cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dye-membrane interaction and its changes during nerve excitation.

— With a view toward elucidating the physiocochemical properties of the nerve membrane, the behavior of various dye molecules incorporated into the membrane was investigated. By measuring the difference between the absorption spectra of dyes in the membrane at rest and those during nerve excitation, the nature of the conformation changes of the membrane macromolecules were examined. Mathematical expressions were developed describing the absorbance changes of dye molecules during nerve excitation. Experimental evidence was presented indicating that there is, during nerve excitation, rotation of dye molecules in the membrane. The physicochemical bases of the process of production of fluorescence changes during nerve excitation are discussed. Based on the results of measurements of the polarization of the fluorescent light, the existence of a highly ordered macromolecular structure at or near the inner surface of the membrane was inferred.
Subcellular Localization of “Peripheral-Type” Binding Sites for Benzodiazepines in Rat Brain

: The binding of [3H]Ro 5–4864, a specific ligand for “peripheral-type” benzodiazepine binding sites and [3H]Ro 15–1788, a specific ligand for the central benzodiazepine receptors, was determined in subcellular fractions of rat brain. As previously reported, the highest levels of “peripheral-type” benzodiazepine binding sites and benzodiazepine receptors were found in the crude P1, and P2 fractions, respectively. Purification of these crude fractions revealed that high levels of both [3H]Ro 5–4864 and [3H]Ro 15–1788 binding were present in the mitochondrial and synaptosomal fractions. In contrast, the purified nuclei and myelin contained low levels of both [3H]Ro 5–4864 and [3H]Ro 15–1788 binding.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Ameliorate Atherosclerosis by Favorably Altering Monocyte Subsets and Limiting Monocyte Recruitment to Aortic Lesions

Objective— Fish oil, containing omega-3 fatty acids, attenuates atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that omega-3 fatty acid–enriched oils are atheroprotective through alteration of monocyte subsets and their trafficking into atherosclerotic lesions. Methods and Results— Low–density lipoprotein receptor knockout and apolipoprotein E −/− mice were fed diets containing 10% (calories) palm oil and 0.2% cholesterol, supplemented with an additional 10% palm oil, echium oil (containing 18:4 n-3), or fish oil. Compared with palm oil–fed low–density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice, echium oil and fish oil significantly reduced plasma cholesterol, splenic Ly6C hi monocytosis by ≈50%, atherosclerosis by 40% to 70%, monocyte trafficking into the aortic root by ≈50%, and atherosclerotic lesion macrophage content by 30% to 44%. In contrast, atherosclerosis and monocyte trafficking into the artery wall was not altered by omega-3 fatty acids in apolipoprotein E −/− mice; however, Ly6C hi splenic monocytes positively correlated with aortic root intimal area across all diet groups. In apolipoprotein E −/− mice, fish oil reduced the percentage of blood Ly6C hi monocytes, despite an average 2-fold higher plasma cholesterol relative to palm oil. Conclusion— The presence of splenic Ly6C hi monocytes parallels the appearance of atherosclerotic disease in both low–density lipoprotein receptor knockout and apolipoprotein E −/− mice. Furthermore, omega-3 fatty acids favorably alter monocyte subsets independently from effects on plasma cholesterol and reduce monocyte recruitment into atherosclerotic lesions.
What Can We Learn from the End of the Grand Policy Experiment? The Collapse of the National SO2 Trading Program and Implications for Tradable Permits as a Policy Instrument*

The 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act created a trading program in sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions that has served as the seminal example of how an emissions trading program could be designed. Yet despite its success, the trading program was essentially brought to an end by a series of regulatory and judicial actions. We begin with a brief discussion of the theoretical and historical antecedents to the SO2 trading program. We then describe the events that led to the program’s effective end in 2011. We argue that the SO2 trading program had two key vulnerabilities: SO2 emissions cause multiple environmental impacts, some with local consequences, and internal conflicts within the Clean Air Act. Because of these vulnerabilities, in the end, the program was unsustainable. We close with a discussion of the lessons that can be drawn from this history for future emissions trading programs.
Effect of sodium citrate plus sodium diacetate or buffered vinegar on quality attributes of enhanced beef top sirloins.

The effect of two antimicrobials in the enhancement solution was investigated in this study. Sensory and shelf-life characteristics were measured for beef top rounds enhanced to 110% with 0.5% sodium chloride and 0.4% sodium tripolyphosphate (CNT); CNT with a 1% solution of 80% sodium citrate plus 20% sodium diacetate (SC + D); or CNT with 2% buffered vinegar (VIN) in the final product. SC + D and VIN had less (P 0.05). However, SC + D had lower (P 0.05) for all enhancement solutions within each day. After 7 days of retail display, SC + D retarded (P < 0.05) lipid oxidation to a greater extent than VIN or CNT samples. Sodium citrate plus sodium diacetate or buffered vinegar may be included in enhancement solutions without having a large influence on subjective color, and may aid in improving sensory tenderness.
Kinematics and dynamics of under-actuated manipulators

The kinematics and dynamics of underactuated manipulators are discussed. It is shown that, due to the presence of passive hinges, the dynamics of the underactuated manipulators are considerably more complex than those of fully actuated manipulators. Spatial operator algebra techniques are used to develop expressions for the dynamical equations of motion, the mass matrix, the generalized Jacobian, and the Jacobian that describes the coupling between the motions of the active and passive hinges. An efficient and recursive inverse dynamics algorithm, the complexity of which depends only linearly on the number of degrees of freedom, is also described. The structure of this algorithm is a hybrid combination of well-known inverse and forward dynamics algorithms for fully actuated manipulators. >
Thermoreversible copolymer gels for extracellular matrix4

To improve the properties of a reversible syn- thetic extracellular matrix based on a thermally reversible polymer, copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide and acrylic acid were prepared in benzene with varying contents of acrylic acid (0 to 3%) and the thermal properties were evalu- ated. The poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and copolymers made with acrylic acid had molecular weights from 0.8 to 1.7 ◊10 6 D. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed the high-molecular-weight acrylic acid copolymers had similar onset temperatures to the homopolymers, but the peak width was considerably increased with increasing acrylic acid content. DSC and cloud point measurements showed that polymers with 0 to 3% acrylic acid exhibit a lower criti- cal solution temperature (LCST) transition between 30° and 37°C. In swelling studies, the homopolymer showed signifi- cant syneresis at temperatures above 31°C. Copolymers with 1 and 1.5% showed syneresis beginning at 32° and 37°C, respectively. At 37°C the copolymers with 1.5-3% acrylic acid showed little or no syneresis. Due to the high water content and a transition near physiologic conditions (below 37°C), the polymers with 1.5-2.0% acrylic acid exhibited properties that would be useful in the development of a refillable synthetic extracellular matrix. Such a matrix could be applied to several cell types, including islets of Langer- hans, for a biohybrid artificial pancreas. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 51, 69-79, 2000.
Cleavage of recombinant proenkephalin and blockade mutants by prohormone convertases 1 and 2: an in vitro specificity study

Proenkephalin (PE) derived-peptides are thought to be generated predominantly through endoproteolytic cleavage by prohormone convertases 1 and 2 (PC1 and PC2). In order to compare cleavage site preferences of these convertases, we studied the processing of recombinant wild-type rat PE and of two mutant PEs by recombinant purified mouse PC1 and PC2. Western blot analyses of timed digestions showed that both mouse PC1 and PC2 were able to produce a variety of large and intermediate sized-peptides from wild-type PE as well as from the precursors mutated at initial blockade sites. PC2 exhibited a broader specificity against PE than PC1, generating a much greater number of peptide products. Mass spectrometric identification of cleavage products showed that PC2 appeared to be the principal enzyme involved in the generation of smaller active opioids. Both enzymes were able to cleave various KR- and KK-containing sites, but PC2 was also able to cleave efficiently at an RR-V site and a KK-M site not cleaved by PC1, suggesting the exclusion of large aliphatic residues at the P1' position in PC1 cleavage. Alternative cleavage sites were readily chosen by convertases in blockade mutants, confirming in vivo results that cleavages do not follow an obligatory order. Furthermore, glycosylated PE was less efficiently processed by PC2, indicating that glycosylation may serve as a mechanism to hinder processing.
The Interpretation of Shear‐Wave Splitting Parameters In the Presence of Two Anisotropic Layers

SUMMARY We consider the behaviour of shear-wave splitting parameters that are made under the assumption of a single layer of anisotropic material when in fact two layers of differing anisotropic properties are present. It is shown that the resulting apparent splitting parameters are still meaningful quantities and in fact can (at fixed frequency) be written as trigonometric functions of the splitting parameters of the individual layers. These expressions reveal many properties of the apparent splitting parameters. For example, the apparent fast polarization 4, and delay time 6t, exhibit systematic variations as a function of incoming polarization with r/2 periodicity. The derived expressions can be used to invert for the individual properties of the two layers in many circumstances. We show that several stations along the San Andreas fault system display the properties of two layers, with the top layer being parallel to the local strike of the San Andreas fault. Finally, the derived expressions for the apparent splitting parameters are shown to be easily generalized to multiple layers.
Chronic tocainide therapy for refractory high‐grade ventricular arrhythmias

Tocainide, an oral analog of lidocaine, was evaluated as a long-term antiarrhythmic agent in 21 patients with symptomatic complex ventricular ectopic activity (10 with hemodynamically significant ventricular tachycardia) refractory to currently available antiarrhythmics singly, and in combination for periods of 3 days to 35 months (mean 13.6 months). Tocainide appeared to be an effective and safe agent for the control of these refractory symptomatic ventricular arrhythmias in 14 of the 21 patients (66%). Minor central nervous system and gastrointestinal side effects were present in most of the patients, usually early on in therapy, and only precluded long-term use in 2 patients. Furthermore, lidocaine responsiveness was a good predictor of to-cainide effectiveness in this group of patients. Tocainide precipitated atrioventricular (A-V) block in one patient with pre-existing A-V nodal disease; two patients developed a skin rash while on tocainide therapy. These two patients had previously developed lupus-like syndromes and skin rashes while on procainamide. The ANA titers had been falling in these two patients while on tocainide, and in one of these patients with true systemic lupus erythematosus, rechallenge with tocainide failed to produce skin rash. Tocainide's long plasma half-life and high oral bioavailability permit an 8-h regime. We conclude that tocainide is an effective, safe antiarrhythmic agent with tolerable side effects.
Security Signature Inference for JavaScript-based Browser Addons

JavaScript-based browser addons are a tempting target for malicious developers---addons have high privileges and ready access to a browser user's confidential information, and they have none of the usual sandboxing or other security restrictions used for client-side webpage JavaScript. Therefore, vetting third-party addons is important both for addon users and for the browser providers that host official addon repositories. The current state-of-the-art vetting methodology is manual and ad-hoc, which makes the vetting process difficult, tedious, and error-prone.In this paper, we propose a method to help automate this vetting process. We describe a novel notion of addon security signatures, which provide detailed information about an addon's information flows and API usage, along with a novel static analysis to automatically infer these signatures from the addon code. We implement our analysis and empirically evaluate it on a benchmark suite consisting of ten real browser addons taken from the official Mozilla addon repository. Our results show that our analysis is practical and useful for vetting browser addons.
Dynamic Dipole-Dipole Magnetic Interaction and Damped Nonlinear Oscillations

Static dipole-dipole magnetic interaction is a classic topic discussed in electricity and magnetism text books. Its dynamic version, however, has not been reported in scientific literature. In this article, the author presents a comprehensive analysis of the latter. We consider two identical permanent cylindrical magnets. In a practical setting, we place one of the magnets at the bottom of a vertical glass tube and then drop the second magnet in the tube. For a pair of suitable permanent magnets characterized with their mass and magnetic moment we seek oscillations of the mobile magnet resulting from the unbalanced forces of the anti-parallel magnetic dipole orientation of the pair. To quantify the observed oscillations we form an equation describing the motion of the bouncing magnet. The strength of the magnet-magnet interaction is in proportion to the inverse fourth order separation distance of the magnets. Consequently, the corresponding equation of motion is a highly nonlinear differential equation. We deploy Mathematica and solve the equation numerically resulting in a family of kinematic information. We show our theoretical model with great success matches the measured data.
The Army Disease: Drug Addiction and the Civil War

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, historians and doctors have claimed that the ‘army disease’ of both the Union and the Confederate armies was morphine addiction. But since drug addiction was not yet fully understood in medical texts of the mid-1860s, addiction as the army disease could have been perceived only in hindsight. Whether addiction was prevalent among veteran troops or not, one thing can be firmly ascertained: after the Civil War, every other war in American history has brought with it a drug problem, whether real or imagined.
Flash signal evolution in Photinus fireflies: Character displacement and signal exploitation in a visual communication system

Animal communication is an intriguing topic in evolutionary biology. In this comprehensive study of visual signal evolution, we used a phylogenetic approach to study the evolution of the flash communication system of North American fireflies. The North American firefly genus Photinus contains 35 described species with simple ON-OFF visual signals, and information on habitat types, sympatric congeners, and predators. This makes them an ideal study system to test hypotheses on the evolution of male and female visual signal traits. Our analysis of 34 Photinus species suggests two temporal pattern generators: one for flash duration and one for flash intervals. Reproductive character displacement was a main factor for signal divergence in male flash duration among sympatric Photinus species. Male flash pattern intervals (i.e., the duration of the dark periods between signals) were positively correlated with the number of sympatric Photuris fireflies, which include predators of Photinus. Females of different Photinus species differ in their response preferences to male traits. As in other communication systems, firefly male sexual signals seem to be a compromise between optimizing mating success (sexual selection) and minimizing predation risk (natural selection). An integrative model for Photinus signal evolution is proposed.
Shape Effects on Viscous Damping and Motion of Heaving Cylinders

Fluid viscosity is known to influence hydrodynamic forces on a floating body in motion, particularly when the motion amplitude is large and the body is of bluff shape. While traditionally these hydrodynamic force or force coefficients have been predicted by inviscid-fluid theory, much recent advances had taken place in the inclusion of viscous effects. Sophisticated Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) software are increasingly popular. However, they are often too elaborate for a systematic study of various parameters, geometry or frequency, where many runs with extensive data grid generation are needed. The Free-Surface Random-Vortex Method (FSRVM) developed at UC Berkeley in the early 2000 offers a middle-ground alternative, by which the viscous-fluid motion can be modeled by allowing vorticity generation be either turned on or turned off. The heavily validated FSRVM methodology is applied in this paper to examine how the draft-to-beam ratio and the shaping details of two-dimensional cylinders can alter the added inertia and viscous damping properties. A collection of four shapes is studied, varying from rectangles with sharp bilge corners to a reversed-curvature wedge shape. For these shapes, basic hydrodynamic properties are examined, with the effects of viscosity considered. With the use of these hydrodynamic coefficients, the motion response of the cylinders in waves is also investigated. The sources of viscous damping are clarified.
Epidermolysis bullosa: Dental and anesthetic management of two cases

Abstract Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of rare genetic disorders which are of dental interest because of their specific oral manifestations and management difficulties. Two cases of recessive EB which may be classified clinically as the atrophicans-gravis Herlitz type are described.1 Dental therapy consisted of extractions and stainless steel crown restorations, with inhalation general anesthesia. The need for and advantages of early preventive and restorative dental care are illustrated by the cases presented.
Detrending phase drift: a preprocessing step to improve the effectiveness of the UNFOLD technique.

Purpose To improve the effectiveness of the UNFOLD technique in removing aliasing artifacts by detrending temporal phase drift in each voxel before the implementation of the UNFOLD technique. This is because linear and quadratic phase trends in temporal signal can shift and broaden aliasing peaks in the spectrum and cause the removal of aliasing artifacts by spectral filtering to be insufficient or even fail when minimal filtering of the spectrum is used. Materials and Methods A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study with a visual stimulus was performed on normal subjects to test the hypothesis. A 2D spiral-in/out sequence was used to acquire k-space data. Undersampled k-space trajectories were used to improve temporal resolution. Aliasing artifacts were removed by the UNFOLD technique. For comparison, two image sets, with and without phase trends removal, were obtained from each set of functional data. Results After detrending temporal phase drift, residual aliasing artifacts that were not suppressed by the standard UNFOLD technique could be successfully removed. Better image quality, temporal stability, and activation maps could be achieved by the proposed method. Conclusion The proposed method can improve the effectiveness of the UNFOLD technique in removing aliasing artifacts when spectral filtering is kept minimal to preserve temporal resolution. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Biomechanical and kinetic constraints in the control of limb movement

Most of the emphasis in the study of the control of arm movements in three dimensions has been on kinematic factors. Some of the questions that have been taken up extensively are the kinematic transformations between the location of a target point in space and the corresponding posture of the arm, as well as the kinematic factors that may influence the trajectory the arm takes in moving from one point to another. The most commonly accepted model for limb movement is a serial one in which the initial stages are devoted to planning a trajectory in hand or joint coordinates. The subsequent stages would then generate the requisite joint torques via appropriate patterns of muscle activation; either by a computation of inverse dynamics or by taking advantage of the viscoelastic properties of muscles. Kinetic and biomechanical factors influencing trajectory planning as well as the patterning of muscle activation have received much less attention and this paper focuses on these aspects of the control problem. The author shows that energy minimization criteria are capable of predicting the posture of the arm at the conclusion of a pointing movement. The author also presents results of recent physiological investigations concerning the manner in which the pulling directions of shoulder muscles change with arm posture.
Defining obesity in children and adolescents: Epidemiologic approaches

This article discusses the use of epidemiologic and statistical approaches in developing definitions of obesity for children and adolescents. Definitions of adult obesity have been derived from mortality data or from statistical data on reference populations. Both approaches pose problems when applied to children and adolescents. The choice of appropriate measurements can be difficult. Data on childhood weight and adult outcomes are sparse and hard to interpret. Statistical definitions based on reference populations are more straightforward, but require arbitrary assumptions that limit their usefulness for prevalence estimates or comparisons across age, sex, or race/ethnic groups. Examples illustrate some issues in defining childhood obesity, including a case study of two groups of researchers who used the same data sets, but arrived at different conclusions. At present there is no generally accepted objective definition of obesity for children or adolescents.
Understanding Effects of Flexible Spending Accounts on People with Disabilities: The Case of a Consumer-Directed Care Program

This study set out to explore the saving behavior, barriers, and facilitators along with effects of participating in a consumer-directed care program among people with disabilities in the state of West Virginia (N = 29). Results suggest that respondents were able to save money through the program to enable them to purchase goods and services they needed to enhance their welfare and quality of life. Generally, items saved for fell into 3 broad categories: household equipment, individual functioning, and home modification. Facilitators and barriers to saving were also indicated and so were the benefits of program participation. Program and policy implications are presented.
Computational Logic needs Symbolic Mathematics

In a list entitled “Epigrams on Programming” published a few years ago, the late and well known computer pioneer Alan J. Perlis said (Epigram 65): Make no mistake about it: Computers process numbers — not symbols. We measure our understanding (and control) by the extent to which we can arithmetize an activity.
Total hip wear debris presenting as lower extremity swelling. A report of two cases.

Following total hip arthroplasty, accelerated polyethylene wear is often associated with periprosthetic osteolysis, which may be asymptomatic or may present with groin pain1,2. Rarely, the patient may have a periarticular mass and may present with compression symptoms that can include neuropathy, venous thrombosis, and even urinary obstruction3-10. We report the cases of two patients who presented with unilateral swelling of the lower extremity secondary to compression of the iliac vessels by an intrapelvic mass associated with acetabular polyethylene wear. Both patients were treated surgically, and both had a successful result on the basis of clinical and radiographic findings. Both patients were informed that information regarding their case would be submitted for publication. Case 1. A sixty-three-year-old woman underwent a left total hip arthroplasty because of symptomatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. A cementless APR stem and cup (Sulzer Orthopedics, Austin, Texas) with a polyethylene liner and a ceramic zirconium oxide head were implanted at the time of the procedure. The patient did well for four years, at which time she presented with swelling of the left lower extremity. Physical examination revealed marked edema of the left lower extremity without erythema or signs of infection. The circumference of the thigh as measured proximal to the superior pole of the patella was 10 cm, approximately 3 cm greater than that on the unaffected side. Motor function and sensation were normal. A duplex Doppler ultrasound scan showed no evidence of deep venous thrombosis. Plain radiographs showed a well-fixed cementless stem, eccentric wear of the polyethylene liner, and osteolysis of the superior part of the acetabulum (Fig. 1-A). A computed tomographic scan of the abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities revealed a large mass in the left part of the pelvis (Fig. 1-B). Reconstruction images in …
Crystalline Organic Semiconducting Thin Films Cast from a Novel Thermolytic Thiophene Oligomer

Here we report on OTFTs made from a novel thermoresponsive thiophene based oligomer. The functionalized oligomer is soluble in common solvents, but loses its solubility upon thermolysis. Devices with channel lengths from 5 to 40 µm were fabricated from solution then subjected to thermolysis at temperatures ranging from 150–250 °C. The initially amorphous materials reorganize into highly crystalline films upon thermolysis. Crystallinity was characterized by x-ray diffractometry and atomic force imaging. AFM studies depicted the nucleation of molecular terraces, where the formation and overall height of terraces was observed to be dependent upon the thermolysis temperature and solvent choice. These factors correlated to overall performance. For both dip-cast and spin-cast samples, devices were fabricated at a process temperature of 180°C with mobilities of 0.07 cm2/Vs and on/off ratios > 105. The devices were relatively stable in both air and common solvents, with their mobility degrading only by ~25% upon immersion in the original casting solvents. The solubility characteristics and process temperatures for these devices may be particularly suitable for solution processing on flexible substrates.
Spatial patterns of olfactory neurons expressing specific odor receptor genes in 48-hour-old embryos of zebrafish Danio rerio

Olfactory neurons have a complex phenotype characterized by their expression of a specific odor receptor (OR) gene and their targeting of an equally specific locus in the olfactory bulb. In the adult fish, olfactory neurons expressing specific ORs are broadly distributed in the epithelium, intermingling with neurons expressing other OR phenotypes. This distributed adult pattern has led to the suggestion that olfactory neuron phenotype is determined by a stochastic process, independent of external positional cues. However, when the fish olfactory system is established during embryogenesis it is simple in its organization, with few olfactory neurons and an olfactory epithelium that has not yet folded into the adult morphology. It is possible that positional cues might act in the embryo to establish an initial population and pattern of olfactory neuron phenotypes and that subsequent morphogenesis and neuronal addition lead to the randomized distribution of neurons. To test this possibility, we examined the spatial patterns of olfactory neurons expressing specific OR genes in 48 h embryos, a time of relative simplicity in the developing olfactory epithelium. Three-dimensional plots of neuron distributions were made, and comparison of OR expression patterns were made between right and left epithelia, between individual animals and between different OR genes. The patterns of OR gene expression were not conserved in these comparison. Mathematical analysis of 21 epithelia for the degree of order in the distribution of olfactory neurons argued strongly that the neurons expressing given ORs are randomly distributed in the 48 h embryos. These results are consistent with those observed from adult tissue and support models suggesting that extrinsic positional cues do not have a major role in specifying olfactory neuron phenotypes.
Cytotechnology manpower assessment.

Abstract The shortages of cytotechnologists in the state of South Carolina are 43 percent, representing an extreme urgency to fill these vacant positions (national average 28 percent). Furthermore, the shortage is expected to rise (52 percent) thereby demanding a solution to the problem.
Are college students really liberal? An exploration of student political ideology and attitudes toward policies impacting minorities

Abstract We explore the relationship between college students’ professed political ideologies and their attitudes toward policies generally as well as those policies seen as disproportionately impacting minorities specifically. Common perception holds that a college education is associated with more liberal political ideologies. There is evidence to support this belief, but there are theoretical and methodological reasons to question this perception. While student samples are often used, nationally representative samples of current college students are not. We, therefore, investigate the relationship between college students’ attitudes and their professed political ideologies by utilizing a survey administered to students enrolled in colleges/universities across the U.S. This survey takes into consideration the type of institution (public, private, liberal arts, regional, etc.). Relying upon a theoretical foundation based upon the Basic Student Engagement Model, our results suggest a contrast between professed political ideology and attitudes toward social policies generally and policies seen as benefiting minorities specifically. We do, however, find consistency between professed ideology and economic policies.
The role of condensation from humid air on melting of ice

We formulate an analytical model to predict simultaneous condensation and melting on a vertical ice surface in air for a range of typical ambient conditions. The model solves the governing mass, momentum, and energy transport equations (including inertial terms) in the liquid film and vapor-gas domains. Transport of the water vapor species in noncondensable air is considered in the vapor-gas domain. The governing equations are simplified to a series of one-dimensional ordinary differential equations through the use of stream functions and similarity variables. A novel normalization of the liquid transport equations accounts for the unknown film thickness boundary condition. The equations are solved using a boundary value problem solver. The model is validated through qualitative comparisons to the behavior predicted by previous studies. Furthermore, an experimental validation is conducted using a laser displacement sensor to measure the liquid film thickness on an ice sheet. An interrogation of the spatial trends in the condensation and melting fluxes demonstrates that condensation is the predominant driving mechanism underlying the melting process, rather than free convection. A parametric study shows that the melting rate depends heavily on the water vapor content of the air.
“A Place from Where to Think”: The Application of Ritual Criticism to Chicana Fiction

This chapter further explains the idea of ritual criticism as a useful lens through which to examine Chicana fiction. The chapter discusses the importance of archetypal female mythologies and how these intersect with memory and the metaphysical. The chapter discusses Anzaldua’s spiritual vision of mestiza consciousness in more detail and how it signals toward ritual criticism as key to fully grasping Chicana experience within fiction. The chapter outlines ritual structures and more fully defines ritual performance through code-switching language.
Diffusion in Nonmetals

In the preceding chapters, the specific examples used concerned metals. This stems partly from the author’s experience but also from the fact that the majority of the research on diffusion in solids has been done with metals. There is reason to believe that all the general theory and most of the physical phenomena discussed in the earlier chapters applies equally well to nonmetals, although well-studied examples are often not available. With the change in electronic structure in going from metals to nonmetals, several new effects arise. In insulators the electrons are bound so tightly to the atoms that the principal means of carrying electric current at elevated temperature is by the movement of ions. In oxides and sulfides of transition metals the charge is carried by electrons, or electron holes, but charge conservation dictates that deviations from stoichiometry are accompanied by large increases in the concentration of the point defects that aid diffusion. In elemental semiconductors like silicon and germanium the bonding leads to both special electronic effects and the relatively easy accommodation of host and solute atoms on interstitial sites. This chapter deals with the phenomena which are unique to nonmetals, and ordered alloys.
Trans*forming college masculinities: carving out trans*masculine pathways through the threshold of dominance

AbstractMen and masculinities studies are gaining prominence in higher education literature, illuminating how cisgender college men understand and grapple with masculinity. Additionally, the increased visibility of trans* students has fueled the expanding scholarship and attention to their experiences, often however centering on white gender-conforming trans* students with little if any focus on their multiple and intersecting identities. The gap between these two strands of literature risks reifying hegemonic masculinity and genderism, as masculinities continue to be theorized as exclusively shaped and embodied by cisgender men. Through post-intentional and queer phenomenologies, this study seeks to fill that gap by investigating how trans*masculine students conceptualize masculinity/ies, and how that conception is informed by various intersecting and salient identities. Through a multifaceted conceptual framework and disruptive phenomenologies, the study positions trans*masculine students as agentic wor...
Serial Radiographs Do Not Change the Clinical Course of Nonoperative Stable OTA/AO 44-B1 Ankle Fractures.

Objective To assess radiographic markers of ankle stability in stable OTA/AO 44-B1 ankle fractures. Design Retrospective review. Setting Academic Level-I trauma hospital. Patients One hundred thirty-four patients with stable OTA/AO 44-B1 (Danis-Weber B, Supination-External Rotation-II) ankle fractures. Intervention Analysis of mortise view radiographs at the time of initial evaluation and final follow-up. Variables measured (1) medial clear space; (2) Mueller-Nose Distance. Main outcome measure Change in radiographic measurements resulting in conversion to operative intervention. Results Patients followed up an average of 2.6 visits in our clinics (SD 1.06). Patients received an average of 11.2 individual radiographic images to evaluate their injury (SD 3.9, maximum 29). No patients progressed to surgery in this cohort. Mean medial clear space at the time of injury was 3.4 mm (SD 0.8) and was 3.3 mm (SD 0.7) at the time of final follow-up (P = 0.1). Mean Mueller-Nose measurement at the time of injury was 3.5 mm (SD 1.0) and was 3.5 mm (SD 0.8) at the time of final follow-up (P = 0.47). Conclusions No patients with stable OTA/AO 44-B1 fractures proceeded to surgery for loss of tibiotalar reduction or any other cause. Radiographic relationships were conserved during the follow-up, and serial radiographs may not be needed when managing these patients. Level of evidence Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Tallinn Manual 2.0: Highlights and Insights

Malicious cyber activities are pervasive in the lives of individuals and in the national security discussions of national governments across the globe. It is rare to have a day pass without some cyber event reaching the national news. These malicious cyber activities are attributed to both States and non-State actors such as transnational criminal groups, terrorist organizations, and individuals. In response to this widespread phenomenon, including a specific major cyber incident in Estonia in 2007, the Cooperative Cyber Defense Center of Excellence in Tallinn Estonia hosted a multi-year process designed to provide the views of a group of renowned Experts on the application of international law to cyber activities. The first Tallinn Manual dealt with the law applicable to armed conflict. The second, and recently published, Tallinn Manual (known as Tallinn 2.0) deals with a much more broad level of cyber operations – all those not part of armed conflict. This article briefly summarizes the key points in the Tallinn Manual 2.0, including identifying some of the most important areas of non-consensus among the Experts who wrote the Manual. The article then offers some insights into where international law on cyber operations will need to go in the future.
Embryogenesis and larval development of the seastar Astropecten armatus

Astropectinid seastars typically develop as either feeding bipinnaria larvae or nonfeeding, barrel-shaped larvae. Understanding the direction and frequency of evolutionary transitions between these larval nutritional modes requires knowledge of the distribution of developmental diversity in the family, but the development of only a few astropectinids is known. Here we describe embryogenesis, larval development, and metamorphosis of Astropecten armatus, an astropectinid common in soft-sediment subtidal habitats in southern California. Adults were reproductively mature all year except during the winter months (December–February). Oocytes averaged 137 μm in diameter, the smallest reported in the genus. Fertilized oocytes developed into feeding bipinnaria larvae that fed in the plankton for at least 4 weeks, and in some cases up to 33 weeks, before metamorphosis. The tube feet of juveniles were adhesive, but lacked suckers, contrary to some previous descriptions of suckered tube feet in the juveniles of paxillosidans.
Encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (EDAS) in young patients with cerebrovascular complications of sickle cell disease: Single-institution experience

Moyamoya syndrome occurs in sickle cell disease (SCD) as a secondary complication of large-artery stenosis. Moyamoya increases the risk of stroke, but its optimal management in SCD is not established. Encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (EDAS) is a neurosurgical revascularization procedure for moyamoya whose use has been reported in SCD patients. We report the outcomes of 11 patients with SCD systematically evaluated for EDAS by a multidisciplinary team and compare the rate of stroke in patients who received EDAS to those who did not. Moyamoya syndrome was diagnosed by flow abnormalities on magnetic resonance angiography at median age of 8.2 years. Four patients deferred surgery. Seven patients underwent EDAS at median age of 19 years. There were no intraoperative complications, perioperative strokes, or deaths. Transient postoperative complications occurred in six cases (86%). On follow-up, three patients (43%) had no evidence of flow in their EDAS grafts, and one later developed a hemorrhagic stroke. Five EDAS patients (71%) had radiographically stable vasculopathy. Compared to the four patients who deferred surgery, the incidence of stroke in EDAS group was no different. The optimal use of EDAS in patients with SCD-associated moyamoya syndrome requires further investigation by a prospective, controlled clinical trial.
A Peptoid Square Helix via Synergistic Control of Backbone Dihedral Angles.

The continued expansion of the fields of macromolecular chemistry and nanoscience has motivated the development of new secondary structures that can serve as architectural elements of innovative materials, molecular machines, biological probes, and even commercial medicines. Synthetic foldamers are particularly attractive systems for developing such elements because they are specifically designed to facilitate synthetic manipulation and functional diversity. However, relatively few predictive design principles exist that permit both rational and modular control of foldamer secondary structure, while maintaining the capacity for facile diversification of displayed functionality. We demonstrate here that the synergistic application of two such principles in the design of peptoid foldamers yields a new and unique secondary structure that we term an “η-helix” due to its repeating turns, which are highly reminiscent of peptide β-turns. Solution-phase structures of η-helices were obtained by simulated annealing...
Noninvasive, Multimodality Approach to Treating Plantar Fasciitis: A Case Study

Plantar fasciitis, also referred to as plantar heel pain, is a common foot pathology among runners and other athletes. The clinical guidelines of the 2014 Orthopedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association states, noninvasive therapies including manual therapy, stretching, taping, foot orthoses, and night splints are recommended as primary interventions. Recent studies suggest acupuncture may be an effective treatment compared to standard treatment for long-term relief. This case study reports the effects of a multimodality approach including massage, gua sha, bleeding, acupuncture, and moxibustion to treat acute plantar heel pain.
Structure-function analysis of Bcl-2 family proteins. Regulators of programmed cell death.

The Bcl-2 protein blocks a distal step in an evolutionarily conserved pathway for programmed cell death and apoptosis. To gain better understanding of how this protein functions, we have undertaken a structure-function analysis of this protein, focusing on domains within Bcl-2 that are required for function and for interactions with other proteins. Four conserved domains are present in Bcl-2 and several of its homologs: BH1 (residues 136–155), BH2 (187–202), BH3 (93–107) and BH4 (10–30). Deletion of the BH1, BH2, or BH4 domains of Bcl-2 abolishes its ability to suppress cell death in mammalian cells and prevents homodimerization of these mutant proteins, though these mutants can still bind to the wild-type Bcl-2 protein. These mutants also fail to bind to BAG-1 and Raf-1, two proteins that we have shown can associate with protein complexes containing Bcl-2 and which cooperate with Bcl-2 to suppress cell death. Deletion of either BH1 or BH2 nullifies the ability of Bcl-2 to: (a) suppress death in mammalian cells; (b) block Bax-induced lethality in yeast; and (c) heterodimerize with Bax. In contrast, deletion of the BH4 domain of Bcl-2 nullifies anti-apoptotic function and homodimerization, but does not impair binding to the pro-apoptotic protein Bax. Taken together, the data suggest the possibility that both Bcl-2/Bcl-2 homodimerization and Bcl-2/Bax heterodimerization are necessary but insufficient for the anti-apoptotic function of the Bcl-2 protein. Homodimerization of Bcl-2 with itself involves a head-to-tail interaction, in which an N-terminal domain where BH4 resides interacts with the more distal region of Bcl-2 where BH1, BH2, and BH3 are located. In contrast, Bcl-2/Bax heterodimerization involves a tail-to-tail interaction, that requires the portion of Bcl-2 where BH1, BH2, and BH3 reside and a central region in Bax where the BH3 domain is located. The BH3 domain of Bax is also required for Bax/Bax homodimerization and pro-apoptotic function in both yeast and mammalian cells. Thus, Bcl-2 may suppress cell death at least in part by binding to Bax via the BH3 domain and thereby preventing formation of Bax/Bax homodimers. Further studies however are required to delineate the full significance of Bcl-2/Bcl-2, Bcl-2/Bax, and Bax/Bax dimers and the biochemical mechanisms by which Bcl-2 family proteins ultimately control cell life and death.
Line Profile Variations in Be Stars

The periodic variations in the photospheric lines of Be stars could result from rotation or nonradial pulsations (NRP). Here I review the spectroscopic results on ten Be stars which have been targeted in recent multiwavelength campaigns. Most of the stars display variability consistent with an l = –m = 2 NRP mode with periods on the order of a day, and the associated light curves are consistent with the pulsation periods, amplitudes, and phases derived from spectroscopy. The variability is strongest in the line wings which only agrees with the NRP prediction that horizontal motions should exceed vertical motions for g-mode pulsations. High frequency, non-periodic variations are also observed, but I argue that these are of circumstellar origin and do not represent high-order NRP. The NRP periods are also found in variations of the Hβ emission line but these probably result from photospheric and not disk variations. However, the same periods occur in the C IV λ1550 P Cygni line, which strongly suggests that NRP modulates the local stellar wind.
Task Force Report on Antiphospholipid Syndrome Clinical Research

The Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) Clinical Research Task Force (CRTF) was one of the six task forces developed by the 13th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies (aPL) organization committee with the purpose of: (a) evaluating the limitations of APS clinical research and developing guidelines for researchers to help improve the quality of APS research; and (b) prioritizing the ideas for a well-designed multicenter clinical trial and discussing the pragmatics of getting such a trial done. Following a systematic working algorithm, the task force identified five major issues that impede APS clinical research and the ability to develop evidence-based recommendations for the management of aPL positive patients: (1) aPL detection has been based on partially or nonstandardized tests, and clinical (and basic) APS research studies have included patients with heterogeneous aPL profiles with different clinical event risks; (2) clinical (and basic) APS research studies have included a heterogeneous group of patients with different aPL-related manifestations (some controversial); (3) thrombosis and/or pregnancy risk stratification and quantification are rarely incorporated in APS clinical research; (4) most APS clinical studies include patients with single positive aPL results and/or low-titer aPL ELISA results; furthermore, study designs are mostly retrospective and not population based, with limited number of prospective and/or controlled population studies; and (5) lack of the understanding the particular mechanisms of aPL-mediated clinical events limits the optimal clinical study design. The task force recommended that there is an urgent need for a true International collaborative approach to design and conduct well-designed prospective large-scale multicenter clinical trials of patients with persistent and clinically significant aPL profiles. Following the final recommendation of APS CRTF, an international collaborative working meeting took place in Miami (Nov 2–4, 2010) that resulted in the formation of a clinical trial research alliance entitled: AntiPhospholipid Syndrome Alliance For Clinical Trials and InternatiOnal Networking (“APS ACTION”).