cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing long-term country-specific sourcing risk using J-Curve Openness-Stability Analysis

In managing many technologies, supply-chain sourcing accounts for a large share of the total cost of goods sold (COGS) that drives the competitive advantage of a multinational enterprise (MNE). To gain significant COGS advantages in the short-term, many technology-intensive MNEs collaborate some parts of their value-adding activities with the developing and emerging economies that offer low wages and large labor pools. These low-cost countries, however, have some hidden long-term sourcing risks as well. Until recently, there has been nascent research and no comprehensive models available for assessing such long-term sourcing risks. Many prior studies on modeling supply-chain risk implicitly assume global convergence rather than exploring national specificity, though supply-chain managers are increasingly concerned with country-specific risks [19]. This study, therefore, fills an important gap in research literature, by applying Ian Bremmer's J-Curve Openness-Stability model [1] to two illustrative applications: (A) sourcing from a low cost country such as India, and others, and (B) sourcing of oil and gas from the Middle East. An additional contribution was made with an innovative way to qualitatively assess long-term sourcing risk for BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) countries and 8 low cost countries, relative to the U.S. In conclusion, research limitations are reviewed and some managerial and policy implications are proposed.
German Health Care Reform: The Next Steps

From the U.S. perspective, the German health care system offers much to be desired: universal access, moderate costs, and freedom of choice. The Germans consider their health care system to be in crisis, however, because the mechanisms on which they currently rely for financing and paying for health care, as well as the structures through which medical care is delivered, seem increasingly less viable. Germany has recently adopted modest reforms to partially address these problems. For longer term solutions, however, some in Germany are looking to U.S. managed care models, for better or for worse.
USING ANTHROPOLOGY OVERSEAS

Applied anthropologists commonly work overseas, particularly in the areas of international development and humanitarian assistance. The competencies or skill sets they bring to this work make them exceptionally well-suited to succeed. At the same time, their training does not fully prepare them either to compete successfully for international assignments with other nonanthropologist candidates, or for some of the challenges they may face in the field. This article outlines the qualifications needed for employment in international development and humanitarian assistance, and breaks down these qualifications into categories. I then look in detail at how students, even in a very traditional anthropology program, can prepare themselves for employment as practitioners in the international arena. The article provides an outline of the structure of today's “development industry” and describes how development organizations identify and hire candidates. I describe how to use a simple Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) technique to establish one's own areas of particular strength before entering the job market. I then describe a simple and straightforward approach to job-hunting, interviewing, and evaluating job offers. Throughout this article, I stress that although the strength and quality of anthropology's contribution to overseas work can be considerable, academic preparation alone is not enough—anthropologists who work overseas in development or humanitarian assistance must have more to offer than research skills alone, and must be able to work effectively with others, many of whom will come from different cultural and/or disciplinary backgrounds. I conclude by reminding practitioners in the field to maintain strong connections with their academic roots and to contribute to the transformation of anthropology from a discipline into a true profession.
Vortex annihilation in nonlinear heat flow for Ginzburg–Landau systems

We consider the Cauchy problem for the systemwhere . Let e ∈ ℝ2 with |e| = 1. If u(x, 0) is smooth, bounded andwe prove u → e uniformly in x as t → ∞. Of particular interest is the motion of the zeros (vortices) of u. In this case, all zeros disappear after a finite time.
Human telomerase specialization for repeat synthesis by unique handling of primer‐template duplex

With eukaryotic genome replication, incomplete telomere synthesis results in chromosome shortening and eventual compromise of genome stability. Telomerase counteracts this terminal sequence loss by synthesizing telomeric repeats through repeated cycles of reverse transcription of its internal RNA template. Using human telomerase domain-complementation assays for telomerase reverse transcriptase protein (TERT) and RNA in combination with the first direct footprinting assay for telomerase association with bound DNA, we resolve mechanisms by which TERT domains and RNA motifs direct repeat synthesis. Surprisingly, we find that product-template hybrid is sensed in a length- and sequence-dependent manner to set the template 5′ boundary. We demonstrate that the TERT N-terminal (TEN) domain determines active-site use of the atypically short primer-template hybrid necessary for telomeric-repeat synthesis. Also against expectation, we show that the remainder of TERT (the TERT ring) supports functional recognition and physical protection of single-stranded DNA adjacent to the template hybrid. These findings establish unprecedented polymerase recognition specificities for DNA-RNA hybrid and single-stranded DNA and suggest a new perspective on the mechanisms of telomerase specialization for telomeric-repeat synthesis.
Retrotrapezoid nucleus and parafacial respiratory group.

The rat retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) contains about 2000 Phox2b-expressing glutamatergic neurons (ccRTN neurons; 800 in mice) with a well-understood developmental lineage. ccRTN neuron development fails in mice carrying a Phox2b mutation commonly present in the congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. In adulthood, ccRTN neurons regulate the breathing rate and intensity, and may regulate active expiration along with other neighboring respiratory neurons. Prenatally, ccRTN neurons form an autonomous oscillator (embryonic parafacial group, e-pF) that activates and possibly paces inspiration. The pacemaker properties of the ccRTN neurons probably vanish after birth to be replaced by synaptic drives. The neonatal parafacial respiratory group (pfRG) may represent a transitional phase during which ccRTN neurons lose their group pacemaker properties. ccRTN neurons are activated by acidification via an intrinsic mechanism or via ATP released by glia. In summary, throughout life, ccRTN neurons seem to be a critical hub for the regulation of CO2 via breathing.
Teaching self-help skills to autistic and mentally retarded children

Three autistic, mentally retarded children, ranging in age from 4 to 11 years, and a six-year-old mentally retarded girl, were taught various adaptive behaviors using a multiple baseline design. Skills taught were shoe typing, toothbrushing, hair combing, putting on pants, shirt, and socks, and eating and drinking. Training included modeling, verbal instructions, prompting, and edible and social reinforcement. Treatment procedures involved the whole-task method of teaching self-help skills and consisted of three phases: (a) the trainer modeled and verbally described the target behavior; (b) the trainer physically and verbally guided the child through the entire sequence of task-analyzed steps; and, (c) the child was instructed to perform the behavior independently. The results of this study and their implications for future research are discussed.
A Proposed Hybrid Industrial Model and its Effects on Managerial and Nonmanagerial Employees

The proposed hybrid model is basically a vertical dichotomy. It would incorporate a managerial group who would have the opportunity for accelerated growth, advancement, and mobility and all the risks associated with running on a fast track. This comparatively small group would not have the luxury of job security and obviously would be subjected to the whims of the economy. They, however, would have free and easy movement between organizations and would be able to carry with them the skills of management. Some of them in turn would become new entrepreneurs, developen, and creators of new industries. Their counterpart composed of the vast majority of employees up to and including the foreman level would enjoy the benefits of an intensive company-oriented training period, lifetime employment, pay increases, and job promotions primarily based on length of service. In addition, many penonal benefits would accrue to the employee from the company whch over time becomes in effect a surrogate family. An organizational structure modeled as above would provide a stable, highly productive labor force with a dynamic and productive management overlay. It is a model that possibly could be used to replace the now discarded bureaucratic, state-controlled industrial models of Eastern Europe. The Western (American) model as we know it would not be entirely suitable for a labor force that has been under state control for over 60 yean nor would an Eastern model (Japanese) that is based on a very strong work ethic and a cultural heritage. However,
Multiple Determinants of Whole and Regional Brain Volume among Terrestrial Carnivorans

Mammalian brain volumes vary considerably, even after controlling for body size. Although several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this variation, most research in mammals on the evolution of encephalization has focused on primates, leaving the generality of these explanations uncertain. Furthermore, much research still addresses only one hypothesis at a time, despite the demonstrated importance of considering multiple factors simultaneously. We used phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate simultaneously the importance of several factors previously hypothesized to be important in neural evolution among mammalian carnivores, including social complexity, forelimb use, home range size, diet, life history, phylogeny, and recent evolutionary changes in body size. We also tested hypotheses suggesting roles for these variables in determining the relative volume of four brain regions measured using computed tomography. Our data suggest that, in contrast to brain size in primates, carnivoran brain size may lag behind body size over evolutionary time. Moreover, carnivore species that primarily consume vertebrates have the largest brains. Although we found no support for a role of social complexity in overall encephalization, relative cerebrum volume correlated positively with sociality. Finally, our results support negative relationships among different brain regions after accounting for overall endocranial volume, suggesting that increased size of one brain regions is often accompanied by reduced size in other regions rather than overall brain expansion.
Predicting the frequent, occasional and infrequent rerun viewer: An examination of motives, demographics and socio‐demographic characteristics

This study examined the frequent, occasional and infrequent rerun viewer for differences in viewing motives and socio demographic characteristics. Two independent samples consisting of 231 and 230 participants were used to test the ability of motives, demographic and socio‐demographic factors from one sample, to predict membership of another independent sample. The results of the discriminate analysis indicated that demographic and social variables are not major determinants of frequent, occasional and infrequent rerun viewers. This project did however, provide evidence that rerun viewing motives are reliable for classifying the frequent, occasional and. infrequent rerun viewers in an independent sample.
The Use of Social Networking Sites in the Restaurant Industry: Best Practices

Social media and the use of social networking sites are defined as Internet applications that help consumers share opinions, insights, experiences, and perspectives (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2009). The current study analyzes data relevant to the use of social media sites with the largest chain restaurants in the U.S. and the managers' perceptions of the usefulness of such sites for their organization. The current research shows there are no consistent social networking sites restaurant chains use, there are no consistent uses for these sites, and managers have differing opinions about their overall usefulness in restaurant operations and marketing. One consistent theme is that social networking sites are useful for advertising and marketing a restaurant brand at an inexpensive cost to the restaurant. Managerial implications are discussed, current best practices are shared, and future research recommendations are made to further explore social networking in the restaurant industry.
Physio-chemical mathematical theory for transitions in cellular metabolism: An aspect of carcinogenesis

It is pointed out that the non-monotonic character of the chemical reaction rate expressions, together with the relative magnitude of the diffusivity constants, is likely to engender a multiplicity of locally stable steady-state solutions to the system of reaction-diffusion equations for the concentration distributions of molecular species through the volume of a living cell. A transition in cellular metabolism, i.e., the dynamical evolution from an initial locally stable steady-state solution for the concentration distributions to another distinct locally stable steady-state solution, can be induced by an etiologic agent which modifies the rate expressions significantly during an interval of time. Global inequality analysis is employed to derive a condition on the modified rate expressions that is sufficient to guarantee the occurrence of such a transition in cellular metabolism. The possibility of a transition induced by a chemical carcinogen is investigated by applying the latter sufficient condition, and it is found that the statistical frequency of carcinogenesis should depend essentially on the magnitude of the grouping (T 2 − α D α) for a total doseD of carcinogen administered to an animal at a uniform rate (D/T) over a time interval of durationT, where α is a certain positive number less than 1. This theoretical result is shown to be supported by the available experimental evidence.
Partial characterization of Frog (Rana catesbeiana) hepatic glucocorticoid receptor.

The binding of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone to Rana catesbeiana frog hepatic cytosol has been characterized partially. Specific binding of [3H]dexamethasone at 0° reached a maximum after 2 hr of incubation. Scatchard analysis revealed a single class of binding sites with a dissociation constant of 5.51 × 10−9M and a binding capacity of 1.99 × 10−13 mol dexamethasone/mg protein. The binding was a reversible process (t12 = 5.10 hr). Binding of [3H]dexamethasone was not affected by pretreatment of cytosol with ribonuclease A or deoxyribonuclease but was reduced drastically when cytosol was pretreated with trypsin. The receptor was specific for glucocorticoids as [3H]dexamethasone was displaced by dexamethasone, corticosterone, and cortisol to a greater extent than by aldosterone, progesterone, 17β-estradiol, and testosterone. On sucrose gradients in low salt, two areas of [3H]dexamethasone were found (3 and 6.8 S), while in 0.3 M KCl only a single peak with a sedimentation coefficient of 3 S was noted.
Insulin detemir attenuates food intake, body weight gain and fat mass gain in diet-induced obese Sprague-Dawley rats.

Insulin detemir attenuates food intake, body weight gain and fat mass gain in diet-induced obese Sprague–Dawley rats
Sequential Opening of Mitochondrial Ion Channels as a Function of Glutathione Redox Thiol Status

Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) depolarization contributes to cell death and electrical and contractile dysfunction in the post-ischemic heart. An imbalance between mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and scavenging was previously implicated in the activation of an inner membrane anion channel (IMAC), distinct from the permeability transition pore (PTP), as the first response to metabolic stress in cardiomyocytes. The glutathione redox couple, GSH/GSSG, oscillated in parallel with ΔΨm and the NADH/NAD+ redox state. Here we show that depletion of reduced glutathione is an alternative trigger of synchronized mitochondrial oscillation in cardiomyocytes and that intermediate GSH/GSSG ratios cause reversible ΔΨm depolarization, although irreversible PTP activation is induced by extensive thiol oxidation. Mitochondrial dysfunction in response to diamide occurred in stages, progressing from oscillations in ΔΨm to sustained depolarization, in association with depletion of GSH. Mitochondrial oscillations were abrogated by 4′-chlorodiazepam, an IMAC inhibitor, whereas cyclosporin A was ineffective. In saponin-permeabilized cardiomyocytes, the thiol redox status was systematically clamped at GSH/GSSG ratios ranging from 300:1 to 20:1. At ratios of 150:1-100:1, ΔΨm depolarized reversibly, and a matrix-localized fluorescent marker was retained; however, decreasing the GSH/GSSG to 50:1 irreversibly depolarized ΔΨm and induced maximal rates of reactive oxygen species production, NAD(P)H oxidation, and loss of matrix constituents. Mitochondrial GSH sensitivity was altered by inhibiting either GSH uptake, the NADPH-dependent glutathione reductase, or the NADH/NADPH transhydrogenase, indicating that matrix GSH regeneration or replenishment was crucial. The results indicate that GSH/GSSG redox status governs the sequential opening of mitochondrial ion channels (IMAC before PTP) triggered by thiol oxidation in cardiomyocytes.
On the distribution of sodium in the vicinity of Io

The contribution of scattering in a telescope to measurements of the size of Io's sodium cloud and to the distribution of emission intensity in the cloud is investigated. The brightest regions, within 30 arcsec of Io near opposition and along the equatorial plane, are relatively undistorted, but regions further than 45 arcsec away and not close to the equatorial plane are very likely to consist mainly of scattered light. Portions of the cloud in the vicinity of the magnetic equator are also mostly scattered light when Io is near extreme magnetic latitude. The equatorial torus, however, extends up to 20 arcmin from Jupiter. The large size of the cloud is thus confirmed. High-resolution line profile shapes indicate that sodium streams from Io preferentially in the forward direction with velocities distributed up to 18 km/sec. The observed wavelength shifts of the peak intensities from Io's rest frame are compatible with a cloud streaming through a bound atmospheric component, but they could also be caused by a velocity distribution peaked at very low velocities.
Possible influence of clay contamination on B isotope geochemistry of carbonaceous samples

Abstract The authors report results from an experimental study on mixtures of pure endmembers of natural clay and carbonate. The scientific rationale is an evaluation as to what extent B contents and B isotopes of carbonate samples may be obscured as a result of contamination with clay, particularly since both authigenic carbonates and biogenic carbonates (e.g. microfossil tests) often contain some clay. Three aliquots of a series of samples (each containing 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100% clay) were analyzed. Set 1 was washed with distilled, de-ionized water; for set 2 the HCl soluble parts were dissolved in 2 M HCl after washing; set 3 was completely digested with 30M HF prior to a series of ion exchanges. Isotope data of the endmembers are 6.6‰ (100% marble) and −4.6‰ (100% clay), with the clay being the dominant B source (ca. 50 ppm compared with For set 1, only the B adsorbed to the clay was washed out with the de-ionized water (δ11Badsorbed=12.9–14.1‰±0.5‰), while no B was mobilized from the carbonate. The HCl-dissolvable B in washed samples of set 2 show slightly increasing B contents with higher clay contents, suggesting that dissolution of the marble as well as B mobilization from the clay account for this trend. δ11B isotopes tend towards more negative values when clay content increases, indicating that some structurally-bound B is lost from the sheets of linked (Si, Al)O4 tetrahedra of the clay mineral. This result shows that not only B adsorption, but possibly diffusion or weathering of broken edges of clay minerals releases some structurally bound B of clay minerals. Set 3, where bulk samples were completely HF-digested, shows as expected a linear increase in B concentrations and decreasing δ11B ratios with increasing clay content. The overall results suggest that relatively small amounts of clay (e.g. as contamination in a microfossil test) have no significant impact on the B content and δ11B measured for the carbonate, but that care has to be taken if clay exceeds 10wt.% (e.g. carbonate concretions, chimneys, etc.).
Using Multilateration Data in Probabilistic Analysis of Wake Vortex Hazards for Landing Aircraft

Wake vortices are a safety hazard to landing aircraft. A landing aircraft that encounters a wake may roll; this might result in a fatal crash if the roll is severe enough or if the aircraft is low enough to the ground. Therefore, aircraft are separated by a sufficient distance to ensure that wakes have time to decay in strength. However, because of the inherent variability in wake behavior and aircraft separation and position, there is still a possibility for a wake encounter. To estimate the probability of such encounters, a hybrid simulation methodology is presented. The approach is hybrid in the sense that part of the simulation is conducted by using a direct data feed of flight-track data, and the other part is obtained by simulation of wake-evolution models. The approach is demonstrated on a 1-week sample of flight tracks to predict the frequency of potential wake alerts. A wake alert is defined as an event in which the trailing aircraft is in a region of space where the wake is likely to be. The res...
Endoscopic palliation of cholangiocarcinoma.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current endoscopic palliative modalities for unresectable cholangiocarcinoma are reviewed, focusing on the emergent methods of endoscopic palliation. RECENT FINDINGS Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare malignant tumor arising from biliary epithelium. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography can provide histological diagnosis through brush cytology of the bile duct, and newer cytologic techniques such as digital image analysis and fluorescent in-situ hybridization may improve the cytologic accuracy for diagnosing cholangiocarcinoma. Endoscopic ultrasonography can play an adjunctive role in the diagnosis and staging by facilitating tissue acquisition through fine needle aspiration of the tumor and surrounding lymph nodes. Most patients present with unresectable disease and features of biliary obstruction. This has led to an emphasis on the role of palliative care. Biliary stent placement is an effective method of palliating obstructive jaundice. Newer modalities such as photodynamic therapy, intraluminal brachytherapy, and high-intensity ultrasound therapy may result in improved survival and play a future role as an adjunctive therapy to surgical resection. SUMMARY Several endoscopic palliative modalities have recently emerged. Among these, photodynamic therapy in addition to biliary stent placement appears to be a promising step towards the management of locally unresectable cholangiocarcinoma. Randomized, controlled trials are required, however, to further evaluate these therapies.
Faulkner's Subject: A Cosmos No One Owns

Preface Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Map Introduction 1. Gender 2. Race 3. Subjectivity 4. Culture: a cosmos no one owns Conclusion Bibliography Index.
Qualitative theory for a model of laminar flames with arbitrary nonnegative initial data

Abstract We consider a system of nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations arising as a model of laminar flames in a premixed reactive gas. The existence of traveling wave solutions has been established for positive ignition temperature by Berestycki, Nicolaenko, and Scheurer and by Terman for zero ignition temperature. Stability and instability of these solutions have been established in various situations by Sivashinsky, Clavin, and recently Terman. Our goal is to study the equations with initial data that are bounded, uniformly continuous, and nonnegative but otherwise arbitrary. We establish the existence of unique global strong solutions satisfying appropriate a priori estimates. With a positivity condition imposed on the initial data for the temperature, we show that the concentration decays exponentially. This result, while easy to obtain, plays an important role in results that follow. Of greatest physical interest are the cases where ignition occurs precisely at one end. Our main result is that if the average of the initial temperature values at the ends of the chamber is above ignition temperature, then on any ray coming from the ignition end the temperature is uniformly above ignition temperature, and the concentration decays uniformly to zero. We can continually advance the endpoint of this zone of ignition, thus roughly mimicking the motion of traveling wave solutions. We also point out the appropriateness of the averaging condition on the initial temperature and discuss two examples where this averaging condition is not satisfied: in one, we eventually have flame propagation and in the other example we have eventual flame extinguishment on any ray coming from the cold end of the chamber.
An experimental study of the habitat preferences and movement patterns of copper, quillback, and brown rockfishes (Sebastes spp.)

A study was designed to test whether habitat association affects the movement patterns and habitat preferences of copper, quillback, and brown rockfishes. Resighting of tagged rockfishes (512 tagged rockfishes and 726 resightings) from July 1986 through June 1988 indicated that home ranges, movements from reefs, and tendency to return from experimental displacement (up to 8.0 km) were significantly different on the three habitat types compared. On high relief rocky reefs, rockfishes maintained small home ranges (most within 30 m2) and displayed strong reef fidelity that was not affected by season; no off-reef movement was detected and rockfishes generally returned from displacements. On artificial reefs, rockfishes also maintained small home ranges (most within 30 m2), however, there were pronounced seasonal habitat preferences. In the summer, artificial reefs become less suitable; considerable off-reef movement occurred and rockfish did not return from displacements. In contrast, during fall and winter, rockfishes remained on artificial reefs and returned from displacements. On low relief rocky reefs, rockfishes maintained considerably larger home ranges (most within 400 m2 and some up to 1500 m2) and habitat use was strongly affected by season; rockfishes only inhabited low relief reefs in the summer and only returned from displacements in the summer coincident when peak algal cover. In addition, there was substantial movement between artificial reefs and adjacent low relief reefs; many rockfishes leave artificial reefs in the summer, move to low relief reefs, and return to artificial reefs in the fall when kelp disappears on low relief reefs. Through habitat assessment, movement in response to habitat quality, and ability to home, these rockfish maintain a flexible behavior for optimal habitat use.
Interface Effects on Total Energy Calculations for Radiation-Induced Defects

We present a new, approximate technique for estimating the polarization energy of point defects near interfaces in layered systems using semiconductor device simulation combined with a finite element quadrature technique. We show that we recapture the original, spherical Jost approximation in a homogeneous, infinite solid, as well as reproducing the exact result for a point charge near the interface of two dielectrics. We apply this technique to the silicon-silicon dioxide system for doped substrates, and for devices under bias. We show that the correction to calculated, bulk defect levels depends mildly on the distance from the interface. It depends more strongly on the substrate doping density. Finally, there is a significant dependence on gate bias. These results must be considered for proposed models for negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) that invoke tunneling from the silicon band edges into localized oxide traps.
An Alternate Scale Representation of Atmospheric Energy Spectra

Abstract Although it is known that all spatial scales are nonlinearly interrelated in any prediction model of the atmosphere, truncation demands a limit to scale resolution. One is therefore compelled to parameterize sub-resolution scales, hopefully in such a manner that they describe observed statistics. Such statistics have been shown frequently as energy spectra of synoptic scales in terms of the planetary wavenumber. An alternate representation is the presentation of the energy in terms of the degree of a Legendre polynomial expansion; this representation may be more advantageous insofar as it presents a two-dimensional spectral index. Arguments are presented which indeed suggest the appropriateness of the index. Two months of atmospheric wind data at five pressure levels and on a hemispheric grid were analyzed to establish energy spectra. The spectra are described both as a function of time and as a function of wavenumber for time averages. Using a five-level linear baroclinic model, stability charac...
On the Existence of a Slow Manifold

Abstract We identify the slow manifold of a primitive-equation system with the set of all solutions that are completely devoid of gravity-wave activity. We construct a five-variable model describing coupled Rossby waves and gravity waves. Successive-approximation schemes designed to determine the slow manifold fail to converge when applied to the model, although they sometimes appear to converge before finally diverging. A noniterative scheme which demands only that the fast variables be functions of the slow variables yields a “Slowest invariant manifold,” which, however, is not unequivocally slow. We question whether the complete absence of gravity waves can be logically defined, and we note that the existence or nonexistence of a slow manifold does not depend upon the convergence or nonconvergence of a power series or a succession of approximations.
2002 Roy Porter Memorial Prize Essay Therapeutic Infidelities: ‘Noncompliance’ Enters the Medical Literature, 1955–1975

Although a concern with patients who do not follow their prescribed therapies can be found in Hippocratic writings, the description of a patient as specifically 'noncompliant' did not rise to prominence in the Anglo-American medical literature until the late twentieth century. This article surveys the nascent noncompliance literature in the post-Second World War era to ask how and why the noncompliant patient became a resonant category and research priority at that time. In varying accounts, attention to 'noncompliance' developed as a logical result of the mid-century epidemiological transition, the growth of better screening techniques, and an effective pharmacopoeia for chronic disease, as an ideology of social control, or as a means for younger, sociologically-trained physicians to critique older forms of medical authority. In fashioning 'noncompliance' as a subject in the 1960s and 1970s, many researchers believed they had discovered an objective and value-neutral method of inquiry that would address questions central to enhancing the efficiency of clinical practice. Although the category has only grown in importance in recent decades as a central component of HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis control efforts, a residue of stigma and culpability still adheres to the term in common usage.
EFFECTS OF THE SPATIAL GRID IN SIMULATION PLASMAS.

In earlier studies of simulation plasmas the difference schemes for each step of the calculation have been analyzed, but their over-all performance taken together with plasma behavior has not been treated carefully. We begin with a rigorous treatment of the spatial grid, giving here a formulation which includes most codes now in use. This is done in such a way that the role of each step in the calculation is easily identified in the results, and also the expressions for plasma properties are easily compared with the corresponding “real” plasma properties. Details are given for the electrostatic case. The formulation is applied to the question of energy conservation, and to linear wave dispersion and instability. The effect of the spatial grid is to smooth the interaction force somewhat and to couple plasma perturbations to perturbations at other wavelengths, called aliases. The strength of the coupling depends on the smoothness of the interpolation methods used. Its importance depends roughly on how well the plasma would respond, in the absence of the grid, to wavenumbers k ∼ 27π/Δx; e.g., if the Debye length is too small the coupling can destabilize plasma oscillations even in a thermal plasma.
Lipid and signal peptide-induced conformational changes within the C-domain of Escherichia coli SecA protein.

SecA ATPase is an essential component of the Sec-dependent protein translocation machinery. Upon interaction with the plasma membrane containing SecYE, preprotein, and ATP, SecA undergoes cycles of...
Dandy-Walker Malformation: Analysis of 19 Cases:

Dandy-Walker malformation is a congenital disorder that involves the cerebellum and fourth ventricle. Regarding treatment, there is still controversy over the optimum surgical management. In the current study, we present 19 consecutive cases of Dandy-Walker malformation diagnosed between January 1992 and January 2008 that were treated in our institute. All patients presented with hydrocephalus at the time of diagnosis and were treated surgically. Combined drainage of the ventricular system and posterior fossa cyst, using a 3-way connector was performed in 5 patients. Posterior fossa cyst drainage alone was performed in 10 patients and the remaining 4 patients were treated by ventricular drainage alone. All patients improved after treatment. Dandy-Walker malformation is a developmental abnormality of the central nervous system associated with various brain and extracranial abnormalities. Surgical treatment remains controversial, whereas prognosis varies greatly according to the severity of syndrome and associated comorbidities.
A comfortable witness is a good witness: rapport-building and susceptibility to misinformation in an investigative mock-crime interview

Summary: Major investigative interviewing protocols such as the Cognitive Interview recommend that investigators build rapport with cooperative adult witnesses at the beginning of a police interview. Although research substantiates the benefits of rapport-building on the accuracy of child witness reports, few studies have examined whether similar benefits apply to adult witnesses. The present study investigated whether verbal rapport-building techniques increase adult witness report accuracy and decrease their susceptibility to post-event misinformation. One-hundred eleven college adults viewed a videotaped mock-crime, received post-event misinformation (or correct information) about the crime, and were subsequently interviewed by a research assistant who built rapport (or did not build rapport) before recalling the mock-crime. Results indicated that rapport-building increased the quality of witness recall by decreasing the percentage of inaccurate and misinformation reported, particularly in response to open-ended questions. We discuss implications and recommendations for law enforcement. Copyright # 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of assimilation of country rocks by magmas on 18O/16O and 87Sr/86Sr systematics in igneous rocks

Abstract Examples of positive correlations between initial 87Sr/86Sr and δ18O have now been shown to be very common in igneous rock series. These data in general require some type of mixing of mantle-derived igneous rocks with high-18O, high-87Sr crustal metamorphic rocks that once resided on or near the Earth's surface, such as sedimentary rocks or hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks. Mixing that involves assimilation of country rocks by magmas, however, is not a simple two-end-member process; heat balance requires appreciable crystallization of cumulates. In such cases, the isotopic compositions may strongly reflect this open-system behavior and indicate the process of assimilation, whereas the major element chemical compositions of the contaminated magmas will be largely controlled by crystal-melt equilibria and crystallization paths fixed by multicomponent cotectics. A variety of oxygen and strontium isotope “mixing” curves were therefore calculated for this process of combined assimilation-fractional crystallization. The positions and characteristics of the resultant curves on δ18O-87Sr/86Sr diagrams markedly diverge from simple two end-member mixing relationships. Based on the above, model calculations can be crudely fitted to two igneous rock suites (Adamello and Roccamonfina in Italy), but the shapes of the calculated curves appear to rule out magmatic assimilation as an explanation for most δ18O-87Sr/86Sr correlations discovered so far, including all of those involving calc-alkaline granitic batholiths and andesitic volcanic rocks. The isotopic relationships in such magma types must be inherited from their source regions, presumably reflecting patterns that existed in the parent rocks (or magmas) prior to or during melting.
Afterpositivity in the lateral geniculate body during repetitive stimulation.

Abstract Afterpositivity elicited in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate body of unanesthetized cats by a single shock to the optic nerve has been described previously. The experiments to be described below were performed in order to study afterpositivity under a condition of repetitive stimulation which resembled to some degree the normal state. Repetitive stimulation was applied to the optic nerve and to the visual radiation fibers. Responses were recorded in the lateral geniculate body with a bipolar capillary electrode connected to the amplifier through calomel half-cells. Afterpositivity induced by the onset of both orthodromic and antidromic high-frequency stimulation was found to be augmented compared with the response to a single stimulus. It was also found that afterpositivity is elicited by sudden increases in stimulation frequency, and that, for a given final frequency, its amplitude decreases with increasing initial frequency. It is suggested that this phenomenon is the electrical sign of a process which plays a significant role in the determination of thresholds for perception of changes in light intensity.
Color Vision Deficiency in Preschool Children: The Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study

Purpose To determine the sex- and ethnicity-specific prevalence of color vision deficiency (CVD) in black, Asian, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white preschool children. Design Population-based, cross-sectional study. Participants The Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study is a population-based evaluation of the prevalence of vision disorders in children in Southern California. A total of 5960 subjects 30 to 72 months of age were recruited for the study, of whom 4177 were able to complete color vision testing (1265 black, 812 Asian, 1280 Hispanic, and 820 non-Hispanic white). Methods Color vision testing was performed using Color Vision Testing Made Easy color plates (Home Vision Care, Gulf Breeze, FL), and diagnostic confirmatory testing was performed using the Waggoner HRR Diagnostic Test color plates (Home Vision Care). Main Outcome Measures Testability of color vision in preschool children between 30 and 72 months of age and prevalence of CVD stratified by age, sex, and ethnicity. Results Testability was 17% in children younger than 37 months of age, increasing to 57% in children 37 to 48 months of age, 89% in children 49 to 60 months of age, and 98% in children 61 to 72 months of age. The prevalence of CVD among boys was 1.4% for black, 3.1% for Asian, 2.6% for Hispanic, and 5.6% for non-Hispanic white children; the prevalence in girls was 0.0% to 0.5% for all ethnicities. The ethnic difference in CVD was statistically significant between black and non-Hispanic white children ( P = 0.0003) and between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white children ( P = 0.02). In boys, most CVD cases were either deutan (51%) or protan (34%); 32% were classified as mild, 15% as moderate, and 41% as severe. Conclusions Testability for CVD in preschool children is high by 4 years of age. The prevalence of CVD in preschool boys varies by ethnicity, with the highest prevalence in non-Hispanic white and lowest in black children.
Tribological performance of MoS2 compacts containing sulfur, Sb2S3 or Sb2S4

Abstract The friction coefficient, wear volume and wear surfaces of solid lubricant compacts of MoS 2 formulated with Sb 2 S 4 , Sb 2 S 3 , different amounts of sulfur, and no additive, were assessed. Wear and friction were determined in dry air from room temperature to 589 K using a pin-on-disk apparatus. Comparatively, Sb 2 S 4 acts more beneficially than other low shear strength materials, which have been hypothesized to soften at asperity contact temperatures, allowing MoS 2 crystallites to attain and retain a preferred tribological orientation. Small amounts of sulfur, which may be a decomposition product of Sb 2 S 4 , improve the tribological performance of MoS 2 at 547 and 589 K and also appear to act beneficially in combination wth Sb 2 S 3 . The mechanism by which the additives improve the performance of MoS 2 is unknown; however, it is hypothesized that the superior performance of Sb 2 S 4 as an additive to MoS 2 may result from several contributory factors, including its low shear strength and, perhaps, its ability to provide sulfur, which also improves MoS 2 performance, as a decomposition product at higher test temperatures.
Defining past‐experience dimensions for wilderness recreation

Abstract The past experience of wildland recreation users has been investigated in hypotheses of both causal and associative relationships. In the past, experience has been measured by asking visitors multiple questions about their past wildland recreation participation. These multiple items have then often been combined into unidimensional scales for hypothesis testing, without consistency in standardization or weighting methods. In this article, we describe the use of data from Cohutta Wilderness visitors to demonstrate principal‐components and factor analysis techniques to define the experience construct for hypothesis testing. These approaches offer two ways to develop linear combinations of experience variables that maintain the multi‐dimensionality of the experience construct during hypothesis testing and avoid questionable weighting and other combination processes. Factor analysis also offers the opportunity for understanding the underlying dimensions and theory building, if these are study objectives.
A survey of recent research on race and residential location

This article reviews the post-1975 theoretical and empirical research on race and residential location in metropolitan areas of the United States. We interrelate the main themes of recent research, focusing on the causes and consequences of racial residential segregation. Racial prejudice and discrimination, black suburbanization, school segregation, labor market discrimination, and city/surburban environmental differentials are among the issues examined.
Margie - Minute of Arc resolution hard X-ray/gamma ray imaging telescope for an ultra long duration balloon mission

MARGIE (Minute of Arc Resolution Gamma ray Imaging Experiment) is proposed to be a sensitive, large field-of-view, high angular resolution, hard X-ray/gamma ray (20–511 keV) telescope capable of observing gamma ray bursts and point sources with <1′ resolution on a 100 day Ultra Long Duration Balloon (ULDB) mission. MARGIE will be designed to take full advantage of the weight, power, and telemetry capabilities appropriate for a ULDB mission. The current instrument design consists of five coded aperture γ-ray telescopes: a central telescope with 1892 cmb of detector area, 1.9′ angular resolution, and 8.3° half-angle field of view (FOV); and four side-looking telescopes, each with 1945 cmb detector area, 3.8′ resolution, and 26.1° FOV. The five γ-ray telescopes will be surrounded by 10e cmb of 1 cm thick NaI active anticoincidence shields designed both to provide shielding from background and to provide additional sensitive detector area for faint γ-ray bursts. The total instrument mass is 950 kg (science, not including NSBF electronics, ballast, etc.). The total instrument power requirement is 760 W.
Inheritance of patterns of mating behaviour in the male guinea pig

Abstract The manner of inheritance of the sexual behaviour pattern of the male guinea pig has been studied. A separate analysis was made of each component of the behavioural pattern; circling, sniffing and nibbling, nuzzling, mounting, intromission, and ejaculation. Animals from the inbred strains 2 and 13, as well as from the F 1 and F 2 hybrid generations and from backcrosses to both strains were used. As a young adult, each animal was scored in seven weekly 10-minute observations with an œstrous female. Measurements of body weight, testis weight, seminal vesicle length and weight, adrenal weight, and oxygen consumption were made for each animal at approximately 120 days of age. 1. 1. Genetic analysis disclosed a dominance of the lethargic strain 13-type behaviour pattern in rates of the lower measures of activity (circling, nuzzling, and mounting). Although the pattern of inheritance of the higher measures (intromission rate and number of ejaculations) was obscured by a heterotic increase in the F 1 generation, a dominance of the higher scoring strain 2-type of behaviour was suggested for both measures. The separation of the manner of inheritance of ejaculation frequency and rate of intromission, on the one hand, from the rate of performance of the lower components of the mating pattern on the other, points toward different underlying mechanisms. 2. 2. An intermediate type of inheritance is suggested for rate of oxygen consumption. The heavier strain 13 body type showed phenotypic dominance. Testis weight, seminal vesicle weight and length appeared to follow body weight in pattern of inheritance. Adrenal glands from the strain 2 animals were heavier than those from the strain 13 animals and had a considerably higher degree of vacuolization in the cells of the zona fasciculata. Genetical analysis suggests dominance of the heavy strain 2-type gland. 3. 3. There were several instances of significance differences between reciprocally crossed groups of the same genetic constitution. In the back-cross generations progeny of F 1 dams were heavier and scored higher in several of the lower elements of mating behaviour, while progeny of inbred dams had heavier adrenals and ejaculated more frequently. This latter fact does not support hypothesis that heavy adrenals are associated with high frequency of ejaculation, for heavy adrenals were also found in F 2 hybrids in which ejaculation frequency was relatively low. 4. 4. In both morphological and behavioural measures the coefficients of variation for the F 1 hybrids were less than those for animals in either pure strain.