cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Vivo Hip Morphology and Kinematics in Elite Baseball Pitchers.

Purpose To compare passive and real-time active hip range of motion (ROM) in asymptomatic collegiate pitchers, to investigate whether differences in hip morphology and ROM exist between lead and trail hips, and to relate active hip ROM during the pitch to hip morphology and femoroacetabular impingement. Methods Eleven collegiate baseball pitchers participated in kinematic testing that involved throwing 4 fastball pitches while wearing a full-body inertial-based motion-capture system. Passive flexion and rotation of each hip were measured using a goniometer. Nine pitchers also underwent a computed tomography (CT) pelvic scan, from which subject-specific computer models for each hip were created. Morphologic measurements were calculated from the models, and the models were tested for impingement during simulated pitching. Results Hip flexion was the only passive ROM measurement showing a significant difference between the lead and trail hips (mean difference [MD], 4°; P = .027). During the pitching motion, within-individual differences were discovered between the lead and trail hips for flexion (MD, 34°; P P P = .026), adduction (MD, 6°; P = .008), external rotation (MD, 20°; P = .001), and total arc of rotation (MD, 13°; P = .001). There were no significant differences in morphologic measures between the lead and trail hips. Dynamic CT modeling did not lead to bony impingement in any subject. Conclusions Asymptomatic collegiate pitchers approach their extremes of passive hip rotation when executing a fastball pitch. No differences were found in passive hip ROM or morphology other than a small difference in passive hip flexion. Dynamic CT modeling did not show femoroacetabular impingement during the pitching motion. Clinical Relevance Hip dysmorphology or poor pitching mechanics may lead to a high risk of bony impingement because pitchers have little reserve hip motion during the fastball pitch.
Assessing Risk of Placement Instability to Aid Foster Care Placement Decision Making

Placement stability is of critical importance to the well-being of children in foster care and has an impact on other key outcomes. Placement decision-making that matches children with placement resources is often cited as a practice that impacts placement stability, but little research exists to inform this practice. The focus of this research is on a child assessment tool that was developed to determine the appropriate level of care, which serves as one component of a web-based matching system that pulls together child and placement information used to inform the placement decision. The research examines the relationship between the child assessment subscale domains and placement stability for first and subsequent placement decisions and evaluates the stability of placements made in and outside of the indicated level of care.
Abstract 4375: Hrk mediates 2-methoxyestradiol-induced mitochondrial apoptotic signaling in prostate cancer cells.

Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in males and ranks the second most common cause of cancer related deaths. 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME), an endogenous estrogen metabolite, is a promising anticancer agent for various types of cancers. Although 2-ME has been shown to activate Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and mitochondrial dependent apoptotic signaling pathways, the underlying mechanisms including downstream effectors remain unclear. Here, we report that the human Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3)-only protein harakiri (Hrk) is a critical effector of 2-ME-induced-JNK dependent apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Hrk mRNA and protein are preferentially up-regulated by 2-ME, and Hrk induction is dependent on JNK activation of c-Jun. Hrk knockdown prevents 2-ME-mediated apoptosis by attenuating the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, subsequent cytochrome c (cyt c) release and caspase activation. Conversely, Hrk over-expression increases caspase-dependent prostate cancer cell apoptosis. Involvement of the pro-apoptotic protein Bak in this process suggested the possible interaction between Hrk and Bak. Thus, Hrk activation by 2-ME or its over-expression displaced Bak from the complex with anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL, while deletion of the Hrk BH3 domain abolished its interaction with Bcl-xL, reducing the pro-apoptotic function of Hrk. Finally, Hrk is also involved in the 2-ME-mediated reduction of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) through Bak activation in prostate cancer cells. Together, our findings suggest that induction of the BH3-only protein Hrk is a critical step in 2-ME activation of the JNK-induced apoptotic pathway targeting mitochondria by liberating pro-apoptotic protein Bak. Citation Format: Inik Chang, Shahana Majid, Sharanjot Saini, Mohd S. Zaman, Soichiro Yamamura, Takeshi Chiyomaru, Varahram Shahryari, Shinichiro Fukuhara, Guoren Deng, Rajvir Dahiya, Yuichiro Tanaka. Hrk mediates 2-methoxyestradiol-induced mitochondrial apoptotic signaling in prostate cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4375. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4375
Beiträge zur Sedimentation und Fossilführung des Hunsrückschiefers

Ein Fossilvorkommen im Hunsruckschiefer des Rheintales, und zwar im Leimbach-Tal nordlich Bacharach, wird analysiert. Es zeigt eine auffallige Trennung in Chondritenfuhrende Teile und in Partien mit Tentaculiten-, Brachiopoden- und Crinoidenresten. Das unterschiedliche Auftreten der Fossilreste einesteils im Tonschiefer, zum anderen in Quarziten wird auf wechselnde Sedimentationsverhaltnisse und nicht auf primares Fehlen der Meeresbewohner zuruckgefuhrt.
Reducing deep sedation and delirium in acute lung injury patients: a quality improvement project.

Objective:Deep sedation and delirium are common in the ICU. Mechanically ventilated patients with acute lung injury are at especially high risk for deep sedation, delirium, and associated long-term physical and neuropsychiatric impairments. We undertook an ICU-wide structured quality improvement pro
Emerging networks in the global news arena: Theorizing the structural role of Chinese bridge blogs

In this article, we present a theoretical approach to conceptualizing the global news arena as a structure of relations formed across media systems worldwide, relations mapped by hyperlinked connec...
Aetiologies of Acute Undifferentiated Febrile illness in Adult Patients - an Experience from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Northern India.

INTRODUCTION Acute undifferentiated febrile illness (AUFI) is a common clinical entity in most of the hospitals. The fever can be potentially fatal if the aetiology is not recognized and appropriately treated early. AIM To describe the aetiology of fever among patients in a tertiary care hospital in Northern India. MATERIALS AND METHODS A one-year retro-prospective, observational study was conducted in adults (age>18years) presenting with undifferentiated febrile illness (of duration 5-14 days). Diagnosis was confirmed by suitable laboratory tests after exhaustive clinical examination. RESULTS A total of 2547 patients with AUFI were evaluated. Of these, 1663 (65.3%) were males and 884 (34.7%) were females. Dengue (37.54%); enteric fever (16.5%); scrub typhus (14.42%); bacterial sepsis (10.3%); malaria (6.8%); hepatitis A (1.9%); hepatitis E (1.4%); leptospirosis (0.14%); were the main infections while no specific diagnosis could be delineated in 11%. Mixed infections were noted in 48 (1.9%) patients. CONCLUSION A good clinical acumen supported by the basic investigations can help diagnose the cause of fever with reasonable certainty.
Combined surgery and immediate adjuvant hormonal treatment for stage D1 adenocarcinoma of the prostate: Mayo Clinic experience.

We will concentrate in particular on the two most significant variables in disease outcome for this stage of the disease when treated by radical prostatectomy ― the use of immediate adjuvant hormonal treatment and the influence of nuclear DNA ploidy pattern
Speech recognition in recurrent otitis media: results in a set of identical twins.

Performance-intensity functions for Pediatric Speech Intelligibility Test (PSI) word and sentence materials presented in competition were obtained for a set of identical female twins, aged 4 years, 2 months . Twin B had a medical history significant for recurrent otitis media, while Twin A had only one reported occurrence of the disease. Twin A yielded normal functions for both word and sentence materials. Twin B, however, yielded an essentially normal function for sentences, but the function for monosyllabic words was grossly depressed. These findings support the hypothesis that transient conductive hearing loss and auditory deprivation resulting from recurrent otitis media can affect the processing of phonetic information essential to the development of word recognition skills .
Changes in bladder function in the one year spontaneously diabetic BB rat.

Abstract Micturition characteristics and in vitro urinary bladder function were investigated in insulin-treated spontaneously diabetic BB rats and age-matched non-diabetic controls one year after the onset of diabetes. BB rats weighed less than controls and were hyperglycemic. Diabetic rats consumed larger volumes of water and excreted larger volumes of urine than controls. The frequency of micturitions and the mean volumes of urine excreted per micturition were significantly increased in BB rats compared to age-matched controls. Associated with the micturition changes in the BB rats were significant increases in bladder body mass. Contractile responses of strips from bladder bodies and bases were measured in response to nerve stimulation, carbachol, phenylephrine, ATP, and KCl. No significant differences between controls and diabetics were found in the absolute contractile responses of bladder body strips to nerve stimulation, carbachol, ATP, or KCl. However, if the data were transformed to correct for the increases in tissue mass in the diabetics, there were significant decreases in the responses of bladder body strips from BB rats to carbachol, ATP, and KCl, but not to nerve stimulation. Even after transformation, there were no differences in the responses of bladder base strips to carbachol, phenylephrine, or KCl. The data indicate that significant changes in micturition characteristics are evident one year after the onset of diabetes in the spontaneously diabetic BB rat. These changes are slow in development, since they are absent six months after the onset of diabetes. The changes in micturition and bladder strip contractility are qualitatively similar to, but quantitatively modest in comparison with those caused by streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. The quantitative differences are probably attributable to an ameliorative effect of the insulin received by the BB rat.
The CD47 “don't eat me signal” is highly expressed in human ovarian cancer

Abstract Objectives The CD47 "don't eat me" signal allows tumor immune evasion. We tested the association of CD47 expression with outcomes in EOC. Methods CD47 expression was examined within the TCGA database for ovarian carcinoma. For validation, IHC was performed on a TMA consisting of specimens from 265 patients with EOC. The medical records of the patients were also retrospectively reviewed to correlate demographic and survival data. Results CD47 was amplified in 15/316 (5%) ovarian serous cancers in TCGA. In the validation cohort, the majority of patients had stage III/IV disease (208/265, 78.4%). CD47 expression was seen in 210/265 (79.2%). Patients were categorized into CD47hi (129/265; 48.7%) versus CD47lo (136/265; 51.3%). Patients with CD47lo tumors were more likely to have a complete response to adjuvant therapy than CD47hi (65% vs 50%, p=0.026). Although there was a trend towards an increase in median OS (37.64 vs 45.26months, p=0.92) in the CD47lo group compared with CD47hi, the difference was not significant. Conclusions CD47 is expressed at high frequency in EOC. Patients with CD47lo EOC had a better treatment response to standard therapy, and trended towards improved OS. This demonstrates that while CD47 may be an immunologic shield that may be considered for targeted therapies, it is likely that it operates in concert with other mechanisms of immune evasion. Future studies to evaluate CD47 expression with other known mechanisms of immune escape in the tumor microenvironment may help further define its role.
Legal and Regulatory Barriers to Reverse Innovation

Abstract Background Reverse innovation, or the importation of new, affordable, and efficacious models to high-income countries from the developing world, has emerged as a way to improve the health care system in the United States. Reverse innovation has been identified as a key emerging trend in global health systems in part because low-resourced settings are particularly good laboratories for low-cost/high-impact innovations that are developed out of necessity. A difficult question receiving scant attention is that of legal and regulatory barriers. Objectives The objective of this paper is to understand and elucidate the legal barriers faced by innovators bringing health interventions to the United States. Methods Semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted with 9 key informants who have directly participated in the introduction of global health care approaches to the United States health system. A purposive sampling scheme was employed to identify participants. Phone interviews were conducted over one week in July 2016 with each participant and lasted an average of 35 minutes each. Findings Purely legal barriers included questions surrounding tort liability, standard of care, and concerns around patient-administered self-care. Regulatory burdens included issues of international medical licensure, reimbursement, and task shifting and scope of work challenges among nonprofessionals (e.g. community health workers). Finally, perceived (i.e. not realized or experienced) legal and regulatory barriers to innovative modalities served as disincentives to bringing products or services developed outside of the United States to the United States market. Conclusions Conflicting interests within the health care system, safety concerns, and little value placed on low-cost interventions inhibit innovation. Legal and regulatory barriers rank among, and contribute to, an anti-innovation atmosphere in healthcare for domestic and reverse innovators alike. Reverse innovation should be fostered through the thoughtful development of legal and regulatory standards that encourage the introduction and scalable adoption of successful health care innovations developed outside of the US, particularly innovations that support public health goals and do not have the benefit of a large corporate sponsor to facilitate introduction to the market.
The changing hydroclimatology of Southeastern U.S.

Abstract The allocation of the water resources of Southeastern United States have given rise to inter-state political conflicts for decades. The limited water resource are not only required to satisfy the demand of rapidly growing urban areas, but also the power industry, recreational needs and the environment. Although water resource variability has been attributed to various teleconnections, knowledge of long-term water resource availability is limited. In this paper historical (1952–2014) precipitation and streamflow data from 18 basins in southeast United States are analyzed for long-term changes in the hydroclimatology, possibly brought by urbanization, climate change and/or changed precipitation patterns. A Pettitt test indicates a change in the precipitation-runoff relationship in the late 1990s. After the shift, basin records indicate decreased precipitation storage and consequently increased streamflow.
Rapid curation of gene disruption collections using Knockout Sudoku

Knockout Sudoku is a method for the construction of whole-genome knockout collections for a wide range of microorganisms with as little as 3 weeks of dedicated labor and at a cost of ∼$10,000 for a collection for a single organism. The method uses manual 4D combinatorial pooling, next-generation sequencing, and a Bayesian inference algorithm to rapidly process and then accurately annotate the extremely large progenitor transposon insertion mutant collections needed to achieve saturating coverage of complex microbial genomes. This method is ∼100× faster and 30× lower in cost than the next comparable method (In-seq) for annotating transposon mutant collections by combinatorial pooling and next-generation sequencing. This method facilitates the rapid, algorithmically guided condensation and curation of the progenitor collection into a high-quality, nonredundant collection that is suitable for rapid genetic screening and gene discovery.
Use of Epidural Analgesia as an Adjunct in Elective Abdominal Wall Reconstruction: A Review of 4983 Cases.

CONTEXT Use of epidural analgesia in patients undergoing elective abdominal wall reconstruction is common. OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of epidural analgesia in patients undergoing abdominal wall reconstruction. DESIGN All patients who underwent elective ventral hernia repair from 2005 to 2014 were retrospectively identified. Patients were divided into two groups by the postoperative use of epidural analgesics as an adjunct analgesic method. Preoperative comorbidities, American Society of Anesthesiologists status, operative findings, postoperative pain management, and venothromboembolic prophylaxis were extracted from the database. Logistic regressions were performed to assess the impact of epidural use. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Severity of pain on postoperative days 1 and 2. RESULTS During the study period, 4983 patients were identified. Of those, 237 patients (4.8%) had an epidural analgesic placed. After adjustment for differences between groups, use of epidural analgesia was associated with significantly lower rates of 30-day presentation to the Emergency Department (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.32-0.87, adjusted p = 0.01). Use of epidural analgesia resulted in higher odds of abscess development (AOR = 5.89, CI = 2.00-17.34, adjusted p < 0.01) and transfusion requirement (AOR = 2.92, CI = 1.34-6.40, adjusted p < 0.01). Use of epidural analgesia resulted in a significantly lower pain score on postoperative day 1 (3 vs 4, adjusted p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Use of epidural analgesia in patients undergoing abdominal wall reconstruction may result in longer hospital stay and higher incidence of complications while having no measurable positive clinical impact on pain control.
Discrimination Against Families with Children in Rental Housing Markets: Findings of the Pilot Study

This pilot study adapted a well-established paired-testing methodology to examine discrimination against families with children in the rental housing market, developed preliminary estimates of this form of discrimination, and explored what family or housing characteristics might affect it. Data were collected via telephone and in-person paired tests in three metropolitan sites: Dallas, Texas; Dayton, Ohio; and Los Angeles, California. The pilot study relied on a multifactor design using data from 612 matched pairs of rental applicants. Key findings are that homeseekers with or without children are equally likely to get an appointment with a rental agent and learn about at least one available housing unit. Compared with their childless counterparts, prospective renters with children were shown slightly fewer units and were told about units that were slightly larger, and, as a result, were slightly more expensive to rent. Other outcomes did not vary by the presence of a child. Differential treatment was greater in tests targeting one-bedroom units (versus larger units) and tests involving two-child families (versus one-child families). Other factors, including race/ethnicity and marital status of the tester and ages and sexes of the children, did not appear to affect systematically how families with children were treated in the rental housing market.
Reactions of Superoxide Ions

Superoxide salts like potassium and sodium superoxide are virtually insoluble in non-polar media, and although they are somewhat more soluble in hydroxylic media, they are not stable in these solvents [1]. Potassium superoxide is only sparingly soluble in the dipolar aprotic solvent DMSO [2]. As a result of these solubility problems and the inaccessibility of electrochemically generated superoxide [3] in most laboratories, the chemistry of this potentially interesting nucleophile was little studied until recently.
Power Laws on Weighted Branching Trees

Consider distributional fixed-point equations of the form $$\displaystyle{R\stackrel{\mathcal{D}}{=}f(Q,C_{i},R_{i},1 \leq i \leq N),}$$ where f( ⋅) is a possibly random real-valued function, \(N \in \{ 0,1,2,3,\ldots \}\cup \{\infty \}\), \(\{C_{i}\}_{i\in \mathbb{N}}\) are real-valued random weights and \(\{R_{i}\}_{i\in \mathbb{N}}\) are iid copies of R, independent of \((Q,N,C_{1},C_{2},\ldots )\); \(\stackrel{\mathcal{D}}{=}\) represents equality in distribution. Fixed-point equations of this type are important for solving many applied probability problems, ranging from the average case analysis of algorithms to statistical physics. In this paper we present some of our recent work from [26–28, 36] that studies the power tail asymptotics of such solutions. We exemplify our techniques primarily on the nonhomogeneous equation, \(R\stackrel{\mathcal{D}}{=}\sum _{i=1}^{N}C_{i}R_{i} + Q\), for which the power tail of the solution, P(R > t), can be determined by three different factors: the multiplicative effect of the weights C i ; the sum of the weights \(\sum C_{i}\); and the innovation variable Q.
Existence Theorems: The Use of Lipschitz and Tempered Growth Conditions

In this section we are interested in problems of optimal control $$ I\left[ {x,u} \right] = \int_{{t_1}}^{{t_2}} {{f_0}\left( {t,x,u} \right)dt,\;\;x\left( t \right) = \left( {{x^1}, \ldots ,{x^n}} \right)} ,\;\;u\left( t \right) = \left( {{u^1}, \ldots ,{u^m}} \right)$$ under the constraints dx/dt = f(t, x, u), u ∈ U(t) ⊂ R m , and where f0 and f satisfy any one of a great many alternative conditions (conditions of the F, G, and H type below), all easy to verify and of some practical interest. Of course, the result will apply also to extended free problem \( I[x,u] = {\text{ }}\int_{{{{t}_{1}}}}^{{{{t}_{2}}}} {{{f}_{0}}(t,x,u)dt,{\text{ }}x(t) = ({{x}^{1}}, \ldots ,{{x}^{n}}),{\text{ }}u(t) = ({{u}^{1}}, \ldots ,{{u}^{m}}),} {\text{ }} \), or in the notation above \(I = \int_{{t_1}}^{{t_2}} {{f_0}\left( {t,x,u} \right)}\) with dx/dt = u, u ∈ U(t) ⊂ R n m = n, (or u ∈ U = R n as in classical free problems). On the other hand, all the alternative conditions (of the F, G, or H type) are used only to guarantee that a single analytical condition holds (condition (D) below), and this condition leads to rather straightforward proofs of the existence theorems, e.g., (13.1.iii) below (cf. Cesari and Suryanarayana [1], 1975).
Micromachining of Polyurethane Membranes for Tissue Engineering Applications

Engineered tissue barrier models offer in vitro alternatives in toxicology and disease research. To mimic barrier-tissue microenvironment, a porous membrane that can approach the stiffness of physiological basement membranes is required. While several biocompatible membranes with micrometer range thickness (10 μm) and a stiffness less than polystyrene (3 GPa) or polyethylene (PET, 2 GPa), have been developed, there has been little effort to optimize the process to enable rapid and reproducible pore production in these membranes. Here, we investigate the use of laser irradiation with femtosecond (fs) pulses because the combination of high-precision and cold-ablation causes minimal damage to polymeric membranes. This process enables automated, high-throughput and reproducible fabrication of thin, microporous membranes that can be utilized to culture cells at air–liquid interface (ALI), a unique culture technique that simulates the tissue-barrier microenvironment. We show the optimization of laser parameters...
Art Stylometry: Recognizing Regional Differences in Great Works of Art

The fifth of the six Digital Humanities assignments, Art Stylometry, is presented in this chapter, beginning with a brief introduction to stylometry as an analytical method of great interest to humanities programmers. The assignment description (written in a form and with a point-of-view suitable to be copied and pasted into materials given directly to students), required support files and resources, skills utilized in the assignment (which include additional object instantiation and use, additional familiarity with images, and looping structures), assignment management techniques and issues (mostly involved with helping students learn how to properly use starter code to get started and then to move through the problem with their own code), atomic code for the assignment (an image processing exercise), expected output from student submitted work in this assignment, and variations for a number of student skill levels are provided.
The Efficacy of an Antioppression Curriculum for Health Professionals.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Health professionals increasingly recognize the role that social determinants play in health disparities. However, little focus is placed on how health care professionals themselves contribute to disparities through biased care. We have developed a curriculum based on an antioppression framework which encourages health professionals to evaluate their biases and combat health care disparities through an active process of allyship. METHODS Teaching methods emphasize skill building and include lectures, guided reflections, and facilitated discussions. Pre- and postsurveys were administered to assess participants' confidence level to recognize unconscious bias and to be an ally to colleagues, patients, and staff. In total, we conducted 20 workshops with a total of 468 participants across multiple disciplines. RESULTS The survey response rate was 80%. Using a paired t-test, the mean difference in the pre- and postsurveys revealed a statistically significant improvement across all measures. Participants showed the greatest improvements (large effect size d>0.8) in their understanding of the process of allyship, their ability to describe strategies to address, assess, and recognize unconscious bias, and their knowledge of managing situations in which prejudice, power, and privilege are involved. CONCLUSIONS Results show that an antioppression curriculum can enhance health professionals' confidence in addressing bias in health care through allyship. For those who value social justice and equity, moving from the role of bystander to a place of awareness and solidarity allows for one's behaviors to mirror these values. Allyship is an accessible tool that all health professionals can use in order to facilitate this process.
Using Environmental Sampling Techniques to Conduct Influenza A Virus Surveillance in Poultry and Waterfowl at Ohio Agricultural Exhibitions.

The outbreak of highly pathogenic H5Nx influenza A viruses (IAVs) in the United States during 2014–2015 caused devastating economic losses; therefore, several measures were established to control and eliminate highly pathogenic H5Nx from U.S. poultry flocks. One such measure was a temporary ban on poultry exhibitions during 2015, and this decision dramatically affected youth raising poultry as part of agricultural education programs. During the summer of 2016, surveillance of the environment was conducted at 20 Ohio agricultural fairs to estimate the prevalence of IAV in exhibition poultry to determine the baseline during nonoutbreak exhibition seasons. Of the 400 total samples collected, two were positive by real-time reverse transcription–PCR; however, virus isolation attempts with both embryonating chicken eggs and cell culture were unsuccessful. The detection of nucleic acid highlights the risk exhibition poultry could play in the transmission and spread of IAVs between humans, swine, wild birds, and domestic poultry during low or highly pathogenic IAV outbreaks. Additional surveillance at agricultural fairs and biosecurity education for youth exhibitors in this setting are warranted to reduce risk.
Patients with Symptomatic Hip Osteoarthritis Have Altered Kinematics during Stair Ambulation.

Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease. Understanding contributing factors to slowing or stopping disease progression is crucial. There has been no research describing lower extremity kinematics of the hip, knee, and ankle during stair ambulation in individuals with hip OA. Objective To explore the differences in lower extremity kinematics between participants with clinical and morphological findings of hip OA and controls. Design A cross-sectional study. Setting Clinical research laboratory. Participants Participants with radiographic and symptomatic signs of hip OA (n = 42) and healthy controls (n = 30) were enrolled. Interventions Participants underwent hip magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The Scoring Hip Osteoarthritis with MRI (SHOMRI) method was used to assess cartilage abnormalities. Self-reported measures of hip pain and function were obtained using the Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS). Participants were assigned into a symptomatic hip osteoarthritis group (HOA) with SHOMRI>0 and HOOS≤80, and a control group (CG) with SHOMRI = 0 and HOOS>90. Patients underwent 3D motion analysis during stair ascent/descent at self-selected speed. Main outcome measures The primary outcome measurements were peak hip, knee, and ankle kinematics. General Estimation Equations were used to compare kinematics between groups (P ≤ .05). Results The HOA group ascended stairs with a more internally rotated hip (CG = 1.77 ± 6.3; HOA = 4.97 ± 4.2; P = .02), more abducted hip (CG = -5 ± 2.7, HOA = -3.5 ± 3; P = .02), and a more externally rotated knee (CG = -8.02 ± 3; HOA = -10.63 ± 6.3; P = .02) and ankle (CG = -11.8 ± 6.1; HOA = -16.3 ± 5.6; P = .01). Similarly, HOA participants descended stairs with a more extended knee (CG = -15.5 ± 4.9; HOA = -12 ± 4.9; P = .01), and more externally rotated knee (CG = -10.1 ± 4.4; HOA = -13.1 ± 6.6; P = .04) and ankle (CG = -13.5 ± 5.3; HOA = -17.9 ± 5.5; P = .002). Conclusion Participants with hip OA-related morphology and symptoms ambulate stairs utilizing abnormal lower extremity mechanics.
Climate Downscaling Using YNet: A Deep Convolutional Network with Skip Connections and Fusion

Climate change is one of the major challenges to human beings in our time. It brings many unexpected disasters which cause drastic losses including lives and properties. To better understand climate change, scientists developed various Global Climate Models (GCMs) to simulate the global climate and make projections for future climate values. These global climate models have coarse grids (i.e., low resolutions both in space and time) due to limitations of computing power and simulation time. Although they are helpful in predicting large scale long term trend in climate, they are too coarse for impact analysis in smaller scales such as in regional or local scale. However, climate conditions in regional or local scale are very important in making decisions related to climate conditions such as infrastructure, transportation and evacuation, as they highly depend on small scale climate conditions. In this paper, we proposed YNet, a novel deep convolutional neural network (CNN) with skip connections and fusion capabilities to perform downscaling for climate variables, on multiple GCMs directly rather than on reanalysis data. We analyzed and compared our proposed method with four other methods on datasets of three climate variables: mean precipitation, and extreme values (maximum temperature and minimum temperature). The results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Masculinity, race and national identity: representations of non-Japanese men’s speech in contemporary Japanese novels

Language ideologies have been of central concern to the study of Japanese language, gender and society. Many scholars have researched ideologies surrounding representations of Japanese women’s speech; however, investigations of representations of men’s speech have been limited. This study contributes to filling this gap through the analysis of non-Japanese male characters found in contemporary Japanese novels. The article reveals that authors assign strongly masculine expressions to their East Asian characters much more frequently than to their white characters and argues that these differentiated representations of non-Japanese male characters’ speech reproduce and are influenced by ideologies concerning cultural nationalism, racial determinism, class and sexuality. Linguistic data are presented that both unsettle the constructed image of Asian males as asexual beings and question the historically assumed relationship between gendered language and authenticity.
Diagnostic Performance of Shear Wave Elastography for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Combined with High Frequency Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound imaging has been investigated to aid the diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS). The cross-sectional area (CSA), vascularity, and stiffness of median nerve (MN) have been suggested as diagnostic markers. Relative to the CSA, evaluation of vascularity and stiffness of the MN are more variable in their diagnostic performance. In this study, the diagnostic performance of MN stiffness from Shear Wave Elastography (SWE) at two sites and the vascularity from four different imaging techniques was compared. Additionally, a new criteria for MN stiffness evaluation, the stiffness ratio between MN and surrounding muscle was introduced and evaluated. SWE was acquired using an i18LX5 probe on an Aplio i800 system (Canon Medical Systems, Tustin, CA, USA) at the level of the wrist (site 1) and proximal to the pronator quadratus (site 2). Stiffness in the MN and surrounding muscle were quantified using a built-in software tool. The CSA and vascularity of MN were assessed at the wrist using an i24LX8 probe. Blood flow images were obtained using Color Doppler Imaging (CDI), Power Doppler Imaging (PDI), Monochrome and Color Superb Microvascular Imaging (mSMI and cSMI, respectively). The area of vascularity assessed by each technique was quantified offline by counting pixels of blood flow using Matlab (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA). The diagnosis and severity of CTS was determined by clinical and electrodiagnostic tests. Diagnostic performance of the ultrasound features was assessed by t-tests, ANOVAs, and ROC analysis. The study included 20 control wrists and 26 CTS wrists. All ultrasound features were significantly different between the CTS and control wrists ( $\mathrm{p} ). The stiffness of MN at site 1 showed a higher accuracy than at site 2. The combination of CSA and MN stiffness ratio from site 2 showed an overall accuracy of 96% with a specificity and sensitivity of 95% and 92%, respectively. The CSA, MN stiffness from site 1 or 2, and CDI combination improved the diagnostic accuracy to 96% with specificity and sensitivity of 100% and 92%, respectively. SWE with high-frequency ultrasound imaging showed potential for the diagnosis of CTS, although no ultrasound feature differentiated all stages of CTS severity.
Digital phenotyping of student mental health during COVID-19: an observational study of 100 college students.

Objective: This study assessed the feasibility of capturing smartphone based digital phenotyping data in college students during the COVID-19 pandemic with the goal of understanding how digital biomarkers of behavior correlate with mental health. Participants: Participants were 100 students enrolled in 4-year universities. Methods: Each participant attended a virtual visit to complete a series of gold-standard mental health assessments, and then used a mobile app for 28 days to complete mood assessments and allow for passive collection of GPS, accelerometer, phone call, and screen time data. Students completed another virtual visit at the end of the study to collect a second round of mental health assessments. Results: In-app daily mood assessments were strongly correlated with their corresponding gold standard clinical assessment. Sleep variance among students was correlated to depression scores (ρ = .28) and stress scores (ρ = .27). Conclusions: Digital Phenotyping among college students is feasible on both an individual and a sample level. Studies with larger sample sizes are necessary to understand population trends, but there are practical applications of the data today.
20. ‘I'll Just Adopt:’ Family Building Perspectives of Trans Masculine Adolescents

Background Increasing numbers of trans masculine (TM) adolescents assigned female at birth (AFAB) adolescents are coming out earlier and seeking gender affirming care, including gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). Due to a lack of information about how GAHT affects fertility, it is recommended that family building goals (specifically parenthood) be elicited from AFAB TM adolescents prior to the initiation of GAHT. Family building research in TM health usually centers around biologically (genetic and/ or pregnancy) linked goals and experiences. Little exists regarding other parenthood approaches (e.g., adoption, blended families). The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics of AFABTM adolescents who express adoption as their desired path to parenthood. Methods As part of an IRB approved retrospective cohort study regarding sexual and reproductive health in AFAB TM adolescents ages 15-17 year old being seen for initiation of testosterone GAHT between 2010- 2019, researchers identified individuals asked about family building goals. Results Of the 195 AFAB TM adolescents who were asked about family building goals 51.3% (n=100) indicated desire for adoption in their future (35.9% (70) did not endorse desiring adoption and 12.8% (25) had no desire for children). Those who desired adoption had genders which included trans man/ man (92), nonbinary (3), agender (2), and 3 additional genders. Sexual orientations included bisexual (25), straight (17), gay (14), asexual (6) and additional orientations (15). There was no difference in age at time (p=0.81) or year (p=0.31) of first visit, or race distribution (p=0.74) between those who did and did not want adoption. Zip code-based median household income also did not differ between the two groups (p=0.63). The odds of desiring adoption were no higher in those who wanted hysterectomy compared to those who did not (OR 0.66 95% CI 0.31-1.42 p=0.29), nor any lower in those where fertility preservation options were discussed (OR 1.52 95% CI 0.74-3.14, p=0.26) . Those who expressed interest in adoption were however less likely to be referred to an infertility clinician (OR 0.26 95% CI 0.09-0.77, p=0.01). Conclusions High numbers of TM adolescents are endorsing adoption as their desired parenthood pathway. Recent United States legislative changes however have further limited adoption access for TM people. Clinicians need to be sensitive to the complexities of parenthood desires of TM patients and help advocate for improved resources and decreased barriers for those desiring adoption. Further research is needed to better understand why many TM adolescents desire adoption, how this changes with age, and the barriers they face in achieving their goals.
Abrasion Resistance of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete for Railway Sleepers

This study aimed to determine the abrasion resistance of ultra-high-performance concretes (UHPCs) for railway sleepers. Test samples were made with different cementitious material combinations and varying steel fiber contents and shapes, using conventional fine aggregate. A total of 25 UHPCs and two high-strength concretes (HSCs) were selected to evaluate their depth of wear and bulk properties. The results of the coefficient of variation (CV), relative gain in abrasion, and abrasion index of the studied UHPCs were also obtained and discussed. Furthermore, a comparison was made on the resistance to wear of the selected UHPCs with those of the HSCs typically used for prestressed concrete sleepers. The outcomes of this study revealed that UHPCs displayed excellent resistance against abrasion, well above that of HSCs. Amongst the utilized cementitious material combinations, UHPCs made with silica fume as a partial replacement of cement performed best against abrasion, whereas mixtures containing fly ash showed the highest depth of wear. The addition of steel fibers had a more positive influence on the abrasion resistance than it did on compressive strength of the studied UHPCs.
Murr and Wisconsin: The Badger State's Take on Regulatory Takings

This comment examines the current state of the regulatory takings doctrine at both the federal and state level, analyzes the Supreme Court's decision in Murr v. Wisconsin, and discusses the need to set up structural protections to preserve the rights of private property owners. Specifically, Part II discusses the fascinating origins and background of the Takings Clause and the regulatory takings doctrine. Part III examines the regulatory takings doctrine as it was structured when the Supreme Court decided Murr. Part IV provides background analysis of the regulatory framework and Wisconsin regulatory takings law that undergirds Murr. Part V describes Murr's factual background, discusses the parties' arguments, and analyzes the Supreme Court's opinions. Part VI analyzes the general reaction to this landmark decision, evaluates Wisconsin's Homeowners' Bill of Rights, and provides direction for Wisconsin courts in their handling of the post-Murr regulatory takings doctrine. Part VII concludes with a brief overview and presents two important takeaways from Murr.
The American Policy Towards the Early Stages German Reindustrialization, 1945-1947

In 1945, much of Europe lay scared with the devastation of six years of war. The great struggle over Europe that had begun in 1939 with the invasion of Poland ended with the capture of Berlin. People from the British Isles to the Soviet heartland had felt the pain of war and had seen their lands ravished by its effects. One area in disarray was the German industrial industry, which now was at the mercy of the victorious Allies. The reindustrialization of Germany would be controversial and tedious, but it would set the stage for one of the greatest economic recoveries of modern history.The initial stages of the reindustrialization of Germany that occurred prior to the implementation of the European Recovery Act, or Marshall Plan, can be divided into two periods: an initial focus on deindustrialization, and a shift towards a more lenient reindustrialization policy. The initial policy focused on deindustrialization of heavy industry and development of light industries.The second stage began with a dramatic shift in the American policy towards Germany. As the old Alliance between the USSR and the Western Allies began to fray, the United States realized that German industry was something to cultivate instead of stifle. As the focus shifted to rebuilding Europe, the Western Allies began to accept that a rebuilt German industrial sector could provide the necessary impetus to rebuild all of Western Europe. Thus they began to focus on rebuilding much of Germany’s heavy industry. This stage led directly into the Marshall Plan and shared many characteristics with it.
Novel Non-SARS Coronaviruses

This chapter focuses on the novel non-severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronaviruses (CoVs) associated with human disease. In a study using a fragment of the nucleocapsid protein, it was found that human CoVs (HCoVs) -NL63 antibody positivity was lowest, 5%, at 4 to 5 months of age and then increased to 30% to 40% around 1 year of age and to ~50% at 5 to 10 years of age. A multiplex reverse transcription-PCR assay can allow simultaneous detection of the HCoVs, but in many instances some sensitivity is lost with a multiplex assay compared to single-agent PCR assays. Substantial work has been done on developing vaccines and antiviral drugs for SARS-CoV, and this work could provide a foundation for developing similar products for the HCoVs. Infection control is the one preventive measure that is available for CoVs and has proved effective in helping control SARS-CoV transmission. In a study that included the controls needed to establish an association between detection of the virus(es) and illness, a similar rate of detection was noted in ill and non-ill patients, making it clear that detection does not necessarily indicate a role in disease. The frequent finding of novel CoVs in various species of bats, the availability of very good tools to detect novel viruses, and the range of illness associated with CoVs in different animals suggest that investigators should continue to look for novel CoVs in humans in both respiratory and nonrespiratory illnesses as well as in bats and other animals.
Monetary, fiscal and exchange rate policies and Philippine output: an application of IS-MP-AS model

Extending Romer’s model and applying Engle’s ARCH/GARCH process, the study finds that real GDP in the Philippines is negatively influenced by the expected inflation rate and the US federal funds rate, and positively affected by the government deficit/ GDP ratio, the domestic debt/GDP ratio, real peso depreciation, and stock market performance. Hence, more government deficit spending and debt as percent of GDP can be used to stimulate a weak economy. Although peso depreciation would help raise output, currency depreciation may have other negative effects such as the outflow of international investors, and currency substitution that may cause exchange rate instability. JEL classification: E5, E6, F4
Palladium(IV) Complexes as Intermediates in Catalytic and Stoichiometric Cascade Sequences Providing Complex Carbocycles and Heterocycles

Palladium-catalyzed multicomponent coupling and annulation reactions have become important tools in organic synthesis. Recently, palladium(IV) complexes have been proposed as intermediates in catalytic cycles of these transformations, although experimental evidence for their involvement is frequently lacking. Examples of such catalytic annulation reactions are discussed, followed by a review of studies performed with stoichiometric isolable or semistable palladium(IV) complexes seeking experimental evidence for feasibility of the participation of palladium(IV) intermediates in cascade carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bond-forming sequences.
Overall Survival Is Impacted by Birthplace and Not Extent of Surgery in Asian Americans with Resectable Gastric Cancer

Survival from gastric cancer in the USA still lags behind Asia. Genetic, environmental, and tumor biology differences, along with extent of surgery have been implicated. Our aim was to evaluate survival outcomes in Asian-American gastric cancer patients undergoing surgical resection by comparing place of birth and clinicopathologic characteristics (including evaluation of 15 lymph nodes).The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was queried to identify patients treated surgically for gastric cancer with curative intent in the USA (2000-2010). US-born versus foreign-born Asian-American patients were analyzed for survival. Secondary comparison was made to non-Asian patients. Stage IV and non-surgical patients were excluded. Of 10,089 patients identified, 1467 patients were Asian: 271 were born in the USA, and 1196 were born outside the USA. Median survival was 32 months for non-Asians and 29 months for US-born Asians versus 61 months for Asian immigrants (p < 0.001). On multivariable analysis of overall survival in Asian patients, only US birthplace, older age, and higher stage yielded a significantly poorer outcome. Asian-American patients have a worse prognosis if born in the USA. Anatomic and surgical differences do not explain this disparity; environmental factors may be responsible.
Maximizing Motivation in Sport and Physical Education Among Children and Adolescents: The Case for Greater Task Involvement

(1996). Maximizing Motivation in Sport and Physical Education Among Children and Adolescents: The Case for Greater Task Involvement. Quest: Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 290-302.