cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clouds, Gravity, and Metallicity in Blue L Dwarfs: The Case of 2MASS J11263991–5003550*

Optical and near-infrared spectroscopy of the newly discovered peculiar L dwarf 2MASS J11263991–5003550 are presented. Folkes et al. classified this source as a high proper motion L9±1 dwarf based on its strong H2O absorption at 1.4 μ m . We find that the optical spectrum of 2MASS J1126–5003 is in fact consistent with that of a normal L4.5 dwarf with notably enhanced FeH absorption at 9896 A. However, its near-infrared spectrum is unusually blue, with strong H2O and weak CO bands similar in character to several recently identified "blue L dwarfs." Using 2MASS J1126–5003 as a case study, and guided by trends in the condensate cloud models of Burrows et al. and Marley et al., we find that the observed spectral peculiarities of these sources can be adequately explained by the presence of thin and/or large-grained condensate clouds as compared to normal field L dwarfs. Atypical surface gravities or metallicities alone cannot reproduce the observed peculiarities, although they may be partly responsible for the unusual condensate properties. We also rule out unresolved multiplicity as a cause for the spectral peculiarities of 2MASS J1126–5003. Our analysis is supported by examination of Spitzer mid-infrared spectral data from Cushing et al. which show that bluer L dwarfs tend to have weaker 10 μ m absorption, a feature tentatively associated with silicate oxide grains. With their unique spectral properties, blue L dwarfs like 2MASS J1126–5003 should prove useful in studying the formation and properties of condensates and condensate clouds in low-temperature atmospheres.
Error bounds for the computation of null vectors with applications to Markov chains

We consider the solution of the homogeneous system of linear equations Ap = 0 subject to c H p = 1 where A ∈ C n×n is a singular matrix of rank n - 1, c, p ∈ C n and c H A = 0. We assume that the vector c is known. An important Applications context for this problem is that of finding the stationary distribution of a Markov chain. In that context, A is a real singular M-matrix of the form A = I - Q T where Q is row stochastic. In previous work by the author [SIAM J. Alg. Discrete Methods, 7(1986), pp. 414–424], it was shown that, for A an M-matrix, this problem could be solved by solving a nonsingular linear system B of degree n - 1 that was a principal submatrix of A. Moreover, this matrix B could always be chosen so that ∥B -1 ∥2≈ ∥ A†∥2. Thus a stable algorithm to solve this problem could be developed for the Markov modeling problem using LU decomposition without pivoting and an update step that identified the correct submatrix.
Regiospecifically deuterated (−)-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarins

Deuterated (−)-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarins (Δ9-THCVs) can be used as markers for confirming the illicit use of marijuana. Here, we first describe an efficient synthesis of side chain deuterated Δ9-THCVs from the respective 5-propylresorcinols specifically deuterated at the side chain. Our approach involved the development of optimal, high yield methods for the introduction of deuterium at the C-3′ and C-2′ position of the side chain.
On two theorems for flat, affine group schemes over a discrete valuation ring

We include short and elementary proofs of two theorems that characterize reductive group schemes over a discrete valuation ring, in a slightly more general context.
Hierarchy of interactions in unified gauge theories

We present a general formalism for calculating the renormalization effects which make strong interactions strong in simple gauge theories of strong, electromagnetic, and weak interactions. In an SU(5) model the superheavy gauge bosons arising in the spontaneous breakdown to observed interactions have mass perhaps as large as ${10}^{17}$ GeV, almost the Planck mass. Mixing-angle predictions are substantially modified.
The electrochemical fluorination of nitrogen-containing carboxylic acids. Fluorination of dimethylamino- or diethylamino-substituted carboxylic acid derivatives

Abstract The electrochemical fluorination of six derivatives of dimethylamino- or diethylamino-substituted carboxylic acids has been conducted. As the main fluorination products, cyclized and cleaved products as well as the desired N-containing perfluoroacid fluorides were formed, and their ratios depended on the chain length and the structure of the starting carboxylic acids, and the nature of the dialkylamino group. Through this work, perfluoro(dimethylamino-acetyl fluoride), perfluoro(diethylamino- acetyl fluoride), perfluoro(2-dimethylamino-propionyl fluoride), perfluoro(2-dimethylamino-butyryl fluoride) and perfluoro(3-dimethylamino-propionyl fluoride) were prepared. Except for perfluoro(dimethylamino-acetyl fluoride), these acid fluorides were new compounds. The physical properties of new compounds obtained including these acid fluorides are reported together with their spectral ( 19 F nmr, Mass and IR) data.
Resection of a catecholamine-elaborating retroperitoneal paraganglioma invading the inferior vena cava.

Paragangliomas are rare tumors originating outside of the adrenal medulla which can be associated with catecholamine secretion or mass effect, one of which typically leads to their discovery. The differences between these tumors and traditional intra-adrenal pheochromocytomas are a subject of recent investigations. Standard of care therapy is medical management and surgical resection of the tumor. When tumors are biochemically active, medical optimization of the autonomic nervous system is a critical component to a safe, definitive resection. Tumors arising in the retroperitoneum present technical challenges for the surgeon as they are often large and difficult to access, making an oncologic resection much more difficult. Lastly, these tumors are mostly benign and rarely invade adjacent structures—an operative finding not always predicted by preoperative imaging—which, if present, adds significant complexity and risk to the resection. A case illustrating these challenges in the management of a biochemically active retroperitoneal paraganglioma invading the inferior vena cava follows.
Counting minimal surfaces in quasi-Fuchsian three-manifolds

It is well known that every quasi-Fuchsian manifold admits at least one closed incompressible minimal surface, and at most finitely many of them. In this paper, for any prescribed integer $N>0$, we construct a quasi-Fuchsian manifold which contains at least $2^N$ such minimal surfaces. As a consequence, there exists some simple close Jordan curve on $S^2_\infty$ such that there are at least $2^N$ disk-type complete minimal surface in $\mathbb{H}^3$ sharing this Jordan curve as the asymptotic boundary.
Stereo- and regiospecific cu-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of vinyl iodides and thiols: a very mild and general route for the synthesis of vinyl sulfides.

A mild and efficient method for the copper-catalyzed formation of vinylic carbon−sulfur bonds has been developed. The desired vinyl sulfides are obtained in good to excellent yields, with full retention of stereochemistry. This method is particularly noteworthy given its mild reaction conditions, simplicity, and generality, as well as low cost of the catalyst system.
Thermodynamically consistent k–Z models for compressible turbulent flows

Abstract Fundamental conservation laws for the mean turbulent flow of a compressible fluid are considered. The averaged form of the entropy inequality is described, and the thermodynamics of the mean turbulent field is studied. The free energy function and the coldness of turbulence are discussed, and several thermodynamical relationships are established. Based on the averaged Clausius-Duhem inequality, constitutive equations for the mean flow field are developed. The basic equations of motion for compressible flows are derived. The case of incompressible turbulent flows is discussed. It is shown that the resulting governing equations are similar to those of the existing two-equation k–Z model of turbulence.
New Approaches to Principal Component Analysis for Trees

Object Oriented Data Analysis is a new area in statistics that studies populations of general data objects. In this article we consider populations of tree-structured objects as our focus of interest. We develop improved analysis tools for data lying in a binary tree space analogous to classical Principal Component Analysis methods in Euclidean space. Our extensions of PCA are analogs of one dimensional subspaces that best fit the data. Previous work was based on the notion of tree-lines.
Challenges and opportunities in high-precision Be-10 measurements at CAMS

Abstract We determined the overall efficiency for 10 Be of the high-intensity LLNL modified Middleton cesium sputter source in combination with the CAMS FN mass spectrometer. BeO − ionization efficiency is >3%. Charge exchange efficiency including transmission through the tandem for 7.5 MeV Be +3 is ∼34%, resulting in a total system efficiency of just over 1%. At this efficiency and with very low backgrounds, we estimate our detection limit to be ∼1000 10 Be atoms. Cathodes prepared with only ∼80 μg of 9 Be show only an ∼33% reduction in 9 Be beam current compared to a sample with ∼200 μg. These same samples, prepared from 07KNSTD1032 standard material, contained 1 × 10 7 and 5 × 10 6 10 Be atoms and exhibited similar ionization and total system efficiency. These results demonstrate the feasibility of pursuing applications that require precise measurement of samples with low 10 Be concentrations and/or small sample size.
Cooled Electrostatic Probe

Experiments were performed to evaluate the ability of a water-cooled electrostatic probe to measure local electron temperature, electron density, floating potential, and saturation current ratio in dense plasmas (argon up to 20,000°R at 1 atm). The measurements of electron temperature were calibrated against temperatures obtained from simultaneous local measurements of total plasma enthalpy at different temperatures under conditions of known equilibrium by use of a proven calorimetric probe technique and were found to be in agreement within normal experimental error (3% standard deviation from the mean). Using this electron temperature, the measurements of floating potential and saturation current ratio were found to agree with a first-order theoretical approximation to within the accuracy of the approximation. The cooled calorimetric-electrostatic probe was then used to measure the degree of nonequilibrium in a reduced-pressure argon plasma in terms of the difference between local electron and heavy-particle temperatures. Results were in agreement with analytical predictions of a simple "freezing" criterion. The probe also provided a semiquantitative measurement of plasma turbulence.
Robotic Liver Surgery

Although minimally invasive hepatic resection surgery has shown decreased morbidity in select patients, conventional laparoscopic liver resection has inherent limitations with reduced freedom of movement within the abdominal cavity and 2-dimensional view of the operative field. Robotic liver surgery allows surgeons to perform advanced procedures with a potential for improved precision and ergonomics as well as a 3-dimensional view of the surgical site. However, use of the robot entails a steep learning curve and additional equipment. The purpose of this article is to summarize the emerging field of robotic liver surgery and include the authors' early experience with these operations.
D=0 matrix model as conjugate field theory

Abstract The D = 0 matrix model is reformulated as a nonlocal quantum field theory in two dimensions, in which the interactions occur on the one-dimensional line of hermitian matrix eigenvalues. The field can be thought of as a fluctuation in the potential V , and is conjugate to the density of matrix eigenvalues which appears in the Jevicki collective field theory. The classical solution of the field equation is either unique or labeled by a discrete index. Such a solution corresponds to the Dyson sea modified by a entropy term. The modification smoothes the sea edges, and interpolates between different eigenvalue bands for multiple-well potentials. Our classical eigenvalue density contains nonplanar effects, and satisfies a local nonlinear Schrodinger equation with similarities to the fifth-time D = 1 reformulation. The quantum fluctuations about a classical solution are computable, and the IR and UV divergences are manifestly removed to all orders. The quantum corrections greatly simplify in the double-scaling limit, and include both string-perturbative and nonperturbative effects. The latter are unambiguous for V bounded from below, and even for k = 2 can be compared with the various nonperturbative definitions of these theories proposed in the literature. The entire double-scaled, string-perturbative series for the free energy resides in two terms: the classical term, plus the one-loop (semiclassical) functional determinant about the classical solution.
Media placement versus advertising execution

We make three contributions towards understanding how engagement with the surrounding editorial context affects reactions to ads. First, while previous studies have shown that respondent-level enga...
A Homunculus in the Computer

The 1995 appearance of Microsoft's Bob interface directly poses the question of how anthropomorphic the human computer interface design should be. A historical approach to the question offers three important observations to designers: 1) that the impulse to anthropomorphicize technology has been longstanding and has been employed with artifacts other than computers; 2) that the normal evolution of technologies proceeds through an introductory phase during which a culture becomes acclimatized to the new technology ; moreover, one of the methods by which cultures have traditionally become acclimatized to new technologies is through anthropomorphization; and 3) the perception of anthropomorphism in the human computer interface has been complicated by the fact that computers were, in fact, first people not machines. An historical approach to answering the interface design question posed by Microsoft's Bob interface suggests that designers productively accommodate the longstanding human impulse to anthropomorphicize new technologies.
Finite Size Scaling and Low Mass Glueballs

We propose finite lattice effects as a probe of the glueball mass spectrum, and give an analysis of the recent SU(2) Monte Carlo data of Brower, Nauenberg and Schalk in terms of a gas of free glueballs. For L 4 lattices with L = 4, 5, 6 fits are made to which indicate a rather large effective number of degrees of freedom (i.e. statistical degeneracy where a spin J counts as 2 J +1) from 5 to 15 states. As the degeneracy is increased, the central glueball mass increases from at degeneracy 5 to about at degeneracy 15, relative to the SU(2) string tension .
Interplanetary stream magnetism - Kinematic effects

The particle density, and the magnetic field intensity and direction are calculated in corotating streams of the solar wind, assuming that the solar wind velocity is constant and radial and that its azimuthal variations are not two rapid. The effects of the radial velocity profile in corotating streams on the magnetic fields were examined using kinematic approximation and a variety of field configurations on the inner boundary. Kinematic and dynamic effects are discussed.
A generalization of Kuo condensation

Kuo introduced his 4-point condensation in 2003 for bipartite planar graphs. In 2006 Kuo generalized this 4-point condensation to planar graphs that are not necessarily bipartite. His formula expressed the product between the number of perfect matchings of the original graph G and that of the subgraph obtained from G by removing the four distinguished vertices as a Pfaffian of order 4, whose entries are numbers of perfect matchings of subgraphs of G obtained by removing various pairs of vertices chosen from among the four distinguished ones. The compelling elegance of this formula is inviting of generalization. Kuo generalized it to 2k points under the special assumption that the subgraph obtained by removing some subset of the 2k vertices has precisely one perfect matching. In this paper we prove that the formula holds in the general case. We also present a number of applications.
Software product quality assurance

Providing clear objectives, guidelines, and requirements in an environment conducive to high productivity is absolutely essential to designing and producing high-quality software. The Software Quality Branch of the Computer Systems Division of Texas Instruments is tasked with providing support functions that are vital to producing high-quality software.This paper explains the role of the Software Quality Branch in administering the development methodology of the Computer Systems Division. The paper also describes our participation in a corporate effort to define and monitor quality indices and our use of a software quality circle to encourage commitment to quality goals and to develop solutions to quality problems.
Evaluation strategies for functional logic programming

Recent advances in the foundations and the implementations of functional logic programming languages originate from far-reaching results on narrowing evaluation strategies. Narrowing is a computation similar to rewriting which yields substitutions in addition to normal forms. In functional logic programming, the classes of rewrite systems to which narrowing is applied are, for the most part, subclasses of the constructor-based, possibly conditional, rewrite systems. Many interesting narrowing strategies, particularly for the smallest subclasses of the constructor-based rewrite systems, are generalizations of well-known rewrite strategies. However, some strategies for larger non-confluent subclasses have been developed just for functional logic computations. This paper discusses the elements that play a relevant role in evaluation strategies for functional logic computations, describes some important classes of rewrite systems that model functional logic programs, shows examples of the differences in expressiveness provided by these classes, and reviews the characteristics of narrowing strategies proposed for each class of rewrite systems.
Predicting Important Objects for Egocentric Video Summarization

We present a video summarization approach for egocentric or "wearable" camera data. Given hours of video, the proposed method produces a compact storyboard summary of the camera wearer's day. In contrast to traditional keyframe selection techniques, the resulting summary focuses on the most important objects and people with which the camera wearer interacts. To accomplish this, we develop region cues indicative of high-level saliency in egocentric video--such as the nearness to hands, gaze, and frequency of occurrence--and learn a regressor to predict the relative importance of any new region based on these cues. Using these predictions and a simple form of temporal event detection, our method selects frames for the storyboard that reflect the key object-driven happenings. We adjust the compactness of the final summary given either an importance selection criterion or a length budget; for the latter, we design an efficient dynamic programming solution that accounts for importance, visual uniqueness, and temporal displacement. Critically, the approach is neither camera-wearer-specific nor object-specific; that means the learned importance metric need not be trained for a given user or context, and it can predict the importance of objects and people that have never been seen previously. Our results on two egocentric video datasets show the method's promise relative to existing techniques for saliency and summarization.
Numerical analysis of hydraulically-driven fractures☆

Abstract A general method-of-lines numerical approach for modeling hydraulically-driven fractures is developed and tested. The methodology employs several novel features: a straining coordinate system that elongates as the fracture grows, an evolutionary equation to describe growth of the fracture length, direct treatment of the fluid/elastic-solid coupling, and a control volume equation which governs fluid motion near the tip and thus circumvents local degeneracy of the differential equations. Spatial discretization of the governing equations leads to a nonsparse system of implicit, coupled ordinary differential equations that is solved for time derivatives that are then integrated with a Runge-Kutta algorithm. The numerical solutions agree very well with known similarity solutions for laminar and for turbulent flow. New solutions for nonsimilar flows are also presented and these converge to proper limits as the fracture becomes very long. Acceptable accuracy, in all cases, is obtained using a very few numerical grid points and with modest execution times.
Group efforts when performance is determined by the “best shot”

We investigate the private provision of a public good whose level is determined by the maximum effort made by a group member. Costs of effort are either commonly known or privately known. For symmetric perfect-information games, any number of players may be active and we characterize the unique (mixed-strategy) equilibrium in which active contributors use the same strategy. Increasing the number of active players leads to stochastically lower individual efforts and level of the public good. When information is private, the symmetric equilibrium is in pure strategies. Increasing the number of players yields a pointwise reduction in the equilibrium contribution strategy but an increase in equilibrium payoffs. Comparative statics with respect to costs and levels of risk aversion are derived. Finally, whether information is public or private, equilibria are inefficient—we provide mechanisms that improve efficiency.
Heat transfer of thermocapillary convection in a two-layered fluid system under the influence of magnetic field

Abstract Heat transfer of a two-layer fluid system has been of great importance in a variety of industrial applications. For example, the phenomena of immiscible fluids can be found in materials processing and heat exchangers. Typically in solidification from a melt, the convective motion is the dominant factor that affects the uniformity of material properties. In the layered flow, thermocapillary forces can come into an important play, which was first emphasized by a previous investigator in 1958. Under extraterrestrial environments without gravity, thermocapillary effects can be a more dominant factor, which alters material properties in processing. Control and optimization of heat transfer in an immiscible fluid system need complete understanding of the flow phenomena that can be induced by surface tension at a fluid interface. The present work is focused on understanding of the magnetic field effects on thermocapillary convection, in order to optimize material processing. That is, it involves the study of the complicated phenomena to alter the flow motion in crystal growth. In this effort, the Marangoni convection in a cavity with differentially heated sidewalls is investigated with and without the influence of a magnetic field. As a first step, numerical analyzes are performed, by thoroughly investigating influences of all pertinent physical parameters. Experiments are then conducted, with preliminary results, for comparison with the numerical analyzes.
A conceptual framework for the holistic measurement and cumulative evaluation of library services

This conceptual piece presents a framework to aid libraries in gaining a more thorough and holistic understanding of their users and services. Through a presentation of the history of library evaluation, a multidimensional matrix of measures is developed that demonstrates the relationship between the topics and perspectives of measurement. These measurements are then combined through evaluation criteria, and then different participants in the library system view those criteria for decision making. By implementing this framework for holistic measurement and cumulative evaluation, library evaluators can gain a more holistic knowledge of the library system and library administrators can be better informed for their decision‐making processes.
A comparison of data collected through farm management associations and the Agricultural Resource Management Survey

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare the characteristics of farms who participate in farm management associations to the wider population of farms at the state level. Design/methodology/approach – Farm-level records obtained from the USDA's Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) are compared to similar data obtained from farm management associations in three states: Illinois, Kansas, and Kentucky. Findings – Data collected through farm management associations tend to represent larger farms and a greater share of crop producers as compared to livestock producers. Association data, however, capture a greater share of younger farm operators. Originality/value – This is the first study to compare farm statistics from several farm management associations to ARMS, and the study confirms the findings of existing studies of prior USDA surveys.
Conventionally Prepared Submicrometer Lead-Based Perovskite Powders by Reactive Calcination

Submicrometer powders of various Pb-based perovskites, including PbTiO3, PbZrO3, Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3, and Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 were prepared by a reactive calcination process. Using only reagent-grade raw materials and conventional processing techniques, highly reactive powders were produced by reacting the materials near the temperature of maximum volumetric expansion. At this point, the morphological development results in a skeletal-type structure consisting of ultrafine particulates that can be readily broken down further by milling. Powder sizes less than 0.3 μm and as small as 70 nm generally only achievable using chemical processing techniques were achieved. The highly reactive powders allowed densification to occur at temperatures as low as ∼900°C with correspondingly small grain sizes. A model describing the physiochemical behavior and associated morphological development of Pb-based perovskites was herein proposed.
Streaming to mobile users in a peer-to-peer network

Streaming video to mobile users is rapidly emerging as a crucial multimedia service. One of the stumbling blocks in mobile streaming is the heterogeneity found in mobile devices: diverse display size, computing power, memory, and media capabilities. Given this heterogeneity, video transcoding is often required to satisfy the requirements of different mobile users. In this paper, we propose a peer-to-peer (P2P) method for mobile streaming. In the proposed method, peers other than mobile users, called fixed nodes, contribute their computing power for transcoding. We further propose the interleaved distributed transcoding (IDT) scheme that allows multiple fixed nodes to perform transcoding for a mobile device. Distributed transcoding not only lowers computation at fixed nodes, but also achieves error resilience against packet loss. The IDT scheme conforms to the H.264/AVC baseline profile, which requires no modification to decoders found in many mobile phones. We analyzed the effect of distributed transcoding under peer churn. Extensive simulations show that mobile streaming based on the proposed scheme is robust to packet loss due to peer churn and adverse wireless channel conditions.
Sources of Fe to the equatorial Pacific Ocean from the Holocene to Miocene

Abstract Biological productivity in the modern equatorial Pacific Ocean, a region with high nutrients and low chlorophyll, is currently limited by the micronutrient Fe. In order to test whether Fe was limiting in the past and to identify potential pathways of Fe delivery that could drive Fe fertilization (i.e., dust delivery from eolian inputs vs. Fe supplied by the Equatorial Undercurrent), we chemically isolated the terrigenous material from sediment along a cross-equatorial transect in the central equatorial Pacific at 140°W and at Ocean Drilling Program Site 850 in the eastern equatorial Pacific. We quantified the contribution from each potential Fe-bearing terrigenous source using a suite of chemical- and isotopic discrimination strategies as well as multivariate statistical techniques. We find that the distribution of the terrigenous sources (i.e., Asian loess, South American ash, Papua New Guinea, and ocean island basalt) varies through time, latitude, and climate. Regardless of which method is used to determine accumulation rate, there also is no relationship between flux of any particular Fe source and climate. Moreover, there is no connection between a particular Fe source or pathway (eolian vs. Undercurrent) to total productivity during the Last Glacial Maximum, Pleistocene glacial episodes, and the Miocene “Biogenic Bloom”. This would suggest an alternative process, such as an interoceanic reorganization of nutrient inventories, may be responsible for past changes in total export in the open ocean, rather than simply Fe supply from dust and/or Equatorial Undercurrent processes. Additionally, perhaps a change in Fe source or flux is related to a change in a particular component of the total productivity (e.g., the production of organic matter, calcium carbonate, or biogenic opal).
Peripheral Blood Chimerism Can Replace Marrow Chimerism Analyses Following Adult Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant

Abstract 4316 Chimerism defines the amount of donor versus recipient hematopoiesis following allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT). PCR-based analyses of short tandem repeats (STRs) are commonly used and are accurate and applicable to allogeneic transplant recipients. These analyses are performed on peripheral blood and marrow aspirates, but it is not known if it is necessary to analyze both. We performed a retrospective analysis of 42 consecutive adult allogeneic SCT recipients at our institution with available chimerism studies. PCR and capillary electropheresis of microsatellite loci were performed at 30, 60, and 90 days after SCT on both unfractionated blood and unfractionated marrow aspirate. Full donor chimerism (FDC) was defined as 95% or greater donor chimerism. PCR analyses of STRs for chimerism performed on unfractionated blood did not differ from results obtained on unfractionated marrow aspirate at 30, 60, or 90 days post transplant (P Disclosures: Meehan:Berlex Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding.
Stereocontrolled synthesis of dafachronic acid A, the ligand for the DAF-12 nuclear receptor of Caenorhabditis elegans.

An efficient synthetic route to the DAF-12 nuclear receptor ligand of C. elegans, dafachronic acid, is described that starts with the abundant plant sterol β-stigmasterol and proceeds in 37% overall yield. The synthesis establishes the structure of this rare nematode hormone.
Stable and Unstable Classical Solutions in an Effective Gauge Theory for Low-energy Mesons

We study the stability of two related classical solutions in an effective gauge theory, which correctly describes the properties of π and ρ mesons at low energies. The first solution (sphaleron), which excites only the ρ field, with baryon numberB=0 and energyE≈1.5 GeV is unstable. The second (Skyrmion), which excites both the π and ρ fields, withB=1 andE≈1.0 GeV is perhaps stable locally. We show how to make this Skurmion absolutely stable without raising its energy too much, both of which properties are desirable for identification with the nucleon. We comment on the potential of heavy ion collision experiments to study configuration space. The Skyrmion solution may also have some relevance for the electroweak interactions (nowE≈10 TeV).
Regulatory Barriers in an Integrating World Food Market

This paper considers the economic effects of regulatory barriers on international food trade and the implications of the barriers for policy makers and U.S. agribusinesses interested in expanding into foreign markets. The primary objective of this paper is to call attention to the more complex economics of nontraditional trade barriers, such as regulatory barriers, and stimulate more serious research and teaching on the topic.
Friction and Wear Behavior of Single-Crystal Silicon Carbide in Sliding Contact with Various Metals

Sliding friction experiments were conducted with single-crystal silicon carbide in contact with various metals. Results indicate the coefficient of friction is related to the relative chemical activity of the metals. The more active the metal, the higher the coefficient of friction. All the metals examined transferred to silicon carbide. The chemical activity of the metal and its shear modulus may play important roles in metal-transfer, the form of the wear debris and the surface roughness of the metal wear scar. The more active the metal, and the less resistance to shear, the greater the transfer to silicon carbide and the rougher the wear scar on the surface of the metal. Hexagon-shaped cracking and fracturing formed by cleavage of both prismatic and basal planes is observed on the silicon carbide surface. Presented at the 33rd Annual Meeting in Dearborn, Michigan, April 17–20, 1978
Wavelets and wavelet packets on quantum computers

We show how periodized wavelet packet transforms and periodized wavelet transforms can be implemented on a quantum computer. Surprisingly, we find that the implementation of wavelet packet transforms is less costly than the implementation of wavelet transforms on a quantum computer.
Structure/load-dependent vectors for linear structural dynamic analysis

Abstract A structure/load-dependent vectors method is developed for large-scale, linear structural dynamic analysis with complex loadings. The dynamic solution vectors are used as starting vectors so that both structure and load characteristics are included in the basis vectors. This method requires less vectors for the same accuracy, especially for structures that have external concentrated masses. Numerical results are obtained to demonstrate the advantages of the present method over other reduction methods.
Swept source / Fourier domain polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography with a passive polarization delay unit

Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) is a functional imaging method that provides additional contrast using the light polarizing properties of a sample. This manuscript describes PS-OCT based on ultrahigh speed swept source / Fourier domain OCT operating at 1050nm at 100kHz axial scan rates using single mode fiber optics and a multiplexing approach. Unlike previously reported PS-OCT multiplexing schemes, the method uses a passive polarization delay unit and does not require active polarization modulating devices. This advance decreases system cost and avoids complex synchronization requirements. The polarization delay unit was implemented in the sample beam path in order to simultaneously illuminate the sample with two different polarization states. The orthogonal polarization components for the depth-multiplexed signals from the two input states were detected using dual balanced detection. PS-OCT images were computed using Jones calculus. 3D PS-OCT imaging was performed in the human and rat retina. In addition to standard OCT images, PS-OCT images were generated using contrast form birefringence and depolarization. Enhanced tissue discrimination as well as quantitative measurements of sample properties was demonstrated using the additional contrast and information contained in the PS-OCT images.
Magnetically Limited X-Ray Filaments in Young Supernova Remnants

We discuss the damping of strong magnetic turbulence downstream of the forward shock of young supernova remnants (SNRs). We find that strong magnetic fields that have been produced by the streaming instability in the upstream region of the shock or by other kinetic instabilities at the shock may be efficiently damped, so the region of enhanced magnetic field strength would typically have a thickness of the order ld = 1016-1017?cm. The nonthermal X-ray filaments observed in young SNRs are thus possibly limited by the magnetic field and not by the energy losses of the radiating electrons. Therefore, the thickness of the filaments would not be a measure of the magnetic field strength, and claims of efficient cosmic-ray acceleration on account of a runaway streaming instability would appear premature.
A micromachined Pirani gauge with dual heat sinks

This paper reports a micromachined Pirani gauge with dual heat sinks that can be integrated with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices inside a vacuum package to monitor long-term pressure changes and stability inside the package. The Pirani gauge utilizes small gaps (<1 /spl mu/m) between its heater and two thermal heat sinks to obtain large dynamic range (20 mtorr to 2 torr) and high sensitivity (3.5/spl times/10/sup 5/ (K/W)/torr). The gauge is 2/spl times/2 mm/sup 2/ in size, is fabricated using the dissolved wafer process (DWP) on a glass substrate, and utilizes dielectric bridges for signal routing. Measurements show the low end of the dynamic range can be extended by reducing the gap distance between the heater and thermal sinks, which matches well with analytical modeling. This gauge shows an uncertainty of 50 /spl mu/torr and a detectable leak rate of 3.1/spl times/10/sup -16/ cm/sup 3//s, assuming a common micropackage volume of 1.6/spl times/10/sup -5/ cm/sup 3/, which represents at least four orders of magnitude improvement over traditional leak testing.
Testing for Racial Profiling in Traffic Stops From Behind a Veil of Darkness

The key problem in testing for racial profiling in traffic stops is estimating the risk set, or “benchmark,” against which to compare the race distribution of stopped drivers. To date, the two most common approaches have been to use residential population data or to conduct traffic surveys in which observers tally the race distribution of drivers at a certain location. It is widely recognized that residential population data provide poor estimates of the population at risk of a traffic stop; at the same time, traffic surveys have limitations and are more costly to carry out than the alternative that we propose herein. In this article we propose a test for racial profiling that does not require explicit, external estimates of the risk set. Rather, our approach makes use of what we call the “veil of darkness” hypothesis, which asserts that police are less likely to know the race of a motorist before making a stop after dark than they are during daylight. If we assume that racial differences in traffic patte...
The measurement of information systems effectiveness: evaluating a measuring instrument

Information system effectiveness is an important phenomenon for both researchers and practitioners. Despite widespread interest, and the importance of the uses, there have been no efforts to validate Computerworld's Premier 100 rankings of information system effectiveness. This paper uses structural equation modeling in an attempt to validate the measuring instrument used to derive the Computerworld rankings.Alternative models for the measuring instrument are proposed. Using a reflective model, the findings raise doubts as to the reliability of the rankings, and both content validity and construct validity are also suspect. The reliability and validity are problematic because multiple indicators of the same construct must be homogeneous for it to make sense to combine them into a composite index. A solution to this problem is to represent information system effectiveness as a multidimensional construct, that is part of a causal model. Based on previous research in the area, suggestions are offered to improve the measuring instrument.
The quasi‐biennial oscillation in atmospheric ozone

Examination of the relationship between tropical stratosphere zonal wind and ozone indicate a variable response in latitude with Northern Hemisphere tropics and polar regions and Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes showing the strongest response with relatively weaker response at Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes and the Southern Hemisphere tropics. In tropical regions, the west winds and ozone maxima are in phase while at higher latitudes, a more nearly out-of-phase relationship prevails. At subtropical and middle latitudes, the QBO in ozone does not appear to change phases with altitude. These features are suggestive of an interaction between the tropical zonal winds and poleward transport of horizontal eddies in conjunction with the annual poleward transport of ozone.
Relativistic multiple scattering theory and the relativistic impulse approximation

It is shown that a relativistic multiple scattering theory for hadron–nucleus scattering can be consistently formulated in four dimensions in the context of meson exchange. We give a multiple scattering series for the optical potential and discuss the differences between the relativistic and non-relativistic versions. We develop the relativistic multiple scattering series by separating out the one-boson exchange term from the rest of the Feynman series. However, this particular separation is not absolutely necessary and we discuss how to include other terms. We then show how to make a three-dimensional reduction for hadron–nucleus scattering calculations and we find that the relative energy prescription used in the elastic scattering equation should be consistent with that used in the free two-body t-matrix involved in the optical potential. We also discuss what assumptions are involved in making a Dirac relativistic impulse approximation (RIA).
Local Gating of Carbon Nanotubes

Local effects of multiple electrostatic gates placed beneath carbon nanotubes grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are reported. Single-walled carbon nanotubes were grown by CVD from Fe catalyst islands across thin Mo “finger gates” (∼150 nm × 10 nm). Prior to tube growth, several finger gates were patterned lithographically and subsequently coated with a patterned high-κ dielectric using low-temperature atomic layer deposition. Transport measurements demonstrate that local finger gates have an effect that is distinct from that of a global backgate.
CP violation in the D0 -> pi+ pi- decay at CDF

We report a measurement of the CP violating asymmetry in D{sup 0} {yields} {pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup -} decays using approximately 215,000 decays reconstructed in about 5.94 fb{sup -1} of CDF data. We use the strong D*{sup +} {yields} D{sup 0}{pi}{sup +} decay ('D* tag') to identify the flavor of the charmed meson at production time and exploit CP-conserving strong c{bar c} pair-production in p{bar p} collisions. Higher statistic samples of Cabibbo-favored D{sup 0} {yields} K{sup -}{pi}{sup +} decays with and without D* tag are used to highly suppress systematic uncertainties due to detector effects. The result, A{sub CP}(D{sup 0} {yields} {pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup -}) = [0.22 {+-} 0.24 (stat.) {+-} 0.11 (syst.)]%, is the world's most precise measurement to date and it is fully consistent with no CP violation.
Effectively closed sets of measures and randomness

Abstract We show that if a real x ∈ 2 ω is strongly Hausdorff H h -random, where h is a dimension function corresponding to a convex order, then it is also random for a continuous probability measure μ such that the μ -measure of the basic open cylinders shrinks according to h . The proof uses a new method to construct measures, based on effective (partial) continuous transformations and a basis theorem for Π 1 0 -classes applied to closed sets of probability measures. We use the main result to derive a collapse of randomness notions for Hausdorff measures, and to provide a characterization of effective Hausdorff dimension similar to Frostman’s Theorem.
Droplet Interface Bilayer characteristics formed over a synthetic porous substrate

Phospholipid molecules are the fundamental building blocks of cell membranes in living organisms. These molecules are amphipathic with two hydrophobic fatty acid chains (tails) linked to a phosphate containing hydrophilic group (head) that can spontaneously form a bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) with a 6-10 nm thickness in water. BLMs have been classified using some porous synthetic substrate for support. Droplet interface bilayers (DIB) have allowed researchers to study BLMs formed without the use of a porous synthetic substrate. The DIBs are formed at the interface of water droplets and a non-polar solvent. The phospholipids will form a monolayer around the water droplets and when two droplets are brought into contact with each other, a single bilayer will form. DIBs have been used to form networks of BLMs that can be used for multiple purposes. The exact size of the BLM between two droplets is inferred from electrical measurements. The two droplets can be connected through a pore in a synthetic substrate of known dimensions that can limit the area of the BLM. This paper will present the results of forming a BLM on a synthetic substrate by using the DIB method of formation.
Economic forces and the stock market revisited

Abstract The pricing of the Chen, Roll, and Ross (CRR) macrovariables is re-examined and found to be surprisingly sensitive to reasonable alternative procedures for generating size portfolio returns and estimating their betas. These methods include the full-period post-ranking return approach used in many recent studies. Strong evidence of pricing is obtained only for their industrial production growth factor and, in another contrast, for the VW market index. In particular, the corporate-government bond return spread, an important factor in CRR, is insignificantly negative for the 1958–1983 period, corroborating the cross-sectional regression results.
Goldstone fermion dark matter

We propose that the fermionic superpartner of a weak-scale Goldstone boson can be a natural WIMP candidate. The p-wave annihilation of this ‘Goldstone fermion’ into pairs of Goldstone bosons automatically generates the correct relic abundance, whereas the XENON100 direct detection bounds are evaded due to suppressed couplings to the Standard Model. Further, it is able to avoid indirect detection constraints because the relevant s-wave annihilations are small. The interactions of the Goldstone supermultiplet can induce non-standard Higgs decays and novel collider phenomenology.
The uncatalyzed diels-alder reaction of imines with bis(phenylsulfonyl) substituted dienes

Abstract The reaction of 2,3-bis(phenylsulfonyl)-1,3-butadiene with arylimines affords N-alkyl-3,5-bis(phenylsulfonyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines in high yield.
INCORPORATION OF ORBITAL DYNAMICS TO IMPROVE WIDE-AREA DIFFERENTIAL GPS.

A powerful dynamical technique for computing precise GPS satellite orbits for the FAA's Wide-Area Augmentation System (WAAS) has been evaluated. This method yields more accurate and robust orbit solutions than nondynamical approaches while enabling complete separation of orbit and satellite clock errors for reliable integrity monitoring. Experimental results with real data show that a network of 13 monitor stations distributed over North America, producing dual-frequency pseudorange data, yields orbit accuracies a factor of 3 better than current broadcast orbits within the service volume. WAAS simulations comparing orbit solutions and user positioning results obtained with the broadcast, dynamical, and nondynamical orbits are presented. The dynamical orbit estimation technique produces the most accurate user results. The tests show that dynamical orbit estimation and the slow correction computation are easily achievable in the real-time WAAS scenario.
LISA Optics Model

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) experiment has six telescopes, in three spacecraft, in orbit about the sun. There is a continuous two-way laser link between all of the spacecraft. The ability to make sub picometer level performance predictions about the interferometry for such a large optical system which has major subassemblies separated by 5 million kilometer distances which are constantly moving with respect to each other requires a slight extension of existing optical analysis techniques. To see this a description of the approach used to model all of the optics, in the spacecraft in orbit, is presented and the ability of this model to analyze requirements is discussed.