cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Literacy, Biliteracy and Educational Achievement among the Mexican-Origin Population in the United States.

Abstract This study used a biliteracy analysis of the National Chicano Survey (NCS) to profile literacy and educational characteristics of the Mexican-origin population. By differentiating “English” literacy from literacy generally, it is argued that a more realistic picture is presented of the so-called literacy crisis since most discussions of literacy at the national level confuse literacy with English literacy. Findings indicate that among groups such as Chicanos, biliteracy and Spanish literacy are resources which demonstrate associations with educational achievement, family income, employment, and increased political participation. The study also found that nonliteracy is associated with Mexican nativity and with age (those over 45 years of age are far less likely to be literate). Women were found to have higher levels of English literacy, biliteracy, and education; men were found to have higher levels of Spanish literacy. As expected, language background characteristics and language of literacy dem...
Prescription drug misuse among young adults: looking across youth cultures.

Introduction and Aims Youth cultures play a key role in the social organisation of drug trends among young people; the current prescription drug misuse trend is no different. The authors evaluated whether patterns of prescription drug misuse differed across several youth cultures. Design and Methods Using field survey methods and time–space sampling during 2011, the authors assessed the patterns and prevalence of prescription drug misuse among young adults who are socially active in various urban youth cultures (n = 1781). Results The prevalence of lifetime prescription drug misuse is highest within indie rock scenes (52.5%), electronic dance music scenes (52.1%), lesbian parties (53.8%) and alt scenes (50.9%). Prescription drug misuse was lowest among young adults in hip-hop scenes (25.0%). These findings were upheld in logistic regression analyses that accounted for demographic differences across youth cultures: indie rock scenes (adjusted odds ratio = 2.11), electronic dance music scenes (adjusted odds ratio = 2.20), lesbian parties (adjusted odds ratio = 2.30) and alt scenes (adjusted odds ratio = 2.65) all reported statistically significant (P < 0.05) higher odds of misuse than college bar scenes. Recent prescription drug misuse mirrored patterns for lifetime misuse. Discussion and Conclusions The differing prevalence of prescription drug misuse across distinct youth cultures suggests that the trend has not diffused equally among young people. The differing prevalence across youth cultures indicates that the most efficacious strategies for youth intervention may be targeted approaches that account for the subculturally rooted differences in attitudes and social norms.
Leadership in management education and development: criteria for quality decisions

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show how focus on decisions can enhance management education and especially those aspects that pertain to their impact on stakeholders.Design/methodology/approach – The paper reports on use of the model in public and private organizations.Findings – The paper suggests that emphasis on criteria (guidelines) for quality decisions would contribute significantly to making leadership topics in management education and development more practical. It offers a tentative model consisting of guidelines in the form of six questions. The model could serve as foundation for research and the development of other models that might better suit the respective needs of decision makers in different environments. The paper points out that the model is comprehensive and solidly based on the literature. A scenario is analyzed with the use of the model to show its practical application and benefits.Practical implications – The model is intended to provide practical use and application o...
Synthesis and Characterization of Alkyl-Bridged Bicycloheptanes as Traction Fluids

The traction fluid is a critical component of a toroidal-continuously variable transmission (T-CVT). As the medium that transmits power through the toroids, the traction fluid needs to provide a high traction coefficient and retain low dynamic viscosity at cold temperatures; this is a challenging combination of properties. A comparison of a variety of fluids shows a broad correlation between the traction coefficient and the fluid's low temperature viscosity, or pour point. This work investigated a series of novel compounds as traction fluids through chemical synthesis and the measurement of their relevant physical properties. Specifically, four new alkyl-bridged bicycloheptane fluids have been synthesized and refined to high purity. Their traction coefficients, measured with a ball-on-disc traction apparatus, are comparable to those of commercial fluids over the relevant range of temperature and pressure. Their dynamic viscosities at low temperature, however, are higher than the viscosity of commercial fl...
Preparing for adulthood: thousands upon thousands of new cells are born in the hippocampus during puberty, and most survive with effortful learning

The dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation generates new granule neurons throughout life. The number of neurons produced each day is inversely related to age, with thousands more produced during puberty than during adulthood, and many fewer produced during senescence. In adulthood, approximately half of these cells undergo apoptosis shortly after they are generated. Most of these cells can be rescued from death by effortful and successful learning experiences (Gould et al., 1999; Waddell and Shors, 2008; Curlik and Shors, 2011). Once rescued, the newly-generated cells differentiate into neurons, and remain in the hippocampus for at least several months (Leuner et al., 2004). Here, we report that many new hippocampal cells also undergo cell death during puberty. Because the juvenile brain is more plastic than during adulthood, and because many experiences are new, we hypothesized that a great number of cells would be rescued by learning during puberty. Indeed, adolescent rats that successfully acquired the trace eyeblink response retained thousands more cells than animals that were not trained, and those that failed to learn. Because the hippocampus generates thousands more cells during puberty than during adulthood, these results support the idea that the adolescent brain is especially responsive to learning. This enhanced response can have significant consequences for the functional integrity of the hippocampus. Such a massive increase in cell proliferation is likely an adaptive response as the young animal must emerge from the care of its mother to face the dangers, challenges, and opportunities of adulthood.
Reactivities and selectivities in macrocyclic addition reactions with diazoacetates using copper(I) and rhodium(II) catalysts

Abstract Reactions of diazoacetates linked through three ethylene glycol units to allyl, methallyl, propargyl, or furfuryl, catalyzed by copper(I) and rhodium(II) compounds, are investigated for chemoselectivity, diastereoselectivity, and enantioselectivity. The most reactive catalysts show the highest preference for addition over carbon–hydrogen insertion. Addition is favored in the order: prapargyl>furfuyl>methallyl, allyl.
WE‐C‐330D‐03: Bioinformatics, the Multiple‐Biomarker Classifier Problem, Complexity, and Uncertainty

The most celebrated landmark of modern bioinformatics has been the sequencing of the human genome. Early in the project it was commonly believed that humans have about 100,000 genes and as the project neared completion the estimates came down into the neighborhood of 25,000–30,000. Hidden Markov Models (HMM) are used to carry out statistical parsing of the “linguistics” of such bioinformation. Such massively complex analysis has been facilitated by modern developments in massively complex hardware and software—but such analysis is naturally accompanied by great uncertainties. At a lower level of complexity are the algorithms used for computer‐aided diagnosis in medical imaging, and at an intermediate level are the tools under current development for fusing multiple biomarkers—for example, from a large number of spectral lines in mass spectroscopy of protein fragments in blood samples and other mutliplex data from protein and gene microarrays. This talk will review the uncertainties in measured performance of such diagnostic tests as a function of the sample sizes available for training and testing as well as the dependence on the number of fused biomarkers and the complexity of the associated statistical learning algorithm. A strategy for designing large trials based on pilot studies will be outlined. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the multiple‐biomarker classifier problem. 2. Understand the uncertainties in its performance assessment due to finite training and testing. 3. Understand the dependence on number of biomarkers and complexity of statistical learning algorithm.
HANDWRITING AND SECURITY-INSECURITY

(1) Lemke and Kirchner (1971) found that students who omitted i-dots were more secure on a personality test than those who did not. To test the reliability of this finding, 104 students in a course on introductory psychology (45 males and 59 females, mean age 19.0 yr., SD = 1.6) copied a paragraph and took the SecurityInsecurity Inventory (Maslow, 1945) anonymously. his inventory is a standardized 75-item inventory to measure the feeling of security, which Maslow defined as synonymous with mental health. Females who omitted i-dots scored as more secure than those who did not; respective means were 17.5 and 24.6, SD = 10.9 and 14.1 (t = 2.03, df = 55, p < .05). Maslow reported the fifth decile for scores as 18-20, higher scores indicating insecurity. Males who omitted i-dots did not differ in their security scores from those who did not omit i-dots (M = 21.2 and 22.4; t = 0.34, df = 40). Males were more likely to omit i-dots than females (55% versus 32%; X2 = 4.44, df = 1, p < .05). Incidentally, height of i-dot above the "in was not related to security scores in either sex. Here, the psychological correlate of missing i-dots reported by Lemke and Kirchner was replicated for females only. (2) Lester and McLaughlin (1976) compared males whose writing was judged as feminine by naive judges and males with masculine writing and found no differences in Neuroticism scores on the Eysenck Personalicy Inventory. Similar negative results were found for females. The samples of writing from the present students were classified as male or female by three naive social scientists. The number of correct classifications for each subject was not significantly correlated with his score on Maslow's inventory (for
Natural computational method of two-person zero-sum games

This paper displays a concise, direct, computational procedure which solves mechanically and completely every numerical problem of two-person zero-sum games. A single algorithm of general applicability reduces the optimization process of linear inequalities to elementary manipulation of the given pay-off matrix. The routine does not require a complicated translation of the particular problem into linear programs or equations. It does not involve adjustments of original data and no slack vectors or artificial variables. Only oneStandard Form is involved. This form is simply a bordered original pay-off matrix by two pairs of identification and indicator vectors. It contains all pertinent information in a most compact manner at every stage of realization.A single algorithm applied to the Standard Form yields the complete solution in a uniform systematic way. The realization technique is a repetitive chain-process of oxact, pivotal transformation. The algorithm has three parts: This algorithm has been called Symmetric, because the dual symmetry and the symmetric duality play here a most important part in the development of the procedure.
The Initiation and Maintenance of Vicia faba Tissue Cultures

Explants obtained by removing the radicle tip and the plumule from embryos of Vicia faba have been induced to form callus in culture. Of a range of agar-solidified culture media tested, only that of Schenk and Hildebrandt (1972) was consistently successful. Improved growth, measured as increasing fresh weight was obtained by increasing the nitrogen content of the medium, either as potassium nitrate or as ammonium nitrate. A kinetin concentration of 0.01 mg/1 (5 × 10−8M) and a 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) concentration of 0.5 mg/1 (2.3 × 10−6M) allowed optimum initial callus growth. A 2,4-D concentration of 2.3 × 10−8M, while insufficient to induce callus formation was able to inhibit lateral root development which occurred from embryo explants cultured without added 2,4-D. Subcultured tissue grew well on media supplemented with casein hydrolysate or a mixture of the eight most common amino acids in casein hydrolysate. Growth in subcultures was inhibited by two other amino acid mixtures used by other workers for different species.
A decentralized plant controller for automatic generation and voltage regulation

Abstract A decentralized plant controller is developed for the coordinated control of automatic real power generation and automatic voltage regulation of a generating unit. Considering that there are no interactions between the two subsystems, local controllers are developed to optimize each subsystem. Those controllers are then used to improve the performance of the overall system when the interconnections are taken into account. The decentralized controller for each subsystem is composed of a feedback control which is independent of other subsystems, and an adjustment control which is dependent on the interaction variables. The effectiveness of the decentralized controller is examined by digital simulation study for the response of a generator-exciter system tied to a governor-turbine system. Comparisons are made with the local controller and with the centralized controller, and the decentralized controller is shown to have practical advantages over the centralized controller with only minimal sacrifice in performance.
The Legal History of the Ottoman Empire

Ottoman legal history has traditionally been a marginal field – and Ottoman law an ambiguous study hovering at the edges of a number of methodological voids. It is like any other field in that it has seen its share of conventions established, challenged, and re-imagined. But it is also relatively unique in that it has never assumed its own centrality. Indeed, if there has been a running theme in most legal histories of the Ottoman Empire, it is that the best way to define Ottoman law is by explaining what it is not. This article will address some of the comparative frameworks that have shaped Ottoman legal history, and discuss the ways in which these frameworks are now being re-evaluated.
Relationship Between Three-Dimensional Geometry of the Trochlear Groove and In Vivo Patellar Tracking During Weight-Bearing Knee Flexion

It is widely recognized that the tracking of patella is strongly influenced by the geometry of the trochlear groove. Nonetheless, quantitative baseline data regarding correlation between the three-dimensional geometry of the trochlear groove and patellar tracking under in vivo weight-bearing conditions are not available. A combined magnetic resonance and dual fluoroscopic imaging technique, coupled with multivariate regression analysis, was used to quantify the relationship between trochlear groove geometry (sulcus location, bisector angle, and coronal plane angle) and in vivo patellar tracking (shift, tilt, and rotation) during weight-bearing knee flexion. The results showed that in the transverse plane, patellar shift was strongly correlated (correlation coefficient R=0.86, p<0.001) to mediolateral location of the trochlear sulcus (raw regression coefficient β(raw)=0.62) and the trochlear bisector angle (β(raw)=0.31). Similarly, patellar tilt showed a significant association with the trochlear bisector angle (R=0.45, p<0.001, and β(raw)=0.60). However, in the coronal plane patellar rotation was poorly correlated with its matching geometric parameter, namely, the coronal plane angle of the trochlea (R=0.26, p=0.01, β(raw)=0.08). The geometry of the trochlear groove in the transverse plane of the femur had significant effect on the transverse plane motion of the patella (patellar shift and tilt) under in vivo weight-bearing conditions. However, patellar rotation in the coronal plane was weakly correlated with the trochlear geometry.
A multiple domain algorithm for modeling two dimensional contaminant transport flows

To efficiently simulate large scale contaminant transport flows on serial computing platforms, the authors believe that explicit finite difference formulations need to be integrated with performance-enhancing tools. Such integration will not only increase the scope of modeling across various applications but is also aimed at achieving better physical modeling of the transport. In this paper we introduce the application of a multiple domain algorithm (integrated with a finite difference formulation) to solve the two dimensional advection dispersion equation. The efficiency of the abstractions and mechanisms provided by this integration, aimed at accelerating the solution to the desired transient state, is tested. The focus is first in discussing the formulation and then testing its reliability, with and without the integration. To check the latter, we have used an analytical solution as the benchmark solution. The results indicate that the primary purpose of using a multiple domain approach is met without any loss in the accuracy of the solution.
Advances in US Air Force hydraulic fluids

The US Air Force Wright Laboratory's Materials Directorate has been involved with the development and transition of advanced fluids and lubricants since the 1950s. The driving force for the development of new hydraulic fluids has primarily been and still is, improved fire resistance, although biodegradability and low toxicity have become increasingly important. This paper briefly traces the use of military aircraft hydraulic fluids from the beginning to the current state-of-the-art.
Development of stand structural stage indices to characterize forest condition in Upstate New York

Abstract Stand development stages are often used to describe temperate forest dynamics, but defining them using stand history or age can be difficult, especially for extensive surveys. The purpose of this study was to define stand development stage indices for forest stands on state forest land in Upstate New York using stand structure alone. A total of 508 stands were sampled, including 442 in Upstate New York. Two structural stage indices were defined for each of the 442 stands. The first index, based on SILVAH, was calculated using weighted mean diameter of trees in different size classes. The second index, based on work from Frelich and Lorimer, was calculated using the ratio of basal area of large trees to mature trees and either (1) exposed crown area (ECA) of trees in different size classes, or (2) basal area of trees in different size classes. Both indices were tested on stands with known stand histories. The second index was preferred for its superior ability to distinguish old-growth stands and was used to characterize structural stages of major forest types in Upstate New York: hemlock–hardwood (9% of state forest land), red spruce-fir (16%), and northern hardwood (51%). Results showed that the vast majority of stands in Upstate New York are in the mid-developmental stages. Structural characteristics of old-growth stands from this study were found to be in agreement with other old-growth stands in the northeastern United States.
Teaching and evaluating surgical skills.

Surgical education is changing. Mandates that foster this change include increasing demands from the public for perfection without practice, decreasing trainee work hours, increasing minimally invasive therapies, and fewer surgical educators. In addition, rising health care costs have caused many experienced surgeons to focus on patient care rather than the mentoring of surgical trainees. A paradigm shift in surgical education is being forced by all these issues. This paradigm shift is important not only for new surgical trainees but also for established surgeons who need to learn new technical skills to keep pace with evolving medical technology and new procedures. How can one ensure that the first time a trainee picks up a knife and makes an incision that he or she is as prepared to do so as possible? The apprenticeship model of surgical education, although time honored, falls short in proving competency and requires vast repetition to work. Animate and inanimate models, virtual reality, mental imagery, and the gold standard of attending teaching in the operating room will all likely play a role in surgical education of the future. Practice makes perfect and surgery, like any other technical skill, has to be practiced to become effortless. Few would argue that flight simulators are a sufficient proxy for flying an aircraft, but they are certainly better than no practice whatsoever. Technical skills, however, do not improve with practice without knowledgeable feedback, underlining the need for technical skills curricula that give trainees the opportunity to practice in a safe environment with adequate feedback. Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am
Exercise-induced urticaria, angioedema, and anaphylactoid episodes

Abstract Six subjects with exercise-induced anaphylactoid symptoms were evaluated by exercise challenge. Five of the six patients developed symptoms during free running. One subject developed only periorbital angioedema; another developed giant urticaria, wheeze, and hypotension; and three subjects developed cholinergic urticaria. One of the subjects with cholinergic urticaria also became hypotensive. Both of the subjects who developed hypotension also exhibited elevations in plasma histamine (11.2 and 23.2 ng/ml). Subjects who exhibited only cutaneous or subcutaneous manifestations failed to develop elevated levels of plasma histamine. Serum complement determinations (C′3, C′4) remained normal in all subjects at all time intervals. Thus exercise-induced anaphylactoid reactions can appear with a variety of cutaneous manifestations, including angioedema only, giant urticaria, and cholinergic urticaria. Elevated levels of plasma histamine are found only when systemic symptoms such as hypotension occur concomitantly.
Enabling CAIV through Design, Modularity, and Program Management

Many naval ship acquisition programs have not been able to effectively implement cost as an independent variable (CAIV). With a CAIV approach, operational requirements provided by the customer are given in terms of threshold and objective values. The range between these two values provides the program manager with trade-space to match the available funds with the capabilities that can be bought for that amount-the total program cost remains a constant. In practice though, much of the final cost of an acquisition program is fixed early in the design process through basic design decisions on architecture and the allocation of operational requirements and derived requirements to systems. Unfortunately, while much of the cost is determined early in the design process, estimating that cost to any degree of certainty is nearly impossible. As the costs of the program are better understood, the remaining design flexibility to adjust to increasing costs may not be sufficient to enable the program manager time to take corrective action when the cost estimates indicate a possible problem. This paper describes the techniques, including the use of modularity, cost contingencies, and set-based design, to provide the program manager with sufficient flexibility to implement CAIV. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and are not necessarily official policy of the US Navy or any other organization. The intent of this paper is to foster dialogue to gain a better understanding of how to develop an acquisition strategy and systems engineering strategy to enable CAIV.
Evaluation of automated electric transportation deployment strategies: integrated against isolated

This study considers deployment paths for automated vehicles, evaluating the new approach of an evolutionary process of isolated deployment. Here, isolated, fully automated systems are developed from the ground-up in areas with the greatest need/opportunity; over time, such systems can expand and become interconnected. This is an alternative to the integrated deployment strategies developed by the automated highway systems (AHS) program. Tellingly, AHS never settled on a specific deployment strategy because of disagreements among many of its members, but much of the research did include an integrated approach, whereby the technology progresses over time from manual driving to full automation. This study compares the two approaches, arguing that integrated deployment is fundamentally hampered by institutional hurdles and the difficulty of encouraging the large-scale adoption necessary to achieve the most significant benefits of automation, including increased lane capacity and vehicle speed. It proposes that a predominantly isolated approach, accomplished with protocols and standards to allow for eventual interoperability of systems, can offer a superior path forward. This is especially attractive for bus rapid transit applications and electrification via in-motion power, as proposed by the Automated Electric Transportation program.
Hybridization of hyperspectral imaging target detection algorithm chains

Detection of a known target in an image can be accomplished using several different approaches. The complexity and number of steps involved in the target detection process makes a comparison of the different possible algorithm chains desirable. Of the different steps involved, some have a more significant impact than others on the final result-the ability to find a target in an image. These more important steps often include atmospheric compensation, noise and dimensionality reduction, background characterization, and detection (matched filtering for this research). A brief overview of the algorithms to be compared for each step will be presented. This research seeks to identify the most effective set of algorithms for a particular image or target type. Several different algorithms for each step will be presented, to include ELM, FLAASH, MNF, PPI, MAXD, the structured background matched filters OSP, and ASD. The chains generated by these algorithms will be compared using the Forest Radiance I HYDICE data set. Finally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves will be calculated for each algorithm chain and, as an end result, a comparison of the various algorithm chains will be presented.
Travel Times Through Shock Waves

In this paper on traffic streams the author formulates the well-known principle of conservation of matter with an integral equation expressing travel times in the stream. A traffic situation is investigated where time-dependent flow rates into a bottleneck temporarily exceed its capacity. Expressions are found for queue sizes, the location and velocity of shock waves, and delays to vehicles in the stream.
Growing PAINS in academic drug discovery

In a recent article it was argued that compounds published as drug leads by academic laboratories commonly contain functionality that identifies them as nonspecific ‘pan-assay interference compounds’ (PAINS). The article raises broad questions about why best practices for hit and lead qualification that are well known in industry are not more widely employed in academia, as well as about the role of journals in publishing manuscripts that report drug leads of little potential value. Barriers to adoption of best practices for some academic drug-discovery researchers include knowledge gaps and infrastructure deficiencies, but they also arise from fundamental differences in how academic research is structured and how success is measured. Academic drug discovery should not seek to become identical to commercial pharmaceutical research, but we can do a better job of assessing and communicating the true potential of the drug leads we publish, thereby reducing the wastage of resources on nonviable compounds.
Crystal structure of NusA from Thermotoga Maritima and functional implication of the N-Terminal Domain

We report the crystal structure of N-utilizing substance A protein (NusA) from Thermotoga maritima (TmNusA), a protein involved in transcriptional pausing, termination, and antitermination. TmNusA has an elongated rod-shaped structure consisting of an N-terminal domain (NTD, residues 1-132) and three RNA binding domains (RBD). The NTD consists of two subdomains, the globular head and the helical body domains, that comprise a unique three-dimensional structure that may be important for interacting with RNA polymerase. The globular head domain possesses a high content of negatively charged residues that may interact with the positively charged flaplike domain of RNA polymerase. The helical body domain is composed of a three-helix bundle that forms a hydrophobic core with the aid of two neighboring beta-strands. This domain shows structural similarity with one of the helical domains of sigma(70) factor from Escherichia coli. One side of the molecular surface shows positive electrostatic potential suitable for nonspecific RNA interaction. The RBD is composed of one S1 domain and two K-homology (KH) domains forming an elongated RNA binding surface. Structural comparison between TmNusA and Mycobacterium tuberculosis NusA reveals a possible hinge motion between NTD and RBD. In addition, a functional implication of the NTD in its interaction with RNA polymerase is discussed.
Intraluminal ultrasonography during ERCP with high-frequency ultrasound catheters

Small intraluminal ultrasound (lLUS) probes that can be passed through the working channels of standard endoscopes have been developed.!-3 Unlike dedicated endoscopic ultrasound instruments, these probes are highly maneuverable and can be placed through tight strictures and directly into the bile ducts. In gastroenterology, two different ILUS probe types have been developed, each with different scanning characteristics. The first generates a linear, two-dimensional image and is commercially available with a 15or 20-MHz frequency transducer.!' 2 The second produces a cross-sectional, two-dimensional image that gives a tomographic "slice" through the region imaged and uses a 7.5-MHz frequency transducer.2,3 In cardiology and interventional radiology, higherfrequency (10 to 30 MHz) catheter-based ultrasound devices in 5F to 10F sizes can produce high-resolution images during intravascular and intracardiac imaging.4-6 This study reports the feasibility of deployment of these smaller intravascular ultrasound catheters in the biliary tract and distal pancreatic duct. The ultrasound catheters were passed using a retrograde approach in animal models and resected human cadaver bile duct specimens at first. Subsequently, we placed these catheters in two human beings at ERCP.
Recognition of fossil fresh water ostracodes: Fourier shape analysis

Candonids are a group of unornamented ostracodes with smooth outlines. Taxonomic distinctions between groups are based on differences in appendages. Extending these taxonomic criteria to fossil ostracodes is a challenge because fossils lack soft tissue and distinct homologous hard parts. Shape of carapace, therefore, may be the primary taxonomic character for identification of candonid specimens. To test this hypothesis, Fourier analysis in closed form was used to measure the components of shape present in the two-dimensional outline of fossil specimens. When used in discriminant analysis, these components of shape proved to be statistically robust on three closely related species of Candona. Ninety-two percent (92%) of the cases examined were recognized successfully. This is true for all combinations of between species discriminations (e.g. if males or females of one species are compared with sexual dimorphs of another; or, if left and right valves of different species are compared), and for combinations of intraspecific sexual dimorphs. Based upon these results, shape descriptors provided by Fourier series are sufficient to effect correct taxonomic identification without dependence on homologous landmarks. Right-left valve distinctions within species can be identified, but the accuracy of these identifications ranges from 75% to 95%. The difficulty in accurate discrimination of right and left valves using this automated technique is peculiar because of the ease with which a trained worker can distinguish valves. However, results presented underline the observation that morphotypic variability that resides in valve shape may contain more complex information than has been recognized previously.
When Do Turnover Intentions Fuel Workplace Deviance? A Cross-cultural Investigation

We conducted two field studies to examine under what circumstances workplace deviance may result from turnover intentions and what types of deviance behaviors are more likely to be the result. Supp...
On Optimal Feedback Control for Stationary Linear Systems

We study linear-quadratic optimal control problems for finite dimensional stationary linear systems AX+BU=Z with output Y=CX+DU from the viewpoint of linear feedback solution. We interpret solutions in relation to system robustness with respect to disturbances Z and relate them to nonlinear matrix equations of Riccati type and eigenvalue-eigenvector problems for the corresponding Hamiltonian system. Examples are included along with an indication of extensions to continuous, i.e., infinite dimensional, systems, primarily of elliptic type.
Molecular-dynamics-based cohesive zone law for brittle interfacial fracture under mixed loading conditions: Effects of elastic constant mismatch

Abstract One approach for performing a finite-element simulation of interfacial fracture is to use a cohesive zone model. The cohesive zone model defines the interfacial traction–separation relation. Experimental determination of such a relation has been difficult. Most previous work has been confined to tensile loading, and much less has been devoted to mixed-mode loading conditions. Even so, specific laws are often assumed rather than predicted. Our recent work has used molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods to derive a general cohesive zone law for the fracture between two brittle materials under any mixed-mode loading conditions. Here we extend our method and use it to explore the effect of elastic constant mismatch between adjacent materials. In particular, we construct two bilayer structures where the cohesive energies and lattice constants of the constituent materials are kept the same, but the elastic constant mismatch of the two materials in one structure differs from that in the other. We then use MD simulations to study the fracture and to derive the cohesive zone laws for both structures. The effect of elastic constant mismatch on fracture will then be discussed.
Density Gradient Centrifugation of Red Blood cells carrying the Mammary Tumour Virus

SINCE the demonstration1 of mammary tumour virus (MTV) activity in the blood of mice of a high mammary cancer strain (C3H/Jax), blood-borne MTV activity has been described in other strains of mice carrying MTV2–5. It has been established that the MTV activity in blood is limited primarily to the red blood cell (RBC) fraction6. Thus we thought it interesting to determine whether all cells of the circulating RBC population carry RBC-borne MTV (R-MTV). It is not possible to determine the activity associated with the individual RBC because a large number of RBC are required for biological detection of R-MTV (our unpublished results). Some insight into this question could be gained, however, from the use of different populations of RBC.
Strong bounds on weak couplings

Abstract Analysis of nonleptonic ΔS = 1 weak decays strongly restricts the possible size of right-handed weak couplings. Limits thus obtained are competitive with those obtained via other means.
Dexamethasone stimulation of rat insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) promoter activity involves the interaction of multiple transcription factors

Abstract Using an improved procedure for transient transfection of H4-II-E rat hepatoma cells, we characterized the cis elements in the proximal promoter of the rat insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (rat IGFBP-1) gene that are required for basal (unstimulated) and dexamethasone-stimulated promoter activity. Three sites are required for optimal basal promoter activity: an AP-2 site (nt −286 to −293), the M4 region of the insulin response element (nt −108 to −99), and a hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 (HNF-1) site (nt −62 to −50). In addition to the glucocorticoid response element (nt −91 to −77), participation of two of three accessory sites is required for optimal stimulation by dexamethasone: the M4 and HNF-1 sites, and a third site located between nt −252 and −236. Further study will focus on how the interactions of tissue-specific and hormonally-responsive transcription factors are integrated.
Linear Eddy Mixing Model Studies of High Karlovitz Number Turbulent Premixed Flames

Turbulent premixed flames exhibit different structural and propagation characteristics with increasing upstream turbulence intensity starting from thin wrinkled flames in the Corrugated Flamelet regimes to a flame with a thicker preheat zone in the Thin Reaction Zone Regime (TRZ) and finally, becoming more disorganized or broken in the Distributed or Broken Reaction Zone (D/BRZ) regimes under intense turbulence. A single comprehensive predictive model that can span all regimes does not currently exist, and in this study we explore the ability of the stand-alone one-dimensional linear-eddy mixing (LEM) model to simulate the flames in all these regimes. Past applications of this 1DLEM model have demonstrated reasonable predictions in the flamelet and TRZ regimes and here, new experiments in the TRZ regime are specifically addressed to evaluate the predictive capability of this model. Additional simulations in the D/BRZ regimes (where no data is currently available) are performed to determine if the model can be extended to the high turbulence regime. Comparison with the data in the TRZ regime shows satisfactory agreement. Analysis suggests varying levels of preheat zone broadening in all the TRZ and D/BRZ cases. While the average heat release distribution for the TRZ cases is nearly identical to the laminar unstrained baseline, changes to the species and heat release distribution are observed only at a high Karlovitz Number Ka > 103. In the D/BRZ regime it is shown that the transition is related to enhanced turbulent diffusion that dominates molecular diffusion effects causing deviations from the laminar baseline.
4,4'-methylene-bis-ortho-chloro-aniline (MBOCA): absorption and excretion after skin application and gavage

4,4'-methylene-bis-ortho-chloro-aniline ( MBOCA ) is an aromatic amine and industrial chemical that has been shown to cause cancer of several different organs in rats and mice and bladder cancer in dogs. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of using urinary concentrations of MBOCA as a means for evaluating extent of exposure. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given MBOCA and [14C] MBOCA by either gavage or skin application. Concentrations and amounts of 14C were measured in urine, feces, skin and total carcasses, and parent MBOCA in urine at several intervals after application. The percentages of administered doses excreted and retained in the animals were calculated and comparisons made. Within 72 hr after gavage 16.5% of the administered compound was excreted in urine as 14C but only 0.25% as parent MBOCA . In the same interval after skin application a maximum of 2.54% of administered MBOCA was excreted as 14C but only 0.008% as parent MBOCA . Seventy-two hours after gavage 13.7% of the administered dose was retained in the tissues, and after skin absorption 5-13% was retained. With gavage the rate of excretion of 14C in urine and feces was very high in the first 24 hr (68.3%) but fell off rapidly (2.07%) by the third day. After skin absorption the rates of excretion of 14C were fairly constant over a 3-day period. Less MBOCA was absorbed from the skin if the skin was washed within 8 hr after application, as compared to waiting 24 hr or not washing at all. The amount of parent MBOCA detected in urine is a very small amount of that applied or absorbed. The percentage detected and the rates of excretion depend upon the route of administration, and the interval between exposure and sampling. For these reasons urinary analysis for MBOCA can be used only as very imprecise indicators of extent of recent exposure.
Surgical repair of truncus arteriosus associated with interrupted aortic arch

The surgical repair of truncus arteriosus associated with an interrupted aortic arch (TAC-IAA) requires performing two major procedures at the same time. Due to the small number of patients, there is nearly no surgical learning curve. The surgical technique has greatly improved since the introduction of a homograft patch enlargement of the small ascending aorta. The association with a severe truncal regurgitation is a major risk factor as well as the presence of preoperative multiple organs failure. The series published by single centers are ≪10 patients, which make statistical analysis troublesome. The mortality varies from 0% to 50%. The multicentric study published in 2006 by the Congenital Heart Surgeons Society (CHSS) reports a 68% mortality (34/50). Nevertheless, the results can be excellent in experienced centers using a modern one stage surgical technique, undertaken in the first week of life.
Effect of phosphate and adenine nucleotides on the rate of labeling of functional groups at the catalytic site of F1-ATPase

The effect of inorganic phosphate, ADP, ATP, and their analogues on the rate of labeling of F1-ATPase by 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl) and phenylglyoxal have been investigated. Analysis of the kinetic data indicate that the labeled functional groups of the essential tyrosine and arginine residues respectively are both located at the catalytic site of F1. The active phenolic group of tyrosine is located closer to the bound inorganic phosphate or the γ-phosphate group than the α- and β-phosphate groups of the bound ATP at the catalytic site, whereas the guanidinium group of arginine is located closer to the α- and β-phosphate groups of the bound ATP than to its γ-phosphate group or the bound inorganic phosphate. The kinetically deduced dissociation constants are 1.3 mM and 210 µM for the inorganic phosphate and ADP respectively bound to this catalytic site. Labeling the essential tyrosine residue by NDB-Cl has been found to facilitate subsequent labeling of the essential arginine residue by phenylglyoxal.
Foldy-Wouthuysen transformations for any spin

Abstract We give the generalized Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation for any 2(2 J + 1)-component Poincare-invariant Hamiltonian theory that describes free massive spin- J particles and that is subject to the conditions: (a) every observable O is either Hermitian ( O = O + ) or pseudo-Hermitian ( O = ϱ 3 O + ϱ 3 ) and (b) the theory is invariant under the discrete symmetries. The requirement that the Hamiltonian be defined in the rest frame specifies one and only one boost generator that is also defined at p = 0.
Electrophysiological evidence for attenuated auditory recovery cycles in children with specific language impairment

Previous research indicates that at least some children with specific language impairment (SLI) show a reduced neural response when non-linguistic tones were presented at rapid rates. However, this past research has examined older children, and it is unclear whether such deficits emerge earlier in development. It is also unclear whether atypical refractory effects differ for linguistic versus non-linguistic stimuli or can be explained by deficits in selective auditory attention reported among children with SLI. In the present study, auditory refractory periods were compared in a group of 24 young children with SLI (age 3–8 years) and 24 matched control children. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded and compared to 100 ms linguistic and non-linguistic probe stimuli presented at inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) of 200, 500, or 1000 ms. These probes were superimposed on story narratives when attended and ignored, permitting an experimental manipulation of selective attention within the same paradigm. Across participants, clear refractory effects were observed with this paradigm, evidenced as a reduced amplitude response from 100 to 200 ms at shorter ISIs. Children with SLI showed reduced amplitude ERPs relative to the typically-developing group at only the shortest, 200 ms, ISI and this difference was over the left-hemisphere for linguistic probes and over the right-hemisphere for non-linguistic probes. None of these effects was influenced by the direction of selective attention. Taken together, these findings suggest that deficits in the neural representation of rapidly presented auditory stimuli may be one risk factor for atypical language development.
Experimental Investigation of Marine Biofouling and Corrosion for Tropical Seawater

Biofouling and corrosion for marine heat exchangers are being investigated at the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii under contract to the U.S. Department of Energy. The objective of this experimental investigation is to determine effective fouling-control techniques for ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) heat exchangers, which must be kept clean enough to maintain heat-transfer resistance (Rf) values below 0.02 m2 K/kW. Due to the lack of experimental data bases and prediction methods, fouling-control techniques developed for conventional heat exchangers cannot easily be extended to OTEC applications. In addition, it is important for the success of OTEC to develop low-cost heat exchangers that will use less-expensive materials.
Complete Rations for Dairy Cattle. VII. Dried Poultry Waste for Lactating Cows

Abstract Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows were in a partially balanced incomplete block design to study effects of graded percents of dried poultry waste (0, 10, 20, and 30% of complete ration) on milk production and composition. The dried poultry waste was a high-ash product due to loss of over 50% of organic nutrients during drying. Feed intake was similar for 0 and 10% rations but increasingly lower for 20 and 30%. Milk yield was reduced slightly (2.9%) for 10% in relation to 0% but progressively lower (19.4 and 34.5%) for 20 and 30%. The trend was the same for the rest of variables (protein percent, solids-not-fat percent, total solids percent, and total yield of these same variables and fat yield) except for milk fat percent which did not show a specific trend. All milks had desirable flavors with no differences due to rations. In a second trial, 10 lactating dairy cows were used to obtain apparent digestibility coefficients. Crude protein digestibility for complete ration was lower for 10% than 0%, and ether extract was lower for 30% than 20%. For 0 and 10% versus 20 and 30%, energy and crude fiber dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, and nitrogen free extract coefficients were lower for 20 and 30%. Up to 10% of complete rations for lactating dairy cows can be composed of dried poultry waste (even if high in ash) with little or no reduction in feed intake or milk production. Higher percents should be fed only if reduced feed intake and performance can be tolerated.
Impacts of wind turbine siting on radar clutter mitigation

As wind energy develops quickly, more commercial-scale wind turbines with high tower and large rotor diameter are emerging. These large man-made structures present interference to nearby radars in the form of radar clutter. This newly recognized type of clutter has unique radar signatures, making it difficult to be identified and mitigated. Based on analysing the characteristics of radar signatures, this paper suggests several wind turbine siting considerations solely from the perspective of radar clutter mitigation. (5 pages)