cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling and optimization of formaldehyde‐free wood composites using a Box‐Behnken design

A response surface model using a Box-Behnken design was constructed to statistically model and optimize the material compositions-processing conditions-mechanical property relationships of formaldehyde-free wood composite panels. Three levels of binding agent content, pressing time, and press temperature were studied and regression models were developed to describe and optimize the statistical effects of the formulation and processing conditions on the mechanical properties of the panels. Linear models best fit both the flexural strength (modulus of rupture [MOR]) and internal bond (IB) strength of the panels. Increasing any of the manufacturing variables resulted in greater MOR and IB strength. Flexural stiffness (modulus of elasticity [MOE]) was best described by a quadratic regression model. Increased MOE could be obtained through higher pressing times, binding agent concentrations, and/or pressing temperatures. However, binding agent concentration had less effect on increasing the MOE at higher pressing temperatures. Numerical optimization showed that formaldehyde-free panels with desired mechanical properties could be manufactured at pressing temperatures ranging from 187.18 to199.97°C, pressing time from 3.31 to 8.83 minutes, and binding agent concentration from 7.66 to 11.86%. POLYM. COMPOS., 27:497–503, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Growth Management Concern The Impact of Its Definition on Support for Local Growth Controls

This article extends research reported by Van Liere and Dunlap (1981) by analyzing the degree to which support for controlling local population growth is affected by how growth controls are defined. Specifically, growth management concern is distinguished by general and specific definitions, with the latter including support for specific growth policies and support for growth controls in the face of explicit costs. The article examines how these definitions of growth management concern relate to each other, to a measure of support for environmental protection, and to various respondent characteristics, including social status and political ideology. Results show that how growth management is measured does make a difference, in some cases, when individual responses are classified by social status or ideology.
Influence of calcium permeabilization and membrane-attached hemoglobin on erythrocyte deformability.

The present study was designed to evaluate the influence of intracellular calcium [Ca]i regulated membrane attached hemoglobin (Hbm) on the deformability of human RBC and ghosts. [Ca]i of RBC was elevated via the ionophore A23187 (10 microM); the deformability of RBC and resealed ghosts was determined via measuring RBC and ghost transit times through 5 microns diameter pores with the Cell Transit Analyzer (CTA). Salient results included: (1) significantly increased RBC levels of Hbm following ionophore treatment; (2) elevated Hbm with increasing lysing medium calcium concentration (0-5 mM); (3) decreased deformability of both intact RBC and ghosts with increasing Hbm and significant (P less than 0.02 or better) linear relationships between Hbm and RBC or ghost transit times; and (4) an increased sensitivity to ionophore treatment/membrane attached hemoglobin for the higher percentiles of the CTA transit time distribution (i.e., for more rigid subpopulations). Our results thus indicate that calcium-induced interaction of hemoglobin with the RBC membrane produces cellular rheological changes; in addition, they demonstrate the usefulness of the CTA system in measuring both average RBC rheologic behavior and the distribution of cellular rheologic properties within an erythrocyte population.
Late-time optical spectra of SN1987A

Optical study of late-time nebular emission provided the first direct evidence for the presence of radioactive 56Co in the ejecta of Type Ia supernovae1 and yielded conclusive evidence that Type Ib events constitute a physically distinct class of supernovae2. Hydrogen-rich Type II supernovae have not been studied in detail in the nebular phase, but SN1987A provides an unprecedented opportunity to probe the structure and composition of the ejecta by modelling the nebular spectrum. Here we investigate the late-time nebular spectra of SN1987A by computing the emergent spectra from model atmospheres. The new features of this calculation are the inclusion of a complex model hydrogen atom and the self-consistent treatment of an opaque lower boundary which approximates the observed continuum. We adopt hydrodynamic models reported in the literature, which are known to reproduce the observed light curve and γ-ray and X-ray spectra, and we obtain qualitative agreement with observed optical spectra. By examining the effect of mixing core material into the envelope, we conclude that the metals in the hydrogen-rich envelope make a substantial contribution to the optical nebular lines even for models with no outward mixing of the core material; however, a significant fraction of the energy emitted in 56Co decay must be deposited in the envelope to produce the observed linewidths and hydrogen line strengths.
Effects of acetylcholine on the Na+–K+ pump current in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes

1. The whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to study the effects of acetylcholine (ACh) on Na(+)-K+ pump current (Ip) in acutely isolated guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. Studies were performed in the absence and presence of the beta-agonist isoprenaline (Iso). 2. ACh had no effect on Ip at low or high [Ca2+]i at any voltage in the absence of Iso. Iso alone inhibited Ip at low [Ca2+]i and shifted the Ip-V relationship at high [Ca2+]i in a negative direction. Addition of 1 microM ACh reversed these effects of Iso. K0.5 for the effects of ACh was about 16 nM, regardless of [Ca2+]i. 3. The actions of ACh on the heart are usually mediated via muscarinic receptors. Atropine, a muscarinic antagonist, blocked the effects of ACh on Ip in the presence of Iso, suggesting that these effects are also mediated by muscarinic receptors. 4. Muscarinic receptors are usually coupled to a Gi protein, leading to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a reduction of cAMP levels. We have shown previously that basal levels of cAMP are very low in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes, and that a membrane-permeant cAMP analogue, chlorophenylthio-cAMP (CPTcAMP), mimics the effects of Iso. ACh did not reverse the effects of CPTcAMP, supporting the hypothesis that the effects of ACh on Ip are also mediated via inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. 5. The present results suggest that a high level of parasympathetic tone alone does not affect the activity of ventricular Na(+)-K+ pumps. However, if sympathetic tone is high, then muscarinic stimulation can reciprocally modulate Na(+)-K+ pump activity.
Genetic and phenotypic parameter estimates of pelvic measurements and birth weight in beef heifers

Abstract Data on 1210 spring-born (1983 to 1988) yearling heifers were analyzed by paternal half-sib procedures to obtain genetic and phenotypic parameter estimates involving birth weight and pelvic measurements. Data included records on 629 Angus, 325 Simmental, and 256 Salers representing 93, 49, and 22 paternal half-sib sire groups, respectively. Heritabilities for birth weight (BW), pelvic height (PH), pelvic width (PW), and pelvic area (PA) for Angus were 0.30, 0.61, 0.28, and 0.43, respectively. Corresponding values for Simmental and Salers heifers were 0.14, 0.34, 0.44, 0.37, and 0.18, 0.02, 0.29, 0.15, respectively. Genetic correlations among pelvic measurements (PH-PW, PH-PA, PW-PA) were positive (0.25 to 1.03) except for the estimate of −0.07 for PH-PW in Simmentals. Genetic correlations between BW and the 3 pelvic measurements (BW-PH, BW-PW, BW-PA) were negative (−0.18 to −0.36) except for the estimates of 0.53 (BW-PW) and 0.26 (BW-PA) in Simmentals and 2.84 (BW-PH) and 0.39 (BW-PA) in Salers. Phenotypic correlations among pelvic measurements ranged from 0.16 to 0.80. Phenotypic correlations between birth weight and the 3 pelvic measurements were consistently lower (−0.02 to 0.09) than the genetic correlations.
American and Canadian Environmental Federalism; A Game-Theoretic Analysis

To understand why environmental federalism is different in Canada and the United States, one might begin with the initial strategic realities that faced the Fathers of Canadian Confederation and the Framers of the Constitution of the US. This essay examined federalism from a game theoretic point of view, to integrate and expose the rational properties of the decision to federate and the logical entailments of that choice for environmental policy within two specific strategic contexts. Specifically, the author suggests that American environmental federalism has arisen in response to the strategic reality of a prisoner's dilemma, while Canadian environmental federalism can be analyzed as an effort to regulate confrontations within a game of chicken. In addition to the analysis of each federated structure, evidence from five case studies demonstrates the usefulness of games to the study of comparative federalism.
Hydration of Tricalcium Silicate: Effects of CaCl2 and Sucrose on Reaction Kinetics and Product Formation

The effects of CaCl2 and sucrose on the hydration of monoclinic and triclinic tricalcium silicate were studied using quasielastic neutron scattering and calorimetry. Aside from acceleration and retardation, other effects on the reaction were revealed including changes to the rate constant and the type and amount of hydration product. These effects were measured in terms of specific kinetic parameters for the first time. The phenomenon of “delayed acceleration” caused by sucrose is attributed to the solubilization of the silicate species.
DIAGRAMMING AND GRADING HEART SOUNDS AND MURMURS.

Abstract An improved graphic method of diagramming heart sounds and murmurs is presented for the purpose of advancing training in auscultation and to facilitate speed and clarity of communication in cardiology workups. This graphic method is made possible by more recent concepts in the grading of amplitude on a scale of 6, so that a means of grading heart sounds as well as murmurs becomes practical. We discuss the value of using palpability to separate Grade 3 from Grade 4 sounds or murmurs. We have tried to show how the word “pansystolic” may be misleading and should be replaced by “regurgitant” in the description of auscultatory findings. The regurgitant and ejection murmur complexes are described, and we show how a diagram may be used to teach students to learn these concepts.
Searching for Madness Within the Complexity of Schizophrenia

In Search of Madness: Schizophrenia and Neuroscience, by Walter Heinrichs. (2001). New York: Oxford University Press. 368 pp., $19.95.In Search of Madness: Schizophrenia and Neuroscience is a concise but thorough and even-handed review of the current status of research in schizophrenia. It is an amalgam of research studies distributed across numerous domains relevant to schizophrenia and represents a much expanded version of his 1993 review article in the American Psychologist. In particular, the book synthesizes aspects of neuropsychological functioning, genetic, behavioral and genetic markers, and the neurochemistry of schizophrenia with information on etiology and overt symptoms of the illness. One potentially controversial and central feature of this book is Heinrich's argument that schizophrenia is not one single illness but a heterogeneous syndrome. Heinrichs' rationale for conducting research on the studies is to exemplify the discrepancies between what researchers claim to be “common symptoms” of schizophrenia. For each topic covered, Heinrichs and colleagues combined all relevant research studies between 1980 and 1999 and performed a meta-analysis to better explain the overall status of such research. For example, regarding attention deficits on the Continuous Performance Test, he grouped all studies together between 1980 and 1999 and matched the studies according to patient sample (schizophrenia patients and controls) and measure used (the Identical Pairs version of the CPT). He then calculated the effect size to determine the variance attributed to the identified construct. This meticulous method was employed for each phenomenon that was examined.
Low-protein diet increases sexual behaviour and response to electric shock in adult male rats

Adult male rats were maintained for 4 weeks on an 8% protein diet or a 22% protein diet. During the fifth week the two groups were assessed for sexual behavior, flinch and jump thresholds, and noise-elicited startle habituation. Rats on the low protein diet exhibited significantly more mounting with thrusts and were sensitive to lower levels of shock as indicated by flinch threshold differences. Low protein rats did not differ with respect to jump thresholds or startle response habituation. After a rehabilitation diet the differences in sexual behavior were no longer apparent.
Consumers Prefer Seasoned Lean Ground Beef and Turkey Over Seasoned Ground Emu

Abstract Emu meat is a lower-fat meat alternative and is available at restaurants, retail stores, and farms. To our knowledge, no studies have explored the sensory attributes of seasoned ground emu using untrained panelists. The purposes of this study approved by the Institutional Review Board were to 1) determine the acceptability of seasoned ground emu compared to seasoned ground beef and turkey by untrained consumer panelists; and 2) assess factors that may influence acceptability of emu by the panelists. Untrained, consumer panelists (n=84) rated their reaction to ground emu, turkey, and beef seasoned with taco seasoning mix (Old El Paso Foods, Minneapolis, Minnesota). Descriptive statistics and ANOVA followed by Bonferonni post-hoc analysis were completed (SPSS 8.0, Chicago, IL, 1998). Seasoned ground beef and turkey were preferred over the seasoned ground emu for appearance, tenderness, flavor, texture, aftertaste, and overall acceptability (P
Real-time 3D hand tracking in a virtual environment

The development of a reliable untethered interactive virtual environment has long been a goal of the VR community. Several nonmagnetic tracking systems have been developed in recent years based on optical, acoustic, and mechanical solutions. However, an inexpensive, effective, and unobtrusive tracking solution remains elusive. This paper presents a camera based three-dimensional hand tracking system implemented in the PARIS augmented reality environment and used to drive a demonstration application.
A Primer on Genetic Testing

Use of genetic tests in the clinical practice setting is a current reality, and an increasing number of patients are asking about and requesting genetic testing. The push to translate genetic research findings and technological innovations into clinical practice will continue as our understanding of the genetic basis of disease increases. Special consideration is required when ordering genetic tests, beyond that of other laboratory tests, and an understanding of the unique aspects involved will help optimize clinical outcomes. The purpose of this primer is to provide a basic understanding of genetic testing, discuss current issues related to the use of tests, and outline practical steps for critically using genetic tests in clinical practice.
The healing of linear skin incisions with and without subcutaneously induced polyvinyl sponge granuloma in the dog

Abstract The healing of linear skin incisions with and without subcutaneously induced inflammation was studied in healthy adult dogs by histochemical techniques. The most marked difference between the two types of healing was in the amount of exudate and granulation tissue present. Throughout the 15-day period of healing, exudate and granulation tissue were more extensive in the presence of subcutaneously induced granuloma than without induced granuloma. These differences in the contents of the two types of healing incisions were attributed to the ability of the subcutaneous fat to mount a greater degree of inflammatory and reparative responses in the presence of induced granuloma and thus to provide greater numbers of inflammatory and reparative cells. It was concluded, therefore, that a relationship does exist between inflammation and repair, that mild irritation promotes repair, and that stimulation of inflammation to a certain extent stimulates fibroplasia.
Value of wilderness designation in Utah

Abstract A developing approach of estimating non-market values called contingent valuation is used to provide a measure of the value of wilderness designation in Utah. Results indicate that wilderness designation has broad based support among Utah residents. Eighty-six per cent of respondents think that it is “important” or “very important” to preserve some pristine, unique, natural areas as wilderness in Utah. Legislation to designate additional wilderness in Utah is supported by 79% of respondents. The marginal value of additional wilderness designation remains significantly high up to approximately 8–10 million acres, or approximately 15% of the State.
Mechanical analysis of avian feet: multiarticular muscles in grasping and perching

The grasping capability of birds' feet is a hallmark of their evolution, but the mechanics of avian foot function are not well understood. Two evolutionary trends that contribute to the mechanical complexity of the avian foot are the variation in the relative lengths of the phalanges and the subdivision and variation of the digital flexor musculature observed among taxa. We modelled the grasping behaviour of a simplified bird foot in response to the downward and upward forces imparted by carrying and perching tasks, respectively. Specifically, we compared the performance of various foot geometries performing these tasks when actuated by distally inserted flexors only, versus by both distally inserted and proximally inserted flexors. Our analysis demonstrates that most species possess relative phalanx lengths that are conducive to grasps actuated only by a single distally inserted tendon per digit. Furthermore, proximally inserted flexors are often required during perching, but the distally inserted flexors are sufficient when grasping and carrying objects. These results are reflected in differences in the relative development of proximally and distally inserted digital flexor musculature among ‘perching’ and ‘grasping’ taxa. Thus, our results shed light on the relative roles of variation in phalanx length and digit flexor muscle distribution in an integrative, mechanical context.
SU-E-T-167: Comprehensive Evaluation of EPID Image Acquisition for Integrating and Temporal Dosimetry of Fixed-Gantry IMRT and ArcIMRT.

Purpose: To evaluate EPID for dosimetry applications of arc and static‐gantry IMRT with sliding window (SW) and/or step‐and‐shoot (SS) deliveries Methods:IMRT beams (SW & SS) were designed that generate beam hold‐offs and dose rate modulation due to MLC motion under 10 × 10 cm jaw. An arcIMRT beam was designed by adding gantry movement to the SW field. A 10 cm × 10 cm open beam was also used. Despite differences in delivered dose rates/pulse characteristics, the four beams should deliver the same total dose. For each beam, various MUs with 6 MV beam at 300MU/min were irradiated on EPID which operated in image acquisition of integration mode (IM), continuous scanning mode with synchronization (CMs) and without (CMn) to beam pulses. Acquired images were evaluated in repeatability, dose linearity, and reproducibility (reproduce open beam output in IM). Results: In IM, repeatability, dose linearity, and reproducibility were within 1% for all dose levels and beams. In CMs, they were within 1–2% if dose rate was maintained steady (1) for SW beam (needed a minimum 1.3 MU/cm MLC motion) and (2) arcIMRT beam (needed a minimum 1 MU/degree and 2.8 MU/cm MLC motion) and (3) if a minimum of 38‐40 MU per shoot was used for SS beam. Nonlinearity was observed for fewer MUs. This is due to the response of EPID to pulse‐length reduction for fixed‐gantry therapy and pulse dropping for arc therapy. The latter produces in‐planar non‐uniformity making EPID unsuitable for temporal dosimetry of arcIMRT. Sacrifice in temporal resolution then became necessary such as multi‐frames per image (eg. ∼1 sec/image). In CMn the results were similar to those of CMs. However, they showed artifacts, thus this mode was not preferred. Conclusions: We found conditions under which integrating and temporal EPIDdosimetry can be used for IMRT and arcIMRT dose deliveries.
"He's Too Cold!" Children and the Limits of Culture on a Greek Island

This article explores how the presence of my son in the field led me to challenge some of my most basic assumptions about the nature of culture, the workings of cultural relativism, and the value of representing other peoples as bearers of cultural difference. During fieldwork on the Greek island ofKalymnos I found that the islanders had an 'anthropological" tolerance and curiosity concerning cultural and religious differences but did not extend such tolerance to practices of child rearing. And, strangely, 1 found myself sharing their intolerance. This article explores the limits of "culture,' both for anthropologists and for their ethnographic subjects.
Usefulness of preoperative stress perfusion imaging in predicting prognosis after liver transplantation.

The role of preoperative stress single-photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) imaging in patients with end-stage liver disease who underwent liver transplantation is not well established. We reviewed medical records of patients who had liver transplantation at our institution between January 1998 and November 2001. During this time, 339 patients (213 men, aged 51 ± 11 years) underwent liver transplantation. Of these, 87 patients had preoperative stress SPECT imaging. Diabetes mellitus (30% vs 11%), hypertension (26% vs 12%), and coronary artery disease (15% vs 7%) were more prevalent in those with than without SPECT (p <0.01 each). The stress SPECT perfusion images were normal in 78 patients (91%) and the left ventricular ejection fraction was 72 ± 10%. SPECT images revealed ascites in 66% and splenomegaly in 83% of patients. There were 35 total deaths (10%) and 5 nonfatal myocardial infarctions over a mean follow-up of 21 ± 13 months. Most deaths (32 of 35) were noncardiac and sepsis was the most common cause of death. A normal SPECT study had a 99% negative predictive value for perioperative cardiac events. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed an 87% 2-year cumulative survival rate in the total group. Thus, in patients undergoing liver transplantation, 2-year survival depends on early noncardiac events. A normal stress SPECT study identified patients at a very low risk for early and late cardiac events despite a higher risk profile. SPECT images also revealed unique findings, such as ascites and splenomegaly, which could produce image artifacts and may interfere with accurate image interpretation.
Association of ethylene dibromide (EDB) with mature cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) fruit.

Ethylene dibromide (EDB), a potential carcinogen, has been used in gasoline mixtures to avoid the accumulation of metallic lead in engines. Ethylene dibromide is present in the environment and in groundwater. Previous analysis has shown that EDB levels have reached up to 16 microg L-1 in the groundwater at two fuel spill plumes in the vicinity of the Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR) Base and up to 1.69 microg L-1 in the Coonamessett and Quashnet Rivers in Cape Cod, MA (U.S. Air Force IRP, Fact Sheet #98-10, 1998). Groundwater and river water from this area are used to flood some local cranberry bogs for irrigation and harvesting of cranberry fruits. The potential sorption of EDB by cranberry fruits during harvest has caused concern but information regarding its occurrence is not available. In this study, low levels of EDB (0.04-0.15 microg kg-1) were found to be associated with cranberry fruits that were exposed to EDB at levels ranging from 3 to 12 microg L-1 at 10, 20, and 30 degrees C for up to 7 days. Rinsing EDB-exposed cranberry fruits twice with deionized water or once with 0.01 M NaCl solution reduced the amount of EDB associated with the cranberry fruits by 65-72% to a level of 0.02 microg kg-1. Therefore, the EDB most likely is associated with the water residue on the surface of the cranberry fruit rather than being absorbed into the flesh of the fruit during the EDB exposure.
Understanding absenteeism: The potential contribution of economic theory

Abstract The issue of employee absenteeism has been an important subject of psychological research for at least 35 years. Although there has been a substantial research effort, only recently has movement occurred toward a comprehensive theoretical framework with testable implications. This paper offers an economic theory of absence which provides substantial insight into the incentive aspect of the problem. The theory is tested using data from a large industrial site.
How customer voice contributes to stronger service provider relationships

Purpose – The author aims to examine how customer voice contributes to service provider relationships as a relationship driver by assessing its linkages to distinct relationship outcomes.Design/methodology/approach – Structural equation modeling is used to test the study's hypotheses with US customer survey data from two independent samples: a luxury specialty retailer (n=2,586) and a casual dining restaurant (n=634). Both participating service firms use loyalty programs whose members are included in this study.Findings – Customer voice is shown to positively and directly relate to customers' willingness to increase the volume and share of their purchases, impart positive word of mouth, and participate in a variety of marketing research initiatives.Research limitations/implications – The multi‐contextually supported results are based on distinct customer groups with varying ties to the service provider.Practical implications – As service providers are able to favorably influence customer voice, they also ...
Do physicians' own preferences for life-sustaining treatment influence their perceptions of patients' preferences? A second look

Previous studies have documented the fallibility of attempts by surrogates and physicians to act in a substituted judgment capacity and predict end-of-life treatment decisions on behalf of patients. We previously reported that physicians misperceive their patients' preferences and substitute their own preferences for those of their patients with respect to four treatments: cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in the event of cardiac arrest, ventilator for an indefinite period of time, medical nutrition and hydration for an indefinite period of time, and hospitalization in the event of pneumonia.
Grammar signals and assignment of words to parts of speech among young children: an exploration

Syntactic cuing in inference of meaning was studied among 20 children each in kindergarten, 2nd, and 4th grades. Three count nouns and three transitive verbs (actual words in infrequent use) were presented in sentences and Ss guessed the meaning of each word. Responses were classified by parts-of-speech as either homogeneous or heterogeneous, and homogeneous responses were interpreted as an indication of syntactic cuing. Significant part-of-speech by grade and grade by sex interactions were found and, in addition, an almost significant interaction was found between part-of-speech and sex. In general, the syntactic cuing concept seemed to be supported.
Unhealthy partnerships: the tobacco industry and African American and Latino labor organizations.

The tobacco industry in the 1980s began to form relationships with outside groups for assistance on key policy issues due to its own poor credibility in the policy arena. This strategy allowed the industry to advance its own interests while seeming to match the agendas of very different organizations. Between 1988 and 1998, the tobacco industry developed coalitions with the A. Philip Randolph Institute (APRI), representing African American trade unionists, and the Labor Coalition on Latin American Advancement (LCLAA), representing Latino trade unionists. APRI and LCLAA each adopted resolutions supporting industry positions on smokefree worksites and excise taxes, issues on which they had not previously taken positions, and promoted these positions to their members, political leaders and the public. They also supported the industry’s youth programs. This research relied upon a review of background literature and document searches through the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library and Tobacco Documents Online to examine the development of the excise tax coalition. The tobacco industry built support with APRI and LCLAA by framing policy positions in line with the organizations’ interests, creating institutional arrangements that circumvented direct funding from the industry, and enhancing the industry’s ability to influence excise tax debates indirectly. Although tobacco control advocates do not have the financial resources of the tobacco industry at their disposal, they can learn from tobacco industry techniques as they seek to build coalitions with people of color in the labor movement. Tobacco control advocates can both counter tobacco industry issue frames and also align their interests with those of working people of color by working on other issues of interest to this population, including health care and worker health and safety.
Nanoscale STM-patterning and chemical modification of the Si(100) surface

Nanoscale patterning of the Si(100)-2x1:H monohydride surface has been achieved using an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) scanning tunneling microscope (STM). The monohydride surface, prepared in UHV by exposure of a heated sample (650 K) to an atomic hydrogen flux, serves as an effective resist for STM patterning and exposure to O"2 and NH"3. Operating the STM in field emission causes hydrogen to be desorbed from the surface, exposing atomically clean silicon. There is no evidence for repassivation of the surface after patterning, suggesting that hydrogen may desorb as H"2. Hydrogen desorption can also be achieved at tunneling biases (~3-4 V) by using larger currents. Nanometer-scale linewidths can be achieved with this technique; single dimer rows have in fact been depassivated. The patterned areas display the same chemical reactivity as clean Si, suggesting the possibility of selective chemical modification of the surface at nanometer scales. This STM-depassivation technique shows considerable potential as a means for nanostructure fabrication.
Transient comitant esotropia in a child with migraine.

1,532 m/sec, then the fraction becomes 1 (1,532/1,532) and actual axial length is obtained by simply adding 44% of the lens thickness to the meaured axial length using the aphakic tissue velocity. Empiric data verify these results.' For example, suppose an apparent axial length in a pseudophakic eye of 22.0 mm were obtained with a tissue velocity of 1,550 m/sec with a 25-diopter intraocular lens that has a center thickness of 1.40 mm. The actual axial length would be obtained by multiplying (1,532/1,550) times 22.0 mm to get the apparent aphakic axial length (21.74 mm), then adding 44% of the 1.40-mm lens thickness (0.62 mm), yielding 22.36 mm. Notice that if the lens thickness effect had been ignored, the error would be 0.62 mm using 1,532 m/sec and 0.36 mm using 1,550 m/sec, resulting in an error of 1 to 2 diopters in the predicted refraction. Nominal center plastic thicknesses for 6and 7-mm optic diameter polymethylmethacrylate lenses for three dioptric powers are shown in the Table. Exact thicknesses can be obtained from the lens manufacturer and depend on optic diameter and configuration, for example, biconvex, meniscus, and convexoplano.
Team Attributes, Processes, and Values: a Pedagogical Framework

This article proposes a pedagogical framework to help students analyze their group and team interactions. Intersecting five fundamental group attributes (group size, group goal, group member interdependence, group structure, and group identity) with three overarching group processes (leadership, decision making, and conflict management) creates an analytical tool for the examination of team interaction. Furthermore, each group attribute/group process intersection encourages analytical questions targeting assumptions, values, and ethical positions embedded within the group. One advantage of this heuristic device is that it weds team member behaviors with the values members espouse and enact during team interactions. Pedagogical considerations are also discussed.
ENDOCYTOSIS OF MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA BY OCHROMONAS DANICA1

SUMMARY Ochromonas danica Prings., a chrysomonad alga which demonstrates a high degree of nutritional versatility, is capable of feeding on the toxic blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa Kuetz. In this paper light microscopic, electron microscopic, and cytochemical examinations of endocytosis in O. danica are reported, with particular emphasis on the vicissitudes of endocytic and lysosomal activities during intra-cellular digestion. An interpretation of the function of organelles associated with endocytosis is presented.
Restoration aquaculture of the pinto abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana kamtschatkana Jonas): impacts of rearing method on behaviour, growth and survivorship in the hatchery

Pinto abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana kamtschatkana) populations in Washington State (USA) and British Columbia (Canada) continue to decline despite fisheries closures. For successful recovery, supplementation may be necessary. To determine appropriate culture methods, juveniles were reared in habitat-enriched tanks (supplemented with rocks, macroalgae and sea urchins) or conventional aquaculture tanks and assessed for growth and survivorship in the laboratory over 15 months. No differences in survivorship or growth were observed. Subsequent experiments examined whether abalone behaviour (habitat selection and movement patterns) differed between rearing treatments. Abalone were exposed to one of three predator treatments (sea star arm, small crab, or no predator (control)) and filmed for 8 h. Abalone from habitat-enriched tanks changed habitats significantly more often than abalone from conventional tanks regardless of predator treatment. Significant differences in the percentage of time that abalone occupied the various habitats were also observed. Abalone in the sea star and control treatments primarily occupied the rocks, whereas abalone in the crab treatment behaved differently depending on the rearing method; conventionally reared abalone spent more time in corners, whereas abalone from habitat-enriched tanks spent more time exposed. These results demonstrate that rearing conditions can affect abalone behaviour and should be considered for abalone restoration efforts worldwide.
Effect of off-axis illumination on stepper overlay

Modified illumination schemes for wafer steppers, such as oblique and low partial coherence illumination, can improve the imaging performance for some types of microlithography patterns. Implementation of these methods by simple insertion of apertures into a stepper illuminator, without reoptimization of the illuminator, can lead to deterioration in illumination power and uniformity. The different apertures may also affect lens aberrations, lens distortion and illumination telecentricity and require adjustments for the effective control of dose, focus and reduction ratio. This study has examined the set-up of a modified illumination system, the effects of four different illuminator apertures on several lens parameters and the consequent effect on overlay between layers printed with different apertures. It is found that the lens performance is either not significantly changed or can be compensated adequately in the case of off-axis illumination apertures but deteriorates when using low partial coherence illumination. However, preliminary overlay tests between fields printed using different apertures show acceptable performance in all cases.
Simultaneous liquid chromatographic determination of glutaric acid, phenylephrine, and benzyl alcohol in a prototype nasal spray with application to di- and tricarboxylic acids.

A rapid reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of glutaric acid, phenylephrine, and benzyl alcohol in nasal spray has been developed. UV detection was utilized at 210 nm for the assay of glutaric acid and phenylephrine with an adjustment to 254 nm for the measurement of benzyl alcohol. Linearity and recovery data were obtained for each component in spiked placebo studies. An investigation of the retention mechanisms of the three components showed that phenylephrine was retained by ion-pairing with octanesulfonate anion while glutaric acid and benzyl alcohol partitioned as a suppressed ion and a neutral molecule, respectively. The method has been further extended to the reversedphase separation of di- and tricarboxylic acids using a totally aqueous 0.0074 M phosphoric acid mobile phase. The retention of these acids was related to their octanol–water partition coefficients and structural variation.
Effects of menstrual phase on reactivity to nicotine.

Abstract The possible impact of menstrual phase upon reactivity to nicotine was investigated in 12 healthy women smokers. Controlled doses of nicotine were administered via an intranasal aerosol delivery device to overnight-deprived women smokers in four hormonally verified menstrual phases. Physiological, biochemical, and subjective measures were collected. Cycle-related symptomatology differed significantly across phase, with lowest values during the mid-follicular phase. No significant differences were found for baseline variables, including withdrawal measures. Nicotine increment was stable across phase, confirming reliability of the dosing method. No significant menstrual phase differences were found for physiological, subjective, or biochemical responses to nicotine. Pending investigations conducted over longer intervals, in a wider variety of subjects, findings suggest that for this type of study, complex strategies to control for menstrual-cycle phase effects may be unnecessary.
Tightly coupling visual and linguistic features for enriching audio-based web browsing experience

People who are blind use screen readers for browsing web pages. Since screen readers read out content serially, a naive readout tends to mix irrelevant and relevant content thereby disrupting the coherency of the material being read out and confusing the listener. To address this problem we can partition web pages into coherent segments and narrate each such piece separately. Extant methods to do segmentation use visual and structural cues without taking the semantics into account and consequently create segments containing irrelevant material. In this paper, we describe a new technique for creating coherent segments by tightly coupling visual, structural, and linguistic features present in the content. A notable aspect of the technique is that it produces segments with little irrelevant content. Preliminary experiments indicate that the technique is effective in creating highly coherent segments and the experiences of an early adopter who is blind suggest that it enriches the overall browsing experience.
Quaternionic Madelung Transformation and Non-Abelian Fluid Dynamics

Abstract We find the quaternionic generalization of the Madelung transformation of the Schroedinger equation. The non-Abelian nature of the full SU(2) gauge group of the quaternionic Schroedinger equation leads to a more complex set of equations for the fluid variables. We identify the “hydrodynamic” variables for the quaternionic Madelung transformation. In order to find equations of motion for these quantities we cast the Madelung transformation in the form of a non-canonical transformation of the classical Hamiltonian field theory for the quaternionic Schroedinger equation. We first define the canonical bracket and Hamiltonian for the quaternionic Schroedinger equation and then obtain the non-canonical brackets yielding the equations of motion for the quaternionic Madelung variables. These equations are a particularly natural set of equations for a non-Abelian fluid, and differ from those obtained by Bistrovic et al. only by a global gauge transformation (hep-th/0210143, 2002). Obtaining these equations by a transformation of the quaternionic Schroedinger equation makes their simulation by a variety of methods particularly simple.
Midgut gland toxins of Hawaiian sea hares—I. Isolation and preliminary toxicological observations

Abstract Two separate lethal extracts, termed the ether-soluble toxin and water-soluble toxin, were obtained from the midgut glands of the Hawaiian sea hares Dolabella auricularia , Aplysia pulmonica , Stylocheilus longicauda and Dolabrifera dolabrifera (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Aplysiidae). Extracts from a fifth species, Aplysia juliana , were nonlethal. Homogenized glands were extracted with acetone, followed by partitioning between diethyl ether and distilled water. The ether-soluble fraction was chromatographed on a silicic acid column, while the watersoluble material was extracted further with l-butanol. Both extracts appeared to be unaffected by brief exposure to temperatures up to 90°C, as well as to recurrent freezing and thawing over periods exceeding two years. Both were most effective at pH 2 to 7, and inactive above pH 8. Neither raw glands nor their extracts were orally toxic to mice, but both ether- and water-soluble fractions displayed potent effects following intraperitoneal injection. Signs following injection of the ether-soluble toxin included irritability, viciousness and severe flaccid paralysis. The water-soluble toxin, in contrast, caused convulsions and respiratory distress.
Oildroplets in the eyes of adult anuran amphibians: a comparative survey.

Oildroplets in the eyes of terrestrial vertebrates are spherical cellular organelles that stain for lipids, have no discernible internal structure, and often contain carotnoids and possibly other chemicals. A survey of 97 species of anuran amphibians (frogs and toads) revealed that all speccies of 16 families surveyed possessed yellow oildroplets of varying size in the cells of the pigment epithelium, except for three species that appear to have secondarily lost them during evolution. Furtbermore, 25 species of six families also possess colorless oildroplets at the distal end of the inner segments of single cones and principal cones of the double-cone system; two species of the Ranidae appear to have secondarily lost such retinal oildroplets. Every species possesses epithelial or retinal oildroplets or both. Lastly, small oildroplet-like inclusions were discovered in the red blood cells of two species. All of Walls' ('42) summary generalizations about anuran oildroplets are incorrect: oildroplets are not restricted to the Ranidae, are not yellow when found in the cones, and do not correlate with phototactic behavior in 87 species. Evidence is reviewed suggesting that the primary function of anuran oildroplets is chemical storage, perhaps related to the visual pigment cycle. Oildroplets in the cones may additionally act as filters of ultraviolet radiation.
A counterexample to a conjecture of Hasson

Construction d'un contre-exemple a la conjecture de Hasson concernant l'erreur d'approximation des fonctions continues sur [a, b] par des polynomes algebriques de degre ≤n
"Primitiveness" and "Advancedness" of Pleasures and Aversions in Relation to WAIS Indices.

Administered the Pleasure-Aversion Scale and all 11 subtests of the WAIS to 34 women and 28 men. On the PAS, Ss list pleasures and aversions, which fall into five categories: Reality Pleasure (RP), Fantasy Pleasure (FP), Reality Aversive (RA), Fantasy Aversive (FA), and Total Score. Each S response is rated by two trained raters, who use special rating scales. These scales provide ratings of cognitive „primitiveness” and „advancedness” for each listed pleasure or aversion. The five PAS measures essentially were uncorrelated with the WAIS indices for women, but a meaningful pattern of correlations emerged for men. Of most significance were tendencies for Reality Pleasure to correlate with WAIS Verbal indices (VIQ, FSIQ, I, V, and D) and Fantasy Pleasure to correlate negatively with WAIS Performance indices (DS, BD, PC, and OA). The strong correlation between RP and Digit Span was discussed from the standpoint of Bailey's primitive-advanced continuum (Bailey, 1982) and Gittinger's Externalizer-Internalizer dimension (Winne & Gittinger, 1973). Problems in generalizing from present findings also were discussed.
Prevalence of antibodies to SIV in baboons in their native habitat.

We have documented rare infection of baboons in their native habitat with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Of 124 sera collected from yellow baboons in central Tanzania, two gave high readings by SIVagm ELISA (>1.0) and moderate by SIVmac ELISA (0.5-1.0). These two sera gave strong reactions to the major SIVagm proteins, including gp130, by western blot analysis; their reactivity to SIVmac protein was considerably weaker. Similar testing of 155 sera from olive baboons of Ethiopia revealed no clearly positive sera. Thus, 2 of 279 baboon sera or 0.7% were positive for antibodies to SIV. The strong reactivity of the two positive yellow baboon sera with SIVagm proteins raises questions about whether these animals may have been infected by green monkeys in their native habitat; baboons occasionally prey upon and eat green monkeys. In addition to these two clearly positive samples, one olive baboon serum and one yellow baboon serum reacted only with major gag protein (p24-p26). Continued study of prevalence...
Distribution of NADPH diaphorase in intramural plexuses of cat and opossum esophagus

Nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) nerves, releasing nitric oxide (NO), regulate peristalsis in esophageal smooth muscle. The NADPH diaphorase reaction identifies nitric oxide synthase (NOS). NO-synthesizing (NANC) nerves should be more abundant in esophageal smooth muscle than in striated muscle. We used NADPH diaphorase histochemistry in whole-mounts of the esophagus of cat (predominantly striated muscle) and opossum (predominantly smooth muscle) to compare striated and smooth muscle regions. In the opossum myenteric plexus, 90% of nerve cells were stained, with two populations, dark-staining and light-staining cells. Dark cells constituted 35-51% of stained cells with no difference between striated muscle and smooth muscle regions. In the cat myenteric plexus, 50% of cells were unstained in the striated muscle segment, but only 10% in the smooth muscle segment. Stained cells constituted two populations, dark cells and light cells, dark cells making up 48-60% of stained cells in both striated and smooth muscle segments, with no difference between segments. Both dark cells and light cells lay in clusters in opossum, but not in cat. Dark cells showed no selectivity for large or small ganglia of myenteric plexus in either region in opossum. Many more NADPH diaphorase positive nerve fibers lay in the circular smooth muscle layer than in the other layers. They were not found in striated muscle. Interstitial cells of Cajal in the circular layer of smooth muscle were also positive. In the submucosal plexus of opossum, all cells were stained, 10% being dark cells in both striated and smooth muscle segments. The cat has almost no nerve cells in the submucosal plexus. The similarity of the myenteric plexus in striated muscle and smooth muscle regions of the esophagus suggests that NADPH diaphorase positive nerves have other functions besides regulation of smooth muscle. Also, a positive reaction may not dictate that NO is the sole transmitter released.