cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Good Neighborliness (1953–1971)

In a manner of speaking, in Iran World War II lasted well until the end of August 1953. While armed hostilities had ceased, Soviet occupation of a part of Iran had continued by proxy in the form of the Azarbaijan crisis. When the Azarbaijan crisis was over in 1946 it was time for Iranian nationalism to pick a fight with British economic imperialism, which was being administered by the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company’s pricing policies and inequitable profit-sharing arrangements. The rise of Mosaddeq to the premiership of Iran, the nationalization of the Iranian oil industry, the rise of the Iranian communists (Tudeh Party), and the challenge issued by the democratic forces to the Pahlavi kingship forced Mohammad-Reza Shah to flee to Rome in the summer of 1953. In Tehran, however, a cadre of army officers, in part supported by the clergy, merchants, and other citizens, and in part assisted by the operatives of the British and American interests, engineered a coup and restored the shah to his throne. He returned to Tehran on August 22, 1953. Mosaddeq was tried and sent into internal exile, the Soviet-backed communists were checked, the oil situation was resolved through negotiations with the Western oil companies, and the Pahlavi kingship that had been in limbo since the abdication of Reza Shah in 1941 finally retook political control of the country by 1955.1
Coverage and capacity in mmWave cellular systems

Millimeter wave (mmWave) communication has recently been proposed for use in commercial cellular systems as a solution to the microwave spectrum gridlock. MmWave spectrum is (potentially) available around the globe and recent hardware advances make mass market deployments feasible. In this paper, we study the coverage and capacity of mmWave cellular systems with a special focus on their key differentiating factors such as the limited scattering nature of mmWave channels, and the use of RF beamforming strategies such as beam steering to provide highly directional transmission with limited hardware complexity.We show that, in general, coverage in mmWave systems can rival or even exceed coverage in microwave systems assuming that the link budgets promised by existing mmWave system designs are in fact achieved. This comparable coverage translates into a superior average rate performance for mmWave systems as a result of the larger bandwidth available for transmission.
Analysis of post-disaster damage and disruptive impacts on the operating status of small businesses after Hurricane Katrina

When small businesses are impacted by natural hazard events, hazard and sociological researchers may have access to collect data from a sample of open businesses, in hopes of distilling lessons that might help reduce vulnerability to future disasters. Lessons from demised businesses might be more useful in reducing business closure for increasing business sustainability to disasters. Using interviews from a random sample of 371 open and 126 closed businesses’ experiences with Hurricane Katrina, discrete choice methods examine the relationship between the impact of post-disaster damage, loss of lifelines, types of delays in reopening, and cascading damages on business continuity. This unique sample offers the opportunity to determine whether damage to operating businesses was different than that of demised businesses. Respondents provided pre-Katrina data up through the last interviews in 2013. Results demonstrate that damage may have a short-term effect on operating status; it was associated with immediate demise but had much less effect on longer-term recovery. Additionally, it is evident that there is one path to failure. Businesses that did reopen, but later closed, may have been impacted by a cascade of both exogenous and endogenous shocks.
Memory loss: Five new things.

Purpose of review Memory loss can be due to a wide variety of causes. We provide new information about the biology of common genetic and acquired causes of memory loss in older adults. Recent findings New data are available about the genetics of Alzheimer disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and frontotemporal dementia. Amyloid PET, FDG-PET, and MRI have improved our understanding of how mild cognitive impairment evolves to AD. Several studies have shown links between concussion and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Healthy eating and regular exercise have been demonstrated to slow cognitive decline in older adults. Randomized trials continue to show benefits for cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in patients with AD and DLB. Summary New causes of memory loss are still being identified. More sophisticated diagnostic tools have improved our ability to make earlier diagnoses in older adults with memory loss.
A multimedia application for location-based semantic retrieval of tattoos

The design and development of an automatic identity management system for the retrieval and matching of tattoo images is considered to be very important in the advancement of the investigative capabilities of forensics as well as law enforcement agencies. Conventional tattoo-based retrieval techniques are keyword-based, where content and body location meta-data are combined in an indistinguishable manner. However, the main drawback of these techniques is their inability to create search areas around manually annotated tattoo body location regions that can overcome user error in the meta-data or ambiguity in keywords. In this paper, we propose a novel method of using body location meta-data to perform semantic retrieval that significantly reduces error compared to keyword-based methods and reduces the number of matches needed to achieve high accuracy when performing tattoo-based human recognition. Our proposed approach is able to overcome the aforementioned challenges as well as other challenges that may be introduced when noise is present in the body location meta-data (e.g. possible tagging mistakes by the operators).
Can Switching from Coal to Shale Gas Bring Net Carbon Reductions to China

To increase energy security and reduce emissions of air pollutants and CO2 from coal use, China is attempting to duplicate the rapid development of shale gas that has taken place in the United States. This work builds a framework to estimate the lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from China’s shale gas system and compares them with GHG emissions from coal used in the power, residential, and industrial sectors. We find the mean lifecycle carbon footprint of shale gas is about 30–50% lower than that of coal in all sectors under both 20 year and 100 year global warming potentials (GWP20 and GWP100). However, primarily due to large uncertainties in methane leakage, the upper bound estimate of the lifecycle carbon footprint of shale gas in China could be approximately 15–60% higher than that of coal across sectors under GWP20. To ensure net GHG emission reductions when switching from coal to shale gas, we estimate the breakeven methane leakage rates to be approximately 6.0%, 7.7%, and 4.2% in the power, ...
Growth of the nonbaryonic dark matter theory

The evidence that has accumulated since the 1930s is that the mass of the Universe is dominated by an exotic nonbaryonic form of matter largely draped around the galaxies. This dark matter approximates an initially low-pressure gas of particles that interact only with gravity, but we know little more than that. Searches for detection thus must follow many difficult paths to a great discovery: what the Universe is made of. From the first hints of unseen matter in the Universe to the present body of evidence for dark matter, James Peebles outlines the significant developments in observation and theory in the 1970s in this Insight Perspective.
Effect of Gestational Weight Gain and Prepregnancy Body Mass Index in Adolescent Mothers on Weight and Body Mass Index of Adolescent Offspring.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to examine the association of the gestational weight gain and prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) of low-income adolescent mothers with the risk of their children being overweight and/or obese in late adolescence. Methods Study subjects were low-income, primiparous adolescents (n = 360) who self-identified as black and participated in the New Mothers Study in Memphis, Tennessee, and their children. Gestational weight gain was examined as a continuous variable and also categorized into overgain, recommended gain, and undergain following the 2009 Institute of Medicine guidelines. The effects of maternal prepregnancy BMI percentiles and calculated BMI were also considered. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were used. The main outcome measures were offspring overweight, obesity, and BMI. Results Thirty-nine percent of offspring were overweight or obese. Higher maternal gestational weight gain increased the risk for offspring overweight and obesity. There was an interaction between gestational weight gain and prepregnancy BMI: offspring of mothers with a BMI percentile ≤76 were at greater risk of obesity with higher maternal weight gain. If mothers with a BMI percentile between the 29th and 83rd percentiles overgained, offspring were at greater risk for overweight. Using calculated BMIs, if a mother's BMI was ≤26 kg/m 2 , offspring risk for obesity was greater with higher gestational weight gain. Conclusions High gestational weight gain had a larger effect on offspring overweight and obesity if maternal prepregnancy BMI percentile was ≤76. The gestational weight gain of primiparous adolescents who self-identified as black had an effect on offspring weight.
Automatic gang graffiti recognition and interpretation

One of the roles of emergency first responders (e.g., police and fire departments) is to prevent and protect against events that can jeopardize the safety and well-being of a community. In the case of criminal gang activity, tools are needed for finding, documenting, and taking the necessary actions to mitigate the problem or issue. We describe an integrated mobile-based system capable of using location-based services, combined with image analysis, to track and analyze gang activity through the acquisition, indexing, and recognition of gang graffiti images. This approach uses image analysis methods for color recognition, image segmentation, and image retrieval and classification. A database of gang graffiti images is described that includes not only the images but also metadata related to the images, such as date and time, geoposition, gang, gang member, colors, and symbols. The user can then query the data in a useful manner. We have implemented these features both as applications for Android and iOS hand-held devices and as a web-based interface.
ADME Considerations for the Development of Biopharmaceutical Conjugates Using Cleavable Linkers

The recent approval of trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla®) and brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris ®) has spurred tremendous investment in new approaches for the targeted delivery of pharmaceutical agents. Targeted delivery approaches, such as Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs), typically rely on an endogenous or exogenous "trigger" that results in the release of the pharmacologically active agent at the intended site of action. Lysosomal and intracellular triggers include proteolytic cleavage, glycolytic cleavage, phosphatase cleavage, hydrolytic cleavage, and reductive cleavage. Recent work has also illustrated that exogenous triggers and extracellular enzymes can be harnessed to result in linker cleavage at the site of action. As these linker technologies have grown, so also has our understanding of the biophysical parameters that drive exposure and stability. The growth in targeted delivery approaches has also driven advancement in bioanalytical strategies for assessing the distribution, processing, and metabolism of these agents. This review provides a systematic overview of each of these areas, particularly focusing on recent advancements in the field that has the potential to expand the scope of therapeutic areas that ADCs and other targeted delivery approaches can be designed to address.
“But it doesn’t come naturally”: how effort expenditure shapes the benefit of growth mindset on women’s sense of intellectual belonging in computing

AbstractResearch suggests growth mindset, or the belief that knowledge is acquired through effort, may enhance women’s sense of belonging in male-dominated disciplines, like computing. However, oth...
Two-Stage Feature Selection with Unsupervised Second Stage

A common technique for reducing the running time of feature selection is to perform it in two stages. In the first stage a fast and simple filter is applied to select good candidates. The number of candidates is further reduced in the second stage by an accurate algorithm that may run significantly slower. It is common to distinguish between supervised and unsupervised feature selection. In the supervised case features are selected for predicting a set of labels. Such label information is not used in the unsupervised case. We describe a general framework that can use an arbitrary off-the-shelf unsupervised algorithm for the second stage. The algorithm is applied to the selection obtained in the first stage weighted appropriately. Our main technical result is the computation of these weights. We show that the weights can be found as the solution to a quadratic optimization problem. The solution is deterministic, and improves on previously published studies that use probabilistic ideas to compute the weights. To the best of our knowledge our approach is the first technique for converting a supervised feature selection problem into an unsupervised problem. Complexity analysis shows that the proposed technique is very fast, can be implemented in a single pass over the data, and can take advantage of data sparsity. Experimental results show its accuracy to be comparable to that of much slower techniques.
Global Green's Function Estimates

Under certain conditions, we obtain global pointwise estimates for Neumann series associated with an integral operator with general quasimetric kernel. The estimates involve the first and second iterations of the original kernel. As a consequence we deduce sharp bilateral bounds of Green's function for the fractional Schrodinger operator (− Δ)α/2 −q with general attractive potential q ≥ 0 on the entire Euclidean space \(\mathbb{R}^n\) for 0 < α < n, or a bounded nontangentially accessible domain \(\Omega \subseteq \mathbb{R}^n \) for 0 < α ≤ 2, under a certain “smallness condition” on q. Most of our results are new even in the classical case α = 2.
Canonical Equation K11. Limit Theorem for Normalized Spectral Functions of Empirical Covariance Matrices under the Modified Lindeberg Condition

As already mentioned in the introduction to this book, the main field of application of the canonical equations is multidimensional statistical analysis. These equations allow one to find so-called new G-estimators instead of standard estimators well known in the literature. These new estimators are described in [Gir96]
Pedagogical agents as social models for engineering: The influence of agent appearance on female choice

The current work examined the influence of pedagogical agents as social models to increase females' interest in engineering. Seventy-nine female undergraduate students rated pedagogical agents on a series of factors (e.g., most like themselves, most like an engineer, and most prefer to learn from). The agents were identical with the exception of differing by appearance/image in four aspects (age, gender, attractiveness, “coolness”). After selecting the agent from which they most preferred to learn, participants interacted with it for approximately 15 minutes and received a persuasive message about engineering. Results indicated that the women were more likely to choose a female, attractive, young, and cool agent as most like themselves and the one they most wanted to be like. However, they tended to select male, older, uncool agents as the most like engineers and tended to choose to learn about engineering from agents that were male and attractive, but uncool. Interacting with an agent had a positive impact on math-related beliefs. Specifically, the women reported more positive math and science related beliefs compared to their attitudes at the beginning of the semester and compared to a group of women who did not interact with an agent. Further, among the women who viewed an agent, the older version of the agent had a stronger positive influence on their math-related beliefs than the younger agent.
Direct targeting of the mouse optic nerve for therapeutic delivery.

Abstract Background Animal models of optic nerve injury are often used to study central nervous system (CNS) degeneration and regeneration, and targeting the optic nerve is a powerful approach for axon-protective or remyelination therapy. However, the experimental delivery of drugs or cells to the optic nerve is rarely performed because injections into this structure are difficult in small animals, especially in mice. New method We investigated and developed methods to deliver drugs or cells to the mouse optic nerve through 3 different routes: a) intraorbital, b) through the optic foramen and c) transcranial. Results The methods targeted different parts of the mouse optic nerve: intraorbital proximal (intraorbital), intracranial middle (optic-foramen) or intracranial distal (transcranial) portion. Comparison with existing methods Most existing methods target the optic nerve indirectly. For instance, intravitreally delivered cells often cannot cross the inner limiting membrane to reach retinal neurons and optic nerve axons. Systemic delivery, eye drops and intraventricular injections do not always successfully target the optic nerve. Intraorbital and transcranial injections into the optic nerve or chiasm have been performed but these methods have not been well described. We approached the optic nerve with more selective and precise targeting than existing methods. Conclusions We successfully targeted the murine optic nerve intraorbitally, through the optic foramen, and transcranially. Of all methods, the injection through the optic foramen is likely the most innovative and fastest. These methods offer additional approaches for therapeutic intervention to be used by those studying white matter damage and axonal regeneration in the CNS.
Racial rent differences in U.S. housing markets: Evidence from the housing voucher program

This paper exploits an unusually rich data set to estimate racial differences in the rents paid for identical housing in the same neighborhood in U.S. housing markets and to show how they vary with neighborhood racial composition. Results suggest that black households pay more for identical housing in identical neighborhoods than their white counterparts and that this rent gap increases with the fraction of the neighborhood white. In neighborhoods with the smallest fraction white, the premium is about 0.6%. In neighborhoods with the largest fraction white, it is about 2.4%. This pattern holds across different types of areas.
Noncardiac surgery in the congenital heart patient

More children with congenital heart disease are surviving and require noncardiac surgery. A high-yield summary of congenital heart anatomy and pathophysiology is presented to contextualize these patients for surgeons. Preoperative planning including risk stratification, anesthetic management and timing of elective surgery are discussed. Specific intraoperative considerations for particular cases, such as the use of laparoscopy and thoracic surgery, are reviewed. Postoperative outcomes and recommended management required to mitigate complications are summarized.
Depth creates no more spurious local minima.

We show that for any convex differentiable loss, a deep linear network has no spurious local minima as long as it is true for the two layer case. This reduction greatly simplifies the study on the existence of spurious local minima in deep linear networks. When applied to the quadratic loss, our result immediately implies the powerful result in [Kawaguchi 2016]. Further, with the work in [Zhou and Liang 2018], we can remove all the assumptions in [Kawaguchi 2016]. This property holds for more general "multi-tower" linear networks too. Our proof builds on [Laurent and von Brecht 2018] and develops a new perturbation argument to show that any spurious local minimum must have full rank, a structural property which can be useful more generally.
Hypothyroidism Increases 90-Day Complications and Cost Following Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty

Hypothyroidism is common, and the incidence has been increasing annually in the United States. Abnormalities in thyroid hormone can have several effects on the endocrine, immune, and musculoskeletal systems of the body. The influence of hypothyroidism on outcomes following primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) is not well reported. The authors hypothesized that hypothyroidism was associated with a higher risk of postoperative complications and 90-day costs following primary THA. A retrospective review from 2005 to 2014 was performed using the Medicare Standard Analytical Files from the Pearl Diver database. Utilizing International Classification of Disease 9th revision (ICD-9) codes, the authors identified patients who underwent THA. Patients with a concurrent diagnosis of hypothyroidism were matched by age, gender, and Charlson's comorbidity index (CCI) to a control group. Ninety-day postoperative complications, readmission rates, complications related to implants, and cost of care were compared and assessed following primary THA between matched cohorts. Statistical analysis was performed using the programming language R (University of Auckland) to calculate odds ratios (OR) along with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and p-values. A total of 383,898 patients underwent primary THA. Among them, 191,949 patients were diagnosed with hypothyroidism and 191,949 patients without hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism was associated with greater odds of postoperative complications (p
Synthesis and magnetic properties of 4:1 hard-soft SrFe12O19-La1-xSrxMnO3 nanocomposite prepared by auto-combustion method

Magnetic nanocomposite (hard) SrFe12O19-(soft) La(1-x) SrxMnO3 powders in 4:1 weight ratio was synthesized via a one-pot auto-combustion technique using nitrate salts followed by heat treatment in air at 950°C. Structural and morphological characterizations were performed via x-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) was used to study the magnetic properties of the samples. XRD analysis shows presence of pure phase components in the nanocomposite. TEM images show presence of needle shape Sr-Ferrite particles. The room temperature hysteresis loops of the samples showed the presence of exchange-coupling between the hard and soft phases of the composite. The room temperature magnetic measurements revealed the higher Mr/Ms ratio for the nanocomposite than that for the single phase SrFe12O19 which proves the existence of the inter-grain exchange coupling between hard and soft magnetic phases with the exchange spring behavior. The highest Mr/Ms ratio of 0.58 was obtained in SrFe12O19- La0.25Sr0.75MnO3 composite which exhibited 82% increase in the coercivity (Hc∼6.26 kOe) as compared to pure SrFe12O19 (Hc∼3.63kOe). Synthesis of hard-soft exchange couple nanocomposite by controlling the “magnetic softness” of a soft phase instead of more traditional approach of varying concentration of the soft phase could be the promising way to use them in many magnetic applications.
CRISPR/Cas9 Editing in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: A Way Forward for Treating Cystic Fibrosis?

Despite drastic improvements in the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF), there are still no curative options and severe CF remains a terminal diagnosis. With the recent advances in state-of-the-art techniques such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), stem cell expansion, differentiation, and gene editing technologies, we now have the ability to expand patient-specific cells for therapeutic application. These autologous cells can be readily genetically edited and clonally expanded with the potential for differentiation into the desired mature cell types. Such techniques hold enormous potential for therapeutic application. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the current state of iPSCs, proximal lung stem cells and gene editing techniques focusing on their potential for clinical application in CF.
Cangrelor in clinical use

Inadequate antiplatelet effects can result in substantial morbidity and mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Cangrelor is a rapid onset and potent intravenous P2Y12 inhibitor that has been shown in large randomized controlled trials to reduce periprocedural complications for PCI compared with clopidogrel, the most commonly used P2Y12 inhibitor. Cangrelor should be considered in the setting of PCI to reduce the risk of periprocedural complications such as myocardial infarction, repeat coronary revascularization and stent thrombosis in patients not yet treated with another P2Y12 inhibitor or glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor. In this review, the importance of adequate P2Y12 inhibition, cangrelor's pharmacology and clinical profiles, and future directions for the cangrelor are discussed.
Analysis of clinical phenotype and TGM1 gene mutation in a child with neonatal congenital ichthyosis

Objective To explore the genetic cause for a child with congenital ichthyosis. Methods The child was subjected to next generation sequencing using a specific gene panel. Suspected mutation was validated by Sanger sequencing. Results The proband was found to harbor compound heterozygous mutations c. 327delG (p.Met109Ilefs*2) and c. 791G>A (p.Arg264Gln) of the TGM1 gene, which were respectively inherited from his mother and father. The same mutations were not found among 101 healthy controls. c. 327delG was not reported previously. By bioinformatic analysis, both mutations are likely to impair the function of TGase-1 protein. Conclusion The compound heterozygous mutations of c. 327delG and c. 791G> A of the TGM1 gene probably underlie the ichthyosis in the proband. The result has facilitated prenatal diagnosis for this pedigree. Key words: Congenital ichthyosis; TGM1 gene; Variation
Dysbiosis in a canine model of human fistulizing Crohn's disease.

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory condition caused by the loss of mucosal tolerance toward the commensal microbiota. On average, 29.5% and 42.7% CD patients experience ...
Correction to: Parental Status and Biological Functioning: Findings from the Nashville Stress and Health Study

Unfortunately, due to an error upon submission of this article, the article was published with an incomplete author group. Dr. Katherine L. Friedman was not listed as third author of this paper. With this correction Dr. Katherine L. Friedman has been added to the author group.
Determinants of the Gut Microbiota

Since the launch of human microbiome project, several research studies on the human gut microbiota have been exploring the association between microbes and human host and revealed the importance of gut microbiota in our well-being. From birth, highly personalized group of microbes colonizes our gastrointestinal tract (gut) that develops in time and coexists with our body. Gut health is not only supported by the diet and human intestine, but also largely supported by the resident microbial members reside in the gut. Many biomedical and clinical research studies have shown the link between the gut microbes and human disease conditions. Any modifications in the composition of the gut microbiota reportedly affect the human health by leading to a variety of conditions including obesity, diabetes, heart disease, autoimmune disease, autism, depression, and anxiety. Generally, a number of external factors such as the mode of delivery (vaginal or cesarean delivery), gestation period (term or preterm), feeding type (breast milk or formula), diet type (Western or Mediterranean), antibiotics use, and internal factors such as host genetics and immune system influence the colonization and composition of gut microbiota. Besides these known factors, other factors such as geography, culture, age, gender, social life, physical exercise, stress and depression, and smoking also play an important role in shaping the gut microbiota. However, more information remains unexplored and warrants utilization of advanced technologies to understand the factors that influence the composition of the gut microbiota and its contributions to host health. Better understanding of these factors will certainly help to build a beneficial human gut microbial community to improve the human health, and design novel microbial interventions to combat certain diseases in future.
New Generation Multijunction Thermal Converters at Sandia National Laboratories

Multijunction thermal converters are routinely used at many primary standards laboratories for ac voltage measurements and calibrations. After nearly two decades of inactivity, the Primary Standards Laboratory at Sandia National Laboratories has reestablished the process of fabricating silicon based multijunction thermal converters. Initial results indicate the devices perform similarly to devices fabricated circa 2001 with ac-dc differences of less than $2\ \mu \mathrm{V}/\mathrm{V}$ over the frequency range of 20 Hz to 20 kHz. From 20 kHz to 1 MHz, the ac-dc difference was higher, but remained below $200\ \mu \mathrm{V}/\mathrm{V}$ . In addition to presenting these results, new design considerations, such as high-resistivity substrates for high-frequency applications, are discussed.
Earth system law and the legal status of non-humans in the Anthropocene

Abstract Who belongs to communities of justice in the Anthropocene? While Western and non-Western traditions alike have typically afforded legal recognition primarily to humans and secondarily to some non-human entities under limited conditions, arrival of the Anthropocene suggests a new approach is needed in order to address the range and origins of injustices occurring within the Earth system. Beginning with a discussion of Earth system law and how its expansive scope accommodates non-traditional legal subjects, the essay proceeds with an overview of the rights of nature movement. I then present a comparative analysis of rights of nature cases adjudicated in Ecuador, Colombia, and India. From the foregoing evidence I argue that both theory and practice support broadening the universe of entities capable of qualifying as legal subjects eligible for legal rights to include both natural and artefactual non-humans, a move integral to obtaining socio-ecological justice under Earth system law.
Campus Service Use Among Students With Disabilities Who Have Experienced Sexual Violence: A Conceptual Model:

Students with disabilities are one student group with elevated risk of sexual violence. Although they would benefit from streamlined access to campus support, little is known about their patterns o...
Weakening of Solvation-Induced Ordering by Composition Fluctuation in Salt-Doped Block Polymers

The spontaneous ordering of block polymers doped with ions is affected by both selective solvation and long-range Coulombic interaction. The mean-field treatment was recently shown to overestimate ...
De-escalation of Systemic Therapy for Early-Stage, Node-Negative Her2+ and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

This review summarizes the most recent data on the management of small, node-negative Her2+ and triple-negative breast cancer. Both Her2+ and triple-negative breast cancers are characterized by high rates of recurrence and worse survival outcomes compared to hormone-positive cancers. De-escalation of systemic therapy in early-stage breast cancer is a recent national trend in clinical research. Recent prospective trials support the scaling back of cytotoxic agents and maximization of targeted therapy regimens. Similarly, large retrospective studies on small, node-negative triple-negative breast cancer report the omission of chemotherapy in women with T1a,N0 triple-negative cancers with favorable short term outcomes. De-escalation of systemic therapy for Her2+ breast cancer is effective in the management of early-stage, node-negative disease. Future prospective studies on the omission of systemic therapy for triple-negative breast cancer are required to safely adopt into consensus guidelines.
Search-Trajectory Optimization: Part II, Algorithms and Computations

We implement and solve a search-trajectory optimization problem originally formulated in our companion paper, with multiple searchers looking for multiple targets in continuous time and space. The problem minimizes the probability that all of the searchers fail to detect any of the targets during a planning horizon. We develop an implementable algorithm that converges to stationary points of the original infinite-dimensional problem. Numerical tests illustrate the approach in a naval scenario with up to three searchers protecting a capital ship from ten attackers in go-fast boats.
Logical Data Base Design

The purpose of a data base is to represent objects and events of interest to the organization. Any representation of the real world is, of necessity, incomplete in that it is not the actual object but a description of that object. The characteristics described are those that are most obvious, or most interesting, or most relevant to the creator of the representation. Aspects which are not of interest are ignored. For example, the descriptive characteristics of an individual that are recorded on a driver’s license include age, hair color, eye color, name, and address but not marital status or educational history.
A Possible Role for Cytoplasmic Ca2+ in the Regulation of the Synthesis of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Proteins

The maintenance of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration in muscle cells depends upon a delicate balance between Ca2+ transport systems located in the surface membrane, mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and several cytoplasmic Ca2+-binding proteins, which control muscle contraction and key metabolic processes (Martonosi, 1980). The concentration and activity of the various systems must be accurately matched, which requires coordinate regulation of their rate of synthesis and degradation. Some features of this regulation are inherent properties of muscle cells, others are under neural control.
Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I induce c-fos expression in postmitotic neurons by a protein kinase C-dependent pathway

Recent studies indicate that insulin and insulin-like growth factors regulate development of the nervous system. The signal transduction pathways that mediate the neurotrophic responses to these peptides are largely unknown. The aims of this study were to examine the regulation of c-fos mRNA expression by insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in postmitotic neurons derived from fetal chick forebrain and to investigate the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in c-fos induction by these growth factors. Cultured neurons were treated with growth factors or other known activators of c-fos gene expression, and then total cellular RNA was isolated and analyzed by Northern analysis using a full-length mouse c-fos cDNA probe. Fetal calf serum, insulin, IGF-I, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol (TPA), and cycloheximide induced a 2.2-kilobase c-fos transcript in neurons. Increased levels of c-fos mRNA were apparent as early as 15 min after the addition of insulin. Levels peaked after 60 min and then remained high up to 180 min. The onset of c-fos induction by IGF-I was similar to insulin; however, the response was more transient. Analyses of dose-response curves indicate that insulin and IGF-I stimulate c-fos expression by interacting with their own receptor type. The decay rate of c-fos mRNA was unaltered by insulin or IGF-I. Pretreatment of neurons with actinomycin D (2 microM) for 5 min prior to the addition of insulin completely blocked the induction of c-fos mRNA. TPA increased c-fos mRNA levels with similar kinetics to that of insulin and IGF-I; however, the attenuation phase more closely paralleled that of insulin. Two inhibitors of PKC, sphingosine and staurosporine, completely blocked the induction of c-fos mRNA by insulin, IGF-I, and TPA. These data indicate that insulin and IGF-I stimulate transcription of the c-fos gene in neurons by a PKC-mediated pathway. Increased AP-1 activity may mediate some of the neurotrophic responses to insulin and IGF-I.
Economic Integration, International Conflict and Political Unions

This article studies the interactions among economic integration, international conflict, and the formation and breakup of political unions. Economic integration reduces the importance of political size, while international conflict increases it. When international conflict reduces economic integration between politically separate units, multiple equilibria are possible. In one equilibrium, political units are small and more open and engage less in conflict, therefore making political size less important. In another equilibrium, the world is formed by larger units, with more conflict and less economic integration
Effects of Extenders on Paint Optics Below the CPVC

The bulk of a dry paint film can consist of as many as four fundamentally different components: resin, pigment particles, extender particles, and, in some cases, air (the presence of air will be considered in detail in Chap. 7). Many physical properties of the film—including opacity—are determined by complex interactions between these different materials. Below the critical pigment volume concentration (CPVC), opacity is primarily affected by the concentration of TiO2 particles, and by the way that the nonpigmentary components of the paint, particularly extender particles, alter the distribution of the TiO2 particles in the dry film. The effects of extender particles on optics below the CPVC generally range from none to negative, depending on the paint formula and the type and amount of extender used. Having said that, in special cases, the extender may improve opacity. The primary physical characteristics of the extender that affect opacity are extender particle size, size distribution, and concentration. The overall effect of extender on paint opacity can be understood on the basis of the dependent scattering phenomenon described previously.
Isolation and Characterization of an RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase from Black Beetle Virus-Infected Drosophila melanogaster Cells

Crude lysates of black beetle virus (BBV)-infected cells of Drosophila melanogaster contain an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity not detectable in uninfected cells. The activity (designated BBV polymerase) sedimented at 20,000 x g, indicating an association with particulate material. It was solubilized from the pellet by sonication in a magnesium-deficient buffer. Differential centrifugation resulted in a 43-fold purification with 84% recovery of polymerase activity. The effects of divalent and monovalent cations, time, temperature, and pH on the activity of the partially purified polymerase were examined. RNA synthesis was not stimulated by the addition of exogenous BBV RNA, suggesting that an enzyme-template complex existed. Analysis of the RNA products of the RNA polymerase reaction indicated that full-length "negative" strand BBV RNAs were synthesized.
On the Topology of Plans

This paper explores a topological perspective of planning. A series of examples and theorems establishes a fundamental coupling between tasks on graphs and simplicial complexes. Planning under uncertainty is one application. The paper introduces strategy and loopback complexes. The paper’s main theorem shows that tasks specified by goal states in nondeterministic graphs have guaranteed solutions if and only if their loopback complexes are homotopic to spheres.
Effect of geometrical distortion correction in MR on image registration accuracy

In this paper we investigate the effect of geometrical distortion correction in magnetic resonance (MR) images on the accuracy of the registration of x-ray computed tomography (CT) and MR head images for a fiducial marker (extrinsic point) method and a surface matching technique. We used CT and T2-weighted MR volume images acquired from seven patients who underwent craniotomies in a stereotactic neurosurgical clinical trial. Each patient had four external markers attached to transcutaneous post screwed into the outer table of the skull. We define registration error as the distance between corresponding marker positions after registration and transformation. The accuracy of the fiducial marker method was determined by using each combination of three markers to estimate the transformation and the remaining marker to calculate registration error. Surface-based registration was accomplished by fitting MR contours corresponding to the CSF-dura interface to CT contours derived from the inner surface of the skull. Correction of geometrical distortion in MR images significantly reduced the registration error of both point-based and surface-based registration.
Contribution to the ecology of Aedes vexans (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Coachella Valley, California.

The flood water mosquito Aedes vexans (Meigen) is abundant only in areas with shrubs or trees and a dense undergrowth of herbs. This study was made in an isolated, irrigated date grove. The first adults appeared when mean weekly air temperatures reached 21°C, but significant catches were made only after temperatures were 32° or higher, and peak densities of adults occurred in late August. Larval densities were greatest in the experimental date lane with a vegetation cover of tall grasses, and were less in short-grass and bare-soil lanes, respectively; no larvae were present in the bare-soil lane sprayed with Weed Oil®. This finding probably demonstrates an oviposition preference. Adult densities, too, were very much higher in tall-grass vegetation than elsewhere. Total time from hatching to adult emergence averaged 124.2 hours when the mean water temperature was 27.8°C. Larval stages 1–4 required 18.2, 16.0, 17.6, and 36.8 hours, respectively; the pupal stage, 35.2 hours. By the second afternoon after their emergence, 90% of the females were inseminated, and most adults dispersed the following night, before they were strongly phototropic. Feeding responses were not marked until the third day; oviposition occurred 3 days after feeding.
A two-timing formalism for autonomous oscillations

Abstract A two-timing formalism is developed for the calculation of oscillatory solutions between a specified initial state and the long time periodic state in n (n ⩾ 2) dimensional systems of autonomous ordinary differential equations near a Hopf bifurcation point. The formalism allows a description of the early time transient oscillations as well as the long lime periodic oscillations through suppression of both oscillatory and exponential secular terms. A strong connection with the classical method of Krylov-Bogoliubov is established through a general second order example problem, and a specific third order example is solved to further illustrate the details of the method.
A global solution to the nonlinear model predictive control algorithms using polynomial ARX models

In nonlinear model predictive control algorithms, a nonlinear objective function is minimized on-line at every sampling time. Finding a global optimum is not very easy as the objective function is generally nonlinear and nonconvex. In this paper we show that the structure of the polynomial ARX models lends model predictive algorithms some useful properties that are helpful in determining the global optimum solution. The approach used is based on transformation and change of variables to recast the problem into a convex objective function with convex constraints. A method is then proposed that guarantees a global solution to the optimization problem.
Elevated temperature softening of progressively annealed and sintered WRe alloys

Abstract Some of the primary needs for crucial future space applications are increasing power levels and densities. The high temperatures at which refractory alloys are capable of operating enable them to provide greater heat rejection and hence lighter, denser, more mobile space systems with increasing power levels. WRe combinations have been found to exhibit good ductility, greater creep strengths and higher recrystallization temperatures. The current investigation reveals the effect of elevated temperatures on the softening of progressively annealed, sintered WRe alloys, which have been chosen as possible candidates for high temperature thermionic energy conversion applications. The study includes the recrystallization and grain growth behavior of these alloys and a description of a unique photon counting pyrometer that was built at Arizona State University and calibrated at Los Alamos National Laboratory. This pyrometer was used to measure emissivities at elevated temperature and is capable of measuring temperatures from 1200 K to above 2200 K within l K of the International Temperature Scale.
Dynamics of HEOD (dieldrin) in adipose tissue of the rat.

Abstract In rats fed a diet containing 25 ppm HEOD (dieldrin) for 8 wk, an equilibrium level of 50 ppm HEOD was reached in retroperitoneal adipose tissue. These animals were then given 4 daily oral doses of 14C-HEOD and were subsequently maintained on either HEOD-containing diets or normal diets; 14C-HEOD was lost from the adipose tissue depot at a rate which was independent of HEOD in the diet. The movement of HEOD into and out of adipose tissue is discussed with regard to a mechanism of active transport of pesticides which is probably different from the mechanism of transport of fat. The use of a radiochemical assay, in the absence of a specific chemical assay, for the measurement of residues does not seem feasible based upon data of the uptake of 14C-HEOD in adipose tissue.
Now You See It, Now You Don't—Closing in on Allostasis and Developmental Basis of Psychiatric Disorders

The mode through which early insults in brain development result in the onset of psychiatric disorders years after impact become a little less mysterious with the report by Niwa et al. that a transient reduction of the schizophrenia risk gene DISC1 can alter prefrontal cortex neurochemistry, architecture, and function.
Learning and Efficiency in a Gambling Market

We present a statistical model which uses data on National Football League games and betting lines to study how agents learn from past outcomes and to test market efficiency. Using Kalman Filter estimation, we show that terms' abilities exhibit substantial week-to-week variation during the season. This provides an ideal environment in which to study how agents learn from past information. While we do not find strong evidence of market inefficiency, we are able to make several observations on market learning. In particular, agents have more difficulty learning from "noisy" observations and appear to weight recent observations less that our statistical model suggests is optimal.
Medial hypothalamic stimulation decreases the phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system

Although research has linked the central nervous system with changes in immunoresponsivity, research on the possible role of the central nervous system in altering reticuloendothelial activity is lacking. This study investigated the possible relationship between hypothalamic structures and changes in responsivity of the reticuloendothelial system. Eight male albino rats received bilateral electrode implants in the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus, and, following brain stimulation, reticuloendothelial activity was assessed 3, 6, 12, 24, and 96 h after stimulation. Brain stimulation decreased phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system. These findings may increase our understanding of a possible neural mechanism underlying relationships between stress and resistance to disease states.