cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding the discipline gap through a cultural lens: implications for the education of African American students

African American students are disciplined at rates that are disproportionately higher than Black students’ statistical representation in public schools. Coined as the discipline gap, racial and ethnic disparities are present in virtually every major school system across the United States. Because African American students seldom share the cultural frameworks of their teachers, the overrepresentation of Black students on measures of school discipline may, in part, be a function of cultural mismatches in the classroom. This article contains a synopsis of what is currently known about the discipline gap, and sets forth suggestions to address the issue. Recommendations focus on the roles of culturally responsive discipline, teacher recruitment and cultural immersion experiences. Irvine’s construct of cultural synchronization serves as the article’s interpretive basis.
Iconography of the Cloister of Monreale

The Benedictine cloister attached to the cathedral of Monreale preserves the largest as well as the most impressive group of sculptures to survive from the period of Norman domination over Sicily and southern Italy. Situated only a few miles from Palermo on the slope of a rugged hill, it overlooks a fertile valley with the shores of the Mediterranean in the near distance. The cloister was built during the relatively short period of years between 1172 and 1189 by William II.2
Optimal inventory policies with two modes of freight transportation

Theoretical inventory models with constant demand rate and two transportation modes are analyzed in this paper. The transportation options are truckloads with fixed costs, a package delivery carrier with a constant cost per unit, or using a combination of both modes simultaneously. Exact algorithms for computing the optimal policies are derived for single stage models over both an infinite and a finite planning horizon.
Pion production and absorption in field theory

We derive a coupled-channel description of pion production and absorption by the many-nucleon system from the field theoretic definition of the reaction matrix. Our result is manifestly consistent with nucleon antisymmetry, pion crossing, and unitarity and is exact, up to the neglect of terms involving at least 2N-2 antinucleons. Our equation is approximately soluble in the limit of nonrelativistic nucleons, and in that limit we obtain explicit, Hamiltonian independent forms for the one-body operator and for leading terms in the two-body operator for use in distorted-wave Born approximation calculations.
Rational design of shape selective separation and catalysis—I: Concepts and analysis

Abstract A molecule can enter a zeolite channel when it fits the size and shape of the opening. Zeolites have been used commercially for their ability to admit selectively molecule A but not molecule B . The search and design of zeolites for separation has been based on finding a channel with a diameter that is larger than molecule A , but smaller than molecule B . This method is not sufficiently accurate when the molecule is not a sphere or the channel is not a circle. We present here first a more accurate screening method based on comparing both the major and minor diameters of the molecule projection, called the “footprint”, with the diameters of the channel. Then we present an even better method that is based on the activation energy required to strain and distort a molecule to fit a given channel, thus leading to a lowering of its Boltzmann concentration in this channel. This paper compiles the activation energies encountered among thirty-eight (38) molecules and two hundred and seventeen (217) zeolite channels into a database, and shows how one can use this database to identify the most promising zeolites for the separation of a set of molecules of interest. Such a screening method would help to identify a zeolite that has much lower activation energy for molecule A than for molecule B . The appropriate temperature range for separation would be centered around the optimal temperature T * , where the degree of selectivity is at a maximum. The separation of the three pentane molecules was selected as an illustration.
The effectiveness of behavior modification with spasmodic and congestive dysmenorrhea

Abstract Women reporting menstrual discomfort were diagnosed by the Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire as suffering from either spasmodic or congestive dysmenorrhea. Six groups were constructed to form a (congestive vs. spasmodic) × 3 (behavior therapy therapy vs. pseudotreatment vs. waiting list) factorial design. The behavior therapy groups received relaxation combined with premenstrual imagery, and the pseudo-treatment groups engaged in open discussion of personal problems of dysmenorrhea. The Symptom Severity Scale was administered prior to and following treatment as an index of the degree to which menstrual symptoms were experienced. The major finding of clinical significance was that the behavior therapy treatment procedure was highly effective in reducing the reported symptomatology of women suffering from spasmodic dysmenorrhea whereas this approach was not effective in reducing the symptomatology of women suffering from congestive dysmenorrhea. The results are discussed in terms of the need to differentiate type of dysmenorrhea before proceeding with the treatment program herein described.
Neural Crest Specification Regulated by the Helix-Loop-Helix Repressor Id2

Vertebrate neural crest cells, derived from the neural folds, generate a variety of tissues, such as cartilage, ganglia, and cranial (intramembranous) bone. The chick homolog of the helix-loop-helix transcriptional regulator Id2 is expressed in cranial but not trunk neural folds and subsequently in some migrating cranial neural crest cells. Ectopic expression of Id2 with recombinant retroviruses converted ectodermal cells to a neural crest fate, demonstrating that proper regulation of Id2 is important for sustaining epidermal traits. In addition, overexpression of Id2 resulted in overgrowth and premature neurogenesis of the dorsal neural tube. These results suggest that Id2 may allocate ectodermal precursors into neural rather than epidermal lineages.
Nucleus precession of periodic comet Comas Sola

The nuclear properties of the periodic comet Comas Sola are studied based on a precession model applied previously to the periodic comets Encke, Kopff, and Giacobini-Zinner. The results imply that, for a few revolutions about the sun, Comas Sola was precessing more rapidly than any comet studied to date. An explanation is offered for this behavior in terms of a perturbation in the comet's obliquity shortly after the 1952 passage through perihelion. The equatorial radius of the nucleus is close to 1 km and its rotation period is 1.5-2.3 days, according to the model results. The calculated shape of the nucleus is compared with those of other comets studied using this technique.
Are we ready to recommend aspirin for cancer prevention

Rothwell and colleagues report additional data supporting the hope that daily aspirin can ward off a panoply of cancers (1). Aspirin’s role in reducing risk of vascular events is well-established, although which risk factor profiles derive net benefit remain controversial (2). The strongest proof of aspirin’s anti-neoplastic effect has been in colorectal tumors. Several epidemiological studies (3), randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of colon polyp recurrence (4), and RCTs in patients with hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC) syndromes (5, 6), have shown that aspirin reduces incidence of colorectal neoplasia. By long-term follow-up of participants in five cardiovascular-prevention RCTs, Rothwell and colleagues previously observed that daily aspirin at any dose reduced risk of CRC by 24% and of CRC-associated mortality by 35% after a delay of 8–10 years (7).
QuakeSim and the Solid Earth Research Virtual Observatory

We are developing simulation and analysis tools in order to develop a solid Earth Science framework for understanding and studying active tectonic and earthquake processes. The goal of QuakeSim and its extension, the Solid Earth Research Virtual Observatory (SERVO), is to study the physics of earthquakes using state-of-the-art modeling, data manipulation, and pattern recognition technologies. We are developing clearly defined accessible data formats and code protocols as inputs to simulations, which are adapted to high-performance computers. The solid Earth system is extremely complex and nonlinear, resulting in computationally intensive problems with millions of unknowns. With these tools it will be possible to construct the more complex models and simulations necessary to develop hazard assessment systems critical for reducing future losses from major earthquakes. We are using Web (Grid) service technology to demonstrate the assimilation of multiple distributed data sources (a typical data grid problem) into a major parallel high-performance computing earthquake forecasting code. Such a linkage of Geoinformatics with Geocomplexity demonstrates the value of the Solid Earth Research Virtual Observatory (SERVO) Grid concept, and advances Grid technology by building the first real-time large-scale data assimilation grid.
One-up on L1: Can X-rays provide longer advanced warning of solar wind flux enhancements than upstream monitors?

Abstract Observations of strong solar wind proton flux correlations with ROSAT X-ray rates along with high spectral resolution Chandra observations of X-rays from the dark Moon show that soft X-ray emission mirrors the behavior of the solar wind. In this paper, based on an analysis of an X-ray event observed by XMM-Newton resulting from charge exchange of high charge state solar wind ions and contemporaneous neutral solar wind data, we argue that X-ray observations may be able to provide reliable advance warning, perhaps by as much as half a day, of dramatic increases in solar wind flux at Earth. Like neutral atom imaging, this provides the capability to monitor the solar wind remotely rather than in situ.
Some hyperbolicity results for Henon-like diffeomorphisms

We consider two dimensional C2 diffeomorphisms satisfying certain geometric conditions and study their boundary of hyperbolicity. Assuming small Jacobian determinant, we obtain uniform hyperbolicity of an induced first-return map off the orbit of the homoclinic tangency. Our results apply to orientation-preserving Henon maps with small Jacobian determinant.
Commemorating the Holocaust: the dilemmas of remembrance in France and Italy

Commemorating the Holocaust provides a detailed and captivating comparative history of the development of national Holocaust commemorations in France and Italy in the post-Cold War years. As Cliffo...
Fibroblast Behavior on Electrospun PMMAEA and PMMAEA-Collagen Nanofibers

The influence of different physical forms of substrates on fibroblast behavior was examined by comparing the following experimental and control groups: 1) glass coverslips, 2) poly(methyl methacrylate-co-ethyl acrylate) (PMMAEA) cast films, 3) electrospun PMMAEA nanofibers, 4) electrospun PMMAEA/collagen nanofibers, and 5) electrospun collagen. Cell adhesion, spreading and proliferation were compared on the different substrates. It was observed that fibroblasts on electrospun PMMAEA, PMMAEA-collagen, and collagen substrates spread more slowly after plating, and did not spread out to the extent observed for glass or PMMAEA films. Cells on electrospun fibers exhibited more filopodial-like structures and fewer stress fibers than the glass and PMMAEA film surfaces. Cell viability studies showed that although cells remained viable on all substrates, proliferation was faster on glass and PMMAEA films than on electrospun substrates. Overall, fibroblast behavior appeared to more closely resemble in vivo behavior on the electrospun nanofibers than on films or glass substrates.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
New approximation to the Voigt function with applications to spectral-line profile analysis

An approximation to the Voigt function is described, which is valid over the entire domain of the independent variables that characterize it and which is accurate to the order of 0.0001 of the peak value of the function. Relations between the parameters of the function are also given. The approximation is used to develop a procedure for fitting observed lines with Voigt functions; the class of asymmetric lines that arise from the superposition of two Voigt functions is considered in some detail, and methods for extracting the Voigt parameters of the components from the observed contour of the envelope are given. The measurement of the width and shape of a single line with a Fabry–Perot interferometer is also discussed. All of the calculations described here can be handled by programmable calculators or small computers.
On best unbiased prediction and its relationships to unbiased estimation

Let Y be a random vector and Z be a random variable with joint density f(y,z|θ), where θ∈Θ is a vector of unknown parameters. This paper discusses minimum mean squared error (MSE) unbiased prediction of Z based on Y, and its relationships to minimum variance unbiased estimation of ψ(θ)=E[Z|θ], the expected value of Z. A Rao–Cramer type lower bound for the MSE of an unbiased predictor is presented and a characterization of uniformly minimum MSE unbiased predictors (UMMSEUP) is discussed. When Y and Z are independent given θ, the UMMSEUP of Z and the uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator (UMVUE) of ψ(θ) are shown to be identical. If the marginal model {f(y|θ),θ∈Θ} admits a complete sufficient statistic T(Y), we prove that (a) the UMMSEUP of Z exists if and only if Z admits an unbiased predictor and there exist two functions k and h such that E[Z|y,θ]=k(y)+h(T(y),θ) with probability 1 for all θ∈Θ, and (b) the UMMSEUP of Z and the UMVUE of ψ(θ) are the same if and only if E[Z|y,θ] depends on y only through T(y) with probability 1. We also discuss optimum predictions when the bias and MSE are defined conditionally on y and z, respectively. The results are applied to u–v method of estimation, prediction in mixed linear models, and estimation of the mean of a finite population under a super population model.
Women's empowerment and fertility: a review of the literature.

Women's empowerment has become a focal point for development efforts worldwide and there is a need for an updated, critical assessment of the existing evidence on women's empowerment and fertility. We conducted a literature review on studies examining the relationships between women's empowerment and several fertility-related topics. Among the 60 studies identified for this review, the majority were conducted in South Asia (n ¼ 35) and used household decision-making as a measure of empowerment (n ¼ 37). Overall, the vast majority of studies found some positive associations between women's empowerment and lower fertility, longer birth intervals, and lower rates of unintended pregnancy, but there was some variation in results. In many studies, results differed based on the measure of empowerment used, sociopolitical or gender environment, or sub-population studied. This article is one of the first evaluations of the literature assessing the relationships between women's empowerment and fertility. We identify several key issues that merit further investigation.
Heritage Languages: In the 'Wild' and in the Classroom

Heritage speakers are people raised in a home where one language is spoken who subsequently switch to another dominant language. The version of the home language that they have not completely acquired – heritage language – has only recently been given the attention it deserves from linguists and language instructors. Despite the appearance of great variation among heritage speakers, they fall along a continuum based upon the speakers’ distance from the baseline language. Such a continuum-based model enables researchers and instructors to classify heritage speakers more accurately and readily. This article discusses the results of research on lower-proficiency speakers, identifying recurrent features of heritage languages in phonology, morphology, and syntax. Preliminary results indicate that different heritage languages share a number of structural similarities; this finding is important for the understanding of general processes involved in language acquisition. The article also presents implications of the main findings for language education and identifies areas needing further study.
Acetate cycling in the water column and surface sediment of Long Island Sound following a bloom

A number of workers have suggested that rates of acetate cycling in sediments may approximate the rates of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. However, few studies have examined whether this relationship holds over very short time scales, such as those encountered during the deposition of the spring bloom into coastal sediments. In this study, we measured acetate concentrations and uptake rate constants in surface and bottom waters and in the top few centimeters of sediment in Long Island Sound. Samples were collected every 2-3 weeks from early spring to early summer of 1993. Acetate concentrations varied from 85 to 530 nM in the water column and from <2 to 29.8 FM,,,<, in pore water. Acetate concentrations in pore water showed a strong depth variation, with a concentration maximum in the surface few millimeters, as well as a strong temporal variation. The concentration of acetate averaged over the top 4 cm varied from about 5 PM,,~ in the early spring to 14.3 PM,,~ following the addition of spring bloom-dcrivcd organic carbon, Acetate uptake rate constants in the water column varied from 0.0012 to 0.037 h-l (turnover time 33.4 to 1.13 d). The avcragc uptake rate constants in the sediment over the top 4 cm varied from 0.07 to 0.59 h-l (turnover time 0.59 to 0.07 d) and tended to increase over the course of the experiment in both the sediment and the water column. In the water column, acetate uptake rates (calculated as rate constant times concentration) varied from less than one nanomolc per liter per hour in the early spring to tens of nanomoles per liter per hour in the early summer. In the sediment over the same period, acetate uptake rates averaged over the top 4 cm varied from 0.13 to 5.25 PM,,<, I h I. Rates of acetate metabolism to CO, agreed within a factor of two to cstimatcs of the X0, flux from the sediments, and both increased sharply following the deposition of the spring bloom. However, because temperatures were also increasing during this period, we are unable to separate unambiguously the effects of supply of labile carbon and of temperature on the acetate uptake rate.
Explicit Compensator Performance Constraints for Control of Lightly Damped Plants

Explicit constraints on the compensator are derived which provide specified levels of closed loop tracking and disturbance rejection performance. In the case of lightly damped plants, simple geometric descriptions of compensator constraints are obtained. An example of the application of these constraints in active vibration isolation is provided.
Central injections of tachykinin NK3 receptor agonists inhibit salt appetite and cause translocation of the NK3 receptor to the nuclei of neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Central, intraventricular injections of tachykinin NK3 receptor (NK3R) agonists inhibit the ingestion of sodium containing solutions under need-free and need-induced conditions. NK3R are internalized within the cell following agonist binding and as such, the translocation of the receptor provides a means by which to identify NK3R expressing neurons that are activated by the intraventricular injection. Male, Charles River Laboratory rats were fitted with lateral ventricle cannulas and maintained on chow and water. Rats were administered intraventricular injections of isotonic saline or 200 ng senktide, a selective NK3R agonist, and then given access to 0.15 M NaCl. A separate group of rats were also treated with saline or senktide, and sacrificed 5, 20 or 120 min later, and the brains processed for NK3R immunoreactivity (IR). Intraventricular injections of senktide significantly suppressed the ingestion of NaCl during the first 20 min of the test. Confocal examination of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) showed that in saline treated rats, NK3R IR was largely membrane bound but following senktide, NK3R IR was detected in punctate clusters within the cytoplasm within 10 min of the intraventricular injection. Interestingly, at 20 min, NK3R IR was detected within the cell nuclei. The presence of NK3R in the cell nuclei was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy and Western blot. Thus, intraventricular injections of senktide activate NK3R expressed by PVN neurons and causes the internalization and translocation of the NK3R to the cell nuclei, where the protein may directly affect gene transcription.
Changes in fMRI magnitude data and phase data observed in block-design and event-related tasks

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data are acquired as a complex image pair including magnitude and phase information. The vast majority of fMRI experiments do not attempt to take advantage of the time varying phase information. The phase of the MRI signal is related to the local magnetic field changes, suggesting it may contain useful information about the source of hemodynamic activity. Analysis of phase data acquired from different fMRI experiments has shown the presence of activity in response to various stimuli. However, there have been no studies that have examined phase data in a larger group of subjects for multiple types of fMRI tasks nor have studies examined phase changes due to event-related stimuli. In this paper, we evaluate the correspondence between the magnitude and phase changes at a group level in a block-design motor tapping task and in an event-related auditory oddball task. The results for both block-design and event-related tasks indicate the presence of task-related information in the phase data with phase-only and magnitude-only approaches showing signal changes in the expected brain regions. Although there is more overall activity detected with magnitude data, the phase-only analysis also reveals activity in regions expected to be involved in the task, some of which were not significantly activated in the magnitude-only analysis, suggesting that the phase might provide some unique information. In addition, the phase can potentially increase sensitivity within regions also showing magnitude changes. Future work should focus on additional methods for combining the magnitude and phase data.
Modeling co-occurring species: a simulation study on the effects of spatial scale for setting management targets

Many species of marine fish are found in similar habitats and display similar vulnerability to fishing pressure, although their sustainable exploitation rates may differ considerably. Managing and setting harvest limits is challenging for such co-occurring species because the management targets for the less productive species may affect the fishing opportunities for the more productive species. We used simulation modeling to explore the effects of setting multi-species management targets and harvest regulations at local area or coast-wide levels. Setting management targets over the entire coast, and identifying optimal harvest rates within each local area, consistently led to the same or higher yields than setting management targets for each area. Essentially, the global conservation goal can be achieved by protecting areas in which the less productive species is abundant and by taking most of the harvest from other areas. The increases in yield do not increase the coast-wide probabilities of either speci...
Fast Waveform Estimation (FWE) for Timing Analysis

This paper proposes a new technique, fast waveform estimation (FWE), to quickly and accurately estimate the output waveform for general resistance-capacitance (RC) interconnect networks in the presence of coupling noise. It is a common view that the traditional transient analysis is not feasible for full-chip timing analysis. The static methods suffer from inaccuracy and inability to capture the non-monotonic nature of signal waveform in the presence of coupling noise. The dynamic methods, such as, general model order reduction techniques provide a good compromise between the accuracy and efficiency. But they make no use of the typical topological structures of the general RC interconnect networks. The proposed FWE technique achieves a better overall performance through topological reduction of the general RC interconnect networks. It is demonstrated that the accuracy of the proposed method is comparable to the general model order reduction-based methods while maintaining an efficiency that is comparable to Elmore delay based analysis.
Detecting HIV-1 integration by repetitive-sampling Alu-gag PCR

In this review, we compare four assays that are currently used to measure HIV integration and discuss their strengths and weaknesses. We then outline advances that have been made toward development of a more robust, more sensitive, quantitative HIV integration assay suitable for clinical use. The assay that we have developed uses repetitive-sampling Alu-gag PCR. The detailed protocol describes our assay step-by-step, the creation of an integration standard cell line and accompanying standard curve, as well as the quantitation of integration and calculation of associated error estimates. Finally, we speculate on fundamental, unresolved issues in HIV latency that can be addressed by measuring HIV integration.
Sailing to Nuceria: Evidence for the Date of Xenophon of Ephesus

On the basis of the episode in which Habrocomes puts in to Italy at Nuceria (καταίρeι ... eϊς Νονκέριον τής 'Ιταλίας, Xen. Eph. 5.8.1), this article argues that Xenophon of Ephesus was writing between the late Flavian and early Antonine age, after it became known that the harbours at Pompeii and Stabiae had been destroyed in the eruption of AD 79 and before the rehabilitation of Stabiae became common knowledge.
Rural-urban differences in behaviors to prevent skin cancer: an analysis of the Health Information National Trends Survey.

Background There is concern that rural residents may be less likely to engage in behaviors to reduce their risk for skin cancer compared with urban residents. Objectives First, we sought to determine whether rural residents are less likely to use sunscreen and engage in other skin cancer preventive measures. Second, we sought to determine whether such actions are sufficiently explained by factors known to affect these behaviors or whether such actions are affected by rurality. Methods We analyzed the 2005 Health Information National Trends Survey, a survey of the noninstitutionalized, adult population performed by the National Cancer Institute. We used logistic regression analysis to adjust for confounding by age, race, income, education, health insurance, smoking, sex, marital status, and region. Results Compared with urban residents, rural residents were 33% less likely (odds ratio = 0.67; 95% confidence interval, 0.57-0.80) to wear sunscreen when exposed to the sun for more than 1 hour. After adjusting for the above confounding variables, however, rural individuals were just as likely as urban individuals to use sunscreen with sun exposure. Limitations Inability to adjust for unmeasured confounding variables, such as occupational sun exposure, is a limitation. Conclusion Rural residents were less likely to use sunscreen. This decreased use of sunscreen, however, was explained by differences in age, race, income, education, and other confounding factors that negatively influence the use of sunscreen.
Transmitting the power of Niagara: scientific, technological, and cultural contexts of an engineering decision

In 1893 the Cataract Construction Company (CCC), after four years of deliberation, decided that the power generated by its turbines at Niagara Falls would be transmitted by alternating current and not by direct current, teledynamic (wire rope), hydraulic, or pneumatic systems, all of which were considered. The author examines the scientific, technological, and cultural contexts of the decision-making process to understand why the CCC's engineers chose AC. He suggests that the decision was based as much on cultural criteria as on straightforward technical criteria. The engineers who made the decision felt that the technology used at the Falls should match the natural grandeur of the Falls with its own technological grandeur. Thus they chose a power system that, though untried, was developing rapidly and held great future promise. Their scheme proved successful, and the Niagara Falls power project, by far the largest of its day, established the standards for hydroelectric power generation and transmission for many years. >
A compressed sensing approach to observing distributed radar targets

Compressed sensing, a method which relies on sparsity to reconstruct signals with relatively few measurements, has the potential to greatly improve observation of distributed radar targets. We extend the theoretical work of others by investigating the practical problems of implementing this approach for distributed targets, first examining a discrete linear radar model suitable for compressed sensing and then discussing an example of this technique used on existing data. Potential benefits include higher possible range resolution, complete filtering of noise without sidelobes or artifacts, and the ability to identify different Doppler shifts within the same range window of a single pulse.
The Rhodobacter sphaeroides cytochrome c2 signal peptide is not necessary for export and heme attachment.

Rhodobacter sphaeroides cytochrome c2 (cyt c2) is a member of the heme-containing cytochrome c protein family that is found in the periplasmic space of this gram-negative bacterium. This exported polypeptide is made as a higher-molecular-weight precursor with a typical procaryotic signal peptide. Therefore, cyt c2 maturation is normally expected to involve precursor translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane, cleavage of the signal peptide, and covalent heme attachment. Surprisingly, synthesis as a precursor polypeptide is not a prerequisite for cyt c2 maturation because deleting the entire signal peptide does not prevent export, heme attachment, or function. Although cytochrome levels were reduced about threefold in cells containing this mutant protein, steady-state cyt c2 levels were significantly higher than those of other exported bacterial polypeptides which contain analogous signal peptide deletions. Thus, this mutant protein has the unique ability to be translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane in the absence of a signal peptide. The covalent association of heme with this mutant protein also suggests that the signal peptide is not required for ligand attachment to the polypeptide chain. These results have uncovered some novel aspects of bacterial c-type cytochrome biosynthesis. Images
DYNAMICS IN LATE‐SUCCESSIONAL HEMLOCK–HARDWOOD FORESTS OVER THREE DECADES

Permanent plots in old-growth hemlock-northern hardwood forests of Mich- igan's upper peninsula have been remeasured over periods of 16-32 yr. A gradient from hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) to sugar maple (Acer saccharum) dominance is associated with increasing soil pH and calcium. Secondary species include yellow birch (Betula al- leghaniensis) and basswood (Tilia americana). From 1962 to 1994 hemlock increased in basal area and dominance in most plots. Sugar maple showed little overall change, while basswood and especially yellow birch showed sporadic but often large declines in basal area. Birch populations declined due to lack of recruitment, and sugar maple and basswood may be subject to similar decline; only hemlock showed a fairly stable size structure. Mortality rates were lowest for hemlock (0.3%/yr) and highest for yellow birch (1.6%/yr), corresponding to canopy residence times of 357 and 61 yr, respectively. Stem maps allowed assessment of neighborhood influences on growth and mortality. Growth and mortality rates were negatively correlated for all species. Growth rate was influenced by tree size and site conditions for all species, but hemlock and sugar maple growth rates were also affected by size- and distance-weighted indices of neighbor influence. Old-growth stands several centuries old continue to undergo compositional change related to both stand history and current population interactions. Yellow birch and basswood are probably maintained by significant disturbances and will decline under a disturbance regime of small gaps. Hemlock may be the ultimate competitive dominant in most sites but may require well over a mil- lennium without major disturbance to displace sugar maple.
Identification of Adult Outpatient Surgical Patients with Previous History of Post-Operative Nausea and Vomiting

The purpose of this project is to identify adult outpatient surgical patients with a history of post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV). A quality improvement initiative was undertaken as part of the Pre/Post unit practice committee 2008 performance improvement plan to include assessment of the patient’s surgical experience. Approximately 950 patients per month presented for outpatient surgical intervention and were questioned about history of PONV. Initial data was collected in the preoperative holding area by the RN caring for the patient. Follow-up data was collected through the development and implementation of the follow-up phone call which was made by an RN staff member within 48 hours of discharge and obtained actual occurrence data. PONV is a pervasive problem with physical and psychological implications for both the patient and the health care system. These include increase delayed recovery and discharge or unanticipated hospital admissions and increased nursing costs. The outcome of this improvement process is the identification of patients that are at high risk for reoccurrence. Identification of these patients is the first step in utilizing this tool to develop an Evidence Based Best Practice with the goal of preventing the reoccurrence of post-operative nausea and vomiting.
Comparison of Respiratory Event Detection by a Polyvinylidene Fluoride Film Airflow Sensor and a Pneumotachograph in Sleep Apnea Patients

Study objectives Compare the ability of a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) thermal sensor and a pneumotachograph to detect respiratory events in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Design Single night of monitoring, single blinded scorer. Setting Veterans Affairs medical center. Patients Ten male subjects with obstructive sleep apnea. Interventions Nasal-oral airflow was simultaneously detected by a PVDF thermal sensor attached to the upper lip and a pneumotachograph in a mask over the nose and mouth. Measurements Events were scored from display views showing only the airflow tracings of the sensor in question and the events scored from that sensor. The apnea-hypopnea index was computed using two definitions for hypopnea. Hypopnea-1 was defined as a 50% reduction in flow for ≥ 10 s in duration. Hypopnea-2 was defined as any reduction in airflow for ≥ 10 s associated with a 3% drop in the arterial oxygen saturation or followed by an arousal. The level of agreement (κ) for the sensors was determined by comparing whether or not they identified candidate events determined by a second blinded scorer. Results For the apnea-hypopnea-1 index (mean ± SD), the event rate for the pneumotachograph (26.0 ± 27.9 events/h) was slightly greater than that for the PVDF sensor (20.1 ± 27.1 events/h; p Conclusion The PVDF sensor compared favorably with a "gold standard" method of detecting respiratory events during sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.
Decentralized sigma-point information filters for target tracking in collaborative sensor networks

Tracking a target in a cluttered environment is a representative application of sensor networks and a benchmark for collaborative signal processing algorithms. This paper presents a strictly decentralized approach to Bayesian filtering that is well fit for in-network signal processing. By combining the sigma-point filter methodology and the information filter framework, a class of algorithms denoted as sigma-point information filters is developed. These techniques exhibit the robustness and accuracy of the sigma-point filters for nonlinear dynamic inference while being as easily decentralized as the information filters. Furthermore, the computational cost of this approach is equivalent to a local Kalman filter running in each active node while the communication burden can be made linearly growing in the number of sensors involved. The proposed algorithms are then adapted to the specific problem of target tracking with data association ambiguity. Making use of a local probabilistic data association, we formulate a decentralized tracking scheme that significantly outperforms the existing schemes with similar computational and communication complexity.
What Our Doctoral Students Should Know about the Publishing Game

Doctoral candidates who aspire toward academic careers in marketing often discover that research performance is generally recognized as a component of exceptional importance relative to the attainment of professional goals. Nothing is more demanding, yet continuously expected, of full-time, tenure-track professors. Outlined and discussed here are numerous points that may better prepare our students to meet these future demands.
Sensor bias fault diagnosis in a class of nonlinear systems

This note describes a robust sensor bias fault diagnosis architecture for dynamic systems represented by a class of nonlinear discrete-time models. The nonlinearity in the system nominal model is assumed to be a function of inputs and outputs only. Specifically, this note uses adaptive techniques to estimate an unknown sensor bias in the presence of modeling uncertainties. A simulation example is presented to illustrate the methodology. The robustness, sensitivity and stability properties of the bias fault diagnosis architecture are rigorously analyzed.
PAC1 deficiency in a murine model induces gastric mucosa hypertrophy and higher basal gastric acid output

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been shown to increase the histamine release from gastric enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells and promote gastric acid secretion in rats. In contrast, in mice, PACAP has been demonstrated to induce a decrease of gastric acid secretion, an effect presumably due to somatostatin release. To more clearly define the role of PACAP in the regulation of gastric acid output, a knockout mouse model for the PACAP-specific receptor PAC1 was applied in this study. Measurements of the basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion and morphological studies on the gastric mucosa were performed in both wild-type and PAC1-deficient mice. Compared with the wild-type mice, the PAC1-deficient mice showed a nearly threefold higher basal gastric acid output, increased gastric mucosa thickness and glands height, and proportional increases in parietal and total cell counts in the gastric mucosa. The PAC1-deficient mice also showed a trend of increased plasma gastrin levels and gastrin gene expression in the gastric mucosa. This study indicates that the expression of PAC1 is clearly important for maintaining the homeostasis of gastric acid secretion. Loss of PACAP receptor during development may lead to a compensatory mechanism regulating gastric acid secretion.
A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF CARIBBEAN ADIANTOPSIS (PTERIDACEAE)1, 2

Abstract Adiantopsis Fee (Pteridaceae) is a relatively unstudied tropical cheilanthoid fern genus. In the present work, we evaluated the taxonomy and relationships among Caribbean Adiantopsis by examining 136 characters from approximately 500 herbarium specimens. This study identified nine Caribbean Adiantopsis species, three of which are newly described (A. parvisegmenta, A. pentagona, and A. vincentii). Additionally, an intriguing pattern of morphological and reticulate evolution was revealed by the analyses. Adiantopsis consists of three different laminar morphologies; palmate, pedate, and pinnate. The two pedate taxa are hypothesized to be fertile allotetraploid derivatives of the palmate A. radiata (L.) Fee and two different pinnate taxa. In this regard they parallel the origin of the South American A. ×australopedata Hickey, M. S. Barker & Ponce. Based on our analyses, it appears that pedate laminar morphologies in Adiantopsis independently originated multiple times via hybridization. This study pro...
12.14 – Polymer-supported Organometallic Catalysts

Recent advances in the preparation and use of polymer-supported organometallic catalysts are discussed. Following a general introduction to the organic supports and methods used for immobilization of organometallic complexes, this chapter will focus on the preparation and use of supported phosphine, N-heterocyclic carbene, and metallocene-containing organometallics. Selected other examples of supported catalysts will be discussed in order to illustrate particular techniques that are used by chemists for immobilization of organometallic complexes.
Simulation of LHC events on a millions threads

Demand for Grid resources is expected to double during LHC Run II as compared to Run I; the capacity of the Grid, however, will not double. The HEP community must consider how to bridge this computing gap by targeting larger compute resources and using the available compute resources as efficiently as possible. Argonne's Mira, the fifth fastest supercomputer in the world, can run roughly five times the number of parallel processes that the ATLAS experiment typically uses on the Grid. We ported Alpgen, a serial x86 code, to run as a parallel application under MPI on the Blue Gene/Q architecture. By analysis of the Alpgen code, we reduced the memory footprint to allow running 64 threads per node, utilizing the four hardware threads available per core on the PowerPC A2 processor. Event generation and unweighting, typically run as independent serial phases, are coupled together in a single job in this scenario, reducing intermediate writes to the filesystem. By these optimizations, we have successfully run LHC proton-proton physics event generation at the scale of a million threads, filling two-thirds of Mira.
Dynamics of apical membrane responses to ADH in amphibian bladder

The dynamic insertion and retrieval of membrane at the apical surface plays an important role in the action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The addition of membrane with water channels is a crucial event in initiating the water permeability response. ADH-stimulated bladders display distinctive differentiations in the apical membrane that represent sites where intracellular vesicles carrying intramembrane particle aggregates have fused with the apical surface. In the absence of an osmotic gradient these fusion sites appear to be relatively stable structures, but in the presence of an osmotic gradient there seems to be continuous addition and retrieval of membrane during sustained exposure to ADH. It is now clear that a dynamic feedback process is present, such that the water permeability of the apical membrane is adjusted by retrieval or addition of membrane depending on the magnitude of the transepithelial osmotic gradient. Removal of ADH leads to a striking retrieval of apical membrane, and intact aggregates have been demonstrated in the membrane of the vesicles that form in the apical cytoplasm after reversal of the response. Structure-function analysis has provided unique information, demonstrating that membrane dynamics is central to the mechanism whereby ADH regulates osmotic permeability in the toad urinary bladder.
The Tupamaros: re-gendering an ungendered guerilla movement

The Movimiento de Liberacion Nacional-Tupamaros was a clandestine armed urban guerrilla that existed in Uruguay between 1962 and 1973. While most of the guerrillas in Latin-America were peasant struggles in the countryside, this guerrilla's urban nature made it atypical in the region. Furthermore, the Tupamaros were mainly an organization composed of young middle-class members, making it especially susceptible to the conterminous cultural global transformations of the time. The guerrilla movement appears as a dialectical space where present and futures intermingle and the transitory nature of guerrilla movements often makes them fertile soil for disputes and gender contestations. Through an analysis of the testimonies of both men and women who were active militants in the movement, the paper sheds light on how armed movements that do not necessarily define themselves along gendered lines, nonetheless come to construct visions and practices of relations between women and men. While these are often attuned ...
Confusing concepts about the concept of homosexuality.

(1974). Confusing Concepts about the Concept of Homosexuality. Psychiatry: Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 340-349.
Competition among health plans and women's use of preventive care: a multilevel analysis.

Preventive health care services are increasingly considered important, not only for their lifesaving aspects but for their cost-effectiveness, which many assume would prevail in a competitive health care market. This view was supported by empirical evidence until the mid-1990s, but since then the nature of competition among health plans and the utilization of preventive care have constantly been changing. Research has yet to provide a clear answer on how these changes are affecting competition and, in turn, how competition among health plans affects the utilization of preventive care. These primary research questions are addressed in this study through the use of insurance claims data in a multilevel model, not previously used in the study of preventive care. The results of multilevel logistic regression show that the greater the number of insured people enrolled in HMOs, the greater is the likelihood of receiving mammograms and Pap smears. However, if HMOs as a group are increasingly exercising their mar...
Historical Circumstances and Theoritical Structures as Sources of Meaning: A Response

Theplace of theory as providing a context for meaning isfurther elaborated on the presumption that an individuality principle or theorem of fundamental theoretical importance is being advanced by Alexander Hamilton in Federalist 15 and 16. Following Ernst Cassirer, the argument is advanced that theoretical definitions depend upon a computational logic that enables one to state causal antecedents that yield a conceptualized effect. This is the type of language that is used by artisans to create artifacts including those forms of artisanship that are concerned with the nature and constitution of order in human societies.