cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic Architecture of Resistance to Stripe Rust in a Global Winter Wheat Germplasm Collection

Virulence shifts in populations of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), the causal pathogen of wheat stripe rust, are a major challenge to resistance breeding. The majority of known resistance genes are already ineffective against current races of Pst, necessitating the identification and introgression of new sources of resistance. Germplasm core collections that reflect the range of genetic and phenotypic diversity of crop species are ideal platforms for examining the genetic architecture of complex traits such as resistance to stripe rust. We report the results of genetic characterization and genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) for resistance to stripe rust in a core subset of 1175 accessions in the National Small Grains Collection (NSGC) winter wheat germplasm collection, based on genotyping with the wheat 9K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) iSelect assay and phenotyping of seedling and adult plants under natural disease epidemics in four environments. High correlations among the field data translated into high heritability values within and across locations. Population structure was evident when accessions were grouped by stripe rust reaction. GWAS identified 127 resistance loci that were effective across at least two environments, including 20 with significant genome-wide adjusted P-values. Based on relative map positions of previously reported genes and QTL, five of the QTL with significant genome-wide adjusted P-values in this study represent potentially new loci. This study provides an overview of the diversity of Pst resistance in the NSGC winter wheat germplasm core collection, which can be exploited for diversification of stripe rust resistance in breeding programs.
Relapsed and Refractory Primary Mediastinal Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Outcome with ICE-Based Treatment.

Abstract Introduction: Primary mediastinal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (PMLBL) is a distinct subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with specific clinical, molecular and genetic features. The clinical presentation is similar to that of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL); this similarity extends to the molecular level based on gene expression profiling revealing PMLBL is more similar to HL than to DLBCL subtypes. At MSKCC, initial therapy for PMLBL pts treated on protocol has employed dose-dense chemotherapy without radiation (RT) with excellent results [Hamlin, et. Al, BJH, 130(5), 2005]. In patients (pts) with relapsed (rel) and primary refractory (ref) disease, outcome with HDT/ASCT is largely undefined. We report MSKCC's experience with rel and ref PMLBL pts enrolled on sequential protocols with uniform second-line therapy (SLT) followed by HDT/ASCT, analyzed by intent-to-treat from initiation of SLT. Methods: Forty-two PMLBL pts were retrospectively identified across intent-to-transplant second-line chemotherapy protocols active at MSKCC from 1989 to 2004. Clinical characteristics at the time of rel or ref disease, including KPS, LDH, stage, and extranodal sites were recorded. Second-line age-adjusted IPI (aaIPI) and IPI values were calculated at rel/ref diagnosis. Event-free and overall survivals were assessed. Results: Patient demographics (n=42) revealed: rel disease 52.4% (n=22), ref 48% (n=20), 95% were ULN: 60%, KPS Conclusions: This represents the largest intent-to-treat assessment of rel and ref PMLBL reporting SLT with HDT/ASCT. It reveals HDT/ASCT for chemosensitive pts with rel or ref PMLBL results in excellent EFS and OS, more similar to rel/ref HL than DLBCL; a rituximab effect on EFS was not evident in this series. The integration of RT as part of SLT prior to HDT/ASCT might have contributed to these favorable results. In the second-line setting, the aaIPI may divide PMLBL into good (0), intermediate (1–2) and poor (3) risk groups.
Expert assessments of the state of U.S. advanced fission innovation

Abstract Deep decarbonization in the U.S. will require a shift to an electrified society dominated by low-carbon generation. Many studies assume a role for nuclear power in the new energy economy, and the nuclear industry anticipates an eventual transition from light water reactors to advanced, non-light water designs. The development of these advanced reactors is emblematic of the type of dramatic change that is needed to transition from fossil fuels and deeply decarbonize the energy system. The Office of Nuclear Energy (NE) in the U.S. is entrusted with the allocation of public sector expenditures for this transition, but there is little to show for its efforts; no advanced design is remotely ready for deployment. Here, we report results from structured interviews we conducted with 30 nuclear energy veterans to elicit their impressions of the state of U.S. fission innovation. Most experts assessed NE as having been largely unsuccessful in enabling the development of advanced designs. The interview results highlight the importance of leadership and programmatic discipline, and how their absence leads to poor performance in driving change. Responses point to the likely demise of nuclear power and nuclear science in the U.S. without significant improvements in leadership, focus and political support.
Λ production in 7.3 GeV/c K+p interactions

Abstract Reactions involving Λ and Σ 0 production are studied in 7.3 GeV/c K+p interactions. Cross sections and angular distributions are given.
Comparable Outcomes after HLA-Matched Sibling and Alternative Donor Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Children with Fanconi Anemia and Severe Aplastic Anemia

Abstract Fanconi anemia (FA)-associated severe aplastic anemia (SAA) requires allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for cure. With the evolution of conditioning regimens over time, outcomes of alternative donor HCT (AD-HCT) have improved dramatically. We compared outcomes of HLA-matched sibling donor HCT (MSD-HCT; n = 17) and AD-HCT (n = 57) performed for FA-associated SAA at a single institution between 2001 and 2016. Overall survival at 5 years was 94% for MSD-HCT versus 86% for AD-HCT, neutrophil engraftment was 100% versus 95%, platelet recovery was 100% versus 89%, grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was 6% versus 12%, grade III-IV acute GVHD was 6% versus 4%, and chronic GVHD was 0 versus 7%, with no statistically significant differences by type of transplant. The use of UCB was associated with decreased rates of neutrophil recovery in AD-HCT and platelet recovery in both MSD-HCT and AD-HCT. A trend toward a higher serious infection density before day +100 post-HCT was observed in AD-HCT compared with MSD-HCT (P = .02). These data demonstrate that AD-HCT should be considered at the same time as MSD-HCT for patients with FA-associated SAA.
Cardiorenal Safety of OTC Analgesics

Over-the-counter analgesics are used globally for the relief of acute pain. Although effective, these agents can be associated with adverse effects that may limit their use in some people. In the early 2000s, observations from clinical trials of prescription-strength and supratherapeutic doses of nonselective and cyclooxygenase-2-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) raised safety concerns regarding the risk of cardiovascular adverse effects with the use of these medications. Subsequently, the US Food and Drug Administration mandated additional study of the cardiovascular safety of NSAIDs for a more comprehensive understanding of their risk. As these data were being collected, and based on a comprehensive review of prescription data and the recommendations of the US Food and Drug Administration Advisory Committee, the warning labels of over-the-counter NSAIDs were updated to emphasize the potential cardiovascular risks of these agents. The recently reported "Prospective Randomized Evaluation of Celecoxib Integrated Safety versus Ibuprofen or Naproxen" (PRECISION) trial, in which participants with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis and underlying cardiovascular risk factors were treated with prescription-strength celecoxib, ibuprofen, or naproxen, revealed similar rates of cardiovascular events (death from cardiovascular causes including hemorrhagic death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke) among the 3 treatment groups. Although informative, the cardiovascular safety findings derived from PRECISION cannot be extrapolated to the safety of the over-the-counter pain relievers ibuprofen and naproxen, given that the doses used were higher (mean [standard deviation]: ibuprofen, 2045 [246] mg; naproxen, 852 [103] mg) and the durations of use longer (∼20 months) than recommended with over-the-counter use of NSAIDs, which for ibuprofen is up to 10 days. This review discusses the cardiorenal safety of the most commonly used over-the-counter analgesics, ibuprofen, naproxen, and acetaminophen. Available data suggest that there is little cardiovascular risk when over-the-counter formulations of these agents are used as directed in their labels.
Assessing the risk of impaired glucose metabolism in overweight adolescents in a clinical setting.

Objective: The study aims were to examine the relationship between adiposity and surrogate indices of pancreatic β-cell function and insulin sensitivity obtained from an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in overweight adolescents and determine which factors best predict impaired glucose metabolism (IGM).Methods: In a sample of adolescents (n=209) severity of overweight was determined by relative body mass index (RBMI). Insulin sensitivity (QUICKI, CISI) and β-cell function (Fasting insulin: FI; Insulinogenic Index: ΔI30/ΔG30).Results: IGM was present in 26.8% (n=56), of which five had type 2 diabetes (T2DM). IGM prevalence was similar among RBMI strata. Once RBMI reached 150%, pronounced deterioration in CISI occurred (∼55%) (P<0.0001) while less dramatic reductions were seen in QUICKI (P<0.05), with fasting blood glucose (FBG) and β-cell indices remaining stable. Compared to those with normal glucose tolerance, the IGM group exhibited higher β-cell activity (FI, P<0.0001; ΔI30/ΔG30, P=0.004) with reduced insulin sensitivity (CISI, P<0.0001; QUICKI, P<0.0002). CISI was the single predictor of IGM (P<0.0001). Low insulin sensitivity increased adolescents’ chance for IGM (CISI: OR=6.49, 95%CI=2.63, 16.05, P<0.0001; QUICKI: OR=3.16, 95%CI=1.61, 6.05, P=0.0006) as did β-cell deterioration (ΔI30/Δ G30: OR=3.18, 95%CI=1.33, 7.59, P=0.0069). Normal FBG occurred in 37.5% of youth with IGM.Conclusion: The prevalence of IGM escalates in overweight adolescents, even at lower levels of overweight, and is associated with pronounced deterioration of insulin sensitivity. Current screening recommendations for FBG underestimate the prevalence of IGM in overweight adolescents thus limiting the opportunity for earlier intervention to prevent progression to diabetes.
Undocumented, unafraid, and precarious: Thinking through conceptions of civics by undocumented activists

Abstract With concerns about political apathy, it might be worth turning to a group that is challenging the political discourse and confronting institutions and policies head on. This article explores the ideas of two undocumented activists who are working to change the laws and politics that affect them. Using their work and dedication, this article discusses their dedication and their ideas for creating a new basis for a civics curriculum that goes beyond information and instead places other values at the center of education.
Remembering Stephen Fienberg

Stephen Fienberg was instrumental in creating this journal. This special issue of the journal commemorates the intersection between statistics, computer science, privacy, and confidentiality, as he envisioned so many years ago.
Petrel: A Programmatically Accessible Research Data Service

We report on our experiences deploying and operating Petrel, a data service designed to support science projects that must organize and distribute large quantities of data. Building on a high-performance 3.2 PB parallel file system and embedded in Argonne National Laboratory's 100+ Gbps network fabric, Petrel leverages Science DMZ concepts and Globus APIs to provide application scientists with a high-speed, highly connected, and programmatically controllable data store. We describe Petrel's design, implementation, and usage and give representative examples to illustrate the many different ways in which scientists have employed the system.
Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Older Adults With Heart Failure.

Background/objectives Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) are cardiac implantable electronic devices that may improve morbidity and mortality in select patients with heart failure. Although the benefits of these devices have been well defined, competing mortality risks, comorbid conditions, and frailty pose difficulty in determining risk-benefit trade-offs when these options are considered for older adults. Conclusion In this review, we focus on the benefit, risk, and use of ICD and CRT in older adults, particularly because the goals of care for many older adults include a shift away from life-prolonging interventions. Additionally, we discuss periprocedural risk, cost, and maintenance in older populations. Finally, we introduce a framework for helping clinicians and older adults make these challenging decisions collectively. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2193-2199, 2019.
A simulation-based optimization approach to design optimal layouts for block stacking warehouses

Abstract Storing pallets of products on top of one another on the floor of a warehouse is called block stacking. The arrangement of lanes, aisles, and cross-aisles in this storage system affects both utilization of the storage space and material handling costs; however, the existing literature focuses exclusively on lane depths and their impact on space utilization. This paper fills this gap and studies the optimal layout design for block stacking, which includes determining the numbers of aisles and cross-aisles, bay depths, and cross-aisle types. We show that lane depths affect material handling cost in addition to space utilization and develop a simulation-based optimization algorithm to find optimal layouts with respect to both of these objectives. We also propose a closed-form solution to the optimal number of aisles in a layout. The results of a case study in the beverage industry show that the resulting layout can save up to ten percent of the operational costs of a warehouse. We present the computational efficiency of the algorithm and some insights into the problem through an exhaustive experimental analysis based on various test problems that cover small- to industrial-sized warehouses.
Religion and international security

Lee Marsden’s Religion and International Security is a well-written book on the important and diverse impacts religion has on international security. It should be of interest to those seeking an in...
Scalar Transport Near the Turbulent/Non-Turbulent Interface in Reacting Compressible Mixing Layers

Direct numerical simulations of temporally evolving compressible reacting mixing layers with Schmidt number equal to one are performed to examine the transport of a conserved scalar across the turbulent/non-turbulent interface (TNTI). The budgets of the scalar-gradient transport equation are used to study the effects of compressibility and heat release on the mixing. The simulations include a wide range of convective Mach number (\(M_c\)) from a subsonic and nearly incompressible case (\(M_c = 0.2\)) to a supersonic mixing layer at \(M_c = 1.8\). Furthermore, the highest level of heat release for the reacting simulations is opted to correspond to hydrogen combustion in air. The results suggest that the primary influence of the compressibility and heat release on the mixing of a conserved scalar is felt in a thin interface layer close to the TNTI whose thickness scales with the scalar-Taylor length scale. This interface layer is a juxtaposition of two dynamically different sub-regions referred to as laminar superlayer (LSL) and turbulent sublayer (TSL), whose thicknesses are of order of Kolmogorov and scalar-Taylor length scales, respectively. The transport of scalar is predominately governed by the molecular diffusion inside the LSL, whereas the inertial turbulent production dominates the transport within the TSL. It is shown that as the level of compressibility or heat release increases the rate of scalar mixing decreases. Compressibility affects the scalar mixing via a weakened turbulent production mechanism in the turbulent sublayer part of the interface layer, while the molecular diffusion process remains dynamically unaffected. On the other hand, in reacting cases the molecular diffusion inside the laminar superlayer and the turbulent production across the adjacent turbulent sublayer are subdued, which result in a decreased mixing rate.
Tissue-specific disruption of Kbtbd2 uncovers adipocyte-intrinsic and -extrinsic features of the teeny lipodystrophy syndrome

Loss of KBTBD2 in all tissues causes the teeny phenotype, characterized by insulin resistance with late failure of insulin production, severe hyperglycemia/diabetes, lipodystrophy, hepatosteatosis, and growth retardation. KBTBD2 maintains insulin sensitivity in adipocytes by restricting the abundance of p85α. However, the possible physiological contribution or contributions of KBTBD2 have not yet been examined in other tissues. Here we show that mice with an adipocyte-specific knockout of Kbtbd2 accumulate p85α in white and brown adipose tissues, causing insulin resistance, moderate rather than severe hyperglycemia, sustained hyperinsulinemia without late failure of insulin production, and lipodystrophy leading to ectopic lipid accumulation in the liver. Adipocyte-extrinsic insulin resistance was observed in liver and muscle. None of these abnormalities were observed in liver- or muscle-specific Kbtbd2 knockout mice. Mice with Kbtbd2 knockout in adipocytes, liver, and muscle all showed normal growth, suggesting that KBTBD2 may be necessary to ensure IGF1 signaling in other tissues, notably bone. While much of the teeny phenotype results from loss of KBTBD2 in adipocytes, some features are adipocyte-extrinsic.
Research in the Context of a Pandemic.

Research in the Context of a Pandemic Clifford Lane and Anthony Fauci comment on the findings of the RECOVERY trial of dexamethasone to treat Covid-19, noting that scientifically robust and ethical...
The Concept of Liberty in a World of Porous Borders

In typical analyses of the concept of freedom (or liberty), it is assumed that this idea applies to stable political contexts, within which free persons enjoy publicly recognized citizenship. However, freedom as a fundamental political ideal ought also be understood as an aspiration for those who do not enjoy such status and may not seek it, as long as other provisions and protections can be afforded (refugees, migrant workers, etc.). This paper re-analyzes the concept as it might apply in such contexts and a model of basic positive liberty is proposed, one which attempts to capture the privileges of those already considered free as well as those aspiring to that status.
Origin and mitigation of wind noise on balloon-borne infrasound microbarometers

High-altitude monitoring of low-frequency acoustic waves (infrasound) on Earth has regained prominence in recent years, primarily driven by improvements in light-weight sensor technology and advances in scientific ballooning techniques. Balloon-borne infrasound monitoring is also being proposed as a remote sensing technique for planetary exploration. Contrary to ground-based infrasound monitoring, the infrasound noise background in the stratosphere as measured by a balloon remains uncharacterized and the efficacy of wind noise mitigation filters has not been investigated. In this study, an analysis of pressure data collected using infrasound microbarometers during the flight of a long-duration zero pressure balloon is presented. A dramatic reduction of background noise in the stratosphere is demonstrated and it is shown that wind noise mitigation filters are not effective at reducing wind noise under these conditions. Results from this study demonstrate stratospheric balloons as a low-noise platform for infrasound monitoring and motivate the development of improved noise mitigation tools.
Phenomenology as Transcendental Philosophy

In our last chapter we seemed to have resolved one dilemma only to be faced with several new ones. Initially, we found a way through our impasse with respect to the genetic question of the Logical Investigations by differentiating between natural and philosophical sciences and holding that phenomenology, as a philosophical discipline, would be interested in cognition only as an ideal possibility, rather than as an event in Nature. Genetic naturalistic explanation could then be considered to be inappropriate in phenomenology, since phenomenology would now be defined as a non-natural discipline. Once we make such a distinction between phenomenology as a philosophical science, and psychology as a natural science, the question arises as to how phenomenology is to understand the nature of its subject matter as different from that of psychology. In “The Idea of Phenomenology” lectures, Husserl simply stated that in order to study consciousness phenomenologically, we must suspend our natural psychological apperception with respect to it. We wondered at the time, however, how such a suspension could be justified. Granted that we wish to study the possibility of cognition as an ideal possibility, do we not still understand this possibility to be a human possibility? Would we, once again, simply be ignoring, temporarily, a connection that does, in essence, exist? It is here that things became problematic.
Reasoning Up to Human Rights: Environmental Rights as Customary International Law

This essay argues that environmental rights have become customary international law. Using the development of the obligation to conduct an environmental impact assessment (EIA) as an example, it posits that customary international law emerges from the near-universal environmental obligations states impose on themselves through their own municipal law. Under such an approach, the consistency of environmental principles enshrined across state regulatory law becomes evidence of both state practice and opinio juris in the form of the environmental obligations that states consider themselves bound to respect and uphold. Analytically, this approach bears some resemblance to a more common form of “reasoning up” — which involves staking a claim that environmental rights have become customary international law on the ubiquity of environmental provisions in state constitutions. In short, this pieces posits that “reasoning up” from state municipal law demonstrates that key principles have crystalized into customary law about the nature of state obligations in the environmental context.
Improved Word Representations Via Summed Target and Context Embeddings

Neural embedding models are often described as having an ‘embedding layer’, or a set of network activations that can be extracted from the model in order to obtain word or sentence representations. In this paper, we show via a modification of the well-known word2vec algorithm that relevant semantic information is contained throughout the entirety of the network, not just in the commonly-extracted hidden layer. This extra information can be extracted by summing embeddings from both the input and output weight matrices of a skip-gram model. Word embeddings generated via this method exhibit strong semantic structure, and are able to outperform traditionally extracted word2vec embeddings in a number of analogy tasks.
Normative Value for the Laryngopharyngeal Measure of Perceived Sensation.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The Laryngopharyngeal Measure of Perceived Sensation (LUMP) is a recently validated patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) aimed at evaluating the symptom severity of patients with globus pharyngeus (GP). The objective of this study was to define the normative values for the LUMP questionnaire. STUDY DESIGN Prospectively collected, descriptive research/scale development. METHODS The LUMP questionnaire was completed by 88 subjects. Individuals without throat-related symptoms such as dysphagia, dysphonia, or cough were provided LUMP. The results of the eight-item questionnaire were analyzed for standard error of the mean (SEM), mean, and standard deviation (SD). RESULTS Review of the 88 LUMP questionnaires elucidated a mean of 0.42 (SEM = 0.10, SD = 0.96) in the normative population. By gender, the female (n = 50) mean was 0.24, SD = 0.66, SEM = 0.09; for males (n = 38), the mean was 0.66, SD = 1.21, SEM = 0.20. CONCLUSIONS This study provides normative data for the LUMP, a recently established PROM useful in patients with GP. A LUMP score greater than or equal to 3 should be considered abnormal and warrants additional attention. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 2021.
Japan “Yusho” poisoning, 1968 and Taiwan “Yucheng” poisoning, 1979

Abstract The lack of standardized good manufacturing practices (GMPs) and regulatory oversight by governmental agencies regarding consumer goods and foodstuffs can risk mass poisoning disaster events. When GMPs are not created, implemented, monitored, and enforced, tainted products can reach the commercial stream available for purchase by unwary consumers, with untoward health consequences. In Japan in 1968, the rice oil used in everyday cooking was contaminated with Kanechlor 400, a mixture of dioxin chemicals: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated quaterphenyls (PCQs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Hundreds of people developed “Yusho” (oil disease) caused by the toxic effects of PCBs, PCQs, and PCDFs. In the aftermath, the Japanese government officially certified over 1900 victims and 539 deaths due to Yusho, although there were probably more, uncounted victims. Unfortunately, in Taiwan in 1979 a very similar rice-bran cooking oil product was again contaminated by Kanechlor during processing. This error resulted in a second rice-bran oil poisoning event, termed “Yu-Cheng” syndrome (oil disease), which affected over 2000 people.
Improved Eigenvalue Estimates

This is a fundamental chapter of the book. It deals with networks, which are here considered as graphs, and is built on the theory developed in the previous chapter, on matrices.
The Value of Variety in Teaching: A Professor's Guide

In The Value of Variety, A Professor’s Guide, four law-school professors demonstrate that variety in the classroom is necessary to enhance law school learning. In the guide, the professors go beyond the Socratic Method and reveal over 80 creative teaching exercises to use in the classroom. With 38 years of combined teaching experience, these professors collaborated to create this go-to guide and tested each in the classroom. For quick reference, each class exercise is listed by skill category. The exercises develop the lawyering skills practice demands, bring necessary variety to the classroom, and are appreciated by students.
A Method of Reducing Aeroelastic Effects of Highly Swept Wings

The greatest efficiency for a lifting surface at supersonic speeds, according to the theoretical considerations of reference 1, can be attained if the leading edge is swept well behind the Mach cone and the highest aspect ratio which is structurally possible is employed. Such a wing, designed for a Mach number of 3.0, would have 80 deg. of sweepback. Aeroelastic effects have < been shown 3 to be considerable for a wing with 60deg of sweepback and designed for a Mach number of 2.0. The wing shown was found theoretically to have considerable loss in maximum lift-drag ratio attributable to aeroelasticity. This wing has 12-per cent-thick Clark-Y airfoils normal to the wing leading edge. If it were of solid aluminum and flying at a dynamic pressure of 2,400 lbs./sq.ft. (flexibility parameter qb(exp. 4) /El(0) = 7.8), analysis indicates that the wing would deflect so as to reduce the maximum lift-drag ratio about 30 per cent.
Should California Adopt Federal Civil Procedure

WJHILE WHAT we are pleased to call "civilization" has made us more comfortable, it has, none the less, greatly complicated our lives. The simple process of feeding, clothing and sheltering our people has now become so complex that a single human mind cannot perspectively see it all. Production, manufacturing, distribution separately are enmeshed in state and interstate regulatory intracacies. Concomitantly, so it is with the litigative processes. Man's inherent urge to dispute as to civil rights has entered an almost infinite number of new fields. When life was relatively simple, with respect to food, clothing and shelter, there was time to "play" with litigative formulae. The legal artisan concentrated on the rules of the game. These rules became what is euphoniously called "common law pleading." But during the present and past few generations, as the complexity of our economy increased, it became apparent to many leading legal thinkers that civil legal procedures were bogging down and frustrating the accomplishment of justice. Common law pleading was in the main adopted as code pleading in most of the States of the United States. Some of the legal thinkers realized the impossibility of simplifying court procedures by attempting legislative changes. And so it was that the idea that the courts themselves should be given the power to regulate their own procedure by rule took shape. The concept of procedural control in the courts by their own rule making power was finally sanctioned by Congress in 1934 and resulted in the promulgation of Rules of Civil Procedure in the federal courts in 1938. By all older concepts, this in itself was revolutionary. To many, it was shocking that there should be surrendered to the courts the traditional legislative power to delineate court procedure! But it is now an accomplished fact. The federal courts since 1938, in civil matters, and since 1946, in criminal matters, have been functioning procedurally in accordance with rules which the courts themselves have formulated.
Indexing Text Documents Based on Topic Identification

This work provides algorithms and heuristics to index text documents by determining important topics in the documents. To index text documents, the work provides algorithms to generate topic candidates, determine their importance, detect similar and synonym topics, and to eliminate incoherent topics. The indexing algorithm uses topic frequency to determine the importance and the existence of the topics. Repeated phrases are topic candidates. For example, since the phrase ’index text documents’ occurs three times in this abstract, the phrase is one of the topics of this abstract. It is shown that this method is more effective than either a simple word count model or approaches based on term weighting.
Chondrogenic Phenotype of Articular Chondrocytes in Monoculture and Co-Culture with Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Flow Perfusion

This work investigated the effect of flow perfusion bioreactor culture with and without transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) supplementation on the proliferation, extracellular matrix (ECM) production, and chondrogenic gene expression of chondrocytes both in monoculture and in co-culture with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Both cell populations were cultured on electrospun poly(ɛ-caprolactone) scaffolds for 2 weeks in static or flow perfusion culture with and without TGF-β3. Overall, it was observed that without growth factors, flow perfusion culture resulted in increased cell proliferation and ECM with a more cartilage-like composition. While with TGF-β3 induction, flow perfusion constructs generally had lower chondrogenic gene expression than the corresponding static cultures, the growth factor still had an inductive effect on the cells with enhanced gene expression compared with the corresponding noninduced cultures. In addition, while flow perfusion cultures generally had reduced overall ECM content, the ECM distribution was more homogenous compared with the corresponding static cultures. These results are significant in that they indicate that while flow perfusion culture has some beneficial effects on the chondrogenic phenotype of articular chondrocytes, flow perfusion alone is not sufficient to maintain the chondrogenic phenotype of chondrocytes in either monoculture or co-culture, thus demonstrating the advantages of using exogenously added growth factors in flow perfusion culture. Furthermore, the results demonstrate the advantages of flow perfusion culture for the creation of large tissue engineered constructs and the potential of co-cultures of articular chondrocytes and MSCs to be used in flow perfusion culture.
Bioengineered nanoparticles for siRNA delivery

Short interfering RNA (siRNA) has been an important laboratory tool in the last two decades and has allowed researchers to better understand the functions of nonprotein-coding genes through RNA interference (RNAi). Although RNAi holds great promise for this purpose as well as for treatment of many diseases, efforts at using siRNA have been hampered by the difficulty of safely and effectively introducing it into cells of interest, both in vitro and in vivo. To overcome this challenge, many biomaterials and nanoparticles (NPs) have been developed and optimized for siRNA delivery, often taking cues from the DNA delivery field, although different barriers exist for these two types of molecules. In this review, we discuss general properties of biomaterials and nanoparticles that are necessary for effective nucleic acid delivery. We also discuss specific examples of bioengineered materials, including lipid-based NPs, polymeric NPs, inorganic NPs, and RNA-based NPs, which clearly illustrate the problems and successes in siRNA delivery. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1233 Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
A generalizable architecture for building intelligent tutoring systems

Summary form only given. HYDRIVE (HYDRaulics Interactive Video Experience) is an intelligent tutoring system incorporating assessment as part of the tutoring process. HYDRIVE departs from typical intelligent tutoring systems in that its underlying architecture is domain independent. The domain that is presently supported by HYDRIVE is troubleshooting for the hydraulics supported systems of an Air Force F-15 fighter aircraft. HYDRIVE addresses both system-specific and system-independent skills. Several novel approaches to intelligent tutoring underlie the rationale for HYDRIVE. The reasoning component of the system makes extensive use of a hierarchical knowledge representation. Reasoning within the system is accomplished using a logic-based approach and is linked to a highly interactive interface using multimedia. >
Bone marrow-derived immune cells mediate sensitization to liver injury in a myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent fashion

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed on both immune cells and hepatocytes recognize microbial danger signals and regulate immune responses. Previous studies showed that TLR9 and TLR2 mediate Propionibacterium acnes–induced sensitization to lipopolysaccharidetriggered acute liver injury in mice. Ligand-specific activation of TLR2 and TLR9 are dependent on the common TLR adaptor, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). Here, we dissected the role of MyD88 in parenchymal and bone marrow (BM)– derived cells in liver sensitization. Using chimeric mice with green fluorescent protein– expressing BM cells, we identified that P. acnes–induced liver inflammatory foci are of BM origin. Chimeras with MyD88-deficient BM showed no inflammatory foci after P. acnes or TLR2TLR9 challenge, suggesting that recruitment of inflammatory cells to the liver required MyD88 expression in BM-derived cells. Further, selective MyD88 deficiency in parenchymal cells in mice with wild-type BM failed to prevent inflammatory cell infiltration. These results demonstrate that MyD88 in immune cells rather than in liver parenchymal cells plays an important role in inflammatory cell recruitment and liver injury. (HEPATOLOGY 2008;48:1342-1347.)
It's simpler than it seems: an alternative explanation for the magnitude effect in tipping.

Abstract In this paper, we critically review various explanations for the magnitude effect in tipping and offer a simpler explanation for this effect. We also present a simulation that demonstrates the plausibility of our explanation. The practical implications of both the magnitude effect in tipping and our explanation for it are discussed.
Harmful Algal Blooms and Coastal Business: Economic Consequences in Florida

The impacts of harmful algal blooms (HABs) on coastal businesses in the Ft. Walton Beach and Destin areas of northwest Florida were estimated for 1995–1999. Separate time-series models for the restaurant and lodging sectors revealed that HABs reduced restaurant and lodging revenues in the localized study area by $2.8 million and $3.7 million per month, respectively, which represents a 29% to 35% decline in average monthly revenues for each sector during months of red tide incidence. By comparison, a tropical storm was found to reduce monthly restaurant revenues by $0.5 million, and each inch of rainfall reduced revenues an additional $41,000. Adverse weather was not found to affect the lodging sector. While the estimates are conservative given the resolution of data, the magnitude of effects indicate that coastal communities have suffered significant revenue losses due to HABs and that these losses are larger than caused by other environmental events.
Absence of ghost in the dual pomeron

Abstract We show that the ghost state found recently by Cremmer and Scherk in the dual pomeron is due to an incorrect treatment of massless spin-two states.
Characteristics of a protease of Streptococcus sanguis G9B which degrades the major salivary adhesin

An endogenous enzyme present in cell surface extracts of Streptococcus sanguis strain G9B degraded the major salivary adhesin of the organism. The enzyme showed optimal activity between 50 and 65°C and was inactivated at higher temperatures. The activity at these unusually high temperatures seemed to be a consequence of release from the cell surface since intact whole G9B cells showed greater activity at 37°C. The enzyme was not found in culture supernatants of G9B cells. The pH range for the enzyme was between 5 and 9. It was inhibited by iodoacetic acid, Hg2+, Cu2+, EDTA, SDS, and PMSF, but not by TLCK, TPCK, soybean trypsin inhibitor, cysteine, dithiothreitol, leupeptin, Ca2+, Mg2+ or saliva. The enzyme did not show any activity against human or rabbit IgG or human IgA. Enzyme activity was also found in S. sanguis strains Adh− (a spontaneously occurring non-adherent mutant of G9B), and M-5.
Order of Presentation and Verbal Recruitment Strategy Effectiveness1

This study examined the relative effectiveness of three different verbal recruitment strategies (opinion conformity, other enhancement, and self-enhancement) presented in different orders. Sixty undergraduates viewed three recruiters, each of whom used a different recruitment strategy to describe a hypothetical graduate program. Participants rated their impressions of each recruiter and then decided which program to attend. Results indicated that presentation order significantly affected participants' ratings of the opinion conforming and self-enhancing recruiters. Furthermore, although participants generally preferred the other enhancing and opinion conforming recruiters, this preference did not translate into a decision to attend the other enhancer's university. Implications for both the recruitment and impression management literatures are discussed.
Determination of Cs-137 in environmental water by ion-exchange chromatography

Abstract Methods of Cs-137 determination employing ion-exchange concentration in environmental waters such as seawater and river water have been reviewed. Ammonium molybdophosphate (AMP) is the most used inorganic ion exchanger for the determination of cesium in water. Since AMP could be obtained only in the form of fine crystals, it was difficult to use it in the columns for separation and concentration of Cs-137. Columns with favorable flow-rates, however, could be prepared by precipitating AMP into a resinous structure. Another inorganic ion exchanger, potassium cobalt ferrocyanide (KCFC), was also successfully used for rapid, selective and quantitative concentration of radioactive cesium from neutral, acidic and basic solutions. AMP, KCFC and copper hexacyanoferrate(II) precipitated on silica granules and anion-exchange resins were found superior for concentration of Cs-137 by column method. Recent developments in analytical technology such as application of ion chromatography in the determination of Cs-137 seems promising. Cyclic voltammetry using a NiFe(CN)62− derivatized nickel working electrode may be used for the determination of total concentration of cesium in surface waters.
Sequence similarity between Rhodospirillum rubrum ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and the large subunit of the plant enzyme

Abstract Computerized methods were used to analyze published sequence information from Rhodospirillum rubrum ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RUBPCase) and the sequence of the large subunit of spinach RUBPCase. The sequences of 7 peptides from the bacterial enzyme were compared to the entire sequence of the spinach large subunit to find optimal alignments and test statistical significance. Several of the R. rubrum RUBPCase peptides align unambiguously with the spinach sequence, and the alignment of the largest peptide is clearly significant in a statistical sense. The total of 91 positions aligned with R. rubrum peptides includes 30 identities. Our analysis strongly suggests that the entire sequence of the R. rubrum enzyme, when completed, will be found to exhibit statistically significant similarity to the large subunit of plant RUBPCase.
Horizontal gene transfer and the genomics of enterococcal antibiotic resistance

Enterococci are Gram-positive bacteria that normally colonize gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. They are of growing concern because of their ability to cause antibiotic resistant hospital infections. Antibiotic resistance has been acquired, and has disseminated throughout enterococci, via horizontal transfer of mobile genetic elements. This transmission has been mediated mainly by conjugative plasmids of the pheromone-responsive and broad host range incompatibility group 18 type. Genome sequencing is revealing the extent of diversity of these and other mobile elements in enterococci, as well as the extent of recombination and rearrangement resulting in new phenotypes. Pheromone-responsive plasmids were recently shown to promote genome plasticity in antibiotic resistant Enterococcus faecalis, and their involvement has been implicated in E. faecium as well. Further, incompatibility group 18 plasmids have recently played an important role in mediating transfer of vancomycin resistance from enterococci to methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus.
Lateralization of pulsed sinusoids based on interaural onset, ongoing, and offset temporal differences

When pulsed sinusoids are presented to the ears with an interaural temporal difference but with no rise–decay time or filtering, three values of interaural time are present: onset, ongoing, and offset interaural differences. Lateral discrimination based on interaural temporal differences was studied for such stimuli. The sinusoids were either equal‐energy or constant‐intensity 65 dB SPL tones. The frequencies of the tones ranged from 150 to 4050 Hz and the durations covered a range of 2 msec–1 sec. The threshold value of interaural time obtained in the lateral discrimination task increased as a function of increasing frequency when intensity was maintained constant. When equal‐energy signals were used, the change in lateralization as a function of changes in frequency depended on signal duration. All lateral discrimination thresholds were approximately the same when the onset and offset temporal differences were reduced or eliminated by applying a bandpass filter, high‐pass filter, or a rise–decay time, or by presenting the signals with only an ongoing temporal difference. Low‐pass filtering the 4050‐Hz signals produced lateral discriminations approximately equal to those obtained with no filtering. These results suggest that low‐frequency information is the crucial variable for lateralization sinusoidal stimuli presented with onset, ongoing, and offset interaural temporal differences.
Validation of the Cutaneous Lupus Disease Area and Severity Index (CLASI) using physician- and patient-assessed health outcome measures.

Background The Cutaneous Lupus Disease Area and Severity Index (CLASI) has not been validated using rheumatologist-conducted disease activity and damage assessments, especially cutaneous assessments. Active skin disease and skin damage may have substantial effects on patient-reported outcomes and on body image. Objective We sought to validate the CLASI against: (1) physician-assessed disease activity and damage measures; and (2) patient-reported assessment of quality of life and body image. Methods Cross-sectional data were collected from 31 patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Cutaneous disease activity and damage were measured by using the CLASI. Disease activity (using the Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment–Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [SLE] Disease Activity Index [SLEDAI}), damage (Systemic Lupus International Collaboration Clinics–American College of Rheumatology Damage Index [SDI]), quality of life (LupusPRO), and body image (Body Image Quality of Life Inventory) were obtained. Descriptive statistics and Spearman correlations were ascertained. Results Mean (SD) age was 42.3 (12.8) years; 97% were women. The mean (SD) CLASI activity and damage scores were 10.5 (7.4) and 9.9 (9.5). Correlations noted were: total CLASI activity and SLEDAI-rash ( r = 0.42, P = .02), CLASI-mucosal and SLEDAI-mucosal ( r = 0.65, P = .001), CLASI-recent hair loss and SLEDAI-alopecia ( r = 0.61, P = .001), and total CLASI activity and LupusPRO symptoms domain ( r = −0.38, P = .04). Total CLASI-damage correlated with SDI-scarring/alopecia ( r = 0.51, P = .004), SDI-extensive scarring/panniculum ( r = 0.55, P = .003), and SDI-skin ulceration ( r = 0.36, P = .05). CLASI scalp scarring correlated with SDI-skin scarring/alopecia ( r = 0.94, P = .001). CLASI activity on the face and nose was associated with significant concerns on the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory. Limitations Limitations include small sample size. Conclusion CLASI activity and damage scores correlate with physician-assessed cutaneous activity and damage in cutaneous lupus erythematosus in patients with SLE. Cutaneous activity in visible areas may generate body image concerns.