cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prelitigation Hardball after Dominant Semiconductors

Particularly since eBay, patentees who threaten alleged secondary infringers may accomplish more than would be possible by filing suit against primary infringers. Beginning in 1998, the Federal Circuit has found various essentially identical local causes of action, as well as actions under Sec. 43(a) of the Lanham Act to be subject to a federal privilege. Recent opinions confirm that anyone may be threatened with suit unless allegations of infringement are "objectively baseless."Yet it seems that such contact should be forbidden at least until suit has been filed against the primary infringer. Patentees whose suits cannot pass muster under F. R. Civ. Pro. 11 should be barred from contacting secondary infringers whose stakes are too small to credit rebutting legal opinions offered by primary infringers, much less seek independent opinions.
Genetic Influences in Human Tumors

Although the genetic analysis of cancer in animals has played a major role in the development of knowledge and new ideas about the etiology and pathogenesis of cancer, the genetic study of human cancer has played a very minor role. Part of this difference is attributable to the fact animal data have been provided to a great extent by experimental manipulation of selected species and genetic strains, whereas human data have been largely descriptive and not related either to animal data or to critical etiological hypotheses. Genetic analyses of human cancer have consisted primarily of population, family, and twin studies of tumor occurrence and cytogenetic analyses. The results of cytogenetic analyses of human tumors are thoroughly discussed elsewhere in this volume, and reference to them in this chapter will be confined largely to discussion of genetically predisposing conditions which involve chromosomal abnormality. It is the study of the occurrence of tumors that has contributed most significantly to the understanding of etiology.
MOSQUITO IMMUNITY TO THE MALARIA PARASITE

Anopheles gambiae , the insect vector of human malaria, has evolved into a unique model system for the study of innate immunity, mainly because of advances in the functional genomics of this organism. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a detailed outline of the cellular and molecular components and mechanisms that are involved in the mosquito's defense against malaria parasites. In general, immune responses are initiated when the pathogen is recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) ( Section 8.3 ), the signal is propagated by amplification ( Section 8.4 ) and transduction cascades ( Section 8.5 ), and carried out by effector proteins ( Section 8.6 ) and cellular defense mechanisms ( Sections 8.7 and 8.8 ). Section 8.10 outlines transcriptional profiling studies that have been widely used to identify anti- Plasmodium factors and show how the mosquito's physiology responds to infection. Plasmodium parasites undergo several developmental transitions within the mosquito and immune responses can be specific toward these stages ( Section 8.11 and throughout). Finally, mosquito immunity to Plasmodium has shown specificity with regard to the species of both the vector and the parasite; these differences are described in Section 8.12 . The material presented here will provide a solid understanding of mosquito immunity toward the malaria parasite and address some of the intricacies of this complex vector–parasite interaction.
Pore Structure Characterization by Mercury Porosimetry

Ceramics when processed usually start as a highly porous compact and frequently after processing are porous, e.g. refractory and building brick. Therefore, porosity is a property of much interest and is often correlated with other properties, such as strength, permeability, electrical resistivity, etc. Measurements of apparent or total porosity are therefore usually determined on such materials. However, these are only single values and give no insight into the size and distribution of pores.
4 – Behavioral Interviewing

Publisher Summary This chapter reveals that the behavioral interviewing is a crucial aspect of behavioral assessment and treatment. It is a complex process that requires the interviewer to assess the patient's difficulties, abilities, and resources while developing a supportive working relationship at the same time. The behavioral interviewer uses the framework of learning principles in order to understand what precipitates and maintains problematic behavior. Although existing research provides some support for the usefulness of the behavioral interview, only a general consensus has been developed about the specific elements necessary in this type of assessment. A great deal of additional research is needed to support the reliability and validity of the selection of target behaviors as well as the functional analysis that behavioral interviews yield. A skillful behavioral interview involves assessing a number of specific details about the topology of the presenting problem.
Toward a Computationally Unified Behavioral-Economic Model of Addiction

This chapter describes an instance of computational constructionism applied to the understanding of drug addiction. Rather than devising models of increasingly smaller anatomical, physiological or chemical units of analysis, the practice exposited here was to expand the integrative scope of behavioral-economic concepts that have been used to describe addiction phenomena. We discussed (a) excessive and persistent consumption of substances, as studied in analysis of demand; and (b) concurrent-choice preference for immediate small and unhealthy reinforcers over delayed but large and healthy reinforcers, and reversals of preference between this two types of alternatives, as studied in the science of delay discounting. While all of these phenomena are characteristic of addiction, it is remarkable how seldom concepts for explaining (a) appear in scientific reports on (b). The notion of expanding the scope of an explanatory concept is introduced via consideration of the concept of unit price. This concept integrates numerous variables traditionally studied in isolation in addiction research, and provides the basis of more general and parsimonious explanations of addiction phenomena. The scope of the unit price concept is further expanded, as it plays a role in a computational formulation describing choice among, and reversals of preference between, concurrently available reinforcers, which are very complex aspects of behavior that are fundamental to addiction phenomena. Lastly, we discuss computational implications and cautions, and scientific and practical prospects that derive from the exercise of expanding the integrative scope of the unit price concept to a broader and more complex range of addiction phenomena. Future developments along these lines are expected to produce constructs with which preferences exhibited by drug-dependent individuals may be predicted more accurately, and may be therapeutically modified.
Hyoscyamus spp.: Anther Culture Studies

The production of plants with the haploid or gametic number of chromosomes constitutes a significant application of tissue culture methodology for crop improvement. Haploid plants are regenerated when anthers at an appropriate stage of development are cultured in a nutrient medium with or without a proper balance of hormonal substances. The great interest in the production of haploids by anther or pollen culture techniques lies in the ease of methodology for obtaining haploids in large numbers, in the speeding of homozygosity, in the selection of desirable genetic combinations by doubling of chromosomes, in the production of mutants from cell cultures and in protoplast isolation and somatic hybridization.
Platelets prefer to be shaken, not stirred

Turbulent-flow bioreactors enable clinical scale production of mature, functional platelets.
Innovative Approaches to Organisational Sustainability: State-of-the-Art and Conceptual Framework

Organisational Sustainability (OS) has been one of the key research topics in sustainability debates. Organisational approaches that support pathways towards a more sustainable society, such as environmental management and social responsibility instruments, have been widely adopted. However, there are critical gaps in understanding how companies may design strategic pathways, assess alternatives and implement sustainability transitions. Despite multiple theories and methods on how organisations integrate sustainability into their strategies and operations, their efforts to improve sustainability performance still lack effective and consistent results. The main goal of this study is thus to identify key research challenges related with organisational sustainability and develop a conceptual framework to support the implementation of sustainability transitions in organisations. Departing from an in-depth literature review, the proposed conceptual framework supports analysis and implementation of organisational pathways, bringing insights on the key challenges and enablers of innovative long-term solutions. Preliminary results from such analysis point out that organisational sustainability transitions ought to be built in close collaboration with stakeholders, in order to achieve a shared vision of sustainability for the organisation. The pathways towards this vision should then consider the dynamics of the organisational external context and internal factors, such as organisational capabilities, innovation and participatory and systemic assessments of the organisational performance.
Effects of aerobic exercise on pain and disability in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain: a systematic review protocol.

Aerobic exercise programs have been used for various health conditions, including musculoskeletal disorders. However, the literature is still limited regarding the effect of aerobic exercise on pain and disability in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain. Search strategies will be performed in the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE ( https://www.embase.com ), CINAHL, PEDro, Lilacs, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). We will include randomized controlled trials in any language or date of publication. The primary outcomes will be pain and disability. The methodological quality and statistical reporting of each eligible trial will be evaluated using the 11-item PEDro scale. The strength of the recommendations will be summarized using the using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. This systematic review will provide a synthesis of current evidence on the effects of aerobic exercise in patients with chronic low back pain on pain and disability outcomes. This information can help healthcare professionals in decision-making related to the use of aerobic exercise in patients with low back pain. Following the guidelines, this systematic review protocol was registered on the Prospective International Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) number CRD42017071945.
Aging Populations and Public Health Ethics

This chapter examines three primary public health goals relating to elderly populations: promoting healthy aging (including aging in place), reducing health inequities, and extending life spans. It then considers the ways in which programs or policies to advance population-wide goals are challenged to meet ethical responsibilities to protect older adults from harm, respect their autonomy and dignity, and treat them fairly or justly when resources are limited. Lastly, by looking at a difficult situation commonly faced in hospitals — the discharge of an elderly patient who may not be able to safely return home — the chapter introduces questions about the relationship between public health ethics, clinical ethics, and social justice, and about the future role of public health as a field of inquiry and action.
Lithium aluminum hydride reduction of N-aziridinylimines to hydrocarbons

Abstract The hydride reduction of ketone and aldehyde N-aziridinylimines is reported. Unlike most other hydrazone reductions, the reaction proceeds at room temperature under non-acidic conditions, providing an unusually mild carbonyl-to-methylene conversion.
Recapitulation of Creativity Theory

This chapter recapitulates our theory of musical creativity to initiate a discourse on how to proceed in musical creativity for the future.
Membrane bending by protein phase separation

Membrane bending is a ubiquitous cellular process that is required for membrane traffic, cell motility, organelle biogenesis, and cell division. Proteins that bind to membranes using specific structural features, such as wedge-like amphipathic helices and crescent-shaped scaffolds, are thought to be the primary drivers of membrane bending. However, many membrane-binding proteins have substantial regions of intrinsic disorder, which lack a stable three-dimensional structure. Interestingly, many of these disordered domains have recently been found to form networks stabilized by weak, multi-valent contacts, leading to assembly of protein liquid phases on membrane surfaces. Here we ask how membrane-associated protein liquids impact membrane curvature. Using synthetic and cell-derived membrane vesicles, we find that liquid-liquid phase separation of membrane-associated disordered proteins creates a substantial compressive stress in the plane of the membrane. This stress drives the membrane to bend away from the protein layer, creating protein-lined membrane tubules. A simple mechanical model of this process accurately predicts the experimentally measured relationship between the rigidity of the membrane and the diameter of the membrane tubules. Discovery of this mechanism, which may be relevant to a broad range of membrane protrusions, illustrates that membrane remodeling is not exclusive to structured scaffolds, but can also be driven by the rapidly emerging class of liquid-like protein networks that assemble at membranes.
Discrepant Reporting Style Preferences Between Clinicians and Radiologists.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives To compare preferences in reporting styles between radiologists and clinicians in structured vs unstructured reporting styles in order to facilitate better communication. Methods An online survey was distributed to 5280 clinicians, radiologists, and physicians in training surveying respondent preference for three different reporting styles: expanded structured, minimized structured, and unstructured. Results A 7.5% response rate was achieved. Overall, the expanded structured reporting style was the most preferred (47%, 186/394). This contrasted with radiologists who preferred the unstructured reporting style (41%), whereas nonradiologists preferred the expanded structured reporting style (51%; P Discussion There is a discrepant reporting style preference between clinicians and radiologists. A structured reporting style with expanded standard statements is preferred by most physicians. Radiologists could consider using a structured reporting style with minimized normal statements in the emergency room setting.
Scientific and Ethical Uncertainties in Brain Organoid Research.

Hank Greely’s (2021) target article, “Human Brain Surrogates Research: The Onrushing Ethical Dilemma” reviews the manifold scientific and ethical questions surrounding models of human brains used i...
Leveraging the universal newborn hearing screen to impact parental knowledge of childhood speech development in low socioeconomic populations: A randomized clinical trial.

Abstract Objective To determine the impact of a video intervention administered at the time of the universal newborn hearing screen on caregiver knowledge of infant cognitive and language development in low socioeconomic status English-speaking parents. Methods A parallel-group, single-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted from April to August 2016. Eligible participants were at least 18 years, delivered a singleton neonate, English speaking, and designated as low socioeconomic status based on household income and level of education. A total of 112 patients, 54 treatment and 58 control, completed the study and were included in the analysis. The Baby Survey of Parent/Provider Expectations and Knowledge, a validated 24-item questionnaire assessing child development knowledge, was the primary study outcome. The survey was conducted at baseline, 1 day after intervention, and 4–6 weeks later. A one-way, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to evaluate for differences in the three time points. Results The average age of participants was 25.6 years and 85% identified as African-American. There was no significant difference in scores prior to and following the intervention for the control group (N = 58, F = 1.67, p = 0.19); however, a significant difference in scores was found in the treatment group (N = 54, F = 7.95, p Conclusion Educational video intervention for low socioeconomic mothers at the time of the universal newborn hearing screen can positively increase knowledge related to hearing and language development in the short term. Trial registration Pilot Study of Novel Postpartum Educational Video Intervention NCT02267265 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02267265 .
Simultaneous Preferences for Hedging and Doubling Down: Focal Prospects, Background Positions, and Non-Consequentialist Conceptualizations of Uncertainty

Most theories of decision making are consequentialist. They presume that people evaluate prospects on the basis of potential outcomes. However, people may often conceptualize prospects in part non-consequentially. Consider someone evaluating a new, “focal” prospect given an unresolved “background” position to which she is already exposed. If the two are positively correlated, the individual may conceptualize the focal prospect as a bet “with” her background position; if they are negatively correlated, she may conceptualize the focal prospect as a bet “against” her background position. Because people like to be consistent, this non-consequentialist conceptualization may induce a taste for betting “with” the background position. Such bets constitute risk-seeking doubling down not risk-averse hedging. Indeed, we observe that relative to corresponding background-less choices, participants with unresolved background positions are relatively risk-seeking, favoring positively rather than negatively correlated focal prospects. They also sometimes show a simultaneous taste for both doubling down and hedging.
The Fine Structure of Malaria Parasites

Publisher Summary Plasmodium, the malaria parasite of mammals, birds, and reptiles, is among the most complex intracellular parasites. For its full development and survival in nature it requires two hosts, an invertebrate, in which its sexual reproduction takes place, and a vertebrate, in which it multiplies asexually. In the vertebrate host, plasmodium first invades cells of tissues of different organs before it enters erythrocytes, the main host cell; thus the latter phase is termed intraerythrocytic, and the former, exoerythrocytic. The difference between the mitochondrial systems of intraerythrocytic species parasitized in mammals and those in birds is highly significant and serves as an example of the influence of the host on the fine structure of the parasite. Bird malaria parasites have typical protozoan mitochondria, whereas mammalian plasmodia are deprived of such mitochondria and have a structure composed of concentric double membranes which presumably performs mitochondrial functions. The concentric double-membraned structures in plasmodium are derived from the plasma membrane.
Stochastic Differential Dynamic Logic for Stochastic Hybrid Programs (CMU-CS-11-111)

Logic is a powerful tool for analyzing and verifying systems, including programs, discrete systems, real-time systems, hybrid systems, and distributed systems. Some applications also have a stochastic behavior, however, either because of fundamental properties of nature, uncertain environments, or simplifications to overcome complexity. Discrete probabilistic systems have been studied using logic. But logic has been chronically underdeveloped in the context of stochastic hybrid systems, i.e., systems with interacting discrete, continuous, and stochastic dynamics. We aim at overcoming this deficiency and introduce a dynamic logic for stochastic hybrid systems. Our results indicate that logic is a promising tool for understanding stochastic hybrid systems and can help taming some of their complexity. We introduce a compositional model for stochastic hybrid systems. We prove adaptivity, cadl ` ag, and Markov time properties, and prove that the semantics ` of our logic is measurable. We present compositional proof rules, including rules for stochastic differential equations, and prove soundness.
Ethics: making it real for information technology students

Typical textbook ethics case studies for information technology (IT) students may focus, for example, on insider trading, a corporation intentionally exceeding the legal pollution limit, or bribing a purchasing agent [1]. These are situations which very few, if any, students attending an ethics class are likely to have already encountered. Furthermore, many students will not personally have to deal with this kind of issue at any point in their entire careers. Undeniably, such issues have importance for students in their role as corporate citizens, as well as in their personal roles as voters and responsible societal participants. Nevertheless, for many students, case studies which deal with issues closer to home, issues with which they have personal experience, may prove to be more interesting and relevant. Therefore, a compelling question for IT educators is, what type of ethical issues do students normally face, particularly on the job, and how can this information be effectively incorporated into an ethics class for IT students?
Physical Wellbeing in the Roman World

This paper presents and discusses evidence of physical wellbeing in the Roman period. It covers life expectancy, mortality patterns, and skeletal evidence such as body height, cranial lesions, and dental defects. These data reveal both commonalities and significant regional variation within the Roman Empire.
Roles for CXC Chemokine Ligands 10 and 11 in Recruiting CD4+ T Cells to HIV-1-Infected Monocyte-Derived Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, and Lymph Nodes

We investigated roles for chemoattractants in dissemination of HIV-1 by examining the induction of T cell-active chemokines in HIV-1-infected human monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells. Of the 12 chemokines analyzed, mRNAs for two, CXCL10 and CXCL11, ligands for the chemokine receptor CXCR3, were up-regulated in both cell types upon infection by HIV-1. Induction of these chemokine genes in infected cultures was dependent on both viral entry and reverse transcriptase activity, but not on the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. Conditioned medium from infected cells was chemotactic for freshly isolated human CD4 + T cells, and chemotaxis was abolished by pretreatment with an Ab against CXCR3. A lymph node from an HIV-1-infected individual expressed CXCL10 and CXCL11 mRNAs in the paracortex, including venules, as detected by in situ hybridization, whereas neither mRNA was detected after highly active antiretroviral therapy. Because CCR5 on CD4 + T cells is found predominantly on cells that also express CXCR3, these data implicate CXCL10 and CXCL11 in the recruitment of susceptible T cells to HIV-1-infected lymph nodes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. This recruitment might enhance the sequestration of T cells in infected lymphoid organs and the spread of infection between cells, contributing to the immunopathology of AIDS.
Library leadership column: Resource management: people: skills management

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the part that managing skill sets plays in practicing the performance standard of managing people effectively.Design/methodology/approach – The approach is to differentiate between organizing staff positions around job functions and organizing staff positions around the skills that individuals bring to the positions.Findings – The findings are that individuals are more productive when they have the chance to use their unique skill sets rather than having to do tasks for which they have little or no skills simply because those tasks are part of a larger function.Originality/value – The value is in learning how to advance organizational goals through effective use of employee skill sets.
Equalization for Outdoor mmW Deployments

Abstract- Millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies are considered to be indispensable for next generation wireless systems, both cellular and Wi-Fi, primarily due to the large amounts of spectrum available in these bands. However, the higher frequency-dependent path loss at these frequencies needs to be overcome by the use of high-gain directional antenna arrays at both transmitter and receiver. Due to the complexity and peak to average power ratio (PAPR) requirements of OFDM, single-carrier is being considered for the physical layer, which brings up the question of appropriate equalization. In this paper we present a simulation study of equalization structures specifically for a mmW outdoor system, using realistic ray tracing simulation software to generate multipath channels depending on the transmit and receive antenna beam-widths. We then compare decision feedback equalization (DFE) with linear equalization (LE) for these channels and show that in an urban multipath environment the use of DFEs can offer significant gains even with very narrow antenna beams, while the gains are smaller in a suburban environment with less multipath.
eVolution not Revolution

Are papyrus, parchment, and paper the predecessors to electronic books or are electronic books simply a technology fad doomed to fail? Is the doomsday scenario as described by Henry Yuen, Chairman and Chief Executive of Gemstar-TV Guide International, where “hackers and inadequate reading devices” may cause a “crash landing before anything takes off electronically”, a valid prediction (Italie, 2000a)?
Abstract 71: Epigenetic control of signature gene expression in the inducible differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA [Background] Epigenetic changes in DNA and chromatin are regarded as emerging major players for hematopoietic stem cells development and lineage differentiation. Epigenetic deregulation of gene expression leads to leukemia and reversibility of epigenetic modifications makes DNA and chromatin changes attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. The promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cell can differentiate into microphage, granulocyte and monocyte with stimulation of phorbol myristic acid (PMA), all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and Vitamin D3, respectively, by affecting the gene expression on cell cycle and cell differentiation. However, how epigenetic regulation on gene expression in the inducible differentiation is still not well determined. [Methods and Results] We did the microarray analysis to identify the genome-wide gene expression profile of HL-60 cells in various time points(0h, 6h, 1d,2d,4d and 6d) under the treatment of PMA, ATRA/DMSO and D3 and found that around 3000 genes are significantly altered commonly under those treatments in the process. The percentage of down-regulated genes in the all commonly altered genes is significantly higher than that of up-regulated genes, and the significantly altered genes showed significantly physical clustering on chromosome loci, indicating the epigenetic regulation involved in the regulation of the gene expression. We did observed the expression changes of epigenetic enzymes in the process and further did the ChIP-on-ChIP analysis by using the customer array tiling the selected changed genes and 5 genomic loci hybridizing with ChIP’d DNA of histone markers (H3K4me3, H3K9me3 and H3K27me3). We found that the obvious decrease of H3K4me3 binding and increase of H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 are observed in the promoter of common down-regulated genes. These data indicated histone H3K4, H3K9 and H3K27 marker play important roles in shaping the chromatin state and regulating gene expression. [Conclusion] We identified the signature genes controlling the inducible differentiation of promyelocytic leukemia cells and found the epigenetic mechanism regulating the gene expression in the process. Citation Format: Chunhua Song, Xiaokang Pan, Zhanjun Li, Yali Ding, Sunil Mudhusami, Chandrika Gowda, Zheng Ge, Sadie Steffens, Bi-hua Tan, Sinisa Dovat. Epigenetic control of signature gene expression in the inducible differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 71. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-71
Relating residual stresses to machining and finishing in silicon carbide

Abstract Machining and surface finishing is essential in the processing of many ceramics, however, it can be detrimental to subsequent performance as it introduces residual stresses and structural defects. Using micro-Raman spectroscopy the residual stress and crystallinity of hot-pressed SiC tiles were examined after finishing with several different methods. 514 nm and 633 nm lasers in both conventional and confocal settings enabled stress as a function of depth to be assessed. Single crystal, electronics grade SiC was used for comparison. Compressive residual stresses were present at the surface and in the sub-surface region in all the samples, but the surface with lowest roughness and a mirror-like finish had the highest residual stress. Crystallinity in SiC is reduced by defects and stacking faults produced during machining and finishing. The finer surface finishes had higher residual stresses, but were actually found to have better crystallinity than the rough surfaces. The dependence of residual stress and crystallinity on surface roughness is attributed to a change in the mode of ceramic removal from energetic and brittle for rough finishes to ductile for the shallow cuts of smooth finishes. The dependence of stress and crystallinity on roughness means a balance must be struck between smoothness, crystallinity and stresses in choosing the best finish for a given application.
Pharmacology and phase I clinical studies of daunorubicin in patients with advanced malignancies

Fifty-five patients with newly diagnosed, estrogen receptor negative, metastatic breast cancer were entered in a trial of mitoxantrone, 10 mg/m2 intravenous (IV), cyclophosphamide, 500 mg/m2 IV, and 5-fluorouracil, 1000 mg/m2 IV, which were given on day 1 of a 21-day treatment interval. This trial was designed to test the efficacy of substituting mitoxantrone for doxorubicin as part of a combination that has proved to be effective in inducing remission. The trial was also intended to evaluate the response of resistant disease and of stable metastatic disease to a combination of doxorubicin and vinblastine sulfate. The cardiotoxic potential of mitoxantrone was evaluated in all the patients by serial measurements of ejection fraction and by endocardial biopsy of the right ventricle. Patients who achieved a complete response or a partial response (with bone as the only site of disease) on the three-drug combination were continued on this treatment for 2 years, or for 1 year following a complete response, whichever was shorter or as cardiac monitoring permitted. Therapy with doxorubicin, 25 mg/m2/d for two days, followed by continuous infusion vinblastine sulfate, 1.4 mg/m2/d for four days, was given to all patients who progressed after two courses or were stable after six courses of three-drug therapy. The preliminary results from 50 patients show that 4 attained a complete response and 30 a partial response, giving a total response rate of 68%. The median duration of response was more than 7 months (range greater than 5 to greater than 15 months). One patient in complete remission relapsed after 8 months and failed reinduction therapy with doxorubicin-vinblastine sulfate. Myelosuppression, principally granulocytopenia, was the major side effect of cyclophosphamide-mitoxantrone-5-fluorouracil. Mild to moderate vomiting occurred in 76% of patients and alopecia in 88%. This therapy was discontinued in four patients because of a decreased cardiac ejection fraction and/or symptoms of heart failure. No cardiac biopsy score, however, has been greater than 1.0. These results suggest that a combination of cyclophosphamide-mitoxantrone-5-fluorouracil is effective in untreated, estrogen receptor negative, metastatic breast cancer and is comparable to the doxorubicin combination. Myocardial injury occurs with mitoxantrone, and a safe cumulative dose has yet to be established.
Density functional theory: development and applications

We describe the utility of Density Functional Theory (DFT) to explain phenomena of practical interest in Part I and embark upon further development of this powerful method in Part II. Specifically, we show that DFT can be used to predict enantioselectivities and regioselectivities (Chapters 3 and 5) and the effect of mutation on catalysis of enzymes (Chapter 4). We then extend upon a previously developed DFT functional, making it applicable to both the treatment of barrier heights and transition states (Chapter 7) and then proceed to make it continuous and capable of treating an entire reaction coordinate (Chapter 8).
Iceland as a heat island

[1] Iceland is a strong localized source of non-eruptive volcanic warming and cooling. Temperature trend maps show that this phenomenon is localized to an area of about twice that of Iceland. With altitude the area remains constant but the phenomenon weakens and changes sign upon passing through the tropopause. The effect's magnitude implies a large positive feedback, according to a conventional climate forcing estimate. This phenomenon is unique in that it is not observed for the other major volcanic islands.
Use of library tools in a learning management system

There has been little empirical research into the involvement of subject librarians in university Learning Management Systems (LMS). This study examined how library-specific tools in a university-wide LMS are used, by who and for what purposes, in order to assess their effectiveness and to draw conclusions about how to encourage wider adoption and usage. Few demographic differences were found between users and non-users. Overall, survey respondents showed high levels of positive perceptions of librarians, but exhibited low awareness of the library tools and little understanding of their use. This suggests that potential for greater usage of the LMS library tools exists, with the main challenge being lack of awareness and inadequate training.
A randomized comparison trial of case-based learning versus human patient simulation in medical student education.

Objectives Human patient simulation (HPS), utilizing computerized, physiologically responding mannequins, has become the latest innovation in medical education. However, no substantive outcome data exist validating the advantage of HPS. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of simulation training as compared with case-based learning (CBL) among fourth-year medical students as measured by observable behavioral actions. Methods A chest pain curriculum was presented during a one-month mandatory emergency medicine clerkship in 2005. Each month, students were randomized to participate in either the CBL-based or the HPS-based module. All students participated in the same end-of-clerkship chest pain objective structured clinical examination that measured 43 behaviors. Three subscales were computed: history taking, acute coronary syndrome evaluation and management, and cardiac arrest management. Mean total and subscale scores were compared across groups using a multivariate analysis of variance, with significance assessed from Hotelling's T2 statistic. Results Students were randomly assigned to CBL (n= 52) or HPS (n= 50) groups. The groups were well balanced after random assignment, with no differences in mean age (26.7 years; range, 22–44 years), gender (male, 52.0%), or emergency medicine preference for specialty training (28.4%). Self-ratings of learning styles were similar overall: 54.9% were visual learners, 7.8% auditory learners, and 37.3% kinetic learners. Results of the multivariate analysis of variance indicated no significant effect (Hotelling's T2 [3,98] = 0.053; p = 0.164) of education modality (CBL or HPS) on any subscale or total score difference in performance. Conclusions HPS training offers no advantage to CBL as measured by medical student performance on a chest pain objective structured clinical examination.
Psycho-physical Crowds

Human crowds are becoming an increasingly important component of video games and virtual environments. However, as these virtual worlds become more realistic, the simulation of human crowds must become more sophisticated to keep pace. Much recent work in the field of crowd simulation has focused on improving aspects relating to navigation and collision avoidance in order to create complex, collision free trajectories. However, this paper argues that an equally important aspect of creating believable crowds is simulating aspects beyond navigation such as the internal psychological state of a simulated agent and external physical forces. We also discuss how recently proposed methods can be used to simulate these physical and psychological aspects of crowd simulations while maintaining high-quality, collision free motion.
Inter-Institutional Conflict as a Major Impediment to Delinquency Prevention

Juvenile delinquency is a major area of concern in the United States today. Although there is evidence of some increase in the actual incidence of juvenile crime, it is equally evident that the intensity of public concern over this issue has increased far more rapidly than the demonstrated statistical increase. This paper will focus, not on juvenile crime as such, but on the larger adult community, and, in particular, on that segment of the community which maintains explicit responsibility in this area.
Phytophagous Insect Faunas of the Two Most Common Native Cirsium Thistles, C. californicum and C. proteanum, in Southern California

Phytophagous insects representing six orders, 26 families, 49 genera, and 59 species are reported as composing the insect fauna of Cirsium californicum Gray (Asteraceae) in southern California. Similarly, phytophagous insects representing six orders, 20 families, 29 genera, and 31 species are reported from C. proteanum J. T. Howell. Most insects feeding on these thistles are polyphagous, ectophagous, sap- and foliage-feeding species. Ten (17%) of 58 species assessed for host specificity on C. californicum are stenophagous (i.e., their host plants restricted at least to Cynareae); 7 (23%) of 31 species on C. proteanum are stenophagous. The six oligophagous species (i.e., only attacking Carduinae) on C. californicum and four oligophagous species on C. proteanum include the flower head-infesting weevil Rhinocyllus conicus (Froelich), introduced and established for the biological control of alien, asteraceous thistles of European origin. Species packing within flower heads of both thistles averaged approximately two (range, 0–4) native insect species. Species packing in or on shoots of C. californicum averaged 10.5 ± 0.9 ($\bar x$ ± SEM) species; for C. proteanum , 8.4 ± 0.8 species.
The paradoxical influence of sex on communication rules coorientation and communication satisfaction in superior‐subordinate relationships

Is sex composition of superior‐subordinate dyads related systematically to communication rules coorientation and communication satisfaction? This study hypothesized that biological sex of the superior and the subordinate would affect coorientation and satisfaction. Specifically, it was predicted that coorientation and satisfaction for both parties would be lower in female superior/male subordinate relationships than in other conditions. Although interactions were observed at multivariate and univariate levels, the forms of the interactions were mixed. Generally, rules coorientation was higher in different‐sex than in same‐sex relationships, but communication satisfaction was lower. Several previous investigations along with the current study consistently indicate a positive relationship between coorientation and satisfaction, but sex composition of the superior‐subordinate dyad appears to mediate that relationship in a paradoxical way.
Microstructural evolution of Alloy 718 at high helium and hydrogen generation rates during irradiation with 600–800 MeV protons

Abstract When precipitation hardened Alloy 718 is irradiated with high-energy protons (600–800 MeV) and spallation neutrons at temperatures below ∼60∘C, it quickly hardens and loses almost all uniform elongation. It later softens somewhat at higher exposures but does not regain any elongation. This behavior is explained in terms of the evolution of Frank loop formation, disordering and eventual dissolution of the γ′ and γ″ strengthening phases, and the steady accumulation of very large levels of helium and hydrogen. These gases must be dispersed on a very fine scale in the matrix since no cavities could be found.
Pyridoxylation of essential lysine residues of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase.

Abstract 1. Soluble beef-heart mitochondrial ATPase (F 1 ) was incubated with [ 3 H]pyridoxal 5′-phosphate and the Schiffbase complex formed was reduced with sodium borohydride. Spectral measurements indicate that lysine residues are modified and gel electrophoresis in the presence of detergent shows the tritium label to be associated with the two largest subunits, α and β. 2. In the absence of protecting ligands, the loss of ATP hydrolysis activity is linearly dependent on the level of pyridoxylation with complete inactivation correlating to 10 mol pyridoxamine phosphate incorporated per mol enzyme. Partial inactivation of F 1 with pyridoxal phosphate has no effect on either the K m for ATP or the ability of bicarbonate to stimulate residual hydrolysis activity, suggesting a mixed population of fully active and fully inactive enzyme. 3. In the presence of excess magnesium, the addition of ADP or ATP, but not AMP, decreases the rate and extent of modification of F 1 by pyridoxal phosphate. The non-hydrolyzable ATP analog, 5′-adenylyl-β, γ-imidodiphosphate, is particularly effective in protecting F 1 against both modification and inactivation. Efrapeptin and P i have no effect on the modification reaction. 4. Prior modification of F 1 with pyridoxal phosphate decreases the number of exchangeable nucleotide binding sites by one. However, pyridoxylation of F 1 is ineffective in displacing endogenous nucleotides bound at non-catalytic sites and does not affect the stoichiometry of P i binding. 5. The ability of nucleotides to protect against modification and inactivation by pyridoxal phosphate and the loss of one exchangeable nucleotide site with the pyridoxylation of F 1 suggest the presence of a positively charged lysine residue at the catalytic site of an enzyme that binds two negatively charged substrates.
Renal coloboma syndrome

Renal coloboma syndrome (RCS), also called papillorenal syndrome, is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by optic nerve dysplasia and renal hypodysplasia. The eye anomalies consist of a wide and sometimes excavated dysplastic optic disc with the emergence of the retinal vessels from the periphery of the disc, frequently called optic nerve coloboma or morning glory anomaly. Associated findings may include a small corneal diameter, retinal coloboma, scleral staphyloma, optic nerve cyst and pigmentary macular dysplasia. The kidney abnormalities consist of small and abnormally formed kidneys known as renal hypodysplasia. Histologically, kidneys exhibit fewer than the normal number of glomeruli and these glomeruli are enlarged, a finding called oligomeganephronia. Consequences of the ocular malformations include decreased visual acuity and retinal detachment. Consequences of the renal hypodysplasia include hypertension, proteinuria and renal insufficiency that frequently progresses to end-stage kidney disease. High frequency hearing loss has been reported. Autosomal dominant mutations in PAX2 can be identified in nearly half of all patients with clinical findings suggestive of RCS, however, the majority of published cases have mutations in PAX2, thus biasing the known information about the phenotype.
PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR OPIOID AND COCAINE ABUSE

The need for continued development of medications to address opioid and cocaine addiction is unequivocal. Methadone maintenance, despite its limitations, remains the best-established pharmacologic treatment for opioid dependence. Continued participation in methadone programs is associated with decreased risk of acquiring HIV infection. Clonidine alone or combined with naltrexone may be used for opioid detoxification in the office practice. At the present time, no proven pharmacologic therapy for cocaine addiction exists.
Potentially lethal bacteria in leatherback turtle eggs in the wild threaten both turtles and conservationists

Abstract The leatherback turtle is an endangered sea turtle whose numbers are in decline. There is a great effort world wide on the part of many conservationists to protect these turtles and their eggs. We previously demonstrated that blood from a leatherback hatchling was infected with a hemolytic acinetobacter bacterium, Acinetobacter sp. HM 746599, implying that the developing embryo may have been infected in the egg. Only about 50% of the eggs laid on a Costa Rican beach hatch due to predation, inundation and within nest factors. This study was conducted to determine whether high bacterial infection rate of eggs incubating in the dark, moist sands of the beach contributes to the low hatching rate. Samples were taken aseptically from adult cloacal fluids and failed and opened eggs in search of potentially lethal bacteria. We identified three bacterial species in selected cloned samples that exhibited hemolytic activity. These bacteria were species of the Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Aeromonas genera. Many of these bacterial species are known pathogens to humans and may account for developmental arrest of the turtle embryo. These bacterial species may also pose a danger to human workers who come in contact with them. Knowledge of the bacteria that can infect and possibly kill leatherback embryos may lead to treatment modalities of leatherback clutches with anti-microbial agents which would allow us to improve the hatching rates of these animals under controlled conditions.
The court, child custody, and social change: The rhetorical role of precedent in a 19™ century child custody decision

Abstract In the late 19th century the United States experienced a shift in presumption from paternal custody following divorce to maternal custody. This paper examines one child custody decision in the midst of this shift and finds that, ironically, rhetorical appeals to precedent and tradition were used to change precedent and tradition. More specifically, social change was grounded in the court's implicit gender hierarchy and rhetorically justified by appealing to precedent and tradition in particular ways, demonstrating that precedent is a rhetorical device that has force when used persuasively.
Selecting, training and retaining staff for the library's public service desks

Cette etude de la formation du bibliothecaire attache au service des references est plus specialement consacree aux bibliotheques universitaires. Des techniques de selection appropriees du bibliothecaire sont donnees: des programmes de formation, premiere puis permanente, sont bâtis; des principes de maintien du bibliothecaire dans sa fonction sont avances