative stone-free rates and low incidence of complications. Thus, it is not surprising that ureteroscopy is gaining acceptance as the primary treatment modality for upper tract stone disease. However, there are certain circumstances when retrograde ureteroscopy is not successful or feasible, such as altered anatomy or very large stone size. In such circumstances, alternate treatment options must be considered. Antegrade ureteroscopy (URS) performed through a percutaneous approach is often a useful treatment option for proximal and mid-ureteral calculi when retrograde URS is not possible. The following chapter will discuss a brief history of percutaneous ureteral stone surgery, modern uses of antegrade URS, indications for antegrade URS, a description of current technique, and a discussion of postoperative management.
Digital Technology in Service of Action Research

Riel and Lepori (Educational Research for Social Change, 3 (1), 52–74, 2014) conceptualized the outcomes of conducting action research in three overlapping arenas: (1) change in the professional skills, knowledge, and identity of the action researcher; (2) change experienced by those participating in the action research; and (3) change gained through and from sharing action research findings with others in and beyond the immediate context. This chapter examines these systems of outcomes, providing the broad strokes of action research, and then narrows in on ways that digital technology can support these outcomes, focusing on tools by function and then providing current examples. Each section of the chapter concludes with a brief exploration of tensions and challenges that surround the use of technology in each of the overlapping arenas of action research.
A Prospective Analysis of Adverse Events in a Phase 2 Trial of Imatinib in the Treatment of Polycythemia Vera.

Imatinib has recently been demonstrated to be an effective treatment in Polycythemia Vera. Initial response rates are high, approaching 80%. Patients enrolled in our trial, Novartis CST 1571B (US 144), were asked to complete a questionnaire identifying side effects of imatinib known from previous trials in chronic myeloid leukemia and GIST. Questionnaires were completed weekly for the first month, biweekly for the second month, and monthly for the remainder of the study. Mean time on study is now 1.1 years. Target enrollment was 20 patients. Mean age was 54 years; male to female ratio was 1.3: 1. Fourteen patients were Caucasian and 2 African American. Twelve patients were naive to treatment and 4 patients were previously treated with hydroxyurea. Two dose escalations were allowed sequentially to 600mg and 800mg daily based on response using the Polycythemia Vera Study Group Criteria. Toxicity was graded according to the NCI Common Toxicity Criteria, version 2.0. Patient reported toxicities are expressed as the total number of events reported during the 120 week study period. Diarrhea was the most common reported toxicity at 53 events. Periorbital edema (33), pruritis (39), fatigue (29), arthralgias (20), headache (18), nausea (19), reflux (38), and dry mouth (15) were the next most commonly reported events on study. Other toxicities reported less commonly were chest pain (3), depression (4), cough (5), insomnia (6), weight gain (3), taste changes (7), and depigmentation (3). Most toxicities were mild at grade 1 and resolved spontaneously within 30 to 40 weeks from the time of treatment initiation. The exceptions to this were diarrhea, periorbital edema, and reflux esophagitis, which persisted in a number of patients throughout the study. The severity of gastrointestinal side effects was dose dependent. Previous studies of imatinib induced toxicity in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia have reported cutaneous manifestations as the most common event. Our study demonstrates the toxicities of imatinib in patients with polycythemia vera are generally mild and self limited, although resolution may take up to 35 weeks. In contrast with studies of imatinib and chronic myeloid leukemia, gastrointestinal toxicity was more common and tended to persist, but did not result in patient withdrawal from study. These differences from our findings may be the result of several factors: the use of a patient reported adverse events scale, small trial size, or differences in drug metabolism in a related myeloproliferative disorder.
Does personality predict health and well-being? A metasynthesis.

Objective: To derive a robust and comprehensive estimate of the overall relation between Big Five personality traits and health variables using metasynthesis (i.e., second-order meta-analysis). Method: Thirty-six meta-analyses, which collectively provided 150 meta-analytic effects from over 500,000
Nutritional Consideration of Patients with Open Abdomens and Fistulas

Nutritional supplementation for patients with open abdomens and enterocutaneous fistulas can be very challenging and confusing for any provider, however it is extremely important. Enteral feeding is always the method of choice for providing nutrition to patients, but if this is not tolerated, total parenteral nutrition should be initiated. Early enteral nutrition should be started if the abdomen remains open as long as there is bowel continuity. This has not been associated with a delay in fascial closing. Furthermore, caloric needs and protein balance must be carefully calculated and monitored, taking into account daily fluid losses from an open abdominal wall. Open abdominal walls should be closed as soon as possible to restore normal anatomy and caloric utilization. Regarding enterocutaneous fistulas, prevention through patient optimization and meticulous surgical technique is the best. However, when an enterocutaneous fistula does develop, having a strategic approach has been shown to improve overall mortality and outcomes for the patient. Sepsis control and patient stabilization is the most important first step, but once this is complete, appropriate nutritional support is a must. Additionally, bulking agents and medications that reduce gastric acid production can help decrease fistula output and promote spontaneous closure. This chapter further explores the nutritional complexities of the open abdomen and enterocutaneous fistula, providing simplistic recommendations that will allow for better patient care.
Mediatization of the Automobile

The automobile and media are inextricably linked. They have a common, lengthy, over-lapping history as instruments and indicators of modernity. And while the experience of automobility is fundamentally a material one, it is equally one of media-influenced meanings. The introduction and steady integration of media into the automobile interior transformed drivers’ and passengers’ experience of automobility. This change, which involved design, marketing and popular culture, constitutes the mediatization of the automobile. Media in cars proliferated and became more sophisticated and were increasingly presented as an essential component of the desirable contemporary automobile. This process accelerated as the operation of cars grew more dependent on computer technology. Together these developments pushed the car’s mediatization into the more radical stage of digitalization, whose next, even more revolutionary change in automobility is the autonomous automobile.
Overview of an approach to representation design

It has long been acknowledged that having a good representation is key in effective problem solving. But what is a "good" representation? We describe an approach to representation design for problem solving that answers this question for a class of problems called analytical reasoning problems. These problems are typically very difficult for general problem solvers, like theorem provers, to solve. Yet people solve them quite easily by designing a specialized representation for each problem and using it to aid the solution process. Our approach is motivated, in large part, by observations of the problem solving behavior of people. The implementation based on this approach takes as input a straightforward predicate calculus translation of the problem, tries to gather any necessary additional information, decides what to represent and how, designs the representations, then creates and runs a LISP program that uses those representations to produce a solution. The specialized representation created is a structure whose syntax captures the semantics of the problem domain and whose behavior enforces those semantics.
The blood-brain barrier and the regulation of amino acid uptake and availability to brain.

The brain requires, in addition to glucose, a continuous and balanced supply of a number of essential nutrients to sustain normal cerebral development and function. Principal among these are the amino acids which serve diverse metabolic and structural roles throughout the central nervous system.
Measurement of near-field thermal emission spectra using an internal reflection element

We describe a simple and robust method using an internal reflection element to measure the spectra of near-field thermal emission. We experimentally demonstrate the spectrally narrow peaks of near-field thermal emission by isotropic media due to the excitation of surface phonon polaritons in quartz and amorphous silica and due to the frustrated total-internal-reflection modes in amorphous silica and polytetrafluoroethylene. Additionally, we demonstrate the broadband near-field thermal emission of hyperbolic modes in hexagonal boron nitride, which is an anisotropic uniaxial medium. We also present a theoretical approach based on the fluctuational electrodynamics and dyadic Green's functions for one-dimensional layered media for accurately modeling the measured spectra.
A Delay Tolerant Networking-Based Approach to a High Data Rate Architecture for Spacecraft

Historically, it has been the case that SWaP placed such severe constraints on radios that the links between spacecraft and the ground were relatively slow. This meant that the radio link was normally a significant bottleneck in returning scientific data. Over recent years, however, a combination of more efficient radio design, intelligent waveforms, and highly directed, high-frequency RF / optical systems have led to a rapid increase in the amount of data that can be pushed through radio and optical links. This has led to some cases where the radio links are capable of moving data much more quickly than the spacecraft and instruments are capable of actually generating it! In some instances, scientific data can therefore be lost not because the downlink is too slow to support the data rate, but instead because the spacecraft was not designed in a way that would let it fully utilize both the radio and the networking services available to it. The High Data Rate Architecture (HiDRA) project describes a packet-based approach to building modern, distributed spacecraft systems. It presents a means for spacecraft and other assets to participate in both present and future Delay Tolerant Networks (DTN), while simultaneously ensuring that the asset is able to fully utilize the new, high-speed links that have been seeing more widespread development and deployment in recent years. With this in mind, this paper begins with a discussion regarding HiDRA's evolution. Next, it discusses the capabilities and limitations of NASA's present DTN-enabled networks. Of particular note is the way in which principles of network design at the terrestrial level (e.g., use of programmable networks / software-defined networks, separation between data and control plane, infusion of COTS Ethernet switch chips, etc.) can all be translated into the space environment as well. After this, the paper discusses the design and implementation of a present prototype reference implementation of High-Rate DTN (HDTN), which is intended to demonstrate future high-rate networking concepts as part of a coherent demonstration on the International Space Station (ISS). The goal, of both the research and of this implementation, is to help develop a ready-made toolbox of ideas, approaches, and examples from which mission designers can draw when putting together new missions. Assuming all goes as planned, this should not only work to reduce the cost of individual mission design, but also improve the rate at which science data can be returned for mission participants to review.
Three Ways Isolable Carbenes Can Modulate Emission of NH-Containing Fluorophores.

Fluorescent molecules and materials that exhibit emission changes in response to analytes are of great interest across multiple disciplines. Herein, we investigate the response of NH-containing fluorophores carbazole and 2-phenylbenzimidazole (Ph-BIM) with two representative isolable singlet carbenes. Specifically, N-heterocyclic carbene 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (IPr) and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,4-diethyl-2,2-dimethyl-pyrrolidin-5-ylidene (EtCAAC) were discovered to afford three different types of reaction products with carbazole and Ph-BIM. Depending on the reaction pair, hydrogen bonding (1), NH-insertion (2,3), or proton transfer (4) products can be isolated, each displaying variable photophysical responses. These products have been structurally authenticated by single crystal X-ray diffraction and NMR spectrometric methods. Studies of the solution state behavior of 1-4 reveals that these adducts are labile and can reversibly dissociate to free carbenes and fluorophores to varying extents. These equilibria produce concentration dependent solution state behavior as identified and quantified via UV-visible absorption, emission, 1H DOSY, and NMR spectroscopic measurements.
Ethanol production from dilute acid hydrolysate of rice hulls using genetically engineered Escherichia coli

Approximately 30% of rice hulls, which represent an abundant residue with little commercial value, was solubilized with 0.4 M H2SO4 acid to produce a syrup containing over 100 g monomer sugar/l. Toxins generated during hydrolysis were mitigated with Ca(OH)2. Treated hydrolysate plus additional nutrients was fermented with Escherichia coli KO11 to produce over 46 g ethanol/L in 72 h (92% of theoretical yield). © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998
Spin-orbit torque-induced magnetization reversal in topological insulator/magnetic insulator bi-layered structures (Conference Presentation)

Due to the spin-momentum locking of their topological surface states (TSS), topological insulators are expected to host spin-orbit coupling that is considerably stronger than in heavy metals. Such spin-orbit coupling can give rise to a strong spin-orbit torque that can switch a neighboring ferromagnet. This effect may be absent if the ferromagnet is electrically conductive because it can completely suppress the TSS, but it should be present if the ferromagnet is insulating. This talk reports TSS-induced switching in a bi-layered structure consisting of a topological insulator Bi2Se3 and an insulating ferromagnet BaFe12O19. A charge current in Bi2Se3 can switch the magnetization in BaFe12O19 up and down. When the magnetization is switched by a field, a current in Bi2Se3 can reduce the switching field by about 4000 Oe. The switching efficiency at 3 K is 300 times higher than at room temperature; it is about 30 times higher than in Pt/BaFe12O19 structures. Such strong effects originate from the presence of more pronounced TSS at low temperatures due to enhanced surface conductivity and reduced bulk conductivity.
Stage I HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer: Should all patients receive similar treatments?

BACKGROUND Patients with clinical stage I human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer (OPSCC) according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) eighth edition classification comprise a heterogeneous group formerly classified as stage I to stage IVA according to the seventh edition of the AJCC classification. These patients historically were treated with disparate treatment regimens, particularly with respect to the use of concurrent chemotherapy. METHODS The National Cancer Data Base was queried for patients with AJCC eighth edition clinical stage I HPV-positive OPSCC (AJCC seventh edition stage T1-2N0-2bM0) who were diagnosed from 2010 to 2014 and underwent definitive radiotherapy. Concurrent chemotherapy with definitive radiotherapy was defined as chemotherapy administered within 7 days of the initiation of radiotherapy. RESULTS The current analysis included 4473 patients with HPV-positive stage I OPSCC with a median follow-up of 36.3 months. A total of 3127 patients (69.9%) received concurrent chemotherapy. Concurrent chemotherapy was found to be associated with improved overall survival on multivariable analyses (hazard ratio [HR], 0.782; 95% CI, 0.645-0.948 [P = .012]). The effect of chemotherapy on survival varied based on lymph node involvement (P for interaction = .001). Specifically, chemotherapy was associated with improved survival for patients with lymph node-positive stage I disease (stage III-IVA according to the AJCC seventh edition: HR, 0.682; 95% CI, 0.557-0.835 [P < .001]), but not for patients with N0 disease (stage I-II according to the AJCC seventh edition: HR, 1.646; 95% CI, 1.011-2.681 [P = .05]). Similar results were noted among propensity score-matched cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with concurrent chemotherapy was associated with improved overall survival for patients with lymph node-positive, but not lymph node-negative, AJCC eighth edition stage I HPV-positive OPSCC undergoing definitive radiotherapy, thereby supporting different treatment paradigms for these patients.
The Key Technology of the Coordinated Control System of Wind Power and Energy-intensive Load

With the rapid increase of wind power installed capacity in power systems, wind power consumption has become one of the urgent problem of new energy sources. And the energy-intensive load has different levels of ability to participate in power grid regulation due to the characteristic of adjustment. This paper introduces a coordinated control system of wind power and energy-intensive load that mainly includes two parts: the main station and the sub-station. And the system can achieve coordinated control of a grid with high proportion of wind power and energy-intensive load. The main station of coordinated control system is set in the dispatch center, mainly realizing monitoring, substation control, data support, and effect evaluation. The sub-station of coordinated control system is set in the control center of energy-intensive enterprise, mainly realizing information exchange, energy-intensive load control and other functions. By constructing the system mentioned in this paper, energy-intensive load can participate in the coordinated control of a grid with high proportion of wind power, thus promoting wind power consumption.
Theoretical implications of the quantal nature of speech: a commentary

The relation between the quantal theory of speech and a theory of acoustic invariance and distinctive feature theory is considered. Certain aspects of the quantal theory are questioned including the role of the proximity of two formants in defining quantal regions and the extent to which there is an “abrupt” change in the boundary regions between two quantal regions. Nevertheless, it is argued that the quantal theory provides the basis for a theory of acoustic invariance and distinctive feature theory. Issues that have yet to be resolved include whether the same acoustic properties necessarily generalize across different sound classes, whether all distinctive features have their basis in quantal relations, whether the particular distinctive features proposed are the correct ones, and the exact characterization of the nature of the acoustic properties corresponding to the full set of distinctive features.
Neutron emission in deeply-inelastic collisions of /sup 16/O on /sup 93/Nb at 204 MeV

Spectra and angular distributions of neutrons in coincidence with light fragments produced in deeply inelastic collisions of /sup 16/O on /sup 93/Nb at 204 MeV have been measured. A significant number of neutrons are emitted in the forward direction with beamlike velocities. We were not able to fit the detailed spectra and angular distributions assuming evaporation from accelerated fragments. This presents first direct evidence for nonequilibrium neutron emission in deeply inelastic reactions.
Thermoresponsive Inverted Colloidal Crystal Hydrogel Scaffolds for Lymphoid Tissue Engineering.

Inverted colloidal crystal (ICC) hydrogel scaffolds represent unique opportunities in modeling lymphoid tissues and expanding hematopoietic-lymphoid cells. Fully interconnected spherical pore arrays direct the formation of stromal networks and facilitate interactions between stroma and hematopoietic-lymphoid cells. However, due to the intricate architecture of these materials, release of expanded cells is restricted and requires mechanical disruption or chemical dissolution of the hydrogel scaffold. One potent biomaterials strategy to release pore-entrapped hematopoietic-lymphoid cells without breaking the scaffolds apart is to transiently increase the dimensions of these materials using stimuli-responsive polymers. Having this mindset, thermoresponsive ICC scaffolds that undergo rapid ( 300%) diameter change over a physiological temperature range (4-37 °C) by using poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) with nanogel crosslinkers is developed. For a proof-of-concept study, the stromal niche by creating osteospheroids, aggregates of osteoblasts, and bone chips is first replicated, and subsequently Nalm-6 model hematopoietic-lymphoid cells are introduced. A sixfold increase in cell count is harvested when ICC hydrogel scaffolds are expanded without termination of the established 3D stromal cell culture. It is envisioned that thermoresponsive ICC hydrogel scaffolds will enable for scalable and sustainable ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic-lymphoid cells.
Preliminary Investigation of an AdaptiSPECT-C Design with Rotated Square and Hexagonal Detectors

AdaptiSPECT-C (ASC) is being designed as an adaptive multi-pinhole SPECT imaging system with multiple detectors arranged in sphere-like geometry in three rings (Caudal, Middle, and Quasi-Vertex (QV)). Herein we investigate the usage of rotated square detectors for the first two rings, and hexagonal detectors for QV ring. We compare designs for different levels of temporal shuttering of the multiple apertures irradiating each detector. We assess image quality for a variety of phantoms assessing uniformity, axial sampling, and brain perfusion imaging. We determine that rotated square detectors can provide good uniformity, the axial sampling we have observed thus far based on reconstruction of a tailored Defrise Phantom and reconstructions of the brain phantom modeling perfusion distribution.
Home-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation (HBCR) In Post-TAVR Patients: A Prospective, Single-Center, Cohort, Pilot Study.

Cardiac rehabilitation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) safely improves exercise tolerance, functional independence, and quality of life. However, barriers such as transportation, cost, and limited access to rehabilitation programs prohibits participation. In 2010, the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) started a 12-week home-based cardiac rehabilitation (HBCR) program at 13 sites around the country to increase participation by reducing such barriers. We present the findings of HBCR in post-TAVR patients from the VAMC in Gainesville, FL, USA. Fifty-nine patients who underwent TAVR between 2015 and 2018 at the Gainesville VA were offered HBCR. Forty-one patients enrolled, 28 completed the program, and 14 completed the surveys. We used various performance measures including Life’s Simple 7 survey, 6-min Walk (6-MW), Duke Activity Survey Index (DASI), and Short Form-36 (SF-36) health survey to assess the pre and post-HBCR changes in emotional, functional, and physical well-being of the patients. Paired comparison of pre and post-HBCR using Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed a statistically significant difference in the pre and post-HBCR scores for DASI, DASI-Mets, and SF-36 physical functioning (p values 0.05, 0.034, and 0.016, respectively), suggesting an improvement in the patients’ physical functioning after participating in the HBCR program. In conclusion, our pilot study offers novel insight into the role of HBCR in improving physical health and well-being in post-TAVR patients while eliminating the barriers of transportation and access to cardiac rehabilitation programs.
Nothing New under the Sun? George Perkins Marsh and Roots of U.S. Physical Geography

U.S. geomorphologists and biogeographers often cite early theoretical roots dating back to late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century exemplars such as Powell, Gilbert, Cowles, and Clements, or e...
Smart Products in Smart Manufacturing Systems: An Opportunity to Utilize AR?

The evolution of manufacturing throughout time has allowed our industrial world to develop and ever faster create various products in large numbers using a myriad of industrial manufacturing processes. However, like everything in the world, time moves forward and the evolution does not stop but accelerate. Therefore, the implementation of Augmented Reality (AR) through the use of the internet of things, low cost sensors, and free programming languages, are all contributing factors to further advanced the industry. These implementations will allow for faster data processing, quicker error recovery time, loss and error prevention, a wider range of employees at different skill levels to be productive in a manufacturing environment. The implementation of an Arduino based sensor system into the manufacturing process enables data streaming to an AR device. This system allows for instant data streaming and visualization to the user/operator with information pertaining to the status of the product (‘state’), key developments, and changes in the product/or system, any associated errors, and the best way to proceed with resolving them. The AR enabled system with its capability to streaming relevant information prevents losses associated with product quality issues and/or process down-time among a myriad of other applications. Preliminary research shows the ability to collect data from the product in addition to data processing on an external device to later be used on an augmented reality device.
Updates in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is rapidly evolving; there is extensive literature to keep up with each year. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current general approach to rheumatoid arthritis treatment, with an emphasis on recent advances (since 2017). There have been three new medications approved for use in RA in the USA (not including biosimilars), new data made available on safety of more established medications, and new RA treatment guidelines published in that time period. Two of the approved medications are JAK inhibitors; indeed, JAK inhibitors are the biggest news in RA management in recent years. Despite these advances, the general treatment strategy—when to start treatment, what medications should be tried first and in refractory cases, treatment goal, and how and when to discontinue medications—remains largely unchanged.
Predictors of kidney function recovery among incident ESRD patients

ESRD is considered an irreversible loss of renal function, yet some patients will recover kidney function sufficiently to come off dialysis. Potentially modifiable predictors of kidney recovery, such as dialysis prescription, have not been fully examined. Retrospective cohort study using United States Renal Data System (USRDS) data to identify incident hemodialysis (HD) patients between 2012 and 2016, the first 4 years for which dialysis treatment data is available. The primary outcome was kidney recovery within 1 year of ESRD and HD initiation, defined by a specific recovery code and survival off dialysis for at least 30 days. Patient and treatment characteristics were compared between those that recovered versus those that remained dialysis-dependent. A time-dependent survival model was used to identify independent predictors of kidney recovery. During the study period, there were 372,387 incident HD patients with available data, among whom 16,930 (4.5%) recovered to dialysis-independence. Compared to non-recovery, a higher proportion of patients with kidney recovery were of white race, and non-Hispanic ethnicity. Both groups had a similar age distribution. Patients with an acute kidney injury diagnosis as primary cause of ESRD were most likely to recover, but the most common ESRD diagnosis among recovering patients was type 2 diabetes (29.8% of recovery cases). Higher eGFR and lower albumin at ESRD initiation were associated with increased likelihood of recovery. When examining HD ultrafiltration rate (UFR), each quintile above the first quintile was associated with a progressively lower likelihood of recovery (HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.43–0.48 for highest versus lowest quintile, p < 0.001). We identified non-modifiable and potentially modifiable factors associated with kidney recovery which may assist clinicians in counseling and monitoring incident ESRD patients with a greater chance to gain dialysis-independence. Clinical trials are warranted to examine the impact of dialysis prescription on subsequent kidney function recovery.
Learned experience and resource dilution: Conceptualizing sibling influences on parents’ feeding practices

Studies from diverse cultures report mixed results in the relationship between birth order and risk for obesity. Explanations may thus lie in the postnatal period when growth is shaped by the family environment, including parental feeding practices, which may be affected by siblings. Consistent with a family systems perspective, we describe two processes that may explain birth order effects on parental feeding practices and child outcomes: learned experience and resource dilution. Parents learn from experience when earlier-born children influence their parents' knowledge, expectations, and behavior toward later-born siblings through their behaviors and characteristics-which can have both positive and negative implications. Resource dilution is a process whereby the birth of each child limits the time, attention and other resources parents have to devote to any one of their children. The goal of this review is to provide a theoretical basis for examining potential sibling influences on parental responsive feeding toward developing recommendations for future research and practice aimed at preventing obesity throughout family systems.
Foreign Currency Debt and the Optimal Monetary Policy Response to Rising U.S. Interest Rates

Rising U.S. interest rates impact emerging economies through capital outflows and currency depreciations. For those with flexible exchange rates, the appropriate monetary policy response weighs the traditional competitiveness effect with a balance sheet effect created by the presence of foreign currency denominated debt (liability dollarization). This paper presents a basic Keynesian macro model that incorporates this balance sheet effect and demonstrates that it significantly complicates the monetary policy response to depreciations. Without full knowledge of the size of these competing effects, the central bank can make large mistakes in setting interest rates.
Rapid implementation of telerehabilitation for pediatric patients during covid-19

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated a sudden limitation of in-person outpatient occupational and physical therapy services for most patients at a large, multisite pediatric hospital located in the Midwest, United States. To ensure patient and staff safety, the hospital rapidly shifted to deliver most of these services via telerehabilitation. The purposes of this study were to (1) describe the rapid implementation of telerehabilitation during the COVID-19 pandemic, (2) describe the demographic characteristics of patients who continued in-person services and those who received telerehabilitation, and (3) evaluate the therapists' perceptions of telerehabilitation for physical and occupational therapy. Most of the children (83.4% of n=1352) received telerehabilitation services. A family was more likely to choose to continue in-person visits if their child was <1-year-old, had a diagnosis of torticollis, received serial casting, or was post-surgical. Occupational and physical therapy therapists (n=9) completed surveys to discern their perceptions of the acceptability of telerehabilitation, with most reporting that telerehabilitation was as effective as in-person care.
Cutaneous manifestations of lupus erythematosus: A practical clinicopathologic review for pathologists

Accurate diagnosis of connective tissue diseases is often challenging and relies on careful correlation between clinical and histopathologic features, direct immunofluorescence studies, and laboratory workup. Lupus erythematosus (LE) is a prototype of connective tissue disease with a variety of cutaneous and systemic manifestations. Microscopically, cutaneous LE is classically characterized by an interface dermatitis, although other histopathologic patterns also exist depending on the clinical presentation, location, and chronicity of the skin lesions. In this article, we review the clinical, serologic, histopathologic, and direct immunofluorescence findings in LE-specific and LE-nonspecific skin lesions, with an emphasis on lesser known variants, newly described features, and helpful ancillary studies. This review will guide general pathologists and dermatopathologists in accurately diagnosing and subclassifying cutaneous LE.
Small surgeries, big smiles: using virtual reality to reduce the need for sedation or general anesthesia during minor surgical procedures

Children often require anesthesia for simple diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using virtual reality (VR) to reduce sedation in children undergoing minor surgical procedures. In this prospective, non-randomized clinical trial, pediatric patients at a free-standing children’s hospital undergoing hormone implant placement, removal, or exchange were recruited to use VR and local anesthesia instead of procedural sedation or general anesthesia (GA). Patients were enrolled between November 2017 and March 2020, and were compared to historic controls who underwent similar procedures without VR between April 2016 and February 2020. Primary outcome measure was successful procedure completion without sedation or GA. Secondary measures included assessments of pain, fear and anxiety, patient compliance, procedural and recovery times. Twenty-eight patients underwent 29 procedures with VR. Hormone implants (72%), removals (7%), or exchanges (21%) were completed without GA, sedation or IV placement. Procedure lengths and pain scores were similar between VR patients and historic controls, but recovery times were significantly shorter in VR patients (18 vs 65 min, p < 0.001). Participant satisfaction scores were high, with 95% recommending VR to others. VR is a feasible alternative to sedation or GA for select pediatric patients undergoing minor surgical procedures.
Production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from lignin-derived phenol and catechol

Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) constitute a significant and growing global market. In the past few decades, labor costs, concerns regarding chemical waste, and more stringent regulations in developed countries have shifted the production of APIs to emerging economies, notably India and China. Nowadays, Europe and North America rely on imports for the majority of pharmaceuticals. The recent COVID pandemic as well as logistical challenges have called this model into question and have raised the interest in rebalancing distributed global API supply chains and possibly reshoring some API production to Europe and North America. API production often suffers from unfavorable Green Chemistry metrics, owing to complex routes, outdated chemistry for established entities, or lack of maturity of routes for newer entities. The environmental footprint of API synthesis routes benefits from renewables as starting materials. One such abundant renewable material is lignin, which can be converted to phenol and catechol. In addition, waste could be reduced by co-producing APIs in an integrated plant and the use of advanced catalysts. This Perspective demonstrates green production routes from phenol or catechol in four large scale examples: paracetamol (Tylenol®), acetyl salicylic acid (Aspirin®), amoxicillin (as sole API or as combination with potassium clavulanate (Augmentin®), and epinephrine (adrenaline, also as trademark Adrenaline®). We compare conventional routes with more modern routes with respect to Green Chemistry metrics. Overall, API production from renewable materials stands to combine low environmental footprint with high quality and economical manufacture of pharmaceuticals.