cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of implant-damage-enhanced boron diffusion in epitaxially grown n-Si/p-Si 1–x Ge x /n-Si heterojunction

Boron out-diffusion in epitaxially grown n-Si/p+-Si1-xGex/n-Si heterojunction bipolar transistors is significantly enhanced during 850°C, 10 s rapid thermal annealing following arsenic emitter contact implantation. In this paper, we introduce three techniques which dramatically reduce boron out-diffusion during implant activation. Limiting the post-implant processing to 600°C for 2 min results in minimal diffusion giving acceptable device performance. A second technique involves pulsed laser annealing of the As implant, which removes residual defects and eliminates enhanced diffusion during subsequent thermal processing. Finally, we show that high bulk concentrations of oxygen in the Si1-xGex (∼1020 cm-3) dramatically reduce the implant-damage-enhanced boron diffusion. In addition to the depth profiles, electrical measurements performed on heterojunction bipolar transistors, incorporating these fabrication techniques, show ideal collector current characteristics and confirm the absence of deleterious boron out-diffusion effects.
Androgen sensitivity and gene expression in ras + myc-induced mouse prostate carcinomas

We established an androgen-sensitive cell line (BR31-5) from a ras + myc-induced mouse prostate carcinoma and used this cell line together with a previously reported transplantable androgen-independent mouse prostate carcinoma to investigate patterns of expression for apoptosis-related genes in an androgen-deprived environment. Single cell suspensions derived from the BR31-5 cell line were inoculated into the flank of intact or castrated adult male C57BL/6 mice and tumors were harvested 12 days post-inoculation for Northern blotting. A transplantable androgen-independent prostate cancer was also inoculated into intact or castrated mice and tumors harvested 21 days later. Tumor volume analyses showed that BR31-5 carcinomas were androgen-sensitive. Northern blotting showed that mRNA levels for two apoptosis-related genes, transforming growth factor-beta 1 and c-myc, were significantly elevated to a similar extent in carcinomas grown in castrated hosts compared to intact hosts for both the androgen-sensitive BR31-5 and androgen-independent carcinomas. Levels of mRNA for tissue type plasminogen activator, shown previously to be elevated in androgen-independent carcinomas following growth in castrates, were also increased in BR31-5 carcinomas under similar androgen-deprived conditions but to a lesser extent. Interestingly, testosterone repressed prostate mRNA No. 2 levels shown previously to be similar in both the intact and castrated groups for androgen-independent carcinomas were significantly increased in the castrated group compared to the intact group for BR31-5 carcinomas. Therefore, specific patterns of expression for apoptosis-related genes may be able to discriminate androgen-sensitive and androgen-independent prostate cancer under androgen-deprived conditions.
Effect of sample collection methodology on nasal culture results in cats

Empiric antibiotic therapy is often employed to treat feline chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), however, collection of samples for culture should result in improved antibiotic selection and development of less antibacterial resistance. This study evaluated the effect of sampling method on culture results in 44 cats and found that aerobic and anaerobic cultures were positive significantly more often from nasal flush samples than from tissue biopsy samples. Frequency of positive Mycoplasma species culture did not differ between the two sampling methodologies, although results were discordant in eight sample pairs. Mycoplasma species were cultured from flush samples only in three cats and from biopsy samples only in five cats. These results suggest that a nasal flush sample is adequate for determining the presence of bacterial organisms in feline nasal disease, however, failure to culture Mycoplasma species from a nasal flush must be interpreted with caution.
Modeling urban and regional aerosols—Development of the UCD Aerosol Module and implementation in CMAQ model

Abstract This paper presents a mechanistic, fully dynamic, internally mixed, sectional aerosol module, the UCD Aerosol Module, which evolves from the Aerosol Inorganic Model (AIM). The UCD Aerosol Module employs three gas-to-particle mass transport schemes, replacement, coupled and uncoupled, and simplified aerosol thermodynamics to predict gas–particle partitioning, aerosol phase state and water content efficiently and reasonably. Aerosol dynamics is integrated using an Asynchronous Time-Stepping (ATS) integration method, where different sized particles integrate with different time scales. CMAQ-UCD is an implementation of the UCD Aerosol Module in the CMAQ modeling system. With all of these features, CMAQ-UCD is designed to be a computationally efficient and scientifically sound air quality model that predicts particulate mass concentrations and size distributions over urban or regional scales for regulatory and scientific purposes.
Self-assembling phospholipid filaments

AQUEOUS dispersions of double-chain phospholipids spontaneously assemble into closed bilayers called vesicles (or liposomes). Although the vesicles are in general topologically spherical, cylindrical1 and helical2 liposomes have sometimes been observed. We present here video-enhanced microscopic studies of a diacetylenic phospholipid dispersed in ethanol/water, which reveal the existence of unusual bilayer morphologies. On cooling the dispersion from the isotropic phase, we have observed the formation of long (of the order of hundreds of micrometres), thin (0.2-2 μm) filaments, which fluctuate strongly. When the tem penature is decreased further, the filaments rapidly retract into a mass of lipid. At constant temperature, on the other hand, the filaments transform into torus or ring-like vesicles. Such non-spherical structures have been predicted theoretically3,4 but not previously observed experimentally.
X-ray microanalysis of cultured alveolar macrophages with phospholipidosis.

Abstract When administered to humans and animals, the iodine-containing drug amiodarone can cause pulmonary toxicity. As part of the pulmonary response to amiodarone, the drug and its principal metabolite, desethylamiodarone, accumulate in alveolar macrophages. Little is known about the susceptibility of lungs with preexisting damage to amiodarone administration. A number of chemicals can cause pulmonary phospholipidosis in humans and animals. To study the effect of a preexisting phospholipidosis on the intracellular accumulation of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone, rats were treated with chlorphentermine to induce a phospholipidosis in alveolar macrophages. The cells were recovered from the lungs by pulmonary lavage and placed in cell culture. They were then exposed to the same concentration of either amiodarone or desethylamiodarone. The intracellular distribution of each drug was quantified by measuring the associated iodine signal using X-ray microanalysis of freeze-dried cryosections of cells. Both drugs accumulated in lipid-rich amorphous bodies which correspond to lysosomally derived lamellar structures observed in conventional plastic sections. The level of desethylamiodarone exceeded that of amiodarone in the amorphous bodies. With both drugs, a higher concentration of iodine was present at the outer edges of the amorphous bodies compared to that in the center core. This suggests that the drugs are unable to freely penetrate the preformed structures. By monitoring the concentrations of sodium and potassium ions within the nucleus, it was determined that chlorphentermine treatment disrupted the ionic distribution in the cells. Exposure to amiodarone, but not desethylamiodarone, resulted in further changes in sodium and potassium levels. The composition of sodium and potassium in the amorphous bodies follows that of the cytosol and nucleus indicating that water is present in these structures, and this water serves as a medium for the exchangeable ions. The results of the present study demonstrate the utility of X-ray microanalysis in characterizing the response of cells to appropriately labeled drugs.
Arm anomalies: cases of supernumerary development and bilateral agenesis of arm pairs in Octopoda (Mollusca, Cephalopoda)

The first case of true hexapody among the Octopoda, resulting from bilateral agenesis of one arm pair, is described for a malePteroctopus tetracirrhus. A case of decapody, with uniform development of all arms, is also reported for the first time for a maleOctopus briareus. Both conditions apparently result from developmental anomalies of the embryonic arm anlagen. A survey of other anomalous conditions relating to arm development and regeneration within the Cephalopoda is provided. A possible relationship of polyfurcation of arm tips in the Octopoda with regenerative processes in amphibian limbs leading to similar conditions is suggested.
RECEIPT OF INFORMATION AND INFLUENCE OVER DECISIONS IN HOSPITALS BY THE BOARD, CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND MEDICAL STAFF

This article examines relationships between receipt of internal administrative information in hospitals, influence over general management decisions, and the extent to which certain organizational characteristics predict the receipt of information by each of the three major groups in hospitals: the board, the CEO, and the medical staff. Using a US national sample of 287 non-profit community hospitals, CEOs were found to receive the greatest amount of information and had highest influence while medical staffs were lowest on both measures. of five major organizational characteristics, hospital size emerged as the single strongest predictor of receipt of information for both boards (beta =−0.28, p 0.001) and medical staffs (beta =−0.42, p 0.001). Overall, the five dependent variables explained 18 per cent of the variance in receipt of information by boards and 28 percent of the variance for medical staffs.
Dda helicase unwinds a DNA–PNA chimeric substrate: Evidence for an inchworm mechanism

Abstract Helicases are ubiquitous enzymes involved in all aspects of DNA metabolism including replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. The mechanism of the bacteriophage T4 Dda helicase was investigated by preparing a DNA–PNA chimeric substrate. Surprisingly, Dda was able to unwind a substrate containing 12 PNA moieties in the loading strand of the enzyme. We suggest a mechanism whereby the Dda helicase contains two distinct DNA binding domains which allow an inchworm mechanism for translocation. A single step of the enzyme is sufficient to unwind the DNA–PNA chimera because several base pairs melt spontaneously due to thermal fraying. Hence, Dda helicase can unwind the substrate without actually translocating along the PNA.
Unilateral multilevel cervical radiculopathies as a late effect of poliomyelitis. A case report

A severe left-sided cervical radiculopathy that developed after a work-related injury is reported. Because this involved the upper limb opposite to a long-standing postpolio sequela, it is suggestive of postpolio syndrome. Work-up showed left-sided multilevel acquired foraminal stenosis. These unilateral degenerative changes were very likely the result of overuse of the cervical apophyseal joints, the consequence of the muscle imbalance created by the poliomyelitis. It was successfully treated by appropriate surgical decompression.
Real-Time and Label-Free Detection of Cellular Response to Signaling Mediated by Distinct Subclasses of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors

Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) have often shown two distinct binding affinities for epidermal growth factor. It is the high-affinity EGFR that is predominantly responsible for mediating the cell signaling that plays an indispensable role in cell growth, proliferation, motility, and differentiation. We applied the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) to track short-term cellular responses to EGFR signaling in human carcinoma A431 cells. Cellular responses to high- and low-affinity EGFR signaling were detected individually as well as simultaneously based on changes in mass and viscoelasticity of cells. These responses are associated with EGF-induced biological processes including the cytoskeleton remodeling and calcium influx. QCM-D provides a label-free sensor technology that can be exploited to investigate the role of high-affinity EGFR in cancer development and cancer prognosis.
Human Infant Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)—Specific Type 1 and 2 Cytokine Responses Ex Vivo during Primary RSV Infection

BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the most common respiratory viral infection resulting in hospitalizations in infants worldwide. Illness severity is likely multifactorial; however, unlike other viral infections, both type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses have been implicated in severe disease. METHODS We measured RSV-specific cytokine responses ex vivo during primary RSV infection in the blood of 18 infants with polymerase chain reaction-confirmed RSV infection. To focus on primary RSV infection, subjects were all<9 months old. RSV-specific cytokine responses were measured at 3 time points during acute primary RSV infection and at 1 memory time point 3-6 months later. RESULTS RSV-specific interferon (IFN)- gamma responses were detected in 10 of 18 of infants. Infants with mild disease had higher RSV-specific IFN- gamma memory responses than did those with moderate or severe disease. No consistent correlations between RSV-specific IFN- gamma responses and corticosteroid administration were observed. RSV-specific interleukin (IL)-4 or IL-5 responses to primary RSV infection were detectable in 5 of 18 and 8 of 15 infants, respectively. CONCLUSIONS During primary RSV infection, many infants demonstrated RSV-specific IFN- gamma responses. The strongest IL-4 and IL-5 responses were detected in 3 infants with severe disease, suggesting that type 2 responses may contribute to the pathogenesis of severe disease.
STARK BROADENING ALONG HOMOLOGOUS SEQUENCES OF SINGLY IONIZED NOBLE GASES

Abstract We report measured Stark widths for eight Ne II, eight Ar II, five Kr II and seven Xe II spectral lines, all belonging to np-nd doublets. A low-pressure, pulsed arc was used as a plasma source. Electron densities determined with an He-Ne laser quadrature interferometer cover the range of 0.9–1.4 × 10 23 m -3 . Electron temperatures, in the range of 23,000–28,500 K, were measured by using the relative intensities of 0 II impurity lines. Experimental data for Ne II and Ar II agree well with the results of semiclassical calculations, where the average ratio of measured to calculated data is 0.96. We show that the analyzed results of the experimental data for np-nd doublets, within multiplets and supermultiplets along homologous sequences, are in close agreement with those presented in an earlier study. Some difficulties are discussed in using systematic trends along homologous sequences of ions (or atoms) for the derivation of new data by extrapolation or interpolation.
Isolating Cultural Choice Patterns in the U.S. Population

Using a hand-crafted clustering technique, Hughes and Peterson isolate eight patterns of cultural choice in a national survey collected in 1973. The resulting patterns cannot be arranged in hierarchical order by social class, bringing into question the hypothesized association between culture class and social class.
Profile and Analysis of Gene Expression Changes during Early Development in Germinating Spores of Ceratopteris richardii

Analysis of an expressed sequence tag library with more than 5,000 sequences from spores of the fern Ceratopteris richardii reveals that more than 3,900 of them represent distinct genes, and almost 70% of these have significant similarity to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes. Eight genes are common between three very different dormant plant systems, Ceratopteris spores, Arabidopsis seeds, and Arabidopsis pollen. We evaluated the pattern of mRNA abundance over the first 48 h of spore development using a microarray of cDNAs representing 3,207 distinct genes of C. richardii and determined the relative levels of RNA abundance for 3,143 of these genes using a Bayesian method of statistical analysis. More than 900 of them (29%) show a significant change between any of the five time points analyzed, and these have been annotated based on their sequence similarity with the Arabidopsis proteome. Novel data arising from these analyses identify genes likely to be critical for the germination and subsequent early development of diverse cells and tissues emerging from dormancy.
Real-time systems course in undergraduate CS/CE programs

Interactions with industry hiring new software engineers from undergraduate computer science and engineering programs show, case after case, that universities do not pay enough attention to the practical aspects of software development. Another well-known deficiency of the undergraduate programs is in the area of time-critical, reactive programming. The present paper describes a senior course in a computer science undergraduate program designed to address some of the above problems. The real-time course provides the students not only with the basic concepts of real-time programming, but also provides a vehicle for development of small class projects which address methods, tools and the critical aspects of a modern software development life cycle. The experience with teaching the course may serve as a model for similar offerings in other computer science, computer engineering and software engineering college programs. The paper describes lessons learned and future plans.
Influence of TRIS-based co-monomer on structure and gas transport properties of cross-linked poly(ethylene oxide)

Abstract 3-[Tris-(trimethylsiloxy)silyl] propyl acrylate (TRIS-A) was copolymerized with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), and the gas transport and physical properties of the resulting copolymers were characterized. Introduction of TRIS-A led to increased polymer fractional free volume and strong broadening of the glass–rubber relaxation without a significant shift in glass transition temperature in samples containing up to 80 wt% TRIS-A. Gas permeability increased significantly as TRIS-A content increased: for instance, addition of 80 wt% TRIS-A increased CO 2 permeability from 110 to 800 barrer. The strongly non-polar character of TRIS-A, however, resulted in progressively lower CO 2 affinity for the polymer network, leading to decreased CO 2 /light gas selectivity with increasing TRIS-A content.
WRN loss induces switching of telomerase-independent mechanisms of telomere elongation.

Telomere maintenance can occur in the presence of telomerase or in its absence, termed alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). ALT adds telomere repeats using recombination-based processes and DNA repair proteins that function in homologous recombination. Our previous work reported that the RecQ-like BLM helicase is required for ALT and that it unwinds telomeric substrates in vitro. WRN is also a RecQ-like helicase that shares many biochemical functions with BLM. WRN interacts with BLM, unwinds telomeric substrates, and co-localizes to ALT-associated PML bodies (APBs), suggesting that it may also be required for ALT processes. Using long-term siRNA knockdown of WRN in three ALT cell lines, we show that some, but not all, cell lines require WRN for telomere maintenance. VA-13 cells require WRN to prevent telomere loss and for the formation of APBs; Saos-2 cells do not. A third ALT cell line, U-2 OS, requires WRN for APB formation, however WRN loss results in p53-mediated apoptosis. In the absence of WRN and p53, U-2 OS cells undergo telomere loss for an intermediate number of population doublings (50–70), at which point they maintain telomere length even with the continued loss of WRN. WRN and the tumor suppressor BRCA1 co-localize to APBs in VA-13 and U-2 OS, but not in Saos-2 cells. WRN loss in U-2 OS is associated with a loss of BRCA1 from APBs. While the loss of WRN significantly increases telomere sister chromatid exchanges (T-SCE) in these three ALT cell lines, loss of both BRCA1 and WRN does not significantly alter T-SCE. This work demonstrates that ALT cell lines use different telomerase-independent maintenance mechanisms that variably require the WRN helicase and that some cells can switch from one mechanism to another that permits telomere elongation in the absence of WRN. Our data suggest that BRCA1 localization may define these mechanisms.
An exploratory examination of shared values in channel relationships

Abstract Shared values can have a significant influence in motivating channel members to achieve channel objectives. However, limited research examines the role of shared values in influencing channel outcomes and important questions on the role of shared values in channel relationships remain unanswered. Using social influence theory, this study develops a conceptual model that identifies perceived fairness and relationship quality as antecedents of shared values in channel relationships. Data from a franchise context shows that perceived fairness is important in developing relationship satisfaction, trust, and commitment. In addition, shared values motivate channel members to perform role requirements and to rise above and beyond role requirements to perform extra-role behaviors that are beneficial to achieving channel goals. The study also discusses theoretical and managerial implications.
Anomalous scale transformations and functional integrals

Abstract A method is presented to analyse euclidean field theories starting from small volume subsystems. It bears resemblance with the real space renormalization group, but it is not limited to the lattice cutoff. An intuitive picture emerges for the role of perturbative results in asymptotically free models. There it is shown how to derive the one-loop β-function directly as a jacobian under scale transformations in a functional integral.
Effect of the Artificial Sweetener, Acesulfame Potassium, a Sweet Taste Receptor Agonist, on Glucose Uptake in Small Intestinal Cell Lines

Sweet taste receptors may enhance glucose absorption. This study aimed to explore the cell biology of sweet taste receptors on glucose uptake. Artificial sweeteners increase glucose uptake via activating sweet taste receptors in the enterocyte to translocate GLUT2 to the apical membrane through the PLC βII pathway. Caco-2, RIE-1, and IEC-6 cells, starved from glucose for 1 h were pre-incubated with 10 mM acesulfame potassium (AceK). Glucose uptake was measured by incubating cells for 1 to 10 min with 0.5–50 mM glucose with or without U-73122, chelerythrine, and cytochalasin B. In Caco-2 and RIE-1 cells, 10 mM AceK increased glucose uptake by 20–30 % at glucose >25 mM, but not in lesser glucose concentrations ( 25 mM and for 5 min incubation; chelerythrine and cytochalasin B had similar effects. No effect occurred in IEC-6 cells. Activation of sweet taste receptors had no effect on glucose uptake in low ( 25 mM). Role of artificial sweeteners on glucose uptake appears to act in part by effects on the enterocyte itself.
Abstract 3724: Use of aspirin, other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Background Aspirin is widely used for cardiovascular disease prevention and has been consistently shown to be associated with a 20-30% lower risk of colon cancer. However, the associations between uses of aspirin, other NSAIDs, and acetaminophen and breast cancer incidence are uncertain. In addition, limited epidemiological studies have assessed these associations with breast cancer subtypes defined by hormone receptor status. Further, no known prospective cohort studies have been conducted on other clinical relevant subtypes including Triple-negative, Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2 positive, COX-2 negative and COX-2 positive. Design We followed 84,602 postmenopausal women, free of cancer in 1980, until June 2008. During this time, we prospectively collected data on analgesic use, reproductive history, and other lifestyle factors every two years. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate multivariable relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by adjusting for age, reproductive factors and other important risk factors for breast cancer. Results A total of 4,754 pathologically confirmed incident invasive breast cancer cases were identified during 18 years of follow-up. Comparing with never use of aspirin, multivariable relative risks of regular aspirin use (at least 2 tablets/wk) for more than 20 years were 0.91 for overall breast cancer (95%CI: 0.81-1.01, P trend = 0.16), 0.90 for ER+PR+ breast cancer (95%CI: 0.77-1.06, P trend = 0.17), 1.03 for ER+PR- breast cancer (95%CI: 0.76-1.38, P trend = 0.94), and 0.92 for ER-PR- breast cancer (95%CI: 0.68-1.23, P trend = 0.98). Results did not vary substantially by past or current use, or frequency (days per week) of use. Use of other NSAIDs and acetaminophen also was not significantly associated with risk of breast cancer. Results were not changed after mutual adjustment for each of the drug. In addition, results were not modified by body mass index, alcohol consumption, family history of breast cancer, or postmenopausal hormone use. Further, no substantial associations were noted for other subtypes of breast cancer (ER-PR+, Triple-negative, Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2 positive, COX-2 negative and COX-2 positive). Conclusions Although a small reduction in breast cancer risk cannot be excluded, our study suggest that use of aspirin, other NSAIDs, and acetaminophen was not importantly associated with incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer overall or other specific breast cancer subtypes. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3724. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3724
Spinothalamocortical inputs nonpreferentially innervate the superficial and deep cortical layers of SI

Abstract Using a combined anterograde and retrograde tracing technique, we examined the distribution pattern of the thalamocortical cells which projected to superficial layers of the hand region of the primary somatosensory cortex (hSI), and quantitatively analyzed the retrogradely labeled cells which putatively contacted terminals of the spinothalamic tract (STT) in the squirrel monkey and the macaque. Less than 25% of the superficial hSI projecting cells were putatively contacted by terminals of cervical enlargement spinothalamic neurons. These cells were primarily located in ventro-posterior lateral, ventroposterior inferior and centrolateral nuclei. Although the number of superficial hSI projecting cells numbered less than 20% of the total hSI projecting cells, their patterns of location and their proportion of overlap with STT terminals within each thalamic nucleus were similar. It is suggested that the spinothalamic nociceptive information input to the cortex equally accesses both superficial and deep SI.
Applying research to practice: implementing strength training in a senior high rise.

One of the challenges of using research is applying the results of scientific investigation to the relatively uncontrolled real-life practice situations that health care professionals encounter. This process was used to design and implement a strength-training program for older adults in a senior high-rise building with 425 residents. The resulting program demonstrated that positive benefits can be obtained by applying research findings to the community with a relatively uncontrolled population. (Geriatr Nurs 2002;23:281-83)
Central chemical regulation of breathing movements in fetal lambs.

Abstract In 12 chronically prepared fetal lambs between 126 and 136 days of gestation, 17 ventriculocisternal perfusions (123 μl/min) were performed. The concentration of bicarbonate ([HCO 3 −1 ]) in the mock cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) perfusate was altered to manipulate the [HCO 3 −1 ] in the cerebral ventricles. These perfusions did not systematically alter fetal arterial P CO 2 , P O 2 , pH, heart rate or mean blood pressure. Fetal breathing movements (FBM) were noted as rhythmic negative intrathoracic pressures with reference to amniotic fluid pressure. The incidence of FBM was determined and expressed as the percent of the 3 h observation period during which breathing movements were present. Perfusions with mock CSF having an approximately normal [HCO 3 −1 ], resulted in cisternal [HCO 3 −1 ] of 23.9 ± 0.8 (SEM) meq/L and an incidence of fetal breathing movements (FBM) of 22.1 ± 10.0%. Perfusions with an elevated [HCO 3 −1 ] in the mock CSF increased the cisternal [HCO 3 −1 ] to 30.7 ± 0.4 meq/L and lowered the incidence of FBM to 0.6 ± 0.2%. Perfusions with a lowered [HCO 3 −1 ] mock CSF decreased the cisternal [HCO 3 −1 ] to 17.3 ± 0.8 meq/L and increased the incidence of FBM to 45.7 ± 6.8%. These perfusions did not alter the relative incidence of low voltage (LV) versus high voltage (HV) electrocortical (ECOG) state. In 4 animals, low [HCO 3 −1 ] perfusions induced FBM in the normally apneic HV ECOG state. We conclude that in the near-term fetal lamb, central chemoreceptors can modulate the incidence of rhythmic respiratory efforts, that tonic afferent stimuli arising from these receptors are critical for the generation of spontaneous FBMs and that central acidosis is capable of evoking FBMs in the normally apneic HV ECOG state.
Finite element analysis of V-ribbed belt/pulley system with pulley misalignment using a neural-network-based material model

Pulley misalignment limits the performance of V-ribbed belt/pulley system as it relates to rib load-sharing and contact pressure distribution for multiple rib belts required in high torque demands of modern automotive applications. In this paper, a three-dimensional dynamic finite element model is built to evaluate the effects of pulley misalignment. The model consists of a pulley and a segment of V-ribbed belt in contact with the pulley. A material model of belt, including rubber compound and reinforcing cord is developed. Multiple rubber layers are each considered hyperelastic with distinct material characterization parameters. A novel neural-network-based hyperelastic material model is implemented to represent properties of nonlinear elastic belt-rib compound. The models are implemented in the commercial code ABAQUS/Explicit to simulate the misalignment of the belt–pulley system. The developed model is first validated by experimental measurements of pulley lateral force due to misalignment. Also, three common types of misalignment in the belt–pulley system are analyzed and results are presented.
Physiological functions for brain NF-κB

Members of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) family of transcription factors are activated within the CNS in pathological settings of apoptosis and neurological disease. Recent work using several model systems provides accumulating evidence that these transcription factors also participate in the regulation of neuronal activity-dependent transcription and behavior under physiological conditions. This review highlights advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of Ca 2+ -responsive activation and synaptic signaling to the nucleus by NF-κB transcription factors within the CNS, and the relevance of this transcription factor family for learning and memory.
Benzylchlorocarbene: Origins of Arrhenius Curvature in the Kinetics of the 1,2-H Shift Rearrangement

Benzylchlorocarbene (1, BCC) was generated photochemically from benzylchlorodiazirine (2) in isooctane, methylcyclohexane (MCH), and tetrachloroethane (TCE) at temperatures from ∼30 to −75 °C. At −70 °C in isooctane, the identified products included Z/E-β-chlorostyrenes 4 (46.6%), α-chlorostyrene 5 (2.4%), 1,1-dichloro-2-phenylethane 6 (1.9%), a BCC-isooctane insertion product 8 (5.5%), carbene dimers 9 (3.8%), and azine 3 (30%). The significant incursion of intermolecular products 3, 8, and 9 implies that laser flash photolytic (LFP) kinetic data for the decay of BCC obtained at low temperature is biased and should not be employed in Arrhenius analyses. Accordingly, previously obtained curved Arrhenius correlations for BCC do not necessarily implicate quantum mechanical tunneling (QMT) in the 1,2-H shift rearrangement of BCC to 4. Similarly in MCH, where BCC affords a solvent insertion product in ∼44−53% yield, the curved Arrhenius correlation (Figure 1) cannot be readily interpreted. In polar solvents s...
The Strategic IP Insight Platform (SIIP): A Foundation for Discovery

With billions at stake in new product development, acquisitions and alliances, IBM's Strategic IP insight Platform (SIIP) delivers transformative results, helping clients gain strategic insights. Applied to the pharmaceutical industry, SIIP accelerates the discovery of information to more quickly and accurately answer questions such as: which chemical compounds are good for which targets? What's the likelihood this compound will succeed? What diseases could be treated with this target? What are the candidate drugs that can be re-purposed for a given disease? Applied to drug discovery in life sciences, the SIIP platform leverages and integrates a wide range of public and private content, rich set of deep analytics and a massive-scale architecture to improve patient outcomes. SIIP was born prior to the proliferation of the many big data tools available today. We describe what tools and architecture decisions have been helpful in this first phase of solution development, and what tools and architectures we are relying on as we raise our own standard for performance and service delivery.
Further characterization of the effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor on axotomized neonatal and adult mammalian motor neurons.

Neurotrophins and neural cytokines are two broad classes of neurotrophic factors. It has been reported that ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) prevent the degeneration of axotomized neonatal motor neurons. In addition, BDNF is transported retrogradely to α-motor neurons following injection into the muscle, and patterns of BDNF expressed in spinal cord and muscle suggest a physiological role for this factor in motor neurons. In the present study, we characterize the effects of BDNF on axotomized neonatal facial motor neurons and extend these observations to adult models of motor neuron injury (axotomy-induced phenotypic injury of lumbar motor neurons). BDNF reduces axotomy-induced degeneration of neonatal neurons by 55% as determined by Nissl staining (percentage of surviving neurons in vehicle-treated cases, 25%; in BDNF-treated cases, 80%). Rescued neurons have an intact organelle structure but appear smaller and slightly chromatolytic on electron microscopic analysis. As demonstrated by intense retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) applied to the proximal stump of the facial nerve, neurons rescued by BDNF have intact mechanisms of fast axonal transport. CNTF did not appear to have significant effects on neonatal motor neurons, but the lack of efficacy of this factor may be caused by its rapid degradation at the application site. BDNF is not capable of reversing the axotomy-induced reduction in transmitter markers [i.e., the acetylcholine-synthesizing enzyme choline acetyl-transferase (ChAT) or the degrading enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE)] in neonatal or adult animals or the axotomy-induced up-regulation of the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75NGFR (nerve growth factor receptor) in adult motor neurons. However, BDNF appears to promote the expression of p75NGFR in injured neonatal motor neurons. In concert, the findings of the present study suggest that BDNF can significantly prevent cell death in injured motor neurons. However, this neurotrophin may not be a retrograde signal associated with the induction and/or maintenance of some mature features of motor neurons, particularly their transmitter phenotype. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cyclic contact fatigue of a silver alternative to amalgam

Abstract Objective . The purpose of this study was to compare the cyclic contact fatigue resistance of a novel mercury-free silver direct filling material to that of a dental amalgam (Dispersalloy). Methods . The silver specimens were made by pressing a precipitated powder at room temperature with a pressure of 150 MPa, which can be achieved in clinical hand-consolidation. To simulate clinical contact of restorations against enamel cusps, a cyclic contact fatigue methodology was employed. A spherical indenter was used to repeatedly indent the specimen, while the accumulation of deformation and damage was examined as a function of the number of cycles up to 5×10 5 . Student's t test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test were used to compare the specimen groups for significant differences in flexural strength, indentation impression diameter, and hardness. A type I error of α=0.05 was considered as significant. Subsurface damage was examined by using a bonded-interface technique. Results . As a result of cyclic indentation, microcracks were produced in the amalgam, but no cracks were found in the silver filling material. At fewer numbers of cycles, indentation produced larger impressions in silver ( e . g ., diameter=[450±31] μm at 10 2 cycles) than in amalgam ([145±20] μm) due to a lower hardness of the former. However, with increasing number of cycles, damage accumulated more rapidly in the amalgam, while the silver beneficially work-hardened in repeated indentations. At 5×10 5 cycles, the difference in impression diameter between silver and amalgam ([582±20] μm vs . [568±42] μm) became insignificant ( p >0.1, Student's t test). Significance . The mercury-free silver direct filling material is more resistant to microcracking and to cyclic contact fatigue than amalgam, and the indentation impression sizes in the consolidated silver and dental amalgam are not statistically different at large numbers of cycles.
An Illusion of Size

IN his letter, Mr. J. Phelps1 refers to an interesting point in the manufacture of threepences, namely, their expansion in the coining press into dodecagonal steel collars. The fact that the corners of coins subsequent to 1940 are more rounded than are those of earlier ones seems to point to a change in the collars at about that date. If this is the case, it will also explain the change in the size of the coins which occurred at about the same time referred to in my letter2.
Approaching the Dao: From Lao Zi to Zhuang Zi

Etude de la relation entre les deux textes fondateurs de la pensee daoiste: le «Daodejing» et le «Zhuangzi». Soulevant la question de l'anteriorite linguistique de l'un par rapport a l'autre, l'A. entreprend une analyse textuelle qui met en evidence l'influence de Lao tseu sur Zhuangzi, d'une part, et eclaire la nature profonde du Dao, d'autre part.
Longitudinal Gradients in Periarteriolar Oxygen Tension

The oxygen tension (Po2) on the external surface of arterioles between 8 and 100µ in diameter was measured with oxygen microcathodes (2 to 6µ diameter) in the suffused cheek pouch of hamsters and i...
Light adaptation for visual pattern recognition in flies.

Abstract Flies were found to possess the light adaptation phenomena of vertebrates whereby the eyes achieve optimal sensitivity to an intensity increment on a given background illumination. This was found in the photoreceptors and several higher levels including a behavioral response. It has a time constant varying directly with the sudden change of background intensity that ranges up to about 20 sec for large changes in background. This was distinguished from another adaptation phenomena of about 6 min duration, part of which appears to be due to a change in ommatidial fields produced by shielding pigment migration effects.
Predictors of pregnancy in microbicide trials.

Abstract Background High pregnancy rates undermine the conduct and interpretation of HIV prevention trials. We performed this analysis to identify baseline participant characteristics associated with increased risk of pregnancy in recent vaginal microbicide trials. Study Design We analyzed the data from four recently completed Phase III trials of candidate microbicides for prevention of HIV infection. Cox proportional hazard models, stratified by site nested within study, were used to determine the baseline factors that predict pregnancy. Six thousand seven hundred forty-eight women contributed data for this analysis. Results Pregnancies were detected in a total of 1826 (27.1%) women. The hazard of pregnancy was higher for women who had a history of pregnancy, were living with a man or reported more sexual acts not protected by condoms in the week prior to enrollment. The risk of pregnancy was lower in older participants; in women with more years of education; in women who reported more sexual partners at baseline interview; in women who reported using intrauterine contraception, implants, sterilization or injectables and in women who reported use of a condom during their last act of vaginal intercourse. Conclusions Our data suggest that current use or acceptance of intrauterine contraception, implants, sterilization or injectables is the most effective approach to reduce pregnancy rates and might be a useful eligibility criterion in future HIV prevention trials.
Compositional and fluorescence characteristics of the giant diatom Ethmodiscus along a 3000 km transect (28°N) in the central North Pacific gyre

Abstract The giant diatom Ethmodiscus was examined along an east–west transect at 28–30°N during 2002 and 2003 to determine if abundance, chemical composition or physiological status of this largest of diatoms varied on the scale of 100's–1000's of km in North Pacific gyre. Abundance ranged from 2.0 cells m−3 and supported the notion of an abundance mosaic reported previously. However, there was only minimal support for the relationship between abundance and nutrient concentration at 125 m reported previously. Cellular chlorophyll varied little along the transect (7.3–10.9 ng chl cell−1) except at the westernmost station. Cellular N and P quotas co-varied 3–4.5 fold (mean=50.8±3.7 and 3.7±0.8 nmol N and P cell−1) and yielded N:P ratios that closely clustered around the Redfield ratio (average=14.6±1.1). Only low levels of chlorophyll-normalized alkaline phosphatase (APase) activity were observed (0.4–2.5 nmol P μg chl−1 h−1) with APase activity lower than that in either the bulk water, or co-occurring Trichodesmium spp. and Pyrocystis noctiluca. The active fluorescence parameter Fv:Fm, a property sensitive to Fe stress, was uniformly high at all stations (average=0.73±0.04 for 2003, and 0.69±0.05 for 2002), indicating sufficient Fe for optimum photosynthetic competence. These results contrasted sharply with results from Rhizosolenia mats reported along the same transect where there was a significant decline westward in Fv:Fm. Both ferredoxin (Fd) and flavodoxin accumulated in cells of Ethmodiscus, resulting in Fd Index values of
Complementary and alternative medicines for use in supportive care in pediatric cancer.

Complementary and alternative medical practices (CAM) are being used by increasing numbers of children with cancer. Recent surveys report CAM use prevalence rates of 24–90% in children with cancer. Interest in supporting children through the side effects or stress of conventional treatment has been described as one of the major motivating factors for the use of CAM therapies. Research is difficult secondary to the complexity of the therapies and lack of standardization. However, several research studies investigating CAM therapies for supportive care in children with cancer are ongoing. Information on several studies in progress through the Children’s Oncology Group and other institutions will be reviewed. The progress made in the development of these studies demonstrates that CAM therapies can be investigated for their supportive care roles in the therapy of children with cancer.
Coelomycete systematics with special reference to Colletotrichum

Morphological and molecular data of coelomycetes are analyzed. Taxonomic tools and species concepts are explored. The bimodal systematics approach is emphasized. A comprehensive case study on Colletotrichum is included.
Infrared Spectrum of Matrix-Isolated CO and CO Photoproduct from OCS Photolysis†

Experimental studies on the photodissociation of OCS in both crystalline argon and nitrogen are presented. OCS photodissociation is followed by high-resolution interferometric infrared spectroscopy of the CO photoproduct. In solid nitrogen, the photogenerated CO molecule is produced in a damaged site that can be partially healed by thermal annealing. In contrast, the photogenerated CO site in argon does not revert to the sites occupied by neat CO/Ar matrices, even when annealed at 40 K. Model calculations on the infrared spectral line shape and orientational motion of the matrix-isolated CO molecule support a structural interpretation of the experimental findings. The calculations use an Ar−CO intermolecular potential along with an Ar2 pair potential to minimize the energy of a finite section of the full matrix under two broad structural constraints and with both single- and double-substitutional site assumptions. The line shape is calculated via a CO center-of-mass motion weighted perturbation of the iso...
IgG and IgM pneumococcal polysaccharide antibody responses in infants.

ABSTRACT. The ontogeny of human antibody responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens was studied by determining whether the age at immunization affects the level and/or immunoglobulin isotype of antibody produced. Twenty-nine healthy infants between 2 and 18 months of age and 13 normal adults were studied. Responses were found to vary markedly with the age at the time of immunization and with the pneumococcal serotype tested. Three general patterns of isotype-specific antibody response were observed in the infants: a high response in IgG antibody occurred as early as 2 months of age following immunization with type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide; little or no response was noted in either IgG or IgM antibody with types 6,18, and 19; and intermediate responses with IgM antibody increases greater than IgG increases were found for type 23. These data suggest that different factors control the immunologic response of infants to various pneumococcal polysaccharide serotypes following immunization at various ages.
Comparative convulsant activity of various penicillins after intracerebral injection in mice

The convulsant effects of penicillin derivatives (penicillin G, Phenoxymethylpenicillin, penicillin O, ampicillin, methicillin) and cephaloridine have been evaluated after being given intracerebrally to mice. Penicillin G was most neurotoxic; ampicillin and Phenoxymethylpenicillin were one-fifth as toxic. Incubation with penicillinase markedly reduced or eliminated the convulsant effects of penicillin G, Phenoxymethylpenicillin and ampicillin; this enzyme incubation did not alter the severity of seizures elicited by methicillin and cephaloridine. Diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbitone did not reduce penicillin G-induced seizures. A non-convulsant dose of leptazol potentiated the convulsions produced by the penicillins and cephaloridine. Injection volume, pH and the concentration of sodium and potassium did not produce behavioural changes within the ranges studied.
Hetero n-i-p-i Structures for Nonlinear Optics and for Studies of Charge Carrier Transport

The use of large optical nonlinearities in hetero n-i-p-i structures to study charge carrier transport is discussed. A short history of hetero n-i-p-i’s and a summary of related semiconductor microstructures are also presented.