cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Scopus-based bibliometric study of maritime research involving the Automatic Identification System

Abstract Vessel traffic records from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) are a useful source of information for maritime data analytics, and of training data for maritime artificial intelligence systems. Researchers utilizing these data are developing the foundations for operational maritime tools essential to economic expansion and security. The global growth and distribution of this research effort from 1997 to 2019 was examined through a bibliometric study of 817 Scopus-listed publications. Indications of both collaboration and accelerating competition were found by examining the number of publications and authors, national and institutional affiliations of the authors, and number of citations received. Prior to 2003 about 1–5 publications per year appeared in the literature. The annual number of publications has doubled roughly every 5 years since the mid-2000s, reaching 140 in 2019. About 82% of publications were by authors based in a single country. Overall, authors affiliated with China contributed to 27% of all publications, followed by the US (9%) and Italy (8%). Authors from EU countries, taken collectively, were most common (37%). From 2016 to 2019 the number of authors from China quadrupled, and the number of publications with at least one China-affiliated author quintupled, producing about 39% of all publications in that time period. Some policy questions arising from this study are presented, and the need for continuing international collaboration and cooperative development are discussed.
SMILES and FFANNS: similarity least squares and feed forward artificial neural networks

Summary form only given, as follows. Similarity least squares (SMILES) is an alternative to high-degree polynomial regression models for the analysis of nonlinear data. Local or nonparametric regression techniques prevalent in the statistics literature are special cases of the more general SMILES estimator. The method is developed as a series of statistical projections. The results are used to construct feedforward artificial neural nets (FFANNs) and prove their capability to represent vector mapping functions between two sets of vectors. A key result is how to achieve stable predictions (generalizations) for highly nonlinear data. The computing effort to train these networks scales as a polynomial in the size of the data set.< >
Zugverhalten von Laminaten

Die Komplexitat des mechanischen Verhaltens des Laminats (Fig. 10.1) ist im Vergleich zu dem im letzten Kapitel diskutiertem Laminatschichtverhalten wesentlich gesteigert. Da das Laminat meistens „Off-Axis“-Lagen enthalt, ist der Spannungszustand in einer gegebenen Lage im Inneren biaxial. Weiterhin entwickelt sich an freien Randern ein ganzlich dreidimensionaler Spannungszustand [PAG 71, PAG 73, PIP 73]. Tatsachlich wurde gezeigt, das der Spannungszustand an freien Randern fur bestimmte Laminate singular sein kann [WAN 82a] und Randdelaminationen auftreten konnen [PAG 73]. Jedoch wurde gezeigt, das diese Effekte freier Rander auf einem Lagenrandbereich begrenzt ist, der ungefahr eine Laminatdicke in das Laminat hineinreicht [WAN 82b]. Die klassische, in Kap. 2 vorgestellte Laminattheorie gibt eine gute Vorhersage des Spannungszustands im Laminatinneren und dem makroskopischen Verhalten des Laminats. In diesem Kapitel basieren alle Analysen auf der klassischen Laminattheorie. Interlaminarer Bruch wird in Kap. 13 diskutiert.
Aggressive Nationalism: McCulloch v. Maryland and the Foundation of Federal Authority in the Young Republic

Introduction 1. The United States Supreme Court vs.the States 2. The Second Bank of the United States 3. The States vs. the 2BUS 4. McCulloch v. Maryland 5. Virginia's Response to McCulloch v. Maryland 6. Ohio and the Bank of the United States 7. Ohio and Georgia before the United States Supreme Court 8. Coda Endnotes Index
Efficient Synthesis of Control Logic for a Class of Discrete Event Systems

Real-world applications of the emerging theory of controlled discrete event systems (DESs) will not be realized until the obstacle of computational complexity is overcome. This paper presents a step in that direction by developing a computationally efficient solution for a class of forbidden state problems. We consider DESs which can be modeled as cyclic controlled marked graphs (CMGs), a class of controlled Petri nets (CPNs). The distributed representation of the DES state in terms of the CMG marking permits an efficient specification of the forbidden states in terms of individual place markings. More importantly, we show that the graphical representation of the state transition logic in a CMG can be used to synthesize state feedback logic which is maximally permissive while guaranteeing the forbidden states will not occur. The practical application of the theoretical results is illustrated for an example of automated guided vehicle (AGV) coordination in a flexible manufacturing facility.
Probabilistic Symmetries and Invariance Principles

The Basic Symmetries.- Conditioning and Martingales.- Convergence and Approximation.- Predictable Sampling and Mapping.- Decoupling Identities.- Homogeneity and Reflections.- Symmetric Arrays.- Multi-variate Rotations.- Symmetric Measures in the Plane.
Minimally invasive surgical wound infections: laparoscopic surgery decreases morbidity of surgical site infections and decreases the cost of wound care.

Aim The morbidity of surgical site infections (SSIs) were compared in patients who underwent open (OS) vs laparoscopic (LS) colorectal surgery. Method Data from 603 consecutive LS patients and 2246 consecutive OS patients were prospectively recorded. Morbidity of SSIs was assessed by the need for emergency department (ED) evaluation, subsequent hospital re-admission and re-operation. The cost of wound care was measured by the need for home healthcare, wound vacuum assisted closure (VAC) or independent patient wound care. Results SSIs were identified in 5.8% (n = 25) of LS patients and 4.8% (n = 65) of OS patients. ED evaluation for the infection was needed in 24% of the LS group and 42% of the OS group. Hospital re-admission was needed in one LS patient and in 52% OS patients. No LS patient needed re-operation compared with 12% of OS patients. HHC ($162/dressing change) was required in 63% of the OS group compared with 8% of LS group. A home wound VAC system ($107/day) was utilized in 12% of the OS patients but in none of the LS patients. Dressing changes were managed independently by the patient in 92% of the LS compared with 37% of the OS patients. Conclusion Laparoscopic colorectal surgery patients experience less morbidity when they develop SSIs incurring less cost compared with open colorectal surgery patients.
Intraperitoneal Spread of Infections

A remarkable change in the epidemiology of subphrenic and subhepatic abscesses has occurred over the last several decades. In the past, the most common causes included perforations of anterior gastric or duodenal ulcers and rupture of a gangrenous appendix. Today, 60–71% of such abscesses are postoperative and are particulary frequent following gastric and biliary tract operations and colonic surgery.7,36,37 Many of the cases of postoperative abscesses are secondary to anastomotic leaks.34 More prompt diagnosis currently in conditions such as peptic ulcer and appendicitis, leading to earlier surgical intervention, results in an increasing proportion of postoperative abscesses. The bacterial flora generally consists of multiple strains of aerobic and anaerobic organisms. The aerobes include particularly E. coli, Streptococcus, Klebsiella and Proteus; and the anaerobes Bacteroides and cocci.36
Panel: teaching undergraduate information assurance

As the importance of information assurance and computer security has become recognized, the number of institutions teaching these subjects in their undergraduate curriculum has grown. But methods of integrating this material into the undergraduate program are varied, as are the methods used to teach the material itself. Two key issues highlight the differences in instructional methods and techniques.
Optimization of the design of the heterojunction vertical field effect transistor using a two-dimensional self-consistent Monte Carlo method

Extensive Monte Carlo simulations of both steady-state and transient operation of a heterojunction vertical field-effect transistor (VFET) show that the discrepancy between measured and predicted cutoff frequencies for the device has two causes. First, experiments with lateral gate placement show that fabricated devices have not been optimized for high-speed performance. In addition, it is shown that because the operation of the devices in this study was governed by hot carrier transport and multidimensional space charge effects, previous predictions which did not take these phenomena into account are unrealistic. The structure and characteristics of the device used to verify the accuracy of the simulation method are described. A simple conceptual model which considers both local current continuity and space charges is presented for understanding the Monte Carlo results. >
Mission Statement Possible: International Schools and Cosmopolitanism

Cosmopolitanism has recently received increased interest and representation in educational discourse and theory. Given the global and international emphases in cosmopolitanism, international schools might provide some clues and illustrations of cosmopolitanism influence in schooling. The way an international school articulates its purpose can provide insight into the general discourse about international schools and what each thinks its purpose is, real or imagined. Thus, the mission statements of sixty-seven international schools were analysed to measure the extent to which these schools articulated purposes consistent with dominant typologies and characteristics of cosmopolitanism. The data shows that while international schools show a dominant predilection toward cognitive and academic development, they also contain a significant number of cosmopolitan characteristics and an orientation toward the development of attitudes and emotional development that aid in intercultural understanding and cosmopolitan ways of being.
The Integration of Software Engineering into a Computer Science Curriculum

This paper discusses ideas and techniques for integrating software engineering concepts and practices into an undergraduate computer science curriculum. Discussion is focused on concepts that are related to the following aspects of software engineering: the need for software engineering, characteristics of good software, the software development process, estimation and planning, working in teams, specification of requirements, software design, and software quality issues.
Structure of the hydrogen double vacancy on Pd(111)

We determine the ground-state structure of a double vacancy in a hydrogen monolayer on the Pd(111) surface. We represent the double vacancy as a triple vacancy containing one additional hydrogen atom. The potential-energy surface for a hydrogen atom moving in the triple vacancy is obtained by density-functional theory, and the wave function of the fully quantum-mechanical hydrogen atom is obtained by solving the Schr\"odinger equation. We find that a H atom in a divacancy defect experiences significant quantum effects and that the ground-state wave function is centered at the hcp site rather than the fcc site normally occupied by H atoms on Pd(111). Our results agree well with scanning tunneling microscopy images.
Current Density and Quench Behavior of MgB 2 /Ga Composite Wires

Magnesium diboride (MgB 2) is a promising superconductor for many technical applications. Sufficient current densities at required magnetic fields, moderate operational temperature, low raw materials' cost, and an economical manufacturing process have enabled commercial development of MgB 2 wires. Reacted MgB 2, however, is brittle, and applications involving coils and windings with small bend radii are therefore difficult to implement. Furthermore, improvements in the critical current density are needed to expand the range of potential applications. Here, we report on the electrical behavior of novel MgB 2/Ga composite wires produced such that the proximity effect enhances connectivity, allowing the high-temperature anneal typically required for in situ and ex situ MgB 2 wires to be eliminated. Elimination of the high-temperature anneal simplifies MgB 2 manufacturing and has the potential to create a wire that is more tolerant of bending. Here, we present critical current density and quench propagation results for MgB 2/Ga composite wires sheathed in Cu.
Design, fabrication, and testing of a 12-bit sigma-delta analog to digital converter

A 12-b sigma-delta ( Sigma - Delta ) analog-to-digital (A/D) converter has been designed and fabricated using a 2- mu m CMOS double-poly process. The chip is part of a study in the design of mixed analog-digital circuits. A second-order Sigma - Delta modulator using 1 b quantization and a subsequent moving average digital filter using no multiplies have been realized. Simulations were run to determine layout accuracy. The A/D converter occupies roughly 3/4 of a 2.22-mm*2.25-mm MOSIS tiny chip. The chip has been fabricated through MOSIS. Preliminary test results are reported. >
The effect of potential and aging on the Pb-assisted stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of alloy 22 gas tungsten arc-welded weldments

The susceptibility of as-received, solutionized, and short-term thermally aged mill-annealed (MA) and gas tungsten arc-welded (GTAW) alloy 22 to Pb-assisted stress corrosion cracking (PbSCC) was evaluated in supersaturated, deaerated, acidic PbCl2 solutions at 95 °C. Anodic polarization tests in acidic PbCl2 solutions showed that 16,000 ppm of Pb produced a strong anodic peak and an order of magnitude greater passive current density for both MA and GTAW alloy 22 as compared to pure NaCl solutions. Current spikes were also observed in the anodic polarization plots for the PbCl2 solutions, suggesting periodic events of passivity breakdown and repassivation. Constant deformation SCC tests were conducted using double U-bend samples of as-received, solutionized, and thermally aged MA and double U-groove welded alloy 22 plates. The results indicate that as-received, solutionized, and thermally aged MA and GTAW alloy 22 were resistant to PbSCC in supersaturated PbCl2 solutions at 95 °C, pH 0.5, and applied potentials near the anodic peak ranging from −100 to 50 mVSCE. Enhanced dissolution of alloy 22 was also observed in the crevice region of the double U-bend samples tested in the 16,000 ppm PbCl2 solutions. This Pb concentration is seven orders of magnitude greater than that found in the anticipated repository environments, and chemical speciation modeling showed that Pb2+ is strongly immobilized in J-13 Yucca Mountain waters through the precipitation of PbCO3 solids. Therefore, although enhanced dissolution of the inner U-bend did occur in our tests, the overall results from this PbSCC investigation suggest that as-fabricated, solutionized, and aged MA and GTAW alloy 22 are resistant to SCC in extremely aggressive, acidic, and supersaturated PbCl2 solutions at 95 °C. Provided that these high Pb concentrations are not attainable in the anticipated repository environments, alloy 22 is unlikely to be susceptible to SCC, localized corrosion, and enhanced dissolution by the presence of Pb.
Enteric gram-negative bacilli bloodstream infections: 17 years' experience in a neonatal intensive care unit.

Abstract Objective To assess the occurrence of enteric gram-negative bacilli (EGNB) bloodstream infections (BSI) in a neonatal intensive care setting during a 17-year period in which a consistent antibiotic treatment program was in place. To document infections, outbreaks, or epidemics, emergence of antibiotic resistance, clinical correlates, and outcomes of the most prevalent EGNB ( Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae , and Enterobacter cloacae ). Methods This study analyzed demographic, clinical, and bacteriologic information from 360 infants born 1986-2002 who developed 633 blood culture—proven BSI. A total of 121 EGNB were isolated ( E coli, K pneumoniae , and E cloacae ). Early-onset BSI were discovered within 48 hours from birth, and late-onset BSI were those that occurred thereafter. Suspected early-onset BSI were treated with ampicillin and gentamicin, suspected late-onset BSI with vancomycin and gentamicin. Antibiotics were changed on the basis of organism antimicrobial susceptibility. Results Early-onset BSI were noted in 52 of 21,336 (244/100,000) live births (1986-1991), 40 of 20,402 (196/100,000) live births (1992-1997), and 25 of 17,926 (139/100,000) live births (1998-2002). Of these cases, 39 were caused by E coli and 4 by K pneumoniae. Antibiograms for E coli isolated during the last 5 years of the study showed an increase in antibiotic resistance that coincided with obstetric group B streptococcus antepartum antibiotic prophylaxis. Group B streptococcus declined from 41 to 4 cases from the first to the last period. Late-onset BSI increased from 111 to 230 cases from the first to the second 6-year study period and declined modestly (171 cases) during the last. Fifteen percent (78 cases) of late-onset BSI were caused by EGNB, 5% by other gram-negative bacilli, 67% primarily by coagulase-negative staphylococcus, and 13% by fungus. Nonspecific clinical and hematologic signs of late-onset BSI were similar across EGNB species, but necrotizing enterocolitis was often associated with E coli , whereas pneumonia and prolonged thrombocytopenia characterized K pneumoniae infections. No outbreaks or epidemics were observed, and strains of EGNB with evidence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase production were never isolated. Conclusion Antepartum antibiotic prophylaxis may have increased antibiotic resistance in E coli isolates from early-onset BSI but has dramatically decreased group B streptococcus infections. Late-onset BSI caused by EGNB increased, but without changes in antibiotic susceptibility. In spite of medical advances, E coli, K pneumoniae , and E cloacae remain responsible for significant morbidity and mortality, especially in very low birth weight infants.
Characterization of the subunit structure of the thyrotropin receptor in the FRTL-5 rat thyroid cell line.

Radioiodinated TSH was covalently crosslinked to monolayers of FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells using the homobifunctional cross-linking agent disuccinimidyl suberate. Analysis of the cross-linked samples by sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions demonstrated the presence of three specifically labeled complexes with apparent mol wt of 68,000, 85,000, and 145,000, in addition to the TSH α-β dimer and its α and β-subunits. When bound [125I]iodo-TSH was cross-linked with increasing concentrations of disuccinimidyl suberate, the formation of the 68,000 and 85,000 mol wt complexes was sequential, with the 68,000 complex appearing first. These two complexes were also observed after labeling with radioiodinated TSH hybrid molecules (α*-β or α-β*), in which the label is in only one subunit, or immunoprecipitation with antibodies against either the α or β-subunit of TSH. Similar complexes (65,000, 82,000, and 145,000 mol wt) were also formed after cross-linking with the alkaline...
Processing of the sperm protein Sp17 during the acrosome reaction and characterization as a calmodulin binding protein.

In this study we have demonstrated that the native rabbit sperm protein, Sp17, is a 22- to 24-kDa triplet of proteins in washed ejaculated rabbit spermatozoa and is unaffected by capacitation. However, during the acrosome reaction, Sp17 is processed from a 22- to 24-kDa triplet of proteins to a triplet of proteins at 17-19 kDa by the removal of amino acids from the C-terminal. Recombinant rabbit Sp17 (rRSp17) can also be proteolytically processed by acrosome-reacted spermatozoa in a similar manner. Protease inhibitors prevent the proteolytic processing of Sp17. Both forms of native Sp17 remain associated with acrosome-reacted spermatozoa and are solubilized by ionic detergents. Previously, sequence analysis of Sp17 revealed that Sp17 amino acids 108-137 were 52% identical to the calmodulin binding domain of neuromodulin and contained an IQ motif found in other calmodulin binding proteins. In this study, a truncated recombinant Sp17, rRSp17CB, which lacks amino acids 118-146, including the potential calmodulin binding site, was made. Recombinant rabbit Sp17, but not rRSp17CB, binds to calmodulin in the presence of Ca2+ or EDTA, under reduced or nonreduced conditions in biotinylated-calmodulin overlay assays. In DSS crosslinker experiments, calmodulin bound to rRSp17 in a 1:1 ratio but not to rRSp17CB. Additionally, biotinylated rRSp17 interacts with native sperm calmodulin. We propose that the processing of native Sp17, by removing a C-terminal fragment during the acrosome reaction, might be a mechanism to regulate the calmodulin binding activity of Sp17 and provide calmodulin at specific sites after the acrosome reaction.
Effect of crossed beams on Stokes gain and interaction length in stimulated Raman gain spectroscopy.

We have numerically calculated the change in spatial resolution and Stokes gain for stimulated Raman gain experiments that use two crossed laser beams. The laser beams are modeled as diffraction-limited, Gaussian TEM00 beams. Results for interaction length and relative Stokes gain are presented for crossing angles of 0–15°, focusing f/#’s 2–250, and mismatches in the positions of the focal points of the two beams. The numerical results for spatial resolution and gain are compared with geometric approximations that have been previously published. These numerical simulations show where the approximations are valid and also extend into regions where the approximations are invalid.
Does the future of modeling and simulation have a game face

Summary form only given. The MOVES Institute's mission is research, application and education in the grand challenges of modeling, virtual environments and simulation (MOVES). The institute's focus is on 3D visual simulation, networked virtual environments, computer-generated autonomy, human performance engineering, immersive technologies, defense/entertainment collaboration, and combat modeling and analysis. In networked virtual environments, we are architecting the technology that allows us to build large-scale, dynamically extensible virtual environments, virtual environments that are semantically interoperable and always on. In computer-generated autonomy, we are building a scenario engine for determining the space of potential outcomes from a virtual description of an infrastructure, a set of policies, characters and cultural behaviors. In immersive technologies, we have designed a source-less tracker that is micromachinable, and have performed considerable work on the deployment of sound to enhance the feeling of immersion. In defense/entertainment collaboration, we have constructed a PC game, America's Army, that provides the experience of a potential career in the Army. America's Army has become the fastest growing online PC game in history, a game that has been the recipient of several "best game" or "runner up for best game" of the year awards. Since the release of America's Army, the number one question being asked of our institute is will the next generation of training and combat modeling systems have a game-like face? In this talk, we answer that question and discuss the potential that game technology has for the future of modeling and simulation.
Promotion of Met-tRNAiMet Binding to Ribosomes by yIF2, a Bacterial IF2 Homolog in Yeast

Delivery of the initiator methionine transfer RNA (Met-tRNA i Met ) to the ribosome is a key step in the initiation of protein synthesis. Previous results have indicated that this step is catalyzed by the structurally dissimilar translation factors in prokaryotes and eukaryotes—initiation factor 2 (IF2) and eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2), respectively. A bacterial IF2 homolog has been identified in both eukaryotes and archaea. By using a combination of molecular genetic and biochemical studies, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae IF2 homolog is shown to function in general translation initiation by promoting Met-tRNA i Met binding to ribosomes. Thus, the mechanism of protein synthesis in eukaryotes and prokaryotes is more similar than was previously realized.
Drift velocities of excess electrons in 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane and tetramethylsilane: A fast drift technique

Abstract A new fast drift technique for the measurement of short drift times for excess electrons is dielectric liquids is described. The technique was used to measure the drift velocities of excess electrons in 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane and tetramethylsilane as a function of the applied uniform electric field E up to respectively 11.5 × 10 4 and 12.3 × 10 4 V cm −1 ; at these maximum values of E , the drift velocities are 2.6 × 10 6 and 7.4 × 10 6 cm s −1 , respectively.
Closing the (Protective Services) Gap: Why Size Does Matter When Determining Optimal Level 2 Service Delivery

The September 2005 review of policing structure in England and Wales by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC) is considered in terms of its impact on forces' ability to detect volume cr...
Paleokarst, paleosol, and rocky-shore deposits at the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian unconformity, northwestern Arkansas

The Mississippian-Pennsylvanian unconformity in northwestern Arkansas contains pedogenically altered regolith preserved in low-lying areas on paleokarst on the Chesterian Pitkin Limestone. The regolith is succeeded by transgressive rocky-shore deposits of the Cane Hill Member, Hale Formation (type-Morrowan). Pitkin cements reflect extensive, meteoric, phreatic diagenesis prior to karstiflcation, and paleokarst features include large, dissolution-fragmented Pitkin lithoclasts with numerous solution pipes on a low-relief surface. The overlying, pedogenically altered regolith contains calcretized lithoclasts in clay matrix, suggesting a shift from ever-wet conditions to more seasonal rainfall prior to the Pennsylvanian transgression. That shift may represent local climatic change or short-term fluctuations in mid-Carboniferous tropical climate. The latter interpretation may support global climate models that predict warmer, wetter tropics during periods of high-latitude cooling. Basal Cane Hill strata consist of high-energy, shoreface, boulder-cobble conglomerate containing reworked Pitkin clasts. The conglomerate contains an unequivocal rockyshore community consisting of encrusting bryozoans and corals, Trypanites , acrothoracican barnacle borings, and, possibly, the earliest occurrence of Gastrochaenolites . Preservation of poorly indurated paleosol beneath high-energy transgressive deposits suggests very rapid transgression consistent with a glacio-eustatic mechanism. Truncated Pitkin strata were removed by karstification and subaerial erosion during the hiatus and not by erosion during transgression.
Methodology for rapid infrared multispectral electro-optical imaging system performance analysis and synthesis

An analysis methodology and corresponding analytical tools for rapid top-down design of multi-spectral imaging systems is presented. Beginning with top- level customer-dictated system performance requirements and constraints, the critical system and component parameters in the electro-optical image chain are derived, performance analyzed, and iterated until a preliminary design that meets customer requirements is generated. System parameters and components composing the image chain for staring, scanning, pushbroom, and time-delay and integrate systems include: aperture, focal length, field of view, cold shield requirements, image plane dimensions, pixel dimensions, pixel pitch and fill factor, detection quantum efficiency, optical filter requirements, image plane dimensions, pixel dimensions, pixel pitch and fill factor, detection quantum efficiency, optical filter requirements, and temporal sampling parameters. The performance analysis is accomplished by calculating the imaging system's optical response (to a scene radiance), total noise, and imaging resolution. The noise components include photon noise due to signal, scene and atmospheric background, cold shield, out-of-band optical filter leakage and electronic noise. System resolution is simulated through cascaded optical transfer functions (OTF's) and includes effects due to atmosphere, optics, image sampling, and system motion.
An introduction to survival models: in honor of Ross Prentice

I review some key ideas and models in survival analysis with emphasis on modeling the effects of covariates on survival times. I focus on the proportional hazards model of Cox (J R Stat Soc B 34:187–220, 1972), its extensions and alternatives, including the accelerated life model. I briefly describe some models for competing risks data, multiple and repeated event-time data and multivariate survival data.
Appearance of lymphocyte surface markers and functional responses in neonatal and young rabbit spleens

Abstract We examined spleen cells from newborn to 1-month-old rabbits for easily detectable surface immunoglobulin, complement receptors, and for in vitro proliferative responsiveness to anti-immunoglobulin antisera and several mitogens. From birth through the first month of life about 15% of the cells from rabbit spleens had easily detectable surface immunoglobulin while about 45% had C3 receptors. In adults as many as 77% of the spleen cells had easily detectable surface Ig but the proportion with C3 receptors remained about 45%. The proliferative response to anti-allotype antisera was present at birth, and was at adult levels by 1 month of age. The proliferative response to pokeweed mitogen was low when cells were obtained during the first week of life but was comparable in magnitude to the response of adult cells by 2 weeks of age. In vitro responsiveness to concanavalin A was present at low levels at birth and increased sharply during the first week. We did not observe significant stimulation of spleen cells from neonatal to 4-week-old rabbits by lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella typhosa . Our data suggest that lymphocyte surface markers and functional responses appear asynchronously in spleen cells of developing rabbits.
Laparoscopic gastric antroplasty in children with delayed gastric emptying and gastroesophageal reflux

Abstract Background/Purpose: A significant number of children (50%) with gastroesophageal reflux (GER) have delayed gastric emptying (DGE). Although controversial, many pediatric surgeons use a gastric outlet procedure in conjunction with fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux in these patients. This paper describes the technique and clinical outcome of 61 patients undergoing a laparoscopic gastric antroplasty at the time of the laparoscopic fundoplication. Methods: The charts of 61 patients who underwent laparoscopic gastric antroplasty in conjunction with laparoscopic fundoplication between May 26, 1992 and October 17, 1996 were reviewed retrospectively. All patients had a documented DGE confirmed by a liquid isotope meal being retained in the stomach. After completion of the fundoplication, a laparoscopic antroplasty was performed by incising a 2 to 3.5-cm linear incision in the pylorus and distal gastric antrum. The seromuscular wall was divided to the level of the mucosa allowing the mucosa to bulge through the defect. The wound was closed transversely using interrupted 2-0 silk sutures. Results: Four of the 61 patients underwent conversion to open antroplasty for technical reasons. The remaining 57 patients recovered uneventfully from the laparoscopic antroplasty with clinical resolution of both GER and DGE. Two of 57 patients had intermittent episodes of retching and were unable to tolerate large bolus feedings because of dumping. They were treated by dividing the feedings into two smaller portions. These symptoms cleared within 6 months. The remaining 55 patients have tolerated feedings well. Evaluation of the gastric emptying was performed randomly in selected patients with documented improvement of the emptying after antroplasty. An evisceration of omentum through the umbilical incision developed in one patient on the third postoperative day. Conclusions: Patients with delayed gastric emptying who need fundoplication can be treated with laparoscopic gastric antroplasty in conjunction with laparascopic fundoplication. Laparoscopic antroplasty appears to be clinically efficacious in improving delayed gastric emptying.
An unusual pattern of dental damage with salivary gland aplasia.

ABSTRACT Background Dental destruction can develop from numerous causes. Major salivary gland aplasia is an uncommon causative factor. The resulting xerostomia can lead to extensive dental demineralization. Case Description The author examined a 19-year-old man because of the patient's concern regarding decreased salivary volume and his dental condition. There was extensive loss of tooth structure and an astonishing pattern of dental destruction most notable on the palatal portions of the maxillary molars and premolars that is best described as “chipping.” It was only after taking the patient's history, clinically examining the patient and conducting a radioisotope study that the author was able to make a confident diagnosis of the absence of four major salivary glands. Clinical Implications Dentists should be aware that salivary gland aplasia is an uncommon cause of dental deterioration. It may manifest itself not by extensive caries but by a dental chipping effect. Early recognition and a therapeutic strategy can prevent progressive dental damage.
APCI low energy collision-induced dissociation fragmentation of protonated ortho silicates: mclafferty or ion-neutral complex rearrangement?

The fragmentation mechanism of tetraethyl ortho silicate and tetrapropyl ortho silicate was studied to determine if the consecutive alkene losses observed in their MS/MS daughter ion spectra were produced via a McLafferty rearrangement or by ion-neutral rearrangement mechanisms. The experiments were carried out using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and low energy collision-induced dissociation. Deuterium labeling of the γ-position provided evidence mat the rearrangement mechanism of the successive alkene losses proceeds predominantly via the ion-neutral complex mechanism. Because the energies imparted to the ions in this experiment are of the same order of magnitude as solution phase reactions, this mechanism may shed light on the formation of silica gels (e.g., aerogels) in that similar structures have been proposed as reaction intermediates in the polymerization of SiO2.
On the Concept of Separate Aftercooling for Locomotive Diesel Engines

This paper describes a patented cooling system concept for a turbocharged diesel engine. In particular, it defines a cooling system having the capability of transferring some of the cooling capacity of transferring some of the cooling capacity of engine jacket and engine oil cooling to cool the cylinder inlet air when more than the cooling capacity built into the system through the size of the radiators and fans is needed. This increased aftercooling will improve the engine performance and reduce emission levels. The cooling capacity of a locomotive is essentially determined by the radiator and fan size, among other factors, and is designed to cool the engine within acceptable metal temperatures at a specified maximum ambient temperature and at the maximum engine power. On the other hand, at lower ambient temperatures or engine power levels, the cooling needs of the engine will be less than this maximum cooling capacity of the cooling system. There remains some excess capacity. This paper describes the concept called the ``Separate Aftercooling System`` that uses some of this excess cooling capacity to cool the engine inlet air at the aftercoolers. It shows the feasibility of such a system, describes the order of magnitude of benefitsmore » that can be expected from such a system, and outlines the implementation of this concept to EMD built locomotives.« less
Reciprocal diffusions in flat space

We describe the theory of reciprocal diffusions in flat space. A reciprocal process is a Markov random field on a one dimensional parameter space. Every Markov process is reciprocal but not vice versa. We descibe the first and second order mean differential characteristics of reciprocal diffusions. This includes a new definition of stochastic acceleration. We show that reciprocal diffusions satisfy stochastic differential equations of second order. Associated to a reciprocal diffusion is a sequence of conservation laws, the first two of which are the familiar continuity and Euler equations. There are two cases where these laws can be closed after the first two. They are the mutually exclusive subclasses of Markov and quantum diffusions. The latter corresponds to solutions of the Schrodinger equation and may be part of a stochastic description of quantum mechanics.
Mycofumigation with Muscodor albus and Muscodor roseus for Control of Seedling Diseases of Sugar Beet and Verticillium Wilt of Eggplant.

ABSTRACT Mycofumigation is the use of antimicrobial volatiles produced by fungi such as Muscodor albusitalic and M. roseus for the control of other organisms. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) stand establishment was increased and disease severity decreased by mycofumigation with M. roseus and M. albus in autoclaved soil infested with Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium ultimum, or Aphanomyces cochlioides. Eggplant seedlings (Solanum melongena L.) transplanted into autoclaved soil infested with Verticillium dahliae and mycofumigated with M. albus and M. roseus had significantly less disease (P < 0.05) after 4 and 5 weeks compared with nonmycofumigated Verticillium-infested soil. The effect of formulation on efficacy of mycofumigation with M. roseus was tested using potato dextrose agar strips, alginate capsules, ground barley, pesta granules, and stabileze granules. The stabileze and ground barley formulations of M. roseus resulted in the best control of P. ultimum damping-off. The best control of A. cochlioides damp...
Rotavirus Replication in the Cholangiocyte Mediates the Temporal Dependence of Murine Biliary Atresia

Biliary atresia (BA) is a neonatal disease that results in obliteration of the biliary tree. The murine model of BA, which mirrors the human disease, is based upon infection of newborn mice with rhesus rotavirus (RRV), leading to an obstructive cholangiopathy. The purpose of this study was to characterize the temporal relationship between viral infection and the induction of this model. BALB/c mice were infected with RRV on day of life (DOL) 0, 3, 5, and 7. Groups were characterized as early-infection (infection by DOL 3) or late-infection (infection after DOL 5). Early RRV infection induced symptoms in 95% of pups with a mortality rate of 80%. In contrast, late infection caused symptoms in only 50% of mice, and 100% of pups survived. The clinical findings correlated with histological analysis of extrahepatic biliary trees, cytokine expression, and viral titers. Primary murine cholangiocytes isolated, cultured, and infected with RRV yielded higher titers of infectious virus in those harvested from DOL 2 versus DOL 9 mice. Less interferon alpha and beta was produced in DOL 2 versus DOL 9 RRV infected primary cholangiocytes. Injection of BALB/c interferon alpha/beta receptor knockout (IFN-αβR−/−) pups at DOL 7 showed increased symptoms (79%) and mortality (46%) when compared to late infected wild type mice. In conclusion, the degree of injury sustained by relatively immature cholangiocytes due to more robust RRV replication correlated with more severe clinical manifestations of cholangiopathy and higher mortality. Interferon alpha production by cholangiocytes appears to play a regulatory role. These findings confirm a temporal dependence of RRV infection in murine BA and begin to define a pathophysiologic role of the maturing cholangiocyte.
Solubility of lard in aqueous ethanol

~ OLUBILITY DATA 0~ vegetable oils in aqueous ethanol indicate a relation between the fa t ty-acid composition and the solubility pa t t e rn of any given oil (1, 2, 3). As a fu r the r investigation of this relationship the solubilities of four lards in four concentrations of ethanol were determined. Two of these were the na tura l back fa t lard and the leaf lard f rom the same animal. The other two samples were hydrogenated lard produced as follows. Caustic refined lard was heated to 250 ~ F. and hydrogenated at 40 p.s.i.g, to lower the iodine value f rom 66.0 to 62.9. P a r t of the par t ia l ly hydrogenated lard was cooled to 100 ~ F. and 0.15% sodium methylate was added. The mixture was agi ta ted at 100 ~ F. for two hours, a f te r which 10% cold water was added to decompose the sodium methylate to sodium hydroxide. Af ter settling, the water and facts were drawn off, and the lard was waterwashed to remove any remaining caustic. This rear ranged lard, which was dried in a vacuum, was the second of the two hydrogenated samples. The iodine values and capi l lary melt ing points of the four lards are given in Table I. The methods and appara tus for determinat ion of solubilities are those previously described (1, 3).
Role of bacterial DNA in macrophage activation by group B streptococci

Abstract Bacterial DNA (CpG DNA) induces macrophage activation and the production of inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and nitric oxide (NO) by these cells. However, the role of bacterial DNA in the macrophage response to whole bacteria is unknown. We used overlapping strategies to estimate the relative contribution of bacterial DNA to the upregulation of TNF and NO production in macrophages stimulated with antibiotic-treated group B streptococci (GBS). Selective inhibitors of the bacterial DNA/TLR9 pathway (chloroquine, an inhibitory oligonucleotide, and DNase I) consistently inhibited GBS-induced TNF secretion by 35–50% in RAW 264.7 macrophages and murine splenic macrophages, but had no effect on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) accumulation or NO secretion. Similarly, splenic and peritoneal macrophages from mice lacking TLR9 expression secreted 40% less TNF than macrophages from control mice after GBS challenge but accumulated comparable amounts of iNOS protein. Finally, studies in both RAW 264.7 cells and macrophages from TLR9−/− mice implicated GBS DNA in the upregulation of interleukins 6 (IL-6) and 12 (IL-12) but not interferon-beta (IFNβ), a key intermediary in macrophage production of iNOS/NO. Our data suggest that the bacterial DNA/TLR9 pathway plays an important role in stimulating TNF rather than NO production in macrophages exposed to antibiotic-treated GBS, and that TLR9-independent upregulation of IFNβ production by whole GBS may account for this difference.
Assessment of gastric mucosal ulceration by computerized image processing

The absence of a rapid, objective, and reproducible method for assessing mucosal ulceration has long been a frustration to research in the field of gastric physiology. This study compared assessment of mucosal injury by computerized image processing with values obtained by the shed microsphere technique. An ex vivo gastric chamber model based on miniature swine was used. Five chambers were subjected to hemorrhagic shock and acid-bile solution and five chambers were maintained in normotension and exposed to normal saline (controls). After 3 hr, mucosal injury was assessed by both techniques. The chambers exposed to shock and acid-bile all developed visible ulceration ranging from 1.8 to 99.7 cm2 by computerized image processing. These values correlated well with the results obtained by the shed microsphere technique (23 to 419 mg, r = 0.99, P < .05). No ulceration developed in the control chambers. Implementation of computerized image processing as well as its limitations is discussed.
A cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate dependent protein kinase from the adrenal cortex: comparison with a cyclic AMP binding protein.

A cyclic AMP activated protein kinase has been identified in adrenal cortical tissue. The Km and nucleotide specificity of this enzyme resemble the Ka and nucleotide specificity of the adrenal cortical protein which specifically binds cyclic AMP. Initial purification procedures which result in a 200-fold purification of the binding protein and a 50-fold purification of the protein kinase are presented. Though a partial separation of these two activities is achieved, a functional interaction of these two proteins is suggested.
A general framework for the numerical solution of problems in finite elasto-plasticity

This article discusses a general framework for the analysis of initial/boundary-value problems of rate-independent finite elasto-plasticity based on the theory of Green and Naghdi. A constitutive model is developed within the context of the above theory employing generalized measures of Lagrangian strain and work-conjugate measures of stress. Computational implications of the proposed formulation are discussed in conjunction with an implicit time integrator for the differential/algebraic equations of plastic flow. Representative numerical simulations demonstrate the applicability and predictive capacity of the model in the presence of large plastic deformations.
Incentives and their dynamics in public sector performance management systems

We use the principal-agent model as a focal theoretical frame for synthesizing what we know, both theoretically and empirically, about the design and dynamics of the implementation of performance management systems in the public sector. In this context, we review the growing body of evidence about how performance measurement and incentive systems function in practice and how individuals and organizations respond and adapt to them over time, drawing primarily on examples from performance measurement systems in public education and social welfare programs. We also describe a dynamic framework for performance measurement systems that takes into account strategic behavior of individuals over time, learning about production functions and individual responses, accountability pressures, and the use of information about the relationship of measured performance to value added. Implications are discussed and recommendations derived for improving public sector performance measurement systems. © 2010 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
RETIREMENT AND HEALTH

: Objective and subjective data on physical health were obtained as part of a large study on the effects of retirement. The objective data included such items as hospital admissions, visits to the physician, and the presence of some commonly experienced symptoms; the subjective data pertained to such factors as perception of, and satisfaction with health status, and the occurrence of limitations or changes. In a sample of 500 retired persons (both sexes, 60–70 age group), self-perception of health indicated that they were in good, or even improved, health after retirement. Correlations of physical health status with demographic, behavioral and psychological variables led to the conclusion that persons who are privileged socio-economically are also privileged physically and psychologically in the post-retirement phase of their lives. Attitudes toward the process of retirement are also significantly correlated with physical health. Evidence in the literature largely confirms these findings.