cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medical Records, Computers in

In this article, we explain the reasons for this anomaly, and we present methods to circumvent the problems associated with computer-based medical records and to allow medical practitioners to achieve the real potential of computer-based systems. Keywords: computer; medical records; practitioner; computer-based patient record; CPR; electronic health record; EHR
Prostaglandin-induced neuropeptide release from spinal cord.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the prostaglandin-induced neuropeptide release from spinal cord. Activation of nociceptive sensory nerve endings throughout the body results in conduction of action potentials to their central terminals in the dorsal spinal cord, and the subsequent release of neurotransmitters. This release is the first synaptic event in the conduction of the pain signal to the brain and represents a primary site for modulation of nociception. Inhibiting the release of transmitters from small-diameter sensory nerve terminals could be one mechanism for producing antinociception. The hyperalgesia associated with chronic inflammation could result, in part, from a long-term facilitation of transmitter release from central terminals of sensory neurons. Although a number of studies have assessed whether various analgesic agents inhibit transmitter release from sensory nerve endings in the spinal cord, little work has focused on the processes that could facilitate release at these sites. Recent studies, however, have demonstrated that inflammatory mediators, such as bradykinin and prostaglandins, augment transmitter release from peripheral endings of sensory neurons and from isolated preparations of these cells. Inflammation caused by peripheral injection of chemical irritants results in an increase in the synthesis and release of the putative nociceptive transmitters, substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), in the spinal cord. Various chemical agents produced during inflammation, therefore, may augment transmitter release from central synapses of sensory neurons. The enhanced release, in turn, could contribute to the hyperexcitability of spinal nociceptive neurons observed during chronic inflammation.
Discovering Context in a Conceptual Schema

While significant effort is expended in developing a conceptual model for an information system, critical knowledge is discarded during implementation. Consequently, designers and users must employ less complete logical level knowledge to access data. Unfortunately, many users do not possess the detailed logical level knowledge required to formulate queries corresponding to ad hoc requests. By using the conceptual schema directly, however, it is possible to formulate such queries automatically. This paper describes how to augment the conceptual schema with knowledge of strongly associated conceptual level objects so that automated query formulation, semantic query optimization, and design feedback are supported. As a result, the conceptual schema assumes a central role throughout an information system's life cycle, and the design of intelligent interfaces is facilitated.
Ethyl 1‐Naphthylacetate

Ethyl 1-Naphthylacetate reactant: 30.5 g. (0.160 mole) of 1-naphthoyl chloride intermediate: 1-(diazoacetyl)naphthalene product: ethyl 1-naphthylacetate reactant: 1-naphthoic acid reactant: 1-bromonaphthalene solvent: propyl 1-naphthylacetate Keywords: diazotization, preparation of diazonium salts; esterification, of substituted monobasic acids; rearrangements; assay methods, for diazomethane; diethyl ether; 1-naphthoyl chloride, preparation of; silver benzoate, preparation of; 1-(diazoacetyl)naphthalene, skin irritant; diazomethane, explosive, toxic
A Mammalian Activity Required for the Second Step of Pre-messenger RNA Splicing

Abstract Splicing of precursors to messenger RNAs occurs via a two-step mechanism. In the first step, the 5′-exon is released concomitant with the production of a lariat intermediate, and in the second step, the exons are joined, releasing the intron in the form of a lariat product. Several gene products of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been shown to be required exclusively for the second step. Although mammalian proteins have been implicated in the second step of splicing, none have been shown to act only at this step. We identify here the first mammalian activity shown to be exclusively required for the second step. The activity was shown to increase by 5-fold the rate for this splicing step, whereas it had no effect on the rate of the first step. The activity was not affected by treatment with micrococcal nuclease, whereas it is sensitive to heating to 55°C, suggesting that it is not dependent on an RNA, but more likely is a protein. The second step activity was separated from other factors required for the first step and from PSF, a splicing factor thought to have a second step activity. The activity does not require ATP hydrolysis, suggesting that it acts at a late stage of the second step of splicing.
Handling Missing Covariates in Conditional Mixture Models Under Missing at Random Assumptions

Mixture modeling is a popular method that accounts for unobserved population heterogeneity using multiple latent classes that differ in response patterns. Psychologists use conditional mixture models to incorporate covariates into between-class and/or within-class regressions. Although psychologists often have missing covariate data, conditional mixtures are currently fit with a conditional likelihood, treating covariates as fixed and fully observed. Under this exogenous-x approach, missing covariates are handled primarily via listwise deletion. This sacrifices efficiency and does not allow missingness to depend on observed outcomes. Here we describe a modified joint likelihood approach that (a) allows inference about parameters of the exogenous-x conditional mixture even with nonnormal covariates, unlike a conventional multivariate mixture; (b) retains all cases under missing at random assumptions; (c) yields lower bias and higher efficiency than the exogenous-x approach under a variety of conditions with missing covariates; and (d) is straightforward to implement in available commercial software. The proposed approach is illustrated with an empirical analysis predicting membership in latent classes of conduct problems. Recommendations for practice are discussed.
Mechanisms of protein and virus crystal growth: An atomic force microscopy study of canavalin and STMV crystallization

The evolution of surface morphology and step dynamics during growth of rhombohedral crystals of the protein canavalin and crystals of the cubic satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV) have been investigated for the first time by in situ atomic force microscopy. These two crystals were observed to grow by very different mechanisms. Growth of canavalin occurs on complex vicinal hillocks formed by multiple, independently acting screw dislocations. Small clusters were observed on the terraces. STMV on the other hand, was observed to grow by 2D nucleation of islands. No dislocations were found on the crystal. The results are used to determine the growth mechanisms and estimate the fundamental materials parameters. The images also illustrate the important mechanism of defect incorporation and provide insight to the processes that limit the growth rate and uniformity of these crystals.
Defense Against the Green Peach Aphid and Potato Leafhopper by Glandular Trichomes of Solanum berthaultii

The roles of type A and B gladular trichomes in defense of the wild potato species, Solanum berthaultii Hawkes, agamst the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and Potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), were assessed. Mortality of fourth-stadium M. persicae and encasement of tarsi and labia by type A exudate increased with a rise in density and volume of type A trichomes. Tarsi coated by type B exudate were highly adhesive and extremely effective in discharging type A trichomes. Immature stages of M. persicae and E. fabae were subject to greater mortality and encasement of body parts by trichome exudate than were adults.
ENTEROPATHOGENIC E. COLI IS A CAUSE OF RECURRENT DIARRHEA IN OLDER CHILDREN

Various strains of E. Coli are known to cause acute gastroenteritis in newborns and infants. In older infants and children, infection with enteropathogenic E. Coli nay cause chronic diarrhea. Pathogenic E. Coli were cultured from the stools of 31 children ranging in age from 4 months to 13 years. Of these, 4 were less than 2 years old, 11 were 2 to 5 years old, and 16 were over 5 years old. Isolated strains of E. Coli included 0127 in 11, 0111 in 8, 0126 in 5, 0128 in 3, 055 in 2, 026 in 1, and 0119 in 1. Recurrent episodes of diarrhea consisting of at least 4 loose or watery stools per day, ware observed in all patients. Episodes recurred every 4 to 7 days in 9 patients, every 1 to 4 weeks in 14, and every 1 to 4 months in 8. Fever was present in 1 patient, weight loss in 2, and anorexia in 1. Physical examination and laboratory studies were unremarkable in all patients. Proctoscopy and rectal biopsy performed in 9 patients yielded normal results. Treatment with neomycin in 26 and colymycin in 5 eliminated the diarrhea and eradicated the E. Coli from stool cultures. These results indicate that enteropathogenic E. Coli may be a frequent cause of recurrent diarrhea. This type of infection appears to respond readily to treatment with antibiotics.
Direct high-resolution excimer laser photoetching

Direct high-resolution photoetching of various resists and polymers has been demonstrated using an ArF excimer laser at 193 nm. Features as small as 0.3 μm have been produced in 1 μm thick films with no subsequent wet processing steps necessary.
Effect of theophylline and aminophylline on transmitter release at the mammalian neuromuscular junction is not mediated by cAMP

1. Theophylline and aminophylline have been widely used as inhibitors of phosphodiesterase when examining the role of cAMP in regulating cell function. In reality, however, these phosphodiesterase inhibitors may have additional sites of action that could complicate the interpretation of the results. These additional sites of action could include antagonism of inhibitory adenosine autoreceptors and release of intracellular calcium. The purpose of the present study was to determine which of the above three is the primary mechanism by which theophylline and aminophylline affect transmitter release at the mammalian neuromuscular junction. 2. Quantal release measurements were made using intracellular recording techniques. A variety of drugs were used to elucidate this pathway. Isoproterenol, an adenylate cyclase activator, was first used to establish the effect of enhanced levels of cAMP. Theophylline application on its own or in the presence of a drug combination that blocked the adenosine receptor and phosphodiesterase pathways caused significant release depression, opposite to what is expected if it was functioning to enhance cAMP levels. However, when applied in the presence of a drug combination that blocked the adenosine receptor, phosphodiesterase and intracellular ryanodine calcium pathways, theophylline was unable to depress release. Therefore, it was concluded that the major mechanism of action of theophylline is depression of transmitter release by causing the release of intracellular calcium. 3. Aminophylline application alone resulted in a significant enhancement of release. However, when coupled with an adenosine receptor blocker, the ability of aminophylline to enhance transmitter release was blocked, suggesting that its dominant mechanism of action is adenosine receptor inhibition. 4. Taken together, these results indicate that the use of theophylline and aminophylline is inappropriate when examining the role of cAMP at the mammalian neuromuscular junction.
ADI solution of free convection in a variable viscosity fluid

Abstract A numerical model of steady-state, two-dimensional free convection within an internally heated fluid of variable viscosity has been developed primarily for application to the earth's upper mantle. The dimensionless free-convection energy and stream function equations include advection, the adiabatic gradient, viscous dissipation, radiogenic heat sources, boundary heat fluxes, variable diffusivity, and variable viscosity. Both the energy equation and the fourth-order stream function equation are solved numerically by alternating direction implicit (ADI) algorithms on a special nonuniform grid first suggested by Samarskii. The Reynolds number is negligibly small, the Rayleigh number exceeds 10 6 , and the Prandtl number exceeds 10 23 . The numerical convergence, accuracy and reliability of the method are established by various numerical tests.
EQUILIBRIUM BEHAVIOR OF TAGGED ERYTHROCYTES IN EXPERIMENTAL "IRREVERSIBLE SHOCK".

Summary o 1. Equilibrium behavior of erythrocytes tagged with Evans blue dye and radiochromate in the normal and shocked animal was studied. 2. There was no alteration in the disappearance curve of Evans blue dye. 3. There seemed to be a slope of decreasing erythrocyte activity in the shocked animals. This slope was not such as to produce a statistically significant decrement at either 50 or 90 minutes. In Shoemaker's work, steep slopes of strong significance were reported in two thirds of the animals. 4. In no animal did we observe an “inflection point” with a secondary plateau to suggest the clear delineation of a “slowly circulating” red cell volume. 5. The red cell volume measured at the conclusion of the experiment correlated almost perfectly with that observed at the start, as corrected for volume loss by sampling. We therefore did not discover any evidence for a “noncirculating” red cell mass in these animals. 6. On the basis of these data, we cannot confirm the concept that irreversible shock in the dog results in a significant sequestration of erythrocytes from that mass normally exchangeable with infused tagged cells.
How Much Time Do Home Health Nurses Spend on Nonclinical Supply Chain Duties

When home health agencies employ supply chain practices that require nurses to order, handle, and deliver patient supplies, critical nursing resources are diverted from patient care. A model that enables full assessment of the nursing resources associated with a set of supply chain practices is presented. In this model, nurse involvement is measured in hours per nurse per year. The current state of nurse involvement in home health supply chains in the United States is quantified by considering survey data in the model. Results suggest the average amount of nurse involvement time per year is 170 hr. Stated another way, typical nurse involvement in supply chain functions is time that could have been spent conducting an additional 120 patient visits per nurse per year.
Pollination biology and reproduction in early seed plants

Abstract The current level of understanding regarding the reproductive mechanisms operative in early seed plants is reviewed. Information is presented that details aspects of pollination biology including pollen morphology, pollen release, possible mechanisms of transfer, and the method of pollen capture. Speculation is offered regarding the importance of ovule position as related to potential insect pollination vectors in these early seed plants. Post-pollination events in Paleozoic seed plant reproduction including micro- and megagametophyte development, fertilization, and post fertilization stages are extrapolated from the fossil record.
Relationship between Team Assists and Win-Loss Record in the National Basketball Association

Using research methodology for analysis of secondary data, statistical data for five National Basketball Association (NBA) seasons (1993–1994 to 1997–1998) were examined to test for a relationship between team assists (a behavioral measure of teamwork) and win-loss record. Rank-difference correlation indicated a significant relationship between the two variables, the coefficients ranging from .42 to .71. Team assist totals produced higher correlations with win-loss record than assist totals for the five players receiving the most playing time (“the starters”). A comparison of “assisted team points” and “unassisted team points” in relationship to win-loss record favored the former and strongly suggested that how a basketball team scores points is more important than the number of points it scores. These findings provide circumstantial support for the popular dictum in competitive team sports that “Teamwork Means Success—Work Together, Win Together.”
High protein diets do not attenuate decrements in testosterone and IGF-I during energy deficit ☆,☆☆

Abstract Objective Energy deficit (ED) diminishes fat-free mass (FFM) with concomitant reductions in anabolic hormone secretion. A modest increase in protein to recommended dietary allowance (RDA) levels during ED minimally attenuates decrements in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). The impact of dietary protein above the RDA on circulating anabolic hormones and their relationships with FFM in response to ED are not well described. Materials/Methods Thirty-three adults were assigned diets providing protein at 0.8 (RDA), 1.6 (2×-RDA), and 2.4 (3×-RDA) g/kg/d for 31 days. Testosterone, sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and IGF-I system components were assessed after a 10-day period of weight-maintenance (WM) and after a 21-day period of ED (40%) achieved by an increase in energy expenditure and decreased energy intake. Associations between the change in FFM and anabolic hormone levels were determined. Results As compared to WM and regardless of dietary protein intake, total and free testosterone, total IGF-I, and acid-labile subunit decreased ( P P P Conclusion Consuming a high protein diet does not impact the androgenic and IGF-I system response to ED. These data suggest that the protective effects of high protein diets on FFM during ED are likely not influenced by anabolic hormone concentrations.
Fact and Fiction in the Romantic Historical Novel

T he historical novel, by definition, combines fiction and history. While the fictional chronotope is ultimately selfcontained, the historical one is open to outside verification, since it invokes phenomena belonging to real space and time. Such dichotomy has on occasion prompted doubts concerning the "legitimacy" of historical fiction, which has sometimes been labeled as a contradictory or even "mongrel" genre. Summarizing early attacks against the historical novel, Osip Senkovskii, a prominent journalist of the age of Pushkin and Gogol, points to a cognitive anxiety that afflicts the reader: "The reader, being constantly disturbed by uncertainty in this mixture of truth and fiction, wants at every step to believe the author's words and yet at every step is afraid to be deceived, and, upon reading the novel ... does not know what to think of his impressions."' However, it is precisely this tension between fact and fiction, the "empirical" and "aesthetic" planes, that creates the peculiar dynamics of the historical novel (and other genres of "documentary literature"), endowing it with a unique and important dimension.2 This article will treat the relationship between fact and fiction in the Russian historical novel of the 1 830s and 1 840s. As the subject is very broad, it seems necessary to mention some aspects that will remain outside the scope of the current study. The issue of history and fiction has received much attention in recent theoretical writings. Over the last three decades, with the publication of works by W. B. Gallie, Arthur Danto, and especially Hayden White, there emerged an influential school of thought that views historiography from the standpoint of narrative theory. Proponents of this school deem historical narratives similar in essence to fictional ones since they are informed by identical rhetorical devices and categories of emplotment. I will leave these problems aside; neither will I address heated debates about historiography during the Romantic period in Russia (for example, in connection with the histories of Karamzin and Polevoi). I will take as the point of departure the
Dude you're a fag: masculinity and sexuality in high school

CHERI JO PASCOE, 2011 (second revised edition) Berkeley: University of California Press, 227 pp, ISBN 978-0520271487, £18.00 (paperback) Through a picturesque ethnographic description, Pascoe's Dud...
Implicitization of rational parametric surfaces

Abstract A generalized projective implicitization theorem is presented that can be used to solve the implicitization of rational parametric curves and surfaces in an affine space. The Groebner bases technique is used to implement the algorithm. The algorithm has the advantages that it can handle base points in a parametrization, and no extra factors will be introduced into an implicit equation. The complexity of the algorithm in terms of the degrees of the polynomials in the Groebner basis is better than the existing method
Microchannel heat exchangers for charge minimization in air-cooled ammonia condensers and chillers

Abstract This paper presents experimental results from a prototype ammonia chiller with an air-cooled condenser and a plate evaporator. The main objectives were charge reduction and compactness of the system. The charge is reduced to 20 g/kW (2.5 oz/Ton). This is lower than any currently available air-cooled ammonia chiller on the market. The major contribution comes from use of microchannel aluminum tubes. Two aluminum condensers were evaluated in the chiller: one with a parallel tube arrangement between headers and “microchannel” tubes (hydraulic diameter Dh = 0.7 mm), and the other with a single serpentine “macrochannel” tube (Dh = 4.06 mm). The performances of the chiller and condensers are compared based on various criteria to other available ammonia chillers. This prototype was made and examined in the Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Center in 1998, at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Modeling and spatial prediction of pre-settlement patterns of forest distribution using witness tree data

At the time of European settlement, land surveys were conducted progressively westward throughout the United States. Outside of the original 13 colonies, surveys generally followed the Public Land Survey system in which trees, called witness trees, were regularly recorded at 1 mi by 1 mi grid intersections. This unintentional sampling provides insight into the composition and structure of pre-European settlement forests, which is used as baseline data to assess forest change following settlement. In this paper, a model for the Public Land Surveys of east central Alabama is developed. Assuming that the locations of trees of each species are realized from independent Poisson processes whose respective log intensities are linear functions of environmental covariates (i.e., elevation, landform, and physiographic province), the species observed at the survey grid intersections are independently sampled from a generalized logistic regression model. If all 68 species found in the survey were included, the model would be highly over-parameterized, so only the distribution of the most common taxon, pines, will be considered at this time. To assess the impact of environmental factors not included in the model, a hidden Gaussian random field shall be added as a random effect. A Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm is developed for Bayesian inference on model parameters, and for Bayes posterior prediction of the spatial distribution of pines in east central Alabama.
A comparative North American experience of robotic thyroidectomy in a thyroid cancer population

Purpose This study seeks to explore the efficacy of robotic thyroidectomy in treating a North American population with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) as compared with the conventional cervical approach.
Simultaneous quantification of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid in plants by vapor-phase extraction and gas chromatography-chemical ionization-mass spectrometry☆

Jasmonic acid and salicylic acid represent important signaling compounds in plant defensive responses against other organisms. Here, we present a new method for the easy, sensitive, and reproducible quantification of both compounds by vapor-phase extraction and gas chromatography-positive ion chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. The method is based on a one-step extraction, phase partitioning, methylation with HCl/methanol, and collection of methylated and, thus, volatilized compounds on Super Q filters, thereby omitting further purification steps. Eluted samples are analyzed and quantified by GC/MS with chemical ionization. Standard curves were linear over a range of 5-1000 ng for jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. The correlation coefficients were greater than 0.999 and the recovery rates estimated between 70 and 90% for salicylic acid and 90 and 100% for jasmonic acid. The limit of detection was about 500 fg by using single ion detection mode. Both, cis- and trans-isomers for jasmonic acid can be detected. A comparison with established methods indicates the new method to be highly efficient, allowing reliable quantification of both compounds from small amounts of plant material (5-400mg fresh weight).
On the Solution to QBD Processes with Finite State Space

In this article, we present a solution to a class of Quasi-Birth-and-Death processes with finite state space and show that the stationary probability vector has a matrix geometric representation. We show that such models have a level-dependent rate matrix. The corresponding rate matrix is given explicitly in terms of the model parameters. The resulting closed-form expression is proposed as a basis for efficient calculation of the stationary probabilities. The method proposed in this article can be applied to several queueing systems.
Association of Increased Dermatologist Density With Lower Melanoma Mortality

Objective To determine whether there is an association between dermatologist density and melanoma mortality. Design A regression model was developed to test the association between melanoma mortality and dermatologist density, controlling for county demographics, health care infrastructure, and socioeconomic factors. Data were collected from the Area Resource File, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program and National Program for Cancer Registries. Setting US counties. Patients Melanoma mortality and incidence data were reported as age-adjusted mean rates per 100 000 people from January 2002, through December 2006. Main Outcome Measure The primary outcome measure was melanoma mortality rate per 100 000 people at the county level. Results Geographic variation exists in the distribution of dermatologists across the United States. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the presence of 0.001 to 1 dermatologist per 100 000 people was associated with a 35.0% reduction in the melanoma mortality rate (95% CI, 13.4%-56.6%) when compared with counties with no dermatologist. The presence of 1.001 to 2 dermatologists per 100 000 people was associated with a 53.0% reduction in the melanoma mortality rate (95% CI, 30.6%-75.4%). Having more than 2 dermatologists per 100 000 people did not further lower melanoma mortality rates. Conclusion Within a given county, a greater dermatologist density is associated with lower melanoma mortality rates compared with counties that lacked a dermatologist.
EXPRESSION OF ALDOLASE A STEADY-STATE MRNA IS DELAYED RELATIVE TO OTHER MUSCLE-SPECIFIC GENES DURING DIFFERENTIATION OF CHICKEN MYOBLASTS

Abstract Expression of several muscle-specific genes was monitored during chicken muscle development and myoblast differentiation in primary cultures. The individual patterns of expression for many muscle-specific genes are well documented in ovo and in other model systems of muscle development. However, comparison of aldolase A to other muscle-specific genes in one system has not been reported. Both sarcomeric and cytosolic genes important for the adult muscle fiber were examined in order to elucidate their timing of expression and its relationship to cell fusion. Steady-state mRNA expression was measured using RNase protection assays with cRNA probes generated from cDNA clones for muscle creatine kinase, fast skeletal troponin-T, embryonic myosin heavy chain, and aldolase A. Nonmuscle genes expressed largely in the embryo, aldolase C and β-actin, were used as controls. The expression of all six genes revealed differences in temporal expression patterns between limb and axial muscle. The temporal expression patterns of all six genes were also monitored in primary myoblast cultures relative to myoblast fusion. In both axial and limb myoblast cultures most of the muscle-specific genes were expressed prior to fusion. During the differentiation of myoblasts to myotubes there was a biphasic pattern in the expression of the muscle-specific genes. The appearance of measurable mRNA was detected by 16 hr in culture, prior to appreciable fusion of the cells. During further differentiation the expression increased gradually and then more rapidly at 96 hr, once fusion was complete. Meanwhile, the nonmuscle embryonic gene expression declined only slightly. For one gene, aldolase A, expression was delayed relative to the other muscle-specific genes, both in the appearance of measurable mRNA and in the later rapid increase in mRNA.
Soil strength response of select soil disturbance classes on a wet pine flat in South Carolina

Harvest operations conducted under conditions of high soil moisture on a wet pine flat in South Carolina resulted in a high degree of soil surface disturbance. Less soil surface disturbance occurred when soil moisture content was lower. Soil strength varied by soil disturbance class in wet harvested locations and highly disturbed areas were associated with low soil strength and elevated levels of soil moisture. Soil strength levels in untrafficked locations were significantly higher than more disturbed classes including ruts greater than 0.20 m and puddled soils. The application of bedding to both wet and dry harvested locations lowered soil strength to less than 1.0 MPa in the upper 0.40 m. Mole plowing, in general, did not appear to have a significant impact on soil strength under the conditions of this study. However, soil strength of untrafficked areas increased when subjected to mole plowing. This may be the result of lowering soil moisture status and subsequently increasing soil strength in response to drier soil conditions. Further elaboration on the relationship among soil strength, disturbance conditions and machine trafficking is necessary to fully understand this complex interaction.
Theory of percolation in fluids of long molecules

We use the reference interaction site model (RISM) integral equation theory to study the percolation behavior of fluids composed of long molecules. We examine the roles of hard core size and of length-to-width ratio on the percolation threshold. The critical density ρc is a nonmonotonic function of these parameters exhibiting competition of different effects. Comparisons with Monte Carlo calculations of others are reasonably good. For critical exponents, the theory yields γ=2ν=2 for molecules of any noninfinite lengthL. WhenL is very large, the theory yields ρc∼L −2. These predictions compare favorably with observations of the conductivity for random assemblies of conductive fibers. The threshold region where asymptotic scaling holds requires the correlation length ξ∼(δρ/ρ c ) −v to be much larger thanL. Evidently, the range of densities in this region diminishes asL increases, requiring that density deviations from ρc be no larger thanδρ∼L −2. Otherwise, crossover behavior will be observed.
Progress towards understanding and predicting heat transfer in the turbine gas path

A new era is dawning in the ability to predict convection heat transfer in the turbine gas path. We feel that the technical community now has the capability to mount a major assault on this problem, which has eluded significant progress for a long time. In this paper we hope to make a case for this bold statement by reviewing the state of the art in three major and related areas, which we believe are indispensable to the understanding and accurate prediction of turbine gas path heat transfer: configuration-specific experiments, fundamental physics and model development, and code development. We begin our review with the configuration-specific experiments, whose data have provided the big picture and guided both the fundamental modeling research and the code development. Following that, we examine key modeling efforts and comment on what will be needed to incorporate them into the codes. In this region we concentrate on bypass transition, 3D endwalls, and film cooling. We then review progress and directions in the development of computer codes to predict turbine gas path heat transfer. Finally, we cite examples and make observations on the more recent efforts to do all this work in a simultaneous, interactive, and more synergistic manner. We conclude with an assessment of progress, suggestions for how to use the current state of the art, and recommendations for the future.
Simultaneous representation of interval and interval-containment orders

We characterize the polysemic interval pairs—pairs of posets that admit simultaneous interval and interval-containment representations—and present algorithms to recoginze them and construct polysemic interval representations.
Physical activity and exercise in children with chronic health conditions

Abstract In the last two or three decades, physical activity (PA) has gained increasing recognition as being essential for maintaining good health and improving quality of life for all ages. Children have traditionally been active in both free play and organized sports. However, there has been a recent decline in the PA levels among children for various reasons. This lifestyle change has resulted in increased obesity accompanied by a rise in diabetes and cardiovascular risk among otherwise healthy children. These lifestyle changes have been shown to be even more a problem when the child is already affected by a chronic disease. Due to medical limitations and contraindications, much care must be taken to make certain that these children are involved in the appropriate volume and intensity of exercise. The type of activity must also be given careful consideration to avoid undue risk for the child who may have problems such as poor balance, limited strength, poor vision, or cognitive disability. Further complications are either caused or exacerbated by lack of sufficient PA. The priority beyond concern for safety should be focused on ensuring the highest quality of life possible. The purpose of this review is to examine how PA can benefit children with selected chronic health conditions.
Myotonia associated with caveolin‐3 mutation

Introduction: Caveolin-3 is a major component of the caveolae in skeletal and cardiac muscle.Mutations in the caveolin-3 gene (CAV3) lead to a spectrum of clinical phenotypes including limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 1C, distal myopathy, rippling muscle disease, isolated hyperCKemia, and cardiomyopathy. Case Report: A 24-year-old man with myalgia, muscle stiffness, and fatigue has normal strength and prominent myotonic discharges in the gastrocnemius. He also has epilepsy. He harbors a heterozygous CAV3 mutation, p.V57M. He has no mutations in CLCN1 and SCN4A, and he had normal genetic testing for myotonic dystrophy type 1 and type 2. Conclusions: Mutations in CAV3, and in particular p.V57M in CAV3, previously reported in isolated familial hyperCKemia, can be associated with electrical myotonia. Muscle Nerve 45: 897-900, 2012
DISPERSIVE EFFECTS IN ELECTRON-NUCLEUS INTERACTIONS

Elastic scattering of electrons from nuclei is influenced by the possibility of virtual transitions to excited nuclear states in intermediate states. Such dispersive corrections to electron-deuteron elastic scattering are calculated in second order Born approximation for incident electron energies from 200 to 500 Mev for various values of the momentum transfer. The static second- order Born formulas are also evaluated. Similar, but less accurate, calculations are carried out for He/sup 4/, C/sup 12/, and some heavier elements. These results are used to find small corrections to nuclear radii obtained from an analysis of the Stanford experiments. Dispersive effects on the energy level shifts in bound s states of hydrogenic atoms are calculated, using second-order perturbation theory for the deviation of the nuclear charge distribution from a point charge. These small shifts are evaluated for deuterium and He/sup 4/ and, less accurately, for other nuclei with Z < 50. (auth)
Kearnemalvastrum, a new genus of Malvaceae

Reevaluation of the generic limits ofMalvastrum A. Gray requires the transfer of several species. Among these,M. lacteum (Ait.) Garcke andM. subtriflorum (Lag.) Hemsley of Central America and Colombia form a natural alliance differing fromMalvastrum in morphological, cytological, and ecological characteristics and are recognized as a new genus,Kearnemalvastrum. The affinities ofKearnemalvastrum within the tribe Malveae are uncertain. Despite the fact thatK. lacteum andK. subtriflorum occupy similar ecological situations, are fully interfertile, and apparently hybridize to some degree in nature, they do maintain their identity and, therefore, are recognized as species.
The preparation of 2-hydrazinyl esters in high optical purity from 2-sulfonyloxy esters

Abstract Chiral 2-triflyloxy esters, prepared from chiral 2-hydroxy esters, react enantiospecifically wilh BocNHNH 2 to produce optically pure 2-hydrazinyl ester derivatives in high yields. The reaction of 2-nosyloxy esters with BocNHNH 2 gives 2-(Bochydrazinyl) esters, thus providing an efficient (albeit slow) method for the conversion of esters to 2-hydrazinyl ester derivatives.
Spontaneous lateral composition modulation in AlAs/InAs short period superlattices via the growth front

The spontaneous formation of lateral composition modulation in AlAs/lnAs short period superlattices on InP (001) substrates has been investigated. Transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction reciprocal space mapping show that the lateral modulation is very regular, with a periodicity along the [110] direction on the order of 180A. A surprising: result is that this material system also exhibits a lateral modulation along the [1–10] direction, with a periodicity of 330A. Reflection high energy electron diffraction performed during the deposition revealed that the reconstruction changed from (2 × 1) during the InAs deposition cycle to (1 × 2) during the AlAs cycle, which may be related to the presence of the modulation in both directions. High magnification transmission electron micrographs show that the surface is undulated and that these undulations correlate spatially with composition modulation. Detailed analysis of the images shows that the contrast observed is indeed due to composition modulation. Photoluminescence from the modulated layer is strongly polarized and red-shifted by 220 meV.
Marshallian recursive preferences and growth

Abstract Although Alfred Marshall adhered to the classical doctrine of impatience, he thought that the act of saving might itself confer utility. We model this by making the discount factor a function of savings. In addition to providing an intuitive rationale for increasing marginal impatience, “Marshallian time preference” has interesting implications for macroeconomics. Marshallian preferences lower interest rates, by stimulating savings. Paradoxically, it is possible for a tax cut to lower interest rates in a Marshallian economy. In a growth model with Marshallian consumers, a permanent increase in government expenditures causes “super-crowding-out” of consumption and reduces the steady-state capital stock.
Evidence that a synthetic amyloid-ß oligomer-binding peptide (ABP) targets amyloid-ß deposits in transgenic mouse brain and human Alzheimer’s disease brain

The synthetic ~5 kDa ABP (amyloid-s binding peptide) consists of a region of the 228 kDa human pericentrioloar material-1 (PCM-1) protein that selectively and avidly binds in vitro Aβ1-42 oligomers, believed to be key co-drivers of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but not monomers (Chakravarthy et al., (2013) [3]). ABP also prevents As1-42 from triggering the apoptotic death of cultured human SHSY5Y neuroblasts, likely by sequestering As oligomers, suggesting that it might be a potential AD therapeutic. Here we support this possibility by showing that ABP also recognizes and binds Aβ1-42 aggregates in sections of cortices and hippocampi from brains of AD transgenic mice and human AD patients. More importantly, ABP targets Aβ1-42 aggregates when microinjected into the hippocampi of the brains of live AD transgenic mice.
Rheumatoid arthritis: Designing and implementing a treatment plan

Treating rheumatoid arthritis can be very satisfying when patients participate fully in designing and implementing their therapeutic strategy. However, the strategy's success depends on early intervention and disease modification. Many patients do well when education, rest, diet, exercise, and drug therapy are incorporated into an individualized regimen.
Fertility evaluation of frozen/thawed semen

In vitro semen analyses have been used for more than half a century to estimate the fertilizing potential of a semen sample. Unfortunately, none of the assays developed provide results that consistently correlate well with fertility. The reasons for this lack of consistency, due in part to the complexity of the spermatozoon itself, the collection of fertility data, and factors beyond control of the semen analyses themselves, are discussed. Different spermatozoal attributes that are necessary for a spermatozoon to fertilize an oocyte are presented and assays used to evaluate each attribute described. Although laboratory assay results do not correlate well with semen fertility, the importance of conducting laboratory assays on every semen sample used for artificial insemination or to attempt to determine causes for infertility, is discussed.
Preliminary Remediation Goals for Terrestrial Wildlife

ABSTRACT Remediation of contaminated sites requires information on upper concentration limits of chemicals in environmental media that are protective of ecological receptors. These upper concentration limits can be considered ecological preliminary remediation goals (EcoPRGs). The motivation for developing EcoPRGs was to provide risk managers with a simple tool for evaluating remedial actions that would be protective of the environment. Hazard quotient calculations used to support ecological screening assessments were modified to derive soil EcoPRGs for terrestrial wildlife populations. The primary modification is a population area use factor that is the fraction of a terrestrial animal population potentially affected by the contaminated site. Wildlife assessment population boundaries are based on a receptor's dispersal distance; for mammals dispersal distance is strongly related to the linear dimension (square root) of home range. Assuming that wildlife are unlikely to disperse beyond some distance from ...
Heat transfer with laminar flow in a concentric annulus with prescribed wall temperatures

An analysis has been performed to determine the heat transfer charac-teristics for laminar forced-convection flow in a concentric annulus with prescribed surface temperatures. The temperatures of the inside and outside walls of the annulus are considered to be different. The temperature distri-butions were determined by utilizing the method of superposition. By way of illustration, numerical results for heat fluxes, mixing cup temperatures, and Nusselt numbers are presented graphically.
Synthesizing linear-array algorithms from nested for loop algorithms

The mapping of algorithms structured as depth-p nested FOR loops into special-purpose systolic VLSI linear arrays is addressed. The mappings are done by using linear functions to transform the original sequential algorithms into a form suitable for parallel execution on linear arrays. A feasible mapping is derived by identifying formal criteria to be satisfied by both the original sequential algorithm and the proposed transformation function. The methodology is illustrated by synthesizing algorithms for matrix multiplication and a version of the Warshall-Floyd transitive closure algorithm. >
8-(4-Bromo-2,3-dioxobutylthio)guanosine 5'-triphosphate: a new affinity label for purine nucleotide sites in proteins.

Abstract A new affinity label, 8-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutylthio)guanosine 5′-triphosphate (8-BDB-TGTP), has been synthesized by initial reaction of GTP to form 8-Br-GTP, followed by its conversion to 8-thio-GTP, and finally coupling with 1,4-dibromobutanedione to produce 8-BDB-TGTP. 8-BDB-TGTP and its synthetic intermediates were characterized by thin-layer chromatography, UV, 31 P NMR spectroscopy, as well as by bromide and phosphorus analysis. Escherichia coli adenylosuccinate synthetase is inactivated by 8-BDB-TGTP at pH 7.0 at 25°C. Pretreatment of the enzyme with N -ethylmaleimide (NEM) blocks the exposed Cys 291 and leads to simple pseudo-first-order kinetics of inactivation. The inactivation exhibits a nonlinear relationship of initial inactivation rate versus 8-BDB-TGTP concentration, indicating the reversible association of 8-BDB-TGTP with the enzyme prior to the formation of a covalent bond. The inactivation kinetics exhibit an apparent K I of 115 μM and a k max of 0.0262 min −1 . Reaction of the NEM-treated adenylosuccinate synthetase with 8-BDB-[ 3 H]TGTP results in 1 mol of reagent incorporated/mol of enzyme subunit. Adenylosuccinate or IMP plus GTP completely protects the enzyme against 8-BDB-TGTP inactivation, whereas IMP or GTP alone provide partial protection against inactivation. AMP is much less effective in protection. The results of ligand protection studies suggest that E. coli adenylosuccinate synthetase may accommodate 8-BDB-TGTP as a GTP analog. The new affinity label may be useful for identifying catalytic amino acid residues of protein proximal to the guanosine ring.
Superior temporal gyrus differences in childhood-onset schizophrenia

The posterior superior temporal gyrus (STG) is the approximate site of Wernicke's area, a language region, which in previous studies has been reported to be abnormal in adults with schizophrenia. The present study assesses volumetric differences in the superior temporal gyrus of subjects with childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS). MRI scans of 18 subjects diagnosed with childhood-onset schizophrenia and 16 age- and sex-matched normals were analyzed to assess possible volume differences. The COS subjects displayed significant enlargement of the right posterior superior temporal gyrus, showing white matter increases bilaterally in this region. Our findings are consistent with studies that have found increased volumes in temporal lobe regions in COS and may provide a possible neural correlate for the language impairment observed in COS patients.
Thiophosphorylation of myosin light chain increases rigor stiffness of rabbit smooth muscle

1. The effect of thiophosphorylation of the regulatory myosin light chain (MLC20) on rigor stiffness was determined in permeabilized rabbit bladder smooth muscle. 2. Rigor stiffness of alpha-toxin-permeabilized smooth muscle was significantly increased by thiophosphorylation of MLC20. This increase may have been due to partial shortening (melting) in the proximal rod region and/or stiffening of the regulatory domain of the myosin head. 3. We suggest that phosphorylation of MLC20, by increasing the stiffness of the S1 lever arm and/or S2 hinge regions of the myosin molecule, favours separation of the two phosphorylated heads and consequent deinhibition of motor domain activity.