cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Analysis of Gravity Wave Spectral Characteristics in Moist Baroclinic Jet–Front Systems

AbstractThis study investigates gravity wave spectral characteristics based on high-resolution mesoscale simulations of idealized moist baroclinic jet–front systems with varying degrees of convective instability, with the intent of improving nonorographic gravity wave parameterizations. In all experiments, there is a clear dominance of negative vertical flux of zonal momentum. The westward momentum flux is distributed around the estimated ground-based baroclinic wave phase velocity along the zonal direction, while strong moist runs indicate a dipole structure pattern with stronger westward momentum flux centers at slower phase velocity and weaker eastward momentum flux centers at faster phase velocity. The spectral properties of short-scale wave components (50–200 km) generally differ from those of medium-scale ones (200–600 km). Compared to the medium-scale wave components, the momentum flux phase speed spectra for the short-scale ones appear to be more sensitive to the increasing initial moisture conten...
Reports of Clinical Treatment for 27 Patients of Diabetic Foot with Osteomyelitis by Blood-activating, Yang-restoring and Decay-removing Methods

Objective: To investigate the healing advantages of three methods of generating muscles(activating blood, restoring Yang and dispelling decay) for treating diabetic foot accompanying chronic osteomyelitis. Methods:According to the local syndrome differentiation, 93 cases of diabetic foot accompanying chronic osteomyelitis were classified into three groups treated with the three methods of generating muscles, 2-3 weeks antibiotics and limited surgery, as the purple sore ointment, the Zhu Hong ointment and the Yang-restoring and muscle-generating ointment being on behalf of the blood-activating, Yang-restoring and decay-removing methods respectively. Results: The topical application of Chinese medicine was 29.0%(27/93), the limited surgery executed 61.3%(57/93), the knee amputation 6.5%(6/93), the death 3.2%(3/93) and the wound healing after initial treatment 77.4%(72/93); the cases treated with antibiotics in the whole body was 61.3%(57/93) and with no antibiotics was 38.7%(36/93), and the common antibiotics with higher sensitivity were imipenem(78.1%), piperacillin/tazobactam(70.6%), moxifloxacin(64.2%),aztreonam(60.2%), linezolid abdominal(59.1%) and levofloxacin(56.7%). Conclusion: Combined the limited surgery and short-term use of antibiotics, the Chinese medicine topically applied through the local syndrome differentiation is effective in curing diabetic patients with chronic osteomyelitis, which reflects the therapeutic advantages of Chinese medicine.
Mechanical Properties of CNF/Polymer Composites

This chapter discusses the effect of composition of CNF reinforced nanocomposites on their mechanical properties measured under tensile, compressive, and flexural loading. The structure of the CNFs plays an important role in determining the reinforcement efficiency. In most cases, random CNF dispersed nancomposites have been studied. Thermoplastic resin, thermosetting resin, and elastomer matrix nanocomposites have been studied. Polypropylene is the most common thermoplastic resin that is reinforced with CNFs. Among thermosets, epoxy and vinyl ester resin matrix nanocomposites are studied. The strength and stiffness improve, depending on the volume fractions of CNF dispersed within several different polymer matrices. It is noted that compared to the mechanical properties of single CNFs reported in Chap. 2, the level of enhancement of mechanical properties of nanocomposites is only moderate. The bending of long aspect ratio fibers and stacked-cup structures are potential reasons for this outcome. Nevertheless, combined with other properties, such as electrical and thermal conductivity increase in otherwise insulating resins, the moderately enhanced nanocomposites can develop new applications.
Weighted estimation methods for multistage sampling survey data

Multistage sampling techniques are widely applied in the cross-sectional study of epidemiology, while methods based on independent assumption are still used to analyze such complex survey data. This paper aims to introduce the application of weighted estimation methods for the complex survey data. A brief overview of basic theory is described, and then a practical analysis is illustrated to apply to the weighted estimation algorithm in a stratified two-stage clustered sampling data. For multistage sampling survey data, weighted estimation method can be used to obtain unbiased point estimation and more reasonable variance estimation, and so make proper statistical inference by correcting the clustering, stratification and unequal probability effects. Key words: Multistage sampling; Complex survey data; Linearized/Robust variance estimation; Weighted point estimation
The transnational in English literature: Shakespeare to the modern

“Since the rise of critical theory in the 1970s, nothing has reshaped literary and cultural studies more than its embrace of transnationalism”, as Paul Jay (2010, 1) contends. The transnational tur...
Islam the Religion of Submission to the Will of Allah

Of the three monotheistic religions developed by the Semites, the Islam of the Koran is the most characteristic and comes nearer the Judaism of the Old Testament than does the Christianity of the New Testament. It has such close affinities with both, however, that in the conception of many medieval European and Oriental Christians it stood as a heretic Christian sect rather than a distinct religion. In his Divine Comedy Dante consigns Muhammad to one of the lower hells with all those “sowers of scandals and schism”. Gradually Islam developed into an independent and distinct system of belief. The Ka‘bah and Quraysh were the determining factors in this new orientation.
The Policy Roles of Experts

When President Bill Clinton signed welfare reform into law in 1996, he codified a range of ideas for changing government assistance to the poor that had been emanating from think tanks and the broader research community for several decades. Especially since Charles Murray's book Losing Ground was published in 1984, written while Murray was affiliated with the New York–based Manhattan Institute, the merits of a cash-based government entitlement for single mothers with children had been under heavy assault, criticized as a system that promoted overdependence on government support and a propensity toward having children out of wedlock. The welfare law enacted in 1996 had features that responded to Murray's by then twelve-year-old critique, along with many elaborations on it published by him and others in the succeeding years. The new law's general approach and many of its specific provisions were informed by the work of think tanks. The final law was the synthesis of work by experts, advocates, and ideologues during the 1980s and 1990s, many based at think tanks that embodied the spirit of all three. The welfare reform debate of the mid-1990s was one clearly open to the contributions of policy researchers. The work of those who fashioned themselves experts on the issue was tremendously important in bringing critiques of the cash assistance system to the attention of policy makers in the 1980s; many of the reform ideas developed in books and articles during the late 1980s and early 1990s formed a foundation for early policy proposals.
Distribution, Abundance, and Biomass of Colorado Alpine Tundra Arthropods

Population densities, distributions, and biomass of predominant soil and surface active arthropods were determined for major alpine tundra plant communities on Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Sampling (soil...
Techniques for Real-System Characterization of Java Virtual Machine Energy and Power Behavior

The Java platform has been adopted in a wide variety of systems ranging from portable embedded devices to high-end commercial servers. As energy, power dissipation, and thermal challenges begin to affect all design spaces, Java virtual machines will need to evolve in order to respond to these and other emerging issues. Developing a power-conscious Java runtime system begins with a detailed per-component understanding of the energy, performance and power behavior of the system, as well as each component's impact on overall application execution. This paper presents techniques for characterizing Java power and performance, as well as results from applying these techniques to the Jikes RVM, for some of the most salient Java virtual machine components. Components studied include the garbage collector, the class loader, and the runtime compilation subsystem. Real-system measurements with our efficient, low-perturbation infrastructure offer valuable insights that can aid virtual machine designers in improving energy-efficiency. For example, our results show that JVM energy consumption can comprise as much as 60% of the total energy consumed. In addition, we find that generational garbage collectors offer the best energy-performance for small heap sizes and that this efficiency is challenged by non-generational collectors for large heaps. Overall, given the rising importance of Java systems and of power/thermal challenges, this paper's detailed real-systems examination can lend useful insights for many real-world systems.
Modulated lapped transform generalized sidelobe canceller

Continuing improvements in analog and digital technology has made elemental digital beamforming (DBF) for sensor arrays a reality. Weak signal reception enhancement can be achieved through the adaptive suppression of potentially time-varying interference in operational environments. Utilizing all the degrees of freedom (DoF's) of an adaptive elemental DBF array with a large number of elements is often prohibitive in terms of computational complexity and speed of adaptation. Partially adaptive suboptimal architectures which reduce the DoF's with minimal performance degradation are required. One such architecture based on the generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) with a wavelet-based spatial blocking matrix utilizing minimal length M-band K-regular wavelets has been previously proposed. The work presented in Y. Chu and W. Fang (2003) improves upon the wavelet-based GSC in terms of cancellation performance and computational efficiency by using the modulated lapped transform (MLT) to implement the blocking matrix
Psychosocial factors predict opioid analgesia through endogenous opioid function

Use of opioid analgesics for management of chronic nonmalignant pain has become common, yet there are presently no well-validated predictors of optimal opioid analgesic efficacy. We examined whether psychosocial factors (eg, depressive symptoms) predicted changes in spontaneous low back pain after administration of opioid analgesics, and whether endogenous opioid (EO) function mediated these relationships. Participants with chronic low back pain but who were not chronic opioid users (N = 89) underwent assessment of low back pain intensity pre- and post-drug in 3 (counterbalanced) conditions: (1) placebo, (2) intravenous naloxone, and (3) intravenous morphine. Comparison of placebo condition changes in back pain intensity to those under naloxone and morphine provided indexes of EO function and opioid analgesic responses, respectively. Results showed that (1) most psychosocial variables were related significantly and positively to morphine analgesic responses for low back pain, (2) depressive symptoms, trait anxiety, pain catastrophizing, and pain disability were related negatively to EO function, and (3) EO function was related negatively to morphine analgesic responses for low back pain. Bootstrapped mediation analyses showed that links between morphine analgesic responses and depressive symptoms, trait anxiety, pain catastrophizing, and perceived disability were partially mediated by EO function. Results suggest that psychosocial factors predict elevated analgesic responses to opioid-based medications, and may serve as markers to identify individuals who benefit most from opioid therapy. Results also suggest that people with greater depressive symptoms, trait anxiety, pain catastrophizing, and perceived disability may have deficits in EO function, which may predict enhanced response to opioid analgesics.
M13 Virus Aerogels as a Scaffold for Functional Inorganic Materials

The filamentous M13 viruses are widely used as a bio-template to assemble many different functional structures. In this work, based on its shape anisotropy, reasonable aspect ratio (length to diameter of ≈130), and low density, freestanding, bulk 3D aerogels are assembled from M13 for the first time. These ultralight porous structures demonstrate excellent mechanical properties with elastic behavior up to 90% compression. Furthermore, as the genome of M13 virus can be rationally engineered so that proteins on its capsid or ends can specifically bind to various inorganic materials, aerogels made from inorganic-complexed M13 structures with versatile functionalities are also developed. As examples for mono- and multi-component structures, M13-Ru and M13-CoFe2O4 are explored in this work. This method enables the production of a wide variety of freestanding inorganic material aerogels with extensive opportunities for bio-scaffolds, energy storage, thermoelectrics, catalysis, hydrogen storage applications, etc., in the future.
Palliative Care Office Hours for Patients with Hematologic Malignancies: An Innovative Model for Symptom Management and Education

Abstract Background: Palliative care programs are experiencing rapid growth, with demand for consults surpassing staffing. Innovative models are needed to equip nonpalliative care providers to manage basic palliative care issues. Objectives: To develop a novel program of palliative care office hours for hematologic oncology advanced practice providers, and to evaluate its impact on palliative care consult volume and composition. Methods: A palliative care nurse practitioner or pharmacist was available for weekday office hours to all inpatient hematologic oncology advanced practice providers at an academic medical center to offer advice on pain, nonpain symptoms, and psychosocial distress. A retrospective study looking at outcome measures after six months of office hour utilization and palliative care consults from the hematologic oncology services. Results: Palliative care office hours had a mean duration of 16 minutes per day (range 5 to 55). A mean of 11 patients were discussed per week (range 4 to 20)....
Iodine Vacancy Redistribution in Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskite Films and Resistive Switching Effects.

Organic–inorganic halide perovskite (OHP) materials, for example, CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3), have attracted significant interest for applications such as solar cells, photodectors, light-emitting diodes, and lasers. Previous studies have shown that charged defects can migrate in perovskites under an electric field and/or light illumination, potentially preventing these devices from practical applications. Understanding and control of the defect generation and movement will not only lead to more stable devices but also new device concepts. Here, it is shown that the formation/annihilation of iodine vacancies (VI's) in MAPbI3 films, driven by electric fields and light illumination, can induce pronounced resistive switching effects. Due to a low diffusion energy barrier (≈0.17 eV), the VI's can readily drift under an electric field, and spontaneously diffuse with a concentration gradient. It is shown that the VI diffusion process can be suppressed by controlling the affinity of the contact electrode material to I− ions, or by light illumination. An electrical-write and optical-erase memory element is further demonstrated by coupling ion migration with electric fields and light illumination. These results provide guidance toward improved stability and performance of perovskite-based optoelectronic systems, and can lead to the development of solid-state devices that couple ionics, electronics, and optics.
Photoionization probe of chain conformations in supersonic jet:: conformation-specific two-photon ionization in 1,3-diphenylpropane

Abstract We report here highly conformation-selective, one-color resonant, two-photon ionization for jet-cooled 1,3-diphenylpropane, which illustrates the utility of the method as a probe of chain conformations in bichromophoric systems.
The U.N. Security Council's Duty to Decide

When faced with a global crisis within the scope of its mandate, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC or Council) has no obligation to decide whether or not to take action. This Article argues that it should. The UNSC is the only governing body with the legal authority to authorize binding measures necessary to restore peace and security, yet neither the United Nations Charter nor the UNSC’s own rules clarify the extent of its obligations. Unlike courts, the UNSC lacks a procedural rule establishing that it has a duty to decide. Unlike the United States Congress, which accepts its practical duty to declare war, the UNSC lacks consensus about when it must take up a matter. As a result, UNSC members can, and frequently do, defer making decisions in politically difficult cases. The costs of this ambiguity to those who depend on the UNSC for their security are high, making debate about UNSC reform critical and necessary.In contrast to conventional scholarship addressing UNSC reform, this Article focuses on improving the UNSC’s decision-making process through the adoption of new procedural measures. It presents a novel approach to thinking about UNSC reform by translating wisdom from the realm of legal process theory to the political, quasi-judicial UNSC. The central argument is that the Council itself should adopt three procedural duties aimed at improving its decision-making process. First, the duty to decide would require the Council to take up decisions about whether or not it will take action in crises under its jurisdiction. Second, the duty to disclose would require the Council, when it makes no decision in a particular situation, to publicly disclose its reasoning for not doing so. Third, the duty to consult would obligate the Council to take reasonable measures to consult those nations, and the people therein, most affected by decisions falling under its Chapter VII authority regarding sanctions, intervention, and the use of force. After describing these duties, this Article draws upon qualitative data from within the U.N. itself to justify why this reform proposal, unlike many others, is viable. It also draws upon insights from the disciplines of legal process theory, social psychology, and negotiation to give explanatory power to why such reform matters will prove effective. Making these changes will enhance the UNSC's decision processes in ways that will further its legitimacy and relevance in today's world of multi-varied and evolving forms of conflict.
Surfer's myelopathy without surfing: a report of two pediatric patients.

Surfer’s myelopathy (SM) is a rare disorder described in subjects presenting with acute paraparesis while learning how to surf. It is thought to be secondary to spinal ischemia triggered by hyperextension. Spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows changes consistent with spinal cord ischemia on T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). We report two patients who presented with acute onset paraplegia shortly after spinal hyperextension. They had no physical or radiological evidence of soft tissue injury. Their clinical and imaging findings closely resemble those described in SM. We propose the use of the term ‘acute hyperextension myelopathy’ to categorize patients with spinal cord infarction secondary to hyperextension. DWI sequencing on MRI should be considered to evaluate for early signs of spinal cord ischemia in these patients. Use of a broader term for diagnostic classification can help include patients with spinal cord infarction due to a common mechanism.
Molyneux’s question and the amodality of spatial experience

AbstractA recent study published in Nature Neuroscience purports to have answered a question posed to Locke in 1688 by his friend William Molyneux, namely, whether ‘a man born blind and made to see’ would be able to identify, immediately and by vision alone, objects previously known only by touch. The answer, according to the researchers – and as predicted by Molyneux, as well as Locke, Berkeley, and others – is ‘likely negative. The newly sighted subjects did not exhibit an immediate transfer of their tactile shape knowledge to the visual domain’. Since then, however, many commentators have argued that the answer is still not clear. Moreover, in the contemporary literature on Molyneux’s Question, and more generally on cross-modal perception and the individuation of the senses, it is sometimes hard to determine what question is being investigated. In this paper, I distinguish a number of different questions about the relation between visual and tactual perception that can arise when considering Molyneux’s...
The names that bind us

Course: Gender CommunicationObjectives: The aims of this activity are (1) to illustrate, through language, the ways in which names artificially polarize individuals, and (2) to demonstrate the powe...
Breakfast with the Justices: Networking in the Nineteenth Century

On Thursday, September 15, 1887, the Philadelphia bar hosted a lavish “Breakfast to the Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States” in that city’s American Academy of Music building. It was the first of a series of events — parades, ceremonies, speeches, and so on — celebrating the centennial of the Constitution of the United States. Some, like the “Breakfast to the Justices,” were by invitation only. Others were open to the public and attracted large crowds — the biggest were probably the “Civic and Industrial Procession” on September 15 and the “Memorial Day Ceremonies in Independence Square” on September 17. All those big events, both the private and the public, surely were exciting at the time and merit further study today. But the focus of this little essay is elsewhere — on a pair of small but instructive (and perhaps also amusing) aspects of the inner workings of the “Breakfast to the Justices.”
Big Change Question

School leaders manage and lead teachers and students, in particular schools, within particular places and times. Their efforts to lead are situated in their own professional and personal biographies and distinctive generational and historical contexts. Their own lives, as former students and teachers, are all potential influences on how they respond to the dilemmas they encounter in their daily work. In addition, their unique racial and ethnic, gender, and generational identities shape how they view themselves, their work, and their constituencies. We touch on three issues at the intersection of school leaders’ personal life, professional life, and educational context that influence how they manage their daily work dilemmas. Personal life issues like work-family conflicts are becoming an increasing problem for school leaders, especially for women leaders (Grogan, 1999). The combined impact of generational location, racial and ethnic identity, and family life status (that is, being married with children, divorced, or an empty nester) can determine whether or not a woman will decide to become a principal and at what stage in her life she will opt to do so (see Loder, 2005a). The multiple and competing roles of principal, spouse/life partner, mother, and caretaker are especially conflicting for US women born after the civil rights and women’s movements. Hence, the need for expert managerial skills and ‘‘unusually resilient, flexible, and accommodating systems of family support’’ become unspoken yet make or break prerequisites for women who aspire to the principalship (Loder, 2005a, p. 768). Most school leaders give up teaching to move into the principal’s office. This shift in their professional life influences how they manage their work as school leader. Prior
A method for measuring radioxenon emanation with cryotrapping and γ spectroscopy

A method has been developed to eliminate environmental variables and macroscopic diffusive transport to obtain a direct measurement of radioxenon’s emanation coefficient, K, from a solid matrix. The emanation measurement apparatus (EMA) utilizes neutron activation and a cryotrapping technique with LN2, which increased gas trapping efficiency from 4 ± 3 to 78 ± 7%. Emanation values are measured by γ spectroscopy with a High Purity Germanium detector. Preliminary results from EMA demonstrated the capability of this new process to make reproducable emanation measurements with quantifiable uncertainty. Initial experiments produced U3O8 radioxenon emanation coefficients of 0.016 ± 0.002 for 133Xe and 0.025 ± 0.002 for 135Xe at temperatures ranging from 20 to 80 °C.
Results and Complications of Femoral Hernia Repair

Despite the incidence of femoral hernia being low, it is the most common cause of strangulation and bowel obstruction requiring urgent operative intervention. Several risk factors have been identified in literature predicting the postoperative outcomes after surgical femoral repair. Wound infection, chronic pain, and recurrence with necessity of re-intervention are the most frequent postoperative complications. Emergency surgery is associated with an increased rate of morbidity and mortality.
The Consequences of Confronting Prejudice for Minority-Majority Workplace Interactions

Facing expressions of bias in the workplace can lead targets of prejudice to experience negative affect and even to disengage. Is it inevitable that targets experience these negative consequences, ...
Role of disorder and correlations in the metal-insulator transition in ultrathin SrVO 3 films

Metallic oxide ${\mathrm{SrVO}}_{3}$ represents a prototype system for the study of the mechanism behind thickness-induced metal-to-insulator transition (MIT) or crossover in thin films due to its simple cubic symmetry with one electron in the $3d$ state in the bulk. Here we report a deviation of chemical composition and distortion of lattice structure existing in the initial 3 unit cells of ${\mathrm{SrVO}}_{3}$ films grown on ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ (001) from its bulk form, which shows a direct correlation to the thickness-dependent MIT. In situ photoemission and scanning tunneling spectroscopy indicate a MIT at the critical thickness of \ensuremath{\sim}3 unit cells (u.c.), which coincides with the formation of a $(\ensuremath{\surd}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\ensuremath{\surd}2)\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}R{45}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ surface reconstruction. However, atomically resolved scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy show depletion of Sr, and a change of V valence, thus implying the existence of a significant amount of oxygen vacancies in the 3 u.c. of ${\mathrm{SrVO}}_{3}$ near the interface. Transport and magnetotransport measurements further reveal that disorder, rather than electron correlations, is likely to be the main cause for the MIT in the ${\mathrm{SrVO}}_{3}$ ultrathin films.
Housing and Hope: Property Law and Catholic Social Teachings

There are consequences when the divide between the “us” and the “them” widens and whole segments of society become marginalized, disenfranchised, and invisible. We can and must do better for those forced to endure unsafe and unlivable dwellings and the toxic consequences of housing displacement. Everyone deserves a safe place to call home. The promise of inclusion can and must be made real, to ordain meaningful opportunity for those of low and moderate income to share in the benefits of communities otherwise closed to them. Community must be restored to common interest communities to make real the promise of social trust. Catholic social teachings provide an important foundation upon which to rest the aims of inclusion, equal opportunity, neighborliness, and justice. The compassionate lens of Church doctrine helps to put into sharper focus the imperative that we allay the suffering experienced by those excluded from the promise of sustainable, peaceful dwelling. In so doing, we achieve even more than success. We achieve significance.
Investigating Transparency and Accountability of User Interfaces for Data Visualization: A Case Study on Crowdfunding

Crowdfunding is an innovative form of fund raising that enables individuals and businesses to leverage a large audience of potential supporters for financing their projects: disseminating the message to many potential contributors compensates for the smaller individual commitment. In the recent years, thanks to web-based platforms, crowdfunding received increasing attention and branched into several subtypes, such as, reward-based and equity-based initiatives, which enable supporters to pre-buy products or acquire company shares, respectively. Indeed, crowdfunding platforms have several advantages (e.g., reducing barriers to bottom up initiatives and democratizing access to high-return investments). Simultaneously, as governments are in their early stage of addressing the many risks and grey areas related to the dynamics of crowdfunding, the accountability of platforms has a crucial role. In this paper, we investigate the transparency of the User Interface (UI) of equity crowdfunding platforms and we discuss the implications in enabling users to make better informed decisions about their investments.
Handhala and the Messiah: christological representation in the cartoons of Naji Al-Ali

ABSTRACTThe cartoons Naji Al-Ali reveal the complexities of Palestinian identity in the period between the resignation following Palestinian defeats in 1948 and 1967 and the first Intifada in 1987....
Age and Secondary Task Engagement in Relation to Safe/Unsafe Driving Behavior and Crash/Non-Crash Events

Driver distraction is thought to play a causal role in automobile crashes. Younger and older drivers have the highest crash risk per mile driven. To get a better understanding of the risk associated with conducting secondary tasks while driving the Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS) dataset, part of the Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP2) was used to run a log-linear model comparing age and secondary task involvement and their relation to Event Severity (Balanced Baseline vs Crash), as well as Maneuver Judgement (Safe vs Unsafe). A significant relationship was found between event severity and maneuver judgement. Additionally, age group and secondary task engagement had a significant effect on event severity, but no significant interaction between age and secondary task was found. Age had a significant effect on maneuver judgement, but secondary task did not. Therefore, maneuver judgement may not be a good substitute for event severity as an outcome variable for predicting crashes.
ICAM-1: A master regulator of cellular responses in inflammation, injury resolution, and tumorigenesis

ICAM-1 is a cell surface glycoprotein and an adhesion receptor that is best known for regulating leukocyte recruitment from circulation to sites of inflammation. However, in addition to vascular endothelial cells, ICAM-1 expression is also robustly induced on epithelial and immune cells in response to inflammatory stimulation. Importantly, ICAM-1 serves as a biosensor to transduce outside-in-signaling via association of its cytoplasmic domain with the actin cytoskeleton following ligand engagement of the extracellular domain. Thus, ICAM-1 has emerged as a master regulator of many essential cellular functions both at the onset and at the resolution of pathologic conditions. Because the role of ICAM-1 in driving inflammatory responses is well recognized, this review will mainly focus on newly emerging roles of ICAM-1 in epithelial injury-resolution responses, as well as immune cell effector function in inflammation and tumorigenesis. ICAM-1 has been of clinical and therapeutic interest for some time now; however, several attempts at inhibiting its function to improve injury resolution have failed. Perhaps, better understanding of its beneficial roles in resolution of inflammation or its emerging function in tumorigenesis will spark new interest in revisiting the clinical value of ICAM-1 as a potential therapeutic target.
Accumulation of high-value bioproducts in planta can improve the economics of advanced biofuels

Coproduction of high-value bioproducts at biorefineries is a key factor in making biofuels more cost-competitive. One strategy for generating coproducts is to directly engineer bioenergy crops to accumulate bioproducts in planta that can be fractionated and recovered at biorefineries. Here, we develop quantitative insights into the relationship between bioproduct market value and target accumulation rates by investigating a set of industrially relevant compounds already extracted from plant sources with a wide range of market prices and applications, including $100/kg (artemisinin). These compounds are used to identify a range of mass fraction thresholds required to achieve net economic benefits for biorefineries and the additional amounts needed to reach a target $2.50/gal biofuel selling price, using cellulosic ethanol production as a test case. Bioproduct market prices and recovery costs determine the accumulation threshold; we find that moderate- to high-value compounds (i.e., cannabidiol and artemisinin) offer net economic benefits at accumulation rates of just 0.01% dry weight (dwt) to 0.02 dwt%. Lower-value compounds, including limonene, latex, and PHB, require at least an order-of-magnitude greater accumulation to overcome additional extraction and recovery costs (0.3 to 1.2 dwt%). We also find that a diversified approach is critical. For example, global artemisinin demand could be met with fewer than 10 biorefineries, while global demand for latex is equivalent to nearly 180 facilities. Our results provide a roadmap for future plant metabolic engineering efforts aimed at increasing the value derived from bioenergy crops.
Regional balance between glutamate+glutamine and GABA+ in the resting human brain.

Abstract Models of healthy brain function and psychiatric conditions assume that excitatory and inhibitory activity are balanced in the human brain at multiple spatial and temporal scales. In human neuroimaging, concentrations of the major excitatory (glutamate) and inhibitory (γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA) neurotransmitters are measured in vivo using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). However, despite the central importance of E/I balance to theories of brain function, a relationship between regional glutamate and GABA levels in the human brain has not been shown. We addressed this question in a large corpus of edited MRS data collected at 19 different sites (n ​= ​220). Consistent with the notion of E/I balance, we found that levels of glutamate+glutamine (Glx) and GABA+ were highly correlated (R ​= ​0.52, p ​= ​2.86 x 10−14). This relationship held when controlling for site, scanner vendor, and demographics. Controlling for neurochemicals associated with neuronal density and metabolism (i.e. N-acetylaspartate and creatine) significantly reduced the correlation between GABA+ and Glx, suggesting that the levels of GABA+ and Glx may be critically linked to regional metabolism. These results are consistent with the notion that excitation and inhibition are balanced in the human brain.
Nanotwin-induced strengthening in silicon: A molecular dynamics study

Abstract Mechanical performance of silicon nanopillars with homogeneous and gradient nanotwinned structures are investigated through a series of molecular dynamics simulations. The most observed Σ3 twin boundary (TB) with two preferable (lowest surface energy) planes of {111} and {001} are used to generate homogeneous and gradient nanotwinned structures. Simulations of compression and tension of nanotwinned pillars reveal an extra strengthening behavior due to the addition of Σ3 TBs when compared to the single crystalline nanopillar without any TBs. The increase in strength of Σ3 nanotwinned pillars is attributed to a high density of dislocations in grains caused by reducing the twin thickness or increasing the number of TBs in a homogenous nanotwinned structure. Moreover, Hall-Petch strengthening behavior is observed as the twin thickness decreases to a critical value in silicon nanopillars with homogenous Σ3 {111} or Σ3 {001} TBs. Below the critical twin thickness, an inverse Hall-Petch phenomenon is observed, which results in softening of nanotwinned pillars. The pile-up of dislocations and their interactions with TBs cause enhancement in strength, while the nucleation and movement of partial dislocations parallel to the TBs cause the softening. Furthermore, the nanotwinned gradient structures with different configurations are examined, and an optimal nanotwinned gradient structure is obtained for maximizing the strength. Our simulation results provide fundamental understanding of twinning effect on mechanical deformation of homogenous and gradient nanotwinned silicon pillars.
Optoelectronic analysis of spectrally selective nanophotonic metafilm cell for thermophotovoltaic energy conversion

Abstract This work theoretically studies a spectrally selective nanophotonic cell based on an asymmetric Fabry-Perot resonance cavity structure with sub-100-nm GaSb layer for improving the thermophotovoltaic (TPV) energy conversion performance. The simulated spectral property of the ultrathin metafilm cell structure exhibits a high absorption peak above the bandgap due to the interference effect with electromagnetic field enhanced inside the GaSb layer between top and bottom silver electrodes, while the sub-bandgap absorption is as low as a few percent because of high reflectivity of the metal. An absorption enhancement nearly 20 times at particular frequency above bandgap is achieved within the sub-100-nm GaSb layer with the nanophotonic cell structure compared to the free-standing one. Besides, a thin layer of MoOx is incorporated into the metafilm cell structure as a hole transport layer to consider the charge collection in practice. With rigorous optoelectronic analysis by considering both radiative and nonradiative recombinations (Shockley-Read-Hall and Auger), the nanophotonic cell is predicted to achieve a TPV efficiency of 22.8% and output power of 0.62 W/cm2 with a black emitter at 1500 K due to spectrally enhanced in-band absorption and low sub-bandgap absorption. With an ideal selective emitter the efficiency can be further improved to 28% by eliminating sub-bandgap photons. While selective emitters still endure the challenges in perfect spectral emittance and high-temperature stability in practice, the proposed wavelength-selective nanophotonic metafilm cell could be a viable route to achieve high-efficiency and low-cost TPV energy conversion.
An Essential Role for the RNA Editor-Exonuclease Axis in Terminal Erythroid Differentiation

Erythropoiesis is an intricate process by which lineage-committed erythroid progenitors become mature red blood cells. Reticulocytes are terminal-staged, immature red blood cells with residual RNA after enucleation. In the absence of pathology, reticulocytes are efficiently processed into mature red blood cells and typically represent a small percentage of cells in human peripheral blood. In contrast, when differentiated in vitro from pluripotent stem cells or CD34+ progenitor cells, red cells tend to arrest at the reticulocyte stage. Recent studies have highlighted that uridylation by Terminal Uridylyl Transferases (TUTases) occurs on a broad spectrum of RNA classes in mammalian cells. Oligo-uridylated RNA is recognized by exoribonucleases and targeted for decay. We posited that the machinery behind RNA degradation that accompanies terminal erythropoiesis might involve RNA tail editors coupled to exonuclease activity. Utilizing constitutional murine knockout models, we observed that blood from the TUTase Zcchc6 RNA editor knockout embryos exhibited reticulocytosis and a terminal maturation defect, as documented by FACS, histology, and hematological profiling. Murine strains deficient in the downstream exonuclease Dis3l2 phenocopied the RNA decay defect of the Zcchc6 KO. Conditional knockout murine models of the TUTase-Dis3l2 axis driven by the red cell specific Erythropoietin Receptor-Cre exhibited comparable phenotypes, suggesting a cell intrinsic and niche-independent role for the TUTase-Dis3l2 axis in promoting red blood cell maturation. We are modulating the expression of this axis by various methods to optimize modeling of hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell anemia. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Wearable light data logger for studying physiological and psychological effects of light data

Abstract Light sensors can provide valuable information about environmental exposure; however, current light sensing packages are limited. This work presents the development of an open-source hardware device capable of logging light measurements. Due to its lightweight, wearable construction, it is well-suited to human subject research in naturalistic conditions. Its low cost makes it a viable option for population studies. This work offers an example application of objectively determining whether a person is indoors or outdoors based on the light measurements. This application has practical value within disciplines such as environmental and health psychology, which seek to relate psychological outcomes to environmental exposure.
Transport Mechanisms of Motile and Nonmotile Phytophthora cactorum Zoospores in Unsaturated Porous Media

Phytophthora is a genus of plant pathogens that infects vegetables, crops, ornamentals, and trees. Phytophthora diseases in soil are facilitated by the rapid dispersal of zoospores, which come in two different forms, that is, motile biflagellate zoospores and nonmotile encysted zoospores. However, little is known about the mechanisms controlling zoospore dispersal, especially under unsaturated flow and in natural soil. Hence, we investigated the transport and retention of motile and nonmotile P. cactorum zoospores under unsaturated conditions in inert sand, disturbed soil, and undisturbed soil. Transport of carboxylate‐modified polystyrene microspheres in sand was studied to compare the zoospores to abiotic particles. Similar to microspheres, motile and nonmotile zoospores were affected by pore straining, wedging, settling, and fluid drag during transport due to their large size (6–10 μm). Decreased water saturation of porous media reduced accessible pore space, enhancing the retention of zoospores. Nonuniform flow in the undisturbed soil facilitated the transport of zoospores. Derjaguin‐Landau‐Verwey‐Overbeek calculations indicated unfavorable attachment of both motile and nonmotile zoospores to the solid‐water interface, and repulsion from the air‐water interface. Microscopic visualizations showed that motile zoospores bounced off the air‐water interface, and swam randomly around root and soil surfaces without being attached; however, they actively moved toward baits. Motile zoospores showed enhanced transport in porous media relative to nonmotile zoospores, suggesting that the flagella helped zoospores to actively avoid retention sites. The transport of Phytophthora zoospores in natural soil was limited, and natural soil acted as an effective filter confining Phytophthora dispersal in the top soil. However, macropores can be a conduit for the transport of zoospores, especially motile zoospores, to deeper soil layers.
Performance implications of technological uncertainty, age, and size for small businesses

Small businesses face multiple sources of uncertainty that can hold negative implications for performance by magnifying liabilities of newness and/or exacerbating resource inadequacies. However, te...
The impact of Mobile ICT on national productivity in developed and developing countries

Abstract This paper examines the influence of mobile Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on national productivity by separating ICT factors into wired and mobile infrastructures. Using a unique data set that includes global wired and mobile internet speeds, we find that mobile ICT plays an important role in increasing national productivity in developing countries; however, we find no significant impact of wired ICT for either developed or developing countries. This work contributes to the literature by providing deeper insights into the impact of ICT on global productivity by specifying the ICT factors (which are combined in previous research) as wired and mobile ICT.
Optical Fiber Cable Employing 200 µm-Coated Multicore Fibers for High Density Wiring in Datacom

An optical fiber cable employing 200 µm coated 4-core fibers was fabricated and confirmed to satisfy the characteristics required for conventional cables. 200 µm coating multicore fibers are promising candidates for ultra-high density cables.
Pain beliefs and coping attempts

A reduction of maladaptive responses to pain is crucial in adjustment to chronic painful states. However, previous research has also demonstrated that adjustment to pain is predicted by interactions between coping attempts and characteristics of individuals. Therefore, we contend that examination of what patients should do, as well as what they should not do is necessary. We propose an alternate model of pain adjustment, within which the constructs of beliefs and coping are separated. Also, catastrophizing is conceptualized as a secondary appraisal, rather than a failed coping attempt. We discuss our assertions within the context of the appropriate distinction between mediator and moderator variables.
Pedestrian impact simulation: a preliminary study

This paper describes some results obtained from analytical three-dimensional motion simulations of child and adult pedestrians impacted by an automobile. The baseline geometric and stiffness parameters used in this simulation correspond to a typical mid-size vehicle, the latter being measured by a dynamic impactor developed for this study. The effects of variation of several of the vehicle's front-end design parameters on the impact severities of a 50th-percentile male adult and a 6-year-old child pedestrian are studied using experimental design techniques. Both the main effects and the first-order interactions among the parameters are investigated, and it is shown that the counter-measure suggested for reducing adult pedestrians' injuries could aggravate child pedestrians' injuries Language: en
El sur está siempre cerca

El rumor de la otra orilla. Variaciones en torno a la poesia de Aurelio Arturo. Julio Cesar Goyes Narvaez. SMD Editorial, Bogota, 1997, 102 pags.
3-phosphoglycerate kinase from Hydrogenomonas facilis.

Phosphoglycerate kinase levels in Hydrogenomonas facilis were reasonably constant whether cells were utilizing or synthesizing hexose during growth. Specific enzyme activities (micromoles of 3-phosphoglycerate disappearing per minute per milligram of protein) at 30 C were 0.234, 0.391, 0.300, and 0.229 in the “soluble” fraction derived from cells grown on fructose, lactate, succinate, and glutamate, respectively. The enzyme was purified 300-fold from succinate-grown cells. The final preparation, which was not homogenous but was free from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and adenylate kinase, had a specific activity at 30 C of 90 μmoles of 3-phosphoglycerate per min per mg of protein. Km values for adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 3-phosphoglycerate, and Mg++ were 0.16, 0.83, and 0.4 mm, respectively, at pH 7.4 and 30 C. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) inhibited 23% at a ratio of AMP to ATP of 2.4, and the possible physiological implications of this inhibition are discussed. No evidence was found for an enzyme which catalyzes ATP-dependent conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 1,3-diphosphoglycerate, AMP, and phosphate.