cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE UNCOOPERATIVE PATIENT: I

A 43-year-old white, single man, who lives with his parents and has been diabetic since the age of 14, has been on center hemodialysis since January, 1990. He worked as an electrician, but because of medical complications connected with his diabetes, he has been permanently disabled since 1986. He failed self-care dialysis due to major errors in judgment which could potentially have been life-threatening to him. On center dialysis, he skips treatments on occasion and has interdialytic weight gains averaging 4–8 kg. About once a week he cuts treatment short because of leg cramping and/or arguments with nurses. He demands Xanax while being treated and, if the nurses are reluctant to give him this medication, he cuts the treatment short. On two occasions, he has received emergency dialysis because he skipped three consecutive dialyses. In the past three months the situation has deteriorated further. His weight gains have increased and he cuts dialysis short more frequently. For the past two months, when he comes to dialysis, he takes out a knife and places it on his bedside stand. He has never threatened anyone, but the nurses feel a bit compromised by it. His family has kept themselves very separate from the treatment. He speaks highly of his parents, who, although elderly, are apparently in good health. They are rarely in contact with the dialysis staff. When the social worker has attempted to contact them, they have communicated a lack of interest in being involved with the “problems of the dialysis unit.” Needless to say, the staff finds the patient's behavior and the attitude of his parents a major problem. He is very impulse-ridden, has little ability to tolerate frustration, and, worst of all, denies any responsibility for his actions or inactions. He complains of an unsatisfactory dialysis schedule and of the nurses being angry with him. He denies suicidal thoughts, but admits to being depressed and feeling hopeless.
THE TWO‐STATE INTEREST RATE MODEL FOR PRICING BONDS: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

The two-state interest rate model is evaluated on the basis of its ability to price samples of government bonds. Its accuracy is shown to be comparable to that of a sophisticated continuous time model.
Emerging versatility of a scannerless range imager

Sandia National Laboratories is nearing the completion of the initial development of a unique type of range imaging sensor. This innovative imaging optical radar is based on an active flood-light scene illuminator and an image intensified CCD camera receiver. It is an all solid-state device (no moving parts) and offers significant size, performance, reliability, simplicity, and affordability advantages over other types of 3-D sensor technologies, including: scanned laser radar, stereo vision, and structured lighting. The sensor is based on low cost, commercially available hardware, and is very well suited for affordable application to a wide variety of military and commercial uses, including: munition guidance, target recognition, robotic vision, automated inspection, driver enhanced vision, collision avoidance, site security and monitoring, terrain mapping, and facility surveying. This paper reviews the sensor technology and its development for the advanced conventional munition guidance application, and discusses a few of the many other emerging applications for this new innovative sensor technology.
Perceptual Ambiguity, Gender, and Target Intoxication: Assessing the Effects of Factors That Moderate Perceptions of Sexual Harassment

Subjects read a passage which described an interaction between a man and a woman at an office party. The woman was either sober or intoxicated, and eventually the man engaged in 1 of 3 behaviors which involved varying degrees of sexual innuendo and/or aggression: (a) verbal comment, (b) verbal request, and (c) nonverbal physical display. The results indicated that perceptions did not vary as a function of target person's intoxication in the nonverbal-display condition. On the other hand, in the verbal-comment and verbal-request conditions, subjects in the intoxicated-target-person condition perceived the initiator more favorably than subjects in the sober-target-person condition. In addition, they indicated that perceptions did not vary as a function of target-person intoxication level in the nonverbal-display condition. On the other hand, in the verbal-comment and verbal-request conditions, male subjects were more favorable toward the initiator than toward female subjects.
Effects of water, salt solution and simulated concrete pore solution on the properties of composite matrix resins used in civil engineering applications

One of the obstacles hindering the acceptance of polymer composites in civil engineering applications is the susceptibility of the polymeric matrix to degradation that is initiated by moisture, temperature, and corrosive chemical environments. The objective of this study was to characterize chemical and physical changes in polymer matrix resins following exposure to these environments. Resin systems studied were vinyl ester and isophthalic polyester, both of which are proposed for use in construction applications. Unreinforced free films were exposed to water, alkaline and saline environments at ambient and elevated temperatures for extended periods of time. Changes in strength and thermophysical properties were evaluated through tensile testing, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Chemical degradation of the polymers was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis of specimens following exposure was carried out to determine if ion diffusion into the bulk polymer occurred. Only minor changes in the glass transition temperatures of the polymers were observed after prolonged exposure at elevated temperature, but more substantial changes were noted in tensile strength, particularly in the case of the isophthalic polyester. Examination of the polymers following immersion in salt solution and alkaline solution showed essentially no ionic penetration into the bulk, with the exception of specimens that were visibly degraded. Spectroscopic analysis of chemical structure prior to and following exposure revealed varying degrees of ester hydrolysis.
Some Civil Defense Problems in the Nation's Capital Following Widespread Thermonuclear Attack

The probable conditions in Washington following widespread thermonuclear attack are assessed with respect to 1 radiation conditions in the city itself and in the surrounding areas, and 2 deaths and debris conditions in the Nation's Capital Mock attacks with thermonuclear-size bombs were made on all targets designated as critical by the FCDA within a 300-mile radius of Washington. Appropriate fallout contours were selected and oriented as to wind speed and bearing for each target. The attacks were repeated 36 times using a random sample of actual 60,000-ft wind readings. Radiation levels for the area were then compiled in terms of the per cent of time a given two-day accumulated dose would be exceeded. An attack day was selected at random and the effects of blast heat and local close-in fallout in Washington were added to indirect radiation effects. A comparison of the amount of time a rescue worker would have to wait impeded by debris and radiation to enter an area with the amount of time left to a survivor in shelter attenuating 0.9 of radiation effects was made. An area exists, in Virginia, where less than 200 r can be expected a large per cent of the time. A very small percentage of the target population will survive to be cared for in this area. It was found that present shelter is not adequate to prevent intolerable numbers of deaths Present “evacuation areas” should be re-evaluated in terms of likely radiation conditions.
Genetic risk prediction: individualized variability in susceptibility to toxicants.

Genetic risk prediction uses genetic data to individualize prediction of outcome or effect from a known harmful toxicant. Several examples of toxicogenetics (usually binary traits) are discussed, reflecting largely Mendelian traits before the Human Genome Project began in 1990. Numerous complexities of the genome and what constitutes “a gene” have emerged during these past two decades. Examples of toxicogenomics (continuous outcomes, gradients) are examined. Most xenobiotic-induced environmental diseases resemble human complex diseases or other multifactorial traits such as height; these traits result from hundreds of low-effect genes. Consequently, uncovering an association between a trait and a genetic variant in a large cohort can provide important information about underlying biology; however, screening for a specific variant in an individual worker or patient has poor predictive value and little clinical utility. Individualized risk assessment for toxicants that cause environmental diseases, although...
A political economy of human rights: Oil, natural gas, and state incentives to repress1

Oil and other natural resources are linked to many undesirable outcomes, such as civil war, autocracy and lack of economic development. Using a state-centered framework for revenue extraction, we identify why oil should also be linked to another undesirable effect: repression. We argue that repression is less costly where states do not rely on their citizenry for generating revenue, so that these states are more likely than others to use indiscriminate violations of personal integrity rights as a policy tool. We test this argument using a cross-national database with a variety of indicators of oil and fuel rents and personal integrity violations. Across all specifications and different indicators, we find a substantive and significant relationship between a state relying on oil and the violation of personal integrity rights.
How can the study of physiological reactivity contribute to our understanding of adversity and resilience processes in development

The focus of this article is to present current progress in understanding the interplay among adversity, physiological sensitivity to context, and adaptive functioning, with an emphasis on implications and future directions for resilience researchers. It includes a review of current literature that demonstrates (a) links between various levels of adversity exposure and variability in physiological reactivity, (b) how the interplay between children's physiological reactivity and different sources of risk and adversity relates to variability in adaptive functioning, and (c) various approaches for capturing a more dynamic nature of physiological reactivity and related processes. Throughout, important conceptual and empirical issues are highlighted.
Erosive Tooth Wear Among Children in the United States: Relationship to Race/Ethnicity and Obesity

Objective. The study aims were to estimate the prevalence of erosive tooth wear (ETW) in children and to specifically examine its association with race/ethnicity and obesity in the United States. Design. We analysed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2003–2004. ETW was measured using the modified Smith and Knight Tooth Wear Index derived from the 1998 United Kingdom Adult Health Survey. Results. This study shows that 45.9% of children aged 13–19 years had evidence of ETW in at least one tooth. The prevalence of ETW was bilaterally symmetrical in all teeth examined and was most prevalent in maxillary teeth. Females had significantly lower rates of ETW of any tooth compared to males. African Americans had significantly lower rates of ETW (except in the canines), and Hispanics had similar rates compared to whites. Compared to ‘healthy weight’ children, those ‘at risk for overweight’ had lower rates of ETW and the ‘overweight’ groups had higher rates, but results were not significant. Conclusions. Substantial proportions of children in the US are affected by ETW. Compared to whites, African American children had significantly lower rates of ETW. Although not significant, ‘overweight’ (obese) children had increased odds of having ETW and those at ‘risk for overweight’ had lower odds compared to ‘healthy weight’ children.
Language Shock: Understanding the Culture of Conversation

Language Shock: Understanding the Culture of Conversation. Michael Agar. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1994. 284 pp.
Magnetic resonance elastography of the lung parenchyma in an in situ porcine model with a noninvasive mechanical driver: Correlation of shear stiffness with trans-respiratory system pressures

Quantification of the mechanical properties of lung parenchyma is an active field of research due to the association of this metric with normal function, disease initiation and progression. A phase contrast MRI-based elasticity imaging technique known as magnetic resonance elastography is being investigated as a method for measuring the shear stiffness of lung parenchyma. Previous experiments performed with small animals using invasive drivers in direct contact with the lungs have indicated that the quantification of lung shear modulus with (1) H based magnetic resonance elastography is feasible. This technique has been extended to an in situ porcine model with a noninvasive mechanical driver placed on the chest wall. This approach was tested to measure the change in parenchymal stiffness as a function of airway opening pressure (P(ao) ) in 10 adult pigs. In all animals, shear stiffness was successfully quantified at four different P(ao) values. Mean (±STD error of mean) pulmonary parenchyma density corrected stiffness values were calculated to be 1.48 (±0.09), 1.68 (±0.10), 2.05 (±0.13), and 2.23 (±0.17) kPa for P(ao) values of 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm H2O, respectively. Shear stiffness increased with increasing P(ao) , in agreement with the literature. It is concluded that in an in situ porcine lung shear stiffness can be quantitated with (1) H magnetic resonance elastography using a noninvasive mechanical driver and that it is feasible to measure the change in shear stiffness due to change in P(ao) .
Optical imaging in microfluidic bioreactors enables oxygen monitoring for continuous cell culture

For the first time, a fluorescence lifetime calibration method for an oxygen-sensitive dye ruthenium tris(2,2'-dipyridyl) dichloride hexahydrate (RTDP) is applied to image oxygen levels in poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) bioreactors containing living C2C12 mouse myoblasts. PDMS microsystems are broadly used in bioengineering applications due to their biocompatibility and ease of handling. For these systems, oxygen concentrations are of significance and are likely to play an important role in cell behavior and gene expression. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) bases image contrast on fluorophore excited state lifetimes, which reflect local biochemistry. Unique attributes of the widefield, time-domain FLIM system include tunable excitation (337.1 to 960 nm), large temporal dynamic range (> or =600 ps), high spatial resolution (1.4 microm), calibrated detection (0 to 300+/-8 microM of oxygen), and rapid data acquisition and processing times (10 s). Oxygen levels decrease with increasing cell densities and are consistent with model outcomes obtained by simulating bioreactor oxygen diffusion and cell proliferation. In single bioreactor loops, FLIM detects spatial heterogeneity in oxygen levels with variations as high as 20%. The fluorescence lifetime-based imaging approach we describe avoids intensity-based artifacts (including photobleaching and concentration variations) and provides a technique with high spatial discrimination for oxygen monitoring in continuous cell culture systems.
The influence of laser polarization variations on CPT atomic clock signals

The Coherent-Population-Trapping (CPT) vapor-cell atomic clock represents a clear break from previous vapor-cell clock technology. As such it has advantages that may result in significant frequency stability improvements. However, along with the technology's benefits come new effects that may limit the CPT clock's capabilities, and one such effect is laser polarization noise. Here, we present our first results looking at the response of a CPT signal to modulation of a laser's polarization. Our results show that the CPT clock signal undergoes a splitting when the polarization modulation is rapid, suggesting that various Fourier components of a field's stochastic polarization fluctuations will affect the CPT clock signal in qualitatively different ways.
Direct ipsilateral retinal projections in goldfish (Carassius auratus).

ALAN D. SPRINGER* and GARY E. LANDRETH Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109 (U.S.A.) (Accepted December 30th, 1976) The goldfish visual system has been extensively used in biochemical, electro- physiological, anatomical and behavioral studies 3,Ta°,n,lB,19, as well as in those con- cerned with neuronal plasticity and regeneration 4,6. Conventional silver-degeneration methodsl°,~8,19 and radioautography 8,~z have been used to map retinofugal projec- tions in goldfish. The optic nerves are described as completely decussating at the chiasm and projecting to the contralateral optic tectum, as well as to the diencephalon and preoptic areal0,X8,19. In addition to the known contralateral projections, we have found direct retinal projections to the ipsilateral diencephalon and preoptic area using [ZH]proline radioautography. Common goldfish (Carassius auratus), weighing 8-11 g, and 6-7 cm in body length, were obtained from Ozark Fisheries, Stoutland, Mo.; the fish were maintain- ed at 20 ± 1 °C. Six fish were injected intraocularly with 25 #Ci of e-[4,5-ZH]proline (46 Ci/mmole; New England Nuclear) in 5/~1 of saline. Fish were sacrificed either 24 h or 35 days after injection. Following fixation, the brains were processed for radioauto- graphy 8,1'~. Brain sections were coated with Kodak NTB2 emulsion, exposed for 34 days, developed and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Silver grains were heavily concentrated over the contralateral optic tract, optic tectum and retinal targets of the diencephalon and preoptic area. Retinofugal fibers were also found to terminate in several ipsilateral regions by three routes : an uncross- ed pathway via the ipsilateral optic tract, fibers that decussate at the chiasm but sub- sequently recross the midline through the posterior commissure and fibers which re- cross through the minor commissure. A direct projection to the ipsilateral optic tectum was not seen. In all specimens examined, decussation of the optic nerve at the chiasm was in- complete. A small number of fibers are distributed throughout the ipsilateral optic tract near the chiasm. As the tract courses dorsally, the fibers collect and follow its * Present address: Department of Physiology, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, Ill. 60680, U.S.A.
Pharmacological management of obese child

Childhood overweight and obesity are increasingly common management problems for clinicians. This review focuses on the pharmacological management of obesity in children. It considers historical treatments, the options currently available (principally orlistat and metformin) and some potential future therapeutic interventions. The short term psychological effect of obesity and longer term health impact are discussed. The clinical settings in which drug treatment may be appropriate, the importance of lifestyle interventions, and the evidence and clinical guidance that underpin their use are discussed.
The influence of land use on stream biofilm nutrient limitation across eight North American ecoregions

Nutrient diffusing substrata were used to determine the influence of inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability on community respiration (CR), gross primary production (GPP), and chloro...
PKG Primes the Proteasome

Proteostasis, the precisely orchestrated balance between protein synthesis and degradation, plays a critical role in the maintenance of cell function. This is particularly the case for postmitotic cells such as cardiomyocytes and neurons, which rarely re-enter the cell cycle to divide and hence survive for decades. Disease-related stress can promote dysregulation of proteostasis, leading to accumulation of damaged or misfolded proteins as toxic aggregates capable of triggering cell death.1,2 Indeed, in both dilated cardiomyopathy and ischemic heart disease, perturbations in proteostasis are evidenced by accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins.3 Additionally, genetic disorders that lead to aggregate formation can trigger cardiomyopathy.4 For example, specific mutations in the coding region of the molecular chaperone αB-crystallin (CryAB) disrupt its chaperone function, leading to a distinctive myofibrillar myopathy characterized by accumulation of toxic aggregates in cardiac myocytes reminiscent of Alzheimer disease or polyglutamine expansion disorders. Article see p 365 Cells can be protected from accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates by either a decrease in their formation or an increase in their clearance. Protein aggregate clearance is accomplished by 2 major catabolic processes: the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP) or the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (Figure 1). Inhibition of either pathway provokes increases in toxic, intracellular aggregates that can promote disease pathogenesis. Figure 1. Damaged or misfolded proteins are targeted primarily for degradation by the ubiquitin proteasomal pathway (UPP). When an excess of these proteins accumulates, they aggregate and are degraded by autophagic pathways. If misfolded proteins continue to accumulate, they can be ultimately sequestered by the cell into ubiquitin-rich cytoplasmic inclusions called aggresomes. Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process underlying bulk removal of cytoplasmic proteins and organelles. Autophagy acts as an adaptive response both under conditions of starvation, where recycling of intracellular contents is required to replenish life-sustaining nutrients, and in the setting of …
False signature reduction in infrared channeled spectropolarimetry

ABSTRACT Channeled spectropolarimetry, first developed by K. Oka, is capable of measuring all the Stokes parameters from a single modulated spectrum. We present a theoretical means for improving the spectral resolution of channeled spectropolarimetry by at least a factor of four. Especially valuable in the infrar ed due to atmospheric absorption features, this method simultaneously provides for the correction of aliasing artifacts from the channels used for the determination of the Stokes parameters. The technique is experimentally demonstrated using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and two multiple-order Yttrium Vanadate (YVO 4 ) retarders. This approach is implem ented with consideration of crystal dichroism effects, and reconstructions are compared with conventional channeled spectropolarimetric reconstructions from the same system. Additional results, produced by using Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) retarders, provide demonstration of the technique across the infrared. Keywords: Spectropolarimeter, Fourier transf orm spectrometer, atmospheric absorption, channeled spectrum.
Communication over fading channels with finite buffer constraints"single user and multiple access cases

We consider communication over a fading channel where arriving data is stored in a buffer of size L until it is transmitted. Any data arriving when the buffer is full is discarded. The transmitter utilises a power and rate control policy that can depend on both the buffer occupancy as well as the channel state. The trade-off between minimizing transmission power and buffer overflow probability is analyzed in the asymptotic regime as L/spl rarr//spl infin/. Both single user and multi-access models are considered.
Conditional expression of human β-hexosaminidase in the neurons of Sandhoff disease rescues mice from neurodegeneration but not neuroinflammation

This study evaluated whether GM2 ganglioside storage is necessary for neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation by performing β-hexosaminidase rescue experiments in neurons of HexB−/− mice. We developed a novel mouse model, whereby the expression of the human HEXB gene was targeted to neurons of HexB−/− mice by the Thy1 promoter. Despite β-hexosaminidase restoration in neurons was sufficient in rescuing HexB−/− mice from GM2 neuronal storage and neurodegeneration, brain inflammation persisted, including the presence of large numbers of reactive microglia/macrophages due to persisting GM2 presence in this cell type. In conclusion, our results suggest that neuroinflammation is not sufficient to elicit neurodegeneration as long as neuronal function is restored.
Degassing Behavior of Nanostructured Al and Its Composites

The synthesis of bulk ultrafine-grained (UFG) and nanostructured Al via cryomilling can frequently require a degassing step prior to consolidation, partly due to the large surface area of the as-milled powders. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects associated with cryomilling with stearic acid additions (as a process-control agent) on the degassing behavior of Al powders. This objective was accomplished by completing select experiments with Al-7.5Mg, Al-6.4 wt pct Al85Ni10La5, and Al-14.3 wt pct B4C. The interaction between Al and stearic acid was determined using thermal analysis combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The degassing experiments were carried out under high vacuum (10−4 to ~10−6 torr) in a range from room temperature to 400 °C, with the pressure of the released gases monitored using a digital vacuum gage. The results showed that the liberation of chemisorbed water was suppressed in cryomilled Al powders and both the chemisorbed water and stearic acid were primarily released in the form of hydrogen. It was also demonstrated that under certain conditions, a nanostructure (grain size ~100 nm) can be retained following the hot vacuum degassing of cryomilled Al.
Maternal correlates of 2‐year‐old American Indian children's social‐emotional development in a Northern Plains tribe

On sait peu de choses sur les experiences de developpement des tres jeunes enfants indiens (indiens d'Ameriques) aujourd'hui. Cet etude a voulu explorer le developpement socio-emotionnel des petits enfants indiens vivant dans une reserve des Plaines du Nord aux Etats-Unis, en tant qu'une fonction de variables maternelles et de mode de soin. Les meres ont rempli des questionnaires (auto-rapport) sur leurs experience et le developpement de leurs enfants. Des evaluations d'observateurs du developpement des enfants ont aussi ete faites. Le stress maternel, l'abus et l'utilisation de drogue et d'alcool, les perceptions de stress dans la relation mere-enfant, le soutien social et l'identite indienne americaine etaient fortement lies au developpement soci-emotionnel des enfants. Cette etude est la premiere a explorer ces relations dans un echantillon d'enfants indiens americains des Plaines du Nord et leur meres. Les resultats suggerent des points possibles d'intervention de prevention pour ameliorer les resultats de comportement pour les tres jeunes enfants indiens americains.
Teaching the Prisoner's Dilemma More Effectively: Engaging the Students

We introduce a simple but particularly compelling prisoner’s dilemma classroom experiment that can be used in a variety of settings to demonstrate issues surrounding cooperative behavior (e.g., oligopoly, advertising, and public corruption). The prisoner’s dilemma occurs in all 21 class sections in our experiment. This experiment is more likely to engage students in two ways. The “payoff” in the game involves the possibility of students earning a small number of extra points. Also, we find that presenting experimental results to students enhances their interest in the material. For example, we find evidence that female students are less likely to “defect” than are male students, and that international students are more likely and seniors less likely to “defect.” Classroom discussions are greatly enhanced as a result.
A TAXONOMY OF CLOSED AND OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE INDUSTRY BUSINESS MODELS

This paper explores the closed source/open source software model dialectic and presents a conceptual framework of an emerging "both source" software business model useful for formulating firm technology strategy. The author reviews the academic literature and popular business press, extracting definitions and concepts underlying these software models; explains the concept of a business model and makes the case for the knowledge-based view of the firm as the approach to software industry business model development; describes, in detail, the proprietary, open source and "both source" software models; identifies the primary motivations behind the managerial development and adoption of the "both source" business software model (cost containment) and the implementation challenges firm's face (an upsurge in copyright and patent infringement suits concerning adoption of open source code); and concludes with a series of research questions pertaining to the economic viability of open source license business models, the effectiveness of indemnification strategies against copyright and patent infringement, and the managerial motivations behind choosing patent over copyright protection of software inventions.
Structure, Anharmonic Vibrational Frequencies, and Intensities of NNHNN(.).

A semiglobal potential energy surface (PES) and quartic force field (QFF) based on fitting high-level electronic structure energies are presented to describe the structures and spectroscopic properties of NNHNN+. The equilibrium structure of NNHNN+ is linear with the proton equidistant between the two nitrogen groups and thus of D∞h symmetry. Vibrational second-order perturbation theory (VPT2) calculations based on the QFF fails to describe the proton “rattle” motion, i.e., the antisymmetric proton stretch, due to the very flat nature of PES around the global minimum but performs properly for other modes with sharper potential wells. Vibrational self-consistent field/virtual state configuration interaction (VSCF/VCI) calculations using a version of MULTIMODE without angular momentum terms successfully describe this motion and predict the fundamental to be at 759 cm–1. This is in good agreement with the value of 746 cm–1 from a fixed-node diffusion Monte Carlo calculation and the experimental Ar-tagged res...
Setting up evaluation index system and calculation development level of China agricultural modernization.

We set up the evaluation index system of the agricultural modernization development level, use the methods of expert evaluating and layer analyzing, establish model and calculate the development level from 1980 -2008, we know the national agricultural modernization of the development level is trending up, but the level in the east region is higher than the central region, the central region is higher than western region. We believe that increasing the devotion to the agriculture, the eastern region changes toward the technique intensive type and funds an intensive type, leading to carry out the agricultural modernization, the central region tends to technique, labor intensive type on the base of insuring the foundation of the national agricultural product supply safety, the western region should tend to the labor, technique intensive type of save water agriculture, the ecosystem agriculture and the special features agriculture.
Limb volume estimates based on limb elliptical vs. circular cross section models

Limb volumes, as would be estimated by the widely used right circular truncated cone model (right circular frustum), were analytically compared to volume estimates that would be obtained if limbs were represented by an elliptical cross section. A general expression for the ratio of circular to elliptical limb segmental volumes was developed in terms of the ratio of minimum to maximum limb radial dimensions. Analytical results showed that in general the elliptical representation resulted in smaller calculated limb volumes, with the difference increasing as the ratio of minimum to maximum limb dimension became smaller. However, differences in estimated limb volume between circular and elliptic representations were less than 5% if the minimum to maximum limb dimensions at measured circumference sites were greater than 0.64. It is concluded that although limbs deviate from circularity, the added work of determining minimum and maximum dimensions for each circumference measured, as is needed to employ elliptical models, is warranted only for extreme differences in limb radial dimensions or possibly for research purposes.
Occurrence of 2,6-dichlorophenol in Dermacentor albipictus and Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (acari: Ixodidae).

The chemical 2,6-dichlorophenol, previously identified as a sex pheromone in several species of hard ticks, was found in both sexes of 2 additional species, Dermacentor albipictus and Haemaphysalis leporispalustris .
Comparison of Sweep-net and Ground-cloth Sampling Methods for Estimating Arthropod Densities in Different Soybean Cropping Systems

Methods involving a sweep net, ground cloth, and ground cloth plus visual observation were evaluated for sampling arthropod pests and predators in three soybean cropping systems. The ground-cloth technique provided a good estimate of absolute density for most of the species sampled. In conventionally planted soybeans with rows spaced 81 cm apart, the ground cloth alone sampled from 82 to 97% of the true arthropod density as measured by the ground cloth plus visual observation method. In drill-planted soybeans and soybeans planted in small grain stubble, these ranges in efficiency were 75 to 96% and 73 to 90%, respectively. The lower percentages in ground-cloth sampling were primarily due to individuals remaining on the soybean foliage after the plants had been shaken. A power model was used to transform sweep-net counts to equivalent ground-cloth counts using regression analyses on mean densities of nine arthropod species encountered in 150 fields. In 11 of the 27 species/cropping system combinations, a linear model adequately described the relationship between the two methods. In those regressions that showed nonlinear relationships, the sweep net was more efficient than the ground cloth at high pest densities. Our equations provide estimates of absolute densities of arthropods in different cropping systems using different sampling methods and can be used to convert action thresholds between systems and methods.
The Avian Egg: Water Vapor Conductance, Shell Thickness, and Functional Pore Area

Gas exchange in the avian embryo has been shown to be dependent on, and limited by, the diffusive properties of gases across the resistance offered by the shell and shell membranes ( Wangensteen and Rahn 1970-71). For simplicity, we shall use the term “shell’ to denote the entire barrier to diffusion between the interior of the egg and the environment. It has also been shown that under normal conditions the diffusion of water vapor across the egg shell approximates the diffusion equations set forth for ideal gases (Paganelli et al. 1971) and that the weight loss in eggs is almost entirely due to diffusion of water through the shell (Romanoff and Romanoff 1949). The diffusive rate of water loss from eggs is:
Investigation of species and ecological habits of mosquitoes in Shanxian County of Shandong Province

Objective To investigate the mosquito species and ecological habits in Shanxian county of Shandongprovince,providing scientific basis for controlling mosquitoes and preventing mosquito-borne diseases in the area. Methods The investigation of mosquitoes was conducted in five areas of Shanxian county: Shanxian county government,LixinzhuangTown,Guocun Town,Huanggang Town,Zhangji Town,and four survey spots were selected in each area. Adults mosquitoeswere caught by man-bait net trap,labor hour method were applied for catching the mosquitoes in human houses and livestockshelters,and the mosquitoes in wild habitats were caught with a net. Mosquito larvae were collected from different breedingsites. The mosquito species were brought back and identified. Results Total 7 556 mosquitoes were collected from all thesurvey points including that 11 species belonged to 5 genus. The density of Culex pipiens palllen,Culex tritaeniorhynchus andAnopheles sinensis were top three in density. Anopheles sinensis was dominant in Huanggang,accounting for 56.42%. Therewas the largest number of mosquito species and amount in wild habitat,and Culex tritaeniorhynchus was dominant in livestockshelters,accounting for 33.69%. Conclusion There were plenty of mosquito species in Shanxian county,and the populationdistribution of mosquito vectors were different from areas. To attaint excelletn resutls,mosquito control measures that suit the local conditions.
Economic Evaluation on the Driven Mode Selection of the Feedwater Pump in Air-cooled Power Unit

There are two kinds of driven modes of the feedwater pump in air-cooled power unit,i.e.electric and steam driving.For these two driven modes are technically feasible,the detailed selection of driven mode mainly depends on the economic comparison.A comprehensive economic evaluation method has been put forward in the paper based on the present selection status combined with actual example for the application.The method can be applied to the prephase planning as well as the evaluation of finished project with its broad applicability.
Pro-apoptotic Bax molecules densely populate the edges of membrane pores

How the pro-apoptotic Bax protein permeabilizes the mitochondrial outer membrane is not fully understood. Previously, using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we showed that activated Bax forms large, growing pores. Whether formed in liposomes or in mitochondrial outer membranes, Bax-induced pores exhibit the same morphology, with negative curvature flanking the edges and with no visible protein structure protruding from the membranes. Here we used cryo-EM to show that gold-labeled Bax molecules, after activation by Bid, became localized strictly at pore edges. This argues that Bax acts at short range to deform the membrane. Also, Bax molecules populated the walls of both small and large pores at the same density, implying that Bax is continuously recruited to the pores as they widen. Moreover, because all Bax molecules became oligomerized after membrane insertion, we infer that Bax oligomers are present at pore edges. We suggest that oligomerization may promote pore enlargement.
Evolution of the Biosphere

Part One was devoted to a discussion of physical features of the Solar System which influence some of the material and energy fluxes on the Earth. It describes the physical setting for the evolution of the Earth’s biosphere. Part Two examines the biogeographic events of the past and their influence on current patterns of life. In this chapter the sway of organisms on the Earth’s atmospheric and geologic features will be explored. Such influences are important because ultimately they have bearing on the evolution of the Earth and its organisms.
Advances in Methods for Assessing Longitudinal Change

Educational research aims to understand how and why students change over time. With its emphasis on within-person change, latent change score models provide educational researchers with a more general and flexible framework for testing nuanced hypotheses regarding within-person change and between-person differences in within-person change. Models of change are specified and can include static (time-invariant) covariates, as well as dynamic (time-varying) covariates. Latent change score modeling further allows for the testing of more complex research questions about dynamic associations between 2 or more variables across time. We describe latent change score models for a single repeatedly measured variable and for multiple repeatedly measured variables, and we illustrate their use with longitudinal data on mathematics ability and visual motor integration. The results indicate that visual motor integration is a potential leading indicator of subsequent changes in mathematics ability.
Section I Discussion: How Do Educators Use Student Growth Measures in Practice?

Through the lens of economics, Corcoran synthesizes the findings in Chaps. 2– 7 on how educators interpret and use student growth measures (SGMs). Drawing on the principal-agent model and other insights from personnel economics, this chapter highlights ways in which the design of new educator evaluation systems appears to be falling short. First, educators perceive a weak connection between their actions and the performance measure by which they are evaluated. Second, practitioners question whether SGMs capture the full scope of their work. Third, teachers lack an understanding of how their performance measures are calculated. Finally, practitioners do not view SGMs are useful for improving instruction, and rarely use them to change their practices or priorities.
Characterization of amplitude modulation bias coupling for solid-state high-power amplifiers

A method is developed and validated to empirically characterize unwanted spectral coupling from a non-ideal power supply bias to the radio frequency (RF) output for solid-state high-power amplifiers (HPAs) operating in saturation. Specifically, the method currently addresses how power supply ripple amplitude modulates the RF carrier output by characterizing an amplitude modulation bias coupling (AMBC) factor as a function of carrier frequency and power supply ripple frequency. With this coupling factor, one is able to use an analytical predictive model to understand the impact of various levels of bias ripple voltages on the HPA output spectrum. The approach examines the relative AM sideband levels in the frequency domain to empirically quantify the level of mixing that occurs since it is difficult to measure such small variations of interest in the time domain. A commercially available gallium nitride HPA and standard test equipment are used to demonstrate the characterization process.
Lessons from Forty Years of Interference in Law School Clinics

Recently, there have been a number of well-publicized attacks on law school clinics over their legal representation of unpopular individuals and organizations, which brings them in opposition to powerful business and political interests. This article analyzes the effects of forty years of publicized interference in law school clinics on law clinic attorneys and clinical legal education, and the lessons that can be drawn from this extended history. The article includes a typology of outside interference in clinics, provides empirical support for the negative effects of this interference on the attitudes and actions of clinic attorneys, and argues that there are a number of important lessons from this historical and empirical analysis that can help avoid or minimize future efforts to interfere in the cases handled by law clinics. The article concludes that the legal profession and legal educators must do more to ensure that the important role law clinics play in access to legal assistance, especially to those who are unpopular or whose cause is controversial, is not hampered by the continuing specter of interference.
O-Glycosylation modulates the stability of epidermal growth factor-like repeats and thereby regulates Notch trafficking

Glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is closely associated with protein folding and quality control. We recently described a non-canonical ER quality control mechanism for folding of thrombospondin type 1 repeats by protein O-fucosyltransferase 2 (POFUT2). Epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) repeats are also small cysteine-rich protein motifs that can be O-glycosylated by several ER-localized enzymes, including protein O-glucosyltransferase 1 (POGLUT1) and POFUT1. Both POGLUT1 and POFUT1 modify the Notch receptor on multiple EGF repeats and are essential for full Notch function. The fact that POGLUT1 and POFUT1 can distinguish between folded and unfolded EGF repeats raised the possibility that they participate in a quality control pathway for folding of EGF repeats in proteins such as Notch. Here, we demonstrate that cell-surface expression of endogenous Notch1 in HEK293T cells is dependent on the presence of POGLUT1 and POFUT1 in an additive manner. In vitro unfolding assays reveal that addition of O-glucose or O-fucose stabilizes a single EGF repeat and that addition of both O-glucose and O-fucose enhances stability in an additive manner. Finally, we solved the crystal structure of a single EGF repeat covalently modified by a full O-glucose trisaccharide at 2.2 A resolution. The structure reveals that the glycan fills up a surface groove of the EGF with multiple contacts with the protein, providing a chemical basis for the stabilizing effects of the glycans. Taken together, this work suggests that O-fucose and O-glucose glycans cooperatively stabilize individual EGF repeats through intramolecular interactions, thereby regulating Notch trafficking in cells.
Civil marriage, same-sex couples, and religious freedom: reflections from a U.S. scholar-activist

In responding to three scholars’ analyses of the public role of religion in the cultural debate about same-sex marriage, a U.S. ethicist and social activist examines a case study of a public debate...
Quadrobee: Simulating flapping wing aerial vehicle dynamics on a quadrotor

The RoboBee is a novel insect-scale flapping wing Micro Aerial Vehicle that is envisioned to enable exciting applications. While recent results have demonstrated full control as well as biomimetic behaviors such as perching, more complex challenges such as perception and navigation still exist. Typically, challenges in perception-based control can only be solved by experimentation. However, such fly-size MAVs are not widely available to researchers at large due to its intricate manufacturing process and limited mechanical lifetime. To facilitate the development of perception and control algorithms of insect-scale MAVs, we explore an approach of simulating flapping wing aerial vehicle dynamics on a quad-rotor. This work performs detailed analysis of the transformation of control inputs, and demonstrates feasibility by numerically simulating basic flight patterns of models of a RoboBee as well as that of a scaled quad-rotor.
Economic Case Studies

After a short explanation of case selection and introduction, this chapter discusses three within-cases associated with the grand strategy design input of economic policy. The analyzed cases are the rare earths export restrictions, China’s free trade agreement (FTA) strategy, and its establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). Each within-case study contains an introduction, course of events, analysis of relationship with honor and legitimacy, alternative explanations, and a summary.