cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of temperature on induction of chill-coma and movement of the american cockroach, Periplaneta americana☆

1. 1. Adults of Periplaneta americana, acclimated at 26°C, were placed at a series of chill-coma test temperatures ranging from 0·3 to 10·5°C for 1 hr and then allowed to recover at room temperature. 2. 2. Records were kept of the locomotor events during chill-coma induction and recovery, and of the times that elapsed before these events occurred. 3. 3. It was found that (a) A cockroach passes through a definite series of locomotor events and (or) failures during onset and recovery from coma. (b) The chill-coma events are temperature dependent. (c) A hierarchy of temperature sensitivity is evident within body regions and appendages. (d) It takes longer for a cockroach to recover from coma induced at a lower test temperature. (e) Body weight plays a minor role in determining the elapsed time required for a cockroach to exhibit a given chill-coma event at a low temperature.
Thickness Measurement for Thin Films and Coatings Using Millimeter Waves

An accurate technique for measuring the thickness of dielectric thin films and coatings is presented in this paper. Millimeter-wave sensors operated at 80 GHz are placed near the sample surface. A better than \(1^{\circ}/\mu\) m sensitivity of the phase of the received signal with respect to sample thickness can be achieved. A theoretical model consisting of a vertical electric dipole over a two-layer structure is used to generate calibration information and to guide the optimization of sensor placement. To facilitate the theoretical study, we devise an efficient and reliable numerical algorithm for evaluating Sommerfeld integrals. This algorithm surpasses the performance of conventional numerical methods and renders fast convergence even in the worst-case scenario, when the transmitter and the receiver have the same elevation and the materials are lossless.
Species differences in adrenocortical activity of new world primates: Response to dexamethasone suppression

The effect of dexamethasone-induced alteration of adrenocortical activity was assessed in two species of New World primates: Saimiri sciureus and Callicebus moloch. Basal and stress levels of corticosteroids were determined following treatment with three doses of dexamethasone (0, 50, or 500 μg/kg). Saimiri showed substantially higher basal levels of corticosteroids than did Callicebus and a greater incremental corticosteroid response to physical restraint. Dexamethasone was found to reduce basal corticosteroids in both species, although this effect was greater for Callicebus than for Saimiri Moreover, the adrenocortical response to physical restraint was reduced by dexamethasone treatment in Callicebus but not in Saimiri. The pattern of results suggests that the species differ in the mechanisms mediating adrenocortical activity.
The market's response to recurring events the case of stock splits

Abstract A substantial body of literature suggests that stock splits convey information. In this paper we extend this literature by examining firms that split their stock at least twice during 1970–1988. We focus on firms with multiple splits to provide evidence on the market's use of previous split experience in interpreting a recurring event. Our major findings are that stock price responses to both stock splits and post-split earnings changes depend on earnings realizations observed after previous splits. These findings support the conclusion that the market uses previous split experience to interpret a recurring event.
Familiarity and visual change detection.

Detection of change when one display of familiar objects replaces another display might be based purely upon visual codes, or also on identity information (i.e., knowingwhat was presentwhere in the initial display). Displays of 10 alphanumeric characters were presented and, after a brief offset, were presented again in the same position, with or without a change in a single character. Subjects’ accuracy in change detection did not suggest preservation of any more information than is usually available in whole report, except with the briefest of offsets (under 50 msec). Stimulus duration had only modest effects. The interaction of masking with offset duration followed the pattern previously observed with unfamiliar visual stimuli (Phillips, 1974). Accuracy was not reduced by reflection of the characters about a horizontal axis, suggesting that categorical information contributed negligibly. Detection of change appears to depend upon capacity-limited visual memory; (putative) knowledge of what identities are present in different display locations does not seem to contribute.
Early stage uterine serous carcinoma: management updates and genomic advances.

Abstract Objective Even in cases of early stage disease, uterine serous carcinoma (USC) is associated with high recurrence rates and a disproportionate number of cancer-related deaths. Prospective data to guide therapy for women with this disease are limited. This article reviews the currently available literature regarding optimal management of women with early stage USC. Methods MEDLINE was searched for all research articles published in the English language from January 1, 1996 through October 30, 2012 in which the studied population included women diagnosed with early stage USC. Although preference was given to prospective studies, studies were not limited by design or numbers of patients in light of the relative paucity of the available literature. Results Early stage USC (Stages I–II) is associated with a risk of recurrence that ranges from 0 to 80%, and is related to the amount of residual uterine disease, cervical involvement and adjuvant therapy. Treatment with platinum and taxane-based chemotherapy may decrease the risk of recurrence and may improve survival outcomes; volume directed radiotherapy may also be of benefit. USC highly expresses HER2/neu, a promising and rational target for biologic therapy. Alterations in the PIK3CA/AKT/ mTOR pathway are also of relevance and offer other potential therapeutic targets. Conclusions USC is a unique and biologically aggressive subtype of endometrial cancer, and as such, should be studied as a distinct entity. Prospective trials incorporating traditional chemotherapeutics and radiation as well as targeted therapies are warranted to define the optimal management approach for women with this disease.
The use of low‐energy collisionally activated dissociation negative‐ion tandem mass spectrometry for the characterization of dog and human urinary metabolites of the drug BW 1370U87

Liquid chromatography (LC) combined with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry was used to identify phase I and II metabolites of the drug BW 1370U87 in dog and human urine. Additional analysis of individual high-performance liquid chromatograph fractions collected from dog urine by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry identified one metabolite which was not detected by LC/MS methods. Using negative-ion LC/MS, the majority of BW 1370U87 metabolites in human urine were identified as glucuronic acid conjugates of phase I oxidative metabolites. The negative-ion fragmentation produced by low-energy collisionally activated decomposition (CAD), studied by tandem mass spectrometry experiments, confirmed that these compounds were drug-related and allowed metabolite structures to be assigned. Product-ion spectra of the metabolites were dominated by the loss of neutral molecules from even-electron deprotonated [M − H]− ions.
Toward minimalist models of larger proteins: A ubiquitin‐like protein

Our recently developed off-lattice bead model capable of simulating protein structures with mixed α/β content has been extended to model the folding of a ubiquitin-like protein and provides a means for examining the more complex kinetics involved in the folding of larger proteins. Using trajectories generated from constant-temperature Langevin dynamics simulations and sampling with the multiple multi-histogram method over five-order parameters, we are able to characterize the free energy landscape for folding and find evidence for folding through compact intermediates. Our model reproduces the observation that the C-terminus loop structure in ubiquitin is the last to fold in the folding process and most likely plays a spectator role in the folding kinetics. The possibility of a productive metastable intermediate along the folding pathway consisting of collapsed states with no secondary structure, and of intermediates or transition structures involving secondary structural elements occurring early in the sequence, is also supported by our model. The kinetics of folding remain multi-exponential below the folding temperature, with glass-like kinetics appearing at T/Tf ∼ 0.86. This new physicochemical model, designed to be predictive, helps validate the value of modeling protein folding at this level of detail for genomic-scale studies, and motivates further studies of other protein topologies and the impact of more complex energy functions, such as the addition of solvation forces. Proteins 2002;46:368–379. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Recovery from Severe Hyperthermia (45 degrees C) and Rhabdomyolysis Induced by Methamphetamine Body-Stuffing.

The acute toxic effects of sympathomimetic stimulant drugs include hypertensive crisis, coronary and cerebral vasospasm, cardiac dysrthythmias, seizures, hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis, and metabolic derangements such as hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and either hyper- or hypokalemia.1 This report presents a case of complete recovery from severe hyperthermia with a temperature at 45°C (113°F) and rhabdomyolysis resulting from methamphetamine body-stuffing and physical exertion. The patient’s initial recorded core body temperature is the highest ever reported in a case with laboratory-confirmed sympathomimetic drug overdose.
Ejection fraction derived by M-mode echocardiography: A table and comments

Left ventricular ejection fraction is frequently quantitated by M-mode echocardiography despite limitations, including 1) the ability to measure an accurate left ventricular short axis, 2) the mathematic and geometric assumptions used to derive the volumes from which the ejection fraction is calculated, and 3) the lack of applicability to asynergic ventricles. Nevertheless, using a cubed function or correction formula, ejection fraction can be calculated for symmetrically contracting, normally sized, and enlarged left ventricles. A table and accompanying comments are presented.
Peer-to-peer distributed text classifier learning in PADMINI

Popular Internet document repositories, such as online newspapers, digital libraries, and blogs store large amount of text and image data that are frequently accessed by large number of users. Users' input through collaborative commenting or tagging can be very useful in organizing and classifying documents. Some web sites (e.g. Google Image Labeler) support a collection of tags and labels, but a large fraction of these sites do not currently support such activities. Moreover, relying upon centrally controlled web-service providers for such support is probably not a good idea if the objective is to make the collaborative inputs publicly available. Often, business entities offering such web-based tagging environments end up owning and monetizing the result of the collective effort. This paper takes a step toward addressing this problem—it proposes a peer-to-peer (P2P) system (PADMINI), powered by distributed data mining algorithms. In particular, it focuses on learning a P2P classifier from tagged text data. This paper describes the PADMINI system and the distributed text classifier learning components; text classification is posed as a linear program and an asynchronous distributed algorithm is used to solve it. It also presents extensive empirical results on text data obtained from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) proposal abstract database. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 2012, © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (The author is also affiliated to Agnik LLC., Columbia, MD, USA)
Specific phenotypic restoration of an attenuated virus by knockout of a host resistance gene.

To produce disease, viruses must enter the host, multiply locally in host tissues, spread from the site of entry, and overcome or evade host immune responses. At each stage in this infectious process, specific microbial and host genes determine the ultimate virulence of the virus. Genetic approaches have identified many viral genes that play critical roles in virulence and are presumed to target specific components of the host innate and acquired immune response. However, formal proof that a virulence gene targets a specific protein in a host pathway in vivo has not been obtained. Based on cell culture studies, it has been proposed that the herpes simplex virus type 1 gene ICP34.5 (ICP, infected cell protein) enhances neurovirulence by negating antiviral functions of the IFN-inducible double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase R or PKR [Chou, J., Chen, J.J., Gross, M. & Roizman, B. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 10516–10520]. Herein, we show that a virus that has been attenuated by deletion of ICP34.5 exhibits wild-type replication and virulence in a host from which the PKR gene has been deleted. We show that restoration of virulence is specific to ICP34.5 and PKR by using additional host and viral mutants. The use of recombinant viruses to infect animals with null mutations in host defense genes provides a formal genetic test for identifying in vivo mechanisms and targets of microbial virulence genes.
Progenitor Cell Origin Plays a Role in Fate Choices of Mature B Cells

B cells, the Ab-producing cells of the immune system, develop from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) through well-defined stages during which Ig genes are rearranged to generate a clonal BCR. Signaling through the BCR plays a role in the subsequent cell fate decisions leading to the generation of three distinct types of B cells: B1, marginal zone, and follicular B cells. Common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) are descended from HSCs, and although recent observations suggest that CLPs may not be physiological T cell precursors, it is generally accepted that CLPs are obligate progenitors for B cells. In addition, a CLP-like progenitor of unknown significance that lacks expression of c-kit (kit(-)CLP) was recently identified in the mouse model. In this study, we show that CLPs, kit(-)CLPs and a population within the lin(-)Sca1(+)kit(+)flt3(-) HSC compartment generate mature B cell types in different proportions: CLPs and kit(-)CLPs show a stronger marginal zone/follicular ratio than lin(-)Sca1(+)kit(+)flt3(-) cells, whereas kit(-)CLPs show a stronger B1 bias than any other progenitor population. Furthermore, expression of Sca1 on B cells depends on their progenitor origin as B cells derived from CLPs and kit(-)CLPs express more Sca1 than those derived from lin(-)Sca1(+)kit(+)flt3(-) cells. These observations indicate a role for progenitor origin in B cell fate choices and suggest the existence of CLP-independent B cell development.
A test methodology for wafer scale system

To efficiently access and control on-chip design for test (DFT) circuitry, a standard test interface is required. A uniform testing interface is defined for each functional cell, with built-in self-test incorporated whenever possible. Use of a standard interface will reduce test complexity and costs by allowing entire wafer probing by a common standardized probe card, irrespective of the number of different functional cell types. Details are provided for the function, cell, and wafer level testing standards as well as for the procedures to be followed at wafer level restructuring and test. The test overhead area required is assessed; and for a large class of designs, the benefit of reduced input/output (I/O) area is found to more than compensate for the added test area. >
Semiparametric inference with correlated recurrence time data

Abstract We consider a study which monitors the occurrences of a recurrent event for n subjects or units. Recurrent event data have many features which are worth looking into in the estimation process. In this manuscript, we consider the problem of estimating the distribution function of the inter-event times by taking into account two of these features: correlation among the inter-event times and the dependence and informative aspect of the right-censoring random variables. The parametric approach to the problem has been dealt with in Zamba and Adekpedjou (2011) [25] . The semiparametric approach is considered in this article. We derive a Kaplan–Meier type estimator of the distribution function under the gamma frailty model and an informative monitoring model for recurrent events by extending an approach due to Sellke (1988) [20] . The sampling distribution properties of the proposed estimators are examined through simulation studies. Furthermore, the performance of our proposed estimator is assessed with respect to the existing ones. The procedures are applied to a recurrent event dataset.
Synthesis of ApoSense compound [18F]2-(5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonamido)-2-(fluoromethyl)butanoic acid ([18F]NST732) by nucleophilic ring opening of an aziridine precursor.

Abstract Introduction The small molecule 2-(5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonamido)-2-(fluoromethyl)butanoic acid (NST732) is a member of the ApoSense family of compounds, capable of selective targeting, binding and accumulation within cells undergoing apoptotic cell death. It has application in molecular imaging and blood clotting particularly for monitoring antiapoptotic drug treatments. We are investigating a fluorine-18-radiolabeled analog of this compound for positron emission tomography studies. Methods We prepared the tosylate precursor methyl 2-(5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonamido)-2-(tosyloxymethyl)butanoate (4) to synthesize fluorine-18-labeled NST732. Fluorination reaction of the tosylate precursor in 1:1 acetonitrile:dimethylsulfoxide with tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride proceeds through an aziridine intermediate (4A) to afford two regioisomers: 2-(5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonamido)-2-fluorobutanoate (5) and methyl 2-(5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonamido)-2-(fluoromethyl)butanoate (6). Acid hydrolysis of the fluoromethylbutanoate (6) isomer produced NST732. As the fluorination reaction of the tosylate precursor proceeds through an aziridine intermediate (4A) and the fluorination conceivably could be done directly on the aziridine, we have separately prepared an aziridine precursor (4A). Fluorine-18 labeling of the aziridine precursor (4A) was performed with [ 18 F]tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride to afford the same two regioisomers (5 and 6). The [ 18 F]2-((5-dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonamido)methyl)-2-fluorobutanoic acid (NST732) was then obtained by the hydrolysis of corresponding [ 18 F]-labeled ester (6) with 6 N hydrochloric acid. Results Two regioisomers obtained from the fluorination reaction of aziridine were easily separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The total radiochemical yield was 15%±3% (uncorrected, n =18) from the aziridine precursor in a 70-min synthesis time with a radiochemical purity >99%. Conclusion Fluorine-18-labeled ApoSense compound [ 18 F]NST732 is prepared in moderate yield by direct fluorination of an aziridine precursor.
Occupy empathy? Online politics and micro-narratives of suffering:

The Occupy movement has drawn attention to the political potential of online communities, and raised questions about the forms of emotional commitment that such communities engender. It has also generated a backlash, as supporters of the political-economic status quo have gone online to question or condemn the movement. This paper performs a discourse analysis of the messages left at one anti-Occupy site called We Are The 53%, in order to see whether such messages engaged with the idea that the current economic system creates unfair hardship and suffering. Surprisingly, the majority of the messages at We Are The 53% did not deny the existence of such hardship, but instead evinced a kind of superficial empathy with the suffering of others that viewed others’ misfortune as ultimately manageable. The paper thus questions the progressive political value of empathy in online spaces.
Participation in university-based research centers: Is it helping or hurting researchers?

Abstract In general, affiliation with a university research center is considered to be an activity that can improve the research activities of scientists and academics. Yet there have only been a few studies examining whether research centers are positive institutional structures for individual researchers. Our research examines how affiliation with a research center in the United States can impact research productivity, collaboration, and careers of faculty members in the multidisciplinary field of learning sciences. This study utilizes data from a curriculum vitae (CV) analysis of 402 faculty members who are currently employed at research universities. The results indicate that, on average, the research productivity of faculty members affiliated with a research center is higher than non-center affiliated faculty members. The effects, however, disappear when controlling for factors such as years since Ph.D., gender, post-doctoral status, quality of publications, and quantity of other research outputs. Senior tenured faculty members appear to benefit greatly from affiliation with a research center, while center affiliation does not positively correlate with the productivity of junior faculty members.
A review of: “CHEMICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION”—Published by The Institution of Chemical Engineers Symposium Series No. 70, Rugby (U.K.), 1981, ISBN 085295 143 4

(1984). A review of: “CHEMICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION”—Published by The Institution of Chemical Engineers Symposium Series No. 70, Rugby (U.K.), 1981, ISBN 085295 143 4. Chemical Engineering Communications: Vol. 27, No. 1-2, pp. 127-127.
Characterizing and minimizing synchronization and calibration errors in inertial body sensor networks

Body sensor network (BSN) applications depend on accurate and precise data from body-worn devices, but issues related to sensor variations, body mounting variations, and node-to-node synchronization can dramatically impact the quality and reliability of collected data and, ultimately, application fidelity. Characterizing and addressing these sources of error -- which are both static and dynamic (e.g. sensors suffer from static manufacturing variability and dynamic environmental impacts) -- within the context of application requirements is therefore necessary for the viability of such applications.This work characterizes and addresses errors related to sensor and mounting calibration and node synchronization on a case study application -- knee joint angle as measured during walking by an accelerometer- and gyroscope-based BSN. Using an industrial optical motion capture system to provide ground truth, calibration and synchronization error are quantified and the efficacy of solutions for reducing such errors are evaluated.
Admissions control and data placement for VBR video servers

In this paper we compare techniques for storage and real-time retrieval of variable bit rate (VBR) video data for multiple simultaneous users. We compare two main classes of data placement techniques: constant time length (CTL) and constant data length (CDL). For each technique, we consider both deterministic and statistical admissions control policies and show that the statistical policies are more suitable for interactive applications. CDL-based data placement is shown to be able to achieve lower overload probabilities than CTL-based ones for a given user distribution at the expense of a much higher buffer requirement and higher delays. A "burst mode" technique for CDL is discussed that can reduce the delays at the expense of even higher buffer usage. We verify our theoretical overload probabilities for the statistical admissions control policies with experiments run on a discrete event simulator. >
Functional Insights about Synaptic Inputs to Dendrites

This talk briefly reviewed results of earlier computations that simulated synaptic inputs to passive dendritic membrane. Then it reviewed dendritic spines and the possibility that some spine heads might have excitable membrane properties. Because some neurons have dendritic arbors that are studded with hundreds or thousands of spines, computations were used to explore theoretical examples of different synaptic input combinations to both excitable and passive spines. The results demonstrate the possibility of synaptic amplification by action potentials in spine heads, and the possibility of chain reactions between excitable spines. These nonlinear responses could be used for logical processing of inputs in dendritic arbors. Dendro-dendritic synapses were also reviewed briefly; they provide the possibility of graded synaptic interactions between dendritic arbors of different neurons, (without the constraint of all-or-nothing impulses). These examples of modeling and computations based on anatomy and physiology demonstrate both a richness of possibilities and a challenge to future modeling of neurons and networks of neurons. The details below are quite brief; more complete presentations with illustrations are available in the references cited.
Mixing electromagnetic and electrical circuit simulations

As clock rates in computers become faster, EM effects become more important in computer board and chip simulations. Hence, efficient computer simulations with the correct physics exploiting best CEM methods are imperative for the design of the next generation computers. The recently developed fast methods, MLFMA (multilevel fast multipole algorithm) and low-frequency MLFMA (LF-MLFMA), and low-frequency fast inhomogeneous plane wave algorithm (LF-FIPWA), can accelerate high-accuracy electromagnetic simulations by orders of magnitude. Such methods are integral equation methods such as MOM and low-frequency MOM (LF-MOM). LF-MLFMA/LF-MOM and LF-FIPWA/LF-MOM can be used to characterize blocks of circuits with S parameters when those parts of circuits are linear. Then we interface the nonlinear part of the circuits with the linear part with a fast convolution scheme with reduced complexity. In this manner, general circuits can be modeled by fully exploiting advances in fast electromagnetic solvers. Also, the characterization with S parameters over a broad range of frequencies can be done in parallel for different blocks of the circuit, and these parameters can be computed and stored for later simulations.
Design issues of fuzzy logic programming languages

Logic programming (LP) has been successfully applied to solve many problems in artificial intelligence and many other areas. However, LP is unable to deal with uncertain, imprecise or vague information. On the other hand, fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic have demonstrated their applicability in dealing with uncertainty, and have motivated the research on extending classic LP to add fuzzy reasoning. However, a full fledged implementation of a fuzzy logic programming language universally accepted and/or in production does not exist yet. There are many reasons for this, and we present some of them. The aim of the paper is to briefly survey some of the major design problems we faced in implementing a fuzzy version of a Prolog-like logic programming language.
Energy Savings Opportunities and Energy Efficiency Performance Indicators for a Serial Production Line

Modern manufacturing facilities waste various energy savings opportunities (ESO) and lack proper performance indicators to measure energy efficiency on the production line. The ESO is an opportunity window calculated from on-line production data, such as production count, machine downtime records, buffer levels, and machine idle status, allowing certain machines to be turned off for energy savings without negatively affecting throughput. New energy efficiency performance indicators are presented that use real time production data to identify the least energy efficiency machine on the line. The energy savings opportunity strategy utilizes the Energy Efficiency Performance Indicators (EEPI) to take the opportunity window for the least energy efficient machine at opportune times, allowing for improvements to be made to the machine, increasing the overall energy efficiency of the line.
Zic1 controls placode progenitor formation non-cell autonomously by regulating retinoic acid production and transport

All cranial placode progenitors arise from a common precursor field anterior to the neural plate, the pre-placodal region (PPR). We showed that transcription factor Zic1, expressed at the anterior neural plate, is necessary and sufficient to promote placode fate. Here we reveal the non-cell autonomous activity of Zic1 and implicate retinoic acid (RA) signalling as a key player in cranial placode progenitor specification. In a screen for genes activated by Zic1, we identify several factors involved in RA metabolism and function. Among them we show that retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (RALDH2) and lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase (LPGDS), which, respectively, regulate the synthesis and transport of RA, directly participate in the establishment of the PPR. We propose that RALDH2 and LPGDS induction by Zic1 at the anterior neural plate allows for the localized production and transport of RA, which in turn activates a cranial placode developmental programme in neighbouring cells. Cranial placode progenitors arise from a common precursor field known as the preplacodal region. Here the authors show that transcription factor Zic1 induces the localized production and transport of retinoic acid at the anterior neural plate, which in turn activates a placode developmental programme in neighbouring cells.
Jurisdiction: The $64,000 Question

Matthew Lasar asks the $64,000 question on Ars Technica: "Did Congress really give the FCC power to protect the Net? The jurisdictional question, as Lasar notes, lies at the heart of the viability of the FCC's proposed net neutrality rules. The answer depends on one's view of what regulatory powers Congress bestowed upon the agency in the Communications Act of 1934, as amended: Broadly stated, the FCC was created and given jurisdiction over interstate wire and radio commerce in communication for the purpose of making available "a rapid, efficient, Nationwide, and world-wide wire and radio communication service with adequate facilities at reasonable charges." It is in the understanding of specifically how the FCC was to go about carrying out this broad purpose that reasonable minds disagree.The FCC has made clear its view that it may regulate the network management practices of broadband Internet service providers under its implied or "ancillary jurisdiction."But Congress has never given the FCC any authority to regulate the Internet for the purpose of ensuring net neutrality. In place of explicit congressional authority, we expect the FCC will rely on its "ancillary jurisdiction," a position that amounts to "we can regulate the Internet however we like without waiting for Congress to act." The problem with the doctrine of ancillary jurisdiction is that it is potentially limitless as exercise after exercise takes the FCC further and further away from its core congressionally-delegated regulatory responsibilities. Express delegations of regulatory authority by Congress are important for two reasons: they both give power and limit its exercise in ways agreed upon by our elected representatives through duly-enacted legislation. It is particularly important that unelected government officials stay within the bounds of these delegations. Our individual freedoms as well as our democracy depend on it.
Scalable and Continuous Water Deionization by Shock Electrodialysis

Rising global demand for potable water is driving innovation in water treatment methods. Shock electrodialysis is a recently proposed technique that exploits deionization shock waves in porous media to purify water. In this letter, we present the first continuous and scalable shock electrodialysis system and demonstrate the separation of sodium, chloride, and other ions from a feed stream. Our prototype continuously removes over 99% (and up to 99.99%) of salt from diverse electrolytes over a range of concentrations (1, 10, and 100 mM). The desalination data collapse with dimensionless current, scaled to charge advection in the feed stream. Enhanced water recovery with increasing current (up to 79%) is a fortuitous discovery, which we attribute to electro-osmotic pumping. These results suggest the feasibility of using shock electrodialysis for practical water purification applications.
Circulation Control Applied to Wind Turbines

This research effort provided a process and results for the prediction of the pressure gradient in the vicinity for a circulation controlled vertical axis wind turbine (CC-VAWT). The pressure gradient was determined using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software, Fluent. The pressure gradient was then compared to the current commercial standard horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) the CC-VAWT and was shown to produce a much lower pressure drop within its immediate vicinity of the wind turbine. This difference shows evidence towards a potential solution for the current negative effects that the wind turbine industry is having on bat populations, namely barotrauma.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The effect of goal proximity on acquisition and extinction of a five part response chain

The present study considered the effect of goal proximity on the rate of responding to each of five wheels in a response chain. Eighteen male, albino rats were used as Ss. The results indicated: (1) during the acquisition phase, response strength tended to increase as the Ss approached the goal, (2) the effect of nonreward was to initially increase response rate at the point farthest from the goal and to reduce it near the goal.
Lateral Comparative Investigation of Stromatolites: Astrobiological Implications and Assessment of Scales of Control.

The processes that govern the formation of stromatolites--structures that may represent macroscopic manifestation of microbial processes and a clear target for astrobiological investigation--occur at various scales (local versus regional), yet determining their relative importance remains a challenge, particularly for ancient deposits and/or if similar deposits are discovered elsewhere in the Solar System. We build upon the traditional multiscale level approach of investigation (micro-, meso-, macro-, mega-) by including a lateral comparative investigational component of fine- to large-scale features to determine the relative significance of local and/or nonlocal controls on stromatolite morphology, and in the process, help constrain the dominant influences on microbialite formation. In one example of lateral comparative investigation, lacustrine microbialites from the Miocene Barstow Formation (California) display two main mesofabrics: (1) micritic bands that drastically change in thickness and cannot directly be traced between adjacent decimeter-scale subunits and (2) sparry fibrous layers that are strikingly consistent across subunits, suggesting the formation of sparry fibrous layers was influenced by a process larger than the length scale between the subunits (likely lake chemistry). Microbialites from the uppermost Triassic Cotham Member, United Kingdom, occur as meter-scale mounds and contain a characteristic succession of laminated and dendrolitic mesofabrics. The same succession of laminated/dendrolitic couplets can be traced, not only from mound to mound, but over 100 km, indicating a regional-scale influence on very small structures (microns to centimeters) that would otherwise not be apparent without the lateral comparative approach, and demonstrating that the scale of the feature does not necessarily scale with the scope of the process. Thus, the combination of lateral comparative investigations and multiscale analyses can provide an effective approach for evaluating the dominant controls on stromatolite texture and morphology throughout the rock record and potentially on other planets via rover-scale analyses (e.g., Mars).
Hybrid Seismic Denoising Using Higher-Order Statistics and Improved Wavelet Block Thresholding

We introduce a nondiagonal seismic denoising method based on the continuous wavelet transform with hybrid block thresholding (BT). Parameters for the BT step are adaptively adjusted to the inferred signal property by minimizing the unbiased risk estimate of Stein (1980). The efficiency of the denoising for seismic data has been improved by adapting the wavelet thresholding and adding a preprocessing step based on a higher‐order statistical analysis and a postprocessing step based on Wiener filtering. Application of the proposed method on synthetic and real seismic data shows the effectiveness of the method for denoising and improving the signal‐to‐noise ratio of local microseismic, regional, and ocean bottom seismic data.
Status Report on NEAMS System Analysis Module Development

Under the Reactor Product Line (RPL) of DOE-NE’s Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (NEAMS) program, an advanced SFR System Analysis Module (SAM) is being developed at Argonne National Laboratory. The goal of the SAM development is to provide fast-running, improved-fidelity, whole-plant transient analyses capabilities. SAM utilizes an object-oriented application framework MOOSE), and its underlying meshing and finite-element library libMesh, as well as linear and non-linear solvers PETSc, to leverage modern advanced software environments and numerical methods. It also incorporates advances in physical and empirical models and seeks closure models based on information from high-fidelity simulations and experiments. This report provides an update on the SAM development, and summarizes the activities performed in FY15 and the first quarter of FY16. The tasks include: (1) implement the support of 2nd-order finite elements in SAM components for improved accuracy and computational efficiency; (2) improve the conjugate heat transfer modeling and develop pseudo 3-D full-core reactor heat transfer capabilities; (3) perform verification and validation tests as well as demonstration simulations; (4) develop the coupling requirements for SAS4A/SASSYS-1 and SAM integration.
FoxO3 regulates neuronal reprogramming of cells from postnatal and aging mice

We and others have shown that embryonic and neonatal fibroblasts can be directly converted into induced neuronal (iN) cells with mature functional properties. Reprogramming of fibroblasts from adult and aged mice, however, has not yet been explored in detail. The ability to generate fully functional iN cells from aged organisms will be particularly important for in vitro modeling of diseases of old age. Here, we demonstrate production of functional iN cells from fibroblasts that were derived from mice close to the end of their lifespan. iN cells from aged mice had apparently normal active and passive neuronal membrane properties and formed abundant synaptic connections. The reprogramming efficiency gradually decreased with fibroblasts derived from embryonic and neonatal mice, but remained similar for fibroblasts from postnatal mice of all ages. Strikingly, overexpression of a transcription factor, forkhead box O3 (FoxO3), which is implicated in aging, blocked iN cell conversion of embryonic fibroblasts, whereas knockout or knockdown of FoxO3 increased the reprogramming efficiency of adult-derived but not of embryonic fibroblasts and also enhanced functional maturation of resulting iN cells. Hence, FoxO3 has a central role in the neuronal reprogramming susceptibility of cells, and the importance of FoxO3 appears to change during development.
Development of neurologic diseases in a patient with primate T lymphotropic virus type 1 (PTLV-1).

Virus transmission from various wild and domestic animals contributes to an increased risk of emerging infectious diseases in human populations. HTLV-1 is a human retrovirus associated with acute T-cell leukemia and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-1 originated from ancient zoonotic transmission from nonhuman primates, although cases of zoonotic infections continue to occur. Similar to HTLV-1, the simian counterpart, STLV-1, causes chronic infection and leukemia and lymphoma in naturally infected monkeys, and combined are called primate T-lymphotropic viruses (PTLV-1). However, other clinical syndromes typically seen in humans such as a chronic progressive myelopathy have not been observed in nonhuman primates. Little is known about the development of neurologic and inflammatory diseases in human populations infected with STLV-1-like viruses following nonhuman primate exposure. We performed detailed laboratory analyses on an HTLV-1 seropositive patient with typical HAM/TSP who was born in Liberia and now resides in the United States. Using a novel droplet digital PCR for the detection of the HTLV-1 tax gene, the proviral load in PBMC and cerebrospinal fluid cells was 12.98 and 51.68 %, respectively; however, we observed a distinct difference in fluorescence amplitude of the positive droplet population suggesting possible mutations in proviral DNA. A complete PTLV-1 proviral genome was amplified from the patient’s PBMC DNA using an overlapping PCR strategy. Phylogenetic analysis of the envelope and LTR sequences showed the virus was highly related to PTLV-1 from sooty mangabey monkeys (smm) and humans exposed via nonhuman primates in West Africa. These results demonstrate the patient is infected with a simian variant of PTLV-1, suggesting for the first time that PTLV-1smm infection in humans may be associated with a chronic progressive neurologic disease.
Analysis of the complete plastomes of three species of Membranoptera (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) from Pacific North America.

Next generation sequence data were generated and used to assemble the complete plastomes of the holotype of Membranoptera weeksiae, the neotype (designated here) of M. tenuis, and a specimen examined by Kylin in making the new combination M. platyphylla. The three plastomes were similar in gene content and length and showed high gene synteny to Calliarthron, Grateloupia, Sporolithon, and Vertebrata. Sequence variation in the plastome coding regions were 0.89% between M. weeksiae and M. tenuis, 5.14% between M. weeksiae and M. platyphylla, and 5.18% between M. tenuis and M. platyphylla. We were unable to decipher the complete mitogenomes of the three species due to low coverage and structural problems; however, we assembled and analyzed, the cytochrome oxidase I, II, and III loci and found that M. weeksiae and M. tenuis differed in sequence by 1.3%, M. weeksiae and M. platyphylla by 8.4%, and M. tenuis and M. platyphylla by 8.1%. Evaluation of standard marker genes indicated that sequences from the rbcL, RuBisCO spacer, and CO1 genes closely approximated the pairwise genetic distances observed between the plastomes of the three species of Membranoptera. A phylogenetic tree based on rbcL sequences showed that M. tenuis and M. weeksiae were sister taxa. Short rbcL sequences were obtained from type specimens of M. dimorpha, M. multiramosa, and M. edentata and confirmed their conspecificity with M. platyphylla. The data support the recognition of three species of Membranoptera occurring south of Alaska: M. platyphylla, M. tenuis, and M. weeksiae. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Impact of Corroded Copper Rails on the Performance of a Miniature Electromagnetic Launcher

The U.S. Navy is getting much closer to fielding shipboard railguns. As they get closer, there is increasing concern with how corrosion of the rail surface will affect launcher performance and lifetime, with it intuitively hypothesized that corrosion will negatively affect both. It is anticipated that significant surface-oxide formation on the rail surface will increase the rail/armature contact resistance, and surface pitting/deposition will further affect the rail/armature contact area. There are several negative effects that could arise from surface corrosion on the rails. One includes an increased probability of armature transition occurring that can significantly decrease launcher efficiency and muzzle velocity, and enhance the rate of rail erosion. In the experiments discussed here, the University of Texas at Arlington has performed two sets of experiments aimed at better understanding how corrosion impacts the performance of a 1-m long railgun with muzzle energies of roughly 1.8 kJ (14 g to roughly 450 m/s). In the first experiment, virgin C11000 rails were shot on five times, and after the shots, the rails were segmented and characterized using an optical microscope and X-Ray diffraction. In the second set of experiments, bare C11000 rails were corroded, using a custom salt fog chamber for 96 h, before being shot on five times and then surface characterized in the same manner. The launcher has a peak current of roughly 100 kA, and launch packages fabricated from 6061-T6 aluminum are used. The rail claddings studied have dimensions of 1 in $\times 39.4$ in $\times 1$ /8 in. The railgun performance was evaluated using the standard measurements of armature current and muzzle voltage. The results of both experimental test series will be presented here.
Toward Soft Micro Bio Robots for Cellular and Chemical Delivery

A major driving force propelling the evolution of micrometer and millimeter scale robots is their eventual use in biological environments. Many advancements to microscale robotic technologies have shown that these small scale robots are well-suited for use in environments in which cells and cellular functions require physical manipulation or reprogramming. More specifically, microscale robots are poised for use in the delivery of small molecules, DNA vectors, and proteins which can edit cellular machinery and probe cell signaling systems. In this work, we explore a unique approach to fabricate magnetic millimeter scale robots composed of a biological substrate. We introduce a micromolding fabrication technique in which we manufacture helical structures, which are propelled via uniform rotating magnetic fields. We demonstrate and characterize the swimming capabilities of this robot in media spanning orders of magnitude in viscosities at a range of rotational magnetic field frequencies. Our ability to operate in low Reynolds number environments shows that our system is also relevant to microscale robots. Furthermore, we demonstrate the robot's inherent biocompatibility by establishing our ability to functionalize this robot with living cells and chemicals such that it can be used for biodelivery or to perform on-board biological experiments.
The Systems of Inductive Logic

According to this view, “the theory of knowledge” as an “applied logic” turns on the construction of the systems of purely formal logic. The systems of purely formal logic do not constitute the theory of knowledge, but they represent the theory of the justificatory structure of sentences or propositions, which constitutes a necessary condition for the theory of knowledge. In the view of obtaining a comprehensive representation of the justificatory structure Carnap set himself the task of developing not only the systems of deductive logic, but also of constructing the systems of inductive logic.1 The systems of inductive logic that Carnap developed in the early ’50s were subsequently generalized by J. Hintikka and his co-workers.