cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LATENT EXTINCTION UNDER IRRELEVANT DRIVE

Within the last decade the concept of anticipatory goal response has come to carry an increasing explanatory load in S-R interpretations of learning. One of the most pervasive assumptions which has been made about the r, mechanism is that r,s which are elicited by hunger and associated with eating are to some extent incompatible with those elicited by thirsr. This assumption is implicit in Spence's interpretation of irrelevant incentive learning (1951, pp. 279-280). It is made explicit by Kendler and Levine (1953) who "assumed that the anticipatory eating responses of dry food are, in some manner, incompatible with the resultant condition of water deprivation (probably conflict with anticipatory drinking responses)." More recently, Ritchie has argued that the assumption is necessary for an 7, interpretation of double drive discriminations (Ritchie & Owen, 1959) and has postulated that "all fractional reactions are incompatible with each other" (Ritchie, 1959). On the other hand, Deutch (1956) has questioned the accuracy of Hullian derivations of latent learning, insight, and reasoning which rely on the r, mechanism and has indicated that the assumption of ro competition will not save the derivations. The present srudy tested a theorem which may be derived from this 7, compecition hypothesis when it is combined with the theoretical properties assigned to ro in the latent extinction sirnation. In brief, it is suggested that, when Ss are trained to obtain food under hunger drive and then are given direct placements into the now unbaited goal box, 7, eating (r,e) is being elicited as a free operant and is being extinguished to the goal box cues. The reduction in the strength of r7, is assumed to lower reaction potential by reducing the value of incentive motivation (K) . This argument is supported by the fact that variables whicb theoretically increase the emission of r0 during the latent extinction placements result in a faster extinction of the running response (Pliskoff, 1955; Moltz & Maddi, 1956). The theoretical implication is that, if the simultaneous presence of hunger and thirst results in compecition of the r, associated with eating and drinking, and if the latent extinction effect is dependent on the rate of emission of drive relevant ~~s in the goal box, then preextinction exposures under conditions of hunger should result in greater latent extinction than under both hunger and thirst. The following theorem may be derived: if hungry Ss are trained to make a choice response to obtain dry food, and given pre-extinction exposures to the unbaited goal box under drive con-
Addiction training scale: pilot study of a self-report evaluation tool for psychiatry residents.

Objective: Alcohol and drug dependence disorders have become common public health hazards. Psychiatrists encounter these problems in a major portion of their patients. However, recent data suggest that their training does not provide them the confidence to treat these disorders. Current methods of evaluating residents fail to adequately ascertain the lack of confidence in substance abuse training. Here, we present the Addiction Training Scale (ATS) that we developed to help trainers identify deficits in residents’ substance abuse training. Method: We developed the ATS and conducted a pilot study with the psychiatry residents at the Creighton University Department of Psychiatry, to test the validity of the ATS as a self-report evaluation tool to measure the level of psychiatry residents’ preparedness in treating substance abuse disorders. Results: Our results suggest that the ATS is related to the confidence and preparedness that residents express in their ability to treat substance abuse problems. Conclusion: The ATS may be beneficial in assessing psychiatry residents’ substance abuse training and identifying deficits, which may be addressed during training.
National Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates Obtained from Intensive Care Unit Patients from 1993 to 2002

Nosocomial infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in critically ill patients are often difficult to treat due to resistance to multiple antimicrobials. The purpose of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial resistance among P. aeruginosa isolates from intensive care unit patients in the United States from 1993 to 2002 by using the Intensive Care Unit Surveillance Study database. Over the 10-year period, susceptibility of 13,999 nonduplicate isolates of P. aeruginosa was analyzed. From 1993 to 2002, nationwide increases in antimicrobial resistance were greatest for ciprofloxacin, imipenem, tobramycin, and aztreonam. Rates of multidrug resistance (resistance to ≥3 of the following drugs: ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, and imipenem) increased from 4% in 1993 to 14% in 2002. The lowest dual resistance rates were observed between aminoglycosides or fluoroquinolones with piperacillin-tazobactam while the highest were for those that included β-lactams and ciprofloxacin. Ongoing surveillance studies are crucial in monitoring antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and selecting empirical treatment regimens.
Optical trapping and fluorescence collection using a dual-wavelength diffractive optic

We demonstrate a silicon diffractive element that serves as an optical tweezer in the near infrared and as a fluorescence collector in the visible. The 1.3 NA lens is achromatic and has high diffraction efficiency.
Viral myocarditis: potential defense mechanisms within the cardiomyocyte against virus infection

Virus infection can inflict significant damage on cardiomyocytes through direct injury and secondary immune reactions, leading to myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. While viral myocarditis or cardiomyopathy is a complication of systemic infection of cardiotropic viruses, most individuals infected with the viruses do not develop significant cardiac disease. However, some individuals proceed to develop severe virus-mediated heart disease. Recent studies have shown that viral infection of cardiomyocytes is required for the development of myocarditis and subsequent cardiomyopathy. This suggests that viral infection of cardiomyocytes can be an important step that determines the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis during systemic infection. Accordingly, this article focuses on potential defense mechanisms within the cardiomyocyte against virus infection. Understanding of the cardiomyocyte defense against invading viruses may give us novel insights into the pathophysiology of viral myocarditis, and enable us to develop innovative strategies of diagnosis and treatment for this challenging clinical entity.
Multiple Test Procedures for Identifying the Minimum Effective and Maximum Safe Doses of a Drug

We address the problem of determining the therapeutic window of a drug by finding its minimum effective and maximum safe doses (MINED and MAXSD). The MINED is the lowest dose that exceeds the mean efficacy of the zero dose by a specified threshold, and the MAXSD is the highest dose that does not exceed the mean toxicity of the zero dose by a specified threshold. Step-down multiple test procedures are proposed to identify the MINED and MAXSD assuming a bivariate normal model. These procedures control the type I familywise error probability of declaring any ineffective dose as effective or any unsafe dose as safe at a prespecified level α. A new multivariate t-distribution is introduced whose critical points are required to implement the exact normal theory procedures. Because these critical points depend on the unknown correlation coefficient between the efficacy and safety variables, the Bonferroni method is proposed as an alternative, which amounts to separately testing for efficacy and safety, each at t...
The use of stimulus-biased assay systems to detect agonist-specific receptor active states: implications for the trafficking of receptor stimulus by agonists.

The quantitative comparison of the relative potency of agonists is a standard method of receptor and agonist classification. If agonist potency ratios do not correspond in two given tissues, this is used as presumptive data to conclude that the receptors in those two tissues are different. This article presents data to show that a single receptor can demonstrate varying agonist potency ratios in different host cells. These data are described in terms of the production of more than one agonist-selective receptor active state and the interaction of these different active states with multiple G proteins in the membrane to produce cellular response. Stable host human embryonic kidney 293 cells with enhanced quantities of the respective Galpha-protein were created. Wild-type and Galpha-subunit enriched cells were then transiently transfected with human calcitonin receptor type 2 (hCTR2). Binding did not detect differences in the G protein-enriched cells versus wild-type cells. In contrast, functional studies did show differences between the host cell lines and Galpha-subunit enriched cell lines. The relative potency of eight calcitonin agonists was measured in studies of calcium fluorescence in transfected cells containing human calcitonin receptor type 2 by comparing pEC(50) (-log molar concentration producing half-maximal response) values. In Galphas-enriched cells, the relative order of potency of the agonists changed. The host-cell dependent differences in potency ratios ranged from 2-fold to more than 46-fold. This finding is not consistent with the idea that all of the agonists produce response in the same manner (i.e., through a common active state of the receptor). These data are consistent with the idea that these different agonists produce arrays of active states that differentially use G proteins. This idea is discussed in terms of the design of stimulus-bias assay systems to detect agonist-selective receptor active states with resulting potential for increased selectivity of agonists.
Pricing online banking services amid network externalities

Using the particular example of online banking services, we examine the effects of pricing strategies on the demand for different modes of online banking, given that the market exhibits network externalities. Most literature concerning the economics of networks deals with a single durable good where, in a multi-period setting, the consumer decides whether or not to purchase the good. Once the decision to buy is made, there are no further decisions to make. In online banking, and in most electronic service contract arrangements, customers can change their decisions in later periods, moving to another choice if they are not satisfied with the existing choice. The model presented in this paper allows such reversing of decisions, and thus dynamically captures the effects of changes in service fees, reservation prices and strength of network externalities on the decisions of the customer. The model also accounts for switching costs that the customer may incur when he/she moves from one mode to another. Departing significantly from previous literature, we assume that network externality follows a stochastic process, making the model more realistic and comprehensive. With a stylized example and a numerical simulation of the dynamic stochastic program, we illustrate the use of the model in pricing online banking services.
The uncommon denominator: a proposal for consistent reporting of pronoun resolution results

Pronoun resolution studies compute performance inconsistently and describe results incompletely. We propose a new reporting standard that improves the exposition of individual results and the possibility for readers to compare techniques across studies. We also propose an informative new performance metric, the resolution rate, for use in addition to precision and recall.
Enhancing the simulation of radiometric instrument models using genetic algorithms

A primary objective of the effort described here is to optimize the performance of a modeling environment for radiometric instruments capable of predicting their complete end-to-end behavior, integrating the optical, electrothermal, and electronic systems. The numerical environment consists of a Monte Carlo ray-trace (MCRT) model of the optical system coupled to a transient three-dimensional finite-difference electrothermal model of the detector assembly with an analytical model of the signal-conditioning circuitry. The resulting model provides a complete simulation of the dynamic optical and electrothermal behavior of the instrument. The modeling environment has been used to create an end-to-end model of the CERES scanning radiometer, and its performance compared to the calibration performance of an operational CERES total channel as a benchmark. To optimize the accuracy of the electrothermal model, the nominal properties of certain key parameters in that model are modified using an evolutionary search algorithm such that the model's simulated output exactly matches the actual instrument ground calibration data. Results indicate that varying the layer thickness, effective thermal conductivity, and effective thermal capacitance of the thermistor, kapton, and epoxy layers in the thermistor bolometer within reasonable uncertainty bounds provides an excellent match with the recorded instrument data.
Neurology and Cardiology: Points of Contact

Strokes resulting from cardiac diseases, and cardiac abnormalities associated with neuromuscular disorders are examples of the many points of contact between neurology and cardiology. Approximately 20%-30% of strokes are related to cardiac diseases, including atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, bacterial endocarditis, rheumatic and nonrheumatic valvular diseases, acute myocardial infarction with left ventricular thrombus, and cardiomyopathies associated with muscular dystrophies, among others. Strokes can also occur in the setting of cardiac interventions such as cardiac catheterization and coronary artery bypass procedures. Treatment to prevent recurrent stroke in any of these settings depends on the underlying etiology. Whereas anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists is proven to be superior to acetylsalicylic acid for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation, the superiority of anticoagulants has not been conclusively established for stroke associated with congestive heart failure and is contraindicated in those with infective endocarditis. Ongoing trials are evaluating management strategies in patients with atrial level shunts due to patent foramen ovale. Cardiomyopathies and conduction abnormalities are part of the spectrum of many neuromuscular disorders including mitochondrial disorders and muscular dystrophies. Cardiologists and neurologists share responsibility for caring for patients with or at risk for cardiogenic strokes, and for screening and managing the heart disease associated with neuromuscular disorders.
The Autoxidation of Crystallized Beef Myoglobina

SUMMARY The autoxidation rate in air for crystallized beef muscle myoglobin and the temperature dependence of the autoxidation were studied. Results show that autoxidation of beef muscle myoglobin is essentially the same as that reported by others for horse heart myoglobin. The rate constant for autoxidation was found to be dependent upon the amount of sodium hydrosulfite used to reduce metmyoglobin. It was shown that increased autoxidation, resulting from relatively high concentrations of sodium hydrosulfite, was not due to hydrogen peroxide. Control of the amount of sodium hydrosulfite used to 0.005% or less substantially reduced fluctuations observed in rate constants for autoxidation. For crystallized beef muscle myoglobin at pH 5.7 and 30°C, the rate constant is 0.21 ± 0.02 hr−1. The abnormally high temperature dependence of myoglobin autoxidation and the relative importance of bacteria and autoxidation as causes of meat discoloration were discussed.
Grass-herbivore interactions altered by strains of a native endophyte.

Many plants support symbiotic microbes, such as endophytic fungi, that can alter interactions with herbivores. Most endophyte research has focused on agronomically important species, with less known about the ecological roles of native endophytes in native plants. In particular, whether genetic variation among endophyte symbionts affects herbivores of plant hosts remains unresolved for most native endophytes. Here, we investigate the importance of native isolates of the endophyte Epichloe elymi in affecting herbivory of the native grass host, Elymus hystrix. Experimental fungal isolate-plant genotype combinations and endophyte-free control plants were grown in a common garden and exposed to natural arthropod herbivory. Fungal isolates differed in their effects on two types of herbivory, chewing and scraping. Isolates exhibiting greater sexual reproduction were associated with greater herbivore damage than primarily asexual isolates. Endophyte infection also altered patterns of herbivory within plants, with stroma-bearing tillers experiencing up to 30% greater damage than nonstroma-bearing tillers. Results suggest that intraspecific genetic variation in endophytes, like plant genetic variation, can have important 'bottom-up' effects on herbivores in native systems.
The use of multimodality simulation in the evaluation of physicians with suspected lapsed competence

A simulator-based educational program has been incorporated into many anesthesia residency training programs. The effectiveness of this method of teaching has been validated by several studies and is generally accepted as an effective method of resident education. Evaluation of performance and positive critical feedback through debriefing has been attributed to the effectiveness of simulator-based education. Perhaps, this process can be used to evaluate the competence of practicing physicians. We report our experience using multimodality simulator technology to assess physicians who may have allowed their competence to lapse. We discuss our simulator-based assessment process and the strengths and limitations of our program. We also discuss the legal ramifications of participating in such assessments. Because of confidentiality agreements signed by all parties involved with this process, cases are discussed in general terms to assure anonymity.
Pollution, Environmental Justice, and the North Carolina Pork Industry

North Carolina ranks as the 2nd largest hog producer in the United States. Currently, the state houses over 10 million hogs. It is estimated that about 19 million tons of hog waste was produced in 2004 by the 10 million hogs in the state (scorecard.com). Despite the increase in waste output due to increased production, concerns are that majority of these producers have not improved their waste management practices. Most importantly, all the big factories are located in counties in the Black Belt region of the state. These are counties where the percent Black population is greater than the state and national averages of 25.4% and 12% respectively. The existence of pollution, poverty, and minority populations in a given area, more often than not, raise questions about environmental justice. Statistical and geographical information systems (GIS) analyses are performed at the zip code level to whether relatively poor, nonwhite populations are disproportionately exposed to hog waste directly or indirectly. The results indicate that these populations are not directly targeted but their association with poverty and also being rural dwellers help explain their disproportionate exposure.
Never Autonomous, But Nonetheless Free: Political Action and the Challenge Posed by Genetic Technologies

In his work, The Future of Human Nature, Habermas worries that future developments in genetic technologies might someday allow parents far too much control over their offspring's lives. Indeed, he argues, the knowledge of ourselves as designed could interfere with our conceptions of autonomy and self-determination - making it more difficult to see ourselves as the "authors of our own life stories." Drawing on Arendt's conception of natality, he suggests that genetic technologies represent a threat to our very capacity for political action. In this paper, I argue that Habermas's fears are unfounded, in part because they rest on an overly deterministic understanding of the relationship between one's own genetic makeup and the manifestation of physical and psychological traits, and in part because he fails to appreciate Arendt's fundamental insights into the freedom inherent in political action. Unlike Habermas, whose anxiety over the loss of autonomy paralyzes his attempts to think genetic technologies, Arendt recognizes that we are never fully free from the constraints of biology. Drawing on her distinction between behavior and action, and her celebration of the latter, I argue that she theorizes political action as deeply conditioned, yet never fully constrained - never autonomous, but nonetheless free. As such, her works might help move us beyond the concerns Habermas raises about autonomy and toward other, more pressing, questions raised by genetic technologies.
Root cause of differential movement at bridge transition zones

The results of a Federal Railroad Administration research project into the factors that contribute to differential displacements at railroad track transitions are presented in this paper. Data from instrumented high-speed passenger (Amtrak) sites suggest that poorly supported ties increase the loads applied on the underlying ballast and can accelerate differential displacements. Poorly supported ties amplify the tie–ballast interaction, which eventually results in large permanent vertical displacements at those locations. This paper presents the location and depth at which permanent vertical displacements are occurring, the “root cause” of these permanent differential vertical displacements, and design and remedial measures that focus on reducing poorly supported ties in transition zones.
Self-Incompatibility and Evolution of Mating Systems in the Brassicaceae

Genetically determined self-incompatibility (SI) systems ensure high rates of out-crossing because they allow the pistil to recognise and reject genetically identical pollen. As such, SI systems are thought to be advantageous because populations with high levels of polymorphism have the genetic variability required for withstanding a wide range of environmental challenges. Nevertheless, SI has repeatedly been lost in plant lineages, and it has been noted that the most frequently travelled path in plant evolution is the path from out-crossing to self-fertility. In this chapter, we focus on the self-incompatibility system of the Brassicaceae and discuss results related to the diversification of the SI recognition repertoire and the various paths that underlie switches to self-fertility in the family.
Physician Racial Bias and Word Use during Racially Discordant Medical Interactions

Physician racial bias can negatively affect Black patients' reactions to racially discordant medical interactions, suggesting that racial bias is manifested in physicians' communication with their Black patients. However, little is known about how physician racial bias actually influences their communication during these interactions. This study investigated how non-Black physicians' racial bias is related to their word use during medical interactions with Black patients. One hundred and seventeen video-recorded racially discordant medical interactions from a larger study were transcribed and analyzed using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software. Physicians with higher levels of implicit racial bias used first-person plural pronouns and anxiety-related words more frequently than physicians with lower levels of implicit bias. There was also a trend for physicians with higher levels of explicit racial bias to use first-person singular pronouns more frequently than physicians with lower levels of explicit bias. These findings suggest that non-Black physicians with higher levels of implicit racial bias may tend to use more words that reflect social dominance (i.e., first-person plural pronouns) and anxiety when interacting with Black patients.
A geometric method for center of mass estimation in rough planar terrains

Center of Mass(CoM) estimation in rough terrains is hampered by complicated body dynamics yet remains critically important in the study of human and robot motion planning. Current techniques for CoM estimation are encumbered by lengthy calibration periods requiring the use of specialized tools(force plates, motion capture, etc). This paper presents a novel and straightforward geometric method for CoM estimation over rough planar terrains that relies solely on geometry information of the environment and essential knowledge of the kinematic body. The CoM is approximated using a simplified model of the contact foot locations and an Optimized Geometric Hermite(OGH) curve with minimum curvature and length. To evaluate the accuracy of the method, cross validation with human subjects was performed. The results demonstrate that the geometric method delivers an accurate approximation of the CoM path for natural walking over rough planar terrains and offers a reliable alternative for CoM estimation.
Predicting and accommodating the variability of solar energy

This paper introduces a measure of solar variability, the probability of persistence (POP) based on the relationship between solar variability and POP. POP offers unique contributions to system operators and planners. Day-ahead solar variability can be forecasted quite accurately through POP. The POP framework indicates the probability that the forecasted solar variability is within the ramping capability of the local power system and determines the rating of the additional accommodating resource if needed.
Dietary Behavior and Predicted 10-Year Risk for a First Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Event Using the Pooled Cohort Risk Equations Among US Adults

Purpose:The pooled cohort equations were developed in 2013 by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force to predict an individual’s 10-year risk of an atherosclerotic ...
Oxcarbazepine in mood disorders

Patients with bipolar illness or schizoaffective disorder-manic type can present with a variety of symptoms and have mixed responses to treatment. This is especially true for patients who have rapid cycling or mixed bipolar illness. The following cases describe the use of oxcarbazepine in patients with either bipolar illness or schizoaffective disorder. This agent, an analogue of carbamazepine, has fewer drug-drug interactions and side effects and thus may prove to be a better tolerated agent in the treatment of these very serious illnesses. A discussion of the properties of oxcarbazepine is also included.
Clearing the fog: a review of the effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acids and added sugars on chemotherapy-induced cognitive deficits

Cancer treatments such as chemotherapy have been an important part of extending survival in women diagnosed with breast cancer. However, chemotherapy can cause potentially toxic side effects in the brain that impair memory, verbal fluency, and processing speed in up to 30% of women treated. Women report that post-chemotherapy cognitive deficits negatively impact quality of life and may last up to ten years after treatment. Mechanisms underlying these cognitive impairments are not fully understood, but emerging evidence suggests that chemotherapy induces structural changes in the brain, produces neuroinflammation, and reduces adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Dietary approaches that modify inflammation and neurogenesis are promising strategies for reducing chemotherapy-induced cognitive deficits in breast cancer survivors. In this review, we describe the cognitive and neuronal side effects associated with commonly used chemotherapy treatments for breast cancer, and we focus on the often opposing actions of omega-3 fatty acids and added sugars on cognitive function, neuroinflammation, and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Omega-3 fatty acids administered concurrently with doxorubicin chemotherapy have been shown to prevent depressive-like behaviors and reduce neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neural apoptosis in rodent models. In contrast, diets high in added sugars may interact with n-3 FAs to diminish their anti-inflammatory activity or act independently to increase neuroinflammation, reduce adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and promote cognitive deficits. We propose that a diet rich in long-chain, marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids and low in added sugars may be an ideal pattern for preventing or alleviating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, thereby protecting neurons from the toxic effects of chemotherapy. Research testing this hypothesis could lead to the identification of modifiable dietary choices to reduce the long-term impact of chemotherapy on the cognitive functions that are important to quality of life in breast cancer survivors.
Benefits of higher modulation in flexible grid networks using optical WDM and digital OTN switching

We study the effects of higher modulation formats on the design of optical network architectures using Flexible Grid and Sliceable Bandwidth Variable Transponders. We show architectures with digital switching getting more benefit from higher modulation.
Impact of minimally invasive surgery on healthcare utilization, cost, and workplace absenteeism in patients with Incisional/Ventral Hernia (IVH).

Incisional hernia repair is one of the most common general surgery operations being performed today. With the advancement of laparoscopy since the 1990s, we have seen vast improvements in faster return to normal activity, shorter hospital stays and less post-operative narcotic use, to name a few. The key aims of this review were to measure the impact of minimally invasive surgery versus open surgery on health care utilization, cost, and work place absenteeism in the patients undergoing inpatient incisional/ventral hernia (IVH) repair. We analyzed data from the Truven Health Analytics MarketScan® Commercial Claims and Encounters Database. Total of 2557 patients were included in the analysis. Of the patient that underwent IVH surgery, 24.5% (n = 626) were done utilizing minimally invasive surgical (MIS) techniques and 75.5% (n = 1931) were done open. Ninety-day post-surgery outcomes were significantly lower in the MIS group compared to the open group for total payment ($19,288.97 vs. $21,708.12), inpatient length of stay (3.12 vs. 4.24 days), number of outpatient visit (5.48 vs. 7.35), and estimated days off (11.3 vs. 14.64), respectively. At 365 days post-surgery, the total payment ($27,497.96 vs. $30,157.29), inpatient length of stay (3.70 vs. 5.04 days), outpatient visits (19.75 vs. 23.42), and estimated days off (35.71 vs. 41.58) were significantly lower for MIS group versus the open group, respectively. When surgical repair of IVH is performed, there is a clear advantage in the MIS approach versus the open approach in regard to cost, length of stay, number of outpatient visits, and estimated days off.
Improving the System of Financing Long-Term Services and Supports for Older Americans

Medicaid currently pays for most of the long-term services and supports (LTSS) provided older Americans. With an aging population, these costs will increase rapidly. Contrary to a widely held view, current Medicaid eligibility rules allow covered households to own significant housing and retirement assets. The authors present new information about the weak efforts of states in asset recovery and discuss the extensive asset holdings, especially in housing and retirement assets, of retired households. Given that Medicaid crowds out the purchase of private long-term care insurance, liberal eligibility rules and uneven enforcement must increase the costs of governments and discourage better-off households from covering LTSS exposure through private insurance and assets. They conclude with targeted recommendations to reform Medicaid and improve the LTSS financing system, following up on proposals made by certain members of the 2013 federal Commission on Long-Term Care.
Forward body bias for microprocessors in 130nm technology generation and beyond

Device and test chip measurements show that forward body bias (FBB) can be used effectively to improve performance and reduce complexity of a 130nm dual-V/sub T/ technology, reduce leakage power during burn-in and standby, improve circuit delay and robustness, and reduce active power. FBB allows performance advantages of low temperature operation to be realized fully without requiring transistor redesign, and also improves V/sub T/ variations, mismatch, and g/sub m/ /spl times/ r/sub 0/ product.
Defining resilience for the US building industry

Initiatives to operationalize the concept of resilience in the building industry are rapidly emerging. The concept of resilience has introduced a way to explore solutions to some important problems...
Health Care Utilization Behaviors Predict Disengagement From HIV Care: A Latent Class Analysis.

Background The traditional definition of engagement in HIV care in terms of only clinic attendance and viral suppression provides a limited understanding of how persons living with HIV (PLWH) interact with the health care system. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with ≥1 HIV clinic visits at the Duke Adult Infectious Diseases Clinic between 2008 and 2013. Health care utilization was characterized by 4 indicators: clinic attendance in each half of the year (yes/no), number of emergency department (ED) visits/year (0, 1, or 2+), inpatient admissions/year (0, 1, 2+), and viral suppression (never, intermittent, always). Health care engagement patterns were modeled using latent class/latent transition analysis. Results A total of 2288 patients (median age, 46.4 years; 59% black, 71% male) were included in the analysis. Three care engagement classes were derived from the latent class model: "adherent" "nonadherent," and "sick." Patients age ≤40 years were more likely to be in the nonadherent class (odds ratio, 2.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.38-5.04) than other cohort members. Whites and males were more likely to transition from nonadherent to adherent the following year. Nonadherent patients were significantly more likely to disengage from care the subsequent year than adherent patients (23.6 vs 0.2%, P < .001). Conclusions A broader definition of health care engagement revealed distinct and dynamic patterns among PLWH that would have been hidden had only previous HIV clinic attendance had been considered. These patterns may be useful for designing engagement-targeted interventions.
Classical Sequence Spaces

By the term classical sequence space we shall mean the spaces l p (ℕ, ℝ), c(ℕ, ℝ), and c0(ℕ, ℝ) and their complex analogues. In section 12 we briefly develop the notion of a Schauder basis and study these bases in classical sequence spaces. In particular, we use basis theory to show that each infinite dimensional complemented subspace of a classical sequence space X is linearly isomorphic to X and that each infinite dimensional closed subspace of X contains an infinite dimensional complemented subspace.
Nutrition information and policy: A study of U.S. food production trends

This paper analyzes trends in the production of foods that vary by fat and cholesterol content to assess whether information linking these food characteristics to disease risks affected consumers' food choices. It also examines whether the change in U.S. regulatory policy in 1985, which allowed producers to discuss the relationships between diet and disease in advertising and labeling, led to improvements in food choices, or as many critics of the regulatory change feared, to confusion sufficient to slow improvements in diet.
Completely positive cones: Are they facially exposed?

Abstract Whether the n × n completely positive cone for n ≥ 5 is facially exposed is an open problem raised by Berman et al. in 2015. In this paper, we give a class of non-exposed faces of the 5 × 5 completely positive cone, which implies that the 5 × 5 completely positive cone is not facially exposed. By embedding the 5 × 5 completely positive cone into the n × n completely positive cone for n > 5 , we further show that the n × n completely positive cone is not facially exposed for n > 5 .
2017 ACC/AHA blood pressure classification and incident peripheral artery disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study:

AimsThe aim of this study was to evaluate the associations of blood pressure categorization based on the 2017 American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association guideline with the risk o...
After the Lights Go Out: Household Resilience to Electrical Grid Failure Following Hurricane Irma

AbstractIn September 2017, Hurricane Irma turned off power for 6.7 million people in the state of Florida. Despite increasing threats to the US electrical grid, there are few studies on household i...
Generalized Heterodyne Configurations for Photoinduced Force Microscopy

Infrared chemical microscopy through mechanical probing of light-matter interactions by atomic force microscopy (AFM) bypasses the diffraction limit. One increasingly popular technique is photoinduced force microscopy (PiFM), which utilizes the mechanical heterodyne signal detection between cantilever mechanical resonant oscillations and the photoinduced force from the light-matter interaction. So far, PiFM has been operated in only one heterodyne configuration. In this Article, we generalize heterodyne configurations of PiFM by introducing two new schemes: harmonic heterodyne detection and sequential heterodyne detection. In harmonic heterodyne detection, the laser repetition rate matches integer fractions of the difference between the two mechanical resonant modes of the AFM cantilever. The high harmonic of the beating from the photothermal expansion mixes with the AFM cantilever oscillation to provide the PiFM signal. In sequential heterodyne detection, the combination of the repetition rate of laser pulses and the polarization modulation frequency matches the difference between two AFM mechanical modes, leading to detectable PiFM signals. These two generalized heterodyne configurations for PiFM deliver new avenues for chemical imaging and broadband spectroscopy at ∼10 nm spatial resolution. They are suitable for a wide range of heterogeneous materials across various disciplines: from structured polymer film, to polaritonic boron nitride materials, to isolated bacterial peptidoglycan cell walls. The generalized heterodyne configurations introduce flexibility for the implementation of PiFM and the related tapping-mode AFM-IR and provide possibilities for an additional modulation channel in PiFM for targeted signal extraction with nanoscale spatial resolution.
University teaching and citizenship education as sustainable development in Ghana and Nigeria: insight from international scholarship program alumni

The Sustainable Development Goals call for a “substantial increase” of international scholarships. However, the links between international student mobility and sustainable development remain unclear. By examining the perceived outcomes of a closed higher education scholarship program, this study explores the ways that alumni perceive their contributions to the development of their home countries of Ghana and Nigeria. Findings indicate that scholarship alumni from Ghana and Nigeria value and advocate for education as a mechanism for social change and view both formal and informal education as significant mechanisms for development. Specifically, Ghanaian and Nigerian alumni noted two discrete ways that education leads to social change: (1) university teaching and (2) citizenship, voter, and human rights education. This research aims to contribute to literature about the influence of scholarship program alumni on their home countries and to contribute to understanding of international higher education’s role in the sustainable development agenda.
Abstract MP36: Changes in High-density Lipoprotein (hdl) Subclasses and Particle Size Over the Menopause Transition are Associated With Higher Levels of Complement Proteins C3 and C4. The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation Hdl Ancillary Study

Objective: High density lipoprotein (HDL) is emerging as a key player in modulating inflammation-related response impacting atherosclerosis development. HDL carries multiple proteins with direct ro...
Evidence for a proper treatment of the clausal/manner distinction: comments on Kubota, “Transforming manner adverbs into surface-subject-oriented adverbs: evidence from Japanese”

This paper holds that Kubota’s (2015—this volume) treatment of the clausal/manner distinction among subject-oriented adverbials in Japanese is basically on the right track, although there are a number of areas that need work. Kubota invokes the idea of different comparison classes for the two readings, which seems to get at the distinction correctly; and she makes a plausible case for the manner reading as basic, with the clausal reading induced by the particle -mo. Still, there remain important questions about how this idea would fit into a cross-linguistic account of subject-oriented adverbs, whether it is indeed correct to take the manner reading as basic, and whether her account of passive-sensitivity is adequate.
Untargeted high-resolution paired mass distance data mining for retrieving general chemical relationships.

Untargeted metabolomics analysis captures chemical reactions among small molecules. Common mass spectrometry-based metabolomics workflows first identify the small molecules significantly associated with the outcome of interest, then begin exploring their biochemical relationships to understand biological fate or impact. We suggest an alternative by which general chemical relationships including abiotic reactions can be directly retrieved through untargeted high-resolution paired mass distance (PMD) analysis without a priori knowledge of the identities of participating compounds. PMDs calculated from the mass spectrometry data are linked to chemical reactions obtained via data mining of small molecule and reaction databases, i.e. ‘PMD-based reactomics’. We demonstrate applications of PMD-based reactomics including PMD network analysis, source appointment of unknown compounds, and biomarker reaction discovery as complements to compound discovery analyses used in traditional untargeted workflows. An R implementation of reactomics analysis and the reaction/PMD databases is available as the pmd package. Paired mass distances can reveal reaction pathways, but this requires individual compounds to be identified. Here, chemical relationships are retrieved directly through untargeted high-resolution paired mass distance analysis of mass spectrometry data.
Investing in Chapter 11 stocks: Trading, value, and performance☆

Abstract We address questions about Chapter 11 stocks regarding their trading environment, fundamental value, and performance. First, there exists active trading for Chapter 11 stocks throughout the bankruptcy process. Second, equity value after filing is positively related to asset value, asset volatility, risk-free rate, and expected duration and is negatively related to liabilities. Furthermore, the return correlation between bankrupt stocks and their matching samples exhibits non-linearity similar to out-of-money call options. Third, investing in Chapter 11 stocks incurs large losses. Consistent with heterogeneous beliefs and limits to arbitrage, stocks with higher levels of information uncertainty and more binding short-sale constraints experience more negative returns.
Depressive Disorders and Bipolar and Related Disorders

In this chapter, we review important aspects of diagnosing late-life depressive and bipolar disorders with a focus on understanding the key differences in how these disorders present in the elderly when compared to younger adults. We also review the risk factors and etiologies of depressive and bipolar disorders in the older adult population.
FertiSTAT: A Potential Tool for Adolescent Sexual Health.

ABSTRACT Study Objective The FertiSTAT (fertility status awareness) tool provides personalized advice on reducing risk factors for infertility and seeking medical advice on the basis of lifestyle and reproductive profile. The aim of our research was to test the FertiSTAT tool in younger patients (14-24 years). A secondary objective was to screen for and evaluate knowledge of risk factors that affect fertility. Design, Setting, Participants, Interventions, and Main Outcome Measures Patients aged 14-24 years attending consultations at Geneva University Hospitals received a quantitative questionnaire before consultations. Questions covered lifestyle, gynecological history, perception of fertility, and pregnancy intent. We investigated respondents’ beliefs with regard to risk factors for infertility through “true/false” questions. We selected questions relevant to our population from the original FertiSTAT questionnaire to calculate each respondent's FertiSTAT score. Scores ranged from “blue” (low risk, score 1) to “red” (risk of infertility, score 4). Results A total of 279 women aged 14-24 years were included. Nonpregnant patients had overall higher FertiSTAT scores (2.7 ± 0.8). Upon logistic regression analysis, with every additional FertiSTAT point, the odds of being pregnant at the time of survey decreased by 0.48. Risk factors for infertility and knowledge of these risk factors were equally distributed between pregnant and nonpregnant women. Conclusion Our findings suggest FertiSTAT might be a useful tool in the younger population to whom we extended it, and highlight gaps in knowledge on risk factors for infertility. These findings are of interest when considering FertiSTAT as a starting point to discuss contraception and risk factors for infertility at an age at which risk mitigation would prove most effective in preserving future fertility.
Sediment routing and provenance of shallow to deep marine sandstones in the late Paleozoic Oquirrh Basin, Utah

Abstract The Oquirrh-Wood River Basin is a Pennsylvanian to Permian clastic and carbonate basin in northwestern Utah and southern Idaho, USA. The basin is commonly considered the northwesternmost expression of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains (ARM). Basin fill is locally up to 9 km thick. Facies range from shelf carbonates to deep marine debrites, and generally deepen from basin initiation to the beginning of the Permian. Unlike other ARM basins, no basin-bounding fault or highland has been identified as the source of these thick deposits and the tectonic drivers of basin subsidence are poorly understood. Tectonic subsidence analysis was performed on 10 stratigraphic sections across the basin, resulting in a two-phase tectonism model. Pennsylvanian subsidence is interpreted as being related to strike-slip deformation; whereas Permian subsidence in the western part of the basin may be related to the uplift and unconformity sequence documented in northeastern Nevada. Detrital zircon geochronology and thin section point counts are relatively uniform in Middle Pennsylvanian and early Permian samples, suggesting local tectonism did not alter dominant sediment routing patterns. Oquirrh Group sandstones are compositionally mature and contain sparse feldspar or lithic grains, leading to the interpretation that sample sediments were derived from recycled orogenic sources. U Pb ages on detrital zircons from three Pennsylvanian and three Permian samples suggest sediment was overwhelmingly derived from multiple Laurentian basement provinces to the north and east, consistent with interpretations from the Wood River Basin. Paleocurrent data indicate a prevailing southward ocean current, suggesting a combination of sediment recycling and sediment transport across Laurentia from orogenic highlands in the northeast to the Oquirrh-Wood River Basin throughout the late Paleozoic.