cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concise synthesis of an arabinofuranose hexasaccharide present in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Abstract Mycobacterium cell wall consists of three major polysaccharide portions and arabinofuranose (Ara f ) is present in two of the major portions, arabinogalactan (AG) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM). A peculiar Ara f hexasaccharide possessing two β-linked Ara f units are present in both AG and LAM polysaccharides. Herein, we report an efficient and concise synthesis of this Ara f hexasaccharide using single starting 3,5-TIPDS protected Ara f thioglycoside precursor. Double β-glycosylation was achieved using strained cyclic 2- p -methoxybenzyl-3,5-TIPDS Ara f thioglycoside donor.
Effective interactions for nucleon-nucleus scattering above 300 MeV.

A nonrelativistic nucleon-nucleon ({ital NN}) coupled channels isobar model is used to calculate nuclear medium corrections to the first-order Watson optical potential for nucleon-nucleus scattering. The {ital NN} interaction includes {pi}, 2{pi}, {rho}, {eta}, and {omega} exchange for the pure nucleonic sector, one-pion exchange for nucleon-isobar coupling, and phenomenological short-range interactions for both the diagonal and coupling terms. Good fits to {ital NN} elastic phase shifts from 0--1 GeV have been obtained with this model. The specific nuclear medium effects studied here include Pauli blocking of intermediate nucleon scattering states and off-shell binding energy shifts. On-momentum-shell matrix elements of the density dependent, effective {ital NN} {ital t} matrix are used to calculate the local proton-nucleus optical potential assuming the local density approximation. The model is applied to proton elastic scattering from {sup 16}O, {sup 40}Ca, {sup 48}Ca, and {sup 208}Pb at 320, 400, 500, 650, and 800 MeV and the predictions are compared with available data. In general, the medium modifications significantly affect the nonrelativistic predictions, even at 800 MeV, and bring about a substantial, overall improvement in the description of differential cross section and spin observable data. The improvements occur for each case and at all angles studied, butmore » the agreement is most successful for forward angle differential cross sections and for spin observable data from 1 to 3 fm{sup {minus}1}. Deficiencies remain in the density dependent, nonrelativistic predictions for the forward angle spin observables where relativistic models are quite successful. The relation of this work to other nonrelativistic models which include nuclear medium corrections, off-shell effects, and full-folding contributions is also discussed.« less
Hydroxylation of geraniol and nerol by a monooxygenase from Vinca rosea

Abstract A microsomal mixed function oxidase isolated from V. rosea seedlings was shown to catalyze the hydroxylation of the monoterpene alcohols, geraniol and nerol, to their corresponding 10-hydroxy derivatives. Hydroxylase activity was dependent upon NADPH and oxygen and was associated with the 100,000 X g pellet which exhibited a characteristic reduced P-450-CO binding spectra. Light reversible inhibition by CO as well as differential sensitivity to other inhibitors established the hydroxylase as a cytochrome P-450 type. Cis-trans isomerase activity was not observed in this preparation. Both geraniol and nerol were shown to be hydroxylated almost exclusively at the C-10 methyl group.
Use of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid for the coestimation of amines, amino acids, and proteins in mixtures

Abstract The method of Satake et al. (2) has been modified with an increase in sensitivity and selectivity. Mixtures of amines, amino acids, and proteins can be analyzed quantitatively for their constituents by selective extraction of the TNP derivatives. Amines and most amino acids may be analyzed by the absorbance of their TNP derivatives at 420 mμ. Aromatic amino acids, proteins, and TNP derivatives extracted into organic solvents can be estimated by their absorbance near 340 mμ.
Estimation of Hidden Frequencies for 2D Stationary Processes

We study a stationary random field model that is composed of a signal of an unknown number of sine and cosine functions, and a coloured noise. This model has been used in image analysis and modelling spatial data, and is useful for signal extraction in the presence of coloured noise. The problem is to estimate the number of unknown frequencies and the unknown frequencies. The analogous time series model and related problems have been extensively studied. Our approach is based on some analytic properties of periodograms of stationary random fields that we establish in the paper. In particular, we show that the periodogram of a stationary random field of a moving average has a uniform upper bound of O (ln(N2)) where N2 is the sample size, and that the periodogram of the observed process has a magnitude of the order N2 uniformly in a neighbourhood of any hidden frequency, and much smaller outside.
Detection of vortices and saddle points in SST data

We extend the Horn-Schunck model of flow field computation to incorporate incompressibility for tracking fluid motion. This is expressed as a weak form of zero-divergence constraint in the variational problem and implemented with a multigrid approach for efficient computation. The resulting feature displacement velocity field provides the basis for higher level abstraction and representation of the data for data mining. A robust and efficient algorithm, based on the Jordan curve index, for detecting vortices and saddle points in feature displacement fields derived from sequences of satellite-derived SST fields is presented.
Mineral properties and their contributions to particle toxicity.

It has been recognized since at least as early as the mid-1500s that inhaled minerals (i.e., inorganic particles) can pose a risk. Extensive research has focused on the biological mechanisms respon...
Electron-impact ionization of uranium atomic ions

Electron-impact ionization cross sections for ${\mathrm{U}}^{16+}$ and ${\mathrm{U}}^{82+}$ are calculated in the distorted-wave approximation. Excitation-autoionization contributions are found to enhance the direct ionization cross section for ${\mathrm{U}}^{16+}$ by a factor of 3 in the threshold energy region. Excellent agreement is found between the calculated total ionization cross section for ${\mathrm{U}}^{16+}$ and recent crossed-beams experimental measurements. Only the direct ionization cross section for ${\mathrm{U}}^{82+}$ is calculated since excitation-autoionization contributions are assumed to be small due to strong radiation field damping.
Mycobacterium simiae infection in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency

Abstract Introduction Mycobacterium simiae is a nontuberculous mycobacterium that does not commonly cause clinical disease. We describe a case of M. simiae pulmonary infection in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Case Our patient is a 74-year-old female with a history of bronchiectasis and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) pulmonary infection that prompted an immunodeficiency evaluation. After about one year of MAC therapy, the patient was diagnosed with CVID. Prior to starting IVIG, the patient presented with hemoptysis, increased cough and new airspace disease on chest CT. Bronchoalveolar lavage and five sputum cultures were positive for M. simiae sensitive to clarithromycin, sulfamethaxazole and gatifloxacin. The patient was started on these antibiotics and IVIG therapy was initiated one month later. The patient improved clinically over the next 6 months on this therapy. Discussion M. simiae is an environmental organism whose role in clinical disease remains to be established. Most reports of isolation, usually unrelated to clinical disease, have occurred in a small group of specific locations including Texas, Arizona, Israel and Guadelupe. Published cases of clinical pulmonary disease usually involved patients with chronic lung disease, namely bronchiectasis or prior mycobacterial disease, while reports of disseminated disease most often occurred in HIV infected individuals. It is likely that the bronchiectasis related to CVID in this patient contributed to her development of clinical M. simiae pulmonary infection. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first case of Mycobacterium simiae infection in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency.
Histidine Protects Against Zinc and Nickel Toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans

Zinc is an essential trace element involved in a wide range of biological processes and human diseases. Zinc excess is deleterious, and animals require mechanisms to protect against zinc toxicity. To identify genes that modulate zinc tolerance, we performed a forward genetic screen for Caenorhabditis elegans mutants that were resistant to zinc toxicity. Here we demonstrate that mutations of the C. elegans histidine ammonia lyase (haly-1) gene promote zinc tolerance. C. elegans haly-1 encodes a protein that is homologous to vertebrate HAL, an enzyme that converts histidine to urocanic acid. haly-1 mutant animals displayed elevated levels of histidine, indicating that C. elegans HALY-1 protein is an enzyme involved in histidine catabolism. These results suggest the model that elevated histidine chelates zinc and thereby reduces zinc toxicity. Supporting this hypothesis, we demonstrated that dietary histidine promotes zinc tolerance. Nickel is another metal that binds histidine with high affinity. We demonstrated that haly-1 mutant animals are resistant to nickel toxicity and dietary histidine promotes nickel tolerance in wild-type animals. These studies identify a novel role for haly-1 and histidine in zinc metabolism and may be relevant for other animals.
Intrinsic sex-specific differences in microvascular endothelial cell phosphodiesterases

The importance of gonadal hormones in the regulation of vascular function has been documented. An alternate and essential contribution of the sex chromosomes to sex differences in vascular function...
Microstructure and optical properties of zinc nitride films deposited by magnetron sputtering method

Abstract Zinc nitride films were coated on a glass substrate by reactive magnetron sputtering method using a zinc target and a mixture of N 2 and Ar gasses. The deposited films were characterized for microstructure, surface morphology and optical properties. These films possess a polycrystalline structure and a high electrical conductivity. The optical properties indicate that the films have high transmittance in the infra-red (IR) region with a very sharp optical absorption edge in the IR range corresponding to the band gap of zinc nitride. The band gap energy of deposited films was estimated to be 1.2 eV, which slightly decreased when the films were annealed at 300 °C. This effect is interpreted as due to release of extra nitrogen from the films during annealing. The electrical conductivity of the as-deposited films is 5 × 10 2 Ω·cm, and it decreases by annealing of these films in the air or O 2 . The zinc nitride films annealed in the air or O 2 exhibited some photoconductivity; however, no photoconductivity was observed for the as-deposited films.
Studies on bacterial synergism in mice infected with Bacteroides intermedius and Fusobacterium necrophorum

This study was undertaken to characterize the kinetics of possible bacterial synergy using a mouse model of mixed intraabdominal infection with Bacteroides intermedius and Fusobacterium necrophorum. Female CD-1 mice were injected intraperitoneally with B. intermedius, F. necrophorum or mixtures of both organisms. Generalized septic peritonitis developed within 24 hr, with abscess formation occurring after one to two wk in survivors with the mixed infection. Involvement of the reticuloendothelial system was evidenced by dose-dependent hepatosplenomegaly, which appeared during the first wk postinfection and progressed throughout the course of the experiment. Indirect immunofluorescence confirmed the presence of both species of bacteria in frozen sections of liver tissue. The median lethal dose (LD50) was 2.11 x 10(9) for the mixture, 3.03 X 10(9) for B. intermedius alone, and 1.07 X 10(9) for F. necrophorum alone. The median abscess-producing dose (AD50), the dose required to produce abscesses in fifty percent of the surviving mice at two wk, was approx. 1/100 of the LD50 dose. The AD50 for intrahepatic abscesses was 2.8 x 10(8) for the mixture, whereas the AD50 for intraabdominal abscesses occurring in any site was 5.14 X 10(7). Both Bacteroides and Fusobacterium persisted in tissue for at least 22 wk following mixed infection. The persistence of the Bacteroides in tissue represents a synergistic result of mixed infection with Fusobacterium and contributed to the chronicity of intraabdominal abscess formation. Bacteroides, injected alone, did not produce abscesses at any of the doses tested. However, when passaged (isolated from mixed infection hepatic abscesses) B. intermedius was used, the bacteria did induce abscesses.
A divisibility property for stirling numbers

Abstract In this paper we calculate which prime powers p s divide Δ n , m = g.c.d.{ k ! S ( n , k )| m ≤ k ≤ n } for s p . Here S ( n , k ) is a Stirling number of the second kind.
Fitting in with the flock: Social attractiveness as a mechanism for well‐being in religious groups

For most people, religion is practiced and experienced within a social group of believers who interact regularly. Yet the role of social psychological intergroup processes has largely been ignored with respect to religious phenomena. The present study explores social attraction as a mechanism by which religious groups affect the psychological well-being of their members. Data were taken from a large survey of the members of 411 religious congregations in the United States. Linear mixed modeling analyses were conducted predicting two aspects of well-being in the religious context from a range of variables at the levels of the individual, of the group, and of individual–group fit. Fit measures between individual characteristics and norms within congregations were found to be significant predictors of well-being for a variety of measures across domains of demographics, religious beliefs, religious behavior, and group integration. These results support the view that the intragroup process of social attraction is a mechanism by which people obtain some benefits from belonging to religious groups. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of cholesterol on the viscosity of protein-lipid monolayers

The addition of cholesterol to a layer of lipids in a membrane structure is generally believed to result in an increase in the viscosity of the layer. We have shown that cholesterol and two other monolayer-forming lipids markedly decrease the viscosity of a serum albumin monolayer at the decane-water interface, a model membrane system. However, when the protein monolayer already has a surface active lipid component present, the effect of added cholesterol depends upon the other substance. When the albumin monolayer contains tristearin, added cholesterol increases the viscosity. When the lipid is octadecanol, cholesterol decreases the viscosity. The dependence of the change in interfacial viscosity due to cholesterol upon the original composition of the interfacial layer may be useful for characterizing the composition of layers of unknown composition, e.g. some natural membranes.
Lateral epitaxy and dislocation density reduction in selectively grown GaN structures

Abstract The results of a comparative study of the defect microstructures at different regions in epitaxial, monocrystalline GaN structures grown selectively within windows in and laterally over SiO 2 masks deposited on GaN/AlN/6H–SiC heterostructures are presented. The defects in the GaN grown within the SiO 2 windows were predominantly threading dislocations of mostly mixed character with Burgers vector b = 1/3 〈 1 1 2 3 〉 and edge dislocations with b = 1/3 〈 1 1 2 0 〉 with a density range of 10 9 –10 10 cm −2 , as determined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The regions of lateral epitaxial overgrowth (LEO-GaN) contained short dislocation segments parallel to the interfacial planes, which were usually aligned parallel or nearly parallel to the 〈1 1 0 0 〉 or 〈 1 1 2 0 〉 directions and with densities of ⩽10 6 cm −2 . Specific morphologies exhibited by the LEO-GaN were determined to be associated with the mechanism of stress relaxation. Finite element analysis of these complex heterostructures showed that the accommodation of the mismatches in the coefficients of thermal expansion among the different phases in the heterostructures was manifest in the formation of the curved surfaces observed in cross-sectional TEM.
Relationships between anoxia, glacial meltwater and microfossil preservation in the Orca Basin, Gulf of Mexico

Abstract The isotopic and microfossil records from piston core EN32-PC6 from the Orca Basin, Gulf of Mexico, reveal that various factors have moderated the sediment composition of the basin during the last 29,000 yrs (29 ka B.P.). Coincident with the introduction of isotopically depleted glacial meltwater into the Gulf approximately 16 ka B.P., anoxic conditions commenced within the intraslope basin, as evidenced by sedimentary laminations and improved microfossil (pteropod, planktonic foraminifera and radiolaria) preservation. The increased delivery of terrigenous organic matter with the glacial meltwater may have been responsible for inducing the anoxia. Also at this time, the water of the Orca Basin was most likely somewhat stratified due to elevated salinities, and the increased supply of organic matter onto the continental slope from the continent would have depleted the oxygen supply of the Orca Basin by oxidative consumption. About 13 ka B.P., oxygenated conditions resumed and microfossil abundance/preservation decreased when meltwater input diminished. At 8.5 ka B.P., the Orca Basin again became anoxic due to the development of the Orca Basin brine.
A liquid solution synthesis of single crystal germanium quantum wires

Abstract A liquid solution synthesis for preparing single crystal germanium quantum wires is presented. The synthesis is based on the reduction of GeCl 4 and phenyl—GeCl 3 by sodium metal in an alkane solvent at elevated temperature and pressure. The synthesis produces single crystal Ge quantum wires of 70–300 A diameter and up to 10 μm in length. With an excess of sodium in the reaction, the diameter of the wires is reduced to below 50 A. Implications for the chemical control of both size and shape are discussed.
Transsclerally Sutured Posterior Chamber Lenses: Improved Lens Designs and Techniques to Maximize Lens Stability and Minimize Suture Erosion

(1992). Transsclerally Sutured Posterior Chamber Lenses: Improved Lens Designs and Techniques to Maximize Lens Stability and Minimize Suture Erosion. Seminars in Ophthalmology: Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 245-252.
EPA-0124 - Sexual function in schizophrenia

Objective This study surveys patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, to understand the relationship between sexual function and treatment with antipsychotic medication. The study compares patients on single versus multiple antipsychotics as well differences between first and second generation agents. Design and methods Patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder at Beth Israel Medical Center are eligible. Once patients are evaluated to ensure they meet enrollment criteria and are consented, they are administered the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), and either the International Index of Erectile Function for men, or the Female Sexual Function Index for women. Inclusion criteria include age 18-65, able to participate in a structured interview, fulfill DSM-IV criteria for Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective disorder, and on stable doses of one or more antipsychotic medications for at least six weeks. Exclusion Criteria include patients taking Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), and inability to provide informed consent. Results Presently, data suggests sexual function is impaired secondary to antipsychotic use. Further extrapolation of data is pending further enrollment. Conclusions Preliminary results point to better sexual function with certain second generation antipsychotics. It also appears that patients on single antipsychotic may have better sexual function than patients on multiple agents.
Methods for the Fourier‐series expansion of torsional energies

Several general procedures for the derivation and analysis of a Fourier-series expansion V(ϕ) over computed torsional energies E(ϕi) are formulated. STO-3G energy values in n-butane, 1-chloropropane, and 1,2-dichloroethane are used as test data for deriving V(ϕ) with the numerical methods of interpolation and least squares. The accuracy of each derived V(ϕ) is assessed on the basis of calculated conformational properties, mean and rms deviations, and an error curve, V(ϕ)–V(ϕ)ref, where V(ϕ)ref represents a reference set of E(ϕi). Results indicate that given the same number of expansion terms, interpolation and least squares yield functions of comparable accuracy; however, interpolation is a more efficient procedure for monitoring the accuracy of a function in regions of interest. In cases where there are too few input energies to achieve the desired accuracy, energy derivatives can be employed effectively for expanding the input set. In designing special-purpose functions, the error curve can be used meaningfully as a guide; an example for producing functions that are especially well behaved in regions for gauche conformations is provided. The present study continues to add systematics and rigor to the fitting of an internal rotation potential function from energy data.
A proof markup language for Semantic Web services

The Semantic Web is being designed to enable automated reasoners to be used as core components in a wide variety of Web applications and services. In order for a client to accept and trust a result produced by perhaps an unfamiliar Web service, the result needs to be accompanied by a justification that is understandable and usable by the client. In this paper, we describe the proof markup language (PML), an interlingua representation for justifications of results produced by Semantic Web services. We also introduce our Inference Web infrastructure that uses PML as the foundation for providing explanations of Web services to end users. We additionally show how PML is critical for and provides the foundation for hybrid reasoning where results are produced cooperatively by multiple reasoners. Our contributions in this paper focus on technological foundations for capturing formal representations of term meaning and justification descriptions thereby facilitating trust and reuse of answers from web agents.
Quartz deformation mechanisms in metasediments from Prins Karls Forland, Svalbard

Abstract Quartzites and phyllites of presumed Precambrian-Cambrian age in western Spitsbergen were deformed and metamorphosed at middle to lower greenschist facies conditions. They exhibit a wide variation in quartz content with less variable quartz grain sizes. Quartz microstructures and lattice orientations in these rocks are used to infer which deformation mechanisms were dominant in the different lithologies. Three variable factors in the quartzites and phyllites may have influenced the way in which quartz deformed. These are: 1. (1) quartz content, 2. (2) average quartz grain size, 3. (3) the distribution of accessory phases (particularly the micaceous minerals) between the quartz grains. Generally, in a rock with a high quartz content, a coarse average quartz grain size, and/or poorly distributed accessory phases, quartz exhibits microstructures and lattice orientations which suggest that intracrystalline mechanisms dominated during deformation. On the other hand, in a rock with a low quartz content, a fine average quartz grain size, and/or evenly distributed accessory phases, quartz exhibits microstructures and lattice orientations which suggest that it deformed by means of intercrystalline mechanisms.
Drug Resistance or Re-Emergenceq Simulating Equine Parasites

Emerging drug resistance in parasitology and its impact on human and animal health are of serious concern. Attempts by the parasitology community to address this issue led to the introduction of so-called selective therapy where a proportion of the population is left untreated. This has led to re-emergence of parasites that have heretofore been controlled. Using stochastic simulations, this article explores the tradeoff between drug resistance and re-emergence. More importantly, the article identifies the importance of the parasite fitness parameter vector and its role in drug resistance. Suggestions for further biological work and statistical analyses are also provided.
A large excess in apparent solar oblateness due to surface magnetism.

The shape of the Sun subtly reflects its rotation and internal flows. The surface rotation rate, ∼2 kilometers per second at the equator, predicts an oblateness (equator-pole radius difference) of 7.8 milli–arc seconds, or ∼0.001%. Observations from the Reuven Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager satellite show unexpectedly large flattening, relative to the expectation from surface rotation. This excess is dominated by the quadrupole term and gives a total oblateness of 10.77 ± 0.44 milli–arc seconds. The position of the limb correlates with a sensitive extreme ultraviolet proxy, the 284 angstrom limb brightness. We relate the larger radius values to magnetic elements in the enhanced network and use the correlation to correct for it as a systematic error term in the oblateness measurement. The corrected oblateness of the nonmagnetic Sun is 8.01 ± 0.14 milli–arc seconds, which is near the value expected from rotation.
Evidence for a sauropod−like metacarpal configuration in ankylosaurian dinosaurs

The stegosaurian forelimb is usually portrayed with the metacarpals slanted and distally spread. However, manual manip− ulation of stegosaurian metacarpals reveals that in that configuration they do not articulate with each other nor with the rest of the forelimb. Rather, they do articulate with each other and with the rest of the forelimb when posed vertically and arranged in a compact, semi−tubular configuration, as in sauropods. This configuration agrees with data from articulated specimens and trackways. As with sauropods, this metacarpal configuration makes retention of phalanges awkward for locomotion and may be functionally related to the vestigiality of the manual phalanges of the outer digits.
Characterization of gait in late onset Pompe disease

The skeletal muscle manifestations of late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD) cause significant gait impairment. However, the specific temporal and spatial characteristics of abnormal gait in LOPD have not been objectively analyzed or described in the literature. This pilot study evaluated the gait of 22 individuals with LOPD using the GAITRite® temporospatial gait analysis system. The gait parameters were compared to normal reference values, and correlations were made with standard measures of disease progression. The LOPD population demonstrated significant abnormalities in temporospatial parameters of gait including a trend towards decreased velocity and cadence, a prolonged stance phase, prolonged time in double limb support, shorter step and stride length, and a wider base of support. Precise descriptions and analyses of gait abnormalities have much potential in increasing our understanding of LOPD, especially in regards to how its natural history may be modified by the use of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and other interventions. Gait analysis may provide a sensitive early marker of the onset of clinical symptoms and signs, offer an additional objective measure of disease progression and the impact of intervention, and serve as a potentially important clinical endpoint. The additional data from comprehensive gait analysis may personalize and optimize physical therapy management, and the clarification of specific gait patterns in neuromuscular diseases could be of clinical benefit in the ranking of a differential diagnosis.
Input Stimulus Design for Model Discrimination in Human Respiratory Control

Model discrimination in human respiratory control is analogous to signal discrimination in communication theory. Observed noisy respiratory data is used to descriminate among a set of alternative structural models all competing to characterize the human respiratory controller structure. The class of models considered consists of a set of nonlinear differential equations whose output can only be observed at discrete times though a noisy observation. The lung CO2-O2 concentration inputs can be designed to minimize the probability of error in model selection when a maximum likelihood discrimination process is used. The application of these concepts in experimental design for discrimination among alternative respiratory controller models suggests optimal frequencies for constrained amplitude sinewave inputs. Application of input design for model discrimination among models of respiratory control in exercise are presented.
2 Cor 6.14–7.1 and Rev 21.3–8: Evidence for the Ephesian Redaction of 2 Corinthians

The authenticity of 2 Cor 6.14–7.1 continues to be debated. This essay argues that the passage is non-Pauline and that it was interpolated by an Ephesian redactor of 2 Corinthians. Linguistic and theological parallels with Rev 21.3–8 and Eph 5 suggest that the passage came from a circle of Jewish Christians in Ephesus, originally from Palestine, who espoused a rigorously exclusivistic Christianity. This circle was also involved in the collection, redaction, and publication of the Pauline corpus. The Epistle to the Ephesians is itself evidence for the interaction between Christianity of Palestinian provenance and the Pauline heritage.
IMP PCR primers detect single nucleotide polymorphisms for Anopheles gambiae species identification, Mopti and Savanna rDNA types, and resistance to dieldrin in Anopheles arabiensis

Polymerase chain reactions to distinguish single-nucleotide polymorphisms are commonly used for mosquito identification and identifying insecticide resistance alleles. However, the existing methods used for primer design often result in analyses that are not robust or require additional steps. Utilizing oligonucleotides that are unique in having an intentional mismatch to both templates three bases from the SNP at the 3-prime end, three new PCR assays that distinguish SNP targets using standard gel electrophoresis of undigested DNA fragments were developed and tested. These were applied to: (1) an alternative ribosomal DNA PCR assay to distinguish five members of the Anopheles gambiae complex; (2) detection of the Mopti and Savanna rDNA types; and (3) an assay to distinguish resistance to dieldrin (Rdl) alleles in Anopheles arabiensis. Reproducible specific amplification of the target alleles was observed in all three assays. The results were consistent with existing analyses but proved simpler and the results more distinct in our hands. The simplicity and effectiveness of the method should be utilized in these and other PCR analyses to increase their specificity and simplicity. These results have the potential to be extended not only to mosquito analyses but also to parasite and human polymorphisms.
A universal parallel front-end for execution driven microarchitecture simulation

Execution driven microarchitecture simulators tend to devote a large portion of their source code to a front-end that performs instruction set level functional simulation, providing the decoded instruction stream to a back-end that performs timing simulation. In this paper we introduce the current incarnation of QSim, a universal front-end for execution driven multicore microarchitecture simulators. QSim adapts the popular and portable QEMU full-system emulator to a thread safe, instruction set neutral API, running unmodified application binaries in a lightly modified Linux operating system. QSim has been shown to support at least 512 emulated hardware threads, each running in a separate host thread.
Social Capital, Academic Achievement, and Postgraduation Plans at an Elite, Private University

Many studies have explored how social capital influences the academic experiences of secondary school students. A distinct literature has demonstrated the beneficial effects of social contacts on occupational attainment and the job search process. However, few studies have explored the effects of social capital at the postsecondary level. This study bridges this gap in the literature by examining the effects of campus social networks on college academic achievement and postgraduation education and occupation plans, using detailed panel data from an elite, private university. Results indicate that campus social networks have little effect on early college outcomes, although students with extensive networks are more likely to graduate with honors and continue on to graduate school. Students with extensive campus networks and extracurricular memberships are more likely to aspire to high-status professional occupations, especially as medical doctors, while family or personal networks are more important for as...
Receptors and channels regulating acrosome reactions.

Prospective clinical studies informed by cloning and sequencing of sperm surface receptors and metal ion channels have elucidated critical early steps in the acrosome reaction that explain aspects of metal ion-related male infertility. Induction of the acrosome reaction is proposed to include non-nuclear progesterone receptor activation of Shaker-related sperm head voltage-gated potassium ion channels (VGKC). Men express VGKC isoforms with differing sensitivities to lead (Pb2+) inhibition, thus explaining interindividual variabilities in Pb2+-related male infertility. VGKC opening induces calcium (Ca2+) transients, and a signalling cascade induced by zona receptor aggregation requires an actin cytoskeleton created by the VGKC-induced Ca2+ transients. Actin polymerization and stabilization, favoured by zinc (Zn2+) and depolymerized by cadmium (Cd2+), may mediate low Zn2+ and high Cd2+ infertile states. Zona receptor aggregation induces phosphotyrosine signals at sites, including sperm voltage-dependent Ca2...
Improving mealtime behaviors through token reinforcement. A study with mentally retarded behaviorally disordered children.

In the present study the effectiveness of a token reinforcement program in improving mealtime behaviors of four mentally retarded, behaviorally disordered children was evaluated using the multiple baseline design across behaviors. Participants were residents on an inpatient psychiatric hospital program for children. Target behaviors included appropriate utensil use, appropriate napkin use, chewing with mouth closed, and good posture. Training was implemented in a group setting and consisted of verbal instructions, modeling, manual prompts, and token reinforcement delivered at preprogrammed variable intervals signaled by a tape recording. Results showed acquisition of target behaviors in 20 to 40 sessions. Further, behavioral gains were judged to be clinically significant by a group of independent observers.
Cell volume regulation in cardiac myocytes: a leaky boat gets a new bilge pump

The fundamental precepts by which animal cells regulate their volume under isosmotic conditions have long been studied and are known, at least to a degree suitable for textbook exposition (for early references see [Macknight and Leaf, 1977][1]; [Baumgarten and Feher, 2001][2]). The usual starting
A reduced-energy intake, well-balanced diet improves weight control in children with Prader-Willi syndrome.

Background Children with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) have a predictable pattern of weight gain, with obesity beginning in early childhood and worsening as they get older and hyperphagia increases. Data on the most effective dietary modifications are scant and primarily anecdotal. As part of a longitudinal study investigating the natural history of PWS, we evaluated the effect of a well-balanced, energy-restricted diet on body composition and weight in young children with PWS.
Epicardial–Myocardial Signaling Directing Coronary Vasculogenesis

The establishment of the coronary circulation is critical for the development of the embryonic heart. Over the last several years, there has been tremendous progress in elucidating the pathways that control coronary development. Interestingly, many of the pathways that regulate the development of the coronary vasculature are distinct from those governing vasculogenesis in the rest of the embryo. It is becoming increasingly clear that coronary development depends on a complex communication between the epicardium, the subepicardial mesenchyme, and the myocardium mediated in part by secreted growth factors. This communication coordinates the growth of the myocardium with the formation of the coronary vasculature. This review summarizes our present understanding of the role of these growth factors in the regulation of coronary development. Continued progress in this field holds the potential to lead to novel therapeutics for the treatment of patients with coronary artery disease.
The long term effects of chemotherapy on the central nervous system

Cranial radiotherapy is known to have adverse effects on intelligence. A new study shows that chemotherapy is also toxic to the central nervous system, especially to neural progenitor cells and oligodendrocytes. By identifying the cell populations at risk, these results may help explain the neurological problems previously seen after chemotherapy.
The Final Warming of the Stratosphere

The dramatic changes during spring in the shape of the polar vortex in the stratosphere of the two hemispheres are illustrated using perspective plots of the three-dimensional structure of the isotach and potential vorticity fields. In the southern hemisphere, the vortex shape evolves from a cone, slightly expanding with height and nearly symmetric about the pole, to an inverted cone, distorted and displaced from the pole. At 10 mb, in particular, the flow reverses to easterlies some time after the temperature gradient at high latitudes reverses. In the northern hemisphere, there is much more variability in both the structure of the flow and the time of the breakdown of the westerly vortex. At 10 mb, in particular, the reversal of the flow may precede or follow that of the temperature gradient. There are also important interhemispheric differences in the location and magnitude of the largest temperature increases over the polar regions during spring. Those in the southern hemisphere are in the lower stratosphere whereas those in the northern hemisphere are in the upper stratosphere, the former being almost twice as large as the latter. The values of minimum temperatures in the lower stratosphere suggest that in early spring conditions suitable for the formation of polar stratospheric clouds, thought to play a key role in ozone destruction, are the rule in the southern hemisphere and the exception in the northern hemisphere.
A Little of This, A Little of That: (Central) Auditory Processing Disorder

Victoria was unusually quiet as an infant, seldom cooing or babbling. She spoke her first words a bit late at 18 months and began combining two to three words at age 2½ years. Her speech was very difficult to understand, but her parents assumed that her pronunciation would improve with age. An evaluation conducted by the local school district to determine school readiness indicated that Victoria had profound delays in articulation and phonological skills. She was subsequently enrolled in a phonology program at age 4 years. The program was minimally effective; her speech remained 80–85% unintelligible to everyone except her immediate family. In kindergarten, Victoria struggled to learn letter sounds and seemed to have more difficulty than her peers with following directions and answering questions. Her classmates understood very little of what she said and constantly teased her because she sounded “like a baby.” Both Victoria's parents and teacher noticed that she seemed sad and withdrawn.
A mutual auditing framework to protect IoT against hardware Trojans

Internet-of-Things (IoT), wherein sensor nodes of different types are used to monitor different objects, are expected to be used in many critical domains. However, hardware Trojans, which are malicious modifications implanted in individual nodes, may utilize the wireless connection facility to leak confidential information or to collude with each other to cause catastrophic failures in the IoT. To defend against these types of network-level threats, our goal is to develop a lightweight framework to monitor communications in the IoT. Instead of relying on a centralized data center to monitor the behavior of all the nodes, we propose to exploit vendor diversity among the nodes to build a distributed framework wherein nodes monitor the trustworthiness of their neighbors. This mutual auditing scheme is able to detect any attempt to leak information or collude with other malicious nodes, thus constructing trustworthy communication channels between untrustworthy nodes.
Light scattering by hexagonal ice crystals with distributed inclusions

Abstract Inclusions of air bubbles or soot particles have significant effects on the single-scattering properties of ice crystals, effects that in turn have significant impacts on the radiation budget of an atmosphere containing the crystals. This study investigates some of the single-scattering effects in the case of hexagonal ice crystals, including effects on the backscattering depolarization ratio, a quantity of practical importance in the interpretation of lidar observations. One distinguishing feature of the study is an investigation of scattering properties at a visible wavelength for a crystal with size parameter (x) above 100, a size regime where one expects some agreement between exact methods and geometrical optics methods. This expectation is generally borne out in a test comparison of how the sensitivity of scattering properties to the distribution of a given volume fraction of included air is represented using (i) an approximate Monte Carlo Ray Tracing (MCRT) method and (ii) a numerically exact pseudo-spectral time-domain (PSTD) method. Another distinguishing feature of the study is a close examination, using the numerically exact Invariant-Imbedding T-Matrix (II-TM) method, of how some optical properties of importance to satellite remote sensing vary as the volume fraction of inclusions and size of crystal are varied. Although such an investigation of properties in the x>100 regime faces serious computational burdens that force a large number of idealizations and simplifications in the study, the results nevertheless provide an intriguing glimpse of what is evidently a quite complex sensitivity of optical scattering properties to inclusions of air or soot as volume fraction and size parameter are varied.
The Biology and Effectiveness of Diversinervus elegans (Encyrtidae: Hymenoptera), an Imported Parasite of Lecaniine Scale Insects in California

The encyrtid parasite Diversinervus elegans Silvestri, imported from Eritrea in 1953, has attained a moderate abundance on black scale, Saissetia oleae (Bernard), in southern California. Its distribution, host range, and habits are described with a view to its probable use in other areas for the biological control of S. oleae and other lecaniine coccids. The developmental biology of this internal parasite is reported as viewed continuously within the body of its host. A peculiar action of the parasite for prompting the host to excrete its honeydew so that it will not interfere with the parasite's oviposition through the anus of the host is described.
Quantum confinement for optoelectronic devices: beyond conventional quantum wells

Quantum wires and quantum dots are 2- and 3-D analogs of the conventional quantum well. A quantum dot, for example, would confine an electron in three dimensions to a size comparable to the de Broglie wavelength of the electron in the crystal. To be used in devices such as laser diodes, arrays of quantum wires and quantum dots must be considered. In such arrays quantum dots and wires composed of a low bandgap material would be embedded in a higher bandgap host (e.g., GaAs dots in an AlGaAs host).
Immunoglobulin Resistance in Kawasaki Disease.

Background: The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for immunoglobulin resistance, including clinical symptoms such as arthritis and the pH of intravenous immunoglobulin. Methods: The data of children with Kawasaki disease who had received immunoglobulin were evaluated. Data regarding the brand of immunoglobulin administered were abstracted from the pharmacy records. Results: Eighty consecutive children with Kawasaki disease were evaluated (Mdnage=28 months, 66% male). The prevalence of immunoglobulin resistance was 30%. Arthritis was a presenting symptom in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease in 8% (6/80, all male) and was seen in significant association with immunoglobulin resistance in comparison to those without arthritis (16.7% vs. 0.2%, p=0.008). Next, the immunoglobulin brand types were divided into two groups: the relatively high pH group (n=16), including Carimune (pH 6.6±0.2), and the low pH group (n=63), including Gamunex (pH 4-4.5) or Privigen (pH 4.6-5). Overall, no significant difference in immunoglobulin responsiveness was found between the low pH and the high pH groups (73% vs. 56%, p=0.193), although the low pH group showed a trend toward a larger decrease in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p=0.048), lower steroid use (p=0.054), and lower coronary involvement (p=0.08) than those in the high pH group. Conclusions: Children presenting with arthritis in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease may be at risk for immunoglobulin resistance.
Reports of our death are greatly exaggerated: A study of criminal justice academic program survival in Alabama

It has been suggested that the reduction of and eventual termination of LEEP funds for the education of inservice justice system employees would lead to a reduction in the size of criminal justice academic programs with attendant termination of many programs. However, academic programs are rarely terminated and tend to develop their own constituencies. This study examined the survivability of criminal justice academic programs in Alabama and found that while there may have been a reduction in size at some point, the criminal justice programs continue to survive, are experiencing growth in student population, and have longterm plans for program development.
A STUDY OF PATIENTS WITH HEPATIC CANCER TREATED WITH INTERMITTENT REPEATED CHEMOTHERAPY BY USING A SUBCUTANEOUSLY INDWELT INTRA-ARTERIAL INFUSION RESERVOIR

A retrospective study of patients undergone intermittent repeated chemotherapy by using a subcutaneously indwelt intra-arterial infusion reservoir for hepatic cancer experienced at our department in a recent one year and seven months was undertaken, and the following findings were obtained.1. To perform the intra-arterial infusion regimen after hepatectomy for primary hepatic cancer or liver metastasis of colorectal cancer would be an extremely useful method in controlling probable micrometastatic lesions left in the remnant liver which might present at the time of operation; or in preventing further recurrence in the remnant liver.2. The intra-arterial infusion regimen to inoperable cases of primary hepatic cancer or liver metastasis of colorectal cancer could offer satisfactory life-prolonging effects, however, it was insufficient in decreasing the tumor size or in the light of tumor markers.3. From the above results, in the treatment of inoperable primary or metastatic liver cancers with this intra-arterial infusion regimen, we would emphasize a necessity of multidisciplinary treatment combined with other regimens such as PEIT after the limits are completely grasped.