cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decreasing diurnal temperature range: CO2 greenhouse or SO2 energy balance effect?

Abstract The United States diurnal temperature range trend over the past 63 years exhibits characteristics that appear related to the time course of global industrial productivity. This observation implicates SO2-modulated energy balance perturbations rather than the CO2 greenhouse effect as the agent responsible for the decreasing diurnal temperature range of the past three decades.
The nature of competitiveness: The development and validation of the Competitiveness Index.

Despite its relevance to a wide variety of situations, competitiveness is a personality characteristic that has not been widely studied. Although some research in need for achievement, sports psych...
Drug binding by branched DNA: selective interaction of tetrapyridyl porphyrins with an immobile junction.

The differential binding of a number of water-soluble cationic porphyrins to a branched DNA molecule is reported. Tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridiniumyl)porphine (H2TMpyP-4) interacts near the branch point with an immobile DNA junction formed from four 16-mer strands. Its Cu(II) and Ni(II) derivatives show stronger preferential binding in the neighborhood of the branch point. Axially liganded derivatives, Zn, Co, and Mn, also interact near this branch point, but in a different way. We use the reagents methidiumpropyl-EDTA.Fe(II) [MPE.Fe(II)] and bis(o-phenanthroline)copper(I) [(OP)2Cu(I)] to cleave complexes of DNA duplex controls and the junction with these porphyrins. The resulting cleavage patterns are consistent with previous evidence that the branch point provides a strong site for intercalative binding agents, which is not available in unbranched duplexes of identical sequence. The preferential scission by (OP)2Cu(I) in the presence of Ni and Cu porphyrins near the branch point exceeds that seen for any agents we have studied. This hyperreactivity is not seen in the case of porphyrins with axial ligands, ZnTMpyP-4, CoTMpyP-4, and MnTMpyP-4, although these also interact near the branch point. The Zn derivative tends to protect sites close to the branch point from cutting, while the Co and Mn porphyrins moderately enhance cleavage of sites in this region.
Psychiatric, Neuropsychological, and Psychosocial Features of DSM-IV Subtypes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Results From a Clinically Referred Sample

Abstract Objective To assess the validity of the DSM-IV subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method Using structured diagnostic interviews and psychometric measures of cognitive and social functioning, the authors assessed 413 children and adolescents consecutively referred to a pediatric psychopharmacology clinic since 1991. Results Marked psychiatric differences were found among DSM-IV subtypes of ADHD, but few differences were found in cognitive or psychosocial functioning. The greatest psychiatric differences were found between the combined-type subjects (who tended to show more impairment in multiple domains) and the other two subgroups. The inattentive patients, however, were more likely to have required extra help in school. The hyperactive-impulsive patients were not different from controls on rates of depression, Child Behavior Checklist measures of social functioning, or psychometric measures of intellectual functioning and academic achievement. Conclusions The results suggest that, regarding clinical features, combined-type patients have a more severe disorder than the other DSM-IV subtypes.
Filter Transfer Functions for the Method of Successive Corrections

Abstract The frequency-domain characteristics of the successive corrections method in one dimension are investigated through the calculation of smoother weights and filter transfer functions. The successive corrections algorithm acts as a low-pass filter that behaves similarly to noniterative smoothers. The spectral content of fixed-span successive corrections estimates depends upon the number of iterations, the selected weighting function and the grid to which the dataset is interpolated. For a given weighting function and grid, increasing the number of iterations for the fixed-span case results in filter transfer functions with increased cutoff frequency and rolloff. Within data gaps, the use of more than one iteration leads to estimates that are more likely to be contaminated by high-frequency variability in the data. It is shown that variable-span successive corrections estimates are nearly independent of the choice of weights for the initial iterations and are almost equivalent to estimates obtained ...
Subcortical correlates of individual differences in aptitude.

The study of individual differences encompasses broad constructs including intelligence, creativity, and personality. However, substantially less research is devoted to the study of specific aptitudes in spite of their importance to educational, occupational, and avocational success. We sought to determine subcortical brain structural correlates of several broad aptitudes including Math, Vocabulary, Foresight, Paper Folding, and Inductive Reasoning in a large (N = 107), healthy, young (age range = 16–29) cohort. Subcortical volumes were measured using an automated technique (FreeSurfer) across structures including bilateral caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, amygdala, and five equal regions of the corpus callosum. We found that performance on measures of each aptitude was predicted by different subcortical structures: Math – higher right nucleus accumbens volume; Vocabulary – higher left hippocampus volume; Paper Folding – higher right thalamus volume; Foresight – lower right thalamus and higher mid anterior corpus callosum volume; Inductive Reasoning – higher mid anterior corpus callosum volume. Our results support general findings, within the cognitive neurosciences, showing lateralization of structure-function relationships, as well as more specific relationships between individual structures (e.g., left hippocampus) and functions relevant to particular aptitudes (e.g., Vocabulary).
Corrigendum to "Controls on the movement and composition of firn air at the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide"

Author(s): Battle, MO; Severinghaus, JP; Sofen, ED; Plotkin, D; Orsi, AJ; Aydin, M; Montzka, SA; Sowers, T; Tans, PP
Escherichia coli retention on solid surfaces as functions of substratum surface energy and cell growth phase

In a flow cell model, substrata of low‐and medium‐surface energies with known multiple attenuated internal reflectance infrared (MAIR‐IR) spectra and contact angles were monitored for stationary‐phase Escherchia coli retention. Exponential‐phase cell retention was also explored. Quantitative numerical counts of retained cells supported qualitative observations with phase contrast microscopy. Medium‐surface‐energy glass plates (critical surface tension, γc, 30–35 dynes.cm−1) were slower to acquire maximum retained E. coli cell populations than lower‐energy (dimethylsilane‐coated) glass plates (critical surface tension, γc , 20–25 dynes·cm−1) but retained more cells overall. Stationary‐phase cells resisted detachment from both types of substrata more than exponential‐phase cells. The attachment patterns on the two surfaces were considerably different. E. coli generally were clumped and/or raised above “conditioning”; films on low‐surface‐energy substrata, in contrast to their single, well‐distributed and “b...
TGF-β through Smad3 signaling stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal formation

The objective of this study was to better understand the role of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and its primary signaling protein Smad3 in the development of intimal hyperplasia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent left carotid balloon injury followed by intra-arterial infection with adenovirus-expressing Smad3 (AdSmad3). In uninfected injured arteries, endogenous Smad3 was upregulated with the expression peaking at 14 days. Moreover, in arteries infected with AdSmad3, we observed an enhancement of intimal hyperplasia and increased vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. The novel finding, that TGF-β/Smad3 stimulated rather than inhibited VSMC proliferation, was confirmed in cultured VSMCs infected with AdSmad3 and treated with TGF-β. To identify the mechanism underlying TGF-β/Smad3-mediated VSMC proliferation, we studied the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27. Although the upregulation of Smad3 in VSMCs had no significant effect on total p27 levels, Smad3 did stimulate the phosphorylation of p27 at serine-10 as well as the nuclear export of p27, events associated with cell proliferation. Furthermore, serine-10-phosphorylated p27 was also increased in AdSmad3-infected injured rat carotid arteries, demonstrating the existence of this same mechanism in vivo. In conclusion, our findings identify a novel mechanism for the effect of TGF-β on intimal hyperplasia. In the presence of elevated levels of Smad3 that develop in response to injury, TGF-β stimulates smooth muscle cell proliferation through a mechanism involving the phosphorylation and nuclear export of p27.
The Hemolytic Activity of Homocysteine Is Increased by the Activated Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Abstract Homocysteine is an accepted risk factor when its plasma level exceeds the physiological upper limit of 12 μmol/L. We found in vitro that homocysteine is able to lyse the erythrocytes (RBCs) at higher concentrations than 15 μmol/L only when activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) are present. The hemolytic effect of homocysteine was higher in RBCs obtained from cardiac catheterized patients with 100 % stenosis of the coronary arteries. Homocysteine was also able to increase the activation in vitro of PMNLs triggered by opsonized zymosan. The hemolytic action of homocysteine was found to be dependent on the ratio of PMNLs to RBCs. This relationship may help to explain the great individual variations in the hemolytic activity noticed in blood obtained from cardiac catheterized patients, and also may explain the mild anemia in some patients suffering from cardiovascular disease.
Heisenberg in the Atomic Age: Science and the Public Sphere

Cathryn Carson, Heisenberg in the Atomic Age: Science and the Public Sphere. Washington, DC: German Historical Institute and Cambridge University Press, 2010. 541 pp. $88.00. ISBN 978-0-521-82170-4...
A genetic variant of ACE increases cell survival: a new paradigm for biology and disease

The human angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) polymorphism is caused by an Alu element insertion resulting in three genotypes (Alu+/+, Alu+/-, Alu-/-, or ACE-II, ACE-ID, and ACE-DD, respectively), with ACE-II displaying lower ACE activity. The polymorphism is associated with athletic performance, aging, and disease. Population studies, however, were confounding because variants of the polymorphism appeared to fortuitously correlate with health and various pathological states. To clarify the functional role of the polymorphism, we studied its direct effect on cell survival. ACE-II (Alu+/+) human endothelial cells (EC) had lower angiotensin-II levels and 20-fold increased viability after slow starvation as compared to ACE-DD cells (Alu-/-). By RT-PCR, only ACE-II cells expressed the pluripotent/stem cell-maintenance factors nanog, numb, and klotho. ACE inhibition by captopril in ACE-DD cells mimicked the ACE-II genotype. These results provide the first evidence of a functional role for a naturally occurring polymorphism, having broad implications for human biology, longevity, and disease.
IgA Antibasement Membrane Nephritis with Pulmonary Hemorrhage

Goodpasture's syndrome has characteristically been described as being mediated by IgG antibodies. We have recently seen a 55-year-old man who developed renal failure and hemoptysis; a renal biopsy showed linear deposits of IgA and C3 involving glomerular and tubular basement membrane. Serologic tests for detecting (IgG) antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies were negative. Elution studies of kidney and lung showed the presence of an IgA antibasement membrane antibody only. The patient's serum contained IgA, but not IgG, antibodies reactive with glomerular and tubular basement membrane of normal human kidney and alveolar basement membrane of normal human lung. Attempts to transfer disease with the patient's IgA antibody to a monkey and to Lewis and Brown-Norway rats were unsuccessful. Immunoglobulin A antibasement membrane antibody must be considered in the design of immunoserologic procedures for the diagnosis of Goodpasture's syndrome.
Electronic CAD Frameworks

The CAD framework, i.e. the underlying facilities provided to the CAD tool developer, the CAD system integrator, and the end-user (IC or system designer) to facilitate their tasks, is discussed. The development of the CAD framework concept in the domain of electronic circuit design is reviewed. The most important work in the area is briefly described. The major components of a CAD framework are identified, and the requirements and desirable features of these components are described in some detail. Many of the key engineering tradeoffs required to build CAD frameworks are examined, using examples from existing CAD systems. Framework standardization efforts are also reviewed. >
An electron source for a laser accelerator

Laser accelerators offer the promise of producing attosecond electron bunches from a compact accelerator. Electron source requirements for laser accelerators are challenging in several respects, but are achievable. We discuss these requirements, and propose an injector design. Simulation and design work for essential components for a laser accelerator electron source suitable for a high energy physics machine will be presented. Near-term plans to test key technical components of the laser injector will also be discussed.
Tensile properties of human Achilles tendon

There were three foci of this study. The first was a delineation of the effect of two variables on the tensile properties of human Achilles tendon, To that end, the values of the ultimate tensile strength, UTS, strain at the UTS point, /spl epsiv//sub max/ and tangent modulus of elasticity, E/sub T/, of cadaveric Achilles tendon were obtained as a function of (a) donor age (36 to 100 y), at a fired loading rate of 10 %/s; and (b) loading rate (for tendons from the 52to 67-year-old donor group). The second focus was the presentation of a suitable constitutive relation between the tensile stress, /spl sigma/, and the tensile strain, /spl epsiv/, for this tissue. The aim of these two foci was to provide information that will aid in the selection of Achilles tendon for the repair of ruptured Achilles tendons as well as anterior cruciate ligaments (ACLs). The third focus was, thus, a comparison of the tensile properties of Achilles tendon and patellar tendon, which is now widely used for the repair of ruptured ACLs. It was found that: (a) age exerts a marked effect on UTS, an insignificant one on /spl epsiv//sup max/ and a moderate one on E/sub T/; (b) a ten-fold increase in loading rate results In a moderate but insignificant increase in UTS, a significant decrease in /spl epsiv//sub max/, and a significant increase in E/sub T/; (c) a suitable constitutive relation is /spl sigma/=C/spl epsiv/exp[D/spl epsiv/+F/spl epsiv//sup 2/], with C, D, and F being material constants; and (d) the tensile properties of Achilles and patellar tendons have similar values.
Constructing the crisis: Audience perceptions of for-profit education and institutional integrity in the closure of Dana College

For-profit education is playing an increasingly important role in the educational landscape, with more and more students enrolling in these institutions. However, many within and outside higher education decry the 'corporatisation' of education, fearing that profit motives are beginning to override concerns of institutional and intellectual integrity. This article examines how narratives surrounding for-profit education shape public perception of institutional integrity and how these narratives are co-constructed by their audiences by highlighting as a case study Dana College, a small nonprofit liberal arts college that suspended operations in June 2010 after an unsuccessful attempt to transfer ownership to a for-profit entity. This case study illustrates how failing to account for conflicting, audience-dependent perceptions of educational integrity in an evolving educational landscape can jeopardise the future of higher education.
Oral functional limitation among dentate adults.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to measure the prevalence of oral functional limitation in adults and to identify clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with that limitation. Methods: The Florida Dental Care Study is a longitudinal study of risk factors for changes in oral health. Subjects (n=873) with at least one tooth who were 45 years old or older participated in a baseline in-person interview and dental examination. Subjects were queried about oral functional limitations. Results: Twenty-three percent of subjects reported difficulty chewing one or more foods using a five-item chewing index, and 10 percent reported difficulty speaking or pronouncing words because of problems with the mouth. The covariates in a multiple logistic regression identified as being significantly associated with chewing difficulty were fewer pairs of occluding anterior teeth, fewer pairs of occluding posterior teeth, more posterior teeth that are root tips, more anterior teeth that are mobile, reporting tooth pain, reporting bad breath, having but not wearing prosthetic appliances, reporting dry mouth, and being female. Having fewer anterior teeth, reporting a sore and/or broken denture, reporting unattractive teeth, and being black were significantly associated with speaking difficulty/difficulty pronouncing words because of problems with the teeth, mouth, or dentures. Conclusion: The findings in this study suggest a significant prevalence of oral functional limitation in dentate adults. Certain clinical and sociodemographic factors were strongly and independently associated with its presence.
Low-dose mifepristone followed by vaginal misoprostol at 48 hours for abortion up to 63 days.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness, side effects, and acceptability of one-third the standard dose of mifepristone, i.e., 200 mg, and vaginal misoprostol 800 microg to induce abortion in subjects or =18 years, < or =63 days pregnant, and wanting an abortion. Women received mifepristone 200 mg orally, followed by misoprostol 800 microg vaginally, and returned 1-4 days later for ultrasound evaluation. A second dose of misoprostol was administered, if necessary. Surgical intervention was indicated for continuing pregnancy, excessive bleeding, or persistent products of conception 5 weeks later. Of 1137 subjects, 829 were in the < or =56 days pregnant group and 308 in the 57-63 days pregnant group. In all, 34 subjects had surgical intervention and 16 were lost to follow-up. Complete medical abortions occurred in 97% of subjects < or =56 days pregnant and 96% in the 57-63 days pregnant group. In all, 88% of subjects in the < or =56 days pregnant and 92% in the 57-63 days pregnant group bled within 4 h of using vaginal misoprostol. Comparing subjects < or =56 days pregnant with 57-63 days pregnant, there was less diarrhea (20% vs 29%, p = 0.002) and vomiting (33% vs 44%, p = 0.001), although side effects were acceptable to 82% of subjects in both groups. One subject in the < or =56 day group required a transfusion for delayed excessive bleeding. Although bleeding (p = 0.01) and pain (p = 0.02) were less acceptable in the 57-63 day group, 91% of subjects in both groups reported that the overall procedure was acceptable. In summary, low-dose mifepristone 200 mg and home administration of vaginal misoprostol 800 microg at 48 h were highly effective and acceptable to women < or =63 days pregnant, thereby expanding the number of women who can access a medical abortion.
The Skill Bias of Technological Change in Canadian Manufacturing Industries

The paper tests whether technological change has been neutral in Canadian manufacturing industries, using a system of translog cost share equations for 1962 through 1986. The model features two classes of labor treated as distinct inputs. Tests rejected homotheticity in all industries. Hicks neutrality was also rejected in 16 of 18 industries. The most common pattern of nonneutral technical change was a bias away from blue-collar workers. Formal tests for skill-neutral innovation rejected the hypothesis in ten industries in favor of skill-using technical change. The results suggest that in studies of Canadian manufacturing, aggregation across labor inputs is inappropriate.
Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity

▪ Abstract Synaptic transmission is a dynamic process. Postsynaptic responses wax and wane as presynaptic activity evolves. This prominent characteristic of chemical synaptic transmission is a crucial determinant of the response properties of synapses and, in turn, of the stimulus properties selected by neural networks and of the patterns of activity generated by those networks. This review focuses on synaptic changes that result from prior activity in the synapse under study, and is restricted to short-term effects that last for at most a few minutes. Forms of synaptic enhancement, such as facilitation, augmentation, and post-tetanic potentiation, are usually attributed to effects of a residual elevation in presynaptic [Ca2+]i, acting on one or more molecular targets that appear to be distinct from the secretory trigger responsible for fast exocytosis and phasic release of transmitter to single action potentials. We discuss the evidence for this hypothesis, and the origins of the different kinetic phases...
UW Burn Center. A model for regional delivery of burn care.

The University of Washington Burn Center opened in 1974. At that time, 18 facilities provided burn care in Washington, Alaska, Montana and Idaho. Today, the UW Regional Burn Center cares for most of the critically injured burn patients in the four states (patients in south-eastern Idaho and Montana are routinely referred to the Intermountain Burn Center in Salt Lake City). The UW Burn Center is located at Harborview Medical Center (HMC), a county owned hospital that is operated by the University of Washington. Also located at HMC is the Level 1 adult and pediatric Trauma Center that cares of patients from Washington, Alaska, Montana and Idaho. Within the Pacific Northwest region served by HMC, continuous risk for potential burn disasters include both industrial and natural hazards. Seattle is a major deepwater west coast seaport and the International SeaTac Airport handles worldwide cargo. Three Boeing airfields and two airplane plants increase the risk of a major aircraft disaster. Interstate route 5 running North–South and Interstate route 90 running East–West are used routinely to transport hazardous materials from these entry ports to other regions in the USA. Alaskan pipelines run from the Canadian border through this region to refineries in northern Washington. Whereas, logging and paper mills are less ubiquitous than they once were, pulp mills with their huge vats of alkali liquor constitute a potential risk of major chemical burns. In eastern Washington, the Department of Energy Hanford Nuclear site, once serving as one of three engineering sites for the Manhattan Project (1943–1946) and now as nuclear storage poses a potential radioactive disaster for the Pacific Northwest region. In addition, the state of Washington claims four active volcanoes and Seattle sits on eight recognized seismic faults. Each of these man-made and natural entities
Effects of plant growth rate and leaf lifetime on the amount and type of anti-herbivore defense

Growth, herbivory and defenses were studied for 41 common tree species in a lowland rainforest in Panama. Species represented a range of shade tolerance, but all individuals were measured in light gaps to control for environmental conditions and the availability of herbivores. Species growth rates and leaf lifetimes differed by almost 50-fold and were related to the degree of shade tolerance. Various measures of plant growth were significantly negatively correlated with an estimate of defense investment, and significantly positively correlated with rates of herbivory. Species with long-lived leaves had significantly higher concentrations of immobile defenses such as tannins and lignins. These data support current hypotheses that the intrinsic growth rate of a species evolutionarily determines the optimal amount and type of defense.
Fluorescence monitoring of twin screw extrusion

An optical fiber probe has been constructed in order to obtain real-time measurements of fluorescence radiation during twin screw mixing and extrusion of plasticized polybutadiene and calcium carbonate particulate. The probe consists of an optical fiber bundle which was inserted along the axis of a half-inch sensor bolt, and it was used to transmit optical excitation energy to the processed material and to detect the subsequent fluorescence. The source of fluorescence radiation was a fluorescent dye which was doped into the processed ingredients at very low concentrations. Although most of our measurements were taken with the probe positioned close to the exit die, the sensor bolt can be placed in any instrumentation port along the extruder line. Experiments were carried out to measure residence time distribution, quality-of-mix, and mix concentrations as a function of processing conditions. Product mix changes in response to variations in material feed rates and screw RPM were also observed. Values of residence time were obtained by measuring the transit times for the dye to travel from an upstream injection port to the measurement probe, a distance of 63 cm. Flow instabilities, such as mat formation of the solids, were observed by noting the abrupt changes and discontinuities in the fluorescence signal.
The history of primary snoring in children: the effect of adenotonsillectomy.

Abstract Primary snoring (PS) is considered as the most benign form of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), and treatment is usually not prescribed. Studies suggest that PS may not be as benign as had formerly been considered. We aimed to investigate the natural history of PS in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy, and compare those who underwent adenotonsillectomy (AT) with those who did not. Material and methods Children diagnosed with PS based on polysomnographic findings were included in the study. Information retrieved from their medical records, including medical history, physical examination, anthropometric measures, and polysomnography (PSG) results, was reviewed. A telephone interview was conducted 4–6 years following the PSG evaluation. The interview included the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire Sleep-related Breathing Disorder (PSQ–SRBD) scale, demographics, anthropometric measures, and history of AT. Results A total of 248 children (56% males) were studied (mean age: 5.4 ± 3.4 years). Telephone interviews were conducted 5.3 ± 1.1 years following PSG. Sixty-four children (26%) underwent AT/adenoidectomy (A) following PSG. Of the 184 children who did not undergo surgery, 62 (34%) had positive PSQ–SRBD scores five years after diagnosis. Children with PS who underwent AT had better PSQ–SRBD scores at five years post diagnosis than the nonoperated children. Conclusions A significant proportion of children with PS persist with SDB symptoms even five years following the diagnosis. In our cohort, a considerable percentage of children with a PSG diagnosis of PS underwent AT despite non-supportive sleep study results. Surgical intervention may have beneficial effects on some children with PS. Further studies using objective measures of sleep and incorporating the effect of SDB duration are required.
Management of fetal airway obstruction

Fetal airway obstruction can make it difficult if not impossible to secure the airway at birth, before hypoxia, brain injury, or death results. Fetal airway obstruction can result from an intrinsic defect in the airway, such as the congenital high airway obstruction syndrome or extrinsic compression of the airway caused by a cervical mass, most commonly a cervical teratoma or lymphangioma. As fetuses with fetal airway obstruction reach viability, they should be monitored closely for the development or progression of hydrops in intrinsic obstruction cases or polyhydramnios in extrinsic obstruction cases. The fetus should be delivered by using the ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure, with maintenance of uteroplacental circulation and gas exchange. This approach provides time of perform procedures such as direct laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, or tracheostomy to secure the fetal airway, thereby converting an emergent airway crisis into a controlled situation.
REFLECTION PROPERTIES OF SCARABAEIDAE

Beetles of the scarab family have been found to reflect circularly polarized light from incident unpolarized light. There are many known animals that use polarized light in some form and several that actually create it, but there are few examples of the creation of circularly polarized light in nature. Previous work is summarized, and new measurements of several scarab specimens are presented.
Proton sharing and transfer in some zwitterionic compounds based on 4-oxo-4-((1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)(phenyl)amino)alcanoic acids

Three compounds, each derived from Fentanyl and differing essentially only in the length of a carboxylic acid chain, were synthesized and yielded four crystal structures three of which share several structural similarities, including the length of the chain, while the fourth, with a shorter chain, is quite different. The chain length has a significant influence on the crystal structures formed. The ‘three atom’ chain compounds are all solvated zwitterions which feature a hydrogen-bonded ‘dimer’ between adjacent zwitterions. The formation of this large dimer leaves available a second carboxylate O atom to take part in hydrogen bonding interactions with solvent molecules. The shorter ‘two atom’ chain compound was difficult to crystallize and required the use of synchrotron radiation to measure X-ray diffraction data. It does not form the same dimer motif observed in the ‘three atom’ chain compounds and has not formally formed a zwitterion; although there is evidence of proton sharing or disorder X-ray data are insufficient to create a disordered model, and the compound was modeled as formally neutral based on O–H and N–H distances. Room temperature analyses showed the proton transfer behavior to be independent of crystal temperature, and nuclear magnetic resonance studies show proton transfer behavior in solution. The formation of a zwitterionic hydrogen-bonded dimer is implicated in providing some stability during crystal growth of the easily crystallized ‘three atom’ chain compounds.
VLSI Building blocks for digital signal processing

This paper describes the new Fairchild family of integrated circuits which will allow the development of high performance digital signal processing systems with a small number of building block circuits.
Determination of Hydrogen in Metals, Semiconductors, and Other Materials by Cold Neutron Prompt Gamma-Ray Activation Analysis

Cold neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis has proven useful for nondestructive measurement of trace hydrogen. The sample is irradiated in a beam of neutrons; the presence of hydrogen is confirmed by the emission of a 2223 keV gamma-ray. Detection limits for hydrogen are 3 mg/kg in quartz and 8 mg/kg in titanium. We have used the technique to measure hydrogen in titanium alloys, germanium, quartz, fullerenes and their derivatives, and other materials.
Visual search in complex displays: factors affecting conflict detection by air traffic controllers

Recent free flight proposals to relax airspace constraints and give greater autonomy to aircraft have raised concerns about their impact on controller performance. Relaxing route and altitude restrictions would reduce the regularity of traffic through individual sectors, possibly impairing controller situation awareness. We examined the impact of this reduced regularity in four visual search experiments that tested controllers' detection of traffic conflicts in the four conditions created by factorial manipulation of fixed routes (present vs. absent) and altitude restrictions (present vs. absent). These four conditions were tested under varying levels of traffic load and conflict geometry (conflict time and conflict angle). Traffic load and conflict geometry showed strong and consistent effects in all experiments. Color coding altitude also substantially improved detection times. In contrast, removing altitude restrictions had only a small negative impact, and removing route restrictions had virtually no negative impact. In some cases conflict detection was actually better without fixed routes. The implications and limitations of these results for the feasibility of free flight are discussed. Actual or potential applications include providing guidance in the selection of free flight operational concepts. Language: en
The Political Movements Among the Rural People in Schleswig-Holstein, 1918 to 1932, II

III. The Conservatives on the Defensive The relationship between the Conservatives and the National Socialists was rather ambiguous. Many Conservatives in Schleswig-Holstein and elsewhere, while despising the personnel of the Nazi party and disapproving of certain features of Hitler's policy, nevertheless, welcomed the entire "ethnic" movement as an instrument for attaining their own purposes and as a kind of nationalistic revival which finally would lead the masses of the "awakened" back into the fold of the Conservative party. Consequently, relations among the Deutschrationale Volkspartei, other conservative organizations and the various "ethnic" movements tended to be quite cordial, if not openly so, at least behind the scenes. The conservative forces were organized mainly into three groups: the Deutschnationale Volkspartei, the Landbund, and the Stahlhelm (Steel-Helmets.) Of these organizations, the Stahlhelm, in its beginnings, was least committed to the Conservative party standpoint. As a Bund of all World War veterans, restricted only by the prerequisite of a certain amount of actual combat service, it had to leave undetermined its position on questions of practical politics and even the new constitution of the Reich. Many of the younger generation among the ex-soldiers dreamed of overcoming the distinctions of social status and class. They hoped the new organization would perpetuate that fellowship of all classes which they had experienced in the trenches. One of the earliest proclamations of this sentiment, the speech of the student, Theodor Bartram, at the inauguration of the Bund deutscher Frontsoldaten an deutschen Hochschulen (Bund of German com-
The Cities of Zion? Mormon and non-Mormon town plans in the U.S. Mountain West, 1847–1930

Abstract This study explores the ‘Mormon Culture Region’ of the U.S. Mountain West by analyzing the town plans of Mormon and non-Mormon settlements in Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming. Distinctive Mormon settlement practices and town designs have long been recognized as both a central process in creating a distinctive cultural region, and a material hallmark of the region's enduring cultural geography. However, Mormon settlements exhibited considerable variation, changed over time, and competed with non-Mormon settlements as Mormon isolation gave way to American westward expansion. Yet most studies of the region's cultural geography have focused on a few early Mormon settlements, rather than using town plans as evidence for tracing the changing contours of settlement during eight decades of town-building. This study, based on original plats for 394 settlements across 45 counties, identifies eight prototypical plans representing Mormon and non-Mormon influence in the region. These plans show that Mormon planning was not uniform, but gradually standardized into two separate town designs as well as many variants. Non-Mormon settlements, in contrast, illustrate the influences of mining and railroad-building across a broader Western frontier. The distribution of these plans during three periods in the region's history reflects the extent of competing Mormon and non-Mormon settlement, as well as the eventual accommodation of Mormon and non-Mormon influences within a broader national frame. The shifting settlement practices recorded in the region's townscapes suggest several avenues for investigating the long-term evolution of Mormon settlements and the transformation of the ‘Mormon Culture Region.’
Assessment of Photovoltaic Surface Texturing on Transmittance Effects and Glint/Glare Impacts

Standard glass and polymer covers on photovoltaic modules can partially reflect the sunlight causing glint and glare. Glint and glare from large photovoltaic installations can be significant and have the potential to create hazards for motorists, air-traffic controllers and pilots flying near installations. In this work, the reflectance, surface roughness and reflected solar beam spread were measured from various photovoltaic modules acquired from seven different manufacturers. The surface texturing of the PV modules varied from smooth to roughly textured. Correlations between the measured surface texturing (roughness parameters) and beam spread (subtended angle) were determined. These correlations were then used to assess surface texturing effects on transmittance and ocular impacts of glare from photovoltaic module covers. The results can be used to drive the designs for photovoltaic surface texturing to improve transmittance and minimize glint/glare.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Baby Boomers and Gaze Enabled Gaming

Despite common belief, Baby Boomers form a sizable population of gamers. Paying attention to how this generation experiences a game can help companies that target this group of users increase their market share. To address this need, this study examines Baby Boomers’ reaction to a new way of manipulating objects in a game, namely with their eyes. In particular, the study focuses on testing the impact of two different gaze activation strategies on Baby Boomers’ interaction experience of a game. We tested two gaze enabled games that provided different levels of flexibility in their respective gaze activation strategies. Our results showed that Baby Boomers had a significantly better interaction experience with the game that had a more flexible gaze activation strategy.
Beyond Elitism: Legal Education for the Public Good

The possibilities for legal education reform are endless once an institution has unshackled itself from elitist traditions, copycat curricula and cultures, and the belief that law schools exist primarily to serve the needs of affluent clients, students who want to be rich, and faculty who want protection from markets and the demands of practice. This article describes the confluence of historical and recent forces that make this a good time to reflect and act on the relationship between legal education and the availability of legal services to the ordinary public. We have an opportunity to reassess the assumptions and costs associated with years of copying an elitist model of legal education – a model that has neglected to train lawyers and other legal services providers to meet society’s substantial unmet legal needs. The article sketches out what a truly innovative, affordable, and public interest-minded law school might look like. It argues for a new definition of education excellence based on the ability of law schools to serve the interests of both students and the underserved public.
Through flashing speed limit signage to control vehicle speed limit for entering school zone

Background 1. 35 000 children under 14 are injured from RTA annually in China, four out of 10 are pedestrians, 70% students walk to school. 2. Speed increases 1 kilo, injury incidence increases 3%. 3. School zone speed limit is 30 kilo in China. However, it is often ignored by drivers. Objectives Exploring a measure to enhance the speed limit signage visibility in school zone and could be used friendly by schools. Methods 1. Three schools in a community with a higher RTA incidence were identified. 2. The baseline of vehicle speed entering the school zone was recorded by observers, 30 min for each observation (morning, noon and afternoon), when children to and off school. 3. A movable intervention speed limit flashing light was developed to enhance the speed limit signage visibility and was set for 50 m seen by drivers before entering school zone. 4. Vehicle speed was recorded again with the intervention in the same way as the baseline. Results 1. 2400 vehicles' speed was recorded in the baseline and with the intervention respectively. 2. The baseline shows 1431 vehicles over 30 kilo; among which 608 vehicles over 40 kilo. 3. The intervention shows 769 vehicles over 30 kilo, a 46.4% drop; among which 255 vehicles over 40 kilo, a 58.1% drop. Conclusions 1. Vehicle speed limit for the school zone could be controlled by enhancing speed limit signage visibility. 2. The intervention with a movable speed limit flashing light on-and-off school is practical for school use. This is an abstract of a presentation at Safety 2012, the 11th World Conference on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, 1-4 October 2012, Michael Fowler Center, Wellington, New Zealand. Full text does not seem to be available for this abstract.
The Psychometric Properties of PHQ-4 Depression and Anxiety Screening Scale Among College Students

Depression and anxiety are some of the most common causes of morbidity, social dysfunction, and reduced academic performance in college students. The combination of improved surveillance and access to care would result in better outreach. Brief screening tools can help reach larger populations of college students efficiently. However, reliability and validity of brief screeners for anxiety and depression have not been assessed in college students. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess in a sample of college students the psychometric properties of PHQ-4, a brief screening tool for depression and anxiety. Undergraduate students were recruited from general education classes at a Midwestern university. Students were given a questionnaire that asked them whether they had been diagnosed by a doctor or health professional with anxiety or depression. Next, they were asked to respond to the items on the PHQ-4 scale. A total of 934 students responded to the survey (response rate=72%). Majority of the participants were females (63%) and Whites (80%). The internal reliability of PHQ-4 was found to be high (α=0.81). Those who were diagnosed with depression or anxiety had statistically significantly higher scores on PHQ-4 (p<0.01). Corrected item total correlations for PHQ-4 were between r=0.66 and r=0.80. PHQ-4 operating characteristics were estimated and area under the curve (AUC) values were 0.835 and 0.787, respectively for anxiety and depression. The PHQ-4 is a reliable and valid tool that can serve as a mass screener for depression and anxiety in young adults. Widespread implementation of this screening tool should be explored across college campuses.
Recovery of Virus from Throats of Poliomyelitis Patients.

SummaryVirus was recovered from 4 of 7 throat swabs and from 3 of 9 throat washings of poliomyelitis patients collected during the first 3 days after onset of symptoms. In another series of 16 throat washings collected from 3 to 13 days after onset, virus was isolated from 2 patients 11 days after onset of disease.
Signal Reconstruction Techniques for Optical Pulse Characterization

Optical pulse characterization techniques are reviewed in the framework of phase-space representations. The principle and field-reconstruction algorithms for spectrography, tomography, and interferometry are described.
BP Targets in Older Adults with CKD: Additional Evidence, but Uncertainty Continues

Hypertension is a global health problem that contributes significantly to the cardiovascular and kidney disease morbidity and mortality of our aging population. In this context, it is clear that BP increases not only as we age but also as kidney function starts to decline ([1][1]). There have been a
116 IRON OVERLOAD CAUSES INCREASED INSULIN SENSITIVITY AND GLUCOSE DISPOSAL ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASED HEPATIC GLUCOSE RECYCLING FROM LACTATE.

In human hereditary hemochromatosis (HH), as well as in a mouse model with deletion of the hemochromatosis gene (Hfe−/−), iron excess in beta cells results in oxidant stress and decreased insulin secretory capacity. In mice, unlike humans, this is insufficient to cause diabetes, but both mice and humans with HH are resistant to obesity. We therefore examined fuel homeostasis in these mice. Hfe−/− mice on 129Sv or C57BL/6J backgrounds, or wild-type mice fed excess dietary iron all have supranormal glucose tolerance. In the C57BL/6J/Hfe−/−, incremental area under the glucose curve is 52% reduced (p
Overview of prevention and control in Loess Plateau plague natural foci in Gansu and Ningxia for 50 years

Objective To summarize and analyze data of investigation and surveillance in Spermophilus alaschanicus plague foci in Gansu and Ningxia for 50 years, to provide guidance for the surveillance and precaution of animal plague in the foci. Methods The plague data were collected to establish plague databases of the Loess Plateau foci from 1962—2012. One-day bow-clip method was taken to investigate Spermophilus alaschanicus density, while investigation on other small rodents was carried out by placing a trap at intervals 5 meters. Autopsy was performed on organs of rodents for etiological isolation of Yersinia pestis. Liver and kidney were cultured by direct impression. Fleas on the body were collected by combing to make bacteriological analysis by group grinding culture. And IHA was carried out. Results Totally 18 species of rodents were captured with Spermophilus alaschanicus of the dominant populations in the foci. And 59 kinds of fleas(subspecies) were collected, with Citellophilus tesquorus mongolicus of the dominant species. For the 50 years, there were 3 times of plague epidemic in animals and 163 strains of Yersinia pestis(including 4 strains from human corpses, 135 stains from naturally infected animals and 24 strains from parasitic fleas), 488 samples of sera were detected positive. The animal plague epidemic occurred mostly in May and June, with the density of Spermophilus dauricus of(3.26±1.11) ind./hm2in the prevalent year. The plague in animals occurred frequently in meadow steppe and mountain steppe zone in Moon Mountains and Nanhuashan within Haiyuan County. Conclusions Moon Mountains and Nanhuashan within Haiyuan County are the core area of the foci. Threshold indicator is less than 0.2 ind./hm2annually for epizootic plague terminated, 1.11 ind./hm2of Permophilus dauricus annually for prevalence of the animal plague, and 2 ind./hm2for the precaution of animal plague epidemic.