cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphology, lipid composition, and reproduction in growth anomalies of the reef-building coral Porites evermanni and Porites lobata

Growth anomalies (GAs) are protuberant masses found on many coral species; their presence may be linked to increased ocean temperatures and bleaching stress. In 2014 and 2015, Hawai‘i experienced back-to-back beaching events, after which an increased number of growth anomalies were noted on massive Porites colonies. GAs and normal tissues were sampled from 19 P. evermanni and P. lobata colonies in 2015 and from each of 15 separate P. evermanni colonies on six dates from June 2016 to August 2017, encompassing two annual reproductive cycles. Compared to normal tissue, GAs had significantly larger corallites in all dimensions in both P. evermanni and P. lobata. GAs of P. evermanni also had reduced amounts of lipid and lower functional lipid ratios across all time points. Across tissue types, lipid content was generally higher in winter (December) and spring (April) than in summer months (June/July), but was not correlated with reproductive condition. While GAs are generally non-reproductive in other corals, GA tissues in P. evermanni contained elevated numbers of oocytes in 2017. Compared to normal tissue, GAs in P. evermanni had aberrant corallite morphology and likely committed proportionally more energy to growth and less to energy storage.
Building a revolutionary state: the legal transformation of New York, 1776–1783

Over the past thirty years, legal historians have made significant contributions to the historiography of the American Revolutionary era. Primarily concentrating on the war for independence and the...
Effects of myofibrogranuloma on serum calcium levels in walleye ( Stizostedion vitreum )

The effect of myofibrogranuloma (skeletal muscle degeneration) on serum calcium levels in spawning walleye ( Stizostedion vitreum ) was examined. Mean serum calcium levels for healthy male walleye (11.7 ± 1.5 mg/10 ml serum) was significantly lower ( P P < 0.1) in serum calcium were seen between healthy male and myofibrogranuloma-diseased male walleye (13.6 ± 2.1 mg/100 ml serum) and between healthy and myofibrogranuloma-diseased female walleye (20.2 ± 3.7 mg/100 ml serum). Elevations seen in mean serum calcium levels suggest the muscle degeneration and subsequent granuloma formation in later stages of myofibrogranuloma have a significant effect on serum calcium.
Assuring safe patient care in a level III NICU in anticipation of hospital closure.

Hospital closures promote latent factors putting patients at risk for medical errors. Our goal was to maintain safe patient care in our Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) by preventing any increase in neonatal mortality or hospital-based complications prior to hospital closure. Interventions included expanding TeamSTEPPS huddles and Leadership WalkRoundsTM. Measurements of safety domains were conducted using the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire. A run chart tracked neonatal mortality. We compared hospital-based complications for all neonatal admissions in 2019 with our own past outcomes and Vermont Oxford Network (VON) benchmarks. Teamwork climate scores increased from an average score of 24.6–28.3 (maximum score 30, P < 0.05, CI 6.7–0.9). Quarterly neonatal mortality and neonatal outcomes did not worsen. The frequency of transfer did not increase. A strong teamwork climate with resilient leadership may mitigate safety concerns under calamitous circumstances.
The impact of state policies for school-based BMI/fitness assessments on children's BMI outcomes in rural versus urban schools: Evidence from a natural experiment.

Abstract Childhood obesity remains a public health crisis because of its alarming prevalence and potential for costly long-term health consequences, especially among rural children. Schools are considered natural loci for policies to combat obesity because children spend most of their active hours and consume a substantial share of their calories, at school. Recent state policy efforts have involved measuring children's BMI and/or fitness to notify parents or inform surveillance efforts, but the empirical evidence to date is far from definitive. This study leverages plausibly exogenous assignment of military families as a natural experiment to assess the association of such polices with children's BMI and obesogenic behaviors. The sample is stratified by urbanicity because of the likely differences in obesity prevalence and in environments necessary to support healthy lifestyles. Data were collected in 2013–2014 and analyzed in 2018–9. The policies were associated with lower odds of overweight (OR: 0.422; CI: 0.251–0.708) and at-risk of overweight (OR: 0.360; CI: 0.161–0.801) among children in rural, but not urban, schools. The policies were also associated with greater activity levels and less frequent intake of unhealthy foods, particularly among children attending rural schools. Results were robust to stratification based on urbanicity of the installation versus school, omission of family covariates, and other sensitivity analyses. Falsification checks on children's height, parental BMI outcomes, home food environments and neighborhood environments indicate findings are not driven by selection. BMI assessment policies were associated with children's BMI outcomes and health behaviors in rural, but not urban schools.
Design of 3D Metamaterial Unit Cells for Broadband and Wide Field of View RCS Reduction

The framework of coding metasurfaces provides a method to achieve RCS reduction via phase-based scattering using the concepts of interfering PEC and PMC scatterers. Typically, coding metasurface unit cells are designed and fabricated as planar structures, and, as a result, the achievable field of view is limited. However, by extending the unit cell design to three dimensions, which can be realized with the aid of additive manufacturing, it is possible to design coding metasurfaces for wide field of view (FOV) and broadband RCS reduction.
14.1 A 71-to-86GHz Packaged 16-Element by 16-Beam Multi-User Beamforming Integrated Receiver in 28nm CMOS

Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO) at mm-wave is a promising technique for high-capacity wireless access. A base-station array of M antennas simultaneously steers K independent beams, which enables spatial multiplexing and channel bandwidth reuse across multiple users. It has been shown that for M≫K (i.e. massive MIMO), linear algorithms can achieve near-optimal user tracking and spatial interference rejection [1]. The power and area demands of massive arrays are minimized with a fully connected architecture, where each beam is a combination of all available array elements [2]. However, a massive fully connected array results in significant hardware complexity.
Hate Exhaustion, Emotional Support, and Desistance From White Supremacist Groups

This study examines how and why people join, participate in, and leave White supremacist terrorist (WST) groups. In-depth life history interviews and biographic timelines of former White supremacists in the United States and Canada were collected. Findings indicate that former members’ decisions to engage and desist from WST groups are greatly influenced by their experiences of emotional support—or lack thereof. Participants lacked emotional support prior to joining WST and the emotional support they received from group membership was toxic. Participants exited WST because they experienced hate exhaustion and were willing to sacrifice all or most of their emotional support to alleviate it. This research contributes to the theoretical understandings of emotional support’s influence in engagement and disengagement from WST by speaking to Snow and Machalek’s (1983) characteristics of converts, the Identity Theory of Desistance (Paternoster and Bushway 2009), and Latif et al.’s (2018) WST emotional dynamics models. Moreover, this study asks if desistance is similar to burnout and if radicalization is similar to conversion. This work has practical implications regarding the prevention of initial involvement, the development of interventions to disrupt these activities, and the facilitation of disengagement from WST groups.
Venetoclax plus intensive chemotherapy with cladribine, idarubicin, and cytarabine in patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia or high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome: a cohort from a single-centre, single-arm, phase 2 trial.

Summary Background Addition of the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax to lower intensity therapy has been shown to improve overall survival in older (aged 75 years or older) and unfit patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the activity of venetoclax combined with intensive chemotherapy in patients aged 65 years or younger with acute myeloid leukaemia. Methods This cohort study was done at the MD Anderson Cancer Center in the USA, as part of the single-centre, single arm, phase 2, CLIA trial. Here we report on the independent cohort investigating the safety and activity of venetoclax added to intensive chemotherapy (the CLIA regimen [cladribine, high-dose cytarabine, idarubicin]). Eligible patients were aged 18–65 years with a new diagnosis of acute myeloid leukaemia, mixed phenotype acute leukaemia, or high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (≥10% blasts or International Prognostic Scoring System ≥2 [intermediate]), who received no previous potentially curative therapy for leukaemia. Patients received cladribine (5 mg/m2) and cytarabine (1·5 g/m2 for patients aged Findings Between Feb 25, 2019, and March 23, 2021, 77 patients were assessed for eligibility, 50 of whom were enrolled. Median age was 48 years (IQR 37–56). 47 (94% [95% CI 83–98]) patients had composite complete response, with the same proportion also having an overall response; two (4% [1–14]) patients did not respond, and one (2% [0–11]) patient died during induction. 37 (82% [95% CI 68–92]) of 45 patients had undetectable measurable residual disease (MRD). At a median follow-up of 13·5 months (IQR 6·4–19·5), the median duration of response, event-free survival, and overall survival were not reached. At 12 months, the estimated duration of response was 74% (95% CI 60–92), event-free survival was 68% (54–85), and overall survival was 85% (75–97). The most common adverse events of grade 3 or worse were febrile neutropenia (42 [84%] patients), infection (six [12%]), and alanine aminotransferase elevations (six [12%]). There was one death during induction in a patient treated with CLIA–venetoclax plus a FLT3 inhibitor. Two patients died of infectious complications while in complete response in consolidation cycles, both of whom had FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukaemia and were receiving combined therapy with a FLT3 inhibitor. No deaths were deemed to be treatment related. Interpretation Venetoclax added to CLIA was safe and active in patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia or high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome, producing high rates of durable MRD-negative remissions and encouraging event-free survival and overall survival. Funding MD Anderson Cancer Center.
Discovery of antimicrobial agent targeting tryptophan synthase.

Antibiotic and antimicrobial resistance is a continually growing challenge in the treatment of various bacterial infections worldwide. New drugs and new drug targets are necessary to curb the threat of infectious diseases caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens. The tryptophan biosynthesis pathway is essential for bacterial growth but is absent in higher animals and humans. Drugs that can inhibit the bacterial biosynthesis of tryptophan offer a new class of antibiotics. In this work, we combined a structure-based strategy using in silico docking screening and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to identify compounds targeting the α subunit of tryptophan synthase with experimental methods involving the whole-cell minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test, solution state NMR, and crystallography to confirm the inhibition of L-tryptophan biosynthesis. Screening 1800 compounds from the National Cancer Institute Diversity Set I against α subunit revealed 28 compounds for experimental validation; four of the 28 hit compounds showed promising activity in MIC testing. We performed solution state NMR experiments to demonstrate that Compound 1 binds to the α subunit. We also report a crystal structure of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium tryptophan synthase in complex with one successful inhibitor, 3-amino-3-imino-2-phenyldiazenylpropanamide (Compound 1) which revealed a binding site at the αβ interface of the dimeric enzyme. MD simulations were carried out to examine two binding sites for the compound. Our results show that this small molecule inhibitor could be a promising lead for future drug development. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Genome editing of Capsaspora owczarzaki suggests an ancestral function of the Hippo signaling effector YAP/TAZ/Yorkie in cytoskeletal dynamics but not proliferation

Many genes that function in animal development are present in the close unicellular relatives of animals, but little is known regarding the premetazoan function of these genes. Here, we develop techniques for genetic manipulation in the filasterean Capsaspora owczarzaki and use these tools to characterize the Capsaspora ortholog of the Hippo signaling nuclear effector YAP/TAZ/Yorkie (coYki). In contrast to its potent oncogene activity in metazoans, we show that coYki is dispensable for cell proliferation but regulates cytoskeletal dynamics and the morphology of multicellular aggregates in Capsaspora. Our results suggest an ancestral role for the Hippo pathway in cytoskeletal regulation, which was later co-opted to regulate cell proliferation in animals. One Sentence SummaryGene disruption in a unicellular holozoan suggests an ancestral role for YAP/TAZ/Yorkie in cytoskeletal regulation and cell aggregation but not cell proliferation.
Evaluation of Proton Pump Inhibitor Esomeprazole on Crizotinib Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Participants.

Crizotinib is a small-molecule, multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor that exhibits decreased aqueous solubility at a higher pH. This open-label, randomized, phase 1 study (NCT01549574) evaluated the effect of multiple doses of the proton pump inhibitor esomeprazole on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of crizotinib and the safety of crizotinib with or without esomeprazole in healthy adults. Participants received a single 250-mg crizotinib dose after overnight fast or a single 250-mg crizotinib dose following esomeprazole 40 mg/day for 5 days. After a washout of ≥14 days, participants crossed over to the alternate treatment. Blood samples for plasma analysis were taken up to 144 hours after crizotinib dosing and relevant PK parameters estimated. Safety was assessed in all participants receiving ≥1 dose of study medication. Fifteen participants were evaluable for PK and safety for each treatment. Coadministration with esomeprazole resulted in a slight decrease (≈10%) in the crizotinib geometric mean area under the plasma concentration-time profile from time 0 to infinity (adjusted geometric mean ratio, 89.81% [90% confidence interval, 79.05-102.03]). Coadministration of esomeprazole did not affect peak crizotinib exposure. Adverse events (AEs) occurred in similar numbers between treatments; no serious or severe AEs occurred. The most common AE was diarrhea. Although esomeprazole decreased total exposure of crizotinib, it is not considered clinically meaningful, and dose modification is not required when crizotinib is coadministered with agents that affect gastric pH.
Phase Conjugation: Techniques and Applications

One of the most interesting research areas accessed with intense laser sources is that of nonlinear optics. Shortly after the first lasers became available, a variety of nonlinear phenomena were found to arise in optical media. Many of these phenomena, such as second harmonic generation and stimulated Raman scattering, have been widely exploited to produce intense coherent optical beams at wavelengths far removed from those of existing sources, thereby opening up new methods of research into the physics of optical materials, as well as providing laser sources for a variety of new applications. These nonlinear wavelength conversion techniques are reviewed elsewhere in this volume. The present article reviews nonlinear optical phase conjugation, a phenomenon that is receiving intense interest not because of the production of new wavelengths, but because it offers realistic solutions to several difficult problem areas arising in a variety of applications. This article is not intended to review the entire field of nonlinear optical phase conjugation, since several comprehensive, current reviews are already available. 1,2 Instead, we intend to discuss the basic physical concepts of phase conjugate devices, and summarize recent results in a variety of important applications areas.
FOREWORD ANIMAL LAW: THINKING ABOUT THE FUTURE

In the spring of 2006, Duke University School of Law and Law and Contemporary Problems hosted a conference on animal law. Dean Katharine Bartlett opened the conference with a short address. She suggested that future generations will look back on our treatment of animals with shame, viewing our behavior as blind, or even without conscience. The time was ripe, she suggested, for dramatic changes in animal law. It was a thoughtful and well-received address. Dean Bartlett is not alone in …
Seeding Coherent Radiation Sources with Sawtooth Modulation

Seed radiation sources have the ability to increase longitudinal coherence, decrease saturation lengths, and improve performance of tapering, polarization control and other FEL features. Typically, seeding schemes start with a simple sinusoidal modulation, which is manipulated to provide bunching at a high harmonic of the original wavelength. In this paper, we consider seeding from sawtooth modulations. The sawtooth creates a clean phase space structure, providing a maximal bunching factor without the need for an FEL interaction. While a pure sawtooth modulation is a theoretical construct, it is possible to approach the waveform by combining two or more of the composite wavelengths. We give examples of sawtooth seeding for HGHG, EEHG and other schemes, and note that the sawtooth modulation may aid in suppression of the microbunching instability.
Effects of Ethanol and Fat on the Transport of Reducing Equivalents into Rat Liver Mitochondria

Abstract Chronic ethanol intoxication in rats accelerated the rate of ethanol metabolism, but decreased the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase. Chronic consumption of ethanol decreased the activities of cytochrome oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase in mitochondria and in cell-free homogenates, whereas total hepatic mitochondrial protein was not altered by ethanol feeding. Thus, total "mitochondrial activity" was decreased and cannot account for the increased rate of blood ethanol elearance. We therefore investigated the activities of mitochondrial enzymes and those of "shuttle" systems for the transport of reducing equivalents into mitochondria. Reconstituted malate-aspartate, fatty acid, and α-glycerophosphate shuttles were equally effective in transporting reducing equivalents into the mitochondria from ethanol-fed and control rats. The activities of enzymes involved in the shuttles, such as cytoplasmic and mitochondrial α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, were either decreased or unchanged by chronic ethanol consumption. The permeability of the mitochondria to NADH and to substrate anions which participate in the shuttles was also not altered by ethanol feeding. It is therefore unlikely that the increased rates of ethanol oxidation produced by chronic ethanol consumption are caused by enhanced transport of reducing equivalents into the mitochondria. A high fat diet alone (35% of total calories) increased both the endogenous and total rates of shuttle activity, compared with the rates obtained with mitochondria from rats which had consumed a low fat diet. However, the rates of blood ethanol clearance were comparable in rats consuming high fat and low fat diets. Therefore, the transport of reducing equivalents into the mitochondria under these conditions does not appear to be rate-limiting for ethanol metabolism.
Contribution of murine innate serum inhibitors toward interference within influenza virus immune assays.

Please cite this paper as: Cwach et al. (2011) Contribution of murine innate serum inhibitors toward interference within influenza virus immune assays. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00283.x. Background Prior to detection of an antibody response toward influenza viruses using the hemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI), sera are routinely treated to inactivate innate inhibitors using both heat inactivation (56°C) and recombinant neuraminidase [receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE)]. Objectives We revisited the contributions of innate serum inhibitors toward interference with influenza viruses in immune assays, using murine sera, with emphasis on the interactions with influenza A viruses of the H3N2 subtype. Methods We used individual serum treatments: 56°C alone, RDE alone, or RDE + 56°C, to treat sera prior to evaluation within HAI, microneutralization, and macrophage uptake assays. Results Our data demonstrate that inhibitors present within untreated murine sera interfere with the HAI assay in a manner that is different from that seen for the microneutralization assay. Specifically, the γ class inhibitor α2-Macroglobulin (A2-M) can inhibit H3N2 viruses within the HAI assay, but not in the microneutralization assay. Based on these findings, we used a macrophage uptake assay to demonstrate that these inhibitors can increase uptake by macrophages when the influenza viruses express an HA from a 1968 H3N2 virus isolate, but not a 1997 H3N2 isolate. Conclusions The practice of treating sera to inactivate innate inhibitors of influenza viruses prior to evaluation within immune assays has allowed us to effectively detect influenza virus-specific antibodies for decades. However, this practice has yielded an under-appreciation for the contribution of innate serum inhibitors toward host immune responses against these viruses, including contributions toward neutralization and macrophage uptake.
A Reusable Ontology for Fluents in OWL

A critical problem for practical KR is dealing with relationships that change over time. This problem is compounded by representation languages such as OWL that are biased towards binary relations; even when the relationships that vary with time are binary, the time the relationship holds typically requires a third argument. We discuss the standard approach to this problem, and contrast it to a new alternative based on a four-dimensionalist (perdurantist) ontology, which allows us to use more of the expressive power of description logics. The technique is usable in other logics as well.
Diversity of Endophytic Bacteria in Forest Trees

A group of studies on the diversity of endophytic bacteria in forest trees is presented in terms of host plant species variety and the number of reports. Many host tree species are underrepresented in these studies: Trees in the tropics as well as some important temperate tree species, such as those belonging to the genera of Alnus and Fagus, have not yet been investigated.
Particle removal by the respiratory system note on the removal of airborne particulates by the human respiratory tract with particular reference to the role of diffusion.

Calculations of the contribution of diffusion to lung retention given previously (W. Findeisen,Pflug. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol.,236, 367–379, 1935; H. D. Landahl,Bull. Math. Biophysics,12, 43–56, 1950) contained an error appreciably underestimating the role of diffusion for particles less than a few microns in diameter. In the calculations (Landahl, 1950), a schematic representation of the lungs was modified to conform to the actual resting lung volume by increasing the number of alveolar sacs. A recalculation of total deposition with this chematic model gives too large a retention for very small particles. Hence it seemed appropriate to recalculate the retention for various paricle sizes in various regions of the respiratory tract for several respiratory paterns, using the original schematic model but assuming that the estimates reflect conditions in a deflated lung. For a given tidal air the sizes of the alveolar ducts and sacs were assumed to expand so that the total volume of the model was equal to 2.5 liters plus one half of the tidal air, i.e., the mean lung volume. The results of these calculations are appreciably different from those given previously, but the differences are serious only for particles of about 0.1 micron or less. Also given is an approximation method for calculating the probability of impaction of droplets against nasal hairs.
Notes on Reproduction in the Star-Nosed Mole

Few mammals are more distinctive of North America than Condylura cristata cristata (Linnaeus) but its general habits and reproductive history have been little explored; much of the data we have on its mode of life have been gathered by chance. The observations recorded below are fragmentary, but are considered worthy of record since no study of its entire reproductive pattern has been recorded. A few data on the season of reproduction and embryo counts have been recorded by Hamilton (1931). In the past 25 years, additional material has become available that adds to our meager knowledge of the reproductive pattern in this species. Our data are largely the result of routine trapping in an attempt to secure information on the population dynamics of the small mammals of central and western New York. No real effort has been made to collect these moles, except as specific needs for fresh specimens for glandular studies arose (Eadie, 1948 a , b ). The number of fresh specimens inspected by us and our collectors is 145. The reproductive organs of these were grossly examined. Published information on the reproductive cycle of Condylura is included to supplement our own observations. Pairing of the sexes .—It is generally held that the male and female talpid consort only for the purpose of mating, and lead a solitary life at other times. Condylura is often found in small colonies and appears to live a gregarious existence with its own kind. Thus we have taken ten individuals in an area of an acre in several weeks of late winter trapping. Three males were taken in a minnow trap at Willseyville, New York on May 25, 1928. The trap was placed in a pool about two feet deep, below the riffles of a large stream. In several instances a male …
Judgment of Emotion in Human Face Stimuli: An Individual Differences Analysis

Summary Comparative judgments of the pleasure and anger dissimilarity between 80 face pairs were made by 100 male and female college students. The 80 face-pair stimuli were constructed by a systematic interchanging and deletion of four regions for anger and neutral face poses and for pleasure and neutral face poses. An individual differences analysis of the scaling data resulted in five like-perceiving subgroups of Ss. These subgroups were characterized on the basis of their differential use of face regions in making anger and pleasure dissimilarity judgments. The study illustrates the necessity of the individual differences approach to the study of cue utilization in the perception of emotion in human face stimuli.
On the integration of growth and business cycles

This paper discusses several approaches to generating the observed persistence in macro models and presents evidence in favor of models where endogenous technology adoption propagates transitory shocks into the medium term.
Is streptomycin an ineffective antituberculous therapy in the absence of acquired host resistance.

The purpose of this paper is to focus attention upon a limitation of streptomycin, namely, that streptomycin is an ineffective antituberculous agent in the absence of acquired host resistance. Since streptomycin was shown to be both tuberculostatic and bacteniocidal in vitro, and in vivo1-4 except in the pathological tissues of chronic tuberculosis,5’ #{176} it was to be hoped that streptomycin could be used as a prophylactic agent to prevent the development and the progression of tuberculosis in individuals who had been exposed to the disease. The clinical symptoms of malaria can be prevented by the prophylactic use of quinine, quinacnine or chloroquine. There is good evidence that syphilis and gonorrhea can be prevented by the use of penicillin prior to exposure. Yet it appears that streptomycin, a tuberculostatic agent, when given simultaneous with or even prior to an injection of tubercle bacilli, fails to sterilize the tissues, and fails to prevent both the development of and the progression of tuberculosis. History Prior to chemotherapy and antibiotic agents, it was not uncommon for many tuberculous patients to make good recoveries on a regimen of bedrest, a good diet and occasionally some aid from collapse therapy. Other tubenculous individuals have recovered without even the help of bed-rest, diet and collapse therapy. Many of these individuals have been wholly unaware that they were tuberculous, and have made recoveries without deviating from their normal daily activities. The above recoveries from tuberculosis without the aid of chemotherapy or antibiotic agents have been largely due to good natural and/on good acquired host resistance. These recoveries are verified by roentgenologists almost daily on discovery of cases of arrested tuberculosis without history of illness. It is also interesting to note here that some states show as many as twenty-five per cent of the deaths from tuberculosis have occurred in individuals who were apparently free or relatively free from symptoms, being unknown to the public health authorities prior to the receipt of the death certificates.7 Since the early reports of Hinshaw,1-3 it has been generally accepted that streptomycin could exert a powerful effect upon the course of a tubercubus infection. The prompt recovery of early tuberculosis, the improve*From the U.S. Army Hospital. 544
Oligopeptides excreted in the urine of healthy humans and of patients with nephrotic syndrome

The isolation and separation of oligopeptides excreted in the urine is the subject of this investigation. Twelve simple oligopeptides of molecular weight ranging from 500 to 1200 were found in the urine of both healthy persons and patients with nephrotic syndrome. In normal urine, 6 oligopeptides from the group of molecular weight under 500 were found, whereas in patients there were 4 additional oligopeptides. Quantitive evaluation of the separate oligopeptides excreted was carried out on basis of the α-amino nitrogen determination (after hydrolysis). Statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) in the oligopeptides excreted in the urine of healthy persons and patients with nephrotic syndrome was confirmed for only 4 acid oligopeptides of molecular weight in the range of 500 to 1200.
PMMA - Impregnated Silica Gels: Synthesis and Characterization

Abstract : Shaped microporous silica has been prepared by a sol-gel process. The resulting silicas have 50% open porosity. The open porosity is filled by immersing the shapes in methyl methacrylate (MMA) and polymerizing with ultraviolet radiation. The fully impregnated silica is recovered in net shape. The outstanding feature of the PMMA-impregnated silica is its transparency. There is little loss from scattering because of the nanometer scale of the microstructure and the similarity in index of refraction for silica and PMMA. The flexure strength of the silica-PMMA composite has been measured in 4-point bending. The strength increases at slower strain rates because the PMMA provides crack blunting. The composites can withstand thermal shocks up to about 150 deg C without losing strength. The thermal expansion coefficient for the range 0 to 150 deg C follows a mixing rule for 50% silica - 50% PMMA. While the mechanical behavior of the composite largely follows that of bulk PMMA, the microhardness is 3 to 5 times greater than for bulk PMMA. Keywords: PMMA, Polymethyl methacrylate, Impregnated silica gels, Sol-gel process, Optical materials, Organicydes, Polymers.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNAs are expressed in ventral midbrain regions containing dopaminergic neurons

Recent evidence suggests that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) enhance the survival of ventral mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. In this study, cellular distributions of mRNAs for the nerve growth factor (NGF) family of neurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, and NT-3) and the catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were evaluated in the ventral mesencephalon of adult rat to determine if the neurotrophins are synthesized in regions of the responsive dopaminergic cells. Messenger RNAs were localized by in situ hybridization of (35)S-labeled cRNA probes and emulsion autoradiography. Neurotrophin-3 cRNA labeled neurons in the ventral tegmental area, medial substantia nigra pars compacta, and retrorubral field. The distributions of NT-3 mRNA-containing and TH mRNA-containing neurons corresponded very well in these areas. Hybridization of the BDNF cRNA labeled scattered cells in corresponding fields of TH mRNA-containing neurons in both the ventral tegmental area and the medial substantia nigra pars compacta but, in contrast to NT-3 cRNA, labeled fewer cells in these areas. Somata containing BDNF mRNA were also present in surrounding regions, including the interfascicular and interpeduncular nuclei, the supramammillary region, the periaqueductal grey matter, and fields dorsal to the lateral substantia nigra. Hybridization of NGF cRNA was not observed in the ventral mesencephalon. These results demonstrate that mRNAs for NT-3 and BDNF are expressed by neurons in both the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area of adult rat and suggest that trophic support for the dopaminergic neurons in these areas may arise from local synthesis. Moreover, these results raise the possibility that perturbations in local neurotrophin synthesis might contribute to dopamine-related disorders including Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.
Situational Stability and Variability in African American Racial Identity.

Using the Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity as a conceptual framework, the present research investigated the stable and situational properties of African American racial identity. Study 1 i...
Preserving a space for cross-cultural collaborations: an account of insider/outsider issues

This paper focuses on the notions of insider and outsider and these positions as they are situated in and out of the established western academic tradition, and the associated ethical, epistemological and methodological concerns, specifically as relates to both our independent and collaborative research with(in) Alaska Native Yup'ik communities. The paper begins with a brief discussion of traditional views of the dualistic notion of insider/outsider in ethnographic research, which is juxtaposed with tensions existing between traditional views of insider/outsider and the views of Indigenous ethnographers conducting research among Indigenous populations. Using examples taken from our independent and collaborative research data and transcripts from our Independent Study discussions, we map the paths taken in reconstructing a dualistic view of insider/outsider, western/indigenous, knowledge creator/knowledge receiver. Drawing on Habermas' theory of communicative action, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of lang...
Production of selectable marker-free transgenic tobacco plants using a non-selection approach: chimerism or escape, transgene inheritance, and efficiency

Public concern and metabolic drain were the main driving forces for the development of a selectable marker-free transformation system. We demonstrated here the production of transgenic tobacco plants using a non-selection approach by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. A. tumefaciens-infected leaf explants were allowed to produce shoots on a shoot induction medium (SIM) containing no selective compounds. Up to 35.1% of the A. tumefaciens-infected leaf explants produced histochemically GUS+ shoots, 3.1% of regenerated shoots were GUS+, and 72% of the GUS+ shoots were stably transformed by producing GUS+ T1 seedlings. When polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to screen the regenerated shoots, 4% of the shoots were found to be PCR+ for the transgene and 65% of the PCR+ shoots were stable transformants. Also, generation of PCR+ escapes decreased linearly as the number of subculture increased from one to three on SIM containing the antibiotic that kills the Agrobacterium. Twenty-five to 75% of the transformants were able to transmit transgene activity to the T1 generation in a Mendelian 3:1 ratio, and a transformation efficiency of 2.2–2.8% was achieved for the most effective binary vector. These results indicated that majority of the GUS+ or PCR+ shoots recovered under no selection were stable transformants, and only one-third of them were chimeric or escapes. Transgenes in these transgenic plants were able to transmit the transgene into progeny in a similar fashion as those recovered under selection.
Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients With Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is diagnosed in over 65,000 Americans annually, and earlier detection and advances in surgical techniques have resulted in improved oncological outcomes. Given that diabetes and hypertension are independent risk factors for the development of RCC, it is not surprising that diabetic nephropathy or hypertensive nephrosclerosis are commonly encountered in these patients. Data support that at least one third of the 300,000 kidney cancer survivors in the United States have or will develop CKD; however, the effect of CKD in this clinical setting has largely evaded the attention of the medical community. It is likely that CKD which develops from postsurgical therapy for RCC may limit long-term outcomes by increasing the risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. To further improve the clinical outcomes for kidney cancer patients, better recognition and management of CKD, which requires coordination among urologists, pathologists, and nephrologists, will be essential.
Urban Sprawl, Smart Growth, and Deliberative Democracy

Urban sprawl is an increasingly common feature of the built environment in the United States and other industrialized nations. Although there is considerable evidence that urban sprawl has adverse affects on public health and the environment, policy frameworks designed to combat sprawl—such as smart growth—have proven to be controversial, making implementation difficult.Smart growth has generated considerable controversy because stakeholders affected by urban planning policies have conflicting interests and divergent moral and political viewpoints. In some of these situations, deliberative democracy—an approach to resolving controversial public-policy questions that emphasizes open, deliberative debate among the affected parties as an alternative to voting—would be a fair and effective way to resolve urban-planning issues.
Unique educational program in critical care medicine for the general internist

Objective: To determine the effect of a unique educational program in critical care medicine on the attitudes, knowledge, and skills of general internists who care for critically ill patients.
Inscriptionalism and the Objects of Explanation

precisely how, nor what criteria of identity are appropriate for events. Whatever events are, when we refer to them we do so by using some description of what happened. We may claim, for example, that Johnny broke the lamp, or we may claim that Harry's son destroyed an antique. Yet, Johnny's breaking of the lamp may be Harry's son's destroying an antique. The two claims differ in that we refer to the event in question under different descriptions. This distinction between events and their descriptions is of importance for the investigation of the structure of explanation. As an example of the confusion which can result from failure to observe this distinction, consider the unpredicted death of Jones, where P is the description 'the unpredicted death of Jones', and Q is the description 'the death of Jones'. It seems clear that prior to the event in question it was in principle not predictable under description P. For to attempt to predict it under that description would be to render the description no longer applicable. This argument however, in no way tends to show that the event in question was unpredictable. For, unpredictable though it was under description P, it may well have been predictable under description Q. That it in principle was would follow from some deterministic views of the universe. But the lack of predictability under P ought not to be taken as an argument against determinism. To take it so results from failure to distinguish between the predictability of events and the predictability of events under particular descriptions.
Curvature mode shape-based damage assessment of carbon/epoxy composite beams

In this article, a combined analytical and experimental damage assessment method using curvature mode shapes is developed. The curvature mode is selected due to its sensitivity to the presence of the damage and the localized nature of the changes. An analytical relationship between the damaged and the healthy beams is formulated, for which the effect of damage in the form of stiffness loss is accounted. This relationship is later used to estimate the extent of damage from the experimentally identified changes in structural dynamic characteristics. Surface-bonded piezoelectric sensors are used to directly acquire the curvature modes of composite structures, which simplify the identification procedure. The specimens are made of carbon/epoxy laminated composite beams. Several different types of damages are introduced in the beams (i.e., delamination, impact, and saw-cut damages) to simulate possible damage scenarios. Several limitations and remarks of the proposed experimental and damage identification appro...
The psychiatrist's role in the assessment and treatment of the mentally retarded child.

The purpose of this paper is to further understand the mentally retarded child and his family, and review the psychiatrist's role in the assessment and treatment of the common emotional disorders found therein. Appropriate assessment techniques, the frequently noted emotional disorders, parental responses, and helpful treatment modalities will be reviewed. Psychotherapy with the mentally retarded child is challenging, diverse, and demands greater attention from the mental health profession.
Intramural gastric abscess: case history and review.

Intramural gastric abscess, a rare and commonly misdiagnosed condition, is a form of suppurative gastritis that was described in the time of Galen.1 This is a case description of intramural gastric abscess diagnosed by EUS, which is rapidly becoming the standard technique for diagnosis of this condition.2 English-language reports of cases of intramural gastric abscess published since 1972 are reviewed.
The Impact of Neighborhood, Family, and Individual Risk Factors on Toddlers’ Disruptive Behavior

Disadvantaged neighborhoods confer risk for behavior problems in school-aged children but their impact in toddlerhood is unknown. Relations between toddlers' disruptive behavior and neighborhood disadvantage, family disadvantage, violence or conflict exposure, parent depressive symptoms, and parenting behavior were examined using multilevel, multigroup (girl-boy) models. Participants were 1,204 families (mean child age = 24.7 months). Unique associations between disruptive behavior and all risk factors were observed, but the effect of neighborhood disadvantage was negligible when all of the more proximal factors were accounted for. The results suggest both that children in disadvantaged neighborhoods are at greater risk of behavior problems than children in nondisadvantaged neighborhoods and that optimal prevention/intervention work with these children will attend to proximal risk factors.
The delicate interplay between wind-stress and buoyancy input in ocean circulation: the Goldsbrough variations*

Let us imagine that we are at Stratford on Avon. It is May 26, 1963. The last strains of the band concert have faded away. The audience has dispersed. The musicians are packing up their instruments. They notice an old gentleman, apparently askep in one of the chairs. So ended gently the last holiday of George Ridsdale Goldsbrough, just one week past his 82nd birthday. He played a curious indirect role in the development of the theory of ocean circulation; many times over. The title of my talk might well be called the Goldsbrough variations. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1984.tb00231.x
Receptor binding and the discovery of psychotherapeutic drugs

The identification of useful new drugs, when not due entirely to serendipity, has often relied on in vivo techniques that are both difficult to interpret and to perform. The receptor binding technique, however, by allowing the direct study of the specific biochemical site of action of most psychotherapeutic drugs has provided a simple, selective, and sensitive method to study drug-receptor interactions. The biochemical locus of action for a family of drugs can often be identified by comparing their absolute potencies in in vivo systems with their affinities at a number of drug and/or neurotrans mitter receptor binding sites. Once a particular binding site is identified as therapeutically relevant, affinity for this binding site can be used as a screen for novel compounds that may show similar in vivo activity. Detailed structure-activity relationships can be determined in vitro without the problems of metabolism and differential absorption that complicate in vivo studies. Such studies allow the pinpointing of active sites within the drug molecule for further synthetic manipulations. Receptor binding studies have been essential in the elucidation of the therapeutic mechanisms of neuroleptics, tricyclic antidepressants, opiates, and benzodiazepines. Receptor binding studies are not only useful in the identification and quantification of therapeutically useful drug receptor interactions but have also been invaluable in the study of similar interactions that manifest themselves as drug-induced side effects. Such studies may eventually allow the development of drugs that are not only more therapeutically potent but are also free of side effects. Radioreceptor assays have also been introduced to measureserum drug levels of neuroleptics, antidepressants, anticholinergics, benzodiazepines and P-adrenergic antagonists. These methods have the advantage of being quick, sensitive, selective, and inexpensive.
Centrally administered opioid antagonists, nor-binaltorphimine, 16-methyl cyprenorphine and MR2266, suppress intake of a sweet solution

Abstract Three opioid antagonists (MR2266, 16-methyl cyprenorphine and nor-binaltorphimine) were tested independently for their ability to suppress the intake of a highly palatable saccharin and glucose (S/G) solution after central administration. MR2266 is an equally potent antagonist at kappa (κ) and mu (μ) opioid receptors. Nor-binaltorphimine (N-BNI) and 16-methyl cyprenorphine (M80) are two recently developed opioid antagonists that were chosen based upon their ability to act more selectively than naloxone at κ and delta (σ) opioid receptor types, respectively. Prior research has demonstrated that when dissolved in acid and administered centrally, MR2266 (20 μg) fails to suppress S/G intake. Because all three antagonists are rather insoluble in water, they were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Rats with chronic ventricular cannula were allowed to consume S/G for a 0.5 hr bout. They received a single intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of antagonist (MR2266: 0, 10, 20 and 40 μg; M80: 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 μg or N-BNI: 0, 1, 3, and 10 μg) 10 min prior to the start of the drinking bout. Administration of DMSO alone failed to alter drinking relative to saline, whereas each antagonist significantly attenuated S/G intake. We conclude that, when dissolved in DMSO, these antagonists suppress drinking by blockade of opioid receptors.