cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive active subspace-based efficient multifidelity materials design

Abstract Materials design calls for an optimal exploration and exploitation of the process-structure-property (PSP) relationships to produce materials with targeted properties. Recently, we developed and deployed a closed-loop multi-information source fusion (multi-fidelity) Bayesian Optimization (BO) framework to optimize the mechanical performance of a dual-phase material by adjusting the material composition and processing parameters. While promising, BO frameworks tend to underperform as the dimensionality of the problem increases. Herein, we employ an adaptive active subspace method to efficiently handle the large dimensionality of the design space of a typical PSP-based material design problem within our multi-fidelity BO framework. Our adaptive active subspace method significantly accelerates the design process by prioritizing searches in the important regions of the high-dimensional design space. A detailed discussion of the various components and demonstration of three approaches to implementing the adaptive active subspace method within the multi-fidelity BO framework is presented.
First-Year Graduate Clinicians' Perceptions of Synchronous Telepractice Delivery

Purpose Telepractice in speech-language pathology is a continually evolving part of clinical service delivery. Despite its popularity, little evidence exists on how to educate beginning-level stude...
Lower Bounds for Over-the-Air Statistical Estimation

We study lower bounds for minimax statistical estimation over a Gaussian multiple-access channel (MAC) under squared error loss, using techniques from both statistical estimation and information theory. We characterize these bounds in terms of the number of nodes $n$ and the dimension of the parameter space $d$ , showing that the risk must be $\Omega(d/n\log n)$ . This is within a $\log n$ factor of previous analog achievability results. While lower bounds for minimax statistical estimation have been previously studied under quantization constraints that abstract the physical layer as noiseless bit pipes, to our knowledge our paper provides the first lower bounds for statistical estimation over noisy multi-user channels. This adds to a body of works showing how analog schemes that consider the physical layer jointly with the estimation scheme, can outperform digital schemes that separate the two with an abstraction layer.
Knowledge engineering for automatic parallel performance diagnosis: Research Articles

Scientific parallel programs often undergo significant performance tuning before meeting their performance expectation. Performance tuning naturally involves a diagnostic process—locating performance bugs that make a program inefficient and explaining them in terms of high-level program design. We present a systematic approach to generating performance knowledge for automatically diagnosing parallel programs. Our approach exploits program semantics and parallelism found in parallel programming patterns to search for and define bugs. The approach addresses how to extract the expert knowledge required for performance diagnosis from parallel patterns and represents this knowledge in a manner such that the diagnostic process can be automated. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our knowledge-engineering approach through a case study. Our experience diagnosing divide-and-conquer programs shows that pattern-based performance knowledge can provide effective guidance for locating and defining performance bugs at a high level of program abstraction. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introductory Fluid Mechanics

The objective of this introductory text is to familiarise students with the basic elements of fluid mechanics so that they will be familiar with the jargon of the discipline and the expected results. At the same time, this book serves as a long-term reference text, contrary to the oversimplified approach occasionally used for such introductory courses. The second objective is to provide a comprehensive foundation for more advanced courses in fluid mechanics (within disciplines such as mechanical or aerospace engineering). In order to avoid confusing the students, the governing equations are introduced early, and the assumptions leading to the various models are clearly presented. This provides a logical hierarchy and explains the interconnectivity between the various models. Supporting examples demonstrate the principles and provide engineering analysis tools for many engineering calculations.
The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory

List of Figures. List of Tables. Notes on Contributors. Acknowledgments. 1. Prehistory in the Mediterranean: The Corrupting and Connecting Sea: A. Bernard Knapp and Emma Blake (University of Glasgow University of Michigan). 2. Substances in Motion: Neolithic Mediterranean 'Trade': John E. Robb and R. Helen Farr (both University of Cambridge). 3. Agriculture, Pastoralism, and Mediterranean Landscapes in Prehistory: Graeme Barker (University of Cambridge). 4. Changing Social Relations in the Mediterranean Copper and Bronze Ages: Robert Chapman (University of Reading). 5. The Material Expression of Cult, Ritual, and Feasting: Emma Blake (University of Michigan). 6. The Gendered Sea: Iconography, Gender, and Mediterranean Prehistory: Lauren E. Talalay (University of Michigan). 7. The Genesis of Monuments among the Mediterranean Islands: Michael J. Kolb (Northern Illinois University). 8. Lithic Technologies and Use: Evagelia Karimali (Institute for Mediterranean Studies, Hellas, Greece). 9. Archaeometallurgy in the Mediterranean: The Social Context of Mining, Technology, and Trade: Vasiliki Kassianidou and A. Bernard Knapp (University of Cyprus University of Glasgow). 10. Settlement in the Prehistoric Mediterranean: Luke Sollars (University of Glasgow). 11. Maritime Commerce and Geographies of Mobility in the Late Bronze Age of the Eastern Mediterranean: Problematizations: Sturt W. Manning and Linda Hulin (University of Toronto University of Reading). 12. Museum Archaeology and the Mediterranean Cultural Heritage: Robin Skeates (University of Durham). Index
Transitive-closure spanners: a survey

We survey results on transitive-closure spanners and their applications. Given a directed graph G = (V, E) and an integer k ≥ 1, a k-transitive-closure-spanner (k-TC-spanner) of G is a directed graph H = (V, EH) that has (1) the same transitive-closure as G and (2) diameter at most k. These spanners were studied implicitly in different areas of computer science, and properties of these spanners have been rediscovered over the span of 20 years. The common task implicitly tackled in these diverse applications can be abstracted as the problem of constructing sparse TC-spanners. In this article, we survey combinatorial bounds on the size of sparsest TC-spanners, and algorithms and inapproximability results for the problem of computing the sparsest TC-spanner of a given directed graph. We also describe multiple applications of TC-spanners, including property testing, property reconstruction, key management in access control hierarchies and data structures.
Attention and the Holistic Approach to Behavior

The fate of ”consciousness” as a scientific concept is one of the most ironic paradoxes in the history of psychology. Once the central issue, the very essence of what psychology was all about, it is nowadays a peripheral concern, an antiquated idea about as useful as ether and phlogiston are to physicists. According to Murphy and Kovach (1972, p. 51), consciousness ”has been a storm center in psychology for a century. Some regard it as an unfortunate and superfluous assumption. . . . Others regard consciousness as only one of many expressions of psychological reality; indeed many psychologists think that the recognition of a psychological realm far greater than the conscious realm is the great emancipating principle of all modern psychology.”
Low-cost manufacturing, usability, and security: an analysis of bluetooth simple pairing and Wi-Fi protected setup

Bluetooth Simple Pairing and Wi-Fi Protected Setup specify mechanisms for exchanging authentication credentials in wireless networks. Both Simple Pairing and Protected Setup support multiple setup mechanisms, which increases security risks and hurts the user experience. To improve the security and usability of these specifications, we suggest defining a common baseline for hardware features and a consistent, interoperable user experience across devices.
Migrating spike bursts and electrical slow waves in the cat colon: effect of sectioning.

Abstract The circular muscle electromyogram was recorded with up to 16 electrodes spaced uniformly along the whole cat colon in vitro before and after complete division of the colon between the electrodes. Before division, the electromyogram of the proximal colon contained slow waves with superimposed short spike bursts, while the distal threefourths of the colon exhibited both slow waves and a periodic prolonged migrating spike burst. Seventy per cent of migrating spike bursts started about the hepatic flexure of the colon and spread aborad; 30% started distally and spread orad. The period of the bursts was 74.3 to 83.0 sec, their duration 26.6 to 35.8 sec, and their velocity, 5.15 ± 2.86 mm per sec aborad and 4.77 ± 2.23 mm per sec orad. The migrating spike bursts were abolished by sectioning of the colon. Before partition, slow wave frequency was 4.5 cycles per min in the most proximal 10% of the colon, and 6.0 cycles per min in the most distal 10%, with intermediate values at intermediate points. After partition, slow wave frequency declined to an average of 1.9 cycles per min, 44% of the control value, in the most proximal 10% of the colon, and rose to an average of 7.3 cycles per min, 121% of the control value, in the most distal 10%.
Secretion of sulfated and nonsulfated forms of parathyroid chromogranin A (secretory protein-I).

Abstract Chromogranin A (secretory protein-I) is an acidic, sulfated glycoprotein found in secretory granules of most endocrine cells but not in exocrine or epithelial cells. Parathyroid chromogranin A is sulfated on tyrosine residues, whereas adrenal chromogranin A appears to be sulfated mainly on oligosaccharide residues. Chromogranin B, on the other hand, is tyrosine-sulfated in the bovine adrenal whereas this protein is absent from the parathyroid. The role of this tissue- or species-specific sulfation of chromogranin is not known. Tyrosine sulfation is a common post-translational modification of proteins in the exocytotic pathway and has been suggested to play a role in the sorting or intracellular transport of secretory proteins. To test this, porcine parathyroid tissue slices were metabolically labeled with 35SO4 and [3H]Lys, and the tissue and incubation medium analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and immunoprecipitation with chromogranin A-specific antiserum or by radioimmunoassay for parathormone. Secretion of total and 3H-labeled chromogranin A was about 3- and 7-fold higher, respectively, at 0.5 mM than at 3.0 mM Ca2+, and secretion of 35SO4-labeled chromogranin A was 67-fold higher. This indicates that either sulfated chromogranin A is directed primarily to the Ca2+-regulated pathway or that sulfation occurs following sorting to this pathway. Sodium chlorate (1-10 mM) inhibited sulfation in a dose-dependent manner by up to 95% but it had no effect on the onset or rate of chromogranin A secretion. These data indicate that regulated secretion of parathyroid chromogranin A does not require sulfation of tyrosine residues.
Mapping Conjugate Gradient Algorithms for Neutron Diffusion Applications onto SIMD, MIMD, and Mixed-Mode Machines

The performance of conjugate gradient (CG) algorithms for the solution of the system of linear equations that results from the finite-differencing of the neutron diffusion equation was analyzed on SIMD, MIMD, and mixed-mode parallel machines. A block preconditioner based on the incomplete Cholesky factorization was used to accelerate the conjugate gradient search. The issues involved in mapping both the unpreconditioned and preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithms onto the mixed-mode PASM prototype, the SIMD MasPar MP-1, and the MIMD Intel Paragon XP/S are discussed. On PASM , the mixed-mode implementation outperformed either SIMD or MIMD alone. Theoretical performance predictions were analyzed and compared with the experimental results on the MasPar MP-1 and the Paragon XP/S. Other issues addressed include the impact on execution time of the number of processors used, the effect of the interprocessor communication network on performance, and the relationship of the number of processors to the quality of the preconditioning. Applications studies such as this are necessary in the development of software tools for mapping algorithms onto either a single parallel machine or a heterogeneous suite of parallel machines.
Some Recent Trends In Natural Language Processing

In this paper, I will describe a few aspects of Natural Language Processing (NLP), specifically some recent trends. These topics concern some new avenues of research in grammars and parsing, and statistical approaches to NLP, a relatively new trend in NLP.
A Laboratory Simulation of Urban Heat-Island-Induced Circulation in a Stratified Environment

A three-dimensional, axisymmetric, heat-island simulation is done in the convection tank of the U.S. EPA Fluid Modeling Facility. The laboratory model is capable of simulating the temperature and velocity fields induced by an urban heat island in a calm and stably stratified environment. The flow in the laboratory experiments is essentially Reynolds-number independent. The scaling parameters for velocity and temperature fields associated with the heat-island plume are determined by the heat-island diameter D, surface heat flux H0, and the Brunt-Vaisalla frequency N of ambient stratification. From these, one can define a convective velocity scale wD and a convective temperature scale TD. The normalized mixing height zi/D is shown to be a function of Froude number wD/ND only, while the normalized heat-island intensity is a function of wDN/gβ, where β is the coefficient of thermal expansion. These and other characteristics of simulated heat island induced circulation are compared with nighttime observations over several real cities. There is good agreement, in spite of several limitations of the laboratory simulation.
X-Ray Structure of Polysaccharides

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the x-ray structure of polysaccharides. The great commercial importance of cellulose fibers and cellulose derivative and the influence of fiber morphology on reactivity have resulted in a considerable volume of x-ray work. It is important to realize that x-ray structure analysis of a crystalline polysaccharide is simpler, but far less complete, than for a crystalline carbohydrate. The number of x-ray reflections from a single-crystal carbohydrate may often be greater than a thousand, whereas a polysaccharide seldom yields more than fifty. The analyses of a number of polysaccharide structures are carried to the point where a unit cell, and sometimes a space group, is obtained.
Going Pro to enhance T-cell immunogenicity: Easy as π?

MHC class I molecules bind intracellular oligopeptides and present them on the cell surface for CD8+ T-cell activation and recognition. Strong peptide/MHC class I (pMHC) interactions typically induce the best CD8+ T-cell responses; however, many immunotherapeutic tumor-specific peptides bind MHC with low affinity. To overcome this, immunologists can carefully alter peptides for enhanced MHC affinity but often at the cost of decreased T-cell recognition. A new report published in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology [Eur. J. Immunol. 2013. 43:3051–3060] shows that the substitution of proline at the third residue (p3P) of a common tumor peptide increases pMHC affinity and complex stability while enhancing T-cell receptor recognition. X-ray crystallography indicates that stability is generated through newly introduced CH-π bonding between p3P and a conserved residue (Y159) in the MHC heavy chain. This finding highlights a previously unappreciated role for CH-π bonding in MHC peptide binding, and importantly, arms immunologists with a novel and possibly general approach for increasing pMHC stability without compromising T-cell recognition.
Managing obesity in primary care practice: a narrative review

This narrative review examines randomized controlled trials of the management of obesity in primary care practice, in light of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ decision to support intensive behavioral weight loss counseling provided by physicians and related health professionals. Mean weight losses of 0.1–2.3 kg were observed with brief (10- to 15-min) behavioral counseling delivered by primary care providers (PCPs) at monthly to quarterly visits. Losses increased to 1.7–7.5 kg when brief PCP counseling was combined with weight loss medication. Collaborative treatment, in which medical assistants delivered brief monthly behavioral counseling in conjunction with PCPs, produced losses of 1.6–4.6 kg in periods up to two years. Remotely delivered, intensive (>monthly contact) behavioral counseling, as offered by telephone, yielded losses of 0.4–5.1 kg over the same period. Further study is needed of the frequency and duration of visits required to produce clinically meaningful weight loss (>5%) in primary care patients. In addition, trials are needed that examine the cost-effectiveness of PCP-delivered counseling, compared with that potentially provided by registered dietitians or well-studied commercial programs.
Oxidative addition of nitrogen(IV) oxide to complexes of platinum, iridium, and rhodium

Abstract Nitrogen(IV) oxide oxidatively adds to [Pt(PPh3)2(C2H4)] to give [Pt(PPh3)2(NO)(NO3)], a nitrosyl platinum complex, which reacts rapidly with dioxygen to give cis-[Pt(PPh3)2(NO3)2]. The nitrato-nitro complex [Ir(PPh3)2(CO)CI(NO3)(NO2)] is formed in the reactions of N2O4 with trans-[Ir(PPh3)2(CO)Cl] and with [Ir(PPh3)2(CO)(NO)Cl] BF4. Nitrato-nitro iridiurn(III) complexes are formed in the reactions of N2O4 with [Ir(PMePh2)2(CO)CI], [Ir(PPh3)3(CO)H], [Ir(PPh3)2(CO)3]BPh4, and [Ir (PPh3)2(CO)(NO)], but reaction of N2O4 with [Ir(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2)2]Cl gives the dinitro complex [Ir(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2)2(NO2)2] Cl. Reaction of N2O4 with trans-[Rh(PPh3)2(CO)Cl] in the solid state or in toluene gives NO, CO2, and [Rh2 (PPh3)4(NO3)3(NO2)2Cl]. In dichloromethane, this latter reaction gives [Rh(PPh3)2(NO3)Cl2]·CH2Cl2. Formation of this nitrato complex was also demonstated in the reaction of N2O4 with [Rh(PPh3)2Cl2(NO)] and in the photochemical reaction of dioxygen and [Rh(PPh3)2Cl2(NO)]. Nitrosyl tetrafluoroborate reacts with trans-[Rh(PPh3)2(CO)Cl] to give [Rh(PPh3)2(CO)(No)Cl]BF4, which in the presence of chloride ion gives [Rh(PPh3)2(NO)Cl2].
Individual- and neighborhood-level predictors of mortality in Florida colorectal cancer patients.

Purpose We examined individual-level and neighborhood-level predictors of mortality in CRC patients diagnosed in Florida to identify high-risk groups for targeted interventions. Methods Demographic and clinical data from the Florida Cancer Data System registry (2007–2011) were linked with Agency for Health Care Administration and US Census data (n = 47,872). Cox hazard regression models were fitted with candidate predictors of CRC survival and stratified by age group (18–49, 50–64, 65+). Results Stratified by age group, higher mortality risk per comorbidity was found among youngest (21%), followed by middle (19%), and then oldest (14%) age groups. The two younger age groups had higher mortality risk with proximal compared to those with distal cancer. Compared with private insurance, those in the middle age group were at higher death risk if not insured (HR = 1.35), or received healthcare through Medicare (HR = 1.44), Medicaid (HR = 1.53), or the Veteran’s Administration (HR = 1.26). Only Medicaid in the youngest (52% higher risk) and those not insured in the oldest group (24% lower risk) were significantly different from their privately insured counterparts. Among 18–49 and 50–64 age groups there was a higher mortality risk among the lowest SES (1.17- and 1.23-fold higher in the middle age and 1.12- and 1.17-fold higher in the older age group, respectively) compared to highest SES. Married patients were significantly better off than divorced/separated (HR = 1.22), single (HR = 1.29), or widowed (HR = 1.19) patients. Conclusion Factors associated with increased risk for mortality among individuals with CRC included being older, uninsured, unmarried, more comorbidities, living in lower SES neighborhoods, and diagnosed at later disease stage. Higher risk among younger patients was attributed to proximal cancer site, Medicaid, and distant disease; however, lower SES and being unmarried were not risk factors in this age group. Targeted interventions to improve survivorship and greater social support while considering age classification may assist these high-risk groups.
Electrospun Co3O4 nanofibers for sensitive and selective glucose detection

Co3O4 nanofibers were fabricated by a two-step procedure consisting of electrospinning and subsequent calcination. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were employed to characterize the as-prepared Co3O4 nanofibers. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to confirm the degradation of the polymer matrix and the complete conversion of cobalt nitrate to cobalt oxide. Furthermore, the composition and crystal structure of the final product were investigated using X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The as-prepared Co3O4 nanofibers were applied to construct a non-enzymatic sensor for glucose detection in alkaline solution. The developed sensor showed a fast response time (less than 7 s), a high sensitivity of 36.25 μA mM(-1) cm(-2), good reproducibility and selectivity, and a detection limit of 0.97 μM (S/N=3). The high concentration of NaCl does not poison the electrode. Its application for the detection of glucose in human blood serum sample shows good agreement with the results obtained from commercial glucose meter. The Langmuir isothermal theory was employed to fit the obtained calibration curve. The mechanisms for the glucose oxidation promoted by Co3O4 nanofibers and the good selectivity against uric acid and ascorbic acid at an applied potential of +0.59 V vs. Ag/AgCl were also proposed. These results demonstrate that Co3O4 nanofibers have great potential applications in the development of sensors for enzyme-free detection of glucose.
Retrospective evaluation of residents' American Board of Surgery In-Service Training Examination (ABSITE) scores as a tool to evaluate changes made in a basic science curriculum

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a new basic science curriculum at a university-affiliated general surgery residency program. Design A retrospective evaluation of general surgery residents' American Board of Surgery (ABS) In-Training Examination (ABSITE) scores before and after the implementation of a new basic science curriculum. Setting Not-for-profit tertiary referral center with a university-affiliated Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) accredited community general surgery residency program. Participants Postgraduate year (PGY) 1 through 5 general surgical residents. Results The total questions answered correctly (percent correct) in the main 3 categories improved after implementation of the new curriculum for PGY 1 (total test: 70 ± 7 vs 60 ± 9, p Conclusion After the implementation of a new basic science curriculum organized and directed by the faculty, there were statistically significant improvements of PGY 1 and 2 residents' ABSITE scores.
The lightcurve and rotation period of asteroid 139 Juewa

Results of broadband photoelectric photometry of 139 Juewa during five consecutive nights in March 1974 are presented. The synodic period found is 20.9 hr. A linear phase coefficient of about 0.080 is determined between phase angles of 0.9 to 1.5 deg. This value is similar to that for the lunar highlands and for three other asteroids (4 Vesta, 20 Massalia, 110 Lydia) at similar phase angles, indicating that these surfaces have comparable porosities. The composite light curve presented covers 80% of the rotational period; short-timescale features in the light curve are seen which correspond to topography a few kilometers in size.
Lichen sclerosus in men is associated with elevated body mass index, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease and smoking

To elucidate disease associations and possible etiology of lichen sclerosus (LS), we identified comorbidities present in men with LS. LS is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology affecting genitals and urethra of men commonly resulting in strictures. Men with LS of the urethra, penis, prepuce and scrotum were identified. A control population was generated from men seen in the Department of Urology matched by age and race in a 5:1 ratio. A case–control study was performed and comorbidities identified by ICD9, CPT codes and medication use via systematic electronic medical record review. Subgroup analysis of men with urethral strictures was performed based on their LS status. Men with LS had a significantly higher mean body mass index [31.0 (range 18.9–52.6)] compared to controls [28.1 (16.8–64.1), p = 0.001], significantly increased rate of coronary artery disease (CAD) (15.3 vs. 8.9 %, p = 0.05) as well as a twofold higher rate of diabetes mellitus (15.5 vs. 8.3 %, p = 0.02). Of men with LS and stricture disease, 11/19 (58 %) were current or former smokers, compared to 28 % of men with strictures without LS (p = 0.006). No association of LS with other morbidities like hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease or dermatologic disorders was found. Men suffering from LS have an increased BMI and a higher prevalence of concomitant CAD, diabetes mellitus and tobacco use. Development and chronicity of LS may not be a purely dermatologic condition, but be associated or confounded by systemic or vascular compromise from disorders of CAD, DM and smoking.
Role of radiation therapy in the treatment of resectable rectal adenocarcinoma

The purpose of this study is to review the role of radiation therapy in the treatment of resectable rectal adenocarcinoma. Selection criteria, treatment techniques, and results are discussed.
Use of multivariate analysis for optimization of separation parameters and prediction of migration time, resolution, and resolution per unit time in micellar electrokinetic chromatography

The optimization of separation parameters in chromatography for better separation and resolution of analytes continues to be a labor intensive procedure usually performed by a trial and error method. A multivariate analysis in the form of multilinear regression (MLR) is used to optimize separation parameters and predict the migration behavior, resolution, and resolution per unit time of achiral (4-chlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, clonazepam, and diazepam) and chiral (1,1'-binaphthyl 2,2'-dihydrogen phosphate (BNP), and 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol (BOH)) compounds in MEKC. Separations of achiral and chiral analytes were performed using an achiral (poly(sodium N-undecylenic sulfate)) molecular micelle and chiral (poly(sodium N-undecanoyl-L-leucylvalinate) or poly(sodium N-undecanoyl-L-isoleucylvalinate)) molecular micelle, respectively, at various operating temperatures, applied voltages, pH values, and molecular micelle concentrations in the BGE. The separation parameters were subsequently used as input variables for MLR models. The models were validated with independent samples. The root-mean-square percent relative error (RMS%RE) is used as a figure of merit for characterizing the performance of the migration time, resolution, and resolution per unit time models. The RMS%RE obtained for predicted migrated times, resolutions, and resolution per unit time of 4-chlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, clonazepam, diazepam, BNP, and BOH ranged between 8 and 19%. The same experimental procedure was used to optimize the separation parameters of six other chiral analytes of different compound class. The predicted migration times, resolutions, and resolution per unit time of the chiral as well as the achiral analytes compare favorably with the experimental migration times and resolutions, indicating versatility and wide applicability of the technique in MEKC.
Site of Digestion and Milk Production by Cows Fed Fats Differing in Saturation, Esterification, and Chain Length,

Four cannulated cows in a 4 x 4 Latin square design were used to study the effects of supplemental dietary fatty acids from roasted soybeans combined with tallow or partially hydrogenated fats, varying in esterification and fatty acid chain length, on nutrient digestion and lactation performance. Diets were formulated to contain (DM basis) 48% forage in addition to 1.5% fatty acids from roasted soybeans and 2.5% fatty acids from tallow, partially hydrogenated tallow triglycerides, partially hydrogenated tallow fatty acids, or a blend of 30% tallow and 70% hydrogenated fatty acids that were rich in palmitic acid. Apparent total tract digestibilities of OM, N, and NDF were similar among diets. Supplemental fat as fatty acids, compared with triglycerides, increased digestibilities of total fatty acids and C18:1 in the small intestine, perhaps indicating that lipolysis was rate-limiting. Fatty acids also increased milk fat percentage and efficiency of 4% FCM production. Although intake of C16 fatty acids was higher for cows fed the fat rich in palmitic acid than for those fed the tallow fatty acids, total duodenal flows of C16 fatty acids were similar, and digestibility in the small intestine was unaffected. Dry matter intake, 4% FCM production, and milk protein percentage were similar among treatments.
Seedling resistance to Rhizoctonia and Pythium spp. in wheat chromosome group 4 addition lines from Thinopyrum spp.

Abstract Chromosome 4 from Thinopyrum spp. confers the ability to regrow after a sexual cycle and senescence in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum), and is associated with resistance to the necrotrophic eyespot pathogen, Oculimacula yallundae. We sought to determine whether robust root growth or other traits controlled by chromosome 4 enhanced resistance to necrotrophic root pathogens. To this end, we tested seedlings of the hexaploid wheat ‘Chinese Spring’ (CS) having chromosome 4E from Th. elongatum (CS4E) or 4J from Th. bessarabicum (CS4J) for their response to Rhizoctonia solani AG8, R. oryzae or Pythium ultimum. Seedling damage was evaluated on the basis of disease severity (for Rhizoctonia spp. only), root weight, total root length, and first leaf true length (Pythium spp. only), after 14 days of growth in infested soil. All but the first of these variables were evaluated as the ratios of the means of inoculated to non-inoculated seedlings, to correct for inherent differences in root development amo...
THE BINDING OF PENICILLIN IN RELATION TO ITS CYTOTOXIC ACTION : II. THE REACTIVITY WITH PENICILLIN OF RESISTANT VARIANTS OF STREPTOCOCCI, PNEOMOCOCCI, AND STAPHYLOCOCCI

1. In a previous study, the differing sensitivity of bacterial strains as they occur in nature appeared to be correlated with their correspondingly differing reactivity with penicillin. Presumably, the over-all reactivity of the cell with penicillin paralleled that of the vulnerable cell component(s). However, when penicillin-resistant variants of these strains ( Streptococcus pyogenes, Micrococcus pyogenes, Diplococcus pneumoniae , and Streptococcus faecalis ) were produced by serial passage through increasing concentrations of antibiotic, this correlation between resistance and the ability of the cell to bind penicillin was no longer apparent. Some resistant variants bound more penicillin than the parent, sensitive cell ( Streptococcus faecalis, Micrococcus pyogenes ), some were unchanged in their reactivity ( Diplococcus pneumoniae, Micrococcus pyogenes ), and some bound less ( Streptococcus pyogenes, Micrococcus pyogenes ). One resistant variant of Micrococcus pyogenes at first showed enhanced reactivity with penicillin; on continued passage through antibiotic, there was a further increase in resistance, but now associated with a significantly decreased reactivity. In the case of Diplococcus pneumoniae , a resistant variant at first reacted normally with penicillin; on continued passage in antibiotic, its binding affinity for penicillin gradually decreased, but with no associated further increase in resistance. 2. The reactivity with penicillin of cell-free sonic extracts of the resistant variants paralleled that of the intact organisms. Permeability considerations therefore did not seem involved in the increased resistance produced by serial passage in antibiotic. 3. The penicillin-resistant variants did not have an enhanced capacity to degrade the free intracellular antibiotic. 4. Possible alternative explanations are discussed in the text.
Characterizing the CapEx and OpEx Tradeoffs in Next Generation Fiber-to-the-Home Networks

Network cost analyses based on a new modeling methodology are used to evaluate advanced GPON architectures. The relative merits of reach extension and higher splitter port counts are examined from both CapEx and OpEx perspectives.
In Irons: Britain`s Naval Supremacy and the American Revolutionary Economy

An investigation into the influence of Britain's navy on the American revolutionary economy, particularly its agricultural sector, and the damage that Britain inflicted by seizing major colonial centres and denying Americans access to overseas markets.
Discontinuous coarsening of lamellar discontinuous precipitate in an Al-29.5at.%Zn alloy

Abstract The kinetics of discontinuous coarsening (DC) of a discontinuous precipitate in an Al-29.5at.%Zn alloy have been investigated over the temperature range from 323 to 523 K by optical and scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. A lamellar discontinuous precipitate having a range of lamellar spacings and phase compositions was formed by aging at temperatures ranging from 323 to 523 K. These lamellar structures were subsequently isothermally aged at other temperatures in the range from 323 to 523 K and were observed to coarsen discontinuously. The reaction front migration rates, lamellar spacings and phase compositions for the DC were determined and analyzed according to the model of Petermann and Hornbogen, and the reaction was found to be controlled by boundary diffusion in the migrating reaction front. Boundary diffusivity ( sδD b ) values calculated for the DC reaction front were 2–15 times lower than those calculated for discontinuous precipitation, an observation which is consistent with the fact that the boundary diffusivity of zinc in AlZn alloys decreases with decreasing zinc content.
A note on Prudencio's experimental tests of the coase propositions

Abstract The purpose of this note is to review Prudencio's recent experimental test of the Coasian propositions of neutrality and efficiency. His conclusion that the propositions are statistically supported by the experimental results is not substantiated. A careful examination of the design and methodology of the experiment leads to the conclusion that the experimental bargaining cannot be considered voluntary, and that the results are likely to be influenced by hypothetical bias. Other problems with the representativeness of Prudencio's participants are also discussed.
Challenges to Global Surveillance and Response to Infectious Disease Outbreaks of International Importance

This article presents a notional scheme of global surveillance and response to infectious disease outbreaks and reviews 14 international surveillance and response programs. In combination, the scheme and the programs illustrate how, in an ideal world and in the real world, infectious disease outbreaks of public health significance could be detected and contained. Notable practices and achievements of the programs are cited; these may be useful when instituting new programs or redesigning existing ones. Insufficiencies are identified in four critical areas: health infrastructure; scientific methods and concepts of operation; essential human, technical, and financial resources; and international policies. These insufficiencies challenge global surveillance of and response to infectious disease outbreaks of international importance. This article is intended to help policymakers appreciate the complexity of the problem and assess the impact and cost-effectiveness of proposed solutions. An assessment of the po...
DISPERSION SOFTENED ZINC ALLOYS.

A NUMBER of zinc-based alloys containing equiaxed particles of various stable and insoluble hard second phases were prepared as part of an investigation into the high-temperature compression creep characteristics of dispersion-hardened materials1. It was found that the dispersed particles produced a substantial strengthening effect at temperatures above 0.60 of the absolute melting temperature of zinc. Room-temperature tensile tests were made in order to measure the expected loss in ductility of zinc caused by the hard particles. It was surprising to find, therefore, that most of the dispersed particles reduced the strength and increased the ductility of zinc. These results are briefly reviewed here.
The effect of addition of ethoxylated sulfonate on salt tolerance, optimal salinity, and impedence characteristics of petroleum sulfonate solutions

Abstract The increase in salt concentration causes very unusual changes in the optical appearance of the surfactant formulations reported in this paper. At low salt concentration, the surfactant (TRS 10-410) solutions are isotropic and clear. With an increase in salt concentration, precipitation of surfactant occurs. However, upon further increase in salt concentration, the precipitate redissolves in the solution and a stable birefringent phase forms. Upon further increase in salt concentration the birefringent phase is destroyed and phase separation occurs. The petroleum sulfonate solutions have very poor salt tolerance (about 2.5% NaCl). However, upon addition of an ethoxylated sulfonate (EOR-200) into petroleum sulfonate, the salt tolerance of the mixed surfactant formulation markedly increases. By itself, the salt tolerance for the phase separation of the petroleum sulfonate or the ethoxylated sulfonate (EOR-200) is respectively 2.5 and 18% NaCl. However, upon blending these two surfactants in a 1:4 weight ratio, the salt tolerance for phase separation is found to be 24% NaCl, suggesting a synergistic effect of blending these two sulfonates for salt tolerance. When the mixed surfactant solutions are brought in contact with an equal volume of oil, at a specific salinity a middle phase containing equal volumes of oil and brine is formed. This salinity is defined as the optimal salinity. It is observed that the optimal salinity increases with the fraction of ethoxylated sulfonate in the solution. The mixed surfactant solutions in distilled water, without added oil, were investigated using radio frequency impedence measurements. The capacitance of such solutions was interpreted in terms of surface charge density around micelles. It was shown that the micellar charge density increases with the fraction of ethoxylated sulfonate in the solution. The relevance of these findings for designing optimum surfactant formulations for oil recovery has been discussed.
The Role of Grp 78 in α2-Macroglobulin-Induced Signal Transduction: Evidence from RNA Interference that the Low Density Lipoprotein-Receptor Related Protein is Associated, With but Not Necessary, for Grp 78-Mediated Signal Transduction

The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) is a scavenger receptor that binds to many proteins, some of which trigger signal transduction. Receptor-recognized forms of alpha(2)-Macroglobulin (alpha(2)M*) bind to LRP, but the pattern of signal transduction differs significantly from that observed with other LRP ligands. For example, neither Ni(2+) nor the receptor-associated protein, which blocks binding of all known ligands to LRP, block alpha(2)M*-induced signal transduction. In the current study, we employed alpha(2)-macroglobulin (alpha(2)M)-agarose column chromatography to purify cell surface membrane binding proteins from 1-LN human prostate cancer cells and murine macrophages. The predominant binding protein purified from 1-LN prostate cancer cells was Grp 78 with small amounts of LRP, a fact that is consistent with our previous observations that there is little LRP present on the surface of these cells. The ratio of LRP:Grp 78 is much higher in macrophages. Flow cytometry was employed to demonstrate the presence of Grp 78 on the cell surface of 1-LN cells. Purified Grp 78 binds to alpha(2)M* with high affinity (K(d) approximately 150 pm). A monoclonal antibody directed against Grp 78 both abolished alpha(2)M*-induced signal transduction and co-precipitated LRP. Ligand blotting with alpha(2)M* showed binding to both Grp 78 and LRP heavy chains in these preparations. Use of RNA interference to silence LRP expression had no effect on alpha(2)M*-mediated signaling. We conclude that Grp 78 is essential for alpha(2)M*-induced signal transduction and that a "co-receptor" relationship exists with LRP like that seen with several other ligands and receptors such as the uPA/uPAR (urinary type plasminogen activator or urokinase/uPA receptor) system.
Image-guided drug delivery in lung cancer

Lung cancer continues to be the number one cause of cancer-related deaths in the USA. Early identification of the disease, availability of more effective drugs, and improved delivery of such drugs specifically to cancer cells are needed to decrease lung cancer-associated morbidity and mortality. The concept of image-guided drug delivery (IGDD), which envisions the utilization of imaging techniques for quantitative assessments of tumor-targeted drug delivery and therapeutic response, has the potential to make a significant impact in lung cancer. While the anatomic and physiological features of the lung pose distinct problems for imaging drug delivery, several new techniques are emerging that have the potential to overcome these problems. X-ray is a routinely used technique for diagnosing lung cancer; however, positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are complementary approaches. PET- and MRI-based techniques (such as functional MRI) offer the possibility of imaging the delivery of specific molecules to cancer tissues in the lung. This paper reviews fundamentals of imaging with an emphasis on MRI and to some extent PET, since it will be argued that these techniques are the most promising for development in IGDD for lung cancer. Finally, key literature contributions will be highlighted, which exemplify the current successes in this area.
Regional Alterations in Protein Expression in the Dyssynchronous Failing Heart

Background— Left ventricular (LV) mechanical dyssynchrony induces regional heterogeneity of mechanical load and is an independent predictor of mortality and sudden death in heart failure (HF) patients. We tested whether dyssynchrony also induces localized disparities in the expression of proteins involved with mechanical stress, function, and arrhythmia susceptibility. Methods and Results— Eleven dogs underwent tachycardia-induced HF pacing, either from the right atrium or high right ventricular free wall. Whereas global LV dysfunction was similar between groups, LV contractile coordination assessed by tagged MRI was markedly dyssynchronous with right ventricular pacing but synchronous with right atrial pacing. In dyssynchronous failing hearts, the lateral LV endocardium displayed a 2-fold increase in phosphorylated erk mitogen-activated protein kinase expression (with no change in phospho-p38 or phospho-jnk), a 30% decline in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, an 80% reduction in phospholamban, and a 60...
ADP-Ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) regulates recruitment of the AP-3 adaptor complex to membranes.

Small GTP-binding proteins such as ADP- ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) and Sar1p regulate the membrane association of coat proteins involved in intracellular membrane trafficking. ARF1 controls the clathrin coat adaptor AP-1 and the nonclathrin coat COPI, whereas Sar1p controls the nonclathrin coat COPII. In this study, we demonstrate that membrane association of the recently described AP-3 adaptor is regulated by ARF1. Association of AP-3 with membranes in vitro was enhanced by GTPγS and inhibited by brefeldin A (BFA), an inhibitor of ARF1 guanine nucleotide exchange. In addition, recombinant myristoylated ARF1 promoted association of AP-3 with membranes. The role of ARF1 in vivo was examined by assessing AP-3 subcellular localization when the intracellular level of ARF1-GTP was altered through overexpression of dominant ARF1 mutants or ARF1- GTPase-activating protein (GAP). Lowering ARF1-GTP levels resulted in redistribution of AP-3 from punctate membrane-bound structures to the cytosol as seen by immunofluorescence microscopy. In contrast, increasing ARF1-GTP levels prevented redistribution of AP-3 to the cytosol induced by BFA or energy depletion. Similar experiments with mutants of ARF5 and ARF6 showed that these other ARF family members had little or no effect on AP-3. Taken together, our results indicate that membrane recruitment of AP-3 is promoted by ARF1-GTP. This finding suggests that ARF1 is not a regulator of specific coat proteins, but rather is a ubiquitous molecular switch that acts as a transducer of diverse signals influencing coat assembly.
Interaction effects of multiple pool fires

What are the effects of flame behavior of a number of fires burning in close proximity to one another? The results of measurements of burning rates, heat feedback, flame height, and flame trailing are reported for fires involving liquid pools.
A SMOKING EPISODE IN A RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT UNIT

Several boys in long-term residential treatment who were entering puberty engaged in much surreptitious smoking. The staff fell out in a major way around whether or not to grant official permission to smoke, with the therapists pitted against the milieu group. Smoking was finally initiated, with much resultant staff upheaval and patient reaction. In discussing these events, the author regards the ambivalent reaction of the treating adults to the youngsters' movement into puberty as a significant variable.
Long-term compassionate use of oclacitinib in dogs with atopic and allergic skin disease: safety, efficacy and quality of life.

Background Oclacitinib is safe and effective for treating dogs with pruritus associated with allergic and atopic dermatitis, based on randomized clinical trials of up to 4 months duration. Hypothesis/Objectives This study assessed long-term safety, efficacy and quality of life of oclacitinib-treated dogs enrolled in a compassionate use programme. Animals Two hundred and forty-seven client-owned dogs with allergic skin disease that had previously benefited from oclacitinib therapy. Methods Dogs were enrolled in an open-label study at 26 veterinary clinics. Dogs received 0.4–0.6 mg/kg oclacitinib twice a day for 14 days, then once a day for up to 630 days. Assessments were performed at ~90 day intervals. Owners completed a quality-of-life survey and assessed pruritus using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at each clinic visit. Veterinarians assessed dermatitis using a similar VAS. Abnormal health events, concomitant medication and clinical pathology results were summarized. Results Visual Analog Scale scores showed improvement from baseline at all time points. The percentage of dogs showing ≥50% reduction from baseline on day 90 was 63.9% for pruritus and 66.4% for dermatitis. Owners saw a positive impact on quality of life in >91% of all dogs. Urinary tract infection/cystitis, vomiting, otitis, pyoderma and diarrhoea were the most frequently reported (>5% of dogs) abnormal clinical signs. Haematology and serum chemistry means remained within the normal reference ranges. Concomitant medications were well tolerated. Conclusions and clinical importance Results indicated that oclacitinib was safe and efficacious for long-term use and improved the quality of life for dogs in this study.