cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using an FPGA digital clock manager to generate sub-nanosecond phase shifts for lidar applications

When using a Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) gun for civil engineering applications, anomalous data were observed. A laboratory system was developed to simulate ranging to moving targets in a controlled environment in order to study the anomalous data and the performance of the LIDAR gun. The laboratory system was found to require the ability to generate sub-nanosecond phase shifts which can be updated in real time. This capability is available in high-quality laboratory, but the required equipment was not available to the authors. This research examines the design and implementation of a low cost system. The final design uses an embedded processor for computation of the necessary phase shifts and possible anomalies and an FPGA system to generate the dynamic precision phase shifts.
Genomic and proteomic characterization of SuMu, a Mu-like bacteriophage infecting Haemophilus parasuis.

Haemophilus parasuis, the causative agent of Glasser’s disease, is prevalent in swine herds and clinical signs associated with this disease are meningitis, polyserositis, polyarthritis, and bacterial pneumonia. Six to eight week old pigs in segregated early weaning herds are particularly susceptible to the disease. Insufficient colostral antibody at weaning or the mixing of pigs with heterologous virulent H. parasuis strains from other farm sources in the nursery or grower-finisher stage are considered to be factors for the outbreak of Glasser’s disease. Previously, a Mu-like bacteriophage portal gene was detected in a virulent swine isolate of H. parasuis by nested polymerase chain reaction. Mu-like bacteriophages are related phyologenetically to enterobacteriophage Mu and are thought to carry virulence genes or to induce host expression of virulence genes. This study characterizes the Mu-like bacteriophage, named SuMu, isolated from a virulent H. parasuis isolate. Characterization was done by genomic comparison to enterobacteriophage Mu and proteomic identification of various homologs by mass spectrometry. This is the first report of isolation and characterization of this bacteriophage from the Myoviridae family, a double-stranded DNA bacteriophage with a contractile tail, from a virulent field isolate of H. parasuis. The genome size of bacteriophage SuMu was 37,151 bp. DNA sequencing revealed fifty five open reading frames, including twenty five homologs to Mu-like bacteriophage proteins: Nlp, phage transposase-C-terminal, COG2842, Gam-like protein, gp16, Mor, peptidoglycan recognition protein, gp29, gp30, gpG, gp32, gp34, gp36, gp37, gpL, phage tail tube protein, DNA circulation protein, gpP, gp45, gp46, gp47, COG3778, tail fiber protein gp37-C terminal, tail fiber assembly protein, and Com. The last open reading frame was homologous to IS1414. The G + C content of bacteriophage SuMu was 41.87% while its H. parasuis host genome’s G + C content was 39.93%. Twenty protein homologs to bacteriophage proteins, including 15 structural proteins, one lysogeny-related and one lysis-related protein, and three DNA replication proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. One of the tail proteins, gp36, may be a virulence-related protein. Bacteriophage SuMu was characterized by genomic and proteomic methods and compared to enterobacteriophage Mu.
Strong shared representations promote schema-consistent memory errors in groups

We created the conditions necessary for cognitive representations to develop by presenting individuals and groups with word lists consisting of items high and low in associative strength. Strong cognitive representations were found to promote more schema-consistent memory errors than weaker representations. Moreover, strong cognitive representations resulted in more of these errors for groups than individuals. Weak cognitive representations, in contrast, resulted in fewer of these errors for groups than individuals. We find that variation in the frequency of memory errors between individuals and groups is influenced by the strength of shared representations that interfere with the ability of groups to correct schema-consistent memory errors among their members. Further analyses suggest that strong shared representations also aid correct recall relative to weak shared representations. We conclude that despite general advantages of collaboration, select circumstances that allow for strong shared representat...
Stock return distributions: tests of scaling and universality from three distinct stock markets.

Define the "log return" of stock price St over a time interval t: RRtt = log St +tlog St1. Analyses of returns of individual stocks 2,3 and stock indices 4 have shown that the cumulative distribution of returns is well fit by a power-law asymptotic behavior with tail exponent R, PR x xR. 1
Apoptosis-inducing natural products found in utero during murine pregnancy

Abstract Background: Hormones, lipids, vitamins and other biologically active small molecules can be removed from animal tissues by extraction with organic solvents. These compounds can have dramatic effects on cultured cells and the characterization of such compounds can lead to the discovery of new functions for known molecules, or even to the discovery of previously unknown compounds. Results: Organic-soluble compounds in 17.5-day-old mouse embryos were removed with tert -butylmethylether and found to induce apoptosis in T-antigen-transformed Jurkat T cells. These embryonic extracts were fractionated and their apoptosis-inducing components were identified as a mixture of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including arachidonic, docosatetraenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Docosatetraenoic acid was the most potent apoptosis inducer with an effective dose (ED 50 ) of 30 μM. Conclusions: A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids is shown to be abundant in utero during pregnancy. Members of this family are able to induce cleavage of poly(ADP)ribose polymerase, and ultimately to induce apoptosis, in T-antigen-transformed Jurkat T cells. Free radical scavengers, including phenol and benzyl alcohol, block the apoptosis-inducing properties of these polyunsaturated fatty acids; this is consistent with a lipid peroxidation mechanism involving formation of hydroperoxy fatty acids.
Maximal predicted duration of viremia in bluetongue virus-infected cattle.

Central to the development of rational trade policies pertaining to bluetongue virus (BTV) in- fection is determination of the risk posed by ruminants previously exposed to the virus. Precise determination of the maximal duration of infectious viremia is essential to the development of an appropriate quarantine period prior to movement of animals from BTV-endemic to BTV-free regions. The objective of this study was to predict the duration of detectable viremia in BTV-infected cattle using a probabilistic modeling analysis of existing data. Data on the duration of detectable viremia in cattle were obtained from previously published studies. Data sets were created from a large field study of naturally infected cattle in Australia and from experimental infections of cattle with Australian and US serotypes of BTV. Probability distributions were fitted to the pooled empirical data, and the 3 probability distributions that provided the best fit to the data were the gamma, Weibull, and lognormal probability distributions. These asymmetric probability distributions are often well suited for decay processes, such as the time to termination of detectable viremia. The analyses indicated a . 99% probability of detectable BTV viremia ceasing after # 9 weeks of infection in adult cattle and after a slightly longer interval in BTV-infected, colostrum-deprived newborn calves. Bluetongue is an insect-transmitted, noncontagious viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants that is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV). 11,16,26 It is 1 of only 16 diseases included in List A by the Office Interna- tional des Epizooties (OIE). Diseases included in OIE List A are defined as communicable diseases that have the potential for very serious and rapid spread, irre- spective of national borders, that are of serious socio- economic or public health consequence, and that are of major importance to the international trade of live- stock and livestock products. 1 The major adverse eco- nomic impact of BTV infection in many regions of the world is its effect on international trade and movement of ruminant livestock and germplasm and not direct losses from bluetongue disease. 16,22,25 Central to the development of rational trade policies pertaining to BTV infection is determination of the risk posed by ruminants previously exposed to the vi- rus. BTV infection of cattle is characterized by pro- longed but not persistent viremia. 11 Virus is highly cell associated during viremia, and intimate association of BTV with erythrocytes is responsible for both pro- longed viremia as well as infection of the hematoph- agous vector insects that transmit the virus. 4 Duration of viremia in BTV-infected cattle is related to the life- span of the bovine erythrocyte, and precise determi-
Bubble dynamics in a compressible liquid. Part 2. Second-order theory

The radial dynamics of a spherical bubble in a compressible liquid is studied by means of a rigorous singular-perturbation method to second order in the bubble-wall Mach number. The results of Part 1 (Prosperetti & Lezzi, 1986) are recovered at orders zero and one. At second order the ordinary inner and outer structure of the solution proves inadequate to correctly describe the fields and it is necessary to introduce an intermediate region the characteristic length of which is the geometric mean of the inner and outer lengthscales. The degree of indeterminacy for the radial equation of motion found at first order is significantly increased by going to second order. As in Part 1 we examine several of the possible forms of this equation by comparison with results obtained from the numerical integration of the complete partial-differential-equation formulation. Expressions and results for the pressure and velocity fields in the liquid are also reported.
Is a public reporting approach appropriate for nursing home care

Publicizing quality information has been used as a quality improvement strategy in the acute care sector for more than a decade. Despite research showing mixed results of these efforts, publicly reporting quality measures is currently being pursued as a quality improvement strategy for nursing homes. Designed to empower consumers to make informed choices and to stimulate provider competition on quality, nursing home public reporting began in 1998 with the Nursing Home Compare Web site and has received greater emphasis in the 2002 Nursing Home Quality Initiative, both directed by the federal government. Focusing on the response of three key stakeholder groups across settings of care-consumers, providers, and purchasers-I identify several challenges that nursing home reporting must overcome to be successful. I conclude that publicly reporting quality measures for nursing homes will have a harder time promoting quality improvement than for acute care settings, where results have been disappointing thus far. In addition to the conceptual analysis, I evaluate whether the quality information reported on Nursing Home Compare had any impact on nursing home occupancy rates following its release. Using a pre/post-release design, I find that the effect of public reporting on nursing home occupancy rates has been minimal thus far. Although some estimates of effect are statistically significant and in the hypothesized direction, they all suggest very small effect sizes. It is unclear whether the absence of a larger reporting effect to date is specific to Nursing Home Compare or whether it inheres to the broader task of using quality information to promote change in the nursing home care sector.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of a bacteriophage T4 primase fragment.

The primase from bacteriophage T4 is a single-stranded DNA-dependent RNA polymerase that is one of the seven proteins that constitute the DNA-replication machinery of bacteriophage T4. In an attempt to crystallize the protein, a number of variants were generated. One such construct, which includes the C-terminal region (residues 196–340), gave four different crystal forms which diffract in the 3.5–6.0 A resolution range.
Effect of phase separation in metal carboxylate gels on perovskite lead magnesium niobate crystallization

Phase separation during the synthesis and decomposition of lead magnesium niobate (PMN)–ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and PMN–citrate gels strongly affects perovskite Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 phase formation. The PMN–EDTA gel was synthesized from a solution containing Pb–EDTA, Mg–EDTA, and peroxo–citrato–niobium complexes at pH 8. Pb–EDTA precipitation was avoided by using Pb:EDTA in the mole ratio >1:2.5 and flash pyrolyzing the PMN–EDTA solution at 225 °C. Consequently, the PMN yield increased from 80 to 98 wt%. The sequential decomposition of Pb–EDTA, Mg–EDTA, and peroxo–citrato–Nb in the PMN–EDTA precursor in 1 vol% O2 leads to phase separation of Pb and PbO and thus lowers the PMN yield to 92 wt%. At PO2 > 2.5 vol% the Pb, Mg, and Nb complexes cothermolyze to form ≥97 % perovskite PMN. The presence of a heterometallic citrato–Pb–Mg–Nb complex in PMN–citrate leads to oxygen partial pressure independent codecomposition of the Pb, Mg, and Nb complexes. Accordingly, PMN yields of ≥96 wt% were obtained from the PMN–citrate precursor for oxygen partial pressures between 1 and 5 vol%.
A Review of "Staff Development: A Practical Guide"

In the edited collection, Staff Development: A Practical Guide, more than twenty contributors from the realms of academic libraries, public libraries, and library consulting share their expertise o...
An Experiment to Demonstrate Density and Water-Holding Capacity of Organic Matter

An experiment is described that allows students to estimate particle and bulk density and water-holding capacity of organic matter. Using compressed disks that are readily available from nurseries, the particle density of organic matter can be approximated; and, after water absorption, the bulk density and water-holding capacity can be calculated. How students conducting this experiment can increase their understanding of the physical properties of organic matter is discussed in the paper. T HE physical properties of soil organic matter is an important topic in an introductory soil science course. The addition of organic matter to soils can increase their waterholding capacity and lower their bulk density. Determination of soil bulk density can be achieved in an introductory soil science lab using a core sampler in a straightforward manner (Blake and Hartge, 1986). However, organic matter does not lend itself to easy manipulation for bulk density calculations. To quantitatively appreciate the water-holding capacity of soil, students commonly calculate gravimetric water content. Gravimetric water content is commonly 1.0 Mg m -3 for organic soils. Mineral soils are readily available for lab experiments, but organic soils (Histosols) are more difficult to obtain in most parts of the world. Particle density of mineral soils is commonly determined through displacement in a water medium. Calculation of the particle density of organic matter is less common due to the difficulty of separating out the soil organic matter fraction and determining the volume of the extracted fraction. Organic matter disks are used as a medium for producing seedlings from seed. These disks are commonly composed of compressed sphaghnum peat moss. Upon the addition of water, these disks swell, predominately in the vertical dimension, to approximately 6 to 7 times their original height. A simple experiment using compressed organic matter disks was designed to help students: (i) appreciate the contribution of organic matter to the water-holding capacity and bulk density of soils, and (ii) estimate particle density of organic matter.
Circadian Activity Rhythm and Potential Predation Risk of the Prairie Vole, Microtus ochrogaster

Abstract I tested the circadian activity rhythm of field-captured prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster, in experimental laboratory chambers. Microtus ochrogaster displayed a circadian rhythm with major activity during the dark period, whether in a normal or reversed photoperiod. When in constant dark and constant light, there was no distinct circadian rhythm; activity was greater when in constant dark than when in constant light. An activity rhythm with little activity during the daylight hours presumably would reduce risk of predation from diurnal avian predators. I propose such an activity pattern contributes to the ability of M. ochrogaster to achieve high population densities in habitats with sparse vegetative cover.
No Promo Hetero: Children's Right to Be Queer

This Article argues that the government has no legitimate interest in promoting heterosexuality or gender conformity during childhood. Although opponents of LGBT rights have longed cited this goal as one of the primary justifications for discrimination against LGBT people, it has no constitutional foundation upon which to stand. Building upon a familiar schema of legal scholarship on LGBT rights, this Article challenges the state’s interest in promoting heterosexuality by articulating a tripartite defense of children’s speech, status, and conduct. It argues that these three aspects of homosexuality are connected to and protected by three constitutional clauses — the First Amendment, the Equal Protection Clause, and the Due Process Clause. When the state claims that promoting heterosexuality in childhood is a legitimate state interest, it violates at least one and perhaps all of these clauses. When this policy targets children’s homosexual speech, it is a form of viewpoint discrimination that violates the First Amendment. When this policy targets children’s homosexual status, it is a form of animus against lesbian, gay, and bisexual people that violates the Equal Protection Clause. When this policy targets children’s homosexual relationships, it is a form of moral disapproval of homosexual conduct that violates the Due Process Clause. Taken together, these clauses require the state to maintain a neutral stance vis-a-vis the orientation of children’s speech, status, and conduct, and they guarantee every’s child equal liberty to be straight or queer. After developing a similar critique of the state’s interest in promoting gender conformity during childhood, the Article concludes by exploring the theoretical boundaries and implications of this constitutional framework. Drawing on one of queer theory’s foundational texts, it argues that No Promo Hetero challenges are both more universal than traditional identity claims, yet more liberal than many traditional diversity claims. By proceeding from decidedly queer premises, this Article makes the case for the full spectrum of children’s queerness — as a form of expression, behavior, and identity — within familiar frameworks of constitutional law.
Wireless Technology's Unanticipated Consequences: Potential Health Concerns

This study examines the potential for human health hazards resulting from exposure to wireless emissions. Measurements were taken of non-ionic radiation levels created by wireless devices on a university campus to determine if they contribute to an unhealthy environment. Recent studies suggest that high concentrations of non-ionic radiation emitted from wireless sources, which are measured by radio frequency waves and electromagnetic fields, can possibly cause human DNA damage, produce sleep disturbances and create other ill effects. Measurements were taken using two different metering instruments: one gauged radio frequency levels and the other electromagnetic fields. The meter readings were evaluated using safety standards set by the government of Switzerland. The ambient levels of radio frequency waves were measured in empty classrooms and compared with levels in occupied classrooms with wireless devices engaged. Readings were also taken at various outdoor campus locations and of individual cell phones while transmitting. The results showed that a typical classroom filled with students with their wireless devices turned on had radio frequency levels in the “low cautionary range.” Readings in close proximity to large outdoor wireless routers located on campus were in the “cautionary” range. Electromagnetic field readings were low except in locations in the vicinity of large electrical transformers, where they were high. The highest radio frequency readings were recorded when the meter was in direct contact with individual cell phones while they were transmitting, which often spiked into the danger zone. These findings suggest that extensive use of wireless devices in a confined area, such as a university classroom, could produce problematic non-ionic radiation levels. The readings also indicate that cell phones may not be benign. The data collected in this study suggests that caution should be exercised when increasing the use of wireless technology in classrooms and that it may be best to use ear plugs when operating cell phones instead of placing them directly against the head.
ROUTINE CINE-CMR FOR PROSTHESIS ASSOCIATED MITRAL REGURGITATION: A MULTICENTER COMPARISON TO ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

Mitral regurgitation (MR) is important for patients (pts) with prosthetic mitral valves (PMV). Routine cine CMR can assess MR based on regurgitation associated intervoxel dephasing. Diagnostic performance of cine CMR for prosthesis associated MR is unknown. Databases at 9 sites were queried for PMV
Enhancing the Careers of Under-Represented Junior Faculty in Biomedical Research: The Summer Institute Program to Increase Diversity (SIPID)

Abstract The Summer Institute Program to Increase Diversity (SIPID) in Health-Related Research is a career advancement opportunity sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Three mentored programs address difficulties experienced by junior investigators in establishing independent research careers and academic advancement. Aims are to increase the number of faculty from under-represented minority groups who successfully compete for external research funding. Data were collected using a centralized data-entry system from three Summer Institutes. Outcomes include mentees’ satisfaction rating about the program, grant and publications productivity and specific comments. Fifty-eight junior faculty mentees (38% male) noticeably improved their rates of preparing/submitting grant applications and publications, with a 18-23% increase in confidence levels in planning and conducting research. According to survey comments, the training received in grantsmanship skills and one-on-one mentoring were the most valuable program components. The SIPID mentoring program was highly valued by the junior faculty mentees. The program will continue in 2011-2014 as PRIDE (PRogram to Increase Diversity among individuals Engaged in health-related research). Long-term follow-up of current mentees will be indexed at five years post training (2013). In summary, these mentoring programs hope to continue increasing the diversity of the next generation of scientists in biomedical research.
Minority-Serving Institutions, Race-Conscious "Dwelling," and Possible Futures for Basic Writing at Predominantly White Institutions.

This essay looks to Minority-Serving Institutions (MSIs) for strategies that can be implemented in order to combat contemporary neoliberal attacks against the programmatic and institutional spaces of basic writing within Predominantly White Institutions (PWIs). Working from Nedra Reynolds' notion of thirdspace-oriented "dwell- ing" and Derrick Bell's notion of "interest convergence," it identifies four race-conscious "dwelling strategies" currently employed by MSIs to promote student success. It then offers four complementary suggestions regarding specific ways in which we in BW might adapt similar race-conscious dwelling strategies in the effort not only to defend our programs against contemporary attacks, but also to grow and cultivate new BW spaces within PWIs.
Legal Aspects of Price Discrimination: State Law:

IN EARLIER articles in this series, price discrimination was defined, the prerequisites of its use were set forth, and the techniques and purposes of its employment were described.1 The first two articles, in short, were devoted to economic aspects of price discrimination under non-perfect competitive conditions. In the third article, emphasis was shifted to the legal aspect of the question, federal legislation enacted to proscribe the practice of price discrimination being discussed in detail.2 The present, and final, article in the series is devoted to state legislative enactments directed at price discrimination; although a summary-conclusions section based on the material presented in the whole series is provided in this paper also.3
Construction of a Lentiviral Vector of RNA Interference against PPARγ Gene and the Establishment of Leydig Cell Line

Ojective: To investigate the targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPARγ gene blocked the establishment of a stable interference Leydig cell lines of TM 3. Methods: Four plasmid lentiviral packaging systems were used to build the specific targeting of PPARγ gene in mice by RNA interference( RNAi) lentiviral vector,and Leydig cell lines( TM 3) was used to establish stable silencing of the PPARγ gene. Results: DNA sequencing confirmed that encoding expression of the lentiviral vector LV3-shPPARγ PPARγ short hairpin RNA( sh-PPARγ) and control vector LV3-Control were successfully constructed. After the transduction,highly efficient transfection( 90%) of lentivirus in TM 3 cells was observed by fluorescence microscopy. Quantitative Realtime PCR showed that LV3-sh-PPARγ lentivirus reduced the PPARγ mRNA expression by about 70% in the experimental TM 3 cells as compared with that in untreated cells( P 0. 05),while no significant differences was found between control group and untreated cells group( P 0. 05). Western blot revealed that the PPARγ protein expression decreased significantly in LV3-sh-PPARγ treated cells group( P 0. 05),compared with that in untreated cells,and no significant differences were found between control group and untreated cells group( P 0. 05). Conclusion: The specific targeting of PPARγ gene in mice RNAi lentiviral vector LV3-shPPARγ and vector LV3-Control are successfully constructed,and the expression of PPARγ steady interference in mice Leydig cell line of TM 3 is successfully established,and is provided a new cell model for PPARγ in reproductive toxicity study.
Vibrations and the Harmonic Oscillator

Chemical bonds are not completely rigid. This results in the atoms vibrating about some equilibrium positions. One of the essential quantum mechanical models is that used to describe such vibrations, which are quantized. The basic approach is to make use of a force-distance relationship and to consider the stretching and compression of a bond in terms of a spring. This problem leads to a differential equation known as Hermite's Equation, the solutions of which are the Hermite polynomials. A series of vibrational states of different energy will be populated according to the Boltzmann Distribution Law. Metal atoms in a lattice vibrate about equilibrium positions in a somewhat similar way so the same principles used in discussing vibrations in bonds can be used to derive expressions for the heat capacity of metals.
The Phillips Curve and Demand-Pull Inflation

Within Post Keynesian economics, the standing of the Phillips curve has tended to be somewhat ambiguous. In part, this ambiguity reflects the uncertain standing of the Phillips curve in the profession at large, and in part it reflects the fact that Post Keynesians have been eclectic in theorizing about inflation. In particular, whereas the mainstream of professional economists has come to see inflation as exclusively caused by excessive money growth, Post Keynesians also emphasize the significance of labor market conflict over the distribution of income. These two approaches to the theory of inflation represent lineal developments of earlier (1950s) interpretations of inflation in terms of “demand-pull” and “cost-push” factors: thus, the new classical money growth approach may be identified as a particular expression of the demand-pull perspective, while the Post Keynesian distributional conflict approach can be identified with the cost-push perspective.
Complex ecological relationships among an assemblage of indigenous hymenopteran parasitoids, the exotic European woodwasp (Sirex noctilio; Hymenoptera: Siricidae), and a native congener

We collected naturally infested Pinus resinosa Aiton (Pinaceae) and P. sylvestris Linnaeus to investigate phenological patterns and quantify parasitism by a suite of native hymenopteran parasitoids on two woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Siricidae): the invading non-native European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio Fabricius, and a co-colonising native, S. nigricornis Fabricius. We sampled a total of 76 trees from two field sites in 2010 and seven sites in 2011. In raw abundance, S. noctilio outnumbered S. nigricornis by 2:1 in 2010 and by 7.5:1 in 2011. We collected the egg/early instar parasitoid, Ibalia leucospoides ensiger Norton (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae); four species of Rhyssinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) late larval parasitoids; and Pseudorhyssa nigricornis (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a cleptoparasitoid of rhyssines. Variation in siricid and parasitoid species assemblage and abundance was explained primarily by site, with tree-level factors playing a secondary role. Parasitism was significantly lower in P. sylvestris (13.6%±4.1 SE), a naturalised pine from Europe, than in the native P. resinosa (28.5%±5.0). Total parasitism was 27.6%±5.0 in 2010 and 20.9%±4.7 in 2011. This study represents the most robust analysis of the diverse woodwasp and parasitoid assemblage infesting pines in North America.
Sexual Abuse of Children in Comparative and International Perspective

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a chronic problem that can occur in any family or any country. National governments, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations have given it increasingly high priority in recent decades. Scholars also have given CSA increased attention though more at clinical case-study than at policy levels. Some basic epidemiological conclusions can be drawn. Girls are at considerably greater CSA risk than boys, but in some places boys also experience high levels of victimization. Perpetrators are much more likely to be male than female, and family members or acquaintances than strangers. Victimization is not only by adults but also by young people. Cross-national knowledge is underdeveloped. Comparative studies are rare, partly because they are expensive and complicated to organize but also because of fundamental differences in legal and research definitions of the behaviours studied. Only a few countries have successfully established long-term surveys and data series that provide a solid empirical basis for describing CSA and changes in its nature, prevalence, and incidence. The US data provide a firm basis for concluding that the incidence of CSA in that country has dropped substantially since the early 1990s in parallel with drops in rates of violence generally and sex crimes specifically. The CSA research mission is to build the tools and infrastructure to learn what is happening today, and has happened over time, cross-nationally and in all individual countries, in order to develop better policies at the national and international level.
On the secrecy capacity of arbitrary wiretap channels

We investigate the fundamental secrecy limits of arbitrary wiretap channels using the information-spectrum approach and we provide a random coding theorem for the secrecy capacity under various secrecy metrics. We show how our result specializes to several recent results, e.g., compound channels, parallel channels, and fading channels. As a side benefit, our analysis shows that earlier results hold under more stringent secrecy metrics than previously established.
Using Technology for Accessible Chemistry Homework for High School Students with and without Learning Disabilities

High school students with and without learning disabilities in two chemistry classes accessed technologically-enhanced worksheets, called Pencasts, when completing homework assignments. In this action research study, feedback from students was gathered via questionnaires and interviews. Students most frequently used Pencasts to figure out how to solve homework problems, and all students expressed satisfaction with using Pencasts. Students shared other ways they used Pencasts, such as studying for chemistry tests, and shared how they could benefit if Pencasts were available in other classes. According to the teacher, students with and without disabilities completed the majority of homework when Pencasts were available, and almost all students earned “A” grades on homework. Teacher reflections about Pencasts, implications for practice, and future research are described.
Effects of Adaptation on Discrimination of Whisker Deflection Velocity and Angular Direction in a Model of the Barrel Cortex

Two important stimulus features represented within the rodent barrel cortex are velocity and angular direction of whisker deflection. Each cortical barrel receives information from thalamocortical (TC) cells that relay information from a single whisker, and TC input is decoded by barrel regular-spiking (RS) cells through a feedforward inhibitory architecture (with inhibition delivered by cortical fast-spiking or FS cells). TC cells encode deflection velocity through population synchrony, while deflection direction is encoded through the distribution of spike counts across the TC population. Barrel RS cells encode both deflection direction and velocity with spike rate, and are divided into functional domains by direction preference. Following repetitive whisker stimulation, system adaptation causes a weakening of synaptic inputs to RS cells and diminishes RS cell spike responses, though evidence suggests that stimulus discrimination may improve following adaptation. In this work, I construct a model of the TC, FS, and RS cells comprising a single barrel system-the model incorporates realistic synaptic connectivity and dynamics and simulates both angular direction (through the spatial pattern of TC activation) and velocity (through synchrony of the TC population spikes) of a deflection of the primary whisker, and I use the model to examine direction and velocity selectivity of barrel RS cells before and after adaptation. I find that velocity and direction selectivity of individual RS cells (measured over multiple trials) sharpens following adaptation, but stimulus discrimination using a simple linear classifier by the RS population response during a single trial (a more biologically meaningful measure than single cell discrimination over multiple trials) exhibits strikingly different behavior-velocity discrimination is similar both before and after adaptation, while direction classification improves substantially following adaptation. This is the first model, to my knowledge, that simulates both whisker deflection velocity and angular direction and examines the ability of the RS population response to pinpoint both stimulus features within the context of adaptation.
Temporal and Spatial Variations of Copper, Cadmium, Lead, and Zinc in Ten Mile Creek in South Florida, USA

Lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd) often seriously deteriorate water quality. Spatial and temporal fluctuations of the metal concentrations in the Ten Mile Creek (Florida) (TMC) were monitored on a weekly basis at 7 sampling sites, from June 2005 to September 2007. River sediment samples were also collected from these sites in April, June, and October 2006 and January 2007, and analyzed for water, Mehlich 1 (M1), and Mehlich 3 (M3)-extractable metals (Mehlich, 1953, 1984), to examine the role of sediments as sources or sinks of the metals. The concentrations of lead, zinc, copper, and cadmium in the water samples were <detection limit (DL)-309, < DL-102, < DL-106, and < DL-15.7 microg/L, respectively. Even though median concentrations of lead (<DL), zinc (6.45 microg/L), copper (2.53 microg/L), and cadmium (<DL) were lower than their respective U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Washington, D.C.) limits for freshwater (2.5 microg/L for lead, 120 microg/L for zinc, 9.0 microg/L for copper, and 0.25 microg/L for cadmium), pulse concentrations of the metals significantly exceeded these limits. Correlations of lead, zinc, copper, and cadmium concentrations in the TMC to other environmental factors, including the results of principal component analysis, suggest that there are different sources of metals. These sources include surface runoff from agricultural lands or urban wastewater, geological backgrounds, and tidal flow. Water-, M1-, and M3-extractable lead, zinc, copper, and cadmium concentrations in river sediments indicate the possibility that river sediment serves as an internal source of the metals for the TMC. This hypothesis was supported by positive correlations between concentrations of copper, lead, and zinc in the river water and their respective water-extractable concentrations in the sediments.
Alzheimer’s Disease: MRI Studies

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder for those 65 years or older, currently affecting 4.5 million Americans and predicted to rise to 13.2 million by the year 2050 in the US alone. Neuroimaging and brain mappping techniques offer extraordinary power to understand AD, providing spatially detailed information on the extent and trajectory of the disease as it spreads in the living brain. Computational anatomy techniques, applied to databases of MRI scans, reveal the dynamic sequence of brain changes with disease progression, and how these changes relate to cognitive decline and the spread of amyloid plaque and tangle pathology, the molecular causes of AD.
ϱ, ω photoproduction phase: A possible breakdown in vector dominance

Abstract Using vector meson dominance with real (γ, V) coupling constants we calculate the relative (ϱ, ω) photoproduction phase in nuclei as a function of assumed nucleon phases. Recent measurements of this phase are too large to be accommodated by these assumptions.
Homenaje a Cubena

Carlos “Cubena” Guillermo Wilson was one of the most important Panamanian writers of the 20th and 21st century. Cubena, as he was known in literary circles and amongst friends, passed on June 5, 2016. He is an important literary figure in Panama because his writings redeem the literary image of the West Indian who was excluded from the Panamanian nation-building project.
Influence of Rotor Tooth Shaping on Cogging Torque of Axial Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Machine

This paper proposes a rotor tooth shaping method to reduce the cogging torque of an axial flux-switching permanent magnet machine. The rotor tooth is shaped in different configurations, including constant, trapezoidal, asymmetrical, extended, and square shapes to evaluate the effects on cogging torque ripple minimization. A three-dimensional (3-D) finite-element analysis (FEA) is performed to compare the proposed shapes of the rotor tooth. Peak-to-peak cogging torque, fundamental flux linkage, loaded torque, and the total weight of teeth are compared using various rotor tooth angles. The simulation results show that overall minimum cogging torque is achieved by the extended shape of the rotor tooth. 3-D FEA results are also verified with experimental results.
Implementing conservation measures for the North Atlantic right whale: considering the behavioral ontogeny of mother‐calf pairs

Understanding the behavioral ecology of a species is fundamental to effective conservation and management efforts. This study quantifies the behavioral ontogeny of North Atlantic right whale mother-calf pairs from birth to weaning spanning three critical habitat areas off the eastern coast of the United States and Canada. Data from 55 focal follows of 34 mother-calf pairs were collected from 2011 to 2015. Resting behaviors dominated the activity budgets for both mother and calf during the first 5 months, putting them at increased risk of vessel collisions. There was an increase in the proportion of active behaviors (travel, foraging, social activity) in both mother and calf as the calf matured. Importantly, the type of active behaviors, in particular surface skim feeding and surface active social behavior, meant that the risk of vessel collision to the pair did not decrease as the calf matured. Mother-calf right whale pairs showed very low calling rates on the calving grounds, suggesting that passive acoustic monitoring may not be an effective mitigation tool during the early months. However, calling rates increase once the pair leave the calving areas with both calf age and activity levels increasing, at which point passive acoustic monitoring becomes valuable. Protective measures need to take these rapid developmental changes throughout calf growth into account to improve the efficacy of protection measures for the endangered North Atlantic right whale and other species where behavioral ecology changes rapidly during maturation.
Emotion dysregulation and cigarette dependence, perceptions of quitting, and problems during quit attempts among Spanish-speaking Latinx adult smokers.

Abstract Latinx smokers in the United States (U.S.) represent an understudied health disparities group in terms of tobacco use. Despite scientific interest to elucidate individual difference risk factors for smoking, there is limited understanding of how emotional dysregulation relates to smoking outcomes among Spanish-speaking Latinx smokers. The purpose of the present investigation was therefore to explore emotion dysregulation in relation to cigarette dependence, perceived barriers for quitting, and severity of problems experienced during prior quit attempts. Participants were 363 Spanish-speaking Latinx daily smokers (58.7% female, Mage = 33.3 years, SD = 9.81). Results indicated that emotion dysregulation was significantly related to cigarette dependence, perceived barriers for quitting, and problems experienced during past quit attempts. Notably, the effects accounted for 7% to 15% of variance and were evident after adjusting for gender, income, education, number of medical conditions, depression symptoms, non-alcohol drug use, and alcohol consumption. The findings provide novel evidence that emotion dysregulation may represent an important individual difference factor for better understanding smoking-related outcomes among Latinx smokers and supports the need for greater attention to this affective vulnerability during smoking cessation treatment.
Making Video Dance: A Step-by-Step Guide to Creating Dance for the Screen (2nd ed), by Katrina McPherson. 2018. London and New York: Routledge. 280 pp. Black and white images. $120 hardcover. ISBN 978-1-13-869912-0. $31.96 paperback. ISBN 978-1-13-869913-7. Website: www.makingvideodance.com.

Review of Making Video Dance: A Step-by-Step Guide to Creating Dance for the Screen (2nd ed), by Katrina McPherson.
OPC model building for EUV lithography

After an initial introduction into logic fabrication, EUV lithography is finally moving into memory fabrication, and now memory companies must untangle the complex physics required to create an aerial image with this next generation technology. The optical proximity correction (OPC) model must understand and compensate for new EUV phenomena, such as non-telecentric illumination induced shadowing, across-slit variation, optical flare, and reticle black border effects. This paper compares the EUV OPC Modeling flow with the DUV modeling flow and discusses the new challenges EUV presents to OPC Model building for high-volume manufacturing.
On the capacity of the Gini index to represent income distributions

Almost all governmental and international agencies use the Gini index to summarize income inequality in a nation or the world. The index has been criticized because it can have the same value for two different distributions. It will be seen that other commonly used summary measures of inequality are subject to the same criticism. The Gini index has the advantage that it is able to distinguish between two distributions that have identical integer valued generalized entropy measures. Because no single measure can fully summarize a distribution, researchers should consider combining the Gini index with another measure appropriate for the topic being studied.
Actionable recommendations for narrowing the science-practice gap in open science

Abstract Efforts to promote open-science practices are, to a large extent, driven by a need to reduce questionable research practices (QRPs). There is ample evidence that QRPs are corrosive because they make research opaque and therefore challenge the credibility, trustworthiness, and usefulness of the scientific knowledge that is produced. A literature based on false-positive results that will not replicate is not only scientifically misleading but also worthless for anyone who wants to put knowledge to use. So, a question then arises: Why are these QRPs still so pervasive and why do gatekeepers of scientific knowledge such as journal editors, reviewers, funding-agency panel members, and board members of professional organizations in charge of journal policies not seem to be taking decisive actions about QRPs? We address these questions by using a science-practice gap analogy to identify the existence of a science-practice gap in open science. Specifically, although there is abundant research on how to reduce QRPs, many gatekeepers are not adopting this knowledge in their practices. Drawing upon the literatures on the more general science-practice gap and QRPs, we offer 10 actionable recommendations for narrowing the specific science-practice gap in open science. Our recommendations require little effort, time, and financial resources. Importantly, they are explicit about the resulting benefits for the various research-production stakeholders (i.e., authors and gatekeepers). By translating findings on open-science research into actionable recommendations for “practitioners of research”, we hope to encourage more transparent, credible, and reproducible research that can be trusted and used by consumers of that research.
M&A Policies Review Under the Competition and National Security Laws in the United States

Since the Hart–Scott–Rodino Act, M&A are under prenotification regime. That is, the parties planning an acquisition or a transaction of a certain size (the current threshold is about $60 million) are required to notify both the DOJ and the FTC of their planned transaction. The enforcement agencies may conclude that a merger raises competitive concerns without identifying a precise relevant market if there is evidence that the merger is likely to result in anticompetitive effects. Moreover, several tests organized the review process under the national security reviews of foreign investments in the United States.
Neonatal and Maternal Factors Associated With Postnatal Left Ventricular Cardiac Function Changes in Large for Gestational Age Newborns

Purpose: Many large for gestational age (LGA) newborns with hypertrophic cardiac changes are born to mothers without a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), suggesting there may be other risk factors. The objective of this study was to determine the association of perinatal factors and left ventricular cardiac features in LGA newborns after birth. Methods: The A prospective cohort study collected 103 …
Ongoing emergence: borderland high school DLBE students’ self-identifications as lingual people

Conceptualizations of language as translanguaging (Otheguy, Garcia, and Reid 2015) help us to render wholeness out of languages and groups of speakers socially constructed as distinct. Yet in pract...