cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mumblety-Peg: a potential cause of flesh wounds and ocular trauma.

The game of mumblety-peg, which involves performing various maneuvers with a pocketknife, has been present in America since at least the nineteenth century and was prevalent among school-aged children, cowboys, and soldiers who fought in World War I and World War II. Its popularity waned in the 1970s as adults began to ban the game at summer camps and carrying a pocketknife became less prevalent among American males. However, per online parental resources published this year, mumblety-peg is becoming more popular among children and adolescents. Primary care physicians and emergency physicians may encounter individuals, particularly adolescent males, who present with injuries secondary to participating in this game. In one version of the game, two participants take turns throwing a pocketknife at the ground, and the player whose knife sticks in the ground closer to his own foot is the winner. Another version involves tossing the knife in progressively difficult ways with the aim of getting the knife to stick in the ground. The concluding act of this version gives mumblety-peg its name. The first person who completes the tosses then hammers a wooden peg into the ground with the handle of his knife. The last person to complete the tosses must pull the peg out of the ground with his teeth, and as this individual likely will mumble curses at the winner, the game was named mumblety-peg. Online parental resources describe a version of mumblety-peg in which the participant spreads his fingers on a table or his toes on the ground and then stabs at the interdigital spaces as quickly as possible while avoiding cutting himself. The rituals of mumblety-peg predispose its participants to various injuries. The risk of stabbing wounds is high. In some versions of the game, a player can automatically win if he purposely throws his knife into his own foot. Participants are especially at risk for lower extremity injuries if they play the game barefooted. As mumblety-peg is more likely to be played outdoors, flesh wounds may be exposed to soil and thereby inoculated with bacteria. Also, ocular trauma may result from playing mumblety-peg. In one case, a ten-year-old boy was pushed by a playmate such that his face landed on the point of his knife, which penetrated his right eye and caused an iris hernia. In conclusion, primary care physicians and emergency physicians may encounter patients who present with injuries secondary to playing mumblety-peg. Ophthalmologists and infectious disease specialists may become involved in the care of patients who sustain ocular trauma from playing mumblety-peg or whose wound sites become infected. Language: en
Facilitating CSWE's Social Justice Competency in Baccalaureate Social Work Courses

The Council on Social Work Education identifies social justice as one of 10 core competencies in its 2008 Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards. Educators can find it daunting to address this particular competency. The National Association of Social Workers' Social Work Speaks can provide a practical guide for educating students in the policy positions of social work's primary professional association. This article offers uses of these materials that can infuse social justice concepts into foundation coursework, mitigating not only some of the challenges associated with teaching this content but also fostering the expected practice behaviors associated with the social justice competency. This model can apply to teaching strategies pertaining to the other nine competencies. Examples of assignments and methods for assessment are provided.
DNA and Chromatin Fiber-Based Plant Cytogenetics

Development of the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique revolutionized cytogenetic research. FISH on prepared chromosomes has become the most commonly used technique in plant molecular cytogenetics, especially as a physical mapping tool in plant genome research. Despite its popularity, chromosome-based FISH analysis is limited in its capacity to distinguish DNA probes that separated by less than a few megabases. Development of FISH methods based on extended DNA fibers has dramatically increased the resolving power of this technique to the point where one can identify clones separated by only a few kilobases. In addition to the conventional fiber-FISH analysis, specialized techniques have been developed to prepare DNA or chromatin fibers that are suitable for restriction mapping (optical mapping) or immunofluorescence assays. Fiber-FISH and its derivatives are now used extensively in various mapping and genome research projects.
School Math: From Algorithms and Conceptual Understanding to Democracy and Opportunity

This chapter considers math class as a site for working toward equity and opportunity. Traditional, constructivist and critical approaches are presented and contrasted. Democratic mathematics education is posited as an approach drawing on the best characteristics of other approaches as means to teach math skills and knowledge to help students become empowered to act in and on the world. It mediates between constructivist and critical mathematics education and also between traditional and constructivist perspectives. The chapter considers relationships between mathematics teachers’ beliefs/practices and how these relationships affect the role of school math in broader educational efforts toward increased equity.
Measuring Accessibility of Written Communication for Parents of Students With Disabilities: Reviewing 30 Years of Readability Research

Effective communication is essential for successful school–family partnerships. Written communication is most common due to the efficiency of written documents, but challenges include assuring the information disseminated to parents is accessible based on readability, clarity, complexity, and structure particularly for parents of students with disabilities and parents with low levels of literacy. The purpose of this review was to understand to what extent written communications intended to inform parents, particularly parents of students with disabilities, were accessible given recommendations regarding appropriate readability levels and document structure. Results from eight studies, published over 30 years, evaluated 461 documents and showed divergent trends in recommended and actual reading levels where written communication became less accessible over time. Recommended readability levels ranged from 5th to below 9th grade, yet actual readability levels were almost 11th grade on average. Implications s...
Cardiac time intervals derived by magnetocardiography in fetuses exposed to pregnancy hypertension syndromes

Cardiac time intervals derived by magnetocardiography in fetuses exposed to pregnancy hypertension syndromes
An analysis of the time-averaged properties of the far field of the transverse jet

A simple analysis for calculating mean scalar concentration and velocity along the centerline of a transverse jet is derived, using a 'control volume' (integral) approach. By coupling basic conservation equations with a well-known correlation for the jet centerline, simple algebraic expressions estimating mass flux, scalar concentration, and velocity are obtained. By further considering the momentum and self-induced velocity of the far-field vortex pair, its circulation and spacing are predicted. All comparisons to data show good agreement. The analysis is shown to be valid in the far-field when the jet exit velocity greatly exceeds the crossflow velocity. (Author)
Monitoring Dicofol-resistant Spider Mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) in California Cotton

A sampling and bioassay procedure for estimating the frequency of dicofolresistant spider mites ( Tetranychus (spp.) in San Joaquin Valley (SJV), California, cotton fields was developed and used to evaluate within-field variability in dicofol susceptibility estimates and to assess dicofol susceptibility in cotton fields throughout the SJV. Criteria were established for describing the severity of dicofol resistance at specific locations; an action threshold was designated based on the observed reliability of susceptibility estimates obtained with the described sampling and bioassay procedure. Monitoring of dicofol resistance throughout the SJV in June, July, and August 1982 detected no dicofol-resistant spider mites for a large percentage of the locations sampled. However, locations with low to very high frequencies of resistant types were detected, and the proportion of locations with detectable levels of resistant types increased late in the season. Dicofol continues to be used successfully for integrated management of spider mites throughout most of the SJV, and a project to monitor and manage dicofol resistance is underway.
Gonadotropin releasing hormones. Clinical applications in gynecology

Since the identification and synthesis of gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRH) 19 years ago, over 2,000 GnRH analogs have been synthesized and evaluated for the treatment of a variety of conditions requiring temporary, reversible suppression or stimulation of gonadotropin secretion. Effective stimulation of the gonads requires pulsatile administration of a GnRH agonist, preferably the native decapeptide itself. For gonadal suppression, superagonists have proven to be highly effective. Intensive studies currently under way promise new and more innovative clinical applications of these compounds.
Clinical Analysis of 39 Cases Respiratory Failure in Newborn Treated with CPAP

Objective: To explore the effect of the treatment that respiratory tract is pressing for ventilation(CPAP) in the respiratory failure.Method:We observed the 39 examples of newborn with respiratory failure who were in our pediatric ward from 2009 to 2010.The blood of the oxygen saturation and blood gas were analyzed before and after using CPAP.Result: The level of PaO2、SaO2 was higher obviously(P 0.01) after using CPAP.The recovery rate was 53.9 % and 16.1 % in CPAP group and the treatment group.The efficiency rate was 92.3% and 45.2% respectively.There's significant difference between two groups.Conclusion:CPAP for respiratory failure is safe and effective,and it is worth spreading clinically.
Laparoscopy shortens length of stay in patients with gastric electrical stimulators.

Background Gastric electrical stimulation has been proven effective for drug-refractory gastroparesis. Placement of stimulator leads and device usually requires a laparotomy, although laparoscopic placement has also been used. Methods To compare laparotomy with laparoscopy, we examined 36 patients, 18 undergoing laparoscopy and 18 undergoing laparotomy, matched for primary diagnosis and health resource usage. We compared baseline symptoms, length of surgery, length of postoperative hospital stay, gastric emptying, and health resources in each of the 2 groups over time, to see what variables, if any, differed. Results Baseline symptoms, gastric emptying, and health resource usage were similar. Operative times were also similar, but length of stay declined from a mean of 6.4 days for laparotomy to 1.1 days for laparoscopy. Long-term outcome, via symptoms, gastric emptying, and health resource utilization were comparable between the 2 groups. Conclusion Laparoscopic placement of gastric electrical stimulator leads and device is associated with shorter lengths of postoperative hospital stay. However, the patients who underwent laparotomy had higher vomiting scores and more previous abdominal surgeries at baseline, and higher long-term mortality at follow-up, suggesting that they may be more ill, as a group, than the laparoscopic patients. Laparoscopic placement of devices may be preferable when technically feasible.
Sperm donors: their attitudes toward providing medical and psychosocial information for recipient couples and donor offspring.

Objectives To determine the willingness of sperm donors to provide in-depth medical and psychosocial information on their application forms and to share this information with recipient couples and their offspring. Design Sperm donors in two donor programs were asked to complete 12-page application forms. In addition to frequency tabulations of responses, χ 2 analyses were performed to compare responses from two programs. Setting The two donor programs were Baylor College of Medicine Sperm Bank Program, Scott Department of Urology, Houston, Texas, and Reproductive Resources, Metairie, Louisiana. Main Outcome Measures Attitude toward providing in-depth medical and psychosocial information to recipient couples. Results Ninety percent of these donors are willing to complete lengthy application forms providing medical and psychosocial information. Ninety-six percent are willing to share this information in a nonidentifying manner with recipient families. Thirty-six percent say that they will be donors if anonymity cannot be guaranteed, and 60% indicate that they will meet or provide identifying information to the child at age 18. Seventy-two percent left personal messages to their potential offspring. Conclusions Sperm donors are willing to provide in-depth nonidentifying information for recipient families. Permanent files with medical and psychosocial information on all donors should be developed, maintained, and made available to all recipients, whether they request donor information at the time or conception or not.
The Philosophy of Co-existence

If, as I have argued in the last chapter, war is a great evil, then war should be avoided. Certainly, wars of choice should be avoided and too many wars are wars of choice.1 But is there a point at which it is morally worse not to fight a war? Or is war always a worse evil than the evils we seek to eliminate through war? And how does anyone provide rational and morally justified answers to these questions? In this chapter, I will propose answers that are different from those that have been used in the ethics of war.
Robotic, laparoscopic, and open colectomy: a case-matched comparison from the ACS-NSQIP.

BACKGROUND This study aimed to compare perioperative outcomes of patients undergoing robotic, laparoscopic, and open colectomy using a procedure-targeted database. METHODS Retrospective review of patients undergoing elective colectomy in 2013 was conducted using the procedure-targeted database of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP). Robotic, laparoscopic, and open groups were matched (1:1:1) based on age, gender, body mass index, surgical procedure, diagnosis and ASA classification. Demographics, comorbidities, and short-term (30 day) outcomes were compared. RESULTS Out of 12 790 patients, 387 fulfilled criteria per group after matching. Univariate comparison showed operating time was longer (P < 0.001) and hospital stay was shorter (P < 0.001) in the robotic group. Morbidity (P < 0.001), superficial SSI (P < 0.001), bleeding requiring transfusion (P < 0.001), ventilator dependency (P = 0.003), and ileus (P < 0.001) rates were lower in the robotic group. After adjusting for confounders, outcomes were comparable between the groups except hospital stay which was shorter in the robotic group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS ACS-NSQIP data demonstrated several short-term advantages of robotic surgery compared with laparoscopic and open surgery.
A phase I trial investigating pulsatile erlotinib in combination with gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in advanced biliary tract cancers

Advanced biliary tract cancers (ABTC) are among the deadliest malignancies with limited treatment options after progression on standard-of-care chemotherapy, which includes gemcitabine (GEM) and oxaliplatin (OX). The epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor erlotinib has been explored in ABTC with modest efficacy. Erlotinib given continuously may antagonize the action of chemotherapy against cycling tumor cells, but pulsatile dosing of erlotinib with chemotherapy may improve efficacy. The purpose of this study was to assess the safety of pulsatile erlotinib with GEMOX. This was a single-institution phase Ib study that enrolled adult patients with unresectable or metastatic biliary tract, pancreas, duodenal, or ampullary carcinomas that have not received any prior treatment for their disease. Dose escalation followed a standard 3 + 3 design, and dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were any treatment-related, first course non-hematologic grade ≥ 3 toxicity, except nausea/vomiting, or grade 4 hematologic toxicity. A dose expansion cohort in ABTC was treated at the MTD. Twenty-eight patients were enrolled and 4 dose levels were explored. The MTD was erlotinib 150 mg + GEM 800 mg/m2 + OX 85 mg/m2. DLTs were diarrhea and anemia. Most frequent toxicities were nausea (78 %), fatigue (71 %), neuropathy (68 %), and diarrhea (61 %), predominantly grade 1–2. In the ABTC patients, the objective response and disease control rates were 29 % and 94 %, respectively, and median overall survival was 18 months. Erlotinib plus GEMOX was well tolerated. Encouraging anti-tumor activity was seen as evidenced by a high disease control rate and longer median OS than standard chemotherapy in the patients with ABTC.
Diphenhydramine for Acute Extrapyramidal Symptoms After Propofol Administration

Extrapyramidal symptoms are an uncommon but well-recognized side effect after the administration of general anesthesia in patients without a significant neurologic history. Several case reports implicate propofol as the likely causative agent producing these symptoms, which include ballismus, dystonia, choreoathetosis, and opisthotonus. Currently, there is no clear consensus on first-line treatment of these symptoms. In each of the published cases, anticholinergic medications and benzodiazepines were central to initial management, although the speed and extent of symptom resolution were variable. Here we present a case of a 17-year-old boy with ulcerative colitis who presented with ballismus, torticollis, tongue thrusting, and oculogyric movements after colonoscopy under general anesthesia with propofol. The patient responded promptly to treatment with diphenhydramine. This is the first reported case in which diphenhydramine was successfully used as the primary treatment of severe extrapyramidal symptoms in a pediatric patient after propofol administration.
The Bond of Identification: How Salespeople’s Affinity with Their Organization Impacts Selling Success—An Abstract

The very foundation of relationship marketing practice hinges on the development and nurturing of meaningful exchanges between buyers, sellers, and the focal organization (Morgan and Hunt 1994). One critical element which manifests in various forms in a salesperson-customer-firm triad is the notion of organizational identification (Dutton et al. 1994). Previously studied in terms of both customer-company identification (Bhattacharya et al. 1995; Bhattacharya and Sen 2003; Ahearne et al. 2005) and employee-company identification (Dutton et al. 1994; Bergami and Bagozzi 2000), research in this realm focuses on how employees and customers forge bonds of identification with the companies they work for and patronize.
Birth of a field: Neuroscience of creativity

It might seem unreasonable to argue that a book published in 2013 could herald the birth of the field of neuroscience of creativity. After all, electroencephalography (EEG) studies of creativity we...
Acoustical standards in the national parks

U. S. National Parks began actively conserving park acoustic resources decades after U. S. community noise management practices were established. This presented opportunities to benefit from the knowledge acquired in community noise settings and challenges to adapt this knowledge and devise new methods as appropriate for national park settings. Participation in ANSI/ASA accredited standards development processes provided numerous benefits to the National Park Service (NPS): Access to a substantial fraction of the world’s experts in acoustics, noise measurement, and noise reduction, many of whom were deeply involved in the development of community noise standards, Participation in an open, formal, coordinated, consensus-based process to develop voluntary standards, Engagement of a diverse range of stakeholders to develop standards through processes of cooperation and compromise, Conformance with the Office of Management and Budget’s requirement to use voluntary consensus standards in lieu of government-unique standards (Circular A-119). NPS is an institutional member of two accredited standards committees and participates in the leadership of one committee and one working group. One standard has been published from this working group (ANSI S3-SC1.100 and ANSI S12.100: Methods to Define and Measure the Residual Sound in Protected Natural and Quiet Residential Areas). A second standard is in development.U. S. National Parks began actively conserving park acoustic resources decades after U. S. community noise management practices were established. This presented opportunities to benefit from the knowledge acquired in community noise settings and challenges to adapt this knowledge and devise new methods as appropriate for national park settings. Participation in ANSI/ASA accredited standards development processes provided numerous benefits to the National Park Service (NPS): Access to a substantial fraction of the world’s experts in acoustics, noise measurement, and noise reduction, many of whom were deeply involved in the development of community noise standards, Participation in an open, formal, coordinated, consensus-based process to develop voluntary standards, Engagement of a diverse range of stakeholders to develop standards through processes of cooperation and compromise, Conformance with the Office of Management and Budget’s requirement to use voluntary consensus standards in lieu of government-uni...
Reducing CO2 with Stable Covalent Organic Frameworks

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are highly desirable for electrocatalytic applications but not fully explored yet because of their poor stability. In a recently published paper in Chem, Liu et al. describe an approach to construct chemically stable COFs, involving quantitative linkage conversion from imine COFs, and for co-catalysis of electrochemical CO2 reduction by virtue of the resultant amine sites. The reported amine COF/Ag electrode shows enhanced catalytic selectivity. This work provides a new way to access chemically stable COFs for electrochemical catalysts.
Teaching Second Language Writing

This module explores the purposes of and methods for teaching second language writing. Engaging and accessible, Teaching Second Language Writing is organized into three sections that mainly focus on activities, approaches and real-life writing tasks and genres that are the most applicable and useful for the language teaching classroom. -- The Routledge E-Book Modules on Contemporary Language Teaching introduce students to the major areas of second language instruction through jargon-free style and explain concepts as they are introduced thus facilitating comprehension for those with little or no background. The series consists of independent modules that can stand alone or be combined at the discretion of the reader or instructor. The modules can also be used as supplements to existing materials for maximum flexibility. Modules in this series include: Language (Bill VanPatten) Communication and Skill (Bill VanPatten) Second Language Acquisition: The Basics (Gregory D. Keating) Focusing on Form in Language Instruction (Wynne Wong and Daphnee Simard) Vocabulary in Language Teaching (Joe Barcroft) Interactive Tasks (Michael J. Leeser and Justin P. White) Technology in Language Learning: An Overview (Bryan Smith) Teaching Second Language Writing (Charlene Polio) Readers have the option to select and download electronically the 40-50 page modules for individual use, or to purchase multiple modules at once. With each module written by an expert in that respective field, with self-quizzes, reflection boxes, recommended readings, and discussion questions, these modules serve as the ideal text for introductory courses in Second Language Instruction. To purchase these modules and view module summaries, please visit the series companion website: www.routledgetextbooks.com/textbooks/9781315679594/
CMET-04. METASTATIC GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER TO THE SKULL BASE MIMICKING NF2

Cancers of gastrointestinal (GI) origin rarely metastasize to the brain and is present in less than 1% of patients at diagnosis. We present a case of GI cancer presenting with bilateral cerebellopontine angle masses resembling bilateral vestibular schwannomas (VS) seen in Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). A 40 year-old woman presented to our NF2 multidisciplinary clinic after 4 months of vertigo, unilateral hearing loss and facial paralysis. Brain MRI was consistent with bilateral vestibular schwannomas with no other findings. Her symptoms then progressed over 2 months with bilateral hearing loss and facial paralysis despite two treatments with bevacizumab, and repeated imaging revealed tumor enlargement bilaterally. The patient underwent a resection of the larger, right-sided skull base mass, and pathology revealed an adenocarcinoma of gastrointestinal origin. FDG-PET and CT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis revealed diffused lymphadenopathy in the abdomen. The patient also had an elevated CA 19-9 level. Next generation sequencing of the resected skull base mass was most consistent with a tumor of GI origin. This is the first known case of metastatic GI cancer to the skull base resembling the bilateral VS seen in NF2.
Sub-linear Time Stochastic Threshold Group Testing via Sparse-Graph Codes

The group testing problem is to identify a population of K defective items in a set of n items using the results of a small number of measurements or tests. In this paper, we study the stochastic threshold group testing problem where the result of each test is positive if the testing pool contains at least u defective items, and the result is negative if the pool contains at most ${(\ell\lt u)}$ defective items. The result is random if the number of defectives lies in the interval $(\ell,u)$. We leverage tools and techniques from sparse-graph codes and propose a fast decoding algorithm for stochastic threshold group testing. We consider the asymptotic regime that n gets large, $K = \omega (1)$ grows with n and $K = \mathcal{O}(n^{\beta})$ for some constant $0 \lt \beta \lt 1$, and $u = o(K)$. In this regime, the proposed algorithm requires $\Theta(\sqrt{u}K \log^{3}n)$ tests and recovers all the K defectives with a vanishing error probability. Moreover, our algorithm has a decoding complexity of $\mathcal{O}(u^{3/2}K \log^{4}n)$. This is the first algorithm that solves the stochastic threshold group testing problem with decoding complexity that grows only linearly in K and poly-logarithmically in n.
Effect of testosterone blockers on male aggression, song and parental care in an arctic passerine, the Lapland longspur (Calcarius lapponicus)

In many passerine birds, testosterone stimulates song and aggression but inhibits paternal care, but few studies have explored whether such effects can be reversed with testosterone blockers. We explored the effect of testosterone blockers on song, aggression and paternal care of Lapland longspurs (Calcarius lapponicus), an arctic passerine with a short breeding season. Twenty-one "blocker males" received implants containing an androgen receptor blocker and an aromatase inhibitor, compared to 27 control males with empty or no implants. Song, aggression and other behaviors were evaluated with simulated territorial intrusions (STI) during mate-guarding, and with focal observations (without STI) during mate-guarding and incubation. Nests were monitored and nestlings weighed as an indirect measure of paternal care. During STI, blocker males exhibited similar song rates, significantly lower aggression, and were significantly less likely to be found on territory than control males. Focal observations revealed no differences in spontaneous song, aggression, foraging, preening, or flight activity. Blocker males' nestlings had greater body mass on day 5 after hatching, but this difference disappeared by fledging, and both groups fledged similar numbers of young. Two blocker males exhibited unusual paternal care: incubation and brooding of young, or feeding of nestlings at another male's nest. In sum, testosterone blockers affected aggression but not song, contrasting with results from previously published testosterone implant studies. Effects on paternal care were concordant with testosterone implant studies. These patterns may be related to rapid behavioral changes characteristic of the short breeding season of the Arctic.
Quantile Search with Time-Varying Search Parameter

We consider the problem of active learning in the context of spatial sampling, where the sampling cost is a function of both the number of samples taken and the distance traveled during the sampling procedure. We present Uniform-to-Binary (UTB) search, a novel algorithm in this setting. UTB search extends the Quantile Search (QS) algorithm [1] such that the tuning parameter m is allowed to vary throughout the search procedure. We analyze the algorithm in terms of both sample complexity and distance traveled. Empirical results show that our proposed method outperforms QS with fixed m in all cases considered.
Effects of Varying Water Quality on Growth and Appearance of Landscape Plants

Abstract Increasing demand for limited water supplies in populated arid regions over the next decade may require implementation of new water-use practices. Eliminating use of high-quality water for...
Positioning European Countries as Brands in a Perceptual Map

The effects of travel-experience and country-popularity on American consumers' perceptions and preferences of European countries as vacation destinations are examined. Three perceptual dimensions, namely, "NECESSITIES," "ATTRACTIONS," and "ENVIRONMENT," are identified using the survey research methodology. Ten European countries are positioned as brands in this three dimensional perceptual map. Several hypotheses pertaining to formation of perceptions, nature of perceptions, e.g., homogeneous versus hetergeneous perceptions, and their linkage with preferences are presented and empirically tested. For example, travel-experience and country-popularity are found to interactively affect the perceptual dimension of "ENVIRONMENT." These two factor also interact in their influence on a consumers' use of a choice heuristic such as Moutinho's matching strategy in which the congruency between a consumer's self-image and the perceived image of a European country determines consumer's preference of that European country.
Viewpoint: Observing Matter-Antimatter Oscillations

D-mesons are the fourth in a quartet of neutral mesons to be observed oscillating into their antiparticle partners.
4 – Elemental Types

Publisher Summary There are several type categories of Rosetta, such as elemental, composite, function, constructed, and facet types. This chapter focuses on the elemental types that define types as collections of atomic values. Element literals provide a mechanism for specifying element values in a specification. All elemental types are subtypes of the element type and include numbers, boolean values and characters, infinite values, and the bottom value. The number type is the supertype of all definable number values. Subtypes of number include complex, real, integer, natural, and bit, as well as specific subtypes to aid in constraining number values further for specification purposes. Number literals provide a mechanism for specifying number values in specifications. The boolean type defines the two literal boolean values true and false along with the traditional boolean operations. The character type defines a mechanism for specifying and manipulating Unicode values. Unicode is used throughout Rosetta to promote readable specifications and use of international character sets.
Reorganization of motor modules for standing reactive balance recovery following pyridoxine-induced large-fiber peripheral sensory neuropathy in cats.

Stable motor modules for reactive balance recovery in well-trained adult cats were disrupted following pyridoxine-induced peripheral somatosensory neuropathy, suggesting somatosensory inputs contri...
A Comparison of Nonoperative and Operative Treatment of Type 2 Tibial Spine Fractures.

Background:Tibial spine fractures (TSFs) are typically treated nonoperatively when nondisplaced and operatively when completely displaced. However, it is unclear whether displaced but hinged (type ...
Multiple, independent, common variants at RET, SEMA3 and NRG1 gut enhancers specify Hirschsprung disease risk in European ancestry subjects.

Abstract Purpose Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a developmental disorder of the enteric nervous system (ENS) characterized by congenital aganglionosis arising from coding variants in ENS genes causing partial or total loss-of-function. Low-penetrance, common, noncoding variants at RET, SEMA3 and NRG1 loci are also associated with HSCR, with small-to-moderate loss of gene expression mediated through sequence variants in cis-regulatory elements (CRE) as another causal mechanism. Since these latter variants are common, many individuals carry multiple risk variants. However, the extent and combinatorial effects of all putative CRE variants within and across these loci on HSCR is unknown. Methods Using 583 HSCR subjects, one of the largest samples of European ancestry studied, and genotyping 56 tag variants, we evaluated association of all common variants overlapping putative gut CREs and fine-mapped causal variants at RET, SEMA3 and NRG1. Results We demonstrate that 28 and 8 tag variants, several of which are genetically independent, overlap putative-enhancers at the RET and SEMA3 loci, respectively, as well as two fine-mapped tag variants at the NRG1 locus, are significantly associated with HSCR. Importantly, disease risk increases with increasing numbers of risk alleles from multiple variants within and across these loci, varying >25-fold across individuals. Conclusion This increasing allele number-dependent risk, we hypothesize, arises from HSCR-relevant ENS cells sensing the reduced gene expression at multiple ENS genes since their developmental effects are integrated through gene regulatory networks.
Toward a physics description of consciousness

This minireview is meant to provide a broad overview of the most basic interpretations of consciousness and of the potential links to fundamental physics, as a complement to the large number of more detailed experimental and theoretical studies. In the spirit of previous ideas in the neuroscience community, but with a more physics-oriented perspective, we begin with the interpretation that consciousness is the collective excitation of a brainwide web of neural cells (where the phrases of other authors have been combined). This picture is inspired by the fact that, in all major areas of physics, a collective excitation has just as much physical reality as a particle or other localized object. The brainwide web extends into those regions (neuronal and glial networks) where processed information is received from the senses, memories, etc. (emerging out of unconscious processes in prior networks). It unifies those regions (plus motor control regions) via the vast complexity of the neural interactions that it spans. At the most fundamental level, all physical phenomena result from excitation of quantum fields (since, in current physics, these fields are the bedrock of reality). It follows that, in the present picture, quantum physics solves the old combination (or binding) problem of consciousness, since the experience of consciousness requires coherent excitation of only a single hybrid electron-electromagnetic field.
Trehalose synthesis during differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum: Preparation, stabilization and assay of trehalose-6-phosphate synthetase

Abstract The developmental profile for the enzyme, trehalose-6-phosphate synthetase was reexamined during morphogenesis in Dictyostelium discoideum , using experimental conditions that appear to optimize enzyme specific activity at each stage of development. The basis of the low-temperature instability of trehalose-6-P synthetase activity was examined and found to be a function of pH. Enzymatic activity could be stabilized at low temperature by preparation of extracts throughout development in pH 7.5 buffer containing 10 m m phosphate and 25 m m trehalose. Synthetase activity was determined by measuring the rates of synthesis of UDP and trehalose with a colorimetric and radiometric assay, respectively. In the latter analysis, UDP-[U- 14 C]glucose was used as substrate and [ 14 C]trehalose was isolated and subsequently quantitated using charcoal columns and thin-layer chromatography. With these methods, it was possible to demonstrate that 1) trehalose-6-P synthetase activity is detectable at and prior to 5 h of development, 2) enzyme specific activity increases approximately five- to sixfold during differentiation, 3) total enzyme activity per cell aliquot is constant from about the 10th (aggregation) to the 24th h (sorocarp) of development, and 4) enzyme specific activity is constant from the preculmination (17th h) to the sorocarp (24 h) stage of development. The constancy of enzyme activity (units per cell aliquot) from the 10th to the 24th h of development suggests that a sudden rise in overt trehalose-6-P synthetase activity, resulting from an induction of enzyme synthesis, is not a primary critical variable in the increased rate of trehalose synthesis which occurs in vivo during the culmination process (i.e., 20–22 h).
Warga's abundant sets and their role in optimal control problems

Warga's concept of an abundant set and the related controllability-extremality alternative theorem provides a powerful framework for deriving necessary optimality conditions for various optimal control problems. This method enables us to focus on the essential issue of proving the set of original controls is abundant in an appropriately constructed relaxed control set. This abundant property is usually a strengthened version of the Filippov-Wazewski relaxation theorem. It has been applied to many optimal control problems and is a method with great potential.
Viewing a Mental Health Service Maze from the Inside Out

Abstract The purpose of this qualitative inquiry is to describe the experiences of women who have been long-term consumers of mental health services and to understand the meaning and quality of care from their inside point of view. The American mental health service system might be better described as a maze or as a “non-system,” requiring important maneuvering skills on the part of clients. Women are the largest consumer group of mental health services and, due to their contextual, person-in-environment thinking, are expert observers of the people and processes in a network designed to help with psychological and emotional distress. Social justice ethics support the recording of their stories, historically suppressed and marginalized, and call for system-wide collaboration and cooperation on their behalf.
The prevalence and correlates of untreated serious mental illness.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the number of people in the United States with untreated serious mental illness (SMI) and the reasons for their lack of treatment. DATA SOURCE/STUDY DESIGN: The National Comorbidity Survey; cross-sectional, nationally representative household survey. DATA COLLECTION: An operationalization of the SMI definition set forth in the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration Reorganization Act identified individuals with SMI in the 12 months prior to the interview. The presence of SMI then was related to the use of mental health services in the past 12 months. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Of the 6.2 percent of respondents who had SMI in the year prior to interview, fewer than 40 percent received stable treatment. Young adults and those living in nonrural areas were more likely to have unmet needs for treatment. The majority of those who received no treatment felt that they did not have an emotional problem requiring treatment. Among those who did recognize this need, 52 percent reported situational barriers, 46 percent reported financial barriers, and 45 percent reported perceived lack of effectiveness as reasons for not seeking treatment. The most commonly reported reason both for failing to seek treatment (72 percent) and for treatment dropout (58 percent) was wanting to solve the problem on their own. CONCLUSIONS: Although changes in the financing of services are important, they are unlikely by themselves to eradicate unmet need for treatment of SMI. Efforts to increase both self-recognition of need for treatment and the patient centeredness of care also are needed.
Nonlinear Rossby-Alfvén Global Waves on the Surface of a Rotating Sphere

We consider two-dimensional nonlinear magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves of global scale for a thin magnetofluid layer on the surface of a rotating sphere. The fluid motions are assumed to be incompressible and the radial dimension is assumed to be in magnetohydrostatic balance. We are interested in a parameter regime in which horizontal spatial scales of wave motions, rotation rate of the background atmosphere, and the background zonal magnetic field strength are such that Rossby and Alfven wave speeds are comparable. We obtain two kinds of finite-amplitude MHD waves propagating in the azimuthal directions relative to the uniformly rotating background atmosphere in the presence of a background zonal magnetic field and a steady differential zonal flow. These two kinds of nonlinear MHD waves are fundamentally due to the joint effects of uniform rotation of the background atmosphere and the background zonal magnetic field; the first is an inertial wave of the Rossby-Haurwitz type, modified by the presence of background zonal magnetic field, while the second is a magnetic Alfven-like wave which is modified by the uniform rotation of background atmosphere. We discuss possible applications of these results in the context of geophysical and astrophysical systems.
Recent Advances in the Management of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Advances in management of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) include the use of volume and pressure-limited ventilation and a fluid conservative strategy. Despite the extensive study of positive end expiratory pressure, consensus regarding the best approach to its application is lacking. The use of neuromuscular blocking agents and prone positioning in the setting of refractory hypoxemia is supported by the outcomes of recent studies. Alternate modes of ventilation remain unproven. A focus on ARDS risk factor reduction and the development of tools predicting progression to ARDS have the potential to further reduce its incidence.
Math in the City: Experiencing Mathematics through Visiting Black Historic Sites:

This article describes a project that models a university/museum partnership providing K-12 teachers with authentic learning opportunities that integrate personal experience and reflection. Mathematics is often presented to students as isolated rules and procedures. When teachers and students see the role that mathematics plays in their cultures, and the contributions of their cultures to mathematics, they often come to understand the subject in new ways. Math in the City is a program for teachers in which they experience mathematics and culture as interconnected. As teachers begin to understand teaching mathematics as less a matter of knowledge transfer, and more as an activity in which connections are made to all of life, they see their own role change from being direct transmitters to serving as facilitators in helping students make mathematical connections.
Chemometric characterization of batch reactions

Abstract A method for characterizing consecutive batch reactions using chemometrics and in-situ spectroscopic measurements is reported. Composition profiles and pure component spectra of reactants, intermediates, and products are estimated using a new pairwise iterative target transformation factor analysis (ITTFA), a type of self-modeling curve resolution (SMCR), without the aid of referee measurements or standards. In one type of reaction, strong evidence for the formation of a reactive intermediate was detected and characterized by SMCR. Pairwise analysis of consecutive batches permitted standardless comparisons between the two batches to determine if the reaction proceeded faster or slower, and made more or less product.
A theory of viscous hydroplaning

Abstract The traction developed in the contact area of a pneumatic tyre rolling and accelerating on a wet road surface is simulated by a block of rubber slipping on a two-dimensional sinusoidal surface covered with a thin water film. The resulting pressure-wedge formation on individual asperities of the surface provides a net uplift which tends to force tyre-tread and surface apart, thus promoting the onset of skidding or viscous hydroplaning. The important factor in minimizing skidding hazards is the provision of an adequate micro-roughness at asperity tips which contributes an adhesional mechanism to the overall friction coefficient. It is shown that in comparison with the adhesional contribution to friction, the contribution of hysteresis and viscous shear of the film are insignificant at low slip speeds.
Flow-injection analysis: A review of its early history

A review is given of the development of flow-injection analysis, which seeks to establish the various lines of research which led to the present form of the technique.
COLLECTIVE MOTION IN A MODIFIED SHELL MODEL

Under certain conditions it is possible to ascribe an approximate nuclear surface to an independent-particle nuclear wave function, thereby achieving a means with which to describe the collective coordinates of a nuclear wave function that is expanded in terms of independent-particle states. By using this concept, a modification of the shell-model wave function is constructed which exhibits properties of collective motion. The collective aspects of the model are quite similar to the spheroidal-core model of Rainwater except that the core deformations are not restricted to zero- and second-order spherical harmonics.However, since the wave function for the deformed core here presented is expanded in terms of individual-particle states with quantum numbers $\mathrm{nljm}$, a number of effects can be studied, concerning the deformed core, that were previously inaccessible. In the first place, the Pauli exclusion principle is found to suppress partially the collective deformation. Calculations show that the ${Y}_{2}$ mode of deformation, for example, is suppressed by about 28% for a typical heavy nucleus. Secondly, the contribution of the individual nucleon excitation energies to the over-all energy of the ${Y}_{2}$ mode of deformation is found to make the nucleus considerably more rigid against collective deformation of this type than is indicated by considering the core to be a liquid drop with a surface tension given by the semiempirical binding energy formula.Finally, a method is outlined, using the definition of nuclear surface here presented, for obtaining a self-consistent static wave function by means of a rough analog to the Hartree-Fock procedure.