cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Iso-seq analysis and functional annotation of the Santa Fe cave crayfish (Procambarus erythrops) transcriptome.

Abstract The genus Procambarus represents a diverse genus of freshwater crayfish that includes epigean species, stygobitic species, and at least one parthenogenic species. Despite its evolutionary, ecological, and economic importance, most genomic and transcriptomic resources for this genus are limited to a couple of model species. We sequenced the transcriptome of a non-model species, P. erythrops, a geographically restricted stygobitic species from Florida. RNA isolated from gill, muscle and eye tissue was pooled to create a de novo transcriptome assembly using Single Molecule Real-Time sequencing (PacBio), resulting in 19,442 full-length isoforms. The assembly has been deposited in the NCBI (BioProject PRJNA657230). These data will make an important contribution to the comparative study of transcriptome evolution in crayfish and crustaceans.
A Concern for the Teaching Profession: Impacts of Demoralization

Within the United States public education system, many teachers encounter feelings of demoralization. They feel they can no longer access the inherent moral benefits that initially drew them to have the desire to teach in the first place. This study examined the contributing factors that cause demoralization feelings amongst public educators and the long-term implications for the institution and the students it serves. Factors such as the teaching environment, administrative support, and state-mandated curriculum and testing contribute to a loss of control and ability to serve their students and community best. Analysis of a teacher’s anecdote indicates dissatisfaction with the profession due to demoralization. A demoralizing teaching environment can cause teachers to leave the profession as a whole. Departure from a career as an educator damages the teacher and negatively affects the students and districts that must fill vacant classroom teaching positions. Analysis of literature creates recommendations for further research and open dialogue between teachers, colleagues, and supervisors.
Treatment patterns and outcomes of locally advanced gall bladder cancer: A National Cancer Database (NCDB) analysis.

e16147Background: Gall bladder (GB) cancer is rare but an aggressive disease especially when presenting at an advanced stage. There is controversy regarding the best treatment approach for locally ...
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived photoreceptors switch from cell autonomous axon extension to non-cell autonomous process pulling during synaptic marker redistribution.

Photoreceptors (PRs) are the primary visual sensory cells, and their loss leads to blindness that is currently incurable. Cell replacement therapy holds promise as a therapeutic approach to restore vision to those who have lost PRs through damage or disease. While PR transplant research is ongoing in animal models, success is hindered by our limited understanding of PR axon growth during development and regeneration. Using a human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) reporter line that labels PRs (WA09 CRX+/tdTomato), we generated retinal organoids in order to study mechanisms of PR process extension. We found that the earliest born PRs exhibit autonomous axon extension from dynamic terminals that appear similar to projection neuron growth cones. However, as hPSC-derived PRs age from 40 to 80 days of differentiation, they lose dynamic terminals in 2D plated cultures and within 3D retinal organoids, which does not correlate with cell birth date. Using a rod-specific hPSC reporter line (WA09 NRL+/eGFP), we further determined that rod PRs never form motile growth cones. Interestingly, PRs without motile terminals are still capable of extending axons, but neurites are generated from process stretching via their attachment to motile non-PR cells, which underlies the observed differences in PR neurite lengths on different substrata. While immobile PR terminals express actin, it is less polymerized and less organized than actin present in motile terminals. However, immobile PRs do localize synaptic proteins to their terminals, suggesting a normal developmental progression. These findings help inform the development of PR transplant therapies to treat blinding diseases and provide a platform to test treatments that restore autonomous PR axon extension.
Psychology's Grand Theorists: How Personal Experiences Shaped Professional Ideas

Psychology's Grand Theorists argues that the three schools in psychology that have been dominant historically--the psychodynamic, behavioral, and phenomenological--have resulted in large part from the personal experiences of their originators. Sigmund Freud, B.F. Skinner, and Carl Rogers each believed that he had discovered the truth about human nature, yet their truths are entirely different. This book explores how the lives of these men influenced the divergent theories they developed, through a close examination of letters, diaries, biographies, autobiographies, and professional writings. Uncovering the subjective sources of these theories, the book gives the reader a greater sense of intimacy with each man's ideas, and promotes critical inquiry into their scientific status. The book is written in an engaging style that will appeal to a wide range of readers. Intended as a supplement in courses on personality, clinical psychology, and/or the history of psychology, it will also be of interest to clinicians or counselors who use one or more of these theoretical models in their therapeutic work.
Artificial neural networks: electronic implementations

The focus of this artificial neural networks volume is on design issues for electronic ANN systems, with an emphasis on functioning integrated circuits. These circuits are necessarily experimental, since ANN algorithms are still in an early stage, so that the optimal implementations cannot yet be kn
Dermis‐derived stem cells: a source of epidermal melanocytes and melanoma?

Human multipotent dermal stem cells (DSCs) have been isolated and propagated from the dermal region of neonatal foreskin. DSCs can self-renew, express the neural crest stem cell markers NGFRp75 and nestin, and are capable of differentiating into a wide variety of cell types including mesenchymal and neuronal lineages and melanocytes, indicative of their neural crest origin. When placed in the context of reconstructed skin, DSCs migrate to the basement membrane zone and differentiate into melanocytes. These findings, combined with the identification of NGFRp75-positive cells in the dermis of human foreskin, which are devoid of hair, suggest that DSCs may be a self-renewing source of extrafollicular epidermal melanocytes. In this review, we discuss the properties of DSCs, the pathways required for melanocyte differentiation, and the value of 3D reconstructed skin to assess the behavior and contribution of DSCs in the naturalized environment of human skin. Potentially, DSCs provide a link to malignant melanoma by being a target of UVA-induced transformation.
Real-time simulation of deformable objects for assembly simulations

This paper describes the integration of deformable objects into a VR assembly simulation. The deformable objects are flexible hoses, which are simulated using corotational beams. The simulation is enhanced by specific load cases in order to fully match the needs of the assembly tasks. A virtual reality system is used as an intuitive man-machine interface to the calculation model. Comparisons between the results obtained by this system and classical finite element programs are given to obtain an error estimate for the simulation.
An evaluation of visual speech features for the tasks of speech and speaker recognition

In this paper an evaluation of visual speech features is performed specifically for the tasks of speech and speaker recognition. Unlike acoustic speech processing, we demonstrate that the features employed for effective speech and speaker recognition are quite different to one another in the visual modality. Area based features (i.e. raw pixels) rather than contour features (i.e. an atomized parametric representation of the mouth, e.g. outer and inner labial contour, tongue, teeth, etc.) are investigated due to their robustness and stability. For the task of speech reading we demonstrate empirically that a large proportion of word unit class distinction stems from the temporal rather than static nature of the visual speech signal. Conversely, for the task of speaker recognition static representations suffice for effective performance although modelling the temporal nature of the signal does improve performance. Additionally, we hypothesize that traditional hidden Markov model (HMM) classifiers may, due to their assumption of intra-state observation independence and stationarity, not be the best paradigm to use for modelling visual speech for the purposes of speech recognition. Results and discussion are presented on the M2VTS database for the tasks of isolated digit, speech and text-dependent speaker recognition.
Process Data Analysis and Interpretation

Publisher Summary This chapter proposes a perspective for integrating a wide-ranging array of technologies and managing complexity in comprehensive analysis and interpretation systems. This integrated perspective is the product of widely varying technology perspectives. To support increasingly sophisticated process management activities, the raw process data must be transformed into meaningful descriptions of process conditions. The primary purpose of pattern recognition is to determine class membership for a set of numeric input data. The performance of any given approach is ultimately driven by how well an appropriate discriminant can be defined to resolve the numeric data into a label of interest. In this context, the chapter takes a look at the alternatives to quantitative behavioral model approaches from the point of view of interpretation. These methods include a wide variety of linear and nonlinear modeling methods developed across a wide range of technical areas, including statistics, process simulation, control, and intelligent systems. The chapter discusses local and nonlocal data interpretation, Symbolic–Symbolic Interpretation, and scope of large scale operations. Three comprehensive examples illustrated in the chapter are detection of abnormal situations, data analysis of batch operation variability, and diagnosis of operating problems in a batch polymer reactor.
External information source and channel effectiveness and the diffusion of CASE innovations: an empirical study

This paper examines the relationship between perceived ‘knowledge transfer’ effectiveness of different information channels for computer-aided software engineering (CASE) technology and CASE innovation diffusion. Specifically, the knowledge transfer effectiveness of seven information sources and channels is assessed. CASE innovation behaviour is modelled using three stages: initiation, adoption and implementation. Three types of CASE innovations are examined: two technical process innovations and one administrative innovation. Data for the empirical study were collected through a large-scale national survey of senior IS managers. A total of 405 usable responses were received. The perceived knowledge transfer effectiveness of the information sources and channels is associated differently with the initiation, adoption and implementation phases of the innovation process. Further, these associations are not uniform across the three categories of CASE innovations. The study has implications for how knowledge barriers can be alleviated during the CASE diffusion process.
Coronographic Imaging the AG Carinae Nebula

New coronographic images of the nebula around the Luminous Blue Variable AG Carinae have been obtained in the light of Hα+[NII] and in a narrow V continuum and confirm the presence of highly axi-symmetric features in AG Carinae’s circumstellar environment. Possible interpretations of these noticeable deviations from spherical symmetry are examined, such as the presence of an equatorial disk possibly due to a close, undetected companion.
Physical improvements to the solar wind reconnection control function for the Earth's magnetosphere

[1] In a 2008 publication a first principles calculation of the dayside reconnection rate expressed in terms of upstream–solar wind parameters led to a rudimentary solar wind coupling function R1 for the Earth's magnetosphere. Four improvements to that derivation are added in the present paper, resulting in a more correct solar wind control function describing the rate at which solar wind magnetic field lines connect into the Earth's magnetosphere. The first is the inclusion of the effect of β-dependent plasma compressibility on the reconnection rate. The second is a corrected calculation of the inflow of magnetic field lines into the reconnection X-line. The third is a more accurate estimate of the orientation of the reconnection X-line for asymmetric reconnection. The fourth correction accounts for the compression ratio of the Earth's bow shock for arbitrary orientation of the solar wind magnetic field. Two solar wind control functions result: one function, R2CS, is based on the Cassak-Shay equation and another function, R2CSB, is based on the Cassak-Shay-Birn equation. The control functions are tested using solar wind measurements and geomagnetic indices from 1980 to 2012, and some improved correlation coefficients over the rudimentary function R1 are found. Simplified approximations to the new control functions are supplied: one is R2CS-approx = 1.68 × 10−2 sin2(θ/2)no1/2vo2MA−0.3044exp(−[MA/3.18]1/2), where the subscript “o” denotes the solar wind upstream of the bow shock and MA is the solar wind Alfven Mach number.
Visual Attention and the Dimensional Change Card Sort

The current study examines cognitive flexibility and the development of executive function in children ranging from 3-5 years of age. The importance of executive function is seen in situations that involve multi-tasking, learning new routines, and functioning in a noisy environment. Our task is a variation of Zelazo’s Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS), where young children are given one set of rules for sorting picture cards, which is then followed by a rule switch. Traditionally, 3 year olds fail to abide by the new set of rules and perseverate by using old rules, while 4 year olds effectively follow the new set of rules. The goal of the study is to understand what causes these perseverations. There is no agreement as to what causes perseverations; we suggest they stem from inability to inhibit irrelevant information. We test this hypothesis by examining patterns of eye movements using Tobii eye tracking equipment while children are tested on a computerized version of the DCCS. This approach elucidates children’s ability to strategically allocate attention while looking at stimuli. We expect that children 3-4 years of age are unable to restrain their gaze from irrelevant dimensions, resulting in low efficiency of visual attention. We also predict that 4-5 year olds, who normally pass the postswitch phase, will also be unable to keep their gaze from irrelevant dimensions. However, we predict 4-5 year olds relative engagement with irrelevant features will be lower than that of younger children, which may be enough to reduce perseverations in the postswitch phase. We found similar behavioral data on our computerized version of the DCCS task, with the average 3 year old perseverating during the postswitch phase while on average 4 year olds passed. We also found via looking time data that 3 year olds had difficulty efficiently allocating their gaze away from irrelevant information. We found those who failed a given phase of the DCCS could not focus their visual attention on relevant dimensions of the stimuli for as long as those who passed.
Reduction of pentavalent uranyl to U(IV) facilitated by oxo functionalization.

Addition of 2 equiv of B(C6F5)3 to [Cp*2Co][UVO2(Aracnac)2] (1) [Aracnac = ArNC(Ph)CHC(Ph)O; Ar = 3,5-tBu2C6H3] results in the formation of [Cp*2Co][UV{OB(C6F5)3}2(Aracnac)2] (2) in good yield. Reduction of 2 with 1 equiv of Cp*2Co generates [Cp*2Co]2[UIV{OB(C6F5)3}2(Aracnac)2] (3), also in good yield. This reaction is chemically reversible, as shown by the reaction of 3 with AgOTf, which regenerates 2. Interestingly, addition of only 1 equiv of B(C6F5)3 to 1 does not produce the monofunctionalized U(V) complex. Instead, the products of disproportionation, namely, 3 and UVIO2(Aracnac)2, are observed in a 1:1 ratio.
Anti-IgD enhancement of primary antibody responses in rats.

Abstract The role of membrane IgD in immune responses was examined by treating adult rats with anti-IgD. Anti-IgD when administered to rats in conjunction with optimal or suboptimal doses of either SRBC, a T-dependent antigen, or DNP-Ficoll, a T-independent antigen, enhanced the antibody responses. The greatest enhancement was obtained when anti-IgD was administered before the antigen. The effects of anti-IgD on antibody responses to SRBC were: (i) significant antibody responses to suboptimal antigen concentrations; (ii) greater antibody responses to optimal antigen concentrations; (iii) accelerated antibody responses; (iv) an early shift from IgM to IgG antibodies; (v) prolonged antibody responses. Similar effects on the immune response to DNP-Ficoll were observed with the exception that all antibodies were 2ME sensitive (IgM). These results suggest that an anamnestic type of immune response can be induced in anti-IgD-treated rats when given a primary antigen exposure. Injection of anti-IgD without SRBC or DNP-Ficoll induces B-cell proliferation without detectable antibody production to these antigens, indicating at least two signals are required for the enhanced antibody responses.
Sedimentation in middle phase microemulsions: An investigation using light scattering and ultracentrifugation☆

Abstract A three-phase system using Aerosol OT (in a purified form, “Docusate Sodium”) as surfactant was studied. Gradients of composition and density were found in the middle phase in times as short as one week at normal gravity. Measurements of particle size in the middle phase were made by dynamic light scattering. Droplet diameters in the range 10 to 70 nm were found. The diameters changed with specimen aging, and varied from top to middle to bottom. Ultracentrifugation studies showed that at least two species of particles were present. The schlieren observations included the appearance of vertical lines and bands, at the higher rotor speeds. These were interpreted as, possibly, phase boundaries, and regions containing large particles which developed during ultracentrifugation. It is concluded that the sedimentation rate at normal gravity was anomalously rapid (i.e., too large by about four orders of magnitude) in view of the apparent particle size. Considerable transfer of matter across the phase boundaries occurs. There was major reorganization of the particles, both as to composition and size, with aging. The common criterion of “thermodynamic stability”, for characterizing a microemulsion, is open to question. A general combination of the Stokes equation for sedimentation and the Stokes-Einstein equation for diffusion is developed, with allowance for the high likelihood that as many as three different “effective radii”, for the non-spherical particles, must be employed. A hypothesis is proposed that the anomalously rapid 1 g sedimentation is due to a lateral segregation of positively and negatively buoyant particles into vertical “fingers”, which stream upward and downward.
Effect of web distortion on the buckling strength of noncomposite discretely-braced steel I-section members

The influence of the web distortional flexibility typically is not addressed explicitly in standards for flexural design of steel I-section members. This is due in part to the fact that there are no simple closed-form solutions that account for these effects, whereas closed-form solutions are well established for elastic lateral-torsional buckling using thin-walled open-section beam theory. Thin-walled open-section beam theory is of course based on the assumption that the cross-section profile does not distort. Furthermore, accurate strength predictions are obtained for a wide range of experimental tests without explicit accounting for web distortion in the lateral-torsional buckling calculations. Nevertheless, it is clear from prior research studies that the web distortional flexibility can lead to a substantial reduction relative to the beam theory lateral-torsional buckling resistance for I-sections with torsionally-stiff flanges and relatively thin webs. [AASHTO. AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications. 3rd ed. Washington (DC): American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials; 2004; AISC. Specification for structural steel buildings. Chicago (IL): American Institute of Steel Construction; 2005 [in press]] give specific limits on cross-section geometry and yield strengths aimed at controlling the unconservative errors due to the neglect of web distortion effects. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of these limits. Potential future directions for improved calculation of I-section member flexural resistances are suggested for cases where the influence of web distortion is significant.
Liquid Chromatography Fourier Transform Infrared (LC/FT-IR): Solutions Work

Our initial approach to the LC/FT-IR problem uses an infrared flow cell and a reverse phase LC column with solvent gradient. Using a factor analysis program a pseudo-solvent back-ground can be calculated and fitted to each spectrum obtained in the LC/FT-IR run. By examining the residual spectrum obtained by subtracting the pseudo-reference spectrum from the sample spectrum, the spectra of the trace compounds can be found.
Saturation transconductance of deep-submicron-channel MOSFETs

Abstract A new method is described for extracting electron and hole saturation velocities from saturation currents of deep-submicron-channel N - and P MOSFET's at room and low temperatures. The extracted results are (7 ± 0.5) × 10 6 cm / s at 300 K and (8 ± 0.5) × 10 6 cm / s at 77 K for electrons; and (7 ± 1) × 10 6 cm / s at both 300 and 77 K for holes. These numbers are used in an analytical model to calculate the MOSFET saturation transconductance as a function of channel length. Excellent agreement is obtained between the experimentally measured saturation transconductance at 300 and 77 K and the model calculations over a wide range of channel length from 10 to 0.15 μm. This also sets up a procedure for identifying the onset of velocity overshoot, which is reflected in the 77 K N MOSFET data below 0.25 μm.
Plasticity in the development of handedness: evidence from normal development and early asymmetric brain injury.

Previous research revealed that shifting patterns of hand preference in the first year of life are linked to infants' sensory-motor experiences as they learn to sit, creep, and walk. In this report, we examine whether new and different forms of locomotion and sensory-motor experiences similarly contribute to alter patterns of hand preference in early development. We examined the cases of three infants with unique developmental histories. Two infants adopted distinctive forms of locomotion in lieu of typical hands-and-knees crawling. One infant scooted using both hands and legs in a coupled fashion, while the other infant performed an asymmetrical, left-biased belly-crawl using only one arm to drag his body. The third infant suffered damage to his left-brain hemisphere shortly after birth and received intense physical therapy to his right arm as a result of it. We followed all three infants on a weekly basis and tracked changes in their reaching behavior, mode of locomotion, and postural achievements. The two infants with unique locomotor patterns displayed changes in hand preference that reciprocated the arm patterns that they used during locomotion. The infant who coupled his body for scooting began to reach bimanually, while the infant who adopted the left-biased belly-crawl developed a strong unimanual, right-hand, preference. The infant with left-hemisphere damage initially displayed a right-hand preference, then a temporary decline in preferred hand use as he began to cruise and walk, and ultimately resumed a right-hand preference in the 2nd year of life. This data is consistent with previous work showing that the development of hand preference in the 1st year of life is highly malleable and sensitive to a variety of new sensory-motor experiences. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 48: 460–471, 2006.
Arms races as iterated prisoner's dilemma games

Abstract Many important aspects of arms races are captured by the iterated prisoner's dilemma (IPD) game. In this analysis, strategies are developed and analyzed for IPD games which most resemble arms races; those which are finite, uncertain and time varying in length. It is shown that, under certain conditions, it can be rational to unilaterally cooperate following a series of mutual defection. A number of conclusions concerning arms race behavior are drawn.
Design and synthesis of glycoprotein-based multivalent glyco-ligands for influenza hemagglutinin and human galectin-3.

We report a facile synthesis of glycoprotein-based glyco-ligands and their binding with influenza hemagglutinin and human galectin-3. Human serum albumin (HSA) was used as the scaffold and an Asn-linked complex type N-glycan prepared from chicken eggs was used as the glycan building block. It was found that Cu(I)-catalyzed alkyne–azide cycloaddition reaction (click chemistry) between the alkyne-labeled glycan and the azide-tagged HSA led to an efficient formation of the glycoconjugates. The density of glycan ligands on the protein scaffold was readily varied by changing the molar ratios of the two reactants. Binding studies indicated that the sialylated and desialylated multivalent glycoligands could selectively bind to influenza hemagglutinin and human galectin-3, respectively, with high affinity. In the two glycan–lectin interactions, a clear multivalent effect was observed. Moreover, a cell-based assay showed that the synthetic multivalent glyco-ligands could efficiently inhibit the attachment of galectin-3 to human prostate cancer and lung cancer cell lines. This study suggests that the synthetic glycoprotein-based glyco-ligands can be useful for different applications, including blocking the function of galectin-3 in cancer metastasis.
Electromagnetically induced grating: Homogeneously broadened medium

A strong coupling standing wave, interacting with three-level \ensuremath{\Lambda}-type (or ladder-type) atoms, can diffract a weak probe field (propagating along a direction normal to the standing wave) into high-order diffractions, a phenomenon which we name electromagnetically induced grating (EIG). We develop in this work a theory for studying EIG in a homogeneously broadened medium consisting of three-level \ensuremath{\Lambda}-type atoms. We show that by taking advantage of the absorption and dispersion properties of electromagnetically induced transparency one can create an atomic grating that can effectively diffract light into the first-order direction.
Clinical and laboratory studies Cancer of the skin in blacks. III. A review of nineteen black patients with Bowen's disease

In a series of nineteen black patients with Bowen's disease of the skin diagnosed between 1948 and 1982, twenty-one lesions occurred. Involvement on non-sun-exposed areas was three times more common than on sun-exposed areas. The most common location was the lower extremity. A history of arsenic ingestion could not be confirmed in any of the patients, but was suggested by histopathologic findings in at least one instance. Invasive lesions developed in five patients, three of whom subsequently died from metastatic disease. Five patients also had a second noncutaneous malignancy.
Effect of continuous systemic infusion ofd-amphetamine on the sensitivity of nigral dopamine cells to apomorphine inhibition of firing rates

Abstract Using a single-unit recording technique, sensitivity of nigral dopamine neurons to the inhibitory effect of apomorphine was examined on various days after a 7-day pretreatment with osmotic minipumps containing d -amphetamine. Continuous systemic infusion of d -amphetamine produced a short-lasting subsensitivity of nigral neurons to apomorphine (0–2 days after d -amphetamine), followed by a supersensitivity on days 7, 8 and 9, post-amphetamine. The supersensitivity seems to persist at least for one week, suggesting one possible mechanism mediating long-term behavioral and biochemical changes following chronic high-dose amphetamine administration.
Computer pattern recognition of 13C NMR data for classification of glycosides

Abstract A pattern recognition technique is demonstrated for grouping data and assigning the carbohydrate structures of four carbohydrate moieties. Using existi
Constraint-selected and search-optimized families of Daubechies wavelet filters computable by spectral factorization

A unifying algorithm has been developed to systematize the collection of compact Daubechies wavelets computable by spectral factorization of a symmetric positive polynomial. This collection comprises all classes of real and complex orthogonal and biorthogonal wavelet filters with maximal flatness for their minimal length. The main algorithm incorporates spectral factorization of the Daubechies product filter into analysis and synthesis filters. The spectral factors are found for search-optimized families by examining a desired criterion over combinatorial subsets of roots indexed by binary codes, and for constraint-selected families by imposing sufficient constraints on the roots without any optimizing search for an extremal property. Daubechies wavelet filter families have been systematized to include those constraint-selected by the principle of separably disjoint roots, and those search-optimized for time-domain regularity, frequency-domain selectivity, time-frequency uncertainty, and phase nonlinearity. The latter criterion permits construction of the least and most asymmetric and least and most symmetric real and complex orthogonal filters. Biorthogonal symmetric spline and balanced-length filters with linear phase are also computable by these methods. This systematized collection has been developed in the context of a general framework enabling evaluation of the equivalence of constraint-selected and search-optimized families with respect to the filter coefficients and roots and their characteristics. Some of the constraint-selected families have been demonstrated to be equivalent to some of the search-optimized families, thereby obviating the necessity for any search in their computation.
A dynamic model for simulating a trip and fall during gait

The purpose of this study was to develop an analytical model to simulate a trip and fall during gait. The human body was modeled as a 12 degree-of-freedom linkage system. The kinematics of the lower extremity for one cycle of gait were obtained for a healthy subject using an optoelectronic three-dimensional data acquisition system. Inverse dynamics was used to compute the moments about the hip, knee and ankle joints of the lower extremity. These moments were then used as input actuators to the joints in to a forward dynamics model to simulate the swing phase of gait from toe-off to heel-strike. An optimization procedure to minimize errors associated with the computed experimental torque was applied to correct for mathematical instability. An experiment was performed to measure the three-dimensional foot--obstacle contact force for a healthy subject tripping on an obstacle during gait. The contact force was applied to the swing limb of the forward dynamics model for 0.09 s beginning at 0.04 s after toe-off. Tripping on an obstacle followed by a muscle-relaxed fall was simulated. The simulation results were visualized with animation software.
Amikacin: a Rapid and Sensitive Radioimmunoassay

Abstract A rapid, sensitive, and specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for the measurement of amikacin, a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic. Antisera were produced by immunizing rabbits with amikacin conjugated to porcine thyroglobulin. Sera were screened for amikacin antibodies with 3H-labeled amikacin. Free and bound radioactivity were separated by the second antibody method. As little as 5 ng of the antibiotic can be measured in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine. The standard curve is unaffected by pH (5–11), ionic strength (0.01 M to 0.3 M), MgCl2 or CaCl2 (1 to 8 mM/liter), or urea (10–300 mg/100 ml). The antibodies raised to amikacin are not able to distinguish between kanamycin and amikacin. The cross reactivity of all other antibiotics tested was <0.1%. Co-incubation of first and second antibody allows for a 30-min incubation period, making the assay useful for stat determinations. The standard curve is linear on a logit-log plot, allowing for rapid computer analysis of the standard curve, interpolation of sample values, and quality-control monitoring.
The energetics of off-rotamer protein side-chain conformations.

Non-rotameric (“off-rotamer”) conformations are commonly observed for the side-chains of protein crystal structures. This study examines whether such conformations are real or artifactual by comparing the energetics of on and off-rotamer side-chain conformations calculated with the CHARMM energy function. Energy-based predictions of side-chain orientation are carried out by rigid-geometry mapping in the presence of the fixed protein environment for 1709 non-polar side-chains in 24 proteins for which high-resolution (2.0 A or better) structures are available. For on-rotamer conformations, 97.6 % are correctly predicted; i.e. they correspond to the absolute minima of their local side-chain energy maps (generally to within 10 ° or less). By contrast, for the observed off-rotamer side-chain conformations, 63.8 % are predicted correctly. This difference is statistically significant (P < 0.001) and suggests that while most of the observed off-rotamer conformations are real, many of the erroneously predicted ones are likely to be artifacts of the X-ray refinements. Probabilities for off-rotamer conformations of the non-polar side-chains are calculated to be 5.0–6.1 % by adaptive umbrella-sampled molecular dynamics trajectories of individual amino acid residues in vacuum and in the presence of an average protein or aqueous dielectric environment. These results correspond closely to the 5.7 % off-rotamer fraction predicted by the rigid-geometry mapping studies. Since these values are about one-half of the 10.2 % off-rotamer fraction observed in the X-ray structures, they support the conclusion that many of the latter are artifacts. In both the rigid-geometry mapping and the molecular dynamics studies, the discrepancies between the predicted and observed fractions of off-rotamer conformations are largest for leucine residues (∼6 % versus 16.6 %). The simulations for the isolated amino acid residues indicate that the real off-rotamer frequency of 5–6 % is consistent with the internal side-chain and local side-chain-backbone energetics and does not originate from shifts due to the protein. The present results suggest that energy-based rotation maps can be used to find side-chain positional artifacts that appear in crystal structures based on refinements in the 2 A resolution range.
A case for local icosahedral order in undercooled metallic liquids and the influence on the nucleation barrier

Abstract An overview of recent experimental and theoretical investigations on undercooled liquids is given, indicating developing short-range order with undercooling. Our in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies of electrostatically levitated droplets of elemental Ti, Zr, and Ni liquids and coordinated undercooling and structural studies of a Ti–Zr–Ni liquid that forms an icosahedral quasicrystal are discussed in the context of these investigations. Icosahedral order is demonstrated to be a dominant component to the structures of all undercooled liquids studied, although it becomes significantly distorted with an increasing importance of the d-band bonding character. The liquid short-range order couples with the nucleation barrier, as predicted by Frank over a half-century ago.
Public Policy and the Effects of Crime in the Inner City: A British Example

In Britain as in North America, the effects of crime extend beyond the limited experiences of victims. Yet, policies seeking to allay fear are rarely those expedient to discourage offenders. The debilitating consequences of crime for the quality of inner city life might therefore be alleviated by the initiatives of urban managers other than those formally assigned to crime control and law enforcement.
Ten informative markers developed from WRKY sequences in coconut ( Cocos nucifera )

Coconut ( Cocos nucifera L.) WRKY sequences containing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and one microsatellite repeat were used to develop 10 informative markers. These markers were evaluated in 15 genotypes representing six coconut cultivars. SNP-containing alleles were detected by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. The number of detected alleles ranged from two to four. Five pairs of loci were in linkage disequilibrium in the test population. These markers are currently being evaluated in more individuals/ cultivars to determine their value in estimating the genetic diversity of this species.
Entrepreneurial Social Infrastructure and Growth Machine Characteristics Associated with Industrial-Recruitment and Self-Development Strategies in Nonmetropolitan Communities

Elements of entrepreneurial social infrastructure and the growth machine perspective are used to contrast industrial recruitment and self-development activities—two different types of community economic development. Data come from a purposive survey of 287 key informants associated with successful economic development projects in nonmetropolitan places throughout the U.S. The pattern of resource mobilization, and individual and organizational support for or opposition to both types of projects, is analyzed. Self-development projects are found to have access to more diverse resources and engage a greater diversity of local actors, while industrial recruitment is found to frequently engage local growth machine actors. Industrial recruitment is also found to rely heavily on resources and support from local and state governments. Opposition to projects, regardless of type, occurred in about one-third of the projects and was generally associated with occupations anticipated to be anti-growth. These findings ha...
Inkjet printed antibiotic- and calcium-eluting bioresorbable nanocomposite micropatterns for orthopedic implants

Abstract Inkjet printing of antibiotic- and calcium-eluting micropatterns was explored as a novel means of preventing the formation of biofilm colonies and facilitating osteogenic cell development on orthopedic implant surfaces. The micropatterns consisted of a periodic array of ∼50 μm circular dots separated by ∼150 μm. The composition of the micropatterns was controlled by formulating inks with rifampicin (RFP) and poly( d , l -lactic–co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) dissolved in an organic solvent with ∼100 nm biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) nanoparticles suspended in the solution. During printing RFP and PLGA co-precipitated to form a nanocomposite structure with ∼10–100 nm RFP and the BCP particles dispersed in the PLGA matrix. The rate of RFP release was strongly influenced by the RFP loading in the micropattern, particularly on the first day. The RFP-containing micropatterns effectively prevented the formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm colonies due to their ability to kill bacteria prior to forming colonies on the patterned surfaces. The BCP-containing micropatterns printed on the surface of the alloy TiAl6V4 significantly accelerated osteoblast cell differentiation, as measured by alkaline phosphatase expression and calcium deposition, without compromising cell proliferation.
The Mechanism of Triplet Energy Transfer from the Special Pair to the Carotenoid in Bacterial Photosynthetic Reaction Centers

The kinetics of triplet energy transfer from the primary electron donor P, a bacteriochlorophyll dimer, to the carotenoid were measured in the M182HL mutant of Rhodobacter sphaeroides photosynthetic reaction centers. In this mutant, the accessory bacteriochlorophyll that is bound in the BM position in wild-type reaction centers is changed to a bacteriopheophytin. By using phosphorescence data for P in the reaction center and for bacteriochlorophyll a and bacteriopheophytin a monomers in simple solvents, the activation energy for triplet energy transfer from the special pair to the bacteriopheophytin at BM in M182HL is predicted to be 910 ± 50 cm-1. Analysis of the decay kinetics of 3P as a function of temperature gives an experimental activation energy of 950 ± 50 cm-1. Thus, the M182HL mutant allows for prediction and quantitative verification of the energetics of triplet energy transfer by a two-step mechanism from the special pair to the carotenoid through the chromophore in the BM binding site.
Model for the cofactor formation reaction of E. coli ribonucleotide reductase. From a diiron(II) precursor to an FeIIIFeIV species via a peroxo intermediate.

The diiron(II) complex [Fe2(μ-OH)2(6-Me3−TPA)2](ClO4)2 has recently been synthesized as a model of nonheme diiron proteins. This compound reacts with dioxygen at low temperatures to generate a diir...
The influence of strategic patterns of internationalization on the accuracy and bias of earnings forecasts by financial analysts

Abstract This paper examines how financial analysts’ earnings per share forecasts are affected by strategic patterns that multinational firms have used to expand abroad. Prior empirical studies have examined a firm's internationalization level as a one-dimensional construct involving increased task complexity for financial analysts’ forecasting and therefore resulting in lower accuracy and greater optimistic bias in earnings forecasts. In contrast, we use two strategic patterns of internationalization associated with geographic dispersion and cross-border integration to characterize a firm's international strategy, and find different empirical results using a sample of U.S. public companies with domestic and international operations. The empirical evidence suggests that geographic dispersion contributes to increases in forecasting accuracy and decreases in optimistic bias. Further, the results support that cross-border integration leads to decreases in forecasting accuracy. The two strategic patterns of internationalization are a consequence of managerial choices and therefore these results are important for managers, investors and shareholders as they help explain the linkages between international strategies and earnings forecasts by financial analysts.
Solid‐State Photovoltaic Thin Films using TiO2, Organic Dyes, and Layer‐by‐Layer Polyelectrolyte Nanocomposites

We report photovoltaic devices consisting of patterned TiO2, porphyrin dyes, and layer-by-layer (LBL) polyelectrolyte multilayer/oligoethylene glycol dicarboxylic acid (OEGDA) composite films. A composite polyelectrolyte LBL/OEGDA film was fabricated by formation of an alternating multilayer of linear polyethyleneimine (LPEI) and polyacrylic acid (PAA), followed by immersion of the LBL film into an OEGDA aqueous solution. The ionic conductivity attained in this LBL LPEI/PAA and OEGDA composite film was approximately 10–5 S cm–1 at room temperature and humidity. Investigations of dye-sensitized photovoltaic devices constructed with the LBL (LPEI/PAA)/OEGDA composite films, TiO2, and four types of porphyrin dyes resulted in optimization of the dye molecule and its orientation at the interface with the ionically conductive composite. The photocurrent value of photovoltaic devices constructed with the composite LBL/OEGDA film from illumination of a xenon white light source exhibited a nearly 1.5 times enhancement over the device without OEGDA. This enhancement of the photocurrent was due to the high room-temperature ionic conductivity of the multilayer composite film. Further marked improvements of the photovoltaic performance were achieved by patterning the TiO2 electrode using polymer stamping as a template for TiO2 deposition. The device with patterned TiO2 electrodes exhibited almost 10 times larger conversion efficiencies than a similar device without patterning.
Presentation modality, rehearsal-prevention conditions, and auditory confusions in tests of short-term memory

Ss were presented four-letter sequences either auditorily or visually and asked for ordered recall after 0, 2.1, 4.2, 8.4, or 12.6 sec of digit categorization. Three different rehearsal-prevention conditions were required during presentation of the memory set: categorizing, suppressing (saying “dah”), or pronouncing each letter. Recall was worst after categorizing, best after pronouncing. Auditory presentation led to better recall after no delay but more rapid forgetting than visual presentation, regardless of the rehearsal-prevention condition. These results, and analyses of auditory confusions, are inconsistent with a view of memory which asserts that sensory information is encoded auditorily regardless of presentation modality or vocalization behavior during presentation.
Predictive and Prognostic Survival Factors in Peritoneal Carcinomatosis from Appendiceal Cancer After Cytoreductive Surgery with Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy

Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has survival benefit in the treatment of selected patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) from appendiceal cancer (AC). We evaluated factors affecting the survival of patients with PC from AC after CRS/HIPEC. A retrospective analysis of 387 CRS/HIPEC procedures performed between February 1998 and February 2013 identified 202 patients with PC from AC. Tumor histopathology, complete cytoreduction (CC 0–1), Peritoneal Cancer Index (PCI), and lymph node (LN) status were related to overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) using the Kaplan–Meier method. Overall, 129 women (64 %) and 73 men (36 %), mean age 54 years (range 25–81), with a mean follow-up of 36 months were included in the study. Seventy-seven low-grade tumors (disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis [DPAM]; 38 %) and 125 high-grade tumors (peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis [PMCA]; 62 %) were identified. Five- and 10-year OS was 56 % and 47 %, respectively, with PFS of 44 % at 5 and 10 years. Five-year OS in DPAM patients was 83 %, with a 5-year OS significant difference related to CC 0–1 versus CC 2–3 (incomplete cytoreduction) [p = 0.021]. Five-year OS in PMCA patients was 41 %, with a 5-year OS significant difference related to CC 0–1 versus CC 2–3 (p < 0.001), PCI <20 versus PCI ≥20 (p = 0.002), and (–)LN versus (+)LN (p < 0.001). Grade III/IV complications were 16 %. No perioperative mortality was reported. Positive LN, PMCA histopathology, and PCI ≥20 are negative prognostic factors, while CC 0–1 is a positive survival predictor in PC from AC treated with CRS/HIPEC. However, in patients with PMCA and PCI ≥20 in whom CC 0–1 was a potential outcome should not be denied CRS/HIPEC.