cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RESPIRATORY DYSFUNCTION ASSOCIATED WITH TRAUMATIC INJURY TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Pulmonary dysfunction is a common complication of head trauma and spinal cord injury. Abnormal breathing patterns reflect the influence of altered neural integration. Early arterial hypoxemia can result from ventilation-perfusion mismatching, microatelectasis, aspiration, fat embolism, or the development of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Significant changes in lung volumes, ventilation, and gas exchange can occur in spinal cord injury as a result of the loss of diaphramatic or intercostal muscle function. Recruitment of accessory respiratory muscles plays an important role in stabilizing the rib cage and improving expiratory function. Strength training improves expiratory muscle function in quadriplegics and should be continued indefinitely. Most importantly, survival of patients with CNS injuries improves with meticulous and vigorous pulmonary hygiene. The pulmonary hygiene program should include regular changes in the patient's position, assisted coughing and deep breathing exercises, incentive spirometer, bronchodilators, fiberoptic bronchoscopy when indicated, and frequent monitoring of pulmonary mechanics. Long-term survival of the patient with head trauma or spinal cord injury is correlated to successful weaning from mechanical ventilation. Various forms of mechanical ventilator support can be adopted for the patient's ventilatory needs, and many patients will achieve some degree of freedom from mechanical ventilation. Newer ventilatory assist devices that do not require tracheostomy should be considered.
The Historian's Toolbox: A Student's Guide to the Theory and Craft of History

Introduction: History as Fun Part I. The Craft of History 1. The Past 2. Story 3. History 4. Metahistory 5. Antihistory 6. The Present 7. The Future Part II. The Tools of History 8. Doing History: An Overview 9. Sources and Evidence 10. Credit and Acknowledgment 11. Narrative and Explanation 12. Interpretation 13. Speculation 14. Everyday History
Evolution Towards the White-Dwarf Stage

We have followed the evolution of stellar models of 1 and 1.2 M ⊙ from a non-degenerate configuration to the stages where degeneracy becomes important and eventually causes the star to become a white dwarf. By detailed computer calculation using an evolution program kindly lent to us by Schwarzschild and Harm, we have obtained evolution sequences of stars of the mentioned masses with a core composition of 80% O, 10% Ne and 10% Mg and a thin outer envelope of He (10−6 of total mass) under the assumption of energy loss due to photons alone, and also under the assumption of losses due to photons plus neutrinos.
Quantitative effects of P elements on hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster.

Genetic analyses involving chromosomes from seven inbred lines derived from a single M' strain were used to study the quantitative relationships between the incidence and severity of P-M hybrid dysgenesis and the number of genomic P elements. In four separate analyses, the mutability of sn(w), a P element-insertion mutation of the X-linked singed locus, was found to be inversely related to the number of autosomal P elements. Since sn(w) mutability is caused by the action of the P transposase, this finding supports the hypothesis that genomic P elements titrate the transposase present within a cell. Other analyses demonstrated that autosomal transmission ratios were distorted by P element action. In these analyses, the amount of distortion against an autosome increased more or less linearly with the number of P elements carried by the autosome. Additional analyses showed that the magnitude of this distortion was reduced when a second P element-containing autosome was present in the genome. This reduction could adequately be explained by transposase titration; there was no evidence that it was due to repressor molecules binding to P elements and inhibiting their movement. The influence of genomic P elements on the incidence of gonadal dysgenesis was also investigated. Although no simple relationship between the number of P elements and the incidence of the trait could be discerned, it was clear that even a small number of elements could increase the incidence markedly. The failure to find a quantitative relationship between P element number and the incidence of gonadal dysgenesis probably reflects the complex etiology of this trait.
NTRU-based sensor network security: a low-power hardware implementation perspective

Summary Wireless sensor network security requires the cryptography software extremely low complex and energy efficient due to the limited memory and CPU capacity in a sensor. The NTRU (Nth degree truncated polynomial ring) encrypt algorithm has been shown to provide certain advantages when designing low power and resource constrained systems, while still providing comparable security levels to higher complexity algorithms. Unlike the current works that build NTRU software in a chip, this research focuses on the hardware implementation of NTRU algorithms because hardware implementation has much higher execution speed than software implementation. In contrast to previous research, the focus is shifted away from specific optimizations but rather provides a study of many of the recommended practices and suggested optimizations with particular emphasis on polynomial arithmetic and parameter selection. Recommendations for algorithm and parameter selection are made regarding implementation in hardware with respect to the resources available. Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volume Visualization of 5D Sedimentation Models

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Controversies in diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis C. Which patients benefit most from therapy

PREVIEWHepatitis C virus has recently been identified as an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Acute hepatitis C infection is clinically indistinguishable from other types of viral hepatitis but is much more likely to become chronic. Chronic hepatitis C is a significant cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. While modes of transmission, diagnosis, and treatment are currently controversial, Dr Brady discusses some approaches for dealing with this emerging problem.
Vitamin E down-modulates iNOS and NADPH oxidase in c-Myc/TGF-α transgenic mouse model of liver cancer

Background/Aims Co-expression of c-Myc and TGF-α in the mouse liver accelerates hepatocarcinogenesis and enhances DNA damage due to chronic oxidative stress. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E (VE) inhibits hepatocarcinogenesis and reduces chromosomal alterations in the same mice. Here we investigated the sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in c-Myc/TGF-α transgenic mice. Methods Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and NADPH oxidase levels were determined in c-Myc, TGF-α and c-Myc/TGF-α mice by RT-PCR, western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Results iNOS and nitrotyrosines levels were higher in the three transgenic lines when compared with wild-type mice. Preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions from c-Myc, TGF-α and c-Myc/TGF-α transgenic mice displayed upregulation of NADPH oxidase subunits p47-, 67-phox, Rac1, HSP 70, and HO-1. Importantly, dietary supplementation with vitamin E abolished iNOS expression, lowered nitrotyrosines, p47-, p67-phox, and Rac1 levels, and suppressed HSP 70 and HO-1 proteins in c-Myc/TGF-α livers. Conclusions The results suggest that iNOS and NADPH oxidase are involved in ROS generation during c-Myc/TGF-α hepatocarcinogenesis and are inhibited by VE treatment. The data provide additional evidence for the potential use of VE in treatment of chronic liver diseases and HCC prevention.
Identification of oncofetal fibronectin in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer: detection in ascitic fluid and localization to primary sites and metastatic implants.

BACKGROUND The mechanisms by which metastatic ovarian cancer adheres to peritoneal surfaces are not well understood. A role for tumor-derived extracellular matrix adhesive molecules such as fibronectin (FN) has been proposed. Because oncofetal fibronectin (onfFN) isoforms function in the adhesion of trophoblasts and have been identified in association with several malignancies, we sought to study onfFN in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. METHODS Total FN was identified with the nonspecific anti-FN monoclonal antibody CAF. OnfFN was identified using the specific monoclonal antibodies FDC-6 and X18A4. These antibodies were applied to: 1) ascitic fluid from advanced epithelial ovarian cancer patients and peritoneal fluid from patients without pathologic conditions and 2) tissue sections of primary lesions and metastatic ovarian cancer implants. Comparative histologic specimens included normal ovarian tissue and small bowel implants of endometriosis. RESULTS When measured by sandwich enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay, all peritoneal fluids (32 malignant and 32 benign) contained marked quantities of total (CAF reactive) FN, although malignant ascites had higher concentrations than benign samples (173.2 ± 36.8 μg/mL vs. 76.4 ± 31.8 μg/mL; P = 0.001). Malignant ascites also had significantly higher levels of onfFN than benign peritoneal fluid (FDC-6: 3.4 ± 0.6 vs. 0.9 ± 0.2 μg/mL; and X18A4: 5.1 ± 1.3 vs. 1.1 ± 0.4 μg/mL; P = 0.0001). Immunohistochemical staining of malignant lesions revealed prominent localization of both CAF reactive FN and onfFN to the stroma surrounding epithelial tumor nests. More delicate fibrillar staining within tumor nests also was evident. In contrast, implants of endometriosis revealed strong stromal staining for CAF reactive FN but not for onfFN. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the presence of onfFN in advanced ovarian malignancies. We speculate that onfFN may participate in tumor-associated peritoneal adhesive interactions. Cancer 1998;82:152-8. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Pharmacokinetic population modeling of nicotine incorporating CYP2A6 genotypes following different routes of administration

Purpose We developed a comprehensive population pharmacokinetic (PK) model to quantify the influence of CYP2A6 genetic polymorphisms (GP) and covariates (COV) on the PK of nicotine following different routes of administration, and to predict individual subjects' PK. Methods Two groups of 64 and 278 subjects received oral (OR) and IV administration of deuterium-labeled nicotine. Genotyping of CYP2A6 (*1A, *1B, *1x2, *2, *4, *7, and *9) was carried out. CYP2A6 GP is incorporated using indicator variables (Gi): if a subject carries the i-th genotype Gi is 1, and it is 0 otherwise. The influence of CYP2A6 GP on clearance, e.g., is expressed as: CL= Σmi=1 θιGi, where m is the number of different genotypes. The analysis yields GP and COV influence on CL, Q, V1, V2 (IV) and ka, CL/F, Q, V1/F ((OR). Results Body weight and age were significant COV for both IV and OR administrations. Smoking, marital status, education, BMI were not significant. The Asian group showed a significant decrease in clearance (52.8%) compared to other racial groups. Race was not significant after incorporating CYP2A6 GP. CYP2A6 *4/*4 decreased the clearance to 31.5 % of the wild-type clearance. Conclusions We elucidated the relationships between CYP2A6 GP and COV and nicotine clearance. We are developing the model to incorporate patch administration (PA) and developing a Bayesian model for OR and PA. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P21–P21; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.11.080
Soil Carbon Levels in Irrigated Western Corn Belt Rotations

Proposals promoting the use of massive amounts of crop residues and other lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel production have increased the need for evaluation of the sustainability of cropping practices and their effect on environment quality. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of crop rotation and N fertilizer management and their stover production characteristics on soil organic carbon (SOC) levels in a long-term high-yielding irrigated study in the western Corn Belt. An irrigated monoculture corn (Zea mays L.), monoculture soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and soybean-corn cropping systems study was initiated in 1991 on a uniform site in the Platte Valley near Shelton, NE. Soil samples were collected in 1991 before initiation of the study and in the spring of 2005 and analyzed for SOC. Significant differences in total SOC values were obtained between rotations and N rates at the 0- to 7.5- and 0- to 15-cm depths in 2005 and all total SOC values were equal to or greater than SOC values obtained in 1991. Residue production was greater than 6 Mg ha -1 , a level that appears to be sufficient to maintain SOC levels, in all systems. Can residue amounts above this level be harvested sustainably for biofuel production in cropping systems similar to these? Though these results suggest that a portion of corn stover could be harvested without reducing SOC under the conditions of this investigation, the direct impact of stover removal remains to be evaluated.
High-Efficiency On-Line Solid-Phase Extraction Coupling to 15−150-μm-i.d. Column Liquid Chromatography for Proteomic Analysis

The ability to manipulate and effectively utilize small proteomic samples is important for analyses using liquid chromatography (LC) in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) and becomes more challenging for very low flow rates due to extra column volume effects on separation quality. Here we report on the use of commercial switching valves (150-μm channels) for implementing the on-line coupling of capillary LC columns operated at 10 000 psi with relatively large solid-phase extraction (SPE) columns. With the use of optimized column connections, switching modes, and SPE column dimensions, high-efficiency on-line SPE-capillary and nanoscale LC separations were obtained demonstrating peak capacities of ∼1000 for capillaries having inner diameters between 15 and 150 μm. The on-line coupled SPE columns increased the sample processing capacity by ∼400-fold for sample solution volume and ∼10-fold for sample mass. The proteomic applications of this on-line SPE-capillary LC system were evaluated for analysis of ...
A high gain, W-band SiGe LNA with sub-4.0 dB noise figure

This paper presents a W-band LNA implemented in a 90 nm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The LNA achieves a maximum gain of 34 dB and a minimum NF of 3.5 dB at 80 GHz with greater than 25 dB gain and less than 4.5 dB NF over the full W-band. Input and output return losses are greater than 10 dB from 78-149 GHz. The circuit nominally operates from a 1.2 V supply while consuming 15.6 mW of DC power. Due to the low DC resistance presented to the base, the LNA can be operated above BV CEO for an IP 1dB of -21 dBm and a P SAT as high as +8.5 dBm. To the authors' best knowledge, this work demonstrates the lowest NF achieved at W-band by an LNA in any silicon-based technology to date.
Effects of NOx on liquid phase oxidation and inhibition at elevated temperatures

Nitrogen oxides (NOx =NO2 +NO) play a role in degradation of lubricating oils in internal combustion engines. Interactions of NOx with fuel derived species have been shown to lead to varnish and deposit formation. Mechanisms of interactions of NOx with additive and base oil components have not, however, been investigated in detail. The present work describes investigations of the effects of NO2 on oxidation processes and the fate of NOx in a model lubricant system. NO2 acts as a free radical initiator which accelerates the initial rate of uninhibited hydrocarbon oxidation and increases the rate of antioxidant consumption in inhibited systems. NOx consumption increases after the end of the inhibition period. In addition, NO2 and NO react with oxidation intermediates or products in a complex series of reactions which can include direct reaction with antioxidants, formation of nitro-oxidation products, conversion of NO2 to NO and regeneration of NO2 from NO. The significance of results obtained in this study with respect to mechanisms of oil degradation is discussed.
Flow‐characteristics of glacier‐fed and snow‐fed streams

Those who have made studies of the flow-conditions of streams rising in the higher altitudes and fed in part from snows and glaciers are quite familiar with the fact that these streams differ in certain very definite respects from those not thus favored. These differences include: (l) A more uniform flow throughout the year and a smaller coefficient of variation, as computed by Hazen's method; (2) higher annual runoff per square mile resulting from the greater precipitation at the higher altitudes; (3) excessive flood-flows arising from a combination of rainfall and melting snow; and (4) diurnal flow-variations produced by temperature-fluctuations at the higher altitudes.
Sex differences in brain structure in geriatric depression

Objective: In an exploratory study, authors compared patients with late-life major depression (MDD) and age-matched control subjects to examine sex differences in frontal and orbito-frontal (OFC) regional brain volumes. Methods: The study sample comprised 41 patients with MDD and 41 controls. Subjects underwent comprehensive neuropsychiatric examinations and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Corrected frontal and OFC gray-matter volumes were compared among men and women in both groups. Results: The depression group had lower MMSE scores, greater severity of medical burden, apathy, psychomotor retardation, and poor health-related quality of life than the controls. Men in both groups had a greater severity of medical burden, apathy, and psychomotor retardation than women. The depression group had smaller OFC total and gray-matter volumes than the controls after matching for age. Men had smaller frontal-matter volumes than women in both groups. The diagnosis x sex interaction in brain regional volumes was observed only after controlling for medical burden. Conclusions: Sex differences in brain neuroanatomy may be important in the pathophysiology of geriatric depression. Men may be susceptible to atrophy in frontal subregions. Medical burden may contribute to the diagnosis x sex interaction in brain regional volumes.
Near-Infrared Image-Guided Delivery and Controlled Release Using Optimized Thermosensitive Liposomes

Purpose To engineer optimized near-infrared (NIR) active thermosensitive liposomes to potentially achieve image-guided delivery of chemotherapeutic agents.
Theoretical analysis of the experimental artifact in trabecular bone compressive modulus

A theoretical analysis was performed to characterize potential experimental artifacts in conventional compression testing of trabecular bone, where strains are based on the relative displacements of the two loading platens. We assumed that the total experimental artifact for modulus was the sum of a damage and friction artifact and derived equations to describe these artifacts. The two unknown constants in these equations were found using a combination of data derived from linear finite element analyses and in vitro uniaxial compression tests. Subsequent finite element analyses allowed estimation of the artifacts for a wide range of specimens (cube, 1:4-3:1 aspect ratio cylinders). If friction is completely eliminated at the specimen-platen interface, the Young's modulus of a 5 mm sized (1:1 aspect ratio dimension) specimen which has a damage artifact due to machining may be underestimated by at least 45% regardless of specimen geometry; otherwise, the platens modulus may vary from less than 30 to over 175% of the Young's modulus, depending upon the specimen geometry and Poisson's ratio of the bone. Increasing the specimen size reduces the artifact only slightly. Since Poisson's ratio can be large for trabecular bone and is rarely known a priori, the precision of the conventional compression test will, therefore, be poor unless friction is completely eliminated at the specimen-platen interface. However, without friction at the interface, the platens modulus will always underestimate Young's modulus, thereby reducing the accuracy of this test. There was also evidence that the strength may be affected by these artifacts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Optimization Efficiency of Taguchi-class Experimental Design Using Conjugate Arrays

SUMMARY To ensure market share and profit, enterprises must constantly develop high quality products at low cost. Dr Genichi Taguchi's philosophy of quality engineering and experimental design methods been proven to be cost-effective tools for industries to meet this challenge. Taguchi-class experimental design, though very cost effective, may not work efficiently in cases of significant interactions between controllable factors. If significant interaction effects between controllable factors exist, one might make incorrect judgements on the optimal setting and relative significance of the controllable factors. Therefore, the optimization efficiency will be decreased. In this paper, a new experimental layout design method, i.e. conjugate arrays, is proposed to eliminate interaction effects between controllable factors; thus, the disadvantages caused by interaction effects will be reduced to a minimum and the optimization efficiency of Taguchi-class experimental design will be increased. A press-fit exampl...
Visual system responds to rotational and size-change components of complex proximal motion patterns.

The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of rotation, contraction, and motion-in-depth motion aftereffects (MAEs) produced by rotating Archimedes spirals were compared for spirals differing in arm length (90°, 270°, and 720°). There were three test stimuli. The spokes and rings test stimuli were figures whose contours were orthogonal to the direction of motion of the MAEs produced by the rotational and radial components of the spiral’s motion, respectively. The floating disk test stimulus was used to test for a motion-in-depth MAE. In Experiment 1, naive subjects viewed the spirals for 30 sec and 3 min. The MAE components reported corresponded to the rotational and radial components of motion in the proximal stimulus. In Experiment 2, experienced subjects were used to measure decay time constants (DTCs) after 15 min of adaptation. The rotation MAE had a DTC that was shorter than the other two DTCs. Results support the hypothesis that the complex stimulus produced by rotating Archimedes spirals is resolved into rotational and radial components by structures in the visual system that are specifically sensitive to rotational and size-change relative motion patterns (Regan, 1986). They also support Hershenson’s (1982) suggestion that the spiral aftereffect is produced by the same perceptual structures that mediate the perception of rigid object motion in depth.
Inflammatory pathway gene expression in chronic rhinosinusitis.

BACKGROUND The main objective in this preliminary experiment was to compare gene expression in the sinus mucosa of patients with chronic hyperplastic rhinosinusitis (CRS) against normal subjects, using gene microarray technology. The specific aim was to examine alterations in inflammatory mediator expression in patients with CRS. We performed a prospective experimental study. METHODS Total RNA samples were obtained from the sinus mucosa biopsies of 14 patients with chronic hyperplastic sinusitis and 4 normal controls, using the Affymetrix recommended protocol. The data for 22,000 genes on the GeneChip U133A were generated from 18 hybridizations. Affymetrix GeneChip 5.0 was used as the image acquisition software for the U133A chips. Data normalization, log transformation, statistical analysis, and pattern study were performed with GeneSpring software. Comparison between patients with CRS and normal controls were performed using the Welch t-test, with log transformed data. RESULTS There were a total of 1283 genes scored as differentially expressed between groups. The value of p, the probability of a false positive, was set to <0.05. Hierarchical clustering was applied to study coexpression patterns of the 1283 significant genes. The inflammatory pathway was overlaid with the differential expressed gene list. Four genes involved in the inflammatory pathway, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12A, IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha (2) were consistently overexpressed in patients with hyperplastic CRS. CONCLUSION There is overexpression of four major genes of the inflammatory pathway (IL-6, IL-12A, IL-13, and TNF-alpha (2)) in patients with CRS compared with the normal population. Defining gene expression profiles may help elucidate new key factors in the pathogenesis of CRS and perhaps aid in the development of new therapeutic modalities.
Admissible and optimal exact designs for polynomial regression

Abstract The present interest is to address some classical optimal design questions in the context of the exact design setting for the polynomial regression model. A necessary condition for an exact design to be admissible is provided. It is conjectured that this condition is also sufficient and the basis for the conjecture is discussed. It is shown that the Salaevskii's conjecture holds for cubic regression. The interesting forms of G-optimal exact designs are indicated.
Kinetic energy budgets of moving systems: Case studies for an extratropical cyclone and hurricane Celia, 1970

Kinetic energy budgets of an extratropical cyclone and Hurricane Celia, 1970 are examined in moving coordinates. This represents a first attempt to diagnose the energy budgets of moving systems using the method suggested by Vincent & Chang (1973). Both systems are studied during three stages of their life histories over the United States. The extratropical cyclone is investigated for a 36-hour period during which it develops in the lee of the Rockies, matures and occludes as it moves rapidly eastward toward the Atlantic Ocean. Hurricane Celia is investigated for a 48-hour period after landfall, as it traverses southern Texas into New Mexico. This consists of a 12-hour mature stage, a 12-hour rapidly decaying stage and a subsequent 24-hour slowly decaying stage when the storm dissipates. Generally speaking, the major findings are: (1) boundary fluxes of kinetic energy are important in maintaining the energy budget of the extratropical cyclone except during its occluded stage, whereas, they are practically negligible during all stages of Hurricane Celia's life cycle; (2) upward transport of kinetic energy in the extratropical cyclone produces vertical divergence in the troposphere and convergence in the stratosphere, while for Celia a vertical transport occurs away from the layer of maximum kinetic energy (? 500 mb) with the energy being transported into the stratosphere and toward the surface; (3) generation takes place in the lower troposphere with a somewhat larger destruction aloft for the extratropical cyclone, whereas, generation occurs in all layers for Celia; (4) dissipation, calculated as the residual in the energy budget, represents an energy loss during all stages for both storms except in the upper levels during the developing state of the extratropical cyclone. Sensitivity analyses were performed on the original data to evaluate the effect of random errors on kinetic energy budget calculations. The combined effect of random errors ranging between ±10 degrees for wind direction, ±20% for wind speed, and ±0.5% for geopotential height, occasionally cause certain terms in the budget to vary by almost a factor of two; however, the trend in the results and subsequent scientific interpretations remain essentially the same as those using original data. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1975.tb01674.x
SU‐E‐T‐348: Measurement‐Guided 4D VMAT Dose Reconstruction on an Arbitrary Homogeneous Dataset

Purpose: To develop and validate a VMAT QA tool that takes as input a 2D, low‐density (∼10 mm) empirical dose map from a commercial helical diode array, and outputs a high density, volumetric, time‐resolved (4D) dose matrix on an arbitrary patient dataset. At first, the method validation is limited to a homogeneous ‘patient’. Methods: A VMAT treatment is delivered to a diode array (ArcCHECK, Sun Nuclear Corp., Melbourne, FL). 3DVH software (Sun Nuclear) derives the high‐density volumetric dose using measurement‐guided dose reconstruction (MGDR). MGDR cylindrical phantom results are then used to perturb the 3D TPS dose on the patient dataset, producing a semi‐empirical volumetric dose grid. Four‐dimensional dose reconstruction on the patient is also possible by morphing the sub‐beam instead of composite dose. For validation, TG‐119 structures and objectives were used. 3DVH and TPS cumulative point doses were compared to ion chamber in a cube water‐equivalent phantom (‘patient’). The shape of the phantom is different from the ArcCHECK and the targets were placed asymmetrically. Ion chamber dose sampled at 10Hz was compared to time‐resolved 3DVH point doses. Coronal and sagittal absolute film dose distributions in the cube were compared with 3DVH and TPS. Results: Across four TG‐119 plans, the average PTV point dose difference in the cube between 3DVH and ion chamber is 0.0±0.9%. Average film vs. 3DVH gamma analysis passing rates are 88.6, 96.1, and 99.5% for 1%/2mm, 2%/2mm, and 3%/3mm criteria, respectively. 4D MGDR was also sufficiently accurate. Conclusions: Even for a well‐commissioned TPS, comparison metrics show on average better agreement between MGDR and measurement compared to MGDR and TPS on the arbitrary‐shaped phantom (‘patient’). The method requires no more accelerator time than standard QA, while producing more clinically relevant information. Validation in a heterogeneous thoracic phantom is under way, as is ultimate application to virtual motion studies. Supported in part by a grant from Sun Nuclear Corp.
Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer Experiment on Galileo

The Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) is a combination of imaging and spectroscopic methods. Simultaneous use of these two methods yields a powerful combination, far greater than when used individually. For geological studies of surfaces, it can be used to map morphological features, while simultaneously determining their composition and mineralogy, providing data to investigate the evolution of surface geology. For atmospheres, many of the most interesting phenomena are transitory, with unpredictable locations. With concurrent mapping and spectroscopy, such features can be found and spectroscopically analyzed. In addition, the spatial/compositional aspects of known features can be fully investigated. The NIMS experiment will investigate Jupiter and the Galilean satellites during the two year orbital operation period, commencing December 1995. Prior to that, Galileo will have flown past Venus, the Earth/Moon system (twice), and two asteroids; obtaining scientific measurements for all of these objects.
Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on heat-resistant and heat-sensitive strains of Salmonella

Salmonella senftenberg 775W, a heat-resistant strain (D57.5°C= 15.0 min) and Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 7136, a heat-sensitive strain (D57.5°C=3.0 min), were subjected to hydrostatic pressures of 2,380 to 3,400 atmospheres (atm) at 23°C in phosphate buffer (63 mM, pH 7.0) and chicken medium (strained baby food). Survivor curves showed that cell death occurred in this pressure range and increased as pressure increased. Death was greater in buffer than in the chicken medium. S. senftenberg 775W was more sensitive to pressure than S. typhimurium 7136. Injury occurred over the range of pressures for both species. Recovery at 37°C was possible following pressurization for salmonellae in chicken but not in buffer.
POTENTIAL FOR WATER REUSE IN AN EGYPTIAN POULTRY PROCESSING PLANT

The water usage and waste loads were determined for ten unit operations in a modern poultry processing plant in Alexandria, Egypt. Concentrations of 10 wastewater parameters and 9 heavy metals, identification of 12 bacteria and enumeration of both total aerobic and coliform bacteria in the wastewater from these unit operations were determined to evaluate the potential for water reuse. In the scalder, washer and chillers, bacterial counts in the water and on the carcasses were directly related and increased with the length of water usage. Based on the study, countercurrent water use through the chillers and washer was planned after applying renovation measures for grease and bacterial reductions. Compressor cooling water quality was satisfactory for reuse in the scalder.
Overlay measurements using the scanning electron microscope: accuracy and precision

Accurate and precise overlay metrology is essential for the successful fabrication of integrated circuits with submicron critical dimensions. We have continued our investigation into the use of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) for overlay metrology at the device level and for calibration of optics-based systems. Uncoated, multiple level, test structures, fabricated using electron-beam lithography, were measured with the SEM at 0.9 and 20 kV, using off-axis and symmetrical electron detector arrangements. These overlay measurements were then compared to measurements made on the same structures, at 20 kV, after deposition of a thin conducting film. After calibration of the SEM magnification, the average agreement between the uncoated structures and the coated `standard' was better than 5 nm using the symmetrical electron detector. Three (sigma) measurement precision was estimated to be better than 20 nm at 0.9 kV in the absence of charging. Average tool induced shift was approximately -3 nm. The SEM was also used to measure the poly gate to recessed oxide overlay, after etch, of experimental 0.2 - 0.25 micrometers gate width CMOS devices. A comparison to optical measurements, made at the resist level on large marks at the corners of the chips, showed an average difference of 30 - 40 nm in most cases. The experimental results outlined in this paper strongly suggest that the SEM can be used to make accurate overlay measurements of actual devices and may be useful for calibration of optics-based overlay tools.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Examining Productive Conceptions of Masculinities: Lessons Learned from Academically Driven African American Male Student-Athletes

Conceptions of masculinities among African American male student athletes are considered in this article. Grounded in the social constructivist perspective and guided by the phenomenological qualitative research tradition, individual interviews were conducted with 27 academically driven African American male student-athletes attending four Division I universities. Findings suggest that the participants embrace a wide range of productive gender-related attitudes and behaviors that are uncommon among male college student-athletes. Implications and recommendations are offered for coaches and university administrators charged with working with African American male student-athletes.
Perceptions of a Tattooed College Instructor

128 undergraduates' perceptions of tattoos on a model described as a college instructor were assessed. They viewed one of four photographs of a tattooed or nontattooed female model. Students rated her on nine teaching-related characteristics. Analyses indicated that the presence of tattoos was associated with some positive changes in ratings: students' motivation, being imaginative about assignments, and how likely students were to recommend her as an instructor.
Endangered Species & Biodiversity: A Classroom Project & Theme.

Students discover the factors contributing to species losses worldwide by conducting a project about endangered species as a component of a larger classroom theme of biodiversity. Groups conduct research using online endangered- species databases and present results to the class using PowerPoint. Students will improve computer research abilities as well as develop organizational, writing, and public-speaking skills. This topic can be used for most educational levels by adjusting the difficulty of the content.
Square-integrable representations and the dual topology

We show that the square-integrable factor representations of a connected locally compact group G are precisely the normal representations whose kernels in C∗(G) are open points of Primr(G) (the support of Plancherel measure). Related results hold for certain other groups. We also settle questions of Dixmier, and Duflo and Moore, by giving examples of square-integrable irreducible representations (of totally disconnected groups) which are not open in the reduced dual.
First Observation of Surface Plasmon-Coupled Emission Due to LED Excitation

Detection limitations for fluorescence methods are normally determined by the phenomenon itself rather than the sensitivity of the instrumentation. These limitations make it necessary to have high sensitivity, high cost equipment causing fluorescence methods to remain lab-oriented. Alleviation of the limitations can be achieved through the phenomenon of surface plasmon-coupled emission (SPCE), which displays enhanced, directional, polarized fluorescence. Here we present the excitation of SPCE from Rhodamine B with a light-emitting diode (LED). Incorporating the gains in sensitivity due to SPCE with LED excitation, it could be possible to design low-cost, high-sensitivity sensors that would allow measurements to be performed in the field.
The relative merits of some options for Prudhoe bay natural gas

Abstract This study investigates some of the reasons why the natural gas which is produced along with the oil at Prudhoe Bay is not being delivered to a market, and three of the possible methods of delivering this gas energy to a market. These three alternatives include a proposal to build a natural gas pipeline through Canada, a liquefied natural gas (LNG) proposal and a proposal to manufacture fuel grade methanol from the natural gas at Prudhoe Bay which would be shipped through the existing Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS). A brief review of the engineering, economic, environmental, supply/demand and market aspects, and most importantly the political considerations affecting the selection of any of these three alternatives is presented. The concern over marketability of gas delivered through the proposed pipeline through Canada is responsible for this proposal being held in abeyance, even though it was politically selected as the Alaskan Natural Gas Transportation System in 1977. If an alternative system is to be selected, action should be taken before there is a political decision to force the construction of the pipeline through Canada. From virtually every viewpoint the methanol proposal is the most reasonable method of delivering the Prudhoe Bay gas energy to a market. It is shown that either of the other alternatives would result in the cost of the Prudhoe Bay gas energy being higher than the cost of energy from imported oil or natural gas.
Synthesis and evaluation of analogs of Efavirenz (SUSTIVATM) as HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Abstract Efavirenz (SUSTIVA TM ) is a potent non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Due to the observation of breakthrough mutations of the reverse transcriptase enzyme during Efavirenz therapy, we sought to develop an optimized second generation series. To that end, SAR of the substituents on the aromatic ring was undertaken and the results are summarized here. The 5,6-difluoro ( 4f ) and the 6-methoxy ( 4m ) substituted benzoxazinones were determined to be equipotent, and as a result such substitution patterns will be incorporated in second generation scaffolds.
The binding of novel phenolic derivatives of anandamide to brain cannabinoid receptors.

Abstract Arachidonylethanolamide ( N -2-hydroxyethyl-arachidonamide) or ‘anandamide’ is a naturally occurring derivative of arachidonic acid that has been shown to bind and activate cannabinoid receptors in the brain. Since other potent ligands for the cannabinoid receptor have an aromatic hydroxyl group, we investigated the hypothesis that replacement of the ethanolamine hydroxyl with an aromatic hydroxyl will increase the binding affinity for the cannabinoid receptor. Two novel congeners of anandamide containing aromatic hydroxyl groups were synthesized: N -2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl arachidonamide (HEA) and N -2-hydroxyphenyl arachidonamide (HPA). The affinity of these congeners for the brain cannabinoid receptor was determined by competition with [ 3 H]CP55940. HEA competed for [ 3 H]CP55940 binding with a K i of 600 nM; HPA had a K i of 2200 nM. These results indicate that increased size in the amide portion of anandamide decreases affinity for the receptor. Phenylmethylsulfonyl flouride (PMSF), an inhibitor of anandamide catabolism by brain membranes, had no effect on the binding of either HEA or HPA. We conclude that these congeners are not substrates for the amidase that catabolizes anandamide.
The arsenic content of corn grain grown on a coastal plain soil amended with poultry manure 1

Abstract The concentration of arsenic in corn grain was not affected by the use of poultry manure from chickens which had been fed 3‐nitro 4‐hydroxy phenyl arsonic acid. Corn was grown on plots receiving in excess of 600 Mt/ha over a three year period which is 10 to 20 times normal use. The results indicate that arsenic is not concentrated in corn grain when manure from chickens fed 3‐nitro 4‐hydroxy phenyl arsonic acid as a feed additive is used as a soil amendment on Delaware's sandy coastal plain soils.
Vertical resolution study on the GOES-R Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES)

High spectral resolution infrared radiances from the Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) on Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-R and beyond) will allow for monitoring the evolution of atmospheric temperature and moisture vertical distributions. HES, together with the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), will operationally provide enhanced spatial, temporal and vertical information for radiances and atmospheric soundings that are desired by numerical weather forecast models. An algorithm has been developed to analyze the retrieval error and the vertical resolution of soundings from HES radiances. Trade-off studies have been done to balance the spectral coverage, spectral resolution, and signal-to-noise ratio in order to achieve the GOES users' requirement of 1 K accuracy with 1km vertical resolution for temperature and 10% accuracy with 2km vertical resolution for relative humidity. The vertical resolution capability of HES is also compared with that of the current GOES Sounder which has 18 infrared spectral channels and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) on the NOAA polar orbiting satellites that has good temperature sensitivity in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere. The advantage of combination of GOES sounder and AMSU is also investigated.
THE UNUSUAL OCCURRENCE OF ADIPOCERE SPHERES ON THE HYPERSALINE LACUSTRINE SHORELINE, SALTON SEA, CALIFORNIA

The Salton Sea, California, a hypersaline, closed-system lake, experiences high wind event-associated tilapia fish kills. This study reports on the occurrence of several tons of organic spheres taphonomically associated with disarticulated tilapia skeletal parts occurring along the Salton Sea's shorelines. Chemical analyses demonstrate that sphere composition is consistent with soft tissue degradation of tilapia by anaerobic bacteria producing adipocere. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) and gas chromatography (GC) reveal the presence of both triglycerides and salts of free fatty acids. Specifically, GC-MS FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) analysis identified the presence of relatively high concentrations of palmitic, oleic, stearic, pentadecanoic, and myristic acids in the adipocere spheres which are nearly identical to the fatty acid profile of Salton Sea tilapia. SEM studies document the incorporation of fragmented fish bones and detrital grains within the spheres. Formation of adipocere masses in the Salton Sea affects the buoyancy and hydrodynamic equivalence of fish bone fragments, thereby influencing deposition of disarticulated bone materials, and may affect local redox conditions at the burial site.
Further results on probabilistic model validation in Wasserstein metric

In a recent work [1], we have introduced a probabilistic formulation for the model validation problem to provide a unifying framework for (in)validating nonlinear deterministic and stochastic models, in both discrete and continuous time. As an extension to that work, this paper provides rigorous performance bounds for the model validation algorithms presented in [1]. Further, it is shown that the existing method of barrier certificate based nonlinear invalidation oracle, can be recovered as a special case of the proposed formulation. Some results are derived to quantify the effects of initial uncertainty on the Wasserstein gap. And finally, for discrete-time LTI and LTV systems, upper bounds on Wasserstein distance are derived in terms of the parameters of the systems under comparison, thus providing an offline estimate of the gap.
Goldstein's Bethe-Salpeter Equation and the Asymptotic Behavior of a Related Scattering Amplitude

Exact solutions in closed form are found to the Bethe-Salpeter equation for the zero-energy scalar bound states of two spinor particles exchanging massless bosons in the ladder approximation. It is shown that the normal solution with a complex angular momentum $l$ always exists for any $\ensuremath{\lambda}g0$, uniquely if $m\ensuremath{\ne}0$ but not uniquely if $m=0$, where $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is the square of the coupling constant and $m$ is the mass of the spinor particle. The exact solution to the integral equation for the trace of the corresponding scattering amplitude is obtained in closed form only when $m=0$. Its high-energy behavior in the crossed channel ($t$ channel) is shown to be of the form ${(\ensuremath{-}t)}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{[\mathrm{ln}(\ensuremath{-}t)]}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}$, where $l=\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is a branch point of the above Bethe-Salpeter amplitude in the complex $l$ plane. Some related problems are also discussed.
Hollywood and the civil rights movement: The case of Mississippi burning

This analysis examines the tendency of Hollywood films to depict minority struggles as a stage for heroic white actors. Mississippi Burning falsely casts the FBI as a multiracial agency, white agents as those responsible for civil rights victories, and African Americans as powerless victims, incapable of resisting racism.
Augmentation of Implant Fixation in Osteoporotic Bone

Osteoporosis presents a dilemma for the orthopedic surgeon. Screw fixation within the bone is crucial for mechanical stabilization, maintenance of reduction, and ultimately, fracture healing. For the patient, soft bones and physiological fragility usually benefit from immediate weight bearing and mobility to avoid further disuse osteoporosis, deconditioning, and immobility. For implant companies, traditional screws, plates, and nails function for simple fractures and compliant patients. Locked plating has improved screw purchase in osteoporotic bone and has expanded fracture fixation capabilities but is not the panacea for all fractures. For orthopedic surgeons, traditional surgical augmentation for osteoporosis consisting of dual plating, augmentation with polymethyl methacrylate, joint replacement, and now locked plating are beneficial. In order to advance orthopedic care in the expanding population of elderly osteoporotic patients, modern solutions utilizing the dual properties of secure fixation and relatively flexible implants are required. Endosteal substitution, extraosteal substitution, and combined nail/plate combinations are methods of utilizing traditional implants in a nontraditional way. Nonsurgical augmentation of fracture fixation is also paramount.