cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Architecture as Landscape

This study constitutes the latest reflection on pedagogical research and experimental pedagogical projects involving the representation, design, and computation of ambiances. Led by the author at various architecture schools in France, Japan, and the United States, these creative explorations involving drawings and models offer ways to realize, feel, and fabricate architecture. The projects described were conducted in 2018 in courses offered by the Department of Architecture, Stuckeman School, College of Arts and Architecture at the Pennsylvania State University. They show that architectural productions are not static objects, but instead render a dynamic landscape itself nested within a changing milieu. Through these projects, by looking closely at the parameters of spatial effects, students engaged in processes of design taking movement into account in meaningful ways.
Stability of modulation transfer function calibration of surface profilometers using binary pseudo-random gratings and arrays with nonideal groove shapes

The major problem of measurement of a power spectral den- sity PSD distribution of surface heights with surface profilometers arises due to the unknown modulation transfer function MTF of the instruments, which tends to distort the PSD at higher spatial frequencies. The special mathematical properties of binary pseudo-random patterns make them an ideal basis for developing MTF calibration test surfaces. Two-dimensional binary pseudo-random arrays have been fabricated and used for the MTF calibration of the MicroMap ™ -570 interferometric microscope with all available objectives. An investigation into the effects of fabrication imperfections on the quality of the MTF calibration and a procedure for accounting for such imperfections are presented. © 2010
The treatment of acute agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: investigational drugs in early stages of their clinical development, and their clinical context and potential place in therapy

Introduction: Acute agitation in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder may require pharmacologic management. Ideal medication characteristics for this indication include rapid onset, minimal side effects, and noninvasive administration techniques.Areas Covered: This review summarizes investigational agents in early clinical development for the management of acute agitation in patients with psychosis or mania; it also assesses where these agents may fit with current therapies to provide a clinical perspective. The authors conducted a broad search of clinicaltrials.gov to identify investigational agents for agitation or aggression in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Two medications met the search criteria: dexmedetomidine film (BXCL501) and intranasal olanzapine (INP105).Expert Opinion: Olanzapine is a well-known molecular entity in the psychiatric armamentarium but dexmedetomidine would be a new and unfamiliar agent for mental health providers. Nonetheless, although it is too early to make definitive statements about tolerability and efficacy, their unique administration mechanisms suggest that dexmedetomidine film and intranasal olanzapine may become valuable options for the rapid management of acute agitation in patients who are willing to cooperate with medication therapy.
Using 3D printed sinonasal models to visualize and optimize personalized sinonasal sinus irrigation strategies.

Background Topical sinus irrigations (neti-pot, squeeze bottles) play a critical role in the management of sinonasal disease. However, due to intricate nasal anatomy, penetration of topical irrigations to targeted sinus regions may be highly variable, and difficult to objectively predict. Variables, including head positions, injection angles, flow rates, etc. may vary significantly depending on the individual's anatomy. Objective The purpose of this study was to propose a novel idea: using a 3D printed model of sinonasal cavities to visualize and develop a patient-specific irrigation strategy. Methods As a proof of concept, 3D replicas of one patient's sinonasal cavities pre- and post-surgery were printed with a Form2 SLA 3D printer based on their CT scans. The setup included rubber/silicon seals attached to the model's nostrils to create a watertight seal with the irrigation device and food color dye added for better visualization of irrigation results. Results Irrigations were performed on the 3D models with various head positions, injection angles, and flow rates, and were successful to determine the optimal strategy to targeted sinuses. Significant differences were observed between different targeted sinuses and between pre and post-surgery models. Conclusion With more affordable 3D printing, this technology may potentially improve patient care and patient education, allowing clinicians and patients to develop a personalized irrigation strategy and have visual confirmation.
The MARquette Visualization Lab (MARVL): An Immersive Virtual Environment for Research, Teaching and Collaboration

The MARquette Visualization Lab (MARVL) is a large-scale immersive virtual environment for research, teaching, collaboration and outreach at our mid-sized liberal arts university. MARVL consists of multiple display surfaces including an extra wide front wall and floor, and two side walls. This resource includes stereoscopic viewing, motion tracking and space for a large audience. MARVL’s versatile configuration facilitates viewing of content by 30 people, while also projecting on the entire width of the floor. This feature uniquely facilitates comparative or separate content visible simultaneously via 'split mode' operation (two 3-sided environments), as well as detailed motion for applications such as gait analysis and performing arts. Since establishing the lab, its members have received numerous queries and requests pertaining to how system attributes and applications were determined, suggesting these and related decisions remain a challenge nearly 3 decades since the first CAVE was constructed. This paper provides an overview of MARVL including the processes used in identifying a diverse group of cross campus users, understanding their collective vision for potential use, and synthesizing this information to create the resource described above. The subsequent design, qualitative and quantitative approaches to vendor selection, and software decisions are then discussed. Steps implemented for dealing with simulator sickness and latency are presented along with current approaches being implemented for project development with end-users. Finally, we present results from the use of MARVL by several end-users identified in the early planning stages, and recent upgrades to the system.
Bidirectional regulation of acupuncture and its plausible mechanisms

The effects of acupuncture on functional regulation of biological systems have been studied extensively. The most interesting feature of acupuncture is the bidirectional regulatory ability to restore homeostatic values of body systems from either up or down states, which was found by Chinese biomedical researchers several decades ago, and has recently been observed by peers internationally. Acupuncture can produce two physiological response patterns, an immediate short-term response or/and a long-lasting response. The bidirectional regulatory effects of acupuncture are rarely observed under physiological states (normal homeostasis), rather, they are usually observed under pathological states (abnormal homeostasis) with long-lasting response patterns. This suggests that the effects of acupuncture under pathological states are different from the mechanisms under normal physiological states. This is important for understan-ding and developing acupuncture therapy, and also gives insight into understanding the biological control process itself. The present paper reviews the experimental literature and discusses the four conditions that produce bidirectional regulation of acupuncture, i.e. the inherent properties of the target systems, the functional states of the target system, the acupoint characteristics, and the stimulation parameters. Finally, two hypotheses are proposed to explain the mechanisms of bidirectional effects of acupuncture. The possible peripheral mechanism is that acupuncture can stimulate different types of peripheral nerve fibers to produce opposite regulatory effects; and the possible central mechanisms is that acupuncture might activate the adaptive control process of the central nervous system to restore homeostatic balance.
Detection of Circulating Tumor-specific DNA Methylation Markers in the Blood of Patients with Pituitary Tumors

Abstract Genome-wide DNA methylation aberrations are pervasive and associated with clinicopathological features across pituitary tumors (PT) subtypes. The feasibility to detect CpG methylation abnormalities in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has been reported in central nervous system tumors other than PT. Here, we aimed to profile and identify methylome-based signatures in the serum of patients harboring PT (n =13). Our analysis indicated that serum cfDNA methylome from patients with PT are distinct from the counterparts in patients with other tumors (gliomas, meningiomas, colorectal carcinomas, n =134) and nontumor conditions (n = 4). Furthermore, the serum methylome patterns across PT was associated with functional status and adenohypophyseal cell lineage PT subtypes, recapitulating epigenetic features reported in PT-tissue. A machine learning algorithm using serum PT-specific signatures generated a score that distinguished PT from non-PT conditions with 100% accuracy in our validation set. These preliminary results underpin the potential clinical application of a liquid biopsy-based DNA methylation profiling as a noninvasive approach to identify clinically relevant epigenetic markers that can be used in the management of PT.
Deep Low-Rank Subspace Clustering

This paper is concerned with developing a novel approach to tackle the problem of subspace clustering. The approach introduces a convolutional autoencoder-based architecture to generate low-rank representations (LRR) of input data which are proven to be very suitable for subspace clustering. We propose to insert a fully-connected linear layer and its transpose between the encoder and decoder to implicitly impose a rank constraint on the learned representations. We train this architecture by minimizing a standard deep subspace clustering loss function and then recover underlying subspaces by applying a variant of spectral clustering technique. Extensive experiments on benchmark datasets demonstrate that the proposed model can not only achieve very competitive clustering results using a relatively small network architecture but also can maintain its high level of performance across a wide range of LRRs. This implies that the model can be appropriately combined with the state-of-the-art subspace clustering architectures to produce more accurate results.
Quantifying controllability in temporal networks with uncertainty

Abstract Controllability for Simple Temporal Networks with Uncertainty (STNUs) has thus far been limited to three levels: strong, dynamic, and weak. Because of this, there is currently no systematic way for an agent to assess just how far from being controllable an uncontrollable STNU is. We provide new insights inspired by a geometric interpretation of STNUs to introduce the degrees of strong and dynamic controllability — continuous metrics that measure how far a network is from being controllable. We utilize these metrics to approximate the probabilities that an STNU can be dispatched successfully offline and online respectively. We introduce new methods for predicting the degrees of strong and dynamic controllability for uncontrollable networks. We further generalize these metrics by defining likelihood of controllability, a controllability measure that applies to Probabilistic Simple Temporal Networks (PSTNs). Finally, we empirically demonstrate that these metrics are good predictors of actual dispatch success rate for STNUs and PSTNs.
Characteristics of General Surgery Social Media Influencers on Twitter.

BackgroundThe influence of social media and Twitter in general surgery research, mentorship, networking, and education is growing. Limited data exist regarding individuals who control the dialogue....
Standing Out and Blending In: Contact-Based Research, Ethics, and Positionality

This article explores the ethical difficulties that arise because of the interaction between fieldwork practitioners and their sites, in terms of the positionality of the researcher. What are the ethics of blending in or of standing out? This question stems from my experience of 12 months of fieldwork in South Africa in two distinct locales and among two different populations, one in which I could “pass” and another in which I was marked as various degrees of “outsider.” Drawing on this fieldwork, as well as an overview of the literature in political science on positionality, I argue that our discipline—because of the way it shapes interactions and research outcomes—must take positionality seriously in ethical training and practice.
How Can I Learn the Knowledge and Skills to get Started

Many resources exist for instructors intending to learn about Team-Based Learning. The Team-Based Learning Collaborative (www.teambasedlearning.org) is an international association dedicated to the support of TBL. The TBLC website is an excellent place to access learning resources and collaborate with fellow TBL instructors. Existing TBL modules can be accessed through the membership only section of the TBLC website. High quality open access modules can also be found in MedEdPORTAL (www.mededportal.org), the online journal of instructional materials published by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC). www.epsteineducation.com provides the multiple choice answer form known as the IF-AT, used for group readiness assurance. A variety of books and manuals can also provide helpful instruction. Another strategy is to attend a regional or national workshop provided by a TBL consultant, through the TBLC or other organizations such as the International Association of Medical Science Educators or the AAMC Group on Educational Affairs.
The Biology of the Sutures of the Skull

The sutures of the skull are fibrous joints which accommodate for skull growth throughout development. Complex and coordinated cellular processes regulate their fusion over time. Craniosynostosis results from the premature fusion of cranial sutures, and is a debilitating developmental defect associated with significant morbidities. The objective of suture biology, broadly, is to understand normal and pathological development and morphogenesis. Critical aspects of suture biology include characterization of relevant cell populations and their interactions in suture tissue, emphasized in this chapter. In particular, we place emphasis on the suture mesenchymal stem cell (SMSC) population and recent studies which characterize the role of skeletal stem cells in maintaining a patent suture. Additionally, we discuss interactions between the suture mesenchyme and surrounding pericranium and dura mater. Sutures of the face are similar to sutures of the skull in many ways, functionally, and premature fusion of facial sutures often coincides in diseases involving premature fusion of cranial sutures. However significantly less is known about the stem cell behavior of facial sutures.
Tubular recurrence

We introduce the directed-edge-reinforced random walk and prove that the process is equivalent to a random walk in random environment. Using Oseledec"s multiplicative ergodic theorem, we obtain recurrence and transience criteria for random walks in random environment on graphs with a certain linear structure and apply them to directed-edge-reinforced random walks.
MRI-Based Shoulder Osteoarthritis Severity score (SOAS) is predictive of functional improvement following total shoulder arthroplasty

Abstract Background Total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) is an increasingly common treatment for end-stage glenohumeral osteoarthritis. Current established radiographic measures and classification systems do not predict patient-reported outcomes from TSA. We hypothesized that the MRI-based Shoulder Osteoarthritis Severity (SOAS) Score would correlate with subjective improvement following TSA. Methods Patients undergoing TSA with preoperative shoulder MRIs and pre- and postoperative ASES scores with minimum 2-year follow-up were included from a prospectively collected institutional shoulder arthroplasty database. SOAS scores, which is measured from 0 to 100 with an increasing score reflecting greater global degenerative changes, were assessed by two independent reviewers, and Samilson-Prieto grade and Walch classification were scored by one reviewer. Average SOAS scores were correlated with demographic factors and pre-, post-, and change (Δ) in ASES scores. Statistical analysis was performed with STATA with Pearson's correlation, one-way ANOVA, and ROC analysis, with significance defined by p Results 30 patients (age 63 ± 10 years, 14 females, 16 males) who underwent primary anatomic TSA were included. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for total SOAS scores calculated by reviewers was 0.91. SOAS score correlated significantly with ΔASES (r = 0.61, p = .0003) and preoperative ASES (r = -0.37, p = .042), with greater MRI-based degenerative change associated with greater improvement after TSA and lower preoperative ASES score. No significant relationship was found between either Samilson-Prieto or Walch classification and SOAS or ASES scores. No significant relationship was found between SOAS scores and age, sex, or BMI. Using an MCID of 21 as previously reported, an ROC curve was generated and found to have an AUC of 0.96. A SOAS score cut-point of 36.25 was found to maximize sensitivity and specificity in predicting reaching MCID. Conclusion We observed a significant positive correlation between the MRI-based SOAS score and functional improvement following TSA measured using change in ASES scores, indicating that patients with more advanced degenerative changes on MRI had greater improvement after shoulder replacement surgery. We found that the correlation strength was highest when comparing total SOAS score to ΔASES as opposed to any individual sub-component of the SOAS score. The MRI-based SOAS score for shoulder osteoarthritis may be a valuable tool for predicting patient outcomes following TSA. Level of evidence Level III; Retrospective Cohort Comparison; Prognosis Study
Evaluating the Efficacy of Connected Healthcare: An Empirical Examination of Patient Engagement Systems and Their Impact on Readmission

Connected healthcare is a form of health delivery that connects patients and providers through connected health devices, allowing providers to monitor patient behavior and proactively intervene before an adverse event occurs. Unlike the costs, the benefits of connected healthcare in improving patient behavior and health outcomes are usually difficult to determine. In this study, we examine the efficacy of a connected health system that aimed to reduce readmissions through improved medication adherence. Specifically, we study 1,000 patients with heart disease who received electronic pill bottles that tracked medication adherence. Patients who were non-adherent received active social support that involved different types of feedback such as text messages and calls. By integrating data on adherence, intervention, and readmission, we aim to (1) investigate the efficacy of connected healthcare in promoting medication adherence, (2) examine the relationship between medication adherence and readmission, and (3) develop a dynamic readmission risk-scoring model that considers medication adherence and use the model to better target non-adherent patients. Our findings suggest that patients are more likely to become adherent when they or their partners receive high levels of intervention that involve personalized feedback and when the intervention is escalated quickly and consistently. We also find that long-term adherence to two crucial heart medications, statins and beta-blockers, is strongly associated with reduced readmission risk. Lastly, using counterfactual simulation, we apply the dynamic readmission risk-scoring model to our setting and find that, when using an intervention strategy that prioritizes high-risk patients, we obtain 10% fewer readmissions than we would obtain without considering readmission risk while using the same effort level from the patient support team.
303 Non-functional T cell responses in non-small cell lung cancer are induced during tumor antigen-specific T cell priming in the mediastinal lymph node

Background In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), response to checkpoint blockade therapy (CBT) is associated with tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells, but not all T cell-infiltrated tumors respond to CBT. The subgroup of T cell-infiltrated but CBT-resistant tumors has been clinically described as containing ”non-functional” T cell responses. Mechanisms governing the generation of non-functional T cell responses remain poorly understood, and treatment options for this subgroup are limited. Methods We utilized a transplantable, syngeneic murine NSCLC cell line derived from an autochthonous NSCLC driven by KrasG12D expression and p53 deletion (KP cell line) to model non-functional T cell responses. To study antigen-specific responses, we engineered KP cells to express the model CD8+ T cell antigen SIY for certain experiments. CBT consisted of combined anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-L1 therapy. Results Orthotopic KP lung tumors failed to respond to CBT, but KP flank tumors were controlled by CBT. Lung and flank tumors contained activated CD8+ T cells, providing a platform to compare functional and non-functional CD8+ T cell responses in NSCLC. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that lung tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells lacked effector and exhaustion molecules despite clonal expansion. Analysis of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells revealed that this lung cancer-specific T cell dysfunction was established during priming in lung-draining mediastinal lymph nodes (mLN) despite robust T cell proliferation. RNA sequencing and flow cytometry of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells found that T cells primed in the mLN underwent blunted effector differentiation characterized by a lack of effector molecules CD25, Granzyme B, and TIM-3, but retention of TCF-1. This phenotype persisted in lung tumors, consistent with our initial observations of absent effector and exhaustion molecule expression. Many CD8+ T cells from NSCLC patients expressed an analogous gene expression program distinct from T cell exhaustion. TCF-1+ CD8+ T cells in lung tumors did not mediate tumor control and failed to differentiate into effector cells after CBT. To investigate alternative therapeutic strategies of reinvigorating lung tumor-reactive T cells, we focused on IL-2 and IL-12, as expression of their receptors was reduced in mLN-primed T cells. Administering recombinant IL-2 and IL-12 was sufficient to restore effector T cell differentiation, induce lung tumor control, and significantly extend survival of lung tumor-bearing mice. Conclusions Our results suggest that non-functional CD8+ T cell responses in NSCLC arise from failed effector T cell differentiation during priming. Transient combination therapy with IL-2 and IL-12 overcomes this dysfunctional state to induce protective T cell responses in CBT-resistant tumors. Ethics Approval All mouse experiments were approved by MIT’s Committee on Animal Care (CAC) - DHHS Animal Welfare Assurance # D16-00078
Advice and Help-seeking Intentions Among Youth in Israel: Ethnic and Gender Differences

This study addresses intentions to seek advice and help among Jewish and Arab youths in Israel. The sample included 805 Jewish, 159 Moslem, 42 Christian, and 43 Druze youths. Two instruments were used: a demographic questionnaire and a questionnaire on help-seeking intentions. Results indicated that members of the ethnic groups preferred using different sources for advice and help. Compared to Moslem and Druze youths, Jewish youths preferred to turn to fathers, siblings, school counselors, and social workers; Compared to Arab youths, Jewish youths expressed less intention to seek assistance from their mothers; and compared to Moslem youths, Jewish youths expressed more intention to apply to relatives, supervisors, and clergy than did Moslem youths. Druze youths were more willing than Jews or Christians to ask for advice and help from school counselors and social workers and more willing to ask help from clergy than were Moslem youths. All four ethnic groups expressed a greater intention to seek help from informal rather than formal sources of assistance. Significant gender differences were also found. The implications of the findings for the development of appropriate services for different ethnic groups are discussed.
Dual Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibition for the Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease: Adverse Effects and Unfulfilled Promise

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) affecting individuals with type 1 or type 2 DM and is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in the USA. Estimates of disease burden are projected to increase, with prevalence of nearly one in five adults by 2050. The role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibition in delaying the progression of DN utilizing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers has been well established in multiple controlled trials. Given greater reduction of proteinuria with dual RAAS blockade compared to monotherapy alone, the potential benefit of dual therapy on progression of DN has been tested in three large randomized clinical trials. Unfortunately, results from these studies demonstrated lack of benefit of dual blockade on renal or cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes. The overall objectives of this review are to provide both the rationale for dual blockade as potential therapy as well as review the literature of its use in patients with DN.
Deposition and characterizations of ultrasmooth silver thin films assisted with a germanium wetting layer

In this paper, silver thin films deposited on SiO 2 substrates with a germanium wetting layer fabricated by electron-beam evaporation were studied. The characterization methods of XTEM, FTIR, XRD and XRR were used to study the structural properties of silver thin films with various thicknesses of germanium layers. Silver films deposited with very thin (1-5nm) germanium wetting layers show about one half of improvement in the crystallite sizes comparing silver films without germanium layer. The surface roughness of silver thin films significantly decrease with a thin germanium wetting layer, reaching a roughness minimum around 1-5nm of germanium, but as the germanium layer thickness increases, the silver thin film surface roughness increases. The relatively higher surface energy of germanium and bond dissociation energy of silver-germanium were introduced to explain the effects the germanium layer made to the silver film deposition. However, due to the Stranski-Krastanov growth mode of germanium layer, germanium island formation started with increased thickness (5-15nm), which leads to a rougher surface of silver films. The demonstrated silver thin films are very promising for large-scale applications as molecular anchors, optical metamaterials, plasmonic devices, and several areas of nanophotonics.
School‐Based Social and Emotional Learning Programs

It is important to note that while we acknowledge the centrality of the five developmental arenas reviewed earlier, there may be other developmentally linked areas of change that would impact on implementation efforts. For interventions to succeed, a convergence of a large number of what are essentially developmental influences must take place. Consultants, as well as school leaders, who attempt to implement innovations can hardly keep all of the possible areas clearly in mind and coordinate the affect, cognition, and behavior necessary to do so. Yet, some interventions, like SDM/SPS in TCI, succeed. We hypothesize that for this to happen, a critical mass of those involved in the implementation process must have a generalized, developmental understanding that pervades their work. It may take the form of a generalized expectancy, a superordinate schema, or some other higher-order transactional organizing structure. This is a matter for future research. What is clear, however, is that our understanding of the implementation process (and consultation process) can be enhanced by adding the perspective of a gradient of developmental relevance and applying it to the context of interventions, as a complement to a developmental perspective on the student recipients and their match to developmental content of the intervention itself. Keywords: community psychology; emotional intelligence; institutionalizing innovation; prevention and health promotion; program implementation; social and emotional learning; school-based consultation; school-based professional development; school-based programming; zone of proximal development
Effect of Massachusetts healthcare reform on financial performance of healthcare providers: Panel data analysis

the 2006 Massachusetts health care reform was passed to achieve universal health insurance coverage in the state. This paper analyzes the effect of this reform on financial performance of Massachusetts hospitals. This study uses financial ratios of hospitals to track changes in their financial health after implementation of universal health coverage. The event is described as the implementation of universal health coverage in Massachusetts which took effect in June 2006, and is coded as ‘1’ for before implementation of the law and ‘2’ for after implementation. Financial ratios and Financial Strength Indextm1 of 65 hospitals over ten years (2002–2012) are calculated and used in this study. Panel data analysis includes control variables related to event-period, total assets, and dependent variables such as operating margin and financial strength index. Principal results indicate that the health care reform significantly affects the hospitals' financial strength index in Massachusetts and the extent of impact varies from hospital to hospital due to the characteristics of hospitals in terms of total assets and hospital type. Findings also reveal that operating margin of the hospitals was not significantly affected by the healthcare reform.
Migration of Long-lived Lymphocytes to the Bone Marrow and to Other Lymphomyeloid Tissues in Normal Parabiotic Guinea Pigs

Guinea pigs, in which cells with long life span were selectively labeled (3H-thymidine), were joined in parabiosis to nonlabeled syngeneic litter mates at a time when label reutilization detectable by radioautography could be excluded. The distribution of labeled cells was investigated quantitatively using radioautography and liquid scintillation counting in the marrow and blood at the time of establishment of parabiosis and again at its termination 2 wk later, when the thoracic duct lymph, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus were also examined. Single animals labeled in the same manner served as controls. Of all cells with a slow rate of turnover and long life span, only small lymphocytes entered the circulation and crossed the anastomosis in detectable numbers. As indicated by the similar percentages of labeling in respective tissues, a complete intermixing of long-lived lymphocytes occurred in the bone marrow, lymph, lymph nodes, and spleen of the parabionts. The sum of the per cent labeled lymphocytes in two parabionts was in agreement with the extent of labeling in respective tissues of single controls. The presence of a minor population of lymphocytes with a long life span was confirmed in the marrow. Ten to 30 times as many labeled long-lived lymphocytes migrated into the bone marrow of initially unlabeled animals as were found in an equal volume of blood. The majority, if not all long-lived lymphocytes migrate to the marrow from the blood, and they also reenter the blood. They have a similar life span and in parabionts equilibrate in a similar manner as recirculating long-lived lymphocytes.
Chapter 4 Recent Applications of REDOR to Biological Problems

Abstract Rotational‐echo, double‐resonance NMR (REDOR) was introduced approximately twenty years ago and has been widely used as a tool for structural analysis. The experiment is easy to implement and data analysis is straightforward; these properties have made the experiment useful. REDOR has been applied to a many chemical systems, including proteins and peptides, membranes, polymers, guest‐host systems and inorganic glasses. This article describes some recent applications of REDOR to biological systems during the past five years. While not an exhaustive review of applications, the intent is to illustrate a variety of biological problems that have benefited from the use of REDOR.
Are Social Welfare Policies "Pro-Life"? An Individual-Level Analysis of Low-Income Women

This paper tests the hypothesis that low-income women's likelihood of choosing abortion will decrease as their access to and participation in social welfare programs increases. Though an affirmative finding could challenge the coherence of a morally and fiscally conservative Republican coalition and thus improve prospects for the safety net?s political future, findings from a sample of low-SES, urban mothers do not support this hypothesis. Welfare program participation and state welfare generosity are positively associated with the likelihood of choosing abortion. The existence and magnitude of this relationship, however, is mediated by the rules of state welfare bureaucracies and also varies by women's race and marital status. Limitations on abortion access appear to reduce abortions, while the nongovernmental safety net does not affect abortion decisions.
Doppler radar detection of mechanically resonating objects

The limitations of existing counter-mine technology have motivated the development of an acousto-electromagnetic technique for detecting landmines and other buried objects (Lawrence, D. and Sarabandi, K., IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propag., vol.49, p.1382-92, 2001). This hybrid method exploits the acoustic resonance of an object to discriminate it from soil, plant matter, rocks, and other clutter that cause false alarms for GPR. An object is distinguished based on the Doppler signature imparted to radar signals scattering off the object's vibrating surface. We investigated whether small vibrations in objects can be detected by a sensitive Doppler radar. Objects with known acoustic resonant frequencies (tuning forks) were excited (by a speaker), and their Doppler signatures measured using a CW radar system. In the resulting Doppler return, the carrier signal is frequency modulated by a pure tone. Our Doppler radar succeeded in detecting resonant tuning forks even when the vast majority of the receive power was clutter. The primary limitation on our system's performance was not the sensitivity of the radar, but rather the ability to couple acoustic energy into the forks from a remote source.
Electric Elves: What Went Wrong and Why

Software personal assistants continue to be a topic of signiﬁcant research interest. This article outlines some of the important lessons learned from a successfully-deployed team of personal assistant agents (Electric Elves) in an ofﬁce environment. In the Electric Elves project, a team of almost a dozen personal assistant agents were continually active for seven months. Each elf (agent) represented one person and assisted in daily activities in an actual ofﬁce environment. This project led to several important observations about privacy, adjustable autonomy, and social norms in ofﬁce environments. In addition to outlining some of the key lessons learned we outline our continued research to address some of the concerns raised.
Application of the extended VBN theory to understand consumers’ decisions about green hotels

Abstract An increasing number of hotels are altering their operations proactively to include more environmentally friendly practices. Despite the greater interest in consumers’ green behaviors, the theoretical application of the value-belief-norm (VBN) theory has been used only rarely to investigate consumers’ intentions to visit a green hotel. The purpose of this study was to expand existing knowledge of hotel consumers’ green behaviors by developing and testing an extended VBN theory used in the hospitality literature. More specifically, this study incorporated subjective norms and green trust into the original VBN model as a theoretical framework to understand comprehensively consumers’ decision-making processes with respect to their intentions to visit a green hotel. A web-based survey was used to collect data from a convenience sample of faculty members working at an institution of higher education in the Midwestern United States who have been lodging consumers. Structural equation modeling was applied to test the hypotheses. The results showed that all but subjective norms were successful in explaining consumers’ decision-making processes regarding their intentions to visit a green hotel. The results can assist hotel managers in the adoption and implementation of hotel operations based on the needs of environmentally conscious consumers.
Detection of Parsec-Scale Circular Polarization with the VLBA

Circular polarization has been detected in 3C 279 and 3C 84 at multiple epochs, using the VLBA at 15 GHz. This is the first detection of circular polarization in a compact radio source at VLBI resolution. In the case of 3C 279 the polarization is most likely produced by the conversion of linear to circular polarization by low energy relativistic electrons in the emitting region. If this is so, the absence of Faraday rotation by the same electrons suggests that the jet consists of an electron-positron plasma.
The Quantitative Nutrient-Response Relationship

A quantitative mathematical model for the description of nutrientresponse relationships can be derived by the application of the concepts of a) specific nutrient-macromolecular interaction, b) response proportional to the extent of this interaction, c) law of mass action and d) saturation kinetics. This model can be used to produce the four-parameter mathematical model for physiological responses. The possible uses of the model are discussed, an idealized example is given, and the model is applied to the interpretation and description of a growth experiment in which male, weanling Sprague-Dawley rats are fed diets varying in concentration of an amino acid mixture.
Beaming, Baryon Loading, and the Synchrotron Self-Compton Component in Gamma-Ray Bursts

We present detailed calculations of nonthermal synchrotron and synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) spectra radiated by blast waves that are energized by interactions with a uniform surrounding medium. Radio, optical, X-ray, and gamma-ray light curves and spectral indices are calculated for a standard parameter set that yields hard GRB spectra during the prompt emission phase. No lateral spreading of the blast wave is assumed. Absence of SSC hardenings in observed GRB X-ray afterglows indicates magnetic field generation toward equipartition as the blast wave evolves. EGRET detections of 100 MeV-GeV photons observed promptly and 90 minutes after GRB 940217 are attributed to nonthermal synchrotron radiation and SSC emission from a decelerating blast wave, respectively. The SSC process will produce prompt TeV emission that could be observed from GRBs with redshifts z 0.1, provided γ-γ opacity in the source is small. Measurements of the time dependence of the 100 MeV-GeV spectral indices with the planned Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope mission will chart the evolution of the SSC component and test the external shock scenario. Transient optical and X-ray emissions from misaligned GRBs are generally much weaker than on-axis emissions produced by dirty and clean fireballs that would themselves not trigger a GRB detector; thus, detection of long-wavelength transients not associated with GRBs will not unambiguously demonstrate GRB beaming.
THE BIOLOGY OF TRYPANOSOMA RANARUM (LANKESTER, 1871). III. LOCALIZATION OF ACID AND ALKALINE PHOSPHATASES IN FLAGELLATES GROWN AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES.

SYNOPSIS. Alkaline (pH 8.4) and acid (pH 5.4) phospha-tases were demonstrated in the cytoplasm of culture forms of Trypanosoma ranarum by the naphthol-AS methods. The enzymes were in both slender and pear-shaped flagellates, and variaticn of incubation temperature (10°, 31° and room temperature) did not adversely influence the appearance of the chromogenic granules. Enzyme determinations by sulfide methods indicated that alkaline phosphatase was concentrated in the nuclear area. Acid phosphatase could not be found by this method.
Firm characteristics and location: The case of the institutional investment advisory industry in the United States, 1983-1996

This article examines the locational dynamics of the institutional investment advisory industry in the United States, 1983-1996, focusing on the factors and firm characteristics that account for institutional investment management firms' location. The institutional investment advisory industry, one of the fastest growing industries in the financial services sector, includes firms that manage the securities portfolios of institutional clients (e.g., corporate pension funds) for a fee. Descriptive and logit analyses are used to identify, compare and contrast those factors and firm characteristics associated with firm location outside (versus inside) the traditional investment management core. The findings presented in this article diminish the notion that access to a skilled financial services labor pool and a high-quality and diversified transportation and communications infrastructure is only available in the traditional core.
Truncated Forms of the Recombinant Escherichia coli ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase: The Importance of the N-Terminal Region for Allosteric Activation and Inhibition

Truncated forms of Escherichia coli ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase were constructed using recombinant DNA techniques. A truncated form of the enzyme having the first 11 amino acid residues from the N-terminus and 2 amino acid residues from the C-terminus deleted was found to be highly active in absence of activator. A 1.6-fold activation by 1.5 mM fructose 1,6 bis-phosphate was observed for the truncated enzyme as compared to the 30-fold activation seen for the intact enzyme. Inhibition of the truncated enzyme by AMP was less than that seen with the intact enzyme. Similar properties were displayed by an enzyme truncated only at the N-terminal. Conversely, the C-terminal truncated enzyme shortened by 2 amino acid residues at the C-terminus is as sensitive as the intact enzyme to activation and inhibition. These results suggest that the N-terminal region is required for allosteric regulation of the enzyme.
Non-classical light generated by quantum-noise-driven cavity optomechanics

The effect of quantum radiation-pressure fluctuations on the collective motion of ultracold atoms is observed in a cavity-optomechanical system, and the back-action of this motion on the cavity light field is shown to produce sub-shot-noise optical squeezing. Cavity optomechanics — the study of the phenomenon by which light exerts a force on massive objects in a cavity through a force known as radiation pressure — is a highly active research field. Until now it has not been possible to detect quantum aspects of this force because of the masking effect of technical and thermal noise. Here, Daniel Brooks et al. report a cavity optomechanical system consisting of ultracold atoms in which the collective atomic motion is dominantly driven by fluctuations in quantum radiation pressure. The back-action of this motion onto the cavity light field produces a quantum effect known as ponderomotive squeezing. The results could lead to various applications, including subquantum-limited measurements in optomechanical sensors, fundamental tests of quantum mechanics at macroscopic scales and mechanical links between quantum devices. Optomechanical systems1, in which light drives and is affected by the motion of a massive object, will comprise a new framework for nonlinear quantum optics, with applications ranging from the storage2,3,4 and transduction5,6 of quantum information to enhanced detection sensitivity in gravitational wave detectors7,8. However, quantum optical effects in optomechanical systems have remained obscure, because their detection requires the object’s motion to be dominated by vacuum fluctuations in the optical radiation pressure; so far, direct observations have been stymied by technical and thermal noise. Here we report an implementation of cavity optomechanics9,10 using ultracold atoms in which the collective atomic motion is dominantly driven by quantum fluctuations in radiation pressure. The back-action of this motion onto the cavity light field produces ponderomotive squeezing11,12. We detect this quantum phenomenon by measuring sub-shot-noise optical squeezing. Furthermore, the system acts as a low-power, high-gain, nonlinear parametric amplifier for optical fluctuations, demonstrating a gain of 20 dB with a pump corresponding to an average of only seven intracavity photons. These findings may pave the way for low-power quantum optical devices, surpassing quantum limits on position and force sensing13,14, and the control and measurement of motion in quantum gases.
Early risk assessment of severe preeclampsia: Admission battery of symptoms and laboratory tests to predict likelihood of subsequent significant maternal morbidity

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to investigate the utility of an admission battery of findings and laboratory data in the discrimination of patients with severe preeclampsia with or without HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels, and low platelet count) syndrome at high risk for development of significant maternal morbidity. Study Design: The clinical and laboratory findings at hospital admission for 970 patients with severe preeclampsia with or without HELLP syndrome were studied retrospectively to develop parameters associated with low, moderate, and high risks for the subsequent development of significant maternal morbidity involving the hematologic and coagulation, cardiopulmonary, and hepatorenal systems. Results: Nausea and vomiting and epigastric pain are independent risk factors for complicated severe preeclampsia. Results of a panel of tests with values including lactate dehydrogenase level >1400 IU/L, aspartate aminotransferase level >150 IU/L, alanine aminotransferase level >100 IU/L, uric acid level >7.8 mg/dL, serum creatinine level >1.0 mg/dL, and 4+ urinary protein by dipstick can be used to discriminate the patient at high risk for significant maternal morbidity. Concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and uric acid above these cut points have the strongest predictive value and are risk additive with worsening thrombocytopenia. Conclusion: The presence of nausea and vomiting, epigastric pain, or both in association with admission laboratory values that are in excess of the cutoffs for lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and uric acid concentrations or for all 6 tests is predictive of high risk of morbidity for the patient with severe preeclampsia. These factors are independent of and additive with the rising maternal risk associated with decreasing platelet count. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:1407-14.)