cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of an algorithm to detect methotrexate wrong frequency error using computerized health care data.

Purpose We validated an algorithm to detect frequency errors in computerized healthcare data and estimated the incidence of these errors in an integrated healthcare system. Methods We applied Sentinel System analytic tools on the electronic health records of Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, January 1, 2010, through May 30, 2015,to identify rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with new use of methotrexate (365-day baseline period). We identified potential methotrexate frequency errors using ICD-9 code 995.20 (adverse drug event), Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code 96409 for injection of leucovorin and prescription refill patterns. We performed chart review to confirm the frequency errors, assessed performance for detecting frequency errors, and estimated the incidence of chart-confirmed errors. Results The study included 24,529 methotrexate dispensings among 3,668 RA patients. Among these, 722 (3%) had one dispensing and 23,807 (97.1%) had ≥2 dispensings during 1-year follow-up period. We flagged 653 (2.7%) with a potential medication error (46 with one dispensing and 607 with ≥2 dispensings). We sampled 94 for chart review, and confirmed three methotrexate errors. All three confirmed frequency errors involved a first methotrexate dispensing followed by injected rescue therapy, leucovorin, (positive predictive value, 60%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 15-95%). No potential errors were found among patients with ≥2 dispensings. We estimated the frequency error incidence among one methotrexate dispensing to be 0.4% (95%CI, 0.1% to 1.2%). Conclusion Rescue therapy is a specific indicator of methotrexate overdose among first methotrexate dispensings. This method is generalizable to other medications with serious adverse events treated with antidotes.
Suicide risk around the world: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies

Suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) have been a persistent problem worldwide. Identifying risk factors for STBs across distinct areas of the world may help predict who or where requires the greatest attention. However, risk factors for STBs are infrequently explored cross-nationally. The present study examined whether psychopathology prospectively predicts STBs across different areas of the world, and whether certain country-level factors moderate the degree of risk conferred. We conducted a meta-analysis of 71 longitudinal studies from 30 different countries that featured psychopathology-related variables predicting STB outcomes. Meta-regression was used to evaluate whether the following country-level factors modified risk: geographic region, income level, and degree of mental health structural stigma. Over 90% of studies had been conducted in North America and Europe. When assessed by country income level, it was found that only one longitudinal study on psychopathology and STB was conducted outside of a high-income country. Moreover, less than 10% of studies were conducted in high structural stigma contexts. Meta-regression findings revealed that the variation in risk effect sizes across studies was not explained by models including country-level factors. Our findings show critical underrepresentation of low- and middle-income countries, which account for a large proportion of global suicide deaths. This reveals a need to broaden the scope of longitudinal research on STB risk, such that countries across more regions, income levels, and degrees of structural stigma are fully accounted for. Such lines of research will improve generalizability of findings, and more precisely inform prevention efforts worldwide.
Near-Infrared Indocyanine Green-Enhanced Fluorescence and Minimally Invasive Colorectal Surgery: Review of the Literature.

Background Leakage of the anastomosis after colonic/rectal surgery is a serious complication. One of the most important causes of anastomotic leakage is impaired vascularization. A microvascular tissue deficit is very often not intraoperatively de visu detectable under white light. Near-infrared indocyanine green (ICG)-enhanced fluorescence is a cutting-edge technology that may be useful for detecting microvascular impairment and potentially preventing anastomotic leakage. Aim The aim of this narrative review was to evaluate the feasibility and the usefulness of intraoperative assessment of vascular anastomotic perfusion in colorectal surgery using an indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescent tracer. Material and methods A PubMed/MedLine, Embase, and Scopus narrative literature review was performed, in which "colorectal surgery" and "indocyanine green" were used as key words. The inclusion criteria were 1) manuscripts written in English; 2) full text is available; 3) topic related to the use of ICG fluorescence for the assessment of tissue perfusion during laparoscopic or robotic colorectal surgery; and 4) sample: adult patients, benign or malignant disease. Exclusion criteria included 1) case reports; 2) topic not related to the use of ICG fluorescence for the evaluation of tissue perfusion during laparoscopic or robotic colorectal surgery; 3) manuscripts that focused solely on other applications of ICG technology; and 4) any study type not showing original data. Results and Critical Discussion: The intraoperative visual assessment of tissue viability under white light may lead to an underestimation of microvascular blood flow impairment. ICG can be safely used in cases of minimally invasive colonic surgery and also low anterior resections. This technology may be useful when deciding whether to intraoperatively change a previously planned resection/anastomotic level, which could decrease theoretically the occurrence of anastomotic leakage. Conclusions Near-infrared ICG technology is a very useful approach. Multiple preliminary studies suggest that this technique may be used to predict anastomotic leakage. However, evaluation of the ICG signal is still too subjective. Some reliable scoring/grading parameters related to the ICG signal need to be defined. Additionally, more prospective, randomized, and adequately powered studies are required to completely reveal the true potential of this surgical technological innovation.
Aging with Toxoplasma gondii results in pathogen clearance, resolution of inflammation, and minimal consequences to learning and memory.

Persistent inflammation has been identified as a contributor to aging-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. Normal aging, in the absence of dementia, also results in gradual cognitive decline and is thought to arise, in part, because of a chronic pro-inflammatory state in the brain. Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that establishes a persistent, asymptomatic infection of the central nervous system (CNS) accompanied by a pro-inflammatory immune response in many of its hosts, including humans and rodents. Several studies have suggested that the inflammation generated by certain strains of T. gondii infection can be neuroprotective in the context of a secondary insult like beta-amyloid accumulation or stroke. Given these neuroprotective studies, we hypothesized that a prolonged infection with T. gondii may protect against age-associated decline in cognition. To test this hypothesis, we infected young adult mice with either of two genetically distinct, persistent T. gondii strains (Prugniaud/type II/haplogroup 2 and CEP/type III/haplogroup 3) and monitored mouse weight, survival, and learning and memory over the ensuing 20 months. At the end of the study, we evaluated CNS inflammation and parasite burden in the surviving mice. We found that parasite infection had no impact on age-associated decline in learning and memory and that by 20 months post infection, in the surviving mice, we found no evidence of parasite DNA, cysts, or inflammation in the CNS. In addition, we found that mice infected with type III parasites, which are supposed to be less virulent than the type II parasites, had a lower rate of long-term survival. Collectively, these data indicate that T. gondii may not cause a life-long CNS infection. Rather, parasites are likely slowly cleared from the CNS and infection and parasite clearance neither positively nor negatively impacts learning and memory in aging.
How does the intensity of physical therapy affect the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66) total score in children with cerebral palsy? A systematic review protocol

Introduction Intensive physical therapy (PT) interventions administered to children with cerebral palsy (CP) have received a significant amount of attention in published literature. However, there is considerable variability in therapy intensity among studies and notable lack of information on optimal intervention dosing. This makes it difficult for clinicians to use evidence to inform practice. Many studies use the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66) to assess functional progress in children with CP. The purpose of this systematic review will be to identify the GMFM-66 change score reported in published studies, with outcomes based on intervention intensity. Whether the type of PT intervention, child’s age, and Gross Motor Function Classification System level influence the GMFM-66 scores will be also assessed. Methods and analysis This systematic review protocol was developed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 checklist. In March 2018, nine databases (PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov, and REHABDATA) were searched for controlled clinical trials and single-subject design studies of PT interventions of any kind and intensity that used the GMFM-66 as an outcome measure for children with CP, age up to 18 years. Two authors independently reviewed the titles and abstracts and arrived at consensus on paper selection for a full-text review. The same process was used for a full-text article screening based on further detailed inclusion criteria, with a final selection made for those suitable for data extraction. Prior to commencement of data extraction, all searches will be updated, and new results re-screened. Ethics and dissemination This study will involve a systematic review of published articles and no primary data collection. Therefore, no ethical approval will be necessary. Results will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed publication and presented at scientific conferences. PROSPERO registration number CRD42020147669
Abstract 14494: Once You 1c It, You Can’t Unsee It: A Case of Flecainide Toxicity

Introduction: Flecainide is a class 1c antiarrhythmic commonly used for the treatment of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in the absence of underlying structural heart disease. The significant pr...
Genetically Intact Bioengineered Spores of Bacillus subtilis

Developments in genome editing offer potential solutions to challenges in agriculture, industry, medicine, and the environment. However, many technologies remain unexploited due to limitations in the use of genetically altered organisms. In this study, we use B. subtilis spores to explore the possibility of bioengineering organisms while leaving their genome intact. Taking advantage of the differential expression between the mother cell and the fore-spore compartments during sporulation, we created plasmids programmed to modify the spore phenotype from the mother cell compartment, but to "self-digest" in the fore-spore. At the end of sporulation, the mother cell undergoes lysis and releases the phenotypically engineered, genetically unaltered spores. Using this approach, we demonstrated the potential to express foreign proteins in B. subtilis spores without genome alterations by producing spores expressing GFP in their protective coats, where approximately 90% of the spore population had no detectable plasmid or chromosome alterations. In a separate demonstration, we programmed KinA overexpression during vegetative growth to artificially induce sporulation, and also obtained spores with nearly 90% of them free of detectable plasmid. Artificial induction of sporulation could potentially simplify the bioprocess for industrial spore production, as it reduces the number of steps involved. Overall, these findings demonstrate the potential to create genetically intact bioengineered organisms.
Land Use and Endemic Avian Biodiversity on Nusa Penida

Understanding anthropogenic alterations to land use and their effects can inform conservation efforts in tropical biodiversity hotspots. In 2004 the Indonesian Palau Penida Archipelago, off the coast of Bali, was established as an unofficial bird reserve; however, studies of the island9s land use and avian biodiversity were never conducted and have not been monitored. I surveyed birds across 32 transects in land use categories designated: agriculture, deforested, developed, and forest. Forest transects presented the greatest endemic species richness, but overall, Shannon diversity different significantly among land use categories, particularly forested and deforested. ANOVA indicated exotic bird density was significantly higher than endemic bird density across all transects. Birds serve as a common biodiversity barometer and this study can serve to inform land use management decisions on the Archipelago and throughout reserves and protected areas throughout the tropics.
Reductive silylation of polyoxovanadate surfaces using Mashima's reagent

Here, we present the first example of reductive silylation for oxygen defect formation at the surface of a polyoxometalate. Upon addition of 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)dihydropyrazine (Pyz(SiMe3)2) to [V6O7(OMe)12]1−, quantitative formation of the oxygen-deficient vanadium oxide assembly, [V6O6(OMe)12]1− was observed. Substoichiometric reactions of Pyz(SiMe3)2 with the parent cluster revealed the mechanism of defect formation; addition of 0.5 equiv. of Pyz(SiMe3)2 to [V6O7(OMe)12]1− results in isolation of [V6O6(OSiMe3)(OMe)12]1−. This reactivity was extended to reduced and oxidized forms of the cluster, [V6O7(OMe)12]n (n = 2-, 0), revealing the consequences of modifying the oxidation states of remote transition metal ions on the stability of the siloxide functional group, and thus the extent of reactivity of the cluster surface with Pyz(SiMe3)2. The work offers a new understanding of the mechanisms of surface activation of reducible metal oxides via reductive silylation, and reveals new chemical routes for the formation of oxygen atom vacancies in polyoxometalate ions.
Under-recognition of sleep-disordered breathing and other common health conditions in the West Virginia Medicaid population: a driver of poor health outcomes.

Study objectives Assess the prevalence rates of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in a high-risk and rural dwelling Medicaid population with significant comorbidities. Methods Our study analyzed anonymized administrative claims data from WV Medicaid. Claims data from 2019 were aggregated at the individual level to assess the overall prevalence of SDB and related conditions among adult Medicaid beneficiaries. The prevalence rate of SDB specifically among individuals who had comorbid congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or obesity was determined. Finally, we compared our prevalence estimates from this Medicaid database with prevalence rates from national datasets including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Results Of the total 413,757 Medicaid ≥18 years old enrollees analyzed, 36,433 had a diagnosis code of SDB for an overall prevalence of 8.8%. Based on national data sets and our study cohort characteristics, we conservatively estimated the prevalence of SDB in this WV Medicaid population to be 25%. For our secondary analyses, we determined the prevalence of SDB in specific disease cohorts CHF (SDB prevalence 45%), COPD (SDB prevalence 27%), and obesity (SDB prevalence 14%). Conclusions Our analysis of WV Medicaid claims data indicates that SDB and other important medical conditions are under-recognized in this vulnerable, high-risk, primarily rural population. Interestingly, SDB was identified at high rates in the disease cohorts of interest. Our team believes SDB represents an ideal target/model for addressing the growing health disparities in the United States, which is a major concern for all stakeholders in healthcare.
The Case for Limiting the Use of Technology to Teach

In our attempt to dazzle students with technological innovation, we must be careful not to overuse or misuse the technology. Regardless of the technology, students who merely receive knowledge in a passive way will not learn effectively. Thus, we must limit our teaching through technology to instances in which we can still encourage active learning. This article discusses some of the benefits and drawbacks of technology in the classroom using an 'older' tool -- PowerPoint -- as a model.
Performance of Advanced Discrete-Time RAKE Receivers

In this paper, we investigate the performance of several advanced discrete-time RAKE receivers under the effect of channel statistics estimation errors. The name of the first receiver is the decorrelating discrete-time RAKE receiver (D-DTR), which improves the performance in the presence of channel estimation errors in diffuse channels. The second receiver is the discrete-time version of the generalized RAKE (G-DTR) receiver. The G-DTR has been proposed for correlated interference mitigation. The last system is the generalized decorrelating discrete-time RAKE receiver (GD-DTR), which combines the benefits of the D-DTR and the G-DTR. In the literature, it is shown that the D-DTR is sensitive to the estimation of the channel covariance matrix. In this work, we reduced this sensitivity and according to our results in worst case scenario the performance of the D-DTR is equal to a conventional discrete-time RAKE receiver (C-DTR). For the case of the GD-DTR, we introduce a very simple method for the estimation of the noise plus interference statistics and we modify the channel statistics estimation method of the D-DTR to be valid for the GD-DTR. Our simulations show that the GD-DTR needs an estimation quality above some threshold for a performance gain compared to the C-DTR.
Effects of the alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist guanfacine on attention and working memory in aged non-human primates

Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors are potential targets for ameliorating cognitive deficits associated with aging as well as certain pathologies such as attention deficit disorder, schizophrenia, and Parkinson’s disease. Although the alpha-2 agonist guanfacine has been reported to improve working memory in aged primates, it has been difficult to assess the extent to which these improvements may be related to drug effects on attention and/or memory processes involved in task performance. The present study investigated effects of guanfacine on specific attention and memory tasks in aged monkeys. Four Rhesus monkeys (18–21 years old) performed a sustained attention (continuous performance) task and spatial working memory task (self-ordered spatial search) that has minimal demands on attention. Effects of a low (0.0015mg/kg) and high (0.5 mg/kg) dose of gunafacine were examined. Low dose guanfacine improved performance on the attention task (i.e., decreased omission errors by 50.8 ± 4.3% (p = 0.001) without an effect on commission errors) but failed to improve performance on the spatial working memory task. The high dose of guanfacine had no effects on either task. Guanfacine may have a preferential effect on some aspects of attention in normal aged monkeys and in doing so may also improve performance on other tasks, including some working memory tasks that have relatively high attention demands.
Distinctive Myeloma Globulins Associated with a New Plasma Cell Neoplasm of Strain C3H Mice

A transmissible plasma-cell neoplasm (5647) accompanied by marked serum protein changes has been described in the mouse. The principal characteristics of this neoplasm and the associated serum protein changes have remained unchanged during two years of observation. The transplanted neoplasm usually remains confined to the site of implantation. Osteolytic lesions and abnormal cells in the peripheral blood were not seen. Morphologically the neoplastic cells retain many characteristics of normal plasma-cells, with clumping of the nuclear chromatin, an eccentric nucleus and a clear zone in the basophilic cytoplasm. Serum electrophoretic analyses revealed a markedly abnormal serum protein pattern. The total serum protein was increased by two to three grams per cent in mice bearing 5647 neoplasms weighing 6 grams or more. Increased amounts of proteins with beta globulin and fast gamma globulin electrophoretic mobility were the most striking electrophoretic findings. These components comprised as much as 35 per cent of the serum proteins in animals with large neoplasms. Serum ultracentrifugal analyses also demonstrated a markedly abnormal distribution of the serum proteins. Normal mouse serum contains components with sedimentation coefficients (S20,W) of 4, 6.5 and 16 S. Serum of mice bearing neoplasm 5647 contained, in addition to the normal components, proteins with sedimentation coefficients of 9, 11 and 13 S. These serum components, accounting for as much as 20 per cent of the total protein, have been found only with neoplasm 5647. The quantity of the abnormal serum components seen on electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal analyses was found to increase as the tumor weight increased. Bence Jones protein was not found in the urine of mice bearing the 5647 neoplasm. Neoplasm 5647 was found to differ significantly in biologic behavior and in the associated serum protein changes from two other transmissible plasma-cell neoplasms of the mouse (5563 and 70429) which have been under observation in these laboratories. The mouse plasma-cell neoplasm 5647 resembles in several characteristics the malignant plasmacytomas in man having associated myeloma proteins of beta globulin electrophoretic mobility.
Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection

Background on genetic algorithms, LISP, and genetic programming hierarchical problem-solving introduction to automatically-defined functions - the two-boxes problem problems that straddle the breakeven point for computational effort Boolean parity functions determining the architecture of the program the lawnmower problem the bumblebee problem the increasing benefits of ADFs as problems are scaled up finding an impulse response function artificial ant on the San Mateo trail obstacle-avoiding robot the minesweeper problem automatic discovery of detectors for letter recognition flushes and four-of-a-kinds in a pinochle deck introduction to biochemistry and molecular biology prediction of transmembrane domains in proteins prediction of omega loops in proteins lookahead version of the transmembrane problem evolutionary selection of the architecture of the program evolution of primitives and sufficiency evolutionary selection of terminals evolution of closure simultaneous evolution of architecture, primitive functions, terminals, sufficiency, and closure the role of representation and the lens effect. Appendices: list of special symbols list of special functions list of type fonts default parameters computer implementation annotated bibliography of genetic programming electronic mailing list and public repository.
rMPI: message passing on multicore processors with on-chip interconnect

With multicore processors becoming the standard architecture, programmers are faced with the challenge of developing applications that capitalize on multicore's advantages. This paper presents rMPI, which leverages the onchip networks of multicore processors to build a powerful abstraction with which many programmers are familiar: the MPI programming interface. To our knowledge, rMPI is the first MPI implementation for multicore processors that have on-chip networks. This study uses the MIT Raw processor as an experimentation and validation vehicle, although the findings presented are applicable to multicore processors with on-chip networks in general. Likewise, this study uses the MPI API as a general interface which allows parallel tasks to communicate, but the results shown in this paper are generally applicable to message passing communication. Overall, rMPI's design constitutes the marriage of message passing communication and on-chip networks, allowing programmers to employ a well-understood programming model to a high performance multicore processor architecture. This work assesses the applicability of the MPI API to multicore processors with on-chip interconnect, and carefully analyzes overheads associated with common MPI operations. This paper contrasts MPI to lower-overhead network interface abstractions that the on-chip networks provide. The evaluation also compares rMPI to hand-coded applications running directly on one of the processor's lowlevel on-chip networks, as well as to a commercial-quality MPI implementation running on a cluster of Ethernet-connected workstations. Results show speedups of 4x to 15x for 16 processor cores relative to one core, depending on the application, which equal or exceed performance scalability of the MPI cluster system. However, this paper ultimately argues that while MPI offers reasonable performance on multicores when, for instance, legacy applications must be run, its large overheads squander the multicore opportunity. Performance of multicores could be significantly improved by replacing MPI with a lighter-weight communications API with a smaller memory footprint.
Management Education in Public Health: Further Considerations; Comment on “Management Matters: A Leverage Point for Health Systems Strengthening in Global Health”

Knowing and applying the basic management functions of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling, as well as their permutations and combinations, are vital to effective delivery of public health services. Presently, graduate programs that prepare public health professionals neither emphasize teaching management theory, nor its application. This deficit puts those who become managers in public health and those they serve at a distinct disadvantage. This deficit can be remedied by enhanced teaching of management subjects.
Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole and Ampicillin in the Treatment of Acute Urinary Tract Infections in Children: A Double-Blind Study

Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin therapy in children with acute urinary tract infection, whose microorganisms were susceptible to both drugs, proved to be of similar effectiveness. Side effects did not differ significantly between the two treatment groups.
Persistence of sham feeding after real-fed gastric loads in rats.

Abstract Esophagostomized rats were permitted to “real-feed” a glucose solution (Experiment 1) or milk (Experiment 2), by receiving intragastric (IG) infusions concurrent with sham feeding. This was done for the first part of the feeding session; then the IG infusions were discontinued so that subsequent ingestion was sham. When such infusions stopped after 80% of real-meal volume had been delivered, they had no measurable effect on subsequent oral ingestion: sham feeding persisted as if nothing had been delivered IG. Therefore, the onset of postingestive satiety, at least in experienced sham-feeding rats, is all-or-none or close to it: if the IG loads are even slightly short of what is required to abolish sham feeding, then they do not affect sham feeding at all. This is so even if the postingestive events occur within their normal behavioral context.
Recognition and treatment of herpes simplex keratitis

Although the incidence of ocular herpes simplex virus infection has not diminished in recent years, we are encountering fewer severe problems such as necrotizing stromal keratitis and diffuse disciform keratitis which may necessitate penetrating keratoplasty. The earlier recognition of herpes simplex viral keratitis and the better management utilizing oral antivirals and topical corticosteroids is probably responsible for this improved outlook of herpes simplex keratitis. Early recognition and management of acute and chronic herpetic keratitis, as well as the management of keratoplasty for herpes will be reviewed.
Nutritional roles of lactoferrin.

Purpose of reviewUntil relatively recently, the only significant source of lactoferrin in the diet was human lactoferrin, provided in breast milk. Today, however, bovine lactoferrin, isolated by dairy technology, as well as recombinant human lactoferrin are commercially available and can be added to
Mechanism of Hardness of Aged Compacts

AbstractThe hardness changes in aged compacts of the chloride, bromide and iodide salts of sodium, potassium and ammonium, stored at various relative humidities, were studied. The effect of moisture on hardness followed a parabolic curve. Hardness increased with increasing moisture content, reached a maximum value in the region of deliquescence and then decreased drastically as the salt deliquesced. The incorporation of moisture in the starting material resulted in compacts with a pronounced decrease in strength. However, no further significant hardness changes were observed on aging. Addition of lubricants drastically reduced tablet hardness, and significantly reduced the hardening on aging.
Differential rate of recovery in athletes after first and second concussion episodes.

OBJECTIVE: Clinical observations suggest that a history of previous concussions may cause a slower recovery of neurological function after recurrent concussion episodes. However, direct examination of this notion has not been provided. This report investigates the differential rate of restoring the visual-kinesthetic integration in collegiate athletes experiencing single versus recurrent concussion episodes. METHODS: One hundred sixty collegiate athletes were tested preseason using multi-modal research methodology. Of these, 38 experienced mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) and were tested on Days 10, 15, and 30 after injury. Nine of these MTBl patients experienced a second MTBI within 1 year after the first brain injury and were retested. The postconcussion symptoms checklist, neuropsychological evaluations, and postural responses to vistial field motion were recorded using a virtual reality environment. RESULTS: All patients were asymptomatic at Day 10 of testing and were cleared for sport participation based on clinical symptoms resolution. Balance deficits, as evident by incoherence with visual field motion postural responses, were present at least 30 days after injury (P < 0.001). Most importantly, the rate of balance symptoms restoration was significantly reduced after a recurrent, second concussion (P < 0.001) compared with those after the first concussion. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study confirm our previous research indicating the presence of long-term residual visual-motor disintegration in concussed individuals with normal neuropsychological measures. Most importantly, athletes with a history of previous concussion demonstrate significantly slower rates of recovery of neurological functions after the second episode of MTBl.
ritual and resource flow: the Garifuna dugu

The dugu, a complex ancestral feast of the Garifuna (Black Carib) of Belize, is discussed in light of contemporary resource stress. Evidence of malnutrition, declining subsistence activities, and migration lends credence to the argument, presented in this paper, that the increased size and frequency of dugu cermonies provides a strategy for resource redistribution between wealthier migrants and their poorer kin. Simultaneously, the threat of cultural disintegration is assuaged. The buyai (Garifuna shaman) plays a pivotal role in directing the flow of scarce resources for the benefit of the community. [ritual, Garifuna, redistribution, ethnicity, Belize]
Surgical management of large villous tumors of the rectum.

Seventy-two patients with villous tumors of the rectum were included in the study (Table 2). The tumors ranged from 2 to 12 cm in greates dimension and were 4 to 15 cm from the anal verge. Fifty-three patients had transanal excision of the lesions as a definitive treatment. The surgical technic is described. In three cases abdominoperineal resection was done for invasive carcinoma, and similar radical surgery was necessary for two extensive benign tumors which involved the entire circumference of the rectal wall.
SuperCard: scripting tool for Macintosh

SuperCard is a scripting tool for creating new Macintosh applications from scratch,for assembling new applications from other Macintosh applications, from HyperCard stacks, or from external commands or functions. SuperCard runs on the Macintosh Plus, SE, SE/30, Macintosh II or IIx using the 6.02 System and Finder 6.1 (or later). It requires 1 Mb of RAM memory to run, or 2 Mb to run in color. The program sells for $199 and is produced by Silicon Beach Software, Inc., 9770 Carroll Center Road, Suite J, San Diego, CA 92126, USA. Tel: +1 (619) 695‐6956.
Cardiac Progenitor Cells and Biotinylated Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Nanofibers Improve Endogenous and Exogenous Myocardial Regeneration After Infarction

Background— Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) possess the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)-IGF-1 receptor system, and IGF-1 can be tethered to self-assembling peptide nanofibers (NF-IGF-1), leading to prolonged release of this growth factor to the myocardium. Therefore, we tested whether local injection of clonogenic CPCs and NF-IGF-1 potentiates the activation and differentiation of delivered and resident CPCs enhancing cardiac repair after infarction. Methods and Results— Myocardial infarction was induced in rats, and untreated infarcts and infarcts treated with CPCs or NF-IGF-1 only and CPCs and NF-IGF-1 together were analyzed. With respect to infarcts exposed to CPCs or NF-IGF-1 alone, combination therapy resulted in a greater increase in the ratio of left ventricular mass to chamber volume and a better preservation of +dP/dt, −dP/dt, ejection fraction, and diastolic wall stress. Myocardial regeneration was detected in all treated infarcts, but the number of newly formed myocytes with combination th...
IMMUNIZATION OF CHILDREN WITH CANCER WITH HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE b (HIB) POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE

IMMUNIZATION OF CHILDREN WITH CANCER WITH HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE b (HIB) POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE
Assessment of cell proliferation by AgNOR scores and Ki-67 labeling indices and a comparison with potential doubling times

The potential doubling time (T[pot]) has been proposed as a pretreatment estimator of intratreatment tumor proliferative capacity. The assay has several limitations, however, including the inability to discriminate between host and tumor cells in diploid tumors and the need for prospective labeling of patients with a halogenated pyrimidine. Often a separate biopsy is needed as well. In this study, Ki-67 immunostaining and AgNOR silver staining were examined as possible alternative methods by comparing them with the T[pot] in an in vitro system using two different cell lines under varying growth conditions. Using CaSki cells, nutritional status was varied to alter proliferation rates, and a strong correlation was found between Ki-67 labeling index and AgNOR scores (r = 0.927, P = 0.0003). Both Ki-67 labeling index and AgNOR scores had statistically significant inverse correlations with cell doubling time (T[d]), length of S phase (T[s]), and T(pot), as well as a positive correlation with iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd) labeling index. As an alternative method of inhibiting proliferation, 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4OH-TAM), the potent anti-estrogenic metabolite of tamoxifen, was used to inhibit the proliferation of estrogen-dependent MCF-7 cells. Treatment with the anti-estrogen resulted in decreased Ki-67 labeling index and AgNOR scores of MCF-7 cells, correlating with a decrease in IdUrd labeling index and inversely correlating with T(pot). The significant correlations among Ki-67 labeling index, AgNOR scores, and these other measures of proliferation suggest their potential value as indicators of proliferative activity. Retrospective markers, such as Ki-67 labeling index or AgNOR score, may be particularly attractive clinically in that prospective labeling of patients with halogenated pyrimidines could be avoided; however, extensive clinical testing will be required before the clinical usefulness of these markers can be established.
Role of photocurrent in low-temperature photoemission studies of Schottky-barrier formation

Photoelectron spectroscopy is frequently used to study band bending in semiconductors due to charge stored in surface or interface states. This paper examines how such experimental results are modified by photovoltages generated within the band-bending region not only by ambient light sources, but by the incident x rays themselves. Recent experiments which have suggested dopant-dependent and reversible temperature-dependent band bending in the initial stages of formation of the metal-GaAs(110) interface are used as an example. It is shown here that the reported dependence derives from a photovoltaic effect.
Carbon nanotube in different shapes

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been well studied theoretically and experimentally. Perfect CNTs have a crystalline structure formed by hexagonal network; defects cause the tubule to curve. CNTs with different tubule morphologies have their own special properties and potential applications. So far, many different shapes, such as straight, waved, coiled, and branched, are predicted, observed, and target synthesized. This article reviews CNTs in different shapes formed during growth, their morphologies and their possible applications.
Pair decay of the 7.65-MeV level of C 12

The ground-state nuclear pair decay branch from the 7.65-MeV ${0}^{+}$ level in $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ has been measured using the reaction $^{12}\mathrm{C}(p,{p}^{\ensuremath{'}})^{12}\mathrm{C}$ on a 3.5-mg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ thick carbon target at ${E}_{p}=10.5$ MeV together with a magnetic pair spectrometer. For normalization the internal pair line due to the 4.44-MeV $E2$ transition from the first-excited state of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ was used. In separate measurements the corresponding relative populations of the 7.65- and 4.44-MeV states were determined. The angular distribution of the 4.44-MeV $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays was also measured in order to obtain the correction to the spectrometer efficiency due to nuclear alignment. A pair decay branch of (7.1 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.8) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ was obtained for the 7.65-MeV level in agreement with, but somewhat more accurate than previous measurements.NUCLEAR STRUCTURE $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, 7.65-MeV state; measured $\frac{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$; deduced ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\mathrm{rad}}$.
Aphasia treatment: Intensity, dose parameters, and script training

Studies of aphasia treatment have shown that intensive speech-language therapy is associated with significant improvements. However, there is no standard definition of intensity and the simplistic notion that "more is better" is not necessarily supported by the research. First, current evidence regarding intensity and aphasia treatment was briefly summarized. Second, studies that directly compare conditions of higher- and lower-intensity treatment for aphasia were reviewed with regard to the inclusion of parameters that contribute to a definition of intensity. In addition to five parameters proposed by Warren, Fey, and Yoder (2007) and highlighted by Baker (2012) , total number of sessions was also often documented. The review illustrated the complexity of quantifying the dose of comprehensive treatments that target multiple modalities and utilize a variety of different strategies. Third, data from a study reporting a relationship between intensive computer-based script training and outcomes in aphasia were examined. Results serve to illustrate Baker's contention that intensity alone is insufficient without also considering the active ingredients of the teaching episode. Information about dose, therapeutic inputs, and client acts can lead to better optimization of an intervention.
Smoking initiation, tobacco product use, and secondhand smoke exposure among general population and sexual minority youth, Missouri, 2011-2012.

INTRODUCTION Research indicates disparities in risky health behaviors between heterosexual and sexual minority (referred to as LGBQ; also known as lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, and questioning) youth. Limited data are available for tobacco-use-related behaviors beyond smoking status. We compared data on tobacco age of initiation, product use, and secondhand smoke exposure between general population and LGBQ youth. METHODS Data for general population youth were from the statewide, representative 2011 Missouri Youth Tobacco Survey, and data for LGBQ youth were from the 2012 Out, Proud and Healthy survey (collected at Missouri Pride Festivals). Age-adjusted Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel tests were used to examine differences between general population (N = 1,547) and LGBQ (N = 410) youth, aged 14 to 18 years. Logistic regression models identified variables associated with current smoking. RESULTS The 2 groups differed significantly on many tobacco-use-related factors. General population youth initiated smoking at a younger age, and LGBQ youth did not catch up in smoking initiation until age 15 or 16. LGBQ youth (41.0%) soon surpassed general population youth (11.2%) in initiation and proportion of current smokers. LGBQ youth were more likely to use cigars/cigarillos, be poly-tobacco users, and be exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS) in a vehicle (for never smokers). Older age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.39, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.18-1.62), female sex (OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.13-2.37), LGBQ identity (OR = 3.86, 95% CI = 2.50-5.94), other tobacco product use (OR = 8.67, 95% CI = 6.01-12.51), and SHS exposure in a vehicle (OR = 5.97, 95% CI = 3.83-9.31) all significantly increased the odds of being a current smoker. CONCLUSION This study highlights a need for the collection of data on sexual orientation on youth tobacco surveys to address health disparities among LGBQ youth.
Practical Numerical Algorithms for Chaotic Systems

The goal of this book qre to present an elementary introduction on chaotic systems for the non-specialist, and to present and extensive package of computer algorithms ( in the form of pseudocode) for simulating and characterizing chaotic phenomena. These numerical algorithms have been implemented in a software package called INSITE (Interactive Nonlinear System Investigative Toolkit for Everyone) which is being distributed separately.
"There Is No Way without a Because": Revitalization of Purpose at Three Liberal Arts Colleges

This paper describes the renewal of mission at three liberal arts colleges. Based on interviews with 77 participants and the review of more than 2,000 pages of institutional documents, the study explores how groups of individuals responded to an institutional crisis by seeking a more satisfying institutional life. The paper draws parallels between these efforts at mission-centered change and socio-cultural movement theory. Disciplines Higher Education Administration | Social and Behavioral Sciences This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/gse_pubs/273 HARTLEY / Revitalization at Three Liberal Arts Colleges 75 The Review of Higher Education Fall 2003, Volume 27, No. 1, pp. 75–102 Copyright © 2003 Association for the Study of Higher Education All Rights Reserved (ISSN 0162-5748) “There Is No Way without a Because”: Revitalization of Purpose at Three Liberal Arts Colleges
Probabilistic Context-Free Grammar Induction Based on Structural Zeros

We present a method for induction of concise and accurate probabilistic context-free grammars for efficient use in early stages of a multi-stage parsing technique. The method is based on the use of statistical tests to determine if a non-terminal combination is unobserved due to sparse data or hard syntactic constraints. Experimental results show that, using this method, high accuracies can be achieved with a non-terminal set that is orders of magnitude smaller than in typically induced probabilistic context-free grammars, leading to substantial speed-ups in parsing. The approach is further used in combination with an existing reranker to provide competitive WSJ parsing results.
A STUDY OF Si DEPOSITION SYNCHRONY IN RHIZOSOLENIA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) MATS USING A NOVEL 32Si AUTORADIOGRAPHIC METHOD

A 32Si autoradiographic technique using a liquid photographic emulsion was developed for the study of diatom silica deposition in culture or in natural water samples. The method was used in the Central North Pacific to study silica deposition by diatoms of the genus Rhizosolenia. The species examined form centimeter-sized aggregates commonly referred to as mats. The Rhizosolenia mats examined were composed of a matrix of R. fallax Sundstrom chains, embedded with chains of larger cells, either R. debyana H. Peragallo or R. acuminata H. Peragallo. The autoradiographs revealed distinct rings of labeled intercalary bands and/or labeled valves. A greater proportion of the frustule of the larger species was labeled during the incubations with 32Si, implying higher rates of silicification by R. debyana and R. accuminata compared to R. fallax. A quantitative consideration of these differences in species-specific Si production combined with abundance and surface area estimates for each species indicates that cells of the larger species carry out the majority of silica production in Rhizosolenia mats. The large cell size (pervalvar axis 240 to 3000 μm) and elongate frustule morphology of Rhizosolenia cells enabled us to localize the deposition of silica along the pervalvar axis. Positions of labeled bands along this axis indicate progress through the Si deposition cycle, and the results suggest that cell division is phased, with either a bimodal or unimodal age distribution of cells within the cell cycle for all species in a mat. Species-specific doubling times from 25 to 60 h were implied by the mean fractions of frustule that were labeled. 32Si autoradiography revealed unique species-specific differences in diel patterns of cell division and silica deposition and has potential for studies of Si deposition by other diatom species and assemblages.