cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Punishment leads to cooperative behavior in structured societies

Altruistic punishment occurs when an agent incurs a cost to punish another but receives no material benefit for doing so. Despite the seeming irrationality of such behavior, humans in laboratory settings routinely pay to punish others even in anonymous, one-shot settings. Costly punishment is ubiquitous among social organisms in general and is increasingly accepted as a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation. Yet if it is true that punishment explains cooperation, the evolution of altruistic punishment remains a mystery. In a series of computer simulations I give agents the ability to punish one another while playing a continuous prisoner's dilemma. In simulations without social structure, expected behavior evolves-agents do not punish and consequently no cooperation evolves. Likewise, in simulations with social structure but no ability to punish, no cooperation evolves. However, in simulations where agents are both embedded in a social structure and have the option to inflict costly punishment, cooperation evolves quite readily. This suggests a simple and broadly applicable explanation of cooperation for social organisms that have nonrandom social structure and a predisposition to punish one another. Results with scale-free networks further suggest that nodal degree distribution plays an important role in determining whether cooperation will evolve in a structured population.
Electron Affinities of 1,1-Diaryl-2,3,4,5-tetraphenylsiloles: Direct Measurements and Comparison with Experimental and Theoretical Estimates

We present a comprehensive experimental and theoretical characterization of the electronic structure of four 1,1-diaryl-2,3,4,5-tetraphenylsiloles (aryl = phenyl, 2-(9,9-dimethylfluorenyl), 2-thienyl, pentafluorophenyl). Solid-state electron affinities and ionization potentials of these siloles were measured using inverse-photoelectron spectroscopy (IPES) and photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), respectively; the density of electronic states obtained from calculations performed at the density functional theory (DFT) level corresponds very well to the PES and IPES data. The direct IPES measurements of electron affinity were then used to assess alternative estimates based on electrochemical and/or optical data. We also used DFT to calculate the reorganization energies for the electron-transfer reactions between these siloles and their radical anions. Additionally, optical data and ionization potential and electron affinity data were utilized to estimate the binding energies of excitons in these siloles.
Effect of variation at Glu‐D1 on club wheat end‐use quality

Club wheats (Triticum aestivum L.), having the allele at the C locus conferring short spike rachis internodes and giving compact appearance of spikes, which have unique and highly desirable soft white wheat end-use quality characteristics are a vital submarket class of soft white wheat in the US Pacific Northwest. Two important varieties, ‘Tyee’ and ‘Albit’, are heterogeneous for high molecular weight glutenin subunits 2 + 12 and 5 + 10 encoded by the Glu-D1 locus. Replicated near-isogenic lines (NILs) of club wheats ‘Tyee’ and ‘Albit’ were grown in four field environments and used to determine the effect of Glu-D1 coded high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMWGS) 5 + 10 and 2 + 12 on various end-use quality traits. The greatest effect of variation at this locus was observed for mixing time to peak, where there was significant variation (P < 0.01) between each 5 + 10 and 2 + 12 NIL group in each environment. Mixing time values for the 2 + 12 NILs for both ‘Albit’ and ‘Tyee’ ranged from 0.60 to 1.23 min lower than the 5 + 10 NILs. Mean values for traits mixing time to peak, cake volume, and viscosity were more favourable for the 2 + 12 NIL groups for all genotypes in all environments. No effects of these HMWGS were detected for test weight, kernel hardness, whole wheat protein, flour yield, ash, flour protein or cookie diameter. Selection for HMWGS 2 + 12 in club wheat breeding programmes should have positive effects on end-use quality.
Transfer Function of A.C. Machines

The concept of transfer function can be easily extended to rotating machines if Laplace transform is applied to generalized vector equations. The solutions are directly available, are rigorous and are very easy to handle. The only restriction imposed is linearity, by virtue of the Laplace transform. Classical concepts like transient and subtransient reactances and time constants can be precisely defined. Two results are of immediate practical value: during disturbances the ac current components will deviate from 60 Hz, even if the rotors of synchronous machines maintain their speed, affecting the operation of frequency relays; an inexpensive analog model can be developed some 100,000 times faster than the 60 Hz real time frame.
Fisheries Education from the Private Sector Perspective

Abstract Preparation of a fisheries scientist for a job in private industry is not greatly different from preparation of a fisheries scientist for a job in government or academia. Basically, a fisheries scientist's education must develop his abilities to reason and to communicate. Presently, North American universities are doing a barely acceptable job of educating fisheries scientists. Significant improvement can be achieved through broadening coursework, requiring short-term individual research with detailed analysis, and encouraging practical exercises in interdisciplinary work. The responsibility of private industry rests mainly in providing intern jobs or co-op programs, providing on-the job training, and making resources available to universities. However, the attitude and efforts of the individual professors represent the most critical factor in the preparation of fisheries scientists for employment in private industry.
Micromachined deformable mirror for optical wavefront compensation

A silicon micromachined deformable mirror ((mu) DM) has been developed by Boston University and Boston Micromachines Corporation (BMC). The (mu) DM employs a flexible silicon mirror supported by mechanical attachments to an array of electrostatic parallel plate actuators. The integrated system of mirror and actuators was fabricated by surface micromachining using polycrystalline silicon thin films. The mirror itself measures 3 mm X 3 mm X 3 micrometer, supported by a square array of 140 electrostatic parallel- electrode actuators through 140 attachment posts. Recently, this (mu) DM was characterized for its electro-mechanical and optical behavior and then integrated into two laboratory-scale adaptive optics systems as a wavefront correction device. Figures of merit for the system include stroke of 2 micrometer, resolution of 10 nm, and frequency bandwidth of 6.7 kHz. The device is compact, exhibits no hysteresis, and has good optical quality.
Relations of lamellae and crystallography of quartz and fabric directions in some deformed rocks

Deformation lamellae in quartz are described in detail. Statistical studies confirm previously described relationships. Detailed measurements in separate zones of the petrofabric diagrams yield new data on the nature of the lamellae and their control. The uses of the lamellae in geologic interpretation are outlined.
Lower extremity joint position sense in runners with and without a history of knee overuse injury

Kinematic and kinetic analyses are routinely implemented to determine if gait differences exist between runners with and without a history of knee injury. Hip and knee kinematic differences have been reported between knee injured and non-injured runners. Yet, there is no consensus on whether these differences are the primary variables contributing to knee injury. Furthermore, there may be additional underlying factors that contribute to the development of injury that cannot be determined by gait analysis. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if joint position sense differences exist in runners with and without a history of knee overuse injury. Sagittal plane knee and hip joint position sense was measured in 13 runners with a history of knee overuse injury and 13 runners with no history of knee overuse injury. Absolute joint position replication error was measured during both a weight bearing and a non-weight bearing condition. Joint position replication errors at each joint were compared among groups and task using a two-way ANOVA with joint task as the repeated measure. Knee and hip joint replication errors were similar between both groups. The weight bearing and non-weight bearing tasks resulted in similar joint position replication errors. There were no interaction effects. In conclusion, knee flexion and hip adduction joint position sense is similar in runners with and without a history of knee overuse injury. Therefore, joint position sense measured via weight bearing and non-weight bearing joint position replication tasks may not play an important role in the development of knee overuse injury.
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-3 potentiation of IGF action is mediated through the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathway and is associated with alteration in protein kinase B/AKT sensitivity.

Cell-association and processing of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) by cultured bovine fibroblasts results in markedly enhanced type I IGF receptor signaling at a step distal to ligand binding. The purpose of the present study was to determine the intracellular mediators of IGFBP-3’s potentiating effect. Preincubation of cultured bovine fibroblasts with 50 nm IGFBP-3 had no effect alone, but enhanced by 3- to 4-fold IGF-I-stimulated 3H-aminoisobutryric acid (AIB) uptake. IGFBP-3-induced potentiation was specifically prevented if an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3)-kinase activation (LY294002), but not an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation (PD98059), was present during the preincubation period. IGFBP-3 did not directly activate the downstream effector of PI3-kinase, protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt. However, the sensitivity of PKB/Akt to activation by IGF-I was increased by 2- to 4-fold with IGFBP-3 pretreatment. This increased sensitivity was accompanied by a...
Supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of recurrent migraines in adolescents

Abstract Purpose: To examine whether dietary supplementation with fish oil rich in very long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids might reduce frequency and severity of migraines in adolescents. Methods: Twenty-seven adolescents suffering from frequent migraines for at least 1 year (mean 4 ± 1 years since migraine onset) participated in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study consisting of 2 months of fish oil, 1-month washout period, and 2 months of placebo (olive oil). Participants self-assessed severity and duration of headache episodes (7-point faces and 10-point visual analog pain scales, 5-point frequency and severity rating scale) throughout the study. At the end of every 2-month treatment period, participants rated the effectiveness of treatment on a 7-point Likert scale (1,"not effective, not worthwhile"; 4,"moderately effective, moderately worthwhile"; 7, "totally effective, totally worthwhile"). A score of ≥ 4 on the Likert scale was considered as improvement. Results: Twenty-three adolescents (16 girls, 7 boys, 18 Whites, 3 Hispanics, 1 African-American, 1 Cape Verdean, mean age 15 ± 1 years) completed the study. Compared with frequency of headaches before the study (31 ± 4 episodes/2 months), there was a significant ( p p = .01) and during placebo (olive oil) treatment (3.5 ± 0.4, = .03), compared with headache severity before study (5.0 ± 0.3) and no significant difference between treatments. Patients' ratings of treatments revealed that 87% experienced reduction in headache frequency, 74% experienced reduction in headache duration, and 83% experienced reduction in headache severity during treatment with fish oil, compared with 78% who experienced reduction in headache frequency, 70% who experienced reduction in headache duration, and 65% who experienced reduction in headache severity during treatment with placebo (olive oil, NS). About 91% stated that they would recommend fish oil to friends or relatives with headaches vs. 91% who would recommend placebo (olive oil, NS). Conclusions: Patients experienced a similar reduction in frequency, duration, and severity of headaches during treatment with fish oil and during treatment with olive oil. Although there was no significant difference between treatments, the marked improvement from baseline experienced by the patients suggests that the effect should not be dismissed as simply a placebo effect. In fact, results of this preliminary study suggest that both fish oil and olive oil may be beneficial in the treatment of recurrent migraines in adolescents. Further studies are warranted to compare each of these treatments with other interventions.
Effects of urea as a source of extra dietary nitrogen on growth performance and carcass traits of finisher pigs

Abstract Forty-two crossbred pigs weighing 54.2 ± 5.5 kg were used to evaluate the value of urea as a source of extra nitrogen ( N ) to enhance carcass leanness of finisher pigs. Three soybean meal ( SBM ) diets were formulated to contain 0.60 and 13.2% ( Low ), 0.73 and 15.5% ( Med ) or 0.85 and 16.7% ( High ) lysine and crude protein ( CP ), respectively. Two urea diets were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous ( Iso-N ) to the Med and High SBM diets. Two additional urea diets were formulated to be iso-lysinic ( Iso-Lys ) to the Med and High SBM diets by incorporating crystalline amino acids. The indispensable amino acid contents were at least 20.8 and 41.7% above the current NRC requirements for the Med and High Iso-Lys diets, respectively. To ensure an adequate supply of CP from common feed ingredients for pigs, corn and SBM contributed 13.2% CP to four urea diets, and urea supplied additional CP equivalent. Pigs were housed individually, and allowed ad libitum access to feed. All pigs were slaughtered at an average weight of 103.2 ± 4.5 kg. Pigs fed the Low SBM diet tended to grow faster ( P = 0.09) than those fed other diets (1.09 vs 1.02 kg/day). However, the average backfat ( BF ; 36.4 vs 32.1 mm; P P = 0.10) were higher, and carcass specific gravity (1.046 vs 1.041; P P = 0.08) were lower in pigs fed the Low diet than those fed the Med and High diets, indicating that a higher weight gain was achieved by the increased rate of fat accretion. The results indicated that the carcass quality was improved by increasing lysine and(or) N levels from low to medium regardless of the source [ SBM or urea and(or) amino acids]. In addition, simply incorporating urea to increase dietary N (Iso-N) from low to medium and amino acid supplementation of urea diets (Iso-Lys) were equally effective in enhancing the carcass quality of pigs, indicating that overall utilization of diets was improved by the inclusion of urea. There was, however, no improvement in the carcass quality of finisher pigs with further increases in dietary lysine and(or) N levels from medium to high.
End-user strategy programming

Rule-based programming systems can be fragile because they force the user to account for all logical alternatives. If an unconsidered case does arise during execution, program behavior falls through the cracks into unspecified behavior. We investigate rule-based, end-user strategy programming by introducing our Interactive Football Playbook-a domain specific, end-user programming environment to allow American football coaches to create animated football scenarios by associating strategy information with virtual football players. We address the problem of rule explosion through ''rule bending'' to support a minimalist, scaffolding-driven programming environment. Additionally, we introduce visual language representations for logical and sequential ''and'' to mitigate end-user confusion with the semantic meaning of these ''and'' constructs.
The life-cycle profile of time spent on job search

Using time use survey data we document a hump-shaped profile of job search time in the United States across the life-cycle. The middle-aged unemployed spend roughly three times as much time in job search as the youngest group of unemployed. The hump-shaped profile of job search time is relatively stable across demographic groups. However, the profile of job search time appears to be declining in non-US countries. We discuss how standard life-cycle models with incomplete markets have difficulty in accounting for the hump-shaped profile found in the US data.
Effect of mineral and manure phosphorus sources on runoff phosphorus.

Concern over nonpoint-source phosphorus (P) losses from agricultural lands to surface waters has resulted in scrutiny of factors affecting P loss potential. A rainfall simulation study was conducted to quantify the effects of alternative P sources (dairy manure, poultry manure, swine slurry, and diammonium phosphate), application methods, and initial soil P concentrations on runoff P losses from three acidic soils (Buchanan-Hartleton, Hagerstown, and Lewbeach). Low P (12 to 26 mg kg -1 Mehlich-3 P) and high P (396 to 415 mg kg -1 Mehlich-3 P) members of each soil were amended with 100 kg total P ha -1 from each of the four P sources either by surface application or mixing, and subjected to simulated rainfall (70 mm h -1 to produce 30 min runoff). Phosphorus losses from fertilizer and manure applied to the soil surface differed significantly by source, with dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) accounting for 64% of total phosphorus (TP) (versus 9% for the unamended soils). For manure amended soils, these losses were linearly related to water-soluble P concentration of manure (r 2 = 0.86 for DRP, r 2 = 0.78 for TP). Mixing the P sources into the soil significantly decreased P losses relative to surface P application, such that DRP losses from amended, mixed soils were not significantly different from the unamended soil. Results of this study can be applied to site assessment indices to quantify the potential for P loss from recently manured soils.
SDSS Log Viewer: visual exploratory analysis of large-volume SQL log data

User-generated Structured Query Language (SQL) queries are a rich source of information for database analysts, information scientists, and the end users of databases. In this study a group of scientists in astronomy and computer and information scientists work together to analyze a large volume of SQL log data generated by users of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data archive in order to better understand users' data seeking behavior. While statistical analysis of such logs is useful at aggregated levels, efficiently exploring specific patterns of queries is often a challenging task due to the typically large volume of the data, multivariate features, and data requirements specified in SQL queries. To enable and facilitate effective and efficient exploration of the SDSS log data, we designed an interactive visualization tool, called the SDSS Log Viewer, which integrates time series visualization, text visualization, and dynamic query techniques. We describe two analysis scenarios of visual exploration of SDSS log data, including understanding unusually high daily query traffic and modeling the types of data seeking behaviors of massive query generators. The two scenarios demonstrate that the SDSS Log Viewer provides a novel and potentially valuable approach to support these targeted tasks.
Defining the catalytic activity of nanoceria in the P23H-1 rat, a photoreceptor degeneration model.

Purpose Inorganic catalytic nanoceria or cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) are bona fide antioxidants that possess regenerative radical scavenging activities in vitro. Previously, we demonstrated that CeNPs had neuroprotective and anti-angiogenic properties in rodent retinal degeneration and neovascularization models. However, the cellular mechanisms and duration of the catalytic activity of CeNPs in preventing photoreceptor cell loss are still unknown. In this study, we sought to answer these questions using the P23H-1 rat, an autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP) model. Methods A single dose of either saline or CeNPs was delivered intravitreally into the eyes of P23H-1 rats at 2–3 weeks of age. Retinal functions were examined at 3 to 7 weeks post injection. We quantified retinal proteins by Western blot analyses and counted the number of apoptotic (TUNEL+) profiles in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) of retinal sections. We measured free 8-isoprostanes to quantify lipid peroxidation in retinal tissues. Results We observed increased rod and cone cell functions up to three weeks post injection. Apoptotic cells were reduced by 46%, 56%, 21%, and 24% at 3, 7, 14, 21 days, respectively, after CeNPs injection compared to saline. Additionally, reduction of lipid peroxidation in the retinas of CeNPs-treated vs saline-treated animals was detected 14 days post injection. Conclusions We validated that CeNPs were effective in delaying loss of photoreceptor cell function in an adRP rat model. This represents the fourth rodent retinal disease model that shows delay in disease progression after a single application of CeNPs. We further demonstrated that CeNPs slowed the rate of photoreceptor cell death. We deduced that the catalytic activity of CeNPs in vivo in this rat model to be undiminished for at least 7 days and then declined over the next 14 days after CeNPs administration.
A Precise Notational System for Planning and Analysis

Writers on evaluation research have increasingly pointed to a need for greater precision, specificity and explicitness in articulating the details of research operations. A precise notational system as proposed here would be beneficial in this regard at every stage of an evaluation enterprise-in reviewing and analyzing earlier studies, in the predesign stages of evaluability assessment and formative research, in the study design and implemen tation stages, in communicating results to nonresearch personnel, and in teaching research design methods. The proposed system explicates such crucial but elusive research dis tinctions as: self-selective versus forced exposure and nonexposure, treatment stimuli versus spontaneous stimuli, randomized groups versus matched groups versus other non- randomized group comparisons, "natural" versus true experiments, laboratory versus field experiments, blackout versus treatment-control experiments, and other equally important research variations.
Predicting multinomial choices using maximum entropy

We discuss two methods for predicting outcomes using the discrete choice generalized maximum entropy (GME) estimator. Since the traditional GME formulation allows ŷ outside the [0, 1] interval, we specify a new GME formulation, which requires 0≤y≤1. We estimate a binary choice model to compare results between our GME estimator and the traditional GME estimator.
The pharmacodynamics of enoxaparin in percutaneous coronary intervention with precise rapid enoxaparin loading (PEPCI-PRE study).

Objective We evaluated the early pharmacodynamic profile of the combined 30 mg intravenous and 1 mg/kg subcutaneous enoxaparin loading utilized in the TIMI 11B and ExTRACT TIMI 25 trials. Background It has not been reported whether anti-Xa levels appropriate for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) can be reliably achieved within 2 h utilizing this regimen. Methods Twenty-six patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) treated with this regimen had anti-Xa levels measured at 5 min, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h. Results Seventy-six percent of patients had anti-Xa levels above 0.5 IU/ml at 5 min. Dose-response curves showed all patients to have anti-Xa levels above 0.5 IU/ml within 1 h. Anti-Xa remained in the targeted range for PCI (0.5 to 1.8 IU/ml) at 2, 4, 6 and 8 h in all patients. Conclusion This regimen is well suited for ACS treatment with an invasive strategy, including the rapid transition to early and rescue PCI.
Prediction skill of the Madden and Julian Oscillation in dynamical extended range forecasts

The Madden and Julian Oscillation (MJO) is the most prominent mode of intraseasonal variations in the tropical region. It plays an important role in climate variability and has a significant influence on medium-to-extended ranges weather forecasting in the tropics. This study examines the forecast skill of the oscillation in a set of recent dynamical extended range forecasts (DERF) experiments performed by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). The present DERF experiments were done with the reanalysis version of the medium range forecast (MRF) model and include 50-day forecasts, initialized once-a-day (0Z) with reanalyses fields, for the period between 1 January, 1985, and 31 December, 1989. The MRF model shows large mean errors in representing intraseasonal variations of the large-scale circulation, especially over the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean. A diagnostic analysis has considered the different phases of the MJO and the associated forecast skill of the MRF model. Anomaly correlations on the order of 0.3 to 0.4 indicate that skillful forecasts extend out to 5 to 7 days lead-time. Furthermore, the results show a slight increase in the forecast skill for periods when convective anomalies associated with the MJO are intense. By removing the mean errors, the analysis shows systematic errors in the representation of the MJO with weaker than observed upper level zonal circulations. The examination of the climate run of the MRF model shows the existence of an intraseasonal oscillation, although less intense (50–70%) and with faster (nearly twice as fast) eastward propagation than the observed MJO. The results indicate that the MRF model likely has difficulty maintaining the MJO, which impacts its forecast. A discussion of future work to improve the representation of the MJO in dynamical models and assess its prediction is presented.
β-cyano-L-alanine toxicity: Evidence for the involvement of an excitotoxic mechanism

The legume Vicia sativa (common vetch) harbors the neurotoxic nonprotein amino acid beta-cyano-L-alanine (BCLA) and its gamma-glutamyl derivative. BCLA elicits hyperexcitability, convulsions, and rigidity in chicks and rats after oral or intraperitoneal administration, but the mechanism of its action is unknown. The effect of different concentrations of BCLA (0.075-10.0 mM) has been investigated in an organotypic tissue culture system. BCLA concentrations of 0.075 and 0.60 mM had no effect, even up to 6 hr. No changes were observed in cultures treated with 1 mM BCLA for 4 hr. BCLA (2.0-10.0 mM) induces concentration-dependent changes in the explants. The explants display neurona vacuolation, chromatin, clumping, and dense shrunken cells, a pathological response generally seen with excitotoxin. MK-801 (35 microM), which blocks the open ion channel associated with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) class of glutamate receptors, attenuates the neurotoxic property of BCLA, while the non-NMDA antagonist, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (10-20 microM), provides no significant protection. Treatment of isolated mouse brain mitochondria with up to 5 mM BCLA had no inhibitory effect on the activity of NADH dehydrogenase (complex I) or cytochrome or oxidase (complex IV), a cyanide-sensitive enzyme. These results suggest that the neurotoxicity of BCLA (or derivative) is mediated directly or indirectly through NMDA receptors.
The Student as Learner

(1967). The Student as Learner. Journal of Education for Social Work: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 27-34.
Suspended sediment transport in the surf zone: Response to cross-shore infragravity motion

A field experiment to investigate the magnitude and temporal and spatial scales of suspended sediment transport in the inner surf zone was conducted at San Marine, Oregon on October 7–13, 1984. Instrumentation consisted of five electromagnetic current meters, three strain gauge-type pressure transducers, and 25 optical backscatter sensors to measure the concentrations of suspended sediment. The instruments were deployed approximately 70 m (x) seaward of the mean high water line (mean depth h = 1.1−1.3 m) in a closely spaced cross-shaped pattern. Data were collected for 68 min periods spanning high tide during the 7 day experiment. During the experiment, waves varied in angle of approach from shore-normal to southwesterly. Offshore significant swell heights were 3–5 m with periods of 12–14 s. Local sea conditions with wind waves of approximately 8 s also occurred. A visual estimation of the width of the surf zone indicated it to be approximately 500 m and the breaker pattern suggested that there were two longshore bars at approximately 200 and 500 m offshore. The data resulting from the experiment encompass a broad range of wave and current conditions which included periods of extreme infragravity motion (30 < T < 300 s) and weak longshore currents, and periods of low infragravity motion and strong longshore currents. Periods of incident wave dominance also occurred. The field study section of this paper qualitatively describes the sediment response to strong (± 240 cm s−1), low-frequency (0.01 Hz), cross-shore fluid motions which dominated the inner surf zone during two of the data runs. The infragravity band accounted for 85% of the cross-shore velocity variance, the peak (0.01 Hz) of which was associated with shore-normal standing waves. Concentration gradients of suspended sediment appear to be associated with diffusive processes and develop and decay on time scales of the infragravity motions rather than those of incident waves. Suspension events during times of infragravity dominance often persisted for periods of 30–45 s and reached peak concentrations of 20–40 g l−1 at elevations in excess of 26 cm. Mean suspended load was 3–4 times larger than that associated with incident wave motions. The modeling section of the paper attempts to quantitatively describe the observed time-dependent, vertical suspended sediment distribution with a one-dimensional, turbulent diffusion model. Formulations of eddy diffusion and erosion rate coefficients associated with peak cross-shore flows are found to agree with or fall within the range of values from previous laboratory and field studies and are used in the model. The model is evaluated by its ability to reproduce the time-dependent vertical distribution of suspended sediment and to estimate the observed mean suspended load, and the correct direction and magnitude of the mean longshore and cross-shore flux (level above the bed z = 31 cm) of suspended sediment.
Characterization of digoxigenin derivatives of human coagulation factors VIIa and X by electrospray mass spectrometry and enzyme kinetics.

Digoxigenin ester (Dig) derivatives of coagulation factors VIIa and X facilitate staining studies to localize tissue factor activity in human atherosclerotic plaques. The larger the number of attached Dig units the easier it is to form highly visual stains. Electrospray ionization was used to characterize the Dig derivatives, as a function of excess derivatization reagent, to determine the optimal derivatives, i.e. the highest number of Dig units attached with the product still retaining enzymatic activity. The enzymatic activity of factor VIIa derivatized at 50-fold Dig excess (with 28, 34, 48 or 52 Dig units attached, masses to 79 kDa) remained the same as that of native factor VIIa. In contrast, the enzymatic activity of factor X derivatives diminished above 15-fold Dig excess (15 Dig units attached, mass 65.6 kDa). The distribution of derivatized lysine, histidine, arginine, tryptophan and tyrosine residues was estimated for several possible configurations.
Birth weight, gestational age, and sex asdetermining factors in the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome of prematurely born infants

The incidence of respiratory distress syndrome among Negro infants of low birth weight (under 2,500 grams) appears to be affected independently by the infant's birth weight, gestational age, and sex. Knowledge of how these factors affect the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome may have important bearing on the pathogenesis of this syndrome.
The effect of extraction procedures on sedimentation properties of epidermal proteins.

In previous investigations (1, 2) proteins extracted from mammalian epidermis by solvents such as water, urea, and sodium lauryl sulfate were studied by the technique of electrophoresis. The current presentation consists of further characterization of epidermal proteins by means of sedimentation rates obtained by ultracentrifugation analysis. Mercer and Olofsson (3) have investigated a urea extract of the prekeratinous layers of epidermis in order to amplify the knowledge gained from techniques (e.g., x-ray diffraction) applicable to the intact epidermis. More distantly related researches regarding soluble derivatives of wool and feather keratin are those of Mercer and Olofsson (4) and of Woodin (5, 6). An excellent introduction concerning some of the chemical and physical properties of epidermal proteins will be found in the publications of Rudall (7). Since primary neoplasms can readily be produced in mammalian epidermis, it is a highly suitable tissue for making comparative physicochemical studies of the normal and malignant states. This work involves normal tissue proteins and serves as a basis for future comparative research on malignant tissue.
An Analysis of the Engineering Education Research Base on Interventions

The PR2OVE-IT (Peer Reviewed Research Offering Validation of Effective and Innovative Teaching) website (www.pr2ove-it.org) is a database that summarizes the available research on educational interventions designed to enhance student learning, retention, and professional success. It is intended to be a tool for translating education research on interventions into practical classroom use by engineering faculty who are not engaged in educational research. The website is divided into two major categories for searching and viewing information about articles: interventions (instructional practices) and outcomes (the main result(s) of the study). The website provides three additional major categories for more refined searching: subject/content area (content or context of the learning environment), study characteristics (basic information about each study), and evaluation (method by which the intervention was assessed). This paper presents the results of an analysis of the 367 articles that were in the database on March 17, 2006.
The Pearlette family ash beds in the Great Plains: Finding their identities and their roots in the Yellowstone country

Abstract For many years the numerous deposits of so-called ‘Pearlette volcanic ash’ in the Great Plains region of the United States were considered to be the remnants of the same volcanic event, and were used as a time-stratigraphic marker of probable Middle Pleistocene age. Although a few early workers had suggested that more than one air-fall event might be represented among the Pearlette occurrences, it was not until the latter half of the present century, after identification of volcanic ash beds by detailed chemical and mineralogical methods had been developed, that it could be established that the ‘Pearlette family’ of volcanic ashes included three ash beds of subtly differing characteristics. Development of isotopic methods of age determination has established that the ages of the three are significantly different (2.09, 1.29, and 0.60 Ma). The area of distribution of the Pearlette family ash beds was found to include not only the Great Plains, but also to extend across the Rocky Mountain and the Basin and Range provinces to the Pacific Ocean. The search for the sources of these three similar appearing ash beds, facilitated greatly by information gained from concurrent mapping projects underway in areas of major Late Cenozoic volcanic activity in western United States, ultimately led to the sites of the caldera-forming eruptions in the Yellowstone National Park region.
CRT-165 Fractional Flow Reserve Versus Kissing Balloon Inflation in Coronary Bifurcations: A Meta-Analysis of Success Rates

Percutaneous coronary intervention of coronary bifurcation lesions (CBL) is technically difficult. The European Bifurcation Club recommends performing either fractional flow reserve (FFR) estimation of the side-branch or kissing balloon inflation (KBI) after the main vessel stenting when a
Regulation of nitrogenase activity by covalent modification in Chromatium vinosum.

Nitrogenase in Chromatium vinosum was rapidly, but reversibly inhibited by NH 4 + . Activity of the Fe protin component of nitrogenase required both Mn2+ and activating enzyme. Activating enzyme from Rhodospirillum rubrum could replace Chromatium chromatophores in activating the Chromatium Fe protein, and conversely, a protein fraction prepared from Chromatium chromatophores was effective in activating R. rubrum Fe protein. Inactive Chromatium Fe protein contained a peptide covalently modified by a phosphate-containing molecule, which migrated the same in SDS-polyacrylamide gels as the modified subunit of R. rubrum Fe protein. In sum, these observations suggest that Chromatium nitrogenase activity is regulated by a covalent modification of the Fe protein in a manner similar to that of R. rubrum.
The npt & the sources of nuclear restraint

Daedalus Winter 2010 The past decade has not been kind to the nuclear nonproliferation regime.1 Indeed, since the Treaty on the NonProliferation of Nuclear Weapons (npt) was extended inde1⁄2nitely in 1995, it has been subjected to a series of body blows, which have led many nonproliferation experts, policy-makers, and media pundits to prophesize an impending cascade or chain of nuclear weapons spread, as well as the possible demise of the npt as we currently know it. Implicit in many of these forecasts are assumptions about proliferation dynamics that are poorly informed by empirical research on past nuclear renunciation decisions. This essay draws upon this literature to assess the role the npt has played in promoting prior nuclear restraint. It also examines how evolving international developments may alter the future effectiveness of the npt as a proliferation constraint.
Isolation and partial characterization of collagenolytic enzyme from the mosquito-parasitizing fungus, Lagenidium giganteum

Lagenidium giganteum Couch produced an extracellular collagenolytic enzyme when grown on peptone-yeast extract-glucose (PYG) broth. The enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity by chromatography on soybean trypsin inhibitor Sepharose 4B and DEAE cellulose. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed Azocoll, insoluble bovine Achilles tendon collagen, and acid soluble calfskin collagen at neutral pH. No other substrates appeared to be hydrolyzed. The purified enzyme had an apparent molecular weight of 100,000 and required calcium for optimal activity. The inhibitors PMSF, TPCK, TLCK, D-penicillamine, 8-hydroxyquinoline, cysteine, and 1,10-phenanthroline had little or no effect on enzyme activity. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of collagenase digested collagen indicated that the enzyme cleaved in the helical region of the collagen molecule, although the exact site of cleavage was not determined. The properties of the Oomycete collagenase, the first ever reported, were found to differ consider considerably from those collagenases reported in higher fungi, with regard to metal-dependence, molecular weight and mode of action. A possible role for this enzyme was discussed in relation to pathogenesis produced in mosquito larvae by this fungus.
miRNAome analysis of the mammalian neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene family

Nicotine binds to and activates a family of ligand-gated ion channels, neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Chronic nicotine exposure alters the expression of various nAChR subtypes, which likely contributes to nicotine dependence; however, the underlying mechanisms regulating these changes remain unclear. A growing body of evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) may be involved in nAChR regulation. Using bioinformatics, miRNA library screening, site-directed mutagenesis, and gene expression analysis, we have identified a limited number of miRNAs that functionally interact with the 3′-untranslated regions (3′ UTRs) of mammalian neuronal nAChR subunit genes. In silico analyses revealed specific, evolutionarily conserved sites within the 3′ UTRs through which the miRNAs regulate gene expression. Mutating these sites disrupted miRNA regulation confirming the in silico predictions. In addition, the miRNAs that target nAChR 3′ UTRs are expressed in mouse brain and are regulated by chronic nicotine exposure. Furthermore, we show that expression of one of these miRNAs, miR-542-3p, is modulated by nicotine within the mesocorticolimbic reward pathway. Importantly, overexpression of miR-542-3p led to a decrease in the protein levels of its target, the nAChR β2 subunit. Bioinformatic analysis suggests that a number of the miRNAs play a general role in regulating cholinergic signaling. Our results provide evidence for a novel mode of nicotine-mediated regulation of the mammalian nAChR gene family.
Making the Transition to Preschool: Identification of Parent Needs.

Ninety-two parents of San Francisco infants and preschoolers with disabilities were surveyed to identify information and services which would be helpful as they and their children made the transition into public school preschool special education programs. Parent concerns during this period of transition were also identified. Results of the survey indicate that families were most interested in information and services which would allow them to obtain and manage the particular special education and related services appropriate for their child. Concerns centered around being away from their child for long periods, dealing with an unfamiliar agency, and being assured of receiving appropriate services, Implications for providing transition support services are discussed.
Modified field theory for quark binding

We have investigated the structure of modified field theories. Higher derivatives are introduced into the Lagrangian in such a way that the bare propagator becomes ${q}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ rather than ${q}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. A modification of this type to the gluon propagator in a quark-gluon model gives the possibility of permanent quark binding. We find that such a model has difficulties with unitarity and with infrared divergences when treated in naive perturbation theory. If the problems associated with going beyond perturbation theory can be overcome, these difficulties may be eliminated.
Movements of Young Colorado Pikeminnow and Razorback Sucker in Response to Water Flow and Light Level

ABSTRACT We studied the effects of three flow regimes on the activity patterns and movements of one-, three-, six-, and 36-week old Colorado pikeminnows (Ptychocheilus lucius) and two-week old razorback suckers (Xyrauchen texanus) in an experimental tank under light and dark conditions. The seven-chambered tank simulated a system of backwater habitats, which are used by the young fishes in nature. Water flows through the tank were slow, and velocities were discernable only in the vicinity of surface ports that connected each chamber. Fish movements were related to light or dark condition and activity tended to increase with age. Larvae, relatively active in daylight, moved little at night with no flow, but flow stimulated night activity and downstream movement. Older fish also had a diminished response to flow direction during daylight, but responded at night. The tendency for night movement may be a predator avoidance mechanism, but the tendency to move downstream with flow is likely a response to life i...
On the Construction of Complete Sets of Geometric Invariants for Algebraic Curves

We provide a solution to the important problem of constructing complete independent sets of Euclidean and affine invariants for algebraic curves. We first simplify algebraic curves through polynomial decompositions and then use some classical geometric results to construct functionally independent sets of invariants. The results presented here represent some new contributions to algebraic curve theory that can be used in many application areas, such model-based vision, object recognition, graphics, geometric modeling, and CAD.
Advanced heart failure: prognosis, uncertainty, and decision making

Heart failure is a serious clinical management challenge for both patients and primary care physicians. The authors studied the perceptions and practices of internal medicine residents and faculty at an academic medical center in the Southeast to guide design of strategies to improve heart failure care. Data were collected via a self-administered survey. Eighty-nine faculty and resident physicians in general internal medicine and geriatrics participated (74% response rate). Items measured perceived skills and barriers, adherence to guidelines, and physician understanding of patient prognosis. Case studies explored practice approaches. Clinical knowledge and related scales were generally good and comparable between physician groups. Palliative care and prognostic skills were self-rated with wide variance. Physicians rated patient noncompliance and low lifestyle change motivation as major barriers. Given the complexities of caring for elderly persons with heart failure and comorbid conditions, there are significant opportunities for improving physician skills in decision making, patient-centered counseling, and palliative care.
Lithium perturbation and goosecoid expression identify a dorsal specification pathway in the pregastrula zebrafish

The zebrafish dorsoventral axis can first be distinguished at gastrulation, upon formation of the embryonic shield, the site of the organizer. We have asked whether the shield is specified before gastrulation. First, we show that brief exposure of premidblastula embryos to lithium, which is known to shut down the phospho-inositol signaling pathway, produces excessive shield formation and extreme hyper-dorsal development. Second, we show that the zebrafish goosecoid homeobox gene is activated at or just after the midblastula in a localized domain of cells that subsequently populate the most anterior region of the incipient shield and axial hypoblast, goosecoid expression is elevated and radialized by early lithium treatment, suggesting that goosecoid plays a role in establishing the organizer and shield. Our results demonstrate that the zebrafish dorsal axis is signaled by a pathway initiated in the cleavage-stage embryo. Furthermore, they provide novel insights into anterior morphogenesis.
p-Median theorems for competitive locations

In competitive location theory, one wishes to optimally choose the locations ofr facilities to compete againstp existing facilities for providing service (or goods) to the customers who are at given discrete points (or nodes). One normally assumes that: (a) the level of demand of each customer is fixed (i.e. this demand is not a function of how far a customer is from a facility), and (b) the customer always uses the closest available facility. In this paper we study competitive locations when one or both of the above assumptions have been relaxed. In particular, we show that for each case and under certain assumptions, there exists a set of optimal locations which consists entirely of nodes.
Genome sequences of Bacteria and Archaea published outside of Standards in Genomic Sciences, June – September 2011

The purpose of this table is to provide the community with a citable record of publications of ongoing genome sequencing projects that have led to a publication in the scientific literature. While our goal is to make the list complete, there is no guarantee that we may have omitted one or more publications appearing in this time frame. Readers and authors who wish to have publications added to this subsequent versions of this list are invited to provide the bibliometric data for such references to the SIGS editorial office.