cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A model for pattern perception with musical applications part I: Pitch structures as order-preserving maps

The initial five papers of this series on pattern perception treat first, the perception of pitch in musical contexts and then, the perception of timbre and speech. Each sound is considered to be embedded in a “context” consisting of those sounds which surround it or coincide with it. The apprehension of a musical pattern depends upon the perceptibility of certain relations between, and properties of, its parts (e.g. “motifA is similar to motifB“ or “G is the tonic”). It is hypothesized that, because of the limitations of short term memory, the perception of specific relations and properties requires that certain “mental reference frames” be extracted from the various contexts. However, a reference frame which supports the perception of any specified relation may be extracted from only very few of all possible contexts. The choices of musical materials in both Western and non-Western music are shown to avoid precisely such difficulties. When they are not avoided, distortions of perception are predicted and methods for experimental verification are suggested. This theory is then applied to suggest new materials for the composition of both “microtonal” and “tonecolor” music. This is done in a manner which exposes the correspondence between each choice of musical materials and those musical properties and relations whose perception is (or is not) thereby supported.
Cholesteryl Linoleate Oxidation in Freeze-Dried Model and Beef Systems

An attempt was made to determine lipid oxidation by measuring the oxidative loss of cholesteryl linoleate in a freeze-dried model system and in a meat system. In the model system containing cholesteryl linoleate (lg), cobalt chloride (10 ppm) and cellulose (24g), there was a direct relationship between the loss of Cholesteryl linoleate and pentane production, an index of lipid oxidation during storage. As the pentane production increased rapidly, the cholesteryl linoleate concentration decreased accordingly. However, in the meat system, the loss of cholesteryl linoleate extracted by isopropanol was not evident throughout the storage period while a significant amount of pentane was produced. Therefore, this method was suitable for following the oxidative rancidity for the model system but not for the meat system under the experimental conditions of the present study.
Fictions and Feelings: On the Place of Literature in the Study of Emotion:

Explanatory accounts of emotion require, among other things, theoretically tractable representations of emotional experience. Common methods for producing such representations have well-known drawb...
Nutrition of the Mouse. VII. Lactation Performance of Four Strains Maintained on Stock Rations.

Summary and Conclusions1. Lactation performance, as judged by weight changes of the mothers and weaning weights of the offspring, has been studied with four highly inbred strains of mice. The data reported were secured from 351 litters and a total of 1,762 offspring successfully weaned. 2. Definite improvement in the weaning weights of the young was secured. Three factors probably played a role: a) improvement in the method of handling the breeding colony, b) maintenance of the breeding colony under excellent nutritional conditions through several generations, and c) improvement in the diet fed during the lactation period.
Conceptual transfer: Crosslinguistic effects in categorization and construal

Research on the relationship between language and cognition in bilinguals has often focused on general effects that are common to bilinguals of all language backgrounds, such as the positive effects of bilingualism in various areas of cognitive development (e.g., Bialystok, 2005; Karmiloff-Smith, 1992). However, there are also language-specific effects in the relationship between language and cognition in bilinguals that emerge in the form of cross-linguistic influence and, in many cases, these cross-linguistic effects do not appear to be confined to purely linguistic (e.g., phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic) phenomena. For example, bilinguals’ choice of words for referring to objects and actions, as well as their choice of syntactic and discursive structures for referring to events and situations, often reflect ways of conveying meaning and intentions that are specific to particular language backgrounds.
Genetics of Craniosynostosis

Craniosynostosis is a defect of the skull caused by early fusion of one or more of the cranial sutures and affects 3 to 5 individuals per 10,000 live births. Craniosynostosis can be divided into two main groups: syndromic and nonsyndromic. Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis is typically an isolated finding that is classified according to the suture(s) involved. Syndromic craniosynostosis is associated with various dysmorphisms involving the face, skeleton, nervous system, and other anomalies and is usually accompanied by developmental delay. More than 180 syndromes exist that contain craniosynostosis. Secondary effects of craniosynostosis may include vision problems and increased intracranial pressure, among others. The molecular basis of many types of syndromic craniosynostosis is known, and diagnostic testing strategies will often lead to a specific diagnosis.
Evaluation of potential cost reductions from improved amine-based CO2 capture systems

Abstract Technological innovations in CO 2 capture and storage technologies are being pursued worldwide under a variety of private and government-sponsored R&D programs. While much of this R&D is directed at novel concepts and potential breakthrough technologies, there are also substantial efforts to improve CO 2 capture technologies already in use. In this paper, we focus on amine-based CO 2 capture systems for power plants and other combustion-based applications. The current performance and cost of such systems have been documented in several recent studies. In this paper we examine the potential for future cost reductions that may result from continued process development. We used the formal methods of expert elicitation to understand what experts in this field believe about possible improvements in some of the key underlying parameters that govern the performance and cost of this technology. A dozen leading experts from North America, Europe and Asia participated in this study, providing their probabilistic judgments via a detailed questionnaire coupled with individual interviews. Judgments about detailed technical parameters were then used in an integrated power plant modeling framework (IECM-CS) developed for USDOE to evaluate the performance and costs of alternative carbon capture and sequestration technologies for fossil-fueled power plants. The experts’ responses have allowed us to build a picture of how the overall performance and cost of amine-based systems might improve over the next decade or two. Results show how much the cost of CO 2 capture could be reduced via targeted R&D in key areas.
Modeling Food Consumption Decisions as a Two-Step Process

This article evaluates the suitability of tobit analysis of food consumption patterns by comparing results generated by a tobit model and a modification with a two-step decision process. Two samples of adult women were selected from the 1977-78 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey and the 1985 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals. Results show strong statistical evidence for questioning tobit analysis in examining food consumption decisions. Determinants of the decision to consume food within a particular food group often differ from the determinants of how much to consume, particularly for more highly defined food groupings. Analysis of U.S. food consumption patterns and their dietary aspects with respect to consumer behavior has a long history. Traditionally, ordinary least squares (OLS) or some variant has been used. In many studies where OLS was not appropriate, the tobit method was applied. Tobit allows for a discrete mass point for observations as well as a continuous range of values for the dependent variable. This nonlinear method has yielded good results in a variety of studies (e.g., McCracken and Brandt, Lane, and Devaney and Fraker). This article examines the suitability of the tobit method for analysis of food consumption patterns. The tobit method assumes that the decision to consume a given food item is the same as the decision about the amount of the food to consume. Ignoring the two-step nature of the decision process may hamper understanding of true behavioral patterns, lead to erroneous conclusions, and generate incorrect policy recommendations. This article compares results generated by a tobit model and a modification with a two-step decision process. In the next section, the statistical methods used to test whether food consumption is a one- or two-step decision process are described. The following sections discuss the variables and data, present the results, and consider the conclusions.
Segmental pedicle screw fixation or cross-links in multilevel lumbar constructs. a biomechanical analysis.

Abstract Background context: The placement of segmental pedicle screws and cross-links in short segment posterior pedicle screw constructs has been shown to increase the construct stiffness in some planes. To date, no studies have looked at the contributions of segmental pedicle screw and cross-link placement in longer constructs. Purpose: To evaluate the influence of segmental pedicle screw and/or cross-link placement on flexion/extension, lateral bending and axial torsion stiffness in two- and three-level posterior pedicle screw fixation constructs. Study design/setting: An in vitro biomechanical analysis of two- and three-level posterior pedicle screw constructs with and without segmental fixation and/or cross-links was performed using calf lumbar spines. Stiffness of the constructs was compared. Methods: Six calf lumbar specimens were used to test stiffness in one-, two- and three-level posterior pedicle screw fixation constructs in 12 configurations. A custom-made, four-axis spine simulator applied pure cyclical (±5 Nm) flexion/extension, lateral bending and axial torsion moments at 0.1 Hz under a constant 50-N axial compressive load. The stiffness of each construct was calculated about each axis of rotation. Data were analyzed using nonparametric techniques with statistical significance determined at alpha less than .05. Results: The stiffness of the instrumented spines were significantly greater than the noninstrumented intact spines in all loading conditions for one-, two- and three-level constructs. There were no significant changes in flexion/extension stiffness with the addition of either the cross-links or the segmental pedicle screws. In lateral bending, the addition of segmental pedicle screws significantly increased the stiffness in the two- and three-level constructs. The addition of two cross-links increased lateral bending stiffness in the longer three-level constructs, with little change in the two-level constructs. In axial torsion, the progressive addition of cross-links showed a tendency toward increased stiffness in both the two- and three-level constructs. Segmental pedicle screws further increased torsional stiffness of the longer, three-level constructs. Conclusions: As the use of segmental spinal instrumentation progresses from one to two and three levels, the contribution of cross-links and segmental pedicle screws to the overall construct stiffness increases.
Influence of prior pregnancies on disease course and cause of death in systemic sclerosis.

Background: Microchimerism from fetal or maternal cells transferred during pregnancy has been implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc). Objective: To determine whether a prior pregnancy influenced disease progression and cause of death in patients with SSc. Patients and methods: The patients comprised a retrospective study cohort of 111 women with SSc: 78 patients with prior pregnancies (PP) and 33 who were never pregnant (NP), followed up at Thomas Jefferson University. Differences in age at onset, disease subset, organ involvement, cause of death, and type of antinuclear autoantibodies were evaluated statistically, including regression analysis. Results: The age at onset of SSc in NP patients was 32.0 years compared with 45.7 years in patients with one or two prior pregnancies (p 10 years was found in 10/13 (77%) NP patients v 10/23 (43%) patients who had pregnancies (p=0.05; OR=4.7), and a TLCO 10 years was identified in 7/13 (54%) NP patients v 6/23 (26%) of the patients who had pregnancies (p=0.09; OR=3.2). Conclusions: There are differences in the age at onset, clinical course, severity of lung involvement, and cause of death in women who develop SSc before pregnancy compared with those who develop it after pregnancies. The NP patients with SSc had onset of disease at an earlier age, more severe lung involvement, and higher rate of death due to SSc.
Coordinated but physically separable interaction with H3K27-demethylase and H3K4-methyltransferase activities are required for T-box protein-mediated activation of developmental gene expression

During cellular differentiation, both permissive and repressive epigenetic modifications must be negotiated to create cell-type-specific gene expression patterns. The T-box transcription factor family is important in numerous developmental systems ranging from embryogenesis to the differentiation of adult tissues. By analyzing point mutations in conserved sequences in the T-box DNA-binding domain, we found that two overlapping, but physically separable regions are required for the physical and functional interaction with H3K27-demethylase and H3K4-methyltransferase activities. Importantly, the ability to associate with these histone-modifying complexes is a conserved function for the T-box family. These novel mechanisms for T-box-mediated epigenetic regulation are essential, because point mutations that disrupt these interactions are found in a diverse array of human developmental genetic diseases.
The nondeiodinative pathways of thyroxine metabolism: 3,5,3',5-tetraiodothyroacetic acid turnover in normal and fasting human subjects.

Complete turnover studies of T4, T3, rT31, and 3,5,3′,5′-tetraiodothyroacetic acid (TA4) were carried out in normal subjects given T4 (0.2 mg, by mouth daily) by the integration method. When compared to the five fed controls, the four fasting subjects showed a decrease of mean T3 disposal from 41 to 18 µg/day, an increase of mean rT3 disposal from 49 to 61 µg/day. The mean serum TA4 concentration rose from 53 to 112 ng/dl, while the TA4 metabolic clearance remained unchanged. The fraction of T4 metabolized by deiodination changed from 79.0% to 77.5% in the fasting subjects as the fraction of T4 metabolized by deamination changed from 1.1% to 2.2%. Therefore, fasting induces a significant shunting of T4 away from T3 production into rT3 and TA, production. However, oxidative deamination remains a minor metabolic pathway of T4 in man during both normal and fasting conditions. Given its low disposal rate and low biological potency, the increased TA4 production during fasting is probably not the inhibitory fac...
Globalisation, Domestic Politics, and Welfare State Retrenchment in Capitalist Democracies

Neoliberal reforms in social welfare policy have been common across the developed capitalist democracies in the latter decades of the twentieth century. A central question for political economists has been whether or not economic globalisation has played a significant role in fostering these reforms in public social welfare provision. In the present paper, I review the best recent work on globalisation and the democratic capitalist welfare state. I also provide a synopsis of recent arguments about the domestic political sources of contemporary trajectories of the welfare state. After brief surveys of welfare state retrenchment and recent scholarship, I utilise newly available data to offer an analysis of the impacts of globalisation and key features of domestic politics on 1981–2000 variations in social welfare entitlements and decommodification.
Effects of Transverse and Frontal Plane Knee Laxity on Hip and Knee Neuromechanics During Drop Landings

Background Varus-valgus (LAX VV ) and internal-external (LAX IER ) rotational knee laxity have received attention as potential contributing factors in anterior cruciate ligament injury. This study compared persons with above-and below-average LAX VV and LAX IER values on hip and knee neuromechanics during drop jump landings. Hypothesis People with greater LAX VV and LAX IER values will have greater challenges controlling frontal and transverse plane knee motions, as evidenced by greater joint excursions, joint moments, and muscle activation levels during the landing phase. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods Recreationally active participants (52 women and 44 men) between 18 and 30 years old were measured for LAX VV and LAX IER and for their muscle activation and transverse and frontal plane hip and knee kinetics and kinematics during the initial landing phase of a drop jump. The mean value was obtained for each sex, and those with above-average values on LAX VV and LAX IER (LAX HIGH = 17 women, 16 men) were compared with those with below-average values (LAX LOW = 18 women, 17 men). Results Women with LAX HIGH verus LAX LOW were initially positioned in greater hip adduction and knee valgus and also produced more prolonged internal hip adduction and knee varus moments as they moved toward greater hip adduction and internal rotation as the landing progressed. These patterns in LAX HIGH women were accompanied by greater prelanding and postlanding muscle activation amplitudes. Men with LAX HIGH versus LAX LOW also demonstrated greater hip adduction motion and produced greater internal hip internal rotation and knee varus and internal rotation moments. Conclusion Participants with greater LAX VV and LAX IER landed with greater hip and knee transverse and frontal plane hip and knee motions. Clinical Relevance: People (especially, women) with increased frontal and transverse plane knee laxity demonstrate motions associated with noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury mechanisms.
What Works for Whom: A Meta-Analytic Review of Marital and Couples Therapy in Reference to Marital Distress

Due to methodological limitations, past meta-analytic research was not able to identify which treatment was most effective for specific marital distress levels. By converting pre-and post-test scores from marital research into equivalent Dyadic Adjustment Scale scores, it was possible to isolate mild, moderate, and severe levels of marital distress. Results show that Emotionally Focused Therapy is significantly more effective than isolated Behavioral Marital Therapy interventions for the treatment of moderate marital distress. Future directions of outcome research are also discussed.
Long-term change in ground-layer vegetation of deciduous forests of the North Carolina Piedmont, USA

Summary 1 In Southeastern North America residual mature deciduous forests have long been assumed to represent the stable endpoint of succession, with local compositional variation reflecting primarily variation in soils and topographic position. However, the longterm stability of understorey vegetation in this region has rarely been examined due to the lack of reliable baseline data. 2 We resampled a series of permanently marked vegetation plots spanning a range of soil and site conditions in the Piedmont of North Carolina to evaluate compositional change in the understorey of putative ‘climax’ hardwood forests over a 23-year period. We examined all ground-layer species for change in total and native species richness at 25 m 2 and 1000 m 2 , change in species composition and variation in richness and composition with environment. 3 Although native and total species richness remained nearly constant, there was a significant decline in herb richness balanced by a strong increase in tree seedling richness. Species composition changed significantly across all plots with strong evidence of consistency in the direction of plot-level compositional change. 4 Change in herb species richness over time was strongly correlated with environment at 25 m 2 . Sites with higher pH, percentage sand and soil cations exhibited less decline in herb species than other sites. Understorey richness tended to increase more over time on low-elevation, mesic sites as opposed to higher, dry sites. 5 The systematic changes in herbaceous species richness and woody seedling abundance do not support the expectation of stability and may be due to the elimination of ground fires and widespread grazing in the early twentieth century, exotic species invasion or increases in white-tailed deer populations. 6 The lack of stability we observed for mature vegetation of the Carolina Piedmont is likely to be representative of temperate forests in general. Our results suggest that the common practice of projecting vegetation change based on contemporary mature vegetation as the expected endpoint is unreliable and results obtained must be viewed with caution.
Establishment and characterization of American elm cell suspension cultures

Cell suspension cultures of Dutch elm disease (DED)-tolerant and DED-susceptible American elms clones have been established and characterized as prerequisites for contrasts of cellular responses to pathogen-derived elicitors. Characteristics of cultured elm cell growth were monitored by A700 and media conductivity. Combined cell growth data for all experiments within a genotype showed relatively low variances and between-genotype contrasts during repeated passages showed no significant differences. Subculturing exponentially growing cells at 8–14 day intervals, within readily measured parameters of media conductivity (4.95–4.2 mmhos) and cell concentration (≥ 1.4 A700), consistently resulted in repeatable profiles of elm cell growth and minimized lag phase. Culture cells were essentially homogeneous after 5 subculture passages and their overall appearance was stable. We conclude that the described procedure resulted in consistent cultures suitable for elicitor treatment experiments.
MRP3, a new ATP-binding cassette protein localized to the canalicular domain of the hepatocyte

Bile secretion in liver is driven in large part by ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-type proteins that reside in the canalicular membrane and effect ATP-dependent transport of bile acids, phospholipids, ...
Seeking Congruity Between Goals and Roles A New Look at Why Women Opt Out of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Careers

Although women have nearly attained equality with men in several formerly male-dominated fields, they remain underrepresented in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). We argue that one important reason for this discrepancy is that STEM careers are perceived as less likely than careers in other fields to fulfill communal goals (e.g., working with or helping other people). Such perceptions might disproportionately affect women's career decisions, because women tend to endorse communal goals more than men. As predicted, we found that STEM careers, relative to other careers, were perceived to impede communal goals. Moreover, communal-goal endorsement negatively predicted interest in STEM careers, even when controlling for past experience and self-efficacy in science and mathematics. Understanding how communal goals influence people's interest in STEM fields thus provides a new perspective on the issue of women's representation in STEM careers.
Regulation of Calmodulin- and Dopamine-Stimulated Adenylate Cyclase Activities by Light in Bovine Retina

Neural retina from most species contains 3,4- dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine) receptors coupled to stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity. It has been demonstrated that release of dopamine from its neurons and subsequent occupation of dopamine receptors is increased by light. In this study, we have shown that adenylate cyclase activity in bovine retina is highly responsive to the endogenous Ca2+-binding protein, calmodulin, and that calmodulin can increase dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity in bovine retina. We further demonstrate that both dopamine- and calmodulin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities can be regulated by alterations in light. Bovine retinas were dissected from the eye under a low-intensity red safety light, defined as dark conditions, and incubated for 20 min in an oxygenated Krebs Henseleit buffer under either dark or light conditions. The retinas were then homogenized and adenylate cyclase activity measured in a particulate fraction washed to deplete it of endogenous Ca2+ and calmodulin. Activation of adenylate cyclase activity by calmodulin, dopamine, and the nonhydrolyzable GTP analog, guanosine-5'-(beta,gamma-imido)triphosphate ( GppNHp ), was significantly (60%) greater in particulate fractions from retinas that had been incubated under dark conditions as compared to those incubated under light conditions. Basal, Mn2+-, and GTP-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities were not altered by changes in lighting conditions. Calmodulin could increase the maximum stimulation of adenylate cyclase by dopamine in retinas incubated under either dark or light conditions, but the degree of its effect was greater in retinas incubated under light conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Medroxyprogesterone acetate binds the glucocorticoid receptor to stimulate α-ENaC and sgk1 expression in renal collecting duct epithelia

Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), a widely used synthetic progestational contraceptive, occasionally leads to Cushingoid side effects such as hypertension, fluid retention, and centripetal obesity...
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the investigation and treatment of schizophrenia: a review

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method of stimulating the brain that is increasingly being used in neuropsychiatric research and clinical psychiatry. This review examines the role of TMS in schizophrenia research as a diagnostic and a therapeutic resource. After a brief overview of TMS, we describe the application of TMS to schizophrenia in studies of cortical excitability and inhibition, and we discuss the potential confounding role of neuroleptic medications. Based on these studies, it appears that some impairment of cortical inhibition may be present in schizophrenic subjects. We then review attempts to employ TMS for treating different symptoms of schizophrenia. Some encouraging results have been obtained, such as the reduction of auditory hallucinations after slow TMS over auditory cortex and an improvement of psychotic symptoms after high frequency TMS over left prefrontal cortex. However, these results need to be confirmed using better placebo conditions. Future studies are likely to employ TMS in combination with functional brain imaging to examine the effects produced by the stimulated area on activity in other brain regions. Such studies may reveal impaired effective connectivity between specific brain areas, which could identify these regions as targets for selective stimulation with therapeutic doses of TMS.
Hodgkin's disease: challenges for the future.

Clinical investigators of Hodgkin's disease of the recent past have reason to be proud. Tens of thousands of individuals, many of them young, fertile, and productive, have been cured of their life-threatening disease. There are few better examples control of Hodgkin's disease by improved diagnostic methods and the appropriate use of radiation and chemotherapy. Yet the clinical investigator of today cannot be satisfied with these successes. The treatment required for high cure rates remains empirical, difficult, and costly. The goal must be to prevent or reverse this fascinating disease, utilizing specific therapy designed from a knowledge of the cause and pathogenesis of the disease. There are sufficient biological clues and methodologies to predict that this will be possible, and in the decade of the 1990s!
Resistance to targeted therapy in renal-cell carcinoma.

Summary Therapeutic targeting of integral biological pathways, including those involving vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), has produced robust clinical effects and revolutionised the treatment of metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (RCC). However, some patients are inherently resistant to these approaches and most, if not all, patients acquire resistance over time. As such, the biological basis for resistance to these targeted therapies and the clinical approach in this setting is of heightened interest. Emerging preclinical evidence suggests resistance is mediated via tumour and environmental changes, which allow for continued perfusion and tumour growth that is less reliant on VEGF. Furthermore, elements upstream of receptor blockade, such as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and protein kinase B (AKT), in addition to pathways independent of VEGF or mTOR, could drive tumour growth despite adequate target blockade. These considerations provide a rational basis for combination or sequential therapy targeting these elements. Clinical data support activity of several agents in resistant patient populations, with large-scale clinical trials ongoing to more thoroughly test several postulations regarding the optimum clinical approach.
Implementing relational database operations in a cube-connected multicomputer system

Parallel architectures for database processing should incorporate parallel CPU as well as parallel I/O (disk access) capability. The need to support parallel I/O gives rise to two important issues - data combination and non-uniform data distribution. Strategies for performing database operations in a cube-connected multicomputer system with parallel I/O are presented in this paper. The cube interconnection subsumes many other structures such as the tree, ring, etc. This property is exploited to efficiently support database operations such as Select, Aggregate, Join, and Project. The strategies presented here are unique in that they account for the non-uniform distribution of data across parallel paths by incorporating data redistribution steps as part of the overall algorithm. The two main data redistribution operations used are tuple balancing and merging. A simple analysis of the join and project operations is carried out assuming non-uniform data distributions. A more detailed simulation and study of issues related to query processing will be carried out as part of the future work.
Employing the Mosquito Microflora for Disease Control

Abstract The transmission of mosquito-vectored human pathogens has continued to exert a global public health burden despite control measures. Recent advances in our understanding of the mosquito microflora have demonstrated that microbes play a major role in determining the outcome of mosquito infection by human pathogens. Characterization of mosquito symbionts has elucidated molecular mechanisms responsible for the inhibition of pathogen infection and has provided natural microbial candidates for the development of strategies to interrupt disease transmission. Furthermore, some mosquito symbionts can also be genetically modified to enhance their ability to antagonize pathogen infection in a process known as paratransgenesis, a next-generation approach to interrupt the transmission of mosquito-borne disease.
Cottus immaculatus, a new species of sculpin (Cottidae) from the Ozark Highlands of Arkansas and Missouri, USA

Cottus immaculatus, new species, is described from the Current, Eleven Point, Spring and White river systems of the White River drainage, in the Ozark Highlands of Arkansas and Missouri, USA. Cottus immaculatus is a member of the Uranidea clade and distinguishable from all members of the genus Cottus using genetic and morphological characters. Cottus immaculatus possesses a previously unreported but possibly widespread character in the genus Cottus, enlargement of the tips of the dorsal-fin spines of males. The description of Cottus immaculatus brings the total number of species recognized within the genus Cottus to 68.
Phencyclidine (PCP): a review and perspectives.

(1982). Phencyclidine (PCP): A Review and Perspectives. CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 145-177.
Commentary: The State of 'Doctrinal' 'Practical' 'Evidence' Scholarship; Ruminations of an Evidence Geek

Several years ago I began to ruminate about the state of evidence scholarship. I had noticed that it seemed that very few evidence law review articles were being published. Clatter on the evidence professor internet site was extremely infrequent, appearing to come to life solely in reponse to major Supreme Court decisions. It seemed like the players in the field of doctrinal practical evidence scholarship were and still are the same individuals active during my early years of law teaching in the mid 1970's and 1980's. Was what I sensed true? If so, why? Finally, if true, is it really all a big so what?
The Ramachandran number: an order parameter for protein geometry

Three-dimensional protein structures usually contain regions of local order, called secondary structure, such as α-helices and β-sheets. Secondary structure is characterized by the local rotational state of the protein backbone, quantified by two dihedral angles called ϕ and ψ. Particular types of secondary structure can generally be described by a single (diffuse) location on a two-dimensional plot drawn in the space of the angles ϕ and ψ, called a Ramachandran plot. By contrast, a recently-discovered nanomaterial made from peptoids, structural isomers of peptides, displays a secondary-structure motif corresponding to two regions on the Ramachandran plot [Mannige et al., Nature 526, 415 (2015)]. In order to describe such 'higher-order' secondary structure in a compact way we introduce here a means of describing regions on the Ramachandran plot in terms of a single Ramachandran number, [Formula: see text], which is a structurally meaningful combination of ϕ and ψ. We show that the potential applications of [Formula: see text] are numerous: it can be used to describe the geometric content of protein structures, and can be used to draw diagrams that reveal, at a glance, the frequency of occurrence of regular secondary structures and disordered regions in large protein datasets. We propose that [Formula: see text] might be used as an order parameter for protein geometry for a wide range of applications.
Bioprospecting and Indigenous Cultural Rights: Creating Authorship, Agency, Empowerment and the Next Generation of Biopirates?

The term bioprospecting refers to the pharmaceutical industry’s practice of collecting “traditional knowledge” and medicinal plants to “discover,” develop, and market new drugs. Although the practice of collecting pre-dates the time of Linnaean botany, pharmaceutical companies have recently renewed an interest in bioprospecting and, as a result, have also raised moral, legal and ethical questions in the scientific, intellectual property, human rights, and distributive justice communities. More specifically, the power relations and bargaining among actors as to whom the potential benefits of these practices and their subsequent uses belong spring debates in multiple areas of the international arena. Interestingly, these new relationships built on promises of patents and benefit-sharing also coincide with current developments and regime shifts in international intellectual property lawmaking. The 1992 U.N. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and recent discourse of the Doha Round challenging the 1994 Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPs) demonstrate these shifts and present new opportunities and challenges for communities in developing nations.
Ukraine in crisis

ABSTRACTIn this special issue a distinguished group of Canadian, Ukrainian, and American scholars examine various aspects of the Ukrainian crisis, and consider its impact on Europe. Topics include Russian narratives about Ukraine; the conflicting assumptions underlying their divergent nation-building agendas; new findings about the far right's involvement in the Maidan protests; the Ukrainian crisis from the perspective of Western grand strategy; the security implications of Russia's geopolitical agenda in Ukraine; the factors that contributed to the rise of separatism in Donbass; and the economic costs for Ukraine of choosing economic integration with Europe rather than Eurasia. Two persistent threads emerge throughout this discussion. The first is that the current crisis in Ukraine is much more complex than comes across in the media. The second is that since Russia and Ukraine will always be neighbors, some sort of modus vivendi between them will have to be found.
A Means of Increasing the Tolerated Dose of Isoniazid in Mice

SummaryAttempts have been made to find a means of increasing the amount of isoniazid (INH) which mice will tolerate. In the DBA strain of mice; INH alone was lethal for 45% of the animals when 5 mg/20 g mouse (250 mg/kg) were given orally. With an 8 mg dose of INH, lethal per se, simultaneous administration of as little as 25 mg glycine and 10 mg sodium glucuronate mono-hydrate was sufficient to keep alive all the animals tested. By the use of appropriate amounts of the 2 detoxifying chemicals, all mice survived either a single oral dose of 25 mg INH, or 3 doses of 8 mg daily, or 13 doses of 10 mg each given at 72-hour intervals. Larger amounts were not tolerated. A study of the blood plasma concentrations of INH showed that, whereas 24 hours after a 4-mg dose alone only a negligible amount remained, appreciably higher concentrations, approximately 6-fold, persisted for a longer period following 8 or 10 mg INH in combined treatment. In the proportions tested, sodium glucuronate and glycine had no effect o...
Diffusion of Implanted Dopants and Isolation Species in III-V Nitrides

Twelve different elements used for doping or isolation were implanted into GaN, (and selected species into A1N and InN), and the resulting range parameters were measured by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. For lighter elements such as Be, F and H the agreement between experimental range and range straggle dtermined using a Pearson IV computer fitting routine and those predicted by TRIM 92 calculations was good, but for heavier elements such as Ge and Se the discrepancy can be as much as a factor of two in range. There was little redistribution of any of the investigated species up to 700 °C, except for 2 H in A1N and S in GaN. Elements such as F and Be which are generally rapid difiusers in III-V compounds do not display any redistribution in GaN for temperatures up to 800 °C.
Impact of overweight and glucose tolerance on postprandial responses to high- and low-glycaemic index meals

The beneficial effects of a low-glycaemic index (GI) meal on postprandial glucose and insulin levels have been demonstrated. However, limited data are available on the impact of overweight and glucose tolerance on postprandial responses to different GI meals. Our aim was to study the effects of physiological characteristics on postprandial glucose, insulin and lipid responses and the relative glycaemic response (RGR) of a low-GI (LGI) and a high-GI (HGI) meal. We recruited twenty-four normal-weight and twenty-four overweight subjects, twelve with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and twelve with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in each group. Both test meals were consumed once and the glucose reference twice. Blood glucose and insulin were measured in the fasting state and over a 2 h period after each study meal, and TAG and NEFA were measured in the fasting state and over a 5 h period. The glucose responses of subjects with IGT differed significantly from those of subjects with NGT. The highest insulin responses to both meals were observed in overweight subjects with IGT. Physiological characteristics did not influence TAG or NEFA responses or the RGR of the meals. The LGI meal resulted in lower glucose (P < 0·001) and insulin (P < 0·001) responses, but higher TAG responses (P < 0·001), compared with the HGI meal. The GI of the meals did not affect the NEFA responses. In conclusion, the LGI meal causes lower glucose and insulin responses, but higher TAG responses, than the HGI meal. The RGR of the meals does not differ between normal-weight and overweight subjects with NGT or IGT.
Ab initio simulations reveal that reaction dynamics strongly affect product selectivity for the cracking of alkanes over H-MFI.

Product selectivity of alkane cracking catalysis in the H-MFI zeolite is investigated using both static and dynamic first-principles quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations. These simulat...
Intracoronary optical coherence tomography: Emerging techniques and clinical application

There is significant interest in technologies capable of identifying high-risk coronary atherosclerotic plaques. We describe a recent intracoronary optical coherence tomography study conducted in a cohort of 69 patients. Our results demonstrate that certain plaque features, characteristic of high-risk lesions, are more prevalent in patients with acute coronary artery disease.
Private Investor Holding Period

Executive Summary. This study analyzes the tenure choice of investors dealing with small residential investment properties. Employing a unique dataset drawn from sales of apartment buildings of between 5 and 20 units over a 21-year period from 1970 to 1990 in the city of San Diego, it is found that the average holding period is just under five years. Also, it appears that few, if any, property characteristics influence the holding period but that frequency of turnover of specific properties is a function of these characteristics. Finally, the data leads to the interesting conclusion that investors hold property shorter when its value is rising faster than its rent.
Investigation of behavioral risk factors for chronic disease among population in Anhui province,2010

Objective To identify the behavioral risk factors for chronic and noncommunicable disease among population in Anhui province.Methods We conducted a questionnaire investigation and physical examinations at six chronic disease monitoring sites in six counties of Anhui province.4-stage,stratified and random cluster sampling were adopted.Demographic statistics were used for weighted sampling and post-stratification weighting to analyze sampling data collected from each stage.Results We found behavior-related risk factors of chronic disease as follows: rate of smoking,rate of current smoking,passive smoking,rate of daily drinking,regular intoxicated rate among the drinking population,rate of lack of exercise,and obesity.Their rates among the investigated population were 28.7%,24.5%,43.5%,9.0%,33.5%,89.3%,and 9.4%,respectively.In addition,39.1% of population had no weekly fruit intake,and rate of quitting smoking among the smoking population was only 14.8%.Conclusion Advocating healthy life style and balanced diet is an effective way to reduce the risk of chronic disease and help prevent and control the disease.
Mitochondrial Epigenetic Changes Link to Increased Diabetes Risk and Early-Stage Prediabetes Indicator

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by mitochondrial derangement and oxidative stress. With no known cure for T2D, it is critical to identify mitochondrial biomarkers for early diagnosis of prediabetes and disease prevention. Here we examined 87 participants on the diagnosis power of fasting glucose (FG) and hemoglobin A1c levels and investigated their interactions with mitochondrial DNA methylation. FG and A1c led to discordant diagnostic results irrespective of increased body mass index (BMI), underscoring the need of new biomarkers for prediabetes diagnosis. Mitochondrial DNA methylation levels were not correlated with late-stage (impaired FG or A1c) but significantly with early-stage (impaired insulin sensitivity) events. Quartiles of BMI suggested that mitochondrial DNA methylation increased drastically from Q1 (20 40, morbidly obese). A significant change was also observed from Q1 to Q2 in HOMA insulin sensitivity but not in A1c or FG. Thus, mitochondrial epigenetic changes link to increased diabetes risk and the indicator of early-stage prediabetes. Further larger-scale studies to examine the potential of mitochondrial epigenetic marker in prediabetes diagnosis will be of critical importance for T2D prevention.
3D Chemical Similarity Networks for Structure-Based Target Prediction and Scaffold Hopping

Target identification remains a major challenge for modern drug discovery programs aimed at understanding the molecular mechanisms of drugs. Computational target prediction approaches like 2D chemical similarity searches have been widely used but are limited to structures sharing high chemical similarity. Here, we present a new computational approach called chemical similarity network analysis pull-down 3D (CSNAP3D) that combines 3D chemical similarity metrics and network algorithms for structure-based drug target profiling, ligand deorphanization, and automated identification of scaffold hopping compounds. In conjunction with 2D chemical similarity fingerprints, CSNAP3D achieved a >95% success rate in correctly predicting the drug targets of 206 known drugs. Significant improvement in target prediction was observed for HIV reverse transcriptase (HIVRT) compounds, which consist of diverse scaffold hopping compounds targeting the nucleotidyltransferase binding site. CSNAP3D was further applied to a set of ...
Morphogenesis of Regenerating Structures

The absence of regeneration is usually attributed to a genetic deficiency, or to the lack or deficiency of specific conditions normally required for regeneration. Hypomorphic regeneration, the incomplete formation of regenerating structures, occurs commonly throughout the animal kingdom. The proper interpretation of hypomorphic regeneration is not always easy as hypomorphism can be because of causes as diverse as nutritional deficiencies, delaryed de-nervation, partial x-irradiation, or loss of regenerative power during metamorphosis. Under certain circumstances, regeneration results in the formation of duplicated or supernumerary structures. Supernumerary structures can also be stimulated to form without loss of the original structure, showing that amputation is not an absolute requirement for regeneration. Another variety of heteromorphic regenerate has been called a homeotic regenerate, because an amputated extremity is replaced by one appropriate for another body segment. Most embryonic and regenerating structures grow as they take shape. In some cases, growth, defined as an increase in mass or number of cells, is a critical factor in the expression of the normal morphogenetic pattern or blueprint.
Asset Pricing: Emerging Markets

Emerging markets provide a formidable challenge to current asset pricing theory. The reason that emerging markets do not obey standard asset pricing paradigms can be traced to the lack of complete market integration of many of these markets. Importantly, to understand both the cross-section of expected returns as well as the evolution of expected returns through time in these markets, it is necessary to characterize the process of market integration. Markets that have undertaken substantial liberalization of their financial sectors to allow for the free flow of foreign portfolio investments tend to be more sensitive to the factors that may characterize a world asset pricing model.