cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasma Protein Profiles Differ Between Women Diagnosed with Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) 1 and 3

Early detection of precancerous cells in the cervix and their clinical management is the main purpose of cervical cancer prevention and treatment programs. Cytological findings or testing for high risk (HR)-human papillomavirus (HPV) are inadequately sensitive for use in triage of women at high risk for cervical cancer. The current study is an exploratory study to identify candidate surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) protein profiles in plasma that may distinguish cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 3) from CIN 1 among women infected with HR-HPV. We evaluated the SELDI-TOF-MS plasma protein profiles of HR-HPV positive 32 women with CIN 3 (cases) and 28 women with CIN1 (controls). Case-control status was kept blinded and triplicates of each sample and quality control plasma samples were randomized and after robotic sample preparations were run on WCX2 chips. After alignment of mass/charge (m-z values), an iterative method was used to develop a classifier on a training data set that had 28 cases and 22 controls. The classifier developed was used to classify the subjects in a test data set that has six cases and six controls. The classifier separated the cases from controls in the test set with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity suggesting the possibility of using plasma SELDI protein profiles to identify women who are likely to have CIN 3 lesions.
PASTA and Related Results

Poisson Arrivals See Time Averages (PASTA) says that, in a queueing system, an arriving customer sees the same as an independent outside observer (i.e., customer averages are the same as time averages). PASTA has been extended to Arrivals See Time Averages (ASTA), which is concerned with finding sufficient and/or necessary conditions for the equality of event (customer) and time averages. In this article, we give Wolff's PASTA under lack-of-anticipation assumption (LAA), and several illustrative examples. We also discuss PASTA/ASTA in a sample-path framework, where results pertaining to conditional ASTA, and reversed ASTA are given. Several simple examples are also provided. Moreover, ASTA results are given in a stochastic framework under the lack-of-bias-assumption (LBA) and a discussion of LBA connection to a similar condition given in the sample-path framework is highlighted. Finally, we provide a literature review emphasizing PASTA type results and applications that are not covered in this article. Keywords: PASTA; ASTA; queueing theory; time averages; customer averages; event averages; Poisson process
Understanding Pre-Service Teachers' Emerging Practices through Their Analyses of a Multimedia Case Study of Practice.

The limits inherent in field experiences and the difficulties in learning howto use student thinking in instructional practice are significant challengesin pre-service teachers' preparation. In this research, we haveinvestigated how multimedia case studies of practice can support pre-service teachers in making meaning of complex classroom experiences andin developing strategies and rationales for using student thinking to guideinstruction. In this paper, we present a brief review of the research on casestudies to situate our particular approach that builds on the notion that amultimedia case study can be a site for investigation, analysis andreflection by pre-service teachers. We then report the results of examiningthe issues that one cohort of pre-service mathematics teachers (grades 7–12) identified as meaningful for them in terms of their own emergingpractice and the ways in which they connected the case study teacher'spractice to their own practice. We found that the pre-service teachers wereable to use their perspectives on a common practice to highlight some of thedilemmas and tensions found in teaching. In particular, these pre-serviceteachers focused on the difficulties encountered when trying to usestudent thinking and to follow their own mathematical goals in a lesson.They were able to frame many of the issues that they encountered in theirown practice (such as checking for student understanding and the use ofquestioning) in terms of their analysis of the case study teachers' practice.
Youth Participation in Photovoice as a Strategy for Community Change

SUMMARY Photovoice is a participatory action research strategy which can contribute to youth mobilization for community change. The strategy can enable youth to (1) record and vivify their community's strengths and concerns; (2) promote critical dialogue and knowledge about community issues through group discussion of photographs; and (3) reach policy makers. Following a description of the photovoice methodology, this article briefly highlights ten projects in which youth used photovoice to represent, advocate, and enhance community health and well-being.
In situ Ru K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure studies of electroprecipitated ruthenium dioxide films with relevance to supercapacitor applications

Modifications in electronic and structural aspects of RuO2 films electroprecipitated onto Au electrodes induced by changes in the applied potential have been examined in situ in aqueous 0.50 M H2SO...
Moral judgement and normative reasons

(61). Smith allows that people may fail to be motivated by the moral judgements they sincerely endorse (62, 120). It's just that such people - call them amoralists - are invariably irrational. Smith believes that this is an intuitively plausible view. He claims that those who sincerely judge actions right, yet fail to be at all engaged, are irrational by their own lights (177), since they fail to desire what they believe to be right; they have a fragmented belief-desire set. A kind of psychological incoherence, one that amounts to irrationality, attends the person who fails to be motivated by her sincerely held moral judgements. On a common view, according to which rational action is simply action that best fulfils one's goals, amoralists can be perfectly rational, since they may be quite successful at achieving their aims. Since Smith does not believe the amoralist to be rational, he must reject this picture. He substitutes for an instrumentalist conception of practical reason a kind of ideal observer view, according to which even one's basic desires may be criticized as irrational. Smith believes that what it is rational for an individual, S, to desire or choose is determined by what a fully-informed agent whose views and desires are in reflective equilibrium would desire or choose, were he in S's situation. As we'll see, this conception of rationality is both intrinsically problematic, and in tension with the practicality requirement. Let us focus first on the internal tension. The truth of Smith's analysis of rationality seems to undermine the practicality requirement, because we can envision situations in which one's fully rational counterpart would advise against being motivated to do what one judges right. In many instances of moral mistake, ideal counterparts would advise against desires tracking moral judgements. The same holds for indirection cases - cases where possessing a desire to x actually undermines one's ability to do x. (Consider: x = maximize utility, or personal happiness.) For such cases, ideal agents who counsel doing x will not want their real-life counterparts
Normative data for pH of exhaled breath condensate.

Introduction Measurement of pH is one of the simplest and most technically validated biomarkers studied in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). The pH of EBC has been found to be lower than controls in many respiratory disorders. Published data from normal control subjects have been reasonably consistent, but the data sets are not large. This study was undertaken to establish normative EBC pH reference values. Participants Four hundred four healthy subjects of all ages were enrolled. Interventions Each participant provided a single EBC sample using a disposable collector at modest temperature so that EBC was collected as a liquid. Measurements and results Samples of EBC were bubbled with argon gas to standardize for carbon dioxide, and pH was recorded with a calibrated and validated glass microelectrode on stabilization. The median EBC pH was 8.0 with interquartile (25 to 75%) range of 7.8 to 8.1. There were no differences based on age, sex, or race. The distribution is skewed, with 6.4% of EBC samples having a pH range Conclusions An extensive normal data set now exists that reveals EBC pH is maintained in a modestly alkaline and tight range in subjects who consider themselves healthy.
Direct to Confusion: Lessons Learned from Marketing BRCA Testing

Myriad Genetics holds a patent on testing for the hereditary breast and ovarian cancer genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, and therefore has a forced monopoly on this critical genetic test. Myriad launched a Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) marketing campaign in the Northeast United States in September 2007 and plans to expand that campaign to Florida and Texas in 2008. The ethics of Myriad's patent, forced monopoly and DTC campaign will be reviewed, as well as the impact of this situation on patient access and care, physician liability, and the future of DTC campaigns for genetic testing.
On the Normality of Derivatives of Functions, II

A function f meromorphic in the unit disc D = {z :lzl < t } is said to be a normal function if and only if the family {f(S(z))}s~j is a normal family in the sense of Montel, that is, each sequence of functions in the family contains a subsequence which converges uniformly on each compact subset of D to a function either meromorphic in D or identically ~ , where ~ is the collection of all conformal mappings of D onto itself. The literature contains several examples of normal functions whose derivatives are not normal functions (for example, see [1, 3] and [4]) and also examples of non-normal functions whose derivatives are normal functions (for example, see [-1, 4] and [6]). We will consider here the situation involving higher order derivatives, and we will show that for an analytic function f it is not possible to predict whether or not a given derivative of f is a normal function even when it is known which of the previous derivatives and later derivatives are normal functions. Specifically, we will prove the following theorem.
No Tours beyond This Point: From Service to Civic Learning in Latin American Studies.

This article focuses on the design and implementation of a new course in Latin American Studies that sought to integrate traditional elements of undergraduate education with a more progressive pedagogical approach stressing experiential applications of classroom education. Civic engagement seemed particularly well suited to the course because of the growing local Latino populations. Although students read of the experiences of individuals depicted in a variety texts, including Hector Tobar's The Tattooed Soldier and Sam Quinones's True Tales From Another Mexico, their engagement in surrounding neighborhoods helped to clarify and deepen their understanding through direct and regular contact with Latino/Hispanic communities.
Measurement of the Growth of Perturbations on Blast Waves in a Mixed Gas

We have performed a series of experiments examining the properties of high Mach number blast waves. Experiments were conducted on the Z-Beamlet laser at Sandia National Laboratories. We created blast waves in the laboratory by using ∼1000 J laser pulses to illuminate millimeter scale solid targets immersed in gas. Our experiments studied the validity of theories forwarded by Ryu and Vishniac (1987, 1991) and Vishniac (1983) to explain the dynamics of perturbations on astrophysical blast waves. These experiments consisted of a systematic scan of the decay rates of perturbations of known primary mode number induced on the surface of blast waves by means of a regularly spaced wire array. The amplitude of the induced perturbations relative to the radius of the blast wave was tracked and fit to a power law in time. Measurements were taken for a number of different mode numbers in a mixed gas consisting of 7.5 Torr xenon and 2.5 Torr nitrogen and the results are compared to theoretical predictions. It is found that two of the three mode numbers imply one polytropic index while the third case, which is the most complicated for several reasons, implies a higher polytropic index.
DNA microarray data analysis: a novel biclustering algorithm approach

Biclustering algorithms refer to a distinct class of clustering algorithms that perform simultaneous row-column clustering. Biclustering problems arise in DNA microarray data analysis, collaborative filtering, market research, information retrieval, text mining, electoral trends, exchange analysis, and so forth. When dealing with DNA microarray experimental data for example, the goal of biclustering algorithms is to find submatrices, that is, subgroups of genes and subgroups of conditions, where the genes exhibit highly correlated activities for every condition. In this study, we develop novel biclustering algorithms using basic linear algebra and arithmetic tools. The proposed biclustering algorithms can be used to search for all biclusters with constant values, biclusters with constant values on rows, biclusters with constant values on columns, and biclusters with coherent values from a set of data in a timely manner and without solving any optimization problem. We also show how one of the proposed biclustering algorithms can be adapted to identify biclusters with coherent evolution. The algorithms developed in this study discover all valid biclusters of each type, while almost all previous biclustering approaches will miss some.
NHLBI Clinical Guidelines Another Look

For more than two decades, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) has been a leader in conducting national education programs to promote timely transfer of research findings to health professionals, patients, and the general public. An important and visible aspect of this effort has been the development and issuance of clinical guidelines with respect to high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and asthma. Historically, the primary purpose of such guidelines was to serve as a foundation for the many Institute-coordinated educational activities that addressed these topics. Today, clinical practice guidelines have taken on multiple dimensions as a result of increased attention from methodologists, professional associations, third-party payers, and policy makers. It appears likely that future health care strategies, managed or otherwise, will in some fashion have provisions for clinical practice guidelines. To place the NHLBI in the context of these efforts, it is important to understand what our guidelines are and—perhaps more important—what they are not. In developing its guidelines, the NHLBI analyzes research results with the goal of providing information that may enable health care providers to enhance their ability to detect, treat, …
Robust pole-placement technique for plants with ellipsoidally uncertain parameters

A technique is proposed for synthesizing pole-placement controllers capable of assigning the closed-loop poles of a family of plants inside a specified design region. The design is applicable to plants characterized by uncertain parameters that are known to lie inside an ellipsoid. Ellipsoidal parametric uncertainty descriptions are particularly useful because they arise naturally in the context of parameter estimation, and hence have the advantage of being quantifiable using experimental input-output data. The control-design problem is posed as a minimax program that is shown to be convex, and that can be solved using numerical techniques with global convergence guarantees. Two reliable techniques for relating regions of stable poles to regions of allowed variability for the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial are discussed. The robust pole-placement design technique is illustrated with an example.
Stress fever magnitude in laboratory-maintained California ground squirrels varies with season.

Abstract A previous study demonstrated that California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) living in the natural environment had, independent of season, a significantly higher mean diurnal body temperature (Tb) (39.6°C) than either summer (37.5°C) or winter (36.5°C) laboratory maintained animals. Based upon the previous study it has been suggested that California ground squirrels living in the natural environment may have an elevated set-point for body temperature in a manner analogous to a stress fever response. The present study was conducted to determine if season and/or duration of laboratory open-field exposure influenced the magnitude of laboratory open-field stress fever. If stress fever was involved to some extent in the higher body temperature observed in animals from the natural environment, laboratory maintained animals should exhibit a lower magnitude stress fever during the summer months and a higher magnitude stress fever during the winter months. It was hypothesized that laboratory maintained animals would exhibit the same set-point for stress fever Tb independent of season, and that the duration of open-field exposure would not influence the magnitude of stress fever. Adult California ground squirrels were acclimated to an ambient temperature of 20±1.0°C under either LD 14:10 (summer) or LD 10:14 (winter) photoperiod conditions and individuals from both photoperiod conditions were exposed for periods of 2, 4, and 6 h to an open-field arena. An analysis of the data with a two-factor ANOVA demonstrated that season (photoperiod) significantly influenced the magnitude of the stress fever response (1.1±0.1°C for summer animals; 2.1±0.2°C for winter animals) while there was no significant influence of open-field exposure duration on stress fever magnitude. These results demonstrate that although the set-point for body temperature in unstressed laboratory maintained California ground squirrels varies with season, the set-point for body temperature in open-field stressed animals does not vary with season. These data lend support to the hypothesis that something like stress fever may play some role in the higher body temperature observed in California ground squirrels living in the natural environment.
Soil carbon: Microbes and global carbon

The amount of organic material that microbes assimilate into their biomass is critical in regulating whether soils, the planet's main pool of organic matter, will absorb or emit carbon in a warmer world.
Orientation feedback during simulated simple translation tests has little clinical significance on the magnitude and precision of glenohumeral joint translations

The repeatability of shoulder instability clinical examinations has been reported to be poor, producing a large range of translations. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of providing the clinician with joint orientation feedback on the magnitude and precision of glenohumeral joint kinematics. A 6-degree of freedom magnetic tracking system was used to determine the kinematics of the humerus with respect to the scapula (n=8 cadaveric shoulders). The joints were preconditioned with simple loading tests five times. At 60° of glenohumeral abduction and 0° of flexion/extension, a clinician then applied an anterior and posterior load to the humerus until a manual maximum simulating a simple translation test (STT) was achieved at 0, 30, and 60° of external rotation with and without angular orientation feedback of the humerus with respect to the scapula. The precision for the external rotation was within 4.3° for the feedback group and 17.5° for the no feedback group over all external rotations. For achieving the target external rotation of 30°, there was a significant difference in precision between the feedback and no feedback groups (p<0.05). The magnitudes of the anterior translations were 18.2±5.3, 15.5±5.1, and 9.9±5.5 mm for the feedback group and 19.3±6.6, 17.5±4.9, and 11.5±5.3 mm for the no feedback group, at 0, 30, and 60° of external rotation, respectively. There was a significant difference in the precision of anterior translation at 30 and 60° of external rotation for 4 of 8 specimens (p<0.05). Significant differences in the precision of the posterior translation was only detected at 0° of external rotation for 3 of 8 specimens (p<0.05). Based on the data obtained, providing orientation feedback to a clinician performing a simulated STT results in increased precision for not only the target external rotations but also the resulting glenohumeral translations. While providing feedback may be a necessary step to achieving precise results for experimental studies, the magnitudes of translations in the anterior and posterior directions were relatively similar for the feedback and no feedback states indicating little benefit for clinical examinations.
A comparison of freeze-substitution with other methods for preservation of the pulmonary alveolar lining layer.

Rapid freezing of expanded lungs and freeze-substitution in acetone containing OsO4 partially preserved the pulmonary alveolar lining layer for electron microscopy. The lining layer consisted of granular or flocculent material with a surface film at its interface with the air. It filled the spaces between protruding capillaries and other depressions in the alveolar wall. It is unlikely that this lining material is an artifact resulting from transfer of fluid during freezing because similar results were obtained after fixation by vascular perfusion and by immersion of the intact, air-filled lung in aqueous fixatives containing glutaraldehyde.
The low-temperature specific heat of PTFE (Teflon) at pressures to 5.2 kbar☆

Abstract The specific heat of PTFE (Teflon) has been measured between 0.3 and 20 K at zero pressure, and between 1 and 20 K at five other pressures ranging up to 5.2 kbar. The specific heat anomalies typical of amorphous materials were observed. The linear term is smaller than for other organic polymers and is closer in magnitude to those of high purity glassy insulators. At zero pressure the T3 term in the specific heat exceeds that calculated from the sound velocities by 24%. The evolution with pressure of the T3 term and of the maximum in C/T3 are very similar, suggesting a close relation between the vibrational modes that contribute to these features in the specific heat. This result and the relatively simple structure of Teflon rule out independent localized oscillators as the source of the maximum in C/T3.
Progressive dissolution of fine carbonate particles in pelagic sediments

Abstract Large systematic variations occur in the proportion of coccolith-sized carbonate particles relative to other types of carbonate particles within the
Multi-Constrained QoS Routing for Distraction-free Service in Pervasive Environment

Pervasive computing provides an off-desktop computing paradigm, which allows users to access information and services anywhere and anytime. A pervasive environment is featured by user mobility. In other words, users may be moving around different locations. The user mobility makes it challenging to provide a distraction-free service since a user’s interaction context may change according to his/her location. One fundamental issue is to provide a multi-constrained QoS route between a user and a service provider, which may be changing upon time. This paper proposes a well-designed exact algorithm for the routing issue. Simulation results prove the performance of our approach.
Trade Book Collections to Support Teaching Economics Undergraduates: Notes, Suggestions, and Bibliography

The popular economics genre has become a promising tool for the development of information literacy and critical thinking skills in relation to the fundamental principles of economics to undergraduates. This article discusses how a popular economics collection can support faculty teaching economics classes. A bibliographic discussion describes trends in this genre and demonstrates how a few representative examples of this genre may enhance a traditional economics curriculum. Recommendations for librarians supporting economics teaching faculty are discussed. Finally, a thematically organized appendix includes a selected bibliography of titles published between 1918 and 2012.
The influence of surface oxidation on the reactions of methanol on Fe(110)

Abstract The thermal decomposition of methanol occurs via adsorbed methoxy on clean and oxidized Fe(110). Methoxy is detected following adsorption of CH 3 OH at 100 K using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. On clean Fe(110), methoxy dehydrogenates at ∼400 K, yielding gaseous H 2 and CO. The hydroxyl hydrogens leave the surface as H 2 at slightly lower temperature, 375 K, based on isotopic labeling experiments. Carbon-oxygen bond scission competes with CO evolution at 400 K, accounting for ca 25% of the CO yield on clean Fe(110). Surface oxygen inhibits OH and CH bond dissociation in methanol leading to a decrease in the total amount of reaction and an increase in the amount of methanol desorbed from the surface with increasing oxygen coverage. At coverages greater than one monolayer (ML), there is no detectable reaction of methanol. In addition, the temperature required for CH bond activation in methoxy increases to 475 K for an initial oxygen coverage of 0.75 ML. Surprisingly, the ratio of CO bond dissociation to retention increases as a function of initial oxygen coverage. The increase in C—O bond dissociation is tentatively attributed to defects in mixed phases of FeO(111) and Fe(110)-c(3 × 1)-O, based on comparison with STM data taken from the literature. The potential implications of the different reactivity of methanol as a function of oxygen coverage with regard to the function of lubricant additives is discussed.
MicroRNAs and drug resistance in prostate cancers

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related death in American men. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is used to treat patients with aggressive prostate cancers. After androgen deprivation therapy, prostate cancers slowly progress to an androgen-independent status. Taxanes (e.g., docetaxel) are used as standard treatments for androgen-independent prostate cancers. However, these chemotherapeutic agents will eventually become ineffective due to the development of drug resistance. A microRNA (miRNA) is a small noncoding RNA molecule, which can regulate gene expression at the post-transcription level. miRNAs elicit their effects by binding to the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of their target mRNAs, leading to the inhibition of translation or the degradation of the mRNAs. miRNAs have received increasing attention as targets for cancer therapy, as they can target multiple signaling pathways related to tumor progression, metastasis, invasion, and chemoresistance. Emerging evidence suggests t...
Determination of the Born–Oppenheimer potential function of CCl+ by velocity modulation diode laser spectroscopy

Over 70 transitions among the lowest six vibrational states of C35Cl+ and C37Cl+ have been measured between 1070–1210 cm^−1. The spectrum has been fitted to a sixth order Dunham expansion to yield an accurate mapping of the Born–Oppenheimer potential function of CCl+. The spectroscopic constants obtained are ωe = 1177.7196(8) cm^−1, ωexe = 6.6475(3) cm^−1, and Be = 0.797 940(3) cm^−1. The rotational constants for both CCl+ isotopes reported here show the results of the previous electronic emission studies to be incorrect. A fit of the data to a Morse function yields a dissociation energy D of 52 828(50) cm^−1. The rotational temperature has been determined as 540 K±30%. The increase in the effective vibrational temperature with vibrational excitation indicates that CCl+ is formed with high internal energy.
Predicting adolescent asthma research participation decisions from a structural equations model of protocol factors.

Purpose To examine similarities and differences in the process that parents and adolescents use to make decisions concerning participation in an asthma clinical trial. We hypothesized that a single conceptual model, tested through structural equations modeling, could explain adolescent assent and parent consent for adolescent research participation.
Dispersion state and toxicity of mwCNTs in cell culture medium with different T80 concentrations

Abstract In this study, size distribution, zeta potential, shape, and toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (mwCNTs), and effect of non-ionic detergent Tween 80 (T80) concentrations (0%, 0.2%, and 1%) on the dispersion quality and cell viability are investigated. Nanotubes are suspended in biological solutions (DMEM, RPMI) with three different concentrations (10, 50, and 100 μg/ml) and toxicological investigations are carried on human T-cell leukemia (Jurkat) and human pancreatic carcinoma (PANC1) cell lines. According to light and transmission electron microscopy results, mwCNTs form well-defined and regular bundles in the presence of 1% T80 surfactant; whereas more irregular structures are present in absence of T80. Dispersion quality is represented in terms of the size distribution from dynamic light scattering (DLS) experiments and its second moment. Dispersion quality of the mwCNTs decreases with decreasing T80 concentration, while the constituents of RPMI and DMEM increase the dispersion quality. No significant differences between the dispersive effects of RPMI and DMEM suspensions are observed. Zeta potential of the mwCNTs is measured using electrophoretic light scattering. Variations in the nanotube and T80 concentrations do not change the zeta potential significantly. T80 concentrations above 0.2% are found to be toxic for Jurkat andPANC1 cells.
Enhancing the salience of dullness: behavioral and pharmacological strategies to facilitate extinction of drug-cue associations in adolescent rats

Extinction of drug-seeking is an integral part of addiction treatment, and can profoundly reverse or ameliorate the harmful consequences of drug use. These consequences may be the most deleterious during adolescence. The studies presented here build from recent evidence that adolescent rats are more resistant to extinction training than adults, and therefore may require unique treatment strategies. We used unbiased place-conditioning in male rats to show that passive, un-explicit extinction pairings resulted in delayed extinction in 40-day-old adolescents relative to 80-day-old adults. However, explicit-pairing of a previously cocaine-associated context with the absence of drug produces extinction in adolescents as rapidly as in adults. These data suggest that successful extinction of drug-paired associations in adolescents may be facilitated by stronger acquisition of a new (extinction) memory. Drug-paired associations are largely controlled by the prelimbic prefrontal cortex (plPFC) and its influence on the nucleus accumbens (NAc). This pathway mediates the motivational salience attributed to incoming stimuli through the D1 dopamine receptor. D1 receptors on plPFC outputs to the accumbens are transiently overproduced during adolescence. Since D1 receptors are selectively responsive to potent stimuli, we hypothesized that the adolescent plPFC hinders competition between potent drug-paired associations and the subtler, drug-free information necessary for extinction. To harness this unique profile of the adolescent plPFC, we aimed to increase the salience of unrewarded extinction memories by activating plPFC D1 receptors during extinction training. In a second study, extinction of drug-cue associations was facilitated in adolescents by elevating dopamine and norepinephrine in the PFC during extinction training with atomoxetine. In a third study, direct microinjection of the D1 receptor agonist SKF38393 mimicked this effect, also facilitating extinction in adolescent subjects. Furthermore, pharmacological intervention attenuated subsequent drug-primed reinstatement of cocaine-conditioned preferences. We establish a potential direction for distinct strategies to treat this vulnerable population.
Chaotic dynamics and oxygen transport in thin films of aerotactic bacteria

A kinetic model and three-dimensional numerical simulations are applied to study the dynamics in suspensions of run-and-tumble aerotactic bacteria confined in free-standing liquid films surrounded by air. In thin films, oxygen and bacterial concentration profiles approach steady states. In thicker films, a transition to chaotic dynamics is shown to occur and is characterized by unsteady correlated motions, the formation of bacterial plumes, and enhanced oxygen transport and consumption. This transition, also observed in previous experiments, arises as a result of the coupling between the aerotactic response of the bacteria and the flow fields they generate via hydrodynamic interactions.
Magnetic resonance identified ventricular dilation in traumatic brain injury: comparison of pre- and postin jury scan and postin jury results

Abstract A case study is presented in which a patient received magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the brain 3 months prior to a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The post-TBI MR findings are compared and contrasted with the pre-TBI MR images. The posltraumatic changes demonstrate a significant dilation of the ventricular system which reflects diffuse axonal injury and loss of brain substance. Correspondingly, the neuropsychological studies in this individual reflect global deficits which match the nonspecific, traumatically induced degenerative changes found in the postinjury MR scan. This case study is unique in that specific preinjury MR findings are available for direct comparison and quantitative analysis of TBI-associaled changes in brain structure with neuropsychological outcome.
Ion heating during reconnection in the Madison Symmetric Torus reversed field pinch

Measurements of localized ion heating during magnetic reconnection in the Madison Symmetric Torus reversed field pinch [R. N. Dexter, D. W. Kerst, T. W. Lovell, S. C. Prager, and J. C. Sprott, Fusion Technol. 19, 131 (1991)] are presented using two beam-based diagnostics: Charge exchange recombination spectroscopy and Rutherford scattering. Data have been collected from three types of impulsive reconnection event, in which the resistive tearing mode activity associated with reconnection is present either in the edge plasma, the core plasma, or throughout the plasma volume. A drop in the stored magnetic energy is required for ion heating to be observed during magnetic reconnection, and when this occurs, heating is concentrated in regions where reconnection is taking place. The magnitude of the observed temperature rise during reconnection varies with ion species, suggesting that the heating mechanism has a mass and/or charge dependence. Both the magnitude and spatial structure of the observed temperature rise also depend on the plasma current and density. Nonetheless, the fraction of released magnetic energy converted to ion thermal energy remains roughly constant over a range of plasma conditions.
Reactive astrocytes are widespread in the cortical gray matter of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

The distribution of reactive astrocytes was examined in the cortical gray matter of non-motor and motor regions from cases of familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and compared to that of beta-amyloid deposits. By glial fibrillary acidic protein immunocytochemistry, patches of reactive astrocytes, characterized by multiple reactive astrocytes in a circular or patch-like formation, occurred in 12 of 15 ALS cases examined. These patches of reactive astrocytes were not restricted to the motor cortex but were found in the gray matter in ALS in all examined brain regions, including frontal, temporal, inferior parietal, cingulate, occipital, and motor cortices, from both familial and sporadic ALS cases. Reactive astrocytes were also found in the subpial region and at the gray/white matter junction. Because patches of astrocytes can occur in association with senile plaques, beta-amyloid was localized. By immunostaining, beta-amyloid deposits were observed in five of the 15 ALS cases: three cases had only early plaques, two had both early and classic plaques. The number of ALS cases with both astrocyte patches and amyloid plaques was four of 15, but typically astrocyte patches in ALS occurred without any evidence of an association with beta-amyloid deposits. Therefore, the astrocyte patches in ALS are not the result of beta-amyloid deposition. The widespread occurrence of reactive astrocytes, as patches in the cortical gray matter and in the subpial region and at the gray/white matter junction, is evidence of a widespread pathology in ALS cortex in both familial and sporadic forms of the disease.
Neuropsychiatric complications of interferons: classification, neurochemical bases, and management.

Background. Recombinant interferons are widely used for a number of serious illnesses. However, their use is sometimes associated with severe and disabling neuropsychiatric side effects.Methods. A MEDLINE search identified pertinent laboratory investigations, case reports, clinical studies and letters published between 1983 and 2004 in the English language journals. The studies in which interferons were used in combination with other cytokines were excluded.Results. The interferon-associated neuropsychiatric side effects are divided into mood-related symptoms (depression/mania), cognitive impairment (including delirium), psychosis and isolated psychiatric symptoms. Putative neurotransmitters (serotonin and dopamine), hormones (cortisol) and cyokines (interleukin-2 and 6) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of these side effects. Management of neuropsychiatric side effects of interferons ranges from supportive measures, dose reduction, cessation of therapy and the use of appropriate psychotropic ag...
The Effective Child Welfare Unit Supervisor

Child welfare agencies are generally organized around supervisory units. This paper presents qualitative findings from a small exploratory study designed to explore the characteristics of the effective unit supervisor from the perspective of supervisors recognized for their effectiveness. A thematic description of well-functioning child welfare units is presented.
Feigin-Fuchs representation of su(2)k KAČ-Moody algebra

Abstract We construct the Feigin-Fuchs representation for the su (2)k Kac-Moody algebra in terms of three bosons compactified on a lorentzian lattice with signature (-, +, +). We arrive at this result by first solving the same problem for Zk parafermions.
Predicting guilt from irrational beliefs, religious affiliation and religiosity

The relationship of the core irrational beliefs of rational-emotive therapy, religious affiliation and religiosity to guilt in 281 adult Catholics, Protestants, Jews, and persons of no religious affiliation was studied. Irrational belief endorsement, as measured by the Personal Beliefs Test (Kassinove, 1986), accounted for 26% of the explained variance and was the best predictor of total guilt, as measured by the Problematic Situations Questionnaire (Klass, 1982). There was no support for the hypothesis that “selfdirected shoulds” would show a stronger relationship to guilt as compared with other irrational beliefs and, as predicted, only irrational beliefs and not knowledge of RET principles predicted guilt. Total guilt was not different among the religions; however, religiosity was found to be a significant guilt predictor\((\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{r} = .20;\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{p}< .001)\). It was concluded that irrationality may be a very important but not primary correlate of guilt. Replication with a clinical population is suggested.
Inhibition of Glycolipid Biosynthesis in Chloroplasts by Ozone and Sulfhydryl Reagents

The metabolism of uridine 5′-pyrophosphate-galactose by spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) chloroplast preparations was inhibited by ozone. The formation of digalactosyl diglyceride and trigalactosyl diglyceride was inhibited much more than the formation of monogalactosyl diglyceride, steryl glycoside, and acylated steryl glycoside. Essentially identical results were obtained when glycolipid synthesis was inhibited by N-ethyl maleimide, p -hydroxymercuribenzoate, and CdCl 2 . Iodoacetate and iodoacetamide affected neither the total incorporation of sugar from uridine 5′-pyrophosphate-galactose nor distribution of the incorporated sugar in the various glycolipids. Ozone reacted with model membrane systems prepared with egg lecithin. In the absence of reduced glutathione, products included malonaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. In the presence of glutathione, malonaldehyde was still produced, but the glutathione was oxidized and no peroxide was detected. When these studies were extended to chloroplast preparations, it was also found that malonaldehyde was produced and glutathione was oxidized. It was concluded that ozone inhibits glycolipid biosynthesis in chloroplast preparations by way of oxidation of enzyme sulfhydryl groups but that this reaction may be a secondary effect of oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.
Pressure Broadening of DCl by HCl and of HCl by DCl. A Comparison of Experimental Results with Anderson's Theory

Linewidths in the 1–0 band of DCl broadened by HCl and in the 1–0 band of HCl broadened by DCl are reported for rotational levels up to | m | = 15 and 13, respectively. These experimental results are compared with calculated values using Anderson's theory as amplified by Tsao and Curnette. Calculations are made at 300°K for quadrupole moments of 2, 4, and 6 D·A and calculations at 194.5°K are also made for a Q of 6 D·A.
Carbohydrate composition of the membrane glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus.

Abstract The membrane glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus has been purified and the carbohydrate composition quantitated by gas-liquid chromatography. The data indicate that the glycoprotein from virus grown in BHK21 cells represents approximately 20% of the mass of the VSV virion and that 11% of the glycoprotein is carbohydrate by weight. Mannose, galactose, N -acetylglucosamine, and neuraminic acid are the major constituents. Fucose and N -acetylgalactosamine are present in smaller amounts. Small amounts of glucose may also be covalently bound to the glycoprotein. The data also indicate that the VSV glycoprotein contains two major oligosaccharide chains of about 3400 daltons each.
BREAKDOWN OF XYLAN BY ENZYMES FROM HUMAN COLONIC BACTERIA

Xylan from Larchwood was utilized as a carbon source by three species of Bacteroides from the human colon: Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides eggerthii and Bacteroides fragilis subsp. a. Xylan-degrading enzymes of all three species were cell-associated rather than extracellular, i.e. xylanase activity was detected in sonically disrupted bacteria but not in the extracellular fluid. The state of hydration of the xylan was an important factor in determining the extent to which the xylan was hydrolyzed by the bacterial enzymes. When xylan which had been partially hydrated by autoclaving was subjected to centrifugation at 17,000 xg for 20 min at 40C, a portion of the xylan was pelleted. This portion, which was presumably less well hydrated than the xylan which remained in solution, was not digested at all by the bacterial enzymes. By contrast, xylan which remained soluble after centrifugation (soluble xylan) was degraded by bacterial xylanases. Xylose was the main product of digestion, although traces of arabinose, glucose and higher oligomers of xylose were also detected. Even after exhaustive hydrolysis, less than 60% of the soluble xylan was hydrolyzed. Removal of most of the arabinose branches did not increase the extent of hydrolysis. Moreover, the carbohydrate composition of the portion of the soluble xylan which resisted hydrolysis was the same as the composition of the xylan which was hydrolyzed. Thus it is likely that hydrolysis was limited by aggregate formation rather than by structural features such as arabinose branches.
Pentecostalism’s Growth in Religiously Restricted Environments

The Independent or Neocharismatic Third Wave of the Christian Pentecostal movement is a uniquely growing edge of Christianity compared with traditional Pentecostal denominations and Charismatic Renewalist movements within mainline Christian faiths. While all three branches of the Pentecostal movement tend to have grown more in countries with higher levels of religious freedom, the unique aspect of the Neocharismatic movement is that it shows some possibility to grow in countries where religious freedom is restricted, based on a review and structural equation analysis of data for 143 countries with populations of two million or more. However, the data also suggest that Neocharismatics have more difficulty becoming established in religiously homogeneous societies. In other words, Neocharismatics can grow in religiously restrictive environments as long as a single religion does not already monopolize the religious marketplace. This explains why, for example, Neocharismatics are growing in China among the majority Han population, within which there is tremendous religious diversity, but similar growth is not seen in Muslim-majority countries. To begin, however, I provide a descriptive global overview of the three components (Pentecostal, Charismatic and Neocharismatic) of the Renewalist movement and some of their important characteristics before empirically exploring predictors of the presence of each. In addition to religious regulation and homogeneity, I also explore whether the Renewalist movement’s general emphasis on signs and wonders might allow it to adapt to and be adopted in places where other local religions emphasize the miraculous. Also, since the Renewalist movement often aims to speak to the needy—offering them hope for tomorrow and power for today—I examine how its presence in the 143 countries studied is associated with such things as low human development and high income inequality. Readers should note that the analysis primarily draws on national-level data, and therefore speaks to the general context in countries rather than to the motivations of particular individuals associated with the Renewalist movement.
Computer vision based wheel sinkage detection for robotic lunar exploration tasks

This paper presents a wheel sinkage detection method that may be used in robotic lunar exploration tasks. The method extracts the boundary line between a robot wheel and lunar soil by segmenting the wheel-soil images captured from a video camera that monitors wheel-soil interaction. The detected boundary is projected onto the soil-free image of the robot wheel to determine the depth of wheel sinkage. The segmentation method is based on graph theory. It first clusters a wheel-soil image into homogeneous regions called superpixels and constructs a graph on the superpixels. It then partitions the graph into segments by using normalized cuts. Compared with the existing methods, the proposed algorithm is more robust to illumination condition, shadows and dust (covering the wheel). The method's efficacy has been validated by experiments under various conditions.
Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Zirconium Nitride Thin Films

Depositions of high quality zirconium nitride, (Zr 3 N 4 ), films using the metal-organic precursor Zr(Net 2 ) 4 were carried out in a microwave argon/ammonia plasma (2.45 GHz). The films were deposited on crystalline silicon wafers and quartz substrates at temperatures of 200–400 °C. The transparent yellow films have resistivity values greater than MΩ cm. The stoichiometry is N/Zr = 1.3, with less than 5 atom % carbon and little of no oxygen. The hydrogen content is less than 9 atom %, and it does not vary with deposition temperature. The growth rates range from 600 to 1200 A/min, depending on the flow rates and precursor bubbler temperature. X-ray diffraction studies show a Zr 3 N 4 film deposited at 400 °C is polycrystalline with some (220) orientation. The crystallite size is approximately 30 A. The band gap, as estimated from transmission spectra, is 3.1 eV.