cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Skill Acquisition and Utilization During Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Childhood Disruptive Behavior Problems: A Review and Meta-analysis

We review 85 empirical articles published since 2000 that measured the acquisition and/or utilization of parent management skills and/or child cognitive-behavioral skills in the context of an evidence-based treatment (EBT) for childhood behavior problems. Results showed that: (1) there are no standardized measures of skill acquisition or skill utilization that are used across treatments, (2) little is known about predictors, correlates, or outcomes associated with skill acquisition and utilization, and (3) few studies systematically examined techniques to enhance the acquisition and utilization of specific skills. Meta-analytic results from a subset of 68 articles (59 studies) showed an overall treatment–control ES = .31, p < .01 for skill acquisition and ES = .20, p = ns for skill utilization. We recommend that future research focus on the following three areas: (1) development of standardized measures of skill acquisition and utilization from a “common elements” perspective that can used across EBTs; (2) assessment of the predictors, correlates, and outcomes associated with skill acquisition and utilization; and (3) development of innovative interventions to enhance the acquisition and utilization of cognitive-behavioral and parent management skills.
Proximal inhibition of p38 MAPK stress signaling prevents distal axonopathy

The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) isoforms are phosphorylated by a variety of stress stimuli in neurodegenerative disease and act as upstream activators of myriad pathogenic processes. Thus, p38 MAPK inhibitors are of growing interest as possible therapeutic interventions. Axonal dysfunction is an early component of most neurodegenerative disorders, including the most prevalent optic neuropathy, glaucoma. Sensitivity to intraocular pressure at an early stage disrupts anterograde transport along retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons to projection targets in the brain with subsequent degeneration of the axons themselves; RGC body loss is much later. Here we show that elevated ocular pressure in rats increases p38 MAPK activation in retina, especially in RGC bodies. Topical eye-drop application of a potent and selective inhibitor of the p38 MAPK catalytic domain (Ro3206145) prevented both the degradation of anterograde transport to the brain and degeneration of axons in the optic nerve. Ro3206145 reduced in the retina phosphorylation of tau and heat-shock protein 27, both down-stream targets of p38 MAPK activation implicated in glaucoma, as well as expression of two inflammatory responses. We also observed increased p38 MAPK activation in mouse models. Thus, inhibition of p38 MAPK signaling in the retina may represent a therapeutic target for preventing early pathogenesis in optic neuropathies.
Locus of control and prenatal depression.

Abstract Prenatal depression is a significant predictor of postpartum depression and is detrimental to fetal development. Locus of control was examined in this study as a potential predictor of prenatal depression. One hundred and thirty-three rural pregnant women recruited from obstetricians’ offices completed the Levenson Scale on Locus of Control and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Multiple regression analysis indicated that after controlling for previous or current mental health problems, the External Locus of Control-Chance Scale accounted for 17% of the variance in depression scores.
Uses and abuses of the analysis of covariance

The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) is a powerful analytic tool, but there continue to be abuses of the method. We review assumptions and illustrate legitimate uses of ANCOVA, and summarize statistical packages' approach to the method. Finally, we consider how ANCOVA is used in contemporary nursing research.
SWAMP+: Enhanced Smith-Waterman Search for Parallel Models

More sensitive than heuristic methods for searching biological databases, the Smith-Waterman algorithm is widely used, but it has a high quadratic running time. This work presents a faster approach and implementation for Smith-Waterman that extends the traditional results to return multiple, BLAST-like sub-alignments. The extended Smith-Waterman using Associative Massive Parallelism (SWAMP+) is introduced for three different parallel architectures: Associative Computing (ASC), the Clear Speed coprocessor, and the Convey Computer FPGA coprocessor. We show that parallel versions of Smith-Waterman can be successfully modified to produce multiple BLAST-like sub-alignments while maintaining the original Smith-Waterman sensitivity. This approach combines parallelism and the novel extension to produce multiple sub-alignments for pair wise comparisons. The two parallel SWAMP+ implementations for the ASC model and the Clear Speed CSX-620 use a wave front approach. Both perform a full trace back in the parallel memory and return multiple subsequence alignment results. Results show a linear speedup for the 96 processing elements (PEs) on a single Clear Speed chip. The third approach is a SWAMP+ adaptation that uses the non-associative Convey FPGA coprocessor. This allows for an initial high-speed, high-throughput Smith-Waterman alignment on the hybrid system optimized for large databases. The additional pair wise alignments are run to produce the additional SWAMP+ sub-alignments. The overall results across the three systems are parallel implementations of an extended Smith-Waterman that maintain a speedup and provide a deeper exploration of the query sequences not previously available.
Comparison of Tilting-Pad Journal Bearing Dynamic Full Coefficient and Reduced Order Models Using Modal Analysis

There is significant disagreement concerning the frequency response of tilting pad journal bearings (TPJBs) due to non-synchronous excitations. Two linear models for the frequency dependence of TPJBs have been proposed. The first model, the full-coefficient or KC model, considers Np tilting pads and rotor motions for Np + 2 degrees of freedom. Dynamic reduction of the KC model results in eight frequency-dependent stiffness and damping coefficients. The second model, based on results from bearing system identification experiments, yields twelve frequency-independent stiffness, damping, and mass (KCM) coefficients. Experimental data has been presented to support both models. There are major differences in the two approaches. The analysis in this paper takes a new approach of considering the pad dynamics explicitly in a state-space modal analysis. TPJB shaft and bearing pad stiffness and damping coefficients are calculated using a well known laminar, isothermal analysis and a pad assembly method. The TPJB rotor and pad full system eigenvalues and eigenvectors are then evaluated using state-space methods, with rotor and bearing pad inertias included explicitly in the model. The full bearing coefficient results are also non-synchronously reduced to the 8 stiffness and damping coefficients are and expressed as shaft complex impedances. The system identification method is then applied to these complex impedances, and the state space modal analysis is applied to the resulting KCM model. The damping ratios, natural frequencies, and mode shapes from the two bearing representations are compared. Two example TPJBs are examined in detail. The analysis indicated that four underdamped modes, two forward and two backward, dominate the rotor response over excitation frequencies from 0 to running speed. The full coefficient, non-synchronously reduced model predicts additional critically damped or overdamped modes due to the additional degrees of freedom as compared to the identified KCM model. The KCM model results in natural frequencies that are 63–65 percent higher than the full coefficient model. The difference in modal damping ratio estimates depend on the TPJB considered, with KCM being 7–17 percent higher than the full coefficient model. The full coefficient model also indicates that the bearing pads contribute significantly to the underdamped modes. The results indicate that the system identification method results in a reduced order model of TPBJ dynamic behavior. Additionally, the differences in the modal calculated system natural frequency and modal damping have potential implications for rotordynamic analyses of flexible rotors, such as critical speed and stability analyses.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Luminescence detection of transition and heavy metals by inversion of excited states: synthesis, spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography of Ca, Mn, Pb, and Zn complexes of 1,8-anthraquinone-18-crown-5.

A lumophore composed of anthraquinone attached to a macrocyclic polyether ring containing an intraannular carbonyl is capable of selectively detecting Pb2+ ion in solution using an alternative photophysical detection mechanism. Of the various methods available for detection of ions in solution, a mechanism involving inversion of excited states has not been previously employed for the detection of transition and heavy metals. In this mechanism, nonradiative n−π* transitions are replaced by radiative π−π* transitions upon complexation by a suitable guest cation. Optimum fluorescence enhancement is achieved using cations of high charge, large cations that form long bonds within the host, and cations which do not coordinate solvent or the counteranion, all of which are necessary for inversion of excited states to occur. Photophysical properties and binding constants of this new class of luminescence sensors are provided, as well as the X-ray crystallographic results for Pb2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+ complexes of 1,8-o...
Evidence for low GluR2 AMPA receptor subunit expression at synapses in the rat basolateral amygdala

Fast excitatory synaptic responses in basolateral amygdala (BLA) neurons are mainly mediated by ionotropic glutamate receptors of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) subtype. AMPA receptors containing an edited GluR2 subunit are calcium impermeable, whereas those that lack this subunit are calcium permeable and also inwardly rectifying. Here, we sought to determine the extent to which synapses in the rat BLA have AMPA receptors with GluR2 subunits. We assessed GluR2 protein expression in the BLA by immunocytochemistry with a GluR2 subunit-specific antiserum at the light and electron microscopic level; for comparison, a parallel examination was carried out in the hippocampus. We also recorded from amygdala brain slices to examine the voltage-dependent properties of AMPA receptor- mediated evoked synaptic currents in BLA principal neurons. At the light microscopic level, GluR2 immunoreactivity was localized to the perikarya and proximal dendrites of BLA neurons; dense labeling was also present over the pyramidal cell layer of hippocampal subfields CA1 and CA3. In electron micrographs from the BLA, most of the synapses were asymmetrical with pronounced postsynaptic densities (PSD). They contained clear, spherical vesicles apposed to the PSD and were predominantly onto spines (86%), indicating that they are mainly with BLA principal neurons. Only 11% of morphological synapses in the BLA were onto postsynaptic elements that showed GluR2 immunoreactivity, in contrast to hippocampal subfields CA1 and CA3 in which 76% and 71% of postsynaptic elements were labeled (p < 0.001). Synaptic staining in the BLA and hippocampus, when it occurred, was exclusively postsynaptic, and particularly heavy over the PSD. In whole-cell voltage clamp recordings, 72% of BLA principal neurons exhibited AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic currents evoked by external capsule stimulation that were inwardly rectifying. Although BLA principal neurons express perikaryal and proximal dendritic GluR2 immunoreactivity, few synapses onto these neurons express GluR2, and a preponderance of principal neurons have inwardly rectifying AMPA-mediated synaptic currents, suggesting that targeting of GluR2 to synapses is restricted. Many BLA synaptic AMPA receptors are likely to be calcium permeable and could play roles in synaptic plasticity, epileptogenesis and excitoxicity.
A digital timer-controller.

Using inexpensive integrated circuits, a digital timer-controller can be constructed which will provide control pulses after preset times from the start of a sequence, and which is also capable of providing pulses at a constant preset rate. The basic clock rate, 1 s is derived directly from the power line frequency, with resultant high accuracy. Long time periods (over 1 h) may be timed out without significant decreases in resolution, as with analogue timers. The unit is modular in design and can be easily expanded to control several timing channels.
A method to evaluate dose errors introduced by dose mapping processes for mass conserving deformations.

Purpose: To present a method to evaluate the dose mapping error introduced by the dose mapping process. In addition, apply the method to evaluate the dose mapping error introduced by the 4D dose calculation process implemented in a research version of commercial treatment planning system for a patient case. Methods: The average dose accumulated in a finite volume should be unchanged when the dose delivered to one anatomic instance of that volume is mapped to a different anatomic instance—provided that the tissue deformation between the anatomic instances is mass conserving. The average dose to a finite volume on image S is defined as dS¯=es/mS, where eS is the energy deposited in the mass mS contained in the volume. Since mass and energy should be conserved, when dS¯ is mapped to an image R(dS→R¯=dR¯), the mean dose mapping error is defined as Δdm¯=|dR¯-dS¯|=|eR/mR-eS/mS|, where the eR and eS are integral doses (energy deposited), and mR and mS are the masses within the region of interest (ROI) on image R and the corresponding ROI on image S, where R and S are the two anatomic instances from the same patient. Alternatively, application of simple differential propagation yields the differential dose mapping error, Δdd¯=|∂d¯∂e*Δe+∂d¯∂m*Δm|=|(eS-eR)mR-(mS-mR)mR2*eR|=α|dR¯-dS¯| with α=mS/mR. A 4D treatment plan on a ten-phase 4D-CT lung patient is used to demonstrate the dose mapping error evaluations for a patient case, in which the accumulated dose, DR¯=∑S=09dS→R¯, and associated error values (ΔDm¯ and ΔDd¯) are calculated for a uniformly spaced set of ROIs. Results: For the single sample patient dose distribution, the average accumulated differential dose mapping error is 4.3%, the average absolute differential dose mapping error is 10.8%, and the average accumulated mean dose mapping error is 5.0%. Accumulated differential dose mapping errors within the gross tumor volume (GTV) and planning target volume (PTV) are lower, 0.73% and 2.33%, respectively. Conclusions: A method has been presented to evaluate the dose mapping error introduced by the dose mapping process. This method has been applied to evaluate the 4D dose calculation process implemented in a commercial treatment planning system. The method could potentially be developed as a fully-automatic QA method in image guided adaptive radiation therapy (IGART).
The atmospheric oxidation of diethyl ether: chemistry of the C2H5-O-CH(O.)CH3 radical between 218 and 335 K.

The products of the Cl atom initiated oxidation of diethyl ether (DEE) were investigated at atmospheric pressure over a range of temperatures (218–335 K) and O2 partial pressures (50–700 Torr), both in the presence and absence of NOx. The major products observed at 298 K and below were ethyl formate and ethyl acetate, which accounted for ≈60–80% of the reacted diethyl ether. In general, the yield of ethyl formate increased with increasing temperature, with decreasing O2 partial pressure, and upon addition of NO to the reaction mixtures. The product yield data show that thermal decomposition reaction (3), CH3CH2–O–CH(O˙)CH3 → CH3CH2–O–CHO + CH3, and reaction (6) with O2, CH3CH2–O–CH(O˙)CH3 + O2 → CH3CH2–O–C(O)CH3 + HO2 are competing fates of the CH3CH2–O–CH(O˙)CH3 radical, with a best estimate of k3/k6 ≈ 6.9 × 1024 exp(–3130/T). Thermal decomposition via C–H or C–O bond cleavage are at most minor contributors to the CH3CH2–O–CH(O˙)CH3 chemistry. The data also show that the CH3CH2–O–CH(O˙)CH3 radical is subject to a chemical activation effect. When produced from the exothermic reaction of the CH3CH2–O–CH(OO˙)CH3 radical with NO, prompt decomposition via both CH3- and probably H-elimination occur, with yields of about 40% and ≤15%, respectively. Finally, at temperatures slightly above ambient, evidence for a change in mechanism in the absence of NOx, possibly due to chemistry involving the peroxy radical CH3CH2–O–CH(OO˙)CH3, is presented.
Experiments on Collection Efficiency. II. The Collection of a Cylinder at Aircraft Speed

Abstract The results of an experiment determining the collection efficiency of a cylinder at aircraft speeds are presented and compared with the theoretical computations of Langmuir and Blodgett. It was found that the agreement was good for low speed and low collection efficiency (0.1). The discrepancy between theory and experiment approached a factor of 2 as the theoretical collection efficiency increased.
Autophagy: Definition, Molecular Machinery, and Potential Role in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Autophagy is the endogenous, tightly regulated cellular "housekeeping" process responsible for the degradation of damaged and dysfunctional cellular organelles and protein aggregates. There is a growing consensus that autophagy is upregulated in the setting of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Moreover, emerging data suggest that autophagy may serve as an adaptive process and confer increased resistance to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Our aims in this review are to (1) provide a brief synopsis of process of autophagy (including an overview of the key molecular mediators of this catabolic process and its relationship with other cardiac signaling pathways) and (2) most importantly, summarize the current evidence for versus against the intriguing concept of autophagy-mediated cardioprotection.
In vitro effects of vitamin D3 on the phospholipids of isolated renal brush border membranes.

A model system is described in which cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is incorporated into phosphatidylcholine liposomes and then the liposomes are incubated in vitro with isolated renal brush border membrane vesicles. The incubation results in an alteration of the phospholipid composition, the fluidity, and the transport properties of the membrane. The findings provide evidence consistent with the hypothesis that vitamin D3 and metabolites modify membrane structure and function by "liponomic regulation."
Comments on the Cost and Performance of Military Systems

Editor's Note: Mr. Fowler was the banquet speaker at the Tri Service Radar Symposium held at West Point in 1977. We invited Mr. Fowl to share his speech with the AES readership by providing this paper. The material and style correspond closely to his oral presentation.
Restriction of herpes simplex virus replication by poliovirus: a selective inhibition of viral translation.

Abstract Replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in HeLa cells is completely restricted if the cells are superinfected with poliovirus within 5 hr after HSV infection. Poliovirus replicates normally in these dually infected cells unless HSV is given substantial time and multiplicity advantages. Translation, but not replication, of the poliovirus genome appears to be required for the restriction of HSV. DNA and RNA synthesis in HSV-infected cells is not significantly altered after poliovirus superinfection, but HSV directed protein synthesis is completely inhibited, and polyribosomes carrying HSV mRNA are disaggregated within 3 hr after superinfection. These results suggest that the restriction of HSV replication by poliovirus is due to a selective inhibition of HSV mRNA translation.
Towards the Deliberative Peace: A Habermasian Critique of Contemporary Peace Operations

A review of the literature on post-Cold War peace operations demonstrates that the international community's record in establishing a self-sustaining peace is mixed. In most cases, international agents have not established legitimate political orders or prevented the recurrence of the fighting. Employing Jorgen Habermas's research, this article differentiates between two theoretical approaches to peace operations: strategic and communicative. Although I use the latter to critique the former, it is important to note that my primary aim is not to promote one theoretical approach. Recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of both approaches, the goal is to explain how theorists and decision-makers should use insights from both approaches to assess existing peace operations and to create new types of operations that may establish self-sustaining political orders. A secondary objective is to introduce the theoretical underpinnings of a society-building strategy, as an intellectual counterweight to state-building efforts, which have dominated post-settlement peace building operations.
Changes in gut and Malpighian tubule transport during seasonal acclimatization and freezing in the gall fly Eurosta solidaginis.

SUMMARY Since few studies have examined cold tolerance at the organ level in insects, our primary objective was to characterize the functional responses of the gut and Malpighian tubules (MT) to seasonal acclimatization, chilling and freezing in larvae of the goldenrod gall fly Eurosta solidaginis Fitch (Diptera, Tephritidae). From September to December, hemolymph osmolality (455-926 mOsmol kg l -1 ) and freezing tolerance increased markedly in field-collected larvae. Chlorophenol Red was readily transported into the lumen of the foregut, the posterior portion of the midgut, the ureter, the proximal region of the anterior pair of MT, and entire posterior pair of MT. Ouabain and KCN inhibited transport of Chlorophenol Red in the gut and MT. Transport was readily detected at 0°C and the rate of transport was directly related to temperature. The rate of fluid transport by the MT decreased steadily from a monthly high in September (10.7±0.8 nl min -1 for the anterior pair; 12.7±1.0 nl min -1 for the posterior pair) until secretion was no longer detectable in December; this decrease parallels entry into diapause for this species. Even in larvae that died following freezing for 40 days at -20°C, individual organ function was retained to a limited extent. Through the autumn, cholesterol concentrations in the hemolymph increased nearly fourfold. In contrast, the ratio of cholesterol to protein content (nmol mg l -1 ) in the MT membrane remained relatively constant (22∼24 nmol mg l -1 protein) during this period. Freezing of larvae for 20 days at -20°C caused a significant decrease in cholesterol levels in the hemolymph and the MT membranes compared to unfrozen controls. These results suggest that cholesterol plays a role in seasonal cold hardening and freeze tolerance in insects.
An efficient multi-dimensional grids reconfiguration algorithm on hypercube

Reconfiguration algorithms are invoked when a fault is detected in the original loop or multidimensional grid. The reconfiguration algorithms are able to reach an equivalent set of topologies within the same architecture in a distributed manner. The authors propose mapping schemes for certain length of loops so that the resulting systems can recover from any fault within one step. With application of one of the schemes, the reconfiguration strategy for a multidimensional grid system can have better performance. >
Fugacity-Based Indoor Residential Pesticide Fate Model

Dermal and non-dietary pathways are potentially significant exposure pathways to pesticides used in residences. Exposure pathways include dermal contact with residues on surfaces, ingestion from hand- and object-to-mouth activities, and absorption of pesticides into food. A limited amount of data has been collected on pesticide concentrations in various residential compartments following an application. But models are needed to interpret this data and make predictions about other pesticides based on chemical properties. In this paper, we propose a mass-balance compartment model based on fugacity principles. We include air (both gas phase and aerosols), carpet, smooth flooring, and walls as model compartments. Pesticide concentrations on furniture and toys, and in food, are being added to the model as data becomes available. We determine the compartmental fugacity capacity and mass transfer-rate coefficient for wallboard as an example. We also present the framework and equations needed for a dynamic mass-balance model.
The relative influence of environmental characteristics on tropical deep convective morphology as observed by CloudSat

Utilizing a previously developed CloudSat cloud object database, the sensitivity of oceanic, mature, deep convective cloud morphology to cloud-scale environmental characteristics is examined. Convective available potential energy (CAPE), aerosol optical depth, midlevel vertical velocity, and tropospheric deep shear are all used to characterize the environment. The sensitivity of various aspects of convective morphology to each one of these environmental quantities is assessed individually. The results demonstrate that clouds tend to be invigorated by higher CAPE, aerosol, and upward midlevel vertical velocity. Stronger shear tends to make clouds wider but also shallower. The relative importance of each of these and some additional environmental measures to trends in cloud morphology are compared. It is found that aerosol, deep-layer shear, and sea surface temperature tend to be the most influential environmental factors to convective morphology. The results are shown to be insensitive to the manner in which the environmental characteristics are defined. The potentially surprising weak sensitivity of cloud morphology to CAPE is discussed in detail.
Object models for computer aided design: An overview

A computer aided design system must deal with large amounts of both spatial and non-spatial data. It must also provide quick graphic response to user interaction. If the CAD system is to support real time graphic interaction, it must be able to respond within at most a few refresh cycles. If the data base is structured and accessed at a record level, it becomes very difficult to guarantee this real time response. For this efficiency reason, and for clarity reasons, we will introduce a new level of data structure called an “object” which is a linked structure of record level structures called “attributes”. The data structures for a CAD support system which provides support both for large data bases and real time graphic response will be described.
Accountability of international organizations according to national law

This contribution focuses on a particular aspect of the broader current debate on the accountability of international organizations, on the rather unexplored question whether and to what extent international organizations are bound by national law and may become accountable for not complying with it. While it is largely accepted that States may act on a private law level being subject to rules of national law and ultimately becoming accountable before national courts or other accountability mechanisms, it is more questionable whether the same is true for international organizations. A review of scholarly writings on the subject and an extensive analysis of the actual case-law by international as well as domestic courts and tribunals produce the following findings: While national private law, such as contracts or torts, is regularly deemed applicable to international organizations, it is far more uncertain whether national public law, such as health and safety legislation, building regulations, or labor law legislation, is binding upon international organizations. Many international organizations claim that the application of such national rules might interfere with their independent functioning and that internal staff, safety, and other rules and regulations should be applied instead. However, where such internal law of international organizations falls short of generally accepted standards, serious accountability gaps may occur.
The Role of Ethics in International Law: Jus Cogens : International Law's Higher Ethical Norms

Most international lawyers recognize that the international legal system includes a category of higher norms known as jus cogens or peremptory norms. Most international lawyers also agree that jus cogens norms are superior to and may void conflicting laws. Beyond these points, however, there is little agreement. This Chapter presents evidence and arguments toward building consensus in the field of international law respecting additional aspects of jus cogens. In particular, it argues for the following propositions:Jus cogens norms are moral or ethical norms in nature. Other imperative norms such as those critical to the operation of the international legal system, are general principles of law, not jus cogens. Jus cogens norms invalidate directly conflicting international or national laws. Jus cogens norms do not have the effect of striking down otherwise valid law or of imposing affirmative duties. Only natural law theory contains explanations of jus cogens norms; positivism is inadequate to explain the existence and operation of jus cogens.Much natural law theorizing reflects a scholar or judge’s own subjective views. This problematic aspect often seen in theorizing about jus cogens may be addressed through combining natural law theory with an adjunct legal theory known as legal process.
The Ecological Restoration Movement Diverse Cultures of Practice and Place

The purpose of this essay is to introduce and take a critical look at the emerging Ecological Restoration (ER) movement. The typical characterization of the ER movement is that it focuses on restoring ecosystems to pre-European settlement conditions, even in urban environments; thus neglecting social justice issues and alienating the disadvantaged people living in these environments. The restoration movement is often accused of redefining these spaces from a culturally and ideologically privileged standpoint—a standpoint with historical links to the exclusionary preservationist discourse of the mainstream environmental movement. On the contrary, I argue that the ER movement has closer ties to the Environmental Justice (EJ) movement than previously recognized. Toward that end, I present an ecocultural map of the actual and potential relationships between the EJ and ER movements. The map reveals boundary objects (instruments, ideas, techniques, landscapes, and actions that each culture has in common) that c...
Post‐Transcriptional Regulation of Lung Antioxidant Enzyme Gene Expression

Abstract: It is an honor, and indeed fitting, to have a chapter on pulmonary oxygen toxicity included in a Festschrift for Dan Gilbert, whose contributions to the free radical theory of oxygen toxicity have been a catalyst to the last half-century of investigation in this field. There is cellular damage that results in pulmonary edema and even death if the increase in reactive oxygen species produced in the lung during exposure to hyperoxia is not counterbalanced by an increase in the cell's antioxidant defense systems. In this chapter experimental evidence will substantiate the importance of post-transcriptional regulation of antioxidant enzyme gene expression in animal models of pulmonary oxygen toxicity and tolerance to hyperoxia with special emphasis given to the role of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) synthesis, specific activity, and RNA half-life and to a proposed function of a MnSOD RNA-binding protein as a positive regulator in the control of translational efficiency.
The temperature dependence of the DC base and collector currents in silicon bipolar transistors

Detailed measurements have been made of the base and collector-current characteristics of both n-p-n and p-n-p silicon transistors as a function of temperature. The collector current shows ideal behavior over the temperature range -60 to 150°C in that I_{C} \infin \exp (eV_{BE}/kT) . On the other hand, the base current is nonideal: I_{B} \infin \exp (eV_{BE}/nkT) , where n > 1.0 . The nonideality of I B is the main source of the temperature dependence of h_{FE} = I_{C}/I_{B} . There is no evidence for bandgap narrowing in the devices we have investigated. The temperature dependence of the collector current is given by I_{C} \infin T_{m} \exp (-e E_{g0}/kT) \exp (eV_{BE}/kT) , where m = 1.4 or 1.7 for n-p-n or p-n-p devices, respectively. E_{g0} = 1.19 \pm 0.01 eV. This result is consistent with the findings of others. The base current is a complicated function of temperature due to the presence of nonideal components.
Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor: production, distribution, and metabolic fate in vivo.

A highly specific radioreceptor assay for cachectin/tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was utilized to measure the time course of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hormone production in rabbits. Cachectin/TNF bioactivity was monitored in the same serum samples by measuring lipoprotein lipase (LPL) suppression in 3T3-L1 cells. Cachectin/TNF is produced in large quantities by LPS-treated rabbits without priming by bacillus Calmette Guerin, C. parvum, or other agents. Nanomolar concentrations of the hormone are achieved, with peak levels occurring at 2 hr postinjection; the hormone is rapidly cleared thereafter. In separate studies, mice were used to assess the distribution and metabolic fate of cachectin/TNF. Radioiodinated hormone is cleared from the plasma with a half-life of 6 to 7 min. Studies of the tissue distribution of label after injection demonstrate that liver, kidneys, skin, and gastrointestinal tract take up most of the hormone. Electrophoretic analysis of tissues recovered from injected animals suggests that the hormone is very rapidly degraded after binding.
Experimental and Computational Study of Novel Tip Leakage Mitigation Methods for High Pressure Turbine Blades

This paper presents computational and experimental study of a possible approach to reduce tip leakage losses. The study was conducted on the EEE (Energy Efficient Engine) HPT (High Pressure Turbine) rotor tip geometry. The CFD was done utilizing the commercial numerical solver ANSYS FLUENT. The experimental work was conducted in a low speed wind tunnel with linear cascade at the USNA (for Re = 30,000) and the NASA Transonic Turbine Blade Cascade facility at the NASA John H. Glenn Research Center for Re of 85,000 to 683,000 at two isentropic exit Mach numbers of 0.74 and 0.34 were reported. The overall scope of this study is to investigate how the tip leakage and overall blade losses are affected by injection from the tip surface at the camber line, and the jet blowing ratio. The results identify areas where future investigation can be explored in order to achieve higher performance of the high pressure turbines.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Strategic bidder behavior in sponsored search auctions

We examine sponsored search auctions run by Overture (now part of Yahoo!) and Google and present evidence of strategic bidder behavior in these auctions. Between June 15, 2002, and June 14, 2003, we estimate that Overture's revenue might have been higher if it had been able to prevent this strategic behavior. We present an alternative mechanism that could reduce the amount of strategizing by bidders, raise search engines' revenues, and increase the efficiency of the market. We conclude by showing that strategic behavior has not disappeared over time; it remains present on both search engines.
A KEYSTONE SELECTIVE AGENT? PINE SQUIRRELS AND THE FREQUENCY OF SEROTINY IN LODGEPOLE PINE

Serotiny is a key life history trait in fire-prone habitats that is favored in plants that experience stand-replacing fires within their average life span. Although variation in fire frequency has been the focus of most studies attempting to understand variation in serotiny among populations and species of plants, other factors can select against serotiny. One agent in particular that can select against serotiny is an efficient pre-dispersal seed predator that eats a large fraction of the seeds held in the canopy. To test whether selection by such a predator selects against serotiny, we compared levels of serotiny in fire-adapted Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta ssp. latifolia) in five ranges lacking its dominant pre-dispersal seed predator, the pine squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) to 344 stands with pine squirrels. Where pine squirrels were absent, the frequency of serotiny was consistently near 100%, whereas where squirrels were present, the frequency was variable, rarely approached the high levels found in areas without squirrels, and averaged much less than 50%. This indicates that squirrels select against serotiny and that, in the absence of squirrels, the frequency of serotiny would probably be uniformly higher throughout much of the Rocky Mountains. Because serotiny levels also influence the density of seedlings following a fire, squirrels, by selecting strongly against serotiny, have the potential to alter the early stages and perhaps the course of succession and various community attributes.
Structure and Function of the B Cell Antigen Receptor

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 STRUCTURE OF THE B CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION FUNCTION OF THE ANTIGEN RECEPTOR . . . . . 382 TARGETS OF ANTIGEN RECEPTOR-STIMULATED TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 ANTIGEN UPTAKE FUNCTION OF THE ANTIGEN RECEPTOR . . . . . . . . . . 396 ROLE OF THE B CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTOR IN B CELL DEVELOPMENT . 399 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Modeling of Axial-Flow Hollow Fiber Cell Culture Bioreactors

A review of the mathematical modeling of axial-flow hollow fiber cell bioreactors is presented. The models cover the range of diffusion-limited to convective-flow dominant nutrient transport conditions. Mass transport limitations inherent in the axial-flow bioreactor design are illustrated with model calculations. Simulation results further demonstrate the importance of convective nutrient transport to the cell growth region. These model developments were restricted to the transport and consumption of small substrate molecules in dilute solution. Finally, convection-enhanced hollow fiber bioreactor designs and alternative schemes for operating axial-flow bioreactors are discussed.
Expressing dietary values for fat-soluble vitamins: changes in concepts and terminology.

The 9th ed. of the Recommended Dietary Allowances has abandoned the use of international units for expressing the food values for vitamins A, D, and E, and has set forth expressions based on absolute weights, including vitamin K. These changes will necessitate a revision in the manner in which both experimental and applied nutritionists deal with these vitamins. In this review, the background and rationale for these changes are presented in an effort to aid investigators in their transition to this new concept. Changes in the nomenclature of vitamin E are also explained. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34: 289-295, 1981.
Inhibition of tissue factor pathway during intermittent pneumatic compression: A possible mechanism for antithrombotic effect.

Abstract —Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) devices are an effective prophylaxis against lower extremity deep vein thrombosis. Their antithrombotic effect has been attributed to a reduction in venous stasis and enhanced fibrinolysis. The initiating mechanism for blood coagulation is the tissue factor (TF) dependent pathway, which is inhibited by tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI). We have investigated the effect of IPC on the TF pathway in 6 normal subjects and 6 patients with postthrombotic venous disease undergoing IPC for 120 minutes; all subjects were studied with each of 5 IPC devices. In normal subjects and patients, plasma factor VIIa (FVIIa) activity (the activated form of factor VII [FVII]) declined from mean values ranging 51 to 65 and 50 to 53 mU/mL before IPC with different devices to 10 to 13 and 20 to 22 mU/mL at 180 minutes, respectively ( P <0.001 for all groups). FVII antigen levels were unchanged. Plasma TFPI ( P <0.001) rose from mean baseline values ranging 69 to 79 and 57 to 61 ng/mL to 76 to 123 and 71 to 79 ng/mL at 180 minutes in normal subjects and patients, respectively ( P <0.001 for all groups). Plasma prothrombin fragment F1.2 levels showed minimal changes. There was an inverse relationship between TFPI and FVIIa in normal subjects ( r =−0.31, P =0.001) and patients ( r =−0.37, P <0.001). IPC results in an increase in plasma TFPI and decline in FVIIa. Inhibition of TF pathway, the initiating mechanism of blood coagulation, is a possible mechanism for the antithrombotic effect of IPC.
Efficient packet marking for large-scale IP traceback

We present a new approach to IP traceback based on the probabilistic packet marking paradigm. Our approach, which we call randomize-and-link, uses large checksum cords to "link" message fragments in a way that is highly scalable, for the checksums serve both as associative addresses and data integrity verifiers. The main advantage of these checksum cords is that they spread the addresses of possible router messages across a spectrum that is too large for the attacker to easily create messages that collide with legitimate messages. Our methods therefore scale to attack trees containing hundreds of routers and do not require that a victim know the topology of the attack tree a priori. In addition, by utilizing authenticated dictionaries in a novel way, our methods do not require routers sign any setup messages individually.
Administration of anti-Reg I and anti-PAPII antibodies worsens pancreatitis.

Context The regeneration protein family (Reg), which includes Reg I and PAPII, is expressed in pancreas acinar cells, and increases in acute pancreatitis. We have demonstrated that Reg gene knockdown worsens severity of acute pancreatitis in the rat and hypothesize that the proteins offer a protective effect in this disease. Objective We investigated the ability of anti-Reg and anti-PAP antibody to neutralize pancreatic Reg protein and affect pancreatitis severity. Intervention Pancreatitis was induced in rats by retrograde ductal injection of 4% sodium taurocholate. Animals Eighty-four rats: 48 with induced pancreatitis, 30 sham operated, and 6 normal animals. Setting Intraductal anti-Reg I and/or anti-PAPII antibody was administered at induced pancreatitis and sham operated subgroups of 6 rats each. Main outcome measure Serum and pancreata were harvested 24 and/or 48 hours later and assessed for pancreatitis severity by pancreatic wet weight, serum C-reactive protein (CRP), amylase, PAPII levels, and histopathology. Results Animals induced with pancreatitis with administration of anti-Reg/PAP antibodies had significantly higher wet weights compared with taurocholate and histopathological analysis revealed that anti-Reg/PAP treated animals had worse tissue inflammation and necrosis compared with controls. Serum CRP, amylase, and Reg levels did not significantly differ between experimental and sham control groups. Conclusions Administration of anti-Reg/PAP antibody worsened taurocholate-induced organ specific pancreatitis. These data suggest that the Reg family of proteins is protective in acute pancreatitis.
Dr Fimbriae Operon of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Mediate Microtubule-Dependent Invasion to the HeLa Epithelial Cell Line

Escherichia coli Dr adhesin and decay-accelerating factor (DAF) receptor-mediated interaction was proposed as the mechanism of ascending urinary tract infection (UTI) and chronic interstitial nephritis. This report provides novel evidence for Dr fimbriae operon-mediated invasive capacity of Dr+ E. coli. Insertional mutants draE, draC, and draB, and adherent draD and UV-inactivated BN406 were unable to enter HeLa cells. Complementation of the dra mutation restored invasiveness. Internalization was inhibited by anti-Dr fimbriae IgG (100%), anti-SCR-3 domain of DAF (75%), and nocodazole (95%). Increased receptor-ligand density occurred at the site of internalization. Internalized Dr+ E. coli did not significantly multiply in the HeLa cell line. Accordingly, the dra operon and DAF were required for microtubule-dependent internalization of E. coli to HeLa cells. The relatively low invasion and multiplication rates of Dr+ E. coli may hypothetically contribute to the postattachment steps of ascending UTI and chronic renal infection.
Shock tube study of cyanogen oxidation kinetics

Mixtures of cyanogen and nitrous oxide diluted in argon were shock-heated to measure the rate constants of A broad-band mercury lamp was used to measure CN in absorption at 388 nm [B2Σ+(v = 0) X2Σ+(v = 0)], and the spectral coincidence of a CO infrared absorption line [v(2 1), J(37 38)] with a CO laser line [v(6 5), J(15 16)] was exploited to monitor CO in absorption. The CO measurement established that reaction (3) produces CO in excited vibrational states. A computer fit of the experiments near 2000 K led to An additional measurement of NO via infrared absorption led to an estimate of the ratio k5/k6: with k5/k6 ≃ 103.36±0.27 at 2150 K. Mixtures of cyanogen and oxygen diluted in argon were shock heated to measure the rate constant of and the ratio k5/k6 by monitoring CN in absorption. We found near 2400 K: and The combined measurements of k5/k6 lead to k5/k6 ≃ 10−3.07 exp(+31,800/T) (±60%) for 2150 ≤ T ≤ 2400 K.
Including Nutrition in an Ambulatory Care Path for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Care paths are known to improve the performance of health care providers in delivering diabetes education. This paper describes the efforts of a rural family practice to implement a provider-and patient-focused care path for the improved management of Type 2 diabetes. Dietary and lifestyle advice were included elements in the care path. Family physicians with limited access to dietetic services need to provide more diet and lifestyle advice than other physicians. Patient-focused care paths are expected to enhance provider-patient communication and improve patient adherence.
Performance evaluation of state-of-the-art discrete symmetry detection algorithms

Symmetry is one of the important cues for human and machine perception of the world. For over three decades, automatic symmetry detection from images/patterns has been a standing topic in computer vision. We present a timely, systematic, and quantitative performance evaluation of three state of the art discrete symmetry detection algorithms. This evaluation scheme includes a set of carefully chosen synthetic and real images presenting justified, unambiguous single or multiple dominant symmetries, and a pair of well-defined success rates for validation. We make our 176 test images with associated hand-labeled ground truth publicly available with this paper. In addition, we explore the potential contribution of symmetry detection for object recognition by testing the symmetry detection algorithm on three publicly available object recognition image sets (PASCAL VOC'07, MSRC and Caltech-256). Our results indicate that even after several decades of effort, symmetry detection in real-world images remains a challenging, unsolved problem in computer vision. Meanwhile, we illustrate its future potential in object recognition.
Photonic slot routing in all-optical WDM mesh networks

Photonic slot routing has been proposed as an approach to implement an all-optical packet-switched network in a manner which is scalable and not overly complex. Although photonic slot routing has been studied in bus and ring networks, it has not been applied to general mesh topologies until now. In this study, we investigate some of the issues involved in implementing photonic slot routing in a mesh network. In particular, we propose an approach for assigning slot destinations in a photonic slot routing network, and we evaluate the performance of the proposed technique.