cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinematic and dynamic rupture models of the November 3, 2002 Mw7.9 Denali, Alaska, earthquake

[1] Regional seismic waveforms, continuous and campaign-mode GPS data, and surface slip measurements were used to obtain a kinematic model of the rupture process of the November 3, 2002 Mw 7.9 Denali, Alaska, earthquake. The event initiated as a Mw 7.0 reverse slip event on the north-dipping Susitna Glacier fault with subsequent right-lateral slip distributed over approximately 300 km of the Denali fault system. Near-shear rupture velocity is inferred from the kinematic modeling. The average and maximum slips were found to be 2.14 m and 10.3 m. Static stress drop varies from 1.3 to 5.0 MPa over the 5-segment fault model. Dynamic modeling shows the rupture propagated along the Susitna Glacier and Denali faults, then transferred to the Totschunda fault before stopping, largely due to the Totschunda's more favorable orientation with respect to the regional stress field.
Ion Beam Slicing of Single Crystal Oxide Thin Films

Epitaxial thin film liftoff using the ion-slicing method has been applied to SrTiO3 single crystals. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry along with channeling (RBS/C) has been used to investigate the relative disorder as a function of temperature from the samples that were irradiated by 40 KeV hydrogen ions to a fluence of 5.0×1016 H+/cm2. Hydrogen profiles were also measured as a function of annealing temperature to understand the role of hydrogen in the ion slicing process. Film cleavage occurred during or after annealing at 570 K, and cleaved film has been successfully transferred to a silicon substrate using ceramic adhesive.
The Evolution of a Primordial Galactic Magnetic Field

We consider the hypothesis that galactic magnetic fields are primordial. We also discuss the various objections to this hypothesis. To test this hypothesis properly we assume that there was a magnetic field present in the galactic plasma before the galaxy formed and explore how such a field would evolve assuming a specific model for the interstellar medium in the galactic disk. After the galactic disk formed, the lines of force thread through it and remain connected to the external cosmic medium. They enter through one side of the disk, proceed horizontally a distance l in the disk, and then leave through the other side. We find that the lines of force are stretched by the differential rotation of the galactic disk, amplifying the toroidal component of the field and increasing l. When the magnetic field is strong enough, it produces ambipolar velocities that try to lift the line out of the galactic disk but in opposite directions on different parts of the line. The result is that, instead of the line being expelled from the disk, its horizontal length l is shortened, both in the radial and in the toroidal direction. This leads to a reduction of the rate of horizontal stretching and finally a reduction in the magnetic field strength. After a sufficient time, the magnetic field at all points goes through this reduction and the field strength approaches a universal function of time. This function is slowly decreasing and only depends on the ambipolar properties of the interstellar medium. At any given time the magnetic field is toroidal and has the same strength everywhere. On the other hand, it turns out that its direction varies rapidly with radius, changing sign every 100 parsecs or so. However, if the initial cosmic magnetic field is not uniform, the areas of one sign of the toroidal field dominate over the other. The resulting field has a net Faraday rotation. If such a field were observed with low resolution in an external galaxy, then the field would appear toroidal in between the spiral arms. The spiral density wave would turn it so that the lines appear to trace out the spiral arm, although the apparent lines really are the sum of pieces of magnetic lines as they cross the disk. They do not necessarily extend very far along the arms. We contend that this model of the magnetic field, which arises naturally from a primordial origin, can fit the observations as well as other models for the magnetic field, such as those arising from the mean field dynamo theory. Finally, because the field lines are topologically threaded through the disk, they cannot be expelled from the disk. This counters the objection against the primordial origin, namely that such a field could not survive very long in the galaxy.
Reliability-aware Co-synthesis for Embedded Systems

As technology scales, transient faults have emerged as a key challenge for reliable embedded system design. This paper proposes a design methodology that incorporates reliability into hardware---software co-design paradigm for embedded systems. We introduce an allocation and scheduling algorithm that efficiently handles conditional execution in multi-rate embedded systems, and selectively duplicates critical tasks to detect or correct transient errors, such that the reliability of the system is improved. Two methods are proposed to insert duplicated tasks into the schedule. The improved reliability is achieved by utilizing the otherwise idle computation resources and taking advantage of the overlapping schedule for mutually exclusive tasks in the conditional task graph, such that it incurs no resource or performance penalty.
Adding flavor to Dijkgraaf-Vafa

We study matrix models related via the correspondence of Dijkgraaf and Vafa to supersymmetric gauge theories with matter in the fundamental. As in flavorless examples, measure factors of the matrix integral reproduce information about R-symmetry violation in the field theory. The models, studied previously as models of open strings, exhibit a large-M phase transition as the number of flavors is varied. This is the matrix model's manifestation of the end of asymptotic freedom. Using the relation to a quiver gauge theory, we extract the effective glueball superpotential and Seiberg-Witten curve from the matrix model.
Design of resonators using materials with negative refractive index

By optimizing the design we show that inhomogeneous electromagnetic resonators with almost uniform field intensity and up to twice the energy density of conventional structures are possible by exploiting the properties of negative refractive index materials. We demonstrate that using negative refractive index materials it is possible to make FWHM of the transmission coefficient independent of cavity length L.
SOLUTIONS FOR 10,000 ECLIPSING BINARIES IN THE BULGE FIELDS OF OGLE II USING DEBiL

We have developed a fully automated pipeline for systematically identifying and analyzing eclipsing binaries within large data sets of light curves. The pipeline is made up of multiple tiers that subject the light curves to increasing levels of scrutiny. After each tier, light curves that did not conform to a given criteria were filtered out of the pipeline, reducing the load on the following, more computationally intensive tiers. As a central component of the pipeline, we created the fully automated Detached Eclipsing Binary Light curve fitter (DEBiL), which rapidly fits large numbers of light curves to a simple model. Using the results of DEBiL, light curves of interest can be flagged for follow-up analysis. As a test case, we analyzed the 218,699 light curves within the bulge fields of the OGLE II survey and produced 10,862 model fits. We point out a small number of extreme examples, as well as unexpected structure found in several of the population distributions. We expect this approach to become increasingly important as light-curve data sets continue growing in both size and number.
Tissue current-to-dose conversion factors for neutrons with energies from 0.5 to 60 MeV

Abstract To assist in the evaluation of the hazard associated with exposure to high-energy neutrons, a Monte Carlo computer program was used to calculate the energy deposition as a function of depth in a 30-cm-thick infinite slab of tissue resulting from neutrons incident on the slab at energies up to 60 MeV. The program treated non-elastic and elastic interactions, including evaporation processes and nuclear recoils. Cases of both normal and isotropic incidence were calculated for neutrons of 0.5, 2, 10, 18, 30 and 60 MeV. From these data, current-to-dose conversion factors were extracted for the average whole-body dose, the dose at a 5-cm depth, and the maximum dose. A set of quality factors (QF's) was adopted for tranforming rad dose to rem dose.
On the renormalizability and unitarity of the Curci-Ferrari model for massive vector bosons

Abstract We prove the renormalizability of the Curci-Ferrari model with and without auxiliary fields using BRST methods. In both cases we find five Z factors instead of three. We verify our results by explicit one-loop calculations. We determine a set of generators for the “physical states”, many of which have negative norm. Supersymmetrization is considered.
Oxygen in Open Cluster Dwarfs: Pleiades* and M34 **

We analyze the high-excitation O I ?7774 triplet in high-resolution, moderate signal-to-noise ratio spectra of 15 Pleiades and eight M34 open cluster dwarfs over the effective temperature range of 5048-6172 K. Relative O abundances have been derived using model atmospheres interpolated from four different sets of ATLAS9 grids. In contrast to existing non-LTE (NLTE) predictions, a dramatic increase in the O I triplet abundance with decreasing temperature is seen for both clusters, regardless of the atmospheric model. S I abundances of three Pleiades stars derived from the high-excitation ?6053 feature mimic the O I abundance behavior. O abundances have also been derived from the [O I] ?6300 feature in three Pleiades stars; the abundances exhibit a much lower mean value than do the cool dwarf triplet results. Inasmuch as the [O I] abundances are presumed to be free from NLTE effects, their mean values ([O/H]6300 = +0.14) provide the current best estimate of the Pleiades O abundance. Spreads in [O/H]Trip at a given temperature are also seen in both clusters; no correlation is found between the spreads and the chromospheric emission measures.
The Graphic Nature of Gaussian Periods

Recent work has shown that the study of supercharacters on abelian groups provides a natural framework within which to study certain exponential sums of interest in number theory. Our aim here is to initiate the study of Gaussian periods from this novel perspective. Among other things, our approach reveals that these classical objects display dazzling visual patterns of great complexity and remarkable subtlety.
Neutron star equation of state

Abstract New observations of neutron stars from sources such as radio pulsars, X-ray binaries, quasi-periodic oscillators, X-ray bursters and thermally-emitting isolated neutron stars, can ultimately constrain the dense matter equation of state. Observable quantities include neutron star masses, radii, rotation rates, radiation radii, redshifts, moments of inertia, temperatures and ages. Several ways in which these quantities can lead to theoretical limits are discussed.
Terahertz electromagnetic transients as probes of a two-dimensional electron gas

Abstract We demonstrate the application of terahertz electromagnetic transients to the study of the dynamical conductivity of a two-dimensional, high mobility electron gas in modulation doped GaAs quantum wells. The transient response of such an electron system on a picosecond time scale occurs in a regime where the implications of electron-electron interaction effects need to be considered.
The syntheses of 16a'-homo-leurosidine and 16a'-homo-vinblastine. Generation of atropisomers.

The synthesis of 16a‘-homo-leurosidine was achieved through enantioselective generation of a ring D‘-seco-precursor 33 (without requirement of a chiral auxiliary). Its cyclization provided the Nb‘-quaternary salt 35 with a configuration corresponding to the atropisomeric form 8a rather than 8b of the target product. On debenzylation, the amine 8a was obtained and found not to isomerize thermally to the anticipated atropisomer 8b (in contrast to its lower homologue, with its formation of natural leurosidine). However, on protonation, a 1:1 mixture of atropisomers of 16a‘-homo-leurosidine was obtained. A synthesis of 16a‘-homo-vinblastine provided two atropisomers 5a and 5b for the free base at equilibrium (1:2.3 at room temperature in CDCl3), with a shift to the major conformer 5b with increasing solvent acidity or decreasing temperature. The synthesis was achieved through a stereoselective inversion of the tertiary hydroxyl function in the enantioselectively generated C-20‘ progenitor 39.
Conformal properties of a Yang-Mills pseudoparticle

The conformal transformation properties of the recently discovered pseudoparticle solution to a pure Yang-Mills theory are studied. It is shown that the solution is invariant under an O(5) subgroup of conformal transformations. A formalism is developed which renders this invariance explicit and which allows a very compact group-theoretical analysis of the propagation of fermions in the field of the pseudoparticle.
The benefits of the multi-target approach in drug design and discovery

Promiscuous binding has been considered to be a problem in the design and development of new drugs against a given disease. However, promiscuity in molecular recognition is not all bad news, and scientists are currently taking advantage of the emerging 'promiscuous binding' or 'multi-target approach' in medicinal chemistry.
Hydrolysis of 2,4-dinitrophenylphosphate promoted by hydroxoaquatetraaminecobalt(III) ions

Abstract The hydrolysis of 2,4-dinitrophenylphosphate (DNPP) to orthophosphate and 2,4-dinitrophenolate (DNP) is accelerated in the presence of excess tn 2 Co(H 2 O) 2 3+ or trpnCo(H 2 O) 2 3+ at rates which maximize at pHs close to those at which the hydroxoaquatetraaminecobalt(III) complex concentrations peak (tn 2 , pH ∼6.4; trpn, pH ∼6.0; tn = trimethylenediamine; trpn = 3,3′,3″-triaminotripropylamine). For dilute DNPP solutions (∼10 −4 M) the hydrolysis rates (25°C, 0.50 M NaClO 4 ) increase with increasing Co/DNPP ratio in ways that are qualitatively as well as quantitatively different for the two systems (trpn: steady increase moving toward rate saturation, higher rates; tn 2 : ‘S’-shaped curve with very low rates at low ratios, lower rates compared to trpn for comparable ratios). For the trpn system the results are interpreted on the basis of pre-equilibrium formation of the 1:1 monodentate-DNPP cobalt complex by substitution of the labile water on cobalt, and rate-determining attack by the cis -coordinated hydroxide on the phosphorus center to affect hydrolysis. For the tn 2 system the main path to hydrolysis is through a 2:1 cobalt to DNPP complex in which attack by a cis -coordinated hydroxide is again involved. The more complex rate behavior and the slower hydrolysis rates observed for tn 2 system result from the formation of cis and trans isomers in which trans arrangements of coordinated DNPP and hydroxide leave the latter unavailable to participate in intramolecular hydrolysis. Computer fitting of the observed rate data provides values of equilibrium and rate constants for the two systems. Detailed mechanistic schemes are proposed. For the trpn system at pH 6.0 and a 25:1 cobalt to DNPP ratio (5 × 10 −5 M DNPP) the observed acceleration over hydrolysis in the absence of the cobalt complex is ∼3 × 10 3 ; the calculated specific rate constant for hydrolysis in the reactive 1:1 complex ( k ∼0.2 s −1 ) represents an acceleration over the unpromoted rate of ∼3 × 10 4 .
Terms of Trade Shocks and Private Savings in the Developing Countries

Abstract Economic agents in the developing countries are subject to tight credit constraints, which are more pronounced during bad state of nature. Thus, adverse shocks to commodity prices in the world market can force them to reduce savings by a larger amount than they would otherwise have. Empirical analysis using a dynamic GMM model and data from 45 developing countries confirm that most of the determinants of savings identified in the literature also apply to the developing countries. The transitory component in the terms of trade have a larger positive impact than the permanent component. This reflects the lack of access to foreign borrowing. Although the impact of terms of trade shocks is found to be asymmetric, the magnitude of the impact appears to be relatively small. Results show some differences in the response of savings in the three regions considered here. The results are, however, robust for alternative estimators and determinants.
Geometry of the transport equation in multicomponent WKB approximations

Although the WKB approximation for multicomponent systems has been intensively studied in the literature, its geometric and global aspects are much less well understood than in the scalar case. In this paper we give a completely geometric derivation of the transport equation, without using local sections and without assuming complete diagonalizability of the matrix valued principal symbol, or triviality of its eigenbundles. The term (unnamed in the previous literature) appearing in the transport equation in addition to the covariant derivative with respect to a natural projected connection is a tensor, independent of the choice of any sections. We give a goemetric interpretation of this tensor, involving the contraction of the curvature of the eigenbundle and an analog of the second fundamental form with the Poisson tensor in phase space. In the non-degenerate case this term may be rewritten in an even simpler geometric form. Finally, we discuss obstructions to the existence of WKB states and give a geometric description of the quantization condition for WKB states for a non-degenerate eigenvalue-function.
Inferring Temperature From Optical Radiation Measurements

The methodology for inferring temperature from optical radiation exitent from an opaque surface is described. Beginning with the measurement equation, the output of the radiation thermometer is related to radiant flux reaching the detector. Characteristics of blackbody radiators are reviewed, and the effects of surface emissivity, reflected irradiances, and the atmosphere are presented. Applications to a reheat furnace and a direct-fired process heater illustrate the practical importance of these effects and point out the need for a firm understanding of the physics of thermal radiation to properly interpret radiation thermometer observations.
Using shared arrays in message-driven parallel programs

This paper describes a safe and efficient combination of the object-based message-driven execution and shared array parallel programming models. In particular, we demonstrate how this combination engenders the composition of loosely coupled parallel modules safely accessing a common shared array. That loose coupling enables both better flexibility in parallel execution and greater ease of implementing multi-physics simulations. As a case study, we describe how the parallelization of a new method for molecular dynamics simulation benefits from both of these advantages. We also describe a system of typed handle objects that embed some of the determinacy constraints of the Multiphase Shared Array programming model in the C++ type system, to catch some violations at compile time. The combined programming model communicates in terms of these handles as a natural means of detecting and preventing errors.
Random noise attenuation using local signal-and-noise orthogonalization

ABSTRACTWe have developed a novel approach to attenuate random noise based on local signal-and-noise orthogonalization. In this approach, we first removed from a seismic section using one of the conventional denoising operators and then applied a weighting operator to the initially denoised section to predict the signal-leakage energy, as well as retrieve it from the initial noise section. The weighting operator was obtained by solving a least-squares minimization problem via shaping regularization with a smoothness constraint. Next, the initially denoised section and the retrieved signal were combined to form the final denoised section. The proposed denoising approach corresponded to orthogonalizing the initially denoised signal and noise in a local manner. We evaluated the denoising performance using local similarity. To test the orthogonalization property of the estimated signal and noise, we calculated the local similarity map between the denoised signal section and removed noise section. Low values o...
STILL IN LIGHT-CONE SUPERSPACE

The recently formulated Bagger-Lambert-Gustavsson (BLG) theory in three dimensions is described in terms of a constrained chiral superfield in light-cone superspace. We discuss the use of Superconformal symmetry to determine the form of its interactions, in complete analogy with N = 4 SuperYang-Mills in four dimensions.
Transition Losses of Partially Mobile Industry-Specific Capital

In estimating the economic effects of public policy, comparative static models typically assume homogenous factors that are either mobile or immobile. For changes designed to improve factor allocations, the former assumption would overstate welfare gains, while the latter would understate them. The model in this paper restricts each industry's capital reduction to its rate of depreciation. The stock of depreciated capital represents an industry-specific type of capital that may earn a lower equilibrium return. This model suggests that previous estimates of efficiency gains from integration of U. S. personal and corporate income taxes are overstated by $5 billion.
Design considerations in single-channel MOS analog integrated circuits-a tutorial

The design of single-channel MOS analog integrated circuits is discussed. Simple models are presented and approximate design equations are given for basic analog cells. The emphasis is on first-order analysis as a starting point for computer-aided design.
Dynamics of Cilia-Based Microfluidic Devices

This article models the dynamics of cilia-based devices (soft cantilever-type, vibrating devices that are excited by external vibrations) for mixing and manipulating liquids in microfluidic applications. The main contribution of this article is to develop a model, which shows that liquid sloshing and the added-mass effect play substantial roles in generating large-amplitude motion of the cilia. Additionally, experimental mixing results, with and without cilia, are comparatively evaluated to show more than one order-of-magnitude reduction in the mixing time with the use of cilia. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4004063]
Hot Solar-Wind Helium: Direct Evidence for Local Heating by Alfven-Cyclotron Dissipation

A study of solar-wind hydrogen and helium temperature observations collected by the Wind spacecraft offers compelling evidence of heating by an Alfv\'en-cyclotron dissipation mechanism. Observations are sorted by the rate of Coulomb interactions, or collisional age, in the plasma and the differential flow between the two species. We show that helium is preferentially heated perpendicular to the magnetic field direction by more than a factor of 6 when the flow between the species is small relative to the Alfv\'en wave speed and collisions are infrequent. These signatures are consistent with predictions of dissipation in the presence of multiple ion species. We also report an unexpected result: observations of efficient heating of helium parallel to the magnetic field for large differential flow relative to the sound speed.
MULTIPLIERS AND DUAL OPERATOR ALGEBRAS

Abstract In a previous paper we showed how the main theorems characterizing operator algebras and operator modules, fit neatly into the framework of the “noncommutative Shilov boundary,” and more particularly via the left multiplier operator algebra of an operator space. As well as giving new characterization theorems, the approach of that paper allowed many of the hypotheses of the earlier theorems to be eliminated. Recent progress of the author with Effros and Zarikian now enables weak*-versions of these characterization theorems. For example, we prove a result analogous to Sakai's famous characterization of von Neumann algebras as the C *-algebras with predual, namely, that the σ -weakly closed unital (not-necessarily-selfadjoint) subalgebras of B ( H ) for a Hilbert space H , are exactly the unital operator algebras which possess an operator space predual. This removes one of the hypotheses from an earlier characterization due to Le Merdy. We also show that the multiplier operator algebras of dual operator spaces are dual operator algebras. Using this we refine several known results characterizing dual operator modules.
Resistivity due to Domain Wall Scattering

Domain walls in ferromagnetic metals are known to be a source of resistance since the early experiments on iron whiskers. Recently it has been possible to identify this contribution from data on cobalt and nickel films which display stripe domains in which the current is driven normal to the domain walls. With the same Hamiltonian as used to explain giant magnetoresistance in structures with collinear magnetic alignments we have determined the spin flip, as well as nonflip, scattering present in domain walls. We calculate the resistivity in zero field, i.e., in the presence of striped domains, and at saturation to show the amount of magnetoresistance that is attributable to domain wall scattering.
Synthesis of Optically Active β-Amino Acid N-Carboxyanhydrides

Methodology has been developed for the general synthesis of optically active β-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (β-NCAs) through cyclization of Nβ-Boc or Nβ-Cbz β-amino acids using phosphorus tribromide. The formation of β-NCAs was confirmed by spectroscopy as well as an X-ray structural determination of β-homoalanine-N-carboxyanhydride. The β-NCA molecules could be polymerized in good yield to give optically active poly(β-peptides) that adopt stable chiral conformations in solution. For example, helical oligo(l-β-homophenylalanine) was synthesized by polymerization of l-β-homophenylalanine-N-carboxyanhydride.
Strategic Ownership Structure and the Cost of Debt

We theoretically and empirically address the endogeneity of corporate ownership structure and the cost of debt, with a novel emphasis on the role of control concentration in postdefault firm restructuring. Control concentration raises agency costs of debt, and dominant shareholders trade off private benefits of control against higher borrowing costs in choosing their ownership stakes. Based on our theoretical predictions, and using an international sample of syndicated loans and unique dynamic ownership structure data, we present new evidence on the firm- and macro-level determinants of corporate control concentration and the cost of debt. (JEL G21, G32)
Expected stock returns, real business activity and consumption smoothing

Abstract This paper develops a general equilibrium asset-pricing model that incorporates both production technology and consumption-smoothing behavior. It shows that technology and productivity shocks, labor input and capital stock are important factors in explaining the behavior of expected asset returns. Empirical tests indicate that, while technology shocks and growth in capital stock are significant factors in explaining asset returns, it is the labor growth variable that appears to provide most of the explanatory power. Furthermore, our results indicate that investors are likely to have high levels of relative risk aversion as well as consumption-smoothing behavior.
Non-Ohmic transport in the magnetic-field-induced charge density wave phase of graphite

Abstract Non-Ohmic transport phenomenon has been found in the recently discovered high magnetic field phase of graphite. The non-Ohmicity occurs at characteristic electric fields of order 100 mV/cm, and is reminiscent of the collective charge density wave transport observed in linear chain compounds such as NbSe3.
Intergenerational continuity of cell shape dynamics in Caulobacter crescentus

We investigate the intergenerational shape dynamics of single Caulobacter crescentus cells using a novel combination of imaging techniques and theoretical modeling. We determine the dynamics of cell pole-to-pole lengths, cross-sectional widths, and medial curvatures from high accuracy measurements of cell contours. Moreover, these shape parameters are determined for over 250 cells across approximately 10000 total generations, which affords high statistical precision. Our data and model show that constriction is initiated early in the cell cycle and that its dynamics are controlled by the time scale of exponential longitudinal growth. Based on our extensive and detailed growth and contour data, we develop a minimal mechanical model that quantitatively accounts for the cell shape dynamics and suggests that the asymmetric location of the division plane reflects the distinct mechanical properties of the stalked and swarmer poles. Furthermore, we find that the asymmetry in the division plane location is inherited from the previous generation. We interpret these results in terms of the current molecular understanding of shape, growth, and division of C. crescentus.
OCTONIONIC HERMITIAN MATRICES WITH NON-REAL EIGENVALUES

We extend previous work on the eigenvalue problem for Hermitian octonionic matrices by discussing the case where the eigenvalues are not real, giving a complete treatment of the 2 × 2 case, and summarizing some preliminary results for the 3 × 3 case.
Transfer Function Parameter Changes Due to Structural Damage

A novel study of the transfer function parameter changes due to structural damage is presented in this paper. This study is based on a coherence approach, which uses the coherence between the parameter change of the transfer function of the tested system and the change due to structural damage for damage detection. Because only a few sensors are required in using the coherence approach for damage detection, the sensor placement is particularly important for this approach. This paper presents a technique of optimal sensor placement for structural damage detection. The results of a cantilevered Euler's beam will be used to demonstrate and verify the study and approach.
Syntheses and structure of hydrothermally prepared CsNiX3 (X=Cl, Br, I)

Abstract During reinvestigation of the hydrothermal synthesis reported earlier of the compound cesium nickel phosphide, “CsNiP”, we arrived at a new route to the synthesis of the cesium nickel halide compounds CsNiX 3 (X=Cl, Br, I). The method has also been shown to extend to cobalt and iron compounds. Single crystals of these compounds were synthesized in phosphoric acid in sealed autoclaves. Their structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The compounds crystallize in the hexagonal space group P 6 3 / mmc in the BaNiO 3 structure type. The synthetic method and the resultant crystallographic details for CsNiCl 3 are essentially identical with those reported earlier for the synthesis and structure of “CsNiP”.
Gravitational Lensing as a Probe of Quintessence

A large number of cosmological studies now suggest that roughly two-thirds of the critical energy density of the universe exists in a component with negative pressure. If the equation of state of such an energy component varies with time, it should in principle be possible to identify such a variation using cosmological probes over a wide range in redshift. Proper detection of any time variation, however, requires cosmological probes beyond the currently studied range in redshift of ~0.1-1. We extend our analysis to gravitational lensing statistics at high redshift and suggest that a reliable sample of lensed sources, out to a redshift of ~5, can be used to constrain the variation of the equation of state, provided that both the redshift distribution of lensed sources and the selection function involved with the lensed source discovery process are known. An exciting opportunity to catalog an adequate sample of lensed sources (quasars) for probing quintessence is now available with the ongoing Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Writing w(z)≈w+z(dw/dz), we study the expected accuracy to which the equation of state today (w) and its rate of change [(dw/dz)] can simultaneously be constrained. Such a determination can rule out some missing-energy candidates, such as classes of quintessence models or a cosmological constant.
Formation process and some properties of Graphite Fluoride, (C2F)n†

A study was made of the formation process with respect to some properties of graphite fluoride (C2F)n prepared from artifitial graphite. Elemental fluorine is occluded in the particle of fluorinated graphite and distributed in the interface between unreacted graphite and (C2F)n formed. The reaction process of graphite with F2 is divided into two steps. In the first step both (CF)n and (C2F)n are formed and unreacted graphite still coexist. The cell voltage and the thermal instability of the product decreases gradually with increasing the fluorine content. In the second step, the fluorine content of the product slightly increases in spite of the absence of unreacted graphite. The cell voltage and the thermal instability decreases rapidly in this step. The agreement of the tendencies in the voltage and thermal instability was discussed. Bildungsprozes und einige Eigenschaften von Graphitfluorid, (C2F)n Untersucht wird der Bildungsprozes von Graphitfluorid, (C2F)n, aus kunstlichem Graphit im Hinblick auf einige Eigenschaften des Produkts. Elementares Fluor ist in den Partikeln des fluorierten Graphits eingeschlossen und verteilt in den Zwischenraumen zwischen unumgesetztem Graphit und gebildetem (C2F)n. Der Reaktionsprozes des Graphits mit F2 kann in zwei Stufen eingeteilt werden. In der ersten Stufe wird sowohl (CF)n und (C2F)n gebildet neben unumgesetzten Graphit. Die Zellenspannung und die Zersetzungstemperatur des Produktes sinken schrittweise mit steigendem Fluorgehalt. In der zweiten Stufe steigt der Fluorgehalt des Produkts langsam trotz der Abwesenheit von unumgesetztem Graphit, und die Zellenspannung und Zersetzungstemperatur sinken schnell. Die Ubereinstimmung der Tendenzen in der Spannung und Zersetzungstemperatur werden diskutiert.
Microfluidic point-of-care diagnostics for resource-poor environments

Point-of-care (POC) diagnostics have tremendous potential to improve human health in remote and resource-poor settings. However, the design criteria for diagnostic tests appropriate in settings with limited infrastructure are unique and challenging. Here we present a custom optical reader which quantifies silver absorbance from heterogeneous immunoassays. The reader is simple and low-cost and suited for POC diagnostics.
Quality of life in pediatric patients with unremitting constipation pre and post Malone Antegrade Continence Enema (MACE) procedure

Abstract Objective The primary aim of this study was to determine if there is a change in the quality of life in pediatric patients with unremitting functional constipation and/or encopresis after undergoing a MACE procedure. Methods Patients, ages 5 to 18years with unremitting constipation and a normal evaluation, including anorectal manometry and colonic manometry, who opted to undergo a MACE procedure were contacted to participate in the study. Patients with congenital anorectal malformations as well as spinal cord disorders were excluded from the study. The patient's parent/guardian completed the PedsQL TM Generic Core Scales QOL survey prior to the operation, 6months, and 12months after the procedure. Results A total of 15 consecutive patients meeting protocol criteria were recruited within a period of 20months. The mean age at the MACE procedure was 9.8years (range 7.0–11.1). 5 patients were female. The mean QOL score pre-MACE was 64.1. At 6months post-MACE the mean overall QOL score was 90.2, and it was 92.0 at 12months. All 15 patients at the 6month follow up had significant improvement in their QOL (p=1.9×10 −7 ) and all subcategories of QOL were significantly improved as well. Conclusions A MACE procedure is of benefit to otherwise normal pediatric patients who have unremitting functional constipation with failure of medical treatment. Our patients had a significant improvement in all QOL categories and overall QOL.
Examining the Infrared Variable Star Population Discovered in the Small Magellanic Cloud Using the SAGE-SMC Survey

We present our study on the infrared variability of point sources in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). We use the data from the Spitzer Space Telescope Legacy Program ?Surveying the Agents of Galaxy Evolution in the Tidally Stripped, Low Metallicity Small Magellanic Cloud? (SAGE-SMC) and the ?Spitzer Survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud? (S3MC) survey, over three different epochs, separated by several months to 3 years. Variability in the thermal infrared is identified using a combination of Spitzer?s InfraRed Array Camera 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8.0 ?m bands, and the Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer 24 ?m band. An error-weighted flux difference between each pair of three epochs (?variability index?) is used to assess the variability of each source. A visual source inspection is used to validate the photometry and image quality. Out of ?2 million sources in the SAGE-SMC catalog, 814 meet our variability criteria. We matched the list of variable star candidates to the catalogs of SMC sources classified with other methods, available in the literature. Carbon-rich Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars make up the majority (61%) of our variable sources, with about a third of all of our sources being classified as extreme AGB stars. We find a small, but significant population of oxygen-rich (O-rich) AGB (8.6%), Red Supergiant (2.8%), and Red Giant Branch (<1%) stars. Other matches to the literature include Cepheid variable stars (8.6%), early type stars (2.8%), Young-stellar objects (5.8%), and background galaxies (1.2%). We found a candidate OH maser star, SSTISAGE1C J005212.88-730852.8, which is a variable O-rich AGB star, and would be the first OH/IR star in the SMC, if confirmed. We measured the infrared variability of a rare RV Tau variable (a post-AGB star) that has recently left the AGB phase. 59 variable stars from our list remain unclassified.
RG flow of magnetic brane correlators

The magnetic brane solution to five-dimensional Einstein-Maxwell-Chern-Simons theory provides a holographic description of the RG flow from four-dimensional Yang-Mills theory in the presence of a constant magnetic field to a two-dimensional low energy CFT. We compute two-point correlators involving the U(1) current and the stress tensor, and use their leading IR behavior to confirm the existence of a single chiral current algebra, and of left-and right-moving Virasoro algebras in the low energy CFT. The common central charge of the Virasoro algebras is found to match the Brown-Henneaux formula, while the level of the current algebra is related to the Chern-Simons coupling. The coordinate reparametrizations produced by the Virasoro algebras on the AdS3 near-horizon geometry arise from physical non-pure gauge modes in the asymptotic AdS5 region, thereby providing a concrete example for the emergence of IR symmetries. Finally, we interpret the infinite series of sub-leading IR contributions to the correlators in terms of certain double-trace interactions generated by the RG flow in the low energy CFT.
Elliptic algebro-geometric solutions of the KdV and AKNS hierarchies - an analytic approach

We provide an overview of elliptic algebro-geometric solutions of the KdV and AKNS hierarchies, with special emphasis on Floquet theoretic and spectral theoretic methods. Our treatment includes an effective characterization of all stationary elliptic KdV and AKNS solutions based on a theory developed by Hermite and Picard.
Quivers with potentials and their representations II: Applications to cluster algebras

We continue the study of quivers with potentials and their representations initiated in the first paper of the series. Here we develop some applications of this theory to cluster algebras. As shown in the "Cluster algebras IV" paper, the cluster algebra structure is to a large extent controlled by a family of integer vectors called g-vectors, and a family of integer polynomials called F-polynomials. In the case of skew-symmetric exchange matrices we find an interpretation of these g-vectors and F-polynomials in terms of (decorated) representations of quivers with potentials. Using this interpretation, we prove most of the conjectures about g-vectors and F-polynomials made in loc. cit.
Adhesion of elastomers: Dwell time effects

The strength of adhesion of elastomers to rigid substrates generally increases with time of contact. This effect has been studied for samples of butyl and chlorobutyl rubber adhering to some rigid substrates. The peel strength increased continuously over long periods of contact until in some cases failure became cohesive within the elastomer layer. At higher temperatures the strength increased more rapidly, consistent with the WLF relation governing molecular motions. It is postulated that slow molecular rearrangements occur at the interface and increase the bond strength. A criterion for the observed transition from interfacial to cohesive failure is suggested.
Capacitance of silicon pixels

Capacitance measurements have been made on silicon pixel sensors of types n+ on n, p+on n, and n+ on p. The arrays test a variety of implant and gap widths, and the n+ on n devices test several p-stop designs. The measurements examine inter-pixel and backplane contributions and include studies of temperature dependence. Measurements were made before and after irradiation with fluences relevant to LHC experiments and Fermilab Tevatron Run 2.
Ground state entropy of Potts antiferromagnets on homeomorphic families of strip graphs

Abstract We present exact calculations of the zero-temperature partition function, and ground-state degeneracy (per site), W, for the q-state Potts antiferromagnet on a variety of homeomorphic families of planar strip graphs G=(Ch)k1,k2,Σ,k,m, where k1, k2, Σ, and k describe the homeomorphic structure, and m denotes the length of the strip. Several different ways of taking the total number of vertices to infinity, by sending (i) m→∞ with k1, k2, and k fixed; (ii) k1 and/or k2→∞ with m, and k fixed; and (iii) k→∞ with m and p=k1+k2 fixed are studied and the respective loci of points B where W is nonanalytic in the complex q plane are determined. The B ’s for limit (i) are comprised of arcs which do not enclose regions in the q plane and, for many values of p and k, include support for Re(q) B for limits (ii) and (iii) is the unit circle |q−1|=1.
National Judicial Power and the Dormant Commerce Clause

We develop a game in which a court monitors states as they regulate trade among themselves. Contrary to commentators who see Supreme Court oversight of state burdens on interstate commerce as the product of a powerfully ascendant court, we argue that the "dormant Commerce Clause" (DCC) originates as the strategic product of an institutionally weak court. We provide three lines of argument. First, we refute the notion that merely observing the court ruling against state governments and those governments complying with its ruling is evidence of judicial power. Second, we show that the equilibria of our "weak court" model directly implies the doctrinal contours of the DCC while the ascendancy hypothesis does not. Finally, we provide evidence that the court announced a weaker version of the DCC doctrine than sincerely preferred by pivotal justices on the court. Our arguments invite a revised understanding of the role of the court in the development of the American political system.
The dynamics of eukaryotic replication initiation: origin specificity, licensing, and firing at the single-molecule level.

Eukaryotic replication initiation is highly regulated and dynamic. It begins with the Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) binding DNA sites called origins of replication. ORC, together with Cdc6 and Cdt1, mediate pre-Replicative Complex (pre-RC) assembly by loading a double hexamer of Mcm2-7: the core of the replicative helicase. Here, we use single-molecule imaging to directly visualize Saccharomyces cerevisiae pre-RC assembly and replisome firing in real time. We show that ORC can locate and stably bind origins within large tracts of non-origin DNA, and that Cdc6 drives ordered pre-RC assembly. We further show that the dynamics of the ORC-Cdc6 interaction dictate Mcm2-7 loading specificity and that Mcm2-7 double hexamers form preferentially at a native origin sequence. Finally, we demonstrate that single Mcm2-7 hexamers propagate bidirectionally, monotonically, and processively as constituents of active replisomes.
Influence of Flow Conditions on Deposits From Heated Hydrocarbon Fuels

The thermal stability characteristics of two liquid hydrocarbon fuels are examined using a single-pass system whereby the fuel under test flows only once through a heated tube which is maintained at constant temperature throughout a test duration of six hours. Deposition rates on the tube walls are measured by weighing the tube before and after each test.The experimental data are used to derive empirical equations for predicting the effects on deposition rates of variation in fuel temperature, wall temperature, and Reynolds number. It is found that deposition rates are enhanced by increases in fuel temperature, wall temperature and flow velocity, and by reductions in tube diameter. Pressure has no effect on deposition rates provided it is high enough to prevent fuel boiling.Copyright © 1992 by ASME
Fish detection and classification system

Marine biologists traditionally determine the presence and quantities of different types of fish by dragging nets across the bottom, and examining their contents. This method, although accu- rate, kills the collected fish, damages their habitat, and consumes large quantities of resources. This paper presents an alternative, a machine vision system capable of determining the presence of fish species. Illumination presents a unique problem in this environment, and the design of an effective illumination system is discussed. The related issues of object orientation and measurement are also dis- cussed and resolved. Capturing images of fish in murky water also presents challenges. An adaptive thresholding technique is required to appropriately segment the fish from the background in these im- ages. Mode detection, and histogram analysis are useful tools in determining these localized thresholds. It is anticipated that this sys- tem, created in conjunction with the Rutgers Institute for Marine and Coastal Science, will effectively classify fish in the estuarine envi- ronment. © 2001 SPIE and IS&T. (DOI: 10.1117/1.1329338)
A new concept in analog computers

Analog computers can solve a wide variety of engineering problems. Why, then, doesn't every engineer use one? This paper will discuss the pattern of use of analog computers in the recent past and as the author thinks it will be in the future.