cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the relation between summation and facilitation

Summation refers to the small reduction of threshold contrast as a signal is extended in space or time, or when multiple signals are presented simultaneously. Facilitation refers to the large reduction in the threshold contrast increment when it is superimposed on a near-threshold pedestal contrast. Separate hypotheses relate each of these effects to distinct measures of the log-log steepness of the psychometric function. This note shows that for 2-alternative forced-choice (2afc) proportion correct, the Weibull function P(c) = 1-(1-gamma) exp[-(c/alpha) beta] and the d' power law d'(c) = (c/c0.76)b are practically indistinguishable. Furthermore, their steepness parameters are proportional to each other, beta = 1.247 b. This implies a simple relation between 2afc summation and facilitation which can be tested without measuring the psychometric function.
Evaluating Tolerance of Herbicide and Transplantation by Cane (a Native Bamboo) for Canebrake Restoration

Canebrakes (bamboo grasslands dominated by Arundinaria spp.) were once a widespread ecosystem across the Southeastern United States, and many species of wildlife depended upon them. Early settlers replaced this system with subsistence agriculture and today few canebrakes remain. The restoration of canebrakes is critical to the recovery of several wildlife species; however, restoration is complicated because (1) seed is uncommon and often predated, (2) competition from hardwood species, including the exotic Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinesnse), often prevent cane establishment, and (3) cane depends on disturbance regimes that have been disrupted in the Southeast. We investigated the tolerance of Switch cane (Arundinaria tecta) to four commonly used herbicides that are effective at controlling privet and other hardwoods: hexazinone (Velpar-L), glyphosate (Razor Pro), triclopyr (Garlon 3A), and imazapyr (Chopper). We also investigated the possibility of transplanting cane culms, and the factors affecting successful transplant. Cane tolerated hexazinone and triclopyr but was damaged or killed by glyphosate and imazapyr. Although many measures of weather and cane condition were not predictors of transplant success, the Keetch-Byram drought index was a strong predictor, and is available through most state forestry offices. Selective herbicides and deliberately timed transplantation may be important canebrake restoration tools.
Seasonal and interannual variability of particulate organic carbon within the Southern Ocean from satellite ocean color observations

[1] We use field data of particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration and spectral remote-sensing reflectance, Rrs(λ), to develop an empirical algorithm for estimating POC from ocean color in the Southern Ocean. The algorithm based on the band ratio Rrs(443)/Rrs(555) is used in conjunction with Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor satellite data to demonstrate seasonal and interannual variability in POC from 1997 to 2007. The surface POC concentrations generally range from 30 to 120 mg m−3. On a whole basin scale (south of 35°S), the monthly means are mostly 70–80 mg m−3. The seasonal signal is weakest at lower latitudes within the Sub-Antarctic Zone and most pronounced at higher latitudes (>55°S). The area-integrated stock of water column POC in the upper 100 m shows small interannual variations and no clear evidence for long-term trend during the examined 10 year period. The seasonal maximum of the POC stock occurs in December and reaches a value of about 0.6 Pg of carbon for the entire basin south of 35°S. The seasonal range of area-normalized POC is between about 5.5 and 6.6 g m−2. The region south of 55°S provides a dominant contribution to the accumulation of POC within the Southern Ocean during the productive period of the season. During the austral spring, the area-normalized POC accumulates in these high-latitude waters at rates from about 0.2 to 0.7 g m−2 month−1. The comparison of these rates with large-scale satellite-based estimates of net primary production indicates that only a small fraction (<10%) of production accumulates as POC.
Outcomes of a concept-based curriculum

Abstract This article describes the outcomes of a curriculum change in a prelicensure diploma registered nursing program. Program outcomes including performance on the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN), retention and graduation rates, and program satisfaction were compared before and after the change to a concept-based curriculum. Although this study was undertaken in 1 small program, and there are other factors that potentially contribute to the outcomes, the results of this curricular change were positive and support the use of a concept-based curriculum.
Seismic reflection studies using local earthquake sources

Summary. A method is presented for processing three-component digital recordings of micro-earthquakes to obtain near-vertical reflection profiles in regions of shallow seismicity. The processing includes magnitude and focal-depth normalization and event stacking, where stacking is by small localized groups, with ray theoretical time and distance corrections applied to compensate for varying focal depths. In areas with high seismicity, this procedure allows earthquakes to be treated as “controlled” sources to probe layered structures of the deep crust and upper mantle. The validity of our approach is demonstrated using S-waves from aftershocks of the Borah Peak, Idaho, earthquake (Ms = 7.3) of 1983.
Alternating-current thin-film electroluminescent device modeling via SPICE Fowler-Nordheim diode

A novel SPICE model is proposed for simulating the electrical characteristics of alternating-current thin-film electroluminescent (ACTFEL) devices. The model consists of two capacitors, representing the top and bottom insulators of the ACTFEL device, connected to a Fowler-Nordheim diode shunted by a resistor, which account for conduction and leakage, respectively, in the ACTFEL phosphor layer. A software interface is developed so that the user may conveniently input the two adjustable model parameters (trap barrier height and phosphor shunt resistance) as well as five parameters corresponding to the physical structure of the ACTFEL device (electron effective mass, device area, insulator capacitance, phosphor thickness, and phosphor dielectric constant). Excellent agreement is obtained between measured and simulated electrical characteristics for evaporated ZnS:Mn ACTFEL devices.
A Theoretical Study of BF + OH and BO + HF Reactions

reactions of BF + OH and BO + HF are critical reactions in the reaction mechanism of fluorine-enriched boron combustion.1 In this study, ab initio multiconfigurational methods have been used to calculate energies, optimized geometries, harmonic vibrational frequencies and zero-point energies for reactants, products and intermediates of these reactions. Results for the following reactive pathways will be discussed: $$\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {BF + OH}& \to &{FBO + H\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;} \\ \;& \to &{trans - FBOH \to FBO + H} \\ {BO + HF}& \to &{H(F)BO \to FBO + H\;\;\;\;\;\;\;} \\ \;& \to &{cis - FBOH \to FBO + H\;\;\;} \end{array}$$
Trans cooperativity by a split DNA recombinase: the central and catalytic domains of bacteriophage lambda integrase cooperate in cleaving DNA substrates when the two domains are not covalently linked.

Site-specific recombinases of the λ-integrase family recognize and cleave their cognate DNA sites through cooperative binding to opposite sides of the DNA substrate by a C-terminal catalytic domain and a flexibly linked “core-binding” domain; regulation of this cleavage is achieved via the formation of higher-order complexes. We report that the core-binding domain of λ-integrase is able to stimulate the activity of the catalytic domain even when the two domains are not linked. This trans stimulation is accomplished without significantly increasing the affinity of the catalytic domain for its DNA substrate. Moreover, we show that mutations in the DNA substrate can abrogate this effect while retaining specificity determinants for cleavage. Since the domains do not significantly interact directly, this finding implies that trans activation is achieved via the DNA substrate in a manner that may be mechanistically important in this and similar DNA binding and cleaving enzymes.
Depletion of the Nucleolar Protein Nucleostemin Causes G1 Cell Cycle Arrest via the p53 Pathway

Nucleostemin (NS) is a nucleolar protein expressed in adult and embryo-derived stem cells, transformed cell lines, and tumors. NS decreases when proliferating cells exit the cell cycle, but it is unknown how NS is controlled, and how it participates in cell growth regulation. Here, we show that NS is down-regulated by the tumor suppressor p14(ARF) and that NS knockdown elevates the level of tumor suppressor p53. NS knockdown led to G1 cell cycle arrest in p53-positive cells but not in cells in which p53 was genetically deficient or depleted by small interfering RNA knockdown. These results demonstrate that, in the cells investigated, the level of NS is regulated by p14(ARF) and the control of the G1/S transition by NS operates in a p53-dependent manner.
Myometrial cavernous hemangioma with pulmonary thromboembolism in a post-partum woman: a case report and review of the literature

Introduction Cavernous hemangiomas of the uterus are rare benign vascular lesions. Nine cases of diffuse cavernous hemangioma of the gravid uterus have been reported, most of which diffusely involved the myometrium. These vascular malformations are clinically significant, and may cause pronounced bleeding resulting in maternal or fetal demise. Thrombosis of cavernous hemangiomas of the uterus has been previously reported. We here report the first case in which a thrombosed cavernous hemangioma of the myometrium resulted in a fatal pulmonary embolism in a post-partum woman.
Anatomy and Dynamics of a Floodplain, Powder River, Montana, U.S.A.

Abstract Centimeter-scale measurements on several Powder River floodplains provide insights into the nature of overbank depositional processes that created the floodplains during a 20-year period after a major flood in 1978. Rising stages initially entered across a sill at the downriver end of the floodplains. Later, as stages continued to rise, water entered the floodplains through distinct low saddles along natural levees. The annual maximum depth of water over the levee crest averaged 0.19 m from 1983 through 1996, and the estimated flow velocities were approximately 0.15 m s−1. Water ponded in the floodplain trough, a topographic low between the natural levee and the pre-flood riverbank, and mud settled as thin layers of nearly constant thickness. Mud layers alternated with sand layers, which were relatively thick near the channel. Together, these beds created a distinctive natural levee. In some locations, individual flood deposits began as a thin mud layer that gradually coarsened upwards to medium-grained sand. Coarsening-upwards sequences form initially as mud because only the uppermost layers of water in the channel supply the first overbank flows, which are rich in mud but starved of sand. At successively higher stages, fine sands and then medium sands increase in concentration in the floodwater and are deposited as fine- and medium-sand layers overlying the initial mud layer. Theoretical predictions from mathematical models of sediment transport by advection and diffusion indicate that these processes acting alone are unlikely to create the observed sand layers of nearly uniform thickness that extend across much of the floodplain. We infer that other transport processes, notably bedload transport, must be important along Powder River. Even with the centimeter-scale measurements of floodplain deposits, daily hydraulic data, and precise annual surface topographic surveys, we were unable to determine any clear correspondence between the gauged flow record of overbank floods and the depositional layers mapped in the floodplain. These results provide a detailed example of floodplain deposits and depositional processes that should prove useful for interpreting natural levee deposits in a variety of geologic settings.
Inhibition of Chondrocyte and Synovial Cell Death After Exposure to Commonly Used Anesthetics Chondrocyte Apoptosis After Anesthetics

Background:An intra-articular injection of local anesthetics is a common procedure for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. It has been shown that these agents are toxic to articular cartilage and synovial tissue in a dose- and time-dependent fashion, and in some cases, they may lead to postarthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis (PAGCL). However, the role of apoptosis in cell death is still unclear, and the potential role of apoptosis inhibition in minimizing chondrocyte and synovial cell death has not been reported.Purpose:(1) To quantify the degree of apoptotic cell death in chondrocytes and synovial cells exposed to local anesthetics, and (2) to determine whether caspase inhibition could reduce cell death.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Human chondrocytes and synovial cells were expanded in vitro and exposed to normal saline, 0.5% bupivacaine, 0.5% ropivacaine, 1% lidocaine, or 1:1000 epinephrine for 90 minutes. Apoptosis was then detected at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after exposure using te...
A Comparison of Correlates of DSM‐IV Alcohol Abuse or Dependence Among More Than 400 Sons of Alcoholics and Controls

Background: Alcohol dependence and abuse are defined as separate disorders. However, relatively few data are available about whether the same characteristics predict both syndromes. Methods: Complete data were available from the 15 year follow-up of 411 men who originally had been evaluated from a university population at about age 20. Both baseline data gathered prospectively and the retrospective ratings in six domains of life functioning were analyzed for their relationship to the development of alcohol abuse or dependence during the follow-up. Results: Baseline characteristics of a family history of substance use disorders, the quantity and frequency of drinking, the history of alcohol-related problems, and the level of response to alcohol all predicted future alcohol abuse or dependence, but only an alcoholic second-degree relative or a first-degree drug-dependent family member differentially predicted dependence. Logistic regression analyses revealed that similar baseline characteristics combined to predict dependence and, separately, abuse. When the domains of functioning during the 15 years were included, positive alcohol expectancies, poor coping mechanisms, low level of social support, and drinking in the environment contributed to both dependence and abuse, although the relationship was stronger for dependence. Conclusions: The predictors and correlates of alcohol abuse and dependence in this group of men were similar. Further research in additional populations and on other drugs is needed to determine if the two syndromes overlap sufficiently to be combined.
Pt-Au alloying at the nanoscale.

The formation of nanosized alloys between a pair of elements, which are largely immiscible in bulk, is examined in the archetypical case of Pt and Au. Element specific resonant high-energy X-ray diffraction experiments coupled to atomic pair distribution functions analysis and computer simulations prove the formation of Pt–Au alloys in particles less than 10 nm in size. In the alloys, Au–Au and Pt–Pt bond lengths differing in 0.1 A are present leading to extra structural distortions as compared to pure Pt and Au particles. The alloys are found to be stable over a wide range of Pt–Au compositions and temperatures contrary to what current theory predicts. The alloy-type structure of Pt–Au nanoparticles comes along with a high catalytic activity for electrooxidation of methanol making an excellent example of the synergistic effect of alloying at the nanoscale on functional properties.
OBESITY IN THE RAT FOLLOWING THE INJECTION OF CHROMIC ACID INTO THE HYPOPHYSIS1

OBESITY HAS BEEN produced experimentally in animals by a number of different workers using various procedures directed at the structures located at the base of the brain. The following observations have been made in dogs: Crowe, Cushing and Homans (i, a) observed adiposity in animals partially hypophysectomized; and their conclusions were supported by Dott (3), who also used such technics as stalk section and placing of a silver clip to show that (in his opinion) circulatory disturbances of the anterior lobe gave the same net result. Clip insertion was also claimed to have produced several cases of obesity and infantilism (4, 5); the first of these did not confirm Cushing and his coworkers in their findings regarding partial hypophysectomy, but Dandy and Reichert (6) were in substantial agreement with Crowe, Cushing and Homans. Aschner (7) observed obesity in both immature and adult specimens, but much more markedly in the former, after complete hypophysectomy.
Soybean Aphid Population Dynamics, Soybean Yield Loss, and Development of Stage-Specific Economic Injury Levels

Stage-specifi c economic injury levels (EILs) form the basis of integrated pest management for soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Experimental objectives were to develop a procedure for calculating EILs of the soybean aphid specifi c to the R2 (full bloom), R4 (full pod), and R5 (beginning seed) soybean development stages using the law of the diminishing increment regression model. Soybean aphid population growth over time appeared to follow the symmetrical bell-shaped and logistic growth curve models. Peak soybean aphid population levels and rates of increase occurred at the R5 development stage and then declined sharply thereaft er. Highest peak soybean aphid populations were 21,626 aphids plant –1 for infestations starting at V5, and 6446 aphids plant –1 for infestations starting at R2. Highest maximum aphid-days plant –1 recorded were 537,217 for V5-introduced soybean aphids and 148,609 aphid-days plant –1 for R2-introduced soybean aphids. On average, the calculated maximum possible yield loss was 75% for soybean aphid infestations starting at the V5 (fi ve node) stage and 48% for soybean aphid infestations starting at the R2 stage. Interrelationships among the current or predicted market value of soybean, cost of soybean aphid control, and the yield potential of the soybean fi eld were considered in the calculations of the stage-specifi c EILs. Practical examples for calculating stage-specifi c EILs are presented. Economic injury levels were calculated both as soybean aphids plant –1 and soybean aphid-days plant –1 . Use of these stage-specifi c EILs may enable growers to manage soybean aphids more accurately.
Estimating floodplain sedimentation in the Laguna de Santa Rosa, Sonoma County, CA

We present a conceptual and analytical framework for predicting the spatial distribution of floodplain sedimentation for the Laguna de Santa Rosa, Sonoma County, CA. We assess the role of the floodplain as a sink for fine-grained sediment and investigate concerns regarding the potential loss of flood storage capacity due to historic sedimentation. We characterized the spatial distribution of sedimentation during a post-flood survey and developed a spatially distributed sediment deposition potential map that highlights zones of floodplain sedimentation. The sediment deposition potential map, built using raster files that describe the spatial distribution of relevant hydrologic and landscape variables, was calibrated using 2 years of measured overbank sedimentation data and verified using longer-term rates determined using dendrochronology. The calibrated floodplain deposition potential relation was used to estimate an average annual floodplain sedimentation rate (3.6 mm/year) for the ~11 km2 floodplain. This study documents the development of a conceptual model of overbank sedimentation, describes a methodology to estimate the potential for various parts of a floodplain complex to accumulate sediment over time, and provides estimates of short and long-term overbank sedimentation rates that can be used for ecosystem management and prioritization of restoration activities.
A 5-yr Climatology of Tornado False Alarms

During 2008 approximately 75% of tornado warnings issued by the National Weather Service (NWS) were false alarms. This study investigates some of the climatological trends in the issuance of false alarms and highlights several factors that impact false-alarm ratio (FAR) statistics. All tornadoes and tornado warnings issuedacrossthecontinentalUnitedStatesbetween2000and2004wereanalyzed,andthedataweresortedby hour of the day, month of the year, geographical region and weather forecast office (WFO), the number of tornadoes observed on a day in which a false alarm was issued, distance of the warned area from the nearest NWS radar, county population density, and county area. Analysis of the tornado false-alarm data identified six specific trends. First, the FAR was highest during nonpeak storm periods, such as during the night and duringthewinterandlatesummer.Second,theFARwasstronglytied tothenumberoftornadoes warnedper day. Nearly one-third of all false alarms were issued on days when no tornadoes were confirmed within the WFO’s county warning area. Third, the FAR varied with distance from radar, with significantly lower estimatesfoundbeyond150 kmfromradar.Fourth,theFARvariedwithpopulationdensity.Forwarningswithin 50 km of an NWS radar, FAR increased with population density; however, for warnings beyond 150 km from radar,FARdecreasedregardlessofpopulationdensity.Fifth,theFARalsovariedasafunctionofcountysize. The FAR was generally highest for the smallest counties; the FAR was ;80% for all counties less than 1000 km 2 regardless of distance from radar. Finally, the combined effects of distance from radar, population density, and county size led to significant variability across geographic regions.
Contrasting effects of spontaneous and induced cardiomyopathy on the nucleoproteins of turkey hearts

The possible involvement of nuclear proteins in the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy was studied in a spontaneously occurring and a furazolidone-induced model of turkey cardiomyopathy. Both models are characterised by cardiac hypertrophy and dilatation, systemic hypotension and depressed contractility. The protein composition of myocardial nuclei was compared in normal (n=9) and cardiomyopathic (spontaneous n = 6, furazolidone-induced n=21) turkeys. Cardiac nuclei from spontaneously myopathic animals had a higher histone content (1.827±0.058 (mean±SD) mg·mg DNA−1 vs 1.688±0.187 in controls, P<0.05) and histone/nonhistone protein ratio (1.122±0.020 vs 0.882±0.128 in controls, P<0.01). Nuclear protein phosphorylation was lower in spontaneously cardiomyopathic turkeys primarily because of decreased nonhistone protein phosphorylation (5.100+0.759 pmol 32P·mg prot−1.15 min−1 vs 8.456±0.886 in controls, P<0.01). In contrast, furazolidone-induced cardiomyopathy of similar severity to the spontaneously occurring model was not associated with changes in nucleoprotein composition or degree of phosphorylation. These results indicate that development of spontaneous cardiomyopathy in turkeys may be related to the composition and function of nuclear nonhistone proteins. These changes are not secondary to the cardiac hypertrophy/dilatation accompanying the myopathic process.
Reflections on My Career in Condensed Matter Physics

I present some personal views on the field of condensed matter physics (CMP), primarily as a long-time practitioner, but also as a physicist who has had the opportunity to play broader roles in scientific affairs. I comment on how CMP has evolved in the past half century, and express my optimism for its future.
Differential optical ring modulator: Breaking the bandwidth/quality-factor trade-off

We present a differential ring modulator that breaks the optical bandwidth/quality factor trade-off known to limit the speed of high-Q ring modulators. This structure maintains a constant energy in the ring to avoid pattern-dependent power droop.
Regarding the Aftermaths of Lynching

Dinah Kirkland was neither a lynching victim nor a famous antilynching crusader—two factors that would most likely grant her a place in the stories that lynching scholars typically tell. Although she may have led a full life beyond her appearance in archival materials, when I encountered her she was an African American mother on a mission. In 1937 her eighteen-yearold son Edward Kirkland went missing following an arrest in Ocala, Florida. Dinah wrote a letter to Walter White of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (naacp) asking him to check his investigative files for any lynching victims who resembled Edward. White responded that no one met the young man’s description but, believing the case involved a lynching, he asked members of local naacp branches to investigate.1 After a year of searching, Dinah wrote to White again, explaining that she had identified Edward’s remains and wanted help in bringing his killers to justice. A mother’s concern over her missing son, a need for answers, and an unwavering hope for justice emanate from her letters. Then, as quickly as she appears in the historical record, Dinah vanishes. Her entrance into and departure from lynching history archives via her correspondence opens a space for considering the families who lived with this violence.2 The current zoetrope of lynching historiography contains more images depicting lynching’s history than it did decades ago. Noticeably absent, however, is substantive analysis of how victims’ families had their lives transformed by it. I believe more lynching scholars can work on filling the spaces where victims’ lived experiences could be. Most lynching victims were isolated from their kin in the last moments of their lives and in the histories written about them. In reality many victims were embedded in families that experienced the force of their killings and the aftershocks. Pulling from historical limbo the uncounted women, men, and children who lived through this violence, but whose stories have been unheard or underexamined, is critical to understanding the ramifications of lynching. Lynching’s history will remain incomplete until scholars reckon with people such as Dinah Kirkland.
Introduction: Emotion and the Sciences: Varieties of Empathy in Science, Art, and History

Emotion and feeling have only in the last decade become analytic concepts in the humanities, reflected in what some have called an “affective turn” in the academy at large. The study of emotion has also found a place in science studies and the history and philosophy of science, accompanied by the recognition that even the history of objectivity depends in a dialectical fashion on a history of subjectivity (Daston and Galison 2010, esp. chap. 4). This topical issue is a contribution to this larger trend across the humanities and the history of science, and yet is circumscribed by attention to a particular kind of emotion or condition for feeling: one centered not in an individual body, but in the interstices between bodies and things, between selves and others – what we call empathy.
Heritability of Body Weight and Conformation Traits and Their Genetic Association in Turkeys

Abstract Heritabilities were estimated in a strain of Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys for body weight at 8 and 14 weeks of age and body weight, keel length, breast width, body depth and shank length at 21 weeks of age for females and 26 weeks of age for males. Similarly, genetic, environmental and phenotypic correlations were calculated among the seven traits. The strain of turkeys used represented a minimally inbred, intact population selected primarily for reproductive performance. The generation means for the traits in question did not change significantly during the five-year study period. The heritability of body weight varied from 0.31 to 0.41 for male progeny and 0.20 to 0.39 for female progeny. The age at which body weight was taken did not materially affect the size of the heritabilities. Keel length had a heritability of 0.27 to 0.29, breast width 0.19 to 0.32, body depth 0.32 to 0.33 and shank length 0.39 to 0.48 for males and females, respectively. All genetic and phenotypic correlations among the seven traits were positive. All of the phenotypic correlations were statistically significant. Since the genetic correlations were as large or larger than the phenotypic correlations, they too were considered real. The environmental correlations were generally smaller than the genetic correlations with some approaching zero. No obvious genetic antagonisms among these seven traits were noted in this population.
Subordinate clause comprehension and tense/agreement inconsistency in children with specific language impairment.

Abstract Several recent studies have suggested that the production errors of children with specific language impairment (SLI) such as The girl singing may be explained by a misinterpretation of grammatical adult input containing a similar structure (e.g., The boy hears the girl singing). Thirteen children with SLI and 13 younger typically developing children with comparable sentence comprehension test scores (TD-COMP) completed a comprehension task to assess their understanding of sentences involving a nonfinite subject-verb sequence in a subordinate clause such as The dad sees the boy running. TD-COMP children were more accurate on subordinate clause items than children with SLI despite similar performance on simple transitive (e.g., The horse sees the cow) and simple progressive (e.g., The cow is eating) items. However, no relationship was found between the SLI group’s specific subordinate clause comprehension level and their specific level of auxiliary is production, casting some doubt on this type of structure as a source for inconsistent use of auxiliary is. Learning outcomes The reader will learn that children with specific language impairment (SLI): (1) have difficulty understanding complex sentences that include nonfinite subject-verb sequences; (2) that this difficulty is apparent in comparison to younger typically developing peers who have similar scores not only on a sentence comprehension test, but also on simple sentences that correspond to the component parts of the complex sentences; and (3) that this weakness is concurrent with these children’s inconsistent use of auxiliary is in production. Although novel verb studies show a clear connection between how children with SLI hear new verbs and how they use them, we do not yet have evidence that this connection is tied to a poor understanding of the input sentences that house the verbs.
Temporal Trends of Secondhand Smoke Exposure: Nonsmoking Workers in the United States (NHANES 2001-2010).

Background:The workplace is one of the major locations outside of the home for nonsmokers’ exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS). New policies in many U.S. states and localities restrict or prohibit s...
Probabilistic Causal Levels

According to a standard theory of probabilistic causality, causes C raise the probability of their effects E within causally homogeneous background contexts. More precisely, let K i ’s be maximal conjunctions of factors — not including C, not-C, or effects thereof — that are causally relevant to E. Then C causes E if and only if, for each i, Pr(E/K i C the issues relevant to which of the two versions is more plausible are irrelevant to the issues I wish to discuss, and this will simplify my discussion.
An Ultrasound Based Eye Tracking System

A novel, non-contact ultrasound device is detailed for recording and analyzing 3D fast eye movements (saccades) and smooth pursuit eye movements. Saccades are studied to gain a better understanding of the human oculomotor plant and neuromuscular systems. Abnormal saccades can be indicators of both neurological disorders and mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). Limitations in existing saccade measurement devices prevent them from being used to measure saccades immediately after a possible MTBI event or easily outside of the clinical environment. The device proposed is portable allowing saccade measurements in the field to immediately assess neurological dysfunction associated with MTBI. Ease of use and portability allow collection of data at times and places not possible with devices currently available. This increased database of saccades will expand our knowledge of the relationship between saccades and the neurological functioning of the brain. The focus of this paper is the development of a finite element model to establish a starting point for such a design.
Is Poor Working Memory a Transdiagnostic Risk Factor for Psychopathology

In contrast to historical conceptualizations that framed psychological disorders as distinct, categorical conditions, it is now widely understood that co- and multi-morbidities between disorders are extensive. As a result, there has been a call to better understand the dimensional liabilities that are common to and influence the development of multiple psychopathologies, as supported and exemplified by the National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH) Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework. We use a latent variable SEM approach to examine the degree to which working memory deficits represent a cognitive liability associated with the development of common and discrete dimensions of psychopathology. In a sample of 415 community recruited children aged 8-12 (n = 170 girls), we fit a bi-factor model to parent reports of behavior from the DISC-4 and BASC-2, and included a latent working memory factor as a predictor of the internalizing, externalizing, and general "p-factor." We found that both the general "p-factor" and externalizing (but not internalizing) latent factor were significantly associated with working memory. When a bi-factor model of externalizing symptomology was fit to further explore this relationship, working memory was only correlated with the general externalizing dimension; correlation with specific inattention, hyperactive/impulsive, and oppositional factors did not survive once the general externalizing dimension was taken into consideration. These findings held regardless of the sex of the child. Our results suggest that working memory deficits represent both a common cognitive liability for mental health disorders, and a specific liability for externalizing disorders.
A novel process-variation insensitive network for on-chip impedance matching

Impedance matching networks are used widely in RF circuit design for many purposes such as maximum power transfer or optimal noise match. Passive impedance matching networks involving capacitors and inductors are often employed, but they are subject to process variation. The paper presents a process-variation insensitive network with matched passive components that has a low sensitivity to process variation. This network,, when applied in impedance matching, can lead to a reliable network with high immunity to process variation. The improvement on immunity as compared to a conventional passive network is revealed in Monte Carlo simulation. This approach can be extended to broadband impedance matching by cascading the proposed network.
The Effect of the Minimum Wage on Shareholder Wealth Revisited

David Card and Alan Krueger’s Myth and Measurement: The New Economics of the Minimum Wage is perhaps the most cited comprehensive treatment of the economics of the minimum wage. One element of Card and Krueger’s (1995) analysis pertains to the effect of anticipated minimum wage increases on shareholder wealth. To estimate the potential effects, if any, of an expected increase in the minimum wage on the share price of firms’ employing significant numbers of low-skilled workers, Card and Krueger (1995) conduct dozens of event studies using the standard event study methodology at the time. The methodology employed by Card and Krueger is flawed. Kolari & Pynnonen (2010) show that where there is event-date clustering (as in the events examined by Card and Krueger), “even relatively low cross-correlation among abnormal returns is serious in terms of over-rejecting the null hypothesis of zero average abnormal returns.” We replicate the event studies conducted by Card and Krueger. Additionally, we conduct an event study to test the impact of President Obama’s surprise announcement of his support for raising the federal minimum wage to $9.00/hour. Similar to Card and Kruegers’ studies, we find evidence of statistically significant abnormal returns on the share prices of firms reliant on low-skilled labor when we employ standard event study methodology. However, when we conduct the event studies using the test statistics modification suggested by Kolari & Pynnonen (2010), and correct for the cross-correlation of returns where there is event-date clustering, we can no longer reject the null in any of the examined cases.
Astigmatic Herriott cell for optical refrigeration

Cooling rare-earth-doped crystals to the lowest temperature possible requires enhanced resonant absorption and high-purity crystals. Since resonant absorption decreases as the crystal is cooled, the only path forward is to increase the number of roundtrips that the laser makes inside the crystal. To achieve even lower temperatures than previously reported, we have employed an astigmatic Herriott cell to improve laser absorption at low temperatures. Preliminary results indicate improvement over previous designs. This cavity potentially enables us to use unpolarized high-power fiber lasers, and to achieve much higher cooling power for practical applications.
Modified Heparin Assay For The Quantitation Of Rivaroxaban

The anticoagulant rivaroxaban is not routinely monitored due to its predictable anticoagulant action. However, drug levels are clinically useful in patients requiring surgery as well as in assessing compliance. We have modified a commercial heparin assay based on inhibition of activated factor X (Xa) that was previously modified for the assay of fondaparinux (Am J Clin Pathol 2009, 132:608-612) by replacing the fondaparinux calibrators with commercial rivaroxaban calibration plasmas. Technoview rivaroxaban calibrator plasmas were purchased from Dia Pharma (West Chester, Ohio). These calibrators were substituted for the fondaparinux calibrators. The assay was run on a Siemens BCS XP, as previously described. The assay was linear in the range of 0 to 650 ng/ml. The limit of detection was 14 ng/ml, and carryover at 285 ng/ml was < 1%. The intra-assay precision at 100 ng/ml was standard deviation of 1.04 ng/ml, coefficient of variation of 1.03%. The inter-assay precision at 105 ng/ml was standard deviation 3.5 ng/ml, coefficient of variation of 3.3%. The assay is unaffected by warfarin, but can be affected by other Xa inhibitors such as heparin, low molecular weight heparin, fondaparinux, and apixaban. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Emotional Memory Consolidation During Sleep

Emotional experiences have a privileged place in our memories. As humans are constantly inundated with information, this adaptive process allows for the preservation of more important emotionally salient events, while allowing less important information to be forgotten. Although the experience of emotion itself releases a bevy of neurochemical and neurophysiological reactions that can benefit memory, recent research indicates that sleep plays a vital role in the preferential processing that leads to long-term consolidation of emotional information. Behavioral, neuroimaging, and neuropsychological evidence suggests that sleep benefits the long-term storage of emotional memories by increasing activation and connectivity among the same brain regions responsible for the initial encoding of emotional experience, and by facilitating the integration of the various elements of the experience into higher level cortical networks. This chapter will review the behavioral and neurobiological evidence supporting enhanced memory for emotionally salient information and the role that sleep plays in this preferential processing. We will conclude with questions that remain in this field, highlighting areas that may be fruitful for future sleep and memory researchers to explore.
A two-mode modified KdV equation with multiple soliton solutions

Abstract In this work we establish a two-mode modified Korteweg–de Vries equation (TmKdV). We show that multiple soliton solutions exist for specific values of the nonlinearity and dispersion parameters of this equation. We also derive more exact solutions for other values of these parameters. We will use the simplified Hirota’s method, the tanh/coth method to conduct this analysis.
SILENCE IN SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING: A PSYCHOANALYTIC READING

SILENCE IN SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING: A PSYCHOANALYTIC READING. Colette A. Granger. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 2004. Pp. x + 142. $29.95 paper.In this text, Granger provides an intriguing and provocative perspective on the presence of silence during communicative interactions with individuals—particularly children—learning a second language (L2). Considering theoretical and empirical evidence Granger examines, “… the complex interrelationships among self, culture and language …” (p. 38) as first language (L1) learners construct social and linguistic selves, and L2 learners reconstruct these selves in a new language and culture. Silence is given a primary role in the construction and reconstruction processes.
Analysis of modal loss in the successful transduction of an entangled qubit from polarization to OAM

We successfully convert an entangled photonic degree of freedom between polarization and OAM while the photon is inside an optical fiber. Frequency dependent modal loss and temporal drifts are the major impairments to the conversion.
Money Demand in Canada

The pace of financial market innovation in Canada quickened in the past decade or so with implications for the empirical relationships between the various monetary aggregates and other economic variables. Against this background, this paper, using an error correction formulation, presents new estimates of the demand functions for real M1, M2, and M2+ balances and concludes that while some reasonable well-behaved money demand functions exist, the interpretation of some of the variables, notably the Canadian Savings Bond variable, is open to question. The total interest elasticities of demand (i.e., including the own rate elasticity) are close to zero raising monetary management questions.
Characteristics of Firearm Brain Injury Survivors in the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems (TBIMS) National Database: A Comparison of Assault and Self-Inflicted Injury Survivors.

Abstract Objective To characterize and compare subgroups of survivors with assault-related versus self-inflicted traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) via firearms at the time of inpatient rehabilitation and at 1-, 2-, and 5-year follow-up. Design Secondary analysis of data from the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems National Database (TBIMS NDB), a multicenter, longitudinal cohort study. Setting Retrospective analyses of a subset of individuals enrolled in the TBIMS NDB. Participants Individuals 16 years and older (N=399; 310 via assault, 89 via self-inflicted injury) with a primary diagnosis of TBI caused by firearm injury enrolled in the TBIMS NDB. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Disability Rating Scale, Glasgow Outcome Scale–Extended, sociodemographic variables (sex, age, race, marital status), injury-related/acute care information (posttraumatic amnesia, loss of consciousness, time from injury to acute hospital discharge), and mental health variables (substance use history, psychiatric hospitalizations, suicide history, incarcerations). Results Individuals who survived TBI secondary to a firearm injury differed by injury mechanism (assault vs self-inflicted) on critical demographic, injury-related/acute care, and mental health variables at inpatient rehabilitation and across long-term recovery. Groups differed in terms of geographic area, age, ethnicity, education, marital status, admission Glasgow Coma Scale score, and alcohol abuse, suicide attempts, and psychiatric hospitalizations at various time points. Conclusions These findings have implications for prevention (eg, mental health programming and access to firearms in targeted areas) and for rehabilitation planning (eg, by incorporating training with coping strategies and implementation of addictions-related services) for firearm-related TBI, based on subtype of injury.
Physics in the driving seat

With Isaac Newton at the wheel, you might imagine that this book focuses on forces and crumple zones, but Barry Parker takes us on a much more varied journey. The author, who is an emeritus professor of physics at Idaho State University and who has been a car enthusiast since he was a teenager, describes a wide range of topics related to cars and driving, including some scary moments when he was driving without chains on icy North American roads.
High-Order ARX Estimation and its Application to Decentralized, Decoupled and Full Multivariable Control

Abstract This paper takes advantage of the favorable asymptotic properties of ARX estimators to develop an integrated methodology for identification and controller design for multivariable plants. Specifically, the ARX estimate serves as a suitable intermediate model for the design and analysis of MIMO control systems. Decentralized, decoupled, and full multivariable control (via MPC) applied to MIMO problems are presented as case studies.
A list of Lepidoptera collected in Costa Rica

A collection of Lepidoptera chiefly from the Meseta Central of Costa Rica included 217 species and subspecies of Rhopalocera and 148 of Heterocera.
Forest micro-environment develops through time: Changes in physical and structural heterogeneity follow abandonment from two forms of agriculture

Abstract Agriculture alters and homogenizes the physical environment, and persistent changes potentially affect community development in post-agricultural forests. We ask whether physical and structural development differs between second-growth stands of contrasting ages and agricultural histories. Formerly cultivated and pastured sites were expected to follow separate trajectories of succcessional development but eventually to converge as natural processes obscured the environmental legacies of agriculture. We used a replicated chronosequence to examine microenvironment development in successional stands over 80 years following canopy closure and compared successional stands with a control group of long-established stands. Physical, edaphic, and structural variables were measured in each site. Microtopography increased through successional time, while canopy openness and soil bulk density declined. Formerly cultivated sites showed less microtopographic variation and higher bulk density than pastured sites, consistent with a history of plowing. Formerly cultivated sites showed spatial homogenization in microtopography, soil organic matter, and herb cover. Stands in the 61–80 year age class did not differ significantly from long-established forest in any of the environmental variables or the spatial distribution of such variation. Our results suggest that 80 years of forest development is sufficient for most environmental legacies of agriculture to fade, reducing their potential to influence plant community composition. However, contrasting land-use history is still evident for several decades and may contribute to community structure over that period.
Mathematical and computer modelling reports: Review article

A Simple model of water flow through deformable porous media has been developed with emphasis on application to arterial walls. The model incorporates a strain-depedent permeability function into Darcy's Law which is coupled to the force balance for the bulk material. A simple analytical expression relating water flux (volume flux) to pressure differential is developed which shows how strain-dependent permeability can lead to a reduction in hydraulic conductivity with increasing differential pressure as observed in experiments with arteries. The variation of permeability with position in the wall, which may influence the convective diffusion of macromolecules, is determined for both cylindrical and planar segments and a marked influence of geometry is noted.