cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Influenza with a Description of Recent Trends in Japan: What Are the Key Epidemiologic Features of Seasonal Influenza?

Influenza causes substantial morbidity and mortality each year globally, with periodic pandemics. For annually occurring seasonal influenza, influenza A and influenza B viruses are responsible for most of the burden. Both of these viruses are constantly evolving, and influenza A viruses have the ability to change dramatically, with pandemic potential. For seasonal influenza in Japan, usually a greater burden is due to influenza A, although influenza B detections increase later in the season and there have been some years where influenza B predominated with a large public health impact. Usually, seasonal influenza activity peaks in the winter and remains low during the summer; seasonality, however, varies by year and location (Okinawa shows less distinct seasonality), and pandemics have occurred outside the regular season. Compared to young adults, children and the elderly normally experience higher influenza morbidity. However, the relative burden for each age group may vary by season, and young adults may be considerably affected in a pandemic. These evolving and unpredictable epidemiologic features of influenza highlight the importance of continuous and timely surveillance, with careful assessments by time, place, person, and virus.
Moving from Tolerance to Inclusion through Critical Collaboration

Moving from tolerance to inclusion is a bold yet apt ambition of the school system in the United States—an institution fundamentally committed to providing an equitable education for all students. ...
Energy matters: presynaptic metabolism and the maintenance of synaptic transmission.

Synaptic activity imposes large energy demands that are met by local adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis through glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. ATP drives action potentials, supports synapse assembly and remodelling, and fuels synaptic vesicle filling and recycling, thus sustaining synaptic transmission. Given their polarized morphological features — including long axons and extensive branching in their terminal regions — neurons face exceptional challenges in maintaining presynaptic energy homeostasis, particularly during intensive synaptic activity. Recent studies have started to uncover the mechanisms and signalling pathways involved in activity-dependent and energy-sensitive regulation of presynaptic energetics, or ‘synaptoenergetics’. These conceptual advances have established the energetic regulation of synaptic efficacy and plasticity as an exciting research field that is relevant to a range of neurological disorders associated with bioenergetic failure and synaptic dysfunction. Numerous energy-demanding cellular processes contribute to synaptic activity and function. Li and Sheng describe the mechanisms that regulate presynaptic energy supply to ensure that neurons can meet these demands and maintain their functions during periods of intensive synaptic activity.
Multiphase behavior of binary and ternary systems of heavy aromatic hydrocarbons with supercritical carbon dioxide

Chung S.T. and Shing K.S., 1992. Multiphase behavior of binary and ternary systems of heavy aromatic hydrocarbons with supercritical carbon dioxide. Part I. Experimental results. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 18: 321–341. Composition and volumetric measurements were made of binary and ternary systems composed of supercritical CO2 and heavy aromatic hydrocarbons, including naphthalene, biphenyl, diphenyl methane, bibenzyl, 1- and 2-methyl naphthalene. Binary results are reported at 35 and 55°C and ternary results reported for 35°C. Binary systems exhibited both solid-fluid and fluid-liquid equilibria while ternary systems exhibited fluid-liquid-solid, fluid-liquid as well as vapor-liquid-liquid-solid equilibria. Since the composition of the CO2-rich supercritical phase is heavily dependent on the state of the co-existing condensed phases(s), all fluid phases present were sampled and reported.
Mexican Forest History: Ideologies of State Building and Resource Use

Abstract Mexican forestry science has been affected by its relationship with the Mexican state, and by the history of state forestry institutions. Conflicts between conservationists and politicians engaged in land reform resulted in loss of power for conservationists in the forest department in the 1940s. More recent political struggles for control of the forests color the interpretations which forest communities and foresters place upon forest management practices, and may lead to present day debates over specific silvicultural practices. If foresters are to apply silvicultural techniques, they need to be aware of the political experience of the landowners they work for, and the political implications of their own technical knowledge.
Fe-Cr-MO Based ODS Alloys Via Spark Plasma Sintering: A Combinational Characterization Study by TEM and APT

Nanoscale oxides play an important role in oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys for improved high temperature creep resistance and enhanced radiation damage tolerance. In this study, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe tomography (APT) were combined to investigate two novel Fe-16Cr-3Mo (wt.%) based ODS alloys. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) was used to consolidate the ODS alloys from powders that were milled with 0.5 wt.% Y2O3 powder only or with Y2O3 powder and 1 wt.% Ti. TEM characterization revealed that both alloys have a bimodal structure of nanometer-size (∼ 100 – 500 nm) and micron-size grains with nanostructured oxide precipitates formed along and close to grain boundaries with diameters ranging from five to tens of nanometers. APT provides further quantitative analyses of the oxide precipitates, and also reveals Mo segregation at grain boundaries next to oxide precipitates. The alloys with and without Ti are compared based on their microstructures.
Overcorrection: A review and critical analysis.

This paper reviews the overcorrection literature with a focus on the subject populations, dependent variables, procedural variations and research methodology reflected in overcorrection research. It analyzes overcorrection in terms of its punishment characteristics, and based on this, offers suggestions for the effective use of overcorrection. It raises issues regarding generalization and maintenance and the lack of data supporting claims for an educative value of overcorrection. We conclude that overcorrection can be an effective response suppressing procedure with greater social acceptability than other forms of punishment, but that the staff time involved in its use constitutes a possible drawback. We suggest the need for analytic research to identify overcorrection’s critical components and minimal effective duration. Finally, we offer a suggestion for the use of more descriptive and precise terminology with respect to overcorrection procedures.
Decisions Under Uncertainty: Psychological, Economic, and Neuroeconomic Explanations of Risk Preference

Publisher Summary Psychological and neuroscience studies of risk-taking have identified wide range of factors some exogenous and some endogenous that influence risk-taking. Multiple processes are in play when a preference between different risky options is constructed. As decision-makers with limited attention and processing capacity, one needs to be selective in what information is useful, and have to find shortcuts to process it. Situational characteristics, like the way in which information about choice options is presented, or the nature of the task, influence risk-taking by focusing the attention on different subsets of information or by facilitating different relative comparisons in search for the better option. Characteristics of the decision-maker often interact with characteristics of the situation in determining risk-taking. This is either because different decision-makers use different processes to different degrees or because the same processes result in different output. For instance, decision-makers familiar with a choice domain may experience positive emotions such as comfort or confidence when contemplating risky options in that domain, whereas decision-makers unfamiliar with the domain will experience negative emotions such as anxiety.
Magnetotellurics and its application to petroleum exploration

Discussion of the magnetotelluric method will include: (1) the concepts underlying the magnetotelluric method; (2) instrumentation and data collection, including the use of SQUID magnetometers and in-field data processing; (3) noise reduction through the use of the remote magnetic reference method of data processing; and (4) data interpretation and numerical modeling. The application of MT to petroleum exploration will be discussed in terms of the areas where MT is being applied and the geologic questions being addressed, with an example from the Columbia Plateau showing the correlation of MT data with lithologic and electric log data from a deep well.
Crystal Structure of the Zα Domain of the Human Editing Enzyme ADAR1 Bound to Left-Handed Z-DNA

The editing enzyme double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase includes a DNA binding domain, Zalpha, which is specific for left-handed Z-DNA. The 2.1 angstrom crystal structure of Zalpha complexed to DNA reveals that the substrate is in the left-handed Z conformation. The contacts between Zalpha and Z-DNA are made primarily with the "zigzag" sugar-phosphate backbone, which provides a basis for the specificity for the Z conformation. A single base contact is observed to guanine in the syn conformation, characteristic of Z-DNA. Intriguingly, the helix-turn-helix motif, frequently used to recognize B-DNA, is used by Zalpha to contact Z-DNA.
The use of external, noninvasive pacing for the termination of ventricular tachycardia in the emergency department setting.

Study objective: To determine the potential usefulness of external cardiac pacing for the termination of sustained ventricular tachycardia in the emergency department setting. Type of participants: Five men and one woman (mean age, 57 years) who presented to the ED with a wide-complex, hemodynamically stable tachycardia that was later proven to be ventricular in origin. Intervention: Each patient underwent external overdrive pacing using a modified external pacemaker at a pulse amplitude of 120 mA and a rate of 200 pulses per minute. Results: In all six patients, external cardiac pacing was able to successfully terminate tachycardia without complication. Conclusion: We conclude that external noninvasive pacing may be an effective means of terminating ventricular tachycardia in the ED setting.
Manpower Policies in a Semi-rich Oil Economy : The Case of Bahrain

With the decrease in oil revenues in recent years, Bahrain has been forced to increasingly resort to external financing to support its development programs. While much concern has been expressed over the expansion in general public services, these activities do not appear to have contributed significantly to the country's increased debt burden. Instead, educational expenditures appear to be one of the major areas that have benefitted from the stepped up levels of government borrowing. However, it is also apparent that deficiencies with respect to the quality and relevance of the country's school system will reduces these dividends considerably below their potential.
STONE FORMATION IS PROPORTIONAL TO PAPILLARY SURFACE COVERAGE BY RANDALL'S PLAQUE

ABSTRACTPurpose: Randall's plaques are common in calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone formers (SF). Plaque coverage correlates directly with urine calcium excretion and inversely with urine volume. We hypothesize that plaque coverage should increase proportionally with increasing stone number. We measured plaque areas in idiopathic CaOx stone formers and nonstone formers (NSF), and identified significant relationships with quantified stone histories.Materials and Methods: A total of 13 SFs and 4 control NSFs underwent nephroscopic papillary mapping with representative still images and MPEG (Moving Pictures Experts Group) movies used to identify plaque and papillary borders. Stone histories were obtained through patient interviews, and from medical records and radiographs. The relationship of plaque coverage to clinical stone events was assessed by general multivariate linear modeling. Log transformation normalized the distribution of percent plaque coverage and stone number.Results: Plaque surface area in SFs dif...
Fusion rates and SF-36 outcomes after multilevel laminectomy and noninstrumented lumbar fusions in a predominantly geriatric population.

Study Design This study prospectively analyzed posterolateral fusion rates and Short-Form 36 (SF-36) outcomes after multilevel lumbar laminectomies and noninstrumented fusions. Objective SF-36 outcomes and posterolateral fusion rates were assessed. Summary of Background Data Technologically advanced and expensive instrumentation techniques and fusion adjuncts (ie, bone morphogenetic protein) may not be necessary to achieve lumbar fusion in the geriatric population. Rather, noninstrumented fusions using lamina autograft and a bone volume expander may suffice. Methods Seventy-five patients averaging 69 years of age (49 females, 26 males) underwent average 4.9 level lumbar laminectomies with average 2.0 level noninstrumented posterolateral fusions using lamina autograft (average 30 cm3) supplemented with demineralized bone matrix (average 30 cm3) in a 50:50 mix. Two independent radiologists separately evaluated both 2-dimensional computed tomography (2D-CT) and dynamic x-ray data 3, 4.5, 6, and up to 12 months postoperatively; patients had to demonstrate fusion on both studies. Outcomes were assessed using the SF-36 questionnaire (preoperatively) 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. Patients were followed an average of 3.3 years (minimum 2 y). Results Thirteen (17.3%) patients demonstrated pseudarthrosis as they had not fused on dynamic x-ray and/or 2D-CT studies an average of 5.6 months postoperatively. One patient required a secondary fusion. One and 2 years postoperatively, patients demonstrated nearly identical maximal improvement on 6 SF-36 Health Scales, but showed no real changes on General Health and Mental Health scales. Conclusions Seventy-five predominantly geriatric patients underwent multilevel laminectomies with noninstrumented fusions using lamina autograft combined with a bone volume expander. Thirteen patients (17.3%) demonstrated pseudarthrosis on the basis of both dynamic x-ray and 2D-CT criteria; 1 patient required a second instrumented fusion. Moderate pseudarthrosis rates, a low reoperation rate, and satisfactory SF-36 outcomes were achieved using noninstrumented posterolateral fusions in a predominantly geriatric population.
When is early visual cortex activated during visual mental imagery

Although many neuroimaging studies of visual mental imagery have revealed activation in early visual cortex (Areas 17 or 18), many others have not. The authors review this literature and compare how well 3 models explain the disparate results. Each study was coded 1 or 0, indicating whether activation in early visual cortex was observed, and sets of variables associated with each model were fit to the observed results using logistic regression analysis. Three variables predicted all of the systematic differences in the probability of activation across studies. Two of these variables were identified with a perceptual anticipation theory, and the other was identified with a methodological factors theory. Thus, the variability in the literature is not random.
Optimal estimation of linear operators from inaccurate data: A second look

This paper intends to re-examine some results and proofs given in a previous publication on optimal estimation under uncertainty. In a rather general setting we showed that regularization of an element of a linear space relative to a quadratic criterion and inaccurate linear observations is an optimal method for recovering a linear operator of that element. For this to be the case, the regularization parameter must be chosen with care.
Thermal faceting of (110) and (111) surfaces of MgO

Abstract Using LEED, we have observed the thermal faceting of MgO (110) and (111) surfaces into sets of (100) faces. Some faceting occurs under ion bombardment at room temperature, and annealing at 900–1400 K by means of electron bombardment produces complete faceting, with facets up to 1 μm across. These observations are consistent with theories of the stability of ionic crystal surfaces.
Comparative study of Rh/Al2O3 and Rh-Mo/Al2O3 catalysts

Abstract Alumina supported rhodium and rhodium-molybdenum catalysts, prepared by non-aqueous, sequential chemisorption, are compared for CO hydrogenation. The catalysts are also characterized by in situ FTIR. The observed significant increase in CO hydrogenation activity and oxygenate selectivity and the presence of highly dispersed rhodium on the molybdenum promoted rhodium catalysts are related to the site isolation effect of molybdenum. The parity of rhodium and molybdenum in the catalysts seems to be important for improving oxygenate yield.
Uptake and toxicity of toxaphene in several estuarine organisms

The organochlorine insecticide, toxaphene, was tested in flow-through bioassays to evaluate its toxicity to estuarine organisms. The organisms tested and their respective 96-hr LC5Os (based on measured concentrations) are: pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), 1.4Μg/L; grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), 4.4Μg/L; sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), 1.1Μg/L; and pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides), 0.5Μg/L. Toxaphene concentration estimated to reduce shell deposition in American oysters (Crassostrea virginica) by 50% (EC50) was 16Μg/L. Concentration factors (concentration of toxaphene in tissues divided by concentration measured in water) for fishes and oysters in 96 hr ranged from 3,100 to 20,600 and for shrimp, from 400 to 1,200. Individuals from various ontogenetic stages of longnose killifish (Fundulus similis) were exposed to toxaphene for 28 days in flow-through bioassays. Toxaphene was toxic to embryos, fry, juveniles, and adult fish, but fertilization of ova in static tests was not affected by the concentrations tested (0.32 to 10Μg/L). The 28-day measured LC50s for all stages ranged from 0.9 to 1.4Μg/L. Toxaphene was accumulated in ova and other body tissues of the longnose killifish; concentration factors in ova were 1,000 to 5,500, and in whole-body tissues, 4,200 to 60,000.
Position of mesquite ( Prosopis spp) nodulation and nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) in 3-m long phraetophytically simulated soil columns

The literature does not contain a field report of nodulation for the xerophytic tree legumes of the genus Prosopis despite their widespread occurrence in semi-arid regions of the world. A phraetophytically simulated greenhouse experiment was conducted with mesquite in a 3m deep soil column to determine if nodules would form in deper depths where moisture is more abundant. The upper 0.5m in the soil column was allowed to dry to 2200 kPa but the 3.2 m depth was maintained at soil moistures more positive than 70 kPa by water additions to the bottom of the soil column. Over 100 nodules and an acetylene reduction rate of 1.9 mg/h were observed at the 3.2m depth. Nodulation or acetylene reduction were not observed closer than 2.7m from the surface. Air temperatures during these assays exceeded 45°C. Leaf xylem water potentials were in the 2800–3500 kPa range.
Sex differences in the correlation of memory span with scan and other episodic memory tasks

Abstract Three studies of the relationship between memory span and other measures of memory and information processing are reported here. These other measures included memory scanning rate, the short- and long-term components of free recall, and word recognition from long-term memory. All three studies produced evidence for a sex difference in the correlation of these tasks with memory span. The first study produced a partial replication of Chiang and Atkinson's report (Memory & Cognition, 1976, 4,661–667) of a sex difference: for males, span and scanning rate were unrelated, while for females they were positively correlated. The second study showed that span and the primary memory component of free recall had a modest positive correlation for females but not for males, while span was unrelated to measures of secondary or long-term memory for females but was consistently positively related for males. In the third study, recognition accuracy and span were uncorrelated for females, but positively correlated for males. Finally, a reanalysis of data from a large-scale study by Underwood, Baruch, and Malmi (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1978, 107, 393–419) also showed evidence of similar sex differences. Sex differences involving the correlation of memory span with other cognitive test performances seem quite general and need to be taken account of in the analyses of individual differences in memory and cognitive processes. A tentative theory is presented to account for the differences found in these studies.
Element selective characterization of stability and reactivity of selenium species in selenized yeast

The concerted application of element specific atomic spectral detection for chromatographic eluent monitoring allows previously unexploited qualitative and quantitative analytical concepts to be developed for the determination of selenium species. Selenium speciation is vital in order to better understand its metabolism and biological significance in clinical chemistry, biology, toxicology, and nutrition. Fluoroacid ion pair HPLC with ICP-MS detection and GC derivatization with atomic emission detection (AED) together aid analysis and elucidation of reaction pathways of selenium compounds in high selenium enriched yeast, as used widely in nutritional and clinical cancer preventative studies. Comparisons between currently produced and archived selenized yeasts show major differences in speciation. The formation of selenomethionine selenoxide and the identification of Se–S bonded S-(selenomethyl)-cysteine in archived nutritional yeast may be important for short and long term stability and nutritional activity studies.
Efficient C–H bond activations via O2 cleavage by a dianionic cobalt(II) complex

A dianionic, square planar cobalt(II) complex reacts with O2 in the presence of acetonitrile to give a cyanomethylcobalt(III) complex formed by C–H bond cleavage. Interestingly, PhIO and p-tolyl azide react similarly to give the same cyanomethylcobalt(III) complex. Competition studies with various hydrocarbon substrates indicate that the rate of C–H bond cleavage greatly depends on the pKa of the C–H bond, rather than on the C–H bond dissociation energy. Kinetic isotope experiments reveal a moderate KIE value of ca. 3.5 using either O2 or PhIO. The possible involvement of a cobalt(IV) oxo species in this chemistry is discussed.
A Combination Flame Atomic Fluorescence-Atomic Emission dc Spectrometer for Analysis of Trace Wear Metals in Jet Engine Oils

The combination of flame atomic fluorescence with a continuum source and flame atomic emission was found to provide a convenient method for analyzing Fe, Cu, Ag, and Mg in jet engine lubricating oils in the parts per million range. Dilution of the oils and oil standards to four times the original volume with carbon tetrachloride was found to be optimum for sample preparation.
Propagation of wave packets using the complex basis function method

Abstract The complex basis function method is applied to the problem of wave packet propagation. Two numerical examples are given: free propagation of a Gaussian wave packet in one dimension and a time-dependent treatment of photoionization of the 2p state of the hydrogen atom. In both cases propagation for longer periods is possible using complex basis functions than with real-valued basis sets of the same size. Possible combinations of the complex basis function method with other propagation techniques are suggested.
A Semi-Strong Form Evaluation of the Efficiency of the Hog Futures Market: Comment

In a recent study, Leuthold and Hartmann (hereafter LH) conclude that the live-hog futures market is not efficient. It is the purpose of this note to show that the findings of the LH study do not imply that the hog futures market is inefficient in an economically meaningful sense. The primary issue concerns the definition of efficiency. Although the "efficient market" criterion of the finance literature
Strategies for crystallizing a chromatin protein in complex with the nucleosome core particle

The molecular details of how chromatin factors and enzymes interact with the nucleosome are critical to understanding fundamental genetic processes including cell division and gene regulation. A structural understanding of such processes has been hindered by the difficulty in producing diffraction-quality crystals of chromatin proteins in complex with the nucleosome. We describe here the steps used to grow crystals of the 300-kDa RCC1 chromatin factor/nucleosome core particle complex that diffract to 2.9-A resolution. These steps include both pre- and postcrystallization strategies potentially useful to other complexes. We screened multiple variant RCC1/nucleosome core particle complexes assembled using different RCC1 homologs and deletion variants, and nucleosomes containing nucleosomal DNA with different sequences and lengths, as well as histone deletion variants. We found that using RCC1 from different species produced different crystal forms of the RCC1/nucleosome complex consistent with key crystal packing interactions mediated by RCC1. Optimization of postcrystallization soaks to dehydrate the crystals dramatically improved the diffraction quality of the RCC1/nucleosome crystal from 5.0- to 2.9-A resolution.
Photo-induction of sporangia in Pilobolus crystallinus

The effects of light on sporangial produc- tion by Pilobolus crystallinus were studied using monochromatic light of three wavelengths and a wide variety of photon fluence rates and exposure durations. Plates of cultures grown for 9 d in dark- ness display ca. 1200 trophocysts, 40-90 very tall spo- rangiophores, and no sporangia. Exposure of these cultures to continuous blue light induced the for- mation of 50-90 short sporangiophores, followed by production of sporangia on both kinds of sporangi- ophores. Comparative wavelength effectiveness is partly a function of fluence rate and exposure time: At the two highest fluence rates (1.7 and 0.17 jimoles m2 sec), 420 nm and 450 nm are equally stimulatory while 450 nm irradiation is the most effective light studied at the two lowest intensities (0.017 and 0.001 (moles m2 sec). Irradiation with 480 nm light was never observed to be the most stimulatory and usu- ally was the least effective. These observations regard- ing wavelength effectiveness are similar to those re- ported for sporangiophore phototropism and in con- trast to the wavelength dependence of trophocyst ini- tiation in P kleinii. Reciprocity was not observed; exposure duration appears to be far more important than intensity. Total fluences required for sporangial formation are approximately four orders of magni- tude greater than those needed for phototropism.
An Antenniform Extra Appendage in Dilophus tibialis, Loew

Among the many peculiarities of insects, there is one which is not often mentioned, probably because it is of a negative character. This is the great rari ty of those excessive variations which we are in the habit of calling monsters. Countless specimens of insects, representing thousands of species, annually come under the o h servation of skillful specialists, but nevertheless Hexapod teratology, although it comprises some of the most remarkable and instructive cases e. g. the cases of lateral hermaphroditism observed in some Lepidoptera may be said to make but very little progress. This is not due to insufficient study or to lack of interest on the part of entomologists, but to the great scarcity of really note-worthy anomalies. The Vertebrata, far less abundantly represented in species and individuals, not infrequently exhibit extremely aberrant variations such as double monsters, but no one, to my knowledge, has ever yet recorded the occurrence of a double insect embryo or imago, and the only double larva that I have seen mentioned in the literature is a C b i r o n o m u s which had two heads, the bifurcation of the body beginning at the fifth postcephalic segment1).
Female deception detection as a function of commitment and self-awareness

It was been hypothesized that evolutionary factors including self-awareness and commitment are related to deception detection. In this study, 34 female undergraduates were tested for their ability to detect deception via a video paradigm. Females that were not in a committed relationship were significantly better at detecting males ‘‘faking good’’ as compared to committed females. Further, self-awareness was correlated with the ability to detect deception. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that deception may be related to self-awareness and that such a relationship is related to reproductive advantages secured by the ability to deceive. � 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Transactional Sex Involvement: Exploring Risk and Promotive Factors Among Substance-Using Youth in an Urban Emergency Department

Objective:The current study aims to evaluate individual, relational, and community-level risk and promotive factors for transactional sex involvement among substance-using youth.Method:Youth (ages 14–24 years) presenting for care in an urban emergency department, who reported drug use within the past 6 months, were surveyed as part of a larger study assessing violence. Of the 600 youth enrolled in this study, 350 presented to the emergency department with violent injury. Based on youth presenting with violent injury, a proportionally selected (age and gender) comparison group of youth (n = 250) presenting without violent injury were enrolled. Participants were queried about both risk and promotive factors at the individual, relational, and community levels.Results:Of the sample, 7.3% reported involvement in transactional sex within the past month. Regression analyses indicated that being African American or other race (as compared with White), having more than one sexual partner, depressive symptoms, nega...
Shape-selective platinum/ZSM-5 catalysts

Abstract Shape-selective hydrogenation catalysts containing platinum dispersed inside the channels of ZSM-5 crystals have been prepared. A competitive olefin hydrogenation test was developed to assess the location of active metal sites in ZSM-5-supported catalysts.
Fraud in scientific research: the prosecutor's approach.

(1992). Fraud in scientific research: The prosecutor's approach. Accountability in Research: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 139-151.
Water permeation through Nafion membranes: the role of water activity.

The permeation of water through 1100 equivalent weight Nafion membranes has been measured for film thicknesses of 51−254 μm, temperatures of 30−80 °C, and water activities (aw) from 0.3 to 1 (liquid water). Water permeation coefficients increased with water content in Nafion. For feed side water activity in the range 0 < aw < 0.8, permeation coefficients increased linearly with water activity and scaled inversely with membrane thickness. The permeation coefficients were independent of membrane thickness when the feed side of the membrane was in contact with liquid water (aw = 1). The permeation coefficient for a 127 μm thick membrane increased by a factor of 10 between contacting the feed side of the membrane to water vapor (aw = 0.9) compared to liquid water (aw = 1). Water permeation couples interfacial transport across the fluid membrane interface with water transport through the hydrophilic phase of Nafion. At low water activity the hydrophilic volume fraction is small and permeation is limited by wat...
Arsenic immobilization in soils amended with drinking-water treatment residuals.

Use of Fe/Al hydroxide-containing materials to remediate As-contaminated sites is based on the general notion that As adsorption in soils is primarily controlled by Fe/Al (hydr)oxides. A low-cost and potentially effective substitute for natural Fe/Al hydroxides could be the drinkingwater treatment residuals (WTRs). Earlier work in our laboratory has shown that WTRs are effective sorbents for As in water. We hypothesized that land-applied WTRs would work equally well for As-contaminated soils. Results showed that WTRs significantly (p < 0.001) increased the soil As sorption capacity. All WTR loads (2.5, 5, and 10%) significantly (p < 0.001) increased the overall amount of As sorbed by both soils when compared with that of the unamended controls. The amount of As desorbed with phosphate (7500 mg kg � 1 load) was w50%. The WTR
Dielectric relaxation by restricted rotational diffusion

Abstract The dynamics of rotational diffusion in a cone is characterized by solving the rotational diffusion equation subject to the boundary condition that the
The kinetics of colloid osmotic hemolysis. I. Nystatin-induced lysis

Abstract A kinetic model of colloid osmotic hemolysis for cation-permeable cell has been developed. The model consists of three essential components. The first is a set of flux equations, under the assumption that the membrane potential is equal to the chloride equilibrium potential and that cation fluxes are described by the Goldman flux equation. The second is the osmotic equilibrium model of Freedman and Hoffman that takes into account the non-ideal osmotic behavior of erythrocytes. The third is an empirical relation between hemolysis and cell volume, developed from the lysis behavior in hypoosmotic media. Model simulations are compared with lysis experiments using the antibiotic nystatin to raise cation permeability. The form of the kinetics and inhibition of lysis by sucrose are described well by the model. In additional lysis experiments at different external pH the small pH dependence is accounted for by the model.
What can we learn from b→sγ ?

Abstract We review some recent theoretical progress in the understanding of weak radiative B meson decay, and discuss the implications of present and improved measurements of b→sγ for supersymmetric models.
Channel-forming peptide modulates transepithelial electrical conductance and solute permeability.

NC-1059, a synthetic channel-forming peptide, transiently increases transepithelial electrical conductance (gTE) and ion transport (as indicated by short-circuit current) across Madin-Darby canine ...
Effect of thyrotropin releasing hormone on yield and composition of bovine milk.

Abstract Cows were paired in two groups by lactation number and milk production. Twenty cows in group 1 were injected intramuscularly twice daily (0700 and 1900) for 10 days with 50 μ g thyrotropin releasing hormone in .5ml sterile .85% NaCl and then injected with .5ml .85% NaCl for days 11 to 20. The sequence of treatment was reversed for the 19 cows in group 2. Average milk yield was .66 kg/cow per day greater during the last 5 days of hormone administration relative to the comparable period of NaCl treatment. Average milk yields were increased .72 and .22kg for groups 1 and 2 within 1 day after hormone injections were begun. Average milk production was slightly increased or maintained throughout hormone treatment relative to the period preceding, then decreased approximately 1.8kg 1 to 3 days after withdrawal. Percent protein and fat were unchanged by treatment. We conclude that thyrotropin releasing hormone can increase milk production in dairy cows but does not affect milk composition. The modest increase in milk production caused by the hormone is encouraging to continued study of this tripeptide as a stimulus to milk production.
Common α2- and opiate effector mechanisms in the locus coeruleus: intracellular studies in brain slices

Although α2-adrenoceptor and opiate agonists act through separate receptors on neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC), there are several lines of evidence pointing to shared post-receptor effector mechanisms. Stimulation of either α2- and opiate receptors causes a hyperpolarization of neurons in the locus coeruleus; this effect is due, at least partly, to an opening of a common set of K+ channels. Moreover, the α2- and opiate receptor-induced hyperpolarizations are both reversed, at least partially, by membranepermeable analogs of adenosine 3': 5'-monophosphate (cAMP). These findings fit with biochemical models which propose that α2- and opiate receptors have common actions through inhibiting adenylate cyclase through the inhibitory guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding protein (Gi). As would be predicted by this model, pretreatment with pertussis toxin, an inactivator of Gi, blocks the hyperpolarizing effects of α2-and opiate agonists in the locus coeruleus. These results suggest that the electrophysiological effects, mediated by these receptors, are transduced through Gi (or a closely related G protein). However, new evidence indicates that there may be both cAMP-dependent and cAMP-independent actions, mediated through G proteins. The opening of K+ channels by α2- and opiate receptors appears to be independent of cAMP, whereas a cAMP-dependent inward current (IcAMP) would be affected by the inhibition of adenylate cyclase; these two G protein-mediated events work in concert to produce the α2- and opiate hyperpolarization of neurons in the locus coeruleus.
IL-1α responds to necrotic cell death

Necrosis induces inflammation, but how necrotic cells signal to immune cells was poorly understood. New work by Chen et al. shows that IL-1α acts as a mediator, translating a signal from the necrotic cells to induce the recruitment of immune cells to the site of injury (pages 851–856).
Pulses and global bifurcations in a nonlocal reaction-diffusion system.

Experiments and simulations of simple reaction-diffusion systems in bounded domains with spatially nonlocal coupling display interesting pulse motions that are absent without the nonlocal effect. These include pulses that stick to the boundaries, ``bounce'' off them, or disappear at one boundary and reappear at the other, as if the domain was periodic. We numerically show that, for a two-variable model system, the transitions between these motions occur through global bifurcations. The transition from a wall-bound stationary front to a ``back-and-forth'' moving (bouncing) pulse occurs through a symmetric crisis. This motion evolves into a ``unidirectional'' motion, in which a pulse disappears at one boundary as a new one is born at the other, through a gluing bifurcation. The relationship between the spatiotemporal behavior and its phase-space representation is shown, as well as the importance of the nonlocal effect in creating the required global phase-space structure.
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment decreases dopamine and increases lipofuscin in mouse retina

The compound 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is a relatively selective neurotoxin that destroys dopamine (DA)-containing nigrostriatal neurons. We have now studied the effects of MPTP on retinal dopaminergic neurons. Acute treatment resulted in the accumulation of DA when evaluated by direct chemical analysis or histofluorescence. Chronic treatment resulted in a decrease of DA, an apparent loss of fluorescent cells, and a striking increase of lipofuscin in the retina. Thus, MPTP may be a useful drug for studying the dopaminergic neuronal system of retina and the possible link between neurons and the accumulation of lipofuscin.
Teleconsultation in MR-guided neurosurgery

MR-guided neurosurgery may offer greater accuracy in surgical localization and resection of brain tumors. Proper utilization of MRI for surgical guidance requires real-time consultation with a neuroradiologist during typically lengthy procedures. We sought to build a system that allows fast and efficient tele-radiologic consultation in the MR- surgical suite. We modeled the imaging tasks and data flow for representative MR-guided neurosurgical procedures. Customized viewing modes, which associate specific data and tasks, were designed accordingly. We implemented application sharing in order to allow teleconsultation between the surgeon and a remotely located radiologist during a case. The system described here provides an effective and efficient method for expert tele-consultation during MR-guided neurosurgery.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Substituent effects on the redox properties and structure of substituted triphenylamines. An experimental and computational study

The peak oxidation potentials of a series of polysubstituted triphenylamines were found to be highly linearly correlated (R=0.995) with their ionization potentials as computed by density functional theory. The computations, as well as confirming previous experiments demonstrating the planar geometry of such substances around the central nitrogen atom, also demonstrate substantial resonance interactions between the central nitrogen atom and a nitro group located para or ortho to it; no such interaction is involved in the corresponding amine cation radicals. On the other hand, a methoxy group located para to the central nitrogen atom interacts strongly with the central nitrogen in the cation radical, but not in the neutral amine.
In-house training for instruction librarians

Abstract A library school education does not always prepare librarians to teach information literacy skills to students or to talk constructively with faculty. Thus, on-going training is needed for librarians to develop and practice these skills. This article details four workshops created by University of Arizona (UA) librarians for their colleagues to increase their understanding and use of the Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education, to provide strategies and tools for talking to faculty, and to lay the groundwork for campus-wide advocacy. For each workshop, there is a section on planning, content, evaluation, and reflection.
Changes in the leukocyte phenotype profile of goats infected with the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus.

Abstract The proportions of different sub-populations of leukocytes in five healthy goats and five goats infected with the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) were examined using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. A panel of monoclonal antibodies that identified a monocytegranulocyte marker (GMI); the CD4, CD8, IgM, MHC Class I, MHC Class II and T19 antigens, and the gamma delta (γδ) T cell receptor was used. We observed a significant ( P = 0.016) reduction in the proportion of monocytes in the peripheral blood of infected (5.98%) compared with healthy control goats (9.92%). There was also a decrease in the proportion of CD4+ T lymphocytes that approached significance ( P = 0.076) accompanied by a slight increase in the proportion of CD8+ T lymphocytes, in infected compared with uninfected animals. Consequently, three of the five infected animals had lower CD4:CD8 ratios than any of the healthy animals and two of these three ratios were inverted. Approximately 14% of T cells in the peripheral blood of healthy goats was identified as γδ T cells and all expressed the T19 antigen. A significantly elevated level of γδ T cells ( P = 0.030) and an elevated level of T19 cells were observed in infected, compared with healthy animals. The proportion of leukocytes expressing surface IgM (B cells) was also elevated, although not significantly, in CAEV-infected compared to healthy controls. The changes in peripheral blood leukocyte subsets in infected goats suggest that immune responses to the infection are probably altered in these animals with eventual progression to severe disease and death.
Inverse problems and derivatives of determinants

This paper is about a well-posed and well-conditioned inverse problem. Instead of measurements «at the boundary», we go right inside a network-all nodes and edges are treated equally. By probing the network we find its response to m different source terms. From that information about the system, the goal is to find the conductances on the m edges. The equations are highly nonlinear. What is attractive is the appearance of a convex potential function, whose gradient is zero at the solution. The analysis of the problem becomes an analysis of this potential function
Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders

Rationale Autism and related pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) are characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication, restricted interests, and repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior. Individuals with PDD frequently display irritability and disruptive behaviors including tantrums, self-injurious behavior, and aggression. Atypical antipsychotics are currently the most efficacious pharmacological interventions available for treatment of irritability associated with PDD.
Synthesis and structure–property relationships of donor/acceptor-functionalized bis(dehydrobenzo[18]annuleno)benzenes

Seven new bis(dehydrobenzo[18]annuleno)benzenes (bis[18]DBAs) 1–7 functionalized with electron-donating dibutylamino groups and/or accepting nitro groups at various positions along the peripheries of the chromophores have been prepared. The effects of varying the donor/acceptor charge transfer pathways, chromophore lengths and molecular symmetries upon the optical band gaps are studied using UV–visible spectroscopy, and structure–property correlations are identified. It is found that bis[18]DBAs possessing donor–π–donor and acceptor–π–acceptor pathways exhibit the smallest band gaps, especially when an acceptor–π–acceptor pathway is situated along the longest chromophore length in the molecule. The all-donor species 1 is also found to exhibit efficient fluorescence with dramatic solvatochromism. The results may have value to the rational design of future NLO/TPA device components.
Xenobiotic metabolism in the fourth dimension: PARtners in time

A significant portion of the transcriptome in mammals, including the PAR bZIP transcription factors DBP, HLF, and TEF, is under circadian clock control. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Gachon and colleagues (Gachon et al., 2006) show that disruption of these three genes in mice alters gene expression patterns of many proteins involved in drug metabolism and in liver and kidney responses to xenobiotic agents. Triple mutant mice have severe physiological deficits, including increased hypersensitivity to xenobiotic agents and premature aging, highlighting the profound effect the circadian clock has on this important response system.