cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular interactions in the development of the olfactory system: An ablation and homotypic transplantation analysis

In the current study, we addressed two questions: First, is the olfactory placode necessary for the development of the olfactory bulb and the entire telencephalon? Second, does the olfactory placode contribute cells to the olfactory bulb? We addressed these questions by unilaterally ablating the olfactory placode in chick embryos before an olfactory nerve was produced and, in a second series of experiments, by replacing the ablated chick olfactory placode with a quail olfactory placode. Our results indicate that the olfactory placode is critical for olfactory bulb development, but is not necessary for the development of the rest of the telencephalon. Further, our results support the hypothesis that LHRH neurons and olfactory nerve glia originate in the olfactory placode, but do not support an olfactory placodal origin for other cell types within the olfactory bulb.
Innovation in graduate projects: Learning to identify critical functions

Design-by-analogy is considered to be a powerful tool for engineering design. The difficulty of finding suitable analogies for solving a given design problem gives rise to the current efforts on computational tools for analogy-based design. In searching for analogies, the critical functions in a design problem are potential search criteria. The study described in this paper investigates whether novice designers identify an expert-derived critical function in a design problem under three scenarios: when they are asked to report the important functions in the problem, when they are directly asked to report the critical function and when they are asked to use design-by-analogy. It is observed that student designers do not identify the expert-derived critical functions when directly asked or when asked to list important functions. However, they inherently use the expert-derived critical functions in their analogical mapping process. This suggests that, during analogical reasoning, designers tend to identify and use the same critical functions regardless of experience, and also that critical functions are valid search criteria for deriving analogies from a computational database. This insight is highly valuable for current efforts to develop computational tools for analogical reasoning.
Cones of diversification in a model of international comparative advantage

The hypothesis that all countries belong to a single cone of diversification is often used in studies of international trade. However, contrary to this hypothesis, the range of capital–labour input ratios in US industries does not encompass the range of capital– labour endowment ratios in the world’s economies. Furthermore, among countries with capital–labour endowment ratios below the range of US capital–labour input ratios, wage rates are much lower than in the US. In this paper, the one-cone hypothesis is assessed relative to a two-cone alternative by clustering countries with similar factor proportions, estimating regressions for gross national product and net exports, testing for equality of coefficients, and approximating the posterior odds on one- and two-cone models. Rejecting the one-cone hypothesis, the paper presents estimates of a two-cone model and considers their implications for factor flows and the prospects of emerging market economies.
A new species of Cissampelos (Menispermaceae) from Bolivia and Paraguay

The new species Cissampelos arenicola M. Nee & R. Ortiz, from the Bolivian and Paraguayan Chaco is described, its affinities are discussed, and its preliminary conservation status is evaluated. The species is at present known from 13 collections from sand dunes or dry forests. Cissampelos arenicola is distinguished from all other American species in the genus by its ovate- to subreniform-trilobed leaves, 8-locular synandria, and relatively large, and scarcely ornamented endocarps. The most common perianth condition in the pistillate flowers of Cissampelos is one sepal and one antesepalous petal, and while these may vary in number, they are always found adaxial to the carpel, and although the southern African taxon called Cissampelos capensis, whose generic position is uncertain, superficially resembles Cissampelos arenicola, its sepals and petals are consistently lateral to the carpel and not adaxial.
Characterization of a Poly(fluorooxetane) and Poly(fluorooxetane-co-THF) by MALDI Mass Spectrometry, Size Exclusion Chromatography, and NMR Spectroscopy

An α,ω-dihydroxypoly(fluorooxetane) was prepared from a fluorinated oxetane monomer and characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometric (MALDI MS) and gel permeation...
Perspectival Direct Reference for Proper Names

I defend what I believe to be a new variation on Kripkean themes, for the purpose of providing an improved way to understand the referring functions of proper names. I begin by discussing roles played by perceptual perspectives in the use of proper names, and then broaden the discussion to include what I call “cognitive perspectives.” Although both types of perspectives underwrite the existence of intentional intermediaries between proper names and their referents, the existence of these intentional intermediaries does not entail that a Kripke-inspired view of direct reference must be abandoned. At the same time, the existence of these intermediaries can be seen to play illuminating roles as regards the referring functions of proper names in the following types of cases, among others: (a) where different names pick out the same subject; (b) where names are empty. Along the way, I argue that “perspectival views” are not something “inside the head” of language users as intended by Putnam in his well-known discussion of meaning.
Multi-heterodyne mixing of frequency stabilized combs for ultrafast coherent signal processing

Fast and precise measurements of ultrafast optical waveforms are essential to the development of optical coherent signal processing. In this paper, multi-heterodyne mixing of stabilized optical frequency combs is presented as a simple technique for the measurement of ultrafast laser pulses and exotic arbitrary optical waveforms. This technique takes advantage of both the broadband nature of the frequency comb and the narrow line-width of the individual comb-lines to produce an array of radio-frequency beat-notes that share the characteristics of the optical spectrum. Measurements of comb characteristics across THz of bandwidth are enabled by this method, while maintaining the accuracy at the level of the individual comb-line width. Results show that both frequency modulation and amplitude modulation combs can be measured using this scheme.
The effect of boron on the lattice properties of Ni3Al

Lattice parameter measurements have shown that boron is soluble in stoichiometric Ni/sub 3/Al up to at least 1.12 at.% and that it produces a lattice strain (..delta..a ..delta..c x 1/a/sub 0/) of 0.13. Compression testing of large-grained stoichiometric Ni/sub 3/Al alloys doped with different amounts of boron has indicated a large lattice strengthening effect of 387 MPa per at.%. Transmission electron microscope observations revealed that boron concentrations above a certain level (in the range >0.38 at.% but <0.75 at.%) prevent superlattice-intrinsic stacking fault (S-ISF) formation. However, no accompanying change in work-hardening rate (5050MPa) was found, indicating that S-ISF's contribute little resistance to plastic flow. The large change in strength per fractional change in lattice parameter due to boron additions (3.76G) compared to other B-subgroup elements (0.27G) suggests that boron produces an asymmetric strain field.
Corona Development in Norwegian Hyperites and Its Bearing on the Metamorphic Facies Concept

The writers studied thin sections and core chips of South Norwegian hyperites by optical methods and made modal analyses for each of the rocks studied. They used X-ray and spectro-chemical procedures to supplement optical mineralogical data. The hyperites are slightly altered olivine gabbros. The parent gabbro differentiated by a separation of olivine from a mixture of diallage and labradorite. Well-developed reaction rims (coronas) are present about primary olivine, magnetite, and diallage. The coronas about olivine consist of an inner bronzite rim and an outer symplectite of hornblende and pleonaste. The bronzite has formed from olivine by the addition of silica to the rock. Iron and magnesium from the reactions that formed bronzite have contributed to the development of the symplectite from adjacent plagioclase. The complete conversion of olivine to bronzite in a typical rock required the addition of about 10 percent by weight of silica. At the termination of the olivine-bronzite transformation, further additions of silica caused the formation of garnet from pleonaste and hornblende. Contemporaneously, carbon dioxide and chlorine caused the formation of scapolite from plagioclase. All the reactions followed the rules of volume-for-volume replacement. The appearance of garnet and scapolite has not been governed solely by specific temperatures and pressures. The stabilization of these phases and the persistence of the original mineral assemblages have been determined by the original composition of the rock together with the amount of introduced water and silica. The final mineral assemblages in the altered hyperites cannot be ascribed to the operation of the usual variables referred to in the concepts of metamorphic facies.
Fuzzy multi-stage decision-making, fuzzy state and terminal regulators and their relationship to non-fuzzy quadratic state and terminal regulators†

Bellman and Zadeh recently considered fuzzy multi-stage decision processes, the concept of fuzziness emanating from Zadeh's earlier work on fuzzy sets. Here we extend their results to processes inv...
Quantitative assessment of in vitro interactions implicates TATA-binding protein as a target of the VP16C transcriptional activation region

Models of mechanisms of transcriptional activation in eukaryotes frequently invoke direct interactions of transcriptional activation domains with target proteins including general transcription factors or coactivators such as chromatin modifying complexes. The potent transcriptional activation domain (AD) of the VP16 protein of herpes simplex virus has previously been shown to interact with several general transcription factors including the TATA-binding protein (TBP), TBP-associated factor 9 (TAF9), TFIIA, and TFIIB. In surface plasmon resonance assays, a module of the VP16 AD designated VP16C (residues 452-490) bound to TBP with an affinity notably stronger than to TAF9, TFIIA or TFIIB. Moreover, the interaction of VP16C with TBP correlated well with transcriptional activity for a panel of VP16C substitution variants. These results support models in which the interactions of ADs with TBP play an important role in transcriptional activation.
Inhibitory neurotransmission in animal models of tinnitus: maladaptive plasticity

Tinnitus is a phantom auditory sensation experienced by up to 14% of the United States population with a smaller percentage experiencing decreased quality of life. A compelling hypothesis is that tinnitus results from a maladaptive plastic net down-regulation of inhibitory amino acid neurotransmission in the central auditory pathway. This loss of inhibition may be a compensatory response to loss of afferent input such as that caused by acoustic insult and/or age-related hearing loss, the most common causes of tinnitus in people. Compensatory plastic changes may result in pathologic neural activity that underpins tinnitus. The neural correlates include increased spontaneous spiking, increased bursting and decreased variance of inter-spike intervals. This review will examine evidence for chronic plastic neuropathic changes in the central auditory system of animals with psychophysically-defined tinnitus. Neurochemical studies will focus on plastic tinnitus-related changes of inhibitory glycinergic neurotransmission in the adult dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). Electrophysiological studies will focus on functional changes in the DCN and inferior colliculus (IC). Tinnitus was associated with increased spontaneous activity and altered response properties of fusiform cells, the major output neurons of DCN. Coincident with these physiologic alterations were changes in glycine receptor (GlyR) subunit composition, its anchoring/trafficking protein, gephyrin and the number and affinity of membrane GlyRs revealed by receptor binding. In the IC, the primary afferent target of DCN fusiform cells, multi-dimensional alterations in unit-spontaneous activity (rate, burst rate, bursting pattern) were found in animals with behavioral evidence of chronic tinnitus more than 9 months following the acoustic/cochlear insult. In contrast, immediately following an intense sound exposure, acute alterations in IC spontaneous activity resembled chronic tinnitus-related changes but were not identical. This suggests that long-term neuroplastic changes responsible for chronic tinnitus are likely to be responsible for its persistence. A clear understanding of tinnitus-related plasticity in the central auditory system and its associated neurochemistry may help define unique targets for therapeutic drug development.
Failure of cilia of reprogram following segmental ampullary reversal of the rabbit oviduct.

Cilia exhibited unidirectional and coordinated movement within microsurgically reversed segments of rabbit ampulla when examined up to 13 months after surgery. The direction of ciliary beating was opposite that of the remainder of the oviduct.
Magnetic spinodal line of nickel

Abstract Reanalysis of the Weiss and Forrer data for nickel demonstrates the existence of branch points below the Curie temperature which close in on the critical point. The results indicate that the overall thermodynamic potential is not homogeneous although the scaling laws are satisfied for each phase.
A vector error-correction forecasting model of the US economy

Abstract Any research or policy analysis in economics must be consistent with the time-series properties of observed macroeconomic data. Numerous previous studies reinforce the need to specify correctly a model’s multivariate stochastic structure. This paper discusses in detail the specification of a vector error correction forecasting model that is anchored by long-run equilibrium relationships suggested by economic theory. The model includes six variables––the CPI, the GDP price index, real money balances (M1), the federal funds rate, the yield on long-term (10-year) government bonds, and real GDP––and four cointegrating vectors. The accuracy of VECM model forecasts for individual, univariate time series during for the 1990s is comparable to forecasts made by government agencies and private forecasters, perhaps because many forecasters share a similar implicit, long-run steady-state growth model of the economy. Judged by multivariate statistics that account for forecast-error covariance, VECM forecasts are found to be somewhat more accurate than a naive random-walk alternative.
A mathematical model for cisplatin cellular pharmacodynamics.

A simple theoretical model for the cellular pharmacodynamics of cisplatin is presented. The model, which takes into account the kinetics of cisplatin uptake by cells and the intracellular binding of the drug, can be used to predict the dependence of survival (relative to controls) on the time course of extracellular exposure. Cellular pharmacokinetic parameters are derived from uptake data for human ovarian and head and neck cancer cell lines. Survival relative to controls is assumed to depend on the peak concentration of DNA-bound intracellular platinum. Model predictions agree well with published data on cisplatin cytotoxicity for three different cancer cell lines, over a wide range of exposure times. In comparison with previously published mathematical models for anticancer drug pharmacodynamics, the present model provides a better fit to experimental data sets including long exposure times (∼100 hours). The model provides a possible explanation for the fact that cell kill correlates well with area under the extracellular concentration-time curve in some data sets, but not in others. The model may be useful for optimizing delivery schedules and for the dosing of cisplatin for cancer therapy.
Risk-prone hunting by chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii ) increases during periods of high diet quality

Most studies suggest that during times of nutritional stress, an animal faced with two foraging choices should follow a risk-prone strategy, choosing the option with highest payoff variance. This “scarcity/risk” hypothesis was developed to account for the foraging patterns of small animals with high metabolic rates susceptible to the threat of starvation. In this paper, we propose that animals should also be risk-prone when their diet quality is particularly high, far exceeding that which is needed to survive. Under these circumstances, the costs of experiencing a low or negative payoff can easily be recouped. We suggest that large-bodied omnivores are most likely to adopt this “abundance/risk” strategy. We investigate this question among wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) that choose between a risk-averse strategy of feeding on plant material and a risk-prone strategy of hunting red colobus monkeys. Using 14 years of data on the Kanyawara chimpanzees of Kibale National Park, Uganda, we find strong evidence that chimpanzees follow the “abundance/risk” strategy. Both hunting rate (hunts/100 observation hours) and the probability of hunting upon encountering red colobus monkeys were positively correlated with seasonal consumption of ripe drupe fruits, a class of preferred food associated with elevated reproductive performance by females. Critically, these results remained statistically significant after controlling for the potentially confounding effects of male chimpanzee party size and the presence of sexually receptive females. These findings suggest that the relationship between risk-sensitive foraging and diet quality depends upon the daily probability of starvation, the number of alternative foraging strategies, and the degree to which diet quality satisfies an animal’s nutritional requirements.
On Econometric Tools

Why should the tools of inductive inference differ from one empirical discipline to another? In a deeper sense, the tools do not differ. Econometrics shares its logical foundations with psychometrics and biometrics and, for that matter, with meteorology and even with experimental physics. Two or more sets of jointly asserted propositions about observable facts (not about mathematics or logic or ethics) are compared to determine which set is, in some sense, in better correspondence with facts. In Harold Hotelling’s terminology each set of propositions, or hypotheses, contains a subset which is ‘considered’ (tested) and its complement which is ‘maintained’ (assumed) for the purposes of an individual piece of empirical inquiry. Econometric usage (perhaps since Mann and Wald, 1943) attaches the name ‘prior’ to the maintained propositions, thus extending that old philosophical term to propositions which, although not subjected to test in the particular research piece in question, may well have been derived from previous observations. The ‘prior’ propositions give ‘specification’ (R. A. Fisher’s term) of a part, not all, of the properties of the studied phenomena — for example, the form of some functions and possibly the sign, the range, or even the exact numerical value of some of their parameters. To take a crude example, proportionality between two observable variables may be asserted a priori, but the choice between rival candidates for the proportionality constant (e.g., between the various estimates of the economists’ ‘velocity of circulation of money’) will depend on facts.
Small surface and corner crack propagation in aluminum and steel alloys

The purpose of the investigation reported here was to examine experimentally the transition behavior of a short crack in detail using surface-crack measurements with a traveling microscope and micromeasurements obtained by scanning-electron microscopy (SEM). The cyclic growth and transition of initial part-through cracks into through the thickness flaws are documented through experiments by using compact-type specimens fabricated from 7075-T6 aluminum, 2024-T3 aluminum, and mild-steel material, with a keyhole notch.
Predictability of Behaviors, Goals, and Unit of Perception

Research has shown that unpredictable behavior is con- sidered more meaningful than predictable behavior. But it is unclear whether such findings were due to the unpredictability of the person's specific behaviors or to the uncertainty of the goal. In this experi- ment the predictability of a person's behavior was varied on two levels--predictability of the goal (molar level) and predictability of the specific actions (molecular level). Behavior was segmented into the most units of action and was viewed as most dispositionally caused when unpredictable on both molecular and molar levels.
Protective drugs in cancer therapy: Optimal clinical testing and future directions

In vivo and in vitro studies of the effectiveness of WR-2721 (aminopropylaminoethylphosphorothioic acid) as a radioprotective drug are reviewed. Because WR-2721 is a very hydrophilic drug, it has difficulty crossing the membranes of most solid tumor cells and of red blood cells. Since most standard radioprotectants are less hydrophilic, this explains why WR-2721 can selectively protect normal tissues against radiation injury while leaving solid tumors unprotected. Biophysical studies reviewed include those dealing with the partition coefficient and pH sensitivity. The future direction of studies such as these should be toward optimizing the clinical application of WR-2721 and of identifying newer and more effective radioprotective agents. (KRM)
GVHD therapy: the best-laid schemes...

Comment on Lee et al, page [1559][1] Approaches to eliminate interleukin-2 receptor alpha (CD25+) cells have been widely pursued to selectively eliminate alloreactive cells that cause GVHD after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. In this issue, Lee and colleagues report paradoxical findings
Atomic-scale imperfections and fluctuations in the transmission properties of a quantum dot.

We examine the effects of atomic-scale imperfections on the transmission properties of a quantum dot resonant tunneling structure. For this purpose, we employ a three-dimensional model of quantum transport. We find that variation in the surface roughness of quantum dots leads to substantial fluctuations in the transmission properties. Impurities in a quantum dot are studied as a function of impurity strength and location, and it is found that an attractive impurity near the center of a dot can reduce fluctuations caused by surface roughness. Nevertheless, the presence of more than a single impurity can give rise to a complex resonance structure that varies substantially with impurity configuration.
On Irreducible Linear Groups of Nonprimary Degree

It is established that degree 2 | 𝐴 | + 1 of irreducible complex linear group with the group 𝐴 of cosimple automorphisms of odd order is a prime number and proved that if degree 2 | 𝐻 | + 1 of 𝜋 -solvable irreducible complex linear group 𝐺 with a 𝜋 -Hall 𝑇 𝐼 -subgroup 𝐻 is not a prime power, then 𝐻 is Abelian and normal in 𝐺 .
Services for substance abuse-affected families: The project connect experience

With more families entering the child welfare system with problems of substance abuse, there is an increasing need for programs that can respond effectively to these families' needs. This article describes one community-based program designed to support and strengthen families with an identified problem of substance abuse. parents' progress in addressing their problems with substance abuse, reduction of risk in Project families. children's placement experiences, and client satisfaction are discussed. The article concludes with implications for practice with substance abuse-affected families. Project Connect is funded by a grant from the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, U. S. Department of health and Human Services. It is administered by the Rhode Island Center for Children-at-Risk, which is a program of Children's Friend and Service, Providence, Rhode Island. Project Connect is operated under contract from the Rhode Island Department of Children, Youth, and Families. The author wishes to acknowledge the staff of Project Connect and the Rhode Island Department of Children, Youth, and Families without whose contributions this work would not have been possible.
Selective stimulation of G-6-Pase catalytic subunit but not G-6-P transporter gene expression by glucagon in vivo and cAMP in situ.

We recently compared the regulation of glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) catalytic subunit and glucose 6-phosphate (G-6-P) transporter gene expression by insulin in conscious dogs in vivo (Hornbuckl...
Decoupling structural and environmental determinants of sap velocity: Part I. Methodological development

Abstract This paper presents a novel theoretical framework for the study of individual tree sap flow that incorporates both spatial and temporal variability in sap velocities. In this formulation, the instantaneous sap velocity at any point in the radial profile of xylem tissue is defined as the product of a time-invariant sap velocity distribution and a time-varying term which is defined as a stem conductance. We hypothesize that the characteristic distribution of sap velocity is relatively uniform both within individual trees and between trees of the same species if location in the xylem tissue is expressed in normalized units relative to the total xylem depth (i.e. tree size). Experimental evidence confirms our hypothesis in the case of a population of sugar maples in a mixed deciduous forest and dwarf apple trees in an orchard, despite the fact that observations were drawn from a wide range of tree sizes and under varying soil moisture levels and atmospheric conditions that determines water demand. Furthermore, profiles of sap velocity and resulting integrals of total sap flow exhibit significant reduction in bias (by 30–40%) in comparison to prior methods used to extrapolate point observations of sap velocity. The method we describe exhibits the greatest improvement when only a small fraction of the total sapwood is measured, which is the typical scenario for most applications. While these results require further confirmation in order to be generalized, they nevertheless offer the basis to improve both the specific sampling strategies used to estimate whole-tree transpiration using sap velocity probes as well as methods employed to upscale water use of individual trees to larger scales for evaluation of landscape water balance.
Consequences of combined maternal, fetal and persistent postnatal hypothyroidism on the development of auditory function in Tshrhyt mutant mice

Abstract Tshr hyt/hyt mutant mice express a point mutation in the gene encoding the thyrotropin receptor, and affected animals are congenitally hypothyroid and profoundly deaf as a consequence when the condition is untreated. In this investigation, a previously unrecognized developmental stage was identified in the hypothyroid, mutant progeny of hypothyroid dams by tracking developmental changes in the auditory brainstem response (ABR). ABR thresholds develop rapidly in normal, euthyroid animals, decreasing as much as 80 dB between P12 (postnatal day 12) and P15, with mature sensitivity being gradually acquired by P18. In contrast, Tshr hyt/hyt mutant mice remained profoundly deaf on P24 and although thresholds improved by ∼30 dB by P60, residual frequency-dependent deficits of 20–70 dB were observed in animals exhibiting end-stage disease. The rate of threshold improvement in mutant mice was approximately ten times slower than in normal mice. While ABR wave latencies and interpeak intervals decreased early in postnatal life, values decreased over a delayed and protracted time period, reaching adult values well after those of controls attained maturity. As with normal mice, slopes of wave I latency–intensity curves were significantly steeper in immature animals than those observed in adults and decreased during development, but failed to achieve normal adult values and remained significantly steeper than those for controls. Findings reported here suggest that passive aspects of electromechanical transduction achieve maturity in Tshr hyt/hyt progeny of Tshr hyt/hyt mice and that development, limited as it may be, occurs most prominently in the basal half of the cochlea.
Gaseous odorant evaluation of a hospital clean room.

Previous evaluation of a commercially available charged electrode—filter system, carried out as part of a more general study of environmental control in hospital clean rooms, questioned the effectiveness of the system for odor removal. The current study was undertaken in an effort to carefully evaluate the effectiveness of this charged electrode system (consisting of high-voltage and high-frequency units) for odor “removal” or “neutralization” in a hospital clean room. Tests were conducted “in situ” at three different odorant (sulfide) concentration levels with judges preselected from hospital personnel. Both dependent and independent statistical treatments were given to the data obtained. The results indicate that the odorant control system studied was unable to demonstrate reduced or “neutralized” odor effect.
Preparing Student Sojourners for Cultural Immersion in Multiple User Virtual Environments

This paper examines the results of student reflections of their interactions in Second Life (SL) which were prompted by required class related activities. The research methodology used was qualitative meta-analysis based on a grounded theory approach. A theoretical framework based in a constructivist epistemology was used to examine cultural and pedagogical implications of introducing students to a virtual environment as part of a classroom experience. Data was gathered from two different populations, one consisting of undergraduate students utilizing SL as a pedagogical tool for learning visual literacy elements in an introductory photo class, the other consisting of graduate students in a Learning Technology course exploring SL to understand its potential for teaching and training. Examination of student reflections revealed remarkably similar results between groups with respect to their immersion into the SL environment and related culture. Analysis of the student reflections provide insight into pedagogical preparations that should be considered before introducing students into a Multiple User Virtual Environment (MUVE).
Purification of Active E1α2β2 of Pseudomonas Putida Branched‐Chain‐Oxoacid Dehydrogenase

Active E1 component of Pseudomonas putida branched-chain-oxoacid dehydrogenase was purified from P. putida strains carrying pJRS84 which contains bkdR (encoding the transcriptional activator) and bkdA1 and bkdA2 (encoding the α and β) subunits). Expression was inducible, however, 45– 39– and 37-kDa proteins were produced instead of the expected 45-kDa and 37-kDa proteins. The 45-kDa protein was identified as E1α and the 37-kDa and 39-kDa proteins were identified as separate translational products of bkdA2 by their N-terminal sequences. The N-terminal amino acid of the 39-kDa protein was leucine instead of methionine. The 45–, 39– and 37-kDa proteins were also produced in wild-type P. putida. Translation of bkdA1 and bkdA2 from an Escherichia coli expression plasmid produced only 45-kDa and 39-kDa proteins, with N-terminal methionine on the 39-kDa protein. The insertion of guanine residues 5′ to the first ATG of bkdA2 did not affect expression of E1β in P. putida including the N-terminal leucine which appears to eliminate the possibility of ribosome jumping. The Z-average molecular mass of the El component was determined by sedimentation equilibrium to be 172±9 kDa compared to a calculated value of 166 kDa for the heterotetramer and a Stokes radius of 5.1 nm. E1α Ser313, which is homologous to the phosphorylated residue of rat liver E1α, was converted to alanine resulting in about a twofold increase in Km, but no change in Kcat. S315A and S319A mutations had no effect on Km or Kcat, indicating that these residues do not play a major part in catalysis of E1α2β2.
A comparative study of the exchange in vivo of major constituents of bone mineral

Groups of young and old rats were injected with a variety of labelled substanzes (urea, Cl−, K+, Na+, HCO 3 − , PO 4 3− , Ca++). Data for Mg++ were taken from the literature. One and a half hours later, compact shafts of long bones were removed and cleaned scrupulously, and analyses were performed for both “cold” and isotopic concentrations of substances. This time point was chosen to insure equilibration of the aqueous phase of bone while minimizing contributions from surface exchange, recrystallization, solid diffusion, growth or resorption. With fixed variables of time, species, bone specimen, and methodology, uambiguous comparisons of the exchange in bone could be made between the many substances studied. The exchange data could be divided into three categories: a) complete exchange (urea Cl−, and K+); b) partial exchange, decreasing variably with age (Na+, CO2, and Mg++); and c) minimal exchange (Ca++ and PO 4 3− ). Clearly the traditional classification of “available” and “unavailable” skeleton is ambiguous and determined by the conditions and the ion or substance chosen for study. Clearly also, a new overall concept of bone exchangein vivo is badly needed. Calculations of the apparent concentration of the various electrolytes in bone water reveal that the aqueous phase of bone has a composition markedly different from plasma water. In particular, the concentration of potassium in bone water was found to be remarkably high.
Improved compositional uniformity of InGaAsP grown by MOCVD through modification of the susceptor temperature profile

The uniformity of InGaAsP layers is becoming increasingly important for optoelectronic devices. We present the results of an investigation where the susceptor temperature profile of a horizontal MOCVD reactor with substrate rotation is modified to achieve enhanced uniformity. Radial variations in room temperature photoluminescence (RTPL) peak wavelength were reduced from over 15 nm variation from center to edge (1 in. radius) to less than 6 nm variation using this technique. Similar improvements of lattice-mismatch (LMM) deviation were also observed. InGaAsP layers with band-gap wavelengths of both 1.1 μm (1.1 Q) and 1.4 μm (1.4 Q) were used to study the effect of the required As/P ratio on the temperature compensation technique. The results displayed that although the more difficult to control 1.1 Q responded more readily to the temperature profile modification, excellent uniformity (<6 nm variation) was achieved for both compositions. Combined RTPL and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, used to evaluate the uniformity improvements of Group III and V sublattices separately, showed that the homogeneity of not only the As solid mole fraction (y), but the Ga solid mole fraction (x) benefited as well from the modified temperature profile. Accompanying the experimental observations, current theory on MOCVD growth of InGaAsP is applied to a state-of-the-art reactor to explain the source of the nonuniformities observed, their sensitivity to the reactor environment, and how their magnitude was reduced using the proper temperature profile.
A feminist model for women's health care

A feminist model of practice is grounded in feminist theories that are applicable to the health and health care of women. The goal of this model is to change how health care is delivered to individual women, but also to seek social transformation. Four major themes recur in this model: symmetry in provider-patient relationships, access to information, shared decision-making, and social change. This article describes ways in which clinicians can integrate these themes into practice. Suggestions for maintaining symmetry in the traditional power relationship include decreasing physical, social and personal barriers and attentive listening to patients' stories. Access to information involves creating an atmosphere that is conducive to teaching and learning, but also helping patients access other sources of information. Shared decision-making is central to feminist practice and is attainable when patients have been empowered and are knowledgeable about their healthcare needs. Social change entails the ever vigilant clinician who is familiar with the latest literature, both professional and lay, in order to critically analyse research studies, our colleagues' interpretations of those studies and how recommendations for practice are reached. Collectively, clinicians work with the public to strive for change within the healthcare system and society as a whole.
Qualitative analysis of cocaine and heroin users' main partner sex-risk behavior: is safety in love safety in health?

In 2009, 27% of the 48,100 estimated new cases of HIV were attributed to heterosexual contact with an infected or at-risk person. Sexually active adults are less likely to use condoms in relationships with main partners than with non-regular partners, despite general knowledge that condom use reduces HIV transmission. The purpose of this secondary qualitative analysis was to explore and contextualize perceptions of main partnerships, HIV risk, and attitudes toward condom use within main partner relationships among a subsample of intervention-arm cocaine- and/or heroin-using patients enrolled in a negative trial of brief motivational intervention to reduce the incidence of sexually transmitted disease and unsafe sexual behaviors. The open-ended portion of these interview audiotapes consisted of questions about perceptions of risk and attitudes about condom use with main partners. Enrollees were aged 18-54, English or Spanish speaking, and included in this analysis only if they reported having a main partner. We identified codes and elaborated important themes through a standard inductive three step coding process, using HyperRESEARCH™ software. Among 48 interviewees, 65% were male, half were non-Hispanic white, over 60% were 20-39 years of age, 58% had intravenous drug use (IDU), and 8% were HIV-positive. Participants defined respect, support, trust, and shared child-rearing responsibility as the most valued components of main partner relationships. Condom use was viewed occasionally as a positive means of showing respect with main partners but more often as a sign of disrespect and a barrier to intimacy and affection. Enrollees appraised their partners’ HIV risk in terms of perceptions of physical health, cleanliness, and sexual and HIV testing history. They based decisions regarding condom use mainly on perceived faithfulness, length of involvement, availability of condoms, and pregnancy desirability. Risk appraisal was commonly based on appearance and subjective factors, and condom use with main sexual partners was described most often as a demonstration of lack of trust and intimacy. NCT01379599
Outcomes of dual-protease inhibitor salvage therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients referred to a Telephone Consultation Service

Objective. To determine the clinical outcomes of dual-protease inhibitor salvage therapy in heavily experienced patients after their providers consulted the National HIV Telephone Consultation Service (Warmline, 800–933–3413). Design. Observational survey study. Setting. Consultation service for United States health care providers. Patients. Thirty-one human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients who had received previous treatment with at least two protease inhibitor-or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens and had a viral load of at least 1000 copies/ml. Intervention. Patients whose providers consulted Warmline regarding antiretroviral salvage regimens were identified through a review of telephone calls from January-July 2001. Virologic and immunologic outcomes were determined for patients who had received a regimen containing either ritonavir and indinavir or ritonavir and amprenavir. Measurements and Main Results. Primary outcomes were percentages of patients with a viral load less than 500 copies/ml at 3 and 6 months and changes in log10 viral load and CD4+ cell count at 3 and 6 months compared with baseline values. By using intent-to-treat analysis, a viral load less than 500 copies/ml was achieved in 35% of the 31 patients at 3 months and in 32% of them at 6 months. By using as-treated analysis, this outcome was achieved in 48% of 23 patients who continued therapy at 3 months and in 59% of 17 patients who continued therapy at 6 months. At 3 months (23 patients) and 6 months (17 patients), respectively, changes in viral load were −1.7 log10 copies/ml (p<0.001) and −1.4 log10copies/ml (p<0.001), and changes in CD4+ cell count were +99 cells/mm3 (p<0.001) and +95 mm3 (p=0.012), compared with baseline. Conclusion. Significant improvements in virologic and immunologic markers occurred in patients heavily experienced with antiretroviral therapy after starting dual-protease inhibitor treatment regimens. Salvage therapy guided by Warmline consultation appears to be beneficial for this patient population with limited treatment options.
Communication patterns of youth with mental retardation with and without their speech-output communication devices.

Abstract The communication skills of 13 youth with moderate or severe mental retardation were compared while they communicated with a “standard partner” with and without access to their communication devices. When participants employed the communication device, they were able to convey more appropriate information as well as clearer and more specific information to an unfamiliar adult partner than they were able to convey without the device. These findings highlight the distinct contributions the participants' use of an augmented communication device make to the overall communicative interaction.
Toward multi-dimensional trust: exploring antecedents to trust in a complex domain

This research proposes a new multi-dimension trust model and develops a typology of antecedents to trust in the context of high domain complexity. Using open-ended questions, we explore what users think would create, promote or manage trust. We argue that trust affects individuals' intention to use tax preparation software and electronic tax filing. This is an interesting research setting because of 1) the complexity of the tax law; 2) the privacy of the subject matter; 3) the omnipresence of the issue; 4) the current promotion of e-filing by the Internal Revenue Service; 5) individual taxpayers' ambivalence or negative attitude toward taxes and the government. We propose that when the information system serves as surrogate for a domain expert, multi-dimensional trust and several novel antecedents to trust, such as power and control based, reparative and system-quality based antecedents, should be considered as potential determinants of use.
John J. Gumperz's Discourse Strategies

John J. Gumperz was a founding figure of sociolinguistics and an important contributor to the development of linguistic anthropology in the 20th century. This article traces not his past but his present and future, exploring four themes that he inaugurated and that have had a shaping influence on the dual fields in which he was active. The themes are: approaches to ethnographic evidence; social and linguistic differentiation; speech practices in history; culture and contextualization.
Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome and dysphagia: A noteworthy association

REFERENCES 1. Husain Z, Reddy BY, Schwartz RA. DRESS syndrome: Part I. Clinical perspectives. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;68:693.e1-e14. 2. Kardaun SH, Sekula P, Valeyrie-Allanore L, Liss Y, Chu CY, Creamer D, et al. The RegiSCAR study group. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS): an original multisystem adverse drug reaction. Results from the prospective RegiSCAR study. Br J Dermatol http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ bjd.12501. Published online July 16, 2013. 3. Mardivirin L, Valeyrie-Allanore L, Branlant-Redon E, Beneton N, Jidar K, Barbaud A, et al. Amoxicillin-induced flare in patients with DRESS (drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms): report of seven cases and demonstration of a direct effect of amoxicillin on human herpesvirus 6 replication in vitro. Eur J Dermatol 2010;20:68-73. 4. Descamps V, Avenel-Audran M, Valeyrie-Allanore L, Bensaid B, Barbaud A, Al Jawhari M, et al; French Study Group of Cutaneous Drug Adverse Reactions. Saliva polymerase chain reaction assay for detection and follow-up of herpesvirus reactivation in patients with drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). JAMA Dermatol 2013;149:565-9.
BENIGN LESIONS OF THE LIVER

Benign liver lesions can be classified based on their cell of origin and divided into those of hepatocellular origin, cholangiocellular origin, mesenchymal origin, and heterotopic tissue (Table 1). 8 This article discusses the imaging of benign hepatic neoplasms and other lesions, relative to their histology, with an emphasis on identifying the features that allow distinction from other lesions. Tumors of hepatocellular origin discussed include focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), hepatocellular adenoma (HCA), and nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH). Lesions of cholangiocellular origin include simple hepatic cysts and cysts associated with polycystic liver disease and biliary cystadenoma. Finally, tumors of mesenchymal origin discussed include hemangioma and angiomyolipoma. The imaging features that are evaluated include internal characteristics, such as a cystic or solid appearance; the presence of hemorrhage or fibrosis; the identification of internal calcifications; and the presence or absence of a capsule. Other lesion-specific traits discussed include tumor vascularity, Kupffer's cell activity, hepatocyte function, and biliary excretion. The modalities that are best utilized to evaluate these characteristics are summarized in Table 2.
Effects of sucrose on conformational equilibria and fluctuations within the native-state ensemble of proteins

Osmolytes increase the thermodynamic conformational stability of proteins, shifting the equilibrium between native and denatured states to favor the native state. However, their effects on conformational equilibria within native-state ensembles of proteins remain controversial. We investigated the effects of sucrose, a model osmolyte, on conformational equilibria and fluctuations within the native-state ensembles of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A and S and horse heart cytochrome c. In the presence of sucrose, the far- and near-UV circular dichroism spectra of all three native proteins were slightly altered and indicated that the sugar shifted the native-state ensemble toward species with more ordered, compact conformations, without detectable changes in secondary structural contents. Thermodynamic stability of the proteins, as measured by guanidine HCl-induced unfolding, increased in proportion to sucrose concentration. Native-state hydrogen exchange (HX) studies monitored by infrared spectroscopy showed that addition of 1 M sucrose reduced average HX rate constants at all degrees of exchange of the proteins, for which comparison could be made in the presence and absence of sucrose. Sucrose also increased the exchange-resistant core regions of the proteins. A coupling factor analysis relating the free energy of HX to the free energy of unfolding showed that sucrose had greater effects on large-scale than on small-scale fluctuations. These results indicate that the presence of sucrose shifts the conformational equilibria toward the most compact protein species within native-state ensembles, which can be explained by preferential exclusion of sucrose from the protein surface.