cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty in integrated assessment models: modeling with MiniCAM 1.0

Abstract Human-initiated climate change remains one of the major science-based public policy issues facing the nations of the world. One feature of the issue that inhibits effective decisions is the ubiquity of uncertainty: many if not most of the parameters of mathematical relationships that forecast emissions, atmospheric processes, impacts, and effectiveness of countermeasures are uncertain. We have added a stochastic simulation capability to the commonly used integrated assessment model MiniCAM 1.0 to analyze the sources of uncertainty and their relative importance and to help devise strategies for depicting and coping with uncertainty. The analysis shows that: (1) the projected range of uncertainty in global temperature increase during the next century is greater than previously supposed, but the central tendency is not dramatically higher; (2) many of the major sources of uncertainty previously discussed in the literature remain significant, but not all; (3) an adaptive policy of “act, then learn, then act” appears to offer better prospects for balancing uncertain costs and benefits of controlling greenhouse gas emissions than do rigid precautionary measures; and (4) current targets for atmospheric stabilization appear excessively ambitious.
"A burden in your heart": lessons of disclosure from female preadolescent and adolescent survivors of sexual abuse.

Abstract Objectives To enhance understanding of the sexual abuse disclosure process from the perspective of preteen and teenage survivors. To reconsider prominent models of the disclosure process in light of our findings. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of data from four focus groups in which 34 preadolescent and adolescent female survivors of sexual abuse had been asked about their treatment experiences. Girls often recounted disclosing their victimization to others. Using the disclosure segment as our unit of analysis, we isolated 106 for study. During analysis, we wrote narrative summaries of each segment's significance, grouped these conceptually, and examined their interconnectedness. When synthesized, individual experiences of disclosing contributed to understanding the overall disclosure process. Results Three phases were identified: Self, where children come to understand victimization internally; Confidant Selection-Reaction, where they select a time, place, and person to tell and then weather that person's reaction (supportive or hostile); and Consequences (good and bad) that continued to inform their on-going strategies of telling. The actions and reactions of adults were significant and informed the girls’ decisions. Conclusions We advocate integrating existing theories and research into a model which views the disclosure process from the child's perspective and includes pre-disclosure and a post-initial public disclosure stages. The model conceptualizes disclosure as an iterative process in which children interact with adults and incorporate responses into their on-going decisions about telling (recant, deny, affirm, etc.). The combined model should recognize the concerns and position of adults as well as the perspective and logic of youth.
Isolation, X-ray Structures, and Electronic Spectra of Reactive Intermediates in Friedel−Crafts Acylations†

Reactive intermediates in the Friedel−Crafts acylation of aromatic donors are scrutinized upon their successful isolation and X-ray crystallography at very low temperatures. Detailed analyses of the X-ray parameters for the [1:1] complexes of different aliphatic and aromatic-acid chlorides with the Lewis acids antimony pentafluoride and pentachloride, gallium trichloride, titanium and zirconium tetrachlorides provide unexpected insight into the activation mechanism for the formation of the critical acylium carbocations. Likewise, the X-ray-structure examinations of aliphatic and aromatic acylium electrophiles also isolated as crystalline salts point to the origins of their electrophilic reactivity. Although the Wheland intermediates (as acylium adducts to arene donors) could not be isolated in crystalline form owing to their exceedingly short lifetimes, transient (UV−vis) spectra of benzenium adducts of acylium carbocations with hexamethylbenzene can be measured and directly related to Wheland intermediat...
R&D Search under Environmental Jolts: Evidence from New Ventures in the United States

While extensive research has investigated the determinants of organizational search under normal situations, surprisingly little is known about the determinants of organizational search under envir...
EPISODIC GROWTH OF CHILDREN WITH HYPOPITUITARISM RECEIVING CONTINUOUS HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (HGH) THERAPY

EPISODIC GROWTH OF CHILDREN WITH HYPOPITUITARISM RECEIVING CONTINUOUS HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (HGH) THERAPY
Inhibitory antibodies in hemophilia A.

Purpose of review The review describes recent advances in our understanding of mechanisms leading to development of neutralizing antibodies following factor VIII (FVIII) replacement therapy for hemophilia A. Novel interventions with translational potential to lessen the incidence of these deleterious immune responses are discussed. Recent findings Genetic and environmental risk factors for inhibitor development, and cellular mechanisms leading to antibody production versus immune tolerance to FVIII, are increasingly coming into focus. Human and animal model studies are identifying T-cell and B-cell epitopes in FVIII and characterizing the presentation of naturally processed FVIII peptides on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Novel methods to promote immune tolerance include decreasing FVIII uptake by APCs, modifying co-stimulatory pathways, inducing regulatory T-cell production, and presenting FVIII antigen to immature dendritic cells in a tolerance-promoting manner. A complementary approach to reduce inhibitor incidence is the design of less immunogenic FVIII proteins through epitope modification. Summary Studies of FVIII immunogenicity are revealing mechanisms of anti-FVIII immune responses, suggesting new approaches to reduce the incidence of inhibitors. Rational design of FVIII variants is producing less immunogenic proteins targeted to specific patient sub-populations. Future therapies will likely involve administration of less immunogenic FVIII proteins under conditions that promote immune tolerance.
An Analytic Review of Research in Community Psychology

A content analysis was conducted on all 478 empirical articles published from 1973 through 1978 in the American Journal of Community Psychology and the Journal of Community Psychology. Results indicate a substantial emphasis on policy analysis/research and program evaluation. The delivery of mental health services was extensively researched; however, a wide diversity of other topics such as work, substance abuse, and attitudes toward mental illness were also represented. There was a relatively high degree of participation by authors with nonuniversity affiliations. Also, in 65% of the studies subjects were not identified as having a psychological problem; in one-third of the studies children served as subjects; and in 71% of the studies both males and females served as subjects. A number of problems with the typical research design are noted, including: unrepresentative sampling of subjects, nonequivalent comparison groups, and small sample and cell sizes.
Sarcoidosis mimicking recurrent endometrial cancer.

Abstract Background. Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease and can be confused with benign or malignant tumors. In patients with recurrent gynecologic cancer, liver and intrathoracic lesions should undergo a biopsy to rule in metastatic malignancy, as clinical findings and CAT scan results may represent other disease processes. Case. A 67 year old woman had a total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, pelvic and periaortic lymphadenectomy, and peritoneal cytology in 2001 for Stage I B grade 1 adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. She developed a vaginal recurrence in 2005. A CT scan of lungs, abdomen, and pelvis revealed extensive mediastinal adenopathy and multiple space occupying hepatic lesions worrisome for metastatic disease. A needle biopsy of the largest liver lesion revealed sarcoidosis. Conclusion. Sarcoid lesions may mimic metastatic disease in patients with malignancy, potentially leading to delayed and/or inappropriate therapy.
A Comprehensive and Universal Method for Assessing the Performance of Differential Gene Expression Analyses

The number of methods for pre-processing and analysis of gene expression data continues to increase, often making it difficult to select the most appropriate approach. We present a simple procedure for comparative estimation of a variety of methods for microarray data pre-processing and analysis. Our approach is based on the use of real microarray data in which controlled fold changes are introduced into 20% of the data to provide a metric for comparison with the unmodified data. The data modifications can be easily applied to raw data measured with any technological platform and retains all the complex structures and statistical characteristics of the real-world data. The power of the method is illustrated by its application to the quantitative comparison of different methods of normalization and analysis of microarray data. Our results demonstrate that the method of controlled modifications of real experimental data provides a simple tool for assessing the performance of data preprocessing and analysis methods.
Bacterial flagellar motor

What does the motor do? It rotates a thin helical filament (a propeller) that powers swimming motility. There are one or several motors per cell, each with its own filament. The filaments extend out from the surface of the cell into the external medium (in common bacteria) or run beneath the cell's outer membrane (in spirochetes). As the helical axis of the filament generally runs at an angle different from that of the motor axis, the two are coupled by a flexible coupling or universal joint (the hook).
Multi-class classification fusion using boosting for identifying steganography methods

There are over 250 image steganography methods available on the Internet. In digital image steganalysis an analyst has three goals, first determine if an embedded message exists, next determine the embedding method used to create the stego image and finally extract the hidden message. The objective of this paper lies on the second goal, that is, to identify the embedding technique used to create the steganography image. Several detection systems currently exist, so the identification problem becomes one of determining which detection system has correctly identified the embedding method. In this work, the individual detection systems are fused using boosting. Boosting is a powerful technique for combining an ensemble of base classifiers to produce a form of committee with improved performance over any of the single classifiers in the ensemble. The results in this paper show that boosting takes advantage of the individual strengths from each detection systems and classification performance is increased by 10%.
An in vivo model fish system to test chemical effects on sexual differentiation and development: exposure to ethinyl estradiol

Abstract A model system was characterized which may be used as an in vivo screen for effects of chemicals or environmental mixtures on sexual differentiation and development of reproductive organs and gametes. We evaluated the effects of a model environmental estrogen, ethinyl estradiol (EE 2 ), on the d-rR strain of medaka, Oryzias latipes , using a nano-injection exposure. Gonad histopathology indicated that a single injection of 0.5–2.5 ng EE 2 /egg can cause phenotypic sex-reversal of genetic males to females. Sex-reversals could be detected as early as 7 days post-hatch. Sex-reversed males had female-typical duct development and the secondary sex characteristics we measured were generally consistent with phenotype, with the exception of a few EE 2 -exposed XX and XY females which possessed ambiguous anal fins. Using discriminant analysis, we determined that the presence or absence of the secondary sex characteristic, a dorsal fin notch, was a very reliable indicator of gonadal sex. No instances of gonadal intersexes were observed. Ethinyl estradiol also appeared to reduce growth but not condition (weight-at-length) and exposed XX females appeared to have a higher incidence of atretic follicles relative to controls. Our results suggest that estrogenic chemicals may influence sexual differentiation and development and that the medaka model is well suited to assessing these effects.
Use of sharp autoionizing resonances for soft x-ray diagnosis of inertially confined fusion plasmas

Sharp autoionizing resonances (in this paper from He) used in conjunction with a spectrally bright XUV source of moderate power, e.g., laser produced plasma can greatly facilitate the coronal diagnostics of dense, high temperature, inertially confined fusion plasmas. (AIP)
Robust performance of linear parametrically varying systems using parametrically-dependent linear feedback

Abstract In this paper a parameter-dependent control problem for linear parametrically varying (LPV) systems is presented. Sufficient conditions are given that guarantee an LPV system is exponentially stable and achieves an induced L 2 - norm performance objective from the disturbance to error signals. The usefulness of parameter-dependent controllers is motivated from a gain-scheduling viewpoint. The resulting synthesis problem is reformulated into a convex optimization problem, which can be solved using efficient new algorithms.
Catalytic Activity and Selectivity of H-ZSM5 for the Reduction of Nitric Oxide by Propane in the Presence of Oxygen

The reactions of NO, C3H8, and O2were studied over a H-ZSM5 catalyst at various conditions. The reaction can result in the formation of either NO2or N2. The selectivity for N2mainly depends on the ratio of NO/C3H8in the feedstock; the reaction temperature and the concentration of O2have only minor influence. When the concentration of NO is 1000 ppm (which is typical for automotive exhausts) and NO/C3H8 > 1, the oxidation of NO to NO2dominates, but the NO2does not react significantly with C3H8at these reaction conditions. NO can be reduced by C3H8selectively to N2at NO/C3H8 ≤ 1 when oxygen is present. Results suggest that the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO can proceed via two different reaction pathways below and above 500°C. At low temperatures, the oxidation of NO by O2to NO2might be the initial reaction step. Below 500°C, this reaction is much faster than other possible reactions in the mono- or bimolecular mixtures of the three reactants. At 500°C, the reaction rate of the oxidation of C3H8by O2is comparable to that of the NO oxidation. At 600°C, the oxidation of C3H8is faster than other reactions in the mono- or bimolecular mixtures of reactants. Thus, probably the combustion of propane initiates the SCR process above 500°C. The rates of both initial reactions depend on the concentration of oxygen and the reaction temperatures, but contrary to common belief these parameters have little effect on the yield of N2in the SCR process. It appears that the active sites for the reactions of NO + O2, C3H8 + O2, and C3H8+NO2are similar to each other, probably involving the Bronsted acidic bridging hydroxyls of H-ZSM5. When NO/C3H8 > 1, adsorbed NOxspecies may prevent the adsorption of C3H8since propane barely reacts with the other reactants. At NO/C3H8 ≤ 1, the SCR of NO to N2probably proceeds via the secondary reactions of NO2 + C3H8(below 500°C) or CxHyOz + NOx(above 500°C). Radicals are likely involved in both the initial and the secondary reaction steps. At 300°C, the probable overall stoichiometry of the SCR process is 2C3H8 + 6NO + 4O2 → 6CO + 8H2O + 3N2. At higher temperatures, CO2also appears in the products and the efficiency of propane to form N2decreases.
Highly uniform step and terrace structures on SiC(0001) surfaces

Highly uniform step and termination structures on 4H- and 6H-SiC(0001) surfaces have been prepared via moderate annealing in disilane. Atomic force microscopy and dark-field low-energy electron microscopy imaging indicate single-phase terminations separated solely by half-unit-cell-height steps, driven by stacking fault energy. The atomic structure of 4H-SiC(0001)-√3 × √3R30°-Si has been determined quantitatively by nanospot low-energy electron diffraction. The topmost stacking fault at the 4H surface has been found to be between the second and third bilayers.
Resistance theory: How Marxists interpret student life

Whatever the purpose of curricula (overt or hidden), the everyday life of schools is often disconnected from any concern for academic learning; and whatever the official desires for order and discipline, this life is often tumultuous. The order that emerges represents an informally negotiated "truce" by which students comply with most expectations of minimal order yet commit relatively little energies to academic matters. This is the reality that scholarly interpretations of schools, as well as sensible policy initiatives, must confront. Currently, "disruptive" behavior, "poor" attitudes toward academic requirements, time not "on task" and the like have all become defined as a political problem. Even if discipline seems to be in chronic crisis in the public mind, the failure of educators to impose sufficient discipline is now widely considered a prime cause of a more general educational failure, a "crisis" often defined by poor test scores. With this diagnosis-largely endorsed by public opinion, professional educators, and elites within government and business-the prescription is for stricter discipline coupled with more exacting academic requirements. A major value of the books under review, all written from a fervently critical, leftist stance, is that they underscore the limited boundaries of contemporary public discussion. In the prevailing and almost unchallenged view, a lack of discipline and academic commitment is a
Serum creatinine levels in the US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

This report describes the distribution of serum creatinine levels by sex, age, and ethnic group in a representative sample of the US population. Serum creatinine level was evaluated in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) in 18,723 participants aged 12 years and older who were examined between 1988 and 1994. Differences in mean serum creatinine levels were compared for subgroups defined by sex, age, and ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Mexican-American). The mean serum creatinine value was 0.96 mg/dL for women in the United States and 1.16 mg/dL for men. Overall mean creatinine levels were highest in non-Hispanic blacks (women, 1.01 mg/dL; men, 1.25 mg/dL), lower in non-Hispanic whites (women, 0.97 mg/dL; men, 1.16 mg/dL), and lowest in Mexican-Americans (women, 0.86 mg/dL; men, 1.07 mg/dL). Mean serum creatinine levels increased with age among both men and women in all three ethnic groups, with total US mean levels ranging from 0.88 to 1.10 mg/dL in women and 1.00 to 1.29 mg/dL in men. The highest mean creatinine level was seen in non-Hispanic black men aged 60+ years. In the total US population, creatinine levels of 1.5 mg/dL or greater were seen in 9.74% of men and 1.78% of women. Overall, among the US noninstitutionalized population, 10.9 million people are estimated to have creatinine values of 1.5 mg/dL or greater, 3.0 million have values of 1.7 mg/dL or greater, and 0.8 million have serum creatinine levels of 2.0 mg/dL or greater. Mean serum creatinine values are higher in men, non-Hispanic blacks, and older persons and are lower in Mexican-Americans. In the absence of information on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or lean body mass, it is not clear to what extent the variability by sex, ethnicity, and age reflects normal physiological differences rather than the presence of kidney disease. Until this information is known, the use of a single cutpoint to define elevated serum creatinine values may be misleading.
Cerebrospinal fluid levels of magnesium in patients with preeclampsia after treatment with intravenous magnesium sulfate: A preliminary report

The purpose of this study is twofold: (1) to correlate magnesium levels of serum with those of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with preeclampsia receiving intravenous magnesium sulfate, and (2) to determine whether the magnesium ion crosses the blood-brain barrier in significant amounts after intravenous magnesium sulfate therapy. Of the 21 patients in whom spinal anesthesia was used for delivery, ten patients with preeclampsia with therapeutic serum magnesium levels made up the study group and 11 term nontreated normotensive gravid women served as controls. At the time of spinal anesthesia, a 1 ml aliquot of cerebrospinal fluid was obtained from each patient. The mean cerebrospinal fluid magnesium level for the control group was 2.56 ± 0.19 mg/dl (range 2.2 to 2.8 mg/dl). For the preeclamptic group who received intravenous magnesium sulfate, the mean cerebrospinal fluid magnesium level was 3.04 ± 0.12 mg/dl (range 2.9 to 3.2 mg/dl). Although only a small amount of magnesium crosses the blood-brain barrier after intravenous magnesium sulfate treatment, this increment is highly significant (p
Quickest Line Outage Detection and Identification

A method is proposed to detect and identify power system transmission line outages in near real-time. The method exploits the statistical properties of the small random fluctuations in electricity generation and demand that a power system is subject to as time evolves. To detect and identify transmission line outages, a linearized incremental small-signal power system model is used in conjunction with high-speed synchronized voltage phase angle measurements obtained from phasor measurement units. By monitoring the statistical properties of voltage phase angle time-series, line outages are detected and identified using techniques borrowed from the theory of quickest change detection. As illustrated through case studies, the proposed method is effective in detecting and identifying single- and double-line outages in an accurate and timely fashion.
The influence of phytoplankton composition on the relative effectiveness of grinding and sonification for chlorophyll extraction

The chlorophyll recovery efficiency was compared between control, ground, and sonified samples. The results showed significant improvement between control and ground samples but not between control and sonified samples. Neither prolonging time of sonification nor using an ice bath during filter grinding improved efficiency. Higher chlorophyll a recovery was obtained from ground samples than from sonified ones, when the water samples contained centric diatoms and filamentous blue-green algae. When total phytoplankton numbers were high, there was a distinct advantage in using grinding rather than sonification for chlorophyll c recovery.
Quantum phases in a doped Mott insulator on the Shastry-Sutherland lattice.

We propose the projected BCS wave function as the ground state for the doped Mott insulator ${\mathrm{SrCu}}_{2}({\mathrm{BO}}_{3}{)}_{2}$ on the Shastry-Sutherland lattice. At half filling this wave function yields the exact ground state. Adding mobile charge carriers, we find a strong asymmetry between electron and hole doping. Upon electron doping an unusual metal with strong valence bond correlations forms. Hole doped systems are $d$-wave resonating valence bond superconductors in which superconductivity is strongly enhanced by the emergence of spatially varying plaquette bond order.
The role of within‐group agreement in understanding transformational leadership

Theories of transformational leadership imply that effective leaders should engage in a constellation of appropriate behaviours. Further, since an important component of transformational leadership is the leader's ability to create a consensus or a similar mindset among subordinates, attributions that the leader is transformational are likely to depend on both the leader's behaviours and the extent to which subordinates perceive the leader similarly. In the present study, these notions were tested using a multi-source data set comprising 68 focal managers, 285 subordinates, 495 peers, and 68 supervisors. Results indicated that leaders who engage in higher levels of appropriate leader behaviours are more likely to have followers who agree in their perceptions of the leader. In addition, significant interactions were found between leader behaviours and agreement among subordinates, suggesting that agreement moderates the relationship between leader behaviours and attributions of transformational leadership style.
Evaluating feature selection strategies for high dimensional, small sample size datasets

In this work, we analyze and evaluate different strategies for comparing Feature Selection (FS) schemes on High Dimensional (HD) biomedical datasets (e.g. gene and protein expression studies) with a small sample size (SSS). Additionally, we define a new feature, Robustness, specifically for comparing the ability of an FS scheme to be invariant to changes in its training data. While classifier accuracy has been the de facto method for evaluating FS schemes, on account of the curse of dimensionality problem, it might not always be the appropriate measure for HD/SSS datasets. SSS lends the dataset a higher probability of containing data that is not representative of the true distribution of the whole population. However, an ideal FS scheme must be robust enough to produce the same results each time there are changes to the training data. In this study, we employed the robustness performance measure in conjunction with classifier accuracy (measured via the K-Nearest Neighbor and Random Forest classifiers) to quantitatively compare five different FS schemes (T-test, F-test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, Wilks Lambda Test and Wilcoxon Rand Sum Test) on 5 HD/SSS gene and protein expression datasets corresponding to ovarian cancer, lung cancer, bone lesions, celiac disease, and coronary heart disease. Of the five FS schemes compared, the Wilcoxon Rand Sum Test was found to outperform other FS schemes in terms of classification accuracy and robustness. Our results suggest that both classifier accuracy and robustness should be considered when deciding on the appropriate FS scheme for HD/SSS datasets.
Patterns of Lifetime Alcohol Use in a Clinical Sample of Older Male Veterans

Abstract In our clinical work with veterans enrolled in psycho geriatric clinical study, we became intrigued by their range of alcohol histories and undertook a study to understand more about older veterans' experiences with alcohol over a lifetime. A questionnaire designed for the purposes of this study included the CAGE, a lifetime drinking graph, and questions about how and why veterans quit drinking. Eighty-three male veterans participated in this clinical study. Participants described a range of drinking histories, although most were currently abstinent, having quit drinking without participation in a treatment program. Five case studies are presented to illustrate these lifetime patterns, as well as clinical challenges for working with older veterans with drinking problems.
Benchmarking for research in power delivery networks of three-dimensional integrated circuits

Power integrity is generally considered to be one of the major bottlenecks hindering the prevalence of three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs). The higher integration density and smaller footprint result in significantly increased power density, which threatens the system reliability. In view of this, there has been groundswell of interest in academia to model, design or optimize the power delivery networks (PDNs) in 3D ICs. Unfortunately, while several PDN benchmarks exist for 2D PDNs, none is available in the context of 3D. As a consequence, most existing literature resorts to ad-hoc designs by artificially stacking 2D PDNs for experiments, rendering the results less convincing. In this paper, we put forward a set of ten PDN benchmarks that are extracted from industrial 3D designs. These designs are carefully selected such that they cover a wide range of functionality, size, TSV number, tier number and packaging style. We hope that the released benchmarks can facilitate and promote research in 3D PDNs.
Iterated rippled noise discrimination at long durations.

Iterated rippled noise (IRN) was used to study discrimination of IRN stimuli with a lower number of iterations from IRN stimuli with a higher number of iterations as a function of stimulus duration (100–2000 ms). Such IRN stimuli differ in the strength of the repetition pitch. In some cases, the gain used to generate IRN stimuli was adjusted so that both IRN stimuli in the discrimination task had the same height of the first peak in the autocorrelation function or autocorrelogram. In previous work involving short-duration IRN stimuli (<500 ms), listeners were not able to discriminate between IRN stimuli that had different numbers of iterations but the same height of the first peak in the autocorrelation function. In the current study, IRN discrimination performance improved with increases in duration, even in cases when the height of the first peak in the autocorrelation was the same for the two IRN stimuli. Thus, future studies involving discrimination of IRN stimuli may need to use longer durations (1 s or greater) than those that have been used in the past.
Renal cancer: Cytogenetic and molecular genetic aspects

To date, much progress has been made in the fields of cytogenetics and molecular genetics of renal tumors. The previous and recent findings have delineated the characteristics of the various tumors, particularly the cytogenetic and molecular differences that exist between papillary and nonpapillary clear cell renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). At the same time, new cytogenetic subtypes have emerged [e.g., t(X;1)] in subtypes of RCC, while in others (e.g., Wilms tumors) several new cytogenetic abnormalities and consequent molecular involvement have been found. In addition to Wilms tumor, papillary RCC, and clear-cell RCC, cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses have been performed on several other tumors of the kidney, including chromophobic carcinoma, metanephric adenoma, collecting duct carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, congenital mesoblastic nephroma, and malignant rhabdoid tumors of the kidney. This review is therefore intended to present a concise update on the cytogenetic and molecular data on renal tumors, focusing mainly on the clinical usefulness of the findings reported in the literature.
Docking and reconfiguration of modular spacecraft: preliminary SWARM testing at MSFC

On-orbit servicing and assembly is a critical enabling technology for the advancement of large scale structures in space. The goal of the SWARM project (Synchronized Wireless Autonomous Reconfigurable Modules) is to develop and mature algorithms for autonomous docking and reconfiguration, to be used as the building blocks for autonomous servicing and assembly. Algorithms for approach, docking, and reconfiguration have been implemented and tested through a demonstration of the assembly of two telescope sub-apertures at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in July 2006. The algorithms developed for reconfiguration set the mass properties based on the configuration. Updatable parameters include the location of sensors and receivers with respect to the geometric center, thruster locations, and control gains specific to each configuration. To test these algorithms in a 2D environment, a ground testbed was developed to provide multiple docking ports and modular payload attachments. Hardware components include nodes, Universal Docking Ports, posts, sub-aperture mirrors, and a SPHERES satellite as the assembler tug. Testing at MSFC successfully demonstrated relative docking and reconfiguration. Valuable information was gained about the performance of the docking under friction, sensitivity to estimator initialization, thrust authority needed for different phases of the test, and control when CM changes during the test.
Rate-invariant comparisons of covariance paths for visual speech recognition

An important problem in speech, and generally activity, recognition is to develop analyses that are invariant to the execution rates. We introduce a theoretical framework that provides a parametrization-invariant metric for comparing parametrized paths on Riemannian manifolds. Treating instances of activities as parametrized paths on a Riemannian manifold of covariance matrices, we apply this framework to the problem of visual speech recognition from image sequences. We represent each sequence as a path on the space of covariance matrices, each covariance matrix capturing spatial variability of visual features in a frame, and perform simultaneous pairwise temporal alignment and comparison of paths. This removes the temporal variability and helps provide a robust metric for visual speech classification. We evaluated this idea on the OuluVS database and the rank-1 nearest neighbor classification rate improves from 32% to 57% due to temporal alignment.
Electron bunch length monitors using spatially encoded electro-optical technique in an orthogonal configuration

A single-shot, nondestructive, electro-optical, electron bunch length monitor is experimentally verified by encoding the Coulomb field of the bunch profile on the spatial intensity distribution of an unchirped femtosecond laser pulse in an orthogonal geometry, hence a temporal-to-spatial transformation. This electron bunch measurement scheme can simultaneously measure large timing jitter (approximately in picoseconds) with a wide measurement time span covering picosecond to subpicosecond ranges.
Interaural Intensity and Time Differences in Anechoic and Reverberant Rooms

The purpose of this investigation was to describe the physical characteristics of an artificial head and to determine the interaural time and intensity changes which occurred at selected azimuths. ...
Quantitative methods for determining the points of O-(carboxymethyl) substitution in O-(carboxymethyl)-guar

Abstract Two methods are described for locating the O -(carboxymethyl) groups in O -(carboxymethyl)guar. In Method I, O -(carboxymethyl)guar was depolymerized by methanolysis, the O -(carboxymethyl) groups were reduced, and the mixture of methyl glycosides and O -(2-hydroxyethyl)-substituted methyl glycosides was converted into a mixture of per- O -acetylated alditols and partially O -(2-acetoxyethyl)ated, partially O -acetylated alditols. Analysis of these alditols by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry allowed the positions of substitution of the O -(carboxymethyl) groups on the galactosyl groups and mannosyl residues to be determined. However, this method did not distinguish between O -(carboxymethyl) substitution on 4-linked and 4,6-linked mannosyl residues. This limitation was overcome by the more-detailed analysis provided by Method II, in which O -(carboxymethyl)guar was carboxyl-reduced, the product methylated, the glycosyl residues hydrolyzed, the sugars reduced, and the alditols acetylated to yield a mixture of partially O -acetylated, partially O -methylated alditols and partially O -acetylated, partially O -(2-methoxyethyl)ated, partially O -methylated alditols. These derivatives, when separated and quantitated by g.l.c., and identified by g.l.c.-m.s., gave a quantitative measure of every type of carboxymethyl substitution in guar.
School Athletics and Fan Aggression

Each American is generally expected to fully embrace with all his being the "all-American" sports, and the pitiful person who "does not follow" sports is often considered to have some kind of character defect. The possibility that there might be some kinds of social problems associated with sports first occurred to the author when security police in charge of a sports arena requested lectures and presentations which might be useful in their attempts at crowd control. The security police were faced with a dilemma. They knew how, they said, to control youthful aggressors at games and other events, but the incidence of such behavior was dramatically increasing. On the other hand, the police claimed that they were also confronted with a newer problem that caused some apprehension, and this was how they might handle the "little old ladies" and "grandmothers" who became embroiled in fisticuffs in the grandstands. Youthful antagonists could be physically broken apart, perhaps handcuffed, maced, and arrested; but few of the young policemen felt that they would be comfortable trying to pin a 60-year-old, gray haired lady to the floor in front of a cheering audience of 6000 fans. It was problems such as these, brought to the author by various law enforcement officials, that originally stimulated the analysis and exploratory inquiry reported in this paper. Scott (1972) has described two opposing ethics in athletics. The first, the Lombardian ethic, is based upon such proclamations by Vince Lombardi as "Winning isn't everything, it's the only thing." The Lombardian ethic equates victory with the preservation of manhood, and, by promoting a "winning-is-theonly-thing" philosophy, attitudes and behavior are sometimes transformed into "the end justifies the means." Many critics feel that the Lombardian ethic appears to be the rule of the day from the professional ranks down to the colleges, high schools and junior high schools. Under this philosophy, the opponent is the enemy an obstacle in the path of victory, causing some players to assert that "you almost have to despise your opponent or even hate him." Axthelm (1975) claims that Lombardi, Haldeman and other architects of victory have sold the public a new attitude. "Winning is the only thing" became a catch phrase, causing the sports fans of the nation to smirk, "Show me a good loser, and I'll show you a loser." The antithesis of the Lombardian
Differential Inhibition of RNA Editing in Hepatitis Delta Virus Genotype III by the Short and Long Forms of Hepatitis Delta Antigen

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) produces two essential forms of the sole viral protein from the same open reading frame by using host RNA editing activity at the amber/W site in the antigenomic RNA. The roles of these two forms, HDAg-S and HDAg-L, are opposed. HDAg-S is required for viral RNA replication, whereas HDAg-L, which is produced as a result of editing, inhibits viral RNA replication and is required for virion packaging. Both the rate and amount of editing are important because excessive editing will inhibit viral RNA replication, whereas insufficient editing will reduce virus secretion. Here we show that for HDV genotype III, which is associated with severe HDV disease, HDAg-L strongly inhibits editing of a nonreplicating genotype III reporter RNA, while HDAg-S inhibits only when expressed at much higher levels. The different inhibitory efficiencies are due to RNA structural elements located ca. 25 bp 3' of the editing site in the double-hairpin RNA structure required for editing at the amber/W site in HDV genotype III RNA. These results are consistent with regulation of amber/W editing in HDV genotype III by a negative-feedback mechanism due to differential interactions between structural elements in the HDV genotype III RNA and the two forms of HDAg.
Do Older Adults Use the Method of Loci? Results From the ACTIVE Study

Background/Study Context: The method of loci (MoL) is a complex visuospatial mnemonic strategy. Previous research suggests that older adults could potentially benefit from using the MoL, but that it is too attentionally demanding for them to use in practice. The authors evaluated the hypotheses that training can increase the use of MoL, and that MoL use is associated with better memory. Methods: The authors analyzed skip patterns on response forms for the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) in the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE; N = 1401) trial using 5 years of longitudinal follow-up.Results: At baseline, 2% of participants skipped spaces. Fewer than 2% of control participants skipped spaces at any visit across 5 years, but 25% of memory-trained participants, taught the MoL, did so. Participants who skipped spaces used more serial clustering, a hallmark of the MoL (p < .001). Trained participants who skipped spaces showed greater memory improvement after training th...
The distance between thiol groups in the γ subunit of coupling factor 1 influences the proton permeability of thylakoid membranes

Spinach chloroplast thylakoids treated in the light with bifunctional maleimides were previously shown to be uncoupled. The increase in proton permeability by these reagents is caused by the cross-linking of an accessible group on the γ subunit of coupling factor 1 (CF1) to a group that becomes exposed to reaction with maleimides only when the thylakoids are energized. In this study, several bifunctional maleimides, includingo-,m-, andp-phenylenebismaleimides, 2,3- and 1,5-naphthalenebismaleimides, and azophenylbismaleimide, were tested for their ability to form cross-links and to uncouple photophosphorylation. These reagents form cross-links from about 6 to 19 A. Each reagent was found to form cross-links in the light and to inhibit photophosphorylation. However, the effectiveness of these compounds as uncouplers decreased as the distance between the cross-linked groups increased, indicating that the distance between two groups on the γ subunit of CF1 can regulate proton flux through the membrane. Monofunctional maleimides cause a light-dependent energy transfer type of inhibition of photophosphorylation. Although this inhibition was correlated to the reaction of the maleimide with a group on the γ subunit that is exposed only in energized thylakoids, the accessible group on this subunit was also modified by the reagent. However, we show here that the accessible group plays no role in the inhibition of photophosphorylation. This group may be blocked by incubating thylakoids in the dark with methyl methanethiolsulfonate. The light-dependent inhibition of photophosphorylation byN-ethylmaleimide was unaffected by this treatment or by the subsequent removal of the methanethiol moiety from the accessible group.
Matrix representation of the nonlocal kinetic energy operator, the spinless Salpeter equation and the Cornell potential.

A new procedure for solving the spinless Salpeter equation is developed. This procedure is implemented with the Cornell potential, where all of the required matrix elements can be calculated from analytic expressions in a convenient basis. Beginning with analytic results for the square of the momentum operator, the matrix elements of the nonlocal kinetic energy operator are obtained from an algorithm that computes the square root of the square of the relativistic kinetic energy operator. Results calculated with the spinless Salpeter equation are compared with those obtained from Schr\"odinger's equation for heavy-quark systems, heavy-light systems, and light-quark systems. In each case the Salpeter energies agree with experiment substantially better than the Schr\"odinger energies.
Astrabismatic spectacles: a medical application for binary optics

Spectacles have been designed for correcting the double vision associated with various forms of strabismus (`squint'). These correctors consist of light-weight, refracting Fresnel wedge prisms that can bend the optic axis by large deviations, while maintaining a relatively thin profile. Using a special mold structure, compatible with cost-effective production, a continuously variable range of prism angles can be pressed in suitable substrates, such as polycarbonate. The flat surface of the prism is embossed with a binary optics diffraction grating for compensating the prism's inherent color dispersion. Over a wide range of deviation angles, the Fresnel prism combined with the right grating achieves uniformly excellent quality of the perceived image, well suited for ophthalmological applications.
EMERGENCY MEDICINE: Beyond the basics

Medical emergencies can arise in the dental office. Preparedness for these emergencies is predicated on an ability to rapidly recognize a problem and to effectively institute prompt and proper management. In all emergency situations, management is based on implementation of basic life support, as needed. The author describes the appropriate management of two common emergency situations: allergy and chest pain.
Analysis of historical variables, risk factors and the resting electrocardiogram as an aid in the clinical diagnosis of recurrent chest pain.

A prospective study on 184 consecutive patients presenting with the chief complaint of recurrent chest pain (RP) for diagnostic coronary arteriography (CA) was conducted utilizing a simple questionnaire of historical, physical and electrocardiographic variables. A linear logistic regression analysis yielded a final data set of 13 variables. Concurrently, staff cardiologists who obtained the questionnaire data through direct questioning rendered a clinical diagnosis of either angina (coronary artery disease [CAD]) or noncardiac chest pain. Utilization of the regression analysis increased diagnostic accuracy from 69 to 86% (p < 0.0003); sensitivity from 83 to 88% (NS) and specificity from 49 to 84% (p < 0.0001). The best predictive variables for the presence or absence of obstructive CAD documented by CA were in order of decreasing value: age, electrocardiogram, pain aggravated by sex, sex (gender), pain aggravated by movement, diabetes mellitus, pain described as prickling, pain described as burning, pain relieved by rest, pain with radiation to both arms, associated nausea, associated dyspnea, and a history of a lipid disorder. Four variables were predictive of normal coronary anatomy (NCA), pain aggravated by movement, prickling, nausea, and dyspnea. Although this set of predictor variables may not apply equally well to all populations of cardiac patients, the availability and relative simplicity of the program allow for adding or deleting variables and thus provide for considerable potential in the diagnostic assessment of RP. An inexpensive pocket computer can utilize the coefficients generated by the logistic regression program to calculate the probability of CAD as the cause of RP.
Effects of pressure and pressure acclimation on activity and oxygen consumption in the bathypelagic mysid Gnathophausia ingens

Abstract Oxygen consumption and activity of the bathypelagic mysid Gnathophausia ingens acclimated at 1 and 75 atm were measured at 5 pressures (1, 75, 150, 225, and 300 atm). Pressure changes (both compression and decompression) caused transient increases in activity. Activity then declined and became relatively constant after approximately 2 h. Activity levels were higher at 75 than 1 atm. Higher pressures led to reductions in activity. Activity rates of 75-atm acclimated animals were lower at all pressures than those of 1-atm acclimated animals. The relationship between activity and oxygen consumption was not significantly different at all pressures for both acclimation groups. The importance of separating acute and chronic responses to pressure and the necessity for controlling activity in studies of pressure effects on oxygen consumption are discussed.
Two‐faced liberalism: John Gray's pluralist politics and the reinstatement of enlightenment liberalism

Abstract In Two Faces of Liberalism, John Gray pursues the dual agenda of condemning familiar liberal theories for perpetuating the failed “Enlightenment project,” and promoting his own version of anti‐Enlightenment liberalism, which he calls “modus vivendi.” However, Gray's critical apparatus is insufficient to capture accurately the highly influential “political” liberalism of John Rawls. Moreover, Gray's modus vivendi faces serious challenges raised by Rawls concerning stability. In order to respond to the Rawlsian objections, Gray would have to reinstate the aspirations and principles characteristic of Enlightenment theories of liberalism.