cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High temporal resolution gastric emptying breath tests in mice.

Background Gastric emptying is a complex physiological process regulating the division of a meal into smaller partitions for the small intestine. Disrupted gastric emptying contributes to digestive disease, yet current measures may not reflect different mechanisms by which the process can be altered. Methods We have developed high temporal resolution solid and liquid gastric emptying breath tests in mice using [13 C]-octanoic acid and off axis- integrated cavity output spectroscopy (OA-ICOS). Stretched gamma variate and 2-component stretched gamma variate models fit measured breath excretion data. Key results These assays detect acceleration and delay using pharmacological (7.5 mg/kg atropine) or physiological (nutrients, cold exposure stress, diabetes) manipulations and remain stable over time. High temporal resolution resolved complex excretion curves with 2 components, which was more prevalent in mice with delayed gastric emptying following streptozotocin-induced diabetes. There were differences in the gastric emptying of Balb/c vs C57Bl6 mice, with slower gastric emptying and a greater occurrence of two-phase gastric emptying curves in the latter strain. Gastric emptying of C57Bl6 could be accelerated by halving the meal size, but with no effect on the occurrence of two-phase gastric emptying curves. A greater proportion of two-phase gastric emptying was induced in Balb/c mice with the administration of PYY (8-80 nmol) 60 min following meal ingestion. Conclusions and inferences Collectively, these results demonstrate the utility of high temporal resolution gastric emptying assays. Two-phase gastric emptying is more prevalent than previously reported, likely involves intestinal feedback, but contributes little to the overall rate of gastric emptying.
Identifiability for Graphexes and the Weak Kernel Metric

In two recent papers by Veitch and Roy and by Borgs, Chayes, Cohn, and Holden, a new class of sparse random graph processes based on the concept of graphexes over \(\sigma \)-finite measure spaces has been introduced. In this paper, we introduce a metric for graphexes that generalizes the cut metric for the graphons of the dense theory of graph convergence. We show that a sequence of graphexes converges in this metric if and only if the sequence of graph processes generated by the graphexes converges in distribution. In the course of the proof, we establish a regularity lemma and determine which sets of graphexes are precompact under our metric. Finally, we establish an identifiability theorem, characterizing when two graphexes are equivalent in the sense that they lead to the same process of random graphs.
The relations among teacher value beliefs, personal characteristics, and TPACK in intervention and non-intervention settings

Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the relations among teacher value beliefs, personal characteristics, and Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) in both intervention and non-intervention settings. One-hundred and nine in-service teachers from elementary to high schools participate in this study. Our findings reveal that compared to personal characteristics, teacher value beliefs are the only variable that can significantly predict TPACK across both settings. In addition, in the non-intervention setting, the relations between personal characteristics and TPACK are also moderated by teacher value beliefs. How to foster teacher value beliefs around technology integration is discussed.
Planning with justice in mind in a shrinking Baltimore

In our 2011 paper, “The Bounds of Smart Decline: A Foundational Theory for Planning Shrinking Cities,” we outline 5 propositions for just planning processes in cities losing population: inclusion, ...
The Indian health service and traditional Indian medicine.

The Indian Health Service was created within the Department of Health and Human Services to integrate traditional Indian healing with Western biomedicine. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Reactions of Halogen Species on Ice Surfaces

Halogen species play critical roles in the chemistry of ozone in the stratosphere. The roles played by bromine and chlorine in stratospheric ozone destruction via catalytic cycles have been studied extensively. These halogen species may also be important in the ozone chemistry of the Arctic troposphere [Barrie et al. 1988]. In particular, bromine chemistry has been implicated in the observed episodic destruction of tropospheric O3 in the Arctic spring. Such an O3 loss could be due to the liberation of bromine from inactive to active forms [Barrie et al., 1988; McConnell et al., 1992]. Conversion of inactive halogen species such as the hydrogen halides, chlorine nitrate, and bromine nitrate to forms that are capable of affecting the concentrations of tropospheric O3 are likely to take place over the ice surfaces which are present during polar winter and early spring. Yet, the heterogeneous processing of bromine compounds on ice surfaces has not been studied. Therefore, we have carried out a series of laboratory measurements to investigate the reactive and non-reactive uptake of atmospherically important halogenated species such as ClONO2, BrONO2, HCl, and HBr onto ice layers located on the inner wall of a cylindrical flow tube at 200(±10) K.
Exploring the Effects of Cognitive Load on Muscle Activation during Functional Upper Extremity Tasks

Voluntary movements of reach and grasp are essential in our daily activities. Pathologies such as stroke, spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, etc. hinder the ability to perform meaningful upper extremity movements, leading to severe reduction of independence and quality of life. Electromyography (EMG) controlled devices are gaining prevalence as clinical rehabilitation and assistive tools. A common controller design used is the threshold crossing method of detecting ‘rest’ and ‘active’ states. Such an overtly simple control scheme is not robust and lacks the ability to account for task specific information in addition to not providing information regarding strategies used by the central nervous system in realizing the desired movements. This causes an increased risk of inducing compensatory behaviors that lead to reduced functional recovery and other health complications. In this study, we explore the influence of task cognitive loads as manifested through the geometric properties of a set of objects on the response features of the EMG signals collected from the biceps and triceps muscles during the reaching phase of a series of tasks performed during a motion analysis study using healthy subjects (N=5). Our preliminary results show the presence of differences that are particular to the geometric properties of each object, suggesting the existence of task specific neural encoding and schemata used by the central nervous system for the control of object manipulation and reach. This study is important as it will help provide some insight with regards to factors that need to be considered during the development of future robust controllers for EMG triggered upper extremity functional rehabilitation tools.
The Cognitive Manifestations. Individuality: Consciousness, Individual Karma (Volitive Action) and Enlightenment

The “subject-object” correlation as basic to the constitution of individual consciousness is pre-posited by the parikalpita moment of the “entitative manifestations” as a state of mutual exclusion. The “cognitive manifestations” will show the process of “individual consciousness” as it sets itself forth.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) Has an LH-Like Action on In Vitro Follicular Steroidogenesis But Not on Ovulation in the Cyclic Hamster

In vitro Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) (but not Substance P) increases ovarian progesterone (P), androstenedione (A) and estradiol (E2) production in the prepubertal rat (1); the source of P and A was interstitium and/or theca. VIP also stimulates in vitro granulosa cell production of P and E2 (2). The VIP-induced E2 secretion was mediated by an increase in granulosa cell aromatase activity (2). These steroidogenic actions of VIP are similar to FSH and LH. The in vitro effects of VIP on steroidogenesis of various types of follicles, i.e., preantral, preovulatory and atretic, are unknown. Thus, our aims were to determine whether VIP altered steroidogenesis in thecae and/or granulosa cells of follicles in various stages of development.
Chemical shift assignments of a calmodulin intermediate with two Ca 2+ bound in complex with the IQ-motif of voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels (Ca V 1.2)

Calcium-dependent inactivation (CDI) of neuronal voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (CaV1.2) is important for synaptic plasticity, which is associated with learning and memory. The Ca2+-dependent binding of calmodulin (CaM) to CaV1.2 is essential for CDI. Here we report NMR assignments for a CaM mutant (D21A/D23A/D25A/E32Q/D57A/D59A/N61A/E68Q, called CaMEF12) that contains two Ca2+ bound at the third and fourth EF-hands (EF3 and EF4) and is bound to the IQ-motif (residues 1644–1665) from CaV1.2 (BMRB accession no. 27692).
Increasing Economic Growth and Reducing Carbon Emissions Through Improved Energy Efficiency

Recent studies highlight the large potential for electricity and fuel savings through improved energy efficiency. These studies show that E/GNP (primary energy use/$ of GNP) could be reduced by nearly 50% for the U.S. for optimum economic growth over a period of 10–20 years, the typical turnover time for automobile, appliance, and equipment stocks and the time needed for building retrofits. This paper discusses recent progress and potential future savings in automobiles, refrigerators, windows, lighting, and through urban heat island mitigation. These energy savings are translated into savings of carbon dioxide (CO2).
International river basin organizations, science, and hydrodiplomacy

Abstract As key venues for interaction and cooperation, international river basin organizations (IRBOs) are significant contributors to hydrodiplomacy in transboundary river basins. As part of their efforts to support hydrodiplomacy, IRBOs engage in the production and use of science. The manner in which that science is produced, and how it contributes to hydrodiplomacy, is not well understood. This paper examines the production and use of science by three IRBOs: the (US – Canada) International Joint Commission, the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River, and the Mekong River Commission. We find the science produced by the IRBOs to support hydrodiplomacy extends beyond measuring and monitoring to include more advanced and analytical forms of science. In producing science, we observe that the IRBOs balance considerations of capacity, ownership, and how the politics of the basin will influence the production and use of the science. Given the challenge of balancing across these considerations, future research is needed to determine what mechanisms and processes for producing science can best facilitate its use in hydrodiplomacy.
Development of Spirulina/chitosan foam adsorbent for phenol adsorption

Abstract A new adsorbent composed with Spirulina and chitosan was developed to phenol removal from aqueous solution. The material was synthesized to obtain a hybrid foam, and then it was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectrum (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Bennett, Emmet and Teller (BET) method. Isotherms were performed in different temperatures and thermodynamic parameters were estimated. Kinetics behavior was evaluated using different stirring rates (50, 100 and 150 rpm) and was adjusted to different kinetic models. The results show the adsorbent presented a rough and irregular surface, which indicates good accessibility to phenol onto an adsorbent surface, a specific surface area of 1112 m2 g−1 and pore sizes from 45 to 140 μm. Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm was the most appropriated to represent the equilibrium data and the maximum adsorption capacity was 447.6 mg g−1. Thermodynamics parameters indicated that the adsorption was exothermic. Pseudo-first-order kinetic model was the most adequate to represent the adsorption phenomenon at all rotations.
A stable algorithm for divergence-free radial basis functions in the flat limit

Abstract The direct method used for calculating smooth radial basis function (RBF) interpolants in the flat limit becomes numerically unstable. The RBF-QR algorithm bypasses this ill-conditioning using a clever change of basis technique. We extend this method for computing interpolants involving matrix-valued kernels, specifically surface divergence-free RBFs on the sphere, in the flat limit. Results illustrating the effectiveness of this algorithm are presented for a divergence-free vector field on the sphere from samples at scattered points.
Regulation and function of calcium in the cilium

The cilium is a cell surface organelle with unique composition and shape. Although it has now been well appreciated as a signaling compartment for the vertebrate cell, the regulation and function of intraciliary calcium in cilia-mediated signaling are less clear and sometimes controversial. This review focuses on publications regarding calcium in the cilium and the potential interactions between intraciliary calcium and signaling pathways mediated by cilia. Unresolved questions and future directions in the field are also discussed.
Probiotics for preventing recurrent bacterial vaginosis.

ABSTRACT Multiple studies have shown that oral or vaginal probiotics can effectively treat and prevent recurrent bacterial vaginosis. The dose, route, and treatment protocols vary greatly between studies, but many have shown a statistically significant reduction in the rate of recurrence of bacterial vaginosis. Further research is needed to determine the adequate dose, specific probiotic, optimal duration, and route of administration, with or without antibiotics.
The conceptual contributions of Shelby D. Hunt: Foundations for advancing the marketing discipline

Given that conceptual contributions are essential for enhancing marketing thought, scholars are increasingly lamenting the decline in conceptual advances in marketing. Remarkably, while the marketi...
Enhancing Leader Inclusion While Preventing Social Exclusion in the Work Group

In the last ten years research on inclusion has been increasing at a rapid pace. However, behaviors of the leader that increase employee experiences of inclusion or exclusion is not yet well unders...
An Inward Focus of Attention During Information Security Decision Making: Electrophysiological Evidence

Insider threat represents a significant source of violations of information security. Our previous research using event-related potentials (ERPs) has revealed patterns of neural activity that distinguish ethical decision making from decisions that do not involve an ethical component. In the current study, we sought to gain insight into the locus of the effect of ethical decision making on the posterior N2 component of the ERPs. The ERP data revealed that the N2 was greater in amplitude for control trials relative to ethical violation trials, and time-frequency analyses revealed that this resulted from a reduction in phase-locked activity across trials rather than a decrease in EEG power. These findings may indicate that ethical decision making related to information security is associated with a greater inward focus of attention than is the case for decision making on control trials.
Convex Optimization Theory

An insightful, concise, and rigorous treatment of the basic theory of convex sets and functions in finite dimensions, and the Dual problem the feasible if it is they. Subgradient methods applied mathematics and sofware full. Ellipsoid method frankwolfe for publication. Arg max are the special case when choosing such. Unlike some convex programming lp a candidate solutions is they possess multiple to start! Operations research because this method which one would want. However for a project that lie. Classical optimization problem of agents that converge. For publication another criterion for this may not dominated by far. Gradient methods are some of applied to optimization problems may. The conditions using the objective function is a final. Arg max are allowed set of non convex course. This finite time average of convex sets can. Convexity theory convex if it can be efficiently and algorithms proposed for classes. The book is not distinguish maxima, are even harder to a large. However it is not refer to relax the hessian matrix in terms of linear programming. Present the problem of making usually, much slower than modern. Some combinatorial optimization and increasingly popular method but not done by the use divergent series. For the supremum operator for every equality constraint manifold dimension. The drift plus penalty method for many optimization. The problem itself which the class of hessians.
Quo Vadunt Studia Classica

As is well known, the classics, that is, the study of the languages, literatures, history, and civilization of the ancient Greeks and Romans—Klassische Altertumswissenschaft is the apt if somewhat ponderous German name—have long since lost the preeminence which was freely accorded them during the nineteenth century and earlier. Latin, the mainstay of colonial education, the most common foreign language taught in American high schools until well after the First World War, and for decades before that the open-sesame for college entrance, has had difficulty in maintaining a place even as an elective in the secondary-school curriculum, while Greek, always recognized as being slightly esoteric—Samuel Johnson compared it to lace: “Every man gets as much of it as he can”—has all but disappeared from the public high school. In terms of numbers, the situation has, of course, affected the status of the classics at the higher levels of education also. When I was majoring in the classics at the City College of New York during the late 1920s my department occupied one of the choicest offices available: accessible, spacious, sunny; the Department of Public Speaking, as it was then called, had been allotted one that was small, rather dark, and hard to find. When I last visited my alma mater the two departments had exchanged offices. Sic transit …!
Bee system-based energy efficient base station operation in mobile cellular networks

Ubiquitous communication is being envisioned as the daunting feature in the next generation of cellular networks. However, it comes with the price tag of humungous energy consumption, a significant fraction of which is due to the base stations within a service area. In this paper, we propose a cooperation technique among base stations in a cellular network that reduces their energy consumption. Our algorithm is based on nature-inspired computing, especially the bee system. In our proposed algorithm, all base stations within a given area work together to provide a better quality of experience (QoE) to a mobile user. A base station first checks for availability of unutilized (or underutilized) bandwidth. If the availability is over a certain threshold, all base stations will perform a reunion procedure to provide a uniform distribution of the consumed bandwidth (bandwidth load), thereby providing better service to users. We have also formulated a novel analysis technique to determine the effectiveness, efficiency and scalability of the proposed scheme. Our results show-case the fact that our algorithm indeed yields higher energy efficiency at the base stations when compared to traditional schemes.
Transcriptional control and the ubiquitin-proteasome system.

Regulation of transcription is a critically important process that controls development, differentiation, and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Cells have evolved numerous mechanisms to keep gene transcription tightly in check, some of which involve the ubiquitin–proteasome system. In this chapter, we review evidence supporting the concept that ubiquitin and the proteasome not only control transcription, but provide the biochemical means to drive key steps in the transcription process forward.
THE TRANSMISSION OF CHROMIUM-51 TAGGED MATERNAL ERYTHROCYTES FROM MOTHER TO FETUS.

T H E R E has been mounting evidence in recent years that maternal erythrocytes may cross the human placenta and enter the fetal circulation. In 1946 Hedenstedt and Naeslund’ infused elliptocytic blood into 2 pregnant women. They found elliptocytes in the blood and multiple sites of bleeding and infarction in the placenta of one of the infants. Naeslund and Nylin2 injected erythrocytes tagged with radioactive phosphorus (P”“) into 6 pregnant worn-en prior to delivery. In one case they were able to demon-
Lymph node metastases: the importance of the microenvironment.

BACKGROUND Although, to the authors' knowledge, no prospective randomized clinical trial has demonstrated improvement in survival following the radical dissection of lymph nodes in the treatment of cancer patients, lymphadenectomy is still routinely performed for curative purposes. For many years, regional lymph nodes (RLNs) in tumor-bearing hosts have been considered anatomic barriers to the systematic dissemination of tumor cells. More recently, the belief has been held that lymph nodes play a completely passive role, by virtue of the observations that many lymphatic and lymphaticovenous shunts bypass RLNs and allow both lymphatic and hematogenous dissemination of malignant cells at an early stage in the vast majority of cancers. Furthermore, surgical removal of RLNs apparently has no effect, deleterious or beneficial, on the well-being of the host. METHODS A comprehensive and critical review of the scientific literature was conducted to evaluate, from a biologic point of view, the role played by RLNs during the interactions between the tumor and the host's immune system. RESULTS Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular events of antigen recognition by T cells and T-cell activation have provided strong experimental evidence to demonstrate that these secondary lymphoid organs constitute the primary sites where the specific recognition of tumor antigens and the proper activation of the immune system take place. Indeed, the notion that naive T cells are induced or silenced by tumor cells in the periphery may today be questioned, because effective induction can only occur in these secondary lymphoid organs where cell-to-cell interactions are properly guided and cells can meet in an appropriate cytokine-enriched microenvironment. CONCLUSIONS Promising results obtained in the human setting with the use of dendritic cells as novel immunotherapeutic tools have recently renewed interest in active immunotherapy for the treatment of solid tumors. However, for accomplishing this goal, the maintenance of the integrity of the immune system remains a crucial issue. Studies showing that radical tumor-draining RLN dissections exert a markedly negative influence on the efficacy of postoperative immunotherapy protocols in mice as well as in humans seem to support adoption of a more conservative approach regarding uninvolved RLNs in the treatment of cancer patients. Cancer 2000;88:175–9. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Six-week time series of eddy covariance CO2 flux at Mammoth Mountain, California: performance evaluation and role of meteorological forcing

c b a* Six-week time series of eddy covariance CO 2 flux at Mammoth Mountain, California: performance evaluation and role of meteorological forcing J.L. Lewicki a* , M.L. Fischer b , G.E. Hilley c Earth Sciences Division, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA 94720, e-mail: jllewicki@lbl.gov, ph: 510-495-2818, fax: 510-486-5686 Environmental Energy Technology Division, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA 94720, e-mail: mlfischer@lbl.gov Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA 94305, e-mail: hilley@pangea.stanford.edu
Thermodynamics and kinetics of calmodulin/roponic chimeras (969.1)

Calmodulin (CaM) and Troponic C (TnC) belong to an EF-hand protein family which contains 4 EF-hands and share very similar primary sequences and three dimension structures. However, their specifici...
Anatomic and clinical correlates of uterine perforation

We reviewed cases of uterine perforations which occurred at or were referred to the Boston Hospital for Women, Lying-In Division, over the 2 year period from mid-1975 to mid-1977. There were 25 uterine perforations; twenty patients were pregnant and five were not. In the pregnant patients, 16 perforations involved the cervix or the lower uterine segment, whereas only four were located in the uterine fundus; in the nonpregnant patients, all five were fundal perforations. In the pregnant patients, 12 required laparotomy, eight had serious lacerations of the uterine artery, and three had hysterectomy while none of the nonpregnant patients had lacerations or required subsequent procedures. Thus, there is a significant anatomic difference between those perforations which occurred in the pregnant patients and in the nonpregnant patients, the manner in which they presented clinically, and the need for intervention via laparotomy, subsequent morbidity, and outcome as reflected in future reproductive capability. Perforation at or near the cervix may be more common than previously assumed. Furthermore, two distinct clinical entities of cervical perforation exist in pregnant patients as based on the anatomic location of the defect. The anatomy of cervical perforations, their recognition, and their management are discussed.
Architectural design, behavior modeling and run-time verification of network embedded systems

There is an increasing need for today's autonomous systems to collaborate in real-time over wireless networks. These systems need to interact closely with other autonomous systems and function under tight timing and control constraints. This paper concerns with the modeling and quality assurance of the timing behavior of such network embedded systems. It builds upon our previous work on run-time model checking of temporal correctness properties and automatic white-box testing using run-time assertion checking. This paper presents an architecture for the network embedded systems, a lightweight formal method that is based on formal statechart assertions for the design and development of networked embedded systems, and a process of using run-time monitoring and verification, in tandem with modeling and simulation, to study the timing requirements of complex systems early in the design process.
Surface Activity and Body Temperature of Eastern Hognose Snakes (Heterodon platirhinos) at Cape Cod National Seashore, Massachusetts USA

Abstract Snakes, as ectotherms, rely heavily on environmental temperature to drive physiological processes. Activity in terrestrial snakes is influenced heavily by environmental temperature, but climatic, temporal, and ecological factors play a role as well. Understanding when and under what conditions a species is most likely to be active on the surface can be important when dealing with a cryptic species and a species that occurs at low densities. Surface activity, body temperature (Tb), and microclimatic data were collected during a study of 17 Heterodon platirhinos in an early-successional sand-dune ecosystem from 2009 to 2011 using temperature-sensitive radiotransmitters. Mean Tb (27.9°C, SE = 0.24) and Tb range (5.5–39.5°C) were similar to those reported in other studies of H. platirhinos. Females were generally more active than males, except in September when males may be searching for mates. Mixed-effects logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between snake surface activity and se...
Association Between Radiation Dose and Outcomes With Postoperative Radiotherapy for N0-N1 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Purpose To review trends in the use of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) in the modern era for N0-N1 margin-negative non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) following surgical resection and evaluate the association between PORT dose and overall survival. Materials and methods We performed a retrospective study of nonmetastatic stage II and III N0-N1 margin-negative NSCLC surgically treated patients within the National Cancer Data Base from 2003 to 2011. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed for multivariable analyses of overall survival and PORT dose. Radiation modalities included nonconformal beam radiation, 3-dimensional conformal radiation (3D-CRT), and intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Results We identified 2167 (6.7%) and 30,269 (93.3%) patients with surgically resected stage II or III N0-N1 margin-negative NSCLC who were treated with and without PORT, respectively. The proportion of patients treated with PORT (dose range, 45 to 74 Gy) decreased from 8.9% in 2003 to 2006 to 4.1% in 2010 to 2011. Among patients receiving PORT, the use of high-dose (60 to 74 Gy) PORT rose throughout the study period, starting at 34.8% in 2003 to 2006 and rising to 49.3% in 2010 to 2011.Overall, patients who received PORT had worse survival (hazards ratio=1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-1.40) compared with those not receiving PORT. This association was unchanged when limited to patients receiving modern treatment with 3-CRT or intensity-modulated radiation therapy (hazards ratio=1.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.65). Conclusions The use of PORT for N0-N1 margin-negative NSCLC decreased from 2003 to 2011. We found no evidence of benefit from PORT for resected N0-N1 margin-negative NSCLC, regardless of dose or technique. PORT should be approached with caution in this group of patients, regardless of radiotherapy technique.
System Analyses of High and Low-Temperature Interface Designs for a Nuclear-Driven High-Temperature Electrolysis Hydrogen Production Plant

As part of the Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) project, an evaluation of a low-temperature heat-pump interface design for a nuclear-driven high-temperature electrolysis (HTE) hydrogen production plant was performed using the UniSim process analysis software. The low-temperature interface design is intended to reduce the interface temperature between the reactor power conversion system and the hydrogen production plant by extracting process heat from the low temperature portion of the power cycle rather than from the high-temperature portion of the cycle as is done with the current Idaho National Laboratory (INL) reference design. The intent of this design change is to mitigate the potential for tritium migration from the reactor core to the hydrogen plant, and reduce the potential for high temperature creep in the interface structures. The UniSim model assumed a 600 MWt Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) operating at a primary system pressure of 7.0 MPa and a reactor outlet temperature of 900°C. The low-temperature heat-pump loop is a water/steam loop that operates between 2.6 MPa and 5.0 MPa. The HTE hydrogen production loop operated at 5 MPa, with plant conditions optimized to maximize plant performance (i.e., 800°C electrolysis operating temperature, area specific resistance (ASR) = 0.4 ohm-cm2 , and a current density of 0.25 amps/cm2 ). An air sweep gas system was used to remove oxygen from the anode side of the electrolyzer. Heat was also recovered from the hydrogen and oxygen product streams to maximize hydrogen production efficiencies. The results of the UniSim analysis showed that the low-temperature interface design was an effective heat-pump concept, transferring 31.5 MWt from the low-temperature leg of the gas turbine power cycle to the HTE process boiler, while consuming 16.0 MWe of compressor power. However, when this concept was compared with the current INL reference direct Brayton cycle design and with a modification of the reference design to simulate an indirect Brayton cycle (both with heat extracted from the high-temperature portion of the power cycle), the latter two concepts had higher overall hydrogen production rates and efficiencies compared to the low-temperature heat-pump concept, but at the expense of higher interface temperatures. Therefore, the ultimate decision on the viability of the low-temperature heat-pump concept involves a tradeoff between the benefits of a lower-temperature interface between the power conversion system and the hydrogen production plant, and the reduced hydrogen production efficiency of the low-temperature heat-pump concept compared to concepts using high-temperature process heat.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Movement and Habitat Use by Radio‐Tagged Paddlefish in the Upper Mississippi River and Tributaries

Abstract We used radio telemetry to evaluate the movement and habitat use of paddlefish Polyodon spathula in the upper Mississippi River and two tributary rivers. Radio transmitters were surgically implanted into 71 paddlefish in Navigation Pools 5A and 8 of the upper Mississippi River, the Chippewa River, and the Wisconsin River during fall 1994 through fall 1996. Radio-tagged paddlefish were located through summer 1997. The range of paddlefish movement was typically low during all seasons except spring, but some paddlefish moved throughout the 420-km extent of the study area. Paddlefish tagged in the Chippewa River were closely linked with the upper Mississippi River, as substantial portions of the population inhabited the adjacent Navigation Pool 4 each spring; paddlefish in the Wisconsin River, however, rarely ventured out of that tributary. The use of aquatic area types by paddlefish varied among the study reaches. A cartographic model of paddlefish habitat suitability was developed for Navigation Po...
Dissociative ionization of O2 and N2 by electron impact — N+ and O+ kinetic energies and angular distributions☆

Abstract An apparatus containing cross molecular and pulsed electron beams has been used to obtain distributions in kinetic energy and angle of fast (≳ 0.5 eV) positive ions produced through dissociative ionization of N2 and O2 by impact of 50 to 2000 eV electrons. Four main O+ ion groups are observed with peak energies of 0.8, 2.0, 3.0, and 5.0 eV. Two main N+ groups peaking at 2.0 and 3.0 eV are seen. Angular distributions of both N+ and O+ ions are essentially isotropic for electron-beam-ion detection angles from 30° to 110°.
Agricultural Aid and Economic Development: The Case of Israel

I. Criteria for appraisal, 569. — II. The contribution to investment, 571. — III. The temporary income effect, 575. — IV. The permanent income contribution, 580. — V. The stabilizing effect and progress toward viability, 583. — VI. The micro effects, 587.
Electronic Style: A Guide to Citing Electronic Information

Organization and use of this guide full-text databases - individual works, books, monographs, or full length works full-text databases - periodicals - journal articles, magazine articles, newspaper articles full-text databases - other sources - US government documents, legal sources, numerical databases, graphic images (charts maps photographs), meeting proceedings/symposia, theses/dissertations, transcripts (radio and television) and wire service reports, entire full-text databases bibliographic databases electronic conferences (interest groups) or bulletin board services (BBS) electronic mail (personal) computer programs reference citations in text. Appendix: basic availability statements for commonly used electronic information systems.
LAPAROSCOPIC PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMY FOR CYSTIC MASSES

ABSTRACTPurpose: Although laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) has emerged as an effective treatment option in select patients with a solid renal tumor, scant data are available on cystic renal tumors. We report our experience with LPN in 50 patients with a cystic renal lesion.Materials and Methods: Of 284 patients undergoing LPN at our institution since August 1999 preoperative computerized tomography identified a suspicious cystic lesion in 50 (17.6%) (group 1). Data were retrospectively compared with those on 50 matched, consecutive patients undergoing LPN for a solid renal mass (group 2). All patients with Bosniak II/IIF cysts were advised to undergo watchful waiting. Surgery was offered if the cyst changed in character or if that was the patient preference.Results: Median tumor size was 3 cm in group 1 and 2.6 cm in group 2 (p = 0.07). Groups 1 and 2 were comparable in regard to perioperative parameters. In patients with Bosniak II (9), IIF (4), III (12) and IV (21) cysts final histopathology revea...
A program for documenting competency during surgical residency

The Department of Surgery at the State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY/Buffalo) has designed a competency program for surgical residents to provide focused graduate experience and create a database that is acceptable to the American Board of Surgery. It uses a computer program (ResSolution) to manage the database. The Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) provider course is used to document trauma credentials. A total of 221 residents have achieved satisfactory trauma credentials within six months of entering the program. All of the senior residents (PGY4/5) have instructor status. In 12 months, 66 residents have participated in 10,203 surgical procedures in five consortium hospitals. The majority (81.5%) were performed by the resident with direct faculty supervision. This resident credentialing program documents the acquisition of clinical skills and provides a template on which graduate training can be formalized. It may improve resident cognitive performance by identifying knowledge domains that ...
Membrane potentials, electrolyte contents, cell pH, and some enzyme activities of fibroblasts.

The resting membrane potential of the cultured fibroblasts derived from rabbit subcutaneous tissues was −10.2±0.20 mV (n=390). This potential was affected by the potassium concentration in the culture medium, but not by other chemical or hormonal preparations, such as dibutyryladenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (0.5 to 5.0 mmol/l), sodium fluoride (10−5 to 10−4M), hydrocortisone (10−7 to 10−6M), parathyroid extract (0.5 to 1.0 U/ml), or thyrotrophin (5 to 10 mU/ml). The Na+, K+, and Cl− concentrations of the cultured fibroblasts were 35.4, 85.7, and 22.6 mmol/l cell water, respectively. The water and protein contents of these cells were 82.1 and 9.18 g/100-g cells, respectively. The intracellular pH of fibroblasts as determined by [14C] dimethyloxazolidine-2, 4-dione, and3H2O ranged between 6.9 and 7.1 when the pH of the culture medium was maintained at 7.4. The activiities of Na+, K+-, HCO3−-, and Ca++, Mg++-ATPases in these cultured cells were 19.0±2.1, 13.6±2.1, and 6.6±1.2 nmol pi/mg protein per minute, respectively, and the carbonic anhydrase activity was 0.054 U/mg protein. Calculations based on the values for the membrane potential and the electrolyte concentrations observed in this study indicate that Na+, K+, Cl−, and H+ are not distributed according to their electrochemical gradients across the cell membrane. Na+, Cl−, and H+ are actively transported out of the cells and K+ into the cells.
R&D EXPENDITURE VOLATILITY AND FIRM PERFORMANCE: ORGANIZATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXTS

A common view is that organizational slack diminishes firm performance by providing management the opportunity to invest in pet projects or to engage in empire-building. An opposing perspective argues that organizational slack enhances innovation by enabling firms to invest in promising new R&D projects as soon as they are discovered, or to maintain R&D during operating shortfalls. In this paper, we identify empirically a context within which organizational slack enhances firm performance. Recent research indicates that firms that proactively manage their R&D functions by frequently and substantially modifying R&D expenditure over time are superior performers. I find that higher levels of organizational slack increase the positive relationship between R&D expenditure volatility and firm performance. Evidence presented herein suggests that firms with superior access to discretionary funds held as slack use these resources to fund nascent R&D projects and to mitigate uncertainty, thus driving more commercia...
DNA translocation by human uracil DNA glycosylase: Role of DNA phosphate charge

Human DNA repair glycosylases must encounter and inspect each DNA base in the genome to discover damaged bases that may be present at a density of <1 in 10 million normal base pairs. This remarkable example of specific molecular recognition requires a reduced dimensionality search process (facilitated diffusion) that involves both hopping and sliding along the DNA chain. Despite the widely accepted importance of facilitated diffusion in protein–DNA interactions, the molecular features of DNA that influence hopping and sliding are poorly understood. Here we explore the role of the charged DNA phosphate backbone in sliding and hopping by human uracil DNA glycosylase (hUNG), which is an exemplar that efficiently locates rare uracil bases in both double-stranded DNA and single-stranded DNA. Substitution of neutral methylphosphonate groups for anionic DNA phosphate groups weakened nonspecific DNA binding affinity by 0.4–0.5 kcal/mol per substitution. In contrast, sliding of hUNG between uracil sites embedded i...
Reflections on learning and cognition

The occasion of my 9th ICME—the first being in Berkeley in 1980, the most recent being in Seoul in 2012—provides an opportunity for reflecting on changes in the field over more than 30 years. “Learning and cognition” have a very different meaning now than they did in 1980. I argue that in various ways, the papers in this volume (derived from the ICME 12 Topic Study Group on Learning and Cognition) represent a significant evolution of the field—with mathematical sense making being a central conception, and with the evolution of the very notions of learning and cognition to include embodied, sociocultural, and historical perspectives. In this volume one sees a focus on classroom activities as they engender aspects of sense making, framed in ways that were not even part of the discourse on learning in 1980; one also sees a widely varied set of research methods for addressing such issues. I reflect on the state of the art, and then discuss some possibly productive directions with regard to the characterization and support of mathematically productive classrooms.
Scattering of 2-Bev/ c Muons in Carbon and Lead

The scattering cross section of high-energy $\ensuremath{\mu}$ mesons in carbon and lead has been measured, using a pure, monoenergetic beam of muons obtained with the Bevatron at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. Preparation, purification, and measured properties of the beam are described. The median momentum was 2.00\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 Bev/c, the spread in momentum was not more than \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.5%, and the effective contamination due to pions was 4.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$. During the experiment the total number of muons incident on the apparatus was 2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{7}$. Counter hodoscopes recorded the muons scattered from 14.4 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ of lead and from 27 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ of carbon. Inelastic as well as elastic processes were accepted. Scattered particles were observed at angles up to 12\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} (momentum transfer \ensuremath{\sim}400 Mev/c). The lead data cover the same range as those cosmic-ray experiments which have appeared to indicate an anomalously large scattering. No anomaly is found; the lead scattering agrees closely with the distribution calculated by Cooper and Rainwater for purely electromagnetic interactions. The carbon data permit a better comparison with theoretical expectations, since one is measuring the single-scattering cross section directly, and one can account for the effects of nuclear structure rather accurately, using electron-scattering data and a detailed theoretical analysis of Drell and Schwartz. The carbon scattering results, based on 300 events in the region 70 Mev/c-400 Mev/c momentum transfer, agree closely with the Drell-Schwartz theory. The upper limits which this result places on a nonelectromagnetic scattering cross section and on a muon form factor are discussed.
Reproductive controls and sexual destiny.

KIE: Murphy considers the moral implications of the future possibility that certain reproductive technologies could offer the prospect of controlling sexual orientation. He discusses three arguments for and three against prenatal intervention to ensure heterosexual progeny and to avoid homosexual progeny. Interventions would appear to be immoral if motivated by heterosexism, a doctrine asserting the superiority of heterosexuality which Murphy believes is intellectually indefensible in its premises and morally wrong in its consequences. He argues, however, against legally banning the use of interventions to determine sexual orientation because "there are important freedoms to preserve in the domain of reproductive control and because it is not clear that the use of these interventions would adversely affect the interests of existing or future persons."
Issues and tradeoffs in Sense & Avoid for Unmanned Aircraft

The Sense & Avoid (S&A) function for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) is complex due to the various responsibilities transferred from an onboard human pilot. Standards are normally developed to assist applicants with equipment certification. For this function, the standards process is unusually complex due to varied architectures and applications. Tradeoffs are discussed among S&A subfunctions and the standards process is described.
The requirement for biotin and fatty acids in the cytotoxic T-cell response.

Abstract Dialyzed fetal calf serum (FCS) was a poor source of serum supplement for in vitro cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) generation. Serum dialysate or biotin fully restored dialyzed FCS to activities comparable to FCS. It was concluded that the active principal in serum dialysate was biotin because its further dialysis was prevented by addition of avidin, a biotin binding protein. Avidin inhibited CTL generation only when added during the early stages of mixed lymphocyte cultures, whereas biotin could restore activity even if added at a later time. When FCS enriched in a fatty acid mixture, or in palmitic acid alone, was used as the serum supplement, avidin-mediated inhibition of CTL generation was markedly reduced. Avidin also inhibited CTL generation in cultures containing killed macrophages as the stimulating cell, and supplemented with Con-A-induced spleen cell supernatant, a source of helper factor(s). These experiments suggest that fatty acid biosynthesis and the attendant synthesis of structural lipids of appropriate fatty acid composition play a prominent role in the generation of CTL
THE SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF CALCIUM ION IN MAMMALIAN MYOCARDIUM

This study was designed to investigate the proposition that subcellular calcium is sequestered in specific sites in mammalian myocardium. 29 functioning dog papillary muscles were fixed through the intact vascular supply by means of osmium tetroxide containing a 2% concentration of potassium pyroantimonate (K2H2Sb2O7·4H2O). Tissue examined in the electron microscope showed a consistent and reproducible localization of the electron-opaque pyroantimonate salts of sodium and calcium to distinct sites in the tissue. Sodium pyroantimonate was found exclusively in the extracellular space and clustered at the sarcolemmal membrane. Calcium pyroantimonate, on the other hand, identified primarily by its susceptibility to removal by chelation with EGTA and EDTA, was consistently found densely concentrated in the lateral sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and over the sarcomeric I bands. M zones were virtually free of precipitate. The implications of these findings with respect to various parameters of muscle function are discussed.