cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deformation of polypropylene single crystals

Abstract The plastic deformation modes of single crystals of polypropylene have been studied as a function of applied uniaxial strain and as a function of orientation of the lathlike crystals relative to the draw direction. The crystals were drawn on a Mylar substrate and the morphology of the drawn crystals was observed by electron microscopy for various imposed uniaxial strains varying from nominal values of 3 to 100%. For crystals oriented in, or close to, the direction of draw, microcracks developed at low strains and grew progressively larger as the draw ratio increased. Fibrils, about 50 A in diameter, were found to extend across the apparent cracks. The fibril diameter appeared to be independent of the imposed strain but the fibril length was found to be proportional to the strain. For crystals oriented at an appreciable angle to the strain, additional modes of plastic deformation were found to occur. These included simple and multiple shear, slip, and buckling. Crystallographic twinning also appea...
Structure of excited vortices with higher angular momentum in Bose-Einstein condensates

The structure of vortices in Bose-Einstein condensed atomic gases is studied taking into account many-body correlation effects. It is shown that for excited vortices the particle density in the vortex core increases as the angular momentum of the system increases. The core density can increase by several times with only a few percent change in the angular momentum. This result provides an explanation for the observations in which the measured angular momentum is higher than the estimation based on counting the number of vortices and the visibility of the vortex cores is simultaneously reduced. The calculated density profiles for the excited vortices are in good agreement with experimental measurements of a single vortex.
Formaldehyde-Induced Genome Instability is Suppressed by an XPF-dependent Pathway

Formaldehyde is a reactive chemical that is commonly used in the production of industrial, laboratory, household, and cosmetic products. The causal association between formaldehyde exposure and increased incidence of cancer led the International Agency for Research on Cancer to classify formaldehyde as a carcinogen. Formaldehyde-induced DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) elicit responses involving nucleotide excision repair (NER) and homologous recombination (HR) repair pathways; however, little is known about the cellular and genetic changes that subsequently lead to formaldehyde-induced genotoxic and cytotoxic effects. Herein, investigations of genes that modulate the cytotoxic effects of formaldehyde exposure revealed that of five NER-deficient Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines tested, XPF- and ERCC1-deficient cells were most sensitive to formaldehyde treatment as compared to wild-type cells. Cell cycle analyses revealed that formaldehyde-treated XPF-deficient cells exhibited an immediate G2/M arrest that was associated with altered cell ploidy and apoptosis. Additionally, an elevated number of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), chromosomal breaks and radial formation were also observed in XPF-deficient cells following formaldehyde treatment. Formaldehyde-induced DSBs occurred in a replication-dependent, but an XPF-independent manner. However, delayed DSB repair was observed in the absence of XPF function. Collectively, our findings highlight the role of an XPF-dependent pathway in mitigating the sensitivity to formaldehyde-induced DNA damage as evidenced by the increased genomic instability and reduced cell viability in an XPF-deficient background. In addition, centrosome and microtubule abnormalities, as well as enlarged nuclei, caused by formaldehyde exposure are demonstrated in a repair-proficient cell line.
Low energy He atom scattering from Ag(110) and Ag(111): Is there an effective two-body potential?

Abstract A rather wide range of scattering potentials is consistent with the extensive data for He scattering from Ag(110). This illustrates the nonuniqueness of potentials obtained by fitting scattering data for weakly corrugated surfaces. However, the corrugation of the equipotential surface for these potentials only differs by ∼ 20% and is therefore quite well determined by the data. An effective pair potential between the He atom and a Ag atom can be found which is consistent with scattering data for both the (110) and the (111) face of Ag, but it is unrealistic in some other respects.
Testing of Hexacyanoferrates for Decontamination of Radioactive Wastewaters at Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Abstract Liquid low-level radioactive waste (LLLW) and slightly contaminated process wastewater at Oak Ridge National Laboratory has been tested for removal of 137Cs using several transition-metal hexacyanoferrate compounds. The method being developed is scavenging precipitation, in which ion exchange particles are mixed with the solutions and allowed to settle. Decontamination factors of 35 for simulated LLLW and 12 for process wastewater were achieved.
Update on acute sinusitis in children

Sinusitis is one of the most common diseases presented to the primary care practioner. In this setting it is key to distinguish those children who have uncomplicated viral upper respiratory tract infection from those who have acute bacterial sinusitis. Sinusitis may be diagnosed based on the presence of persistent or severe respiratory symptoms or when a respiratory illness has a biphasic presentation. Radiographs or computed tomography scans are not usually needed to diagnose sinusitis in children. Well-designed randomized, controlled trials demonstrated the benefit of antibiotics compared to placebo. Antimicrobial therapy should be targeted against the three major pathogens responsible for sinusitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. Amoxicillin or amoxicillin/clavulanate are the antibiotics of choice for children with acute bacterial sinusitis.
Wound ballistics is a model of the pathophysiology of all blunt and penetrating trauma

The tissue factors important in wound ballistics provide a useful insight into the pathophysiology of organ injury in all trauma. Wound ballistics includes penetrating and blunt trauma mechanisms. Blunt trauma takes the form of tissue stretch (temporary cavitation). The varied ability of different types of tissue to tolerate the physical displacement of tissue stretch in gunshot wounds, and the inability of any tissue to survive being crushed by a bullet, is a model for the relative abilities of different tissues to tolerate blunt trauma and penetrating trauma of all types. As in gunshot wounds, the extent of tissue injury from any type of trauma is directly related to both the characteristics of the tissue injured and the mechanism of injury. Penetrating trauma can be a feature of blunt trauma (and vice versa), such as when a rib fracture fragment is displaced into the spleen, lacerating it. Although the mechanism of a traumatic event may be pure blunt or penetrating trauma, the mechanism of tissue injury may be mixed.
Cell-protective effect of human saliva specific for herpes simplex virus.

Abstract Saliva from normal human adults pre-incubated with human amnion cell cultures protected these cells against destruction by herpes simplex virus. In two-thirds of subjects tested, protection amounted to plaque reduction of 55–94 per cent. Protection seemed to be achieved by direct action on cells rather than inactivation of virus. Evidence indicates that the active material was not antibody, although it was more active against herpes simplex virus than vaccinia or vesicular stomatitis virus. This cell-protective activity correlated with recurrent herpes labialis and may be significant in the varying resistance of individuals to symptomatic recurrences and may explain the tendency of recurrent lesions to involve the lips and circumoral skin although sparing the oral mucous membrane.
Holographic methods for investigating solid-state photochemistry

The conventional recording of holographic images in a solid substrate may be thought of as a four-wave mixing process in which the resulting interference pattern is not transient, as in more conventional four-wave mixing experiments, but is permanent, in this paper, we describe the use of holographic techniques to obtain detailed information on solid-state photochemical processes. We describe two experiments in detail: the determination of quantum yields and the measurement of polymer chain lengths.
XAFS characterization of mercury captured on cupric chloride-impregnated sorbents

X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy were used to determine the mercury species formed as a result of the reaction of elemental mercury vapor with cupric chloride impregnated onto activated carbon. Oxidized mercury was found to be a dominant mercury species identified from XAFS analysis. Both XANES and EXAFS spectra indicated that Hg–Cl bonding is present from CuCl2- or HCl-impregnated sorbents, and HgCl2 is most likely to be formed rather than HgCl. In addition, the XAFS analysis results obtained for spent raw activated carbon sorbents prepared in nitrogen or oxygen carrier gas confirmed that chemisorption is likely the dominant adsorption mechanism of Hg(0) vapor. It is currently speculated from results from this and previous studies that if oxidized mercury is formed onto raw activated carbon, Hg(0) vapor is very likely to be bound to sulfur species.
Transcavernous approach to diseases of the anterior upper third of the posterior fossa.

Object. The region in the upper anterior third of the posterior fossa is a surgically hidden, narrow corridor between the petroclival surface anteriorly and the surface of the brainstem posteriorly. Although several approaches have been described to help surgeons reach this region, few of them enable practitioners to reach the different corners of the area and provide as wide a view as the one achieved using the transcavernous route. Methods. A transcavernous approach was used in 91 cases (50 complex upper basilar artery [BA] aneurysms, 30 upper petroclival junction meningiomas, five trigeminal nerve schwannomas, three upper clival chordomas, and three anterior pontine lesions) involving the anterior upper third of the posterior fossa. The approach uses the pretemporal route with exposure of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. It entails removal of the anterior clinoid process. The posterior clinoid process is also removed when necessary. The approach leads to the upper basilar region. It is widened inferiorly to expose the anterior aspect by removal of the posterior clinoid process and the petroclival osseous and dural elements. Its lateral extension exposes the region of the Meckel cave and it can be widened by removal of the petrous apex. Seventy patients experienced new transient mild cranial neuropathies, 67 of whom recovered fully. Surgically related ischemic morbidities occurred in three patients with BA aneurysms (one small medial thalamic infarct, ataxia due to superior cerebellar artery ischemia, and distal middle cerebral artery embolus in a patient with atrial fibrillation in whom anticoagulation therapy was stopped). All the neuropathies in patients with BA aneurysms were oculomotor and recovery was the rule in all of them. Three new permanent cranial neuropathies occurred in the patients with meningiomas. In seven patients with preoperative neuropathy, two had partial improvement. Five patients with atypical meningiomas were treated with postoperative radiation therapy. Progression occurred later in four patients who were treated with gamma knife surgery. There were no surgery-related deaths. More than 1 year of follow-up data were available in 85 patients, and 94% of those patients were in an active and functional state (Glasgow Outcome Scale scores of 4 and 5). Conclusions. The safety achieved with the transcavernous route allows surgeons to achieve wide exposures to lesions involving the anterior upper third of the posterior fossa. It is an approach that should be mastered by every neurosurgeon dealing with cranial lesions.
TH-C-303A-08: Prostate Localization Using Daily Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Imaging: Assessment of Accuracy Using Similarity Metrics and Observation-Based Measures

Purpose: To estimate the accuracy of daily CBCT/CT prostate rigid‐body registrations using different similarity metrics (SM) and observation‐based measures, and to determine the tradeoffs of these methods. Methods and Materials: Daily CBCTimages of 29 prostate cancer patients were retrospectively analyzed; 14 patients with calcifications in the prostate (calcification dataset) and 15 patients without calcifications (no‐calcification dataset). Three groups of test registrations were performed. Test1: 70 CT/CBCT pairs in the calcification dataset were registered using 17 SMs and their various parameters (6580 registrations), and compared using the calcification mismatch vector length as an end‐point. Test2: Using the 4 best SMs based on Test1, 75 CBCT/CT pairs from the no‐calcification dataset were registered using visual comparison as the endpoint (300 registrations), i.e. the accuracy of prostate contour overlays on CBCTimages were visually ranked. Test3: For the top ranked SM based on the above 2 tests, the registration accuracy was estimated from 356 CBCT/CT registrations from 11 patients in the calcification dataset with and without calcification filtering from registrations. Results: Test1: Incremental‐sign‐correlation (ISC), gradient‐correlation (GC), gradient‐difference (GD), and normalized‐cross‐correlation (NCC) were the SMs with the least vector length errors (μ±σ: 1.6±0.9∼2.9±2.1 mm). Test2: Using visual criteria, 2 of the 3 reviewers ranked GC slightly higher than the other SMs. Test3: Using GC, 96% of registrations (341/356 registrations) showed less than 3 mm error when calcifications were filtered. Corresponding errors were L/R:0.1±0.5 mm, A/P:0.8±1.0 mm, and S/I: 0.5±1.1 mm. Existence of prostate calcifications increased the number of successful registrations to 97%. Conclusion: The estimated <3mm error was approximately 96% (1.1 mm SD) using GC, ISC and GD similarity measures. These measures offer a relatively quick and accurate means of assessing CBCT/CT registrations in the routine clinical setting. User observation is a necessary requirement in the overall QA of the process.
Why should we pay more for layout designers

In this paper, we discuss the Passive Optical Network deployment on an arbitrary grid with guaranteed tolerance towards p -1 equipment failure. We show that this problem in general is NP-hard. We propose an algorithm, which guarantees a solution of 4-approximation to the optimal deployment, and further argue that this is the best lower bound achievable in our case. We do comparative studied with randomized layouts, were our proposed algorithm saves 45% - 55% deployment cost (fiber, equipment, etc.) on average.
Scheduling groups of jobs in the two-machine flow shop

This paper provides a review of the two-machine flow shop model when time lags or setups are introduced. Building on these results, it establishes a general framework for scheduling groups of jobs when each group requires a setup.
Pars Planitis: A 20-Year Study of Incidence, Clinical Features, and Outcomes

Purpose To measure the incidence of pars planitis in a community-based population and to report clinical features, complications, and visual prognosis. Design Population-based, retrospective, 20-year cohort study. Methods Multicenter study using the Rochester Epidemiology Project medical records linkage system, which allows analysis of almost all patients within Olmsted County, Minnesota, with a given medical condition. Databases were searched to identify all patients with pars planitis from January 1, 1985 through December 31, 2004. Forty-six eyes of 25 patients were evaluated. Results Mean follow-up was 14.3 years. The incidence of pars planitis was 2.077 per 100,000 persons (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43 to 2.62). The most common complications were epiretinal membrane (ERM) in 17 eyes (36%), cataract in 14 eyes (30.4%), and cystoid macular edema (CME) in 12 eyes (26.1%). Mean visual acuity after 10 years of follow-up was 20/30, with 18 of 24 patients maintaining a visual acuity of 20/40 or better. One-third of patients maintained normal visual acuity without requiring treatment. Conclusions The visual prognosis of pars planitis is relatively good, with 75% of patients maintaining a visual acuity of 20/40 or better after 10 years. Many patients with mild disease do not require treatment. A subset of patients, however, experience severe disease with severe vision loss despite treatment. The rate of smoking and multiple sclerosis in patients with pars planitis is much higher than that of the general population.
Finger-triggered digital microfluidics

We present finger-driven digital microfludics (DMF) to manipulate droplets based on electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD) phenomenon. Instead of using an external power supply, we use a piezoelectric energy harvesting scheme to convert mechanical energy provided by human fingers to electric voltage pulses for droplet actuation. Voltage pulses of amplitudes greater than 40 V can be generated reproducibly by a laminated piezoelectric element. Using this finger-triggered EWOD actuation, we successfully demonstrated basic modes of droplet operation, such as droplet transport, splitting and merging. The results confirm that the electric energy harvested from mechanical energy imparted by human fingers is sufficient to power EWOD-based digital microfluidic devices for droplet manipulation, which are very attractive for various portable applications.
On k -weak orders: recognition and a tolerance result

In this paper we introduce a family of ordered sets we call {\em k-weak orders\/} which generalize weak orders, semi-orders, and bipartite orders. For each $k$, we give a polynomial-time recognition algorithm for $k$-weak orders and a partial characterization. In addition, we prove that among 1-weak orders, the classes of bounded bitolerance orders and totally bounded bitolerance orders are equal. This enables us to recognize the class of totally bounded bitolerance orders for 1-weak orders.
Small area estimation in a Watershed erosion assessment survey

This article describes an application of small area estimation in a survey conducted in the Rathbun Lake Watershed in Iowa (USA). From a sample of 183 plots in the watershed, erosion from four sources as well as total erosion are estimated for 61 small areas within the study region. Information on land cover and topography from GIS coverages are used to create plot-level covariates for the regression model. Two estimators are discussed in the article: an empirical best linear unbiased predictor and a composite estimator. The latter estimator is potentially less efficient than the former, but preserves the additivity between the estimates for the four erosion sources and the total erosion. For this survey, the estimated efficiency loss is shown to be very small.
Changing concepts in the determination of valvular stenosis

The cardiovascular system can be characterized as a series of chambers connected by tubes and orifices. The circulatory physiology of this system is governed by hydrodynamic laws. The first application of hydrodynamics to stenotic valve orifices was by Gorlin and Gorlin in 1951, with direct measurement of transvalvular pressure gradients in the catheterization laboratory. The relative imprecision of fluid-filled catheters was corrected by the introduction of high fidelity micromanometric catheters in 1978. Echocardiography, which directly measures blood velocity, currently provides an accurate and widely applied tool for hemodynamic evaluation. Measured changes in blood velocity can derive pressure gradients previously measured by cardiac catheterization. In the clinically important range of determinations, there is excellent correlation between echocardiographic methods and the Gorlin formula for calculating valvular stenosis. Although noninvasive evaluation of heart valve stenosis has become standard, the same physical laws apply as in the 1950s, and practitioners need to be aware of the limitations of the various methods of hemodynamic calculation.
Pleistocene And Recent Topographic Changes In The Pacific Coast States

In comparison with the eastern half of North America, great topographic changes have occurred, in the Pacific Coast States during the last three periods of geological time—the Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Recent. During these later periods of geological history the eastern mountains and plains have apparently suffered only relatively gentle upbowing or downwarping, but since the beginning of the Pliocene the western mountains and plateaus have not merely been uplifted thousands of feet but have been strongly folded and broken by faults. In the West, neighboring areas have moved in opposite directions. Some have gone up great distances and now form the high ranges; others have sunk and now either form the valleys into which the erosional detritus from the ranges is being in part deposited or they form estuaries or sounds if, lying near the Coast, they sank below sea-level.
Capital cities: a special case in urban development

This paper examines the unique features of political capitals and how those features impact capital city growth. The hypothesis of this paper is that greater spending by governments should increase the income of capital city residents relative to residents in the rest of the government’s jurisdiction. This hypothesis is tested with panel data from US state capital metropolitan areas. There is found to be a statistically significant relationship between state expenditure and income in the capital, holding income in the rest of the state constant, consistent with the hypothesis. Policy implications and avenues for future research are discussed in the conclusion.
Feminism, Modernity and Critical Theory

The relationship between modernity and normativity is central to the project of critical theory, and yet this relationship has come under increasing pressure in recent years, in particular from postcolonial critics. For feminist critical theory specifically, the demand to rethink the relationship between modernity and normativity can be seen as coming simultaneously from two different directions: both from the direction of a feminist theory that strives to be genuinely inclusive of the perspectives and experiences of all women, including those in the global South, by developing an intersectional analysis of the cross-cutting axes of racial, gender, and imperial domination; and from the direction of a critical theory that can only be truly critical if it can take on board a postcolonial perspective. And yet rethinking the relationship between modernity and normativity poses serious problems for certain prominent understandings of feminist critical theory. In particular, insofar as the normative perspective...
The complex Green operator on CR-submanifolds of ℂⁿ of hypersurface type: Compactness

We establish compactness estimates for ∂b on a compact pseudoconvex CR-submanifold of C of hypersurface type that satisfies property(P). When the submanifold is orientable, these estimates were proved by A. Raich in [32] using microlocal methods. Our proof deduces the estimates from (a slight extension, when q > 1, of) those known on hypersurfaces via the fact that locally, CR-submanifolds of hypersurface type are CR-equivalent to a hypersurface. The relationship between two potential theoretic conditions is also clarified.
Representation theory of artin algebras iii almost split sequences

(1975). Representation theory of artin algebras iii almost split sequences. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 239-294.
Monitoring Children with Reading Disabilities' Response to Phonics Intervention: Are There Differences between Intervention Aligned and General Skill Progress Monitoring Assessments?

This study investigated whether 2 different progress monitoring assessments differentially predicted growth in reading skills associated with systematic phonics instruction. Oral reading fluency (ORF) was compared with an intervention aligned word list (IAWL) as predictors of growth in untimed and timed decoding and word identification and text reading accuracy, fluency, and comprehension. Results from 40 children with reading disabilities, Grades 2–5, indicated that the IAWL accounted for unique variance in change on measures of decoding and word identification, whereas the ORF measure accounted for unique variance on passage reading fluency gains. Evaluation of the IAWL psychometric properties revealed adequate reliability and construct validity; however, additional analysis indicated that the hierarchical coding scheme used to determine each word's rank difficulty ordering was not as effective.
Random eigenvalues, algebraic methods and structural dynamic models

A review of the literature of the study of structural vibration problems with random parameters is provided. There have been several approaches to this problem. These have been encapsulated in this paper for the benefit of those who need to assess such possibilities. In particular, the algebraic theory of random variables is delineated here with the application in mind being the determination or estimation of the statistics of the eigenvalues of linear dynamical systems. Various transformation techniques are summarized and discussed with simple examples.
Class in daytime talk television

Whether you are openly addicted to them, despise them, or secretly watch them, daytime TV talk shows are an integral part of American popular culture. Many people deny watching such “trash” or insist that they watch it simply for entertainment. The “trash” label accompanying these shows is revealing considering the claim made by an Oprah Winfrey Show publicist, as reported by Jane Shattuc, that these shows typically cater to “a housewife with about a ninth‐grade education in a lower socio‐economic bracket.” Demographics show that, indeed, 58% of the audience for daytime talk television is female and most viewers have less than a year of college education. What makes daytime talk shows attractive to this stratum of society? And can we really be sure that the educated middle class is not also watching these programs? What is the relationship between gender and class in daytime television talk shows? The spectrum of daytime television talk shows ranges from Jerry Springer, Leeza, and Sally Jessy Raphael, wit...
Group operant behavior in free-feeding squirrel monkeys.

Colony caged squirrel monkeys provided with ad lib. food lever pressed at high rates for Noyes pellets on CRF. 4 males had been hand shaped in individual chambers earlier but 7 females were naive; ...
A mathematical model of the right ventricular muscle geometry and mass

An understanding of the geometry of the right ventricular (RV) free wall is imperative for both modelling its mechanics and assessing its mass by imaging techniques such as echocardiography. In this paper, a new model of the RV free wall geometry is discussed in which the wall is assumed to have a parabolic long-axis and a circular short-axis curvature respectively. By use of analytic geometry, mathematical expressions for RV surface area, volume and mass were derived. In vitro model validation was carried out in the following manner: (1) echocardiographic images of 16 isolated calf hearts were obtained; (2) measurements were made from the images to determine the parameters required by the model; (3) wall mass was determined by use of these parameters; and (4) the calculated wall mass was then compared with actual RV wall mass (determined by weighting). The model was found to be very accurate for determination of RV free wall mass (R = 0.92); it should prove useful in the study of the stress-strain relationships for the RV and for precise quantitative assessment of RV free wall mass.
AUG is the only initiation codon in eukaryotes.

Abstract An analysis of mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae indicates that AUG is the sole codon capable of initiating translation of iso-1-cytochrome c. This result with yeast and the sequence results of numerous eukaryotic genes indicate that AUG is the only initiation codon in eukaryotes; in contrast, results with Escherichia coli and bacteriophages indicate that both AUG and GUG are initiation codons in prokaryotes. The difference can be explained by the lack of the t6 A hypermodified nucleoside ( N-[9-(β- d -ribofuranosyl)purin -6- ylcarbamoyl]threonine ) in prokaryotic initiator tRNA and its presence in eukaryotic initiator tRNA.
Comparison of the in vivo activity of different oxytocin antagonists in the pregnant baboon.

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the relative activity of five oxytocin antagonists (OTAs) in vivo in a tethered pregnant baboon model and compare these results to previously reported affinities in human and rat oxytocin receptor assays and median effective dose in rat uterotonic bioassays. METHODS: Pregnant tethered baboons between days 130 and 160 of pregnancy were given an oxytocin challenge test 1 minute after infusion of 1 mg of one of five randomly selected OTAs: ANTAG I, ANTAG II, ANTAG III, L366948, and Atosiban. Once the uterine response to oxytocin returned to normal (1-8 days) the OCT was repeated with one of the remaining, untested OTAs during the 130-160 day period. Uterine activity, the time until the first significant response, and the dose of oxytocin needed to induce this response were all factored into one expression, the antagonist-response interval (ARI). RESULTS: When expressed as ratio to ANTAG I the relative ARI for the OTAs were 0, .5, 1.0, 2.4 and 59.2 for L366948, Atosiban, ANTAG I, ANTAG II, and ANTAG III, respectively. ANTAG III and L366948 were significantly different from each other and the three other OTAs (P < .05). The log10 ARI for the 4 active OTAs when correlated with the log10 of the human and rat oxytocin receptor affinities and the rat uterotonic bioassay were all highly correlated (r = .99; P < .05). CONCLUSION: ANTAG III is a potent, long-acting OTA in vivo in the pregnant baboon and has the potential as a tocolytic in humans.
DNA synthetic rates among cells of populations in vitro.

In vitro gezuchtete Huhnerembryozellen werden mit3H-Thymidin oder14C-Thymidin «pulse-labeled», wobei «grain counts» und DNS-Gehalt in individuellen Zellen gemessen werden. Fur keine der beiden Isotopen wurde eine Beziehung zwischen DNS-Gehalt und «grain count» gefunden, woraus folgt, dass die Geschwindigkeit der DNS-Synthese von Zelle zu Zelle variiert.
The Effects of Cross‐Functional Integration on Profitability, Process Efficiency, and Asset Productivity

We employ information processing theory (IPT) to posit beneficial impacts of internal integration on firm profitability and its underlying components of process efficiency and asset productivity. We further hypothesize that these effects are greater for firms that operate wider spans of supply chain processes. These expectations are tested with the combination of two different data sources: primary data collected to gauge levels of internal integration, and secondary data collected from financial reports including profitability performance and related financial ratios. The results provide evidence that internal integration mainly affects profits by driving process efficiencies. These efficiencies appear to be especially significant in sales, general, and administrative related costs for firms that have broad process spans. In contrast, the data analysis offers no evidence of a relationship between internal integration and asset productivity. Based on these findings, we point out important implications for the applicability of IPT in explaining the effects of internal integration, and identify a call for action for practitioners. Overall, our study enhances both the rigor and relevance of internal integration research by grounding it in IPT, by utilizing objectively reported financial data, by identifying specific cost benefits, and by studying the impact of process span as an important contingency.
Cross cultural communications: An American toddler in Israeli child care—A case study

In the early 1990s, my family and I had the opportunity to take a sabbatical in Haifa, Israel. My husband was scheduled to work at IBM, and I was to teach at the University of Haifa. But what about our 10-month-old son, Matty? Going into a foreign environment of any sort is unnerving under the best of circumstances, but having to deal with a different language and placing a child in child care are particularly difficult. In Israel, as it turned out, there were many alternatives open to us.
Long-term functioning and well-being outcomes associated with physical activity and exercise in patients with chronic conditions in the medical outcomes study

This study was carried out to determine whether levels of physical activity of patients with various chronic diseases are associated with subsequent functioning and well-being. It was an observational 2-year longitudinal design. The setting was offices of medical and mental health practices within health maintenance organizations, large multispecialty groups, and solo practices or small single-specialty group practices in three U.S. cities. Included in the study were 1758 adult patients with one or more of the following: diabetes, hypertension, congestive heart failure, recent myocardial infarction, depressive symptoms, or current depressive disorder. Outcome measures included physical, role, and functioning; energy/fatigue; pain intensity; sleep problems; depressed affect, anxiety, positive affect, and overall psychological distress/well-being; health distress; and current health perceptions. Cross-sectional (base-line), 2-year endpoint, and change score relationships were evaluated between baseline levels of physical activity and each outcome, controlling for chronic conditions, comorbidity, smoking, alcohol use, overweight, self-reported adherence, and other patient and study characteristics. Higher baseline levels of exercise were uniquely associated with better functioning and well-being at baseline and 2 years later for some measures. The magnitude of the differences varied by disease group, but tended to be between 0.17 and 0.39 of the baseline SD. Greater levels of exercise are associated with feeling and functioning better for patients with chronic conditions over a 2-year period, suggesting that this is a fruitful area for further study using controlled interventions.
Does physician weight affect perception of health advice

Abstract Background. Obesity is considered a growing health threat in the United States. Although physicians have an important role in counseling their patients for obesity prevention and treatment, physicians themselves are often overweight. There are few data regarding how physician body weight might affect patient receptiveness to obesity counseling. Methods. A 43-item survey instrument was developed that consisted of three scales related to physician characteristics, health locus of control, and perceptions on receiving health advice from overweight physicians. The survey was administered to 226 patients in five physician offices. Two of the physicians were classified as obese using BMI calculations, and three were nonobese. The responses from the surveys were grouped into those from obese and nonobese physicians. Results. Significant differences were found for patient receptiveness to counseling for treatment of illness ( P = 0.038) and health advice ( P = 0.049), with the patients of nonobese physicians indicating greater confidence scores. The difference for weight and fitness counseling did not reach significance ( P = 0.075). Analysis revealed that patient BMI was not a significant covariate nor were items related to physician characteristics in general or health locus of control. Conclusions. Patients seeking care from nonobese physicians indicated greater confidence in general health counseling and treatment of illness than patients seeing obese physicians. It is not known if this can be translated into increased success in obesity prevention and treatment.
In GAAP We Trust: Examining How Trust Influences Nonprofessional Investor Decisions Under Rules-Based and Principles-Based Standards

ABSTRACT: In this study, we investigate whether and how trust in our current, more rules-based financial reporting system and type of accounting standard affects nonprofessional investor decision making. In an experiment, 151 nonprofessional investors analyzed two companies that were economically identical except for a single underlying financial reporting difference that allowed one company to more positively report its financial results. By itself, the type of standard (rules-based, principles-based) did not affect investment choices or allocation decisions. However, when trust was considered, nonprofessional investors who are less trusting of our current financial reporting system chose to invest in a company with more positive financial results only when evaluating principles-based financial statements. Conversely, the type of standard did not affect investor decision making for nonprofessional investors who trust our current financial reporting system. These results have implications for standard set...
Vector representation of some mineral compositions in the aenigmatite group, with special reference to hogtuvaite

Aenigmatite-group compositions conform to the general formulaA 2B6T6O2p, where t8lA cations are Na and Ca, t6J3 -" t"z*, Fe3*, Mg, Al, Cr, Ti, and Sb5r, and talz are Si, Al, B, and Be in named end-members. These include the sodic minerals aenigmatite, krinovite, and wilkinsonite, and the calcic minerals rhdnite, serendibite, dorrite, welshite, and h6gtuvaite (a new Be-bearing end-member: Grauch et al. 1994). Graphical rcpresentafion of the compositional relations among these phases is made possible by the vector method, which has recently been applied to a number of other mineral groups. The fundamental principle is that a chemical displacement such as CaAl(NaSi)-1, having both direction and magtitude, can be thought of as a vector of unit length and arbitrary orientation. Compositional relations are simplified by condensing on vectors of isovalent substitution, such as Fe3*Al-, and Fe2+Mg-r. In vector diagrams, bound vectors are attached to a point and show the relations among basis and derived vectors. The conespondingfee vectors generate the accessible compositional range (e.g., triangle, quadrilateral, or pentagon), starting from an initial formula or composition (additive component of J.B. Thompson, Jr.). When this approach is used on the aenigmatite group, the compositions of the main minerals are derived ftom that of aenigmatite by application of the basis vecton CaAl(NaSi)-1, Al2(MgTi)-,, and Al2(MgSi)-r. Hogtuvaite is derived by BeSiAl-2 acting on rhtlnite, and welshite by AlSbBe(MgTiSi)_1 acting on hpgtuvaite. Other theoretical end-members can be generated by the vector method; in the aenigmatite group, many are probably unstable with regmd to a mixture of clinopytoxene plus olivine or spinel, especially if they lack Ti or excess A1.
Legionella pneumophila Type II Secretion Dampens the Cytokine Response of Infected Macrophages and Epithelia

The type II secretion (T2S) system of Legionella pneumophila is required for the ability of the bacterium to grow within the lungs of A/J mice. By utilizing mutants lacking T2S (lsp), we now document that T2S promotes the intracellular infection of both multiple types of macrophages and lung epithelia. Following infection of macrophages, lsp mutants (but not a complemented mutant) elicited significantly higher levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-10, IL-8, IL-1β, and MCP-1 within tissue culture supernatants. A similar result was obtained with infected lung epithelial cell lines and the lungs of infected A/J mice. Infection with a mutant specifically lacking the T2S-dependent ProA protease (but not a complemented proA mutant) resulted in partial elevation of cytokine levels. These data demonstrate that the T2S system of L. pneumophila dampens the cytokine/chemokine output of infected host cells. Upon quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analysis of infected host cells, an lspF mutant, but not the proA mutant, produced significantly higher levels of cytokine transcripts, implying that some T2S-dependent effectors dampen signal transduction and transcription but that others, such as ProA, act at a posttranscriptional step in cytokine expression. In summary, the impact of T2S on lung infection is a combination of at least three factors: the promotion of growth in macrophages, the facilitation of growth in epithelia, and the dampening of the chemokine and cytokine output from infected host cells. To our knowledge, these data are the first to identify a link between a T2S system and the modulation of immune factors following intracellular infection.
Slow Inactivation in Shaker K Channels Is Delayed by Intracellular Tetraethylammonium

After removal of the fast N-type inactivation gate, voltage-sensitive Shaker (Shaker IR) K channels are still able to inactivate, albeit slowly, upon sustained depolarization. The classical mechanism proposed for the slow inactivation observed in cell-free membrane patches—the so called C inactivation—is a constriction of the external mouth of the channel pore that prevents K+ ion conduction. This constriction is antagonized by the external application of the pore blocker tetraethylammonium (TEA). In contrast to C inactivation, here we show that, when recorded in whole Xenopus oocytes, slow inactivation kinetics in Shaker IR K channels is poorly dependent on external TEA but severely delayed by internal TEA. Based on the antagonism with internally or externally added TEA, we used a two-pulse protocol to show that half of the channels inactivate by way of a gate sensitive to internal TEA. Such gate had a recovery time course in the tens of milliseconds range when the interpulse voltage was −90 mV, whereas C-inactivated channels took several seconds to recover. Internal TEA also reduced gating charge conversion associated to slow inactivation, suggesting that the closing of the internal TEA-sensitive inactivation gate could be associated with a significant amount of charge exchange of this type. We interpreted our data assuming that binding of internal TEA antagonized with U-type inactivation (Klemic, K.G., G.E. Kirsch, and S.W. Jones. 2001. Biophys. J. 81:814–826). Our results are consistent with a direct steric interference of internal TEA with an internally located slow inactivation gate as a “foot in the door” mechanism, implying a significant functional overlap between the gate of the internal TEA-sensitive slow inactivation and the primary activation gate. But, because U-type inactivation is reduced by channel opening, trapping the channel in the open conformation by TEA would also yield to an allosteric delay of slow inactivation. These results provide a framework to explain why constitutively C-inactivated channels exhibit gating charge conversion, and why mutations at the internal exit of the pore, such as those associated to episodic ataxia type I in hKv1.1, cause severe changes in inactivation kinetics.
An incidence density sampling program for nested case-control analyses.

Background: The nested case-control design can be a very efficient approach to an epidemiological investigation. In order to obtain unbiased estimates of relative risk, controls should be selected by incidence density sampling, which involves matching each case to a sample of those who are at risk at the time of case occurrence. Methods: This paper presents a simple computer program for incidence density sampling. This program was evaluated using data derived from a cohort study of mortality among workers employed in the nuclear weapons industry. Controls were selected for cases via incidence density sampling; an estimate of the exposure-mortality association was obtained via conditional logistic regression. After 100 iterations of this procedure, the average effect estimate was compared to the risk estimate obtained via proportional hazards regression. The same methods were used to evaluate a program for incidence density sampling that was proposed previously by Pearce in 1989.[5][1] Results: Relative risk estimates obtained from nested case-control analyses conducted using the incidence density sampling program reported in this paper are unbiased. In contrast, the program for incidence density sampling proposed by Pearce[5][1] tended to produce biased relative risk estimates; the magnitude of bias increased with increasing numbers of controls selected per case. Conclusions: The computer program described in this paper offers a simple approach to incidence density sampling for nested case-control analyses with exact matching on attained age and appropriate enumeration of the pool of eligible controls for each case. This method overcomes problems of bias inherent in a previously proposed program for incidence density sampling. [1]: #ref-5
New Views of Grandparents in Intergenerational Context

This article contains a summary of the most widely supported findings concerning grandparents' transactions with their children and grandchildren. In addition, based on the research summary, areas for which there is little information are spotlighted. These include general demographic information, political behavior, and asset transfer from well-off elders to their descendants. Theoretical suggestions are included for the latter area. Most present studies focus on the interactional dynamics of intergenerational relations. An assessment of the theoretical and methodological shortcomings of the research also appears.
Ultrashort-pulse generation and amplification in Ti:sapphire

In conclusion, we have demonstrated a simple and reliable Ti:sapphire laser amplifier capable of generating pulses of unprecedented short duration. Our results confirm the fact that third-order dispersion is the primary factor limiting pulse duration in these lasers. Also, chirped-pulse amplification designs capable of propagating sub-2O fs pulses have been tested. >
Evaluation of the frog embryo teratogenesis assay: Xenopus (FETAX) as a model system for mixture toxicity hazard assessment

The joint toxic action for several binary mixtures was determined with FETAX (frog embryo teratogenesis assay Xenopus) to evaluate the malformation and lethality end points for potential value in mixture toxicity studies. Nine combinations of developmental toxicants were selected for testing at malformation-inducing concentrations, based on presently accepted modes of teratogenesis of each chemical and on the primary types of malformations each had elicited in earlier tests. Two combinations were selected for embryolethal end point testing. Three mixture ratios (3 1, 1 1, 1 3) were tested for each combination, with each combination being tested on three or four separate occasions Individual tests of each chemical were simultaneously conducted for each combination to serve as positive controls (i.e., 1 0 and 0 1 solutions). Toxic unit analysis was used to determine the type of joint action for each combination. Concentration addition was observed for three combinations in which both chemicals were thought to have the same mode of teratogenesis. The other six combinations, with the chemicals having different modes of action, showed a response additive joint action Response addition was also seen for both combinations tested at the embryolethal end point, with an exception for one mixture ratio that was antagonistic. The results indicate FETAX should be useful for mixture toxicity hazard assessment, especially when the malformation end point is considered.