cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of matrix-to-cell stress transfer in heart valve tissues

Non-linear and anisotropic heart valve leaflet tissue mechanics manifest principally from the stratification, orientation, and inhomogeneity of their collagenous microstructures. Disturbance of the native collagen fiber network has clear consequences for valve and leaflet tissue mechanics and presumably, by virtue of their intimate embedment, on the valvular interstitial cell stress–strain state and concomitant phenotype. In the current study, a set of virtual biaxial stretch experiments were conducted on porcine pulmonary valve leaflet tissue photomicrographs via an image-based finite element approach. Stress distribution evolution during diastolic valve closure was predicted at both the tissue and cellular levels. Orthotropic material properties consistent with distinct stages of diastolic loading were applied. Virtual experiments predicted tissue- and cellular-level stress fields, providing insight into how matrix-to-cell stress transfer may be influenced by the inhomogeneous collagen fiber architecture, tissue anisotropic material properties, and the cellular distribution within the leaflet tissue. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study reporting on the evolution of stress fields at both the tissue and cellular levels in valvular tissue and thus contributes toward refining our collective understanding of valvular tissue micromechanics while providing a computational tool enabling the further study of valvular cell–matrix interactions.
Theoretical normal-state transport properties of K 3 C 60

Lowest-order variational solutions to Bloch-Boltzmann scattering theory are used in conjunction with first-principles band-structure results to predict the normal-state resistivity, Hall coefficient, and thermopower for ${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$. These properties, their pressure coefficients, and other Fermi-liquid-related parameters are compared with the available experimental data, with the goal of evaluating the extent to which these novel superconducting materials can be understood within the Fermi-liquid picture without strong correlations.
THE MINERAL NUTRITION OF COCCOCHLORIS PENIOCYSTIS

, AND . 1949b. The effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and dinitro compounds on the respiration of peas. (Abstract) Amer. Jour. Bot. 36: 826. LINK, G. K. K., AND V. EGGERS. 1941. Hyperauxiny in crown gall of tomato. Bot. Gaz. 103: 87-106. Loo, T. L., AND Y. W. TANG. 1945. Growth stimulation by manganese sulfate, indole-3-acetic acid, and colchicine in the seed germination and early growth of several cultivated plants. Amer. Jour. Bot. 32:106-114. MITCHELL, J. E., R. H. BURRIS, AND A. J. RIKER. 1949. Inhibition of respiration in plant tissues by callus stimulating suibstances and related chemicals. Amer. Jour. Bot. 36: 368-378. NEWCOMER, E. H. 1945. Colchicine as a growth stimulator. Science 101: 677-678. NICKELL, L. G. 1949. The effect of certain plant hormones on the growth and respiration of virus tumors of Rumex. (Abstract) Amer. Jour. Bot. 36: 826-827. , AND P. R. BIJRKHOLDER. 1948. Growth responses of Rumex virus wound tumor in tissue culture. (Abstract) Amer. Jour. Bot. 35: 811. AND . 1950. Atypical growth of plants. II. Growth in vitro of virus tumors of Rumex in relation to temperature, pH, and various sources of nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur. Amer. Jour. Bot. 37: 538-547. , P. GREENFIELD, AND P. R. BURKHOLDER. 1950. Atypical growth of plants. III. Growth responses of virus tumors of Rumex to certain nucleic acid components and related compounds. Bot. Gaz. 112: 42-52. PATON, R. L., AND B. R. NEBEL. 1940. Preliminary observations on physiological and cytological effects of certain hydrocarbons on plant tissues. Amer. Jour. Bot. 27: 609-613.
Aberrations in Ellipsoidal Mirrors Used in Infra-Red Spectrometers

Since long slits are used in infra-red spectrometers, the image of the exit slit formed by the ellipsoidal mirror will suffer aberrations which lower the sensitivity and tend to increase the time of response. General formulas are derived for these aberrations, and a typical aberration pattern is computed. It is shown how the formulas may be applied to choose the most favorable eccentricity of the ellipsoidal mirror. The relation between the general formulas and a formula given by Randall and Firestone is discussed.
Some essentially self-adjoint Dirac type operators, II (resolvent estimates near infinity)

We obtain norm estimates for the resolvent of the Dirac operator. These estimates verify the key assumptions of an extended version of the Rellich-Kato theorem concerning essential self-adjointness. The application of this abstract theorem then shows that the one-electron Dirac operator can admit a Coulomb potential, for atomic numbers less than or equal to 118, plus a second perturbation which satisfies a mild Stummel type bound, and remain essentially self-adjoint.
Model predictive control for buildings: a quantum leap?

The promise of harnessing the predictive and diagnostic powers of a well-calibrated building energy model for improved building operations is attracting a growing number of building sciences resear...
Characterization and mitigation of overlay error on silicon wafers with nonuniform stress

Process-induced overlay errors are a growing problem in meeting the ever-tightening overlay requirements for integrated circuit production. While uniform process-induced stress is easily corrected, non-uniform stress across the wafer is much more problematic, often resulting in non-correctable overlay errors. Measurements of the wafer geometry of free, unchucked wafers give a powerful method for characterization of such non-uniform stress. We will describe a Patterned Wafer Geometry (PWG) tool, which uses optical methods to measure the geometry of in-process wafers. PWG data can be related to In-Plane Distortion (IPD) of the wafer through the PIR (Predicted IPD Residual) metric. This paper will explore the relationship between the PIR data and measured overlay data on Engineered Stress Monitor (ESM) wafers containing various designed stress variations. The process used to fabricate ESM wafers is quite versatile and can mimic many different stress variation signatures. For this study, ESM wafers were built with strong across-wafer stress variation and another ESM wafer set was built with strong intrafield stress variation. IPD was extensively characterized in two different ways: using standard overlay error metrology and using PWG metrology. Strong correlation is observed between these two independent sets of data, indicating that the PIR metric is able to clearly see wafer distortions. We have taken another step forward by using PIR data from the PWG tool to correct process-induced overlay error by feedforward to the exposure tool, a novel method that we call PWG-FF. We conclude that appropriate wafer geometry measurements of in-process wafers have strong potential to characterize and reduce process-induced overlay errors.
Racial differences in prostate androgen levels in men with clinically localized prostate cancer

ABSTRACT Purpose: We sought to determine whether there are racial differences in androgenic stimulation within the prostate tissue microenvironment. Materials and Methods: Steroid hormones were extracted from snap frozen tissue obtained intraoperatively from radical prostatectomy specimens of 36 black and 59 white Americans. Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androstenedione (ASD), dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) were measured using radioimmunoassay. The Wilcoxon 2 group test was performed to compare clinical characteristics and tissue steroid levels between white and black Americans. Nonparametric rank ANOVA was used to consider race and other clinical factors in a multivariable way. Results: Black and white American men were similar with respect to serum PSA, and pathological grade and stage. However, black men were younger (p = 0.01) and had a significantly higher body mass index (p = 0.02). Black and white men had similar testosterone and DHT. However, black men had higher ASD (p = 0.006) and SHBG (p = 0.009). Racial differences in ASD (p = 0.015) and SHBG (p = 0.008) persisted after controlling for age, body mass index, PSA, and pathological Gleason sum and stage. Conclusions: Tissue levels of testosterone and DHT did not differ by race. However, black men had higher tissue ASD and SHBG than white men. Higher tissue ASD did not result in a greater conversion of ASD to testosterone in the prostate of black men. Higher tissue SHBG may activate the androgen receptor through cyclic adenosine monophosphate dependent pathways.
Silica-Type Mesostructures from Block Copolymer Phases: Formation Mechanism and Generalization to the Dense Nanoparticle Regime

The present study elucidates the local structure and formation mechanism of a hybrid system based on poly(isoprene-block-ethylene oxide) diblock copolymers (PI-b-PEO) as structure directing agents ...
Low-Eccentricity Elliptic Orbits in a Central Force Field with Drag

This paper studies low-eccentricity elliptic orbits of satellites in the gravitational field of a spherical body or in the equatorial plane of an oblate body subject to the influence of quadratic drag. Approximate analytic expressions for these orbits are presented for different models of the atmospheric density. The orbits computed from these analytic expressions are compared with those obtained from the numerical integration of the exact equations of motion with the same atmospheric model. For low-eccentricity orbits the deviation between the analytic and numerical orbits after ten revolutions is less than 5 m. These results generalize similar analytical expressions that were derived recently for nearly-circular orbits.
Are we failing to communicate? Internet-based patient education materials and radiation safety.

Abstract Introduction Patients frequently turn to the Internet when seeking answers to healthcare related inquiries including questions about the effects of radiation when undergoing radiologic studies. We investigate the readability of online patient education materials concerning radiation safety from multiple Internet resources. Methods Patient education material regarding radiation safety was downloaded from 8 different websites encompassing: (1) the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2) the Environmental Protection Agency, (3) the European Society of Radiology, (4) the Food and Drug Administration, (5) the Mayo Clinic, (6) MedlinePlus, (7) the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and (8) the Society of Pediatric Radiology. From these 8 resources, a total of 45 articles were analyzed for their level of readability using 10 different readability scales. Results The 45 articles had a level of readability ranging from 9.4 to the 17.2 grade level. Only 3/45 (6.7%) were written below the 10th grade level. No statistical difference was seen between the readability level of the 8 different websites. Conclusions All 45 articles from all 8 websites failed to meet the recommendations set forth by the National Institutes of Health and American Medical Association that patient education resources be written between the 3rd and 7th grade level. Rewriting the patient education resources on radiation safety from each of these 8 websites would help many consumers of healthcare information adequately comprehend such material.
On the nature of idling noise of circular saw blades

Abstract An experimental investigation of the effects of important saw blade geometric and kinematic parameters on idling circular saw noise was conducted. Blade tip speed was determined t0 be the dominant factor in the noise production. The sound power generated was found to vary approximately as the 5·3 power of the tip velocity. Variations in blade geometry, which included the number of teeth, the blade thickness, and the tooth-gullet shape, produce effects in the radiated sound of the order of 6 dB for the blades tested. It is shown that slotted disks may be used to provide a closely controlled simulation of the saw blade noise produced aerodynamically. Results suggest that the sources are likely to be compact and are dominated by the unsteady forces acting on the tooth surfaces resulting from the interaction 0f the tooth and the incident unsteady flow in the wake of the preceding tooth.
Capillary gas chromatography of pesticide residues in foods: Application of a split/splitless inlet system

Residue mixtures of pesticides in foods which were difficult to separate by packed-column gas chromatography were determined by capillary gas chromatography and electron capture detection. Manual injections of sample and reference standard were made with a 10 μL syringe on a septum-enclosed, split/ splitless inlet system. Optimal peak height repeatability (± 3%( was achieved with three-μL injections which were made within time periods of four hours or less. The average linearity coefficient (slope( obtained for detector response as a function of solution concentration was 1.1.
The ecology of xenophyophores (Protista) on eastern Pacific seamounts

Large, agglutinating protozoans of the class Xenophyophorea are the dominant epifaunal organisms on soft and hard substrates of many bathyal seamounts in the eastern Pacific Ocean off Mexico. Observations made with the submersible Alvin and remotely towed camera sleds on 17 seamounts at 31°, 20°, 13° and 10°N revealed more than ten distinct xenophyophore test morphologies. Most of these appear to represent previously undescribed species. Reticulate forms are numerically dominant at 20°, 13° and 10°N. Xenophyophore abundances increase with decreasing latitude, being rare at 30°N, present at densities of 0.1–1.0 m−2 at 20° and 13°N and often exceeding 1.0 m−2 at 10°N, occasionally reaching 10–18 m−2. Highest concentrations are observed on caldera floors near the base of steep caldera walls, at depths between 1700 and 2500 m. Most individuals select sand-size pelagic foraminiferan tests (63–500 μm) and exclude pebble, silt and clay-size particles for test construction. Xenophyophore on seamounts modify the structure of metazoan communities and may play a role in maintenance of infaunal diversity. Twenty-seven xenophyophore tests were found to provide habitat for 16 major macrofaunal taxa (152 individuals) and three meiofaunal taxa (333 individuals). The presence of xenophyophores also enhances the abundance of isopods, tanaids, ophiuroids, nematodes and harpacticoid copepods dwelling in sediments surrounding the tests. Mobile megafauna are attracted to sediment beneath and adjacent to xenophyophores. We suggest that xenophyophores, which are abundant on many topographic features in deep water (e.g. guyots, trenches, canyons and continental slopes), are a functionally important component of deep-sea benthic communities and require further autecological and synecological investigation.
Evaluating strategies to avoid AIDS: number of partners vs. use of condoms.

A probability model based on the best estimates we have today for prevalence and infectivity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been developed. The model is used to compare the two most widely publicized risk reduction strategies: (1) Reducing the number of partners and (2) Using condoms. The results indicate that under almost all conditions of prevalence and infectivity, consistent and careful condom use is a far more effective method of reducing the risk of HIV infection. The analysis is applied to both high and low prevalence groups. In order to test more rigorously the conclusions, infectivity rates ten times higher than now estimated are examined, and infectivity is estimated on a per partner, as well as a per sexual act basis. Epidemic growth of prevalence is estimated to further check our findings. None of these conditions alters our basic conclusion. It is suggested that there is reluctance to publicize such findings about AIDS because they may be used to support having multiple sexual part...
THE BASEMENT LAMELLA OF AMPHIBIAN SKIN ITS RECONSTRUCTION AFTER WOUNDING

The basement lamella under the epidermis of amphibian larvae shows a sub-microscopic architecture of remarkable geometric regularity: It consists of about twenty layers of ground substance in which cylindrical fibers (presumably collagenous) of about 500 Angstrom diameter are embedded parallel to one another, but with the fiber directions alternating by 90 degrees from layer to layer. The repair of this membrane after wounding was studied electronmicroscopically in ultrathin sections. The sequence of events is as follows: (1) Epidermal cells cover the wound exudate by migration. (2) Rather uniform fibers of small size (<200 A) appear in the space between the epidermal underside and the subjacent fibroblasts; these fibers are sparse and oriented at random. (3) Proceeding from the epidermal surface downward, a wave of organization spreads over this primitive fiber tangle, resulting in the fibers becoming (a) straightened; (b) oriented; (c) packed into the characteristic layered structure; and (d) brought up into the 500 A diameter class.
Studies on the pharmacological interventions to prevent oxygen free radical (OFR)-mediated toxicity; effects of dopexamine, a DA1 receptor and beta 2 adrenoceptor agonist.

We have previously demonstrated that the lethal effects of free radicals generated by intravenous administration of Xanthine (X: 0.225 mg kg−1) and Xanthine Oxidase (XO: 5 u kg−1) were prevented by calcium channel blockers such as felodipine (a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist) and verapamil. These studies have implicated that there may be potential interactions between free radicals and cell calcium. However, alternate mechanisms such as hemodynamic changes in the overall effects of calcium antagonists cannot be ruled out. Therefore, the present studies are conducted to further investigate the efficacy of various cardiovascular agents such as Dopexamine (DPX) on [X+XO]-induced mortality. Intravenous administration of [X+XO] to anesthetized rats produced a rapid decrease in blood pressure and a mortality rate of over 90%. Pretreatment with dopexamine, a dopamine receptor (DA1) and \2 adrenoceptor agonist significantly enhanced survival upto 70%. Neither dobutamine nor prenalterol, (preferential β1 agonists) both of which produced similar increases in heart rate as DPX, enhanced survival rate thus suggesting that cardiac stimulation alone, did not contribute to the protective effects of DPX. Likewise, fenoldopam, a DA1, agonist and a vasodilator also failed to have any significant protective effect on [X+XO]-induced mortality suggesting that the DA1 receptor activation alone cannot account for the salutary effects of dopexamine. Pretreatment of the rats with Salbutamol, a preferential \2 agonist significantly enhanced survival upto 50% and a \2 antagonist ICI 118,551 significantly attenuated the ability of dopexamine to promote survival. These observations suggest that activation of \2 adrenoceptors by dopexamine may play a primary role in the protective effects of DPX; however potential involvement of additional mechanisms in this effect cannot be ruled out at this time.
Evaluation of an electronic scanner of pressure (ESOP) module

An electronic scanner of pressure (ESOP) module, developed by NASA Ames Research Center, was installed in a wind tunnel and evaluated over a 5-month testing period. The solid-state ESOP module has 48 miniature pressure transducers and a heater circuit to maintain a constant module temperature. During the wind tunnel test, the module was subjected to an environmental temperature range from 60 F to 104 F, and to considerable module vibration. Zero drift was within + or - 0.5 percent of full-scale output for 37 of the transducers, and was greater than 5.0 percent for four transducers. Pressure measurements from 12 transducers were compared with Scanivalve modules. The agreement of these measurements was considered to be good.
Analytical model for the strain-field and polarization-field hysteresis curves for ferroic materials

We present a generalized energy based analytical macroscopic model using distribution functions for the polarization and strain response to external electric field in electromechanical materials. Although the distributions are based on classical Boltzmann statistics, we show that they differ only by a factor of 2 in the exponential factor from Fermi-Dirac statistics in the two state system. The electric displacement-field D-E and strain-field S-E curves of antiferroelectric, ferroelectric, relaxor ferroelectric and linear piezoelectrics including hysteresis are described. The polarization model is based on a Weiss molecular field and assumes only net contributions to the polarizations need to be summed. No distinction between 90° and 180° domain contributions or domain dynamics is made. The strain field S-E curves are generated in all cases using the electrostriction relationship S=QD 2 . The model shows utility in modeling phase change between antiferroelectric ⇒ ferroelectric or ferroelectric ⇒ relaxor ferroelectric states. The hysteresis in the strain- field and electric displacement field curves is accounted for using the time derivative of the applied electric field. Although the model was developed for polarizable dielectric materials it is proposed that the same approach can be applied to magnetic, elastic or other ferroic materials.
Practical feeding programs using soy protein as base.

The U.S. has furnished billions of lb food commodities containing soy protein for use in feeding programs in the less developed countries. As a result of the low cost, excellent nutritional qualities and functional versatility of soy products, they have been used extensively as protein additives in a broad spectrum of foods for practical feeding programs. Soy flours are a major ingredient in blended foods, such as instant corn soy milk, corn soy blend, and wheat soy blend; and soy flours and grits have been used as protein fortificants in wheat, corn, sorghum, and oat products distributed overseas. Most recently, a new whey soy drink mix has been developed for use in preschool feeding programs and now is being introduced around the world. As more attention focuses on the nutritional requirements of feeding program beneficiaries and on the need for low cost sources of protein, it can be expected that uses for soy protein will expand and additional soy based foods will be added to the list of commodities used in practical feeding programs.
Coordinated design of local and wide-area damping controllers for power systems using particle swarm optimization

This paper describes an approach to coordinate the design of local and wide-area controllers for damping electromechanical oscillations in power systems. Some of the limitations of local controllers are first illustrated by simulations on a system exhibiting nearly decentralized fixed modes. These are modes that cannot be appreciably shifted using permissible local controls. Wide-area controllers with measurements from distant locations across the system are then added to improve the damping of these modes. The design procedure consists of finding the optimal parameters for local and wide-area controllers that minimize an eigenvalue-based objective function. All controllers are optimized simultaneously to improve coordination. The linear power system model used for control design is obtained by system identification. The optimization problem is solved using particle swarm optimization, which has been shown to be effective for designing local PSSs in the past. Numerical results for a 16-machine/68-bus benchmark power system model demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Waste Clay as a Green Building Material

Two of the primary waste components of the Phosphates benefaction process, sand and clay have been used as building materials for thousands of years. A process known as rammed earth has been used extensively around the world in buildings that have lasted for centuries. Because earth is the main ingredient in rammed earth it has recently enjoyed new popularity as a so called “green” building material. In a similar process earth is compressed into blocks which are then used in the same way as conventional masonry units to build walls. In the compressed earth block [CEB] method, individual units can be manufactured and stockpiled for later use rather than being fabricated on site as in the rammed earth process. This research project will investigate the potential use of waste clay and tailing sand from the phosphate benefaction process as the primary ingredients in compressed earth blocks for commercial and residential construction projects.
A property of hereditarily locally connected continua related to arcwise accessibility

A continuum (that is, a compact connected Hausdorff space) is hereditarily locally connected if each of its subcontinua is locally connected. It is shown that a continuum X is hereditarily locally connected if and only if for each connected open set U in X and each point p in the boundary of U, U ∪ { p } is locally connected. This result is used to prove that if X is an hereditarily locally connected continuum, U is a connected open subset of X, p is an element of the boundary of U and X is first countable at p , then p is arcwise accessible from U .
Improving latency in an interactive video server

Abstract In this paper, we will address the problem of designing aninteractive video server employing multiprocessors. An in-teractive video server needs to provide quick response touser's requests. When the video stream is a sequence ofshort video clips and if the order in which these clips areplayed out is determined by the user, the video clips need to be started up fairly quickly to give an impression of seamless or near-seamless delivery. We will address this problemof providing quick turnaround response to user's requestswhile guaranteeing smooth play out of already scheduled streams. 1 Introduction In this paper, an interactive video server is a system wherethe play out of a video stream is dependent on the nature ofthe input from the user. Interactive video servers are envi-sioned to be employed in a number of areas such as videotraining, travel planning, real-estate business and interac-tive movies. These applications typically involve playing aseries of predetermined video clips. The order of play outof these clips is dependent on the input from the user. Forexample, in real-estate business, the application can put theuser in a simulated car to let the user observe the neighbor-hood of a house so that the customer may have a feel ofthe surroundings before visiting the house. Similarly, travelplanning can have a series of video clips of sights in a cityand the user can plan on his/her tour by observing thesevideo clips according to the user's travel plan.In these interactive systems, it is necessary to move fromone video clip to the next video clip selected by the us-er seamlessly or near-seamlessly. Even though the videostream is controlled by the user in these applications, it isnot expected that the user requires interactivity at the levelof a video game. The goal in this paper is to design a systemwith sub-second response times i.e., the next video clip isplayed out on the user's monitor in less than a second from
Physical Models in Idea Generation: Hindrance or Help?

Engineering idea generation is a critical part of new product development and physical models are one tool used in this phase of design. Unfortunately, few guidelines about the effective use of physical models to support idea generation exist. The advantages and disadvantages of physical models need to be clarified so that engineers know when and where to implement them effectively. Previous literature indicates there is potential for design fixation on physical prototypes. This limits the solutions considered. In contrast, other recommendations encourage the extensive use of physical models and the psychological literature indicates that physical representations have the potential to lead to more feasible design by supporting designers’ mental models of physical phenomena. This study evaluates these questions with a between-subjects experiment with four conditions, sketching only, building, building & testing, and constrained sketching. No evidence for design fixation is observed. The results show that physical models supplement designers’ mental models, thereby leading to higher quality ideas (fraction of functional ideas). This result shows a potential way of improving designer’s innovation by strategically implementing fast and cheap prototyping methods.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
13C‐13C NMR coupling constants in substituted allylic ion‐pairs of the type occurring in anionic diene polymerization

13C-13C NMR coupling constants have been measured on the 1:1 adduct of tert-butyllithium and butadiene, a model for the active centres in the anionic polymerization of butadiene. Solutions in three solvents in which solvation and aggregation properties differ were studied, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether and benzene. The 2-methyl- substituted analogue, more appropriate for isoprene type systems was also converted to the potassium salt and a comparison was made of the effect of counter ion. Ion-pair structure is discussed in terms of these measurements.
The effect of defect clusters formed in cascades on the sink strength of irradiated materials

Abstract Defects produced by irradiation with energetic particles are often strongly spatially correlated. Energetic primary recoil atoms produce cascades with vacant lattice sites predominately in the central regions, and interstitial atoms at the periphery. A fraction of the defects produced forms clusters during cascade events. We examine the role of these clusters as defect sinks for high-dose irradiations at moderate temperatures. A population of vacancy and interstitial clusters evolves during irradiation which significantly contributes to the sink density. At temperatures at which thermal evaporation from vacancy clusters can be neglected, the cluster density is characteristic of the primary recoil spectrum, but is independent of temperature or dose rate. Contributions by migrating defects to irradiation-enhanced diffusion or to ion-beam mixing should be temperature and dose-rate independent. When thermal evaporation of vacancies from small defect clusters becomes competitive with absorption of excess interstitials, the cluster population becomes temperature and dose-rate dependent.
Immobilized mixed microbial cells for wastewater treatment

Abstract Both mono-carrier (cellulose triacetate) and bi-carrier (combined calcium alginate and cellulose triacetate) were used to treat synthetic organic wastewater (glucose and phenol) in an aerobic system. It was found, by means of scanning electron microscopy, that the mono-carrier entrapping process offers a better treatment efficiency (based on COD removal), and more holding capacity of microbial cells. Greater than 90% of COD removal efficiency could be achieved with loading rates of less than 9·0 g COD liter −1 day −1 . Immobilized mixed microbial cells via entrapping method maintains higher SRT which is essential for the operation of a stable and effective biological treatment process.
Stereochemistry of Vinyl Cuprate Additions to Carbohydrate-Derived Enones and α,β-Unsaturated Esters

Abstract Vinylic cuprate reagents add with excellent diastereoselectivity (>10:1) to carbohydrate derived enones and α,β-unsaturated esters. The stereochemical outcome of these transformations is consistent with a Felkin-type addition pathway.
The effect of ceria coatings on the high-temperature oxidation of iron-chromium alloys

Abstract The effect of sputtered ceria coatings (0.2–30 nm thick) on the oxidation of Fe25Cr alloys at 1100 °C has been studied using the 18 O/secondary ion mass spectrometry technique. Samples were oxidized either in 16 O 2 only or sequentially first in 16 O 2 and then in 18 O 2 for periods up to 20 h. Oxidation rates were reduced with increasing ceria thickness up to 4 nm; there was no significant further reduction in rate for thicknesses of 4 nm or more. The secondary ion mass spectrometry sputter profiles indicated that scales were mainly Cr 2 O 3 ; iron was present in the outer part of the oxide layer at levels of 1% or less. With increasing ceria coating thickness the maximum in the cerium sputter profile moved from the vicinity of the alloy-oxide interface towards the gas-oxide interface. When Fe25Cr was sequentially oxidized, 18 O was found to have diffused towards the alloy-oxide interface. The secondary ion mass spectrometry data suggest that when ceria is located within the scale there has been a change in mechanism from predominantly cation to predominantly anion diffusion.
The Tsuji Characteristic and Real Zeros of Solutions of Second Order Ordinary Differential Equations

On considere l'equation differentielle w''+Aw=0 ou A est une fonction entiere. Pour une fonction entiere f, soit ρ(f) son ordre, μ(f) son ordre le plus bas, λ(F) l'exposant de convergence de ses zeros et λ NR (f) l'exposant de convergence de ses zeros non reels. Si ρ(A)≤1/2 et w 1 et w 2= sont des solutions independantes, alors λ 1 (w 1 w 2 )=+∞
Improved determination of aeroelastic stability properties using a direct method

The ability to accurately predict transonic flutter boundaries is investigated using an enhanced direct computational method. Steady characteristic and unsteady approximate nonreflecting characteristic far-field boundary conditions are utilized to more accurately model the aerodynamic flow physics in a direct method. In order to accomplish this, the aerodynamic model is modified to lock the movement of the far-field grid points while allowing the airfoil surface points to move freely. This is accomplished by introducing a linear weighting function in the grid deformation model. The direct method is based on a discretization of the Euler equations and a coupled set of structural dynamics equations representative of a pitch-and-plunge airfoil with trailing edge flap. The coupled equations are expanded to specify a Hopf-bifurcation point, which defines an incipient flutter state. In addition, the direct continuation method is extended by an analytic computation of the path tangent vector for pseudo-arclength continuation (PAC). A flapped NACA 64A006 airfoil, executing pitch and plunge motion, is utilized to demonstrate the ability of the enhanced boundary conditions to accurately calculate flutter boundaries for reduced domain sizes. Both zero and nonzero angle of attack results are shown to highlight the improved accuracy of the boundary conditions. Each boundary condition modification resulted in analysis improvements, with the steady characteristic model demonstrating significant improvements in the nonlinear flow regime. For a 1^o static pretwist, analysis at a freestream Mach number of 0.84, the enhanced model resulted in over a 75% decrease in the flutter speed error. In addition, flutter boundary solutions are presented which demonstrate the capability of the PAC model to compute variations in structural parameters. The airfoil-fluid mass ratio and structural damping parameters are varied for both subsonic and transonic flow conditions, with nonlinear effects observed for the transonic results.
Nonuniform circumferential deformation of the abdominal aorta: A cross-species comparison

Arterial wall biomechanics are thought to be important in aneurysm development and atherosclerotic plaque localization. Vessel wall dilation occurs because of pulsatile blood flow during the cardiac cycle. Until recently, it was commonly assumed that this dilation occurred concentrically about the center of the lumen. However, dynamic MR, CT, and ultrasound imaging techniques have now shown that aortic wall motion undergoes unequal circumferential deformation during the cardiac cycle. This phenomenon has been observed in both humans and pigs [1, 2]. The purpose of our study was to determine whether variations in circumferential aortic wall dilation persist across mammalian species.© 2007 ASME
Hysterical personality and depression: A pathogenetic view

Abstract A survey of the literature on hysterical personality and depression in the last two decades is done in order to achieve some degree of agreement between conflicting approaches. The existence of seven fundamental characteristics of the hysterical personality is mentioned and the hypothesis is offered that in the contemporary clinical scene, hysterical personalities and hysterical phenomena in general, express themselves chiefly as depressive syndromes of some special characteristics. A pathogenetic view of this process on the basis of the genetic comprehension of an interactional process between noxae and personality vulnerabilities is presented. Illustrative cases are commented on to substantiate this view and to describe depression as the kind of psychopathological response that better suits the outlined personality features. The psychotherapeutic implications of this often-encountered clinical phenomenon are also reviewed.
2,3,7,8-TCDD: A potent & complete carcinogen in experimental animals

Abstract Long-term carcinogenesis studies using laboratory animals exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) have shown conclusively that this chemical is a complete carcinogen. In a series of independent studies from the first reported in 1977 to the latest in 1988, TCDD has consistently induced cancers in a variety of organs and systems. TCDD-induced neoplastic lesions occurred in each of 18 individual sex-species experiments. In rats, TCDD induced neoplasms in lung, oral/nasal cavities, thyroid and adrenal glands, and liver. In mice, TCDD caused neoplasms in the liver, subcutaneous tissue, thyroid gland, lung, and lympjopoietic system (lymphomas). In hamsters, TCDD produced squamous cell carcinomas of the facial skin. TCDD is a trans-species (rat, mouse, and hamster), trans-strain (Sprague-Dawley and Osborne-Mendel rats; B6C3F1, Swiss-Webster, and B6C mice), trans-sex, multi-site, complete carcinogen. The most potent of the identified chemical carcinogens, TCDD induced carcinogenic effects in laboratory animals with exposures as low as 0.001 ug/kg body weight/day. Proposed mechanism(s) of TCDD-induced carcinogenesis have yet to account for the many relatively rare types of tumors observed in exposed animals. In two-stage liver or skin models, TCDD exhibits considerable tumor promotion activity. With respect to carcinogenic hazards to humans, these experimental data alone indicate that TCDD should be considered for practical and public health purposes as being likely to be carcinogenic to humans; this species extrapolative conclusion gains growing support from epidemiological studies showing clear associations between exposure to dioxin and increases in cancers of the respiratory system (particularly lung), soft-tissue sarcomas, and total cancers. Other risks appear to be elevated for cancers of the testicle, thyroid gland, and other endocrine glands, largely in workers exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides. Thus, using the collective experimental and epidemiological evidence, the prudent course of action would be to minimize to the greatest extent possible all potential exposures to this and other dioxins as well as to phenoxyacid herbicides, and where technologically and argiculturally feasible exposures should be eliminated.
Spectral sensitivity of the pseudophakic eye.

• Spectrophotometric measurements indicated that polymethyl methacrylate intraocular lenses do not mimic the crystalline lens in absorption of shortwave visible light and near-UV light. These wavelengths are particularly effective in producing photochemical damage to the retina. Scotopic spectral sensitivity functions directly confirmed that patients with intraocular lens implants are much more sensitive than normal to these wavelengths (by as much as a factor of 46 at 380 nm).
Dehydrogenases of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in Penicillium chrysogenum.

Abstract 1. 1. The enzymatic oxidation of succinate, citrate, malate, and lactate has been demonstrated in cell-free extracts obtained from P. chrysogenum Q-176. 2. 2. Succinic dehydrogenase has been isolated by precipitation with (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and found to have an optimum pH near 6.6. Malonate, iodoacetate, copper sulfate, and oxalacetate at low concentrations caused the expected inhibition of the succinic dehydrogenase. Citrate and Versene showed marked stimulation when added to the enzyme. 3. 3. A preliminary ethanol or acetone wash was used to demonstrate citrate, malate, and lactate oxidation and the effect of coenzyme addition upon the enzymes involved. It was found that TPN was more effective than DPN as a coenzyme for lactate dehydrogenation and that the addition of flavin adenine dinucleotide had no effect upon the oxidation. 4. 4. Penicillium cells grown upon a synthetic medium, similar to that used for studies of penicillin production, show most of the dehydrogenases requisite for the operation of a tricarboxylic acid cycle except α-ketoglutaric dehydrogenase.
Characterizing Taste Change in a Model of U.S. Meat Demand: Correcting for Spurious Regression and Measurement Errors

Taste or preferences comprise an unobservable latent variable in utility and demand functions. This latent variable can be estimated by using its indicator and cause variables in a structural equation model. Empirical results show that taste changes have been a significant factor in explaining both declining beef and increasing poultry per capita consumption.
Electrochemical removal of H2S from hot coal gas: electrode kinetics

Abstract The reaction kinetics attending the electrochemical reduction of H 2 S in molten sulfide at 830°C are examined. A mixture of sodium and potassium sulfides, melting around 700°C is used throughout, as are graphite electrodes. Potential-step experiments show large exchange currents, of the order of 10 −1 A cm −2 . The reaction rate is dependent on nearly the square-root of the H 2 S pressure. The oxidation reaction, of sulfide to elemental sulfur, is zero-order in H 2 S pressure. The results are in agreement with mechanisms found by others at lower temperatures. Melting points of several binary alkali sulfides were also determined.
Sum frequency generation investigation of water at the surface of H2O/H2SO4 and H2O/Cs2SO4 binary systems

Abstract The vibrational structure of water at the air/solution interface of an ionic solution has been obtained for the first time. Using vibrational sum frequency generation it is determined that ions in solution have a large orientational effect on the structure of the surface water. Electrolytic solutions, ionic in nature, cause water to be oriented into a more regular hydrogen-bonded network through an electric double layer at the interface. In electrolytic solutions where molecular or associated H 2 SO 4 or Cs 2 SO 4 species dominate, the surface water molecules are bound into hydrate complexes. These effects are explained using hard soft acid base (HSAB) theory.
Some experiments in global optimization

When applied to a problem which has more than one local optimal solution, most nonlinear programming algorithms will terminate with the first local solution found. Several methods have been suggested for extending the search to find the global optimum of such a nonlinear program. In this report we present the results of some numerical experiments designed to compare the performance of various strategies for finding the global solution.
Complex-coordinate method. Structure of the wave function

The functional forms of the wave functions for the bound states of hydrogenic systems and for free particles as described by the complex-coordinate method are presented. Writing the wave function for an electron resonance as the sum of a "boundlike" or "$Q$-space" part and a "scatteringlike" or "$P$-space" part, we suggest functional forms or bases for these two parts based on the solutions of the hydrogenic and freeparticle systems. We present an argument suggesting that when the rotation angle in the complex-coordinate method is greater than $|\mathrm{arg}({k}_{r})|$ for the electron resonance, this method is identical to calculations based on a Siegert resonance. This assumed structure of the wave function should yield a rate of convergence similar to other methods. The advantages of this method are that the basis functions are all square integrable, a single calculation yields both the position and width, only a solution of a straightforward eigenvalue problem is required, arbitrarily accurate target states are easily incorporated, and polarization terms can be explicitly included. Variational calculations for the position and width of the lowest $^{2}S$ resonance in the negative helium ion are reported using trial wave functions containing 39, 43, 55, 59, and 67 configurations. These wave functions contain 8, 8, 20, 24, and 32 "$P$-space" configurations, respectively. Values of 19.387 eV and 12.1 meV are obtained for the position and width, respectively, of the resonance. One also finds that inclusion of free-particle-like basis functions improves the representation of the scattering states.
Using integral dispersion relations to extend the LHC reach for new physics

Many models of electroweak symmetry breaking predict new particles with masses at or just beyond LHC energies. Even if these particles are too massive to be produced on-shell at the LHC, it may be possible to see evidence of their existence through the use of integral dispersion relations (IDRs). Making use of Cauchy's integral formula and the analyticity of the scattering amplitude, IDRs are sensitive in principle to changes in the cross section at arbitrarily large energies. We investigate some models of new physics. We find that a sudden, order-one increase in the cross section above new particle mass thresholds can be inferred well below the threshold energy. On the other hand, for two more physical models of particle production, we show that the reach in energy and the signal strength of the IDR technique is greatly reduced. The peak sensitivity for the IDR technique is shown to occur when the new particle masses are near the machine energy, an energy where direct production of new particles is kinematically disallowed, phase-space suppressed, or, if applicable, suppressed by the soft parton distribution functions. Thus, IDRs do extend the reach of the LHC, but only to a window around ${M}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}\ensuremath{\sim}\sqrt{{s}_{\mathrm{LHC}}}$.
Chlorpromazine-sensitive developmental processes in the sea urchin, Lytechinus pictus. I: Inhibition of cleavage, gastrulation and primary mesenchyme cell differentiation

Abstract 1. 1. The effects on sea urchin embryogenesis of continuous exposure of embryos, beginning at different times after fertilization, to chlorpromazine, a neurotransmitter and calmodulin antagonist, were examined. 2. 2. Embryos cultured in 100, 10, 5, 1 or 0.5 μM chlorpromazine beginning immediately after fertilization were arrested at pronuclear fusion, 4–8 cell, 32–64 cell, mesenchyme blastula, and early gastrula stages, respectively; 0.1 μM treated embryos developed normally. 3. 3. Although 1.0 μM chlorpromazine, added at any time prior to gastrulation, delayed cleavage and totally blocked gastrulation, embryos formed mesenchyme blastulae at the same time as controls but with fewer cells. 4. 4. Embryos cultured in 0.5 μM chlorpromazine beginning at any time prior to gastrulation developed normally to early gastrulae; however, further invagination of the future gut tube was blocked or delayed and spicule development was abnormal.