cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation and characterization of thin films of copper(II) oxide by low temperature normal pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Using a volatile precursor, namely copper(II)hexafluoroacetylacetonate, it has been possible to prepare by the process of low temperature normal pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, thin films of copper(II) oxide. These polycrystalline films were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis and by thermoelectric methods.
SU-GG-T-191: DynaLog File Analysis for IMRT Delivery Verification

Purpose: To develop a method based on the analysis of the Varian DynaLog files as part of the routine IMRT QA procedure. Method and Materials: The DynaLog files of a Varian Millennium MLC were analyzed using an in‐house software. The expected and actual locations of each MLC leaf at a number of time intervals were extracted from the DynaLog files and were used to calculate the expected and delivered fluence maps. A pixel‐by‐pixel Gamma‐comparison consisting of leaf position deviation and fluence discrepancy between the expected and the delivered values was performed. A pixel is accepted to pass this Gamma‐test if the leaf position deviation is within 1.0 mm at the plane of the isocenter and the fluence discrepancy is no greater than one dose fraction. A pass rate (RP) is defined for each IMRT field as the ratio of the number of pixels that pass the Gamma‐test to the total number of pixels. Retrospective studies of 183 patients with various forms of cancers who underwent IMRT were carried out. A total of 45,270 individual IMRT fields were analyzed.Results: More than 99.9% of the 45,270 IMRT fields showed RP > 95%, indicating excellent agreement between the delivered and the expected IMRT leaf positions as well as the dose fractions for the cases studied. Detailed investigation of the few fields that showed lower than 95% pass rate is underway. Conclusion: This work indicates that the information stored in the DynaLog files of the Varian MLC system can be exploited and used as a part of the routine IMRT QA. Furthermore, when integrated within the record and verify system, it may be used to alert whether an IMRT plan is being delivered correctly real‐time.
The effect of temperature on the growth of virus-induced frog carcinoma. II. The temperature coefficient of growth in vitro.

The temperature coefficient of van't Hoff, Q 10, for growth of frog carcinoma in vitro over a range of 20–35°C, averages 2.5. This value is closely similar to those obtained for various forms of normal growth. The values of the temperature coefficient slightly but progressively decrease with advancing age of the cancer colonies. A similar relation obtains in many but not in all forms of normal growth. Thus, the law of van't Hoff is found to hold equally for growth of the malignant tissue now under discussion and for normal tissue.
Estimation ROC curves and their corresponding ideal observers

The LROC curve may be generalized in two ways. We can replace the location of the signal with an arbitrary set of parameters that we wish to estimate. We can also replace the binary function that determines whether an estimate is correct by a utility function that measures the usefulness of a particular estimate given the true parameter set. The expected utility for the true-positive detections may then be plotted versus the false-positive fraction as the detection threshold is varied to generate an estimation ROC curve (EROC). Suppose we run a 2AFC study where the observer must decide which image has the signal and then estimate the parameter set. Then the average value of the utility on those image pairs where the observer chooses the correct image is an estimate of the area under the EROC curve (AEROC). The ideal LROC observer may also be generalized to the ideal EROC observer, whose EROC curve lies above those of all other observers. When the utility function is non-negative the ideal EROC observer shares many properties with the ideal ROC observer, which can simplify the calculation of the ideal AEROC. When the utility function is concave the ideal EROC observer makes use of the posterior mean estimator. Other estimators that arise as special cases include maximum a posteriori estimators and maximum likelihood estimators. Multiple signals may be accomodated in this framework by making the number of signals one of the parameters in the set to be estimated.
Inquiring into Empire: Princeton Seminary’s Society of Inquiry on Missions, the British Empire, and the Opium Trade, Ca. 1830‐1850

Princeton Seminary was intimately involved in the North American foreign missions movement in the nineteenth century. One remarkable dimension of this involvement came through the student-led Society of Inquiry on Missions, which sought to gather information about the global state of the Christian mission enterprise. This paper examines the Society’s correspondence with Protestant missionaries in China regarding their attitudes to the British Empire in the years 1830‐1850. It argues that the theological notion of providence informed Princetonians’ perceptions of the world, which consequently dissociated the Christian missionary task with any particular nation or empire. An examination of the Society of Inquiry’s correspondence during the mid-nineteenth century reveals much about Protestant missionaries and their interactions with the opium trade and the results of the First Opium War (1839‐1842). Princetonians’ responses to the opium trade and the First Opium War led ultimately to a significant critique of western commercial influence in East Asia. In conclusion, this paper questions the extent to which commerce, empire, and Christian missions were inherently associated in nineteenth century American Protestant missionary activity.
Optical functions of GaAs, GaP, and Ge determined by two-channel polarization modulation ellipsometry

Abstract The optical functions of (100) and (111) GaAs, (100) GaP, and (100) Ge havebeen determined from 234 to 840 nm (5.30 to 1.48 eV) at room temperature using two-channel spectroscopic polarization modulation ellipsometry. The results are corrected for oxide overlayers, where the layer thickness is measured using nulling ellipsometry at 1152 nm. The results are tabulated in terms of the refractive index n and extinction coefficient k, including the propagated errors, and are compared with some recent measurements.
Wannier function analysis of InP nanocrystals under pressure

The effect of quantum confinement upon the pressure induced direct to indirect interband transition in InP nanocrystals is investigated. We examine the behavior of the transition as a function of nanocrystal size. It is computed that smaller nanocrystals require less pressure to become indirect than larger nanocrystals. Our results suggest that the properties of the transition may be sensitive to nanocrystal stoichiometry.
V(D)J Recombination in Ku86-Deficient Mice: Distinct Effects on Coding, Signal, and Hybrid Joint Formation

Abstract Ku, a heterodimer of 70 and 86 kDa subunits, plays a critical but poorly understood role in V(D)J recombination. Although Ku86-deficient mice are defective in coding and signal joint formation, rare recombination products have been detected by PCR. Here, we report nucleotide sequences of 99 junctions from Ku86-deficient mice. Over 90% of the coding joints, but not signal or hybrid joints, exhibit short sequence homologies, indicating that homology is required to join coding ends in the absence of Ku86. Our results suggest that Ku86 may normally have distinct functions in the formation of these different types of junctions. Furthermore, Ku86 −/− joints are unexpectedly devoid of N-region diversity, suggesting a novel role for Ku in the addition of N nucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase.
When your patient demands a cesarean delivery

Abstract There is increasing concern in the general medical community, among obstetricians, and in the lay press about the rate of cesarean deliveries in the United States. Even as obstetricians attempt to balance standards of practice, issues of legal liability, and urgent clinical developments, they must cope with patients' feelings and preferences. One might assume that people are loathe to submit to major surgery unless absolutely necessary, but some women protest their physicians' decision that cesarean delivery is not indicated. Patients' protests may arise from past traumatic experiences, misinformation, suggestions from family members or friends, or matters of convenience. Such patient demands put obstetricians in an extremely awkward situation. They do not wish to perform and be held accountable for unnecessary surgery, but if they refuse, they may have to cope with a patient who handles labor very poorly and is extremely litigious in the event of any real or imagined complications. Once they understand the sources of their patients' pressures, clinicians can successfully focus on the real issues of concern and negotiate an approach to delivery with which both they and the patients feel comfortable.
Could microorganisms be preserved in Mars gypsum? Insights from terrestrial examples

Could the abundant sulfate salts on Mars contain microfossils and/or viable microorganisms? Here we report a variety of microorganisms trapped both as solid inclusions and as potentially viable halophilic and acidophilic prokaryotes and eukaryotes within fluid inclusions in Mars-analog gypsum. We have documented pennate diatoms, green algae, and prokaryotes in gypsum precipitated from acid (pH 1.8–4.6) saline (5%–28% total dissolved solids) waters at Salars Gorbea and Ignorado in an active volcanic terrain in the high Andes (4000+ m) of northern Chile. These salars are strikingly similar in geology and geochemistry to Mars. We propose that this discovery should serve as a model for fossilization of possible life on Mars and may inform methodologies used in future missions to Mars. Furthermore, the potential long-term viability of microorganisms within fluid inclusions in gypsum suggests the possibility of a living, yet isolated and likely dormant, microbiological community on Mars today.
Numb regulates acinar cell dedifferentiation and survival during pancreatic damage and acinar-to-ductal metaplasia.

Background & Aims Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a leading cause of cancer-related death. Through the process of acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM), pancreatic acinar cells give rise to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), the most common precursor of PDA. However, even when Kras is activated in a majority of acinar cells, ADM and subsequent development of PanINs is inefficient in the absence of additional stresses. Numb regulates cell junctions, integrins, and the activity of embryonic signaling pathways; therefore, we investigated its effects on acinar cell dedifferentiation, regeneration, and metaplasia. Methods We used mouse models of pancreatic regeneration and PDA as well as mice with loss-of-function alleles of Numb ( p48Cre/p48Cre ER ;Numb f/f and p48Cre/p48Cre ER ;Kras G12D ;Numb f/f mice) to study the roles of Numb in pancreatic regeneration and ADM. Results Loss of Numb resulted in premature dedifferentiation of acinar cells in response to injury due to administration of the cholecystokinin analogue cerulein and interfered with acinar cell regeneration. Numb was found to regulate multiple signaling pathways in acinar cells during cerulein-induced pancreatitis. Disruption of Numb accelerated and destabilized ADM in the context of oncogenic Kras (in p48Cre;Kras G12D ;Numb f/f and p48Cre ER ;Kras G12D ;Numb f/f mice). Conclusions Numb is an important regulator of acinar cell differentiation and viability during metaplasia. In mice with pancreatitis or pancreatic injury, elimination of Numb causes dedifferentiated acinar cells to undergo apoptosis, and this is not mitigated by oncogenic Kras.
Total Ear Canal Ablation Clinical Results in the Dog and Cat

The clinical results of 39 consecutive ear ablations (in 28 dogs and three cats) performed over a 15-year period were reviewed. Indications for ear canal ablation included hyperplastic tissue stenosis of the horizontal ear canal (23), failed lateral ear resections (13), and horizontal ear canal neoplasms (3). Ear ablation was successful in alleviating persistent signs of otitis in eight of 15 dogs with horizontal ear canal stenosis due to hyperplastic tissue, seven of 10 dogs with unsuccessful lateral ear resections, and two of five animals (three cats and two dogs) with horizontal ear canal neoplasms (follow-up time periods greater than 5 months). Surgical complications occurred following 82% of the ablations; wound infections (41%) and facial nerve damage (36%) were most common. Local wound and antibiotic therapy successfully treated prolonged drainage following ablation in five of nine dogs. Bulla osteotomy and drainage were successful in the treatment of three dogs (four ears) that were unresponsive to medical therapy with postoperative ear fistula following ablation, one of two dogs with prolonged ear drainage following ablation for failed lateral ear resection, and one dog with recurrence of signs of inner ear disease following ablation (follow-up period, 1 month to 4 years; mean, 3.4 years). Facial nerve damage caused by ablation was transient in nine of 14 ears, with most deficits returning to normal within 2 weeks.
Drug effects on gastric secretion and stress gastric hemorrhage in the rat

The development of a simple, rapid technic for placing drugs into the rat lateral cerebral ventricle permitted comparison of intravenous and intracerebroventricular drug administration on gastric acid secretion and cold-plus-restraint (stress) induced gastric hemorrhage. Intravenous effective dose50's (micrograms) to reduce titratable acid output in 2-hr pylorus-ligated rats were: clonidine 1.0; atropine methylbromide 1.2; atropine sulfate 2.7; chlorpromazine 20.5; imipramine 397.0; morphine 837.7; and chlordiazepoxide 3419. The intravenous ED50's for inhibition of stress-induced gastric hemorrhage were (micrograms): atropine methylbromide 64.0; atropine sulfate 902.4; clonidine >4.0; chlorpromazine >256; morphine >256; chlordiazepoxide >2048; and imipramine >256. Intracerebroventricular administration of the drugs produced a different ranking of activity for inhibition of titratable acid output (ED50 in micrograms); atropine methylbromide 0.1; atropine sulfate 0.5; clonidine 3.7; morphine 5.5; chlorpromazine 99.2; chlordiazepoxide >1024; and imipramine >4096. However, the order of activity for intracerebroventricular inhibition of stress-induced gastric hemorrhage was similar to the intravenous route in that atropine methylbromide was most active, 7.8 μg, followed by atropine sulfate, 54.8 μg, and no ED50's were obtainable for the other drugs tested. This study indicated that central nervous system control areas for gastric secretion in the rat were located in structures bordering the cerebral ventricles but that secretion inhibiting dose of drug placed in this area did not reduce the incidence of stress-induced gastric hemorrhage.
A Case Study of Student Use of Asynchronous Bulletin Board Systems (BBS) To Support Reflection and Evaluation.

Recent interest in computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) has prompted educators to incorporate communication tools into their courses. This article reports findings of students' use of two Web-based discussion forums across two semesters to supplement face-to- face instruction. By tracking the discussions, we discovered that when students initiated reflection and integration of perspectives, they did so through concessions and oppositions to the postings of their peers. Findings point to the importance of explicit scaffolding of conversations to encourage student sharing and evaluation of perspectives.
Application-driven Spectral Image Quality Assessment and Prediction

The assignment of a quantitative spectral image quality metric is discussed with an approach proposed. Quality is divided into fidelity and utility components, with utility studied in the context of object detection in hyperspectral imagery.
Mapping Proximity within Proteins using Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Tyr as Well as Trp can be used for Distance-Dependent Fluorescence Quenching Studies

We have been developing a site-directed fluorescence labeling (SDFL) approach called TrIQ to assess distances within and between proteins, in a way complementary to traditional FRET methods. TrIQ, or Tryptophan-Induced Quenching, exploits the fact that some fluorophores are quenched by nearby Trp residues in a distance dependent fashion. Here we report two new advances to TrIQ, gleaned from recent studies of T4 lysozyme (T4L).First, we find Tyr can also be used in TrIQ studies. Interestingly, Tyr has some key differences from Trp. Tyr has a smaller "sphere of quenching" for the fluorophore bimane, and only shows significant quenching for Cα-Cα distance of less than ∼10A, compared to ∼15A for Trp. Also, unlike Trp, Tyr cannot quench the fluorophore BODIPY.Second, we find TrIQ can reliably assess the magnitude and energetics of protein movements, especially when a combination of Tyr and Trp are employed. We used TrIQ to measure a key movement in T4L by placing a bimane and Trp (or Tyr) on opposite ends of a “hinge” in T4L, sites predicted to be ∼14.5A apart (Cα-Cα distance) in the substrate bound state, and ∼10.5A in the empty state. The only substantial TrIQ was observed for the Trp sample in the empty state, and this quenching was abolished in a mutant (T26E) that covalently binds substrate. Tyr did not dramatically quench bimane in either the empty or bound conformation. Together, these results are consistent with the different distance constraints for quenching described above. Arrhenius analysis of the effect of hinge-bending movement on fluorophore lifetime suggests an activation energy on the order of 2-4 kcal/mol, and this value is not significantly affected by the “active site mutation” T26E.
The Grazing Effects of Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, on Epiphytic Microalgae Associated with Spartina alterniflora

Experiments were performed seasonally to estimate grass shrimp,Palaemonetes pugio, grazing on the epiphytic microalgae of cordgrass,Spartina alterniflora, and to determine if grass shrimp have the potential to regulate epiphyte abundance. Grass shrimp were given access to live culms with low and high epiphytic abundance and standing dead culms collected from the streamside levee of a Louisiana salt marsh. Plexiglas frames were used to hold culms upright in aquaria and to restrict grass shrimp access to one half of each culm. We compared epiphyte biomass on the sides of culms exposed to shrimp with the corresponding unexposed sides. Epiphytes were removed from the lowest 10 cm of culms on days 0, 3, and 10, and chlorophylla (chla) measurements on each culm half were made by fluorometry. Chla biomass on culm halves not exposed to grass shrimp significantly increased over time. Percent reductions in chla on culm halves exposed to grass shrimp (calculated by subtraction from the corresponding half not exposed to shrimp) significantly increased over time for at least one culm type in all seasons. Grass shrimp caused an average 30% reduction of epiphyte biomass over 3 d and a 40% reduction over 10 d, suggesting that grass shrimp have the capability of consuming a substantial proportion of the daily production of epiphytes. Epiphytes from standing-dead culms may be more important than those from live culms at the marsh edge to the diet of grass shrimp because chla biomass was, on average, high, and standing-dead culms were seasonally abundant. Diagnostic photosynthetic pigments from selected culms, grass shrimp gut contents, and fecal pellets were identified by high performance liquid chromatography and were used to quantify the taxonomic groups of epiphytic microalgae. Results suggested that diatoms, brown algae, green algae, red algae, and cyanobacteria were present on all culms. Similarities in the pigment content of grass shrimp gut contents and fecal pellets suggested that all algal groups were ingested. Pigment data analysis could not detect a change in the composition of the microalgal assemblage associated with grass shrimp grazing. Assuming that the reduction in chla was due exclusively to grazing, grass shrimp consumed an average of 0.5–1.5 g epiphyte carbon shrimp−1 d−1, suggesting that grass shrimp benefit significantly from the consumption ofS. alterniflora epiphytic algae.
Eating and body image disturbances in adolescent psychiatric inpatients: gender and ethnicity patterns

Objective To examine gender and ethnicity patterns in eating and body image disturbances in adolescents hospitalized in a psychiatric facility. Method Participants comprised 715 inpatients who completed the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory. Gender (317 males, 398 females), ethnicity (553 Caucasians, 77 Latino Americans, 85 African Americans), and Gender × Ethnicity interactions in the features of eating disorders and body image disturbance were explored in the study group. Results Eating-related disturbances at diagnostic threshold were infrequent but participants' reported rates of specific features and symptoms were not. Overall, a significantly higher proportion of females than males reported features of eating and body image disturbances. The three ethnic groups differed significantly in their reports of body image disturbances but not in their endorsement of features of eating disorders. Post-hoc comparisons revealed that a significantly higher proportion of Caucasian participants reported body image concerns than did African American and Latino American participants who did not differ significantly from one another. Significant Gender × Ethnicity interactions were observed, with Caucasian females endorsing higher rates of features of eating disorders and body image disturbances than African American and Latino American females. Discussion In adolescent psychiatric inpatients, although Caucasian females report the highest rates of the features of eating and body image disturbances, such concerns are not uncommon in males and in minorities. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 335–343, 2002.
Cyclic spattering, seismic tremor, and surface fluctuation within a perched lava channel, Kīlauea Volcano

In late 2007, a perched lava channel, built up to 45 m above the preexisting surface, developed during the ongoing eruption near Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō cone on Kīlauea Volcano’s east rift zone. The lava channel was segmented into four pools extending over a total of 1.4 km. From late October to mid-December, a cyclic behavior, consisting of steady lava level rise terminated by vigorous spattering and an abrupt drop in lava level, was commonly observed in pool 1. We use geologic observations, video, time-lapse camera images, and seismicity to characterize and understand this cyclic behavior. Spattering episodes occurred at intervals of 40–100 min during peak activity and involved small (5–10-m-high) fountains limited to the margins of the pool. Most spattering episodes had fountains which migrated downchannel. Each spattering episode was associated with a rapid lava level drop of about 1 m, which was concurrent with a conspicuous cigar-shaped tremor burst with peak frequencies of 4–5 Hz. We interpret this cyclic behavior to be gas pistoning, and this is the first documented instance of gas pistoning in lava well away from the deeper conduit. Our observations and data indicate that the gas pistoning was driven by gas accumulation beneath the visco-elastic component of the surface crust, contrary to other studies which attribute similar behavior to the periodic rise of gas slugs. The gas piston events typically had a gas mass of about 2,500 kg (similar to the explosions at Stromboli), with gas accumulation and release rates of about 1.1 and 5.7 kg s−1, respectively. The time-averaged gas output rate of the gas pistoning events accounted for about 1–2% of the total gas output rate of the east rift zone eruption.
Infrared circumstellar shells - Origins, and clues to the evolution of massive stars

The infrared fluxes, spatial and spectral characteristics for a sample of 111 supergiant stars of spectral types F0 through M5 are tabulated, and correlations examined with respect to the nature of their circumstellar envelopes. One-fourth of these objects were spatialy resolved by IRAS at 60 microns and possess extended circumstellar shell material, with implied expansion ages of about 10 to the 5th yr. Inferences about the production of dust, mass loss, and the relation of these characteristics of the evolution of massive stars, are discussed.
Impact of age on preoperative and postoperative urinary incontinence quality of life.

Objective The objective of the study was to estimate the effect of age on quality of life in women with urinary incontinence before and following antiincontinence surgery. Study Design We performed a retrospective cohort study of women who underwent surgery for stress urinary incontinence from December 2003 to August 2005. Younger women were defined as age younger than 60 years and older women were defined as age 60 years or older. Quality of life was measured using Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ)-7 and Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI)-6 questionnaires pre- and postoperatively. Multiple linear regression was performed to estimate the effect of age on improvement in quality-of-life scores. Results One hundred sixty-eight younger women and 81 older women were included. Older women had lower mean baseline IIQ-7 scores ( P P = .02) when compared with younger women. After adjusting for baseline IIQ-7 score using multiple linear regression, age was no longer associated with decreasing improvements in quality-of-life scores following surgical treatment. Conclusions Antiincontinence surgery is associated with improved quality of life in both older and younger women.
A hot-pressed PLZT under DC bias for field-stabilized pyroelectric detector applications

The temperature dependence of the pyroelectric response of a hot-pressed PLZT (lead lanthanide zirconate titanate) (9.5/65/35) under a modest dc electric bias field has been investigated in an assessment of the performance of this material for applications in small-area pyroelectric devices. A strong pyroelectric response has been induced in the material at and above its transition temperature by the application of an electric field. The electrical resistivity, relative dielectic constant, loss tangent, ferroelectic hysteresis, and pyroelectric coefficients are reported. The material shows a very high figure of merit for a dielectric bolometer application that is competitive with existing relaxor ferroelectric materials such as Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PMN) and Pb(Sc1/2Ta1/2)O3 (PST).
On the Tolerance to Manufacturing Defects in Molecular QCA Tiles for Processing-by-wire

Among emerging technologies, Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) relies on innovative computational paradigms. For nano-scale implementation, the so-called processing-by-wire (PBW) paradigm in QCA is very effective as processing takes place, while signal communication is accomplished. This paper analyzes the defect tolerance properties of PBW for manufacturing tiles by molecular QCA cells. Based on a 3?×?3 grid and various input/output arrangements in QCA cells, different tiles are analyzed and simulated using a coherence vector engine. The functional characterization and polarization level of these tiles for undeposited cell defects are reported and detailed profiles are provided. It is shown that novel features of PBW are possible due to the spatial redundancy of the cells in the tiles that permits to retain at high probability the fault free function in the presence of defects. Moreover, it is shown that QCA tiles are robust and inherently tolerant to cell defects (by logic equivalence, also additional cell defects can be accommodated).
Optimal pricing of utility power purchases from qualifying facilities

Abstract FERC regulations now being reviewed for modification require electric utilities to purchase power from cogenerators and small power producers at rates equal to the power company's avoided cost. This pricing rule is akin to marginal cost pricing for sales to ultimate customers. If the utility can sustain a sufficient return on its rate base under marginal cost/avoided cost pricing, both strategies would be appropriate. However, if the resulting level of operating income is insufficient, neither marginal cost nor avoided cost pricing would be desirable. This paper examines procedures for designing appropriate prices for the purchase of QF power under regulatory constraints.
International Standards and National Ownership? Judicial Independence in Hybrid Courts: The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia

The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) was established in 2004 through an agreement between the United Nations (UN) and the Cambodian government, as a means to address the crimes committed during the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia between 1975 and 1979. The ECCC is one in a row of international judicial institutions set up in response to gross violations of human rights, known as 'hybrid' courts, encompassing both national and international elements in their structure, composition and jurisdiction. Hybrid courts, allowing for a higher degree of participation by national actors, are expected to be better placed to give long-lasting effects in the societies in which mass atrocities have taken place. This article examines that claim with regard to the ECCC, and explores the value added by participation by various national actors in the judicial proceedings. After giving an overview of international standards of judicial independence, it provides an analysis of concerns that may be raised with regard to the judicial independence of the ECCC. This article argues that some aspects of national ownership may be promoted at the cost of lowering international standards of justice, and may cause an overall lack of ownership or accountability of the proceedings.
High resolution study of the (0, 0) and (1, 1) bands of the A0u+-X0g+ system of Au2

Abstract The spectra of the (0, 0) and (1, 1) bands of the A 0 u + - X 0 g + system of digold have been recorded at sub-Doppler resoltuion in a supersonic molecular beam apparatus employing laser vaporization. The rotational structures have been fully resolved from the origin and up, making the J -numbering unequivocal. The analysis confirms the results of a previous rotational analysis of Doppler-limited high temperature spectra of the (3, 0) and (2, 0) bands. The combination of data from both studies leads to improved molecular constants.
The discrimination of interest within a heterosexual interaction: Training, generalization, and effects on social skills

Eighty-nine college-aged males were tested on their ability to pick up nonvocal indicants of social interest shown by females. Half of the group then received repeated feedback about the females' true levels of interest. As a result of training, subjects improved in their ability to discriminate interest. This effect generalized to new females, and it led to an improvement in actual social skills as shown in role-played heterosocial interactions. The value of experientially rather than instructionally based training in social sensitivity and social skills is discussed.
Intensive insulin treatment increases donor site wound protein synthesis in burn patients.

Background In the treatment of burns, patients’ own skin is the preferred material to cover burn wounds, resulting in the need to create a donor site wound. Enhancement of healing of the donor site wound would be beneficial in burn patients. Insulin, an anabolic agent, is used routinely to treat hyperglycemia after injury. We investigated whether intensive insulin treatment increases fractional synthesis rate (FSR) of the donor site wound protein and decreases the length of hospitalization normalized for total body surface area burned (LOS/TBSA). Methods FSR of the donor site wound protein was measured in pediatric patients randomized to control ( n = 13) and insulin ( n = 10) treatments. Depending on the postoperative day when the tracer study was done, studies were divided into “early” (days Results FSR of the donor site wound protein was greater in the insulin group at the “early” period of wound healing (control vs insulin, 8.2 ± 3.8 vs 13.1 ± 6.9% per day; P P > .05). Despite these differences, LOS/TBSA was not decreased in the insulin group. Correlation analyses demonstrated that, independent of the treatment regimen, FSR positively correlated ( P P Conclusion Insulin treatment increased FSR of the donor site wound protein in the early period of wound healing; FSR correlated with LOS/TBSA independent of the treatment regimen.
Test functions for the moment method which yield the minimum mean square error

The method of moments has found extensive applications in the solution of a wide class of electromagnetic problems. Additionally, there are a number of basis functions which have found favor and with them different types of testing methods. This work examines the selection of test functions, given a selected set of basis functions, which serve to minimize the mean square error. These test functions will guarantee equal or lesser error compared with any other test function. Additionally, these test functions provide a monotonic improvement of the approximation as the increase in the order of the system. Hence while these test functions require the application of the differential or integral operator one additional time, they provide an absolute lower bound to the mean square error in the approximation and a means to systematically improve accuracy with each increase in the order of the unknowns.
Figure-of-merit measurements for Ge(Li) detectors

Abstract The sensitivities of a large number of Ge(Li) gamma-ray detectors under a variety of conditions are evaluated with figure-of-merit measurements and discussed in terms of their application.
Parity Conservation in Strong Interactions: Introduction and the Reaction He 4 ( d , γ ) Li 6

A discussion is made of the ways in which parity conservation in ordinary strongly interacting nuclear systems might be investigated. Three classes of experiment are proposed: in class I we look for violations of absolute selection rules based on strict parity conservation and are sensitive to ${\mathfrak{F}}^{2}$, the intensity of the irregular or parity-nonconserving part of the wave functions; in class II we look for longitudinal polarization of product heavy particles or circular polarization of gamma rays from initially unpolarized systems and are here sensitive directly to $\mathfrak{F}$; in class III we look for odd powers of $cos\ensuremath{\theta}$ in the angular distributions or correlations of radiations emitted from well-isolated nuclear states and are again sensitive to ${\mathfrak{F}}^{2}$.An experiment of class I is presented, namely a search for the radiative capture ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}(d, \ensuremath{\gamma}){\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ through the 0+ state at 3.56 Mev. It is concluded that the heavy-particle width of this state is zero within a standard deviation of 0.2 ev and that this corresponds to ${\mathfrak{F}}^{2}\ensuremath{\lesssim}1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$.
Mathematical modeling of continuous flow microwave heating of liquids (effects of dielectric properties and design parameters)

A detailed numerical model is presented to study heat transfer in liquids as they flow continuously in a circular duct that is subjected to microwave heating. Three types of food liquids are investigated: apple sauce, skim milk, and tomato sauce. The transient Maxwell's equations are solved by the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method to describe the electromagnetic field in the microwave cavity and the waveguide. The temperature field inside the applicator duct is determined by the solution of the momentum, energy, and Maxwell's equations. Simulations aid in understanding the effects of dielectric properties of the fluid, the applicator diameter and its location, as well as the geometry of the microwave cavity on the heating process. Numerical results show that the heating pattern strongly depends on the dielectric properties of the fluid in the duct and the geometry of the microwave heating system.
A numerical investigation of East Coast cyclogenesis during the cold-air damming event of 27-28 February 1982. II - Importance of physical mechanisms

This study presents a series of numerical experiments designed to examine the role of several physical processes on the evolution of and interaction between atmospheric phenomena having different scales, each of which contributed to the development of the storm of February 27-28, 1982 along a Carolina coastal front. The physical processes include: the role of diabatic heating associated with convective and grid-scale precipitation, the role of a thermally direct transverse circulation about the entrance region of a strong polar jet streak, and modification of the marine planetary boundary layer by fluxes of heat and moisture over the Gulf Stream. The diabatic heating associated with precipitation is found to have the most significant impact on storm development. Without latent heating, cyclogenesis does not occur along the Carolina coastal front despite the presence of strong low-level baroclinicity and cyclonic vorticity. A less dramatic but still important relationship is found between storm formation and the other two physical mechanisms.
Resonance transitions of Be-like ions from multiconfiguration relativistic random-phase approximation

Relativistic excitation energies and transition rates from the /sup 1/S/sub 0/ ground states to the first /sup 3/P/sub 1/ and /sup 1/P/sub 1/ excited states of berylliumlike ions are determined using the newly developed multiconfiguration relativistic random-phase approximation. Results from the multiconfiguration relativistic random-phase approximation theory are compared with those from other theories and experiments. The large discrepancies between the single-configuration relativistic random-phase approximation predictions of excitation energies and precise experimental values are resolved.
Team Negotiation: An Examination of Integrative and Distributive Bargaining

Two experiments compared the effectiveness ofteam and solo negotiators in integrative and distributive bargaining. When at least I party to a negotiation was a team, joint profit increased. Teams, more than solos, developed mutually beneficial trade-offs among issues and discovered compatible interests. The presence of at least I team increased information exchange and accuracy in judgments about the other party's interests in comparison with solo negotiations. The belief by both teams and solos that teams have a relative advantage over solo opponents was not supported by actual outcomes. Unexpectedly, neither private meetings nor friendships among team members improved the team's advantage. Teams of friends made less accurate judgments and reached fewer integrative agreements compared to teams of nonfriends.
Axial-graded-index (AGRIN) lens-based wavelength division demultiplexer for multmode fiber optic systems

We have designed and fabricated the first multi-mode wavelength division multiplexer and demultiplexer (WDDM) based on axial graded index (AGRIN) lenses in conjunction with a volume holographic grating. The demonstration is made using a multi-mode fiber with a 50 micrometers core size. The diffraction-limited AGRIN lenses employed significantly increase the output coupling efficiency and reduce crosstalk when compared with the best homogeneous lens solutions previously reported. The volume holographic grating has a maximum diffraction efficiency of 92% at the center wavelength of 780 nm. An eight-channel WDDM device with a center wavelength of 780 nm and a channel separation of 4 nm is designed and demonstrated. The end-to-end insertion loss for each channel is between 2.8 and 3.8 dB. The maximum channel-to-channel crosstalk is -25 dB.
A Transactions Data Analysis of Nonsynchronous Trading

Weekly returns of stock portfolios exhibit substantial autocorrelation. Analytical studies suggest that nonsynchronous trading is capable of explaining from 5% to 65% of the autocorrelation. The varying importance of nonsynchronous trading in these studies arises primarily from differing assumptions regarding nontrading periods of stocks. We simulate the effects of nonsynchronous trading by sampling stock returns from a return generating process using transactions data to obtain the precise time of each stock's last trade. We find that simulated weekly portfolio returns exhibit autocorrelations that are roughly 25% that of their observed (CRSP) weekly returns. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Recent Progress in Transition-Metal-Doped II–VI Mid-IR Lasers

Recent progress in transition metal (TM)-doped II-VI semiconductor materials (mainly Cr2+:ZnSe) makes them the sources of choice for laser when one needs a compact continuous wave (CW) system with tunability over 1.9-3.1 mum, output powers up to 2.7 W, and high (up to 70%) conversion efficiency. The unique combination of technological (low-cost ceramic material) and spectroscopic characteristics make these materials ideal candidates for new regimes of operation such as microchip and multiline lasing. This paper reviews these nontraditional Cr-doped middle-infrared (mid-IR) lasers as well as describes emerging Fe2+:ZnSe lasers having potential to operate at room temperature (RT) over the spectral range extended to 3.7-5.1 mum. In addition to being wideband semiconductors, effective RT mid-IR lasing TM-doped II-VI media also hold potential for direct electrical excitation. This paper shows the initial steps toward achieving this goal by studying Cr2+-Co2+- and-doped quantum dots. We have demonstrated a novel method of TM-doped II-VI quantum dots fabrication based on laser ablation in liquid environment. TM-doped II-VI quantum dots demonstrated strong mid-IR luminescence. It opens a new pathway for future optically and electrically pumped mid-IR lasers based on TM-doped quantum confined structures.
Aggregates of grain boundaries: structure and properties

Abstract The properties of polycrystalline materials are usually described in terms of constitutive laws which relate a microscopic property to an average property of a grain boundary and a length scale such as the average grain diameter. It is known however that the properties of individual grain boundaries vary widely. The boundary to boundary differentiation in properties can be incorporated into models and related to experimental data if the individual grain orientations are determined and the rule connecting misorientation to properties is known. Excess volume at grain boundaries can be related to energy and diffusivity. It may be possible to measure excess volume experimentally using phase contrast imaging in the electron microscope and thus determine a quantity which is directly related to the properties of an individual boundary. In turn this information can in principle be exploited to relate the orientation distribution to property distribution and the behavior of a polycrystalline body.
Diversity in the Two-Year College Academic Workforce.

This chapter compares the racial and ethnic diversity among faculty and academic leaders with that of the student population in two-year colleges. Using two national data sets, this study reveals that African American and Hispanic faculty and academic leaders remain underrepresented compared to the number of students of color attending the nation's two-year colleges.
Enteric migration of radiolabeled lymphocytes.

Abstract The migratory patterns of circulating radioisotopically labeled lymphocytes were studied by means of serial transfer into syngeneic recipients. A sub-population of 51 Cr-labeled lymphocytes, defined by their property of additionally labeling with IUDR, was found to possess migrational specificity for the lamina propria of stomach, jejeunum, ileum, and large bowel. This gut-seeking population was found within peripheral nodes, mesenteric nodes, Peyer's patches, thymus, and spleen and consisted of both B and T cells. Labeled lymphocytes homed to intestine during all phases of the cell cycle, suggesting that specificity for the gut is not linked to specific events in the lymphocyte cell cycle.
Biological activities of and requirements for polyunsaturated acids

Abstract The scope of this chapter is to be the biological activities and functions of polyunsaturated acids and the quantitative aspects of these where there is such information. Metabolism of these substances, treated in Chapter 5, is treated here only insofar as required to discuss structure and activity. General references which may be valuable for detailed historical material are the first review on EFA by Burr, 44 a symposium on the subject held in 1957 99 and several more recent reviews. 2, 3, 16, 73, 88, 89, 93, 144, 146, 149, 208, 244, 305
Mechanical properties of Al(Sc,Zr) alloys at ambient and elevated temperatures

This study investigates the mechanical properties of ternary Al(Sc,Zr) alloys containing 0.27–0.77 vol.% of Al 3(Sc,Zr) precipitates with an average radius r = 224 nm. Microhardness values at ambient temperature follow predictions of the Orowan dislocation bypass mechanism, with a transition to the precipitate shearing mechanism predicted for r larger than 2 nm. Addition of Zr to binary Al(Sc) alloys delays the onset and kinetics of over-aging at 350 and 375 °C, but has little influence on the magnitude of the peak microhardness. Creep deformation at 300 °C is characterized by a threshold stress, which increases with r in the range 2–9 nm, in agreement with prior results for binary Al(Sc) alloys and a recently developed general climb model considering elastic interactions between dislocations and coherent, misfitting precipitates. At constant r and precipitate volume fraction, Zr additions do not significantly improve the creep resistance of Al(Sc) alloys.  2003 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Finding similar patterns in large image databases

Automated searching through large sets of images to find a pattern 'similar to this one' is considered. A key recognition method is evaluated on a library of almost 1000 images, based on the entire Brodatz texture album. The features used for searching rely on a significant improvement to the traditional Karhunen-Loeve (KL) transform which makes it shift-invariant. Results are shown for a variety of false alarm rates and for different subsets of KL features. >
Towards a Universal FPGA Matrix-Vector Multiplication Architecture

We present the design and implementation of a universal, single-bit stream library for accelerating matrix-vector multiplication using FPGAs. Our library handles multiple matrix encodings ranging from dense to multiple sparse formats. A key novelty in our approach is the introduction of a hardware-optimized sparse matrix representation called Compressed Variable-Length Bit Vector (CVBV), which reduces the storage and bandwidth requirements up to 43% (on average 25%) compared to compressed sparse row (CSR) across all the matrices from the University of Florida Sparse Matrix Collection. Our hardware incorporates a runtime-programmable decoder that performs on-the-fly-decoding of various formats such as Dense, COO, CSR, DIA, and ELL. The flexibility and scalability of our design is demonstrated across two FPGA platforms: (1) the BEE3 (Virtex-5 LX155T with 16GB of DRAM) and (2) ML605 (Virtex-6 LX240T with 2GB of DRAM). For dense matrices, our approach scales to large data sets with over 1 billion elements, and achieves robust performance independent of the matrix aspect ratio. For sparse matrices, our approach using a compressed representation reduces the overall bandwidth while also achieving comparable efficiency relative to state-of-the-art approaches.