cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equilibria in a Hotelling Model: First-Mover Advantage?

We consider the presence of first-mover advantage or disadvantage in a duopoly model of product positioning in which firms are symmetric, except for order of entry. We study a generalization of the Hotelling model, in which a consumer's utility from a product depends on the location of product and consumer in product attribute space, a random utility term that captures idiosyncratic preferences, and the price of the product. Since the model is analytically intractable, we computationally study location equilibria, with prices decided simultaneously after locations have been chosen. We analyze the equilibrium outcomes based on the sensitivity of a firm's profit to prices and locations. A first-mover advantage obtains when profits are highly sensitive to location but only moderately sensitive to price. In contrast, when the location sensitivity is low, a moderate price sensitivity results in a first-mover disadvantage. High price sensitivity leads to maximum differentiation in product attributes. Finally, low sensitivity to both price and location has both firms locating at the market center.
Sobre creatividad e historia cultural en la historiografía musical latinoamericana reciente

apuntes DE INVESTIGACION / Lecturas en debate I SSN 0329-2142 No 15 Los estudios sobre la historia musical popular latinoamericana realizados en los ultimos 15 anos (aproximadamente) han renovado las preguntas, los enfoques y por lo tanto la imagen misma del pasado musical de nuestro continente. Esta breve resena pretende identificar algunos de los rasgos dominantes de parte de esa produccion –la que forma parte de la agenda de la historia social y no de la estrictamente musicologica– para formular algunas preguntas acerca de sus marcos conceptuales.
Advanced interconnect technology

Summary form only given. As minimum feature size in multi-billion transistor chips scales to the 100 nm range and below, the relative importance of transistors and interconnects in determining the maximum clock frequency, power dissipation, size and cost of a chip is changing. Interconnects now tend to surpass transistors in terms of impact on these key chip metrics. This "tyranny" of interconnects can be mitigated by the following approaches: (1) invention of new communication centric architectures; (2) development of new compact models that describe accurately the massive inductive and capacitive coupling that occurs in multilevel interconnect networks; (3) the use of on-chip and chip-to-chip optical interconnects; (4) ultra-high density electrical input/output interconnects and chip packages batch fabricated at the wafer level; (5) three-dimensional structures using multiple levels of transistors and interconnects; and (6) predictive process, property and performance models for interconnects as well as novel metrology tools to support them. These approaches are under investigation in a long-range research program with a ten-year horizon involving six universities, which operate coherently as the Interconnect Focus Center.
Interplay of spin-orbit coupling and Zeeman splitting in the absorption lineshape of fermions in two dimensions

We suggest that electron spin resonance (ESR) experiments can be used as a probe of spinon excitations of hypothetical spin-liquid state of frustrated antiferromagnet in the presence of asymmetric Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. We describe assumptions under which the ESR response is reduced to the response of two-dimensional electron gas with Rashba spin-orbit coupling. Unlike previous treatments, the spin-orbit coupling ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\text{SO}}$ is not assumed small compared to the Zeeman splitting ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{Z}$. We demonstrate that ESR response diverges at the edges of the absorption spectrum for ac magnetic field perpendicular to the static field. At the compensation point ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\text{SO}}\ensuremath{\approx}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{Z}$, the broad absorption spectrum exhibits features that evolve with temperature $T$, even when $T$ is comparable to the Fermi energy.
Deformation and thermal histories of ordinary chondrites: Evidence for post-deformation annealing and syn-metamorphic shock

Abstract We show that olivine microstructures in seven metamorphosed ordinary chondrites of different groups studied with optical and transmission electron microscopy can be used to evaluate the post-deformation cooling setting of the meteorites, and to discriminate between collisions affecting cold and warm parent bodies. The L6 chondrites Park (shock stage S1), Bruderheim (S4), Leedey (S4), and Morrow County (S5) were affected by variable shock deformation followed by relatively rapid cooling, and probably cooled as fragments liberated by impact in near-surface settings. In contrast, Kernouve (H6 S1), Portales Valley (H6/7 S1), and MIL 99301 (LL6 S1) appear to have cooled slowly after shock, probably by deep burial in warm materials. In these chondrites, post-deformation annealing lowered apparent optical strain levels in olivine. Additionally, Kernouve, Morrow County, Park, MIL 99301, and possibly Portales Valley, show evidence for having been deformed at an elevated temperature (⩾800–1000 °C). The high temperatures for Morrow County can be explained by dynamic heating during intense shock, but Kernouve, Park, and MIL 99301 were probably shocked while the H, L and LL parent bodies were warm, during early, endogenically-driven thermal metamorphism. Thus, whereas the S4 and S5 chondrites experienced purely shock-induced heating and cooling, all the S1 chondrites examined show evidence for static heating consistent with either syn-metamorphic shock (Kernouve, MIL 99301, Park), post-deformation burial in warm materials (Kernouve, MIL 99301, Portales Valley), or both. The results show the pitfalls in relying on optical shock classification alone to infer an absence of shock and to construct cooling stratigraphy models for parent bodies. Moreover, they provide support for the idea that “secondary” metamorphic and “tertiary” shock processes overlapped in time shortly after the accretion of chondritic planetesimals, and that impacts into warm asteroidal bodies were common.
Cancer diagnosis and prognosis in Taiwan: patient preferences versus experiences.

Considering the emphasis of nonmaleficence and beneficence and the relative power of family, there is a well-recognized suggestion that, in Asian culture, informing cancer patients about their diagnosis and prognosis should be modified according to the family's opinion. However, up until now, except in Japan, the argument that cancer patients from an Asian culture have different preferences about being informed of their diagnosis and prognosis has not been demonstrated by evidence-based studies especially by directly exploring cancer patients' preferences. The purpose of this study was to describe Taiwanese cancer patients' knowledge and experiences of being informed of their diagnosis and prognosis. Preferences of information from health-care professionals and attitudes toward disclosing information to family and even respecting family's opinions not to disclose the life-threatening diagnosis and prognosis to patients have also been explored from the patient's point of views. Evidence from this study demonstrated that Taiwanese cancer patients' information needs are substantial. However, the common practice of nondisclosure of prognosis and detailed disease-related information by health-care professionals continues. Cancer patients in Taiwan expressed a strong preference for health-care professionals to inform them of disease-related information before disclosing information to their family members. Health-care professionals need to consider and respect cancer patients' views rather than routinely taking the family's opinions into consideration first in the event of disagreement. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coordinated Expression of Valine Catabolic Enzymes During Adipogenesis: Analysis of Activity, mRNA, Protein Levels, and Metabolic Consequences

3T3-L1 fibroblasts have limited enzymatic capacity to oxidize valine. Enzymes expressed in these cells allow efficient oxidation of only the first carbon of this branched chain amino acid. The pathway is effectively truncated at the level of 3-hydroxyisobutyrate because of very low expression of two enzymes required for the complete pathway, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase and methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase. These two enzymes, as well as the branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, are markedly induced upon differentiation of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts into adipocytes. Flux through the first two decarboxylation steps of valine catabolism is increased dramatically after differentiation, particularly through the step catalyzed by methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Activation of the distal portion of the valine catabolic pathway correlates with significant increases in enzyme protein and mRNA levels for 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase and methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, and this establishes the pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes for utilization of valine carbon for lipogenesis. The induction profiles of 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase and methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase are very similar, suggesting coordinate regulation of the expression of these two valine pathway-specific enzymes. Induction of valine catabolism in 3T3-L1 cells is solely differentiation dependent, suggesting regulation by the same factors that govern differentiation of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts into adipocytes.
Targeting Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Suppresses Neuroblastoma Progression via Upregulation of PTEN Signaling

We have previously demonstrated the role of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) as an autocrine growth factor for neuroblastoma. Here, we report that GRP silencing regulates cell signaling involved in the invasion-metastasis cascade. Using a doxycycline inducible system, we demonstrate that GRP silencing decreased anchorage-independent growth, inhibited migration and neuroblastoma cell-mediated angiogenesis in vitro, and suppressed metastasis in vivo. Targeted inhibition of GRP decreased the mRNA levels of oncogenes responsible for neuroblastoma progression. We also identified PTEN/AKT signaling as a key mediator of the tumorigenic properties of GRP in neuroblastoma cells. Interestingly, PTEN overexpression decreased GRP-mediated migration and angiogenesis; a novel role for this, otherwise, understated tumor suppressor in neuroblastoma. Furthermore, activation of AKT (pAKT) positively correlated with neuroblastoma progression in an in vivo tumor-metastasis model. PTEN expression was slightly decreased in metastatic lesions. A similar phenomenon was observed in human neuroblastoma sections, where, early-stage localized tumors had a higher PTEN expression relative to pAKT; however, an inverse expression pattern was observed in liver lesions. Taken together, our results argue for a dual purpose of targeting GRP in neuroblastoma –1) decreasing expression of critical oncogenes involved in tumor progression, and 2) enhancing activation of tumor suppressor genes to treat aggressive, advanced-stage disease.
The incidence of malignant lymphoma and multiple myeloma in Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb survivors, 1945-1965.

The present study demonstrates an increased prevalence of malignant lymphoma and multiple myeloma in survivors of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima exposed to 100 rad or more; a similar relationship is not evident in Nagasaki. This apparent discrepancy is tentatively attributed to known physical differences in the radiation spectrum emitted by the 2 bombs and/or biological differences between the inhabitants of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Other observations of interest include the following: the risk of developing lymphoma or multiple myeloma appears to be greater in persons exposed at less than 25 years of age than in people who were 25 or more years old at the time of the bomb; the appearance time is shorter in the younger age group exposed to 100 rad or more in comparison with less heavily exposed persons, and also in comparison with heavily exposed persons in the older age groups. (auth)
A new chemical method for quantifying melanin.

—Nipecotic acid, a potent inhibitor of GABA uptake, is taken up by slices of rat cerebral cortex by a sodium-dependent, ‘high affinity’ system (Km 11 μM), and can be released from these slices by an increased potassium ion concentration in a calcium-dependent manner. Nipecotic acid and GABA appear to be taken up by the same osmotically-sensitive structures. GABA and substances which inhibit GABA uptake also inhibit the uptake of nipecotic acid. GABA can release preloaded nipecotic acid from brain slices, and nipecotic acid can release preloaded GABA. This indicates that GABA and nipecotic acid can be counter-transported using the same mobile carrier. Nipecotic acid appears to have a higher affinity than GABA for this carrier.
The deeper sources of political conflict: evidence from the psychological, cognitive, and neuro-sciences

Political disputes ruin family reunions, scuttle policy initiatives, and spur violence and even terrorism. We summarize recent research indicating that the source of political differences can be found in biologically instantiated and often subthreshold predispositions as reflected in physiological, cognitive, and neural patterns that incline some people toward innovation and others toward conservatism. These findings suggest the need to revise traditional views that maintain that political opinions are the product of rational, conscious, socialized thought.
Physical aggression as a function of strength of frustration and instrumentality of aggression.

Abstract Direct physical aggression was related to three variables through a modification of the Buss (1961) “aggression machine” and procedure. There were two intensities of frustration and a control group established on the basis of the goal gradient principle. Aggression was either instrumental or noninstrumental in overcoming the frustration. Frustration was arbitrary (unreasonable) or nonarbitrary (reasonable). More aggression occurred under the instrumental condition than under the noninstrumental condition. The stronger frustration produced more aggression than the weaker frustration, but only when aggression had previously been experienced as instrumental. No more aggression occurred under the arbitrary frustration condition than under the nonarbitrary condition. The results were discussed in relation to the frustration-aggression hypothesis and the goal gradient principle.
Are Learning Styles Relevant in Web-Based Instruction?

This study investigated the impact of learning style on performance in a Web-based learning environment. Specifically, Introductory Psychology students with different learning styles, as measured by Kolb's Learning Styles Inventory (LSI-IIa), were randomly assigned to one of two Web-based training modules that differed only in terms of their number of multimedia enhancements and user interaction options. Outcome measures included an online final test over the material presented in the modules and an online survey measuring participants' reactions to the modules. The potential impact of learning style was also assessed with respect to the students' final grade in the lecture course. Results indicated that neither student learning style nor online course module version had any impact on mean test score or on reaction to the online module. Furthermore, learning style was not related to the students' overall performance in the lecture course. The implications of these results for considering learning styles i...
Optimization of dialysate flow and mass transfer during automated peritoneal dialysis

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of patient position on the mass transfer area coefficient (KoA) and to characterize drain/fill profiles in an effort to enhance efficiency of automated peritoneal dialysis. Over 100 exchanges were performed in 38 stable peritoneal dialysis patients to either determine the small solute KoA in the supine versus upright position or to characterize fill/drain profiles. The KoA for all solutes tested was significantly greater in the supine position compared with the upright position ( P P upright [ P R = 0.52, P
Taking Temporality Seriously: Modeling History and the Use of Narratives as Evidence

Social scientists interested in explaining historical processes can, indeed should, refuse the choice between modeling causal relationships and studying history. Identifying temporality as the defining characteristic of processes that can be meaningfully distinguished as “history,” I show that modeling such phenomena engenders particular difficulties but is both possible and fruitful. Narratives, as a way of presenting empirical information, have distinctive strengths that make them especially suited for historical scholarship, and structuring the narratives based on the model allows us to treat them as data on which to test the model. At the same time, this use of narratives raises methodological problems not identified in recent debates. I specify these problems, analyze their implications, and suggest ways of solving or minimizing them. There is no inherent incompatibility between—but much potential gain from—modeling history and using historical narratives as data.
Clinical importance of late recurrence in soft-tissue sarcomas.

Background and Objectives: Soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) represent a diverse histologic group of malignancies at risk for local and distant failure. We studied the impact of late (5 or more years) vs. early recurrence (less than 5 years) on subsequent outcome. Methods: Four hundred sixty-eight patients with STS treated between 1962 and 1992 were evaluated for late (n = 39; 8%) or early (n = 253; 54%) recurrence. Clinical and pathologic factors were reviewed. Survival data were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. Results: Of the 39 patients with a late recurrence (median follow-up 156 months), 18 patients had local recurrence, 7 patients developed distant recurrence, and 14 patients had local and distant recurrence. Thirty patients with late local and/or distant recurrence underwent complete or wide excision (n = 16), amputation (n = 4), or local resection (n = 10). The overall 5-year survival rate following late recurrence was 61%. The 5-year overall survival rate was statistically better for patients with a late local recurrence alone than for patients with distant failure, 94% vs. 36%, respectively (P = 0.003). Neither the site of the primary STS, age, primary margin status, nor histology had any effect on subsequent local or distant failure and subsequent survival. Conclusions: These data suggest that an aggressive approach is appropriate in patients who present with late recurrence (more than 5 years) following treatment of the primary STS. Impressive survival rates can be achieved in the treatment of local recurrences.
David E. Smith Receives 2012 Charles A. Whitten Medal: Citation

David E. Smith was awarded the 2012 Charles A. Whitten Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 5 December 2012 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “outstanding achievement in research on the form and dynamics of the Earth and planets.”
Motivational effects in probability learning

Forty rats were run in a 70:30 probability learning T maze situation. A 2 by 2 factorial design combined high and low incentive. The hypothesis was that under relatively low motivation, the fixated or maximizing behavior typically found in rats should give way to distribution of response to both goals. This hypothesis was supported. Within the small number (110) of trials run, probability matching was not observed, though the possibility of its later appearance was not ruled out by the behavior of the low-motivated Ss. Unexplainable emotional behavior was noted in some Ss.
The role of glutamate receptor maturation in perinatal seizures and brain injury

The perinatal age window is characterized by vulnerability to age-specific patterns of injury. Hypoxia/ischemia occurs in a number of settings both in term and preterm neonates, yet the patterns of response appear dependent upon the age of the infant. In the preterm neonate, hypoxic/ischemic insults result in selective white matter injury, termed periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), with little or no cortical pathology. However, in term babies, hypoxic encephalopathy is the most common cause of seizures, and also can result in cortical infarction. Extracellular glutamate accumulates in the setting of hypoxia/ischemia, and excess activation of glutamate receptors has been implicated in hypoxic/ischemic cellular death. Glutamate receptors are developmentally regulated in both neuronal and glial cells within the brain. Using rodent models, we have shown that hypoxia/ischemia results in selective white matter injury in postnatal day (P) seven rat pups, while hypoxia causes seizures in P10-12 rats, but not at younger or older ages. We have further demonstrated that antagonists of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptor subtype block white matter injury at P7 and seizures at P10. We have shown that AMPA receptors are relatively overexpressed in oligodendrocytes (OLs) within white matter at P7 and in neurons in cortex and hippocampus at P10. Hence maturational patterns of glutamate receptor expression correlate with age-specific regional susceptibility to injury to hypoxia/ischemia. While glutamate receptor blockade represents a rational strategy in the treatment of perinatal hypoxic/ischemic brain injury, it is unclear what role variations in their expression play in normal development and plasticity. Further investigation of patterns of glutamate receptor subunit expression in human brain and in experimental animal models is necessary to determine potential age specific strategies as well as adverse effects.
Bertrand vs. Cournot equilibrium with risk averse firms and cost uncertainty

In an oligopoly game with cost uncertainty and risk averse firms, we show that Bertrand and Cournot equilibrium have different convergence properties when the market is replicated. The Cournot equilibrium price converges to the competitive price. Under very typical and somewhat general conditions, the highest Bertrand equilibrium price converges to one higher than the competitive equilibrium. We also give examples to show how to compute the limit of the highest Bertrand equilibrium prices and illustrate the ideas of the proof. We explore conditions under which the supply curve is upward sloping, a useful condition for our results.
There may not be an A-not-B error

In the A-not-B situation children reach toward location A when the object is at location B. Researchers interpret this as an error. 1 question this interpretation. Reaches are inaccurate only if the intention actually is to obtain the hidden object. If this is not the goal, then reaching for A may be accurate and there may lie no error to be explained.
Estimates of the horizon in mathematical models of marketing

Abstract The economical concept of an horizon is redefined in stricter mathematical terms. This implies an approximation procedure, formulated in a semidefinite function space, which may be applied to many time-dependent social processes, resembling a real expontential-like growth ‘on the horizon’.
Classes, collections, and distinctive features: Alternative strategies for solving inclusion problems

Abstract This study analyzed the strategies that children ages 5 through 8 years used on two modified versions of Inhelder and Piaget's (The early growth of logic in the child. New York: Norton, 1964) class inclusion task. In two experiments, children were tested on Wilkinson's (Cognitive Psychology, 1976, 8, 64–85) “percept” inclusion task in which distinctive features marked both supraordinate and subclasses. It was hypothesized that children who fail standard Piagetian inclusion tasks succeed on the “percept” task by counting and comparing mutually exclusive features rather than using features as markers for classes and subclasses. The hypothesis was supported by children's performances on “percept” tasks in which solutions based on feature counting conflicted with solutions based on consideration of class inclusion relations. In two other experiments, children answered part-whole and part-part comparison questions in which both terms were described as classes and/or subclasses, or in which one of the two terms was described as a collection (e.g., a bunch of grapes). These experiments contrasted Markman and Seibert's (Cognitive Psychology, 1976, 8, 561–577) “organization” hypothesis that the greater psychological integrity of collections facilitates reasoning on part-whole comparison problems with the hypothesis that the faciltative effect results from the “large number” connotation of collective nouns. Results on collection problems in which parts were described as collections supported the “large number” hypothesis. Results were discussed in terms of their implications for Piaget's theory.
Recognition memory as influenced by number of reinforcements and type of test

A list of 126 CVCs was presented to each of 29 Ss. Members of the list were reinforced one, two, or three times; and four types of recognition tests were used to evaluate learning of the list. It was found that a signal-detection model applied to the data became increasingly inaccurate as the number of reinforcements of list words increased.
Two Strains of Crocosphaera watsonii with Highly Conserved Genomes are Distinguished by Strain-Specific Features

Unicellular nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are important components of marine phytoplankton. Although non-nitrogen-fixing marine phytoplankton generally exhibit high gene sequence and genomic diversity, gene sequences of natural populations and isolated strains of Crocosphaera watsonii, one of two most abundant open ocean unicellular cyanobacteria groups, have been shown to be 98-100% identical.. The low sequence diversity in Crocosphaera is a dramatic contrast to sympatric species of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, and raises the question of how genome differences can explain observed phenotypic diversity among Crocosphaera strains. Here we show, through whole genome comparisons of two phenotypically different strains, that there are strain-specific sequences in each genome, and numerous genome rearrangements, despite exceptionally low sequence diversity in shared genomic regions. Some of the strain-specific sequences encode functions that explain observed phenotypic differences, such as exopolysaccharide biosynthesis. The pattern of strain-specific sequences distributed throughout the genomes, along with rearrangements in shared sequences is evidence of significant genetic mobility that may be attributed to the hundreds of transposase genes found in both strains. Furthermore, such genetic mobility appears to be the main mechanism of strain divergence in Crocosphaera which do not accumulate DNA microheterogeneity over the vast majority of their genomes. The strain-specific sequences found in this study provide tools for future physiological studies, as well as genetic markers to help determine the relative abundance of phenotypes in natural populations.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 99

Abstract The 1960 version of the Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 99 has been revised on the basis of experimental data received prior to August 1973. Information from approximately 160 papers and communications has been included in the present compilation.
What should follow the millennium development goals

Debate on what should replace the millennium development goals when their target date of 2015 is reached is hotting up. Charles Kenny comments on lessons learnt from their success and failure and looks at the suggestions for the post-2015 development agenda The millennium development goals were an offshoot of the United Nations Millennium Declaration agreed by world leaders at the UN General Assembly in 2000.1 The eight goals that were subsequently adopted in 2001 set targets for progress to reduce poverty and improve outcomes in nutrition, education, health, equality, the environment, and global partnerships by 2015 (box). With that end date fast approaching debate on what should follow them is mounting, and later this year the UN secretary general will set out a draft agenda based on recent consultations. As discussion continues it is important to consider the successes and failures of the goals learnt from the lessons these provide, and look at the desirability and feasibility of new goals that have been suggested. #### Millennium development goals ##### Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger ##### Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education ##### Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women ##### Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates ##### Goal 5: Improve maternal health ##### Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases ##### Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Relating fracture energy to entanglements at partially miscible polymer interfaces

A new model has been developed to calculate the areal chain density of entanglements (Σeff) at partially miscible polymer–polymer interfaces. The model for Σeff is based on a stochastic approach that considers the miscibility of the system. The values agree between Σeff calculated from the model and literature values for the reinforced interfaces. Using Σeff calculated from the model, the interfacial width, and the average distance between entanglements, an equation for the fracture energy of nonreinforced polymer interfaces is proposed. This equation is used to model the transition from chain pullout to crazing. As a function of system miscibility, the model for Σeff also accurately predicts a maximum in mode I fracture energy (Gc) as a result of the transition from gradient-driven to miscibility-limited interdiffusion, which is observed experimentally. As Σeff increases, the fracture energy increases accordingly. Compared with a recent model developed by Brown, the new model correctly predicts a reduced Gc (attributed to chain pullout) when the interfacial width is less than the average distance between entanglements. Theoretical predictions of the change in fracture energy with respect to interfacial width agree with the experimental measurements. Finally, it is postulated that the use of a miscibility criterion for Gc may reveal the universal nature of the pullout to crazing transition. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 2292–2302, 2002
Solid phase synthesis of 1-substituted pyroglutamates

Abstract Starting from a dipeptide containing the t Bu ester of glutamic acid, disubstituted 2-pyrrolidinones were prepared in good yield and high purity. Cyclization takes place using DPPA as activating reagent. Diversity was achieved through reductive alkylation of the starting dipeptide and N -alkylation following the cyclization step. This approach has been used for the synthesis of both individual compounds and mixture-based combinatorial libraries.
THE STATUS OF RESPIRATION IN THE METHODS OF DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE COMPARED WITH THAT UNDER THE METHOD OF INTRATRACHEAL INSUFFLATION

The maintenance of life of an individual with an open double pneumothorax under differential pressure depends essentially upon the normal position of the lower lobes of the lungs and their close approximation to the diaphragm, especially of the posterior parts of the lobes. A complete dislodgment of both lower lobes leads invariably to the death of the individual, which may occur in a very short time, or after fifteen to twenty-five minutes. In all cases the respiration is affected first; it slows almost at once and stops invariably before the heart. The result is the same whether the vagi are intact or both nerves are cut. Exceptionally, respiration may continue even after the separation of the lungs from the diaphragm, but only by having all the lobes well approximated to the thoracic walls. When by dislodgment of the lower lobes the respiration is stopped and the heart is feeble and slow, or stopped completely, it is rarely possible to restore life by artificial respiration or by other appropriate means. The extent of the exchange of gases occurring in normal respiration, with closed thoracic cavity, exceeds greatly the need for the maintenance of life, since normal respiration is provided with an abundance of factors of safety. Under differential pressure, however, life is carried on with an exchange of gases which amounts to a small fraction only of the extent of the exchange that takes place in normal respiration; respiration under differential pressure is, therefore, deprived of all factors of safety and is incapable of resisting the dangers of exceptional incidents. Deaths occurring in connection with the differential pressure have their cause essentially in this unguarded state of the function of respiration. Under tracheal insufflation, the function of respiration is surrounded with effective safeguards, at least as much as is normal respiration. Dislodgment of the lungs has no detrimental effect. After complete collapse of the lungs, capillary adhesions within the alveoli and the small bronchi become an additional obstacle to the redistension and respiration. Differential pressure holds this obstacle in abeyance. When the lungs become collapsed during an open pneumothorax, it should be kept in mind that the force which is required for redistension is greater than that which is sufficient to keep the lungs continually distended. At the beginning of a redistension, therefore, a higher pressure should be employed for a short time.
Demonstration of a second harmonic free-electron laser

Abstract The first experimental demonstration of a harmonic free-electron laser amplifier utilizing a periodic position instability is described for a planar wiggler configuration. The interaction occurs at the even harmonics of the fundamental. A maximum gain of 7 dB was observed over a frequency band ranging from 14–15 GHz. The experimental results are compared with predictions from the three-dimensional simulation code WIGGLIN with excellent agreement.
Fuzzy Optimization of Acknowledged System of Systems Meta-architectures for Agent based Modeling of Development

Abstract Acknowledged systems of systems (SoS) lie on a continuum between authoritarian central control and anarchy. The constituent systems are independent, with a life and purpose of their own. The systems require not only technical interfaces, but also social interactions, to create the SoS. A fuzzy optimization process may be used to select a desirable SoS configuration, but it may be unachievable due to the inability to persuade the systems to cooperate in the plan. Modeling the systems’ internal decision processes could help understand how to design better SoS architectures. This research used generic, modular modeling processes to examine two proposed SoS architectures and the impact of degree of cooperation on the suitability of the achieved SoS.
Preservation of orthographic knowledge in aphasia

Abstract A simple untimed lexical decision task was designed to test implicit letter recognition in aphasic patients. Half of the nonwords used in this task were orthographically regular pronounceable pseudowords, and half were orthographically irregular unpronounceable letter strings. Twenty-five randomly chosen aphasic patients with mild to severe degrees of aphasia participated in the study. Although only six of the patients performed the lexical decision task successfully, all 25 demonstrated the ability to distinguish orthographically regular from irregular letter strings and, by implication, the ability to recognize and make use of the identities of written letters.
Fracture of a Superplate: The Proximal Cause of the Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount Bend?

—A change in plate motions of the Pacific basin - as inferred from the abrupt change in the strike at 43 Ma of the Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount chain - is modeled as the direct consequence of a plate fracture associated with the separation of Australia and Antarctica during the late Eocene. The postulated fracture was that of a large, and for the most part oceanic plate composed of the present Australian and Pacific plates. Volcanism in the Tasman Sea region with emphasis on the Balleny Islands hotspot is the proposed cause of the fracture, while plate tectonics in general is modeled in association with a mesospheric Rayleigh-Benard convection mode whose specific kinematics are determined from the global distribution of hotspots. Mesospheric convection is assumed to descend along a network of polygon boundaries shared by neighboring convection cells, and to approach those boundaries as radially advecting flow arising from hotspot plumes. Tractions due to the resulting shear strain across the asthenosphere both stabilize and drive the plate motions. The model yields unique and stable Euler poles for the motions of arbitrary plates, and specifically for the postulated pre-43 Ma ‘superplate’ and for the Pacific and Australian plates of present day to within about 10° to 20° (central angle) of observation. Plate tectonic torque magnitudes due to the underlying Benard convection are computed and found to be comparable to, or potentially larger than torques due to lithospheric density gradients, subsidence and subduction which may act in concert with, but are not necessarily required by the model. The analysis evaluates a unified lithosphere-bulk mantle approach to plate tectonics and addresses an ambiguity in the potential causes of plate motions.
Clozapine and other 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A receptor antagonists alter the subcellular distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A receptors in vitro and in vivo

In this study, we demonstrate that clozapine and other atypical antipsychotic drugs induce a paradoxical internalization of 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A receptors in vitro and a redistribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A receptors in vivo. We discovered that clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone and the putative atypical antipsychotic drug MDL 100,907 all induced 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A receptor internalization in fibroblasts stably expressing the 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A receptor in vitro. Two 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A antagonists (mianserin and ritanserin), which have been demonstrated to reduce negative symptoms in schizophrenia, also caused 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A receptor internalization. Four different drugs, each devoid of 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A antagonist activity, had no effect on the subcellular distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A receptors in vitro. Treatment of rats for seven days with clozapine induced an increase in intracellular 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A receptor-like immunoreactivity in pyramidal neurons, while causing a decrease in labeling of apical dendrites in the medial prefrontal cortex. This redistribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A receptors in pyramidal neurons was also seen when rats were chronically treated with another atypical antipsychotic drug, olanzapine. The typical antipsychotic drug haloperidol, however, did not induce a redistribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A receptors in pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex. Taken together, these results demonstrate that several atypical antipsychotic drugs with high 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A receptor affinities induce a redistribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A receptors both in vivo and in vitro. It is conceivable that the loss of 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A receptors from the apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons is important for the beneficial effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs and other 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A antagonists in schizophrenia.
Effect of Riboflavin and Other B Complex Vitamins on Work of Perfused Frog Muscles

SummaryThe work output of the gastrocnemius muscle of the perfused frog has been determined following the addition of riboflavin to the perfusion fluid in concentrations ranging from 0.0000001 to 0.1 mM per liter.The total work output was significantly increased by the addition of 0.00001 mM riboflavin per liter. Concentrations below this level were ineffective. A significant improvement in total work output was observed with riboflavin concentrations up to and including 0.01 mM per liter; with concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 mM per liter, the improvement was not statistically significant.The extent of muscle contraction after 8-11 minutes of work was significantly increased by the addition of 0.00001 to 0.01 mM of riboflavin per liter of perfusion fluid.When a mixture of thiamine hydrochloride, calcium pantothenate, nicotinic acid amide, pyridoxine hydrochloride and riboflavin, each at optimal concentrations is added to the perfusion fluid; the improvement in total work output is no greater than that obse...
Methods used to decrease lithium absorption or enhance elimination.

AbstractObjective: To review current methods, well documented and investigational, being used to decrease lithium absorption or enhance lithium elimination. Methods: The basic science and clinical literature on lithium were reviewed by a comprehensive Medline search from 1984 to 1996. Additional references were identified by reviewing the reference citations from the results of the Medline search. Results. Prevention of Absorption: Whole bowel irrigation has been demonstrated to be an effective means of enhancing lithium removal from the gastrointestinal tract. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate resin administration has been shown to be effective in binding lithium elimination in animal and human models. However, the lower limits of effective sodium polystyrene sulfonate dosing and the extent of potassium lowerhg in humans are questions that need to be answered before sodium polystyrene sulfonate resin can be recommended for routine use. Enhancement of Elimination: Saline or forced diuresis is not effective in ...
Diode dosimetry of 103Pd model 200 seed in water phantom.

The relative dose distribution around the 103Pd model 200 implant seed was measured with a computerized data acquisition system employing a p‐n junction silicon diode immersed in a water phantom. Data are acquired in polar coordinates by computer control of (1) the diode distance from the seed center and (2) the rotation angle of seed about a transverse axis. Transverse axis data are compared with thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD) measurements and a Monte Carlo calculation by others.
Copper azine compounds: Synthesis, structure and magnetic analyses of Cu(phenazine)Cl2, (phenazinium)2CuCl4 · H2O, and [Cu(phenazine)Cl2 · H2O]2

Abstract Three compounds composed of phenazine and copper chloride have been prepared and studied by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and variable temperature magnetization. The compounds synthesized and studied are: Cu(phenazine)Cl2 (1), (phenazinium)2CuCl4 · H2O (2), and [Cu(phenazine)Cl2 · H2O]2 (3). Compounds 1 and 2 are described as antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chains with exchange constants ∣J∣/kB = 33.8 K and 8.6 K, respectively.
Electromagnetic decay of 10+ states and yrast isomers in 208Pb

Abstract Gamma decay of the four previously known 10 + states between 4.8 and 5.9 MeV of excitation in 208 Pb, and isomerism of the lowest 10 + [T 1 2 =500(50) ns ] and 8 + [T 1 2 =3.2(5) ns ] states have been established with α - γ coincidence measurements in 209 Bi(t, αγ ) 208 Pb. Wavefunctions for the 10 + states were deduced in the model space involving 1p-1h excitations only. These show that the π h 9 2 h 11 2 −1 strength is nearly evenly distributed among the 10 + states, in disagreement with results from (e, e′) data.
Selection into early education and care settings: Differences by developmental period

Abstract Early education and care programs (EEC) serve important functions in promoting children's school readiness skills and supporting parental employment. Yet knowledge remains limited concerning factors inhibiting or increasing families’ use of EEC programs for their young children and whether such factors function differently as children age. This study employed nationally representative data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) following 10,700 children from infancy through early childhood to assess predictors of home and center-based EEC and to delineate whether predictors differed by developmental period. Drawing on Meyers and Jordan's (2006) rich accommodations model of EEC selection, analyses found that factors associated with family needs and resources (parental employment, income, education, and family structure), cultural norms and preferences (race, ethnicity, and immigration status; geographic location; child characteristics; and parental priorities regarding EEC characteristics) and contextual opportunities and constraints (availability of care in the community) were all associated with selection into EEC settings. Many patterns were similar for infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, although race/ethnicity, employment, and availability were most strongly linked to EEC type during infancy, whereas parental priorities for features associated with higher-quality care programs predicted EEC most strongly for preschoolers. Results are discussed in terms of efforts to increase family choice and access to EEC programs.
Outcomes and follow-up strategies for patients on active surveillance.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Prostate cancer is now the most commonly diagnosed solid tumor in American men. Autopsy studies show the uniquely high prevalence rates of small, indolent tumors in men dying of other causes. These findings have led to an increased interest in managing men with prostate cancer and low risk features expectantly, with close observation for early signs of progression. This approach allows one to limit prostate cancer treatment and any risk of related morbidity to the men who will benefit the most from active intervention. RECENT FINDINGS Several centers have published their results with active surveillance and delayed selective therapy for men with low grade, early prostate cancer. Although median follow up from these studies is relatively short, the outcomes appear favorable. About one third of men will receive treatment after 3-5 years of surveillance and quality of life remains high. SUMMARY Data from these reports provide patients and clinicians with the early experiences and expectations with active surveillance for prostate cancer. They also provide a framework for selecting men for this approach and for following them over time. Prospective, randomized trials comparing active surveillance with standard interventions are underway.
The Design and Development of the LotusSport Pursuit Bicycle

Aerodynamic drag constitutes over 96 per cent of the overall resistance to motion for a typical rider and bicycle combination. Although the rider of a typical track pursuit bicycle constitutes approximately two-thirds of the overall aerodynamic drag, the bicycle itself still contributes one-third. Any reduction in the drag generated by the bicycle can therefore have a significant effect on the maximum attainable speed for a given power input, and thus the time to cover a given race distance. At the same time it is important to optimize the riding position so as to minimize both the rider drag and any interference effects between the rider and bicycle.Cross-wind conditions are also of vital importance to cyclists. For most conventional tubular framed bicycles any wind on a velodrome will result in significantly slower times due to the increased drag. For a properly designed monocoque aero bicycle, however, a cross-wind can mean faster times on a velodrome due to a ‘sail’ effect being generated.The LotusSpo...