cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Side-Chain Oxysterols and their Enantiomers through Cross-Metathesis Reactions of Δ22 Steroids

A synthetic route that utilizes a cross-metathesis reaction with Δ22 steroids has been developed to prepare sterols with varying C-27 side-chains. Natural sterols containing hydroxyl groups at the 25 and (25R)-26 positions were prepared. Enantiomers of cholesterol and (3β,25R)-26-hydroxycholesterol (27-hydroxycholesterol) trideuterated at C-19 were prepared for future biological studies.
Experimental study of self-focusing in a liquid crystalline medium

We have studied experimentally self-focusing of light in the liquid crystalline mediump-ethoxybenzyldine-p-butylaniline (EBBA). By variation of temperature, the response time of the field-induced refractive index was adjusted from larger than to smaller than theQ-switched laser pulsewidth. Accordingly, self-focusing varied from transient to quasi-steady-state. The results agree well with existing theoretical predictions and can be qualitatively understood from a simple physical description. The induced stimulated Brillouin scattering was also measured and was shown to be responsible for the limiting diameter of the self-focused beam in the present case.
Advocacy Competency of School Counselors: an Exploratory Factor Analysis:

This article describes the initial development of the School Counseling Advocacy Assessment to measure school counselor advocacy competency and includes the psychometric results regarding the reliability and factor structure. An exploratory factor analysis revealed a five-factor model that accounted for 71% of the variance. The subscales are Collaboration with School Groups, Political and Social Actions to Change the System, Individual Student Empowerment, Actions to Reduce Achievement Barriers, and Media Advocacy. The authors discuss implications for school counselors and school counselors in training.
A Biomechanical Comparison of Screw and Plate Fixations for Scaphoid Fractures.

Background Headless screw fixation is the current gold standard of surgical repair for scaphoid fractures. However, maintaining reduction of certain types of scaphoid fractures is challenging with a compression screw. Plate fixation may offer superior fixation in some scaphoid fractures, particularly those with comminution, nonunion, segmental bony defects, and osteopenic or osteoporotic bone. Purpose This study questions whether method of fixation is a determinant in load to failure in segmental scaphoid fractures, and whether any fixation provides a greater mechanical advantage in simulated normal versus osteoporotic bone. Materials and Methods Polyurethane models were fashioned to simulate scaphoids with 3-mm segmental defects. Defects were bridged by one of three constructs: a locking plate, a nonlocking plate, or a headless compression screw. Three models for each fixation construct were tested for both simulated normal and osteoporotic bone density. Load to failure was recorded as the load at which the 3-mm segmental defect was closed. Results Gap closure occurred in all trials. In simulated normal bone, there were no statistically significant differences in load to failure between fixation methods. In simulated osteoporotic bone, the locking plate had a 28% greater load to failure as compared with screw fixation. Conclusion While biomechanical testing shows that plate and screw fixations are equivalent in normal density bone for fixation of a segmental scaphoid defect, locking plates are superior to screw fixation in simulated osteoporotic bone models. Clinical Relevance Plate fixation may provide superior fixation for complex scaphoid fractures, particularly in osteopenic bone.
Hoarding disorder: more than just a problem of too much stuff.

Compulsive or problematic hoarding behaviors occur in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia, and dementia. Such behaviors have until recently been considered as a subtype of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), despite the fact that clinicians and researchers have long known that these symptoms often occur independently of OCD or other neuropsychiatric disorders. However, with the publication of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), Hoarding Disorder (HD) has at long last achieved recognition as a clinical syndrome in its own right(1). Research suggests that this recognition is appropriate, despite the current trend away from disorder-specific approaches and towards cross-diagnostic approaches. HD is defined as a pattern of persistent difficulties with discarding personal possessions, even those with no clear value, because of strong desires to save along with distress or indecision about what to discard. Difficulty discarding is often, but not always, accompanied by excessive acquiring of unneeded objects, and, in the absence of intervention, leads over time to the accumulation of so many items that the space or room cannot be used for its usual purposes, and thus to substantial functional impairment(1). This definition allows for a distinction to be made between HD, where the core problem is desire to save leading to difficulty discarding, and hoarding behaviors typically seen in other neuropsychiatric disorders, where the main feature is often excessive collecting or acquiring of rubbish (e.g., cigarette butts, bottles from garbage cans, etc) or passive difficulties with discarding(2, 3). HD does co-occur with OCD, however, and there is evidence of etiological overlap between the two disorders. Nevertheless, HD occurs independently of OCD in 60-80% of cases, these disorders have different epidemiological and neurocognitive profiles, and most importantly, different treatment outcomes(4).
Average Value Theorems in Function Fields

In Chapter 2 we touched upon the subject of average value theorems in A = F[T]. The technique which we used goes back to Carlitz who associated certain Dirichlet series with some of the basic number-theoretic functions and then expressed these Dirichlet series in terms of ζ A (s). The zeta function is so simple in the case of the polynomial ring that it was possible to arrive at very precise results for the average values in question. For example, for n ∈ A define d(n)to be the number of monic divisors of n.
Envelope tracking LTE multimode power amplifier with 44% overall efficiency

This paper presents the design and measurements of a LTE multimode power amplifier module with integrated AC coupling fast envelope tracking with a DC tracking loop. The HBT power amplifier is integrated in the same module with the 0.18μm CMOS PA controller and fast tracker. The power output is 28dBm for an −40dBc ACLR1 with 44% efficiency for LTE 10MHz, Band 17, at 710MHz with excellent noise performance −121.9dBm/Hz at 30MHz offset.
Modular construction of DTE policies

This paper describes a tool which composes a policy for a fine-grained mandatory access control system (DTE) from a set of mostly independent policy modules. For a large system with many services, a DTE policy becomes unwieldy. However, many system services and security extensions can be considered to be largely standalone. By providing for explicit grouping, namespaces, and globbing by namespaces, inter-module access rules can be made generic enough to permit modules to be mixed and matched as needed. As a result, it becomes easier to extend a policy, debug a policy, and to distribute meaningful policy modules with new software.
Nonhistone Protein Antigens

Assuming that the genetic information of the eukaryotic cell is contained within the nuclear DNA, differentiation can be viewed as transcriptional restriction of DNA, specific for each differentiated cell type. Consequently, detailed knowledge of biological and biochemical properties of nuclear proteins and their functional associations with DNA is essential for our understanding of mechanisms governing cellular proliferation and differentiation. Since immunological methods are perhaps the most powerful tools available for probing the heterogeneity, diversity, and specificity of macromolecular components, it can be anticipated that their application to the research on chromosomal proteins will contribute substantially to our knowledge of chromatin biology and biochemistry.
The Featherstone Lodge Project — Phoenix House — One Method of Rehabilitation

The Home Office Report on the Rehabilitation of Drug Addicts in 1968 stated: “... Rehabilitation principally involves persuasion to accept help, removal of physical dependence, and a longer process, removal of psychological dependence. Simultaneously with all these processes, attention must be paid to the requirements for the eventual social rehabilitation of the addict”.
Induction and Regulation of Expression of the Epsteinbarr Virus DNA Polymerase Gene

The EBV DNA polymerase has been identified as being encoded by the fifth leftward open reading frame of the BamHI A fragment of the EBV genome (BALF5) (1). This determination was predicted by the close sequence homology between this ORF and the coding sequences for the HSV-1 and HCMV DNA polymerase genes (2, 3, 4) as well as the close match between the predicted amino-acid composition of the BALF-5-encoded protein and the amino-acid composition of the partially purified EBV DNA polymerase (5).
JSF and the Netherlands, Norway, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, and Turkey

This chapter summarizes work findings stressing the JSF’s economic cost, the complexity of US defense acquisition policy, and the global extent of the JSF’s industrial base. This chapter contends that China and Russia are modernizing their jet fighter fleets and seeking to keep the United States and its allies from having access to the skies in geographically contingent regions. This chapter emphasizes the increasing age of the US jet fighter fleet, documents positive performance attributes of the JSF by an international variety of pilots, stresses that there are combat missions which can be performed only by piloted military aircraft instead of UAVs, urges the United States to revitalize its Defense Science and Technology industrial base against emerging international technological expertise, and advocates that the United States and its allies continue deploying the JSF to address emerging international military aerospace threats.
1907-1914, Terra prometida em terras angolanas: Dinâmicas e tensões (inter)nacionais: 1907-1914: land promised on Angolan lands: dynamics and (inter)national tensions

In this study I will analyze the premises and the reasons why Territorialists and Zionists of the fin du siecle and the first decades of the 20th century decided to expand their “horizons” so that they could contemplate other plausible options for the creation of a Jewish homeland other than their first and obvious choice, namely, Palestine and the creation of the future State of Israel (May 14, 1948). After a brief survey of the other territorial choices, encompassing diverse areas throughout the world, I will concentrate on the “Angolan option” (1907-1914), looking at the different projects and recommendations in favor or against this choice, as well as the consequent sociopolitical dynamics that left indelible marks on the economy of the Portuguese State of this time.
(263) Less Efficient Endogenous Inhibition of Spinal Nociception Predicts Chronic Pain Onset: A Prospective Analysis from the Oklahoma Study of Native American Pain Risk (OK-SNAP)

Chronic pain results in tremendous economic and psychological burden. Thus, an ability to identify individuals at risk for chronic pain onset could be an important first step in reducing this burden. One mechanism that may contribute to pain onset is impaired descending pain inhibition. The present study examined whether the efficiency of descending inhibition (as measured by conditioned pain modulation, CPM) predicted future chronic pain onset in a sample of participants who were healthy and pain-free at the time of enrollment in OK-SNAP. Chronic pain onset was determined prospectively from follow-up surveys administered every 6-months following enrollment. Of the 139 Native American (NA) and 147 non-Hispanic white (NHW) participants enrolled, 208 (73%) responded to ≥1 follow-up. Participants were said to have developed chronic pain if they experienced persistent pain for >3 months and the pain did not remit at subsequent follow-ups (N=34, 16%). 174 persons did not develop chronic pain. CPM was assessed from painful electric stimulations delivered before and during hand/forearm submersion in 10˚C water. Pain ratings and nociceptive flexion reflexes (NFR; correlate of spinal nociception) were assessed in response to electric stimuli. CPM efficiency = change in pain/NFR. CPM of pain and NFR were entered as predictors in a logistic regression that controlled for race (NA vs. NHW), age, BMI, sex, general health, depression, anxiety, and somatization. Interactions between race and CPM efficiency were examined as well. Results found less efficient CPM of NFR (OR=6.53, 95%CI: 1.04, 40.95) and more depressive symptoms (OR=10.22, 95%CI: 1.28, 81.36) at enrollment predicted chronic pain onset. The model explained 34.5% of the variance (Nagelkerke R2=.345). Interactions of CPM variables with race were not significant. These findings imply that impaired descending inhibition of spinal nociception (NFR) may play a role in the development of chronic pain.
Educating Knowledgeable and Skilled Researchers in Doctoral Programs in Schools of Education: A New Model

Introduction As evidenced by the numerous advertisements in the Chronicle of Higher Education and a multitude of list-serves, organizations across the United States are searching for graduates who can do the work of knowledgeable and skilled researchers. According to Walker, Golde, Jones, Conklin Bueschel, and Hutchings (2008): Approximately one-half of those who receive doctorates this year will join the ranks of college and university faculty who educate today's undergraduates, some of whom will become teachers themselves, in the United States and beyond, shaping the futures of our children and grandchildren. And some will prepare new PhD's [sic], so the effects of doctoral education ripple out across nations and generations. (p. 1) When a student graduates from a Ph.D. program, having the letters "Ph.D." after his or her name purports one definitive ability has been acquired: to conduct original research and scholarship in order to contribute to existing knowledge (Association of American Universities, 1998). Yet, "not much is known about how to foster [the] capacity for excellence in research and scholarship" (Walker, et al., 2008, p. 151). The lack of knowledge in how to educate researchers is further apparent in published educational research. Feuer, Towne, and Shavelson (2002) suggested "the quality of educational research is wanting" (p. 4). There has been ample research conducted regarding doctoral student attrition (Bowen & Rudenstine, 1992; Lovitts, 2001; National Research Council, 1996; Nerad & Cerny, 1991), yet, there has been little research to investigate how to educate and graduate skilled and knowledgeable researchers. It is logical to assume that top schools (e.g., Stanford, Vanderbilt, etc.) will be successful at educating researchers. These schools typically have the top applicants who are good students, with a multitude of opportunities including resources to support research. Many other schools have students who are not able to relocate to another state to attend school, are not the top applicants in the nation, and, many times, are part-time students. Not all schools attract top students or have extensive resources; yet, there must be ways to produce successful researchers, regardless of the program attended. Thus, the purpose of the present paper is to present three theories/studies, review the extant literature, and delineate a new model to assist faculty in thinking about educating skilled and knowledgeable researchers. Educating Skilled and Knowledgeable Researchers: Three Extant Theoretical Frameworks To better understand how to educate skilled and knowledgeable researchers, three theories/studies are applicable: the theory of scientific and technical (ST the lower the cross mark is on the line, the less skills and knowledge. …
The Holy Harlotry of Mestizaje

This chapter describes the last of the three hagiographies under consideration in my work. The Life of Mary of Egypt—clearly intertextual and based on the two other works under investigation—describes a sexually robust woman who translates her desire for men into a desire for God. In this way she, similar to the mestizas of Anzaldua’s borderlands, must reckon with an abundant eros that can only be appreciated and understood in its transference to the divine. Anzaldua talks about orgasm and spirituality as intimately connected in human life. Building on prior scholarship, I elaborate how desert-borderland space makes this move possible. Rather than read this text as a tale of conversion and a diminishing of desire, I show desert space to be one that produces a mestiza able to sublimate this lust into a divine lust. The Life of Mary of Egypt articulates this transcendent desire. I use descriptions of Mary the mother of Christ in a triangulation with Mary of Egypt and a divine creator, in order to undermine the virgen/puta (virgin/whore) dichotomy and show these two concepts to be much more alike and not polar opposites.
Weaker variants of infinite time Turing machines

Infinite time Turing machines represent a model of computability that extends the operations of Turing machines to transfinite ordinal time by defining the content of each cell at limit steps to be the $$\limsup $$ of the sequences of previous contents of that cell. In this paper, we study a computational model obtained by replacing the $$\limsup $$ rule with an ‘eventually constant’ rule: at each limit step, the value of each cell is defined if and only if the content of that cell has stabilized before that limit step and is then equal to this constant value. We call these machines weak infinite time Turing machines (wITTMs). We study different variants of wITTMs adding multiple tapes, heads, or bidimensional tapes. We show that some of these models are equivalent to each other concerning their computational strength. We show that wITTMs decide exactly the arithmetic relations on natural numbers.
Investigation of Dynamic Fracture Behavior of Additively Manufactured Al-10Si-Mg Using High-Speed Synchrotron X-ray Imaging

Abstract The dynamic tensile properties of additively manufactured (AM) and cast Al-10Si-Mg alloy were investigated using high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging coupled with a modified Kolsky bar apparatus. A controlled tensile loading (strain rate ≈ 750 s−1) was applied using the Kolsky bar apparatus and the deformation and fracture behavior were recorded using the high-speed X-ray imaging setup. The synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (CT) and high-speed imaging results worked together to identify the location of the critical flaw and to capture the dynamics of crack propagation. In all experiments, the critical flaw was located on the surface of each specimen. The AM specimens showed significantly higher crack propagation speed, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, strain hardening coefficient, and yet lower ductility compared to the cast specimens under dynamic tension. Although the strength values were higher for the AM specimens, the critical mode I stress intensity factors were comparable for both specimens. The microstructures of the samples were characterized by CT and scanning electron microcopy. The correlation between the dynamic fracture behavior of the samples and the microstructure of the samples is analyzed and discussed.
Serotonin—pain modulation

Abstract Long known to be involved in pain modulation, the serotonergic system can exert inhibitory as well as facilitatory influences on neural systems involved in pain-related behaviors. Receptor subtypes and distribution in the nervous system, dose and route of serotonergic drug administration, and types of pain are considered determinants of the differential effects. Sources of serotonin are peripheral tissues and clusters of neurons in a brainstem region (raphe nuclei). Serotonin is predominantly pronociceptive in the peripheral nervous system and has dual inhibitory and facilitatory effects on spinal nociceptive processing and descending modulation as well as in supraspinal systems, though cortical actions appear to be largely inhibitory. Effects may depend on receptor type, site of action, excitatory or inhibitory neural target, and pain condition.
Preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection by blocking a tissue serine protease

Currently, there are no proven pharmacologic interventions to reduce the clinical impact and prevent complications of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, the cause of the ongoing Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Selecting specific pharmacological targets for the treatment of viral pathogens has traditionally relied in blockage of specific steps in their replicative lifecycle in human cells. However, an alternative approach is reducing the molecular cleavage of the viral surface spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 to prevent viral entry into epithelial cells.
Joint chance constrained input shaping

Abstract This paper addresses the problem of robust input shaping for rest to rest maneuvers of linear systems with parametric uncertainties. A stochastic optimization problem with a quadratic cost function is posed which probabilistically penalizes excursions of terminal time state values from desired values due to uncertainties. This quadratic cost represented by a hyper-sphere, is approximated by a hyper-polygon to permit a convex problem formulation, where the joint chance constraints are represented using statistics of the uncertain terminal states. Polynomial Chaos is used as an uncertainty quantification tool to estimate the first two moments of the stochastic state variables necessary for the implementation of the chance constraints. The solution to the optimization problem yields the desired input shaper. Several analytical methods of dealing with the joint chance constraints are investigated and compared on illustrative benchmark examples. The framework presented permits the users to trade-off performance for robustness to any desired level.
Maps with Prescribed Boardman Singularities

In this paper we extend Y. Eliashberg’s theorem on the maps with fold type singularities to arbitrary Thom-Boardman singularities. Namely, we state a necessary and sufficient condition for a continuous map of smooth manifolds of the same dimension to be homotopic to a generic map with a prescribed Thom-Boardman singularity ΣI at each point. In dimensions 2 and 3 we rephrase this condition in terms of the homology classes of the given singular loci and the characteristic classes of the manifolds.
Structure of copper(I) and silver(I) complexes with zwitterionic ligands derived from N-Heterocyclic Carbenes

Abstract N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) ligands have been instrumental in the synthesis of novel metal and main group-containing compounds, as well as their subsequent reactivity. Here, the coordination chemistry of CS2 and PhNCS derivatives of the sterically encumbering 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (IPr) are studied. The reaction of IPr•CS2 with Cu(I) and Ag(I) salts results in the isolation of dinuclear complexes, [(IPr•CS2)2M2(THF)n][X]2, M = Cu, X = PF6, n = 4; M = Ag, X = OTf, n = 2. The 1:1 stoichiometric reaction of IPr•PhNCS with CuI results in to the formation of ([IPr•PhNCS)2Cu][CuI2]. All complexes were characterized by 1H, 13C, and IR spectroscopy and their solid-state structures determined by X-ray crystallography.
Development of an Autonomous Manager for Dynamic Human-Machine Task Allocation in Operational Surveillance

Surveillance environments require simultaneous performance of multiple complex tasks. These increasing demands require the effective leveraging of automated teammates. However, the degree of assistance autonomous systems can provide is still limited for cognitively complex tasks. Balancing the workload requires intelligent and dynamic redistribution of tasks between humans and autonomy. To address this challenge of maintaining performance in a Human-Machine Team (HMT), we developed an Autonomous Manager (AM) to dynamically redistribute tasks between a human and automation based on task performance and physiological indicators of workload. We tested the AM's decision logic across multiple scenarios using simulation, allowing us to examine the benefits and limitations of the AM.
Seasonal connections between meteoric water and streamflow generation along a mountain headwater stream

In snowmelt‐driven mountain watersheds, the hydrologic connectivity between meteoric waters and stream flow generation varies strongly with the season, reflecting variable connection to soil and groundwater storage within the watershed. This variable connectivity regulates how streamflow generation mechanisms transform the seasonal and elevational variation in oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition (δ¹⁸O and δD) of meteoric precipitation. Thus, water isotopes in stream flow can signal immediate connectivity or more prolonged mixing, especially in high‐relief mountainous catchments. We characterized δ¹⁸O and δD values in stream water along an elevational gradient in a mountain headwater catchment in southwestern Montana. Stream water isotopic compositions related most strongly to elevation between February and March, exhibiting higher δ¹⁸O and δD values with decreasing elevation. These elevational isotopic lapse rates likely reflect increased connection between stream flow and proximal snow‐derived water sources heavily subject to elevational isotopic effects. These patterns disappeared during summer sampling, when consistently lower δ¹⁸O and δD values of stream water reflected contributions from snowmelt or colder rainfall, despite much higher δ¹⁸O and δD values expected in warmer seasonal rainfall. The consistently low isotopic values and absence of a trend with elevation during summer suggest lower connectivity between summer precipitation and stream flow generation as a consequence of drier soils and greater transpiration. As further evidence of intermittent seasonal connectivity between the stream and adjacent groundwaters, we observed a late‐winter flush of nitrate into the stream at higher elevations, consistent with increased connection to accumulating mineralized nitrogen in riparian wetlands. This pattern was distinct from mid‐summer patterns of nitrate loading at lower elevations that suggested heightened human recreational activity along the stream corridor. These observations provide insights linking stream flow generation and seasonal water storage in high elevation mountainous watersheds. Greater understanding of the connections between surface water, soil water and groundwater in these environments will help predict how the quality and quantity of mountain runoff will respond to changing climate and allow better informed water management decisions.
Alcohol consumption and methylation-based measures of biological age.

Epigenetic age acceleration is considered a measure of biological aging based on genome-wide patterns of DNA methylation. Although age acceleration has been associated with the incidence of diseases and death, less is known about how it is related to lifestyle behaviors. Among 2316 women, we evaluate associations between self-reported alcohol consumption and various metrics of epigenetic age acceleration. Recent average alcohol consumption was defined as the mean number of drinks consumed per week within the past year; lifetime average consumption was estimated as the mean number of drinks per year drinking. Whole-blood genome-wide DNA methylation was measured with HumanMethylation450 BeadChips and used to assess 4 epigenetic clocks (Hannum, Horvath, PhenoAge, and GrimAge) and their corresponding metrics of epigenetic age acceleration (Hannum AgeAccel, Horvath AgeAccel, PhenoAgeAccel, and GrimAgeAccel). Although alcohol consumption showed little association with most age acceleration metrics, both lifetime and recent average consumption measures were positively associated with GrimAgeAccel (lifetime, per additional 135 drinks/year: β = 0.30 years, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.11, 0.48, p = .002; recent, per additional 5 drinks/week: β = 0.19 years, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.37, p = .04). In a mutually adjusted model, only average lifetime alcohol consumption remained associated with GrimAgeAccel (lifetime, per additional 135 drinks/year: β = 0.27 years, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.50, p = .02; recent, per 5 additional drinks/week: β = 0.05 years, 95% CI: -0.16, 0.26, p = .64). Although alcohol use does not appear to be strongly associated with biological age measured by most epigenetic clocks, lifetime average consumption is associated with higher biological age assessed by the GrimAge epigenetic clock.
An early Capitanian (Middle Permian) foraminiferal connection between southern British Columbia, Canada and South Primorye, Russian Far East

New foraminiferal assemblages consisting of fusulinids and smaller foraminifers have been described from a basalt/carbonate rock block (locality 51F7) and small outcrop of thin-bedded limestone (locality 51F6) located near the entrance to Marble Canyon west–southwest of the town of Cache Creek in southern British Columbia, Canada. The locality 51F7 contains diverse fusulinid and smaller foraminiferal faunas, whereas the locality 51F6 contains only fusulinids. The studied fusulinid assemblage is totally devoid of neoschwagerinids or verbeekinids, and contains genera such as Sichotenella and Wutuella that have never been reported from the Western Hemisphere. The studied foraminiferal fauna contains a group of taxa very similar to several species described from the Primorye area of the Russian Far East and Japan. Some fusulinids present, Reichelina and Codonofusiella, and smaller foraminifers are also similar to Capitanian age species of the Delaware Basin area of West Texas. The age of the British Columbia fauna appears to be Middle Permian, Guadalupian, earliest Capitanian, but a latest Wordian age cannot be excluded. Four new species are described: Reichelina cachecreekensis sp. nov., Sichotenella danneri sp. nov., Codonofusiella marblensis sp. nov., and Parafusulina turquoisensis sp. nov.
Predictors of cognitive impairment in pseudotumor cerebri.

Aims of the study: We aimed to define the cognitive burden of the largest pseudotumor cerebri syndrome (PTCS) population to date, compare objective to subjective cognitive dysfunction, and determine clinical predictors of cognitive dysfunction amongst an array of previously unstudied factors. Clinical rationale: Patients with PTCS commonly report cognitive dysfunction, a factor associated with poor quality of life. It is not definitively known whether cognitive impairment is present in these patients, and what features of the syndrome predict impairment. Materials and methods: We administered a cognitive battery consisting of the National Adult Reading Test, Mini-Mental Status Exam, Digit Span, Boston Naming Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Clock Drawing, Trail Making Test, Controlled Oral Word Association, and Category Fluency. Cognitive impairment was defined as mild-single domain with one test score, and mild-multiple domain with two scores, more than two standard deviations below the mean for age-, gender-, and education-adjusted norms. Results: One-hundred and one prospectively recruited PTCS patients were enrolled. The objective testing showed 30 patients had mild-single domain impairment, and 25 had mild-multi domain impairment. More patients without objective cognitive impairment had transverse venous sinus stenosis, but otherwise the groups did not differ. Two measures of headache severity, the Headache Impact Test and pain on the Numeric Rating Scale, were negatively associated with the composite cognitive score, as was ocular pain, vision-related disability, and mental health. Opening pressure and visual function were not associated with objective cognitive impairment. We found no association between subjective and objective cognitive impairment. Conclusions and clinical implications: Patients with PTCS may be cognitively impaired, and this correlates with measures of headache burden. Studies evaluating cognitive impairment before and after remission of the headache disorder would have to be performed to investigate this relationship further. Patients with self-perception of cognitive burden are no more likely to be cognitively impaired.
The Match Box algorithm for parallel production system match

Abstract: "We introduce Match Box, a new incremental matching algorithm for determining the tuple instantiations of forward-chaining production rules. Match Box is rooted in the mathematical interconnections between tuple and binding spaces, a framework also applicable to other matching algorithms. The idea is to precompute a rule's binding space, and then have each binding independently monitor working memory for the incremental formation of tuple instantiations. A key feature of Match Box is that on a massively parallel architecture, it can perform a rule's computationally intensive incremental joint testing in constant time. It also finds application on conventional serial processors."
Computational analysis and experimental validation of the friction-stir welding behaviour of Ti—6Al—4V

A fully coupled thermomechanical finite element analysis of the friction-stir welding (FSW) process developed in the authors' previous work is combined with the basic physical metallurgy of Ti—6Al—4V to predict/assess the structural response of FSW joints. A close examination of the experimental results reported in the open literature reveals that in most cases the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the weld possesses the most inferior properties and tends to control the overall structural performance of the weld. Taking this observation into account, a microstructure evolution model is developed and parameterized for the Ti—6Al—4V material residing in the HAZ. Specifically, this model addresses the problem of temporal evolution of the globular α-phase particles located within prior β-phase grains (the dominant microstructural parameter in the HAZ) during the FSW process. Next this model is combined with the well-established property versus microstructure correlations in Ti—6Al—4V in order to predict the overall...
Resistance to American foulbrood in honey bees. XI: Fate of Bacillus larvae spores ingested by adults

Abstract Ingestion of large numbers of Bacillus larvae spores over various lengths of time by individually caged adult honey bees, Apis mellifera , of three different genetic stocks did not produce observable pathological effects. Dissection and microscopical examination revealed spores abundantly present in the alimentary canal, but no vegetative rods were found in either the canal (with two possible exceptions) or the hemolymph. Recovery of spores from the three major gut regions of adult worker bees showed that 4 min after spore ingestion the main spore concentration was located in the foregut. After 40 min a majority of the spores were in the midgut where they remained for more than 400 min. By the 4,000 min interval most spores had passed into the hindgut. Spores remained viable in the alimentary canal for a period of at least 40,000 min. Viability was demonstrated through the growth of B. larvae colonies in solid yeast-starch medium. When fed to young honey bee larvae, these spores proved to be infectious and caused American foulbrood disease.
The Use of a Dental Surgical Microscope to Aid Retrieval of a Fractured Implant Abutment Screw: A Clinical Report

This clinical report outlines a method to retrieve a fractured implant abutment screw through the use of high-power magnification and ultrasonic instrumentation. Furthermore, the use of manufacturer's specific components is highlighted to minimize occurrences of such clinical complications from arising.
Web query reformulation by knowledgeable agents

Personal agents have been developed that assist the user with information processing needs by generating, filtering, collecting, or transforming information. On the other hand, Internet stores are providing services customized by the needs and interests of individual customers. Such services can be viewed as "seller's agents" whose goal is to push merchandise and/or services on to the users. This leads us to believe that there is a growing need for deploying "buyer's agents" whose goal is to best serve the consumer's interests. We have identified several key functionalities of such buyer's agents: informing consumers of complex interactions between specified preferences and prevailing market conditions, providing differential analysis for decision support, using domain ontologies to help the user reformulate in queries. In this paper, we present a prototype buyer's agent that demonstrates some of these functionalities in an apartment locator domain.
Who is Disabled? Who is Not? Teachers Perceptions of Disability in Lesotho

This paper reports on educational research conducted in Lesotho, Southern Africa. Mixed methods of research were used to elicit and describe teachers’ attitudes toward children they perceived as disabled. The study took place in a country where discussions on ‘the continuum’ of services, specialist diagnoses, and Western notions of assistive technology are largely irrelevant. Over-arching themes are compared to themes that have emerged from special education and Disability Studies literature over the past decade.
Attachment, coping, and explanatory style in late adolescence.

Using self-report data from 157 college students, we tested hypotheses regarding the relative importance of perceived security in early parental relationships vs. security in adult (nonparental) relationships for understanding respondents' coping dispositions and explanatory styles. In general, more secure attachments were positively related to support-seeking and active problem-solving coping styles and to females' but not males' tendency to explain hypothetical successes and failures in a positive or self-enhancing manner. Security of adult (nonparental) attachments had stronger associations with young women's coping strategies than did security of early attachment to parents, whereas the reverse was true for males—a finding we interpret in terms of girls' earlier development of emotional autonomy from parents and closer ties to friends. Security of early attachment to father appeared to have important implications for young men's willingness to turn to others for support.
Gender Paradox (and the Health Myth)

One of the most robust findings in epidemiologic research throughout the past century is the long-documented gender difference in life expectancy. In the United States, life expectancy at birth is 75.5 years for men and 80.5 years for women. Although women live longer than men on average, researchers find that women are more likely to report poorer health, suffer higher rates of morbidity, and use more health services than men. This is often termed the “gender paradox” in mortality and morbidity. This entry discusses the prevalence, history, and causes of this paradox. Keywords: death; gender paradox; health myth
TH-CD-207-10: Effect of Noise On the Optimal B-Value Pairs for Obtaining Perfusion-Insensitive Apparent Diffusion Coefficient in Diffusion-Weighted MRI

Purpose: Monoexponential model using typically two or three b-values is used in clinical diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) to compute the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) due to computational simplicity and reduced post-processing times compared to the intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) model. The purpose of this study is to find the effect of noise level on the optimal b-values to obtain monoexponential ADC values close to the perfusion-insensitive IVIM model ADC (ADCIVIM). Methods: Respiratory triggering was applied to the echo-planar DW-MRI in 1.5T scanner with TR=∼4500 ms, TE=74 ms, eight b-values of 0–1000 µs/µm 2 , pixel size=1.98×1.98 mm 2 , slice thickness/gap=6 mm/1.2 mm and 7 axial slices. For one pre-treatment DW-MRI scan of each of ten subjects, DW-MRI signal intensity images with b-values of 0–2000 µs/µm 2 were synthesized on a voxel-by-voxel basis from the estimated IVIM parameters. The images were corrupted by Rician noise distribution with σ=0, 5, 10 and 15. Monoexponential ADC value was computed using b-value pairs with low b-value (blow) of 0–500 µs/µm 2 and high b-value (bhigh) of 650–2000 µs/µm 2 . The square root of the mean of squared error percentage (RMSE) of the ADC value relative to the corresponding reference-standard ADCIVIM for the tumor volumes of the scans was computed. Results: There were wide bands of b-value sets giving small RMSE of ADC value relative to the ground-truth ADCIVIM value. The band of sets with small errors moved from high values of both blow and b high for the lowest noise level towards the lower values with the increase of the noise levels. The minimum error corresponding to the optimal sets increased with the noise level. The range of RMSE for σ=5 was approximately 5–30% whereas that for σ=15 was approximately 10–50%. Conclusion: The optimal b-value pairs for obtaining ADC values close to reference-standard values depended on the noise level and hence SNR. This work was supported by Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Cancer Center pilot project A35242 (EW). There are no conflicts of interest.
A microRNA cluster miR-23/24/27 is regulated by aldosterone to alter Na+ transport in the kidney distal nephron (711.5)

The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is a major determinant of sodium (Na+) and water balance in the kidney. We previously reported that aldosterone (aldo) modifies expression of microRNAs (miRs) t...
Quantization effects when testing differential gain

The quantization effects introduced by analog-to-digital converters into differential gain measurement has been shown to be a possible cause of nonrepeatable measurements. This nonrepeatability has potentially negative effects in a production environment. The dependence of measurement error on converter resolution and DC input level is analyzed. An algorithm using Fourier analysis to compensate for this error is discussed and applied to a model of a convertor with significant amount of differential gain error. This algorithm is shown to be able to measure the inherent device error in the presence of the quantization uncertainty. The ability to separate the errors produced by the quantization of the device under test (DUT) and the errors produced by the device's transfer curve is vital to the characterization of the device. The algorithm is used to characterize the performance of a 6-b flash converter. >
Uncertainty in future regional sea level rise due to internal climate variability

[1] Sea level rise (SLR) is an inescapable consequence of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations, with potentially harmful effects on human populations in coastal and island regions. Observational evidence indicates that global sea level has risen in the 20th century, and climate models project an acceleration of this trend in the coming decades. Here we analyze rates of future SLR on regional scales in a 40-member ensemble of climate change projections with the Community Climate System Model Version 3. This unique ensemble allows us to assess uncertainty in the magnitude of 21st century SLR due to internal climate variability alone. We find that simulated regional SLR at mid-century can vary by a factor of 2 depending on location, with the North Atlantic and Pacific showing the greatest range. This uncertainty in regional SLR results primarily from internal variations in the wind-driven and buoyancy-driven ocean circulations.
Highly sensitive and selective measurements of lead by stripping voltammetry/potentiometry following adsorptive accumulation of the lead-o-cresolphthalexon complex

Abstract A very sensitive and selective stripping procedure for trace measurements of lead, based on the adsorptive accumulation of the lead-o-cresolphthalexon (OCP) complex onto various mercury electrodes is described. The technique offers enhanced sensitivity over analogous stripping measurements of lead (with a detection limit of 40 ng 1−1 after 2 min accumulation). Even more significantly is the improved selectivity in the presence of a large excess of thallium or tin (which commonly interfere in anodic stripping measurements). Both voltammetric and potentiometric stripping modes can be employed to probe the reduction of the lead-OCP complex. The reported coupling of the new method with disposable screen-printed electrodes holds a great promise for decentralized testing of lead. Applicability to assays of drinking water is illustrated.
Cat L4-S1 dermatomes determined using signal averaging

In view of discrepancies in the earlier literature, a new procedure was devised which used (1) stimuli known to be subthreshold for deep receptor afferents and suprathreshold for hair afferents; (2) averaging techniques applied to dorsal root responses; (3) quantitative mapping of response magnitudes as a function of stimulus location. Dermatomes were obtained for cat L4-S1 dorsal roots which are somewhat larger than the majority of reported whole-root dermatomes, but which are larger than dermatomes approximated from single-unit recordings.
Graphite Sublimation Chemistry Nonequilibrium Effects

The implications of the assumption of local solid-gas phase equilibrium for subliming carbon species for graphite ablation calculations in an air environment is investigated. The equilibrium assumption is eliminated by considering the Knudsen-Langmuir equation at the interface for each carbon species. Calculated equilibrium and nonequilibrium results are compared for a very wide range of flight and ground-test environments. The nonequilibrium mass addition parameter is always less than the equilibrium value, and the nonequilibrium wall temperature is always larger for a given environment. Calculations made to determine the convective heat flux required to reach an incipient melt temperature of 3800 K indicate that the required flux determined from an equilibrium calculation can be too high by as much as 200-300% for stagnation enthalpies less than 5000 Btu/lb. Calculations for superorbital re-entry conditions show large differences in the mass addition parameter B' when the convective heating rate is low and the external radiation heating level is relatively high. Similar large differences in R' could be simulated in an existing ground-test facility if the reported external radiation heating level could be increased. Such an experiment would provide data to test the validity of present convectiveheating-rate blowing correlations in a combined heating environment.