cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quadrat Analysis of Urban Dispersion: 4. Spatial Sampling

This paper is the concluding part of a four-part essay on quadrat analysis. It shows how quadrat analysis of spatial dispersion may be linked with Jessen's (1970) method of probability sampling with marginal constraints to produce more efficient spatial sampling schemes.
The Bright Forms Shining in the Dark: Juliet Mitchell's Theory of Sibling Dynamics as Illuminated in A. S. Byatt's “The Chinese Lobster”

Through a reading of A. S. Byatt's “The Chinese Lobster,” this paper illustrates some implications of Juliet Mitchell's theory of the role of siblings in mental life. Mitchell's recent work elucidates a complex web of fantasies, desires, and conflicts centered on sibling-figures. The paper begins by outlining several of Mitchell's concepts: the sibling crisis; lateral fantasy; laterally based narcissistic identifications; and the role of lateral relatedness in object love, self-esteem, thirdness, and hysteria. Byatt's story provides a springboard for exploring the profound relational significance of these ideas.
Momentum distributions in stripping reactions of radioactive projectiles at intermediate energies

The theory of one-nucleon removal in the stripping reaction (inelastic breakup) on a light target is extended to cover two-dimensional momentum distributions of the reaction residues with the use of realistic profile functions for the core-target and nucleon-target interactions. Examples of the calculated projected parallel- and transverse momentum distributions are given. The transverse momentum distributions, projections on a Cartesian axis perpendicular to the beam direction, show an interesting intermingling of the stripping reaction with elastic scattering of the reaction residue on the target. We also obtain doubly differential distributions of the cross section on the parallel- and transverse-momentum variables. The distributions depend strongly on the value of the magnetic quantum number $m$. They will be of importance for evaluating acceptance corrections in experiments, and they lead to alignment with the possibility of anisotropic emission of subsequent gamma rays, an interesting spectroscopic tool. Experimental data for proton stripping of $^{8}\mathrm{B}$ agree with our calculations.
The POLST (Physician Orders for Life- Sustaining Treatment) Paradigm to Improve End-of-Life Care: Potential State Legal Barriers to Implementation

The Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) Paradigm is designed to improve end-of-life care by converting patients' treatment preferences into medical orders that are transferable throughout the health care system. It was initially developed in Oregon, but is now implemented in multiple states with many others considering its use. An observational study was conducted in order to identify potential legal barriers to the implementation of a POLST Paradigm. Information was obtained from experts at state emergency medical services and long-term care organizations/agencies in combination with a review of relevant state law.
Using RASSP modules in a rapid system prototyping class

The EE department at Penn State has developed a practice-oriented Rapid System Prototyping course. Emphasizing language-based top-down design, many of the course topics and techniques parallel those developed under the DoD RASSP (Rapid Prototyping of Application Specific Signal Processors) program. The course was augmented by extensive use of CD-ROM and WWW resources; in particular, selections from the RASSP Education and Facilitation (E&F) instructional modules were used in-class, and many more RASSP modules were assigned in the readings. This paper briefly describes our experiences with this course, and with the RASSP modules as a supplement to conventional class materials.
Targets of Partner Violence The Importance of Understanding Coping Trajectories

Partner violence causes many negative outcomes for the target of the violence. Preventing negative outcomes in part hinges on altogether preventing the violence from occurring. There have been advances in violence prevention that the authors briefly review. However, some of the most notable advances focus on dealing with partner violence once it occurs. We now have a better understanding of different types of violence, and this has led to better interventions for perpetrators. But preventing the negative consequences of partner violence involves more than ending the violence itself; it also involves helping the targets of violence heal. The authors propose that the next decade of research on partner violence should focus on developing precise models of target coping and appropriate interventions for targets. The authors describe key variables that characterize the coping process but highlight limitations in knowledge of how these variables are related. The authors also outline several benefits of focusing on helping targets.
Jäger, Bauern, E-Man: Heureka!

Im Marz 2000 las ich die letzten Korrekturen meines Buches „Wild Duck“, in welchem ich viele Gedanken zu einer untergehenden SJ- oder Burokratenkultur niedergeschrieben habe. In dieser Zeit, es war an einem Samstag, blatterte ich nach meiner geliebten SZ auch die hiesige Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung durch und mein Unterbewusstsein registrierte Worter bestimmter menschlicher Verhaltensweisen, wie wir sie im Familienkreise manchmal kontrovers diskutieren: „Macht nicht regelmasig Hausaufgaben, schreibt zu schnell und nicht schon…“ Ich stutzte, sortierte kurz meine Gedanken. „Was war das?“ Und ich blatterte zuruck. Ich fand eine volle Zeitungsseite zum Thema ADS. Aufmerksamkeits-Defizit-Syndrom. Das ist die deutsche Schreibweise. Die internationale ist ADD wie attention deficit disorder. Dort wurden Kinder beschrieben, die man als unkonzentriert, hyperaktiv und unzuverlassig einstufte. Ich dachte beim Lesen, solche Kinder seien eigentlich eher ziemlich normal, nur leider nicht gesellschaftskonform. Deren Pech! Und so langsam dammerte mir beim Lesen, dass diese Menschen so etwas wie extreme SP-Charaktere sein konnten, wie ich sie in meinem fruheren Buch beschrieben habe. (Ich erklare die Abkurzungen SJ, SP etc. im nachsten Kapitel, ein bisschen Geduld!) Und dann dachte ich nach und versank in Ideen. Leider muss ich samstags normalerweise einkaufen gehen; ich riss mich zusammen und las noch rechts unten den Sonderkasten auf der Seite durch. Dort hies es, man konne sich ja einmal bemuhen, Hyperaktive nicht so negativ zu sehen, sondern mit mehr Warme und Wohlwollen. Es gabe dazu einen beruhmten Zeitungsartikel mit dem Titel „Hunter in a Farmer’s World“ und ein Buch von Thom Hartmann mit dem Titel: „ADD, a Different Perception“ oder in deutscher Sprache: „Eine andere Art, die Welt zu sehen, Aufmerksamkeits-Defizit-Syndrom“.
Antisense Transcription Is Pervasive but Rarely Conserved in Enteric Bacteria

Noncoding RNAs, including antisense RNAs (asRNAs) that originate from the complementary strand of protein- coding genes, are involved in the regulation of gene expression in all domains of life. Recent application of deep-sequencing tech- nologies has revealed that the transcription of asRNAs occurs genome-wide in bacteria. Although the role of the vast majority of asRNAs remains unknown, it is often assumed that their presence implies important regulatory functions, similar to those of other noncoding RNAs. Alternatively, many antisense transcripts may be produced by chance transcription events from promoter-like sequences that result from the degenerate nature of bacterial transcription factor binding sites. To investigate the biological relevance of antisense transcripts, we compared genome-wide patterns of asRNA expression in closely related enteric bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, by performing strand-specific transcriptome sequenc- ing. Although antisense transcripts are abundant in both species, less than 3% of asRNAs are expressed at high levels in both species, and only about 14% appear to be conserved among species. And unlike the promoters of protein-coding genes, asRNA promoters show no evidence of sequence conservation between, or even within, species. Ourfindings suggest that many or even most bacterial asRNAs are nonadaptive by-products of the cell's transcription machinery. IMPORTANCE Application of high-throughput methods has revealed the expression throughout bacterial genomes of transcripts encoded on the strand complementary to protein-coding genes. Because transcription is costly, it is usually assumed that these transcripts, termed antisense RNAs (asRNAs), serve some function; however, the role of most asRNAs is unclear, raising ques- tions about their relevance in cellular processes. Because natural selection conserves functional elements, comparisons between related species provide a method for assessing functionality genome-wide. Applying such an approach, we assayed all transcripts in two closely related bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and demonstrate that, although the levels of genome-wide antisense transcription are similarly high in both bacteria, only a small fraction of asRNAs are shared across species. Moreover, the promoters associated with asRNAs show no evidence of sequence conservation between, or even within, species. Thesefindings indicate that despite the genome-wide transcription of asRNAs, many of these transcripts are likely nonfunctional.
The effects of dietary protein restriction on chorda tympani nerve taste responses and terminal field organization.

Prenatal dietary sodium restriction produces profound developmental effects on rat functional taste responses and formation of neural circuits in the brainstem. Converging evidence indicates that the underlying mechanisms for these effects are related to a compromised nutritional state and not to direct stimulus-receptor interactions. We explored whether early malnourishment produces similar functional and structural effects to those seen following dietary sodium restriction by using a protein deficient, sodium replete diet. To determine if early dietary protein-restriction affects the development of the peripheral gustatory system, multi-fiber neurophysiological recordings were made from the chorda tympani nerve and anterograde track tracing of the chorda tympani nerve into the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) was accomplished in rats fed a protein-restricted or a control diet (6% and 20%, respectively). The dietary regimens began on embryonic day 7 and continued until rats were used for neurophysiological recordings (postnatal days (P) 35–50) or for chorda tympani terminal field labeling (P40–50). Responses to a concentration series of NaCl, sodium acetate, KCl, and to 0.50 M sucrose, 0.03 M quinine-HCl, and 0.01 N HCl revealed attenuated responses (30–60%) to sodium-specific stimuli in rats fed the 6% protein diet compared with those fed the 20% protein diet. Responses to all other stimuli were similar between groups. Terminal field volumes were nearly twofold larger in protein-restricted rats compared with controls, with the differences located primarily in the dorsal-caudal zone of the terminal field. These results are similar to the results seen previously in rats fed a sodium-restricted diet throughout pre- and postnatal development, suggesting that dietary sodium- and protein-restriction share similar mechanisms in altering gustatory development.
Controlling anal incontinence in women by performing anal exercises with biofeedback or loperamide (CAPABLe) trial: Design and methods

The goals of this trial are to determine the efficacy and safety of two treatments for women experiencing fecal incontinence. First, we aim to compare the use of loperamide to placebo and second, to compare the use of anal sphincter exercises with biofeedback to usual care. The primary outcome is the change from baseline in the St. Mark's (Vaizey) Score 24weeks after treatment initiation. As a Pelvic Floor Disorders Network (PFDN) trial, subjects are enrolling from eight PFDN clinical centers across the United States. A centralized data coordinating center supervises data collection and analysis. These two first-line treatments for fecal incontinence are being investigated simultaneously using a two-by-two randomized factorial design: a medication intervention (loperamide versus placebo) and a pelvic floor strength and sensory training intervention (anal sphincter exercises with manometry-assisted biofeedback versus usual care using an educational pamphlet). Interventionists providing the anal sphincter exercise training with biofeedback have received standardized training and assessment. Symptom severity, diary, standardized anorectal manometry and health-related quality of life outcomes are assessed using validated instruments administered by researchers masked to randomized interventions. Cost effectiveness analyses will be performed using prospectively collected data on care costs and resource utilization. This article describes the rationale and design of this randomized trial, focusing on specific research concepts of interest to researchers in the field of female pelvic floor disorders and all other providers who care for patients with fecal incontinence.
Hydrocarbon filling history and reservoir continuity of oil fields evaluated using 87 Sr/ 86 Sr isotope ratio variations in formation water, with examples from the North Sea

This paper describes how 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios in formation waters are used to evaluate compartmentalization of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Strontium Isotope Residual Salt Analysis (SrRSA) of core samples provides a means of measuring 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios in formation water from hydrocarbon columns and aquifers. Smooth SrRSA profiles suggest progressive, uninterrupted, filling and the absence of sealed barriers, while a step change in a profile normally suggests a barrier sealed up-dip from the well penetration. Inferences about lateral connectivity are made by comparing SrRSA profiles from neighbouring wells at TVD. Profiles that are superimposed when plotted at TVD suggest the well sections share a common filling history and lie in the same flow unit. Neighbouring SrRSA profiles that are not superimposed normally suggest segmented compartmentalization of the reservoir. Post-fill structural tilting of reservoirs and hydrodynamism synchronous with filling are processes which complicate data interpretation. Drilling mud contamination of core water is the most serious technical limitation of the SrRSA technique.
Concomitant oculoglandular and ulceroglandular fever due to herpes simplex virus type I

Herpes simplex virus is a commonly encountered infectious agent in clinical practice. The syndromes with which it is usually associated are well described and generally easily recognized. This report documents that two uncommon clinical syndromes, ulceroglandular fever and oculoglandular fever, may be caused by this virus. Our patient's case was even more unusual in that both conditions occurred simultaneously.
Testing and evaluation of an automated tether management system for microgravity extravehicular activities

To ensure safety during extravehicular activity (EVA), crewmembers must use tethers that constrain them and their tools to the spacecraft. A prototype automated tether system has been designed to increase the efficiency of such tether use. The system consists of a remotely releasable robotic gripper that serves to anchor the system, and a retractor that contains and controls the length of the tether in the workspace. In this paper, dynamic simulations of the system are derived and analyzed to predict retraction behavior in an orbital environment. The system was also tested using air bearing facilities to simulate a microgravity environment. Functional tests of the system are also discussed in order to characterize and quantify its performance.
Corrosion Protection of Untreated AA‐2024‐T3 in Chloride Solution by a Chromate Conversion Coating Monitored with Raman Spectroscopy

This work was supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, contract no. F49620-96-1-0479.
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Using Silver Nanoparticles: The Effects of Particle Size and Halide Ions on Aggregation

A surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) investigation of the aggregation of silver nanoparticles formed via LVCC with diameters in the range 5–50 nm were studied. It was found that with 647.1 nm excitation maximum enhancement is observed using particles with 11 nm diameters. Upon addition of sodium halides, enhancement is proportional to the polarizability of the anion. Maximum enhancement was observed when the concentration of the anion is approximately equal to the concentration of the adsorbate.
Family‐of‐origin experience and emotional health as predictors of relationship self‐regulation in marriage

The purpose of this study was to understand differences in one's ability to implement relationship self-regulation (RSR) in marriage based on the family-of-origin variables of parent–child relationship quality, parental marital satisfaction and current emotional health. The participants were 484 married couples who completed the relationship evaluation. Structural equation modelling was used to test a model that showed that the actor and partner's emotional health were associated with RSR in marriage, while most family-of-origin factors were not directly associated with RSR. However, the perceived mother–child relationship quality was associated with RSR for wives, but not husbands, when controlling for the other variables in the model. There were no significant relationships between father–child relationship quality or parental marital satisfaction and RSR. Implications for couple therapists and educators are discussed. Practitioner points Relationship self-regulation (RSR) involves recognizing one's own positive and negative contribution to the relationship. Emotional health affects RSR and should be attended to in work with couples. Helping partners address emotional health issues may increase a couple's ability to collaboratively work on their relationship. Open expression of emotions and positive communication skills may decrease emotional health symptomology and increase the couples' use of RSR.
Behavioral aspects of intervention strategies to reduce dietary sodium.

This article addresses general and specific aspects of dietary sodium interventions from the perspective of behavioral change. Changing dietary behavior requires relearning a range of habitual behaviors involved in day-to-day eating situations in the context of a diverse and complex food supply and in consideration of numerous factors, other than health concerns, that influence habitual eating patterns. Potential obstacles to dietary sodium reduction relate to the wide distribution of sodium in foods, the strong cultural values for salt, and the difficulty of assessing success in sodium reduction. A review of sodium interventions reported in the literature suggests that state-of-the-art behavioral change strategies can be effective in achieving reductions in sodium intake to around 3,000 mg/day but that this level is achieved only with highly motivated individuals and when a high level of intervention (i.e., intensive and multifaceted) is provided. Thus, in regard to sodium reduction in the general population, either the goal will have to be modest or the food supply will have to change so that substantial decreases in sodium intake can be accomplished with less intensive and less costly interventions.
Saving the ϕαινόμενα: a note on Aristotle's definition of anger

In his Rhetoric Aristotle gives six definitions of emotions in approximately the following form, with the word (Rhetoric ii.2.137830–1). Does he mean ‘Let anger be a reaching-out, accompanied by pain, for conspicuous revenge for some conspicuous slight to oneself or one's own, the slight not having been deserved’, or should ϕαινομένηςίην be taken to mean ‘manifest, plain’, or (a third possibility) should it be translated ‘perceived, apparent’? Since this is his fullest definition of anger, the question deserves discussion, even though a number of scholars, including such an expert on Aristotle's philosophy of the emotions as W. W. Fortenbaugh, have previously answered the question in what I think is the right way.
Measuring Subjective and Objective Well-being: Analyses from Five Marine Commercial Fisheries

Well-being is an important indicator of how participants in an industry are doing. Since the 1970s, anthropologists have been developing and utilizing "well-being" as an indicator, along with identifying the advantages and disadvantages of such a metric. Building on this experience, a "well-being" index is useful if it (1) is easily developed from available data; (2) enables temporal and spatial comparisons; (3) can be applied at multiple scales; and (4) possesses subjective and objective elements. The subjective element reflects how individuals and members of occupational communities perceive their situation. Using five case studies of North American marine commercial fisheries, an approach to representing subjective and objective measures of well-being is illustrated and evaluated. These studies show that commercial fishing has historically been a highly valued occupation from both subjective and objective perspectives. However, the status of commercial fishing has been in a state of decline over the pa...
ADJOINTS REVISITED: A SOFTWARE TOOL TO FACILITATE THEIR APPLICATION

In the area of weapons analysis, the method of adjoints has been used quite cleverly as an efficient alternative to Monte Carlo simulations when the system under study is described by ordinary differential equations with time varying coefficients. Traditionally, when using this approach, an adjoint system is constructed using a set of rules and the solution of the original system is then sought by invoking the impulse response of the new system. However, the construction of the adjoint system has relied largely on the manual conversion of the original system block diagram in accordance with the given set of rules. This not only becomes tedious for a complex system having many feedback paths and time varying coefficients but is prone to human error. In this paper, we describe a MATRIXx toolbox which automates the construction process for any given linear time varying system described in SystemBuild and aids in the rapid adjoint analysis of the system. Examples drawn from the literature on the adjoint analysis of missile guidance systems are included as demonstrations of the toolbox.
Pious and Critical Muslim Women Activists and the Question of Agency

Recent turmoil in the Middle East and North Africa has prompted renewed concerns about women’s rights in Muslim societies. It has also raised questions about women’s agency and activism in religious contexts. This article draws on ethnographic research with women activists in Indonesia, the country with the world’s largest Muslim population, to address such concerns. My fieldwork shows that some Muslim women activists in democratizing Indonesia manifest pious critical agency. Pious critical agency is the capacity to engage critically and publicly with religious texts. While some scholars have argued that pious and feminist subjectivity are inherently at odds, the emergence of pious critical agency in Indonesia demonstrates that piety and feminism can intersect in surprising and unexpected ways. Moreover, it shows that women’s agency can draw on both secular and religious resources and that religion can be used to promote critical discourses on gender.
A Digital System for the Acquisition and Processing of Geoacoustic Data

Summary In the autumn of 1969 we accepted delivery of three TC-200 digital data acquisition systems from Teledyne Geotech. These systems can record up to 16 channels of long period, digital data with a specified sampling rate (currently 1 per second) on magnetic tape in an ‘IBM compatible’ format. Identifying headers are automatically written at the beginning of each file on tape and Universal Time is written each minute. The actual dynamic range of the receding system is about 66 dB, but an operating range of 120 dB is automatically assured by the use of binary, gain-ranging amplifiers. The systems have been tested and are now operating satisfactorily at Blacknest Laboratory near Reading in England, at the University of Alaska and at a field site east of Dallas, Texas.
To engage or not to engage? Affecting the interactions of learning disabled adults.

An intervention, termed ‘Individualised Sensory Environment’ (ISE), was developed for use with adults with profound and multiple learning disabilities (Bunning 1996). The aim was to affect positively the interactive behaviours displayed by clients in the natural environment: specifically, to reduce the level of non-purposeful engagement, characterised by stereotypic actions, self-injury and neutral behaviour and to increase the levels of purposeful interaction with people and objects. Momentary time sampling was the chosen method of assessment. The results showed that the clients emitted high levels of non-purposeful behaviour at baseline. Post ISE intervention assessment revealed a decline in the level of non-purposeful behaviour and an increase in purposeful interactions.
Population Forecast Errors: A Primer for Planners

Projections of future populations are integral to many planning applications, yet are often poorly understood. This analysis focuses on the implications of the choices planners make when they construct projections. Specifically, it examines the impact of length of base period, analyzes the error structure of projection techniques for counties in the aggregate and by size and growth rates, investigates the role of averaging, and compares the performance of trend extrapolation and cohort—component methods. The article concludes by discussing forecast complexity, data quality, the role of assumptions, and other considerations of forecasting in a planning context.
Effect of gonadotrophins on the cholesterol content of the testes of immature rats.

THERE are two possible mechanisms whereby the gonadotrophic hormones of the pituitary and chorion might affect the activity of the androgen-producing cells of the male gonad: (a) by acting primarily upon the vascular system of the target organ, (b) by stimulating specific cell function or functions, possibly by virtue of a biocatalytic action, with increased vascularization of the organ secondary to increased metabolic activity of the cells. The identity of the specific intracellular reactions which may be affected by the gonadotrophic hormones is at present a matter of conjecture. It is the purpose of the present paper to suggest a possibly useful point of view for the analysis of the biochemical mechanism of action of the gonadotrophins. In recent years Sayers and his colleagues (1944, 1946) have demonstrated that the administration of purified adrenocorticotrophic preparations to the rat results in a quick,
Chlorite Dismutases, DyPs, and EfeB: 3 Microbial Heme Enzyme Families Comprise the CDE Structural Superfamily

Abstract Heme proteins are extremely diverse, widespread, and versatile biocatalysts, sensors, and molecular transporters. The chlorite dismutase family of hemoproteins received its name due to the ability of the first-isolated members to detoxify anthropogenic ClO2−, a function believed to have evolved only in the last few decades. Family members have since been found in 15 bacterial and archaeal genera, suggesting ancient roots. A structure- and sequence-based examination of the family is presented, in which key sequence and structural motifs are identified, and possible functions for family proteins are proposed. Newly identified structural homologies moreover demonstrate clear connections to two other large, ancient, and functionally mysterious protein families. We propose calling them collectively the CDE superfamily of heme proteins.
Uptake of Leishmania major Amastigotes Results in Activation and Interleukin 12 Release from Murine Skin–derived Dendritic Cells: Implications for the Initiation of Anti-Leishmania Immunity

Epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) are immature dendritic cells (DC) located in close proximity to the site of inoculation of infectious Leishmania major metacyclic promastigotes by sand flies. Using LC-like DC expanded from C57BL/6 fetal skin, we characterized interactions involving several developmental stages of Leishmania and DC. We confirmed that L. major amastigotes, but not promastigotes, efficiently entered LC-like DC. Parasite internalization was associated with activation manifested by upregulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II surface antigens, increased expression of costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD54, CD80, and CD86), and interleukin (IL)-12 p40 release within 18 h. L. major-induced IL-12 p70 release by DC required interferon gamma and prolonged (72 h) incubation. In contrast, infection of inflammatory macrophages (Mphi) with amastigotes or promastigotes did not lead to significant changes in surface antigen expression or cytokine production. These results suggest that skin Mphi and DC are infected sequentially in cutaneous leishmaniasis and that they play distinct roles in the inflammatory and immune response initiated by L. major. Mphi capture organisms near the site of inoculation early in the course of infection after establishment of cellular immunity, and kill amastigotes but probably do not actively participate in T cell priming. In contrast, skin DC are induced to express increased amounts of MHC antigens and costimulatory molecules and to release cytokines (including IL-12 p70) by exposure to L. major amastigotes that ultimately accumulate in lesional tissue, and thus very likely initiate protective T helper cell type 1 immunity.
Inner ear autoantibodies in patients with rapidly progressive sensorineural hearing loss

Recognition of immune-mediated sensorineural deafness that responds to immunosuppressive therapy has led to a search for a diagnostic assay to identify inner ear autoantibodies. Without a confirmed diagnosis of autoimmune disease, many patients have undergone inappropriate immunosuppressive treatment or developed irreversible inner ear damage. Serum from patients with progressive sensorineural hearing loss (n = 54), ulcerative colitis (N = 5), normal controls (N = 14), and animals with experimental autoimmune sensorineural hearing loss (EASNHL) were analyzed by Western blot against fresh bovine inner ear antigen preparations. The hearing loss group (19 [35%]) showed a single-or double-band migrating at 68,000 molecular weight (MW), differing from the normal group (1 of 14 [7%]) which showed a similar band (P = .031). Upon analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis both the EASNHL guinea pigs and a patient reacted against identical components of inner ear antigen. These results suggest an autoimmune basis for disease in patients reacting against the 68,000 MW antigen.
GK-12 DISSECT: Incorporating computational thinking with K-12 science without computer access

Computational Thinking (CT) introduces computing concepts and demonstrates their usefulness in many other disciplines. CT principles such as algorithmic problem solving, abstraction, modeling and simulation, are integrated into existing STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) curricula by DISSECT (DIScover SciEnce through Computational Thinking). By pairing a local K-12 teacher with a graduate fellow, DISSECT provides instruction and resources as instruments that are pertinent to each specific discipline. These skills in problem-solving and abstract reasoning are necessary for students to be able to compete in the modern and future job markets. DISSECT works to provide these skill-sets to students and classrooms that lack access to computers. The K-12 teachers and graduate fellows work together to develop modules that are capable of teaching CT concepts that are directly tied to their current curriculum while removing the need for access to computer systems. This paper will focus on the modules developed and executed in middle and high school classrooms, emphasizing the creative ways explored to operate in a computer-free environment discussing the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches, while qualitatively assessing student engagement, learning, and interaction which is gathered through teacher interviews, observations and informal talks with students.
An adjoint method for a high-order discretization of deforming domain conservation laws for optimization of flow problems

The fully discrete adjoint equations and the corresponding adjoint method are derived for a globally high-order accurate discretization of conservation laws on parametrized, deforming domains. The conservation law on the deforming domain is transformed into one on a fixed reference domain by the introduction of a time-dependent mapping that encapsulates the domain deformation and parametrization, resulting in an Arbitrary LagrangianEulerian form of the governing equations. A high-order discontinuous Galerkin method is used to discretize the transformed equation in space and a high-order diagonally implicit RungeKutta scheme is used for the temporal discretization. Quantities of interest that take the form of spacetime integrals are discretized in a solver-consistent manner. The corresponding fully discrete adjoint method is used to compute exact gradients of quantities of interest along the manifold of solutions of the fully discrete conservation law. These quantities of interest and their gradients are used in the context of gradient-based PDE-constrained optimization.The adjoint method is used to solve two optimal shape and control problems governed by the isentropic, compressible NavierStokes equations. The first optimization problem seeks the energetically optimal trajectory of a 2D airfoil given a required initial and final spatial position. The optimization solver, driven by gradients computed via the adjoint method, reduced the total energy required to complete the specified mission nearly an order of magnitude. The second optimization problem seeks the energetically optimal flapping motion and time-morphed geometry of a 2D airfoil given an equality constraint on the x-directed impulse generated on the airfoil. The optimization solver satisfied the impulse constraint to greater than 8 digits of accuracy and reduced the required energy between a factor of 2 and 10, depending on the value of the impulse constraint, as compared to the nominal configuration. Globally high-order discretization of deforming domain PDE (DG-in-space, RK-in-time).Solver-consistent integration of quantities of interest ensures globally high-order.Derived corresponding fully discrete adjoint equation/method for computing gradients.Enables gradient-based optimal control, shape, time-morphed geometries of PDEsEnergetically optimal time-morphed geometry and control for foil in viscous flow.
Comparing cardiac action potentials recorded with metal and glass microelectrodes.

Machine-pulled high-impedance glass capillary microelectrode is standard for transmembrane potential (TMP) recordings. However, it is fragile and difficult to impale, especially in beating myocardi...
Crystal structure and absolute configuration of yohimbine hydrochloride, C21H27ClN2O3

Yohimbine (C21H26N2O3) is an important indole alkaloid found in the Indian snake rootrauwolfia serpentina, and is very closely related to reserpine. Yohimbine hydrochloride (C21H27ClN2O3) is orthorhombic:P212121,a = 11·54,b = 24·88,c = 7·00 A,Z = 4. X-ray diffraction data to a Bragg angle of 80 ° were collected on a G.E. diffractometer using CuKα radiation. The structure was solved by direct methods, and refined to a reliability index of 9·9 % by the block-diagonal least-squares method. Yohimbine has a ring system very similar to that of reserpine, though the conformations of the ringsC andD about the C—N bond are different in the two molecules. The absolute configuration of the molecule, determined by X-ray anomalous scattering, confirms the 3α, 15α, 20β configuration assigned earlier by conformational analysis.
The D-form of a novel heparan binding peptide decreases cytomegalovirus infection in vivo and in vitro.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in utero can lead to congenital sensory neural hearing loss and mental retardation. Reactivation or primary infection can increase the morbidity and mortality in immune suppressed transplant recipients and AIDS patients. The current standard of care for HCMV disease is nucleoside analogs, which can be nephrotoxic. In addition resistance to current treatments is becoming increasingly common. In an effort to develop novel CMV treatments, we tested the effectiveness of the D-form of a novel heparan sulfate binding peptide, p5RD, at reducing infection of ganciclovir (GCV) resistant HCMVs in vitro and MCMV in vivo. HCMV infection was reduced by greater than 90% when cells were pretreated with p5RD. Because p5RD acts by a mechanism unrelated to those used by current antivirals, it was effective at reducing GCV resistant HCMVs by 85%. We show that p5RD is resistant to common proteases and serum inactivation, which likely contributed to its ability to significantly reduced infection of peritoneal exudate cells and viral loads in the spleen and the lungs in vivo. The ability of p5RD to reduce HCMV infectivity in vitro including GCV resistant HCMVs and MCMV infection in vivo suggests that this peptide could be a novel anti-CMV therapeutic.
Small Polygon Compression

We introduce a compression technique for small polygons. The main application is to embed compressed polygons in emergency alert messages that have strict length restrictions, as in the case of Wireless Emergency Alert messages. We transform polygon coordinates to sets of integers and are able to compress them to between 10.4% and 25.6% of original length reducing original polygon lengths from 43-331 characters to 9-61 characters. The compression technique introduced in this work takes advantage of a strongly skewed polygon coordinate distribution.
Pedagogical beliefs and attitudes toward information and communication technology: a survey of teachers of English as a foreign language in China

ABSTRACTThough pedagogical beliefs have been identified as critical factors in the success of technology integration, very few studies have included them in technology-adoption models. The present study revises the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) by adding teachers’ pedagogical beliefs, and tests the revised model among university-level English-as-a-foreign- language (EFL) teachers in China. Specifically, the revised model examines how teachers’ constructivist and/or transmissive pedagogical beliefs influence four key constructs of the TAM: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude toward use, and intention to use. Survey data were collected from 202 Chinese EFL teachers and analyzed using path analysis. The revised model showed a good model fit. The results indicated that the sampled teachers’ pedagogical beliefs were more constructivist-oriented than transmissive-oriented, and that the former type of beliefs had a significant positive influence on three of the above-mentioned TAM construct...
CT follow-up in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs): combined radiation and contrast dose reduction.

BackgroundFrequent computed tomography (CT) follow-ups involve significant radiation related risks for patients with low-grade neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Contrast agent (CA) application is essen...
Emerging therapies for atopic dermatitis: The prostaglandin/leukotriene pathway.

The role of leukotrienes and prostaglandins in development of atopy has been prototypically established in studies of asthma pathogenesis. Likewise, both in vitro and in vivo studies of atopic dermatitis have demonstrated that these molecules maintain important pathophysiologic roles. Thus, it follows that targeted therapies against these molecules may be promising in management of atopic dermatitis. Montelukast has had questionable efficacy in patients with atopic dermatitis, whereas small pilots using zileuton did have some clinically significant improvement. There are several agents in development that target leukotrienes and/or prostaglandins as well, including OC000459, Q301, and ZPL-521. In atopic dermatitis, OC000459 did not demonstrate efficacy in clinical trials, and the efficacy of the other 2 agents remains to be seen. Should these medications prove promising, these topical agents may play a future role in chronic maintenance therapy and flare prophylaxis in atopic dermatitis, as antileukotriene therapy does in asthma.
Coupling anisotropic viscosity and fiber orientation in applications to squeeze flow

The influence of anisotropic viscosity on fiber orientation evolution in classic squeeze flow is examined with a viscous fiber suspension of specified initial orientation state. The components of the anisotropic viscosity tensor for a well dispersed and collimated fiber suspension developed in micromechanical analyses earlier by one of the authors were combined in an orientation averaging approach to produce the effective suspension viscosity components for arbitrary orientation states. A coupled anisotropic viscosity constitutive relationship was numerically implemented into a displacement-based finite element code for nonlinear analysis of flow and fiber orientation. The numerical method was verified by agreement between predicted and observed responses for a single element subjected to canonical states of deformation. Evolution of fiber orientation during the deformation processes was confirmed by analytic predictions. This approach was validated by examining the squeeze flow of a fiber suspension studied earlier both analytically and experimentally. The present analysis was found to be in excellent agreement with experimental data and clearly demonstrated that evolution of fiber orientation and the resulting effective anisotropic viscosity tensor were essential to the correct predictions.The influence of anisotropic viscosity on fiber orientation evolution in classic squeeze flow is examined with a viscous fiber suspension of specified initial orientation state. The components of the anisotropic viscosity tensor for a well dispersed and collimated fiber suspension developed in micromechanical analyses earlier by one of the authors were combined in an orientation averaging approach to produce the effective suspension viscosity components for arbitrary orientation states. A coupled anisotropic viscosity constitutive relationship was numerically implemented into a displacement-based finite element code for nonlinear analysis of flow and fiber orientation. The numerical method was verified by agreement between predicted and observed responses for a single element subjected to canonical states of deformation. Evolution of fiber orientation during the deformation processes was confirmed by analytic predictions. This approach was validated by examining the squeeze flow of a fiber suspension stud...
Research Methodology of NDEA Title VII-A: A Descriptive and Critical Analysis

BACKGROUND The passage of the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) in 1958 can be at least partially attributed to the launching of the first Soviet Sputnik in October 1957. Apprehension prompted criticism of American education and the desire to improve it, particularly in the areas of mathematics and science teaching. The passage of NDEA was a first response, an infusion of federal aid to education, that provided a base from which even larger programs would be launched in the 1960s. Title VII-A of NDEA was "categorical" legislation specifically intended for the support of research in the fields of instructional media and technology. Its orientation was practical: policy research showing how technology could be harnessed to correct deficiencies in American education was to be funded. Under this title 40.3 million dollars were eventually expended, funding more than 600 projects over 10 years. Among these projects were many that had an importance for education researchers in general, reaching beyond the bounds
Bring Me the Head of Peter Pan: A Commentary on NO LAW

This commentary was delivered on March 21, 2009, at a conference sponsored by the Duke Law School Center for the Study of the Public Domain in honor of the publication of NO LAW: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE SHADOW OF AN ABSOLUTE FIRST AMENDMENT by David L. Lange and H. Jefferson Powell. The commentary considers the converse problem of artistic creation in the shadow of an increasingly absolutist law of copyright, and notes that artists beginning with the poet we today know as Homer have achieved greatness by freely appropriating the words, images, sounds, and ideas of others. The increasingly imperial claims of copyright advanced by the United States in the global marketplace of words, images, and sounds, the essay suggests, are a direct result of the post-imperial desperation of a nation that seeks to dominate the world with only two tools -- military force and communications. It notes a comment by Professors Lange and Powell that Believing in intellectual property is like believing in Tinker Bell: we clap our hands, and it is so. The allusion to Peter Pan is apt, the essay notes, because J.M. Barrie's story of a boy who lives on a magical island where he will never grow old is a fable of the Western adventure with colonialism and cultural domination -- a domination we are now attempting to preserve in its fading years by resort to legal coercion and extravagant doctrines of intellectual ownership. But in fact the key to national survival in a multipolar world lies not in imaginary property rights to American ideas but in their syncretic vitality, for which wide freedom of appropriation is essential. The recent wave of litigation surrounding the artist Shepard Fairey serves as a metaphor for the metastasis of intellectual property concepts. Fairey is involved with a lawsuit against the Associated Press over his appropriation of an image by AP photographer Mannie Garcia of then-candidate Barack Obama. Fairey himself, however, has recently claimed ownership of the word OBEY. The current intellectual property regime, the essay concludes, resembles nothing so much as a load of politically tainted tea awaiting deposit into Boston Harbor.
Variation of Blood Group Antigen Expression on Vaginal Cells and Mucus in Secretor and Nonsecretor Women

AbstractThe expression of blood group antigens on the surface of urothelial cells and in mucus is controlled partly by the blood type and secretor status of the individual. To our knowledge, the possibility that the levels of these antigens vary with time has not been previously assessed. We determine if the pattern and/or intensity of blood group antigen expression on vaginal epithelial cells and mucus changed with time. Cell and mucus specimens were collected weekly for 3 months from 10 women: 5 (2 secretors and 3 nonsecretors) with and 5 (3 secretors and 2 nonsecretors) without a history of urinary tract infections. In addition, samples were collected on 5 consecutive days from 5 of these individuals. The cell and mucus samples were assayed for ABH and Lewis blood group antigens using monoclonal antibodies in cell concentration immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked fluorogenic assays, respectively. Although the pattern of antigen expression in the vaginal cell and mucus samples was consistent with the b...
Bigotry in Academe: Disciplinary Elitism

In this brief call to action, the authors decry disciplinary elitism. A large number of academics in various disciplines actually believe that their discipline alone has the answer to how the world works. This sort of academic bigotry runs rampant through our myriad ivied and hallowed halls, and has made a mockery of education. In a culture that values diversity, such as ours, we should not put up with the disciplinist, an academic bigot with no respect for other academic disciplines. Indeed, as disciplines converge, it is often difficult if not impossible to conduct quality research without employing the results of scholarship from other disciplines. Moreover, students who are going to be successful in life must be taught to respect all knowledge. We must teach them, as well, to appreciate the diversity of our various disciplines, and how each in its own way contributes an essential element towards our understanding of the world in which we live.