cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Withdrawal With Supplemental Oxygen During Slow-Wave Sleep as a Method of Dissociating Sleep Fragmentation and Intermittent Hypoxemia-Related Sleep Disruption in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is thought to impair memory processing, increase expression of amyloid-β (Aβ) and risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Given evidence that slow wave sleep (SWS) is important in both memory and Aβ metabolism, a better understanding of the mechanisms by which OSA impacts memory and risk for AD can stem from evaluating the role of disruption of SWS specifically and, when such disruption occurs through OSA, from evaluating the individual contributions of sleep fragmentation and intermittent hypoxemia. In this study, we used CPAP withdrawal to recapitulate SWS-specific OSA during polysomnography (PSG), creating conditions of both sleep fragmentation and intermittent hypoxemia in SWS only. During a separate PSG, we created conditions of SWS fragmentation but used oxygen to attenuate intermittent hypoxemia. We studied 24 patients (average age 55yrs, 29% female) with moderate-to-severe OSA (AHI4%>20/hr), treated and adherent to CPAP. Participants spent 3 separate nights in the lab under 3 counterbalanced conditions: 1) consolidated sleep with CPAP held at therapeutic pressure (CPAP); 2) CPAP withdrawn exclusively in SWS (OSASWS) breathing room air and 3) CPAP withdrawn exclusively in SWS with addition of oxygen during pressure withdrawal (OSASWS+O2). Multiple measures of sleep fragmentation (e.g., arousal index), intermittent hypoxemia (e.g., hypoxic burden), during SWS were compared according to condition. Arousal index in SWS during CPAP withdrawal was significantly greater compared to CPAP but not significantly different with and without oxygen (CPAP=1.1/hr, OSASWS+O2=10.7/hr, OSASWS =10.6/hr). However, hypoxic burden during SWS was significantly reduced with oxygen compared to without (OSASWS+O2 =23 (%min)/hr, OSASWS=37 (%min)/h). No significant OSA was observed in NREM 1, NREM 2, or REM sleep (e.g., non-SWS) in any condition. SWS-specific CPAP withdrawal induces OSA with sleep fragmentation and intermittent hypoxemia. The addition of oxygen during CPAP withdrawal results in sleep fragmentation with significantly less severe hypoxemia during the induced respiratory events in SWS. This model of SWS-specific CPAP withdrawal disrupts SWS with a physiologically relevant stimulus and facilitates the differentiation of sleep fragmentation and intermittent hypoxemia in OSA.
Examining reference frame interaction in spatial memory using a distribution analysis

Previous research showed competition among reference frames in spatial attention and language. The present studies developed a new distribution analysis to examine reference frame interactions in spatial memory. Participants viewed virtual arrays of colored pegs and were instructed to remember them either from their own perspective or from the perspective aligned with the rectangular floor. Then they made judgments of relative directions from their respective encoding orientation. Those taking the floor-axis perspective showed systematic bias in the signed errors toward their egocentric perspective, while those taking their own perspective showed no systematic bias, both for random and symmetrical object arrays. The bias toward the egocentric perspective was observed when learning a real symmetric regular object array with strong environmental cues for the aligned axis. These results indicate automatic processing of the self reference while taking the floor-axis perspective but not vice versa, and suggest that research on spatial memory needs to consider the implications of competition effects in reference frame use.
Discontinuous Space-Time Galerkin Finite Element Method in Linear Dynamic Fully Coupled Thermoelastic Problems with Strain and Heat Flux Discontinuities

A discontinuous space-time Galerkin finite element method has been developed by the authors for the study of linear elasto-dynamic and fully coupled thermoelastic problems with discontinuities in the displacement and temperature gradients. The method is proven to be unconditionally stable and capable of automatic adaptive mesh refinement. The developed formulation has been implemented to solve a number of model solid-solid phase transition problems in one and two dimensions. The results of numerical study are presented to illustrate the convergence to an analytical solution of a problem with smooth coefficients. The presented method is particularly suitable for the study of thermoelastic and elasto-dynamic moving boundary problems and can be applied to dynamic fracture problems in heterogeneous thermoelastic materials using cohesive zone models.
Neonatal Salvage by Weeks' Gestation in Pregnancies Complicated by HELLP Syndrome

Objective For clinical management and counseling purposes, we determined the neonatal salvage by weeks' gestation and birth weight of pregnancies complicated by HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets). Methods All patients who delivered with a diagnosis of HELLP syndrome between January 1, 1980 and December 31, 1991 at a single tertiary care medical center were evaluated for neonatal outcome and survival. The syndrome was diagnosed in the presence of severe preeclampsia/eclampsia accompanied by laboratory evidence of hemolysis, hepatic dysfunction, and thrombocytopenia. Results During the study interval, 58,670 live-born deliveries occurred, of which 527 (0.11%) had HELLP syndrome. In this population, 143 patients delivered fetuses at less than 30 weeks' gestational age. Based upon gestational age intervals, neonatal salvage was 0% at 23 weeks in 13 deliveries, 17% (intact salvage 8.5%) at 24 weeks, 31% (intact salvage 15%) at 25 weeks, 75% (intact salvage 65%) at 26 weeks, 80% (intact salvage 70%) at 27 weeks, and 83% at 28 and 29 weeks (intact salvage 70 and 76%). Based on birth weight intervals, neonatal salvage was 0% at less than 600 g, 34% at 600-700 g (intact salvage 17%), 69% at 700-800 g (intact salvage 53%), and 84% or more at greater than 800 g. These pregnancy outcomes are similar to those in this institution in patients without HELLP syndrome. Disease severity was distributed evenly among the 143 patients at less than 30 weeks' gestation. Apart from gestational age, there was no significant relation between the severity of the HELLP disease process and ultimate neonatal salvage. Conclusions Intact neonatal salvage in pregnancies complicated by HELLP syndrome is poor at weights less than 700 g and gestation of 25 weeks or less, but is more optimistic in pregnancies of greater than 700 g and 26 weeks' gestation or later. Aggressive efforts to enhance perinatal outcome, by operative delivery if indicated for fetal compromise, appear especially appropriate in gestations of greater than 700 g and 26 weeks' gestation or later, provided that adequate intensive care nursery facilities and neonatal expertise are available.
ENDOTOXIN OPENS THE TOLLGATES TO INNATE IMMUNITY

Mice that are resistant to lipopolysaccharide have mutations in a Toll–like receptor, implicating members of this family in bacterial endotoxin signaling.
The High-Court Judge and Common-Sense Philosopher Looks at Religion

As has already been made quite clear, religion played a prominent role both in Kames’s thinking and in his conduct, as it did in that of his countrymen generally at this time. We would, therefore, be giving a very imperfect idea of his thought about man, society and the world about him, did we not include here some account of his views on man’s relation to his larger universe and on the implications of a belief in Providence for his conduct in relation to his fellow man. To be sure, his thinking on such matters reflects in some ways both the more traditional and the changing thinking of his contemporaries; but there are also ways in which his thinking was in advance of that of his contemporaries and in which he may be said to have made a distinct contribution to religious thinking that looked to the future rather than to the past. His more personal creed and personal piety, we have dealt with in a previous chapter. In this chapter we shall attempt to characterize both his philosophy of religion, if we may call it that, and the tenets of the Christian faith to which he gave his strongest approval.1
Chapter 12 Incentive models of the defense procurement process

Abstract Economic theorists have devoted considerable attention to analyzing models of closely related incentive contracting problems that arise in the study of public procurement, private procurement, regulation, the theory of the firm, the theory of organizations, and managerial compensation. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an introduction to the incentive models literature as it applies to defense procurement.
Meal conditions affect the absorption of supplemental vitamin D3 but not the plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D response to supplementation

It is sometimes assumed that dietary fat is required for vitamin D absorption, although the impact of different amounts of dietary fat on vitamin D absorption is not established. This study was conducted to determine whether the presence of a meal and the fat content of the meal influences vitamin D absorption or the 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] response to supplemental vitamin D3. Based on earlier studies in rats we postulated that absorption would be greatest in the low-fat meal group. Sixty-two healthy older men and women were randomly assigned to one of three meal groups: no meal, high-fat meal, or low-fat meal; each was given a monthly 50,000 IU vitamin D3 supplement with the test breakfast meal (or after a fast for the no-meal group) and followed for 90 days. Plasma vitamin D3 was measured by liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy (LC/MS) before and 12 hours after the first dose; plasma 25(OH)D was measured by radioimmunoassay at baseline and after 30 and 90 days. The mean 12-hour increments in vitamin D3, after adjusting for age and sex, were 200.9 nmol/L in the no-meal group, 207.4 nmol/L in the high-fat meal group, and 241.1 nmol/L in the low-fat meal group (p = 0.038), with the increase in the low-fat group being significantly greater than the increases in the other two groups. However, increments in 25(OH)D levels at 30 and 90 days did not differ significantly in the three groups. We conclude that absorption was increased when a 50,000 IU dose of vitamin D was taken with a low-fat meal, compared with a high-fat meal and no meal, but that the greater absorption did not result in higher plasma 25(OH)D levels in the low-fat meal group.
Deliberations and evaluations of the approaches, endpoints and paradigms for selenium and iodine dietary recommendations

Information is presented regarding the approaches that have been used to establish dietary recommendations for selenium and iodine. In the case of selenium, activity of the selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase has served as a convenient biochemical endpoint forjudging nutritional status. However, there are differences of opinion among various nutritionists as to whether full expression of this enzymatic activity is required for adequate nutriture, thereby resulting in differences in dietary recommendations. Endpoints for assessing selenium overexposure are much less satisfactory, but toxicological standards for selenium have nevertheless been established. Thus far, no nutritionists have attempted to shift the paradigm for determining dietary selenium recommendations away from prevention of deficiency disease to prevention of chronic degenerative disease (e.g., cancer). In the case of iodine, urinary excretion of the element is the most widely used endpoint forjudging nutritional status. Numerous epidemiological surveys have been conducted to determine the level of urinary iodine excretion that is consistent with prevention of goiter, the most common endpoint of iodine deficiency. Because dietary iodine is essentially quantitatively excreted in the urine, determination of the latter in goitrous areas will allow an almost direct estimation of those intakes at risk of developing deficiency disease. Iodine toxicity is complicated by the fact that some persons are quite tolerant to the element whereas others are highly sensitive to it. There are relatively complete data sets concerning exposure vs. human health effects for both selenium and iodine so that sounder bases probably exist for their dietary recommendations than for many other trace elements.
Disciplining the ‘black sheep of the Balkans’: financial supervision and sovereignty in Bulgaria, 1902–38

Using the example of Bulgaria, we argue that familiar models of international political economy fail to capture the tension between national sovereignty and access to capital markets experienced by peripheral debtors in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Existing accounts exaggerate the significance of the gold standard as a good housekeeping seal of approval and underestimate the role of direct financial controls. Furthermore, they underestimate the linkage in zones of interimperial rivalry, such as the Balkans, between foreign borrowing and strategic alignment. We show how Bulgaria found its politics destabilized prior to 1914 by the demands of its creditors. After defeat in the FirstWorldWar, Bulgaria was forced to submit to an even tighter system of creditor control.Though it obtained substantial debt relief during the 1930s, these concessions were gained not through an assertion of national sovereignty and default, but at the price of even closer supervision.This in turn casts new light on the conventional view of Bulgaria as a victim of Nazi ‘informal imperialism’. In light of Bulgaria’s previous experience, the more striking feature of its trade relations with Hitler’s Germany is that they were conducted on a basis of sovereign equality. ehr_544 30..51
Nitrate Dissimilation Under Microaerophilic Conditions by a Magnetic Spirillum

During microaerophilic growth of magnetic spirillum MS-1 on tartrate and nitrate, a maximal cell density was obtained at an initial oxygen partial pressure of 17 Pa. A transient accumulation of nitrous oxide and a 1:2 (mol/mol) stoichiometry between tartrate oxidation and nitrate reduction were observed, indicating that the organism carried out a respiratory type of metabolism.
Advanced power and on-board propulsion thrust area

The primary purpose or objective of the Advanced Power and On-Board Propulsion Thrust is to provide critical technology advancements to meet the needs of the NASA Enterprises and Strategic Technology Areas. Where appropriate, the Thrust will also consider the needs of the commercial industry and the DOD from the point of view of leveraging resources, and more rapid technology infusion. These objectives will be obtained through a combination of contracted, in-house and/or cooperative efforts that evolve the technologies identified as critical by the NASA mission planners from the earliest levels of technology readiness to technology infusion. The latter stages of development will of course be significantly co-funded by the users through the middle technology readiness levels (TRLs) and they will assume total financial responsibility as the technologies are moved to flight demonstrations or mission use. Activities in the Thrust will be maintained as long as there are critical NASA needs to be met.
Nonparametric, nonlinear modeling of physiological systems

The issue of mathematical modeling of nonlinear physiological systems is addressed here. Two different nonparametric methods of identifying nonlinear dynamic physiological systems with arbitrary nonlinearities are presented and their physiological implications as well as their virtues and deficiencies are discussed. The first approach is based on Wiener's theory of nonlinear system identification by use of a Guassian white noise (GWN) test input. The second approach is based on nonparametric differential mapping that uses information about the state variables and leads to phase space representation. The latter method is shown to be more efficient than Wiener's approach in identifying nonlinear dynamic behaviors of physiological systems.
Emerging Markets and Stock Market Bubbles: Nonlinear Speculation?

Daily returns of stock markets in emerging markets in Asia, Africa, South America, and Eastern Europe from the early 1990s through 2006 are analyzed for the possible presence of nonlinear speculative bubbles. The absence of these is tested for by studying residuals of vector autoregressive-based fundamentals, using the Hamilton regimeswitching model and the rescaled range analysis of Hurst. For the first test, absence of bubbles is rejected for twenty-four countries (except Mexico, Sri Lanka, and Taiwan); for the second test, it is rejected for twenty-six countries (except Malaysia). BDS testing on these residuals after autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) effects are removed fails to reject further nonlinearity (except for Israel). Policy issues are discussed, noting that what is appropriate varies from country to country and time period to time period.
Body wall and visceral nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas in children and adolescents.

Abstract Background Predictors of outcome have not been established for pediatric visceral and body wall nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas (NRSTS). Methods The study used a retrospective review of clinical features and outcome of 61 patients with visceral and body wall NRSTS evaluated at our institution between March 1962 and December 1999. Results Median age at diagnosis was 9.9 years (range, birth to 17.4 years). Tumors were greater than 5 cm in 43 (70%), high grade in 33 (54%), invasive in 25 (41%), and metastatic at presentation in 14 (23%) patients. Visceral tumors (n = 27) were more likely than body wall tumors (n = 34) to be greater than 5 cm (93% vs 53%; P P P = .001). Estimated 10-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) for the entire cohort were 45.5% ± 6.9% and 56.8% ± 6.7%, respectively. The 10-year EFS and OS were better for patients with body wall sites than for those with visceral sites (61.8% ± 8.5% and 67.5% ± 8.2% vs 24.2% ± 9.4% and 43.0% ± 10.3%; P = .004 and P = .004). The 10-year estimated cumulative incidence (CI) of local recurrence was higher for patients with visceral sites than for those with body wall sites (64.3% ± 9.8% vs 26.5% ± 7.7%; P = .004), whereas CI of distant recurrence was similar for the 2 sites (15.2% ± 7.2% vs 23.5% ± 7.4%; P = .39). Conclusions Pediatric patients with visceral NRSTS are more likely to have invasive, large, and unresectable tumors compared to those with body wall tumors. More than two thirds of visceral NRSTS recur locally, and fewer than half of patients with visceral tumors survive.
Viscous decoupling transitions for individually dragged particles in systems with quenched disorder

We show that when an individual particle is dragged through an assembly of other particles in the presence of quenched disorder, a viscous decoupling transition occurs between the dragged particle and the surrounding particles which is controlled by the quenched disorder. A counterintuitive consequence of this transition is that the velocity of the dragged particle can be increased by increasing the strength or density of the quenched disorder. The decoupling transition can also occur when the external drive on the dragged particle is increased and is observable as a clear signature in the velocity-force response.
Hydrous Manganese Dioxide Nanowall Arrays Growth and Their Li+ Ions Intercalation Electrochemical Properties

Nanowall arrays of hydrous manganese dioxide MnO2·0.5H2O were deposited on cathodic substrates by the potentiostatic method from a mixed aqueous solution of manganese acetate and sodium sulfate, an...
Improved evaluation of optical depth components from langley plot data

A simple, iterative procedure to determine the optical depth components of the extinction optical depth measured by a solar radiometer is presented. Simulated data show that the iterative procedure improves the determination of the exponent of a Junge law particle size distribution. The determination of the optical depth due to aerosol scattering is improved as compared to a method which uses only two points from the extinction data. The iterative method was used to determine spectral optical depth components for June 11-13, 1988 during the MAC III experiment.
Diagonal earlobe creases and ischemic stroke: Preliminary report.

Diagonal earlobe creases are associated with coronary arterial disease, cardiac morbidity and mortality, and all-cause mortality. We studied the influence of earlobe creases on the incidence of ischemic stroke as well as the relationship between earlobe creases and gender, coronary arterial disease, hypertension, diabetes mellirus, and hypercholesterolemia. Data were obtained prospectively from the medical records of 116 patients with ischemic stroke and 232 age- and gender-matched patients without ischemic stroke. All patients were seen in neurological consultation and were examined for the presence of earlobe creases. In the total group of 348 patients, earlobe creases were significantly related to advancing age. In those with ischemic stroke, earlobe creases were significantly related to coronary arterial disease, diabetes mellitus, and nonlacunar ischemic stroke. The cumulative incidences of coronary arterial disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia were also significantly higher in those patients with earlobe creases who also had ischemic stroke. When controlled for coronary arterial disease, earlobe creases, in those with ischemic stroke, continued to be significantly related to nonlacunar ischemic stroke.
Thrombocytopenic purpura occurring in associationwith paradione (paramethadione) and dilantin sodium (phenytoin sodium) therapy

Summary A case of thrombocytopenic purpura occurring in association with Paradione and Dilantin sodium therapy is reported. Paradione appears to have been the etiological agent.
Chemical versus dual energy x-ray absorptiometry for detecting age-associated body compositional changes in male rats

Aging is associated with increases in body mass and fat mass (FM), whereas fat-free mass (FFM) either decreases or remains unchanged. The purpose of this study was to determine whether dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) accurately detects age-associated changes in male Fischer 344 × Brown–Norway rats ages 8, 18, and 28 months. Eviscerated animal carcasses were first examined via the Lunar DPX-IQ DXA (small animal software version 1.0; HiRes (0.6 × 1.2 mm) medium mode). Eviscerated carcasses were then weighed, autoclaved, homogenized, and fat isolated from aliquots of homogenate via methanol/chloroform extraction. In both chemical (CHEM) and DXA analysis, carcass mass (CM), FM, and % fat were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in the 18 and 28 versus 8-month-old rats. CHEM showed greater FFM in the 18 versus 8 months-old rats but not the 28 months-old animals. DXA was unable to detect the age-associated changes in FFM. Regression analysis showed a strong correlation between CHEM and DXA methods for CM (r = 0.98, P < 0.0001) and FM (r = 0.97, P < 0.0001), but less strong for FFM (r = 0.59, P = 0.0002). In conclusion, compared to CHEM, DXA consistently overestimated CM and FM across the age groups by 9% and 77%, respectively, and underestimated FFM by 5%.
The periodic points of maps of the disk and the interval

By taking this example on one disk and its inverse on another, one can glue together to produce a C’ Kupka-Smale diffeomorphism of S2 with no periodic source or sink, answering a question of Smale [7]. These two results are related in the following way. There are maps on the interval with finitely many periodic points, all with periods a power of 2. Dennis Pixton showed us how to get analogous maps of the disk. The Kupka-Smale embedding of Theorem 2 is obtained as a limit of such maps. Theorem 1 shows that any continuous map of the interval with finitely many periodic points must have only points whose period is a power of 2. In [3], the second author showed that if a Kupka-Smale map of D’ has no source or sink whose period is a power of 2 then it must have infinitely many periodic points. The example constructed for Theorem 2 shows that this result cannot be strengthened along the lines of Theorem 1. In particular this example can be seen to have entropy 0 and if N,,, is the number of fixed points of its m th iterate then lim sup (l/m) log N, = 0.
Recognition vs. Recall: Storage or Retrieval Differences?:

Differences between recognition and recall performance may be due to differences in storage processes, differences in retrieval processes, or some combination of both. An attempt was made to determ...
Molecular Solvation in Water−Methanol and Water−Sorbitol Mixtures: The Roles of Preferential Hydration, Hydrophobicity, and the Equation of State

Molecular dynamics simulations of aqueous mixtures of methanol and sorbitol were performed over a wide range of binary composition, density (pressure), and temperature to study the equation of state and solvation of small apolar solutes. Experimentally, methanol is a canonical solubilizing agent for apolar solutes and a protein denaturant in mixed-aqueous solvents; sorbitol represents a canonical "salting-out" or protein-stabilizing cosolvent. The results reported here show increasing sorbitol concentration under isothermal, isobaric conditions results in monotonic increases in apolar solute excess chemical potential (mu2ex) over the range of experimentally relevant temperatures. For methanol at elevated temperatures, increasing cosolvent composition results in monotonically decreasing mu2ex. However, at lower temperatures mu2ex exhibits a maximum versus cosolvent concentration, as seen experimentally for Ar in ethanol-water solutions. Both density anomalies and hydrophobic effects--characterized by temperatures of density maxima and apolar solute solubility minima, respectively--are suppressed upon addition of either sorbitol or methanol at all temperatures and compositions simulated here. Thus, the contrasting effects of sorbitol and methanol on solute chemical potential cannot be explained by qualitative differences in their ability to enhance or suppress hydrophobic effects. Rather, we find mu2ex values across a broad range of temperatures and cosolvent composition can be quantitatively explained in terms of isobaric changes in solvent density--i.e., the equation of state--along with the corresponding packing fraction of the solvent. Analysis in terms of truncated preferential interaction parameters highlights that care must be taken in interpreting cosolvent effects on solvation in terms of local preferential hydration.
Evaluation of transverse thermal diffusivity of unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites

Abstract The applicability of the homogeneous medium approximation to transverse transient heat conduction in unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites is examined. The study focuses on the problem of transient heat conduction in thin cross-sections, encountered in applications such as the manufacture of commercial prepreg tapes, the filament winding process, etc. The flash experiment for measuring the apparent transient diffusivity was numerically simulated for a wide range of composite parameters. Based on the parametric studies, a critical sample thickness is proposed, above which the composite may be analyzed in a simplified manner as a homogeneous medium having an equivalent transient thermal diffusivity. Below the critical thickness, the homogeneous medium approximation may introduce nonnegligible errors. An analytical means for the evaluation of the homogenized transient diffusivity in practical situations is also presented.
Mechanisms for grain size hardening and softening in Zn

Abstract An analysis of the rate-controlling mechanisms corresponding to effect of grain size d =10 −9 to 10 −3 m on the flow stress of Zn at 300K and ϵ = 10 -4 -10 -3 s −1 was performed. Three grain size regimes were indicated: Regime I, d ≈10 −6 –10 −3 m, Regime II, d ≈10 −6 –10 −8 m and Regime III, d −8 m. Grain size hardening occurred in Regimes I and II and grain size softening in Regime III. The intersection of pyramidal forest dislocations by basal dislocations was concluded to be the rate-controlling mechanism in both Regimes I and II, the major effect of the grain size being on the forest and gliding dislocation densities. The absence of twinning and a dislocation cell structure distinguished Regime II from I. The grain size softening observed in Regime III is in better accord with grain boundary shear than with grain boundary diffusion creep.
The Effect of Five Years’ Implementation of Caries-Preventive Methods in Swedish High-Risk Adolescents

Aim: To study the effectiveness of four different preventive programmes within a group of adolescents at high risk of caries. Subjects and Methods: In 1995, a cohort of 12-year-olds was examined for caries and completed a questionnaire. Subjects identified as being at high risk were examined every year until 2000 when they were 17 years old. This high-risk group was subdivided into four groups, each individual randomly assigned to one of four preventive programmes: (A) information on tooth-brushing techniques; (B) prescription of fluoride lozenges; (C) semi-annual applications of fluoride varnish; (D) quarterly appointments where participants were given individualised information on oral hygiene and diet as well as an application of fluoride varnish. The outcomes examined were the caries increment in dentine, enamel and fillings. Poisson regression was used to assess the influence of background, preventive factors and habits. Results: The number of 12-year-olds in the high-risk group was 1,134 in 1995, of which 925 were still participants in 2000. The differences between the programmes in mean 5-year increment were not significant. Less risk of caries increment was shown for those who had at least one sealant and for those who belonged to the fluoride varnish group (C). A higher risk was observed for adolescents from working-class homes, and for those who reported often eating sweets and not brushing their teeth twice a day at all examinations during the whole study period. Conclusions: The preventive programmes tested were equal in showing low efficiency in adolescents with high caries risk.
Propagation of Bose-Einstein condensates in a magnetic waveguide.

Progress in the field of atom optics depends on developing improved sources of matter waves and advances in their coherent manipulation. Bose-Einstein condensates of dilute alkali vapors [1] are now used as sources of coherent atoms. Miniaturizing the current carrying structures used to confine condensates offers prospects for finer control over the clouds [2,3]. Following the successful trapping and guiding of thermal atoms using self-supported miniature wires [4 ‐8] and substrate-supported microfabricated wire arrays [9‐12], recent experiments merged wire traps on the millimeter scale [13] and microfabricated electronic devices [14,15] with Bose-Einstein condensation. This has opened up a front on which further techniques for coherent condensate transport and manipulation can be explored. While condensate guiding with optical potentials may be limited fundamentally by diffraction [16], fundamental limitations to guiding condensates with microfabricated surfaces are not expected for an atom-surface separation in excess of 1 mm [17]. In this Letter, we demonstrate that a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) transported with optical tweezers can be transferred into a microtrap on a substrate. Such condensates contained 5 times more atoms than those created in a similar microtrap [14]. We released the BEC from the microfabricated magnetic trap into a single-wire magnetic waveguide and studied its propagation. Condensates were observed to propagate 12 mm before exiting the field of view of our imaging system. We observed single-mode (excitationless) BEC propagation along homogeneous segments of the waveguide in a regime where the longitudinal kinetic energy of the condensate exceeded its transverse confinement energy. Transverse excitations were created in condensates propagating through perturbations in the guiding potential. These perturbations resulted from geometric deformations of the current carrying wires on the substrate. Finer imperfections were observed when trapped condensates were brought closer to the microchip as evidenced by the longitudinal fragmentation of the cloud. Condensates containing over 10 72 3 Na atoms were cre
Epidural and nerve block anaesthesia with sympocaine.

In all 413 patients were anaesthetized with Symoocaine 0.5 per cent without epinephrine. Most (175) of the blocks were cauda epidurals with a further 28 sacral and 41 thoraco-lumbar epidural anaesthetics. Possible toxic reactions were observed in 10 patients (2.5 per cent). Hypotension was noted in epidural type anaesthesia and was almost certainly related to the form of block. Temporary irritation occurred on intradermal injection in more than one-third of skin wheals, but this is considered to occur because the experimental solution contains 1:600 phenol. Onset is rapid, usually requiring 4’5 minutes, while duration of action varies between one and a half and two and a half hours. The most common doses for the several techniques are mentioned.
The experience of injecting drugs in public spaces was characterised by urgency, a need for privacy, hygienic concerns, and a sense of shame.

T Rhodes Correspondence to: Dr T Rhodes, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; tim.rhodes@lshtm.ac.uk What is the lived experience of injecting drugs in public places and the social and structural factors that affect access to syringe distribution services? Qualitative study. 6 urban, semi-rural, and rural areas in south Wales, UK. A purposive sample of 49 people (age range 18–47 y, 69% men) who were current injecting drug users (had injected drugs in the past 4 wks; mean duration 7.2 y). 49 individual semi-structured interviews were held, each lasting 30–90 minutes. Topics included injecting equipment use, access, and availability; injecting locations; and health and service needs and experiences. Interviews were tape recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed from a perspective of interpretive critical realism. Public injecting . Participants described public injecting as a situational need rather than a choice. Injecting was viewed as a private behaviour, preferably done in non-public environments, which were also associated with cleanliness. Situational factors leading to public injecting were opportunity (“If I’m out, and they say ‘Oh …
Southwestern Corn Borer, Diatraea grandiosella, Girdling Activity: Inhibition by Fluorescent Lighting of Host Plants

Southwestern corn borer girdling activity was greatly reduced in corn grown between banks of fluorescent lights timed to increase light intensity without lengthening photo-phase. There were no significant differences observed in stalk moisture contents or soluble solids percentages between control and lighted plants. The increased light intensity did not alter the induction of diapause among the test insects.
Calcium indicators and excitotoxicity in cultured cortical neurons

Membrane-permeating, fluorescent Ca2+ indicators have been used to investigate the role of increased intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+i) levels in excitotoxic neuronal injury, but their ability to chelate Ca2+i and their own toxic effects in some cells could obscure this relationship. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-stimulated Ca2+i responses and toxicity were measured in neuron-enriched rat cerebrocortical cultures loaded with either fluo-3 or fura-2. Ca2+i responses signaled by both indicators were similar in magnitude, and neither indicator reduced NMDA toxicity, measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Fluo-3 and fura-2 appear to be suitable for comparative studies of NMDA-induced Ca2+i responses and excitotoxicity.
Electrochemical control of solid phase micro-extraction: conducting polymer coated film material applicable for preconcentration/analysis of neutral species

Exploitation of the physical, chemical and electrically conductive properties of poly(3-dodecylthiophene) (P3DDT) for the preconcentration and release in solid phase microextraction (SPME) of organometallic arsenobetaine (AsB) from aqueous media was investigated. Hydrophobic interactions between this neutral arsenic species and an undoped polythiophene (no applied potential) with n-substituted alkyl groups (n=12) in the three position were used for the diffusion-controlled preconcentration. After absorption into the polymer matrix, the chemical properties of this conductive polymer were changed by applying an external potential. This potential provides a sufficient driving force for desorption of the analyte from the extraction phase into an aqueous solution for subsequent analysis. The applied positive potential oxidizes the polymer to its charged hydrophilic state, which releases the neutral analyte. The concentration and speciation of the analyte from the sample matrix was analyzed by HPLC coupled to an ICP-MS. The diffusion-controlled uptake was fast (equilibrium attained within minutes) and did not require pretreatment of the analyte. The electrochemically-controlled release of the analyte is also very rapid (within minutes). This conducting polymer film system, therefore, can offer analytical applications for the convenient preconcentration and subsequent analysis of neutral environmental species.
A MODEL OF STOCK MARKET BUBBLE UNDER UNCERTAIN FUNDAMENTALS

A model for a stock market bubble is based upon the assumption that market agents incorporate trend and deviation of the actual price from the fundamental value into their expectations. Possible price dynamics are analyzed, and necessary conditions for large price deviations are obtained.
New Road Financing System for U.S. Metropolitan Areas

This paper discusses a broad congestion pricing approach that could replace federal and state fuel taxes and possibly other taxes used to finance transportation needs in congested metropolitan areas. The approach may be implemented in the near term because technologies needed to implement it are already deployed extensively. The approach involves converting existing freeways (all lanes) into premium-service, free-flowing highways that provide fast, frequent, and inexpensive express bus service, while charging all vehicles a variable toll—except authorized buses and certified vanpool vehicles. The toll would vary by level of demand and would be set high enough to guarantee that excessive demand will not cause a breakdown of traffic flow. Sketch-planning analysis for the five most congested U.S. metropolitan areas suggests that implementing the concept could provide sufficient revenue to replace the fuel tax and potentially other transportation taxes, while providing large economic benefits. Public acceptan...
The Registries of Shared Print and Shared Digital Archives: What They Mean for Libraries

This column explores current research questions around shared print (SP) and shared digital (SD) data sources as well as the data sources available to evaluate these questions, including memorandum of understandings (MOUs) and publicly available datasets. The work employs exploratory extraction and analysis to identify how the available metadata supports research and practice around SP and SD policies in five key areas: (1) validation level, (2) retention period, (3) use level (e.g., open, dim, dark), and (4) community localization (e.g., archive is built internally, collaboratively, outsourced). This work yields useful paths forward for more detailed research using publicly available datasets as well as potential next steps in research.
Research in human-level AI using computer games

The goal of our research is to understand what is required for human-level artificial intelligence (AI). A key component of our methodology is developing AI systems in complex, dynamic environments that have many of the properties of the world we inhabit. Although robotics might seem an obvious choice, research in robotics requires solving many difficult problems related to low-level sensing and acting in the real world that are far removed from the cognitive aspects of intelligence. Simulated virtual environments make it possible to by-pass many of these problems, while preserving the need for intelligent real-time decision-making and interaction. Unfortunately, development of realistic virtual environments is an expensive and timeconsuming enterprise onto itself and requires expertise in many areas far a field from AI. However, computer games provide us with a source of cheap, reliable, and flexible technology for developing our own virtual environments for research.
Excitonic exchange splitting in bulk semiconductors

We present an approach to calculate the excitonic fine-structure splittings due to electron-hole short-range exchange interactions using the local-density approximation pseudopotential method, and apply it to bulk semiconductors CdSe, InP, GaAs, and InAs. Comparing with previous theoretical results, the current calculated splittings agree well with experiments. Furthermore, we provide an approximate relationship between the short-range exchange splitting and the exciton Bohr radius, which can be used to estimate the exchange splitting for other materials. The current calculation indicates that a commonly used formula for exchange splitting in quantum dot is not valid. Finally, we find a very large pressure dependence of the exchange splitting: a factor of 4.5 increase as the lattice constant changes by 3.5%. This increase is mainly due to the decrease of the Bohr radius via the change of electron effective mass.
Small-scale smoldering combustion experiments in microgravity

Results from small-scale experiments of the smolder characteristics of a porous combustible material (flexible polyurethane foam) in microgravity and normal gravity are presented. The microgravity experiments were conducted in the Spacelab Glovebox on the USML-1 mission of the Space Shuttle Columbia, June/July 1992, and represent the first smolder experiments ever conducted under extended periods of microgravity. The use of the Glovebox limited the size of the fuel sample that could be tested and the power available for ignition but provided the opportunity to conduct such experiments in space. Four tests were conducted, varying the igniter geometry (axial and plate) and the convective environment (quiescent and forced). A series of comparative tests was also conducted in normal gravity. Measurements conducted included temperature histories at several locations along the fuel sample, video recording of the progress of the smolder, and postcombustion char and gas composition analyses. The results of the tests showed that smolder did not propagate without the assistance of the igniter, primarily because of heat losses from the reaction to the surrounding environment. In microgravity, the reduced heat losses caused by the absence of natural convection resulted in only slightly higher temperatures in the quiescent microgravity test than in normal gravity but a dramatically larger production of combustion products in all microgravity tests. Particularly significant is the proportionately larger amount of carbon monoxide and light organic compounds produced in microgravity, despite comparable temperatures and similar char patterns. This excessive production of fuel-rich combustion products may be a generic characteristic of smoldering polyurethane in microgravity, with an associated increase in the toxic hazard of smolder in spacecraft.
Nonlinear three-dimensional Rayleigh-Taylor instability

The Rayleigh-Taylor instability is studied for an incompressible inviscid fluid of infinite depth for three-dimensional (3D) spatially periodic flow. The problem is formulated in terms of general conditions that allow one to find the symmetry of the observable steady structures. Analytical steady solutions for a hexagonal type of flow symmetry (plane group $p6\mathrm{mm}$) are found in few orders of approximations. Interrelations between the results with various types of flow symmetry are established. Comparisons with previously studied 3D flows with ``square'' and ``rectangular'' symmetries are given.
Monte Carlo study of the energy dispersion curve of a mobile hole in a quantum antiferromagnet

Abstract The ground state energy dispersion curve of a single mobile hole in the two-dimensional t-J model is computed numerically by means of the Green function Monte Carlo method on square lattices of various sizes up to 16 × 16. Transient estimation results show evidence of a gap of the order of 0.2t, in the physical region of the model, between the energy value at k = (± 1 2 π, ± 1 2 π), which corresponds to the hole band absolute minimum, and k = (±π, 0).
Separation of proteolytic enzymes of Clostridium histolyticum.

PREVIOUS attempts to separate the proteolytic enzymes found in culture filtrates of Cl. histolyticum have been largely unsuccessful. Methods for preparing proteinase free of collagenolytic activity have been described1; but collagenase free of other proteolytic activity has never been obtained.
USE OF THE Y-BODY FOR IDENTIFICATION OF SKIN SOURCE ON A SUCCESSFULLY GRAFTED BURN PATIENT

The use of the interphase male Y-body (fluorescent Y chromosome segment) technique with cryostat sections of both fresh and frozen-stored skin biopsies is described. A female burn patient appeared to retain her donor homografts, thereby negating the need for auto-grafts. Since a retained homograft of this sort challenged our understanding of immunologic barriers, we applied the Y-body technique to cutaneous biopsies obtained from the patient's burn area that had been homografted with skin from a male donor, as well as control biopsies from the patient's unburned skin and normal control male and female skin. Based on clinical and cytogenetic observations, it was concluded that the most reasonable explanation for this case was that the regenerating tissue at the graft site was that of the recipient and not that of the originally grafted male skin.
Ultraviolet B irradiation of human skin induces an angiogenic switch that is mediated by upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and by downregulation of thrombospondin-1.

Summary Background We have previously demonstrated that skin-specific overexpression of the endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor thrombospondin (TSP)-1 prevented chronic ultraviolet (UV) B-induced angiogenesis, inflammatory cell infiltration and cutaneous photodamage in mice. Objectives To elucidate the mechanisms by which acute UVB-induced angiogenesis induces dermal damage, and to study the molecular regulation of acute UVB-induced angiogenesis in human skin. Methods We subjected five healthy volunteers to acute UVB irradiation (2 minimal erythema doses) and performed histological analysis at 48 h after UVB irradiation. Results Histology revealed epidermal hyperplasia, infiltration of elastase-producing neutrophils and elastin fibre damage. Immunohistochemistry for CD31 demonstrated pronounced angiogenesis with a significant increase in both vascular density and vessel size, associated with increased endothelial cell proliferation. Whereas constitutive expression of TSP-1 but only weak expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were detected in normal human epidermis, pronounced downregulation of TSP-1 and upregulation of VEGF were observed in epidermal keratinocytes after acute UVB irradiation. These findings were confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analysis after UVB irradiation of cultured HaCaT keratinocytes in vitro. Conclusions Together, these data indicate that a disruption of the balance between VEGF and TSP-1 expression leads to a UVB-induced angiogenic switch, facilitating the infiltration of elastase-producing leucocytes and cutaneous photodamage.