cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calculating Intercellular Stress in a Model of Collectively Moving Cells

Cells move together in groups during development, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. It remains unclear how collectively moving cells coordinate their motion. In addition to external chemoattractants and exchanging signaling molecules, cells may also respond to mechanical cues. We developed a model of collective cell migration under the assumption that cells align their motility force with the direction of their velocity. This simple mechanism leads to large scale velocity correlations, swirling motion in the bulk of monolayers, and finger-like protrusions at the edge [1]. In experimental studies, the inter- and intracellular stress in the monolayer has been calculated from measured traction forces between the cells and the substrate. Stress builds up successively towards the center of the tissue as the majority of the cells pull outwards [2]. While one dimensional stress profiles are based on a simple force balance, two dimensional stress maps require the additional assumption of an elastic tissue [3], and the validity of this assumption remains disputable. In our model simulations, both the forces on the substrate and the intercellular forces are accessible. We can therefore apply a second method to calculate the stress based on forces between cells. Stress patterns calculated with both methods agree, showing that recovery of the intercellular stress is indeed mostly independent of specific material properties.1. Basan, M., J. Elgeti, E. Hannezo, W.-J. Rappel and H. Levine. PNAS. 2013.2. Trepat, X., M. R. Wasserman, T. E. Angelini, E. Millet, D. A. Weitz, J. P. Butler and J. J. Fredberg. Nat. Phys. 2009.3. Tambe, D. T., C. Corey Hardin, T. E. Angelini, K. Rajendran, C. Y. Park, X. Serra-Picamal, E. H. Zhou, M. H. Zaman, J. P. Butler, D. A. Weitz, J. J. Fredberg and X. Trepat. Nat. Mater. 2011.
Reconstruction of the clean and metal-adsorbed Ge(111) surface

The ion-bombardment-cleaned Ge(111) surface has been observed to undergo (\ensuremath{\surd}3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}3 )R30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} reconstruction prior to the (2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8) reconstruction. This (\ensuremath{\surd}3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}3 ) surface structure is also observed upon adsorption of Li and Ag. By comparing the measured low-energy electron-diffraction I-V curves of the clean surface (\ensuremath{\surd}3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}3 ) reconstructed structure with those of (\ensuremath{\surd}3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}3 ) structures of the Li- and Ag-adsorbed surfaces, it is concluded that all (\ensuremath{\surd}3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}3 ) structures result from surface reconstruction. In addition, a (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}3) structure on the Ge(111) surface has been also observed as a result of the adsorption of Li, Na, and K. The equivalence of the I-V curves for the three (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}3) structures indicates that germanium surface reconstruction is responsible for the (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}3) structure. The coverage dependence of the alkali-metal-induced reconstructions is identified.
Strategies for building consumer brand preference

The marketer’s principal objective is typically to build a relationship with buyers, rather than merely to make a single sale. Ideally, the essence of that relationship consists of a strong bond between the buyer and the brand. Outlines six strategies for building that relationship: linking the brand to a particular need; associating it with a pleasant mood; appealing to subconscious motives; conditioning buyers to prefer the brand through reward; penetrating perceptual and cognitive barriers to create preference; and providing attractive models for buyers to emulate. The choice of an individual strategy or combination depends mainly on the nature of the branded product or service. The success of the strategy depends heavily on the marketer’s understanding of the preference building and bonding process.
Space and the American Imagination

The introduction will set out the principal theme of the book: that the rise of the U.S. space program was due to a concerted effort by science writers, engineers, industrialists, and civic and political leaders to create a popular culture of space exploration based on important elements of American social life (such as frontier mythology, fears about the cold war, and the rise of the consumer culture). Much of the disillusionment with the NASA space program which set in during the third decade of space flight can be traced to a widening gap between popular expectations and the reality of space exploration.
Venezuelan Macronyssidae. I. The genera Acanthonyssus Yunker & Radovsky, and Argitis, n. gen.

The genus Acanthonyssus is redefined. Described from the female, male, deutonyrnph and protonyrnph is a 2nd species of Acanthonyssus, A. proechimys , n. sp., off Proechimys semispinosus (type-host) and P. guyannensis . Other infrequent records include Heteromys anomalus, Sigmodon hispidus and Zygodontomys brevicauda . A new genus, Argitis (monotypic for A. oryzomys , n. sp.), is erected for an Acanthonyssus -like form off Oryzomys concolor (type-host) and O. bicolor .
Galaxies at high redshift: progress and prospects

There has been considerable progress made in the discovery, observation, and understanding of high redshift galaxies in the last few years; most of this progress is attributable to greatly improved spectroscopy throughput made possible by state-of-the-art instruments on the new generation of 8-10m telescopes. Here we review a few of the areas in which substantial progress has been made, and discuss the future of high redshift galaxy work in the context of the observational facilities that are either in operation or soon to come.
Prevention of Alcohol Use and Abuse

The primary goal of educational alcohol prevention programs is to lower the overall prevalence of alcohol use and abuse among populations at risk for negative alcohol-related outcomes. Youth are primarily targeted for prevention since there is ample evidence that alcohol-related injuries constitute a major risk for this group in particular. Prevention includes a goal to delay the onset of regular consumption and decrease high-risk consumption among youth who do drink. No matter what definition of alcohol use or abuse is adopted, the goal of prevention is to lower the proportion of youth who engage in that type of use. Among those who already use or abuse alcohol by any definition, the goal of prevention is to reduce the average intensity of use and prevent the progression of consumption to more severe levels. Reducing high-risk consumption may include preventing drinking while driving as well as promoting "responsible" drinking. Prevention programs may include a focus on reducing or eliminating consumption among occasional users. Prevention is also targeted at adults, primarily focusing on reduction of alcohol-impaired driving, reduction of alcohol-related violence, and reduction of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
Modeling and Control of a Hybrid Fuel Delivery System Based on a Two-Phase Anodic Model of a PEM Fuel Cell

A polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEM FC) system for automotive applications should meet the rapid variable power demand by consuming the fuel, hydrogen. The fuel delivery system is designed to supply the hydrogen from tank to fuel cell system, and sometime re-circulate exhausted hydrogen to increase the fuel efficiency and maintain the humidity at the anode side for proper water management. The pressure in anode flow channel should track the pressure in cathode flow channel to prevent high pressure difference damage on the thin layers in cells with stable stiochiometric ratio of hydrogen. In this paper, we analyze a hybrid fuel delivery system that consists of two supply and two recirculation lines including a control valve, low pressure regulator, an ejector, and a blower. A quasi-1D two-phase transient fuel cell model is incorporated into the fuel delivery system for the design of controllers. A state feed-back controller were implemented and optimized, which is integrated with the fuel delivery and fuel cell system and be simulated to evaluate its tracking and rejection performance.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Alpha-particle-induced soft error rate modeling

Monte Carlo procedures have been developed to obtain soft error rates (SER). The SER for a 1μm groundrule DRAM, due to alphas enamating from processing materials, shows the prevalence of multiple errors. SER reducing methods, using epi-layers, buried implant layers and Hi-C structures have been evaluated and found to be marginally effective.
Changing conceptions of indications for surgical relief of prostatic obstruction

HEN a patient seeks reIief from definite symptoms of prostatic obstruction, such as a smaI1, sIow, interrupted stream that is diffIcuIt to initiate, termina1 dribbling, frequency, urgency and nocturia, the finding of considerabIe residua1 urine on examination aIways gives a physician a sense of security in his diagnosis and in his advice that surgical reIief of the obstruction is imperative. The presence of prostatic enrargement with marked symptoms of obstruction but with IittIe or no residua1 urine, however, presents a somewhat different problem. In such a case the patient may be as uncomfortabIe and incapacitated as is the patient with simiIar symptoms who is carrying a Iarge amount of residua1 urine. The difference Iies in the fact that the patient with a large amount of residua1 urine or one suffering from compIete urinary retention is in fairIy immediate danger of hl I f b ‘s i e ecause of the inevitabIe onset of such serious sequela as urinary infection and renaI insuffIciency. In Iight of this serious prognosis, surgica1 relief of the obstruction must be advised no matter what the risk of the operation might be. In a11 eras the conscientious physician has weighed the risk of disease against the risk of treatment. As a resuIt, when tota prostatectomy was the soIe method of surgica1 relief, many patients with prostatic obstruction were destined to years of suffering and to varying degrees of disabiIity because they were abIe to empty their bIadders suffrcientIy to avoid the possibiIity of an early renaI death unIess reIieved of the obstruction. It is quite natura1 that this shouId have been the case because MINNESOTA
Wide bandwidth frequency doubling and harmonic generation of Ti:sapphire laser radiation

We have designed and demonstrated two wide bandwidth passive frequency doublers capable of second harmonic generation over the entire 100 nm cavity optics bandwidth of a passively modelocked Ti:Al2O3 laser with minimal loss in conversion efficiency. In addition, we demonstrate that focussing effects are extremely important in determining the bandwidth in sum frequency mixing of ultrashort pulses in the near VUV region. This effect is demonstrated with noncollinear sum frequency mixing performed between the fundamental and the third harmonic subpicosecond pulses of this laser source.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fast Na+-ion transport in skeleton structures

The skeleton structures considered in the investigations consist of a rigid subarray with an interconnected interstitial space in which ions move in three dimensions. The classes of skeleton structures investigated include the Im3 phase of high-pressure KSbO3, the defect-pyrochlore structure illustrated by RbMgAlF6, and the carnegieite structure of high-temperature NaAlSiO4. A description is given of the results obtained in transport measurements involving dense polycrystalline ceramic disks. Results obtained in the case of the Na(+)-ion transport in Na3Zr2PSi2O12 appear particularly promising concerning the possible use of such substances in solid-electrolyte applications.
Quantitative Studies on the Uptake and Metabolism of Estrogens and Progesterone by Human Endometrium

Rates of entry of estrone ( E1, estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), 20αdihydroprogesterone (20αDHP), estrone sulfate (E1S) and estradiol-3-sulfate (E2S) from buffer solutions into slices of human endometrium were measured in multiple-tracer continuous-flow incubations of the tissue. The fraction of perfused P entering the cells was found to be similar to that of E1 and E2. Increases in the concentrations of E2 in the medium to 5 μg/ml did not alter the fraction of perfused E1 and E2 going into cells. Estrone sulfate and E2S entered readily into endometrial cells and were completely converted to E1 and E2. Rates of interconversion between ElS-E2S, E1-E2 and P-20αDHP were measured. The conversion of E1 to E2 was relatively increased by the addition of E2 to the medium. A large fraction of E1 and P entering the tissue was released to the medium while E2 and 20αDHP left the cells only after being converted to the corresponding ketonic steroids. Consequently, the net uptake of E2 and 20αDHP was larger than the n...
Hemodynamic Effects of Morphine in Cardiac Disease

The hemodynamic effects of intravenous morphine were documented by right heart catheterization in six patients with an acute uncomplicated transmural myocardial infarction one to three days after the onset of symptoms. Intracardiac pressures, brachial artery pressure, and cardiac output were determined before and 15 minutes after the termination of the morphine infusion. Five milligrams morphine was given intravenously over a 10-minute period. The brachial artery pressure fell from a mean of 78 to a mean of 73 mm Hg (NS). As a result or morphine administration, the average cardiac index decreased from 2.68 to 2.31 liters/min-m2 (P is less than 0.05), and the stroke index decreased from 27 to 22 ml/beat-m2 (P is less than 0.05). Only small changes were observed in the intracardiac pressures.
Systematic review: the effect of preventive lamivudine on hepatitis B reactivation during chemotherapy.

Background Lamivudine is increasingly being used to prevent hepatitis B reactivation in patients with cancer who test positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and are undergoing chemotherapy.
Motivated attention to cocaine and emotional cues in abstinent and current cocaine users – an ERP study

Event-related potentials (ERPs) are a direct measure of neural activity and are ideally suited to study the time-course of attentional engagement with emotional and drug-related stimuli in addiction. In particular, the late positive potential (LPP) appears to be enhanced following cocaine-related compared with neutral stimuli in human participants with cocaine use disorders (CUD). However, previous studies have not directly compared cocaine-related with emotional stimuli while examining potential differences between abstinent and current cocaine users. The present study examined ERPs in 55 CUD (27 abstinent and 28 current users) and 29 matched healthy controls while they passively viewed pleasant, unpleasant, neutral and cocaine-related pictures. To examine the time-course of attention to these stimuli, we analysed both an early and later window in the LPP as well as the early posterior negativity (EPN), established in assessing motivated attention. Cocaine pictures elicited increased electrocortical measures of motivated attention in ways similar to affectively pleasant and unpleasant pictures in all CUD, an effect that was no longer discernible during the late LPP window for the current users. This group also exhibited deficient processing of the other emotional stimuli (early LPP window – pleasant pictures; late LPP window – pleasant and unpleasant pictures). Results were unique to the LPP and not EPN. Taken together, results support a relatively early attention bias to cocaine stimuli in cocaine-addicted individuals, further suggesting that recent cocaine use decreases such attention bias during later stages of processing but at the expense of deficient processing of other emotional stimuli.
Enriched iron(III)-reducing bacterial communities are shaped by carbon substrate and iron oxide mineralogy

Iron (Fe) oxides exist in a spectrum of structures in the environment, with ferrihydrite widely considered the most bioavailable phase. Yet, ferrihydrite is unstable and rapidly transforms to more crystalline Fe(III) oxides (e.g., goethite, hematite), which are poorly reduced by model dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms. This begs the question, what processes and microbial groups are responsible for reduction of crystalline Fe(III) oxides within sedimentary environments? Further, how do changes in Fe mineralogy shape oxide-hosted microbial populations? To address these questions, we conducted a large-scale cultivation effort using various Fe(III) oxides (ferrihydrite, goethite, hematite) and carbon substrates (glucose, lactate, acetate) along a dilution gradient to enrich for microbial populations capable of reducing Fe oxides spanning a wide range of crystallinities and reduction potentials. While carbon source was the most important variable shaping community composition within Fe(III)-reducing enrichments, both Fe oxide type and sediment dilution also had a substantial influence. For instance, with acetate as the carbon source, only ferrihydrite enrichments displayed a significant amount of Fe(III) reduction and the well known dissimilatory metal reducer Geobacter sp. was the dominant organism enriched. In contrast, when glucose and lactate were provided, all three Fe oxides were reduced and reduction coincided with the presence of fermentative (e.g. Enterobacter spp.) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (e.g. Desulfovibrio spp.). Thus, changes in Fe oxide structure and resource availability may shift Fe(III)-reducing communities between dominantly metal-respiring to fermenting and/or sulfate-reducing organisms which are capable of reducing more recalcitrant Fe phases. These findings highlight the need for further targeted investigations into the composition and activity of speciation-directed metal-reducing populations within natural environments.
Creating effective student engagement in online courses: What do students find engaging?

While this paper set out to discover what activities and/or interaction channels might be expected to lead to more highly engaged students, what it found was a bit different. After first creating a scale to measure online student engagement, and then surveying 186 students from six campuses in the Midwest, the results indicate that there is no particular activity that will automatically help students to be more engaged in online classes. However, the results also suggest that multiple communication channels may be related to higher engagement and that student-student and instructor-student communication are clearly strongly correlated with higher student engagement with the course, in general. Thus, advice for online instructors is still to use active learning but to be sure to incorporate meaningful and multiple ways of interacting with students and encouraging/requiring students to interact with each other.
Songs of the King's Wives: Women, Power and Performance in the Yoruba Public Sphere

Indigenous festivals, which rely significantly on music and dance, often constitute the village public sphere and the social arena within which the structures of power are performed and negotiated in traditional African communities. This article discusses two unique musical traditions which feature prominently at annual traditional festivals in Emure-Ekiti, a Yoruba town in Western Nigeria. The musical traditions are orin olori (songs of the king’s wives) and a related ensemble, orin airegbe, a musical tradition associated with female chiefs. Exploring an ethnomusicological approach, this article argues that the complementary relationship between these two all-female musical traditions and the scope of their performance practices draw attention to the ways in which public performance speaks to the status and agency of women in traditional Yoruba societies.
Remedial Measures for Correcting Slides

The scope of field investigations should include topography, geology, water, weather, and history of slope changes. If a slide has occurred, the shape of sliding surface should also be determined.
Knowledge Infusion: In Pursuit of Robustness in Artificial Intelligence

Endowing computers with the ability to apply commonsense knowledge with human- level performance is a primary challenge for computer science, comparable in importance to past great challenges in other fields of science such as the sequencing of the human genome. The right approach to this problem is still under debate. Here we shall discuss and attempt to justify one ap- proach, that of knowledge infusion. This approach is based on the view that the fundamental objective that needs to be achieved is robustness in the following sense: a framework is needed in which a computer system can represent pieces of knowledge about the world, each piece having some un- certainty, and the interactions among the pieces having even more uncertainty, such that the system can nevertheless reason from these pieces so that the uncertainties in its conclusions are at least controlled. In knowledge infusion rules are learned from the world in a principled way so that sub- sequent reasoning using these rules will also be principled, and subject only to errors that can be bounded in terms of the inverse of the effort invested in the learning process.
Analysis of employment data for interventional pulmonary fellowship graduates.

Rationale: Interventional pulmonology (IP) is a maturing field in the subspecialty of pulmonary medicine. Over the last few years, there has been an increased number of listed IP fellowship training programs in the United States and Canada, causing debate about the employment market for IP fellowship graduates.Objectives: To analyze employment data of IP fellowship graduates.Methods: Interventional pulmonary fellows, during their IP in-service examination, were surveyed on employment position after graduation. The survey occurred in May or June in the years 2012, 2013, and 2014. An IP position was defined as a position encompassing more than 60% of effort directly toward IP. Geographic location and practice structure (i.e., academic, private/hybrid, and existing or initiating IP practice) were collected and analyzed.Measurements and Main Results: There was an 88.5% response rate, with 53 IP fellows participating in the survey. The majority of IP fellowship graduates (75%; 39/52) had positions in academic ...
Low-angle extensional faulting, reactivated mylonites, and seismic reflection geometry of the Newark basin margin in eastern Pennsylvania

Low-angle 25° to 35° dips have been determined for the border fault of the Newark basin near Riegelsville, Pennsylvania, on the basis of a Vibroseis profile and two continuously cored drill holes across faults at the basin margin. A group of moderately strong planar reflections in a zone 0.5 km thick in gneiss and carbonate rocks of the footwall block coincides with the updip projection of imbricate fault slices and mylonites associated with the Musconetcong thrust system of Drake et al. (1967). Contrasts in acoustic impedance among mylonitic dolostone and mylonitic gneiss and their protoliths, determined from measurements on samples from a third cored hole, are sufficiently large to account for reflections seen in the footwall block. Analysis of drill core and surface outcrops supports the conclusion that low-angle extensional faulting in the early Mesozoic was localized by reactivation of Paleozoic imbricate thrust faults in the basement rocks. Extension in the northwest-southeast quadrant was approximately perpendicular to the strike of the ancient thrust faults in eastern Pennsylvania. The data presented here are the most explicit three-dimensional information obtained thus far in the eastern United States in support of the concept of fault reactivation in controlling formation of early Mesozoic extensional basins.
ACTIVITY IN CORTICAL MIDLINE STRUCTURES IS MODULATED BY SELF-CONSTRUAL CHANGES DURING ACCULTURATION.

Recent immigrants to another culture generally experience a period of acculturation during which they show self-construal changes. Here, we examine how this acculturation period alters brain activity associated with self-referential cognition. Twenty-seven native Chinese-speaking recent immigrants completed a trait-judgment task in which they judged whether a series of psychological traits applied to themselves and, separately, whether these traits applied to their mothers. Participants were scanned at two intervals: within the first 2 months of their arrival in the United States (Time 1), and also 6 months after the initial scan (Time 2). Results already revealed a significant self-vs.-mother differentiation at Time 1 in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). However, at time 2, this pattern diverged depending on whether immigrants became more or less like their original culture. That is to say, for immigrants who became less like Easterners, the self-vs.-mother difference remained, whereas for participants who became even more like Easterners, the self-vs.-mother difference in cortical midline structures disappeared. These findings support the notion that self-construal changes during the process of acculturation are reflected in the relative engagement of brain structures implicated in self-referential processing (i.e., MPFC and PCC) when judging traits with reference to oneself or a close other.
Phenotypic differences between apolipoprotein E genetic subgroups: research and clinical implications

With the recent interest in Alzheimer's disease course modification and earlier, even preclinical, intervention, questions have arisen regarding the potentially confounding impact of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype on study design, therapeutic outcomes, and even clinical practice. APOE e4 carriers have a faster rate of cognitive decline both preclinically and during the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) stage, and a higher burden of cerebrovascular amyloid that may be the basis for the observed gene-dose-related increased frequency of immunomodulatory therapy-induced meningoencephalitis and cerebral microhemorrhages. To date, this has impacted study design in some research trials but not clinical practice.
Factors Influencing Dormancy of Peanut Seeds.

Seeds of the Virginia botanical type (9) of peanut are dormant for a variable period after harvest. That is, they fail to germinate under conditions normally favorable for germination. Although dormancy is an inherent property of Virginia type peanut seeds (11, 24) comparatively little is known about the nature of the dormancy. Hull (10) found dormancy in peanut seeds to be a function of temperature and time and dormancy decreased as storage temperature increased from 30 to 400. In a previous paper (1) we reported that dormancy of variety Virginia Bunch 67 was broken 40 days after harvest if the pods were held at 300 and in 15 days if they were held at 400 and 500. When pods remained on plants in the ground or in field stacks, the dormant condition persisted considerably longer than 40 days. The objectives of this work were to measure the influence of seed coat, seed maturity, and various external factors on dormancy of freshly harvested and stack-cured peanut seeds.
Corneal ectasia after photorefractive keratectomy

Two patients developed corneal ectasia after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). Case 1 had evidence of early keratoconus preoperatively, with manifest refractions of −4.00 +2.50 × 160 (20/20) in the right eye and −7.00 +3.00 × 180 (20/30) in the left eye; thin corneas (472 μm and 441 μm, respectively); and inferior paracentral steepening in the right eye and central steepening in the left eye on topography. Case 2 had manifest refractions of −8.50 +3.75 × 123 (20/20 − 2 ) in the right eye and −9.25 +4.00 × 077 (20/20 − 1 ) in the left eye; corneal thickness of 509 μm and 508 μm, respectively; and symmetric bow-tie patterns in both eyes on topography. Case 2 had a family history suspicious for keratoconus, with a sibling who had bilateral corneal transplantation at a young age. Both patients developed bilateral corneal ectasia after PRK.
Treatment for Advanced and Recurrent Endometrial Carcinoma: Combined Modalities

Women with recurrent or advanced endometrial cancer constitute a heterogeneous group of patients. Depending on previous treatment, women with recurrent endometrial cancer may be appropriate candidates for surgery, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, or chemotherapy. Women with advanced stage disease at presentation may also be appropriate candidates for systemic and local therapies. We review the treatment options available to treat recurrent and locally advanced endometrial cancer. Treatment choice depends largely on the localization of disease, the patient’s performance status and previous treatment history, as well the tumor’s hormonal receptor status. Radiation therapy is appropriate for isolated vaginal recurrences in patients with no previous history of radiation therapy. Patients with recurrent low-grade tumors overexpressing estrogen and progesterone receptors may be treated with progestin therapy. Systemic therapy is appropriate for patients with disseminate recurrences or advanced stage disease at presentation, or for those with receptor-negative tumors. We review all these different treatment strategies available to patients with advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer.
Capturing protein folding-relevant topology via absolute contact order variants

Absolute contact order is one of the simplest parameters used to predict protein folding rates. Many variants of contact order (CO) have been applied to highlight different aspects of contact neighborhoods and their relationship to folding. However, a systematic study of the influence of CO variants on correlation with folding rate has not been performed for a large combined set of multi- and two-state proteins. We explore different contact neighborhoods and resulting CO by varying the distance thresholds and weighting of sequence separation for heavy atom and residue-based counting methods for a set of 136 proteins diverse across folding and structural classes. We examine the changes in contact neighborhoods and compare correlations with our CO variants and the protein folding rates across our data set as well as by folding type and structural class. Different CO variants lead to the strongest correlations within each protein structural class. Our results demonstrate that backbone topology at a distance beyond where energetic interactions dominate is able to capture folding determinants, and suggest that more sensitive methods of characterizing contact relationships may improve ln kf prediction for diverse protein sets.
Assessment of nutritional status, cognitive development, and mother-child interaction in Central American refugee children

A cross-sectional study was conducted between July and December 1992 to assess the nutritional status, cognitive development, and mother-child interactions in a group of 153 Nicaraguan refugee children living in Costa Rica. Nutritional status was assessed using anthropometric indices. Cognitive development was assessed with the Bayley Scale of Mental Development. Mother-child interaction was assessed with the Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale and Caldwell's Home Observation and Measurement of the Environment Inventory. Correlational analysis was performed to examine the relationship between child cognitive development scores and mother-child interaction measures and also between anthropometric measures and child cognitive development scores. Multiple regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between the mother-child interaction measures and cognitive development scores, after adjusting by anthropometric measures. Thirty-three percent of the children were below the 10th percentile for height-for-age. There was no significant correlation between the total amount of mother-child interaction and child cognitive development. However, certain aspects of the home environment correlated with cognitive development, specifically the manner in which the mother responded emotionally and verbally to her child, and the organization of the child's physical and temporal environment. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the manner in which the mother responded and the child's weight-for-height were important in predicting child cognitive development. The child's weight-for-height and certain aspects of the home environment played an important role in the cognitive development of this refugee population. The findings indicate the importance of assessing nutritional status in this refugee population.
NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS FOR ARBITRARY BLUNT BODIES IN SUPERSONIC FLOWS

A time-dependent, two-dimensional Navier-Stokes code employing the body-fitted coordinate technique has been developed for supersonic flows past blunt bodies of arbitrary shape. The computer program is based on the finite-difference approximation of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations transformed to nonorthogonal curvilinear coordinates with the contravariant components of the velocity vector as dependent variables. The bow shock ahead of the body is obtained as part of the solution, by 'shock capturing'. Numerical solutions of the complete equations are presented in detail for free-stream Mach number 4.6, Reynolds number 10,000, and an isothermal wall temperature of 556 K for a circular cylinder with the free-stream outer boundaries forming a hyperbola in the front and a circular arc in the back.
Size and Dispersion of Colonies of Reticulitermes spp. (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in a Wildland and a Residential Location in Northern California

Mark-release-recapture studies were conducted to estimate foraging populations, maximum foraging distances between foraging sites, and minimum total foraging distance for three colonies of two cuticular hydrocarbon phenotypes of Reticulitermes at a wildland site near Placerville, CA, in the Sierra Nevada foothills and for six colonies of three phenotypes at two residential sites in Marin County. At Placerville, the hydrocarbon phenotype B colony had the fewest termites, with an estimated foraging population of 4,476-13,602, and occupied only one monitoring station. The two phenotype A colonies had foraging populations estimated to range from 40,809 to 128,597; one inhabited one monitoring station, whereas the other occupied three stations with a maximum distance between monitoring stations of 6.3 m. At the Marin County sites, two phenotype D colonies were estimated to have foraging populations ranging from 9,191 to 194,692; each foraged at a single monitoring station. Estimated foraging populations for the three phenotype A' colonies ranged from 71,483 to 491,901 with the maximum distance between monitoring stations ranging from 11.7 to 25.3 m. The phenotype A colony was estimated to have 8,747-25,190 foragers, with a maximum distance between monitoring stations of 1.8 m.
MicroRNA Regulates Hepatocytic Differentiation of Progenitor Cells by Targeting YAP1.

MicroRNA expression profiling in human liver progenitor cells following hepatocytic differentiation identified miR-122 and miR-194 as the microRNAs most strongly upregulated during hepatocytic differentiation of progenitor cells. MiR-194 was also highly upregulated following hepatocytic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Overexpression of miR-194 in progenitor cells accelerated their differentiation into hepatocytes, as measured by morphological features such as canaliculi and expression of hepatocytic markers. Overexpression of miR-194 in hESCs induced their spontaneous differentiation, a phenotype accompanied with accelerated loss of the pluripotent factors OCT4 and NANOG and decrease in mesoderm marker HAND1 expression. We then identified YAP1 as a direct target of miR-194. Inhibition of YAP1 strongly induced hepatocytic differentiation of progenitor cells and YAP1 over expression reversed the miR-194-induced hepatocytic differentiation of progenitor cells. In conclusion, we identified miR-194 as a potent inducer of hepatocytic differentiation of progenitor cells and further identified YAP1 as a mediator of miR-194's effects on hepatocytic differentiation and liver progenitor cell fate.
Molecular MRI of myocardial peroxidase activity in ischemic injury reveals a chemical milieu incompatible with stem cell survival

Background The delivery of stem cells to the myocardium after ischemic injury has the potential to prevent left ventricular remodeling and heart failure. Ischemic injury, however, elicits a robust inflammatory response and the release of cytotoxic substances from infiltrating leucocytes. We aimed here to use a myeloperoxidase activatable gadolium chelate (MPO-Gd) [1], to quantify peroxidase activity in the myocardium in vivo after ischemic injury. We further aimed to determine, using bioluminescence imaging, whether the detected levels of MPO were compatible with cell survival.
Mechanical Properties Degradation of Teflon ® FEP Returned From the Hubble Space Telescope

After 6.8 years on orbit, degradation has been observed in the mechanical properties of second-surface metalized Teflon® FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene) used on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) on the outer surface of the multi-layer insulation (MLI) blankets and on radiator surfaces. Cracking of FEP surfaces on HST was first observed upon close examination of samples with high solar exposure retrieved during the first servicing mission (SM1) conducted 3.6 years after HST was put into orbit. Astronaut observations and photographs from the second servicing mission (SM2), conducted after 6.8 years on orbit, revealed severe cracks in the FEP surfaces of the MLI on many locations around the telescope. This paper describes results of mechanical properties testing of FEP surfaces exposed for 3.6 years and 6.8 years to the space environment on HST. These tests include bend testing, tensile testing, and surface micro-hardness testing.
DISPERSION OF HEAVY SUSPENSIONS IN WAVE BOUNDARY LAYERS

The transport of suspended particles is of interest to the coastal engineer because it affects the distribution of sediments and the evolution of shorelines. It is also important to pollutant disposal in the sea, and to the transport of nutrients needed for sustaining marine life. Planktonic larvae depend on waves and currents to carry them from offshore to the rock stratum for reproduction and growth. External fertilization of sperms and eggs of marine organisms are further affected by the convection and diffusion processes in the sea. Taylor's pioneer work in a steady flow through a tube has shown that diffusion, whether molecular or turbulent, is greatly enhanced by transverse shear in the flow. Since in the sea the bottom boundary layer is the zone where shear is the strongest, dispersion must be the most prominent there. For wave-induced boundary layers only the flow field has been studied extensively. For example Stokes laminar boundary layer theory has been extended to turbulent boundary layers by Kajiura(1968), Jonnson & Carlsen(1976), Grant & Madsen(1979) and others. The mean circulation induced in the oscillating boundary layer by Reynolds stresses has been studied under pseudo-laminar model by Longuet- Higgins(1958), Hunt & Johns(1963), Carter, Liu & Mei(1973) etc. Trowbridge & Madsen(1984a,b) further extended it to turbulent flows. So far there has been little theoretical work for predicting dispersion in wave boundary layers.
“Freon” dielectric-coolants

The properties of “Freon” fluorocarbons which support their use as dielectric-coolants have been discussed: High dielectric strength Stability at high temperatures Compatibility with materials of construction Nonflammability Low toxicity Rapid heat transfer
Automated malware detection using artifacts in forensic memory images

Malware is one of the greatest and most rapidly growing threats to the digital world. Traditional signature-based detection is no longer adequate to detect new variants and highly targeted malware. Furthermore, dynamic detection is often circumvented with anti-VM and/or anti-debugger techniques. Recently heuristic approaches have been explored to enhance detection accuracy while maintaining the generality of a model to detect unknown malware samples. In this paper, we investigate three feature types extracted from memory images — registry activity, imported libraries, and API function calls. After evaluating the importance of the different features, different machine learning techniques are implemented to compare performances of malware detection using the three feature types, respectively. The highest accuracy achieved was 96%, and was reached using a support vector machine model, fitted on data extracted from registry activity.
Engineered Solution–Liquid–Solid Growth of a “Treelike” 1D/1D TiO2 Nanotube-CdSe Nanowire Heterostructure: Photoelectrochemical Conversion of Broad Spectrum of Solar Energy

This work presents a hitherto unreported approach to assemble a 1D oxide-1D chalcogenide heterostructured photoactive film. As a representative system, bismuth (Bi) catalyzed 1D CdSe nanowires are directly grown on anodized 1D TiO2 nanotube (T_NT). A combination of the reductive successive-ionic-layer-adsorption-reaction (R-SILAR) and the solution–liquid–solid (S-L-S) approach is implemented to fabricate this heterostructured assembly, reported in this 1D/1D form for the first time. XRD, SEM, HRTEM, and elemental mapping are performed to systematically characterize the deposition of bismuth on T_NT and the growth of CdSe nanowires leading to the evolution of the 1D/1D heterostructure. The resulting “treelike” photoactive architecture demonstrates UV–visible light-driven electron–hole pair generation. The photoelectrochemical results highlight: (i) the formation of a stable n–n heterojunction between TiO2 nanotube and CdSe nanowire, (ii) an excellent correlation between the absorbance vis-a-vis light conve...
A single structurally conserved SUMOylation site in CRMP2 controls NaV1.7 function.

The neuronal collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) undergoes several posttranslational modifications that codify its functions. Most recently, CRMP2 SUMOylation (addition of small ubiquitin like modifier (SUMO)) was identified as a key regulatory step within a modification program that codes for CRMP2 interaction with, and trafficking of, voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7. In this paper, we illustrate the utility of combining sequence alignment within protein families with structural analysis to identify, from several putative SUMOylation sites, those that are most likely to be biologically relevant. Co-opting this principle to CRMP2, we demonstrate that, of 3 sites predicted to be SUMOylated in CRMP2, only the lysine 374 site is a SUMOylation client. A reduction in NaV1.7 currents was the corollary of the loss of CRMP2 SUMOylation at this site. A 1.78-A-resolution crystal structure of mouse CRMP2 was solved using X-ray crystallography, revealing lysine 374 as buried within the CRMP2 tetramer interface but exposed in the monomer. Since CRMP2 SUMOylation is dependent on phosphorylation, we postulate that this state forces CRMP2 toward a monomer, exposing the SUMO site and consequently, resulting in constitutive regulation of NaV1.7.
Human Milk Provision Experiences, Goals, and Outcomes for Teen Mothers with Low-Birth-Weight Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Abstract Introduction: Breastfeeding rates are virtually unknown for teen mothers whose low-birth-weight (LBW; <2500 gm) infants are hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The objective was to examine the infant feeding experiences, goals, and outcomes of teen mothers of LBW infants. Methods: We conducted a multimethod study using a qualitative research design, survey, and infant medical records. The primary data source was individual interviews conducted with teen mothers of LBW infants hospitalized in a tertiary NICU. Content analysis and descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Results: All 15 teen mothers (12 black, 3 Hispanic) wanted what was best for their infants and initiated lactation by breast pump. However, maintaining lactation was challenging and the following barriers were identified: fear of being judged; body image issues; influence of the maternal grandmother; and disorganized thought processes about combining pumping with returning to school or work. Despite ...
The Effect of Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Peer-Assisted Learning Structures on Music Achievement and Learner Engagement in Seventh-Grade Band:

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of two different reciprocal peer-assisted learning (PAL) arrangements on music achievement and learner engagement in the secondary instrumental m...
The Association between Mortality and Distance to Treatment Facility in Patients with Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

Purpose: Regionalization of bladder cancer treatment is suggested to improve quality of care. As an unintended consequence some patients travel farther for care with unknown implications on outcomes. We characterized the relationship between distance and overall mortality in patients with invasive bladder cancer and those who underwent radical cystectomy.Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study using NCDB (National Cancer Database) from 2004 to 2012 to identify patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer (cT2a-T4 N0 M0). We also extracted a subgroup of patients who underwent radical cystectomy. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards and multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed in each group, controlling for demographic, clinical, hospital and geographic factors.Results: For 34,729 patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer traveling farther for treatment was associated with a lower probability of overall mortality (referent less than 12.5 miles, 12.5 to 49.9 miles ...
Acute nicotine disrupts consolidation of contextual fear extinction and alters long-term memory-associated hippocampal kinase activity

Abstract Previous research has shown that acute nicotine, an agonist of nAChRs, impaired fear extinction. However, the effects of acute nicotine on consolidation of contextual fear extinction memories and associated cell signaling cascades are unknown. Therefore, we examined the effects of acute nicotine injections before (pre-extinction) and after (post-extinction) contextual fear extinction on behavior and the phosphorylation of dorsal and ventral hippocampal ERK1/2 and JNK1 and protein levels on the 1st and 3rd day of extinction. Our results showed that acute nicotine administered prior to extinction sessions downregulated the phosphorylated forms of ERK1/2 in the ventral hippocampus, but not dorsal hippocampus, and JNK1 in both dorsal and ventral hippocampus on the 3rd extinction day. These effects were absent on the 1st day of extinction. We also showed that acute nicotine administered immediately and 30 min, but not 6 h, following extinction impaired contextual fear extinction suggesting that acute nicotine disrupts consolidation of contextual fear extinction memories. Finally, acute nicotine injections immediately after extinction sessions upregulated the phosphorylated forms of ERK1/2 in the ventral hippocampus, but did not affect JNK1. These results show that acute nicotine impairs contextual fear extinction potentially by altering molecular processes responsible for the consolidation of extinction memories.