cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Winter environment increases self seed yield in self-incompatible (SI) Petunia hybrida clones

SI inbreds of P. hybrida and crosses between self-incompatible (SI) petunia plants were brought to flower under winter and summer glasshouse conditions. SI response, as measured by self seed, ranged from zero seed set under both conditions to low or zero seed set during the summer and high seed set during the winter. Some plants produced comparable seed yields during either pollination time. Increased expression of pseudo-self-compatibility (PSC) during the winter months was attributed to a breakdown of the Si system by the low light conditions of Minnesota winters (45°N). Genotypic differences within and between populations in the winter provided differences facilitating selection for increased SI. These differences were masked in some populations by the summer environmental conditions. The use of simulated or natural low light conditions as a technique for selecting for SI should increase selection efficiency.
Identification and determination of material properties for porohyperelastic analysis of large arteries.

A "porohyperelastic" (PHE) material model is described and the theoretical framework presented that allows identification of the necessary material properties functions for soft arterial tissues. A generalized Fung form is proposed for the PHE constitutive law in which the two fundamental Lagrangian material properties are the effective strain energy density function, W(e), and the hydraulic permeability, kij. The PHE model is based on isotropic forms using W(e) = Ue (phi) = 1/2C0(e phi - 1) and the radial component of permeability, kRR = kRR(phi), with phi = C1'(I1 - 3) + C2'(I2 - 3) + K'(J - 1)2. The methods for determination of these material properties are illustrated using experimental data from in situ rabbit aortas. Three experiments are described to determine parameters in Ue and kRR for the intima and media of the aortas, i.e., (1) undrained tests to determine C0, C1', and C2'; (2) drained tests to determine K'; and (3) steady-state pressurization tests of intact and de-endothelialized vessels to determine intimal and medial permeability (adventitia removed in these models). Data-reduction procedures are presented that allow determination of kRR for the intima and media and Ue for the media using experimental data. The effectiveness and accuracy of these procedures are studied using input "data" from finite element models generated with the ABAQUS program. The isotropic theory and data-reduction methods give good approximations for the PHE properties of in situ aortas. These methods can be extended to include arterial tissue remodeling and anisotropic behavior when appropriate experimental data are available.
Opportunistic infections in children following renal transplantation

Opportunistic infections following renal transplantation in children are a major cause of severe morbidity and mortality. These infections account for the majority of early post renal-transplant deaths in children. General risk factors which affect the incidence and severity of these infections include: transmission of the infectious agent by the donor organ; history of immunity in the recipient prior to transplantation; type and amount of immunosuppression including treatment for rejection episodes; availability of specific treatment for the infection. Children are at particular risk because of the lack of exposure to certain pathogens prior to transplantation. There have been recent advances in the prevention and treatment of important infections which occur in children following transplantation, including varicella, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease. Varicella is treatable with acyclovir, often without decreasing immunosuppression and placing the graft at risk. Prophylaxis against PCP may be achieved by provision of alternate-day trimethoprim sulpha, but clear guidelines for determining who should be treated are lacking. Treatment of this disease with high-dose trimethoprim sulfa or pentamidine is usually successful. CMV disease is frequently severe, especially when the donor is seropositive and the recipient seronegative. In these situations, prophylactic CMV immunoglobulin reduces the morbidity and the mortality of the disease and prophylactic oral acyclovir may decrease its incidence. Treatment of severe CMV disease with gancyclovir is promising.
Malignant idiopathic anaphylaxis.

Abstract A patient with idiopathic anaphylaxis (IA), classified as generalized IA with frequent episodes, had original episodes in 1985 and has been managed and studied by the authors since 1987. Although her episodes of IA appear to have been controlled by prednisone, progressively larger doses of prednisone have been required. The patient was classified as a patient with corticosteroid-dependent IA, a subset of patients with IA in whom a remission cannot be induced with prednisone and in whom prednisone cannot be stopped. A trial of ketotifen is in progress without definitive effect on prednisone requirement. Because this corticosteroid-dependent patient with IA, which is potentially fatal, cannot be managed on
Histological differences between ventromedial hypothalamic neurones of well fed and underfed rats.

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL recording in the ventromedial hypothalamus has shown that feeding or administering glucose to hungry animals causes an increase in the activity of the cells concerned, whereas lateral hypothalamic activity tends to be lowered1–3. These reactions are consistent with the apparent role of the ventromedial hypothalamus in limiting the intake of food and the lateral hypothalamus in stimulating it4. Histological observations of other parts of the nervous system have shown that increased functional activity of nerve cells can be followed by increases in the size of the nucleoli, and decreased activity by decreases in the size of these organelles5–8. Results reported here show that nucleoli in ventromedial hypothalamic neurones are larger in well fed than in hungry rats.
Significance of plasma β-thromboglobulin values in patients with sickle cell disease

however, RRSP may be substantially more common. Two recent reports from Oklahoma indicate that RRSP were recovered in 6 of 36 (16.7%) instances from children 6 and in 16 of 103 (15.5%) instances from a general population. 7 In our survey, approximately 3% of the pneumococcal isolates were relatively resistant to penicillin. More surveys from various geographic locations are obviously needed to assess the overall frequency of RRSP. The clinical significance of relative resistance to penicillin is important primarily in cases of pneumococcal meningitis. Penicillin levels in CSF are considerablY lower than simultaneous serum levels, particularly in the absence of meningeal inflammation. TM Peak penicillin concentrations in CSF of < 1.0/~g/ml are very commonly observed when standard penicillin doses are administered. '~ Therefore, pneumococcal meningitis caused by a RRSP may not be responsive to penicillin therapy. Indeed, all reported relapses or prolonged illnesses have been in patients with meningitis? ' ~' ~ Based on our experience and on some recent reports, we recommend that pneumococcal isolates from clinical specimens (and particularly CSF) should be screened for penicillin resistance using 1 /~g oxacillin discs. MIC determinations should be done on isolates yielding zones < 20 mm.
Abstract 2007: Differential roles of BCL-XL and BCL-2 in protecting mitochondria against oxidative stress in CML cells

Previous studies have identified that BCR-ABL elevates cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) through mitochondria and NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX). However, it is still unknown how BCR-ABL over-expressed cells can maintain such altered redox status, while escaping from the persistent oxidative stress-induced cell damage or apoptosis. Therefore elucidation of the mechanisms by which CML cells cope with oxidative stress will provide important insights into the molecular events leading to leukemia development and drug resistance. The major goals of this study are to investigate the role of BCR-ABL-regulated downstream cell survival factors in providing an adaptive mechanism which allows CML cells to survive in the presence of cellular oxidative stress, and to evaluate the potential therapeutic implications. Several experimental models were used to test the cellular redox status and relative sensitivity of oxidative stress-induced cell death in our study, including BCR-ABL inducible cell lines, BCR-ABL stably transformed cell lines and BCR-ABL-expressing CML blast crisis cells with different BCL-XL/BCL-2 patterns. Additionally, we established an artificial CML cell model with heterogenic BCL-XL/BCL-2 expression to assess the correlation between cell survival factor genetic background and cell sensitivity to Imatinib and oxidative stress. In this study, BCL-XL has been identified as the major survival factors responsive to BCR-ABL-promoted cellular oxidative stress and plays a dominant role in regulating the threshold of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. The cell survival factors BCL-XL and BCL-2 differentially protect mitochondrial integrity under oxidative stress. BCL-XL is an essential survival factor in maintaining viability of the cells with the excessive ROS while BCL-2 seems to play a relatively minor role. In addition, combination of redox-modulating reagent α-phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) with BCL-XL/BCL2 inhibitor ABT737 or suppression of BCL-XL expression by BCR-ABL inhibitor Gleevec dramatically sensitizes CML cell to ROS stress-induced apoptosis. These data together suggest that elevation of BCL-XL is important for the development of CML, and that redox-directed therapy may merit further clinical investigations in CML treatment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2007. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2007
Temperatures and net energy gain in a growing, mature head of lettuce

Abstract A method was developed to determine the net heat gain per unit of time (G) in a mature, growing head of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., var. capitata from measured temperatures, by adapting a formula used to calculate internal energy changes in columns of air, water, or soil ( Sellers , 1965). G also was calculated for hypothetical cubes (sides 1 cm), one of which represented the cool side of the head, and the other the warm side, and each having a thermocouple at its center. The mean for the two cubes differs from that for the entire head by less than 10%, and avoids the cumbersome determination of the mean temperature of the head. Tipburn of lettuce was discussed in relation to internal differences in G.
Activation of the unfolded protein response bypasses trastuzumab-mediated inhibition of the PI-3K pathway

HER2-positive breast cancer initially responds to trastuzumab treatment, but over time, resistance develops and rapid cancer progression occurs, for which various explanations have been proposed. Here we tested the hypothesis that induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) could override HER2 inhibition by trastuzumab, leading to the re-activation of growth signaling and the activation of the downstream target Lipocalin 2 (LCN2). Trastuzumab significantly inhibited the basal expression of LCN2 in HER2 (+) SKBr3 human breast cancer cells. The induction of the UPR completely abrogated trastuzumab-mediated LCN2 downregulation, and, in fact caused an increase in transcription and secretion of LCN2 over baseline. Reduction of the UPR using 4-phenyl butyric acid (PBA) a chemical chaperone that ameliorates ER stress, restored trastuzumab-mediated inhibition. Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in trastuzumab-treated/UPR-induced SKBr3 cells partially reduced the upregulation of LCN2. These results suggest that the UPR is a possible way to override the effect of trastuzumab in HER2(+) cancer cells.
FIELDS INTERPRETABLE IN ROSY THEORIES

We are working in a monster model ℭ of a rosy theory T. We prove the following theorems, generalizing the appropriate results from the finite Morley rank case and o-minimal structures. If R is a ⋁-definable integral domain of positive, finite Uþ-rank, then its field of fractions is interpretable in ℭ. If A and M are infinite, definable, abelian groups such that A acts definably and faithfully on M as a group of automorphisms, M is A-minimal and Uþ(M) is finite, then there is an infinite field interpretable in ℭ. If G is an infinite, solvable but non nilpotent-by-finite, definable group of finite Uþ-rank and T has NIP, then there is an infinite field interpretable in 〈G, ·〉.
The Incidence of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss among Music Teachers:

The purpose of this study was to compare the hearing acuity of three groups of music teachers: vocal, elementary instrumental, and high school instrumental. One hundred four music teachers were tested for evidence of hearing loss that could possibly be attributed to Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL). This type of hearing loss is a permanent loss of hearing acuity resulting from repeated exposure to intense sound levels. Results indicate that some risk of NIHL is involved in high school band directing but the degree of risk varies widely among individuals.
A study of searching the eye research literature

The paper is a report of most of the major findings of a study in searching the periodical eye research literature. Questions were collected from eye researchers and a selected group of these were searched in nine different secondary sources. Articles thought to be relevant were Xeroxed and sent to the eye researchers who subsequently rated the articles. Articles of eye research interest are found in a wide variety of journals, but a small number of journals carry a large proportion of the articles judged valuable by the eye researchers. Approximately a fourth of eye research articles are in foreign languages. Translations are not readily available. Despite a delay of more than 15 months between the original appearance of articles in journals and the mailing of photocopies, about half of the articles of interest to the researchers were not known to them previously. For extensive retrospective searches more than one secondary service must be used. Index Medicus and Excerpta Medica (Section 12) or Ophthalmic Literature would be good sources. MEDLARS demand searches were not shown to be clearly superior to manual searches of Index Medicus. Titles, abstracts, and full text were shown to be equally effective in permitting searchers to retrieve references that were subsequently rated as relevant by the researchers. A searcher with a background in ophthalmology was able to retrieve more articles of research interest than other non-ophthalmologist searchers.
Reflections from solitary waves in channels of decreasing depth

We have found that the reflected wave that is created by a right-going solitary wave as it travels in a region of slowly changing depth does not satisfy Green's law. The amplitude of the reflected wave is constant along left-going characteristics rather than proportional to the negative fourth root of depth. This new finding allows us to satisfy the mass-flux conservation laws to leading order and establishes that the perturbed Korteweg–de Vries equation is a consistent approximation for the right-going profile.
Obstacles to social networking website use among older adults

Social networking websites (SNSs) have become popular among younger adults, but internet-using older adults have not adopted this communication medium nearly as quickly (Lenhart, 2009; Madden, 2010). This study seeks to understand what factors encourage or discourage older adults from using SNS, like Facebook, to help understand what may be done to ensure both generations have communication media over which they enjoy and feel comfortable communicating. Using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM; Davis, 1989; Davis, Bagozzi, & Warshaw, 1989) as a framework, 124 internet-using older adults aged 60-90, completed attitudinal measures of perceived usefulness of SNS, perceived ease of use of websites, social pressures to use SNS, and trust in SNS, as well as behavioral measures of current internet use, SNS use, and intention to use SNS in the future. Regression analyses revealed significant predictors of SNS include perceived usefulness, trust in SNS, and frequency of internet use. Unexpectedly, factors of ease of use and social pressures were not significant predictors. Implications for the TAM and for individuals with an interest in getting older adults to use SNS are discussed.
Note: Electrostatic detection of stainless steel dust particles for fusion applications

Dust accumulation inside next-step fusion devices poses a significant safety concern and dust diagnostics will be needed to assure safe operations. An electrostatic dust detection device has been successfully demonstrated in the National Spherical Torus Experiment, Tore Supra, and the Large Helical Device, and the detector's response to carbon particles was previously characterized in laboratory experiments. This paper presents laboratory results showing that detection of stainless steel particles at levels as low as several μg/cm2 is also possible.
Electrocardiographic pseudo-infarct patterns after implantation of cardioverter-defibrillators

Postoperative electrocardiographic (ECG) changes are frequently present after insertion of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) and may mimic perioperative myocardial infarction (MI). The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence and clinical significance of postoperative ECG changes in relation to clinical, laboratory, and implantation data. In 25 (16%) of 156 patients undergoing ICD implantation, significant ECG changes (> or = 50% reduction in R-wave amplitude in > or = 3 leads or new Q waves in > or = 2 leads) were present 1 to 3 days after the operation and persisted at hospital discharge in 12 (8%). Presence of thoracotomy, the total number of induced ventricular fibrillation episodes, and the number of defibrillation shocks required during defibrillation threshold (DFT) testing correlated with postoperative ECG changes. Other factors associated with a significant R-wave loss in the lateral precordial leads included left-sided pleural effusion, lung infiltrates or atelectasis, and large defibrillator patch electrodes over the left ventricle or the lateral chest wall. Myocardial necrosis documented by elevated cardiac enzymes occurred in 6 (5%) of 151 patients without significant ECG changes and in 3 (12%) with (p value not significant). However, postoperative ECG changes associated with elevated enzymes were indistinguishable from changes unrelated to necrosis. Therefore the sensitivity and specificity of the surface ECG for detection of MI after ICD placement is poor. Multiple factors such as thoracotomy, myocardial injury from DFT testing, electric insulation, or shielding of the heart may contribute to the development of electrocardiographic pseudo-infarct patterns.
Endmarkers can make a difference

Abstract We show that the nonemptiness problem for two-way automata with only one endmarker over unary alphabets is complete for nondeterministic logarithmic space. This should be contrasted with the corresponding problem for two-way automata with two endmarkers, which is known to be NP-complete.
Jim Starnes' Contributions to Residual Strength Analysis Methods for Metallic Structures

A summary of advances in residual strength analyses methods for metallic structures that were realized under the leadership of Dr. James H. Starnes, Jr., is presented. The majority of research led by Dr. Starnes in this area was conducted in the 1990's under the NASA Airframe Structural Integrity Program (NASIP). Dr. Starnes, respectfully referred to herein as Jim, had a passion for studying complex response phenomena and dedicated a significant amount of research effort toward advancing damage tolerance and residual strength analysis methods for metallic structures. Jim's efforts were focused on understanding damage propagation in built-up fuselage structure with widespread fatigue damage, with the goal of ensuring safety in the aging international commercial transport fleet. Jim's major contributions in this research area were in identifying the effects of combined internal pressure and mechanical loads, and geometric nonlinearity, on the response of built-up structures with damage. Analytical and experimental technical results are presented to demonstrate the breadth and rigor of the research conducted in this technical area. Technical results presented herein are drawn exclusively from papers where Jim was a co-author.
Polymer Assisted Deposition (PAD) of thin metal films: A new technique to the preparation of metal oxides and reduced metal films

Currently, there are a variety of techniques to deposit metal thin films ranging from high vacuum techniques such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD), through to solution methods like sol-gel. While the vacuum techniques can be limited by size and cost, sol-gel can be limited be the availability of appropriate precursors. All of these techniques have the further limitation that they cannot be used to coat porous materials conformally. Polymer assisted deposition (PAD) addresses some of the limitations of sol-gel and costs of high vacuum techniques. PAD utilizes an aqueous polymer to bind a metal or metal complex that serves both to encapsulate the metal to prevent chemical reaction and maintain an even distribution of the metal in solution. Another advantage that PAD has is that the same solution can be used as precursors for the growth of metal oxide or reduced metal films. Herein, we report on the utility of PAD in preparing metal oxide films used to conformally coat porous material and reduced metal films.
The Cognitive Science of Reading

Abstract The cognitive science of reading is broader from my perspective than from Lorch and van den Broek's (1997) viewpoint. In particular, verbal protocol analyses have resulted in substantial new insights about important control processes in reading. Much has also been learned with cognitive science methods about the letter- and word-level processes involved in reading and learning to read. When the entire cognitive science of reading literature is considered, two conclusions emerge: There has been enormous progress in the past 20 years in understanding reading, and cognitive science offers a theory and methodologies that will permit great additional progress in the years and decades ahead.
Formation of stable Meisenheimer adduct ion pairs in apolar solvents: implications for stereoselective reactions.

A detailed study concerning the formation of Meisenheimer adducts in biphasic solvent systems is described. The process relies on utilizing a significantly lipophilic quaternary ammonium salt to transfer a nucleophile (e.g., hydroxide ion) between an aqueous and organic layer containing the electron-deficient aromatic substrate. Provided that the organic layer is sufficiently apolar, the resultant Meisenheimer adduct is considerably stable, likely the result of a strong ion-pairing interaction between the large polarizable anionic complex and the diffusively charged tetraalkylammonium cation. Using the diethylamide of 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid as a model compound, the influence of ion-pairing reagents and solvents on adduct formation was investigated. Dramatically increased equilibrium formation of the Meisenheimer adduct is observed in the biphasic medium (e.g., benzene/2 M NaOH) relative to the same adduct generated in single-phase systems. Spectroscopic studies on this adduct are consistent with those co...
Unique mounting for miniature optics at cryogenic temperatures

ABSTRACT This paper highlights a mounting solution for miniature, high aspect ratio Zinc Selenide (ZnSe ) optics capable of sustaining high vibration loads and cryogenic temperatures. The GOES-R Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) optical design requires ZnSe filters that have a significantly higher-t han-standard aspect ratio. The thin structure, along with the material properties of ZnSe, lead to a filter that is very delicate. The mounting techni que minimizes stresses induced over thermal extremes, while maintaining sufficient preload for launch loads. The filters are mounted to metallic housings using a spring load ed retainer and compliant materials. Detailed analysis of the mounting and an understanding of th e unique material properties enables the design to be successful. Special attention is given to materials passing through glass transition temperatures. This design was qualified through extensive thermal cycling and vibration testing, and e xhibited performance acceptable for production. Keywords: Zinc Selenide, ZnSe, cryogenic, glass transition, GOES-R, ABI, Advanced Baseline Imager
Lake Theo: Late Quaternary Paleoenvironmental Data and New Plainview (Paleoindian) Date

Lake Theo (Briscoe County, Texas) is a well stratified archaeological site with Paleoindian (Folsom, Plainview) and Archaic occupations. It is located immediately east of the Southern High Plains (Llano Estacado). Preliminary field and laboratory investigations of site stratigraphy, soils, and microbiology were initiated in order to reconstruct late Quaternary paleoenvironments and date the Paleoindian occupations. The site contains a series of ten late Quaternary fluvial, and possible aeolian, deposits; and five soils (ranging from weakly to moderately well developed) formed therein. Radiocarbon ages of 9950 ± 110 years B.P. (SMU-866) and 9420 ± 85 years B.P. (SMU-856) were determined on humates from the bottom and top (respectively) of a thick, slowly aggrading, buried A horizon. The lower date is associated with a Plainview occupation and immediately overlies a Folsom occupation.Comparison of dates and associated stratigraphic and pedologic data with other sediments and soils in the section indicates t...
Elemental stoichiometry of Fungi and Bacteria strains from grassland leaf litter

In most terrestrial environments, our knowledge of the elemental composition and stoichiometry of microorganisms stems from indirect whole community analyses. In contrast, we have little direct knowledge of the elemental composition of specific microorganisms and the variation between and within Fungi and Bacteria. To address this issue, we isolated and identified the elemental content of 87 strains of Fungi and Bacteria isolated from grassland leaf litter. The isolated strains were affiliated with a broad range of diversity including Ascomycota and Basidiomycota for Fungi, and Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria for Bacteria. The C:P and C:N but not N:P ratios were significantly higher in Fungi than in Bacteria. Extensive strain variation in elemental composition was partly linked to phylogeny and growth rate. Across all strains, the geometric mean C:N:P was 88:15:1. This overall ratio was significantly higher than reported for other leaf litter and terrestrial whole communities but closer to the canonical Redfield ratio characterizing marine microorganisms. This result warrants further investigation into the discrepancy between whole community and isolated strain elemental ratios.
Flattening and solidification of thermally sprayed particles

In this article, molybdenum particles were plasma sprayed on copper, zirconia, and glass substrates. The impact of the molten particles was monitored using a fast two-color optical fiber pyrometer focused on a small spot on the substrate surface. The apparent duration of the flattening process and the cooling speed, both determined from the pyrometer signals, were found to depend on the substrate conditions and to vary with coating thickness. The substrate material and its roughness were also found to influence the texture in the sprayed coatings. Furthermore, a transient thermal flow numerical model was used to compute reliable thermal histories of the impinging particles and the underlying lamellae, the interfacial thermal resistance being determined by comparison of experimental thermograms with computed ones.
Width-Wise Variation of Magnetic Tape Pack Stresses

A model is developed for predicting the stress and displacement fields within a magnetic tape pack, where those quantities are allowed to vary in both the pack's radial and transverse (cross-tape) directions. As has been the case in previous analyses based upon one-dimensional wound roll models, the present approach accounts for the anisotropic and nonlinear constitutive properties of the layered tape, and the incremental manner in which the pack is wound. Further, such widthwise variation effects as differential hub compliance and nonuniform winding tension, which can be significant in data cartridge design, are also treated in the model. The pack is analyzed through a two-dimensional axisymmetric finite element model that couples individual representations of the hub/flange and layered tape substructures. The bulk radial elastic modulus of the tape, which depends on the in-pack radial stress, is measured for a variety of media samples, and a reduced-order model is developed to capture the nonlinear modulus-stress correlation. The stiffness matrix of the hub/flange at its interface with the media provides a mixed boundary condition to the tape substructure. In this manner, design-specific hubs can be readily analyzed, and criteria for their optimization explored. Simulations of several cartridge designs are presented, and the roles of hub compliance and wound-in tension gradient in setting the pack's stress field and cross-tape width change are discussed. ©2002 ASME
Mass marketing to fragmented markets

Trend watchers who proclaim a tide of increasing diversity in consumer life styles usually conclude that “the marketplace is becoming more fragmented,” “the era of mass marketing is over,” and “the key to successful marketing is a segmented marketing strategy.” For example, in The Third Wave, Alvin Toffler conjures up the concept of “demassified” markets. And recent statistics confirm this trend. The question facing business now is: What does this mean for consumer goods companies?
Psychopharmacology: An update for psychiatric home care (CE)

Psychopharmacology is a critical component of psychiatric home care. Nurses play an important role in medication management for patients who require this intervention. Knowledge of psychopharmacologic assessment, phases of psychopharmacologic treatment, psychobiology, and critical issues related to specific classes of medication is essential in developing a treatment plan with the patient and implementing it. Recent psychobiology research has indicated the importance of neurotransmitters, genetics, and the effect of the immune and endocrine systems. Critical issues related to anxiolytic medications, mood stabilizers, antidepressants, and antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medications are described.
Frequency and characteristics of the scaphoid cortical ring sign

The scaphoid cortical ring sign (CRS) has been identified as a radiological indicator of ligamentous injury of the wrist. It has been associated with some pathokinematic states. There exists a range of wrist positions where the CRS may be normally present. The purpose of this study was to define the range of motion when the CRS can normally be observed on a standard posteroanterior radiograph and, in turn, to define the range where the CRS is not expected to be present. One hundred and nine posteroanterior radiographs of normal wrists were evaluated for the presence, partial presence and absence of the scaphoid CRS. The results were correlated with the radio-metacarpal (RM) angle in neutral palmar-dorsiflexion of the wrist. The range of wrist deviation for the wrists studied was −10.0° (radial deviation) to 23.0° (ulnar deviation). We defined the normal (and abnormal) range as being two standard deviations from the mean. The CRS was present in 25% of the radiographs evaluated. Moreover, the CRS was found to be present at 2.7° (±7.7°) of radial deviation with a calculated range of -18.1° to 12.7°. The CRS was absent at 12.4° (±11.7°) of ulnar deviation. It is concluded that the CRS observed at values less than 13° of ulnar deviation may or may not be abnormal. If the CRS is observed at a RM angle of 13° of ulnar deviation or greater, it should be considered pathological. The CRS, however, should be used in conjunction with other clinical findings of carpal instability.
CORR Insights®: Do Inflammatory Markers Portend Heterotopic Ossification and Wound Failure in Combat Wounds?

This CORR Insights® is a commentary on the article “Do Inflammatory Markers Portend Heterotopic Ossification and Wound Failure in Combat Wounds? by Forsberg and colleagues available at: DOI: 10.1007/s11999-014-3694-7. The author certifies that he, or a member of his immediate family, has no funding or commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR ® or the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons®. This CORR Insights® comment refers to the article available at DOI: 10.1007/s11999-014-3694-7.
Eigenform error estimates of computational material dynamics with shocks. 1.1. Hooke's law materials

Abstract Eigenform error estimates are sharper than previous a priori error bounds for the von Neumann–Richtmyer (vNR) scheme. Theoretical results give insight into the experimental results on the test problems which include shocks. The vNR-RK4 scheme, a Runge–Kutta modification of the original vNR, is not only more accurate than the original vNR but also the eigenform error estimates are more accurate for vNR-RK4.
Synthesis and Characterization of Side-Chain Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Polysiloxanes Containing Diosgeninyl Groups

Synthesis and Characterization of Side-Chain Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Polysiloxanes Containing Diosgeninyl Groups
Re-eutrophication of Lake Erie: Correlations between tributary nutrient loads and phytoplankton biomass

Abstract Both abiotic and biotic explanations have been proposed to explain recent recurrent nuisance/harmful algal blooms in the western basin and central basin of Lake Erie. We used two long-term (> 10 years) datasets to test (1) whether Lake Erie total phytoplankton biomass and cyanobacterial biomass changed over time and (2) whether phytoplankton abundance was influenced by soluble reactive phosphorus or nitrate loading from agriculturally-dominated tributaries (Maumee and Sandusky rivers). We found that whereas total phytoplankton biomass decreased in Lake Erie's western basin from 1970 to 1987, it increased starting in the mid-1990s. Total phytoplankton and cyanobacterial seasonal (May–October) arithmetic mean wet-weight biomasses each significantly increased with increased water-year total soluble reactive phosphorus load from the Maumee River and the sum of soluble reactive phosphorus load from the Maumee and Sandusky rivers, but not for the Sandusky River alone during 1996–2006. During this same time period, neither total phytoplankton nor cyanobacterial biomass was correlated with nitrate load. Consequently, recently increased tributary soluble reactive phosphorus loads from the Maumee River likely contributed greatly to increased western basin and (central basin) cyanobacterial biomass and more frequent occurrence of harmful algal blooms. Managers thus must incorporate the form of and source location from which nutrients are delivered to lakes into their management plans, rather than solely considering total (both in terms of form and amount) nutrient load to the whole lake. Further, future studies need to address the relative contributions of not only external loads, but also sources of internal loading.
The Impact of Agricultural Subsidies on Global Welfare

increasing global nature of the world economy have sparked much debate as to whether globalization is a vehicle for growth and development or a bane to society. The debate is not simply one between the informed and the uneducated. Some of the most respected economists in the world disagree as to the impacts of globalization. Stiglitz (2002) refers to "the devastating effect that globalization can have on developing countries." On the other hand, Bhagwati (2004) holds that globalization can be beneficial for both developed and developing countries. He postulates that, for this to occur, there must be a set of new policies and institutions that will help developing countries handle increased volatilities result-
On the natural frequencies of an annular ring above a conducting half space

The natural resonant frequencies of an object embedded in a stratified conducting medium are considered. The special case of an annular ring is considered in detail. Extensive numerical results are examined for the case of a ring in free space above a conducting half space. This simple problem provides insight into the behavior of the natural frequencies of airborne radar targets above the earth, ice, or sea surface. Results reveal an intricate pattern of pole trajectories in the complex plane. These trajectories are studied for various combinations of height, ring geometry, constitutive parameters, and modal index.
Vehicle Detection from Satellite Images: Intensity-, Chromaticity-, and Lane-Based Method

Hurricanes or other natural disasters often result in damage to and disruption of transportation systems that are critical to relief and recovery efforts. For this reason, it is important for the general public and elected officials to know the operating conditions of a transportation system as soon as possible after a disaster. The goal of this study was to develop methods for rapidly determining the operating conditions of roadways from satellite images by detecting the presence of debris and the blockage of roads as well as vehicle flows. This paper describes efforts for automatically delineating traffic lanes, a prerequisite for determining blockages by debris, and for detecting vehicles from satellite images. Instead of relying on pixel intensity alone, this study attempted to seek additional information to improve vehicle detection rates by combining information on traffic lane locations and the color tones of vehicles. The results show that the proposed method performs well in automatic traffic lane delineation and vehicle detection.
Sisters of the Spirit: Three Black Women's Autobiographies of the Nineteenth Century

Preface by Catherine L. Albanese and Stephen J. Stein Foreword by Marilyn Richardson Acknowledgments Introduction Textual Note I. The Life and Religious Experience of Jarena Lee II. Memoirs of the Life, Religious Experience, Ministerial Travels and Labors of Mrs. Zilpha Elaw III. A Brand Plucked from the Fire: An Autobiographical Sketch by Mrs. Julia A.J. Foote Notes
Functional agility metrics and optimal trajectory analysis

This paper examines several functional fighter agility metrics using optimal and nonoptimal maneuvers for a generic F-18-type aircraft to investigate the sensitivity of these metrics to the control strategy used to test them. The maneuvers tested are 180 deg heading changes. The metrics tested are the combat cycle time, the dynamic speed turn agility plots, and the relative energy state metric. Significant improvements in the measured agility metrics are possible if an optimal control strategy is used to test them. For example, reductions in combat cycle time of 60% with subsequent reductions in speed bleed rate of 80% are possible if an optimal maneuver is flown instead of a typical flight test maneuver. The specific agility improvements are vehicle airframe and control system dependent. However, the techniques used in this study are applicable to any aircraft and could provide insight into flight control system design and design tactics for maximizing performance during air combat engagements. Nomenclature M = Mach number Rt = turn radius Vc = corner speed a = angle of attack
Policy decisions on improving science education: A cost-effectiveness analysis

A form of policy analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, is described and applied to the question of the probable impact of a large number of actions advocated in professional and political circles for improving science education. After identifying the objectives sought, the costs and probable effectiveness of 69 widely advocated interventions were estimated. Because of the highly systemic nature of the situation, analysis of the 69 individual actions was only an intermediate step. Models of the interconnections among these actions were developed based on the research on effective schools and educational change. Clusters of interventions were identified which could be extended to recommendations for policy makers at various levels, e.g., local, state, and federal.
XAS of Platinum Monolayer Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts - Unambiguous, Direct Correlation of Spectroscopy Data with Catalytic Properties

Efficient electrocatalysts are key to effective energy conversion in fuel cells that promise to be one of the major sources of clean energy [1]. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are the most promising type for an early, broad application. PEMFCs comprise a membrane electrolyte sandwiched by anode- and cathode-electrocatalyst layers containing Pt. At the anode, H2 is oxidized (H2 → 2H+ + 2e-); protons (H+) migrate through the membrane. At the cathode, O2 is reduced; both electrons and protons are concomitantly expended (O2 + 4H+ + 4e- → 2H2O). The difficulties that still impede the broad application of PEMFCs are associated mainly with the slow kinetics of the O2 reduction reaction (ORR) even on Pt and its alloys, the best available electrocatalysts. Consequently, the high Pt loadings are needed to achieve useful reaction rates [2, 3].
Effect of calcium on pentagastrin-, histamine-, bethanecol-, and insulin-stimulated gastric secretion in the ferret

Abstract Calcium stimulates acid secretion in the ferret (a basal acid secretor). The acid response was not abolished by truncal vagotomy but was abolished by atropine. The acid response to pentagastrin, histamine, bethanecol, and insulin was greatly reduced or abolished by the administration of a calcium-chelating agent (EDTA). Providing additional calcium with each of the stimulants resulted in an augmented acid response to all stimulants except histamine. The response to histamine was unchanged.
Estrogen-binding proteins of male rat liver: influences of hormonal changes.

Abstract The liver of male as well as female mammals responds to estrogen. When assayed for the presence of [3H]estradiol-binding proteins it was found that male rat liver cytosol contains two species of estrogen binders. The first type, the minor species (3% of total activity), sediments in sucrose gradients at 8–9 S and elutes in the void volume of a Sephadex G-100 column. This protein exhibits estrogen receptor-like properties: high affinity binding (Kd = 10−10 m ), low binding capacity (12 × 10−15 mol/mg cytosol protein), saturability, and specificity for both steroidal and nonsteroidal estrogens, but not for other steroids. Castration of the male results in a modest increase in the level of this protein. A similar if not identical protein is the major estrogen binder of female rat liver cytosol and has been shown to be an estradiol receptor. The second type of estrogen-binding protein is unique to the male. It sediments in sucrose gradients at 3–4 S and elutes from Sephadex G-100 with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 25,000. This protein has properties which distinguish it from the 8–9 S receptor: moderate binding affinity (Kd = 10−7–10−8 m ), high binding capacity (196 × 10−15 mol/mg cytosol protein), and specificity for steroidal estrogens only. Castration or estrogen treatment of the male rat results in almost complete disappearance of this protein. Conversely, treatment of the castrate male rat with dihydrotestosterone results in the reappearance of this species of estrogen-binding protein. The function of this male-specific estrogen-binding protein is not known.
The TLR7 agonist imiquimod as an adjuvant for radiotherapy-elicited in situ vaccination against breast cancer

Radiotherapy can convert malignant cells into an in situ anticancer vaccine, but is often inadequate at generating sufficient pro-inflammatory signals to optimally activate innate and adaptive immune responses. Topical imiquimod is a powerful pro-inflammatory agent with clinical activity against superficial skin cancers. These two modalities appear to complement each other, hence achieving local and systemic tumor control.
The scholar as artisan

In an age when there are increasing pressures on social scientists to produce knowledge that is directly relevant for dealing with problems confronting societies, it is useful to look at the scholar as an artisan. A producer-consumer relationship can then be identified. In such a relationship the kind of protection that consumers have under modern commercial codes for ordinary products should also protect them when they “purchase” the products of social scientists. While such protection is reasonable, it is not reasonable to have the state enforce the warranties. This might destroy the independent academy. The professoriate collectively must enforce the warranties in a guild-like manner.
Relationship of proinsulin and insulin with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease in Japanese-American men : impact of obesity : clinical research center study

Obesity is associated with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and coronary heart disease (CHD), and these interactions have usually been related to changes in immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels. A role of proinsulin (PI) in this association has been suggested. We, therefore, examined IRI, PI, and true insulin levels and the PI/IRI ratio by glucose tolerance or CHD status in a cross-sectional study of 170 Japanese-American men (45-74 yr old) in whom 2 measures of adiposity (body mass index and intraabdominal fat) were made to assess potential associations in this population with a high prevalence of both NIDDM and CHD. Subjects were classified as having normal glucose tolerance (n = 58), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; n = 55), or NIDDM (n = 57) or were classified by CHD status (without CHD, n = 127; with CHD, n = 43). A positive linear relationship existed between obesity, determined either as the body mass index or intraabdominal fat, and IRI, PI, and true insulin, but not the PI/IRI ratio....