cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analytical model of metalworking fluid penetration into the flank contact zone in orthogonal cutting

Abstract Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are used widely in machining process to dissipate heat, lubricate moving surfaces, and clear chips. They have also been linked to a number of environmental and worker health problems. To reduce these impacts, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) sprays of MWF delivered in air or CO 2 have been proposed. MQL sprays can achieve performance comparable with conventional water-based or straight oil MWFs while only delivering a small fraction of the fluid. This performance advantage could be explained by the enhanced penetration into the cutting zone that results from delivering MWF in high pressure and precise sprays. To explore this hypothesis, an analytical model of MWF penetration into the flank face of the cutting zone is developed and validated using experimental data. The model is based on a derivation of the Navier–Stokes equation and the Reynolds equation for lubrication and applied to an orthogonal cutting geometry under steady-state conditions. A solution to the model is obtained using a numerical strategy of discretizing the analytical scheme with two-dimensional centered finite difference method. Penetration into the cutting zone is estimated for MQL sprays delivered in air, CO 2 and N 2 as well as two conventional MWFs, straight oil and semi-synthetic emulsion. The model suggests that conventional MWFs, do not penetrate the cutting zone fully and fail to provide direct cooling to the flank zone where wear is most likely to occur. MQL sprays do penetrate the cutting zone completely. Using convective heat transfer coefficients from a previous study, a finite element heat balance is carried out on the tool to understand how each fluid impacts temperature near the flank tip of the tool. The results of the modeling effort are consistent with experimental measurements of tool temperature during turning of titanium (6AL4V) using a K313 carbide tool. The prediction of temperature near the flank indicates that MQL sprays do suppress temperatures near the flank effectively. These results help explain the low levels of tool wear observed for some MQL sprays, particularly those based on high pressure CO 2 . This modeling framework provides valuable insight into how lubricant delivery characteristics such as speed, viscosity, and cutting zone geometry can impact lubricant penetration.
Ocular melanin pigmentation anomalies in cats, cattle, mink, and mice with Chediak-Higashi syndrome: histologic observations.

The Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a hereditary disorder of man, with the homologous condition reported in five animal species. Multiple defects, including oculocutaneous hypopigmentation, are present in individuals with this syndrome. Giant cytoplasmic granules, including melanosomes and lysosomes, are characteristic. In this study, eyes from CHS affected and control cats, cattle, mink, and mice were examined histologically to determine: 1) degree of pigmentation; 2) structure and distribution of melanin granules; and 3) morphology of cells and tissues containing melanin. The CHS cattle were found to be the most ocularly hypopigmented species, whereas CHS mouse eyes contained considerably more melanin than those of the other species. Melanin granules of abnormal sizes and shapes were present in neuroepithelial and uveal tissues of CHS animals of all four species. Depigmentation apparently had occurred in the CHS eyes, since less melanin was present in eyes of old CHS animals of each species than was p...
Pyridoxine supplementation of lactating mothers: relation to maternal nutrition status and vitamin B-6 concentrations in milk

Vitamin B-6 status, assessed by plasma pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) concentrations, and vitamin B-6 concentrations in breast milk were examined in 47 lactating mothers supplemented with different amounts of pyridoxine.HCl (PN.HCl) during pregnancy and the first 6 mo of lactation. PLP concentrations in cord blood and maternal plasma at 2 d postpartum and vitamin B-6 concentration in colostrum were positively correlated with the amount of PN.HCl supplementation prenatally (r = 0.71, p less than 0.001; r = 0.74, p less than 0.001; and r = 0.78, p less than 0.001, respectively). Correlations between the amounts of PN.HCl supplementation postnatally and plasma PLP concentrations increased with the length of supplementation. Plasma PLP concentrations were also correlated with vitamin B-6 concentrations of milk samples, which were obtained on the same day as plasma. PN.HCl supplements between 2.5 and 4.0 mg/d (2.1-3.4 mg PN equivalents) ensured vitamin B-6 adequacy of the mother and maintained relatively saturated concentrations of vitamin B-6 in breast milk.
High performance deadbeat controlled PWM inverter using a current source compensator and nonlinear loads

A control technique which generates high-quality sinusoidal output voltage form a single-phase pulse-width-modulated (PWM) inverter suitable for uninterruptible systems is presented. A scheme for combining the deadbeat control with a current source compensator is proposed, and the control mechanism is analyzed. A current source compensator is used to compensate the voltage drop at the firing instant of a triac-controlled resistive load. The PWM is determined at every sampling instant by the proposed algorithm. Simulation results show that the scheme can produce nearly sinusoidal waveforms for nonlinear loads. >
Occupational Therapy’s Journey: The Implementation, Challenge, and Expectation

The increased interest in administrative issues reflects the changing climate facing the profession of occupational therapy in the mid-1980s. The effect of the changing medical delivery system on the profession is evidenced through the development of home health organizations (HMOs), diagnostic-related group (DRG) systems, and other federal- and state-regulated systems. To ensure survival, the practice of occupational therapy will become more community based and less dependent on the hospital setting.
Multicentre results of stereotactic body radiotherapy for secondary liver tumours

Background Surgical resection is the standard treatment for liver metastases, although for the majority of patients this is not possible. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is an alternative local-regional therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of SBRT for secondary liver tumours from a combined multicentre database.
P-i-n photodiodes in metamorphic InAlAs-InGaAs-GaAs for long wavelength applications

InP-based heterostructures have traditionally been used for the fabrication of photodetectors and integrated optoelectronic circuits (OEICs) operating at long wavelength (1.55 /spl mu/m) for optical fiber applications. Specifically, In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As lattice-matched (LM) to InP is used for the absorption region in a photodetector and for the active channel in electronic devices. Recent advances in heteroepitaxy have resulted in the growth of high quality metamorphic (MM) In/sub 0.52/Al/sub 0.48/As-In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As layers on GaAs substrates using thick graded InAlGaAs buffer layers (Hoke et al, 1999). This push for metamorphic layers is being driven by the lower cost, robustness, and the mature processing technologies enjoyed by GaAs over InP. High performance high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with short gate lengths fabricated on GaAs MM layers have demonstrated record bandwidths (Dumka et al, 1999) similar to LM HEMTs on InP. In order to achieve lower cost, ultra-high speed (>20 Gb/s) OEICs, it is imperative to investigate the performance of optoelectronic devices such as p-i-n photodiodes in MM structures. In this paper, we report a comparative study of p-i-n photodiodes fabricated using metamorphic (MM-PIN) GaAs-based and lattice-matched (LM-PIN) InP-based heterostructures. Results on dark currents, DC, and RF responses are presented.
Validity of Self-Reported Drug Use Information Among Pregnant Women.

This study assesses validity of self-report for the use of major classes of illicit drugs and opioid-maintenance therapy among pregnant women at a substance abuse treatment program. Analyses used data collected from 83 pregnant women in a prospective cohort study at the University of New Mexico. Study participants with a history of substance abuse were screened and, if eligible, enrolled during an early prenatal care visit. A follow-up interview was conducted shortly after delivery. Self-reported information about drug use later in pregnancy was compared with urine drug screen (UDS) results collected during the third trimester. Simple kappa (k) and prevalence-and-bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK) coefficients were calculated as the measures of agreement. Sensitivity and specificity of self-report for each drug class were estimated using UDS as the ‘gold standard’. The sample included a large proportion of ethnic minority (80 % Hispanic/Latina and 7 % American Indian) and socially disadvantaged (50 % less than high school education and 94 % Medicaid-insured) pregnant women. On average, patients had 4.8 ± 3.0 urine drug screens during the third trimester. Sensitivity of self-report was low (<60 %) for all classes of illicit drugs; however, marijuana and opioids demonstrated slightly higher sensitivity (57.9 and 58.3 %, respectively) than other classes (<47 %). This study found substantial underreporting for all classes of illicit drugs among pregnant women in a substance abuse treatment program. Rates of underreporting are expected to be higher among the general population of pregnant women.
Losses for Frequency Diversity Waveform Systems

The use of a frequency diversity waveform to improve target detectability by reducing the fluctuation loss is a well-established technique. The diversity gain is commonly computed under the assumptions of a matched filter processor and the independent fluctuation of the target from channel to channel. Sometimes these conditions are not met and the full diversity gain cannot be obtained. In order to accurately compute the attainable diversity gain, it is necessary to calculate losses that occur only for diversity waveforms. The losses that have been considered are 1) unknown target velocity loss, 2) dependent samples due to small channel-to-channel frequency spacing, 3) linear envelope detector law loss, and 4) constant false alarm rate (CFAR) lpss.
Pathways for emotions and memory: I. Input and output zones linking the anterior thalamic nuclei with prefrontal cortices in the rhesus monkey

Abstract The anterior thalamic nuclei occupy a central position in pathways associated with emotions and memory [AMA Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 38 (1937) 725]. The goal of this study was to determine the anatomic interaction of the anterior nuclei with distinct prefrontal cortices that have been implicated in emotion and specific aspects of memory. To address this issue, we investigated the relationship of input and output zones in the anterior thalamic nuclei linking them with functionally distinct orbitofrontal, medial, and lateral prefrontal cortices. We identified input zones by mapping the pattern and topography of terminations of prefrontal axons, and the output zones by mapping projection neurons in the anterior nuclei, after injection of anterograde and bidirectional tracers in distinct prefrontal cortices. The results showed that the anterior nuclei were preferentially connected with some orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal areas. In contrast, the anterior nuclei had comparatively sparse connections with most lateral prefrontal cortices, with the notable exception of frontal polar cortex, which had moderate but consistent connections with the anterior nuclei. Prefrontal cortices were connected mostly with the anterior medial nucleus, though medial areas 32 and 25 as well as the frontal polar cortex were also connected with the anterior ventral nucleus. The zones of axonal terminations were more expansive than the sites with projection neurons in the anterior nuclei, suggesting extensive influence of feedback projections from prefrontal cortices. The results suggest that the anterior thalamic nuclei may act in concert with orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortices in processes underlying emotions and long-term memory, and with the frontal polar cortex in prospective aspects of working memory.
Cost Comparison of Open and Robotic Partial Nephrectomy Using a Short Postoperative Pathway

Objective To compare immediate perioperative direct costs of open partial nephrectomy (OPN) and robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN), managed under a common care pathway. Methods Retrospective review of detailed institutional cost data for patients treated with OPN and RPN during 2011 was conducted. Cost and clinical data of OPN and RPN were compared for all patients and for patients stratified by length of stay (LOS), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), and RENAL nephrometry scores. Results The study cohort included 190 OPN and 63 RPN cases. OPN was associated with higher ASA scores (P Conclusion Despite the shorter hospital LOS associated with RPN, the immediate perioperative cost of OPN was lower than that of RPN for patients managed under a common care pathway, mainly due to high robotic purchase and maintenance costs. In light of the current health care debate, such financial disincentives may compromise the sustainability of advances in medical technology.
Transgenderism in Latin America: Some Critical Introductory Remarks on Identities and Practices:

This opening essay to a symposium on Transgenderism in Latin America reviews the six articles presented, and highlights the ways in which transgendered acts provide multiple meanings. Drawing heavi...
Multistep Energy and Electron Transfer in a “V‐Configured” Supramolecular BODIPY–azaBODIPY–Fullerene Triad: Mimicry of Photosynthetic Antenna Reaction‐Center Events

A new photosynthetic antenna-reaction-center model compound composed of covalently linked BF2 -chelated dipyrromethene (BODIPY), BF2 -chelated azadipyrromethene (azaBODIPY), and fullerene (C60 ), in a "V-configuration", has been newly synthesized and characterized by using a multistep synthetic procedure. Optical absorbance and steady-state fluorescence, computational, and electrochemical studies were systematically performed in nonpolar, toluene, and polar, benzonitrile, solvents to establish the molecular integrity of the triad and to construct an energy-level diagram revealing different photochemical events. The geometry obtained by B3LYP/6-31G* calculations revealed the anticipated V-configuration of the BODIPY-azaBODIPY-C60 triad. The location of the frontier orbitals in the triad tracked the site of electron transfer determined from electrochemical studies. The different photochemical events originated from (1) BODIPY* were realized from the energy-level diagram. Accordingly, (1) BODIPY* resulted in competitive ultrafast energy transfer to produce BODIPY-(1) azaBODIPY*-C60 and electron transfer to produce BODIPY(.) (+) -azaBODIPY-C60 (.) (-) as major photochemical events. The charge-separated state persisted for few nanoseconds prior populating (3) C60 *, which in turn revealed an unusual triplet-triplet energy transfer to produce (3) azaBODIPY* prior returning to the ground state. These findings delineate the importance of multimodular systems in energy harvesting, and more importantly, their utility in building multifunction performing optoelectronic devices.
THE ROLE OF DISPERSAL AND DISTURBANCE IN DETERMINING SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY IN SEDENTARY ORGANISMS

The dispersal ability of seeds, spores, and larvae can greatly influence spatial heterogeneity in the abundance of plants and sedentary animals, especially after a severe and widespread disturbance has caused extensive population declines and opened large areas for colonization by propagules. However, little work has been done on the relationship between propagule dispersal and spatial heterogeneity in species abundance. We hypothesize that, shortly after a disturbance, spatial variability in abundance of sedentary organisms is negatively related to the dispersal potential of a species' propagules, and that this negative relationship diminishes over time as populations recover from the disturbance. To evaluate this hypothesis, we examined temporal changes in spatial patterns of abundance in a diverse group of sedentary marine organisms, whose propagules differ greatly in dispersal potential. The data set was derived from long-term monitoring of the kelp forest communities of Channel Islands National Park ...
Frühere Anschauungen über die Elektrizität

Wenn wir die Geschichte der atomistischen Auffassung der Materie und die Geschichte der atomistischen Theorie der Elektrizitat miteinander vergleichen, so finden wir eine bemerkenswerte und lehrreiche Ahnlichkeit: in beiden Fallen gehen die Grundvorstellungen selbst weit zuruck — bis in jene Zeit, wo das Denken und Forschen uber diese Dinge uberhaupt anfangt. In beiden Fallen blieben aber diese Grundvorstellungen vollstandig unfruchtbar, bis die Entwicklung genauer Mmethoden ihnen Leben und Fruchtbarkeit verlieh.
High Level Test Generation / SW based Embedded Test

As device geometries scale, product complexity has increased with more and more functionality embedded into integrated chips in recent times. In the processor domain, multiple cores with associated glue logic and cache all on a single die are becoming more and more popular. At the same time, product frequencies have gone up and the need to test for delay defects and marginal circuits is rising continually. This is exacerbated in recent times with the focus on lowpower design. While there has been a lot of progress in scan based delay test, the reliance on functional tests has continued. The biggest concern with scan test effectiveness is related to screening small delay defects. Gross delay defects can be tested using a good set of scan transition fault tests (scan AC tests). However questions remain with respect to the effectiveness of scan tests to screen small delay defects and also to test marginality related failures: for example, speed failures caused by issues like cross-capacitance, power droop etc. Functional tests are being used today for getting the last few DPM to reach quality goals. The reliance on functional tests is higher in products that push the process/design envelope to reach performance/power goals.
Is the Zipf law spurious in explaining city-size distributions?

The Zipf law, which states that that the rank associated with some size S is proportional to S to some negative power, is a regularity observed in natural and social sciences. One popular application of the Zipf law is the relationship between city sizes and their ranks. This paper examines the rank–size relationship through Monte Carlo simulations and two examples. We show that a good fit (indicated by a high R 2 value) can be found for many statistical distributions. The Zipf law’s good fit is a statistical phenomenon, and therefore, it does not require an economic theory that determines city-size distributions. D 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Three Notes on Lucretius

To Munro's conjecture, which has been accepted by Diels (1923), S. B. Smith (1942), Bailey (1947), Buchner (1956), Martin (1959), and M. F. Smith (1982), there is a serious, possibly a fatal, objection: the genitive plural of hiems is a grammarians' figment and never occurs in classical Latin ( TLL s.v. 2773.84); while Lachmann's conjecture is palaeographically improbable. Read ad gelidas rigidasque pruinas; rigidas was omitted by haplography, a fecund source of corruption, and hiemis then supplied from the context to repair the metre. Cf. 2.431 denique iam calidos ignis gelidamque pruinam , 2.521 hinc flammis Mine rigidis infesta pruinis , and, for the collocation of the two adjectives, 2.858 nec frigus neque item calidum tepidumque uaporem.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Codling Moth on Pears in California and Their Usefulness in an Integrated Control Program

Field tests were conducted on pears at San Jose, Calif., during 1967 and 1968 to evaluate several insecticides for control of Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) and for the effects on other pest and hendirial species. Azinphosmethyl + Volck SupremeR oil, carhofuran, Fundal SP® ( N'- (4-chloro- O-tolyl)-N,N -dimethylformamidine, hydrochloride), Gardona, R (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), lmidanR (O,O-dimethyl S-phthalimidomethyl phosphorodithioate), and Supracidt® (O,O-dimethyl phos phorodithioate S-ester with 4-(mercaptomethyl)-2-methoxy- ∆ 2-1,3,4-thiadiazolin-5-one) were all relatively effective in control of the codling moth. Imidan and azinphosmethyl + oil were the more effective materials against pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster. Iundal sp controlled both the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), and the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and was the only insecticide treatment in which one or the other of the mite species failed to increase following the last application. Buildup of T. urticae occurred 4-5 weeks after the last application in the azinphosmethyl + oil treatment, whereas populations increased earlier and were more severe in the carhofuran and Gardona treatments. P. ulim increased to moderate levels in the lmidan and Supraeide treatments. All the materials were detrimental to predators, especially to anthocorids.
The emergence of trust in multi-agent bidding: a computational approach

We experiment conditions for the emergence of trust in a multi-agent bidding setting using a computational approach. This is a follow up of our study on multi-agent bidding and contracting for nonstorable goods. In this framework there is a long-term contract market as well as a back-stop spot market. Seller agents bid into an electronic bulletin board their contract offers in terms of price and capacity, while buyer agents decide how much to contract with the sellers and how much to shop from the spot market. The goal is the following: First, to investigate if agents using reinforcement learning (nonmyopic bidding) can discover good and effective bidding, auction and contracting strategies when playing repeated nonlinear games where there does not exist any equilibrium; Second, to explore the emergence of trust in the sense of what kind of mechanisms induce cooperation in the above repeated nonlinear game.
An Overview of Nicotine Use Disorders for Alcohol/Drug Abuse Clinicians

Alcohol and drug abuse clinicians often fail to intervene in nicotine dependence because of unfounded beliefs or inadequate knowledge of the topic. This overview 1) describes the epidemiology, initiating factors, consequences, pharmacology, behavioral effects, and dependence syndrome associated with nicotine use; 2) describes how nicotine use and withdrawal interfere with the diagnosis and treatment of other drug dependencies; and 3) provides a simple, concrete algorithm for treating nicotine dependence.
Emulsion polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene and isobutylene

Interpolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and isobutylene containing approximately equimolar amounts of each monomer have been prepared by emulsion polymerization. Also prepared were compositions containing small amounts of other monomers such as acrylic acid. The characterization of these products is discussed, as is the preparation of both “ionomer” and iminated derivatives of the carboxylated terpolymers.
Article III Standing and State Separation of Powers

With marriage equality likely to receive the blessing of United States Supreme Court as a fundamental right in the near future, the Court’s refusal to determine the Constitutional merits of the issue just three years ago in Hollingsworth v. Perry might ordinarily end a minor footnote in history, considered a false start in the overall fight for equality. At the time, it certainly was less celebrated than its companion case, United States v. Windsor. But while the Court’s decision in Windsor had a momentous impact on the rights of the LGBT community, both cases involved justiciability issues that also are likely to reverberate into the future. And of the two, it can be argued that the Court’s decision to dismiss Hollingsworth for the petitioners failing to meet Article III standing requirements is the more critical. The Court’s holding that the petitioners could not represent the State’s sovereign interests in federal court, despite them being authorized to do so under California law, threatens to disrupt fundamental rationales for states adopting a form of direct democracy.
The Influence of General Discrimination and Social Context on Young Urban Expecting Couples’ Mental Health

Young expecting parents face a great deal of challenges as they transition into parenthood. This paper sought to identify racial and gender differences in the relationship between general discrimination, neighborhood problems, neighborhood cohesion, and social support on the depressive and stress symptoms among young expecting couples. Results indicated perceived general discrimination and less social support was associated with increased stress and depression. More neighborhood problems were related to increased depression and more neighborhood cohesion was related to less stress. Moderator analyses showed that the influence of general discrimination and stress was stronger for women than men. In addition, neighborhood cohesion was protective on stress for Blacks and Whites but not for Hispanics. These results indicate the need to address the broader social context for young expectant couples.
Authenticated Data Structures

Authenticated data structures are useful constructions which permit an untrusted maintainer of a database to prove specific properties regarding the integrity of the database to users of the database. Two versatile authenticated data structures based on ordered Merkle trees are introduced in this Chapter.
Relationships between Creativity and Teacher Variability

Of current interest to psychologists is the concept of creativity ns a component of personality that needs explanation. Several attempts have been made to identify it and to actually test its complex nature. One such instrument (Torrance, et al., 1960; Yamamoto, 1962) was used in this study to find a relation between creativiry and teaching competency as well as to find other common characteristics of ceachers in comparison to levels of creativity. A total of 209 teachers were secured for creativity testing from the summer school population at Eastern Washington State College in 1962. Personal data were gathered concerning sex, age, number of years of teaching experience, number of years of college education, and reaching level. Letters were sent to the ceachers' principals asking them to race on a 5-point scale the over-all effectiveness of the teacher in the classroom. There was over a 90% return of these ratings. Six hypotheses were tested. The major hypothesis of the relationship between creativity test scores and principals' ratings was supported with a Pearson product-moment correlation of -.22 (p < .01). A product-moment correlation of -.I4 between creativity and age of the teachers was significant (p = .05). No significant differences were found between creativity test scores and sex, number of years of teaching experience, number of years of college education, or reaching level. The point-biserial correlation of .02 suggesred there were no significant sex differences on creativiry scores. The product-moment correlation of -.I2 ind~cated there was no significant difference between creativity scores and number of years of teaching experience. The non-significant X' of 4.39 indicated there was no significant relationship between creativity scores and number of years of college education and the biserial correlation of .05 indicated there was no significant difference beruleen creativiry scores and reaching level. (All rs were considered for significance from a .OO point.) Results suggest that, for the selected adult population, creativity may be a fairly stable trait since all variables but age were non-significant and correlated so close to zero. The evidence reported here that school administrators tend to give lower ratings to the highly creative ceachers gives direction to other topics for research. There may be inherent within creativity, as it is measured, personality characceristics that are not valued in ceachers.
Dysfunction of CFTR bearing the ΔF508 mutation

SUMMARY The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is mutated in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The most common CF-associated mutation is deletion of phenylanine at residue 508, CFTRΔF508. When expressed in heterologous cells, CFTR bearing the ΔF508 mutation fails to progress through the normal biosynthetic pathway and fails to traffic to the plasma membrane. As a result, CFTRΔF508 is mislocalized and is not present in the apical membrane of primary cultures of airway epithelia. Consequently, the apical membrane of CF airway epithelia is Cl − -impermeable, a defect that probably contributes to the pathogenesis of the disease.
Fabrication of Sol-Gel Derived Ferroelectric Plzt (9/65/35) Optical Waveguides

Crack free transparent ferroelectric PLZT (9/65/35) thin films were deposited on silicon substrates using the sol-gel deposition technique. An intermediate layer of PLT was used to improve the PLZT’s optical quality and to reduce the amount of film cracking. Wet chemical, plasma and reactive ion etching are investigated as means of realizing the necessary waveguide structures. Waveguiding is observed in 2–4mm long PLZT (9/65/35) fabricated by reactive ion beam etching.
"Frontiers of IM: Connections to Local and Distant Communities: Geography,Cross-border Flows & Entrep"

This symposium comprises presentations of four research projects on the phenomenon of diaspora entrepreneurship. The author teams (6 authors from 3 countries and 5 institutions) will share their latest findings. The diversity of topics (i.e., returnee entrepreneurship and venture formation, immigrant ethnic clustering and firm performance, diaspora legitimacy), theories (i.e., social capital and embeddedness, institutional theory, knowledge flows, organizational ecology), data and methodologies (i.e., pooled time series data, case study, surveys), and country environments (e.g., China, Bosnia-Hercegovina, US) is deliberate and expected to stimulate a rich debate of findings and discussion of critical future developments in the field. This is the first opportunity that each paper will be presented to a scholarly audience; however all the papers are well developed and have interesting analyses of respective data. Additionally, we will provide time in the symposium to invite audience members to share their p...
“he Acted Like a Crazy Person”: Exploring the Influence of College Students’ Recall of Stereotypic Media Representations of Mental Illness

Nearly half of all U.S. adults will be diagnosed with a mental illness at some point in their developmental trajectory, and college students may be particularly vulnerable to experience mental distress. Despite its prevalence, public perception about mental illness remains obscured by misinformation and social stigma. Scholars have long recognized the role that mass media play in cultivating and perpetuating this stigma. The purpose of this study was to survey college students (N = 359) to explore how mass media prime stereotypic conceptions about mental illness and subsequently influence the mechanisms of social stigma. Results indicated that media use predicted higher estimates of the prevalence of mental illness. Participants’ descriptions of mentally ill media characters were characterized by stereotypic attributes including violent behaviors, angry outbursts, childlike behaviors, and severe symptomatology. Recall of stereotypic depictions of mental illness predicted discomfort around people with mental illness, but those participants who defined mental illness using severe symptomatology were more willing to communicate concerns about mental illness. These findings illuminate why it is necessary to assess how audiences perceive media representations of mental illness in order to understand the mechanisms through which mass media shape public perception about mental illness.
Hantaviruses trigger cytopathic effect and apoptosis in human gastric epithelial cell in vitro

Hantaviruses cause two types of human diseases: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Different hantaviruses show different degrees of virulence in humans. In Asia, the most severe cases of HFRS are due to infection with Hantaan virus (HTNV), whereas Seoul virus(SEOV) to be is considered to be mild-pathogenic to humans, causing slight symptoms. Gastric mucosa in patients with acute HFRS appeared obvious damages, including hemorrhage like squamous shape, engorgement, oedema, ulcer, and mucosa desquamation.Hantaviruses infect human endothelial cells causing little or no damage to the infected endothelium. We established primary cultures of gastric epithelial cells derived from human gastric tissue specimen in conventional culture dishes. and comparatively analyzed the growth of HTNV and SEOV in human gastric epithelial cells (HGECs) and Vero E6 cells. The results of experiments indicated that HTNV and SEOV could infect human gastric epithelial cells, which resulted in CPE. Moreover, HTNV showed a stronger promotion for apoptosis and necrosis in HGECs in vitro than SEOV. Our findings imply that HGEC is a prime target for virus infection. Hantaviruses elicit an apoptotic programme and induce CPE, which play a pivotal role in gastric mucosa damages in patients with acute HFRS.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of using 5 types of antibiotic drugs in the treatment of respiratory infection

Objective To explore the economic effects of using antibiotic drugs in treating respirtory infection patients. Methods A total of 276 patients who had out-hospital-acquired respiratory infections participated in the study. Based on the types of the drugs used, the patients were divided into five groups and the data were compared among the groups by the way of pharmacoeconomics cost-effectiveness analysis. Results The patients who used sodium penicillin had better treatment effects than in other groups.Conclusion Sodium penicillin is one of better drugs in treating out-hospital-acquired respiratory infection patients.
Undulator (Pump) Mechanism of Ultraviolet Microwave Synergistic Gain and Design of Microwave-UV Ovens

In the synergy of wavelength and ultraviolet with a large span separation,the mixed,converted and fixed electromagnetic waves with a 106 times difference lead to gains in radiation.Based on interaction model of undulator and free electron laser as well as the deduction theories of electromagnetic energy,the gain mechanism of the synergy is deduced.According to the theoretical calculation,the design is determined.Two wave lengths,namely 253.7 nm(4.8 eV) and 12.24 cm(2 450 MHz) are calculated and simulated.Product verification shows that microwave resonant cavity obtains more than 10 times the UV energy gain in 10 cm scale,which clarifies the key indicators in UV-microwave oven,and lays a theoretic foundation for miniaturized undulator device.
Teratogenic Potential of Some Psychopharmacologic Drugs: A Brief Review

The placenta has been considered a protective barrier between the mother and fetus. Because many drugs pass relatively freely between mother and fetus, the possible causal relationship between drug ingestion and the incidence of birth defects in humans demands critical examination. A brief review of background information about this interaction and an overview of the effects of commonly used drugs are presented.
This is Cerebrospinal Tap

![Graphic][1] Of all the fluids produced by the human body, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may be the least offensive. A clear, unassuming liquid, CSF circulates throughout the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, cushioning the nervous system from injury
The Investigation of Differential Item Functioning in Adaptive Tests

Differential item functioning (DIF) refers to a difference in item performance between equally proficient members of two demographic groups. From an item response theory (IRT) perspective, DIF can be defined as a difference between groups in item response functions. The classic example of a DIF item is a mathematics question containing sports jargon that is more likely to be understood by men than by women. An item of this kind would be expected to manifest DIF against women: They are less likely to give a correct response than men with equivalent math ability. In reality, the causes of DIF are often far more obscure. Camilli and Shepard (1994) and Holland andWainer (1993) provide an excellent background in the history, theory, and practice of DIF analysis.
Ambient ionization and FAIMS mass spectrometry for enhanced imaging of multiply charged molecular ions in biological tissues

Ambient ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has been increasingly used to investigate the molecular distribution of biological tissue samples. Here, we report the integration and optimization of desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) and liquid-microjunction surface sampling probe (LMJ-SSP) with a chip-based high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) device to image metabolites, lipids, and proteins in biological tissue samples. Optimized FAIMS parameters for specific molecular classes enabled semitargeted detection of multiply charged molecular species at enhanced signal-to-noise ratios (S/N), improved visualization of spatial distributions, and, most importantly, allowed detection of species which were unseen by ambient ionization MSI alone. Under static DESI-FAIMS conditions selected for transmission of doubly charged cardiolipins (CL), for example, detection of 71 different CL species was achieved in rat brain, 23 of which were not observed by DESI alone. Diagnostic CL ...
Pan-African Dimensions of National Liberation Theory

This paper argues that one of the core features of the national liberation theories that emerged on the African continent and across the African Diaspora during the decolonization and freedom movements was the tendency to articulate both the local contours of the struggles against domination and its broader implications for Pan-Africanism. Two central questions are explored here: What were the theoretical elements of national liberation that addressed both local and diasporic realities? The paper also asks what were the specific Pan-African tenets shared by the liberation movements? The final component of the paper attempts to provide some broad statements and observations on the relationship between local and Pan-African dimensions of national liberation?
The Last Dogma of Empiricism

This is, in the jargon of 25 years ago, a paper about the fact/value distinction, or, better, the science/values distinction. The question mark in the title concerns whether the science/value distinction is a dogma or a defensible distinction to be drawn within holism. I begin from the position of a Quinean holist and argue that value claims should be seen as part of our holistic world theory that is, as a whole, supported by experience. However, I do conclude that there may still be a distinction, though perhaps one of degree, to be drawn between values and value laden claims and other parts of our world theory. The moral of this paper will be that whether there is a science/values distinction of some sort is far less important than is the recognition of two “facts” about “values”, that values frequently do influence the course of science and that we cannot, for this very reason, afford to treat values as matters of personal preference or as subjective or as in any other way wholly or even largely exempt from the standards of evidence and evaluation that apply to science itself.
Estados Unidos, México y el machismo

Entre las figuras mexicanas mas discutidas resalta el macho, el superhombre del vulgo. Ha sido preocupacion de sicologos, sociologos, filosofos, historiadores, poetas y hasta folkloristas. Algunos, como el folklorista Vicente T. Mendoza, lo han explicado como fenomeno causado por el clima, o tendencia heredada por los mexicanos de los andaluces. Por otra parte, muchos otros comentadores le han dado al machismo explicaciones basadas en las teorias de Freud. El machismo —se nos dice— tiene sus origenes en la Conquista, cuando Hernan Cortes y sus conquistadores llegan a Mexico y violan a las mujeres de los aztecas. De este acto de violencia nace el mestizo, quien odia y envidia al padre espanol y desprecia a la madre india —en ambos casos como resultado de sus complejos edipales.
Tests for Independence in the Family of Continuous Bivariate Distributions with Finite Contingency

For testing the hypothesis of independence in the family of continuous bivariate distributions with finite contingency it is found under some regularity conditions, that always exists a locally most powerful rank test and that this test is fully efficient in the sense of Pitman. A simple formula is given for the calculation of asymptotic relative efficiencies.
Synthetic Niches for Stem Cell Differentiation into T cells

T cell development from hematopoietic stem cells takes place in the thymus under precisely controlled intercellular signaling between the stem cells and thymic stromal and epithelial cells. In vitro or ex vivo development of mature T cells from stem cells faces two primary hurdles; one being the inability of culture conditions to provide a three dimensional thymic niche with lineage-specific signaling like notch, and the second being the need for efficient positive or negative selection processes to achieve antigen-specific, functional T cells. Recent research has focused on development of 2D and 3D niches mimicking the thymic microenvironment by first identifying soluble or immobilized factors essential for T cell differentiation followed by presenting them efficiently to stem and progenitor cells. This chapter discusses how T cells are generated in the thymus and current approaches, including biomaterial-based strategies, towards ex vivo or in vitro differentiation of stem cells into T cells using signaling molecules.
T cells of lupus and molecular targets for immunotherapy.

A major advance in understanding the basic mechanism driving the pathogenic autoimmune response in SLE has been the identification of nucleosome as a primary immunogen. The production of pathogenic antinuclear antibodies in SLE is mediated by a MHC class II restricted, cognate interaction between select populations of autoimmune T helper cells and autoimmune B cells that recognize epitopes in the different molecular components of the nucleosome particle: a form of intermolecular–intrastructural help. In the SNF1 model, we have localized the critical peptide autoepitopes for lupus nephritis-inducing Th cells in the core histones of nucleosomes, at amino acid positions 10–33 of H-2B and 16–39 and 71–94 of H4. Remarkabely, the nephritogenic epitopes are located in the regions of histones that are also targeted by lupus B cells, as well as the sites where the histones contact DNA in the nucleosome, indicating that they are specially protected during antigen processing. Identification of the peptide epitopes is a basic step toward defining how the pathogenic Th cells emerge in lupus. In addition, we found that the pathogenic Th cells and B cells of lupus have a regulatory defect in the expression of CD40 ligand (CD40L or gp39), which results in abnormal costimulatory signals that sustain the production of pathogenic autoantibodies. Specific immunotherapy that blocks the pathogenic T and B cell interaction in lupus can be designed based on the knowledge of these disease mechanisms.
Hepatocellular carcinoma in children: hepatic resection and liver transplantation

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a rare malignancy in children and at the time of diagnosis up to 80% of pediatric HCC are unresectable due to large and multiple lesions. The majority of pediatric HCC occurs on a background of normal liver, and consequently the absence of concomitant chronic liver disease generally allows tolerating pre- and post-operative chemotherapy. Based on the large experiences of adult HCC and pediatric hepatoblastoma, in the last years a multidisciplinary aggressive treatment composed of surgical resection and chemotherapy (based on cisplatin and doxorubicin) has been proposed, improving patient outcomes and recurrence rate in children with HCC. However, the overall survival rate in children with HCC is not satisfactory yet; while the 5-year survival rate may achieve up to 70–80% in non-metastatic resectable HCC, it remains <20% in children with unresectable HCC. The mainstay of the pediatric HCC therapeutic strategy is the radical tumor resection, weather by hepatic resection or liver transplantation, nevertheless the best surgical approaches as well as the optimal neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment are still under debate. Different strategies have been explored to convert unresectable HCC into resectable tumors by extending criteria for surgical treatment and/or associating multi-modal treatments, such as systemic and local-regional therapy, but universal recommendation needs to be defined yet. The purpose of this review is to outline the role of different surgical approaches, including hepatic resection and liver transplantation, in pediatric HCC with or without underlying chronic liver disease.
Fighting Fatty Liver Diseases with Nutritional Interventions, Probiotics, Symbiotics, and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT).

Pediatric obesity is rising worldwide leading the worrying phenomenon of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to shift into one of the most frequent causes of chronic liver illness in childhood. Occurrence of NAFLD depends on several factors such as the geographical area and the diagnostic modalities used; overall it ranges between 3% and 10% of pediatric population, increasing up to 70% in patients with metabolic comorbidities (Manco M, Bottazzo G, DeVito R et al, J Am Coll Nutr 27:667–676, 2008).
Teamwork Training: Basic Concepts

Abstract The maternal mortality rate is rising, largely due to preventable maternal deaths. To stop this trend, obstetric teams must renew their efforts at team safety drills. Through the chapters presented, teams will revisit technical skills, such as medication dosing and delivery techniques. Then, by utilizing the simulation drills provided at the end of each chapter, teams will grow together in their non-technical skills such as communication techniques.
Two-Dimensional Conjugated Polymeric Nanocrystals for Organic Electronics

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted greatest attention in the past years. In this study, we report 2D conjugated polymeric nanocrystals, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) coval...