cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A model to estimate the effect of DC bus voltage on HEV powertrain efficiency

The efficiency of the electric drive system in a Hybrid Electric Vehicle plays a significant role in overall hybrid propulsion system efficiency and influences design choices for other mechanical components in the system. Increasing the DC bus voltage is thought to improve overall powertrain efficiency. In this paper, models are developed to predict the effect of DC bus voltage on the power loss in a PWM inverter motor drive and a brushless DC electric machine. The models indicate that a higher bus voltage will improve powertrain efficiency in some, but not all, operating conditions.
Cardiopulmonary bypass support of high risk coronary angioplasty patients: registry results.

Coronary angioplasty has been increasingly utilized in patients with extensive coronary disease, severe and acute chest pain syndromes, and poor ventricular function. This process has been facilitated in part by use of circulatory support, including perfusion balloons, intraaortic balloon pumps and cardiopulmonary bypass support systems. Percutaneous cannulation has facilitated elective and emergency application of cardiopulmonary bypass support in patients undergoing high risk coronary angioplasty. A National Registry of 25 centers has accumulated data on 801 elective and 210 emergency support angioplasty patients. Standby cardiopulmonary bypass support of elective high risk patients was associated with fewer complications and less in-hospital mortality in patients other than those with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 20% and possibly older high risk patients. In elective cases, circulatory support was required in only approximately 7% of high risk patients, although need appeared to be unpredictable. Emergency use of cardiopulmonary bypass support, initiated < 20 minutes from the time of circulatory collapse, was associated with improved patient prognosis. Overall, patients undergoing circulatory cardiopulmonary bypass supported angioplasty had a marked reduction in anginal status, improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction and good (80%) 2-year survival. Although used only occasionally, circulatory support remains an important prophylactic interventional tool for the extremely high risk patient (left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 20%) and a lifesaving emergency technique for the occasional patient with circulatory collapse. (J Interven Cardiol 1995;8:193–197)
Common influences of non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists on the consolidation and reconsolidation of cocaine-cue memory.

Rationale Environmental stimuli or contexts previously associated with rewarding drugs contribute importantly to relapse among addicts, and research has focused on neurobiological processes maintaining those memories. Much research shows contributions of cell surface receptors and intracellular signaling pathways in maintaining associations between rewarding drugs (e.g., cocaine) and concurrent cues/contexts; these memories can be degraded at the time of their retrieval through reconsolidation interference. Much less studied is the consolidation of drug-cue memories during their acquisition.
Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations and the incidence of virus yellows on insecticide-free sugarbeet in south-eastern England in 1978-81

The populations of the most common aphid species on sugarbeet, and their principal predators, were monitored on insecticide-free study areas of the crop in south-eastern England in 1978–81. The peak populations of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) varied considerably in size from year to year and were related to the severity of the previous winter. Those of Aphis fabae fabae Scopoli, which occurred slightly later in the season, also varied greatly in size but were not strongly linked to winter temperatures. The sizes of the peak populations of Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) were similar each year. The annual variation in the level of infection by virus yellows reflected the peak populations of Myzus persicae and not those of the other aphid species. Coccinellids first appeared in the sugarbeet each year in mid-late June, as the aphid populations were developing, and their peak populations did not vary greatly from year to year. Syrphid larvae appeared later in the season than coccinellids, and their numbers seemed closely linked to those of A. f. fabae. Anystid mites were observed on most count dates in all years. The implications of the findings of the study for control of aphids and virus yellows are discussed.
Rationale for a Queueable Object Distributed Interprocess Communication System

We consider the problem of designing an interprocess communication system usable as a base for writing real-time operating and applications systems in a distributed environment where processes may be connected by anything from shared virtual memory to radios. By requiring an interface that minimizes the code an application program must devote to communications, a facility of substantially higher level than basic message passing becomes necessary. This is largely a consequence of four major performance problems with interprocess communication in a distributed environment: system reliability, server congestion, throughput, and response time. We summarize these problems, and introduce an interprocess communication system based on two mechanisms: queueable objects and connectable objects. We briefly review our experience with a limited implementation of queueable objects.
What lies beneath: Semantic and syntactic analysis of manually reconstructed spontaneous speech

Spontaneously produced speech text often includes disfluencies which make it difficult to analyze underlying structure. Successful reconstruction of this text would transform these errorful utterances into fluent strings and offer an alternate mechanism for analysis. Our investigation of naturally-occurring spontaneous speaker errors aligned to corrected text with manual semantico-syntactic analysis yields new insight into the syntactic and structural semantic differences between spoken and reconstructed language.
The anterior extent of dorsal development of the Xenopus embryonic axis depends on the quantity of organizer in the late blastula

In amphibian gastrulae, the cell population of the organizer region of the marginal zone (MZ) establishes morphogenesis and patterning within itself and within surrounding regions of the MZ, presumptive neurectoderm, and archenteron roof. We have tested the effects on pattern of reducing the amount of organizer region by recombining halves of Xenopus laevis late blastulae cut at different angles from the bilateral plane. When regions within 30 degrees of the dorsal midline are excluded from recombinants, ventralized embryos develop lacking the entire anterior-posterior sequence of dorsal structures, suggesting that the organizer is only 60 degrees wide (centered on the dorsal midline) at the late blastula stage. As more and more dorsal MZ (organizer) is included in the recombinant, progressively more anterior dorsal structures are formed. In all cases, when any dorsal structures are missing they are deleted serially from the anterior end. Thus, we suggest that the amount (lateral width) of the organizer in the MZ determines the anterior extent of dorsal development.
Nomenclatural Changes in Pyrochroinae: Three Maurice Pic Types of Pseudodendroides Blair (Coleoptera: Pyrochroidae)

Abstract An examination of three Maurice Pic types of Pseudodendroides Blair requires as many nomenclatural actions. Pseudodendroides nitidicollis Pic, 1955 is transferred to Himalapyrochroa Young: Himalapyrochroa nitidicollis (Pic), new combination. Pseudodendroides distinctipennis Pic, 1938 is transferred to Sinodendroides Young: Sinodendroides distinctipennis (Pic), new combination. Pseudodendroides nitidicollis sulcatithorax 1955, Pic is congeneric with Pseudodendroides and not conspecific with Himalapyrochroa nitidicollis, hence it is elevated to specific rank: Pseudodendroides sulcatithorax Pic, new status. A lectotype is also proposed for P. distinctipennis.
Discussion: Collective Bargaining for Agriculture, Marketing Boards, Marketing Orders, and Other Controls

dealers and others, establishing and protecting a reputation for fairness and integrity, researching problems so that directors will have sufficient facts for decisions, and putting the proper priorities on the allocation of management time. Managers in fluid milk markets should not be judged on the basis of profit or loss in their manufacturing plants; a profit may simply mean that the Class II price is too low. Nor should they be judged on the basis of profit or loss in their fluid sales division; a profit may simply mean that the Class I price is too low. The real objective should be as high a blend price for members as possible.
Field-Assembled Polymer Composites

In this paper we show that a wide variety of composite structures can be obtained from structuring with multiaxial fields. The properties of these composites are highly responsive to field structuring and so significant increases in a variety of properties can be obtained. These composites have application as high-strain actuators, strain and temperature sensors, chemical sensors, and as thermal interface materials. We discuss these issues and provide a general summary of the research we have done in this area.
Chromate inhibitions, in erythrocytes, of chemically stimulated increases in glucose oxidation via the hexosemonophosphate pathway. (HMP).

SummaryIncreases in glucose oxidation via the hexosemonophosphate pathway (HMP) may be induced in erythrocytes by many and diverse chemical compounds. This research was initiated on the hypothesis that insofar as they are specific inhibitors of glutathione reductase, Na2CrO4 and 2,-5-dinitrobenzoic acid (DNBA) should have similar discriminatory inhibitory effects against chemically stimulated increases in erythrocyte HMP rates. These were estimated, for both intact and hemolyzed rat erythrocytes. in terms of 14CO2 formed from labeled glucose or glucose-6-phosphate. In the labeled glucose tests. DNBA inhibited only those increases in HMP rate which were induced by hydrogen peroxide plus azide, or by GSSG, while chromate inhibited all chemically induced increases in HMP rate tested. Substitution of labeled glucose-6-phosphate did not result in change in pattern re DNBA inhibitions, but did lead to loss of most chromate inhibitions. These various findings are in accord with the concepts that DNBA is a fairly...
Switching Current in Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 Single Crystals

Switching current measurements have been carried out on relaxorferroelectric single crystal-pure PZN, and the solid solution (1-x) Pb(Zni1/3 Nb2/3)O3 - x PbTiO3 with x= 0.04, 0.09, 0.10. Measurements have been done for crystallographic directions [001] and [111] for all these compositions. Switching times versus the applied field showed the following results. Pure PZN along [111] and 0.90PZN—O. 10PT along [001], and [111] showed an exponential dependence. Along [001] the PZN showed a linear fit. For solid solution single crystals-0.96PZN -0.04PT and 0.91PZN £ 0.09PT, a linear fit was obtained for the reciprocal switch times versus applied field for both the directions. If we draw a parallel picture with the reported barium titanate data, it appears that the polarization reversal is controlled by nucleation along [111]- spontaneous direction for PZN and [001], [111]for 0.90PZN - O.10PT. The mobility of the reversed domains controls the reversal along [001] for PZN and the solid solution single crystals with rhombohedral composition along [001] and [111]. The transient current curves showed two maximum points for crystals with x = 0.04 and 0.09. This is attributed to the co-existence of the two phases in 0.96PZN -0.04PT and 0. 91PZN - 0.09PT crystals.
The Energy Balance of the Surface

This chapter describes the key processes at the interface between the atmosphere and the solid or liquid surface of Earth. The energy-balance equation for the surface of Earth is described and each of its terms is evaluated, including net radiation, evaporative cooling, sensible cooling, and storage of heat in the surface. The atmospheric boundary layer and the aerodynamic formulas to estimate surface evaporative and sensible heat fluxes by turbulence are derived. Surface albedos for various surfaces are given. The seasonal, diurnal, and geographic variations of the surface energy balance of Earth are described. The equilibrium Bowen ratio is described and used to understand how sensible and latent cooling of the surface varies with mean temperature.
Comparison of perceived exertion ratings during graded peak cycle exercise between cigarette smokers and nonsmokers.

Summary This study compared differentiated Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) for the chest (RPE-Chest) and legs (RPE-Legs) and undifferentiated ratings (RPE-Overall) between cigarette smokers (n = 10) and nonsmokers (n = 10) during graded, peak cycle exercise. Linear regression analyses expressed RPE-Chest, RPE-Leg, and RPE-Overall as a function of VO2 for smokers and nonsmokers. RPE equivalent to 50, 70, and 90% VO2peak were compared between. Chest, Leg, and Overall RPE were similar at each % VO2peak. In the combined smokers and non-smokers, RPE-Chest was lower (p<.05) than the RPE-Overall at each % VO2peak. RPE-Leg did not differ from RPE-Overall at 50% VO2peak, but was higher (p < .05) at 70% and 90% VO2peak. These results validate Assumption 4 for application of the Borg 15-category scale in that this assumption is also valid for differentiated RPE. Smoking did not influence the intensity of differentiated or undifferentiated RPE during graded cycle exercise.
Lymphographic-histologic correlation in patients with Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma undergoing staging laparotomy.

This report briefly describes the results of an on-going prospective study of the accuracy of lymphography in unselected, previously untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Careful lymphographic-histologic correction of material obtained at staging laparotomy revealed a diagnostic accuracy of greater than 90%. Almost all errors occurred as false-positive diagnoses.
Silence Is Not Golden: The Intrapersonal Consequences of Not Confronting Prejudice

Contents: Preface. C. van Laar, S. Levin, The Experience of Stigma: Individual, Interpersonal, and Situational Influences. Part I: Confronting, Concealing, and Coping: Responses to Stigma. C.T. Miller, Social Psychological Perspectives on Coping With Stressors Related to Stigma. C.R. Kaiser, Dominant Ideology Threat and the Interpersonal Consequences of Attributions to Discrimination. J.N. Shelton, J.A. Richeson, J. Salvatore, D.M. Hill, Silence Is Not Golden: The Intrapersonal Consequences of Not Confronting Prejudice. D.M. Quinn, Concealable Versus Conspicuous Stigmatized Indentities. J.K. Swim, M.A. Thomas, Responding to Everyday Discrimination: A Synthesis of Research on Goal Directed, Self-Regulatory Coping Behaviors. Part II: Stigma in the Social Context: Coping With Threatening Environments. M. Inzlicht, C. Good, How Environments Can Threaten Academic Performance, Self-Knowledge, and Sense of Belonging. R. Mendoza-Denton, E. Page-Gould, J. Pietrzak, Mechanisms for Coping With Status-Based Rejection Expectations. L.R. Troop, Stigma and Intergroup Contact Among Members of Minority and Majority Status Groups. B. Major, New Perspectives on Stigma and Psychological Well-Being. Part III: Stigma and the Social Basis of the Self. T. McLaughlin-Volpe, Understanding Stigma From the Perspective of the Self-Expansion Model. S. Sinclair, J. Huntsinger, The Interpersonal Basis of Self-Stereotyping. T. Schmader, B. Lickel, Stigma and Shame: Emotional Responses to the Stereotypic Actions of One's Ethnic Ingroup. J. Crocker, J.A. Garcia, Stigma and the Social Basis of the Self: A Synthesis.
Megavitamin Responsive Aminoacidopathies

In this review of disorders of amino acid metabolism which have been shown to be responsive to large doses of vitamins, each of the different vitamins is reviewed separately. The vitamins discussed are all water soluble members of the B complex.
Use of rumination and activity monitoring for the identification of dairy cows with health disorders: Part II. Mastitis.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate (1) the performance of an automated health-monitoring system (AHMS) to identify cows with metritis based on an alert system (health index score, HIS) that combines rumination time and physical activity; (2) the number of days between the first HIS alert and clinical diagnosis (CD) of metritis by farm personnel; and (3) the daily rumination time, physical activity, and HIS patterns around CD. In this manuscript, the overall performance of HIS to detect cows with all disorders of interest in this study [ketosis, displaced abomasum, indigestion (companion paper, part I), mastitis (companion paper, part II), and metritis] is also reported. Holstein cattle (n=1,121; 451 nulliparous and 670 multiparous) were fitted with a neck-mounted electronic rumination and activity monitoring tag (HR Tags, SCR Dairy, Netanya, Israel) from at least -21 to 80 d in milk (DIM). Raw data collected in 2-h periods were summarized per 24 h as daily rumination and activity. An HIS (0 to 100 arbitrary units) was calculated daily for individual cows with an algorithm that used rumination and activity. A positive HIS outcome was defined as an HIS of <86 units during at least 1 d from -5 to 2 d after CD. Blood concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, total calcium, and haptoglobin were determined in a subgroup of cows (n=459) at -11±3, -4±3, 0, 3±1, 7±1, 14±1, and 28±1 DIM. The overall sensitivity of HIS was 55% for all cases of metritis (n=349), but it was greater for cows with metritis and another disorder (78%) than for cows with metritis only (53%). Cows diagnosed with metritis and flagged based on HIS had substantial alterations in their rumination, activity, and HIS patterns around CD, alterations of blood markers of metabolic and health status around calving, reduced milk production, and were more likely to exit the herd than cows not flagged based on the HIS and cows without disease, suggesting that cows flagged based on the HIS had a more severe episode of metritis. Including all disorders of interest for this study, the overall sensitivity was 59%, specificity was 98%, positive predictive value was 58%, negative predictive value was 98%, and accuracy was 96%. The AHMS was effective for identifying cows with severe cases of metritis, but less effective for identifying cows with mild cases of metritis. Also, the overall accuracy and timing of the AHMS alerts for cows with health disorders indicated that AHMS that combine rumination and activity could be a useful tool for identifying cows with metabolic and digestive disorders, and more severe cases of mastitis and metritis.
Laboratory Method for Producing Tissue Controls for Bacterial Stains

This report offers a solution to the lack of suitable control material when staining for bacteria. Isolated beef muscle was inoculated with gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and control tissue with an adequate quantity of the two types of organisms was consistently produced. The tinctorial properties of the laboratory-produced control tissue were comparable to the routinely used human tissue controls obtained at autopsy. The presence of both gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli in equal numbers in the laboratory-produced control tissue is a distinct advantage over the controls normally used in the histopathology laboratory.
Challenging Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Idiopathic Ventricular Arrhythmias Originating From the Left Ventricular Summit Near the Left Main Coronary Artery

Background— Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) originating from the basal portion of the left ventricular (LV) summit, which is divided from the apical LV (A-LV) summit by the great cardiac vein (GCV), is challenging. This study investigated the efficacy of RFCA and electrocardiographic and electrophysiological characteristics of these VAs. Methods and Results— Forty-five consecutive patients with symptomatic idiopathic LV summit VAs were studied. RFCA was successful within the main trunk of the GCV in 16 patients and within a branch of the GCV traversing the basal LV (B-LV) summit in 7. Transpericardial RFCA was successful on the epicardial surface in the A-LV summit in 6 patients and was abandoned in 14 with the B-LV summit VAs because of the close proximity to the coronary arteries and thick fat pads. RFCA was successful at the aortomitral continuity in 3 patients (2 with a failed transpericardial RFCA), and left coronary cusp in 1. The RFCA success rate of the A-LV summit VAs including the GCV VAs was 100% (22/22), whereas that of the B-LV summit VAs was 48% (11/23). The B-LV summit VAs could be differentiated from the A-LV summit VAs by left bundle branch block pattern, QRS duration ≤175 ms, precordial transition ≥V1, and maximum deflection index of ≥0.55. Conclusions— This study revealed that ≈50% of the B-LV summit VAs could be eliminated by a direct approach through a GCV branch running below the proximal left coronary arteries and a remote approach from the adjacent endocardial sites.
The solubilization of collagen and protein–polysaccharides from the developing cartilage of lathyrytic chicks

1. The solubilization of collagen and protein–polysaccharides from the developing cartilage of normal and lathyritic chicks was studied by using mild extraction procedures. One-third of the protein–polysaccharides could be solubilized in salt solutions at neutral pH from normal cartilage, whereas 95–100% could be extracted from the cartilage of animals that were severely lathyritic. Likewise, whereas in normal animals the collagen of cartilage was essentially insoluble in salt solutions at neutral pH, in lathyritic animals it was almost completely soluble. 2. The increased solubility of the collagen of cartilage from lathyritic animals enabled sufficient material to be collected so that the pure α1 chains of the collagen were isolated by repeated reconstitution, precipitation and CM-cellulose column chromatography. The purified α1 component was characterized by its relatively high content of hydroxylysine (14 residues/1000 amino acids). 3. About 37% of the collagen from the cartilage of normal chick embryos could be extracted as the gelatin at pH7·4 in lithium chloride solution. This was accompanied by the extraction of approx. 14% of the protein–polysaccharide content. 4. The protein–polysaccharides and the collagen from normal animals could be extracted from the cartilage relatively independently of one another under mild conditions. These same components obtained from lathyritic animals easily separated from one another after solubilization. This provided evidence that the two components are probably not covalently cross-linked. 5. The collagen of cartilage extracted as a gelatin from normal animals contained a high proportion of α chains compared with β dimers, similar to the lathyritic collagen of cartilage and other tissues, and similar to the gelatin extracted from normal chick bone.
An orthogonal single-molecule experiment reveals multiple-attempt dynamics of type IA topoisomerases

Topoisomerases are enzymes that are involved in maintaining the topological state of cellular DNA. Their dynamic characteristics remain poorly understood despite numerous structural, biophysical and biochemical studies. Recent single-molecule experiments revealed that an important feature of the type IA topoisomerase mechanism is the presence of pauses between relaxation events. However, these experiments could not determine whether the protein remains DNA bound during the pauses or what relationship may exist between protein domain movements and topological changes in the DNA. By combining two orthogonal single-molecule techniques, we found that E. coli topoisomerase I constantly changes conformation when attempting to modify the topology of DNA, but succeeds in only a fraction of the attempts. Thus, its mechanism can be described as a series of DNA strand-passage attempts that culminate in a successful relaxation event.
Utility of standing maneuvers during abdominal duplex ultrasound examination to diagnose median arcuate ligament compression

IntroductionMedian arcuate ligament compression (MALC) may present with abdominal pain as the result of dynamic compression of the celiac artery and the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). An asympto...
Abstract 3842: Angiographic Assessment Of Leptomeningeal Collateral Perfusion Parameters Following Experimental Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Objectives: This work aims to develop and validate an angiographically based quantitative assessment of leptomeningeal collateral perfusion (QLCP) in experimental reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Methods: Pial collaterals were assessed during MCAO using an angiographically based transient MCAO model in eight mongrel dogs (20-30 kg). Angiographic images were analyzed using a custom-made MATLAB program which measured contrast density over time. Using bivariate linear fit analysis relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV), relative transit time (rTT) and relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) derived from regions of interest (ROI) from the normal and abnormal hemispheres were extracted and compared to one hour post reperfusion MRI based infarct volume calculations and leptomeningeal collateral scoring using previously published methods. Results: QLCP was reproducibly assessed but variably predictive of infarct volume on one hour post reperfusion mean diffusivity maps using rCBV (p Conclusion: QLCP was validated in an experimental MCAO model based on correlation with a leptomeningeal collateral scoring system. QLCP assessment of rCBV is a better predictor for infarct volume than rTT or rCBF in a transient MCAO model. It is noteworthy that an angiographically based assessment of rCBV, rTT and rCBF differs from CT and MRI based assessments. In particular , the time frame used and the relative density of the vasculature on the derived color maps differ (figure 1). figure 1: QLCP derived cerebral blood volume map. The boxes indicate regions of interest for analysis.
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in Women with Overweight or Obesity: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and cardiometabolic effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) in women with overweight or obesity. Methods Eighty-six women with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 were randomized to 8 weeks of MBSR or health education and followed for 16 weeks. The primary outcome was the Toronto Mindfulness Scale. Secondary outcomes included the Perceived Stress Scale-10, fasting glucose, and blood pressure. Results Compared to health education, the MBSR group demonstrated significantly improved mindfulness at 8 weeks (mean change from baseline, 4.5 vs. −1.0; P = 0.03) and significantly decreased perceived stress at 16 weeks (−3.6 vs. −1.3, P = 0.01). In the MBSR group, there were significant reductions in fasting glucose at 8 weeks (−8.9 mg/dL, P = 0.02) and at 16 weeks (−9.3 mg/dL, P = 0.02) compared to baseline. Fasting glucose did not significantly improve in the health education group. There were no significant changes in blood pressure, weight, or insulin resistance in the MBSR group. Conclusions In women with overweight or obesity, MBSR significantly reduces stress and may have beneficial effects on glucose. Future studies demonstrating long-term cardiometabolic benefits of MBSR will be key for establishing MBSR as an effective tool in the management of obesity.
Audio glosses as a participant in L2 dialogues: Evidence of mediation and microgenesis during information-gap activities

The current article examines the use of audio glosses by intermediate-level learners of English as a Second Language (ESL), to determine to what extent the glosses provide mediation during the language learning / language use process. Close evaluation of language produced by two dyads shows that the computer, through the audio glosses, frequently serves as a third partner during the information-gap tasks in which the partners are engaged. Mediation is both graduated, appearing more frequently in earlier than in later tasks, and contingent, accessible to learners at their request, but not provided otherwise. Analyzed excerpts illustrate that learners access the glosses for a variety of purposes (confirmation and retrieval of lexical items, refinement of pronunciation). The glosses thus serve as an on-call tutor, allowing learners to add to their productive vocabulary and to improve the quality of the language that they produce, while still focusing on effective communication with their partners.
Effects of climate change on streamflow extremes and implications for reservoir inflow in the United States

The magnitude and frequency of hydrometeorological extremes are expected to increase in the conterminous United States (CONUS) over the rest of this century, and their increase will significantly impact water resource management. In this study, we evaluated the large-scale climate change effects on extreme hydrological events and their implications for reservoir inflows in 138 headwater subbasins located upstream of reservoirs across CONUS using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrologic model. The VIC model was forced with a 10-member ensemble of global circulation models under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 that were dynamically downscaled using a regional climate model (RegCM4) and bias-corrected to 1/24° grid cell resolution. Four commonly used indices, including mean annual flow, annual center timing, 100-year daily high streamflow, and 10-year 7-day average low streamflow were used for evaluation. The results projected an increase in the high streamflow by 44% for a majority of subbasins upstream of flood control reservoirs in the central United States (US) and a decrease in the low streamflow by 11% for subbasins upstream of hydropower reservoirs across the western US. In the eastern US, frequencies of both high and low streamflow were projected to increase in the majority of subbasins upstream of both hydropower and flood control reservoirs. Increased frequencies of both high and low streamflow events can potentially make reservoirs across CONUS more vulnerable to future climate conditions. This study estimates reservoir inflow changes over the next several decades, which can be used to optimize water supply management downstream.
Evaluation of Flip-Flop Learning Methodology

Computer science programs have seen surges in enrollment with approximately 130% increase in new bachelor’s students when comparing the 2009 and 2016 data from the Computing Research Association’s Taulbee survey. Most programs have not been able to hire tenure/tenure-track faculty at the same rate as the enrollment increase. This study reviews the Flip-Flop methodology, which can serve as an instructional approach to improve student learning outcomes. Stelovska, Stelovsky, and Wu discussed their instructional strategy which builds on the flipped classroom model. They added the Flop after Flip to increase student engagement with course content through participation in assessment material development. Students are tasked with creating quiz questions for the video lectures that are completed outside of class. They also have the option to augment the activity with feedback for questions and adding additional media to the video to better illustrate concepts. The pilot test included promising results which included a statistically significant increase in task performance and greater engagement in passive homework assignments including watching videos to prepare for in-class sessions.
A Theoretical Framework for a Dynamic Team Learning and Adaptation System

This paper will discuss a model for team learning and adaptation by applying sociotechnical and cognitive systems concepts to a model previously developed by [1] to facilitate double-loop learning in teams and organizations. Organizational knowledge assets will be explained relative to team learning followed by an explanation of the sociotechnical system that the model is based upon. An overview of the team cognitive systems model will be provided as a precursor to explaining the learning and adaptation system. The team learning and adaptation model combines sociotechnical and cognitive systems elements to provide a model explaining how team learning at the tactical level can be aligned with other organizational resources while aligning these efforts towards organizational strategy. The proposed model also provides a holistic means for implementing a problem-solving methodology within the sociotechnical and cognitive systems contexts. The aim of this paper is to aid practitioners seeking to improve how his or her team learns, collaborates, and innovates at all levels of the organization. The paper is geared mainly towards practitioners interested in improving his or her team's performance. Academics interested in team learning and knowledge sharing may also find the model of interest in academic pursuits related to team learning and adaptation. Practitioners can use this model to identify shortcomings in team learning and adaptation performance relative to specific work requirements. Academicians can use the model to explain sociotechnical and environmental interactions relative to how teams perform learning and adapting behaviors.
Determination of methyl isopropyl hydantoin from rat erythrocytes by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry to determine methyl isocyanate dose following inhalation exposure

Abstract Methyl isocyanate (MIC) is an important precursor for industrial synthesis, but it is highly toxic. MIC causes irritation and damage to the eyes, respiratory tract, and skin. While current treatment is limited to supportive care and counteracting symptoms, promising countermeasures are being evaluated. Our work focuses on understanding the inhalation toxicity of MIC to develop effective therapeutic interventions. However, in-vivo inhalation exposure studies are limited by challenges in estimating the actual respiratory dose, due to animal-to-animal variability in breathing rate, depth, etc. Therefore, a method was developed to estimate the inhaled MIC dose based on analysis of an N-terminal valine hemoglobin adduct. The method features a simple sample preparation scheme, including rapid isolation of hemoglobin, hydrolysis of the hemoglobin adduct with immediate conversion to methyl isopropyl hydantoin (MIH), rapid liquid-liquid extraction, and gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry analysis. The method produced a limit of detection of 0.05 mg MIH/kg RBC precipitate with a dynamic range from 0.05–25 mg MIH/kg. The precision, as measured by percent relative standard deviation, was
Use of Lanthanide Oxide Neutron Absorbers in Pressurized Water Reactors

Recent technological advancements have stimulated interest in lanthanide compounds as neutron absorbers. Specific fabrication procedures were developed for incorporating chemically stable europium ...
Sleep Technologist Requirements

Sleep studies require specific and precise recording techniques. A sleep technologist has the skills and thorough understanding of the field of polysomnography required to conduct a valid sleep study. Sleep technologists have formal training and pass standardized tests to earn a designated sleep technologist credential.
Spud Web: Species Interactions and Biodiversity in Potatoes

Agroecologists often see greater biodiversity as the key to reducing pest problems on farms. Others have suggested, however, that increasing species number only increases the risk of negative interactions among species, such as predation of one predator by another, which could disrupt biological control. Such multi-species interactions have long been a topic of interest among entomologists working in potato crops, and here we review the basic ecological knowledge that has come from work in this important model cropping system. We examine the effects of increasing biodiversity on potato-insect species interactions at multiple trophic levels: among plants, herbivores, and natural enemies. Increasing plant diversity at both local and landscape scales can help build predator populations and increase suppression of potato pests. However, planting flowering plants near potato crops sometimes provides supplemental food for pests, making pest problems worse. Effects of herbivore diversity are equally complex. Feeding by early-season herbivores sometimes makes plants resistant to late-arriving herbivores, thus harming those pests most active later in the growing season. On the other hand, multiple herbivore species can “distract” predators from feeding on particular target pests, providing less-preferred herbivore species with protection from predation. Predator diversity likewise exerts varying effects. In most cases predator species appear to complement one another by foraging in different locations in the crop or by attacking different pest stages, thus improving biological control. In some cases, however, predator species feed on one another, disrupting biological control. In summary, although increasing biodiversity within potato crops sometimes worsens pest problems, it most often makes pest outbreaks less likely. Thus, work in potatoes largely supports the view of early agroecologists that increasing biodiversity restores natural balance among plants, herbivores, and natural enemies.
Olfactory Orientation by Birds

An animal’s ability to orient effectively within and between suitable habitats is a matter crucial to survival. Birds, being extremely mobile creatures with high metabolic demands, are more dependent than most vertebrates on successful movements that maximize their utilization of environmental resources. Whether these movements are short flights necessary for the maintenance of a territory, longer foraging trips that may cover many kilometers, or truly long-distance migrations of transcontinental proportions, the need for accurate information about position and direction is fundamental to a bird’s survival and reproductive success. Exactly how birds use the environmental cues that provide this information has been a subject of study for several decades, although our knowledge of the mechanisms that control avian orientation behavior remains far from complete.
The Reliability of Cone Density Measurements in the Presence of Rods.

Purpose Recent advances in adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) have enabled visualization of cone inner segments through nonconfocal split-detection, in addition to rod and cone outer segments revealed by confocal reflectance. Here, we examined the interobserver reliability of cone density measurements in both AOSLO imaging modalities. Methods Five normal subjects (nine eyes) were imaged along the horizontal and vertical meridians using a custom AOSLO with confocal and nonconfocal split-detection modalities. The resulting images were montaged using a previously described semiautomatic algorithm. Regions of interest (ROIs) were selected from the confocal montage at 190 μm, and from split-detection and confocal montages at 900 and 1800 μm from the fovea. Four observers (three experts, one naive) manually identified cone locations in each ROI, and these locations were used to calculate bound densities. Intraclass correlation coefficients and Dice's coefficients were calculated to assess interobserver agreement. Results Interobserver agreement was high in cone-only images (confocal 190 μm: 0.85; split-detection 900 μm: 0.91; split-detection 1800 μm: 0.89), moderate in confocal images at 900 μm (0.68), and poor in confocal images at 1800 μm (0.24). Excluding the naive observer data substantially increased agreement within confocal images (190 μm: 0.99; 900 μm: 0.80; 1800 μm: 0.68). Conclusions Interobserver measurements of cone density are more reliable in rod-free retinal images. Moreover, when using manual cell identification, it is essential that observers are trained, particularly for confocal AOSLO images. Translational Relevance This study underscores the need for additional reliability studies in eyes containing pathology where identifying cones can be substantially more difficult.
Removal of non-structural components from poplar whole-tree chips to enhance hydrolysis and fermentation performance.

Whole-tree chips will be a likely feedstock for future biorefineries because of their low cost. Non-structural components (NSC), however, represent a significant part of whole-tree chips. The NSC can account for more than 10% of whole-tree poplar mass when the trees are grown in short rotation cycles. The influence of NSC, however, on the production of fuels and chemicals is not well known. In this study, we assessed the impact of NSC removal from poplar whole-tree chips on pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis yields, overall sugar recovery, and fermentation yield. In addition, we evaluated the economics of preprocessing as a new unit operation in the biorefinery. Poplar whole-tree chips were preprocessed by neutral or acidic washing before steam pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation. Preprocessing of poplar reduced ash and extractives content as much as 70 and 50%, respectively. The overall sugar yield after pretreatment and hydrolysis was 18–22% higher when the biomass had been preprocessed, which was explained by higher sugar yields in liquid fraction and more efficient enzymatic hydrolysis of the solid fraction. The liquid fraction ethanol fermentation yield was 36–50% higher for the preprocessed biomass. It appears that preprocessing reduced the buffering capacity of the biomass due to ash removal, and thereby improved the enzymatic hydrolysis. Removal of extractives during preprocessing improved the fermentation yield. The economic modeling shows that a preprocessing unit could have significant economic benefits in a biorefinery, where poplar whole-tree chips are used as bioconversion feedstock.
Natural variability of Southern Ocean convection as a driver of observed climate trends

Observed Southern Ocean surface cooling and sea-ice expansion over the past several decades are inconsistent with many historical simulations from climate models. Here we show that natural multidecadal variability involving Southern Ocean convection may have contributed strongly to the observed temperature and sea-ice trends. These observed trends are consistent with a particular phase of natural variability of the Southern Ocean as derived from climate model simulations. Ensembles of simulations are conducted starting from differing phases of this variability. The observed spatial pattern of trends is reproduced in simulations that start from an active phase of Southern Ocean convection. Simulations starting from a neutral phase do not reproduce the observed changes, similarly to the multimodel mean results of CMIP5 models. The long timescales associated with this natural variability show potential for skilful decadal prediction. Sea-ice expansion around Antarctica, and related surface cooling, is shown to be linked to natural long-term variability of Southern Ocean convection. Model simulations reproduce the observed trends, if they start from an active phase of convection.
Mortality and the HIV/AIDS Epidemic

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by A. Palloni, volume 15, pp. 10058–10061, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
RACKNet: Robust Allocation of Convolutional Kernels in Neural Networks for Image Classification

Despite their impressive success when these hyper-parameters are suitably fine-tuned, the design of good network architectures remains an art-form rather than a science: while various search techniques, such as grid-search, have been proposed to find effective hyper-parameter configurations, often these parameters are hand-crafted (or the bounds of the search space are provided by a user). In this paper, we argue, and experimentally show, that we can minimize the need for hand-crafting, by relying on the dataset itself. In particular, we show that the dimensions, distributions, and complexities of localized features extracted from the data can inform the structure of the neural networks and help better allocate limited resources (such as kernels) to the various layers of the network. To achieve this, we first present several hypotheses that link the properties of the localized image features to the CNN and RCNN architectures and then, relying on these hypotheses, present a RACKNet framework which aims to learn multiple hyper-parameters by extracting information encoded in the input datasets. Experimental evaluations of RACKNet against major benchmark datasets, such as MNIST, SVHN, CIFAR10, COIL20 and ImageNet, show that RACKNet provides significant improvements in the network design and robustness to change in the network.
Statewide Utilization of Multimodal Analgesia and Length of Stay After Colectomy.

Abstract Background Both enhanced recovery and anesthesia literature recommend multimodal perioperative analgesia to hasten recovery, prevent adverse events, and reduce opioid use after surgery. However, adherence to, and outcomes of, these recommendations are unknown. We sought to characterize use of multimodal analgesia and its association with length of stay after colectomy. Materials and methods Within a statewide, 72-hospital collaborative quality initiative, we evaluated postoperative analgesia regimens among adult patients undergoing elective colectomy between 2012 and 2015. We used logistic regression to identify factors associated with the use of multimodal analgesia and performed multivariable linear regression to evaluate its association with postoperative length of stay (LOS). Results Among 7265 patients who underwent elective colectomy in the study period, 4660 (64.1%) received multimodal analgesia, 2405 (33.1%) received opioids alone, and 200 (2.8%) received one nonopioid pain medication alone. Multimodal analgesia was independently associated with shorter adjusted postoperative LOS, compared with opioids alone (5.60 d [95% CI 5.38–5.81] versus 5.96 d [5.68-6.24], P = 0.016). Conclusions Multimodal analgesia is associated with shorter LOS, yet one-third of patients statewide received opioids alone after colectomy. As surgeons increasingly focus on our role in the opioid crisis, particularly in postdischarge opioid prescribing, we must also focus on inpatient postoperative pain management to limit opioid exposure. At the hospital level, this may have the added benefit of decreasing LOS and hastening recovery.
A Child's Playground-A Syrian boy at the Moria Refugee Camp, Lesbos, Greece

The Moria Refugee camp in Lesbos, Greece is a surreal mix of an internment camp and shanty squatter encampment. Based in an old army compound it is defined by the steel …
Pan-mammalian analysis of molecular constraints underlying extended lifespan

Although lifespan in mammals varies over 100-fold, the precise evolutionary mechanisms underlying variation in longevity remain unknown. Species-specific genetic changes have been observed in long-lived species including the naked mole-rat, bats, and the bowhead whale, but these adaptations do not generalize to other mammals. We present a novel method to identify associations between rates of protein evolution and continuous phenotypes across the entire mammalian phylogeny. Unlike previous analyses that focused on individual species, we treat absolute and relative longevity as quantitative traits and demonstrate that these lifespan traits affect the evolutionary constraint on hundreds of genes. Specifically, we find that genes related to cell cycle, DNA repair, cell death, the IGF1 pathway, and immunity are under increased evolutionary constraint in large and long-lived mammals. For mammals exceptionally long-lived for their body size, we find increased constraint in inflammation, DNA repair, and NFKB-related pathways. Strikingly, these pathways have considerable overlap with those that have been previously reported to have potentially adaptive changes in single-species studies, and thus would be expected to show decreased constraint in our analysis. This unexpected finding of increased constraint in many longevity-associated pathways underscores the power of our quantitative approach to detect patterns that generalize across the mammalian phylogeny.