cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU-DD-A2-01: 4D Dose Verification of Treatment Plans Involving Intra-Fraction Motion

Purpose: To report on a tool that automatically extracts the intra‐fraction motion from a 4D CT dataset and integrates the information with treatment planning which allows accurate calculation of delivered dose in each fraction and in the presence of respiratory motion. Method: For this project, we have integrated the ITK/VTK libraries with a commercial planning system, Eclipse (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA). The 4D registration tool provided a smooth description of the respiratory motion and was used to map contours delineated in one phase to all phases of a 4D CT dataset. Resulting segmentation was saved in DICOM format and imported together with the associated datasets in Eclipse. Dose calculation and dose‐volume histograms were calculated directly for each phase of the dataset using the original beam fluences. The dose in each phase can be added or subtracted directly in Eclipse to provide the dose summation over the whole respiratory cycle or to inspect the dose differences between phases produced by motion. Computation of 4D DVHs for static, serial organ such as the spinal cord is possible directly with Eclipse. For moving parallel organs such as the lung, we provide an independent DICOM‐compliant tool to sum‐up individual dose matrixes taking into account organ motion. Results: Dose differences between the inhalation phase (used for planning) and the exhalation phase can be easily assessed using the plan evaluation tool. By summing treatment plans for each phase, comparison of the planned and delivered dose distributions can be assessed in treatment planning.Conclusion: Individual dose verification of treatment plans in presence of intra‐fraction motion is possible using available commercial treatment planning systems.
Daily dry matter intake to sustain body weight of mature, nonlactating, nonpregnant cows.

To quantify the relationship between DM consumption, the ability to sustain BW per unit of DMI (BW stasis), and days to reach BW equilibrium among diverse cattle breeds, weekly individual cow BW and DMI data were recorded for mature, nonpregnant, and nonlactating cows sampled from Angus, Braunvieh, Charolais, Hereford, Gelbvieh, Limousin, Pinzgauer, Red Poll, and Simmental breeds. Within each breed, cows were assigned to receive 1 of 4 daily DM allowances (56, 76, 93, or 111 g.BW(-0.75, kg)) of a ground alfalfa hay-corn grain-based diet. Cows were housed in pens (space for 4 animals/pen) in open-front barns and fed individually using head gates. During the first 60 d of the experiment, BW were recorded every 28 d, after which BW were recorded on a weekly basis until the cows were determined to have attained BW equilibrium. Individual cows were determined to be at BW equilibrium when the rate of weekly BW change did not differ from 0 over an 8-wk period. The number of days to reach BW equilibrium was not affected (P > 0.79) by breed but was affected by the daily DM allowance (P 0.05). The change in rank of breed estimates for BW stasis suggests a breed x nutrition interaction for BW stasis.
GROWTH AND NITROGEN ABSORPTION OF WHEAT SEEDLINGS AS INFLUENCED BY THE AMMONIUM : NITRATE RATIO AND THE HYDROGEN‐ION CONCENTRATION

. 1910. Uber den systematischen Wert der "physiologischen Scheiden" und ihrer Verstiirkungen bei den Wurzeln. Bot. Zeit. 68:137-146. WASICKY, R., AND E. AMARANT. 1934. Der ristochemische Nachweis von Fetten, I. Phar. Presse Jahrb. Wiss. 1:1-4. WILLIA.S, B. C. 1947. The structure of the meristematic root tip and origin of the primary tissues in the roots of vascular plants. Amer. Jour. Bot. 34:455-462.
The experience of criticism

In seeking an alternative to objectivity in criticism we often characterize the critical experience as something produced by the critic's mind. Such an assumption causes us to embrace the very metaphysics that justifies objectivity in the first place. We can escape the dilemma by recognizing the role of appreciation in some criticism. The appreciative critic cares for what‐is‐as‐it‐is and so is open to the disclosures of sensual(aesthetic) revelation.
Spherical electrostatic electron spectrometer

Abstract A high transmission, low energy spherical electrostatic electron spectrometer particularly suited to the geometry required for Mossbauer-conversion electron spectroscopy was built. A transmission of 13% at an energy resolution of 2% was obtained with an 0.5 cm diameter source of 13.6 keV electrons. Applications to the study of hyperfine interactions of surfaces and interfaces are discussed.
Drosophila glycom: Approach for the functional analysis by Drosophila RNAi system

Elucidation of the biological role of glycan is one of the most important subjects to be resolved following the genome project. Glycosylation of proteins and lipids is performed in the Golgi apparatus by glycosyltransferases, which are responsible for synthesizing the huge diversity of complex oligosaccharides attached to glycoproteins and glycolipids. Our molecular evolutionary study showed that a prototype of each glycosyltransferase was conserved in Drosophila, suggesting common roles of glycans in humans and Drosophila.RNA interference (RNAi) was first reported in 1998 as a biological response of C. elegans to exogeneous double-strand RNA (dsRNA), which induces sequence-specific gene silencing. It is a multi-step process including the generation of active small interfering RNA (siRNA) by reaction with an RNase III endonuclease, Dicer. The resulting 21- to 23-nt siRNA mediates degeneration of the complementary homologous RNA. RNAi has recently emerged as a powerful reverse genetics tool for studying gene function in many model organisms, including Drosophila.To analyze the basic physiological functions of glycans, we established the Drosophila RNAi knock down system of glycosyltransferases and verified the system using the Drosophila proteoglycan UDP-galactose: β-xylose β1, 4galactosyltransferase I (dβ4GalTI). The expression of the target gene was disrupted specifically and the degree of interference was correlated with the phenotype. This study was the first to use reverse genetics, RNA interference, to study Drosophila glycosyltransferase systematically. The inducible glycosyltransferase RNAi knock down fly obtained using the GAL4-UAS system will open a new way for the analysis of the biological role of glycans.
Binding of catechols to mononuclear titanium(IV) and to 1- and 5-nm TiO2 nanoparticles.

The binding of catechol derivatives (LH2 = catechol, 4-methyl catechol, 4-t-butyl catechol, and dopamine) to 1- and 4.7-nm TiO2 nanoparticles in aqueous, pH 3.5 suspensions has been characterized by UV−vis spectroscopy. The binding constants derived from Benesi−Hildebrand plots are (2−4) × 103 M−1 for the 1-nm nanoparticles and (0.4–1) × 104 M−1 for the 4.7-nm particles. TiIVL3 complexes were prepared from the same catechols. The L = methyl catechol, and dopamine complexes are reported for the first time. The TiL3 reduction potentials are not very sensitive to the nature of the catechol nor evidently are the binding constants to TiO2 nanoparticles. The intense (e ≥ 103 M−1 cm−1), about 400-nm, ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) absorptions of the nanoparticle complexes are compared with those of the TiL3 complexes (e ~ 104 M−1 cm−1) which lie in the same spectral region. The nanoparticle colors are attributed (as are the colors of the TiIVL3 complexes) to the tails of the about 400-nm LMCT bands.
A coupled system of ODEs and quasilinear hyperbolic PDEs arising in a multiscale blood flow model

We study a coupled system of ordinary differential equations and quasilinear hyperbolic partial differential equations that models a blood circulatory system in the human body. The mathematical system is a multiscale model in which a part of the system, where the flow can be regarded as Newtonian and homogeneous, and the vessels are long and large, is modeled by a set of hyperbolic PDEs in a one-spatial-dimensional network, and in the other part, where either vessels are too thin or the flow pattern is too complicated (such as in the heart), the flow is modeled as a lumped element by a set of ordinary differential equations as an analog of an electric circuit. The mathematical system consists of pairs of PDEs, one pair for each vessel, coupled at each junction through a system of ODEs. This model is a generalization of the widely studied models of arterial networks. We give a proof of the well-posedness of the initial-boundary value problem by showing that the classical solution exists, is unique, and depends continuously on initial, boundary and forcing functions and their derivatives.
Sound production evoked by electrical stimulation of the forebrain in the oyster toadfish

In mammals, birds and amphibians the neural pathways controlling sound production descend from higher centers in the forebrain, whereas in fishes only brainstem and spinal centers have been explicitly implicated in sound production. We now report that electrical stimulation of the forebrain of the oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau) readily evokes both the agonistic grunt and the courtship boatwhistle. Boatwhistles are more realistic than ones previously evoked from lower centers. Positive stimulation sites are localized in the preoptic area (nucleus preopticus parvocellularis anterior) and the supracommissural nucleus of the ventral telencephalon, a likely homologue of the amygdala. Both sites contain gonadal steroid-concentrating neurons and play a central role in fish courtship behavior. Evoked sounds form a continuum from knock grunts, burst grunts, transition boatwhistles to complete boatwhistles; sound pressure level (SPL), fundamental frequency and duration increase consistently within the continuum. For all sound types, SPLs exhibit the smallest variation (coefficients of variation of 2.7 to 5.7%), fundamental frequency is intermediate (5 to 13%) and durations vary most widely (18 to 60%). Boatwhistles, with the smallest variation and greatest amplitude, are likely generated by a maximal output of the CNS and sonic muscles. Grunt SPLs however, vary over a range of 26 dB for all fish and by as much as 18 dB in an individual, suggesting recruitment of variable numbers of motor units despite electrical coupling within the sonic motor nucleus.
Molecular Orbital Basis for Yellow Curry Spice Curcumin's Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease

It is demonstrated by using high-level ab initio computations that the yellow curcumin pigment, bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-diene-3,5-dione, in the east Indian root plant turmeric (Curcuma longa) exhibits unique charge and bonding characteristics that facilitate penetration into the blood−brain barrier and binding to amyloid β (Aβ). Alzheimer's disease is caused by Aβ accumulation in the brain cells combined with oxidative stress and inflammation. Consistent with the recent experimental work by Cole and co-workers (Yang, F., et al. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 280, 5892−5901) that demonstrates curcumin pigment's binding ability to Aβ both in vivo and in vitro, it is shown here that curcumin possesses suitable charge and bonding features to facilitate the binding to Aβ. In addition, curcumin's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties are also attributed to electronic and structural features. It is shown that the presence of an enolic center and two phenolic polar groups separated by an essentially hydro...
Cultivation of Talents with Creative and Scientific Thinking Guided by a Clear Principle of Running a School

The principle of running a school is a key to undertake university education. The paper mentions a new principle of ldquorunning a school with science, democracy and opennessrdquo. Based on this principle and in the light of our country, namely to productions in our country with a lower proportion of intellectual property rights, and with a lack of originality and core technology, it is mentioned that we should solve the existing problems closely connected with the national economy and the people's livelihood and national defense industry, keeping the idea of being people oriented. The paper puts forward several measures of cultivation of talents with creative and scientific thinking during the university education from the different perspectives, aiming at promoting the academic level and innovative competence of our technological talents.
Posttraumatic mental and physical health correlates of forgiveness and religious coping in military veterans

This study assessed mental and physical health correlates of dispositional forgiveness and religious coping responses in 213 help-seeking veterans diagnosed with PTSD. Controlling for age, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, combat exposure, and hostility, the results indicated that difficulty forgiving oneself and negative religious coping were related to depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptom severity. Difficulty forgiving others was associated with depression and PTSD symptom severity, but not anxiety. Positive religious coping was associated with PTSD symptom severity in this sample. Further investigations that delineate the relevance of forgiveness and religious coping in PTSD may enhance current clinical assessment and treatment approaches.
The half life of plutonium-240

Abstract The α-particle-emission rates of 240 Pu in solution were determined from defined-solid-angle-counter measurements. These results were combined with 240 Pu data obtained from other laboratories, and the half life of 240 Pu was calculated to be 6552.2 mean tropical years. Associated with this value is a standard deviation of the mean of ±2.0 years and a systematic uncertainty limit of ±13.8 years.
Nucleolar-cytoplasmic transport of RNA in livers of rats fed a deficient diet.

Abstract Electron microscopic autoradiographic studies were conducted on livers of young female rats that were force-fed a complete or threonine-devoid diet for 3 days. Groups of control and experimental rats were killed on the fourth morning 15 or 60 min after intraperitoneally administering [ 3 H]orotic acid. The electron microscopic autoradiographs of liver sections revealed grains attributed to RNA overlying or adjacent to several small nucleoli of hepatocytes of control rats. In contrast, the livers of the experimental rats revealed grains overlying single enlarged nucleoli and often they were present at the nucleolar-nuclear membrane junctions. Grains appearing in the cytoplasm of the livers of experimental rats were observed in the vicinity of the nucleolar base where it was attached to the nuclear membrane. Thus our results suggest that newly synthesized nucleolar RNA of the livers of rats force-fed a threonine-devoid diet migrates in the nucleolus toward its base at the nucleolar-nuclear membrane junction and then exits from the nucleus through the nuclear pores to enter the cytoplasm.
Secondary ion mass spectrometry for the measurement of 232Th/230Th in volcanic rocks

A technique is presented for the determination of 232Th/230Th in volcanic rocks by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The technique utilizes a large format high-resolution, high-transmission ion microprobe, the Cameca IMS 1270. Although samples of chemically separated Th are required, these samples demand no special treatment in addition to that already utilized in thermal ionization mass spectrometry. This SIMS technique has considerable advantages in terms of sample size requirement, ease of sample loading, and rapidity of analysis over existing techniques, while providing an overall reproducibility of 0.5%–1.0%. Replicates of standard reference materials and rock materials already characterized by other techniques show excellent agreement with established values, supporting the reliability and accuracy of this new method.
Chemoarchitecture of GABAergic neurons in the ferret superior colliculus.

gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons are thought to play a key role both in visual processing and in the complex sensory-motor transformations that take place in the mammalian superior colliculus. To understand the organization of GABAergic neurons in the ferret superior colliculus, we applied antisera to several markers of GABAergic function, including GABA, two isoforms of its synthetic enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-65 and GAD-67), and the GABA transporter, GAT-1. We also applied antisera to several calcium binding proteins (calbindin [CB], calretinin [CR], and parvalbumin [PV]) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS), chemical markers that colocalize with GABA in some areas of the central nervous system. The distribution of GABAergic neurons in the ferret is similar to that of other mammalian species. GABAergic neurons in the ferret superior colliculus were small, morphologically diverse, and widely distributed throughout all layers of the colliculus. As has been shown in other mammalian species, neurons expressing PV, CB, CR, and NOS were differentially distributed in layers and patches throughout the ferret colliculus. None of these markers, however, showed a distribution that mirrored that of GABAergic neurons. Furthermore, few GABAergic neurons colocalized these neurochemical markers. Only 14% of GABAergic neurons in the superficial layers and 18% of neurons in the deeper layers colocalized PV, 14% of GABAergic neurons in the superficial layers and 10% in the deeper layers colocalized CB, and only 1% of GABAergic neurons in both the superficial and deep layers colocalized nitric oxide synthase. Thus, the arrangement of GABAergic neurons in the ferret superior colliculus is broadly distributed and is distinct from other recognized organizational patterns in the superior colliculus.
Effect of aramine-induced smooth muscle contraction on length-tension diagrams of venous strips.

The elastic properties of helically cut strips of peripheral veins of dogs were studied. Length-tension diagrams of relaxed venous strips are compared With those obtained when the smooth muscle of the strip is contracted in the presence of a long-acting sympathomimetic agent, Aramine. Sustained strong, muscular contraction is always associated with a change in the shape of the length-tension curve and a marked decrease in the extensibility of the tissue. The contribution to total strip tension of the smooth muscle relative to that of other tissue elements appears to be greater in this preparation than it is in certain previously described arterial tissues. Aramine causes smooth muscle contraction of the isolated vein strip in concentrations comparable to those probably achieved in vivo. This fact supports the hypothesis that Aramine can alter the pressure-volume characteristics of the venous bed in intact animals.
A compendium of innovative nursing leadership projects: the American Organization of Nurse Executives' 2001 poster presentations.

T HE AMERICAN ORGANIZATION of Nurse Executives (AONE) is the national organization representing nurses in executive practice in diverse leadership roles and settings. Each year the AONE’s annual meeting is attended by more than 1,200 nurses and others interested in healthcare and innovative nursing leadership. At that meeting the business of the organization is conducted, networking among participants occurs, and educational content is presented by national and international experts. A unique part of the AONE meeting is the opportunity for members and other nurse leaders to submit innovative projects, models, and education via poster session. This article will present information on the AONE priorities for education and research, the AONE poster selection process and, most importantly, highlight abstracts of innovative nursing leadership projects presented at the 2001 AONE annual meeting.
The promise and potential pitfalls of chimeric antigen receptors

One important purpose of T cell engineering is to generate tumor-targeted T cells through the genetic transfer of antigen-specific receptors, which consist of either physiological, MHC-restricted T cell receptors (TCRs) or non MHC-restricted chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). CARs combine antigen-specificity and T cell activating properties in a single fusion molecule. First generation CARs, which included as their signaling domain the cytoplasmic region of the CD3ζ or Fc receptor γ chain, effectively redirected T cell cytotoxicity but failed to enable T cell proliferation and survival upon repeated antigen exposure. Receptors encompassing both CD28 and CD3ζ are the prototypes for second generation CARs, which are now rapidly expanding to a diverse array of receptors with different functional properties. First generation CARs have been tested in phase I clinical studies in patients with ovarian cancer, renal cancer, lymphoma, and neuroblastoma, where they have induced modest responses. Second generation CARs, which are just now entering the clinical arena in the B cell malignancies and other cancers, will provide a more significant test for this approach. If the immunogenicity of CARs can be averted, the versatility of their design and HLA-independent antigen recognition will make CARs tools of choice for T cell engineering for the development of targeted cancer immunotherapies.
Stanley Diamond and the dialectics of his African encounter

Dr. Stanley Diamond was an enigmatic and provocative scholar, poet, ethnolinguist, and anthropologist. A genuinely concerned universalist, though unorthodox, he reached into the lives of nations and peoples from Native American Iroquois, on to Arab villagers, Jews of an Israeli Kibbutz, and numerous ethnic groups within the African continent, such as the Anagutas, the Yorubas and especially the Ibos of Nigeria. One wonders what drove this anthropologist. What did he find special and irresistible about Africa and its peoples? Sharp witted, charismatic and penetrating, Diamond answered many questions on cultural divergences, primitivism, civilization, and racial differences. He also provoked many other unanswered questions which continue to gnaw at each one of us. In his various writings Diamond raised questions concerning issues of civilization and culture, language and literature, especially poetry and its functions in both traditional and industrial societies, concepts of the sacred, human existence and individuation and the drama of life and death. The crisis of civilization catalyzed by fascism and the horrors of the Second World War informed his anthropology and his active support of oppressed peoples. He supported the African cause when Africa was still divided among colonial regimes and very few scholars dared oppose the status quo of world political and military order. Before any African countries gained political independence, he
Protection against nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae challenges by mucosal vaccination with a detoxified lipooligosaccharide conjugate in two chinchilla models

Otitis media (OM) can occur following outset of upper respiratory tract infections. Inhibition of bacterial colonization in nasopharynx (NP) by mucosal vaccination may prevent OM by reducing bacterial invasion of the middle ears (MEs). In this study, 80 chinchillas were intranasally (i.n.) immunized with a detoxified lipooligosaccharide (dLOS)-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) mixed with cholera toxin (CT) or CT alone. All vaccinated animals responded with elevated levels of mucosal and serum anti-LOS antibodies. Two weeks after the last immunization, 40 chinchillas were challenged i.n. with NTHi to evaluate NP colonization and ME infection while the rest of the animals were challenged transbullarly (T.B.) to examine the development of OM. Compared to the control group, the vaccination inhibited not only bacterial colonization in NP and transmission to MEs in the i.n. challenge group but also bacterial colonization in NP and transmission to unchallenged ears in the T.B. challenge group. Though no difference was found in the challenged ears of either group right after the T.B. challenge, an early clearance of NTHi from NP and unchallenged ears as well as less severity of OM in the unchallenged ears were observed in vaccinated animals. Current results along with our previous data indicate that mucosal vaccination is capable of inhibiting NTHi NP colonization and preventing OM occurrence in chinchillas; the i.n. challenge model is preferable for testing the mucosal vaccines while the T.B. challenge model is superior for testing the systemic vaccines.
An autosomal locus that controls chromosome-wide replication timing and mono-allelic expression

Mammalian DNA replication initiates at multiple sites along chromosomes at different times, following a temporal replication program. Homologous alleles typically replicate synchronously; however, mono-allelically expressed genes such as imprinted genes, allelically excluded genes and genes on the female X chromosome replicate asynchronously. We have used a chromosome engineering strategy to identify a human autosomal locus that controls this replication timing program in cis. We show that Cre/loxP-mediated rearrangements at a discrete locus at 6q16.1 result in delayed replication of the entire chromosome. This locus displays asynchronous replication timing that is coordinated with other mono-allelically expressed genes on chromosome 6. Characterization of this locus revealed mono-allelic expression of a large intergenic non-coding RNA, which we have named asynchronous replication and autosomal RNA on chromosome 6, ASAR6. Finally, disruption of this locus results in the activation of the previously silent alleles of linked mono-allelically expressed genes. We previously found that chromosome rearrangements involving eight different autosomes display delayed replication timing, and that cells containing chromosomes with delayed replication timing have a 30-80-fold increase in the rate at which new gross chromosomal rearrangements occurred. Taken together, these observations indicate that human autosomes contain discrete cis-acting loci that control chromosome-wide replication timing, mono-allelic expression and the stability of entire chromosomes.
Crystal Chemistry and Phase Equilibria in the System CdO‐PbO‐O

The subsolidus portion of the system CdO-PbO-O was investigated at high temperatures and oxygen pressures in cold-seal pressure vessels. Specially prepared cadmium hydroxide precipitate was used to achieve reaction equilibria. Two ternary oxide phases exist in the system: Cd2PbO4 is stable under all conditions investigated; CdPb2O5 dissociates (2CdPb2O5⇋ Cd2PbO4+Pb3O4+O2). The P-T univariant curve was mapped. Compatibility triangles illustrate the phase equilibria of the system. Cell constants for Cd2PbO4 are: a0=5.671, b0=9.902, C0= 3.139, all ±0.001 A. The space group was determined as Pbam (Pba2); Cd2PbO4 is isostructural with the Sr2PbO4 structure type. Derived average metal-oxygen distances are: Cd–O 2.35 and Pb–O 2.08 A. The structure of CdPb2O5 is not known.
Critical temperatures and pressures of organic compounds

The approach presented for the prediction of critical temperatures and pressures for hydrocarbons from the van der Waals' constants a and b (1) has been extended to permit the estimation of these constants for other organic compounds. Analogously, contribution values for a number of functional groups have been established, and the majority were found to depend on the size of the organic molecule. Information presently available in the literature (4) has permitted the establishment of values for functional groups in organic compounds of the following types: alcohols, phenols, ethers, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters, amines, nitriles, and halides. These functional group contributions, in conjunction with the values previously developed for the hydrocarbons, now make possible the calculation of both van der Waals' constants from only structural considerations. Once these van der Waals' constants have been established, the critical temperature and pressure are readily calculated. With the approach developed in this investigation critical temperatures and pressures for eighty-one organic compounds have been calculated and when compared with literature values produced average absolute deviations of 1.36% for the critical temperature and 2.32% for the critical pressure.
Effects of variety and particle size upon utilization of fescue hay by lactating dairy cows and dairy heifers.

Abstract Missouri-96 and Kentucky-31 hays were chopped with a tub grinder containing screens with apertures of 31, 63, or 100mm in diameter and fed to dairy cows or heifers. Particle sizes (geometric mean diameter) were 1218, 1486, and 1933 μ m, respectively, for the 31, 63, and 100-mm treatments. In Trial 1, the six treatments were fed ad libitum to 24 lactating cows; concentrate was offered at 1 kg/2kg of milk. Dry matter intake and NDF digestibility were greater for Kentucky-31, but there were no other effects of variety. Particle size did not affect DM intake, DM or fiber digestibility, nitrogen partition, milk yield, or milk fat percentage. Crude protein digestibility was greatest for the 63-mm particle size treatment. In trial 2, the six treatments were fed ad libitum to 24 dairy heifers. Intake was greater for the 31 than for the 100-mm treatment but was unaffected by variety. Variety and particle size did not affect DM digestibility, nitrogen utilization, or daily gain. In this study fescue hay chopped through screens having apertures ranging from 31 to 100mm was without effect on milk yield or composition. Reducing particle size increased intake and nitrogen utilization but not DM or fiber digestibility.
CMOS-compatible FDSOI bipolar-enhanced tunneling FET

We propose and simulate a bipolar-enhanced tunneling field-effect transistor (BET-FET) with a lateral layout that is fully FDSOI compatible. Simulations calibrated to experimental TFET data show a high on-current of ION ∼ 260 μA/μm at VDD = 1 V and a subthreshold swing (SS) well below 60 mV/dec over 7 decades of drain current. The mechanism involves the combination of gate-controlled sharp TFET switching with current gain from a Si/Si1-xGex heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT). An electrostatically controlled BET-FET variant with a local buried gate is also simulated.
An accurate method of computing far-field antenna pattern from near-field measurements

An accurate method is presented for computing far fields from near-field antenna measurements. The method has the advantage of being simple and easy to implement, and in addition it is amenable to a variety of antenna measurement configurations. Data from planar, cylindrical, or spherical near-field measurements, or from other simpler orientations such as in a horizontal plane, require the solution of a large system of linear equations; this may be accomplished efficiently using the conjugate gradient method. Numerical results are presented for the case of an x-directed Hertzian dipole. >
Circuits for high-performance low-power vlsi logic

The demands of future computing, as well as the challenges of nanometer-era VLSI design, require new digital logic techniques and styles that are simultaneously high performance, energy efficient, and robust to noise and variation. We propose a new family of logic styles called Preset Skewed Static logic (PSSL). PSSL bridges the gap between the two main logic styles, static CMOS logic and domino logic, occupying an intermediate region in the energy-delay-robustness space between the two. PSSL is better than domino in terms of energy and robustness, and is better than static CMOS ill terms of delay. PSSL works by partially overlapping the execution of consecutive iterations through speculative evaluation. This is accomplished by presetting nodes at register boundaries before input arrival. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Australian Aborigines and alcohol: A review

Following a summary of the relevant historical and legislative background, this article reviews the literature on: (i) rates of alcohol usage and problem drinking in Aboriginal populations; (ii) adverse effects of drinking; (iii) suggested causes of problem drinking among Aborigines; and (iv) treatment and preventive initiatives. The need to examine Aboriginal alcohol use in the wider context of socio-economic deprivation and rapid social change is emphasized. Key issues warranting further research attention are identified and, while recognizing the difficulties inherent in doing so, suggestions are made as to how the quality of research in the area might be raised. It is concluded that, without long-term planning and commitment of the necessary resources by government, little progress will be made in reducing the problems associated with Aboriginal use of alcohol.
Electroconvulsive Shock and Reserpine: Effects on β‐Adrenergic Receptors in Rat Brain

Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) administered once daily for up to 14 days decreases beta-adrenergic receptor binding in the cortex and hippocampus in a time-dependent manner. The decrease in binding in the cortex lasts at least 1 week after the last shock. In the striatum, hypothalamus, or cerebellum, 14 days of ECS did not produce significant changes in beta-adrenergic receptor binding. The brain regional pattern of beta-adrenergic receptor changes suggests that repeated ECS affects beta 1-adrenergic receptors in brain regions that receive a noradrenergic innervation activated by ECS. The effects of ECS on neurotransmitter receptor binding appear to be highly selective. Of five receptors in the cortex and three receptors in the hippocampus measured, only beta-adrenergic receptor binding is decreased. Chronic footshock stress does not alter beta-adrenergic receptor binding sites in the cortex, indicating that the effects of ECS are not due to stress alone. The effects of ECS on reserpine-induced alterations in beta-adrenergic receptor binding sites were also examined. Ten days of ECS following chronic reserpine injections reverses the increased binding of beta-adrenergic receptors.
A goal-directed transportation planning model

Transportation planning is a problem-solving process in which there exists a very large number of feasible alternatives, uncertainty in predictions and a multiplicity of complementary as well as competing objectives. This paper describes a planning model system, which draws from the fields of graph theory, mathematical programming, and cost-effectiveness analysis in such manner as to efficiently explore a wide range of transportation alternatives and identify those which are conformal to the relevant societal goals. In contrast to most current model systems, which analyse a few exogeneously developed alternatives, this model system is oriented toward the synthesis of satisfying alternatives. The application, which will be treated in forthcoming papers, is to multiple mode intensity transportation systems. /Author/
Early Developmental Destruction of Terminals in the Striatal Target Induces Apoptosis in Dopamine Neurons of the Substantia Nigra

Many developing neural systems with peripheral projections depend on their target for trophic support during a critical period of natural cell death. Much less is known about central systems. That dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra may depend on their target, the striatum, during development is suggested by the presence of a natural apoptotic cell death event in these neurons that can be augmented by an early developmental axon-sparing striatal injury. To further assess the target dependence of these neurons, we have used the selective neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine to lesion their terminals within the striatum during development, while sparing intrinsic striatal target neurons. This lesion results in an induction of apoptotic cell death in phenotypically defined dopaminergic neurons that appears on the third postlesion day and persists until the tenth. This inducibility of cell death is dependent on developmental age: it is most marked before postnatal day (PND) 14. As late as PND42, inducibility is still detectable but much less so. In addition, at day 42 the morphology of cell death changes and becomes nonapoptotic in some cells. We conclude that terminal injury during a critical period of postnatal development, like axon-sparing target injury, induces augmented apoptotic death in mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. These results suggest that these neurons have a period of target dependence. Regulation of this dependence is likely to influence the mature adult number of dopaminergic neurons.
The effect of time on the weathering of silicate minerals: why do weathering rates differ in the laboratory and field?

Abstract The correlation between decreasing reaction rates of silicate minerals and increasing duration of chemical weathering was investigated for both experimental and field conditions. Column studies, using freshly prepared Panola Granite, produced ambient plagioclase weathering rates that decreased parabolically over 6 years to a final rate of 7.0×10−14 mol m−2 s−1. In contrast, the corresponding plagioclase reaction rate for partially kaolinized Panola Granite, after reaching steady-state weathering after 2 months of reactions, was significantly less (2.1×10−15 mol m−2 s−1). Both rates were normalized to plagioclase content and BET surface area. Extrapolation of decreasing rates for the fresh plagioclase with time indicated that several thousand years of reaction would be required to replicate the rate of the naturally weathered plagioclase under identical experimental conditions. Both rates would remain orders of magnitude faster than field weathering rates previously measured for a weathering profile in the Panola Granite. Additional trends in weathering rates with time were established from a tabulation of previously reported experimental and field rates for plagioclase, K-feldspar, hornblende and biotite. Discrepancies in the literature, produced by normalization of weathering rates with respect to surface areas measured by gas absorption (BET) and geometric methods, were overcome by developing a time-dependent roughness factor. Regression curves through the corrected rates produced strong correlations with time that were similar for the four silicate minerals. The average silicate weathering rate R (mol m−2 s−1) was described by the power function R=3.1×10 −13 t −0.61 which was similar to the relationship describing the decrease in the fresh Panola plagioclase with time and suggesting control by transport-limited reaction. The time dependency of silicate weathering is discussed in terms of processes intrinsic to the silicate mineral and those extrinsic to the weathering environment. Intrinsic surface area, which increases with the duration of weathering, was shown to account for a third of the exponential decrease in the weathering rate shown by the above equation. Other factors, including progressive depletion of energetically reactive surfaces and accumulation of leached layers and secondary precipitates, must explain differences for fresh and weathered plagioclase reacting under identical experimental conditions. Extrinsic controls, including low permeability, high mineral/fluid ratios and increased solute concentrations, produce weathering reactions close to thermodynamic equilibrium under field conditions compared to highly unsaturated conditions during experimental reaction of fresh and weathered plagioclase. These differences explain the time-dependent difference in field and lab rates.
Twenty years of dysuria in a patient with Addison's disease: a case report

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is an X-linked recessive disorder affecting approximately 1 in 21,000 males, and is estimated to be the cause of adrenal insufficiency in approximately 35% of patients with idiopathic Addison's disease. The disease is caused by defective beta-oxidation of fatty acids in peroxisomes that leads to elevated serum concentrations of very-long-chain saturated fatty acids. The accumulation causes a primary adrenal insufficiency and progressive neurological dysfunction. This article presents a case of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy in its milder form, adrenomyeloneuropathy.
Persistence of Exotic Newcastle Disease Virus (ENDV) in Laboratory Infected Musca domestica and Fannia canicularis

Abstract House flies (Musca domestica) and little house flies (Fannia canicularis) were examined for their ability to take up and harbor a velogenic strain of exotic Newcastle disease virus (ENDV) (family Paramyxoviridae, genus Avulavirus). Laboratory-reared flies were allowed to feed on evaporated milk containing ENDV at a virus concentration of 108.3 egg infectious dose (EID)50/0.1 ml or on poultry feces containing an ENDV titer of 105.8 EID50/0.1 g. Flies exposed to either infectious food source for 24 hr became transiently infected with virus. Virus persisted predominantly in the mid- and hindgut, with relatively little virus isolated from the remainder of the fly body. Virus persisted similarly in both fly species that were fed evaporated milk containing ENDV, with a maximum ENDV titer of 105.98 EID50/fly for the house fly and 104.78 EID50/fly for the little house fly at 1 day postexposure; titers decreased on subsequent days to 102.38 EID50/fly for house fly and ≥1 EID50/fly for little house fly at ...
Statistical performance analysis of signal variance-based dipole models for MEG/EEG source localization and detection

A set of dipole fitting algorithms that incorporate different assumptions about the variability of the signal component into their mathematical models is presented and analyzed. Dipole fitting is performed by minimizing the squared error between the selected data model and available data. Dipole models based on moments that have 1) constant amplitude and orientation, 2) variable amplitude and fixed known orientation, 3) variable amplitude and fixed unknown orientation, and 4) variable amplitude and variable orientation are considered. The presence of a dipolar source is determined by comparing the fractional energy explained by the dipole model to a threshold. Source localization is accomplished by searching to find the location that explains the largest fractional signal energy using a dipole model. Expressions for the probability of a false positive decision and probability of correct detection are derived and used to evaluate the effect of variability in the dipole on performance and to address the effects of model mismatch and location errors. Simulated and measured data experiments are presented to illustrate the performance of both detection and localization methods. The results indicate that models which account for variance outperform the constant orientation and magnitude model even when the number of observations is relatively small and the signal of interest contains a very modest variance component.
From Whole-body Sections Down to Cellular Level, Multiscale Imaging of Phospholipids by MALDI Mass Spectrometry

Significant progress in instrumentation and sample preparation approaches have recently expanded the potential of MALDI imaging mass spectrometry to the analysis of phospholipids and other endogenous metabolites naturally occurring in tissue specimens. Here we explore some of the requirements necessary for the successful analysis and imaging of phospholipids from thin tissue sections of various dimensions by MALDI time-of-flight mass spectrometry. We address methodology issues relative to the imaging of whole-body sections such as those cut from model laboratory animals, sections of intermediate dimensions typically prepared from individual organs, as well as the requirements for imaging areas of interests from these sections at a cellular scale spatial resolution. We also review existing limitations of MALDI imaging MS technology relative to compound identification. Finally, we conclude with a perspective on important issues relative to data exploitation and management that need to be solved to maximize biological understanding of the tissue specimen investigated.
Volcano collapse promoted by progressive strength reduction: new data from Mount St. Helens

Rock shear strength plays a fundamental role in volcano flank collapse, yet pertinent data from modern collapse surfaces are rare. Using samples collected from the inferred failure surface of the massive 1980 collapse of Mount St. Helens (MSH), we determined rock shear strength via laboratory tests designed to mimic conditions in the pre-collapse edifice. We observed that the 1980 failure shear surfaces formed primarily in pervasively shattered older dome rocks; failure was not localized in sloping volcanic strata or in weak, hydrothermally altered rocks. Our test results show that rock shear strength under large confining stresses is reduced ∼20% as a result of large quasi-static shear strain, as preceded the 1980 collapse of MSH. Using quasi-3D slope-stability modeling, we demonstrate that this mechanical weakening could have provoked edifice collapse, even in the absence of transiently elevated pore-fluid pressures or earthquake ground shaking. Progressive strength reduction could promote collapses at other volcanic edifices.
Nonlinear matched filtering II

Symmetric nonlinear matched filters (SNMFs) involve the transformation of the signal spectrum and the filter transfer function through pointwise nonlinearities before they are multiplied in the transform domain. The resulting system is analogous to a multistage neural network. The experimental and theoretical results discussed indicate that SNMFs hold considerable potential to achieve a high power of discrimination and resolution and large SNR. The statistical analysis of a particular SNMF in the two-class problem indicates that the performance coefficient of the SNMF is about four times larger than the performance coefficient of the classical matched filter. In terms of resolving closeby signals, there seems to be no limit to the achievable resolution. However, artifacts should be carefully monitored.
Activation of a latent kinin-generating proteinase in the porcine anterior pituitary.

Abstract This study was conducted to determine whether a kinin-generating proteinase (kininogenase) previously described in the porcine anterior pituitary exists in a latent form. Porcine anterior pituitaries were homogenized in 0.25 M sucrose (pH 7.5) and sequentially centrifuged at 1000 × g for 5 min, 1500 × g for 20 min, 10 000 × g for 20 min, and 10 5000 × g for 60 min. The various fractions were assayed for their ability to generate kinins from kininogen and cleave H - d - Pro-Phe-Arg- -p- nitroanilide (S-2302) before or after various activation procedures. Untreated pituitary fractions had a small amount of proteolytic activity. However, large increases in kininogenase and S-2302 hydrolytic activity were observed in the 10 5000 × g pellet after dialysis, or incubation with trypsin. Repeated freezing and thawing, detergents, phospholipase A2, melittin, plasmin, thrombin, urokinase and Factor Xa failed to activate kininogenase activity in the 10 5000 × g pellet. However, plasmin produced massive increases in S-2302 hydrolytic activity. The kininogenase and S-2302 hydrolytic activity was sensitive to inhibition by soybean trypsin inhibitor and aprotinin, and had a broad pH optimum between 7 and 9. The data indicate that the porcine anterior pituitary kininogenase largely exist in a latent form. Also, the porcine anterior pituitary appears to contain an additional latent proteinase which can hydrolyze S-2302
Evaluation of Populus and Salix Continuously Irrigated with Landfill Leachate I. Genotype-Specific Elemental Phytoremediation

There is a need for the identification and selection of specific tree genotypes that can sequester elements from contaminated soils, with elevated rates of uptake. We irrigated Populus (DN17, DN182...