cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of limestone karst forests by Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) in the Sangkulirang peninsula, east Kalimantan, Indonesia.

The Indonesian province of East Kalimantan is home to some of the largest remaining contiguous tracts of lowland Dipterocarp forest on the island of Borneo. Nest surveys recently conducted in these forests indicated the presence of a substantial population of Eastern Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) in the Berau and East Kutai regencies in the northern half of the province. The Sangkulirang Peninsula contains extensive limestone karst forests in close proximity to the lowland Dipterocarp forests inhabited by orangutans in these regencies. Orangutans have been sighted in these limestone karst forests, but the importance of this forest type for orangutans has been unclear. Therefore, we conducted 49 km of nest surveys in limestone karst forest to obtain the first quantitative estimates of orangutan densities in this habitat, and walked 28 km of surveys in nearby lowland Dipterocarp forests for comparison. We also gathered basic ecological data along our transects in an attempt to identify correlates of orangutan abundance across these habitat types. Undisturbed limestone karst forests showed the lowest orangutan densities (147 nests/km2, 0.82 indiv/km2), disturbed limestone forests had intermediate densities (301 nests/km2, 1.40 indiv/km2), and undisturbed lowland Dipterocarp forests contained the highest density (987 nests/km2, 5.25 indiv/km2), significantly more than the undisturbed limestone karst forests. This difference was not correlated with variation in liana abundance, fig stem density, or stump density (an index of forest disturbance). Therefore, other factors, such as the relatively low tree species diversity of limestone karst forests, may explain why orangutans appear to avoid these areas. We conclude that limestone karst forests are of low relevance for safeguarding the future of orangutans in East Kalimantan. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1–8, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Taxonomic word categories and memory search

Abstract The question of subject-controlled operations for entry and search of memory is examined in models that assume serial memory search. When words from a single taxonomic category are presented, search is serial and exhaustive. With two-category lists, the search remains serial but is not exhaustive. Instead, search terminates after the category of the test item has been completely searched. Two self-terminating search models for categorized lists, a directed entry and a random entry model, are considered. Slope and variance parameters of the latency data favor the random entry strategy.
Adenosine triphosphate stimulates Aquifex aeolicus MutL endonuclease activity.

BACKGROUND Human PMS2 (hPMS2) homologues act to nick 5' and 3' to misincorporated nucleotides during mismatch repair in organisms that lack MutH. Mn(++) was previously found to stimulate the endonuclease activity of these homologues. ATP was required for the nicking activity of hPMS2 and yPMS1, but was reported to inhibit bacterial MutL proteins from Thermus thermophilus and Aquifex aeolicus that displayed homology to hPMS2. Mutational analysis has identified the DQHA(X)(2)E(X)(4)E motif present in the C-terminus of PMS2 homologues as important for endonuclease activity. METHODOLOGIES/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We examined the effect ATP had on the Mn(++) induced nicking of supercoiled pBR322 by full-length and mutant A. aeolicus MutL (Aae MutL) proteins. Assays were single time point, enzyme titration experiments or reaction time courses. The maximum velocity for MutL nicking was determined to be 1.6+/-0.08x10(-5) s(-1) and 4.2+/-0.3x10(-5) s(-1) in the absence and presence of ATP, respectively. AMPPNP stimulated the nicking activity to a similar extent as ATP. A truncated Aae MutL protein composed of only the C-terminal 123 amino acid residues was found to nick supercoiled DNA. Furthermore, mutations in the conserved C-terminal DQHA(X)(2)E(X)(4)E and CPHGRP motifs were shown to abolish Aae MutL endonuclease activity. CONCLUSIONS ATP stimulated the Mn(++) induced endonuclease activity of Aae MutL. Experiments utilizing AMPPNP implied that the stimulation did not require ATP hydrolysis. A mutation in the DQHA(X)(2)E(X)(4)E motif of Aae MutL further supported the role of this region in endonclease activity. For the first time, to our knowledge, we demonstrate that changing the histidine residue in the conserved CPHGRP motif abolishes endonucleolytic activity of a hPMS2 homologue. Finally, the C-terminal 123 amino acid residues of Aae MutL were sufficient to display Mn(++) induced nicking activity.
Photochemical effects of chloroaluminum-sulfonated phthalocyanine in arteries with intimal hyperplasia

The present study uses photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of IH in the rat carotid artery model. PDT is a relatively new cancer treatment technique which utilizes light-activated photosensitizers (PS) to produce injury to targeted cells. PS have no cytotoxic effects unless they are activated by the appropriate wavelength of light. Upon absorption of a photon, the activated PS can either by directly cytotoxic or give rise to cytotoxic oxygen species, commonly singlet oxygen, via energy transfer to the ground state molecular oxygen. Singlet oxygen then becomes the mediator of cellular injury by affecting cellular membranes and subcellular organelles.
Mechanisms of sentence context effects in reading: Automatic activation and conscious attention.

In. Experiment I subjects named target words that were preceded by a congruous sentence context, an incongruous sentence context, or no sentence context, under stimulus conditions that were either normal or degraded by contrast reduction. Under normal stimulus conditions, a contextual facilitation effect, but no contextual inhibition effect, was observed. When the target word was degraded, both contextual facilitation and inhibition were observed. Experiment 2 replicated the increase in contextual inhibition under degraded conditions and also demonstrated that inhibition increased as the interval between contextual processing and target-word onset was lengthened. The results were interpreted within the framework of the Posner and Snyder two-process theory of expectancy. Thus, when target-word recognition is rapid, only the fast-acting automatic activation component of context effects has time to operate. When target-word processing is delayed, the conscious-attention mechanism, which is responsible for inhibition effects, becomes operative. The relevance of these results to developmental investigations of the interaction of word recognition and contextual processing is discussed.
A self-contained, regulated, burst-firing constant-current ac shock generator

A line- and load-regulated constant-current ac shock generator has been designed for animal behavior experiments. The self-contained unit has four operating modes, amplitude adjustment, and a leakage current detection circuit. A unique feature of this generator is that the good load regulation achieved by using a high-voltage source is preserved without such problems as arcing and high current density effects. Circuit schematics, along with a discussion of selected circuits, are included. Experimental data are presented to demonstrate the utility of the device.
Residue Management Effects on Water Use and Yield of Deficit Irrigated Cotton

Residue management to increase fallow precipitation storage and reduce growing season evaporation limited potential yield reduction by offsetting a portion of the decreasing irrigation well capacity of the declining Ogallala Aquifer in the southern High Plains. A 3-yr dryland rotation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) followed by corn (Zea mays L.) with intervening 10-mo fallow periods was adapted for use with deficit irrigation of 2.5 and 5.0 mm d–¹ capacities on a Pantex silty clay loam (fine, mixed, superactive, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll) at Bushland, TX (35°11′ N, 102°6′ W). Study objectives were to quantify disk (DT), stubble-mulch (SM), or no (NT)-tillage effects on precipitation storage during wheat fallow and subsequent use for grain yield by deficit irrigated corn. The 4-yr mean soil water after fallow increased from 14 to 50 mm for SM and NT compared with DT. Measured growing season water use ranged from ∼54 to 64% of the estimated corn water use (ETc) at the 2.5 mm d–¹ irrigation capacity and from 76 to 85% at 5.0 mm d–¹ irrigation with corresponding grain yields ranging from crop failure to ∼7.4 Mg ha–¹. We conclude that residue retaining conservation tillage increased soil water storage during fallow. We attributed greater corn yield with conservation tillage to likely increased transpiration made possible by reducing early growing season evaporation. Increased soil water and greater transpiration using conservation tillage practices did not offset corn ET reduction imposed by either deficit irrigation capacity and resulted in unprofitable crop yield reductions.
Effects of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibition on eicosanoids and healing of acetic acid colitis in rats

Both cyclooxygenase products, such as prostaglandin (PG) E2, and lipoxygenase products, such as leukotriene (LT) B4, are increased in colitis and have potent proinflammatory actions. We studied effects of specific inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase on the healing of acetic acid colitis in rats. Acetic acid colitis was induced 24 hr before enzyme inhibition began. Four days after induction of colitis, the area of gross colonic mucosal damage was determined by image analysis. Eicosanoid content in the intestinal lumen was quantitated by radioimmunoassay following chromatographic purification. Under these conditions, indomethacin significantly retarded the healing of colonic lesions and inhibited PGE2 by >90% compared to placebo-treated colitis rats. AA861 had no effect on the healing of lesions, although >75% inhibition of leukotriene synthesis was demonstrated. These results suggest that inhibition of endogenous colonic prostaglandins can impair healing mechanisms in acute colitis even after inflammation has developed. In contrast, inhibition of leukotriene synthesis did not affect healing.
Turf wars?: Rhetorical struggle over `prepared' letters to the editor

The study analyzes professional disagreements over the value of `prepared' letters to the editor, or pre-written letters that supporters of advocacy campaigns can sign and submit to newspapers as their own opinions. Journalists derisively call such letters `astroturf' and disdain the `fake grass-roots' nature of such letters; advocates suggest such `sample letters' help more people to get involved in public discourse. Through an open-ended textual analysis of texts from both camps, the author finds a rhetorical struggle between the two groups that forms a hegemonic concordance through which letters-to-the-editor forums are seen more as battlefields to be defended or conquered than as sites for consensus-seeking debate, which in the end feeds or reflects the hostile and monopolistic nature of modern public discourse.
Prevention of Falls and Fall Injuries in Elderly Persons: A Research Agenda

In summary, falls and fall injuries represent common and potentially preventable causes of functional disability, morbidity, and increased health care utilization among elderly persons. While much has been learned about falls and fall injuries over the past decade, much further information is needed in order to identify the optimal prevention strategies. Some of the important questions that remain to be answered are listed in Table 1. While certainly not exhaustive, the topics listed in Table 1 and discussed in this paper provide a beginning template for a research agenda for fall and injury prevention among elderly persons.
Surgical Treatment of Periampullary and Pancreatic Cancer

Background: Pancreatic cancer is a common malignancy in the United States with approximately 28,000 cases per year. Two-thirds of these patients will have adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, and for the majority of patients it is a lethal disease.
Cardiac tamponade resulting from pericardial extramedullary hematopoiesis. A case report and review of the literature

A patient with an unusual myeloproliferative disorder, characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, myelofibrosis, ringed sideroblasts, and conversion to acute myeloblastic leukemia developed cardiac tamponade secondary to pericardia extramedullary hematopoiesis. Diagnostic criteria are discussed. Irradiation and systemic chemotherapy were successful in controlling the effusion.
Effects of interference and exploitative competition from large-bodied cladocerans on rotifer community structure

I examined the effects of a graded density of the large-bodied cladoceran Daphnia pulicaria upon a natural rotifer assemblage to assess the relative magnitudes of interference and exploitative competition. An in situ, 5-day, bag-enclosure experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that populations of the rotifers Anuraeopsis spp., Keratella cochlearis ‘typica’ and Polyarthra spp. are differentially suppressed by interference competition. Rotifer density decreases and observed vs. expected mortality rates for all three rotifer taxa were consistent with the hypothesis of suppression via interference competition. Evidence of exploitative effects were also apparent, though interference effects appeared more important at higher cladoceran densities.
Corrosion inhibition of steel by benzotriazole in sulphuric acid

Abstract The corrosion behaviour of low-carbon steel in different concentrations (10−3 to 9 × 10−3 M) of benzotriazole (BTA) in 1 M H2SO4 has been studied by potentiodynamic polarization measurements at a scan rate of 0.166 mV s−1. It is found that passivation current, corrosion potential, passive potential and polarization resistance increase with increasing benzotriazole concentrations, while critical current, corrosion current and corrosion rate decrease. It is established that the corrosion rate depends on the concentration of the inhibitor and chloride ions along with the sweep rate of polarization. A maximum inhibition efficiency (98.5%) was obtained at 9 × 10−4 M BTA. Thermodynamic parameters for adsorption of BTA are calculated.
Potassium-argon dating of magmatic events and hydrothermal activity associated with porphyry copper mineralization in west central Puerto Rico

Potassium-argon age dating of plutonic rocks has confirmed the existence of two periods of intrusion, uppermost Cretaceous (Campanian)-Paleocene (75-58 m.y. ago) and Eocene-earliest Oligocene (46-35 m.y. ago), in west central Puerto Rico. All of the older ages are confined to the mesozonal Utuado batholith, composed principally of tonalite, granodiorite, and granite, which was emplaced in Cretaceous volcanogenic rocks of the central igneous subprovince. Eocene emplacement ages were obtained for small quartz diorite and tonalite stocks, many of which are porphyritic, intruded into or immediately adjacent to a trough of lower Tertiary volcanogenic rocks that is subparallel to the southwestern margin of the Utuado batholith. Where the Eocene plutons intruded the southwestern margin of the batholith, partial or complete resetting of the ages of the batholithic rocks has occurred. Porphyry copper mineralization is associated with a number of Eocene tonalite and quartz diorite porphyries in two areas along the southwestern margin of the Utuado batholith. Apparent ages for a wide variety of altered rocks (44-39 m.y. ago) in which potassium-bearing and ore minerals are cogenetic, from the Piedra Hueca, Cala Abajo, and Sapo Alegre deposits in the Rio Vivi area and from the Tanama and Helecho porphyries, 13 km to the northwest, are essentially indistinguishable from each other and from the minimum ages of unaltered Eocene plutonic rocks nearby. The apparent ages of samples with postmineralization leonhardite veins (mean 34.9 m.y.) may be due to reheating during the submergence of Puerto Rico which began in the middle Oligocene. A hiatus of plutonic activity, lasting at least 12 m.y. (58-46 m.y. ago), corresponds to a shift from calc-alkaline magmas, related to subduction, to low potassium varieties localized along preexisting structures. The Eocene magmas are believed to have been generated at shallow depth by partial melting of oceanic crust trapped between rigid blocks of Cretaceous volcanogenic material as they approached each other in response to a change of convergence directions between the Atlantic and Caribbean plates.
Hemodynamic response to tracheal intubation after vital capacity rapid inhalation induction (VCRII) with different concentrations of sevoflurane.

Abstract Study Objective: To evaluate the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) response to tracheal intubation after vital capacity rapid inhalation induction (VCRII) with four concentrations of sevoflurane followed by nitrous oxide (N 2 O) 50% and sevoflurane in concentrations administered by clinical judgment. Design: Prospective, randomized study. Setting: University teaching hospital. Patients: 60 unpremedicated, ASA physical status I and II adult patients undergoing surgery with general anesthesia. Interventions: After fentanyl 3 μg/kg, VCRII was accomplished with four concentrations of sevoflurane in O 2 : Group 1 (n = 15): sevoflurane 3%; Group 2 (n = 15): sevoflurane 4%; Group 3 (n = 15): sevoflurane 5%; and Group 4 (n = 15): sevoflurane 6%. At loss of consciousness, rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg was given, and intubation was performed 90 seconds later. Thereafter, anesthesia continued with N 2 O 50% and sevoflurane. Measurements and Main Results: BP and HR measurements were made at the ward (baseline), at loss of consciousness, and just prior to, and each minute after, tracheal intubation during a 5-minute period. The hemodynamic profile among groups was similar, with a slight hypertensive and tachycardic response to intubation. Conclusion: VCRII with sevoflurane 3% to 6% following fentanyl 3 μg/kg can be considered for blunting the hemodynamic response to tracheal intubation in healthy patients.
Surgical Management of Malignant Pleural Effusions

The two reasonable options for surgical management of malignant pleural effusions are tunneled pleural catheters and video-assisted thoracic surgery with talc pleurodesis. Successful palliation demands balancing the patient's wishes, performance status, and prognosis with the ability to obtain full lung expansion and control fluid production. There is no ideal procedure; surgical treatment must be individualized.
Assessment of Risks Associated With Cardiovascular Gene Therapy in Human Subjects

Clinical trials of cardiovascular gene therapy, whether using viral (53%) or nonviral (47%) vectors, have thus far disclosed no evidence indicative of inflammatory or other complications, including death, directly attributable to the vector used. Indeed, despite the fact that initial trials of cardiovascular gene therapy targeted patients with end-stage vascular disease, including critical limb ischemia and refractory myocardial ischemia, the mortality for patients enrolled in clinical trials of cardiovascular gene therapy reported to date compares favorably with mortality for similar groups of patients in contemporary controlled studies of medical or interventional therapies. The most common morbidity reported after cardiovascular gene transfer is lower extremity edema; in contrast to data involving genetically engineered mice, however, evidence of life- or limb-threatening edema has not been described in any patients, including patients after gene transfer for myocardial ischemia. Concerns regarding the potential for angiogenic cytokines to promote the progression of atherosclerosis are not supported by angiographic follow-up of patients with coronary or peripheral vascular disease. The levels and duration of gene expression investigated for therapeutic angiogenesis transfer have been unassociated with hemangioma formation. Likewise, there is little evidence from either preclinical or clinical studies to support the notion that the administration of angiogenic growth factors, per se, is sufficient to stimulate the growth of neoplasms. Patients enrolled in clinical studies of angiogenic cytokines, including patients with diabetes and a previous history of retinopathy, have disclosed no evidence to suggest that ocular pathology is a risk of angiogenic growth factor gene transfer.
Psychotic symptoms in Alzheimer's disease are not associated with more severe neuropathologic features.

Psychotic symptoms in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been associated with increased rates of cognitive impairment and functional decline. Prior studies have been conflicting with regard to whether AD patients with psychosis (AD+P) have evidence of more severe neuropathologic findings at postmortem exam. We examined the severity of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in six brain regions—middle frontal cortex, hippocampus, inferior parietal cortex, superior temporal cortex, occipital cortex, and transentorhinal cortex—in 24 AD+P subjects and 25 matched AD subjects without psychosis (AD-P). All analyses controlled for the presence of cortical Lewy bodies, and corrected for multiple comparisons. We found no significant associations between neuritic plaque and neurofibrillary tangle severity and AD+P, and no significant associations with any individual psychotic symptom. The association of AD+P with a more rapidly progressive course of AD appears to be mediated by a neuropathologic process other than increased severity of plaque and tangle formation.
Social disruption, state priorities, and minority threat A cross-national study of imprisonment

Understanding the use of punishment becomes increasingly important as imprisonment rates in many nations have fluctuated irrespective of crime rates. Controlling for violent crime, inequality, modernization, and economic stress, this research examined three diverse hypotheses about the sources of imprisonment in a sample of 100 nations. Consistent with expectations, nations that retained use of the death penalty had a greater use of imprisonment. More surprising was the finding of a clear and consistent relationship between imprisonment and countries with common law legal systems, as well as newly independent nation-states. Finally, this study reveals a significant – although inconsistent – association between population heterogeneity and imprisonment. While punishment research has often focused upon the relationships between economic variables and imprisonment, these findings suggest that theories of formal social control will remain incomplete until the roles of political, cultural, and structural condi...
Geochemical evidence for groundwater behavior in an unconfined aquifer, south Florida

Five well sites have been investigated along an east-west transect across the surfical aquifer system (SAS) of south Florida. Differences between rainfall during wet seasons (June–October) and evaporation during dry seasons (November–May) give surface waters of this region isotopically light (δ18O −22‰ and δD −7.6‰) and heavy (δ18O +4.2‰) compositions, respectively. Surface waters and shallow groundwaters are enriched in 18O and D to the west, which is consistent with westward decrease in equal excess of rainfall. In the shallow portion of the SAS (less than 20 m, Biscayne sub-aquifer) heterogeneous stable isotopic compositions occur over short spans of time (less than 90 days), reflecting seasonal changes in the isotopic composition of recharge and rapid flushing. Homogeneous stable isotopic compositions occur below the Biscayne sub-aquifer, marking the zone of delayed circulation. Surface evaporation calculated from a stable isotope evaporation model agrees with previously published estimates of 75–95% by physical evaporation measurements and water budget calculations. This model contains many parameters that are assumed to be mean values, but short-term variability in some of these parameters may make this model unsuitable for the application of yearly mean values. For the Everglades, changes in the isotopic composition of atmospheric vapor during the dry season may cause the model to yield anomalous results when annual mean values are used. Chloride-enriched waters (more than 280 mg 1−1) form a plume emanating from the bottom central portion of the transect. Elevated chloride concentration and light stable isotopic composition (δ18O ≈ −2‰, δD ≈ −8‰) suggest this plume is probably caused not by salinity of residual seawater in the aquifer, but by leakage from the minor artesian water-bearing zone of the Floridan aquifer system. Stable isotope values from Floridan aquifer groundwater plot close to the meteoric water line, in the same area as Everglades rainfall. These Floridan waters are interpreted to have originated in central Florida some 25 000–132 000 years ago, indicating that meteoric conditions in the Florida peninsula have changed little since late Pleistocene time.
Medical students’ attitudes toward gay men

Background: Healthcare providers’ attitudes toward sexual minorities influence patient comfort and outcomes. This study characterized medical student attitudes toward gay men, focusing on behavior, personhood, gay civil rights, and male toughness. Methods: A cross-sectional web-based anonymous survey was sent to medical students enrolled at the University of California, Davis (N=371) with a response rate of 68%. Results: Few respondents expressed negative attitudes toward gay men or would deny them civil rights. More negative responses were seen with respect to aspects of intimate behavior and homosexuality as a natural form of sexual expression. Men and students younger than 25 years old were more likely to endorse negative attitudes toward behavior as well as more traditional views on male toughness. Conclusions: We show that an important minority of students express discomfort with the behavior of gay men and hold to a narrow construction of male identity. These findings suggest that competency training must move beyond conceptual discussions and address attitudes toward behaviors through new pedagogical approaches.
Autonomous buffer controller design for concurrent execution in block level pipelined dataflow

This paper presents a method of generating configurable controller structure for concurrent processing of memory centric coarse grain data flows. The controller can be incorporated in both proposed block level pipelining and traditional fine grain pipelining. The proposed controller isolates controls for buffer and logic such that system integration is simplified while controllers are locally configured from orthogonal global information.
Mechanisms of Radiation‐Induced Strand Break Formation in DNA

The mechanisms by which γ-radiation produces strand breaks in DNA were investigated using model systems: breakage of the sugar phosphate bond of deoxynucleotides irradiated in aqueous solution was equated to a reaction which would produce a strand break in DNA. Release of inorganic phosphate from 5′ deoxynucleotides is caused by a radiation-produced hydroxyl radical abstracting a hydrogen atom from the deoxyribose moiety. Decay of the sugar radical so formed leads to phosphate release. After release of inorganic phosphate from deoxycytidylic acid two products are formed which consist of the cytosine base moiety attached to two or three carbon atoms of the sugar. Radioprotective sulphydryl compounds can repair the sugar radical by donation of a hydrogen atom to the damaged site. In thymidine 3′5′ diphosphate, reaction of OH* radicals with the base moiety as well as with the sugar can lead to inorganic phosphate release, both reactions leading to breakage of both 3′ and 5′ sugar phosphate bonds in the same molecule. When thymidine 3′5′ diphosphate is irradiated in the presence of oxygen, labile phosphate esters are produced in yields which are large compared to the inorganic phosphate yield. Reaction of 5-bromouracil moieties in DNA with hydrated electrons can also lead to strand break production. Transfer of the electron to 5-bromouracil from the thymine anion radical was found to be an efficient reaction. Other species such as HCO2−, O2−, and the cytosine anion radical can also donate electrons to 5-bromouracil. The results and conclusions of these experiments are discussed with reference to reactions which could occur in DNA.
Assessment and Mapping of the Riverine Hydrokinetic Resource in the Continental United States

This report describes the methodology and results of the most rigorous assessment to date of the riverine hydrokinetic energy resource in the contiguous 48 states and Alaska, excluding tidal waters. The assessment provides estimates of the gross, naturally available resource, termed the theoretical resource, as well as estimates, termed the technically recoverable resource, that account for selected technological factors affecting capture and conversion of the theoretical resource. The technically recoverable resource does not account for all technical constraints on energy capture and conversion.
Human Rights and Extreme Poverty. Note by the Secretary-General. Report of the Independent Expert on the Question of Human Rights and Extreme Poverty. The Importance of Social Protection Measures in Achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

The report highlights the importance of social protection measures in the Millennium Development Goals agenda. It also stresses that social protection measures designed, implemented and evaluated within the framework of a rights-based approach are more likely to ensure the achievement of the Goals and to result in long-term improvements. In addition, the report argues that the use of a rights-based approach to social protection can maximize synergies across the Millennium Development Goals and have greater effect in terms of reducing extreme poverty and inequality. The UN independent expert outlines the main features of a rights-based approach to social protection. She pays particular attention to gender related concerns as one of the core components of such an approach. The report calls on States to devote increased attention to the issue of gender equality while designing, implementing and evaluating social protection programmes within a human rights framework.
Preparation and Properties of Polydienes

Abstract In summary there are presented some new data on the initiation step for poly-(butadiene) polymerization with the AlEt3-Ni-BF3 catalyst which describe what appears to be a “settling down” period of newborn chains at the π-bonded nickel catalyst site. This leads to a segment of higher trans content at the end of each high cis-1,4-poly(butadiene) chain. Comparisons between nickel and cobalt catalysts seem to point up their differences rather than their similarities. We have described the role of water in effectively changing the identity of the aluminum alkyl which in turn has a marked effect on the polymerization rate, on the polymer molecular weight and the extent of crosslinking.
The Final Report and Recommendations of the Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy: A Summary

On March 1, 1981, the Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy submitted its report to the President and each House of Congress. The Commission had been authorized by law to conduct a study that would take into account both the statutory provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act and the practical implementation of these provisions, their impact upon political, social and economic trends in the United States ?and upon human life, the lives of not only those persons whose native land is the United States, but also those na? tionals of other countries who desire to live in the United States, either temporarily or permanently.
Early Woodland Black Sand Occupation in the Lower Missouri Valley, Western Missouri

Archaeologists have long been concerned about the incomplete record of Early Woodland evidence in the Midwest. Many broad geographic areas have not even been superficially surveyed, much less systematically researched for evidence of early ceramic cultures, which include Marion and various Black Sand phases. The Missouri River drainage between St. Louis and Kansas City has been targeted as a significant regional gap (Farnsworth 1986a:2). Recent investigations, however, have indicated that the Black Sand pottery type is more widespread than once believed. This article examines artifact evidence and provides information regarding Early Woodland artifact assemblages, settlement patterns and lithic exploitation strategies.
Colorectal cancer screening: making sense of the different guidelines.

Screening for colorectal cancer, as called for by new guidelines from three different groups, should result in a lower mortality rate from this disease. This paper reviews the guidelines’ similarities and differences and gives our recommendations for situations in which the data remain incomplete and controversy persists.
Leninist Mythology and Reform

The politician who seeks to forge a coalition for political and socioeconomic change must encourage bandwagoning, discourage fence-sitting, and weaken opposition. Criticism of the past can advance each of these goals as well as provide information on the potential effectiveness of the various reforms under consideration. But although historical criticism may undermine the cultural and institutional obstacles to reform and prepare individuals and organizations for new political and socioeconomic identities, the reformer must be sensitive to the risks posed by this strategy. Not surprisingly, a common theme in the literature on leadership and innovation is the need to maintain political equilibrium during the process of reform. James March and Johan Olsen point to the delicate balancing act of the reformer, noting that is easier “to produce change through shock than it is to control what new combination of institutions and practices will evolve from the shock.”1
Illuminating the Phenomenological Challenges of Cross-Cultural Supervision

The authors discuss transference enactments that occur during cross-cultural supervision. Previous research has shown that few mental health professionals willingly talk about race during supervisi...
Resilience mediates the relationship between social support and post-traumatic stress symptoms in police officers.

Objective: Police officers in the New Orleans geographic area faced a number of challenges following Hurricane Katrina in 2005 . Design: This cross-sectional study examined gratitude, resilience, and satisfaction with life as mediators in the association between social support and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in 82 male and 31 female police officers. The Gratitude Questionnaire, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List were used to measure gratitude, resilience, satisfaction with life, and social support, respectively. PTSD symptoms were measured using the PTSD Checklist-Civilian (PCL-C). Ordinary least square regression mediation analysis was used to estimate direct and indirect effects among gratitude, resilience, satisfaction with life, social support, and PTSD symptoms. All models were adjusted for age, alcohol, race, and previous military experience . Results: Mean PCL-C symptoms were 29.1 (standard deviation [SD] = 14.4) for females and 27.9 (SD = 12.1) for males. There was no direct relationship between social support and PTSD symptoms (c 9 = −0.041; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.199, 0.117) independent of the indirect effect through resilience (effect = −0.038; 95%CI = −0.099, −0.002). Neither gratitude (effect = −0.066; 95% CI = −0.203, 0.090) nor satisfaction with life (effect = −0.036, 95% CI = −0.131, 0.046) contribute to the indirect effect. Conclusions: These results indicate that resilience mediates the relationship between social support and symptoms of PTSD. Targeting social support and resilience in officers may facilitate reduction of PTSD symptoms .
Enhancing and Enchanting Reality through 3D Displays

A great deal of attention has recently been given to Augmented Reality (AR), but a different view of how the digital and physical worlds can be merged involves not wearable displays but rather taking the connectivity, responsiveness, and context-awareness usually associated with mobile applications and situating them in the physical environment. In this paper I discuss how 3D displays and appropriate interaction models can be a central part of this approach and give some examples from my group’s research.
Mentalizing Domains and Belief in God

Mentalizing, otherwise termed theory of mind or mindreading, is a cognitive ability that enables reasoning about the mental states of others and is theorized to be important for belief in supernatural agents. Further research is needed to investigate the nature of mentalizing itself and its relationship to belief in supernatural agents. The present study includes multiple measures of mentalizing enabling better examination of the relationships among these measures and their relationship to belief in supernatural agents. Two research questions are asked. First, is mentalizing a single construct, or do multiple domains of mentalizing exist? Second, are various measures of mentalizing related to belief in supernatural agents? Results reveal that some measures of mentalizing are interrelated, though not all are, and some measures are related to belief in supernatural agents. These findings suggest that arguments for the existence of a single mentalizing construct that is related to belief in supernatural beings may be insufficient.
Micro-fabrication and Nano-fabrication of Photonic Crystals

For the past decade, the operating wavelength λ of photonic crystal structures has progressed rapidly from millimeter waves to infrared and even to optical wavelengths of λ= 400nm − 1,500 nm [1–8]. The fabrication methos has also evolved dramatically. It started from the early mechanical drilling of dielectric holes to the most recent micro- and nano-fabrication of dielectric materials using either lithographical [8–9] or chemical methods [10–11]. In this article, I intend to give an overview of photonic crystal structures created using advanced semiconductor processing techniques.
A Pattern-Based Tool for Knowledge Management in Virtual Projects

Modern businesses face many challenges in today’s increasingly complex environment characterized by uncertainty, rapid change, technological innovation and globalization. This necessitates the need for organizations to effectively share and manage knowledge to improve operational efficiency and enhance competitiveness. The ability to leverage knowledge effectively distinguishes a competitive firm from others. The increasing use of virtual projects and teams has presented challenges to effective knowledge sharing. This paper describes a software tool to facilitate knowledge management in virtual projects. Based on previous theoretical and empirical work on the notion of patterns in virtual projects by Khazanchi and Zigurs (2005, and 2008), a tool is developed to support the capturing of such patterns. Following a brief summary of the foundational concepts, the main components of the pattern-based knowledge management tool are described. Also discussed are the ways in which the tool can facilitate knowledge creation and knowledge transfer in virtual projects.
Mobile Health Technology for Improving Symptom Management in Low Income Persons Living with HIV

Persons living with HIV (PLWH) are living longer but experiencing more adverse symptoms associated with the disease and its treatment. This study aimed to examine the impact of a mHealth application (app) comprised of evidence-based self-care strategies on the symptom experience of PLWH. We conducted a 12-week feasibility study with 80 PLWH who were randomized (1:1) to a mHealth app, mobile Video Information Provider (mVIP), with self-care strategies for improving 13 commonly experienced symptoms in PLWH or to a control app. Intervention group participants showed a significantly greater improvement than the control group in 5 symptoms: anxiety (p = 0.001), depression (p = 0.001), neuropathy (p = 0.002), fever/chills/sweat (p = 0.037), and weight loss/wasting (p = 0.020). Participants in the intervention group showed greater improvement in adherence to their antiretroviral medications (p = 0.017) as compared to those in the control group. In this 12-week trial, mVIP was associated with improved symptom burden and increased medication adherence in PLWH.
Modeling soft core-shell colloids using stochastic hard collision dynamics

Abstract The equilibrium structure and thermodynamic behavior of a soft matter suspension of hard-core soft-shell (HCSS) colloids have been modeled using stochastic hard collision (SHC) dynamics [Craven et al., J. Chem. Phys. 2013, 138, 244901]. SHC dynamics includes the effects of inter-penetrability of soft particles while retaining the computational efficiency of hard collision dynamics. The HCSS colloids are characterized using two parameters: softness parameter (a measure of the propensity toward interpenetration), and core-to-shell ratio. In both, molecular dynamics and Monte-Carlo simulations, the softness parameter is seen to profoundly affect the effective packing fraction and the thermodynamic behavior of the system. Once we accounted for the trivial effects from changes in the reduced volume fraction on changing softness, we found that the inter-particle penetration continues to affect this thermodynamic behavior. The structural origin of this nontrivial effect likely lies in the loss of translational order upon increasing softness.
The configurational-forces view of the nucleation and propagation of fracture and healing in elastomers as a phase transition

In a recent contribution, Kumar et al. (J Mech Phys Solids 112:523–551, 2018) have introduced a macroscopic theory aimed at describing, explaining, and predicting the nucleation and propagation of fracture and healing in elastomers undergoing arbitrarily large quasistatic deformations. The purpose of this paper is to present an alternative derivation of this theory—originally constructed as a generalization of the variational theory of brittle fracture of Francfort and Marigo (J Mech Phys Solids 46:1319–1342, 1998) to account for physical attributes innate to elastomers that have been recently unveiled by experiments at high spatio-temporal resolution—cast as a phase transition within the framework of configurational forces. A second objective of this paper is to deploy the theory to probe new experimental results on healing in silicone elastomers.
Marginal Hosting Capacity Calculation for Electric Vehicle Integration in Active Distribution Networks

Hosting capacity calculations provide significant benefits in optimizing the amount of additional generation and/or consumption to be added to a distribution grid without the need for additional investments. This paper presents an efficient mathematical model for calculating the marginal hosting capacity of distribution nodes. It can be used to identify the maximum possible change in generation/consumption of each specific node and further identify the nodes that are more impactful in using available network capacity. The model will be of specific importance in integration of electric vehicles (EVs) to the distribution grid. The proposed model is solved in two stages based on a linear power flow model. Numerical studies are conducted on a test radial distribution network to demonstrate the effectiveness and applications of the proposed model.
PERFORMANCE OF A MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELL AND BATTERY SYSTEM

Abstract Single- and multi-cell performance data are presented for a molten-carbonate fuel cell system at 600°C. Hydrogen, reformed propane, and an equimolar solution of methanol and water are used as fuels. Air is used as oxidant. The system permits reliable operation for at least 1000 hr. Resistance to both thermal and mechanical shock is demonstrated. Performance data for a promising battery module are given.
Challenges of driving CD30-directed CAR-T cells to the clinic

Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells are a promising new treatment for patients with relapsed or refractory hematologic malignancies, including lymphoma. Given the success of CAR-T cells directed against CD19, new targets are being developed and tested, since not all lymphomas express CD19. CD30 is promising target as it is universally expressed in virtually all classical Hodgkin lymphomas, anaplastic large cell lymphomas, and in a proportion of other lymphoma types, including cutaneous T cell lymphomas and diffuse large B cell lymphomas. Preclinical studies with CD30-directed CAR-T cells support the feasibility of this approach. Recently, two clinical trials of CD30-directed CAR-T cells in relapsed/refractory CD30+ lymphomas, including Hodgkin lymphoma, have been reported with minimal toxicities noted and preliminary efficacy seen in a proportion of patients. However, improving the persistence and expansion of CAR-T cells is key to further enhancing the efficacy of this treatment approach. Future directions include optimizing the lymphodepletion regimen, enhancing migration to the tumor site, and combination with other immune regulators. Several ongoing and upcoming clinical trials of CD30-directed CAR-T cells are expected to further enhance this approach to treat patients with relapsed and refractory CD30+ lymphomas.
Detection of Spicy Compounds Using the Electronic Tongue

The consumption of spicy food products has increased, resulting in an increased demand for these products. The sensory evaluation of foods containing spicy compounds provides challenges due to their trigeminal innervation and associated sensory fatigue. Thus, for the routine evaluation of spices, a need exists for rapid and objective methods of analysis; the electronic tongue (e-tongue) provides a potential solution. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of the e-tongue to distinguish among spicy compounds at varying concentrations. Due to the diversity of spicy compounds, seven spicy compounds were selected: capsaicin, thymol, piperine, zingerone, p-cymene, menthol, and eugenol. For each of these compounds, a low concentration (1.427 × 10-5 to 0.85 mg/L), medium concentration (2.854 × 10-5 to 1.49 mg/L), and high concentration (0.0133 to 30.5 mg/L) were analyzed by the e-tongue. For each compound, the e-tongue discriminated among the concentrations with discrimination indices between 72% to 84%. Based on the responses of the e-tongue sensors, the samples formed three clusters. Cluster 1 contained menthol, eugenol, and p-cymene, cluster 2 contained capsaicin and thymol, and cluster 3 contained piperine and zingerone. Same-different sensory testing was completed on a representative sample from each cluster. Untrained consumers (n = 80) distinguished among the three clusters, verifying the clusters identified by the e-tongue. These results demonstrated that the e-tongue could be applicable in product development and the routine evaluation of spicy products. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: As the e-tongue differentiated among spicy compounds in an effective manner, it could be used instead of or alongside sensory evaluation when evaluating spicy compounds to reduce sensory fatigue associated with routine testing. Utilizing the e-tongue for spicy products will be an important area of research as the market for such products continues to grow.