cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perinatal Factors and the Developmental Outcome of Preterm Infants

To determine the developmental outcome of sick preterm infants, a retrospective analysis of 101 preterm infant survivors, cared for at a teaching hospital's neonatal intensive care unit, was conducted. Information regarding the one-year developmental outcome was compared with significant perinatal factors: birth weight, gestational age, neonatal mortality index, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) severity, and high-risk pregnancy factors. Eighteen percent of all infants studied had developmental delays indicating an improved prognosis for preterm infants. Severe RDS survivors had the greatest incidence of developmental delays and the most high-risk pregnancy histories.
Neuropsychological deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease in the very-old: discrepancies in raw vs. standardized scores.

Abstract The profiles of neuropsychological deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Young-Old (M age and 70) and Very-Old (M age > 80) patients were compared, along with possible modifying effects of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype on these profiles. A comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests was administered to the two AD patient groups (Young-Old: n = 33; Very-Old: n = 48) and their respective age-matched normal control (NC) groups who remained free of dementia on follow-up examinations over a 1 to 10 year period (Young-Old: n = 43; Very-Old: n = 36). AD and NC groups did not differ in education levels or gender distributions. Young-Old AD and Very-Old AD groups were comparable in education, gender, dementia severity, and disease duration. Results showed that both AD groups achieved comparable raw scores on all the neuropsychological measures. However, when scores were standardized on the basis of performance of their respective NC groups (i.e., age-corrected z scores), Very-Old AD patients significantly outperformed Young-Old AD patients on tests of executive functions, visuospatial skills, and delayed memory. Furthermore, the relationship between age and memory and executive function deficits in AD was modified by APOE genotype. These data suggest that the profile of neuropsychological deficits associated with AD in the Very-Old lacks the disproportionate saliency of episodic memory and executive function deficits typical of the Young-Old.
Molecular analyses of the diversity in marine bacterioplankton assemblages along the coastline of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico.

Bacterial community diversity in marine bacterioplankton assemblages were examined in 3 coastal locations along the northeastern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) using 16S rRNA gene libraries and fluorescence ...
A Protective Chaperone for the Kinetochore Adaptor Bub3

In this issue of Developmental Cell, two complementary studies by Jiang et al. (2014) and Toledo et al. (2014) identify BuGZ as an interacting protein of the kinetochore adaptor Bub3 and show that it promotes the stabilization and kinetochore loading of Bub3, chromosome alignment, and mitotic progression.
Verification of Buckley-Leverett three-phase theory using computerized tomography

The mathematical extension of the Buckley-Leverett (B-L) theory to three immiscible fluids was presented by Grader and O'Meara (1988). However, the three-phase flow extension of the theory has not previously been experimentally demonstrated. Fluid flow experiments are conducted through uniform glass bead packs using three immiscible liquids: water, benzyl alcohol and decane. In some experiments decane is injected into a core saturated with water and benzyl alcohol and in other experiments water is injected into a core saturated with all three phases. The recovered fluid volumes are used to calculate the in-situ saturations by applying the three-phase extension of the B-L theory. These saturations are then compared against in-situ saturations determined using X-ray computerized tomography (CT). The results show good agreement between the phase saturations determined by these two independent methods even for cases when double shocks are formed during the displacement process. They also show that the measurement of three-phase relative permeabilities using the extension of the B-L theory has both sound theoretical and experimental bases.
Flow Transport and Inclusion Motion in Steel Continuous-Casting Mold under Submerged Entry Nozzle Clogging Condition

Clogging of the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) is a serious problem during the continuous casting of steel, due to its influence on the casting operations and product quality. Fluid-flow-related phenomena in the continuous casting mold region with the SEN clogging are investigated in the current article, including the quantitative evaluation of inclusion removal, slag entrainment, heat transfer, and the prediction of breakouts. The calculations indicate that, in order to accurately simulate the fluid flow in the mold region, the SEN should be connected with the mold region and the two should be calculated together. In addition, the whole mold region has to be calculated. Clogging at the SEN at one side induces asymmetrical jets from the two outports; thus, the fluid flow in the mold is asymmetrical. In addition, more inclusions are carried by the flow to the top surface of the nonclogged side, and the slab at the nonclogged side has a lower quality. With SEN one-sided clogging, inclusions travel a much larger distance, on average, before they escape from the top or move to the bottom. The overall inclusion entrainment fraction from the entire top surface for inclusions of any size is less than 10 pct. A higher turbulence energy and a larger surface velocity induce more inclusion entrainment from the top surface. Smaller inclusions are more easily entrained into the steel than are larger ones. More >200-μm inclusions can be entrained into the molten steel from the top slag with SEN clogging than without clogging. The SEN one-sided clogging generates an asymmetrical temperature distribution in the mold; it also generates temperatures higher than the liquidus temperature at some locations of the solidified shell, which increases the risk of breakouts. The SEN clogging should be minimized in order to achieve a uniform steel cleanliness, a cleaner steel, and a safe continuous casting operation.
A Pareto Approach to Aligning Public and Private Objectives in Vehicle Design

The quest for producing vehicles friendlier to the environment is often impeded by the fact that a producer private good objective, such as maximum profit, competes with the public good objective of minimizing impact on the environment. Contrary to commercial claims, there may be no defined decision maker in the vehicle production and consumption process who takes ownership of the public good objective, except perhaps the government. One way ecofriendly products could become more successful in the marketplace is if public and private good objectives become more aligned to each other. This paper introduces three metrics for comparing Pareto curves in bi-objective problems in terms of relative level of objective competition. The paper also presents a quantitative way of studying an individual firm’s trade-off between profit and fuel consumption for automotive products, currently undergoing an historic evolution in their design. We show how changes in technology, preferences, competition, and regulatory scenarios lead to Pareto frontier changes, possibly eliminating it altogether.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
“That Doctor and His Heartless, Bloodless Science!”: Disembodied Rational Masculinity in Victorian American Culture

Reason, progress, and masculinity have been so thoroughly knotted together in modern Western civilization that untying them seems impossible. The continued commitment towards “the maleness of the M...
Intraoperative radioimmunolocalization of colorectal carcinoma with a hand-held gamma probe and MAb B72.3: Comparison of in vivo gamma probe counts with in vitro MAb radiolocalization

A new intraoperative approach to tumor localization using radiolabelled monoclonal antibody (MAb) B72.3 involves the use of a hand-held gamma-detecting probe (GDP) by the surgeon and, subsequently, the pathologist. We report here the use of 125j-labelled MAb B72.3 IgG and a GDP to localize primary and metastatic colorectal cancer in 31 patients. The patients were administered radiolabelled MAb i. v., and all underwent surgical exploration 5 to 35 days post-injection. In vivo localization of the MAb was evaluated using a GDP, with tumor and normal tissue counts being obtained. In each case, the subsequent tumor and normal tissue that were resected were analyzed in vitro for MAb localization; this was evaluated by calculating the radiolocalization index, i. e., the ratio of the injected dose per gram localized to tumor versus that of normal tissue. When the GDP was used intraoperatively, MAb B72.3 localized tumors in 68% (21/31) of the patients; the arbitrary criterion of tumor-to-normal tissue ratios higher than or equal to 2.0: I in vivo being taken as positive. Resected tumor radiolocalization indices ranged from 0.5 to 543, and 71% (22/31) of the patients studied had tumors with radiolocalization indices higher than or equal to 3. Of 50 carcinoma biopsies, 34 that were probe-positive were antigen-positive when B72.3 was used in immunoperoxidase assays, while 4 carcinoma biopsies that were probe-negative were also antigen-negative. Twelve of 50 biopsies were probe-negative and antigen-positive, but many of these lesions only contained a few antigen-positive cells; none of the 50 was probe-positive and antigen-negative. Tumors of all histologic grades localized injected MAb and, in general, higher in vivo probe ratios and radiolocalization indices were obtained from patients who underwent surgery 20 to 35 days following injection of the MAb. MAb B72.3 localized tumor in all sites to which colon carcinoma commonly metastasizes, including mesenteric and peri-aortic lymph nodes, liver, lung, and peri-rectal soft tissue. There was a strong statistical correlation (p = 0.001) between detecting MAb B72.3 localization to tumors using the GDP intraoperatively and subsequent in vitro analysis of cpm/g for tumor versus normal tissues. These studies thus further validate the use of 125I-labelled MAb B72.3 IgG and of a hand-held gamma probe for the intraoperative detection of carcinomatous lesions.
Identification and Control of Microbial Growth in Fuel Handling Systems

The primary goal of a fuel handling system is the delivery of clean and dry fuel to the customer. Microbial growth has been implicated in a number of problems such as tank corrosion, filter plugging, and deactivation of filter/coalescers. Therefore, the identification and elimination of microbial growth in fuel handling systems is very important. This paper discusses, through the use of two examples, the identification of microbial growth in samples from fuel handling systems. A simple flow chart system for isolating and characterizing the particular microbial contaminants, bacteria, fungus, and sulfate reducing bacteria, is presented. The characterization of sediments by solvent separation is also discussed. Finally, the current techniques for prevention of microbial growth in fuel handling systems are discussed. The results of a field test of a water-bottoms biocide treatment of a fuel storage tank are presented.
A distributed constraint optimization approach for coordination under uncertainty

Distributed Constraint Optimization (DCOP) provides a rich framework for modeling multi-agent coordination problems. We present a mapping to DCOP for large-scale team coordination problems that were used in the DARPA Coordinators program. We develop a new DCOP algorithm that scales to this domain and show that our algorithm out-performs other DCOP algorithms for this domain. Our approach is competitive with other general approaches used in the DARPA Coordinators program.
Water potential and ionic effects on germination and seedling growth of two cold desert shrubs.

We tested expectations that two desert shrubs would differ in germination and seedling relative growth rate (RGR) responses to Na and Cs stress. The study species, Chrysothamnus nauseosusssp. consimilis and Sarcobatus vermiculatus (hereafter referred to by genus), differ in their distribution along salinity gradients, with Chrysothamnusinhabiting only less saline areas. In growth chamber studies, declining Cs (20.82 to 22.71 MPa) inhibited germination of both species, and Chrysothamnus was less tolerant of Cs stress than Sarcobatus. Germination fell below 10% for Chrysothamnus at 21.64 MPa (NaCl and PEG), and for Sarcobatus at 22.4 MPa PEG. Neither species exhibited ion toxicity. There was substantial ion enhancement for Sarcobatus in lower Cs, allowing for 40% germination in 22.71 MPa NaCl. For seedling RGR, species were not different at 20.29 or 20.82 MPa (0 and 100 mmol/L NaCl, respectively), but Chrysothamnus RGR declined substantially at 21.3 MPa (200 mmol/L NaCl). The greater stress tolerance of Sarcobatus was not associated with a lower RGR under nonsaline conditions. Species differences in seed and seedling Cs stress tolerance probably contribute to the restricted distribution of Chrysothamnus to less saline areas. The Na uptake of Sarcobatus seedlings enhances its ability to deal with declining Cs and establish in more saline areas.
Neurobiological responses to ethanol in mutant mice lacking neuropeptide Y or the Y5 receptor.

Abstract We have previously shown that voluntary ethanol consumption and resistance are inversely related to neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels in NPY-knockout (NPY −/−) and NPY-overexpressing mice. Here we report that NPY −/− mice on a mixed C57BL/6J×129/SvEv background showed increased sensitivity to locomotor activation caused by intraperitoneal (ip) injection of 1.5 g/kg of ethanol, and were resistant to sedation caused by a 3.5-g/kg dose of ethanol. In contrast, NPY −/− mice on an inbred 129/SvEv background consumed the same amount of ethanol as wild-type (WT) controls at 3%, 6%, and 10% ethanol, but consumed significantly more of a 20% solution. They exhibited normal locomotor activation following a 1.5-g/kg injection of ethanol, and displayed normal sedation in response to 2.5 and 3.0 g/kg of ethanol, suggesting a genetic background effect. Y5 receptor knockout (Y5 −/−) mice on an inbred 129/SvEv background showed normal ethanol-induced locomotor activity and normal voluntary ethanol consumption, but displayed increased sleep time caused by 2.5 and 3.0 g/kg injection of ethanol. These data extend previous results by showing that NPY −/− mice of a mixed C57BL/6J×129/SvEv background have increased sensitivity to the locomotor activation effect caused by a low dose of ethanol, and that expression of ethanol-related phenotypes are dependent on the genetic background of NPY −/− mice.
An introduction to hearing loss and screening procedures for behavioral research.

Hearing loss is a confounding variable that is rarely addressed in behavioral research despite its prevalence across the life span. Currently, the most common method of experimental control over hearing acuity is through self report of perceived impairment. We argue that this technique may lack sensitivity and that researchers should more commonly utilize standardized hearing screening procedures. Distinctive patterns of hearing loss are reviewed with attention to populations that commonly participate in behavioral research. We explain standard techniques for conducting pure tone hearing screening using a conventional portable audiometer and outline a procedure for how researchers can modify a conventional laptop computer for audiometric screening when a standard audiometer is unavailable. We offer a sample hearing screening program that researchers may use toward the development of their own protocol. This program is freely available for download at www psychonomic.org/archive.
From Language Comprehension to Action Understanding and Back Again

A controversial question in cognitive neuroscience is whether comprehension of words and sentences engages brain mechanisms specific for decoding linguistic meaning or whether language comprehension occurs through more domain-general sensorimotor processes. Accumulating behavioral and neuroimaging evidence suggests a role for cortical motor and premotor areas in passive action-related language tasks, regions that are known to be involved in action execution and observation. To examine the involvement of these brain regions in language and nonlanguage tasks, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) on a group of 21 healthy adults. During the fMRI session, all participants 1) watched short object-related action movies, 2) looked at pictures of man-made objects, and 3) listened to and produced short sentences describing object-related actions and man-made objects. Our results are among the first to reveal, in the human brain, a functional specialization within the ventral premotor cortex (PMv) for observing actions and for observing objects, and a different organization for processing sentences describing actions and objects. These findings argue against the strongest version of the simulation theory for the processing of action-related language.
Delay and rate-optimal control in a multi-class priority queue with adjustable service rates

We study two convex optimization problems in a multi-class M/G/1 queue with adjustable service rates: minimizing convex functions of the average delay vector, and minimizing average service cost, both subject to per-class delay constraints. Using virtual queue techniques, we solve the two problems with variants of dynamic cμ rules. These algorithms adaptively choose a strict priority policy, in response to past observed delays in all job classes, in every busy period. Our policies require limited or no statistics of the queue. Their optimal performance is proved by Lyapunov drift analysis and validated through simulations.
Synthesis of reactive crystallization processes

A systematic method is presented to synthesize reactive crystallization processes. It shows how to selectively crystallize a desired solid product(s) after a reaction step and how to use compound formation to effect separation of a mixture. The method is based on the generation of phase diagrams with liquid-phase reactions. Using transformed coordinates, systems with three or fewer degrees of freedom can be conveniently analyzed, regardless of the number of components and reactions. Features of the solid-liquid phase diagram that are relevant to process synthesis are identified. The method is illustrated with systems with multiple components, complex reactions, and multiple phases.
Empirical Modeling and Estimation of End-to-End VoIP Delay over Mobile Multi-Hop Wireless Networks

We present an empirical model of the upstream end-to-end Voice-over-IP (VoIP) delay over a mobile, multi-hop wireless network towards a single gateway. First, we define the "VoIP regime" as the regime of network operation in which a fraction 1-\epsilon of the packets are received by the gateway within the maximum tolerable VoIP networking delay y_{voip}, and such that \epsilon is less than a maximum tolerable outage probability. We show that within the VoIP regime, the upstream VoIP delay is well-modeled by an exponential distribution whose parameter \lambda_i depends on the number of hops, i, to the gateway. Second, we show that the coherence time of the VoIP regime is large enough such that the estimation of the {\lambda_i} can be performed by the gateway, and distributed to the nodes such that each node can utilize the {\lambda_i} in estimating the end-to-end delay from its current location for autonomous call admission decisions. Third, we validate the empirical model across scenarios that range from a flat deployment region, to a deployment region with holes, and to the case where there is background User Datagram Protocol (UDP) data traffic. The results are significant for enabling VoIP over high-mobility, multi-hop wireless networks, and in aiding node-based call admission decisions.
Soft Mechanism by using a Sponge-Core-Soft-Rubber Actuator for Welfare Machines

In care activity or rescue activity, hands that can grasp creatures are sometimes needed. Therefore, it is considered that the soft mechanism that uses pneumatic elements is useful to realize such hands. In this paper, we propose a new type of soft actuator (Sponge-Core-Soft Rubber Actuator) in which a sponge rubber is covered with silicon rubber. The structure of the sponge rubber is divided into two types. One is single-layer type and the other is two-layer type (a flat type and a clipping type). In order to clarify the differences in characteristics of each actuator, we examine the basic characteristics of the actuators. Further, the control performances of both position and force are studied to realize a hybrid element. From some experimental results, the control performance of the two layers type actuator is illustrated.
DRY AIR-INDUCED MUCOSAL CELL INJURY AND BRONCHOVASCULAR LEAKAGE IN CANINE PERIPHERAL AIRWAYS

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between hyperpnea-induced mucosal injury, bronchovascular hyperpermeability, and airway reactivity. Hyperpnea-induced bronchoconstriction was assessed by measuring peripheral airway resistance (Rp) in anesthetized mechanically ventilated male mongrel dogs. Either colloidal carbon or monastral blue was used to localize bronchovascular leakage after a 5-min exposure to either a 1000 ml/min dry, 2000 ml/min wet, or 2000 ml/min dry air challenge. Morphometric analyses of cross-sectioned bronchi revealed that hyperpnea with dry air stimulated goblet cell degranulation, damaged the bronchial mucosa, and increased bronchovascular permeability. Exposure to only a 2000 ml/min dry air challenge produced marked mucosal injury when compared with control. Regardless of treatment, bronchial vessels lying below normal mucosa characterized by goblet/ciliated cell (G/C) ratios > or = 0.3 did not leak. A G/C transition zone between 0 and 0.3 separated normal from da...
EFFECTS OF PROGESTINS ON ESTRADIOL RECEPTOR LEVELS IN HUMAN ENDOMETRIUM

Medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera) was administered orally during 2–4 days to women undergoing endometrial curettage during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Estradiol (E2) receptor levels were estimated from the amounts of 3H–E2 tightly bound in nuclei after incubation of endometrial tissue with an excess of the labeled hormone. An average value (9 subjects) of 1.5 pmole E2/mg DNA ± 0.7 (mean ± SD) was found. This value is significantly lower than the average E2 receptor levels in proliferative endometrium of untreated subjects (3.2 ± 1.3, n = 33) and equals the level observed in the early secretory phase (1.5 ± 0.5, n = 5). These results indicate that one of the progestin effects on human endometrium is the reduction of E2 receptor levels.
Effect of Singlet Delta Oxygen Production on the Kinetics of Low Temperature Repetitively Pulsed Nonequilibrium Plasmas

The effect of singlet delta oxygen, O2(a 1 ∍ g), on ignition delay time in various synthetic air mixtures is studied at pressures ranging from 40 to 80 Torr in a low temperature nonequilibrium plasma produced by a repetitive nanosecond pulsed discharge. The O2(a 1 ∍ g) molecules are created using an RF discharge plasma and then separated from O and O3 byproducts through NO2 titration. The yield of O2(a 1 ∍ g) molecules is measured quantitatively using IR absorption spectroscopy in the afterglow of the RF discharge and also downstream. Mixtures of 20% O2 in Helium and Argon, and 50% O2 in Helium with H2 and C2H4 fuels are then excited by bursts of high-voltage nanosecond pulses at a 40 to 50 kHz repetition rate. The ignition delay time is measured by UV emission. Ignition was found to occur most consistently in the 20% O2 in Argon mixture. The results demonstrate that both O2(a 1 ∍ g) and NO2 have an effect on ignition delay time and that these effects can be isolated from one another. In particular, measurements under a range of conditions in the mixture of 20% O2 in Argon with C2H4 fuel show an isolated effect of O2(a 1 ∍ g) molecules on increasing ignition delay time of approximately 3 milliseconds. ICCD imaging provides further evidence of ignition and confirmation that the plasma is stable and diffuse under conditions where ignition occurs.
Nonparametric Word Segmentation for Machine Translation

We present an unsupervised word segmentation model for machine translation. The model uses existing monolingual segmentation techniques and models the joint distribution over source sentence segmentations and alignments to the target sentence. During inference, the monolingual segmentation model and the bilingual word alignment model are coupled so that the alignments to the target sentence guide the segmentation of the source sentence. The experiments show improvements on Arabic-English and Chinese-English translation tasks.
Spectral Characterization of Secondary Radiation from Regolith Materials

Numerous studies have proposed the use of regolith as potential space radiation shielding for human habitats and equipment, in its raw dirt form or manufactured composite bricks and/or tiles. We have studied the shielding effectiveness of various compositions of regolith composites using physics based modeling tools. The material is modeled in the form of slabs equivalent to standard construction bricks. The production of secondary neutrons, protons and gamma rays from the interaction of primary radiation (protons with energy range 20 MeV - 1 GeV) is characterized using MCNPX multi particle capability. Additionally, the spectral characteristic of the secondary radiation behind the composite surface is evaluated. Impacts of three different parameters are studied: the composition of the regolith composite, the thickness of the slab and the energy of the impinging radiation. The secondary radiation production rates, the percent attenuation of the incident particles and the spectral characteristic of the secondary radiation are presented in this paper. Previous studies by us and others have shown that secondary radiation, particularly neutrons and gammas, becomes acute as the thickness of the shielding increases. The spectrum characterization is essential to accurately determine the dose deposition in biological tissue and the Single-Event-Effects (SEE) in electronic systems. The results of this study are complimentary to our experimental measurements and benchmark activities. The data generated from this work will be applied to evaluate different mission scenarios for the Moon and Mars.
ELECTION: energy-efficient and low-latency scheduling technique for wireless sensor networks

We propose ELECTION, a new sleep scheduling scheme that adaptively schedules the sleep cycles of both communication radios and sensors in wireless active sensor networks. Taking advantage of spatial and temporal correlations in the underlying physical phenomenon, our scheme controls sleeping schedules of radios and sensors, and adaptively meets the energy efficiency, latency and responsiveness needs of applications. During the normal phase of operation, sensors take samples of the environment once at each wakeup time, and based on the perceived environment they adapt their sleep cycles. When an abnormality is perceived from the sampled data, sensors communicate with their neighbors to form a cluster and report to the base station. Analysis and simulation results show that ELECTION outperforms existing protocols significantly in terms of energy savings as well as delay and responsiveness.
Influence of Obesity on Breast Density Reduction by Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Evidence from a Randomized Clinical Trial

Preclinical data indicate that omega-3 fatty acids (n-3FA) potentiate the chemopreventive effect of the antiestrogen (AE) tamoxifen against mammary carcinogenesis. The role of n-3FA in breast cancer prevention in humans is controversial. Preclinical and epidemiologic data suggest that n-3FA may be preferentially protective in obese subjects. To directly test the protective effect of n-3FA against breast cancer, we conducted a 2-year, open-label randomized clinical trial in 266 healthy postmenopausal women (50% normal weight, 30% overweight, 20% obese) with high breast density (BD; ≥25%) detected on their routine screening mammograms. Eligible women were randomized to one of the following five groups (i) no treatment, control; (ii) raloxifene 60 mg; (iii) raloxifene 30 mg; (iv) n-3FA lovaza 4 g; and (v) lovaza 4 g plus raloxifene 30 mg. The 2-year change in BD, a validated biomarker of breast cancer risk, was the primary endpoint of the study. In subset analysis, we tested the prespecified hypothesis that body mass index (BMI) influences the relationship between plasma n-3FA on BD. While none of the interventions affected BD in the intention-to-treat analysis, increase in plasma DHA was associated with a decrease in absolute breast density but only in participants with BMI >29. Our results suggest that obese women may preferentially experience breast cancer risk reduction from n-3FA administration.
Writing in the Professions An Internship for Interdisciplinary Students

This article considers how professional writing courses can prepare students in various disciplines for the workforce. Specifically, I argue for Writing in the Disciplines (WID) internships where students learn to write documents relevant for their careers while participating in practical work experiences. In the WID internships I describe, instructors collaborate with coordinators across campus to establish writing-intensive internships that focus on the needs of students and the community partner. This article illustrates the collaborative endeavors of three internships, highlighting the challenges and lessons learned from WID internships.
Dental Student Academic Integrity in U.S. Dental Schools: Current Status and Recommendations for Enhancement

Cheating incidents in 2006-07 led U.S. dental schools to heighten their efforts to enhance the environment of academic integrity in their institutions. The aims of this study were to document the measures being used by U.S. dental schools to discourage student cheating, determine the current incidence of reported cheating, and make recommendations for enhancing a culture of integrity in dental education. In late 2014-early 2015, an online survey was distributed to academic deans of all 61 accredited U.S. dental schools that had four classes of dental students enrolled; 50 (82%) responded. Among measures used, 98% of respondents reported having policy statements regarding student academic integrity, 92% had an Honor Code, 96% provided student orientation to integrity policies, and most used proctoring of final exams (91%) and tests (93%). Regarding disciplinary processes, 27% reported their faculty members only rarely reported suspected cheating (though required in 76% of the schools), and 40% disseminated anonymous results of disciplinary hearings. A smaller number of schools (n=36) responded to the question about student cheating than to other questions; those results suggested that reported cheating had increased almost threefold since 1998. The authors recommend that schools add cheating case scenarios to professional ethics curricula; disseminate outcomes of cheating enforcement actions; have students sign a statement attesting to compliance with academic integrity policies at every testing activity; add curricular content on correct writing techniques to avoid plagiarism; require faculty to distribute retired test items; acquire examination-authoring software programs to enable faculty to generate new multiple-choice items and different versions of the same multiple-choice tests; avoid take-home exams when assessing independent student knowledge; and utilize student assessment methods directly relevant to clinical practice.
Rapid Selective Etching of PMMA Residues from Transferred Graphene by Carbon Dioxide

During chemical-vapor-deposited graphene transfer onto target substrates, a polymer film coating is necessary to provide a mechanical support. However, the remaining polymer residues after organic solvent rinsing cannot be effectively removed by the empirical thermal annealing in vacuum or forming gas. Little progress has been achieved in the past years, for little is known about the chemical evolution of the polymer macromolecules and their interaction with the environment. Through in situ Raman and infrared spectroscopy studies of PMMA transferred graphene annealed in nitrogen, two main processes are uncovered involving the polymer dehydrogenation below 200 °C and a subsequent depolymerization above 200 °C. Polymeric carbons over the monolayer graphitic carbon are found to constitute a fundamental bottleneck for a thorough etching of PMMA residues. The dehydrogenated polymeric chains consist of active C═C bonding sites that are readily attacked by oxidative gases. The combination of Raman spectroscopy, ...
Geopolitics of the Chinese Communist Party in the Twentieth Century

Geopolitical theory is employed to address the question of why the Chinese Communist Party-state persists, despite Western pressures stemming from the suppression of student demonstrators in “Tienanmen Square” in 1989. As the theory postulates, macro dynamic forces revolving around the geopolitical processes are crucial to the resource mobilization and legitimacy of the state. The entire history of the Chinese Communist Party is reviewed in order to document the conclusion that changes in the geopolitical position of the Party are associated with periods of internal strength and weakness. Since 1979, the Chinese Communist Party-state has been increasingly favored by geopolitical circumstances, thereby facilitating its internal strength even in the face of Western pressures, potential for internal dissent, and collapse of the Soviet empire. As long as this favorable geopolitical trend continues, the Chinese Communist Party will likely exist as a ruling political force in China.
Sexually transmitted viral disease in women.

PreviewDuring the past decade, the incidence of sexually transmitted viral diseases has increased dramatically. In many cases, diagnosis is difficult, consequences are severe, and curative therapy is not available at present. In this article, Drs Peaceman and Gonik review current evidence about sexual transmission of viruses and discuss the latest methods of diagnosis, management, and prevention.
Treatment of concomitant carotid and coronary artery disease: Decision-making regarding surgical options

Myocardial infarction is the most common cause of early and late mortality after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a devastating and dreaded complication. Up to 28% of patients presenting for CEA have severe, reconstructible coronary artery disease, and up to 22% of patients presenting for CABG have severe carotid artery disease. The treatment for these patients is controversial, and surgical decision-making is difficult. The 3 options for treatment include the staged approach (CEA followed by CABG), the reversed staged approach (CABG followed by CEA), and the combined approach (CEA and CABG during the same anesthetic). The result of each of these approaches varies widely, and primarily depends on patient selection. The combined approach is well accepted in those patients with severe, symptomatic disease in both the carotid and coronary artery territories. These patients are at significant risk for both stroke and myocardial infarction (MI), and the combined approach minimizes these risks. In those patients with asymptomatic or stable disease in one of the vascular territories, the choice of a staged or combined procedure is more controversial and the outcome data is less authoritative. No data confirms the superiority of one approach. Until a multi-institutional, randomized trial can provide further objective data, management of these patients should be guided by the relative severity of their carotid and coronary artery disease and the surgeon's own results in the treatment of these patient populations.
Study of the Size and Efficiency of the American Economy

The problem before us is the link between the size and the efficiency of the United States. The problem might be put narrowly: do the obstacles that political boundaries raise to the movement of goods, men, money, and ideas impose fewer disadvantages on the large economy of the United States than on the smaller economies of other countries? To this question most of us would nod our heads quickly, and we would support the answer along the following lines. The United States has open to it whatever opportunities for efficiency are provided by wide markets despite the obstacles to international trade. Some, perhaps many, of these opportunities may be open even in countries not nearly as large as the United States; but there must be some which appear only in the very largest of economies. We may presume, also, that the opportunities opened by wide markets are not neglected in the United States. The vast size of the American economy therefore probably contributes in some degree to the high level of American efficiency.
Undergraduates for a Better Education— A Lesson in Politics

Undergraduates for a Better Education (UBE) is an official student organization at Syracuse University which grew out of an informal study group that started in the fall of 1986. The purpose of this article is not just to tell you about this organization but to exhort you to try a similar activity on your campus. Working for UBE provides students with the opportunity to develop skills and test theories about politics in a policy area that is very important to them. And even if you don't buy the proposal on pedagogical grounds, you certainly can appreciate the justness of UBE's cause —to pressure administrators and fellow faculty to give higher priority to teaching. However, you may want to think twice before embarking on this road especially if you are not a tenured full professor.A study group composed of seven students in my freshman course, PAF 101: Introduction to the Analysis of Public Policy, met in the fall of 1986 to discuss public policy issues. From this small number of students, a highly visible student organization emerged with representation from across the university. The organization has had an impact at Syracuse University and has held two national conferences attended by twenty different schools from across the United States. As its faculty advisor, I played a major role in its creation but at this time play a smaller role. (I talk or meet with officers about once a week and attend a meeting once a semester.) Michael K. O'Leary, a political science professor, has served in an advisory role on several projects. Other professors have offered private support but kept a public distance from the organization.
Workshop on Modeling in the 21st Century

The first Oxford Conference was organized in 1978 by the late Dr. D.J.C. Cunningham (Oxford) and Dr. R. Hercynski (Warsaw)—among others—who saw the need to bring physiologists and mathematicians together to address critical issues in understanding the control of breathing. Four years later, a group at UCLA led by Drs. B.J. Whipp, S.A. Ward (both respiratory and exercise physiologists), J.W. Bellville (an anesthesiologist) and D.M. Wiberg (a systems engineer) organized a sequel meeting at Lake Arrowhead, CA, which proved to be as much a success as the first one. Since then, the `Oxford Conference’ has been continued every 3 years in various parts of the world with this eighth meeting being held in N. Falmouth, Massachusetts, USA.
Late Quaternary climatic controls on erosion rates and geomorphic processes in western Oregon, USA

Climate regulation of erosion in unglaciated landscapes remains difficult to decipher. While climate may disrupt process feedbacks that would otherwise steer landscapes toward steady erosion, sediment transport processes tend to erase past climate landforms and thus bias landscape evolution interpretations. Here, we couple a 50 k.y. paleoenvironmental record with 24 10Be-derived paleo-erosion rates from a 63-m-thick sediment archive in the unglaciated soil-mantled Oregon Coast Range. Our results span the forested marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 3 (50–29 ka), the subalpine MIS 2 (29–14 ka), and the forested MIS 1 (14 ka to present). From 46 ka through 28.5 ka, erosion rates increased from 0.06 mm yr–1 to 0.23 mm yr–1, coincident with declining temperatures. Mean MIS 2 erosion rates remained at 0.21 mm yr–1 and declined with increasing MIS 1 temperatures to the modern mean rate of 0.08 mm yr–1. Paleoclimate reconstructions and a frost-weathering model suggest periglacial processes were vigorous between 35 and 17 ka. While steady erosion is often assumed, our results suggest that climate strongly modulates soil production and transport on glacial-interglacial time scales. By applying a cosmogenic paleo-erosion model to evaluate 10Be concentrations in our sedimentary archive, we demonstrate that the depth of soil mixing (which is climate-dependent) controls the lag time required for cosmogenic erosion rates to track actual values. Our results challenge the widely held assumption that climate has minimal impact on erosion rates in unglaciated midlatitude terrain, which invites reconsideration of the extent to which past climate regimes manifest in modern landscapes.
Subfossil remains of Peromyscus stirtoni (Mammalia: Rodentia) from Costa Rica

Preliminary sampling of near-surface sediments from Caverna Ojos Verdes, Barra Honda National Park, Costa Rica, yielded remains of the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus stirtoni, which was not reported previously from this country. Remains of other animals recovered from the cave sediments include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and fourteen taxa of mammals. The mammalian fauna is dominated by forest species. The environment which existed when the remains of these animals were deposited in the cavern was probably dry tropical forest, similar to that which occurs on Cerro Barra Honda today. Actual age of the sediments in unknown, but tiny fragments of pottery in some levels suggests middle to late Holocene. The occurrence of P. stirtoni probably represents a pre-Columbian distribution in a dry forest habitat which has since been mostly lost due to clear-cutting for agriculture.
Extraction of a lower incisor as a treatment alternative in orthodontic treatment. Case report

Male pacient, 17 years 2 months of age, with a slight facial assimetry and convex profile. He was a hyperdivergent skeletal class II with bilateral molar class I, bilateral cuspid class II, mild crowding on the upper and lower arches, OD 31 with a bucal possition, increased overbite, and normal over jet. It was determined as a treatment plan: the use of MBT technique slot 0.022, extraction of the first maxillary bicuspids and one mandibular incisor as an alternative for dental compensation due to the degree of crowding. Functional bilateral molar class II and a bilateral canine class I was obtained as well as anormal overbite and overjet, incisor guidance and harmonic smile.
Strength of Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Thin films – Identification of Weibull Parameters

The fracture strength of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) thin films, grown by microwaveplasma- enhanced chemical-vapor deposition (PECVD), was measured using the membrane deflection experiment (MDE) developed by Espinosa and coworkers. The data show that UNCD fracture strength appears to follow a Weibull distribution. Furthermore, we show that the Weibull parameters are highly dependent on the seeding process used in the growth of the films. When seeding was performed with micron-size diamond particles, using mechanical polishing of the substrate, the stress, resulting in a probability of failure of 67%, was found to be 1.74 GPa, and the Weibull modulus was 5.74. By contrast, when seeding was performed with nano-size diamond particles, using ultrasonic agitation, the stress, resulting in a probability of failure of 67%, increased to 4.13 GPa and the Weibull modulus was 10.76. The investigation highlights the role of microfabrication defects on material properties and reliability, as a function of seeding technique, when identical PECVD chemistry is employed. The parameters identified in this study are expected to aid the designer of MEMS/NEMS devices employing UNCD films.
Predicting post-fire tree mortality for 12 western US conifers using the First Order Fire Effects Model (FOFEM).

Accurate prediction of fire-caused tree mortality is critical for making sound land management decisions such as developing burning prescriptions and post-fire management guidelines. To improve efforts to predict post-fire tree mortality, we developed 3-year post-fire mortality models for 12 Western conifer species—white fir (Abies concolor [Gord. & Glend.] Lindl. ex Hildebr.), red fir (Abies magnifica A. Murray bis), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa [Hook.] Nutt.), incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens [Torr.] Florin), western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson), whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.), ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson var. scopulorum Engelm and var. ponderosa C. Lawson), Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Balf.), sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Douglas), Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco var. glauca [Beissn.] Franco)—by pooling data collected from multiple fire-injury studies. Two sets of models were created: one for use in pre-fire planning in which only crown injury and tree diameter (DBH) were potential variables, and a second, optimal model for use in post-fire planning that used all significant variables. Predictive accuracy of all models was compared to the accuracy of the general, non-species specific mortality model used in the First Order Fire Effects Model (FOFEM) prior to version 5.7. The new species-specific models improved prediction of fire-caused tree mortality by 0 % to 48 %. Model accuracy increased the most for red fir, incense cedar, western larch, and whitebark pine, and increased the least for Engelmann spruce. The models in the post-fire option provided higher accuracy compared to the pre-fire models, but also required additional inputs. These new models were added to FOFEM beginning with version 5.7, and the options in the FOFEM Mortality Module were expanded. We describe the new options in FOFEM and how to use the software to predict tree mortality for pre-fire and post-fire planning, as well as modeling limitations and assumptions. The additions to FOFEM offer improved accuracy in predicting post-fire tree mortality for 12 Western conifer species and allow direct inputs of fire injury to increase software applicability to prescribed fire and post-fire forest management.
PROCESS OF ACQUISITION AND RENOVATION OF BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

espanolResumen El uso ineficiente de los recursos en la tecnologia biomedica y la baja calidad en la prestacion de servicios de salud, apoyan la necesidad de implementar un proceso de adquisicion y renovacion de tecnologia biomedica como el establecido en este articulo. Tambien incluye los procedimientos recomendados dentro de este proceso, los cuales estan destinados a ser estandares para todas las instituciones que proveen servicios de salud en Colombia. EnglishAbstract Inefficient use of resources in biomedical technology and low quality in the provision of health services, support the need to implement a process of acquisition and renovation of biomedical technology such as that set out in this Article. It also includes the recommended procedures within this process, which are intended to be standards for all the Institutions that provide Health Services in Colombia. portuguesResumo O uso ineficiente dos recursos da tecnologia biomedica e de baixa qualidade na prestacao de servicos de saude, apoiam a necessidade de implementar um processo de aquisicao e renovacao da tecnologia biomedica como a estabelecida neste artigo. Tambem inclui os procedimentos recomendados dentro deste processo, os quais estao destinados a ser padrao para todas as Instituicoes que proveem Servicos de Saude na Colombia.