cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advanced Vehicle State Estimation: A Tutorial and Comparative Study

Abstract Autonomous vehicles require high bandwidth, high sample rate, precision vehicle and world relative state estimation, especially those such as automobiles that involve human safety with a mixed set of vehicles operating in a complex environment containing humans. An additional requirement is high reliability. Such systems will ultimately involve a multiplicity of sensor modalities. Sensor fusion is critical to achieving these application requirements. Several of the sensors (e.g., vision, radar, Lidar, ultrasound, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)) have various spurious measurement types. Standard Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) approaches are not sufficiently reliable at removing the effects of such spurious measurements. The EKF approach must decide at the time each measurement arrives whether it is valid. If so, the measurement is used and discarded; otherwise it is not used and discarded. When that decision is wrong, either measurement information is lost or the state and covariance estimates are corrupted. Either situation can result in divergence of the EKF. An alternative is to maintain all recent measurement data within a moving time-horizon. This window of data can be processed within a Bayesian framework to extract the optimal state trajectory estimate over the time-horizon, under various fault scenario assumptions. Because the time window of data is maintained it is straightforward to change the assumptions as to which data are valid and reprocess the data. Therefore, in prior articles, this approach was referred to as a Contemplative Real-Time (CRT) estimator. It is closely related to Moving Horizon Estimation (MHE) and Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM). This paper has tutorial content explaining the interrelationships between the EKF, Iterated Extended Kalman Filter (IEKF), and CRT within the Bayesian framework; discussion of the fault detection procedures, and comparative experimental results.
Bioluminescence Tomography Guided Small-Animal Radiation Therapy and Tumor Response Assessment.

Purpose The image guided small animal arc radiation treatment platform has adopted onboard cone beam computed tomography and bioluminescence tomography (BLT). We used BLT to guide irradiation delivery and quantitatively assess irradiation-induced tumor response. Methods and Materials BLT was first validated on a tissue-simulating phantom, where the internal chemiluminescent liquid had a constant volume while its luminescence intensity gradually decayed. Then, in vivo experiments were performed on BALB/c mice orthotopically inoculated with 4T1 breast carcinoma cells expressing luciferase. Animals either received radiation treatment (radiation therapy [RT] group, n = 9) or did not (control group, n = 9). BLT was used to guide delivery of a single-fraction 5-Gy radiation dose to the tumor and to evaluate the treatment response. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining was used to evaluate irradiation-induced DNA damage and cell apoptosis. Results Phantom results showed that BLT not only recovered the constant target volume with Conclusions BLT onboard the image guided small animal arc radiation treatment platform can be used to accurately guide irradiation delivery and to quantitatively assess treatment response by simultaneously monitoring tumor volume and cancer cell population.
A Collaborative Telemedicine Platform Focusing on Paranasal Sinus Segmentation

Telemedicine is an important diagnostic auxiliary tool. This field has recently begun a period of explosive growth. In this paper, we combine mobile devices and image processing algorithms to develop a real-time collaborative image processing telemedicine platform for mobile devices. This C/S mode platform is based on C++, which is mainly implemented by VTK and ITK. In addition to implementing image transmission, 3D visualization and remote rendering, we focus on paranasal sinus CT and adopt automatic medical image segmentation function using the DRLSE algorithm. Besides, collaboration function ensures that users can process images in real time using mobile devices, which benefits communication between medical experts. Through testing, the platform is proved to be able to maintain stable bandwidth demand even in crowded network. According to the current research, this is the first platform to combine paranasal sinus CT image analysis with telemedicine. Therefore, our platform outperforms conventional teleradiology platform in functional completeness. Our platform helps radiologists and medical specialists to make correct diagnoses.
Vantage Theory Meets Cognitive Psychology: A Synthesis with Frame Theory.

Abstract The structure of categorical mental representation is widely discussed in cognitive psychology. Barsalou’s frame theory, which assumes that categories are represented by values, attributes, and relations, refines the assumption in MacLaury’s vantage theory that categories are constructed via an arrangement of fixed and mobile coordinates. While frame theory elaborates on representational components, vantage theory supplies a framework of cognitive processing that organizes these components. A synthesis of theories is supported by empirical evidence showing that temporary vantages can be created in working memory in response to instructions. The roles of similarity and difference in category processing are discussed.
Substance Abuse in Girls

Substance use and abuse in girls encompasses using tobacco (primarily cigarettes), drinking alcohol, smoking marijuana, and using other illicit drugs. Although there is co-occurrence among the use of substances, with some similarity in causes and consequences, each substance is unique, with a unique developmental trajectory and a unique set of predictors. In general, boys engage in more binge drinking and use marijuana and other illicit drugs more frequently than girls (Johnston, O’Malley, & Bachman, 2002). Boys also report more problems (i.e., missed school or work) associated with substance use than girls (Johnston et al., 2002). In addition, although boys initiate alcohol and cigarette use at a younger age than girls, girls quickly catch up, so that use is similar in the late teens and young adulthood. Further, more girls use prescribed psychoactive substances than boys throughout adolescence (Johnston et al., 2000). Despite the known gender differences in use and abuse of substances, the literature is sparse on this subject. Studies that have guided theoretical frameworks developed to understand the etiology of substance use have often been based on male samples (e.g., Loeber, Keenan, & Zhang, 1997; Patterson, Reid, & Dishion, 1992). Other studies have not investigated gender differences (e.g., Bentler, 1992; Newcomb & Bentler, 1988), or have analyzed findings for males and females separately (e.g., Jessor, Jessor, & Finney, 1973), with no attempt at comparison. Gender differences are inferred if an effect is significant for one gender, but not the other (e.g., Ensminger et al. 1982). More recent work has explored the moderating effects of gender by directly examining interactions of the proposed risk factor and gender (Moffitt, Caspi, Rutter, & Silva, 2001). This latter work and those similar to it are the most fruitful in identifying and understanding the processes explaining gender differences. In this chapter, I will summarize the literature regarding gender differences in the prevalence,
Exponentiated Strongly Rayleigh Distributions

Strongly Rayleigh (SR) measures are discrete probability distributions over the subsets of a ground set. They enjoy strong negative dependence properties, as a result of which they assign higher probability to subsets of diverse elements. We introduce in this paper Exponentiated Strongly Rayleigh (ESR) measures, which sharpen (or smoothen) the negative dependence property of SR measures via a single parameter (the exponent) that can intuitively understood as an inverse temperature. We develop efficient MCMC procedures for approximate sampling from ESRs, and obtain explicit mixing time bounds for two concrete instances: exponentiated versions of Determinantal Point Processes and Dual Volume Sampling. We illustrate some of the potential of ESRs, by applying them to a few machine learning tasks; empirical results confirm that beyond their theoretical appeal, ESR-based models hold significant promise for these tasks.
Assessing the Impact of Lumbricid Earthworms on Forest Seeds in Northeastern Ohio

This study examines the capacity of two nonnative lumbricid earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris and L. rubellus, to ingest and digest the seeds of herbaceous plants and affect their distribution in forest soils of northeastern Ohio. A survey of earthworms in a forested area of Cleveland Metroparks revealed Lumbricus was the most common and widely distributed earthworm genus, although Aporrectodea and Octolasion were also well represented. A total of 120 soil samples taken adjacent to earthworm sampling plots and placed in a growth chamber yielded a total of 35 germinations. The germinations occurred primarily in the upper 8 cm of the soil profile, suggesting limited redistribution of seeds by earthworms. Growth chamber feeding trials using seeds ranging in size from approximately 2 to 5 mm maximum linear dimension revealed that both species of earthworm will consume and digest seeds that measure up to between 3 and 4 mm. Lumbricus terrestris consistently ingested and digested more than twice as many seeds as did the substantially smaller L. rubellus. Comparisons of the germination rates of seeds egested by the earthworms with rates for seeds that were not ingested showed no impact on germination due to egestion, suggesting ingestion and subsequent egestion of seeds by lumbricid earthworms does not enhance germination. By ingesting and digesting seeds, L. rubellus and L. terrestris should reduce the number of viable seeds in the soil and, thereby, contribute to changes in forest vegetation.
Affine Grassmannians and Hessenberg Schubert Cells

We give an overview of the linear algebra, geometry, and combinatorics of affine Grassmannians along the lines of Fulton’s Young Tableaux for classical Grassmannians. We discuss geometric and linear algebraic aspects of the decomposition of the affine Grassmannian into affine Schubert cells in terms of coset representatives and linear models. We describe (Grassmannian) Hessenberg Schubert cells and show that every affine Schubert cell can be realized as a Hessenberg Schubert cell in a complete flag variety and as a Grassmannian Hessenberg Schubert cell in a finite Grassmannian.
La Grippe or Russian influenza: Mortality statistics during the 1890 Epidemic in Indiana

Background The Russian influenza, which began in late 1889, has long been recognized as a major global epidemic yet available statistical evidence for morbidity and mortality has not been fully examined using historical and epidemiological tools. This study of cases and deaths in Indiana during the extended time period associated with the Russian influenza is the first scholarly effort to determine the number of victims from this influenza outbreak across a broad regional case study in the US. Methods The sources for this study include historical records from the US Census, Annual Reports from the Indiana State Board of Health, and death notices published in newspapers. The available evidence is analyzed using historical and epidemiological methods to determine the consistency of reporting categories, the accuracy of death records, and the applicability of contemporary categories for measuring mortality. Results In the 3 years during and following the outbreak of "Russian influenza" in January 1890 in the state of Indiana, approximately 3200 died specifically of this disease while a total of 11 700 died of influenza and other respiratory diseases. These results confirm that extremely widespread influenza contributed to higher than normal death rates by causing additional deaths in related categories, especially pneumonia and other respiratory diseases. Conclusions More reliable and thorough analysis of morbidity and mortality during the Russian influenza based on systematic and critical review of local, regional, and national statistics can inform contemporary understanding of the long-term history of influenza epidemics.
Hopf algebras of dimension 2p

Let H be a finite-dimensional Hopf algebra over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0. If H is not semisimple and dim(H) = 2n for some odd integer n, then H or H* is not unimodular. Using this result, we prove that if dim(H) = 2p for some odd prime p, then H is semisimple. This completes the classification of Hopf algebras of dimension 2p.
“This Is Shared Work:” Negotiating Boundaries in a Social Service Intermediary Organization

This article discusses the results from our fieldwork at a social service intermediary organization working to reform criminal justice institutions in a large city in the American South. Our findings focus on organizational staff’s relationships with information and communication technologies (ICTs), both in the course of their daily work of delivering care work to vulnerable participants, as well as the project’s broader political goals to reduce recidivism and repair community relationships with local police. The group needed to distinguish and negotiate the various—and often competing—needs and commitments of the civic actors involved. As on-site researchers, we were asked to design and deploy digital tools to support the organization in exchange for conducting research on organizational uses of technology. This work draws from our time with the group to ask: how might community-based researchers revisit and realign our research methods to better respond to the changing needs and practices of a research site? Our observations identified three recurring technological concerns expressed by staff that pointed to competing agendas and needs within the organization, specifically across different levels of scale: operational, proximal, and temporal. We then discuss these patterns around broader organizational concerns to reflect on how they impacted our own research methods and commitments. Finally, we reflect on the limitations of participatory methods in issue-oriented organizations that do progressive work across multiple scales and agendas.
Streaming Balanced Clustering.

Clustering of data points in metric space is among the most fundamental problems in computer science with plenty of applications in data mining, information retrieval and machine learning. Due to the necessity of clustering of large datasets, several streaming algorithms have been developed for different variants of clustering problems such as $k$-median and $k$-means problems. However, despite the importance of the context, the current understanding of balanced clustering (or more generally capacitated clustering) in the streaming setting is very limited. The only previously known streaming approximation algorithm for capacitated clustering requires three passes and only handles insertions. In this work, we develop \emph{the first single pass streaming algorithm} for a general class of clustering problems that includes capacitated $k$-median and capacitated $k$-means in Euclidean space, using only poly$( k d \log \Delta)$ space, where $k$ is the number of clusters, $d$ is the dimension and $\Delta$ is the maximum relative range of a coordinate. (Note that $d\log \Delta$ is the space required to represent one point.) This algorithm only violates the capacity constraint by a $1+\epsilon$ factor. Interestingly, unlike the previous algorithm, our algorithm handles both insertions and deletions of points. To provide this result we define a decomposition of the space via some curved half-spaces. We used this decomposition to design a strong coreset of size poly$( k d \log \Delta)$ for balanced clustering. Then, we show that this coreset is implementable in the streaming and distributed settings.
Transposable elements teach T cells new tricks

Mammalian genomes are replete with transposable elements (TEs): parasitic genetic sequences that can replicate to high copy numbers within host genomes (1). TEs are widely recognized as a potent source of cell type- and context-specific regulatory elements (2, 3). In PNAS, Ye et al. (4) analyze chromatin profiling data from mouse CD8+ T lymphocytes and find that multiple TE families contribute to predicted regulatory sequences. Compared to other cells, immune cells show the highest enrichment of TE-derived enhancers (Fig. 1), suggesting that TE cooption may preferentially influence immune regulatory networks. Fig. 1. Ye et al. (4) observe higher occurrences of TEs near immune genes. They hypothesize that the abundance of TEs in immune-associated regions of the mouse genome has enabled their regulatory cooption as immune enhancers, potentially facilitating the rapid regulatory evolution needed for adaptive immunity. Transcriptional regulatory networks underlie the gene expression programs that determine cellular identity, function, and response to stimuli. In the genome, regulatory elements such as promoters and enhancers act as “wires” to connect genes into regulatory networks and control nearby gene expression. Changes to regulatory networks are recognized as an important mechanism for organismal evolution (5), but mechanisms driving the emergence of new regulatory elements are still poorly understood. Owing to their ability to replicate throughout the host genome, TEs have long been hypothesized to play a role in the evolution of regulatory networks (6, 7). Although most TEs no longer encode functional proteins, many retain transcription factor binding sites and can thus alter the expression of nearby genes. Over the past decade, there have been numerous studies characterizing important roles for TEs in host gene regulation (reviewed in ref. 2). These findings point to the cooption of TEs as a general mechanism shaping the evolution of mammalian gene regulatory networks. As studies in … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: edward.chuong{at}colorado.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
18 – Mental Retardation

Publisher Summary Mental retardation is a disorder that is characterized by significant limitations in cognitive functioning and adaptive behavior. Conducting a thorough assessment is essential to providing effective services for individuals with mental retardation. Reliable and valid assessment protocols incorporate multiple methods and multiple sources in order to obtain the information needed to make an accurate diagnosis of mental retardation as well as to guide intervention efforts. When assessing cognitive ability, it is important to ensure that testing procedures are sensitive to the child's ethnic, cultural, or linguistic background. Using tests in which the child's relevant characteristics are represented in the standardization sample of the test, or employing an examiner who is familiar with aspects of the child's ethnic or cultural background will help accomplish this. The criterion for a diagnosis of mental retardation is approximately two standard deviations below the mean (IQ of about 70 or below), taking into consideration the standard error of measurement for the specific assessment instrument used, and the instrument's strengths and limitations. Selection of assessment procedures and interpretation of results should take into account factors that may limit test performance (that is, the child's sociocultural background, native language, and associated communicative, motor, and sensory difficulties). When significant scatter in subtest scores is present, the profile of strengths and weaknesses, instead of the mathematically derived full-scale IQ reflects the child's learning abilities more accurately.
Foreign objects in colonial-era hawaiian sites: Change and continuity in nineteenth-century Nu'alolo Kai, Kaua'i Island

Archaeologists in Hawai'i, and Polynesia generally, have often struggled to exploit the interpretive potential of foreign artefacts in indigenous settings. This paper considers a consequential fore...
Concavity of Condenser Energy Under Boundary Variations

Let $$D_{0}$$ , $$D_{1}$$ be two bounded domains in $${\mathbb {R}}^{n}$$ , $$n\ge 2$$ , such that $$\overline{D_{0}}\subset D_{1}$$ and $$\partial D_{0}$$ and $$\partial D_{1}$$ are closed surfaces. Consider a variation of $$D_{0}$$ to $$D_{1}$$ via a family of smooth domains $$D_{t}$$ , $$t\in (0,1)$$ , whose boundaries $$\partial D_{t}$$ are level sets of a $$C^{2}$$ function V on $$D_{1}\setminus D_{0}$$ . Let K be an arbitrary compact subset of $$D_{0}$$ and let $$I(D_{t},K)$$ be the equilibrium energy of the condenser $$(D_{t},K)$$ . We show that the function $$f(t):=I(D_{t},K)$$ is continuously differentiable. In addition, we show that, if V is subharmonic, then f is a concave function. We characterize the cases where f is affine by showing that this occurs if and only if $$\partial D_{t}$$ are level sets of the equilibrium potential of the condenser $$(D_{1},K)$$ . This is a generalization of a result obtained by R. Laugesen [14] when the domains $$D_{t}$$ are concentric balls.
Robust estimation of spatially varying common-mode components in GPS time-series

We present a new method to estimate common-mode components (CMC) in global positioning system (GPS) position time-series. The method (‘CMC Imaging’) is fully automated, relies entirely on robust statistics, and exploits the recent proliferation of GPS stations by allowing stations with relatively short time-series to be considered as filter stations as well. The spatial extent of the CMC is purposely defined as local as possible and constrained by the proximity of nearby GPS stations. Our approach also avoids the need for subjective assignment of filter stations; every station is considered and those stations that deviate significantly from the local CMC are flagged and excluded as filter stations. We study thousands of GPS position time-series in the intraplate area of western Europe, and we show that CMC Imaging method is superior to other approaches in terms of noise reduction: we obtain an RMS reduction of 50%, 44% and 39% in the residual time-series in vertical, east, and north components, respectively. We show the importance of using filter stations that are as local as possible, because of systematic lateral variations in inter-station correlations and indeed in CMC, particularly in the vertical component. Those spatial variations are largest for continental stations, particularly those around the Baltic Sea, and could be due to atmospheric and nontidal ocean loading. CMC filtering has a large influence on reducing the temporal trend variability and approximately doubles the trend accuracy (by comparing variability in short-term trends with the long-term estimate).
Counsel Conflict Dilemmas in Mergers and Acquisitions

This article analyzes an important dilemma that raises liability and ethical concerns: Attorney conflicts of interest in the specialized setting of corporate acquisitions and mergers. The ensuing discussion seeks to present a concrete analysis in conjunction with a recommended framework of attorney conflicts of interest in the publicly-held corporate acquisition context. First, the article will present a general overview of conflicts of interest for the corporate counsel. Second, these conflicts issues will be addressed in the corporate takeover setting, followed by an examination of such conflicts in parent-subsidiary mergers and leveraged buyouts in which incumbent management obtains a substantial equity interest in the entity. Third, the article will focus on counsel's conflicts of interest in the corporate acquisition context when advising committees of the board of directors. Thereafter, the substantive impact of various procedural mechanisms will be explored.
Introduction to Vector Field Visualization

Vector field visualization techniques are essential to help us understand the complex dynamics of flow fields. These can be found in a wide range of applications such as study of flows around an aircraft, the blood flow in our heart chambers, ocean circulation models, and severe weather predictions. The vector fields from these various applications can be visually depicted using a number of techniques such as particle traces and advecting textures. In this tutorial, we present several fundamental algorithms in flow visualization including particle integration, particle tracking in time-dependent flows, and seeding strategies. For flows near surfaces, a wide variety of synthetic texture-based algorithms have been developed to depict near-body flow features. The most common approach is based on the Line Integral Convolution (LIC) algorithm. There also exist extensions of LIC to support more flexible texture generations for 3D flow data. This tutorial reviews these algorithms. Tensor fields are found in several real-world applications and also require the aid of visualization to help users understand their data sets. Examples where one can find tensor fields include mechanics to see how material respond to external forces, civil engineering and geomechanics of roads and bridges, and the study of neural pathway via diffusion tensor imaging. This tutorial will provide an overview of the different tensor field visualization techniques, discuss basic tensor decompositions, and go into detail on glyph based methods, deformation based methods, and streamline based methods. Practical examples will be used when presenting the methods; and applications from some case studies will be used as part of the motivation.
Child Behavioral Neuropsychology

For many years there has been a realization that neuropsychological functioning and learning theory overlap to a considerable degree. One of the first persons to differentiate brain and mind was the famous British neurologist, John Hughlings Jackson, who made this observation in 1872. In addition, Gaddes (1981) suggests that contemporary models and conceptualizations regarding learning disabilities have their beginnings in the research of 19th century neurologists who first began to explore the relationship of human brain structure and spoken and written language. As noted by Horton and Wedding (1984), many workers have made contributions to this effort.
Generalized expected utility analysis and preference reversals

Abstract In this paper a series of experiments are reported using human subjects choosing over distributions of negative expected value. The experiments were designed to examine preference reversals and fanning out type violations of expected utility theory. Each subject was endowed with an initial wealth position and asked to choose between lotteries in which they were forced, if they lost, to forfeit a portion of their fixed endowment. Consistent and systematic violations of expected utility theory were found within the loss domain which were a mirror reflection of those found within the gain domain. Preference reversals were also present over losses, but the reversal rate was lower than the rate for prospects with positive expected value. No relationship between fanning out type violations of expected utility theory and preference reversals was found, in contrast to recent theoretical predictions.
Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: Contemporary Medical Management

Hospitalizations for acute decompensated heart failure are increasing in the United States. Moreover, the prevalence of heart failure is increasing consequent to an increased number of older individuals, as well as to improvement in therapies for coronary artery disease and sudden cardiac death that have enabled patients to live longer with cardiovascular disease. The main treatment goals in the hospitalized patient with heart failure are to restore euvolemia and to minimize adverse events. Common in-hospital treatments include intravenous diuretics, vasodilators, and inotropic agents. Novel pharmaceutical agents have shown promise in the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure and may simplify the treatment and reduce the morbidity associated with the disease. This review summarizes the contemporary management of patients with acute decompensated heart failure.
Involvement of Directly Repeated Sequences in the Generation of Deletions of the Avian Sarcoma Virus src Gene

Abstract Nucleotide sequence analysis of two molecular clones of transformation-defective avian sarcoma virus indicate that direct repeated sequences of 6 and 20 nucleotides are involved in the formation of the src deletions in these clones.
Development of Novel Probiotic and Synbiotic Mouse Diets Containing Bifidobacterium infantis, Whole Cranberry Powder and Pectin

Current methods of feeding probiotics in animal models are limited to oral gavage, suspension in drinking water or the addition of freeze-dried bacteria to dry food pellets; these methods may cause...
Sorption of silver ions by Chelex 100 chelating resin

Sorption of Ag+, Ag(NH3) n + , and anionic complexes of silver with chloride and thiocyanate ions by Chelex 100, a chelating resin, were investigated systematically. The results are utilized to interpret the seemingly contradictory data available in the literature
Muscle fatigue from losing your PHD.

Prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) sense oxygen, regulate levels of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), and permit hypoxic adaptation. A new study by Aragones et al. (2008) demonstrates that mice lacking skeletal muscle PHD1 have decreased exercise tolerance and oxygen consumption but remarkably tolerate ischemia in a HIF-2α- and PPARα-dependent fashion.
Analysis of volatiles and semivolatiles in drinking water by microextraction and thermal desorption

A new technique to analyze aqueous samples for nanograms per liter levels of volatile and semivolatile compounds using microextraction and thermal desorption into a gas chromatograph/ion trap mass spectrometer (GC/MS) is described. This method is inherently sensitive (50 mL of aqueous sample is extracted prior to each desorption), uses no solvents, and detects volatiles and semivolatiles in the same analysis. Aqueous standards and environmental samples are pumped through a length of porous-layer open-tubular capillary column, which is then thermally desorbed onto a 30 m x 0.25 mm i.d. analytical column interfaced to an ion trap mass spectrometer for subsequent separation and detection. Sharp chromatographic peaks and reproducible retention times (RT) were observed. Replicate injections of surrogates (n=6) averaged 32.6% R.S.D. Analysis of domestic tap water detected 55 analytes, some at the low-nanograms per liter level, and detected 3 halogenated ethenes, not previously reported in drinking water. Analysis of an aqueous sample from a municipal ground water source detected the presence of numerous semivolatile compounds at trace-levels.
Fabrication of large-area x-rays masks for UDXRL on beryllium using thin film UV lithography and x-ray backside exposure

A method to fabricate a high precision X-ray mask for Ultra Deep X-ray Lithography (UDXRL) is presented in this paper by use of a single substrate. Firstly, an 8-μm layer of positive photoresist is patterned on a 500 μm thick beryllium substrate by use of UV lithography and 5 μm gold is electroplated out of a sulfite based commercial plating solution. Secondly, the photoresist is removed and 15 μm of SU-8 is spincoated and baked. The layer of SU-8 is patterned by use of an exposure from the backside of the substrate with a soft X-ray source, followed by post-exposure bake and development. An additional 5 μm layer of gold is electroplated on top of the first gold pattern thereby increasing the total thickness of the absorber on the X-ray mask to 10 μm. After the removal of the SU-8 resist, the second step of the process is repeated by use of a thicker layer of SU-8 (up to 100 μm) to obtain the high-precision and high-aspect ratio absorber pattern. Using this method, the maximum dimensional error of the fabricated gold pattern remains under 1 μm, while the smallest absorber feature size is 10 μm.
The metabolism of galactose by galactosemic fibroblasts in vitro

Abstract Galactose metabolism was studies in normal and galactosemic fibroblasts in vitro . Galactosemic fibroblasts accumulated large amounts of galactose-1- P when placed on a medium containing galactose. The intracellular concentration of galactose-1- P reached a maximum after 2 h of exposure, but this metabolite decreased in concentration inthe galactosemic cells with prolonged time of incubation. Normal fibroblasts had a minimal concentration of intracellular galactose-1- P and fibroblasts from individuals heterozygous for galactosemia showed an intermediate concentration of galactose-1- P . When grown on glucose (galactose-free) medium, the galactosemic cells also accumulated galactose-1- P . The enzymatic reactions most likely responsible for this synthesis are UDPgalactose 4-epimerase followed by UDPgalactose pyrophosphorylase or UDPgalactose 4-epimerase followed by hydrolyses of the UDP-phosphorylase or UDPgalactose 4-epimerase followed by hydrolyses of the UDP-galactose by a pyrophosphatase. Pulse-chase studies with [1- 14 C]galactose demonstrated that galactose was taken up by the galactosemic cells and phosphorylated to galactose-1- P . The galactose-1- P was the dephosphorylated and extruded into the medium as free galactose. This pattern was not observed in normal fibroblasts. This futile cycle of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation may be of significance in the pathogenesis of galactosemia.
Link adaptation for BICM-OFDM through adaptive kernel regression

The packet error rate (PER) of wireless BICM-OFDM systems is notoriously difficult to predict analytically. This remains true even if all subcarriers use a common modulation and coding scheme (MCS). Link adaptation, which here shall be understood as the process of adapting the MCS in order to maximize goodput, therefore remains a major challenge. Non-parametric learning is an elegant way to evade the lack of robust analytical models. Learning from multidimensional features is particularly interesting because one-dimensional features can characterize frequency-selective channels only roughly. However, most of the literature discusses methods that are not truly online. Either the computational costs become unbearable over time or the method saturates and effectively stops learning. The modified k nearest neighbors algorithm (k-NN) seems to be the only exception currently. However, k-NN has well-known weaknesses in learning from small sample sets. Two adaptive kernel regression (AKR) methods are therefore proposed instead. Simulation results are reported for a setup in which several practically relevant conditions that have been mostly ignored in previous studies using multidimensional features (imperfect channel knowledge, Doppler shift, feedback delay, collisions) are modeled.
Structural investigation of the antibiotic ristomycin A. The amino acid constituents.

Hydrolysis of the O-methylated aglycone of ristomycin A by a mixture of KOH and NaBH4 yielded a mixture of aromatic amino acids which, after N-acetylation and O-methylation, were separated by chromatography on silica gel. Compounds III-VII were isolated and identified by pmr and mass spectroscopy. Compounds V-VII were also oxiiatively degraded to the corresponding benzoate esters. Compounds III and IV are derived from ristomycinic acid (I) and V from actinoidinic acid (II), both of which had beenobtained in earlier acid hydrolyses of the antibiotic. Compounds VI and VII had not been detected previously nor glycine which was also found to be a product of base hydrolysis. It is postulated that the new products arise from bisdechlorovancomycinicacid (X). It is concluded that aglycoristomycin A comprises I, II and X which also constitute the aglycone of ristocetin A.
Ritual Opening and Individual Transformation: Rites of Passage at Esalen

Ritual manipulation of emotion can result in “psychic opening,” a state in which the individual's defenses are suddenly lowered. An individual in this state is vulnerable and suggestible, and major shifts in his psychic configurations can occur. When ritualized psychic opening exists as a part of a cultural event-pattern for the purpose of inducing psychobehavioral transformation in individuals, the process can be considered as a type of rite of passage. An encounter/Gestalt workshop at Esalen Institute is discussed as an example of this process. The data show that the group setting itself has many liminal characteristics.
Influence of training in visual perceptual discrimination on drawings by children

This study attempted to determine empirically the influence of visual perceptual remediation on drawing utilizing educationally handicapped children of elementary age as subjects. The 34 girls and 78 boys were of average intelligence, with one-half of the subjects evidencing measured visual perceptual dysfunction. In each experimental group, 14 visual perceptually impaired (learning disabled) and 14 non-perceptually impaired (learning disordered) children received instruction on one of three commercially available visual perceptual remedial materials, Controls (28 subjects) received no special training. Prior to the training, subjects' drawings were collected, as well as after the 12-wk. intevention period by five graduate students in art education. The analysis of variance used to determine the effects of the intervention program on seven specified descriptors of drawing behavior yielded only one statistically significant descriptor, "Non-awareness of Social Situations and Self vs Awareness of Social Situation and Self." There were no differences between the perceptually impaired and non-impaired subject groups on any of the drawing tasks.
Some results in nonnegativity constrained spectral factorization

Abstract This paper addresses the nonnegativity constrained spectral factorization problem. In the special case when the unknown object polynomial is symmetric, a recursive scheme is delineated for solving the problem.
Numerical solutions of laminar separated flows

Numerical techniques and solutions for compressible and incompressible laminar separated flows using time dependent finite difference equations
On-line longest fragment first parsing algorithm

Abstract The central part of dictionary type data compression is the process of parsing the input string into phrases that are to be replaced with the corresponding dictionary indexes. In this article, we study the longest fragment first (LFF) parsing strategy for static dictionary compression. We present an on-line algorithm for LFF parsing that requires lookahead of length O(L2), where L is the maximum length of the dictionary entries.
Accounting for vehicle, crash, and occupant characteristics in traffic crash studies.

In 2006, Elliott et al 1 reported that children age 2–6 years in a crash had a lower risk of death when using a child restraint (car seat or seat belt with booster seat), compared with a seat belt only: risk ratio (RR) 0.79, and 0.72 if restraint misuse was excluded. In 2009, Rice et al 2 3 reported that child restraints, compared with seat belts, did little to reduce mortality for children age 2–8 years: RR 0.52 for a child younger than 1 year, 0.51 for age 1, 0.93 for age 2, 1.05 for age 3, 0.89 for 4–5 years, and 1.15 for 6–8 years. In a letter, Elliott et al 4 argued that because Rice et al 2 included adults in their study, their estimates might be biased. In response, Rice and Anderson5 estimated that for children age 3 years and younger the RR for death in a safety seat, compared with a seat belt, was 0.85 if the analysis included adults and 0.94 if adults were excluded. In their articles in this issue of Injury Prevention , Elliott ( see page 367 ), 372 ),7 expand on this question: will a study of child restraints be biased if adults are included? To estimate whether restraint use influences the risk of death, we can compare the proportions of restrained and unrestrained children who died in crashes. However, this may be a biased estimate of restraint effects if those restrained and unrestrained differ in regard to other factors related to death. Factors that might produce this bias include vehicle features (model, weight), crash attributes (force due to deceleration, distance to a trauma center), and occupant characteristics (age, seat position). This type of bias is called confounding. Methods to reduce confounding include …
Electronic structure of the coenzyme vitamin B12 and related systems Part II: A corrin model system

Abstract We present a theoretical study of the geometric structure of Co (corrin)( L )( R ) + ( R = CH 3 , i - C 3 H 7 and adenosyl and L = NH 3 , pyridine and 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole) as model systems for the vitamin B 12 coenzyme. We have optimized the geometries of nine corrin derivatives with axial ligands of varying degrees of steric bulkiness. In addition, we have included reoptimized geometries for nine dimethylglyoxime derivatives. Our goal was to compare and contrast calculated geometries for corrin models to those found for the corresponding dimethylglyoxime derivatives, which are often used as a model of the corrin group in experimental systems. We found that the dimethylglyoxime model is appropriate for axial CoC distances, but not for axial CoN distances.
Gendered innovations in orthopaedic science: civil liberties, Darwin, and the evolution of science.

If an international colleague were to ask, I might sum up the history of American civil liberties like this: Slaves, women, and children are people, too. Strike that. Slaves, women, and children are persons, too. Nowadays, courts prefer persons over people. And hold on—a recent lawsuit [12] suggests chimps are persons too, as sentient beings who possess rights. How does this relate to orthopaedic science, or better yet, science in general? As it turns out, how we define people/persons is more legal than physical or metaphysical, in that it is determined by societal norms and collective thought. Our definitions float through the sea of humanity reflecting how we promote and improve musculoskeletal research and healthcare, and the greater body of science. Sadly, society dictates science. Charles Darwin, who struggled with the duality of the natural world before him and the spiritual upbringing so central to his core, also loved language and a pithy saying. On approaching science, he said one “… ought to have no wishes, no affections,—a mere heart of stone” [7]. Darwin viewed himself and his quest for knowledge, as “… turned into a sort of machine for observing facts and grinding out conclusions” [8]. Darwin viewed words as windows to both history and origin. This seminal way of thinking is blended with evolutionary doctrine and surmised from keen observations both of insects and the behavior of his (ch)impish children [13]. One of his more famous lines in the Origin of Species [6] upended the scientific world: “Man is descended from a hairy, tailed quadruped, probably arboreal in its habits.” This was well displayed in a cartoon of the times (Fig. 1). Fig. 1 A caricature of Charles Darwin as an ape published in The Hornet, a satirical magazine, in 1871. Darwin chose his words carefully, and sometimes playfully. The editors of this Journal have highlighted the importance of conscious and conscientious word choices when engaged in scientific reporting [15, 16]. In the spirit of careful word play and usage, I will share some etymologies that highlight the importance of the words we choose.
Queer Diagnoses: Parallels and Contrasts in the History of Homosexuality, Gender Variance, and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

The American Psychiatric Association (APA) is in the process of revising its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), with the DSM-V having an anticipated publication date of 2012. As part of that ongoing process, in May 2008, APA announced its appointment of the Work Group on Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders (WGSGID). The announcement generated a flurry of concerned and anxious responses in the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community, mostly focused on the status of the diagnostic categories of Gender Identity Disorder (GID) (for both children and adolescents and adults). Activists argued, as in the case of homosexuality in the 1970s, that it is wrong to label expressions of gender variance as symptoms of a mental disorder and that perpetuating DSM-IV-TR’s GID diagnoses in the DSM-V would further stigmatize and cause harm to transgender individuals. Other advocates in the trans community expressed concern that deleting GID would lead to denying medical and surgical care for transgender adults. This review explores how criticisms of the existing GID diagnoses parallel and contrast with earlier historical events that led APA to remove homosexuality from the DSM in 1973. It begins with a brief introduction to binary formulations that lead not only to linkages of sexual orientation and gender identity, but also to scientific and clinical etiological theories that implicitly moralize about matters of sexuality and gender. Next is a review of the history of how homosexuality came to be removed from the DSM-II in 1973 and how, not long thereafter, the GID diagnoses found their way into DSM-III in 1980. Similarities and differences in the relationships of homosexuality and gender identity to psychiatric and medical thinking are elucidated. Following a discussion of these issues, the author recommends changes in the DSM-V and some internal and public actions that the American Psychiatric Association should take.
Quantifying larval infestation with an acoustical sensor array and cluster analysis of cross-correlation outputs

Abstract An automated, computer-based system was designed to quantify infestation of internally feeding larvae in a grain sample by obtaining data correlated with the location of sound sources. Information related to the relative arrival times of insect feeding sounds to an array of acoustic sensors is obtained despite the low signal to noise ratios and the differential distortion induced by sound propagation through the non-uniform grain medium to the different sensors. This is achieved by employing parallel acquisition of all sensor outputs and cross-correlation analyses of all adjacent sensor pairs in the vicinity of the sensor with the largest signal. The peak location times of the resulting cross-correlograms cluster together for multiple sounds produced by the same insect but otherwise are more broadly distributed. A cluster analysis algorithm was developed to group sounds with similar ‘fingerprints’ (i.e. patterns of peak locations across several cross-correlograms). Each sufficiently large group of matching sounds indicates the presence of an insect.
Beyond insulin resistance: Innate immunity in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Obesity is an inflammatory disorder characterized by heightened activity of the innate immune system. Innate immune activation is central to the development of obesity-related insulin resistance; it also plays an important role in obesity-related tissue damage, such as that seen in atherosclerosis. Recent research has implicated the innate immune system in the pathophysiology of obesity-related liver disease. This review summarizes how innate immune processes, occurring both within and outside the liver, cause not only insulin resistance but also end-organ damage in the form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Generation and trapping of an unsymmetrical, caged pyramidalized alkene

Abstract Low-temperature reaction of 2,5-diiodopentacyclo[5.3.0.02,5.03,9.04,8]decane (7) with MeLi in dry THF results in elimination of I2 with concomitant formation of the corresponding caged alkene, 8. This highly strained pyramidalized alkene is trapped stereoselectively by 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPIBF) to afford a single [4+2] cycloadduct, 9b. The corresponding reaction of 8 with 9-methoxyanthracene proceeds with relatively low regioselectivity. The origins of these phenomena have been investigated computationally.