cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of the Monte Carlo method to the dissolution of a polycrystalline solid

The Monte Carlo (MC) method is being used for simulating microstructural evolution in materials. The problem of the dissolution of a circular region of solid (or a spherical region in three dimensions) placed in an infinite liquid has been used as a test of MC codes. When the solid region is homogeneous and isotropic, there is a gradual shrinking of the solid, while maintaining a roughly circular (or spherical) boundary. The presence of internal interfaces in the solid changes the nature of dissolution depending on the relative energy of the solid/solid interfaces compared to that of the solid/liquid interface. A parametric study of the influence of interface energies on the dissolution of the solid is presented in this paper.
Web documentation project at the University of Delaware

The Web Documentation Project at the University of Delaware (UD) organizes the computing help information available to the University community. The project’s goal is to provide information to our users whenever they need it in a format they can understand without having to call the Help Center. The Help Center staff realized that they needed a forum to disseminate information to the University community after the normal 8-5 workday. This forum would also provide users with quick information and solutions to common questions without having to wait for a return call during busy times of the day or semester. Using existing Web documents created by Information Technologies (IT) staff and calling upon staff members in other departments to fill in the documentation gaps, the first version of the Help Center web page went on-line in the fall semester of 1996. Using this web page as a starting point, borrowing from the newly redesigned University web page and incorporating user input, the interface was redesigned with an emphasis placed on quickly finding information. An alphabetical index was added and the University’s newly acquired Ultraseek Search Engine was customized to search relevant documents. The new version went on-line in the fall semester of 1999. Since then, there has been a concerted effort to simplify existing documents and expand the number of areas covered. Prior to this process, most documents were placed in scattered directories owned by the people who created them which led to numerous documents that essentially contained the same information. Now the documents are being moved to central directories that better suit the subject matter and duplicate documents are being phased out. Using this process and user feedback, the Help Center staff continue to look for ways to improve the web page and the information provided.
Protein and isozyme components in normal and abnormal human semen

Abstract Semen samples of normal individuals were compared with abnormal semen samples (azoospermic, oligospermic and vasectomized) for their protein and glycoprotein components and lactic and malic dehydrogenase isozymes. At least two types of variants were observed in the disc electrophoretic profiles of protein components of normal semen. Distinct differences were observed in the protein components and the lactic dehydrogenase isozymes in the abnormal semen samples.
Evolutionary Optimization of a Morphing Wing with Wind Tunnel Hardware-in-the-Loop

Active wing morphing is a fertile technology in the realm of unmanned and micro air vehicles: low flight loads and flexible wing materials allow substantial deformation with relatively low actuation power. Proper shape management of these wings for maximum performance is challenging: numerical optimization methods may struggle to accurately predict the three-dimensional flow separation, transition, and reattachment expected at the low operating Reynolds numbers. Conventional experimental optimization techniques (a response surface fit through a designed experiment) may be unable to represent the discontinuous objective functions commonly seen in aerodynamic applications, and the number of function evaluations can become overwhelming with high-fidelity actuation mechanisms. This paper outlines an effective experimental technique for optimizing a morphing airfoil: a genetic algorithm with wind tunnel hardware (strain gage sting balance) in the loop. Optimal wing shapes are found to maximize the measured lift or efficiency through a sweep of angles of attack, for a wing with a single actuation point (camber control) and two actuation points (camber and reflex control). Aerodynamic and electrical hysteresis limits the repeatability of sting balance measurements, complicating the convergence of the genetic algorithm, but not preventing adequate location of optimal designs.
New antiretroviral drugs in clinical use

The advent of combination antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has dramatically changed the prognosis and quality of life of HIV-infected adults and children. To date, there are 21 antiretroviral agents available with only 11 agents being approved for the use in young children less than 6 years of age. The currently available antiretroviral agents belong to four different classes; nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI, NtRTI), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI), protease inhibitors (PI), and a new class of fusion inhibitors (FI). It is recommended that the treatment regimen should be a combination of at least 3 drugs from different drug classes as this has been shown to slow disease progression, improve survival, and result in better virologic and immunologic responses. Treatment with antiretroviral agents is frequently complicated by the issues of adherence, tolerability, long term toxicity and drug resistance. Many efforts have been made to develop new antiretroviral agents with greater potency, higher tolerability profiles and better convenience. Some new agents are also effective against drug-resistant strains of HIV. Since 2001, there were 7 new antiretroviral agents and 2 fixed-dose multidrug formulations being approved for the treatment of HIV infection, most are approved only for use in adults. In this article, we will review new antiretroviral agents including emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, atazanavir, fosamprenavir, tipranavir and enfuvirtide. Pediatric information on these drugs will be provided when available.
Editor's Spotlight/Take 5: surgeons' attitudes are associated with reoperation and readmission rates.

We have all seen the movie: Hotshot fighter pilot alienates those around him with his arrogance (and it is almost always a “him”), but wins victory after victory despite steep odds owing to his superior individual skills. Audiences seem never to tire of this trope. As tragic heroes, the pilots in these films only belatedly discover the costs of their personality flaws. I suspect many “hotshot” surgeons (we all know some) likewise lack a certain capacity for introspection. But while the Hollywood storyline usually involves the ultimate sacrifice—the pilot himself in the classics, like John Wayne in Flying Tigers, John Guillermin’s The Blue Max, or someone close to the pilot, as in the Tom Cruise vehicle Top Gun—the same is not true where maverick surgeons are concerned. We do not pay for our lack of self-knowledge, our patients do. Serious thinkers have concluded that surgery—like so many activities involving dangerous and complex systems—calls for effective teamwork [3]. As anyone who has played on a team knows, some personality types work better on teams than others. Hall-of-Fame basketball coach Red Auerbach is said to have preferred playing his “best five” rather than his five best players; in other words, he felt an effective team beats a group of individual stars every time. Here is the problem: Although we may share an intuitive sense that all this is true, we have no objective knowledge about how or whether strong personality types influence surgical results. John Kadzielski MD (Fig. 1) and his team from Massachusetts seek to change that. They adapted several aviation psychology tools used to quantify hazardous attitudes in pilots (macho, impulsive, worry, resignation, self-confidence, and antiauthority), which the Federal Aviation Association (FAA) believes are incompatible with safe flight. Dr. Kadzielski and colleagues then used these tools to evaluate surgeons for the presence of these potentially hazardous attitudes. Finally, they correlated these attitudes with readmissions and reoperations after orthopaedic surgery. The study found that almost 20% of the observed variation in reoperations and readmission is associated with macho attitude alone [2]. In this same issue of Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®, using a larger sample, they found that these attitudes are present in nearly 40% of orthopaedic surgeons at a level that would be considered dangerously high in pilots [1]. Fig. 1 John Kadzielski MD. A careful reader will identify shortcomings in these articles [1, 2]; surgeons are not pilots, and the questionnaires the investigators used have not been validated in surgeons. If you like, consider these articles conversation starters rather than definitive efforts. But as a specialty, we simply cannot afford to look away. These issues call out for our attention, and for further inquiry. Join me as I go behind the discovery with Dr. Kadzielski in the following “Take 5” interview.
User Instruction for Access to Catalogs and Databases on the Internet

Online library catalogs and other information resources accessible through network connections offer students and scholars a variety of useful data, but present special problems to remote users. Issues facing the user of Internet-accessible systems include knowing how to reach a system; finding out what a system contains; mastering commands and menu structures; using appropriate kinds of search terms; and choosing among systems to meeet information needs effectively. These issues should be addressed by bibliographic instruction librarians and others who develop instructional units for access to systems on the Internet.
Ultrastructural circuitry of cardiorespiratory reflexes: there is a monosynaptic path between the nucleus of the solitary tract and vagal preganglionic motoneurons controlling atrioventricular conduction in the cat

We have tested the hypothesis: (1) that presumptive negative dromotropic vagal preganglionic neurons in the ventrolateral nucleus ambiguus (NA-VL) can be selectively labelled from the heart, by injecting one of two fluorescent tracers into the two intracardiac ganglia which independently control sino-atrial (SA) rate or atrioventricular (AV) conduction; i.e., the SA and AV ganglia, respectively. The NA-VL was examined for the presence of single and/or double labelled cells. Over 91% of vagal preganglionic neurons in the NA-VL projecting to either intracardiac ganglion did not project to the second ganglion. Consequently, we also tested the hypothesis: (2) that there is a monosynaptic connection between neurons of the medial, and/or dorsolateral nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), rostral to obex, and negative dromotropic neurons in the NA-VL. An anterograde tracer was injected into the NTS, and a retrograde tracer into the AV ganglion. The anterograde marker was found in both myelinated and unmyelinated axons in the NA-VL, as well as in nerve terminals. Axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synapses were detected between terminals labelled from the NTS, and retrogradely labelled negative dromotropic neurons in the NA-VL. This is the first ultrastructural demonstration of a monosynaptic pathway between neurons in the NTS and functionally associated (negative dromotropic) cardioinhibitory neurons. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the neuroanatomical circuitry mediating the vagal baroreflex control of AV conduction may be composed of as few as four neurons in series, although interneurons may also be interposed within the NTS.
Enhancing Structural Damage Identification Robustness to Noise and Damping With Integrated Bistable and Adaptive Piezoelectric Circuitry

The accurate and reliable identification of damage in modern engineered structures is essential for timely corrective measures. Vibration-based damage prediction has been studied extensively by virtue of its global damage detection ability and simplicity in practical implementation. However, due to noise and damping influences, the accuracy of this method is inhibited when direct peak detection (DPD) is utilized to determine resonant frequency shifts. This research investigates an alternative method to detect frequency shifts caused by structural damage based on the utilization of strongly nonlinear bifurcation phenomena in bistable electrical circuits coupled with piezoelectric transducers integrated with the structure. It is shown that frequency shift predictions by the proposed approach are significantly less susceptible to error than DPD when realistic noise and damping levels distort the shifting resonance peaks. As implemented alongside adaptive piezoelectric circuitry with tunable inductance, the new method yields damage location and severity identification that is significantly more robust and accurate than results obtained following the DPD approach.
Stem Cells in the Hair Follicle and Interfollicular Epidermis of Mice following Topical Application of Fluocinolone Acetonide

One of the major adverse reactions to chronic treatment with glucocorticoids is cutaneous atrophy followed by resistance to continued treatment. Chebotaev et al. report that keratinocytes from both the hair follicle bulge and interfollicular epidermis of mice express the glucocorticoid receptor. Unexpectedly, however, bulge keratinocytes appeared to develop resistance more slowly than interfollicular keratinocytes, and appeared not to contribute to the repair of the atrophic epithelium.
Cardiovascular effects of 1 year of progressive endurance exercise training in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Background Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a disease of the elderly with cardiovascular stiffening and reduced exercise capacity. Exercise training appears to improve exercise capacity and cardiovascular function in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. However, it is unclear whether exercise training could improve cardiovascular stiffness, exercise capacity, and ventricular-arterial coupling in HFpEF. Methods Eleven HFpEF patients and 13 healthy controls underwent invasive measurements with right heart catheterization to define Starling and left ventricular (LV) pressure-volume curves; secondary functional outcomes included Doppler echocardiography, arterial stiffness, cardiopulmonary exercise testing with cardiac output measurement, and ventricular-arterial coupling assessed by the dynamic Starling mechanism. Seven of 11 HFpEF patients (74.9 ± 6 years; 3 men/4 women) completed 1 year of endurance training followed by repeat measurements. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressures and LV end-diastolic volumes were measured at baseline during decreased and increased cardiac filling. LV compliance was assessed by the slope of the pressure-volume curve. Beat-to-beat LV end-diastolic pressure (estimated from pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure) and stroke volume index were obtained, and spectral transfer function analysis was used to assess the dynamic Starling mechanism. Results Before training, HFpEF patients had reduced exercise capacity, distensibility and dynamic Starling mechanism but similar LV compliance and end-diastolic volumes compared to controls albeit with elevated filling pressure and increased wall stress. One year of training had little effect on LV compliance and volumes, arterial stiffness, exercise capacity or ventricular-arterial coupling. Conclusion Contrary to our hypothesis, 1 year of endurance training failed to impart favorable effects on cardiovascular stiffness or function in HFpEF.
VEGF-ASSOCIATED TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITION INCREASES THE TUMOR RESPONSE TO SINGLE AND FRACTIONATED DOSE RADIOTHERAPY

Purpose In this study, the efficacy of combining ZD6474 (Zactima), a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2–associated tyrosine kinase inhibitor currently undergoing Phase II clinical trial evaluation, with single and fractionated dose radiation exposures was examined in a human colorectal carcinoma model (HT29). Methods and Materials HT29 xenograft–bearing mice were treated with either single-dose (10 Gy) or multifraction (2 Gy/day for 2 weeks) radiotherapy alone or in conjunction with a 2-week course of ZD6474 (25 mg/kg). In the single-dose investigation, ZD6474 treatment followed radiotherapy, whereas in the fractionated dose studies the antiangiogenic therapy was given before, after, or concurrent with the radiation. Tumor response was determined by tumor growth delay. Results ZD6474 increased the response of HT29 xenografts to both single and fractionated dose radiotherapy. In the fractionation studies sequencing of therapies had little impact on treatment outcomes; the time for the median tumors in each of the treatment groups to grow to five times the starting size was 53, 53.5, and 49 days, respectively. Conclusions These studies indicate that ZD6474, when used in conjunction with radiation therapy, has a clear therapeutic advantage, providing a rationale for considering the combination of this agent with radiotherapy in the clinic.
Organizing posterior fossa hematomas simulating developmental cysts on prenatal imaging: report of 3 cases.

Objective We encountered 3 organizing tentorial hematomas simulating posterior fossa lesions such as Dandy-Walker, dermoid, or arachnoid cysts. We sought to correlate the clinical and pathologic features that allow distinction of developmental cysts from hematomas in the posterior fossa on imaging. METHODS. Prenatal sonograms in all fetuses and fetal magnetic resonance scans in 2 of the 3 were reviewed. One case proceeding to term had serial imaging up to age 11 months. Two cases had complete neuropathologic evaluation after termination. Maternal records were reviewed. Results In each case, the ultrasonographic findings were reminiscent of a developmental cyst but with echogenic debris, a rim, or both. Magnetic resonance imaging suggested tentorial hemorrhage in 2, 1 also with falcine hemorrhage. Serial prenatal and postnatal imaging showed resolution in the surviving case. Pathologically, 2 fetuses had organizing tentorial hematomas causing brain displacement. Calcifications, white matter damage, germinal matrix hemorrhage, and brain stem necrosis were also present. One mother had von Willebrand disease. Conclusions Tentorial hematomas, with or without maternal coagulopathy, should be considered in the prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of cystlike posterior fossa abnormalities containing echogenic material. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging can suggest blood products. Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage may be concurrent; however, resolution of the hematoma, with no apparent neurologic sequelae, can occur.
No age-related decrease in frequency of heterozygotes for the HFE C282Y haemochromatosis mutation.

To the Editor: In their article “Haemochromatosis-associated HFE genotypes in English blood donors: age-related frequency and biochemical expression,” Chambers et al. noted that their study involved the largest number of males apart from our own study of a health appraisal clinic population in California [1]. Their report is consistent with many of our findings regarding C282Y homozygotes, including the incomplete biochemical expression in terms of elevated serum iron indices and the lack of attrition with age [2,3]. However, one of their main results—the falling prevalence of C282Y heterozygosity with increasing age—is not consistent with our findings. We observed no such decrease in either Caucasian men or women among subjects with C282Y heterozygous genotype (Table 1). In fact, we have reported this previously using different age intervals [4]. In the final paragraph of the Discussion, the authors speculate that the high prevalence of the HFE mutations in Caucasian populations may be due to protection against iron deficiency and that this survival advantage may be overridden in older ages due to a possible association with cardiovascular disease. Results from our study provide evidence that neither of these potential effects is likely to have a significant impact on survival. Female carriers of the C282Y mutation in our study were protected against nonanaemic iron deficiency, but had the same levels of frank iron deficiency anemia as non-carriers [5]. Coronary heart disease was not significantly increased among C282Y carriers compared to wildtype controls [6].
Regulating On-Line Peer-to-Peer Lending in the Aftermath of Dodd-Frank: In Search of an Evolving Regulatory Regime for an Evolving Industry

The 2010 Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act called for a government study of the regulatory options for on-line Peer-to-Peer lending. On-line P2P sites, most notably for-profit sites Prosper.com and LendingClub.com, offer individual “investors” the chance to lend funds to individual “borrowers.” The sites promise lower interest rates for borrowers and high rates of return for investors. In addition to the media attention such sites have generated, they also raise significant regulatory concerns on both the state and federal level. The Government Accountability Office report produced in response to the Dodd-Frank Act failed to make a strong recommendation between two primary regulatory options – a multi-faceted regulatory approach in which different federal and state agencies would exercise authority over different aspects of on-line P2P lending, or a single-regulator approach, in which a single agency (most likely the new Consumer Financial Protection Bureau) would be given total regulatory control over on-line P2P lending. After discussing the origins of on-line P2P lending, its particular risks, and its place in the broader context of non-commercial lending, this paper argues in favor of a multi-agency regulatory approach for on-line P2P that mirrors the approach used to regulate traditional lending.
Retinoic acid signaling and neuronal differentiation

The identification of neurological symptoms caused by vitamin A deficiency pointed to a critical, early developmental role of vitamin A and its metabolite, retinoic acid (RA). The ability of RA to induce post-mitotic, neural phenotypes in various stem cells, in vitro, served as early evidence that RA is involved in the switch between proliferation and differentiation. In vivo studies have expanded this "opposing signal" model, and the number of primary neurons an embryo develops is now known to depend critically on the levels and spatial distribution of RA. The proneural and neurogenic transcription factors that control the exit of neural progenitors from the cell cycle and allow primary neurons to develop are partly elucidated, but the downstream effectors of RA receptor (RAR) signaling (many of which are putative cell cycle regulators) remain largely unidentified. The molecular mechanisms underlying RA-induced primary neurogenesis in anamniote embryos are starting to be revealed; however, these data have been not been extended to amniote embryos. There is growing evidence that bona fide RARs are found in some mollusks and other invertebrates, but little is known about their necessity or functions in neurogenesis. One normal function of RA is to regulate the cell cycle to halt proliferation, and loss of RA signaling is associated with dedifferentiation and the development of cancer. Identifying the genes and pathways that mediate cell cycle exit downstream of RA will be critical for our understanding of how to target tumor differentiation. Overall, elucidating the molecular details of RAR-regulated neurogenesis will be decisive for developing and understanding neural proliferation-differentiation switches throughout development.
Injector particle simulation and beam transport in a compact linear proton accelerator

A compact dielectric wall accelerator (DWA)[1,2,3], with field gradient up to 100 MW/m is being developed to accelerate proton bunches for use in cancer therapy treatment. The injector must create a proton pulse up to several hundred picoseconds, which is then shaped and accelerated with energies up to 250 MeV. The particle-in- cell (PIC) code LSP is used to model several aspects of this design. First, we use LSP to obtain the voltage waveform in the A-K gap that will produce a proton bunch with the requisite charge. We then model pulse compression and shaping in the section between the A-K gap and the DWA. We finally use LSP to model the beam transport through the DWA.
A framework of characteristics applicable to graphical user-computer interaction

Although the primary beneficiary of interactive computer graphics systems is supposedly the human user, the latter has normally been forced to adapt to the former. Instead, the graphical user-computer interface should be deliberately tailored to accomodate, complement and supplement the user. This can be achieved by designing hardware and software devices and tools to be responsive to the user mental processes and preferences involving cognition and affecting behavior. But efforts at systematic identification and validation of the significant user-required or user-expected characteristics have been rare. This paper gives an overview of the background, presents a framework of characteristics, suggests a differentiation of stages of user-computer interaction, and, finally, discusses some related methodological problems.
The Volcker–Greenspan–Bernanke Phillips Curve

This article addresses the issue of Phillips Curve stability between different Federal Reserve (Fed) chairmen, from the time Paul Volcker took office in the late 1970s all the way up until 2010 under the leadership of Ben Bernanke. Phillips Curves are estimated both across and within the regimes of Volcker, Greenspan and Bernanke, and thereafter we also check for the existence of potential structural breaks. The results suggest that the Phillips Curve is very much a robust macroeconomic relationship: not only across time, but across Fed chairmen as well.
Characterizing the zebrafish organizer: microsurgical analysis at the early-shield stage

The appearance of the embryonic shield, a slight thickening at the leading edge of the blastoderm during the formation of the germ ring, is one of the first signs of dorsoventral polarity in the zebrafish embryo. It has been proposed that the shield plays a role in fish embryo patterning similar to that attributed to the amphibian dorsal lip. In a recent study, we fate mapped many of the cells in the region of the forming embryonic shield, and found that neural and mesodermal progenitors are intermingled (Shih, J. and Fraser, S.E. (1995) Development 121, 2755–2765), in contrast to the coherent region of mesodermal progenitors found at the amphibian dorsal lip. Here, we examine the fate and the inductive potential of the embryonic shield to determine if the intermingling reflects a different mode of embryonic patterning than that found in amphibians. Using the microsurgical techniques commonly used in amphibian and avian experimental embryology, we either grafted or deleted the region of the embryonic shield. Homotopic grafting experiments confirmed the fates of cells within the embryonic shield region, showing descendants in the hatching gland, head mesoderm, notochord, somitic mesoderm, endoderm and ventral aspect of the neuraxis. Heterotopic grafting experiments demonstrated that the embryonic shield can organize a second embryonic axis; however, contrary to our expectations based on amphibian research, the graft contributes extensively to the ectopic neuraxis. Microsurgical deletion of the embryonic shield region at the onset of germ ring formation has little effect on neural development: embryos with a well-formed and well-patterned neuraxis develop in the complete absence of notochord cells. While these results show that the embryonic shield is sufficient for ectopic axis formation, they also raise questions concerning the necessity of the shield region for neural induction and embryonic patterning after the formation of the germ ring.
Emerging and Reemerging Neglected Tropical Diseases: a Review of Key Characteristics, Risk Factors, and the Policy and Innovation Environment

In global health, critical challenges have arisen from infectious diseases, including the emergence and reemergence of old and new infectious diseases. Emergence and reemergence are accelerated by rapid human development, including numerous changes in demographics, populations, and the environment. This has also led to zoonoses in the changing human-animal ecosystem, which are impacted by a growing globalized society where pathogens do not recognize geopolitical borders. Within this context, neglected tropical infectious diseases have historically lacked adequate attention in international public health efforts, leading to insufficient prevention and treatment options. This subset of 17 infectious tropical diseases disproportionately impacts the world's poorest, represents a significant and underappreciated global disease burden, and is a major barrier to development efforts to alleviate poverty and improve human health. Neglected tropical diseases that are also categorized as emerging or reemerging infectious diseases are an even more serious threat and have not been adequately examined or discussed in terms of their unique risk characteristics. This review sets out to identify emerging and reemerging neglected tropical diseases and explore the policy and innovation environment that could hamper or enable control efforts. Through this examination, we hope to raise awareness and guide potential approaches to addressing this global health concern.
The 0+ → 0+ beta transition of 188W☆

Abstract A s-transition with a log ft value of 9.9 has been observed between the 188 W 0 + ground state and a 0 + state at 207.9 keV in 188 Re. This highly forbidden Fermi transition can be quantitatively interpreted in terms of the mixing of the isobaric analog state of the 188 W ground state into the 188 Re ⦅π 9− 2 [514↑] − ν 9− 2 [505↓]⦆0 + state.
In Silico Protein Fragmentation Reveals the Importance of Critical Nuclei on Domain Reassembly

Protein complementation assays (PCAs) based on split protein fragments have become powerful tools that facilitate the study and engineering of intracellular protein-protein interactions. These assays are based on the observation that a given protein can be split into two inactive fragments and these fragments can reassemble into the original properly folded and functional structure. However, one experimentally observed limitation of PCA systems is that the folding of a protein from its fragments is dramatically slower relative to that of the unsplit parent protein. This is due in part to a poor understanding of how PCA design parameters such as split site position in the primary sequence and size of the resulting fragments contribute to the efficiency of protein reassembly. We used a minimalist on-lattice model to analyze how the dynamics of the reassembly process for two model proteins was affected by the location of the split site. Our results demonstrate that the balanced distribution of the “folding nucleus,” a subset of residues that are critical to the formation of the transition state leading to productive folding, between protein fragments is key to their reassembly.
Surgical Management of Head and Neck Vascular Malformations

Head and neck vascular malformations (HNVM) arise from different types of vessels. All can adversely affect function, depending on their size and location. A primary concern is preserving or restoring normal breathing, vision, speech, and eating. After the impact of the HNVM on function has been determined, an accurate diagnosis of the lesion must be obtained with history, exam, and imaging studies; occasionally, a biopsy is necessary to solidify the diagnosis. Once the diagnosis is established, a variety of intradisciplinary treatment modalities are necessary for HNVM management, as often HNVM can be recalcitrant to cure. Paramount in any treatment is the need to preserve function and not induce further morbidity (i.e., motor nerve injury, scarring, stenosis, etc.). In general, localized HNVM can be treated successfully, whereas more extensive lesions need long-term management.
Effects of alcohol intake on resting energy expenditure in young women social drinkers

This investigation evaluated the effects of alcohol consumption, controlled for the energy in alcohol and chronic effects of smoking, on resting energy expenditure (REE) in college-aged social drinkers. Sixteen women who both smoked and drank alcohol were administered, on 4 separate days in a counterbalanced order, 1) cigarettes alone, 2) alcohol alone, 3) alcohol plus cigarettes, or 4) cigarettes with an energetic control. Each session consisted of a 25-min REE baseline, treatment in a randomly assigned order, and a 105-min assessment of REE. Analysis indicated that alcohol significantly (P < 0.05) increased REE for up to 95 min after ingestion [increases of 29.6-68.4 kJ (124-287 kcal)/24 h], increases that could not be accounted for by the energy content of the drink alone. Smoking and alcohol together also raised REE above baseline but not more than alcohol alone. It was concluded that alcohol intake raises REE, potentially explaining why alcohol interferes with energy utilization. Potential implications for alcohol intake, nutrition, and weight loss are presented.
Understanding thought disorder in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders : exploring the relation and implications of affect.

The significance of affect in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders has received considerable support, including its role in cognitive processing and executive function. Findings examining affect and cognition in schizophrenia appear to parallel findings with healthy controls: positive affect contributes to broad, top-down processing and negative affect leads to narrow, bottom-up processing. This dissertation extends this exploration to the study of affect and its role in thought disorder, a core, and yet enigmatic feature of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. This dissertation examines the role of affective intensity and valence in thought disorder severity. Self-reported affective intensity and valence were assessed with the PANAS, and thought disorder severity was evaluated by scoring Rorschach protocols using the Thought Disorder Inventory. The dissertation has two hypotheses: (1) affective intensity is a more significant factor than affective valence in predicting the severity of thought disorder in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, and (2) positive affect is related to categories that reflect broader, more associative processing, while negative affect is related to categories that reflect narrowed processing. Both hypotheses were supported. Affective intensity significantly predicted thought disorder severity and was a better predictor, overall, then affective valence. Furthermore, positive and negative affect were related to indicators of broad versus narrow processing, respectively. Self-reported negative affect emerged as a particularly salient variable in thought disorder severity and presentation. The current findings have implications for our understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought disorder severity in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, and the significance of affective experience in this spectrum of illness.
Towards 4D+ imaging

High-repetition rate solid-state lasers and CMOS camera technology allow simultaneous multi-dimensional measurements of scalar distributions and velocity fields at rates higher than 10 kHz. Extensions to three spatial dimensions are within reach.
Case Study: Ted Bundy, an Offender-Based Comparison of Murder Typologies

The case study of Theodore Bundy compares his personal characteristics and criminal behavior with the contemporary violent sexual murder typologies. The Theodore (Ted) Bundy case study exemplifies violent sexual homicide offense characteristics. The case study will illustrate that Ted Bundy, as a single case, is the prototypical violent sexual murderer. Moreover, the Ted Bundy case study provides a unique validation of violent sexual homicide classification theories by presenting a best fit in the classifications described as predatory.
Study on Extraction Process of Total Flavonoids from Dewaxed Propolis with Ethanol by Warm-immersion

Objective:To determine the optimum extraction process of total flavonoids from dewaxed propolis with ethanol by warm-immersion. Method:Removed bee wax with water from raw propolis before extraction. With total flavonoids yield as index,based on the single factors test,orthogonal experiment was performed so as to optimize the extraction parameters. Result:The optimum extraction process of total flavonoids from dewaxed propolis with ethanol by warm-immersion was as follows:cold leaching for 1 h,ethanol concentration 80% ,solid-liquid ratio 1 ∶ 12,extracting for 1 h,extracting temperature at 60 ℃ ,extracting for 2 times. Conclusion:The optimum extraction process was achieved,which is stable,feasible,energy-saving,short production cycle,high extraction efficiency,suitable for industrialization.
Vocational education reform language on Viewpoints

For Vocational language teaching reform,and quite a lot of views in recent years.The author of this article solely on the basis of their teaching practice,To focus on two aspects of how to reform language teaching,and explains to improve the quality of teaching Vocational language.
Stochastic planning and lifted inference

The paper argues that (1) stochastic planning should be used as a core problem domain for relational probabilistic models providing problems of interest that are challenging for current approaches and significant scope for extending their capabilities, (2) that symbolic dynamic programming solving such problems can be seen as a prime example of lifted inference in relational probabilistic problems, (3) that first order decision diagrams provide a useful tool to drive such lifted computations, and (4) that the resulting lifted inference is qualitatively different from what other approaches are providing. As a result, this relationship can be studied to the benefit of developing foundations for relational probabilistic models and to the benefit of stochastic planning.
Sustained hypertension, palpitations and Nephrolithiasis in a 34-year-old man

Pheochromocytome extrasurrenalien paracave droit et lithiase renale droite (oxalate de calcium monohydrate)
TH-EF-BRB-08: Robotic Motion Compensation for Radiation Therapy: A 6DOF Phantom Study.

Purpose: The high accuracy of frame-based stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), which uses a rigid frame fixed to the patient's skull, is offset by potential drawbacks of poor patient compliance and clinical workflow restrictions. Recent research into frameless SRS has so far resulted in reduced accuracy. In this study, we investigate the use of a novel 6 degree-of-freedom (6DOF) robotic head motion cancellation system that continuously detects and compensates for patient head motions during a SRS delivery. This approach has the potential to reduce invasiveness while still achieving accuracies better or equal to traditional frame-based SRS. Methods: A 6DOF parallel kinematics robotics stage was constructed, and controlled using an inverse kinematics-based motion compensation algorithm. A 6DOF stereoscopic infrared (IR) marker tracking system was used to monitor real-time motions at sub-millimeter and sub-degree levels. A novel 6DOF calibration technique was first applied to properly orient the camera coordinate frame to match that of the LINAC and robotic control frames. Simulated head motions were measured by the system, and the robotic stage responded to these 6DOF motions automatically, returning the reflective marker coordinate frame to its original position. Results: After the motions were introduced to the system in the phantom-based study, the robotic stage automatically and rapidly returned the phantom to LINAC isocenter. When errors exceeded the compensation lower threshold of 0.25 mm or 0.25 degrees, the system registered the 6DOF error and generated a cancellation trajectory. The system responded in less than 0.5 seconds and returned all axes to less than 0.1 mm and 0.1 degree after the 6DOF compensation was performed. Conclusion: The 6DOF real-time motion cancellation system was found to be effective at compensating for translational and rotational motions to current SRS requirements. This system can improve frameless SRS by automatically returning patients to isocenter with high 6DOF accuracy.
CO 2 Storage in Coalbeds: CO 2 /N 2 Injection and Outcrop Seepage Modeling

Methane (CH 4 ) production from coalbeds can be enhanced by injection of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrogen (N 2 ), or a mixture of both (flue gas) to accelerate methane production at sustained or increased pressures. Coal has the capacity to adsorb considerably more CO 2 than either methane or nitrogen. However, the actual field performance of enhanced methane recovery processes, wherein CO 2 is concurrently stored, is largely dictated by how effectively injected gases contact and interact with coalbeds over the active project lifetime. The injected N 2 may only contact a small portion of the total available pay, which was evidenced by the spinner surveys conducted in some of the N 2 injectors. As a possible explanation, the elevated pressure affected by N2 injection may expand the coal fractures on the preferential permeability trends. Simulation prediction of CO 2 -N 2 mixed gas injections was performed following the history matching in the pilot area. Methane seepage has already been observed from many locations along the north and west Fruitland outcrops in the San Juan Basin. The concern is that injected CO 2 could likely follow the methane seepage paths and leak from the outcrops. Based on the geological setting of the Fruitland coal outcrop, a representative seepage model was used to simulate the effects of CO 2 contact volume in coal and the injection distance from the outcrop on methane and CO 2 seepage. Under certain conditions, simulation predicted that a large volume of methane and CO 2 breakthrough could occur if the CO 2 injection wells are placed too close to the outcrop.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE RESEARCH PRODUCTIVITY OF MARKETING FACULTY AT NEWLY MINTED AACSB SCHOOLS

Discussions of the validity and desire for AACSB accreditation generally become discussions of the seeming dichotomies of teaching and research. As a rule, the conversations are teaching vs. resear...
Are We There Yet? How Redundant and Equivalent Mutants Affect Determination of Test Completeness

Mutation score has long been used in research as a metric to measure the effectiveness of testing strategies. This paper presents evidence that mutation score lacks the desired accuracy to determine the completeness of a test suite due to noise introduced by the redundancy inherent in traditional mutation, and that dominator mutation score is a superior metric for this purpose. We evaluate the impact of different levels of redundant and equivalent mutants on mutation score and the ability to determine completeness in developing a mutation-adequate test suite. We conclude that, in the context of our model, redundant mutants make it very difficult to accurately assess test completeness. Equivalent mutants, on the other hand, have little effect on determining completeness. Based on this information, we suggest limits to redundancy and equivalency that mutation tools must achieve to be practical for general use in software testing.
Public Choice and Agriculture: An American Example

In the United States, agricultural politics were very much in the news in 1989. There were the intense negotiations in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); the $40+ billion appropriations bill for the nation’s farm and food programmes; the $900 million farmer reimbursement package for crop losses due to drought, floods — all have kept the agricultural situation in the forefront of the communications media. Because of this and other related events, a paper on ‘public choice and agriculture’ appears very appropriate at this time. We shall first examine the theory then proceed to examples which appear to substantiate the general thesis.
SINGLE DOSE OF BISPHOSPHONATE TO TREAT INFANTILE HYPERCALCEMIA

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe a case of subcutaneous fat necrosis (SCFN) treated with a single dose of bisphosphonate. Methods: We present the clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings in an infant with severe hypercalcemia secondary to SCFN and the unique treatment course, as well as a review of relevant literature. Results: A term neonate with history of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy status post therapeutic cooling was referred for severe hypercalcemia. At 2 weeks of life, he developed pink, indurated confluent plaques on his back and posterior upper arms, consistent with SCFN. Laboratory data showed a calcium level of 17.6 mg/dL and ionized calcium of 8.98 mg/dL. Parathyroid hormone was adequately suppressed at <3 pg/mL. Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was elevated at 106 pg/mL and 25-hydroxyvitamin D appropriate at 31 ng/mL. Hypercalcemia persisted at 14.5 mg/dL despite aggressive hydration and furosemide, and the infant developed tachypnea. Pamidronate 0.5 mg/kg was given once and calcium decli...
H-band SiGe frequency multiplier chain with 4 dBm output power

An H-Band ×4 frequency multiplier chain implemented in an advanced 90 nm SiGe BiCMOS technology is presented. The chain achieves a peak output power of 4 dBm and consists of D-Band doubler followed by D-Band power amplifier which drives an H-Band doubler. It operates from 202 GHz to 247 GHz (3 dB power bandwidth) with 2 dBm input power at V-Band and consumes a total DC power of 250 mW. This paper also discusses the measured results of all standalone components, comprising the multiplier chain which was designed and fabricated for active imaging applications.
Chapter 4 Multitasking by Exploitation of Intracellular Transport Functions: The Many Faces of FcRn

The MHC Class I-related receptor, FcRn, transports antibodies of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class within and across a diverse array of different cell types. Through this transport, FcRn serves multiple roles throughout adult life that extend well beyond its earlier defined function of transcytosing IgGs from mother to offspring. These roles include the maintenance of IgG levels and the delivery of antigen in the form of immune complexes to degradative compartments within cells. Recent studies have led to significant advances in knowledge of the intracellular trafficking of FcRn and (engineered) IgGs at both the molecular and cellular levels. The engineering of FcRn–IgG (or Fc) interactions to generate antibodies of increased longevity represents an area of active interest, particularly in the light of the expanding use of antibodies in therapy. The strict pH dependence of FcRn–IgG interactions, with binding at pH 6 that becomes essentially undetectable as near neutral pH is approached, is essential for efficient transport. The requirement for retention of low affinity at near neutral pH increases the complexity of engineering antibodies for increased half-life. Conversely, engineered IgGs that have gained significant binding for FcRn at this pH can be potent inhibitors of FcRn that lower endogenous IgG levels and have multiple potential uses as therapeutics. In addition, molecular studies of FcRn–IgG interactions indicate that mice have limitations as preclinical models for FcRn function, primarily due to cross-species differences in FcRn-binding specificity.