cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Food, diet, and gastrointestinal immune function.

Publisher Summary The chapter (1) provides an overview of the gastrointestinal (GI) immune system in health and disease, (2) discusses the relation of its function to food composition and nutritional value, and (3) reviews the current status of and future prospects for beneficial modification of this system through food and diet. Although emphasis is placed on the human GI immune system, generalities are drawn in the chapter from well-developed animal models. The importance and complexity of the GI immune system are evidenced readily by serious effects that are manifested in its failure or dysregulation—for example, microbial infections, allergy, neoplasms, inflammatory diseases, and autoimmunity. Advances in cellular and molecular immunology have led to a greater understanding of the GI immune system and its interaction with diet. This information undoubtedly will lead to novel approaches to the maintenance of its homeostasis through diet, as well as through therapies for immunologically mediated diseases. In addition, regulatory concerns may arise over the foods eaten by certain sensitive individuals. Ultimately, this new information could afford opportunities for the development of novel foods that benefit general or select populations.
Faculty development to support interprofessional education in healthcare professions: A realist synthesis.

A peer-reviewed, final, as-published version of this manuscript may be found in the Journal of Interprofessional Care (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13561820.2016.1209466).
Blogging from the Top: A Survey of Higher Education Leaders’ Use of Web 2.0 Technologies

This paper examines the rise of blogging amongst college and university presidents and other higher education officials in the United States and Canada. Due to its accessibility, blogging has become the foremost Web 2.0 technology. Blogging has now emerged as a new communications tool for both private and public sector executives. This is proving true in the college and university environment as well. While prior research has examined the use of blogging in college instruction and for disseminating thought and research, the present research is unique for its systematic look at the state of blogging by top college and university officials. While the research finds limited blogging amongst top academic officers at present, the projections are that this will grow exponentially in the future as blogs become more common. The paper concludes with a research agenda as more and more top higher education administrators look to enter the blogosphere as an important part of their official job functions.
The carboxyl-terminal end of protective antigen is required for receptor binding and anthrax toxin activity.

Anthrax toxin consists of three separate proteins produced by Bacillus anthracis: protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF). Previous work showed that the process by which these proteins damage eukaryotic cells begins with binding of PA (83 kDa) to cell surface receptors. PA is then cleaved by a cell surface protease so as to expose a high-affinity binding site for LF or EF on the COOH-terminal, receptor-bound, 63-kilodalton fragment. In this report we more closely define a region of PA involved in receptor binding. The gene encoding PA was mutagenized so as to delete 3, 5, 7, 12, or 14 amino acids from the carboxyl terminus of the protein, and the truncated PA variants were purified from Bacillus subtilis or Escherichia coli. Deletion of 3, 5, or 7 amino acids reduced the binding of PA to cells and the subsequent toxicity of the PA.LF complex to J774A.1 cells and also the ability to cause EF binding to cells. Deletion of 12 or 14 amino acids completely eliminated all these activities. These results show that the carboxy terminus comprises or is part of the receptor-binding domain of PA.
The Distribution of Glutaminase Isoenzymes in the Various Structures of the Nephron in Normal, Acidotic, and Alkalotic Rat Kidney

Rat kidney contains two distinct glutaminase isoenzymes. One requires phosphate for activity; the other is phosphate-independent but is activated 15-fold by maleate. By taking advantage of differences in activators and pH optima, specific assays were devised for each isoenzyme. Their distribution was then examined in individual structures of nephrons dissected from lyophilized 20-µ sections of kidney. Enzymatic cycling, oil well, and fluorometric techniques were combined to provide sufficient sensitivity to measure the enzymes in the 5- to 50-ng samples. The distribution of the two isoenzymes is complementary. Ratios of the two activities in the different structures vary from 0.05 to 50. Phosphate-independent glutaminase activity is high only in proximal straight tubules. All other structures assayed had less than one-tenth as much activity. Phosphate-dependent glutaminase activity is high in distal straight and convoluted tubules, intermediate in proximal convoluted tubules, and low in proximal straight tubules and glomeruli. Only the phosphate-dependent glutaminase activity responds to metabolic acidosis or alkalosis and this response appears to be limited to the proximal convoluted tubules. After administration of NH4Cl for 7 days to induce acidosis the activity increased 20-fold in these tubules, whereas 7 days of NaHCO3 administration to induce alkalosis caused a 40% decrease. Neither acidosis nor alkalosis affected phosphate-independent activity in any renal structure.
The Least Privacy-Damaging Centralised Traffic Data Retention Architecture

Good afternoon everybody! It feels like today there hasn’t been a lot of controversy that would interrupt the talks in the first five minutes, so I thought that I should inject a bit more. So I will make slightly more extreme comments about everything I’m going to be talking about than I intended to, just to inject a bit of energy in the room at this late hour.
Relativistic treatment of pion wave functions in the annihilation p̄ p→ π - π +

Quark model intrinsic wave functions of highly energetic pions in the reaction $\overline{p}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ are subjected to a relativistic treatment. The annihilation is described in a constituent quark model with $A2$ and $R2$ flavor-flux topology, and the annihilated quark-antiquark pairs are in $^{3}P_{0}$ and $^{3}S_{1}$ states. We study the effects of pure Lorentz transformations on the antiquark and quark spatial wave functions and their respective spinors in the pion. The modified quark geometry of the pion has considerable impact on the angular dependence of the annihilation mechanisms.
Sampling and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid for chronic studies in awake rats

A method is described whereby cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may be sampled repeatedly from awake rats over a period of 1 to 10 wk. Stainless steel or Teflon catheters (22-gauge) were implanted in the cisterna magna of anesthetized rats (n = 19) via a midline hole immediately rostral to the interparietal-occipital suture. Several days later almost simultaneous CSF and blood samples from the same air-breathing animals were slowly drawn into glass capillary tubes. pH was determined immediately by electrode and total CO2 by microgasometer. Because sampling via Tygon microbore tubing attached to the implanted catheters allowed part of CSF CO2 content to be lost through the tube wall, stainless steel tube is preferred to make this connection. For mock CSF, total CO2 calculated from pH and PCO2 values was closely comparable to that directly measured by microgasometer. CSF pH, PCO2, and [HCO-3] in five awake rats were found to be similar to those reported in the literature for the briefly anesthetized rat. The sampling procedure did not of itself significantly alter breathing patterns (n = 14). Thus, chronic CSF sampling is feasible in awake rats for purposes of studies of ventilatory control.
Tales of the bitter and sweet: A study of a Taiwanese master story and transgression narratives as shared cross-generationally in Taiwanese families

Recent research in Taiwanese families has found that children’s transgressions are narratable and parents encourage children to confess and reflect upon their faults. Little, however, is known if adults do the same when talking with children or other adults. This study examines transgression stories from interviews with 102 adult participants in Taiwan. It finds adults often tell stories about the faults of close family members such as spouses, parents, children, and aunts and uncles. However, they are less likely to tell stories of their own faults. Furthermore, they say telling transgression stories to children must take into account the child’s age and the story’s potential didactic value. The study also finds that many stories, especially those told by older adults, i.e., grandparents, articulate part of a “master story” lamenting how they persevered from a bitter past to a much better present. Such a story shapes cross-generational narrative and lends greater moral authority to elders. Finally, implications are discussed how this study sheds light on a theory of confessional narratives by authority figures across different cultures.
Tracheary-element differentiation in suspension-cultured cells ofZinnia requires uptake of extracellular Ca(2+) : Experiments with calcium-channel blockers and calmodulin inhibitors.

Tracheary-element (TE) differentiation in suspension cultures ofZinnia elegans L. mesophyll cells was inhibited by blocking calcium uptake in three ways: 1) reducing the [Ca(2+)] of the culture medium, 2) blocking calcium channels with the non-permeant cation La(3+), and 3) blocking calcium channels with permeant dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers. Calcium-channel blockers were effective when added at any time between 0 and 48 h after culture initiation; after 48h, calcium sequestration and secondary cell-wall deposition began. In contrast, calmodulin antagonists inhibited TE differentiation when added at the beginning of culture, but not when added after 24h. These results indicate that TE differentiation involves at least two calcium-regulated events: one calmodulin-dependent and occurring shortly after exposure to inductive conditions, and the other calmodulin-independent and occurring just prior to secondary cell-wall deposition.
Radical pleurectomy/decortication and intraoperative radiotherapy followed by conformal radiation with or without chemotherapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Abstract Objectives: We performed a retrospective review of the efficacy and morbidity of radical pleurectomy/decortication and intraoperative radiotherapy followed by external beam radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy for diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma. Methods: A total of 32 patients with diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma were initially evaluated between January 1995 and September 2000. Three patients were excluded from analysis because of unresectable disease. Two patients died postoperatively, and one patient had recurrent disease previously treated at an outside institution. Of the remaining 26 patients included in the analysis, 24 received intraoperative radiotherapy. External beam radiation therapy was generally started 1 to 2 months after resection and delivered by means of 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy or with inverse treatment planning intensity-modulated radiation therapy. When given, chemotherapy consisted of 2 to 3 cycles of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), and cisplatin initiated 1 to 2 months after completion of radiation. Results: At the time of data analysis, 5 of 26 patients were alive. The median follow-up was 9.7 months (range, 2-67.6 months). The median overall survival and progression-free interval from the time of the operation were 18.1 and 12.2 months, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall survival and freedom from progression at 1 year were 64% and 50%, respectively. The site of failure was mostly locoregional. However, there were 4 abdominal failures and 1 contralateral lung failure. Conclusions: Radical pleurectomy/decortication with aggressive radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy might offer an alternative treatment option to those who cannot tolerate extrapleural pneumonectomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;124:1183-9
Semi-synthesis of polymyxin-B conjugated ovalbumin: evaluation of lipopolysaccharide binding avidity and neutralization of induced tnf-alpha synthesis.

A method is described in these investigations for the semi-synthetic production of polymyxin-B conjugated ovalbumin in the form of polymyxin-B.Sulfo-SMCC.ovalbumin (PSO). The heterobifunctional "cross-linking" agent, Sulfo-SMCC was first reacted with polymyxin-B to produce a relatively pure reactive intermediate in the form of polymyxin-B.Sulfo-SMCC. Highly purified ovalbumin was then combined with the polymyxin-B.Sulfo-SMCC reactive intermediate and contaminants removed from the final PSO end product by exhaustive microdialysis. Purity of PSO was established with by high-performance cellulose acetate electrophoresis (HPCAE), and high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analyses. Verification of polymyxin-B.Sulfo-SMCC.ovalbumin binding avidity for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was determined by DotBLot analysis applying fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled E. coli (055:B5) LPS fractions (FITC-LPS). Efficacy of PSO to inhibit in vitro LPS-induced synthesis of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was assessed with a tissue culture based biological assay system. In this context, semi-synthetic conjugates of PSO (0.349 microgram/ml) effectively inhibited Salmonella minnesota (RS) LPS (2.5 ng/ml well) induced TNF-alpha synthesis and corresponding cytoprotection (100%) to WEHI 164 clone 13 cell populations.
Losing the quality battle in Australian education for librarianship

The author asserts that something is wrong with university-based education for librarianship in Australia. Librarianship does not have a clear disciplinary identity in universities. The lack of differentiation between the roles of technicians and professionals clouds the issue. For these and other reasons, education for librarianship in Australia is suffering. Comparisons are made with the United States and Canada. Some suggestions for improving the quality of university-based education for librarianship, based on increased cooperation among departments of information studies, are made.
Treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma with recombinant interferon alpha 2.

Abstract Fifty-nine patients with metastatic malignant melanoma were entered into a phase II trial of recombinant alpha-2 interferon given in a dosage of 10 million IU/M 2 subcutaneously three times per week for one year. Forty-five of these were evaluable for response. Of five evaluable patients with ocular primaries, none responded to interferon treatment. Four of 40 patients (10 %) with cutaneous primaries achieved complete remission, and 6 further patients (15 %) had partial remissions for a combined response rate of 25 %. Two patients remain in complete remission 15+ and 32+ months after starting treatment. Responses were limited to subcutaneous, lymph node and lung metastases. The treatment schedule was well tolerated with the majority of patients receiving more than 70 % of their predicted doses. Flu-like symptoms were the most common side effect. No evidence of cumulative toxicity was seen. We conclude that interferon is an active agent in metastatic malignant melanoma of cutaneous origin and that further trials are indicated.
Altered small-world properties of gray matter networks in breast cancer

Breast cancer survivors, particularly those treated with chemotherapy, are at significantly increased risk for long-term cognitive and neurobiologic impairments. These deficits tend to involve skills that are subserved by distributed brain networks. Additionally, neuroimaging studies have shown a diffuse pattern of brain structure changes in chemotherapy-treated breast cancer survivors that might impact large-scale brain networks. We therefore applied graph theoretical analysis to compare the gray matter structural networks of female breast cancer survivors with a history of chemotherapy treatment and healthy age and education matched female controls. Results revealed reduced clustering coefficient and small-world index in the brain network of the breast cancer patients across a range of network densities. In addition, the network of the breast cancer group had less highly interactive nodes and reduced degree/centrality in the frontotemporal regions compared to controls, which may help explain the common impairments of memory and executive functioning among these patients. These results suggest that breast cancer and chemotherapy may decrease regional connectivity as well as global network organization and integration, reducing efficiency of the network. To our knowledge, this is the first report of altered large-scale brain networks associated with breast cancer and chemotherapy.
RFHVMn ORF73 is structurally related to the KSHV ORF73 latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) and is expressed in retroperitoneal fibromatosis (RF) tumor cells

Retroperitoneal fibromatosis herpesvirus (RFHV), the macaque homolog of the human rhadinovirus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), was first identified in retroperitoneal fibromatosis (RF) tumor lesions of macaques with simian AIDS. We cloned and sequenced the ORF73 latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) of RFHVMn from the pig-tailed macaque. RFHVMn LANA is structurally analogous to KSHV ORF73 LANA and contains an N-terminal serine-proline-rich region, a large internal glutamic acidic-rich repeat region and a conserved C-terminal domain. RFHVMn LANA reacts with monoclonal antibodies specific for a glutamic acid-proline dipeptide motif and a glutamic acid-glutamine-rich motif in the KSHV LANA repeat region. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that RFHVMn LANA is a nuclear antigen which is highly expressed in RF spindloid tumor cells. These data suggest that RFHV LANA is an ortholog of KSHV LANA and will function similarly to maintain viral latency and play a role in tumorigenicity in macaques.
Growth factor-mediated phosphorylation of proapoptotic BAD reduces tubule cell death in vitro and in vivo.

Growth factor-mediated phosphorylation of proapoptotic BAD reduces tubule cell death in vitro and in vivo. Background Exogenous growth factors administered during unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in neonatal rats significantly reduce apoptosis and tubular atrophy. Because the mechanism underlying these salutary effects is largely unknown, we investigated signaling pathways potentially activated by growth factors to determine their roles in therapeutic action. Methods Mechanical strain was applied to confluent cultures of immortalized rat proximal tubule cells to simulate obstruction-induced stretch injury in vivo. Growth factors, inhibitory antibodies or pharmacological inhibitors were added to cultures that were subsequently processed for TUNEL analysis or immunoblots to identify signaling pathways that could be modulating cell survival. For in vivo studies, kidneys harvested from rats ± UUO ± epidermal growth factor (EGF) were fixed or frozen for immunohistochemistry or immunoblot analysis. Results Treatment with EGF or insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) during stretch decreased apoptosis by 50% ( P P P Conclusions Signaling pathways converging at BAD phosphorylation are key to growth factor-mediated attenuation of stretch-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo.
Construction Planning, Programming and Control

3rd edn, Brian Cooke and Peter Williams, Wiley‐Blackwell, Chichester, 2009, 484 pp., ISBN 978 1 4051 8380 2, £27.99 Construction management is a mature field that relies on an understanding of proj...
Pinning mononuclear Au on the surface of titania.

We have deposited Au atoms on the surface of titania without sintering or surface damage. Mass-selected Au+ atoms were deposited from the gas phase at room temperature with kinetic energies from <3 to 190 ± 3.5 eV. Scanning tunneling microscopy reveals island formation following deposition at <3 eV, while mainly atomic features are observed for energies between ∼35 and ∼190 eV. A mixture of islands and atomic features is observed at a landing energy of 20 ± 3.5 eV, suggesting a critical energy above which pinning occurs. Cluster size is also probed as a function of coverage in the deposition of Au+ with 100 eV of energy, revealing that sintering begins at a coverage of only 0.06 ML. These observations suggest a mechanism in which high-energy collision leads to the annealing of any impact-created surface damage and the pinning of Au atoms to the surface. We provide a new method of preparing isolated Au atoms on an oxide surface, which can serve as a platform for catalytic studies.
The association of backpack use and back pain in adolescents.

STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional study comprising the first phase of an ongoing, longitudinal prospective study was conducted. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relation between backpack use and back pain in adolescents. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The prevalence of nonspecific back pain increases dramatically during adolescence from less than 10% in the pre-teen-age years up to 50% in 15- to 16-year-olds. There is widespread concern that heavy backpacks carried by adolescents contribute to the development of back pain. METHODS A total of 1126 children, ages 12 to 18 years, participated by completing a questionnaire about their health, activities, and backpack use. Each child's body weight, height, and backpack weight were measured. A child was classified as having back pain if one or more of the following were reported during the preceding month: neck or back pain that had interfered with school or leisure, neck or back pain with a severity rating of 2 or more on a scale 0 to 10, a visit to a physician or therapist for neck or back pain, or exemption from physical education or sports because of neck or back pain. RESULTS Of 1122 backpack users, 74.4% were classified as having back pain, validated by significantly poorer general health, more limited physical functioning, and more bodily pain. As compared with no or low use of backpacks at school, heavy use (odds ratio, 1.98; P < 0.0001) was independently associated with back pain. Female gender and larger body mass index also were significantly associated with back pain. As compared with adolescents who had no back pain, adolescents with back pain carried significantly heavier backpacks that represented a significantly greater percentage of their body weights. CONCLUSION The use of backpacks during the school day and backpack weights are independently associated with back pain.
The science and art of promotion evaluation

Over the past two decades commodity checkoff programs have proliferated. In 1996 legislation was passed that requires these programs to be evaluated at least once every 5 years. Because of this legislation there are now potential legal and monetary implications associated with these evaluations. Consequently, for all parties concerned two questions naturally arise: what is the scientific status of promotion evaluations? How can promotion evaluations be improved?This article attempts to answer these questions by exploring the scientific and artistic aspects of the central activity involved in all promotion evaluations: modeling. Attention centers on the scientific assumption choice set that is available to modelers, the tradeoffs involved in making certain assumption choices, and how assumption choices may be improved in general. These ideas are discussed in the context of a sample of promotion evaluation studies. [Econ-Lit citations: B4, D6, Q13] © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Somatosensory evoked potentials in spinal cord injured patients

Out of 25 patients with traumatic spinal cord injuries, ten patients with complete and 15 incomplete (five serially) were evaluated with somatosensory evoked potentials. Clinical correlations are presented and discussed.
Systemic and coronary hemodynamic effects of sodium nitroprusside.

Treatment for hypertensive crises with sodium nitroprusside was reported1-4 many years ago and it was shown to be rapidly effective in controlling various hypertensive states including the hypertension induced by pheochromocytoma after phentolamine was no longer effective.5 Its systemic hemodynamic effects were studied in man and its hypotensive action was con6rmed.6 However, it was not used widely at least partly because of its toxicity. 7-g There has been wide recent clinical interestlO-l3 in the use of the drug, however, and its hemodynamic effects have been restudied in subjects with coronary artery disease or cardiomyopathy14 and its renal effects were studied in hypertensive subjects15 and in the dog.16The data obtained previously in dogs’ and rnan6,14,15 did not include observations concerning coronary blood flow and myocardial metabolism. This seems of critical importance in hypotensive subjects. Therefore the present study was done.
Crusting effects on erosion processes under simulated rainfall on a tropical Alfisol

Sealing and crusting of soil surfaces have dramatic effects on water infiltration into and runoff from soils, thereby greatly influencing erosion processes. This study focused on the effect of the initial stage of crusting on inter-rill erosion processes for a crust-prone Alfisol sampled from south-central India. Soil aggregates ranging from 2·4 to 8 mm collected from ploughed (PL) and naturally vegetated (NV) treatments were subjected to rainfall simulation under laboratory conditions. Runoff from PL soil aggregates was 2–2·5 times higher, while percolation was 20–100% lower, than for NV aggregates. Soil wash and splash losses were 0·5–3 times greater for PL than for NV soil. Runoff and inter-rill erosion were significantly higher during the wet simulation run compared with the dry run. The results indicated that NV soil aggregates were more resistant to breakdown from raindrop impact and slaking, and subject to less rapid sealing, than PL soil. Total soil loss was influenced most by initial aggregate stability and the extent of seal development. Splash and wash losses of soil both increased as a result of surface sealing regardless of soil condition for short (30–60 min) rainfall durations. High drying rates resulted in the highest crust bulk densities. Increased crust strength for PL soil compared with NV soil reflected the greater susceptibility of cultivated soil to surface sealing and crusting. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BEETLES THAT CANNOT BITE: FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE HEAD OF ADULT RHYSODINES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE OR RHYSODIDAE)

In Rhysodini the greatly enlarged mentum forms the entering edge as the beetle wedge-pushes its way through wood. The mandibles cannot bite either wood fibers or food items, but function as a cover for the other mouthparts. The palpi are completely retractile. Each maxilla bears two stylets, the galea and lacinia, and the ligula consists of two bilobed structures. These are apparently the sole feeding structures enabling the beetles to prey on the amoeboid stage of slime molds. The large internal cavity of the head is interpreted as a compromise between a greatly reduced head volume, resulting from reduced jaw musculature, and the need to retain the surface of a full-sized head as part of the wedge-pushing apparatus.
Elastic moduli of a solid containing spherical inclusions

Abstract The differential method is used to calculate the elastic moduli of a solid that contains a random distribution of spherical inclusions. Closed-form solutions are obtained for the two limiting cases of rigid inclusions and vacuous pores. These solutions obey the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds, and reduce to the correct values as the inclusion concentration approaches 0 or 1. The predictions are compared with data from the literature, and are shown to be very accurate over wide ranges of the inclusion concentration.
On the feasibility of detecting extrasolar planets by reflected starlight using the hubble space telescope

The best metrology data extant are presently used to estimate the center and wing point-spread function of the HST, in order to ascertain the implications of an observational criterion according to which a faint source's discovery can occur only when the signal recorded near its image's location is sufficiently larger than would be expected in its absence. After defining the maximum star-planet flux ratio, a figure of merit Q, defined as the contrast ratio between a 'best case' planet and the scattered starlight background, is introduced and shown in the HST's case to be unfavorable for extrasolar planet detection.
Newborn infants prefer the maternal low-pass filtered voice, but not the maternal whispered voice

This research examined the hypothesis that prenatally available acoustic properties of the maternal voice support newborns' recognition of the maternal voice. We addressed this question first by assessing infants' preference for maternal voice samples that preserved the lower vocal frequencies which are salient in the uterine environment and second by assessing newborns' preference for maternal whispered voice samples that are produced without voicing and do not contain low frequencies. Infants preferred their mothers' voices over unfamiliar female voices when presented 500-Hz low-pass filtered voice samples in a nonnutritive sucking operant choice procedure. Infants did not prefer their mothers' whispered voices, suggesting that they did not recognize them. Three additional experiments further clarified this interpretation. These experiments demonstrated that infants hear whispered voices and that they discriminate unfamiliar whispered voices. Additionally, whispered voices were not reinforcing for newborns, suggesting that acoustic properties that contribute to the reinforcing value of female voices are not present in whispering. These results indicate that vocal properties that are available prenatally are sufficient to support newborns' preference for the maternal voice, and they suggest that fundamental frequency is important for neonatal voice recognition.
Low-resolution infrared derivative spectrometry for source concentration monitoring

Abstract Derivative spectrometry uses periodic modulation and selected spectral information to evaluate species concentration and to reduce interference. A frequency component analysis for a low-resolution infrared monitoring system is presented, including narrow-band radiation expressions and a prediction of interference effects. An experimental optical pathlength sensitivity of about 0.001 atm-cm of NO is achieved, and first overtone component sensing is found to be superior to fundamental component sensing.
Proteomics without polyacrylamide: qualitative and quantitative uses of tandem mass spectrometry in proteome analysis

Proteomics can be thought of as an attempt to understand the information encoded in genomic sequences from the perspective of proteins; i.e. the structure, function and regulation of biological processes at the protein level. In practice it stands in stark contrast to the hypothesis-driven serial approach practiced in the last century that was so successful for protein chemists and is built on the basic understanding of protein physicochemical properties developed during that era. Proteomics attempts to study biological processes comprehensively or globally by systematic parallel analysis of proteins expressed in a cell. While there are many analytical techniques in use and under development in proteomics, mass spectrometry is currently one of the field's most important discovery-based tools. This article will review some of the current approaches for qualitative and quantitative uses of tandem mass spectrometry in the field of proteomics specifically avoiding a discussion of the use of gel electrophoresis prior to mass spectrometry.
Identification and decarboxylase activities of bacteria isolated from decomposed mahimahi (Coryphaena hippurus) after incubation at 0 and 32°C

Identification and amine-forming ability of bacterial isolates from decomposed mahimahi (Coryphaena hippurus) were studied in order to identify spoilage microflora and determine the potential for a chemical index of spoilage based on the metabolites produced. Mesophilic bacteria isolated from a fish incubated at 32°C for 24 h were essentially all Gram-negative rods; 89% of these were Vibrio alginolyticus. Strong histamine-forming (> 100 mg/100 ml) mesophiles consisted of eight cultures of Morganella morganii and one of Proteus mirabilis. Weak histamine-forming (< 10 mg/100 ml) mesophiles were all V. alginolyticus, and these comprised 15% of the isolates assigned to that species. Decarboxylation of ornithine and lysine occurred in 38 and 92%, respectively, of the mesophilic isolates. Psychrotrophic isolates obtained from a fish incubated 14 days at 0°C were predominantly Gram-negative genera. Of these, 9% were histamine-forming cultures of Alteromonas putrefaciens, a weak histamine former that produced < 1 mg/100 ml at 5 and 20°C. Decarboxylation of ornithine and lysine occurred in 13 and 15%, respectively, of the psychrotrophic isolates.
Comparison of dry-land training programs between age groups of swimmers.

Objective To describe the current use of dry-land training in swimmers by age category. Design Randomized sampling questionnaire. Setting Web-based survey. Participants Ninety-seven coaches from swim clubs throughout the United States. Main Outcome Measures Dry-land training use, frequency, duration, mode of exercise, and exercise by body region in the following groups: ≤10 years, 11-14 years, 15-18 years, collegiate, and masters swimmers (≥18 years, noncollegiate). Results Among the surveyed coaches (n = 97), dry-land training use varied by swimmers' age (≤10 years [54%], 11-14 years [83%], 15-18 years [93%], collegiate [86%], and masters [26%]) and type of training modality (age ≤18 years [body weight exercises, stretching]; collegiate [free weight/machine weights and body weight exercises]; and masters [weight and cardiovascular training]). The most common body region exercised for all categories except masters was the spine/core, followed by the proximal leg, and then the shoulder. Masters swimmers focused on the shoulder region, followed by the spine. The primary reason for participation in dry-land training was injury prevention for all categories except masters. Limited practice time was the most common reason for not using dry-land training. Conclusions A total of 50%-93% of swim coaches surveyed for all groups except masters incorporated some form of dry-land training; they used body weight exercises in younger swimmers. The focus of dry-land training among swimmers ≤18 years and collegiate swimmers was the spine/core. These findings may be used to develop future studies on how dry-land training contributes to performance or injuries, especially in the younger swimmer.
Effects of elevated intraocular pressure on mouse retinal ganglion cells.

We developed and characterized a mouse model of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) to investigate the underlying cellular and genetic mechanisms of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. IOP was unilaterally increased in C57BL/6J mice by photocoagulation of the episcleral and limbal veins. IOP was measured using an indentation tonometer. RGC survival was measured by retrograde labeling using DiI applied to the superior colliculous. The mechanism of RGC death was investigated using TUNEL staining, immunostaining for cleaved caspase-3, and Western blot for Bcl-2 and Bax expression. RT-PCR was used to measure changes in Bcl-2, Bax, Bad, Bak, P53, ICE and Fas. Mean IOP was increased in the treated eyes from 13 ± 1.8 to 20.0 ± 2.8 mm Hg at four weeks and 17 ± 2.2 mm Hg at eight weeks. RGC loss was 15.6 ± 3.4% at two weeks and 27.3 ± 4.5% at four weeks after laser photocoagulation. TUNEL staining and caspase-3 positive cells were increased in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) in the treated eyes and seldom found in the control eyes. Bcl-2 expression in control group was higher than in the experimental group, while Bax expression in the control group was less than in experimental group. This mouse model resulted in a consistent, sustained increase in IOP with a reduction in the number of RGCs in the treated eye. The RGCs in eyes with elevated IOP were TUNEL-positive, with increased caspase-3 and decreased Bcl-2, consistent with apoptosis as the mechanism of neuronal cell death.
Decreased Mitogen Inducible Gene 6 (MIG-6) Associated with Symptom Severity in Children with Autism

Background: Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) demonstrate impairment in social interactions and problems in verbal and nonverbal communication. Autism spectrum disorders are thought to affect 1 in 88 children in the US. Recent research has shown that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation is associated with nerve cell development and repair. Mitogen inducible gene 6 (MIG-6) is a 58-kDa non-kinase scaffolding adaptor protein consisting of 462 amino-acids, which has been shown to be a negative feedback regulator of EGFR and Met receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling. Subjects and Methods: In this study, we determined plasma levels of MIG-6, which suppresses the EGFR RTK pathway in autistic children, and compared MIG-6 levels with the EGFR ligand, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and the cMET ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). MIG-6 levels were also compared to the symptom severity of 19 different autistic behaviors. Plasma MIG-6 concentration was measured in 40 autistic children and 39 neurotypical, age, and gender similar controls using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Plasma MIG-6 levels were compared to putative biomarkers known to be associated with EGFR and cMET and severity levels of 19 autism related symptoms [awareness, expressive language, receptive language, (conversational) pragmatic language, focus/attention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, perseveration, fine motor skills, gross motor skills, hypotonia (low muscle tone), tip toeing, rocking/pacing, stimming, obsessions/fixations, eye contact, sound sensitivity, light sensitivity, and tactile sensitivity]. Results: In this study, we found that plasma MIG-6 levels in autistic children (182.41 ± 24.3 pg/ml) were significantly lower than neurotypical controls (1779.76 ± 352.5; P = 1.76E - 5). Decreased MIG-6 levels correlated with serotonin, dopamine, Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and urokinase receptor (uPAR) concentration, but not with other tested putative biomarkers. MIG-6 levels also correlated significantly with severity of expressive language, receptive language, tip toeing, rocking/pacing, and hand flapping/stimming. Conclusions: These results suggest a relationship between decreased plasma MIG-6 levels, biomarkers associated with the EGFR pathway, and symptom severity in autism. A strong correlation between plasma MIG-6 and dopamine and serotonin levels suggest that decreased MIG-6 levels may be associated with abnormal neurotransmitter synthesis and/or action. A strong correlation between MIG-6 and uPAR and the inflammatory marker TNF-alpha suggests that low MIG-6 levels may be associated with the HGF/Met signaling pathway, as well as inflammation in autistic children.
152 CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF HYPOTHERMIA AND REWARMING IN NEWBORN DOGS

The cardiovascular effects of acute hypothermia and rapid rewarming were studied in 11 newborn dogs, 2-5 days of age, anesthetized lightly with penthothal, 20 mg/kg. Cardiac output and organ blood flows were measured by the radioactive microsphere reference organ technique. Animals were made hypothermic by placing them in an incubator without heat, resulting in rectal and skin temperatures of 33.0±.25° C and 33.7±.28° C, respectively (mean±SE). Animals were rapidly rewarmed by setting the incubator heater to maximum, resulting in a rise of rectal and skin temperatures to 35.1±.49° C and 35.5±.40° C, respectively, within 60 minutes. Rapid rewarming resulted in a slight rise in BP from 45.0 to 49.4 mmHg (p<.025), a slight rise in renal blood flow from 2.17 to 2.81 ml/min/g (p<.05) and a large (65%) increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF) from .31 to .51 ml/min/g (p<.05). There were no significant changes in cardiac output or blood flow to the GI tract. Measurements of the effects of cooling were made in 4 animals and revealed a marked drop in CBF from .51 to .20 (p<.025). During the rewarming procedure, 4 animals became apneic and bradycardic, responding to tactile stimulation. These studies demonstrate that acute changes in body temperature result in altered function of the cardiovascular system, particularly flow to the brain, and such changes may contribute to the clinical disorders found in infants under similar thermal conditions.
Identification of Hibernating Myocardium: Comparative Accuracy of Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography, Rest-Redistribution Thallium-201 Tomography and Dobutamine Echocardiography

Abstract Objectives. We sought to evaluate the comparative accuracy of myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE), quantitative rest-redistribution thallium-201 (Tl-201) tomography and low and high dose (up to 40 μg/kg body weight per min) dobutamine echocardiography (DE) in identifying myocardial hibernation. Background. Myocardial contrast echocardiography can assess myocardial perfusion and may therefore be useful in predicting myocardial hibernation. However, its accuracy in comparison to myocardial perfusion scintigraphy and to that of high dose DE remains to be investigated. Methods. Eighteen patients (aged [±SD] 57 ± 10 years) with stable coronary artery disease and ventricular dysfunction underwent the above three modalities before coronary revascularization. Myocardial contrast echocardiography was achieved with intracoronary Albunex. Rest echocardiographic and Tl-201 studies were repeated ≥6 weeks after revascularization. Results. Of 109 revascularized segments with severe dysfunction, 46 (42%) improved. Left ventricular ejection fraction increased from 38 ± 14% to 45 ± 13% at follow-up (p = 0.003). Rest Tl-201 uptake and the ratio of peak contrast intensity of dysfunctional to normal segments with MCE were higher (p Conclusions. In myocardial hibernation, methods evaluating rest perfusion (MCE, Tl-201) or any contractile reserve have a similar high sensitivity but a low specificity for predicting recovery of function. A limited contractile reserve (biphasic response) increases the specificity of DE. Importantly, the three techniques identified all patients who had significant improvement in global ventricular function. (J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:985–93) © 1997 by the American College of Cardiology
The oscillator strength of theC2 Swan bands

Litetimes of six individual rotational levels in theν=0 vibrational level of the3π g state of C2 were measured by monitoring the fluorescent decay after pulsed laser excitation. A value of 92±5 ns was obtained, 25% lower than previous measurements. The corresponding oscillator strength for the Swan (0-0) band isf00=0.032±0.002, in agreement with recent theoretical work.
Development of a Device for Normalization of a Hyperactive Gag Reflex Response

This research aims at developing a new device for normalization of a hyperactive gag reflex response. The gag reflex protects the airway against the entrance of unwanted material. Individuals with a hyperactive gag reflex response exhibit either a forceful motor response which may include vomiting or trigger the gag reflex in the anterior 2/3 of the oral cavity or non-oral body parts (3).Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Special characteristics of retarded children rated as severely hyperactive.

Ninety-four pairs of retarded children, in one of whom hyperactivity was rated as no problem and in the other as a severe problem, were matched for age and year of examination. The findings indicated a higher incidence of central nervous system damage and/or dysfunction in the hyperactive children than in those who were not hyperactive.
Hypergastrinemia is associated with decreased gastric acid secretion in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-treated rats.

Abstract 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) produces a delayed onset hypergastrinemia in rats. The purpose of the present study was to determine if the increased serum gastrin concentrations were caused by decreased gastric acid secretion, decreased plasma clearance of gastrin, and/or decreased gastric emptying. It was found that TCDD treatment decreased gastric acid secretion as determined by decreases in gastric secretory volume, acidity, and total acid output in pylorus-ligated rats. Also, both dose-response and time-course curves for decreased gastric acid secretion in TCDD-treated rats were similar to those for hypergastrinemia. These findings, as well as a significant inverse correlation between serum gastrin concentrations and total gastric acid output in rats treated with graded doses of TCDD (5–100 μg/kg), suggest that TCDD-induced decreases in gastric acid production cause elevated serum gastrin concentrations. Neither hypergastrinemia nor decreased gastric acid secretion were observed in pair-fed control rats, demonstrating that neither effect was secondary to undernutrition. The TCDD-induced decrease in gastric acid secretion was not caused by a decrease in the number of acid-secreting parietal cells in the stomach, but rather was associated with a decrease in parietal cell responsiveness to gastrin-elicited acid secretion. This was evidenced by both elevated serum gastrin concentrations and a pharmacological dose of pentagastrin failing to stimulate gastric acid secretion in TCDD-treated rats. The disappearance of iv-administered gastrin-17 from the serum was not affected by TCDD treatment, suggesting that reduced serum gastrin clearance is not responsible for the TCDD-induced hypergastrinemia. Although a marked decrease in gastric emptying of a 51 Cr-labeled liquid test meal was also observed in TCDD-treated rats, the lowest dose of TCDD required to produce this effect was greater than that needed to cause hypergastrinemia. This suggests that the hypergastrinemic effect of TCDD is not secondary to a decrease in gastric emptying. We conclude that the most probable cause of hypergastrinemia in TCDD-treated rats is decreased gastric acid secretion.
Consumers' willingness to innovate: ownership of microwaves, computers and entertainment products

This paper examines the factors influencing the probability and years of ownership of four technological products: microwaves, home computers, video cassette recorders (VCRs) and compact disc players. Family income increased the probability of ownership of microwaves and video cassette recorders and the length of ownership of microwaves. Males were more likely to own a computer than females and the probability and length of computer ownership increased with educational level. Innovation adapters as measured by an innovation index had owned microwaves and VCRs longer. The identification of the indicators of product adoption provides guidance for future acceptance of innovative products.
Thermal Diffusion Effects in Chemical Vapor Deposition Reactors

A mathematical model that describes the behavior of chemical vapor deposition reactors with well‐defined hydrodynamics has been extended to include the effects of multicomponent thermal diffusion. The influence of thermal diffusion on the deposition rate is dependent on the deposition system and on the operating conditions of the reactor. For production of silicon by reduction of silicon tetrachloride in excess hydrogen, deposition rates are typically lowered by 15–20%. However, for deposition of boron from boron trichloride and hydrogen, thermal diffusion can raise growth rates by approximately 7% when concentrated inlet gas mixtures are used.