cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New homogeneous high-throughput assays for inhibitors of β-catenin/Tcf protein–protein interactions

The transcriptional activator β-catenin is the primary mediator of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The aberrant formation of the β-catenin/T-cell factor (Tcf) complex leads to many cancers and organ fibroses. Selective inhibition of β-catenin/Tcf protein–protein interactions represents an appealing therapeutic strategy. In this study, two new robust, homogeneous high-throughput assays, AlphaScreen and fluorescence polarization, were established to study β-catenin/Tcf interactions. These two new assays reproduce native β-catenin/Tcf interactions, quantify inhibitory potency, and are complementary with each other. The establishment of these two high-throughput screenings enables quick identification of inhibitors of β-catenin/Tcf protein–protein interactions.
Ultrasonic attenuation in a type II superconducting alloy

Abstract Ultrasonic attenuation measurements have now been obtained on a magnetically reversible type-II superconductor with both a high Ginzburg-Landau parameter (κ g > 1) and with BCS coherence length > electronic mean free path. For applied fields close to H c 2 , the data appear to agree with dirty-limit ( ξ 0 / l > 1) theory which predicts a linear dependence of α on H. At fields farther from H c 2 , α ( H ) deviates from linearity and appears to fit empirically to a parabolic function of H. At very low fields, H ⪆ H c1 , the H - and T -dependence is in apparent agreement with another theory. Physical insight into the behavior in this region could be obtained with a model in which vortices are replaced by cylinders of completely normal material imbedded in a superconducting matrix.
Commitment to a cellular transition precedes genome-wide transcriptional change

In budding yeast, commitment to cell division corresponds to activating the positive feedback loop of G1 cyclins controlled by the transcription factors SBF and MBF. This pair of transcription factors has over 200 targets, implying that cell-cycle commitment coincides with genome-wide changes in transcription. Here, we find that genes within this regulon have a well-defined distribution of transcriptional activation times. Combinatorial use of SBF and MBF results in a logical OR function for gene expression and partially explains activation timing. Activation of G1 cyclin expression precedes the activation of the bulk of the G1/S regulon, ensuring that commitment to cell division occurs before large-scale changes in transcription. Furthermore, we find similar positive feedback-first regulation in the yeasts S. bayanus and S. cerevisiae, as well as human cells. The widespread use of the feedback-first motif in eukaryotic cell-cycle control, implemented by nonorthologous proteins, suggests its frequent deployment at cellular transitions.
Enhanced sensitivity to N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor activation in transgenic and knockin mouse models of Huntington's disease

We used two mouse models of Huntington's disease (HD) to examine changes in glutamate receptor sensitivity and striatal electrophysiology. One model, a transgenic, consisted of mice expressing exon 1 of the human HD gene and carrying 141–157 CAG repeat sequences (R6/2 line). The second model, a CAG repeat “knockin,” consisted of mice with different lengths of CAG repeats (CAG71 and CAG94 repeats). The effects of glutamate receptor activation were examined by visualizing neurons in brain slices with infrared videomicroscopy and differential interference contrast optics to determine changes in somatic area (cell swelling). Striatal and cortical neurons in both models (R6/2 and CAG94) displayed more rapid and increased swelling to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) than those in controls. This effect was specific as there were no consistent group differences after exposure to α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) or kainate (KA). Intracellular recordings revealed that resting membrane potentials (RMPs) in the R6/2 transgenics were significantly more depolarized than those in their respective controls. RMPs in CAG94 mice also were more depolarized than those in CAG71 mice or their controls in a subset of striatal neurons. Confirming previous results, R6/2 mice expressed behavioral abnormalities and nuclear inclusions. However, CAG71 and CAG94 knockins did not, suggesting that increased sensitivity to NMDA may occur early in the disease process. These findings imply that NMDA antagonists or compounds that alter sensitivity of NMDA receptors may be useful in the treatment of HD. J. Neurosci. Res. 58:515–532, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Thermally stimulated discharge current studies on low‐temperature relaxations in polycarbonate

The β-relaxation in polycarbonate has been investigated by the thermally stimulated discharge current (TSC) technique. The polarization of the β-peak in polycarbonate is shown to be uniform. Two broad peaks centered at 130° and 200°K were observed. Furthermore, two single relaxation processes were resolved for the lower temperature peak. The high temperature peak was also resolved into two peaks, however, only one of them was a single relaxation process. The individual peaks satisfied the dipolar theory, and the three peaks are associated with activation energies of 0.24, 0.27, and 0.47 eV, and temperatures of the peak maxima were 121°, 131°, and 193°K, respectively. The mechanism attributed to each peak is discussed and does not appear to contradict the results of conventional dielectric and mechanical relaxation and NMR measurements on the β-relaxation in polycarbonate.
Na-L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate as a source of vitamin C for channel catfish

Abstract Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fingerlings (1.5 g average initial weight) were fed semipurified diets supplemented with 0, 15, 30, 60 or 120 mg/kg (0, 0.08, 0.16, 0.32, and 0.64 mmol/kg) of ascorbic acid molar equivalent supplied by either Na-L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate (AAP-Na) or Mg-L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate (AAP-Mg). After 12 weeks, weight gain was significantly equal for all fish fed AAP-Na or AAP-Mg, although growth rate was less for fish fed the ascorbic acid-free diet (basal). There were no gross signs of vitamin C deficiency in any of the fish fed AAP-Na or AAP-Mg, while spinal deformities were found in 26% of the fish fed the basal diet. Bone collagen content was equal for all treatments with AAP-Na or AAP-Mg; however, there was reduced bone collagen content, a sensitive indicator of vitamin C deficiency, in fish fed the basal diet. Percentage recovery of ascorbic acid from commercially extruded catfish feeds supplemented with AAP-Na and AAP-Mg was 99 (±11.1) and 98 (±12.1), respectively. This study indicates that AAP-Na has equimolar activity to AAP-Mg as an ascorbic acid source for growth and collagen synthesis in channel catfish and that both compounds are highly stable against processing loss. Previous studies had shown that AAP-Mg has equal vitamin potency for channel catfish as L-ascorbic acid.
Decision theory and artificial intelligence II: The hungry monkey

This paper describes a problem-solving framework in which aspects of mathematical decision theory are incorporated into symbolic problem-solving techniques currently predominant in artificial intelligence. The utility function of decision theory is used to reveal tradeoffs among competing strategies for achieving various goals, taking into account such factors as reliability, the complexity of steps in the strategy, and the value of the goal. The utility function on strategies can therefore be used as a guide when searching for good strategies. It is also used to formulate solutions to the problems of how to acquire a world model, how much planning effort is worthwhile, and whether verification tests should be performed. These techniques are illustrated by application to the classic monkey and bananas problem.
A comparison of the roles of p53 mutation and AraC inhibition in the enhancement of bleomycin-induced chromatid aberrations in mouse and human cells

Abstract Previous studies have shown that p53 is involved in the repair of bleomycin-induced DNA damage, and that the frequency of bleomycin-induced chromatid aberrations is elevated in G2-treated p53 null transgenic mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) as compared to isogenic controls. To further characterize p53-mediated DNA repair, we studied the effect of p53 status on the ability of the DNA repair inhibitor 1-s- d -arabinofuranosylcytosine (AraC) to sensitize MEF to bleomycin-induced chromatid aberrations. Both p53+/+ and p53−/− MEF were treated in G2 with 0 to 7.5 μg/ml bleomycin in the presence or absence of AraC (5×10−5 M). The frequency of bleomycin-induced chromatid aberrations was significantly higher in p53−/− cells than wild-type cells in the absence of AraC. AraC treatment significantly increased the frequency of bleomycin-induced chromatid aberrations in p53+/+ MEF to the levels in p53−/− (no AraC) but had no effect in p53−/− MEF. These results suggest that an AraC-sensitive DNA repair component is altered or absent in p53−/− cells. Similar results were observed in p53-mutant WTK1 and wild-type TK6 human lymphoblast cells exposed to 0 to 3 μg/ml bleomycin in G2. However, AraC did cause a small increase in bleomycin sensitivity in WTK1 cells. This difference from the p53−/− MEF response may be due to differences in p53-mutant phenotype. To determine whether mutation of p53 alters DNA replication fidelity, p53+/+ and p53−/− MEF were exposed to 0 to 1 μg/ml mitomycin C (MMC). MMC did not induce chromosome aberrations in either cell line treated in G2 but did with the same effectiveness in both cell lines treated in S-phase. Thus, p53 deficiency does not affect DNA replication fidelity or the repair of MMC-induced DNA damage.
Damage mechanics of electronics on metal-backed substrates in harsh environments

Increased use of sensors and controls in automotive applications has resulted in significant emphasis on the deployment of electronics directly mounted on the engine and transmission. Increased shock, vibration, and higher temperatures necessitate the fundamental understanding of damage mechanisms which will be active in these environments. Electronics typical of office benign environments use FR-4 printed circuit boards (PCBs). Automotive applications typically use high glass-transition temperature laminates such as FR4-06 glass/epoxy laminate material (T/sub g/=164.9/spl deg/C). In automotive underhood application environments, metal-backing of PCBs is being targeted for thermal dissipation, mechanical stability, and interconnections reliability. In this study, the effect of metal-backed boards on the interconnect reliability has been evaluated. Previous studies on electronic reliability for automotive environments have addressed the damage mechanics of solder joints in plastic ball-grid arrays (BGAs) on nonmetal backed substrates and ceramic BGAs on nonmetal backed substrates. Other failure mechanisms investigated include delamination of PCB from metal backing. The test vehicle is a metal backed FR4-06 laminate. Metal backings investigated include aluminum and beryllium copper. Three adhesives have been investigated for metal backing including arlon, pressure sensitive adhesive, and pre-preg. The use of conformal coating for reliability improvement has also been investigated. Component architectures tested include plastic BGA devices, C2BGA devices, quad flat no-lead (QFN), and discrete resistors. Reliability of the component architectures has been evaluated for hot air solder level and electroless Ni/Au finishes. Crack propagation and intermetallic thickness data has been acquired as a function of cycle count. Reliability data has been acquired on all these architectures. Material constitutive behavior of arlon and pressure sensitive adhesive has been measured using uni-axial test samples. The measured material constitutive behavior has been incorporated into nonlinear finite element simulations. Predictive models have been developed for the dominant failure mechanisms for all the component architectures tested.
Complete cDNA sequence of the Ki-ras proto-oncogene in the liver of wild English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) and mutation analysis of hepatic neoplasms and other toxicopathic liver lesions.

A complete copy of Ki-ras b cDNA from English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus), a benthic marine flatfish, was cloned and sequenced. The percent identity between the predicted amino acid sequence of English sole and human Ki-ras b was 97%, whereas the percent identity between the English sole gene and rainbow trout or Rivulus Ki-ras b was 98%. Areas of amino-acid sequence conservation included codons 12, 13, and 61, the positions in which mutations are observed in ras cellular oncogenes in other species. The 5′ untranslated region (UTR), consisting of 217 nt, was not highly GC rich but contained four ATG start codons upstream of the major open reading frame. The 3′ UTR, containing 26 nt, was AU rich. Analysis of Ki-ras mutations was performed on a variety of necrotic, preneoplastic, and neoplastic lesions in livers from 13 English sole collected from contaminated waterways in Puget Sound, WA. Despite reports of Ki-ras mutations in hepatic tumors from other fish, no mutations in codons 12, 13, or 61 were found in hepatic lesions from English sole by direct DNA sequencing of polymerase chain reaction–amplified genomic DNA. Although mutations could exist at levels below the detection limits of this analysis, the results suggest that Ki-ras has a role in liver carcinogenesis that varies according to the fish species or carcinogen. Furthermore, future studies of the etiology of chemically induced cancer in feral English sole should consider mutations in other cancer-related genes, such as p53, Ha-ras, and N-ras. Mol. Carcinog. 23:207–216, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A tactile-proprioceptive communication aid for users who are deafblind

Users who are congenitally deafblind face major challenges in communicating with other people and often rely on an intervener with who they communicate with using a manual sign language. In recent years -to allow for deafblind individuals to communicate more independently- a number of haptic gloves have been developed that can recognize and/or convey manual sign languages. These gloves are expensive to construct and currently not commercially available. To address this issue we present a bimanual communication aid, called AUTOSEM that instead of using the hand as a display surface for manual signs, uses combinations of different orientations of both hands to define a set of semaphores that can represent an alphabet. A significant benefit of our technique is that it uses both hands and it can be implemented using low-cost motion sensing devices. User studies with fourteen able-bodied users evaluate both the output and input capabilities of our technique. A deafblind individual provided qualitative feedback on AUTOSEM using a case study.
Endotoxin Induced Migration of Leukocytes from Blood to Milk

Abstract Guinea pigs were separated from young on days 5 to 7 of lactation. They were anesthetized with ether and were infused intramammary via the teat canal with either sterile saline (.5 ml) or Escherichia coli endotoxin (026:B6:500 μg/.5 ml). Each animal served as its own control by having sterile saline in one gland and endotoxin in the other. Animals were sacrificed 4, 6, 8, and 12 h later to determine the time of maximum migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from blood to milk. A control group of animals having had no intramammary infusion was sacrificed. Tissues were prepared for observation by light and electron microscopy. Five fields per slide, five slides per animal, and three animals per period were examined by light microscopy, and numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes per field were categorized for presence a) in the capillary, b) in interstitial space, c) touching the basal lamina, d) between epithelial cells of an alveolus, and e) in the lumen of an alveolus. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were in small numbers in the lumen by 4 h and peaked at about 8 h after intramammary infusion of endotoxin. By 12 h numbers had decreased from 8 h. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were observed by electron microscopy in the intercellular spaces of the alveolar epithelium. A time sequence model using the guinea pig to study mechanisms of leukocyte migration into milk based upon tissue studies may be used in research aimed at controlling mastitis.
Role of Occlusion in the Etiology and Treatment of Periodontal Disease

Early in this century, trauma from occlusion* (also occlusal trauma, traumatism) was recognized as a pathologic change occurring in the periodontium,1 but it was considered a separate condition from periodontitis, the common form of chronic destructive periodontal disease. It was the prevailing concept that periodontitis was purely an inflammatory disease, in which periodontal pockets and tissue destruction were produced by inflammation alone. When trauma from occlusion was also present, it was thought to be unrelated to the destruction, and tooth loss was attributed to inflammation.2 This separation of periodontitis and trauma from occlusion seriously influenced the development of periodontal practice. It led many practitioners to minimize the significance of trauma from occlusion in periodontal disease and to question the treatment value of occlusal correction. Two particular research findings led to the impression that trauma from occlusion was not necessarily a serious matter in periodontal diagnosis and treatment: (1) trauma from occlusion does not cause periodontal pockets3-5; and (2) trauma from occlusion is a reversible tissue change. Both findings were valid insofar as they went, but they were extrapolated to justify erroneous conclusions. Because trauma from occlusion did not cause periodontal pockets, the misconception arose that it did not influence periodontal pockets originating from other factors. Some
Effect of media pH on nitrate uptake, dry matter production and nitrogen accumulation by corn ( Zea mays L.) seedlings grown in solution culture

Experiments were conducted (a) to identify optimum media pH for nitrate uptake by intact corn (Zed ways L. cv. XL-81) plants grown under solution culture conditions, (b) to understand the effect of media pH on growth, nitrate uptake, water use and nitrogen accumulation. pH was maintained using carboxy cation exchange resin IRC-50. Plantswere grown in 15mM NO3-N per litre and nitrate depleted from nutrient solution over a period of time was measured. Dry matter accumulation by the plants decreased progressively with increased pH. However, the decrease was significant only at pH 7.0 and 8.0. Data on water use showed results similar to dry matter accumulation. Correlation coefficients (r values) among nitrate uptake, dry matter production, water use, nitrate -N accumulation and reduced -N accumulation was observed to be high (above 0.99). All effects of media pH are significant only at pH range 7.0 to 8.0. Despite adequate supply of iron, the plants at pH 7.0 and 8.0 showed symptoms of iron deficiency. Thus, iron and possibly micro-nutrient deficiency could have resulted in poor plant growth. These experimental results indicate optimum pH range for nitrate uptake is 4.0–6.0. Plant growth and dry matter accumulation were directly affected by media pH. The differences in nitrate uptake, water use and total nitrogen accumulation appeared to have resulted as a consequence of differential dry matter production. Whether these differences are due to altered metabolic uptake characteristics of the loots is not known.
Primary fibroxanthosarcoma of the thoracic aorta.

A case is presented of a 58-year-old female with a primary malignant tumor of the aorta. The lesion was diagnosed histologically as a fibroxanthosarcoma and represents the first primary neoplasm of the aorta so classified. The gross and microscopic features of the lesion are described and the morphologic characteristics of previously reported aortic sarcomas are briefly reviewed and examined in light of the current histologic criteria for soft tissue tumors.
Analysis of phorbol ester receptors in phorbol ester unresponsive 3T3 cell variants

Abstract The phorbol ester tumor promoters induce multiple cellular responses in cell culture, including mitogenesis. We have analyzed 3 variants of mouse 3T3 cells mitogenically unresponsive to the phorbol esters for phorbol ester receptors. All resembled control 3T3 cells in their specific [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate binding. The variants thus appear to be altered at steps distal to receptor occupancy in the mitogenic response to the phorbol esters.
Black, Merton and Scholes — Their Central Contributions to Economics

I will briefly summarize the central contributions to economics of Fisher Black, Robert C. Merton, and Myron S. Scholes. Of course, the contribution that first comes to mind is the Black-Scholes option pricing formula, for which Robert Merton and Myron Scholes were awarded the Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1997. I have no doubt that, because of his key role in that far-reaching formula, Fischer Black would have shared in that prize but for his recent untimely death, so I will depart from the usual convention for essays that appear in this journal on these occasions, and address the contributions of all three of these exceptional economists simultaneously, rather than giving separate treatment to Fischer Black. My goal is to give an objective and concise account of their path-breaking research and what it has offered to the theory and practice of economics.
The Throne or the Kingdom: The Founder’s Resource-Dependence Challenge

Does the degree to which founders keep control of their startups affect company value? I argue that a startup’s resource dependence drives a wedge between the growth of the startup (growth of the “...
Independence of temporal patterning of male mating behavior from the influence of androgen during the neonatal period.

Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether the presence of androgen neonatally influences the development of temporal patterning of male copulatory behavior in rats. Neonatally castrated males, neonatally androgenized females, and postpubertally castrated males and females were tested for male mating behavior following androgen treatment in adulthood. All groups exhibited a similar periodicity of male copulatory behavior (mount-bouts); however, postpubertally castrated males showed a higher frequency of intromission and ejaculatory patterns, while postpubertally castrated females exhibited fewer copulatory events per mount-bout than either neonatally castrated males or androgenized females. It was concluded that there is an identity of the temporal patterning of male mating behavior that is unaffected by either genetic sex or neonatal hormonal milieu; but, super-imposed upon this fundamental rhythm there are hormonally determined differences in copulatory performance.
Deep Mexico, Silent Mexico: An Anthropology of Nationalism.

Deep Mexico, Silent Mexico: An Anthropology of Nationalism. Claudio Lomnitz. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001. ix. 354 pp., notes, references, index.
Cellular and tissue distribution of intravenously administered agalsidase alfa

alpha-Galactosidase A is the lysosomal hydrolase that is deficient in patients with Fabry disease. Intravenous infusion of agalsidase alfa, a preparation of alpha-Galactosidase A, is used for enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in patients with Fabry disease. Although ERT appears to show some beneficial effects, most patients show only a modest response. We investigated using immunohistochemistry the relative tissue and cellular distribution of agalsidase alfa after a single intravenous injection in a mouse knockout model of Fabry disease. Specific immunostaining for agalsidase alfa was found only in liver, kidney, heart, testes, adrenal gland, spleen and bone marrow. There was no difference in distribution of the infused enzyme distribution among tissues sampled 4, 24, and 48h post-injection. The intracellular localization of immunopositivity varied considerably between organs with vascular endothelium being the most commonly positive site. alpha-Galactosidase A specific activity in tissue homogenates matched the relative extent of agalsidase alfa immunostaining distribution in the same organs. We conclude that intravenously injected agalsidase alfa has a very heterogeneous systemic distribution using an immunostaining technique.
Angiosarcoma of the ovary arising in a mucinous cystadenoma

We report the case of a 39-year-old woman who presented with a pelvic mass extending into the upper abdomen. Transabdominal sonography revealed a complex left adnexal mass. Color Doppler imaging and spectral Doppler analysis showed increased vascularity with low impedance blood flow signals, suggestive of neovascularization. The patient underwent a laparotomy and a 56-kg predominantly cystic tumor was removed from the left adnexal region. The patient died 3 months later with pulmonary metastases and massive pulmonary hemorrhage. Postmortem resampling of the ovarian tumor initially diagnosed as mucinous cystadenoma showed nodular areas of malignant pleomorphic cells consistent with angiosarcoma.
Architectural gear ratio and muscle fiber strain homogeneity in segmented musculature.

In the segmented axial musculature of fishes and amphibians, the patterns of muscle fiber shortening depend on both the orientation of muscle fibers relative to the long axis of the body as well as the distance of fibers from the neutral axis of bending (vertebral column). In this study we use the relatively simple architecture of salamander hypaxial muscles to explore the separate and combined effects of these morphological features on muscle fiber strains during swimming. In Siren lacertina the external oblique (EO) muscle has more obliquely oriented muscle fibers and is located further from the neutral axis of bending than the internal oblique (IO) muscle. To examine the effect of muscle fiber angle on strain patterns during swimming, we used sonomicrometry to quantify architectural gear ratio (AGR 5longitudinal strain/fiber strain) in these two hypaxial muscles. By comparing the muscle fiber strains and shortening velocities of the EO and IO during swimming, we test whether variation in mediolateral position of the muscle layers is counteracted by their differences in AGR. We find that despite substantial differences in mediolateral position, the EO and IO undergo similar fiber strains and shortening velocities for a given amount of axial bending. Our results show that variation in muscle fiber angle acts to counteract differences in mediolateral position, thereby minimizing variation in muscle fiber strain and shortening velocity during swimming. These results highlight the significance of both muscle architecture and muscle moment arms in determining the fiber strains required for a given movement. J. Exp. Zool. 307A:145-155, 2007. r 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Regulation of phosphoglucomutase 1 phosphorylation and activity by a signaling kinase

We have identified a novel mechanism of cross-talk between cell signaling and metabolic pathways, whereby the signaling kinase p21-activated kinase 1 (Pak1) binds to, phosphorylates and enhances the enzymatic activity of phosphoglucomutase 1 (PGM), an important regulatory enzyme in cellular glucose utilization and energy homeostasis. Pak1 and PGM were colocalized in model cell systems and showed functional interactions in a physiological setting. Strong direct interaction of PGM with Pak1 but not Pak2, Pak3, or Pak4 was observed. PGM binding was within 75–149 amino acids (aa) of Pak1, while Pak1 binding to PGM was in the N-terminal 96 aa. Pak1-mediated phosphorylation of PGM selectively on threonine 466 significantly increased PGM enzymatic activity and could be blocked by transfection with a dominant-negative Pak1 expression vector and by Pak1-specific small inhibitory RNA. Stable transfection of PGM into PGM-deficient K562 leukemia cells further demonstrated the role of Pak1 in regulating PGM activity. The results presented here provide new evidence that the cell signaling kinase Pak1 is a novel regulator of glucose metabolism through its phosphorylation and regulation of PGM activity. These findings suggest a new mechanism whereby growth factor signaling may coordinately integrate metabolic regulation with established signaling functions of cell cycle regulation and cell growth.
Syndrome: a light‐weight approach to improving TCP performance in mobile wireless networks

It is well known that the performance of TCP deteriorates in a mobile wireless environment. This is due to the fact that although the majority of packet losses are results of transmission errors over the wireless links, TCP senders still take packet loss as an indication of congestion, and adjust their congestion windows according to the additive increase and multiplicative decrease (AIMD) algorithm. As a result, the throughput attained by TCP connections in the wireless environment is much less than it should be. The key problem that leads to the performance degradation is that TCP senders are unable to distinguish whether packet loss is a result of congestion in the wireline network or transmission errors on the wireless links. In this paper, we propose a light-weight approach, called syndrome, to improving TCP performance in mobile wireless environments. In syndrome, the BS simply counts, for each TCP connection, the number of packets that it relays to the destination host so far, and attaches this number in the TCP header. Based on the combination of the TCP sequence number and the BS-attached number and a solid theoretical base, the destination host will be able to tell where (on the wireline or wireless networks) packet loss (if any) occurs, and notify TCP senders (via explicit loss notification, ELN) to take appropriate actions. If packet loss is a result of transmission errors on the wireless link, the sender does not have to reduce its congestion window. Syndrome is grounded on a rigorous, analytic foundation, does not require the base station to buffer packets or keep an enormous amount of states, and can be easily incorporated into the current protocol stack as a software patch. Through simulation studies in ns-2 (UCB, LBNL, VINT network simulator, http://www-mash.cs.berkeley.edu/ns/), we also show that syndrome significantly improves the TCP performance in wireless environments and the performance gain is comparable to the heavy-weight SNOOP approach (either with local retransmission or with ELN) that requires the base station to buffer, in the worst case, a window worth of packets or states. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autoimmune-mediated cognitive impairment: a case report.

Autoimmune encephalopathy encompasses a complex groupof diseaseswith diverse clinicalmanifestations and therapeutic outcomes. Central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune inflammation can be triggered in multiple ways, including (1) systemic infections/vaccinations, (2) various cancers (paraneoplastic autoimmune encephalitis), (3) systemic autoimmunedisorders, and (4)without an identifiable cause (e.g., nonparaneoplastic autoimmune encephalitis). The discovery of neuropsychiatric disorders associated with antibodies to neuronal cell surface proteins, which play a crucial role in synaptic transmission and plasticity, has resulted in a paradigm shift in our understanding of CNS autoimmunity. We report a case of a young woman with multiple autoimmune disorders who presented with significant memory problems and relapse of major depressive disorder. Her cognitive problems did not resolve upon treatment of depression and continued to result in significant impairment of her daily functioning. A comprehensive neuropsychiatric and neurologic evaluation helped in establishing and providing a successful treatment. This case underscores the importance of recognizing neuropsychiatric manifestations of autoimmune disorders and the use of a multidisciplinary approach for the evaluation and treatment of neuropsychiatric conditions. Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH. Send correspondence and reprint requests to Bhargavi Devineni,M.B.B.S., Division of Geriatrics and Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University of Medicine, 5300 Alpha Commons Drive 4th Floor, Alpha Commons Building, Baltimore, MD 21224; e-mail: bdevine2@jhmi.edu & 2014TheAcademy of PsychosomaticMedicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Case Report
On the Peculiarities of Loyalty: A Diary Study of Responses to Dissatisfaction in Everyday Life

Research on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect suggests an enigma: Whereas responding to dissatisfying incidents with exit or neglect is generally harmful-and whereas voice is generally beneficial loyalty does not reliably yield favorable consequences. A diary study of dating partners' responses to dissatisfying incidents revealed results consistent with two explanations of the unreliable payoffs of loyalty. First, loyalty is less "visible" than the other responses: Partners exhibited less agreement about the occurrence of loyalty than other responses; individuals reported greater frequencies of loyalty for themselves than for their partners; and there were greater discrepancies between perceived frequencies of voice relative to loyalty for partner than for self: Thus, when an individual behaves loyally, this response frequently remains unnoticed (or is misinterpreted). Second, because acts of loyalty operate in an indirect manner; they frequently produce less extreme outcomes: Although loyalty responses w...
Behavioral phenodeviance: a Lerneresque conjecture

Developmental instability, detectable in morphological and meristic characters, is typically associated with reduced fitness. The actual mechanism by which fitness is reduced in these cases is difficult to identify. We propose that developmental instability also manifests itself at the behavioral level and that when this occurs, behavioral phenodeviance is the result. According to this model, abnormal or phenodeviant behavior compromises fitness. Examples are provided from Drosophila and man.
Contesting Urban Space in Early Republican Ankara

Abstract Vakifs, pious foundations that provided various religious and social services, were critical institutions of the Ottoman Empire. They were severely undermined during Turkey's transition from an empire into a nation-state because their autonomous character and religious premises were incompatible with the modernist, secular, and homogenizing principles of the new regime. Because vakifs were major landowners, the process of dismantling them had a strong spatial component. Focusing on the confiscation of a vakif cemetery during the construction of Turkey's new capital, Ankara, this essay demonstrates how structural changes within the state and its institutions triggered unprecedented contestations over space by opening it to new uses and users while displacing the old, thereby profoundly transforming the urban cultural landscape.
Local thermal non-equilibrium effects in porous electrodes of the hydrogen-fueled SOFC

The assumption of local thermal equilibrium (LTE) between the gas and solid matrix within porous electrodes of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is commonly used in predictive state-of-the-art thermal-fluidic models, yet its validity has never been properly established. In this paper, a two-equation, thermal non-equilibrium model of heat transfer between the gas and solid phase and its simple scaling analysis are used to estimate the magnitude of the temperature difference that would be expected between the gas and solid phase, and thus the significance of local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) effects. A simple criterion is developed for determining under what conditions LTNE effects may safely be neglected, and when they are likely to become significant.
The relation of a woman’s impaired in utero growth and association of diabetes during pregnancy.

Small for gestational age (weight for gestational age <10th percentile, SGA) birth status and adulthood susceptibility to diabetes is well established, but the relationship to diabetes during pregnancy is incompletely understood. The authors investigated the association between women’s impaired fetal growth (as measured by SGA status) and diabetes mellitus (DM) during pregnancy. Stratified and multivariable binomial regression analyses were performed on the Illinois transgenerational dataset. Former SGA (n = 13,934) mothers had a greater prevalence of DM during pregnancy than former appropriate for gestational age (AGA) mothers (n = 116,683): 2.7 versus 1.9 %, relative prevalence (RP) equaled 1.4 [95 % confidence interval (CI)1.3, 1.6]. In a multivariable binomial regression model, the adjusted RP (95 %CI) (controlling for maternal age, education, parity, plurality, marital status, and race/ethnicity) for DM during pregnancy for former SGA (compared to AGA) mothers equaled 1.5 (1.3, 1.6). When stratified by race/ethnicity, the adjusted RP (95 % CI) of DM during pregnancy for former SGA (compared to AGA), non-Latina White, African-American, and Mexican-American mothers was 1.4 (1.3, 1.6), 1.6 (1.2, 2.1), and 2.3 (1.1, 4.7), respectively. The authors conclude that impaired fetal growth (as measured by SGA status) is a risk factor for DM during pregnancy among the leading racial/ethnic groups in the United States.
In situ selectivity monitor for dry etch of photomasks

ABSTRACT A method is described to monitor etch selectivity real time in Applied Materials advanced Tetra TM mask etcher module. With the built-in Transmission Endpoint (TEP) capability, the transmission information for a wide range of spectra is collected. As resist thickness continues to be reduced during photomask etching process, interference fringes can be observed at selected wavelengths on the TEP spectrum. Based on known value from n & k simulation, the peak/valley positions of interference fringes can be defined. With the help from an algorithm developed to determine the corresponding time for each peak/valley position, the average re sist etch rate can be obtained. In addition, the starting and ending resist thickness on the plate being etched can be calculated, so the incoming resist quality can be verified and being monitored. Combined with Cr etch rate derived from the endpoint time with plasma emission spectra, the Cr to photoresist etch selectivity can be monitored for each production plate automatically. Keywords: interference fringes, Cr etch selectivity , plasma transmission, resist thickness .
8 Social Hierarchy: The Self‐Reinforcing Nature of Power and Status

Abstract Hierarchy is such a defining and pervasive feature of organizations that its forms and basic functions are often taken for granted in organizational research. In this review, we revisit some basic psychological and sociological elements of hierarchy and argue that status and power are two important yet distinct bases of hierarchical differentiation. We first define power and status and distinguish our definitions from previous conceptualizations. We then integrate a number of different literatures to explain why status and power hierarchies tend to be self‐reinforcing. Power, related to one’s control over valued resources, transforms individual psychology such that the powerful think and act in ways that lead to the retention and acquisition of power. Status, related to the respect one has in the eyes of others, generates expectations for behavior and opportunities for advancement that favor those with a prior status advantage. We also explore the role that hierarchy‐enhancing belief systems play...
Alpha-II-Spectrin after Controlled Cortical Impact in the Immature Rat Brain

Proteolytic processing plays an important role in regulating a wide range of important cellular functions, including processing of cytoskeletal proteins. Loss of cytoskeletal proteins such as spectrin is an important characteristic in a variety of acute central nervous system injuries including ischemia, spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury (TBI). The literature contains extensive information on the proteolytic degradation of alpha-II-spectrin after TBI in the adult brain. By contrast, there is limited knowledge on the characteristics and relevance of these important processes in the immature brain. The present experiments examine TBI-induced proteolytic processing of alpha-II-spectrin after TBI in the immature rat brain. Distinct proteolytic products resulting from the degradation of the cytoskeletal protein alpha-II-spectrin by calpain and caspase 3 were readily detectable in cortical brain parenchyma and cerebrospinal fluid after TBI in immature rats.
Quantitation of a SRC-like tyrosine protein kinase during fertilization of the sea urchin egg

Abstract Fertilization of the sea urchin egg is known to involve an increase in overall protein tyrosine kinase activity which preceeds the first cell division. In order to determine the types of tyrosine kinases that are involved in fertilization, we have used immunological and other criteria to identify a c-src related protein kinase in eggs of the sea urchin L. variegatus . Using an immune complex assay, we have measured the level of this c-src related protein kinase during fertilization and early embryonic development. Fertilization results in a decrease in the c-src kinase detectable by this technique suggesting that c-src does not contribute to the fertilization induced increase in protein tyrosine kinase activity.
Modeling CLIC2-RyR Interactions and the Effect of Disease Causing Mutation

Our recent in silico studies have shown that chloride intracellular 2 (CLIC2) protein harbors a missense mutation in the H101Q position and gives significant changes in CLIC2's stability. In this work, we extend our investigation to include the plausible effects of the mutation on CLIC2-RyR (ryanodine receptor 1) interactions. For this purpose, we built a 3D model of the CLIC2-RyR complex by using ab-initio docking. The models are evaluated against electron microscopy data to assure that the binding interface of CLIC2-RyR is recovered. The models are then used to evaluate the role of electrostatics on CLIC2-RyR recognition by carrying out calculations with Delphi (compbio.clemson.edu/delphi.php). The results of electrostatics calculations indicate that charge complementarity plays an important role in the binding and that the disease-causing mutation affects the electrostatic component of the binding. By combining the outcome of electrostatic calculations with other in silico analyses, including solvent accessible surface area, docking predictions, and binding free energies, we were successfully able to gain insight into the effects of a missense mutation on the stability of CLIC2-RyR complex. The work is supported by NIH, NIGMS, grant number 1R01GM093937-01.
Exponential stabilization of driftless nonlinear control systems via time-varying, homogeneous feedback

This paper brings together results from a number of different areas in control theory to provide an algorithm for the synthesis of locally exponentially stabilizing control laws for a large class of driftless nonlinear control systems. The stability is defined with respect to a nonstandard dilation and is termed "/spl delta/-exponential" stability. The /spl delta/-exponential stabilization relies on the use of feedbacks which render the closed loop vector field homogeneous with respect to a dilation. These feedbacks are generated from a modification of Pomet's algorithm (1992) for smooth feedbacks. Converse Lyapunov theorems for time-periodic homogeneous vector fields guarantee that local exponential stability is maintained in the presence of higher order (with respect to the dilation) perturbing terms. >
HETEROLYTIC SPLITTING OF HH, SiH, AND OTHER σ BONDS ON ELECTROPHILIC METAL CENTERS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses heterolytic splitting of H-H, Si-H, and other σ bonds on electrophilic metal centers. Extensive computational analyses of the structure, bonding, and reactions of coordinated dihydrogen are carried out because of the innate ‘‘simplicity’’ of the H2 ligand. However, this is quite deceptive because M-H2 systems have proven to exhibit astonishingly complex structure, bonding, and dynamics, including quantum mechanical behavior. In principle, any X-Y σ bond can coordinate to a metal center, providing that steric and electronic factors are favorable—for example, substituents at X and Y do not block the metal's access. Heterolytic splitting of X-H bonds via proton transfer to a basic site on a cis ligand or to an external base is a crucial step in both industrial and biological processes. Calculations show that for highly electrophilic M the reduction in back donation is almost completely offset by increased electron donation from H2 to the electron-poor M. One of the old, most significant, and widespread reactions of H2 on metal centers is heterolytic cleavage, which involves essentially breaking the H-H bond into H+ and H– fragments.
Normal sequence of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene in patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) results from absent or greatly diminished secretion of GnRH. Defects in the GnRH gene have been identified in an animal model of IHH and have been hypothesized as a possible basis for GnRH deficiency in humans. In this study, we used the polymerase chain reaction to clone and sequence the coding regions, promoter, and 3’ untranslated tract of the GnRH genes from both alleles of four unrelated patients with IHH. One of the patients studied is a member of a kindred in which X-linked inheritance has been excluded by father-to-son transmission of the disease. No DNA sequence mutations were found. We conclude that most cases of IHH in humans do not involve mutations in the GnRJI gene and are presumably caused by mutations at one or more other genetic loci that are required for normal function of GnBHproducing neurons.
Inter-Cell Interference Modeling for OFDMA Systems with Beamforming

In this paper, a method of Gaussian approximation (GA) in a formulated manner is proposed to model inter-cell interference for OFDMA systems with beamforming. It is based on the parameters of 3GPP spatial channel model (SCM). For single-antenna OFDMA systems, the WINNER project proposed that the inter-cell interference can be modeled as white Gaussian noise. However, as indicated by itself, the validity of GA is not guaranteed for the scenarios with dominant interferer and multi-antenna. In this paper, the GA methodis extended into multi- antenna OFDMA systems with beamforming and the scenario with dominant interferer as well. A formula is proposed to calculate the variance of modeled Gaussian noise directly with the SCM parameters of AoD, AoA and power of each path. With this method, the complicated spatial channel models in interfering cells are not required for some applications, which help to speed up the simulation process with much lower computation and memory requirements.
Men’s Modesty, Religion, and the State Spaces of Collision

This article examines religious practices in the United States, which govern modesty and other dress norms for men. I focus both on the spaces within which they most collide with regulatory regimes...