cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Matrix- and reservoir-based transmucosal delivery systems

Traditionally, per-oral delivery has been the primary route of administration for therapeutic agents targeting systemic delivery. However, oral administration subjects these compounds to extensive presystemic elimination, which may include gastrointestinal degradation, metabolism, or first-pass clearance via the liver, and may ultimately result in poor bioavailability. Parenteral routes, such as intravenous or intramuscular, permit therapeutic agents to gain direct entry into the systemic circulation and, therefore, reach the intended site of action more rapidly. Unfortunately, this mode of drug administration entails numerous disadvantages, including the requirement for close medical supervision and the need for specialized equipment. Transmucosal absorption of nitroglycerin from solutions through the oral cavity was demonstrated in the mid-nineteenth century, and since that time various conventional drug delivery systems for oral mucosal delivery have been proposed and have achieved clinical application. Technologic advances in biomaterials and techniques have resulted in the formulation of novel designs more pertinent to the oral cavity, meeting the challenges of the physicochemical properties of the drug entity itself and achieving the therapeutic aims of the drug delivery system. Issues of patient compliance and convenience have recently resulted in a trend toward once-a-day administration regimens, requiring drugs with high potency and sustained effect. Such drugs usually have a short biologic half-life, exhibit poor permeability and solubility, and are susceptible to enzymatic degradation. However, because of the advantages of delivering a drug through the oral mucosa, these drugs are viable candidates for delivery via this route. Many investigators have studied the potential of transmucosal delivery through the oral cavity, and the oral mucosa is increasingly being considered as a plausible route for many drug classes. Sublingual tablets, oral lozenges, chewing gum systems, and other dosage forms represent potential drug delivery systems for the oral mucosa, but most of the literature has not discussed information on specific drug delivery systems and their challenges. This article examines the anatomy, physiology, and absorption properties of the oral mucosal environment; explores the considerations for a transmucosal system; reviews these types of systems; and evaluates and proposes matrix and reservoir transmucosal applications.
Hepatitis C virus infection in children: How do we prevent it and how do we treat it?

INTRODUCTION Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an important contributor to the worldwide burden of liver-related morbidity and mortality. Mother-to-child transmission of HCV ranges from 6 to 11% in different populations globally, but accurate estimates on the burden of pediatric HCV infection are limited because screening approaches are not consistent. Areas covered: The advent of new direct-acting antiviral agents that achieve very high rates of sustained virologic response (representing virologic cure) with short (i.e. 8-12 weeks) regimens has revolutionized the field of HCV treatment and led to the development of global elimination goals for HCV transmission and mortality. However, information on their safety during pregnancy and efficacy in preventing mother-to-child transmission is lacking. Currently, there are no approved treatment regimens with these antiviral agents for children younger than 12 years of age. Expert commentary: If these agents are shown to be safe during pregnancy and effective in preventing transmission to the infant, screening of pregnant women and antenatal treatment of those infected, could pave the way for eliminating pediatric HCV infection- particularly as these drugs become less costly and more accessible. Treatment of infected children when indicated, along with universal safe health care practices, can further pediatric HCV elimination.
Confined flame propagation of Al/PTFE mechanically activated composites

Abstract The structure of mechanically activated (MA) energetic composites are complex, having at the same time intra-particle reactive length scales as small as sub-micrometer and inter-particle length scales as large as 1 mm. This work investigates the combustion propagation of MA aluminum and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) while varying as-milled particle size, stoichiometry, particle bed density, and confinement to better understand combustion propagation. Propagation rates of MA Al/PTFE are four orders of magnitude slower than similar physically mixed nano-Al/PTFE or micron-Al/PTFE compositions reported elsewhere. Combustion of MA composite beds is found to be macroscopically stable within quartz tubes of >3 mm diameter, though microscopic relay-race combustion is observed in which slow combustion transfers between particles preclude rapid intra-particle combustion. Confined burning rate is increased with reduction of packing density below 55% TMD and burning rate is insensitive to tube end confinement. A maximum burning rate is observed at Al/PTFE ratios of 50/50 wt.%, corresponding to conditions predicted to maximize gas production. Packed beds containing larger (> 75 µm) particles produced 50% faster burning rates than smaller (
Games and Learning: Potential and Limitations from the Players’ Point of View

In recent times, numerous researchers and educators have been exploring playful learning with digital games in both formal and informal contexts. This study explores the point of view of players on the relationship between digital games and learning, based on a set of semi-structured interviews and two workshops involving relevant stakeholder groups (players, teachers, trainee teachers, and parents). Analysis of the gathered qualitative and quantitative data reveals that both players and educators agree that games have educational potential, but the assumption of blanket learner enthusiasm for game based learning is not always accurate. In particular, players have some resistance towards serious games, which are seen as less appealing than “real” videogames. In addition, some players and some teachers feel that the use of games in formal learning contexts contradicts the fundamental freedom intrinsic to the act of playing. Players are aware of the risks video-gaming presents, but they do not appear to be fully aware of its learning potential, as most mention lower order skills (memory, attention, reaction time) rather than academic knowledge and soft skills. Some mention game potential for the development of their social, cultural and gender identity, with consequential positive effects on their ethical beliefs. Players also point out the importance of videogame education for teachers, parents and for themselves. Lastly, they feel the need for innovation in games that, through innovative game mechanics and narratives, enhances the cultural and artistic component of games.
Identification of the Infrapatellar Branch of the Saphenous Nerve for Treatment Using a Peripheral Nerve Stimulator: A Technical Report.

The infrapatellar branch of the saphenous is becoming a common therapeutic target for the diagnosis and treatment of anterior knee pain. It is a nerve commonly injured during knee surgeries, resulting in neuroma formation and chronic neuropathic pain states, and can also transmit nociceptive input in patients with non-surgical anterior knee pain of multiple etiologies. After diagnosing infrapatellar saphenous neuralgia, the nerve is safely ablated using radiofrequency ablation, neurolytic solutions, and, most recently, cryoablation using the handheld iovera® cryoablation system (Myoscience, Inc. Fremont, CA). The iovera® technology benefits from procedural simplicity in that the nerve doesn’t specifically need to be identified and the described technique involves treating a long line over which the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve is expected to course. However, there is significant variability in the course of the nerve and much of the area treated misses the actual location of the nerve, wasting time and potentially increasing patient discomfort and risk of complications. To address these limitations we endeavored to identify a way to more precisely treat the specific location of the nerve thereby optimizing treatment success and procedural simplicity. Using a MiniStim® peripheral nerve stimulator (Halyard Health, Inc., Georgia, US) to scan for the nerve along the previously described treatment line, we have been able to identify a more precise location of the nerve and optimize the treatment target area. This non-invasive identification technique has, to our knowledge, not been previously described.
Prevalence and spectrum of T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders in patients with Hypereosinophilia: A reference laboratory experience

Abstract Hypereosinophilia (HE) is defined as persistently elevated absolute eosinophil count (AEC) ≥ 1.5 × 109/L, which can be due to a variety of underlying causes. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and spectrum of T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders in 124 consecutive patients with HE by flow cytometric immunophenotyping. Available medical records, pathology reports and T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement were reviewed. Fifteen patients (12%) with HE had abnormal T-cell populations that were initially detected by flow cytometry. The presence of immunophenotypically abnormal T cells was not associated with higher AEC or higher absolute lymphocyte count levels, in comparison to those without abnormal T cells. Molecular studies concordantly identified a clonal TCR gene rearrangement in 8 of 10 cases tested. Based on the combination of clinical presentation, morphologic findings and laboratory studies, seven patients were diagnosed with the lymphocytic variant of hypereosinophilic syndrome and five with overt T-cell lymphoma (4 peripheral T-cell lymphoma NOS, 1 primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma). The remaining three had an unknown diagnosis due to lack of information and additional workup would be warranted. These findings underscore the importance of flow cytometry as a screening tool to identify T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders in patients with HE.
Effects of Spore Density and Interaction With Heterodera glycines on Soybean Root Rot Caused by Fusarium solani and F. tricinctum.

Fusarium root rot, caused by Fusarium solani and F. tricinctum, is a major soybean disease in the North Central United States. This study investigated the effects of the macroconidia density and th...
Copper-Oxo Active Sites for Methane C-H Activation in Zeolites: Molecular Understanding of Impact of Methane Hydroxylation on UV-Vis Spectra.

Here, we analyze changes in the optical spectra of activated copper-exchanged zeolites during methane activation with the Tamm-Dancoff time-dependent density functional theory, TDA-DFT, while using the ωB2PLYP functional. Two active sites, [Cu2O]2+ and [Cu3O3]2+, were studied. For [Cu2O]+, the 22 700 cm-1 peak is associated with μ-oxo 2p → Cu 3d/4s charge transfer. Of the [Cu2O]2+ methane C-H activation intermediates that we examined, only [Cu-O(H)(H)-Cu] and [Cu-O(H)(CH3)-Cu] have spectra that match experimental observations. After methane activation, the μ-oxo 2p orbitals lose two electrons and become hybridized with methanol C 2p orbitals and/or H 1s orbitals. The frontier unoccupied orbitals become more Cu 4s/4p Rydberg-like, reducing overlap with occupied orbitals. These effects cause the disappearance of the 22 700 cm-1 peak. For [Cu3O3]2+, the exact structures of the species formed after methane activation are unknown. Thus, we considered eight possible structures. Several of these provide a significant decrease in intensity near 23 000-38 000 cm-1, as seen experimentally. Notably, these species involve either rebound of the separated methyl to a μ-oxo atom or its remote stabilization at a Bronsted acid site in exchange for the acidic proton. These spectral changes are caused by the same mechanism seen in [Cu2O]2+ and are likely responsible for the observed reduced intensities near 23 000-38 000 cm-1. Thus, TDA-DFT calculations with ωB2PLYP provide a molecular-level understanding of the evolution of copper-oxo active sites during methane-to-methanol conversion.
Characterizing post-SSRI sexual dysfunction and its impact on quality of life through an international online survey.

Background Post-SSRI sexual dysfunction (PSSD) is an underrecognized and poorly understood medical condition characterized by sexual dysfunction that persists despite SSRI discontinuation. Objective We conducted a survey of individuals with PSSD to better characterize this condition and its impact on various quality of life concerns. Methods Surveys were distributed to an online support group for individuals with PSSD. Surveys assessed medications suspected of causing PSSD and symptoms experienced during and after treatment. Respondents reported the trajectory of their condition, the efficacy of different treatments, and the impact of PSSD on their quality of life. Results 239 survey responses were included in this study. A majority of respondents had a history of SSRI use (92%) compared to only SNRI or atypical antidepressant use (8%). The overall severity of symptoms improved for 45% and worsened or remained the same for 37% of respondents after discontinuing treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Only 12% of respondents reported being counseled regarding potential sexual dysfunction while taking antidepressants. The majority rated the effect of PSSD on their quality of life as extremely negative (59%) or very negative (23%). Conclusion PSSD can have an overwhelmingly negative impact on quality of life. Currently, it is unclear why certain individuals develop PSSD and there are no definitive treatments for this condition. Further research of PSSD and greater awareness of this condition is needed among prescribers of serotonin reuptake inhibitors to improve patient care. Abstract goes.
Dynamics of field-amplified sample stacking

Field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) uses conductivity gradients and resulting non-uniform electromigration fluxes to effect concentration increases of analyte ions. For cases where the initial sample concentration is much smaller than the background electrolyte (BGE) concentration, the ideal maximum concentration enhancement is equal to γ , the ratio of conductivity of the sample solution to that of the BGE. However, in practice both molecular diffusion and convective dispersion limit concentration enhancement. We present a theoretical and experimental study of concentration enhancement using FASS. We model the FASS process as electromigration, diffusion, and advection of two background electrolyte ions and multiple sample species across a known initial concentration gradient. Regular perturbation methods and a generalized Taylor dispersion analysis are used to derive area-averaged species conservation and electric field equations. The model predicts the spatial and temporal development of background electrolyte concentration field, electric field, and sampleion distribution of the FASS process. We have validated this model using onchip FASS experiments. We use an acidified poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) coating to minimize dispersion due to electro-osmotic flow (EOF), and thereby evaluate the low(but finite) dispersion regime of most interest. We have used CCD-based quantitative epifliuorescence imaging to quantify unsteady concentration fields and validate the model. This experimentally validated model is useful in developing optimal designs of sample stacking assay devices.
TH-C-BRD-03: Techniques to Reduce Radiation Dose Resulting From Daily Imaging Guidance Procedures

IGRT has significantly improved the accuracy of radiation treatment by utilizing CT scans for contouring target and organ during treatment planning and x-ray imaging devices integrated to treatment units for patient positioning during radiation delivery. A significant progress has been made recently to improve CT image quality in treatment planning and to reduce daily imaging guidance dose. This course is designed to provide educational guidance on these two important imaging issues. I) Optimization of CT Simulation Imaging. This part will provide guidance on optimizing CT image quality in radiation therapy. There have been many publications on optimizing CT protocols for diagnostic imaging purposes. However, the effort to optimize CT protocols for imaging applications in radiation therapy has been limited. Although some lessons we learn from diagnostic CT imaging can be applied to CT imaging in radiation therapy, there should be more emphasis on task-based image quality. In addition, there are imaging features widely used in diagnostic CT imaging (e.g., metal artifact reduction) may not be well known in radiation therapy community but can play critical roles for accurate radiation treatment planning. This part of the session will feature a conversation between a radiation therapy physicist and a diagnostic imaging physicist focusing on the needs specific to CT simulation imaging in radiation therapy and the approaches to address these needs. II) Techniques to reduce radiation dose resulting from daily imaging guidance procedures. This part will provide an overview of radiation dose to patients resulting from different image devices used in image-guided procedures and provide guidance on the techniques available to reduce imaging dose resulting from daily imaging guidance procedures. Depending on the image modality including MV and kV imaging devices, a variety of techniques are available to significantly reduce daily imaging guidance dose to organs at risk. Different methods of accounting for the imaging doses will be discussed. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand CT image quality needs specific to imaging applications in radiation therapy 2. Learn the imaging acquisition and reconstruction optimization for CT imaging applications in radiation therapy 3. Discuss appropriate approaches to optimize CT protocols in radiation therapy; 4. Briefly review the typical radiation dose to patients resulting from different image-guided procedures MV and kV imaging modalities; 5. Understand the techniques available to reduce imaging dose 6. Discuss different methods of accounting for the imaging doses
Design experiences in digital signal processing laboratories

The goal of this project is to develop a unique undergraduate laboratory in digital signal processing that emphasizes the design of a complete system. Projects that develop simple communications systems or build modems give the students a chance to combine techniques from many different classes.
Structure of the Gastric Mucosa in Acute Infectious Nonbacterial Gastroenteritis

It is now well documented that a characteristic mucosal lesion of the proximal small intestine is present in acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. To determine whether a gastric mucosal lesion also accompanies this illness, stool filtrate containing Norwalk agent was given orally to 15 volunteers after base line biopsies of gastric fundal and/or antral mucosa had been obtained. Gastric fundal and/or antral biopsies were then obtained serially between 24 and 168 hr after administration of the inoculum. Nine volunteers developed symptoms of gastroenteritis. Gastric biopsies from those with normal base line fundal and/or antral biopsies remained normal during and after clinical illness. Those volunteers who had mild to moderate gastritis in their base line biopsies showed persistence but no progression of the lesion during illness. In 4 of the volunteers who became ill, intestinal biopsies were available and showed the typical gastroenteritis lesion. These results indicate that acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis induced by Norwalk agent is not associated with a histologically detectable gastric mucosal lesion.
Regulation of the tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β‐hydroxylase genes by the transcription factor AP‐2

The retinoic acid-inducible and developmentally regulated transcription factor AP-2 plays an important role during development. In adult mammals, AP-2 is expressed in both neural and non-neural tissues. However, the function of AP-2 in different neuronal phenotypes is poorly understood. In this study, transcriptional regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) genes by AP-2 was investigated. AP-2 binding sites were identified in the upstream regions of both genes. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and DNase I footprinting analyses indicate that the AP-2 interaction with these motifs is more prominent in catecholaminergic SK-N-BE(2)C and CATH.a than in non-catecholaminergic HeLa and HepG2 cell lines. Exogenous expression of AP-2 robustly transactivated TH and DBH promoter activities in non-catecholaminergic cell lines. While AP-2 regulates the DBH promoter activity via a single site, transactivation of the TH promoter by AP-2 appears to require multiple sites. In support of this, mutation of multiple AP-2 binding sites but not that of single site diminished the basal promoter activity of the TH gene in cell lines that express TH and abolished transactivation by exogenous AP-2 expression in cell lines that do not express TH. In contrast, mutation of a single AP-2 binding site of the DBH gene completely abolished transactivation by AP-2. Double-label immunohistochemistry showed that AP-2 is coexpressed with TH in noradrenergic and adrenergic neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems of adult rodents. Numerous non-catecholaminergic cell groups within the spinal cord, medulla, cerebellum, and pons also express AP-2. The concentration of AP-2 in dorsomedial locations along the neuraxis suggests a regionally specific role for this transcription factor in the regulation of neuronal function. Based on these findings we propose that AP-2 may coregulate TH and DBH gene expression and thus participate in expression/maintenance of neurotransmitter phenotypes in (nor)adrenergic neurons and neuroendocrine cells.
Heat inactivation of Salmonella spp. in fresh poultry compost by simulating early phase of composting process.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of moisture on thermal inactivation of Salmonella spp. in poultry litter under optimal composting conditions. Methods and Results: Thermal inactivation of Salmonella was studied in fresh poultry compost by simulating early phase of composting process. A mixture of three Salmonella serotypes grown in Tryptic soy broth with rifampin (TSB-R) was inoculated in fresh compost with 40 or 50% moisture at a final concentration of c. 7 log CFU g )1 . The inoculated compost was kept in an environmental chamber which was programmed to rise from room temperature to target composting temperatures in 2 days. In poultry compost with optimal moisture content (50%), Salmonella spp. survived for 96, 72 and 24 h at 50, 55 and 60� C, respectively, as compared with 264, 144 and 72 h at 50, 55 and 60� C, respectively, in compost with suboptimal moisture (40%). Pathogen decline was faster during the come-up time owing to higher ammonia volatilization. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that Salmonella spp. survived longer in fresh poultry compost with suboptimal moisture of 40% than in compost with optimal moisture of 50% during thermophilic composting. High nitrogen content of the poultry compost is an additional factor contributing to Salmonella inactivation through ammonia volatilization during thermal exposure. Significance and Impact of the Study: This research validated the effectiveness of the current composting guidelines on Salmonella inactivation in fresh poultry compost. Both initial moisture level and ammonia volatilization are important factors affecting microbiological safety and quality of compost product.
Effect of Perch Sites on Mourning Dove Nest Distribution

We examined the effect of natural and artificial perch sites on Western Mourning Dove ( Zenaida macroura marginella ) nest density in shrubby habitat. Nest density in shrubs was strongly correlated with the density of natural perch sites. This relationship occurred in 2 vegetation types with differing shrub composition. The correlation was stronger in areas with a homogenous shrub layer. Nest density was also higher in plots with artificial perch sites than in adjacent control plots. Nest density increased between years in plots where artificial perch sites were constructed but remained the same in adjacent control plots. Knowledge of perch-site effects has practical management applications in areas where doves nest in shrubby habitat. The possibility exists that perch sites could be managed for nest density in these habitats.
Seshadri constants on Jacobian of curves

We compute the Seshadri constants on the Jacobian of hyperelliptic curves, as well as of curves with genus three and four. For higher genus curves we conclude that if the Seshadri constants of their Jacobian are less than 2, then the curves must be hyperelliptic.
Relational Mentoring in Clinical Supervision: The Transformational Supervisor

Effective clinical supervision naturally incorporates many elements of mentoring. In this article, we us the Mentoring Relationship Continuum (MRC) model to frame a discussion of transformational supervision. We define transformational supervision as a rich developmental relationship characterized by increasing relational reciprocity, a greater range of career and psychosocial mentoring functions, and a strong sense of collegiality. As a strong supervisory relationship approaches the transformational end of the MRC, the supervisor offers increasing levels of support, empowerment, authenticity, and reciprocity; over time, the relationship has a more interdependent, egalitarian, and communitarian character. We employ a case example to illustrate excellent transformational supervision.
Forward imaging robotic vehicle mission using an ultra-wideband synthetic aperture radar

In support of the Army vision for increased mobility, survivability, and lethality, we are investigating the use of ultra-wideband (UWB) radar technology to enhance unmanned ground vehicle missions. The ability of UWB radar technology to detect foliage-concealed objects could provide an important obstacle avoidance capability for robotic vehicles, which would improve the speed and maneuverability of these vehicles and consequently increase the survivability of the U.S. forces. This technology would address the particular challenges that confront robotic vehicles such as large rocks hidden in tall grass and voids such as ditches and bodies of water. This paper describes electromagnetic model predictions of the radar cross section of potential robotic vehicle obstacles. These model predictions will be used to guide the data collection scenarios for the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) ultra-wideband BoomSAR system. Using a combination of the models, simulations, and BoomSAR data we investigate the operating parameters (imaging angles, frequencies, bandwidth, etc.) for an obstacle-avoidance UWB radar.
Media Disruption and Revolutionary Unrest: Evidence from Mubarak's Quasi-Experiment

Conventional wisdom suggests that universal lapses in media connectivity—for example, disruption of Internet and cell phone access—have a negative effect on political mobilization. On the contrary, I argue that sudden and ubiquitous interruption of mass communication can facilitate revolutionary mobilization and proliferate decentralized contention. A dynamic threshold model for participation in network collective action is used to demonstrate that full connectivity in a social network can hinder revolutionary action. I exploit a decision by Mubarak's regime to disrupt Internet and mobile communication during the 2011 Egyptian uprising to provide an empirical test for the hypothesis. An interrupted time series inference strategy is used to gauge the impact of media disruption on the dispersion of the protests. The evidence is corroborated using historical, anecdotal, and statistical accounts. In line with the theory, the results of a survey among Egyptian protesters show a significant decline in the perce...
Self-Similar Structure in Hilbert's Space-Filling Curve

Hilbert's space-filling curve is a continuous function that maps the unit interval onto the unit square. The construction of such curves in the 1890s surprised mathematicians of the time and led, in part, to the development of dimension theory. In this note, we discuss how modem notions of self-similarity illuminate the structure of this curve. In particular, we show that Hilbert's curve has a basic self-similar structure and can be generated using what is called an iterated function system, or IFS. Furthermore, its coordinate functions display a generalized type of self-similarity called digraph self-affinity and may be described using an appropriately generalized iterated function system. The notions of self-similarity used here are described in the text by Edgar [2, Ch. 4]. The definition of a digraph IFS was originally formulated in a research paper by Mauldin and Williams [4], although similar ideas have appeared elsewhere. The author has published a Mathematica package implementing the digraph IFS scheme [6]. A broad introduction to space-filling curves may be found in the book by Sagan [7].
Therapists' Perceptions of Healthy Family Functioning.

Abstract For several decades family theorists, researchers, and clinicians have attempted to describe healthy and dysfunctional family functioning. The numerous articles and studies with this focus have been reviewed elsewhere (Riskin & Faunce, 1972; Jacob, 1975). Until recently a disproportionate amount of attention has been given to pathology. Several volumes in the past few years have tried to redress this bias by focusing primarily on healthy family functioning (Kantor & Lehr, 1976; Lewis, Beavers, Gossett & Phillips, 1976).
Solvable signalizer functors on finite groups

If G is simple, this result need not hold, and one is in fact often faced with the problem of trying to “control” subgroups of the shape O&Y,(R)) for various r-subgroups R. To attack this problem, Thompson defined the set H.(A) to be the set of r’-subgroups normalized by a fixed r-subgroup A. If X is such a group and d is noncyclic Abelian, it is wellknown that X = (C,(a) 1 a E A#), so that X is determined by the groups C,(n) which are elements of H(A) contained in Co(a). Gorenstein’s original idea [2] is essentially to restrict attention to a subset M,(A) of H(A) by requiring that C,(a) lie in a previously specified A-invariant r’-subgroup e(C,(a)), for all a E As, The interesting case occurs when this property also holds for the group B(C(a)) itself, i.e., when
Bankruptcy filings before and after implementation of the bankruptcy reform law

Abstract After the effective date of the Bankruptcy Reform Act (1979), bankruptcy filings rose sharply in most states. The increase can be ascribed partially to the fact that unemployment rose and working hours declined from 1978 to 1980. In addition, state laws on garnishment had a greater effect on bankruptcy filings in 1980 than in 1978. Nonetheless, a significant increase in filing rates from 1978 to 1980 could not be accounted for by changes in state laws or employment conditions. The evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that the Act, per se, contributed to the increase in bankruptcy filings.
Aliskiren, the First Renin Inhibitor for Treating Hypertension: Reactive Renin Secretion May Limit Its Effectiveness

A review of six clinical trials of aliskiren involving >5,000 patients with mild to moderate hypertension indicated that this first of a new class of orally active antihypertensive drugs is no more effective than angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (CEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), or diuretics for lowering blood pressure. The starting dose is 150 mg; 300 mg is usually more effective, but 600 mg is no better than 300 mg. Aliskiren in combination with a diuretic appeared to lower blood pressure more than an aliskiren-ARB combination, but still failed to control blood pressure (<140/90) in 50% of the patients. Although aliskiren suppresses plasma renin activity, it causes much greater reactive rises in plasma renin concentration than does any other antihypertensive class tested. Because aliskiren, like CEIs and ARBs, only blocks 90% to 95% of plasma renin, the pressor consequences of its greater reactive increases in plasma renin concentration appear to offset its net ability to lower blood pressure, especially with higher doses. Patients with hyperreactive renin systems (renovascular, advanced, and malignant hypertension) were excluded from all of the trials. Until the possibility is eliminated of inducing increases in blood pressure with aliskiren in patients with highly reactive renin levels, it seems safe and simple to stick to the less expensive, equally effective and widely available generic CEI drugs for treating the renin factor in hypertension.
External arguments and the Mirror Principle: On the distinctness of Voice and v

Evidence from the Uto-Aztecan language Hiaki (Yaqui) shows that the internal structure of the verb phrase is tripartite, made up of (at least) VoiceP, vP and a lexical projection (√P or VP). The interaction of applicative and causative morphology, the existence of two kinds of causatives, and the interaction of passive and verbalizing morphology show that the external-argument introducing projection VoiceP (Kratzer, 1996) must be distinct from the verbalizing head vP (Marantz, 1997), as first proposed by Pylkkanen (2002) and subsequently by Cuervo (2003), Collins (2005), Alexiadou et al. (2006), Merchant (2008) and Harley (2009), among many others. This result stands in opposition to earlier proposals in which a single projection, vP, serves both to verbalize and to introduce the external argument, as in Chomsky (1995), Marantz (1997), and Harley (1995). It also challenges the conclusions of Coon and Preminger (2010), who give explicit arguments for the identity of external-argument-introducing Voice and verbalizing v.
Comparison of the EyeSys corneal analysis system and the TMS topographic modeling system using a bicurve test surface

The EyeSys Corneal Analysis System and the TMS Topographic Modeling System were compared, both when properly aligned and under specified conditions of misalignment, in their ability to map a sharp transition in curvature in order to model the type of surface topography that might be produced after photorefractive keratectomy. Results indicate that neither system can accurately reconstruct the transition zone, and that the source of the error is data averaging across the meridians to produce a smooth display for the EyeSys system, and lesser averaging combined with a fundamental error in reconstructing the peripheral region for the TMS system. In addition, the TMS is shown to possess greater sensitivity to errors of decentration and defocus for the bicurve test surface, while the EyeSys system is shown to be relatively immune to similar conditions of misalignment.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Non-toxic, colloidal ZnS-AgInS 2 nanoparticles for organic-inorganic hybrid photovoltaics

Non-toxic, colloidal ZnS-AgInS2 nanoparticles are synthesized and characterized for organic-inorganic hybrid photovoltaic applications. The optical properties of these particles are easily tuned by changing the chemical composition of the nanoparticle. Additionally, the photoluminescence quantum yield of 37.5% suggests this material is a promising candidate for optoelectronic devices. A comparison of the photoluminescence spectra of ZnS-AgInS2 nanoparticle and poly-3(hexylthiophene) blends to poly-3(hexylthiophene) neat indicates charge transfer between the nanoparticle and the polymer occurs in solution. Photovoltaic devices were fabricated using blends of ZnS-AgInS2 nanoparticles, poly-3(hexylthiophene) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester, yielding an average power conversion efficiency of 2.3%.
Alterations in the rate of hemoglobin synthesis during chick embryogenesis.

The rate of synthesis of different hemoglobin (Hb) species — embryonic, primitive, definitive, and adult — in the circulating red cells of the chick embryo have been measured. On the fifth day of chick embryogenesis, there is a marked decrease in the capability of these red cells to synthesize Hb. The rates of synthesis of embryonic and primitive Hb decrease markedly compared to that of definitive and adult Hb. On the fourth day of embryogenesis nucleic acid synthesis drops sharply in these cells. These decreases in metabolic activity preceed the disappearance of the primitive erythrocyte from the chick embryo circulation. It appears that the primitive cell line is specifically shut off with respect to its metabolic activities and possibly destroyed at this time.
HYPEROSMOLALITY(HO) AUGMENTED REGIONAL BRAIN BILIRUBIN DEPOSITION(RBBD) IN NEWBORN PIGLETS(P)

This study was designed to explore the mechanisms of previously shown enhanced bilirubin brain deposition in urea induced HO. 28 2-4 day old P were infused with bilirubin(B)to raise & maintain serum B(SB) to approximately 8mg/dl. 14 P served as isoosmotic controls(C),7 P received urea infusions to raise serum osmolality to 330mOsm//L(HO330)& 7 P to 375mOsm/L(HO375). During 60 min of HO, SB was similar among the 3 groups(7-9mg/dl). Serum unbound B(UB) was also similar between HO330&C. In contrast, UB was 2.7-fold higher in HO375 vs C(p<0.01). Microsphere measured regional brain blood flow(RBBF)was similar in cerebrum(CE), thalamus(TH),midbrain(MB),cerebellum(CB),& brainstem(BS)among the 3 groups. RBBD & brain albumin content(BA, 125-I-albumin) are: We conclude that marked HO(375mOsm/L) resulted in enhanced RBBD probably due to HO-related increase in UB & opening of the blood-brain barrier(BBB) to B. Furthermore, opening of the BBB to B may be more pronounced in the CE than in the other regions studied.
Adult Children Helping Older Parents Variations in Likelihood and Hours by Gender, Race, and Family Role

Using the 1993 Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the authors examine help given to older parents in typical American families. Daughters and sons not in couples were more likely to help than those in couples, and gave substantially more hours. In couples, daughters were less likely to help than sons, but they helped for considerably more hours. Black daughters helped at least as commonly as White daughters, and did so for substantially more hours than either White daughters or sons of either race. Results suggest that Black sons may help less commonly than White sons. Black sons who help, however, do so for at least as many hours as White sons. Findings suggest that changes in the Black American family have not produced the notable intergenerational relations breakdown anticipated by some researchers. Results also illuminate the important role of sons in family help and suggest that changing marriage patterns may not reduce help to older parents.
Properties of native point defects in In1?xAlxN alloys

The electrical and optical properties of the In-rich InAlN alloys are strongly influenced by native point defects. Here the effects of the defects are studied using 2?MeV He+ irradiation to vary the defect concentration. Localized native defects in In1?xAlxN(x < 0.45) are predominantly donors, with energy levels located above the conduction band edge. Accordingly, the electron concentration increases and the optical absorption edge blue shifts with increasing irradiation fluence before saturating at high fluences. Saturation occurs when the Fermi level reaches the Fermi level stabilization energy, which is the average energy of localized native defects in semiconductors, at 4.9?eV below the vacuum level. The energy position of the native defects also explains the initial increase followed by the quenching of the photoluminescence (PL) intensity, as well as the blue shift in the PL peak, with increasing irradiation fluence.
An integrative model of the lactational and environmental control of mating in female rhesus monkeys

Abstract Abstract. In this paper, a model is presented of the lactational and environmental control of the seasonal mating behaviour of female rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta. Previous research has demonstrated that the resumption of mating postpartum by macaque females is inhibited by nursing. Field data from the rhesus populations at Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, and Tughlaqabad, India, included with this report, suggest specifically that mating onset is precluded until suckling intensity drops below a threshold level and that this threshold rises during the first half of the mating season. Integrating these findings with the observations of other investigators our model postulates that: (1) during the early part of the mating season, the lactational inhibition of sexual activity declines due to a progressive loss of response to the suckling stimulus among nursing females; (2) a graded restoration of the animals' responsiveness to suckling re-establishes its power to inhibit sexual activity during the latter half of the mating season; and (3) both the loss and subsequent restoration of inhibition are induced primarily by seasonal changes in the physical environment. The model also holds that a rhesus monkey mother may influence the rate at which the intensity of her infant's suckling declines and, therefore, her own date of mating onset.
Growth, Income Distribution, and Democracy: What the Data Say

This paper investigates the relationship between income distribution, democratic institutions, and growth. It does so by addressing three main issues: the properties and reliability of the income distribution data, the robustness of the reduced form relationships between income distribution and growth estimated so far, and the specific channels through which income distribution affects growth. The main conclusion in this regard is that there is strong empirical support for two types of explanations, linking income distribution to sociopolitical instability and to the education/fertility decision. A third channel, based on the interplay of borrowing constraints and investment in human capital, also seems to receive some support by the data, although it is probably the hardest to test with the existing data. By contrast, there appears to be less empirical support for explanations based on the effects of income distribution on fiscal policy.
Quantum gates with phase stability over space and time

The performance of a quantum information processor depends on the precise control of phases introduced into the system during quantum gate operations. As the number of operations increases with the complexity of a computation, the phases of the gates at different locations and different times must be controlled, which can be challenging for optically driven operations. We circumvent this issue by demonstrating an entangling gate between two trapped atomic ions that is insensitive to the optical phases of the driving fields while using a common master reference clock for all coherent qubit operations. Such techniques may be crucial for scaling to large quantum information processors in many physical platforms.
Marginal federal personal and corporate income tax rates in the U.S., 1909–1975

Abstract In this article, I first report and describe the construction of two new statistical series on the marginal Federal income tax rates for corporations and private individuals in the United States since the inception of those taxes and then analyze the behavior of these series over time. Several results on the determination of tax rates are derived; these generally are not consistent with Barro's theory of deficit finance.
Dominant negative interference of transcription factor AP-2 causes inhibition of ErbB-3 expression and suppresses malignant cell growth.

ErbB-3 (HER3) is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family. Increasing evidence suggests that elevated expression of ErbB-3 is important for malignancy. In this study, we found that elevated levels of ErbB-3 expression did not occur in the absence of AP-2γ in a panel of human mammary epithelial and fibroblasts cell lines. In contrast, there was no association between the expression of AP-2α or AP-2β and the level of ErbB-3, or between AP-2α and AP-2γ double positivity and ErbB-3 expression. In co-transfection experiments, exogenous expression of AP-2γ robustly activated ErbB-3 promoter activity. Moreover, expression of a dominant negative AP-2 protein, AP-2Delta; (deleted residues 31–117), not only repressed the ErbB-3 promoter activity but also suppressed endogenous ErbB-3 transcription in the ErbB-3 overexpressing cell line MRC-5VA. Overexpression of AP-2Δ resulted in a decreased proliferation rate and inhibition of colony formation. Taken together, these data strongly support a role for the AP-2 gene family, in particular, AP-2γ, in the control of ErbB-3 expression. Interference with the function of transcription factor AP-2 might provide a potential strategy for modulation of the malignant phenotype.
Storytelling in criminal trials: A model of social judgment

Criminal trials require jurors to make sophisticated judgments about complex information. The absence of formal guidelines for making these judgments suggests that some more basic communication process must underlie the formal discourse of trial. Storytelling is the everyday practice that organizes information and guides the interpretation and judgment processses. A model of stories as judgment devices illustrates the communicational bases of justice and judgment and raises the possibility that there are common structural elements in cognition, communication, and forms of social action.
The effects of oxygen free radicals on the preserved kidney.

This study evaluated the effect of specific scavengers of oxygen derived free radicals on the results of kidney preservation. The immediate function of rabbit kidneys preserved for 24 hr by hypothermic perfusion was studied on an ex vivo shunt. A significant improvement in creatinine clearance was seen when the perfusate was treated with superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), with values of 261 ± 82 ml/hr vs control values of 203 ± 72 ml/hr, P < 0.05. This effect was enhanced if a long-persistent polyethylene glycol-linked form of SOD, namely PEG-SOD, was used (330 ± 58 ml/hr, P < 0.01). Recipient treatment and other modifications designed to protect against free radicals resulted in similar improvement in function. In contrast, no effect of free radical scavengers could be demonstrated in kidneys which were preserved by flush cooling, whether the agents were added to the flushing solution, given to the recipient, or both.