cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strain differences in activity of the rat in a shuttle stabilimeter

Activity using an electronic shuttle “stabilimeter” was measured for 505 rats frorn 12 inbred strains: ACI, A990, A35322, F344, INR, IR, MNR/Har, MNRA, MR/Har, TS1, TS3, WAG. The results provide parametric data for methodological use and add to the standardization of these strains as behaviorally defined lines. Strain differences in activity measured by this method were not correlated with activity measured by activity wheels nor with activity measured by ambulation in an open field.
Kupfer cell-hepatocyte interactions and the changes in 1-14C-arachidonate incorporation in response to endotoxin in vitro

The present experiments weer undertaken to elucidate the effect of either the hepatocyte (HC) or hepatocyte supernatant on prelabeled endotoxin (LPS)-stimulated Kupffer cell (KC) arachidonic acid utilization. HC, KC, or their coculture were incubated for 18 hours with labeled 1-14C-arachidonic acid followed by a 24 hour incubation with 10 ug/ml LPS. LPS had no effect on the percent distribution of labeled arachidonate into the HC phospholipid or neutral lipid. KC showed a decreased percent neutral lipid labeled arachidonic acid distribution with generally no effect on the phospholipid. However, KC:HC cocultures or the addition of HC supernatant to KC exposed to LPS dramatically reversed the labeled arachidonate distribution into the KC with an increased incorporation into neutral lipid. Labeled PGE2 and PGD2 were increased in the KC following incubation with HC supernatant while only labeled PGE2 levels were elevated in the cocultures. The changes in the distribution of cell's labeled arachidonate required the addition of LPS. These results suggest that the HC can promote changes in the lipid fraction during sepsis by elaborating a substance that can modulate labeled arachidonate distribution in the KC lipids as well as stimulate prostaglandin production.
Neonatal asphyxia due to branchial cleft cyst.

Summary A case of neonatal asphyxia due to a branchial cleft cysts is presented alongwith a review of the usual and unusual symptoms accompanying such cyst.
Role of elevated monocyte transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) production in posttrauma immunosuppression.

We previously reported that increased production of prostaglandin E2 by monocytes is a pivotal mechanism in posttrauma immunopathology. Here we characterize monocyte levels of transforming growth factorβ and examine the effects of elevated transforming growth factorβ on prostaglandin E2 release by patients' monocytes. Trauma patients' and normals' monocyte supernates (± stimulation with muramyl dipeptide) were acid treated and assayed for transforming growth factorβ using the mink lung-cell bioassay. Alternatively, human transforming growth factorβ was added to patients' and normals' monocytes and prostaglandin E2 production assayed. Significantly elevated transforming growth factorβ levels (median=181.7 pmol/106 monocytes) were detected in immunosuppressed patients' monocytes but not immuno-competent trauma patients' (median=32.0 pM) or normals' (median=20.4 pM) monocytes. Adding transforming growth factorβ to monocytes resulted in a significant elevation of prostaglandin E2 levels. Elevated monocyte transforming growth factorβ levels in trauma patients could be both suppressing T-lymphocyte functions and maintaining elevated monocyte prostaglandin E2 synthesis.
Graph-theoretic connectivity control of mobile robot networks

In this paper, we provide a theoretical framework for controlling graph connectivity in mobile robot networks. We discuss proximity-based communication models composed of disk-based or uniformly-fading-signal-strength communication links. A graph-theoretic definition of connectivity is provided, as well as an equivalent definition based on algebraic graph theory, which employs the adjacency and Laplacian matrices of the graph and their spectral properties. Based on these results, we discuss centralized and distributed algorithms to maintain, increase, and control connectivity in mobile robot networks. The various approaches discussed in this paper range from convex optimization and subgradient-descent algorithms, for the maximization of the algebraic connectivity of the network, to potential fields and hybrid systems that maintain communication links or control the network topology in a least restrictive manner. Common to these approaches is the use of mobility to control the topology of the underlying communication network. We discuss applications of connectivity control to multirobot rendezvous, flocking and formation control, where so far, network connectivity has been considered an assumption.
XPM-induced modulation instability in SOI photonic nanowires

We demonstrate that modulation instability of copropagating optical waves can be observed in millimeter-long silicon photonic nanowires. The calculated gain of the modulation instability is more than 100x larger than that achieved in optical fibers.
Disorders of Ocular Motility Following Head Trauma

Objective: To determine the types and frequency of symptomatic ocular motility disturbances following head trauma and their association with severity of trauma. Design: Retrospective study of patients with (1) diplopia unless visual loss is present, (2) heterotropia for far or near targets, and (3) prior head injury. Setting: Office and in-hospital consulting practice of a university neuro-ophthalmologist. Subjects: Sixty patients with posttraumatic ophthalmoplegia. Main Outcome Measures: Paralytic and nonparalytic heterotropias were quantitated in prism diopters or percentage limitation of ductions. Convergence insufficiency was assessed by determining the near point of convergence. Results: Fifty-one patients had nuclear or infranuclear findings, ie, trochlear palsies (n=20), oculomotor palsies (n=17), abducens palsies (n=7), combined palsies (n=5), and restrictive ophthalmopathy (n=2). Nine patients had supranuclear dysfunction, including seven patients with convergence insufficiency. Bilateral ocular motor palsies and combined palsies were significantly (by means of X2test) associated with head trauma of severity sufficient to cause corticospinal tract dysfunction. Individual or combined ocular motor palsies were not significantly (by means of X2test) associated with intracranial hemorrhage and/or skull fracture or loss of consciousness. Conclusions: Trochlear palsy was the most common nuclear or infranuclear basis for traumatic diplopia, and convergence insufficiency was the most common supra-nuclear cause of double vision. Head trauma distinguished by upper motor—neuron signs was correlated with specific subsets of disordered ocular motility.
Eliminating interference from iron(III) for ultraviolet absorbance measurements of dissolved organic matter

The presence of iron(III) has long been recognized as a difficulty when ultraviolet absorbance measurements of dissolved organic matter are desired. This interference was studied in water samples of diverse origins and properties, and a procedure is discussed which uses hydroxylamine to reduce up to 10 mg L(-1) (0.18 mM) of Fe(III) to non-interfering Fe(II). This procedure eliminated the effect of Fe(III) in all samples from about 220 to 400 nm, and removed interference down to 200 nm in most samples.
Allostery in very large molecular assemblies

Abstract In contrast to small allosteric systems (like hemoglobin) those containing very large numbers ( n ) of binding sites never exhibit cooperativity (as measured by the Hill coefficient, n H ) even approaching the potential limit, n . The reason for this appears to be that in such macromolecules the cooperative unit always represents some sub-structure of the entire structure. On the other hand, it is frequently observed that such sub-structures, when isolated, do not exhibit cooperativity at all. This paper describes studies of some molluscan hemocyanins that explore this apparent anomoly. It is concluded that it is the higher order structure of the molecule that provides a framework within which the sub-structures may exhibit their allosteric behavior.
Sodium ordering in sodium tungsten bronzes

Abstract Measurements of the nuclear quadrupole interaction of 187 Re in Na x WO 3 indicate that the tungsten lattice sites experience electric field gradients which are consistent with a high degree of sodium ordering.
Sensation and perception of sucrose and fat stimuli predict the reinforcing value of food

Chronic overeating can lead to weight gain and obesity. Sensory system function may play a role in the types of foods people select and the amount of food people eat. Several studies have shown that the orosensory components of eating play a strong role in driving food intake and food selection. In addition, previous work has shown that motivation to get food, or the reinforcing value of food, is a predictor of energy intake. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that higher detection thresholds and lower suprathreshold intensity ratings of sweet and fat stimuli are associated with greater reinforcing value of food. In addition, we sought to determine if the sensory ratings of the stimuli would differ depending on whether they were expectorated or swallowed. The reinforcing value of food was measured by having participants perform operant responses for food on progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement. Taste detection thresholds and suprathresholds for solutions containing varied concentrations of sucrose and fat were also measured in two different Experiments. In Experiment 1, we found that sucrose, but not fat, detection predicted the reinforcing value of food with the reinforcing value of food increasing as sucrose detection threshold increased (indicating poorer detection). In Experiment 2, we found that lower suprathreshold ratings of expectorated fat and sucrose predicted greater reinforcing value of food. In addition, higher detection thresholds for fat stimuli (indicating poorer detection) were associated with greater reinforcing value of food. When taken together, these studies suggest that there is a relationship between taste detection and perception and reinforcing value of food and that these relationships vary based on whether the stimulus is swallowed or expectorated.
Electrostatic modeling of intracloud stepped leader electric fields and mechanisms of terrestrial gamma ray flashes

Understanding of electric field configurations created by long intracloud (IC) stepped leaders is of significant interest for understanding how these events produce bursts of high-energy photons in the Earth's atmosphere, commonly referred to as terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs). In the present work modeling results using the electrostatic moment method solutions are used for quantitative interpretation of electric fields observed at close ∼200 m and long ∼30 km ranges from IC stepped leaders. The modeling results are consistent with the existence and continuous advancement of VHF-dark positive leaders at the positive end of the bidirectional leader system. It is demonstrated that the electric dipole moment of the entire leader system is a quadratic function of the leader length, and the dipole moment changes due to the leader steps increase proportionally to the overall leader length (i.e., even when step length remains constant), in good agreement with observations. The results indicate that the dipole moment changes on the order of tens of C km and current moment changes on the order of tens of kA km, that have been associated with TGFs, are essential attributes of long IC stepped leaders and directly follow from their intrinsic large-scale charge dynamics.
Regularity: Lattice-valued Cauchy spaces

A category of lattice-valued Cauchy spaces is defined, and its properties are investigated. The relationship between this category and the recent work by Jager is presented. The notion of regularity in the Cauchy space context is the primary emphasis here. In particular, the category consisting of the regular Cauchy spaces is shown to be bireflective in the category of all lattice-valued Cauchy spaces having Cauchy-continuous maps as its morphisms. Moreover, completions are also investigated.
Cosmic Microwave Radiation at 2.63 mm from Observations of Interstellar CN

Cosmic microwave radiation from observations of interstellar CN rotational temperature, rotational exitation by H I region H atoms and excitation by slow electrons and slow protons in H II region
NLOAD : an interactive, web-based modeling tool for nitrogen management in estuaries

Eutrophication of estuaries is an increasing global concern that requires development of new tools to identify causes, quantify conditions, and propose management options that address this environmental problem. Since eutrophication is often associated with increased inputs of land-derived nitrogen to estuaries, we developed NLOAD, a user-friendly, web-based tool that brings together six different published models that predict nitrogen loading to estuaries and two models that estimate nitrogen concentrations in coastal waters. Here we describe each of the models, demonstrate how NLOAD is designed to function, and then use the models in NLOAD to predict nitrogen loads to Barnegat Bay, New Jersey (USA). The four models that we used to estimate nitrogen loads to Barnegat Bay, when adjusted, all had similar results that matched well with measured values and indicated that Barnegat Bay receives roughly 26 kg N-ha^-yr"1. Atmospheric deposition was the dominant source of nitrogen to Barnegat Bay, followed by fertilizer nitrogen. Wastewater in Barnegat Bay is diverted to an offshore outfall and contributes no nitrogen to the system. The NLOAD tool has an additional feature that allows managers to assess the effectiveness of a variety of management options to reduce nitrogen loads. We demonstrate this feature of NLOAD through simulations in which fertilizer inputs to the Barnegat Bay watershed are reduced. Even modest cutbacks in the use of fertilizers on agricultural fields and lawns can be shown to reduce the amount of N entering Barnegat Bay.
Defining the concept of stratigraphic grade and applying it to stratal (reservoir) architecture and evolution of the slope-to-basin profile: An outcrop perspective

Abstract Stratigraphic grade is the similarity of the morphology of successive slope-to-basin profiles in a genetically related depositional system. In this article we use data collected from regional cross-sections of six depositional systems, stratal architecture derived from outcrops of the Lewis Shale (Wyoming, USA), and the Ross Sandstone (Ireland), and supplementary outcrop and subsurface data from other depositional systems to determine how stratigraphic grade relates to stratal (reservoir) architecture in deepwater systems. Four methods are developed that collectively define stratigraphic grade: (1) regional stacking patterns of fourth-order stratigraphic surfaces, (2) the relationship between the trajectory of the shelf edge (Tse) and the trajectory of the depocenter (Td) for fourth-order stratigraphic units, (3) morphology of the slope-to-basin profiles of fourth-order stratigraphic surfaces, and (4) the similarity of the morphologies of slope-to-basin profiles of fourth-order surfaces in a system (σs, σr). Several characteristics of stratigraphic (reservoir) architecture of fourth-order stratigraphic cycles are related to stratigraphic grade: (1) longitudinal distribution of sandstone in fourth-order cycles, (2) location of maximum sandstone relative to the depocenter of fourth-order cycles, (3) lengths of fourth-order submarine fans, and (4) longitudinal and vertical distribution of architectural elements. Stratigraphic grade is thus a predictor of reservoir architecture and can thereby be used to reduce the uncertainty in the interpretation of subsurface data. The concept of stratigraphic grade is useful in understanding the stratigraphic evolution of deepwater systems. Most deepwater systems analyzed in this study initiated as out-of-grade and temporally evolved to graded systems over a time span of millions of years. Systems rarely evolve from graded to out-of-grade. First-order controls on stratigraphic grade are determined to be angle of slope, tectonically forced changes in angle of slope during deposition, and sediment supply.
Long-Term Outcome of the Lidcombe Program for Early Stuttering Intervention

Purpose To report long-term outcomes of the first 15 preschool children treated with the Lidcombe Program by speech-language pathologists (SLPs) who were inexperienced with the program and independ...
A comparison of the results of pressure articulation testing in various contexts for subjects with cleft palates.

Twenty-five subjects with cleft palate in each of three manometer ratio groups were administered three pressure articulation tests of varying complexity. These included a word articulation test, th...
Optimum Zero-Memory Strategy and Exact Probabilities for 4-Deck Blackjack

(1975). Optimum Zero-Memory Strategy and Exact Probabilities for 4-Deck Blackjack. The American Statistician: Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 84-88.
Role of the Enzyme Calmodulin-binding Domain in Membrane Association and Phospholipid Inhibition of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase ∗

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is a calmodulin (CaM)-dependent, membrane-associated, myristoylated enzyme, which has an important role in regulation of vascular tone and platelet aggregation. In this study, wild-type and mutant forms of bovine eNOS were overexpressed in a baculovirus/Sf9 insect cell system and examined for interactions with membrane phospholipids. Purified wild-type eNOS binds to pure anionic phospholipid vesicles but not to neutral phospholipid vesicles, demonstrating that eNOS attachment to lipid bilayers requires electrostatic as well as hydrophobic interactions. Moreover, catalytic activity of the enzyme is potently inhibited by anionic phospholipids, notably phosphatidylserine (PS), but not by neutral phospholipids. eNOS activity is also significantly inhibited upon enzyme binding to biological membranes isolated from cultured cells. Binding of eNOS to PS vesicles prevents subsequent binding of the enzyme to CaM-Sepharose. Interactions of eNOS with PS are not affected by site-specific mutation of the myristic acid acceptor site in the enzyme. Deletional mutation of the eNOS CaM-binding domain, however, results in loss of binding capacity of the enzyme not only for CaM-Sepharose but also for PS vesicles. Furthermore, removal of the CaM-binding domain converts eNOS from a membrane to a cytosolic protein when the enzyme is expressed in Sf9 cells. These data demonstrate that electrostatic interactions between anionic membrane phospholipids and basic residues in the eNOS CaM-binding domain are important for enzyme membrane association. Membrane association can thus function to inhibit eNOS catalytic activity by interfering with the interaction of the enzyme with calmodulin.
Message Properties, Mediating States, and Manipulation Checks: Claims, Evidence, and Data Analysis in Experimental Persuasive Message Effects Research

This article addresses the conceptualization and definition of message variables in persuasion effects research. Two central claims are advanced. First, effectbased message variable definitions (in which a message variation is defined in terms of effects on psychological states, as when fear appeal variations are defined on the basis of differences in aroused fear) impede progress in understanding persuasion processes and effects and hence should be avoided in favor of definitions expressed in terms of intrinsic message features. Second, when message variations are defined in terms of intrinsic features, message manipulation checks, under that description, are unnecessary but similar measures may usefully be understood and analyzed as assessments of potential mediating states. One enduring question in communication research is how and why persuasive messages have the effects they do. But some important conceptual aspects of this subject seem to have suffered from inattention, with resulting needless confusion and impaired research progress. The particular focus of concern in this paper is the set of complex relationships among experimental message variations, message manipulation checks, persuasive outcomes, and mediating states. The purpose is to point to some systematically different sorts of research claims that arise in the context of studying persuasion effects, with an eye to clarifying the different burdens of proof—and corresponding data-analytic treatments—appropriate for each and thereby to untangling some of the complexities and confusions that have arisen in this research domain. Two central claims will emerge from this analysis: First, effect-based message variable definitions impede progress in understanding persuasion processes and effects and hence should be avoided in favor of definitions expressed in terms of intrinsic message features. Second, when message variations are defined in terms of intrinsic features, message
Self-assembly of an ultra-high-molecular-weight comb block copolymer at the air–water interface

The self-assembly of a newly synthesized, amphiphilic comb block copolymer (CBCP) at the air–water interface was systematically explored using the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technique. The CBCP had an ultra-high molecular weight (Mw = 510 × 103 g mol−1) with polystyrene arms grafted along one block of long hydrophilic backbone. At the air–water interface, the CBCP molecules spontaneously assembled into ribbon-like structures and cellular patterns at zero surface pressure when a volatile solvent (i.e., chloroform) and a less volatile solvent (i.e., toluene) were used, respectively. This spontaneous self-assembly behavior of the CBCP was induced by the dewetting process. The mechanism for the morphological change as a function of surface pressure was scrutinized and further confirmed by compression–expansion cycle and solvent vapor annealing studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of self-assembly of ultra-high-molecular-weight, amphiphilic CBCPs at the air–water interface. As such, it provides insight into the design of controllable pattern formation using amphiphilic copolymers.
Problem-Solving Abilities Among Mothers of Infants With Failure to Thrive

Objective: Maternal problem-solving abilities, as they related to specific child-rearing situations, were examined and compared among mothers of infants with failure to thrive (FTT) and a matched group of comparison mothers. Methods: Participants were 37 mothers of children diagnosed with FTT and 37 mothers with normally growing children matched on three child variables and five maternal variables. Participants were administered a means-ends problem-solving measure specific to parents of young children and measures of language ability, depression, negative affect, and stressful life events. Results: Multivariate analysis of covariance results supported our main study hypotheses that mothers of infants with FTT would generate fewer problem-solving strategies that would be judged of poorer quality (i.e., less likely to result in positive outcomes) than mothers of healthy, normally growing infants. There were no significant associations obtained among problem-solving variables and individual difference variables (e.g., depression, negative affect, and stressful life events). Conclusions: Limited maternal problem-solving abilities may contribute to FTT by interfering directly with the quality of nurturance, feeding, and caloric intake the child receives. Recommendations are made for future research and interventions with mothers of children with FTT.
National trends in utilization, mortality, and survival after repair of type B aortic dissection in the Medicare population

Objective The application of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has changed treatment paradigms for thoracic aortic disease. We sought to better define specific treatment patterns and outcomes for type B aortic dissection treated with TEVAR or open surgical repair (OSR). Methods Medicare patients undergoing type B thoracic aortic dissection repair (2000-2010) were identified by use of a validated International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnostic and procedural code–based algorithm. Trends in utilization were analyzed by procedure type (OSR vs TEVAR), and patterns in patient characteristics and outcomes were examined. Results Total thoracic aortic dissection repairs increased by 21% between 2000 and 2010 (2.5 to 3 per 100,000 Medicare patients; P = .001). A concomitant increase in TEVAR was seen during the same interval (0.03 to 0.8 per 100,000; P P P P P P = .04). During this same interval, in-hospital mortality rates declined from 47% to 23% ( P P = .07). Conclusions Surgical treatment of type B aortic dissection has increased over time, reflecting an increase in the utilization of TEVAR. Overall, type B dissection repairs are currently performed at lower mortality risk in patients with more comorbidities.
Graph family operations

In previous papers, Catlin introduced four functions, denoted S O , S R , S C , and S H , between sets of nite graphs. These functions proved to be very useful in establishing properties of several classes of graphs, including supereulerian graphs and graphs with nowhere zero k-ows for a xed integer k >3. Unfortunately, a subtle error caused several theorems previously published in Catlin (Discrete Math. 160 (1996) 67{80) to be incorrect. In this paper we correct those errors and further explore the relations between these functions, showing that there is a sort of duality between them and that they act as inverses of one another on certain sets of graphs. c 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Pediatric malignant hyperthermia: risk factors, morbidity, and mortality identified from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and Kids' Inpatient Database

SummaryBackground Malignant Hyperthermia (MH) is a potentially fatal metabolic disorder. Due to its rarity, limited evidence exists about risk factors, morbidity, and mortality especially in children. Methods Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and the Kid's Inpatient Database (KID), admissions with the ICD-9 code for MH (995.86) were extracted for patients 0–17 years of age. Demographic characteristics were analyzed. Logistic regression was performed to identify patient and hospital characteristics associated with mortality. A subset of patients with a surgical ICD-9 code in the KID was studied to calculate the prevalence of MH in the dataset. Results A total of 310 pediatric admissions were seen in 13 nonoverlapping years of data. Patients had a mortality of 2.9%. Male sex was predominant (64.8%), and 40.5% of the admissions were treated at centers not identified as children's hospitals. The most common associated diagnosis was rhabdomyolysis, which was present in 26 cases. Regression with the outcome of mortality did not yield significant differences between demographic factors, age, sex race, or hospital type, pediatric vs nonpediatric. Within a surgical subset of 530 449 admissions, MH was coded in 55, giving a rate of 1.04 cases per 10 000 cases. Conclusions This study is the first to combine two large databases to study MH in the pediatric population. The analysis provides an insight into the risk factors, comorbidities, mortality, and prevalence of MH in the United States population. Until more methodologically rigorous, large-scale studies are done, the use of databases will continue to be the optimal method to study rare diseases.
Teleprogramming: overcoming communication delays in remote manipulation

The problem of teleoperation in the presence of feedback delays is addressed. A novel combination of computer graphics and manipulator programming is proposed to solve the problem by allowing the operator to kinesthetically interact with a graphical simulation of the remote environment and to interactively (online) teleprogram the remote manipulator through a sequence of elementary symbolic instructions, which are generated automatically by the operator's station software. The slave robot executes these symbolic commands delayed in time and, should an error occur, reports the relevant information back to the operator's station, where the master environment is reset back to the error state. The hardware architecture of the experimental system is described. >
Developing an insider threat model using functional decomposition

Addressing the insider threat using a systematic and formulated methodology is an inherently difficult process. This is because the problem is typically viewed in an abstract manner and a sufficient method for defining a way to categorically represent the threat has not been developed. The solution requires a security model that clearly identifies a process for classifying malicious insider activities. To be effective the model must compartmentalize the threat and attack it consistently. The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology for accurately defining the malicious insider and describe a process for addressing the threat in a systematic manner. Our model presents a definable taxonomy of the malicious insider and demonstrates a method for decomposing the abstract threat into a solvable and analyzable process.
Toward Policy-Relevant Benchmarks for Interpreting Effect Sizes: Combining Effects with Costs.

The common reporting of effect sizes has been an important advance in education research in recent years. However, the benchmarks used to interpret the size of these effects—as small, medium, and l...
8C-2 Error Estimates in Shear Wave Speed and Tissue Material Properties in Shear Wave Dispersion Ultrasound Vibrometry

Shear wave speed measurements are used in elasticity imaging to find the shear elasticity and viscosity of tissue. A technique called shear wave dispersion ultrasound vibrometry (SDUV) has been introduced to use the dispersive nature of shear wave speed to locally estimate the material properties of tissue. Shear waves are created using a multifrequency ultrasound radiation force, and the propagating shear waves are measured a few millimeters away from the excitation point. The shear wave speed is measured using a repetitive pulse-echo method and Kalman filtering to find the phase of the harmonic shear wave at two different locations. Using the following relationship, cs = omegasDeltar/Deltaphi where omegas is the shear wave frequency, Deltar is the distance between measurement points, Deltaphi is the phase difference, the shear wave speed, cs, can be estimated. A viscoelastic Voigt model and the shear wave speed measurements at different frequencies are used to find the shear elasticity (mu1) and viscosity (mu2) of the tissue. The purpose of this paper is to assess the accuracy of the SDUV method over a range of different values of mu1 and mu2. A motion detection model of a vibrating scattering medium was used to analyze measurement errors of vibration phase in a scattering medium. To assess the accuracy of the SDUV method, we modeled the propagation of phase errors into errors in the shear wave speed and material property estimates while varying parameters such as shear stiffness and viscosity, shear wave amplitude, Deltar, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the ultrasound pulse-echo method, and the frequency range of the measurements. We performed an experiment in a section of porcine muscle to evaluate variation of the aforementioned parameters on the shear wave speed and material property measurements and to validate the computer model. The model showed that errors in the shear wave speed and material property estimates were minimized by maximizing shear wave amplitude, pulse-echo SNR, Deltar, and the frequency range used. The experimental model showed optimum performance could be obtained for Deltar = 3-6 mm, SNR ges 20 dB, with a frequency range is 100-600 Hz, and with a shear wave amplitude on the order of a few microns down to 0.5 mum. We present a computational model and experimental approach to analyze errors in measurements of shear wave speed and material properties. The model provides a basis to explore different parameters related to implementation of the SDUV method. The experiment confirmed conclusions made by the model, and the results can be used for optimization of SDUV.
Truncus arteriosus with anterior origin of a hypoplastic main pulmonary artery

A newborn with an unusual form of truncus arteriosus is described, whose clinical presentation and certain features of her anatomy were more typical of pulmonary atresia with a ventricular septal defect. The morphological differentiation of certain types of truncus arteriosus and pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect remains an area of speculation among cardiac pathologists, and research in this area is being done using animal models. The anatomic features of the heart described in this report may assist in this discussion as the application of observations made in animal models to human cardiac development may be problematic.
WEATHERING AND ORIENTATION IN TRIASSIC CLAY SEDIMENTS OF NEW JERSEY

The composition of clay mineral suites derived from Triassic argillite and shale were compared with those of the consolidated parent sediments. Lockatong argillite, near the weathered zone, is composed mainly of illite, chlorite, and feldspar. In the clay horizon immediately above it, illite replaces the feldspar and kaolinite increases with distance from the contact until, near the top of the weathered zone, it is almost the only clay mineral present. A similar study was carried out on Brunswick shale. Here the parent rock consists mainly of illite, and some kaolinite, montmorrilonite, quartz, and feldspar. The kaolinite increases gradually as one progresses upward through the weathered zone, montmorillonite decreases, but approximately 30 per cent illite is still found in the top layers. Chlorite in the argillite near the weathered zone is randomly oriented while illite shows strong pre- ferred orientation, probably indicating that chlorite formed in place during weathering, lllite in the Brunswick shale shows strong preferred orientation. These two Triassic sediments are less than 5 miles apart and one may assume that they had a similar post-depositional environment. The difference in diagenetic development is striking and must be attributed mainly to the chemical composition and lithology of the parent sediment. The orientation of clay particles in the solid rock was studied with the aid of an X-ray diffraction technique based on the analysis of cylindrical samples. Three-dimensional intensity data thus obtained were presented by vectors whose ends form a surface which is characteristic of the orientation of the particles. Generally the vectors generate hemispherical normal distributions whose principal vector coincides with the normal to the bedding plane.
Parallel operation of one-cycle controlled grid connected three-phase inverters

Parallel operation of three-phase grid connected inverters extends the power range to a much higher level and allows modular design. However, current sharing and circulating current among the modules are the potential problems. This paper studies these phenomena within two paralleled inverters and proposes a new parallel operation method based on one-cycle control (OCC) with combined vector operation and bipolar operation. With some minor addition to the original OCC circuit and a simple add-on communication path among the individual modules, the current is properly shared among all the inverters and the circulating current is limited to an acceptable range, while the OCC advantages, such as constant switching frequency, no multipliers, and simple circuitry, are preserved. Two OCC inverters of 1.5 kW each were built and tied together using the proposed parallel operation method. Experiments have shown the simplicity and the effectiveness of this method.
Search and Ye Shall Find: Practical Literature Review Techniques for Health Educators

Through a perusal of current published literature, health educators can locate resources for theses, dissertations, or manuscripts for scholarly publication or plan/develop health promotion programs or disease prevention interventions. Reviewing the literature, however, may be viewed as a nebulous or intimidating process. This article presents six steps intended to assist health educators to efficiently search the literature. The processes of assessing information needs, planning the search, choosing where to search, getting full-text articles, assessing the articles, and applying the evidence are outlined.
Stereolithography with variable resolutions using optical filter with high-contrast gratings

A three-dimensional printing approach based on stereolithography with variable printing resolutions was invented to solve the trade-off between throughput and resolution. In this technology, the variable fabrication resolutions are achieved by switching laser wavelength. The key component to enable this technology is an optical filter based on high-contrast gratings. The optical filter has been designed and numerically studied using the finite-difference time-domain method and was fabricated using nanoimprint lithography. The minimum printing resolution of the accordingly constructed stereolithography apparatus is reduced to 37 μm. Variable pixel sizes from 37 to 417 μm have been demonstrated. Using the designed and fabricated optical filter is a promising method to optimize the manufacturing efficiency of the stereolithography process.
Pycellerator: an arrow-based reaction-like modelling language for biological simulations

Motivation: We introduce Pycellerator, a Python library for reading Cellerator arrow notation from standard text files, conversion to differential equations, generating stand-alone Python solvers, and optionally running and plotting the solutions. All of the original Cellerator arrows, which represent reactions ranging from mass action, Michales–Menten–Henri (MMH) and Gene-Regulation (GRN) to Monod–Wyman–Changeaux (MWC), user defined reactions and enzymatic expansions (KMech), were previously represented with the Mathematica extended character set. These are now typed as reaction-like commands in ASCII text files that are read by Pycellerator, which includes a Python command line interface (CLI), a Python application programming interface (API) and an iPython notebook interface. Results: Cellerator reaction arrows are now input in text files. The arrows are parsed by Pycellerator and translated into differential equations in Python, and Python code is automatically generated to solve the system. Time courses are produced by executing the auto-generated Python code. Users have full freedom to modify the solver and utilize the complete set of standard Python tools. The new libraries are completely independent of the old Cellerator software and do not require Mathematica. Availability and implementation: All software is available (GPL) from the github repository at https://github.com/biomathman/pycellerator/releases. Details, including installation instructions and a glossary of acronyms and terms, are given in the Supplementary information. Contact: bruce.e.shapiro@csun.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Market size effects on long-run demand of a network good

We consider optimal dynamic pricing under a network externality. We construct the demand dynamic of the network good from the aggregate best response dynamic of agents who have different adoption costs. When the distribution of adoption costs is convex, expansion of potential market inevitably enlarges long-run demand.
Coral Reefs, Fishing, and Tourism: Tensions in U.S. Ocean Law and Policy Reform

In the United States, seven states and territorial jurisdictions have coral reefs: Hawaii, Florida, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Reef-based coastal tourism and recreation provide significant economic benefits to the United States - benefits that generally exceed those of reef-based commercial fisheries. The coral reef tourism industry requires healthy coral reef ecosystems, and reefs worldwide are in serious trouble. While U.S. coral reefs are subject to a number of anthropogenic stressors, fishing is the one that simultaneously (1) is generally deemed the most damaging to coral reef ecosystems and the biodiversity that makes such reefs attractive to tourists; and (2) has created the most political and legal opposition to coral reef protection. However, a potential win-win solution exists: both scientists and policymakers have recommended the increased use of marine protected areas (MPAs) and marine reserves to protect coral reef ecosystems and their tourism services, a solution that could simultaneously improve reef-based fisheries.Increased use of MPAs and marine reserves requires a legal basis for setting aside areas of the ocean and restricting fishing therein, preferably with some sort of policy priority for protecting marine biodiversity. U.S. law and policy provides a number of legal mechanisms for creating MPAs but creates no clear policy in favor of coral reef - or marine biodiversity more generally - preservation and protection. As a result, conflicts between fishing interests, on the one hand, and tourism and scientific interests, on the other, have stalled coral reef-based MPA designations at the federal level. Nevertheless, despite a de facto legal preference for fishing, a tension between fishing promotion and coral reef ecosystem protection has been emerging in U.S. law and policy, indicating that modification of U.S. federal law is necessary to promote coral reef ecosystem preservation and restoration.This article explores developments in U.S. law and policy in the 21st century regarding coral reef protection in light of those ecosystems' acknowledged tourism value. It concludes that the structure and procedures of the National Marine Sanctuary Act have proven ineffective in protecting U.S. coral reefs for purposes of promoting and sustaining coral reef tourism and suggests improvements for future coral reef and MPA policy.
Management of Failing and Failed TMJ TJR Devices

It is unlikely that an alloplastic joint with an infinite life span can be developed. All alloplastic joint prostheses will develop wear under functional loading. This wear can be decreased, thus prolonging the life of these devices by using the appropriate materials especially at the articulating interfaces, proper implant design and articulating geometry, development of osseointegration of the components with stable fixation from the time of implantation, and eliminating parafunctional loading. Despite attempting to control wear-promoting factors, eventually wear and its sequelae will result in the revision of all alloplastic total joint replacement (TJR) devices [1].
Various theoretical frameworks in concept construction and how to move forward as a field: A commentary to Pegg and Tall

This paper first summarises and discusses Pegg and Tall's (2005) fundamental cycle model of conceptual construction from action to object and its relationship to other theories. Then the paper compares this with another model of different psychological theories of learning mathematics and discusses how these models can either be merged or complement each other. This leads to a general discussion about the problem of having many different theories and fashions. how knowledge grows and accumulates, and if there is a unifying theory to be found. The paper concludes that the development of metatheories, such as in the work of Pegg and Tall, is necessary rather than uncritical complementarism.
HERS standards plug-load interaction model exploration: incorporating the interaction of independent variables to improve the HERS standards plug-load models

The HERS index is the most well recognized measure for residential energy efficiency in the United States. The index provides an asset label in which the energy efficiency of the home’s design can be compared with other similar homes. The asset label is based on building characteristics and standardized occupant behavior. Plug-loads, such as 120 V appliances, refrigerators, televisions, dish washers and clothes washers are notoriously difficult to model. These loads are dependent on the occupant’s specific behavior which cannot be accounted for completely using standardized user behavior profiles. The HERS index accounts for plug-loads by using a regression model that calculates the annual load based on either the size of the home or the number of bedrooms. This study improves this model by not only using the size of the home and the number of bedrooms which are used in the HERS asset label, but also the statistical interaction between these two variables. In addition, this paper introduces new building characteristics such as climates zone, urbanicity and age of home and compares them to the current HERS model. By using additional building characteristics, this study shows that plug-loads can be modeled more accurately than current accepted practices.
Role of heparin during endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke.

Abstract Objectives Systemic heparinization has become the mainstay anticoagulant in neurointerventional procedures to prevent thromboembolic complications. Its benefit during endovascular therapy for acute stroke however has not been established. The purpose of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the impact of heparin during endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Patients and methods We performed a retrospective review of our interventional stroke database from February 2009 to September 2012 for patients with anterior circulation AIS with ICA-T or MCA M1 occlusions. 76 patients were categorized into 2 groups: intraprocedural vs. no intraprocedural heparin use. Outcomes measured included reperfusion (modified TICI scale), cerebral hemorrhages (ECASS criteria), and 90-day outcomes (modified Rankin scale). Results Baseline characteristics were similar between heparin and non-heparin treated patients, except for presence of CAD (6% vs. 30%, p = 0.01), Coumadin (0% vs. 11%, p = 0.04), and NIHSS (15.6 ± 5.0 vs. 18.1 ± 4.6, p = 0.03). There was a nonsignificantly higher reperfusion rate achieved in heparin-treated patients compared to non heparin-treated patients (63% vs. 50%, p = 0.35). Patients who received heparin had significantly lower rates of hemorrhage (p = 0.02). Multivariate logistic regression for good outcome revealed only age (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.78–0.95; p Conclusion The use of intraprocedural heparin in patients with AIS from MCA M1 or ICA-T occlusion was found safe. The impact of heparinization is unclear and warrants further evaluation.
The Alkaline Permanganate Oxidation of Dimethylbenzoic Acids and Pseudocumene

Potassium permanganate oxidation of alkyl benzoic acids and pseudocumene has been carried out in an aqueous alkaline solution. 2, 4-and 2, 5-Dimethylbenzoic acids gave 2-methylterephthalic acid and 4-methylisophthalic acid, respectively, as an intermediate in the preparation of trimellitic acid. In the oxidation of 3, 4- dimethylbenzoic acid and competitive oxidation of isomeric toluic acids, the relative reactivity of the methyl groups has been established, as follows : para>reta>ortho. By partial oxidation of mesitoic acid, 2, 6-dimethylterephthalic acid was obtained as main product. In the case of pseudocumene, 2, 4-and 3, 4-dimethylbenzoic, 2-metylterephthalic, and 4-methylisophthalic acids were produced as intermediate products. Their formations were explained by the difference in relative reactivities of the methyl groups.
Highly Reversible Zinc-Ion Intercalation into Chevrel Phase Mo6S8 Nanocubes and Applications for Advanced Zinc-Ion Batteries.

This work describes the synthesis of Chevrel phase Mo6S8 nanocubes and its application as the anode material for rechargeable Zn-ion batteries. Mo6S8 can host Zn2+ ions reversibly in both aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes with specific capacities around 90 mAh/g, and exhibited remarkable intercalation kinetics and cyclic stability. In addition, we assembled full cells by integrating Mo6S8 anodes with zinc-polyiodide (I–/I3–)–based catholytes, and demonstrated that such full cells were also able to deliver outstanding rate performance and cyclic stability. This first demonstration of a zinc-intercalating anode could inspire the design of advanced Zn-ion batteries.