cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microstate analysis of the EEG using local global graphs

The topography of the electrical field does not vary randomly with time but rather displays short periods of stable topographical configurations or spatial patterns, known as microstates. The search of such patterns takes place in the high dimensional electrode space with all the problems that comes with it. In this paper, we present a technique for the extraction, detection and representation of EEG microstates based on the Local Global graph(LG graph). We use the Local Global graph to represent the spatial configuration of the topographic map and use a LG graph matching approach to determine the different microstates. The proposed method was applied on the average, over trials, Event related potential recording presenting a positive peak known as P300. Five dominant microstates were identified using our methodology. During the whole period of the P300 peak there is one active microstate which presents frontal and parietal topography which is expected for the phase locked activations of the P300. The LG graph modeling of the EEG topography provides a flexible descriptor for the EEG topography and can be used for the efficient microstate segmentation of the EEG.
Relationships between light availability, chlorophyll a, and tripton in a large, shallow subtropical lake

The relationships between planktonic chlorophyll a and mean light availability in the mixed layer were examined for Lake Okeechobee, a shallow eutrophic lake in south-central Florida. There were significant spatial differences in the nature ofthis relationship. In the northern and central regions of the lake, concentrations of nonalgal suspended solids, tripton, were high due to muddy sediments and polymictic conditions. Light attenuation was predominantly correlated to the concentration of tripton and chlorophyll a concentrations were positively correlated to mean light availability in the mixed layer, I m . The western and southern regions of the lake had lower concentrations of tripton and light attenuation was correlated to chlorophyll a concentrations in summer and fall. Variables which estimate mean light availability in the mixed layer, such as I m , may provide insight into the role of light availability in the control of phytoplankton standing crop.
Proteus mirabilis enterocolitis following abdominal irradiation. Report of a case.

Proteus mirabilis was isolated as the predominating organism in the stools of a patient with abdominal distention and diarrhea following irradiation for ovarian carcinoma. The in-vitro production of large amounts of hydrogen sulfide gas may be correlated with the gaseous distention of the small and large intestine. The patient responded clinically and bacteriologically to therapy with nalidixic acid.
Social Support: A Role for Social Work in the Treatment and Prevention of Hypertension

Researchers have long noticed an association between social relationships and health. More recently, a vast and growing literature has developed, linking various forms of social support to hypertension, often even suggestive of a causal relationship. A detailed survey of this literature is presented, followed by a review of possible psychosocial and physiological explanations for the phenomena. Implications for social workers in various settings are emphasized.
Critical Sp(N) models in 6 − ϵ dimensions and higher spin dS/CFT

Theories of anti-commuting scalar fields are non-unitary, but they are of interest both in statistical mechanics and in studies of the higher spin de Sitter/Conformal Field Theory correspondence. We consider an Sp(N ) invariant theory of N anti-commuting scalars and one commuting scalar, which has cubic interactions and is renormalizable in 6 dimensions. For any even N we find an IR stable fixed point in 6 − ϵ dimensions at imaginary values of coupling constants. Using calculations up to three loop order, we develop ϵ expansions for several operator dimensions and for the sphere free energy F . The conjectured F -theorem is obeyed in spite of the non-unitarity of the theory. The 1/N expansion in the Sp(N ) theory is related to that in the corresponding O(N ) symmetric theory by the change of sign of N . Our results point to the existence of interacting non-unitary 5-dimensional CFTs with Sp(N ) symmetry, where operator dimensions are real. We conjecture that these CFTs are dual to the minimal higher spin theory in 6-dimensional de Sitter space with Neumann future boundary conditions on the scalar field. For N = 2 we show that the IR fixed point possesses an enhanced global symmetry given by the super-group OSp(1|2). This suggests the existence of OSp(1|2) symmetric CFTs in dimensions smaller than 6. We show that the 6 − ϵ expansions of the scaling dimensions and sphere free energy in our OSp(1|2) model are the same as in the q → 0 limit of the q-state Potts model.
Perturbation Theory Approach to Stellarator Coil Optimization

Two new methods for designing modular stellarator coils are presented. Stellarator coils provide necessary magnetic field to produce the plasma shape for a desired magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equilib...
The Foreign Policy Beliefs of American Leaders: Some Further Thoughts on Theory and Method

Thomas Ferguson, Charles Kegley, and Eugene Wittkopf have contributed three useful and challenging essays to this symposium. Between them they have raised a set of important questions. Wittkopf is concerned with classifying and interpreting data on public and leadership opinions, and his own extensive research on the Chicago Council on Foreign Relations surveys provides him with a strong base for comparison, constructive criticism, and prescription. From a somewhat different and broader perspective, Ferguson is also concerned with the issue of inference. Kegley's long essay is a challenge to all scholars who are engaged in any type of survey research; whether or not one accepts all of his observations, they are not trivial and therefore he has performed a useful service in bringing them to our attention. In short, with relatively little overlap, the three essays have raised significant questions about our project in ways that should be of interest to other students of American foreign policy. Although it is not included in the present symposium, we might also cite the useful critique in a recent paper by William Chittick (1986), which draws upon data from his own elite survey. Although his data yielded the same three clusters of beliefs that emerged from our 1976 and 1980 studies, he also presents evidence that additional dimensions are necessary to describe adequately the foreign policy views of American leaders. Because an adequate response to all the points raised in these interesting essays would require far more time and space than is available, we will only select a few points for emphasis. Wittkopf's essay proposes an alternative way of categorizing and interpreting the leadership survey data, drawing upon his extensive analyses of the CCFR data as well as our suggestion (Wittkopf's Table 1) about the possible emergence of a significant unilateral-multilateral dimension of opinion. His thesis is sufficiently persuasive that we are now in the process of trying to replicate his analyses as precisely as possible, although an exact replication won't be possible because there is only a partial overlap in
Portal and hepatic fluxes in sheep and concentrations in cattle ruminal fluid of 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic, benzoic, 3-phenylpropionic, and trans-cinnamic acids.

Extraction methods and HPLC procedures were developed for analysis of potential ruminal metabolites of dietary phenolics (reduced phenolics). Hepatic portal venous blood from wethers fed bromegrass, bermudagrass, ryegrass-wheat, and alfalfa hays also was analyzed for hippuric (HA), 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic (4OHPPA), benzoic (BA), 3-phenylpropionic (PPA), and t-cinnamic (CA) acids. Additionally, mesenteric arterial and hepatic venous blood was analyzed and, in conjunction with blood flow measurements, fluxes for portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver were calculated. Ruminal fluid from four steers fed two levels of forage and two forage particle sizes in a Latin square design was analyzed for PPA and CA. 3-Phenylpropionic and benzoic acids were the most concentrated reduced phenolics identified in hepatic portal venous blood. Concentrations of PPA in ruminal fluid varied with ruminal disappearance of p-coumaric and ferulic acids. Additionally, hepatic portal venous concentrations of PPA were correlated (P < .05) with p-coumaric acid (r = .57) and ferulic acid (r = .67) intakes. Net release of PPA from PDV was observed, suggesting absorption of PPA from the gut. The liver removed PPA and BA with less efficiency. Given the relatively high concentrations of PPA in blood of ruminants, specific effects of this reduced phenolic on liver metabolism of ruminants should be assessed.
Asymmetric Synthesis of (+)-anti- and (−)-syn-Mefloquine Hydrochloride

The asymmetric (er > 99:1) total synthesis of (+)-anti- and (−)-syn-mefloquine hydrochloride from a common intermediate is described. The Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation is the key asymmetric transformation used in the synthesis of this intermediate. It is carried out on an olefin that is accessed in three steps from commercially available materials, making the overall synthetic sequence very concise. The common diol intermediate derived from the Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation is converted into either a trans- or cis-epoxide, and these are subsequently converted to (+)-anti- and (−)-syn-mefloquine, respectively. X-ray crystallographic analysis of derivatives of (+)-anti- and (−)-syn-mefloquine is used to lay to rest a 40 year argument regarding the absolute stereochemistry of the mefloquines. A formal asymmetric (er > 99:1) synthesis of (+)-anti-mefloquine hydrochloride is also presented that uses a Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation as a key step.
Pupil Dynamics Reflect Behavioral Choice and Learning in a Go/NoGo Tactile Decision-Making Task in Mice.

The eye’s pupil undergoes dynamic changes in diameter associated with cognitive effort, motor activity, and emotional state, and can be used to index brain state across mammalian species. Recent studies in head-fixed mice have linked arousal-related pupil dynamics with global neural activity as well as the activity of specific neuronal populations. However, it has remained unclear how pupil dynamics in mice report trial-by-trial performance of behavioral tasks, and change on a longer time scale with learning. We measured pupil dynamics longitudinally as mice learned to perform a Go/NoGo tactile decision-making task. Mice learned to discriminate between two textures presented to the whiskers by licking in response to the Go texture (Hit trial) or withholding licking in response to the NoGo texture (correct reject trial, CR). Characteristic pupil dynamics were associated with behavioral choices: large-amplitude pupil dilation prior to and during licking accompanied Hit and False Alarm (FA) responses, while smaller amplitude dilation followed by constriction accompanied CR responses. With learning, the choice-dependent pupil dynamics became more pronounced, including larger amplitude dilations in both Hit and FA trials and earlier onset dilations in Hit and CR trials. A more pronounced constriction was also present in CR trials. Furthermore, pupil dynamics predicted behavioral choice increasingly with learning to greater than 80% accuracy. Our results indicate that pupil dynamics reflect behavioral choice and learning in head-fixed mice, and have implications for understanding decision- and learning-related neuronal activity in pupil-linked neural circuits.
Structure and dynamics of aqueous solutions from PBE-based first-principles molecular dynamics simulations

Establishing an accurate and predictive computational framework for the description of complex aqueous solutions is an ongoing challenge for density functional theory based first-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) simulations. In this context, important advances have been made in recent years, including the development of sophisticated exchange-correlation functionals. On the other hand, simulations based on simple generalized gradient approximation (GGA) functionals remain an active field, particularly in the study of complex aqueous solutions due to a good balance between the accuracy, computational expense, and the applicability to a wide range of systems. Such simulations are often performed at elevated temperatures to artificially "correct" for GGA inaccuracies in the description of liquid water; however, a detailed understanding of how the choice of temperature affects the structure and dynamics of other components, such as solvated ions, is largely unknown. To address this question, we carried out a series of FPMD simulations at temperatures ranging from 300 to 460 K for liquid water and three representative aqueous solutions containing solvated Na+, K+, and Cl- ions. We show that simulations at 390-400 K with the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) exchange-correlation functional yield water structure and dynamics in good agreement with experiments at ambient conditions. Simultaneously, this computational setup provides ion solvation structures and ion effects on water dynamics consistent with experiments. Our results suggest that an elevated temperature around 390-400 K with the PBE functional can be used for the description of structural and dynamical properties of liquid water and complex solutions with solvated ions at ambient conditions.
Ultra-lightweight deep packet anomaly detection for Internet of Things devices

As we race toward the Internet of Things (IoT), small embedded devices are increasingly becoming network-enabled. Often, these devices can't meet the computational requirements of current intrusion prevention mechanisms or designers prioritize additional features and services over security; as a result, many IoT devices are vulnerable to attack. We have developed an ultra-lightweight deep packet anomaly detection approach that is feasible to run on resource constrained IoT devices yet provides good discrimination between normal and abnormal payloads. Feature selection uses efficient bit-pattern matching, requiring only a bitwise AND operation followed by a conditional counter increment. The discrimination function is implemented as a lookup-table, allowing both fast evaluation and flexible feature space representation. Due to its simplicity, the approach can be efficiently implemented in either hardware or software and can be deployed in network appliances, interfaces, or in the protocol stack of a device. We demonstrate near perfect payload discrimination for data captured from off the shelf IoT devices.
Pseudohermaphroditism, Male, Due to 5α-Reductase-2 Deficiency

5α-Reductase isozymes convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). There are two 5α-reductase isozymes, type 1 and type 2, in humans. Mutations in the 5α-reductase-2 gene cause male pseudohermaphroditism. The affected 46,XY individuals have high normal to elevated plasma testosterone levels and decreased DHT levels, resulting in elevated testosterone/DHT ratios. They have ambiguous external genitalia at birth and are often raised as girls. Wolffian differentiation, however, occurs normally and the individuals have epididymides, vasa deferentia, and seminal vesicles. Virilization occurs at puberty, frequently accompanied by a gender role change from female to male. The prostate in adulthood is small and rudimentary; facial hair and body hair are absent or decreased. Spermatogenesis can be normal if the testes are descended. Prostate cancer and balding have not been reported. The analyses of 5α-reductase-2-deficient subjects highlight the significance of DHT in male sexual differentiation, physiology, and pathophysiology.
A Field-Based Method to Estimate Densities of Laricobius nigrinus (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), an Introduced Predator of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae)

Summary This study investigated the use of emergence traps to assess densities of Laricobius nigrinus Fender (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), a predator of hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), in an area of release and establishment. Results indicate that traps effectively collect emerging adults and allow systematic population estimates of L. nigrinus. The incorporation of this method in future monitoring efforts could enable population estimates across the release range of L. nigrinus, thereby enhancing the evaluation of establishment and long-term persistence of this predator.
Long-Term Optical Access to an Estimated One Million Neurons in the Live Mouse Cortex.

Summary A major technological goal in neuroscience is to enable the interrogation of individual cells across the live brain. By creating a curved glass replacement to the dorsal cranium and surgical methods for its installation, we developed a chronic mouse preparation providing optical access to an estimated 800,000–1,100,000 individual neurons across the dorsal surface of neocortex. Post-surgical histological studies revealed comparable glial activation as in control mice. In behaving mice expressing a Ca 2+ indicator in cortical pyramidal neurons, we performed Ca 2+ imaging across neocortex using an epi-fluorescence macroscope and estimated that 25,000–50,000 individual neurons were accessible per mouse across multiple focal planes. Two-photon microscopy revealed dendritic morphologies throughout neocortex, allowed time-lapse imaging of individual cells, and yielded estimates of >1 million accessible neurons per mouse by serial tiling. This approach supports a variety of optical techniques and enables studies of cells across >30 neocortical areas in behaving mice.
Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums: Redman, Samuel J., Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 373 pp., $29.95, ISBN 9780674660410 Publication date: March 2016

Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums, by Samuel J. Redman, is an original and valuable examination of the history of the collecting and exhibiting of human remains. Ass...
Relation Between Narrow Networks and Providers of Cancer Care.

PurposeHealth insurers offer plans covering a narrow subset of providers in an attempt to lower premiums and compete for consumers. However, narrow networks may limit access to high-quality providers, particularly those caring for patients with cancer.MethodsWe examined provider networks offered on the 2014 individual health insurance exchanges, assessing oncologist supply and network participation in areas that do and do not contain one of 69 National Cancer Institute (NCI)–Designated Cancer Centers. We characterized a network’s inclusion of oncologists affiliated with NCI-Designated Cancer Centers relative to oncologists excluded from the network within the same region and assessed the relationship between this relative inclusion and each network’s breadth. We repeated these analyses among networks offered in the same regions as the subset of 27 NCI-Designated Cancer Centers identified as National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Cancer Centers.ResultsIn regions containing NCI-Designated Cancer Cente...
Lived Space of Urban Development: The Everyday Politics of Spatial Production in Nanjing, China:

This article is about experiences of insecurity and the pursuit of resources in the midst of impending housing demolition in the city of Nanjing, China. How do everyday practices reproduce or conte...
Physical Education: An Academic Discipline

(1964). Physical Education. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 35, No. 7, pp. 32-69.
Minimally invasive, robot-assisted procedure for kidney transplantation among morbidly obese: Positive outcomes at 5 years post-transplant

The pre-transplant weight loss required of end-stage renal disease patients is often unachievable. Though robot-assisted procedures among extremely obese have shown minimal complication, long-term outcomes are understudied. Previously, we reported no difference in 6-month patient and graft survival among 28 robot-assisted transplant cases (2009-2013) and 28 open controls (2004-2010). Groups were frequency-matched on age, sex, race, donor compatibility, disease, and dialysis history. Cases had greater median pre-transplant body mass index (BMI; 42.3 (31.1-64.3) vs 36.8 (30.0-51.1)). Here, we compared patient and graft survival through 5 years post-transplant. Infection, wound complications, and significant re-hospitalizations were collected. One-, three-, and five-year graft survival were 100%, 100%, and 89.3% among cases, and 96.4%, 85.7%, and 78.6% among controls. Rejection within 1 year was greater among cases (11 vs 8). Five-year rates were similar (P = 0.54). Post-transplant BMI remained comparable. No cases and eight controls experienced surgical site infection (SSI). Two cases and one control experienced hernias. Post-transplant diabetes was documented among five cases and six controls. Three deaths occurred among cases, two among controls. This is the most extensive known follow-up of such obese recipients of robot-assisted transplant. Our procedure is a promising pathway to transplant and decreased mortality for those deemed too high risk for conventional surgery.
A long winter for the Red Queen: rethinking the evolution of seasonal migration.

This paper advances an hypothesis that the primary adaptive driver of seasonal migration is maintenance of site fidelity to familiar breeding locations. We argue that seasonal migration is therefore principally an adaptation for geographic persistence when confronted with seasonality - analogous to hibernation, freeze tolerance, or other organismal adaptations to cyclically fluctuating environments. These ideas stand in contrast to traditional views that bird migration evolved as an adaptive dispersal strategy for exploiting new breeding areas and avoiding competitors. Our synthesis is supported by a large body of research on avian breeding biology that demonstrates the reproductive benefits of breeding-site fidelity. Conceptualizing migration as an adaptation for persistence places new emphasis on understanding the evolutionary trade-offs between migratory behaviour and other adaptations to fluctuating environments both within and across species. Seasonality-induced departures from breeding areas, coupled with the reproductive benefits of maintaining breeding-site fidelity, also provide a mechanism for explaining the evolution of migration that is agnostic to the geographic origin of migratory lineages (i.e. temperate or tropical). Thus, our framework reconciles much of the conflict in previous research on the historical biogeography of migratory species. Although migratory behaviour and geographic range change fluidly and rapidly in many populations, we argue that the loss of plasticity for migration via canalization is an overlooked aspect of the evolutionary dynamics of migration and helps explain the idiosyncratic distributions and migratory routes of long-distance migrants. Our synthesis, which revolves around the insight that migratory organisms travel long distances simply to stay in the same place, provides a necessary evolutionary context for understanding historical biogeographic patterns in migratory lineages as well as the ecological dynamics of migratory connectivity between breeding and non-breeding locations.
The Issue of Skin Color in Psychotherapy with African Americans

The author explores the significance of skin color in the psychology of African Americans, its contribution to the psychosocial dysfunctioning in some individuals, and techniques for dealing with i...
Finite element analysis for nightside transfer function lunar electromagnetic induction studies

Abstract The global electromagnetic induction response of the Moon has been solved numerically for several electrical conductivity profiles using the finite-element method. Here we demonstrate the capability and applicability in both two and three spatial dimensions for any input magnetic field time series measured at the Moon. We discuss the applicability of a vacuum approximation to the induced magnetic field response to the lunar plasma environment and the challenges of isolating geomagnetic induced fields including the interaction with the lunar wake structure. We perform three validation analyses comparing our vacuum model response to analytic solutions: (1) the time domain response to a step impulse or tangential discontinuity within the solar wind, (2) the time domain response to a ramp driving function, and (3) the broadband frequency domain response. We fit the analytic solutions to a root-mean-square error of better than 1% for all cases. We analyze the accuracy range and demonstrate our model’s capability of resolving interior structure from Apollo magnetometer data. We present the first time domain numerical solution of the induced magnetic field response of the Moon in vacuum for any driving input signal and any interior conductivity profile, building on previous Apollo era work. Lastly, we discuss the trade-offs between model accuracy and performance, which is of particular concern for large datasets and iterative optimizations. The transfer function method developed here is applicable to other airless body two-point magnetometer measurements including Apollo, ARTEMIS, and future lunar geophysical networks.
Recent insights in atopic dermatitis pathogenesis, treatment, and disease impact

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common inflammatory skin condition impacting patient quality of life. Although AD is widely studied, investigators have explored recent advancements in AD pathogenesis, treatment, and disease impact. Therefore, this article summarizes recent advancements in AD pathogenesis, treatments, and disease impact on patient quality of life. A PubMed search was conducted using the keywords: “atopic dermatitis AND pathogenesis,” “atopic dermatitis AND microbiota,” “atopic dermatitis AND dupilumab,” “atopic dermatitis AND JAK$ inhibitors,” and “atopic dermatitis AND quality of life.” Epidermal barrier dysfunction and immune dysregulation play a key role in the pathogenesis of AD. Although most AD patients express a filaggrin mutation, such mutation alone does not predict disease severity. Immune dysregulation is characterized by T-helper-2 responses in acute AD and Th1 responses in chronic AD. Skin microbiota abnormalities and sweat exacerbate symptomatology. Dupilumab targets the interleukin (IL)-4Rα and is the only Food and Drug Administration-approved biologic that effectively treats AD. Newer alternative agents for AD treatment include IL-12 and IL-23 inhibitors, IL-31R inhibitors, and JAK inhibitors. AD patients have increased anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders (P
Occurrence of Symptomatic Hypotension in Patients Undergoing Breast Free Flaps: Is Enhanced Recovery after Surgery to Blame?

BACKGROUND Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) initiatives improve postoperative function and expedite recovery, leading to a decrease in length of stay. The authors noted a high rate of postoperative symptomatic hypotension in patients undergoing abdominal free flap breast reconstruction and wished to explore this observation. METHODS Subjects undergoing abdominal free flap breast reconstruction at the authors' institution from 2013 to 2017 were identified. The ERAS protocol was initiated in 2015 at the authors' hospital; thus, 99 patients underwent traditional management and 138 patients underwent ERAS management. Demographics and perioperative data were collected and analyzed. Postoperative symptomatic hypotension was defined as mean arterial pressure below 80 percent of baseline with symptoms requiring evaluation. RESULTS A significantly higher rate of postoperative symptomatic hypotension was observed in the ERAS cohort compared with the traditional management cohort (4 percent versus 22 percent; p < 0.0001). Patients in the ERAS cohort received significantly less intraoperative intravenous fluid (4467 ml versus 3505 ml; p < 0.0001) and had a significantly increased amount of intraoperative time spent with low blood pressure (22 percent versus 32 percent; p =0.002). Postoperatively, the ERAS cohort had significantly lower heart rate (77 beats per minute versus 88 beats per minute; p < 0.0001) and mean arterial pressure (71 mmHg versus 78 mmHg; p < 0.0001), with no difference in urine output or adverse events. CONCLUSIONS The authors report that ERAS implementation in abdominal free flap breast reconstruction may result in a unique physiologic state with low mean arterial pressure, low heart rate, and normal urine output, resulting in postoperative symptomatic hypotension. Awareness of this early postoperative finding can help better direct fluid resuscitation and prevent episodes of symptomatic hypotension. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, III.
Investigating the Factors that Impact the Selection of Technical Ingredients in Food Manufacturing: A Mixed-Methods Study

This paper explores the factors that influence the selection and application of technical ingredients by food and beverage manufacturers. A mixed-method design was used to collect both qualitative ...
Numerical modeling and experimental demonstration of pulsed charge control for the space inertial sensor used in LISA

Electrostatic charge control of isolated free-falling test masses is a key enabling technology for space-based gravitational missions. Contact-free electrostatic charge control can be achieved using photoelectron emission from metal surfaces under illumination with deep UV light. A contact-free method minimizes force disturbances that can perturb measurements or interrupt science operations. In this paper, we present charge control experiments using a gravitational reference sensor geometry relevant to the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) gravitational wave observatory in a torsion pendulum apparatus. We use a UV light-emitting diode light source to control the test-mass potential, taking advantage of their high bandwidth to phase lock the light output to 100 kHz electric fields used for capacitive position sensing of the test mass. We demonstrate charge-rate and test-mass potential control by adjustment of the phase of the light with respect to the electric field. We present a simple physics-based model of the discharging process which explains our experimental results in terms of the UV light distribution in the sensor, surface work functions, and quantum yields. A robust fitting method is used to determine the best-fit physical parameters of the model that describe the system.
Pre-crastination: Time deadlines increase walking speeds even when not constraining

In many circumstances, humans walk in a manner that approximately minimizes energy cost. Here, we performed human subject experiments to examine how having a time constraint affects the speeds at which humans walk. First, we measured subjects9 preferred walking speeds to travel a given distance in the absence of any time constraints. Then, we asked subjects to travel the same distance under different time constraints. That is, they had to travel the given distance within the time duration provided -- they can arrive early, but not late. Under these constraints, subjects systematically arrived earlier than necessary. Surprisingly, even when the time duration provided was large enough to walk at their unconstrained preferred speeds, subjects walked systematically faster than their unconstrained preferred speed.
A (Visual) Novel Route to Learning: A Taxonomy of Teaching Strategies in Visual Novels

Interactive narratives are widely used to frame and contextualize education in games. However, the specifics of how their designs aid the learning process and outcomes remains relatively unexplored. To better understand this space, a study was conducted that focused on one sub-genre of interactive narrative, Visual Novels. Specifically, in this paper we conducted a survey of thirty-one existing educational Visual Novels, analyzing design elements that fostered learning and delivered educational content. The resulting taxonomy consists of five key dimensions for educational design and teaching strategies within Visual Novels: 1) Teaching Through Choice, 2) Teaching Through Scripted Sequences, 3) Teaching Through Mini-games, 4) Teaching Through Exploration and 5) Non-interactive Teaching. These dimensions demonstrate that there are a number of design considerations for supporting learning through Visual Novels. This work has implications for designers of educational games by classifying the different designs a Visual Novel can employ to teach—ultimately informing how to better present educational subject matter in interactive narrative games.
Prehospital Treatment of Acute Pulmonary Edema with Intravenous Bolus and Infusion Nitroglycerin.

Objective: The study describes the implementation of a prehospital treatment algorithm that included intravenous (IV) bolus (IVB) nitroglycerin (NTG) followed by maintenance infusion for the treatment of acute pulmonary edema (APE) in a single, high-volume Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system. Methods: This is a retrospective chart review of patients who received IVB NTG for APE in a large EMS system in Minnesota and Wisconsin (USA). Inclusion criteria for treatment included a diagnosis of APE, systolic blood pressure ≥120mmHg, and oxygen saturation (SpO2) ≤93% following 800mcg of sublingual NTG. Patients received a 400mcg IVB of NTG, repeated every two minutes as needed, and subsequent infusion at 80mcg/min for transport times ≥10 minutes. Results: Forty-four patients were treated with IVB NTG. The median total bolus dose was 400mcg. Twenty patients were treated with NTG infusion following IVB NTG. The median infusion rate was 80mcg/min. For all patients, the initial median blood pressure was 191/113mmHg. Five minutes following IVB NTG, it was 160/94mmHg, and on arrival to the emergency department (ED) it was 152/90mmHg. Five minutes after the initial dose of IVB NTG, median SpO2 increased to 92% from an initial reading of 88% and was 94% at hospital arrival. One episode of transient hypotension occurred during EMS transport. Conclusion: Patients treated with IVB NTG for APE had reduction in blood pressure and improvement in SpO2 compared to their original presentation. Prehospital treatment of APE with IVB appears to be feasible and safe. A randomized trial is needed to confirm these findings.
Lighting Extra Data via OWC Dimming

Most OWC systems use LEDs as transmitters and in poor channel conditions adopt or switch to the most robust On-Off Keying (OOK) modulation from complex high-order modulation schemes that are fragile with more error bits in poor optical environments. However, the data rate of OOK is limited to its low-density modulation design and its use of compensation symbols to support light dimming control. In this paper, we propose to identify bit patterns frequently occurred in the data stream, and map each bit pattern with a compensation symbol (CS) for which to carry more data bits for improved data rate and throughput. We also design non-flicker optical symbols and CS relocation schemes to support smooth lighting and communication. Experiments show that our proposed approach double the system throughput, the same improvement level as high-order modulations (8-CASK and 32-CSK) while maintaining low BER.
Psychometric characteristics of the health care empowerment questionnaire in a sample of patients with arthritis and rheumatic conditions.

BACKGROUND Patient empowerment can improve health-related outcomes and is important in chronic conditions, such as arthritis. This study aimed to validate the Health Care Empowerment Questionnaire (HCEQ), a patient-reported experience measure of empowerment, for use with patients with arthritis and other rheumatic diseases. METHODS The HCEQ measures Patient Information Seeking (or Involvement in Decisions) and Healthcare Interaction Results (or Involvement in Interactions) and asks respondents to answer questions in two ways: whether they feel something happened and its importance to them. Face validity was assessed through qualitative data (n = 8, nominal group technique; n = 55, focus groups). Measure structure was assessed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA); internal consistency was also assessed (n = 9226). Test-retest reliability was assessed with sub-sample of participants (n = 182). RESULTS We found adequate face validity of the HCEQ for patients with arthritis. The CFA indicated good fit to the data for the two-factor structure of the HCEQ (RMSEA = 0.075; CFI = 0.987; TLI = 0.978; SRMR = 0.026). Internal consistency was strong (α=0.94 for both subscales). Test-retest reliability was moderate for Patient Information Seeking (ICC=0.67) and good for Healthcare Interaction Results (ICC=0.77). CONCLUSIONS The HCEQ, with modifications, demonstrated promising psychometric properties within this sample, laying the foundation for further assessment. This work supports the HCEQ as an appropriate instrument for examining experiences with and perceived importance of empowerment in individuals with arthritis and other rheumatic conditions. PATIENT CONTRIBUTION Patients contributed to the assessment of face validity. As a measure of patient empowerment, the HCEQ's use can enable further participation of patients in health care.
The Life and Career of James Andrew Harris: Let’s Ask More of History

As a member of the team that created elements 104 and 105 at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, James Andrew Harris [1932–2000] was the first African American credited in the discovery of an element. This factoid has been posted on social media, used in a quiz game, and repeated on numerous Web sites. The story (if any context is offered at all) is often the same—a narrative beginning with prejudice, which is overcome with perseverance, and a discovery as pay-off. It is a good story, and this article does not doubt its veracity. But there are questions that need asking. These questions can be basic: what role did Harris play in the discovery of these elements? Or, they can be complicated: what did Harris do before or after these discoveries? At present, there is a surprising lack of detailed information about James Harris’s life and career that is easily discoverable. This article is both a call to chemistry students and educators to help uncover more of Harris’s story as well as an example of how three simple guidelines can aid the discovery process.
Short and long-term outcomes of three-dimensional printed surgical guides and virtual surgical planning versus conventional methods for fibula free flap reconstruction of the mandible: Decreased nonunion and complication rates.

Background To determine whether virtual surgical planning and three-dimensional printed cutting guides (3D/VSP) improved radiographic bone union compared to conventional methods (CM) in fibula free flap (FFF) reconstruction of the mandibles. Methods Retrospective study from the years 2000-2018 at a tertiary hospital. Osseous union was evaluated by a radiologist blinded to each patient's treatment. Results Two hundred sixty patients who underwent FFF tissue transfer, 28 with VSP and 3D cutting guides. Bony union was not achieved in 46 (20%) patients who underwent CM compared to 1 (4%) of patients with VSP and guides (p = 0.036). FFF complication was significantly higher in CM with 87 patients (38%) compared to three patients (11%) in 3D/VSP (p = 0.005). Median time to bony union for patients who underwent CM was 1.4 years compared to 0.8 years in 3D/VSP. Conclusions 3D/VSP reduced the rate of radiographic nonunion and flap-related complications in FFF reconstruction for mandibular defects.
Nodal chain semimetal in geometrically frustrated systems

Geometrically frustrated systems and topological semimetals have both attracted much interest and been studied in various systems in recent years. Here we study the interplay between these two systems. We show that a Weyl point can be extended to a chain of degeneracy (a nodal chain) with nonzero charge of Berry flux through geometric frustration. We propose to realize such a charged nodal chain in an acoustic metamaterial, based on both tight-binding and full-wave numerical simulations. Moreover, we observe a fanlike surface state spectrum, the dispersion of which is controlled by the bulk band properties. Our paper points to a class of band degeneracy that carries nonzero Berry flux. The resulting topological metamaterial may be useful for controlling the flow of sound and light.
Incorporating Precision Medicine into Phase I Clinical Trials

There has been growing interest in molecular profiling of tumors in order to identify actionable alterations and offer molecularly matched therapies. Given the rapid incorporation of next generation sequencing into clinical care, genomic profiling has led the way with transcriptional profiling and immune profiling closely following. Increasing numbers of Phase I trials are biomarker-selected, and there are large number of biomarker-selected Phase II basket trials or signal-seeking expansions. Although there have been several recent successes, genomically-informed therapy has several challenges. In this chapter we will review the pros and cons of biomarker-selected early phase therapies and review strategies for patient screening. We will also review challenges in genomically-informed therapy including need for functional annotation and determining decision support, tumor heterogeneity, genomic evolution, and management of incidental results.
Variations in Low Electrical Stimulator Voltage Settings Minimally Influence Beef Longissimus Muscle Slice Shear Force Values

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of differing electrical stimulation (ES) voltage levels on beef longissimus muscle tenderness, postmortem temperature, pH decline, and carcass quality. Beef carcasses from 3 commercial beef processing plants (A, B, C) were exposed to 3 varying voltage levels: (1) control (no ES), (2) ES level 1 (ES1; 60 Hz for 17 s each at 16, 20, 24, and 28 V), and (3) ES level 2 (ES2; 60 Hz for 17 s each at 25, 35, 45, and 55 V) prior to chilling. Ninety beef carcasses were selected from each of the 3 plants, and within a carcass, paired sides were randomly assigned to one of 3 ES treatments (n = 60 sides/treatment/plant). The results indicated that ES affected (P 0.05) pH at the time of grading (postrigor). Although the slice shear force (SSF) values were lower (P 0.05) SSF values. Variation in SSF was observed among the plants (P 0.05) SSF values. Overall, although ES steaks had lower SSF values compared with control steaks, the lack of difference in postmortem tenderness between ES1 and ES2 voltage settings indicated that the low ES voltages minimally influenced SSF values.
The effect of premixed stratification on the wave dynamics of a rotating detonation combustor

Abstract Typical injection schemes of rotating detonation combustors inject fuel locally into the combustion channel, creating stratified fuel-rich and fuel-lean mixing regions. In this study, premixed hydrogen and air rotating detonations are explored in a rotating detonation combustor through premixing part of the fuel into the oxidizer flow. The objective is to investigate the effect of premixing on the operation of the combustor. Three premixing schemes are examined where the detonation wave speeds are analyzed. The results show that in premixing, the fuel-lean regions became more favorable for continuous detonation propagation when premixed with the bypass fuel, resulting in higher detonation wave speeds. This phenomenon is shown to be independent of the global fuel-air equivalence ratio and the amount of fuel premixed into the oxidizer. As such, combustor performance and the operational regime could be improved with lean hydrogen premixing amounts in the main flow oxidizer.
Foxo1 deletion promotes the growth of new lymphatic valves

Patients with congenital lymphedema suffer from tissue swelling in part due to mutations in genes regulating lymphatic valve development. Lymphatic valve leaflets grow and are maintained throughout life in response to oscillatory shear stress (OSS), which regulates gene transcription in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). Here, we identified the first transcription factor, Foxo1, that repressed lymphatic valve formation by inhibiting the expression of valve-forming genes. We showed that both embryonic and postnatal ablation of Foxo1 in LECs induced additional valve formation in postnatal and adult mice in multiple tissues. Our quantitative analyses revealed that after deletion, the total number of valves in the mesentery was significantly (P < 0.01) increased in the Foxo1LEC-KO mice compared with Foxo1fl/fl controls. In addition, our quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) data from cultured LECs showed that many valve-forming genes were significantly (P < 0.01) upregulated upon knockdown of FOXO1. To confirm our findings in vivo, rescue experiments showed that Foxc2+/- mice, a model of lymphedema-distichiasis, had 50% fewer lymphatic valves and that the remaining valves exhibited backleak. Both valve number and function were completely restored to control levels upon Foxo1 deletion. These findings established FOXO1 as a clinically relevant target to stimulate de novo lymphatic valve formation and rescue defective valves in congenital lymphedema.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) arising in uncommon locations: clinicopathologic features and risk assessment of esophageal, colonic, and appendiceal GISTs.

Risk stratification of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) is based on experience with tumors of the stomach, small bowel, and rectum, which are far more common than GISTs of other sites. In this study from 47 institutions, we analyzed GISTs of the esophagus (n = 102), colon (n = 136), and appendix (n = 27) for their size, mitotic rate, morphology, and outcome to determine which criteria predict their behavior. Esophageal GISTs were small (median: 2.5 cm) with spindle cell morphology and a low mitotic rate (mean: 3.6/5 mm2). Twelve (12%) tumors progressed, including 11 with a mitotic rate >5/5 mm2 and one large (6.8 cm) GIST with a mitotic rate of 2/5 mm2. Colonic GISTs were smaller (median: 1.4 cm) and presented with abdominal pain or bleeding in 29% of cases. Most (92%) were composed of spindle cells with a mean mitotic rate of 4.6/5 mm2. Sixteen (12%) tumors progressed: 14 had mitotic rates >5/5 mm2, and two were >5.0 cm with a mitotic rate 5/5 mm2) and size >5.0 cm. These findings support the use of size and mitotic rate for prognostication of GISTs in these locations, similar to tumors of the stomach, small bowel, and rectum.
Mindfulness and Acceptance Practices

This chapter reviews mindfulness and acceptance practices, associated with acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), as preventative measures and interventions for burnout and trauma-related employment stress (TRES). An overview of well-being as it relates to stress in the helping professions is discussed. Specific mindfulness and acceptance techniques, including practical tools, are offered.
Comparisons of Cobalt-60 gamma irradiation dose rates on grapefruit flavedo tissue and on Mexican fruit fly mortality.

Percent electrolyte leakage, a measure of membrane integrity, proved to be a good predictor (R2 = 0.99) of cobalt-60 gamma irradiation dose injury on mid-season ‘Ruby Red’ grapefruit Citrus paradisi (Macf.) flavedo tissue (peel). Percent electrolyte leakage on grapefruit peel following a dose-rate of 250 grays/1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 25.0 min decreased as grays/min (dose-rate) decreased. Total phenols, a biochemical response to irradiation following 250 grays/1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 25.0 min also decreased as dose-rate decreased, demonstrating that injury to grapefruit peel diminished as 250 grays of gamma irradiation/rate declined. Comparisons of 10 and 20 grays of cobalt-60 gamma irradiation showed that a dose-rate of 10 grays/0.25 min to naked 8-d old Mexican fruit fly Anastrepha ludens (Loew) larvae caused a 90% reduction of adult emergence. Whereas, at 20 grays the reduction was greater than 99% with dose-rates of 20 grays/0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 100 min. These data show that a gamma irradiation dose capable of red...