cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Many People Have Ever Lived

Can the total number of people who have ever lived on the Earth be estimated in some reasonable way? This fascinating question has been the subject of a number of papers, the first by Winkler [15], others by Deevey [3], Desmond et al [4], Keyfitz [7], and the most recent by Westing [13]. Curiously enough, the two-page article by Keyfitz and the estimate obtained therein found their way into the Information Please Almanac [6] under the title “How Many Earth People Have There Been?”
Phase stability and alloy design of ordered intermetallics

This paper summarizes recent research on phase stability and grain boundary structure in ordered intermetallics. Emphasis will be placed on control of ordered crystal structure and grain-boundary bonding behavior for the purpose of alloy design of ductile intermetallic alloys for structural use at elevated temperatures.
ANESTHESIOLOGY: Traditional Linkages to Critical Care Medicine

The introduction of neuromuscular blockade (d-tubocurarine) as an integral part of general anesthesia in the 1930s made positive-pressure ventilation a necessity. Scientific exploration of the pulmonary and cardiovascular alterations caused by positive-pressure ventilation was accomplished almost entirely by anesthesiologists prior to 1950. The routine use of positive-pressure ventilation necessitated the development of equipment and techniques to facilitate tracheal intubation. The development of safe techniques for endotracheal tube suctioning allowed for maintenance of adequate bronchial hygiene despite lung disease or anesthetic agents that increased bronchial secretions. During World War II, those intraoperative techniques and skills, and the sound physiologic and pharmacologic knowledge base of the anesthetist, were extended into the perioperative period, as positive-pressure ventilation became increasingly recognized to be more effective than negative-pressure ventilators (iron lungs). By 1945, therefore, there was an inexorable link between the developing medical specialty of anesthesiology and the inception of what we now refer to as critical care medicine.
DRAW TO UNDERSTAND

Students mathematical concepts think about mathematics. Those w o trust their own thinking become problem solvers who play with ideas on paper. During the drawing process, they call to mind the knowledge that they have stored in memory. They compare drawings to numbers and equations and look at the whole problem as well as the details. These thinking strategies contribute well to the construction of mathematical ideas. Because drawings encourage students to produce ideas (Dirkes, in press), they nurture problem-solving attitudes and independent learning. The spatial sense developed through drawing is good preparation for many occupations and mathematics courses. The option to use drawing as a significant strategy for thinking and learning, therefore, is one that should be considered seriously.
The influences of group dialog on individual student understanding of science concepts

Cooperative and inquiry-based pedagogies provide a context for classroom discourse in which students develop joint understanding of subject matter knowledge. Using the symbolic interactionist perspective that meaning is constructed as individuals interact with one another, we examined how student groups enrolled in an undergraduate general chemistry course developed sociochemical norms that influenced individual student understanding of chemical concepts. Sociochemical norms refer to the normative aspects of classroom microculture that regulate discourse on what counts as a table chemical justification and explanation. We describe how these sociochemical normative ideas were developed based on observational research and recordings of the student groups as they engaged in classroom discourse. Our analysis showed that students routinely developed chemistry-driven criteria within and across groups to explain the nature of dissolving ionic solids in water. Moreover, resultant sociochemical norms led to shifts in student understanding and the ways in which students reasoned about the causes of chemical phenomena under study. Our results indicate that group dialog influenced individual student conceptions of ionic compounds in solution and highlight the need to engage students in instructional activities that not only engage them in the multiple ways of representing chemical knowledge but also making public their views and participating in classroom discourse.
The Effect of Stimulus Polarity on the Relation Between Pitch Ranking and ECAP Spread of Excitation in Cochlear Implant Users

Although modern cochlear implants (CIs) use cathodic-leading symmetrical biphasic pulses to stimulate the auditory nerve, a growing body of evidence suggests that anodic-leading pulses may be more effective. The positive polarity has been shown to produce larger electrically evoked compound action potential (ECAP) amplitudes, steeper slope of the amplitude growth function, and broader spread of excitation (SOE) patterns. Polarity has also been shown to influence pitch perception. It remains unclear how polarity affects the relation between physiological SOE and psychophysical pitch perception. Using a within-subject design, we examined the correlation between performance on a pitch-ranking task and spatial separation between SOE patterns for anodic and cathodic-leading symmetric biphasic pulses for 14 CI ears. Overall, there was no effect of polarity on either ECAP SOE patterns, pitch ranking performance, or the relation between the two. This result is likely due the use of symmetric biphasic pulses, which may have reduced the size of the effect previously observed for pseudomonophasic pulses. Further research is needed to determine if a pseudomonophasic stimulus might further improve the relation between physiology and pitch perception.
G643(P) Nurse shadowing days for junior doctors on a general paediatric ward

Aim To evaluate a model of nurse shadowing days as a tool for improving the relationships and communication between doctors and nurses on a general paediatric ward. Method Junior doctors were allocated a general paediatric nurse to shadow for a nursing shift. Anonymous questionnaires exploring expectations and feedback from both parties were analysed before and after. Results 10 doctors participated and submitted feedback. 4 out of 10 nurses submitted feedback. The nurses had never been shadowed by doctors previously. They all thought it was a good idea; hoping doctors would gain a better understanding of their daily routine and pressures, and to improve team working. Afterwards, feedback remained positive, and perceptions of doctors improved: one comment being now ‘we can actually talk to doctors.’ All would recommend the experience. One doctor had shadowed a nurse since qualifying. Beforehand, the doctors thought the day would be relevant to practice, with hopes to learn practical cares, the nurses’ routines and challenges, and how decisions were made to contact the medical team. There were concerns regarding the potential ‘usefulness’ of the experience with many stating they felt they ‘already got on with the nurses’ and knew what a nursing shift entailed. Afterwards, the feedback was that they had a better understanding of the nurses’ pressures, need for good organisation and time-keeping, and the amount of paperwork required. Many doctors observed little communication between the medical ward-round and the patients’ specific nurse, with most information directed to senior nursing staff. There was an appreciation of the subsequent negative impact this had on the bedside nurse’s understanding of their patient management. Despite not learning anything ‘new’, doctors felt they benefited from seeing a different perspective and feedback was generally positive. Conclusion Nurse shadowing days are a promising tool for improving interprofessional communication and relationships between doctors and nurses. Prospectively, the doctors had slightly different expectations of the day and assigned more value to acquiring knowledge rather than experiential learning, but post shift, showed increased insight of the nurse’s role and the importance of good communication to improve patient care.
Molecular dynamics simulations of MXenes: Ab initio, reactive, and non-reactive empirical force fields

In this chapter, we summarized molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods with ab initio, reactive, and non-reactive empirical force fields. We reviewed various MXene applications such as energy storage, adsorption, intercalation, catalysis, exfoliation, and photocatalytic water splitting which have been investigated with MD simulations. Non-reactive MD simulations provide high computational efficiency in simulations of large-scale systems and slow dynamics of electrode charging. Reactive force fields can accurately describe chemistry of the MXene systems to provide insights to the ion intercalation and water diffusion in MXene sheets as well as measuring the friction coefficient of these structures. Ab initio MD method is often used to predict the final structure and various properties of the system and confirm the stability of the structure. We briefly presented essential work in the literature to provide an insight on how MD simulations are incorporated in efforts to investigate MXenes.
In Vitro FRET- and Fluorescence-Based Assays to Study Protein Conformation and Protein-Protein Interactions in Mitosis.

Proper cell division and the equal segregation of genetic material are essential for life. Cell division is mediated by the mitotic spindle, which is composed of microtubules (MTs) and MT-associated proteins that help align and segregate the chromosomes. The localization and characterization of many spindle proteins have been greatly aided by using GFP-tagged proteins in vivo, but these tools typically do not allow for understanding how their activity is regulated biochemically. With the recent explosion of the pallet of GFP-derived fluorescent proteins, fluorescence-based biosensors are becoming useful tools for the quantitative analysis of protein activity and protein-protein interactions. Here, we describe solution-based Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and fluorescence assays that can be used to quantify protein-protein interactions and to characterize protein conformations of MT-associated proteins involved in mitosis.
Microbially-mediated pretreatment of aerated oil and gas produced water by addition of phosphorous or activated sludge

Produced Water (PW) from oil and gas (OG hereafter referred to as 9baseline9), 2) phosphorous dosed daily as KH2PO4, and 3) activated sludge (AS) dosed daily from a sequence batch membrane bioreactor (SB-MBR). Aerated and mixed PW alone (baseline) was able to attenuate PW chemistry with removal of soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) and ammonia by 27.6% and 17.8%, respectively. Further KH2PO4 and AS additions improved water treatment efficiency markedly; in the KH2PO4 addition reactor, sCOD and ammonia were reduced by 50.0% and 61.5%, respectively, and in the AS addition reactor by 52.5% and 59.2%, respectively. Microbial consortia determined via 16S rRNA gene amplicons differ in composition between raw PW and all reactors; order Kiloniellales was most common in raw PW while orders Rhodobacterales, Pseudomonadales, and Caulobacterales were most abundant amongst AS, KH2PO4, and baseline conditions, respectively. Several different microbial consortia are capable of treating raw PW which suggests that functional redundancy amongst microbiota in engineered treatment systems may be underappreciated. With simple addition of phosphorous and/or activated sludge to PW as part of a treatment strategy, a higher quality water can then be subjected to conventional treatment and/or local reuse.
Community Engagement Strategies to Achieve 100 Percent Net-Renewable Electricity Resolutions

The absence of federal action on climate change in the United States has motivated local and regional efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through the adoption of 100 percent net-renewable el...
Using Black Music as a bridge to understanding introductory programming concepts

Computer Science is a field that still has long strides to make before its workforce reflects the racial, ethnic and gender diversity found in the United States. To address this problem the authors developed culturally relevant class activities and homework problems that teach students to use loops, lists, functions and conditional logic, by remixing popular Black music in an introductory Python course. The activities were developed with the thought that students would be less intimidated by the content, if they saw their culture reflected in the course materials. Using an online survey, students were asked to compare their experience working on the problems that used Black music as a context, with their experience completing textbook problems on the same content. All of the survey respondents were Black female undergraduate students enrolled in a STEM major at a historically black college. Students reported that they were better able to identify with the examples and problems using Black Music as a context. Study participants also indicated that making enjoyable music motivated them to work harder than they would on textbook problems. Of the 33 study participants, 60% had no prior experience programming, and 63% of the students expressed an interest in taking further computer science coursework as an elective. The authors explain the sequence of assignments they used to help students understand introductory computer science concepts, and share lessons learned from using Black Music as a tool in the classroom.
Mobile Health in Dialysis: The Best Engagement Medium Is the One that's with Patients.

The photographer Chase Jarvis famously titled his book of photos taken with an iPhone The Best Camera Is the One that’s with You , illustrating that the best pictures often capture moments that would otherwise have been missed in the absence of a readily available smartphone ([1][1]). People
Black-White Differences in the Link Between Offspring College Attainment and Parents' Depressive Symptom Trajectories.

This study examines whether the relationship between children’s college attainment and their parents’ mental health differs for Black and White parents as they age. Data come from the U.S. Health a...
Safety Critical Networks using Commodity SDNs

Safety-critical networks often have stringent real-time requirements; they must also be resilient to failures. In this paper, we propose the RealFlow framework that uses commodity software-defined networks (SDNs) to realize networks with end-to-end timing guarantees, while also: (a) increasing resiliency against link/switch failures and (b) increasing network utilization. The use of SDNs in this space also improves the management capabilities of the system due to the global visibility into the network. RealFlow is implemented as a northbound SDN controller application compatible with standard OpenFlow protocols with little to no runtime overheads. We demonstrate feasibility on a real hardware testbed (Pica8 SDN switches+Raspberry Pi endhosts) and a practical avionics case study. Our evaluations show that RealFlow can accommodate 63% more network flows with safety-critical guarantees when compared to current designs and up to 18% when link resiliency (via backup paths) is also considered.
Interfacial design in metal halide perovskites

Perovskite solar cells promise to yield efficiencies beyond 30% by improving the quality of the materials and devices. Electronic defect passivation and suppression of detrimental charge-carrier recombination has been used as a strategy to achieve high performance perovskite solar cells. This strategy often relies on interlayers that may also hinder carrier transfer across interfaces. In addition to interfacial charge transport, very little is known about the role of crystallographic structure on charge carrier transport through the bulk of the material. In this presentation, I will discuss how different crystallographic phases of the perovskite affect charge carrier transport. Interfacial transport across interfaces will be further studied to understand whether crystalline structures or amorphous phases are able to efficiently allow transport out the device. Synchrotron-based characterization techniques, such as grazing incidence x-ray spectroscopy and x-ray fluorescence will be used to understand the structural and chemical composition of the films, whereas intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy will be used to understand transport processes in the devices. We show that the orthorhombic phase of the methylammonium lead iodide perovskite forms along with the tetragonal phase and hinders carrier transport and thus short circuit currents. We also show that the crystal structure of the 2D perovskite used as an interlayer in the perovskite solar cell is crucial to efficient charge extraction.
Duodenorenal fistula

We describe two children (ages 5 and 13 years) with duodenorenal fistula. One fistula was due to perforation of the duodenum and renal migration of an ingested toothpick. The second fistula was caused by a chronic perinephric abscess. Both children underwent surgical fistula closure and right nephrectomy.
ASS1 and ASL suppress growth in clear cell renal cell carcinoma via altered nitrogen metabolism.

BACKGROUND Kidney cancer is a common adult malignancy in the USA. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the predominant subtype of kidney cancer, is characterized by widespread metabolic changes. Urea metabolism is one such altered pathway in ccRCC. The aim of this study was to elucidate the contributions of urea cycle enzymes, argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1), and argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) towards ccRCC progression. METHODS We employed a combination of computational, genetic, and metabolomic tools along with in vivo animal models to establish a tumor-suppressive role for ASS1 and ASL in ccRCC. RESULTS We show that the mRNA and protein expression of urea cycle enzymes ASS1 and ASL are reduced in ccRCC tumors when compared to the normal kidney. Furthermore, the loss of ASL in HK-2 cells (immortalized renal epithelial cells) promotes growth in 2D and 3D growth assays, while combined re-expression of ASS1 and ASL in ccRCC cell lines suppresses growth in 2D, 3D, and in vivo xenograft models. We establish that this suppression is dependent on their enzymatic activity. Finally, we demonstrate that conservation of cellular aspartate, regulation of nitric oxide synthesis, and pyrimidine production play pivotal roles in ASS1+ASL-mediated growth suppression in ccRCC. CONCLUSIONS ccRCC tumors downregulate the components of the urea cycle including the enzymes argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1) and argininosuccinate lyase (ASL). These cytosolic enzymes lie at a critical metabolic hub in the cell and are involved in aspartate catabolism and arginine and nitric oxide biosynthesis. Loss of ASS1 and ASL helps cells redirect aspartate towards pyrimidine synthesis and support enhanced proliferation. Additionally, reduced levels of ASS1 and ASL might help regulate nitric oxide (NO) generation and mitigate its cytotoxic effects. Overall, our work adds to the understanding of urea cycle enzymes in a context-independent of ureagenesis, their role in ccRCC progression, and uncovers novel potential metabolic vulnerabilities in ccRCC.
Spin Superfluidity in the ν=0 Quantum Hall State of Graphene.

Strong electron interactions can lead to a variety of broken-symmetry phases in monolayer graphene. In the quantum Hall regime, the interaction effect are enhanced by the formation of highly degenerate Landau levels, catalyzing the emergence of such phases. Recent magnetotransport studies show evidence that the $\ensuremath{\nu}=0$ quantum Hall state of graphene is in an insulating canted antiferromagnetic phase with the N\'eel vector lying within the graphene plane. Here, we show that this N\'eel order can be detected via two-terminal spin transport. We find that a dynamic and inhomogeneous texture of the N\'eel vector can mediate nearly dissipationless (superfluid) transport of spin angular momentum polarized along the $z$ axis, which could serve as a strong support for the antiferromagnetic scenario. The injection and detection of spin current in the $\ensuremath{\nu}=0$ region can be achieved using the two spin-polarized edge channels of the $|\ensuremath{\nu}|=2$ quantum Hall state. Measurements of the dependence of the spin current on the length of the $\ensuremath{\nu}=0$ region would provide direct evidence for spin superfluidity.
Less Enforcement, More Compliance

A common assumption underlying the current public discourse and legal treatment of unauthorized immigrants is that unauthorized immigrants are lawless individuals who will break the law—any law—in search of economic gain. This notion persists despite substantial empirical evidence to the contrary. Drawing on original empirical data, this Article examines unauthorized immigrants and their relationship to the law from a novel perspective to make two major contributions. First, I demonstrate that unauthorized immigrants view themselves and their noncompliance with U.S. immigration law in a manner that is strikingly different from the prevalent view of criminality and lawlessness found in popular and legal accounts. Unauthorized immigrants’ decisions to cross the border—and to remain in the United States despite their lack of legal status— are likely shaped in large measure by their distinct normative views of themselves and their economic situations, as well as their perceptions about the lack of legitimacy of U.S. immigration law. Second, I show why understanding these views and values of unauthorized immigrants may have significant implications for promoting voluntary compliance with U.S. immigration law.
THE RECEPTION OF SHORT PULSES BY ANTENNAS: FDTD RESULTS AND RECIPROCITY

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method has been used to analyze a number of antennas for pulse radiation. In complexity, these antennas range from simple metallic monopoles to more complicated resistively loaded structures such as the bow-tie and TEM horn [1]–[10]. Almost all of these analyses have been for antennas in the transmitting mode, where the internal reflections and pulse distortion on radiation were of concern, see Figure 1(a). There has been very little discussion of these antennas in the receiving mode, see Figure 1(b).
EU Expansion and EU Growth

The exercise in economic integration that today is called the European Union (EU) began in the 1950s amid high hopes for the benefits that it would provide, both economically and politically The political benefits, by eliminating the historic military conflict among the participating countries, have been unambiguous and very large. The economic benefits (in addition to avoidance of economic destruction caused by war) have also been fairly clear, but not so obviously large. The static welfare gains from economic integration have always been estimated to be comparatively small, while the ‘dynamic gains’ that many have hoped for have been both less well understood and difficult to identify in the data.
Diagnóstico temprano y tratamiento adecuado de los pacientes con inmunodeficiencia primaria

1 Meyer Children's Hospital, 31096 Haifa, Israel2 Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, 200 Henry Clay Ave. New Orleans, LA 701183 Miembros del Comite: Bousfiha A, Drabwell J, Espinosa F, Etzioni A, Farrugia A, Holland S, Modell F, Modell V, Prevot J, Schmidt R.E, Sorensen R, Vaughn G.Fecha de recepcion: 15-03-12Fecha de aceptacion: 02-04-12
Oat Variety Test

Thirty-three varieties were included in the 2000 oat test at Lewis. Each variety was sown in three different plots to average out the effects of soil variability. The varieties were planted March 20 at a rate of 3 bushels/acre. The oat plots were harvested on July 13.
Examining Industry Effects for Truck Drivers

Disaggregating truck drivers by industrialclassification, rather than using a private carriagefor hire distinction, a significant wage gap isfound between drivers in trucking services and driversin all other industries. The premium for drivers intrucking services is largest relative to drivers inwholesale and retail trade and agriculture, who aremost likely to be true private carriage drivers. Drivers in construction and mining, less likely tomeet the true definition of private carriage, havesmaller wage disadvantages. This suggests that thewage gap between for-hire and private carriage driversmay be underestimated in other research.
Factors that influence teachers learning to do interviews to understand students' mathematical understandings

Understanding students' understanding of mathematical ideas can inform mathematics teaching, and task-based interviews are one way in which teachers can learn more about their students' understandings. The CIME project was designed to empower mathematics teachers to use interviews to understand their students' mathematical understandings as well as to prepare teachers to use technology-intensive curricula. This study examined the influences on three high school mathematics teachers as they learned to use task-based interviews to understand students' mathematical understandings. The areas of teacher knowledge and conceptions that influenced the teachers we studied were: teachers' mathematical understandings and knowledge of technology and the perceived importance of curriculum topics; teachers' views of knowing mathematics; teachers' perceptions of students' characteristics and needs; and teachers' perceptions of interviewing and the role of questioning in interviews.
Investigating Elementary Teachers' Conceptions of Animal Classification

Numerous studies have been conducted regarding alternative conceptions about animal diversity and classification, many of which have used a cross-age approach to investigate how students' conceptions change over time. None of these studies, however, have investigated teachers' conceptions of animal classification. This study was intended to augment the findings of past research by exploring the conceptions that elementary teachers possess about animal classification. Using interviews and written items, we documented teachers' conceptions about animal classification and compared them with student conceptions identified in previous research studies. Many of the teachers' conceptions observed in this study were similar to students' conceptions in that they were often too limited or too general compared with scientifically accepted conceptions. Also, the teachers in this study frequently used “non-defining” characteristics, such as locomotion and habitat, to classify animals. As a result, several misclassifications were observed in the teachers' responses to the written items. Notably, the results of our study demonstrate that teachers often have the same alternative conceptions about animal classification as students. We explore some possible explanations for these alternative conceptions and discuss the instructional implications of the findings.
Factors That Predict the Referral of Breast Cancer Patients Onto Clinical Trials by Their Surgeons and Medical Oncologists

PURPOSE: To improve understanding of physicians’ reluctance to refer patients to clinical trials. METHODS: This study was conducted in a large metropolitan region from 1993 to 1995 using a two-staged population-based sampling strategy. A total of 147 physicians discussed 245 patient cases and their own knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward clinical trials. RESULTS: Ninety-three patients (38.0%) were offered a trial, and 49 (52.7%) of them agreed to participate. Forty-five patients (18.4%) actually received their adjuvant therapy on trial. Older patients and those with a poorer prognosis were less likely to be referred. Patients who delayed their decision were more than three times as likely to participate in a trial and more than eight times as likely to participate when they were reported to be actively involved in making the decision. Generally, physicians in university settings and who had formal support from a cooperative group were more likely to refer patients to trials. More specifically, surg...
The role of unshared songs in singing interactions between neighbouring song sparrows

In this paper we focus on the potential advantage song repertoires may provide in singing interactions between two birds. We have previously shown that neighbouring song sparrows, Melospiza melodia, in our population countersing with shared songs: a bird escalates an interaction by replying with the same song type his neighbour just sang (‘type matching’), or sends a directed but less threatening signal by replying with a different but still shared song (‘repertoire matching’). In the present study we tested and confirmed two predictions: (1) that a bird would be more likely to perceive a neighbour's song as directed at him if it was shared than if it was unshared; (2) that an unshared song would be a more effective de-escalation signal than a shared song. In the first of two playback experiments, subjects responded with shorter latencies to neighbours' shared songs than to their unshared songs. In the second, ‘interactive’ playback experiment, a playback trial began when the subject sang a shared song type. We replied with the neighbour's matching type (an escalation signal), until the subject approached, and then switched to either a different shared song (a ‘repertoire match’) or to an unshared song. As predicted, subjects responded less aggressively and departed sooner when the switch was to an unshared song than when it was to a shared song.
Early Twentieth‐Century Racial Discrimination Cases in State Supreme Courts

An aspect of civil rights litigation receiving scant scholarly attention is the response of state supreme courts to racial discrimination claims in the early twentieth century. While scholarship on general social context suggests claims would find more support in non-southern courts and in the later years of the period, this has not been systematically investigated. Furthermore, while the literature on the U.S. Supreme Court establishes variance patterns by discrimination type, they cannot necessarily be extrapolated to state outcomes. I show that since the predictive utility of frameworks “borrowed” from other studies is dubious in this context, these state cases demand their own unique investigation and understanding. The assessment of two key clusters of cases offered here suggests distinct patterns in southern jury discrimination and northern public accommodations decisions. In the former, claims were routinely denied, with U.S. Supreme Court precedent occasionally used to overturn a conviction. In the latter, plaintiffs relying on state civil rights statutes were mostly successful. Un aspecto del litigio por los derechos civiles que recibe escasa atencion academica es la respuesta de la Suprema Corte estatal a los reclamos por discriminacion racial a principios del siglo XX. Aunque los estudios del contexto social general sugieren que los reclamos encontrarian mayor apoyo en cortes no-surenas, en los anos posteriores a dicho periodo, esto no ha sido sistematicamente investigado. Ademas, aunque la literatura sobre la Suprema Corte de Justicia establece diferentes patrones por tipo de discriminacion, estos no pueden ser necesariamente extrapolados al nivel de resultados estatales. Demuestro que dado que la utilidad predictiva de esquemas “prestados” de otros estudios es discutible en este contexto, estos casos estatales requieren su propia investigacion e interpretacion. La evaluacion de dos grupos claves de casos propuestos aqui sugiere patrones distintivos en la discriminacion de los jurados surenos y las decisiones de “public accommodations” nortenas. En el primero, los reclamos fueron rutinariamente rechazados, ocasionalmente invocando precedente de la Suprema Corte de Justicia para darle vuelta a la condena. En el segundo grupo, los demandantes que descansaron su caso en los estatutos estatales sobre los derechos civiles en su mayoria tuvieron exito.
Biochemical and pharmacological studies on the opiate receptors from human placenta.

Abstract The effect of different enzymatic treatments on the specific binding of 3 H-Etorphine to the membrane bound opiate receptors from human placenta was studied. Phospholipiase A 2 inhibited etorphine binding, suggesting either that phospholipids are essential for ligand binding or that products of the phospholipase A 2 reaction, either lysophospholipids or fatty acids, disrupt the membrane integrity because of their detergent like properties. Trypsin and α-chymotrypsin had no effect, suggesting that the receptors binding site was not accessible to these proteolytic enzymes. We also find that the placental villus upon in vitro stimulation with potassium releases acetylcholine. The inhibitory effect of morphine on acetylcholine release was investigated.
Constraining geologic properties and processes through the use of impact craters

Impact cratering is the one geologic process which is common to all solar system objects. Impact craters form by the resulting explosion between a solar system body and hypervelocity objects. Comparison with craters formed by chemical and nuclear explosions reveals that crater diameter is related to other morphometric characteristics of the crater, such as depth and rim height. These relationships allow scientists to use impact craters to probe the subsurface structure within the upper few kilometer of a planetary surface and to estimate the amounts and types of degradational processes which have affected the planet since crater formation. Crater size–frequency distribution analysis provides the primary mechanism for determining ages of planetary terrains and constraining the timing of resurfacing episodes. Thus, impact craters provide many important insights into the evolution of planetary surfaces.
The role of oxygen in solid‐state polymerization. I. Acrylamide and its solid solutions

It has been shown that the presence of oxygen has little effect on the ESR spectrum of acrylamide. On the other hand, the spectrum of propionamide is markedly changed and shows sharply increased decay rates with oxygen. The behavior of solid solutions of the two is intermediate and depends on the relative concentrations of the two materials. The polymerization is markedly decreased in the solid solutions when oxygen is present. The polymerization data are thus consistent with those derived from the ESR spectra. These effects are interpreted in terms of the crystal structure of the materials and the polymerization mechanism.
Extent of jeopardized viable myocardium determined by myocardial perfusion imaging best predicts perioperative cardiac events in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery

Objectives. This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the risk of perioperative cardiac events is not simply determined by the presence of myocardium at risk, but is directly related to the extent of myocardium at risk as reflected in thallium-201 myocardial imaging. Background. The risk of perioperative cardiac events in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery has been related to the presence of transient defects on dipyridamole thallium-201 myocardial imaging, reflecting jeopardized viable myocardium. Methods. The study cohort consisted of 231 consecutive patients who underwent noncardiac surgery and had a preoperative dipyridamole thallium-201 imaging study. Patients with vascular reconstruction or bypass constituted the largest surgical subgroup (n = 140). For thallium-201 imaging data, each of three planar projections was divided into three segments (total nine segments) and each segment was interpreted as normal or showing a transient or fixed defect. The ability of clinical and thallium-201 imaging data to predict perioperative cardiac events was compared with stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results. Perioperative cardiac events occurred in 19 patients, including 5 with cardiac death, 7 with nonfatal myocardial infarction and 7 with unstable angina. For cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction, the only significant multivariate predictors were the number of myocardial segments with transient thallium·201 defects (p < 0.0005) and a history of diabetes mellitus (p < 0.05). For all cardiac events, the only significant multivariate predictors were the number of myocardial segments with transient defects (p < 0.0001), diabetes mellitus (p < 0.05) and calcium channel blocker use (p < 0.05). Conclusions. The probability of important cardiac events in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery is best predicted by the extent of myocardium at risk as reflected on thallium·201 myocardial perfusion imaging. A history of diabetes mellitus also has a significant influence on perioperative risk.
Insect endochitinases: Glycoproteins from moulting fluid, integument and pupal haemolymph of Manduca sexta L.

Abstract Three endochitinases have been isolated from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, by ammonium sulphate fractionation and chromatographic procedures. The purified enzymes show single bands on sodium dodecyl sulphate acrylamide gel electrophoresis and have apparent mol. wts of 7.5 × 104 (I), 6.2 × 104 (II) and 5.0 × 104 (III). They are present in prepharate pupal integument, larval integument prior to apolysis, moulting fluid and pupal haemolymph. I and III are glycoproteins that contain glucosamine and several neutral hexoses. II was not examined for carbohydrate. The endochitinases cleave glycol chitin and chitin oligosaccharides ultimately to disaccharide and trisaccharide products. The longer substrates are preferred and no activity is expressed toward p- nitrophenyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranoside , the β (1 → 4) linked dimer of N-acetylglucosamine or Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell walls. Km and kcat values for glycol chitin are 0.2 mg/ml and 2 sec−1, respectively. The endochitinases are quite stable over a wide range of pH and exhibit maximum activity around pH 6 with the oligosaccharide substrates. Antibody raised against III cross reacts with II but not with I. The endochitinases in integument and moulting fluid probably digest chitin in old cuticle prior to moulting.
Microemboli Detection and Classification During Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Microemboli may be a cause of postoperative neurological morbidity. Improved detection of microemboli may lead to better strategies to minimize embolization and improve neurological outcomes. Transcranial Doppler may have limited sensitivity for very small microemboli. The Emboli Detection and Classification (EDAC) Quantifier offers increased sensitivity (10 μm) and potentially improved capability for microemboli monitoring. EDAC was used to measure microemboli in the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit during 33 pediatric heart operations. More microemboli were detected in the venous than the arterial line (median, 11,830 vs 1298). Venous microemboli tended to be larger in size than arterial microemboli (>40 μm; 59% vs 7%). Increased venous and arterial microemboli were seen at the onset of bypass; increased venous microemboli were also seen with clamp removal. Thousands of microemboli <40 μm are transmitted to pediatric patients during heart surgery. Initiation of bypass may be a key offender and may result from air in the venous line. Although the significance of microemboli remains unknown, increased awareness may lead to improved techniques to minimize microemboli, with improvement in neurological outcomes.
Sequestration electrochemistry: The interaction of chlorpromazine and human orosomucoid

A simple and rapid method is presented for determination of the association constants and stoichiometries describing ligand macromolecule interactions. Based on flow injection analysis and electrochemical detection by amperometry, the only requirements for direct measurements are that the ligand have redox properties and that these properties change upon binding to the macromolecule. Bound ligand may then be measured in the presence of free ligand. Detection limits are of the order of 2 pmol of ligand or less, a level that should provide access to previously unmeasurable systems. For the exemplary system, chlorpromazine and human orosomucoid, K0ass was determined as 0.39 X 10(6) M-1 with 0.76 chlorpromazine binding sites of this affinity per orosomucoid molecule.
Challenges in quantitative electron-beam computed tomography measurement of coronary artery calcium:; Image artifacts, scan protocols, and coronary artery calcium scores(1).

Absolute risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) increases with age as the result of progressive accumulation of coronary atherosclerosis; therefore, advancing age has been used as its surrogate index (1). Assessing an individual’s CHD risk, however, requires a more accurate index of coronary atherosclerosis because its degree varies substantially among individuals (2). Histologic evidence shows that coronary artery calcium (CAC) is invariably associated with atherosclerotic plaque (3,4). Electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT) provides quantitative measurement of CAC (3), essentially utilizing the EBCT scanner as a densitometer. The successful use of EBCT densitometry for characterization of CAC depends on the existence of distinct ranges of x-ray attenuation values for the tissues to be distinguished: calcium, blood, arterial wall, and epicardial fat. Electron-beam CT screening for CAC has been used in asymptomatic individuals for quantification of cross-sectional risk for incident CHD events and to track changes in the calcium component of the atherosclerotic plaque over time (5–18). For EBCT to attain these aims, its clinical relevance and repeatability must be demonstrated (Fig 1). Accuracy (trueness) is a desirable, yet secondary, prerequisite for EBCT quantitative measurement of CAC because this test is not intended to diagnose CHD (19,20).
Electrowetting of Molten Carbonate Electrolytes

The wetting characteristics of various molten carbonate electrolytes were experimentally measured and the dependence of the contact angle on polarisation was thoroughly examined for various temperatures and gas atmospheres. At open circuit under an atmosphere of CO2 and/or oxidant gases, addition of alkaline earth carbonates decreases the wettability of the electrolyte. Addition of alkaline earth carbonates also tends to decrease the temperature dependence of the contact angle. Upon polarisation, the contact angle shows a complex behaviour. In an oxidising atmosphere its dependence on potential is roughly symmetric (like an electrocapillary curve) but in a reducing atmosphere this is not the case. Generally, the contact angle increases upon cathodic polarisation but decreases in the anodic direction. These changes in contact angle are interpreted in terms of interfacial tensions. The complex dependence of contact angle on polarisation can be interpreted in terms of a superimposed electrocapillary and transport effects. As such, it may be affected by specifically adsorbed species at the electrode surface (especially complex oxides), by the basicity (oxide ion activity) of the melt, and by the potential-induced segregation of the cationic species in the carbonate melt.
Creating a model to measure relationships: U.S. Army strategic communication

Abstract Strategic Communication is receiving much credence for public relations planning in the U.S. Army, (Quadrennial Defense Review Report, 2010. The Office of the Chief of Public Affairs for the U.S. Army, has a Strategic Communication Division and it is home to the last vestiges of former Secretary of, Defense Donald Rumsfeld's ill-fated attempt to create such an office at the Department of Defense, (DoD) level. In 2009, Major General Mari K. Eder , deputy director of the U.S. Army Reserve, wrote of, the tragic lack of a comprehensive strategic communication focus across DoD levels, let alone at the, Army level. A “Deep Dive” Conference sponsored by the Army during the summer of 2006 focused on, measuring outcomes of its public affairs programs. In spite of the conference objectives, the Army was, not able to define strategic communication completely nor was it able to come up with adequate, operational measurement tools for measuring relationships with key publics or stakeholders within, strategic communication. It was able to produce some measurable and motivational objectives as well, as measurable process tools for media relations, but it still lacked the ability to measure quantitative or, qualitative relationships with key stakeholders.
Role of HDAC3 on p53 Expression and Apoptosis in T Cells of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Background Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) belongs to a family of proteins which plays an important role in protein acetylation, chromatin remodeling and transcription of genes, including those that are involved in cell proliferation and cell death. While increased expression of HDAC3 is seen in neoplastic cells, the role of HDAC3 in T cells and their role in autoimmune disease is not known.
Diurnal Behavior of Plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Adults within Host Trees in Nature

From 0600 to 2100 h from mid-May to early July, we observed the behavior of 171 overwintered adult plum curculios, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), for ca. 128 h within plum and apple host trees in Western Massachusetts. Adults spent 45% of the total observation time resting (principally in and near fruit leaf clusters), 23% feeding (on fruit), 19% crawling (principally on twigs and fruit), 12% in oviposition-associated behavior (on fruit), and less than 1% in flight, dropping, and intra- or interspecific interaction behavior. Movement increased with time of day and temperature, with peak movement on warm, calm evenings. Our observational data suggest that reflective traps aimed at capturing visually orienting insects in flight within host trees will have low probability of accurately monitoring plum curculio adult population levels.
Anti-reflux gastrointestinal surgery in the neurologically handicapped child

The frequent requirement for gastrointestinal feeding tubes in the mental-motor retarded (MMR) child has become a relative indication for concomitant anti-reflux surgery in many pediatric surgical centers. The need for the addition of this relatively morbid procedure to simple feeding tube placement remains controversial. To analyze the role of anti-reflux surgery in the MMR child, we reviewed our experience with enteral feeding access procedures and anti-reflux procedures. A total of 76 feeding access procedures (71 gastrostomies) and 98 anti-reflux procedures were performed. All patients were thoroughly evaluated for the presence of reflux preoperatively. The presence of asymptomatic reflux prior to feeding tube placement was not predictive of subsequent need for fundoplication. Only 3 of 71 patients with gastrostomies (4.2%) ultimately required fundoplication. Of 106 MMR children in this series, 48 had an anti-reflux operation with their feeding gastrostomy while 58 had a primary feeding tube alone, 2 of which were jejunostomies. Although 2 children in the gastrostomy group later required fundoplication for uncontrolled GER, the other 54 were managed without an anti-reflux procedure. Our experience does not support the routine performance of concomitant anti-reflux surgery with feeding tube placement in the MMR child and argues for a conservative approach to feeding access. Fundoplication should be reserved for those children with a clinical indication for an anti-reflux operation.
Small players in the great game: Marginality and representation on the northern frontiers of nineteenth-century colonial India

In their rocky defiles their chiefs led the lives of absolute autocrats; the slave-trade flourished, and the ruler of Hunza, especially, whose territory led up to the foot of the comparatively easy passes leading to the Pamirs and the valley of the Yarkand river, found the looting of the rich caravans on the trade route between Central Asia and India a source of wealth. For centuries the name of the Hunza-Nagar men had struck terror into the hearts of all travelers in the country between Afghanistan and Kashgar. Jenny Visser-hooft, Among the Karakoram Glaciers in 1925