cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Marketing Effectiveness of the National Funeral Directors and Morticians Association (NFDMA)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of marketing effectiveness in the NFDMA. NFDMA is a predominantly black organization composed of funeral directors and morticians. The marketing activities of the NFDMA were studied because the by-laws and code of ethics of the NFDMA stress that all state associations should conduct an annual intensified membership drive, and an annual report of this effort should be transmitted to the National Association. Although the national office had made concerted efforts to comply with the spirit of the by-laws and code of ethics, the membership had not been growing, and the national office continued to experience marketing and management difficulties. There Is no unanimity of values, goals, and objectives of the membership of this august body.
A Market Analysis and Decision Tree Tool for Response Analysis: Cash, Local Purchase and/or Imported Food Aid? Background Paper

This paper attempts to build on that framework to develop practical tools for field decision makers, although these decision tools are related specifically to the question of a food access shortfall at the household level, which may be related to a food availability shortfall at market, regional or national level.
Mean Square Residue Biclustering with Missing Data and Row Inversions

Cheng and Church proposed a greedy deletion-addition algorithm to find a given number of k biclusters, whose mean squared residues (MSRs) are below certain thresholds and the missing values in the matrix are replaced with random numbers. In our previous paper we introduced the dual biclustering method with quadratic optimization to missing data and row inversions. In this paper, we modified the dual biclustering method with quadratic optimization and added three new features. First, we introduce "row status" for each row in a bicluster where we add and also delete rows from biclusters based on their status in order to find min MSR. We compare our results with Cheng and Church's approach where they inverse rows while adding them to the biclusters. We select the row or the negated row not only at addition, but also at deletion and show improvement. Second, we give a prove for the theorem introduced by Cheng and Church in [4]. Since, missing data often occur in the given data matrices for biclustering, usually, missing data are filled by random numbers. However, we show that ignoring the missing data is a better approach and avoids additional noise caused by randomness. Since, an ideal bicluster is a bicluster with an H value of zero, our results show a significant decrease of H value of the biclusters with lesser noise compared to original dual biclustering and Cheng and Church method.
Density functional studies: first principles and semi-empirical calculations of clusters and surfaces

Theoretical electronic structure techniques are used to analyze widely different systems from Si clusters to transition metal solids and surfaces. For the Si clusters, first principles density functional methods are used to investigate Si{sub N} for N=2-8. Goal is to understand the different types of bonding that can occur in such small clusters where the atomic coordination differs substantially from tetrahedral bonding; such uncoordinated structures can test approximate models of Si surfaces. For the transition metal systems, non-self-consistent electronic structure methods are used to understand the driving force for surface relaxations. In-depth analysis of results is presented and physical basis of surface relaxation within the theory is discussed. Limitations inherent in calculations of metal surface relaxation are addressed. Finally, in an effort to understand approximate methods, a novel non-self- consistent density functional electronic structure method is developed that is about 1000 times faster than more sophisticated methods; this method is tested for various systems including diatomics, mixed clusters, surfaces, and bulk lattices.
African American women, body composition, and physical activity

There is greater flexibility in relation to acceptable body sizes in the collective African American community. This could be a contributing factor to secondary illnesses, such as cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. H1 Participants with higher BMIs will be less satisfied with their current body size; H2 A higher percentage of participants will not engage in physical activity; H3 Participants with higher BMIs will have higher percentages of intramuscular fat. Twenty-nine African American college age women were classified as obese, overweight, or normal according to their body mass index. Sixty-six percent of the women participated in some form of physical activity. Over half of the participants used some commercial diet form to lose, gain, or maintain weight. When asked about their level of body satisfaction, the majority of women in all three groups were satisfied. Others were dissatisfied with their shape when they overate or were unable to fit into certain clothes. Regardless of physiological characteristics and despite dieting practices and cosmetic fitness objectives, the majority (90%) of the participants were satisfied with their current body size.
Sensor-failure detection method for flexible structures

A method is presented for the identification of sensor failures in distributed structures. The procedure can be used with controlled or uncontrolled systems, and is applicable when a large number of sensors are used. For control systems, the failure detection can be implemented with any control scheme. It makes use of estimates of the system state to identify the faulty sensor(s). The sensors output is estimated using modal analysis and a decentralized approach. These estimates are plotted and compared with plots of the actual sensors measurements to detect failure. A sequential decision-making sequence for failure detection is proposed.
Identification of archaea and some extremophilic bacteria using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry.

Archaea and a number of groups of environmentally important bacteria, e.g., sulfate-reducing bacteria, anoxygenic phototrophs, and some thermophiles, are difficult to characterize using current methods developed for phenotypically differentiating heterotrophic bacteria. We have evaluated matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF-MS) as a rapid method for identifying different groups of extremophilic prokaryotes using a linear mass spectrometer (Micromass, UK). The instrument is designed to acquire mass-spectral patterns from prokaryotic cell-wall components between masses of 500 and 10,000 Da in a statistically robust manner and create a database that can be used for identification. We have tested 28 archaea (10 genera, 20 spp.) and 42 bacteria (25 genera, 37 spp.) and found that all species yield reproducible, unique mass-spectral profiles. As a whole, the profiles for the archaea had fewer peaks and showed less differentiation compared to the bacteria, perhaps reflecting fundamental differences in cell-wall structure. The halophilic archaea all had consistent patterns that showed little differentiation; however, the software was able to consistently distinguish Halobacterium salinarium, Halococcus dombrowski, and Haloarcula marismortui from one another, although it could not always correctly distinguish four strains of Hb. salinarium from one another. The method was able to reliably identify 105 cells of either Albidovulum inexpectatum or Thermococcus litoralis and could detect as low as 103 cells. We found that the matrix, alpha-cyano-4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid yielded better spectra for archaea than 5-chloro-2-mercapto-benzothiazole. Overall, the method was rapid, required a minimum of sample processing, and was capable of distinguishing and identifying a very diverse group of prokaryotes.
Eficacia de un programa de colocación para familias pobres de Rusia

Los autores analizan un programa laboral activo que funciona en mas de una docena de ciudades rusas proporcionando asistencia en la busqueda de trabajo, ayudas monetarias y servicios sociales a los desempleados pertenecientes a familias muy pobres. Comprueban que los beneficiarios tienen muchas mas probabilidades de reincorporarse de manera estable al mercado laboral que otros trabajadores semejantes inscritos al mismo tiempo en las oficinas de colocacion, aunque suelen percibir salarios bastante mas modestos. Otros datos anteriores indicaron que el 75 por ciento de los beneficiarios seguia colocado un ano despues de haber salido del programa
Neutrino energy losses from vibrating neutron stars.

IT has been suggested by Cameron1 that the spectra of discrete X-ray sources in the sky may arise from two sources, each attributable to the presence of neutron stars: a thermal component emitted from the photosphere of the star and a non-thermal synchrotron or bremsstrahlung component emitted by electrons accelerated in a vibrating magnetosphere. It is assumed that the latter process derives its energy from stored gravitational energy in the form of radial oscillations with characteristic fundamental frequencies in the 103 c/s range.
MECHANISM OF MOVEMENTS OF GRANULES IN MELANOCYTES OF Fundulus heteroclitus.

In fish, such color changes are due to changes in the distribution of pigment granules within single cells (chromatophores), the behavior of which is under both neurohumoral and hormonal control. For instance, in the fish melanophore-the subject of this paper-black melanin granules become concentrated in the central region of the cell in response to adrenalin and dispersed in response to acetylcholine. As an example of the triggering of cellular reactions by hormones and of the intracellular transduction of chemical and electrical energy into mechanical work, the movement of pigment granules is of fundamental interest. Though many theories of granule movement have been proposed in the past, the phenomenon itself has never been analyzed in detail. In this paper, granule movements and the related cell fine structure are analyzed in detail; many previous theories can be discounted in favor of a proposed new one. Methods.-Granule movements were studied in melanocytes of Fundulus heteroclitus, a marine teleost. The melanocytes overlie the fish scales. Single scales were removed and examined by light microscopy. Further, melanocytes were dissociated from the scale and observed in cell culture. A reticule calibrated in microns and mounted in the eyepiece of the microscope permitted the estimation of granule velocities in living cells. More detailed information was obtained through time-lapse cinemicrography. Cells in both concentrated and dispersed states were fixed, cut into ultrathin sections, and examined by electron microscopy. Glossary of terms: The extreme states of granule distribution will be referred to as the concentrated and the dispersed states, and the processes leading to these states as concentration and dispersion, respectively. Axial and lateral refer to direction along and across the arms, respectively. Proximal and distal indicate close to and far from the center of the cell, respectively. Structure of Melanocytes.--Melanocytes in situ are illustrated in Figure 1 and in culture in Figure 4. The melanin granules are black, ovoid bodies, 0.4-0.7 L in length and surrounded by membranes. They are not randomly scattered in the cytoplasm, but are neatly ordered into columns which radiate from the central region of the cell like the spokes of a wheel (Fig. 4). Electron micrographs of the dispersed state (Fig. 5) indicate that this linear array has a structural basis-the granlles being aligned along microtubules, about 220 A in diameter, which radiate from the centriolar region of the cell, parallel to the longitudinal axis of the arms. In concentrated cells, two sets of tubules are
2DEG channel-dependent model for Hg1-xCdxTe-based pseudomorphic HEMTs

HgCdTe has emerged as an important electronic material because of its IRFPA applications. Technologies for growing the material are advanced and current sources for the material are more readily available than in the past. This brings an advantage to the manufacturing other types of HgCdTe devices. PHEMTs are attractive as applications of high-speed devices. In this paper, a model for PHEMT devices by using Hg 1-x Cd x Te as device materials is presented. High digital performance of the device is expected because electron mobility of the material is very high at low temperatures.
Personality tailored covert sensitization of heroin abuse.

Abstract Two personality tailored versions of covert sensitization were inserted into ongoing counseling of 42 methadone program participants who continued to abuse heroin. It was expected that treatment built around environmentally focused images would achieve greater success with external locus of control (LOC) persons while treatment built around intraorganismically focused images would produce greater change in internal LOC persons. To further accommodate predicted personality differences, each procedure was introduced with a rationale designed to complement its corresponding LOC orientation. A placebo therapy, involving relaxation training and discussions, controlled for attention and treatment novelty effects. A 2 × 3 analysis of covariance on weekly urine analysis reports for seven post treatment weeks revealed a significant interaction between subject locus of control and treatment type. Findings support the utility of introducing personality adapted covert sensitization into methadone program counseling to counteract persistent heroin abuse.
Marine parks need sharks

In their report “Fishing, trophic cascades, and the process of grazing on coral reefs” (6 Jan., p. [98][1]), P. J. Mumby et al. showed that increased grouper biomass within the Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park (ECLSP) did not acutely impair the grazing capacity of parrotfish populations (a major
Achieving anycast in DTNs by enhancing existing unicast protocols

Many DTN environments, such as emergency response networks and pocket-switched networks, are based on human mobility and communication patterns, which naturally lead to groups. In these scenarios, group-based communication is central, and hence a natural and useful routing paradigm is anycast, where a node attempts to communicate with at least one member of a particular group. Unfortunately, most existing anycast solutions assume connectivity, and the few specifically for DTNs are single-copy in nature and have only been evaluated in highly limited mobility models. In this paper, we propose a protocol-independent method of enhancing a large number of existing DTN unicast protocols, giving them the ability to perform anycast communication. This method requires no change to the unicast protocols themselves and instead changes their world view by adding a thin layer beneath the routing layer. Through a thorough set of simulations, we also evaluate how different parameters and network conditions affect the performance of these newly transformed anycast protocols.
Detecting Misspecification in Mean Structures for Growth Curve Models: Performance of Pseudo R 2s and Concordance Correlation Coefficients

This study examined the performance of 4 correlation-based fit indexes (marginal and conditional pseudo R 2s; average and conditional concordance correlations) in detecting misspecification in mean structures in growth curve models. Their performance was also compared to that of 4 traditional SEM fit indexes. We found that the marginal pseudo R 2 and average concordance correlation were able to detect misspecification in the marginal mean structure (average change trajectory). The conditional pseudo R 2 and concordance correlation could detect misspecification when it occurred in the conditional mean structure (individual change trajectory) or in both mean structures. Compared to the SEM fit indexes, the correlation-based fit indexes were more robust to sample size but were less robust to data properties such as magnitude of population mean and measurement error. Theoretical and practical implications of the results and directions for future research are discussed.
Tree mortality patterns following prescribed fire for Pinus and Abies across the southwestern United States

Abstract The reintroduction of fire to historically fire-prone forests has been repeatedly shown to reduce understory fuels and promote resistance to high severity fire. However, there is concern that prescribed fire may also have unintended consequences, such as high rates of mortality for large trees and fire-tolerant Pinus species. To test this possibility we evaluated mortality patterns for two common genera in the western US, Pinus and Abies, using observations from a national-scale prescribed fire effects monitoring program. Our results show that mortality rates of trees >50 DBH were similar for Pinus (4.6% yr−1) and Abies (4.0% yr−1) 5 years following prescribed fires across seven sites in the southwestern US. In contrast, mortality rates of trees ⩽50 cm DBH differed between Pinus (5.7% yr−1) and Abies (9.0% yr−1). Models of post-fire mortality probabilities suggested statistically significant differences between the genera (after including differences in bark thickness), but accounting for these differences resulted in only small improvements in model classification. Our results do not suggest unusually high post-fire mortality for large trees or for Pinus relative to the other common co-occurring genus, Abies, following prescribed fire in the southwestern US.
Technical Feasibility of Robot-Assisted Ventral Hernia Repair

Background The da Vinci robotic laparoscopic incisional hernia repair with intracorporeal closure of the fascial defect and circumferential suturing of the mesh may offer an alternative to current fascial closure and transabdominal sutures and tackers.
A CLOSED-END CATHETER FOR ANGIOGRAPHY USING THE PERCUTANEOUS TECHNIQUE.

Abstract A simple, inexpensive apparatus has been described for occluding the end of a catheter to be used for pressure-injection angiography after the catheter has been introduced using the Seldinger percutaneous technique. By using this apparatus and technique, one has the advantage of both percutaneous catheterization and pressure-injection angiography with a closed-end catheter.
An Analysis of Acquisition Value Property Tax Assessment for Homesteaded Property

This article explores the implications of acquisition value assessment for homesteaded property established in 1983 in Muscogee County, Georgia. The resulting freeze in assessed values has created sizeable assessment inequality that varies systematically with the value of the parcel. The difference between market value and acquisition value assessments is substantially larger for households with longer tenure and is associated with households with higher income, who are older, and who are white. The freeze has a small effect on the size of the property tax base and does not appear to reduce the probability of a home’s being sold.
Precise twin ebulliometry

Abstract A simple twin ebulliometer is described that makes it possible to achieve a standard error of about 45 μdeg in measuring the difference between the boiling temperatures of two aqueous solutions in the vicinity of 760 torr. Sodium chloride is recommended as a reference electrolyte in aqueous twin ebulliometry, and precise information is given on the concentration dependence of the osmotic and mean ionic activity coefficients of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride over the range 0–l m A quick and simple procedure is described for using this information to evaluate the osmotic coefficients of other solutions by twin ebulliomet-y, and is applied to an investigation of the osmotic and mean ionic activity coefficients of aqueous solutions of lithium chloride at 100°C The potentiahties of twin ebulliometry are Judged to be superior to those of cryoscopy and comparable with those of thermoelectric vapor-pressure osmometry.
Pseudo-holomorphic maps and bubble trees

This paper proves a strong convergence theorem for sequences of pseudo-holomorphic maps from a Riemann surface to a symplectic manifoldN with tamed almost complex structure. (These are the objects used by Gromov to define his symplectic invariants.) The paper begins by developing some analytic facts about such maps, including a simple new isoperimetric inequality and a new removable singularity theorem. The main technique is a general procedure for renormalizing sequences of maps to obtain “bubbles on bubbles.” This is a significant step beyond the standard renormalization procedure of Sacks and Uhlenbeck. The renormalized maps give rise to a sequence of maps from a “bubble tree”—a map from a wedge Σ V S2 V S2 V ... →N. The main result is that the images of these renormalized maps converge in L1,2 ∪C° to the image of a limiting pseudo-holomorphic map from the bubble tree. This implies several important properties of the bubble tree. In particular, the images of consecutive bubbles in the bubble tree intersect, and if a sequence of maps represents a homology class then the limiting map represents this class. While the main focus is on holomorphic maps, the bubble tree construction applies to other conformally invariant problems, including minimal surfaces and Yang-Mills fields.
Speculative tectonic model for the early Mesozoic arc of the southwest Cordilleran United States

The early Mesozoic continental arc of Arizona, California, and western Nevada is here interpreted to have occupied a continuous graben depression, more than 1000 km long, similar to the modern extensional are of Central America. High calculated rates of subsidence, the presence of syndepositional normal faults and fault-talus breccias, the abundance of calderas and high-level intrusions, and interstratification of cale-alkalic and alkalic volcanic rocks provide support for this model. The arc graben depression acted as a long-lived (more than 40 m.y.) trap for craton-derived quartz sands, which were funneled along the length and across the width of the depression.
On-Site Test for Cannabinoids in Oral Fluid

BACKGROUND: Oral fluid (OF) testing offers noninvasive sample collection for on-site drug testing; however, to date, test performance for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) detection has had unacceptable diagnostic sensitivity. On-site tests must accurately identify cannabis exposure because this drug accounts for the highest prevalence in workplace drug testing and driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) programs. METHODS: Ten cannabis smokers (9 males, 1 female) provided written informed consent to participate in this institutional review board–approved study and smoked 1 6.8%-THC cigarette ad libitum. OF was collected with the Draeger DrugTest® 5000 test cassette and Quantisal™ device 0.5 h before and up to 22 h after smoking. Test cassettes were analyzed within 15 min (n = 66), and Quantisal GC-MS THC results obtained within 24 h. Final THC detection times and test performances were assessed at different cannabinoid cutoffs. RESULTS: Diagnostic sensitivity, diagnostic specificity, and efficiency at DrugTest 5000's 5 μg/L screening cutoff and various THC confirmation cutoffs were 86.2–90.7, 75.0–77.8, and 84.8–87.9%, respectively. Last detection times were >22 h, longer than previously suggested. Confirmation of 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC, absent in THC smoke, minimized the potential for passive OF contamination and still provided 22-h windows of detection, appropriate for workplace drug testing, whereas confirmation of cannabidiol, and/or cannabinol yielded shorter 6-h windows of detection, appropriate for DUID OF testing. CONCLUSIONS: The DrugTest 5000 on-site device provided high diagnostic sensitivity for detection of cannabinoid exposure, and the selection of OF confirmation analytes and cutoffs provided appropriate windows of detection to meet the goals of different drug testing programs.
Doping-Based Stabilization of the M2 Phase in Free-Standing VO2 Nanostructures at Room Temperature

A new high-yield method of doping VO2 nanostructures with aluminum is proposed, which renders possible stabilization of the monoclinic M2 phase in free-standing nanoplatelets in ambient conditions and opens an opportunity for realization of a purely electronic Mott transition field-effect transistor without an accompanying structural transition. The synthesized free-standing M2-phase nanostructures are shown to have very high crystallinity and an extremely sharp temperature-driven metal–insulator transition. A combination of X-ray microdiffraction, micro-Raman spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and four-probe electrical measurements allowed thorough characterization of the doped nanostructures. Light is shed onto some aspects of the nanostructure growth, and the temperature-doping level phase diagram is established.
STATIC AND DYNAMIC ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

The dynamic active earth pressure on retaining structures due to seismic loading is commonly obtained by using the modified Coulomb's approach which is known as the Mononobe-Okabe method. This method has generally been used for cohesionless soils only. A general solution for the determination of total (i.e. static and dynamic) active earth force for a c-ϕ soil as backfill was developed by Prakash and Saran in 1966 based on the simplifying assumption that adhesion between the wall-soil interface is equal to the cohesion of the soil, that the surface of the backfill is horizontal, and that the effect of the vertical acceleration can be neglected. This note presents an improved method for calculating the static and dynamic active force behind a rigid retaining wall based on its geometry, inclination of the backfill, surcharge, strength parameters of the backfill, and the adhesion between the wall face and the soil. The effects of adhesion, inclination of backfill, and vertical components of seismic loading for a typical retaining wall are discussed.
The origins of aperiodicities in sensory neuron entrainment.

Abstract Aperiodic entrainment to rhythmic sensory input was obtained with either a single neuron or an excitatory network model, without addition of a stochastic or “noisy” element. The entrainment properties of primary sensory neurons were well captured by the dynamics of the Hodgkin–Huxley ordinary differential equations with a quiescent resting state or threshold for spike output. The frequency–amplitude parameter space was compressed and aperiodic regimes were small in comparison to those of periodically activated pacemaker-like neurons. Transitions between phase-locked and aperiodic entrainment patterns were predictable and determined by the equation dynamics, supporting the contention that some aperiodicities observed in situ arise from the inherent membrane properties of neurons. When the rhythmically activated neuron was embedded in an excitatory network of Hodgkin–Huxley neurons with heterogeneous synaptic delays, aperiodic entrainment patterns were more frequently encountered and these were associated with asynchronous output from the network. Embedding the rhythmically activated neuron in a network with synaptic delays greatly reduced the range of entrained spike frequencies and increased the variability in the neuronal firing. The temporal coding of sensory stimuli may be dependent on these findings. Sensory stimuli are signaled in the periphery by a mixture of periodic and irregular interspike intervals. Most models of such temporal codes assume intrinsic rhythmicity arising from the ionic currents, with variations attributed to membrane or synaptic noise. In contrast, we demonstrate irregular neural codes that arise completely in the absence of noise. In the proposed model, the sources of these irregular sensory patterns are the extensive cross-connections and resultant interactions between neurons. The balance between the regular and irregular entrainment of a neuron in situ could uniquely identify a stimulus. Other biological mechanisms of modifying the entrainment properties and promoting aperiodic entrainment are discussed.
The harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex badius) midden: refuse or boundary?

. 1. P.badius Latreille, a harvester ant of the southern U.S.A., surrounds its nest mound with small bits of charcoal, previously believed to be incidental refuse, along with other components of the colony's midden. 2. Charcoal middens were removed from the nest mounds of colonies in northern Florida. These colonies collected new charcoal and replaced the middens within 7 days. 3. Activity rhythms, use of space, and interspecific aggression were compared in experimental and control colonies. When middens were removed, the frequency of invasions of the nest mounds by other species of ants increased. Foreign ants circled the nest mound and interfered with colony activities. Increased numbers of invading ants led to an increase in patrolling and defensive behaviour by the P.badius colonies. 4. The charcoal midden is not merely refuse. Instead, it acts as a boundary that deters ants of other species from coming onto the P.badizls nest mound. Ants may use charcoal bits as a repository of a chemical substance functioning as a territorial marker.
Evidence for a blood-bursa barrier.

By use of horseradish peroxidase (Sigma Type II) as a vascular tracer the competence of the bursal microvasculature was evaluated in 15-day-old chicks. Within 5 min circulation time tracer could by identified only within the vascular tree with no leakage into the perivascular or extracellular spaces. After 10 min circulation time tracer was no longer present in the bursal vessels. Since no tracer was ever identified among the parenchymal elements of the organ these data suggest that a blood-organ (blood-bursa) barrier may exist similar to that found in thymus and brain.
A theoretical explanation for previously infertile mothers' vulnerability to depression.

Purpose: To present a theoretical approach to understanding the potential vulnerability to depression in previously infertile new mothers. Methods: This approach was developed by synthesizing results of a series of grounded theory studies of experiences of infertility and pregnancy and of parenting after infertility. These results were further synthesized with the relational cultural theory (RCT). Findings: Previously infertile new mothers have experienced repeated and sustained interferences with significant relationships over the course of their infertility, which could lead to depression. Conclusions: Implications of this theoretical perspective include: (a) it is a new approach to understanding a significant and sometimes minimized issue in women's health; (b) it is a basis for designing an intervention for women coping with infertility and its aftermath; and (c) it might be applied to other women's health issues.
Elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in a patient with hypovolemia

Since its introduction in 1969, the balloon-tipped pulmonary artery catheter has become widely accepted. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressures have been used diagnostically to determine left ventricular preload and volume status. We report on a patient with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, secondary to a heroin overdose, who was hypovolemic and had an elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. We discuss possible explanations and present evidence that the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure does not always accurately reflect volume status.
The sociopath: Cheater or warrior hawk?

Mealey's excellent target article rests on several assumptions that may be questioned, including the overarching assumption that sociopathy reflects the failure of a small minority of males to cooperate with the larger group. I suggest that violent competition in ancestral bands – and not “cheating” in the “game” of cooperation – was the primary evolutionary precursor of sociopathy. Today's violent sociopath is far more a “warrior hawk” than a failed cooperator.
The Maquiladora Industry: Economic Solution or Problem?

Foreword by William H. Mobley Introduction Report on the Present Status of Maquiladoras by Marc N. Scheinman Employment Issues Impact of Maquiladoras on U.S. National Employment and in Selected Industrial Sectors by Gregory K. Schoepfle and Jorge F. Perez-Lopez The Employment Impact of Maquiladoras Along the U.S. Border by J. Michael Patrick Employment and Manpower Development in the Maquiladoras Industry: Reaching Maturity by Barbara R. Chrispin Industry-Specific Issues Determinants of Industry Participation in Offshore Plants: The Case of Maquiladoras in Mexico by Don P. Clark, W. Charles Sawyer and Richard L. Sprinkle Maquiladoras in the Apparel Industry by Joan B. Anderson Maquiladoras in the Automobile Industry by Marc N. Scheinman New Trends in the Maquiladora Industry The New Maquiladoras: Flexible Production in Low-Wage Regions by Patricia Ann Wilson The Use of Maquiladoras by Non-American Companies: The Case of Japanese Multinationals by C. Richard Scott and Joel K. Worley Debt for Equity Conversion and the Maquiladoras by Jerry D. Prock and Arturo D. Torres Special Issues The Sociological Impact of the Maquiladoras by Judith Ann Warner The Impact of Maquiladoras on Mexico's Balance of Payments by M. Raquibuz Zaman Mexican Legislation Affecting the Maquiladora Industry by Ana Maria Perez Gabriel The Future What Does the Future Hold for the Maquiladora Industry? by Edward Y. George Bibliography Index
Wife's Earnings and Family Net Worth Position

The major focus of this research was the influence of wife's earnings on family net worth position. Multiple regression analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Surveys dis closed that the amount of family income, not its sources, had the most important influence on 1967 and 1972 net worth for the total sample. When the sample was segmented by income, independent variables had differential impacts on both 1967 and 1972 net worth. Homeown ership status was positively associated with net worth for all groups, but in both years its impact on net worth was much greater among families in the low- and moderate-income groups. Wife's income was found to have no consistent overall impact on net worth position among the three income groups.
Using economic concepts to inform enrollment management

This chapter demonstrates how institutional researchers at institutions of higher education can use economic theory for enrollment management.
Chemical Modification Strategies for Synthesis of Protein-Based Hydrogel

A soy protein-based hydrogel capable of imbibing a large amount of water was synthesized by first modifying the lysyl residues of soy protein isolate (SPI) with ethylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride (EDTAD) followed by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. Modification of SPI with EDTAD at pH 9 resulted in polymerization involving intramolecular cross-linking of soy 11S and 7S globulin, which decreased the number of carboxyl moieties introduced per lysyl residue and impaired the swellability of the hydrogel. Pretreatment of SPI involving heating for 30 min at 65 °C and pH 12.0 followed by modification with EDTAD at 25 °C/pH 12 did not result in polymerization and, under these conditions, about 3.3 carboxyl moieties/lysyl residue were incorporated into the protein. The hydrogel prepared under these conditions was able to absorb more than 105 g of water/g of dry gel. The structural changes in SPI caused by the modification and its relevance to swelling properties of the gel are discussed. Keywords: Chemical m...
Rectangular transforms for digital convolution on the research signal processor

The Rectangular Transform (RT) method for computing convolutions belongs to a family of Reduced Computational Complexity (RCC) algorithms. Convolution calculations by the RT method were programmed for the Research Signal Processor (RSP) and run on the RSP simulator, giving tabulations of numbers of RSP machine cycles. One of the original objectives was to see how well the original RSP architecture was suited to the RCC algorithms and to be able to make suggestions for possible changes. The results are also intended to demonstrate the efficiency of the RT convolution algorithms on a microprocessor with a limited instruction set and to show how to construct efficient RT programs for digital convolution. All results are given for the original RSP, as it was before the modification which resulted in the Real-time Signal Processor described in another paper in this issue.
Cognitive and motor function are associated following mild traumatic brain injury

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) causes deficits in motor and cognitive function. There is a dearth of research examining the association between these deficits. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of mTBI on the association between cognitive and motor function. Thirty-six individuals completed a neurocognitive test battery and postural control assessment at baseline and were retested 24-h post mTBI. Reaction time and accuracy to various cognitive tasks was assessed. Postural control was indexed with the somatosenory organization test. This test allows for the decomposition of postural control resulting from the integration of visual, somatosensory and vestibular information. The association between cognitive and motor function was assessed with correlational analyses. Overall, it was found that mTBI resulted in increased simple and choice reaction time as well as deficits in verbal and visual memory. mTBI was also found to reduce overall postural control, especially when visual information was utilized. Prior to injury there was no association between cognitive and motor function-indicating minimal association between cognitive and motor function. After injury there were significant positive correlations between cognitive and motor function. The findings suggest that transient neural insults resulting from mTBI lead to increased cognitive-motor association. It is speculated that a shared neural process, such as visuospatial attention is damaged resulting in similar deficits in cognitive and motor function.
Rigid biological composite materials: Structural examples for biomimetic design

Biological hard tissues are composites of inorganics and biopolymers, and, therefore, represent hybrid systems. The inorganic components may be oxides (e.g., SiO2, Fe3O4), carbonates (e.g., CaCO3) sulfides (e.g., FeS, CdS), or others, mostly in crystalline forms but also occasionally in glassy forms. The biopolymer is often proteinaceous, but can also involve lipids and especially polysaccharides (e.g., chitin). These hybrid materials can be found in single celled organisms (such as bacteria and protozoa), invertebrates (such as mollusks), insects (such as beetles), and vertebrates (such as mammals). A common denominator of all hard tissues is that they are hierarchically structured from the nanometer scale to the microscale and the macroscale. It is these controlled structures that give biological hard tissues their unique and highly evolved functional properties. The engineering properties include mechanical, piezoelectric, optical, and magnetic. The hard tissues can be in the form of nanoparticles, spines, spicules, skeletons, and shells. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate mechanical aspects of some of these hard tissues, to discuss their structure-function relationships (with examples from the literature as well as from our research), and to reveal their potential utility in materials science and engineering applications.
DSMC Simulations of Hyperthermal Oxygen Beam Exposures

Pulsed sources of hyper-thermal O-atoms are now being extensively used to simulate low-earth orbit (LEO) surface exposure environments. The peak flux of these sources is many orders of magnitude larger than the corresponding LEO flux. Although it is desirable to accelerate the test by using higher fluxes than found in LEO, even commonly used fluxes are large enough to produce multi-collision effects by causing a build-up of gas at the sample surface. In this paper we characterize the physical consequences to the experiment using the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, DSMC allows us to extract the distributions of energy and impact angle for the O-atoms that reach the surface, and to record how strongly the gas build-up at the target assembly deflects flux from downstream instrumentation. By considering a range of source fluxes, we determine the onset conditions and severity of these multi-collision effects. We find that even at common experimental fluxes with a normally incident beam string a flat surface sample, the energy distribution of incident O-atoms broadens and develops a significant low-energy tail. The angular distributions also broaden significantly. The number of O-atoms that reach downstream instrumentation is decreased by approximately 50%. These simulations will aid in the calibration of ground-based O-atom measurements,a nd provide a model for the energy and angular distributions of O-atoms that actually impinge on surface samples.
Phase separation and atomic ordering in InxAlyGa1−x−yN layers

Abstract We studied the occurrence of phase separation and atomic ordering in quaternary InxAlyGa1−x−yN layers by transmission electron microscopy. Three layers of different compositions were examined: one lattice-mismatched In0.10Al0.02Ga0.88N layer together with two lattice-matched In0.12Al0.29Ga0.59N and In0.06Al0.18Ga0.76N layers. The composition modulations were seen in all the layers. The wavelengths (λ) of composition modulations resulting from phase separation were calculated using selected-area electron diffraction patterns. The smaller λ (9 nm) in In0.10Al0.02Ga0.88N layer in comparison to that in In0.12Ga0.88N layer (λ = 20 nm) suggests that the driving force for phase separation in InxAlyGa1−x−yN layers is greater than that in InxGa1−xN layers with similar In contents. Energy dispersive spectroscopy line profiles across InxAlyGa1−x−yN/GaN interfaces revealed a gradual increase in Al and In incorporation. Additional (0 0 0 1) diffraction spots in an SADP taken on an 〈 1 1 ¯ 0 0 〉 zone from the In0.06Al0.18Ga0.76N layer suggests that atomic ordering can occur in quaternary layers. Arguments are developed to rationalize these experimental observations.
Cypress mortality (mal del cipres) in the Patagonian Andes: comparisons with similar forest diseases and declines in North America

Summary Widespread mortality of Cordilleran cypress (Austrocedrus chilensis) occurs in developed and pristine forests in south-western Argentina and possibly south-eastern Chile. Affected trees may die rapidly but mortality is commonly preceded by several decades of severely restricted radial stem growth. Roots are often affected by one or more types of decay. Cypress mortality, locally termed ‘mal del cipres’, is similar to a major forest disease in North America: Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) root disease in Oregon and California and a major tree decline: Alaska yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) decline in south-east Alaska. This paper discusses several hypotheses concerning mal del cipres and compares current forest decline research in Patagonia with North America.
Volume-of-change cone-beam CT for image-guided surgery.

C-arm cone-beam CT (CBCT) can provide intraoperative 3D imaging capability for surgical guidance, but workflow and radiation dose are the significant barriers to broad utilization. One main reason is that each 3D image acquisition requires a complete scan with a full radiation dose to present a completely new 3D image every time. In this paper, we propose to utilize patient-specific CT or CBCT as prior knowledge to accurately reconstruct the aspects of the region that have changed by the surgical procedure from only a sparse set of x-rays. The proposed methods consist of a 3D–2D registration between the prior volume and a sparse set of intraoperative x-rays, creating digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) from the registered prior volume, computing difference images by subtracting DRRs from the intraoperative x-rays, a penalized likelihood reconstruction of the volume of change (VOC) from the difference images, and finally a fusion of VOC reconstruction with the prior volume to visualize the entire surgical field. When the surgical changes are local and relatively small, the VOC reconstruction involves only a small volume size and a small number of projections, allowing less computation and lower radiation dose than is needed to reconstruct the entire surgical field. We applied this approach to sacroplasty phantom data obtained from a CBCT test bench and vertebroplasty data with a fresh cadaver acquired from a C-arm CBCT system with a flat-panel detector. The VOCs were reconstructed from a varying number of images (10–66 images) and compared to the CBCT ground truth using four different metrics (mean squared error, correlation coefficient, structural similarity index and perceptual difference model). The results show promising reconstruction quality with structural similarity to the ground truth close to 1 even when only 15–20 images were used, allowing dose reduction by the factor of 10–20.
Price Shocks and the Performance of Managed Futures Funds

Can specialized trading firms capture the potentially substantial returns associated with large sudden price moves? This study attempts to answer that question by examining the monthly performance of managed futures funds during months in which large daily price shocks in the foreign exchange market occur. Specifically, it attempts to assess whether Commodity Trading Advisors (CTAs) that specialize in speculating on changes in foreign exchange rates are able to capture the price change precipitated by the shock in the month of the price shock
Plantlet regeneration from immature cotyledon protoplasts of soybean (Glycine max L.).

Protoplasts were isolated from immature cotyledons of Glycine max L. Merr. cv. Clark 63 and cultured in liquid or in agarose-gelled modified KP8 medium. Plating efficiencies of 45–50% were obtained in liquid medium and 55–60% in 1.2% (w/v) agarose beads. Upon regular dilution with K8 medium rapidly growing green microcalli (1–2 mm in size) were obtained in 5–6 weeks, which upon transfer to MSB medium with 0.5 mg 1−1 each of 2,4-D, BA, Kn and 500 mg 1−1 CH produced compact green calli in 4–6 weeks. After 3–4 regular subcultures of 14 days each on MSB medium containing 0.5 mg 1−1 each of BA, Kn, ZT, 0.1 mg 1−1 NAA and 500 mg 1−1 CH, about 21% of the compact calli formed multiple shoots. Addition of glutamine, asparagine and GA3 enhanced shoot regeneration up to 30%. Shoots of 0.5–1.0 cm length were transferred to 1/2 MS medium with 0.01 mg 1−1 TH and 0.5 mg 1−1 GA3 for elongation. In 2 to 3 weeks, approximately 60% of the shoots were 2–3 cm in length. These shoots were rooted on 1/2 MS with 1% sucrose and 0.2 mg 1−1 IBA or 0.5 mg 1−1 NAA. So far, twenty six plants have been transferred to the greenhouse, where they all have set seed.
A Multi-view camera-projector system for object detection and robot-human feedback

In this paper, we present a novel camera-projector system for assisting robot-human interaction. The system is comprised of a stereo camera pair and a DLP projector. The proposed system provides feedback information indicating the robot's perception of the environment and what action a human user desires. Feedback is delivered by iteratively spotlighting objects in the environment using the projector. When the spotlight lands on an object that the human user wants the robot to retrieve, he or she can confirm the object selection, and the robot will perform a grasping task to retrieve the selected object. In this investigation, the proposed camera-projector performs three tasks: 1) Actively detect visually salient objects in the scene from the two camera views using a visual attention model. 2) Locate the detected objects using a trifocal tensor based object matching method, and project a spot of light on the objects to provide information back to the human user. 3) Reconstruct the 3D position of the target to plan robot motion and conduct vision-based control to move a robot manipulator to grasp the object. Experimental results of human-directed object grasping task are presented to demonstrate the functions of the proposed system.