cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-dimensional description of the dynamics in separated flow past thick airfoils

Results are presented for the numerical simulation of unsteady viscous incompressible flow past thick airfoils. Specifically, flow past a NACA 4424 at an angle of attack of 2.5 deg and Reynolds numbers in the range of 1700-4000 has been simulated using the spectral element method. At these conditions the flow is separatedd and an unsteady wake is formed. Application of the method of empirical eigenfunction reveals the structure of the most energetic components of the flow. These are found to occur in pairs that, through phase exchange, are responsible for the vortex shedding. A set of ordinary differential equations is obtained for the amplitudes of these eigenfunctions by a Galerkin projection of the Navier-Stokes equations. The solutions of the model system are compared with the full simulation. The work is of relevance to the transition process and observed routes to chaos in airfoil wakes.
Enantioselective Polyene Cyclization via Organo-SOMO Catalysis

The first organocatalytic enantioselective radical polycyclization has been accomplished using singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) catalysis. The presented strategy relies on a selective single-electron oxidation of chiral enamines formed by condensation of polyenals with an imidazolidinone catalyst employing a suitable copper(II) oxidant. The reaction proceeds under mildly acidic conditions at room temperature and shows compatibility with an array of electron-poor as well as electron-rich functional groups. Upon termination by radical arylation followed by subsequent oxidation and rearomatization, a range of polycyclic aldehydes were accessed (12 examples, 54−77% yield, 85−93% ee). The enantioselective formation of up to six new carbocycles in a single catalyst-controlled cascade is described. Evidence for a radical-based cascade mechanism is indicated by a series of experimental results.
Dynamic modeling of a laminated composite-material flexible robot arm made of short beams

High-precision assembly tasks are often performed by compact industrial robots with small work envelopes. The end-effector positional accuracy of compact robots can be accurately predicted by consi...
Highly diastereoselective [2+2] cycloadditions via chelation control: Asymmetric synthesis of β-lactones

Abstract Chelation controlled [2+2] cycloadditions of trimethylsilylketene to chiral α- and β-benzyloxyaldehydes followed by desilylation provides a highly diastereoselective route to functionalized β-lactones. Several Lewis acids were examined and MgBr 2 ·Et 2 O was found to give the highest diastereoselectivities and yields.
Modeling of Friction Contact and Its Application to the Design of Shroud Contact

Designers of aircraft engines frequently employ shrouds in turbine design. In this paper, a variable normal load friction force model is proposed to investigate the influence of shroudlike contact kinematics on the forced response of frictionally constrained turbine blades. Analytical criteria are formulated to predict the transitions between stick, slip, and separation of the interface so as to assess the induced friction forces. When considering cyclic loading, the induced friction forces are combined with the variable normal load so as to determine the effective stiffness and damping of the friction joint over a cycle of motion. The harmonic balance method is then used to impose the effective stiffness and damping of the friction joint on the linear structure. The solution procedure for the nonlinear response of two-degree-of-freedom oscillator is demonstrated. As an application, this procedure is used to study the coupling effect of two constrained forces, friction force and variable normal load, on the optimization of the shroud contact design.
An empirical study of short‐term mass communication saturation and perception of population problems

Abstract Population growth in the United States is viewed with alarm by a majority of informed persons. However, this view does not appear to be shared by the public at large. The following research describes an attempt to alter the attitudes concerning the “population explosion” in a target community. The measure of effectiveness was based on interviews with selected sample groups before and after a week of extensive mass media exposure to negative aspects of population growth. No statistically significant changes in attitude were observed following the mass media saturation. Differences in response pattern also are described with regard to age, sex, marital status, education and occupation. Implications of the description and analysis are discussed.
Cu-free click cycloaddition reactions in chemical biology

Bioorthogonal chemical reactions are paving the way for new innovations in biology. These reactions possess extreme selectivity and biocompatibility, such that their participating reagents can form covalent bonds within richly functionalized biological systems—in some cases, living organisms. This tutorial review will summarize the history of this emerging field, as well as recent progress in the development and application of bioorthogonal copper-free click cycloaddition reactions.
On the M_t/M_t/K_t+M_t queue in heavy traffic

The focus of this paper is on the asymptotics of large-time numbers of customers in time-periodic Markovian many-server queues with customer abandonment in heavy traffic. Limit theorems are obtained for the periodic number-of-customers processes under the fluid and diffusion scalings. Other results concern limits for general time-dependent queues and for time-homogeneous queues in steady state.
Gaussian white-noise generation for digital signal synthesis

An algorithm for simulating a random Gaussian noise signal on a computer is proposed. The power spectrum of the generated signal is constant, and the ordinates of the phase spectrum are independent and uniformly distributed. A computer program has been developed based on this algorithm and used with a signal generator to test electronic systems.
The supercharge and superconformal symmetry for N=1 supersymmetric quantum mechanics

Abstract The superspace Lagrangian formulation of N=1 supersymmetric quantum mechanics is presented. The general Lagrangian constructed out of chiral and antichiral supercoordinates containing up to two derivatives and with a canonically normalized kinetic energy term describes the motion of a nonrelativistic spin 1/2 particle with Lande g-factor 2 moving in two spatial dimensions under the influence of a static but spatially dependent magnetic field. Noether's theorem is derived for the general case and is used to construct superspace dependent charges whose lowest components give the superconformal generators. The supercoordinates of charges containing an R symmetry charge, the supersymmetry charges and the Hamiltonian are combined to form a supercharge supercoordinate. Superconformal Ward identities for the quantum effective action are derived from the conservation equations and the source of potential symmetry breaking terms are identified.
Reply to the comment by T. J. McDougall, P. R. Gent and S. Drijfhout

The comment by T.J. McDougall, P.R. Gent and S. Drijfhout (cited as MGD) contains two parts: the first and most relevant one [because of its physical implications to ocean global circulation models (OGCM)] and a second one of a more technical nature. We shall reply in that order. The main physical argument in the comment is that the diapycnal flux Σ that appears in the mean tracer equation can be dispensed with entirely (and thus there is no need to model it) provided one abandons the Eulerian averages in favor of the density averaging suggested by the Temporal Residual Mean (TRM) formalism. Specifically, the authors write that “the appropriate average tracer is the thickness-weighted rather than the Eulerian-mean assumed in DC6”. We reply to this criticism by showing that TRM does not get rid of Σ since we show that Σ reappears in the mean tracer equation via another term. Therefore TRM offers no advantages with respect to the Eulerian averaging since both contain the diapycnal flux Σ. As for the technic...
Lie superalgebras, Clifford algebras, induced modules and nilpotent orbits

Let g be a classical simple Lie superalgebra. To every nilpotent orbit O in g0 we associate a Clifford algebra over the field of rational functions on O. We find the rank, k(O) of the bilinear form defining this Clifford algebra, and deduce a lower bound on the multiplicity of a U(g)-module with O or an orbital subvariety of O as associated variety. In some cases we obtain modules where the lower bound on multiplicity is attained using parabolic induction. The invariant k(O) is in many cases, equal to the odd dimension of the orbit G⋅O, where G is a Lie supergroup with Lie superalgebra g.
Axial Impact of an Elastic Conical Membrane

Axisymmetric response of semiinfinite truncated cone striking smooth rigid obstacle, determining early stages of motion
Stable degenerations of symmetric squares of curves

The stable (in the sense of the relative minimal model program) degenerations of symmetric squares of smooth curves of genus g>2 are computed. This information is used to prove that the component of the moduli space of stable surfaces parameterizing such surfaces is isomorphic to the moduli space of stable curves of genus g.
Chemistry of Excited Electronic States

Atomic and molecular orbitals are among the tools used by chemists to view the world. The validity of this view for reaction systems can be experimentally probed by examination of the chemistry of electronically excited states and, in particular, by comparison of the reactivities of states having different orbital occupations (electron configurations). Reactivity changes associated with electron configuration are instructive with regard to chemists9 views of molecular orbital interactions, but electronic excitation can also influence the course of a chemical reaction by increasing the energy content of the system or by affecting access to different potential energy surfaces by changing spin, orbital symmetry, or spin-orbit level. These various effects are illustrated by studies of gasphase transition metal—mediated H—H and C—H bond-activation processes.
Moving Procurement Systems to the Internet:: the Adoption and Use of E-Procurement Technology Models

Abstract This paper reports the results of a research project addressing the current state of e-procurement technologies. The results indicate that the final equilibrium may include several technologies, each one serving a different segment of the market. This multiplicity of solutions is likely to further delay the transition of the industry to its growth stage. Companies are approaching e-procurement technologies with very different strategies. We identify two main types of companies. The first type is moving aggressively to adopt e-procurement technologies, frequently experimenting with various solutions. The second type adopts a more conservative strategy by selectively experimenting, typically with one technology. This latter group relies on these limited experiences to provide the capabilities to move quickly into the technology as a dominant design emerges. The results suggest that e-procurement technologies will become an important part of supply chain management and that the rate of adoption will accelerate as aggressive adopters share their experiences.
Electrical and petrophysical modeling of Ferron Sandstone data

As part of the 3D characterization of a fluvial reservoir analog site in the Ferron Sandstone in east-central Utah, new lab measurements of porosity, permeability, water content, and complex dielectric permittivity are collected and analyzed. Petrographic analysis of thin sections extracted from the same samples produced data on bulk, macro- and microporosity, lithology, and cementation. Thus, we have an unusually comprehensive data base for analysis. Debye models of complex dielectric permittivities are fitted using three frequency-dependent Debye relaxation mechanisms. Most ambient and dry samples are dominated by low-frequency relaxation mechanisms. The average dielectric constant and electrical conductivity at the typical ground-penetrating radar (GPR) frequency of 75 MHz are directly related to volumetric water content and are 3.86 and 0.20 mS∕m for oven-dried samples, 4.50 and 0.71 mS∕m for ambient saturated sam-ples, and 15.42 and 13.11 mS∕m for fully saturated samples. Electrical conductivity is p...
List processing primitives for BASIC

Abstract This paper describes list-processing primitives which form a component of an interactive graphics system. This system, developed at Bowling Green State University, has a plasma display panel as its central component. This system comprises a BASIC interpreter to which has been added a rich variety of graphic and list-processing primitives. These are implemented as additional BASIC verbs. The list-processing primitives permit creation of arbitrarily complex list structures: trees, multiply linked lists, etc. can all be constructed. It is possible to manipulate list and node names in a natural way. Lists, sublists, and nodes can be added and deleted, lists can be searched, and the list space dynamically reformatted if desired. The system also includes an extremely flexible mechanism for describing and manipulating data contained in a node. Several data types are available ranging from floating point to variable-length integer. It is possible to manipulate data at the bit level. This facility greatly increases the flexibility of the graphic system since it is possible to represent structural relationships between the components of a figure.
Estimation of molecular similarity based on 4D-QSAR analysis: formalism and validation.

The 4D-QSAR paradigm has been used to develop a formalism to estimate molecular similarity measures as a function of conformation, alignment, and atom type. It is possible to estimate the molecular similarity of pairs of molecules based upon the entire ensemble of conformational states each molecule can adopt at a given temperature, normally room temperature. Molecular similarity can be measured in terms of the types of atoms composing each molecule leading to multiple measures of molecular similarity. Multiple measures of molecular similarity can also arise from using different alignment rules to perform relative molecular similarity, RMS, analysis. An alignment independent method of determining molecular similarity measures, referred to as absolute molecular similarity, AMS, analysis has been developed. Various sets and libraries of compounds, including the amino acids, are analyzed using 4D-QSAR molecular similarity analysis to demonstrate the features of the formalism. Exploration of molecular similar...
Plasma lipid alterations in vegetarian males resulting from the substitution of tofu for cheese

Abstract Fasting plasma lipid and dietary intake changes were assessed in 12 male lacto-ovo vegetarians in response to 3-week periods of isocaloric tofu (336 g) and cheese (64 g) consumption. Two experimental groups differed only in the order in which tofu and cheese were consumed. Aside from the specified tofu and cheese intake levels, subjects were asked to maintain their normal diets. Dietary changes in the pooled total subject population expressed as mean intakes during the tofu compared to the cheese periods (estimated from 7-day dietary records) included significant increases in vegetable protein, total fat, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and significant decreases in animal protein and saturated fatty acids. Changes in plasma lipids from initial levels at the onset of the tofu period in the total pooled subject population included mean decreases in total cholesterol of 16 mg/dl (p
Classical electrodynamics with vacuum polarization: electron self-energy and radiation reaction

Abstract The region very close to an electron ( r ⪅ r 0 = e 2 / mc 2 ≈ 2.8 × 10 −13 cm) is, according to quantum electrodynamics, a seething maelstrom of virtual electron-positron pairs flashing in and out of existence. To take account of this well-established physical reality, a phenomenological representation for vacuum polarization is introduced into the framework of classical electrodynamics. Such a model enables a consistent picture of classical point charges with finite electromagnetic self-energy. It is further conjectured that the reaction of a point charge to its own electromagnetic field is tantamount to interaction with its vacuum polarization charge or “aura.” This leads to a modification of the Lorentz-Dirac equation for the force on an accelerating electron, a new differential-difference equation which avoids the pathologies of preacceleration and runaway solutions.
Certifying and Removing Disparate Impact

What does it mean for an algorithm to be biased? In U.S. law, unintentional bias is encoded via disparate impact, which occurs when a selection process has widely different outcomes for different groups, even as it appears to be neutral. This legal determination hinges on a definition of a protected class (ethnicity, gender) and an explicit description of the process.When computers are involved, determining disparate impact (and hence bias) is harder. It might not be possible to disclose the process. In addition, even if the process is open, it might be hard to elucidate in a legal setting how the algorithm makes its decisions. Instead of requiring access to the process, we propose making inferences based on the data it uses.We present four contributions. First, we link disparate impact to a measure of classification accuracy that while known, has received relatively little attention. Second, we propose a test for disparate impact based on how well the protected class can be predicted from the other attributes. Third, we describe methods by which data might be made unbiased. Finally, we present empirical evidence supporting the effectiveness of our test for disparate impact and our approach for both masking bias and preserving relevant information in the data. Interestingly, our approach resembles some actual selection practices that have recently received legal scrutiny.
Integrated process modeling for the laser inertial fusion Energy (LIFE) generation system

A concept for a new fusion-fission hybrid technology is being developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The primary application of this technology is base-load electrical power generation. However, variants of the baseline technology can be used to "burn" spent nuclear fuel from light water reactors or to perform selective transmutation of problematic fission products. The use of a fusion driver allows very high burn-up of the fission fuel, limited only by the radiation resistance of the fuel form and system structures. As a part of this process, integrated process models have been developed to aid in concept definition. Several models have been developed. A cost scaling model allows quick assessment of design changes or technology improvements on cost of electricity. System design models are being used to better understand system interactions and to do design trade-off and optimization studies. Here we describe the different systems models and present systems analysis results. Different market entry strategies are discussed along with potential benefits to US energy security and nuclear waste disposal. Advanced technology options are evaluated and potential benefits from additional R&D targeted at the different options is quantified.
Vibration of Plate with Curvilinear Stiffeners Using Mesh-Free Method

The element-free Galerkin method, which is based on the moving-least-squares approximation, is developed for vibration analysis of unitized structures (e.g., a plate with curvilinear stiffeners). The plate and stiffeners are modeled using the first-order shear deformation theory and Timoshenko beam theory, respectively. The moving-least-squares approximation does not satisfy the delta function property. Consequently, an approximation method (e.g., the well-known penalty method) must be used for imposing essential boundary conditions. A key benefit of using element-free Galerkin for the vibration analysis of a stiffened panel is that the locations and curvatures of the stiffeners can be changed without modifying the plate nodes. Numerical results for different stiffeners, configurations, and boundary conditions are presented. All results are verified using the commercial finite-element software ANSYS. Excellent agreement is seen in all cases. A comparison of the present formulations with other available results for stiffened plates is also made. The mesh-free approach yields highly accurate results for the plates with curvilinear stiffeners.
The Impact of REO Sales on Neighborhoods and Their Residents

The foreclosure crisis in the U.S. has resulted in a large number of residential REOs. These properties have been found to reduce the value of nearby homes. An unresolved issue is whether these negative spillover effects disappear after the REO is sold. We hypothesize that these effects are greater if the REO is purchased by an investor in comparison to an owner–occupant. In this paper we report the results from estimating the spillover effects of both current and ex–REOs, where the latter are divided into those possessed by owner–occupants and those possessed by investors. The results lend considerable support to our hypothesis.
Efficient enantioselective syntheses of carbocyclic nucleoside and prostaglandin synthons

Abstract Simple and efficient enantioselective syntheses of two hydroxylated cyclopentenones, 2 and 10, which are useful intermediates for the synthesis of various carbocyclic nucleosides and prostaglandins, directly from readily available sugars are described.
Effects of experience on stimulus-produced reflex inhibition in the human

The eyeblink reflex to a corneal airpuff was elicited on 10 occasions: 5 times preceded by a light flash at an interval of 100 msec and 5 times by itself. The amplitude of the reflex was inhibited by the light flash, an effect which was evident on the very first trial but increased in strength with further testing. That inhibition was obtained prior to the subject’s having had any experimental experience with the stimulus conditions indicates that inhibition does not depend on an associative conditioning process. The subsequent enhancement of the effect, which has been seen previously with rats, may reflect the modulation of inhibition by the subject’s state of alertness or arousal.
Bar-induced evolution of dark matter cusps

The evolution of a stellar bar transforms not only the galactic disc, but also the host dark matter halo. We present high-resolution, fully self-consistent N-body simulations that clearly demonstrate that dark matter halo central density cusps flatten as the bar torques the halo. This effect is independent of the bar formation mode and occurs even for rather short bars. The halo and bar evolution is mediated by resonant interactions between orbits in the halo and the bar pattern speed, as predicted by linear Hamiltonian perturbation theory. The bar lengthens and slows as it loses angular momentum, a process that occurs even in rather warm discs. We demonstrate that the bar and halo response can be critically underestimated for experiments that are unable to resolve the relevant resonant dynamics; this occurs when the phase space in the resonant region is undersampled or plagued by noise.
A faster parallel algorithm for a matrix searching problem

We give an improved parallel algorithm for the problem of computing the tube minima of a totally monotonen ×n ×n matrix, an important matrix searching problem that was formalized by Aggarwal and Park and has many applications. Our algorithm runs inO(log logn) time withO(n2/log logn) processors in theCRCW-PRAM model, whereas the previous best ran inO((log logn)2) time withO(n2/(log logn)2 processors, also in theCRCW-PRAM model. Thus we improve the speed without any deterioration in thetime ×processors product. Our improved bound immediately translates into improvedCRCW-PRAM bounds for the numerous applications of this problem, including string editing, construction of Huffmann codes and other coding trees, and many other combinatorial and geometric problems.
Synthesis and characterization of two vanadium chalcogenides, [NH4][H(VO)(SeO3)2] and Cs4[(VOS2)2(μ-O)], prepared solvothermally

Abstract The new compounds [NH 4 ][H(VO)(SeO 3 ) 2 ] and Cs 4 [(VOS 2 ) 2 (μ-O)] have been synthesized solvothermally at 170 °C. [NH 4 ][H(VO)(SeO 3 ) 2 ] was synthesized by the hydrothermal reaction of V and Na 2 Se with NH 4 Cl as mineralizer. The compound crystallizes in the space group P 2 1 / m of the monoclinic system with four formula units in a cell of dimensions a =3.9883(13) A, b =10.504(3) A, c =7.953(3) A, β =98.571(5)°, V =329.45(19) A 3 ( T =153 K). The structure is composed of linear chains of repeating [(VO)(SeO 3 ) 2 ] 2− units, similar to those found in K[H(VO)(SeO 3 ) 2 ]. NH 4 + ions reside among the chains and take part in an extensive hydrogen bonding scheme. The H center is involved in a very short, apparently symmetric, O–H–O hydrogen bond 2.479(6) A in length. The compound displays Curie–Weiss paramagnetism in the range 30–300 K with μ eff =1.796(5) μ B , in close agreement with the theoretical spin-only effective moment expected for V 4+ . There is antiferromagnetic coupling below 20 K. Cs 4 [(VOS 2 ) 2 (μ-O)] was synthesized by the methanothermal reaction of V and Cs 2 S 3 . It crystallizes in the space group Pnma of the orthorhombic system with four formula units in a cell of dimensions a =13.3280(15) A, b =8.7912(10) A, c =12.2140(14) A, V =1431.1(3) A 3 ( T =153 K). Cs 4 [(VOS 2 ) 2 (μ-O)] appears to be the first mixed O/S pyrovanadate structure type. Each of the V 5+ centers is tetrahedrally coordinated by an O and two S atoms as well as by another O atom that is corner-shared between the two tetrahedra. Cs + ions reside among the [(VOS 2 ) 2 (μ-O)] 4− units.
DIRECTED SEARCH ON THE JOB AND THE WAGE LADDER

We model a labor market where employed workers search on the job and firms direct workers' search using wage offers and employment probabilities. Applicants observe all offers and face a trade-off between wage and employment probability. There is wage dispersion among workers, even though all workers and jobs are homogeneous. Equilibrium wages form a ladder, as workers optimally choose to climb the ladder one rung at a time. This is because low-wage applicants are relatively more sensitive to employment probability than to wage and thus forgo the opportunity to apply for a high wage, with a lower chance of success.
Convenient method for the functionalization of the 4- and 6-positions of the androgen skeleton

The preparation and reactivity of steroidal vinyldiazo compounds is reported, providing a convenient, substituent tolerant, chemo- and stereoselective entry into 4- and 6-substituted androgen analogues from a common precursor. Under dirhodium catalysis, O–H insertion occurs at the carbenoid site, leading to 4-substituted steroids, but under silver catalysis, O–H insertion occurs at the vinylogous position, leading to 6-substituted steroids.
The Impact of Food Stamp Program Participation on Household Food Insecurity

This study examines the impact that participation in the Food Stamp Program has on household food insecurity using data from the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics. Two strategies are used to identify the causal effect of the program. First, endogenous treatment effect models are estimated using state-level errors in payments of benefits as instruments. Additionally the impact of losing benefits due to a government decision on the food insecurity of program participants is examined. The paper finds that program participation lowers food insecurity by at least 18%.
An index to quantify an individual's scientific research output that takes into account the effect of multiple coauthorship

I propose the index $$\hbar$$ ("hbar"), defined as the number of papers of an individual that have citation count larger than or equal to the $$\hbar$$ of all coauthors of each paper, as a useful index to characterize the scientific output of a researcher that takes into account the effect of multiple authorship. The bar is higher for $$\hbar.$$
Gram-negative antibiotic resistance: there is a price to pay

Resistance rates are increasing among several problematic Gram-negative pathogens that are often responsible for serious nosocomial infections, including Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and (because of their production of extended-spectrum β-lactamase) Enterobacteriaceae. The presence of multiresistant strains of these organisms has been associated with prolonged hospital stays, higher health care costs, and increased mortality, particularly when initial antibiotic therapy does not provide coverage of the causative pathogen. Conversely, with high rates of appropriate initial antibiotic therapy, infections caused by multiresistant Gram-negative pathogens do not negatively influence patient outcomes or costs. Taken together, these observations underscore the importance of a 'hit hard and hit fast' approach to treating serious nosocomial infections, particularly when it is suspected that multiresistant pathogens are responsible. They also point to the need for a multidisciplinary effort to combat resistance, which should include improved antimicrobial stewardship, increased resources for infection control, and development of new antimicrobial agents with activity against multiresistant Gram-negative pathogens.
Explaining and repairing plans that fail

Abstract A persistent problem in machine planning is that of repairing plans that fail. One approach to this problem that has been shown to be quite powerful is based on the idea that detailed descriptions of the causes of a failure can be used to decide between the different repairs that can be applied. This paper presents an approach to repair in which plan failures are described in terms of causal explanations of why they occurred. These domain-level explanations are used to access abstract repair strategies, which are then used to make specific changes to the faulty plans. The approach is demonstrated using examples from CHEF, a case-based planner that creates and debugs plans in the domain of Szechwan cooking. While the approach discussed here is examined in terms of actual plan failures, this technique can also be used in the repair of plans that are discovered to be faulty prior to their actual running.
Do Banks Price Owner–Manager Agency Costs? An Examination of Small Business Borrowing

Ang, Cole, and Lin (2000) provide evidence that supports the theoretical work of Jensen and Meckling (1976) on agency costs. As a further examination, I conduct a test to determine the economic significance of owner–manager agency conflicts. Using the same data source and empirical framework as Ang, Cole, and Lin (2000), I test to determine if banks charge a premium when extending loans to firms with various ownership structures. In empirical tests, I find that banks do not require an owner–manager agency premium either through increased interest rates or through the requirement of collateral. Instead, I find that the interest rate is significantly affected by the length of the longest banking relationship, the number of banking relationships, firm age, and firm size. Additionally, the requirement of collateral is significantly affected by the number of banking relationships, the debt position of the firm, and firm size.
On the reduction of oxygen at platinum—oxygen alloy diaphragm electrodes

Abstract The steady-state reduction of oxygen in O 2 -saturated 2 N H 2 SO 4 solution was obtained at constant current on the front side of a Pt foil diaphragm before and after strong anodization of the back side. Strong anodization converts the Pt to a PtO alloy. In all cases, the overvoltage for O 2 reduction was less at the PtO alloy than at the Pt cathode. This enhanced catalytic activity of Pt containing dissolved oxygen is interpreted in terms of the band approximation model of metals. The dissolved oxygen in such high concentrations generates a 2p-band in the alloy which interacts with the 5d- and 6s-bands of the Pt. Electrons spill into the 5d-band causing a raising of the Fermi level of the metal with respect to the energy distribution of adsorbed species on the electrode surface. Consequently, it requires less cathodic polarization to transfer electrons from the metal to the species adsorbed on the metal surface by quantum mechanical tunnelling or by passing over the potential energy barrier.
On-board cryogenic system for magnetic levitation of trains: cryogenic system of EET

An experimental car based on electrodynamic levitation with superconducting magnets has been developed and manufactured by AEG, BBC, Siemens and other partners, with Linde AG as the firm responsible for the on-board cryogenic system. This system has to cope with new conditions and cryogenic tasks. It can be characterized in principle by liquid helium heat exchanger units, compressors, transfer lines, rotatable, and movable couplings and junctions. All transfer lines and couplings consist of three coaxial ducts for three different streams. This paper reports on processes and components. A brief description of the first results for the whole system under simulation conditions is given.
The p-T-degrees of the recursive sets: lattice embeddings, extensions of embeddings and the two-quantifier theory

Abstract Ambos-Spies (1984a) showed that the two basic nondistributive lattices can be embedded in Rp-T, the polynomial-time Turing degrees of the recursive sets. We introduce more general techniques to extend his results to show that every recursive lattice can be embedded in Rp-T. In addition to lattice-theoretic representation theorems, we use the scheme of priority style arguments coupled with “looking back” techniques presented in Shinoda and Slaman (1988, 1990). We also generalize the density type results of Ladner (1975) and many others to settle the full extension of the embedding problem for Rp-T. Combined with the logical analysis of sentences with one alternation of quantifiers (Shore 1978, Lerman 1983), these results suffice to decide the full ∀∃-theory of Rp-T. They also give a strong nonhomogeneity result: the p-time degrees of the sets recursive in (and, if desired, p-time above) two distinct sets A and B are almost never isomorphic. The situation for the p-time many-one degrees is quite different. We decide the extension of the embedding problem (differently than for Rp-T) but not the ∀∃-theory.
Free radical annulation of dichlorocyclobutanones with sequential ring expansion

Abstract A new synthetic sequence that adds the elements of ketene across the termini of a 1,5-diene is described. Dichlorocyclobutanone adducts from reaction of dichloroketene with 1,5-dienes undergo intramolecular free radical annulation. Lewis acid-promoted ring-opening of the cyclized cyclobutanones then yields novel ring expansion products. Reaction of (R)-carvone provides an unusual example leading to the formation of a tricyclic dione. The carbonyl group of carvone enhances the radical cyclization and influences the ring-opening pathway.
Organic magnetoresistance near saturation: Mesoscopic effects in small devices

In organic light emitting diodes with small area the current may be dominated by a finite number, N of sites in which the electron-hole recombination occurs. As a result, averaging over the hyperfine magnetic fields, b_h, that are generated in these sites by the environment nuclei is incomplete. This creates a random (mesoscopic) current component, {\Delta}I(B), at field B having relative magnitude ~ N^(-1/2). To quantify the statistical properties of {\Delta}I(B) we calculate the correlator K(B, {\Delta}B)= for parallel and perpendicular orientations of {\Delta}B. We demonstrate that mesoscopic fluctuations develop at fields B>>b_h, where the average magnetoresistance is near saturation. These fluctuations originate from the slow beating between S and T_0 states of the recombining e-h spin pair-partners. We identify the most relevant processes responsible for the current fluctuations as due to anomalously slow beatings that develop in sparse e-h polaron pairs at sites for which the b_h projections on the external field direction almost coincide.
On vector bundles of finite order

We define Finsler metrics of finite order on a holomorphic vector bundle by imposing estimates on the holomorphic bisectional curvature. We generalize the vanishing theorem of Griffiths and Cornalba regarding Hermitian bundles of finite order to the Finsler context. We develop a value distribution theory for holomorphic maps from the projectivization of a vector bundle to projective space. We show that the projectivization of a Finsler bundle of finite order can be immersed into a projective space of sufficiently large dimension via a map of finite order.
A Meta-analysis of the Gender Gap in Performance in Collegiate Economics Courses

The conventional wisdom has been that men outperform otherwise equivalent women in collegiate economics courses. Recent work in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields documenting gains by women suggests that it is time to reevaluate the gender performance gap in economics. Surveying 68 studies containing 235 distinct regressions published since 1980, we find that 68.4% of regressions report men outperform women, though this is only statistically significant in 30.7% of regressions. Although the literature points to numerous reasons for this gap, our focus is on the effects of study design and the impact of broad socio-cultural changes over time. Using meta-regression analysis, we find that the likelihood of observing a statistically significant gap has declined noticeably, by almost 3% annually. Although the drop may not be as large as in some STEM fields, the result is highly robust to the specification of the time trend and the model.
Getting What You Pay For: Is Exploration in Distributed Hill Climbing Really Worth it?

The Distributed Stochastic Algorithm (DSA), Distributed Breakout Algorithm (DBA), and variations such as Distributed Simulated Annealing (DSAN), MGM-1, and DisPeL, are distributed hill-climbing techniques for solving large Distributed Constraint Optimization Problems (DCOPs) such as distributed scheduling, resource allocation, and distributed route planning. Like their centralized counterparts, these algorithms employ escape techniques to avoid getting trapped in local minima during the search process. For example, the best known version of DSA, DSA-B, makes hill-climbing and lateral escape moves, moves that do not impact the solution quality, with a single probability $p$. DSAN uses a similar scheme, but also occasionally makes a move that leads to a worse solution in an effort to find a better overall solution. Although these escape moves tend to lead to a better solutions in the end, the cost of employing the various strategies is often not well understood. In this work, we investigate the costs and benefits of the various escape strategies by empirically evaluating each of these protocols in distributed graph coloring and sensor tracking domains. Through our testing, we discovered that by reducing or eliminating escape moves, the cost of using these algorithms decreases dramatically without significantly affecting solution quality.
Optimum design sensitivity based on approximation concepts and dual methods

An optimum design sensitivity analysis capability is reported which exploits the approximation concepts-dual method formulation of the minimum weight structural sizing problem. An efficient iterative solution technique is used to facilitate determination of sensitivity derivatives for both primal and dual variables. Estimates on the useful range of parameter perturbations, over which the optimum design sensitivity projections can be expected to yield satisfactory revised optimum designs, are also obtained. Numerical results for several example problems will be presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the capability reported.
An effective method to supplier selection and order quantity allocation

For those companies where the number of potential suppliers is large, the procurement decision process becomes increasingly complicated. In response to this, we present a two-phase method that effectively integrates supplier selection and order quantity allocation. Firstly, a list of potential suppliers is ranked and reduced (prescreening phase) to a manageable number by applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Then, based on the reduced list of suppliers, a mathematical model is used to properly allocate order quantities (order quantity allocation phase) while minimising the ordering, holding and purchasing costs per time unit subject to suppliers' capacity and quality constraints.
Strength and tribology of bulk and electroformed nickel amorphized by implantation of titanium and carbon

Abstract Dual ion implantation of titanium and carbon was shown to produce an amorphous layer of exceptional strength within annealed bulk Ni and also within electroformed Ni and Ni 80 Fe 20 materials used in micro-electromechanical systems. The intrinsic elastic and plastic mechanical properties of the implanted region were quantified using nanoindentation testing in conjunction with finite-element modeling, and the results were interpreted in the light of microstructures observed by transmission electron microscopy. The implantation treatment was found to produce substantial reductions in unlubricated friction and wear.
Improved bicriteria existence theorems for scheduling

Two common objectives for evaluating a schedule are the makespan, or schedule length, and the average completion time. In this note, we give improved bounds on the existence of schedules that simultaneously optimize both criteria. In a scheduling problem, we are given n jobs and m machines. With each job j we associate a nonnegative weight wj . A schedule is an assignment of jobs to machines over time, and yields a completion time Cj for each job j. We then define the average completion time as ∑n j=1 wjCj and the makespan as Cmax = maxj Cj . We use C opt max and ∑ wjC ∗ j to denote the optimal makespan and average completion time. We will give results which will hold for a wide variety of combinatorial scheduling problems. In particular, we require that valid schedules for the problem satisfy two very general conditions. First, if we take a valid schedule S and remove from it all jobs that complete after time t, the schedule remains a valid schedule for those jobs that remain. Second, given two valid schedules S1 and S2 for two sets J1 and J2 of jobs (where J1 ∩ J2 is potentially nonempty), the composition of S1 and S2, obtained by appending S2 to the end of S1, and removing from S2 all jobs that are in J1 ∩ J2, is a valid schedule for J1 ∪ J2. For the rest of this note we will make claims about “any” scheduling problem, and mean any problem that satisfies the two conditions above. In addition, if a schedule has Cmax ≤ αC opt max and ∑
Finding Cool Subdwarfs Using a V-J Reduced Proper-Motion Diagram: Stellar Parameters for 91 Candidates

ABSTRACT We present the results of a search for cool subdwarfs for which our candidates were drawn from a V−J reduced proper‐motion diagram constructed by Salim & Gould. Kinematic (U, V, and W) and self‐consistent stellar parameters (Teff, log g, [Fe/H], and \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $\xi _{t}$ \end{document} ) are derived for 91 candidate subdwarfs based on high‐resolution spectra. The observed stars span 3900 K < Teff < 6200 K and −2.63 < [Fe/H] < 0.25 including only three giants (log g < 4.0). Of the sam...
Introduction to the physics of saturation

Abstract We present a brief introduction to the physics of parton saturation/Color Glass Condensate (CGC).
CMAC: An energy-efficient MAC layer protocol using convergent packet forwarding for wireless sensor networks

Low duty cycle operation is critical to conserve energy in wireless sensor networks. Traditional wake-up scheduling approaches either require periodic synchronization messages or incur high packet delivery latency due to the lack of any synchronization. To simultaneously achieve the seemingly contradictory goals of energy efficiency and low latency, the design of a new low duty-cycle MAC layer protocol called Convergent MAC (CMAC) is presented. CMAC avoids synchronization overhead while supporting low latency. By using zero communication when there is no traffic, CMAC allows sensor nodes to operate at very low duty cycles. When carrying traffic, CMAC first uses anycast to wake up forwarding nodes, and then converges gradually from route-suboptimal anycast with unsynchronized duty cycling to route-optimal unicast with synchronized scheduling. To validate our design and provide a usable module for the research community, CMAC has been implemented in TinyOS and evaluated on the Kansei testbed consisting of 105 XSM nodes. The results show that CMAC at 1p duty cycle significantly outperforms BMAC at 1p in terms of latency, throughput and energy efficiency. The performance of CMAC is also compared with other protocols using simulations, in which the results show for 1p and lower duty cycles, CMAC exhibits similar throughput and latency as CSMA/CA using much less energy, and outperforms SMAC, DMAC and GeRaF in almost all aspects.
Review: Properties and chemical reactivity of metallo phthalocyanine and tetramethylbenzoannulene complexes grafted into a polymer backbone

The properties of coordination complexes grafted to a polymer backbone are reviewed in this article. The focus is on complexes of phthalocyanine and tetraazaannulene (5,7,12,14-tetramethyldibenzo[b,i][1,4,8,11]tetraazacyclotetradecine, also abbreviated tmdbztaa) with various transition metal ions and Al(III). In addition to the morphological characteristics of the materials, their thermal and photochemical reactions are reviewed. Processes such as catalysis of the lignin degrading process and the reduction of CO2 are presented as examples of these materials potential applications.
Cognitive Changes Associated With Cancer and Cancer Treatment: State of the Science

Background Cognitive impairment is a distressing, disruptive, and potentially debilitating symptom that can occur as a direct result of cancer or its treatment. National organizations have identified cognitive impairment as a challenge many survivors face and call for research to address this problem. Despite the priority, research is still relatively limited and questions remain unanswered about prevalence and impact on survivors, as well as coping strategies and effective treatment options available to address this potentially debilitating problem. Objectives The purpose of this article is to (a) analyze the prevalence and types of cognitive impairment that commonly affect survivors; (b) delineate the impact that cognitive impairment after cancer and cancer treatment has on self-esteem, social relationships, work ability, and overall quality of life among survivors; and (c) synthesize and appraise commonly used coping strategies used by survivors to address cognitive impairment and evidence-based interventions that may be incorporated into clinical practice. Methods A comprehensive review and synthesis of the literature was conducted. Findings Evidence-based interventions to address cognitive changes after cancer and cancer treatment are limited. However, emerging research has demonstrated that nonpharmacologic treatments, such as cognitive training, are likely to be effective.