cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Current measurement by lagrangian drifting buoys - Problems and potential

This paper discusses the current use of drogued Lagrangian free drifting buoys in terms of the two main problems Which limit their utility - drogue Lagrangian effectiveness (i.e., slippage) and overall drogue survivability. Scale model test data of drogue drag coefficient and behavior are summarized for numerous drogue designs and shapes. The benefits of certain designs are discussed and estimates of drogue slippage as a function of error-inducing drag force are present ed for representative drogues. The measurement of the steady flow horizontal drag coefficient of a full seal window shade drogue is described and compared with the scale model value. The in-situ measurement of the vertical drag coefficient of two full-scale window shade drogues are summarized and estimates made of buoy-drogue vertical interaction forces and conditions for slack line. The results of a full scale, instrumented window shade drogue slippage test are described for the case of a window shade drogue suspended beneath a Nova University minibuoy. The resulting measurement of drogue dynamic behavior and slippage estimates are presented and discussed in relation to the mathematical correctability of current velocity estimates from drogued buoy trajectories.
Cotton-Plant Pigments as a Source of Resistance to the Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm

Three pigments of the cotton plant Gossypium hirsutum were incoporated in the artificial diet of larvae of the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), to determine their effects on development. Gossypol was equally toxic to the bollworm and the tobacco budworm. Less than 30% of the larvae of both species reached the pupal stage when the diet contained 0.2% gossypol. Quercetin inhibited the growth of bollworm larvae, but there was relatively little mortality at concentrations below 0.8%. However, this chemical killed more than 70% of budworm larvae at the 0.1% concentration. Rutin was found to be less toxic to both species than gossypol or quercetin. However, it was more toxic at the higher dosages to the budworm than to the bollworm. The feasibility of increasing the gossypol and quercetin content in the cotton plant is discussed.
Slowing-down of subexcitation electrons in polyatomic gases☆

Abstract Drift velocity and lateral diffusion coefficient data have been employed to determine mobilities, mean fractional energy losses per collision, stopping rates, and thermalization times as functions of the mean electron energy, for subexcitation electrons in a number of polyatomic gases.
Characterization of somatomedin binding in human serum by ultracentrifugation and gel filtration.

It is known that the somatomedins exist in human serum complexed to specific binding proteins. The existence of unbound somatomedins in serum has never unequivocally been demonstrated. We have characterized the distribution of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I in different fractions after gel filtration of serum through Sephadex G-200 in neutral buffer. IGF-I was measured by RIA after acid extraction. Seventy-two percent of serum IGF-I was associated with large complexes with an estimated size of about 150,000 daltons and 25% was associated with smaller complexes of about 50,000 daltons. No unbound IGF-I was detected. Ultracentrifugation of 10 ml fresh serum was carried out at 106,000 × g for 17 h, after which the tube was aspirated in 1-ml fractions beginning at the top. IGF-I by RIA in fractions 2 and 3 sedimented with albumin; in fractions 4 to 7, the sedimentation pattern approached that of immunoglobulin G. This shift is consistent with the size distribution of IGF-I complexes demonstrated by gel fi...
Excitonic-state trapping and quasiadiabatic population transfer in a two-band semiconductor

By solution of the semiconductor Bloch equations in the presence of a frequency-modulated optical pulse, clear exciton trapping and quasiadiabatic population transfer in a two-band semiconductor is predicted.
Methylmercury as a reversible denaturing agent for agarose gel electrophoresis.

A method for agarose gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, with methylmercuric hydroxide as the denaturing agent, is described. Methylmercuric hydroxide is a strong and reversible denaturing agent. It appears that complete denaturation of any base-paired secondary structural feature of a nucleic aicd can be achieved at practical concentrations of CH3HgOH. The method has been tested by showing that singly nicked circular duplex PM2 DNA is dissociated into more rapidly migrating linear and circular single-strand forms by a CH3HgOH concentration within the 2.5–5.0 m m range. The mobilities of single-strand RNA molecules are decreased in the presence of sufficient CH3HgOH because their secondary structure is disrupted. For HeLa 28S rRNA, the melting transition occurs mainly in 2–3 m m range of CH3HgOH. For a series of RNA's, at 5 m m CH3HgOH, corresponding to complete denaturation, there is a linear dependence of log (molecular weight) on electrophoretic mobility and of log (mobility) on agarose concentration, just as in other gel electrophoresis systems.
On solutions to coupled multiparameter nonlinear Sturm- Liouville boundary value problems whose state components have a specified nodal structure

In preceding articles ([3] and [5]), we began an examination of the structure of the solution set to the two-parameter system \(\matrix{\qquad\qquad-(p_{1}(x)u^{\prime})^{\prime}+q_1(x)u= \lambda u+f(u,v)u\cr \qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad in (a,b)\cr \qquad(*)\ \ -(p_{2}(x)v^{\prime})^\prime+ q_{2}(x)v=\mu v+g(u,v)v\cr \qquad\qquad u(a)=u(b)=0=v(a)=v(b).}\)
Low Body Temperature, Time Dilation, and Long-Trace Conditioned Flavor Aversion in Rats

Abstract Conditioned flavor aversion was examined in Wistar-derived albino rats that were immersed in cold water for 0, 2.5, 5, or 10 min immediately following 10-min exposure to a .1% saccharin solution and given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 0.15 M lithium chloride (LiCl) either 90, 135, 180, or 225 min later. Cold water immersion for 2.5, 5, and 10 min led to body temperature decreases of approximately 4.5, 7, and 10°C, respectively. Rats whose body temperatures were not reduced (0 min immersion) showed no saccharin aversion when the LiCl was delayed 90 min. Rats whose body temperatures were reduced 4.5, 7, and 10°C displayed conditioned aversions at LiCl delays up to 135, 180, and 225 min, respectively. These results were interpreted in terms of a cold-induced slowing of a biochemical clock that may uniquely govern specific timing processes involved in associative learning over long delays, such as long-trace conditioned flavor aversion, learned safety, and certain types of learning that involve an extensive time lapse (e.g., extinction of fear).
Dissolve transition detection algorithm using spatio-temporal distribution of MPEG macro-block types (poster session)

Almost every shot change detection algorithm detects abrupt transition (hard cut) without difficulty, but gradual transitions such as fades, dissolves, wipes are left as hard-to-detect problems. Dissolve effect, among the various gradual transition effects, is one of the most frequently used shot transition methods with special semantic meaning such as scene transition. Information of the shot change type can also be the basis for the shot clustering algorithms. In this paper, we present a fast and effective dissolve-transition detection algorithm based on the spatio-temporal distribution of the macro block pipes in MPEG-compressed video. In the proposed algorithm, the ratio of forward macro blocks in the B-type frames and the spatial distribution of forward/backward macro blocks are utilized for detecting dissolve transition. After finding such sequence of frames, we apply 2 heuristic rules: (1) The global color distributions of the frames at which dissolve starts and terminates are very different, and (2) The duration of dissolve transition is typically more than 0.3 second.
The expression of advanced glycation endproduct receptors in rpe cells associated with basal deposits in human maculas

Basal deposits within Bruch's membrane are associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) although the factors causing their formation are incompletely understood. Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) accumulate in Bruch's membrane including basal deposits and drusen with aging. One mechanism by which AGEs alter a cell's phenotype is via AGE receptors. The purpose of this study was to immunolocalize and quantify the expression of AGE receptors by RPE cells associated with basal deposits or normal Bruch's membrane that were microdissected from human maculas. Postmortem eyes from 14 aged control donors and five donors with non-neovascular AMD were cryopreserved. RPE cells associated with normal Bruch's membrane or basal deposits were laser capture microdissected. The RNA was extracted and used for RT-qPCR to quantify the expression of RAGE, AGE R1, AGE R2, and AGE R3. Streptavidin alkaline phosphatase immunohistochemistry for these receptors was also performed and sections were bleached from 14 normal and nine AMD donors. RT-qPCR showed significant upregulation of RAGE, AGE R1, and AGE R3 in RPE cells overlying basal deposits compared to cells attached to morphologically normal Bruch's membrane. Immunohistochemical analysis for RAGE, AGER1, R2, and R3 showed diffuse, light staining of RPE cells and strong choriocapillaris staining in areas of normal Bruch's membrane. In areas of basal deposits, the RPE had more intense staining for RAGE and AGER1 compared to regions of normal Bruch's membrane. These results suggest that AGE receptors could influence the formation of basal deposits during aging and AMD.
Syntheses and structural characterizations of three WOX2L3 type complexes: Crystal structures of cis-mer-WOBr2(PMe2Ph)3·0.5C7H8 and WOBr2(PR3)3, where PR3 = PMe2Ph or PMePh2

Abstract Three new complexes of the type WOX2L3, where X = Br and L = PMe2Ph, PMePh2 are reported. All were structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction studies. Compound 1, WOBr2(PMe2Ph)3·0.5C7H8, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a=15.378(3), b=11.281(2), c=18.984(3) A, β=105.84(2)°, V=3167(2) A3 and Z=2. Compound 2, WOBr2(PMe2Ph)3, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with a=17.624(5), b=28.240(6), c=11.480(3) A, V=5714(4) A3 and Z=8. Compound 3, WOBr2(PMePh2)3, crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 with a=10.473(2), b=18.969(2), c=9.954(3) A, α=95.41(2)° β=106.75(2)°, γ=79.43(1)°, V=1860(1) A3 and Z=2. In each case, the coordination of the W atom is distorted octahedral. In these compounds the phosphines are arranged meridionally and one of the bromine atoms is trans to the oxygen atom. The WO distances are 1.70(1), 1.784(6) and 1.701(4) for 1, 2 and 3, respectively, while the WBr (trans to oxygen atom) distances are 2.668(2), 2.676(1) and 2.655(1) A for 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The IR spectra of 2 and 3 as solids show peaks due to v(WO) at 943 and 958 cm−1, respectively. The 31P{1H} NMR spectrum of 2 consists of a doublet at δ −20.446 ppm and a triplet at δ −28.826 ppm in a 2:1 intensity ratio, and the 1H NMR spectrum of 2 is also consistent with its structure in the crystal.
Saturation and frequency weighting in adaptive control of laser beam jitter

In recent experimental research on adaptive control of jitter in laser beams, sufficiently high levels of high frequency sensor noise have produced high frequency spikes in the output errors. The phenomenon has been observed for both adaptive and high bandwidth linear-time-invariant (LTI) control loops. Recently, the source of the problem has been discovered to be saturation associated with the MEMS fast steering mirror used as the control actuator. Results in this paper demonstrate that the spikes in the output error are eliminated by a recently developed frequency-weighting method for the tuning signal used to determine adaptive control gains. The method places more weight on jitter in frequency ranges where large sensor noise otherwise produces the unwanted response. The frequency-weighted adaptive control loop is based on a recursive least squares lattice filter that implicitly identifies the disturbance statistics from real-time sensor data. The adaptive controller achieves both fast adaptation and true minimum variance steady state performance. Results from an experiment with a MEMS fast steering mirror used in current free space optical communications systems illustrate suppression of jitter with simultaneous multiple bandwidths produced by multiple jitter sources.
Migration, Religious Diasporas, and Religious Diversity: A Global Survey

Abstract Vast efforts are put into the collection of statistics in every country of the world relating to religious adherence. Quantitative tools in the context of demography – births, deaths, conversions, defections, immigration, and emigration – provide a comprehensive view of demographic changes in religious diasporas, which are created by the migration of people worldwide. Utilizing the taxonomies of religions and peoples from the World Christian Database (WCD) and World Religion Database (WRD), a preliminary examination of religious diasporas shows 859 million people (12.5% of the world’s population) from 327 peoples in diasporas around the world. The continuing trend of religious migration around the world is both increasing and intensifying religious diversity, especially in the former Christian West. This paper outlines some key issues relating to religious diversity in the twenty-first century and how the movement of peoples worldwide contributes to those issues.
The Aggregate Demand Index: measuring the balance between pharmacist supply and demand, 1999-2001.

Objective To describe the development and 2-year performance of the Aggregate Demand Index (ADI) survey, a tool for longitudinally tracking the difficulty of filling open pharmacist positions throughout the United States. Design From August 1999 through July 2001, panelists completed a monthly survey on the difficulty of filling open pharmacist positions by state. Results are reported on the Web ( www.pharmacymanpower.com ). Setting Panelists estimated difficulty filling pharmacist vacancies in the community, institutional, both community and institutional, and nonpatient care pharmacy settings. Participants A panel of individuals involved in the direct hiring of pharmacists. Intervention A monthly survey. Main Outcome Measures Monthly indices reflecting the level of difficulty filling open pharmacy positions at the state, regional, and national levels and by pharmacy position type. Over time, these data formed a longitudinal record of the balance between the supply of and demand for pharmacists. Results Cumulative data from 50 states and the District of Columbia showed, on average, excess demand over available supply. The five states with the highest unmet demand level (i.e., where it was most difficult to fill open positions) were Minnesota, California, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Kentucky. The only states in which demand was in balance with supply were Hawaii and Rhode Island. Over 2 years, at least 92% of the U.S. population each month resided in areas where demand for pharmacists exceeded supply. The demand level in the Northeast was significantly lower than in other regions. Unmet demand was greatest for organizations with both community and institutional positions and least for organizations with primarily community positions. Conclusion For the study period, the demand for pharmacists exceeded the available supply in the United States; ADI survey data indicated than open pharmacist positions were “somewhat difficult” to “difficult” to fill. Substantial but unexplained differences were noted by state, by region, and by type of pharmacy position. Other health care professions could use the ADI survey methodology to study workforce issues.
Sublethal total body x-radiation and susceptibility of mice to Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli.

Summary1. Mice were challenged intraperitoneally with S. enteritidis over a 30-day period following exposure to 50-350 r whole body X-radiation. A very marked increase in susceptibility to infection was observed as early as 8 hours after irradiation with 250-350 r, but not after 50 r. This increase in susceptibility cannot be explained by granulocytopenia at the time of injection, since granulocytosis was observed in peripheral blood of mice at this post-irradiation period. 2. A very marked increase in susceptibility to intraperitoneal inoculation with E. coli was observed one day following irradiation with 200-450 r. This gradually declined but was still evident 60 days after exposure to 450 r, and 11 days after exposure to 200-350 r. After exposure to 50 r, the single peak of susceptibility to E. coli occurred in 11 days. 3. The relationship of the route of inoculation and the post-irradiation time to the degree of susceptibility to infection is discussed.
JAMAICA: A Famous, Strong but Damaged Brand

Image, brand and reputation are the new capital for nations in the twenty-first century. In this era of the global marketplace, nations, regions and cities are forced to compete with each other for tourists, investment, aid, students, for buyers of their products and services, and for talent. Scholars now agree that nations themselves have become brands, and are now obliged to manage their images in order to influence people’s decision in terms of purchasing, investing and traveling. Nations with unknown or poor reputations, including those enduring prolonged crises are thus likely to suffer marginalization and will not easily witness economic success (Viosca et al; Avraham and Ketter). In this article, I aim to explore the challenges confronting Brand Jamaica. I argue that positive global coverage of Jamaica’s outstanding brand achievements in sports, music and as a premier tourism destination, is being negated by its rival brands – economic instability (debt, poverty unemployment), crime, corruption and perceptions of declining human rights. The consequence is a contradictory, perplexing and problematic public image of Jamaica, with severe consequences for investment, tourism promotion as well as economic and social progress. The article points at the imperative for Jamaican authorities to evaluate the nation’s public image, manage the impact of prolonged crises on its brand and attempt to re-imagine Jamaica, in light of changing fortunes.
Oral infusion and taste preference behavior in the white rat

Preferences for sucrose, saccharin, and sodium chloride solutions were studied by the two-bottle technique while varying concentrations of the same solutions were continuously infused into the oral cavity. Increasing the in fusa te concentration of sucrose and saccharin linearly decreased preference, while sodium chloride preference was equally depressed at all concentrations of infusa te.
Frozen Storage Stability of Modified Pollock Theragra chalcogramma) Blocks Containing 15% or 30% Minced Pollock

Pollock were removed from ice or refrigerated seawater after 2, 4 and 6 days and processed into fillet blocks or fillet blocks containing 15% or 30% minced flesh. Although all the samples were acceptable after 12 months, the addition of minced flesh and storage at - 18°C affected texture and flavor. This was particularly evident for blocks containing 30% minced flesh, and results suggest the addition of minced flesh should be limited to 15%. Changes in dimethylamine and expressed thaw drip may explain the changes in sensory attributes since there were small changes in the control blocks held at −34°C.
Linear input aggregation bias in nonparametric technical efficiency measurement

An attraction of the nonparametric approach to measuring technical efficiency is that no a priori structure is placed on the production process of the firm. However, inputs are typically linearly aggregated, either explicitly or implicitly. It is shown that this introduces bias in the technical efficiency measurement. The computed technical efficiency measure becomes an economic efficiency measure comprised of both technical and allocative efficiency. An empirical application demonstrates the bias. Un des attraits de l'approche non parametrique pour la mesure de l'efficience technique est qu'elle n'impose aucune structure a priori sur le processus de production d'une entreprise. Cependant, les intrants sont, de maniere typique, lineairement agreges, soit explicitement soit implicitement. Les auteurs demontrent que cela introduit un biais dans la mesure de l'efficience technique. La mesure calculee de l'efficience technique devient une mesure d'efficience economique composee de l'efficience technique et de l'efficience d'affectation des ressources. L'existence de ce biais est demontree au moyen d'une application empirique.
Structure-reactivity relationships in (2-hydroxyethyl)benzophenone photoremovable protecting Groups

A detailed study of substituent effects on the photochemical conversion of esters of (2-hydroxyethyl)benzophenone to the carboxylic acid was performed with the aim of improving on the reactivity of the parent, which was first reported decades ago. Over 20 derivatives were prepared, 10 of which exhibit some level of photochemical reactivity, but none of them is appreciably better than the original. The reaction did not respond to a thioxanthone as a sensitizer or the inclusion of base to facilitate elimination. Solvent effects on the reaction also seem to be small, with the exception of the perfluorphenyl analog, which is totally unreactive in hexanes but behaves normally in methanol or acetonitrile. These neglected protecting groups may still prove useful in organic synthesis, with fairly rapid deprotection even with long-wavelength irradiation.
Schistosoma mansoni: mice infected with different worm strains.

Abstract Infections with five geographical strains and substrains of Schistosoma mansoni were compared in mice. Two substrains (Lc-1 and Lt-1) were derived from the parent (L-1) St. Lucian strain on the basis of differing infectivity for various snail strains. The Puerto Rican strains (PR-1 and PR-2) were obtained with an interval of 25 years. Consistent differences among the lines were found in egg distribution and numbers of eggs in tissues and feces. One Puerto Rican strain (PR-2) and one St. Lucian substrain (Lc-1) had longer prepatent periods than the other strains. Mice infected with the PR-1 strain consistently had the highest egg accumulation in the tissues per worm pair. Relatively few eggs were passed in the feces of the Lt-1 strain. By Week 9 of infection, eggs were noted in the spleens of mice carrying each of the strains and substrains.
A composites-based hyperelastic constitutive model for soft tissue with application to the human annulus fibrosus

Abstract This paper presents a composites-based hyperelastic constitutive model for soft tissue. Well organized soft tissue is treated as a composite in which the matrix material is embedded with a single family of aligned fibers. The fiber is modeled as a generalized neo-Hookean material in which the stiffness depends on fiber stretch. The deformation gradient is decomposed multiplicatively into two parts: a uniaxial deformation along the fiber direction and a subsequent shear deformation. This permits the fiber–matrix interaction caused by inhomogeneous deformation to be estimated by using effective properties from conventional composites theory based on small strain linear elasticity and suitably generalized to the present large deformation case. A transversely isotropic hyperelastic model is proposed to describe the mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced soft tissue. This model is then applied to the human annulus fibrosus. Because of the layered anatomical structure of the annulus fibrosus, an orthotropic hyperelastic model of the annulus fibrosus is developed. Simulations show that the model reproduces the stress–strain response of the human annulus fibrosus accurately. We also show that the expression for the fiber–matrix shear interaction energy used in a previous phenomenological model is compatible with that derived in the present paper.
Sonic Hedgehog and FGF8: Inadequate Signals for the Differentiation of a Dopamine Phenotype in Mouse and Human Neurons in Culture

Embryonic mouse striatal neurons and human neurons derived from the NT2/hNT stem cell line can be induced, in culture, to express the dopaminergic (DA) biosynthetic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The novel expression of TH in these cells is signaled by the synergistic interaction of factors present in the media, such as fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) and one of several possible coactivators [DA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA), isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX), or forskolin]. Similarly, in vivo, it has recently been reported that the expression of TH in the developing midbrain is mediated by the synergy of FGF8 and the patterning molecule sonic hedgehog (Shh). In the present study, we examined whether the putative in vivo DA differentiation factors can similarly signal TH in our in vitro cell systems. We found that FGF8 and Shh induced TH expression in fewer than 2% of NT2/hNT cells and less than 5% of striatal neurons. The latter could be amplified to as much as 30% by increasing the concentration of growth factor 10-fold or by the addition of other competent coactivators (IBMX/forskolin, TPA, and DA). Additivity/inhibitor experiments indicated that FGF8 worked through traditional tyrosine kinase-initiated MAP/MEK signaling pathways. However, the Shh signal transduction cascade remained unclear. These data suggest that cues effective in vivo may be less successful in promoting the differentiation of a DA phenotype in mouse and human neurons in culture. Thus, our ability to generate DA neurons from different cell lines, for use in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, will depend on the identification of appropriate differentiation signals for each cell type under investigation.
Dopamine D1-receptor immunolocalization in goldfish retina.

Dopamine, a neuromodulator in the vertebrate retina, is involved in numerous functions related to light adaptation. However, unlike in mammals, localization of retinal D1-dopamine receptors in nonmammalian vertebrates has been hampered due to a lack of antisera. To address this problem, an antiserum against the 18 C-terminal amino acids of the goldfish D1 receptor (gfD1r) was generated in chicken eggs and tested in retinae of goldfish and rat, and rat caudate putamen, by using immunoblots and light microscopic immunocytochemistry. No labeling was observed in any tissue or immunoblots with preabsorbed gfD1r antiserum. Immunoblot analysis of goldfish retina revealed a single band at about 101 kDa. The patterns of gfD1r immunoreactivity (gfD1r-IR), found in rat caudate putamen and rat retina were virtually identical to that previously reported with other D1-receptor ligands and antisera. In goldfish retina, gfD1r-IR was most intense over cell bodies in the ganglion cell layer, amacrine cells in the proximal inner nuclear layer (INL), and bipolar cells in the distal INL. Weaker gfD1r-IR was observed over horizontal cell bodies and both plexiform layers. Muller cells and axons of cone photoreceptors were labeled as well. Double labeling showed that all protein kinase C–immunoreactive bipolar cells (ON type) were gfD1r-IR on the soma, axon terminal, and dendrites. All glutamate decarboxylase–immunoreactive (i.e., γ-aminobutyric acid utilizing) amacrine cells and horizontal cells were gfD1r-IR. Retinal D1r distribution is more extensive than dopamine neuron innervation, but is consistent with physiologic estimates of dopamine function, suggestive of both wiring and volume transmission of dopamine in the retina. The gfD1r antiserum displays cross-reactivity to dopamine receptors in a mammal and a nonmammal and should prove useful in future studies of dopaminergic systems. J. Comp. Neurol. 411:705–714, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sum List Coloring Graphs

Let G=(V,E) be a graph with n vertices and e edges. The sum choice number of G is the smallest integer p such that there exist list sizes (f(v):v ∈ V) whose sum is p for which G has a proper coloring no matter which color lists of size f(v) are assigned to the vertices v. The sum choice number is bounded above by n+e. If the sum choice number of G equals n+e, then G is sum choice greedy. Complete graphs Kn are sum choice greedy as are trees. Based on a simple, but powerful, lemma we show that a graph each of whose blocks is sum choice greedy is also sum choice greedy. We also determine the sum choice number of K2,n, and we show that every tree on n vertices can be obtained from Kn by consecutively deleting single edges where all intermediate graphs are sc-greedy.
Does the photochemistry of the troposphere admit more than one steady state

Nitrogen oxides are released to the troposphere primarily as NO and NO2, relatively insoluble gases which are not effectively scavenged by clouds and precipitation1. Nitrogen oxides are removed from the troposphere primarily as HNO3, the highly soluble product of reactions with O3 and various free radical species2. The NOx(= NO + NO2) removal rate thus depends on the oxidizing potential of the troposphere, which in turn is sensitive to the NOx concentration3. Here we demonstrate that in certain conditions the NOx removal rate is a non-monotonic function of NOx concentration. A consequence is that NOx emission rates within a critical range can support two or three different steady-state NOx concentrations. The ‘nonstandard’ steady states are characterized by low concentrations of ozone and radicals, and by high accumulations of the trace gases these normally scavenge. The emission rates required to support such alternative steady states appear to be somewhat in excess of present levels.
Reproductive Performance in Broody and Non-Broody Turkeys

Abstract ALTHOUGH relatively little information has been published on the relation of broodiness to reproduction in the turkey, it is generally accepted that broodiness causes a marked reduction in the total number of hatching eggs produced. Asmundson (1939) observed a negative correlation between the number and length of all broody and non-broody pauses and egg production. Similarly, Parker and Barton (1945) found that egg production per hen t o June 1 was 70.5 eggs in the non-broody hens, while in the broody groups it ranged from 56 to 34 eggs for hens broody one to four times. The number of eggs being negatively correlated with number of broody periods. Knox (1955) reported the results of 8 years of selection for non-broodiness in the Beltsville Small White turkey and observed that broodiness acounted for an average of 34 eggs less per female per year. There seems to be some contradictory evidence concerning …
De Novo Design of a Cytochrome b Maquette for Electron Transfer and Coupled Reactions on Electrodes

Experimental explorations of functional mechanisms in natural electron-transfer proteins are often frustrated by their fragility and extreme complexity. We have designed and synthesized four-α-helix-bundle redox proteins, maquettes, that are much simplified and more robust than natural redox proteins and can be designed to bind onto electrode surfaces to facilitate systematic investigations. The points of interest that can be now assessed are not only the processes that govern biological assembly of equilibrium structures, electrochemistry, and electron tunneling rates but also how these factors are coupled together to effect redox driven catalysis. Here we describe maquettes that bis-histidine ligate protoporphyrin IX (heme), much like native b cytochromes, as well as contain charged surface patches, much like native cytochrome c. The positively charged residues aid adsorption to negatively charged surfaces, such as gold electrodes modified by 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid, and facilitate cyclic voltammetry...
Somatic D-loop mitochondrial DNA mutations are frequent in uterine serous carcinoma

The mitochondria plays a role in apoptosis. Its genome is also more susceptible to mutations because of high levels of reactive oxygen species and limited repair mechanisms. The D-loop of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contains essential transcription and replication elements, and mutations in this region might alter the rate of DNA replication. We examined genetic alterations in the D-loop region of mtDNA in uterine serous carcinoma (USC) samples and their paired normal adjacent endometrium. DNA was extracted after laser-capture microdissection of paraffin-embedded tissues from eight patients with USC. The entire D-loop genome was amplified using nine pairs of overlapping primers. Denatured polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were subjected to single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. Somatic mtDNA alterations were detected in five tumours (63%). Our study indicates that mtDNA D-loop sequence alterations occur at a high frequency in USC suggesting that mtDNA mutations may play a role in the development of USC.
Coarse, intermediate and high resolution numerical simulations of the transition of a tropical wave critical layer to a tropical storm

Abstract. Recent work has hypothesized that tropical cyclones in the deep Atlantic and eastern Pacific basins develop from within the cyclonic Kelvin cat's eye of a tropical easterly wave critical layer located equatorward of the easterly jet axis. The cyclonic critical layer is thought to be important to tropical cyclogenesis because its cat's eye provides (i) a region of cyclonic vorticity and weak deformation by the resolved flow, (ii) containment of moisture entrained by the developing flow and/or lofted by deep convection therein, (iii) confinement of mesoscale vortex aggregation, (iv) a predominantly convective type of heating profile, and (v) maintenance or enhancement of the parent wave until the developing proto-vortex becomes a self-sustaining entity and emerges from the wave as a tropical depression. This genesis sequence and the overarching framework for describing how such hybrid wave-vortex structures become tropical depressions/storms is likened to the development of a marsupial infant in its mother's pouch, and for this reason has been dubbed the "marsupial paradigm". Here we conduct the first multi-scale test of the marsupial paradigm in an idealized setting by revisiting the Kurihara and Tuleya problem examining the transformation of an easterly wave-like disturbance into a tropical storm vortex using the WRF model. An analysis of the evolving winds, equivalent potential temperature, and relative vertical vorticity is presented from coarse (28 km), intermediate (9 km) and high resolution (3.1 km) simulations. The results are found to support key elements of the marsupial paradigm by demonstrating the existence of a rotationally dominant region with minimal strain/shear deformation near the center of the critical layer pouch that contains strong cyclonic vorticity and high saturation fraction. This localized region within the pouch serves as the "attractor" for an upscale "bottom up" development process while the wave pouch and proto-vortex move together. Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to an upcoming field experiment for the most active period of the Atlantic hurricane season in 2010 that is to be conducted collaboratively between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the National Aeronautics and Space Adminstration (NASA).
Ocean particle chemistry: The fractionation of rare earth elements between suspended particles and seawater

Sargasso Sea suspended particles were sequentially digested with three chemical treatments (acetic acid, mild HCl/HNO[sub 3], and HF/HNO[sub 3]/HCl in a bomb). The latter two treatments dissolve detrital minerals, while the acetic acid removes surface coatings (organic matter and Mn oxides). The rare earth element (REE) composition of the surface coatings, in marked contrast to the crust-like REE composition of the two detrital phases, is extensively fractionated with respect to both filtered seawater and the crust. Surface coatings are responsible for the removal and fractionation of REEs from seawater and, as such, play a key role in the marine geochemical cycles of trace elements. Relative to seawater, the surface coatings are systematically enriched tenfold across the trivalent REEs from Lu to La and develop large positive Ce-anomalies. The Ce-anomalies of the coatings switch from being negative (seawater-like) in the upper 100 m to being strongly positive at greater depths. The ingrowth of Ce and LREEs on particle surfaces reflects the in situ oxidation of dissolved Ce(III) to particulate Ce(IV), and the preferential removal of LREE(III)s over HREE(III)s. REEs(III) fractionation of this type is consistent with particle/solution models. Both processes appear to be related to the in situ formation of Mnmore » oxide particles from the oxidation of dissolved Mn(II) in the upper 200 m of the water column. Preferential removal of LREEs in the upper waters is countered by their preferential release at depth due to remineralization of surface coatings on particles. A new method is explored for estimating the residence time of suspended particles by combining Ce concentration data of dissolved and surface-bound phases with the Ce(III) oxidation rate measurements of MOFFETT (1990). A Ce-based residence time of thirteen days is similar in magnitude to the value calculated from U-[sup 234]Th disequilibria in the Sargasso Sea.« less
Malaria in American troops in the South and Southwest Pacific in World War II

Les aspects medicaux et operationnels concernant le paludisme des forces armees Americaines lors de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale sont decrits, en demontrant le peu d'experience des medecins dans le diagnostic et le traitement de la maladie
Smoking Cues, Argument Strength, and Perceived Effectiveness of Antismoking PSAs

Introduction: The study examines the effectiveness of anti smoking public service announcements (PSAs) among adult smokers as a function of smoking cues and the argument strength of the PSAs. Consistent with the previous cue-reactivity studies, smoking cues are defined as one of the following visual scenes: (a ) objects associated with smoking, (b) holding or handling cigarettes, and (c) actual smoking behaviors. Argument strength indicates smoker’s judgments of perceived strength and persuasiveness of the arguments extracted from the PSAs. Methods: Data were collected through a web-based experiment of a random sample of general population of smokers (n = 566 adults aged 19 years or older). Each participant was shown 4 PSAs randomly selected from a set of 60. Data were analyzed using multilevel modeling to assess the effects of smoking cues and argument strength. Effectiveness measures include perceived persuasiveness, transportation, valenced thought, negative emotion, and smoking-related thoughts. Results: Argument strength is a significant predictor of out come variables. Although there were no significant main effects of smoking cues on any outcome variables, smoking cues were found to interact with argument strength such that the association between argument strength and outcome variables became weaker for PSAs in the smoking cue condition compared with those in the no-cue condition. Conclusions: The interaction between smoking cues and argument strength suggests that smoking cues in antismoking PSAs undermine a significant part of what makes PSAs effective —their arguments against smoking. In designing antismoking messages, the inclusion of smoking cues should be weighed carefully.
Nonalcoholic Cirrhosis Associated With Neuropsychological Dysfunction in the Absence of Overt Evidence of Hepatic Encephalopathy

Although much is known about the neuropsychological functioning of cirrhotic individuals with Laennec's (alcohol associated) cirrhosis, little is known about the neuropsychological functioning of^individuals with nonalcoholic cirrhosis. In the present investigation, we have determined that individuals suffering from chronic nonalcoholic cirrhosis, despite the absence of clinical signs of hepatic encephalopathy, are impaired on neuropsychological tests that measure visuopractic capacity, visual scanning, and perceptual-motor speed. In contrast, intellectual, language, memory, attentional, motor, and learning abilities are intact. In comparison with a chronically ill control group of patients suffering from Crohn's disease, individuals with advanced nonalcoholic cirrhosis exhibit less emotional disturbance, but are more impaired in their daily activities. These findings indicate that individuals with nonalcoholic cirrhosis, even in the absence of overt clinical signs of encephalopathy, manifest neuropsychological impairments and experience significant disruption in the routines of everyday living.
Understanding High School Students’ Willingness to Borrow to Pay College Prices

Although the use of loans to finance postsecondary educational expenses seems commonplace, the emphasis of the U.S. financial aid system on loans may limit college opportunity for individuals who are unwilling or unable to incur this type of debt. This study uses data from descriptive case studies of 15 high schools to examine four guiding questions: What are high school students’ perceptions of loans? How do parents and school staff shape students’ perceptions of loans? What other forces contribute to students’ perceptions of loans? How do students’ perceptions of loans vary across schools? The findings illustrate that, although virtually all students are aware of loans, willingness to borrow varies across schools. The study also describes the ways that families and school personnel shape students’ perceptions of loans. The paper concludes with implications for policy, practice, and future research.
Metacognitive monitoring and strategic behaviour in working memory performance

Research indicates that cognitive age differences can be influenced by metacognitive factors. This research has generally focused on simple memory tasks. Age differences in working memory (WM) performance are pronounced, but are typically attributed to basic cognitive deficits rather than metacognitive factors. However, WM performance can be influenced by strategic behaviour that might be driven by metacognitive monitoring. In the current project, we attempted to connect these lines of research by examining age differences in metacognitive WM monitoring and strategies. In Experiment 1, younger and older adult participants completed a computerized operation span task in conditions that either required or did not require monitoring reports. Participants in the monitoring condition predicted and postdicted global performance for each block and rated their responses following each trial within a block. In Experiment 2, participants also reported their trial-level strategic approach. In contrast to the age equ...
Recent SLC developments

The SLAC Linear Collider (SLC) is the forerunner of a new generation of high energy accelerators. As such, it incorporates many novel features that must be fully exploited to achieve optimum performance. In this paper we present an overview of the frontiers of collider performance at SLC. Recent developments have centered on polarization, intensity and emittance preservation issues. A polarized source and spin transport system were successfully commissioned in 1992 and operated with high reliability. Practical intensity limits associated with rapid growth ( >
Accessing (Ba1–xSrx)Al2Si2O8:Eu Phosphors for Solid State White Lighting via Microwave‐assisted Preparation: Tuning Emission Color by Coordination Environment

The preparation of Eu2+-substituted barium aluminum silicates is achieved using a rapid microwave-assisted preparation. The phase evolution of two BaAl2Si2O8:Eu2+ polymorphs, the higher temperature hexagonal phase (hexacelsian), and the lower temperature monoclinic phase (celsian), is explored by varying the ramp time and soak time. This preparation method significantly reduces the reaction time needed to form these phases compared to conventional solid state routes. The luminescent properties of the two phases are identified under UV excitation with the hexagonal phase emitting in the UV region (λem = 372 nm) and the monoclinic phase emitting in the blue region (λem = 438 nm). The differences in optical properties of the two polymorphs are correlated to the coordination number and arrangement of the alkali earth site. The optical properties of the monoclinic phase can be further tuned through the substitution of Sr2+, forming the solid solution (Ba1–xSrx)Al2Si2O8:Eu2+. Changes in the crystal structure due to Sr2+ substitution produce a surprising blue-shift in the emission spectrum, which is explained by a greater dispersion of bond lengths in the (Ba/Sr)–O polyhedra. The entire monoclinic solid solution exhibits excellent quantum yields of nearly 90 %, owing to the structural rigidity provided by the highly connected tetrahedral network.
Hostility, religious involvement, gratitude, and self-rated health in late life.

Objectives: This study evaluates a latent variable model that assesses the relationships among hostility, church attendance, helping others, gratitude, and self-rated health. Methods: The participants come from the sixth wave of a nationwide survey of older adults (N = 1,011). Results: The data suggest that older individuals who go to church less often help others less frequently, older people who help others less are less grateful, and older adults who are less grateful rate their health in a less favorable manner. In addition, the data indicate that older people with high hostility scores help others less often and are less grateful. The results reveal that the way in which older people view their health may be traced in part to the interplay between personality traits (i.e., hostility) and virtues that are part of most faith traditions (e.g., helping others).
Dimensions of women's autonomy and the influence on maternal health care utilization in a north Indian city.

The dimensions of women’s autonomy and their relationship to maternal health care utilization were investigated in a probability sample of 300 women in Varanasi, India. We examined the determinants of women’s autonomy in three areas: control over finances, decision-making power, and freedom of movement. After we control for age, education, household structure, and other factors, women with closer ties to natal kin were more likely to have greater autonomy in each of these three areas. Further analyses demonstrated that women with greater freedom of movement obtained higher levels of antenatal care and were more likely to use safe delivery care. The influence of women’s autonomy on the use of health care appears to be as important as other known determinants such as education.
Positive-Definite and Monotonic Limiters for Unrestricted-Time-Step Transport Schemes

General positive-definite and monotonic limiters are described for use with unrestricted-Courant-number flux-form transport schemes. These limiters are tested using a time-split multidimensional transport scheme. The importance of minimizing the splitting errors associated with the time-split operator and of the consistency between the transport scheme and the discrete continuity equation is demonstrated.