cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Red, White, And...Orange? A New Look into an Old Wine (P20-007-19).

Orange wine is essentially white wine that is produced similarly to red wines, with skin-contact during maceration. Various polyphenols found in red wine may be contributing to the observed benefits on heart health. The objective is to identify if grape skin contact gives orange wine similar antioxidant properties as red wine, by comparing total polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of red, white, and orange wines. Fifteen wine samples were analyzed in triplicates (4 red, 8 orange and 3 white wines). A set of orange, red and white wines from the same wineries and vintages were purchased and analyzed. Analysis consisted of total polyphenols, total antioxidant capacity, and color. Total polyphenols were measured using the Folin Ciocalteu method (gallic acid equivalent per liter (GA/L)), total antioxidant capacity was measured using the ORAC method (micromol of Trolox equivalent per mililiter (µmol TE/ml)) and color was measured using a colorimeter (Lab color scale). Total polyphenol content in orange wines (1259.2 + 138.9 mg GA/L) was 0.6 times of red wines (2239.4 + 156.9 mg GA/L) and 4.6 times higher than white wines (273.9 + 11.8 mg GA/L). Similarly, the antioxidant capacity of orange wine (12.2 + 1.9 µmol TE/ml) was 0.6 times of red wines (20.9 + 2.7 µmol TE/ml) and 2.3 times higher than white wines (4.9 + 0.9 µmol TE/ml). Differences in total polyphenols and antioxidant capacity between types of wines were significantly different (ANOVA, α = 0.05). Color of orange wines had great variability, ranging from pale to deep orange and confirmed by the wide range of a and b color values (0.3 to 2.9 and 13.3 to 25.5 respectively). Many factors can contribute to this variation, including grape variety, winery, methods of production and storage; only two countries have a legal definition of orange wine or skin-contact white wine, thus adding additional variability. This allows for understanding of the characteristics of orange wines, which may have a beneficial effect on heart health and how it compares with other wine styles. California State University, Northridge.
A Primer on Reliability via Coefficient Alpha and Omega

Reliability is an important property to established for a measurement instrument. There are several types of reliabilities and each with its own purposes. However, whether warranted or not, internal consistency via coefficient alpha has been the standard for establishing the reliability of a measurement instrument for over 60 years. During this time, coefficient omega was proposed as an alternative, but has remained obscured. Nonetheless, neither coefficient has been further developed since their inception until recent years. A clearer discussion of the three classical true score model forms and their relationship to reliability, computational methods, and the asymptotic distribution of coefficient alpha provided the foundation for fruitful confidence interval research for each coefficient. In this respect, the normal theory bootstrap CI is the most optimal for both coefficients. Even so, there is still more promising research to pursue.
Photoemission Studies of Oxide Superconductors

High-resolution, angle-resolved photoemission has proven to be a powerful technique for detailed studies of states at and near the Fermi level. This contribution will review the current status of our experimental knowledge of one system. Current questions and directions of future studies will be indicated.
Topological nanophotonics and artificial neural networks

We propose the use of artificial neural networks to design and characterize photonic topological insulators. As a hallmark, the band structures of these systems show the key feature of the emergence of edge states, with energies lying within the energy gap of the bulk materials and localized at the boundary between regions of distinct topological invariants. We consider different structures such as one-dimensional photonic crystals, [Formula: see text]-symmetric chains and cylindrical systems and show how, through a machine learning application, one can identify the parameters of a complex topological insulator to obtain protected edge states at target frequencies. We show how artificial neural networks can be used to solve the long-standing quest for a solution to inverse problems solution and apply this to the cutting edge topic of topological nanophotonics.
What are the echocardiographic findings of acute right ventricular strain that suggest pulmonary embolism

Abstract Introduction Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a potentially fatal disease encountered in the hospital setting. Prompt diagnosis and management can improve outcomes and survival. Unfortunately, a PE may be difficult to diagnose in a timely manner. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) can assist in the evaluation for suspected PE by assessing for acute right ventricular strain. Physicians should thus be aware of these echocardiographic findings. Objective This manuscript will review ten echocardiographic findings of right ventricular strain that may suggest a diagnosis of PE. It will provide a description of each finding along with the associated pathophysiology. It will also summarize the literature for the diagnostic utility of echocardiography for this indication, while providing reference parameters where applicable. Along with labeled images and video clips, the review will then illustrate how to evaluate for each of the ten findings, while offering pearls and pitfalls in this bedside evaluation. Discussion The ten echocardiographic findings of right ventricular strain are: increased right ventricle: left ventricle size ratio, abnormal septal motion, McConnell’s sign, tricuspid regurgitation, elevated pulmonary artery systolic pressure, decreased tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, decreased S’, pulmonary artery mid-systolic notching, 60/60 sign, and speckle tracking demonstrating decreased right ventricular free wall strain. Conclusions Physicians must recognize and understand the echocardiographic findings and associated pathophysiology of right ventricular strain. In the proper clinical context, these findings can point toward a diagnosis of PE and thereby lead to earlier initiation of directed management.
Quantifying the incidence of clinically significant respiratory depression in women with and without obesity class III receiving neuraxial morphine for post-cesarean analgesia: a retrospective cohort study

Abstract Background Obesity is a suspected risk factor for respiratory depression following neuraxial morphine for post-cesarean analgesia, however monitoring guidelines for obese obstetric patients are based on small, limited studies. We tested the hypothesis that clinically significant respiratory depression following neuraxial morphine occurs more commonly in women with body mass index (BMI) ≥40 kg/m2 compared with BMI Methods We conducted a single-center, retrospective chart review (2006–2017) of obstetric patients with clinically significant respiratory depression following neuraxial morphine, defined as: (1) opioid antagonist administration; (2) rapid response team activation (initiated in April 2010); or (3) tracheal intubation due to a respiratory event. The incidence of respiratory depression was compared between women with BMI ≥40 kg/m2 and BMI Results In total, 11 327 women received neuraxial morphine (n=1945 BMI ≥40 kg/m2; n=9382 BMI Conclusions Respiratory depression in this population is rare. A larger sample (∼75 000) is required to determine whether the incidence is higher with BMI ≥40 kg/m2. Tracheal intubation was higher among the BMI ≥40 kg/m2 cohort, likely due to more comorbidities.
“You Want to Get Us Involved More”: Authorizing Student Voice in a Dance Setting

Authorizing student voice to examine what facilitates motivation, interests, and learning has shown potential for supporting students in taking ownership of their educational contexts. This study w...
Effects of quinolone and poloxamer otic suspension on rat tympanic membranes.

Abstract Objectives Commercial quinolone ear drops (0.3%) delivered twice daily for 10 days cause tympanic membrane perforations (TMPs) in rats. We aimed to evaluate if a single application of 6% quinolone in poloxamer causes TMPs in rats. Methods Rats were randomized to 5 groups (10/group), with one ear receiving a single otic instillation of 16% poloxamer 407 or 188 (as found in a commercial otic preparation and a wound dressing), or ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, or neomycin at 6% in suspension with 16% poloxamer 407. The contralateral ear received saline. Rats were assessed over 42 days. Results No TMPs were seen in ears treated with saline, poloxamer 407 or 188, or in ears treated with ofloxacin-, ciprofloxacin-, or neomycin-poloxamer suspension. White precipitates were observed on the canal or tympanic membrane of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin-treated ears. Precipitates were more common in ciprofloxacin-treated ears until day 10 (p Conclusions Quinolone in poloxamer otic preparations may be a safer therapeutic alternative to conventional quinolone ear drops in ears with intact TMs, particularly those felt to be at risk for developing TMPs.
Arthroscopic Management of Meniscal Cysts: A Systematic Review.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to systematically review the outcomes of arthroscopic management of meniscal cysts and to compare the results across the reported surgical techniques. Methods Following the PRISMA methodology, 3 databases (PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) were searched from inception to June 2021 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies reporting outcomes on patients with meniscal cysts who underwent arthroscopic surgery. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) was used to evaluate the study quality. Results Eighteen studies examining 753 patients (761 meniscal cysts; 92.5% in the lateral meniscus) were included. Overall, 486/736 (66.0%) patients underwent purely arthroscopic decompression, 174/736 (23.6%) received arthroscopic excision, 58/736 (7.9%) received arthroscopy assisted percutaneous drainage, and 18/736 (2.4%) received a combined procedure. The recurrence rate for meniscal cysts was 7.1% across all arthroscopic procedures; 8.3%, 3.4%, and 0% for arthroscopic decompression, arthroscopic excision, and arthroscopy assisted percutaneous drainage, respectively. A total of 79.3% of patients returned to the same level of sport and 85.7% had resolution or minimal knee symptoms after arthroscopic surgery for meniscal cysts. Patient perception of surgical outcomes after any type of arthroscopic surgery for meniscal cysts was reported by 5 studies, with 189/203 (93.1%) reporting satisfaction with their surgical procedure. Conclusion Based on current evidence, arthroscopic management of meniscal cysts yields satisfactory patient outcomes, low cyst recurrence rates and high return to sport rates regardless of the surgical technique. Rates of cyst recurrence were relatively higher with arthroscopic decompression versus excision and percutaneous drainage; however, prospective studies using modern surgical techniques are necessary to better evaluate the surgical outcomes and to compare those with nonoperative modalities, given that a significant proportion of the included articles in this review were relatively outdated. Level of Evidence Systematic review of level II and IV studies.
The Potentially Lethal Problem of Cardiac Candidosis

Candidosis was recognized retrospectively in the hearts of 20 of 8,975 patients (0.2%) who had complete postmortem examinations done in Central Kentucky and South Florida. This mycosis, characterized by myocardial microabscesses with yeasts and pseudohyphal elements in 18 patients, was the most common fungal cardiac infection. Noncaseating granulomas were seen in only one patient. Infective endocarditis due to Candida species was found in seven individuals and involved the mitral valve most frequently. The 20 infected persons varied in age from 20 days to 65 years, with a mean age of 37 years, and included 11 males and nine females. All had compromising, usually benign, underlying diseases complicated by antibiotic therapy for suspected or proven Gram-negative sepsis. Typically, these patients were extremely ill, and eight had recognized conduction disturbances including altered heart rates and rhythms. Deep candidosis was considered a major factor in every patient’s death. Experimental deep candidosis in 12 infected, adult laboratory rats was characterized by similar haphazardly scattered myocardial microabscesses with fungal elements in eight (67%). Endocarditis in the rats was not seen in this intracardiac injection model. Widespread antibiotic exposure in patients who have compromising underlying diseases portends an increasing incidence of deep candidosis, which has the potential to infect any tissue, particularly the heart, and to create cardiac arrhythmias and death.
Transporting solid particles in smooth pipelines

In homogeneous suspensions of solid particles in a fluid flow, the von Karman constant is always less than that of the pure fluid alone and decreases as the solid concentration increases. The turbulent boundary layer factor increases as the solid concentration increases. When the von Karman constant and the turbulent boundary layer factor are known, the friction loss of the two-phase homogeneous suspension flow can be predicted in any size pipe. For heterogeneous flow, Durand's empirical equation is analyzed.
Towards a practical alarm correlation system

A single fault in a telecommunication network frequently results in a number of alarms being reported to the network operator. This multitude of alarms can easily obscure the real cause of the fault. In addition, when multiple faults occur at approximately the same time, it can be difficult to determine how many faults have occurred, thus creating the possibility that some may be missed. A variety of solution approaches have been proposed in the literature, however, practically deployable, commercial solutions remain elusive. The experiences of the Network Fault and Alarm Correlator and Tester (NetFACT) project, carried out at IBM Research and described in this paper, provide some insight as to why this is the case, and what must be done to overcome the barriers encountered. Our observations are based on experimental use of the NetFACT system to process a live, continuous alarm stream from a portion of the Advantis physical backbone network, one of the largest private telecommunications networks in the world.
Chapter 17 Long-term care

Abstract This chapter summarizes recent theoretical and empirical economic research on long-term care. Long-term care differs from acute medical care in four fundamental ways. Long-term care is care for chronic illness, the nursing home industry is dominated by for-profit facilities sometimes facing excess demand, long-term care is often provided by unpaid caregivers, and little private long-term care insurance is purchased. This chapter starts with a taxonomy of long-term care, from expensive formal nursing home care to the vast provision of informal care provided in the home. The taxonomy is followed by a review of the supply of and demand for long-term care. Competition between predominantly for-profit nursing homes is an issue for industrial organization. Raising the public reimbursement rate to nursing homes paradoxically may actually lower quality. The supply of informal care, usually by daughters, is an issue for labor economics. Women who provide informal care may reduce their hours in the labor force. Private insurance for such large and uncertain health expenditures is an issue for risk and insurance. Few elderly purchase long-term care insurance, despite the high expenditure risk, for a variety of sound reasons. Savings behavior, whether for precautionary motives or bequests, is an issue for life-cycle behavior. A means-tested public insurance program combined with uncertainty about future expenditures may cause a separating equilibrium in which people either save for precautionary reasons or save nothing. Finally, a look to the future shows that demographic trends will greatly increase the number and percentage of elderly in industrialized nations. Future long-term care expenditures are not likely to be as burdensome as many fear. Although the majority of citations are from research in the United States, the issues presented here are usually pertinent to other industrialized nations.
Beyond the Ego

This paper discusses the treatment of a woman recovering from alcoholism using an integrative therapy approach. Understanding the client’s clinical profile from an insight-oriented psychoanalytic perspective and using holistic therapy techniques were the primary tools used during treatment. Breathwork, Phoenix Rising yoga therapy, journaling and letter writing proved to be most beneficial for this client, who experienced post-traumatic stress and conversion disorder.
Celebrating a Jazz Hero: A Symposium on the Role of Fred Anderson in Chicago’s Jazz Legacy

One of many events held in 2009 to mark Fred Anderson’s eightieth birthday, “Celebrating a Jazz Hero” was co-organized by Lauren Deutsch of the Jazz Institute of Chicago and Michael Orlove of the City of Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs. Six panelists joined Anderson to discuss his life and legacy before an audience at the Chicago Cultural Center. The symposium began with a brief interview of Anderson by panelist Paul Steinbeck.
Analysis of frequency selective surfaces using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method

While the method of moments (MoM) is well suited for analyzing the thin, planar, patch-type of frequency selective surface (FSS) elements, the same cannot be said for arbitrary elements that have a finite thickness, and are inhomogeneous in nature. We employ a periodic version of the finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm to analyze the effect of thickness on the frequency response of an FSS. The method is general enough to handle arbitrary elements as well.
Food-motivated performance as a function of weight loss in hypothalamic hyperphagic rats

Rats with bilateral ventromedial lesions of the hypothalamus were tested on a VI 1-min reinforcement schedule at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% weight loss, first at nonobese then at obese weight levels. During both test phases, rats with lesions of the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) did not differ significantly from the control Ss in response rates, which increased as a linear function of percentage weight loss. However, the VMN Ss’ response rates decreased significantly from the nonobese to the obese test phase.
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Bacteroides gingivalis Activate Human Peripheral Monocytes to Produce lnterleukin‐1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor

The effects of gram-negative bacteria clearly associated with juvenile and adult Periodontitis on monokine production were assessed using standard in vitro assay techniques. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Bacteroides gingivalis were able to activate human peripheral blood monocytes to produce significant amounts of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). These monokines are known to induce osteoclastic bone resorption. An oral gram-positive organism, Staphylococcus epidermidis, was able to induce only modest amounts of IL-1 and TNF, slightly above unstimulated monocyte levels.
Freeze drying of peptide drugs self-associated with long-circulating, biocompatible and biodegradable sterically stabilized phospholipid nanomicelles

The purpose of this study was to determine optimal lipid concentration range for lyophilization of sterically stabilized phospholipid nanomicelles (SSM) and the freeze drying feasibility of self-associated therapeutic peptide-SSM assemblies. SSM at 5-20 mM 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol 2000) (DSPE-PEG(2000)) were analyzed for particle size and viscosity before and after freeze drying which showed no significant changes (p>0.05). However, a steep increase in viscosity was seen for SSM above 15 mM phospholipid implying micelle-micelle interaction. Greater shrinkage of lyophilized cakes was observed below 10 mM phospholipid while they were more fibrous above 15 mM. Therefore, 10-15 mM DSPE-PEG(2000) was chosen as the optimal phospholipid concentration for lyophilized SSM. When vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) or gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) (each, 67 microM) was added to SSM (10mM), formulations showed no significant change in particle size, peptide fluorescence and peptide alpha-helicity before and after lyophilization. In conclusion, we found that peptide drug-SSM interactions are conserved during lyophilization.
Visual Feedback and Lip-Positioning Skills of Children with and without Impaired Hearing

Interplay between visual feedback and lip-positioning skill was studied in 10 5- to 14-year-old children with normal hearing and 10 with severe to profound hearing impairment. With visual feedback, the subjects in both groups had similar response times and accuracy in matching six visually specified lip separation "targets." Special skill in processing visual information by the hearing-impaired subjects was suggested by higher velocities of lip movement toward the targets and shorter latencies in reaching the goal positions. In the responses of the hearing children, lip-closing movements were executed more accurately than opening movements both with and without visual feedback. In general, the findings showed that, given visually displayed lip-position targets and feedback from positioning actions, children can achieve the targets with high accuracy regardless of hearing status or prior speaking experience.
Broadband (7--18 GHz) 10 dB overlay coupler for m.i.c. application

A 10 dB m.i.c. coupler with dielectric overlays was successfully developed by a systematic design approach for opeartion in the 7--18 GHz frequency band. The design, fabrication and evaluation procedures for this coupler are described explicitly to enable accurate reproduction of the device.
Daf-2 Signaling Modifies Mutant SOD1 Toxicity in C. elegans

The DAF-2 Insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) pathway is a strong modifier of Caenorhabditis elegans longevity and healthspan. As aging is the greatest risk factor for developing neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), we were interested in determining if DAF-2 signaling modifies disease pathology in mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) expressing C. elegans. Worms with pan-neuronal G85R SOD1 expression demonstrate significantly impaired locomotion as compared to WT SOD1 expressing controls and they develop insoluble SOD1 aggregates. Reductions in DAF-2 signaling, either through a hypomorphic allele or neuronally targeted RNAi, decreases the abundance of aggregated SOD1 and results in improved locomotion in a DAF-16 dependant manner. These results suggest that manipulation of the DAF-2 Insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of ALS.
Education and the Brain: A Bridge Too Far

terms of informing classroom practice. There is, however, a science of mind, cognitive science, that can serve as a basic science for the development of an applied science of learning and instruction. Practical, well-founded examples of putting cognitive science into practice already exist in numerous schools and classrooms. Teachers would be better off looking at these examples than at speculative applications of neuroscience.
Frequency resolved interferometric coherent Raman spectroscopy with incoherent light: Raman frequency shifts, dephasing rate constants, and nonresonant hyperpolarizabilities of mixtures of benzene in hexane

Abstract A newly developed frequency and time resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) technique is used to study properties of the A1g ring breathing mode of benzene in a dilution series of liquid mixtures with n-hexane. Recent advances in the interferometric use of incoherent light in CARS measurements (I(2)CARS) provide excellent precision in the recovered dephasing rate constants, vibrational frequencies, and the ratios of the resonant to non-resonant contributions to the signal. Using this technique we observe a more than two-fold decrease in the dephasing rate constant of the vibration, accompanied by a 0.54 cm−1 increase in the vibrational frequency in the limit of infinite dilution of benzene in n-hexane. These changes in the vibrational spectrum are discussed in terms of the condensed phase dynamics that are responsible. It is also seen how the non-resonant contributions to the signal manifest themselves quantitatively in these frequency and time resolved I(2)CARS measurements.
Somatic Symptoms and the Association between Hepatitis C Infection and Depression in HIV-infected Patients

Studies of depression and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in HIV-infected patients have been contradictory and often not addressed key differences between HCV-infected and uninfected individuals including substance use. This cross-sectional observational study from the University of Washington HIV cohort examined associations between HCV, symptoms, and depression in HIV-infected patients in routine clinical care. Patients completed instruments measuring depression, symptoms, and substance use. We generated depression severity scores and used linear regression to examine the relationship with HCV accounting for demographic and clinical characteristics. We conducted sensitivity analyses in which we removed depression somatic symptom items (e.g., fatigue) from depression scores, and sensitivity analyses in which we also adjusted for nondepression somatic symptom items to examine the role of somatic and nonsomatic symptoms in the association between depression and HCV. Of 764 HIV-infected patients, 160 (21%) were HCV-infected. In adjusted analysis, HCV-infected patients had worse depression severity (p =0.01) even after adjusting for differences in substance use. HCV remained associated with depression severity in secondary analyses that omitted the depression somatic patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) items (p=0.01). However, when nondepression somatic symptoms were included as covariates in multivariate analyses, HCV was no longer associated with depression (p=0.09).
Pulse pileup statistics for energy discriminating photon counting x-ray detectors

Purpose: Energy discriminating photon countingx-ray detectors can be subject to a wide range of flux rates if applied in clinical settings. Even when the incident rate is a small fraction of the detector’s maximum periodic rateN 0, pulse pileup leads to count rate losses and spectral distortion. Although the deterministic effects can be corrected, the detrimental effect of pileup on imagenoise is not well understood and may limit the performance of photon counting systems. Therefore, the authors devise a method to determine the detector count statistics and imaging performance. Methods: The detector count statistics are derived analytically for an idealized pileup model with delta pulses of a nonparalyzable detector. These statistics are then used to compute the performance (e.g., contrast-to-noise ratio) for both single material and material decomposition contrastdetection tasks via the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) as a function of the detector input count rate. With more realistic unipolar and bipolar pulse pileup models of a nonparalyzable detector, the imaging task performance is determined by Monte Carlo simulations and also approximated by a multinomial method based solely on the mean detected output spectrum. Photon counting performance at different count rates is compared with ideal energy integration, which is unaffected by count rate. Results: The authors found that an ideal photon countingdetector with perfect energy resolution outperforms energy integration for our contrastdetection tasks, but when the input count rate exceeds 20%N 0, many of these benefits disappear. The benefit with iodine contrast falls rapidly with increased count rate while water contrast is not as sensitive to count rates. The performance with a delta pulse model is overoptimistic when compared to the more realistic bipolar pulse model. The multinomial approximation predicts imaging performance very close to the prediction from Monte Carlo simulations. The monoenergetic image with maximum contrast-to-noise ratio from dual energy imaging with ideal photon counting is only slightly better than with dual kVp energy integration, and with a bipolar pulse model, energy integration outperforms photon counting for this particular metric because of the count rate losses. However, the material resolving capability of photon counting can be superior to energy integration with dual kVp even in the presence of pileup because of the energy information available to photon counting. Conclusions: A computationally efficient multinomial approximation of the count statistics that is based on the mean output spectrum can accurately predict imaging performance. This enables photon counting system designers to directly relate the effect of pileup to its impact on imaging statistics and how to best take advantage of the benefits of energy discriminating photon countingdetectors, such as material separation with spectral imaging.
The expression of p63 in actinic keratoses, seborrheic keratosis, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas.

Background. p63 is a tumor suppressor that likely plays a role in the development of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and possibly premalignant and benign skin tumors. Little data is available on its expression in these tumors. Objective. To study the keratinocyte expression profile of p63 in 17 SCCs, 7 actinic keratoses, 2 Bowens tumors, and 7 seborrheic keratoses. Methods: Skin tumors specimens were stained with an antibody to p63. Quantitative and qualitative data was collected on the staining. Results. There was a statistically significant increase in p63 staining of SCCs when compared with normal. Seborrheic keratoses and actinic keratoses showed a trend towards increased expression in the basal layer compared with normal skin. The pattern of expression showed diffuse staining in SCCs. In actinic keratoses and seborrheic keratoses the pattern was most prominent in the basal layer. Conclusions. p63 expression is greater and different in SCCs when compared with normal skin, actinic keratoses, and seborrheic keratoses. Interestingly seborrheic keratoses and Bowens lesions showed expression that was mostly restricted to the basal layer, however significant diffuse staining was also noted. Our results support the notion that p63 plays a role in cell differentiation and tumorigenesis of skin tumors.
Deuterium isotope effects on the fluorescence of phenylpyridines

Abstract A comparison of the fluorescence behavior of 2-, 3- and 4-phenylpyridines in H 2 O and D 2 O confirms the excited state protonation of these molecules in the excited singlet state. In the case of 2-phenylpyridine, the ratio of the fluorescence yield in water to the value measured in D 2 O is 2.73. Results indicate that two factors control the isotope effect on the fluorescence quantum yield: the faster mobility of the proton relative to the deuterium ion leading to a higher fluorescence yield, and an inverse effect associated with the slowing down of the deprotonation step in D 2 O during intersystem crossing. The inverse effect observed with 4-phenylpyridine is attributed to a larger triplet yield and increased basicity relative to the 2- and 3-isomers. The absence of the excited state proton transfer and isotope effect with 2,6-diphenylpyridine is the results of inverted n,π and π,π states and a lower p K a relative to the monosubstituted phenylpyridines.
On thermal effects in deep sub-micron VLSI interconnects

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the thermal effects in advanced high performance interconnect systems arising due to self-heating under various circuit conditions, including electrostatic discharge. Technology (Cu, low-k etc.) and scaling effects on the thermal characteristics of the interconnects, and on their electromigration reliability has been analyzed simultaneously, which will have important implications for providing robust and aggressive deep sub-micron interconnect design guidelines. Furthermore, the impact of these thermal effects on the design (driver sizing) and optimization of the interconnect length between repeaters at the upper-level signal lines are investigated.
Program Repartitioning on Varying Communication Cost Parallel Architectures

In an earlier work, aThreshold Scheduling Algorithmwas proposed to schedule the functional (DAG) parallelism in a program on distributed memory systems. In this work, we address the issue of adapting the schedule for a set of distributed memory architectures with the same computation costs but higher communication costs. We introduce a new concept ofdominant edgesof a schedule to denote those edges which dictate the schedule time of the destination nodes due to the changes in their communication costs. Using this concept, we derive the conditions under which schedule on the whole or at least part of the graph can be reused for a different architecture keeping the cost of program repartitioning and rescheduling to a minimum. We demonstrate the practical significance of the method by incorporating it in the compiler backend for targeting Sisal (Streams and Iterations in a Single Assignment Language) on a family of Intel i860 architectures, Gamma, Delta, and Paragon, which vary in their communication costs. It is shown that almost 30 to 65% of the schedule can be reused unchanged, thereby avoiding program repartitioning to a large degree. The remainder of the schedule can beregeneratedthrough a linear algorithm at run time.
Capacity of the pure-state quantum channel

A quantum communication channel carrying orthogonal coherent signals of known phase, received in the absence of background noise, is shown to have infinite capacity.
TU‐E‐201B‐03: Design and Initial Performance Characterization of a Dedicated Cone‐Beam CT System for Musculoskeletal Extremities Imaging

Purpose: High‐quality volumetric imaging with isotropic resolution, soft‐tissue visualization, and the ability to image load‐bearing extremities would be of major benefit to diagnosis and planning in musculoskeletal radiology, orthopaedic surgery, and rheumatology. This paper reports the design and initial performance of an innovative cone‐beam CT system under development to address such clinical needs. Methods: The scanner employs a flat‐panel detector (Varian3030+), with source‐detector distance of 53 cm, source‐isocenter distance of 41 cm, and field of view ∼(20×20×20) cm. Gantry orientations (vertical and horizontal) permit imaging of weight‐bearing knee and ankle (patient standing) and imaging of tensioned elbow, wrist, or hand (patient seated). Optimization of parameters such as kVp and beam filtration and characterization of detective quantum efficiency, resolution, and required dose levels were performed using cascaded systems analysis. An experimental CBCT bench simulated scanner operation, guided system design, and provided initial assessment of image quality in cadaveric specimens. Results: Analysis indicates sub‐milimeter resolution (∼0.3–0.5 mm) and optimal performance for an x‐ray technique of ∼90 kVp + 0.2 mm Cu added filtration, giving <3 mGy patient dose and requiring ∼0.5 kW power. At this dose, signal levels at the detector are ∼ 100 times above the electronic noise floor, giving input‐quantum‐limited performance and facilitating soft‐tissue imaging. Benchtop studies demonstrate exquisite detail in bony trabeculae, and excellent visualization of joint spaces. Soft‐tissue visibility approaches that of diagnostic CT (∼ 10–20 HU contrast), with methods for improvement underway in scatter correction and novel reconstruction techniques. Conclusions: Results indicate that the proposed system delivers low dose, high resolution, volumetric images of the extremities with soft‐tissue visualization. The unique characteristic of the design in permitting imaging of loaded extremities is of value in a broad spectrum of applications. A prototype scanner for deployment in clinical trials is now under construction. Research sponsored by NIH and Carestream Health.
Rapid Skill Obsolescence in an IT Company: A Case Study of Acxiom Corporation

Although most employees in this fast-changing business world need to keep their skills up-to-date, nowhere is this requirement as essential as among information technology workers. At Acxiom Corporations, an IT company, this need was pressing. And the firm found that reliance on the classic KSA—knowledge, skills, and abilities—measures was not meeting the need. Instead, it took a broader look at corporate goals and how its people could meet them—and has linked targeted behaviors to the achievement of those goals, making them the basis for career development, performance, evaluation, and compensation. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Alvin magnetic survey of zero‐age crust: CoAxial Segment Eruption, Juan de Fuca Ridge 1993

Magnetic profiles obtained by deep submersible ALVIN across a newly erupted lava flow on the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JDFR) show strong magnetic anomaly fields (>20,000 nT) and high crustal magnetization (>50 A/m contrast) relative to the surrounding older lavas. These results are consistent with previous ideas that extrusive crust is initially highly magnetized. Within the high amplitude magnetic anomaly over the center of the flow, there is a clearly defined deep, “notch-like” magnetic low. This notch may indicate thermal demagnetization associated with a subsurface feeder dike, weakly magnetized intrusives or altered extrusive rock. If the former mechanism is active, the notch should disappear with time as the dike cools.
Cytokine Therapy: A Standard of Care for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma?

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is refractory to standard cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens. The rationale for the use of cytokines in RCC is based on compelling evidence that RCC is sensitive to immunologic manipulation. Cytokine-based therapy with interleukin-2 (IL-2) or interferon (IFN)–α can result in objective tumor responses in as many as 15% of patients, and in selected patients, these responses can be durable. The development of targeted therapies for clear-cell RCC with the potential for greater antitumor activity and less toxicity has brought into question the role of cytokines in this patient population. However, no noncytokine therapy to date has proven curative in patients with metastatic RCC. Until results from ongoing trials clearly demonstrate superiority of newer agents over IFN-α or IL-2, these agents should remain a standard of care for the treatment of RCC.
Responses of blood vessels in the resting hand and forearm to various stimuli

Abstract With the development of accurate plethysmographic methods, considerable knowledge has been gained regarding blood flow in, and vasomotor reactions of, blood vessels in the hand. However, it has been demonstrated that alterations in blood flow in the hand apparently do not parallel vascular responses elsewhere in the body. For example, Grant and Pearson 1 and, more recently, Kunkel, Stead, and Weiss 2 have reported that adrenalin, although it produces a marked decrease in blood flow through the hand, causes an increase in flow through the forearm. Likewise, Abramson, Zazeela, and Oppenheimer 3 have observed that smoking causes a significant reduction in flow in the hand and practically no change in the forearm. Since blood flow measurements in the hand have been used qualitatively to gauge changes in systemic flow during the state of shock 4 and during the inhalation of various gases, 5 it becomes important to ascertain under what conditions, if any, such assumptions are valid, and whether more reliable information concerning the peripheral circulation may not be obtained from studying other vascular beds. The present study deals with a comparison of the reactions of blood vessels in the hand and forearm to different types of stimuli. An attempt is made (1) to ascertain the relationship of vascular responses in these two areas to changes in the systemic circulation, (2) to evaluate and clarify the mechanisms responsible for the limb-volume changes produced by these stimuli, and (3) to ascertain whether or not the control of blood flow through the forearm differs from that through the hand.
Quantifying Wind Turbine Wake Characteristics from Scanning Remote Sensor Data

AbstractBecause of the dense arrays at most wind farms, the region of disturbed flow downstream of an individual turbine leads to reduced power production and increased structural loading for its leeward counterparts. Currently, wind farm wake modeling, and hence turbine layout optimization, suffers from an unacceptable degree of uncertainty, largely because of a lack of adequate experimental data for model validation. Accordingly, nearly 100 h of wake measurements were collected with long-range Doppler lidar at the National Wind Technology Center at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in the Turbine Wake and Inflow Characterization Study (TWICS). This study presents quantitative procedures for determining critical parameters from this extensive dataset—such as the velocity deficit, the size of the wake boundary, and the location of the wake centerline—and categorizes the results by ambient wind speed, turbulence, and atmospheric stability. Despite specific reference to lidar, the methodology is gene...
The effects of information-giving behavior and gender on the perceptions of physicians: An experimental analysis

A pilot study was conducted in which 107 college students were compared with 137 subjects over the age of 30. Subjects were asked to respond to a scenario describing a physician-patient interaction where the doctor both overlooked questions and gave no diagnosis or to the identical scenario with the wording changed to encourage the subject to identify with the doctor rather than the patient. The physician was rated as more likeable and competent when the subject was asked to identify with him or her. A second experiment was conducted in which 444 male and female subjects were presented with scenarios describing a physician-patient interaction in which the subject was asked to identify with the patient. The interaction was systematically varied as follows: the physician either answered or overlooked questions from the patient; the physician either gave a personal post -examination diagnosis or had a nurse dismiss the patient; the physician was described as being male or female. The physician was rated not only as being more likeable but also as more competent when the patient’s questions were answered and when a personal diagnosis was provided. Neither sex of physician nor sex of subject affected the evaluations.
Stock option modification under SFAS 123(R)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the motivations for and variations in terms of stock option modifications under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) 123(R). Stock options are used to motivate and retain employees. Unfortunately, when stock prices decline, existing options lose their incentive value. In response, firms look for ways to re-incentivize their employees. Their choices include issuing additional options and/or modifying existing grants. Design/methodology/approach – We investigate the economic determinants of stock option modification post SFAS 123(R), such as financial reporting cost, shareholder/political cost and employee incentive and retention. Our analysis is based on 67 sample firms that modify their stock option plans from 2005 to 2008 and 67 control firms constructed based on size, industry, year and stock price performance for the prior five years. Findings – The results show that loss firms are more likely to modify their options, which supports the ar...
Ductile–brittle transition in polymers

Tensile experiments on polypropylene and various rubber-modified polypropylenes, conducted over a wide range of temperatures and strain rates, have shown that the ductile–brittle transition in these highly crystalline polymers is strongly affected by both temperature and strain rate. Such polymers can either craze or shear yield, depending on the temperature and rate of test. High temperatures and low strain rates favor shear yielding, while low temperatures and high strain rates promote crazing. The ductile–brittle transition of these polymers may be understood as due to an alteration in deformation mode, as proposed by Matsushige et al. The competition between crazing and shear yielding dictates the subsequent failure mode. The dependence of the ductile–brittle transition on the test and material parameters (such as temperature, strain rate, pressure, orientation, notching, and plasticizer) may be ascribed to the respective influences of these parameters on crazing relative to shear yielding.
Effect of an RNA-rich extract on acquisition of a one-way avoidance response in rats.

Two recent approaches to the biochemistry of memory have involved, respectively, the measurement of molecular changes after training, and attempts, using brain extracts, to transfer trained behavioural tendencies between animals. Zemp et al.1 have reported differences between experimental and yoked-control mice in the synthesis of both nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA after a training session in which they learned to jump onto a platform to avoid foot shock; subsequent work2 suggested that the change in RNA synthesis during learning is a function of the learning experience and not of stimulation, sensitization or other non-specific factors. The “memory transfer” effect was discovered in our laboratory and has now been replicated successfully in at least twenty others3–5. We had now attempted to interrelate these two approaches by studying the behavioural significance of substances synthesized after acquisition of the same response used by Zemp et al., as measured by their effects when injected into a second animal.
Lanczos method for heat conduction analysis

An analysis technique that uses the Lanczos vectors to construct a Reyleigh–Ritz solution for the transient heat conduction problem is presented. The Lanczos vectors are derived from the heat supply vector and incorporate all the information peculiar to a given problem. They are orthonormal with respect to the heat capacitance matrix and are generated with a minimum of computational effort. Furthermore, an error bound is derived that can be used to terminate the Lanczos algorithm as soon as the number of vectors required to obtain a desired degree of accuracy has been generated. A summary of the algorithm is presented and the accuracy and efficiency of the method is illustrated using a numerical example.
Learning to Live with Militias: Toward a Critical Policy on State Frailty

Abstract This article develops a new policy framework for dealing with weak and frail states by encouraging the formation of local militias and paramilitary forces. The international community's responses to state failure have been premised on false assumptions about the historical process of state-building. Neglecting the historical lessons of state formation contributes to interventions marred by moral hazards, unintended consequences, and ultimate futility. Instead of seeking to rebuild state capacity, the international community should consider replacing dysfunctional states by devolving power directly to other systems of local protection. While the devolution of violence has significant drawbacks, it is often the only way to enhance human security and ensure global stability.