cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low birth weight and risk of affective disorders and selected medical illness in offspring at high and low risk for depression

Numerous studies have demonstrated that low birth weight (LBW) is associated with the development of medical conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes, and psychiatric disorders, such as depression. One possible mechanism through which LBW might increase risk for both medical and psychiatric disorders is by altering the biologic systems (such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal [HPA] axis function) that govern emotion regulation and physical reactivity. In this study, we conducted secondary data analyses in a longitudinal study originally designed to understand the intergenerational transmission of major depressive disorder (MDD). We examined the risk for both medical and psychiatric illnesses known to be influenced by HPA axis dysregulation in the context of parental depression. The study had 2 primary objectives: (1) to examine whether LBW increases the risk of selected adult illness that may be influenced by the HPA axis and (2) to examine whether the increased risk of illness varies by parental depression status. We conducted longitudinal assessments of 244 offspring of depressed and nondepressed parents for more than 20 years. Psychopathology and medical illness were assessed by direct interview conducted by clinicians blind to risk status and previous diagnosis. We examined the effect of BW in 3 categories: less than 2.5 kg (LBW), 2.5-3.5 kg, and more than 3.5 kg (reference group). Offspring with LBW had a significantly increased risk of MDD, anxiety disorders, phobia, suicidal ideation, impaired functioning, allergies, and hypertension compared to those with BW exceeding 3.5 kg. The association between LBW and depression was stronger among children of depressed parents than among children of nondepressed parents, with an interaction term (BW and parental depression status) significant for MDD (P = .05), suggesting that parental depression may augment the impact of LBW on offspring depression:
Acute ethanol inhibits dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens via α6 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

Electrophysiology and microdialysis studies have provided compelling evidence that moderate to high ethanol concentrations enhance dopamine (DA) neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) through the mesolimbic DA system. However, with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, short-term exposure to moderate to high doses of ethanol decreases evoked DA release at terminals in the NAc. The aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in modulating the effects of ethanol on DA release in the NAc of C57BL/6 mice ex vivo and in vivo. Local stimulation evoked robust, frequency-dependent DA release in the NAc slice preparation, with maximal release at 40 Hz in the shell and 20 Hz in the core. Nicotine decreased DA release in a concentration-dependent (0.01–10 μM) manner in the shell and core, with an IC50 of 0.1 μM ex vivo and 0.5 mg/kg in vivo. Nicotine and ethanol inhibition of DA release was blocked by the α6*-nAChR antagonist α-conotoxins CtxMII and α-CtxMII [H9A; L15A] ex vivo (100 nM) in the core but not the shell. Furthermore, the nonspecific nAChR antagonist mecamylamine (2 mg/kg) blocked the effects of ethanol in the core in vivo. These findings suggest that DA release is inhibited by ethanol via nAChRs in the NAc and that DA modulation by nAChRs differs in the core versus the shell, with α6*-nAChRs affecting DA release in the core but not in the shell.
Recent photonics activities under the NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) program

With the rapidly increasing insertion of photonic devices, circuits and subsystems into NASA spacecraft, a variety of issues associated with reliability and radiation tolerance have arisen. In this paper, we discuss these issues from the perspective of the work currently ongoing in the NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program. This Program is focused on evaluating the reliability and radiation response of advanced and emerging microelectronics and photonics technologies of interest to NASA spacecraft system designers. Examples to be discussed include radiation studies of various optoelectronic devices and reliability of photonic components. These studies have been motivated in part by problems observed in space that include the failure of optocouplers on TOPEX/Poseidon, and the observation of single event-induced transients in the Hubble Space Telescope.
Periodic Nozzle Flow with Heat Addition

Abstract Experiments on cyclic, unsteady compressible flow with heat addition are reported. Frequencies of oscillation of pressure, density, etc. of up to 6,000 Hz are noted in the transonic region of Laval nozzles. The unstable flow is caused by heat addition due to condensation of water vapor in air. A dimensional analysis is given where the essential variables are identified without recourse to an understanding of the details of the condensation process. A stability diagram is presented and the process is explained in qualitative terms
Stentless aortic valve replacement with freestyle or Toronto SPV: an early comparison

Abstract Background . Stentless aortic xenograft valves have been developed to overcome the disadvantages of conventional stented prostheses. We have implanted two new aortic bioprostheses: the Medtronic Freestyle and the St. Jude Toronto SPV. Early results are compared. Methods . Forty-four Freestyle valves were implanted using a freestanding total root technique. Fourteen subcoronary Toronto SPV bioprostheses were implanted. Sixty-four percent of both groups (28 of 44 Freestyle and 9 of 14 Toronto SPV) underwent concurrent procedures. Results . Ischemic time was 117 ± 21 minutes for Freestyle and 124 ± 19 minutes for Toronto SPV. There were no operative deaths or valve-related reoperations. Aortic valve area was 1.83 ± 0.51 cm 2 for Freestyle and 1.80 ± 0.51 cm 2 ( p = 0.89) for Toronto SPV. Transvalvular gradient was 8.03 ± 4.09 mm Hg for Freestyle and 12.4 ± 1.82 mm Hg ( p = 0.002) for the Toronto SPV. Aortic regurgitation was not experienced in any Freestyle patients, while Toronto SPV patients were graded as none to trace 79% (11 of 14), mild 14% (2 of 14), and moderate 7% (1 of 14). Conclusions . Aortic valve replacement with the Freestyle and Toronto SPV required equal time for implantation and had equal effective orifice areas. Freestyle had lower transvalvular gradient and less aortic insufficiency without increasing morbidity or mortality.
Fatty acids in breast milk associated with asthma-like symptoms and atopy in infancy: a longitudinal study.

Objective. The relationship between fatty acids (FAs) in breast milk and the risk of childhood allergies is controversial. We prospectively investigated the relationship between FAs in colostrum and breast milk and asthma-like symptoms (AS) and atopy in infancy. Methods. Pregnant women were recruited in Columbia and Charleston, South Carolina. Colostrum and mature milk samples were collected. The concentrations of n-3 FAs (eicosapentaenoic acid, α-linolenic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid) and n-6 FAs (linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and eicosadienoic acid) were determined by gas chromatography. AS were ascertained at 6 and 12 months of age and atopy (skin prick test) at 12 months. FAs were dichotomized (high vs. median and low). Generalized estimating equations were used to determine the effect of FAs on repeated AS, compensating for intra-individual correlations and adjusting for confounders. Log-linear regression was used to analyze atopy. Results. FAs were analyzed in 24 colostr...
A literature review of conflict communication causes, costs, benefits and interventions in nursing.

brinkert r. (2010) Journal of Nursing Management 18, 145–156 A literature review of conflict communication causes, costs, benefits and interventions in nursing Aim This paper reviews the literature on conflict communication in nursing in order to prioritize research, theory and interventions that will support nurse managers and staff nurses. Background Conflict is pervasive in nursing and has many costs, including burnout, higher absenteeism and higher turnover. Increased and more effective use of conflict management seems important in sustaining and developing the field. Methods The literature study focused on the intersection of nursing, communication and conflict. The review primarily drew from the nursing and communication disciplines. Results While much is known about the sources and costs of conflict in nursing, more can be done to research the benefits of conflict and intervene effectively. Conclusions Conflict is a routine feature of nursing. Nonetheless, sources can be managed, costs decreased and benefits increased with indirect and direct interventions. Implications for nursing management Nurse managers can support themselves and others in working through conflict by normalizing conflict, employing proven proactive and reactive interventions and by helping to build integrated conflict management systems.
Tobacco Upregulates P. gingivalis Fimbrial Proteins Which Induce TLR2 Hyposensitivity

Background Tobacco smokers are more susceptible to periodontitis than non-smokers but exhibit reduced signs of clinical inflammation. The underlying mechanisms are unknown. We have previously shown that cigarette smoke extract (CSE) represents an environmental stress to which P. gingivalis adapts by altering the expression of several virulence factors - including major and minor fimbrial antigens (FimA and Mfa1, respectively) and capsule - concomitant with a reduced pro-inflammatory potential of intact P. gingivalis. Methodology/principal findings We hypothesized that CSE-regulation of capsule and fimbrial genes is reflected at the ultrastructural and functional levels, alters the nature of host-pathogen interactions, and contributes to the reduced pro- inflammatory potential of smoke exposed P. gingivalis. CSE induced ultrastructural alterations were determined by electron microscopy, confirmed by Western blot and physiological consequences studied in open-flow biofilms. Inflammatory profiling of specific CSE-dysregulated proteins, rFimA and rMfa1, was determined by quantifying cytokine induction in primary human innate and OBA-9 cells. CSE up-regulates P. gingivalis FimA at the protein level, suppresses the production of capsular polysaccharides at the ultrastructural level, and creates conditions that promote biofilm formation. We further show that while FimA is recognized by TLR2/6, it has only minimal inflammatory activity in several cell types. Furthermore, FimA stimulation chronically abrogates the pro-inflammatory response to subsequent TLR2 stimulation by other TLR-2-specific agonists (Pam3CSK4, FSL, Mfa1) in an IkappaBalpha- and IRAK-1-dependent manner. Conclusions/significance These studies provide some of the first information to explain, mechanistically, how tobacco smoke changes the P. gingivalis phenotype in a manner likely to promote P. gingivalis colonization and infection while simultaneously reducing the host response to this major mucosal pathogen.
Conceptual and lexical hierarchies in young children

Linguistic form and conceptual level both play a role in the structure of adult lexical hierarchies. The present studies examined how these factors might affect acquisition. In their linguistic form, labels can be single nouns (e.g., oak) or compound nouns (e.g., oak-tree). In conceptual level, categories can be structured at the basic (e.g., tree), superordinate (e.g., plant), or subordinate (e.g., oak) levels. Both of these factors were varied in two experiments, in which 133 children, aged 2;11 to 5;11, were taught novel lexical hierarchies. As predicted, compound nouns were easier to learn than single nouns, especially at the subordinate level. Age of child and category level influenced the kinds of errors children made. The most common error was to treat hierarchically related words as labeling mutually exclusive subsets (analogous to oak and e/m, for example), so that terms from different levels contrasted at the same level. Both factors--linguistic form and conceptual level--influence d learning of new lexical hierarchies.
A solitary lesion of talus with mixed sclerotic and lytic changes: Rosai-Dorfman disease of 25 years’ duration

Rosai-Dorfman disease (sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy) is an unusual form of histiocytic disorder predominantly affecting children and young adults. Bone lesions are infrequent. We describe a 63-year-old woman with a solitary lesion of the talus which was misdiagnosed for 25 years. The patient never had adenopathy or other organ involvement. The radiographic findings were a mixture of sclerotic and lytic changes, an extremely rare and unusual presentation of the disease.
Factors influencing technology transfer

This paper treats technology transfer as primarily a communication activity. Barriers to technology transfer can be erected by (1) organizational structures which inhibit the flow of communication between different groups; (2) the technology imposing specialized knowledge on the people who work with it; and, (3) the individuals themselves who have cultural biases which inhibit communication with people from different professional and experiential backgrounds. Some of these barriers can be overcome by creating small cross-organizational groups or partnerships, by increasing exposure to the technology, by rewarding joint work and by promoting people who are willing to champion technology transfer efforts within a corporation.
A comparison of the pituitary-inhibiting, anabolic and androgenic effects of norethandrolone in the parabiotic rat.

THE anabolic effect of the androgens has at times been the sought-for clinical feature with the associated androgenic activity being tolerated as an undesirable side effect. Numerous attempts have been made to divorce androgenicity from anabolic activity through the preparation of new steroidal analogues of testosterone. In the past, the purported promise of all such protein-building compounds has been shattered by the demonstration of significant clinical androgenicity. A new compound, norethandrolone, was recently developed which indicated, in preliminary investigations, a preponderance of anabolic potential with little androgenic effect. This synthetic steroid has a 17-α ethyl group substituted on the 19-nor-testosterone configuration. In the present study, the parabiotic rat technique was employed to evaluate the properties of norethandrolone since this experimental procedure offered the unique opportunity of measuring the effect of the steroid upon pituitary gonadotrophic activity simultaneously with...
Left Main Coronary Artery Stenosis Results of Coronary Bypass Surgery

Fifty-six patients with severe stenosis of the left main coronary artery underwent coronary bypass surgery between January 1970 and December 1971. All patients had angina pectoris. Seventy-five per cent of the patients had an unstable anginal pattern. There were six perioperative deaths for a surgical mortality of 10.7%. Of the 50 patients surviving surgery, 96% are alive from 12 to 36 months postoperatively, 90% have had a significant reduction in anginal symptoms and 76% are asymptomatic. Postoperative catheterization studies, performed one to 28 months after surgery in 31 patients, showed that 83% of 75 bypass grafts were widely patent. In each patient studied there was at least one widely patent graft to the left coronary artery. Six patients had exercise studies using supine bicycle ergometry during pre- and postoperative cardiac catheterization. These studies demonstrated improvement in exercise tolerance and in left ventricular hemodynamics after coronary surgery.
Movement patterns and feeding behavior of juvenile salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.) along armored and unarmored estuarine shorelines

Estuarine nearshore environments are impor- tant habitats for many organisms, including juveniles of several Pacific salmon species (Oncorhynchus spp.). These habitats provide shallow water and high prey productivity, but are increasingly modified by anthropo- genic activity including shoreline armoring, which dis- rupts connectivitybetween aquatic and terrestrial realms and artificially steepens the shore. Such effects may have adverse consequences for juvenile salmon, partic- ularly Chinook (O. tshawytscha) and chum (O. nerka), which are known to rely on shallow, productive near- shore habitats for foraging and refuge from predators during their outmigration from natal streams to the sea. We developed snorkel methods to quantify feeding rates, movement rates, and path complexity of juvenile salmon along armored and unarmored shorelines in Puget Sound, WA, USA. We found that juvenile salmon had relatively high feeding rates along all shoreline types, but that path straightness and movement rates showed some variation between armored and unar- mored sites. Feeding fish swam in more complex paths and were observed in larger schools than non-feeding fish, and path straightness and movement rate were negatively correlated with proportion of time feeding. Feeding behavior, school size, and movement rates also showed variation byspecies. Shorelinetype(armoredor unarmored)influencedjuvenilesalmondistribution,and unarmored shorelines appear to accommodate a greater diversity ofmovementpatterns thanarmoredshorelines. Our results show that juvenile salmon feed at high rates along armored and unarmored estuarine shorelines, thus decreased prey availability or altered prey resources are likely the most detrimental foraging effects of armoring in estuarine nearshore ecosystems.
Quantitative Evaluation of Pharmacokinetic Inhibition of CYP3A Substrates by Ketoconazole: A Simulation Study

The US Food and Drug Administration draft drug interaction guidance recommends that 400 mg ketoconazole (KTZ) be administered once daily for several days (QD400) for maximal CYP3A inhibition. Some investigators suggest that a single dose of 400 mg (SD400) KTZ is sufficient given its short half-life (t(1/2) approximately 3-5 hr). To determine the impact of KTZ regimens on CYP3A inhibition, we simulated AUC fold-change (AUCR) in the presence of SD400, QD400, or 200 mg twice-daily (BID200) KTZ for theoretical CYP3A substrates. Ratios of AUCR (AUCR(QD400)/AUCR(SD400) and AUCR(BID200) AUCR(QD400)) increase with increasing bioavailability and increasing substrate t(1/2). The SD400 KTZ regimen may provide maximal inhibition only for a subset of substrates (ie, low bioavailability and short t(1/2)). For substrates with t(1/2) longer than that of KTZ, multiple KTZ dosing is critical and BID200 appears to provide greater inhibition than QD400. Also, timing of KTZ administration should be optimized to allow maximal presystemic enzyme inhibition prior to substrate administration.
Herpes simplex virus type 2 mediated acute retinal necrosis in a pediatric population: case series and review

Background We report 15 eyes with herpes simples virus type 2 (HSV-2) mediated acute retinal necrosis (ARN) in order to better characterize pathogenesis, clinical course, diagnosis, and outcomes of the disease.
Quantitative changes in the metabolism of 20α-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one by rat hypothalamus and pituitary during proestrus

Abstract The in vitro conversion of 20α-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20α-DHP) by medial basal hypothalamus and anterior pituitary was investigated throughout the day of proestrus in the 4-day cyclic rat. Reverse isotopic dilution analysis was utilized to quantitate the substrate remaining and three metabolic products: 20α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-3-one, 5α-pregnane-3α,20α-diol and progesterone. Serum levels of 20α-DHP, progesterone, LH and FSH were measured by radioimmunoassay. Conversion of 20α-DHP to its 5α-reduced metabolites (20α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-3-one and 5α-pregnane-3α,20α-diol) by the pituitary was constant throughout proestrus except for a significant decrease at 1600 h, near the end of the critical period. Although 5α-reduction of 20α-DHP by the hypothalamus fluctuated, it was relatively high at 1600 h and was lowest at 1400 h. Small amounts of progesterone (
Children's Social Relationships With Current and Near-Future Robots

Children will come of age with increasingly sophisticated social robots, which mimic both animal and human form. Will children develop social and even moral relationships with these robots? In this article, we review some of the research that suggests that the answer is yes. We propose that through the creation of social robots, a new ontological category is emerging, one that does not map onto humans, animals, or artifacts. We raise the concern that because these robots can be conceptualized as both social entities and objects, children might dominate them and reify a master–servant relationship, and that in such ways, this could lead to detrimental developmental outcomes, even as the robots benefit children in other ways. We also call on the developmental field to recognize the exponential growth of technological systems in children's lives, and to be future oriented to remain relevant.
Nanoparticle Diffusion Measures Bulk Clot Permeability

A clot's function is to achieve hemostasis by resisting fluid flow. Permeability is the measurement of a clot's hemostatic potential. It is sensitive to a wide range of biochemical parameters and pathologies. In this work, we consider the hydrodynamic phenomenon that reduces the mobility of fluid near the fiber surfaces. This no-slip boundary condition both defines the gel's permeability and suppresses nanoparticle diffusion in gel interstices. Here we report that, unlike previous work where steric effects also hindered diffusion, our system—nanoparticles in fibrin gel—was subject exclusively to hydrodynamic diffusion suppression. This result enabled an automated, high-throughput permeability assay that used small clot volumes. Permeability was derived from nanoparticle diffusion using the effective medium theory, and showed one-to-one correlation with measured permeability. This technique measured permeability without quantifying gel structure, and may therefore prove useful for characterizing similar materials (e.g., extracellular matrix) where structure is uncontrolled during polymerization and difficult to measure subsequently. We also report that PEGylation reduced, but did not eliminate, the population of immobile particles. We studied the forces required to pull stuck PEG particles free to confirm that the attachment is a result of neither covalent nor strong electrostatic binding, and discuss the relevance of this force scale to particle transport through physiological clots.
On the limits of the matching concept in monkeys (Cebus apella).

Abstract Two cebus monkeys, with many years of experience matching a variety of static visual stimuli (forms and colors) within a standard matching-to-sample paradigm, were trained to press a left lever when a pair of displayed static stimuli were the same and to press a right lever when they were different. After learning the same/different task, the monkeys were tested for transfer to dynamic visual stimuli (flashing versus steady green disks), with which they had no previous experience. Both failed to transfer to the dynamic stimuli. A third monkey, also with massive past experience matching static visual stimuli, was tested for transfer to the dynamic stimuli within our standard matching paradigm, and it, too, failed. All 3 subjects were unable to reach a moderate acquisition criterion despite as many as 52 sessions of training with the dynamic stimuli. These results provide further evidence that, in monkeys, the matching (or identity) concept has a very limited reach; they consequently do not support the view held by some theorists that an abstract matching concept based on physical similarity is a general endowment of animals.
γδ T-cells: Potential regulators of the post-burn inflammatory response

Severe burn induces an immunopathological response that contributes to the development of a systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) and subsequent multiple organ failure. While, multiple immune cells type (T-cells, macrophages, neutrophils) are involved in this response, recent evidence suggests that a unique T-cell subset, gammadelta T-cells are central in the response to injury. While gammadelta T-cells represent only a small percentage of the total T-cell population, they display specific functional characteristics that uniquely position them in the immune/inflammatory axis to influence a number of important aspects of the body's response to burn. This review will focus on the potential regulator role of gammadelta T-cells in immunopathological response following burn and thereby their potential as therapeutic targets for affecting inflammation and healing.
Optimal Trajectory Generation With Probabilistic System Uncertainty Using Polynomial Chaos

In this paper, we develop a framework for solving optimal trajectory generation problems with probabilistic uncertainty in system parameters. The framework is based on the generalized polynomial chaos theory. We consider both linear and nonlinear dynamics in this paper and demonstrate transformation of stochastic dynamics to equivalent deterministic dynamics in higher dimensional state space. Minimum expectation and variance cost function are shown to be equivalent to standard quadratic cost functions of the expanded state vector. Results are shown on a stochastic Van der Pol oscillator.
An ultrastructural study of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection in human infants

Over the past 2 years, we have studied and treated 18 infants with protracted diarrhea due to an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli serogroup 0119. All patients had persistent stool escretion and je...
Using science fiction in CS courses (abstract only)

Are you interested in incorporating some of your favorite science fiction in your classes? Did you know it can help improve student interest in the technical topic? Come join us as we talk about ways to connect SciFi to artificial intelligence, robotics, networking, intellectual property, and other topics. We'll start with overviews of how we've used SciFi and have plenty of time for discussion of new works and old that connect to the material we need to cover, while drawing students into the content and the field.
Are the molecular strategies that control apoptosis conserved in bacteria

The Staphylococcus aureus cid and lrg operons have been shown to encode putative membrane proteins that are involved in the regulation of murein hydrolase activity and penicillin tolerance. Cid proteins enhance murein hydrolase activity and penicillin sensitivity, whereas Lrg proteins have an inhibitory effect on these processes. It has been proposed that the Cid and Lrg proteins function in a way analogous to bacteriophage-encoded holins and antiholins, respectively, which control the timing of bacteriophage-induced lysis. This article explores the possibility that the Cid-Lrg regulatory system controls bacterial programmed cell death using a molecular strategy that it is functionally analogous to that mediated by the eukaryotic Bcl-2 family of apoptosis regulatory proteins.
Rain Estimation from Infrared and Visible GOES Satellite Data

Abstract An automated statistical pattern recognition technique is presented that uses visible and IR satellite imagery to estimate instantaneous surface rainfall rates. The technique uses both brightness and textural statistics to estimate rainfall in 10 × 10 pixel arrays of satellite data. Each array is centered over one of 137 Service A weather stations scattered over southeastern United States. Surface reports from these stations obtained during a 30 day period in August of 1979 are used to ground truth the technique. The technique classifies each 10 × 10 array into one of three categories: no rain, light rain, moderate/heavy rain. Cross-validation is used to estimate classification errors; results of these estimates yielded an overall error rate of 35% when both visible and IR data are used. When only visible or IR data are used the overall error rates are 39% and 42%, respectively. In addition to the three class problem, the two class problem of classifying rain / no rain is studied. Overall error r...
A statistical model to analyze the complexity of semiconductor manufacturing

Semiconductor chips power all modern electronic devices and gadgets, such as smartphones and tablets, as well as the massive infrastructure that supports the Internet. These chips are manufactured using progressively smaller integrated circuits that measure in the billionth of a meter, or nanometer. The fabrication methods used to develop these chips entails some of the most advanced and complex technological processes known to humankind. Semiconductor manufacturing processes have evolved enormously over the years, with each evolution harboring increasing complexity and novel innovations. The academic literature confirms that the accelerating pace of technological obsolescence necessitates the continued investments in process innovations even in the face of increasing risk and uncertainty brought about by large capital outlays that are vital to overcoming the complexity of manufacturing these chips. Using multivariate statistical analysis methods and publicly available data from a leading semiconductor manufacturing firm, a model is developed to assess the increasing difficulty of semiconductor manufacturing. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that semiconductor manufacturing difficulty is accelerating despite massive investments in process innovations. Managerial implications are discussed along with suggestions for further study, including refining the proposed model to more accurately measure the rate of change, investigation of the impact of breakthroughs in technological capabilities and environmental factors, such as the “green” movement, and in updating the dataset and the model to comprehend other leading semiconductor manufacturing firms through survey of the experts.
Coagulation and Bleeding Disorders: Review and Update

Hemostasis is initiated by injury to the vascular wall, leading to the deposition of platelets adhering to components of the subendothelium. Platelet adhesion requires the presence of von Willebrand factor and platelet receptors (IIb/IIIa and Ib/IX). Additional platelets are recruited to the site of injury by release of platelet granular contents, including ADP. The "platelet plug" is stabilized by interaction with fibrinogen. In this review, I consider laboratory tests used to evaluate coagulation, including prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, and platelet count. I discuss hereditary disorders of platelets and/or coagulation proteins that lead to clinical bleeding as well as acquired disorders, including disseminated intravascular coagulation and acquired circulating anticoagulants.
Deciphering life history transcriptomes in different environments.

We compared whole transcriptome variation in six pre-adult stages and seven adult female ages in two populations of cactophilic Drosophila mojavensis reared on two host plants to understand how differences in gene expression influence standing life history variation. We used singular value decomposition (SVD) to identify dominant trajectories of life cycle gene expression variation, performed pairwise comparisons of stage and age differences in gene expression across the life cycle, identified when genes exhibited maximum levels of life cycle gene expression, and assessed population and host cactus effects on gene expression. Life cycle SVD analysis returned four significant components of transcriptional variation, revealing functional enrichment of genes responsible for growth, metabolic function, sensory perception, neural function, translation and ageing. Host cactus effects on female gene expression revealed population- and stage-specific differences, including significant host plant effects on larval metabolism and development, as well as adult neurotransmitter binding and courtship behaviour gene expression levels. In 3- to 6-day-old virgin females, significant upregulation of genes associated with meiosis and oogenesis was accompanied by downregulation of genes associated with somatic maintenance, evidence for a life history trade-off. The transcriptome of D. mojavensis reared in natural environments throughout its life cycle revealed core developmental transitions and genome-wide influences on life history variation in natural populations.
Empty nest, cohort, and employment in the well-being of midlife women

Whether the empty-nest experience has positive or negative consequences for women's well-being at midlife may depend on their historical cohort membership and employment status. In this study, it was posited that the empty nest was likely to be a negative experience among the particular cohort of women (Cohort II) who reached adulthood during the period of strong societal emphasis on women's maternal role known as the feminine mystique, would be experienced positively among the earlier cohort (Cohort I) who as young adults were encouraged to enter the labor force during World War II. Analyses of covariance tested the relationships among empty-nest status, cohort membership, and employment status, and three measures of psychological well-being, adjusted for age, education, and marital status. The results of this study show that cohort and employment each have important independent associations with women's well-being at midlife, but that the experience of the empty nest depends on these two factors, especially cohort experiences.
Optimizing Delivery Fees for a Network of Distributors

The third-party logistics industry has grown rapidly in recent years, accounting for $46 billion of the total $921 billion in logistics spending in the United States during 1999. This figure is expected to grow by 15 to 20% annually as manufacturing firms increasingly partner with third-party logistics providers to cost effectively distribute their products, while meeting increasingly stringent service expectations of customers. These logistics partnerships have introduced a new set of decision requirements to negotiate compensation for distribution services. Based on a collaborative project with a leading building products manufacturer, this paper describes the development and implementation of a novel linear programming model to decide the delivery fees paid to distributors. The model applies to manufacturer-distributor partnerships where distributors are compensated using fee values that depend on delivery weights and distances. It ensures that the expected compensation, considering stochastic demands, is adequate to cover the aggregate distribution costs for each distributor, and permits imposing various consistency conditions to ensure that fee values are credible. The model proved effective in helping the manufacturer develop a new fee table that generated considerable economic savings and provided more equitable compensation to distributors.
Environment, krill and squid in the Monterey Bay: from fisheries to life histories and back again

The fishery for market squid in California is extremely valuable and only recently subject to regulations (in that sense, it is one of the last great open-access fisheries on the western coast of North America). We briefly review the history of the fishery for Loligo opalescens, on an annual time scale. Within-season analyses suggest that cohorts of squid persist offshore and move inshore for reproduction throughout the season. In order to predict the timing of inshore movement of squid, we develop a life history model using stochastic dynamic programming. This model allows us to link squid growth and reproduction with environmental factors, particularly, upwelling, temperature, and food abundance, in a consistent Darwinian framework. Using the model, we predict the timing of squid movement inshore in cold and warm environments, and the amount of biomass inshore in weekly intervals. We compare the model predictions with unpublished fishery-dependent data subsampled from landings and discuss the implications of our work for management of the squid fishery.
Online Teacher Education--What Are the Results.

This study examined Louisiana public school administrator perceptions of online teacher education. Of primary concern were superintendent and principal perceptions of online teacher education as it exists today. Data for the study were collected through the use of a survey questionnaire. The survey consisted of nine items where participants were asked to respond to a Likert scale format and one open-ended question in which respondents were asked to provide comments or suggestions regarding online teacher education. The researcher used regular and electronic mail to survey all of the sixty-nine superintendents of public school districts of Louisiana. Electronic mail was used to survey a randomly chosen sample of one-hundred-fifty public school principals of Louisiana. Forty-eight superintendents responded to the survey which represented a response rate of sixty-nine percent. Eighty-eight principals responded to the survey which represented a response rate of fifty-eight percent. Based on the limitations of the study the following conclusions were made: 1) Administrator perceptions of online teacher education appear to be much more negative than positive; 2) Administrator perceptions of online teacher education are negative in terms of teacher preparation for the areas of classroom management, student diversity and special needs, the social aspects of teaching, and teacher methodology/pedagogy; 3) Administrator perceptions of online teacher education appear to be positive in terms of preparing teachers for the theories of teaching and learning; 4) A large majority of administrators have moderate to strong reservations in hiring teachers that have been primarily trained online. Louisiana public school administrators appear to be open-minded to this new methodology but appear to be unconvinced that it will prepare teachers for the challenges that teachers now face. Results agree with earlier results in another region of the country.
Why Interdiction? Immigration Control at the United States‐Mexico Border

HEYMAN J. MCC. (1999) Why interdiction? Immigration control at the United States-Mexico border, Reg. Studies 33 , 619-630. International borders are open to some movements and forbid others. These roles appear to be opposites, with intensified cross-border transactions accompanied by a heightened interdiction of unauthorized immigrants and narcotics. This is an outcome of the contradictory political interests and ideas which promote and oppose globalization. These political processes not only shape general policies, but are expressed in the specific tasks and technologies applied by border control agencies. They are revealed through detailed ethnographic fieldwork on US agencies on the Mexican border, including the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), its Border Patrol and Inspection branches, the US Customs and the military. HEYMAN J. MCC. (1999) Pourquoi l'interdiction de sejour?: le controle de l'immigration a la frontiere entre les Etats Unis et la Mexique, Reg. Studies 33 , 619-630. A la fro...
Performance of route caching strategies in Dynamic Source Routing

On-demand routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks utilize route caching in different forms in order to reduce the routing overheads as well as to improve the route discovery latency. For route caches to be effective, they need to adapt to frequent topology changes. Using an on-demand protocol called Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), we study the problem of keeping the caches up-to-date in dynamic ad hoc networks. Previous studies have shown that cache staleness in DSR can significantly degrade performance. We present and evaluate three techniques to improve cache correctness in DSR namely wider error notification, route expiry mechanism with adaptive timeout selection and the use of negative caches. Simulation results show that the combination of the proposed techniques not only result in substantial improvement of both application and cache performance but also reduce the overheads.
Character Tables of Metacyclic Groups

We show that two metacyclic groups of the following types are isomorphic if they have the same character tables: (i) split metacyclic groups, (ii) the metacyclic p-groups and (iii) the metacyclic {p, q}-groups, where p, q are odd primes.
Charmonium sum rules applied to a holographic model

The heavy-quark QCD sum rules are applied to a model of charmonium based upon the gauge/gravity duality. We find that there is strong agreement between the moments of the polarization function calculated from the holographic model and the experimental data suggesting that the model is consistent with the heavy-quark QCD sum rules at zero temperature.
Proximal ligand motions in H93G myoglobin.

Resonance Raman spectroscopy has been used to observe changes in the iron–ligand stretching frequency in photoproduct spectra of the proximal cavity mutant of myoglobin H93G. The measurements compare the deoxy ferrous state of the heme iron in H93G(L), where L is an exogenous imidazole ligand bound in the proximal cavity, to the photolyzed intermediate of H93G(L)*CO at 8 ns. There are significant differences in the frequencies of the iron–ligand axial out-of-plane mode ν(Fe–L) in the photoproduct spectra depending on the nature of L for a series of methyl-substituted imidazoles. Further comparison was made with the proximal cavity mutant of myoglobin in the absence of exogenous ligand (H93G) and the photoproduct of the carbonmonoxy adduct of H93G (H93G-*CO). For this case, it has been shown that H2O is the axial (fifth) ligand to the heme iron in the deoxy form of H93G. The photoproduct of H93G-*CO is consistent with a transiently bound ligand proposed to be a histidine. The data presented here further substantiate the conclusion that a conformationally driven ligand switch exists in photolyzed H93G-*CO. The results suggest that ligand conformational changes in response to dynamic motions of the globin on the nanosecond and longer time scales are a general feature of the H93G proximal cavity mutant.
Successfully mating male sage-grouse show greater laterality in courtship and aggressive interactions

Lateral biases in behaviours are common across animals. Greater laterality may be beneficial if it allows for more efficient neural processing, yet few studies have considered the possible importance of individual variation in lateral biases in wild animals, particularly for social behaviours. We examined lateral biases in lekking greater sage-grouse, Centrocercus urophasianus, a species in which males show lateral orientations during aggressive encounters and courtship interactions. For aggression, we found no significant lateral bias in fights, but when examining another agonistic behaviour, the side-to-side facing-past encounter, we found a left-eye bias but only in males that successfully mated with females. For courtship behaviour, we found that successfully mating males were more strongly lateralized than nonmating males, but the direction of laterality depended on whether males were using their binocular frontal field (left-eye bias) or monocular lateral hemifield (right-eye bias). Bias depended on social context as well; nonmating males showed a bias in courtship orientation only when far from the female. Our results reveal a complex pattern of laterality depending on the mating success of the male, his behaviour and the social environment in which he is acting. We found support for the hypothesis that greater laterality may be beneficial, although the mechanism for this relationship in this species remains unknown.
On the Conduciveness of Random Network Graphs for Maximal Assortative or Maximal Dissortative Matching

A maximal matching of a graph is the set of edges such that the addition of an edge to this set violates the property of matching (i.e., no two edges of the matching share a vertex). We use the notion of assortative index (ranges from -1 to 1) to evaluate the extent of similarity of the end vertices constituting the edges of a matching. A maximal matching of the edges whose assortative index is as close as possible to 1 is referred to as maximal assortative matching (MAM) and a maximal matching of the edges whose assortative index is as close as possible to -1 is referred to as maximal dissortative matching (MDM). We present algorithms to determine the MAM and MDM of the edges in a network graph. Through extensive simulations, we conclude that random network graphs are more conducive for maximal dissortative matching rather than maximal assortative matching. We observe the assortative index of an MDM on random network graphs to be relatively more closer to the targeted optimal value of -1 compared to the assortative index of an MAM to the targeted optimal value of 1.
Implications for Understanding Schizophrenia

It is not the purpose of this book to provide a theory of the schizophrenic process, nor even to describe some of the essential characteristics of schizophrenia. Such tasks would require a more consistent focus on schizophrenia as well as data from many more subjects. However, while we do not have complete data, we do nonetheless have sufficient carefully collected data to make some general observations on the inner experience of schizophrenics, to raise some questions regarding our present understanding of schizophrenia, and to speculate on the answers to some of those questions. With this caveat, however, we feel justified in speculating, since we have already provided a fairly complete description of the individuals whose experiences led to the speculations, so that the critical reader can judge the adequacy of the speculations for him- or herself.
Large eddy simulation of turbulent axially rotating pipe and swirling jet flows

Fully-developed, turbulent rotating pipe flow and swirling jet flow, emitted from the pipe, into open quiescent ambient are investigated numerically using large eddy simulation. Simulations are per...
Induction of a Puberty-Regulating Chemosignal in Wild Mouse Populations

The density of females in wild house mouse populations confined to highway cloverleafs was experimentally altered by adding foreign females. Urine collected from resident females before and after the additions was tested for its ability to delay puberty in juvenile female mice. Only urine collected after density was increased caused a significant delay of puberty. These results suggest that a urinary chemosignal produced in response to increased density may reduce population growth rate by increasing generation time. In a separate study, the fate of female mice introduced to a highway cloverleaf population was examined. Intensive mark-recapture trapping during 3 weeks following introduction of foreign females revealed high mortality and/or emigration rates for this group. However, the interlopers remained on the cloverleaf long enough to transiently increase the female interaction rate, which presumably mediates production of the puberty-delay pheromone.