cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric maturation of a dimeric transfer RNA precursor.

Abstract Six of the eight transfer RNAs coded by bacteriophage T4 are synthesized via three dimeric precursor molecules. The sequences of two of these have been determined. Both of these precursors give rise to equimolar amounts of the cognate tRNA molecules in vivo . In contrast, even in wild-type infections, tRNA Ile is present in ≤ 30% the amount of tRNA Thr , with which it is processed from a common dimeric precursor. We have now determined the sequence of this dimer. In addition to the nucleotides present in tRNA Thr and tRNA Ile , it contains nine precursor-specific residues, located at the 5′ and 3′ termini and at the interstitial junction of the two tRNA sequences. While the three dimers share the majority of structural features in common, pre-tRNA Thr + Ile is the only case in which an encoded tRNA 3′ -C-C-A terminus is present in the interstitial region. The processing of this dimer in various biosynthetic mutants has been analyzed in vivo and in vitro and shown to be anomalous in several respects. These results suggest that the apparent underproduction of tRNA Ile can be explained by a novel processing pathway that generates a metabolically unstable tRNA Ile product. Data from DNA sequence analysis of the T4 tRNA gene cluster (Fukada & Abelson, 1980) support the conclusion that the asymmetric maturation of this precursor is a consequence of the unique disposition of the -C-C-A sequence. These results argue that gene expression can be modulated at the level of RNA processing. The biological significance of this phenomenon is discussed in relation to evidence that tRNA Ile has a unique physiological role.
Effects of dietary electrolyte balance on growth and metabolic acid-base status of chicks

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance, and physiological and metabolic effects of dietary electrolyte balance in broiler chicks. Increasing the electrolyte balance (Na+K−Cl) from 200 to 350 meq/kg improved gain and feed consumption of chicks fed high protein (28.6%) diets, but depressed gain and feed consumption of chicks fed low protein (14.3%) diets. Increasing Cl in high Na and K diets also depressed growth in both high and low protein diets. The growth responses were primarily the result of changes in feed consumption. The electrolyte balance x protein interaction on growth was less pronounced when feed intake was equalized. High Cl diets depressed blood pH, HCO 3 , and base excess. Feeding high versus low electrolyte balance diets increased plasma uric acid concentration and decreased kidney asparaginase activity. The effect of dietary electrolytes on acid-base status and asparaginase activity were independent of crude protein level. Amino acid supplementation of the low protein diet did not alleviate the growth depressing effect of increased electrolyte balance. Further, either the addition of a mixture of K and Na or addition of isomolar levels of K or Na alone depressed growth of chicks fed low protein diets. The results confirmed our previous observation that the electrolyte balance which provides for optimum growth is dependent upon the dietary crude protein content. Moreover, acid-base status, kidney asparaginase activity and plasma uric acid concentrations were greatly affected by alterations in dietary electrolytes, but these changes were not correlated with the growth response.
Metamorphosis from the Phoront to the Trophont in Hyalophysa

SYNOPSIS. The nature and sequence of changes involved in the metamorphosis of the phoront of Hyalophysa have been examined in the light microscope using both living and silver-impregnated ciliates. The phoront's infraciliature, which resembles that of the migratory tomite, differentiates to the trophont (feeding stage) infraciliature without an intervening dedifferentiation. The primary visible event of metamorphosis is the growth of the metastomial area that distorts the meridional somatic kineties so that they curve or spiral around it. The distinct borders and intense argentophilia of the metastomial area suggest that it is a discrete organelle which is probably involved in the management and concentration of a large volume of dilute food. The anterior ventral field of kinetosomes, whose presence distinguishes Hyalophysa from Gymnodinioides, forms from a disorganized anterior segment of falciform field 9. The rapid and pronounced elongation of the somatic kineties supports our view that the kinetodesmos elongates by the sliding of its component subfibrils upon one another, and that the accessory kinetosomes seen in the electron microscope become functional at metamorphosis. The movement of the kineties and contractile vacuole pore during metamorphosis suggests that differentiation in this instance is not directed by pellicular “fields” but by morphogenetic movements of the underlying cytoplasm.
Integrating vertical and horizontal partitioning into automated physical database design

In addition to indexes and materialized views, horizontal and vertical partitioning are important aspects of physical design in a relational database system that significantly impact performance. Horizontal partitioning also provides manageability; database administrators often require indexes and their underlying tables partitioned identically so as to make common operations such as backup/restore easier. While partitioning is important, incorporating partitioning makes the problem of automating physical design much harder since: (a) The choices of partitioning can strongly interact with choices of indexes and materialized views. (b) A large new space of physical design alternatives must be considered. (c) Manageability requirements impose a new constraint on the problem. In this paper, we present novel techniques for designing a scalable solution to this integrated physical design problem that takes both performance and manageability into account. We have implemented our techniques and evaluated it on Microsoft SQL Server. Our experiments highlight: (a) the importance of taking an integrated approach to automated physical design and (b) the scalability of our techniques.
A new method to retrieve aerosol extinction coefficients from elastic-Raman lidar data

Atmospheric aerosols have a significant impact on climate change through the scattering and absorption of incoming solar and outgoing thermal radiation. The aerosol optical properties can be directly measured using an elastic-Raman lidar. However, extraction of the extinction coefficient from the optical depth profile requires the use of numerical differentiation with these lidars, which suffers the random and systematic noises limitation and thereby reducing the detection sensitivity and accuracy. A new method to improve the quality of Raman lidar data processing is presented. Compared to the conventional method, the proposed method has the advantage, which can directly retrieve the aerosol extinction coefficients without numerical differentiation. Trial values of lidar ratio (from 10 to 90 sr with an increment of 1 sr) are applied to Fernald solution of the elastic lidar signals at 354.7 nm and all aerosol backscatter coefficients are obtained. The exact aerosol backscatter coefficients retrieved by combing elastic and Raman signals are used as constrain of these results of Fernald method to determine aerosol true lidar ratios as well as extinction coefficients. The numerical simulations demonstrated that the proposed method provides good accuracy and resolution of aerosol profile retrievals. And the method is also applied to elastic-Raman lidar measurements at the Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia.
Multimodal signalling in a songbird: male audiovisual displays vary significantly by social context in brown-headed cowbirds

Male brown-headed cowbirds, Molothrus ater, have repertoires of two to eight perched song types that are typically accompanied by a visual ‘wing-spread’ display when directed at male or female conspecifics. These physiologically demanding song displays are often produced in long bouts and are known to be important in intra- and intersexual interactions and to affect male mating success. The acoustic component of these multimodal signals has been extensively studied, but there is little or no published data on the visual part of these displays. We made audiovisual recordings of males (N = 9) directing song displays at male and female conspecifics, and based on inspection of playback of these recordings, we identified five major visual components of the display and quantified variation in these components using a scoring system. We calculated total display scores for male- and female-directed displays and found significant differences based on social context, with the most intense displays being directed at males. The extent of differences in display scores suggests that male- and female-directed displays may represent distinct signals and not a single signal of varying intensity. Although we are the first to report and quantify these differences, they are not unexpected because other than in the context of species identification, the function and information content of male- versus female-directed sexual signals are not predicted to be congruent.
Uncertainties in coupled thermal-hydrological processes associated with the Drift Scale Test at Yucca Mountain, Nevada.

Understanding thermally driven coupled hydrological, mechanical, and chemical processes in unsaturated fractured tuff is essential for evaluating the performance of the potential radioactive waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The Drift Scale Test (DST), intended for acquiring such an understanding of these processes, has generated a huge volume of temperature and moisture redistribution data. Sophisticated thermal hydrological (TH) conceptual models have yielded a good fit between simulation results and those measured data. However, some uncertainties in understanding the TH processes associated with the DST still exist. This paper evaluates these uncertainties and provides quantitative estimates of the range of these uncertainties. Of particular interest for the DST are the uncertainties resulting from the unmonitored loss of vapor through an open bulkhead of the test. There was concern that the outcome from the test might have been significantly altered by these losses. Using alternative conceptual models, we illustrate that predicted mean temperatures from the DST are within 1 degree C of the measured mean temperatures through the first two years of heating. The simulated spatial and temporal evolution of drying and condensation fronts is found to be qualitatively consistent with measured saturation data. Energy and mass balance computation shows that no more than 13 percent of the input energy is lost because of vapor leaving the test domain through the bulkhead. The change in average saturation in fractures is also relatively small. For a hypothetical situation in which no vapor is allowed to exit through the bulkhead, the simulated average fracture saturation is not qualitatively different enough to be discerned by measured moisture redistribution data. This leads us to conclude that the DST, despite the uncertainties associated with open field testing, has provided an excellent understanding of the TH processes.
Biotransformation of N-piperidinylacetophenone with Beauveria bassiana ATCC-7159

Abstract The oxidation of N-piperidinylacetophenone by the fungal biocatalyst Beauveria bassiana ATCC-7159 was studied under different fermentation conditions. The isolation and product distribution of eight metabolites is reported. C-Hydroxylation of unfunctionalized carbon was observed together with Baeyer–Villiger oxidation, hydrolysis, and β-4-O-methylglucosidation of aromatic alcohol.
In Situ Vibrational Spectroscopic Studies of the CaF2/H2O Interface

In these first vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy studies of the CaF2/H2O interface conducted under varied aqueous phase composition, large changes in the water structure and surface composition have been found. As the pH of the aqueous phase is adjusted from acidic to basic, dramatic changes in the orientation and hydrogen bonding structure of the water molecules are observed, in addition to the clear presence of surface hydroxide species at high pH. Fundamental studies of the pH-dependent behavior of hydrous fluorite surfaces are essential for understanding the reaction mechanisms involved in calcium mineral flotation systems.
Identification and SAR for a selective, nonpeptidyl thrombin inhibitor

A novel, nonpeptidyl thrombin inhibitor, L-636,619 (1), was identified via topological similarity searching over the Merck Corporate Sample Database. X-ray crystallographic studies determined the geometry for ligand binding to the enzyme. Chemical modification of the P1 and P3 segments of the ligand resulted in enhanced potency and improvement in the chemical stability of the lead. Analog 9 proved to be the most interesting lead from this structurally novel series.
A Glimpse Into the Lives of Nine Youths in a Correctional Facility: Insight Into Theories of Delinquency

Theories explaining delinquency have been examined primarily using quantitative methods. The current study used interviews to gain insight into the lives of delinquent male adolescents. Results indicate that no single theory best explains delinquency, but a combination of theories provides comprehensive representation.
Nottingham-defined mitotic score: comparison with visual and image cytometric phosphohistone H3 labeling indices and correlation with Oncotype DX recurrence score.

Prognosis of breast cancer patients has been determined traditionally by lymph node status, tumor size, and histologic grade. In recent years the Oncotype DX recurrence score (RS) assay has emerged as an expensive adjunct prognostic tool. Markers of proliferation play a large role in determination of RS, and we have shown previously that immunohistochemical expression of proliferation markers Ki-67 and phosphohistone H3 (PPH3) correlates with RS. Our current goal is comparison of the hematoxylin and eosin (HE Spearman coefficient 0.89, P<0.001). There was a statistically significant positive correlation between H&E mitosis score and RS (P<0.001, Spearman coefficient 0.30) and between visual PPH3 mitotic score and RS (P<0.001, Spearman coefficient 0.28). In conclusion, mitotic score by any of the 3 methods studied may be useful in assessing tumor grade, proliferation, and prognosis.
Optimal quadrature algorithms inHp spaces

The problem of finding optimal error quadrature formulas for evaluating $$\int\limits_{ - 1}^1 {f(x)dx} $$ , whereHp and wherep>1, has been investigated in some recent papers (e.g. [1, 3, 4, 10]). In this paper we study a class of `almost optimal' quadrature formulas which were introduced by Stenger [8---11], for computing the integral $$\int\limits_{w^{ - 1} ([ - 1,1])} {f(z)dz,f \in H_p (D).} $$ . HereD is a simply connected domain in the complex plane ? andw is a conformal map ofD onto the unit discU. The cost of our quadratures to obtain an ?-approximation to the above integral is at most twice as much as the cost using the optimal formulas.
Effect of metallation protocol on the preparation and performance of silica-immobilized Ti CGC-inspired ethylene polymerization catalysts

Abstract Titanium constrained-geometry-inspired complexes (CGCs) are assembled on aminosilica surfaces using two metallation protocols, a single-step method using a piano-stool complex, and a multi-step surface grafting approach that uses amine elimination from a M(N(Et2))4 precursor. Two scaffolds are used in the study, one that has spatially patterned amines on the silica surface and another that has a distribution of different amine species prepared by a traditional amine-grafting approach. The materials are characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, diffuse reflectance UV–vis spectroscopy, and subsequently, are evaluated in the polymerization of ethylene. Using both metallation protocols, the catalysts prepared on the patterned aminosilica are more productive than the materials prepared using traditional supports. The materials made via the single-step metallation method are more productive in the polymerization of ethylene per mole of metal atoms than the materials made using the amine elimination approach. However, on all supports, the single-step method results in significantly lower metallation efficiency than the amine elimination route, which allowed nearly quantitative surface functionalization. As a result, the materials made via amine elimination have a substantially higher metal loading that gives a higher catalytic productivity per gram of catalyst. It is also shown that the catalysts made via the amine elimination method are less susceptible to complex leaching caused by the co-catalyst methylalumoxane than the materials made via the single-step approach. Furthermore, when alkylaluminum/borane co-catalysts are used, leaching of active metal species from the support is not detected.
Influence of the Degree of Ionization on Weak Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Assembly

The effects of charge density on weak polyelectrolyte multilayer growth were investigated by assembling several strong polyelectrolytes with either poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) or poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) to keep one polymer fully charged while varying the degree of ionization of the other. The degree of ionization of the weak polyelectrolytes in solution and in a multilayer film was controlled by pH adjustment and quantified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses. In all cases, the bilayer thickness exhibited a dramatic change from molecularly thin bilayers (case of two fully charged polymers) to much thicker bilayers when the degree of ionization of the weak polyelectrolyte decreased below 70−90% charged units. We also confirmed and quantified earlier observations that both the charge density and the effective pKa of a weak polyelectrolyte can change substantially from solution-state values when the polymer is incorporated into a multilayer film. In addition, it was found that the d...
Fundamental SAR ATR performance predictions for design trade-offs: 1D HRR versus 2D SAR versus 3D SAR

This paper continues the development of a fundamental, algorithm-independent view of the ATR performance that can be achieved using SAR data. Such ATR performance predictions are intended to enable evaluation of performance tradeoffs for SAR designs, including both parameter selections (e.g., bandwidth and transmit power) and added domains of SAR observation, such as 3-D, full polarimetry, aspect diversity, and/or frequency diversity. Using a Bayesian framework, we show target classification performance predictions for two tactical targets (either stationary with radar netting assumed deployed, or moving) using three different domains of observation: 1-D HRR (high-range-resolution radar), 2-D SAR, and 3-D SAR. Comparisons of the three domains are made at 3m, 1m, 0.5m and 0.3m range and cross-range resolutions. The discussion of 3-D SAR includes parameter tradeoffs of various height resolutions at the target, and various numbers of sensors. For each measurement modality, we list some of the unique sensitivities which could cause performance degradations.
Biosimilars: considerations for an abbreviated pathway.

In the article biosimilars and safety issues[1], Daamacco et al. describe both the benefits and high costs of biopharmaceuticals and suggest an approach to this complex field. We concur that recomb...
A case of chronic paclitaxel administration in ovarian cancer

Abstract Background. Treatment with chemotherapeutic agents, after initial ovarian tumor debulking, and during recurrence, results in extended chemotherapy. When ovarian cancer recurs, chemotherapy is continued when patients respond to therapy. However, the disease may become stable. Stable disease is clinically relevant and no longer an indication of treatment failure. Case. A woman with advanced ovarian cancer was treated with cytoxan and cisplatin chemotherapy after having surgical cytoreduction. She progressed and was placed on monthly intravenous paclitaxel. After an initial partial response to therapy, she then went into a prolonged stable course of her disease. She subsequently received 67 cycles of monthly paclitaxel therapy. Conclusion. Chronic administration of paclitaxel resulted in prolonged stabilization of disease and was well tolerated.
Accuracy of gravimetrically computed deflections of the vertical

The rms (root mean square) error of the deflection of the vertical computed from gravity anomalies by the Vening Meinesz formula was calculated for two sets of hypotheses: (1) perfect knowledge of gravity within given radii, and none beyond; (2) ideal distribution of given numbers of gravity stations out to given radii, and no stations, or a uniform distribution, beyond. The calculation for lack of gravity data beyond given radii was based on rms anomalies G8, as found by Hirvonen, and on correlation of free-air anomalies determined from profiles in central USA. The general formula employed to compute the rms error in the deflection is Figure 1. where Figure 2. the effect of a one milligal anomaly for an arbitrary elemental area; rii is the coefficient of correlation between the mean anomalies of two elemental areas; and (αj−αi) is the angle between two elemental areas subtended at the deflection point. Assuming the rms point anomaly Go = ±28 mgal, the rms modulus of the deflection was found to be 6.0″. The rms effects of anomalies beyond given radii were found as follows: 3000 km, 1.2″; 2000 km, 1.7″; 1000 km, 2.2″; 500 km, 3.3″. The rms geoid elevation computed in a similar manner was found to be ±21.3 m. The rms effects of anomalies beyond given radii were found as follows: 150°: ±5.1 m; 90°: ±7.6 m; 60°: ±11.0 m; 45°: ±11.5 m; 3000 km: ±11.9 m; 2000 km: ±13.4 m; 1000 km: ±17.2 m. The discrepancy between the results obtained by these methods and those obtained by Cook in 1950 and 1951 using spherical harmonics is roughly proportional to the difference between the rms anomalies used. Six ideal distributions, for which each gravity station makes an equal contribution to the deflection error, were computed out to 35°, and graphs constructed therefrom. The effects due to the errors of representation of these distributions were combined with those due to lack of gravity data beyond given radii to give a total uncertainty. For example, 200 stations out to 1000 km will give an rms error of 2.7″; to 2000 km, 2.0″; to 3000 km, 1.6″. For 50 stations, the corresponding figures are: 1000 km, 3.0″; 2000 km, 2.6″; 3000 km, 2.5″. A uniform distribution of one station to every 10° block will improve the rms error with 200 stations out to 1000 km to 1.2″; one to every 5° block will improve it to 0.8″.
Effect of Copper Film Thickness on Stress and Strain in Grains of Different Orientation

Models describing the effect of grain orientation on dislocation glide in a thin film are reviewed; it is predicted that differences in stress-temperature behavior should exist between grains of different orientation in a polycrystalline copper film. Direct x-ray evaluation of strains in {111} and {100| grains within primarily {111} textured copper films shows that these stresses are film thickness or grain size dependent. The {111} oriented grains behave as expected, with room temperature flow stress increasing linearly with 1/film thickness. The flow stress of grains of {100} orientation, however, is approximately constant with film thickness and is not well represented by the models. It is proposed that simplifying assumptions about orientation dependent yield may only be appropriate for the majority grain orientation population in a textured film.
Más allá de los términos fusiforme y sacular: un nuevo índice cuantitativo para clasificar la morfología de los aneurismas y predecir su potencial de rotura

Aunque se considera que los aneurismas saculares de la aorta abdominal (AAA) son mas propensos a la rotura que los fusiformes, las tentativas para validar esta observacion han sido limitadas debido a la imposibilidad de definir cuantitativamente la morfologia tridimensional de la aorta. Un modelo cuantitativo de su estructura geometrica podria distinguir entre clases de morfologias y, en ultimo termino, ser util para identificar los aneurismas con riesgo de rotura. Se generaron datos tridimensionales de la superficie luminal de AAA a partir de imagenes tomograficas computarizadas (TC) de 15 pacientes con aneurismas de pequeno tamano (≤ 5,5 cm diametro transverso maximo). Se utilizo una linea central para producir una clasificacion de la morfologia basada en la proyeccion ortografica de la linea central alrededor de su eje central. Se cuantificaron la extension y direccion de las desviaciones individuales como areas en el plano de proyeccion para crear una clasificacion de la morfologia. Para verificar las diferentes clases de forma se uso un analisis de agrupacion jerarquica. Se calculo un indice de tortuosidad y se clasifico en diferentes clases desde mimima a maxima. La existencia de trombomural podria modificar el indice de tortuosidad o su clasificacion morfologica. En diversos pacientes con TC seriadas, el indice de tortuosidad cambio con el tiempo y se correlaciono con la rotura. En tres de ellos; en los que su AAA evoluciono hacia la rotura, la tortuosidad media aumento un 29% mientras que el diametro transverso medio aumento un 3,3%. Los AAA en expansion desarrollan morfologias especificas y cuantificables que pueden expresarse como un indice de tortuosidad cuantitativa que puede ser congruente con su historia natural. Las caracteristicas tridimensionales de este modelo morfologico proporcionan informacion complementaria a la simple medicion del diametro transverso maximo que puede resultar clinicamente adecuado. Se requieren estudios de mayor tamano para correlacionar el indice de tortuosidad con los modelos de elemento finito y la capacidad para predecir la rotura del aneurisma.
ADI Method: domain decomposition

A domain decomposition algorithm which is based on an implicit prediction and fully implicit scheme for the interior values, for solving parabolic partial differential equations, is presented. It is shown that this algorithm without the correction procedure is unconditionally stable. The modified ADI algorithm is deduced from this algorithm so that the ADI method is considered as the extreme case of the domain decomposition algorithm.
A dual sheath flow cytometer for shipboard analyses of phytoplankton communities from the oligotrophic oceans

Flow cytometry has been used to study phytoplankton since the early 1980s. Because of the wide range of cell sizes and concentrations that occur in natural samples, multiple instrument configurations have been required to characterize pico-, ultra-, and nanophytoplankton. Lengthy changeover times between configurations have made synoptic analyses of phytoplankton communities extremely cumbersome and therefore rare. To overcome this problem, we have added dual-sheath capability and adjustable optics to a commercially available flow cytometer. These additions expand the instrument's capabilities during routine operation. The dual-sheath cytometer can characterize both the submicron picoplankter Prochlorococcus at sample flow rates of 10 µl min−1 and, after a 1-min changeover, ultraphytoplankton and nanophytoplankton at sample flow rates >1 ml min−1. These capabilities make possible real-time analysis of phytoplankton size spectra at sea.
Who Is the High-Risk Recipient? Predicting Mortality After Heart Transplant Using Pretransplant Donor and Recipient Risk Factors

Background In this study we sought the following: (1) To objectively assess the risk related to various pretransplant recipient and donor characteristics; (2) to devise a preoperative risk stratification score (RSS) based on pretransplant recipient and donor characteristics predicting graft loss at 1 year; and (3) to define different risk strata based on RSS. Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing provided de-identified patient-level data. Analysis included 11,703 orthotopic heart transplant recipients aged 18 years or greater and transplanted between January 1, 2001 and December 31, 2007. The primary outcome was 1-year graft failure. Multivariable logistic regression analysis (backward p value Results The strongest negative predictors of 1-year graft failure included the following: right ventricular assist device only, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, renal failure, extracorporeal left ventricular assist device, total artificial heart, and advanced age. Threshold analysis identified 5 discrete RSS strata: low risk (LR, RSS: 9.48; n=261, 2.2%). The 1-year actuarial survival (%) in the LR, IR, MR, ER, and HR groups were 93.8, 89.2, 81.3, 67.0, and 47.0, respectively. Conclusions Pretransplant recipient variables significantly influence early and late graft failure after heart transplantation. The RSS may improve organ allocation strategies by reducing the potential negative impact of transplanting candidates who are at a high risk for poor postoperative outcomes.
Moving happily through the World Wide Web

Looks at some practical approaches to improving the process of interacting with information distributed over the global information infrastructure, specifically for the World Wide Web. The introduction of NCSA Mosaic changed the way we get information over the Web. With the click of a button, Mosaic's graphical user interface made it possible to browse and retrieve literally any information accessible through the Web. This is true if you know the document's Universal Resource Locator (URL), an identifier expressing its location. You type in this address and sooner or later (depending on document size and traffic at the time), the document appears on your screen. If you do not know the URL, or even which documents contain the requested information, you might want to browse or search the Web. Interacting with information on the Web starts with browsing and searching; continues with selecting, digesting and assimilating information; terminates with generating new information; and begins anew. The user's needs and desires must occupy center stage during development of Web systems and sites. The approach chosen should let users interact easily and effectively with the information contained throughout large arrays of documents. Visualization, computer graphics, and just plain common sense in designing Web pages and presenting information make the process better for users. This article discusses how to construct effective presentations (Web pages).
Progress in holographic video displays based on guided-wave acousto-optic devices

The novel frequency-multiplexed modulator architecture of the MIT Mark III holo-video display poses a significant challenge in generation of appropriate video signals. Unlike in our previous work, here it is necessary to generate a group of adjacent single-sideband RF signals; as this display is intended to be manufacturable at consumer-electronics prices we face the added requirement of compact and inexpensive electronics that are compatible with standard PC graphics processors. In this paper we review the goals and architecture of Mark III and then describe our experiments and results in the use of a hardware/software implementation of Weaver's single-sideband modulation method to upconvert six 200MHz baseband analog video signals to a set of RF signals covering a nearly contiguous 1GHz range. We show that our method allows efficient generation of non-overlapping signals without aggressive filtering.
Thermophilic fungi in the mycoflora of man and environmental air

The objective of this study was to determine if thermophilic fungi exist in the mycoflora of man and in the aeroflora of his environment.Humicola lanuginosa andHumicola grisea were isolated from 5 of 55 samples of outside air. Three thousand cultures were taken from the nasal mucosae, skin surfaces and recta of 570 children. Cultures were incubated at 50°C. Thermophilic fungi were isolated from 6 of 287 children receiving immunosuppressive therapy for malignancies and from 1 of 283 normal children.H. lanuginosa was recovered from the skin of one, the rectum of one and the nasal mucosae of three patients.Mucor pusillus was isolated from the nasopharynges of two patients.
A theory of thixotropic plastic viscoelastic fluids with a time-dependent yield surface and its comparison to transient and steady state experiments on small particle filled polymer melts

Abstract Suspensions of small particles in polymer melts exhibit a time-dependent thixotropic responses. Previous theories of the behavior of such systems while including the capability of predicting non-Newtonian viscosities, normal stresses and yield values (indicating stresses below which there is no flow), have not treated thixotropy. Such a theory is presented here. A time and deformation rate dependent von Mises form yield function is proposed to represent the thixotropic and plastic characterisitcs. This is combined with a non-linear viscoelastic constitutive equation. The theory is compared with experimental data for carbon black and calcium carbonate filled polystyrene melts. Reasonably good agreement is obtained with both transient and steady-state experiments.
A symbolic algorithm for low-power sequential synthesis

We present an algorithm that restructures the state transition graph (STG) of a sequential circuit so as to reduce power dissipation. The STG is modified without changing the behavior of the circuit, by exploiting state equivalence. Rather than aiming primarily at reducing the number of states, our algorithm redirects transitions so that the new destination states are equivalent to the original ones, while the average activity of the circuit is decreased. The impact on area is also estimated to increase the accuracy of the power analysis. The STG and all other major data structures are stored as decision diagrams, and the algorithm does not enumerate explicitly the states or the transitions (i.e., it is symbolic.) Therefore, it can deal with circuits that have millions of states. Once the STG has been restructured we apply symbolic factoring algorithms, based on zero-suppressed BDDs, to convert the optimized graph into a multilevel circuit. We derive an efficient circuit from the BDDs of the STG by incorporating power constraints in the symbolic factoring algorithms.
Degeneration of the central nervous system associated with celiac disease

The following report describes a 57-year-old man with celiac disease who developed a progressive and fatal neurologic disorder despite intensive medical and nutritional care. The clinical and pathological CNS findings in this patient are compared with those of 9 previously reported patients with well documented celiac disease in whom a progressive CNS disorder was carefully studied both pre-and postmortem. An entity of CNS degeneration associated with celiac disease appears to emerge from the study of these 10 cases. This disorder affects predominantly the cerebellum, deep gray masses, certain brain stem nuclei, and spinal cord; its cause and pathogenesis are unknown.
Typical antipsychotics exhibit inverse agonist activity at rat dopamine D1-like receptors expressed in Sf9 cells.

The baculovirus system has been used to express the rat dopamine D1 receptors in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells. A panel of typical antipsychotics including, α-flupenthixol, fluphenazine and thioridizine were found to inhibit dopamine-dependent stimulation of adenylyl cyclase. However, these compounds were also found to inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity in the absence of agonist in Sf9 cells expressing dopamine D1-like receptors. Therefore, these nonselective dopamine receptor compounds displayed negative intrinsic or inverse agonist activity. None of the compounds tested were neutral antagonists.
Acidic Precipitation in Western North America: Trends, Sources, and Altitude Effects in New Mexico 1979–1985

Volume-weighted pH values in central New Mexico have averaged 3.8 to 5.1 during the period 1979–1985. Samples collected at a high altitude site (3200m) have lower pH values than found for low altitude samples (1400m). Both dry deposition and event-averaged pH values have been higher than the volume-weighted averages due to neutralization by terrestrial material. During the period 1980–1984, changes in pH values and wet sulfate loading have correlated to S02 emissions from regional non-ferrous smelters. Sulfur isotope analyses of sulfate extracted from regional rain samples yielded a δ34SCD(%) of + 3.91 ± 1.1, indicating very little regional differentiation which, in turn, suggests that the regional atmospheric sulfate scavenged by precipitation is well-mixed and relatively homogeneous.
Self‐monitoring, status, and justice‐related information flow

We develop and test a multi-level interactive model of the relationships among self-monitoring, co-workers' formal and informal status, and justice-related information flow in a scenario-based field study of 4,011 unique relationships collected from 84 respondents. We predict that individuals high in self-monitoring, because they attend more carefully to social cues and have higher levels of expressive control, will be more likely than low self-monitors to intend to seek, accept, and provide justice-related information as a function of their co-workers' formal status, the size of their co-workers' networks, and the advantageousness of their co-workers' position in the networks (betweenness centrality). This cross-level interaction hypothesis receives strong support in terms of co-workers' network size, limited support in terms of co-workers' betweenness centrality, and no support in terms of co-workers' formal status. We address the implications of these findings for the literature on self-monitoring, social construction of organizational justice, and social networks, as well as the strengths and limitations of our approach.
The unequal burden of cancer

Eds M Alfred Haynes, Brian D Smedley National Academy Press, £28.95, pp 350 ISBN 0309071542 Rating: ![Graphic][1] ![Graphic][2] Poverty is the most important risk factor for excess morbidity and premature mortality, and it is disproportionately distributed among ethnic groups in the United States and around the world. Moreover, there are striking differences among ethnic groups in the incidence of cancer. For example, compared with white Americans, Asian Americans have substantially lower, and African Americans substantially higher, incidence of and mortality from prostate cancer. It seems … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif
In vitro development of first-generation schizonts of Eimeria canadensis (Bruce, 1921).

SYNOPSIS. In vitro development of Eimeria canadensis from cattle was studied in monolayer cultures of various bovine cell lines grown on coverslips in Leighton tubes. Excysted sporozoites were used for inoculation of the cell cultures. Sporozoites entered the host cells within a few minutes, but apart from a reduction in the number of refractile bodies, changed little in appearance during the first 9 days. Beginning at 91/2 days postinoculation, sporozoites developed into sporozoite-shaped schizonts or, less frequently, transformed into trophozoites. Sporozoite-shaped schizonts with as many as 8 nuclei were observed transforming into spheroid schizonts. At 111/2 days, intermediate schizonts had a characteristic single mass of refractile granules and 60–80 nuclei. Deep invaginations, which resulted in the formation of several blastophores, usually occurred when schizonts had about 100 nuclei. Merozoites were formed as a result of radial outgrowth from the surface of spheroid schizonts as well as of blastophores. Mature merozoites were seen 1st after 13 days.
Genetic diversity is related to climatic variation and vulnerability in threatened bull trout.

Understanding how climatic variation influences ecological and evolutionary processes is crucial for informed conservation decision-making. Nevertheless, few studies have measured how climatic variation influences genetic diversity within populations or how genetic diversity is distributed across space relative to future climatic stress. Here, we tested whether patterns of genetic diversity (allelic richness) were related to climatic variation and habitat features in 130 bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) populations from 24 watersheds (i.e., ~4-7th order river subbasins) across the Columbia River Basin, USA. We then determined whether bull trout genetic diversity was related to climate vulnerability at the watershed scale, which we quantified on the basis of exposure to future climatic conditions (projected scenarios for the 2040s) and existing habitat complexity. We found a strong gradient in genetic diversity in bull trout populations across the Columbia River Basin, where populations located in the most upstream headwater areas had the greatest genetic diversity. After accounting for spatial patterns with linear mixed models, allelic richness in bull trout populations was positively related to habitat patch size and complexity, and negatively related to maximum summer temperature and the frequency of winter flooding. These relationships strongly suggest that climatic variation influences evolutionary processes in this threatened species and that genetic diversity will likely decrease due to future climate change. Vulnerability at a watershed scale was negatively correlated with average genetic diversity (r = -0.77; P < 0.001); watersheds containing populations with lower average genetic diversity generally had the lowest habitat complexity, warmest stream temperatures, and greatest frequency of winter flooding. Together, these findings have important conservation implications for bull trout and other imperiled species. Genetic diversity is already depressed where climatic vulnerability is highest; it will likely erode further in the very places where diversity may be most needed for future persistence.
Laser Doppler velocimetry measurement at a hard-to-reach intake port of a two-stroke engine

Abstract To understand better the complex scavenging process in ported two-stroke engines, optical set-ups were designed for velocity measurements at the exit of an intake port of a motoring and firing single-cylinder propane-fueled two-stroke engine by laser Doppler velocimetry. The radial velocity component was measured at the center of one port at engine speeds of 600 , 900 , and 1200 rpm. Laser beams entered the engine from the top through a quartz window and the light scattered by the seed particles was collected at 90° through the exhaust ports and a side window. The noise produced by the piston head was analyzed and separated from the signal generated by the seed particles. Analysis of the results from this engine showed that, in general, differences in both magnitude and the shape of the plotted results were observed when the engine was firing. A backflow into the intake system was observed at 600 rpm; this backflow decreased in strength, shifted in crank angle at 900 rpm, and eventually was eliminated at an engine speed of 1200 rpm.
Effects of Shingle Absorptivity, Radiant Barrier Emissivity, Attic Ventilation Flowrate, and Roof Slope on the Performance of Radiant Barriers

This paper presents a parametric study of the effects that shingle absorptivity, radiant barrier emissivity, attic ventilation flowrate, and roof slope have on the performance of radiant barriers in symmetrical residential attics. A heat balance model was developed to investigate these effects. The model was validated against experimental data and was found to predict with good accuracy. Of the four parameters investigated, only emissivity of the radiant barriers had first-order effects on their performance. Variations in the performance of the horizontal radiant barrier (HRB) configuration were minimal in the other three parameters. The truss radiant barrier (TRB) configuration showed slightly more variations because of the presence of uncovered end-gables. This paper presents a brief description of the heat balance model, the parametric studies and conclusions. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reproductive Toxicology of 3,3′,4,4′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl in Mice

Environmental contamination by PCBs was first detected while screening environmental samples for DDT and related compounds. Since then, PCBs have been detected in almost every global environment including the Arctic and Antarctic. Accidental exposure of humans to PCBs has occurred in Japan and Taiwan. In both cases, the poisoning was a result of cooking rice in PCB-contaminated bran oil. It was believed that the symptoms derived from the poisoning were caused by contaminants of PCBs such as polychlorinated dibenzofurans. Studies however, have since detected the presence of 3,3{prime},4,4{prime}-tetrachlorobiphenyl, an extremely toxic PCB congener, as a component of the PCB mixture. The effects of PCBs on reproduction were first studied in the mink. Since then the reproductive toxicity of many commercial and PCB congeners have been assessed. Ronnback found no observable effect of 1.5 mg/kg and 15.0 mg/kg TCB administered as a single dose to pregnant mice on day 13 of gestation. Lucier et al. reported that no observable effect appears in animals when the compound is administered at less than 16 mg/kg/day. Studies have evaluated the effects of TCB on reproduction, but none have studied its effects throughout the entire gestation period of mice. This study was undertaken to evaluatemore » the effects of TCB on implantation, organogenesis, and embryogenesis in the developing mouse. 20 refs., 2 tabs.« less
Steady-State Heat Transfer Analysis of Arbitrarily Coiled Buried Pipes

The heat transfer from buried pipes of arbitrary shape is investigated. An approximate analytical technique, referred to here as the line source approximation (LSA), is developed and is easily applicable to pipes with complicated geometry. The essence of the method is to replace the pipe with a line source. The accuracy of the technique is verie ed by testing it against the known analytical result for a straight horizontal pipe. A spirally coiled pipe, sometimes proposed in ground-source heat pump designs, is used to demonstrate the applicability of this technique. The LSA is capable of providing detailed information, such as thermal interference, of the complicated geometry on the heat transfer process. The applicability of this technique is limited to steady-state heat conduction in the soil around the pipe. Nomenclature d = coil diameter of the spiral arrangement d0 = pipe diameter ˜ d0 = nondimensional pipe diameter, d0/h g0 = constant heat generation term, W h = (mean) burial depth ˜ h = nondimensional burial depth, h/d k = thermal conductivity of the soil n = number of spirally coiled loops PFSS = steady-state performance factor px, py = coil pitches in the x and y directions
Chip-level integration of RF MEMS on-chip inductors using UV-LIGA technique

This paper presents a chip-level integration of radio-frequency (RF) microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) air-suspended circular spiral on-chip inductors onto MOSIS RF circuit chips of LNA and VCO using a multi-layer UV-LIGA technique including SU-8 UV lithography and copper electroplating. A high frequency simulation package, HFSS, was used to determine the layout of MEMS on-chip inductors with inductance values close to the target inductance values required for the RF circuit chips within the range of 10%. All MEMS on-chip inductors were successfully fabricated using a contrast enhancement method for 50 μm air suspension without any physical deformations. High frequency measurement and modeling of the integrated inductors revealed relatively high quality factors over 10 and self-resonant frequencies more than 15 GHz for a 1.44 nH source inductor and a 3.14 nH drain inductor on low resistivity silicon substrates (0.014 Ω cm). The post-IC integration of RF MEMS on-chip inductors onto RF circuit chips at a chip scale using a multi-layer UV-LIGA technique along with high frequency measurement and modeling demonstrated in this work will open up new avenues with the wider integration feasibility of MEMS on-chip inductors in RF applications for cost-effective prototype applications in small laboratories and businesses.