cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complications and Outcome in Dynamic Plated Single Level Anterior Corpectomy and Fusion Including Two Level Complete Diskectomies

Background and Context: The efficacy of iliac crest strut autograft and dynamic plating (ABC: Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany) for one level anterior cervical corpectomy/fusion with two level diskectomy (1 level ACF ) needs to be established.Purpose: To document fusion (2D-CT and dynamic X-rays) and outcomes (SF-36) following 1 level ACF.Study Design/Setting: Graft and plate-related complications and outcomes were prospectively evaluated in 86 consecutive patients undergoing 1 level ACF.Patient Sample: Preoperative MR/CT studies documented contiguous two-level disc disease, spondylosis, stenosis and/or ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL).Outcome Measures: Fusion was documented on 2D-CT/dynamic X-rays. Outcomes (Odom's Criteria, Nurick Grades and SF-36 ) were assessed 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively.Methods: Patients averaged 48 years of age and exhibited moderate/severe preoperative myelopathy (average Nurick Grade 3.0). All underwent 1 level ACF, and were followed an average of 3.5 years (minimum 2 years).Results: Two pseudarthroses, 2 delayed strut fractures, and 1 plate/graft extrusion (5.8% total) developed postoperatively; all required secondary posterior fusion. Outcomes 2 years postoperatively revealed mild residual radiculopathy (average Nurick Grades 0.24), 82 good/excellent outcomes (Odom's Criteria), and marked improvement on 6 SF-36 Health Scales. The average time to fusion was 4.7 months.Conclusions: Successful 2D-CT/dynamic X-ray documented fusion occurred in 94.2% of patients undergoing 1 level ACF performed with iliac crest autograft and dynamic ABC plates. Results were comparable to those cited for fixed-plates in other series.
Nonpolynomial approximation of background in X-ray spectra

Abstract A simple method for the calculation and subtraction of background from Si(Li) X-ray spectra prior to their least-squares fitting is described. Its properties are discussed and examples of its usage are shown.
World Trade Point Federation: Bringing E-Commerce Capabilities to Developing Nations

This case provides an overview of the roles of the global Trade Point network (GTPNet) in facilitating small and medium sized enterprises' (SMEs) adoption of the Internet and e-commerce technologies. The GTPNet puts potential and actual traders in the position of suppliers and users of strategic information. Using the services provided by a Trade Point, traders can identify markets for their products, complete export formalities and procedures, and meet other international trade related requirements on the spot. The functioning of Trade Points program is also discussed in terms of three core aspects of the program: Market Point, Knowledge Point, and Info Point.
Leukocytic responses to the intrapleural deposition of particles, particle-cell associations, and the clearance of particles from the pleural space compartment.

Polystyrene microspheres (2.02 μm diameter) were instilled in the pleural space compartment (PSC) of the Fischer 344 rat. Rats that were administered carrier vehicle only, and untreated rats served as controls. On d 1, 6, 14, and 28 following the instillations, the pleural free cells were harvested by pleural lavage and the major cell phenotypes retrieved were quantitated to determine how the pleural free cell population was altered by the particles. Concurrent with these studies, quantitative analyses were performed to determine the numbers of particles lavaged from the pleural space at the above sacrifice times, and these particle retention data were used to estimate particle translocation rates from the PSC. Deposition of the particles in the PSC brought about an early recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and an enlargement in the size of the pleural mononuclear phagocyte (PMP) population. PMN numbers substantially decreased by d 6, but continued to remain elevated over the course of the s...
Study of the Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activities of Ethanolic Extracts from Roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG), commonly named Huangqin, showed strong in vitro antimicrobial effects. However, limited research is available to systematically evaluate the effects of extraction methods on the phytochemical composition of SBG and its associated antimicrobial effects. In addition, limited studies have tested SBG as a natural antimicrobial agent on fresh produce such as tomatoes. In the current study, powered roots of SBG were extracted with 60, 80, and 100% ethanol, and their antiviral and antibacterial activities were evaluated. SBG ethanol extracts (SBGEEs) at 6.25 mg/mL showed limited antiviral activities against coliphage MS2 and hepatitis A virus. The SBG 80% ethanol extract (SBG80%EE) exhibited the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) against six foodborne pathogens. SBG80%EE had the highest contents of flavonoids and phenolic acids determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Among these bioactive compounds, ferulic acid had the lowest MIC and MBC values, 0.4 and 1.0 mg/mL, respectively, followed by baicalein and baicalin. Washing with SBG80%EE (12.5 mg/mL) resulted in >1 log reduction of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium, Kentucky, Senftenberg, and Enteritidis on surface-inoculated grape tomatoes. None of SBGEE solutions changed the total phenolic content, color, or pH values of grape tomatoes. The quantification of these antimicrobial flavonoids and phenolic acids is important to maintain the quality and antimicrobial efficacy of SBG extracts. In addition, the application of SBG on tomatoes has provided valuable insights on the potential usage of this antimicrobial extract.
A comparison of reanalyses in the tropical stratosphere. Part 2: the quasi-biennial oscillation

Reanalysis datasets potentially offer the opportunity to examine the tropical quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in greater detail than in the past, including the associated meridional circulation and the links with other parts of the atmosphere. For such studies to be useful, the QBO represented by the reanalyses should be realistic. In this work, the QBO in the ERA and NCEP reanalyses is validated against rawinsonde observations from Singapore. Monthly mean data are used. In the lower stratosphere (at 50 hPa and 30 hPa) the ERA QBO is reasonable, although the wind extrema in both phases are too weak and the vertical shear and the temperature anomalies are too small. The NCEP QBO is weaker still. At 10 hPa neither reanalysis system performs well, both systems failing to reproduce the westerlies, possibly because of the proximity of the upper boundary. The Singapore wind is representative of the zonal means in the reanalyses. The weak wind extrema in the reanalyses would not support a wave-mean flow interaction theory of the QBO, because a large portion of the gravity wave spectrum which would be absorbed in reality would be transmitted beyond 10 hPa. The stronger shear zones captured in the ERA data are associated with larger, more realistic temperature perturbations near 30 hPa. The northward velocities in the NCEP data show a more realistic structure than in the ERA reanalysis, where they are dominated by a vertical “gridpoint wave” structure in the lowermost stratosphere. Despite the shortcomings of the reanalyses, the high correlations of the wind at 30 hPa and 50 hPa with the observations at Singapore mean that the reanalyses could potentially be used to examine the effects of the QBO away from the tropical stratosphere. Future reanalyses need to take full account of the wind shears evident in the rawinsonde observations and use models with an adequate resolution to capture these vertical scales.
Four-wave mixing in three-level systems: Interference and entanglement

The interference of degenerate four-wave mixing (FWM) in three-level systems is examined in both the classical and quantum regimes with a backward configuration. In classical FWM, we find that the phase difference between two indistinguishable FWM transition paths can be varied by different driving laser parameters, and leads to interference in the amplitude and polarization of the generated conjugate field. In the paired-photon generation case, the interference in the nonlinearity disappears because of the time ordering in biphoton generation. However, because of the slow group velocity at the degenerate frequency and polarization, the biphoton-amplitude interference between two Feynman paths can erase the time-ordering information at the detectors. For small group delay, the biphoton correlation, determined by the third-order nonlinearity, shows antibunching and damped Rabi oscillations. For large group delay, where the biphoton bandwidth is determined by phase matching, we show that the biphoton interference leads to a bunching effect. The feasibility of generating polarization entanglement is also discussed.
USA: focus on interprofessional practice, education, and research

This article provides an overview of major interprofessional health care, education and research initiatives in the USA in the past fifty years, beginning with a short introduction that places the discussion into a conceptual and historical perspective and ending with some considerations for the future of interprofessional care in the USA.
Finite element modelling of printed circuit boards (PCBs) for structural analysis

Considers a process for better mechanical design of printed circuit boards (PCBs) which suffer from warpage during the assembly process. During the reflow process, PCBs experience a wide range of temperatures, i.e. from ambient temperature to the peak temperature reached in the furnace. Out‐of‐plane deflections are generated, due to the mismatch in the thermal expansion properties of the materials comprising the PCB. In this study, the focus is on setting up the analysis procedure and constructing a finite element model of the board deflections. The weight of the components mounted on the PCB and the effect of soldering are ignored, due to the complexity of the additional data required. A set of real PCBs was also exposed to the reflow process and the resulting deflection measured for comparison with the model. The combination of properties of the board material and copper plating is further researched in order to investigate the cause of problems and improve design.
Soluble Cytokine Receptor Subunits Modulate Catecholaminergic Cell Activity

Soluble cytokine receptors (SCR) modulate cytokine signaling and are increased in states of abnormal immune activation. SCRs are also increased in psychiatric and neurological disorders associated with altere d brain catecholaminergic activity; although, there is no evidence that any soluble cytokine receptor alone modulates such activity. One such soluble cytokine, soluble IL -2 receptor (sIL-2R) modulates lymphocyte activity. Here, we discovered that soluble I
TU-EE-A1-02: Common Dosimetry Errors in Cervix Patients Treated with Brachytherapy On Clinical Trials

Purpose: The mission of the Radiological Physics Center (RPC) is to assure NCI and the Cooperative Groups that institutions participating in clinical trials deliver radiation doses that are clinically comparable and consistent. Records of patients treated with brachytherapy on a cervix trial were reviewed for completeness, consistency with the protocol, and dosimetric accuracy. Independent dose calculations were performed at points A, B, vaginal surface, bladder and rectum. Method & Materials: The RPC reviewed 271 HDR and LDR implants. Doses were calculated to points A, B, bladder, rectum and the vaginal surface as defined by the protocol in accordance with ICRU‐38. The vaginal surface was defined as a point lateral to the center of the source(s) at the surface of the ovoid. RPC doses were compared to the institution's reported doses.Results:Dosimetrydose reporting errors were discovered in 78% of the implants. Most errors resulted from incorrectly defining calculation points. For example, point B frequently was measured from the tandem rather than midline of the patient. Other errors were caused by planning only the first implant and not subsequent implants. Conclusion: Points A, B, bladder, rectum and vaginal surface have been defined in publications, but a significant percentage of the community incorrectly calculates doses at these points. These reporting errors lead to inconsistencies in reported doses for the trial. This work was supported by PHS grant CA 10953 awarded by NCI, DHHS.
Biochemical systematics of Allodontichthys: A genus of goodeid fishes

Abstract Allodontichthys Hubbs and Turner 1939 of the family Goodeidae is comprised of three species: A. tamazulae and A. hubbsi from the Rio Coahuayana and A. zonistius from the Rio Armeria in Estados Jalisco and Colima, Mexico. These fish are found throughout the shallow riffles of small streams. Their systematics has been based on morphological and karyological traits. An alloenzymic study of the genus produced results which agree well with the previous morphological studies. Moreover, a dendrogram of Nei genetic identities agrees well with the zoogeography of the species. The data indicate a high degree of congruence between alloenzymic and morphological systematic inferences in this group of fishes.
Icilin-evoked behavioral stimulation is attenuated by alpha2-adrenoceptor activation

Icilin is a transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M (TRPM8) agonist that produces behavioral activation in rats and mice. Its hallmark overt pharmacological effect is wet-dog shakes (WDS) in rats. The vigorous shaking associated with icilin is dependent on NMDA receptor activation and nitric oxide production, but little else is known about the biological systems that modulate the behavioral phenomenon. The present study investigated the hypothesis that alpha(2)-adrenoceptor activation inhibits icilin-induced WDS. Rats injected with icilin (0.5, 1, 2.5, 5mg/kg, i.p.) displayed dose-related WDS that were inhibited by pretreatment with a fixed dose of clonidine (0.15 mg/kg, s.c.). Shaking behavior caused by a fixed dose (2.5mg/kg) of icilin was also inhibited in a dose-related manner by clonidine pretreatment (0.03-0.15 mg/kg, s.c.) and reduced by clonidine posttreatment (0.15 mg/kg, s.c.). Pretreatment with a peripherally restricted alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist, ST91 (0.075, 0.15 mg/kg), also decreased the incidence of shaking elicited by 2.5mg/kg of icilin. Pretreatment with yohimbine (2mg/kg, i.p.) enhanced the shaking induced by a low dose of icilin (0.5mg/kg). The imidazoline site agonists, agmatine (150mg/kg, i.p.) and 2-BFI (7 mg/kg, i.p.), did not affect icilin-evoked shaking. These results suggest that alpha(2)-adrenoceptor activation inhibits shaking induced by icilin and that increases in peripheral, as well as central, alpha(2)-adrenoceptor signaling oppose the behavioral stimulant effect of icilin.
Little Leaguer’s shoulder

A case of Little Leaguer's shoulder in a skeletally immature patient is described with a review of the English literature. This entity manifests as widening of the proximal humeral physis and is well known to our orthopedic colleagues. To our knowledge, however, there is little in the current radiologic literature describing Little Leaguer's shoulder. We describe such a case.
Sensitivity study of human crystalline lens accommodation

A nonlinear axisymmetric finite element method (FEM) analysis was employed to determine the critical geometric and material properties that affect human accommodation. In this model, commencing at zero, zonular traction on all lens profiles resulted in central lenticular surface steepening and peripheral surface flattening, with a simultaneous increase in central lens thickness and central optical power. An age-related decline in maximum zonular tension appears to be the most likely etiology for the decrease in accommodative amplitude with age.
Identity Style and Relationship Quality for Pregnant Cohabitating Couples During the Transition to Parenthood

In this study, we tested the association between identity formation and intimacy formation in a diverse sample of pregnant cohabitating couples (N = 127 individuals). Using S. K. Whitbourne's identity process theory, we examined how identity style (balanced, accommodative, assimilative) is associated with various aspects of relationship quality. As hypothesized, a balanced identity style (ability to maintain self-stability while retaining flexibility) is associated with positive relationship quality (higher relational maintenance), whereas an accommodative identity style (reliance on external sources of authority for inner guidance) is associated with negative relationship quality (lower commitment, lower satisfaction, lower love, higher conflict, higher ambivalence). Consistent with E. H. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, individuals high on accommodative identity style report difficulty negotiating many aspects of their romantic relationship, a pattern that may serve to exacerbate the stress...
Fibre type proportions of the buccinator muscle in clinically normal adult dogs.

Abstract In order to provide normal morphological data and reference values for fibre type proportions, against which changes due to facial nerve paralysis or primary facial muscle myopathies can be compared, a histological and histochemical study was carried out on the buccinator muscle of clinically normal adult dogs. Using myosin adenosine triphosphatase under acidic pre-incubation (pH 4·3) conditions, three histochemical fibre types −1, 2A and 2C were recognised. There was no significant difference in mean diameter between left- and right-sided buccinator muscle samples for type 1 versus 2. Mean diameters of fibre types were: type 1, 27·02 ± 6·61 μm and type 2, 2905 ± 7·75, μm. The histographical distribution of fibre type diameters was unimodal. The buccinator muscle had a type 2 fibre predominance with a mean type 1 to type 2 ratio of 32:68. The number of fibres with internal nuclei was
The Politics of Agriculture: Dramatizing Agrarian Plight in Lope's Fuenteovejuna

Among the numerous socio-historical subtexts that inform the plot of Lope's Fuenteovejuna is an often-overlooked economic subtext that is related to agrarian issues that were of great importance in Golden Age Spain. For the purpose of this study, Fuenteovejuna is resituated within the economic and political climate of early seventeenth-century Spain to show how many notorious agrarian dilemmas known to exist during Lope's time also appear in his play in references to farming, shepherding, crop production, grain storage, and famine. Such a recontextualization of the play likewise shows that the assorted allusions to agriculture are actually relevant to Lope's epoch and not to the time of the dramatic action, 1476. The study then explores how these agrarian problems are generally attributable to the Comendador in the play whose murder symbolically resolves the play's agrarian dilemmas and, similarly, acts as a symbolic resolution for early seventeenth-century agrarian problems that ground the play. (CMG)
Elongation of axolotl tailbud embryos requires GPI-linked proteins and organizer-induced, active, ventral trunk endoderm cell rearrangements.

Abstract Application of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C to early tailbud stage axolotl embryos reveals that a specific subset of morphogenetic movements requires glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked cell-surface proteins. These include pronephric duct extension, “gill bulge” formation, and embryonic elongation along the anteroposterior axis. The work of Kitchin (1949, J. Exp. Zool. 112, 393–416) led to the conclusion that extension of the notochord provided the motive force driving anteroposterior stretching in axolotl embryos, elongation of other tissues being a passive response. We therefore conjectured that axial mesoderm cells might display the GPI-linked proteins required for elongation of the embryo. However, we show here that removal of most of the neural plate and axial and paraxial mesoderm prior to neural tube closure does not prevent elongation of ventrolateral tissues. Tissue-extirpation and tissue-marking experiments indicate that elongation of the ventral trunk occurs via active, directed tissue rearrangements within the endoderm, directed by signals emanating from the blastopore region. Extension of both dorsal and ventral tissues requires GPI-linked proteins. We conclude that elongation of axolotl embryos requires active cell rearrangements within ventral as well as axial tissues. The fact that both types of elongation are prevented by removal of GPI-linked proteins implies that they share a common molecular mechanism.
A bidirectional power converter for battery of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

A novel power converter for battery used in the Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) is proposed, which could charge and discharge the battery effectively. The system is composed of two parts: a three phase full bridge PWM rectifier and a DC/DC converter. The PWM rectifier is utilized to rectify the three phase AC to DC voltage, which should be higher than the battery terminal voltage. The DC/DC converter is constructed by a buck-boost circuit, which is a buck circuit under charge mode and a boost circuit under discharge mode. The direct current control (DCC) algorithm is responsible for rectifying the AC output and diminishing the total harmonics distortion. The proportional-integral (PI) controller and bangbang controller is to control the charging current and voltage. The simulation and experiment results validate the effectiveness of proposed algorithm and the feasibility of system.
Inhaled Nitric Oxide Reverses Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction in Dogs: A Practical Nitric Oxide Delivery and Monitoring System

Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent dilator of vascular smooth muscle that likely represents an important endothelium-dependent relaxing factor. Recent interest has focused on inhaled NO as a pulmonary vasodilator. The purpose of this study was to design a reliable NO delivery system with on-line monitoring of NO and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) concentrations, and to test the effects of inhaled NO in a dog model of acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). Six canines were studied. Marked HPV was induced using a hypoxic gas mixture. Using a standard blender, NO was delivered through a volume-cycled ventilator. We were able to rapidly adjust the delivered NO concentration using this system. An on-line chemoluminescence analyzer was used to continuously measure NO and NO 2 concentrations. Inhaled NO at 40 and 80 ppm for 30 min rapidly reversed HPV in all animals (PVR 502±154 dynes·s·cm −5 with hypoxia, 244 ±52 with 40 ppm NO, 227±47 with 80 ppm NO). No significant NO 2 or methemoglobin production was noted during the study. We conclude that inhaled NO can be easily delivered through a ventilator and the dose rapidly adjusted, NO and NO 2 concentrations can be monitored continuously on-line, inhaled NO rapidly reverses HPV in dogs, and with short-term NO inhalation, there is no significant NO 2 or methemoglobin formation. Inhaled NO may, therefore, have a future clinical role as a new agent in the diagnosis and treatment of other forms of pulmonary hypertension.
Electrocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy: the effect of left ventricular wall thickness, size, and mass on the specific criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy.

Background The purpose of our study was to determine the relative importance and effect of an increased left ventricle wall thickness, left ventricular diastolic diameter, and left ventricular mass (LVM) on the performance of the 4 major electrocardiogram (ECG) criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and to determine how these findings could be incorporated into the routine ECG interpretation of LVH. Methods The ECG criteria of LVH that we chose to examine were voltage, repolarization abnormalities, left atrial abnormality, and ventricular conduction time. We analyzed data from 608 consecutive patients with left ventricular wall thickness of >13 mm on the echocardiogram and with a concurrent ECG. We arbitrarily divided patients into 3 groups (groups I-III) according to the calculated LVM. Group I had an LVM of 600 g. We evaluated the effect of increasing LVM, wall thickness, and ventricular diameter on the performance of the 4 ECG criteria at different severity of thickness, diameter, and mass. Results An increase in the echocardiogram-derived LVM had significant effect on all 4 ECG criteria. As LVM progressively increased from groups I to III, the frequency of voltage criteria for LVH increased from 52% to 83%; left atrial abnormality rose from 46% to 68%; ST-T wave changes increases from 55% to 95%, and QRS prolongation significantly increased from 42% to 70%. Conclusion Increased wall thickness and ventricular diameter failed to correlate with the overall ECG score or significantly influence the frequency of any of the 4 ECG criteria for LVH in patients when LVM was held relatively constant. We also demonstrated that an increasing number of criteria on the ECG are associated with a greater mean LVM.
Chaperoning of a Replicative Polymerase onto a Newly Assembled DNA-Bound Sliding Clamp by the Clamp Loader

Cellular replicases contain multiprotein ATPases that load sliding clamp processivity factors onto DNA. We reveal an additional role for the DnaX clamp loader: chaperoning of the replicative polymerase onto a clamp newly bound to DNA. We show that chaperoning confers distinct advantages, including marked acceleration of initiation complex formation. We reveal a requirement for the tau form of DnaX complex to relieve inhibition by single-stranded DNA binding protein during initiation complex formation. We propose that, after loading beta(2), DnaX complex preserves an SSB-free segment of DNA immediately downstream of the primer terminus and chaperones Pol III into that position, preventing competition by SSB. The C-terminal tail of SSB stimulates reactions catalyzed by tau-containing DnaX complexes through a contact distinct from the contact involving the chi subunit. Chaperoning of Pol III by the DnaX complex provides a molecular explanation for how initiation complexes form when supported by the nonhydrolyzed analog ATPgammaS.
Distributed Averaging Under Constraints on Information Exchange: Emergence of Lévy Flights

In this paper, we study the fragility of a popular distributed averaging algorithm when the information exchange among the nodes is limited by communication delays, fading connections and additive noise. We show that the otherwise well studied and benign multi-agent system can generate a collective global complex behavior. We characterize this behavior, common to many natural and human-made interconnected systems, as a collective hyper-jump diffusion process and as a Levy flight process in a special case. We further describe the mechanism for its emergence and predict its occurrence, under standard assumptions, by checking the Mean Square instability of a certain part of the system. We show that the strong connectivity property of the network topology guarantees that the complex behavior is global and manifested by all the agents in the network, even though the source of uncertainty is localized. This work is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to establish the intimate relationship between the propagation of channel uncertainties in networked systems, the MS stability robustness and the emergence of Levy flights in distributed averaging systems. As averaging is central to science and engineering, the results of the paper may have far-reaching consequences on the understanding and engineering of complex networked systems.
Desirable features in neuropsychological tests

Seven desirable features are presented as guidelines for the design and evaluation of neuropsychological tests. Such features are not systematically present in most commonly used testing procedures because the field's methods have been borrowed from disciplines whose theories and measurement goals are quite different from those of modern neuropsychology. In the course of the presentation, three meanings of the term “deficit” are differentiated.
Evidence of blue coloration in a population of prairie crayfish (Procambarus gracilis (Bundy, 1876) (Decapoda, Cambaridae)) in northeastern Illinois, U.S.A.

Unique color variations, including the presence of blue coloration, have been documented in individuals of a number of species of crayfish. Color variation in crayfish has largely been attributed to genetic factors, although changes in environmental factors, such as background coloration, water chemistry, light, or diet have also been believed to influence coloration. This study documents the presence of blue coloration in a population of Procambarus gracilis (Bundy, 1876) in northeastern Illinois, U.S.A., and examines possible causes for the blue color in this species. To my knowledge, this is the first documentation of the occurrence of blue coloration in P. gracilis.
Every polynomial-time 1-degree collapses if and only if P = PSPACE

A set A is m-reducible (or Karp-reducible) to B if and only if there is a polynomial-time computable function f such that, for all x, x ∈ A if and only if f(x) ∈ B. Two sets are:• 1-equivalent if and only if each is m-reducible to the other by one-one reductions;• p-invertible equivalent if and only if each is m-reducible to the other by one-one, polynomial-time invertible reductions; and• p-isumorphic if and only if there is an m-reduction from one set to the other that is one-one, onto, and polynomial-time invertible.In this paper we show the following characterization.Theorem. The following are equivalent:(a) P = PSPACE.(b) Every two 1-equivalent sets are p-isomorphic.(c) Every two p-invertible equivalent sets are p-isomorphic.
More than just lysins: peptidoglycan hydrolases tailor the cell wall

Enzymes that degrade the peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall layer called PG hydrolases or autolysins are often thought of as destructive forces. Phages employ them to lyse their host for the release of virion particles and some bacteria secrete them to eliminate (lyse) their competition. However, bacteria also harness the activity of PG hydrolases for important aspects of growth, division, and development. Of course, using PG hydrolases in this capacity requires that they be tightly regulated. While this has been appreciated for some time, we are only just beginning to understand the mechanisms governing the activities of these ‘tailoring’ enzymes. This review will focus on recent advances in this area with an emphasis on the regulation of PG hydrolases involved in cell division.
Liminal Bodies: Clinical Implications for Unauthorized Women and Girls

The current estimate of the unauthorized population in the United States is 10.8 million people (with nearly half (42%) of that population being women and girls). Unauthorized women and girls face unique challenges not only as immigrant women but also as a result of their legal status. Situated in an ecological perspective, we present a conceptual framework for understanding the unique challenges faced by unauthorized women and girls, including the unique challenges of acculturation, discrimination and trauma and the presenting mental health problems that may arise from these challenges. Further, we also delineate barriers to treatment including structural obstacles, differences in perceptions of mental health, preferred sources of help, and alternate coping styles which have been thought to contribute to the underutilization of mental health services by immigrants. Lastly, treatment considerations for mental health professionals will be discussed when working with this unique population.
Ferric chloride leaching of a mechanically activated pentlandite–chalcopyrite concentrate

Abstract Mechanical activation accelerates the leaching of non-ferrous metals from sulfide ores by increasing the surface area and reactivity of the concentrate, and through lattice distortions resulting from deformation due to milling. In this study we examine the feasibility of applying the process to a complex ore concentrate containing both pentlandite and chalcopyrite through the use of a horizontal ball mill for the mechanical activation of chalcopyrite, using a concentrated (∼5 M Cl−) ferric chloride solution for the leaching. The kinetics of dissolution are correlated with specific area and with line broadening as determined by X-ray diffraction. Mechanical activation improves the kinetics both of copper extraction from the chalcopyrite, and of nickel extraction from the pentlandite. As both leached readily using the ferric chloride solution, selective leaching using this lixiviant does not seem feasible.
A COARSENING ALGORITHM ON ADAPTIVE GRIDS BY NEWEST VERTEX BISECTION AND ITS APPLICATIONS

In this paper, an ecient and easy-to-implement coarsening algorithm is proposed for adaptive grids obtained using the newest vertex bisection method in two dimemsions. The new coarsening algorithm does not require storing the binary renement tree explicitly. Instead, the structure is implicitly contained in a special ordering of triangular elements. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed coarsening algorithm is ecient when applied for multilevel preconditioners and mesh adaptivity for time-dependent problems.
Effects of light, nitrogen, and phosphorus on red pine seedling growth and nutrient use efficiency

Growth and nutrient use efficiency were determined for red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) seedlings grown at various levels of light, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Nutrient use effi- ciency was estimated for nitrogen (NUE) and phosphorus (PUE) and was calculated as biomass production divided by total nutrient content. Seedlings grown in high light had four to five times more biomass than those in the low light treatment. Nitrogen supply had a significant effect on total biomass as well as other biomass components. Phosphorus supply did not have a significant effect on any of the biomass components. NUE and PUE decreased with increased supply of N and P, respectively. The results of this study suggest that red pine seedlings can adjust their nutrient use efficiency, particularly for N, when light and nutrient availability are varied. NUE was highest with high light and low N-high P supply in nutrient solutions. FOR. Sci. 40(l):47-58.
Effects of a Strong and a Weak Carcinogen on Murine α/β Interferon Production in Vivo

Abstract A study was designed to determine whether oral doses of carcinogens would reduce an animal's ability to produce interferon. Female BCF1 mice were tested with various doses of benzo[α]pyrene (BP) or ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) po (four to six mice per treatment) and challenged an hour later with the chemical interferon inducer tilorone. After 16–18 hr, mice were sacrificed and bled from the heart. Serum obtained from the blood was assayed for interferon. We found that mice treated with as little as 50 mg/kg BP or EMS had a statistically significant reduction in serum interferon titers compared with control-treated mice. Reductions in interferon titers were also noted at lower doses of the carcinogens, but due to the varibility within the small sample size used, the reductions were not statistically significant. On a molar basis, BP was only two to three times more effective at reducing interferon titers than EMS. It was estimated from the data that slightly less than 10 mg/kg BP or 29 mg/kg EMS would be the doses corresponding to 50% reduction in control interferon titers. These doses are well below the reported mutations doses for these chemicals. The effect of carcinogens on in vivo interferon production reported here may be the most sensitive biologic system known for these chemicals.
Determinants of Glycan Receptor Specificity of H2N2 Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin

The H2N2 subtype of influenza A virus was responsible for the Asian pandemic of 1957-58. However, unlike other subtypes that have caused pandemics such as H1N1 and H3N2, which continue to circulate among humans, H2N2 stopped circulating in the human population in 1968. Strains of H2 subtype still continue to circulate in birds and occasionally pigs and could be reintroduced into the human population through antigenic drift or shift. Such an event is a potential global health concern because of the waning population immunity to H2 hemagglutinin (HA). The first step in such a cross-species transmission and human adaptation of influenza A virus is the ability for its surface glycoprotein HA to bind to glycan receptors expressed in the human upper respiratory epithelia. Recent structural and biochemical studies have focused on understanding the glycan receptor binding specificity of the 1957-58 pandemic H2N2 HA. However, there has been considerable HA sequence divergence in the recent avian-adapted H2 strains from the pandemic H2N2 strain. Using a combination of structural modeling, quantitative glycan binding and human respiratory tissue binding methods, we systematically identify mutations in the HA from a recent avian-adapted H2N2 strain (A/Chicken/PA/2004) that make its quantitative glycan receptor binding affinity (defined using an apparent binding constant) comparable to that of a prototypic pandemic H2N2 (A/Albany/6/58) HA.
The direction change concept for reticulospinal control of goldfish escape

This is an analysis of whether biomechanical or kinematic variables are controlled by descending reticulospinal commands to the spinal cord during escape responses (C-starts) in the goldfish. We studied how the animal contracted its trunk musculature to orient an escape trajectory. We used trunk EMG recordings as a measure of the reticulospinal output to the musculature and we simultaneously gathered high-speed cinematic records of the resulting movements. We found that the escape trajectory is controlled by (1) the relative size of the agonist versus the antagonist muscle contractions on two sides of the body and (2) the timing between these contractions. We found no separate signal for forward propulsion (or force) apart from the initial stage 1 bending of the body. Rather, the neural specification of force is embedded in the commands to bend the body. Thus, our findings demonstrate the importance of the angular kinematic components, or direction changes, caused by the descending reticulospinal command. This new direction change concept is important for two reasons. First, it unifies the diversity of C-start movement patterns into a single and rather simple quantitative model. Second, the model is analogous to the systematic EMG and kinematic changes observed by others to underlie single joint movements of limbs in other vertebrates such as primates. As in these cases, the fish capitalizes on the mechanical properties of the muscle by setting the extent and timing of agonist and antagonist contractions. This, plus the fact that sensory feedback is likely to be minimal, may enable the animal to reduce the number of computational steps in its motor commands used to produce the escape response. Because horizontal body movements in fish are a fundamental vertebrate movement pattern produced by a highly conserved brainstem movement system, our findings may have general implications for understanding the neural basis of rapid movements of diverse body parts.
Familles monoparentales, workfare et emploi précaire: le moment est‐il venu d'instaurer un revenu d'existence au Canada?

Resume Bien que la montee en puissance de l'emploi precaire pose des defis majeurs aux politiques actuelles de soutien au revenu, elle n'est guere prise en compte par les instances en charge des politiques publiques. Cet article s'appuie sur une etude conduite dans l'Ontario, Canada, et examine les consequences de ces defis pour les meres isolees, qui sont concernees au premier chef a la fois par l'emploi non conventionnel et par les politiques de workfare. Sur fond de mutation des marches du travail, l'article analyse les forces et faiblesses potentielles de la strategie consistant a mettre en place un dispositif de revenu d'existence pour offrir une securiteeconomique aux femmes chefs de familles monoparentales.
Schleiermacher and Otto on religion

Rudolf Otto is often spoken of as continuing the tradition of reflection on the nature of religion inaugurated by Schleiermacher. I argue that, on the contrary, there are important differences between Schleiermacher's and Otto's accounts of religion. Otto opposed naturalistic analyses of religion which threatened Christianity's claims to truth, and saw Schleiermacher as providing insufficient resources for resisting such analyses. Otto's grounding of his own religious epistemology in the work of Jakob Friedrich Fries provided him with an explicitly supernatural ‘religious a priori’, and thus provided a universal legitimating ground for religion which resists naturalistic analysis. Schleiermacher, in contrast, explicitly ruled out the sort of ‘experience of the holy’ postulated by Otto by denying both the ‘givenness’ of God in experience and supernatural intervention in the natural order. Further, Schleiermacher's appreciation of humanity's embeddedness within ‘the system of nature’ led him to embrace the view that religion, like any natural phenomenon, is an appropriate subject for scientific investigation.
Keeping the Devil at Bay: The Shoe on the Coffin Lid and Other Grave Charms in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-century America

Nineteenth- and early twentieth-century graves excavated archaeologically in the United States are occasionally found in association with objects beyond the typical clothing or coffin hardware, such as ceramic vessels, coins, and perhaps most mysterious of all, a single shoe placed on the lid of the coffin or casket. Not clearly described in archival accounts, the single shoe phenomenon within a mortuary context is argued here to be a creolized practice, combining an African cosmology and belief in the liminal state of the soul after death with a European and especially British Isles tradition of shoes as magical objects and potential traps for evil.
Editing and debugging with Windows and a mouse

This paper describes how full screen editing and debugging using a mouse and windows can be added to the APL2/PC programming environment. The use of AP124 and a special purpose auxiliary processor to support windowing are described.
Interconnecting Robotic Subsystems in a Network

We analyze how the interconnection of subsystems affects the network dynamics of the overall system’s connective stability. Closed form equations for the magnitude of the interaction between subsystems are obtained to aid in the design of nearest neighbor interconnected subsystems and fully interconnected subsystems.
Relapsing Henoch-Schönlein purpura associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyelonephritis.

Henoch-Schonlein purpura is a systemic vasculitis of unknown cause. It is frequently triggered by a streptococcal upper respiratory tract infection. Other bacteria have been implicated as triggering agents. We report a recurring case of Henoch-Schonlein purpura in a patient with Pseudomonas pyelonephritis. The Henoch-Schonlein purpura remitted only when the infection was eradicated. Pseudomonas infection should be added to the list of bacteria that can trigger Henoch-Schonlein purpura.
In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity

Preface, 1995 Preface to the Original Edition I. Francis Galton, Founder of the Faith II. Karl Pearson for Saint Biometrika III. Charles Davenport and the Worship of Great Concepts IV. The Gospel Becomes Popular V. Deterioration and Deficiency VI. Measures of Regeneration VII. Eugenic Enactments VIII. A Coalition of Critics IX. False Biology X. Lionel Penrose and the Colchester Survey XI. A Reform Eugenics XII. Brave New Biology XIII. The Establishment of Human Genetics XIV. Apogee of the English School XV. Blood, Big Science, and Biochemistry XVI. Chromosomes-the Binder's Mistakes XVII. A New Eugenics XVIII. Varieties of Presumptuousness XIX. Songs of Deicide Notes Essay on Sources Acknowledgements Index
Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells facilitate engineering of long-lasting functional vasculature

Vascular tissue engineering requires a ready source of endothelial cells and perivascular cells. Here, we evaluated human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) for use as vascular progenitor cells in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. hMSCs expressed a panel of smooth muscle markers in vitro including the cardiac/smooth muscle-specific transcription coactivator, myocardin. Cell-cell contact between endothelial cells and hMSCs up-regulated the transcription of myocardin. hMSCs efficiently stabilized nascent blood vessels in vivo by functioning as perivascular precursor cells. The engineered blood vessels derived from human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells and hMSCs remained stable and functional for more than 130 days in vivo. On the other hand, we could not detect differentiation of hMSCs to endothelial cells in vitro, and hMSCs by themselves could not form conduit for blood flow in vivo. Similar to normal perivascular cells, hMSC-derived perivascular cells contracted in response to endothelin-1 in vivo. In conclusion, hMSCs are perivascular cell precursors and may serve as an attractive source of cells for use in vascular tissue engineering and for the study of perivascular cell differentiation.
Dafny: an automatic program verifier for functional correctness

Traditionally, the full verification of a program's functional correctness has been obtained with pen and paper or with interactive proof assistants, whereas only reduced verification tasks, such as extended static checking, have enjoyed the automation offered by satisfiability-modulo-theories (SMT) solvers. More recently, powerful SMT solvers and well-designed program verifiers are starting to break that tradition, thus reducing the effort involved in doing full verification. This paper gives a tour of the language and verifier Dafny, which has been used to verify the functional correctness of a number of challenging pointer-based programs. The paper describes the features incorporated in Dafny, illustrating their use by small examples and giving a taste of how they are coded for an SMT solver. As a larger case study, the paper shows the full functional specification of the Schorr-Waite algorithm in Dafny.
Fluorescence monitoring of polymer injection molding: Model development

We have developed models to describe the behavior of an optical fiber sensor which was used to detect fluorescence from a polymer resin during the cooling phase of injection molding. The optical fiber sensor was positioned at the wall of the mold cavity by using the ejector pin channel as access to the cavity. The sources of fluorescence were dyes, which were chosen because of their sensitivity to temperature and which were mixed with the resin at dopant concentrations (parts per million by weight). The behaviors of a molecular rotor dye, dimethylamino diphenyl hexatriene, doped into polyethylene, and an excimer producing dye, bis-(pyrene) propane, doped into polystyrene were the subjects of the modeling calculations. The models consist of two modules: (a) a solution to the thermal diffusion equation for the resin cooling in the mold and (b) using temperature/time profiles and, in the case of polyethylene, crystallinity/time profiles obtained from the thermal diffusion equation, fluorescence intensity as a function of time was computed. Factors incorporated in the models are: adiabatic heating and cooling, light scattering due to microcrystals of polyethylene, crystallization kinetics, temperature and pressure shift factors for viscoelastic relaxation near the glass transition temperature of polystyrene, and the thermal resistance at the resin/mold interface.