cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phytophthora infestans: the itinerant invader; “late blight”: the persistent disease

In most locations worldwide, populations of Phytophthora infestans are asexual and are often dominated by one or a few clonal lineages. The dominance in a population by any of these clonal lineages can be ephemeral. Studies in the USA and in the United Kingdom illustrate that dominance by any one clonal lineage may range from a year to two to fifteen years. In the eastern USA, lineage US22 dominated in 2009 and 2010. However, from 1994 to 2009, US8 was consistently dominant on potatoes throughout most of the continental USA. Migrations of exotic clonal lineages contribute substantially to changes in the population composition in most locations worldwide. Because these exotic strains can have “novel” phenotypic characteristics, they may not respond to traditional disease management techniques and thus may cause considerable damage which can lead to significant human suffering. Thus, while the disease persists in a location, the genotypes of P. infestans may change dramatically.
Big Data Initiatives in Psychiatry: Global Neuroimaging Studies

Big data and large-scale biobanks offer the potential to answer new types of questions as well as address older questions with greater confidence and rigor in order to overcome the ‘crisis of reproducibility’ in the neurosciences, in which findings from small datasets were often not replicated in independent samples. A recent paradigm shift has led to the formation of large-scale consortia that pool resources from around the world and significantly improve the power to establish the effects of genetics, and a large range of psychiatric disorders, on the brain in populations worldwide. The individual studies with diverse datasets from people with different ethnic and cultural backgrounds can now be pooled to combine evidence across collaborative studies to determine the robust brain signatures of psychiatric disorders, as well as factors that modulate them. In this chapter, we describe some of the efforts underway internationally to analyze mental health data in a coordinated way, as well as some of the challenges in comparing data from different studies. We discuss “Big Data” as international neuroimaging and genetic data, the need for large scale efforts in brain imaging and genetics, and the activities and findings from the psychiatry focused groups of the ENIGMA consortium, efforts developed to bring together researchers and resources to improve our understanding of how psychiatric disorders affect brain structure and function.
Epidemiological features of metabolic syndrome in residents aged 20-80 years in Pudong New District of Shanghai

Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MS) in residents in Pudong New District of Shanghai. Methods A total of 5 584 residents aged 20-80 years were randomly selected from Pudong New District of Shanghai through multistage sampling and interviewed from April to July of 2008. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to three diagnostic criteria for MS, issued by the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel Ⅲ criteria ( NCEP-ATP Ⅲ ), International Diabetes Federation (IDF), and Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS). Results The crude prevalences of MS in the adult population in Pudong New District were 18.2％ and 13.1％ standardized ( male 19. 1％, female 17.4％, the age-standardized 15.6％ and 13.2％ ) with CDS criterion, 31.8％ and 24.4％ standardized ( male 28.4％ ,female 35.1％ ,the agestandardized 22. 7％ and 25.0％ ) with NCEP-ATP Ⅲ criterion, and 21.7％ and 17.0％ standardized ( male 15.9％ ,female 26.7％, the age-standardized 13.8％ and 19.2％ ) with IDF criterion. The age-specific prevalence of MS increased according to three diagnostic criteria, and the age-adjusted prevalence was higher in males than females in junior age groups and higher in females than males in senior ones. Significant differences were present among region, education, marriage status, smoking, work intensity, recreation, and physical activity according to some diagnostic criteria. Conclusions Substantial proportions of adults in Pudong New District of Shanghai suffer from metabolic syndrome, and there exists a tendency for young people involved. MS has become a noteworthy public health problem. It suggests that community-integrated control strategy of MS should be made a priority. Key words: Metabolic syndrome; Prevalence; Cross-sectional study
A Scalable and Distributed Algorithm for Managing Residential Demand Response Programs Using Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM)

For effective engagement of residential demand-side resources and to ensure efficient operation of distribution networks, we must overcome the challenges of controlling and coordinating residential components and devices at scale. In this paper, we present a distributed and scalable algorithm with a three-level hierarchical information exchange architecture for managing the residential demand response programs. First, a centralized optimization model is formulated to maximize community social welfare. Then, this centralized model is solved in a distributed manner with alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) by decomposing the original problem to utility-level and house-level problems. The information exchange between the different layers is limited to the primary residual (i.e., supply-demand mismatch), Lagrangian multipliers, and the total load of each house to protect each customer’s privacy. Simulation studies are performed on the IEEE 33 bus test system with 605 residential customers. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach can reduce customers’ electricity bills and reduce the peak load at the utility level without much affecting customers’ comfort and privacy. Finally, a quantitative comparison of the distributed and centralized algorithms shows the scalability advantage of the proposed ADMM-based approach, and it gives benchmarking results with achievable value for future research works.
Rethinking Creativity: Inside-the-Box Thinking as the Basis for Innovation

This book presents a new perspective on creativity: that creative innovation depends on inside-of-the-box thinking. It shows that creativity builds on what we know and how we use old ideas to produce new ones. In a highly readable format, Robert W. Weisberg uses case studies of seminal creative advances, such as Leonardo's 'Aerial Screw' and Frank Lloyd Wright's award-winning house, 'Fallingwater.' These fascinating examples are evaluated alongside cutting-edge research to present an analysis of creativity that challenges us to think differently about this intriguing cognitive ability.
Suitability of poly(butylene succinate) as a coating for paperboard convenience food packaging

Take out and convenience food packaging has seen rapid growth in recent years, particularly in the last few months due to restrictions of in-restaurant dining. Paper-based packaging is often though...
Effects of spatial energy distribution-induced porosity on mechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion 316L stainless steel

Abstract Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing (AM) offers a variety of advantages over traditional manufacturing, however its usefulness for manufacturing of high-performance components is currently hampered by internal defects (porosity) created during the LPBF process that have an unknown impact on global mechanical performance. By inducing porosity distributions through variations in print energy density and inspecting the resulting tensile samples using computed tomography, nearly 50,000 pores across 75 samples were identified. Porosity characteristics were quantitatively extracted from inspection data and compared with mechanical properties to understand the strength of relationships between porosity and global tensile performance. Useful porosity characteristics were identified for prediction of part performance. Results indicate that ductility and strain at ultimate tensile strength are the global tensile properties most significantly impacted by porosity and can be predicted with reasonable accuracy using simple porosity shape descriptors such as volume, diameter, and surface area. Moreover, it was found that the largest pores influenced behavior most significantly. Specifically, pores in excess of 125 µm in diameter were found to be a sufficient threshold for property estimation. These results establish an initial understanding of the complex defect-performance relationship in AM 316L stainless steel and can be leveraged to develop certification standards and improve confidence in part quality and reliability for the broader set of engineering alloys.
Affective, Effective Feedback

This short paper describes some helpful tips to assist law school faculty who seek to incorporate autonomy supportive techniques into their written feedback.
Policies and Curriculums: Remediation Methods in English Instruction at America’s Community Colleges

College and career readiness is a focal area within the United States for student achievement within the context of global competitiveness. Despite recent efforts to focus on the college and career readiness of America’s students, national data has proven that many students are not prepared for college and need remedial intervention upon entrance into college. This discussion focuses on efforts at community colleges, specifically in the area of literacy, as they work to increase student retention and student success. Recent methods include developmental courses, co-requisite models, and statewide initiatives to determine how to best meet students’ academic needs, while considering faculty voice and administrative and cost efficiency. Community colleges can serve as grounds to determine how various models of remediation work to ensure that college students can be served in the best capacity for their academic needs, excel in their programs of choice, and in turn, be competitive global citizens.
Beyond poverty as a proxy: reducing inequality in infant mortality by identifying and targeting higher risk births

Abstract Infant mortality remains high and uneven in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Given finite resources, reducing premature mortality requires effective tools to identifying left-behind populations at greatest risk. While countries routinely use income- or poverty-based thresholds to target policies, we examine whether models that consider other factors can substantially improve our ability to target policies to higher-risk births. Using machine learning methods, and 25 commonly available variables that can be observed prior to birth, we construct child-level risk scores for births in 22 sub-Saharan African countries. We find that targeting based on poverty, proxied by income, is only slightly better than random targeting, with the poorest 10 percent of the population experiencing approximately 10 percent of total infant mortality burden. By contrast the 10 percent of the population at highest risk according to our model accounts for 15-30% of infants deaths, depending on country. A hypothetical intervention that can be administered to 10% of the population and prevents just 5% of the deaths that would otherwise occur, for example, would save roughly 841,000 lives if targeted to the poorest decile, but over 1.6 million if targeted using our approach.
Site Engineering indexing of rock

An "Engineering Index" has been developed, (Aufmuth, 1972) for use at field sites, by means of which the pertinent characteristics of the intact and in situ rock mass may be presented in a brief, clear, and relevant manner. The Engineering Index consists of two parts; a lithologic and an engineering description. The latter is determined accurately from field index tests which have been directly correlated to laboratory investigational procedures. The Engineering Index allows for the rapid and economical determination of the engineering properties of rock materials under field conditions and facilitates the acquisition of design data and experience translation from site to site.
Scattering control using metasurfaces for objects beyond the quasi-static limit

In this paper, we present a methodology for manipulating the scattering signature of an object using a single layer ultrathin metasurface. In contrast to previous work on metasurface cloaks where isotropic impedance surfaces have been considered, the metasurface coating considered here has both non-vanishing tangential and radial responses. As a result, its anisotropy can be engineered to tailor the scattering properties of a coated object with a moderate size beyond the quasi-static limit. As two proof-of-concept examples, near-perfect metasurface-based electromagnetic cloaking and illusion effects will be presented.
A new SIV co-receptor, STRL33.

The identification last year of chemokine receptors as fusion co-factors for HIV-11,2,3,4,5,6 has contributed significantly towards understanding HIV transmission and AIDS pathogenesis (see ref. 7 for a review). Because the experimental infection of rhesus macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and the resulting development of an AIDS-like illness is the best animal model for HIV disease in humans8, identifying SIV co-receptors analogous to those used by HIV has obvious importance. We now report that STRL33, a chemokine receptor-like orphan receptor expressed in activated human lymphocytes and acting as a fusion co-factor with envelope glycoproteins (Envs) from HIV-1 strains of diverse tropisms9, is a co-receptor for SIV.
Special thematic issue on game-based learning

A review of submissions to Educational Technology Research and Development in the last 2 years indicated that the topic receiving the most submissions was game-based learning. Not surprisingly, high interest in game-based learning has resulted in a backlog of accepted papers on this topic. The editors decided that it would make sense to readers to have a special thematic issue comprised of some of these papers. This issue contains seven of those papers. To facilitate your reading, we briefly describe these seven papers here. The first article in this series is by Gunter, Kenny and Vick. In this article Gunter and her colleagues argue that in the mad rush to create educational games many designers have ignored basic instructional principles. Their RETAIN (Relevance Embedding Translation Adaptation Immersion & Naturalization) model is aimed at correcting this deficiency. The second article by Fengfeng Ke addresses the application of computer games with regard to their cognitive, metacognitive and affective impact on learners and learning performance. The third article by Schrader and McCreery addresses the issue of acquiring sill and developing expertise through massively multiplayer games. The fourth article by Feldon and Kafai focuses on avatars in virtual worlds; they propose a mixed methods approach to analyzing avatar-related activities in order to make sense of what learners might be thinking and understanding. The article by Seung Yoon also focuses on a key research issue pertaining to the assessment of game-based activities—namely, how teams form and how groups develop in virtual environments. The article by Nelson and Erlandson focuses on the important design consideration of managing cognitive load in game-based learning environments. The last article in this thematic issue by Kinzie addresses the well-known but not so well-understood issue of gender differences in middle school children with regard to technology and games; her focus is also on the implications for the design of educational games.
The genetics and biology of Phytophthora infestans: modern approaches to a historical challenge.

The oomyceteous fungus Phytophthora infestans, which causes the late blight diseases of potato and tomato, has a history that is closely associated with that of mycology and plant pathology. Nevertheless, P. infestans and other oomycetes remain poorly understood relative to fungi in other groups. A resurgence in the worldwide impact of late blight has recently increased interest in the species. Fortunately, over the past decade improved tools for laboratory analysis have been developed which provide an opportunity to advance our understanding of this important pathogen. Since oomycetes do not have a close taxonomic affinity with well-characterized organisms such as ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, it is likely that studies of P. infestans will yield novel biological findings. This review provides an update on the status of research into the fundamental aspects of the biology, genetics, and pathology of P. infestans and describes prospects for future advances.
Retinoic Acid and Triiodothyronine Stimulate ADP-Ribosyl Cyclase Activity in Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Abstract Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is a nucleotide synthesized from β-NAD+that can trigger or facilitate Ca2+-release through ryanodine-channels. We investigated the synthesis of cADPR (ADPR-cyclase activity) in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from rat aorta in response to incubation with all-trans-retinoic acid (RA), 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine (T3), cortisol, β-estradiol and 1-dehydrotestosterone. Only RA and T3caused concentration-dependent (10−9− 10−6M) stimulation of ADPR-cyclase activity in VSMC. Maximum stimulatory responses to RA (+100%) and T3(+40%) were additive and the stimulatory effects of both hormones on ADPR-cyclase were due to an increase in Vmax without changes in the apparent Km. These observations indicate that in VSMC synthesis of cADPR can be upregulated by RA and T3. We propose that some of the actions of RA on VSMC such as enhancement of contractile competence, differentiation, and anti-proliferative effects might be elicited, at least in part, via upregulation of the cADPR/Ca2+-release signaling system.
Economic analysis of heat transmission from low temperature geothermal sources

Abstract The costs of transmitting low temperature geothermal water (150–300°F) was evaluated as a function of well head temperature, distance between the geothermal field and the energy usage site, and total energy demand of the system. It was found that transmission was not practical beyond 2–3 miles and that economies of scale are very important. Energy demand should be above 50 × 106 B.t.u/hr. For drying operations located within a 3 mile radius of a 270°F geothermal source, energy costs are within the $1.50–$3.00/106 B.t.u. range and could become competitive.
Absence of Kynurenine in Hair of Patients with Scleroderma

ONE of the diseases in which there may be a defect of tryptophane metabolism is scleroderma. This belief is based on such experimental evidence as the increased excretion of the intermediate metabolites of tryptophane after oral administration of large doses of trytophane1. One of these metabolites, kynurenine, has been identified in water extracts of rat hair2. It seemed of interest, therefore, to determine whether or not kynurenine could be found in the hair of patients with scleroderma. Kynurenine has not been reported in previous analyses of normal human hair3,4.
Women and the Art of Peacemaking: Data from Israeli‐Palestinian Interactive Problem‐Solving Workshops

Are women "natural" peacemakers? If so, is this because of natural inclinations to avoid conflict or to engage in tough discussions? Are there particular skills in which women excel that make them more likely than their male counterparts to be able to build relational bridges, to facilitate negotiations, and to reduce tensions? After a review of the literature on gender differences in such skills, a systematic comparison of interaction quality is made between two Israeli-Palestinian interactive problem-solving workshops that differed only in gender composition. A third Israeli-Palestinian workshop that involved female political elites is also examined for subsequent changes in the conflict relationship or for changes in political activity. The implications of different repertoires of skills for altering political processes are discussed. Language: en
Differential effects of antiepileptic drugs on sexual function and reproductive hormones in men with epilepsy: interim analysis of a comparison between lamotrigine and enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs.

Summary: Purpose: We compared sexual function and reproductive hormone levels among men with localization-related epilepsy (LRE) taking various antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and normal controls (NC). Methods: Subjects were 63 men with LRE [enzyme-inducing (EI) AEDs, 36; lamotrigine (LTG), 18; no AEDs, 9] and 18 NC. Sexual interest and function (S-score), hormone levels [bioactive testosterone (BAT) and estradiol (BAE)], hormone ratios [BAT/BAE], and gonadal efficiency [BAT/luteinizing hormone (LH)] were compared among the groups. Results: S-scores, BAT levels, BAT/BAE, and BAT/LH were significantly lower in the EIAED group than in NC or LTG groups. Sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) was significantly higher in the EIAED group than in all other groups. Of men with LRE, 23.8% had abnormally low S-scores: 33.3% taking EIAEDs, 5.5% taking LTG, and 22.2% taking no AEDs (p < 0.01). BAT was low in 55.6% taking EIAEDs as compared with 33.3% taking LTG and 33.3% taking no AEDs (p < 0.05). Among men with low S-scores, 86.7% had low BAT as compared with 33.3% of men with normal scores (p < 0.01). BAT decline with age was greater among men with LRE than in controls (3.75 vs. 1.80 ng/dl/yr). The slope showed no significant difference among LRE groups. However, 89% of 40- to 50-year-old men taking EIAEDs had low BAT as compared with 33% taking LTG and 33% taking no AED (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Sexual function, BAT levels, BAT/BAE, and gonadal efficiency are greater with LTG than with EIAED. Abnormally low BAT levels are reached at an earlier age with EIAEDs than with LTG.
Opinion survey of health care providers towards psychogenic non epileptic seizures.

Abstract Objectives Psychogenic non epileptic seizures (PNES) are challenging conditions to diagnose and manage. Previous workers have investigated the opinion of health care providers towards PNES; still several lacunae remain to be stressed. Amongst health care professionals, opinion of nurses has not been adequately explored. We attempted to identify areas which need more emphasis to provide optimal care to the patients. Patients and methods We approached 417 health care providers (HCP; primary care, neurology and in-patient nurses) with a questionnaire regarding their opinion of PNES. Results Total 115 respondents responded to our survey. We found one-thirds of respondent favoured “non-epileptic seizure” as the preferred diagnostic term. Although majority (61%) of responders felt that PNES were involuntary, 48% of nurses felt that PNES are ‘fake’ and patients have voluntary control over them. Neurologists and nurses expressed high level of confidence in managing patients of PNES. About 1/3rd (35%) of responders did not feel video EEG (vEEG) to be always required for the diagnosis of PNES. Only a minority (15%) of healthcare providers favor unrestricted driving by patients of PNES in setting of ongoing seizures. Conclusion Our findings highlight areas where more emphasis needs to be placed regarding PNES amongst HCPs. More emphasis needs to be placed on the involuntary nature of these episodes within the HCP community. It might be necessary to more strongly address the education of nurses and residents for this condition.
Seasonal variations in the soluble ion content of snow at Summit. Greenland: Constraints from three years of daily surface snow samples

Abstract Daily samples of the surface snow at Summit, Greenland were collected from June 1997 to April 1998 and then from August 2000 to August 2002. Concentrations of nine soluble ions (only eight in the first year) were determined in order to assess the validity of seasonal variations in snow composition at this site inferred from earlier snowpit and core studies. Strong and consistently sharp spring (April) peaks in dust, and broader summer (June–August) enhancements of NH 4 + and excess Cl - in the surface snow fully support the timing of these signals inferred from the pit profiles. Sea-salt reached maximum concentrations in the surface snow in late winter (February–March), based on averaging all three years of monthly means, but showed different patterns in winter each of the years. This is also consistent with the variable late-winter to spring timing inferred from pits. Simulated snowpit profiles constructed from the surface snow samples compared well with the ion profiles recovered from well dated snowpits sampled in this investigation, suggesting that early postdepositional changes do not greatly impact the glaciochemical records preserved at Summit. Nitrate in the real snowpits was approximately 25% lower than in simulated pits, this was the worst agreement for any ion but is consistent with several processes being known to deplete NO 3 - from near-surface snow.
Laser optometer incorporating the Badal principle

The refractive state of the eye can be accurately determined while performing a visual task by introducing the diverged beam of a laser, reflected from a moving drum, into the visual field. The direction of the apparent motion of the resultant interference pattern is a direct indicator of refractive state. By incorporation of the Badal principle into the optical system, a measurement can be completed within approximately 30 sec. The advantage of this method over other techniques is that it permits evaluation of refractive state but does not itself influehce the magnitude of accommodation. A number of applications of this principle are cited.
Discovering Open Access Art History: A Comparative Study of the Indexing of Open Access Art Journals

This article evaluates the indexing of open access art journals in four frequently utilized art indexes: Art Full Text, ARTBibliographies Modern, Art & Architecture Complete, and Bibliography of the History of Art/International Bibliography of Art. The authors also compare the indexing of open access journals in Google Scholar to that in the traditional indexes mentioned above and demonstrate that the commercial indexes currently lag behind Google Scholar in terms of content coverage. This article argues that increased indexing of open access art journals in the traditional, subject-specific indexes will be integral to their acceptance within the discipline of art history.
An efficient method for solving the quantum liouville equation: applications to electronic absorption spectroscopy

Abstract We examine a method for solving Liouville's equation, consisting of successive application of short time propagators which are evaluated by using fast Fourier transforms. The method is examined numerically by computing electronic absorption spectra. The procedure is very efficient when applied to the study of short time dynamics of systems whose quantum degrees of freedom are spatially localized.
The Cuban armed forces, the party and society in wartime and during rectification (1986–88)

In 1986–88 the Cuban government adopted a policy of ‘rectification’ at home, in part to foster non‐material incentives; abroad, in 1987–88, appealing to patriotism and internationalism, it sent 15,000 troops to Angola to reinforce 35,000 already there, to confront South Africa's military. Given Cuba's post‐19508 tradition of ‘learning from the military’, and these two appeals to non‐material factors, were military institutions in non‐combat situations more effective than civilian institutions at productive, socializing, managerial and symbolic tasks? And what of the communist party's work‐styles under these conditions? The evidence indicates that the armed forces perform no better than civilian agencies, and that the communist party has been ineffective at these tasks.
Cause of sea fan death in the West Indies

A fungus from the genus Aspergillus is the probable agent of epizootic infections that have caused mass mortality of sea fan corals (Gorgonia ventalina) over the past 15 years1,2. Here we show that four strains of the fungus involved in these infections are members of the species Aspergillus sydowii, a common saprobe (an organism that lives on decaying matter) that is found in both terrestrial and marine environments. Isolates of A. sydowii taken from diseased sea fans caused new infections of sea fans in inoculation experiments, whereas isolates taken from elsewhere did not.
Comments on the claimed difference between the thermal and elastic Debye temperatures of copper near 0° K

Abstract Contrary to a recent letter, we point out that both theory and experiment support the equality of thermal and elastic Debye temperatures for copper at the absolute zero.
Influence of Classroom and School Climate on Teacher Perceptions of Student Problem Behavior

Reducing student problem behavior remains a leading concern for school staff, as disruptive and aggressive behavior interferes with student achievement and the school climate. However, the multi-systemic nature of schools makes it difficult for researchers and practitioners to identify factors influencing to students' behavior. The current study examined student problem behavior through an ecological lens by taking into account individual (e.g., gender, ethnicity, prosocial behavior), classroom (e.g., class size, average classroom behavior), and school-level factors (e.g., location, school climate). Using data from 37 elementary schools, 467 classrooms, and 8,750 students, a series of hierarchical linear models was tested. Multilevel analyses revealed that while individual student characteristics had the largest influence on problem behavior, average prosocial behavior and concentration problems of students within the classroom, as well as teacher perceptions of the school climate significantly related to how students behaved. These findings support the use of classroom-based intervention programs to reduce student problem behavior.
Information needs of firms in financial distress

During the 1980s, increased competition, limited resources, escalating costs, and turbulent markets caused financial crises in many firms. A new type of professional, the turnaround manager, emerged during these difficult times to guide many firms back to profitability and growth. This research identifies the information needs of turnaround managers relative to what information is important, what information is available, the attributes of important information, and the uses of that information. The first major finding is that information important to turnaround managers is not available at the onset of their engagements; therefore firms experiencing financial crises also are experiencing information crises. The second major finding is that turnaround managers want current financial and working capital analyses broken out by cost/profit centres. They need these analyses reported monthly to improve cash flow and defer debt. These findings are useful for the chief executive officers and management information systems managers as they assess their firms' information requirements for the 1990s.
Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves by Buried and Partly Buried Bodies of Revolution

Scattering by buried metal or dielectric objects have beensolved by the unimoment method and the T-matrix method. The T-ma-trix method is limited to inhomogeneity of the medium of the layeredvariety, so it cannot be applied to the partly buried scatterer. The uni-moment method, using finite element in the inhomogeneous part, solvesthe partly buried problem with no fundamental difficulty. This paperpresents the adaptation of the unimoment method to the partly buriedscattering problem. An automatic mesh generation strategy and a spe-cial boundary function set on the unimoment sphere are discussed indetail. These are the key additions to the prior work that make thesolutions to the partly buried problems possible. The computed resultsare numerically checked, indicating good stability. The method can beapplied to investigate geological exploration problems, where the de-posits rise above the surface, it may also be applied to investigate theeffects on measured fields due to nearby hills or valleys.
Dietary intake and serum concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin, but not macular pigment optical density, are related in spouses

Abstract Lutein and zeaxanthin, 2 carotenoids obtained from the diet, accumulate in the central retina where they are collectively called macular pigment. Although dietary intake of these carotenoids is directly related to tissue concentration, several factors, such as body mass index, appear to indirectly affect macular pigment concentrations. Individuals who consume similar diets and share factors that affect macular pigment, such as married couples, may have similar macular pigment levels. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relatedness of dietary, serum, and retinal concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin in married couples. Fifty participants, 25 male-female married couples, between 29 and 70 years of age participated in the study. Fruit and vegetable consumption as well as dietary intakes of macronutrients and carotenoids were assessed by a dietary questionnaire. Cholesterol concentrations were measured with reflectance photometry, and serum carotenoid concentrations were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography. Retinal carotenoids, defined as macular pigment optical density (MPOD), were measured by heterochromatic flicker photometry at 4 retinal loci. Dietary intake of lutein and zeaxanthin in the sample was related to serum lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations ( P = .01). Both dietary intake ( P = .04) and serum concentrations ( P = .003) of lutein and zeaxanthin were significantly related to MPOD at 30′ eccentricity. Wives' dietary intake ( P = .016) and serum concentrations ( P
Effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on retinal dopaminergic system in mice.

Abstract The neurotoxins methamphetamine (METH) and MPTP are well-known for their effects on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and use in modeling neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. It is not well-known though, how METH or MPTP affects the visual system and specifically the retinal dopaminergic system. This study was designed to examine acute effects of multiple doses of METH and MPTP on the retinal dopaminergic system. Mice were exposed to either low- (LD) 10 mg/kg total dose or high-dose (HD) 30 mg/kg total dose, of METH or MPTP and the retinal catecholaminergic system was analyzed by HPLC. METH produced no significant changes in dopamine (DA), its metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) or DA usage in the retina. LD-MPTP produced no change in DA level, but significantly decreased DOPAC and HVA. LD-MPTP also significantly decreased DA usage as measured by the DOPAC/DA and HVA/DA ratios. HD-MPTP significantly decreased DA, DOPAC and HVA, but did not affect DA usage. Taken together these results suggest that inhibition of the DA metabolizing enzymes monoamine oxidase A (MAO) or catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) may take place at lower doses of MPTP treatment; conversely, higher doses of MPTP may cause decreases in DA, DOPAC and HVA through another mechanism.
Lanthanide-transition metal chalcogenido cluster materials.

[(THF)3Sm(SePh)2Zn(SePh)2]n decomposes to give a variety of products, including [(THF)8Sm4Se(SePh)8]2+[Zn8Se(SePh)16]2-, an ionic cluster that can also be prepared in more than 60% yield by stoichiometric addition of Se to a mixture of Sm(SePh)3 and Zn(SePh)2. The isostructural Nd compound [(THF)8Nd4Se(SePh)8]2+[Zn8Se(SePh)16]2- was also prepared by the stoichiometric route to establish the viability of this cluster type with redox-inactive Ln. In addition, the salt [Yb(THF)6]3+[Fe4Se4(SePh)4]3- was isolated and structurally characterized. These ionic cluster materials illustrate the difficulties associated with doping Ln ions into covalent metal chalcogenido matrixes.
Au revoir to partnerships: what's next ?

Purpose – To review the current debates on partnership working and to examine whether a “fitness for purpose” test is an appropriate way of evaluating existing developments.Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines the conceptual frameworks within which the partnership discourse has been located, and reflects on whether this enables both practitioners and academics to make sense of the partnership literature and arrangements.Findings – The paper argues that existing frameworks are limited and suggests that alternative models need to be considered.Practical implications – The paper invites the practitioner/academic community to reassess existing models in the light of experience and analysis.Originality/value – The paper provides an alternative framework within which to situate partnership development and practice.
A 37-year-old man with chest pain, ECG changes, and elevated cardiac enzymes.

He has had chest pain and dyspnea for the past few months, but now they are worse. What is the most likely cause?
Turbulent Free Convection in Fresh and Salt Water: Some Characteristics Revealed by Visualization

Abstract Tracers were used to reveal the motions within the boundary layer on water in turbulent free convection. The technique of obtaining a thin sheet of light with an inexpensive laser and a cylindrical lens is suggested as a convenient tool for classroom demonstrations and research. Some facts about high Rayleigh number free convection, often not revealed by quantitative point sensors, which will be illustrated with the accompanying photographs are as follows: 1) the “whole” thermal boundary layer at the air-water interface participates in the convection through cyclic instabilities, 2) the form of the convection is predominantly vertical sheets originating from narrow lines in the interface (also observed with “schlieren” by Spangenberg and Rowland), 3) whether the boundary is rigid or free does not affect the appearance of these lines appreciably, 4) the lines move about in an unpredictable fashion and interact with each other, 5) entrainment away from the boundary very quickly broadens the convect...
Muscle wasting in chronic kidney disease: the role of the ubiquitin proteasome system and its clinical impact

Muscle wasting in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and other catabolic diseases (e.g. sepsis, diabetes, cancer) can occur despite adequate nutritional intake. It is now known that complications of these various disorders, including acidosis, insulin resistance, inflammation, and increased glucocorticoid and angiotensin II production, all activate the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) to degrade muscle proteins. The initial step in this process is activation of caspase-3 to cleave the myofibril into its components (actin, myosin, troponin, and tropomyosin). Caspase-3 is required because the UPS minimally degrades the myofibril but rapidly degrades its component proteins. Caspase-3 activity is easily detected because it leaves a characteristic 14kD actin fragment in muscle samples. Preliminary evidence from several experimental models of catabolic diseases, as well as from studies in patients, indicates that this fragment could be a useful biomarker because it correlates well with the degree of muscle degradation in dialysis patients and in other catabolic conditions.
The Distribution of IPO Holdings Across Institutional Mutual Funds

We examine initial public offering (IPO) holdings in the mutual funds of four large investment banks and five large non-investment banks during the period 1997 through 2002. Investment banks hold IPOs with different characteristics than IPOs held by non-investment banks, and they also tend to hold IPOs in different types of funds than non-investment banks. We classify holdings as to whether the IPO lies outside or inside the fund’s objective. Investment banks hold IPOs outside the fund objective in 27% of the fund/IPO pairs while non-investment banks hold outside their objective in just 5.4% of fund/IPO pairs. We see significant differences in IPO underpricing for both groups as well. For example, when non-investment banks hold IPOs outside a large capitalization fund objective, they select IPOs with 52% higher underpricing as measured by first-day returns.
Where does perception end and when does action start

Currently there is considerable interest in the notion that dorsal and ventral visual systems might differ in their specializations for thought and action. Behavior invariably involves multiple processes such as perception, judgment, and response execution. It is not clear that characteristics of the dorsal and ventral processing streams, as described by Norman, are entirely of a perceptual nature.
Helping Students Inquire in Their Own Backyard

(1982). Helping Students Inquire in Their Own Backyard. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 55, No. 9, pp. 405-409.
Chemical composition effects on the fracture of polystyrene‐block‐poly(methyl methacrylate)block copolymers

The crazing and fracture behaviors of glassy-glassy block copolymers were investigated for polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) diblock copolymers that had similar overall molecular weights but different poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) molar fractions. A liquid chromatography technique was applied to separate as-synthesized PS-b-PMMA [(1) weight-average molecular weight (M w ) = 94,000 g/mol and PMMA molar fraction = 0.35 and (2) M w = 65,000 g/ mol and PMMA molar fraction = 0.28] into three fractions with different chemical compositions. With a copper-grid technique, the fracture behaviors of 0.5-μm-thick PS-b-PMMA films were studied as a function of the applied strain. For the higher M w PS-b-PMMA samples, the median strains at crazing and fibril breakdown increased with an increase in the PMMA molar fraction from 0.24 to 0.46, corresponding to an increase in the chain entanglements in the PMMA domains. In contrast, for the lower M w samples, the two values were not significantly changed even when the PMMA molar fraction was varied from 0.16 to 0.35. M w of the minor component in PS-b-PMMA played a critical role in controlling the fracture behaviors of the block copolymers. Specifically, M w /M e of the minor component (where M e is the molecular weight between entanglements) had to be roughly larger than 2 for the block copolymers to sustain sufficient strains before fracture.
Neonatal pain. Exploring the ongoing debate.

Do clinicians regularly examine the arguments for or against the presence of pain in the patients for which they provide care? Pain is evident from the pulling and tugging away while trying to get a blood sample to the tears shed when inserting an intravenous line. Yet, to some physiologists and psychologists, the presence of pain in the neonate is a ubiquitous subject. How do neonates experience and interpret pain? Here's a look at the ongoing debate.
Expert systems and CAD databases

Database management systems and expert systems will be important components of integrated computer-aided design systems. A powerful, adaptable interface between these components Is necessary to build a comprehensive CAD system. The paper discusses the basic Issues involved in interfacing expert systems with database management systems and describes the architecture of a prototype system, KADBASE, that is currently under development. KADBASE is a flexible, knowledge-based interface In which multiple expert systems and multiple databases can communicate as Independent, self-descriptive components within an integrated, distributed engineering CAD system. The paper presents a detailed example to demonstrate the use of KADBASE in a typical engineering design application.
Does Antenatal Indomethacin Decrease the Incidence of Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage? 1173

Postnatal administration of indomethacin to preterm infants has been associated with a decreased incidence of severe intraventricular hemorrhage(IVH). However, maternal administration of indomethacin for preterm labor has been associated with increased neonatal complications, including severe IVH. Hypothesis: Antenatal indomethacin decreases the incidence of IVH in extremely premature infants. Method: Records of neonates between 24-28 wks of gestation, born from 1995-1997 to mothers in preterm labor were obtained from the hospital data base. Infants with prolonged premature rupture of membranes (> 18 hrs), no head ultrasound performed or incomplete records were excluded. Demographic variables were evaluated using T-test or Chi-square, as appropriate. Results: 109 infant met inclusion criteria, 26 infants were exposed to indomethacin and 83 were not. There were no difference between the two groups with respect to gestational age, birth weight, route of delivery, Apgar scores and maternal complications. Although the incidence of grades III-IV IVH was lower in the infants exposed to indomethacin (7% vs. 18%), this was not statistically different. There were no difference between the indomethacin-exposed and control groups with regard to incidence of NEC (15% vs. 13%), BPD (56% vs. 60%), PDA (50% vs. 66%), air leak(12% vs 24%), pulmonary hemorrhage (19% vs. 15%) and number of doses of surfactant (2.4% vs. 1.8%). Further analysis revealed that more mothers of indomethacin-exposed infants were given steroids prior to delivery (96% vs 61%, p < 0.001). Antenatal steroid administration was associated with a lower incidence of severe IVH (14% vs 45%, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Antenatal exposure to indomethacin among preterm infants is not associated with lower incidence of severe IVH nor increased occurrence of neonatal complications. Antenatal steroid administration significantly lowers the incidence of severe IVH in these infants.
Metal-ceramic interfaces: wetting and joining processes

Metallic alloys and ceramic materials are employed in aggressive and hostile environments, ranging from aerospace to energy production, from offshore to biological applications. Today, production requires materials able to survive for a long time at high temperatures, in highly aggressive atmospheres, both from the chemical and the mechanical points of view. No single material can offer these characteristics, so that "composite" structures (composites, multilayer materials, metal-ceramic joints) are designed and tested under extreme conditions. In this paper are presented the basic principles underlying joining technologies, which can be seen also as a particular process pertaining to solidification phenomena, a short discussion of the thermodynamic background of wetting processes, recent developments related to non-reactive and reactive wetting, the influence of trace chemical elements (in the solid, liquid and gaseous phases), and some specific aspects of brazing and transient liquid phase joining processes.