cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Co-occurrence of eosinophilic esophagitis and potential/probable celiac disease in an adult cohort: a possible association with implications for clinical practice

We describe an adult cohort with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and evidence of celiac disease (CD), propose a change in diagnostic practice to better characterize these conditions, and hypothesize new directions for research. Pediatric studies postulate association between gluten sensitivity and EoE. However, few publications describe the prevalence, detection, or therapeutic and pathophysiologic implications of such association in adults. Retrospective chart review was done on patients diagnosed with EoE from 2009 to 2010 at University of Utah Hospitals and Clinics. Data included sex, age, presentation, duodenal pathology, tissue transglutaminase immunoglobulin A antibody (TTG) positivity, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type (when indicated), and gross and microscopic Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) findings. Duodenal biopsy, TTG results, and HLA type were correlated. Endoscopy was repeated after gluten-free diet. Forty-four of 75 patients were followed in EoE specialty clinic with duodenal biopsy and TTG testing per protocol. Six EoE patients had potential or probable CD. No sex or age differences were noted between those with findings of CD and EoE and those with EoE alone. Six patients with findings of CD and EoE followed gluten-free diet. Five underwent repeat endoscopy. Three had resolution of esophageal eosinophilia. Potential or probable CD was commonly found in adults with EoE. Diagnosis of CD may be challenging due to nonspecific symptoms and insufficient duodenal biopsy and serologic testing. Furthermore, gluten-free diet resolved EoE findings in some patients, suggesting possible shared pathophysiology in some cases of EoE and CD. TTG testing and adequate duodenal biopsy may further direct clinical care for EoE patients, and studies are needed to elucidate mechanisms linking EoE and CD.
Catalytic Function of Nongastric H,K-ATPase Expressed in Sf-21 Insect Cells †

We previously demonstrated that the alpha-subunit of human nongastric H,K-ATPase (Atp1al1) can assemble with the gastric H,K-ATPase beta-subunit (betaHK) into an active ion pump upon coexpression in Xenopus oocytes. To gain insight into enzymatic functions, we have analyzed the Atp1al1-betaHK complex using a baculovirus expression system. The efficient formation of the functional Atp1al1-betaHK complex in membranes of Sf-21 insect cells was obtained upon co-infection with recombinant baculoviruses expressing Atp1al1 and betaHK. Expression of either protein alone did not produce active ATPase. The effects of K(+), Na(+), pH, and ATP and inhibitors on ATPase activity of the recombinant Atp1al1-betaHK complex were analyzed. The Atp1al1-betaHK complex was shown to exhibit significant ATPase activity in nominally K(+)-free medium. The addition of K(+) stimulated the ATP hydrolysis up to 3-fold with K(m) approximately 116 microM K(+). The ATPase activity was moderately sensitive to ouabain and to SCH 28080 with apparent K(i) values in K(+)-free medium of approximately 64 microM and approximately 93 microM, respectively. Potassium exhibited strong antagonism toward both inhibitors. Assays of the ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity revealed inhibitory effects of Na(+) with the apparent K(i) of approximately 24 mM in the absence of added K(+) and with K(i) within the range of 60-70 mM in the presence of > or = 1 mM K(+). Thus, the human nongastric H,K-ATPase represented by the recombinant Atp1al1-betaHK complex exhibits enzymatic properties of K(+)-dependent ATPase sensitive to ouabain, SCH 28080, and Na(+). It differs from Na,K-ATPase in cation dependence and differs from gastric H,K-ATPase and Na,K-ATPase in sensitivity to inhibitors.
Progression and prognostic indicators of bronchial disease in children with sickle cell disease.

Purpose The pulmonary complications of sickle cell disease (SCD) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality (MacLean et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178:1055–1059, 2008; Klings et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173:1264–1269, 2006; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2009). Despite this recognition, predictive markers of lung dysfunction progression remain elusive (Klings et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173:1264–1269, 2006; Platt et al. N Engl J Med 330:1639–1644, 1994; Caboot et al. Curr Opin Pediatr 20:279–287, 2008; Field et al. Am J Hematol 83:574–576, 2008; Shirlo et al. Peadiatr Respir Review 12:78–82, 2011). This study was designed describe the longitudinal progression and identify specific markers that influence bronchial disease in SCD.
Antenna Array Optimization Using Dipole Models for MIMO Applications

A very fast and efficient method for designing compact antenna arrays preserving the maximum channel capacity of multi input multi output (MIMO) systems using infinitesimal dipole model (IDM) theory is presented. Using this method each antenna element is replaced by a set of infinitesimal dipoles producing the same electric fields of the antenna. The recently introduced Invasive weed optimization (IWO) algorithm is employed to find the infinitesimal dipole models. The algorithm is applied to a planar inverted F-antenna designed as an element of a compact array for MIMO applications. Using the obtained IDMs, self and mutual admittances between the antennas are predicted. Therefore, correlation coefficients of the MIMO array system are achieved using S-parameters. Having the correlation of the system, the location and orientation of each antenna are optimized to find the minimum correlation value for the MIMO antenna system. Using the optimization technique, very low cross correlation coefficient is obtained for very close antennas over a finite ground plane.
Isoenzymes of cuprozinc superoxide dismutase from Pisum sativum

Abstract Two cyanide-sensitive and organic solvent-inactivated superoxide dismutase isoenzymes were purified from pea leaves, Pisum sativum , cv Thomas Laxto
Toward a Social Psychology of Culture and Globalization: Some Social Cognitive Consequences of Activating Two Cultures Simultaneously

Despite the increased attention given to cultural phenomena in social psychology, the field has neglected issues related to globalization’s cultural impacts. Meanwhile, opinions in the debates over these issues are divided, polarized, and often motivated by political and ideological commitments. Globalization has brought symbols of diverse cultures together and provided ample opportunities for the simultaneous activation of two or more cultural representations. Using our research on the social cognitive consequences of activating two cultural representations simultaneously as an example, we argue for constructing a social psychology of globalization that offers nuanced understandings of people’s psychological responses to globalization. Although simultaneous activation of cultural representations does not determine an individual’s cultural identity, it enlarges the felt distinctions between different identity options and magnifies the effects of identity choice. Furthermore, in situations that emphasize appropriating intellectual resources from diverse cultures to foster creativity, simultaneous activation of cultural representations may facilitate creative performance.
Managing health problems among homeless women with children in a transitional shelter.

Purpose: To describe health problems among homeless women with children living in a transitional shelter, analyze how they managed various ailments and when and how they sought care. Design: Qualitative using grounded theory and dimensional analysis. Sample: During 1992 and 1993, data were gathered from a convenience sample of 13 Latina, 11 White, and 6 African American women (n=30) who lived in a transitional shelter in California, USA. Methods: In-depth, semi-structured interviews Findings: Despite many supportive services in transitional shelter, respondents had difficulty managing health problems. Typically, a woman reported she managed a health problem by overcoming it alone. Conclusions: The pattern of overcoming it alone existed years before transitional shelter life, and, in many instances, persisted during shelter years. Clinical Implications: Clinical nursing interventions that address shame, fear, lack of information, and eligibility for services could improve health outcomes among women and children living in transitional shelters.
Abnormal carbene–silicon halide complexes

Reaction of the anionic N-heterocyclic dicarbene (NHDC), [:C{[N(2,6-Pri2C6H3)]2CHCLi}]n (1), with SiCl4 gives the trichlorosilyl-substituted (at the C4 carbon) N-heterocyclic carbene complex (7). Abnormal carbene–SiCl4 complex (8) may be conveniently synthesized by combining 7 with HCl·NEt3. In addition, 7 may react with CH2Cl2 in warm hexane, giving the abnormal carbene-complexed SiCl3+ cation (9). The nature of the bonding in 9 was probed with complementary DFT computations.
Electronic Resources (ER) Librarians, Usage Data, and a Changing World

SUMMARY What factors affect the handling of usage data? What skills does an electronic resources (ER) librarian need to work with usage data? How do they solve problems innovatively and contribute to the library's efforts to deliver digital information? First and foremost, ER librarians need a firm understanding of the libraries in which they work and what innovations or adaptations are appropriate. There are no true answers to the question of how to handle usage data, which leaves the field open for innovation and customization.
The Metamorphic Nature of the Tau Protein: Dynamic Flexibility Comes at a Cost

Accumulation of the microtubule associated protein tau occurs in several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The tau protein is intrinsically disordered, giving it unique structural properties that can be dynamically altered by post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and cleavage. Over the last decade, technological advances in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and structural modeling have permitted more in-depth insights into the nature of tau. These studies have helped elucidate how metamorphism of tau makes it ideally suited for dynamic microtubule regulation, but how it also facilitates tau self-assembly, oligomerization, and neurotoxicity. This review will focus on how the distinct structure of tau governs its function, accumulation, and toxicity as well as how other cellular factors such as molecular chaperones control these processes.
Clearing up psoriasis

Rheumatology is at the brink of a new era in precision medicine with the emergence of biological therapies for autoimmune diseases that target specific inflammatory pathways. Signaling by interleukin 17A (IL-17)—a cytokine prominently secreted by IL-17–producing T helper (TH17) cells—has been implicated in multiple inflammatory conditions, including psoriasis, by animal models and human genetics. Indeed, monoclonal antibodies inhibiting this pathway have shown promise in clinical trials. Now, results from phase 3 clinical trials reported in two recent studies further confirm the pathogenic role of IL-17 signaling in psoriasis and the therapeutic efficacy of IL-17 pathway blockade. Both studies report on the clinical efficacy of monoclonal antibodies that inhibit IL-17 signaling for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Lebwohl et al. studied treatment of psoriasis with brodalumab, which binds to a subunit of the IL-17 receptor and blocks signaling downstream of IL-17. They report data from two randomized control trials comparing treatment with brodalumab to placebo or an FDA-approved biological treatment—ustekinumab—that targets a protein subunit shared by IL-12 and IL-23. Brodalumab achieved the trials’ primary endpoints after 12 weeks of treatment, demonstrating clinical superiority to both placebo and ustekinumab. At the highest doses of brodalumab, more than 50% of patients achieved complete clearance of skin disease at the end of 52 weeks. In the second study, Mease et al . report data from a randomized control trial of psoriatic arthritis. They inhibited IL-17 signaling with secukinumab, a human monoclonal antibody that neutralizes IL-17A. Secukinumab improved both skin lesions and arthritis in these patients compared with placebo. Furthermore, secukinumab was also effective in some patients who had previously discontinued use of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, commonly used to treat psoriatic arthritis, due to poor response or side effects. These studies show that anti–IL-17 signaling agents are likely to play a central role in the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, yet considerable work lies ahead to understand which pathogenic cytokine pathways—and which components of a pathway—could be targeted to treat other autoimmune diseases. As we learn more about why not all psoriasis patients respond to IL-17 pathway blockade, future efforts might even move toward approaches personalized to each patient’s pathogenic cytokine profile, expanding our arsenal of targeted anti-cytokine therapies for autoimmune diseases. M. Lebwohl et al ., Phase 3 studies comparing brodalumab with ustekinumab in psoriasis. N. Engl. J. Med . 373 , 1318–1328 (2015). [[Abstract]][1] P. J. Mease et al ., Secukinumab inhibition of interleukin-17A in patients with psoriatic arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med . 373 , 1329–1339 (2015). [[Abstract]][2] [1]: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1503824 [2]: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1412679
Interview: Otto F. Kernberg, M. D., F. A. P. A., Developer of Object Relations Psychoanalytic Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder

During this interview, I would like to focus on your conceptualization and application of object relations theory for borderline personality disorder. Since your treatment for borderline personalit...
Polymorphism in Multiple Component Crystals: Forms III and IV of Gallic Acid Monohydrate

Gallic acid monohydrate is the first tetramorphic hydrate for which fractional coordinates have been determined, and analysis of the hydrogen bonding patterns in these and other polymorphic hydrates suggests that waters of hydration are a nemesis to crystal engineers.
Expression Modes and Structure of Xylem-specfic-expression 4-coumarate:CoA Ligase (Pto4CL1) Gene Promoter in Populus Tomentosa

The 4-Coumarate:CoA ligases(4CLs,EC 6.2.1.12) are a group of essential enzymes in lignin synthesis pathways.The Bioinformatic analyze of expression and regulation of 4CL1 promoter shows there are three cis-elememnt in Populus tomentosa 4CL1 promoter:box P(CCTTCACCAACCCCC),box A(CCGTTC) and box L(TCTCACCAACC).A DNA fragment of about 393bp upstream of the coding sequence of P.tomentosa 4-coumarate:CoA ligase(4CL) gene was amplified by PCR and cloned.The promoter fragment was inserted into a plant expression vector pBI101 containing GUS gene.The expression vector was transferred to tobacco plants,via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.The expression of GUS in the transformants was detected by histochemical GUS staining and indicated that DNA fragment produce a xylem-specific expression.The results show that a 393bp promoter fragment including three cis-elememnt has xylem-specific expression characteristic.
Evaluation and management of incontinence after implantation of the artificial urinary sphincter.

SUMMARY Despite the fact that the AS-800 artificial urinary sphincter represents a significant advance in the treatment of urinary incontinence, for many reasons, incontinence persists or recurs in a small percentage of cases. This is often a challenging problem to manage; however, a logical and sequential approach (as outlined in the algorithm in Figure 2) will aid in successful diagnosis and treatment.
Removal of trace metal contaminants from potable water by electrocoagulation

This study investigated the effects of four operational and environmental variables on the removal of trace metal contaminants from drinking water by electrocoagulation (EC). Removal efficiencies for five metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead and nickel) were compared under varying combinations of electrode material, post-treatment, water composition and pH. Iron electrodes out-performed aluminum electrodes in removing chromium and arsenic. At pH 6.5, aluminum electrodes were slightly more effective at removing nickel and cadmium, while at pH 8.5, iron electrodes were more effective for these metals. Regardless of electrode, cadmium and nickel removal efficiencies were higher at pH 8.5 than at pH 6.5. Post-EC treatment using membrane filtration (0.45 μm) enhanced contaminant removal for all metals but nickel. With the exception of lead, all metals exhibited poorer removal efficiencies as the ionic strength of the background electrolyte increased, particularly in the very high-solids synthetic groundwaters. Residual aluminum concentrations were lowest at pH 6.5, while iron residuals were lowest in low ionic strength waters. Both aluminum and iron residuals required post-treatment filtration to meet drinking water standards. EC with post-treatment filtration appears to effectively remove trace metal contaminants to potable water standards, but both reactor and source water parameters critically impact removal efficiency.
The space of Henstock integrable functions II

The space of Henstock integrable functions on the unit cube in the m-dimensional Euclidean space is normed, barrelled, and not complete. We describe its completion in the space of Schwartz distributions.
Dependence of Nonadiabatic Couplings with Kohn-Sham Orbitals on the Choice of Density Functional: Pure vs Hybrid.

Nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NA-MD) is an extremely useful approach to model electron transfer dynamics in molecular and solid state systems. The performance of NA-MD simulations depends critically on the accuracy of the underlying electronic structure properties, such as state energies and nonadiabatic couplings (NAC). Practical NA-MD modeling relies extensively on computationally efficient pure density functionals, despite the known intrinsic problems of the latter. A reliable solution to the problems presented by the use of pure density functionals, is the use of hybrid functionals, however hybrid functionals are significantly more expensive. In this work, we investigate how the choice of the density functional can affect the NAC magnitudes for small silicon clusters and silicon hydrides. We find that pure functionals can significantly overestimate NAC magnitudes in comparison to those obtained with hybrid functionals. The ratio of the two magnitudes increases with the system size and differs by an...
Some current directions in the theory and application of statistical process monitoring

This paper provides an overview and perspective of recent research and applications of statistical process monitoring.
Serum Immune Profiling for Early Detection of Cervical Disease.

Background: The most recent (2012) worldwide estimates from International Agency for Research on Cancer indicate that approximately 528,000 new cases and 270,000 deaths per year are attributed to cervical cancer worldwide. The disease is preventable with HPV vaccination and with early detection and treatment of pre-invasive cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, CIN. Antibodies (Abs) to HPV proteins are under investigation as potential biomarkers for early detection. Methods: To detect circulating HPV-specific IgG Abs, we developed programmable protein arrays (NAPPA) that display the proteomes of two low-risk HPV types (HPV6 and 11) and ten oncogenic high-risk HPV types (HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52 and 58). Arrays were probed with sera from women with CIN 0/I (n=78), CIN II/III (n=84), or invasive cervical cancer (ICC, n=83). Results: Abs to any early (E) HPV protein were detected less frequently in women with CIN 0/I (23.7%) than women with CIN II/III (39.0%) and ICC (46.1%, p<0.04). Of the E Abs, anti-E7 Abs were the most frequently detected (6.6%, 19.5%, and 30.3%, respectively). The least frequently detected Abs were E1 and E2-Abs in CIN 0/I (1.3%) and E1-Abs in CIN II/III (1.2%) and ICC (7.9%). HPV16-specific Abs correlated with HPV16 DNA detected in the cervix in 0% of CIN 0/I, 21.2% of CIN II/III, and 45.5% of ICC. A significant number (29 - 73%) of E4, E7, L1, and L2 Abs had cross-reactivity between HPV types. Conclusion: HPV protein arrays provide a valuable high-throughput tool for measuring the breadth, specificity, and heterogeneity of the serologic response to HPV in cervical disease.
"Organic," "Natural," and "Additive-Free" Cigarettes: Comparing the Effects of Advertising Claims and Disclaimers on Perceptions of Harm.

Introduction The US Tobacco Control Act restricts advertising or labeling that suggests one tobacco product is less harmful than another. We sought to examine how "organic," "natural," and "additive-free" advertising claims and corresponding disclaimers affect perceptions of cigarettes' harm. Methods Participants were a national probability sample of adults in the United States (n = 1114, including 344 smokers). We conducted a 5 (claim) × 2 (disclaimer) between-subjects factorial experiment. Participants viewed a Natural American Spirit cigarettes ad claiming they were "organic," "natural," "additive-free," "light," or "regular;" and with or without a corresponding disclaimer. The outcome was perceived harm of the advertised cigarettes. Among smokers, we also assessed interest in switching within their current brand to cigarettes with this characteristic (eg, "additive-free"). Results Claims in the ad had a large effect on perceived harm (Cohen's d = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.47 to 1.29). Claims of cigarettes being "organic," "natural," or "additive-free" reduced perceived harm from the advertised cigarettes, as compared with "regular" and "light" claims. Disclaimers had a small effect, increasing perceived harm (d = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.08 to 0.41). The problematic claims also increased smokers' interest in switching. Disclaimers had no effect on smokers' interest in switching. Conclusions "Organic," "natural," and "additive-free" claims may mislead people into thinking that the advertised cigarettes are less harmful than other cigarettes. Disclaimers did not offset misperceptions of harm created by false claims. The US Food and Drug Administration should restrict the use of these misleading claims in tobacco advertising. Implications "Organic," "natural," and "additive-free" cigarette advertising claims decrease perceptions of harm among the public and increase interest in switching to such cigarettes among smokers. Disclaimers do not counteract the reduced perceptions of harm or increased interest in switching to these cigarettes. The US Food and Drug Administration should restrict the use of "organic," "natural," and "additive-free" claims in tobacco marketing.
Medical Ethics and Hospital Review Boards

The responsibilities and risks that physicians and other medical personnel should assume regarding living and dying have received considerable discussion. The medical profession characterizes its major responsibilities to be caring, healing, and preserving life, and argued that medical personnel should not kill people actively under any circumstances. The explicit professional code of conduct adopted by the medical profession is the 2,500-year-old Hippocratic Oath, which Rachels (1986) characterized as being a historical relic rather than an actual guide. The Hippocratic Oath construes the physician to be near godliness, as the medical anthropologist, Konner (who is both an M.D. and Ph.D.), recounted in his superb book, Medicine at the Crossroads (1993). Konner enumerated recommendations in the Oath that enhance the exalted image of the physician, including those to maintain an imposing appearance and mode of dress, to use decisive utterances, and to speak with great brevity. The Oath also recommended that all discussion should be conducted calmly and that most things should be concealed from the patient, with nothing being revealed of the patient’s future or present condition.
Physiology and Pharmacology of Erectile Dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction affects a significant proportion of the male population, making it a common urological disorder. It is defined as the inability to obtain or maintain an erection that is sufficient for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Many factors contribute to erectile physiology and pathophysiology. Much of the current understanding of erectile physiology was acquired in the 1980s and 1990s. In addition to the role of smooth muscle in regulating arterial and venous flow, the three-dimensional structure of the tunica albuginea and its role in venous occlusion have been elucidated. Pivotal research identified the importance of nitric oxide (NO), which is the major neurotransmitter for penile tumescence, and its counterpart, the phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which return the penis to a flaccid state. Subsequent studies have shown an important distinction between neurogenic- and endothelial-generated NO, in that the latter essentially helps in maintaining penile erection. Moreover, the role of endothelium in regulating smooth muscle tone and the intercellular link by means of gap junctions have also been uncovered. More recently, research has shown that changes to the downstream signaling pathways (RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway) may be of physiological importance in regulating cavernosal smooth muscle tone. In the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction, the changes in the smooth muscle, endothelium, and fibroelastic framework with hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and aging have also been identified. The anatomy and physiology of erectile function are discussed in detail in this chapter (1).
Feminist designs: modernist digital humanities & Mina Loy: Navigating the Avant-Garde

In Part 1, we contend that design is fundamental to feminist digital humanities. “Design” refers to structures and to the process of inventing them; it also encompasses matters of style and aesthet...
Racheting Up Repair.

In this issue of Immunity, Daniel et al. (2018a) demonstrate that the nuclear receptor PPARγ acts in a ligand-insensitive manner to impart transcriptional memory and enhanced functionality to IL-4 polarized macrophages. Their findings shed light on the mechanisms that control priming of the epigenome in response to inflammatory signals.
The Most Important Medicinal Plants of the Highland Maya

A botanical ethnography is presented for the most important medicinal plants used by the Highland Maya in the municipality of Tenejapa. Importance is determined based on use reports over time and ethnographic interviews. Despite knowing approximately 1500 medicinal plants, five plant species account for around 25% of all uses. Linguistic, economic and ecological aspects of medical ethnobotany are described. In addition, a reported ethnoecological distribution of these medicinal plants based on degree of human modification of the landscape and gross climatic zones is presented. Plants are listed in order of their importance. For each plant the entry is divided into two sections: Ecology, Botany, Folk Classification and Nomenclature; and Medical Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology.
Use of delayed intervention for small renal masses initially managed with active surveillance.

Abstract Introduction A number of patients who elect active surveillance of their small renal masses (≤4 cm) subsequently pursue delayed intervention (DI). The indications, timing, and rates of DI have not been well determined prospectively. Materials and methods Data from Delayed Intervention and Surveillance for Small Renal Masses, a prospective, multi-institutional registry was utilized to evaluate factors associated with DI between 2009 and 2018. Results Of 371 patients enrolled in AS, 46 (12.4%) pursued DI. Patients who pursued DI spent a median 12 months on surveillance (interquartile range 5.5–23.6), had better functional status (P 0.5 cm/y for 23 (50%) patients, patient preference for 22 (47.8%) patients, and qualification for renal transplant in 1 (2.2%) patient. Thirty-two patients (69.6%) underwent nephron-sparing surgery, 5 (10.9%) underwent radical nephrectomy, and 9 (19.6%) underwent percutaneous cryoablation. Renal mass biopsy was utilized in 37 (11.4%) and 15 (32.7%) patients in the AS and DI arms, respectively (P = 0.04). No patients experienced metastatic progression or died of kidney cancer. Conclusions As nearly 50% of patients pursue DI secondary to anxiety in the absence of clinical progression, comprehensive counseling is essential to determine if patients are suitable for a surveillance protocol. AS remains a safe initial management option for many patients but may not be a durable strategy for patients who are acceptable surgical candidates with an extended life expectancy. DI does not compromise oncologic outcomes or limit treatment options.
Computation of shock wave structure using a simpler set of generalized hydrodynamic equations based on nonlinear coupled constitutive relations

Generalized hydrodynamic equations were originally proposed to describe the rarefied non-equilibrium flows beyond the Navier–Stokes–Fourier (NSF) equations by constructing a non-equilibrium canonical distribution function for the mesoscopic Boltzmann equation. Subsequently, nonlinear coupled constitutive relations (NCCR) were developed under the adiabatic assumption, the Eu’s closure, and Myong’s simplification. NCCR+ was also proposed to include the omitted terms in Myong’s simplification. The goal of this paper is to assess the improvements in the accuracy due to NCCR+ and the influence of the bulk viscosity in one-dimensional steady shock wave structure for monatomic and diatomic gases. In order to solve NCCR+ equations, a coupled solution process based on the time-independent method for non-conserved variables is employed, which is different from the previous uncoupled solution process used for the NCCR equations. Shock structures in argon and nitrogen are calculated up to Mach 50, where the shock profile, inverse shock thickness, asymmetry parameter, and temperature–density separation distance are validated by DSMC and available experimental measurements. The results show that NCCR+ could not provide much improvement in accuracy compared to NCCR but adds to the computational cost, suggesting that Myong’s simplification used in NCCR is satisfactory. Both NCCR and NCCR+ perform better than NSF in computing the one-dimensional shock wave structure at high Mach numbers. It is also shown that the bulk viscosity has significant influence on the accuracy of prediction of the shock wave structure in a diatomic gas using both NSF and NCCR. Stokes’ hypothesis in conventional NSF is valid only for flows in a monatomic gas and for very low Mach number flows in a diatomic gas. Additionally, it is also found that the viscosity exponent s = 0.81 in variable-hard-sphere model provides a good fit with the experimental data for shock wave in argon using NCCR.
Autophagy Inhibition to Augment mTOR Inhibition: a Phase I/II Trial of Everolimus and Hydroxychloroquine in Patients with Previously Treated Renal Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: Everolimus inhibits the mTOR, activating cytoprotective autophagy. Hydroxychloroquine inhibits autophagy. On the basis of preclinical data demonstrating synergistic cytotoxicity when mTOR inhibitors are combined with an autophagy inhibitor, we launched a clinical trial of combined everolimus and hydroxychloroquine, to determine its safety and activity in patients with clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Patients and Methods: Three centers conducted a phase I/II trial of everolimus 10 mg daily and hydroxychloroquine in patients with advanced ccRCC. The objectives were to determine the MTD of hydroxychloroquine with daily everolimus, and to estimate the rate of 6-month progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with ccRCC receiving everolimus/hydroxychloroquine after 1–3 prior treatment regimens. Correlative studies to identify patient subpopulations that achieved the most benefit included population pharmacokinetics, measurement of autophagosomes by electron microscopy, and next-generation tumor sequencing. Results: No dose-limiting toxicity was observed in the phase I trial. The recommended phase II dose of hydroxychloroquine 600 mg twice daily with everolimus was identified. Disease control [stable disease + partial response (PR)] occurred in 22 of 33 (67%) evaluable patients. PR was observed in 2 of 33 patients (6%). PFS ≥ 6 months was achieved in 15 of 33 (45%) of patients who achieved disease control. Conclusions: Combined hydroxychloroquine 600 mg twice daily with 10 mg daily everolimus was tolerable. The primary endpoint of >40% 6-month PFS rate was met. Hydroxychloroquine is a tolerable autophagy inhibitor in future RCC or other trials.
Physicochemical interactions with (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate drive structural modification of celiac-associated peptide α2-gliadin (57-89) at physiological conditions

(−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major phenolic constituent of tea, has been shown to have biological activity within inflammatory pathways involved with food allergies and intolerances. Proposed mechanisms for this effect include sequestration and structural modification of immunostimulatory proteins as a result of interactions with EGCG. The present study employs biophysical techniques including dynamic light scattering, circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance to elucidate the likely mechanism(s) by which EGCG interacts with α2-gliadin (57–89) (α2g), an immunodominant peptide in celiac disease pathogenesis. We demonstrate that EGCG interacts with α2g in a multi-phase reaction driven by non-specific binding, resulting in the formation of polydisperse EGCG/α2g complexes which induce changes in peptide structure. We also show that these interactions occur at a range of pH levels associated with digestion, including pH 2.0, 6.8 and 7.5. Based on previous reports of binding specificity of enzymes and antigen presenting cells in celiac disease pathogenesis, our results provide foundational support for EGCG to prevent recognition of immunostimulatory gliadin epitopes by the body and thus prevent the inflammatory and autoimmune response associated with celiac disease.
Economic benefits of improved water quality in the Delaware River (USA)

Water quality in the Delaware River, USA, has improved significantly since the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (1948), Clean Water Act of 1972, and authorization of the Delaware River Basin Commission Compact in 1961. Initial economic analysis by the Federal Water Pollution Administration in 1966 concluded the multimillion dollar pollution abatement programme would generate $350 million in annual benefits by improving dissolved oxygen levels to fishable standards in the Delaware River. Although water quality in the Delaware has improved substantially, scientists have called for raising the 1960s dissolved oxygen criteria from 3.5 mg/L to 5.0 mg/L to ensure year‐round propagation of anadromous American shad and Atlantic sturgeon. This higher level would also mitigate atmospheric warming resulting in increased water temperatures and sea water incursion, both of which would lead to reductions in dissolved oxygen saturation in the river. Additional economic valuation of this water quality improvement shows direct use benefits in the Delaware River to range from $371 million to $1.1 billion per year. Other economic sectors benefiting from improved water quality include recreational boating ($46–$334 million), recreational fishing ($129–$202 million), agriculture ($8–$188 million), nonuse value ($76–$115 million), viewing/boating/fishing ($55–$68 million), bird watching ($15–$33 million), property value ($13–27 million), water supply ($12–$24 million), commercial fishing (up to $17 million), and navigation ($7–$16 million). Future economic research is needed in the Delaware River watershed to more precisely measure nonuse benefits by public willingness to pay for improved water quality.
Feature Level Fusion from Facial Attributes for Face Recognition.

We introduce a deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) architecture to classify facial attributes and recognize face images simultaneously via a shared learning paradigm to improve the accuracy for facial attribute prediction and face recognition performance. In this method, we use facial attributes as an auxiliary source of information to assist CNN features extracted from the face images to improve the face recognition performance. Specifically, we use a shared CNN architecture that jointly predicts facial attributes and recognize face images simultaneously via a shared learning parameters, and then we use facial attribute features an an auxiliary source of information concatenated by face features to increase the discrimination of the CNN for face recognition. This process assists the CNN classifier to better recognize face images. The experimental results show that our model increases both the face recognition and facial attribute prediction performance, especially for the identity attributes such as gender and race. We evaluated our method on several standard datasets labeled by identities and face attributes and the results show that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art face recognition models.
Difficulties for Every Solution: Defining Transnational Law at the Edge of Transdisciplinarity

This is an epilogue to a volume commemorating 60 years since Philip Jessup’s “definition” of Transnational Law. Unsurpassed for its citablity and quotability, Jessup's concept was nonetheless formed within a particular context of intellectual history. It has inspired three intellectual projects, called here Transnational Legal Process, Transnational Legal Theory and Transnational Legal Orders. This book is most clearly a mapping and an itinerary of the middle category, Transnational Legal Theory. The distance traveled between Jessup’s conception and the one presented here is most evident in a new definition offered in the Introduction by its editor which rather than acting as a prompt or a distillation, is an unpacking of the essential features of Transnational Law as an critical and intellectual project. Along with its rival itineraries, its moves toward interdisicplinarity, criticality, and legal pluralism move us not towards a consensus concept, but a transdisciplinary horizon.
Antitumor Agents 126. Novel 4β-Substituted Anilino Derivatives of 3′,4′ - O, O -Didemethylpodophyllotoxin as Potent Inhibitors of Human DNA Topoisomerase II

A series of derivatives of 3′,4′ 0,0-didemethylpodophyllotoxin have been synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitor activity against neoplastic cell growth (KB) and against human DNA topoisomerase II as well as for their activity in causing cellular protein-linked DNA breakage. The results show that the compounds possessing a 4β-anilino moiety either unsubstituted or substituted at the para (F, COOCH3, COCH3, CN, CH2CN, NO2) or meta (OH) positions or with an ethylenedioxy moiety showed the same or greater activity than etoposide in causing cellular protein-linked DNA breakage and in inhibiting DNA topoisomerase II. However, compared to the corresponding 4′-0-demethyl analogues, the 3′,4′-O,O-didemethyl compounds have a similar potency in inhibition of DNA topoisomerase II but are less active in causing cellular protein-linked DNA breakage. Complete correlation between the three biological activities–cytotoxicity, inhibition of DNA topoisomerase II, and induction of protein-linked DNA breakage–was also not observed. This supports the possibility that the biological determinants of action among these compounds may be different.
Spectral radius and matchings in graphs

Abstract A perfect matching in a graph G is a set of disjoint edges covering all vertices of G. Let ρ ( G ) be the spectral radius of a graph G, and let θ ( n ) be the largest root of x 3 − ( n − 4 ) x 2 − ( n − 1 ) x + 2 ( n − 4 ) = 0 . In this paper, we prove that for a positive even integer n ≥ 8 or n = 4 , if G is an n-vertex graph with ρ ( G ) > θ ( n ) , then G has a perfect matching; for n = 6 , if ρ ( G ) > 1 + 33 2 , then G has a perfect matching. It is sharp for every positive even integer n ≥ 4 in the sense that there are graphs H with ρ ( H ) = θ ′ ( n ) and no perfect matching, where θ ′ ( n ) = θ ( n ) if n = 4 or n ≥ 8 and θ ′ ( 6 ) = 1 + 33 2 .
Strontium is Required in Artificial Seawater for Embryonic Shell Formation in Two Species of Bivalve Molluscs

Strontium is required in artificial seawater for the formation of the calcareous embryonic shell of the bivalves Mercenaria mercenaria (Linne, 1758) and Bankia gouldi (Bartsch, 1908). Embryos reared in defined media without strontium chloride become swimming larvae that appear normal except that the mineralized portion of the prodissoconch I shell is absent. Calcification is sensitive to small differences in strontium concentrations and a level of 6–8 ppm is required for normal development. Structural defects also result at high concentrations of this element, 3 to 10 times that of natural seawater, or when barium is substituted for strontium. Exposure to strontium is required only between hours 15–30 of the 40–45 hour embryonic period. Shell mineralization is initiated at hour 20 while the organic layer is observed with SEM at hour 18 and appears complete by hour 26. Larval shell growth (prodissoconch II) and statolith formation in M. mercenaria do not require the presence of strontium. These results are compared with those obtained earlier for the gastropod Aplysia californica (Cooper, 1863) and the implications are discussed.
Perturbations in Endocytotic and Apoptotic Pathways Are Associated With Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea:

Background:While vomiting is well controlled with current antiemetic regimens, unrelieved chemotherapy-induced nausea (CIN) is a significant clinical problem. Perturbations in endocytotic and apopt...
Experiences of social scientists in health research settings: SBM Leadership Institute

The Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM) Leadership Institute provides leadership training for mid-career behavioral medicine scientists. As an institute fellow, I explored the experiences of social scientists working in healthcare settings. Exploratory research to describe the experiences, barriers, and facilitators social scientists face working in a healthcare delivery and research system. Our research questions were exploratory, focused on understanding (a) the experiences of social scientists working in a healthcare delivery and research system, (b) barriers that social scientists face working in a healthcare delivery and research system, (c) perceived value of sociological and anthropologic methods to clinicians and other health researchers, and (4) to understand the landscape of organizational models that feature social scientists as part of a larger scientific enterprise. We developed a plan for needs assessment activities. We conducted a design workshop of social scientists (n = 11). Using human-centered design methods, we elicited experiences and asked participants to develop a prototype model where social scientists could find career fulfillment with minimal structural barriers. We found that social scientists feel a strong sense of pride in their social science training and passion for the work they do. They reported occupying multiple disciplines at once, including multiple promotion and reputational expectations. Participants commonly reported that they themselves, as well as collaborators, viewed social science work, particularly qualitative research, as supplemental to quantitative work. Participants described perceptions that social science research is less rigorous or requires less training compared with other disciplines. Participants identified several contextual factors that influenced the perceived value of social science research in healthcare, including the focus of external funding priorities on larger clinical questions, organizational structure, and tangible leadership support of social science. The SBM Leadership Institute created a space for preliminary research into an area that could improve the experiences and research impact of social and behavioral scientists.
Whole-Mount RNA In Situ Hybridization and Immunofluorescence of Xenopus Embryos and Tadpoles

A major advantage of experimentation in Xenopus is the ability to query the localization of endogenous proteins and RNAs in situ in the entire animal during all of development. Here I describe three variations of staining to visualize mRNAs and proteins in developing Xenopus embryos and tadpoles. The first section outlines a traditional colorimetric staining for mRNAs that is suitable for all stages of development, and the second extends this protocol for fluorescence-based detection for higher spatial and quantitative resolution. The final section details detection of proteins by immunofluorescence, optimized for tadpole stages but widely applicable to others. Finally, optimization strategies are provided.
The Safety of Continuous Infusion Propofol in Mechanically Ventilated Adults With Coronavirus Disease 2019.

Background:Propofol is commonly used to achieve ventilator synchrony in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), yet its safety in this patient population is unknown.Object...
Distilling the essence of strategy

I am certain of one thing: Colin Gray would be exasperated with claims that “Grand strategy is dead.”1 What he would have called a “banality” is commonplace these days.2 Some question the need for ...
A variable twist blade for horizontal axis wind turbines: Modeling and analysis

Abstract A method for analyzing the performance of a wind turbine blade design with an adaptive variable twist is presented. The possibility of implementing morphing features is becoming increasingly possible with innovative materials and manufacturing techniques. This motivates a blade concept consisting of multiple shell sections mounted on a rigid spar and covered by non-structural skin. The design allows the blade shells to adapt the twist angle distribution (TAD). The study is conducted using data acquired from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 20 kW wind turbine. A design problem is formulated to find the TAD that maximizes the aerodynamic efficiency for a discrete set of points that represent the Region 2 wind speed. The TAD is found for each point using a heuristic search algorithm. This algorithm searches through performance data that is acquired using the AeroDyn open source simulation software. Results from the model are validated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the k-ω shear stress transport turbulence model. Through this first part of the analysis, it becomes possible to understand the required amount of blade deformation by the TAD function. Given this understanding, a stress analysis can be performed on the blade structure. The scenario considers the combined effect of twisting with aerodynamic loading. The blade load is determined by combining CFD with finite element analysis to facilitate the one-way fluid-structural interaction. The outcome of this work demonstrates how the proposed method can be used to determine the gain in efficiency, required range of motion, and structural performance of the blade shells for a given wind turbine blade design.
Strategies for Promoting Evidence Use Through the Education Doctorate

One goal of the education doctorate is to prepare educational leaders who can use research-based evidence to solve complex problems related to education and improve lives. We recently completed a mixed methods study of four EdD programs that showed the kinds of experiences that encourage their graduates to use evidence. This paper uses qualitative data from the study to describe in more detail the strategies these programs used to promote evidence use. These strategies helped students develop skills in finding, assessing, and doing research; applying research; and working with others to use research. They ranged in size from the kinds of in-class activities professors used to help students collectively process what they were learning to the coordinated set of assignments spread across three years to help students turn a work-related issue into a research problem while designing and conducting their capstone doctoral project.