cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary Arterial Capacitance Is an Important Predictor of Mortality in Heart Failure With a Preserved Ejection Fraction

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the predictors of mortality in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Background PH is commonly associated with HFpEF. The predictors of mortality for patients with these conditions are not well characterized. Methods In a prospective cohort of patients with right heart catheterization, we identified 73 adult patients who had pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease (PH-LHD) associated with HFpEF (left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50% by echocardiography); hemodynamically defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥25 mm Hg and pulmonary artery wedge pressure >15 mm Hg. PH severity was classified according to the diastolic pressure gradient (DPG). Cox proportional hazards ratios were used to estimate the associations between clinical variables and mortality. Receiver-operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the ability of hemodynamic measurements to predict mortality. Results The mean age for study subjects was 69 ± 12 years and 74% were female. Patients classified as having combined post-capillary PH and pre-capillary PH (DPG ≥7) were not at increased risk of death as compared to patients with isolated post-capillary PH (DPG Conclusions PAC is the best predictor of mortality in our cohort and may be useful in describing phenotypic subgroups among those with PH-LHD associated with HFpEF. Acute vasodilator testing did not predict outcome in our cohort but needs to be further investigated.
Photoautotrophic Micropropagation in a Natural Light Environment

Light intensity for optimal photoautophic growth is usually in excess of 100 μmol m-2 s-1 PAR, a level far exceeded in outdoor environments. Difficulties in utilizing natural light included heat load and non-uniform availability. Water-flow through acrylic panels allowed us to manage heat load while fluctuations in light intensity were monitored. Plants in these systems were provided moderate temperatures, saturated atmospheres and mineral nutrients under aseptic conditions. Angle of incidence, reflection and diffusion of direct light effect light transmittance and heat load distribution in model transplant canopies. Temperature control for shoot and root zones during plant growth was maintained ±2°C of set point. CO2 was rate limiting to plant growth without direct supplementation. CO2-enriched conditions increased growth of Hosta, a shade-loving ornamental plant. NPR changed during the day based on variation in light intensity, illustrating the complexity of controlling CO2 concentration in a dynamic environment.
Virtuousness as a Source of Happiness in Organizations

This chapter reviews the literature concerning the relationship between happiness and collective virtuousness in organizations to understand how organizational virtue may foster happiness. While relatively little research has examined this question, what work exists provides evidence that organizational virtuousness contributes to happiness in three ways: amplifying effects, buffering effects, and heliotropic effects. Each of these effects is explained in light of existing theory, and their implications for future research are discussed.
Blood Groups of Chinese in New York City: Application to Problems of Disputed Parentage

In a previous article [1], the A-B-O blood groups and subgroups, M-N types, Kell types, and Rh-Hr types were presented for 400 Chinese living in New York City. After this report appeared an additional 546 Chinese persons were typed, and the purpose of the present article is to report the combined results for the entire series of 946 individuals, with special reference to certain aspects of the blood group findings which appear to be peculiar to Chinese and constitute a source of error in medicolegal tests for disputed parentage.
Status of PEP and TPC2γ

Abstract The TPC 2γ program at PEP has been upgraded by increasing the PEP luminosity and by the adding a vertex chamber to the TPC detector. These improvements will allow a strong program in B and τ physics, and will contribute to ongoing studies in two-photon physics and hadronization.
Creative Writing as Knowledge: What’s Assessment Got to Do with It?

Without tangible evidence that affirms that our teaching methods improve student writing, and without empirical outcome data that informs us as to what learning takes place in creative writing, our classrooms will remain unexamined, untheorised, and will operate from a base of assumptions that is more focused on teaching practice than on research practice. Knowledge, theory, practice, and assessment are all instrumental parts of our practice-led research discipline, systematically working together as a cohesive unit, moving us forward as a field of intellectual inquiry, a practice-led academic discipline committed to the advancement and expansion of knowledge in its field.
Regulating india's digital public cultures: a grey or differently regulated area

The paper draws on ethnographic studies of urban, peri-urban cyber cafes in Western India, to understand public norms governing digital security and privacy in a context brimming with inconsistent and arbitrary state telecom regulation and a widespread culture of software piracy. We focus on issues emerging from three interrelated contexts crucial to cyber regulation in India: the grass-root, the state and the non-formal economy. While cafe managers dismiss their responsibility to police on-line security, state level initiatives show contradictions in their stated enthusiasm for an IT enabled society and sporadic regulatory behaviour directing public usage of the internet. There is a lack of will and genuine bemusement in the state apparatus to handle cyber regulation in non-formal and para- legal economies.
Health Literacy in Unauthorized Mexican Immigrant Mothers and Risk of Developmental Delay in their Children

The incidence of developmental delay and early intervention (EI) service utilization is not well documented among unauthorized Mexican immigrants, a vulnerable population. Individual interviews were conducted in Spanish with Mexican born women receiving maternal health care. Children 12-60 months of age were screened for developmental delay using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire. 12 % (n = 8) of children assessed (n = 65) were at risk for developmental delay. Of those at risk 38 % (n = 3) participated in EI. An additional 26 % of the children (n = 17) qualified for further monitoring, and of those 59 % (n = 10) received EI. Women with low health literacy had more than four times the odds of having a child with risk of developmental delay (aOR 4.4; 95 % CI 1.3-15.4). Developmental delay was associated with low maternal health literacy in unauthorized Mexican immigrants; however, rates of self-reported EI use in this population are higher than those seen nationally.
Adaptive optics using MEMS and liquid crystal devices

In the past two decades, the use of adaptive optics has been validated in many different observatories around the world. However, the availability of new technologies like liquid crystal modulators (LCM) or micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) deformable mirrors (DM) are providing a revolution in the field. These devices are lower in cost and complexity and are opening the door to applications of adaptive optics that are beyond the astronomical use. In this paper we will present a review of our experience with both MEMS and LCM. Both theoretical and experimental results will be presented.
Subjectivities, Knowledges, and Feminist Geographies: The Subjects and Ethics of Social Research

Liz, Bondi, Hannah Avis, Ruth Bankey, Amanda Bingley, Joyce Davidson, Rosaleen Duffy, Victoria Ingrid Einagel, Anja-Maaike Green, Lynda Johnston, Susan Lilley, Carina Listerborn, Mona Marshy, Shona...
Effects of dietary iron and folate supplementation on the physiological changes produced in weanling rats by sodium saccharin exposure

Exposure of rats to high dietary levels of sodium saccharin (NaSac) started in utero produce physiological effects at 30 days post-birth that are similar to those found in pups of iron-deficient dams. These similarities suggest that some of the changes due to NaSac are secondary to iron deficiency. The present experiment investigated whether the effects of 7.5% dietary NaSac in the newborn rat could be prevented by dietary iron and/or folate supplementation. The NaSac-related effects prevented by iron supplementation included anaemia, decreased serum iron and folate, increased serum cholesterol and triglyceride and increased serum vitamin E. Folate supplementation prevented NaSac-induced depression of serum folate and increase in serum vitamin E. Although bladder hyperplasia was increased by dietary iron and/or folate supplementation, the majority of the urinary chemistry changes associated with NaSac treatment were not affected. The results show that some physiological changes associated with NaSac treatment in the newborn rat may occur as a consequence of iron deficiency rather than a direct effect of NaSac treatment. These changes may be independent of the urinary and bladder effects, which are not reversed by iron supplementation.
Initial state effects on the cosmic microwave background and trans-Planckian physics

There exist a one complex parameter family of de Sitter invariant vacua, known as alpha vacua. In the context of slow roll inflation, we show that all but the Bunch-Davies vacuum generates unacceptable production of high energy particles at the end of inflation. As a simple model for the effects of trans-planckian physics, we go on to consider non-de Sitter invariant vacua obtained by patching modes in the Bunch-Davies vacuum above some momentum scale M_c, with modes in an alpha vacuum below M_c. Choosing M_c near the Planck scale M_pl, we find acceptable levels of hard particle production, and corrections to the cosmic microwave perturbations at the level of H M_pl/M_c^2, where H is the Hubble parameter during inflation. More general initial states of this type with H<< M_c << M_pl can give corrections to the spectrum of cosmic microwave background perturbations at order 1. The parameter characterizing the alpha-vacuum during inflation is a new cosmological observable.
Consumer Perceptions of Assertive Community Treatment Interventions

The issue of coercion in community-based mental health programs is frequently linked to the development of the Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) model. Sixty-five adults diagnosed with severe and persistent mental illness, participating in an ACT model program, completed measures that assessed elements of coercion and the perceived frequency of use of ACT staff therapeutic limit setting activities, as well as the relationships between coercion, empowerment, quality of life, and the working alliance. On average, participants did not perceive high degrees of coercion or negative pressures and did not feel excluded from the process of making decisions. On the continuum of restrictiveness of therapeutic limit setting activities, participants perceived staff to be using less restrictive therapeutic limit setting activities more frequently. Elements of perceived coercion and specific activities were negatively related to quality of life, sense of empowerment, and the working alliance.
Technology of single-material field-emission diode using polycrystalline diamond

There has been an increasing interest in polycrystalline diamond (poly-C) based field-emission (FE) devices due to their huge application [1] potential and lower cost. In order to permit (a) lower turn-on voltage, (b) high accuracy of anode to emitter spacing, and (c) well defined emitter area, the recent research focus has been on devices with a built-in anode. This paper takes the built-in anode technology to an entirely new level, the so-called single-material FE device (SMFD) technology. SMFD made of p-type poly-C is shown in Fig. 1. The single-material technology was originally developed for Single-Material Microsystems (SMM), which is being reported for the first time for SMFD. The SMM concept uses undoped (109Ω· cm), lightly-doped (p, 1-10Ω · cm) and highly-doped (p+, 10-3Ω· cm) poly-C as mechanical, sensor and interconnect material, respectively.
Comment on "origin of giant optical nonlinearity in charge-transfer-mott insulators: a new paradigm for nonlinear optics".

Neither pure Mott insulators nor pure charge-transfer insulators have ever been considered as a possible candidate for nonlinear optical (NLO) materials since individually neither the strong correlation (U) nor the large charge transfer (Delta) is favorable to the NLO response. However, in their composites, charge-transfer-Mott insulators, jointly Delta and U can enhance the hyperpolarizability (gamma) by guiding the ground states into the antiferromagnetic phase and the excited states into the charge-transfer phase. These Delta and U that maximize gamma form a unique golden Delta-U line, on which the recently observed giant nonlinear optical effect is just a single point, whose physical origin is that the system is driven into a phase-separated region for the ground and excited states. This novel mechanism may suggest a conceptually new paradigm to explore an even larger optical nonlinearity.
Soil-applied herbicide use in wide- and narrow-row glyphosate-resistant soybean (Glycine max).

Abstract A field study was conducted in 2001 and 2002 at Blackville, SC, to compare the effectiveness of soil-applied herbicide programmes followed by glyphosate with sequential glyphosate applications in 19- and 97-cm row soybean. Treatments included pre-emergence applications of flumetsulam, chlorimuron plus sulfentrazone, metribuzin, or flumioxazin all applied with S-metolachlor with a subsequent application of glyphosate applied 5 wk after soybean planting (WAP). Additional treatments included sequential applications of glyphosate at 3 and 5 WAP and a non-treated control. Weed control was comparable in wide and narrow rows, and soil-applied herbicides were similar to sequential glyphosate applications in either row width. Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats., Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., and Cyperus rotundus L. control with all herbicides was 98–100%. All herbicide programmes provided at least 92% Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray and I. lacunosa L. control. S-metolachlor plus flumetsulam followed by glyphosate provided 99% Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barneby control, which was superior to the 88% and 90% obtained with chlorimuron plus sulfentrazone and metribuzin programmes, respectively. Flumioxazin and sulfentrazone caused up to 12% soybean injury. In 2001, soybean yields and gross profit margins were similar for soil-applied programmes followed by glyphosate and sequential glyphosate applications in wide and narrow rows. Conversely, soybean yields and profit margins in 2002 averaged across soil-applied programs were 380 kg/ha and $50/ha superior to sequential glyphosate applications in wide rows, but were similar in narrow rows. This research indicates a highly efficacious soil-applied herbicide program followed by glyphosate provides similar weed control to sequential glyphosate applications in wide- and narrow-row soybean; however, a soil-applied herbicide programme followed by glyphosate may improve yields and returns of wide-row soybean over sequential glyphosate applications alone.
Relaxor ferroelectric PMN-32%PT crystals under stress and electric field loading: I-32 mode measurements

Relaxor PMN-0.32PT single crystals were subjected to combined stress, electric field, and thermal loading. The electric field induced polarization and strain for a series of bias stresses and the stress induced polarization and strain for a series of bias electric fields were measured. These data were used to generate three-dimensional plots of the material behavior that clearly show a phase transformation. The results demonstrate that combinations of stress and electric field drive the phase transformation and that the driving force for this transformation decreases with increasing temperature. The threshold for the phase transformation at each temperature is used to generate a stability map for the material. Material properties are calculated for the linear regions.
A new isomer of bromine: 82mBr

Abstract The decays of 82 m Br have been studied by γ-ray scintillation spectroscopy and a beta proportional counter. This new isomer was observed to decay with a half-life of 6·20 ± 0·05 min, exciting a highly converted γ-ray transition in 82 Br of 46 ± 2 keV. α K is 268. A total combined beta branching of 2·4 per cent was also observed. The thermal neutron activation cross section and resonance integral for 82 m Br are 3·0 and 34 barns, respectively, and the corresponding values for the total production of 82 Br are 3·23 ± 0·2 and 41·3 ± 1 barns.
Pseudo primitive idempotents and almost 2-homogeneous bipartite distance-regular graphs

Let @C denote a bipartite distance-regular graph with diameter D>=4, valency k>=3 and intersection numbers c"i, b"i(0@?i@?D). By a pseudo cosine sequence of @C we mean a sequence of scalars @s"0,...,@s"D such that @s"0=1 and c"i@s"i"-"1+b"i@s"i"+"1=k@s"1@s"i for 1@?i@?D-1. By an associated pseudo primitive idempotent we mean a nonzero scalar multiple of the matrix @?"i"="0^D@s"iA"i, where A"0,...,A"D are the distance matrices of @C. Our main result is the following: Let @s"0,...,@s"D denote a pseudo cosine sequence of @C with @s"1@?{-1,1} and let E denote an associated pseudo primitive idempotent. The following are equivalent: (i) the entrywise product of E with itself is a linear combination of the all-ones matrix and a pseudo primitive idempotent of @C; (ii) there exists a scalar @b such that @s"i"-"1-@b@s"i+@s"i"+"1=0 for 1@?i@?D-1. Moreover, @C has such a pseudo cosine sequence and pseudo primitive idempotent if and only if @C is almost 2-homogeneous with c"2>=2.
Fluids with highly directional attractive forces. IV. Equilibrium polymerization

We investigate approximation methods for systems of molecules interacting by core repulsion and highly directional attraction due to several attraction sites. The force model chosen imitates a chemical bond by providing for bond saturation when binding occurs. The dense fluid is an equilibrium mixture ofs-mers with mutual repulsion. We use a previously derived reformulation of statistical thermodynamics, in which the particle species are monomeric units with a specified set of attraction sites bonded. Thermodynamic perturbation theory (TPT) and integral equations of two types are derived. The use of TPT is illustrated by explicit calculation for a molecular model with two attraction sites, capable of forming chain and ring polymers. Successes and defects of TPT are discussed. The integral equations for pair correlations between particles of specified bonding include calculation of self-consistent densities of species. Methods of calculating thermodynamic properties from the solutions of integral equations are given.
Value-at-Risk Analysis: A Review and the Potential for Agricultural Applications

Value-at-risk (VaR) determines the probability of a portfolio of assets losing a certain amount in a given period at a particular level of confidence. Value-at-risk is receiving considerable attention in the finance literature for its use in reporting the risks of derivatives. This article provides a state-of-the-art review of VaR estimation techniques and empirical findings. The ability of VaR estimates to represent large losses varies among procedure, confidence levels, and data used. To date no consensus exists regarding the most appropriate estimation technique. Potential applications of VaR are suggested in the context of agricultural risk management.
Culture of quiescent arterial smooth muscle cells in a defined serum-free medium

An ideal medium for metabolic studies would maintain cultured vascular smooth muscle cells in a quiescent, viable state, as they are in normal arteries in vivo, and would be chemically defined so that the concentrations of hormones and nutrients could be manipulated precisely. In unsupplemented serum-free media these cultures lose protein and DNA, indicating impaired viability. Addition of maximally effective concentrations of insulin (10(-6) M) and transferrin (5 micrograms/ml) prevents loss of DNA and produces near neutral protein balance. Further addition of ascorbic acid (10(-4) M) actually promotes net gain of protein with little or no increase in DNA. Ascorbate consistently increased noncollagen protein synthesis by cultured aortic smooth muscle cells. This novel action of the vitamin did not require insulin but was additive to the effect of this hormone, and was produced by isoascorbate, but not by a variety of other reducing agents. Thus, vascular smooth muscle cells can be maintained in a quiescent but noncatabolic state in simple chemically defined culture media. This finding should facilitate studies of the effects of nutrients and hormones on the metabolism of these cells under conditions that resemble those in the normal artery in vivo. Such an approach may also prove valuable for culture of other differentiated cell types that do not usually divide in the intact organism.
The dynamics of density dependent population models.

The dynamics of density-dependent population models can be extraordinarily complex as numerous authors have displayed in numerical simulations. Here we commence a theoretical analysis of the mathematical mechanisms underlying this complexity from the viewpoint of modern dynamical systems theory. After discussing the chaotic behavior of one-dimensional difference equations we proceed to illustrate the general theory on a density-dependent Leslie model with two age classes. The pattern of bofurcations away from the equilibrium point is investigated and the existence of a "strange attractor" is demonstrated--i.e. an attracting limit set which is neither an equilibrium nor a limit cycle. Near the strange attractor the system exhibits essentially random behavior. An approach to the statical analysis of the dynamics in the chaotic regime is suggested. We then generalize our conclusions to higher dimensions and continuous models (e.g. the nonlinear von Foerster equation).
A new aldehydogenic phospholipid—an artifact

Abstract The storing of phosphatide plasmalogens in a solution of chloroform-methanol resulted in the formation of an artifact which was easily detectable by thin-layer chromatography after reduction with lithium aluminum hydride. The reduction product reacted positively to phenylhydrazine-sulfuric acid reagent. This property together with its chromatographic behavior on thin layers of Silica Gel G suggested the artifact as an addition product of plasmalogens and methanol. The structure of the compound (artifact) was determined by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as by mass spectrometry. The possible biological significance of such an addition reaction is discussed.
Moving vernier in amblyopic and peripheral vision: greater tolerance to motion blur

The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that higher stimulus velocities could be tolerated in amblyopic and normal peripheral vision. The basis for this hypothesis is that a shift in the spatial scale of processing appears to account for the degradation in vernier acuity for moving stimuli in normal vision, and, to a large degree for the degradation in vernier acuity for stationary stimuli in amblyopic and peripheral vision. Vernier thresholds were determined using a pair of long abutting lines, for velocities ranging between 0 and 8 deg/sec. Comparisons were made between non-amblyopic and amblyopic eyes in two amblyopic observers, and between central and peripheral (5 and 10 deg) vision in two normal observers. We analyzed our threshold vs velocity data using an equivalent noise analysis, and defined the knee of the function, the point at which vernier threshold is elevated by a factor of square root of 2, as the "critical velocity" beyond which image motion degrades vernier acuity. Critical velocities were found to be higher in amblyopic than in nonamblyopic eyes; and higher in peripheral than central vision. Our results are consistent with the predictions from the shift in spatial scale notion--that higher velocity of image motion can be tolerated because of the shift in sensitivity toward lower spatial-frequency filter mechanisms in amblyopic and normal peripheral vision.
A model of knowledge processes in a manufacturing company

Purpose – The core purpose is to offer a framework that integrates key insights from the literature on knowledge creation, learning and problem solving in conjunction with mapping of customer needs into a closed loop model of knowledge processes in a manufacturing environment.Design/methodology/approach – Based on review of literature on knowledge creation and synthesis of a conceptual model that connects the life‐cycle of knowledge and know‐how with core product and business processes of a manufacturing company. Specification of requirements and design of a managerial dashboard are illustrated with a case of a medium‐sized manufacturing company.Findings – The paper presents properties of knowledge and know‐how creation processes in manufacturing environment and proposes the integrated model of those processes. Furthermore, the paper recommends a four‐stage approach that can be utilized to create a firm‐specific knowledge management system. The model is applied for design of a managerial dashboard system ...
HLA class I sequence-based typing

HLA oligogenotyping has been used successfully to characterize most phenotypically undetectable variants of class II genes. Limitations inherent to the class I system have, however, complicated the application of this and other molecular approaches to HLA class I typing. We have previously shown that HLA class II polymorphism can be analyzed by a SBT approach. Here we present a class I-SBT strategy that provides complete sequence information for the two most polymorphic exons of the HLA-A, -B, and -C alleles. HLA class I SBT is based on direct sequencing of PCR-amplified HLA-A, -B, and -C cDNAs and requires a total of six cDNA -PCR-sequencing reactions (two per locus) and 13 different oligonucleotides. Each combination of oligonucleotides per reaction results in locus-specific sequence ladders and allows identification of both alleles in heterozygotes. Application of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C SBT to 26 homozygous and 32 serologically heterozygous samples has resulted in the identification of 24 novel class I nucleotide sequences encoding 17 new major histocompatibility complex class I products. An unexpected high degree of heterogeneity was found at the HLA-C locus with 14 novel sequences. Although there was a good correlation between the serologic phenotypes and SBT results, HLA-C SBT of most HLA-C serologically homozygous samples (heterozygous for HLA-A and/or -B) revealed heterozygozity (six of eight). SBT, the first molecular typing approach that has been generalized to both class I and class II genes, may be of special interest in applications demanding high sensitivity and specificity, such as in paternity testing or in the evaluation of the effects of sequence allelism in the outcome of unrelated bone marrow transplantation.
Molecular diagnosis and risk-adjusted therapy in pediatric hematologic malignancies: a primer for pediatricians

Progress in the care of the hematologic malignancies of childhoond has been one of the proudest success stories in modern pediatrics. The cure rates of these diseases have improved from essentially zero in the 1950’s and early 1960’s to cure rates that range from 65%–90% in modern centers. While the largest improvements have been made in the most common (and the lower risk subtypes) of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), there has also been significant progress in both the higher risk forms of ALL (i.e. Philadelphia chromosome positive, Ph+ ALL) and in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). This progress has been achieved by the careful and stepwise identification of clinical, cytogenetic, molecular, and most recently response-based prognostic criteria, that now allow oncologists to focus the intensity of the therapy more closely to what is required to cure individual subgroups of patients. Conclusion Pediatricians need to be familiar with the changes in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, because these changes have impact on: the laboratory tests that should be ordered at the time of specialist referral; counseling of patients and their families; and with the advent of “shared care models” pediatricians will need to be more involved in the general, supportive, and long-term care of these patients.
Large-scale experimental study of Internet performance using video traffic

In this paper, we analyze the results of a seven-month real-time streaming experiment, which was conducted between a number of unicast dialup clients, connecting to the Internet through access points in more than 600 major U.S. cities, and a backbone video server. During the experiment, the clients streamed low-bitrate MPEG-4 video sequences from the server over paths with more than 5,000 distinct Internet routers. We describe the methodology of the experiment, the architecture of our NACK-based streaming application, study end-to-end dynamics of 16 thousand ten-minute sessions (85 million packets), and analyze the behavior of the following network parameters: packet loss, round-trip delay, oneway delay jitter, packet reordering, and path asymmetry. We also study the impact of these parameters on the quality of real-time streaming.
Speaking from the margins: Communication strategies used in African American HIV prevention campaigns in Alabama

abstract This discussion examines the current communication strategies used by educators in Alabama in HIV prevention efforts designed for African Americans. It presents findings gathered from a case study of the state's HIV/AIDS prevention efforts, with a focus on work conducted in urban areas. The findings reveal that many organizations in Alabama are making use of minority‐sensitive communication strategies found to be effective in HIV prevention literature. However, the state continues to experience great difficulty reaching marginal communities and faces increasing infection rates among African Americans. One possible reason could be that too much power in the state's prevention effort continues to be held by predominately White‐run organizations, a situation that maintains the vulnerable position of the at‐risk communities being addressed.
Polytene chromosomes in cultured pea roots (Pisum, Fabaceae)

The experiments on cultured pea roots (Pisum sativum cv. ‘Alaska’ and ‘Dwarf Telephone’) are summarized in Table 1. Nuclear growth and mitosis occurred mainly in cultures in which the medium of Torrey and Shigemura was supplemented with 6 p.p.m. 2,4-D and 1 p.p.m. kinetin. The greatest reaction was observed in 16-day cultures of cv. ‘Alaska’. Nuclei had increased in size, and prophases diploid and polyploid, with normal chromosomes, diplochromosomes or larger bundles of chromatids were visible. Metaphases which ranged from 2 n to an estimated 32 n had normal chromosomes with two chromatids. Polytene chromosomes, in diploid, rarely in tetraploid number, occurred in numerous cortex cells. They did not show banding, and their telomeres, spread into individual chromatids, were attached to the nuclear membrane. In some cells the polytene chromosomes were condensed into spherical structures, obviously a stage in their falling apart; the last stage of this process is a polyploid metaphase.
Spontaneous and induced remyelination in multiple sclerosis and the theiler's virus model of central nervous system demyelination

Remyelination in the central nervous system, originally thought to occur rarely, if ever, is now an established phenomena in multiple sclerosis patients. However, the extent of myelin repair is incomplete and limited. Experimental models of central nervous system demyelination provide an opportunity to study the cellular and molecular events involved in remyelination. These models may provide some clue to why remyelination in multiple sclerosis is incomplete as well as suggest potential methods to stimulate central nervous system repair. In this review we examine the morphological aspects of central nervous system remyelination and discuss both spontaneous and induced remyelination in multiple sclerosis and experimental models of central nervous system demyelination. We give special emphasis to the Theiler's virus model of central nervous system demyelination and its usefulness to identify therapeutic agents to promote remyelination. The role of immunoglobulins in promoting remyelination in both the Theiler's model system and in multiple sclerosis is discussed. Finally, we examine the potential physiological role of demyelination and remyelination and its relationship with clinical manifestations of central nervous system disease.
Precision in the manuscript review process: Hargens and Herting revisited

Lindsey recently examined the precision of the manuscript review process using a stochastic model. The study reported that the low reliability found by previous studies results in journals publishing a large number of papers that should otherwise be rejected and rejecting an equally large number of papers that should be accepted.Hargens andHerting have criticized this view. This paper addresses their criticisms. The paper includes an examination of sociology journals usingimpact scores. The differences between journals is noted. Part of the variation between sociology journals derives from their editorial operations. Central to their editorial operations is the reviewing of manuscripts for publication. Not all journals perform this task equally well. The consequences of poor editorial management are discussed. To improve the quality of published work journals need to reduce the low reliability of the current manuscript review process.
Uniformity of Laser-Driven, Ablatively Accelerated Targets

A double-target technique is used to measure the velocity-profile uniformity with which laser-irradiated thin-foil targets are ablatively accelerated. Studies of the effects of laser nonuniformities on the target acceleration reveal an increase in lateral smoothing with increasing laser intensity. Measurements of targets accelerated to velocities (160 km/sec) sufficient for pellet fusion implosions will be presented and discussed.
Anomalously slow mobility of fluorescent lipid probes in the plasma membrane of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

We measured the lateral mobility of two fluorescent lipid probes dioctadecylindocarbocyanine (dil) and tetramethyl rhodamine phosphatidylethanolamine (R-PE) in the plasma mem branesof Saccharomyces cerevisiae inol andopi 3 spheroplasts. These are well-characterized strains with mutations in the inositol and phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic pathways. Membrane phospholipid composition was altered by growing these mutants in the presence or absence of inositol and choline. Lateral mobil ity was measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). Microscopic fluorescence polarization employing CCD digital imaging produced an ordered orientation distribution of the lipid probe dil, confirming that at least one of the probes was largely incorporated into the bilayer membrane. Our results demonstrated anomalously slow mobility of both lipid probes for both mutants, regardless of whether the lipid composition was near normal or dramatically altered in relative composition of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine. Trypsinization of the spheroplasts to remove surface proteins resulted in markedly increased lateral mobility. However, even in trypsinized sphero plasts, mobility was still somewhat lower than the mobility ob served in the membrane of mammalian cells, such as rat smooth muscle culture cells tested here for comparison.
EVALUATION OF THE IMMEDIATE AND SUBSEQUENT EFFECTS OF RESPONSE INTERRUPTION AND REDIRECTION ON VOCAL STEREOTYPY

We evaluated 2 3-component multiple-schedule sequences—a response interruption and redirection (RIRD) treatment sequence and a no-interaction control sequence—using a multielement design. With this design, we were able to evaluate the immediate and subsequent effects of RIRD on 2 participants' vocal stereotypy. For both participants, RIRD produced an immediate decrease in vocal stereotypy and did not result in a subsequent increase.
Managing for Change or Stability

Many aspects of organisational change are examined, including the cost of change, change for change′s sake and for stability′s sake, and the manager′s dilemma in having a foot in each camp, both disciplined and informal. It is concluded that stability and change must coexist and resilience is needed to balance the two, so that neither becomes overemphasised.
Retinoids, urinary bladder carcinogenesis, and chemoprevention: A review and synthesis

Abstract An analysis of the effects of natural (vitamin A) and synthetic retinoids on experimental carcinogenesis of the urinary bladder indicates that inhibitory activity is carcinogen‐ or carcinogen‐class‐specific. These findings suggest that there may be more than one pathway for the neo‐differentiation of urothelial cells to frank carcinoma and that these pathways may be related to both carcinogen class and dietary vitamin A status.
Analysis of estrogens with bromine-82.

Abstract A new method for analysis of phenolic steroids is reported. It consists of dibromination with bromine-82, a gamma emitter with a half-life of 36 hr. This method is very sensitive (1 mμg), reasonably accurate (> 80% recovery from urine, > 95% recovery from plasma at the 10-mμg level), quite precise (±3%), and highly specific. Specificity is assured by gradient elution chromatography, followed by dilution with carrier and recrystallization to constant specific activity.
Analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of multi-turn railgun

A comparative study and analysis of the simple and multiple-turn railgun systems from an engineering perspective is presented. The simple railgun system, which has only one pair of rails to let the electric current through, needs very high current source to work effectively, usually from several hundreds of kA to several MA. Construction of a power supply of this magnitude is a technological challenge in itself. A multi-turn railgun on the other hand, which has subdivided rails as the current paths, can greatly reduce the magnitude of the driving current to produce the same electromagnetic force. As a result it lowers the scale and cost of the power supply and broadens the application of the electromagnetic launch technology under certain circumstances. However, multi-turn railgun also gives rise to some technical problems, such as degradation of the system efficiency and complication of the mechanical structure. For an efficient device one needs to optimize the two systems and find a balance in the design parameters incorporating both the systems. Current and future work at the University of Missouri is also described.
Block-based reconstructions for compressive spectral imaging

Coded Aperture Snapshot Spectral Imaging system (CASSI) captures spectral information of a scene using a reduced amount of focal plane array (FPA) projections. These projections are highly structured and localized such that each measurement contains information of a small portion of the data cube. Compressed sensing reconstruction algorithms are then used to recover the underlying 3-dimensional (3D) scene. The computational burden to recover a hyperspectral scene in CASSI is overwhelming for some applications such that reconstructions can take hours in desktop architectures. This paper presents a new method to reconstruct a hyperspectral signal from its compressive measurements using several overlapped block reconstructions. This approach exploits the structure of the CASSI sensing matrix to separately reconstruct overlapped regions of the 3D scene. The resultant reconstructions are then assembled to obtain the full recovered data cube. Typically, block-processing causes undesired artifacts in the recovered signal. Vertical and horizontal overlaps between adjacent blocks are then used to avoid these artifacts and increase the quality of reconstructed images. The reconstruction time and the quality of the reconstructed images are calculated as a function of the block-size and the amount of overlapped regions. Simulations show that the quality of the reconstructions is increased up to 6 dB and the reconstruction time is reduced up to 4 times when using block-based reconstruction instead of full data cube recovery at once. The proposed method is suitable for multi-processor architectures in which each core recovers one block at a time.
The Highest Confidence Density Region and Its Usage for Joint Inferences about Constrained Parameters

Suppose that we are interested in making joint inferences about a set of constrained parameters. Confidence regions for these parameters are often constructed via a normal approximation of the distribution of a consistent estimator for a transformation of the parameters. In this article, we utilize the confidence distribution, a frequentist counterpart to the posterior distribution in Bayesian statistics, to obtain optimal confidence regions for the parameters. Members of such a region can be generated efficiently via a standard Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. We then apply this technique to draw inferences about the temporal profile of the survival function with censored observations. We illustrate the new proposal with the survival data from the well-known Mayo primary biliary cirrhosis study and show that the volume of the new 0.95 confidence region is only one thirty-fourth of that of the conventional confidence band.
IgG Subclass Deficiency Associated with Corticosteroids in Obstructive Lung Disease

IgG subclass levels were measured in three groups of adult patients with obstructive airways disease to discern the relationships among depressed IgG subclass levels, chronic corticosteroid use, and recurrent sinopulmonary infections. Group 1 consisted of patients with corticosteroid-dependent bronchial asthma, group 2 patients had corticosteroid-dependent chronic bronchitis/emphysema, and group 3 was comprised of asthma patients not requiring oral corticosteroids but associated with recurrent sinopulmonary infections. One or more IgG subclass deficiencies were noted in 66.7 percent of group 1, 46.7 percent of group 2, and 6.7 percent of group 3. Significant differences were noted between groups 1 and 3 (p = .0008) and between groups 2 and 3 (p=.018), but not between groups 1 and 2 (p = .5). IgG1 deficiency was the most common subclass deficiency found; 14 (77.8 percent) of 18 patients with detectable subclass deficiency demonstrated IgG1 deficiency. In this study poplation, IgG subclass level deficiencies appeared to be secondary to long-term low-dose corticosteroid therapy.
Assessing vital signs: applying two participatory evaluation frameworks to the evaluation of a college of nursing.

Abstract Evaluation research has been in progress to clarify the concept of participatory evaluation and to assess its impact. Recently, two theoretical frameworks have been offered – Daigneault and Jacob's participatory evaluation measurement index and Champagne and Smits’ model of practical participatory evaluation. In this case report, we apply these frameworks to test alignment with practitioner experience and to examine the degree to which they contribute to the understanding of the case. The context of the case report is an on-going program evaluation at a college of nursing believed to be an example of a successful participatory evaluation. Application of the participatory evaluation measurement index indicated the evaluation qualified as participatory at a minimal level historically and increased to a moderate level of participation after a re-design to involve an external evaluator. Ratings aligned with the intentional goals of evaluators. The model of practical participatory evaluation was found to be a good fit and descriptive of the case, although the planning and design processes may need to be added to the model. The exercise of applying the index and the P-PE model enlightened both evaluators and stakeholders concerning factors that contributed to the successful partnership and outcomes of the evaluation.
Short-Pulse Fiber Lasers Based on Dissipative Solitons

Short-pulse fiber lasers based on dissipative-soliton formation offer major performance and practical advantages over prior fiber lasers. Recent developments will be reviewed.
Transcultural caring: political and economic visions.

A version of this paper was given as the key-note address for the 14th Transcultural Nursing Society Conference on "Political, Economic and Cultural Care Issues to Advance Transcultural Nursing" on October 5-7, 1988 at Fantasyland Hotel in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
POLLEN‐TUBE BEHAVIOR IN BRASSICA PEKINENSIS WITH REFERENCE TO SELF‐INCOMPATIBILITY IN FERTILIZATION

In the flowers of Brassica pekinensis the styles are short and the stigmas are close to the ovary. The styles are solid and the pollen tubes travel through a conducting tissue (figs. 5 and 6, P1. XLVII). Self-incompatibility in fertilization is strongly developed in Brassica pekinensis. In the first plants studied by the writer many plants set no seed to self-pollination; some, however, set seed rather abundantly to selfing. Repeated selection for high grades of self-seeding was continued for seven generations involving a total of over 5000 individuals and in all cases some plants completely selfincompatible appeared in the progeny (Stout, I922; 1927). No individual plant was found which was fully self-fertile throughout its entire period of bloom. There was for all such plants, grown under conditions of vigorous growth, a cyclic and synchronous development of midperiod self-fertility, and at the beginning and at the end of the flowering period usually no seeds were produced to self-pollination. There were many grades of fruit and seed production in regard to the number and size of the capsules and whether or not viable seeds were produced. Except for flowers that were aborted or proliferated it was shown that large capsules with viable seeds could be obtained from compatible cross-fertilization. It is the pollen-tube behavior in this cyclic change from self-compatibility to self-incompatibility that is especially reported in this paper.
Dodecagonal order in a two-dimensional Lennard-Jones system

We investigate a two-dimensional Lennard-Jones mixture with the interaction parameters chosen so as to favor configurations where the large atoms form squares and equilateral triangles. Many such configurations are possible which by our choice of interactions are nearly degenerate in energy. It is hypothesized that a thermal equilibrium state with 12-fold orientational order exists. Several Monte Carlo simulations were performed to cool the system to a temperature approaching zero. The ordering process was studied by following the evolution of the configurations with temperature. The onset of ordering seemed to be very diffuse in space rather than nucleated at a point. The resulting configurations consist of squares and triangles, except for a few dislocations, and thus have perfect orientational order. We also characterized the deviation from ideal quasiperiodicity in terms of the ``phason strain''; this was analyzed both by fitting a linear relation between the physical space coordinates of the atoms and the corresponding ``perpendicular space'' coordinates, and also by calculating the diffraction peaks. The latter are shifted and broadened, relative to an ideal 12-fold diffraction pattern, as in real quasicrystals.