cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-Watt, 1-GHz CMOS Circulator Based on Switched-Capacitor Clock Boosting

There has been significant recent progress in the implementation of integrated non-reciprocal components based on linear periodically time-varying (LPTV) circuits. Nevertheless, integrated circulators still require a leap forward in power handling, clock power consumption, and insertion loss (IL) to become compelling compared with ferrite circulators or integrated reciprocal alternatives, such as the electrical-balance duplexer (EBD). This article introduces three innovations: 1) a new switched-capacitor clock-boosting scheme; 2) high-Bragg-frequency quasi-distributed transmission lines based on periodically loaded inductors; and 3) a new gyrator based on switched partially reflecting t-lines—which enable significant performance improvement for integrated circulators and for LPTV circuits more broadly. These are showcased in a 1-GHz 180-nm SOI CMOS circulator that exhibits 2.1-/2.6-dB TX-ANT/ANT-RX IL (0.3 dB better than prior art), +34-dBm TX-ANT P1 dB (2.5 $\times $ or 4 dB better), and 40% lower chip area, all at 39-mW power consumption (4.4 $\times $ lower).
Structurally Tunable Nonlinear Terahertz Metamaterials

We present a terahertz metamaterial with a nonlinear response, tunable via the relative structural positioning of two stacked resonator arrays. The device consists of two planar arrays of split ring resonators. The first is fabricated on n-doped GaAs and the second array is fabricated vertically above the first using a polyimide spacer layer. Due to GaAs carrier dynamics, the on-resonance terahertz transmission is strongly nonlinear, decreasing by 30% as the incident terahertz power increases. The second resonator layer dampens this nonlinear response. When the two layers are aligned, the total nonlinear modulation of the on-resonance transmission decreases to below 10%. The nonlinear modulation then returns to full strength when the two resonator arrays are shifted laterally away from each other.
Rent-Seeking and Public Choice in Digital Markets

The branch of economics known as “public choice” uses the tools of economics to analyze political behavior. Rejecting idealized versions of government intervention, it assumes that individuals participating in the political system are rational self-interest maximizers (homo economicus). A key insight of public choice is that private firms will endeavor to boost their profits above competitive levels by co-opting government’s unique right to coerce. Such “rent-seeking” behavior typically involves exploiting the self-interest of government officials and is often successful even though it tends to reduce social welfare by softening competition, diverting productive resources to non-productive activities, and destroying the value of competing firms’ productive investments. This article documents instances of rent-seeking and other adverse public choice concerns in digital markets. It considers two broad categories of rent-seeking behavior: efforts to procure an effective subsidy and attempts to raise rivals’ costs. Examples within the former category are (1) news publishers’ attempts to force digital platforms to purchase news snippets and (2) efforts by producers of digital content to free-ride off the investments of operating systems developers. Examples of rent-seeking by raising rivals’ costs include (1) dominant digital platforms’ lobbying for rules with which their rivals will have difficulty complying; (2) efforts by firms competing with platforms that host user-generated content to weaken the protections of Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act; and (3) the creation and financing of “astroturf” (fake grass-roots) groups that instigate legal action against group members’ competitors. As they craft policies to address purported market failures in digital markets, policy makers should account for potential government failure in the form of enhanced rent-seeking and other public choice concerns.
Liquidity in Resolution - A Transatlantic Perspective on Lender of Last Resort Operations in Bank Resolutions

This Article argues that the frameworks put in place to allow for the orderly resolution of large financial institutions suffer from a liquidity problem. This is because post-crisis reforms enjoined central banks from providing liquidity to financial firms during and immediately after resolution. By creating a bright line rule, which essentially prohibited lender-of-last-resort (LOLR) operations once a firm enters resolution proceedings, there is a risk that short-term debt can no longer be rolled over, thereby increasing financial stability risks. As this Article shows, however, there are important differences between the United States (U.S.) and Europe. While the U.S. Congress at least sought to minimize liquidity gaps in resolution by throwing the fiscal firepower of the U.S.’s in the ring, European lawmakers failed to agree on a genuine, common backstop for the resolution of significant credit institutions, only leaving a small window for national solutions. To ensure that the core objectives of resolution, which include allocating losses to equity and long-term debt holders rather than to taxpayers, the central bank should be given a limited LOLR role to shore up the resolved firm’s funding. This LOLR function ought to be guaranteed by the fiscal authority, subject to ex-ante volume limits, and provide only short-term credit. Moreover, to further mitigate latent moral hazard risks and to create a counterweight to the extended LOLR function, the Article advocates for higher capital requirements.
Courts Gone 'Irrationally Biased' in Favor of the Federal Arbitrations Act?—Enforcing Arbitration Provisions in Standardized Applications and Marginalizing Consumer-Protection, Antidiscrimination, and States’ Contract Laws: A 1925–2014 Legal and Empirical Analysis

Spanning nearly forty years, the Supreme Court has issued multiple decisions and stated categorically that “judicial hostility to arbitration” was the sole impetus behind Congress’s decision to enact the Federal Arbitration Act of 1925. In fact, before the FAA, systemic trade-specific problems and practices generated heated disputes and widespread litigation among merchants and trade organizations. Thus, to arrest those constituents’ concerns, Congress enacted the FAA. Briefly, under the FAA section 2, arbitration is mandatory if a contractual arbitration provision is valid and a controversy “arises out of the contract.” However, common-law rules of contract formation are equally clear: Standing alone, standardized-preprinted application forms are not valid contract; thus, they are not enforceable. Yet, mega-corporations, international holding companies, and international financial-services corporations are increasingly fashioning standardized application forms—which contain mandatory arbitration clauses. Put simply, the consequences of such practices are severe: before contracts are formed, applicants for goods, services and employment—ordinary consumers and workers as well as small-business owners, start-up entrepreneurs and prospective franchisees—are forced to relinquish their rights to litigate common-law and statutory claims in state and federal courts. Even more unsettling, a judicial split has evolved: Most federal courts enforce arbitration clauses in applications and a majority of state courts do not. Based on the compelling and unexpected legal, empirical and statistical findings surrounding the dispositions of motions to compel arbitration in state and federal courts, the Article encourages Congress to address the concerns raised here and enact the recently proposed Arbitration Fairness Act of 2014.
Model-based inter- and intra-panel inconsistency correction for photon counting detector CT

Due to the subtle variations of energy response functions across photoconductive panels, photon counting detector CT are subject to severe banding artifacts. This work presents a physics based method to correct for these artifacts. It employs calibration objects with known thicknesses and composition to estimate the panel-specific response functions, which are used to concert the raw photon counting projection data of an arbitrary image object into acrylic- and aluminum-equivalent pathlengths. Experimental results show the method not only remove the banding artifacts but also address the beam hardening artifacts.
Comparison of Baiting Techniques for Recovering Phytophthora sojae from Soybean Fields in Iowa

Understanding the diversity of a pathogen is important for developing disease management recommendations. In the Phytophthora root and stem rot–soybean pathosystem, P. sojae is characterized into p...
Urinary Bladder, Ureter, and Urethra

Intraoperative pathology consultation for urinary bladder specimens is relatively infrequent, accounting for less than 5% of all frozen sections (FS) diagnosis requests in previous studies.1,66,67 Wide use of transurethral cystoscopy allows preoperative biopsy or resection of most bladder lesions for histological diagnosis. However, intraoperative pathology consultation remains essential for guidance of surgery in several selective instances. The reasons, diagnostic usefulness, and pitfalls of FS of urinary bladder, ureter, and urethra specimens will be discussed.
Complex specializations of the reduced Gassner representation of the pure braid group

We will give a necessary and sufficient condition for the specialization of the reduced Gassner representation Gn(z) : Pn → GLn−1(C) to be irreducible. It will be shown that for z = (z1, . . . , zn) ∈ (C∗)n, Gn(z) is irreducible if and only if z1 . . . zn 6= 1.
Stratospheric ozone response to a solar irradiance reduction in a quadrupled CO2 environment

We used the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) global two-dimensional (2D) atmospheric model to investigate the stratospheric ozone response to a proposed geoengineering activity wherein a reduced top-of-atmosphere (TOA) solar irradiance is imposed to help counteract a quadrupled CO2 atmosphere. This study is similar to the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) Experiment G1. Three primary simulations were completed with the GSFC 2D model to examine this possibility: (A) a pre-industrial atmosphere with a boundary condition of 285 ppmv CO2 (piControl); (B) a base future atmosphere with 1140 ppmv CO2 (abrupt4xCO2); and (C) a perturbed future atmosphere with 1140 ppmv CO2 and a 4% reduction in the TOA total solar irradiance (G1). We found huge ozone enhancements throughout most of the stratosphere (up to 40%) as a result of a large computed temperature decrease (up to 18 K) when CO2 was quadrupled (compare simulation abrupt4xCO2 to piControl). Further, we found that ozone will additionally increase (up to 5%) throughout most of the stratosphere with total ozone increases of 1–2.5% as a result of a reduction in TOA total solar irradiance (compare simulation G1 to abrupt4xCO2). Decreases of atomic oxygen and temperature are the main drivers of this computed ozone enhancement from a reduction in TOA total solar irradiance.
Noise spectra of stochastic pulse sequences: Application to large-scale magnetization flips in the finite size two-dimensional Ising model

We provide a general scheme to predict and derive the contribution to the noise spectrum of a stochastic sequence of pulses from the distribution of pulse parameters. An example is the magnetization noise spectra of a two-dimensional Ising system near its phase transition. At $T\ensuremath{\le}{T}_{c}$, the low-frequency spectra is dominated by magnetization flips of nearly the entire system. We find that both the predicted and the analytically derived spectra fit those produced from simulations. Subtracting this contribution at ${T}_{c}$ leaves the high-frequency spectra which follow a power law determined by the critical exponents.
Sudden death in congenital aortic stenosis: A review of eight cases with an evaluation of premonitory clinical features

Abstract Sudden death in patients with congenital aortic stenosis is a rare but dramatic event. Only 8 sudden deaths occurred in a 20 year period in our clinic, an incidence of 1 per cent (from 1961 to 1967). It is even less common for sudden death to occur in the absence of one or more warning symptoms or signs. Therefore, death in congenital aortic stenosis may be sudden, but it should not be unexpected. In severe cases of congenital aortic stenosis the electrocardiogram usually exhibits S-T-segment and T-wave changes of left ventricular systolic overload. Although severe cases infrequently may have a normal electrocardiogram, it is extremely unlikely that such a patient would not have some other indication for cardiac catheterization. Our criteria for cardiac catheterization are the presence or appearance of: symptoms referable to the cardiovascular system, narrowed peripheral arterial pulses, or LVSO on electrocardiogram. Even mild cases of congenital aortic stenosis may progress and all patients require careful, extended follow-up with sequential physical examinations and electrocardiograms. Repeat cardiac catheterization must be performed whenever changes in symptoms or signs warrant it.
The Role of the Phosphoenolpyruvate-phosphotransferase System in the Transport of Sugars by Isolated Membrane Preparations of Escherichia coli

Abstract The phosphoenolpyruvate-phosphotransferase system provides a mechanism for the passage of certain sugars through the bacterial cell membrane and their accumulation as phosphorylated derivatives. These conclusions are based on the following observations. 1. Isolated bacterial membrane preparations specifically require P-enolpyruvate for uptake of certain sugars which accumulate almost completely as phosphorylated derivatives. 2. Membranes prepared from Escherichia coli GN-2, a mutant lacking Enzyme I of the phosphotransferase system, are unable to take up significant quantities of α-methylglucoside. 3. 3H-Glucose added to the incubation medium is phosphorylated more rapidly than free 14C-glucose in the intramembranal pool, suggesting that the P-transferase system is a mechanism by which sugars penetrate the membrane. 4. There is a stoichiometric relation between 32P loss from P-enolpyruvate and appearance of 32P in α-methylglucoside-P. 5. The uptake and phosphorylation of α-methylglucoside exhibit saturation kinetics with an apparent Km of about 4 x 10-6 m, whereas the appearance of free α-methylglucoside in the intramembranal pool shows no saturation. The initial rate of uptake of free α-methylglucoside is independent of the presence of P-enolpyruvate. 6. Under steady state conditions, intramembranal free α-methylglucoside and the external pool do not equilibrate regardless of the presence of P-enolpyruvate. Furthermore, α-methylglucoside in the external pool does not exchange with the α-methylglucoside previously taken up by the membranes. Membranes prepared from glucose-grown cells take up and phosphorylate α- and β-methylglucoside, glucose, 2-deoxyglucose, fructose, galactose, and 3-O-methylglucose in the presence of P-enolpyruvate. Ribose, arabinose, mannitol and sorbitol are not taken up or phosphorylated.
Induction of multivariate regression trees for design optimization

In this paper we introduce a methodology within which multiobjective design optimization is approached from an entirely new perspective. Specifically, we demonstrate that multiple-objective optimization through induction of multivariate regression trees is a powerful alternative to the conventional vector optimization techniques. Furthermore, in an attempt to investigate the effect of various types of splitting rules on the overall performance of the optimizing system, we present a tree partitioning algorithm which utilizes a number of techniques derived from diverse fields of statistics and fuzzy logic. These include: three multivariate statistical approaches based on dispersion matrices, two newly-formulated fuzzy splitting rules based on Pearson's parametric and Kendall's nonparametric measures of association, Bellman and Zadeh's fuzzy decision-maximizing approach within an inductive framework, and finally, the multidimensional extension of a widely-used fuzzy entropy measure. In terms of potential application areas, we highlight the advantages of our methodology by presenting the problem of multiobjective design optimization of a beam structure.
Software architecture analysis-a case study

Presents a case study that evaluates two software quality attributes: performance and availability. We use three programs based on two architectural styles: pipe-filter and batch-sequential. The objective of this study is to identify the crucial factors that might have an influence on these quality attributes from the software architecture perspective. The benefit of this study is that early quality prediction can be facilitated by an analysis of the software architecture. The results from this study show that it is feasible to select a better architectural style based on variations in the execution environment to attain higher availability and/or better performance. Moreover, we demonstrate the effects of these variations on the quality measurements.
Agricultural Insurance Revisited: New Developments and Perspectives in Latin America and the Caribbean

The purpose of this paper is to provide Bank staff interested in agricultural yield insurance market development, public officials responsible for financial market policy formulation and supervision, and insurance industry practitioners in Latin America and the Caribbean with a basic primer on the topic, an overview of previous experiences, and a set of guidelines and recommendations on how to develop viable and sustainable agricultural yield insurance markets. The paper relies heavily on the data and analysis stemming from a regional technical cooperation project financed by the Spanish Trust Fund, which conducted reviews and pre-feasibility studies in three countries--the Dominican Republic, Peru, and Uruguay--between 2003-2004. That work has been supplemented by an extensive economic literature review, fieldwork in Honduras, and numerous interviews and exchanges of opinions with leading authorities on the topic and key regional stakeholders.
Postmastectomy reconstruction: comparative analysis of the psychosocial, functional, and cosmetic effects of transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap versus breast implant reconstruction.

Over 40,000 postmastectomy breast reconstructions are performed annually. In this study, we investigated the psychosocial, functional, and cosmetic effects of transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap versus breast implant reconstruction. Thirty-three women who had undergone postmastectomy breast reconstruction were contacted by telephone and agreed to participate in the study. Twenty-two women completed the self-assessment questionnaires regarding their quality of life, psychological symptoms, functional status, body image, and global satisfaction. The TRAM and implant groups contained 8 and 14 patients, respectively. The groups were well matched for age, employment status, marital status, race, religion, and severity of medical and surgical illnesses. The average follow-up was 36 months. Statistical analysis of the responses revealed that women who had undergone TRAM flap reconstruction were more satisfied with how their reconstructed breast felt to the touch (p = .01), and there was a trend toward greater satisfaction with the appearance of their reconstructed breast (p = .08). However, these same patients identified more difficulties as far as functioning at work or school, performing vigorous physical activities, participating in community or religious activities, visiting with relatives, and interacting with male friends (p < .04). There were no statistically significant differences in body image or overall satisfaction. In this small cohort study, both the TRAM flap group and the implant group were satisfied with the results of their breast reconstruction, but the TRAM flap group was more satisfied with how their breast felt and tended to be more satisfied with the cosmetic result. The TRAM flap group reported greater psychological, social, and physical impairments as a result of their reconstruction.
Ground-state wave function for shallow-donor electrons in silicon. I. Isotropic electron-nuclear-double-resonance hyperfine interactions

In a new theoretical investigation of electrons bound to the shallow-donor impurities (P, As, Sb) in silicon we have calculated the Fermi-contact hyperfine-interaction constants for the ${\mathrm{Si}}^{29}$ lattice nuclei surrounding the impurity nucleus. We have used a model potential which represents the impurity potential, a wave-vector-dependent dielectric function which represents the screening of the impurity potential by the silicon lattice, and pseudopotential Bloch functions for the calculation of the wave-function density of the $1s({A}_{1})$ ground state at the nuclear sites. The restrictions of the effective-mass theory to a single band and to conduction-band-minima Bloch functions have been removed because we represent the wave function in terms of a Bloch-function expansion throughout the Brillouin zone for several bands. With the use of the Fermi-contact constants calculated from this wave function, we have been able to make definite matchings of ${\mathrm{Si}}^{29}$ lattice sites and the electron-nuclear-double-resonance (ENDOR) shells measured by Hale and Mieher. With these matchings we are able to explain the experimentally observed lack of inversion symmetry of the electronic wave function and to explain most of the donor dependence of the experimental ENDOR data. Tutorial type discussions of the comparison of this calculation with effective-mass calculations are presented. These results contain several features that are due to the complex values of the wave-function expansion coefficients and the complex values of the Bloch functions; these features cannot be obtained from any real-valued effective-mass Hamiltonian.
Left-right asymmetry.

Although vertebrates appear symmetrical on the surface, their viscera show pronounced left-right asymmetry. In an illustrated Perspective, Robertson summarizes what has been found to date about the molecular underpinnings of the asymmetry set up during embryogenesis, including a report in this week's issue by Isaac et al . (p. [1301][1]) on the asymmetric expression of the transcription factor cSnR in the chick embryo. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.275.5304.1301
The life history and sexual biology of Pseudunciola obliquua (crustacea: amphipoda) in the New York Bight

Abstract Pseudunciola obliquua is the most abundant subtidal amphipod of the near-shore macrobenthos in the New York Bight south of Fire Island. It has an annual life-cycle. Breeding occurs in March and April, and a single brood of between 8 and 20 eggs per female is produced. Fecundity is linearly proportional to maternal length. The eggs take about two months to develop; the juveniles emerge in June and July. Initial recruitment in the study area was estimated to be 2980 and 5850 per m 2 for the 1979–1980 and 1980–1981 year classes, respectively. Of the initial recruits only about 10% survive to form the reproductive stock of the following spring. Females and males grow at similar rates and are equally abundant as juveniles and initially as adults, until they reach sexual maturity. After breeding, the abundance of males decreases rapidly due to post-reproductive death. Females continue to live, carrying the developing eggs in their brood pouches. Mean female growth increases throughout the brooding period until the young are released, shortly after which adult females also die. The entire generation of reproductive adults has died by September.
Persons with AIDS and their support persons: stress and life satisfaction

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of historical family functioning, family stress, coping, perceived impact of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and health stress upon the life satisfaction of persons with AIDS (PWAs) and their support persons. Utilizing Family Stress Theory, a survey research design was employed involving 114 PWAs and 114 support persons. Historical family functioning was indirectly related to life satisfaction as mediated by family coping. Current family stress was indirectly related to life satisfaction as mediated by perception of stress. Female support persons experienced greater perceptions of caregiver stress. Family and health-care professionals need to be aware of the importance of family stress and coping as they influence the health stress and life satisfaction of PWAs and their support persons. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Desoxyribose Nucleic Acid in the Symbiotic Microorganisms of the Cockroach, Blattella germanica

Mg atom (that is, in resonance with nearlv the same wavelengths), thus effectively increasing many fold the cross-sectional area for absorption of a photon. A rapid shift of electrons to or from the Mg atom is greatly facilitated by the many resonance forms (in the ordinary chemical sense) of which the conjugated bond system is capable, and it may be supposed that these factors, too, are important in photosynthesis.
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication With O/W Emulsions

This paper presents a set of experimental results of the EHL film thickness with oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions in a wide range of rolling speed for different oil concentrations and pH values. The O/W emulsions have wide applications in metal-forming and machining processes as well as hydraulic systems. However, their lubrication mechanisms are very complex and have not been fully understood. A newly developed high speed optical EHL rig was used to measure the film thickness and observe the two-phase flow around the EHL point and line contacts. Experimental observations indicate that phase inversion/oil pool formation mechanism around the inlet zone takes place only at very low speeds, which are most likely far below practical speed ranges for major industrial applications. When the speed is low, the lubricant film thickness is dominated by the bulk properties of oil phase, and can be estimated by the conventional EHL theory together with the consideration of starvation effect. After the speed exceeds a certain limit, called first critical speed, there is a transition region, where no stable oil pool is observed and the film thickness starts to decrease, or increases slightly then decreases. It is believed that in this transition region there is still a considerable amount of oil concentrated in the inlet zone, and this local oil concentration decreases as the speed increases. The film thickness appears to be dominated by the entrainment of oil-enriched two-phase lubricant in the inlet zone. The increase of film thickness is due to entraining effect and the decrease due to the increased oil phase starvation. If the speed is further increased exceeding a second critical speed, the film thickness will stop decreasing and start to increase again. In this high speed region the local oil concentration of entrained lubricant in the inlet zone is believed to become quite constant and close to that of the bulk lubricant supply. The film thickness, therefore, continuously increases for all of the tested line and point contact cases as the speed goes up, and is always significantly smaller than that of neat oil but larger than that of pure water. The destabilized emulsions with lower pH values can form more stable oil pools and considerably thicker films. This is because the oil droplets in these low pH emulsions can be more easily trapped and brought into the contact by the solid surfaces. However, for the tested emulsions, the oil pools still cannot survive reasonably high speeds.
A sensitive fluorescent assay for N-acetyltransferase activity in human lymphocytes from newborns and adults.

Abstract We have developed a simplified assay for the enzyme N-acetyltransferase, based upon the loss of fluorescence after acetylation of the substrate p-aminobenzoic acid. This method is sufficiently sensitive to permit the quantitation of N-acetyltransferase activity in 105 human lymphocytes. Using this method, we have compared the level of N-acetyltransferase activity in lymphocytes from adult peripheral blood and from cord blood samples.
Use of brief tools to measure depressive symptoms in women with a history of intimate partner violence.

BACKGROUND: Nurses play a crucial role in the routine assessment of depression. However, brief depression assessment tools--necessary for busy clinical settings--have not been evaluated to identify depression in women with histories of intimate partner violence. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utility of two 5-question subsets from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale in detecting depressive symptoms in women with abuse histories. METHODS: The sample comprised 448 women involved in police- or court-reported incidents of intimate partner violence who completed a questionnaire used to assess depression with the 20-item CES-D scale. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to identify score thresholds for two 5-question subsets from the CES-D for detecting (a) depressive symptoms and (b) severe depressive symptoms. Depression prevalence was estimated using score thresholds identified in the ROC analysis. The discriminating ability of the CES-D question subsets was also evaluated. RESULTS: Using thresholds identified in the ROC analyses, sensitivities ranged from .94 to .95 according to the CES-D question subsets for depressive symptoms and .97 to .98 for severe depressive symptoms. Specificity ranged from .73 to .87. Depression prevalence according to the 20-item CES-D was 84% for depressive symptoms and 67% for severe depression. Depression prevalences were 81%-84% (depressive symptoms) and 72% (severe depressive symptoms) using the CES-D question subsets. The two CES-D question subsets were comparable in their ability to identify minor and severe depressive symptoms, using the 20-item score as the gold standard (area under the curve range = .96-.97). DISCUSSION: Two brief question subsets were effective in identifying depression and can be used by nurses to assess depression in women with histories of abuse. Language: en
Central nervous system tumors in donors: misdiagnosis carries a high morbidity and mortality.

Abstract Introduction The cost of misdiagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) tumors in donors has not been previously described. The purpose of this study was to examine the Israel Penn International Transplant Tumor Registry experience with these donors. Methods All cases where an error in diagnosis was made due to intracranial hemorrhage from undiagnosed CNS tumors and where CNS metastases were misdiagnosed as primary brain tumor were examined. Results Forty-two organ recipients with misdiagnosed primary brain deaths from 29 donors were examined. After transplantation these donors were identified with: melanoma (23%), renal cell carcinoma (19%), choriocarcinoma (12%), sarcoma (10%), Kaposi's sarcoma (7%), and variable tumors (22%). The majority of patients were renal allograft recipients (84%) followed by liver ( n = 4) and lung recipients ( n = 1). The most commonly diagnostic error was with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) (62%). A donor-related transmission rate of 74% (31/42) was identified among those patients with a misdiagnosed brain death. The majority of donor-transmitted cancers were identified in the recipient allograft (71%). Sixty-four percent of recipients suffered diffuse metastatic disease. Overall survival was poor, with a 5-year survival rate of 32% (10/31). Explantation was performed in 17 patients with confirmed donor-transmitted cancer, and in these patients a survival benefit was noted (10/17, 59%, vs 0/14, 0%; P Conclusions Error in the diagnosis of donor brain death due to CNS tumors has significant and often fatal consequences. Allograft explantation for kidney recipients or retransplantation for extrarenal recipients may provide a survival benefit. Potential donors with unclear etiologies for brain death, particularly ICH, should be considered for a limited brain autopsy after donation.
Rent seeking and the value of time

This paper focuses on the question of how rivals’ rent-seeking expenditures and investment expenditures are affected by the temporal dimension of those cash flows as well as the timing of the cash flow of monopoly rents. The paper applies methods from statistical reliability theory to derive five propositions establishing the conditions that must be satisfied if the rivals apportion their rent seeking and investment expenditures to maximize their certainty equivalents of the monopoly rent. The propositions explicate the responses of the rivals to changes in economic parameters characterizing the rent-seeking contest such as a change in the duration of the monopoly rent cash flow or a change in the number of rivals.
Optical add-drop filters based on photonic crystal ring resonators

We present here an optical add-drop filter (ADF) design based on ultra-compact photonic crystal ring resonators (PCRRs). The normalized transmission spectra for single-ring and dual-ring configurations have been investigated by using the two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique in a square lattice dielectric-rod photonic-crystal structure. With the introduction of four scatterers at the corners of quasi-square-ring PCRR, high wavelength selectivity and close to 100% drop efficiency can be obtained. Both backward- and forward-dropping were achieved by controlling the coupling efficiency between two PCRR rings for resonant modes with different symmetry. The resonant-mode quality factor Q and the wavelength tunability were also analyzed, opening opportunities for PCRRs as ultra-compact filters, optical add-drop multiplexers, electrooptical N × N switches and electrooptical modulators.
Homophone units: A normative and methodological investigation of the strength of component elements

Eighty-eight homophone units, that is, pairs of words identical in pronunciation but different both in meaning and spelling, were presented aurally to college students to ascertain which word within each unit would be associated to and which would be spelled. Each of the separate words (elements) within the units was also used as a priming stimulus for eliciting other homophones, and the latencies were recorded. Normative data concerning the strength of the separate words within the units, and the degree of intraunit competition between elements is presented. Correlations between the three different methods of assessing comparative element strength and the three corresponding methods of assessing intra-unit element competition are also presented.
HERITABLE VARIATION IN BENCE JONES PROTEIN STRUCTURE IN AN INBRED STRAIN OF MICE.

Twenty-one “Bence Jones” proteins produced by plasma-cell neoplasms derived from the inbred BALB/c strain of mice have been studied by the peptide map (fingerprint) technique. Twenty of them were structurally different. Each individual type was heritable, since the same protein could be repeatedly isolated from different transfer generations of tumor. Eleven of the proteins (L-chain type proteins) appeared to be variants of a common polypeptide sequence; each contained an identical set of 11 tryptic peptides and each could be distinguished by several other peptides. Five proteins with the L-chain sequence included within them were clearly more complex. Four proteins were composed of the L-chain peptides and a second large set of 10 peptides known to be due to a second polypeptide chain associated with β2A serological specificity. These proteins clearly reflected the sustained activity of at least two different structural genes in the plasma cells that produced them. One protein (RPC 20) was serologically and structurally unrelated to any of the other 20. The molecular basis for the remarkable variations in the L-chain type proteins is not yet understood. It is possible that these structural differences resemble certain of the features which distinguish antibody molecules and may yield clues as to the mechanism by which antibody molecules are synthesized.
Portraying science in the classroom: The manifestation of scientists' beliefs in classroom practice

If the goals of science education reform are to be realized, science instruction must change across the academic spectrum, including at the collegiate level. This study examines the beliefs and teaching practices of three scientists as they designed and implemented an integrated science course for nonmajors that was designed to emphasize the nature of science. Our results indicated that, like public school teachers, scientists' beliefs about the nature of science are manifested in their enactment of curriculum—although this manifestation is clearly not a straightforward or simplistic one. Personal beliefs about the nature of science can differ from those of the course, thus resulting in an enactment that differs from original conceptions. Even when personal beliefs match those of the course, sophisticated understandings of the nature of science are not enough to ensure the straightforward translation of beliefs into practice. Mitigating factors included limited pedagogical content knowledge, difficulty in achieving integration of the scientific disciplines, and lack of opportunity and scaffolding to forge true consensus between the participating scientists. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 40: 669–691, 2003
The stereoselectivity of ketal Claisen rearrangements with ketals of simple cyclic ketones

Abstract Claisen rearrangements of the ketals of cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone and cycloheptanone give mixtures of syn and anti products favoring the syn isomer by as much as 19:1. The selectivity is attenuated by enolization processes in the 5- and 6-membered ring systems.
Generation of synthetic HSI data using linear mixing model with Gaussian endmembers

Well-chosen background models are critical to accurately predict the performance of hyperspectral detection and classification algorithms and to evaluate the effects on system performance of variation in environmental or sensor parameters. Such models also have implications for the derivation of optimal algorithms. First-principal physical models and statistical models have been developed for these purposes. However, in many circumstances these models may not accurately represent hyperspectral data that are complicated by intra-class variability and subpixel mixing of materials as well as atmospheric, illumination, temperature (in the emissive regime) and sensor effects. In this paper we propose a statistical representation of hyperspectral data defined by class parameters and an abundance probability distribution. Various representations of the probability distribution function of the abundance values are developed and compared with data to determine if the estimated abundance distributions and intra-class variation explain the observed heavy tails in the data. The consequences of the Gaussian endmembers of the normal compositional model violating the non-negativity constraint are also investigated.
The Effects of Technology Self-Efficacy and Innovativeness on Consumer Mobile Data Service Adoption between American and Korean Consumers

ABSTRACT This study proposed underlying consumer differences in mobile data service adoption behavior between American and Korean consumers. In examining these differences, two cognitive beliefs (i.e., technology self-efficacy and innovativeness) were incorporated into the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The results indicated that the effect of technology self-efficacy on perceived ease of use of mobile data services was stronger for American consumers than Korean consumers. The effect of innovativeness on behavioral intention to use mobile data services was stronger for Korean consumers than American consumers.
A meteorological anomaly in Palestine 33 centuries ago: How did the sun stop?

The meteorological conditions pertaining to the famous biblical episode during which Joshua stopped the sun when the Hebrew pursued the Amorites (Joshua 10, 10–13) are analyzed. The story, which cannot be interpreted as an anomaly in the astronomic motions, could be interpreted from the point of view of atmospheric optics. The event occurred at sundown, after an exceptional hailstorm, which left the ground of the valley where the Amorites stayed covered with ice. This resulted in a big drop in the air temperature, forming the conditions for a “superior mirage”. The Hebrew were in another nearby place, untouched by hail, on hot soil, in the usual daytime conditions of “inferior mirage”. When they reached the place of the Amorites, their optical path inverted curvature, displacing upwards the sun which was setting. Hail in Palestine is a quite rare meteorological event and the superior mirage would seem decidedly rare in the subtropical climate. Given that the event has been described in detail it could not have been invented, as the superior mirage was then unknown, in particular its connection with hailstorms. This would thus lead to the conclusion that the miracle described should be interpreted as a meteorological event which actually did happen.
Intraoperative Thrombus Embolization During Nephrectomy and Tumor Thrombectomy: Critical Analysis of the University of California-Los Angeles Experience

Purpose: Vascular invasion commonly occurs in renal cell carcinoma and intraoperative thrombus embolization is a known complication of tumor thrombectomy. We reviewed our experience with this complication to determine frequency, mortality, common factors and management strategies.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed a prospective database of cases of open nephrectomy/tumor thrombectomy performed from 1989 to 2008. All cases were reviewed to identify clinicopathological variables, the thrombus extent and intraoperative complications. All cases with events were reviewed to identify preoperative pulmonary embolism, preoperative imaging, thrombus extent, presentation, management and outcome.Results: A total of 282 cases of venous tumor thrombus were identified. Tumor thrombus level was 0 in 133 cases (47.2%), I to II in 85 (30.1%), III in 27 (9.6%) and IV in 29 (10.3%). Thrombus embolization was identified in 5 patients (1.8%). The incidence in level 0 vs I to IV was 0 of 133 cases (0%) vs 5 of ...
Synonymical Notes and New Species of Pseudomethoca and Dasymutilla (Mutillidae: Hymenoptera)

A great number of specimens of Mutillidae come to me every year from interested collectors in the United States. The new species described herein and the synonymical notes offered here are the result of studying large collections made by Professor P. W. Fattig, Emory University, Georgia, Mr. Stanley Mulaik, Edinburg, Texas, Commander C. H. Dammers, Riverside, California, and Mr. F. H. Parker, Globe, Arizona.
Uncertainty, information and resolution of medical malpractice disputes

This study assesses the role of defendant liability in determining whether the plaintiff receives payment, relationship of compensation to economic loss, and stage of dispute resolution. An options pricing model explains how information acquired affects both decisions to drop or continue and settlement values, as well as the role of pecuniary motives for claiming. Cases in which a panel of physician evaluators thought defendant(s) to be innocent were much more likely to be dropped, as were cases in which innocence became more apparent as the case developed. Compensation was much less than economic loss on average. Questionable defendant liability meant reduced compensation.
Transaktionsunterstützung für Workflows

Aus der Verwendung von Workflow-Management-Systemen in der Praxis ergeben sich drei wesentliche Anforderungen an die Transaktionsunterstutzung fur Workflows: Zunachst mus das WFMS selbst Manipulationen seiner eigenen Ressourcen unter Transaktionsschutz durchfuhren. Weiterhin ist die Moglichkeit des gesicherten Aufrufs von Transaktionen und deren Gruppierung zu verteilten Transaktionen zu ermoglichen. Schlieslich ist die Unterstutzung von langen Transaktionen zu gewahrleisten, die sich aus der Semantik der abgebildeten Geschaftsprozesse ergeben.
Application of Pyrolysis Cryogenic Trap Gas Chromatography/Atomic Emission Detection (Py-CryT-GC/AED) for the Study of Nitrogen Forms and Dynamics in a Grassland Soil

Soil organic nitrogen (N) was characterized for its chemical species and chemical transformations in a grassland soil profile by using a combination of cryogenic pyrolysis gas chromatography atomic emission detection method with soil physical size fractionation. The soils taken from 0–12, 12–25, and 25–38 cm depth layers were separated into five fractions, <2, 2–38, 38–53, 53–105, and 105–250 µm and each of which was analyzed for total organic C and N, and different N forms. Our results showed that (1) total organic carbon has a positive correlation with the total organic nitrogen (TON) with correlation coefficient increased with soil depth; (2) deep and small particle-size fraction soils yielded more volatile pyrolysate N than the surface and large particle-size fractions and the amount of volatile pyrolysate N has a linear positive correlation with TON and correlation coefficient increased with soil depth; (3) the major components of the volatile pyrolysate N include ammonia, acetonitrile, hydrogen cyan...
The ribonuclease inhibitors from porcine thyroid and liver are slow, tight-binding inhibitors of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A

Ribonuclease inhibitors were purified from the latent ribonuclease fractions of porcine thyroid and liver and used to test the hypothesis that their inhibition of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A is correctly described by tight-binding rather than Michaelis-Menton kinetics. Both proteins were found to act as slow, tight-binding inhibitors of the enzyme. These steady-state velocities also showed that both the thyroid and liver inhibitors were competitive inhibitors of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A with Ki's of 0.1 and 0.4 nM, respectively. In contrast to interpretations based on Michaelis-Menton assumptions that show non-competitive inhibition, these results suggest that an enzyme:inhibitor:substrate complex does not exist.
Rate Distortion Analysis of Motion Side Estimation in Wyner–Ziv Video Coding

Wyner-Ziv video coding (WZVC) has gained considerable interests in the research community. In this paper, we present a model to examine the WZVC performance and compare it with conventional motion-compensated prediction (MCP) based video coding. Theoretical results show that although WZVC can achieve as much as 6-dB gain over conventional video coding without motion search, it still falls 6 dB or more behind current best MCP-based INTER-frame video coding. We further study the use of subpixel and multireference motion search methods to improve WZVC efficiency. The analytical results are confirmed by simulations and experiments
The Optical Properties of Molten Metals

Optical Properties of Molten Bi, Pb, Sn, and Wood's Alloy to 500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and of Hg to 345\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} C.---While there is considerable evidence that the optical properties of metals in the solid state do not vary with temperature, the question has not yet been investigated for molten metals. A vacuum tight furnace enabled a nitrogen atmosphere to be used so that surfaces free from oxidation could be studied. The optical properties were determined by letting plane polarized light of wave-length about 6020 \AA{}.U. fall at an angle of 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} upon the metal surface, and analyzing the reflected light with the help of a Jellet split nichol having a Brace elliptic half-shade mounted just before it. The method of calibration and use of the apparatus is described. The optical properties were found to be independent of the temperature for all the metals tried. The mean values, correct to better than one per cent., are as follows: for Bi, $\ensuremath{\nu}=0.493$, $k=1.32$; for Hg, $\ensuremath{\nu}=0.442$, $k=1.43$; for Pb, $\ensuremath{\nu}=0.415$, $k=1.76$; for Sn, $\ensuremath{\nu}=0.398$, $k=1.46$; for Wood's alloy, $\ensuremath{\nu}=0.397$, $k=1.78$. From a discussion it appears that the constancy of the optical properties is not consistent with Drude's equations.