cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Literature of American Library History, 2010-2011

As historians of libraries and librarianship, we face the constant challenge of understanding the people and actions of another era, of another time, and perhaps even of another culture that has changed remarkably from the past to the present. Joyce Carol Oates observed recently that when it comes to the past we “are forever viewers, voyeurs. We haven’t a clue.”1 Yet, in order for us to do our work we need to find the clues that are left behind and from them create a story that will inform our readers about the library past and about how that past has influenced the present. That is the task before us each day as we labor in the vineyards of American library historiography.
The powers and pitfalls of algorithmic knowledge: a case study

Abstract This study examines one child's use of computational procedures over a period of 3 years in an urban elementary school where teachers were using a standards-based curriculum. From a sociocultural perspective, the use of standard algorithms to solve mathematical problems is viewed as a cultural tool that both enables and constrains particular practices. As this student appropriated and mastered procedures for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, she could solve problems that involved fairly straightforward computations or where she could easily model the action to determine an appropriate computation. At the same time, her use of these algorithms, along with other readily available tools, such as her fingers or multiplication tables, constrained her ability to reflect on the tens-structure of the number system, an effect that had serious consequences for her overall mathematical achievement. The results of this study suggest that even when not directly introduced, algorithms have such strong currency that they can mediate more reform-oriented instruction.
A new method for measuring beta spectra and doses in mixed beta-photon fields

Abstract A new method to discriminate betas from photons in a wide range of mixed beta-photon fields by using special phoswich plastic scintillators is described. The phoswich detectors are able to measure beta spectra and doses at selected tissue depths and also measure separately skin and penetrating doses. The method is simple and can be implemented in a portable instrument by using advanced microelectronics.
Internal Turkey Abnormality

Abstract The turkey abnormality reported here was in the abdominal cavity of a 17-month-old Broad White turkey female. It was found under the abdominal skin when the abdominal cut was made for removing the viscera. It was not in the oviduct and was unattached. The 17-month-old turkey, along with others from a terminated experiment on reproductive performance, was being dressed for market. The object was oval in shape with one end more blunt than the other. It measured 13 cm. long and 6.8 cm. in diameter (Figure 1) and weighed 455 grams. The anomaly was very light tan in color and was soft in texture. After a picture was taken of the intact object, it was cut open. In the center was a hard-shelled egg which weighed 90 grams. The hard-shelled egg was broken open for examination. The contents were addled with evidence that time had played a part in the . . .
PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN POLYGONUM PERSICARIA. III. THE EVOLUTION OF ECOLOGICAL BREADTH FOR NUTRIENT ENVIRONMENT.

Norms of reaction for a number of growth and reproductive characters were determined for 15 randomly sampled Polygonum persicaria genotypes, from two natural populations originating in sites with very different nutrient availabilities. Under severely limiting nutrient conditions, these genotypes shared not only plastic responses such as increased root-to-shoot ratio, but a surprising constancy in such functionally essential characters as leaf area ratio, leaf nitrogen concentration, and propagule nitrogen content. Because functional homeostasis depends on flexibility in underlying characters, similar homeostatic results can be achieved through different combinations of underlying plastic and fixed responses in genetically different entities. For example, plants in each population maintained a relatively constant propagule nitrogen content under extreme low-nitrogen conditions by varying either the size or the tissue nitrogen concentration of propagules. These genotypes also tolerated excessive nutrient levels toxic to many plants, evidently by storing excess nutrients in shoots. Although development was altered under such circumstances, reproductive fitness was maintained.
Bipolarons in boron-rich icosahedra: Effects of carbon substitution.

Analysis of electronic-transport and magnetic measurements on boron carbides has indicated that charge transport occurs via bipolaron hopping between the twelve-atom icosahedral structural units of these solids. Two types of isoelectronic icosahedral units are neutral icosahedral boron clusters (${\mathrm{B}}_{12}$ icosahedra) and positively charged clusters of eleven boron atoms and a carbon atom [(${\mathrm{B}}_{11}$C${)}^{+}$ icosahedra]. In particular, the transport analysis assumes that it is energetically favorable for an electron pair to occupy a (${\mathrm{B}}_{11}$C${)}^{+}$ icosahedron rather than a ${\mathrm{B}}_{12}$ icosahedron. Here, we study the energy changes and atomic displacements associated with adding two electrons to a (${\mathrm{B}}_{11}$C${)}^{+}$ icosahedron in neutral surroundings and compare our results with our previous study of two electrons added to an analogous ${\mathrm{B}}_{12}$ icosahedron. We find that the addition of the two electrons reduces the (${\mathrm{B}}_{11}$C${)}^{+}$ system's energy by about 18 eV.Most of this energy reduction, \ensuremath{\simeq}16--17 eV, is associated with the two electrons filling bonding orbitals associated with all of the atoms of the positively charged icosahedron. The remainder of the energy reduction is associated with the polaronic displacements, the contraction of the icosahedron induced by the placing of the two electrons in icosahedral bonding orbitals. Indeed, the energy reduction associated with adding two electrons to form a (${\mathrm{B}}_{11}$C${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ icosahedron is greater than that associated with adding two electrons to form a ${\mathrm{B}}_{12}$${\mathrm{}}^{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ icosahedron by about 14 eV. This is because the increased Coulombic attraction of the two electrons arising from the extra positive charge provided by the carbon nucleus exceeds the increases in electronic kinetic energy and electron-electron repulsion energy associated with the icosahedron's reduced symmetry. Thus, it is energetically preferable for an electron pair to occupy a (${\mathrm{B}}_{11}$C${)}^{+}$ icosahedron rather than a ${\mathrm{B}}_{12}$ icosahedron. This supports the notion, arising from analysis of electronic transport experiments, that bipolaron hopping occurs between ${\mathrm{B}}_{11}$C icosahedra.
Using answer-until-correct examinations to provide immediate feedback to students in a pharmacokinetics course.

Objectives. To implement an answer-until-correct examination format for a pharmacokinetics course and determine whether this format assessed pharmacy students' mastery of the desired learning outco...
Modeling phase change materials embedded in building enclosure: A review

Abstract Thermal energy storage (TES) has the capability to absorb, store and release heat based on dynamic surrounding environmental conditions. Sensible energy storage captures or releases heat with changes in material’s temperature while latent heat is associated with a phase change at an isotherm or near isothermal temperature. Latent heat storage such as using a phase change material (PCM) gains growing attentions recently due to its ability of storing significant thermal energy within a small volume, making it one of most promising technologies for developing energy efficient buildings. To quantify their technical and economic feasibility for building’s applications, computational models of TES that can be integrated into whole building energy simulations are highly demanded. This paper reviews the different modeling methods generally used for PCM simulations. A few numerical modeling methods are observed in literature for modeling PCMs including the enthalpy method, the heat capacity method, the temperature transforming model, and the heat source method. The study compares and highlights the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of these models and methods. It particularly explores the viability of these methods for building applications. The paper further reviews the PCM models that have been integrated into prevalent whole building simulation programs such as EnergyPlus, TRNSYS, ESP-r etc. The study reveals that the heat capacity method is mostly used in programs, despite of its limitations on time and spatial resolutions. Further research is found necessary to identify the efficiency and accuracy of these methods in building applications.
Effects of pulse duration on bulk laser damage in 350-nm raster-scanned DKDP

In this paper we present the results of bulk damage experiments done on Type-II DKDP triple harmonic generator crystals that were raster conditioned with 351 - 355 nm wavelengths and pulse durations of 4 and 23.2 ns. In the first phase of experiments 20 different scan protocols were rastered into a sample of rapid growth DKDP. The sample was then rastered at damage-causing fluences to determine the three most effective protocols. These three protocols were scanned into a 15-cm sample of conventional-growth DKDP and then exposed to single shots of a 1-cm beam from LLNL's Optical Sciences Laser at fluences ranging from 0.5 - 1.5X of the 10% damage probability fluence and nominal pulse durations of 0.1, 0.3, 0.8, 3.2, 7.0 and 20 ns. The experiment showed that pulse durations in the 1 - 3 ns range were much more effective at conditioning than pulses in the 16.3 ns range and that the multiple pass "peak fluence" scan was more effective than the single pass "leading edge" scan for 23.2 ns XeF scans.
A modified technique for use of the intraluminal valve cutter in in situ saphenous vein grafts.

Abstract A modified technique for the use of the disposable intraluminal valve cutter in the performance of in situ saphenous vein arterial bypass grafts is presented. The technique results in a more physiologic dilatation of the vein and can be expeditiously performed with minimal intimal trauma to the vein graft. Long incisions necessary to expose the entire vein with the use of other techniques can be avoided, thereby decreasing the potential for wound healing problems commonly associated with vascular reconstruction in ischemic limbs. (J VASC SURG 1987;6:124-6.)
The role resist plays in EUVL extensibility

In this paper, the impact of resist on the lithographic process window is investigated. To estimate the resolution limit of EUVL due to the limitation from resist performance, a simplified resist model, called diffused aerial image model (DAIM), is employed. In the DAIM, the resist is characterized by the acid diffusion length, or more generally, resist blur. Lithographic process windows with resists of various blurs are then calculated for different technology nodes. It is concluded that the resist blur needs to be smaller than 8 nm to achieve a reasonable window for the technology node with the minimum pitch of 32 nm. The performance of current resists can barely fulfill this requirement. Investigation of a more refined resist model is also initiated.
Cross species association examination of UCN3 and CRHR2 as potential pharmacological targets for antiobesity drugs.

Background Obesity now constitutes a leading global public health problem. Studies have shown that insulin resistance affiliated with obesity is associated with intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) accumulation. Therefore, identification of genes associated with the phenotype would provide a clear target for pharmaceutical intervention and care for the condition. We hypothesized that urocortin 3 (UCN3) and corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 (CRHR2) are associated with IMCL and subcutaneous fat depth (SFD), because the corticotropin-releasing hormone family of peptides are capable of strong anorectic and thermogenic effects. Methodology/principal findings We annotated both bovine UCN3 and CRHR2 genes and identified 12 genetic mutations in the former gene and 5 genetic markers in the promoter region of the latter gene. Genotyping of these 17 markers on Wagyu times Limousin F(2) progeny revealed significant associations between promoter polymorphisms and SFD (P = 0.0203-0.0685) and between missense mutations of exon 2 and IMCL (P = 0.0055-0.0369) in the bovine UCN3 gene. The SFD associated promoter SNPs caused a gain/loss of 12 potential transcription regulatory binding sites, while the IMCL associated coding SNPs affected the secondary structure of UCN3 mRNA. However, none of five polymorphisms in CRHR2 gene clearly co-segregated with either trait in the population (P>0.6000). Conclusions/significance Because UCN3 is located on human chromosome 10p15.1 where quantitative trait loci for obesity have been reported, our cross species study provides further evidence that it could be proposed as a potential target for developing antiobesity drugs. None of the markers in CRHR2 was associated with obesity-type traits in cattle, which is consistent with findings in human. Therefore, CRHR2 does not lend itself to the development of antiobesity drugs.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Using Ultrathin Ni/Al Film as Catalyst

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) catalyzed using a few nm thick Ni layer supported by a thin Al underlayer is reported. Analysis by transmission electron mi...
Recurrent idiopathic anaphylaxis linked to pantoprazole

Abstract Rationale We investigated a case of idiopathic anaphylaxis for the potential role of pantoprazole hypersensitivity and its relationship to cytochrome P450 polymorphisms. Methods and results A 47-year-old Hispanic male was referred for evaluation of recurrent idiopathic anaphylaxis (urticaria, angioedema, substernal chest discomfort, orthostasis and impaired consciousness) of 8 months duration. He was otherwise well with the exception of gastroesophageal reflux treated with intermittent pantoprazole. Serum IgE to aeroallergens and foods were positive for cockroach. He was prescribed an antihistamine, equipped with an EpiPen, and advised to report additional episodes. One month later, he experienced severe anaphylaxis with an associated tryptase level of 31μg/L (nl CYP2C19 m1 and CYP2C19 m2 ) by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction enzyme digestion. The patient was homozygous for the wild-type allele. Conclusion Pantoprazole should be considered in the differential diagnosis of idiopathic anaphylaxis. Although CYP2C19 m1, m2 alleles were not identified, the timing of anaphylactic events invokes the possible involvement of modifying pharmacogenetic factors. In our patient, the positive skin test and elevated tryptase level are consistent with prior case reports of proton pump inhibitor anaphylaxis and suggest an immediate hypersensitivity mechanism.
Three-dimensional numerical simulation of water quality and sediment-associated processes with application to a Mississippi Delta lake.

Abstract A three-dimensional water quality model was developed for simulating temporal and spatial variations of phytoplankton, nutrients, and dissolved oxygen in freshwater bodies. Effects of suspended and bed sediment on the water quality processes were simulated. A formula was generated from field measurements to calculate the light attenuation coefficient by considering the effects of suspended sediment and chlorophyll. The processes of adsorption–desorption of nutrients by sediment were described using the Langmuir Equation. The release rates of nutrients from the bed were calculated based on the concentration gradient across the water–sediment interface and other variables including pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration. The model was calibrated and validated by applying it to simulate the concentrations of chlorophyll and nutrients in a natural oxbow lake in Mississippi Delta. The simulated time series of phytoplankton (as chlorophyll) and nutrient concentrations were generally in agreement with field observations. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to demonstrate the impacts of varying suspended sediment concentration on lake chlorophyll levels.
The Uncanniness of Mass Communication in Interwar Social Thought

L'A. porte son attention sur l'analyse de la communication pendant l'entre-deux-guerres aux Etats-Unis. Il souligne que l'on s'interessait principalement aux moyens de communication de masse (principalement la radio) et a la communication «non-physique». Il se demande s'il est exact d'affirmer que la radio et la television constituent la fin de la communication de masse. Il retrace le developpement de la radio dans la premiere moitie du 20 e siecle. Il montre de quelle maniere les producteurs d'emission de radio se sont efforces d'impliquer l'auditeur notamment en creant un climat d'intimite avec ce dernier
Determination of organophosphorus insecticides, their oxygen analogs and metabolites by high pressure liquid chromatography

A convenient procedure for the extraction and determination of three organophosphate insecticides, their active oxygen analogs, and their inactive metabolites in biological tissues is described. The utility of this technique is demonstrated by measurement of thein vitro biotransformation of both parathion and chlorpyrifos by mouse hepatic microsomes.
dE/dx and E Semiconductor Detector Systems for 25-Mev He3 Alpha Particles

Thin semiconductor detectors were constructed in which the space-charge region completely fills the volume of the detector. These detectors can be used to measure lowenergy alpha particles in the usual way and can also be used for high-energy particles to measure dE/dx, the fractional energy lost in traversing a given amount of matter. A combination detector which measures both dE/dx and the total energy, E, of a particle is described, and performance with 21- and 25- Mev He/sup 3/ and alpha particles is shown. This combination allows various mass particles produced in a highenergy reaction to be completely separated. The manner of construction for these thin (0.002 in.) counters is descibed, and thy advantages in terms of required size, signal-to noise ratio, and rise time are discussed. Enengy resolution characteristics for NaI scintillation detectors and semiconductor detectors are compared for high-energy He/sup 3/ and alpha particles. (auth)
Climate of Southern Rhodesia

A NOTE on the “Climate of Southern Rhodesia” appears in NATURE of April 2, page 515, based on the Annual Report of this office for the year 192930. This notice of our work is much appreciated, but we regret that “E. V. N.” has based a revival of the ‘south-east trades’ theory on the published rainfall maps.
Axial-Torsional Testing System for Clay with Local Strain Measurement

An axial-torsional testing system, consisting of an MTS loading frame (9.8 kN/113 N-m) and TestWare-SX control, was developed for evaluating the multiaxial behavior of cohesive soil. The capabilities of the testing system include automated control of three axes (axial load/ displacement, torque/rotation, and confining pressure) under static and dynamic conditions. Description of a custom-designed triaxial-torsional shear cell developed for this study is presented. Uniform and reproducible specimens (hollow and full cylinder) were obtained with a slurry consolidation technique. As an example for implementing software control, procedures are described for performing Ko consolidation with an electropneumatic transducer in conjunction with an automated volume change device. An optical technique developed by the authors for measuring local strains under axial-torsional loading is also described. Initial test results associated with an undrained constant rate of strain axial and pure torsional shear testing on ...
The expression of myogenic microRNAs indirectly requires protein arginine methyltransferase (Prmt)5 but directly requires Prmt4

Myogenic microRNAs are important regulators of muscle development and differentiation. To better understand the roles of chromatin-modifying and remodeling enzymes in the activation of myogenic microRNA expression, we have functionally analyzed two different protein arginine methyltransferases, Prmt5 and Prmt4, both of which have previously been implicated in the regulation of myogenic mRNA expression. Both Prmts are required for myogenic microRNA induction during differentiation. Prmt5 is indirectly required due to the necessity of Prmt5 for expression of the transcriptional regulator, myogenin, as ectopic expression of myogenin eliminates Prmt5 dependency. By contrast, Prmt4 binds to the upstream regulatory regions of myogenic microRNAs and is required for dimethylation of the Prmt4 substrate, H3R17, at microRNA regulatory sequences. Deletion of Prmt4 does not alter MyoD binding at myogenic microRNA regulatory sequences but prevents the binding of both myogenin and the Brg1 ATPase that catalyzes SWI/SNF-dependent chromatin remodeling, resulting in an inhibition of microRNA expression.
Telling our stories in new ways

Abstract This review article discusses visual and rhetorical issues as handled in three books: The Rise of the Image the Fall of the Word, Mitchell Stephens (1998) ; Hamlet on the Holodeck: The Future of Narrative in Cyberspace, Janet H. Murray (1997) ; and Remediation: Understanding New Media, Jay David Bolter and Richard Grusin (1999) . Visual media, the kinds of documents we create with them, and technology’s effects on our perceptions of the media and of ourselves are central to all three texts, though each has a different emphasis. Stephens argues for the influences on communication being affected by moving images, Murray describes characteristics of digital environments and the opportunities they offer to writers, and Bolter and Grusin help us understand relationships among media through their theory of the developmental processes of media.
No role for increased rectal compliance in pediatric functional constipation.

Background & Aims Increased rectal compliance has been proposed to contribute to pediatric functional constipation (FC). We evaluated the clinical relevance of increased rectal compliance and assessed whether regular use of enemas improves rectal compliance in children with FC. Methods A prospective longitudinal study was conducted on children (8–18 years old) with FC. Pressure-controlled rectal distensions were performed at baseline and at 1 year. Rectal compliance was categorized into 3 groups: normal, moderately increased, or severely increased. Patients were randomly assigned to groups given conventional therapy or rectal enemas and conventional therapy. Clinical success was defined as ≥3 spontaneous defecations per week and fecal incontinence Results Baseline measurements were performed in 101 children (11.0 ± 2.1 years); rectal compliance was normal in 36%, moderately increased in 40%, and severely increased in 24%. Patients with severely increased rectal compliance had lower defecation frequency (P = .03), more fecal incontinence (P = .04), and more rectal fecal impaction (P Conclusions Constipated children with severely increased rectal compliance have severe symptoms. However, increased rectal compliance is not related to treatment failure. Regular use of enemas to avoid rectal fecal impaction does not improve rectal compliance in pediatric FC.
Quantum-mechanical study of the reaction Be + FH(υ = 0, 1) → BeF(υ′) + H

Abstract Exact quantum-mechanical calculations for a collinear model of the reaction Be + FH(υ = 0, 1) have been performed. Effects of reagent translational and vibrational excitation on reaction probabilities and product state distributions are examined. These quantum results show product state distributions which differ from those of quasi-classical trajectory calculations.
Amygdala nuclei critical for emotional learning exhibit unique gene expression patterns

The amygdala is a heterogeneous, medial temporal lobe structure that has been implicated in the formation, expression and extinction of emotional memories. This structure is composed of numerous nuclei that vary in cytoarchitectonics and neural connections. In particular the Lateral nucleus of the Amygdala (LA), Central nucleus of the Amygdala (CeA), and the Basal (B) nucleus contribute an essential role to emotional learning. However, to date it is still unclear to what extent these nuclei differ at the molecular level. Therefore we have performed whole genome gene expression analysis on these nuclei to gain a better understanding of the molecular differences and similarities among these nuclei. Specifically the LA, CeA and B nuclei were laser microdissected from the rat brain, and total RNA was isolated from these nuclei and subjected to RNA amplification. Amplified RNA was analyzed by whole genome microarray analysis which revealed that 129 genes are differentially expressed among these nuclei. Notably gene expression patterns differed between the CeA nucleus and the LA and B nuclei. However gene expression differences were not considerably different between the LA and B nuclei. Secondary confirmation of numerous genes was performed by in situ hybridization to validate the microarray findings, which also revealed that for many genes, expression differences among these nuclei were consistent with the embryological origins of these nuclei. Knowing the stable gene expression differences among these nuclei will provide novel avenues of investigation into how these nuclei contribute to emotional arousal and emotional learning, and potentially offer new genetic targets to manipulate emotional learning and memory.
Role of electromagnetic noise in the interhemispheric plasma exchange along closed field lines

Satellite observations have demonstrated that the equatorially trapped superthermal hydrogen ions are a common occurrence in the outer plasmaspheric flux tubes. Such ions occur in conjunction with broadband waves over a frequency spectrum from the proton-cyclotron frequency to the lower-hybrid frequency. Trapped ions are produced by the transverse heating of the ions by the waves. The effect of such ion heating on the interhemispheric plasma flow is studied here. The consequences of the trapped ion production on the plasmaspheric refilling after geomagnetic storms are examined.
Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition Facilitates Cell Death in Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mouse

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) initiates an inflammatory response with secondary growth of hemorrhage and cell death. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gelatinolytic activity is increased in ICH, and synthetic inhibitors to MMPs reduce edema and hemorrhage size. Recently, we found that tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) is elevated after ischemia and colocalizes with TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate-biotin nick end-labeled)-labeled cells. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 promotes neuronal apoptosis in vitro by blocking the shedding of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily of death receptors/ligands by stromelysin-1 (MMP-3). However, the effect of TIMP-3 and synthetic MMP inhibitors on cell death in ICH is unclear. Therefore, we used the collagenase-induced intracerebral hemorrhage (CIH) model in Timp-3 knockout and C57Bl/6 wild-type mice to study MMP expression, hemorrhage volume, and cell death. Real-time PCR showed an increase in Mmp-3 mRNA in CIH, but similar Mmp-2 and -9 mRNA expression levels in CIH and saline-injected mice. Protein levels of pro and cleaved MMP-3 were increased in CIH, and zymographic gelatinolytic activity of MMP-9 was elevated after CIH at 72 h, suggesting an exogenous source. Apoptosis was shown by increased caspase-3 levels at 2 and 72 h, and active caspase-8 by 2 and 24 h. The Timp-3 null mouse and wild types had similar hemorrhage sizes and TUNEL-labeled cells. Unexpectedly, the broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor BB-94 increased hemorrhage size and TUNEL-labeled cells. Our results fail to implicate TIMP-3 in apoptosis in CIH, but show that BB-94 increased apoptosis in CIH, possibly by blocking shedding of TNF death receptors and/or their ligands.
Access, use and completion of a brief disaster mental health intervention among Hispanics, African-Americans and Whites affected by Hurricane Ike

African-Americans and Hispanics are disproportionally affected by disasters. We evaluated differences in the use and completion of a web-based mental health intervention, Disaster Recovery Web (DRW), by White, African-American and Hispanic adults in the aftermath of Hurricane Ike. Approximately one year after the hurricane, a telephone survey was carried out with adults from Galveston and Chambers counties. A total of 1249 adults participated in the survey (80% White, 14% African-American and 6% Hispanic). Mental health and mental health service utilization were assessed. Whites were more likely to have previously used the Internet to obtain general health information than African-Americans or Hispanics (P < 0.001). A logistic regression was used to identify differences in the use of the Internet intervention after controlling for covariates. There were no differences in rates of non-use and dropout attrition between Whites, African-Americans and Hispanics. Thus the findings suggest that web-based mental health interventions can be used to reach African-American, Hispanic and White adults at similar rates after a disaster.
Direct Observation of Reversible Magnesium Ion Intercalation into a Spinel Oxide Host

Direct evidence of Mg2+ intercalation into a spinel-type Mn2O4 is provided. By com­bining tools with different sensitivities, from atomic-resolution X-ray spectro­scopy to bulk X-ray diffraction, it is demonstrated that Mg2+ reversibly occupies the tetrahedral sites of the spinel structure through the reduction of Mn when the electrochemical reaction is performed.
Identity of a cytosolic neutral cholesterol esterase in rat liver with the bile salt stimulated cholesterol esterase in pancreas

Abstract A neutral cholesterol esterase has been purified to homogeneity from the cytosolic fraction of rat liver. The 105 000 × g supernatant fraction of rat liver was applied to a DEAE-cellulose column to isolate a partially purified fraction of hepatic cholesterol esterase. Immunoblot analysis of the partially purified liver fraction with the anti-porcine pancreatic cholesterol esterase IgG demonstrated a single band with a molecular weight of 67 000. The hepatic protein was then isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography technique using a column constructed with antibodies prepared against the pancreatic cholesterol esterase. Characterization of the hepatic cholesterol esterase revealed that the hepatic enzyme shared antigenic epitopes with the pancreatic cholesterol esterase and was similarly activated by addition of bile salt such as taurocholate. Moreover, amino-terminal sequencing analysis of the hepatic cholesterol esterase showed an identical sequence with the pancreatic enzyme. Taken together, these results showed that the cholesterol esterases in the liver and the pancreas are very similar and possibly identical proteins.
An Integral Measure Signature For Recognition Of Shapes

In this paper, the use of Cylindrical Multivalued Transform (CMLT) for defining an Integral Transform Measure is examined. This Measure is robust to the effect of noise and quantization errors. These signatures are used as low level primitives in computer vision system for the purpose of recognizing curves and surfaces (shapes). Algorithms for evaluation of these signatures are presented. Properties of these signatures are also discussed.
Enantioselective construction of remote quaternary stereocentres

Small molecules that contain all-carbon quaternary stereocentres—carbon atoms bonded to four distinct carbon substituents—are found in many secondary metabolites and some pharmaceutical agents. The construction of such compounds in an enantioselective fashion remains a long-standing challenge to synthetic organic chemists. In particular, methods for synthesizing quaternary stereocentres that are remote from other functional groups are underdeveloped. Here we report a catalytic and enantioselective intermolecular Heck-type reaction of trisubstituted-alkenyl alcohols with aryl boronic acids. This method provides direct access to quaternary all-carbon-substituted β-, γ-, δ-, e- or ζ-aryl carbonyl compounds, because the unsaturation of the alkene is relayed to the alcohol, resulting in the formation of a carbonyl group. The scope of the process also includes incorporation of pre-existing stereocentres along the alkyl chain, which links the alkene and the alcohol, in which the stereocentre is preserved. The method described allows access to diverse molecular building blocks containing an enantiomerically enriched quaternary centre. A catalytic and enantioselective intermolecular Heck-type reaction of trisubstituted-alkenyl alcohols with aryl boronic acids provides direct access to quaternary stereocentres remote from a carbonyl group. The quaternary stereocentre — carbon atoms bonded to four distinct carbon substituents — is a common structural motif in many natural products and pharmaceuticals. The construction of such compounds in an enantioselective fashion remains a formidable challenge to synthetic organic chemists. In this manuscript, the authors report a catalytic and enantioselective intermolecular Heck-type reaction that provides direct access to quaternary all-carbon-substituted β-, γ-, δ-, e- or ζ-aryl carbonyl compounds. The described method is flexible, allowing access to diverse building blocks containing an enantiomerically enriched quaternary centre.
Repeated Acetaminophen Overdosing: Causing Hepatotoxicity in Children Clinical Reports and Literature Review

We report two young children who had well-substantiated cases of hepatotoxicity due to repeated acetaminophen overdosing, and review the literature involving similar cases
Formulation of a Complex Mode Solver for Arbitrary Circular Acoustic Waveguides

There has been a resurgence of interests in stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in optical fibers recently. This is largely due to the need to overcome SBS for power scaling of single frequency fiber lasers. Complex acoustic waveguide designs have been proposed for SBS suppression in optical fibers. There is, therefore, a strong need for finding acoustic modes in complex acoustic waveguides. Furthermore, leaky acoustic modes are often ignored in recent works on SBS in optical fiber. Many leaky acoustic modes involved in SBS in optical fibers often have comparable losses to guided acoustic modes. The losses of both guided acoustic modes and many leaky acoustic modes are dominated by the extremely high material loss of acoustic waves in the GHz region in optical fibers. Therefore, it is very important to consider these leaky acoustic modes in SBS in optical fibers, especially for acoustic antiguide designs used for SBS suppressions, where those leaky acoustic modes are often responsible for the peak SBS gain and consequently SBS threshold. Even for optical fibers with guided acoustic waveguide, fine features in SBS gain spectra can be better understood by studying the additional contributions from leaky acoustic modes. In this work, we report, for the first time, a complex vector acoustic mode solver capable of finding both guided and leaky acoustic modes in arbitrary circular acoustic waveguides. The validity of the mode solver is verified by comparing simulated SBS gain spectra in two optical fibers, one with acoustic guide and one with acoustic antiguide, to measured ones. This acoustic mode solver can be used to provide highly accurate SBS gain spectrum in optical fibers. It will be a critical tool in optical fiber designs for SBS suppressions and enhancements. It will also be very important tool for understanding fine spectral details of SBS in optical fibers.
Risk preferences in strategic wildfire decision making: a choice experiment with u.s. wildfire managers

Federal policy has embraced risa management as an appropriate paradigm for wildfire management. Economic theory suggests that over repeated wildfire events, potential economic costs and risas of ecological damage are optimally balanced when management decisions are free from biases, risa aversion, and risa seeking. Of primary concern in this article is how managers respond to wildfire risa, including the potential effect of wildfires (on ecological values, structures, and safety) and the likelihood of different fire outcomes. We use responses to a choice experiment questionnaire of U.S. federal wildfire managers to measure attitudes toward several components of wildfire risa and to test whether observed risa attitudes are consistent with the efficient allocation of wildfire suppression resources. Our results indicate that fire managers' decisions are consistent with nonexpected utility theories of decisions under risa. Managers may overallocate firefighting resources when the likelihood or potential magnitude of damage from fires is low, and sensitivity to changes in the probability of fire outcomes depends on whether probabilities are close to one or zero and the magnitude of the potential harm.
Linguistic and cultural bias in language proficiency tests

The extent to which language proficiency/placement tests may be biased for or against examinees from particular language or cultural groups has never to our knowledge been the focus of empirical research. The purpose of the present study has been to examine the English as a Second Language Placement Examination (ESLPE) employed at the University of California, to determine the nature, direction and extent of bias present for members of two linguistically and culturally diverse subgroups of the sample of examinees. By comparison of the response patterns of 34 native speakers of Spanish and 77 native speakers of Chinese from among a total sample of 312 students tested with one form of the test, it was possible to identify test items exhibiting bias in their respective skill domains. Included is a discussion of the nature, direction, extent and implications of the bias detected.
An Equilibrator System to Measure Dissolved Oxygen and Its Isotopes

AbstractAn equilibrator is presented that is designed to have a sufficient equilibration time even for insoluble gases, and to minimize artifacts associated with not equilibrating to the total gas tension. A gas tension device was used to balance the pressure inside the equilibrator with the total gas tension. The equilibrator has an e-folding time of 7.36 ± 0.74 min for oxygen and oxygen isotopes, allowing changes on hourly time scales to be easily resolved. The equilibrator delivers “equilibrated” air at a flow rate of 3 mL min−1 to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. The high gas sampling flow rate would allow the equilibrator to be interfaced with many potential devices, but further development may be required for use at sea. This system was tested at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography pier, in La Jolla, California. A mathematical model validated with performance tests was used to assess the sensitivity of the equilibrated air composition to headspace pressure and makeup gas composition. Paramete...
High Proportion of Heteroresistance in gyrA and gyrB in Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical Isolates

ABSTRACT Heteroresistance is the coexistence of populations with differing nucleotides at a drug resistance locus within a sample of organisms. Although Sanger sequencing is the gold standard for sequencing, it may be less sensitive than deep sequencing for detecting fluoroquinolone heteroresistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Twenty-seven fluoroquinolone monoresistant and 11 fluoroquinolone-susceptible M. tuberculosis isolates were analyzed by Sanger and Illumina deep sequencing. Individual sequencing reads were analyzed to detect heteroresistance in the gyrA and gyrB genes. Heteroresistance to fluoroquinolones was identified in 10/26 (38%) phenotypically fluoroquinolone-resistant samples and 0/11 ( P = 0.02) fluoroquinolone-susceptible controls. One resistant sample was excluded because of contamination with the laboratory strain M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Sanger sequencing revealed resistance-conferring mutations in 15 isolates, while deep sequencing revealed mutations in 20 isolates. Isolates with fluoroquinolone resistance-conferring mutations by Sanger sequencing all had at least those same mutations identified by deep sequencing. By deep sequencing, 10 isolates had a single fixed (defined as >95% frequency) mutation, while 10 were heteroresistant, 5 of which had a single unfixed (defined as
Pathophysiology of Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Current Issues

Much of the research related to cardiopulmonary bypass in recent years has been directed toward defining the changes in plasma and blood cells during bypass. In this review, recent information is reexamined for six areas of current interest. These areas are complement activation, immune response, anaphylactic reactions, coagulation, and cerebral dysfunction. Complement may be activated by either the classical or alternate pathway during cardiopulmonary bypass and protamine administration. Membrane oxygenators appear to diminish the degree of complement activation. Complement is a major factor in the whole body inflammatory response; which often accompanies cardiopulmonary bypass. A product of complement activation, C5a- desArg, causes activation and aggregation of granulocytes. Other products of complement activation lead to lysis of blood cells including granulocytes and red cells. Bubble oxygenators appear to have a distinct disadvantage compared to membrane oxygenators regarding infection. Airborne microorganisms are more likely to be entrained into circulating blood with bubble oxygenators than with membrane oxygenators. Bubble oxygenators cause a greater decrease in leukocyte number and function than membrane oxygenators. Anaphylactic reactions have been associated with use of antibiotics, blood products, protamine, and volume expanders during cardiopulmonary bypass. Protamine reactions may be on an immunological basis or due to direct toxicity of the drug. Free radicals including superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and the hydroxyl radical may be generated during cardiopulmonary bypass and reperfusion. Free radical scavengers including; vitamin E, coenzyme Q, vitamin C, mannitol, and glutathione have been studied. The avoidance of blood transfusion because of risk of transmitted infection including AIDS has become a major goal in cardiac surgery. Factors that correlate with increased transfusion requirement include low hematocrit, female gender, increased age, small body size, low ejection fraction, reoperation, and emergency operation. Heparin resistance due to antithrombin III deficiency is being recognized more commonly. Antithrombin III deficiency may be corrected with fresh frozen plasma. Patients with heparin induced thrombocytopenia may be difficult to manage. Several management protocols are suggested. The most straightforward appears to be the use of aspirin preoperatively and platelet transfusions postoperatively. The incidence of cerebral dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass depends on the sensitivity of the test or indicator used. Perioperative stroke is associated with intrinsic cerebrovascular disease and atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta. Retinal angiograms during cardiopulmonary bypass show that microemboli are very common. Cerebroplegia has been shown to extend the period of safe circulatory arrest in animals. Much of the new knowledge concerning cardiopulmonary bypass is the result of close collaboration between cardiac surgeons and nonsurgical scientists.
The delay-friendliness of TCP for real-time traffic

TCP has traditionally been considered inappropriate for real-time applications. Nonetheless, popular applications such as Skype use TCP since UDP packets cannot pass through restrictive network address translators (NATs) and firewalls. Motivated by this observation, we study the delay performance of TCP for real-time media flows. We develop an analytical performance model for the delay of TCP. We use extensive experiments to validate the model and to evaluate the impact of various TCP mechanisms on its delay performance. Based on our results, we derive the working region for VoIP and live video streaming applications and provide guidelines for delay-friendly TCP settings. Our research indicates that simple application-level schemes, such as packet splitting and parallel connections, can reduce the delay of real-time TCP flows by as much as 30% and 90%, respectively.
Contributors to diffusion impairment in HIV-infected persons

Abnormal diffusing capacity is common in HIV-infected individuals, including never smokers. Aetiologies for diffusing capacity impairment in HIV are not understood, particularly in those without a history of cigarette smoking. Our study was a cross-sectional analysis of 158 HIV-infected individuals without acute respiratory symptoms or infection with the aim to determine associations between a diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (D(LCO)) % predicted and participant demographics, pulmonary spirometric measures (forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and FEV1/forced vital capacity), radiographic emphysema (fraction of lung voxels < -950 Hounsfield units), pulmonary vascular/cardiovascular disease (echocardiographic tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide) and airway inflammation (induced sputum cell counts), stratified by history of smoking. The mean D(LCO) was 65.9% predicted, and 55 (34.8%) participants had a significantly reduced D(LCO) (<60% predicted). Lower D(LCO) % predicted in ever-smokers was associated with lower post-bronchodilator FEV1 % predicted (p<0.001) and greater radiographic emphysema (p=0.001). In never-smokers, mean±SD D(LCO) was 72.7±13.4% predicted, and D(LCO) correlated with post-bronchodilator FEV1 (p=0.02), sputum neutrophils (p=0.03) and sputum lymphocytes (p=0.009), but not radiographic emphysema. Airway obstruction, emphysema and inflammation influence D(LCO) in HIV. Never-smokers may have a unique phenotype of diffusing capacity impairment. The interaction of multiple factors may account for the pervasive nature of diffusing capacity impairment in HIV infection.
Governance Beyond Government

Our methods of governance are shifting. We increasingly rely on an interconnected web of public, private, and nonprofit actors working across organizational, institutional, and sectoral boundaries to deliver public services. Our understanding of these new practices, however, is reliant on models of individual rationality and social behavior developed for hierarchical organizational forms. I argue that collectivist models of decentralized, self-organizing social forms may advance our understanding of modern governance practices and balance tensions in three areas: perspectives on organizations (structure or process), between individual liberty and collective responsibility, and whether increasing freedom or control over individuals enhances organizational efficiencies.