cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are restrictive guidelines for added sugars science based

Added sugar regulations and recommendations have been proposed by policy makers around the world. With no universal definition, limited access to added sugar values in food products and no analytical difference from intrinsic sugars, added sugar recommendations present a unique challenge. Average added sugar intake by American adults is approximately 13 % of total energy intake, and recommendations have been made as low 5 % of total energy intake. In addition to public health recommendations, the Food and Drug Administration has proposed the inclusion of added sugar data to the Nutrition and Supplemental Facts Panel. The adoption of such regulations would have implications for both consumers as well as the food industry. There are certainly advantages to including added sugar data to the Nutrition Facts Panel; however, consumer research does not consistently show the addition of this information to improve consumer knowledge. With excess calorie consumption resulting in weight gain and increased risk of obesity and obesity related co-morbidities, added sugar consumption should be minimized. However, there is currently no evidence stating that added sugar is more harmful than excess calories from any other food source. The addition of restrictive added sugar recommendations may not be the most effective intervention in the treatment and prevention of obesity and other health concerns.
A nonisometric kinetic model for smooth muscle.

We have modeled the nonisometric contractile dynamics of smooth muscle by modifying a four-state model of actin and myosin bonds originally proposed by Hai and Murphy to simulate the isometric cont...
Chicago Hustle and Flow: Gangs, Gangsta Rap, and Social Class

Chicago Hustle and Flow uses a qualitative sociological, approach to study the rap music scene in and around that city. The term “scene” is key to understanding the book’s argument and approach. Au...
Prognostic and Predictive Value in KRAS in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Review

Importance Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, with non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) constituting more than 80% of all lung cancers. Non–small-cell lung cancer is a heterogenous disease, with multiple different oncogenic driver mutations representing possible therapeutic targets. The vi-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene ( KRAS ) represents one of the most common oncogenic driver mutations. Unfortunately, targeted therapies thus far have been unsuccessful. Objective To discuss current advancements in understanding the prognostic and predictive value of KRAS in NSCLC and explaining the treatment advancements in both the preclinical and clinical setting. Evidence Review PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases were searched through February 1, 2016. English-language peer-reviewed articles published between 1964 and 2016 were found using the keywords “ RAS ,” “ KRAS ,” “NSCLC,” “synthetic lethality,” “oncogenic driver mutations,” “clinical trials,” and “phase 3 clinical trials.” Abstracts at scientific meetings were not excluded. Of 112 records idetified, 61 articles or studies were included in qualitative synthesis for this review. Findings The KRAS oncogenic driver mutation is noted in 15% to 25% of patients with NSCLC.While there has been limited success in inhibiting the protein directly, phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials have demonstrated success in inhibiting downstream effectors, specifically MEK1 and/or MEK2 with selumetinib and trametinib (albeit with poor tolerability). Current clinical trials are evaluating inhibiting downstream effector pathways for improved efficacy. In the laboratory, the success of synthetic lethal approaches suggests another possible direction for future clinical trials. Conclusions and Relevance KRAS is one of the most common oncogenic driver mutations in NSCLC, with prior attempts at direct inhibition being unsuccessful. In recent years, there has been significant advancement in the understanding of the biology of KRAS and its downstream effectors. This has translated into a multitude of important preclinical studies and clinical trials that are currently underway to find effective therapeutic drugs for KRAS mutant lung cancer. Ultimately, better therapeutics need to be engineered to arrive at RAS -driven precision medicine.
Factors that Support the Use of Child–Parent Psychotherapy as an Intervention for Child–Parent Dyads Exposed to Pediatric Medical Traumatic Stress

Clinical interventions for young children who experience medical traumatic stress are needed however the effectiveness of treatments remains unclear. This paper explores the current conceptual literature for clinical interventions with young children who have experienced medical traumatic stress. Concepts from trauma and attachment theories are examined and applied to a case composite. In addition, empirical literature related to interventions with young children who have experienced medical traumatic stress will be reviewed. Child–parent psychotherapy (CPP)—is identified as a promising intervention that addresses the needs of children who experience medical traumatic stress. This approach is also grounded in the theory models already noted. Based on this conceptual analysis, it is recommended that additional case applications are studied to provide more information about the potential of CPP with the population of parent–child dyads who have experienced pediatric medical traumatic stress.
On the Changes of the Ancient Chinese Writers' Artistic Style

The artistic style of the ancient Chinese writers is divided into that of earlier period and that of later period.The general tendency is as follows:in the earlier period,writers presented their views vehemently and their artistic style was characteristic of realism,heroism or the combination of the two.In the later period,their artistic style was undemonstrative,but was perfecting.The changes in styles are due to the dramatic social changes and the writers' becoming officials or getting promoted.The basic reason is the law of the growth of an individual.That is,when one is young,he is full of vigor and vitality;when one is in his middle age or old age,he tends to take good care of himself and enjoy his allotted life span.
Evaluation and treatment of aerodigestive tract invasion by well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Although rare, invasion of the upper aerodigestive tract by well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma can be a source of significant morbidity as well as mortality for the patient. Effective management of patients with invasive thyroid carcinoma requires an understanding of the patterns of invasion and methods of treatment, including surgical resection and adjuvant therapy. METHODS The author reports on experience with invasive well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma, discussing diagnosis (based on physical examination, imaging studies, and endoscopy) as well as treatment options (based on degree of aerodigestive tract invasion). RESULTS Direct intraluminal invasion of thyroid carcinoma requires definitive resection of aerodigestive tract lumen to remove all gross disease. However, when the lumen is not involved, "shaving" tumor from airway or esophagus is an acceptable treatment with a similar locoregional control rate and minimal morbidity when compared to definitive aerodigestive tract resection. CONCLUSIONS Successful treatment of invasive thyroid carcinoma should improve survival and reduce not only the morbidity of the disease, but also the morbidity of the surgical procedure.
4.33 Engineering Viruses For Gene Therapy

Gene therapy, the introduction of therapeutic genetic material to cells to ameliorate disease or injury, holds great potential for the treatment of numerous disorders. However, broad clinical application of gene therapy is currently hindered by the need for safer and more efficient delivery vectors. Vectors for gene delivery typically consist of a nucleic acid associated with a material, either natural (e.g., based on viruses) or synthetic (e.g., based on polymers or lipids). While viral vectors offer an attractive platform for gene delivery because of their efficient gene transfer capabilities, their clinical utility is often limited by the natural transduction patterns of viruses and, in many cases, their unfavorable interactions with the immune system. Various approaches have been pursued to address the challenges associated with therapeutic gene delivery, including efforts to tailor the properties of existing viral vectors through rational design and library-based selection (i.e., viral protein engineering), as well as strategies to assemble ‘artificial viruses’ from biological or synthetic building blocks. This chapter discusses current progress toward designing both viral and nonviral gene delivery vectors and describes future directions of the field, including the design of genetic cargo and the integration of gene vectors into biomaterial scaffolds.
The Lab-In-A-Box project: An Arduino compatible signals and electronics teaching system

The Stanford “Lab-In-A-Box” project comprises an open source hardware and software tool chain for teaching signal processing and analog electronics. It is intended to improve the teaching of these concepts by providing a platform that is more open and understandable and by lowering the economic barriers to students interested in the field. To do this, the Lab-In-A-Box brings a full powered Digital Signal Processor (DSP) core to the popular Arduino microcontroller environment and marries it with a simple to use analog front end (AFE). The software platform provided with the Lab-In-A-Box includes an Arduino-like development environment that facilitates learning and quick development of signal processing applications without abstracting away the intricacies of a practical implementation. This system has been used to create several teaching examples and has been tested in courses at Stanford University.
Evaluation of Novel Cell Cycle Inhibitors in Mantle Cell Lymphoma.

Abstract Signature abnormalities in the cell cycle and apoptotic pathway have been identified in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), affording the opportunity to develop targeted therapies. Here, we report on a novel class of kinase inhibitors, styryl sulfones, that differ from prior cell cycle inhibitors in that they are not related to purines or pyrimidines. We observed that two closely related compounds, ON013100 and ON01370, altered the growth and cell cycle status of MCL lines and potently inhibited the expression of several important molecules, including CDK4, p53, MDM2, cyclin D, and cyclin B. Using both TUNEL and PARP assays, we found that these compounds caused apoptosis in MCL cells. In addition, using molecular analyses, we observed the modulation of caspase-3 activity but not the expression of Bcl family molecules in these cells. Next, we investigated the cytotoxicity of the MCL lines upon treatment with styryl sulfone compounds in combination with other currently used chemotherapeutic agents, such as doxorubicin (DOX) or vincristine (VCR). We found that the combination of DOX plus styryl sulfone or VCR plus styryl sulfone increased cytotoxicity by one log scale, compared with the single styryl sulfone compound. Thus styryl sulfones alone, or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents, present attractive opportunities for new drug development in MCL.
Microsurgical Clipping of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms: A Single Surgeon's Experience over 16 Years

Background Unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) have become an issue of greater significance as their detection rates have increased over the years. We present the overall experience of microsurgical clipping of unruptured aneurysms by a single surgeon over a period of more than 16 years. Methods The clinical and radiologic data were reviewed retrospectively. Clinical outcome at follow-up was assessed with Glasgow Outcome Scale, and angiograms were reviewed for the degree of occlusion. Results One hundred ninety-six patients with 221 UIAs were included in the analysis. The median age of patients was 54 years, with a female preponderance. Eighty-two percent of the patients had chronic headache on presentation. Middle cerebral artery aneurysms (32.2%) and posterior-inferior-cerebellar-artery aneurysms (46.1%) were most common in the anterior and posterior circulation, respectively. The perioperative complication rate was 17.3%. The overall surgical morbidity and mortality were 2.1% and 1.5%, respectively. With median follow-up of 11.3 months, 82% of patients were almost asymptomatic with a complete occlusion rate of 94%. The proportion of UIAs being coiled has significantly increased in the last decade, with a concomitant increase in the risk of poor clinical outcome after surgery. Conclusion Surgical clipping is effective and can provide a good long-term outcome. The most commendable consequence that it provides is a better long-term occlusion rate. The experience of the individual surgeon is important for a superior and enduring overall outcome. An increase in the rate of coiling in recent years has affected the outcome rate after surgery that calls for further evaluation.
Abortion and Equality

Although views on abortion are typically treated as if there were only two opposing positions, “prochoice” and “prolife,” these terms are often used uncritically and simplistically. The diversity of the contributions to this book attests to the inadequacy of such labels. Our subtle as well as obvious differences argue that there is actually a complicated continuum of positions stretching from total rejection to total support of abortion.
Ficino on Force, Magic, and Prayers: Neoplatonic and Hermetic Influences in Ficino’s Three Books on Life

This article analyzes new evidence from the marginalia to Ficino’s Plotinus manuscripts and offers a novel reading of Ficino’s “De Vita” 3. It settles scholarly disagreements concerning Paul O. Kristeller’s manuscript research and Frances Yates’s Hermetic thesis about “De Vita” 3, and reconsiders accepted conclusions regarding the centrality of Hermetic magic in Ficino’s philosophy. It demonstrates the origins and sources for “De Vita” 3 in Ficino’s reading of Plotinus’s explanations of prayer, and also reveals Iamblichus’s overlooked influence on Ficino: on the performative nature of philosophy in “De Vita” 3, and even on Ficino’s acknowledgment of the pseudonymity of the Hermetica.
Abstract P216: PRAS40 Is a Critical Regulator of Cardiomyocyte Growth

Background: Proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa (PRAS40) is a component of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC) 1. Whereas, PRAS40 was originally characterized as substrate for PKB/Akt, subsequent studies identified PRAS40 both as inhibitor and substrate of mTORC1. These studies identify PRAS40 as a negative regulator of mTORC1 activity and cell growth. Phosphorylation of PRAS40 by AKT, which results in dissociation of PRAS40 from mTORC1, relieves the inhibitory constraint on mTORC1. The physiological role and pathophysiological function of PRAS40 in the heart is unknown. Methods and Results PRAS40 is expressed in cardiomyocytes and highly phosphorylated in embryonic and neonatal hearts. PRAS40 phosphorylation and expression is decreased in adult cardiomyocytes. Pathological challenge in mice induced phosphorylation of PRAS40 in the border zone after myocardial infarction and globally after transaortic constriction. Subcellular, phosphorylated PRAS40 is localized in the cytoplasma after pathological challenge, whereas stimulation with Insulin or IGF1 induced nuclear localization of PRAS40. Adenoviral mediated overexpression of PRAS40 completely blocks pathological hypertrophy after stimulation with phenylephrine as well as physiological growth after stimulation with IGF1 or Insulin. Molecular, mTORC1 activity was significantly reduced after PRAS40 overexpression. Conversely, silencing of PRAS40 resulted in significant increased mTORC1 activity. Gain and loss of function studies of PRAS40 in vivo will be performed to test the therapeutically potential of PRAS40. Conclusion PRAS40 is a novel regulator of cardiomyocyte growth. Manipulation the activity or expression of PRAS40 could represent a novel therapeutic target to treat cardiac diseases.
Gendered Pathways to Science: The Perceived Impact of Social Ties and Individual Preferences

Despite the huge effort taken to promote gender parity in Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics education, women remain overwhelmingly underrepresented in these fields. Current literature has demonstrated that there are significant processes that influence whether or not someone pursues STEM; yet, none of them specify the perceived individual and environmental factors that correlate with persistence in STEM education. Ergo, the focus of this paper is to try to account for the individual and social causes of persistence in pursuing STEM studies, as perceived by women and men who chose and continued to study STEM at college; more specifically, the nature, timing, and relative influence of these perceived determinants and how they vary according to gender. We have not followed a traditional quantitative research protocol that reaches causal claims. Instead, we have used self-reported retrospective data that offer subjective insight into the perceived determining factors to enter the pathway to STEM at college. To do so, we have conducted a survey, situating STEM undergraduate students at Columbia University in a sequence of events, influences, interactions, and institutions that are successively associated with their current orientation towards STEM disciplines. This research design has enabled us to look at the relative perceived influence of their social ties and individual preferences at three different stages of their life. While men and women who chose to major in STEM do not seem to have fundamentally different perceived individual preferences, they do seem to perceive the contribution of their social environment to their interest in science differently.
Imaging Evaluation of Spiculated Masses

Accurate characterization of mammographic findings is essential in analysis of breast lesions. Standardized terminology is also critical and recent publication of the American College of Radiology’s (ACR) Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) (1995) should result in more consistent reports and final assessment categories. The BI-RADS lexicon terminology will be used throughout this chapter.
An approximation theorem in nonlinear sampling

We continue here our investigation into the preservation of structural properties under the sampling of nonlinear systems. The main new result is that, under minimal hypothesis, a controllable system always satisfies a strong type of approximate sampled controllability.
Identifying wetland meadows in Grand Teton National Park using remote sensing and average wetland values

Six spectrally and ecologically distinct montane meadow community types were identified and mapped within Grand Teton National Park by analysis of Indian IRS-1B LISS-II imagery. A distinct to-xeric-hydric gradient among the meadow types was predicted by analysis of the satellite data. Thirty sites (five replicates for each of six meadow typ were selected for intensive field sampling. At each of the 30 sites, meadow vegetation was sampled in 20 m by 20 m square plots for canopy cover of all species. Using wetland indexes (on a scale of 1–5, where obligate wetland species = 1, facultative land = 2, facultative = 3, facultative upland = 4 and upland species = 5), average wetland values were calculated and ranged from 1.88 for A-type meadows and 2.86 for B meadows to 4.40, 4.49, 4.74, and 4.43 for C, D, E and F meadows, respectively. Because average wetland values of A and B meadows were < 3.00, they were determined to be indicative of wetlands. Eight out of ten obligate wetland plants had their greatest cover on A meadows (the wettest of the gradient) and had significant cover differe among meadow types using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Average wetland values and plant species cover were used, in conjunction with remotely sensed data, to identify as wetlands 1,258 hectares of A meadows and 1,711 hectares of B meadows in Grand Teton National Park.
The Predicates of Major Improvements

Looking back at this course, the point of departure in it was not commitment to ‘clinical epidemiology’ in preparation for practice of EBM. Instead, the commitment was to the Western ‘culture of improvement,’ this with a view to healthcare in this Information Age. Now the knowledge-base of clinical medicine could, and should, be codified in expert systems. But it isn’t. Promising for the future is, however, the fact that the form of the requisite knowledge is now understood, and also understood now is the way in which expert clinicians’ tacit knowledge could be garnered in the form that is appropriate for those systems.
EXT2 File System

This chapter covers EXT2 file system. The goal of this chapter is to lead the reader to implement a complete EXT2 file system that is totally Linux compatible. The premise is that if the reader understands one file system well, it should be easy to adapt to any other file systems. It first describes the historic role of EXT2 file system in Linux and the current status of EXT3/EXT4 file systems. It uses programming examples to show the various EXT2 data structures and how to traverse the EXT2 files system tree. Then it shows how to implement an EXT2 file system which supports all file operations as in the Linux kernel. It shows how to build a base file system by mount_root from a virtual disk. Then it divides the file system implementation into 3 levels. Level-1 expands the base file system to implement the file system tree. Level-2 implements read/write operations of file contents. Level-3 implements mount/umount of file systems and file protection. In each level, it describes the algorithms of the file system functions and demonstrates their implementations by programming examples. Each level is cumulated by a programming project. The final project is to integrate all the programming examples and exercises into a fully functional file system.
Inguinal Hernia Repair Around Prostatectomy

The lifetime risk of developing an inguinal hernia is about 25% and the risk of developing prostate cancer is 14%. Therefore, many men will have both inguinal hernias and prostate cancer. Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair is performed in the preperitoneal plane, which is also where a prostatectomy is performed. In this chapter, we evaluate the data regarding performing a laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair before, during, and after a prostatectomy.
The Lived Experiences of Caregivers of Lung Transplant Recipients.

Introduction Lung transplantation is a treatment crucial for the survival of patients with end-stage lung diseases. An identified caregiver is obligatory for a patient to be eligible for a lung transplant and plays an essential role in the transplant recipient's care. Most caregiver research, however, has been on caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease or the elderly, with limited research on caregivers' experiences caring for transplant recipients. This study examined the experiences of caregivers of recipient's pre- and post-lung transplantation. Methods/approach Caregivers of lung transplant recipients were recruited using purposeful sampling. Audiotaped semi-structured open ended interviews were conducted until data saturation. Each interview was transcribed verbatim, and conventional content analysis performed to extract significant themes and subthemes. Findings Four main themes and 12 sub-themes were identified. The former included (1) establishing the diagnosis, (2) caregiver roles, (3) caregiver psychological and psychosocial issues, and (4) support. Caregivers lacked basic knowledge related to lung transplantation. The caregivers' roles necessitated rearranging priorities, lifestyle changes, and redirecting emotional and physical energy. Support played an important role in caregiving experiences. Discussion Each caregiver shared their unique caregiving experiences. Caregivers lack knowledge about transplantation, experience dramatic changes in their family life, social activities, employment, and often financial status. Healthcare providers can use the findings of this study in developing informational, and psychological interventions to alleviate caregivers' stress and anxiety.
Comparison of Surface Treatments for Secondarily Bonded Joints of Marine Grade Composites

Secondarily bonded joints will be required for large, >50 m, modularly constructed composite hull vessels, as opposed to the primary single infusion currently used in smaller hulls. The objective of this study is to characterize the experimental response of and provide documentation for the use of E-glass fiber and epoxy resin composite secondarily bonded joints fabricated using vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding and surface treatment methods common in modular marine construction. Primary single infusion benchmark joints are compared to secondarily bonded joints using four surface treatments: polyamide release-treated peel ply fabric, polyester peel ply fabric, isopropyl alcohol cleaning agent, and acetone cleaning agent. The experimental methods used to compare the surface treatment methods consist of two measuring apparent strength, single lap shear, and cleavage peel experimentation, and one measuring Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness, using the double cantilever beam experimental method. The investigation results concerning the surface treatments indicate the use of polyester peel ply over polyamide peel ply and isopropyl alcohol over acetone as a surface cleaning agent. The investigation concerning the experimentation methods indicates the acceptable use of a single-sided lap shear to determine statistically significant variations between surface treatments. Single primary infusion joints showed less variation and higher characteristic values than secondarily bonded joints.
Updated Statuses: Understanding Facebook Use through Explicit and Implicit Measures of Attitudes and Motivations

The overall purpose of these studies was to explore whether underlying motivations could predict frequency of Facebook use, use of social connection features and use of selfexpression features. We sought to explain both general and specific uses of Facebook by accounting for the influences of motivations, attitudes and motivation activation systems. In addition to established scales on attitude and motivation, we employed the Mini-MAM scale which is a new tool intended to index two separate motivational systems that exist in each human. In brief, those who have higher appetitive scores are more likely to seek novel stimuli while those who have higher in defensive scores tend to avoid novel stimuli. Study one showed that our adopted measure of attitudes only predicted Facebook use in general while motivations only predicted specific uses of Facebook. In contrast, we found that the MiniMAM-scale predicted most of our dependent variables, pointing out surprising and interesting relationships. Study two was run in an effort to add support and validation to study one.
Controversies over the influences on and effects of Darwinian theory

Robert J. Richards is one of the world’s leading experts on the history of Darwinism, and this set of essays amplifies many points he has made in his earlier scholarship. In the first four essays, Richards examines Darwin’s alleged belief in moral purpose and teleology. Then he compares Spencer’s and Darwin’s views on evolution. Two brief essays focus on Haeckel, and one explores August Schleicher’s theory of the evolution of language. Finally, in his title essay, Richards examines the influence (or lack thereof) of Darwinism on Hitler and Nazism. One of the most prominent arguments in these essays—and in many of Richards’s earlier publications—is that German Romanticism, especially as mediated by Wilhelm von Humboldt, influenced Darwin’s evolutionary theory, especially with respect to his perspective on teleology and morality. Most historians and scientists laud Darwin for eliminating teleology from nature. The standard story, articulated by scholars such as Michael Ghiselin, Peter Bowler, Neal Gillespie, and Ernst Mayr, is that Darwin’s natural selection demolished the argument from design, eliminating purpose from nature. Some historians, such as David Kohn, have noticed the ambiguities in Darwin’s relationship to natural theology and teleology. On the one hand, Darwin wrote in his Notebook B, ‘‘It is absurd to talk of one animal being higher than another.’’ On the other hand, in Origin of Species, Darwin referred multiple times to some organisms being higher than others. In Origin, Darwin was also trying to eliminate the interference of a deity in producing biological organisms, while still maintaining that a deity created the lawful processes of nature, including evolutionary processes. Richards does not see any ambiguity at all. He argues that Darwin was a true believer in teleological evolution. He insists that Darwin was a progressivist, who saw nature and evolution imbued with moral purpose. He states, ‘‘Yet not only did
A femtotesla quantum-noise-limited pulsed gradiometer at finite fields

We describe an optically pumped atomic gradiometer operating at finite fields, including Earth’s field, with 14 fT / Hz Hz sensitivity. We demonstrate its quantum-noise-limited behaviour in the presence of quantum spin noise and atomic diffusion.
Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder in Children

Introduction Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) have been studied more than any other sleep-related movement disorder in the pediatric population. A common feature to both, periodic limb movements, occurs in many other disorders and also in reportedly healthy children and adolescents. In this review, we discuss the different types of limb movements as it pertains to pediatric RLS and PLMD and provides an update on these disorders. Methods A literature search was performed with the following inclusion criteria: English publication, limb movements, leg movements, periodic limb movements of sleep, periodic limb movements during wake, PLMD, RLS, with each of the modifiers, children, pediatric, and adolescents. Identified publications were reviewed and their reference lists were searched for additional relevant publications. Results A total of 102 references were included in this review. These included epidemiological studies, prospective and retrospective studies, case series, observational data, reviews, and consensus guidelines. A critical summary of these findings is presented. Conclusion The limited evidence-based data support the importance of evaluating limb movements in the context of the clinical symptomatology presented by the child or the adolescent. Further research is needed to (1) better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms resulting in periodic limb movements as encountered in the pediatric PLMD or RLS patient and their impact on the overall health and well-being, (2) develop objective diagnostic criteria for RLS and differentiate it from its “mimics” in the pediatric population, and (3) establish evidence-based guidelines for treatment.
Whole metagenomic sequencing to characterize the sediment microbial community within the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary and preliminary biosynthetic gene cluster screening of Streptomyces scabrisporus.

Abstract Understanding the marine sediment microbial community structure is of increasing importance to microbiologists since little is known of the diverse taxonomy that exists within this environment. Quantifying microbial species distribution patterns within marine sanctuaries is necessary to address conservation requirements. The objectives of this study were to characterize the relative abundance and biodiversity of metagenome samples of the sediment microbial community in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SBNMS). Related to the need for a comprehensive assessment of the microbial habitat within marine sanctuaries is the increased threat of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, coupled with multi-resistant bacterial strains. This has necessitated a renewed search for bioactive compounds in marine benthic habitat. An additional aim was to initiate quantification of biosynthetic gene clusters in species that have potential for natural product and drug discovery relevant to human health. Surficial sediment from 18 samples was collected in the summer and fall of 2017 from three benthic sites in the SBNMS. Microbial DNA was extracted from samples, and sequencing libraries were prepared for taxonomic analysis. Whole metagenome sequencing (WMGS) in combination with a bioinformatics pipeline was employed to delineate the taxa of bacteria present in each sample. Among all sampling sites, biodiversity was higher for summer compared to fall for class (p = 0.0013; F = 4.5) and genus (p = 0.0219; F = 4.4). Actinobacteria was the fifth most abundant class in both seasons (7.81%). Streptomyces was observed to be the fourth most abundant genus in both seasons with significantly higher prevalence in summer compared to fall samples. In summer, site 3 had the highest percentage of Streptomyces (1.71%) compared to sites 2 (1.62%) and 1 (1.37%). The results enabled preliminary quantification of the sequenced hits from the SBNMS sites with the highest potential for harboring secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters for Streptomyces scabrisporus strain (NF3) genomic regions. This study is one of the first to use a whole metagenomics approach to characterize sediment microbial biodiversity in partnership with the SBNMS and demonstrates the potential for future ecological and biomedical research.
Medically Induced Exacerbation of PTSD Following Lung Transplantation: A Case Series

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs at double the rate in individuals undergoing lung transplantation, compared to the normal population. The psychological sequela of PTSD makes recovery more challenging and may result in poor medical and psychological outcomes. A series of three cases illustrate this presentation. In all cases, PTSD history and symptomatology was undisclosed prior to lung transplantation, despite robust psychological evaluation. All patients experienced traumatic delirium during the acute recovery phase from transplantation. Re-emergence and exacerbation of PTSD symptoms related to remote trauma lasting up to 2 years after transplant. Noncompliance with post-transplant recovery occurred in the sample of cases presented. Major surgeries, such as lung transplant may exacerbate premorbid PTSD possibly via psychological sequela such as delirium, regardless of type or remoteness of trauma experiences. Existing psychological evaluation practices may not be adequate to capture PTSD as many patients may fail to disclose relevant history. Novel evaluation and treatment methods need to be developed.
Evaluation of Algorithms Used for PrEP Surveillance Using a Reference Population From New York City, July 2016–June 2018:

Objective:Daily tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) use as HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is monitored by identifying TDF/FTC prescriptions from pharmacy databases and applyin...
Palliative care, resuscitation status, and end-of-life considerations in pediatric anesthesia.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To familiarize pediatric anesthesiologists with primary palliative care procedural communication skills and recommendations for discussions involving complex medical decision-making or advance care planning, such as discussions about resuscitation status. RECENT FINDINGS Recent publications highlight the benefits of pediatric palliative care (PPC) for seriously ill patients and their families, and how PPC principles might be applied to perioperative communication and decision-making. Both prospective and retrospective reports reveal improved quality of life, symptom management, and avoidance of unnecessary interventions when PPC is introduced early for a child with serious illness. SUMMARY Pediatric anesthesiologists will, at some point, care for a child with serious illness who would benefit from PPC. It is important that all members of the perioperative care team are familiar with primary PPC procedural communication skills and models for approaching discussions about goals of care, shared decision-making, and advance care planning. Pediatric anesthesiologists should be incorporated as early as possible in team discussions about potential procedures requiring sedation for seriously ill children.
The clinical significance and preservation of petrosal vein in operation of acoustic neurom

Objective To discuss the preservation of petrosa]vein and its clinical significance in the operation of acoustic neuroma. Methods From Jun.2004 to Oct.2007,33 patients with acoustic neurom were operated.the petrosal vein were protected well in 29 cases and failed to be protected in 4cases. Result There was no hemorrhagic infarction in 29 cases with intact petrosal vein.The vein infarction and hemorrhagic edema was observed in 4 cases with petrosal vein damage.One was dead and the others were recovered well after decompression of posterior cranial fossa.Conclusion Petrosal vein should be well protected in the operation of acoustic neuroma.The decompression of posterior cranial fossa should be considered if the petrosal vein is failed to be protected. Key words: Petrosal vein; Acoustic netlroma; Neurosurgieal operation
ELF: An Early-Exiting Framework for Long-Tailed Classification.

The natural world often follows a long-tailed data distribution where only a few classes account for most of the examples. This long-tail causes classifiers to overfit to the majority class. To mitigate this, prior solutions commonly adopt class rebalancing strategies such as data resampling and loss reshaping. However, by treating each example within a class equally, these methods fail to account for the important notion of example hardness, i.e., within each class some examples are easier to classify than others. To incorporate this notion of hardness into the learning process, we propose the EarLy-exiting Framework(ELF). During training, ELF learns to early-exit easy examples through auxiliary branches attached to a backbone network. This offers a dual benefit-(1) the neural network increasingly focuses on hard examples, since they contribute more to the overall network loss; and (2) it frees up additional model capacity to distinguish difficult examples. Experimental results on two large-scale datasets, ImageNet LT and iNaturalist'18, demonstrate that ELF can improve state-of-the-art accuracy by more than 3 percent. This comes with the additional benefit of reducing up to 20 percent of inference time FLOPS. ELF is complementary to prior work and can naturally integrate with a variety of existing methods to tackle the challenge of long-tailed distributions.
The Role of Investor Attention in Seasoned Equity Offerings: Theory and Evidence

Models of seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) such as Myers and Majluf (1984) assume that all investors in the economy pay immediate attention to SEO announcements and the pricing of SEOs. In this paper, we analyze, theoretically and empirically, the implications of only a fraction of investors in the equity market paying immediate attention to SEO announcements. We first show theoretically that, in the above setting, the announcement effect of an SEO will be positively related to the fraction of investors paying attention to the announcement and that there will be a post-announcement stock-return drift that is negatively related to investor attention. In the second part of the paper, we test the above predictions using the media coverage of firms announcing SEOs as our main proxy for investor attention, and find evidence consistent with the above predictions. In the third part of the paper, we develop and test various hypotheses relating investor attention paid to an issuing firm to various SEO characteristics. We empirically show that institutional investor participation in SEOs, the post-SEO equity market valuation of firms, SEO underpricing, and SEO valuation are all positively related to investor attention. Lastly, we also use the number of SEC EDGAR file downloads as an alternative proxy for investor attention, and our findings are robust to this alternative investor attention measure. The results of our identification tests show that the above results are causal.
Long-lasting desynchronization by decoupling stimulation

The authors use decoupling stimulation to study neuronal synchronization. The paper analyzes the decoupling potential of different stimulation patterns and present a random reset stimulation algorithm which induces parameter-robust long-lasting desynchronization that persists after cessation of stimulation
The evolving picture of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in children: critical knowledge gaps.

### Summary box In December 2019, a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, emerged in Wuhan City, China, causing a cluster of cases of severe pneumonia (COVID-19), and becoming a global pandemic. Individuals of all ages are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, but older age and underlying comorbidities are known to be associated with increased risk of disease severity and mortality. However, despite the rapidly increasing amount of data on SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19, data on how SARS-CoV-2 affects children and adolescents remain limited and conflicting, with an increased spectrum of disease manifestations emerging (eg, multisystem inflammatory syndrome). Critical research needs have emerged with important public policy implications. In initial data from China, children had significantly lower rates and severity of COVID-19 than adults; 2% of cases were aged 0–19 years, 0.9% <10 years, with no child deaths.1 Children continue to constitute a …
Treatment Options in Oligometastatic Disease in Prostate Cancer: Thinking Outside the Box

Due to its relatively indolent disease course, the sensitivity of PSA testing, and the emergence of novel PET imaging, metastatic prostate cancer is particularly likely to present with a limited volume of disease. Patients with up to five metastatic lesions should be considered for an oligometastatic treatment approach. Systemic therapy remains the cornerstone of treatment for these patients. The optimal type and duration are unknown; however, the addition of a second agent to ADT appears to be beneficial. Multiple recent studies have found significant benefits to the integration of systemic therapy and local metastasis-directed therapies (MDT), including radiation and surgery, to the prostate and metastatic sites. MDT may also be used in select patients wishing to delay the initiation of systemic therapy. For patients with isolated regional nodal recurrences, whole pelvic radiotherapy or extensive lymphadenectomy is preferred, in combination with ADT.
Effects of sheared chromatin length on ChIP-seq quality and sensitivity.

Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by massively parallel, high throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) is the method of choice for genome-wide identification of DNA segments bound by specific transcription factors or in chromatin with particular histone modifications. However, the quality of ChIP-seq datasets varies widely, with a substantial fraction being of intermediate to poor quality. Thus, it is important to discern and control the factors that contribute to variation in ChIP-seq. In this study, we focused on sonication, a user-controlled variable, to produce sheared chromatin. We systematically varied the amount of shearing of fixed chromatin from a mouse erythroid cell line, carefully measuring the distribution of resultant fragment lengths prior to ChIP-seq. This systematic study was complemented with a retrospective analysis of additional experiments. We found that the level of sonication had a pronounced impact on the quality of ChIP-seq signals. Over-sonication consistently reduced quality, while the impact of under-sonication differed among transcription factors, with no impact on sites bound by CTCF but frequently leading to the loss of sites occupied by TAL1 or bound by POL2. The bound sites not observed in low quality datasets were inferred to be a mix of both direct and indirect binding. We leveraged these findings to produce a set of CTCF ChIP-seq datasets in rare, primary hematopoietic progenitor cells. Our observation that the amount of chromatin sonication is a key variable in success of ChIP-seq experiments indicates that monitoring the level of sonication can improve ChIP-seq quality and reproducibility and facilitate ChIP-seq in rare cell types.
Rashi, Biblical Interpretation, and Latin Learning in Medieval Europe: A New Perspective on an Exegetical Revolution

In this volume, Mordechai Z. Cohen explores the interpretive methods of Rashi of Troyes (1040–1105), the most influential Jewish Bible commentator of all time. By elucidating the 'plain sense' (peshat) of Scripture, together with critically selected midrashic interpretations, Rashi created an approach that was revolutionary in the talmudically-oriented Ashkenazic milieu. Cohen contextualizes Rashi's commentaries by examining influences from other centers of Jewish learning in Muslim Spain and Byzantine lands. He also opens new scholarly paths by comparing Rashi's methods with trends in Latin learning reflected in the Psalms commentary of his older contemporary, Saint Bruno the Carthusian (1030–1101). Drawing upon the Latin tradition of enarratio poetarum ('interpreting the poets'), Bruno applied a grammatical interpretive method and incorporated patristic commentary selectively, a parallel that Cohen uses to illuminate Rashi's exegetical values. Cohen thereby brings to light the novel literary conceptions manifested by Rashi and his key students, Josef Qara and Rashbam.
Analysis of the Microgravity Research Ecosystem and Market Drivers of Accessibility

For decades, the International Space Station (ISS) has operated as a bastion of international cooperation and a unique testbed for microgravity research. In recent years, private industry has also ...
National Trends Show Declining Use of Arthroscopic Subacromial Decompression Without Rotator Cuff Repair.

Purpose The goal of this study was to investigate trends in the United States for arthroscopic subacromial decompression (aSAD) and open SAD (oSAD) with and without rotator cuff repair (RCR) between 2010 and 2018. Methods The PearlDiver Mariner claims database was queried using CPT codes for open and arthroscopic subacromial decompression and rotator cuff repair. Patient cohorts were developed for those undergoing aSAD or oSAD between 2010 and 2018, then segmented by whether RCR was performed simultaneously. Annual incidence was analyzed, as were associated diagnosis codes, and concomitant shoulder-associated procedures performed on the same day. Results The PearlDiver Mariner dataset from 2010 to 2018 included 186,932 patients that underwent aSAD, while 9,263 patients underwent oSAD. The total incidence of aSAD declined from 118.0 to 71.3 per 100,000 (39.6% decrease) (P Conclusion The overall rate of aSAD has declined in recent years, primarily due to a large decrease in the incidence of aSAD without RCR as an isolated treatment for rotator cuff disorders. Clinical Relevance Prior studies have demonstrated a rising incidence of SAD; however, high-level clinical evidence and clinical practice guidelines have challenged its efficacy. It is important for orthopaedic surgeons to understand evolving national trends in management among their peers.