cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Denounced by Lévi Strauss Clah Luncheon Address

When in 1984 I accepted an invitation from editor Frank Smith at Cambridge University Press to collaborate in a new “Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas,” I was naive and somewhat unaware of the potential intellectual dangers and pitfalls involved in what seemed to me, at that time, to be a challenging and worthwhile project. Now, eighteen years later, and having been recently been denounced as the Americanist equivalent of a Holocaust Revisionist by no less than Claude Levi-Strauss, the grand figure of structural anthropology and arguably the most distinguished scholar in his field in the late Twentieth Century, I am forced to question myself and the whole enterprise of trying to write such as history. Levi-Strauss's critique was published in the French anthropology journal L'Homme. It was a thunderbolt cast from Olympus— a place which as Brazilian anthropologist Roberto da Matta has recently reminded us, is located roughly between the Rue des Ecoles and the Boulevard St. Michel—and I find it particularly discouraging since its author was one of my intellectual heroes and Tristes tropiques one of the formative books of my own education. To be accused by him of editing a volume that is “politically correct,” and “post-modernist” I find slightly amusing. [I carry a copy of the review to show my graduate students whose characterizations of me tend to run in quite the opposite direction]. Why a Levi-Strauss should use the analogy of holocaust denial to criticize a work edited by two guys named Salomon and Schwartz is itself worthy of consideration, but it is not what concerns me in these remarks.
Adaptive attunement to the sex of individuals at a competition: the ratio of opposite- to same-sex individuals correlates with changes in competitors' testosterone levels

Evolutionary theories (e.g., the challenge hypothesis) suggest that testosterone plays an important role in intrasexual competition. In addition, those theories suggest that testosterone responses during competition should depend upon the presence of potential, immediate mating opportunities associated with the competition. The current research tested the hypothesis that the sex composition of individuals at a competition (ratio of opposite-sex, potential mates to same-sex individuals) would influence changes in competitors' testosterone levels. Consistent with our hypotheses, higher ratios of opposite- to same-sex individuals at an ultimate frisbee tournament were associated with greater increases in salivary testosterone among competitors. The relationship between sex ratio and increased salivary testosterone was observed for both male and female competitors and occurred regardless of whether competitors won or lost. Findings are consistent with the hypothesis that testosterone responses during competition are influenced by cues of potential, immediate mating opportunities.
The search engine manipulation effect (SEME) and its possible impact on the outcomes of elections

Internet search rankings have a significant impact on consumer choices, mainly because users trust and choose higher-ranked results more than lower-ranked results. Given the apparent power of search rankings, we asked whether they could be manipulated to alter the preferences of undecided voters in democratic elections. Here we report the results of five relevant double-blind, randomized controlled experiments, using a total of 4,556 undecided voters representing diverse demographic characteristics of the voting populations of the United States and India. The fifth experiment is especially notable in that it was conducted with eligible voters throughout India in the midst of India’s 2014 Lok Sabha elections just before the final votes were cast. The results of these experiments demonstrate that (i) biased search rankings can shift the voting preferences of undecided voters by 20% or more, (ii) the shift can be much higher in some demographic groups, and (iii) search ranking bias can be masked so that people show no awareness of the manipulation. We call this type of influence, which might be applicable to a variety of attitudes and beliefs, the search engine manipulation effect. Given that many elections are won by small margins, our results suggest that a search engine company has the power to influence the results of a substantial number of elections with impunity. The impact of such manipulations would be especially large in countries dominated by a single search engine company.
Temporal partitioning combined with design space exploration for latency minimization of run-time reconfigured designs

We present combined temporal partitioning and design space exploration techniques for synthesizing behavioral specifications for run-time reconfigurable processors. Design space exploration involves selecting a design point for each task from a set of design points for that task to achieve latency minimization of partitioned solutions. We present an iterative search procedure that uses a core ILP (integer linear programming) technique, to obtain constraint satisfying solutions. The search procedure explores different regions of the design space while accomplishing combined partitioning and design space exploration. A case study of the DCT (discrete cosine transform) demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach.
Adipokines, bone-derived factors and bone turnover in obese children; evidence for altered fat-bone signalling resulting in reduced bone mass.

Abstract Obese children, particularly those who have fractured, have reduced body size-adjusted total body and regional bone mass. We performed an observational cross-sectional cohort study to determine the relationship between adipokines (leptin and adiponectin), bone-derived cytokines and bone turnover in children which may explain this observation. Participants aged 5–16 years were recruited into obese (BMI SDS 3.3 ± 0.6) and lean (BMI SDS 0.2 ± 1.0) groups and further subdivided into groups by fracture history. Free leptin (leptin/leptin soluble receptor) and adiponectin; RANK-ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG); Dickkopf-1 (DKK1); and the bone turnover markers procollagen type I amino propeptide (P1NP) and carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx). Total body and truncal fat mass were measured by DXA. Results: Free leptin (p > 0.0001) and adiponectin (p = 0.0002) were higher and lower in obese children respectively. OPG was lower in obese children (p = 0.01), being inversely related to free leptin (p = 0.009), total body and truncal fat mass (both p = 0.01). RANKL was inversely related to free leptin in children with prior fracture (p = 0.03). CTx was higher in obese children (p = 0.003). Free leptin was positively associated with both CTx (p = 0.03) and P1NP (p = 0.02). DKK1 was inversely related to adiponectin (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Bone formation relative to resorption was reduced in obese children; this difference was accentuated in those with prior fracture. Adipokines may regulate these changes. Osteoprotegerin may play a fundamental role in the failure of obese children to accrue bone mass appropriately.
Extending and Evaluating a Platform for Story Understanding

We summarize recent developments in our platform for symbolically representing and reasoning over human narratives. The expressive range of the system is bolstered by the infusion of a large library of knowledge frames, including verbs, adjectives, nouns and adverbs, from external linguistic resources. Extensions to the model itself include alternate timelines (imagined states for goals, plans, beliefs and other modalities), hypotheticals, modifiers and connections between instantiated frames such as causality. We describe a corpus collection experiment that evaluates the usability of the graphical encoding interface, and measure the inter-annotator agreement yielded by our novel representation and tool.
Work as a Source of Positive Emotional Experiences and the Discourses Informing Positive Assessment

This study updates and extends current understandings of the organizational experiences likely to evoke positive emotions by examining 835 U.S. employees' responses of their best workplace experiences. Responses included 17 positive experiences (recognition, relationships, reward, autonomy, appreciation, success, supervisor/mentor, climate, opportunity, teamwork, resources, altruistic work, voice, social support, flexibility, challenge, and triumph) that typified five social discourses (power–empowerment, individualism–uniqueness, success–accomplishment, belonging–affiliation, and safety–security). Employee responses underscore the idea that the experiences at work evoking positive emotions are predominantly social (positive affective responses to others) and rooted in social, historical discourses or systems of meaning.
Systemic amyloidosis causing intestinal hemorrhage and pseudo-obstruction

There are two major forms of amyloidosis, primary amyloidosis (AL) and secondary amyloidosis. AL amyloidosis results from deposition of immunoglobulin light chains or their fragments. One such example is AL amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma, in which overproduced immunoglobulin light chains get deposited onto tissues, leading to tissue dysfunction. Amyloidosis in the intestines can present as a wide spectrum of non-specific gastrointestinal (GI) complaints including abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, overt gastrointestinal bleeding and complaints related to altered motility in over 95% of the patients. In our case report, we describe a 70-year-old male taken to the operating room (OR) for non-resolving small bowel obstruction, found to have pseudo-obstruction and hemorrhagic enteritis. He was also diagnosed with multiple myeloma from a bone marrow biopsy and later biopsy of stomach and duodenum revealed amyloid deposition consistent with amyloidosis. In conclusion, patients with multiple myeloma and vague abdominal complaints should raise suspicion of amyloidosis.
Krein's Strings, the Symmetric Moment Problem, and Extending a Real Positive Definite Function

The symmetric moment problem is to find a possibly unique, positive symmetric measure that will produce a given sequence of moments {Mn}. Let us assume that the (Hankel) condition for existence of a solution is satisfied, and let σn be the unique measure, supported on n points, whose first 2n moments agree with M0,...,M2n−1. It is known that σ 2n =⇒ σ 0 (weak convergence) and σ2n+1 =⇒ σ ∞ , where σ 0 and σ ∞ are solutions to the full moment problem. Moreover, σ 0 = σ ∞ if and only if the problem has a unique solution. In this paper we present an analogue of this theorem for Krein’s problem of extending toR a real, even positive definite function originally defined on [−T, T] where T < ∞ . Our proof relies on the machinery of Krein’s strings. As we show, these strings help explain the connection between the moment and the extension problems. c � 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Atypical Antipsychotic Adjustments and Side-Effects over Time in Adults with Intellectual Disability, Tardive Dyskinesia, and Akathisia

Atypical antipsychotic use is prevalent in ID, and can result in serious side effects, particularly long-term. The purpose of this paper was to examine side effects over time and adjustments in atypicals in ID, tardive dyskinesia (TD), and akathisia. Side effects of 84 ID adults were assessed across four administrations of the Matson Evaluation of Drug Side-Effects (MEDS). Persons with TD or akathisia who experienced changes in atypicals were more likely to evince side effects. These trends were evident across total MEDS scores and subscales for cardiovascular and hematology, CNS for parkinsonism/dyskinesia and behavioral/akathisia. Atypical antipsychotic use poses a risk for side effects in individuals with ID, particularly in relation to medication adjustments over time and the presence of neuroleptic-induced movement disorders.
PMD-insensitive SCM optical receiver using polarization diversity

Subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) optical systems with high subcarrier frequencies are susceptible to power fading caused by fiber polarization-mode dispersion (PMD). In this letter, an SCM optical receiver free of carrier fading is proposed and demonstrated using polarization diversity. Unlike conventional PMD compensators, this setup does not require a tunable optical delay line.
An Empirical Analysis of the Power Robert F. Schuck of Set Induction and Systematic Questioning as Instructional Strategies

For the past decade, teacher educators have addressed them selves to the problems inherent in the definition of desired teaching skills and in the design and implementation of teacher edu cation curricula that would facilitate the acquisition of teaching skills. This investigation addresses the comparative impact of two teaching skills upon student achievement and retention. The power of set induction and systematic questioning as instruc tional tools are reconfirmed by the researcher. Professional educators seeking to build an empirically based curriculum now have additional data that support the inclusion of these skills in preparation programs.
Juries Hearing Death Penalty Cases: Statistical Analysis of a Legal Procedure

Abstract Potential jurors in capital cases are often queried on their attitudes toward capital punishment. The extreme groups say they would never or they would always approve capital punishment, given a guilty verdict. In many jurisdictions, these two groups are routinely excluded from juries deciding whether the defendant is guilty in capital cases. This exclusion persists even when the potential jurors say they could be fair and impartial in deciding guilt or innocence. The current study shows that this exclusion creates a bias that almost certainly works against the defendant.
Thinking about information technology education for financial professional undergraduates

This paper is about information technology education for financial professional undergraduates in China. The aims of the paper are to give the methods which can improve the information technology education of financial professional. The paper firstly introduces the status of information technology education for financial professional undergraduates in China, then analyzes the problems, at last gives the suggestions. The paper thinks that in order to achieve the education objectives, information technology should be fully use in financial professional education, and reform the content and methods of instruction.
Effect of age and weight on upper airway function in a mouse model

Defects in pharyngeal mechanical and neuromuscular control are required for the development of obstructive sleep apnea. Obesity and age are known sleep apnea risk factors, leading us to hypothesize...
Using the Pragmatic-Explanatory Continuum Indicator Summary (PRECIS) Model in Clinical Research: Application to Refine a Practice-based Research Network (PBRN) Study

Background: Pragmatic clinical trials (PCTs) are increasingly recommended to evaluate interventions in real-world conditions. Although PCTs share a common approach of evaluating variables from actual clinical practice, multiple characteristics can differ. These differences affect interpretation of the trial. The Pragmatic-Explanatory Continuum Indicator Summary (PRECIS) model was developed in 2009 by the CONSORT Work Group on Pragmatic Trials, published by Thorpe et al, to aid in trial design. PRECIS provides clarity about the generalizability and applicability of a trial by depicting multiple study characteristics. We recently completed a National Institutes of Health–sponsored pilot study examining health-related outcomes for 2 complementary therapies for chronic low back pain in patients referred by primary care providers in the Kentucky Ambulatory Network. In preparation for a larger study, we sought to characterize the pragmatic features of the study to aid in our design decisions. The purpose of this article is to introduce clinical researchers to the PRECIS model while demonstrating its application to refine a practice based research network study. Method: We designed an exercise using an audience response system integrated with a Works in Progress presentation to experienced researchers at the University of Kentucky to examine our study methodologies of parameters suggested by the PRECIS model. Results: The exercise went smoothly and participants remained engaged throughout. The study received an overall summary score of 30.17 (scale of 0 to 48; a higher score indicates a more pragmatic approach), with component scores that differentiate design components of the study. A polar chart is presented to depict the pragmatism of the overall study methodology across each of these components. Conclusions: The study was not as pragmatic as expected. The exercise results seem to be useful in identifying necessary refinements to the study methodology that may benefit future study design and increase generalizability. Readers can identify how the PRECIS model may be used to provide clarity and transparency for proposed or existing studies and may wish to replicate our exercise in planning their own studies.
Regional Variability in Tropical Convection: Observations from TRMM

Abstract Observation of the vertical profile of precipitation over the global Tropics is a key objective of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) because this information is central to obtaining vertical profiles of latent heating. This study combines both TRMM precipitation radar (PR) and Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) data to examine “wet-season” vertical structures of tropical precipitation across a broad spectrum of locations in the global Tropics. TRMM-PR reflectivity data (2A25 algorithm) were utilized to produce seasonal mean three-dimensional relative frequency histograms and precipitation ice water contents over grid boxes of approximately 5°–10° in latitude and longitude. The reflectivity histograms and ice water contents were then combined with LIS lightning flash densities and 2A25 mean rainfall rates to examine regional relationships between precipitation vertical structure, precipitation processes, and lightning production. Analysis of the reflectivity vertical structure histograms ...
Topping Palm Trees in the Name of CC&R Enforcement: A Proposal to Temper CC&R Enforcement with Common Sense

This article will first discuss the structure of CICs in general, and then review various approaches that state courts have taken in reviewing decisions made by the board of directors of a homeowner association. This article will then discuss the implications of Ekstrom vs. Marquesa Homeowners Association, where the California Court of Appeals ordered the Marquesa Homeowner Association to strictly enforce a CC&R resulting in mature palm trees being removed if those palm trees exceeded the roofline of the home on the lot and obstructed another homeowner’s ocean or golf course view. The result was a practical absurdity: hundreds of mature palm trees in a coastal community, previously approved by the Association and planted at great expense to the homeowners, being removed to enhance the ocean and golf course views of a handful of residents. The decision serves as precedent for future boards to enforce each section of the governing documents with exacting specificity, no matter the consequences, since no exception to enforcement will be permitted by a court. It further demonstrates the need for some flexibility devise that will allow a board of directors to not enforce an otherwise valid provision in a homeowner association’s CC&Rs – short of an amendment to the CC&Rs - where enforcement would not be in the best interest of the community, and the spirit of the CC&Rs could be furthered with something short of exacting enforcement. In Marquesa’s situation, the spirit of the CC&R in question could have been realized by requiring approved palm trees that had grown above the roofline and were in another homeowners’ sightline of the ocean or golf course to be thinned, thus preserving the trees and enhancing the ocean and golf course view. This alternative to strict enforcement was proposed by the Association in a set of rules adopted by the board, but the court held that these rules violated the plain meaning of Section 7.18 of the CC&Rs, which required the trees to be trimmed to roof top level, and thus the rules were outside the authority of the board. The board had no authority to veer from enforcing the plain meaning of the CC&R.
CHRONIC LEG PAIN IN A DIVISION II FIELD HOCKEY PLAYER: A CASE REPORT

Exertional compartment syndromes in athletes represent a diagnostic and management challenge for clinicians. The clinical presentation of exertional compartment syndrome is similar to other more common musculoskeletal disorders. A lack of special tests or unique diagnostic identifiers for use in decision making by out‐patient clinicians complicates early recognition of this disorder and may delay optimal management. The purpose of this case report is to retrospectively explore the clinical presentation and the decision‐making during the course of care of a field hockey athlete eventually determined to have exertional compartment syndrome. Suggestions to assist in recognition and guidance in patient management are included as well as the procedures required for differential diagnosis. Procedures utilized during conservative care are also described in detail. Level of Evidence: 5 (Single Case Report)
Fast Active Sound Tuning System for Vehicle Powertrain Response

ABSTRACT This paper describes an active sound tuning (AST) system for vehicle powertrain response. Instead of simply aiming to attenuate cabin interior noise, AST system is capable of reshaping the powertrain response based on predetermined vehicle sound quality criteria. However, conventional AST systems cannot yield a balanced result over the broad frequency range when applied to powertrain noise. It is due to the fact that existing systems are typically configured with the filtered-x least mean square (FXLMS) algorithm or its modified versions, which has inherent frequency dependent convergence behavior due to large dynamic range of secondary path (the electro-acoustic path from the control speaker to the error microphone). Therefore, fast convergence can only be reached at the resonant frequencies. To overcome this inherent limitation, an enhanced adaptive notch filter with inverse model least mean square (ANF-IMLMS) algorithm is proposed as a basis of the AST system for vehicle powertrain response. Compared with the traditional FXLMS algorithm, the proposed algorithm not only increases the convergence speed, but also reduces the computational complexity. Thus, the overall performance of the AST system is improved. Numerical simulation applying measured powertrain data is conducted to validate the performance of the proposed system. Results demonstrate that the proposed system has improved spectral shaping capability with fast convergence.
Incessant Palpitations and Narrow Complex Tachycardia

Junctional tachycardia (JT) is rare cause of supraventricular tachycardia. The intracardiac activation sequence is similar to atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). Premature atrial contractions inserted during tachycardia can help distinguish JT from AVNRT. As noted in this case, slow pathway ablation for JT may not always be effective for termination of JT. Activation mapping during JT identified a low-amplitude potential in the region of the coronary sinus ostium and the inferior margin of the triangle of Koch that marked the successful ablation site for JT.
Concurrent cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy and electroencephalography during all-night sleep

We have performed near-infrared spectroscopy on the forehead of human subjects during all-night sleep. The evolution of the sleep stages during the night has been identified by electroencephalography.
Abstract 444: Differential Contribution of Oxygenases in Glycerol-Induced Acute Renal Failure in the Rats

Oxidative stress has long been identified as one if the mechanism in glycerol-induced acute renal failure (ARF), a disease model of human rhabdomyolysis. Besides NAD(P)H Oxidase, cyclooxygenase (COX) and xanthine oxidase (XO) are important oxygenase system that contributes in free radical generation in the biological system. In this study we explore involvement of these oxygenase system as the source of free radical in ARF and investigate the relationship between NAD(P)H oxidase, COX and XO in this process. Renal failure was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats by injecting glycerol (8 ml / kg; 50% v/v; i.m) with or without pretreatment of apocynin (Apo: mg/kg in drinking water, 7 days) a NAD(P)H Oxidase inhibitor. Rats were sacrificed 24 hrs after inducing ARF and kidney tissues were analyzed for biochemical assays. Glycerol increased free radical production by 39% as evident by elevated 8-isoprostane. Inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase by apocynin reduced free radicals by 46%. In ARF rats, NAD(P)H oxidase, CO...
A software and hardware system for the autonomous control and navigation of a trained canine

This dissertation demonstrates the autonomous command and navigation of a trained canine to multiple waypoints. A system is described consisting of a canine that can be guided autonomously to a number of waypoints by an automatic software control algorithm. A hardware system has been developed in order to interface with GPS, accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, and tone and vibration generators for the purpose of accurately commanding and dictating the motion, path, and commands given to a canine. A canine has been trained to effectively follow audio and vibration commands for guidance with a high degree of accuracy (71% mission success for simple paths and 63% mission success for complex paths). Both a Neural Networks approach and a State Machine Based approach to canine anomaly detection are presented, as well as strategies for anomaly correction. An operational control algorithm for autonomous guidance of the canine is described in detail. Finally, empirical results of an autonomously commanded canine are demonstrated with an 73% mission success rate for simple paths and a 62% mission success rate for complex paths.
A method for evaluation of milk "let-down" in lactating rat.

SummaryA method for evaluation of milk “let-down” in mature lactating rats on 14th day postpartum is described. Amount of milk obtained by litters of 6 young after 30 minutes nursing expressed as percent litter body weight is used as criterion of response. Results obtained follow a normal distribution pattern with a mean value of 3.8 ± .19. The results of this study may serve as a basis for evaluating data from experimental alteration of milk “let-down” in lactating rats.
ERMA® to the Cloud

Abstract In 2011, the US White House and Congress challenged the executive departments to be cloud-first with Information Technology (IT). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Environmental Response Management Applications (ERMA®) was an early candidate for moving an application from local hardware resources to the cloud. The cloud was an intriguing computing infrastructure option for ERMA because of the "on demand" scaling provided by cloud services. ERMA's cloud migration was early in the Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program (FedRAMP) and therefore included experiences with walking through new technology and contracting services with the organization's IT security specialists. Ultimately, the process of migrating ERMA from physical hardware to infrastructure as a service (IaaS) from a cloud service provider included four focus areas: Security considerations; contracting, procurement, and planning; system design; and project management. The chapter also summarizes lessons learned and recommendations for considering cloud migrations for government systems.
Effect of Phosphorus-Doped Polysilicon Anneal on Thin Oxide Reliability as Probed with X-Ray Damage Characterization

In this paper we address the degradation of oxide reliability after annealing the phosphorusdoped polysilicon of MOS structures. The oxide reliability was studied in terms of X-ray radiation sensitivity as well as breakdown characteristics. We found that annealing the polysilicon increased the radiation sensitivity of the gate oxide. We believe that this increase is a result of the phosphorus out-diffusion from the polysilicon into the oxide and a result of the creation of phosphorus related traps in the oxide bulk. We also found that the oxide charge to breakdown (Qbd ) degradation correlates well with the density of the phosphorus in the oxide.
3,5-Di-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbo­nitrile

In the title compound, C12H19N3, the cyano group lies in the plane of the pyrazole ring, and has a linear C—C N bond angle of 179.2 (1)°. The NH H atom of the pyrazole ring is disordered equally over the two ring N atoms. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked via N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with an R22(6) ring motif.
Analysis of Afghanistan Problems

In international relation history, the fights for Afghanistan among powerful countries and Afghan nation's all-out struggle for independence have remained the rich content of Afghanistan problem since the end of the 19* century. It was firstly begun with the confrontation between Britain and Russia. Subsequently, there appeared with Soviet Union, which resulted in two Afghanistan wars.The historical phenomenon of how Afghanistan is reduced to the target of fight among powerful countries is analyzed in the light of the international relation theories, such as geopolitics, geoeconomy as well as national interest.
Human performance during exposure to toluene

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of inhalation of toluene on respiratory function and neuropsychological performance of humans. Methods: We exposed six healthy adults to 100 ppm toluene or air (control) for 6 h, in a double-blind, randomized fashion, with exposures separated by at least 14 d and including 30 min of exercise at a level that quadrupled minute ventilation. Blood and exhaled air toluene levels were measured before, during, immediately, and 1 and 2 h post-exposure. Lung function was measured before and immediately after exposure. Three repetitions of two computerized neuropsychological tests were performed, including a brief standard neuropsychological battery (ANAM) and a 1-h complex performance test (SYNWORK). Statistical analysis of the psychological data was conducted as a repeated measures ANOVA. Findings: Following exercise, the mean blood and exhaled air toluene levels averaged 1.5 μg and 28 ppm, respectively. Lung function was unchanged post-exposure. on the SYNWORK test, the Composite score obtained over time during toluene exposure was lower than that during room air (F = 29.20, p = 0.005), with the score from the final hour reduced by 10%. On standard neuropsychological tests, latency but not accuracy proved the sensitive measure for five of the seven subtests presented. Conclusions: Performance of complex tests and response time to simple brief tests can be disrupted by toluene inhalation at 100 ppm. Differences in performance between air and toluene conditions were greatest after exercise, indicating that physical activity may enhance the response to volatile organic solvents.
Inverse Game Theory: Learning Utilities in Succinct Games

One of the central questions in game theory deals with predicting the behavior of an agent. Here, we study the inverse of this problem: given the agents' equilibrium behavior, what are possible utilities that motivate this behavior? We consider this problem in arbitrary normal-form games in which the utilities can be represented by a small number of parameters, such as in graphical, congestion, and network design games. In all such settings, we show how to efficiently, i.e. in polynomial time, determine utilities consistent with a given correlated equilibrium. However, inferring both utilities and structural elements e.g., the graph within a graphical game is in general NP-hard. From a theoretical perspective our results show that rationalizing an equilibrium is computationally easier than computing it; from a practical perspective a practitioner can use our algorithms to validate behavioral models.
Selenium content of selected foods.

The best sources of selenium are the low-fat foods from the meat group, breads and cereals, and legumes.
When Doctors Break the Rules: On the Ethics of Physician Noncompliance

Suppose a primary care physician practicing in an underserved community orders a treatment for one of her indigent patients under the state’s Medicaid program.
Using 3D printers in a computer graphics survey course

Consumer 3D printing technology has advanced significantly over the past decade, with dozens of entry-level 3D printers now priced between $500 and $2500, and a few models available for less than $500. This paper presents a curicular approach to using modern 3D printers in an upper-level computer graphics survey course, along with considerations for selecting and maintaining 3D printers for classroom use, and descriptions of all assignments and projects from the Fall 2014 offering of the course. The result of adding 3D printing to a curriculum that already included interactive 3D programming, modeling, animation, and game development was a timely, engaging, and impactful course for all involved.
Anonymous Communication Unmasking Findings Across Fields

Research examining anonymous communication has a rich history spanning several academic fields and numerous decades. Despite this broad and longstanding interest, few attempts have been made to summarize the body of scholarship on anonymous communication. This chapter reviews research on anonyms communication from journalism, organization studies, economics, information systems, psychology, social psychology, computer-mediated communication, and education—tracing the findings related to three process (i.e., participation, influence, and feedback) and outcome (i.e., trust, performance, and identification) variables. The findings reflect the diversity of ways in which anonymity is conceptualized and operationalized across fields. Although the results related to several of the variables are mixed, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that anonymity facilitates participation and undermines trust.
Sustainability of Grinding Tools

Sustainability of grinding tools can only be discussed with a deep understanding of all relevant system components. This chapter summarizes the analyses and conclusions from the preceding chapters into a holistic description model.
Airborne lidar estimates of photosynthesis profiles

The rate of photosynthesis in the ocean depends on the concentration of chlorophyll in the water, the light level, and the water temperature. The depth profile of chlorophyll concentration can be estimated by airborne backscatter lidar. Both the attenuation of a lidar pulse and the volume backscattering coefficient depend on chlorophyll concentration, and these dependences can be used in an iterative retrieval to estimate the chlorophyll profile. The chlorophyll concentration profile can also be used to estimate the attenuation of sunlight with depth, which can be used with a measurement of the incident sunlight at the aircraft to estimate the light level profile. The temperature profile is more difficult, but the sea-surface temperature can be measured from the aircraft and this temperature is constant through the mixed layer. The technique is illustrated using data from a lidar and visible and infrared radiometers on an aircraft over the Gulf of Mexico.
Comprehensive assessment of circulating immune cell populations in response to stereotactic body radiation therapy in patients with liver cancer

Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) can positively influence an antitumor immune response by inducing necrotic cell death. SBRT also been shown to eliminate tumors outside the radiation therapy field through an immune-mediated process known as the abscopal effect. Recent advances in immunotherapy may provide new therapeutic approaches for patients with liver cancer. Therefore, understanding the immune status of patients with cancer will likely guide how immunotherapy might be used in combination with SBRT. We hypothesized that we would observe changes in circulating blood immune cell populations of patients who received SBRT for liver tumors. Therefore, we assessed 110 immunophenotypes in the peripheral blood of 10 patients with liver cancer or metastases to the liver pretreatment and 2 posttreatment time points. Patients with liver cancer and metastatic patients both exhibited several immunophenotypic abnormalities at baseline compared with a group of healthy volunteer controls. In longitudinal studies, SBRT caused a specific reduction in CD3+ T cell counts and immature CD56brCD16- NK cell counts. The immune profiling and potential identification of circulating biomarkers shown here could lead to the design of combinatorial approaches with SBRT and immunotherapy to optimize the timing of treatment and direct the most effective immunotherapy with SBRT.
Annals for Hospitalists Inpatient Notes - Medical Uncertainty as a Driver of Resource Use—Examining the “Gray Zones” of Clinical Care

Guideline recommendations do not cover the range of decisions that hospitalists make on a daily basis, leaving large areas of uncertainty that are often filled with unnecessary care. This commentar...
Fertilization in Angiosperms

Fertilization in flowering plants, in its strict sense, is initiated by the discharge of the male gametes within the embryo sac, the fusion of two sperm cells separately with the egg and central cell through plasmogamy, followed by nuclear migration and karyogamy in their respective lineage, embryo and endosperm. Increasingly, more information is available concerning the molecular control of cellular identity, gamete attraction and timing, release of gametes, their ultimate fusion and expression. These events initiate myriad developmental triggers, and thus begin the life of the sporophyte and the precocious endosperm that generates the unique, nutritionally enriched milieu that surrounds the embryo.
Sensitivity of coherent cooperative transmission to synchronization errors

Coherent cooperative transmission is a potential technical approach to overcome the constraints imposed by the limited battery power encountered in many distributed networks such as sensor and UAVs. In coherent cooperative transmission, two, or more, spatially separated communications nodes act as elements of an antenna array to transmit common data to a destination. However, a key challenge in such distributed systems is achieving synchronization among cooperative nodes. This paper analyzes and evaluates performance of coherent cooperative transmission in the presence of frequency, phase and time synchronization errors when maximal ratio, equal gain and and selection diversity transmission schemes are used by the cooperative nodes.
Federal Crop Insurance: The Need for Reform

Federal crop insurance is the largest federal property-casualty insurance program. Nominally, it is portrayed as a typical form of private property insurance. However, closer examination reveals that its structure departs significantly from conventional insurance principles and practices that are employed in private insurance markets. In reality, it is a greatly flawed and heavily subsidized wealth transfer program, costing taxpayers $3-$4 billion a year. Also, its flawed structure creates substantial adverse selection and moral hazard problems, encouraging farmers to make economically unsound investment and production choices with rippling effects for farm economies and the environment. Finally, the interaction of state regulation and the federal crop insurance program continues to raise issues that need to be resolved and could be diminished or eliminated if certain program reforms were implemented. In this paper, we critique the structural defects of the crop insurance program, identify the problems they create, and offer recommendations on how the program could be reformed to function more like a true insurance program based on sound economic principles and better coordination between state and federal governments.
Incorporation of an Interprofessional Palliative Care-Ethics Experience Into a Required Critical Care Acting Internship.

Introduction The literature documents inadequate palliative medicine training in undergraduate and graduate medical education. As the population lives longer, many people will experience multiple c...
An Integrated Framework for Ecological Drought across Riverscapes of North America

Climate change is increasing the severity and extent of extreme droughts events, posing a critical threat to freshwater ecosystems, particularly with increasing human demands for diminishing water supplies. Despite the importance of drought as a significant driver of ecological and evolutionary dynamics, current understanding of drought consequences for freshwater biodiversity is very limited. We describe key barriers that hinder integrative drought research and monitoring across riverscapes. The primary constraint limiting understanding of ecological drought is an existing monitoring framework focused on human water consumption and flood risk in mainstem rivers. This approach is misaligned with escalating needs for research and data collection that illuminate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity (i.e., vulnerability) of biota to drought across entire riverscapes. We present a hierarchical framework for integrated ecological drought monitoring and research that addresses drought vulnerability across riverscapes and describe how this approach can directly inform natural-resource management.
Sorting and Searching

A new neural network parallel algorithm for sorting problems is introduced in this Chapter. The proposed algorithm using 0(n2) processors requires two and only two steps, not depending on the problem size, while the conventional parallel sorting algorithm using O(n) processors proposed by Leighton needs the computation time 0(log n). The similar parallel algorithm is introduced for solving string search problems.The proposed algorithm uses 0(m×n) processors where n is the length of a text and m is the length of a pattern. It requires two and only two iteration steps to find a pattern in the text, while the best existing parallel algorithm needs the computation time O(loglog n). This Chapter is based on a paper published in IEEE Trans, on Circuits and Systems (Takefuji and Lee 1990a) and a paper published in Journal of Neural Network Computing (Takefuji and Lee 1990).
Conservation or Decarbonization? Small Hydropower and State Logics of Green Development in China

Through an analysis of small hydropower (SHP) in China, I argue that logics of green development offer a framework for analyzing why, how, and to what intended effect the state pursues different gr...
The Effects of Dispersion and Reciprocity on Assessment Fidelity in Peer-Review Systems: A Simulation Study

Over the last 20 years, online peer review and assessment have become widely used and well-researched practices in education. Their use increased, especially with the proliferation of nonconventional large-scale and online modes of teaching and learning, such as Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). A well-designed peer-review system is expected to produce valid and reliable assessments of the artifacts created by participants. These systems notably vary in designs, particularly in the structure of the peer-review networks, i.e., how participants are linked to each other as creators and reviewers. To date, little research has been done on how different network structures impact a system's ability to accurately assess the quality of the evaluated artifacts. We begin to address this gap, using a simulation approach to demonstrate that two network characteristics—dispersion and reciprocity—may indeed affect assessment fidelity in peer-review systems in conjunction with other design choices, such as evaluation scale and aggregation method. We also outline directions for further investigations of peer-review systems design.
An 8.93 TOPS/W LSTM Recurrent Neural Network Accelerator Featuring Hierarchical Coarse-Grain Sparsity for On-Device Speech Recognition

Long short-term memory (LSTM) is a type of recurrent neural networks (RNNs), which is widely used for time-series data and speech applications, due to its high accuracy on such tasks. However, LSTMs pose difficulties for efficient hardware implementation because they require a large amount of weight storage and exhibit computation complexity. Prior works have proposed compression techniques to alleviate the storage/computation requirements of LSTMs but elementwise sparsity schemes incur sizable index memory overhead and structured compression techniques report limited compression ratios. In this article, we present an energy-efficient LSTM RNN accelerator, featuring an algorithm-hardware co-optimized memory compression technique called hierarchical coarse-grain sparsity (HCGS). Aided by the HCGS-based blockwise recursive weight compression, we demonstrate LSTM networks with up to 16 $\times $ fewer weights while achieving minimal error rate degradation. The prototype chip fabricated in 65-nm LP CMOS achieves up to 8.93 TOPS/W for real-time speech recognition using compressed LSTMs based on HCGS. HCGS-based LSTMs have demonstrated energy-efficient speech recognition with low error rates for TIMIT, TED-LIUM, and LibriSpeech data sets.
Understanding Uighur Terrorism: The Human Needs Theory

This paper applies the Human Needs Theory to Uighur terrorism. The theory posits that people become violent when their basic human needs are unfulfilled, denied, or taken away from them. Also referred to as the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), Uighur terrorists are a minority group of Muslim extremists in the western Chinese Autonomous Region of Xinjiang. Until the mid-1700s, they were considered a peaceful group, but when they lost their autonomy during the Qing dynasty rule (until 1910), and faced oppression by their new government, they resorted to violence. In this case, the Uighurs’ human need “stolen” by the Chinese was their identity. Not only is the Uighur issue underrepresented in the media; it has also received such negligible attention that most governments and scholars believe that the Autonomous Region of Xinjiang is mostly occupied by terrorists.
Amphiphilic Polymer Nanoreactors for Multiple Step, One-Pot Reactions and Spontaneous Product Separation.

Performing multiple reaction steps in “one pot” to avoid the need to isolate intermediates is a promising approach for reducing solvent waste associated with liquid phase chemical processing. In this work, we incorporated gold nanoparticle catalysts into polymer nanoreactors via amphiphilic block copolymer directed self-assembly. With the polymer nanoreactors dispersed in water as the bulk solvent, we demonstrated the ability to facilitate two reaction steps in one pot with spontaneous precipitation of the product from the reaction mixture. Specifically, we achieved imide synthesis from 4-nitrophenol and benzaldehyde as a model reaction. The reaction occured in water at ambient conditions; the desired 4-benzylideneaminophenol product spontaneously precipitated from the reaction mixture while the nanoreactors remained stable in dispersion. A 65% isolated yield was achieved. In contrast, PEGylated gold nanoparticles and citrate stabilized gold nanoparticles precipitated with the reaction product, which would complicate both the isolation of the product as well as reuse of the catalyst. Thus, amphiphilic nanoreactors dispersed in water are a promising approach for reducing solvent waste associated with liquid phase chemical processing by using water as the bulk solvent, eliminating the need to isolate intermediates, achieving spontaneous product separation to facilitate the recycling of the reaction mixture, and simplifying the isolation of the desired product.
Supporting Content and Disciplinary Literacy Success for Adolescents With LLD: A Blended and Contextualized Morphological Awareness Strategy Approach

Purpose: As adolescents progress through the upper grades, reading and writing demands become increasingly challenging for students with and without a language and literacy deficit (LLD). The liter...