cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sea level rise, spatially uneven and temporally unsteady: Why the U.S. East Coast, the global tide gauge record, and the global altimeter data show different trends

[1] Impacts of ocean dynamics on spatial and temporal variations in sea level rise (SLR) along the U.S. East Coast are characterized by empirical mode decomposition analysis and compared with global SLR. The findings show a striking latitudinal SLR pattern. Sea level acceleration consistent with a weakening Gulf Stream is maximum just north of Cape Hatteras and decreasing northward, while SLR driven by multidecadal variations, possibly from climatic variations in subpolar regions, is maximum in the north and decreasing southward. The combined impact of sea level acceleration and multidecadal variations explains why the global mean SLR obtained from ~20 years of altimeter data is about twice the century-long global SLR obtained from tide gauge data. The sea level difference between Bermuda and the U.S. coast is highly correlated with the transport of the Atlantic Overturning Circulation, a result with implications for detecting past and future climatic changes using tide gauge data.
A comparison of gender role portrayals in magazine advertising

Examines the roles of men and women depicted in magazine advertising in The Netherlands, Sweden and the USA and attempts to discern any implication for advertisers crossing these cultural boundaries. Explores the relationship between role models depicted and Hofstede′s Masculinity index. Most of the roles shown for men and women are non‐working roles in all three countries. Within the non‐working roles, US and Dutch magazine advertisers are more likely to portray men and women in decorative roles than Swedish advertisers, who are more likely to portray men and women in recreational and family roles. This suggests that Swedish magazine advertisers feel more comfortable showing men and women, but especially women, in more of a variety of non‐working roles than do their Dutch and US counterparts.
Transepidermal elimination of elastic fibers after carbon dioxide laser resurfacing. A report of two cases

background. Laser resurfacing for rhytides and dermatoheliosis is becoming more popular. As more procedures are performed, new side effects and complications are reported. methods. We report two cases of transepidermal elimination of elastic fibers after laser resurfacing with the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser for rhytides. Both patients presented with yellow to violaceous papules (one with papules near the lateral eyelid margins, and one with papules over the forehead and cheeks) at 18–22 days after laser resurfacing. Biopsy specimens were taken from both patients and revealed transepidermal elastic fiber elimination. conclusion. To our knowledge, this has not been reported in the literature previously. We report these cases to make the clinician aware of this potential side effect after laser resurfacing and review the literature on side effects and complications of laser skin resurfacing as well as associations with transepidermal elimination of elastic fibers.
Archery as a Physical Education Activity

(1935). Archery as a Physical Education Activity. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 32-54.
False Positive Control for Genome-Wide ChIP-Chip Tiling Arrays

Chromatin immunoprecipitation of DNA segments followed by microarray hybridization (ChIP-Chip) is a powerful tool for studying protein–DNA interactions in vivo. Applying this technology with high-density oligonucleotide tiling arrays allows precise localization of transcription factor binding in the whole-genome scale [1, 2]. A typical tiling array chip contains 4 × 105 DNA probes (oligonucleotide of 25–100 bp long) tiled at every 30–100 bp on the genome. ChIP-Chip data is thus an array of hybridization intensities measured from the ordered probes. Large intensity values are called peaks, and the probe locations of these peaks indicate the most likely positions of protein–DNA binding. The task is therefore to find statistically significantly large peaks and their corresponding locations on the genome, which is referred to as peak-calling. Probe intensities of multiple adjacent probes are positively correlated due to the large size of sheared DNA fragments. As a result, regions containing many large values of hybridization intensities are more likely to cover a true protein–DNA binding site than regions containing just a single peak. The positive correlation structure of adjacent probes raises a statistically challenging problem for estimating the significance of peaks under the context of multiple testings. The well-known Bonferroni method is too conservative for estimating the family-wise type I error rate in peakcalling, because the method assumes independence between tests. Alternatively, one may want to control the false discovery rate (FDR) introduced by Benjamini and Hochberg [3]. However, when tests are positively correlated, the estimated proportion of false rejections can have large variability. More importantly, significant peaks tend to be clustered, making the usual FDR control on individual tests inappropriate.
Discovering Latent Domains for Multisource Domain Adaptation

Recent domain adaptation methods successfully learn cross-domain transforms to map points between source and target domains. Yet, these methods are either restricted to a single training domain, or assume that the separation into source domains is known a priori. However, most available training data contains multiple unknown domains. In this paper, we present both a novel domain transform mixture model which outperforms a single transform model when multiple domains are present, and a novel constrained clustering method that successfully discovers latent domains. Our discovery method is based on a novel hierarchical clustering technique that uses available object category information to constrain the set of feasible domain separations. To illustrate the effectiveness of our approach we present experiments on two commonly available image datasets with and without known domain labels: in both cases our method outperforms baseline techniques which use no domain adaptation or domain adaptation methods that presume a single underlying domain shift.
High-Resolution Scintimammography: A Pilot Study

This study evaluated a novel high-resolution breast-specific gamma camera (HRBGC) for the detection of suggestive breast lesions. Methods: Fifty patients (with 58 breast lesions) for whom a scintimammogram was clinically indicated were prospectively evaluated with a general-purpose gamma camera and a novel HRBGC prototype. The results of conventional and high-resolution nuclear studies were prospectively classified as negative (normal or benign) or positive (suggestive or malignant) by 2 radiologists who were unaware of the mammographic and histologic results. All of the included lesions were confirmed by pathology. Results: There were 30 benign and 28 malignant lesions. The sensitivity for detection of breast cancer was 64.3% (18/28) with the conventional camera and 78.6% (22/28) with the HRBGC. The specificity with both systems was 93.3% (28/30). For the 18 nonpalpable lesions, sensitivity was 55.5% (10/18) and 72.2% (13/18) with the general-purpose camera and the HRBGC, respectively. For lesions ≤ 1 cm, 7 of 15 were detected with the general-purpose camera and 10 of 15 with the HRBGC. Four lesions (median size, 8.5 mm) were detected only with the HRBGC and were missed by the conventional camera. Conclusion: Evaluation of indeterminate breast lesions with an HRBGC results in improved sensitivity for the detection of cancer, with greater improvement shown for nonpalpable and ≤1-cm lesions.
In Vitro Reconstitution of Phagosome-Endosome Fusion: Evidence for Regulation by Heterotrimeric Gtpases

We have assessed the role of heterotrimeric GTPases on in vitro fusion of phagosomes and endosomes. Highly purified phagosomes were found to contain G alpha s, G alpha i1, G alpha i2, G alpha i3, and G beta subunits of heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins. A functional role for G proteins was established using an in vitro phagosome-endosome fusion assay. First, addition of AlF4- and purified G beta gamma subunits to the in vitro assay blocked fusion, indicating that heterotrimeric G proteins may play a role, either direct or indirect, in phagosome maturation. Second, a striking inhibitory effect was observed when the vesicles were incubated with peptides that preferentially activate G alpha s. A similar effect on phagosome-endosome fusion was observed with cholera toxin, a reagent known to activate G alpha s. Our results suggest that one or more heterotrimeric G proteins, including Gs, mediate and/or regulate phagosome-endosome fusion.
Paraneoplastic syndromes: an unsolved murder.

With neuroimmunology playing an ever greater role in child neurology, paraneoplastic syndromes—uncommon but often devastating complications of cancer—are in the forefront. Abnormalities of both humoral and cellular immunity support the immunological theory of causation. Through co-complicity of host and tumor factors, targets of immunologically mediated injury remote from the tumor may be damaged or destroyed, giving rise to discrete neurological deficits. In the nervous system, the main targets are neuronal nuclei or cell bodies, structural constituents, surface receptors, synapses, and ion channels. The clinical syndromes and response to treatment differ substantially between children and adults. Current pharmacological and biological therapies, which are nonselective, include noncytotoxic and cytotoxic drugs, intravenous immunoglobulins, plasma exchange, and immunoadsorption, some chosen for induction and others for maintenance. Tumor resection and thymectomy are surgical treatments. Combination immunotherapies allow steroid sparing, targeting of more than one immunologic effector pathway, and deploy an advantageous mixture of early- and late-acting drugs. More selective and efficacious immunotherapies are needed.
Feasible parameter design spaces for force and root-mean-square moment balancing an in-line 4R 4-bar synthesized for kinematic criteria

Abstract The paper contains application oriented additions to the theory developed by Berkof and Lowen for root-mean-square (RMS) shaking moment optimization of a force balanced in-line 4R 4-bar linkage. The theory is extended to the problem of force-RMS moment balancing by mass redistribution when all link length ratios are fixed to satisfy kinematic design criteria. Feasible parameter design spaces and parameter inter-relationship monographs are presented. These aid in the selection of numerical values for five of the eight design parameters so that the three balancing equations can be solved for physically realistic values of the remaining three parameters.
Model-Based Performance Analysis of the Enthalpy Wheel

A mathematic model of an enthalpy wheel has been developed to analyze its performance based on energy and mass balance and heat and mass transfer correlation in the enthalpy wheel. It is a one-dimensional transient model solved by the finite volume method. Both summer and winter conditions were studied to explore the impact on the performance of an enthalpy wheel from various design and operating conditions such as the wheel depth, process air face velocity, isotherm coefficient (C), and the maximum water content. The model result predicted that the total effectiveness of the enthalpy wheel is at range of 50∼75% at typical operation condition. The depth of wheel and the face velocity of process air play an important role in the performance of the enthalpy wheel, compared to the other studied parameters. The increase of the wheel depth from 0.15 meter to 0.3 meter can improve the total effectiveness of the enthalpy wheel from 53% and 58% to 72% and 69% in summer and winter. The increase of process air face velocity from 0.5 m/s to 1.5 m/s reduces the total effectiveness of the enthalpy wheel from 75% to 50%.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Periodic solutions of a forced system with hysteresis.

Hysteresis damping arising in an oscillatory system due to the phenomenon of slip damping analyzed by Goodman and Klumpp (1956) is considered. An idealized physical model is proposed, and the existence of certain periodic motions is investigated in a system with small forcing which are near the largest periodic motion in a corresponding unforced system. Periodic solutions of the forced system are obtained.-
Identification of paternal half-siblings by captive Belding's ground squirrels

The ability of yearling Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi) to discriminate their familiar (reared together) siblings, unfamiliar (reared apart) paternal half-siblings, and unfamiliar unrelated conspecifics was investigated. During paired-encounter tests in an arena, pairs composed of siblings were significantly less agonistic than pairs composed of half-siblings or unrelated ground squirrels, regardless of the sex of the interactants. In turn, pairs composed of half-siblings were less agonistic than those composed of unrelated individuals, but differences were significant only for female-female pairs (half-sisters compared with unrelated females), not male-male or male-female pairs. Thus, Belding's ground squirrels distinguished familiar (siblings) from unfamiliar conspecifics (paternal halfsiblings and unrelated animals). In addition, females distinguished their paternal half-sisters from unrelated females, a discrimination that cannot be explained by the simple ‘familiarity’ which results from being reared together, since paternal half-sisters did not associate with each other pre-or post-natally. The sophisticated discriminations made by females in captivity parallel the social favouritism directed toward some categories of closely related females (but not males) in the field, although the spatial and temporal coexistence of free-living paternal half-sisters and their social relations have not yet been described.
Standing at a kiosk: Effects of key size and spacing on touch screen numeric keypad performance and user preference

Touch screen input keys compete with other information for limited screen space. The present study estimated the smallest key size that would not degrade performance or user satisfaction. Twenty participants used finger touches to enter one, four or 10 digits in a numeric keypad displayed on a capacitive touch screen, while standing in front of a touch screen kiosk. Key size (10, 15, 20, 25 mm square) and edge-to-edge key spacing (1, 3 mm) were factorially combined. Performance was evaluated with response time and errors, and user preferences were obtained. Spacing had no measurable effects. Entry times were longer and errors were higher for smaller key sizes, but no significant differences were found between key sizes of 20 and 25 mm. Participants also preferred 20 mm keys to smaller keys, and they were indifferent between 20 and 25 mm keys. Therefore, a key size of 20 mm was found to be sufficiently large for land-on key entry.
Tax Expenditures for Local Governments

Foregone revenues of state and local governments have been mostly unreported. This is still a neglected subject in governmental accounting. Such significant amounts can make a difference in the choice between direct and indirect spending, and more budget officers are expected to consider the tax expenditure report as a supplement to budget documents.
UN/RE‐CONSTRUCTING THE AGRARIAN DREAM: GOING BACK‐TO‐THE‐LAND WITH AN ORGANIC MARKETING CO‐OPERATIVE IN SOUTH‐CENTRAL PENNSYLVANIA, USA

This paper employs a cultural-economic approach to understanding the labour model strategies employed by an organic marketing co-operative in a rural community of south-central Pennsylvania. The co-operative is composed of self-described ‘back-to-the-landers’, who are motivated by an agrarian dream of a better quality of life, making a living off the land and contributing to the environmental sustainability of farming. Organic agriculture as a technical practice with a lucrative market holds the promise of realising these dreams, and the co-operative functions as an alternative food network that delivers organic produce to a regional market. The members of the co-operative employ a diversity of labour strategies, some of which reproduce the labour processes and outcomes of the conventional food systems, and others which (sometimes simultaneously) configure new social and economic relations with farm workers.
Powers to Be: Art and Technology in Heidegger and Foucault

Etude de la relation entre l'esthetique, le pouvoir et la force dans la problematique de la techne et de la poiesis etudiee par Foucault et Heidegger dans le contexte post-nietzscheen de la modernite poetique et technologique. Examinant le lien entre physis, poesie et langage chez Heidegger, d'une part, ainsi que sa conception non-instrumentale et non-anthropologique de la technologique, d'autre part, l'A. montre que l'esthetique de l'existence developpee par Foucault permet de repenser la conception du poetique chez Heidegger contre la pensee calculatrice de la modernite
Residuals in nonlinear regression

Abstract : The authors employ a quadratic expansion to investigate the behavior of the ordinary residuals in nonlinear regression. In particular, they derive quadratic approximations for the mean and variance of the ordinary residuals, and the covariances between the ordinary residuals and the fitted values. This investigation leads to the conclusion that the ordinary residuals can produce misleading results when used in diagnostic methods analogous to those for linear regression. Consequently, a new type of residual that overcomes many of the potential shortcomings of the ordinary residuals is suggested. (Author)
Photosynthetic suspended-growth systems in aquaculture

Standardized evaluation and rating of biofilters for aquaculture should be assessed in the context of the economic efficiency of ecological services (waste assimilation, nutrient recycling, and internal food production) provided by earthen ponds, and the availability and cost of land, water, and electrical energy resources required to support particular classes of production systems. In photosynthetic suspended-growth systems, water quality control is achieved by a combination of natural and mechanical processes. Natural processes include photosynthesis of oxygen, algal nutrient uptake, coupled nitrification-denitrification, and organic matter oxidation; mechanical processes include aeration and water circulation. Ammonia is controlled by a combination of phytoplankton uptake, nitrification, and immobilization by bacteria. Unlike biofilters for recirculating aquaculture systems, unit processes are combined and are an integral part of the culture unit. The important design and operational considerations for photosynthetic suspended-growth systems include temperature effects, aeration and mixing, quantity and quality of loaded organic matter, and fish water quality tolerance limits. The principle advantages of photosynthetic suspended-growth systems are lower capital costs relative to other recirculating aquaculture systems and increased control over stock management relative to conventional static ponds. The main disadvantage is the relatively low degree of control over water quality and phytoplankton density, metabolism, and community composition relative to other recirculating aquaculture systems. Examples of photosynthetic suspended-growth systems include semi-intensive ponds, intensively aerated outdoor lined ponds, combined intensive-extensive ponds, partitioned aquaculture systems, greenwater tanks, greenwater tanks with solids removal, and greenwater recirculating aquaculture systems.
Influence of Acute Melatonin Treatment and Light on the Circadian Melatonin Rhythm in the Djungarian Hamster

The present study tested the hypothesis that acute melatonin treatment affects the biological clock mechanism controlling the circadian melatonin rhythm. Adult Djungarian hamsters were raised in LD 16:8 (lights-on from 0300 to 1900 hr). Pineal and serum melatonin concentrations were assessed at specific clock times during the subsequent LD cycle (day 1) and afterwards in hamsters that remained in constant darkness (day 2), to assess the effects of treatment on the circadian melatonin rhythm. In untreated controls (n = 76), melatonin increased in the pineal and in circulation within the first hour after lights-off (day 1) or subjective night (day 2); melatonin concentrations remained elevated for up to 7 hr. A single melatonin injection (5 micrograms/0.2 ml saline, s.c.), administered in the morning (0900 hr, n = 80) or late afternoon (1600 hr, n = 74), transiently increased in circulation but not in the pineal gland. In constant darkness (day 2), the circadian melatonin rhythm in both the pineal gland and circulation was the same as that in untreated controls. No significant differences were found among the three groups in the mean concentration during the day or night; the rise, fall, peak time, peak amplitude, and duration of increased melatonin were also unchanged. The ability of melatonin to override the effect of a light pulse on the circadian melatonin rhythm was also tested. The 5-min light pulse at night (2300-2305 hr of day 1, n = 64) delayed the rise and shortened the duration of increased melatonin in both pineal gland and serum by as much as 3 hr (day 2); these light effects were more pronounced on the pineal than on the serum melatonin rhythm. Injection with melatonin prior to the light pulse (5 micrograms/0.2 ml saline at 2245 hr, n = 64) failed to alter the inhibitory effects of light on the circadian melatonin rhythm. These data suggest that the biological clock mechanism controlling the circadian melatonin rhythm in the Djungarian hamster in long days is responsive to the phase-shifting effects of light, but resistant to the influence of acute melatonin treatment.
Efficiency of CO2 Dissociation in a Radio-Frequency Discharge

One possible solution to mitigating the effects of high atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) is the use of a plasma source to break apart the molecule into carbon monoxide (CO) and oxygen. This work experimentally investigates the efficiency of dissociation of CO2 in a 1-kW radio-frequency (rf) plasma source operating at 13.56-MHz in a low-pressure discharge. Mass spectrometry diagnostics are used to determine the species present in the discharge, and these measurements are used to calculate the energy efficiency and conversion efficiency of CO2 dissociation in the rf plasma source. Experimental results have found that the conversion efficiency of CO2 to CO can reach values near 90%, however energy efficiency reaches a maximum of 3%. A theoretical energy cost analysis is also given as a method to evaluate the effectiveness of any plasma system designed for CO2 emissions reduction.
Determinants and clinical significance of persistent residual shunting in patients with percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure devices

Abstract Background Percutaneous patent foramen closure has emerged as a dynamic therapy for stroke prevention secondary to paradoxical embolism. Recent reports, however, have documented uncertain clinical efficacy and patients with incomplete PFO closure may remain at risk of recurrent events. We sought to identify echocardiographic determinants and the clinical significance of persistent residual shunting after percutaneous PFO closure. Methods From 2002 to 2008, 51 consecutive patients with recurrent stroke (n = 46) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) (n = 5) underwent percutaneous PFO closure at a tertiary care hospital. PFO size, degree of shunt, tunnel length, and atrial septal aneurysm geometry were documented at the time of device implantation. All patients received follow-up with transesophageal (n = 43) or transthoracic (n = 8) echocardiography 6.7 ± 2 months post procedure and presence of residual shunting and recurrent stroke/TIA were recorded. Results All patients underwent percutaneous PFO closure without complication. Ten patients (20%) demonstrated residual right-to-left shunting at the time of follow-up: color Doppler (2), mild (n = 3), moderate (n = 2) and severe (n = 3). Univariate analysis revealed larger PFO size (F = 4.71, p = 0.036) as the only independent predictor of residual shunting after PFO closure. Ninety six percent of patients remained stroke and TIA free 3 years ± 8 months post closure, with no clinical differences between the two groups. Conclusions In patients undergoing percutaneous PFO closure for stroke or TIA, a larger PFO size predisposes to residual shunting approximately 6 months post PFO closure, but with no short term increased risk of recurrent thromboembolic events.
Natural Law, the Corpus Mysticum, and Consent in Conciliar Thought from John of Paris to Matthias Ugonius

One, holy, catholic, apostolic.* Beginning with the four marks of the Church designated in the Nicene Creed, going on to pick out two of them, holiness and unity, and indulging in the type of simplification that teachers instinctively reach for but scholars often regret, let me advance the following proposition: that if it was the mark of holiness that gave rise to some of the earliest ecclesiological controversies of the Christian era, it was, rather, the mark of unity that lay at the heart of the most thoroughgoing of later medieval debates concerning the nature of the Church.' The thirteenth century has been characterized with some justice as belonging still to the "pre-history of ecclesiology."2 The same can hardly be said of the two centuries following, which were to witness a series of great challenges to the Church's traditional order that together generated a body of writings on matters ecclesiological at once more extensive, more varied, more developed, and more systematic than anything emerging from the centuries preceding. Of those challenges the one that will concern me here is that occasioned by the return of the papacy from Avignon to Rome, the disputed papal election of 1378, the onset, therefore, of what has gone down in history as the Great Schism of the West, and the agonizing failure of repeated attempts to end it.3 Of that body of writings I will be concerned
Molecular and morphological diversity of Narragansett Bay (RI, USA) Ulva (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) populations

Macroalgal bloom-forming species occur in coastal systems worldwide. However, due to overlapping morphologies in some taxa, accurate taxonomic assessment and classification of these species can be quite challenging. We investigated the molecular and morphological characteristics of 153 specimens of bloom-forming Ulva located in and around Narragansett Bay, RI, USA. We analyzed sequences of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 1 region (ITS1) and the chloroplast-encoded rbcL; based on the ITS1 data, we grouped the specimens into nine operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Eight of these OTUs have been previously reported to exist, while one is novel. Of the eight OTUs, all shared sequence identity with previously published sequences or differed by less than 1.5% sequence divergence for two molecular markers. Previously, 10 species names were reported for Ulva in Rhode Island (one blade and nine tube-forming species) based upon morphological classification alone. Of our nine OTUs, three contained blade-forming specimens (U. lactuca, U. compressa, U. rigida), one OTU had a blade with a tubular stipe, and six contained unbranched and/or branched tubular morphologies (one of these six, U. compressa, had both a blade and a tube morphology). While the three blade-forming OTUs in Narragansett Bay can frequently be distinguished by careful observations of morphological characteristics, and spatial/temporal distribution, it is much more difficult to distinguish among the tube-forming specimens based upon morphology or distribution alone. Our data support the molecular species concept for Ulva, and indicate that molecular-based classifications of Ulva species are critical for proper species identification, and subsequent ecological assessment or mitigation of Ulva blooms.
Scanning tunneling microscopy assisted oxide surface etching

A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is used to image the surface of and to etch defects on a quasi‐two‐dimensional conducting oxide, Na0.9Mo6O17. The surface defects (pits) are produced by briefly increasing the bias voltage or current between the tip and sample. The pits expand and change with time into either faceted or rounded shapes. These changes are strongly accentuated by the STM imaging process. We discuss explanations to account for the defect creation and STM‐assisted surface etching processes.
Amygdalar activation alters the hippocampal GABA system: "partial" modelling for postmortem changes in schizophrenia.

Abnormalities in amygdala and hippocampus have been shown to coexist in schizophrenia (SZ). In the hippocampus, compelling evidence suggests that a disruption of GABA neurotransmission is present mainly in sectors CA4, CA3, and CA2. The amygdala sends important inputs to the hippocampus and is also believed to have a defective GABA system in schizophrenia. To explore the possibility that changes in the hippocampal GABAergic system could be related to an increased inflow of activity originating in the amygdala, a "partial" animal model has been developed. In awake, freely moving, rats a GABA(A) receptor antagonist was infused locally into the basolateral nuclear complex of the amygdala (BLn). Within 2 hours, a decreased density of both the 65- and 67-kDa isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD(65) and GAD(67)) -immunoreactive (IR) terminals was detected on neuron somata in sectors CA3 and CA2, but not in CA1, CA3, or dentate gyrus. An increase of GAD(67)-IR somata was also found in the dentate gyrus and CA4. In anterograde tracer studies, amygdalo-hippocampal projection fibers were exclusively found in CA3 and CA2, but not CA1. Taken together, these results indicate that activation of amygdalo-hippocampal afferents is associated with the induction of significant changes in the GABA system of the hippocampus, with a subregional distribution that is remarkably similar to that found in SZ. Under pathologic conditions, an excessive discharge of excitatory activity emanating from the amygdala could be capable of altering inhibitory modulation along the trisynaptic pathway. This mechanism may potentially contribute to disturbances of GABAergic function in the major psychoses. Such "partial" rodent modelling provides an important strategy for deciphering the effect of altered cortico-limbic circuits in SZ.
(S)-(−)-3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid γ-lactone from puerto rican lyngbya majuscula

Abstract ( S )-(−)-3,4-Dihydroxybutanoic acid γ-lactone, which has the opposite configuration of the lactone generated from hydrolysis of oscillatoxin A, is a metabolite of Puerto Rican Lyngbya majuscula .
TOTAL PHOTOELECTRIC CROSS SECTIONS OF COPPER, MOLYBDENUM, SILVER, TANTALUM, AND GOLD AT 662 kev

The total photoelectric cross sections of copper, molybdenum, silver, tantalum, and gold have been measured at 662 kev. A highly collimated beam of gammas from a Cs-137 source impinged upon a thin disk of a target material. Photoelectrons from a target were detected by a plastic scintillator subtending very nearly $4\ensuremath{\pi}$ steradians. Pulse-height analysis permitted partial resolution of photoelectric and Compton events. After subtraction of unresolved Compton events and correction for coherent scattering effects, the cross sections were found to be 0.125\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.009, 0.700\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.016, 1.198\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.028, 8.55\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.14, and 11.62\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.16 barns, respectively, in satisfactory agreement with theory.
Estimating environmental health benefits: implications for social decision making

Discusses the measurement and conceptual difficulties of assessing the benefits of environmental improvements in monetary terms, in the context of a study undertaken to evaluate the health‐related benefits of improved air quality in a large, diverse urban population. Describes an interdisciplinary approach methodology to assess health benefits and uses the results from a study based on that approach to illustrate the practical and conceptual difficulties of comprehensively assessing such benefits. Ends with a discussion of the implications of these difficulties for using benefit‐cost analysis in deciding public policy for health‐related environmental improvements, particularly in the case of complex atmospheric changes.
Euclid's Algorithm for Large Numbers

(1938). Euclid's Algorithm for Large Numbers. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 227-233.
Evaluation and characteristics of “dropouts” in a longitudinal clinical study

This paper attempts to identify characteristics of a longitudinal clinical study's "dropout" population (1974-1996) of patients using overdentures. This study included 395 subjects. Dropouts were identified as persons who did not respond to letters or telephone calls after participating in the study for up to 2 years, could not be located, or did not wish to return to the study. Participants (N=273) and Dropouts (N=84) were compared by evaluating a series of factors: sociodemographic, medical, health, and some oral health behaviors. The population was divided into two very similar cohorts for analysis based on years of recruitment: Group I (1974-1984) and Group II (1985-1993). Significant differences were found between them, including vision problems and risk of oral soft tissue problems related to medical diagnosis. Dropouts were significantly younger than Participants, had fewer hearing and vision problems, tended to brush their teeth more often and were more likely to use daily topical fluoride in their overdentures. The differences between the Dropouts and the Participants may be that younger persons are more mobile and have fewer vision and hearing problems, but this does not help predict their commitment to a study. Health behaviors such as brushing overdenture abutments or fluoride use may be more predictable but are harder to assess until persons have been study participants for some time.
Fine structure of rat uterine eosinophils and the possible role of eosinophils in the mechanism of estrogen action.

Abstract The uterine eosinophil binding system for estrogens is considered to be responsible for some of the early estrogenic responses, such as water imbibition, histamine releasing and estrogen priming effects. In the present report the fine structure of uterine eosinophils is described. Their pseudopodium-like elongations increase under hyperestrogenic conditions. The eosinophils are found in close proximity to the plasma membranes of other uterine cells. In hyperestrogenic animals, not only is this phenomenon more frequent, but the area of juxtaposition is increased. Pynocytotic vesicles are present in cells adjacent to the eosinophils in the areas of close cellular apposition. The disruption of uterine eosinophils with the liberation of dense granules and specific lysosomes is described. The ultrastructural findings are discussed in relation to the role of uterine eosinophils in the mechanism of estrogen action.
Increasing the value of time reduces the lost economic opportunity of caring for surgeries of longer-than-average times.

UNLABELLED Anesthesiology groups that provide care for surgical procedures of longer-than-average duration are economically disadvantaged by both increased staffing costs and reduced revenue. Under the current billing system, anesthesia time is valued the same regardless of the total case duration. In this study, we evaluated the effect on four academic anesthesiology departments of two hypothetical scenarios by changing the anesthesia care billing system to make more valuable either 1) all time units or 2) just second-hour and subsequent time units. From the four departments, case-specific data (anesthesia Current Procedural Terminology code and minutes of care) were collected for all anesthesia cases billed for 1 yr. Basic units were determined from the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) relative value guide. The average time for each case was defined as the average anesthesia time for that specific Current Procedural Terminology code, as published by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). The actual total ASA units per hour (tASA/h) was determined by adding all the basic units and time units and dividing by hours of anesthesia care (minutes of anesthesia care divided by 60). We then calculated a hypothetical CMS tASA/h for each group by substituting the CMS average time for each anesthesia procedure time for the actual time reported by each group and using 15-min time units. For each group, the Actual (Act) tASA/h and CMS tASA/h were calculated for both options-changing the interval for all time units or only for second and subsequent hours. Intervals were 15, 12, 10, 7, 6, or 5 min. When changing all time units, Act tASA/h and CMS tASA/h were never equal for all groups. The two productivity measures became approximately equal if only time units after the first hour were changed to 6- to 7-min intervals. When changes were applied only to the Act tASA/h (with CMS tASA/h remaining at 15-min intervals), at the 12-min interval either option resulted in a similar or higher Act tASA/h than CMS tASA/h. Both options increase the value of time and help compensate for the lost economic opportunity of longer-than-average surgical durations. IMPLICATIONS Longer-than-average surgical durations result in less potential revenue per hour under current billing methodology. This study quantifies the increase in billing productivity when the value of time is increased, when evaluating the billing productivity of four academic anesthesiology groups.
Identification of a Mean Value Model of a Modern Diesel Engine for Control Design

The modern diesel engine with its multiple subsystem interactions is a very complex plant. Especially fascinating are the interactions of the VGT and EGR control actions in their cumulative effect on the overall air loop dynamics. To circumvent the problem of manpower intensive engine mapping for determining the best operating control map, a generic mean value model of a diesel engine, based on physical principles and empirical definitions where necessary, was developed. In this paper we present the identification of this model with respect to a Fiat 2.4L JTD 166. It will be shown that there is an essential set of parameters that must be identified in order to model processes that are too complicated for physics based modeling. The parameter set is utilized in simplified empirical relationships to model complex engine phenomena such as combustion and orifice flow through the EGR and VGT, facilitating model portability. Results from matching these empirical relationships to the engine of interest and model predictions of air loop system response to EGR and VGT control inputs show good agreement with actual engine performance and are presented in this paper.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Identification of the in vivo and in vitro origin of transcription in human rDNA

A Hela cell /-100 extract primed with a purified human rDNA containing clone, has been shown to be capable of initiating specific alpha-amanitin-resistant RNA transcripts. By using a number of truncated templates, the site of RNA polymerase I initiation in vitro has been identified. The origin of transcription in vitro and in vivo was further defined by S1-mapping studies with total Hela cell RNA or RNA isolated from the in vitro transcription reaction. The initiation site was found to be the same. The nucleotide sequence of an 848 bp region around the initiation site, has also been determined. A perfect 15 bp homology has been found to exist between human and mouse rDNA very close to the origin of transcription, although little homology exists elsewhere. Sequences homologous to the origin of transcription region were not found repeated within a 12 kb non-transcribed spacer segment upstream from it.
Discussion of Papers by de Vries, Hill, Mendels, and Uselding

In preparing this discussion I chose not to use the four papers as a basis for reflections upon the state of the discipline, although that would probably have been more appropriate to the theme of the annual meeting. Rather I chose to restrict my comments to the specific economic and historical issues raised in the abstracts. I should note that in each case I benefited by having made available to me more material than the summaries published in this issue of the Tasks. All four papers can loosely be described as dealing with demographic themes. They can be further paired into two groups. The papers by Professors Hill and Uselding being concerned with the effects of immigration into the United States in the nineteenth-century, while those of de Vries and Mendels examine economic growth and population change in the Low Countries in the period before the Industrial Revolution. I shall no doubt spend more time commenting upon the first pair, if only because I am more familiar with the problems and the material, and I must fit their work into an accumulation of lecture notes on the subject.
Evidence supporting the separation of the Vulpia- and Bromus-infecting isolates in the Tilletia fusca (T. bromi) complex

The teliospore morphology of Vulpia- and Bromus-infecting collections of the Tilletia fusca (T. bromi) complex differs in the reticulate ornamenta- tion and thickness of the areolae wall. Cytological studies showed that 1-12% of the primary sporidia in the Vulpia-infecting isolates were binucleate, whereas only 0.1% of the sporidia in the Bromus-in- fecting isolates were binucleate. These differences are used in conjunction with previous studies on host specificity and molecular characterization to support the separation of the Vulpia- and brome-infecting taxa. Tilletia fusca is proposed as a binomial restrict- ed to the bunt fungus on V microstachys and V oc- toflora in North America. Tilletia bromi is retained for the bunt infecting species of Bromus, Festuca, Nar- durus, Ventenata and other species of Vulpia on a worldwide basis.
Employee Awareness of Family Leave Benefits: The Effects of Family, Work, and Gender

The 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) was intended to help employees meet short-term family demands, such as caring for children and elderly parents, without losing their jobs. However, rece...
Late Cretaceous Age of Strata Mapped as “?Matilija Formation” (Late Eocene), Lompoc Quadrangle, Santa Barbara County, California

Strata mapped as “?Matilija Formation” (late Eocene) by Dibblee (1950) are Late Cretaceous in age and in actuality represent the Jalama Formation. Calcareous nannoplankton and benthonic foraminifers indicate a late Campanian–early Maastrichtian age, equivalent to the Tetralithus trifidus zone (nannoplankton). A “Franciscan” terrain provenance for these sediments is indicated by the presence of grains of red and black chert and serpentinite.
Effect of Feeding Isoniazid and Cimetidine on Growth and Bone Development in Male Broiler Chicks

Abstract Because previous studies indicated that cimetidine (CIMET) and isoniazid (ISON) may inhibit vitamin D metabolism in both rats and humans, experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of these drugs on growth and bone development in male broiler chicks. Chicks were fed a corn and soybean meal basal diet containing various levels of the drugs for 21 days. Body weight gain (BWG), feed consumption per bird (FB), tibia ash (TA), tibia breaking force (TBF), and plasma calcium levels were measured. In birds fed a diet supplemented with 1,100 ICU D3/kg, CIMET at up to 300 ppm resulted in a significant linear decrease in TA as the drug level increased. Birds fed ISON up to 405 ppm had inconsistent responses in TA and TBF. Body weight gain was only depressed with the highest level of ISON (405 ppm). The effects of feeding 0, 150, or 300 ppm CIMET were also investigated when chicks were fed 200 or 1,000 ICU per kg vitamin D3. The interaction between vitamin D3 and CIMET was significant for BWG, FCB, TA, and TBF. These were significantly reduced as the CIMET level increased for birds fed the low vitamin D3 diet but were not significantly affected when fed the high D3 diet. In another study in which chicks were fed a diet with 1,100 ICU vitamin D3, lowering the dietary Ca, or P, or both did not result in any effect of CIMET on the chicks. The results indicate that CIMET possibly interferes with normal bone formation in chicks by altering vitamin D3 metabolism.
BINDING OF INTERFERON γ BY GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS: A STRATEGY FOR LOCALIZATION AND/OR INHIBITION OF ITS ACTIVITY

Abstract Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a group of negatively charged molecules present in many tissues as components of the extracellular matrix, basement and cellular membranes. This work analysed the ability of this group of substances to interact with human interferon γ and the effect of those interactions on its biologic activity. A variety of GAGs (heparin, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid), and a related sulfated polysaccharide (dextran sulfate), were found to interact with IFN-γ as determined by inhibition of the binding of [ 125 I]IFN-γ to COLO-205 cells and binding to wells coated with GAGs. These interactions were inhibited by synthetic peptides mimicking the sequences of the basic amino acid cluster located at the C-terminal end of mouse and human IFN-γ, or by poly-L-lysine, suggesting that ionic interactions between the positively-charged C-terminus and negatively charged groups in GAGs were involved. IFN-γ molecules bound to plate-immobilized or endothelial cell surface GAGs retained biological activity, since they could induce major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression on COLO-205 cells, suggesting that cell surface GAGs might be able to present IFN-γ to its receptors. These results suggest important regulatory roles for GAGs on the activity of IFN-γ in vivo.
Interface diffusion studies in composites of continous SiC and B4CB fibers in a titanium metal matrix

Abstract In this paper, results of the interface modifications due to thermal cycling treatments between 25 and 550°C and isothermal treatments at 550°C in gaseous sulfur and air environments are reported. The interaction between the sulfur environment and the SiC(Ti6Al4V) and (B 4 CB fiber)(Ti6Al4V) interface was evaluated in terms of interface diffusion. The diffusion along the interface was enhanced under the thermal cycling conditions. The 550°C sulfur interface diffusion coefficient was found to be 5×10 −9 cm 2 s −1 in the SiC composites and 7×10 −9 cm 2 s −1 in B 4 CB composites. In addition to diffusion down the interface, diffusion into the matrix was studied with combined scanning Auger microscopy and inert ion sputtering. The rapid diffusion along the boundary was separated from the slow diffusion into the bulk, resulting in two one-dimensional analyses. The sulfur diffusion rate along the interface was much higher than that into the bulk, an order of 10 5 difference in diffusion distance.
Search for a Nonlinear Variant of the Schrödinger Equation by Neutron Interferometry

A slow-neutron interferometer system has been used to test a nonlinear variant of the Schr\"odinger equation $i\ensuremath{\hbar}\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}\ensuremath{\psi}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}, t)}{\ensuremath{\partial}t}=[(\ensuremath{-}\frac{{\ensuremath{\hbar}}^{2}}{2m}){\ensuremath{\nabla}}^{2}+U(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}, t)]\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{-}b\mathrm{ln}({a}^{3}{|\ensuremath{\psi}|}^{2})\ensuremath{\psi}$. If this equation were correct, then, as Shimony has suggested, repositioning an attenuating plate downstream in a neutron beam would produce a phase modification. No measurable phase shift beyond experimental uncertainty was found and an upper limit of 3.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ eV for the energy constant $b$ was established.
Further applications of the orthogonality principle to incompressible Reiner-Rivlin fluids

The torsional flow and the swelling jet are studied in full detail, using the simplified constitutive equation for incompressible Reiner-Rivlin fluids which obey the orthogonality condition. It is shown that the observed results can also be explained by the simplified theory.