cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Responsibility and Resistance: Building on the Social Practices of Latina Middle School Students

This study analyzes the engagement of midwestern Latino immigrant students for whom key moments within their collaborative work with low-income peers at a multicultural after-school program coincided with 2 controversial political events, the introduction of English-only legislation into the state House of Representatives in the spring of 2005 and a demonstration in which Latino immigrants boycotted work and school in May 2006. The connection between the personal and the political in the culturally relevant program pedagogy served to promote the agency of the young participants.
Transient Heat Transfer in a Scattering - Radiating - Conducting Layer

Transient temperature distribution across a cooling semitransparent layer is obtained by using a direct numerical technique. The layer is emitting, absorbing, isotropically scattering, and heat conducting with a refractive index greater than or equal to one. The layer is cooled by radiation to a much colder environment. The solution involves simultaneously solving the transient energy equation using an implicit finite volume scheme and solving the integral equation for the radiative heat flux using the singularity subtraction technique and Gaussian numerical quadrature. Scattering is found to have a significant effect on the transient temperature distribution and the transient mean temperature of the layer. Nomenclature D = thickness of the medium, m EI, E2, E3 = the exponential integral functions, EH(x) = Ji M"~2 exp(-jc//Lt) d/i G = incidence radiation, W/m2 /i, J2 = radiosity from the interior of the two boundaries, W/m2 Ji, J2 = dimensionless radiocities, J^loTl, J2/crTo k = thermal conductivity of the medium, W/m-K N = conduction-radiation parameter, k/4aTlD n = refractive index of the medium
A data management strategy to control design and manufacturing information

This paper presents an information-based approach to integrate the parallel and serial functions that occur in a typical design and manufacturing environment. EMTRIS (Engineering and Manufacturing Technical Relational Information System), a relational data base application designed using ORACLE [1], was developed to cater to the engineering data needs of practicing designers and engineers working in a large industrial setting. The design and manufacturing activities within a large computer manufacturing plant provided a realistic case study environment for implementing some of the strategies discussed here. A description of the methodology that was employed in designing and implementing EMTRIS and the numerous issues that arise while undertaking such endeavors is presented. Strategies to coordinate the data transfer between different groups of individuals as well as mechanisms to ensure data consistency in such environments are discussed in this context. Various techniques used in documenting the data flows and the interrelationships between different forms of data are also reviewed. The end result in a plantwide database system that integrates the information requirements of multiple groups and disciplines.
Lifetimes and branching ratios for heavy-lepton cascades

We have advocated a heavy-lepton model in which the muonic sector ${M}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${M}^{0}$ explains neutrino-produced trimuons via cascade decay, and the electronic sector ${E}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${E}^{0}$ accounts for ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\mu}e+(\mathrm{missing}\mathrm{energy})$ events. For these heavy leptons we estimate lifetimes, expected track lengths in bubble-chamber and emulsion experiments, and branching ratios for all decay stages.
Sediment toxicity and bioaccumulation of nano and micron-sized aluminum oxide

Nano-aluminum oxide (Al2O3) is used commercially in coatings and abrasives. Nano-Al2O3 can also be generated through the oxidation of nano-aluminum in military propellants and energetics. The purpose of the present study was to assess toxicity and bioaccumulation of nano-Al2O3 to a variety of sediment organisms (Tubifex tubifex, Hyalella azteca, Lumbriculus variegatus, and Corbicula fluminea). The bioaccumulation and toxicity of nano-Al2O3 was compared with that of micron-sized Al2O3 to investigate potential size-related effects. Results of the present study show species-specific differences in relative bioaccumulation of nano and micron-sized Al2O3. Significant toxic effects (survival and growth) were observed in H. azteca testing, but only at high concentrations unlikely to be found in the environment. Nano-Al2O3 was found to be more toxic than micron-sized Al2O3 to H. azteca survival in a 14-d study in which organisms were in direct contact with a thin layer of 625 or 2,500 mg of Al2O3 dispersed on the surface of either sediment or sand. A significant growth effect was also observed for nano but not micron-sized Al2O3 at the highest treatment level tested (100 g/kg Al2O3) in a 10-d H. azteca bioassay in which Al2O3 was homogenized with sediment. However, differences in measured sediment Al concentrations (micron-sized = 55.1 [±0.6] g/kg Al; nano-sized = 66.2 [±0.6] g/kg Al) in the nano and micron-sized Al2O3 preclude direct comparison of the toxicity of these two treatments based on particle size. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:422–429. © 2009 SETAC
Rhenium recovery from ammonia solutions

Abstract [Zn(NH3)4](ReO4)2-tetraamminezinc diperrhenate salt has been synthesized. Salt composition has been confirmed by chemical, X-ray phase and infrared spectroscopic analyses. Salt behavior in water, aqueous solutions of inorganic and organic acids and ammonia has been studied. It has been determined that the salt is decomposed in water and acid solutions with the conversion of zinc and rhenium in different phases (solid or aqueous). At the same time, salt is dissolved in ammonia; salt solubility increases with the increasing ammonia concentration. On the basis of acquired data, a process has been developed to recover rhenium from mother liquor containing rhenium to produce ammonium perrhenate. The process has been tested on pilot scale and put into practice at two manufacturing works in Kazakhstan.
Proprioceptive magnetic-field sensing for closed-loop control of magnetic capsule endoscopes

The small intestine is the longest part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but it is difficult to examine with traditional endoscopic procedures. To resolve this, swallowable capsules have been created that slowly pass through the entire GI tract taking images. Research is currently being done in magnetic actuation and localization to increase the speed and control of these smart pills. This paper focuses on a technique to more efficiently control a capsule endoscope based on proprioceptive sensing of the magnetic field. This sensing provides knowledge of the applied field in the frame of the capsule, and enables determination of its current state.
Influence of type of reinforcement on operant responding by rats with ventromedial lesions

Abstract Bar-pressing on FR schedules for sucrose rewards was studied in rats with ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions. When both VMH and control rats were maintained on ad lib feeding, their bar-pressing performance for sucrose did not differ, but if the VMH group was maintained at control body weight levels, they responded more frequently for sucrose than controls. In a subsequent experiment performance for Noyes pellets and 32% sucrose was directly compared in VMH and control animals maintained at 85% of their respective postoperative body weight levels. Under these conditions controls responded more frequently than lesioned rats for either type of reinforcement, but the magnitude of the difference was greater with the Noyes pellet reward.
Polymorphism and Reversible Mechanochromic Luminescence for Solid-State Difluoroboron Avobenzone

Difluoroboron avobenzone (BF2AVB), a simple boron complex of a commercial sunscreen product, exhibits morphology-dependent emission and mechanochromic luminescence in the solid state. When scratched, smeared, or even gently touched, the emission color of BF2AVB films is significantly red-shifted under UV excitation. In the rubbed regions, the fluorescence recovers slowly at room temperature or much faster with heating, resulting in a simple rewritable “scratch the surface” ink of potential commercial use.
Diseases of the skull in pre-Columbian South American mummies.

OBJECTIVE: The majority of paleopathological investigations focus on the study of the skull. This is because the skull is the most frequently preserved part of the human body recovered from archaeological excavations. From studying the skull, a variety of information can be obtained regarding the individual, such as sex, age, nutritional status, and other disease processes, if present. METHODS: This study represents the examination of more than 700 human skulls recovered from archaeological excavations from the Andean region of southern Peru and northern Chile and dating back more than 8000 years. RESULTS: A variety of skull abnormalities were encountered. The nonmetric variables of Huschke's foramina and palatine tori were common. Cranial deformation was observed in more than 85% of the cases. There were two cases of sagittal synostosis. Iron deficiency anemia resulting in porotic hyperostosis of the skull was evident in certain cultures. Exostoses of the external auditory canal resulting from chronic otitis was evident only among coastal populations. One skull demonstrated a periostitis consistent with Treponema infection. Trephination was encountered only in the skulls from Peru. Fifty-four cases of skull fractures were observed, half of which showed evidence of healing. Finally, only two cases of neoplastic skull lesions were encountered. CONCLUSION: The study of the human skull alone provides a large amount of information regarding the health and diseases of ancient populations.
MS-DOS and MS-Windows are PC standards

Abstract Within this paper I want to demonstrate that Microsoft's operating systems on personal computers are the standard today and will be in the future. I will introduce OS/2 and I will show that MS-Windows is about to become a standard as well. This is not entirely obvious, especially after the announcement of a new operating system by IBM and then another announcement by Microsoft in April this year. I will attempt to clarify, what Bill Gates calls “1987 — a year of confusion”. The paper covers the following four points: 1. 1. We need a new operating system though MS-DOS will be still available for a long time; 2. 2. MS-OS/2 will be the new operating system standard; 3. 3. MS-Windows will be an integrated part of future operating systems; 4. 4. Standards take their time.
Echogenic intracardiac foci: disclosure and the rate of amniocentesis in low-risk patients.

Objective Our objective was to determine the impact of disclosure of echogenic intracardiac focus (EIF) on the rate of amniocentesis in women who have undergone sequential testing. Study Design This was a retrospective study of women who had sequential testing for Down syndrome from 2009 through 2011. The Down syndrome risk was doubled in pregnancies with EIF, consistent with counseling provided to patients. In the control group Down syndrome risk was based on sequential testing. Within risk categories (1 in 5000) rates of amniocentesis with and without documented EIF were compared using Fisher exact test. Results In all, 4429 women at a median maternal age were included, including 229 with EIF (5.2%). In those at highest Down syndrome risk (1 in Conclusion Except for those at highest risk, rates of invasive testing were significantly higher in pregnancies with isolated EIF vs those at comparable risk.
How I treat smoldering multiple myeloma

Smoldering myeloma is a heterogeneous clinical entity where a subset of patients has an indolent course of disease that mimics monoclonal gammopathy of undermined significance, whereas others have a more aggressive course that has been described as “early myeloma.” It is defined as either serum M-protein ≥3 g/L or ≥10% monoclonal plasma cells in the bone marrow. There are currently no molecular factors to differentiate risks of progression for these patients. Current recommendations of therapy continue to be patient observation or patient enrollment in clinical trials. However, new definitions of active multiple myeloma recently agreed upon by the International Myeloma Working Group may alter the timing of therapy. On the basis of emerging data of therapy in these patients, it seems reasonable to believe that future recommendations for therapy of patients with smoldering myeloma will become an increasingly important topic. In this article, we review the current knowledge of this disease and risk factors associated with progression. We also examine biological insights and alterations that occur in the tumor clone and the surrounding bone marrow niche. Finally, we review clinical trials that have been performed in these patients and provide recommendations for follow-up of patients with this unique disease entity.
Mullen Scales of Early Learning: The Utility in Assessing Children Diagnosed With Autism Spectrum Disorders, Cerebral Palsy, and Epilepsy

A group of 47 patients diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders were compared to 47 age-, gender-, and racially matched typically developing children to examine the frequency of impairment across domains of the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL). The MSEL is a comprehensive measure of cognitive functioning designed to assess infants and preschool children between the ages of birth to 68 months. In the neurodevelopmental group, the sample was composed of children 2 to 4 years of age who were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD; n = 19), cerebral palsy (CP; n = 14), and epilepsy (EPI; n = 14). A sample of 47 matched controls, taken from the normative sample of the MSEL, was used as a comparison group. Each one of the clinical groups comprising the neurodevelopmental sample demonstrated statistically significant delays across domains relative to the respective matched control group (p < .001). Children failed to demonstrate a "signature" profile for a diagnosis of ASD, CP, or EPI. The clinical sensitivity of the MSEL and the need for obtaining specific intervention services for children diagnosed with these conditions are presented. Finally, these results are discussed within the context of the clinical sensitivity of the MSEL in working with these clinical populations.
Analytical measures of variability and group differences in x-ray fluorescence data

Analytical techniques are established to measure the variability (or scatter) of single groups of data and to evaluate the degree of separation between groups. The techniques are then applied to multivariate data obtained from X-ray fluorescence studies of Mayan ceramics. The average intra-group point separation D is defined as one possible measure of the variability of a sample collection. The trace and determinant functions of the covariance matrix are also considered. Generally, consistent results are obtained when these three measures are applied to the data. Inter-group differences are examined in terms of the Hotelling's T2 metric and the average inter-group point separation. Non-parametric bootstrap procedures are applied in calculations where classical approaches are either unavailable or inappropriate.
Phase diagram and phase transitions of monolayer and bilayer CF4 on graphite.

The phase diagram of ${\mathrm{CF}}_{4}$ adsorbed on graphite in the monolayer and bilayer region is mapped out in an ac heat-capacity study. In the monolayer region, the resultant phase diagram shows the existence of five different solid phases. The melting transition can proceed from the (2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) commensurate, I(S) (an incommensurate phase), and the hexagonal incommensurate (HI) phases. Strongly-first-order melting is found from the (2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) and the I(S) phases. In contrast, a sharp and small heat-capacity peak followed by a broad anomaly, similar to the melting of Ar on graphite in the submonolayer region, is observed at the melting of the HI phase. In the bilayer region, four different regions of coexisting solid phases are found. The melting of the bilayer solid occurs at a triple point at 89.05 K. Our data also suggest a bilayer critical point at 93 K.
Diffraction by rectangular parallelepiped, hexagonal cylinder, and three-axis ellipsoid: Some analytic solutions and numerical results

Analytical solutions are presented for Fraunhofer diffraction by the following nonspherical particles: rectangular parallelepiped, hexagonal cylinder, spheroid, and threeaxis ellipsoid. Using these solutions, numerical results for the diffracted intensity of these particles in specific orientations and 3-D random orientation for an ensemble of particles of the same size are presented and discussed in terms of their minima and maxima that occur in intensity patterns, which differ substantially from their spherical counterparts.
The blind spot in the drive for childhood obesity prevention: bringing eating disorders prevention into focus as a public health priority.

Public health attention to childhood obesity has increased in tandem with the growing epidemic, but despite this intense focus, successes in prevention have lagged far behind. There is a blind spot in our drive for childhood obesity prevention that prevents us from generating sufficiently broad solutions.Eating disorders and the constellation of perilous weight-control behaviors are in that blind spot. Evidence is mounting that obesity and eating disorders are linked in myriad ways, but entrenched myths about eating disorders undermine our ability to see the full range of leverage points to target in obesity preventive intervention studies.Our efforts to prevent childhood obesity can no longer afford to ignore eating disorders and the assemblage of related behaviors that persist unabated.
The Transfer of Public Lands Movement: Taking the 'Public' Out of Public Lands

This white paper is a follow-up to our 2014 legal critique of Utah's Transfer of Public Lands Act (TPLA), which demands title to 31.2 million acres of federal public lands in Utah. In our earlier work we concluded that Utah previously disclaimed all legal rights to title to additional lands, and that "[t]he federal government has absolute control over federal public lands, including the constitutional authority to retain lands in federal ownership." Despite its weak legal case, Utah remains dedicated to a public land takeover, and other Western states are poised to follow. This white paper therefore addresses how a public lands takeover would impact land management and access. While we focus on the TPLA, the lessons learned have broader applicability, first because the TPLA serves as the model for other state's Transfer efforts, and second because the TPLA will likely be the first such effort to face a legal challenge.
Constructing Emotion The Experience of Fear as a Conceptual Act

This study examined the hypothesis that emotion is a psychological event constructed from the more basic elements of core affect and conceptual knowledge. Participants were primed with conceptual knowledge of fear, conceptual knowledge of anger, or a neutral prime and then proceeded through an affect-induction procedure designed to induce unpleasant, high-arousal affect or a neutral affective state. As predicted, only those individuals for whom conceptual knowledge of fear had been primed experienced unpleasant core affect as evidence that the world was threatening. This study provides the first experimental support for the hypothesis that people experience world-focused emotion when they conceptualize their core affective state using accessible knowledge about emotion.
(S)‐(−)‐N‐(Pentafluorobenzylcarbamoyl)prolyl chloride: a chiral derivatisation reagent designed for gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry of amino compounds

RATIONALE The synthesis of a novel chiral derivatisation reagent, (S)-(−)-N-(pentafluorobenzylcarbamoyl)prolyl chloride is described which is preferably useful for negative-ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. METHODS Preparation of the reagent followed a general strategy used to prepare enantioselective reagents based on the N-substitution of L-proline. Pentafluorobenzyl chloroformate smoothly reacted with L-proline to give the desired derivatisation reagent after conversion into the acyl chloride. The product was sufficiently pure to be used in the following steps without any additional purification. RESULTS The reagent was tested against selected chiral and non-chiral analytical targets. Chromatographic enantioseparation was at least equal to the commonly used (S)-(−)-N-(heptafluorobutyryl)prolyl derivatives. The derivatives exhibit excellent mass spectral properties under negative ion chemical ionisation, i.e. reduced fragmentation and thus high ion current for the targeted m/z during analysis. With electron ionisation, the fragmentation that occurs is mainly directed by the introduced group. Enantioseparation with gas chromatography/negative-ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry of the derivatives was demonstrated for the enantiomers of amphetamine, α-aminocaprylic acid methyl ester and threo-methylphenidate. CONCLUSIONS The new derivatisation reagent shows highly improved mass spectral properties for negative-ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry and is thus suitable for sensitive chiral detection of amino compounds. The reagent extends the applicability of dissociative resonance electron capture using pentafluorobenzyl derivatives to chiral analysis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoscale pattern formation in polyelectrolyte gels

Polyelectrolyte (PE) gels exhibit complex phase behavior that includes the existence of nanostructures in poor-solvent conditions. The formation of these inhomogeneous structures is made possible by the competition between the short-range hydrophobic, elastic, and entropic interactions and the long-range electrostatic forces. We develop a theoretical framework that describes the effect of monomer and charge inhomogeneities in PE gels. Numerical calculations performed on a salt-free PE gel with one-dimensional heterogeneities demonstrate the presence of nanophases for a finite range of physical parameters.
Capturing the value of information in complex military environments: A fuzzy-based approach

Today's military operations require information from an unprecedented number of sources resulting in an overwhelming volume of collected data. A primary challenge for military commanders and their staff is separating the important information from the routine. Currently, the Value of Information (VOI) assigned a piece of information is a multiple step process requiring intelligence collectors and analysts to judge its value within a host of differing operational situations. The cognitive processes behind these conclusions resist codification with exact precision suggesting that new methodologies are required to deal with this significant issue. This paper presents an approach for calculating the VOI in complex military environments using a fuzzy associative memory model as an effective framework for contextually tuning the VOI based on the information's content, source reliability and latency
Estimating explosion yield by analytical waveform comparison

Summary. The yields of 28 underground nuclear explosions at NTS (25 on Pahute Mesa) are estimated by applying a relative waveform analysis called intercorrelation to 1256 teleseismic short-period P-waves recorded at 74 WWSSN and CSN stations. Corrections for the effects of pP interference and yield-scaling of the explosion source functions are determined and applied to the waveforms, enabling analytical comparison of signals from events with different yields and burial depths. The procedure accounts for common receiver and propagation effects. Relative explosion source strengths in the 0.5-2.0 Hz frequency band are determined, with results of near-field modelling of strong ground motions establishing the absolute source spectral levels. Four events with detailed near-field models are used as master events in the intercorrelation process, and it is demonstrated that the relative source strengths are better resolved than the absolute values. Events with announced yields are used to determine empirical relations between yield and source strength, which in turn predict the yields of the other events. These yield estimates are shown to be comparable with those obtained by standard mb and relative amplitude analysis. The analytical waveform comparisons also provide estimates of the pP parameters for each event, and criteria for identifying anomalous events, such as PIPKIN and MUENSTER, for which the waveforms differ from those of other events in the test site. Possible mechanisms affecting the anomalous events are considered. Pahute Mesa is shown to be a distinct subsite within NTS, with different teleseismic amplitude and waveform variations than observed at other subsites.
Management challenges in a large introductory computer science course

Many colleges and universities throughout the world offer introductory computer science courses with significant student enrollment. There are certainly plenty of challenges for the administrators of those courses; ensuring equitable grading across different instructors and offering times for the course, accomplishing the massive material preparation and other logistical tasks required for the course, grading the large number of assessments associated with the large enrollment, and managing the numerous instructors in the course are a few examples. This paper discusses the processes we have implemented to address these and other management challenges at the U.S. Air Force Academy.
Structure of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine-specific restriction enzyme, AbaSI, in complex with DNA

AbaSI, a member of the PvuRts1I-family of modification-dependent restriction endonucleases, cleaves deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) containing 5-hydroxymethylctosine (5hmC) and glucosylated 5hmC (g5hmC), but not DNA containing unmodified cytosine. AbaSI has been used as a tool for mapping the genomic locations of 5hmC, an important epigenetic modification in the DNA of higher organisms. Here we report the crystal structures of AbaSI in the presence and absence of DNA. These structures provide considerable, although incomplete, insight into how this enzyme acts. AbaSI appears to be mainly a homodimer in solution, but interacts with DNA in our structures as a homotetramer. Each AbaSI subunit comprises an N-terminal, Vsr-like, cleavage domain containing a single catalytic site, and a C-terminal, SRA-like, 5hmC-binding domain. Two N-terminal helices mediate most of the homodimer interface. Dimerization brings together the two catalytic sites required for double-strand cleavage, and separates the 5hmC binding-domains by ∼70 A, consistent with the known activity of AbaSI which cleaves DNA optimally between symmetrically modified cytosines ∼22 bp apart. The eukaryotic SET and RING-associated (SRA) domains bind to DNA containing 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in the hemi-methylated CpG sequence. They make contacts in both the major and minor DNA grooves, and flip the modified cytosine out of the helix into a conserved binding pocket. In contrast, the SRA-like domain of AbaSI, which has no sequence specificity, contacts only the minor DNA groove, and in our current structures the 5hmC remains intra-helical. A conserved, binding pocket is nevertheless present in this domain, suitable for accommodating 5hmC and g5hmC. We consider it likely, therefore, that base-flipping is part of the recognition and cleavage mechanism of AbaSI, but that our structures represent an earlier, pre-flipped stage, prior to actual recognition.
GrayWulf: Scalable Software Architecture for Data Intensive Computing

Big data presents new challenges to both cluster infrastructure software and parallel application design. We present a set of software services and design principles for data intensive computing with petabyte data sets, named GrayWulf  . These services are intended for deployment on a cluster of commodity servers similar to the well-known Beowulf clusters. We use the Pan-STARRS system currently under development as an example of the architecture and principles in action.
Glyoxal secondary organic aerosol chemistry: effects of dilute nitrate and ammonium and support for organic radical–radical oligomer formation

Environmental context Atmospheric waters (clouds, fogs and wet aerosols) are media in which gases can be converted into particulate matter. This work explores aqueous transformations of glyoxal, a water-soluble gas with anthropogenic and biogenic sources. Results provide new evidence in support of previously proposed chemical mechanisms. These mechanisms are beginning to be incorporated into transport models that link emissions to air pollution concentrations and behaviour. Abstract Glyoxal (GLY) is ubiquitous in the atmosphere and an important aqueous secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursor. At dilute (cloud-relevant) organic concentrations, OH• radical oxidation of GLY has been shown to produce oxalate. GLY has also been used as a surrogate species to gain insight into radical and non-radical reactions in wet aerosols, where organic and inorganic concentrations are very high (in the molar region). The work herein demonstrates, for the first time, that tartarate forms from GLY+OH•. Tartarate is a key product in a previously proposed organic radical–radical reaction mechanism for oligomer formation from GLY oxidation. Previously published model predictions that include this GLY oxidation pathway suggest that oligomers are major products of OH• radical oxidation at the high organic concentrations found in wet aerosols. The tartarate measurements herein provide support for this proposed oligomer formation mechanism. This paper also demonstrates, for the first time, that dilute (cloud or fog-relevant) concentrations of inorganic nitrogen (i.e. ammonium and nitrate) have little effect on the GLY+OH• chemistry leading to oxalate formation in clouds. This, and results from previous experiments conducted with acidic sulfate, increase confidence that the currently understood dilute GLY+OH• chemistry can be used to predict GLY SOA formation in clouds and fogs. It should be recognised that organic–inorganic interactions can play an important role in droplet evaporation chemistry and in wet aerosols. The chemistry leading to SOA formation in these environments is complex and remains poorly understood.
Erratum to ‘Letter to the Editor “Subclinical expression of schizophrenia-like symptoms in non-psychotic siblings of individuals with schizophrenia” [Schizophrenia Research 103 (2008) 324–325]

Erratum to ‘Letter to the Editor “Subclinical expression of schizophrenia-like symptoms in non-psychotic siblings of individuals with schizophrenia” [Schizophrenia Research 103 (2008) 324–325] M.J. Smith ⁎, D.M. Barch , P.A. Thompson , J.G. Csernansky a a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States b Conte Center for Neuroscience of Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology and Department of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, United States c Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in Saint Louis, United States
Efficiency limitations in organic bulk heterojunction solar cells

This paper presents a systematic study of key physical mechanisms in organic polymer/fullerene solar cells that determine the power conversion efficiency. The carrier loss at each step is calculated or measured. We compare poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and poly(3-hexylthiophene)-thiophene-thienopyrazine (P3HTT-TP)/PCBM solar cells. The latter polymer, P3HTT-TP, is a novel low-bandgap “semi-random” alkythiophene-based copolymer with a broader absorption spectrum than P3HT. Absorption, a significant loss factor for all polymer/fullerene solar cells, was studied using external quantum efficiency and absorption spectroscopy measurements and modeled with a multi-layer transfer-matrix theory. In addition, hole traps inside the polymers play an important role in polaron pair dissociation and free charge transport. It was found that this is particularly deleterious for P3HTT-TP/PCBM.
Phonological awareness skills in young African American English speakers

The purpose of this study was to examine African American children’s performance on a phonological awareness task that included items reflecting differences between African American English (AAE) and mainstream American English. The relationship between spoken production of AAE forms and performance on phonological awareness, vocabulary, and letter-word recognition tasks was also investigated. Analyses indicated that children who produced fewer AAE features in speech performed significantly different from those who produced AAE features more frequently on the experimental phonological awareness task. Furthermore, analyses showed that the relationship between spoken AAE production and phonological awareness was partially mediated, while the relationship with letter-word recognition was fully mediated. Overall, the results suggest a direct relation between spoken AAE use and phonological awareness and an indirect relation with letter-word reading.
Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Quantitation of Substance P Receptor (NK-1R) mRNA

The substance P (SP)-preferring receptor, neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R), has an important role in inflammation, immune regulation, and viral infection. We applied a newly developed real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay to quantify NK-1R mRNA in human neuronal cell line (NT-2N), a human B-cell line (IM9), monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), and human astroglioma cells (U87 MG). The NK-1R real-time RT-PCR assay has a sensitivity of 100 mRNA copies, with a dynamic range of detection between 102 and 107 copies of NK-1R gene transcripts per reaction. This assay is highly reproducible, with an intraassay coefficient variation of threshold cycle (Ct) of less than 1.9%. The NK-1R real-time RT-PCR is highly sensitive for quantitative determination of NK-1R mRNA in human immune cells (MDM and PBL) that express low levels of NK-1R mRNA. In addition, the assay has the ability to accurately quantitate the dynamic changes in NK-1R mRNA expression in interleukin-1β-stimulated U87 MG. These data indicate that the NK-1R real-time RT-PCR has potential for a wide application in investigation of NK-1R expression at the mRNA level under physiological and pathological conditions in both the central nervous system and the immune system.
Hybrid active learning for non-stationary streaming data with asynchronous labeling

Active learning enables supervised classifiers to learn using fewer labeled samples, by actively selecting samples for human labeling. Most Active Learning approaches can be categorized as pool-based or stream-based. Pool-based strategies select instances to be labeled from the available pool of unlabeled data, by evaluating each instance, whereas stream-based strategies examine every instance in the incoming stream of unlabeled data and decide sequentially whether they want that instance to be labeled or not. Stream-based strategies enable the ability to adapt the classifier model more quickly as the incoming data changes, while pool-based strategies often exhibit better learning rates. In this paper, we propose a framework and method for Hybrid Active Learning that integrates pool-based and stream-based strategies to harvest the benefits of both, in a streaming data classification scenario where concept drift may be prevalent, and labeling is asynchronous. In addition, we propose (i) prioritized aggregation of selection to combine selected instances for labeling from the pool-based and stream-based strategies, and (ii) batch period adaptation to dynamically change the triggering pattern of the pool-based strategy based upon the detection of concept drift.
Highly Selective Colorimetric and Luminescence Response of a Square-Planar Platinum(II) Terpyridyl Complex to Aqueous TcO4–

Molecular recognition of an aqueous pertechnetate (TcO4(-)) anion is fundamentally challenging partly due to the charge-diffuse nature of this anion, which hampers design of new technologies for its separation and detection. To address this gap, simple salts of transition metal complexes that undergo a distinct spectroscopic change upon exposure to aqueous anions were explored. The Pt(II) complex [Pt(tpy)Br]SbF6 (tpy = 2,2';6',2″-terpyridine) undergoes a dramatic color change and intense luminescence response upon TcO4(-) uptake due to concomitant enhancement of Pt···Pt interactions. The spectroscopic response was highly selective and quantitative for aqueous TcO4(-) among other competing anions. Complementary Raman spectroscopy and microscopy techniques, structural determination, and theoretical methods were employed to elucidate the mechanism of this response at the molecular level.
Beyond Attitude Structure: Toward the Informational Determinants of Attitude:

The author argues that marketing research has focused too narrowly on the static structure of attitude at the expense of its informational determinants. An experimental study investigates the effec...
A Basic Word List for Elementary Hebrew Schools

(1951). A Basic Word List for Elementary Hebrew Schools. Jewish Education: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 52-56.
Fuzzy Control in Oil Temperature of Hydraulic Testing Bench

Oil temperature control system of high pressure hydraulic system is a big delay,nonlinear,time-varying system.Conventional PID is unable to control temperature precisely and quickly.Fuzzy controller was designed to control the oil temperature.Mathematics model of temperature was built and the control rules were given.Simulation were made between PID control and fuzzy control.The results show that this method has good robustness and stability.
A biochemical and mechanical model of injury-induced intimal thickening

In this paper, we investigate an axisymmetric model of intimal thickening using hyperelasticity theory. Our model describes the growth of the arterial intima due to cell proliferation which, in turn, is driven by the release of a cytokine such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). With the growth rate tied to both local stress and the local concentration of PDGF, we derive a quadruple free boundary problem with different regions of the vessel wall characterized by different homeostatic stress. We compare our model predictions to rabbit and rodent models of atherosclerosis and find that in order to achieve the growth rates reported in the experiments, growth must be mainly cytokine induced rather than stress induced. Our model is also able to reproduce Glagov remodelling where, as a vessel becomes more diseased, the lumen expands before rapidly contracting.
Sweden Forest Park Construction Management Experience and Its Reference to Us

Based on the study of the Swedish national forest park construction management,it was recognized that Swedish successful experiences lied in that the country paid more attention to the management,that the law was sound,that the administrative staff had strong service consciousness,and that such aspects as the sustainable development idea,etc..were rooted in the hearts of the people.With the current situation of Guangdong provincial forest park construction and management,it was suggested that Guangdong provincial forest park construction and development should be promoted from such aspects as fastening legislation process,smoothening management system,finishing construction planning,mixing effectively with harmonious new village construction,strengthening propaganda and education of ecological and environmental protection consciousness.
Interface strain in vertically stacked two-dimensional heterostructured carbon-MoS2 nanosheets controls electrochemical reactivity.

Two-dimensional materials are promising for electrochemical energy storage, conversion, catalysis, and sensing. Here the authors leverage strain engineering using a two-dimensional stacked carbon-MoS2 material to control chemical storage pathways in MoS2 upon lithium metal insertion.
Speech, Expression, and the Sense of History

Few concerns play as central a role in the evolution of Merleau-Ponty’s thought as the problem of expression. His inquiries took him beyond linguistics and aesthetics to grapple with questions that were basic to his studies of politics, society, and history. He hoped that by turning to the models suggested by linguistics and aesthetics he could acquire the categories needed to understand the social world and thus bring to completion the project he had begun with The Structure of Behaviour and the Phenomenology of Perception. But his attempt to elaborate a theory of expression ultimately led him to question the standpoint he had adopted in his first two books and thus to submit his entire project to radical criticism.
The Formation and Evolution of Symbiotic Stars

The evolutionary origins of symbiotic stars containing (i) disk-accreting main sequence stars, (ii) wind-fed, shell-burning white dwarfs, and (iii) disk-accreting neutron stars are described. Of particular interest are those white dwarf systems which have orbital periods too short to have escaped tidal mass transfer prior to becoming symbiotics. We show here that, under suitable circumstances, low-mass, long period binaries may undergo quasi-conservative mass transfer, rather than evolving through common envelope evolution to the cataclysmic variable state, thus accounting for the existence of these systems. Approximate expressions are given for the lifetimes, and relative efficiencies (mass accreted/mass of donor) for different modes of interaction among symbiotic binary systems.
LILI: A Simple Language Independent Approach for Language Identification

We introduce a generic Language Independent Framework for Linguistic Code Switch Point Detection. The system uses characters level 5-grams and word level unigram language models to train a conditional random fields (CRF) model for classifying input words into various languages. We test our proposed framework and compare it to the state-of-the-art published systems on standard data sets from several language pairs: English-Spanish, Nepali-English, English-Hindi, Arabizi (Refers to Arabic written using the Latin/Roman script)-English, Arabic-Engari (Refers to English written using Arabic script), Modern Standard Arabic(MSA)-Egyptian, Levantine-MSA, Gulf-MSA, one more English-Spanish, and one more MSA-EGY. The overall weighted average F-score of each language pair are 96.4%, 97.3%, 98.0%, 97.0%, 98.9%, 86.3%, 88.2%, 90.6%, 95.2%, and 85.0% respectively. The results show that our approach despite its simplicity, either outperforms or performs at comparable levels to state-of-the-art published systems.
Drowsing: toward a concept of sleepy screen engagement

ABSTRACTSleep frequently intersects with media technologies in routinized yet unpredictable ways. This article proposes a concept of “drowsing” to describe how sleepiness occurs and persists across aspects of banal media life. Focusing on nighttime tablet use and blue light engagement, we argue that sleep requires a multidimensional and embodied account of how cultural practices, biological rhythms, and incidental occurrences interact. Ultimately, focusing on sleep suggests the contradictory roles that technologies play within the duration of everyday life—both providing a sense of calmness and deceleration, even as they accelerate life or contribute to long-term bodily harm.
Dynamics of Biomimetic Electronic Artificial Neural Networks

We explore the key aspects of the dynamics of small networks of biomimetic artificial electronic neurons, including the role of local dynamics, network topology and noise. Models include Keener’s and Maeda and Makino’s “minimal” model circuits for FitzHugh-Nagumo neurons as well as the Belousov-Zhabotinsky chemical reaction, the prototype chemical oscillatory system. A wide variety of complex synchronization and emergent behavior is seen. There are potential applications to computer science, biology, and biomedicine.
Robben Island Is Not an Island: Introducing No-Geography

By now, Robben Island has captured the attention of millions of people, and there is no doubt that it will continue to draw attention from many more, especially now that that it has been designated as a World Heritage Site. The reason for this historic attention is largely because of the island’s association with Nelson Mandela, the first African president of postapartheid South Africa. It is where Mandela and other African freedom fighters were imprisoned. The significance of this island cannot fully be recognized unless it is recognized that attention is also drawn to those whose attention is drawn to it. The initial attention is directed to the island but, ultimately, if this attention were to follow its natural course, it would lead to paying attention to those who pay attention to it. In other words, this island has a significance that leads beyond it as a way of leading to itself. This island, after all, is an island for us and, as such, it ought to illuminate something about us. The island is an illuminated illuminator. It is a territory that goes beyond everyday geography as a way of being itself. To be under its illumination is to see it as more than a Mandela site. It is a site for each and every one of us. What this implies is not clear. Hopefully, what follows will be a contribution to this intoxicating illumination.
Longterm Effectiveness of Herpes Zoster Vaccine among Patients with Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases.

Objective The protection duration of herpes zoster (HZ) vaccination is unclear among patients with autoimmune (AI) diseases. Methods Using 2006–2013 Medicare data, HZ vaccinated patients with AI were matched 1:2 to unvaccinated HZ. Incidence rates (IR) and adjusted risk ratios over time were calculated using Poisson regression. Results Of 59,627 vaccinated patients, crude IR increased from 0.75/100 person-years during the first year post-vaccination to 1.25 during the seventh year. Vaccinated patients had a significantly lower risk of HZ compared with the unvaccinated through 5 years. Conclusion HZ vaccination was significantly protective only for about 5 years among patients with AI.
Adaptations in Evoked Pain Sensitivity and Conditioned Pain Modulation after Development of Chronic Neck Pain.

Numerous studies demonstrate elevated pain sensitivity and impaired conditioned pain modulation (CPM) in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain compared to healthy individuals; however, the time course of changes in pain sensitivity and CPM after the development of a chronic pain condition is unclear. Secondary analysis of data from a prospective investigation examined changes in evoked pain sensitivity and CPM before and after development of chronic neck pain (CNP). 171 healthy office workers participated in a baseline assessment, followed by monthly online questionnaires to identify those who developed CNP over the subsequent year. These individuals ( ) and a cohort of participants ( ) who remained pain-free during the follow-up period returned for a 12-month follow-up assessment of mechanical and thermal pain sensitivity and CPM. Pain sensitivity measures did not differ between groups at baseline; however, cold pain threshold decreased in the CNP group at follow-up ( ). CPM was lower at baseline in the CNP group compared to those who reported no neck pain ( ) and remained unchanged one year later. These findings indicate that CPM is reduced in healthy individuals prior to the development of chronic neck pain and the subsequent reduction of thresholds for cold but not pressure pain.