cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taming the symbiont for coexistence: a host PGRP neutralizes a bacterial symbiont toxin

In horizontally transmitted mutualisms between marine animals and their bacterial partners, the host environment promotes the initial colonization by specific symbionts that it harvests from the surrounding bacterioplankton. Subsequently, the host must develop long-term tolerance to immunogenic bacterial molecules, such as peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccaride derivatives. We describe the characterization of the activity of a host peptidoglycan recognition protein (EsPGRP2) during establishment of the symbiosis between the squid Euprymna scolopes and its luminous bacterial symbiont Vibrio fischeri. Using confocal immunocytochemistry, we localized EsPGRP2 to all epithelial surfaces of the animal, and determined that it is exported in association with mucus shedding. Most notably, EsPGRP2 was released by the crypt epithelia into the extracellular spaces housing the symbionts. This translocation occurred only after the symbionts had triggered host morphogenesis, a process that is induced by exposure to the peptidoglycan monomer tracheal cytotoxin (TCT), a bacterial 'toxin' that is constitutively exported by V. fischeri. Enzymatic analyses demonstrated that, like many described PGRPs, EsPGRP2 has a TCT-degrading amidase activity. The timing of EsPGRP2 export into the crypts provides evidence that the host does not export this protein until after TCT induces morphogenesis, and thereafter EsPGRP2 is constantly present in the crypts ameliorating the effects of V. fischeri TCT.
Heterogeneity of oral tolerance defects in autoimmune mice

Three strains of mice, BXSB, MRL-lpr/lpr, and NZB, which spontaneously develop autoimmune syndromes, all fail to become tolerant to challenge with bovine gamma-globulin (BGG) in adjuvant by prior intraperitoneal (ip) injection of BGG in tolerogenic form. In the present study, these three strains were examined for the ability of a single enteric dose of BGG or ovalbumin (OVA) to tolerize to subsequent challenge with the corresponding antigen in adjuvant. In contrast to lack of ip tolerance to BGG, BXSB mice were tolerant to gastrointestinal (GI) BGG as well as to GI OVA, suggesting that ip and GI forms of tolerance to BGG operate through distinct mechanisms in these mice. MRL-lpr/lpr mice had normal tolerance to GI OVA but not GI BGG. The presence of enteric tolerance to one antigen but not another suggests that the responsible cellular defects vary from one antigen to another. NZB mice lacked tolerance to both GI BGG and GI OVA. Splenectomy of NZB mice allowed normal tolerance to enteric BGG; spleen cells administered to splenectomized NZB mice interfered with BGG tolerance. Congenic NZB.xid mice were tolerant only to OVA. These results suggest that in NZB mice Lyb 5+ cells interfere with tolerance to enteric OVA and Lyb 5- spleen cells interfere with tolerance to enteric BGG.
Endothelial Shc Regulates Arteriogenesis Through Dual Control of Arterial Specification and Inflammation via the Notch and Nuclear Factor-κ–Light-Chain-Enhancer of Activated B-Cell Pathways

Rationale: Arteriogenesis, the shear stress–driven remodeling of collateral arteries, is critical in restoring blood flow to ischemic tissue after a vascular occlusion. Our previous work has shown that the adaptor protein Shc mediates endothelial responses to shear stress in vitro. Objective: To examine the role of the adaptor protein Shc in arteriogenesis and endothelial-dependent responses to shear stress in vivo. Methods and Results: Conditional knockout mice in which Shc is deleted from endothelial cells were subjected to femoral artery ligation. Hindlimb perfusion recovery was attenuated in Shc conditional knockout mice compared with littermate controls. Reduced perfusion was associated with blunted collateral remodeling and reduced capillary density. Bone marrow transplantation experiments revealed that endothelial Shc is required for perfusion recovery because loss of Shc in bone marrow–derived hematopoietic cells had no effect on recovery. Mechanistically, Shc deficiency resulted in impaired activation of the nuclear factor κ–light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cell–dependent inflammatory pathway and reduced CD45+ cell infiltration. Unexpectedly, Shc was required for arterial specification of the remodeling arteriole by mediating upregulation of the arterial endothelial cell marker ephrinB2 and activation of the Notch pathway. In vitro experiments confirmed that Shc was required for shear stress–induced activation of the Notch pathway and downstream arterial specification through a mechanism that involves upregulation of Notch ligands delta-like 1 and delta-like 4. Conclusions: Shc mediates activation of 2 key signaling pathways that are critical for inflammation and arterial specification; collectively, these pathways contribute to arteriogenesis and the recovery of blood perfusion. # Novelty and Significance {#article-title-36}
Twenty-Two Ways to Lose a Debate: A Gricean Look at the Nyāyasūtra’s Points of Defeat

This paper is a study of debate practices as seen in the Nyāyasūtra and a number of commentaries. It concentrates on the ‘Points of Defeat’ (nigrahasthāna), i.e., those occasions that if met in debate would entail defeat. The conditions under which a debater would meet with defeat were discussed widely in India and have also attracted considerable attention from modern scholars. In order to better understand this subject, use is made of some of the intuitions about language and conversation that we owe to the philosopher H. P. Grice (1913–1988) as well as of some recent theoretical advances in argumentation theory and informal logic, particularly of those most influenced by Grice’s thought. The Points of Defeat are studied both individually and as a group and it is shown that they point towards the practice of debating as being a rational, cooperative and goal-directed activity.
An example of stability of singular spectrum under smooth perturbations

Random Fourier series with Gaussian coefficients and very large gaps are used to construct a class of continuous stationary Gaussian processes whose sample functions X(t) have remarkable properties. Almost surely the function X(t) has an essential range of Lebesgue measure zero and for each smooth function Y(t) the multiplication operator (Mx+yf) (t) ≡ [X(t)+Y(t)]f(t) on L2[0,2π] has only singular continuous spectrum.
Depth-Controlled Grazing-Incidence Diffraction of Synchrotron X Radiation

We show with both experiment and theory that a Bragg reflection from a crystal surface excited under grazing-incidence conditions is displaced from its reciprocal-lattice point. This new phenomenon allows for the first time a confirmation of the penetration depth of the scattered intensity on the scale of a lattice constant. The experiments presented show the possibility of a controlled depth probing of near-surface atomic correlations.
Metastable Transfer Emission Spectroscopy

Abstract The decades since World War II have seen tremendous growth in the types and capabilities of chemical instrumentation. There are now many techniques to aid in the determination of structural or physical parameters that can contribute to the chemist's understanding of chemical pmperties. It is perhaps the analytical chemist who has benefited most from the great advances in instrumentation. Measurements are becoming more precise, detection limits are getting lower, and the range of samples that can be accommodated i s becoming wider.
Cardiovascular molecular imaging: focus on clinical translation.

The past few decades have seen an explosion in the knowledge of the molecular basis of cardiovascular diseases owing to rapid advances in molecular biology research. An improved understanding of disease pathogenesis at the genomic, transcriptional, and proteomic levels has led to the discovery of promising experimental strategies for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Unfortunately, only a minute number of these strategies have survived the rigors of preclinical and clinical trials to become therapeutically useful. Furthermore, even these successful strategies must endure a prolonged process of translation from bench to bedside, partially owing to the lack of tools to directly interrogate the molecular events in patients. The strong impetus to develop noninvasive imaging techniques to visualize molecular changes in patients has given birth to the field of molecular imaging.1,2 Molecular imaging has its roots in nuclear medicine, in which radiolabeled imaging probes are injected into living subjects to assess the functionality of different organ systems. Unlike conventional diagnostic imaging techniques (eg, radiography and computed tomography [CT]) that delineate the anatomy of the cardiovascular system (eg, coronary luminal diameter), molecular imaging techniques have been designed and validated to study much smaller-scale molecular events (eg, gene expression) that may underlie disease processes. The complexity of molecular imaging lies in the requirement for molecular targeting, the design of which requires a solid understanding of the pharmacokinetics of the imaging probe and how it interacts with the molecular target. When the target is proven to be a biomarker, molecular imaging becomes a valuable tool for detecting disease before its clinical manifestation, stratifying disease severity, predicting disease progression, monitoring treatment efficacy, and prognosticating disease. These challenges must be met before the true potential of personalized medicine can be fully realized.3 Significant advances have been made in molecular imaging …
The GOES-R coastal waters imager: a new capability for monitoring the coastal ocean

NOAA is planning to include a hyperspectral Coastal Waters imaging capability (HES-CW) as part of the Hyperspectral Environment Suite (HES) on the next generation Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-R) to be launched in 2012. The key advantage of a geostationary imager is frequency of revisit. Coastal waters are highly dynamic. Tides, diurnal winds, river runoff, upwelling and storm winds drive currents from one to several knots. Three hour or better sampling is required to resolve these features, and to track red tides, oil spills or other features of concern for coastal environmental management. The HES-CW will image the U.S. coastal waters once every three hours, with a goal of hourly. Additionally, HES-CW can be cued using the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) to image when the area is cloud free, rather than at fixed times set by the orbit for traditional polar orbiting ocean color imagers like SeaWiFS and MODIS. To prepare for HES-CW NOAA has formed the Coastal Ocean Applications and Science Team (COAST). COAST goals are to assure that ocean applications and science requirements are met and to help NOAA prepare for the immediate use of the data when HES-CW is launched. I will describe the HES-CW requirements, current status and the activities of the COAST team.
A Comparison of Student and Instructor Preferences for Design and Pedagogy Features in Postsecondary Online Courses

This study investigates the preferences of instructors and students for design and pedagogy features of online instruction at the post-secondary level. Participants included 60 instructors and 200 students at a comprehensive research university. Correlation coefficients of .95 on the design item rankings and .87 on the pedagogy item rankings were found between instructors and students. An independent sample T-test was conducted, resulting in a finding of significant difference between the preferences of instructors and students on 19 of 63 features. Additional findings included the high level of agreement on design and pedagogy features among all students as a group and subgroups (e.g., students earning regular university credit and those pursuing professional development goals.) An interesting finding was the concurrence in the low preferences by instructors and students. Both groups rated low those features pertaining to social networking and collaboration.
The rising pressure of global water shortages

Water is becoming more scarce as populations increase, potentially leading to conflict. The age of hydro-diplomacy is upon us, says Jan Eliasson.
Bone Regeneration in a Rabbit Critical-Sized Calvarial Model Using Tyrosine-Derived Polycarbonate Scaffolds

Porous three-dimensional tyrosine-derived polycarbonate (TyrPC) scaffolds with a bimodal pore distribution were fabricated to mimic bone architecture using a combination of salt-leaching and phase separation techniques. TyrPC scaffolds degraded in register with bone regeneration during the 6-week study period and compressive moduli of the scaffolds were maintained >0.5 MPa at 6 weeks of incubation in PBS at 37 °C. The TyrPC scaffolds either unsupplemented or supplemented with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) were implanted in a rabbit calvarial critical-sized defect (CSD) model and the TyrPC scaffolds treated with rhBMP-2 or TyrPC coated with calcium phosphate scaffold alone promoted bone regeneration in a rabbit calvarial CSD at 6 weeks postimplantation. A synthetic TyrPC polymeric scaffold either without a biological supplement or with a minimal dose of rhBMP-2 induced bone regeneration comparable to a commercially available bone graft substitute in a nonrodent CSD animal model.
Lattice-gas automaton simulations of simple fluid dynamical problems

A lattice-gas automaton is a form of a cellular automaton that has been used quite successfully to simulate fluid flows in the limits of incompressible fluid dynamics. Its cellular universe is a regular lattice and particles reside on the lattice nodes. At each time step, this discrete dynamical system of particles is updated in two alternating phases: collision and propagation. The question is thus does repeated iterations of these phases possess the power to produce the solution of a complex problem? A few examples from lattice-gas automaton simulations are presented. The cellular universe used is a 6-bit triangular lattice model in two dimensions so that there are a total of sixty-four possible states at each lattice node. The deterministic updates are symmetric two-particle and three-particle collisions. A test is first presented in the regime of wave propagation by considering the propagation of particle density gradient. It is demonstrated that the density contour propagates outwards with a velocity of ~ 0.709, in agreement with the theoretical prediction of 1@/2 for a triangular lattice. Simulations of simple boundary layer and related problems in the incompressible limits of fluid dynamics are then presented. The simulations results show that viscosity effects on adjacent opposing streams, Couette flows, Stokes flows and Blasius flows give results as predicted by the Navier-Stokes equations. It is seen that as the geometry of the cellular universe or as the gas properties are varied, the time-dependent velocity profiles vary accordingly, in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Stability analysis of systems with partial state saturation nonlinearities

Sufficient conditions for the global asymptotic stability of the equilibrium x/sub e/=0 of discrete-time dynamical systems which have saturation nonlinearities on part of the states are established. We utilize a class of positive definite and radially unbounded Lyapunov functions in establishing our results. When using quadratic form Lyapunov functions, our results involve necessary and sufficient conditions under which positive definite matrices can be used to generate Lyapunov functions for the systems considered herein.
The Crossed Paralyses: The Original Brain-Stem Syndromes of Millard-Gubler, Foville, Weber, and Raymond-Cestan

In this article, the crossed syndromes of Millard-Gubler (facial palsy and contralateral hemiparesis), Foville (facial palsy, conjugate gaze paralysis, and contralateral hemiparesis), Weber (oculomotor palsy and contralateral hemiparesis), and Raymond-Cestan (internuclear ophthalmoplegia and contralateral hemiparesis) are detailed from the original reports. These and other related syndromes were instrumental in establishing important principles in brain-stem localization: the occurrence of cranial nerve palsies contralateral to hemibody motor or sensory disturbances, the concepts of the medial longitudinal fasciculus and conjugate gaze, and the corticobulbar innervation of the facial nerve nucleus.
Depression and SES in Women From Appalachia

Depression is a common, costly, and debilitating condition, particularly in rural areas. One of the factors commonly linked to depression is low socioeconomic status (SES). The primary aim of our study was to test a model of the relationship between SES and depression in a sample of women from Appalachia, Ohio. Approximately one third of the sample was depressed. The association between SES and depression varied by smoking status; adjusted odds were nearly eight times higher for smokers with low versus high SES, OR 8.0; 95% CI [2.6, 24.6]. Women who had insurance other than private insurance and those who were not satisfied with their current financial situation had close to twice the odds of an increased depression score. FINDINGS suggested a strong relationship between low SES and depression, particularly among female smokers. A concerted research effort focused on community-based, cost-effective interventions to reduce depression in this region is warranted. Language: en
Exploring the impact of forcing error characteristics on physically based snow simulations within a global sensitivity analysis framework

Physically based models provide insights into key hydrologic processes but are associated with uncertainties due to deficiencies in forcing data, model parameters, and model structure. Forcing uncertainty is enhanced in snow-affected catchments, where weather stations are scarce and prone to measurement errors, and meteorological variables exhibit high variability. Hence, there is limited understanding of how forcing error characteristics affect simulations of cold region hydrology and which error characteristics are most important. Here we employ global sensitivity analysis to explore how (1) different error types (i.e., bias, random errors), (2) different error probability distributions, and (3) different error magnitudes influence physically based simulations of four snow variables (snow water equivalent, ablation rates, snow disappearance, and sublimation). We use the Sobol' global sensitivity analysis, which is typically used for model parameters but adapted here for testing model sensitivity to coexisting errors in all forcings. We quantify the Utah Energy Balance model's sensitivity to forcing errors with 1 840 000 Monte Carlo simulations across four sites and five different scenarios. Model outputs were (1) consistently more sensitive to forcing biases than random errors, (2) generally less sensitive to forcing error distributions, and (3) critically sensitive to different forcings depending on the relative magnitude of errors. For typical error magnitudes found in areas with drifting snow, precipitation bias was the most important factor for snow water equivalent, ablation rates, and snow disappearance timing, but other forcings had a more dominant impact when precipitation uncertainty was due solely to gauge undercatch. Additionally, the relative importance of forcing errors depended on the model output of interest. Sensitivity analysis can reveal which forcing error characteristics matter most for hydrologic modeling.
A fast and efficient FPGA-based implementation for solving a system of linear interval equations

This paper addresses the problem of solving a system of linear interval equations (an NP-hard problem), wherein the co-efficients on the LHS and the RHS are all represented using intervals. This problem is transformed into a global optimization problem and a modified branch and bound algorithm suited for an FPGA-based implementation is proposed. This algorithm is modified to extract parallelism and further speed-up is achieved by pipelining the implementation. The implementation was designed using Xilinx 1SE 6.1 and VHDL was the design entry language. A speed-up of 14 for a Xilinx Virtex 2P30 FPGA over a 1.5 GHz Intel Centrino processor based implementation was obtained.
Water uptake patterns in loblolly pines as seen with magnetic resonance microscopy

Proton (1H) magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) has been used to describe water localization in plant stems (Johnson et al., 1987). The objective of this study was to determine if magnetic resonance microscopy could be used to describe water uptake from sand surrounding plant roots. In the present study, MRM was used to observe water removal from sand by loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) seedlings. Sand surrounding seedling roots imaged as a region of very low signal intensity (dark regions), while sand in other portions of the potting containers appeared brighter. It was proposed that the dark regions of sand surrounding the roots were regions of water depletion while the brighter regions were areas of higher water content.
Neighborhood inverse consistency preprocessing

Constraint satisfaction consistency preprocessing methods are used to reduce search effort. Time and especially space costs limit the amount of preprocessing that will be cost effective. A new form of consistency preprocessing, neighborhood inverse consistency, can achieve more problem pruning than the usual arc consistency preprocessing in a cost effective manner. There are two basic ideas: 1) Common forms of consistency enforcement basically operate by identifying and remembering solutions to subproblems for which a consistent value cannot be found for some additional problem variable. The space required for this memory can quickly become prohibitive. Inverse consistency basically operates by removing values for variables that are not consistent with any solution to some subproblem involving additional variables. The space requirement is at worst linear. 2) Typically consistency preprocessing achieves some level of consistency uniformly throughout the problem. A subproblem solution will be tested against each additional variable that constrains any subproblem variable. Neighborhood consistency focuses attention on the subproblem formed by the variables that are all constrained by the value in question. By targeting highly relevant subproblems we hope to "skim the cream", obtaining a high payoff for a limited cost.
Dynamic three-dimensional in vivo tracking of the abnormal extensor mechanism

This study addresses the effects of extensor mechanism realignment (EMR) on patellar tracking patterns in pathologic knees. Ten patients diagnosed with patellar maltracking, subluxation, or patellofemoral malalignment and requiring an EMR participated in the study. Lateral release and vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) advancement were performed unilaterally in all ten patients. Tibial tubercle transfer was conducted in five of these patients. Electromagnetic sensors were used to dynamically measure patellar and tibial motion relative to the femur in three dimensions. Patella flexion, rotation, tilt, and shift were measured as the knee was passively flexed from full extension to 90/spl deg/ knee flexion. Lateral release had little effect on patellar spin and flexion patterns, although it did increase net medial shift in seven of ten cases. Following VMO advancement the rate of patellar flexion and net medial patellar spin increased in seven cases. Net lateral patellar tilt increased in seven cases and medial shift increased in five cases. Due to a limited amount of data, conclusive observations could not be made regarding tibial tubercle transfer.
The Bioarchaeology of Identity in Spanish Colonial Florida: Social and Evolutionary Transformation before, during, and after Demographic Collapse

In this article, I consider the effects of Spanish missionization on indigenous identity and biological interaction patterns. Odontometric data were recorded for 26 skeletal samples dating to three time periods: precontact (C.E. 1200–1400), early mission (C.E. 1600–1650), and late mission (C.E. 1650–1700). Population genetic analyses generated estimates of regional genetic variation (FST) and intersample genetic distances. Genetic variation during the precontact period was limited despite documented linguistic and cultural variation. Variation increased during the early mission period, indicating a decline in between-group interaction despite inclusion within a single colonial sociopolitical framework. During the late mission period, variation declined significantly, indicating a dramatic reduction in between-group variability consistent with genetic drift and gene flow between communities. I discuss these results in terms of archaeological and historical models of postcolonial transformation and suggest an emerging polyethnic community was resident in La Florida preceding the subsequent diaspora caused by burgeoning European military conflict in eastern North America.
High frequency PM synchronous motor model determined by FE analysis

A high frequency phase variable model for PM synchronous motor is proposed. It is composed of a low frequency phase variable model with a high frequency winding branch connected in parallel. The winding branch considers the high frequency effects on the machine winding parameters namely resistance, inductance and capacitance. The resistance and inductance of each individual winding turn were calculated by time harmonic FE analysis. The self capacitance of each turn and the mutual capacitances between turns were evaluated by electrostatic FE analysis. Using these circuit parameters, a distributed-parameter winding circuit is formed. The Kron reduction technique is applied to the distributed-parameter winding circuit to obtain a lumped high frequency branch. The implementation is performed on a 2-hp PM synchronous motor and the simulation results show the validity of the proposed model. The originality of this work is that it provides a numerical tool for examining the machine design instead of experiments
We Call It “Our Language”: A Children's Swahili Pidgin Transforms Social and Symbolic Order on a Remote Hillside in Up-Country Kenya

This study describes a rare Swahili pidgin created by two five-year-old boys, one American and one African. The discussion examines the linguistic and social factors affecting the “origins, maintenance, change and loss” (Hymes 1971) of their language and the place it created for their friendship. This place, constructed by and through language, both held and projected their new identities, interrupting the harsh hegemony of colonial racism and inequality that surrounded them. [Swahili pidgin, communicative competence, child language identity and ideology, language origins and invention]
Choosing the Right Subjects in Significant Life Experiences Research

Summary Research on significant life experiences (SLE) can achieve its potential importance only when it studies the right people for the right reason. Here I scrutinize ten research reports, and conclude that many do not. Historical information is incorporated in text and footnotes to place SLE research into the intellectual history of contemporary environmental education.
Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody specific for enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli of serotypes O157:H7 and O26:H11.

A monoclonal antibody (MAb 4E8C12) specific for Escherichia coli O157:H7 and O26:H11 was produced by immunizing BALB/c mice with a rough strain of E. coli O157:H7. The antibody reacted strongly by a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with each of 36 strains of E. coli O157:H7. No cross-reactivity was observed with strains of Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, Shigella dysenteriae, Proteus spp., Escherichia hermanii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Campylobacter jejuni, Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter cloacae, Hafnia alvei, Aeromonas hydrophila, and all except five strains of E. coli other than serotype O157:H7 (including strains of serotype O157 but not H7). The E. coli strains (all of serotype O26:H11) that reacted with the antibody were enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) that were isolated from patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome or hemorrhagic colitis and produced verotoxin similar to that of E. coli O157:H7. MAb 4E8C12 belongs to the subclass immunoglobulin G2a and has a kappa light chain. Tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of outer membrane proteins of E. coli of different serotypes followed by Western immunoblot analysis revealed that MAb 4E8C12 reacted specifically with two proteins of EHEC strains of serotypes O157:H7 and O26:H11 with apparent molecular weights of 5,000 to 6,000. These proteins appeared to be markers specific for EHEC strains of serotypes O157:H7 and O26:H11. This MAb, because of its specificity, may be a useful reagent of an immunoassay for the rapid detection of these types of EHEC isolates in clinical and food specimens. Images
Disturbances in Fat Digestion Induced by Acidic Jejunal pH Due to Gastric Hypersecretion in Man

The disorders of fat digestion caused by low intrajejunal pH were studied prior to operation in a patient with a gastrin-producing islet cell tumor (proved by bioassay), gastric hypersecretion, steatorrhea, and normal histological appearance of the jejunum. Samples of small intestinal contents were analyzed for pH, digestive enzymes, lipolytic products, and bile acids after administration of test meals; in vitro pH manipulation was carried out to define the reversibility of the observed changes. Irreversible inactivation of pancreatic lipase attributable solely to an acidic intrajejunal pH produced by gastric hypersecretion was the major defect. Consequent failure to form dispersible lipolytic products resulted in a low concentration of lipid in the micellar phase. In addition, the concentration of bile acids was low in acidic samples because of extensive dilution by gastric secretion as well as precipitation of glycine dihydroxy conjugated bile acids. In vitro neutralization caused the precipitated bile acid to enter solution but did not increase micellar lipid. When neutral samples, in which lipolysis proceeded normally, were acidified in vitro, the lipolytic products passed from the aqueous to the oil phase and bile acid precipitation also occurred. However, since lipolysis was greatly reduced in all acidic samples, inactivation of pancreatic lipase appeared to be the initial and dominant digestive abnormality.
A clinical approach to a patient with praziquantel hypersensitivity.

Praziquantel (Biltricide, Miles Pharmaceuticals) is a 2-(cyclohexylcarbonyl)-I ,2,3,6,7,1 lb-hexahydro 4H-pyrazino [2,1 -a] isoquinolin-4-one with molecular formula: C,,H,,N,02, widely used as a trematodicide for the treatment of infections caused by schistosomes. liver fluke. and cysticercus cellulose. No incidents of praziquantel hypersensitivity have been previously reported. We report a case of praziquantel hypersensitivity and its subsequent pharmacologic treatment.
Channel simulation and coding with side information

Studies the minimum random bit rate required to simulate a random system (channel), where the simulator operates with a given external input. As measures of simulation accuracy the authors use both the variational distance and the d~ distance between joint input-output distributions. They find the asymptotic number of random bits per input sample required for accurate simulation, as a function of the distribution of the input process. These results hold for arbitrary channels and input processes, including nonstationary and nonergodic processes and do not hinge on a specific simulation scheme. A by-product of the analysis is a general formula for the minimal achievable source coding rate with side information. >
Fibronectin: an enhancer of phagocyte function.

Although fibronectin does not act as a direct opsonin as originally described, it does mediate important interactions with phagocytes throughout the inflammatory process. Fragments of fibronectin released by neutrophil proteases are chemoattractants for monocytes. Moreover, subendothelial matrix fibronectin and "inflammatory" fibronectin released from phagocytes enhance phagocyte adherence to host tissues at an inflammatory site. Fibronectin also increases chemokinesis. Once the phagocyte enters tissues, fibronectin promotes C3and Fc-receptor activation, allowing complement-coated bacteria to be ingested. Finally, fibronectin enhances the bactericidal activity of monocytes. Thus, fibronectin plays an important, but indirect role, in the activities of phagocytes.
Effect of common faults on the performance of different types of vapor compression systems

The effect of faults on the cooling capacity, coefficient of performance, and sensible heat ratio, was analyzed and compared for five split and rooftop systems, which use different types of expansion devices, compressors and refrigerants. The study applied multivariable polynomial and normalized performance models, which were developed for the studied systems for both fault-free and faulty conditions based on measurements obtained in a laboratory under controlled conditions. The analysis indicated differences in responses and trends between the studied systems, which underscores the challenge to devise a universal FDD algorithm for all vapor compression systems and the difficulty to develop a methodology for rating the performance of different FDD algorithms.
Does Growing Childhood Socioeconomic Inequality Mean Future Inequality in Adult Health

Over the past half century, American children have experienced increasingly unequal childhoods. The goal of this article is to begin to understand the implications of recent trends in social and economic inequalities among children for the future of inequalities in health among adults. The relative importance of many of the causal pathways linking childhood social and economic circumstances to adult health remains underexplored, and we know even less about how these causal pathways have changed over time. I combine a series of original analyses with reviews of relevant literature in a number of fields to inform a discussion of what growing childhood inequalities might mean for future inequalities in adult health. In the end, I argue that there is good reason to suppose that growing inequalities in children's social and economic circumstances will lead to greater heterogeneity in adults' morbidity and mortality.
Beispiele von Diesel-Anlagen

Der Allgemeinfall der ortsfesten Aufstellung eines Diesel-Motors ist die Befestigung der Grundplatte an fest einbetonierten Fundamenttragern. Aufgabe des Konstrukteurs ist es in diesem Falle nur, eine genugend grose Anzahl von Verbindungsschrauben zwischen Fundament und Motorgrundplatte vorzusehen.
Effect of Host Plant Resistance and Seed Treatments on Soybean Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Their Natural Enemies

Abstract The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a serious pest of soybean in the North Central region of the United States. Management tools include resistant varieties and insecticidal seed treatments, used alone or in combination, which may have variable effects on different pest or natural enemy species. In this 1-yr field study we examined the response of soybean aphids and natural enemy abundance to aphid-resistant Rag1 soybeans, with and without thiamethoxam seed treatment. Rag1 resistance, thiamethoxam seed treatment, and both together, significantly reduced cumulative aphid days and increased yield compared to the untreated susceptible control, though there was no interaction of these factors. Peak aphid density in the control was 799.4 ± 174.8 aphids/plant. In Rag1 resistant soybeans, peak aphid density (312.2 ± 121.3 aphids/plant) was above the economic threshold but below the economic injury level, whereas in susceptible soybeans with seed treatment, the peak ap...
Stirling Power Unit: Impact of a Controlled Displacer Piston on Efficiency and Power Output

This paper presents the design and dynamic model of a novel “controlled Stirling power unit” with an independently controlled displacer piston. Breaking the coupling traditionally seen in Stirling devices between the power piston and the displacer piston, realized either kinematically or dynamically, allows an additional control degree of freedom that can be used to shape the thermodynamic cycle independent of the load. The device presented combines such a controlled Stirling engine (called a pressurizer) with a power extraction unit. The dynamic models of three different power extraction units are presented. The dynamic model builds on a previous experimentally validated first-principles model of a Stirling pressurizer. The model is a lumped parameter compressible fluid power dynamic model that captures the pressure dynamics of the high pressure helium working fluid as it is affected in time by volume, mass and heat flux changes. The dynamic model of a pressurizer combined with a linear electric generator is used to study different displacer motion profiles with regard to the shape of the thermodynamic cycle, and the effect on the power output and efficiency of the device.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Non-crystallizing molten salt and ionic rubber electrolytes with wide electrochemical windows

New realizations of the type of ambient temperature lithium ion conducting electrolyte introduced at this symposium two years ago are given and a 5 volt electrochemical window, absent from the earlier examples, is demonstrated. The new systems satisfy the criteria for “ionic oils” though their conductivities, - 10-3 S cm-1, are smaller than desirable.
Quality-control Statistical Interpretation by Microcomputer

A comprehensive summary report of quality-control data is of great value in monitoring the accuracy and precision of the clinical chemistry laboratory. This report allows a retrospective appraisal alerting laboratory personnel to possible test control material degradation or instrument malfunction. A microcomputer-based program package is described, designed to reduce the errors and lengthy preparation inherent in the manual generation of such a report. Quality-control summary data is automatically compared with a predefined set of statistical criteria, and any aberrant values are flagged, thus eliminating subjective and nonuniform data interpretation. Statistical comparisons include: number of control points, delta mean, delta standard deviation, standard deviation index, and F-ratio. The summary report is well accepted by the laboratory staff, and its incorporation into the decision-making process allows for an efficient, critical, and uniformly rigorous examination of analytic proficiency.
The Ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment

All proposals of amendments to the Constitution of the United States under Article V have been made only by Congress and, with the exception of the Twentyfirst Amendment, the mode of ratification has been “by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states.” The Twenty-first Amendment alone was ratified by conventions in three-fourths of the states.The enrolled joint resolution proposing the Twenty-first Amendment was delivered on February 20, 1933, to Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson. On February 21, he sent identic letters to the governors of the forty-eight states, enclosing with each letter a certified copy of the joint resolution, and requesting that the resolution be submitted to a state convention and that a certified copy of the action taken be communicated to the secretary of state.
VARIABLE SELECTION ON EUROSTA'S GALL SIZE. II. A PATH ANALYSIS OF THE ECOLOGICAL FACTORS BEHIND SELECTION.

We examined phenotypic selection exerted by natural enemies on the gall-making fly Eurosta solidaginis in an extensive field study of 16 populations, spanning four generations. Gall-makers that induce small galls are vulnerable to the attack of Eurytoma gigantea. This imposes upward directional selection on gall size. Insectivorous birds, predominantly the downy woodpecker, are more likely to attack larvae that induce large galls than small ones, and this imposes downward directional selection. We used path analysis to explore the relative contributions of these natural enemies to the net directional selection on gall size. The path models further examined several ecological factors that influence selection intensity through their effects on parasitoid and bird attack rates. Net directional selection varied more strongly with E. gigantea attack than bird attack. Competitive interactions among birds and the three parasitoid species, including E. gigantea, were evidenced by low winter bird attack rates in fields where a high proportion of galls contained the overwintering parasitoids. Eurytoma gigantea attack was heavier in fields where mean gall size was small and bird attack heavier in fields where mean gall size was large. Neither birds nor E. gigantea showed simple density-dependent attack. Data suggested a form of frequency-dependent attack by birds but not by E. gigantea.
Investigation of the Bases of Resistance of Selected Rhododendron Species to Foliar Feeding by the Obscure Root Weevil (Sciopithes obscurus)

The bases of resistance of 10 Rhododendron species listed as resistant to foliar feeding by obscure root weevils ( Sciopithes obscurus Horn) have been investigated. Feeding on 3 of the 6 Iepidote (scaled) species was significantly less than on ‘Cynthia’, a susceptible cultivar, in tests with both intact leaves and leaf discs. Only one of the 4 elepidote species, R. williamsianum , was fed on significantly less than Cynthia in both kinds of tests. A potent hexanes soluble feeding inhibitor was detected by use of a membrane filter bioassay technique in extracts from 5 of the lepidote species. Evidence of chemical feeding inhibitors in extracts from the elepidote species was less clear cut. Removal of the curled edge from leaves of R. williamsianum decreased their resistance to weevil feeding.
Development and Testing of an Unmanned Aerial System with Micro-Fiber Composite Actuators

The development, deployment, and operation of Unmanned Aerial Systems have grown exponentially in recent years and have provided the opportunity to gain hands on experience with aircraft in a manner that was previously limited to institutions and companies with large budgets. This has allowed the generation and testing of aerial system advanced technologies using low cost systems. This paper presents the development of an unmanned aerial system to support the design, testing and validation of macro-fiber composite based aileron actuators. Macro-fiber composites, which consist of piezoceramic fibers and electrodes embedded in an epoxy matrix, are an attractive choice for unmanned aerial vehicles actuation because they are manufactured as lightweight, thin sheets and, when implemented as bending actuators, can provide both large structural deflections and high bandwidth. In this study, several aileron actuator designs were evaluated through a combination of theoretical and experimental analyses. The final configuration is integrated to a reduced-size controlled research aircraft equipped with low cost autopilot and sensors package. The evaluation of the system is performed in terms of performance of the actuators to produce required roll control. Nomenclature δ = beam deflection angle O = aircraft roll angle θ = aircraft pitch angle Ax = accelerometer readings in the x-direction Ay = accelerometer readings in the y-direction Az = accelerometer readings in the z-direction CL = coefficient of lift CM = coefficient of moment CD = coefficient of drag CY = coefficient of side force CN = coefficient of yaw Cl = coefficient of roll E = Tensile modulus g = Earth’s gravitational force I/O = Input/Output Jxx = moments of inertia in x-axis Jyy = moments of inertia in y-axis Jzz = moments of inertia in z-axis MAC = Mean Aerodynamic Chord t = thickness Graduate Student, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering Assistant Professor, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering, AIAA Senior Member Ph.D. Student, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering
Body ram, not suction, is the primary axis of suction-feeding diversity in spiny-rayed fishes

Suction-feeding fishes exhibit diverse prey-capture strategies that vary in their relative use of suction and predator approach (ram), which is often referred to as the ram-suction continuum. Previous research has found that ram varies more than suction distance among species, such that ram accounts for most differences in prey-capture behaviors. To determine whether these findings hold at broad evolutionary scales, we collected high-speed videos of 40 species of spiny-rayed fishes (Acanthomorpha) feeding on live prey. For each strike, we calculated the contributions of suction, body ram (swimming) and jaw ram (mouth movement relative to the body) to closing the distance between predator and prey. We confirm that the contribution of suction distance is limited even in this phylogenetically and ecologically broad sample of species, with the extreme suction area of prey-capture space conspicuously unoccupied. Instead of a continuum from suction to ram, we find that variation in body ram is the major factor underlying the diversity of prey-capture strategies among suction-feeding fishes. Independent measurement of the contribution of jaw ram revealed that it is an important component of diversity among spiny-rayed fishes, with a number of ecomorphologies relying heavily on jaw ram, including pivot feeding in syngnathiforms, extreme jaw protruders and benthic sit-and-wait ambush predators. A combination of morphological and behavioral innovations has allowed fish to invade the extreme jaw ram area of prey-capture space. We caution that while two-species comparisons may support a ram-suction trade-off, these patterns do not speak to broader patterns across spiny-rayed fishes.
Preparation of Liquid Culture Kit for Yeast-like Fungi Drug Sensitivity Tests

Objective To find one kind of reagent kit with single operation、economical practication and liable accuracy,and to bring a referance for using some clinical drug.Methods Refering to national committee for clinical laboratory standards(NCCLS) M27-Ascheme,developed according to the lower and the higher density liquid culture kit for yeast-like fungi drug sensitivity test was the drug MIC reference book.The repetition and the stabilization of the reagent kit was determined by the standarding bacteria frunk(C.parapsilosis ATCC 22019、C.krusei ATCC6258) as experimental bacteria trunk.Then the 221 trunks of Clinical bacteria were compared with that of ATB FUNGUS 3.Results There was 97.50% to accord with the MIC in the same kits,but it was 95.83% on the different kits;The reagent kits incubated at-20℃ were stable during 6 months,it was above 90.00% to accord with the MIC.The reagent kits were consistent with ATB FUNGUS 3,Kappa0.7,P0.05.Conclusion The liquid culture kit for Yeast-like fungi drug sensitivity tests can be satisfied with clinical examination and maybe applied spreadly.
Minstrel remixed: user interface and demonstration

This demo features a user interface for authoring stories and story fragments for use by the Minstrel Remixed story generation system. It also demonstrates Minstrel Remixed in use, allowing users to author story fragments and then have Minstrel Remixed expand these fragments and generate stories based on them. The focus is on the interface for story-fragment authoring, which exposes Minstrel's graph-of-frames knowledge representation format to the user in an interactive manner. It also exposes Minstrel Remixed's story generation capabilities as they exist currently, including the Author-Level Planning (ALP) and Transform Adapt Recall Methods (TRAM) systems.