cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parents' perceptions, attitudes, and needs regarding sex education for the child with myelomeningocele.

Nurses working in a multidisciplinary outpatient clinic for children with myelomeningocele desired to learn more about parents' ideas and needs in the area of sex education. Private interviews were conducted with 52 parents, using a structured interview guide. Mothers were seen as the main sex educator for girls, whereas both parents were seen as sex educators for boys. Sixty percent of the parents believed that sex education should begin during the school-age years. Lack of adequate knowledge about their child's potential for sexual functioning was perceived by all parents. Parents' responses indicated a need for clinic staff to “open the door” to discussing sexuality and a need for realistic guidance about their child's sexual potential. Parents indicated that they saw the referral hospital as a more helpful resource than local resource persons, and selected means by which they and their children might learn more about sexuality from clinic staff. Based on information gathered in the study, clinic staff can plan a teaching and counseling program to help parents become more effective sex educators.
Adherence to Asian and European American cultural values and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help among Asian American college students.

Possible relations among enculturation and acculturation to cultural values and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help were examined among 146 Asian American college students. In addition, possible relations between various dimensions of Asian values and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help were examined. As hypothesized, the results indicated a significant inverse relation between enculturation to Asian values and professional help-seeking attitudes, above and beyond that of the association with having previous counseling experience. Although bivariate correlational results suggested possible inverse relations between the Asian values dimensions of collectivism, emotional self-control, and humility and professional help-seeking attitudes, these associations were not confirmed with a hierarchical multiple regression model. Contrary to expectation, a significant relation was not observed between values acculturation and professional help-seeking attitudes. Also, the interaction between enculturation and acculturation to cultural values was not significantly predictive of professional help-seeking attitudes.
Creation and structure of baby universes in monopole collisions

Under certain circumstances, the collision of magnetic monopoles, topologically locked-in regions of false vacuum, leads to topological inflation and the creation of baby universes. The future evolution of initial data represented by the two incoming monopoles may contain a timelike singularity but this need not be the case. We discuss the global structure of the spacetime associated with monopole collisions and also that of topological inflation. We suggest that topological inflation within magnetic monopoles leads to an eternally reproducing universe. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Evaluation of Different Phytoplankton for Supporting Development of Zebra Mussel Larvae (Dreissena polymorpha): The Importance of Size and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content

Abstract A marine alga and variety of freshwater algae of known polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition were evaluated in the laboratory for their ability to promote development of Dreissena polymorpha from egg through settling and metamorphosis. The three species of algae which promoted development—the marine and the freshwater strain of Chlorella minutissima and the cryptophyte Rhodomonas minuta —were all rich in long-chain (≥ 18 C) n-3 PUFAs, including some 20:5 or 22:6 PUFAs. Dreissena 's need for long-chain n-3 PUFAs is consistent with the needs of marine bivalves and freshwater zooplankton. Larval growth rate on the freshwater strain of C. minutissima was about the same as that for R. minuta , but much faster than that for the marine strain of C. minutissima . Mean ages at settling for larvae fed the freshwater C. minutissima were 15 d at 26°C, 17 d at 24°C, and 22 d at 22° C Low survival rates reported for the larvae in nature may be related to low concentrations of long-chain n-3 PUFAs in blue-green and some green algae that dominate eutrophic lakes in summer.
Myoelectric activity and absorptive capacity of rat small intestinal isografts

The effect of transplantation on small intestinal absorption, digestive capacity, myoelectric activity, and morphology was assessed in inbred Lewis rats. Electrodes were sutured to the duodenum and isografted jejunoileum or to the native jejunoileum in controls. The frequency of migrating myoelectric complexes (MMCs) in the duodenum was 3.3±0.3/hr in controls and 1.8±0.4/hr in transplants (P 0.05). MMCs appeared to migrate from the duodenum to the jejunoileum 80±3% of the time in controls and 59±7% of the time in transplant rats (P<0.05). Absorption in the transplanted jejunoileum demonstrated a 35–40% decrease in glucose and electrolytes absorption. Villus height and number of nuclei per villus was reduced. Intestinal length (dry) was 103±6 cm for controls and 51±3 cm for transplant rats (P<0.05). Brush border sucrase activity was unchanged. We conclude that small intestinal isografts display similar myoelectric activity as controls, but the decreased absorptive capacity and villus height may require longer segments of intestine to be transplanted in order to support normal nutrition.
Chinese language teachers' expectations and perceptions of American students' behavior: Exploring the nexus of cultural differences and classroom management

Abstract This paper reports on six Chinese language teachers' experiences and perceptions of their classroom management in the United States of America. The analysis revealed that the teachers experienced cultural mismatches between their Chinese cultural expectations and American students' actual classroom behavior and struggled with challenges of understanding the demands of American classroom management, lack of effective strategies for managing American classroom, and language barriers. However, the teachers were able to adopt strategies commonly used by American teachers to manage their American students while retaining some of their Chinese practices. The findings suggest that cultural differences in classroom management play a significant role in affecting Chinese language teachers' classroom instruction and must be addressed in Chinese language teachers' preparation programs as well as their continued professional development in the U.S. and similar contexts.
Uterine venous permeability in the rat is altered in response to pregnancy, vascular endothelial growth factor, and venous constriction.

Venoarterial communication is a potential short-loop signaling pathway for the local control of uteroplacental perfusion. As this pathway is permeability-dependent, this study investigated the effects of molecular weight, gestation, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), wall tension, and constriction on solute flux across the venous wall. Experiments utilized fluorimetry to quantitate solute flux (3- and 70-kDa dextran) in isolated segments of uterine vein from virgin (NP) and late-pregnant (LP; day 20) rats as a function of endothelial surface area and time. Uterine veins were > 10-fold more permeable to the 3- versus 70-kDa dextran in both NP and LP groups. Flux was increased during gestation (≈2.5-fold), and by VEGF (NP, 3 kDa: ≈3.3-fold, 70 kDa: ≈4.8-fold; LP, 3-kDa: ≈3.3-fold, 70 kDa: ≈7.4-fold). Permeability to the 3 kDa dextran correlated directly with wall tension (r2 = .74 in both groups), whereas permeability to both dextrans correlated inversely with constriction (NP: r2 = .85 and .76; LP:...
The Application of High-Throughput Synthesis And Purification To The Preparation Of Ethanolamines

Abstract A 48 compound library of structurally diverse ethanolamines was prepared using a parallel synthesis approach. The synthetic paradigm employed a solution phase epoxide-opening reaction followed by rapid purification by ion exchange chromatography to yield products with near-analytical purity. An array of epoxides and primary amines, arranged in an 8×6 matrix, were reacted in the presence of an in situ silylating agent to form 48 individual compounds with an average yield of 75% and an average purity of 92.3%. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
An Ancient Wasp

I HAVE just received from Mr. John P. Byram a small collection of fossil insects which he obtained at the head of Bear Gulch, 12 miles from Una, Colorado. The formation is Green River Eocene, and Mr. Byram states that the material comes from a lower stratum than the insects previously obtained by us. One of the specimens is a beautifully preserved wasp, with wings outspread, belonging to the modern genus Hoplisus. It is 12 mm. long, with a wing-spread of about 19 mm.; the head and thorax are black; abdomen fusiform with narrow base, and the hind margins of the segments broadly pale-banded, as in living species; the legs are colourless, probably yellow originally; the anterior wing shows a pallid stigma, and a strong dusky cloud including the basal part of the marginal cell and the whole of the second submarginal; the venation is essentially that of the modern Hoplisus quadrifasciatus, except that the marginal cell is more slender, and in the hind wing the cubitus practically meets the nervulus.
Ecological psychology and social psychology: it is Holt, or nothing!

What is the greatest contribution that ecological psychologists can offer social psychology? Ideally, ecological psychologists could explain how people directly perceive the unique properties of their social partners. But social partners are distinguished from mundane objects because they possess mental traits, and tradition tells us that minds cannot be seen. When considering the ideal possibility, we reject that doctrine and posit minds as perceivable. For ecological psychology, this entails asserting that minds are the types of things able to structure ambient energy. Contemporary research and theory suggests distinctly ecological ways of attacking this problem, but the problem is not new. Almost 100 years ago, Holt argued for the visibility of minds. Thus when considering these ideas, ecological psychologists face a choice that is at once about their future and their past. Extending ecological psychology’s first principles into the social realm, we come to the point where we must either accept or reject Holt’s arguments, and the wider context they bring. In doing so, we accept or reject our ability to study the uniquely social.
Polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymers from forest biomass

The potential for the use of woody biomass in poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biosynthesis is reviewed. Based on previously cited work indicating incorporation of xylose or levulinic acid (LA) into PHAs by several bacterial strains, we have initiated a study for exploring bioconversion of forest resources to technically relevant copolymers. Initially, PHA was synthesized in shake-flask cultures of Burkholderia cepacia grown on 2.2% (w/v) xylose, periodically amended with varying concentrations of levulinic acid [0.07–0.67% (w/v)]. Yields of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate) [P(3HB-co-3HV)] from 1.3 to 4.2 g/l were obtained and could be modulated to contain from 1.0 to 61 mol% 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV), as determined by 1H and 13C NMR analyses. No evidence for either the 3HB or 4HV monomers was found. Characterization of these P(3HB-co-3HV) samples, which ranged in molecular mass (viscometric, M v) from 511–919 kDa, by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) provided data which were in agreement for previously reported P(3HB-co-3HV) copolymers. For these samples, it was noted that melting temperature (T m) and glass transition temperature (T g) decreased as a function of 3HVcontent, with T m demonstrating a pseudoeutectic profile as a function of mol% 3HV content. In order to extend these findings to the use of hemicellulosic process streams as an inexpensive carbon source, a detoxification procedure involving sequential overliming and activated charcoal treatments was developed. Two such detoxified process hydrolysates (NREL CF: aspen and CESF: maple) were each fermented with appropriate LA supplementation. For the NREL CF hydrolysate-based cultures amended with 0.25–0.5% LA, P(3HB-co-3HV) yields, PHA contents (PHA as percent of dry biomass), and mol% 3HV compositions of 2.0 g/l, 40% (w/w), and 16–52 mol% were obtained, respectively. Similarly, the CESF hydrolysate-based shake-flask cultures yielded 1.6 g/l PHA, 39% (w/w) PHA contents, and 4–67 mol% 3HV compositions. These data are comparable to copolymer yields and cellular contents reported for hexose plus levulinic acid-based shake-flask cultures, as reported using Alcaligenes eutrophus and Pseudomonas putida. However, our findings presage a conceivable alternative, forestry-based biorefinery approach for the production of value-added biodegradable PHA polymers. Specifically, this review describes the current and potential utilization of lignocellulosic process streams as platform precursors to PHA polymers including hemicellulosic hydrolysates, residual cellulose-derived levulinic acid, tall oil fatty acids (Kraft pulping residual), and lignin-derived aromatics.
Electrofishing Catchability of Walleyes, Largemouth Bass, Smallmouth Bass, Northern Pike, and Muskellunge in Wisconsin Lakes

Abstract We sought to determine whether electrofishing catchability was density dependent and varied with physical and biological factors for walleyes Sander vitreus, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, smallmouth bass M. dolomieu, northern pike Esox lucius, and muskellunge E. masquinongy in Wisconsin lakes. Electrofishing catch rate (number of fish caught per shoreline mile) was linearly related to population density (number of fish per acre) in spring for largemouth bass, northern pike, and muskellunge and in fall for walleyes, largemouth bass, and smallmouth bass. In contrast, gear saturation caused the electrofishing catch rate to be nonlinearly related (hyperstable) to population density for walleyes and smallmouth bass during spring. Catchability was higher during spring than fall for walleyes, largemouth bass, and smallmouth bass. Catchability of walleyes during fall was positively related to the percentage of littoral zone, whereas catchability of largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, and muskellun...
Successful treatment of zygomycosis of the paranasal sinuses with surgical debridement and amphotericin B colloidal dispersion

Zygomycetes, ubiquitous fungi found in the environment, are well known to be pathogenic in immunocompromised patients, including those with diabetes mellitus, leukemia, lymphoma, solid tumors, acute or chronic renal failure, gastrointestinal or liver disease, organ transplantation, and kwashiorkor.lm3 Mucormycosis is a well-recognized clinical term referring to diseases caused by organisms in the order Mucorales and the class Zygomycetes. Certain predisposing conditions appear to be more commonly associated with certain clinical syndromes of mucormycosis. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is most commonly found in patients with diabetes mellitus and has been associated with a high mortality ratee4 Blitzer reported a 50% mortality rate for paranasal sinus mucormycosis; however, when analyzed according to decade, survival increased to 70% in cases reported from 1970 to 1979 compared with prior years. 5 A review of 33 cases of mucormycosis at Johns Hopkins Hospital revealed a 6% survival rate before 1970 and 73% after 1970.” This impact is felt to be secondary to prompt diagnosis, aggressive surgical debridement, treatment with amphotericin B, and correction of underlying metabolic abnormalities.
Space and time correlations in steady state for birth-death models; repeated ring approximation and critical slowing down

Abstract Space and time dependent density correlations are studied for a simple birth-death dynamic growth model. Starting from the exact dynamics, an approximation is made which is analogous to the repeated ring approximation of kinetic theory. A critical slowing down and a diverging correlation length are observed in steady state.
Patterns of anthracycline retention modulation in human tumor cells.

Laser excitation of cellular doxorubicin and daunomycin content (with or without incubation in the presence of efflux blockers such as phenothiazines or verapamil) was studied in cells from leukemic peripheral blood, bone marrow aspirates, and ascites and pleural fluid of solid tumor patients. Selected examples are presented to show that heterogeneity in cellular anthracycline retention as well as sensitivity to efflux modulations is seen in human tumor cells. Several tumor subpopulations differing in their cellular retention of anthracyclines or sensitivity to modulators were seen. In serial tumor samples from patients (pre- and post-treatment with anthra-cycline-containing protocols), initial drug retention andsensitivity of efflux modulators was followed by lack of drug retention and insensitivity to modulators. The present study shows that in view of the variables encountered in drug-retention characteristics and sensitivity to efflux modulators, one needs to screen tumor samples before recommending use of any particular transport modulator to enhance drug retention and sensitivity of drug-resistant cells.
Effect of alkoxides on chain termination and chain transfer of sodium-catalyzed polybutadiene

The reaction of butadiene with n-butylsodium or metal alkoxide-modified n-butylsodium was studied. A loss of “live ends” was observed when the polymerization of butadiene-1,3 with n-butylsodium was conducted in hexane solvent. This occurs, presumably, by elimination of NaH or Na metal in the allylic system. Similar results were obtained when the polymerization was carried out in the presence of sodium-tert-butoxide-modified n-butylsodium. However, the modification of n-butylsodium by lithium or potassium tert-butoxide in the butadiene-1,3 polymerization showed no loss of live ends for a period of two weeks. The results and an explanation are discussed.
Notes on the life cycle of state-led industrialization

Abstract For the last half century, a large proportion of the developing world and all of the socialist world relied on state-owned enterprises to accelerate industrial production and investment. That strategy, which may be labeled “state-led industrialization”, is now in tatters, with dozens of countries undertaking programs of massive privatization. The theoretical literature is helpful in explaining the collapse of state-led industrialization, but it does not address more adequate early performance of the strategy in the 1950s and 1960s. The historical experience suggests the need for a dynamic approach to state-led industrialization. This paper offers several hypotheses for a dynamic theory.
Multi-Hit Time-to-Amplitude CAMAC Module (MTAC)

A Multi-Hit Time-to-Amplitude Module (MTAC) for the SLAC Mark III drift chamber system has been designed to measure drift time by converting time-proportional chamber signals into analog levels, and converting the analog data by slow readout via a semi-autonomous controller in a CAMAC crate. The single width CAMAC module has 16 wire channels, each with a 4-hit capacity. An externally generated common start initiates an internal precision ramp voltage which is then sampled using a novel shift register gating scheme and CMOS sampling switches. The detailed design and performance specifications are described.
Role of co2 in methanol and water transport in direct methanol fuel cells

Abstract CO 2 gas produced in a DMFC during methanol oxidation reaction is typically removed out of the cell through the anode channel while liquid fuel mixture is supplied from the anode channel to the anode porous media. This induces a two-phase flow, which makes it difficult to understand mass transport phenomena in a DMFC. This paper discusses the effect of CO 2 on two-phase flow and mass transport phenomena in a DMFC with a multi-dimensional model. The role of CO 2 in controlling water and methanol transport in DMFCs is theoretically investigated. Multi-D DMFC model explains that amount of CO 2 in the anode controls not only water transport by capillary diffusion, but also methanol transport by both molecular diffusion and capillary diffusion. Two DMFCs (conventional cell and CO 2 breathing cell) are fabricated and tested to confirm the theoretical result acquired from the simulation.
A Step in the Right Direction: Fitness and Physical Education for the '90s

Abstract There are not enough daily physical education programs to enable our children to learn how to keep themselves healthy and maintain a healthy level of physical fitness. But some programs are working to beat the odds.
Immigrant Integration Through Mediating Social Institutions: Issues and Strategies

With nearly 40 million foreign-born residents, the United States is the country with the largest immigrant population in the world (Nwosu, Batalova, & Auclair, 2014). This amounts to 13% of the current US population and has fueled debates about the role of immigrants in American society and about what it means to be American (Batalova & Lee, 2012; Hing, 2004). The issue of immigrant integration is at the center of this debate and is also the focus of this study, which examines immigrant integration in two U.S. cities: San Francisco, California and Chicago, Illinois. This study is part of a larger 2007 multi-country study of immigrant integration practices conducted by CeiMigra, a migration research institute based in Valencia, Spain. This study analyzes data collected in the two U.S. study sites, which consists of 19 extensive qualitative interviews with politicians, policy makers, labor leaders, and nongovernment (NGO) and migrant association leaders regarding issues that affect and strategies that facil...
Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Segregation in Powder Injection Molding

The ability to predict segregation of the solid phase in processes such as powder injection molding and injection molding of semi-solid materials is of special interest since such phenomenon affects the final properties and characteristics of the molded parts. In powder injection molding, for example, defects appear very often in the debinding and sintering stages but are caused by filling problems and determined by a non-uniform distribution of the solid particles within the molded part. In this paper we propose a 3D numerical solution algorithm for the simulation of particle migration in dense suspensions. The particle migration is modeled using the diffusion flux model and integrated into the NRC's 3D injection molding software. The solution algorithm is validated by solving flow problems for which experimental and numerical data are available: circular Couette flow, piston driven flow and sudden contraction-expansion flow. Since it is observed that the piston movement in the sleeve can induce particle migration even before the material enters the cavity, an ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian) formulation is also developed to include the piston movement in molding simulations. The ALE formulation is first compared with an Eulerian solution for the case of the piston driven flow problem. Then, the approach is applied to injection molding problems and the segregation inside the molded parts is studied.
Designing a Great Syllabus

At the very least, the syllabus sends a symbolic message to the students regarding your personality as a teacher and the amount of investment you have made in the course (McKeachie 1986). First impressions are so important that it would be foolhardy to ignore the opportunity to make that impression fa vorable. Because the syllabus is a trans parent statement of the preliminary work you put into the course, it is a manageable, profound first impression. The word syllabus originates from the Greek word syllibos and is defined by Webster as "an outline of a course of
The photon spectrum from positron annihilation in flight

Abstract Figures are presented which enable the target parameters of a positron annihilation in flight system to be chosen to obtain the maximum photon yield consistent with the required photon energy spread in the annihilation “spike”.
Temporary equilibrium with storable commodities

Abstract This paper fills a gap in temporary equilibrium theory by establishing necessary conditions and sufficient conditions for the existence of temporary equilibrium in a sequential economy with spot and incomplete futures markets for storable commodities and with heterogeneous expectations. An important realistic feature of the model is an uncertain storage technology. Overlapping expectations and the usual sufficient conditions guarantee the existence of equilibrium. Inventory speculation implies a lower bound on current spot prices in terms of futures prices and the storage technology. These results extend to an economy in which observed aggregate inventories influence expectations in a well-behaved manner.
The influence of gender on the Self-Perception of disturbed children

This investigation examined the relationship between gender, psychopathology and self-perception. The sample consisted of 24 boys and 24 girls involved in psychotherapy. Self-perception was measured using The Self-Perception Profile (Harter, 1985). Results indicated that boys and girls both reported relatively high levels of self-esteem. It was found, however, that the various components of self-perception were strongly interrelated for girls and not for boys. Furthermore, girls did not appear to value those competencies which they possessed while holding in high regard those that they felt they lacked. From these results, it was concluded that self-concept in girls is more tenuously constructed.
Fiber Type Conversion by PGC-1α Activates Lysosomal and Autophagosomal Biogenesis in Both Unaffected and Pompe Skeletal Muscle

PGC-1α is a transcriptional co-activator that plays a central role in the regulation of energy metabolism. Our interest in this protein was driven by its ability to promote muscle remodeling. Conversion from fast glycolytic to slow oxidative fibers seemed a promising therapeutic approach in Pompe disease, a severe myopathy caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) which is responsible for the degradation of glycogen. The recently approved enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has only a partial effect in skeletal muscle. In our Pompe mouse model (KO), the poor muscle response is seen in fast but not in slow muscle and is associated with massive accumulation of autophagic debris and ineffective autophagy. In an attempt to turn the therapy-resistant fibers into fibers amenable to therapy, we made transgenic KO mice expressing PGC-1α in muscle (tgKO). The successful switch from fast to slow fibers prevented the formation of autophagic buildup in the converted fibers, but PGC-1α failed to improve the clearance of glycogen by ERT. This outcome is likely explained by an unexpected dramatic increase in muscle glycogen load to levels much closer to those observed in patients, in particular infants, with the disease. We have also found a remarkable rise in the number of lysosomes and autophagosomes in the tgKO compared to the KO. These data point to the role of PGC-1α in muscle glucose metabolism and its possible role as a master regulator for organelle biogenesis - not only for mitochondria but also for lysosomes and autophagosomes. These findings may have implications for therapy of lysosomal diseases and other disorders with altered autophagy.
Conflict Between Mothers and Adolescents in Single-Mother, Blended, and Two-Biological- Parent Families

OBJECTIVE: This investigation was designed to shed light on household structure differences in mother - adolescent conflict. DESIGN: Atotal of 453 early, mid, and late adolescents from 3 ethnic groups completed questionnaires describing the rate and affective intensity of daily conflicts with mothers and fathers in single-mother (divorced or never married), 2-biological-parent, and blended (remarried) families. RESULTS: Compared to sons, daughters reported more disagreements with mothers and more negative affect in disagreements with mothers and fathers. Adolescents reported more total disagreements and more angry disagreements with single mothers than with mothers in 2-biological-parent families; adolescents in blended families fell in between. Reports of conflict with fathers did not differ across 2-biological-parent families and blended families. There were no household structure differences in conflict with parents (mothers and residential fathers combined), indicating that levels of conflict with single mothers are elevated by approximately the same number of disagreements that otherwise fall to fathers in 2-parent households. Potential moderators (adolescent age, ethnicity, and gender, maternal employment, prior marital status of single-mothers, socioeconomic status, and levels of social interaction) did not alter the results. CONCLUSIONS: For adolescents, single parenthood restricts the number of partners available for disagreement but has little bearing on the number or affective tenor of daily disagreements with mothers. In contrast, single parenthood is associated with elevated levels of family discord for mothers.
Virtual communities of practice: vehicles for organisational learning and improved job performance

This paper provides a theoretical foundation for VCoPs by showing how they align with current theories of learning. It also presents findings of a study conducted on virtual communities of practice in international organisations where VCoPs were found to lead to significant learning and improved job performance.
Significance of passive sorption of atmospheric water vapor and feeding in water balance of the rice weevil, sitophilus oryzae

Abstract 1. 1. A water budget and kinetics for gain and loss of water was determined for Sitophilus oryzae at four water vapor activities ( a v s). Water flux was determined by using tritiated water. 2. 2. Body water content was proportional to food water content and ambient water vapor activity. The quantity of food consumed was regulated by food water content and ambient a v . 3. 3. Water imbibed with food and water passively sorbed from unsaturated ambient air constituted the major avenues of water gain. Sorption rates were proportional to a v while transpiration rates were independent of a v . 4. 4. Decrease in water gain associated with reduced feeding rates at high a v were compensated for by increased sorption rates. 5. 5. Metabolic rate was independent of a v and production of metabolic water insignificant relative to overall water exchange.
Bullying and peer victimization among children with special health care needs.

BACKGROUND. Dr Van Cleave’s current address is Department of Pediatrics, Center for Child and Adolescent Health Policy, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, 50 Staniford St, Room 901, Boston, MA 02114. The association between bullying, being bullied, or being a bully/victim and having a special health care need has not been well described in a national sample of children with a broad variety of special needs. OBJECTIVE. We aimed to determine the prevalence of bullying, being bullied, or being a bully/victim in children with special health care needs and associations of behaviors with particular types of special needs. DESIGN. We performed a secondary data analysis using the National Survey of Children9s Health, a nationally representative telephone survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics of >102000 US households. METHODS. We measured associations between having a special health care need and being a victim of bullying, bullying other children, and being a bully/victim in children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years. Multiple logistic-regression models were used to examine the association of children with special health care needs overall, and of particular special needs, with the bullying measures. RESULTS. Overall, children with special health care needs were 21% of the population. In multivariate models adjusting for sociodemographic factors, being a child with special health care needs was associated with being bullied but not with bullying or being a bully/victim. Having a chronic behavioral, emotional, or developmental problem was associated with bullying others and with being a bully/victim. CONCLUSIONS. Having a special health care need generally is associated with being bullied, and having a behavioral, emotional, or developmental problem is associated with bullying others and being a bully/victim. These findings may help pediatricians, mental health providers, and schools use targeted screening and interventions to address bullying for children with special health care needs.
Frequency and causes of C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate disagreements in adults.

Aim C-reactive protein (CRP) and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are often ordered together in patients with suspected infection or inflammation. However, the test results can disagree in as many as 33% of patients. Our aim was to further examine CRP/ESR disagreements and their stability on repeat testing. Methods We analyzed simultaneously ordered CRP and ESR results in 70 adult patients who had been tested on three separate occasions a median of 4 weeks apart. Results Initial CRP/ESR disagreements occurred in 14 of the 70 patients (20%; 95% CI, 12–31). Only four of these 14 patients had stable CRP/ESR disagreements throughout the study (two with lupus nephritis and one with osteomyelitis had persistent high ESR/normal CRP disagreements and one with rheumatoid arthritis had a persistent high CRP/normal ESR disagreement). The other 10 patients with initial CRP/ESR disagreements later exhibited CRP/ESR agreements. Of the 56 patients with initial CRP/ESR agreements, only 10 developed a CRP/ESR disagreement (or disagreements) on subsequent testing. Conclusion CRP/ESR disagreements are common in clinical practice. Three mechanisms were identified to explain CRP/ESR disagreements: (i) slight fluctuations in the CRP and ESR around the upper limits of normal for these tests; (ii) development of an intercurrent illness; and (iii) different time courses of CRP and ESR elevations, in which the CRP rose and fell faster than the ESR.
A method for decision making using sustainability indicators

Calculations aimed at representing the thought process of decision makers are common within multiobjective decision support tools. These calculations that mathematically describe preferences most often use weighting factors for each desire or objective to combine various utility scores onto a single scale to allow a ranking of alternatives. However, seldom are the tradeoffs implied in creating a single scale for multiple objectives described explicitly. This paper illustrates how choices for combining utility scores are in fact a statement of equivalence between the weighted utility scores of these objectives, even if the choice of weighting factors was intended to be value free or “equal weighting.” In addition, relationships between objectives, perhaps developed by stakeholders, can be rewritten as a series of equations (i.e., relationships) for the weighting factors, where it should be noted that seldom will stakeholders provide a set of relationships that exactly match the number of unknowns. Depending on the number of relationships specified, the weighting factors can be underdetermined, unique, or overdetermined. Calculations using the singular value decomposition method can be used as a general method to determine the weighting factors for each of these situations, allowing for explicit representations of the implied tradeoffs for decision makers. Finally, a simple but powerful method for calculating total utility using marginal rates of substitution between utility scores rather than weighting factors is presented. In addition to using marginal rates of substitution, the calculation of utility can be done with (process) attribute values or using EPA’s GREENSCOPE tool sustainability indicator scores. Utility calculations based on these more intuitive factors (marginal rates of substitution, attribute values, and/or GREENSCOPE indicator scores) can then be used to evaluate various alternatives. The decision maker can see the effects of changing the marginal rates of substitution (i.e., utility tradeoffs) and attribute (i.e., design or operating parameter) values or GREENSCOPE indicator scores for alternatives. While an example from chemical production for terephthalic acid is presented, the methods shown are generally applicable.
Effects of child development accounts on early social-emotional development: an experimental test.

Importance This study, based on Oklahoma’s statewide Child Development Accounts (CDAs) program, presents findings from the first experimental test of the hypothesis that creating lifelong savings accounts for children at birth promotes their long-term well-being. Objective To examine the effects of CDAs, an innovative social policy to encourage lifelong saving and asset building for long-term development, on parent-reported social-emotional development in early childhood. Design, Setting, and Participants A statewide randomized experiment of CDAs was conducted in 2008, drawing a probability sample of 7328 children from all infants born in two 3-month periods in Oklahoma (April 1 through June 30 and August 1 through October 31, 2007). After agreeing to participate in the experiment, caregivers of 2704 infants completed a baseline survey and were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 1358) and control groups (n = 1346). Approximately 84% of participants completed a follow-up survey in the spring of 2011. Interventions The intervention offered CDAs, built on the existing Oklahoma 529 college-savings plan, to treatment participants. It also provided additional financial incentives and information. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome—child social-emotional development—is measured by scores from a 17-item version of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social-Emotional. Caregivers completed it in the 3-year follow-up survey. Lower scores indicate better functioning. Results The CDAs have positive effects on social-emotional development for children at approximately age 4 years. The nonweighted treatment-control difference is –1.56 (90% CI, −2.87 to −0.22; P = .06), but the weighted difference is nonsignificant. The effects appear to be greater for disadvantaged subsamples, such as low-income households (weighted mean difference, –2.21; 90% CI, −4.01 to −0.42; P = .04). Conclusions and Relevance As a complement to other early education and health interventions, CDAs may improve social-emotional development in early childhood. Their effects may be explained as a mediating process that influences parents. Child Development Accounts may influence parental attitudes, behaviors, expectations, and involvement; in turn, these may affect child development.
Kinetic study of coniferyl alcohol radical binding to the (+)-pinoresinol forming dirigent protein

An essential step in lignan and lignin formation in planta is one electron oxidation of (E)-coniferyl alcohol (CA) to generate the radical intermediate (CA•), which can then undergo directed radica...
Reusing simulation components: generalizing: is it possible to create all-purpose simulations?

The title poses the essential question addressed herein: Is it possible to construct simulations that permit use in application domains with widely ranging objectives? The question is raised in a tentative explanation of what is entailed in an answer. Beginning with a taxonomy based on simulation objectives, we identify differences among the categories with respect to what is attendant in realizing different objectives and in using associated methodologies and tools. The closing summary highlights the importance of producing an answer or eliminating the question.
Coumarins V. Mass spectra of columbianetin and its esters

The mass spectra of columbianetin and its acetate, angelate, tiglate, and 3-bromo-angelate have been determined. Columbianetin shows M →188 →187 (base peak 187) as the principal fragmentation pathway whereas the esters show M → 228 → 213 (base peak 213) as the major fragmentation route. Probable mechanisms for fragmentation are suggested.
Note on the "randomized response approach": Addendum to Fox and Tracy.

This addendum updates Fox and Tracy's (1980) summary of work on the randomized response technique (RRT). It notes the recent development of an additive constants model for sensitive questions that require a numerical response. It further calls the reader's attention to the possibility of correlational research using RRT models by presenting the derivation of the correlation and correction for attentuation between two variables measured by the additive constants model and by noting a paper that does the same for several other RRT models.
Experience with the sagittal osteotomy of the mandibular ramus: a 13-year review.

Summary This report surveys the experience in 236 patients operated on by the author, of whom 155 provided records complete enough to provide information on all the elements of postoperative evaluation. Patients were evaluated at a minimum of 2 years after surgery. The patients had an average age of 23 years, and were predominantly female in a ratio of more than 4: 1. No intraoperative or postoperative physiologically threatening problems as elsewhere described in the literature, such as profound blood loss, airway obstruction, or gross loss of bone substance, were encountered. An immediate postoperative paraesthesia incidence of almost 85 % was observed, which diminished to 9 % 1 year postoperatively. The prolonged paraesthesias were most common in patients over 40 years of age; similarly, healing was prolonged in patients over 40, prompting the author's recommendation that 8 weeks intermaxillary fixation rather than 6 be employed in these patients. The overall relapse rate was approximately 30 %; this was clinically significant in approximately 12 % of patients, and required reoperation in 4 patients. Relapse was most marked in apertognathic patients, demonstrating, in the author's opinion, that the sagittal ramus osteotomy should not be used, in general, in open-bite cases. The particulars of the technique and the author's views on regression are presented.
Predicting Student Performance in Statewide High-Stakes Tests for Middle School Mathematics Using the Results from Third Party Testing Instruments.

In this study regression and neural networks based methods are used to predict statewide high-stakes test results for middle school mathematics using the scores obtained from third party tests throughout the school year. Such prediction is of utmost significance for school districts to live up to the state’s educational standards mandated by the No Child Left Behind Act by helping them take the necessary measures in a timely manner and avoid penalties such as decreased funding, salary cuts, job losses, the state taking over the school administration, etc. Although the predictive analyses were performed in the context of middle school mathematics, the suggested models can readily be applied to other grade levels and content areas as well.
Microwave radiometry for humanitarian demining: experimental results

Previous modeling studies have indicated that a multi-frequency radiometer could prove advantageous for humanitarian demining due to the oscillatory patterns in brightness temperature versus frequency that would be observed in the presence of a sub-surface target. Initial experimental results are reported in this paper from a multi-frequency radiometer (MFRAD) system operating at 19 frequencies in the 2.1-6.5 GHz band. The basic design of MFRAD is reviewed, and the calibration and noise background removal procedures discussed. Experimental results with sub-surface metallic and styrofoam targets are then provided that demonstrate the predicted oscillatory behavior. An FFT-based detection algorithm is also described and applied to measured data. Further plans for experiments and tests with this system are also detailed.
Evaluation metrics and methodologies for user-centered evaluation of intelligent systems

In the past four years, we have worked with several research programs that were developing intelligent software for use by intelligence analysts. Our involvement in these programs was to develop the metrics and methodologies for assessing the impact on users; in this case, on intelligence analysts. In particular, we focused on metrics to evaluate how much the intelligent systems contribute to the users' tasks and what the cost is to the user in terms of workload and process deviations. In this paper, we describe the approach used. We started with two types of preliminary investigations - first, collecting and analyzing data from analysts working in an instrumented environment for a period of 2 years, and second, developing and conducting formative evaluations of research software. The long-term studies informed our ideas about the processes that analysts use and provided potential metrics in an environment without intelligent software tools. The formative evaluations helped us to define sets of application-specific metrics. Finally, we conducted assessments during and after technology insertions. We describe the metrics and methodologies used in each of these activities, along with the lessons learned.
Rehabilitation of the child with congenital heart disease.

Abstract This paper has attempted to summarize many of the everyday problems associated with the rehabilitation of children with congenital heart disease. The need for a planned cooperative effort on the part of all those entrusted with the child's care has been stressed and certain specific problems associated with patients treated surgically or medically have been discussed.
The adolescent varicocele I: left testicular hypertrophy following varicocelectomy.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Ipsilateral testicular catch-up growth has been reported to occur in approximately 80% of adolescents with varicoceles following unilateral varicocelectomy. We have been observing not only catch-up growth, but hypertrophy (left at least 10% larger than right testicular volume) in some adolescents postoperatively. To our knowledge this phenomenon has not been previously described. We assess the incidence of left testicular hypertrophy following ipsilateral varicocele ligation and whether it is related to age at operation and/or procedure performed.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 42 patients who underwent unilateral left varicocelectomy for asymptomatic varicoceles. Testicular volume was determined before and after surgery, and all patients were followed for a minimum of 6 months. Indication for surgery was ipsilateral left testicular hypotrophy in 23 cases, grade 2 to 3 varicocele with palpably softer ipsilateral left testicle in 5, grade 3+ varicoceles in 12, an exaggera...
Social Distance and Discretionary Rule Enforcement in a Women's Prison:

The relationship between correctional officer attitudes toward inmates and official reporting of major and minor institutional rule violations is examined. Factor analysis of correctional officer r...
A data-driven approach to visualize the effects of rheumatoid arthritis on hands

We present an approach to use high level data from hand X-Rays in postero-anterior (PA) view for synthesizing the animation and deformation of 3D hand models. We discuss our approach to model muskuloskeletal deformations caused by rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and show how this could be used to animate progressions 1 of RA from early to late stage. We also discuss a potential use case of our method as a means to visualize damage due to RA as a function of time and treatment.