cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Full Wave Single and Double Scatter from Rough Surfaces

Using the full wave approach, the single and double scattered electromagnetic fields from deterministic one-dimensional rough surfaces are computed. Full wave expressions for the single and double scattered far fields are given in terms of multidimensional integrals. These integrals are evaluated using the Cornell National Supercomputer IBM/3090. Applying the steepest descent approximation to the double scattered field expressions, the dimensions of the integrals are reduced from four to two in the case of one-dimensional rough surfaces. It is shown that double scatter in the backward direction is significant for near normal incidence when the rough surface is highly conducting and its mean square slope is very large. Even for one-dimensional rough surfaces, depolarization occurs when the reference plane of incidence is not parallel to the local planes of incidence and scatter. A geometrical optics approximation is used to interpret the results of the double scattered fields for normal incidence near backscatter. The physical interpretation of the results could shed light on the observed fluctuations in the enhanced backscatter phenomenon as the angle of incidence increases from near normal to grazing angles. The results show that double scatter strongly depends upon the mean square slope, the conductivity of the rough surface and the angle of incidence.
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND STEREOSPECIFIC ANALYSIS OF LIPIDS SYNTHESIZED BY CERTAIN YEAST STRAINS

Fatty acid analysis of lipids from yeast strains, Apiotrichum curvatum ATCC 10567, Cryptococcus albidus ATCC 56297, Lipomyces starkeyi ATCC 12659, and Rhodosporidium toruloides ATCC 10788, grown on whey permeate revealed palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids as the predominant fatty acids in the triacylglycerol fractions. The phospholipid fractions were dominated by oleic and linoleic acids. The stereospecific distribution of fatty acids in the triacylglycerol fractions of lipids from two yeast strains, Apiotrichum curvatum ATCC 10567 and Lipomyces starkeyi ATCC 12659, was determined and revealed the presence of almost entirely unsaturated fatty acids at the sn-2 position (91.9% and 82.8%, respectively). The dominance of unsaturated fatty acids (in the range of 61.5 to 72.3%) at the sn-1 position was also observed. Oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid at positions sn-1 and sn-2 for both yeast strains. Position sn-3 had the greatest concentrations of saturated fatty acids, with palmitic acid as the predominant fatty acid.
Automated reasoning with legal XML documents

We have integrated the Jess Expert System tool from Sandia Labs [2] with the Xerces XML parser. We submit to this software contracts and court filings for litigation involving those contracts. These are written as per a contract standard submitted to the Legal XML standards group [5] and the court filing proposed standards. The software determines if a summary judgment request can be granted based on the submitted affidavits, contracts, and other documents.
Three-dimensional numerical study of turbulence in an entraining mixed layer

The mean structure calculated by a three-dimensional numerical model of a heated planetary boundary layer, in simulation of DAY 33 of the Australian Wangara data, has been previously described. The present study supplements it by describing properties of the calculated turbulence.
A comparison of fuzzy forecasting and Markov modeling

Abstract Fuzzy time series models were introduced by Song and Chissom [Fuzzy Sets and Systems 54 (1993) 269–277, 54 (1993) 1–9, 62 (1994) 1–8] to model and forecast processes whose values are described by linguistic variables. Song and Chissom used as an application the forecasting of educational enrollments. This paper reviews the two methods set forth by Song and Chissom, a first-order time-invariant fuzzy time series model and a first-order time variant model. These models are compared with each other and with a time-invariant Markov model using linguistic labels with probability distributions. The results of these methods for the enrollment data are compared with three traditional time series models, a first-order autoregressive (AR(1)) model and two second-order auto-regressive (AR(2)) models, all of which are time-invariant.
Disorders of membrane channels or channelopathies.

Abstract Objective : To review the structure and function of membrane ion channels with special emphasis on inherited nervous system channel disorders or channelopathies. Results : Channels are pores in the cell membrane. Through these pores ions flow across the membrane and depolarize or hyperpolarize the cell. Channels can be classified into 3 types: non-gated, directly gated and second messenger gated channels. Among the important directly gated channels are voltage gated (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Cl − ) and ligand gated (ACh, Glutamate, GABA, Glycine) channels. Channels are macromolecular protein complexes within the lipid membrane. They are divided into distinct protein units called subunits. Each subunit has a specific function and is encoded by a different gene. The following inherited channelopathies are described. (1) Sodium channelopathies: familial generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, paramyotonias, hypokalemic periodic paralysis; (2) potassium channelopathies: benign infantile epilepsy, episodic ataxia type 1; (3) calcium channelopathies: episodic ataxia type 2, spinocerebellar ataxia type 6, familial hemiplegic migraine, hypokalemic periodic paralysis, central core disease, malignant hyperthermia syndrome, congenital stationary night blindness; (4) chloride channelopathies: myotonia congenitas; (5) ACh receptor channelopathies: autosomal dominant frontal lobe nocturnal epilepsy, congenital myasthenic syndromes; (6) glycine receptor channelopathies: hyperekplexia. Conclusions : Studies of human inherited channelopathies have clarified the functions of many ion channels. More than one gene may regulate a function in a channel, thus different genetic mutations may manifest with the same disorder. The complex picture of the genetic and molecular structures of channels will require frequent updates.
Synergistic Fire Performance Between Metal or Metal Filled Organic Coatings and Engineering Plastics

Metal filled organic and EMI coatings affect the fire performance properties of engineering plastics. Zinc arc spray, zinc/epoxy, and zinc borate/epoxy coatings on modified-polyphenylene oxide (m-PPO) are particu larly effective. The results from non-flaming NBS smoke chamber tests show a dramatic reduction in smoke for zinc and zinc borate coatings, whereas a ZnO coating did not show the same effect. Heat release data (Radiant Panel) for these samples show lower Q values for zinc, zinc borate coatings compared to m-PPO, epoxy coated m-PPO and ZnO epoxy coated m-PPO. The Fs values for zinc and zinc borate coatings are low compared to a m-PPO control and ZnO coated m-PPO.Polycarbonate structural foam sheet was coated with epoxy coatings filled with zinc, zinc borate, or ZnO. NBS Smoke Chamber data in the non-flaming mode for zinc or ZnO coatings do not show an improvement in smoke produc tion, but a zinc borate epoxy coating does have a reductive effect on smoke. Ra diant Panel Q was low for all coated sam...
A Potential Role for Allostatic Load in Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a multisystemic disorder of pregnancy associated with maternal and fetal complications as well as later-life cardiovascular disease. Its exact cause is not known. We developed a pregnancy-specific multisystem index score of physiologic risk and chronic stress, allostatic load (AL), early in pregnancy. Our objective was to determine whether AL measured early in pregnancy was associated with increased odds of developing preeclampsia. Data were from a single-center, prospectively collected database in a 1:2 individual-matched case control of women enrolled at 1-2 suggests better fit. Early pregnancy AL was higher in women with preeclampsia (1.25 ± 0.68 vs. 0.83 ± 0.62, p = 0.002); women with higher AL had increasing odds of developing preeclampsia (OR 2.91, 95 % CI 1.50-5.65). The difference between AIC for AL and obesity was >2 (AIC 74.4 vs. 84.4), indicating AL had a stronger association with preeclampsia. Higher allostatic load in early pregnancy is associated with increasing odds of preeclampsia. This work supports a possible role of multiple maternal systems and chronic stress early in pregnancy in the development of preeclampsia.
RELATION OF THYROID TO MAMMARY GLAND STRUCTURE IN THE RAT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE MALE

WHILE there have appeared in the literature numerous reports on the relation of the thyroid gland to lactation, few of these have been concerned with the relationship of the mammary gland structure and the thyroid. That the thyroid is not essential for function of the mammary glands was shown by Nelson and Tobin (1), who reported that rats, thyroidectomized prior to or during pregnancy, were able to give birth to and raise normal litters. Most of the other workers, however, have found that thyroidectomy interferes with the normal mammary function (2–5). Weichert, Boyd and Cohen (6) reported marked stimulation of the mammary glands, but without lobule formation, in rats made pseudopregnant by thyroid feeding. In normal pregnant rats, Weichert and Boyd (7) showed that induced hyperthyroidism resulted in marked mammary stimulation and the appearance of secretion in the alveoli at a period earlier than it would normally occur.
Seasonal variation in the effects of adrenalin and glucagon in Rana pipiens

Abstract The effects of adrenalin and glucagon on blood glucose and lactate were compared in winter, summer, and fall Rana pipiens . Hyperglycemic responses to glucagon (1 mg/kg) were slightly lower in winter than in summer and fall frogs. Hyperglycemic and lactacidemic responses to adrenalin (1 mg/kg) were considerably greater in fall than in summer and winter frogs.
Assembly of occlusion-body proteins around the enveloped virion of an insect baculovirus.

The capsules (occlusion bodies) of a granulosis virus of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta , were dissolved with alkali and the enveloped virions were separated from the matrix proteins. When the separated components were mixed in 0.8% NaCl, fibrous matrix proteins were observed attached to envelopes of the virions. The results suggested that the initial stage in reassembly of the capsule had taken place.
Dye-coated superconductor structures as optical sensors

The preparation and characterization of a new generation of hybrid optical sensors fabricated from high-temperature superconductor thin films coated with organic dye overlayers is described herein. These dye-coated superconductor structures respond selectively to those wavelengths of light which are absorbed strongly by the molecular dye. Methods for preparing such optical sensors are details. Scanning electron microscopy, resistivity vs. temperature and optical measurements are exploited to characterize the hybrid devices.
Patterns of Mental Disorders among the Elderly Residents of Eastern Baltimore

An extensive analysis of prevalence rates of cognitive impairment and other mental morbidities was carried out as part of a five-site national study on the health and mental health of an ambulatory population. This study reports on prevalence rates contrasted by age across the 18 and over population for cognitive impairment and other diagnoses in the Baltimore, Maryland, site of this study. Differences in prevalence rates by age are striking. Eight conditions have rates above 1 per cent among those 64 and younger: phobia (13.8 per cent), alcohol use disorder (6.5 per cent), obsessive compulsive disorder (2.2 per cent), schizophrenia (1.4 per cent), and panic disorder (1.2 per cent). For the older group, 65 to 74 years, five conditions have such prevalence rates: phobic disorder (12.1 per cent), severe cognitive impairment (3.0 per cent), alcohol use disorder (2.1 per cent), obsessive compulsive disorder (2.2 per cent), and dysthymia (1.0 per cent). For the oldest group, those 75 and over, only four conditions have rates of 1 per cent or more. These are: phobic disorders (10.1 per cent), severe cognitive impairment (9.3 per cent), major depression (1.3 per cent), and dysthymia (1.1 per cent). Rates of cognitive impairment increase markedly with age and high rates of this disorder were found among those never married, separated, divorced, or widowed. Implications of these findings for understanding mental morbidity among the elderly and issues for future planning are discussed.
Current management of type B aortic dissection

Acute aortic dissection is a life-threatening condition associated with high morbidity and mortality. In this article, the authors review basic biology of the aorta and aortic dissection, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, emergency stabilization measures, and the latest surgical approach for type B dissection.
An efficient experimental design for detecting departure from additivity in mixtures of many chemicals

Abstract Berenbaum (J. Theor. Biol. 114 (1985) 413–431) described a procedure for detecting and characterizing departure from additivity in a combination of c (c ≥ 2) chemicals. The attraction of this approach is that it is based on the concentration-response relationship of each of the individual components and, under the assumption of additivity, it is straight forward to predict the response of a given combination. Deviations between the observed and predicted responses for the combination are associated with departures from additivity. Berenbaum based his conclusions regarding synergism/antagonism on numerical differences which do not take into account inherent biological variability. We have developed a procedure which incorporates experimental variation is based on each individual component's concentration-response relationship, and leads to a conclusion regarding the statistical significance of any departure from additivity. The procedure is illustrated with an example.
Spacetime with self-gravitating thick disc

We compute the metric coefficients and study some properties of the spacetime comprising of a Schwarzschild hole distorted by a self gravitating thick disc.
The need for a social marketing perspective of consumer‐driven health care

Purpose – Consumer‐driven health care (CDHC) has been proposed to reduce the USA health care costs through greater free market economic exposure. The purpose of this paper is to review the USA health care system, insurance plans, and CDHC plan elements and assumptions regarding patients, service providers, and insurers, in order to identify research and social marketing needs of CDHC.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is an assessment of literature from academic and practitioner communities.Findings – Social marketing programs can contribute to preparing consumers and practitioners for CDHC. However, the degree to which CDHC can reduce health care costs is uncertain. More research is needed comparing CDHC plans with traditional plans and comparing CDHC enrollees with enrollees in other types of plans to determine the true benefits and costs of CDHC and to identify consumers' information needs. Research is needed into how to gather and provide understandable health care provider quality and cost‐effec...
3D 15N-13C-13C CHEMICAL SHIFT CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY IN ROTATING SOLIDS

We describe 3D solid state MAS NMR experiments which separate chemical shifts in one 15N and two 13C dimensions. The polarization transfer from 1H to 15N, and subsequently to 13C, is accomplished with recently developed techniques which overcome the shortcomings of constant amplitude Hartmann−Hahn cross polarization. Homonuclear (13C−13C) recoupling is performed with the MELODRAMA sequence. In the 2D 13C−13C spectra of adenosine monophosphate (AMP), successive MELODRAMA transfers propagate 13C magnetization around the five 13C's of the ribose ring, and the cross-peaks from successive transfer steps exhibit the negative/positive/negative... pattern expected from the double quantum polarization transfer process. The 3D 15N−13C−13C spectrum of uniformly-15N,13C-labeled histidine consists of 13C−13C planes separated by 15N chemical shifts. The 2D planes are asymmetric since in many cases the polarization giving rise to each cross-peak originates on only one nuclear spin of the coupled pair. 3D 15N−13C−13C spe...
Protein UTLC-MALDI–MS using thin films of submicrometer silica particles

Slides for ultra thin-layer chromatography (UTLC) were made by coating nonporous silica particles, chemically modified with polyacrylamide, as 15 μm films on glass or silicon. Three proteins, myoglobin, cytochrome c and lysozyme, are nearly baseline resolved by the mechanism of hydrophilic interaction chromatography. A plate height as low as 3 μm, with 3900 plates, is observed in 14 mm. Varying silica particle diameter among 900, 700 and 350 nm showed that decreasing particle diameter slightly improves resolution but slows the separation. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MS of the proteins after separation is demonstrated by wicking sufficient sinapinic acid into the separation medium.
Graphene nanomesh contacts and its transport properties

In this work, we have studied GNM as both FET channel and contact material. We find that the FET performance in terms of on-off ratios is always improved with GNM patterning, due to the modified scattering in the GNM channel and improved channel coupling in the GNM contact case. In particular, our findings suggest that a novel graphene based device using an FLG channel with GNM contacts is able to achieve high performance, low noise and high reliability for various electronic applications.
Forgiving Business Models for New Ventures

We set forth the attributes of forgiving business models that entrepreneurs can use to minimize losses while exploiting ideas to launch new ventures. Venture ideas possessing these attributes have ...
Beyond Building Better Brains: Bridging the Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) Gap of Prematurity

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are essential for normal vision and neurodevelopment. DHA accretion in utero occurs primarily in the last trimester of pregnancy to support rapid growth and brain development. Premature infants, born before this process is complete, are relatively deficient in this essential fatty acid. Very low birth weight (VLBW) infants remain deficient for a long period of time due to ineffective conversion from precursor fatty acids, lower fat stores and a limited nutritional provision of DHA after birth. In addition to long-term visual and neurodevelopmental risks, VLBW infants have significant morbidity and mortality from diseases specific to premature birth, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis, and retinopathy of prematurity. There is increasing evidence that DHA has protective benefits against these disease states. The aim of this article is to identify the unique needs of premature infants, review the current recommendations for LCPUFA provision in infants and discuss the caveats and innovative new ways to overcome the DHA deficiency through postnatal supplementation, with the long-term goal of improving morbidity and mortality in this at-risk population.
Benzo(a)pyrene metabolism in mouse epidermis. Analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography and DNA binding

Abstract Mouse epidermal homogenates contain an inducible aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) complex that catalyzes the formation of benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol from benzo(a)pyrene (BP) as assessed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). 5,6-Benzoflavone (5,6-BF), 7,8-benzoflavone (7,8-BF) and 17-β-estradiol decreased and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) enhanced oxidative metabolism of BP when added in vitro. Epoxide hydrase activity (hydration of benzo(a)pyrene-4,5-epoxide) (BP-4,5-epoxide) was enhanced by 17-β-estradiol, 5,6-BF, and 7,8-BF. BHT exhibited no significant effect and 1,2-epoxy-3,3,3-trichloropropane (TCPO) inhibited hydrase activity. The capacity of epidermal homogenates to catalyze the covalent binding of BP to DNA indicated that addition of both 5,6-BF and 7,8-BF decreased binding. BHT and TCPO did not significantly affect DNA-binding.
ELECTROPHORETIC COMPARISON OF PITUITARY GLANDS FROM MALE AND FEMALE RATS.

Disc electrophoretic analysis of the anterior pituitary gland of the rat has demonstrated differences in 2 protein bands which are dependent upon sex and age. Pituitary extracts from mature male and female rats were compared by examining the width and depth of staining of protein bands. A slowly moving band having growth hormone activity, by tibial assay in the rat, was wide in the male and narrow in the female. A rapidly moving band, identified as prolactin by its activity in the pigeon crop sac assay, was wide and deeply stained in the female in contrast to the male. Weanlings showed no sexual difference in pattern. Using adult rats, ovariectomy resulted in widening of the growth band and narrowing of the prolactin band, causing the pituitary pattern to resemble that of the male. Restoration of the prolactin band occurred after daily administration of 17β-estradiol, which, when given to both the normal and the orchiectomized male, resulted in a heavily stained prolactin band such as was found in the nor...
Establishing structure-function relationships for eumelanin

The aggregation-dependent optical properties of eumelanin from human hair are examined. When aggregation is increased, the absorption spectrum extends to lower energy. The absorption spectra of oligomers isolated from black human hair and Sepia officinalis are comparable and are in quantitative agreement with the reported action spectra for photoinduced oxygen consumption and free-radical generation by eumelanin. The agreement between the optical properties of human hair and squid eumelanins suggests the fundamental molecular constituents of the pigments are similar and aggregation-dependent photophysical behavior is a general feature of all eumelanins.
Signing and Pavement Marking for Concurrent-Flow High-Occupancy-Vehicle Lanes: Summary of Current Practice

Concurrent-flow lanes account for more than half of existing high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) mileage in the United States. Traffic on this type of HOV lane operates in the same direction as the adjacent traffic, typically in the far-left lane. Limited national guidance for signing or pavement marking is available that specifically addresses concurrent-flow HOV lanes. Therefore, the 13 states now using this type of lane have independently developed their own designs and standards. As a result, different signing and marking practices are being applied throughout the nation. Some of the signing and marking treatments being used on concurrent-flow HOV lanes in several states are documented. A summary of the current state of the practice on several signing and marking issues is included, on the basis of reviews of available design guides and project plans. The current standard practice is investigated, and the input of designers and state personnel is examined to determine the reasoning behind specific signing an...
The set theory of arithmetic decomposition

The set theory of arithmetic decomposition is a method of designing complex addition/subtraction circuits at any radix using strictly positional, sign-local number systems. The specification of an addition circuit is simply an equation that describes the inputs and the outputs as weighted digit sets. Design is done by applying a set of rewrite rules known as decomposition operators to the equation. The order in which and weight at which each operator is applied maps directly to a physical implementation, including both multiple-level logic and connectivity. The method is readily automated, and has been used to design some higher radix arithmetic circuits. It is possible to compute the cost of a given adder before the detailed design is complete. >
Cooling Power Density of SiGe/Si Superlattice Micro Refrigerators

Experiments were carried out to determine the cooling power density of SiGe/Si superlattice microcoolers by integrating thin film metal resistor heaters on the cooling surface. By evaluating the maximum cooling of the device under different heat load conditions, the cooling power density was directly measured. Both micro thermocouple probes and the resistance of thin film heaters were used to get an accurate measurement of temperature on top of the device. Superlattice structures were used to enhance the device performance by reducing the thermal conductivity, and by providing selective emission of hot carriers through thermionic emission. Various device sizes were characterized. The maximum cooling and the cooling power density had different dependences on the micro refrigerator size. Net cooling over 4.1 K below ambient and cooling power density of 598 W/cm2 for 40 × 40 μm2 devices were measured at room temperature.
Fourier compression-reconstruction technique (MRI application)

A method of data compression and reconstruction, the Fourier compression-reconstruction technique, which uses a standard Fourier algorithm as a basis for decreasing the amount of data stored, is briefly described. Compression is achieved by passing data through Fourier analysis algorithms to develop the complex Fourier coefficient matrix. The data are then analyzed for maximum frequency components, which are stored along with actual row and column coordinates. When the image is to be reconstructed, the coefficient maxima are passed through an inverse Fourier algorithm. Standard algebraic iterative techniques are used to provide qualitatively better images. The technique decreases data storage by up to 99% while providing visually accurate reconstructed images and favorable error comparisons with the original image. >
Evaluation of the 20% D-Methamphetamine Requirement for Determining Illicit Use of Methamphetamine in Urine

In urine drug testing, enantiomer analysis is used to determine whether a positive methamphetamine result could be due to use of an over-the-counter (OTC) nasal inhaler containing L-methamphetamine. D-methamphetamine at more than 20% of the total is considered indicative of a source other than an OTC product. This interpretation is based on a 1991 Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Technical Advisory. We performed studies to verify the methamphetamine enantiomer content of current OTC nasal inhalers and to evaluate current laboratory testing capabilities. This study demonstrated that OTC inhalers contain less than 1% D-methamphetamine. A proficiency testing (PT) set for HHS-certified laboratories performing methamphetamine enantiomer testing found D-methamphetamine percentages that were consistently 1 to 3% higher than theoretical due to optical impurity of the derivatizing reagent N-trifluoroacetyl-L-prolyl chloride (L-TPC). The PT results also demonstrate that laboratories can accurately determine 20% D-methamphetamine in samples with total methamphetamine concentrations down to 250 ng/mL. Based on these studies, the guideline of >20% D-methamphetamine is appropriate for interpreting results obtained using current laboratory methods.
Tarasoff in the therapeutic setting.

Fulfilling the legal duty outlined by the Tarasoff decision in a therapeutic context encourages patients to make choices, to be involved in decision making, and to accept that they, not the therapist, have the ultimate responsibility for impulse control (5,6,7). Such an approach can both protect potential victims of violence and fulfill the therapist's obligation to maintain a therapeutic alliance with the patient. It may also lead to repudiation of threats, as demonstrated by the case reported here.
Determinants of Perceived Health and Safety Risks of Selected Hazardous Products and Activities

Based on an empirical analysis, this paper presents models of the determinants of consumers' perceptions of health and safety risks of eight frequently used products. Using eight variables that have been postulated by researchers to be determinants of perceived risk, multiple linear regression models were developed for each product. These models indicate that different products have different determinants of perceived risk.
Are alcohol tax hikes fully passed through to prices? Evidence from Alaska

On 1 October 2002, the State of Alaska increased taxes on malt beverages from $0.35 per gallon to $1.07 per gallon, increased taxes on wine from $0.85 per gallon to $2.50 per gallon, and increased taxes on distilled spirits from $5.60 per gallon to $12.80 per gallon. The net effect is that the tax on a standard serving rose from about 3 cents for beer, 2 cents for wine, and 4 cents for spirits to a uniform tax of 10 cents per standard serving of each type of alcohol beverage. This paper uses primary data on alcoholic beverage prices in Alaska to study a very basic question: What was the impact of the tax hikes on prices? An alcohol tax hike is often viewed as a public health policy tool to discourage excessive alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems such as drunk driving. The impact of a tax hike on alcoholic beverage prices is a key link in the chain of the causality from the tax to public health. Economic theory and previous empirical studies, mainly of taxes on goods other than alcoholic beverages, do not provide very much guidance on what to expect following a tax hike. It is an empirical question. To answer the question, I conducted telephone surveys, just before and a year after the tax hike, of on-premise and off-premise alcohol retail establishments across Alaska.
COPPER(II) INTERACTIONS WITH KAOLINITE: FACTORS CONTROLLING ADSORPTION

The adsorption of Cu *+ on kaolinite was studied at different ionic strengths following various treatments of the mineral surface in order to evaluate the conditions influencing adsorption. The data indicate a strong preference of the Na + exchange form of kaolinite for Cu z+ but a weak affinity of the natural kaolinite for Cu ~+. Protons are generated by Cu 2+ adsorption, a result of the exchange of surface protons, and possibly the enhancement of Cu 2+ hydrolysis at the kaolinite surfaces. The exchange of Na + by Cu z+ on the kaolinite is not described by the mass-action equation, but can be interpreted in terms of permanent charge sites on the surfaces when the additional factors of Na+-H30 + exchange and blockage of sites by AI ions are considered.
Microgrid Infrastructure Modeling for Residential Microgrids

Utility system vulnerabilities to multiple failures and the potential for such failures will increase as demand grows, utility plants are forced to add units at suboptimum locations, and transmission capacity lags the population growth. Microgrids have the advantage of allowing better recovery from disasters as well as to boost utility system performance. By being placed close to the load, the microgrid can be switched into and out of the transmission system. It can also operate independently from the rest of the system for a period of time. This affects the workflow of the disaster recovery and can also alter the economic impact to the utility and the utility's customers. Modeling these system interactions in terms of case study examples demonstrates the potential benefits of using microgrids to improve power delivery and expansion of utility grids within urban areas and the methods of implementing them.
Influence of Diet Composition on Hepatic Lipid Accumulation and Hemorrhages in Caged Layers

Abstract Four experiments were conducted with commercial strains of White Leghorns. Experimental corn-soy diets with (CSW) and without (CS) minor feed ingredients significantly elevated liver and plasma lipids when compared to a standard layer diet (UGA) used at the University of Georgia. The response was not due to differences in vitamin and mineral premix or level of energy and protein in the diets. Inclusion of 5% alfalfa in a low protein (13.5%) diet with energy and amino acid profile similar to diet CS significantly reduced liver lipid. Comparison of diet CS to isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets with 20% brewers dried grains, soybean mill feed, or wheat bran showed that layers fed diets with these supplements had significantly lower liver and plasma lipids. In all experiments a higher incidence of liver hemorrhage was associated with feeding the experimental diets CS and CSW. There were no significant differences in egg production, egg weight, or body weight change due to dietary treatment in the experiments. Results of the experiments show that hens with equivalent ME intake and egg output exhibit differences in liver and plasma lipids due to diet composition. The data suggest that mill feeds and fermentation by-products contain an essential factor for control of lipid metabolism in caged layers.
Adaptive-rate turbo product coding for frequency-hop transmission and time-varying partial-band interference

A protocol is described and evaluated for adapting the rate of a turbo code for frequency-hop packet transmissions over time-varying partial-band interference channels. The rate of the turbo code is adapted from packet to packet to optimize the throughput. In particular, the protocol is designed to use a high-rate code when there is little interference and a low-rate code when the interference occupies a significant fraction of the band, even though neither the transmitter nor the receiver know what fraction of the band contains interference. No external side information is provided to the receiver, and our scheme requires no additional redundancy (e.g., pilot symbols) in the data packet for the generation of side information. The information needed to adapt the code rate is derived form our adaptive decoding system, and the only feedback required from the receiver to the transmitter is provided by a few bits in each acknowledgment packet. Results on the performance of the protocol are given for turbo product codes.
Conceptual Organizers of Early Childhood Curriculum Content

This article clarifies early childhood curriculum organizer terminology. Three main words used to describe curriculum: units, projects and themes are featured. A historical evolution and defining characteristics of each term are included to elucidate definitions so professionals can use common jargon.
Nervous system Lyme disease, chronic Lyme disease, and none of the above

Lyme borreliosis, infection with the tick-borne spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, causes nervous system involvement in 10-15 % of identified infected individuals. Not unlike the other well-known spirochetosis, syphilis, infection can be protracted, but is microbiologically curable in virtually all patients, regardless of disease duration. Diagnosis relies on 2-tier serologic testing, which after the first 4-6 weeks of infection is both highly sensitive and specific. After this early, acute phase, serologic testing should rely only on IgG reactivity. Nervous system involvement most commonly presents with meningitis, cranial neuritis and radiculoneuritis, but can also present with a broader array of peripheral nervous system manifestations. Central nervous system infection typically elicits a cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and, often, intrathecal production of specific antibody, findings that should not be expected in disease not affecting the CNS. Treatment with recommended courses of oral or, when necessary, parenteral antibiotics is highly effective. The attribution of chronic, non-specific symptoms to "chronic Lyme disease", in the absence of specific evidence of ongoing B. burgdorferi infection, is inappropriate and unfortunate, leading not only to unneeded treatment and its associated complications, but also to missed opportunities for more appropriate management of patients' often disabling symptoms.
A CFD-Compatible Transition Model Using an Amplification Factor Transport Equation

A new laminar-turbulent transition model for low-turbulence external aerodynamic applications is developed that incorporates linear stability theory in a manner compatible with modern CFD solvers. The model utilizes a new transport equation that describes the growth of the maximum instability amplitude in the presence of a boundary layer. To avoid the need for integration paths and non-local operations, a locally-defined non-dimensional pressure gradient parameter is utilized that serves as an estimator of the integral boundarylayer properties. The model has been implemented into the OVERFLOW 2.2e solver. Comparisons of predictions using the new model with high-quality, wind-tunnel measurements of airfoil section characteristics confirm the predictive qualities of the model, as well as its improvement over the current state of the art in CFD transition modeling.
Egg Production Performance of Single and Four-Way Incrossbred Chickens

ABSTRACT THE utilization of heterosis in increasing egg production in chickens has been studied for a number of years by many investigators. It is evident that heterosis is produced by the action and interaction of the genes responsible for the genetic variabilities. To accumulate these genes into the most favorable combination in the productive generation is the method to obtain heterotic superiority. However, the proportion of heterozygous loci in the gene complex of the chickens has a major influence on egg production, which has been under selection pressure for a long time and is low in heritability. Inbreeding and crossing the inbred lines to obtain incross or incrossbred chickens has, thus, been considered as one of the means to increase egg production. Incross chickens are the birds obtained from the crossing of inbred lines of the same breed or variety, while incrossbred chickens are those obtained from the crossing of inbred . . .
Fluorescence of A100 MOF and Adsorption of Water, Indole, and Naphthalene on A100 by the Spectroscopic, Kinetic, and DFT Studies

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising materials for adsorption and separations. It is important to understand the details of chemical bonding between the adsorbate and structural units in the MOFs. In A100 MOF, the near-UV–visible fluorescence is found to be the intralinker fluorescence. Naphthalene and indole form the stoichiometric “host-guest” π–π adsorption complexes with A100 that contain one adsorbate molecule per two BDC linkers, and adsorption of indole causes a strong quenching of the intralinker fluorescence. The excitation wavelength dependent steady-state fluorescence spectra, the nanosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectra, and DFT calculations indicate the strong π–π interactions between adsorbed indole and naphthalene and aromatic ring of the BDC linker, as well as hydrogen bonding between adsorbed indole and COO group of the linker. Activated A100 adsorbs up to four water molecules per BDC linker. Kinetic study of adsorption of naphthalene and indole from n-alkane on hydrated A10...
Growth and reproductive performances in F1 crossbred heifers from Hereford, Braford, and Bonsmara sires and Angus and Brangus dams

The objective of this research was to evaluate source and extent of tropical adaptation affecting heifer BW and productivity traits. The F1 heifers with Brangus (BN) dams were sired by Braford (BFBN; n = 44), Hereford (HEBN; n = 29), and Bonsmara (BOBN; n = 58) sires. The F1 heifers with Angus (AN) dams were sired by Hereford (HEAN; n = 32) and Bonsmara (BOAN, n = 40) sires. The F1 heifer breeds did not differ (P > 0.22) for pregnancy and weaning rate. Calving rate was similar (P > 0.26) among F1 heifer breed types, but there was a tendency (P 0.17) for BFBN and HEBN F1 cows and for HEBN and BOBN F1 cows but was greater (P 0.25) among BFBN, HEBN, and BOBN F1 cows but was greater (P 0.35) of any particular breed type based on calf:dam weaning BW ratios.
White Blood Cell Content of Transfusion Components

The mean and range values for leukocyte content in unmodified red blood cell and platelet components, as well as their leukocyte-reduced counterparts, have been included in multiple published reports. We compiled these data to facilitate comparisons between components and preparations, and to allow predictions of which methods of leukodepletion are likely to be efficacious for preventing leukocyte-mediated transfusion complications as the threshold values become better defined.
Designing Optimal Surface Currents for Efficient On-Chip mm-Wave Radiators With Active Circuitry

Integrated antennas have become the attractive solution as the electromagnetic (EM) interface for mm-Wave and terahertz ICs. However, on-chip antennas lying at the interface between two different dielectrics (such as air and substrate) can channel most of its power into multiple nonradiative surface-wave modes, reducing efficiency drastically. In this paper, we consider the following problem: given a dielectric substrate, what is the theoretical optimal 2-D surface-current configuration that collectively suppresses surface waves and maximizes radiation efficiency with the desirable radiation pattern? This paper also discusses demonstrative examples of a circuit-EM codesign approach to realize the approximation of such current configurations. Measurement results of radiating arrays in CMOS at mm-Wave frequencies (250–300 GHz) are presented and compared with theoretical predictions.
Spectral imaging of the human breast for cancer detection

We present a novel spectral imaging approach for quantitative oximetry of breast tumors. This approach identifies and uses two optimal wavelengths that vary from case to case.
Tendon and ligament as novel cell sources for engineering the knee meniscus

Summary Objective The application of cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine is hindered by the difficulty of acquiring adequate numbers of competent cells. For the knee meniscus in particular, this may be solved by harvesting tissue from neighboring tendons and ligaments. In this study, we have investigated the potential of cells from tendon and ligament, as compared to meniscus cells, to engineer scaffold-free self-assembling fibrocartilage. Method Self-assembling meniscus-shaped constructs engineered from a co-culture of articular chondrocytes and either meniscus, tendon, or ligament cells were cultured for 4 weeks with TGF-β1 in serum-free media. After culture, constructs were assessed for their mechanical properties, histological staining, gross appearance, and biochemical composition including cross-link content. Correlations were performed to evaluate relationships between biochemical content and mechanical properties. Results In terms of mechanical properties as well as biochemical content, constructs engineered using tenocytes and ligament fibrocytes were found to be equivalent or superior to constructs engineered using meniscus cells. Furthermore, cross-link content was found to be correlated with engineered tissue tensile properties. Conclusion Tenocytes and ligament fibrocytes represent viable cell sources for engineering meniscus fibrocartilage using the self-assembling process. Due to greater cross-link content, fibrocartilage engineered with tenocytes and ligament fibrocytes may maintain greater tensile properties than fibrocartilage engineered with meniscus cells.
Analysis on the Real Line

Calculus has developed systematic procedures for handling problems in which relationships between objects evolve and become exact only after one passes to a limit. As a consequence, one often ends up proving equalities between objects by what looks at first like the absurd procedure of showing that the difference between them is arbitrarily small.
Gas phase electronic structure of the 3d metal monoacetylides (MCCH, M = Sc .. Zn)

The physical properties of gas phase metal monoacetylide (MCCH, where M = Sc–Zn) molecules have been evaluated with coupled cluster theory and multireference configuration interaction. Metal monoacetylides are isovalent to well-studied metal monocyanides (MCN) and metal monoisocyanides (MNC), which suggests the MCCH series will have similar electronic structure. Some of the MCCH molecules, such as ScCCH, FeCCH, and CoCCH share a trait with their isoelectronic MCN/MNC counterparts: profound multireference character and low-lying excited electronic states. Also like the MCN/MNC molecules, the MCCH species have rather large ligand dissociation energies. Due to the prevalence of CnH polyyne molecules discovered in the interstellar medium, members of the MCCH series likely exist as relevant astrochemicals and could be involved in prebiotic reactions.
What Happens When We Don’t Read Ballads Closely Enough: The Cautionary Tale of the American Woman Poet and the Ballad

Alexandra Socarides, “What Happens When We Don’t Read Ballads Closely Enough: The Cautionary Tale of the American Woman Poet and the Ballad” (pp. 215–226) This essay looks closely at two ballads by the nineteenth-century American poet Emma Embury in order to explore some of the ways in which the ballad’s use of the structural refrain enables a critique of its often-gendered content. By situating Embury’s poems within the context of the proliferation of the “bad woman ballads” that appeared in print in the first several decades of the nineteenth century, this essay explores her particular manipulations of the genre. In Embury’s ballads, the cautionary tale is housed in a refrain that is sung by a woman. This form works to make these women’s downfalls come true at the same time that it suggests a way out of this endlessly repeatable story that the genre performs so faithfully. This essay suggests that in our consideration of the genre, we pay particularly close attention to how women poets approached the ballad’s formal devices.
Resilience of Infrastructure Systems to Sea-Level Rise in Coastal Areas: Impacts, Adaptation Measures, and Implementation Challenges

Expansive areas of low elevation in many densely populated coastal areas are at elevated risk of storm surges and flooding due to torrential precipitation, as a result of sea level rise. These phenomena could have catastrophic impacts on coastal communities and result in the destruction of critical infrastructure, disruption of economic activities and salt water contamination of the water supply. The objective of the study presented in this paper was to identify various impacts of sea level rise on civil infrastructures in coastal areas and examine the adaptation measures suggested in the existing literature. To this end, a systemic review of the existing literature was conducted in order to identify a repository of studies addressing sea level rise impacts and adaptation measures in the context of infrastructure systems. The study focused on three infrastructure sectors: water and wastewater, energy, and road transportation. The collected information was then analyzed in order to identify different categories of sea level rise impacts and corresponding adaptation measures. The findings of the study are threefold: (1) the major categories of sea level rise impacts on different infrastructure systems; (2) measures for protection, accommodation, and retreat in response to sea level rise impacts; and (3) challenges related to implementing adaptation measures.