cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Children’s Developing Ability to Resolve Disagreements by Integrating Perspectives

Children live in a world where disagreement is commonplace. Although disagreement can sometimes be explained by differences in people's reliability, disagreement may also indicate that the referent elicits multiple perspectives. The present studies (total N = 129, 5- to 12-year-old ethnically diverse U.S. children, 42% girls) examined children's ability to resolve disagreement among two individuals by identifying referents that integrated the perspectives, and considered the extent to which any age-related change could be explained by epistemological understanding (i.e., acknowledging that two perspectives can be right). Children's age was positively correlated with their ability to integrate perspectives, and children performed at above-chance levels by approximately 10 years of age. Age differences in integrating perspectives were partially accounted for by epistemological understanding.
The fragility of experts: A moderated-mediation model of expertise, identity threat, & overprecision

Experts play a crucial role in modern organizations, but evidence regarding the soundness and reliability of their decision-making is mixed and often contradictory. Drawing on theories of identity ...
Static Aeroelastic Effects of Formation Flight for Slender Unswept Wings

The static aeroelastic equilibrium equations for slender, straight wings are modified to incorporate the effects of aerodynamically-coupled formation flight. A system of equations is developed by applying trim constraints and is solved for component lift distribution, trim angle-of-attack, and trim aileron deflection. The trim values are then used to calculate the elastic twist distribution of the wing box. This system of equations is applied to a formation of two gliders in trimmed flight. Structural and aerodynamic properties are assumed for the gliders, and solutions are calculated for flexible and rigid wings in solo and formation flight. It is shown for a sample application of two gliders in formation flight, that formation disturbances produce greater twist in the wingtip immersed in the vortex than for either the opposing wingtip or the wings of a similar airplane in solo flight. Changes in the lift distribution, resulting from wing twist, increase the performance benefits of formation flight. A flexible wing in formation flight will require greater aileron deflection to achieve roll trim than a rigid wing.
Population Size Estimates for Men who Have Sex with Men and Persons who Inject Drugs

Understanding geographic variation in the numbers of men who have sex with men (MSM) and persons who inject drugs (PWID) is critical to targeting and scaling up HIV prevention programs, but population size estimates are not available at generalizable sub-national levels. We analyzed 1999–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data on persons aged 18–59 years. We estimated weighted prevalence of recent (past 12 month) male-male sex and injection drug use by urbanicity (the degree to which a geographic area is urban) and US census region and calculated population sizes. Large metro areas (population ≥1,000,000) had higher prevalence of male-male sex (central areas, 4.4 % of men; fringe areas, 2.5 %) compared with medium/small metro areas (1.4 %) and nonmetro areas (1.1 %). Injection drug use did not vary by urbanicity and neither varied by census region. Three-quarters of MSM, but only half of PWID, resided in large metro areas. Two-thirds of MSM and two-thirds of PWID resided in the South and West. Efforts to reach MSM would benefit from being focused in large metro areas, while efforts to reach PWID should be delivered more broadly. These data allow for more effective allocation of funds for prevention programs.
Self-injurious behaviors, diagnoses, and treatment methods: What mental health professionals are reporting

Self-injurious behaviors are gaining increased attention in both the media and the professional literature. Despite increased interest, little is actually known about prevalence, diagnoses, and treatment considerations, specifically with outpatient mental health populations. This ankle presents the results from a national survey of American Mental Health Counselor Association (AMHCA) members regarding the rate at which they see clients who self-injure and their clinical opinions of related diagnoses. Finally the treatment methods used by counselors with clients who self-injure are also reported.
Parallel Execution of Logic Programs

1 Introduction.- 2 Logic Programming.- 2.1 Syntax.- 2.2 Semantics.- 2.3 Control.- 2.4 Prolog.- 2.4.1 Evaluable Predicates and Arithmetic.- 2.4.2 Higher Order Functions.- 2.4.3 The Cut Symbol.- 2.5 Alternate Control Strategies.- 2.5.1 Selection by Number of Solutions.- 2.5.2 Selection by Number of Uninstantiated Variables.- 2.5.3 Intelligent Backtracking.- 2.5.4 Coroutines.- 2.6 Chapter Summary.- 3 Parallelism in Logic Programs.- 3.1 Models for OR Parallelism.- 3.1.1 Pure OR Parallelism.- 3.1.2 OR Processes.- 3.1.3 Distributed Search.- 3.1.4 Summary.- 3.2 Models for AND Parallelism.- 3.2.1 Stream Parallel Models.- 3.2.2 AND Processes.- 3.2.3 AND Parallelism in the Goal Tree.- 3.2.4 Summary.- 3.3 Low Level Parallelism.- 3.4 Chapter Summary.- 4 The AND/OR Process Model.- 4.1 Oracle.- 4.2 Messages.- 4.3 OR Processes.- 4.4 AND Processes.- 4.5 Interpreter.- 4.6 Programming Language.- 4.7 Chapter Summary.- 5 Parallel OR Processes.- 5.1 Operating Modes.- 5.2 Execution.- 5.3 Example.- 5.4 Chapter Summary.- 6 Parallel AND Processes.- 6.1 Ordering of Literals.- 6.1.1 Dataflow Graphs.- 6.1.2 The Ordering Algorithm.- 6.1.3 Examples.- 6.2 Forward Execution.- 6.2.1 Forward Execution Algorithm.- 6.2.2 Solution of a Deterministic Function.- 6.3 Backward Execution.- 6.3.1 Generating Tuples of Terms.- 6.3.2 Definitions for Backward Execution.- 6.3.3 The Backward Execution Algorithm.- 6.4 Detailed Example.- 6.4.1 Ordering.- 6.4.2 Forward Execution.- 6.4.3 Backward Execution.- 6.4.4 Additional Solutions.- 6.5 Discussion.- 6.5.1 Relative Order of Incoming Messages.- 6.5.2 Definition of Candidate Set.- 6.5.3 Result Cache.- 6.5.4 Infinite Domains.- 6.5.5 Multisets of Results.- 6.6 Chapter Summary.- 7 Implementation.- 7.1 Overview of the Interpreter.- 7.2 Parallel AND Processes.- 7.3 Process Allocation.- 7.4 Growth Control.- 7.4.1 Conditional Expressions.- 7.4.2 Process Priorities.- 7.4.3 Message Protocols.- 7.4.4 Secondary Memory.- 7.5 Summary.
Evaluation of 22 Precipitation and 23 Soil Moisture Products over a Semiarid Area in Southeastern Arizona

AbstractPrecipitation and soil moisture are rigorously measured or estimated from a variety of sources. Here, 22 precipitation and 23 soil moisture products are evaluated against long-term daily observed precipitation (Pobs) and July–September daily observationally constrained soil moisture (SM) datasets over a densely monitored 150 km2 watershed in southeastern Arizona, United States. Gauge–radar precipitation products perform best, followed by reanalysis and satellite products, and the median correlations of annual precipitation from these three categories with Pobs are 0.83, 0.68, and 0.46, respectively. Precipitation results from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) are the worst, including an overestimate of cold season precipitation and a lack of significant correlation of annual precipitation with Pobs from all (except one) models. Satellite soil moisture products perform best, followed by land data assimilation systems and reanalyses, and the CMIP5 results are the worst. Fo...
Temperature dependence of dynamic conductance a step beyond Julliere model for Magnetic Tunnel Junctions

In this paper, to evaluate the quality of MTJ temperature dependence of transport should be examined. For example, for 7.5 /spl Aring/ thick Al tunnel barrier, 37% of the total current is ohmic in nature and still junction can have MR=17% at room temperature.
Unnecessary Injury: The Economic Costs of Imposing New Global Capital Requirements on Large U.S. Property and Casualty Insurers

In the wake of the global financial crisis of 2008-2009, governments in every developed country applied new forms of financial regulation, and now their attention has shifted to international regulation. One of those trans-national efforts involves applying a new layer of global capital requirements to “Global Systemically Important Insurers (G-SIIs), whose failure could trigger a new financial crisis. In addition, talks are underway to also impose new global capital requirements on large insurance companies with significant foreign operations, but which do not present a systemic risk to their own economies or the global financial system (Internationally Active Insurance Groups or IAIGs). This study examines the rationale for this new regulatory approach and the costs associated with applying it to large U.S. property and casualty (PC and the average annual cost of auto insurance from an affected company could rise by $34-to-$68. We further estimate that the new global regulation of IAIGs could slow the growth of new premiums by an average of between $2.9 billion and $7.3 billion per-year. Finally, we estimate that the new capital requirements for IAIGs would reduce the growth of investments by those insurers by between $726 million and $1.8 billion over the next five years (2014-2018).
Phenobarbital as prophylaxis for febrile convulsions. A preliminary report.

SUMMARY 1 This is a preliminary report on continuous treatment with phenobarbital of children with febrile convulsions. 2 By a cooperative project of four hospitals, children in the age of greatest risk, under 3 years, have been selected, studied, treated and followed in the same way. 3 Phenobarbital in twice daily doses was begun on admission, in double the normal dose for 3 days and then on a maintenance dose. The serum concentration of phenobarbital was measured at the time of discharge, 2 weeks later, and then at monthly intervals. The level was over 10 μ/ml in all patients but two. 4 To date 19 children have been treated and followed for 2–4 months. No child has had a convulsion. The conclusion can be drawn that there is no proof as yet that febrile convulsions occur despite a serum concentration of phenobarbital in the therapeutic range. This preliminary report does not, however, give positive evidence that phenobarbital prevents febrile convulsions. 5 Two children had initial ataxia, 2 lethargy and one was slightly slowed with 22–39 μg/ml of phenobarbital in the serum. The symptoms cleared when the level was brought down, or after several weeks with the same level. One other child developed a rash due to phenobarbital and had to be dropped from the series. 6 The study is being continued. RESUME 1 It s'agit 'une etude preliminaire sur les effets du traitement prolonge par phenobarbital chez des sujets avec convulsions febriles. 2 Dans le cadre 'une etude en commun realisee entre quatre hopitaux, on a traite et suivi avec les memes criteres des enfants a 'âge le plus dangereux, c'est-a-dire au-dessous de trois ans. 3 Le traitement par phenobarbital, en deux prises quotidiennes, a ete commence de'entree, 'abord pendant 3 jours ae dose double de la normale, puis a dose 'entretien. On a determine la concentration de phearbital au moment de la sortie, deux semaines plus tard et ensuite as intervalles 'un mois. Les taux seriques etaient superieurs a 10 mUchez tous les sujets sauf deux. 4 On a jusqu'aintenant traite 19 sujets, suivis pendant 2–4 mois. Aucun sujet n'a eu de convulsions. En conclusion, il n'est pas prouve encore que les convulsions febriles puissent survenir malgre une concentration serique de phenobarbital correspondant aux valeurs theiapeutiques. Mais ce rapport preliminaire ne fournit pas non plus la preuve que le phenobarbital empe 'apparition des convulsions febriles. 5 Deux enfants etaient initialement ataxiques, deux lethargiques, un discrete-ment ralenti avec des taux seriques de phenobarbital entre 22 et 39 μg/ml. Les symptomes ont disparu lorsque les niveaux ont ete abaisses, ou apres plusieurs semaines avec la meme valeur. Un autre enfant a presente un rash cutane d au phenobarbital et il a ete exclu de la serie. 6 'etude est encore en cours.
Repeaters for quantum communication

Results about quantum information teleportation and coherent transfer between photons at different wavelengths are reported. Recent progress and ongoing projects are also reviewed.
On Take-off from Circular Orbit by Small Thrust

Abstract : Analytic solutions for the trajectories of taking off from a circular orbit by low thrust at a finite angle to the radial vector are presented. The solution is uniformly valid for the entire time interval measured from the initial instant of take-off, t=0, to t=O(1/epsilon) subjected to the upper limit set by the assumption of small thrust, where epsilon is the ratio of thrust to the central force at t=0. The zero order solution, which is in error to the order epsilon, is a function of the 'slow' time variable tau equals epsilon t and reduces to Tsien's solution (Jet Propulsion, v.23 (4):233-236, 1953) for circumferential thrust. Due to the long time interval, t=0 to O(1/epsilon) the standard techniques for the next order solution break down. The present solution is obtained by splitting it into two parts; one is a non-oscillatory function of tau and the other is an oscillatory function of t with varying periods. With this scheme it is possible to simplify the equations by estimating the order of magnitude of the terms for the entire interval. For the first order solution the non-oscillatory part is uniquely determined from an integral equation while the oscillatory term cannot be uniquely determined. This indeterminacy is removed by the requirement of the vanishing of the secular terms in the second order solution when the same scheme of splitting the solution is applied. Comparison with several results repeated to obtain higher order solutions. (Author)
Printing soil: a single‐step, high‐throughput method to isolate micro‐organisms and near‐neighbour microbial consortia from a complex environmental sample

Summary Traditional high throughput methods for isolating microorganisms from environmental samples such as soil or sediment require pre-processing steps to remove the living species from their solid-phase microniche, creating a liquid-phase sample. This process destroys near-neighbor relationships that could be crucial to culturing and studying the microorganisms to be isolated. An automated, high throughput method is described here that isolates pure microbial cultures and spatially related microbial consortia directly from a solid-phase complex environmental sample. By using an orifice-free printing mechanism, Biological Laser Printing (BioLP) enabled single-step isolation of viable environmental microorganisms directly from soil. Soil was spread onto a titania-coated quartz plate prior to initiating printing of soil micro-particles with focused ultraviolet laser pulses. Tunable amounts of soil were printed to glass slides, Luria Bertani agar plates and broth filled 96-well plates at deposition rates exceeding 20 micro-particles per second, demonstrating the ability to isolate thousands of micro-particles of soil in minutes. Viability, culturability and significant morphological diversity were demonstrated post-printing. Results show that single step soil printing can be used to (a) generate pure microbial cultures (isolates), and (b) isolate consortia from a micro-ecological system that exists naturally in near-neighbor proximity, undisturbed from the environmental sample.
Selective determination of trace uranium by stripping voltammetry following adsorptive accumulation of the uranium-cupferron complex

Abstract Trace levels of uranium can be determined by stripping voltammetry after controlled adsorptive preconcentration of the uranium—cupferron complex on the mercury electrode. The resulting procedure greatly improves the selectivity over previously reported adsorptive stripping schemes, while offering similar (subnanomolar) detection limits. In addition, the use of cupferron eliminates interference from dissolved oxygen, extends the linear range, and offers a wider useful pH range. Both potentiometric and voltammetric stripping approaches are used to follow the reduction of the adsorbed complex. The effect of various experimental parameters is explored. Adaptation to flow-through cells permits on-line monitoring of trace levels of uranium at rates of 30–60 samples h −1 , with relative standard deviations of 2.7–4.1%. Applicability to the quantitation of uranium in ground water samples is demonstrated.
Preliminary characterization of a structural defect in homozygous sickled cell alpha spectrin demonstrated by a rabbit autoantibody

We have identified a rabbit autoantibody that strongly reacts with the core membrane skeleton of control red blood cells, and does not react with low- or high-density sickle cell core skeletons upon indirect immunofluorescence. Western blot analysis of red blood cell membrane proteins, utilizing this autoantibody, indicated no reactivity to any protein when SDS-PAGE was conducted in the presence of the reducing agent, dithiothreitol. However when SDS-PAGE was performed on control red blood cell membrane proteins separated in the absence of dithiothreitol, the autoantibody specifically reacted with a high molecular weight polypeptide (apparent Mr approximately equal to 310 kD) representing a DTT sensitive form of control alpha spectrin, which we refer to as alpha' spectrin. There was no staining of high density or low density sickle cell alpha or alpha' spectrin. This autoantibody should be an excellent tool for the fine mapping of structural change(s) in control vs. sickle cell alpha spectrin, and determination of whether the structural alteration effects spectrin dimer-tetramer interconversion and/or the spectrin-actin interaction. The modification in alpha spectrin, detected by this antibody, is very specific for homozygous SS alpha spectrin because sickle cell beta+ thalassemic alpha spectrin and sickle cell trait alpha spectrin react intensely with the autoantibody.
Agonistic interactions during competition for different resources in captive European wild pigs (Sus scrofa)

Abstract We observed a group of captive wild pigs to determine how agonistic encounters vary as a function of preceding activities and with the availability and distribution of resources. Data are presented supporting previous competition hypotheses. The frequency and intensity of encounters was highest during competition for resources that were limited and defendable. Activities associated with limited but undefendable resources were followed by fewer encounters which were of lower intensity. When unlimited and undefendable resources were involved, agonistic encounters were infrequent. Comparisons with earlier work show that patterns of agonistic behavior in groups of Sus scrofa , regardless of the environmental setting, are not simply related to the preceding activity per se, but are related systematically to the availability and distribution of resources associated with that activity. A short-term decrease in the tendency of one male to displace its rank neighbor, not encompassed by familiar notions of rank-neighbor relations, was discovered. A previously undescribed visual display used to prevent or inhibit aggression was observed.
Crystal structure of the first KH domain of human poly(C)-binding protein-2 in complex with a C-rich strand of human telomeric DNA at 1.7 A.

Recognition of poly(C) DNA and RNA sequences in mammalian cells is achieved by a subfamily of the KH (hnRNP K homology) domain-containing proteins known as poly(C)-binding proteins (PCBPs). To reveal the molecular basis of poly(C) sequence recognition, we have determined the crystal structure, at 1.7-A resolution, of PCBP2 KH1 in complex with a 7-nucleotide DNA sequence (5′-AACCCTA-3′) corresponding to one repeat of the human C-rich strand telomeric DNA. The protein-DNA interaction is mediated by the combination of several stabilizing forces including hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals contacts, and shape complementarities. Specific recognition of the three cytosine residues is realized by a dense network of hydrogen bonds involving the side chains of two conserved lysines and one glutamic acid. The co-crystal structure also reveals a protein-protein dimerization interface of PCBP2 KH1 located on the opposite side of the protein from the DNA binding groove. Numerous stabilizing protein-protein interactions, including hydrophobic contacts, stacking of aromatic side chains, and a large number of hydrogen bonds, indicate that the protein-protein interaction interface is most likely genuine. Interaction of PCBP2 KH1 with the C-rich strand of human telomeric DNA suggests that PCBPs may participate in mechanisms involved in the regulation of telomere/telomerase functions.
Using stable isotope analysis to obtain dietary profiles from old hair: a case study from Plains Indians.

Stable isotope composition of human tis- sue reflects that of foods consumed, and can provide information about diet independent of artifactual remains. Here we refine and test this method by analyz- ing nitrogen (d 15 N) and carbon (d 13 C) isotope ratios in historic North American Plains Indians hair. Gas-source isotope-ratio mass spectrometry provides high-precision data for both d 15 N and d 13 C( 60.2% ,1 s) in single hair strands as short as 2 cm (100-150 mg). Because hair con- tains more carbon than nitrogen, if only d 13 C data are needed, shorter strands (<1 cm) can be analyzed. This reduction in sample size opens new opportunities for analysis of small hair fragments found in archaeological excavations, as well as for analysis of seasonal variations in long hair strands. We find distinct isotope profiles (d 15 N vs. d 13 C) for two cultural groups, the Lower Brule reservation Sioux of 1892 and the reservation Blackfoot of 1892 and 1935. The resultant dietary profiles indicate a higher consumption of meat by the Blackfoot and a higher consumption of maize (or of animals that had fed on maize or other C4 plants) by the Lower Brule. The two groups of Blackfoot yield similar isotopic profiles despite the passage of four decades, suggesting a strong role for cultural preference even as food sources change. Such stable isotope profiles can be used to link samples from the same cultural tradition based on their similar diets. Am J Phys Anthropol 128:444-452, 2005. ' 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The influence of shock waveforms on defibrillation efficacy

The early use of AC waveforms for ventricular defibrillation is briefly recounted. Research on the efficacy of damped sinusoidal, truncated, and biphasic waveforms is reviewed. It is noted that damped sinusoidal and monophasic truncated exponential waveforms have been used successfully for decades in clinical settings and the further improvements can be made by altering the applied waveforms. Studies in animals suggest the superiority of biphasic over monophasic waveforms; the causes for these improvements have not yet been completely elucidated. Results indicate that the response of the myocardium to electric shocks is complex. >
Flow-injection extraction without phase separation based on dual-wavelength spectrophotometry

Abstract A new detection technique for flow-injection extraction is introduced. The absorbance is read radially, on the same PTFE tube that constitutes the reaction coil, near its distal terminus. With an effective illuminated detector volume of ∼ 60 nl, the optical aperture is much smaller than the segment length, enabling the detector to reliably measure signals for each phase. The detector used is a light emitting diode (LED) based dual-wavelength photometric system utilizing personal computer (PC) based data acquisition and processing. One non-specific wavelength is used to recognize the phases and the other wavelength monitors the analyte concentration. Accurate and reliable phase recognition is achievable with conventional segmentors and peristaltic pumping. Applied to the determination of anionic surfactants by ion-pairing with methylene blue (MB) and extraction into chloroform, a linear response is observed with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.03 ppm C-12 linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) for a 65 μl injected sample, compared to an LOD of 0.025 ppm quoted for the standard manual method attainable by subjecting several hundred ml of the sample to extraction.
Reflections on the Psychological Preparation of the USA Ski and Snowboard Team for the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Games

This article explains the program in existence since the 1990s that has been used to prepare the USA's male alpine and USA's male Nordic Combined ski teams for international events including World Cup competitions, World Championships, and multiple Winter Olympic Games. The authors initially developed this program in the 1980s for use with Summer Olympic teams including track and field, women's gymnastics, and other Olympic sports. Philosophical components of service delivery will be explored as well as the range of services provided, problems encountered, and how these issues were handled. Also, special attention will be provided to explain how we aided athletes in the year immediately following the Vancouver Games in order to promote healthy transition during post Olympic years.
Microwave fixation provides excellent preservation of tissue, cells and antigens for light and electron microscopy

It was demonstrated that microwave energy used simultaneously in combination with low concentrations of glutaraldehyde (0.05%) and formaldehyde (2.0%) rapidly preserved light microscopic histology and excellent fine structural details, as well as a variety of cytoplasmic and membrane-bound antigens. Specimen blocks up to 1 cm3 can be fixed in as brief a time as 26 ms using a specially designed microwave device (ultrafast microwave fixation method). The fast microwave fixation method, using a commercially available device, was successfully used to preserve granule-bound rat mast cell chymase which was subsequently detected by a postembedding immunogold procedure. Control of the following parameters is important to the microwave fixation method: (1) specimens with one dimension less than 1 cm; (2) irradiation temperatures lower than 50°C; (3) irradiation times less than 50 s; (4) immediate replacement of the postirradiation solution with cold storage buffer; (5) fixing the specimen within 15 min after it is removed from its blood supply.
Is Sublobar Resection Sufficient for Carcinoid Tumors

Background The existing guidelines for extent of resection of carcinoid tumors are based on other, more malignant non-small cell lung cancers. Because of the small number of patients in any single institution, we analyzed the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database to study the effect of the extent of resection of these tumors on overall survival. Methods All patients with lung cancer in the SEER database from 1973 to 2006 with carcinoid tumors as their only cancer were included. Variables examined included age, race (white, black, others), gender, histologic type (atypical versus typical carcinoid), stage (localized, regional, and distant), extent of resection (sublobar resection, lobectomy, or more extensive) and survival. Univariate analyses (Kaplan-Meier method) were used to select variables for multivariate analysis (Cox regression analysis). Associations were considered significant with an alpha error Results Most patients with carcinoid tumors did not acquire any other cancers (4,785/6,819; 70.2%). Of these, 797 patients had sublobar resection and 2,681 patients had lobectomy or more extensive resections. On univariate analysis, gender (p = 0.014), race (p Conclusions Sublobar resection of carcinoid tumors did not compromise oncologic outcomes in a large population-based database. Lobectomy for typical carcinoid tumors is not mandatory as long as complete resection and adequate mediastinal staging are performed.
Analysing the impact of the implementation of lean manufacturing strategies on profitability

Under standard cost accounting systems, reductions in inventories lead to falling reported profits. Rapid reductions in inventories intensify the impact to the bottom line. When a company embarks on an improvement programme such as lean manufacturing, a likely result will be an initial drop in reported profits due to the leaning out of inventories. This paper examines the impact of the adoption of such strategies on the key external financial performance measure of net profit as reported by the GAAP and SEC approved financial accounting methods and others. ANOVA analysis of data generated using a simulated manufacturing environment that includes a discrete event model of a manufacturing operation and a Microsoft Excel-based ERP system are discussed. The paper analyses both the magnitude of the reduction in reported profits and the span of reporting periods affected under three inventory reduction scenarios. This research was not concerned with finding justification for lean manufacturing strategies. Rather, it evaluates the inadequacies of standard financial reporting methods to accurately reflect operational improvements through the early stages of a lean programme.
Pathogenesis and Therapy of Traction Detachment in Various Retinal Vascular Diseases

We examined six patients with retinal vasculopathies (two cases each of angiomatosis retinae [von Hippel-Lindau disease], exudative vitreoretinopathy, and Coats' disease), who developed preretinal and vitreal membranes, retinal traction detachment, and exudation under the retina. The membranes consisted of a core of collagen of various diameter fibers usually covered on both sides by cells that displayed glial cell characteristics. The retina reattached spontaneously and exudates disappeared when traction was eliminated by vitreous surgery. Membrane formation did reoccur after vitrectomy if the vessels continued to leak, leading again to traction and subretinal exudation. Treatment consisted of surgical removal of vitreal and preretinal membranes and destruction of leaking vessels.
Electronic medical records: The aggregation of single events for health care planning and quality assurance

The role of aggregate data for information exploitation in health-care is fundamental. The aim of this paper is to show the added value that informatization offers in generating and comparing these data starting from disaggregate items in medical records. We present a model designed to help the user in this task and underline the role of medical informatics to support health care planning by means of advanced models and tools
Impact of Sr segregation on the electronic structure and oxygen reduction activity of SrTi1−xFexO3 surfaces

The correlation between the surface chemistry and electronic structure is studied for SrTi1−xFexO3 (STF), as a model perovskite system, to explain the impact of Sr segregation on the oxygen reduction activity of cathodes in solid oxide fuel cells. Dense thin films of SrTi0.95Fe0.05O3 (STF5), SrTi0.65Fe0.35O3 (STF35) and SrFeO3 (STF100) were investigated using a coordinated combination of surface probes. Composition, chemical binding, and valence band structure analysis using angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that Sr enrichment increases on the STF film surfaces with increasing Fe content. In situ scanning tunnelling microscopy/spectroscopy results proved the important and detrimental impact of this cation segregation on the surface electronic structure at high temperature and in an oxygen environment. While no apparent band gap was found on the STF5 surface due to defect states at 345 °C and 10−3 mbar of oxygen, the surface band gap increased with Fe content, 2.5 ± 0.5 eV for STF35 and 3.6 ± 0.6 eV for STF100, driven by a down-shift in energy of the valence band. This trend is opposite to the dependence of the bulk STF band gap on the Fe fraction, and is attributed to the formation of a Sr-rich surface phase in the form of SrOx on the basis of the measured surface band structure. The results demonstrate that Sr segregation on STF can deteriorate oxygen reduction kinetics through two mechanisms – inhibition of electron transfer from bulk STF to oxygen species adsorbing onto the surface and the smaller concentration of oxygen vacancies available on the surface for incorporating oxygen into the lattice.
ß-Cannabispiranol: A new non-cannabinoid phenol from cannabis sativa L.

An ethanol extract of Cannabis sativa L. afforded upon partitioning and repeated chromatography a new non-cannabinoid phenol [7′-hydroxy-5′-methoxy-spiro-(cyclohexane-1, 1′-indan)-4\-ol](IIIa), named β-cannabispiranol.
S100 beta protein expression in Alzheimer disease: potential role in the pathogenesis of neuritic plaques.

Increased synthesis and release of S100 beta protein from activated astrocytes has been implicated in the overgrowth of dystrophic neurites in neuritic plaques in Alzheimer disease (AD). To evaluate the quantitative relationships between tissues levels of S100 beta and the numbers of neuritic plaques in AD patients, we counted neuritic plaques, by Tau-2 immunoreactive (Tau-2+) labeling, in tissue sections of hippocampus and adjacent temporal cortex and measured the levels of S100 beta protein, by Western immunoblot labeling, in samples of analogous regions from contralateral hemisphere of the same patients. In AD, tissue levels of S100 beta (two- to fivefold that of controls) were significantly correlated with the number of Tau-2+ plaques (R = 0.82, P < .01). Dual-label immunohistochemical analysis showed that most S100 beta+ cells were activated GFAP+ astrocytes. These results were substantiated by a significant correlation between S100 beta and GFAP tissue levels (R = 0.81, P < .05). Many of the S100 beta+ astrocytes were clustered around and within Tau-2+ plaques. Indeed, no Tau-2+ plaques were found without associated activated S100 beta+ astrocytes. Our findings provide further evidence of a role for S100 beta protein in dysregulation of neurons that leads to apparently nonsensical growth of imperfect neurites in AD, a potential key element in early stages of neuritic plaque pathogenesis.
Reduced Complexity Detection of Shaped Offset QPSK

Shaped offset QPSK (SOQPSK) is a constant envelope, bandwidth efficient modulation that has been adopted into the standard for aeronautical telemetry channels. Due to the memory inherent in this modulation, the optimum detector for it requires a trellis and consequently has fairly high complexity. In this paper we explore the bit error rate performance of reduced complexity detectors for SOQPSK. We show that for SOQPSK a factor of 128 reduction in the number of trellis states of the detector can be achieved with a loss of only 0.2 dB in bit error rate performance.
Recently Published Books [Book/Software Reviews]

This listing is intended to bring to the attention of the readers a sample of some recently published books within the field of interest of The IEEE Microwave Magazine. For information on submissions, contact the column editor at m.gupta@ieee.org.
Does Mercury have a molten core

A feasible nonseismic observational experiment is proposed for determining the existence and extent of a conducting molten core within Mercury. This experiment would utilize the effects of a liquid core on the dynamics of Mercury's rotation; two necessary conditions for performing it are that the core must not follow the mantle's forced librations in longitude but must follow the mantle on the timescale of the 250,000-yr precession. A method is developed by assuming these conditions to be satisfied, and bounds are established on the core viscosity for which they are satisfied. It is shown that the value of the ratio of the moment of inertia of the mantle to the largest principal moment of inertia of the entire planet would indicate whether the core is most probably solid, partially fluid, or entirely fluid. Techniques are suggested for determining the unknowns required to compute the necessary ratio.
The Decent Care Movement: Subsidiarity, Pragmatic Solidarity, and Cross-Cultural Resonance

Decent Care is the World Health Organization and The Ford Foundation’s joint effort to articulate a healthcare paradigm that makes a patient’s voice equal to the voice of the healthcare provider. In this article, the six tenants of Decent Care are outlined with particular emphasis on subsidiarity. Liberation theology’s preferential option for the poor maxim is presented and compared with other major world religions to demonstrate the cross-cultural focus of “decency.” The power of this paradigm is in its emphasis and proclamation of human flourishing in a healthcare setting, generally speaking, and more specifically, human flourishing in the presence of affliction from chronic disease or dying cross-culturally.
Recursive data-based prediction and control of product quality for a PMMA batch process

In many batch processes, frequent process/feedstock disturbances and unavailability of direct on-line quality measurements make it very difficult to achieve tight control of product quality. Motivated by this, we present a simple data-based method in which measurements of other process variables are related to end product quality using a historical data base. The developed correlation model is used to make on-line predictions of end quality, which can serve as a basis for adjusting the batch condition/time so that desired product quality may be achieved. This strategy is applied to a methyl methacrylate (MMA) polymerization process. Important end quality variables, the weight average molecular weight and the polydispersity, are predicted recursively based on the measurements of reactor cooling rate. Subsequently, a shrinking-horizon model predictive control approach is used to manipulate the reaction temperature. The results in this study show promise for the proposed inferential control method.
Management of Bacterial Kidney Disease in Chinook Salmon Hatcheries Based on Broodstock Testing by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: A Multiyear Study

Abstract From the mid-1980s through the early 1990s, outbreaks of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) caused by Renibacterium salmoninarum continued in Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in Idaho Department of Fish and Game (IDFG) hatcheries despite the use of three control methods: (1) injection of returning adult fish with erythromycin to reduce prespawning BKD mortality and limit vertical transmission of R. salmoninarum, (2) topical disinfection of green eggs with iodophor, and (3) prophylactic treatments of juvenile fish with erythromycin-medicated feed. In addition, programs to manage BKD through measurement of R. salmoninarum antigen levels in kidney tissues from spawning female Chinook salmon by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were tested over 13–15 brood years at three IDFG hatcheries. The ELISA results were used for either (1) segregated rearing of progeny from females with high ELISA optical density (OD) values (usually ≥0.25), which are indicative of high R. salmoninarum antigen le...
Scientific Drilling Into the San Andreas Fault Zone

This year, the world has faced energetic and destructive earthquakes almost every month. In January, an M = 7.0 event rocked Haiti, killing an estimated 230,000 people. In February, an M = 8.8 earthquake and tsunami claimed over 500 lives and caused billions of dollars of damage in Chile. Fatal earthquakes also occurred in Turkey in March and in China and Mexico in April.
Report Of The ALCTS Acquisitions Section Gifts Interest Group Meeting. American Library Association Midwinter Meeting, Boston, January 2010

Joe Badics, Acquisitions Librarian, Eastern Michigan University, opened the discussion with the results of a study that he conducted on monograph donations received during calendar year 2001. Three...
Diet and serum cholesterol levels in baboons.

Abstract The baboon is capable of responding to dietary cholesterol with a moderate increase of serum cholesterol within one year. Marked individual variation in this response occurs with animals on identical diets. The level of dietary cholesterol is the only dietary variable (of those investigated) with a major effect on changes in serum cholesterol after 12 months on diet. Fat blends, one made up predominatly of corn oil and another composed principally of beef tallow, butter oil, and hydrogenated vegetable fats, appear to have no main effect on changes in serum cholesterol after 12 months on diet, but there is interaction between dietary cholesterol and type of fat. Dietary protein levels of 8 and 20% of calories appear to have no major effects on changes in serum cholesterol levels.
Lumps and bumps in children-when to worry: recent trends in recognition and pathology of hemangiomas of infancy and Spitz nevi.

Purpose of review Hemangiomas are common, and most lesions are benign. Careful attention needs to be paid to these lesions; however, because their growth can be unpredictable, they can have important complications and can serve as markers of underlying malformations. The consequences of hemangiomas are extensive and can be challenging to recognize. Recent findings Recent knowledge of the pathogenesis and diagnosis of these lesions has helped raise awareness of their classification and clinical significance. Spitz nevi can also be a challenging lesion to diagnose and treat, although for different reasons. These are lesions composed of melanocytes with clinical and histopathological findings that we easily misdiagnosed and can have significant implications for patient care. Summary Both of these important lesions in infants and children are reviewed in further detail with particular attention to recent trends.
The Real Estate Code of Ethics: Viable or Vaporous?

Several recent articles in the field of ethics and business have raised questions concerning the viability of professional ethical codes. Are such codes serious, effective tools for promoting and enforcing an ethical standard of behavior? Or do the codes more closely resemble clever, elaborate public-relation ploys? The purpose of this paper is to analyze the content, role and efficacy of one such ethical code, namely, The Code of Ethics of the National Association of Realtors. The paper examines the ethical principles embodied, implicitly or explicitly, in this Code; it tests these principles for coherence, comprehensiveness, clarity and enforce-ability. Furthermore, it seeks to determine whether this Code articulates standards of ethical conduct that are higher than those already required by law and whether the Code successfully translates a general ethical vision down to concrete, everyday real estate practice.
A new synthesis of 2-amino-6-7-dihydroxy tetrahydronaphthalene (ADTN) via functionalized aryl-lithium reagents and methyl 2-trimethylsilylacrylate - a new annulation sequence

Abstract A new high yield synthesis of a potent dopamine agonist, 2-amino-6-7-dihydroxytetra-hydronaphthalene, is described utilizing a new annulation sequence.
Delayed Versus Immediate Loading of Implants: Survival Analysis and Risk Factors for Dental Implant Failure

Purpose The purpose of this study was to estimate 1-year survival for delayed versus immediately loaded implants and identify risk factors for implant failure. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective cohort study, consisting of a sample of subjects who had greater than or equal to 1 Bicon dental implant (Bicon, Boston, MA) placed over a 13-year period. The primary predictor variable was method of implant loading: delayed (3 to 6 months after placement) or immediately after insertion. Secondary predictor variables were classified as demographic, anatomic, implant/abutment, and reconstructive. The outcome variable was implant failure, defined as removal of the implant, and was recorded as months of survival. Descriptive, Kaplan-Meier, and univariate Cox proportional hazards statistics were computed. Univariate associations with P ≤ .15 and biologically relevant variables (eg, age, gender) were included in a marginal multiple Cox regression model. In the multiple model, a P value of ≤ .05 was considered statistically significant. Results The study sample consisted of 677 subjects who had 2,349 delayed-loaded dental implants and 178 patients who had 477 immediate-loaded implants. The unadjusted 1-year survival estimates for the delayed and immediate loading groups were 95.5% and 90.3%, respectively ( P P ≤ .05). Conclusion In this study, implants loaded immediately were 2.7 times (after adjusting) more likely to fail at 1 year compared with delayed-loaded implants.
Voting for Catholic Candidates: The Evolution of a Stereotype*

Objectives. This article looks at the effects of candidate Catholicism on individual voters, turning the traditional inquiry into voters' religion on its head. Specifically, it hypothesizes that individuals stereotype Catholic candidates based on the voting behavior of Catholics in general, and that these stereotypes help voters make a decision in elections with Catholic candidates. Methods. Using data from the American National Election Studies (ANES), this article argues that citizens hold stereotypes of Catholics based on actual Catholic political behavior—solidly Democratic from the 1950s to the 1970s, but trending Republican starting in the 1980s. It also tests these stereotypes with Gallup data on hypothetical Catholic candidates and analyzes, through election-day exit polls, the impact on voters of the Catholic conversion of a sitting U.S. Senator. Results. The data analyses strongly support the article's hypothesis, demonstrating that partisan attitudes toward hypothetical Catholic candidates shifted direction as the Catholic electorate shifted. In addition, Senator Sam Brownback's (R-KS) conversion to Catholicism increased partisan polarization in his support—indicating a conservative shift in perceptions. Conclusions. Candidate religion plays a role in elections. Specifically, voters stereotype candidates based on candidate religion and use this stereotyped information to help them make an electoral decision. This article demonstrates this effect for Catholicism, but other religions should evidence similar impacts.
Meeting the mental health needs of children and youth: using evidence-based education worldwide

In this paper, we review the factors that impact the mental health of children and youth, highlight the magnitude of the mental health problem based on data from selected countries, emphasise the influence that culture has on the development of children and youth, and delineate several strategies and programmes proven to be effective when working with children and youth in educational settings.