cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parameterizing Vertically Coherent Cloud Distributions

Abstract A parameterization for specifying subgrid-scale cloud distributions in atmospheric models is developed. The fractional area of a grid-scale column in which clouds from two levels overlap (i.e., the cloud overlap probability) is described in terms of the correlation between horizontal cloudiness functions in the two levels. Cloud distributions that are useful for radiative transfer and cloud microphysical calculations are then determined from cloud fraction at individual model levels and a decorrelation depth. All pair-wise overlap probabilities among cloudy levels are obtained from the cloudiness correlations. However, those probabilities can overconstrain the determination of the cloud distribution. It is found that cloud fraction in each level along with the overlap probabilities among nearest neighbor cloudy levels is sufficient to specify the full cloud distribution. The parameterization has both practical and interpretative advantages over existing parameterizations. The parameterized cloud ...
Sensitization of an iron-thiazine photogalvanic cell to the blue: An improved match to the insolation spectrum

Abstract Sensitization of a totally illuminated thin layer (TI-TL) photogalvanic cell based on the iron-thiazine photoredox reaction has been demonstrated by both current action spectra and enhanced white light output. Singlet sensitization of thionine ( λ max = 601 nm) and of methylene blue ( λ max = 660 nm) to wavelengths below 400 nm has been achieved. Photogalvanic output has been obtained upon illumination of a single solution containing two photoredex dyes and three sensitizers with monochromatic light throughout the wavelength range ∼375–700 nm. Sensitization with rhodamine 6 G considerably enhances cell output under illumination with white light. With some sensitizers, however, white light output is inhibited.
Dislocation modeling of blind thrusts in the eastern Los Angeles basin, California

[1] The East and West Coyote Hills in the eastern Los Angeles Basin are the surface expression of uplift accompanying blind reverse faulting. Folded Quaternary strata indicate that the hills are growing and that the faults underlying them are active. Detailed subsurface mapping in the East Coyote Oil Field shows that a previously mapped, reverse separation fault is predominantly an inactive, left-lateral, strike-slip fault that is not responsible for the uplift of the East Coyote Hills. The fault responsible for folding and uplift of the Coyote Hills does not cut wells in either the East or West Coyote Oil Fields. To characterize the geometry of the blind fault responsible for folding, we employ dislocation modeling. The dip and upper fault tip depths obtained from modeling suggest that the thrust fault beneath the Coyote Hills may be an extension of the Puente Hills blind thrust fault that continues westward beneath the Santa Fe Springs Oil Field. Modeling results suggest that the segment of the thrust fault responsible for folding the Coyote Hills would have accumulated 1500 m of reverse displacement over the last 1.2 Myr, yielding an average slip rate of 1.3 ± 0.5 mm/yr. The Santa Fe Springs segment of the fault has a slip rate of 1.5 ± 0.4 mm/yr for the last 1.2 Myr. The estimated moment magnitude for a reverse displacement earthquake on the Puente Hills blind thrust ranges from 6.6 to 7.2, depending on the length of the rupture. The estimated average recurrence interval for these earthquakes is 1700–3200 years.
Denaturation-induced disulfide formation in the enzyme rhodanese.

Abstract The effect of denaturants on the quantitation of free sulfhydryl groups in the enzyme rhodanese (thiosulfate sulfurtransferase, EC 2.8.1.1) has been reinvestigated in some detail. The sulfhydryl assay with the colorimetric reagent 5,5′-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) Nbs2 shows four sulfhydryl groups per enzyme molecule (mol. wt. 32 600) when the colorimetric reagent is added to the assay mixture before the denaturant, sodium dodecyl sulfate. On the other hand, only two sulfhydryl groups per molecule are observed when Nbs2 is added after denaturation has been initiated. The time dependence observed in this latter procedure indicates that the loss of the two groups is rapid and permanent. The results depend on the denaturant used: urea acts like sodium dodecyl sulfate while guanidine reveals four sulfhydryl groups independent of reagent order. The assay also gives four sulfhydryl groups independent of reagent order with urea or sodium dodecyl sulfate under conditions which are expected to limit metal ion-catalyzed oxidation of sulfhydryl groups (e.g. oxygen exclusion or metal ion chelation). Recent studies have shown that rhodanese has a molecular weight of 32 600, no disulfides and four sulfhydryl groups per molecule. These results together with the observations reported here are taken to indicate that a disulfide can be formed during denaturation of rhodanese and that the pathway of denaturation determines the result obtained.
Faculty Attitudes toward Web-Based Instruction May Not Be Enough: Limited Use and Obstacles to Implementation

Data from 87 out of 250 faculty (34% response rate) responded to a two-page survey on Internet usage, attitudes, and perceived benefits and shortcomings. Overall, 73.6% of the faculty indicated a positive view of using the Internet for instructional purposes and 69.4% believed that the Internet is an effective teaching tool. However, only about one-half (47%) of our sample currently use online didactic approaches to present material in their courses. Also, 58.1% of faculty respondents indicated that they had either “no” or “very little” formal training in the use of the Internet as an instructional method. The distinction between attitudes and behavior is discussed and strategies for the enhancement of formal training of faculty are presented.
Diasporan Subalternities: The Armenian Community in Syria

This article offers an account of Syria’s substantial Armenian diasporic community, concentrating on how it negotiated its integration without assimilation into the larger Syrian society (itself not homogeneous but long dominated by a single political system). The analysis relies on themes and approaches developed by subaltern studies; ideas drawn from it enable us to delineate the trajectory of the diasporan community. Successfully maintaining its distinct cultural identity as a result of the closed nature of the political system, and further buttressed by the religio-cultural barriers between the Armenian Christian community and the Arab Muslim dominant groups, this community has nevertheless accepted permanent subalternization; it has failed to develop its full potential in cultural creativity and political confidence. Neither the technological nor the economic forces emanating from globalization, despite the liberalization policies pursued under the Asad governments, have proved sufficient to change the closed nature of the Syrian political economy. The permanent peripheralization of the Armenians in Syria has meant that they either dwell voicelessly in the realm of diasporan subalternities or exit. The community has declined, in terms of both numbers and vitality, since the early 1960s. This article proposes a theoretical framework that combines studies of diasporan transformation and Albert Hirschman’s analysis of “voice, exit, and loyalty” in order to develop a more complete picture of the evolution of an exilic community into a diasporic community and, finally, its decline and potential dissolution.
Does Early Reading Failure Decrease Children's Reading Motivation?

The authors used a pretest-posttest control group design with random assignment to evaluate whether early reading failure decreases children's motivation to practice reading. First, they investigated whether 60 first-grade children would report substantially different levels of interest in reading as a function of their relative success or failure in learning to read. Second, they evaluated whether increasing the word reading ability of 15 at-risk children would lead to gains in their motivation to read. Multivariate analyses of variance suggest marked differences in both motivation and reading practice between skilled and unskilled readers. However, bolstering at-risk children's word reading ability did not yield evidence of a causal relationship between early reading failure and decreased motivation to engage in reading activities. Instead, hierarchical regression analyses indicate a covarying relationship among early reading failure, poor motivation, and avoidance of reading.
From Structural Chaos to a Model of Consumer Support: Understanding the Roles of Structure and Agency in Mental Health Recovery for the Formerly Homeless.

Deinstitutionalization shifted the focus in mental health care from provider-guided treatment to consumer-centered recovery. In this article, I seek to develop a deeper understanding of the effect that the organization of mental health services offered in community settings has on the recovery process. I do this by presenting findings from the analysis of focus group and interview data collected from consumers and staff at four housing programs serving formerly homeless individuals with dual diagnosis. My findings highlight the importance of understanding the connection that exists between social structure and personal agency and the recovery process.
Performance of an annular resonator with a polarizer in the annular leg

Experiments were performed on a CO2 laser with an annular resonator. The objective of these experiments was to control the polarization in an annular laser and to verify computer code predictions. A Mylar pellicle was placed in the annular leg, and its angular orientation with respect to the optical axis was varied. The pellicle had different transmittances for horizontal and vertical polarizations and also had stress-induced birefringence. At small angles of incidence in the pellicle, the birefringence dominated, and the output had a complicated nature. However, at large angles of incidence, the transmittance difference forced the laser into a well-defined mode for which the near field was horizontally polarized at the top and bottom and the two sides and vertically polarized at intermediate locations. The experimental results were in good agreement with the computer code calculations.
A Simulation Study of the Landfall of Tropical Cyclones

Abstract By use of a triply nested, movable mesh model, several ideal simulations OF tropical Cyclone landfall were performed for a strong zonal flow of ∼10 m s-1. The integration domain was a 37 × 45° channel with the innermost mesh having a 22 × 22 point resolution of 1/6°. General characteristics similar to observed landfalling tropical cyclones are obtained in the primary simulation experiment including an abrupt change in the low level (∼68 m) winds at the coastline and a decay of the tropical cyclone at it moves inland. Additional interesting features subject to model and experimental limitations include: little noticeable track change of the model storm when compared to a control experiment with an ocean surface only; a possible temporary displacement or the center of the surface wind circulation from the surface pressure center at landfall; and a distinct decrease in kinetic energy generation and precipitation a few hours after landfall. The sensitivity to the specified land surface conditions was...
The effects of hot pressing parameters on the strength of aluminum/stainless steel composites

Stainless steel fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composites have been fabricated by hot pressing under different conditions of temperature, pressure, and time. The variation in tensile strength of these composites has been studied in detail, and the hot pressing parameters have been optimized in order to fabricate composites having maximum strength at any fiber volume fraction. Microprobe analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy of these composites have revealed interesting features of fiber/ matrix interface. These features have been found helpful in explaining the dependence of strength of the composites on hot pressing parameters.
Analysis of 23 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from natural water at the sub-ng/l level using solid-phase disk extraction and mass-selective detection

Abstract An Empore disk extraction method for the analysis of 23 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in natural waters at ng/l levels is described. Experimental variables investigated include determination of solvent type, extraction number, preconditioning requirements, breakthrough and the use of an in-line drying agent. The stability of PAHs stored extracted on Empore disks compared to samples left unextracted is demonstrated. Disks stored at −19°C for 60 days had higher recoveries than samples left in sampling bottles unextracted at 4°C. In general, less decomposition of the target analytes occurred when extracted and stored on the disks. The accuracy of the method was evaluated through the use of certified reference material analyzed as blind samples. The Empore disk extraction method achieved equivalent or better detection limits, used significantly less amounts of solvent, and was faster to use than traditional liquid-liquid methods. Method detection limits for the 23 PAHs ranged from 9 to 56 ng/l.
Low frequency dielectric relaxation in Boracites

In order to elucidate the nature of the imperfections which adversely affect pyroelectric processes in boracites, the thermal and dispersive characteristics of the low frequency dielectric response in iron-iodide boracite (Fe3B7O13I) and copper-chloride boracite (Cu3B7O13Cl) have been investigated. These characteristics were measured as a function of crystallographic orientation and applied field in both the ferroelectric and paraelectric states. The low frequency dielectric relaxation of 100 line oriented multi-domain copper-chloride boracite clearly indicates the dipole nature of the lattice imperfections. The activation energies calculated from a noninteracting Debye model, are 0.53 eV in the ferroelectric phase and 0.10 eV in the paraelectric phase.
Hypoxia‐induced ischemic tolerance in neonatal rat brain involves enhanced ERK1/2 signaling

Hypoxic preconditioning (HP) 24 h before hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury confers significant neuroprotection in neonatal rat brain. Recent studies have shown that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) intracellular signaling pathways play a role in the induction of tolerance to ischemic injury in heart and brain. To study the role of MAPK (ERK1/2, JNK, p38MAPK) and PI3K/Akt/GSK3beta signaling pathways in hypoxia-induced ischemic tolerance, we examined the brains of newborn rats at different time points after exposure to sublethal hypoxia (8% O(2) for 3 h). Immunoblot analysis showed that HP had no effect on the levels of phosphorylated Akt, GSK3beta, JNK and p38MAPK. In contrast, significantly increased levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 were observed 0.5 h after HP. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that hypoxia-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation was found mainly in microvessels throughout the brain and in astrocytes in white matter tracts. Inhibition of hypoxia-induced ERK1/2 pathway with intracerebral administration of U0126 significantly attenuated the neuroprotection afforded by HP against HI injury. These findings suggest that activation of ERK1/2 signaling may contribute to hypoxia-induced tolerance in neonatal rat brain in part by preserving vascular and white matter integrity after HI.
The Quality, Implementation, and Evaluation Model A Clinical Practice Model for Sustainable Interventions

Major efforts have been directed toward the implementation of sustainable quality improvement. To date, progress has been noted using various metrics and performance measures; however, successful implementation has proven challenging. The Quality, Implementation, and Evaluation (QIE) model, derived from Donabedian's structure component, presents a framework for implementation of specific activities. The QIE model consists of Policy, Patient Preparedness, Provider Competency, and Performance and Accountability, to guide specific practice initiatives. The implementation of alcohol-based pre-operative skin prep was evaluated in a sample of 17 hospitals and demonstrated that hospitals actively engaged in the components of the model demonstrated a significantly higher use of alcohol-based skin preparation agent than hospitals that did not engage in QIE model activities. The QIE model presents a powerful and actionable implementation model for mid-level management and clinical leadership. Future studies will further evaluate the impact of the specific components of the QIE model.
Virus inactivation by silver doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles for drinking water treatment.

Photocatalytic inactivation of viruses and other microorganisms is a promising technology that has been increasingly utilized in recent years. In this study, photocatalytic silver doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nAg/TiO2) were investigated for their capability of inactivating Bacteriophage MS2 in aqueous media. Nano-sized Ag deposits were formed on two commercial TiO2 nanopowders using a photochemical reduction method. The MS2 inactivation kinetics of nAg/TiO2 was compared to the base TiO2 material and silver ions leached from the catalyst. The inactivation rate of MS2 was enhanced by more than 5 fold depending on the base TiO2 material, and the inactivation efficiency increased with increasing silver content. The increased production of hydroxyl free radicals was found to be responsible for the enhanced viral inactivation.
Crystal‐size distribution in mixed suspensions

Although vacuum crystallizers are used widely, crystal-size–control methods have not been adequately analyzed. This paper supplies in part the deficiency of technical information on this problem. Industrial crystallizers may have inherent nucleation rates in excess of or below the seed-crystal requirement for the desired product-crystal size. This paper deals specifically with means of crystal-size control by removal of excess nuclei from mixed circulating suspensions as encountered in vacuum crystallizers. It is shown that under certain conditions the cumulative size distribution in the suspension varies as the fourth power of the size. Therefore, it may also be shown that the key to effective size-control procedures is the segregation time of nuclei in the fines-removal system. Procedures based mainly on crystal-size classification by hydraulic elutriation can hardly be effective unless they are also designed to meet the segregation-time requirements.
Postmortem History of a Permian Pelecypod Assemblage from Wyoming: ABSTRACT

The full understanding of fossils must include consideration of their burial (taphonomy) and subsequent alteration (diagenesis). Analysis of time and mode of burial enhances interpretation of depositional environments. Furthermore, insight into diagenetic changes in fossiliferous rocks may be acquired from studies of physical changes in fossils. Yet these important aspects of the history of fossils commonly are neglected in both paleontologic and petrologic studies. Field and laboratory studies of "silicified" Permian bivalves in Wyoming have provided a complex case history of one fossil assemblage. These surficial and shallow-burrowing pelecypods commonly are broken and randomly scattered through about 6 in. of calcarenite. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the bottom disturbance was caused by rooting predatory fish. Subsequently, valves were dissolved selectively from hardening sediment not far below the sea bottom. Induration of sediment and removal of buried shells apparently took place during an interruption in sedimentation. At that time burrowers penetrated the bottom and introduced younger quartz sand and fine shell debris into the substrate and into some of the shallowest molds of valves. The infilling produced detrital casts. Unfilled molds then were lined with precipitated fine-grained quartz, chalcedonic laminae, and euhedral quartz crystals, as in geodes. Such "silicified" fossils are essentially silica casts rather than the result of replacement in the usual sense. Finally, the fossiliferous stratum was buried under a new increment of pebbly, calcareous quartz sand similar to that of the detrital casts below the now-obscure stratigraphic discontinuity. End_of_Article - Last_Page 708------------
The Legacies of Yukawa and His Disciples

Abstract I review and discuss the historical roles Hideki Yukawa and his disciples, Shoichi Sakata in particular, played in developing what we now call particle physics, including their personal and cultural aspects.
Detecting the ITCZ in Instantaneous Satellite Data using Spatiotemporal Statistical Modeling: ITCZ Climatology in the East Pacific

Abstract A Markov random field (MRF) statistical model is introduced, developed, and validated for detecting the east Pacific intertropical convergence zone in instantaneous satellite data from May through October. The MRF statistical model uses satellite data at a given location as well as information from its neighboring points (in time and space) to decide whether the given point is classified as ITCZ or non-ITCZ. Two different labels of ITCZ occurrence are produced. IR-only labels result from running the model with 3-hourly infrared data available for a 30-yr period, 1980–2009. All-data labels result from running the model with additional satellite data (visible and total precipitable water), available from 1995 to 2008. IR-only labels detect less area of ITCZ than all-data labels, especially where the ITCZ is shallower. Yet, qualitatively, the results for the two sets of labels are similar. The seasonal distribution of the ITCZ through the summer half year is presented, showing typical location and e...
Discovery Channel Telescope software component template and state design: principles and implementation

The Discovery Channel Telescope is a 4.3m astronomical research telescope in northern Arizona constructed through a partnership between Discovery Communications and Lowell Observatory. The control software for the telescope and observatory systems consists of stand-alone, state-based components that respond to triggers (external signals or internal data changes). Component applications execute on Windows, real-time, and FPGA targets. The team has developed a template for a system component, the implementation of which has yielded large gains in productivity, robustness, and maintainability. These benefits follow from the dependence of the template on common, well-tested code, allowing a developer to focus on application-specific particulars unencumbered by details of infrastructure elements such as communication, and from the separation of concerns the architecture provides, ensuring that modifications are straightforward, separable, and consequently relatively safe. We describe a repeatable design process for developing a state machine design, and show how this translates directly into a concrete implementation utilizing several design patterns, illustrating this with examples from components of the functioning active optics system. We also present a refined top-level state machine design and rules for highly independent component interactions within and between hierarchies that we propose offer a general solution for large component-based control systems.
Ecofeminist appropriations and transnational environmentalisms

Though U.S. ecofeminist thinkers comprise a diverse group of viewpoints, and there is much debate over a number of core concepts within ecofeminism, there is basic agreement within this political position that sexism has had environmental consequences and that environmental degradation has produced special burdens for women. Western ecofeminists have been criticized, however, for appropriating the environmental activism of Third World1 and Native American women as “ecofeminist,” and for using essentialist conceptions of these women as being closer to nature. Allowing that these criticisms have merit, I reflect here on the implications of leveling such a devastating critique in a context of rapidly developing environmentalisms. Despite its problematic aspects, all ecofeminist discourse should not be simply dismissed as a form of racist and sexist essentialism; indeed, it can be argued that, in some cases, ecofeminism has made several useful interventions within “Women in Development” discourse. Further, cr...
SU-FF-J-32: Comparison of Manual Plus MI Registration to SWMI Registration Using MVCT for Head-And-Neck Cancer Patients

Purpose: To measure the value of manual adjustment after MI (Mutual Information) image registration technique for head‐and‐neck cancer cases, we compared the result to those performed with Spatially Weighted Mutual Information (SWMI) measure. Methods and Materials: We chose 6 head‐and‐neck cancer patients treated with Helical Tomotherapy machine and retrieved 199 daily MVCT image sets. Each patient had three CTVs and total superior‐inferior extent of CTVs was greater than 15cm. The daily images were manually aligned after automated registration with the MI software provided by Tomotherapy. Then, it was compared to the registration result of in‐house image registrationsoftware using SWMI with a Gaussian‐shaped weight. Gaussian‐shaped weight function was set to be centered in the primary CTV. And the variance of the Gaussian for each direction was set to cover CTVs and the critical organs. Each patient had the same variance of the Gaussian setup through a whole treatment course. Our in‐house image registrationsoftware was implemented to receive DICOM and DICOM‐RT from various planning systems. Since the Tomotherapy machine without a robotic couch cannot deliver yaw and pitch corrections, only roll was considered among the rotational transformation. Results and Discussion: Manual registration is not accurate enough if there is organ deformation. Fifty nine treatments among 199 treatments for 6 head‐and‐neck cancer patients showed the difference from our automated SWMI registration by more than 3mm. Our PTVs were created from CTVs by adding a 3mm margin. The minimal dose of CTV was reduced by 52% in maximum. SWMI incorporated with the Gaussian‐shaped weight shows better target coverage for all 199 cases. The main advantage of the automated SWMI is not relying on the user's expertise of visual image matching. (This work is partly supported by Susan G. Komen Breast Foundation Grant: BTCR126506)
Perceptions of attachment in academia and the child welfare system: The gap between research and reality

(2003). Perceptions of attachment in academia and the child welfare system: The gap between research and reality. Attachment & Human Development: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 303-306.
Effects of dibutyryl cyclic amp on the transport of α-methyl-d-glucoside and α-aminoisobutyric acid in separated tubules and brush border membranes from rabbit kidney

Abstract The effect of dibutyryl cyclic AMP on the transport of α-methyl- d -glucoside and α-aminoisobutyric acid in separated tubules and purified brush border membranes from rabbit kidney was investigated using a rapid filtration procedure. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP stimulated the uptake of α-methyl- d -glucoside and α-aminoisobutyric acid by separated renal tubules in agreement with prior studies utilizing renal slices (Rea, C. and Segal, S. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 311, 615–624; Weiss, I.W., Morgan, K. and Phang, J.M. (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 760–764). However, in contrast to previous reports, no preincubation of the tissue with dibutyryl cyclic AMP was required for stimulation of transport to be manifest. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP stimulated oxygen consumption by separated tubules suggesting that stimulation of transport may occur by a linkage with renal oxidative metabolism. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP increased the uptake of α-aminoisobutyric acid into purified renal brush border membranes. However the uptakes of α-methyl- d -glucoside, proline, leucine and phosphate into brush border membranes were significantly inhibited.
Can Russell avoid Frege's sense?

In On Denoting Russell writes that Frege's distinction between sense and reference is an 'inextricable tangle'.' Russell had no misgivings in not postulating sense so long as there can be an adequate theory of meaning that does not suppose it, and Russell believed his theory of meaning was such a theory. Frege felt that any adequate account of meaning must include sense, and he provided some arguments why we need to postulate sense. His basic argument comes from his puzzle over identity. In this paper we argue that Russell's theory of meaning can deal with Frege's main reason for postulating sense. By Russell's theory of meaning we have in mind his view that the only intensional entity one need suppose is propositions. But though Russell's theory of meaning can handle the linguistic phenomena which prompted Frege to postulate sense, Russell's epistemology blocks his using his theory of meaning so as to avoid Frege's sense. Frege's basic reason for the postulation of sense is the puzzle over identity.2 Suppose that 'a' and 'b' are names for the same object. A statement of the form ra = a' is uninformative, while a statement of the form ra = b' can be informative. So the difference is the mode with which the denoted object is presented to the user of the name. Frege postulated sense to explain this difference. Thus sense is the mode of presentation associated with an expression which accounts for the informative value of statements. It is also, for Frege, the way of determining the reference of an expression and what an expression denotes in oblique contexts. For Frege the way to determine whether 'a' differs in sense from 'b' is to ask whether a statement of the form Fa = b' can be informative. It seems that the primitive way to determine whether such a statement is informative is to ask whether someone can believe that a is a and not believe that a is b. In other words, failure of substitution of coextensive names
Human viruses in animals in West Bengal: An ecological analysis

Viruses normally associated with man, or antibodies to such viruses, were found in animals in two villages in West Bengal during a 6-month survey. Eleven serotypes were isolated from the feces of seven vertebrate species and one serotype from flies. In one of the villages, echovirus 7 was most frequently isolated at the start of the study and was obtained from six species, including both mammals and birds, whereas poliovirus 1 occurred in two species at the end of the study. Repeated isolations were made from two dogs over a 2- to 3-month period. The coprophagous, terrestrial species (dogs and chickens) yielded the highest number of isolates and the highest number of serotypes, whereas the primarily nonterrestrial species (monkeys and house crows) yielded the least number of isolates and serotypes. Most of the cattle and some of the goats had antibodies to a Hong Kong (H3N2)-like strain of influenza. The viruses occurred with a frequency that may have been proportional to the abundance of each serotype in the environment. No clinical symptoms were observed in the viral-positive animals.
Length of Activity Periods and Play Behaviors of Preschool Children

Abstract This study examined the effects of activity period duration on children's play in playdough and block activities. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests showed that significantly more constructive play was found at the end of children's play sessions. Though not significant, there was also less functional and more dramatic play at the end of the play period. Differences were found between the quality of play in the block and the playdough centers. Recommendations were made for early childhood educators to reexamine the importance of longer play periods in planning daily schedules and activities.
Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen: multimodality imaging findings and pathologic correlate.

Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of the spleen is a recently recognized benign vascular lesion, characterized microscopically by multiple angiomatoid nodules embedded within a fibrosclerotic stroma. Although its imaging manifestations have been limited in the radiologic literature, features such as low-level increased fluorodeoxy-glucose activity on a positron emission tomographic scan, near-complete blending in with normal splenic parenchyma on a delayed-phase image, and the presence of radiating scarring on a magnetic resonance image may suggest the diagnosis. We report here the computed tomographic, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomographic findings of sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation, along with gross and microscopic pathological correlation.
Aerobic glycolysis in vascular smooth muscle: relation to isometric tension.

Abstract Steady-state lactic acid production and O 2 consumption rates have been measured simultaneously in a preparation of bovine mesenteric vein, under controlled mechanical conditions. When these metabolic fluxes are expressed in terms of computed ATP synthesis rates, the contribution of aerobic glycolysis to total metabolic energy production is found to be 30 %. Each flux is shown to depend linearly on the developed isometric tension under conditions of varying degree of pharmacological stimulation. Furthermore, the two metabolic fluxes decrease in parallel to near basal levels at the minimum contracted length, where no isometric tension is developed upon maximal stimulation. The relative contribution of aerobic glycolysis is found to be independent of the mechanical state of the muscle.
A Comment on the Formation of Objective Response Functions

The well-known method for obtaining objective response functions in continuum mechanics, due to W. Noll, is reviewed and an objection to its logic, raised by R.S. Rivlin and G.F. Smith, is evaluated.
Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings:

The purpose of this study was to determine the locations and characterize the types of brain abnormalities noted on brain magnetic resonance imaging in patients with probable and definite neurofibr...
Lymph node extramedullary hematopoiesis in breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy: A potential diagnostic pitfall

Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) develops as a compensatory mechanism associated with hematologic processes but it may occur in association with chemotherapy. Three cases of EMH arising in axillary lymph nodes following neoadjuvant therapy for breast carcinoma are reported herein. Three women ranging in age from 41 to 47 years presented with unilateral breast masses measuring 0.6 to 4.0 cm in greatest dimension and were diagnosed with infiltrating ductal carcinoma, grade III by core needle biopsies. Two of the tumors were triple negative and one was estrogen receptor positive. All patients subsequently received neoadjuvant therapy followed by lumpectomies. No residual carcinoma was identified in postchemotherapy breast resection specimens. One patient underwent a sentinel lymph node procedure, the second patient an axillary lymph node dissection, and the third patient had a core biopsy of an enlarged axillary lymph node. The patient that underwent axillary lymph node dissection had metastatic carcinoma in one of her lymph nodes. Foci of EMH consisting of myeloid, erythroid, and megakaryocytic precursors were present within the nodal parenchyma and/or subcapsular sinuses of axillary lymph nodes of all three cases. Megakaryocytes were immunoreactive with factor VIII, erythroid elements with Glycophorin and myeloid precursors with myeloperoxidase. With increasing use of neoadjuvant therapy for breast carcinoma, EMH within lymph nodes is more likely to be encountered. Hematopoietic precursors present in lymph nodes may potentially be misdiagnosed as metastatic tumor cells, particularly as lobular carcinoma or metaplastic carcinoma. Therefore, caution should be exercised when evaluating axillary lymph nodes in the clinical setting of neoadjuvant therapy for breast carcinoma.
Some comments on Rota's Umbral Calculus

Abstract Rota's Umbral Calculus is put in the context of general Fourier analysis. Also, some shortcuts in the proofs are illustrated and a new characterization of sequences of binomial type is given. Finally it is shown that there are few (classical) orthogonal polynomials of binomial type.
Effects of acute and chronic morphine treatment on methadone analgesia and metabolism

Morphine sulfate (5 mg/kg s.c.) given 30 min prior to administration of methadone prolonged methadone analgesia and increased the brain level of methadone measured 60, 120 and 180 min after administration of methadone. Rats rendered tolerant to morphine analgesia by subcutaneous implantation of two pellets, each containing 75 mg of morphine base, for 1-3 days showed cross-tolerance to methadone analgesia regardless of the presence or absence of morphine pellets. Decreases in the brain concentrations of methadone measured at 60 and 120 min time points accompanied the decreased analgesia. Neither acute nor chronic morphine pretreatment affects the biotransformation of methadone. The results suggest that the cross-tolerance to methadone analgesia seen in chronic morphine-implanted rats was partly associated with a decrease in the brain concentration of methadone occurring by a mechanism not directly related to a change in the biotransformation of methadone. In view of the known inhibitory effect of chronic morphine pretreatment on drug metabolism, our findings might demonstrate a unique phenomenon between morphine and methadone.
Measurement of sensory irritation of the skin

The sensory reaction to contact with chemical irritants has not been extensively studied. This neglect has been caused partly by a lack of understanding of the physiological basis of subjective irritation, and partly by inadequate methods of perceptual measurement. This article begins with a brief overview of the neurophysiology of cutaneous chemoreception (chemesthesis), and continues with a discussion of numerous sensory, physical, and perceptual factors that can affect the sensitivity to irritants. Then, guidelines for conducting perceptual measurements of subjective irritation that take these factors into account are offered. An alternative approach to direct chemosensory measurement also is proposed that relies on the fact that many of the cutaneous receptors that are sensitive to chemicals also are sensitive to temperature and/or mechanical stimulation (pain or itch). It is suggested that thermal and mechanical sensitivity might prove useful as measures of the severity of acute sensory irritation and as indicators of subclinical sensitization by environmental irritants.
Connecting Marx and feminism in the era of globalization: A preliminary investigation*

(2004). Connecting Marx and feminism in the era of globalization: A preliminary investigation. Socialism and Democracy: Vol. 18, Gender and Globalization: Marxist-Feminist Perspectives, pp. 85-105.
The central states educational theatre and the original play: A focus on the student playwright

Are our college and university theatres reluctant to act upon their obligation to tomorrow's playwrights? This article, based on a national survey, shows the attitude of the Central States area toward this problem.
Quantification of Natural Backgrounds and Anthropogenic Contaminants in a Pristine Arctic Environment: the Anadyr River Basin, Chukotka Peninsula, Russia

The Anadyr River, located in northeastern Siberia, is the second largest river emptying into the Bering Sea. The river is a true Arctic river, straddling the Arctic Circle along much of its eastward course to the sea. The Anadyr basin is a relatively pristine watershed, lacking major industrial or agricultural activities, although mining of the extensive mineral resources could potentially be a source of contamination. This study examines the first samples from the Anadyr drainage basin to quantify background and anthropogenic contaminant levels of metals and radionuclides. Contamination by anthropogenic radionuclides or trace metals is not evident in the Anadyr River basin, nor in the tributaries to the Anadyr. The natural background from detrital material (i.e., 40K, 210Pb, 232Th, 226Ra; >400 Bq/kg) is at least two orders of magnitude higher than the signal attributable to anthropogenic (fallout) radionuclides (e.g., 137Cs; ∼3 Bq/kg). Low specific activities (average 1.6 Bq/kg) and inventory (44.2 mBq/cm2) of fallout 137Cs are attributable to the dominance of coarse-grained sediments within the drainage basin, and the annual transport of clay-sized particles (and adsorbed activity) to the estuary. Textural analyses document that sediments in the basin and estuary are dominated by sand-sized material [larger than 4φ (63 μm)], which typically comprises >90% of the sediment by weight. Cores collected in shallow portions of Onemen Bay (<2.5 m deep) are characterized by a thin (<1 cm thick), high-porosity layer of fine-grained sediment overlying hard-packed sand. Metals show enrichment over crustal levels in As and Sb (by 2–6×). The ratio of As/Sb and reported mineralization within the drainage basin indicate that these are naturally occurring concentrations. The Anadyr River basin is a relatively pristine Arctic environment against which to compare potentially contaminated Arctic sites.
Intrarenal blood flow distribution in canine puppies.

Extract: The present study was designed to examine the developmental changes in renal blood flow distribution in canine puppies utilizing the techniques of xenon-133 (133Xe) washout, anatomic measurements, and para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) clearances and extractions. The distribution patterns determined by analysis of the xenon washout curves were confirmed by studies of the intrarenal distribution of injected radioactive microspheres. The mean total blood flow was 1.2 ml/g kidney/min at 6 weeks of age and rose progressively to the adult value of 3.5 ml/g kidney/min at 14–16 weeks of age. The mean Component I flow, 1.7 ml/g/min at 6 weeks, increased to 4.7 ml/g/min at 14–16 weeks of age. The increase in Component I flow was associated with an increase in PAH extraction ratio. The low renal blood flow observed in the puppy less than 6 weeks of age appears to be due in large part to a small cortical volume. Anatomically, the amount of cortex/medulla ratio was less in the puppy than in the adult, and this was supported by the relatively low cortical volume of distribution noted in the washout studies. At 10 and 12 weeks of age, when the relative cortical mass approximated that found in the adult, the Component I flow rate was still low, but from age 12 weeks, Component I flow and total renal blood flow increased markedly. Renal blood flow increased during a period when cardiac output per kilogram body weight was constant and total peripheral resistance was rising. The progressive age-dependent increase that was noted in total renal blood flow was primarily due to an increase in cortical flow. The increased cortical flow was in part a consequence of cortical growth; change in sympathetic tone may also have contributed.
High Current Negative Ion Beams

Two years ago during the 1975 Particle Accelerator Conference in Washington, we reported the development of an intense negative ion magnetron source, capable of extracting short pulsed negative ion beams of several hundred mA. For most particle accelerators these pulsed beams are more than adequate, but for efficient neutral injector systems in future fusion reactors multi-ampere dc negative ion beams are required.
A RESEARCH NOTE ON INSTITUTIONAL LOGICS AND ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTION: THE CASE OF BLACK CHURCH ORGANIZATIONS

What role do institutions play in the development of entrepreneurial ventures? What factors influence whether organizations will engage in entrepreneurial activity? While research has examined the individual and group-level characteristics of entrepreneurs, this paper explores the role of institutions and organizations in the development of entrepreneurial ventures. Using the "Black Church" as an institutional context, we predict entrepreneurial activity patterns of individual congregations based on denomination-specific institutional logics — rules and norms that either facilitate or constrain organizational action.
Global change. Time, money and tradeoffs.

Measurement of the total emissions of greenhouse gases implies specifying 'tradeoffs' of one against another, as in the Kyoto Protocol. In that process, economics has to be taken into account.
Stratified flow past a sphere

The flow of a linearly stratified fluid past a sphere is considered experimentally in the Froude number Fi, Reynolds number Re, ranges 0.005 ≤ Fi ≤ 20 and 5 ≤ Re ≤ 10000. Flow visualization techniques and density measurements are used to describe the rich range of characteristic flow phenomena observed. These different flow patterns are mapped on a detailed Fi against Re flow regime diagram. In most instances the flow patterns were found to be very different from those observed in homogeneous fluids. Vortex shedding characteristics, for example, were found to be dramatically affected by the presence of stratification. Where possible, the results are compared with available analytical and numerical models.
Stochastic optimization of a multi-feedstock lignocellulosic-based bioethanol supply chain under multiple uncertainties.

An integrated multi-feedstock (i.e. switchgrass and crop residue) lignocellulosic-based bioethanol supply chain is studied under jointly occurring uncertainties in switchgrass yield, crop residue purchase price, bioethanol demand and sales price. A two-stage stochastic mathematical model is proposed to maximize expected profit by optimizing the strategic and tactical decisions. A case study based on ND (North Dakota) state in the U.S. demonstrates that in a stochastic environment it is cost effective to meet 100% of ND's annual gasoline demand from bioethanol by using switchgrass as a primary and crop residue as a secondary biomass feedstock. Although results show that the financial performance is degraded as variability of the uncertain parameters increases, the proposed stochastic model increasingly outperforms the deterministic model under uncertainties. The locations of biorefineries (i.e. first-stage integer variables) are insensitive to the uncertainties. Sensitivity analysis shows that “mean” value of stochastic parameters has a significant impact on the expected profit and optimal values of first-stage continuous variables. Increase in level of mean ethanol demand and mean sale price results in higher bioethanol production. When mean switchgrass yield is at low level and mean crop residue price is at high level, all the available marginal land is used for switchgrass cultivation.
Using the SMOG Formula to Revise a Health-Related Document

Abstract Health professionals can use readability tools to increase the likelihood that materials will be understood. Target Audience: This teaching idea is appropriate for undergraduate and graduate health education students. Objectives: As a result of this activity, students will (1) define health literacy, (2) list three reasons why it is important to assess readability, (3) apply the SMOG readability formula, and (4) collaboratively revise the document.