cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrochemistry of FeS2

Abstract The electrochemistry of FeS 2 was investigated with anodic and cathodic polarization using both scan and steady state techniques. Emphasis was placed on anodic polarization as a function of pH, solution composition, and temperature. In strongly basic solution, a semi-amorphous film was formed and a diffusion plateau approximately proportional to hydroxide concentration was observed. No visible film was formed in acid solution, and the reaction rate increased as the pH was increased. An electrochemical mechanism is proposed which explains the pH sensitivity and other observations.
Exploring Student Perceptions of Audiovisual Feedback via Screencasting in Online Courses

Abstract Using Moore's (1993) theory of transactional distance as a framework, this action research study explored students' perceptions of audiovisual feedback provided via screencasting as a supplement to text-only feedback. A crossover design was employed to ensure that all students experienced both text-only and text-plus-audiovisual feedback and to control for order effects. Student perceptions were measured via an open-ended survey instrument. Students found text-only feedback satisfactory, but they perceived text-plus-audiovisual feedback as more effective for interacting with the instructor, building community, and helping them learn. Students also described text-plus-audiovisual feedback as more “real” and “personal” than text-only feedback. Providing text-plus-audiovisual feedback took twice as long as providing text-only feedback, so it may not be feasible for large classes. Practical applications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
First principles applied to software safety - the novel use of silicon machinery

Presents a methodology that may provide a radical new way of assuring the safety of software-based systems through a novel application of first principles enabled by micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, i.e. silicon machinery. 'First principles' is defined as theory that is defensible through fundamental laws of nature in the chemical, physical or mechanical structure of materials or assemblages thereof. The proposed methodology is limited to 'passive safety' applications, i.e. those where a potential hazard is mitigated (assured safe) by means that do not require action or energy to maintain. The proposed methodology is based upon long-standing safety principles employed in nuclear weapons. It is proposed that two of these long-established principles be applied to high-consequence software systems. The nuclear weapon stronglink and the unique signal (UQS) concept are fundamental to nuclear weapon safety and represent the conceptual genesis of the approach taken in this paper. Incompatibility and isolation are the two fundamental nuclear weapon safety principles made possible by the nuclear weapon stronglink and UQS concepts.
Dicrotism in heart disease. Correlations with cardiomyopathy, pericardial tamponade, youth, tachycardia, and normotension.

Abstract Dicrotism of the brachial pulse as seen in this laboratory is highly correlated with congestive cardiomyopathy and pericardial tamponade when these diagnoses are made on patients below the age of 40 who have a heart rate over 90 beats per minute (in regular rhythm). When not present otherwise, the phenomenon may be elicited by occlusive pressure at or just distal to the point from which it is being sensed, and under these circumstances age drops out as a major determinant of its occurrence. Observations from the previous literature as well as from this laboratory also indicate that dicrotism probably occurs with much less frequency in the presence of elevated blood pressures. Barner, Willman, and Kaiser's 20 experience during the early period following prosthetic replacement of the regurgitant aortic valve and our own with cardiomyopathy suggest that certain cardiac disease states may be more likely than others to give rise to dicrotism. There is a need for further clarification of this possibility. Such a study should include significant numbers of all types of heart disease, but it should also be done, insofar as is possible, in the presence of all those other factors known to favor dicrotism. Historically the dicrotic pulse appears to have excited the attention of clinicians of the last third of the nineteenth century as a part of the new knowledge obtained from the sphygmograph introduced by Marey in 1863. As the sphygmograph fell into disuse with the appearance of the sphygmomanometer and the string galvanometer, interest in the dicrotic pulse also waned, and it is only now, late in the resurgence of interest in pulses afforded by the introduction of modern electronic transducers, that dicrotism is again presenting itself for study. It should be recognized that many of the factors giving rise to dicrotism were known to writers of this earlier period.
On Improving Data Accessibility in Storage Based Sensor Networks

In-network data storage techniques can provide robustness against failure of dedicated sink nodes in sensor networks. For storing data in the network it is critical to ensure that the data can be accessed from other nodes for a long period of time. As replicating the data will increase consumption of resources, we propose a technique for data relocation that optimizes the accessibility of the data in the network. The two challenging constraints for solving this problem are "limited sensor lifetime" and "cost of data relocation". We study both centralized and distributed approaches for computing accessibility of each node. Using extensive simulations, we evaluate the performance of our techniques.
Bridge-to-Decision Therapy With a Continuous-Flow External Ventricular Assist Device in Refractory Cardiogenic Shock of Various Causes

Background—Mortality for refractory cardiogenic shock remains high. In this patient cohort, there have been mixed results in mechanical circulatory support device use as a bridge-to-decision therapy. We evaluated a continuous-flow external ventricular assist device (VAD), CentriMag VAD (Thoratec Corp., Pleasanton, CA), in patients with various causes of refractory cardiogenic shock. Methods and Results—This is a retrospective review of adult patients who underwent surgical CentriMag VAD insertion as bridge-to-decision therapy. From January 2007 through June 2012, 143 patients received CentriMag VAD. The cause of refractory cardiogenic shock was failure of medical management in 71 patients, postcardiotomy shock in 37, graft failure post–heart transplantation in 22, and right ventricular failure post–implantable left VAD in 13. Mean age was 52±16 years, and 71% were in INTERMACS (Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support) profile 1. Among 158 device runs, device configuration was Bi...
THE KINETICS OF PENETRATION : XII. HYDROGEN SULFIDE.

The rate of entrance of H2S into cells of Valonia macrophysa has been studied and it has been shown that at any given time up to 5 minutes the rate of entrance of total sulfide (H2S + S-) into the sap is proportional to the concentration of molecular H2S in the external solution. This is in marked contrast with the entrance of ammonia, where Osterhout has shown that the rate of entrance of total ammonia (NH3 + NR4+) does not increase in a linear way with the increase in the external concentration of NH3, but falls off. The strong base guanidine also acts thus. It has been shown that the rate of entrance of H2S is best explained by assuming that it enters by diffusion of molecular H2S through the non-aqueous protoplasmic surface. It has been pointed out that the simple diffusion requires that the rate of entrance might be expected to be monomolecular. Possible causes of the failure of H2S to follow this relationship have been discussed.
A CASE-SAR study of mammalian hepatic azoreduction.

A group of 36 aryl azo dyes were examined for their ability to be reduced by rat liver microsomal azoreductase. This group of azo dyes featured a variety of substituents, including sulfonic acid, phenol, nitro, amide, and methyl functionalities on phenyl, a‐naphthyl, and β‐naphthyl rings. Reduction rates for each dye were obtained using a spectrophotometric method and anaerobic incubation conditions. These rates ranged from 0 to 7.35 nmol dye reduced/min·mg protein. The reduction rates and dye structures provided the data for a CASE‐SAR (computer automated structure evaluation— structure‐activity relationship) fragment analysis, and three major structure fragments associated with the ability of this group of azo dyes to be reduced were identified. The three CASE fragments correctly label 92% of the azo dye structures as active or inactive and may be useful in future predictions of the ability of azo dyes to undergo reduction by rat liver azoreductase.
Quantitative degradation of chlorophyll by a marine herbivore1

In laboratory grazing experiments, primarily with Calanus sp. feeding on Coscinodiscus angstii, the decrease in chlorophyll concentration and the increase in pheophorbide concentration was determined. The average conversion of chlorophyll to pheophorbide was 66% on a weight basis and 100% on a molar basis. Some chlorophyll was found in fecal pellets. The specific absorption coefficient of pheophorbide in 90% acetone at 667 nm was 53.5 (g-cm)−1, about the same as that of pheophytin under the same conditions. Previously published equations for the determination of pheophytin can be used for pheophorbide.
Vertebrate eye development as modeled in Drosophila

Pax6, a member of the paired-box family of transcription factors, is critical for oculogenesis in both vertebrates and insects. Identification of potential vertebrate Pax6 targets has been guided by studies in Drosophila, where the Pax6 homologs eyeless ( ey ) and twin of eyeless ( toy ) function within a network of genes that synergistically pattern the developing fly eye. These targets, which share homology with the fly genes sine oculis, eyes absent and dachshund, exist in mice and humans as the Six, Eya and Dach gene families. Members of these gene families are present in the developing vertebrate eye, and preliminary studies suggest that they may function in a network analogous to that in the fly. Thus, despite radically different architecture, a similar molecular scaffold underlies both vertebrate and fly eye patterning, suggesting that the considerable power of Drosophila genetics can be harnessed to study mammalian ocular development.
Linking Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: Integrating Cultural Factors into Public Health

In spite of social science studies documenting their importance, public health programs and policies too often do not adequately incorporate cultural factors. This article suggests that not enough effort has been made to make methodological linkages between qualitative methods used in most cultural studies and the quantitative approaches employed by epidemiologists and others coming from an empirical background. To bridge the gap between the two approaches, researchers should maintain a flexible and pragmatic perspective regarding selection and use of methods. Recent examples of qualitative-quantitative research investigating health and culture relationships are reviewed along with promising new methods, such as consensus analysis. These approaches should help researchers to more effectively study cultural factors in ways compatible with public health perspectives.
Quantum-Effect Multi-Terminal Molecular Electronic Devices

Departing from two-terminal molecular electronic devices (MEdevices), this paper examines multi-terminal MEdevices. These devices are envisioned to be utilized in emerging molecular gates (Mgates) and neuronal hypercells (Xhypercell) for expected molecular integrated circuits (MICs). In addition to molecular- centered processing and memories, MEdevices are of importance in molecular sensing and interfacing applications. We concentrate on the device-level analysis researching transitions and interactions which are due to quantum phenomena and effects exhibited by microscopic (molecular) systems. Our ultimate objective is to analyze the controlled electron transport, study the I-V characteristics, evaluate performance and assess device capabilities. Using three-dimensional Schrodinger and Poisson equations, we study the electron transport by numerically solving the above mentioned equations using the self-consistent conditions. The controlled electron transport, super-fast transitions (switching) and multiple-valued I-V characteristics in MEdevices are observed.
Introduction: The changing workforce issues and challanges

This special symposium discusses unique challenges of managing diversity in the public sector in light of changing workforce demographics. Tradition affirmative action programs are no longer sufficient, as they do not guarantee diversity management. Public sector agencies must change their cultures to embrace diversity and promote its value throughout the organization. This is particularly important in the public sector for not only they rely heavily on knowledge intensive, high skill employees, but also they have a responsibility to promote social equity and maintain a representative bureaucracy.
Democracy promotion and ODA: a comparative analysis

Scholars of democracy promotion foreign aid often claim it has substantially increased, yet they shy away from explaining by how much, nor investigate comparative trends in giving. This paper attempts to fill this void by addressing the following: (1) Has democracy promotion aid increased since the end of the Cold War? (2) Has the ‘assumed’ trend of increasing aid persevered through the difficulties encountered in democratizing Iraq? (3) Did aid increase from states that supported the invasion of Iraq compared to states that did not? The author's analysis purports that the answer is yes to the first two, yet it is harder to draw conclusions regarding Iraq. Another finding, contrary to claims in the scholarly literature, in terms of percentage and overall spending, the USA gives more democracy promotion aid than the EU. The author hopes this work stimulates research into the role of democracy promotion in the Arab Spring to consider historical trends in giving.
Quasi-diabatic States from Active Space Decomposition

We present ab initio theory and efficient algorithms for computing model Hamiltonians of excited-state dynamics in the quasi-diabatic representation. The method is based on a recently developed multiconfiguration electronic structure method, called the active space decomposition method (ASD), in which quasi-diabatic basis states are constructed from physical fragment states. An efficient tree-based algorithm is presented for computing and reusing intermediate tensors appearing in the ASD model. Parallel scalability and wall times are reported to attest the efficiency of our program. Applications to electron, hole, and triplet energy transfers in molecular dimers are presented, demonstrating its versatility.
Adrenocortical regulation and rejection sensitivity predict interpersonal conflict in adolescent romantic couples.

assigned to different post-stress coping conditions. AUCg was calculated for salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol to index SNS and HPA respectively-separately for reactivity and recovery phases. Results: Multi-level Growth Models tested main and interactive effects of alpha-amylase and cortisol AUCs in predicting parent-reported internalizing and externalizing. Phase and symptom specificity were found in the associations between AUCs and psychopathology. Asymmetric co-activation during the recovery phase was associated with higher externalizing, but with lower internalizing. Discussion: The results suggest that multi-systemic integration of stress response system biomarkers is a crucial step in fully understanding psychobiologic risk for psychopathology. In addition, attention to the specificity of the phase of the stress response and the type of psychopathology adds critical information about when and forwhomparticular patterns of simultaneous, acute SNS and HPA reactivity and recovery serve as a risk or protective factor.
The Economic Benefits of Domestica Employment: The Case of Mexicans in the United States

Mexican immigrant women in the United States are most likely to be working as domesticas (maids) more so than in any other occupation in the United States. This occupation provides some women with weak ties in which they gain knowledge about the social world of their employers, especially in areas with relatively large Mexican-origin populations. This paper examines the extent to which Mexican immigrant husbands gain economic benefits from their wives' employment as domesticas. Data from the 2000 5% Public Use Microdata Sample are used to conduct the analysis. The results indicate that there are no statistically significant differences in hourly wages between Mexican immigrant husbands whose wives are employed as domesticas and their counterparts whose wives are employed in other occupations. However, we find a significant interaction effect between domestica employment and the relative size of the Mexican population in the area of residence. As such, Mexican men whose wives are employed as domesticas and...
Evidence that UTP and ATP regulate phospholipase C through a common extracellular 5'-nucleotide receptor in human airway epithelial cells.

Extracellular ATP and UTP produced a rapid accumulation of inositol phosphates in human airway epithelial cells (CF/T43). The order of agonist potencies for a series of nucleotide analogues differed markedly from that of the classically described P2x- or P2y-purinergic receptors. UTP was the most potent agonist and was fully efficacious; ATP and adenosine-59-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) were also full agonists. In contrast, 2-methylthio-ATP, adenosine-59-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) and alpha,beta-methylene-ATP were without effect. ADP and UDP had little or no effect at concentrations as high as 100 microM, and deoxyribose and dideoxyribose compounds were inactive. The effects of ATP and UTP were not additive, whereas bradykinin- or histamine-stimulated inositol phosphate production was additive with the effects of ATP or UTP. Preincubation of cells with either UTP or ATP resulted in a parallel loss of responsiveness to both agonists. Desensitization was specific for the response to nucleotides, because no ATP- or UTP-induced effect on the response to histamine or bradykinin was observed. Pertussis toxin treatment of CF/T43 cells produced a 30-40% decrease in the response to ATP or UTP, which correlated with the ADP-ribosylation of 41- and 43-kDa proteins. Bradykinin and histamine responses were not modified by pertussis toxin. Guanine nucleotides had little effect on the inositol phosphate response in intact CF/T43 cells at concentrations below 100 microM. However, in streptolysin-O-permeabilized cells GTP-gamma S produced a concentration-dependence activation of inositol phosphate formation. UTP or ATP had little effect in permeabilized cells in the absence of guanine nucleotides but markedly increased inositol phosphate formation in the presence of guanine nucleotides. Taken together, these results suggest that UTP and ATP activate a 59-nucleotide receptor on CF/T43 cells that is distinct from the classically defined P2x- and P2y-purinergic receptors. Activation of phospholipase C by this receptor involves, at least in part, a guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein.
Morphologically-conditioned tonotactics in multilevel Maximum Entropy grammar

This paper presents a novel approach to probabilistic morphologically-conditioned tonotactics, featuring a case study of Mende, in which tonotactics vary by lexical category. This variation in surface tone patterns is modeled via indexed weight adjustments (i.e., varying slopes) for each constraint in a Maximum Entropy Harmonic Grammar, quantifying the degree to which each lexical class follows basic tonotactic principles in a common base grammar. Approaching morphologically-conditioned phonotactics as indexed weight adjustments of a base grammar offers a solution to the existing stalemate between single grammar (e.g., indexed constraints) and multiple grammar (e.g., Stratal OT; cophonologies) models of lexically-sensitive phonological patterns.
Decolonizing the Colonial White Mind

White supremacy, enacted through individual and institutionalized racism, is like colonization in that it has an overarching oppressive state of coloniality that impacts the relationships and social positions of racial colonizers and the racially colonized.
Conclusions: Medicine, Masculinity, and the Problems of the Prostate

The twentieth century decline in the incidence and prevalence of infectious disease has long been recognized by historians as coinciding with a renewed biomedical focus on the ‘disease management’ of the chronically ill. During the 1960s and 1970s the use of ‘risk factors’—clinical indicators, genetic markers, lifestyle choices, and the like—began to increase the frequency and intensity of similar disease management interventions in seemingly healthy populations. During the past forty years the global healthcare industry has engineered hugely profitable markets from healthy ‘patients’, largely by appealing to the value of preventative intervention in the battle against the new diseases of civilization: hypertension, cancer, and diabetes. Robert Aronowitz,2 Ilana Lowy,3 and Charles Rosenberg4 have all documented disturbing trends in disease management directed at the aggressive prevention of anticipated undesirable outcomes. New diagnostic tools and larger programs of more biologically sensitive screening have led to ever greater ‘early detection’ of ‘pre-cancerous’, ‘pre-diabetic’, and ‘pre-hypertensive’ patient populations. As Aronowitz points out, the experiences and patient-pathways of these ‘pre-patient’ patients can become almost indistinguishable from those patients with serious clinical symptoms of disease.5 While the consequences of this elision between statistical risk of disease and actual organic illness can be relatively benign, Aronowitz, Lowy, and Rosenberg highlight at least one dire consequence of this trend: the rising number of healthy but ‘BRCA positive’ women undergoing extremely drastic measures such as prophylactic double mastectomies. In this book I have made similar observations about similarly drastic interventions in men showing prostatic malignancy as a result of biopsies driven by the PSA explosion of the early 1990s.
Prediction of stride interval time series

The power law in the frequency spectrum S(f) = 1/fβ allows for a good representation of the various time evolution and complex interactions of many physiological processes. The spectral exponent β can be interpreted as the degree of fractal characteristic which in turn makes it some sort of biomarker that gives an idea of the relative health of an individual. The prediction of the 1/fβ time series can thus prove to be an asset in the medical field where forecasting the future health state of an individual can be important for rehabilitation purposes. The goal of this paper is to consider the accuracy of several time series prediction methods such as the neural networks, regression trees and bagged regression trees learning method. To test these methods we simulate stride intervals time series as 1/fβ processes. Our results show that the regression trees can accurately predict between five and fifteen points.
Designs and Analyses of Studies of Historical Importance

Over the past 40 years, there has been an abundance of publications concerning methodology for the design and analysis of epidemiological investigations and clinical trials, and many examples of such research have been reported in the medical literature. In this chapter, we review some of the basic designs appropriate for epidemiological investigations and clinical trials and give examples of applications of the methodology. Because we work in cancer research, a field in which many of the contemporary designs were developed and applied, our examples are taken primarily from publications in oncology. We will be concerned with basic designs and analysis techniques that have proven useful and not with new ideas that, as far as we know, have not been tried.
Management of Cardiac Arrhythmias not Associated with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Modern coronary care units, particularly those in large university medical centers, usually serve as cardiac intensive care units. Of course, patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) are admitted to such units, but so are patients with a variety of cardiac arrhythmias that are not the result of acute MI. Clinicians caring for patients in cardiac intensive care units must be prepared to deal with disorders of sinus node function, supraventricular arrhythmias (including those associated with preexcitation syndromes), and recurrent ventricular arrhythmias. Often the patient has been resuscitated from one or more bouts of sudden cardiac death; to prevent recurrences, a therapeutic program of anti-arrhythmic drugs at times combined with sophisticated pacemaker and cardiac surgical techniques may be needed.
Increasing the Use of Earth Science Data and Models in Air Quality Management

In 2010, the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) initiated the Air Quality Applied Science Team (AQAST) as a 5-year, $17.5-million award with 19 principal investigators. AQAST...
Telomere shortening and metabolic compromise underlie dystrophic cardiomyopathy.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an incurable X-linked genetic disease that is caused by a mutation in the dystrophin gene and affects one in every 3,600 boys. We previously showed that long telomeres protect mice from the lethal cardiac disease seen in humans with the same genetic defect, dystrophin deficiency. By generating the mdx4cv/mTRG2 mouse model with “humanized” telomere lengths, the devastating dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype seen in patients with DMD was recapitulated. Here, we analyze the degenerative sequelae that culminate in heart failure and death in this mouse model. We report progressive telomere shortening in developing mouse cardiomyocytes after postnatal week 1, a time when the cells are no longer dividing. This proliferation-independent telomere shortening is accompanied by an induction of a DNA damage response, evident by p53 activation and increased expression of its target gene p21 in isolated cardiomyocytes. The consequent repression of Pgc1α/β leads to impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, which, in conjunction with the high demands of contraction, leads to increased oxidative stress and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. As a result, cardiomyocyte respiration and ATP output are severely compromised. Importantly, treatment with a mitochondrial-specific antioxidant before the onset of cardiac dysfunction rescues the metabolic defects. These findings provide evidence for a link between short telomere length and metabolic compromise in the etiology of dilated cardiomyopathy in DMD and identify a window of opportunity for preventive interventions.
Molecular imaging of vulnerable coronary plaque: A pathophysiologic perspective

Atherothrombotic events in coronary arteries are most often due to rupture of unstable plaque resulting in myocardial infarction. Radiolabeled molecular imaging tracers directed toward cellular targets that are unique to unstable plaque can serve as a powerful tool for identifying high-risk patients and for assessing the potential of new therapeutic approaches. Two commonly available radiopharmaceuticals-18F-FDG and 18F-NaF-have been used in clinical research for imaging coronary artery plaque, and ongoing clinical studies are testing whether there is an association between 18F-NaF uptake and future atherothrombotic events. Other, less available, tracers that target macrophages, endothelial cells, and apoptotic cells have also been tested in small groups of patients. Adoption of molecular imaging of coronary plaque into clinical practice will depend on overcoming major hurdles, ultimately including evidence that the detection of unstable plaque can change patient management and improve outcomes.
Cell Cycle: DNA Damage Checkpoints

DNA damage activates cell cycle checkpoints to prevent replication and segregation of damaged genome. DNA damage also inhibits cellular differentiation, activates apoptosis, and induces premature senescence. Defects in these checkpoint responses to DNA damage contribute to tumor progression, resistance to radiation/chemotherapy, and the development of degenerative diseases.
Proteus: a flexible and fast software supported hardware logging approach for NVM

Emerging non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies, such as phase-change memory, spin-transfer torque magnetic memory, memristor, and 3D Xpoint, are encouraging the development of new architectures that support the challenges of persistent programming. An important remaining challenge is dealing with the high logging overheads introduced by durable transactions. In this paper, we propose a new logging approach, Proteus for durable transactions that achieves the favorable characteristics of both prior software and hardware approaches. Like software, it has no hardware constraint limiting the number of transactions or logs available to it, and like hardware, it has very low overhead. Our approach introduces two new instructions: log-load creates a log entry by loading the original data, and log-flush writes the log entry into the log. We add hardware support, primarily within the core, to manage the execution of these instructions and critical ordering requirements between logging operations and updates to data. We also propose a novel optimization at the memory controller that is enabled by a persistent write pending queue in the memory controller. We drop log updates that have not yet written back to NVMM by the time a transaction is considered durable. We implemented our design on a cycle accurate simulator, MarssX86, and compared it against state-of-the-art hardware logging, ATOM [19], and a software only approach. Our experiments show that Proteus improves performance by 1.44-1.47 $\times$ depending on configuration, on average, compared to a system without hardware logging and 9-11% faster than ATOM. A significant advantage of our approach is dropping writes to the log when they are not needed. On average, ATOM makes $3.4 \times$ more writes to memory than our design. CCS CONCEPTS • Computer systems organization → Serial architectures; • Hardware → Memory and dense storage;
The moderating role of resilience on the relationship between perceived stress and binge eating symptoms among young adult women

Abstract Objective Adolescence and young adulthood are developmental periods during the life course that are sometimes associated with heightened stress and engagement in binge eating. Binge eating has been linked to psychiatric comorbidity, poorer physical health, and lower quality of life. However, less is known about protective factors that could buffer against binge eating behaviors. The current study examined the moderating role of resilience on the relationship between perceived stress and binge eating symptoms among emerging adult female college students. Method Participants were 297 young adult women aged 18–25 years (Mage = 19.22, SD = 1.51; 52% self-identifying as a racial/ethnic minority) with Body Mass Index ranging from 15 to 66 (MBMI = 25.01, SD = 6.18). Women completed this cross-sectional study while they were attending universities in the Western or Southern United States. Participants provided demographic and height/weight information, and completed the following measures: Perceived Stress Scale, Binge Eating Scale, and Brief Resilience Scale. Results Higher perceived stress was significantly associated with more severe binge eating symptoms (b = 0.31; p Conclusions Women who perceived higher stress were more likely to engage in binge eating relative to women experiencing low stress; however, resilience attenuated this association. Resilience could be targeted to reduce the negative effects of perceived stress on eating behaviors in young women.
Effects of desiccation stress on adult female longevity in Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae): results of a systematic review and pooled survival analysis.

Transmission dynamics of mosquito-borne viruses such as dengue, Zika and chikungunya are affected by the longevity of the adult female mosquito. Environmental conditions influence the survival of adult female Aedes mosquitoes, the primary vectors of these viruses. While the association of temperature with Aedes mortality has been relatively well-explored, the role of humidity is less established. The current study’s goals were to compile knowledge of the influence of humidity on adult survival in the important vector species Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, and to quantify this relationship while accounting for the modifying effect of temperature. We performed a systematic literature review to identify studies reporting experimental results informing the relationships among temperature, humidity and adult survival in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Using a novel simulation approach to harmonize disparate survival data, we conducted pooled survival analyses via stratified and mixed effects Cox regression to estimate temperature-dependent associations between humidity and mortality risk for these species across a broad range of temperatures and vapor pressure deficits. After screening 1517 articles, 17 studies (one in semi-field and 16 in laboratory settings) met inclusion criteria and collectively reported results for 192 survival experiments. We review and synthesize relevant findings from these studies. Our stratified model estimated a strong temperature-dependent association of humidity with mortality in both species, though associations were not significant for Ae. albopictus in the mixed effects model. Lowest mortality risks were estimated around 27.5 °C and 21.5 °C for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, respectively, and mortality increased non-linearly with decreasing humidity. Aedes aegypti had a survival advantage relative to Ae. albopictus in the stratified model under most conditions, but species differences were not significant in the mixed effects model. Humidity is associated with mortality risk in adult female Ae. aegypti in controlled settings. Data are limited at low humidities, temperature extremes, and for Ae. albopictus, and further studies should be conducted to reduce model uncertainty in these contexts. Desiccation is likely an important factor in Aedes population dynamics and viral transmission in arid regions. Models of Aedes-borne virus transmission may be improved by more comprehensively representing humidity effects.
Critical thinking, educational preparation, and development of moral judgment among selected groups of practicing nurses.

The focus of this descriptive study was the relationship between critical thinking, educational preparation, and level of moral judgment in 79 practicing nurses. The Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal Test was used to measure critical thinking; information on the participating nurses' educational preparation was obtained from a personal information sheet. Moral judgment was measured by Rest's Defining Issues Test. The hypothesis that critical thinking would be positively related to moral judgment was tested by Pearson product moment correlation; the obtained coefficient of .5326 was significant at the .001 level. The hypothesis that there would be a difference between professional and technical nurses' moral judgments was tested through a one-way analysis of variance. The F ratio (F [1,77] = 9.6) was significant beyond the .01 level. Data also supported the hypothesis that critical thinking and educational preparation would predict greater variance in moral judgment than either variable alone, which was tested through multiple regression analysis (F [2,75] = 18.3, p = .01). Critical thinking and education together accounted for 32.9 percent of the variance in moral judgment. Implications of the findings are discussed for nursing research, practice, and education.
System Identification & Model Reduction

This chapter has two objectives. The first is to develop a practical scheme for determining a suitable mathematical model for a system from its transient response. Such a scheme is particularly useful when neither a block diagram nor a mathematical description of the system is readily available. In such a case, a system model can be identified from response characteristics obtained experimentally and subsequently used for system analysis and/or controller design.
Ultra-sensitive spectroscopy of OH radical in high-temperature transient reactions.

The hydroxyl (OH) radical is arguably the most important transient radical in high-temperature gas-phase combustion reactions, yet it is very difficult to measure because of its high reactivity and, thus, short lifetime and low concentration. This work reports the development of a novel method for ultra-sensitive, quantitative, and microsecond-resolved detection of OH based on UV frequency-modulation spectroscopy (FMS). To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first FMS demonstration in the near-UV spectral region for detection of short-lived radical species. Shot-noise-limited detection was achieved at an optical power of 25 mW. A proof-of-concept experiment in a tabletop H2O/He microwave discharge cell has reached a 1σ minimum detectable absorbance (MDA) of less than 2×10−4 over 1 MHz measurement bandwidth. High-temperature OH measurement was demonstrated in a 15 cm diameter shock tube, where a typical MDA of 3.0×10−4 was achieved at 1330 K, 0.38 atm, and 1 MHz. These preliminary results have outperformed the previous best MDA by more than a factor of 3; further improvement by another order of magnitude is anticipated, following the strategies outlined at the end of this Letter. The current method paves the path to parts per billion (ppb) -level OH detection capability and offers prospects to significantly advance fundamental combustion research by enabling direct observation of OH formation and scavenging kinetics during key stages of fuel oxidation that were inaccessible with previous methods.
Effect of AAC partner training using video on peers' interpretation of the behaviors of presymbolic middle-schoolers with multiple disabilities.

Children require consistent responses from partners to their presymbolic behaviors in order to increase the frequency and variety of these behaviors and eventually build symbolic language. This stu...
Fetal and Neonatal Thyroid Physiology

Thyroid hormone is critical to fetal and neonatal neurodevelopment. The tight control of fetal exposure to thyroid hormone begins early in gestation, as the placental thyroid hormone transporters facilitate passage of maternal thyroxine into fetal blood. With the development of the fetal thyroid gland and gradual maturation of the hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis, fetal production of TSH, T4, and T3 increases, culminating in a surge of these hormones soon after birth. However, a number of genetic, maternal, and environmental factors can disrupt this process and have serious impacts on neonatal health. In this chapter, we review thyroid embryology and discuss fetal and neonatal thyroid physiology as well as pathology. While much is understood, human thyroid function ontogenesis remains an area of active discovery. Further research will help define topics such as the exact role of T3 in cortical development and the genetics of congenital hypothyroidism.
Assessing the utility of yearly pre-season laboratory screening for athletes on a major professional sports team.

Abstract Objectives Professional athletes undergo annual pre-season laboratory screening, although clinical evidence supporting the practice is limited and no uniform set of guidelines on pre-season laboratory screening exists. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical value of annual pre-season laboratory screening tests for a major professional sports team over multiple years. Design Retrospective chart review. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of all laboratory results as well as screening ECGs for a single major professional sports team over a 9-year timeframe (2009–2017). Results The data show that 10.01% of initial screening test results were abnormal and 40.32% of abnormal tests resulted in additional testing. Overall, only 0.35% of initial tests resulted in a clinically significant outcome. Non-US born players showed a significantly higher average rate of abnormal tests/year compared to US-born players (p-value 0.006), but there was no difference in clinically significant outcomes. There was no relationship between athlete age and laboratory screening outcomes. Conclusions In our study population, yearly pre-season laboratory screening of professional athletes did not yield substantial clinically significant outcomes and would not be warranted under normal clinical standards. Future best practice guidelines should combine research concerning effects of family medical history, race, gender, country of origin, and type of sport on athlete health when creating recommendations for which pre-season laboratory screenings may be pertinent even with evidence of little utility.
Magnetron Sputtered Hydrogenated Silicon Thin Films: Assessment for Application in Photovoltaics

Hydrogenated amorphous and nanocrystalline silicon (a-Si:H, nc-Si:H) thin films have been prepared by radio frequency magnetron sputtering with process parameters used to manipulate optical properties, structure, and growth evolution. Insitu real time spectroscopic ellipsometry is applied to construct growth evolution diagrams by tracking nucleation and coalescence of crystallites from the amorphous phase, as well as surface roughening within the amorphous growth regime, as functions of hydrogen-to-argon gas ratio. Infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry determines Si-Hs vibrational modes, and grazing incidence x-ray diffraction provides crystallite orientation. The suitability of these materials for photovoltaics is assessed.
Predicting Water Properties with Markov Random Fields for Augmented Terrain-Based Navigation in Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

The use of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles to gather data on marine processes is growing. These vehicles are capable of performing persistent monitoring over extended periods of time which makes them ideal for the task, but one of their shortcomings is the difficulty of localization underwater. This leads to navigation issues and poor spatial correlation of the data being collected. The method of Augmented Terrain Based Navigation (ATBN) was developed to improve underwater localization, without the use of energy-intensive sensors. This method utilizes environmental data, along with depth information to create a multiple parameter terrain map that can be used for localization and navigation. In this paper, Hidden Markov Random Fields (HMRF) are considered to predict the future state of the ATBN terrain map, based on incoming sensor data. Hidden Markov Random Fields were chosen based on their ability to model hidden processes, use information from the neighboring elements when evaluating a state, and for the Markov Property. Here, two HMRF models are evaluated. The first model uses an HMRF to propagate scalar fields, used to create the ATBN terrain map, of individual water parameters through time. The second HMRF model applies an HMRF nodally to all water parameters in a single area, propagating the feature vector through time. The difference between the two approaches highlights the impact of spatial correlation for temporal prediction of dynamic environments.
Treatment of Pediatric Obesity: Past and Present Approaches to Diet and Exercise

Abstract Treatment of pediatric obesity relies on lifestyle modification, by improving a person's diet and exercise regimen. As we learn more about how our diet interacts with physiology in health and disease, it becomes difficult to translate that knowledge into meaningful recommendations. It is the objective of this chapter to present a review of the current knowledge surrounding the treatment of obesity as it pertains to diet, exercise, and motivation to make lifestyle changes. Of course, the concept of cause in excessive weight gain has become exceedingly complex and is illustrated by a combination of individual exercise behaviors, individual and societal food patterns, genetic and epigenetic influences, behavioral change processes, and many more (Mozaffarian, 2016), perhaps explaining why our approach is ineffective. It is not our intent to summarize the evaluation and treatment of pediatric obesity in its entirety but instead to use past and current recommendations of lifestyle change to illustrate the difficulties faced in applying and endorsing current guidelines.
The ‘Indian Queen’ of the four continents: tracing the ‘undifferentiated Indian’ through Europe’s encounters with Muslims, anti-Blackness, and conquest of the ‘New World’

ABSTRACTThis article places Columbus’s travels to the New World within a much older history of eight centuries of Muslim/Moor presence on the Iberian Peninsula. It argues that the Orientalist logics underlining the creation of the ‘New World Indian’ have a long history interpellated through figures of the Moors and other Africans whom Europeans knew for centuries before they encountered the Indigenous peoples of the ‘New World.’ This article argues for the need to bring together seemingly discrepant figures, spatialities, and temporalities in order to re/examine what we know and have yet to learn about entanglements of colonialism, capitalism, race, caste, gender, sexuality, and other social formations. Such a reading of the figure not only brings to fore unexamined relationalities but also demands that we think critically and concretely about questions of our complicity in upholding different systems of violence.
Housing Plus Services, IADL Impairment, and Healthcare Expenditures: Evidence From the Medicare Current Beneficiaries Survey.

Background and objectives Despite enthusiasm for the potential cost savings of embedding supportive services in senior housing, few population health studies have empirically examined such associations. We investigated the extent to which associations between housing plus services in senior housing and healthcare expenditures depend upon residents' instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) impairment and the level of services available. Research design and methods We used data from 2,601 participants aged 65 or older in the 2001-2013 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, who reported living in senior or retirement housing. Based on survey self-reports, we created a measure of housing with different levels of services, including the categories of housing without services, housing plus services (i.e., assistance with IADLs, but not with medications), and housing plus enhanced services (i.e., assistance with IADLs including medications). Administrative and survey data were used to create measures of healthcare expenditures paid by all sources. We estimated generalized linear models based on pooled data from participants across the 13 years of data collection. Results Residents with IADL impairment-who lived in housing plus enhanced services-had lower total healthcare expenditures than their counterparts in housing without services and housing plus services. Upon examining component healthcare costs, this pattern of results was similar for inpatient/subacute care, as well as ambulatory care, but not for home health care. Discussion and implications Findings indicate the importance of studies on the cost savings of housing-based service programs to consider resident IADL status and the types of services available.