cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Residents’ attitudes towards tourism in Bigodi village, Uganda

Abstract This research was conducted in the rural village of Bigodi, Uganda. Bigodi is a village of approximately 385 adults and has been involved with tourism since 1991. Bigodi's primary attraction is a forested wetland managed by a local tourism cooperative. Tourists are guided through the wetland in search of primates and tropical birds. Village life and local culture are also experienced. This research investigated residents’ attitudes towards tourism in Bigodi. Data were collected and analyzed with qualitative methods. Results show residents have consistently positive attitudes towards tourism. Positive attitudes result from resident's belief that tourism creates community development, improves agricultural markets, generates income, and finally, that tourism brings random good fortune. Using the Theory of Reasoned Action, it was hypothesized that positive attitudes would lead to pro-tourism behavior. Observations of behavior over 6 months in Bigodi support this hypothesis. Implications for tourism development in poor rural areas are discussed.
Being In‐between: Reflecting On Time, Space and Career During the Tenure Application Process

Part of the process of becoming a tenured faculty member is applying for tenure. This reflective essay reports on the period after the submission of tenure materials for review but before the review process for tenure is completed. This is an “in-between” space, where the race of the tenure track is no longer present, but the role of senior faculty is not yet accorded. Indeed, this “in-between” space is related to other in-between learning and being present in the literature. The author concludes this paper with arguing for further study and reflection on the uniqueness of this space in the career trajectory of tenure-track faculty members.
Implications of the intrinsic decoherence in quantum mechanics to nonequilibrium statistical mechanics.

The discrete-time jump model for intrinsic decoherence in quantum mechanics proposed recently by Milburn is here generalized to explicitly time-dependent Hamiltonians. In this model, a time-dependent entropy is obtained and thus it admits of an interpretation that this is a model for an open system. Unlike in the Milburn model, we introduce a minimum uncertainty phase change dictated by the minimum ``time-energy uncertainty product'' to define the shortest time scale in the system. Implications of this model to quantum nanometric devices such as quantum dots or resonant tunneling devices are indicated. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Critical dimension of the transition from single switching to an exchange spring process in hard/soft exchange-coupled bilayers

Hard/soft exchange-coupled ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{80}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{20}/{\mathrm{Sm}}_{40}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{60}$ bilayers with well-defined induced in-plane uniaxial anisotropy were deposited on (100) Si and glass substrates by dc magnetron sputtering. The magnetization-reversal process was systematically studied by analyzing the magnetic hysteresis loops measured by the alternating-gradient magnetometer and surface-sensitive magneto-optic Kerr effect. The coercivity in the single-switching process and the nucleation field in the exchange spring process are quantitatively described by theoretical models. As a result, a critical dimension equation describing the transition from a single-switching process to an exchange spring process is developed. Different magnetization-reversal processes are essentially determined by the exchange length (or domain wall width) of the soft layer under an external field and the pinning energy exerted on the domain wall of the hard layer near the interface.
Reply to Comment on “Effects of fast and slow solar wind on the correlations between interplanetary medium and geomagnetic activity” by C. B. Wang and J. K. Chao

[1] The paper Ballatore [2002] (the paper commented) shows that the statistical significance of the correlations between the interplanetary parameters and the geomagnetic indices (Kp or Dst) is generally less significant during the fastest solar wind. On the other hand, at these fast solar wind periods, the significance of the Kp versus Dst correlation is equal to or higher than during slower solar wind. These results, together with further observations related to substorm periods and with previously published findings, are interpreted in terms of a difference in the interplanetary-magnetospheric coupling for solar wind faster or slower than a certain threshold (identified between about 500 and 600 km/s). Specifically, it is suggested that a possible linear approximation of the geomagnetic-interplanetary coupling is more appropriate during solar wind speed (Vsw) slower than this threshold, being nonlinear processes more dominant during the fastest speeds. This reply highlights that the correlation coefficients shown by Wang and Chao [2003] are in agreement with these findings. In addition, Wang and Chao show that the statistical significance of the difference between the correlation coefficients for Vsw ≥ 550 km/s and those for Vsw < 550 km/s would indicate that the interplanetary-geomagnetic correlations during the fastest speeds are not significantly different from those at slower Vsw ranges. Here we give evidence of the fact that according to the common definition of this parameter, the calculation of the significance of the difference between two correlation coefficients made by Wang and Chao is wrong. Moreover, Wang and Chao recalculate the correlations between the interplanetary parameters and the ΔDst instead of Dst; in fact they note that the time derivative of this index (not the index itself) is driven by the interplanetary medium. Here we note that on the contrary, they show that the correlation coefficients between interplanetary parameters and Dst are larger than those obtained using ΔDst and we suggest a possible interpretation in terms of nonlinearity.
Female choice for age-specific plumage in the orchard oriole: implications for delayed plumage maturation

Abstract Abstract. Subadult orchard orioles, Icterus spurius , are sexually mature yearlings that have a distinctive non-definitive (immature) plumage. Field data indicate that subadults remain unmated significantly more often that adult males. In addition, subadults that do obtain mates do so after most adult males have mated. In mate choice trials using both live and stuffed males as stimulus birds, females preferred males with adult plumage over those with subadult plumage, indicating that subadult plumage may be costly in the context of female mate choice. These results, in conjunction with previously reported findings that failed to find a benefit to subadult plumage, suggest that subadult plumage may be the non-adaptive result of age-specific constraints on plumage development. In addition, female preference for adult over subadult plumage suggests a role for epigamic selection in the evolution of delayed plumage maturation.
Estimating coverage in metagenomic data sets and why it matters

A ‘metagenome' is the theoretical collection of genomes from all members of a given microbial community, and a ‘metagenomic data set' is the subset captured in a given sequencing event. Although these terms are often used interchangeably and metagenomic data sets are regularly called metagenomes by synecdoche, their relationship is analogous to sample and population in statistics. The fraction of the metagenome represented in the metagenomic data set, termed coverage (not to be confused with the repetition of features, termed sequencing depth), is of key importance in assessing statistical significance of features sampled (taxa, genes and so on). However, quantitative computational methods to assess the level of coverage are limited, a problem we have recently attempted to solve. In extreme cases, where small data sets are used to characterize complex communities, misleading inferences can arise. For instance, random variation can be frequently mistaken for real differences in comparisons of metagenomic data sets with extreme differences in coverage. Further, insufficient coverage also reduces the detection limits and statistical power of the comparisons, hiding real, ecologically relevant trends and differences (Figure 1). We demonstrate here how available solutions can determine the level of sequencing coverage obtained by metagenomic data sets and thus, guide their robust analysis and comparison.
Printing of sub-20 nm wide graphene ribbon arrays using nanoimprinted graphite stamps and electrostatic force assisted bonding

Nano-graphene ribbons are promising in many electronic applications, as their bandgaps can be opened by reducing the widths, e.g. below 20 nm. However, a high-throughput method to pattern large-area nano-graphene features is still not available. Here we report a fabrication method of sub-20 nm ribbons on graphite stamps by nanoimprint lithography and a transfer-printing of the graphene ribbons to a Si wafer using electrostatic force assisted bonding. These methods provide a path for fast and high-throughput nano-graphene device production.
The effect of captivity on the immune response of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus L.

Fundulus heteroclitus maintained under laboratory for more than four weeks showed a significantly lower immunocytoadherence (rosette) response to thymus-dependent antigens (SRBC and DNP-BSA) than newly captured fish. There was no comparable effect on scale allograft rejection nor in the response to a thymus-independent antigen (DNP-Ficoll) as measured by the rosette response. This suggests that captivity has a differential effect on a sub-population of lymphocytes analogous to the T-helper cells of mammals.
A novel active area bumped flip chip technology for convergent heat transfer from gallium arsenide power devices

Superior low noise amplification characteristics have made gallium arsenide power amplifiers attractive for consumer electronics applications, e.g., cellular phones. To reduce the cost of their introduction, many new technical approaches are being pursued in the areas of device design, fabrication, and even packaging. The difficulty in dissipating heat from conventionally die bonded/wire bonded gallium arsenide power amplifiers forces thinning of finished wafers. There are both yield and environmental issues associated with this operation. A novel lead-free bump technology for active area flip chip bonding of GaAs power amplifiers has been developed (patent pending) in which the heat transfer path from the hot zones in the active area of the device to the heat sink has been shrunk, and the bulk of the GaAs itself has been bypassed. Bumped amplifier flip chips bonded to aluminum nitride substrates can dissipate heat fluxes up to 300 W/cm/sup 2/ with an acceptable rise in junction temperature. By employing this active area bump technology, the junction to substrate thermal resistance has been kept equal to or lower than the conventional wire bond/die bond route using wafer thinning. Therefore, the requirement for thinning of finished wafers can now be eliminated. In order to optimize bump design with respect to bondability and thermal resistance, bumps of various aspect ratios and pitch were plated on the active areas of the power amplifier wafers. Bump profiles of hourglass shape compliant to substrate nonplanarity as well as conducive to improved joint reliability were deposited. Ideal bump geometries were also selected based on the ability of available plating processes to produce bondable bumps. Several flip chip bonding techniques (gold-gold thermosonic as well as gold-tin eutectic) were developed for these active area bumps and evaluated with respect to bendability and bond thermal resistance. Some examples will be provided to illustrate the effects of bonding variables, e.g., chip and substrate temperatures, load and pulse strength on the bonds, and device active area for each of these bonding methods. These data were obtained by metallurgical analyses as well as thermal resistance measurements under dc bias. >
Cardiovascular inflammation in healthy women: multilevel associations with state-level prosperity, productivity and income inequality

Background: Cardiovascular inflammation is a key contributor to the development of atherosclerosis and the prediction of cardiovascular events among healthy women. An emerging literature suggests biomarkers of inflammation vary by geography of residence at the state-level, and are associated with individual-level socioeconomic status. Associations between cardiovascular inflammation and state-level socioeconomic conditions have not been evaluated. The study objective is to estimate whether there are independent associations between state-level socioeconomic conditions and individual-level biomarkers of inflammation, in excess of individual-level income and clinical covariates among healthy women. Methods: The authors examined cross-sectional multilevel associations among state-level socioeconomic conditions, individual-level income, and biomarkers of inflammation among women (n = 26,029) in the Women’s Health Study, a nation-wide cohort of healthy women free of cardiovascular diseases at enrollment. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and fibrinogen were measured between 1993 and 1996. Biomarker levels were examined among women within quartiles of state-level socioeconomic conditions and within categories of individual-level income. Results: The authors found that favorable state-level socioeconomic conditions were correlated with lower hsCRP, in excess of individual-level income (e.g. state-level real per capital gross domestic product fixed effect
The nexus of vitamin homeostasis and DNA synthesis and modification in mammalian brain

The purpose of this review is to discuss the implications of the 2009 discovery of the sixth deoxyribonucleoside (dN) [5-hydroxymethyldeoxycytidine (hmdC)] in DNA which is the most abundant in neurons. The concurrent discovery of the three ten-eleven translocation enzymes (TET) which not only synthesize but also oxidize hmdC in DNA, prior to glycosylase removal and base excision repair, helps explain many heretofore unexplained phenomena in brain including: 1) the high concentration of ascorbic acid (AA) in neurons since AA is a cofactor for the TET enzymes, 2) the requirement for reduced folates and the dN synthetic enzymes in brain, 3) continued DNA synthesis in non-dividing neurons to repair the dynamic formation/removal of hmdC, and 4) the heretofore unexplained mechanism to remove 5-methyldeoxycytidine, the fifth nucleoside, from DNA. In these processes, we also describe the important role of choroid plexus and CSF in supporting vitamin homeostasis in brain: especially for AA and folates, for hmdC synthesis and removal, and methylated deoxycytidine (mdC) removal from DNA in brain. The nexus linking AA and folates to methylation, hydroxymethylation, and demethylation of DNA is pivotal to understanding not only brain development but also the subsequent function.
Pattern-Mining for Behavioral Synthesis

Pattern-based synthesis has drawn wide interest from researchers who tried to utilize the regularity in applications for design optimizations. In this letter, we present a general pattern-based behavior synthesis framework which can efficiently extract similar structures in programs. Our approach is very scalable in benefit of advanced pruning techniques. The similarity of structures is captured by a mismatch-tolerant metric: the graph edit distance. The graph edit distance can naturally capture different program variations such as bit-width, structure, and port variations. In addition, we further our approach to handle control-intensive applications, and this leads to more opportunities for optimization. Our algorithm uses a feature-based filtering approach for fast pruning, and a graph similarity metric called the generalized edit distance for measuring variations in control-data flow graphs. Furthermore, we apply our pattern-based synthesis system to the resource optimization problem in behavioral synthesis. Considering knowledge of discovered patterns, the resource binding step can intelligently generate the data-path to reduce interconnect costs. Experiments show that our approach can, on average, reduce the total area by about 20% with 7% latency overhead with our pattern techniques on the Xilinx Virtex-4 field-programmable gate arrays, compared to the traditional behavioral synthesis flow.
On the Margins of the Periphery: Unassisted Childbirth and the Management of Layered Stigma

This article examines an unusual practice—unassisted childbirth—and the ways in which advocates and practitioners manage the stigma they are accorded. Given their “doubly deviant” status as not only women who birth at home but also as women who choose to give birth without professional assistance, these women provide a unique case for our theoretical understanding of stigma management. As members of homebirth social networks, the women must reckon with what I term layered stigma, the broad stigma of homebirth as well as the deeper in-group stigma within their deviant community that results from their rejection of midwives as appropriate care providers. By examining the dynamics of stigma management among practitioners of unassisted childbirth, I highlight the complex, situation-dependent nature of stigma and the impact of its management on women's sense of self.
Volcanic Ash: Terrestrial Versus Extraterrestrial

A principal difference between terrestrial and extraterrestrial lavas may consist in the greater ability of terrestrial lavas to form thin films (like those of soap bubbles) and hence foams. It would follow that, in place of the pumice and spiny shards found in terrestrial volcanic ash, an extraterrestrial ash should contain minute spherules. This hypothesis may help to explain lunar microspherules.
Survey of Health Care Coverage of High School Football in Southern California

We surveyed 240 high schools about various aspects of the health care coverage of their football athletes. Ap proximately 70% of these schools had team physicians, and more than one third of these had more than 1 team physician. Seventy-two percent of high schools had physician coverage for scheduled games. Practices and scrimmages were not covered. Sixty-nine percent of the schools reported having an athletic trainer for home games. Basic equipment was often lacking. Re cording and tracking of athletic injuries were inconsis tent. An overall team approach for medical coverage was noted. Concern was raised about adequate phy sician or medical coverage with emphasis on greater input from the school administration, community hos pitals, and physicians.
A dynamical analysis of the Corona Borealis supercluster

Using data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey we assess the current dynamical state of the Corona Borealis Supercluster (CSC), a highly dense and compact supercluster at z = 0.07. The Fundamental Plane relation is used to determine redshift independent distances to six clusters in the densest region of the supercluster, with mean accuracy in the relative distance estimates of 4 per cent. Peculiar velocities determined from these distance estimates indicate that the clusters have broken from the Hubble Flow, suggesting that the CSC likely contains two regions that have reached turnaround and are currently undergoing gravitational collapse. These results provide the strongest observational evidence to date that the CSC is a bound system similar to the much more extensive Shapley Supercluster, which is the most extensive confirmed bound supercluster yet identified in the Universe. When compared with simulations of the CSC our results require substantially more mass than is contained within the clusters, possibly indicating a significant inter-cluster dark matter component. In order to facilitate comparison with studies for which spectroscopic data are not available, an alternative analysis of the dynamics is made using the Kormendy relation as a distance indicator. The results are generally consistent with those of the Fundamental Plane and suggest similar global dynamics, but we find that the relatively sparse sampling of the clusters makes the Kormendy relation less reliable overall and more susceptible to small systematic differences between the cluster samples.
Relative and longitudinal evidence for the importance of the General Factor of Psychosocial Development in predicting well-being

The relationship between the General Factor of Psychosocial Development (GFPD) and well-being was examined. Support for three hypotheses was found. First, the GFPD accounted for more variance in well-being than the shared unique variance of the individual psychosocial stages. In fact, a number of the stages were negatively associated with well-being when controlling for the GFPD. Second, the GFPD accounted for a significant amount of variance in well-being when controlling for the General Factor of Personality. Third, the GFPD partially mediated the relationship between well-being at two points in time.
Microfluidic electroporation of tumor and blood cells: observation of nucleus expansion and implications on selective analysis and purging of circulating tumor cells

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) refer to cells that detach from a primary tumor, circulate in the blood stream, and may settle down at a secondary site and form metastases. The detection and characterization of CTCs are clinically useful for diagnosis and prognosis purposes. However, there has been very little work on purging CTCs from the blood. In this study, we systematically studied electroporation of tumor and blood cells in the context of selective purging and analysis of CTCs, using M109 and mouse blood cells as models. Electroporation is a simple and effective method for disruption of the cell membrane by applying an external electric field. We applied a microfluidic flow-through electroporation to process cells with various electroporation durations and field intensities. With duration of 100–300 ms, we found that the thresholds for electroporation-induced lysis started at 300–400 V cm−1 for M109, 400–500 V cm−1 for white blood cells and 1100–1200 V cm−1 for red blood cells. Due to the substantial difference, we demonstrated the selective electroporation of tumor cells among blood cells and the scale-up of the flow-through electroporation devices for processing samples of millilitre volumes. Using Coherent Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) and fluorescence microscopy tools, we observed the dramatic increase in the size of the nucleus of a tumor cell in response to the applied field. We suggest that the nucleus expansion is a newly discovered mechanism responsible for rapid tumor cell death resulted from electroporation.
Mental Health of Mothers of Children with Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis: Appraisal as a Mediator

Examined direct and mediated relations between condition parameters and maternal mental health for 53 mothers of 2- to 11-year-old children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). Multivariate analyses revealed that when considered simultaneously, indices of both biological severity and functional severity were associated significantly with maternal mental health. Further, mother's appraisals of the impact of the child's illness on the family partially mediated the effects of medication type and child's functional status on mother's mental health. Results provide support for conceptual models that emphasize the cognitive mechanisms by which condition parameters such as biological and functional severity might affect maternal mental health. Explicating the processes by which a child's JRA might lead to psychological adjustment problems in the parent has implications for developing preventive and treatment interventions.
The Mental Health Needs of Low-Income Pregnant Teens: A Nursing–Social Work Partnership in Care

While the rates of teen childbearing have declined in the United States, adolescents who become pregnant and decide to bear and rear their babies are often from low-income, highly stressed families and communities. This article will describe the psychosocial problems of pregnant urban teens and how exposure to interpersonal trauma and current mental health problems may affect their prenatal health behavior, a vulnerable arena that has significance for infant development. It will discuss nurse home visiting as a preventive intervention with proven effectiveness in enhancing maternal prenatal health and behavior and the health and development of children born to mothers at risk, and how a nurse–family collaboration with social workers can facilitate this mission. By providing collaborative care that addresses psychosocial, health, and mental health concerns, interventions like home visiting can reach their full potential.
Speak, Painting: Word and Device in Early Johns

But what turns on it? Or (to begin more modestly) what shift does the painting mark in the work? On the one hand, it looks back to the Targets, for Johns must have used a similar device, probably an anchored string, to draw the five circles of each target, except that Device Circle preserves the device in the finished work, makes it part of the object. The device thickens, surfaces. On the other hand, the painting looks forward, as Jeffrey Weiss has written, to “two simultaneous sequences of work: a group of paintings and drawings . . . that bear the stenciled words RED, YELLOW, and BLUE; and works that deploy or
Physical Health and Depression: A Dyadic Study of Chronic Health Conditions and Depressive Symptomatology in Older Adult Couples

This study examined the associations among chronic health conditions, sociodemographic factors, and depressive symptomatology in older married couples. Data from the 2004 wave of the Health and Retirement Study (n = 2,184 couples) were analyzed. Results indicated a reciprocal relationship in depressive symptoms between spouses. Additionally, post hoc analyses indicated that husbands' stroke and high blood pressure were related to increased depressive symptomatology among wives. Beyond the reciprocal relationship, husbands were unaffected by wives' health. These results suggest sex differences underlying psychological distress in the context of physical health among older adults and that older women with husbands who have high levels of depressive symptomatology, high blood pressure, or a history of stroke may be at particular risk of experiencing depressive symptoms.
Sensorimotor learning deficits observed in children with sports-related concussion

Mild traumatic brain injury, commonly known as concussion, occurs frequently in children while playing sports. Whereas the negative impact of sport-related concussions on cognitive function is well known, the effects of concussions on sensorimotor function, especially in children, remain largely unknown. In this observational/case study, we investigated the association between neurocognitive function, assessed using a trail making test, and sensorimotor function, assessed using a visuomotor adaptation task, in three children who suffered from a concussion while playing sports. For the trail making test, children drew lines to connect numbers and letters alternately on a page. For the visuomotor adaptation task, children performed targeted reaching movements repeatedly under a novel visuomotor condition in which the visual display of reaching movements was rotated 30 degrees about the start position. Their neurocognitive and visuomotor performances were compared to those obtained from three children without a concussion. Results showed that only one of the three concussed children showed a score from the trail making test that was worse than the scores obtained from control subjects. However, the pattern of visuomotor adaptation observed in the concussed children was different from that observed in the control subjects in several ways. These data indicate that the concussed children may have some deficits in terms of their sensorimotor function as compared to the control subjects. Our findings provide preliminary data that suggest that children with concussion may have sensorimotor impairments even when they do not seem to have neurocognitive impairments.
Agile software development meets corporate deployment procedures: stretching the agile envelope

This paper describes a process initiative within IBM to make the Corporate Portal (ibm.com) development practices more responsive to changing customer needs and explains the bottlenecks that arose with application deployment when this agile approach was not initially extended throughout the wider solution delivery lifecycle. The paper details the simple process changes that were adopted to expand the agile philosophy beyond development.
Refinement of Stress Intensity Factor Estimates for a Peripherally Cracked Spherical Void and a Hemispherical Surface Pit

An improvement on the first attempt to define stress intensity factors for these cases is presented. The improvement is realized by refining the parameters k and m in the interpolative stress intensity equation. The refinement is obtained by utilizing finite element results for specific crack length-to-defect radius ratios. Comparison to other data in the literature is considered good.
Quality Assurance Evaluation of Thermal Barrier Coatings by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

The technique of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to examine the behavior of intact thermal barrier coatings (TBC) at ambient temperature. Cross-sectional morphological examination of TBC was conducted by scanning electron microscope (SEM). By correlating the SEM visual examination with EIS data, TBC was characterized non-destructively. A model of EIS alternative current (AC) equivalent circuit was proposed to establish the relationship between the EIS elemental parameters in the circuit and the microstructural characteristics of TBC. A linear relationship was found to exist between the electrical impedance of TBC topcoat and the thickness of the topcoat. The porosity of TBC top coat showed a linear relationship with the capacitance of ceramic TBC, and the pore shape in the TBC topcoat was represented by the value of the electrical impedance of the pore. The result in the study has demonstrated that EIS can be used as a non-destructive evaluation (NDE) technique for quality assurance of TBC.
Dynamic Voltage Stability Improvement using coordinated control of dynamic VAR-sources

Fast voltage collapse is a new phenomenon in today's stressed power system. To prevent fast voltage collapse sufficient amount of compensation from dynamic reactive sources such as generator, condenser, SVC and STATCOM are needed. This paper presents a new controller (called power system voltage stabilizer or PSVS) for dynamic voltage stability enhancement of power systems and/or prevention of fast voltage collapse. The PSVS is implemented through coordinated control of dynamic reactive sources. For implementation of a PSVS, the given power system is first divided into several small voltage control areas (VCAs) each of which include several loads and several dynamic reactive sources. Then for each VCA, a dynamic voltage stability index (DSVI) is defined that includes the voltage deviations of all load buses within the area. Finally, a coordinated control of all dynamic reactive sources of the area is used to improve the dynamic voltage index during voltage emergencies. The proposed method is applied for a modified IEEE 14 - bus system and tested for severe voltage emergency. The simulation results obtained from PSS/E software package indicate significant improvement in dynamic voltage stability of the system.
Efficient construction of variable-stride multibit tries for IP lookup

Srinivasan and Varghese (1999) have proposed the use of multibit tries to represent routing tables used for Internet (IP) address lookups. They propose an O(n /sub */W/sup 2//sub */ k) dynamic programming algorithm to determine the strides for an optimal variable-stride trie that has at most k levels. Here, n is the number of prefixes in the routing table and W is the length of the longest prefix. We improve on this algorithm by providing an alternative dynamic programming formulation. The complexity of our algorithm is O(n/sub */W/sub */k), on real router data sets. This is an improvement by a factor of W over the corresponding algorithm of Srinivasan. Experiments conducted by us indicate that our variable-stride algorithm is between 2 and 17 times as fast for IPv4 routing table data.
Irreversible? An Ecosystem-Based Approach to Slowing the Synergistic Effects of Invasive Species and Climate Change

This article examines newly-discovered scientific synergies between climate change and invasive species from a legal perspective. Specifically, new scientific research shows that invasive plant species are better able to adapt to the earlier onset of spring – a likely consequence of climate change – than are their native counterparts. In turn, invasive species weaken ecosystems’ resistance to climate-related stressors. The legal literature has largely ignored federal law and policy governing invasive species management, even though its impacts are similar to climate change: it is a global problem that has already caused thousands of deaths as well as worldwide economic impacts estimated at over a trillion dollars annually. This article calls attention to this issue by examining the patchwork of federal environmental laws, regulations and policies that currently apply to invasive species management and showing why it is sorely inadequate. The newly-discovered synergies between invasive species and climate change only underscore the need for effective legal regimes to fill gaps in existing law. Legal policymakers can no longer afford to ignore invasive species. Instead, an effective policy response to invasive species should consider the effects of climate change, and vice versa. Ultimately, this article suggests that policymakers should adopt an ecosystem-based approach to controlling invasive species. Specifically, federal agencies should identify key ecosystems and ecosystem services that the agencies wish to preserve against the impacts of climate change, and concentrate invasive species prevention and control on those same ecosystems. The development of an ecosystem-based approach to invasive species management fits well with existing environmental management techniques, but has never been applied in this context. Effective invasive species management is a relatively low-cost and low-risk strategy for responding to the effects of climate change, no matter how severe those impacts turn out to be.
FITL: extending LLVM for the translation of fault-injection directives

The frequency of hardware errors in HPC systems continues to grow as system designs evolve toward exascale. Tolerating these errors efficiently and effectively will require software-based resilience solutions. With this requirement in mind, recent research has increasingly employed LLVM-based tools to simulate transient hardware faults in order to study the resilience characteristics of specific applications. However, such tools require researchers to configure their experiments at the level of the LLVM intermediate representation (LLVM IR) rather than at the source level of the applications under study. In this paper, we present FITL (Fault-Injection Toolkit for LLVM), a set of LLVM extensions to which it is straightforward to translate source-level pragmas that specify fault injection. While we have designed FITL not to be tied to any particular compiler front end or high-level language, we also describe how we have extended our OpenARC compiler to translate a novel set of fault-injection pragmas for C to FITL. Finally, we present several resilience studies we have conducted using FITL, including a comparison with a source-level fault injector we have built as part of OpenARC.
Volumetric imaging of fast biological dynamics in deep tissue via wavefront engineering

To reveal fast biological dynamics in deep tissue, we combine two wavefront engineering methods that were developed in our laboratory, namely optical phase-locked ultrasound lens (OPLUL) based volumetric imaging and iterative multiphoton adaptive compensation technique (IMPACT). OPLUL is used to generate oscillating defocusing wavefront for fast axial scanning, and IMPACT is used to compensate the wavefront distortions for deep tissue imaging. We show its promising applications in neuroscience and immunology.
Abstract LB-33: TRPV1 suppresses intestinal tumorigenesis by negatively regulating EGFR signaling.

The intestinal epithelium is the most rapidly self-renewing tissue. This dynamic process is mainly driven by Wnt, Notch and EGFR signaling in the crypts of Lieberkuhn. These signaling pathways are negatively regulated by multiple control mechanisms to restrain intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) turnover and thereby reduce the risk of oncogenic transformation. Here we report a novel homeostatic feedback loop, intrinsic to IEC, between the EGFR and a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel family. We identified that TRP vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a polymodal pain receptor, is expressed by IEC and that this channel negatively regulates EGFR-induced cell proliferation in vivo. Intestinal crypt cultures (organoids) from Trpv1-/- mice showed hyperproliferation, crypt elongation and a reduced requirement for exogenous EGF compared to WT controls. Importantly, genetic deletion of Trpv1 increased the intestinal tumor load in multiple intestinal neoplasia (Apc+/min) mice, which was reversed by EGFR kinase inhibitor treatment. Continuous oral administration of a dietary TRPV1 agonist, capsaicin, suppressed intestinal tumorigenesis in Apc+/min mice in a TRPV1-dependent manner. In addition we found that capsaicin worked synergistically with a COX2 inhibitor, celecoxib, in the prevention of intestinal neoplasia development in these mice. Mechanistically, we show that TRPV1 is activated by EGFR signaling through phospholipase C (PLC). TRPV1 signaling subsequently restrains EGFR signaling through Ca2+-dependent triggering of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activity. Together, these findings suggest an intrinsic mechanism that exerts negative feedback on EGFR signaling through Ca2+ channel TRPV1 that thereby acts as a tumor suppressor in the intestinal epithelium. Citation Format: Petrus R. de Jong, Naoki Takahashi, Alexandra R. Harris, Jihyung Lee, Samuel Bertin, Eyal Raz. TRPV1 suppresses intestinal tumorigenesis by negatively regulating EGFR signaling. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-33. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-33
Monitoring Patients in Hospital Beds Using Unobtrusive Depth Sensors

We present an approach for patient activity recognition in hospital rooms using depth data collected using a Kinect sensor. Depth sensors such as the Kinect ensure that activity segmentation is possible during day time as well as night while addressing the privacy concerns of patients. It also provides a technique to remotely monitor patients in a non-intrusive manner. An existing fall detection algorithm is currently generating fall alerts in several rooms in the University of Missouri Hospital (MUH). In this paper we describe a technique to reduce false alerts such as pillows falling off the bed or equipment movement. We do so by detecting the presence of the patient in the bed for the times when the fall alert is generated. We test our algorithm on 96 hours obtained in two hospital rooms from MUH.
Global Growth in International Sport: A Niche Portfolio Strategy

As described by Porter (1980), a niche marketing strategy concentrates on serving a particular market niche – defined by geographic boundaries, type of customer, segment of the product line, or a combination of these three elements. Yet focus on a single niche can entail risks of instability and collapse, which can be countered by the market flexibility offered by a niche portfolio that includes multiple targeted niches (Hamlin et al. 2012). Where firms define targeted niches geographically, building a diversified niche portfolio involves difficult decisions concerning international market expansion. Our study addresses this challenge empirically by utilizing the context of Formula One (F1) motor racing to advance the study of a niche-based growth strategy. Specifically, we develop and test a model that examines the importance of native resources to the success of an international expansion strategy featuring a portfolio of geographically-defined niches.
Infection Status of Hepatitis A Virus Hepatitis and E Virus in Food Industries and Public Places,2010-2012

Objective To investigate the infection status of hepatitis A and hepatitis E virus in food industries and public places and thus to provide scientific references for health supervision departments. Methods A total number of 4252 employees from food industries and public places participating physical examination in Barkam County Center for Disease Control and Prevention during 2010- 2012 were extracted 3- 5ml venous blood.Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay( ELISA) was employed to test the HAV- Ig M and HEV- Ig M. Results Of all the participants,the positive rate of HAV- Ig M was 0. 54% and the positive rate of HEV- Ig M was 0. 42%. The positive rate of HAV- Ig M in female was slightly higher than that in male and the positive rate of HEV- Ig M was slightly higher in male than that in female,yet both without statistical significance( χ2= 0. 27,0. 47 respectively; both P 0. 05). The infection rate of HAV- Ig M and HEV- Ig M was 0. 42% in2010,0. 52% and 0. 37% in 2011,and 0. 62% and 0. 45% in 2012. Conclusion The infection rate of HAV- Ig M and HEV- Ig M are both higher than national average level. Thus, management of infection source and blocking the transmission routes should be comprehensively taken to control and lower the infection rate.
The research methodology of drought resisting wells locating in Yunnan Province

The feasibility study on the drought resisting wells locating is divided into four steps:regional planning,groundwater-rich areas zoning,well points locating and drilling process analyzing.Firstly,according to the hydrogeological characteristics of the Yunnan Province,when placing drought resisting wells,we must firstly use the macroscopic distribution pattern of groundwater to make complete regional planning and deployment.Since the water-richness of aquifers is usually quite uniform on the surface of the plateau,it is suitable for deploying well-drilling in large scale on the surface.But at the edge of the plateau surface and at the river valley slope zone,the water-richness of the aquifer is extremely non-uniform.These areas are mainly suitable for the development of the underground river water.On the high and steep mountain ranges,the storage condition of groundwater is disadvantageous.Placing scattered shallow wells to develop perched water is the only suitable method in these areas.By taking full consideration of the macroscopic distribution pattern of the groundwater,we can guarantee the basic success rate of exploratory bore-holes and drought resisting wells all over the Province.Secondly,we should divide the regions of the hydrogeological unit;synthetically study the character of the recharge,runoff and discharge area;research the specific combination landform and groundwater reservoir structure;and then zone the groundwater-rich areas,which is the target area of drilling sites.Thirdly,we should make final decisions of the concrete well point only after detailed survey on the micro-relief and structure as well as the groundwater runoff trace around the actual spots.We should also assess the development condition of groundwater and its utilization etc.When determining well drilling point,the catchment geomorphology and water-storage structure are of great value that can provide a lot of information.For example,the success rates of exploring bore-holes and drought resisting wells are much higher in the following positions such as isolated karst peak,junction of valleys,ancient underground runoff trace line,fold,fault and the monocline strata.The integrated geophysical prospecting is also very useful at the proposed drilling sites.In addition,the decision of the well location needs environment assessment and economic feasibility evaluations.In order to avoid unnecessary waste,hydrogeological logging and analysis are very essential and useful for guiding the dispose or movement of drilling holes that is not in conformity with design expectations in the drilling process.
William Howard Taft, the 1908 Election, and the Future of the American Presidency

Although the first presidential election where both major party candidates (William Howard Taft and William Jennings Bryan) hit the campaign trail, the election of 1908 is a neglected election. When scholars do address it, they typically focus on retiring incumbent president Theodore Roosevelt and his role therein. This article turns the focus away from Roosevelt, and also Bryan, and places it firmly on Taft, a reluctant candidate. Taft's role in 1908 is important because his very reluctance to embrace the changing expectations of the presidency helps to highlight the tensions between the old and new ways of campaigning and, more broadly, the traditional and modern presidencies.The article first addresses Taft's decision to abandon his “front-porch” campaign. Taft's initial inclination toward a front-porch campaign reveals well his more traditional approach to the election and to the presidency in general, just as his decision to abandon this plan and “stump” for votes reflects his submission to developin...
Fluorinated pyrimidines. 38. The incorporation of 5-trifluoromethyl-2'-deoxyuridine into the deoxyribonucleic acid of vaccinia virus.

A comparison has been made of the properties of purified vaccina virions replicated in HeLa cells in the presence of thymidine or the powerfully antiviral 5-trifluoromethyl-29-deoxyuridine (F 3 TdR). The replacement of thymidine by the analogue in the DNA of the virions amounted to 1.4-9.8%, and such virions were noninfective. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the DNA isolated from purified virions revealed that the normal virions had a sedimentation coefficient to 70, whereas the analogue-containing DNA sedimented with S -values of 52 and 39. The presence of F 3 TdR in the medium did not affect the process of uncoating of the infecting virions, but recoating of the viral DNA occurred to only 50% of normal. The morphology of vaccinia virions containing F 3 TdR in their DNA was considerably different from normal.
Specific applications of the double lumen prosthesis.

In spite of implant improvements, there is still a significant incidence of compromised results from some degree of fibrous capsule contracture. The double lumen prosthesis, which is a combination gel-inflatable prosthesis, was originally devised to provide a simple percutaneous method for management of spherical contracture.
Too Much of a Good Thing

This case discusses the drug–gene interaction between cytochrome P450 2D6 and the prodrug codeine resulting in enhanced narcotic effects.