cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The left-right brain controversy and misinterpreted authority

August 31, 1981. The President 's Council for the Improvement of Product iv i ty in American Industry announced today that they will propose to Congress a $500 billion crash program to integrate the Performing and Visual Arts into the lifestyle of all Americans. The Council is convinced that the key to restoring the United States to its position as the most productive nation in the world lies in developing the enormous creative talents lying dormant in the right hemisphere of the brain of every living American. Although it has been known for decades that the brain possesses two hemispheres, each with some specialized funct ions, economists, until recently, had ignored the pol icy implications for human resource development through fight brain stimulation. A recent economic study has revealed that the right side of the brain, which houses the creative, wholistic, and artistic talents, has been undereducated and underutilized, but that through exposure to the Arts it can be developed to solve the most intractable human problems. The Council 's proposal will go far to remedy this massive state of mental unemployment through a comprehensive art program involving all Americans from the cradle to the grave. Although details have yet to be worked out, tentative plans call for obstetric wards to be equipped with quadrophonic music systems, Calder mobiles, and Matisse prints. As a condition for receiving federal funds, the educational system from nursery school through Ph.D.
LEED-Auger characterization of GaAs during activation to negative electron affinity by the adsorption of Cs and O

Abstract A combination of low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) has been used to study the formation of the negative electron affinity (NEA) condition on surfaces of p-type, degenerate, (100) and (111) GaAs. Activation to NEA is achieved by adsorbing Cs and O onto atomically clean GaAs in repetitive cycles of first Cs and then O. Before activation, the clean GaAs surfaces exhibit their characteristic LEED patterns. However, once obtained, there is no significant correlation between the quality of these LEED patterns and the final activation. The adsorption of both Cs and O during activation to NEA is amorphous. Auger measurements have shown that the first photoemission maximum occurs after the adsorption of about a half monolayer of Cs. The initial O adsorption occurs on the GaAs surface between the Cs atoms. The adsorbed O interacts strongly with Cs at any stage during the activation. Peak photosensitivities, after completion of the Cs and O adsorptions, were in the range 400 to 1100 μA lumen . The final activation does not correlate with the quantity of Cs and O on the surface. The temperature dependence of the photosensitivity of NEA GaAs (100) activated at −170°C has a broad maximum at about −50°C and a subsidiary maximum at about 160°C. In addition, the photoemission at −170°C can be either increased or decreased by having heated the sample up to 200°C, even though no Cs or O desorption has taken place. These results can be traced to changes in work function rather than to changes in bulk properties. While the LEED patterns from clean GaAs show no structural changes with temperature, such changes are observed when Cs is on the surface. It is suggested that changes both in photoemission and in LEED patterns are due to the temperature-induced mobility of Cs on GaAs. An atomic model for the NEA surface is discussed in terms of a layer of Cs and O atoms about 10 A thick on the GaAs.
A study of the increased serum level of igg1 in 'lethargic' mice combined with a depressed thymus-dependent lymphoid system.

SUMMARY In a series of recent studies on ‘lethargic’ mice, a neurological mutation of the mouse, significant abnormalities were discovered in the thymus and its dependent regions in the lymph nodes and spleen. The present study was made as an approach toward finding the possible causes for these abnormalities. Serum IgG1 levels were studied in ‘lethargic’ mutants at the age when severe deficiency of the thymus-dependent lymphoid system is known to occur in the animal. Using the radial immunodiffusion method, it was found that serum IgG1 levels are always significantly higher in ‘lethargic’ mice than in their normal littermates. Possible causes of the higher IgG1 in the serum of ‘lethargic’ mice are discussed. The authors note the similarities of other mouse mutations to that of the ‘lethargic’ mouse and propose the possibility that a common mechanism may account for immunologic deficiencies in several types of mutant mice.
Anaerobic bacterial infections of the lung.

Anaerobic bacteria are relatively common pulmonary pathogens and they are especially frequent with aspiration pneumonia and its suppurative sequelae: lung abscess and empyema. The clinical features and bacteriology of this condition have been well described with extensive studies done in two periods. The first period was the turn of the century when anaerobic bacteria were initially discovered as important causes of empyema1 through the period of 1927–30 when David Smith at Duke completed classical studies of lung abscess.2–4 The second period of study extended from approximately 1968 through 1980 when there was extensive use of transtracheal aspiration as a mechanism to obtain uncontami-nated specimens from the lower respiratory tract; access to this culture source combined with a renewed interest in cultivating oxygen-sensitive bacteria permitted clinical and bacteriological features to be redefined to include therapeutic implications. Despite these advances, it should be acknowledged that the role of anaerobic bacteria as pulmonary pathogens is commonly overlooked. It is still rare to have the bacteriologic diagnosis established at the present time and there continues to be considerable controversy regarding antibiotic options. The present review is based on the author’s experience with 193 bacteriologically confirmed cases studied in the 1970s5,6 combined with some of the more recent work dealing with taxonomic changes, definition of virulence factors of anaerobic bacteria, and the potential role of newer antimicrobial agents.
Pointwise testing with functional data using the Westfall–Young randomization method

SUMMARY We consider hypothesis testing with smooth functional data by performing pointwise tests and applying a multiple comparisons procedure. Methods based on general inequalities, such as Bonferroni’s method, do not perform well because of the high correlation between observations at nearby points. We consider the multiple comparison procedure proposed by Westfall & Young (1993) and show that it approximates a multiple comparison correction for a continuum of comparisons as the grid for pointwise comparisons becomes finer. Simulations and an application verify that this result applies in practical settings.
Fashion crimes: trending-term exploitation on the web

Online service providers are engaged in constant conflict with miscreants who try to siphon a portion of legitimate traffic to make illicit profits. We study the abuse of "trending" search terms, in which miscreants place links to malware-distributing or ad-filled web sites in web search and Twitter results, by collecting and analyzing measurements over nine months from multiple sources. We devise heuristics to identify ad-filled sites, report on the prevalence of malware and ad-filled sites in trending-term search results, and measure the success in blocking such content. We uncover collusion across offending domains using network analysis, and use regression analysis to conclude that both malware and ad-filled sites thrive on less popular, and less profitable trending terms. We build an economic model informed by our measurements and conclude that ad-filled sites and malware distribution may be economic substitutes. Finally, because our measurement interval spans February 2011, when Google announced changes to its ranking algorithm to root out low-quality sites, we can assess the impact of search-engine intervention on the profits miscreants can achieve.
Nonlinear Mechanics of Rolling Contacts With Surface Defects

Nonlinear behavior of force and displacements in rolling contacts with the presence of surface defects are studied. Model-based fault assessments in rolling element bearings and gears require detailed modeling and dynamics of faults. A detailed model of rolling element bearings with direct correspondence between parameters of the model and physical components is developed. The model incorporates dynamics of faults, nonlinear contacts, slips and surface separations. Mechanics of contacts with inner race faults (IRF), ball faults (BF), and outer race faults (ORF) are studied using the developed model. Contacts force, displacement and impulse signals are studied for different size and types of surface defects. It is shown that impulse signals contain useful information about the severity of surface defects in rolling element bearing. Results provide model-based diagnostics a deep knowledge of rolling contact mechanics with surface defects to be used for fault assessments.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Formation of reduced carbonaceous matter in basalts and xenoliths: Reaction of C-O-H gases on olivine crack surfaces

Abstract It has been suggested that the formation of reduced carbonaceous matter in basalts and mantle xenoliths occurs by heterogeneous reaction of volcanic gas on fresh, chemically active crack surfaces produced by thermal stresses during eruption and cooling. This hypothesis is supported by experiments at400–800°C on {010} surfaces of San Carlos olivine exposed to C-O-H gases generated by the decomposition of oxalic acid and oxalic acid dihydrate. Carbonaceous films form readily on these surfaces and achieve thicknesses comparable to those observed in natural samples (a few nanometers) in a matter of minutes. At relatively oxidizing conditions, the carbonaceous films consist principally of C-C and C-H bonded species with lesser amounts of C-O bonded species. At relatively reducing conditions, the carbonaceous films consist of subequal amounts of C-C/C-H, C-O and metal-C species. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and other thermally labile organic species are associated with carbonaceous films in some natural samples but none were detected in experimental samples from this study, leaving open the question of abiotic synthesis of organic matter on crack surfaces in basalts. Regardless, it is clear from the preliminary experiments reported here that crack surfaces in olivine (and probably other silicate minerals and glasses) are capable of stabilizing compounds that otherwise would not be stable in cooling lava.
Logit Models and Related Quasi-Symmetric Log-Linear Models for Comparing Responses to Similar Items in a Survey:

Suppose that subjects respond to a battery of questions (items) of a similar nature in a survey, with each item having the same categorical scale. This article discusses models that express logits for the response distributions in terms of subject and item effects. The models, which generalize the Rasch model, have interpretations referring to subject-specific comparisons of the items. Recent literature shows that one can estimate item parameters using estimates of main effect parameters in corresponding quasi-symmetric log-linear models. We discuss this connection, giving primary attention to ordinal-response models using adjacent-category logits and cumulative logits. For the case of two items, we give expressions for models and corresponding parameter estimates that are the basis of simple tests of marginal homogeneity for square ordinal contingency tables.
Regulatory controls as barriers to entry in government procurement

Until a decade ago, attorneys expert in government contracts occupied a somewhat sleepy backwater in the landscape of legal practice in the United States. 'Procurement law' was largely the province of relatively obscure legal boutiques. Elite firms of the private bar commonly regarded government contracts matters as arcane annoyances to be shunned rather than promising business opportunities to be grasped. Prestigious careers in corporate dealmaking lured the best students in America's leading law schools. By contrast, few law review editors showed an abiding desire to spend a professional lifetime navigating companies through the labyrinth of federal procurement statutes and regulations. Today it is exceptional to find a major law firm without a government contracts department. 2 Although many areas of federal regulatory practice such as antitrust enforcement waned in the 1980s, government contracts became a lucrative boom town of counselling and litigation. Membership in the American Bar Association's Section of Antitrust Law fell by almost one-third from 1980 to 1990, but the ABA's Section of Public Contract Law grew by over 50 percent. Headhunters scoured the legal community for lawyers who could claim to have once read a government contract. Despite a general slump in current demand for lawyers skilled in corporate and commercial law, efforts by private law firms and government agencies to recruit procurement law specialists are thoroughly robust. The modern transformation of the government contracts legal practice stems from a stunning expansion in the 1980s of the regulatory controls by which Congress and major federal purchasing agencies seek to oversee the conduct of government contractors. Virtually every year of the past decade has yielded dramatic adjustments in the federal procurement regulatory scheme, particularly in public governance structures designed to motivate suppliers of goods and services for national defense? Most striking of all, the regulatory upheaval has featured extraordinary, unprecedented emphasis
Breathing patterns during cardiac arrest

The absence of respiratory movements is a major criterion recommended for use by bystanders for recognizing an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (CA), as the persistence of eupneic breathing is consid...
Aspartame and Headache

There is evidence that aspartame consumption can provoke adverse neurological reactions, most notably headache, in a susceptible subset of the population. The available experimental and clinical data on human aspartame consumption and adverse reactions, the concept of chemical headache and its relevance to aspartame-provoked headache, the methodological issues in the assessment of adverse reactions, and the studies of aspartame-provoked neurological symptoms currently in progress are reviewed. Some future implications for the study of aspartame-provoked headache are formulated.
Some mechanisms of cleavage of adenosine triphosphate and 1, 3-diphosphoglyceric acid.

Abstract The cleavage of ATP has been investigated with 18 O in several phosphokinase reactions, namely yeast hexokinase, phosphoglycerate kinase, and adenylate kinase, and in the hydrolysis of ATP catalyzed by a Mg ++ -activated ATPase in muscle extract. In all these reactions, the bond was cleaved between oxygen and the terminal P of ATP. The cleavage of 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid was investigated in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction and the phosphoglycerate kinase reaction. In the first reaction, the CO bond was cleaved and in the second reaction the OP bond was cleaved. The mechanism of these reactions is discussed in relation to the behavior of 1,3 diphosphoglyceric acid as an acyl or phosphate donor. Comparison with other reactions reveals a general pattern in analogous reactions.
Spontaneous startle activity in newborn infants

Abstract Spontaneous startles have been reported to occur most frequently in quiet sleep, less frequently in active sleep and drowse, and relatively nonexistent in the waking states. These findings may be a result of a focus on infants whose prenatal histories reflect a restricted range of the conditions to which normal newborns are exposed. The present study examined the spontaneous startle behavior of 30 newborn infants characterized by high numbers of obstetric complications and by indicators of prenatal malnutrition, but within the range of normal, healthy newborns. In this sample, startles were not limited to the sleep and drowse states. Because individual differences in a number of neonatal behaviors have been related to autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning, the different pattern of spontaneous startles observed in this sample may be related to the functional integrity of this system.
Isolation of a heat-stable maize endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase variant

Abstract Heat stress reduces maize yield and several lines of evidence suggest that the heat lability of maize endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) contributes to this yield loss. AGPase catalyzes a rate-limiting step in starch synthesis. Herein, we present a novel maize endosperm AGPase small subunit variant, termed BT2-TI that harbors a single amino acid change of residue 462 from threonine to isoleucine. The mutant was isolated by random mutagenesis and heterologous expression in a bacterial system. BT2-TI exhibits enhanced heat stability compared to wildtype maize endosperm AGPase. The TI mutation was placed into another heat-stable small subunit variant, MP. MP is composed of sequences from the maize endosperm and the potato tuber small subunit. The MP-TI small subunit variant exhibited greater heat stability than did MP. Characterization of heat stability as well as kinetic and allosteric properties suggests that MP-TI may lead to increased starch yield when expressed in monocot endosperms.
Electrical Power Grid Delivery Dynamic Analysis: Using Prime Mover Engines to Balance Dynamic Wind Turbine Output

This paper presents an investigation into integrated wind + combustion engine high penetration electrical generation systems. Renewable generation systems are now a reality of electrical transmission. Unfortunately, many of these renewable energy supplies are stochastic and highly dynamic. Conversely, the existing national grid has been designed for steady state operation. The research team has developed an algorithm to investigate the feasibility and relative capability of a reciprocating internal combustion engine to directly integrate with wind generation in a tightly coupled Hybrid Energy System. Utilizing the Idaho National Laboratory developed Phoenix Model Integration Platform, the research team has coupled demand data with wind turbine generation data and the Aspen Custom Modeler reciprocating engine electrical generator model to investigate the capability of reciprocating engine electrical generation to balance stochastic renewable energy.
Norms and the conservation of biodiversity

The aim of this article is to discuss the various ways in which norms enter into discussions of biodiversity and its conservation. It will treat both conservation policy and the science behind biodiversity.