cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shedding Light on Cast Shadows: An Investigation of Perceived Ground Contact in AR and VR.

Virtual objects in augmented reality (AR) often appear to float atop real world surfaces, which makes it difficult to determine where they are positioned in space. This is problematic as many applications for AR require accurate spatial perception. In the current study, we examine how the way we render cast shadows--which act as an important monocular depth cue for creating a sense of contact between an object and the surface beneath it--impacts spatial perception. Over two experiments, we evaluate people's sense of surface contact given both traditional and non-traditional shadow shading methods in optical see-through augmented reality (OST AR), video see-through augmented reality (VST AR), and virtual reality (VR) head-mounted displays. Our results provide evidence that nontraditional shading techniques for rendering shadows in AR displays may enhance the accuracy of one's perception of surface contact. This finding implies a possible tradeoff between photorealism and accuracy of depth perception, especially in OST AR displays. However, it also supports the use of more stylized graphics like non-traditional cast shadows to improve perception and interaction in AR applications.
Gastric adenocarcinoma

Adenocarcinoma of the stomach is advanced enough in some patients to preclude curative treatment, but many gastric cancer patients have what appears to be localized disease that is amenable to surgical resection, which is the only truly effective treatment. Longterm results of what appear to be “curative resections” are relatively poor, however, and new management tools such as sentinel lymph node biopsy, recently promising adjunctive therapies (such as radiochemotherapy), and the organization of the order of treatment combinations do require further study with an eye to improving outcomes. However, there appears to be little hope for a dramatic improvement in treatment results from these innovations for patients with established gastric cancer. Fortunately, gastric cancer in the United States has gone from being the number one cause of cancer death in our population 50 years ago to that of being the number eight cause of cancer death at this time. This intriguing major decrease in the incidence of this disease must be considered secondary to one or more changes in our own environment that we hope will be exploitable in the future. As with cancers of all types and in all sites, a prevention strategy may prove more effective than the treatment strategies that are outlined here. The management strategies outlined are hopefully only temporary ones until we are able to develop a better handle on primary prevention.
The Mutational Signature Comprehensive Analysis Toolkit (musicatk) for the discovery, prediction, and exploration of mutational signatures

Mutational signatures are patterns of somatic alterations in the genome caused by carcinogenic exposures or aberrant cellular processes. To provide a comprehensive workflow for preprocessing, analysis, and visualization of mutational signatures, we created the Mutational Signature Comprehensive Analysis Toolkit (musicatk) package. musicatk enables users to select different schemas for counting mutation types and easily combine count tables from different schemas. Multiple distinct methods are available to deconvolute signatures and exposures or to predict exposures in individual samples given a pre-existing set of signatures. Additional exploratory features include the ability to compare signatures to the COSMIC database, embed tumors in two dimensions with UMAP, cluster tumors into subgroups based on exposure frequencies, identify differentially active exposures between tumor subgroups, and plot exposure distributions across user-defined annotations such as tumor type. Overall, musicatk will enable users to gain novel insights into the patterns of mutational signatures observed in cancer cohorts.
Reductions in the thermal conductivity of irradiated silicon governed by displacement damage

We report on the measured thermal conductivity of silicon irradiated with an array of ions: ${\mathrm{C}}^{2+},$ ${\mathrm{N}}^{2+},$ ${\mathrm{Al}}^{2+},$ ${\mathrm{Si}}^{2+},$ ${\mathrm{P}}^{2+},$ and ${\mathrm{Ge}}^{2+}$. Results are analyzed in consideration of ion mass, radius, and induced displacement damage. Recrystallization of select samples via annealing demonstrates that structural disorder imparted by incident ions, rather than the ions themselves, drive the reduction in thermal conductivity. This, in turn, is dictated by the mass of the ion. A generalized model is provided to relate thermal conductivity to displacement damage. Knowledge of the displacements-per-atom profile can thus be used to predict thermal conductivity reduction for silicon devices in extreme environments.
Dissection in the Bowel Mesentery and Its Clinical Applications

The operations discussed in this chapter have been described individually and in detail elsewhere. This chapter focuses on a common feature of these procedures, the technique of dissection within the mesentery (or mesocolon) and exposure of the mesenteric (or mesocolic) branches, and emphasizes its surgical importance as a unifying feature of various procedures.
An estimation of the likelihood of significant eruptions during 2000-2009 using Poisson statistics on two-point moving averages of the volcanic time series

Since 1750, the number of cataclysmic volcanic eruptions (volcanic explosivity index (VEI)>=4) per decade spans 2-11, with 96 percent located in the tropics and extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere. A two-point moving average of the volcanic time series has higher values since the 1860's than before, being 8.00 in the 1910's (the highest value) and 6.50 in the 1980's, the highest since the 1910's peak. Because of the usual behavior of the first difference of the two-point moving averages, one infers that its value for the 1990's will measure approximately 6.50 +/- 1, implying that approximately 7 +/- 4 cataclysmic volcanic eruptions should be expected during the present decade (2000-2009). Because cataclysmic volcanic eruptions (especially those having VEI>=5) nearly always have been associated with short-term episodes of global cooling, the occurrence of even one might confuse our ability to assess the effects of global warming. Poisson probability distributions reveal that the probability of one or more events with a VEI>=4 within the next ten years is >99 percent. It is approximately 49 percent for an event with a VEI>=5, and 18 percent for an event with a VEI>=6. Hence, the likelihood that a climatically significant volcanic eruption will occur within the next ten years appears reasonably high.
Oxidative Coupling of Methane Over Sulfated SrO/La2O3 Catalysts

Saturated linear hydrocarbons, particularly methane, are major components of natural gas and of the gas produced by certain coal gasifiers. While methane makes an excellent gaseous fuel, it is desirable to convert it via 1-step processes to higher molecular weight products for transportation, storage, and utilization as chemical feedstocks. The desired primary reactions are shown in Equations 1–4, while Equation 5 is also a reaction of interest: $$\textup{CH}_4 + 0.5 \ \textup{O}_2 \rightarrow \textup{CH}_3\textup{OH}$$ $$ \textup{CH}_4 + \textup{O}_2 \rightarrow \textup{CH}_2\textup{O} + \textup{H}_2\textup{O}$$
Constitutional Culture in Japan and the Philippines: Success and Failure in Post-War Constitutional Choice

A country's constitutional order will have a strong impact on political stability and economic performance. In order for a formal constitution to stick, it must match the underlying constitutional culture. If the two are slightly mismatched, compromise will follow, in the form of constitutional change. If the two are radically mismatched, the informal (culture) will reject the formal (parchment), and with it, constitutionalism itself. This paper uses the case of post-war constitutional choice in Japan and the Philippines to illustrate the theory. Both countries adopted similar, US-influenced constitutions, under Allied military occupation. The Japanese constitution matched the underlying constitutional culture and stuck, leading to stability and growth. The Filipino constitution, on the other hand, did not match the underlying culture, and was rejected, leading to dictatorship and economic stagnation.
Use of viral pathogens and indicators to differentiate between human and non-human fecal contamination in a microbial source tracking comparison study

Assays for the detection and typing of adenoviruses, enteroviruses and F+ specific coliphages were performed on samples created as part of a national microbial source tracking methods comparison study. The samples were created blind to the researchers, and were inoculated with a variety of types of fecal contamination source (human, sewage, dog, seagull and cow) and mixtures of sources. Viral tracer and pathogen assays demonstrated a general ability to discriminate human from non-human fecal contamination. For example, samples inoculated with sewage were correctly identified as containing human fecal contamination because they contained human adenovirus or human enterovirus. In samples containing fecal material from individual humans, human pathogen analysis yielded negative results probably because the stool samples were taken from healthy individuals. False positive rates for the virus-based methods (0–8%) were among the lowest observed during the methods comparison study. It is suggested that virus-based source tracking methods are useful for identification of sewage contamination, and that these methods may also be useful as an indication of the public health risk associated with viral pathogens. Overall, virus-based source tracking methods are an important approach to include in the microbial source tracking ‘toolbox’.
hypre: A Library of High Performance Preconditioners

hypre is a software library for the solution of large, sparse linear systems on massively parallel computers. Its emphasis is on modern powerful and scalable preconditioners. hypre provides various conceptual interfaces to enable application users to access the library in the way they naturally think about their problems. This paper presents the conceptual interfaces in hypre. An overview of the preconditioners that are available in hypre is given, including some numerical results that show the efficiency of the library.
Ions at the Air/Water Interface

Thermodynamic analysis suggests that ions tend to be excluded from the air/water interface in simple salt solutions. In his Perspective, Garrett reviews recent molecular dynamics simulations and experimental studies that provide evidence to the contrary: Ions are found at the interface, sometimes even at enhanced concentrations. The author explains how this new picture may be reconciled with the thermodynamic observations. Ions in the surface layer are likely to play an important role in atmospheric reactions involving aerosol particles.
The Bethe total cross section for inelastic collision of fast charged particles with C⁻, O⁻, and F⁻ ions

Further exploration of a recent study on electron detachment from C⁻, O⁻, and F⁻ by electrons of kinetic energies up to 990 eV.
Dynamical Heterogeneities in Glasses, Colloids, and Granular Media, edited by Ludovic Berthier, Giulio Biroli, Jean-Philippe Bouchaud, Luca Cipelletti, Wim van Saarloos: Scope: general interest. Level: general readership.

New York, Oxford University Press, 2011, 464 pp., £75.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-19-969147-0. Scope: edited book, monograph. Level: postgraduate, early career researcher, researcher, specialist, sci...
EFFECTS OF PALMITATE ON THE METABOLISM OF LEUKOCYTES FROM GUINEA PIG EXUDATE.

SUMMARY The metabolism of palmitate by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from guinea pig exudate in the presence of physiological concentrations of human serum albumin has been studied. The data indicate that with increasing concentration of palmitate in the medium (over a range of 0.54 to 5.4 pmoles/ml), there is a concomitant increase in uptake of oxygen and palmitate. The RQ decreased from 1.34 to 0.82 when palmitate was added to PMN (initial concentration: 3.8 pmoles/ml). A comparison was made between the effect of palmitate, and the effect of phagocytosis of polystyrene particles, on leukocyte respiration. The effect of palmitate was found to be additive to the effect due to phagocytosis when the latter occurred maximally, suggesting that the effect of palmitate on oxygen uptake was probably not due to phagocykosis of a high molecular weight palmitate-albumin complex. Palmitate uptake and the stimulation of oxygen uptake by palmitate were markedly inhibited by the glycolytic inhibitors sodium fluoride and iodoacetic acid. Cyanide and dinitrophenol had no effect on palmitate uptake or on the stimulation of oxygen uptake by palmitate. Palmitate uptake was the same in the presence and absence of glucose in the medium or under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Glucose caused a 39% inhibition of the oxygen uptake of cells incubated in the absence of palmitate (Crabtree effect), whereas in the presence of palmitate, where there was a marked increase in oxygen uptake, no Crabtree effect was noted. Guinea pig monocytes (ME) were found to be more active metabolically than PMN. Oxygen and glucose uptake were seven times greater and palmitate uptake four times greater in MN as compared to PMN. With the addition of palmitate, only PMN showed a significant increase in oxygen uptake although the absolute increments in O2 uptake were the same for PMN and MN. Palmitate had no significant effect on the oxygen uptake of guinea pig circulating blood leukocytes and no net palmitate uptake was observed with such cells.
The SEFOR Minimum Critical Core

The minimum critical core size for the Southwest Experimental Fast Oxide Reactor was predicted prior to the initial fuel loading using the results of a critical mockup in ZPR-3. The predicted minim...
Patrick Crogran, Gameplay Mode: War, Simulation, and Technoculture

Today, we often read about U.S. military use of drones for international bombing or seemingly countless articles about the negative effects of first-person shooters on teenage players. In his book Gameplay Mode: War, Simulation, and Technoculture, Patrick Crogan instead looks at the more interesting history of the intersection of the military and technoculture and its effect on how we conceptualize the future. Moving beyond questions of morality or issues of media effects, the book offers a rich history of the U.S. military technoscientific legacy, from Wiener’s invention of cybernetics, to the U.S. Air Force’s SAGE defense project, to DARPA’s development of SIMNET in order to make substantial theoretical contributions to the interchanges among war, simulation, and technoculture. This legacy is built upon a significant—and the book’s keystone—idea regarding simulation: “the impulse to model phenomena by hypothetically extending and extrapolating its future to see how that future may be predicted, modified, and controlled” (Crogan, p. xiii).
A Behavior Genetic Analysis of Pleasant Events, Depressive Symptoms, and Their Covariation

Although pleasant events figure prominently in behavioral models of depression, little is known regarding characteristics that may predispose people to engage in pleasant events and derive pleasure from these events. The present study was conducted to evaluate genetic and environmental influences on the experience of pleasant events, depressive symptoms, and their covariation in a sample of 148 twin pairs. A multivariate twin modeling approach was used to examine the genetic and environmental covariance of pleasant events and depressive symptoms. Results indicated that the experience of pleasant events was moderately heritable and that the same genetic factors influence both the experience of pleasant events and depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that genetic factors may give rise to dispositional tendencies to experience both pleasant events and depression.
Local lazy regression: making use of the neighborhood to improve QSAR predictions.

Traditional quantitative structure−activity relationship (QSAR) models aim to capture global structure−activity trends present in a data set. In many situations, there may be groups of molecules which exhibit a specific set of features which relate to their activity or inactivity. Such a group of features can be said to represent a local structure−activity relationship. Traditional QSAR models may not recognize such local relationships. In this work, we investigate the use of local lazy regression (LLR), which obtains a prediction for a query molecule using its local neighborhood, rather than considering the whole data set. This modeling approach is especially useful for very large data sets because no a priori model need be built. We applied the technique to three biological data sets. In the first case, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) for an external prediction set was 0.94 log units versus 0.92 log units for the global model. However, LLR was able to characterize a specific group of anomalous molecul...
The Future Of Integrated Optics

There seem to be no technological or material problems impeding the development of integrated optical circuits (IOC's) which cannot be overcome. Instead the largest stumbling block is the lack of clearly defined application areas in which IOC's can perform in a unique or clearly superior way. In the long run, high data-rate optical communications may be the driving forces. In the near term, we must look to specialized signal- and data-processing tasks.
Promoting Generalized Social Interactions Using Puppets and Script Training in an Integrated Preschool: A Single-Case Study Using Multiple Baseline Design.

Puppet script training was used to teach the social skills of greeting, responding to conversations, and initiating conversations to a preschool child with visual impairments. Susie and four peers without disabilities were taught social skills utilizing puppets enacting sociodramatic scripts within group training sessions. Training sessions were immediately followed by free-play activities among peers without disabilities to assess skill generalization. A single-case study using a multiple-baseline design demonstrated that the intervention increased performance of social skills during recess with peers. Results demonstrated that Susie learned the target behaviors and generalized their use to free-play activities with her peers.
Anisotropic spin-lattice relaxation in lipid bilayers: A solid state 2H NMR lineshape study

Abstract In the absence of rapid lateral diffusion, the orientation dependence of 2 H nuclear magnetic spin-lattice relaxation ( T 1 or T 1Q ) in lipid bilayers becomes observable. Simulation of the partially relaxed lineshapes in a T 1 experiment indicates that the anisotropy can be explained by molecular reorientation of the C 2 H bond among a finite number of sites.
Application of a two-zone model to estimate medical laser-generated particulate matter exposures

We estimated particulate matter exposures for two simulated medical laser procedures using a near-field/far-field model. Size-specific mass emission rates obtained from a laboratory-based emission chamber study were used with estimated room size, air exchange rate, and interflow between zones to demonstrate the potential exposure range. Modeled steady-state concentrations for the near-field ranged between 80 and 2140 μg/m3 and between 40 and 1650 μg/m3 in the far-field. Results indicate concentrations in the simulated scenarios are similar to those obtained from limited field assessments conducted in hospital operating rooms. Since new medical laser technologies and applications continue to grow, modeled occupational exposures of medical laser-generated particulate matter can be useful in better understanding these exposures in the clinical environment, and to inform control strategies.
A Transient Niche Regulates the Specification of Drosophila Intestinal Stem Cells

Stem cell niches are locations where stem cells reside and self-renew. Although studies have shown how niches maintain stem cell fate during tissue homeostasis, less is known about their roles in establishing stem cells. The adult Drosophila midgut is maintained by intestinal stem cells (ISCs); however, how they are established is unknown. Here, we show that an ISC progenitor generates a niche cell via Notch signaling. This niche uses the bone morphogenetic protein 2/4 homolog, decapentaplegic, to allow progenitors to divide in an undifferentiated state and subsequently breaks down and dies, resulting in the specification of ISCs in the adult midgut. Our results demonstrate a paradigm for stem cell–niche biology, where progenitors generate transient niches that determine stem cell fate and may give insights into stem cell specification in other tissues.
Sufficiency of FNAB aspirates of posterior uveal melanoma for cytologic versus GEP classification in 159 patients, and relative prognostic significance of these classifications

Objective To determine the relative sufficiency of paired aspirates of posterior uveal melanomas obtained by FNAB for cytopathology and GEP, and their prognostic significance for predicting death from metastasis.
Utilization of the AAVS1 safe harbor locus for hematopoietic specific transgene expression and gene knockdown in human ES cells.

Human pluripotent stem cells offer a powerful system to study human biology and disease. Here, we report a system to both express transgenes specifically in ES cell derived hematopoietic cells and knockdown gene expression stably throughout the differentiation of ES cells. We characterize a CD43 promoter construct that when inserted into the AAVS1 “safe harbor” locus utilizing a zinc finger nuclease specifically drives GFP expression in hematopoietic cells derived from a transgenic ES cell line and faithfully recapitulates endogenous CD43 expression. In addition, using the same gene targeting strategy we demonstrate that constitutive expression of short hairpin RNAs within a microRNA backbone can suppress expression of PU.1, an important regulator of myeloid cell development. We show that PU.1 knockdown cell lines display an inhibition in myeloid cell formation and skewing towards erythroid development. Overall, we have generated a powerful system to track hematopoietic development from pluripotent stem cells and study gene function through hematopoietic specific gene expression and constitutive gene knockdown.
Obesity in critical care.

Purpose of reviewTo review literature germane to the care of critically ill obese patients with emphasis upon the pathophysiology of obesity and its impact on clinical management.Recent findingsObesity continues to be a health epidemic of the industrialized world, and is associated with substantial
Csm, a Cardiac-specific Isoform of the RNA Helicase Mov10l1, Is Regulated by Nkx2.5 in Embryonic Heart

Nkx2.5 (also called Csx) is an evolutionarily conserved cardiac transcription factor of the homeobox gene family. Nkx2.5 is required for early heart development, because Nkx2.5 null mice die before completion of cardiac looping. To identify genes regulated by Nkx2.5 in the developing heart, we performed differential screening in combination with suppression subtractive hybridization using RNA isolated from wild-type and Nkx2.5 null hearts at embryonic day 8.5. One gene that we found to be markedly down-regulated in the hearts from Nkx2.5 null embryos is an isoform of Mov10 like-1 (Mov10l1), a putative RNA helicase expressed in testis. We named this novel isoform as Csm (cardiac-specific isoform of Mov10l1). Csm is identical with the 3' region of the Mov10l1 gene, but its transcript starts from the exon 16 of Mov10l1. The conceptual protein encoded by Csm cDNA contains a helicase motif as well as ATPase and RNA interaction motifs. Csm is expressed specifically in the heart, and its expression in the heart is restricted to cardiac myocytes. Csm potentiated phenylephrine-induced hypertrophic response in cardiac myocytes. Furthermore, transient cotransfection analysis showed that Nkx2.5 transactivates the Csm promoter, suggesting that Nkx2.5 is essential for embryonic Csm expression.
Fatigue Life Prediction for Short Dents in Petroleum Pipelines

Pipeline dent fatigue behavior has been shown to be strongly dependent upon dent length and external force dent restraint characteristics. Full-scale laboratory tests have shown that short dents that are unrestrained by an external force typically experience fatigue cracking in the dent periphery outside of the dent contact region. A fatigue life prediction method for short dents is presented here. In order to assess method accuracy, predictions are made for cases in which fatigue life has been measured experimentally. The predictions account for both crack initiation life and crack propagation life. Stress concentration values used in the predictions are determined using finite element modelling on a case-by-case basis for comparison purposes. Appropriate crack initiation life estimates, stress intensity factor predictions, and crack propagation models are taken from existing literature. Predicted and measured fatigue lives are compared for the cases studied.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Clinical recognition of pulmonary embolism: Problem of unrecognized and asymptomatic cases

Dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, and tachypnea are widely appreciated as common initial features of pulmonary embolism (PE). This knowledge is derived primarily from prospective studies evaluating diagnostic tests or therapeutic interventions in which the study patients are suspected to have PE based on their initial symptoms. Autopsy studies, however, continue to show that most cases of fatal PE are unrecognized and undiagnosed. Data from studies screening for PE in patients with deep venous thrombosis and in postoperative patients suggest that many patients with PE are asymptomatic and that PE is unrecognized. We believe that the current concepts regarding the initial clinical features of PE are too narrow and biased toward symptomatic cases. High clinical suspicion may be insufficient in recognizing PE. Herein we summarize the available data and explore the implications for clinical practice.
Incorporation of Exogenous Fatty Acids into Molecular Species of Rat Hepatocyte Phosphatidylcholine

Freshly isolated rat hepatocytes were incubated for 20 and 60 min with [U-14C]glycerol and unlabeled palmitic (16:0), oleic (18:1), or arachidonic (20:4) acid, added as albumin complex in 10% ethanol. Each fatty acid increased glycerol incorporation into total lipids by a factor of 8-10 over control, whereas ethanol alone (final concentration 100 mM) yielded a threefold increase of glycerol uptake. Glycerol incorporation stopped after 20 min and cellular acyl turnover continued in the absence of useable labeled substrate. In each case, radioactivity recovered in hepatocyte lipids was present primarily in triacylglycerol (37-64%), phosphatidylcholine (22-37%), and phosphatidylethanolamine (10-22%). Separation by high-performance liquid chromatography of the diacylglycerol dinitrobenzoates derived from phosphatidylcholine showed that the molecular species had drastically different labeling patterns in the presence of the exogenous fatty acids, whereas the pattern obtained in the presence of ethanol alone was virtually the same as that for the control incubations. The labeling patterns indicated that exogenous fatty acids, including arachidonic acid, were incorporated into phosphatidylcholine primarily by the de novo pathway yielding highly labeled species with the exogenous fatty acid esterified at both the sn-1 and sn-2 positions of glycerol. After 20 min incubation with arachidonic acid, the 20:4-20:4 phosphatidylcholine contained about one-half of the [U-14C]glycerol label recovered in this lipid class. The data also showed that newly synthesized molecular species were extensively remodeled within 1 h.
Differential DNA-repair activity in prespermiogenic cells of various mouse strains.

Abstract The present report demonstrates differential DNA-repair activity among 14 strains of immature (20 ± 2 days old) male mice (inbred strains: C57BL/6J, RF/J, Nude homo/nu, RIII/2J, Pl/J, AKR/J, Nude hetro/nude, C3H/HeJ, SWR/J, SM/J, ST/J, LP/J, BALB/cJ and random-bred strain: CD-1). The prespermiogenic cells were isolated and enriched by collagenase-trypsin digestion of seminiferous tubules and subsequent 3% albumin-gradient centrifugation. Enriched prespermiogenic cells demonstrated a viabiilty greater than 95% by trypan blue exclusion criteria. For in vitro unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) determination, prespermiogenic cells (10 6 cells/ml) were incubated with methyl methanesulfonate (0.4 mM) in the presence of 20 mM hydroxyurea (HU). At 20 mM HU concentration, 90% of S-phase DNA activity in prespermiogenic cells was inhibited and thus, the net UDS activity following MMS exposure was readily determined. MMS-induced UDS activity in the CD-1 mouse strain was both linear up to 4 h of incubation and dose-dependent at 4 h incubation. The apparent K m for MMS-induced UDS activity in prespermiogenic cells was approx. 1.8 × 10 −4 M. Of the 14 mice strains tested, C57BL/6J and RF/J exhibited the highest DNA-repair activity, while BALB/cJ, LP/J, and ST/J showed the lowest. A maximal difference in UDS activity fo 3.5-fold was observed between C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ. Furthermore, a 2.5-fold difference was also noted between RF/J and LP/J mouse strains. Thus, wide variations in DNA-repair activity among 14 mouse strans were clearly demonstrated. Whether genetically select mouse strains with the lowest DNA-repair activity should have greater sensitivity toward environmental mutagens needs to be tested.
In vitro immunisation against human tumour cells with bacterial extracts.

LYMPHOCYTES from normal persons can become immunised to a variety of tumour cells by exposure to tumour cells in vitro1–5. Since close antigenic relationships between microorganisms and some tumour cells have been demonstrated6–9, studies were carried out to see if bacterial antigens could similarly immunise lymphocytes from normal persons in vitro against some tumour cells. The experiments reported here indicate that not only is this possible, but that the cytotoxicity of bacterial immunised lymphocytes is sometimes greater than when lymphocytes are sensitised by intact tumour cells.
A Learning Curve Analysis of Expert System Use

In this article, we study how an expert system affects novice problem solving in a financial risk analysis domain. We demonstrate that novice performance is improved after exposure to an expert system. Further, we show that novice performance continues to improve when the system is withdrawn. By comparing learning curves for people with exposure to those without, we can assess how much the system has benefitted its users. We demonstrate a quantitative methodology to measure the increment of learning due to the use of an information technology. We also explore the issue of how expertise is transferred from the system to the user.
Verapamil therapy: a new approach to pharmacologic treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

The hemodynamic and clinical effects of verapamil administration were examined in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Infusion of 0.021 mg/kg/min of verapamil decreased the basal left ventricular outflow tract gradient from 94 ± 14 to 49 ± 14 mm Hg, while cardiac index increased from 2.5 ± 0.2 to 2.8 ± 0.2 L/min/sq m. Orally administered, 80 or 120 mg four times daily (QID), increased exercise capacity relative to placebo by 26 percent (1.6 ± 0.5 minute; p
Divergence- and curl-preserving prolongation and restriction formulas

We present new second-order prolongation and restriction formulas which preserve the divergence and, in some cases, the curl of a discretized vector field. The formulas are suitable for adaptive and hierarchical mesh algorithms with a factor-of-2 linear resolution change. We examine both staggered and collocated discretizations for the vector field on two- and three-dimensional Cartesian grids. The new formulas can be used in combination with numerical schemes that require a divergence-free solution in some discrete sense, such as the constrained transport schemes of computational magnetohydrodynamics. We also obtain divergence-preserving interpolation functions which may be used for streamline or field line tracing.
Tongue entrapment in aluminum water bottle: Discussion of removal and airway management

Tongue entrapment in a bottle neck is rare, with few cases reported in the literature. Reported here is the case of a child who presented to the Emergency Department with her tongue entrapped in an aluminum bottle. This case is unique in that the patient had a delayed presentation resulting in significant tongue edema, requiring advanced methods for removal and airway management. These include sedated mechanical removal of the strangulating object and transnasal fiberoptic intubation. We review published cases and the options for removal of an entrapped tongue from a bottle neck, and we discuss the importance of airway management.
From Streaming Data to Streaming Insights: The Impact of Data Velocities on Mental Models

The rise of Big Data has influenced the design and technical implementation of visual analytic tools required to handle the increased volumes, velocities, and varieties of data. This has required a set of data management and computational advancements to allow us to store and compute on such datasets. However, as the ultimate goal of visual analytic technology is to enable the discovery and creation of insights from the users, an under-explored area is understanding how these datasets impact their mental models. That is, how have the analytic processes and strategies of users changed? How have users changed their perception of how to leverage, and ask questions of, these datasets?
Polarisation measurement using leptonic τ decays

A precision measurement of τ polarisation at LEP tests neutral couplings of τ leptons providing therefore a stringent test of the Standard Model predictions. The polarisation measurement using leptonic τ decays which constitute an important part of this analysis is discussed with a special emphasis on the analysis of the systematic errors. This measurement is based on approximately 600 000 Z → τ + τ − decays collected by the four LEP experiments during the 1990–1994 running periods.
Effect of mutual coupling on the sensitivity of dual polarized receivers in satellite communications

Dual circular polarization (CP) services are growing in popularity in satellite communications applications. Ground terminals with linearly polarized dish antenna feeds routinely achieve high port isolation between polarizations, but dual CP feeds suffer from higher coupling between ports associated with orthogonal polarizations, particularly for planar microstrip antennas used in electronically beamsteered phased arrays and array feeds. To enable optimal design of CP feeds for satellite ground terminal receivers, an analysis of the effect of mutual coupling on the sensitivity of dual polarized receivers was used to obtain a quantitative relationship between coupling and receiver sensitivity.
Laparoscopic Pyelolithotomy in an Ectopic Kidney

Ectopic kidneys often have high ureteral insertion with dependent lower caliceal drainage and a propensity to stone formation.' High ureteral insertion makes ureterorenoscopic fragmentation technically difficult. Percutaneous stone removal in ectopic kidneys has been described using a combination of retrograde puncture and laparoscopically assisted tract creation.2 Open surgery has traditionally remained another option. As an alternative, we report a case of ectopic kidney in which laparoscopic pyelolithotomy was performed.
Full Parallelism in Uniform Nested Loops Using Multi-Dimensional Retiming

Most scientific and DSP applications are recursive or iterative. Uniform nested loops can be modeled as multi-dimensional data flow graphs (DFGs). To achieve full parallelism of the loop body, i.e., all the computational nodes executed in parallel, substantially decreases the overall computation time. It is well known that for one-dimensional DFGs retiming can not always achieve full parallelism. This paper shows an important and counter-intuitive result, which proves that we can always obtain full-parallelism for DFGs with more than one dimension. It also presents two novel multi-dimensional retiming techniques to obtain full parallelism.
Unsteady rotor aerodynamics using a vortex panel method

The problem of the potential incompressible flow about a helicopter rotor blade is solved using an unsteady vortex-panel method where the mutual interaction between the blade and the distorting free wake is taken into account. The present method alleviates the need to rely upon measured-wake geometries or p5escribed-wake models in order to calculate the airloads. A computer program has been developed which is capable of predicting the geometry of the time-dependent three-dimensional (3-D) wake and the instantaneous loadings for a single blade in hover, climb, and forward flight. The solution is obtained by using a time-accurate step-by-step procedure. The complex-wake geometry at any time is presented graphically with a computer graphics system. Calculated results are compared with published data for a rotor blade in both hover and forward flight. The code has also been applied to the study of the effect of changing blade tip geometry.
The management of gastric outlet obstruction secondary to inoperable cancer.

Background: Historically, the distressing symptoms of malignant gastric outlet obstruction have been best managed by open gastrojejunostomy. We provide an assessment of an alternative laparoscopic technique. Methods: We reviewed eight patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy. Patient data included age, sex, operation time, morbidity and mortality, length of stay, and outcome at 6 months where possible. Results: There were six men and two women, their median age was 67 years. Median operating time was 135 min, median time to solid food was 4 days, and median postoperative stay was 7 days. Seven of our eight patients were palliated successfully using this technique. Conclusion: The risks inherent in operating on these patients, who are by definition in a poor state of health, has encouraged much interest in minimal access surgery. We conclude that laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy provides effective palliation of gastric outlet obstruction, and we recommend further evaluation of this technique.
The eddy radiation field of the Gulf Stream as measured by ocean acoustic tomography

The Gulf Stream System is one of the most important components of the North Atlantic Circulation. Reciprocal acoustic transmissions have been analyzed to determine the structure and variability of temperature, current velocity, and relative vorticity in a region just south of the Gulf Stream. Observational evidence is presented that the Gulf Stream is the source of the energetic eddy variability found in the Atlantic interior. Through highly nonlinear processes, eddy activity (energy) radiates away from the Stream southward via Rossby wave packets.
The effects of acute sleep restriction and extension on sleep efficiency

This study employed a repeated measures design to assess the relationship between sleep efficiency and time-in-bed (TIB). Fourteen subjects underwent three TIB conditions: (5 hour, 8 hour, and 11 hour), which were presented in a Latin Square design. Subjects slept a total of six nights (two nights per condition) while being monitored by a wrist actigraph to determine sleep time. Sleep efficiencies (sleep time/TIB) were analyzed with a two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. The main effect of night was not significant. The main effect of TIB and the interaction of nights and TIB were significant. In the 11-hour condition, sleep efficiency fell from night one to night two, and on night two both the 5-hour and the 11-hour conditions were significantly different from the 8-hour condition. Analysis of total sleep time (TST) yielded the same results with the addition of a significant night-to-night difference in the 5-hour condition. It was concluded that sleep efficiency systematically changes with an extension or restriction of TIB from 8 hour.
Assessing Sexual Symptoms and Side Effects in Adolescents

In a recent clinical research meeting, an incident was discussed involving an adolescent boy who was part of a trial investigating pediatric anxiety and taking a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) for the first time. His therapist noticed he was shutting her out in therapy and did not want to take his medication any longer. The therapist was confused, because the boy’s anxiety appeared to be lessening. During his next meeting with the study psychiatrist (a man), the patient confessed that he was worrying whether he would ever have sex, given that his previous frequent sexual thoughts and feelings had disappeared since he began taking the medication. After the patient’s self-prompted report, the psychiatrist and therapist were able to work together to address the patient’s loss of libido. The fact that the patient had to offer this information on his own accord makes it likely that others, who might be less comfortable discussing sexual issues, might discontinue the medication without addressing this issue with their practitioners. As researchers embarking on new translational research in the area of mood and anxiety disorders and SSRI treatment in children and adolescents, we found ourselves examining the side effect profiles of children and adolescents treated with SSRIs. Through our review of the literature we discovered that a profound piece of information was missing: the assessment or screening of sexual behavior and dysfunction, resulting in missing evidence-based knowledge about these issues in the adolescent population. This was concerning given the high prevalence of sexual side effects … Address correspondence to Amir Levine, MD, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatry Institute, 1051 Riverside Dr, Kolb Annex Unit 78, New York, NY 10032 E-mail: ama146{at}columbia.edu
Analysis of the recoil ion spectra for the β-decays of 6He, 19Ne and 35Ar

Abstract The recoil energy spectrum is calculated for allowed β-decay with all form factors up to the weak magnetism and axial tensor terms included. Finite nuclear size and electromagnetic corrections including bremsstrahlung are also given. The results are equivalent to evaluation of the electron neutrino angular correlation but are directly related to the observed quantities and thus more easily interpreted in terms of the higher order form factors. The formulae were applied to the experimental + 6 Li + spectrum of Johnson et al . for the decay 6 He → 6 Li + + e − + v and the best fit yields a tensor form factor consistent with zero, in agreement with the approximate analysis of Calaprice. The implications for a possible second-class current are discussed. The theoretical recoil spectra for the 19 Ne and 35 Ar mirror decays are also calculated and it is shown that measurements of these spectra, with accuracy equivalent to the 6 He data, would yield conclusive evidence for a possible second-class tensor form factor.
Homologous tyrosine phosphorylation sites in transformation-specific gene products of distinct avian sarcoma viruses

Three classes of avian sarcoma viruses have been defined recently (Table 1)1–5. Transformation-specific proteins of all three viral classes have associated tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity4–12. The protein kinase activity of Rous sarcoma viruses (RSV), representing class I, seems to be a property of the transformation-specific protein, pp60src, itself13 and seems to be essential for cellular transformation, as the activity is labile or absent in transformation mutants6,7,14,15. This connection between transformation-specific protein, enzyme activity and oncogenic cellular changes has yet to be established for the viruses of classes II and III, which code for polyproteins in which gag-derived and transformation-specific sequences are fused. We report here an analysis of the phosphorylation sites on the transformation-specific proteins encoded by RSV and the class III viruses which shows that, although there is no appreciable sequence relationship between large portions of these molecules, a tryptic peptide containing the phosphotyrosine seems to be identical in classes I and III.
A randomized study of left versus right internal jugular vein cannulation in adults

Abstract Study Objective: To compare the success rate and incidence of complications of right internal jugular vein (RIJV) versus left internal jugular vein (LIJV) cannulation using external landmarks or surface ultrasound guidance. Design: Prospective randomized study. Setting: Operating room of a university-affiliated hospital. Patients: 120 adult patients scheduled for elective abdominal, vascular, or cardiothoracic procedures with general anesthesia and mechanical ventilation in whom central venous cannulation was clinically indicated. Interventions: Patients were randomized to four groups for RIJV cannulation using the landmark approach (Group 1) or surface ultrasound (Group 2) versus LIJV cannulation with the landmark approach (Group 3) or ultrasound (Group 4). Measurements and Main Results: The data collected included time from first puncture to guidewire insertion, number of attempts, and associated complications. If conversion to the ultrasound technique was required, the number of crossover patients and reasons for failure were recorded. Cannulation of the LIJV was more time consuming; it required more attempts; and it was associated with a greater number of complications when compared to the right side ( p Conclusions: Left IJV cannulation is more time consuming than RIJV cannulation and is associated with a higher incidence of complications. The use of ultrasound improves success rate and decreases the number of complications during IJV cannulation.
Synthesis and characterization of a carboranyl-tetrabenzoporphyrin.

Abstract An expeditious synthetic route to a carboranyl-substituted tetrabenzoporphyrin is reported. The absorption and emission spectra of water-soluble tetrabenzoporphyrin 4 are distinct from those of a known carboranylporphyrin ( 5 ). Both tetrabenzoporphyrin 4 and porphyrin 5 were found to be non-toxic toward V79 hamster lung fibroblast cells at 300 μM, using an MTT assay. The X-ray structure of a Cu(II)–carboranyl-tetrabenzoporphyrin is presented and discussed.
A hybrid framework for large scale process fault diagnosis

Abstract Real-time process fault diagnosis deals with the timely detection and diagnosis of abnormal process conditions. Industrial statistics estimate the economic impact due to abnormal situations to be about 20 billion dollars per year in the petrochemical industries alone in the U.S. Thus, it is an important part of safe and optimal operation of chemical plants. A promising alternative approach is proposed in this paper, that of a hybrid, blackboard-based framework, called DKit. The motivation for development of hybrid framework lies in the fact that no single diagnostic method satisfies all the requirements of complex, industrial-scale diagnostic problems. A hybrid framework in which different diagnostic methods perform collective problem solving shows a lot of promise. The current version of DKit, implemented in G2, combines causal model-based diagnosis with statistical classifiers and syntactic pattem recognition. The salient features of this system and its performance on an simulated Amoco FCCU is presented.