cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dropping slender-body theory into the mud

The equations describing classical viscous fluid flow are notoriously challenging to solve, even approximately, when the flow is host to one or many immersed bodies. When an immersed body is slender, the smallness of its aspect ratio can sometimes be used as a basis for a ‘slender-body theory’ describing its interaction with the surrounding environment. If the fluid is complex, however, such theories are generally invalid and efforts to understand the dynamics of immersed bodies are almost entirely numerical in nature. In a valiant effort, Hewitt & Balmforth (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 856, 2018, pp. 870–897) have unearthed a theory to describe the motion of slender bodies in a viscoplastic fluid, ‘fluids’ such as mud or toothpaste which can be coaxed to flow, but only with a sufficiently large amount of forcing. Mathematical theories for some tremendously complicated physical systems may now be within reach.
Abstract Martingales and Applications

This final chapter is devoted to a treatment of vector martingale theory, including differentiation, contrasting it with the previous scalar case. Various applications of the results in analysis are given. These include the martingale formulations of ergodic theory, a unified treatment of ergodic and martingale theories by Reynolds operators, and certain martingales in harmonic analysis. A few other extensions including additive set martingales are given in the Complements and Problems Section.
Gender and authorship in The Indexer, 1958-2007

In this study Catherine Sassen explores the gender distribution of authors who contributed to volumes 1-25 of The Indexer, in other words the first 50 years of publication. In the first decade of the journal's history, women authors constituted only 10.53 percent of all authors. Their participation grew to 67.91 percent in 1998―2007. The contributions of women authors increased in all areas studied, including editorials, reviews, articles, and letters to the editor.
Nonparametric group sequential methods for recurrent and terminal events from multiple follow‐up windows

Few methods are currently available for group sequential analysis of recurrent events data subject to a terminal event in the clinical trial setting. This research helps fill this gap by developing a completely nonparametric group sequential monitoring procedure for use with the two-sample Tayob and Murray statistic. Advantages of the Tayob and Murray statistic include high power to detect treatment differences when there is correlation between recurrent event times or between recurrent and terminal events in an individual. This statistic does not suffer bias from dependent censoring, regardless of the correlation between event times in an individual. This manuscript briefly reviews the Tayob and Murray statistic, develops and describes how to use methods for its group sequential analysis, and through simulation, compares its operating characteristics with those of Cook and Lawless, which is currently in use as the only available nonparametric method for group sequential analysis of recurrent event data. The merits of our proposed approach are most clearly demonstrated when gap times between recurrent events are correlated; when gap times between events are independent, the Cook and Lawless method is difficult to beat. Simulations demonstrate that as correlation between recurrent event times grows, the reduction in power using the Cook and Lawless approach is substantial when compared to our method. Finally, we use our method to analyze recurrent acute exacerbation outcomes from the azithromycin in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease trial.
163 Associated risks for falls among adults ages 65 and older: insights from the national health interview survey, 2015–2017

Statement of Purpose This analysis uses data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a national in-person survey of non-institutionalized adults, to examine risk factors among adults aged 65 and older who reported a fall. Methods/Approach Data from the NHIS was used to identify older adults who experienced a fall-related injury in the 90 days prior to survey participation. Analysis was conducted using data from all older adults who reported a fall and on the subset of adults who had a fall that required emergency department (ED) treatment or hospitalization. The study used aggregate data from 2015–2017. Established methodologies to account for the complex sampling and survey design were employed to generate national estimates. Bivariate (X2 tests) and multivariate (logistic regression) analyses were conducted to examine differences by demographic characteristics and comorbid medical conditions. Results During the 3-year period, there were 939 older adult survey participants who reported a fall in the past 90 days (national estimate = 1,020,779). Of these, 534 were hospitalized or treated at an emergency department (ED) (national estimate = 589,251). Falls were significantly associated (p Conclusions The NHIS provides insight into the risk of falls among older adult populations. Disparities exist across demographic groups, and key co-morbidities may affect fall risk among older adults. Significance/Contributions Studies examining falls among older adult populations are often limited to examining health outcomes or disease burden. This analysis adds contextual information on possible risk factors for falls using nationally representative survey data.
The thrombin–inflammation axis in cancer progression

The last half century of cancer research has seen an explosion in our understanding of the complex interplay between cancer cells and host-derived factors critical for cancer progression. Two important host-derived arms that are part of this complex interplay are the inflammatory immune compartment and the hemostatic system. Chronic pathological inflammation is a major factor in the development of multiple common malignancies, including adenocarcinomas of the colon, pancreas, prostate and breast. Hemostatic system components have also been shown to promote cancer progression in multiple contexts. What is only recently been recognized is the link between inflammation and hemostasis in cancer progression. The hemostatic and inflammatory innate immune systems co-evolved to deal with many of the same challenges, including trauma, infections, and thermal/chemical injuries. Their co-evolution necessarily led to bidirectional cross-talk whereby inflammatory cells can activate and alter hemostasis, and hemostatic system components serve as important regulators of inflammatory processes. This cross-talk is critical for the maintenance of vascular integrity, host defense, and wound healing. However, in the context of malignancy, the interplay of these integrated host systems has the capacity to promote multiple stages of malignancy, including tumorigenesis, tumor growth and metastatic dissemination. This review focuses on the interplay of inflammatory cells with the thrombin-fibrinogen axis and protease-activated receptor-1 in cancer pathobiology. Dissecting the mechanisms by which the inflammatory and hemostatic systems cooperatively promote cancer progression will fill in critical knowledge gaps in our understanding of malignancy, and also likely reveal novel therapeutic targets to treat and/or prevent cancer.
Configurational Studies of Insulin, Lysozyme, and Ribonuclease

This chapter presents the configurational studies of insulin, lysozyme, and ribonuclease. It discusses the way in which experiments carried out on native and denatured proteins and on derivatives prepared by chemical modification provide information about the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins of known sequence. Two methods for determining the enthalpy of ionization of the lysyl residue in insulin have been employed. First, the titration curve of the protein in the region of lysyl ionization has been determined at several temperatures. Second, the change in pH with temperature at a fixed degree of ionization x of the lysyl group has been measured directly. The enthalpy of ionization is obtained more directly by this second method, but the free energy of ionization cannot be calculated because the degree of ionization is not determined.
Closeness and other affiliative outcomes generated from the Fast Friends procedure: A comparison with a small-talk task and unstructured self-disclosure and the moderating role of mode of communication:

A Fast Friends procedure was created years ago as a method to generate closeness between people interacting for the first time and to provide an experimental procedure to test hypotheses about fact...
Floor of mouth prosthesis with removable depressible tongue: A clinical report.

Abstract The rehabilitation of a patient with a total glossectomy with a prosthetic device is challenging and depends on the individual patient. Ablation of a tongue tumor leaves defects that can be either surgically reconstructed or replaced by a prosthesis to help recreate normalcy and balance in the oral cavity. This clinical report describes a prosthetic design to rehabilitate a patient after a total glossectomy. This approach successfully recreated the glossal surface with a soft, hollow, depressible structure that emulates the tongue during speech and a solid structure to facilitate swallowing. The components were joined by magnets.
Enabling Value Added Scientific Applications of ICESat-2 Data With Effective Removal of Afterpulses

The Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System (ATLAS) aboard the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) has been making very high resolution measurements of the Earth's surface elevation since October 2018. ATLAS uses photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) as detectors in photon counting mode, so that a single photon reflected back to the receiver triggers a detection within the ICESat-2 data acquisition system. However, one characteristic of ICESat-2 detected photons is the possible presence of afterpulses, defined as small amplitude pulses occurring after the primary signal pulse due to photon arrival. The disadvantage of these afterpulses is that they often confound the accurate measurements of low level signals following a large amplitude of signal and can degrade energy resolution and cause errors in pulse counting applications. This paper discusses and summarizes the after-pulsing effects exhibited by the ATLAS PMTs based on on-orbit measurements over different seasons and geographic regions. The potential impacts of these after-pulsing effects on altimetry and ocean subsurface retrievals are discussed.
Age of Tarpon (Megalops atlanticus) Leptocephali Recruiting to Salt Marsh Pools in a South Carolina Estuary

To increase our knowledge of the early life history of Megalops atlanticus (Tarpon) along the United States Atlantic coast north of Florida, we estimated the age and hatch dates of Tarpon larvae (i.e., leptocephali) recruiting to salt marsh pools in the North Inlet estuary, SC. We collected leptocephali (n = 36) from marsh pools during June through October 2016 and kept a subset (n = 24) of these individuals for aging. We were able to estimate ages for 18 individuals by counting presumed daily rings on their otoliths. We estimated hatch date by subtracting estimated age from the capture date. Mean age was 25 days post hatch (dph) and varied from 17 to 30 dph. Hatch dates spanned from 25 July to 9 September 2016. These are the first age and hatch date estimates for Tarpon leptocephali from estuaries north of Florida and provide insight into the biology and possible spawning behavior of Tarpon in this area of the US Atlantic coast.
Vertical Disintegration: The Effect of Refiner Exit from Gasoline Retailing on Retail Gasoline Pricing

The net effect of vertical integration on consumer welfare depends on the magnitude of the price reductions resulting from the elimination of double marginalization at the integrated firm and the price increases resulting from higher input prices charged to un-integrated competitors. In this paper, we estimate both of these effects in the U.S. gasoline industry by examining the change in relative retail gasoline prices after refiners exited gasoline retailing beginning in the mid-2000s. Using station-level price data from Florida and New Jersey, we find that double marginalization caused retail prices to increase by about 1.2 cents-per-gallon. Our estimates of the raising rival’s cost effect, while sensitive to the choice of control group, are of a similar magnitude. On net, we find that the average retail price of gasoline was effectively unchanged as the result of vertical separation.
A Chronology of Microbiology in Historical Context

This informative and absorbing chronology presents events in the annals of microbiology in light of their historical context and identifies those individuals who made these events happen. Beginning in the 4th millennium B.C. with citations of ancient medicine and diseases, the chronology follows the development of microbiology and related sciences throughout the 18th and 19th centuries and culminates with the explosion of discoveries in the late 20th century. Based on the premise that knowledge of contemporary events helps our understanding of how and why particular scientific advances were made, A Chronology of Microbiology includes advances in other scientific disciplines such as biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, microscopy, chemistry, and physics, as well as events from social, political, and cultural history. Intended as a valuable resource for teachers and students, A Chronology of Microbiology in Historical Context provides a wealth of information not usually found in standard textbooks. Electronic only, 391 pages, index.
Formation acquisition sensor for the Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) mission

The Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) pre-project, an element of NASA's Origins program, is currently investigating multiple implementation architectures for finding Earth-like planets around other stars. One of the technologies being developed is the Formation Flying Interferometer (FFI). The FFI is envisioned to consist of up to seven spacecraft, each with an infrared telescope, flying in precise formation within /spl plusmn/1 cm of pre-determined trajectories for synchronized observations. The spacecraft-to-spacecraft separations are variable between 16 m and 100 m during observations to support various interferometer configurations in the planet-finding mode. The challenges involved with TPF autonomous operations, ranging from formation acquisition and formation maneuvering, to high precision formation flying during science observations are unprecedented for deep space missions. To meet these challenges, the Formation Sensor Testbed (FST) under the TPF technology program develops and demonstrates the key technology of the formation acquisition sensor. Key performance targets for the acquisition sensor are an instantaneous 4/spl pi/-steradian field of view and simultaneous range and bearing-angle measurements for multiple spacecraft with accuracy better than 50 cm and 1 degree, respectively. This paper describes the TPF FFI mission concept, the requirements for the acquisition sensor, design trades, the resulting sensor, and the technology to be demonstrated by the testbeds.
The variation of hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal capacity as a function of age: further evidence for heterogenicity of the stem cell compartment

There is substantial evidence for limited proliferative capacity of the hematopoietic progenitors. Hematopoiesis in mice is maintained by primitive stem cells that are assayed by their ability to form spleen colonies (CFU-S). To measure the average proliferative capacity of these cells (CFU-S), bone marrow containing 50-150 CFU-S is injected into lethally irradiated mice, and 14 days later, the number present in the recipient marrow is measured. In fetal life between 13 and 16 days of gestation, the hematopoietic stem cells are primarily localized in the liver. There is a decrease in the average proliferative capacity of these stem cells as they progress from fetal life into adulthood. This proliferative capacity of these significantly increases in late adulthood. However, if one scores maximum self-renewal or proliferative capacity by another assay consisting of the serial transplantation of marrow at 14-day intervals, this capacity is unchanged with age. These observations can be explained by considering the stem cell compartment as a continuum of cells whose self-renewal capacity varies inversely with their divisional history. All stem cells participate in repopulation when the pool needs rapid expansion (fetal life). During steady-state repopulation (adult life), clones are selected on the basis of their divisional history, those with the greatest proliferative history being selected. Thus, the average proliferative capacity of the remaining stem cells will increase as the adult animal ages, since stem cells of low proliferative potential have been consumed. The maximal self-renewal capacity will remain unchanged, since this measures the spared earliest cells with the highest proliferative capacity.
STEAM AND GAS TURBINES FOR SMALL OUTPUTS USING SOLAR ENERGY

The conversion of the solar energy into electrical or mechanical energy in turbine power plants requires new design criteria. The choice of the working fluid and the configuration of the cycle are of great importance. Not every variant is suitable for the solar farm and the solar tower concept in the same way. The design of the turbomachinery and the other components of the cycle do strongly influence each other. An important point of view in designing a small solar power station is the simplicity of the construction so that no special service is required in remote locations. The efficiency should be as high as possible. Some important criteria for the choice and design of small power turbine plants using solar energy are discussed. The advantages of open cycle air turbines are compared with steam turbines. Indications to the choice of suitable cycles and turbomachinery are given.
An organic semiconductor based process for photodetecting applications

A low temperature (< 90/spl deg/C) fully lithographic transistor process flow is used to create a pentacene field effect transistor backplane and photodetectors using a soluble organic photoconductor, titanyl pthalalocyanine. Two encapsulation steps are used to protect the semiconductor and isolate elements to reduce leakage currents. The resulting photosensitive elements are tested, and shadows falling on a 4/spl times/3 diode connected active matrix array on a glass substrate are detected.
The Belmont Report

The Belmont Report summarizes the basic ethical principles and guidelines identified by the commission to assist in the protection of human subjects in research. The report focuses on three main areas, (1) the boundaries between research and practice, (2) the basic ethical principles that should underlie the conduct of research (autonomy, beneficence, justice) and the protection of human subjects, and (3) the application of these principles into practice. The report outlines general recommendations regarding obtaining informed consent, the assessment of risk and benefit, and the recruitment of participants. The Belmont Report lays out many of the ethical considerations that, to this day, are used in formulating regulations and in ensuring the protection of human study volunteers. Keywords: belmont report; research ethics; human subjects; biomedical research
Modeling and distributed simulation of complex broadband ISDN networks under overload on loosely-coupled parallel processors

In a loosely coupled parallel processor system, a number of concurrently executable processors communicate asynchronously via explicit messages over high-speed links. This architecture is similar to broadband ISDN networks and, thus, constitutes a realistic testbed for the modeling and distributed simulation. Every switching node of the communications network is modeled on a processor of the parallel processor and the traffic flow is represented by the communications protocols. Given that the models of the switching nodes are executed in parallel, the distributed simulation is expected to execute significantly faster than the traditional uniprocessor approach. This approach makes it possible to realistically model overloads in networks, study their impact on the network performance, and investigate new schemes to limit overloads from causing uncontrollable performance degradation. An implementation of the approach on the ARMSTRONG parallel processor at Brown University is described. Performance results, based on representative example B-ISDN networks, realistic traffic models, and network characteristics indicate that the distributed approach achieves significant speedup over the traditional approach. The utilization of the traffic capacities of the links is discussed. >
Characterization of a Nuclease Produced by Staphylococcus aureus

The conformational parameters of a nuclease produced by growing cultures of Staphylococcus aureus have been determined. This nuclease exhibits both ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease activities. It has been shown to have a pH optimum of 9.2 and an absolute requirement for calcium ions. The experimental data are compatible with a compact globular protein of mol wt 17,000 and with a helical content of approximately 45%.
Hierarchical Geometric Constraint Networks as a Representation for Spatial Structural Knowledge

A representation is proposed for capturing generic spatial knowledge about classes of objects in a structural hierarchy of biology. The basic premise is that spatial properties such as shape and relative relationships can be expressed as networks of interacting constraints. The representation is defined, partial implementations that demonstrate practical utility are described for model based organ and protein structure determination, and research issues are presented that must be solved before the representation can be implemented in its entirety. As these issues are resolved the representation will find increasing utility as the foundation for a spatial knowledge base of structural biology.
Status of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) linear accelerator

A 2856-MHz S-band, 450-MeV electron/positron linear accelerator is the first part of the injector for the Advanced Photon Source (APS) 7-GeV storage ring. Construction of the APS linac is currently nearing completion, and commissioning will begin in July 1993. The linac and its current status are discussed in this paper. >
Same as it Never Was: Temporality and Typology in the Varieties of Capitalism

Perhaps it is simply a generational artifact, but every 10 years or so certain positions in the field of comparative political economy become canonical. I suspect that The Varieties of Capitalism (VOC) literature will do exactly this in the coming decade, framing more research projects than any other perspective and shaping the way that an entire cohort of graduate students thinks about growth, employment and the critical issues of institutional convergence and divergence in a globalized economy. While the contributions to this literature are many, three works stand out: Kitschelt et al. (2000), Iversen et al. (2000), and Hall and Soskice (2001). The first iteration of this literature by Kitschelt et al., offered us a macrolevel model, where the proximate causes of domestic institutional transformation are exogenous changes in the global economy, and since such changes were seen to be mediated by institutions with increasing returns, divergence among national economic models remain (Kitschelt et al., 2000). In this first version of the Varieties literature, the action lay very much in the macro. Exogenous changes refracted through different sets of institutions to produce particular regime clusterings. The next iteration, Iversen et al. occupy a more meso level of analysis. For these authors, rather than simply intervening with external pressures in a passive way, certain meso-level variables, specifically; unions, employers and central banks, are seen as active agents that respond to external pressures. Thus, by focusing on the interaction of such agents divergent national outcomes are explained. Yet, despite invoking different variables to those employed by Kitschelt et al. they come to the same conclusion — a ‘dual convergence’ thesis where Liberal Market Economies (LMEs) stand apart, and Coordinated Market Economies (CMEs), in general, converge on the German model (Iversen et al., 2000). Hall and Soskice, in turn, provide us with a micro-level analysis of the same phenomena, and in doing so they offer us, in many ways, the most theoretically rich and complex version of the VOC literature. For Hall and Soskice, the locus of action and the mechanism through which outcomes are best explained CEP. ppl_cep_6110008 Swarna/Babitha 1–11
B-cell hyperactivity in murine lupus I. Immunological abnormalities in lupus-prone strains and the activation of normal B cells

B-cell hyperactivity is the general and cardinal feature of murine and human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the prototype organ-non-specific autoimmune disease. The defect(s) responsible could be intrinsic to B cells, secondary to T-cell or macrophage abnormalities resulting in excessive help or deficient suppression, or could stem f rom qualitative/quantitative abnormalities of autoantigens. Here Argyrios Theofilopoulos and his colleagues review the immunopathological and cellular abnormalities observed in murine lupus and the factors currently thought to play a role in normal B-cell proliferation, differentiation and Ig class switching. Next month, in a second article, they discuss abnormalities in B-cell response to and/or overproduction of T-cell-derived accessory signals which may explain the generalized B-cell hyperactivity associated with mouse and human lupus.
Social Structures and Planned Change: A Case Study from the Philippines

This article reports a case in which governmentally planned changes in activities related to economic life and sanitation in a Philippine peasant agricultural village failed to meet the expectations of the initiators of the village improvement program. The failure of the initiators of change to recognize the internal structure and culture of the village seemed to contribute to the program's collapse.
Probability-based bus headway regularity measure

In frequently serviced bus routes passengers are more concerned about bus headway regularity than actual punctuality of bus arrival to the schedule. Buses arriving within very small (bus bunching) or very large headways are of particular concern and much less desirable. In this study, a time-point (stop) level probability-based headway regularity metric to measure bus service reliability is first formulated as a function of bus dwell time, number of stops into the trip, passenger activities (i.e. arrival, boarding and alighting) and expectation (or tolerance) of bus headways. The proposed metric is then applied to evaluate a Chicago Transit Authority bus route by using automatic vehicle location (AVL) data. It is found that headway regularity during a bus trip is closely impacted by dispatching headway. Furthermore, the time-point level service reliability declines as passenger activity levels increase or as the maximum passenger anticipated headway decreases (i.e. passengers become more demanding of frequent bus services). The case study demonstrates that the proposed probability-based headway regularity measure provides an operationable metric to transit agencies in terms of improving the transit service to meet passengers' expectation and thus increase ridership. Lastly, this study demonstrates another important application of the AVL/APC data.
Quantum cascade laser enabled nano-liter polymer waveguide sensor

To improve the Mid-Infrared (IR) chemical sensing capabilities in liquids and gases, a polymer based waveguide that has 100% interaction with Quantum Cascade (QC) laser field is proposed and demonstrated. The waveguide has thickness down to 10s nanometers so that chemical diffusion and preconcentration could happen very fast; the path length is increased from several microns to over centimeters due to the high spectral and diffraction brightness of QC lasers. Efficient prism coupling into whispering gallery resonators’ coated with submicron polymers and planar slab polymer waveguide are demonstrated, high signal to noise ratio is obtained and potential applications discussed.
Genetic regulation of the expression of antigen specificity H-2K.31 on mouse erythrocytes

In titration of anti-H-2K.31 antiserum by hemagglutination, erythrocytes of some mice show “standard” titration curves without a detectable prozone, whereas erythrocytes of other mice show a marked prozone or midzone phenomenon. Genetic studies have shown that a single, dominant gene identical with or closely lined to theEa-4 b allele of C57BL-related mouse strains is responsible for this prozone. The anti-H-2K.31 serum (A anti-BALB/c sarcoma Meth A) also contains a low titer of anti-Ea-6.2 antibodies, the first reported occurrence of these antibodies.
Ozonation and Peroxone Oxidation of Toluene in Aqueous Solutions

This research investigates the kinetics of the aqueous-phase oxidation of toluene by ozone and ozone−hydrogen peroxide mixtures at 25 °C. The oxidation kinetics is first order with respect to the o...
Stability and low-cycle fatigue limits of moment connection rotation capacity

A fully restrained connection in a steel moment-resisting frame designed in US after the 1994 Northridge earthquake is expected to sustain a rotation demand of 0.04 rad. However, satisfying this criterion guarantees only that the connection will fail at a larger rotation level, but it does not guaranty that the eventual failure mode of the connection or of the frame will be ductile. Failure modes of post-Northridge US connections can be classified into three categories: local beam buckling; lateral-torsional buckling of the connection sub-assembly; and low-cycle connection fatigue. While such failures are not brittle, they have a varying degree of ductility. Failure modes of post-Northridge connections are investigated herein to develop ductile design recommendations regarding beam slenderness, lateral bracing and connection configuration.
Optimal loan periods

Abstract The influence of a library's loan period on user satisfaction is a topic of considerable current interest. In this paper a model is created that is useful for studying this interaction. A policy, possibly appropriate for a reserve book room, is assumed, in which no queues form. Users not able to take out a book either give up or return. Also, the model includes the effect of a patron not being able to use a book for a sufficient length of time. This model yields equations for the value of the loan period that minimizes the number of transactions at the circulation desk consistent with a constant level of real demand. An iterative solution procedure is described and its convergence proven. Other objective functions, and in particular, the probability of a user successfully using a book, are considered. The objective of the paper is not to detail an operating procedure for circulation systems, but to continue the discussion initiated by Philip Morse about how such systems can be modelled. Morse introduces a queuing model for circulating books, but neglects to consider the impact of queue formation on the arrival rate to the system. The intention of this paper is to emphasize the necessity of introducing such considerations and to indicate how such complications can be analytically treated. The specific system modelled is a simplified one, similar to the one discussed by Bruce in a recent article published in L.Q. This model, or variants adapted to local conditions should be useful in assisting decision-making regarding circulation, but it is the modelling process rather than the management aspect that is addressed by this paper.
Evaluating Short-Form Versions of the CES-D for Measuring Depressive Symptoms Among Immigrants From Mexico:

This article examines the feasibility of using a short-form version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) in community mental health research with Mexican immigrants. Several features of three published short versions of the CES-D were examined using data combined from seven diverse Mexican immigrant samples from across the United States (N = 685). Results indicate that published short-form versions of the CES-D are reliable, they account for most of the variance in scores from the full CES-D, and there is little evidence that the use of short forms attenuates associations with other concepts relevant to understanding the mental health of Mexican immigrants. Although additional validation research is necessary, the results of this study suggest that short-form versions of the CES-D can be used to study mental health among Mexican immigrants.
The Diffusion of Innovation in Home Building

Abstract Studies of housing demand and finance have dominated recent empirical research related to the housing industry. Housing supply has received considerably less attention, and empirical studies exploring the determinants of technological progress in the housing industry are quite limited. This paper investigates the factors that influence the propensity to adopt ten innovative methods and materials for a sample of 417 individual home building concerns obtained from the 1987 NAHB Builders' Profile Survey. A diffusion index reflecting the number of innovations used serves as the dependent variable in an ordered probit framework. Explanatory factors include economic conditions, characteristics of the firm and its operating head, the type of construction, and institutional and regional variables. Alternative specifications accurately predict the number of innovations adopted for about 32 to 34% of the sample. The estimation results suggest that firm size, type of construction, and regional effects are the key determinants of the propensity to adopt the innovations examined in this study. We find some evidence that demographic characteristics of a firm's operating head influence diffusion. Our results do not support the hypotheses that fragmentation reduces the likelihood of adopting innovations or that unionization of its employees affects a builder's propensity to adopt innovative methods and materials.
THE LETHAL EFFECT OF ENDOTOXINS ON THE CHICK EMBRYO

Inoculation of the CAM of the 10-day chick embryo with endotoxin preparations derived from the meningococcus and other Gram-negative microorganisms has been shown to result in multiple hemorrhages and death of the embryo within a few hours. Evidence has been presented to indicate that this lethal effect is specific for the general class of endotoxins derived from Gram-negative bacteria. Susceptibility to endotoxin was maximal in 10-day old embryos, and younger or older embryos showed little or no response. The optimal incubation temperature for the effect of endotoxin was 39.5°C., and embryos incubated at 28°C. were completely protected. The lethal effect was prevented by small amounts of cortisone, hydrocortisone, and 9-alpha fluorohydrocortisone, but not by cholesterol, desoxycorticosterone, or 1-dehydrocortisone.
Long-term outcome following advancement flaps for high anal fistulas in an Asian population: a single institution's experience.

Background The management of high anal fistula is often complicated and challenging. In spite of numerous new techniques, the advancement flap technique remained an integral procedure in its management. The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term outcome of advancement flap procedures for high anal fistulas.
Fungal growth necessary but not sufficient for effective biopulping of wood for lignocellulosic ethanol applications

A lignocellulosic biomass treatment method utilizing wood rot fungi to improve cellulosic sugar solubilization for ethanol production was modified to provide larger samples for chemical analyses. Liriodendron tulipifera wood chips were treated in a novel application of aerobic polypropylene “spawn bags” as experimental bioreactors for biopulping. Treatments were inoculated with culture suspensions of white rot (Ceriporiopsis subvermispora) and brown rot (Postia placenta) fungi in 40 day incubations. Fungal growth occurred in all treatments, with extensive hyphal coverage of the biomass (ca. >80% of wood chip surfaces). After treatment, physical biodegradation, holocellulose, α-cellulose, and lignin contents of the fungal-biopulped wood chips were comparable to previous results. However, unlike in previous studies, the biopulped wood did not exhibit significant increases in soluble sugars after enzymatic hydrolysis. These results demonstrate that extensive fungal colonization of biomass is not necessarily sufficient for effective biopulping to increase production of free soluble sugars from wood. Environmental controls on hydrolytic activity by wood rot fungi are poorly known, but we hypothesize that treatment inoculation using nitrogen rich medium may have inhibited lignin-specific fungal hydrolysis of the wood. Future development of effective, standardized biopulping techniques for improving soluble sugar production from lignocellulosic biomass will require optimization of methods including characterization of inoculation nutrients and container effects on fungal metabolic activity.
The distribution of the molecular incidence rate in the inside of a cylindrical space simulation chamber with a spherical gas source

Abstract The distribution of the molecular incidence rate over the shroud of the DFVLR space simulation chamber has been calculated and reported in previous articles1−3. Based on these results, the molecular incidence rate on precisely oriented surfaces inside this chamber is calculated: on the spherical gas source which is situated on the axis of the chamber at the test object position; the diameter of the gas source being 1/10th that of the chamber4; on spherical surfaces concentric to the gas source, for two cases: 1. (a) the collecting surface (e.g. the orifice of the pressure converter for the measurement of incidence rate) ‘sees’ the source, 2. (b) the collecting surface does not ‘see’ the source. The results are shown as polar diagrams with the capture probability of the shroud as parameter. Knowledge of the incidence rate is important for the characterization of the flow field in space simulation chambers, and for the measurement of same using pressure converters.
Chinese medicinal herbs modulate mutagenesis, DNA binding and metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene

Oldenlandia diffusa (OD) and Scutellaria barbata (SB) have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating liver, lung and rectal tumours while Astragalus membranaceus (AM) and Ligustrum lucidum (LL) are often used as an adjunct in cancer therapy. In this study, we determined the effects of aqueous extracts of these four herbs on benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-induced mutagenesis using Salmonella typhimurium TA100 as the bacterial tester strain and rat liver 9000 × g supernatant as the metabolic activation system. The effects of these herbs on [3H]BapP binding to calf thymus DNA and formation of BaP-DNA adducts were assessed. Organosoluble and water-soluble metabolites of BaP were extracted and analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and alumina column liquid chromatography. Mutagenesis assays revealed that all four herbs produced a significant concentration-dependent inhibition of His+ revertants induced by BaP. At a concentration of 1.5 mg/plate, SB and OD in combination exhibited an additive effect, whereas AM and LL in combination demonstrated an antagonistic effect. The trend of inhibition of these four herbs on BaP-induced mutagenesis was: SB > LL > OD > AM. LL, OD and SB significantly inhibited BaP binding to DNA. LL and SB significantly reduced BaP-DNA adduct formation and SB significantly decreased formation of organosoluble metabolites of BaP. Our data suggest that these Chinese medicinal herbs possess cancer chemopreventive properties.
Effortful Control Moderates Bidirectional Effects between Children's Externalizing Behavior and Their Mothers' Depressive Symptoms.

This study examined bidirectional associations between mothers' depressive symptoms and children's externalizing behavior and whether they were moderated by preschool-age effortful control and gender. Mothers and teachers reported on 224 primarily White, middle-class children at ages 3, 5, and 10. Effortful control was assessed via behavioral battery and mother ratings. Structural equation modeling indicated that maternal depressive symptoms at child age 3 predicted more externalizing behavior at age 10 among children with low effortful control and among boys. Externalizing behavior at age 3 predicted fewer depressive symptoms at the age 10 assessments among mothers of children with high effortful control. Boys with suboptimal self-regulation exposed to high levels of maternal depressive symptoms were at greatest risk for school-age behavioral problems.
Delinquent Peer Influence on Childhood Delinquency: The Moderating Effect of Impulsivity

A link between delinquent peer affiliations and childhood delinquency has been consistently found in the literature. However, little to no research has examined how the characteristics of an individual may impact this association. Impulsivity may be an important individual characteristic to consider, as impulsivity is associated with childhood delinquency. Accordingly, the current study examined the potential moderating effect of impulsivity on the association between peer delinquency and child delinquency in a community sample of 89 children ranging from 9 to 12 years of age (mean = 10.4 ± 1.1 yrs). Findings suggest that at low levels of impulsivity peer delinquency and child delinquency were positively associated; however at high levels of impulsivity peer delinquency and child delinquency were not statistically related. These findings may suggest that children who exhibit low levels of impulsivity are particularly vulnerable to delinquent peer influences. Implications for findings are discussed.
The art of requirements triage

Driven by an increasingly competitive market, companies add features and compress schedules for the delivery of every product, often creating a complete mismatch of requirements and resources that results in products failing to satisfy customer needs. Triage is the process of determining which requirements a product should satisfy given the time and resources available. The author presents three product development case studies and 14 recommendations for practicing this neglected art.
Cognitive emotion regulation strategies: Gender differences and associations to worry

Research generally supports differences in the prevalence of GAD and reports of excessive worry between men and women. Psychosocial theories espouse individual vulnerability factors as correlates of anxiety and in turn related to gender differences. Emotion regulation is one vulnerability factor that has shown involvement in the development, exacerbation, and/or maintenance of anxiety, although there is insufficient evidence of this direct contribution to observed gender differences in anxiety. Using a sample of 1080 young adults, the current study examines the differential use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies between males and females and the subsequent effect on worry. Results of the present study provide tentative support for differential cognitive emotion regulation strategies between gender as a vulnerability to increased worry and potentially GAD. Specifically, males and females significantly differed in the endorsement of use of rumination, putting problems into perspective and blaming others as cognitive emotion regulation strategies.
A multi-feature integration method for fatigue crack detection and crack length estimation in riveted lap joints using Lamb waves

This paper presents an experimental study of damage detection and quantification in riveted lap joints. Embedded lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric (PZT) ceramic wafer-type sensors are employed to perform in situ non-destructive evaluation (NDE) during fatigue cyclical loading. PZT wafers are used to monitor the wave reflection from the boundaries of the fatigue crack at the edge of bolt joints. The group velocity of the guided wave is calculated to select a proper time window in which the received signal contains the damage information. It is found that the fatigue crack lengths are correlated with three main features of the signal, i.e., correlation coefficient, amplitude change, and phase change. It was also observed that a single feature cannot be used to quantify the damage among different specimens since a considerable variability was observed in the response from different specimens. A multi-feature integration method based on a second-order multivariate regression analysis is proposed for the prediction of fatigue crack lengths using sensor measurements. The model parameters are obtained using training datasets from five specimens. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated using several lap joint specimens from different manufactures and under different loading conditions. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)
Enhanced sensitivity for peptide mapping with electrospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the presence of signal suppression due to trifluoroacetic acid-containing mobile phases

A method is described for improving the sensitivity of peptide mapping with electrospray liquid chromatography--mass spectrometry using trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) containing HPLC mobile phases. The signal suppressing effects of TFA are shown to be due to the combined effect of ion-pairing and surface tension modifications. The post-column addition of a propionic acid-2-propanol (75:25, v/v) in a 1:2 proportion with the HPLC mobile phase counteracts the deleterious effects of TFA resulting in 10-100 x improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio. The system described introduces total HPLC flow (plus additive) directly into the electrospray source without splitting. Using 2.1 mm I.D. HPLC columns, minimum detectable quantities are below 40 pmol total protein. As examples, separations of proteolytic enzyme digests of several proteins are shown using standard HPLC conditions, comparing results with and without the addition of propionic acid. The application of the technique is shown in more depth in the identification of oxidative modification sites in glutamine synthetase. In this application, the enhanced sensitivity allowed location of a modified residue by comparison endoproteinase Lys C digest of native and oxidized forms of the protein without extensive sample preparation or concentration. A third application demonstrates the identification of glycosylation sites in an endoproteinase Arg C digest of single-chain plasminogen activator through the use of in-source collisionally induced dissociation.
f-Element/crown ether complexes. 27. The synthesis and crystal structure of [Ce(NO3)3 (OH2)(12-crown-4)] -12-crown-4

A unique cerium nitrate complex, [Ce(NO3)3(OH2)(12-crown-4)]-12-crown-4, has been crystallized from the reaction of hydrated cerium nitrate and 12-crown-4. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group,Pnma, with (at −150°C)a = 22.901(5),b = 13.547(3),c = 8.422(1)A, andDx = 1.77 g cm−3 forZ = 4 formula units. A finalR value of 0.048 was obtained utilizing 2059 unique observed [Fo ⩾ 5σ(Fo)] reflections. The Ce atom resides on a crystallographic mirror plane and is 11-coordinate, coordinated to three bidentate nitrate groups, one water molecule and the four oxygens of one 12-crown-4 molecule. The water molecule hydrogen bonds a second 12-crown-4 unit. Both unique crown molecules and one of the nitrate anions are severely disordered.