cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of Cross-Sector Dialogues on Ethics: A Field Study with Global Application

This article explores how relations between non-governmental (NGO) and civil society (CSO) organizations and the government allow these entities to promote ethical behavior in public administration. It postulates that NGOs and CSOs are in the best position to embrace the demand-side approach to ethics reform precisely because of their ability to create a cross-sector dialogue on the imperative of ethics in government. Using insights gained from examining three countries in Central and Eastern Europe, the article develops a conceptual framework for understanding the interrelationships and value of the networks that foster ethical dialogue. The robust fieldwork approach reveals important observations that inform a framework for the balanced supply-demand continuum that promotes long-term success of ethics improvement. The proposed framework holds great utility as both a descriptive and an evaluative means to compare ethics reforms across the globe.
Socrates on Friendship and Community: Who Is a Friend? ( The Lysis )

Some years after Socrates leaves Agathon's dinner party with Aristodemus in tow, and a few years after Socrates follows Phaedrus outside the city walls to hear Lysias' speech, Socrates discusses friendship with two young boys at a palaestra. He admits to them and the others present that ever since he was young he desired to acquire friends, but he is so far from succeeding that he does not even know how one becomes the friend of another (211d-212b). If we can take Socrates at his word, he counts neither Aristodemus nor Phaedrus as a friend. When Phaedrus asks to be included in Socrates' prayer at the end of the dialogue bearing his name, because “the things of friends are common,” Socrates says only “let us go [back to the city]” (279c). Socrates' response can be contrasted with his remark at the end of the Lysis that he considers himself and his two young interlocutors to be friends (223b). At the end of the Lysis , it appears that “three go together,” and Socrates corrupts a Homeric dictum once again. Even if Socrates has found friends by the end of the Lysis , they have not been able to discover what a friend is. The Lysis is one of Plato's aporetic dialogues, which end in perplexity ( aporia ) about the question discussed. Scholars have long held that Plato wrote his aporetic dialogues early when he was most influenced by Socrates' manner of questioning everything, and that he only later developed the philosophic positions we most associate with him.
Experimental validation for nonlinear estimation and tracking using finite-horizon SDRE

In this paper, an effective online method used for finite-horizon, nonlinear, stochastic tracking problems, is presented. The method incorporates the finite-horizon State Dependent Riccati Equation (SDRE) with Kaiman filter to account for the stochastic environment thereby extending the application spectrum to nonlinear systems and overcoming the hurdle with linear tracking systems limited to small variations around the operating point. The method is illustrated by both computer simulation and experimental verification via hardware in the loop Simulation (HILS).
Comparison of silicon-on-insulator and Body-on-Insulator FinFET based digital circuits with consideration on self-heating effects

In recent years FinFET emerges as a promising device to assure the desired performance in the sub-22 nm regime. Among various FinFETs, SOI FinFET shows suppressed leakage current and superior short channel effects. However, it suffers from increased self-heating effect (SHE) due to the adaptation of a low thermal conductivity buried silicon dioxide layer and a ultra thin fin body. Bulk FinFET, on the other hand, mitigates the heating issue at the cost of the leakage current. Body-on-Insulator (BOI) FinFET alleviates, to some extent, the aforementioned downsides of both SOI and bulk FinFET but with the increased fabrication complexity [1]. Here, we report extensive simulation of BOI and SOI FinFETs using technology computer aided design (TCAD) [2] and for the first time, present evaluation of BOI and SOI FinFET based digital circuits and demonstrate that in actuality SHE is comparable for both circuits under low voltage bias.
Special Libraries and YouCanBook.Me: Easy Consultation Scheduling through an Online Booking System

Column description. Special Libraries, Special Challenges is a column dedicated to exploring the unique public services challenges that arise in libraries that specialize in a particular subject, s...
miRNA profiling of primary lung and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: Addressing a diagnostic dilemma

Abstract Objective To determine whether microRNA (miRNA) profiling of primary lung and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas could be useful to identify a specific miRNA signature that can be used to further discriminate between primary lung squamous carcinomas and metastatic lesions in patients with a history of head and neck squamous cell cancer. Methods Specimens of resected primary head and neck and lung squamous cell carcinomas were obtained from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks. Paraffin blocks were sectioned and deparaffinized, and total RNA was isolated and profiled. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to verify array results. Results Twelve head and neck and 16 lung squamous cell carcinoma samples met quality control metrics and were included for analysis. Forty-eight miRNAs were differentially expressed ( P q Conclusions MicroRNA expression may be useful for discriminating between head and neck and lung squamous cell carcinomas, including miR-34a and the miR-10a:miR-10b ratio. This differentiation has clinical importance because it could help determine the appropriate therapeutic approach.
The readability of psychosocial wellness patient resources: improving surgical outcomes.

Abstract Background Patient education is increasingly accessed with online resources and is essential for patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes. The average American adult reads at a seventh grade level, and the National Institute of Health (NIH) and the American Medical Association (AMA) recommend that information be written at a sixth-grade reading level. Health literacy plays an important role in the disease course and outcomes of all patients, including those with depression and likely other psychiatric disorders, although this is an area in need of further study. The purpose of this study was to collect and analyze written, online mental health resources on the Veterans Health Administration (VA) website, and other websites, using readability assessment instruments. Methods An internet search was performed to identify written patient education information regarding mental health from the VA (the VA Mental Health Website) and top-rated psychiatric hospitals. Seven mental health topics were included in the analysis: generalized anxiety disorder, bipolar, major depressive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, substance abuse, and suicide. Readability analyses were performed using the Gunning Fog Index, the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, the Coleman-Liau Index, the SMOG Readability Formula, and the Automated Readability Index. These scores were then combined into a Readability Consensus score. A two-tailed t -test was used to compare the mean values, and statistical significance was set at P Results Twelve of the best hospitals for psychiatry 2016-2017 were identified. Nine had educational material. Six of the nine cited the same resource, The StayWell Company, LLC (StayWell Company, LLC; Yardley, PA), for at least one of the mental health topics analyzed. The VA mental health website ( http://www.mentalhealth.va.gov ) had a significantly higher readability consensus than six of the top psychiatric hospitals ( P P = 0.0067, P = 0.019, P = 0.041, P = 0.0093, P = 0.0054, and P = 0.0093). The overall average readability consensus for mental health information on all websites analyzed was 9.52. Conclusions Online resources for mental health disorders are more complex than recommended by the NIH and AMA. Efforts to improve readability of mental health and psychosocial wellness resources could benefit patient understanding and outcomes, especially in patients with lower literacy. Surgical outcomes are correlated with patient mental health and psychosocial wellness and thus can be improved with more appropriate levels of readability of psychosocial wellness resources.
Water Markets from an Economic Point of View

Recent droughts and the increase in food prices they trigger underscore that freshwater scarcity is bound to be a major challenge of the 21st century. Increased water demand due to population growth and rising living standards (with changing diets and lifestyles) strains available water resources. In spite of reports about an imminent water crisis, the world is not running out of water. Water is a renewable global resource of which there is more than enough. The major concern is that water is very unevenly distributed across and within countries. Water scarcity is thus primarily a local phenomenon, and fears mount that climate change might worsen an already bad situation in water-scarce areas. Excerpt UVA-GEM-0110 Rev. Dec. 13, 2012 WATER MARKETS FROM AN ECONOMIC POINT OF VIEW Recent droughts and the increase in food prices they trigger underscore that freshwater scarcity is bound to be a major challenge of the 21st century. Increased water demand due to population growth and rising living standards (with changing diets and lifestyles) strains available water resources. In spite of reports about an imminent water crisis, the world is not running out of water. Water is a renewable global resource of which there is more than enough. The major concern is that water is very unevenly distributed across and within countries. Water scarcity is thus primarily a local phenomenon, and fears mount that climate change might worsen an already bad situation in water-scarce areas. In this context, calls for better water management are heard. Water management used to be a matter of engineering and the supply side, especially associated with the construction of dams, canals, and so on. In recent years, there has been a shift toward economics and demand management. In this context, water markets are often featured as a tool to allocate water efficiently. There are water markets in Australia, some western U.S. states, Columbia, Chile, and South Africa. Markets are such an integral part of our lives that we seldom think about how they function. They are popular among economists because well-functioning markets are efficient and maximize overall economic welfare. Markets are ideal, decentralized tools to allocate resources particularly when they involve many people whose preferences are impossible to keep track of. Figure 1 displays the main withdrawers of water in the United States. However popular markets are, they are not a panacea. They do not necessarily work well under all circumstances. Well-functioning water markets presuppose a complex set of regulations and institutions. . . .
Observation of Flat Electron Temperature Profiles in the Lithium Tokamak Experiment.

It has been predicted for over a decade that low-recycling plasma-facing components in fusion devices would allow high edge temperatures and flat or nearly flat temperature profiles. In recent experiments with lithium wall coatings in the Lithium Tokamak Experiment (LTX), a hot edge ($g200\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$) and flat electron temperature profiles have been measured following the termination of external fueling. Reduced recycling was demonstrated by retention of $\ensuremath{\sim}60%$ of the injected hydrogen in the walls following the discharge. Electron energy confinement followed typical Ohmic confinement scaling during fueling, but did not decrease with density after fueling terminated, ultimately exceeding the scaling by $\ensuremath{\sim}200%$. Achievement of the low-recycling, hot edge regime has been an important goal of LTX and lithium plasma-facing component research in general, as it has potentially significant implications for the operation, design, and cost of fusion devices.
A comparison of xylem vessel metrics between tropical and temperate Rhododendron species across elevation ranges

Research on tree vascular traits has demonstrated an important trade-off between safety and efficiency of wood, such that tropical trees have more efficient xylem than temperate trees. However, this trade-off is equivocal for plants with non-tree architecture. So as to test the trade-off between safety and efficiency in evergreen shrubs, xylem traits of temperate and tropical Rhododendrons were compared. Rhododendron diversified from the temperate zone of Asia into the Malesian tropical zone, which makes this monophyletic group an excellent subject for testing the trade-off in vessel structure in evergreen shrubs. We hypothesised that twig wood of temperate Rhododendron species would have safe twig xylem, whereas that of tropical Rhododendron species would be more efficient. In the present study, safety refers to protection against freeze–thaw-induced embolism. Twig wood anatomy of accessions representing 60 species of Rhododendron was assayed. Most vessel traits of temperate species were significantly safer than those of tropical species, supporting the trade-off in this group. Some safety metrics of the twig xylem increased with an increase in native-range elevation. The adaptive changes in twig wood metrics were small, which means that stomatal conductance is constrained by limited hydraulic conductance in both temperate and tropical species of Rhododendron. This constraint has significant implications to the ecology of Rhododendron.
Diffractals from regular polygon Sierpinski gaskets

Fraunhofer diffraction of a collimated Gaussian beam by fractal screens with regular polygon Sierpinski gaskets up to fifth iteration was studied experimentally for 3 – 9 sided polygons and compared to theoretical results.
Literature as Support: Using Picturebooks to Assist Young Children in Coping with Natural Disasters and Human Crises

Literature can play a critical role in helping children understand and cope with the challenging situations that surround them. In particular, high quality picturebooks offer an accessible, developmentally appropriate support for young learners who experience different forms of crises in their worlds. This chapter offers a rationale for using literature to support children during trying times and includes an annotated bibliography of quality picturebooks to serve as a starting point for the exploration of specific forms of natural disasters and human crises. Suggestions for navigating difficult discussions with children are also provided.
Perioperative Morbidity of Lymph Node Dissection for Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Propensity Score–based Analysis

Abstract Background There are little data regarding the morbidity of lymph node dissection (LND) for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) to assess its risk–benefit ratio. Objective To evaluate the association of LND with 30-d complications among patients undergoing radical nephrectomy (RN) for RCC. Design, setting, and participants A total of 2066 patients underwent RN for M0 or M1 RCC between 1990 and 2010, of whom 774 (37%) underwent LND. Intervention RN with or without LND. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Associations of LND with 30-d complications were examined using logistic regression with several propensity score techniques. Extended LND, defined as removal of ≥13 lymph nodes, was examined in a sensitivity analysis. Results and limitations A total of 184 (9%) patients were pN1 and 302 (15%) were M1. Thirty-day complications occurred in 194 (9%) patients, including Clavien grade ≥3 complications in 81 (4%) patients. Clinicopathologic features were well balanced after propensity score adjustment. In the overall cohort, LND was not statistically significantly associated with Clavien grade ≥3 complications, although there was an approximately 40% increased risk of any Clavien grade complication that did not reach statistical significance. Likewise, LND was not significantly associated with any Clavien grade or Clavien grade ≥3 complications when separately evaluated among M0 or M1 patients. Extended LND was not significantly associated with any Clavien grade or Clavien grade ≥3 complications. LND was not associated with length of stay or estimated blood loss. Limitations include a retrospective design. Conclusions LND is not significantly associated with an increased risk of Clavien grade ≥3 complications, although it may be associated with a modestly increased risk of minor complications. In the absence of increased morbidity, LND may be justified in a predominantly staging role in the management of RCC. Patient summary Lymph node dissection for renal cell carcinoma is not associated with increased rates of major complications.
Label-Free, Direct Measurement of Protein Concentrations in Turbid Solutions with a UV-Visible Integrating Cavity Absorbance Spectrometer.

Protein–particle conjugates and mixtures have been investigated extensively for their diverse applications in biotechnology. However, general methods to measure protein concentration of protein–particle solutions are lacking. Typically, proteins in turbid solutions require separation or staining with another chromophore to quantitate their concentration. Here we demonstrate a label-free, direct approach to measure protein concentrations in turbid solutions using a UV–vis integrating cavity absorbance spectrometer. Three systems are used to test the ability to measure accurate protein concentrations: proteins adsorbed to Alhydrogel, proteins in solution with gold nanoparticles, and proteins encapsulated within polymeric microspheres. Protein concentrations in each of the three protein–particle systems were successfully quantified using a calibration curve created from the absorbance at 280 nm.
Semiquantitative Nucleic Acid Test with Simultaneous Isotachophoretic Extraction and Amplification.

Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) provide high diagnostic accuracy for infectious diseases and quantitative results for monitoring viral infections. The majority of NAATs require complex equipment, cold chain dependent reagents, and skilled technicians to perform the tests. This largely confines NAATs to centralized laboratories and can significantly delay appropriate patient care. Low-cost, point-of-care (POC) NAATs are especially needed in low-resource settings to provide patients with diagnosis and treatment planning in a single visit to improve patient care. In this work, we present a rapid POC NAAT with integrated sample preparation and amplification using electrokinetics and paper substrates. We use simultaneous isotachophoresis (ITP) and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) to rapidly extract, amplify, and detect target nucleic acids from serum and whole blood in a paper-based format. We demonstrate simultaneous ITP and RPA can consistently detect 5 copies per reaction in buffer and 10...
Bridging cyanides from cyanoiron metalloligands to redox-active dinitrosyl iron units

Cyanide, as an ambidentate ligand, plays a pivotal role in providing a simple diatomic building-block motif for controlled metal aggregation (M-CN-M'). Specifically, the inherent hard-soft nature of the cyanide ligand, i.e., hard-nitrogen and soft-carbon centers, is due to electronic handles for binding Lewis acids following the hard-soft acid-base principle. Studies by Holm and Karlin showed structural and electronic requirements for cyanide-bridged (por)FeIII-CN-CuII/I (por = porphyrin) molecular assemblies as biomimetics for cyanide-inhibited terminal quinol oxidases and cytochrome-C oxidase. The dinitrosyliron unit (DNIU) that exists in two redox states, {Fe(NO)2}9 and {Fe(NO)2}10, draws attention as an electronic analogy of CuII and CuI, d9 and d10, respectively. In similar controlled aggregations, L-type [(η5-C5R5)Fe(dppe)(CN)] (dppe = diphenyl phosphinoethane; R = H and Me) have been used as N-donor, μ-cyanoiron metalloligands to stabilize the DNIU in two redox states. Two bimetallic [(η5-C5R5)(dppe)FeII-CN-{Fe(NO)2}9(sIMes)][BF4] complexes, Fe-1 (R = H) and Fe*-1 (R = CH3), showed dissimilar FeIIC[triple bond, length as m-dash]N-{Fe(NO)2}9 angular bends due to the electronic donor properties of the [(η5-C5R5)Fe(dppe)(CN)] μ-cyanoiron metalloligand. A trimetallic [(η5-C5Me5)(dppe)FeII-CN]2-{Fe(NO)2}10 complex, Fe*-2, engaged two bridging μ-cyanoiron metalloligands to stabilize the {Fe(NO)2}10 unit. The lability of the FeII-CN-{Fe(NO)2}9/10 bond was probed by suitable X-type (Na+SPh-) and L-type (PMe3) ligands. Treatment of Fe-1 and Fe*-1 with PMe3 accounted for a reduction-induced substitution at the DNIU, releasing [(η5-C5R5)Fe(dppe)(CN)] and N-heterocyclic carbene, and generating (PMe3)2Fe(NO)2 as the reduced {Fe(NO)2}10 product.
Is Wittgenstein’s Ethical Theory a Kind of Error Theory?

At a Centenary Symposium whose announced topic is ‘Wittgenstein: Towards A Reevaluation’, it seems appropriate to preface the main part of my paper with a brief overview concerning the very mixed reactions which Wittgenstein’s contribution to ethics has provoked from commentators. Among those whose reactions have been very positive are R.W. Beardsmore, Ilham Dilman, H.O. Mounce, D.Z. Phillips, and Peter Winch, who tend to see themselves as interpreting and developing views which they attribute to Wittgenstein.1 It seems fair to say, however, that the reactions of most philosophers have been strongly negative. The reasons for these negative reactions have been rather varied. Some critics, such as Robert J. Fogelin,2 P.M.S. Hacker,3 and David Pears,4 agree in maintaining that, in some respect or other, Wittgenstein’s ethical position is not well argued. Colin Radford goes further by arguing that Wittgenstein’s entire ethical position is incoherent. In explaining the famous ‘ethical silence’ in Wittgenstein’s later philosophy, Radford maintains that ethics presented the mature Wittgenstein with a problem he could not resolve. Hence, he adds, “the mature Wittgenstein could not say anything about ethics, and he (virtually) does not”.5 Most extreme of all is E.D. Klemke’s conclusion concerning Wittgenstein’s ‘Lecture on Ethics’ that “it is of no worth whatever for ethical inquiry, and that the manner of philosophizing which it exhibits is despicable”.6
Gas-Exchange Inferences for the Proportionality of the Cardiopulmonary Responses During Phase 1 of Exercise

Neurogenic mechanisms originating in the exercising limbs1,2 and/or supra-bulbar regions of the central nervous system3,4 have been variously proposed to account for the initial hyperpnea of muscular exercise; the immediacy of the response being incompatible with humorally-mediated stimuli, released from the working muscles, influencing the carotid bodies and ventral-medullary surface chemosensory regions.
Cultural Competence, Identity Politics, and the Utopian Dilemma

In the name of creating a more just society, demands for multiculturalism, diversity, and cultural competence have proliferated over the past few decades. All these terms fundamentally depend on identity politics, pitting group against group. Far from ushering in a more harmonious future, identity politics seems to lead primarily to greater social fragmentation, combativeness, and conflict. The escalation of these tensions is manifest today in attacks on free speech and efforts to micromanage everyday life. Accompanying these is a persistent denigration of western culture and its tradition of individual (rather than group) rights and freedoms. The dangers of such developments have been well documented in the twentieth-century dictatorial regimes claiming to be acting for the greater good. The costs of abdicating liberal values in the name of goodness have also been extensively explored in utopian and dystopian fictions that demonstrate why ideological policing can never produce a better world.
Imaging of HER2 with [89Zr]pertuzumab in Response to T-DM1 Therapy.

Abstract Background: The success of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeted therapy depends on accurate characterization of HER2 expression, but current methods available have seve...
Norwood Procedure—Difficulty in Weaning From Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Implications for Outcomes

Difficulty weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) or the need to return to CPB (collectively D-CPB) may occur after the Norwood procedure. We sought to evaluate the relationship between D-CBP and survival. This was a retrospective chart review of all patients undergoing a Norwood procedure at our institution during the interval 2005–2017. Primary outcome was survival for the Norwood procedure. Secondary outcomes included various measures of morbidity. Successful wean from CBP (S-CPB) was defined as no need to return to full-flow CPB during the initial definitive wean or after separation from CPB; otherwise, the classification was difficulty with wean (D-CBP). Successful rescue in the D-CPB group was defined as not requiring extracorporeal life support either in the operating room or within the first 3 postoperative days. Of the 196 patients in the cohort, 49 were D-CPB. Survival for S-CPB was 92.5% (136/147) vs 71.4% (35/49) for D-CPB (P = 0.001). Major morbidity occurred in 29.9% (44/147) in S-CPB vs 69.4% (34/49) in D-CPB (P
What Makes a Hotelscape Beautiful? Antecedent and Consequent Behaviors of Perceived Aesthetic Value and Aesthetic Judgment in the Customer-Hotelscape Relationship

This study tested a structural model of the relationships among individuals’ novelty-seeking desire (NSD), perceived aesthetic value (PAV), and the evaluative aesthetic judgment (AJ) of the custome...
An Analytical Method for Estimating Gas Requirements in the Pressurization and Transfer of Cryogenic Fluids

The large-scale use of cryogenic liquids is becoming commonplace. For some time now, missile launching sites have used large quantities of liquid oxygen and nitrogen. Liquid hydrogen and fluorine may soon be in use as primary rocket propellants and certain research and development programs within the AEG and NASA require the use of extensive refrigeration at cryogenic temperatures.
Adaptive neuro-fuzzy and simple adaptive control methods for full three-dimensional coupled buildings subjected to bi-directional seismic excitations

Abstract Attenuation of three-dimensional coupled buildings under bi-directional seismic excitations using semi-active control devices is pursued in this paper. Multiple magneto-rheological (MR) dampers are employed to connect two adjacent buildings at multiple levels for real-time control of the structural responses. The MR dampers are managed by adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) and simple adaptive control (SAC) methods so a comparison between the performance of both controllers can be made. The displacement feedback type is used for both control methods to design the closed-loop action. The structural system modeled as two three-dimensional buildings connected by frame elements in which the MR dampers are implemented. The equations of motions of the three-dimensional model are formulated by assuming that each floor diaphragm is rigid in its own plane but flexible in the vertical coordinate. Each link is assumed to have three degrees-of-freedom two translational and one rotational at its ends. The adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system is designed based on Sugeno-type model. Seven triangular membership functions are chosen to fuzzify the input crisp data in the fuzzy logic controller. The training data for ANFIS are generated by the Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) under white-noise disturbance. For the simple adaptive controller, LQR is also used to generate the desired trajectories of the reference-model. Numerical simulations are carried out for both symmetrical and asymmetrical coupled buildings under eleven pairs of major earthquakes. The results show that both ANFIS and SAC can deal very successfully with modeling complexities associated with full three-dimensional models subjected to multi-excitations. In terms of seismic responses reduction, both methods have shown a great potential in enhancing the structural performance under seismic activities.
Solving sparse linear systems with approximate inverse preconditioners on analog devices.

Sparse linear system solvers are computationally expensive kernels that lie at the heart of numerous applications. This paper proposes a flexible preconditioning framework to substantially reduce the time and energy requirements of this task by utilizing a hybrid architecture that combines conventional digital microprocessors with analog crossbar array accelerators. Our analysis and experiments with a simulator for analog hardware demonstrate that an order of magnitude speedup is readily attainable without much impact on convergence, despite the noise in analog computations.
Afferent Control of Nigral Dopaminergic Neurons

In in vivo extracellular recordings from anesthetized adult rats, midbrain dopaminergic neurons fire spontaneously at low rates, averaging around 4 spikes/second (Bunney et al., 1973; Guyenet and Aghajanian, 1978; Deniau et al., 1978; Tepper et al., 1982). Under these conditions, the neurons exhibit 3 distinct patterns or modes of firing. The first is that of pacemaker-like firing, characterized by very regular interspike intervals (Wilson et al., 1977; Tepper et al., 1995). The second, and most common pattern of activity in vivo is a random, or occasional mode (Wilson et al., 1977), characterized by long post-firing inhibition which rises smoothly into a flat autocorrelation function indicating that the remaining interspike intervals are distributed randomly, best characterized by a Poisson distribution. The third, least common mode of firing, is burst firing, in which the neurons exhibit stereotyped bursts of 2–8 action potentials in which the first intraburst interspike interval is around 60 ms, followed by progressively increasing interspike intervals and progressively decreasing spike amplitudes (Grace and Burney, 1984). The bursts are not usually rhythmic or continuous, and occur embedded in background random single-spike firing activity. Both in anesthetized and unanesthetized rats (Freeman et al., 1985), dopaminergic neurons often switch between different firing modes, and the three firing patterns are best thought of as a continuum, with the pacemaker-like firing on one end and burst firing on the other.
Pig Ear Skin as a Model for Predicting Percutaneous Absorption in Man

In-vitro percutaneous absorption of hydrophilic (water and mannitol) and moderately lipophilic (benzyl alcohol) solutes was investigated through pig ear epidermis and compared with the permeability of these solutes reported for human epidermis. Factors of difference in permeabilities of pig epidermis in comparison with human epidermis were 2.74, 1.2, and 0.58 for water, mannitol, and benzyl alcohol, respectively. An animal model may be predictive of human skin permeability if the factor of difference value between the species is less than 3. This suggests that pig ear skin can be used as a model for man for predicting percutaneous absorption of hydrophilic and moderately lipophilic solutes.
Clinical evaluation of the ballistocardiogram. I. Normal subjects.

Abstract 1. 1. The ballistocardiogram, as recorded by the photocell displacement apparatus (modified after Dock), was investigated in a consecutive group of eighty normal control subjects. 2. 2. In the series of normal subjects, the ballistocardiogram was found to be normal at rest in seventy, abnormal in seven, and borderline in three. The significance of these findings has been discussed. 3. 3. Of fifty-three normal controls with normal resting ballistocardiograms who were exercised, the ballistocardiogram in forty-eight remained normal after the double “2-step” test. A careful follow-up study of the normal subjects with abnormal ballistocardiograms will be made in order to determine the clinical implication of these findings. 4. 4. The unhinged photocell displacement ballistocardiogram apparatus was employed with a simple method for simultaneous recording of the electrocardiogram with the commonly employed single-channel cardiographic machines.
Strontium- and Manganese-Doped Lanthanum Gallate as a Potential Anode Material for Intermediate-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Sr- and Mn-doped LaGaO3 (La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.5Mn0.5O3−δ, LSGMn) has been synthesized using a glycine nitrate combustion method. Powder X-ray diffraction examinations show that the synthesized LSGMn has a pure single cubic perovskite phase. Four-probe direct current conductivity characterization indicates that the conductivity of the sintered LSGMn in wet H2 is lower than that in air, whereas the activation energy in wet H2 is higher than that in air. Such an expected p-type conduction mechanism is the result of the valence change of Mn, which enables LSGMn to be a mixed ionic and electronic conductor. Using LSGMn as an anode and LSCF as a cathode, the peak power density at 800°C of the LSGM electrolyte supported all-perovskite cells can reach 460 mW/cm2 using wet H2 as fuel and ambient air as an oxidant. Further, LSGMn anode has showed reasonable sulfur tolerance in H2-containing 100 ppm H2S and the all-perovskite cell has demonstrated good performance stability in the short-term operation at a constant cell voltage of 0.7 V.
Water and magmas: insights about the water solution mechanisms in alkali silicate melts from infrared, Raman, and 29 Si solid-state NMR spectroscopies

Degassing of water during the ascent of hydrous magma in a volcanic edifice produces dramatic changes in the magma density and viscosity. This can profoundly affect the dynamics of volcanic eruptions. The water exsolution history, in turn, is driven by the water solubility and solution mechanisms in the silicate melt. Previous studies pointed to dissolved water in silicate glasses and melts existing as molecules (H2Omol species) and hydroxyl groups, OH. These latter OH groups commonly are considered bonded to Si4+ but may form other bonds, such as with alkali or alkaline-earth cations, for instance. Those forms of bonding influence the structure of hydrous melts in different ways and, therefore, their properties. As a result, exsolution of water from magmas may have different eruptive consequences depending on the initial bonding mechanisms of the dissolved water. However, despite their importance, the solution mechanisms of water in silicate melts are not clear. In particular, how chemical composition of melts affects water solubility and solution mechanism is not well understood. In the present experimental study, components of such information are reported via determination of how water interacts with the cationic network of alkali (Li, Na, and K) silicate quenched melts. Results from 29Si single-pulse magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (29Si SP MAS NMR), infrared, and Raman spectroscopies show that decreasing the ionic radius of alkali metal cation in silicate melts results in decreasing fraction of water dissolved as OH groups. The nature of OH bonding also changes as the alkali ionic radius changes. Therefore, as the speciation and bonding of water controls the degree of polymerization of melts, water will have different effects on the transport properties of silicate melts depending on their chemical composition. This conclusion, in turn, may affect volcanic phenomena related to the viscous relaxation of hydrous magmas, such as for instance the fragmentation process that occurs during explosive eruptions.
Bridging the host-network divide: survey, taxonomy, and solution

This paper presents a new direction in security awareness tools for system administration-the Host-Network (HoNe) Visualizer. Our requirements for the HoNe Visualizer come from needs system administrators expressed in interviews, from reviewing the literature, and from conducting usability studies with prototypes. We present a tool taxonomy that serves as a framework for our literature review, and we use the taxonomy to show what is missing in the administrator's arsenal. Then we unveil our tool and its supporting infrastructure that we believe will fill the empty niche. We found that most security tools provide either an internal view of a host or an external view of traffic on a network. Our interviewees revealed how they must construct a mental end-to-end view from separate tools that individually give an incomplete view, expending valuable time and mental effort. Because of limitations designed into TCP/IP [RFC-791, RFC-793], no tool can effectively correlate host and network data into an end-to-end view without kernel modifications. Currently, no other visualization exists to support end-to-end analysis. But HoNe's infrastructure overcomes TCP/IP's limitations bridging the network and transport layers in the network stack and making end-to-end correlation possible. The capstone is the HoNe Visualizer that amplifies the users' cognitive power and reduces their mental workload by illustrating the correlated data graphically. Users said HoNe would be particularly good for discovering day-zero exploits. Our usability study revealed that users performed better on intrusion detection tasks using our visualization than with tools they were accustomed to using regardless of their experience level.
The Addiction Treatment Planner (5th ed.), by Robert R. Perkinson, Arthur E. Jongsma, Jr., and Timothy J. Bruce (Eds.)

The work of the addiction treatment provider is time-intensive and can demand sudden flexibility and heightened awareness from the helper. Work with clients experiencing addiction can be broadly ch...
Mechanism of late deceleration of the fetal heart rate

Abstract An experimental model in the subhuman primate where the cardiovascular and acid-base state of the near-term fetus can be directly monitored during labor has been developed in our laboratory. The relationship between late deceleration of the fetal heart rate, acid-base state, and level of oxygenation was studied in a series of 30 experiments. In those fetuses which became acidotic, hypoxic, and hypotensive as labor advanced, there was an increase in base-line heart rate and late deceleration of the fetal heart rate following each uterine contraction. The late deceleration appeared as a marked transient bradycardia and was accompanied by a further decrease in fetal oxygen levels. In those fetuses which remained well oxygenated, there was no change in heart rate or in the level of oxygenation during uterine contractions of similar intensity. Late deceleration was abolished or suppressed when the level of fetal oxygenation was increased by administering a high concentration of oxygen to the mother. Since the fetal acidosis and hypotension remained, it is concluded that fetal hypoxia is the essential component producing late deceleration of the heart rate.
Gas and vacuum switches-a review

Summary form only given, as follows. The state-of-the-art of gas and vacuum switches is summarized and compared. The switches discussed include: gas and vacuum spark gaps, thyratrons, pseudo spark switches, ignitrons. Special consideration is given to: repetition rate, lifetime, ultra fast (sub nanosecond) switching.
H. Gould and J. Tobochnik: Statistical and Thermal Physics : Princeton University Press, 2010, 504 pages ()

Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics are traditionally taught in a one-semester course in most undergraduate physics programs. The unusual phenomenological approach of Thermodynamics and its almost philosophical arguments, coupled with the lack of a clear “canonical” curriculum for Statistical Mechanics, due to the vastness of topics available to choose from, make this one of the most problematic courses for students and teachers alike, and there exist relatively few, successful textbooks on the subject. Now, Harvey Gould and Jan Tobochnik bring in their expertise as active researchers in Statistical Physics and as editors of “The American Journal of Physics,” as well as many years of dedication to exploring the role of computers in physics education and to teaching in general, to produce a remarkable textbook, “Statistical and Thermal Physics,” that is sure to rapidly become a classic in this field. As opposed to some textbooks, that expose and develop the two disciplines in tandem, Gould and Tobochnik discuss Thermodynamics first and only then broach the subject of Statistical Mechanics, minimizing the confusion that arises from shifting back and forth between the two main story lines. (Discussion and examples of how Statistical Mechanics connects to Thermodynamics are scattered throughout the second part of the book, nevertheless.) Chapter 1 motivates the study of both disciplines, with the aid of several examples that are discussed at a mostly intuitive level. Thermodynamics is then covered thoroughly in Chapter 2, starting from the most basic concepts and culminating with thermodynamic potentials and Legendre transforms. This rather lengthy chapter could form the basis of a course in its own right. The remainder of the book is devoted mostly to Statistical Mechanics. Chapter 3 provides a detailed introduction to probability theory, the central limit theorem, and other key ideas needed further on. The basic methodology of Statistical Mechanics is developed, meticulously, in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 discusses magnetic systems and the Ising and related models at quite larger depth and detail than most undergraduate textbooks. Much of the material traditionally covered in other textbooks, including the grand
Concrete as a Hierarchical Structural Composite Material

•Production of cement contributes to up to 10% of world CO2 emission. •Greener, more economical and more durable concrete. •Nanoscale C-S-H still not fully understood •Performing atomistic simulations to concrete constituent materials •Setting a framework for understanding the relationship between the chemical composition, microstructure morphology and mechanical properties of concrete constituents
Firm growth and failure in increasingly competitive markets: Theory and application to hospital markets

Recent models of firm failure and growth have ignored demand factors. In this paper, we generalize these theoretical analyses to include demand factors in explaining failure and growth for heterogeneous firms in local markets facing imperfect but increasing competition. The model is then applied empirically to the hospital industry in California over the 1980s, during which time competition did intensify. We model the closure decision based on expectations of future growth, explicitly accounting for self selection and simultaneity. We find that both size and demand factors are important determinants of survival and growth
Child passenger safety

Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death and disability among children in the United States despite the fact that child safety seats and seat belts can provide effective protection against serious and fatal injuries. Many child car seats and safety restraints are being used incorrectly. In addition, recent fatalities associated with children and air bags have heightened awareness of child passenger safety issues. Pediatric nurse practitioners are in an excellent position to offer motor vehicle occupant prevention strategies to families through health education and anticipatory guidance.
The High-Reliability Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

In health care, reliability is the measurable capability of a process, procedure, or health service to perform its intended function in the required time under actual or existing conditions (as opposed to the ideal circumstances under which they are often studied). This article outlines the current state of reliability in a clinical context, discusses general principles of reliability, and explores the characteristics of high-reliability organizations as a desirable future state for pediatric critical care.
Brow or Forehead Fixation with Sutures Only: A Preliminary Communication

Fixation of the brow, although not technically difficult, can be a time-consuming process. Screws, whether permanent or absorbable, are occasionally associated with minor undesirable problems. We present a technique of brow suspension that is quick, simple, and free of the problems associated with fixation to the calvarium. It involves the use of sutures only. A heavy PDS suture is passed (with the aid of an awl) from the dermis of the brow or forehead that needs to be fixed to the dermis of a small incisional wound located 5–8 cm away. This suture suspension technique has proven to be quick and easy to execute. It has provided satisfactory fixation of the forehead/brow without problems of suture reaction. The cost of calvarial screws has been eliminated. When brow or forehead fixation is necessary, suspension with sutures to the dermis of a more superior location is an excellent method to accomplish the task quickly and easily. Long-term follow-up of a large series of patients will be necessary to validate the initial impression of this new technique.
Carbonate deformation mechanisms in the world's deepest wells (~ 9 km)

Abstract Carbonate rocks penetrated to a depth of 9.07 km in the Anadarko Basin of south-western Oklahoma, show a number of deformation features induced solely by the increased pressures and temperatures of deep burial. The rocks are at temperatures around 210° C and an overburden pressure of about 2.5 kb. Large calcite crystals in the limestones show extensive twin development accompanied by bending or multiple displacement along twin lamellae. Inferred granulation or cataclastic textures are shown by large calcite crystals which are now bordered by small anhedral calcite grains, a product of mechanical breakage. Pressure-solution features are common and aggrading recrystallization has led to an increase in average crystal size with depth. Limestones at these depths are tight compared to dolostones in the same basin at slightly shallower depths. These dolostones still retain in excess of 20% porosity at 8.08 km.
Tinnitus reclassified: New oil in an old lamp☆☆☆★

This article represents a compilation of study, research, and patient care during a 30-year period. Its development was based on two tenets: (1) keep it simple and (2) be inclusive. The purpose of the classification system was to provide professionals with a vehicle for describing tinnitus and its location, probable cause, loudness, degree of annoyance, and pitch. The system uses two mnemonics to follow the word tinnitus: (1) A, B, or C for tinnitus Aurium, Binaural, or Cerebri; and C-CLAP for Cause, Composition, Loudness, Annoyance, and Pitch. Four descriptions are presented on how this classification system may be used in the clinician's report.