cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antoine Berman's way-making to translation as a creative and critical act

Despite increased research in translation studies, the important contribution of the French translator and writer Antoine Berman has yet to receive sufficient attention. This article presents key aspects of Berman's work and reconstructs his “archeology” of translation knowledge. Using a wide range of Berman's works, it examines his thinking about translation and modern philosophy, in particular the philosophy of Heidegger and Gadamer. After discussing Berman's early interest in German Romantic conceptions of language and poetry and the ways in which this tradition contributed to his conception of translation, the article turns to the relation between Walter Benjamin's notions of language and translation and Berman's own by examining his commentary on “The Task of the Translator”, a commentary crucial for our understanding of translation as a creative act. The article then analyzes Berman's use of hermeneutic interpretation to ground translation criticism as a productive criticism and to reconceptualize t...
Structure of Polystyrene at the Interface with Various Liquids

Vibrationally resonant sum frequency generation (VR-SFG) is used to determine the structure of the phenyl side groups of deuterated polystyrene at the liquid/solid interface for the nonsolvent liquids hexane, methanol, ethanol, glycerol, and water. The structure for the three low-surface-tension (γ) liquidshexane, methanol, and ethanolis similar and only slightly perturbed from that of the air/solid interface. The air interface is ordered with the phenyl rings oriented away from the polymer bulk. The structure for the two high-γ liquids, water and glycerol, differs significantly from the low-γ liquids and reflects a near flat orientation of the phenyl ring.
Crime, Law and Society. A Review Article

Among the proliferating subdisciplines of social history, the "new" legal history has distinguished itself by the speed and unanimity of its professional acceptance. Conferences, journals, and publishers' lists reflect the growing number of historians interested in using legal records as windows into the lives of those "who existed only to be governed."' Because many scholars consider law and its enforcement primarily as expressions of social relationships, one of the most fertile areas of the new legal history has been the history of crime. As the editors of Crime and the Law: A Social History of Crime in Western Europe since 1500 explain, social historians have "captured" the historical study of crime and law "from legal historians on the one hand and from popularizers on the other" (p. 1). The meaning of this development is apparent from the fact that each of the books reviewed here attempts to harness legal records to the cart of current concerns in social history. The authors generally favor a comparative international focus over a limited geographical scope, and they tend to prefer a long chronological perspective to short-term analysis. Enlisting sociology, anthropology, and psychology as methodological allies, the authors address law and crime as reflections of social and political developments. In view of the youth of the field and these ambitious objectives, it is not surprising that these studies achieve, at best,
Review: α1-Antitrypsin deficiency associated liver disease

α 1 -Antitrypsin (α 1 -AT) deficiency is the most common genetic cause of liver disease in children and genetic disease for which children undergo liver transplantation. It also causes cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in adults. Studies by Sveger in Sweden have shown that only a subgroup of the population with homozygous PiZZ α 1 -AT deficiency develop clinically significant liver injury. Other studies have shown that the mutant α 1 -AT Z molcule undergoes polymerization in the endoplasmic reticulum and that a subpopulation of α 1 -AT-deficient individuals may be susceptibe to liver injury because they also have a trait that reduces the efficiency by which the mutant α 1 -AT Z molecule is degraded in the endoplasmic reticulum.
On consistency of Kendall's tau under censoring

Necessary and sufficient conditions for consistency of a simple estimator of Kendall's tau under bivariate censoring are presented. The results are extended to data subject to bivariate left truncation as well as right censoring.
Volume effects on yield strength of equine cortical bone

Volume effects are a fundamental determinant of structural failure. A material exhibits a volume effect if its failure properties are dependent on the specimen volume. Many brittle ceramics exhibit volume effects due to loading a structure in the presence of "critical" flaws. The number of flaws, their locations, and the effect of stress field within the stressed volume play a role in determining the structure's failure properties. Since real materials are imperfect, structures composed of large volumes of material have higher probabilities of containing a flaw than do small volumes. Consequently, large material volumes tend to fail at lower stresses compared to smaller volumes when tested under similar conditions. Volume effects documented in brittle ceramic and composite structures have been proposed to affect the mechanical properties of bone. We hypothesized that for cortical bone material, (1) small volumes have greater yield strengths than large volumes and (2) that compared to microstructural features, specimen volume was able to account for comparable amounts of variability in yield strength. In this investigation, waisted rectangular, equine third metacarpal diaphyseal specimens (n=24) with nominal cross sections of 3 x 4 mm and gage lengths of either 10.5, 21, or 42 mm, were tested monotonically in tension to determine the effect of specimen volume on their yield strength. Yield strength was greatest in the smallest volume group compared to the largest volume group. Within each group of specimens the logarithm of yield strength was positively correlated with the cumulative failure probability, indicating that the data follow the two-parameter Weibull distribution. Additionally, log yield strength was negatively correlated with log volume, supporting the hypothesis that small stressed volumes of cortical bone possess greater yield strength than similarly tested large stressed volumes.
EGOCENTRIC AND EXOCENTRIC DISPLAYS FOR TERMINAL AREA NAVIGATION.

Two experiments are reported that contrast egocentric vs. exocentric features of perspective (3D) or plan view (2D) electronic map displays for supporting local guidance and global awareness. Pilots used these displays for a simulated approach to a landing along a curved approach, through a terrain-filled region. The task was simulated on an IRIS visual graphics workstation. In Experiment 1, a rotating vs. fixed-map display was experimentally crossed with a 2D vs. 3D (perspective map) view as 24 pilots were assessed in their ability to maintain the flight path (local guidance) and demonstrate global awareness of surrounding terrain features. Rotating displays supported better flight path guidance in both the lateral and vertical axes, and did not substantially harm performance on the task of recalling the location of terrain features. Map rotation also supported better performance in locating features from an ego-referenced but not a world-referenced perspective. 3D displays provided a slight advantage fo...
Beyond the Total Woman: Creative Life Planning to Meet Women's Needs

What is needed in the face of the changes and challenges offered women today is a multidimensional three-career approach to career planning: an approach that takes into account individual, relationship, and lifework needs and satisfactions. Responsible college counseling should intervene at this point and provide, rather than simple job placement or even career development, a method of creative life planning sensitive to the acknowledged stages of adult development. Through individual counseling, use of role models, seminars and workshops, group discussions and resource centers, the hard, meaningful questions of life planning can be asked and answered.
Consequences of propagating torsion in connection-dynamic theories of gravity

We discuss the possibility of constraining theories of gravity in which the connection is a fundamental variable by searching for observational consequences of the torsion degrees of freedom. In a wide class of models, the only modes of the torsion tensor which interact with matter are either a massive scalar or a massive spin-1 boson. Focusing on the scalar version, we study constraints on the two-dimensional parameter space characterizing the theory. For reasonable choices of these parameters the torsion decays quickly into matter fields, and no long-range fields are generated which could be discovered by ground-based or astrophysical experiments.
Management for oak regeneration: Short-term effects on the bird community and suitability of shelterwood harvests for canopy songbirds†

Interest in regenerating oaks (Quercus spp.) has promoted use of partial harvesting techniques that create an open forest structure. From 2007 to 2009, we studied songbirds in mixed-oak forests in southeastern Ohio, comparing shelterwoods recently harvested to 50% stocking and closed-canopy mature second-growth. We surveyed birds using distance-based methods (56 line transects in 18 stands at 4 forests). We intensively investigated suitability of shelterwoods for canopy-nesting species by examining habitat preferences, as measured by settlement patterns, age distributions, and site fidelity; we also examined nesting success. Several midstory and ground-nesting species were 26–73% less abundant in shelterwood than unharvested stands, whereas shrub-nesting species increased >100% several years post-harvesting. Canopy-nesting species were 31–98% more abundant in shelterwoods, but cerulean warbler (Setophaga cerulea) responses varied by forest. Patterns of settlement and site fidelity were generally similar among stands. Proportions of young males were actually greater for several species in shelterwood than unharvested stands, which may have been a consequence of young birds colonizing newly created (or improved) habitat. Even in our predominantly forested study system, nesting success (>700 nests) was low, ranging from 15% to 19% for yellow-throated vireos (Vireo flavifrons) and cerulean warblers, to 27–36% for scarlet tanagers, blue-gray gnatcatchers (Polioptila caerulea) and eastern wood-pewees (Contopus virens). However, nest survival did not differ between shelterwood and unharvested stands, possibly because numbers of avian predators did not change with harvesting. Despite increased numbers of brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) in shelterwoods, only 2% of canopy nests in which young could be identified were parasitized. Although these results suggest shelterwood harvests containing abundant overstory trees can provide short-term breeding habitat for canopy songbirds, long-term responses of birds to partial harvesting may differ from those documented here depending on different management options employed. Management for oak regeneration will typically remove all overstory trees later in the cutting cycle, initially resulting in loss of nesting substrates and hence breeding habitat for canopy songbirds. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
A note on the flow induced by a constantly accelerating plate in an Oldroyd-B fluid

Abstract The velocity field and the adequate tangential stress that is induced by the flow due to a constantly accelerating plate in an Oldroyd-B fluid, are determined by means of Fourier sine transforms. The solutions corresponding to a Maxwell, Second grade and Navier–Stokes fluid appear as limiting cases of the solutions obtained here. However, in marked contrast to the solution for a Navier–Stokes fluid, in the case of an Oldroyd-B fluid oscillations are set up which decay exponentially with time.
Astroglia induce neurogenesis from adult neural stem cells

During an investigation of the mechanisms through which the local environment controls the fate specification of adult neural stem cells, we discovered that adult astrocytes from hippocampus are capable of regulating neurogenesis by instructing the stem cells to adopt a neuronal fate. This role in fate specification was unexpected because, during development, neurons are generated before most of the astrocytes. Our findings, together with recent reports that astrocytes regulate synapse formation and synaptic transmission, reinforce the emerging view that astrocytes have an active regulatory role—rather than merely supportive roles traditionally assigned to them—in the mature central nervous system.
Design of adaptive MIMO system using linear dispersion code

In this paper, we develop a new design for adaptation of linear dispersion code. A new adaptive parameter called spacetime symbol rate is applied in our design. We have studied the statistics of signal-to-interference-noise of a linear MMSE receiver over a Rayleigh fading channel. The average BER for a given constellation using the MMSE receiver is calculated numerically. With the statistics as a guideline, two adaptive techniques using constellation and space-time symbol rate are studied, respectively. If constellation and space-time symbol rate are considered jointly, more selection modes can be available. Theoretical analysis demonstrates that the average transmission rate of the joint adaptation can be improved in this case. Simulation results are provided to show the benefits of our new design.
Rapid boundary element solvation electrostatics calculations in folding simulations: Successful folding of a 23‐residue peptide

Solvation effects play a profound role in the energetics of protein folding. While a continuum dielectric model of solvation may provide a sufficiently accurate estimate of the solvation effects, until now this model was too computationally expensive and unstable for folding simulations. Here we proposed a fast yet accurate and robust implementation of the boundary element solution of the Poisson equation, the REBEL algorithm. Using our earlier double-energy scheme, we included for the first time the mathematically rigorous continuous REBEL solvation term in our Biased Probability Monte Carlo (BPMC) simulations of the peptide folding. The free energy of a 23-residue beta beta alpha-peptide was then globally optimized with and without the solvation electrostatics contribution. An ensemble of beta beta alpha conformations was found at and near the global minimum of the energy function with the REBEL electrostatic solvation term. Much poorer correspondence to the native solution structure was found in the "control" simulations with a traditional method to account for solvation via a distance-dependent dielectric constant. Each simulation took less than 40 h (21 h without electrostatic solvation calculation) on a single Alpha 677 MHz CPU and involved more than 40,000 solvation energy evaluations. This work demonstrates for the first time that such a simulation can be performed in a realistic time frame. The proposed procedure may eliminate the energy evaluation accuracy bottleneck in folding simulations.
Neonatal end-stage renal failure associated with maternal ingestion of cyclo-oxygenase-type-1 selective inhibitor nimesulide as tocolytic

Cyclo-oxygenase-type-2 (COX-2) enzyme is fundamental for nephrogenesis, upregulated on fetal membranes and myometrium at parturition. Fetal COX-2 inhibition, due to maternal nimesulide assumption, can be responsible for neonatal chronic renal failure.
Intimate partner violence and population mental health: why poverty and gender inequities matter.

Alexander Tsai discusses a new research study by Karen Devries and colleagues, and comments on the possible impact on public health of the study's insights regarding the relationship between intimate partner violence and mental health. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Image-based Visual Servoing of a Real Robot Using a Quaternion Formulation

In this paper we present the results from our visual servoing system for a real industrial robot. In contrast to other visual servoing system in the literature, the one presented here, which was derived from [4], uses a quaternion representation of the rotation instead of the more common matrix representation. By doing so, the proposed system avoids potential singularities introduced by the rotational matrix representation. After performing exhaustive tests in a simulated environment, our controller was applied to a Kawasaki UX150. In the case of simulation, the movement of the camera and the image processing were performed using Matlab-Simulink, which allowed us to test the controller regardless of the mechanism in which the camera was moved and the underlying controller that was needed for this movement. In the case of the real robot, the controller was tested initially using another simulation program provided by Kawasaki Japan and later with the real Kawasaki robot. The setup for testing and the results for all three cases above are presented here, but for more details on the simulations, the reader is encouraged to check [8].
Illustrating the elements of the EE design process

At the Pennsylvania State University, EE 448, Linear Electronic Design, is an elective analog electronics course taught in the Department of Electrical Engineering to both seniors and beginning graduate students. At the beginning of the course three explicit goals are identified for the course and explained to the students: (1) to become familiar with the capabilities and limitations of current technology; (2) to become familiar with various classic circuit topologies that have proven useful irrespective of the technology used for implementation; and (3) to illustrate and use various analysis and design tools. EE 448 includes a laboratory component where the students actually build and debug thier proposed designs. >
Increasing the Vegetable Intake Dose Is Associated with a Rise in Plasma Carotenoids without Modifying Oxidative Stress or Inflammation in Overweight or Obese Postmenopausal Women

The optimal amount of vegetable consumption required to reduce chronic disease risk is widely debated. Intervention trials evaluating biological activity of vegetables at various doses are limited. We conducted a 3-dose, crossover feeding trial to test the hypothesis that vegetable intake is associated in a dose-dependent manner with increased plasma carotenoids and subsequently reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in 49 overweight, postmenopausal women. Participants were assigned in random order to 2 (130 g), 5 (287 g), and 10 (614 g) daily servings of fresh, greenhouse-grown vegetables for 3-wk intervals with a 4-wk washout period between treatments. Plasma total carotenoids significantly increased from 1.63 to 2.07 μmol/L with a dose of 2 vegetable servings, from 1.49 to 2.84 μmol/L with a dose of 5 vegetable servings, and from 1.40 to 4.42 μmol/L with a dose of 10 vegetable servings (pre-post paired ttests, all P < 0.001). The change during each feeding period increased with each dose level (P < 0.001). Urine concentrations of 8-isoprostane F2α, hexanoyl lysine, and serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein were not affected by any administered vegetable dose. In this variable-dose vegetable study, a dose-response for plasma carotenoids was demonstrated without significant change in oxidative stress and inflammation in overweight, postmenopausal women.
Computer-Presented Video Models to Teach Generative Spelling to a Child with an Autism Spectrum Disorder:

We examined the use of computer video models and video rewards to teach generative spelling to a child with an autism spectrum disorder. In Phase 1, Ana viewed video models of her teacher writing t...
On polarization estimation using a polarization sensitive array

This paper studies three polarization estimation techniques with a uniform linear array of crossed dipoles. All three may be used to compute the polarization estimates of impinging narrow-band electromagnetic plane waves. Statistical performance analysis of the estimators is provided for high signal-to-noise ratio. Numerical results are presented to compare the performance of the estimators and to compare theoretical analysis and Monte-Carlo simulation results. >
Arterial oxygenation associated with portopulmonary hypertension.

Study objectives To characterize arterial oxygenation in patients referred to Mayo Clinic for liver transplantation with a diagnosis of portopulmonary hypertension (portoPH). Design Prospective study. Setting Liver transplantation program and pulmonary hypertension clinic in a tertiary referral center. Participants Twenty consecutive patients with abnormal pulmonary hemodynamics documented by right-heart catheterization (mean pulmonary artery pressure [MPAP] ≥ 25 mm Hg, pulmonary vascular resistance [PVR] ≥ 120 dyne·s·cm −5 , and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure [PCWP] ≤ 15 mm Hg). Liver transplant candidates with normal pulmonary hemodynamics via screening Doppler echocardiography (n = 40) served as control subjects. A subgroup of patients underwent postural and inspired 100% oxygen blood gas analysis, contrast echocardiography, and technetium-labeled macroaggregated albumin ( 99m TcMAA) lung/brain scanning to identify and quantitate the degree of intracardiac or intrapulmonary shunting. Measurements and results portoPH was moderate to severe (MPAP > 35 mm Hg) in 18 of 20 patients (90%). Arterial-alveolar oxygen pressure gradient (P[A-a]O 2 ) was abnormal (≥ 20 mm Hg) in 16 of 20 patients (80%). Pa o 2 was abnormal (≤ 70 mm Hg) in 3 of 20 patients (15%). Pa 0 2 was significantly less and P(A-a)O 2 was significantly greater compared to control subjects (p 99m TcMAA brain uptake ( Conclusions Arterial oxygenation associated with portoPH was frequently abnormal and significantly worse when compared to patients with normal pulmonary hemodynamics by Doppler echocardiography. Hypoxemia, as measured by Pa o 2 and P(A-a)O 2 , was usually mild even in the setting of moderate-to-severe portoPH.
Doing Gender, Determining Gender: Transgender People, Gender Panics, and the Maintenance of the Sex/Gender/Sexuality System

This article explores “determining gender,” the umbrella term for social practices of placing others in gender categories. We draw on three case studies showcasing moments of conflict over who counts as a man and who counts as a woman: public debates over the expansion of transgender employment rights, policies determining eligibility of transgender people for competitive sports, and proposals to remove the genital surgery requirement for a change of sex marker on birth certificates. We show that criteria for determining gender differ across social spaces. Gender-integrated spaces are more likely to use identity-based criteria, while gender-segregated spaces, like the sexual spaces we have previously examined (Schilt and Westbrook 2009), are more likely to use biology-based criteria. In addition, because of beliefs that women are inherently vulnerable and men are dangerous, “men’s” and “women’s” spaces are not policed equally—making access to women’s spaces central to debates over transgender rights.
Spring leaf flush in aspen (Populus tremuloides) clones is altered by long-term growth at elevated carbon dioxide and elevated ozone concentration.

Early spring leaf out is important to the success of deciduous trees competing for light and space in dense forest plantation canopies. In this study, we investigated spring leaf flush and how long-term growth at elevated carbon dioxide concentration ([CO 2 ]) and elevated ozone concentration ([0 3] ) altered leaf area index development in a closed Populus tremuloides (aspen) canopy. This work was done at the Aspen FACE experiment where aspen clones have been grown since 1997 in conditions simulating the [CO 2 ] and [O 3 ] predicted for ~2050. The responses of two clones were compared during the first month of spring leaf out when C0 2 fumigation had begun, but 0 3 fumigation had not. Trees in elevated [CO 2 ] plots showed a stimulation of leaf area index (36%), while trees in elevated [0 3] plots had lower leaf area index (-20%). While individual leaf area was not significantly affected by elevated [CO 2 ], the photosynthetic operating efficiency of aspen leaves was significantly improved (51%). There were no significant differences in the way that the two aspen clones responded to elevated [CO 2 ]; however, the two clones responded differently to long-term growth at elevated [0 3] . The 0 3 -sensitive clone, 42E, had reduced individual leaf area when grown at elevated [0 3] (-32%), while the tolerant clone, 216, had larger mature leaf area at elevated [O 3 ] (46%). These results indicate a clear difference between the two clones in their long-term response to elevated [O 3 ], which could affect competition between the clones, and result in altered genotypic composition in future atmospheric conditions.
PREDATION ON NEONATE LARVAE OF DIAPREPES ABBREVIATUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN FLORIDA CITRUS: TESTING FOR DAILY PATTERNS OF NEONATE DROP, ANT PREDATORS AND CHEMICAL REPELLENCY

Abstract The root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.), is a major pest of Florida citrus. When neonate larvae hatch from egg masses in the citrus canopy and drop to the soil surface before burrowing down to the roots for feeding, they are vulnerable to ant predation. However, neonates are reported to produce a chemical repellent that lasts up to four days and reduces ant predation by about 40%. We assessed the daily pattern of neonate drop from egg masses under laboratory conditions (24°C, 70% RH, L:D = 12:12), examined the role of ants as predators of neonates (<48 h post hatch) on the soil surface in three citrus groves in central Florida, and tested for chemical repellency in the field by comparing predation rates on 5-day versus 1-2 h old neonates. Neonate drop was not well synchronized within or among egg masses, occurred during all hours of the light and dark phases, and extended over 5 to 23 h (mean = 11.97, SE = 0.866) for individual egg masses (n = 29). However, the drop rate was highest during th...
Morphological and autoradiographic studies of cleft palate induced in rat embryos by maternal hypervitaminosis A

In the laboratory many teratogenic procedures have been found to produce cleft palate in conjunction with other congenital malformations (Kalter & Warkany, 1959), but only in embryos of cortisone treated mice has this malformation been reported to occur singly (Baxter & Fraser, 1950). However, a carefully controlled treatment with hypervitaminosis A can produce a high incidence of cleft palate which is only rarely accompanied by other malformations (Giroud & Martinet, 1956). These two teratogenic treatments have other similarities in that both similarly affect the ultimate chemical composition of tissues. That is, both in vivo and in vitro, cortisone depresses the ability of tissues to synthesize chondroitin sulfate (Layton, 1951a, 1951b; Schiller & Dorfman, 1957) and, in animals receiving excessive doses of vitamin A, chondroitin sulfate was removed from the matrix of epiphyseal and articular cartilages (Thomas et al., 1960).
Dynamics of Frying

Publisher Summary Frying, one of the most important methods of food preparation, is widely used by both the food industry and consumers. Its popularity continues to grow, even with the media now stressing reduced dietary oil consumption and reduction in trans fatty acids in the diets. Fats and oils have unique properties that add to the flavor and mouth feel most desirable in overall food palatability. Deep fat frying is a popular restaurant preparation technique because it is fast and convenient. Frying is deceptively simple, yet it is one of the least understood methods of food preparation. Types of frying include pan/griddle, deep fat, and industrial/continuous frying. In all cases, the oil provides an effective medium for energy transfer from the heat source to the food. Proper frying practice as well as the most appropriate frying oil or shortening is generally determined by experience. Production of desirable characteristics in fried food depends on the heat capacity of the frying medium, thermal conductivity of the food, proper temperature differentials between the oil and food, dehydration on the surface of the food, and oil absorption and interaction with food components to develop the desired texture and flavor. This chapter provides an overview of the dynamics of frying. It discusses heat transfer and mass transfer, along with mass changes during frying.
Fatigue Performance of Tire Belt Cords

Abstract At the Fall Meeting of the Division in Chicago, the results of a program to develop a new method for evaluating tire belt cords and belt fabric in dynamic axial fatigue were presented. This paper describes the correlation of that test with tires built and tested in wheel and track tests designed, as was the dynamic fatigue test, to fail cords at an accelerated rate. We are encouraged by the correlation which we have observed between the ranking of cords in the laboratory evaluation and the performance rating of tires built with these cords as the belt reinforcement.
A New Season

Federal crop insurance began in 1938 as a focused program to correct certain perceived market failures. It has transformed into a massive wealth transfer scheme that is frequently the subject of supposed legislative reforms. Yet each wave of changes has, for the most part, moved the program further away from economic rationality and exacerbated its distortion of incentives and inefficiency.
Direct Packer Buying in the Marketing of Livestock

ward these market centers evolved in response to the requirements of efficient country disposal as well as to the requirements of slaughterers and all manner of packers and processors for a dependable and adequate supply of animals for their operations. The establishment and development of these trading centers constitutes a very important chapter in the history of livestock marketing. For the purposes of this paper it is not necessary to give an account of the rise of these centers of trade as the livestock industry moved westward across the country until they surrounded that section of the country where livestock production has become increasingly localized. It will suffice merely to note here that they have provided gateways for the cattle and sheep of the prairies in their movement into the feed lots of corn belt farmers or to slaughtering centers, as well as convenient market places for the finished hogs, cattle and sheep of corn belt feeders. There is another development in livestock marketing of quite different character. Since 1915 and particularly during the past ten years there has been a marked increase in number of hogs marketed directly from country dealers and farmers to packers and packer buyers rather than through the central markets. Substantially as high a percentage of cattle and sheep reach the packer through the medium of the public stockyard centers as at any other
CYP2E1: The Anesthesia Enzyme

This chapter discusses the genetics, metabolic actions, substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of cytochrome P450 2E1.
Dopaminergic Modulation of Renin Activity and Aldosterone and Prolactin Secretion in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

AbstractThe effect of metoclopramide, a dopamine antagonist, and L-dopa on plasma aldosterone (PA), plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma prolactin (PRL) was studied in eight spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and eight Wistar-Kyoto normotensive rats (WKY). Basal PRL levels were greater (P < 0.005) in the SHR (24.3 ± 1.0 ng/ml) than in the WKY (13.7 ± 0.7 ng/ml). Baseline PA in the SHR (49.9 ± 7.2 ng/dl), although higher, were not statistically different from those in the WKY (38.0 ± 7.0 ng/dl). Basal PRA in the SHR (11.0 ± 0.6 ng/ml hr-1) was not different from that of WKY (11.4 ± 0.8 ng/ml hr-1). Although both groups of rats displayed significant PA, PRA, and PRL responses to metoclopramide the responses were greater (P < 0.01) in the SHR. These responses to metoclopramide remained exaggerated even after the rats were pretreated with L-dopa. However, administration of L-dopa resulted in similar suppression of all three hormones in the SHR and in the WKY. These findings suggest that there is altered...
783 SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF KAWASAKI DISEASE WITH HIGH-DOSE ASPIRIN

20 children with Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome (Kawasaki Disease) were seen over an 18 month period; 12 cases occurred during one month suggesting a mini-epidemic. Originally very ill patients were treated with prednisone which controlled the process, including pericarditis with tamponade, within 12 hours. The syndrome was also found to respond well to aspirin . Initially patients do not absorb aspirin sati sfactorily, resulting in low serum levels and lack of therapeutic response. Doses as high as 185 mg/kg/day of aspirin may be required to achieve a therapeutic blood level and excellent response. We now initiate therapy with 150 mg/kg/day in 6 divided doses. As the patients improve, aspirin absorption returns to normal and the dose is lowered to around 100 mg/kg/day. These observations have led to reduction in hospitalization from weeks to days, and more recently, with ease of prompt diagnosis, to out-patient management of early cases.
Bark beetle mortality in trees injected with cacodylic acid (herbicide).

Fast-acting-herbicides containing cacodylic acid (dimethylarsenic acid) significantly reduced broods of Dendroctonus adjunctus (Hopkins), D. obesus (Mannerheim). D. ponderosae Hopkins, and D. pseudotsugae Hopkins in naturally infested trees. The chemical was injected directly into the sap stream near ground level. Application was made soon after the attack, before most of the eggs had hatched
Introduction to Special Issue on the Oil Industry

This issue brings together five articles on the modern petroleum industry. Two cover the growth of the industry in the early twentieth century: Michael Adamson’s study of the development by independent oilman Ralph Lloyd of California’s coastal oil region; and the study by Lisa Bud-Frierman, Andrew Godley, and Judith Wale of the British entrepreneur Weetman Pearson’s operations in Mexico. Two articles treat the post-World War II period: Nathan Citano looks at the budding interests of U.S. oilmen in the Middle East and Daniele Pozzi traces the transformation of the Italian company ENI into an international oil firm. Finally, Keetie Slyterman examines the ways in which Royal Dutch Shell handled environmental issues from its inception in 1907 to the present. The issue also contains a survey of recent historiography on the oil industry in Latin America by Marcelo Bucheli and a review essay by James Bamberg on the recent four-volume history of Royal Dutch Shell.
Causal relations from kinematic simulations.

Reasoners distinguish between different types of causal relations, such as causes, enabling conditions, and preventions. Psychologists disagree about the representations that give rise to the different relations, but agree that mental simulations play a central role in inferring them. We explore how causal relations are extracted from mental simulations. The theory of mental models posits that people use a kinematic simulation to infer possibilities. It predicts that causes should be easier to infer than enabling conditions, and that the time it takes to infer a causal relation should correlate with the number of moves in a mental simulation. To test these two predictions, we adapted a railway domain designed to elicit mental simulations, and we devised problems in which reasoners had to infer causal relations from simulations of the movements of cars in this domain. Two studies corroborated the model theory's predictions. We discuss the results in light of recent theories of causation and mental simulation.
TBI’s Long-Term Follow-up — Slow Progress in Science and Recovery

The frequency of traumatic brain injuries incurred in the war on terrorism inspired the VA to create a multidisciplinary “polytrauma system of care.” But it may still take outside support to keep veterans like David Emme and Jason Pepper from falling through the cracks.
Neoliberalism and the Production of Enemies: The Commercial Logic of Yahoo! News

The study of commercial media offers one of the best ways to gain an understanding of the role of violence in contemporary society, not in terms of an instrumental concern with “the effects” of violence on individuals, though this question has some limited importance, but rather in the sense of how, within the contemporary neoliberal context, media systematically normalize and justify violence as an outcome of their commercial organization. Such an approach focuses on several aspects of how media operate including (1) how commercial media collapse the distinction between news, entertainment, and advertising, (2) how conceptualizing audiences as commodities leads to their segmentation and isolation, (3) how this process of segmentation breaks down the possibility of reasonable democratic deliberation while (4) reinforcing biases and other polarizing dynamics among audiences, (5) how violence and the production of enemies serve useful marketing goals within commercial content, and (6) the role of commercial media in the broader neoliberal political economy. This chapter examines these intertwined questions by taking Yahoo! News as a case study of commercialized media content and exemplar of contemporary sophism.
Low-Temperature MBE Growth of III-V Materials on Si Substrates

We investigate the molecular-beam epitaxial (MBE) growth of GaAs and In0.6Ga0.4As on Si substrates at low substrate temperatures. Such materials may allow direct integration of ultrafast photodetectors into Si- based integrated circuits. Femtosecond time-resolved surface reflectivity and photoconductor switching are used to explore material photonic properties. We observe free carrier lifetimes as short as <500 fs and photoconductor electrical responses as short as 600 fs.
Numerical Computation of Separated Flows with Heat Transfer

Numerical strategies for predicting laminar and turbulent two-dimensional, steady, incompressible flows over rearward facing steps are discussed. The predictions of several numerical schemes are compared with available experimental data for flows with heat transfer. The laminar predictions compare favorably with experimental measurements but the need for further work is evident from the comparisons for turbulent flow.
RELATING ACCUMULATOR MODEL PARAMETERS AND NEURAL DYNAMICS

Accumulator models explain decision-making as an accumulation of evidence to a response threshold. Specific model parameters are associated with specific model mechanisms, such as the time when accumulation begins, the average rate of evidence accumulation, and the threshold. These mechanisms determine both the within-trial dynamics of evidence accumulation and the predicted behavior. Cognitive modelers usually infer what mechanisms vary during decision-making by seeing what parameters vary when a model is fitted to observed behavior. The recent identification of neural activity with evidence accumulation suggests that it may be possible to directly infer what mechanisms vary from an analysis of how neural dynamics vary. However, evidence accumulation is often noisy, and noise complicates the relationship between accumulator dynamics and the underlying mechanisms leading to those dynamics. To understand what kinds of inferences can be made about decision-making mechanisms based on measures of neural dynamics, we measured simulated accumulator model dynamics while systematically varying model parameters. In some cases, decision- making mechanisms can be directly inferred from dynamics, allowing us to distinguish between models that make identical behavioral predictions. In other cases, however, different parameterized mechanisms produce surprisingly similar dynamics, limiting the inferences that can be made based on measuring dynamics alone. Analyzing neural dynamics can provide a powerful tool to resolve model mimicry at the behavioral level, but we caution against drawing inferences based solely on neural analyses. Instead, simultaneous modeling of behavior and neural dynamics provides the most powerful approach to understand decision-making and likely other aspects of cognition and perception.
OxyContin was submitted and justifiably approved by the agency as a 12-hour dosage form.

Extended-release (ER) or long-acting (LA) opioids are increasingly used for management of chronic pain. Approximately 3.8 million patients receive prescriptions for ER/LA opioids in the US.1 The number of prescriptions dispensed for ER/LA has more than doubled over the past decade, increasing from 9.3 million in 2000 to 22.9 million in 2009. Consequently, in 2012, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy for ER/LA opioids.2
Efficient frequency invariant beamforming using virtual arrays

In wideband array processing, frequency invariant beamforming provides a popular means to make the beampattern allpass with respect to frequency. Traditionally, such beampatterns are realized as a two dimensional filter, using tapped delay-line (TDL) filters following each spatial sensor. However it has been recently shown that with the help of a rectangular antenna array, it is possible to generate fixed frequency invariant beampatterns without using filters. In this paper, this concept is generalized to the case of two dimensional arrays with elements on a (possibly nonseparable) lattice. Since performance of the frequency invariant beamformer depends on the number of sensors which could be large for a 2D array of size M × N, a novel approach to beamforming based on the difference co-array of a physical array is also proposed, which avoids use of additional physical sensors. The realization of the frequency invariant beams using second order statistics of the impinging signal with only M + N physical sensors, instead of the two dimensional array of size M×N, is demonstrated. The usefulness of the proposed method is verified through computer simulation.1
Simulation of Energy Used by Foodservice Infrared Heating Equipment with Bentonite Models of Menu Items1

Bentonite-water dispersions were used to simulate 10 menu items heat processed to various degrees of doneness in a foodservice infrared conveyorized oven. Bentonite is an absorptive and colloidal clay with several industrial uses, including simulation of heat transfer mechanisms within the canning industry. Ratios of bentonite to water ranging from 60-78.5% were used and several trends were revealed. First, differences in evaporation losses between the menu items and the bentonite models were least when steaks were simulated to a medium stage of doneness (40-41 C). Second, the mean product yields for the bentonite models tended to be greater than for the menu items, largely because drip loss was not stimulated. Third, when energy usage was monitored during heat processing of three kinds of steak menu items and bentonite models, no significant differences in energy usage were revealed between the menu items and the models. A potential use for models of bentonite-water dispersions during energy studies of foodservice heating equipment was identified.
A mathematical framework for analyzing drug combination toxicity for personalized medicine applications

The use of drug combinations to increase efficacy and lower resistance to therapy for personalized cancer medicine is being commonly recognized. Approaches have been recently designed to address the selection of drug combinations that can be highly effective across tumor cells but limited research have been conducted on the toxicity of these unique drug combinations. In this article, we approach this problem of combination drug toxicity by analyzing drug synergy over in vitro normal cell lines and generate combination drug concentrations whose combined effect on normal cell lines is less than the maximum monotherapy effect at approved concentrations. We present a mathematical framework for combination response estimation among multiple cell cultures along with stochastic analysis of prediction uncertainty. Results indicate the ability of the proposed framework to generate feasibly combination drug concentrations satisfying monotherapy toxicity constraints.
Structural basis for rifamycin resistance of bacterial RNA polymerase by the three most clinically important RpoB mutations found in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Summary Since 1967, Rifampin (RMP, a Rifamycin) has been used as a first line antibiotic treatment for tuberculosis (TB), and it remains the cornerstone of current short-term TB treatment. Increased occurrence of Rifamycin-resistant (RIFR) TB, ∼41% of which results from the RpoB S531L mutation in RNA polymerase (RNAP), has become a growing problem worldwide. In this study, we determined the X-ray crystal structures of the Escherichia coli RNAPs containing the most clinically important S531L mutation and two other frequently observed RIFR mutants, RpoB D516V and RpoB H526Y. The structures reveal that the S531L mutation imparts subtle if any structural or functional impact on RNAP in the absence of RIF. However, upon RMP binding, the S531L mutant exhibits a disordering of the RIF binding interface, which effectively reduces the RMP affinity. In contrast, the H526Y mutation reshapes the RIF binding pocket, generating significant steric conflicts that essentially prevent any RIF binding. While the D516V mutant does not exhibit any such gross structural changes, certainly the electrostatic surface of the RIF binding pocket is dramatically changed, likely resulting in the decreased affinity for RIFs. Analysis of interactions of RMP with three common RIFR mutant RNAPs suggests that modifications to RMP may recover its efficacy against RIFR TB.
Assessing accuracy and precision for space-based measurements of carbon dioxide: An associated statistical methodology revisited

Analyzing retrieval accuracy and precision is an important element of space‐based CO_2 retrievals. However, this error analysis is sometimes challenging to perform rigorously because of the subtlety of Multivariate Statistics. To help address this issue, we revisit some fundamentals of Multivariate Statistics that help reveal the statistical essence of the associated error analysis. We show that the related statistical methodology is useful for revealing the intrinsic discrepancy and relation between the retrieval error for a nonzero‐variate CO_2 state and that for a zero‐variate one. Our study suggests that the two scenarios essentially yield the same‐magnitude accuracy, while the latter scenario yields a better precision than the former. We also use this methodology to obtain a rigorous framework systematically and explore a broadly used approximate framework for analyzing CO_2 retrieval errors. The approximate framework introduces errors due to an essential, but often forgotten, fact that a priori climatology in reality is never equal to the true state. Due to the nature of the problem considered, realistic numerical simulations that produce synthetic spectra may be more appropriate than remote sensing data for our specific exploration. As highlighted in our retrieval simulations, utilizing the approximate framework may not be universally satisfactory in assessing the accuracy and precision of X_(co_2) retrievals (with errors up to 0.17–0.28 ppm and 1.4–1.7 ppm, respectively, at SNR = 400). In situ measurements of CO_2 are needed to further our understanding of this issue and related implications.