cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SAW Phononic Reflector Structures

This paper will present theory, analysis and experimental work on SAW phononic reflector structures. The term SAW phononic structures is used since the structures are composed of a-periodic or pseudo-periodic structures that are designed to affect the propagation of surface acoustic waves in a manner similar to the periodic potential in a semiconductor which affects the electron's energy in allowed or forbidden bands based on the crystal material. The simplest SAW reflective structure commonly used is the synchronous reflector, which provides a very narrow frequency stop-band. By building varying one-dimensional structures in the SAW propagation direction, it is possible to control and design numerous pass-and stop-bands, which provides frequency dependent transmission or reflection, and span large fractional bandwidths, unlike the simple SAW Bragg reflector. These types of a-periodic and pseudo-periodic structures have not been previously shown in the literature and may provide the possibilities of new SAW device embodiments. This work will discuss the basic theory which we use in the design of the phononic reflective structures. The approach uses the concept of orthogonal frequencies that allows the building of the a-periodic or pseudo-periodic structures. It is possible to design and predict various a-periodic structure performance quite well using an intuitive model. A coupling of modes (COM) model is then used to simulate the complex structure, and predict the overall frequency dependent reflectance or transmittance of the structure. The time domain COM responses can also be predicted and compared to the intuitive approach to provide insight. As expected, allowed and unallowed frequency bands are present. By changing the structures, the band characteristics can be changed in a predictive manner over a wide bandwidth. Experimental devices at 250 MHz are built on YZ LiNbO3 to demonstrate the SAW phononic structures and to confirm model predictions. The paper will present several phononic structures, theoretical analysis and simulations, and compare the predicted and measured results.
Integrated siRNA design based on surveying of features associated with high RNAi effectiveness

Background Short interfering RNAs have allowed the development of clean and easily regulated methods for disruption of gene expression. However, while these methods continue to grow in popularity, designing effective siRNA experiments can be challenging. The various existing siRNA design guidelines suffer from two problems: they differ considerably from each other, and they produce high levels of false-positive predictions when tested on data of independent origins.
Improved outcome in severe meningococcal disease

We thank Tibby et al and Pearson for their interest in our paper.1 We agree with Pearson that evidence for a fall in overall mortality in meningococcal septic shock would require a geographical community based study. We described mortality in severe meningococcal disease in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). In our multispeciality PICU in the north west, we have observed a continued decrease in both actual …
The effects of feeding frequency on growth and reproduction in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Abstract In the present study, we examined the effects of feeding regime on growth and reproductive performance in wild-type zebrafish (Danio rerio) maintained on a recirculating aquaculture system. Starting at 30 days post-fertilization (dpf), we fed 8 replicate groups of age and strain matched fish a pelleted formulated diet (Gemma Micro 300, Skretting) either once every other day (EOD), one time (1 ×), three times (3 ×) or five times (5 ×) a day to achieve a total daily feed input of 5% of body weight per day compared against a “standard” control (C) of Artemia salina nauplii/metanauplii three times daily to apparent satiation. Fish in each treatment group were weighed and measured for fork length once every other week until 150 dpf. We evaluated the effects of these feeding regimes on reproductive performance (breeding success, fecundity, and embryo viability) by setting up randomly sampled fish from each replicate groups in small group crosses (2 males, 3 females) once every other week starting at 76 dpf until the experiment was terminated at 191 dpf. Growth performance was significantly affected by feeding regime, especially in female fish, where fish in the 1 ×, 3 ×, and 5 × groups were significantly (p
A 5-yr longitudinal study of type IIA collagen synthesis and total type II collagen degradation in patients with knee osteoarthritis—association with disease progression

Objectives. The 5-yr longitudinal study tested the hypothesis that serum and urinary markers of type II collagen metabolism would be associated with radiological progression of disease in patients with mild-to-moderate knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods. Synthesis of type IIA collagen and degradation of total type II collagen were assessed in 135 patients with mild-to-moderate knee OA over 5 yrs using serum concentration of the N-propeptide of collagen type IIA (PIIANP) and urinary excretion of crosslinked C-telopeptide (CTX-II), respectively. The markers were measured at baseline, 2, 3 and 5 yrs’ follow-up corresponding to X-ray time points. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine longitudinal changes over 5 yrs in the biomarkers in all patients and between progressors and non-progressors. Results. Complete X-ray progression data over 5 yrs, serum PIIANP and urinary CTX-II were available for 84/135 patients. There were 24 progressors and 60 non-progressors. Overall, over the 5-yr study period average PIIANP and CTX-II levels were higher in progressors compared with non-progressors (P < 0.05 for both, ANOVA). The patients with serum PIIANP in the highest quartile of 5-yr levels of PIIANP had a significantly higher risk of progression than the other patients [relative risk (95% CI): 3.2 (1.1–9.2)]. Increased levels of urinary CTX-II were also associated with a higher risk of progression with a relative risk (95% CI) of 3.4 (1.2–9.4) in patients with 5-yr levels above the median. The risk of progression was highest in patients with 5-yr levels of PIIANP in the highest quartile and/or CTX-II in the two highest quartiles with a relative risk (95% CI) of progression, 11.8 (2.5–54). Conclusions. The data presented here suggest that progression of knee OA is associated with alterations of systemic levels of biological markers of type II collagen metabolism. The data also suggest that the combined measurement of serum PIIANP and urinary CTX-II may be useful to identify patients with knee OA at increased risk of disease progression.
Hands-on curriculum teaches biomedical engineering concepts to home-schooled students

University level outreach has increased over the last decade to stimulate K-12 student interest in engineering related fields. Home schooling students are one of the groups that are valued for engineering admissions due to diligent study habits and high achievement scores. However, home schooled students have inadequate access to science, math, and engineering related resources, which precludes the development of interdisciplinary teaching methods. To address this problem, we have developed a hands-on, STEM based curriculum as a safe and comprehensive supplement to current home schooling curricula. The ultimate goal is to stimulate university-student relations and subsequently increase engineering recruitment opportunities. Our pre and post workshop survey comparisons demonstrate that integrating disciplines, via the manner presented in this study, provides a K-12 student-friendly engineering learning method.
Identification of specific targets for the gut mucosal defense factor intestinal alkaline phosphatase.

Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) is a small intestinal brush border enzyme that has been shown to function as a gut mucosal defense factor, but its precise mechanism of action remains unclear....
Lympho-Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Their Aging

The lympho-hematopoietic system is largely composed of cells with short lifespans (days) and thus requires continuous replenishment of the cells lost through hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in a process called hematopoiesis. Experimental evidence from several laboratories clearly demonstrates that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) harvested from young and aged animals show functional differences that are intrinsic to HSCs, implying that also stem cells in the hematopoietic system can not defy aging. We will thus discuss in this chapter the cellular phenotypes and the possible molecular mechanisms associated with aged HSCs with respect to the specific properties stem cells are endowed with, and will investigate whether stem cell aging is inevitable or whether some of its aspects can be reverted or at least ameliorated.
ORCHESTRATING LEARNING IN A GRADUATE ENGINEERING DESIGN COURSE

ME6101: Engineering Design is a graduate level course offered by The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The course is orchestrated to achieve three objectives, namely, to have students internalize the Pahl and Beitz design method, to help them “reinvent” the Pahl and Beitz design method to meet the challenges of the future, and most importantly, to learn how to continue learning about design. The course was given during the Fall 2000 semester to a class of nineteen students – most in their first semester of graduate school – in addition to six practicing engineers via a distance-learning program. In this paper, the techniques utilized to foster learning in ME6101 are described. Excerpts from students’ essays are presented as anecdotal evidence that the concerted use of these methods aids students both in the internalization of course content and the development of personal practices that will serve them well in and beyond their engineering careers.
Resonant Light-Induced Heating in Hybrid Cavity-Coupled 2D Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides

Hybrid structures based on integration of two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) with optical resonators have recently earned significant attention. The enhanced interaction of light with 2D materials in such hybrid structures can enable devices such as efficient light-emitting diodes and lasers. However, one of the factors affecting the performance of such devices is the effect of the optically induced heat on the optoelectronic properties of the 2D materials. In this study, we systematically investigate principal roots of heat generation in hybrid cavity-coupled few-atomic-layer-thick 2D TMDC films under optical pumping. The optical resonator exploited here is a Fabry–Perot (FP) resonator, which can enhance the light–MoS2 interaction by a significant factor of 60 at its resonance wavelength. We have combined an accurate theoretical modeling with experimental Raman spectroscopy to determine the roots of heat generation in MoS2 films integrated with FP resonators. Our investigations...
Oxidation of Atomic Gold Ions: Thermochemistry for the Activation of O2 and N2O by Au+ (1S0 and 3D)†

Reaction of Au+ (1S0 and 3D) with O2 and N2O is studied as a function of kinetic energy using guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry. A flow tube ion source produces Au+ primarily in its 1S0 (5d10) electronic ground state level but with some 3D and perhaps higher lying excited states. The distribution of states can be altered by adding N2O, which completely quenches the excited states, or CH4 to the flow gases. Cross sections as a function of kinetic energy are measured for both neutral reagents and both ground and excited states of Au+. Formation of AuO+ is common to both systems with the N2O system also exhibiting AuN2+ and AuNO+ formation. All reactions of Au+ (1S0) are observed to be endothermic, whereas the excitation energy available to the 3D state allows some reactions to be exothermic. Because of the closed shell character of ground state Au+ (1S0, 5d10), the reactivity of these systems is low and has cross sections with onsets and peaks at higher energies than expected from the known thermoche...
A prospective cohort study of 200 acute care gallbladder surgeries: The same disease but a different approach

BACKGROUND For patients who present to the emergency department (ED) with symptomatic cholelithiasis, surgery is indicated only if they are diagnosed of acute cholecystitis (AC). We hypothesized that, because preoperative signs and diagnostic tests are not sensitive enough to diagnose AC, coupled with the potential health care burden of non-AC gallbladder, surgery may be offered sooner. METHODS We prospectively evaluated 200 patients who presented to ED with clinical suspicion of gallbladder disease, including a right upper quadrant/epigastric abdominal pain and cholelithiasis, and who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. We correlated the preoperative clinical findings, including ultrasonography results, with the surgeon's intraoperative assessment (OR-GB) and with the pathology report (PA-GB). A multiple logistic regression model was performed. RESULTS Of the gallbladders, 116 were declared AC by OR-GB but only 54 by PA-GB, (r = 0.31, p < 0.001). The median time to surgery was 17 hours; 75% of the patients underwent surgery within 24 hours. The sensitivity of ultrasonography for AC according to PA-GB was 38%, and 16% when combined all preoperative findings. Both figures dropped to 27% and 11% when correlated to OR-GB. Our regression identified persistent abdominal pain, positive ultrasonography result, and a body mass index of greater than 40 to be significant predictors of AC according to PA-GB; however, only the persistent abdominal pain remained significant according to OR-GB. CONCLUSION The study confirmed the lack of sensitivity of signs and diagnostic tools to diagnose AC. Because of the acute care surgery model, we believe that the approach to the patients who present to the ED with suspected gallbladder disease is to offer them surgery as soon as feasible, with or without AC. This approach will avoid an unnecessary delay as well as quickly relieve patient's pain and suffering; the health care system will benefit from a cost-effective reduction in number of outpatient referrals and repeated ED visits. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Diagnostic study, level II.
Scaling observations of surface waves in the Beaufort Sea

The rapidly changing Arctic sea ice cover affects surface wave growth across all scales. Here, in situ measurements of waves, observed from freely-drifting buoys during the 2014 open water season, are interpreted using open water distances determined from satellite ice products and wind forcing time series measured in situ with the buoys. A significant portion of the wave observations were found to be limited by open water distance (fetch) when the wind duration was sufficient for the conditions to be considered stationary. The scaling of wave energy and frequency with open water distance demonstrated the indirect effects of ice cover on regional wave evolution. Waves in partial ice cover could be similarly categorized as distance-limited by applying the same open water scaling to determine an ‘effective fetch’. The process of local wave generation in ice appeared to be a strong function of the ice concentration, wherein the ice cover severely reduces the effective fetch. The wave field in the Beaufort Sea is thus a function of the sea ice both locally, where wave growth primarily occurs in the open water between floes, and regionally, where the ice edge may provide a more classic fetch limitation. Observations of waves in recent years may be indicative of an emerging trend in the Arctic Ocean, where we will observe increasing wave energy with decreasing sea ice extent.
Is plasticity within the retrotrapezoid nucleus responsible for the recovery of the PCO2 set-point after carotid body denervation in rats?

Key points Arterial PCO2 is kept constant via breathing adjustments elicited, at least partly, by central chemoreceptors (CCRs) and the carotid bodies (CBs). The CBs may be active in a normal oxygen environment because their removal reduces breathing. Thereafter, breathing slowly returns to normal. In the present study, we investigated whether an increase in the activity of CCRs accounts for this return. One week after CB excision, the hypoxic ventilatory reflex was greatly reduced as expected, whereas ventilation and blood gases at rest under normoxia were normal. Optogenetic inhibition of Phox2b-expressing neurons including the retrotrapezoid nucleus, a cluster of CCRs, reduced breathing proportionally to arterial pH. The hypopnoea was greater after CB excision but only in a normal or hypoxic environment. The difference could be simply explained by the loss of fast feedback from the CBs. We conclude that, in rats, CB denervation may not produce CCR plasticity. We also question whether the transient hypoventilation elicited by CB denervation means that these afferents are active under normoxia. Abstract Carotid body denervation (CBD) causes hypoventilation and increases the arterial PCO2 set-point; these effects eventually subside. The hypoventilation is attributed to reduced CB afferent activity and the PCO2 set-point recovery to CNS plasticity. In the present study, we investigated whether the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), a group of non-catecholaminergic Phox2b-expressing central respiratory chemoreceptors (CCRs), is the site of such plasticity. We evaluated the contribution of the RTN to breathing frequency (FR), tidal volume (VT) and minute volume (VE) by inhibiting this nucleus optogenetically for 10 s (archaerhodopsinT3.0) in unanaesthetized rats breathing various levels of O2 and/or CO2. The measurements were made in seven rats before and 6–7 days after CBD and were repeated in seven sham-operated rats. Seven days post-CBD, blood gases and ventilation in 21% O2 were normal, whereas the hypoxic ventilatory reflex was still depressed (95.3%) and hypoxia no longer evoked sighs. Sham surgery had no effect. In normoxia or hypoxia, RTN inhibition produced a more sustained hypopnoea post-CBD than before; in hyperoxia, the responses were identical. Post-CBD, RTN inhibition reduced FR and VE in proportion to arterial pH or PCO2 (ΔVE: 3.3 ± 1.5% resting VE/0.01 pHa). In these rats, 20.7 ± 8.9% of RTN neurons expressed archaerhodopsinT3.0. Hypercapnia (3–6% FiCO2) increased FR and VT in CBD rats (n = 4). In conclusion, RTN regulates FR and VE in a pH-dependent manner after CBD, consistent with its postulated CCR function. RTN inhibition produces a more sustained hypopnoea after CBD than before, although this change may simply result from the loss of the fast feedback action of the CBs.
Modeling and Simulation on Performance of Digital Automatic Voltage Regulator

A combined physical-mathematical simulation platform based on real time digital simulation(RTDS) and digital automatic voltage regulator(AVR) is constructed,and in allusion to defects possibly existing in the functions of auxiliary control and limiting link in AVRs a testing scheme including such items as low-frequency oscillation,over-excitation,under-excitation operation,over current of generator stator and so on is designed.Using the designed testing scheme the modeling and simulation of a certain AVR device are performed by RTDS,and dynamic responses of simulation model and actual device to various disturbances are compared to verify the correctness of testing method,simulation and modeling.Based on the testing results it is pointed out that the characteristic of forced excitation limiting of the simulated AVR is inconsistent with the requirement specified in China National Standard and this phenomena is analyzed.Testing results show that the parameters and models offered by AVR manufacturers should not be simply accepted,especially in auxiliary limiting links the design idea and parameter benchmarks of different manufacturers are not same,even someone does not confirm to National Standard,thus it is necessary for them to carry out rigid tests and detections.
Coordinated Defense System of the Whole Process of Power System Security and Stability

The whole process coordinated defense system of power system security and stability is put forward,and the overall framework and system functions of the proposed system are also designed.Take the four-grade warning and preventive control system of Henan power grid security and stability for example,the functions and applications of coordinated defense system are expounded during the whole process,including power grid repair plan arrangement,operation mode checking,scheduling operation and scheduling real-time monitoring.Finally,solutions of the key technologies during development and application are proposed.
Efficiency Theory for Dust Collectors in Series and its Application in Engineering Design

In order to solve the problem that the overall efficiency formula for dust collectors in series is not applicable in industrial design,a calculation expression is established by using fractional efficiencies in particulate pollutant control system.For a system with two collectors in series,based on the exponential distribution of fractional efficiency,a method is presented to calculate the fractional efficiency of one collector when that of another one is given. Furthermore,an example is given to demonstrate how to use this method to design the dust control system in series.
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Evidence for a Defect in T-Cell Function

Ongoing studies are demonstrating that patients with rheumatoid arthritis exhibit an impaired suppressor T-cell response to Epstein-Barr and perhaps other virus infections. The observation that their blood lymphocytes produce an inadequate amount of interferon when challenged with EBV suggests that interferon replacement might be a rational therapy.
Supplemental protein sources for steers fed corn-based diets: II. Growth and estimated metabolizable amino acid supply.

Seventy Simmental-cross steers (average initial weight 301±24 kg) were individually fed in a 175-d completely randomized design experiment to evaluate the effects of source and level of protein in the diet on gain and feed efficiency. Steers were allotted to 1 of 10 treatments (seven steers per treatment) in a 3×3 factorial arrangement of treatments plus a urea-supplemented control diet. Main factors were source of supplemental protein (soybean meal [SBM], a high ruminal escape soybean meal [SP; SoyPLUS®], or a combination of corn gluten meal and blood meal [CB; 50:50 on a nitrogen basis]) and level of each protein source (20, 30, or 40% of total dietary CP). Based on 18-h in situ ruminal incubation, escape N content of the protein sources was 66.0, 82.5, and 90.8% of total N and metabolizable amino acid (MAA) content was 29.1, 33.4, and 67.8 g/100 g of DM for SBM, SP, and CB respectively. The steers were fed 12.5% CP diets based on cracked corn (70%) on d 0 through 70 and were switched to a common 11.5% CP urea-supplemented cracked corn diet (80%) on d 71. The steers were housed in individual confinement stalls and had ad libitum access to feed. Replacing urea with SBM or SP increased (P .05) 28- or 70-d ADG or DMI but did increase (P .05) on 175-d DMI or efficiency; however, feeding SBM increased (P .05) by treatment. Replacing urea with SBM or CB in the first 70 d decreased (P .05) on fat thickness or yield grade. These results suggest that feeding true protein can improve the initial growth rate of steers fed concentrate diets and that this response may be enhanced by feeding ruminally degradable rather than undegradable protein sources
Meeting Recommended Levels of Physical Activity and Health-Related Quality of Life in Rural Adults.

BACKGROUND Little is known about physical activity (PA) and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among rural adults. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between meeting recommended levels of PA and HRQOL in a rural adult population. METHODS This study analyzed data from 6,103 rural adults 18 years of age and older participating in a 2013 survey. Respondents reporting at least 150 minutes a week of moderate-intensity (or moderate-vigorous combination) PA during the past month were categorized as meeting PA guidelines. Five health variables were used to assess HRQOL. A continuous HRQOL ability score was also created using item response theory (IRT). RESULTS Rural adults who met recommended levels of PA were significantly more likely to report good HRQOL in adjusted models of physical health (OR: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.54-2.56), mental health (OR: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.46-2.64), inactivity health (OR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.54-2.97), general health (OR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.35-2.13), and healthy days (OR: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.58-2.47), compared to those who did not meet recommended levels. Furthermore, rural adults meeting recommended levels of PA also had a significantly greater HRQOL ability score (51.7 ± 0.23, Mean ± SE), compared to those not meeting recommended levels (48.4 ± 0.33, p < .001). CONCLUSION This study found that meeting recommended levels of PA increases the likelihood of reporting good HRQOL in rural adults. These results should be used to promote the current PA guidelines for improved HRQOL in rural populations.
One Hundred Twenty Years of Echinacea angustifolia Market Harvest in the Smoky Hills of Kansas

We document the remarkable 120-year history of Echinacea root harvest in the limestone rock region of north-central Kansas, where harvest on private rangelands has occurred cyclically during this period of time. The Echinacea diggers have shared details of harvest and market information, and other aspects of the digger culture. They also were the ones that lead us to realize that substantial amounts of harvested plants were resprouting from the deeper portion of the root left in the ground after harvest.
Good job, bad job: The employment experiences of women in recovery from substance abuse.

Background Women in metropolitan areas have lower employment participation and employment rates than men. Although women face multiple challenges in the labor market, those who have a history of substance use and are abstinent may have a greater disadvantage in obtaining viable employment opportunities due to factors associated with substance use. No research to date has examined employment experiences among women in recovery from substance use. Objective This study examined employment characteristics and experiences of women who had a history of substance use and lived in sober-living environments in urban areas. Method Data were collected through telephone interviews to sober living homes that were located in 20 urban areas. Results Themes identified through thematic analysis included employment challenges, the importance of work to substance abuse recovery, job satisfaction, employment aspirations, and employment support in the sober living home. Conclusion Employment is important to women in substance abuse recovery, not only as a means for financial support, but also as a life priority. The results highlight how employer scheduling practices, low-level positions, and lack of employment supports impact recovery. Findings provide insight into the need for employment support services, including employer education and flexible policies for women in recovery.
The “Biodiversity–Ecosystem function debate”: An interdisciplinary dialogue between Ecology, Agricultural Science, and Agroecology

The “biodiversity–ecosystem function debate” is considered one of the most heated recent scientific issues within the discipline of Ecology. However, it can be better understood as an interdiscipli...
Teacher Education and the Educational Foundations Knowledge Base

There is no doubt that teaching is possible without the benefit of teacher education programs and the study of the educational foundations disciplines (psychology, philosophy, history, and sociology). While the theoretical propositions in the foundations courses have some problematic relationships with classroom teaching practices, there is also no doubt that teachers who are unfamiliar with these propositions make serious mistakes in pedagogy and educational policy. The outline of a good collective theory from the foundations disciplines is set out as a goal for improving the way teachers think about their practice.
Persistierender Ductus arteriosus

Gross hat einmal gesagt, das seine erste Unterbindung eines persistierenden Ductus arteriosus im Jahre 1938 „die chirurgische Attacke auf angeborene kardiovaskulare Anomalien eingeleitet hat“[9]. Die Unterbindung oder Durchtrennung des Ductus arteriosus ist inzwischen zu einer einfachen Operation mit sehr niedriger Morbiditat und Letalitat geworden. Die Komplikation einer intraoperativen Blutung infolge eines eingerissenen oder unzulanglich vernahten Ductus ist jedoch so schwerwiegend, das der Eingriff immer mit groser Umsicht, guter Vorbereitung und exakter Operationstechnik durchgefuhrt werden sollte.
Productivity Versus Relative Efficiency in Marketing: Past and Future?

A variety of measures have been proposed to assess marketing performance Drucker [1974, p. 75] notes these measures must relate either to effectiveness, doing the right thing, or efficiency, doing things right. Together efficiency and effectiveness make up a broad conceptualization of productivity—perhaps too broad. The terms productivity, efficiency,and effectiveness are often confounded. This ambiguity is prevalent in the marketing literature; these terms are often used loosely without being precisely defined. A narrow view would equate productivity with efficiency, an output-to-input relation. Sevin [1965, p 9], for example, makes an analogy with the physical sciences and defines marketing productivity or efficiency as the ratio of sales or net profits (effect produced) to marketing costs (energy expended).
A Fragment of English

The aim of this chapter is to provide a complete, if sparsely worded, introduction to the basic notions of syntax and quantification that we shall need for the developments to be undertaken in the subsequent chapters. With the possible exception of the semantic treatment of pronouns in sections 2.5 and 3 almost none of the ideas underlying the presentation are original. However, the formalization and the emphasis are quite unusual and are oriented towards the needs of the later chapters.
Ignition, flame structure and near-wall burning in transverse hydrogen jets in supersonic crossflow

We have investigated the properties of transverse sonic hydrogen jets in high-temperature supersonic crossflow at jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratios between 0.3 and 5.0. The crossflow was held fixed at a Mach number of 2.4, 1400 K and 40 kPa. Schlieren and chemiluminescence imaging were used to investigate the global flame structure, penetration and ignition points; planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging over several planes was used to investigate the instantaneous reaction zone. It is found that indirectly controls many of the combustion processes. Two regimes for low ( ) and high ( ) are identified. At low , the flame is lifted and stabilizes in the wake close to the wall possibly by autoignition after some partial premixing occurs; most of the heat release occurs at the wall in regions where occurs over broad regions. At high , the flame is anchored at the upstream recirculation region and remains attached to the wall within the boundary layer where remains distributed over broad regions; a strong reacting shear layer exists where the flame is organized in thin layers. Stabilization occurs in the upstream recirculation region that forms as a consequence of the strong interaction between the bow shock, the jet and the boundary layer. In general, this interaction – which indirectly depends on because it controls the jet penetration – dominates the fluid dynamic processes and thus stabilization. As a result, the flow field may be characterized by a flame structure characteristic of multiple interacting combustion regimes, from (non-premixed) flamelets to (partially premixed) distributed reaction zones, thus requiring a description based on a multi-regime combustion formulation.
Tunable conducting oxide epsilon-near-zero meta-devices (Conference Presentation)

Controlling the flow of light is fundamental to optical applications. With the recent advances in nanofabrication capabilities and new theoretical concepts, ground breaking platforms for the nanoscale manipulation of light have been demonstrated in recent years. These include metasurface and epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) materials and structures, which offer unique optical features such as sub-wavelength field confinement, unusual optical nonlinear/quantum properties and advanced wavefront shaping. This talk will review our recent development on an electrically tunable conducting oxide metasurface that can tune the optical phase and amplitude and a broadband, tunable, and ultrathin conducting oxide epsilon-near-zero for meta-devices. I will present our recent development on the use of gate-tunable materials, transparent conducting oxides, to demonstrate an electrically tunable metasurfaces that can tune the optical phase and amplitude for ultrathin beam steering devices [1]. In addition, a broadband, field-effect tunable, and ultrathin ENZ perfect absorber enabled by the excitation of ENZ modes will be discussed [2,3]. 1. Y. W. Huang, H. W. Lee, R. Sokhoyan, R. Pala, K. Thyagarajan, S. Han, D. P. Tsai, and H. A. Atwater, “Gate-tunable conducting oxide metasurfaces,” Nano Lett. 16, 5319-5325 (2016). 2. A. Anopchenko, L. Tao, C. Arndt, H. W. Lee, “Gate tunable and broadband Epsilon-near-zero perfect absorbers with deep subwavelength thickness,” ACS Photonics (accepted, 2018). 3. A. Anopchenko, S. Gurung, L. Tao, C. Arndt, H. W. Lee, “Atomic Layer Deposition of Ultra-thin and smooth Al-doped ZnO for Zero-Index Photonics”, Materials Research Express, 5, 014012 (2018).
Antigenic Site-Specific Competitive Antibody Responses to the Fusion Protein of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Were Associated With Viral Clearance in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Adults.

Background: Recent studies of human sera showed that the majority of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) neutralizing antibodies are directed against pre-fusion conformation of the fusion (F) protein of RSV and revealed the importance of pre-fusion antigenic site O specific antibodies. However, detailed analysis of multiple antigenic site-specific competitive antibody responses to RSV F protein and their contribution to virus clearance in humans are lacking. Methods: We prospectively enrolled a cohort of RSV infected hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) adults (n = 40). Serum samples were collected at enrollment (acute, n = 40) and 14 to 60 days post-enrollment (convalescent, n = 40). Antigenic site-specific F protein antibodies were measured against pre-fusion site O, post-fusion site I, and sites II and IV present in both the pre-fusion and post-fusion F protein conformations utilizing four different competitive antibody assays developed with biotinylated monoclonal antibodies (mAb) D25, 131-2A, palivizumab, and 101F, respectively. The lower limit of detection were 7.8 and 1.0 μg/mL for the competitive antibody assays that measured site O specific response, as well as sites I, II, and IV specific responses, respectively. Neutralizing antibody titers to RSV A and B subgroups was determined by microneutralization assays. Results: The overall findings in RSV infected HCT adults revealed: (1) a significant increase in antigenic site-specific competitive antibodies in convalescent sera except for site O competitive antibody (p 0.05); (3) significantly increased concentrations of the antigenic site-specific competitive antibodies in HCT adults who had genomic RSV detected in the upper respiratory tract for <14 days compared to those for ≥14 days (p < 0.01); and (4) statistically significant correlation between the antigenic site-specific competitive antibody concentrations and neutralizing antibody titers against RSV/A and RSV/B (r ranged from 0.33 to 0.83 for acute sera, and 0.50-0.88 for convalescent sera; p < 0.05). Conclusions: In RSV infected HCT adults, antigenic site-specific antibody responses were induced against multiple antigenic sites found in both the pre-fusion and post-fusion F conformations, and were associated with a more rapid viral clearance and neutralizing antibody activity. However, the association is not necessarily the cause and the consequence.
Active Region Emergence and Remote Flares

We study the effect of new emerging solar active regions on the large-scale magnetic environment of existing regions. We first present a theoretical approach to quantify the “interaction energy” between new and pre-existing regions as the difference between i) the summed magnetic energies of their individual potential fields and ii) the energy of their superposed potential fields. We expect that this interaction energy can, depending upon the relative arrangements of newly emerged and pre-existing magnetic flux, indicate the existence of “topological” free magnetic energy in the global coronal field that is independent of any “internal” free magnetic energy due to coronal electric currents flowing within the newly emerged and pre-existing flux systems. We then examine the interaction energy in two well-studied cases of flux emergence, but find that the predicted energetic perturbation is relatively small compared to energies released in large solar flares. Next, we present an observational study of the influence of the emergence of new active regions on flare statistics in pre-existing active regions, using NOAA’s Solar Region Summary and GOES flare databases. As part of an effort to precisely determine the emergence time of active regions in a large event sample, we find that emergence in about half of these regions exhibits a two-stage behavior, with an initial gradual phase followed by a more rapid phase. Regarding flaring, we find that the emergence of new regions is associated with a significant increase in the occurrence rate of X- and M-class flares in pre-existing regions. This effect tends to be more significant when pre-existing and new emerging active regions are closer. Given the relative weakness of the interaction energy, this effect suggests that perturbations in the large-scale magnetic field, such as topology changes invoked in the “breakout” model of coronal mass ejections, might play a significant role in the occurrence of some flares.
Value of ductus arteriosus in the diagnosis of fetal congenital heart disease by echocardiography

Objective To explore the value of ductus arteriosus in ultrasound diagnosis of fetal congenital heart disease by echocardiography. Methods The fetal echocardiography was performed with three segments diagnosis method. According to the fetal position, the ductus arteriosus was examined in different sections which include the "V" shape sign section formed by ductus arteriosus and right pulmonary artery,the "V" shape sign section formed by ductus arteriosus and the gorge of aortic arch,the three fingers sign section formed by ductus arteriosus,left and right pulmonary artery,the "Z" shape sign section formed by left pulmonary artery, ductus arteriosus and the gorge of aortic arch. The flow velocity and the inner diameter of the ductus arteriosus were measured. Results Thirty-one cases with congenital heart disease were evaluted. Thirteen cases were approved by autopsy. Among those fetus, 4 cases went with ductus arteriosus stenosis and they all accompanied with right heart obstructing disease,3 cases went with dilated ductus arteriosus and they all accompanied with left heart obstructing disease. Retrograde were explored in 2 fetus. The flow velocity of 5 fetus ductus arteriosus were higher than the normal fetus and 4 cases of them with right heart obstruction, 1 cases with left heart obstruction. Five fetal ductus arteriosus were normal. One fetal ductus arteriosus was absent. Conclusions Assessant of ductus arteriosus by echocardiography is an important content in screening fetal congenital heart disease. It can help us to diagnose quickly. Key words: Ultrasonography,prenatal; Heart defects,congenital; Ductus arteriosus
Listening to speech and non-speech sounds activates phonological and semantic knowledge differently

How does the mind process linguistic and non-linguistic sounds? The current study assessed the different ways that spoken words (e.g., "dog") and characteristic sounds (e.g., ) provide access to phonological information (e.g., word-form of "dog") and semantic information (e.g., knowledge that a dog is associated with a leash). Using an eye-tracking paradigm, we found that listening to words prompted rapid phonological activation, which was then followed by semantic access. The opposite pattern emerged for sounds, with early semantic access followed by later retrieval of phonological information. Despite differences in the time courses of conceptual access, both words and sounds elicited robust activation of phonological and semantic knowledge. These findings inform models of auditory processing by revealing the pathways between speech and non-speech input and their corresponding word forms and concepts, which influence the speed, magnitude, and duration of linguistic and nonlinguistic activation.
The Use of Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors to Treat Allergic Disorders

Studies show that inhibitors of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTKis), currently FDA-approved for the treatment of B cell malignancies, can prevent IgE-mediated reactions through broad inhibition of the FceRI signaling pathway in human mast cells and basophils. This review will summarize recent data supporting the use of these drugs as novel therapies in various allergic disorders. Recent studies have shown that BTKis can prevent IgE-mediated degranulation and cytokine production in primary human mast cells and basophils. Two oral doses of the second-generation BTKi acalabrutinib can completely prevent moderate passive systemic anaphylaxis in humanized mice and even protect against death during severe anaphylaxis. Furthermore, two doses of ibrutinib can reduce or eliminate skin prick test responses to foods and aeroallergens in allergic subjects. BTKis in development also show efficacy in clinical trials for chronic urticaria. Unlike other therapies targeting IgE, such as omalizumab, BTKis appear to have rapid onset and transient effects, making them ideal candidates for intermittent use to prevent acute reactions such as IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. These studies suggest that BTKis may be capable of preventing IgE-mediated anaphylaxis, paving the way for future trials in food allergy and urticaria.
Crypto Literacy in Peer-to-Peer Lending

The 2008 and 2020 crises reinvigorated discussions on the democratization of finance. Peer-to-peer (P2P) lending is a valuable option worldwide, but credit risk is high. To encourage investors, P2P platforms use blockchain and the option of crypto as collateral. This study examines lender views on crypto and options to effectively support financial literacy and inclusion. It considers 663 pro-social lending decisions by finance students on a mock P2P site where testimonials conditioned participants towards pro-social decision making. After making three lending decisions, participants were asked about changes in the case of different collaterals. Overall, pro-social P2P lenders find crypto riskier than traditional collateral. More specifically, loan applications can be funded more quickly with a pledge of 20% in traditional collateral but not in crypto assets or crypto currency. Furthermore, loan popularity among other lenders also persuades investors, and lender projections of financial literacy influence decision confidence, unlike traditional collateral. Thus, crypto collateral options in P2P platforms do not seem to support financial inclusion. However, upcoming more stable digital currencies backed by central banks are arguably more likely to be considered reliable collateral. This would effectively democratize P2P lending provided there is behavioral financial literacy as well.
Gendered aspects of distress migration

A qualitative study conducted among Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh provides empirical confirmation of two types of adverse consequence that frequently occur following distress migration: harsh and exclusionary host state policies, and exacerbation of power inequities (and related abuse) within the refugee community. This article describes research that explored the circumstances of female Rohingya refugees living in the Cox’s Bazar refugee camps in Bangladesh after fleeing genocidal violence in Myanmar. The refugees describe harsh gendered aspects of their forced displacement, including limited access to needed protection and services as well as intra-community hardships exacerbated by the impact of displacement and segregation. Both sets of outcomes constitute preventable human rights violations that require redress.
HIV: master of the host cell

The human immunodeficiency virus has evolved various mechanisms to exploit its host cells, including the interruption and augmentation of signal transduction pathways. Recently, two DNA microarray studies have illustrated a remarkably broad-based perturbation in host transcriptional responses, which is in part mediated by the HIV-encoded Nef protein. HIV therefore seems to function as a 'master regulator' of cellular gene expression.
WARRIORS, MACHISMO, AND JOCKSTRAPS: SEXUALLY EXPLOITATIVE ATHLETIC HAZING AND TITLE IX IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOL LOCKER ROOM

Sexually exploitative athletic hazing on boys’ athletic teams is an increasingly frequent feature in the news. The physical and psychological abuse of younger team members by those who are more senior is not just humiliating but dangerous. Indeed, some athletes are charged with crimes that are committed during hazing activities. More to the point, the features of sexually exploitative hazing have all the earmarks of sexual harassment when team leaders use sexual assaults to keep younger members in their place by feminizing them or otherwise challenging their ability to conform to a hegemonic masculine sports stereotype. Athletic hazing’s part in maintaining that hegemonic masculinity is often an outgrowth of a “tradition” and is therefore “rationally” perceived as a rite of passage to this admired masculinity. However, athletic hazing is not rational. It is not an initiation rite because junior members are already members of the team. Instead, athletic hazing is explicitly about team self-governance, and sexually exploitative hazing is a potent tool to create a team hierarchy through fear and intimidation. Given the indicia of sexual harassment in such hazing, Title IX litigation has proved an important remedy for individual boys who are brave enough to challenge the sports culture when they can no longer endure the physical and emotional abuse. But litigation is reactive, not pro-active, and Title IX’s better use may be in shaping systemic remedies in the locker room through either injunctive relief or investigation by the Office of Civil Rights. Schools have to take * Professor of Law, Valparaiso University School of Law; B.A. DePauw University; M.Ed. Valparaiso University; J.D. Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law. Many thanks to my long-suffering research assistants who assisted me through the years on this project: Colleen Clemons, Emily Calwell France, Adam Miller, William Horvath, and Shay Hughes.