cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between Language Development and Brain Development.

Abstract The relationship between language development and brain development is examined. First, major characteristics of contemporary views on oral and written language development are presented. The the predominant ways in which language function and the brain have been investigated are critically reviewed. This review covers morphological findings, the commissurotomy studies, dichotic listening and visual half-field studies, EEG and cerebral blood flow studies, as well.as topics on the development of iaterali-zation and brain growth. The last section concludes that very little information exists about the relationship between language development and brain development, and argues that implications for education which invoke findings from recent brain research should be approached with great caution.
Myofibrillar protein turnover: The proteasome and the calpains

Metabolic turnover of myofibrillar proteins in skeletal muscle requires that, before being degraded to AA, myofibrillar proteins be removed from the myofibril without disrupting the ability of the myofibril to contract and develop tension. Skeletal muscle contains 4 proteolytic systems in amounts such that they could be involved in metabolic protein turnover: 1) the lysosomal system, 2) the caspase system, 3) the calpain system, and 4) the proteasome. The catheptic proteases in lysosomes are not active at the neutral pH of the cell cytoplasm, so myofibrillar proteins would have to be degraded inside lysosomes if the lysosomal system were involved. Lysosomes could not engulf a myofibril without destroying it, so the lysosomal system is not involved to a significant extent in metabolic turnover of myofibrillar proteins. The caspases are not activated until initiation of apoptosis, and, therefore, it is unlikely that the caspases are involved to a significant extent in myofibrillar protein turnover. The calpains do not degrade proteins to AA or even to small peptides and do not catalyze bulk degradation of the sarcoplasmic proteins, so they cannot be the only proteolytic system involved in myofibrillar protein turnover. Research during the past 20 yr has shown that the proteasome is responsible for 80 to 90% of total intracellular protein turnover, but the proteasome degrades peptide chains only after they have been unfolded, so that they can enter the catalytic chamber of the proteasome. Thus, although the proteasome can degrade sarcoplasmic proteins, it cannot degrade myofibrillar proteins until they have been removed from the myofibril. It remains unclear how this removal is done. The calpains degrade those proteins that are involved in keeping the myofibrillar proteins assembled in myofibrils, and it was proposed over 30 yr ago that the calpains initiated myofibrillar protein turnover by disassembling the outer layer of proteins from the myofibril and releasing them as myofilaments. Such myofilaments have been found in skeletal muscle. Other studies have indicated that individual myofibrillar proteins can exchange with their counterparts in the cytoplasm; it is unclear whether this can be done to an extent that is consistent with the rate of myofibrillar protein turnover in living muscle. It seems that both the calpains and the proteasome are responsible for myofibrillar protein turnover, but the mechanism is still unknown.
Molecular dynamics simulation of C8E5 micelle in explicit water: structure and hydrophobic solvation thermodynamics

Results are presented from a large scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of a non-ionic micelle comprising 80 C8E5 surfactant molecules in 9798 explicit TIP3P waters. The results are consistent with the conventional static picture of a simple spherical micelle (‘hydrophilic heads out, hydrophobic tails in’). In addition, the MD simulation reveals structural details that show clearly the dynamic nature of the micellar aggregate. The micelle is roughly spherical with thermal fluctuations leading to instantaneous shapes that are significantly non-spherical. The individual surfactant molecules adopt various nonlinear conformations, predominately in the hydrophilic segment, thereby leading to the overall compact globular shape of the micelle aggregate. Atomic distribution functions and dihedral angle distributions show that the micelle interior is similar to liquid n-octane. Although no water penetration in the micelle hydrophobic core is observed, there is considerable exposure of the hydrophobic tails of ...
A tool to navigate overlaps in fragmented ocean governance

Abstract Implementation of marine ecosystem-based management requires improved understanding of existing governance, including gaps and overlaps resulting from fragmented management. Focusing on overlaps, this paper presents a technique using text analysis to assist in the identification of agencies and laws involved in overlaps from a system perspective. The overlaps analysis uses term frequency counts on ocean laws and regulations in conjunction with relevant agency authority. Such information delivered in a transparent user-friendly presentation can help policymakers and other constituents of ecosystem-based management to find existing overlaps as a step to facilitate improved coordination.
Lack of size selectivity for paddlefish captured in hobbled gillnets

Abstract A commercial fishery for paddlefish Polyodon spathula caviar exists in Kentucky Lake, a reservoir on the lower Tennessee River. A 152-mm (bar-measure) minimum mesh size restriction on entanglement gear was enacted in 2002 and the minimum size limit was increased to 864 mm eye-fork length to reduce the possibility of recruitment overfishing. Paddlefish were sampled in 2003–2004 using experimental monofilament gillnets with panels of 89, 102, 127, 152, 178, and 203-mm meshes and the efficacy of the mesh size restriction was evaluated. Following the standards of commercial gear used in that fishery, nets were “hobbled” (i.e., 128 m × 3.6 m nets were tied down to 2.4 m; 91 m × 9.1 m nets were tied down to 7.6 m). The mean lengths of paddlefish ( N total = 576 fish) captured in each mesh were similar among most meshes and bycatch rates of sublegal fish did not vary with mesh size. Selectivity curves could not be modeled because the mean and modal lengths of fish captured in each mesh did not increase with mesh size. Ratios of fish girth to mesh perimeter ( G : P ) for individual fish were often less than 1.0 as a result of the largest meshes capturing small paddlefish. It is unclear whether lack of size selectivity for paddlefish was because the gillnets were hobbled, the unique morphology of paddlefish, or the fact that they swim with their mouths agape when filter feeding. The lack of size selectivity by hobbled gillnets fished in Kentucky Lake means that managers cannot influence the size of paddlefish captured by commercial gillnet gear by changing minimum mesh size regulations.
Is correlation energy proportional to exchange energy

Abstract The speculation is made and empirically tested that the correlation energy ( E c ) is proportional to the exchange energy ( K ). Excellent results are obtained at the Hartree-Fock level for 17 atoms ( 2 E c = 1 40 K and for the molecules E c = 1 25 K . Similar relationships are obtained with two density functional theories, Xα and the local density approximation (LDA) exchange, with different proportionality constants.
An enhanced Line-Reflect-Reflect-Match calibration

This paper reports the results of a detailed study of a commercial implementation of the Line-Reflect-Reflect Match (LRRM) vector network analyzer calibration method with automatic load inductance correction [1]-[21. Limitations in applicability for non-offset standards and when the Line (Thru) standard is electrically long and/or the load inductive reactance is large are examined. An enhanced LRRM (eLRRM) algorithm has been developed providing superior and more predictable results for these less frequently encountered cases. eLRRM is available in a commercial VNA calibration software product [31.
Evidence for a Physiological Role for Oxytocin in the Control of Prolactin Secretion

The presence of oxytocin (OT) in neuronal elements of the external layer of the median eminence and in hypophysial portal plasma suggests a role for the peptide in the control of anterior pituitary function. We have reported previously that OT stimulates PRL release in vitro; therefore, we attempted to establish evidence for a physiological PRL-releasing role for OT. Plasma OT levels rose significantly just before the PRL surges occurring during a suckling stimulus in lactating rats (10 min after pup reinstatement vs. 15 min for PRL) and 48 h after estrogen injection in ovariectomized (OVX) rats (at 1200 h vs. 1300 h). Dispersed anterior pituitary cells harvested from lactating female rats and OVX estrogen-primed rats released PRL in a specific, significant, and dose-related fashion when perifused in vitro with incubation medium containing 10−7–10−9 m OT, doses similar to levels found previously in hypophysial portal plasma. Infusion of antiserum specific for OT into lactating females before pup reinstate...
Model-Potential Calculation of the Density of States in Liquid and Solid Lithium, Cadmium, and Indium

A perturbation expansion of the electron energy has been used to calculate the density of states in liquid lithium, cadmium, and indium. The full nonlocal form of the optimum model potential proposed by Shaw has been used in these calculations. It is shown by comparing the nonlocal calculation to various approximate calculations that the nonlocal effects produce large changes in the second-order corrections to the electron energy and a considerable smoothing of the structure in the density of states. The first-order, $k$-dependent corrections to the electron energy have been included, and $k$-dependent effective masses have been calculated for several elements. The density of states for crystalline lithium, cadmium, and indium has also been calculated by determining the distortion of energy surfaces due to the first few zone planes. The results for liquid and solid are compared, and agreement with experiment is discussed.
Saint-Venant's principle for a helical piezoelectric body

For a helical body made of a linear piezoelectric material and loaded at one end only by a system of self-equilibrated forces, it is shown that the strain energy stored in the part of the body distant at least s from the loaded end decreases exponentially with the distance s.
N2 Functionalization at Iron Metallaboratranes

The reactivity of the anionic dinitrogen complex [(TPB)Fe(N2)]− (TPB = tris[2-(diisopropylphosphino)phenyl]borane) toward silicon electrophiles has been examined. [(TPB)Fe(N2)]− reacts with trimethylsilyl chloride to yield the silyldiazenido complex (TPB)Fe(NNSiMe3), which is reduced by Na/Hg in THF to yield the corresponding sodium-bound anion [(TPB)Fe(NNSiMe3)]Na(THF). The use of 1,2-bis(chlorodimethylsilyl)ethane in the presence of excess Na/Hg results in the disilylation of the bound N2 molecule to yield the disilylhydrazido(2−) complex (TPB)Fe≡NR (R = 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disilacyclopentyl). One of the phosphine arms of TPB in (TPB)Fe≡NR can be substituted by CO or tBuNC to yield crystalline adducts (TPB)(L)Fe≡NR (L = CO, tBuNC). The N–N bond in (TPB)(tBuNC)Fe≡NR is cleaved upon standing at room temperature to yield a phosphoraniminato/disilylamido iron(II) complex. The flexibility of the Fe–B linkage is thought to play a key role in these transformations of Fe-bound dinitrogen.
Evaluation of a psycho‐educational group intervention for children treated for cancer: a descriptive pilot study

Objective: The present paper reports about the content and evaluation of a psycho-educational group intervention for children growing up with a history of cancer, Op Koers Oncologie (OK Onco). OK Onco is aimed at empowerment of survivors of childhood cancer by teaching disease-related skills. The purpose of this pilot study is to evaluate whether OK Onco was appropriate for use among paediatric survivors of childhood cancer. Methods: Eleven participating children and their parents completed questionnaires about the disease-related skills that were taught in the intervention, before the intervention and 0-4 weeks after the intervention. In addition, parents were interviewed in focus groups. Results: Positive outcomes were found on most items concerning disease-related skills. Remarkable improvements were found with respect to the intervention goals 'social competence' and 'positive thinking'. The parents reported that sharing emotions and experiences with other survivors of childhood cancer was an important element of the OK Onco program, which underscores the benefit of a disease-specific program for cancer survivors. Conclusions: In conclusion, the results of the pilot study indicate that OK Onco is appropriate for paediatric survivors of childhood cancer. Implementation of the intervention is the next challenge. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding Proteins BPI and LBP Form Different Types of Complexes with LPS

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP) and bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) are closely related LPS-binding proteins whose binding to LPS has markedly different functional consequences. To gain better insight into the possible basis of these functional differences, the physical properties of LBP-LPS and BPI-LPS complexes have been compared in this study by sedimentation, light scattering, and fluorescence analyses. These studies reveal dramatic differences in the physical properties of LPS complexed to LBP versus BPI. They suggest that of the two proteins, only LBP can disperse LPS aggegates. However, BPI can enhance both the sedimentation velocity and apparent size of LPS aggregates while inhibiting LPS-LBP binding even at very low (1:40 to 1:20) BPI:LPS molar ratios.
Social reproduction as unregulated work

In this article, two cases of paid social reproductive labour performed in the home in New York City are examined: subsidized child care and paid domestic work. Particular attention is paid to the organization of the industries and the experiences of employees in those worksites. It is demonstrated that there continues to be a persistent and wilful exclusion of this work from regulation, as well as systematic violations of those regulations which do govern the work, constituting what the authors term `unregulated work'. It should be noted that the workers paid by the government are not exempt from this finding, but fit very clearly into this larger pattern.This illustrates the problems which arise from the process of transforming domestic spaces, and communities more broadly, into spaces of wage labour in American cities. It further serves as a powerful re-assertion of the denial of the value of`women's work'.
Lead in tropical marine systems: A review

Abstract The initial measurements of lead fluxes to tropical marine systems and lead concentrations in those waters are reviewed. These preliminary data reveal the current predominance of aeolian inputs of industrial aerosols to oceanic surface waters. Since this aeolian flux of stable lead is similar to the predominant flux of its natural radioisotope ( 210 Pb) to oceanic surface waters, the marine geochemical cycles of stable and radioactive lead exhibit many parallels. Therefore, the lead cycle in the oceans can be modelled with the more extensive 210 Pb data. However, the two cycles are not identical, and additional lead measurements are needed to determine the lead cycle in tropical marine systems accurately.
Family‐Based Methods for Linkage and Association Analysis

Traditional epidemiological study concepts such as case-control or cohort designs can be used in the design of genetic association studies, giving them a prominent role in genetic association analysis. A different class of designs based on related individuals, typically families, uses the concept of Mendelian transmission to achieve design-independent randomization, which permits the testing of linkage and association. Family-based designs require specialized analytic methods but they have distinct advantages: They are robust to confounding and variance inflation, which can arise in standard designs in the presence of population substructure; they test for both linkage and association; and they offer a natural solution to the multiple comparison problem. This chapter focuses on family-based designs. We describe some basic study designs as well as general approaches to analysis for qualitative, quantitative, and complex traits. Finally, we review available software.
Evaluation of JPEG 2000 encoder options: human and model observer detection of variable signals in X-ray coronary angiograms

Previous studies have evaluated the effect of the new still image compression standard JPEG 2000 using nontask based image quality metrics, i.e., peak-signal-to-noise-ratio (PSNR) for nonmedical images. In this paper, the effect of JPEG 2000 encoder options was investigated using the performance of human and model observers (nonprewhitening matched filter with an eye filter, square-window Hotelling, Laguerre-Gauss Hotelling and channelized Hotelling model observer) for clinically relevant visual tasks. Two tasks were investigated: the signal known exactly but variable task (SKEV) and the signal known statistically task (SKS). Test images consisted of real X-ray coronary angiograms with simulated filling defects (signals) inserted in one of the four simulated arteries. The signals varied in size and shape. Experimental results indicated that the dependence of task performance on the JPEG 2000 encoder options was similar for all model and human observers. Model observer performance in the more tractable and computationally economic SKEV task can be used to reliably estimate performance in the complex but clinically more realistic SKS task. JPEG 2000 encoder settings different from the default ones resulted in greatly improved model and human observer performance in the studied clinically relevant visual tasks using real angiography backgrounds.
Characterizing sensitive CMOS radiation detector

Semiconductor sensors cover a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum for detecting nuclear-particle radiation. The most important properties of these detectors are their sensitivity i.e. their ability to low level radiation, charge transport, efficiency (electron-hole pair creation), and their response time. This article addresses the sensitivity of these devices. The following methods can increase the sensitivity of any electronic sensors: 1. Proper selection of the material with respect to the desired radiation detection, i.e matching the energy gap of the device, E/sub g/, to the energy of incoming radiation. 2. Application of proper process technology, such as CMOS, BiCMOS, etc. 3. Fabrication technology i.e. using proper doping, substrate, etc. 4. Finally the design of the external circuitry. This paper reports the investigation of the circuitry of a newly developed CMOS a particle radiation detector and characterization of its sensitivity. We also discuss the the effect of external power supply connection on the sensitivity, the derivation of the analytical expression for the sensitivity and we compare the theoretical prediction with the experimental values. In addition, the effect of radiation on the threshold voltage is discussed as well as an increase in sensitivity due to radiation. Finally, a method is suggested to obtain an optimum performance.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C has a mutation in FLO8, a gene required for filamentous growth.

Diploid strains of baker9s yeast Saccharomyces cermisiae can grow in a cellular yeast form or in filaments called pseudohyphae. This dimorphic transition from yeast to pseudohyphae is induced by starvation for nitrogen. Not all laboratory strains are capable of this dimorphic switch; many grow only in the yeast form and fail to form pseudohyphae when starved for nitrogen. Analysis of the standard laboratory strain S288C shows that this defect in dimorphism results from a nonsense mutation in the FL08 gene. This defect in FL08 blocks pseudohyphal growth in diploids, haploid invasive growth, and flocculation. Since feral strains of S. cerevisiae are dimorphic and have a functional FL08 gene, we suggest that the fl08 mutation was selected during laboratory cultivation.
SiGe/Si heterojunction internal photoemission long-wavelength infrared detectors fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy

A new SiGe/Si heterojunction internal photoemission (HIP) long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) detector has been fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The detection mechanism of the SiGe/Si HIP detector is infrared absorption in the degenerately doped p/sup +/-SiGe layer followed by internal photoemission of photoexcited holes over a heterojunction barrier. By adjusting the Ge concentration in the SiGe layer, and, consequently, the valence band offset between SiGe and Si, the cutoff wavelength of SiGe HIP detectors can be extended into the LWIR (8-17- mu m) regime. Detectors were fabricated by growing p/sup +/-SiGe layers using MBE on patterned p-type Si substrates. The SiGe layers were boron-doped, with concentrations ranging from 10/sup 19/ cm/sup -3/ to 4*10/sup 20/ cm/sup -3/. Infrared absorption of 5-25% in a 30-nm-thick p/sup +/-SiGe layer was measured in the 3-20- mu m range using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Quantum efficiencies of 3-5% have been obtained from test devices in the 8-12- mu m range. >
Response of Granulosa Cell Gap Junctions to Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) at Ovulation

Granulosa cell gap junctions in the mammalian follicle are dynamic bimembranous structures which are assembled within apposed plasma membranes of adjacent cells. Once initially formed, these specialized intercellular junctions grow through the insertion of additional elements into the interacting membranes or through the aggregation of smaller patches into large gap junctional plaques. These junctional aggregates may then be removed from the apposed cell surfaces through an endocytotic process which ultimately leads to the digestion of gap junction membrane within the cytoplasm. Several previous investigations suggest that some of these junctional behaviors may be influenced by hormones, and in this study we have examined the response of granulosa cell gap junctions in preovulatory follicles of rats and rabbits to human chorionic-gonadotropin (hCG). Our quantitative ultrastructural studies suggest that an ovulatory dose of hCG brings about a significant net reduction in the amount of gap junction membrane at the cell surface during the period immediately preceding extrusion of the cumulus-oocyte complex from the ruptured follicle. Morphometric analysis and qualitative studies of surface junctions and cytoplasmic vesicles support the view that this reduction occurs through the endocytosis of gap junctions from the cell surface. Furthermore, a scanning study of rabbit follicles also confirmed the thin section studies of previous investigators which demonstrated the disaggregation of granulosa cells at ovulation. These results are discussed with respect to the possible roles gap junctions may play in granulosa cell interactions pertinent to the growth of the oocyte and to the physical release of the oocyte from the follicle as well as its continued meiotic maturation. BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 25, 1119-1134 (1981)
Power HBT for 44 GHz operation

The GaAs based heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) has been evaluated as an amplifying device at 44 GHz. The device type measured is essentially identical to that used for power MMICs between 4 and 20 GHz. No ultra fine lithography, no special layer systems were necessary for these devices to provide excellent performance at 44 GHz. Power added efficiencies of 30% at power outputs of 250 mW and small signal gains of over 10 dB are reported. These performance levels are demonstrated by devices obtained from a high yield potentially low cost process. >
Reversible Nonthrombocytopenic Palpable Purpura Associated with Metoclopramide

OBJECTIVE:To report a case of reversible nonthrombocytopenic palpable purpura associated with metoclopramide.CASE SUMMARY:A 72-year-old white man was admitted for worsening palpable purpura over a two-day period. Two days prior to admission, metoclopramide 10 mg orally three times per day was started for a gastrointestinal condition. Upon admission, all drugs were continued except metoclopramide. Over the next two days, the purpura began to resolve. Platelet count was within normal limits on admission and the patient developed no serious consequences because of the purpura.DISCUSSION:According to the literature, reversible nonthrombocytopenic palpable purpura has not been previously reported with metoclopramide. A search of MEDLINE (1966 to November 1998) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970 to November 1998) did not reveal a similar case. Although a rechallenge was not tried, this case appears to demonstrate a temporal relationship between the initiation and discontinuation of metoclopramide ...
Perception and Motivation in Face Recognition: A Critical Review of Theories of the Cross-Race Effect

Although humans possess well-developed face processing expertise, face processing is nevertheless subject to a variety of biases. Perhaps the best known of these biases is the Cross-Race Effect--the tendency to have more accurate recognition for same-race than cross-race faces. The current work reviews the evidence for and provides a critical review of theories of the Cross-Race Effect, including perceptual expertise and social cognitive accounts of the bias. The authors conclude that recent hybrid models of the Cross-Race Effect, which combine elements of both perceptual expertise and social cognitive frameworks, provide an opportunity for theoretical synthesis and advancement not afforded by independent expertise or social cognitive models. Finally, the authors suggest future research directions intended to further develop a comprehensive and integrative understanding of biases in face recognition.
The use of recycled materials in manufacturing: implications for supply chain management and operations strategy

In this study we explore the implications of using recycled versus virgin materials for supply chain structure and supplier relationships, as well as the broader effects on operations strategy in an evolving sustainable environment. We focus on the corrugated cardboard industry, where vertical integration is common, and non-integrated firms are both customers and competitors of integrated firms. These multiple supplier/customer/competitor relationships provide a complex environment to observe changes in the supply chain with the addition of a reverse supply chain system using recycled materials. Based on the findings from an in-depth case study we posit several propositions related to the use of recycled materials, supply chain structure, supplier relationships, and operations strategy. In summary, because the benefits of the changes in the supply chain and supplier relationships accrue primarily to non-integrated firms, we expect the use of recycled material inputs to be dominated by non-integrated firms...
Evaluating iPad Technology for Enhancing Communication Skills of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Mobile technology has introduced a new communication opportunity for students with autism spectrum disorder. Tablets, like the iPad, allow users to customize applications for their needs. Users also have found iPads to be less stigmatizing because so many people own them and use them for various purposes. In the fast-paced world of technology, however, research cannot always keep up. It is becoming more important for teachers and caregivers to evaluate the iPad and its applications for their efficacy in helping improve a child’s communication skills. A review of current research indicates that there are five important considerations for evaluation: (a) the ability to customize the application, (b) the motor skills the student needs to operate the system, (c) the resources and time needed for the intervention, (d) the research or evidencebased practices behind the application, and (e) the cost of using the specific device and application. A rubric delineating these considerations that can effectively guide teachers and parents in their evaluation process is provided.
Subunit interactions influence the biochemical and biological properties of Hsp104.

‡Point mutations in either of the two nucleotide-binding domains (NBD) of Hsp104 (NBD1 and NBD2) eliminate its thermotolerance function in vivo. In vitro, NBD1 mutations virtually eliminate ATP hydrolysis with little effect on hexamerization; analogous NBD2 mutations reduce ATPase activity and severely impair hexamerization. We report that high protein concentrations overcome the assembly defects of NBD2 mutants and increase ATP hydrolysis severalfold, changing Vmax with little effect on Km. In a complementary fashion, the detergent 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate inhibits hexamerization of wildtype (WT) Hsp104, lowering Vmax with little effect on Km. ATP hydrolysis exhibits a Hill coefficient between 1.5 and 2, indicating that it is influenced by cooperative subunit interactions. To further analyze the effects of subunit interactions on Hsp104, we assessed the effects of mutant Hsp104 proteins on WT Hsp104 activities. An NBD1 mutant that hexamerizes but does not hydrolyze ATP reduces the ATPase activity of WT Hsp104 in vitro. In vivo, this mutant is not toxic but specifically inhibits the thermotolerance function of WT Hsp104. Thus, interactions between subunits influence the ATPase activity of Hsp104, play a vital role in its biological functions, and provide a mechanism for conditionally inactivating Hsp104 function in vivo.
A Developmental Switch of AMPA Receptor Subunits in Neocortical Pyramidal Neurons

AMPA receptors mediate most of the fast excitatory neurotransmission in the brain, and those lacking the glutamate receptor 2 (GluR2) subunit are Ca2+-permeable and expressed in cortical structures primarily by inhibitory interneurons. Here we report that synaptic AMPA receptors of excitatory layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the rat neocortex are deficient in GluR2 in early development, approximately before postnatal day 16, as evidenced by their inwardly rectifying current–voltage relationship, blockade of AMPA receptor-mediated EPSCs by external and internal polyamines, permeability to Ca2+, and GluR2 immunoreactivity. Overall, these results indicate that neocortical pyramidal neurons undergo a developmental switch in the Ca2+permeability of their AMPA receptors through an alteration of their subunit composition. This has important implications for plasticity and neurotoxicity.
An activity-based sensor networks course for undergraduates with sun spot devices

Wireless sensor networks are revolutionizing the instrumentation of the physical world, across scientific, industrial and military applications. In this paper, we describe our efforts developing and classroom-testing hands-on materials for use in undergraduate-accessible courses on sensor networks. In Winter 2008 at Portland State University, we introduced an in-class laboratory component to a sensor networks course that had previously been entirely lecture-based. For the laboratory exercises, we utilized Sun's Java-programmable Sun SPOT [7] sensor network technology. We found the Sun SPOT based laboratory activities to be quite powerful as a teaching and excitement-fostering tool.
Parental Autonomy, Family Rights and the Illegitimate: A Constitutional Commentary

Connecticut has a history of unsuccessful attempts to intervene in private family decisions. The state fought determinedly to prevent birth control. 237 It was the Supreme Court to keep indigent married couples from divorce. 238 It sought to assure that a pregnant mother would not have the option to have an abortion. 239 The common thread in all these efforts was a purported benevolent motivation: to protect individuals from themselves and to enhance family life.
Effectiveness of Minimal Training Techniques on the use of Automated External Defibrillators

After receiving one of three types of automated external defibrillator (AED) training (exposure only, low, and high) and a two week retention interval, participants resuscitated a manikin with an AED. The groups' performances were compared using three measures — time to shock, electrode pad placement, and errors — and subjective measures. It was expected that 90% of participants in all groups would perform at the minimally acceptable level; however the high group was expected to perform closer to the ideal level than less trained groups.Most participants performed at the minimally acceptable level for time to shock, pad placement, and safety. Ease-of-use and confidence ratings were high, indicating participants felt positively about the AED. When compared to exposure-only training, low and high training had beneficial effects on time to shock, errors, and confidence, suggesting that while untrained (exposure only) users are able to use AEDs, even brief training will improve performance.
A Follow-up Study of Perthes' Disease

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the following problems in Perthes' disease: (1) a method for the evaluation of the radiographical results, (2) the relationship between the age at onset and the end results, and (3) the relationship between Catterall's classification and the end results.Twenty-seven patients (twenty-eight affected hips) with Perthes' disease were reviewed and studied. All of them were evaluated radiographically by the original classification of our hospital. This is a simple and practical four-group classification. It can be applied not only in the short-term follow-up study but also in the long-term one of the disease. In our study, the radiographical results surely depended on the age at onset, but not on the Catterall's classification.
Mutilation and Survival of Sterile Oriental Fruit Flies and Melon Flies Emerging in Drop Boxes

Samples of the adult sterile oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel, and the melon fly, D. cucurbitae Co-quillett, emerging in drop boxes before aerial releases were made over Rota Island in the Marianas to eradicate these species, showed that the confinement significantly decreased survival and increased mutilation. The percentage survival of 3-week-old oriental fruit flies emerging in the drop boxes was 43.7% less than that of similar flies emerging in normal cubical holding cages for adults; that of melon flies was 35.5% less. Mutilation (wing or body damage) of both species was proportional to the density of the flies in the boxes, but the melon fly was the more susceptible to damage. Sugar + water (2:1 ratio) or honey + sugar + water (1: 1:1 ratio) made available during emergence caused significantly better survival of the melon fly than honey + water (2:1 ratio).
Board Strain Analysis to Investigate Chassis Design Effects

A circuit board response was used to characterize five chassis that were manufactured by five different suppliers to two form factors: slim and mid-tower designs. The board responses were compared to that in a reference test chassis. All the chassis were shocked to the same input. The board response was characterized by strain gauges mounted on the PCB around critical BGA components. The board strains measurements were able to detect the manufacturing variability of the chassis fabricated and was used to identify the second level interconnection (SLI) risk for BGA placement at the measured location. This paper presents an empirically driven methodology comparing supply line chassis variation and their direct affect on BGA SLI reliability and the need to revise the procurement specification to ensure repeatable and predictable BGA or any critical SLI performance.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Ground-motion amplification in the Santa Monica area: Effects of shallow basin-edge structure

Abstract The 1994 Northridge earthquake produced ground motions in the northwest portion of the Los Angeles basin that were significantly larger than rock-site motions observed at locations just north of the basin. The Santa Monica area was hit particularly hard, with numerous structures being damaged or destroyed by the strong ground shaking. In this region, the basin-edge geology is controlled by the active strand of the east-west-striking Santa Monica fault, and virtually all of the structural damage occurred at or south of the fault location. We have used 2D finite-difference ground-motion simulations to investigate the effect of the basin-edge structure in amplifying ground response. Constraints on the basin-edge structure come from geologic cross sections, geophysical data, and seismological observations. Our simulations indicate that the shallow basin-edge structure (1 km deep) formed by the active strand of the Santa Monica fault creates a large amplification in motions immediately south of the fault scarp, in very good agreement with mainshock damage patterns, recorded ground motions, and locations of elevated site response. This large amplification results from constructive interference of direct waves with the basin-edge-generated surface waves and is quite similar to the basin-edge effect associated with the 1995 Kobe earthquake. In addition, we find that focusing effects created by the deeper basin structure (3 to 4 km deep) cannot explain the large motions observed immediately south of the fault scarp. This strongly suggests that the deep-basin focusing models proposed by Gao et al. (1996) and Alex and Olsen (1998) are not likely explanations of the observed pattern of ground-motion amplification in the Santa Monica area.
Characterization of Escherichia coli O157 isolated in Shanghai from 2006 to 2009

To investigate the virulent gene carrying print,molecular characteristics and relationship of 13 E.coli O157 isolated from patients,animal feces and food in Shanghai between 2006 and 2009,polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the specific genes,and pulsed field gel electrophoresis(PFGE) of large restriction fragments of bacterial chromosomal DNA was applied to analyze the relationship of the strains.All strains were tested by biochemical tests,serological typing and the Vero cell cytotoxicity test.Of all the 13 strains,9 strains carried the specific O157 and H7 gene,and the virulence factors of stx2,hly and eaeA were detected from all these strains.Another virulence gene of stx1 was detected from the strain isolated from foodstuff.These strains were cytotoxic to Vero cells.Another 4 E.coli O157 strains isolated from stool samples of cattle harbored the O157 gene and did not possess other genes tested.PFGE typing produced a total of 6 distinct restriction endonuclease digestion profiles among 13 strains.The PFGE pattern of one strain from food was most similar to the strains carrying stx1 gene from Germany.The strains from 2 patients had the same DNA fragment patterns,and 6 strains isolated from stool samples of cattle exhibited the same or high similar PFGE type.Another 4 strains without virulence genes were considered unrelated to the other strains.Strains of E.coli O157 containing stx genes were isolated from patients,animal feces and food in Shanghai,which indicated that the surveillance on the infection and transmission should be considered seriously.
Sterilization and Disinfection of Dental Clinical Equipment in Jiaxing City: A Survey

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the disinfection situation of dental clinical equipment in stomatology department. METHODS Oral turbine handspieces,their burs and spray water from 11 investigated hospitals, were detected and analyzed. RESULTS The qualification rates of them were 78.57%, 97.62% and 25.00%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS It is showed that all kinds of hospitals must pay attention to sterilization and disinfection work, and perform the operating rules and regulations strictly.
Investigation and Analysis of Legionella pneumophila in Waterof Water Cooling Towers in Public Areas of Maoming City

Objective To investigate the Legionella pneumophila contamination in the water of central air conditioners located in public places of Maoming. Method 24 water samples of water cooling towers in some supermarkets and hotels in this district of Maoming were collected by GVPC substratum, BCYE substratum, and BCY substratum for culturing bacteria, biochemical testing and serotyping. Result The Legionella pneumophila was found in 9 samples of cooling water, with a contamination rate of 37.5%. Two main serotypes, Lp1 and LJ of Legionella pneumophila were identified. Conclusion Legionella pueumophila contamination of the water cooling towers was serious in Maoming.
Feminist Theology as a Revitalization Movement

Comment caracteriser la theologie feministe dans une perspective sociologique? Il faudrait d'abord distinguer la theologie " de la deesse ", qui rejette, comme incurablement misogynes, les religions etablies, des theologies qui se contentent de les reformer dans le sens feministe. La theorie de la revitalisation d'A.F.C. Wallace apparait alors comme une bonne cle d'interpretation : les plus radicales ouvrent la voie a un mouvement de revitalisation dont les plus moderees representent le second stade
Fluidic Microchannel Arrays for the Electrophoretic Separation and Detection of Bioanalytes using Electrochemiluminescence

In this paper a low cost, multi-channel separation and detection system is reported for use in fast, high throughput screening of bioanalytes. Applications include genetic engineering and drug discovery, particularly combinatorial chemistry. A prototype detection system is presented which is comprised of an array of 50 microchannels fabricated on 25 mm×75 mm glass substrates with planar, thin film metal electrodes for electrophoresis and electrochemiluminescence excitation. Fluidic interconnects to the microchannels via standard tubing provide quick and facile interfacing to external macro components, controllers and/or other microsystems. The fabrication process is readily scalable to higher density arrays.
A SIMPLIFIED MODEL FOR PREDICTING MYOCARDIAL PO2 HISTOGRAMS

A simplified mathematical model for oxygen transport to tissue was developed by replacing radial diffusion in the tissue with a finite capillary wall permeability and an infinite radial diffusion constant. The effect of this assumption is assessed by comparisons to a fully distributed model. The assumption is justified for parameters indicative of the cat heart. It is concluded that the simplified model adequately represents the transport of oxygen to heart tissue.
Ogma: A Virtual Reality Language Acquisition System

One of the traditional methods of learning a new language, or Second-Language Acquisition (SLA), is immersion, seen today as one of the most effective learning methods. Using this method, the learner relocates to a new place where the target language is the dominant language, and tries to learn the language my immersing themselves in the local environment. One of the disadvantages of this method is that relocating to a new place is not always a viable option. That's where Virtual Reality (VR) can come to our rescue. VR is an immersive technology that allows the user to wear a head-mounted display to be immersed in a life-like virtual environment. In our research, we explore the possibility of utilizing the power of VR for SLA by building a system called Ogma, which helps users immerse themselves in an environment representing a foreign place. In our pilot study, we built a VR system and performed user studies by comparing learning performance using VR against the traditional method. In both cases, users were given a set of ten Swedish words to learn. Results indicated that percentage retention using our VR method was significantly higher than that of the traditional method. In addition, the effectiveness and enjoyability ratings given by users were significantly higher for the VR method. This proves that our system has potential impact on SLA by using VR technology, without suffering the disadvantages of the traditional method.
Effects of Washing and Sanitizing on the Bacterial Flora of Vacuum-Packaged Pork Loins

The bacteriology of boneless pork loins that were either spray-washed (SW) with water, spray-washed and sanitized with a 200 ppm sodium hypochlorite solution (SSCL) or spray-washed with water and sanitized with a 2% acetic acid solution (SSAA) before being vacuum packaged and stored for up to 28 d at 4.0°C was studied. Aerobic, anaerobic and lactobacilli bacterial counts immediately after treatment and at 14, 21 and 28 d were significantly lower on loins receiving the SSAA treatment than loins receiving the SW and SSCL treatment. SSCL loins had lower bacterial counts than untreated controls during 14 d of storage. SW loins had significantly lower bacterial counts than control loins only immediately after treatment. The SSAA treatment resulted in some discoloration. If this discoloration can be prevented, this treatment should be useful in extending the storage life of fresh pork.
Tumor propagation model using generalized hidden Markov model

Tumor tracking and progression analysis using medical images is a crucial task for physicians to provide accurate and efficient treatment plans, and monitor treatment response. Tumor progression is tracked by manual measurement of tumor growth performed by radiologists. Several methods have been proposed to automate these measurements with segmentation, but many current algorithms are confounded by attached organs and vessels. To address this problem, we present a new generalized tumor propagation model considering time-series prior images and local anatomical features using a Hierarchical Hidden Markov model (HMM) for tumor tracking. First, we apply the multi-atlas segmentation technique to identify organs/sub-organs using pre-labeled atlases. Second, we apply a semi-automatic direct 3D segmentation method to label the initial boundary between the lesion and neighboring structures. Third, we detect vessels in the ROI surrounding the lesion. Finally, we apply the propagation model with the labeled organs and vessels to accurately segment and measure the target lesion. The algorithm has been designed in a general way to be applicable to various body parts and modalities. In this paper, we evaluate the proposed algorithm on lung and lung nodule segmentation and tracking. We report the algorithm’s performance by comparing the longest diameter and nodule volumes using the FDA lung Phantom data and a clinical dataset.
The Comparative Constitutional Law of Cows and Milk — India and the United States

India is the largest milk producer in the world, and the United States follows closely along, ranked at number three. These two dairy nations appear to have dramatically different constitutional regimes related to cows. The United States Constitution does not mention cows, but the Supreme Court has developed an elaborate case law on milk, a testament to the central place of milk and farm animals in American life, politics, and culture. Yet none of these cases exhibits concern for the welfare or working conditions of cows. It would be hard to imagine, therefore, a more different constitutional framework than that found in India. In the 1949 Constitution, there is an explicit provision addressing agriculture and cattle welfare, declaring, among other things that “[t]he State shall... take steps for prohibiting the slaughter, of cows and other milch and draught cattle.” This Article makes two contributions. First it argues that despite seemingly opposed constitutional regimes, important similarities can be found in the ways in which India and the Unites States negotiate cows’ status. Both jurisdictions are interested in cows qua milk producers rather than animals whose welfare is of independent value. The focus is on the supposed benefits of dairying for human health and flourishing. Second, it argues that in practice the constitutional predilection for cows and milk has failed to meet its promise to benefit humans. In both countries, milk and cows feature as components of an exclusionary politics used to oppress, reinforcing inequities between racial, social, and religious groups.