cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Operative Intervention for Carotid Restenosis is Safe and Effective

Carotid stenting has been proposed as an alternative to reoperative carotid endarterectomy (rCEA) for recurrent carotid stenosis. The purpose of this study is to prove the safety, effectiveness and durability of reoperation in long term follow up of 18 years in a community hospital setting. From March 1988 to April 2005 80 patients, 46 men and 34 women (mean age: 64.1 years) underwent a total of 83 operations. Symptomatic recurrent stenosis (>70%) was the indication in 32, asymptomatic high-grade stenosis (>80%) in 49, intimal flap in one and fibromuscular dysplasia (F.M.D), in one. The initial operation was carotid endarterectomy with primary closure in 60 and prosthetic patch in 23. The mean recurrences were at 23.3 months in 33 with myointimal hyperplasia, 105.4 months in 29 with recurrent atherosclerosis, 61.4 months in 19 with both hyperplasia and atherosclerosis, 2 months in one with intimal flap and 8 months in one with F.M.D bands. Reoperation utilized primary closure (3), vein patch (14), prosthetic patch (55), Gore-Tex interposition grafts (7), vein interposition grafts (3) and intraoperative dilation (1). No perioperative strokes or deaths occurred. One patient died from cardiac complications following combined rCEA and coronary artery bypass grafting. Operative morbidity consisted of reversible nerve injury (5), irreversible recurrent laryngeal nerve injury (1) and hematoma requiring evacuation (3). During follow up (3–153 months; mean: 50.9) carotid occlusion resulted in mild ipsilateral stroke in one patient, and one non-hemispheric stroke. There were 26 late deaths due to all causes, one due to CVA. Eight patients required reoperation (mean 53.4 months). Seven of these were hypertensive. Kaplan-Meier analysis of long-term follow up shows relatively high stroke free rates; at 153 months (12.75 years) the hemispheric stroke free rate was 98.67% and the all-stroke free rate was 95.85%. The survival estimate following redo surgery was 69.97% at 5 years and 40.23% at 10 years. We found that individuals on statin therapy (p-value = 0.0042), and those on combination of statin and aspirin (p-value = 0.0320), had significantly increased interval between primary and secondary operation. Increased age was correlated to a decreased time to redo surgery (p-value = We conclude that reoperation for recurrent carotid stenosis using standard vascular techniques is safe, effective, durable and cost effective. It should continue to be the mainstay of treatment when secondary intervention is required. Statins have a salutary effect on durability of the procedure and should be used when indicated.
Effects of Physical Attractiveness on Affect and Perceptual Judgments: When Social Comparison Overrides Social Reinforcement:

Earlier theorists assumed that exposure to physical attractiveness leads to pleasant affect. However this relationship might hold only for judgments of the opposite sex. In this study, subjects exposed to opposite-sex photos showed a pattern consistent with the affect-attraction model: highest mood after attractive faces but lower mood if the series was interrupted by an average face. Those exposed to the same sex, however, showed lowered mood following attractive photos, whether or not an average face interrupted the attractive series. Further judgments of the average target's attractiveness were independent of subjects' affective states but followed a pattern consistent with a contrast model-relatively lowest ratings if the target followed attractive faces, whether or not the photos were of the same or the opposite sex. This suggests that the cognitive appraisal of physical attractiveness in others can operate independently of the affective reaction they evoke.
Structure determination of an Fab fragment that neutralizes human rhinovirus 14 and analysis of the Fab-virus complex.

Abstract The crystal structure of Fab17-IA, an antigen-binding fragment from a murine immunoglobulin that neutralizes human rhinovirus 14 (HRV14), has been solved to 2·7 A resolution. Fab17-IA crystallized into three different space groups depending upon the method used to purify the intact antibody. The structure was determined by use of molecular and isomorphous replacement methods. The current model has a crystallographic R-factor of ∼19% for 10,192 independent reflections between 8 and 2·7 A. Correlation coefficient calculations showed that the Fab17-IA structure can be fit into the Fab17-IA/HRV14 image reconstruction density to within 5 A positional accuracy and to within a few degrees of rotation. The resulting interface of the docked antibody was examined and showed extensive charge and shape complementarity with the virus surface that was supported by site-directed mutagenesis experiments. The success of this approach validates the utility of combining X-ray crystallography with cryo-electron microscopy of complex macromolecular assembles.
Is a Larger Sample Size Always Better

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTIn this paper we consider the well known problem of finding the optimal sample size for obtaining a confidence interval of a pre-assigned precision (or length) for the proportion parameter of a finite or infinite binary population. We illustrate some special problems that arise due to the discreteness of the population and precision being measured by the length of the interval rather than by the variance. Specifically, the confidence level of an interval of fixed length does not necessarily increase as you increase the sample size. The practitioners usually associate precision with variance, and variance monotonically decreases as sample size increases, regardless of whether the population is discrete or continuous. However, other notions of precision, such as length of the confidence interval as discussed here do not monotonically improve with increasing sample size. Although the results shown here are implicit in previous work [see Brown, Cai, and DasGupta(2001, 2002, 2003) and Cai(2005...
Nuclear factor‐κB regulates seizure threshold and gene transcription following convulsant stimulation

We evaluated a role for the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) pathway in the regulation of seizure susceptibility and transcriptional activation during prolonged, continuous seizures (status epilepticus). Using two functionally distinct NF-kappaB inhibitors we observed a decrease in latency to onset of kainate-induced seizures and status epilepticus. To assess NF-kappaB transcriptional activation, we evaluated inhibitor kappa B alpha (IkappaBalpha) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) gene targets. Inhibition of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway significantly attenuated the increases in IkappaBalpha and bdnf mRNA levels that occurred during prolonged seizure activity, suggesting that the NF-kappaB pathway was involved in the up-regulation of these transcripts during status epilepticus. DNA-binding studies and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays using hippocampal extracts from animals with status epilepticus revealed that NF-kappaB subunits were associated with the candidate kappaB-binding elements within promoter 1 of the bdnf gene. The pattern of association was different for the p50 and p65 subunits supporting complex NF-kappaB modifications within promoter 1. In summary, our findings provide additional insights into the role of NF-kappaB transcriptional regulation in hippocampus following status epilepticus and suggest that NF-kappaB pathway activation contributes to seizure susceptibility.
Children of divorce. Demographic variables, symptoms, and diagnoses.

Abstract We examined demographic variables, symptoms, and diagnostic categories in a population of 2,351 child psychiatry patients. In this population, 44.3% represent “children of divorce.” This study addresses 64 presenting complaint, sign, and symptom categories as a function of age and sex at the time of initial screening and after a more thorough psychiatric evaluation, usually completed 6 weeks later. DSM-II diagnoses in the various age groups of children of divorce were compared to a control population of children whose parents are currently married. The results are discussed in view of the current literature on psychopathology in children of divorce. Methodological, treatment, and research issues are discussed.
Introduction to this special issue: geosensor networks

The last two decades have seen unprecedented advances in the development of small-scale sensors, as well as inexpensive, small computing platforms and a plethora of wireless communication media. These technological developments have lead to the research area of geosensor networks (GSN), which are wireless sensor networks deployed in geographic space. From a practical perspective, we see GSN often as 'networked geosensors' that live-stream information to the Internet today. Sensors can range from stationary environmental sensors to drones, ocean drifters, autonomous unmanned vehicles collecting environmental data or even humans acting as sensors. A GSN enables us to observe, reason about and react to events in geographic space in near real-time.
The Case ∣ Altered mental status in a transplant patient

Laura S. Michalski, Christina Hantsch Bardsley, David R. Holt, John E. Milner and Susan H. Hou Department of Pharmacy, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA; Division of Emergency Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA; Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA; Department of Urology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA
Basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretory rates in normal children and in those with peptic ulcer disease

Etude comparee de 48 enfants et nourrissons sans signe d'affection gastro-intestinale et de 18 enfants de 3 a 216 mois souffrant d'ulcere peptique, confirme par endoscopie. La pentagentrine apparait comme un meilleur stimulant que l'histamine de la secretion acide gastrique chez l'enfant, permettant une evaluation clinique precise de cette capacite secretoire. Pas d'effets secondaires. Bonne tolerance
Effect of Inhibitors on Sodium-Independent Lysine Transport in Intact Intestine

SummaryThe effect of various inhibitors on the sodium-independent intracellular accumulation of 1 mM lysine and the sodium-independent stimulation of 1 mM lysine transmural transport by intracellular leucine was compared in intact rat intestine. Five millimolar ethacrynic acid, 1 mM sodium fluoride, and 5 mM probenecid did not inhibit either of these sodium-independent lysine transport systems while 0.4 mM DNP and 5 mM ATP inhibited both. NEM (0.4 mM) decreased lysine intracellular accumulation but not leucine-stimulated lysine transport. These results show that the action of the inhibitors on these two sodium-independent lysine transport systems are generally similar.
ESTIMATION OF CONSUMER'S SURPLUS VALUES FOR LAND POLICIES

Changing social objectives and a greater variety of policy instruments require extra detail and fuller specification in analyses of land policies. Consumer's surplus remains an appropriate measure of net social benefit but surplus values must be estimated more carefully. The paper examines the application of four surplus concepts to policy problems and illustrates a methodology to estimate all four. The estimates for the different concepts can differ widely and the correct concepts have not always been advocated. The methodology appears useful where other estimation procedures have failed.
Antibody identification using both automated solid-phase red cell adherence assay and a tube polyethylene glycol antiglobulin method.

Background Because antibody identification is labor-intensive, facilities with high volume and/or marginal technical support could benefit from partial automation. Study design and methods After a validation study of automated solid-phase red cell (RBC) adherence assay (SPRCA; Galileo, Immucor) compared to tube polyethylene glycol antiglobulin antibody identification method (t-PEG), we evaluated Galileo followed by select RBC panels by t-PEG. Of 298 consecutive samples in which antibody identifications were performed in a 2-month period, 160 samples were examined by both Galileo and t-PEG. Results There were concordant results between Galileo and t-PEG in 120 of 160 (75%) samples including cases with identical alloantibody identification (n = 99), panagglutinin (n = 9), and negative results (n = 12). Of the samples in which alloantibodies were identified, 99 of 108 (91.7%) were identical. In 9 samples with discrepant antibody identifications, 2 samples showed alloantibody specificity by Galileo (possible anti-K and anti-Jk(b)) but were negative by t-PEG. These antibodies were identifiable by t-PEG in subsequent samples. One sample showed anti-E by Galileo, while t-PEG revealed anti-Fy(a) and -E. Five samples showed alloantibody specificity by t-PEG and nonspecific reactivity or panagglutinin by Galileo. These included samples with anti-C (n = 2), anti-E (n = 2), and anti-Fy(a) (n = 1). One sample showed anti-E by t-PEG but was negative by Galileo. Galileo found a panagglutinin in 23 samples and nonspecific reactivity in 22 samples, whereas t-PEG found a panagglutinin in 12 samples but no nonspecific reactivity. Conclusions Automated Galileo solid-phase red cell adherence assay can be a useful adjunct for antibody identification, although it detects more nonspecific reactivity than does t-PEG.
The role of pH measurements in modern oceanic CO2-system characterizations: Precision and thermodynamic consistency

Abstract In May 1992, surface seawater samples were collected along an equatorial transit (130 to 100°W) and analyzed for total hydrogen ion concentration (expressed as spectrophotometric pHT) total dissolved inorganic carbon (coulometric CT), and total alkalinity (potentiometric AT and spectrophotometric AT). This data set, which presents a striking view of the chemical signature of tropical instability waves, is also unusual in that its “overdetermination” of the CO2-system in seawater includes both potentiometric AT data and the first spectrophotometric AT data collected at sea using a double-wavelength, one-step acid addition method. Our data set indicates that spectrophotometric AT measurements (ATspec) are both precise (±1.8 μmol/kg) and accurate; the mean observed difference between ATspec and AT obtained potentiometrically in this study (ATpot) is 1 μmol/kg. As only two of the three measured parameters are required to characterize the CO2-system in seawater, this analytical redundancy of our analyses (CT, AT, pH) afforded an opportunity to evaluate, in terms of thermodynamic consistency, a recent calibration of m-cresol purple, a pH indicator. Using various carbonic acid dissociation constants, measured parameters were combined in pairs (CT-AT, pH-CT, and pH-AT) to calculate a third parameter for comparison with the shipboard measurements. Depending on the selected set of carbonic acid dissociation constants, the average offset between directly measured and predicted values of AT and CT was as small as ±1 μmol/kg. The results of this study indicate that the present 25°C mCP calibration, paired with the 25°C combined dissociation constants of Hansson and Mehrbach, produces accurate predictions of AT and CT. Extensive replication of the shipboard spectrophotometric measurements made it possible to examine directly the sensitivity of derived parameters to variations or errors in input AT and pH. In accord with earlier theoretical treatments of this question, the results presented demonstrate that pH is imprecisely predicted from AT and CT, whereas imprecision in measured pH—at the level typical of spectrophotometric measurements (±0.0004)—contributes negligibly (±0.3 μmol/kg) to imprecision in derived AT and CT. In view of the high precision of pHTspec measurements and both the precision and reliability of CT measurements (supported by the use of certified SIO reference materials) pHTspec and CTcoul constitute a particularly useful pair of parameters for shipboard study of the oceanic carbon dioxide system. The results indicate, as well, that the AT-pHTspec pairing is of particular interest in ocean regions where simple AT vs salinity relationships are observed. In light of recent advances, the role of pH measurements in CO2-system characterizations should be re-evaluated. Spectrophotometric measurements of pH have much to contribute in documenting the oceans' evolving response to anthropogenic C02.
Variation in terpenes and phenolics through leaf development in Hymenaea and its possible significance to herbivory

Abstract Leaf sesquiterpene resins and phenolic compounds were studied through leaf development in young greenhouse-grown plants of the tropical legume Hymenaea . Sesquiterpene composition and total yield were examined in seedlings and saplings of four resin Compositional Types . Terpene yield (mg resin/g dry wt leaf) was highest early in leaf development in all four types; composition changed significantly in only one type. Total phenolics and condensed tannins (% dry wt), and relative astrigency were highest in the leaf bud and decreased to low levels in leaf development. These results are discussed in relation to previous experiments which showed dose-dependent differential effects of three compositional types of Hymenaea defense theory.
Synthesis of 6,7-methylenedioxy-3,4-dihydro-1-methylbenzothieno[2,3-c]pyridine

Synthesis of the title compound, a potential inhibitor of mouse brain monoamine oxidase, is described. The preparation proceeds in eight steps from 1,3-benzodioxole in 1.9% overall yield. The novel hydrogenolysis of an aryl thiocyanate to the aryl methyl sulfide is reported.
Ethnic Consciousness and Its Relationship to Conservatism and Blame Among African Americans1

Ethnic consciousness is “a set of political beliefs and action orientations arising out of the awareness of similarity” (Gurin, Miller, & Gurin, 1980, p. 30). We suggest that these beliefs relate to political values and views among African Americans. Correlational data revealed that ethnic consciousness is negatively correlated with conservative values. Experimental data revealed that students high in ethnic consciousness blamed a White firm for the termination of an African American employee more than a Black firm for terminating a European American employee. Those low in ethnic consciousness did not discriminate between the Black firm versus the White firm. Consciousness may operate as a means of connecting ethnic identity and political views.
Tribological evaluation of some aluminum-based materials in lubricant/refrigerant mixtures

Abstract The tribological characteristics of various aluminum alloys, surface treated 356 aluminum alloy and an aluminum composite are evaluated in lubricant/refrigerant (L/R) mixtures. The evaluation is based on a cylindrical pin/disc line contact geometry. This research program consists of two parts. The first part focuses mainly on materials screening of various aluminum/steel contact pairs lubricated by polyolester/R134a (tetrafluoroethane) and polyalkylene glycol (PAG)/R134a mixtures. For the aluminum alloys tested, the 390-T6 die cast alloy shows the best wear resistance. In general, the amount of wear decreases as the amount of silicon content in AlSi alloys increases. Conventional anodizing does not improve the wear resistance of the 356 aluminum alloy under concentrated contacts. Hard anodizing of 356 and a SiCAl composite provide very good wear resistance, however, they cause increased wear on the counterface. From the wear results obtained, the Ester/R134a mixtures consistently provide better protection of the aluminum alloys compared to the PAG/R134a mixtures. If sufficient amount of R134a exists in the L/R mixture, extensive surface fatigue on 356 aluminum is observed. In the second part, 356-T61 and 390-T61 aluminum alloys are tested in various L/R mixtures. The L/R mixtures tested include ester and PAG lubricants with R134a, mineral and alkylbenzene lubricants with R22 (chlorodifluoromethane), R407C (mixture of difluoromethane, pentafluoroethane and tetrafluoroethane) and R41A (mixture of difluoromethane and pentafluoromethane), as well as ester lubricant with both R407C and R410A. Based on the wear data obtained, the capped PAG seems to be a better lubricant for 356 alloy than the uncapped PAG. However, the lubricity of the PAG's is about the same with the 390 alloy. When the ester lubricant is used, the wear on each alloy is about the same in R134a, R407C, R410A and air environments. There is no significant difference in lubricity of mineral and alkylbenzene lubricants when used with R22 and its possible substitutes R407C and R410A.
Effects of cerebellar stimulation on abnormal proprioceptive reflexes in spastic primates

Abstract The effects of cerebellar stimulation on the passively evoked electromyogram (EMG) responses of the biceps and triceps in spastic primates were studied. High-frequency stimulation decreased the abnormal cocontraction present during passive flexion and extension of the forearm. Furthermore, cerebellar stimulation resulted in a reciprocal pattern of EMG activity in the biceps and triceps, not present in control periods.
HPC networks: Challenges and the role of optics

Cost, rather than power, poses the main challenge for exascale HPC interconnection networks. To deliver byte-per-FLOP ratios on par with today's petaflop-scale systems, price-performance of active optical links must improve by two orders of magnitude.
Dose-response relationship between physical loading and mechanical competence of bone

A dose-response relationship between mechanical loading and bone can be inferred by the fact that bone response is proportional to the applied load in cell and organ culture and in animal models where a known load at a given magnitude and frequency is applied. Proportional responses have been observed in second messengers, growth factors, bone matrix, and bone strength. In the human model, however, the determination of a dose-response relationship is hindered by the lack of appropriate technology to directly evaluate the mechanical load and the skeletal competence. In vitro loading of bone does not duplicate the in vivo physiologic conditions, in particular the neuromuscular responses to the loads applied to the skeleton. While animal studies aid in determining the mechanisms of bone response to mechanical loading and dietary interactions, they do not obviate the need for human clinical trials to evaluate the effects of physical activity on both skeletal competence and fall prevention. The literature reviewed shows that physical activity increases the competence of the skeleton to resist fracture by the maintenance and improvement of bone mineral density (BMD) and neuromuscular competency, thus reducing skeletal fragility, pre-disposition to falls, and fall impact.
A Revised Timeline for the Origin of Plasmodium falciparum as a Human Pathogen

While Plasmodium falciparum is known to have had a strong effect on human evolution, the time period when P. falciparum first infected ancestors of modern humans has remained uncertain. Recent advances demonstrated that P. falciparum evolved from ancestors of gorilla parasites via host switching. Here, we estimate the range of dates during which this host switch may have occurred. DNA sequences of portions of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene obtained from gorilla parasites closely related to human P. falciparum were aligned and compared against similar sequences from human P. falciparum. Time estimates were calculated by applying a previously established parasite cytochrome b gene mutation rate (0.012 mutations per site per million years) and by modeling uncertainty in a Monte–Carlo simulation. We estimate a 95% confidence interval for when P. falciparum first infected ancestors of modern humans to be 112,000 and 1,036,000 years ago (median estimate, 365,000 years ago). This confidence interval suggests that P. falciparum first infected human ancestors much more recently than the previous recognized estimate of 2.5 million years ago. The revised estimate may inform our understanding of certain aspects of human-malaria co-evolution. For example, this revised date suggests a closer relationship between the entry of P. falciparum in humans and the appearance of many red blood cell polymorphisms considered to be genetic adaptations to malaria. In addition, the confidence interval lies within the timeframe dating the dawn of Homo sapiens, suggesting that P. falciparum may have undergone host switching as a Plasmodia adaptation specific for our species.
Determination of ε-acetimidyllysine in proteins

Abstract ϵ-Acetimidyllysine in proteins can be determined by hydrolysis of the protein in 6 m HCl at 110°C for different times (e.g., 22 and 46 hr) and chromatography on a column (0.9 × 12 cm) of an amino acid analyzer. The color value of the lysine derivative is the same as that of arginine. In order to correct for the slow hydrolysis of ϵ-acetimidyllysine to lysine, the amounts of ϵ-acetimidyllysine at the various times are extrapolated (first-order plot) to zero time.
The volatile anesthetic isoflurane induces ecto-5′-nucleotidase (CD73) to protect against renal ischemia and reperfusion injury

The volatile anesthetic isoflurane protects against renal ischemia and reperfusion injury by releasing renal tubular TGF-β1. As adenosine is a powerful cytoprotective molecule, we tested whether TGF-β1 generated by isoflurane induces renal tubular ecto-5′-nucleotidase (CD73) and adenosine to protect against renal ischemia and reperfusion injury. Isoflurane induced new CD73 synthesis and increased adenosine generation in cultured kidney proximal tubule cells and in mouse kidney. Moreover, a TGF-β1-neutralizing antibody prevented isoflurane-mediated induction of CD73 activity. Mice anesthetized with isoflurane after renal ischemia and reperfusion had significantly reduced plasma creatinine and decreased renal tubular necrosis, neutrophil infiltration, and apoptosis compared with pentobarbital-anesthetized mice. Isoflurane failed to protect against renal ischemia and reperfusion injury in CD73-deficient mice, in mice pretreated with a selective CD73 inhibitor, or in mice treated with an adenosine receptor antagonist. The TGF-β1-neutralizing antibody or the CD73 inhibitor attenuated isoflurane-mediated protection against HK-2 cell apoptosis. Thus, isoflurane causes TGF-β1-dependent induction of renal tubular CD73 and adenosine generation to protect against renal ischemia and reperfusion injury. Modulation of this pathway may have important therapeutic implications to reduce morbidity and mortality arising from ischemic acute kidney injury.
Changes in plasma tryptophan/branched chain amino acid ratio in responses to training volume variation.

The major symptoms of overtraining including decreased exercise performance, altered mood states, and depleted muscle glycogen stores closely resemble the effects of brain serotonin, the level of which is dependent on the plasma ratio of tryptophan to branched-chain amino acids (BCAA). To examine the relation between plasma amino acids and overtraining, ten highly-trained endurance runners underwent two weeks of base training (normal training) before increasing their training volume by 40 % for two weeks to achieve a state of short-term overtraining (or overreaching). The overtraining period was followed by two weeks of recovery in which training volume was reduced by 41 % of the base training. For the whole group, no significant changes were observed in running economy and maximum oxygen uptake. There were no changes in resting heart rate, blood pressure, resting metabolic rate, and serum Cortisol level in response to the changes in training volume. The runners experienced a significant increase (p < 0.05) in fatigue score for the profile of mood states when the training volume was increased. The elevated fatigue score returned to baseline when the training volume was reduced. Plasma free or total tryptophan, BCAA, and the tryptophan / BCAA ratio were not significantly altered throughout the course of this study. We concluded that proposed physiological markers of overtraining, including plasma tryptopham and BCAA levels, were unchanged despite a 40 % increase in training volume.
Occurrence and role of a Quaternary base, trimethylamine oxide, in two cockle species, Cerastoderma edule and Cerastoderma lamarcki

Trimethylamine oxide was demonstrated in the tissues of two European cockle species: Cerastoderma edule and Cerastoderma lamarcki (Mollusca: Bivalvia). No role in osmoregulation could be demonstrated, but a passive accumulation of the compound was found. Trimethylamine was demonstrated to be present in phytoplankton. Passive changes of the concentration of trimethylamine oxide are likely to occur in cockle tissues depending on the concentration of trimethylamine in the food.
Islet cell growth and the growth factors involved.

Abstract Throughout development, growth and aging, the mass of the pancreatic islets, in particular the insulin producing β cell, increases to meet the functional demand and maintain euglycemia. Islet growth occurs by two pathways: (a) the expansion by replication of preexisting β cells and (b) the formation of new islets (neogenesis) by proliferation and subsequent differentiation of pancreatic ductal epithelium. Some of the factors involved in these pathways of islet growth have been defined.
Stream CostsA First Screening of Reaction Pathways

The recent trend in the chemical industry is the rapid growth in the production of specialty chemicals, that is, specialty monomers, agricultural chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and so forth (high-value-added materials). The products produced often are very large molecules, and normally there are a very large number of reaction paths that can be used to produce them. Another feature of these multistep reaction problems is that the reaction chemistry usually is not completely known (a single reaction having a yield of less than unity is given or a single reaction that is not stoichiometrically balanced is reported for each reaction step). A first screening of these reaction paths can be accomplished by introducing fictitious reactions and/or fictitious components to account for the chemical uncertainties, and then using these approximations to calculate the raw materials costs and waste costs. Because the chemistry is not complete and the waste loads do not include separation system waste costs, all reaction paths within about 50% of the best should be retained for further consideration.
Axonal Transport of N-terminal Huntingtin Suggests Early Pathology of Corticostriatal Projections in Huntington Disease

Aggregation of N-terminal mutant huntingtin within nuclear inclusions and dystrophic neurites occurs in the cortex and striatum of Huntington disease (HD) patients and may be involved in neurodegencration. We examined the prevalence of inclusions and dystrophic neurites in the cortex and striatum of 15 adult onset HD patients who had mild to severe striatal cell loss (grades 1, 2 or 3) using an antibody that detects the N-terminal region of huntingtin. Nuclear inclusions were more frequent in the cortex than the striatum and were sparse or absent in the striatum of patients with low-grade striatal pathology. Dystrophic neurites occurred in both regions. Patients with low-grade striatal pathology had numerous fibers with immuno-reactive puncta and large swellings within the striatal neuropil, the subcortical white matter, and the internal and external capsules. In the globus pallidus of 3 grade 1 cases, N-terminal huntingtin markedly accumulated in the perinuclear cytoplasm and in some axons but not in the nucleus. Findings suggest that in the earlier stages of HD, accumulation of N-terminal mutant huntingtin occurs in the cytoplasm and is associated with degeneration of the corticostriatal pathway.
Teaching cyber-physical systems to computer scientists via modeling and verification

The greater versatility and increasingly smaller sizes of computing, sensing, and networking devices have resulted in a new computing paradigm called Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), which integrates computation and sensing into physical processes producing a wealth of exciting applications in many domains of life, such as transportation, medicine, and agriculture. In order to equip students with the essential knowledge and skills to be successful in the future, this paradigm requires an expansion in the scope of computer science curricula to enable students to understand and overcome the complexity inherent in CPSs. In this paper, we describe our experience with teaching CPS via a set of course modules that rely heavily on modeling and verification. By using the popular Android platform, we aim to engage students to successfully build CPS applications while enhancing their understanding of intellectually challenging concepts.
Total correction of tetralogy of fallot in the first year of life: late results

Abstract Background . Correction of tetralogy of Fallot in patients less than 1 year of age offers the advantage of a more normal development; but in the majority of cases exposes the patient to the possibly of a higher mortality with one-stage primary repair, and to the long-term effects of a transannular patch, which is often necessary. Methods . A retrospective review of total correction of tetralogy of Fallot performed in 63 consecutive patients at less than 1 year of age was made. Risk factors for operative mortality and functional status at follow-up were analyzed. Follow-up was obtained from clinic appointments and telephone questionnaires. Results . The operative mortality was 6%, with three late deaths. Aortic cross-clamp time more than 60 minutes ( p = 0.023), cardiopulmonary bypass time more than 90 minutes ( p = 0.016), and frequent preoperative respiratory tract infection symptoms ( p = 0.008) affected operative survival; whereas age less than 3.0 months or weight less than 6.0 kg did not. Mean follow-up is 11.6 years (± 0.6 years, standard error). Actuarial survival is 89% (± 4%) and freedom from reoperation is 96% (± 4%) at up to 20 years after correction. Eighty-seven percent of patients have normal echocardiographic right ventricular function. Only 4 patients have greater than moderate pulmonary regurgitation by echocardiography. Three of these four patients are asymptomatic. At more than 15 years postoperatively, 88% of patients have good-to-excellent functional status. Conclusions . Early correction of tetralogy of Fallot at less than 1 year of age can have a low operative mortality and provide excellent asymptomatic long-term survival.
Musculoskeletal: what’s different in children? Kicked in lower right leg; now limping and refusing to bear weight

Our patient, a 3-year-old male came in to our Emergency Room (ER) because of persistent pain and inability to bear weight on his right leg. What happened was that his 11year-old sister kicked his lower leg and that’s when the problems began and persisted, and so something was not right. Upon presentation to our ER the patient was in good health with no abnormal findings except those related to his right lower extremity. He clearly did not want to bear weight on the extremity, was limping a lot, and complained of pain around the knee when walking. There was no visible bruising and physical examination was somewhat obtuse. Again however, something was wrong and radiographs of the lower extremities were obtained (Fig. 1). Upon evaluation of these images the attending physician did not see an obvious fracture but because of the patient’s clinical findings and complaints the patient was immobilized in a splint. This was important because the attending physician, even though not seeing any abnormality on the radiographs, still was concerned. Upon reread of the images by the Radiology Faculty the next morning, a subtle fracture was detected and the patient returned or our ER for further evaluation. When he arrived he still did not want to bear full weight on the extremity but at the same time wanted to get rid of the splint and begin walking. This is the way little kids are, but upon reexamination there was point tenderness over the upper anterior tibia and when all of this was considered the patient was referred to our Pediatric Orthopedic Department where he was subsequently placed in a plaster cast. Do you see a fracture in Fig. 1?
Preferences for black skin among Negro adults.

24 black Ss, age 15 to 25, 35 to 45, 55 to 65 yr., were required to choose a real and ideal face from 11 faces which differed in skin color and attribute desirable and undesirable behavioral attributes to 20 figures, 10 of which were Negro. Analyses of the former task showed neither a significant preference on the part of all Ss for dark skin colors nor an increasing tendency for older Ss to prefer light skin; analyses of the latter task also indicated that across all age groups there was no preference for dark skin. However, Ss in the youngest age group attributed significantly more positive behavioral attributes to black skin than Ss in the older age categories.
Changes in landscape patterns in Georgia, USA

The objectives of this study were to determine how landscape patterns in Georgia, USA have changed through time and whether the spatial patterns varied by physiographic region. Historical aerial photography was used to analyze spatial patterns of land use from the 1930's to the 1980's. Land use patterns were quantified by: (1) mean number and size of patches; (2) fractal dimension of patches; (3) amount of edge between land uses; and (4) indices of diversity, dominance, and contagion. Forest cover increased in aerial extent and in mean patch size. The mean size of agricultural patches increased in the coastal plain and decreased in the mountains and piedmont. Edges between land uses decreased through time, indicating less dissection of the landscape. Fractal dimensions also decreased, indicating simpler patch shapes. Indices of diversity and dominance differed through time but not among regions; the contagion index differed among regions but not through time. A geographic trend of decreasing diversity and increasing dominance and contagion was observed from the mountains to the lower coastal plain. Landscape patterns exhibited the greatest changes in the piedmont region. Overall, the Georgia landscape has become less fragmented and more connected during the past 50 years. Changing patterns in the landscape may have implications for many ecological processes and resources.
Synergistic Regulation of Schwann Cell Proliferation by Heregulin and Forskolin

A peptide corresponding to the epidermal growth factor homology domain of beta-heregulin stimulated autophosphorylation of the heregulin receptors erbB2 and erbB3 in Schwann cells and activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases ERK1 and ERK2. Heregulin-dependent activation of PAK65, a component of the stress-activated signaling pathway, ribosomal S6 kinase, and a cyclic AMP (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB) kinase, identified as p95(RSK2), was also observed. Receptor phosphorylation and activation of these kinases in response to heregulin occurred in the absence of forskolin stimulation and were not augmented in cells treated with forskolin, a direct activator of adenylyl cyclase. Schwann cell proliferation in response to heregulin was observed only when the cells were also exposed to an agent that elevates cAMP levels. In the absence of heregulin, elevation of cAMP levels failed to stimulate Schwann cell proliferation. Forskolin significantly enhanced heregulin-stimulated expression of cyclin D and phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product. In cells treated with both heregulin and forskolin there was a sustained accumulation of phospho-CREB, which was not observed in cells treated with either agent alone. Heregulin and forskolin synergistically activated transcription of a cyclin D promoter construct. These results demonstrate that heregulin-stimulated activation of MAP kinase is not sufficient to induce maximal Schwann cell proliferation. Expression of critical cell cycle regulatory proteins and cell division require activation of both heregulin and cAMP-dependent processes.
The Management of High Risk Prostate Cancer

ABSTRACTPurpose: A major problem that urologists encounter is the recurrence of prostate cancer after local therapy or the failure of primary therapy. There is no consensus on the treatment of these groups of patients. The role of radiotherapy, hormonal therapy or chemotherapy must be defined.Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review of the current management of recurrence after primary therapy in prostate cancer was performed using MEDLINE, a review of current urology and oncology journals, and abstracts from recent urology meetings. The data collected focused on the role of radiotherapy, hormonal therapy and chemotherapy in this setting.Results: Defining a high risk group of patients using Gleason score, seminal vesicle or pelvic lymph node involvement and prostate specific antigen recurrence time is important for treating the problem early in disease course. Adjuvant radiotherapy cannot offer a survival advantage but it provides longer biochemical recurrence-free survival. Early administ...
A New Legal Interpretation of Duty for Registered Nurses

Today, the courts are placing new emphasis on patient safety by recognizing a stricter duty for nurses to evaluate and question medication orders and protocols. Thus, nurses may find that they are more frequently named in civil lawsuits involving medication errors, a safety problem facing nurses in all patient-care settings. In the face of these changes, boards of nursing will need to protect the public and nurses by ensuring that regulations governing nursing practice are consistent with the court's expanded definition of a nurse's duty. This article discusses new challenges to ensuring that regulations governing nursing practice are consistent with the court's definition of a nurse's duty and safe nursing practice.
Fine structure of the thymus in the adult cling fish Sicyases sanguineus (Pisces, Gobiesocidae)

The structure of the thumus in adult specimens of a marine teleost, the cling fish Sicyases sanguineus, has been studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. Most cling fishes have an outer thymus located beneath the opercular epithelium. A few of them, however, have a large inner thymus besides a poorly developed outer thymus. In the well-developed outer thymus of cling fish there are three different zones: outer cortex, inner cortex, and medulla. The inner cortex is similar to the cortical region of the thumus in other vertebrates, whereas the outer cortex is a specialized lympho-epithelial zone containing cystic cells (also present in medullary region) and true Hassall's corpuscles. In accordance with the development of the thymic parenchyma, the medullary or basal region may appear either like a true thymic medulla or like a subcapsular region. In the inner thymus, a subcapsular or peripheral "medullary" region and a central area (inverted cortex) show structural features like those of the medullary (basal) and deep cortical regions of the outer thymus, respectively. In addition to the above regions, sometimes there is a lymphomyeloid perithymic infiltration that often extends along connective tissue septa into the perivascular spaces of the gland. Reticuloepithelial, mesenchymal, and unidentified types of stromal cells within the thymus are described. Some erythrocytes, granulocytes, and monocytoid cells are found, but no plasma cells nor erythropoietic foci are evident. The probable significance of these findings is discussed.
Codetype base rates for the "I Mean Business" suicide items on the MMPI-2

This study focused on the frequency with which two MMPI-2 suicide items (506 and 520) were endorsed. These two items can be referred to as the "I Mean Business" items, for there is no denying that the client is reporting the recent contemplation of actively taking his or her life. A large sample (N = 23,646) of well-defined MMPI-2 codetypes was examined from the Caldwell (1997) data set. The frequencies with which individuals within a particular codetype endorsed Item 506, Item 520, or both are provided by gender. Results provide information that is consistent with the clinical lore concerning suicidal ideation/intent and codetypes. Unexpected findings are also noted. The implications of these base rates in psychotherapy are discussed from clinical and risk management perspectives.
CLINICAL REVIEW 26 Insulin Resistance in Obese and Nonobese Man

OBESITY is usually a descriptive term for excess body fat. Assessment of the presence and extent of obesity is often subjective and influenced by cosmetic and cultural considerations. However, recent interest has focused on the increased mortality and morbidity associated with both the extent and pattern of obesity (1, 2).1 Therefore, methods for accurate measurement of the amount and distribution of fat have become an important clinical consideration. The cause of the increased mortality and morbidity associated with obesity is not yet known. Obesity is associated with an increased incidence of diabetes, hypertension, increased levels of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) triglycerides, low density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol, and decreased levels of high density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol, all of which are risk factors for the development of vascular disease. Whereas it has been known for many years that obesity is associated with insulin resistance, Reaven (3) has recently pointed out that app...
A multi-echelon inventory model for repairable items with emergency lateral transshipments

In multi-echelon inventory systems that cover extensive geographical regions, emergency lateral transshipment between bases is commonly practiced to provide improved service support for products. In these systems, since neighboring bases are at shorter distances than to the depot, the base may seek stock from them to satisfy its demands when it is out of stock. In this paper we develop a continuous-review multi-echelon model for repairable items when emergency lateral transshipments between identical bases are allowed. Approximations are derived and tested for the expected level of backorders and the quantity of emergency lateral transshipments in cases where fairly high service levels are required. These approximations are used to determine the optimal stocking levels in such a system. A procedure to find these stocking levels is given. Numerical examples illustrate the application of the procedure and the tradeoffs involved in emergency lateral transshipment.
Antitumor Agents from Bursera microphylla (Burseraceae) I. Isolation and Characterization of Deoxypodophyllotoxin

Deoxypodophyllotoxin has been isolated and characterized as one of several anti-tumor agents from Bursera microphylla (Burseraceae) . β-Sitosterol has also been shown to be present in this plant.
The dynamic queue protocol for spread spectrum random access networks

The dynamic queue MAC protocol is designed explicitly for networks with multipacket reception (MPR). It provides efficient channel utilization with a simple on-line implementation. In this paper, we present an analysis of the steady-state performance of the dynamic queue protocol. Its throughput and normalized throughput in CDMA networks are studied and compared to that of the optimal MAC and the slotted ALOHA with optimal retransmission probability.