cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HDAC1 localizes to the mitochondria of cardiac myocytes and contributes to early cardiac reperfusion injury.

Abstract Rationale Recent evidence indicates that histone deacetylase enzymes (HDACs) contribute to ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury, and pan-HDAC inhibitors have been shown to be cardioprotective when administered either before an ischemic insult or during reperfusion. We have shown previously that selective inhibition of class I HDACs provides superior cardioprotection when compared to pan-HDAC inhibition in a pretreatment model, but selective class I HDAC inhibition has not been tested during reperfusion, and specific targets of class I HDACs in I/R injury have not been identified. Objective We hypothesized that selective inhibition of class I HDACs with the drug MS-275 (entinostat) during reperfusion would improve recovery from I/R injury in the first hour of reperfusion. Methods and results Hearts from male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to ex vivo I/R injury ± MS-275 class I HDAC inhibition during reperfusion alone. MS-275 significantly attenuated I/R injury, as indicated by improved LV function and tissue viability at the end of reperfusion. Unexpectedly, we observed that HDAC1 is present in the mitochondria of cardiac myocytes, but not fibroblasts or endothelial cells. We then designed mitochondria-restricted and mitochondria-excluded HDAC inhibitors, and tested both in our ex vivo I/R model. The selective inhibition of mitochondrial HDAC1 attenuated I/R injury to the same extent as MS-275, whereas the mitochondrial-excluded inhibitor did not. Further assays demonstrated that these effects are attributable to a decrease in SDHA activity and subsequent metabolic ROS production in reperfusion. Conclusions We demonstrate for the first time that HDAC1 is present within the mitochondria of cardiac myocytes, and mitochondrial HDAC1 contributes significantly to I/R injury within the first hour of reperfusion.
A Graphical Model to Assess the Impact of Multi-Step Attacks:

In the last several decades, networked systems have grown in complexity and sophistication, introducing complex interdependencies amongst their numerous and diverse components. Attackers can levera...
Reading the land: on the ethical foundations of environmental studies’ signature pedagogy

Many environmental studies and sciences (ESS) programs include courses that teach students how to interpret the landscape—to “read the land.” I argue that this practice fits Lee Shulman’s concept of a “signature pedagogy”: a pedagogy that is characteristic of a field or discipline and that implicitly shapes the character of future practice. One dimension of a signature pedagogy is its “implicit structure,” a set of beliefs about the attitudes, values, and dispositions it seeks to develop. Drawing on the work of Iris Murdoch and Lawrence Blum, I argue that teaching students how to read the land is aimed at developing their “moral perception”: their ability to appreciate the moral significance of the various elements of the landscape. This practice develops a certain kind of attentiveness to the landscape that ESS promotes, and should promote, as the mark of an environmentally knowledgeable and responsible person.
A rare positively charged nicotinic acid di-sulfide: 2,2'-di-thio-dinicotinic acid hydro-chloride monohydrate.

The title compound {systematic name: 3-carb­oxy-2-[2-(3-carb­oxy­pyridin-2-yl)disulfan-1-yl)]pyridin-1-ium chloride monohydrate}, C12H9N2O4S2+·Cl−·H2O, crystallizes in the triclinic space group P\overline{1}. A pair of 2-mercaptonicotinic acid moieties is connected by a 2,2′-di­sulfide bond with a dihedral angle of 78.79 (3)°. One of the N atom is protonated, as are both carboxyl­ate groups, resulting in an overall +1 charge on the dimer. The structure comprises a zigzagging layer of the dimerized di­thio­dinicotinic acid rings, with charge-balancing chloride ions and water mol­ecules between the layers. Hydrogen bonding between the chloride and water sites with the dimer appears to hold the structure together. Nearest neighbor nicotinic acid rings are offset when viewed down the a axis, suggesting no added stability from ring stacking. The asymmetric unit corresponds to the empirical formula of the compound, and it packs with two formula units per unit cell.
Lyme disease: Part II. Management and prevention

Lyme disease (LD) is most often diagnosed clinically, and the differential diagnosis of erythema migrans may be challenging. Recent advances have raised questions about the efficacy of traditional diagnostic modalities, but may soon facilitate consistent identification of patients with Lyme borreliosis. Therapeutic recommendations vary with the stage of disease, and treatment usually leads to complete resolution. The management of patients with "chronic Lyme disease" is controversial. A number of preventative measures have been evaluated; those involving the avoidance of tick bites with protective clothing and insect repellents remain the simplest and most effective.
Materiel command and the materiality of commands: An historical examination of the US air force, control data corporation, and the advanced logistics system

In the late 1960s the US Air Force Logistics Command (AFLC) engaged in an unparalleled, real-time computer networking project to manage all its logistics (location, inventory, maintenance, and transportation of personnel, aircraft, weapons, components, spare parts, etc.), the Advanced Logistics System (ALS). The $250 million ALS project was substantially larger in size and cost than earlier real-time computer networking projects (including SAGE programming and SABRE), but it has received virtually no attention from historians of computing. Ultimately, the ALS project failed. Drawing from an oral history with lead contractor Control Data’s (CDC) longtime ALS project manager, previously unavailable CDC documents, and documentation and an oral history from a leading external Air Force advisor on ALS, it shows how the AFLC pushed too far too fast in seeking to be a first-mover in creating a massive unified database and real-time computer network for highly complex logistics.
Large strategic dynamic interactions

Abstract The paper presents a model of large strategic dynamic interactions in an environment with uncertain fundamentals. The interaction is among a large finite group of interdependent players, diversified in their preferences and information. We study an imagined-continuum equilibrium, a behavioral hybrid of games with a continuum of players and finite games. This equilibrium enables simple Bayesian reasoning and admits natural Markov-perfect equilibria. In addition, we establish bounds on the probabilistic discrepancies between players' beliefs that are derived from the continuum model and the actual finite reality.
Protein phosphatases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The phosphorylation status of a protein is highly regulated and is determined by the opposing activities of protein kinases and protein phosphatases within the cell. While much is known about the protein kinases found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the protein phosphatases are much less characterized. Of the 127 protein kinases in yeast, over 90% are in the same evolutionary lineage. In contrast, protein phosphatases are fewer in number (only 43 have been identified in yeast) and comprise multiple, distinct evolutionary lineages. Here we review the protein phosphatase families of yeast with regard to structure, catalytic mechanism, regulation, and signal transduction participation.
Elementary Introduction to the Lebesgue Integral

Elementary Introduction to the Lebesgue Integral is not just an excellent primer of the Lebesgue integral for undergraduate students but a valuable tool for tomorrow’s mathematicians. Since the early twentieth century, the Lebesgue integral has been a mainstay of mathematical analysis because of its important properties with respect to limits. For this reason, it is vital that mathematical students properly understand the complexities of the Lebesgue integral. However, most texts about the subject are geared towards graduate students, which makes it a challenge for instructors to properly teach and for less advanced students to learn. Ensuring that the subject is accessible for all readers, the author presents the text in a clear and concrete manner which allows readers to focus on the real line. This is important because Lebesgue integral can be challenging to understand when compared to more widely used integrals like the Riemann integral. The author also includes in the textbook abundant examples and exercises to help explain the topic. Other topics explored in greater detail are abstract measure spaces and product measures, which are treated concretely. Features: Comprehensibly written introduction to the Lebesgue integral for undergraduate students Includes many examples, figures and exercises Features a Table of Notation and Glossary to aid readers Solutions to selected exercises
What the framework means to me: Attitudes of academic librarians toward the ACRL framework for information literacy for higher education

Abstract Findings from in-depth interviews with academic librarians reveal initial perceptions of the value of the new Association of College and Research Libraries ' Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education and information about individual experiences in implementing the framework into information literacy skills instruction. Fifteen academic librarians, recruited through the ILI-L listserv, participated in Skype interviews that averaged 50 min in length. Participants shared that the Framework has had an impact on their teaching, helps them to better articulate the role of the librarian and the concept of information literacy, supports collaboration with faculty, and presents new empirical research opportunities for academic librarians. At the same time, acceptance of the Framework by librarians has not been universal, implementing the Framework into one-shot information literacy instruction is difficult, and full implementation of the Framework may require a restructuring of how information literacy education is approached.
Exercise is Medicine®: Knowledge and Awareness among Exercise Science and Medical School Students

The purpose of this exploratory study was twofold: to determine whether exercise science and medical students are aware of the Exercise is Medicine® (EIM®) program and to construct a tool that would permit assessment of EIM® variables with students enrolled in both programs. The study consisted of a quantitative, cross-sectional design, using a self-report electronic questionnaire. An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) using principal component analysis extraction method with Varimax factor rotation was employed to validate the survey instrument based on the expected constructs, which posited five (5) contending factors: Value, Familiarity, Preparedness, Curricular Perceptions, and Opinions. A pairwise comparison was then performed to compare elements of the EIM® scale identified from the factor analysis by student type (medical and exercise science student) using multiple independent sample t-tests. Based on the pairwise comparisons, there were statistically significant differences of all EIM® factors by student type with the exception of Opinions (p = 0.109). Based on the trends observed in the data, exercise science students had a more positive report for each EIM® factor compared to medical students. These findings suggest a discrepancy in the delivery, acceptance, and implementation of the EIM® initiative between exercise professionals and medical healthcare providers. Future investigation is warranted to validate this experimental instrument and study the differences in EIM® factors among current medical and exercise professionals.
A political–institutional explanation of environmental performance in Latin America:

This research utilizes the 2010 Environmental Performance Index to examine how electoral rules affect environmental performance in 20 Latin American democracies. Using supporting time-series analys...
NA23K9TL15.3 : AN UNUSUAL ZINTL COMPOUND CONTAINING APPARENT TL57-, TL48-,TL37-, AND TL5- ANIONS

Reaction of the neat elements in tantalum containers at 400 °C and then 150 °C gives the pure title phase. X-ray crystallography shows that the hexagonal structure (P63/mmc, Z = 2, a = 11.235(1) A, b = 30.133(5) A) contains relatively high symmetry clusters Tl57- (D3h), Tl48- (C3v, ∼ Td), and the new Tl37- (D∞h) plus Tl5-, the last two disordered over the same elongated site in 1:2 proportions. Cation solvation of these anions is tight and specific, providing good Coulombic trapping of weakly bound electrons on the isolated cluster anions. The observed disorder makes the compound structurally a Zintl phase with a closed shell electron count. EHMO calculations on the novel Tl37- reveal some bonding similarities with the isoelectronic CO2, with two good σ(s,p) bonding and two weakly bonding π MO's. The Tl−Tl bond lengths therein (3.14 A) are evidently consistent with multiple bonding. The weak temperature-independent paramagnetism and metallic conductivity (ρ293 ∼ 90 μΩ·cm) of the phase are discussed.
Speech Representation in the Auditory Nerve and Ventral Cochlear Nucleus

The representation of speech-like stimuli in the auditory nerve and cochlear nucleus have been the subject of numerous studies over the past 20 years (Blackburn and Sachs, 1990; Geisler, 1988; Kiang and Moxon, 1974; Palmer, et al., 1986; Sachs and Young, 1979; Young and Sachs, 1979). In both the auditory nerve and cochlear nucleus, for exam- ple, the spectra of vowels can be represented in terms of average rate (Sachs and Young, 1979) or the temporal patterns of firing (phase-locking; Blackburn and Sachs, 1990; Young and Sachs, 1979) or a combination of the two (Blackburn and Sachs, 1990; Young and Sachs, 1979). In this chapter we focus on average rate representations.
Massive fatal overdose of abrin with progressive encephalopathy

Introduction: The jequirity bean (Abrus precatorius) seed contains abrin, a toxalbumin, that irreversibly binds the 60-s ribosomal subunit inhibiting protein synthesis. Neurologic manifestations of...
Mechanical Valve Thrombosis in a Pregnant Patient: A Case of Therapeutic Failure

Mechanical valve thrombosis is life-threatening complication especially in pregnant patients. The optimal anticoagulation regimen is still not certain as there are different fetal and maternal risks associated with anticoagulation. A 37-year-old woman with a history of rheumatic heart disease with a mechanical mitral valve replacement 13 years prior presented to the hospital with dyspnea on mild exertion associated with orthopnea for three days. She was nine weeks pregnant, she had been on warfarin prior to pregnancy, and was switched to low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in her 6th week of pregnancy. Fluoroscopy showed that one leaflet of the mitral valve was nearly fixed, while the other leaflet had restricted motion at maximal opening. Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) showed a very large thrombus approximately 3-4 cm2 encompassing the entire mechanical valve with one immobile leaflet and limited mobility in other leaflet. In view of her clinical status (dyspnea with NYHA Class IV symptoms), the patient underwent uncomplicated bioprosthetic mitral valve replacement. However, the fetus did not survive. Mechanical heart valve (MHV) thrombosis is life-threatening complication in pregnancy. The optimal anticoagulation therapy in pregnancy is unclear. This case report brings into light that in spite of adequate anticoagulation, pregnant patients with mechanical heart valves are still at a high risk of developing valve thrombosis. It highlights the use of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiogram along with fluoroscopy in diagnosing this and discusses the therapeutic options for this unique condition.
Adolescents' Willingness to Commit to Safe Use and Disposal of Prescription Opioids.

Introduction and aims: Leftover pills from prescriptions written in emergency departments are a key source of misused opioids among adolescents. Recently, the AMA has proposed emphasizing safe use ...
A Lagrangian formulation for interacting particles on a deformable medium

Abstract Many problems in softmatter and membrane biophysics, such as finding the equilibrium configurations of protein clusters on cell-membranes, the highly defect ridden structure of Gag polyproteins in immature HIV capsids, and the unusual fluid-like state of Archaeal viruses can be understood as systems of interacting particles (typically representing proteins or protein capsomers) on deformable surfaces. The coupled interactions between the particles and the underlying elastic medium to which they are constrained pose significant computational challenges. Existing methods often employ expensive constraints to anchor particles to the surface or artificially restrict the particles movement yielding spurious equilibrium states. In this work, a new method is presented where the particles positions are parameterized in the reference configuration. This pull-back operation allows the particles to move freely on the surface without the need of additional constraints. Furthermore, the mapping necessary to describe the particles positions in a discretized setting, e.g., in a finite element mesh, can be done on the reference undeformed configuration at a reduced computational cost. The proposed method is applied to particles moving on manifolds in one and two dimensions to study its convergence characteristics and error when compared to derived analytical and semi-analytical solutions. Finally, the newly developed method is applied to generalized Tammes problems of packing interacting point particles on a deformable shell.
NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition attenuates sepsis-induced platelet activation and prevents multi-organ injury in cecal-ligation puncture.

Sepsis is characterized by organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated immune response to infection. Currently, no effective treatment for sepsis exists. Platelets are recognized as mediators of the immune response and may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of sepsis. We previously demonstrated that NLRP3 inflammasome activation in sepsis-induced activated platelets was associated with multi-organ injury in the cecal-ligation puncture (CLP) rat model of sepsis. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that inhibition of NLRP3 would inhibit platelet activation and attenuate multi-organ injury in the CLP rat. CLP (n = 10) or Sham (n = 10) surgery were performed in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. A subset of CLP rats were treated with MCC950 (50mg/kg/d), a specific NLRP3 inhibitor (CLP+MCC950, n = 10). At 72 hrs. post-CLP, blood and organs were harvested for analysis of platelet activation, NLRP3 activation, inflammation and end organ damage. Platelet activation increased from 8±0.8% in Sham to 16±1% in CLP, and was reduced to 9±1% in CLP+M rats (p<0.05). NLRP3 activation was also increased in platelets of CLP vs Sham. NLRP3 expression was unchanged in kidney and lung after CLP, but Caspase 1 expression and IL-1β were increased. MCC950 treatment attenuated NLRP3 activation in platelets. Plasma, kidney, and lung levels of NLRP3 inflammasome associated cytokines, IL-1s and IL-18, were significantly increased in CLP compared to Sham rats. Inhibition of NLRP3 normalized cytokine levels. Glomerular injury, pulmonary edema, and endothelial dysfunction markers were increased in CLP rats vs Sham. MCC950 treatment significantly decreased renal and pulmonary injury and endothelial dysfunction in CLP+M. Our results demonstrate a role for NLRP3 in contributing to platelet activation and multi-organ injury in sepsis.
RedPlane: enabling fault-tolerant stateful in-switch applications

Many recent efforts have demonstrated the performance benefits of running datacenter functions (\emph{e.g.,} NATs, load balancers, monitoring) on programmable switches. However, a key missing piece remains: fault tolerance. This is especially critical as the network is no longer stateless and pure endpoint recovery does not suffice. In this paper, we design and implement RedPlane, a fault-tolerant state store for stateful in-switch applications. This provides in-switch applications consistent access to their state, even if the switch they run on fails or traffic is rerouted to an alternative switch. We address key challenges in devising a practical, provably correct replication protocol and implementing it in the switch data plane. Our evaluations show that RedPlane incurs negligible overhead and enables end-to-end applications to rapidly recover from switch failures.
Indirect interactions among co-infecting parasites and a microbial mutualist impact disease progression.

Interactions among parasites and other microbes within hosts can impact disease progression, yet study of such interactions has been mostly limited to pairwise combinations of microbes. Given the diversity of microbes within hosts, indirect interactions among more than two microbial species may also impact disease. To test this hypothesis, we performed inoculation experiments that investigated interactions among two fungal parasites, Rhizoctonia solani and Colletotrichum cereale, and a systemic fungal endophyte, Epichloe coenophiala, within the grass, tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum). Both direct and indirect interactions impacted disease progression. While the endophyte did not directly influence R. solani disease progression or C. cereale symptom development, the endophyte modified the interaction between the two parasites. The magnitude of the facilitative effect of C. cereale on the growth of R. solani tended to be greater when the endophyte was present. Moreover, this interaction modification strongly affected leaf mortality. For plants lacking the endophyte, parasite co-inoculation did not increase leaf mortality compared to single-parasite inoculations. By contrast, for endophyte-infected plants, parasite co-inoculation increased leaf mortality compared to inoculation with R. solani or C. cereale alone by 1.9 or 4.9 times, respectively. Together, these results show that disease progression can be strongly impacted by indirect interactions among microbial symbionts.
Single Fraction Radiotherapy as Postoperative Treatment (SF-PORT) for Resected, Stage I/II Merkel Cell Carcinoma.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) In the absence of randomized prospective data, the role of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) for localized Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is controversial with varying practice patterns. Although a majority of patients with resected stage I/II MCC without adverse features may be cured with surgery alone, those with adverse features including head and neck (HN) primary tumors have local recurrence rates of 20% or more without PORT (Takagishi et al. Adv Radiat Oncol, 2016). Extrapolating from our experience demonstrating high rates of local control with single fraction radiotherapy (SFRT) for metastatic MCC (Iyer et al. Cancer Med, 2015), we hypothesized that SFRT (8 Gy) may be effective as PORT to optimize local control for stage I/II MCC with adverse risk features (e.g., HN disease, immunosuppression, recurrent disease, non-oncologic resection, lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI)), especially in patients for whom a conventional RT course may not be feasible. MATERIALS/METHODS A single-institution, retrospective review of patients with clinical or pathological stage I/II MCC receiving SFRT (8 Gy) as postoperative treatment (SF-PORT) was completed from a prospectively-enrolled database. RESULTS Thirty patients (median age 78 years) were identified who received SFRT after wide local excision (n = 24; 80%), Mohs surgery (n = 1; 3%), shave or excisional biopsy only (n = 5; 17%) of the primary. Patients had pathological stage I (n = 15; 50%), clinical stage I (n = 10: 33%), pathological stage II (n = 3; 10%) or clinical stage II (n = 2; 7%) disease. All patients received SF-PORT (8 Gy) at a median of 43 days (range: 14-203) following resection or biopsy. Five patients (4 with HN disease) received SFRT to draining lymph nodes. The majority of patients had HN tumors (77%), LVSI was present in 23%,17% were immunosuppressed and 7% had locally recurrent disease (n = 2). At median follow-up of 11.3 months (range: 3-45.7), no local or in-field recurrences were observed. No local or distant recurrences, MCC specific deaths, or RT related toxicities grade > 1 (CTCAE v5.0) were observed. There were two out-of-field regional nodal recurrences in HN patients who did not receive elective nodal RT. CONCLUSION Our early experience demonstrates a high rate of in-field local control in patients with stage I/II MCC with adverse features managed with SF-PORT. This approach warrants further study.
Variation in practice for preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis: a survey from an academic tertiary referral center in the United States.

BACKGROUND Antibiotic surgical prophylaxis is a core strategy for prevention of surgical site infections (SSI). Despite best practice guidelines and known efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in decreasing SSI risk, there is often wide variation in its use. This study was designed to determine the individual perspectives of perioperative providers at an academic tertiary referral center regarding their knowledge of preoperative antibiotic choice, dosing, and timing. METHODS A prospective survey was conducted amongst surgical and anesthesia team members involved in preoperative antibiotic decision making. The survey addressed ten key principles relating to preoperative antibiotic use, including antibiotic choice, timing and rate of infusion, and dosing. The survey was distributed among orthopaedic surgeons, residents, and anesthesia providers at their respective monthly service line meetings between August 2017 to June 2019. The data was stored and analyzed in a Microsoft Excel worksheet. RESULTS A total of 73 providers completed the survey. Twenty-two (30 %) of the providers agreed and 47 (64 %) disagreed that both vancomycin and cefazolin are equally effective for antibiotic prophylaxis. As for antibiotic choice in patients with penicillin allergies, 37 (51 %) agreed with vancomycin, 21 (29 %) agreed with clindamycin, and 15 (21 %) disagreed with both alternatives. When providers were surveyed regarding the appropriateness of standard versus weight adjusted dosing, 67 (92 %) agreed that vancomycin should be weight adjusted and 63 (86 %) agreed that cefazolin should be weight adjusted. CONCLUSIONS There is no clear consensus amongst providers for which antibiotic to administer for antibiotic prophylaxis despite existing guidelines. Discrepancy also exists between orthopaedic surgery and anesthesia providers in regards to appropriate antibiotic choice for patients with reported penicillin allergies. Institutions should implement evidence-based protocols for preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis and continue to prospectively monitor compliance in order to identify any inconsistencies that could result in inappropriate antibiotic prophylaxis for patients.
War, Peace, And The Social Order

List of Illustrations Preface List of Acronyms chapter 1. Why Study War and Peace? The Use of Sociology Our Involvement in War Chapter Summary Questions for Review For Further Research chapter 2. The Social Structure of War and Peace What's Social About War? Chapter Summary Questions for Review For Further Research chapter 3. Explaining War The Cultural Evolution of War Approaches to Explaining War Chapter Summary Questions for Review For Further Research chapter 4. Militarism: Making War Possible Militarism in Everyday Life The Post-Cold War Era Chapter Summary Questions for Review For Further Research chapter 5. The Military-Industrial Complex Scope of the Military Establishment Explaining the High Cost of the Military Chapter Summary Questions for Review For Further Research chapter 6. Methods of Avoiding War Deterrence Arms Control Collective Security Empire World Order The Limits of Sovereignty Nonsovereign Options Chapter Summary Questions for Review For Further Research chapter 7. Methods of Promoting Peace The Peace-Justice Connection The Creation of Peace Chapter Summary Questions for Review For Further Research chapter 8. Epilogue: People and Peacemaking Chapter Summary For Further Research References Index
Further Evidence Against the Laissez Faire Origins of American Higher Education Hypothesis

Bennett (2014) provides a critical challenge to a common view held by education scholars that American higher education was governed by a free market during the post-Revolution antebellum, suggesting that the state was more involved in shaping the sector than has traditionally been recognized. This paper provides further evidence against the laissez faire origins of higher education. Protectionist regulatory regimes in Michigan and New York hindered competition in these states. Distortionary subsidies in many other states such as Massachusetts, Maryland and Virginia gave successful rent-seeking institutions an advantage over unsuccessful ones.
Nucleotide Release and Purinergic Signaling in the Vasculature Driven by the Red Blood Cell

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the concept of nucleotide release and purinergic signaling in the vasculature driven by the red blood cell. When exposed to any of a number of chemically dissimilar soluble mediators, the endothelium of blood vessels is capable of the synthesis and release of factors that relax the underlying vascular smooth muscle. Red blood cell-derived adenosine triphosphate (ATP) could contribute to the control of vascular resistance in striated muscle, the brain, and the lung under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. In striated muscle and cerebral circulations, the ability of the red blood cell to release ATP in response to reduced oxygen tension and/or pH or mechanical deformation could aid in the distribution of blood flow to the segments of the tissue in which oxygen and nutrient delivery is insufficient to meet metabolic need. ATP released from red blood cells as they traverse the extensive microcirculation of the lung could contribute to the low levels of vascular resistance in that organ. Excessive release of ATP associated with the lysis of red blood cells, as would occur in a subarachnoid hemorrhage, would be anticipated to produce intense vasospasm leading to increased organ injury.
Recovering a Dialectical View of Rationality

In this article, I argue for an interpretation of Messick's (1989) theory of validity that supports a dialectical over a technical view of rationality in making validity judgments. A primary theme underlying Messick's theory is the “Singerian” approach to inquiry where one system of inquiry is observed by another in order to open "their underlying scientific and value assumptions to public scrutiny and critique"(pp. 61–62). Against Markus (this issue), who argues that a “completion” of Messick's theoretical project is necessary to support a single, best justified validity judgment for any given test use, I argue that Messick has provided a means of maintaining validity theory and the judgments it supports as ongoing accomplishments, always open to other perspectives, and critically reflexive in light of those challenges.
The Banana Split: Has the Stalemate Been Broken in the WTO Dispute? The Global Trade Community's "A-Peel" for Justice?

This Comment examines the latest developments of the banana trade dispute, which threatens to disrupt, the economies of Third World countries and international relations on a general scale. Part I reviews the background of the legal treaties and the international organizations involved in the dispute, as well as the parties involved, and the dispute’s basic history. Part II examines the dispute’s procedural history, as presented before the World Trade Organization (“WTO”), and also highlights recent developments. Part III evaluates the WTO’s legal rulings and analyzes key aspects of the banana dispute. Part III also suggests that while the system of preferential treatment, granted to the developing countries, contradicted the language of certain GATT provisions, the principles behind the preferential treatment complied with the tenets of international economic development law; therefore the treatment was not per se wrong. Part III suggests that the present regime should remain for a short transition period until the EU implements an alternative system. Finally, Part III suggests the most feasible alternative is a regionalized cooperative agreement between the EU and the developing countries. This Comment concludes that under international development law, globalization should be advanced with preferential treatment, in order to give participants, at various stages of economic prosperity, the same opportunity to integrate themselves and grow in the international trade community.
Innovation in Emerging Markets

(2011). Innovation in Emerging Markets. Research-Technology Management: Vol. 54, Innovation in Emerging Markets, pp. 8-9.
SMATS: Sketch-based Modeling and Analysis of Truss Systems

The present work intends to introduce a domain-specific sketch method for modeling and analysis of forms and structures of trusses concurrently. The main contribution of the research presented here is the development of a computer-assisted structural modeling tool where the structure can be sketched, subjected to loads, a structural analysis is performed, and the results can be observed. The Sketch-based Modeling and Analysis of Truss Systems (SMATS) allows the user to test what if scenarios in real-time by using simple sketches. To interpret the sketch and extract data for a structural analysis, SMATS uses a gesture recognition algorithm. The results are then brought back to the same environment for visualization in terms of color/thickness-code and animation. Moreover, the interactive environment of the user interface (UI) allows the user to manipulate the design and observe the outcome of the changes on the truss structural behavior. SMATS is developed for the particular use of architects, aiming to provide them a natural environment to present and appraise structural configurations of different truss systems by means of sketching. Iterative usage of the method will give architects, engineering perspective about the class of structures used here. The approach is intended to optimize the conceptual design of trusses by bridging architectural vision in creating forms, and engineering analysis. It also helps architects gain better understanding of the effect of variation in form on structural behavior of trusses. In addition to its application as a design tool, SMATS can be used as an effective educational tool. Architecture students have used it to learn about the fundamentals of structural engineering in building structures classes.
Compact, modular assembly and packaging of multi-substrate microsystems

This paper presents a new approach for the assembly of microsystems consisting of multiple substrates containing circuits, sensors, and actuators in a re-workable and modular fashion. The microsystem dice are placed inside a cube, and therefore self-aligned and stacked on top of one another, and are separated using non-conducting elastomer sheets. Signal transfer (electrical and fluidic) between these dice is achieved using flexible Parylene cables that are formed on the inside walls of the cube. Conductors and contact pads formed on the Parylene cables are pressed onto matching contact pads on the individual substrates thus forming a mechanical connect/disconnect system for both electrical and fluidic signals. A process for forming the cables and for assembling the entire microsystem has been developed and demonstration prototypes have been constructed to illustrate the feasibility of this approach.
Comparison of the effects of zonisamide, ethosuximide and pregabalin in the chronic constriction injury induced neuropathic pain in rats

Background : Evidence has been generated that various anticonvulsant agents provide relief of several chronic pain syndromes and therefore as an alternative to opioids, nonsteroidal anti.inflammatory, and tricyclic antidepressant drugs in the treatment of neuropathic pain. The results of these studies thus raise the question of whether all anticonvulsant drugs or particular mechanistic classes may be efficacious in the treatment of neuropathic pain syndromes. Aim : The aim was to compare the clinically used anticonvulsant drugs which are differ in their mechanism of action in a chronic pain model, the chronic constriction injury, in order to determine if all anticonvulsants or only particular mechanistic classes of anticonvulsants are analgesic. Materials and Methods : The study included zonisamide, ethosuximide and pregabalin. All compounds were anticonvulsant with diverse mechanism of actions. The peripheral neuropathic pain was induced by chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve in male Sprague.Dawley rats. Zonisamide (80 and 40 mg/kg), ethosuximide (300 and 100 mg/kg), pregabalin (50 and 20 mg/kg), and saline was administered intraperitoneally in respective groups in a blinded, randomized manner from postoperative day (POD) 7.13. Paw withdrawal duration to spontaneous pain, chemical allodynia and mechanical hyperalgesia and paw withdrawal latency to mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were tested before drug administration on POD7 and after administration on POD 7, 9, 11 and 13. Results : The present study suggests that these drugs could provide an effective alternative in the treatment of neuropathic pain. However, zonisamide and pregabalin appears to have suitable efficacy to treat a wide spectrum of neuropathic pain condition. Conclusion : The present findings suggest that the inhibition of N.type calcium channels or voltage.gated sodium and T.type calcium channels provides better analgesic potential instead of inhibition of T.type calcium channels alone. Keywords : Chronic constriction injury model, Ethosuximide, Neuropathic pain, Pregabalin, Zonisamide
The importance of interface agent visual presence: voice alone is less effective in impacting young women's attitudes toward engineering

Anchored in social agency theory, recent research has emphasized the importance of anthropomorphic interface agents' voice to impact learning-related outcomes. Nevertheless, literature on human social models suggests that the appearance of an interface agent may have important implications for its ability to influence attitudes and self-efficacy. Therefore, we hypothesized that visual presence of the interface agent would result in more positive attitudes toward engineering and greater self-efficacy than the presence of a human voice alone. In accordance to our hypothesis, results revealed that participants who interacted with the visible agents reported significantly greater utility for engineering, greater self-efficacy, and greater interest in engineering related fields than those who interacted with a human voice. Thus, the current work indicates the importance of anthropomorphic agent's visibility in changing attitudes and beliefs.
Social Work, Psychology, and Counseling in the Schools

ties in the roles of social work ers, psychologists, and coun selors in the schools. Unique functions of each are also ad dressed, as are some ways social work practice in educa tion can be enhanced by the appreciation of this per spective on school roles.
Híbridos, glocalizados y hecho en México: influencias extranjeras en la programación televisiva mexicana desde los cincuentas

Empleando teorias de hibridacion cultural, este articulo argumenta que la programacion de entretenimiento mexicana –en particular la telenovela- es fundamentalmente un hibrido, que mina la celebrada mexicanidad. La historia de la novela es remontada, ilustrando sus caracteristicas globales y locales. Ademas, se argumenta que a la par que la novela logro una estabilidad formal, su abierta hibridacion disminuye. Mas aun, las afirmaciones de una reciente regionalizacion, en la que los productores adoptan el realismo social sudamericano o maximizan la exportabilidad al universalizar su producto, han sido exageradas. Seria de utilidad pensar en la telenovela como un hibrido en sus etapas tempranas, pero desde los anos setentas se autentifica como un artefacto mexicano. Palabras clave: Hibridacion, telenovela, global, local, regionalizacion. Applying theories of cultural hybridation, the argument of this article is that Mexican entertainment programmes –soap opera particularly– is fundamentally a hybrid that undermines the celebrated “mexicanity”. History of soap opera is shown, considering its global and local characteristics. Also it argues that while it reaches formal stability, open hybridation decreases. Moreover, affirmations of a recent regionalization, in which producers adopt a South-American social realism or increase to the maximum exportability by universalizing the product, have been exaggerated. It would be useful to think in soap opera as a hybrid in its early stages, but since the 60s is accredited as a Mexican device. Key words: Hybridation, soap opera, global, local, regionalization.
Democratic Politics and Policy Analysis

Democratic politics and policy analysis: harmony or tension? Part One: The policy analysis paradigm. The threats of policy analysis. Part Two: Analysis in practice - contexts and roles. Adversarial analysis of U.S. Oil export policy. Analysis as a component of the policy process. Part Three: Policy analysis and democratic politics. Bibliography.
Personality Factors Which May Interfere With the Learning of Adult Basic Education Students

This paper surveys the literature in several areas of psychological research in an effort to better understand the learning character istics of culturally disadvantaged adults and to study certain emotional factors which appear to inhibit both participation in organized educational activities and effective learning. The survey of literature attempts: (1) to examine the concept of self, as it may pertain to the adult basic education student, (2) to review Rokeach's hypothesis of the closed belief-disbelief system in an effort to relate it to the emotional make-up of adult basic educa tion students, (3) to describe the "closed" social environment which may give rise to the phenomenon of the "closed" mind, and (4) to identify some of the personality characteristics of the adult basic education student which may interfere with his po tential as a learner.
Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. IX: Correlation of surfactant maturation with fetal cortisol and triiodothyronine concentration.

In addition to pulmonary hypoplasia and an altered pulmonary vascular bed, the abnormal lung development caused by congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is associated with an impairment in the pulmonary surfactant system. The aim of this study was to correlate fetal serum cortisol and triiodothyronine (T3) levels, known indicators of surfactant development, with maturation of the surfactant system in the lamb CDH model. Analysis of the products of bronchoalveolar lavage in CDH showed decreased phospholipid (P < .01) and increased protein concentration (P < .02) per gram of lung tissue when compared with controls, but cortisol and T3 concentrations did not differ significantly between the two groups. These results suggest that the surfactant deficiency in CDH is not related to an alteration in cortisol or T3 levels but may be directly related to the mechanical effects of the intrathoracic bowel.
Identifying SDN state inconsistency in OpenStack

In Software Defined Networks (SDN), users manage network services by abstracting high level service policies from lower level network functions. Edge-based SDN, which relies on end hosts to implement lower-level network functions, has been rapidly developed and widely adopted in cloud. A critical challenge in such an environment is to ensure that lower level network configurations, which are distributed in many end hosts, are in sync with high-level network service definitions, which are maintained in the central controller, as state inconsistency often arises in practice due to unreliable state dissemination, human errors, or software bugs. In this paper, we propose an approach to systematically extracting and analyzing the network states of OpenStack from both controller and end hosts, and identifying the inconsistencies between them across multiple network layers. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that our system can correctly identify network state inconsistencies with little system and network overhead, therefore can be adopted in large-scale production cloud to ensure healthy operations of its network services.
Functional tissue factor in blood

Comment on Butenas et al, page [2764][1] Several lines of evidence suggest that blood-borne tissue factor can promote thrombus growth. This study demonstrates that the amount of functional tissue factor in the blood of healthy individuals under nonflow conditions is vanishingly small. A report
A Critical Role of Cavin (Polymerase I and Transcript Release Factor) in Caveolae Formation and Organization

Cavin (PTRF) has been shown to be a highly abundant protein component of caveolae, but its functional role there is unknown. Here, we confirm that cavin co-localizes with caveolin-1 in adipocytes by confocal microscopy and co-distributes with caveolin-1 in lipid raft fractions by sucrose gradient flotation. However, cavin does not directly associate with caveolin-1 as solubilization of caveolae disrupts their interaction. Cholesterol depletion with β-cyclodextrin causes a significant down-regulation of cavin from plasma membrane lipid raft fractions. Overexpression of cavin in HEK293-Cav-1 cells and knockdown of cavin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes enhances and diminishes caveolin-1 levels, respectively, indicating an important role for cavin in maintaining the level of caveolin-1. A truncated form of cavin, eGFP-cavin-1-322, which lacks 74 amino acids from the C-terminal, reveals a microtubular network localization by confocal microscopy. Disruption of cytoskeletal elements with latrunculin B or nocodazole diminishes cavin expression without affecting the caveolin-1 amount. We propose that the presence of cavin on the inside surface of caveolae stabilizes these structures, probably through interaction with the cytoskeleton, and cavin therefore plays an important role in caveolae formation and organization.
Power, efficiency, and polarization analysis of a beamsplitter for the equipartition of infrared input power in the presence of angular, film-thickness, and spectral deviations

A high-efficiency beamsplitter for the equipartition of infrared input power using combined reflection and transmission is described. The new design does not use a back metal reflector coating, and hence is more efficient than those previously described. The beamsplitter uses a parallel slab of fused silica that is strip coated with a germanium film on the front and back sides to generate four beams of equal powers. A specific design for operation at the 1.55-µm fiber communication wavelength is presented. Power, efficiency, and polarization analysis of fractional beams in the presence of angular, film-thickness, and spectral deviations near the equipartition condition are discussed. The following results are obtained. An angular deviation of ±0.5 deg has no significant effect on power (<0.1%), efficiency (<0.02%), or polarization (ellipsometric) parameters (< 1 deg) of the fractional beams. A film-thickness deviation of ±10 nm results in a small change in power (<2%), efficiency (<0.1%), and polarization (<0.5 deg) of the fractional beams. A spectral variation of ±25 nm also has a small effect on power (<1.5%), efficiency (<0.01%), and polarization (<1 deg).