cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A research agenda for libraries

The author proposes a research agenda for libraries focusing on ten problem areas: rising costs, shrinking funding, electronic provision of services, deterioration of materials, use of document delivery services, changes in copyright and licensing, out-sourcing, staff training, organizational challenges, and redefining the library’s role.
Polyaniline Nanowire-Pillared Graphene for Supercapacitor Electrode

A template-free method is presented to synthesize polyaniline nanowire-pillared graphene by melamine initiated nucleation. Polyaniline nanowire morphology was readily controlled by tailoring the amount of melamine. Polyaniline nanowires produced at optimized condition were vertically aligned on graphene sheets, and showed uniform diameter, length, and inter-nanowire spacing. The nanowire diameter was as small as ˜20 nm. The resultant specific capacitance of polyaniline nanowire–pillared graphene electrode was as high as 625 F/g. Electrochemical impedance test indicated that the as-synthesized structure significantly facilitated ion diffusion and exchange. The supercapacitor was very stable and more than 70% of capacitance was retained after 1000 cycles.
ON ANIXIOPSIS STERCORARIA (HANSEN) HANSEN, 1897 AND ITS IMPERFECT STAGE: KERATINOMYCES AJELLOI VANBREUSEGHEM, 1952.

It is herein reported on the discovery of the imperfect stage of an ascomycete,Anixiopsis stercoraria (Hansen)Hansen, 1897, which is also the imperfect stage of another ascomycete,Arthroderma uncinatum,Dawson &Gentles, 1961:Keratinomyces ajelloiVanbreuseghem, 1952. Thus, the same imperfect form belongs to two different perfect forms.
CD82 Blocks cMet Activation and Overcomes Hepatocyte Growth Factor Effects on Oligodendrocyte Precursor Differentiation

Mechanisms that regulate oligodendrocyte (OL) precursor migration and differentiation are important in normal development and in demyelinating/remyelinating conditions. We previously found that the tetraspanin CD82 is far more highly expressed in O4(+) OL precursors of the adult rat brain than those of the neonatal brain. CD82 has been physically linked to cMet, the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor, in tumor cells, and this interaction decreases downstream signaling. We show here that CD82 inhibits the HGF activation of cMet in neonatal and adult rat OL precursors. CD82 expression is sufficient to allow precursor differentiation into mature OLs even in the presence of HGF. In contrast, CD82 downregulation in adult O4(+)/CD82(+) cells inhibits their differentiation, decreases their accumulation of myelin proteins, and causes a reversion to less mature stages. CD82 expression in neonatal O4(+)/CD82(-) cells also blocks Rac1 activation, suggesting a possible regulatory effect on cytoskeletal organization and mobility. Thus, CD82 is a negative regulator of HGF/cMet during OL development and overcomes HGF inhibitory regulation of OL precursor maturation.
A numerical method for treating indentation problems

Abel transforms are used to simplify the equations describing the deformation of an elastic medium by a rigid indentor with a circular cross-section. The equations derived constitute a convenient starting point for the numerical solution of such problems. As a particular example the case of a parabolic rough punch is treated.
Noncontact electroanatomic mapping to characterize typical atrial flutter: participation of right atrial posterior wall in the reentrant circuit.

Reentrant Circuit of Typical Atrial Flutter. Background: Reentry utilizing cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) is accepted as the mechanism underlying typical atrial flutter (AFLT). However, it is unclear how the right atrial (RA) posterior wall (PW) participates in AFLT circuit. We sought to investigate this by using noncontact electroanatomic mapping. Methods: Fifteen patients (pts) undergoing ablation for typical AFLT participated. Multipolar catheters were deployed in RA and coronary sinus. RA shell was created during AFLT. Entrainment was performed to confirm CTI dependence and assess participation of various RA regions (septum-Sep, PW, lateral wall-LW). Data were analyzed for (1) RA activation patterns and (2) conduction time (CT) through various RA regions. Results: Mean pt age was 70 ± 13 years (all males; CCW = 10; CW = 5). Mean AFLT cycle length was 255 ± 15 ms. Single activation wave front traversing sequentially CTI, Sep, and LW was seen in all pts and in 12 (80%; 9 CCW, 3 CW) this also traversed PW. Entrainment confirmed PW participation in 7 of these. Mean CT (in ms) through various RA regions was as follows: CTI = 69 ± 27, Sep = 50 ± 39, PW = 65 ± 35, and LW = 76 ± 35; P = NS. Conclusion: These observations offer new insights regarding the participation of PW in the reentrant circuit of typical AFLT in some patients. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 22, pp. 422-430)
Long-term evaluation of aluminum hydroxide-coated sand for removal of bacteria from wastewater

Abstract The effectiveness of sand coated with aluminum hydroxide by in situ precipitation was evaluated over a 4 month period during which the sand was exposed to wastewater. Biogrowth in one set of columns was prevented by chlorinating its wastewater influent, whereas a parallel set of columns received dechlorinated wastewater. Following an initial “conditioning effect” (i.e. an increase in bacterial removal capacity), bacterial removal capacity of coated sand gradually decreased to that of uncoated sand. Biogrowth on the sand accelerated this decline. The aluminum content of coated sands decreased by approximately 25% over the first two weeks, then remained relatively constant and well above that of uncoated sand. Similarly, zeta potential decreased over the first two weeks from above +20 to below −70 mV, which was still significantly more electropositive than that of uncoated sand. Zeta potential of coated sand without biogrowth subsequently remained approximately constant, while that of coated sand with biogrowth increased gradually. No apparent correlation was found between metal content or zeta potential and bacterial removal capacity. The results suggest that, absent of biogrowth, the effective lifetime of the aluminum hydroxide coated sand is approximately 4 months, whereas with biogrowth, the effective lifetime is reduced to approximately 3 months. This information is of importance for assessing the technological potential as well as economical implications of metallic hydroxide coating of filter media.
Off-diagonal Zeeman effects in the ground-state manifold of n -Ge

Electrons in Ge have anisotropic $g$ tensors. The Zeeman interaction then has matrix elements coupling spin-up and spin-down states. We consider the effect of such interactions on the ground-state manifold of donors in Ge for magnetic field parallel to [001] or [111]. The theory predicts novel spin splittings when ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{B}}}_{0}\ensuremath{\parallel}[001]$, and a level anticrossing in the [111] geometry. Both effects should be observable via high-resolution, four-photon-mixing experiments in $n$-Ge.
Saturating reactor magnetic pulser design

THE magnetic pulser circuit developed by Melville1 offers considerable design flexibility in applications requiring high-power pulses. The criteria outlined here serve to simplify the design procedure.
Resistance to lysergic acid in schizophrenic patients.

A study was made of the sensitivity of 34 schizophrenic patients (18 men and 16 women) to doses of lysergic acid diethylamide, varying from 50 to 300 mcg., to determine a threshold dose which would produce psychiatric changes. Nineteen (56 per cent) of the patients showed psychologic reactions after administration of the drug in dosages varying from 150 to 300 mcg. Fifteen (44 per cent) showed no effects at the highest dose given—300 mcg. Tolerance to repeated administration of the drug was not a factor, since repetition of the maxumum dose, 300 mcg., to seven of the non-reactors three months later again resulted in no reaction. Women were more sensitive to the drug than men. There seemed to be a parallelism between the degree of sensitivity to the drug and the psychiatric status of the patients, since four patients who improved after shock therapy reacted at lower doses than during the acute psychotic stage.
Effect of blood contamination on lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio in amniotic fluid by different detection methods

Amniotic phospholipid detection methods such as cupric acetate measure unsaturated lecithin whereas others such as phosphomolybdate detect both unsaturated and saturated lecithin. Because of the extreme unsaturation in serum and red blood cell lecithin, we compared lecithin (L) and sphingomyelin (S) content of maternal blood as well as the effect of blood contamination on amniotic fluid L/S ratios. L/S ratios were obtained by thin-layer chromatography utilizing both cupric acetate and phosphomolybdate for phospholipid detection. The L/S value (mean +/- SD) of maternal serum obtained by cupric acetate was 1.90 +/- 0.19 and that for phosphomolybdate 1.78 +/- 0.17. The results of increasing serum concentrations in amniotic fluid prior to analysis suggest that as little as 0.5% contamination alter results and by 2% contamination values approach the L/S ratio of actual serum whether the amniotic fluid was initially mature or immature by either method. The serum L/S ratio by cupric acetate equaled its maturity threshold of 2.0 while the serum L/S ratio by phosphomolybdate was below its threshold of 3.0. Whereas both methods would have falsely immature values in the presence of blood only phosphomolybdate would assure against false maturity.
Ultrastructure of the sinus gland of the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii.

Abstract The crayfish sinus gland contains five types of granules (A, B, C, D, and E) which differ in electron density, shape, dimensions, and response to “staining” procedures for the electron microscope. It is suggested that each of these granule types, which are not mixed within individual axon terminals, may contain one of the six or more different hormones known to be secreted from the gland. A possible mechanism of the secretory process is presented, which resembles that described previously in the rat exocrine pancreas and adenohypophysis and the insect corpus cardiacum. The mechanism of formation of the so-called synaptic vesicles within the neurosecretory axon terminals is also discussed.
DYNAMIC FLOW MODELING WITH INTERREGIONAL DEPENDENCY EFFECTS: AN APPLICATION TO STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN THE U.S. MIGRATION SYSTEM

Causative matrix methods can be used to project levels of population change, to monitor changing migration trends, and to aid in forecasting movement during periods of consolidation and dissipation. They are appealing because they provide measures of the changing strengths of all interregional dependency effects. Separate competing destinations and competing origins perspectives on temporal change can be obtained. The column sums and the eigenvalues provide useful aggregate gauges of the relative strengths of regional shifts. Patterns of U.S. interregional migration from 1935 to 1982 are examined using the causative matrix approach. Trends in the gross migration streams underlying the dramatic increase in core-periphery net migration taking place in the 1970s are examined, as is a more recent shift in the major source area of core region net outflow.
Reducing longitudinal attrition through Facebook.

Attrition of subjects is a concern when designing longitudinal field studies. One way to potentially reduce attrition in longitudinal studies may be to use a social network. In this study, two groups are contrasted. One group of participants completed a survey online and was redirected to a Facebook page for the purposes of the study, and was then invited to become Facebook friends. The second group completed the survey using pen and paper. In the second phase of the study, 6 months later, hospitality managers who had become friends of the study on Facebook were contacted via Facebook, while those who completed the paper survey were contacted via their personal e-mail addresses. The Facebook group had a response rate of 51.4%, while the e-mail group had a response rate of 15.2%. Our results suggest that Facebook might be an effective means of minimizing attrition in longitudinal studies.
Geometric modeling and representation based on sweep mathematical morphology

We propose a framework for geometric modeling and representation by sweep mathematical morphology, which is based on set-theoretic concept together with geometric sweep. We use a new class of morphological operations that allows one to select varying shapes and orientations of structuring elements during the sweeping process. The sweep dilation/erosion provides a natural representation of sweep motion in manufacturing processes, and the sweep opening/closing provides variant degrees of smoothing in image filtering and edge linking. A set of grammatical rules that govern the generation of objects belonging to the same group can be defined. Earley's parser serves in the screening process to determine whether a pattern is a part of the language. Sweep mathematical morphology is demonstrated as an intuitive and efficient tool for geometric modeling and representation.
A near 100% repair rate for mitral valve prolapse is achievable in a reference center: implications for future guidelines.

Background Although mitral valve repair is the recommended treatment for severe mitral regurgitation of degenerative etiology, valve replacement remains common, particularly for complex lesions or anterior leaflet involvement. We sought to characterize the feasibility and outcomes of an "all comers" repair strategy applied systematically in all cases of degenerative mitral valve disease, regardless of age, complexity, or leaflet involvement. Methods From January 2002 to December 2010, 744 consecutive patients (mean age, 58 ± 13 years [range, 12-90]; mean LVEF, 55% ± 9%) with degenerative mitral valve regurgitation and prolapse (anterior leaflet: n=42, 6%; posterior leaflet: n=556, 75%; bileaflet: n=146, 19%) underwent mitral valve surgery. Annular, leaflet or chordal calcification was present in 27% of cases. Results All patients underwent mitral valve repair and received a concomitant annuloplasty with a median ring size of 32 mm (interquartile range, 30-36). There was 1 early valve replacement (99.9% repair rate) due to atrioventricular groove bleeding and 5 late re-repairs (0.7%) due to disease progression or infective endocarditis. In-hospital mortality and major stroke rates were 0.8% and 0.5%, respectively. Survival rates at 1 and 5 years were 99.2% ± 0.3% and 97.4% ± 0.8%, respectively. Seven-year freedom from reoperation was 97.1% ± 0.6%. The estimate of patients with Conclusions A systematic strategy of mitral valve repair that uses a variety of techniques allows repair of all degenerative valves in a reference center, with good short-term outcomes and mid-term durability. Further study is required to document the long-term efficacy of an "all comers" mitral valve repair strategy in degenerative subgroups with very complex valve morphology.
Genetic assembly rules and community phenotypes

We present a conceptual construct for a genetic based community assembly rule where the genetic composition of a host plant, or resource, affects the structure of the dependent community. This is related to a genetic similarity rule that states that host plants with similar genetic compositions are hosts to similar arthropod communities. We present preliminary data from the Populus system to support this concept. We review the recent literature to evaluate the current state of the assembly rule concept and interpret a set of previous studies in the context of a genetic assembly rule. We suggest that by incorporating this concept into community ecology we can begin to bring an evolutionary perspective to this discipline.
The Prospects for Dretske's Account of the Explanatory Role of Belief

: When a belief is cited as part of the explanation of an agent's behaviour, it seems that the belief is explanatorily relevant in virtue of its content. In his Explaining Behavior, Dretske presents an account of belief, content, and explanation according to which this can be so. I supply some examples of beliefs whose explanatory relevance in virtue of content apparently cannot be accounted for in the Dretskean way. After considering some possible responses to this challenge, I end by discussing how serious these counterexamples are for Dretske's account.
Distinctiveness and serial position effects in recognition

Digitized photographs of snowflakes were presented for a recognition test after retention intervals of varying durations. While overall accuracy and discrimination remained constant, as the retention interval increased, primacy increased from chance to reliably better than chance while recency decreased to chance levels. A variation of Murdock’s (1960) distinctiveness model accounted for the changing primacy and recency effects observed in both between- and within-subjects designs. The generality of the model was examined in two different paradigms: lexical access during sentence processing, and free recall in the continual distractor paradigm. In both cases, the model made accurate qualitative predictions for both latency and accuracy measures.
Biotransformation of Furosemide in Kidney Transplant Patients

The metabolic fate of furosemide was studied in kidney transplant patients after oral and intravenous administration of the diuretic at therapeutic doses. Serial urine samples were collected over a 24 h period and furosemide was analyzed by a specific high performance liquid chromatographic method using fluorescence detection. We found no evidence of the putative furosemide metabolite, 2-amino-4-chloro-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid (CSA), in any of the samples analyzed. The amount of furosemide excreted as the glucuronide metabolite accounted for 8% of the available dose, whether administered orally or by intravenous infusion. In addition, the significant positive correlation observed between the percent of the available dose excreted as furosemide glucuronide and the renal clearance of furosemide (r = 0.581, p less than 0.02) suggests that the glucuronidation process for furosemide may be occurring in the kidney. Furosemide and its glucuronide metabolite accounted for only 45% of the intravenous dose recovered in the urine. Biliary excretion of unchanged furosemide and/or furosemide glucuronide into the feces probably accounts for the remainder of the dose not recovered.
Composite electrolytes comprised of poly(ethylene oxide) and silica nanoparticles with grafted poly(ethylene oxide)-containing polymers

We designed, synthesized and characterized several novel hybrid inorganic/organic nanocomposite electrolytes that consist of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) based polymer grafted from silica nanoparticles. Poly(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) was tailored on the silica surface through atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). A series of silica–polymers were synthesized with different lengths of PEO side chains. Electrolytes were prepared from the functionalized particles and low-molecular weight polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether (PEGDME) with the addition of LiI. Upon the introduction of particles, electrolytes became viscous and gel-like. With the increase of PEO side chains, the viscosity of the electrolytes increased dramatically, among which, silica–poly(PEGMA-1100) became solid-state. The room temperature conductivities of the hybrid silica–polymer electrolytes are in the range of 6 × 10−5 to 1.2 × 10−4 S cm−1. Silica–poly(PEGMA-475) and silica–poly(PEGMA-1100), with higher viscosity, exhibited better ionic conductivity. Surface-initiated copolymerization was also conducted to optimize the electrochemical performance of polymer coated silica nanoparticles.
Effect of reserpine, serotonin, and 5-hydroxytryptophan on rabbit platelet histamine in vivo and in vitro.

Abstract Reserpine, which releases serotonin (HT) and catecholamines from tissues, does not release histamine from various tissues of the rabbit in vivo , with the exception of platelets. HT and its biologic precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP), also effect the release of platelet histamine in vivo . Neither reserpine nor HT releases platelet histamine in vitro .
Psychometric Analysis of the Perceptions of Computerized Therapy Questionnaire-Patient Version (PCTQ-P).

Dissemination and implementation science (DIS) in psychology is a growing area of research, with the potential to increase access to evidence based care. However, the field is characterized by a paucity of validated measures of DIS constructs. The present study aimed to fill this gap in the literature by examining the psychometric properties of the Perceptions of Computerized Therapy Questionnaire-Patient Version (PCTQ-P), a self-report questionnaire for potential consumers based on Diffusion of Innovations theory. Undergraduate students participated in this two-study design, and were instructed to complete a battery of self-report measures, including the PCTQ-P. Internal consistency reliability, retest reliability, and discriminant validity were evaluated. Results provide evidence that the PCTQ-P is a psychometrically sound instrument for assessing potential consumers’ perceptions of computer-based psychological treatments that are distinct from general help-seeking attitudes. With slight adaptation, the PCTQ-P can be used to examine other therapeutic modalities. Potential applications of the measure are discussed.
Overview: diagnosing acute cardiac ischemia in the emergency department. A report from the National Heart Attack Alert Program.

Abstract [Ornato JP, Selker HP, Zalenski RJ. Overview: diagnosing acute cardiac ischemia in the emergency department. A report from the National Heart Attack Alert Program. Ann Emerg Med. May 2001;37:450-452.]
Visual attention mediated by biased competition in extrastriate visual cortex

According to conventional neurobiological accounts of visual attention, attention serves to enhance extrastriate neuronal responses to a stimulus at one spatial location in the visual field. However, recent results from recordings in extrastriate cortex of monkeys suggest that any enhancing effect of attention is best understood in the context of competitive interactions among neurons representing all of the stimuli present in the visual field. These interactions can be biased in favour of behaviourally relevant stimuli as a result of many different processes, both spatial and non-spatial, and both bottom-up and top-down. The resolution of this competition results in the suppression of the neuronal representations of behaviourally irrelevant stimuli in extrastriate cortex. A main source of top-down influence may derive from neuronal systems underlying working memory.
Related Electrochemical Characteristics of Microbial Metabolism and Iron Corrosion

Both bacterial growth and corrosion involve electrochemical (charge-transfer) half-cell reactions which have been conveniently compared on the potential−pH (Pourbaix) diagram in this paper. We have tabulated bacteria which mediate or facilitate various pairs of these half-cell reactions in otherwise kinetically unfavorable electrochemical cells. The tabulated electrochemical cells cover the range of microbial physiology from oxidizing (aerobic) to reducing (anaerobic) conditions and from acidic to neutral and alkaline pH on the Pourbaix diagram. Correlations emerging from Pourbaix plots of microbially affected half-cell reactions are discussed in relation to general microbial ecology and specifically to their influence on the corrosion of iron and carbon steel.
Calculated solubility of chrysotile asbestos in physiological systems.

Abstract Chrysotile asbestos fibers which are ingested into a physiological system will dissolve in fluids to which they are exposed. The rate of dissolution can be estimated by formulating an appropriate rate law and retrieving rate constants from published experiments. The rate of dissolution calculated for asbestos fibers is dependent on the surface area of dissolving mineral, mass of solution to which the fibers are exposed within cells, the rate of transport of H + into the cells, and the rate of transport of Mg 2+ and SiO 2 out of the cells. The maximum rate of dissolution of a single 10-μm × 1-μm fiber within a cell is 2.13 × 10 −7 moles hr −1 kg −1 consistent with dissolution rates measured in vivo by Morgan et al. (A. Morgan, A. Holmes, and C. Gold. Studies of the solubility of constituents of chrysotile asbestos in vivo using radioactive tracer techniques. Environ. Res. 4, 558–570, 1971).
A head-positioning system using buried servos

Current head-positioning servo methods require a spatial separation between the data and servo. This separation limits the accuracy with which a head-positioning servo system can follow a data track. The buried servo techniques described here allow servo information to be recorded in the same medium area as that used for data, a single head is used for both data and servo. These techniques provide high-bandwidth continuous head-position information with a potential for a high track-density servo system. The servo pattern consists of two single-frequency signals recorded deeply into the magnetic medium below the area used for data. The servo signals are detected by synchronous detection techniques and provide a continuous head-position error signal. The servo system uses this head-position error signal to follow a given data track and to seek new data tracks. Buried servo was implemented on a flexible disk drive. The track-following system had performance advantages when compared to a sector servo scheme implemented on a similar device.
Fatal pulmonary aspergillosis presenting as acute eosinophilic pneumonia in a previously healthy child.

A previously healthy boy presented with cough and diffuse pulmonary interstitial infiltrates. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia was diagnosed by bronchoalveolar lavage in the absence of a demonstrable infectious etiologic agent. Corticosteroid therapy resulted in immediate improvement but was followed by respiratory distress and death from invasive aspergillosis and Pseudomonas cepacia sepsis. (Chest 1991; 100:875-77)
Issues of validity in the diagnostic interview schedule

The Diagnostic Interview Schedule, the chief instrument in contemporary studies in psychiatric epidemiology, enhances the reliability of psychiatric diagnosis and enables lay interviewers to closely reproduce psychiatric interviews. However, despite frequent references in the literature to the validity of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, most studies fundamentally represent variations of reliability paradigms to the neglect of criterion-related validity. Mistaken assertions of validity persist in the psychometric language used to describe the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. This article examines the basis for claims and counterclaims of validity in accordance with standard psychometric definition, and identifies sources of erroneous reasoning in attempts to infer validity from reliability. The article presents a general framework organizing the process of diagnostic validation and discusses strategies for research seeking to validate psychiatric diagnoses achieved through the Diagnostic Interview Schedule.
Dopamine D2 receptors increase in the dorsolateral striatum of weaver mutant mice.

Abstract Dopamine D2 receptors were studied in homozygous weaver mutant mice (wv/wv), heterozygous littermates (wv/+), and normal mice (+/+). Specific [3H]spiperone binding was significantly higher in the dorsolateral part of the striatum in the weaver mutant mice (wv/wv) than in normal mice (+/+). No significant differences among the3 genotypes were found in other parts of the striatum or in the nucleus accumbens.
States of intermediate charge symmetry as low-lying, 0+ collective excitations of medium weight nuclei

Abstract A method for calculating the states of the charge-independent pairing hamiltonian that have intermediate charge symmetry is presented. The states are shown to be collective 0+ excitations with energies that fall well within the gap in the single-particle spectrum.
Effects of Additives on the Surface Layers of Boronized TC4 Titanium Alloys

The boronizing experiments on the surface of Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) titanium alloys were based on solid powder method. Different additives were added into the boronizing agent. The morphologies of surface layers on titanium alloys were observed in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The phase compositions of boronized layers were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The wear resistance properties of boronized TC4 were determined by the friction and wear testing machine. The results showed that all the boronized layers were composed of TiB2 and TiB dual phases.When 5%Fe3O4 was added into the boronizing agent, the boride layer contained more TiB2 compound and was thicker than those with the addition of 5%Na2B4O7.
From Experiential Knowledge to Public Participation: Social Learning at the Community Fisheries Action Roundtable

Extensive research demonstrates that public participation in environmental decision making can increase understanding of diverse worldviews and knowledge bases, public faith in governance institutions, and compliance with resulting rules. Concerns linger around costs, possibilities of polarization and decreased legitimacy in cases of poorly executed processes, and the ability of newly empowered groups to gain political leverage over others. If participants in public processes can bracket their personal experience to better assess other viewpoints, establishing mutual respect and understanding through deliberative exchange, they increase the likelihood of maximizing participatory benefits and minimizing risks. Such reflexivity indicates double-loop social learning, change undertaken through collective discussion and interaction. A capacity-building workshop program aims to foster such learning within the Maine fishing industry. Case material draws primarily on participant observation and interview data, using a grounded theory approach to qualitative analysis. Evidence indicates that in social contexts removed from the norms of daily life and the frustrations of past fishery management confrontations, harvesters acquire knowledge and skills that facilitate more strategic and productive behavior in formal and informal marine resource decision venues. Suspensions of longstanding spatio-temporal assumptions around the prosecution and management of fisheries comprise key learning moments, and yield corresponding changes in industry attitudes and actions. With heightened appreciation for a diversity of experiences and management priorities, harvesters can better mobilize a broad spectrum of local knowledge to develop viable regulatory proposals and collaborative decision processes.
The Risk of Invasive Cervical Cancer among Hispanics: Evidence for Targeted Preventive Interventions☆☆☆★

Background.Mass screening for cervical cancer has considerably reduced invasive cancer rates; however, Hispanic Americans have not fully benefited. This study examined the relationship of demographic, socioeconomic, and acculturation factors to diagnostic stage prior to preventive interventions in a large Hispanic community (San Diego, CA, 1988–1991). Methods.Age-adjusted incidence rates (IR) were estimated for three subareas: Hispanic community targeted with interventions, comparison Hispanic community, and remainder of county. Incident cases of cervical cancer in the California Cancer Registry were used to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRR) ofin situto invasive stage cancer and estimate differences in early detection between Hispanics and white non-Hispanics. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine the relationship of cancer stage to census-linked income, education, poverty status, foreign birth, and language spoken. Results.Thein situcervical cancer IR is significantly lower for Hispanics than for white non-Hispanics in all three regions (P< 0.05). The overall IRR is 3.65 (95% CI 3.19, 4.18) for white non-Hispanics compared with 1.09 (95% CI 0.86, 1.38) for Hispanics. Hispanics in census tracts in the highest versus remaining quartiles for percentage of language-isolated households are at greater risk for invasive stage (OR = 2.10, 95% CI 1.27, 3.40). White non-Hispanic women residing in census tracts in the highest versus lowest quartile of adults with less than 12 years education are at greater risk for invasive stage (OR = 2.10, 95% CI 1.31, 3.38). Conclusions.Results show efforts aimed at cervical cancer early detection for Hispanic women are needed and well targeted. White non-Hispanic women in low-education communities are also at risk. Population-based methods in this study can focus efforts in communities needing preventive interventions.
High-confinement photonic structures for light propagation in the visible range

Planar integrated photonic devices are typically designed for telecommunications wavelengths in the 1.55 micron range. For strong mode-confinement at these wavelengths, very high index contrasts are required and semiconductor materials are often used for the waveguide core. 1 Recently, planar devices designed for the visible range were demonstrated with relatively large dimensions on the order of 0.5 - 5 turn. 2,3 Here in contrast we demonstrate micron-size photonic devices with single-mode operation in the visible range. Devices made for light propagation in the visible range are designed for tapping specific wavelengths of light vertically out of the plane of integration. The structures are based on high confinement waveguides with an effective mode size on the order of 0.5 μm 2 .
The association between cigarette smoking and drug abuse in the United States.

Abstract Cigarette smoking has been identified as an independent risk factor for many human diseases. However, the association between cigarette smoking and illegal drug use has not been thoroughly investigated. We have analyzed the 1994 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse to clarify whether cigarette smoking has any effect on the initiation of illegal drug use. Data from 17,809 respondents completing the 1994 “new” (1994-B) questionnaire were analyzed. Logistic regression analyses were performed with the use of statistical package SU-DAAN, taking into consideration the multistage sampling design. The results show that those who had smoked cigarettes were far more likely to use cocaine (OR = 7.5; 95% CI: 5.7-9.9), heroin (OR = 16.0; 95% CI: 6.8-37.9), crack (OR = 13.9; 95% CI: 7.9-24.5) and marijuana (OR = 7.3; 95% CI:6.2-8.7). The associations are consistent across age-strata and remain after adjusting for race and gender. This study suggests that cigarette smoking may be a gateway drug to illegal dr...
The cognitive correlates of human brain oscillations.

This mini-symposium summarizes recent findings concerning the role of brain oscillations in human cognition. Two rhythms that show particularly strong behavioral correlates are the 4–8 Hz theta rhythm and the 30–80 Hz gamma rhythm. The former rhythm has been studied extensively in rodents, in
Usefulness of Gati's Hierarchical Model of Vocational Interests for Career Counselors.

Career counseling is complicated and involved, requiring counselors to use a conceptual framework to help guide them through the process. Using a case study, the author demonstrates how Gati's hierarchical model of vocational interests can assist counselors in working with clients concerned about their careers.
Surgical and Aesthetic Considerations of Cancer of the Skin in the Black American

Until recently, cancer of the skin in blacks has been thought to be quite rare. This paper reviews some of the recent findings from several large series of black patients with skin cancer at our institution. Surgical management of representative cases is illustrated.
Inverse gas chromatographic method for measurement of interactions between soy protein isolate and selected flavor compounds under controlled relative humidity

An inverse gas chromatographic (IGC) method was developed to study the binding interactions between selected volatile flavor compounds and soy protein isolate (SPI) under controlled relative humidity (RH). Three volatile probes (hexane, 1-hexanol, and hexanal) at very low levels were used to evaluate and validate system performance. On the basis of the thermodynamic data and the isotherms measured at 0% RH, 1-hexanol and hexanal had higher binding affinities than hexane, which could be attributed to hydrogen-bonding interactions with SPI. At 30% RH, 1-hexanol and hexanal were retained less than at 0% RH, indicating possible competition for binding sites on the SPI surface between water and volatile probe molecules. Results showed that the thermodynamic data determined were comparable to the available literature values. Use of IGC allowed for the rapid and precise generation of sorption isotherms. Repeatability between replicate injections and reproducibility across columns were very good. IGC is a potentially high-throughput method for the sensitive, precise, and accurate measurement of flavor-ingredient interactions in low-moisture food systems.
Setting up and managing outsourcing contracts to deliver value and accommodate change

The concept of outsourcing is a recognised business planning strategy; senior corporate management and facilities services have been progressively outsourced in the UK for many years. However, transforming an outsourcing business plan into an effective and balanced operating contract remains challenging. Getting your outsourcing project properly positioned in the business, procuring the right integrated facilities contractor and then subsequently mobilising and managing the contract can be a difficult journey to navigate. This paper describes how to approach the principles and practicalities of outsourcing noncore services and how to make sure that some of the principal pitfalls along the road of the outsourcing project are avoided. It finally offers some ideas on how to get the most out of a project in the long term.
Anti-IgE inhibition of antigen-stimulated human bronchial epithelial cells (BEC) release of proinflammatory cytokines

Abstract Rationale IgE can influence the inflammatory response by interaction with FcϵRI also demonstrated in BEC on mast cells releasing TNFα, IL-4, and TGFβ. We demonstrated that budesonide (BUD) inhibited TNFα, TGFβ, and EGF from antigen-stimulated alveolar epithelial cells (JACI 109: 38a, 2002). This study has utilized human BEC in the presence of antigen, EGF, BUD and anti-IgE. Methods BECs were stimulated with 100U/ml of IL-1β, 10 μg/ml of ragweed (RA) or 1000AU of dust mite (DM) antigen, 40 ng/ml of EGF with 10-7M BUD or 0.1 μg/ml of anti-IgE with 4% DM atopic sera in 5% CO2 @ 37°C for either 6 or 24 hrs. TNFα, TGFβ, IL-4 were assayed using gene specific mRNA and/or sensitive ELISA. Results Anti-IgE decreased IL-1β, RA and DM-stimulated TNFα production at 24 hrs >BUD. TGFβ mRNA detected at 6 hrs with IL-1β (25 amol/ml); DM (23amol/ml) both together (25amol/ml); EGF (29 amol/ml) decreased with anti-IgE (22; 21 amol/ml, p Conclusions IL-4 can have a direct effect on epithelial cells and fibroblasts. TGFβ can prolong myofibroblast survival. In this study, anti-IgE inhibited proinflammatory and growth factor production or expression from antigen-specific stimulated BEC, which may contribute to decreased airway remodeling.
7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD)--phallacidin: synthesis of a fluorescent actin probe.

Abstract Phallacidin was labeled with the fluorophore, 4-chloro-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole, after a series of modifications. The complete purification and synthesis of intermediates are described. A simple laboratory procedure for production of the fluorescent toxin is outlined. The fluorescent phallacidin was used to stain plant and animal cellular actin. Because of the low molecular weight, high actin specificity and visible excitation profile of the conjugated toxin, fluorescent phallacidin, has proven useful in the fluorescence microscopic study of actin in vivo and in vitro.
Ninth Enzyme Mechanisms Conference

Abstract The ninth biennial conference on enzyme mechanisms, organized by E. H. Cordes (Chairman), S. J. Benkovic, J. W. Kozarich, J. R. Knowles, and D. Silverman, was held on January 3–5, 1985, at the Innisbrook Resort in Tarpon Springs, Florida. Three formal talks were given in each of six sessions on the general topics: 1, Peptide Chemistry; 2, Redox Chemistry; 3, Mechanisms; 4, Cofactors; 5, Complex Structures; and 6, Biosynthesis at the Enzyme Level. In addition, two poster sessions were held with a total of over 50 posters being presented. In the following, a brief synopsis of each of the major talks, as well as a few select references to recent work in the area of the talk, are given. Also, the titles and authors of the posters are listed along with a few references to material related to some of the posters. It is hoped that this brief summary of the meeting not only will indicate the types of studies currently of interest to mechanism oriented bioorganic chemists, but also will serve as a starting point for those who wish to delve more deeply into the topics that were discussed.
The effect of clustering on lot quality assurance sampling: a probabilistic model to calculate sample sizes for quality assessments

Background Traditional Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) designs assume observations are collected using simple random sampling. Alternatively, randomly sampling clusters of observations and then individuals within clusters reduces costs but decreases the precision of the classifications. In this paper, we develop a general framework for designing the cluster(C)-LQAS system and illustrate the method with the design of data quality assessments for the community health worker program in Rwanda.
A generalized cached-FFT algorithm

Fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms are typically designed to minimize the number of multiplications and additions while maintaining a simple form. Few FFT algorithms are designed to take advantage of hierarchical memory systems, which are easy to include in special-purpose processors, and nearly universal in modern programmable processors. We present a new generalized algorithm, called the cached-FFT, which is designed explicitly to operate on a processor with a hierarchical memory system. By taking advantage of a small and fast cache memory, the algorithm enables higher clock frequencies (for special-purpose processor applications), reduced data communication energy, and increased energy-efficiency - since smaller memories require lower energy per access and can be positioned closer to the processor.
Role of calmodulin in neuronal Kv7/KCNQ potassium channels and epilepsy

Neuronal Kv7/KCNQ channels are critical regulators of neuronal excitability since they potently suppress repetitive firing of action potentials. These voltage-dependent potassium channels are composed mostly of Kv7.2 / KCNQ2 and Kv7.3 / KCNQ3 subunits that show overlapping distribution throughout the brain and in the peripheral nervous system. They are also called ‘M-channels’ since their inhibition by muscarinic agonists leads to a profound increase in action potential firing. Consistent with their ability to suppress seizures and attenuate chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain, mutations in the KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 genes are associated with benign familial neonatal convulsions, a dominantly-inherited epilepsy in infancy. Recently, de novo mutations in the KCNQ2 gene have been linked to early onset epileptic encephalopathy. Notably, some of these mutations are clustered in a region of the intracellular cytoplasmic tail of Kv7.2 that interacts with a ubiquitous calcium sensor, calmodulin. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in understanding the role of calmodulin in modulating physiological function of neuronal Kv7 channels including their biophysical properties, assembly, and trafficking. We also summarize recent studies that have investigated functional impact of epilepsy-associated mutations localized to the calmodulin binding domains of Kv7.2.
Neighbours, Barriers and Urban Environments: Are Things 'Different on the Other Side of the Tracks'?

Most earlier models of residential sorting employ a 'featureless plain', paying little attention to cities' physical environments. The empirical question of physical features mitigating neighbour externalities remains largely unexplored. This article adds to the literature by considering the environmental aspects of group boundaries. Physical barriers that mitigate the externality of neighbours' characteristics should be expected to have important differential effects on urban land use patterns. This hypothesis is tested for the percentage of Black people in Chicago in 2000. Some features (such as, parks, railroads, major roads) have strong barrier effects. Despite the limitations of this approach, the findings appear robust to spatial dependence in the data. The findings hold important implications for future research into residential location decisions and the planning of public amenities and infrastructure.
Dietary Intakes of Flavonols and Flavones and Coronary Heart Disease in US Women

Dietary flavonols and flavones are subgroups of flavonoids that have been suggested to decrease the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). The authors prospectively evaluated intakes of flavonols and flavones in relation to risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal CHD in the Nurses' Health Study. They assessed dietary information from the study's 1990, 1994, and 1998 food frequency questionnaires and computed cumulative average intakes of flavonols and flavones. Cox proportional hazards regression with time-varying variables was used for analysis. During 12 years of follow-up (1990-2002), the authors documented 938 nonfatal myocardial infarctions and 324 CHD deaths among 66,360 women. They observed no association between flavonol or flavone intake and risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction or fatal CHD. However, a weak risk reduction for CHD death was found among women with a higher intake of kaempferol, an individual flavonol found primarily in broccoli and tea. Women in the highest quintile of kaempferol intake relative to those in the lowest had a multivariate relative risk of 0.66 (95% confidence interval: 0.48, 0.93; p for trend = 0.04). The lower risk associated with kaempferol intake was probably attributable to broccoli consumption. These prospective data do not support an inverse association between flavonol or flavone intake and CHD risk.
Franchising—The McDonaldization of Higher Education

Almost 20 percent of students studying for a British first academic degree are not residing in the United Kingdom but rather pursuing their degree at one of Britain’s 13 branch campuses or, much more likely, at a foreign institution that has franchised a British degree. More than 400 franchise arrangements were reported in 2008.
The impact of multihop wireless channel on TCP performance

This paper studies TCP performance in a stationary multihop wireless network using IEEE 802.11 for channel access control. We first show that, given a specific network topology and flow patterns, there exists an optimal window size W* at which TCP achieves the highest throughput via maximum spatial reuse of the shared wireless channel. However, TCP grows its window size much larger than W* leading to throughput reduction. We then explain the TCP throughput decrease using our observations and analysis of the packet loss in an overloaded multihop wireless network. We find out that the network overload is typically first signified by packet drops due to wireless link-layer contention, rather than buffer overflow-induced losses observed in the wired Internet. As the offered load increases, the probability of packet drops due to link contention also increases, and eventually saturates. Unfortunately the link-layer drop probability is insufficient to keep the TCP window size around W'*. We model and analyze the link contention behavior, based on which we propose link RED that fine-tunes the link-layer packet dropping probability to stabilize the TCP window size around W*. We further devise adaptive pacing to better coordinate channel access along the packet forwarding path. Our simulations demonstrate 5 to 30 percent improvement of TCP throughput using the proposed two techniques.