cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The contractile ring. I. Fine structure of dividing mammalian (HeLa) cells and the effects of cytochalasin B.

Techniques of individual cell selection and precise ultramicrotomy have been employed to demonstrate that the contractile ring of cleaving HeLa cells is a transitory cytoplasmic organelle of distinctive fine structure and location. The contractile ring is an uninterrupted annulus encircling the equator of dividing cells exactly where the cleavage furrow forms. It is about 10 microns wide, up to 0.2 microns in thickness, and is composed exclusively of circumferentially aligned thin filaments 40–70 A in diameter. Contractile ring filaments appear to be associated with the overlying plasma membrane. Controlled experiments with a mold metabolite (cytochalasin B) reveals that within a few minutes the drug abolishes the ability of HeLa cells to undergo cytokinesis. Cytochalasin B seems to decompose the contractile ring. It has no other clearly identifiable effects on other cell structures, notably the mitotic apparatus. Cytochalasin B is the only drug known which selectively inhibits cytokinesis in animal cells. In conclusion, the contractile ring is the most likely organelle responsible for cytokinesis in HeLa cells. Similar organelles probably occur in all cleaving animal cells. Successful cleavage depends upon the structural and functional integrity of the contractile ring.
Sales: Demand-supply variation or price discrimination?

The objective of this paper is to test the relative importance of price discrimination as an explanation for sales on major appliances. Using data on sales by Sears stores in San Diego, we conclude that for major appliance sales, price discrimination seems to be the most important explanation. The second section describes briefly the theoretical explanations for sales. The third section describes the test and the results. The fourth section presents more stylized facts about appliance sales. The last section presents the conclusion.
Ethics and peer review

Throughout most of its recent history, science was constrained only by the limits of imagination and creativity of its participants. In the past couple of decades that state of affairs has changed dramatically. Science in now constrained primarily by the number of research posts and the amount of research funds available.
Max-count aggregation estimation for moving points

Many interesting problems regarding moving objects can be reduced to the following question: Given a set S of moving points on a line and two other movings points A and B on the same line, what is the maximum number of points in S that will be simultaneously between A and B within a time interval (t/sub 1/, t/sub 2/)? We propose an algorithm that can estimate the answer for arbitrary A and B and any fixed S in a chosen constant time. We show that the error rate of the estimation is related to this chosen constant and some other parameters of the input data. Our experimental results show that high accuracy estimation can be achieved when S has a large number of points and A and B are not too close to each other.
Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Patients with Prolactin-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for patients with prolactin (PRL)-secreting pituitary adenomas that were refractory to medical management. Methods Retrospective review of 22 patients treated with SRS from 1994 until 2006. All patients were either intolerant or their tumors were unresponsive to dopamine agonist therapy. Nine patients (41%) had undergone prior transsphenoidal surgery. The median serum PRL concentration before SRS was 88.4 ng/mL (range, 25–943). The median treatment volume was 2.2 cm 3 (range, 0.4–29.0); the median margin radiation dose was 25 Gy (range, 16–30). The median endocrinologic follow-up was 60 months (range, 16–129). Results Tumor control after SRS was 100%. Serum PRL concentration was significantly lower (median, 28.4 ng/mL) ( P = 0.006) at last follow-up, but the 4-year actuarial rate of biochemical remission off medications was only 17%. No tested variable was associated with biochemical remission off medications. Overall, four patients (18%) had biochemical remission off medications and clinical improvement, three patients (14%) had normal serum PRL concentrations and clinical improvement on dopamine agonist therapy, seven patients (32%) had improved symptoms off medications but continued to have elevated serum PRL levels, and eight patients (36%) continued to be symptomatic with elevated PRL levels either on ( n = 3) or off ( n = 5) dopamine agonist therapy. The incidence of new anterior pituitary deficits was 42% at 4 years. Conclusions SRS was effective in controlling tumor growth for patients with PRL-secreting pituitary adenomas, and the majority of patients were clinically improved.
VCSEL-based 100m 25Gb/s plastic optical fiber links

We report error-free performance at 25Gb/s using a directly-modulated 850nm VCSEL over 100m graded-index perfluorinated plastic optical fiber with good launch offset tolerance. Bandwidth assessment of 18 fibers demonstrates that modern POF can achieve this performance.
THE ECOLOGY OF COOPERATION IN WASPS: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF ALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTIVE DECISIONS'

Polistes wasps can initiate colonies by themselves, but spring foundresses often cooperate in constructing a shared nest and raising a common brood. The relative benefits for such cooperation vary across environmental and social contexts and thus foun- dresses should shift reproductive strategies when contexts change. An experimental study of 10 field populations of P. dominulus provides evidence for such strategy shifts. P. dominulus females displayed three basic alternative reproductive strategies: initiate a nest alone or as a dominant on a multifoundress nest, join as a subordinate, or refrain from nesting and instead "sit-and-wait" for reproductive opportunities to open later in the season. In our populations, joining likely yields inclusive fitness benefits by increasing colony survival and resistance to usurpation. Nevertheless, joiners and other foundresses readily moved to improve their situations by (1) adopting orphaned nests, (2) switching to larger nests, and (3) usurping small nests, which may have had a weakened foundress or a foundress with relatively low motivation for nest defense. Joining occurring more often early in the season, and adopting and usurping occurring more often later were consistent with inclusive fitness maximization. Lost past investments in nests did not affect future decisions. Overall, residents of nests were larger than the wasps that joined them, but this difference decreased over the course of the season. Wasps that had cooperated in the past to form multifoundress associations were more likely to renest (usually together) after removal of their original nest than were single foundresses. After nest loss, single foundresses were more likely than multiple foundresses to take over another wasp's nest by adoption or usurpation. Cooperation within multifoundress associations is facultative and the balance between cooperation and conflict theoretically depends on the asymmetry in reproduction resulting from the asymmetry in dominance. P. dominulus cofoundresses closer in size (less asym- metrical in dominance) added cells to their nests more slowly and produced significantly smaller nests and fewer workers than associations with more size variation, as would be predicted by greater conflict between wasps that are closer in size. The decline in size differences between joining wasps and residents suggests that late-season joiners were relatively large wasps seeking to dominate residents. Conflict on the nest may also explain why multiple foundresses disappeared from nests at a higher rate than did single foundresses. In sum, the multiple reproductive options of P. dominulus lead to a dynamic and flexible balance between cooperation and conflict in their social interactions.
Parallel applications employing pairwise computations on emerging architectures

Today's emerging architectures have higher levels of parallelism incorporated within a processor. They require efficient strategies to extract the performance they have to offer. In our work, we develop architecture-aware parallel strategies to perform various kinds of pairwise computations - pairwise genomic alignments, and scheduling large number of general pairwise computations with applications to computational systems biology and materials science. We present our schemes in the context of the IBM Cell BE, an example of a heterogeneous multicore, but are nevertheless applicable to any similar architecture, as well as general multicores with our strategies being cache-aware.
Single cell transcriptional analysis reveals novel innate immune cell types

Single-cell analysis has the potential to provide us with a host of new knowledge about biological systems, but it comes with the challenge of correctly interpreting the biological information. While emerging techniques have made it possible to measure inter-cellular variability at the transcriptome level, no consensus yet exists on the most appropriate method of data analysis of such single cell data. Methods for analysis of transcriptional data at the population level are well established but are not well suited to single cell analysis due to their dependence on population averages. In order to address this question, we have systematically tested combinations of methods for primary data analysis on single cell transcription data generated from two types of primary immune cells, neutrophils and T lymphocytes. Cells were obtained from healthy individuals, and single cell transcript expression data was obtained by a combination of single cell sorting and nanoscale quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) for markers of cell type, intracellular signaling, and immune functionality. Gene expression analysis was focused on hierarchical clustering to determine the existence of cellular subgroups within the populations. Nine combinations of criteria for data exclusion and normalization were tested and evaluated. Bimodality in gene expression indicated the presence of cellular subgroups which were also revealed by data clustering. We observed evidence for two clearly defined cellular subtypes in the neutrophil populations and at least two in the T lymphocyte populations. When normalizing the data by different methods, we observed varying outcomes with corresponding interpretations of the biological characteristics of the cell populations. Normalization of the data by linear standardization taking into account technical effects such as plate effects, resulted in interpretations that most closely matched biological expectations. Single cell transcription profiling provides evidence of cellular subclasses in neutrophils and leukocytes that may be independent of traditional classifications based on cell surface markers. The choice of primary data analysis method had a substantial effect on the interpretation of the data. Adjustment for technical effects is critical to prevent misinterpretation of single cell transcript data.
Paternal care in a fish: epigenetics and fitness enhancing effects on offspring anxiety.

In many animals, including humans, interactions with caring parents can have long-lasting effects on offspring sensitivity to stressors. However, whether these parental effects impact offspring fitness in nature is often unclear. In addition, despite evidence that maternal care can influence offspring behaviour via epigenetic alterations to the genome, it remains unclear whether paternal care has similar effects. Here, we show in three-spined sticklebacks, a fish in which fathers are the sole provider of offspring care, that the direct care provided by fathers affects offspring anxiety and the potential for epigenetic alterations to the offspring genome. We find that families are differentially vulnerable to early stress and fathers can compensate for this differential sensitivity with the quality of their care. This variation in paternal care is also linked to the expression in offspring brains of a DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt3a) responsible for de novo methylation. We show that these paternal effects are potentially adaptive and anxious offspring are unlikely to survive an encounter with a predator. By supplying offspring care, fathers reduce offspring anxiety thereby increasing the survival of their offspring—not in the traditional sense through resource provisioning but through an epigenetic effect on offspring behavioural development.
Gender and Close Relationships: An Introduction.

The articles in this JSI issue focus on how gender, gender role identity, and attitudes toward gender roles may affect the nature of relationships and how relationships may affect an individual's gender (including, behaviors, attitudes, and self-perceptions). Though the focus is mainly on heterosexual relationships and U.S. samples, research on lesbian/gay and parent-child relationships as well as same-sex friendships and relationships in different cultures are examined. Meanings of commonly used terms in research on gender are clarified and we summarize each article briefly. General themes that emerge from the articles are discussed.
Tigecycline pharmacokinetics, tolerability, safety, and effect on intestinal microflora in healthy Japanese male subjects.

Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of tigecycline in 76 healthy Japanese subjects were determined in three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Subjects in an ascending single-dose study (n = 40) received 25-150 mg intravenously, whereas subjects in two multiple-dose studies received every 12-hour (q12h) dosing with 25 mg (n = 10) or 25, 50, or 100 then 50 mg (n = 30). Serial blood samples and urine were collected, drug concentrations determined, and pharmacokinetic parameters calculated. Fecal samples were also collected in the second multiple-dose study. After 10 days of tigecycline 50 mg q12h, mean ± standard deviation pharmacokinetics in 8/10 subjects were: maximum concentration 1,118 ± 127 ng/mL, area under the concentration-time curve 0-12 hours 3,261 ± 937 ng h/mL, clearance 0.25 ± 0.05 L/h/kg, half-life 60.7 ± 23.4 hours, and volume of distribution 11.9 ± 2.3 L/kg. The most common adverse events were nausea and vomiting. Changes in total bilirubin were also observed. Enterococci in the intestinal microflora were reduced, whereas the number of Enterobacteriaceae and Bacteroides remained relatively constant. Several strains of Bacteroides spp. resistant to tigecycline treatment were found in fecal samples on days 30 and 31. The pharmacokinetic profile of tigecycline was similar to non-Japanese subjects; tolerability and change in intestinal microflora were also similar.
Ketal claisen rearrangements of functionalized ketals

Abstract Functionalized ketals participate successfully in the acid-catalyzed ketal Claisen rearrangement to afford mixtures of the isomeric γ,δ-unsaturated ketones, with the more highly substituted isomer predominating by a factor of 2–4:1.
Spatial structure of multispecies distributions in southern California, USA

Analysis of the spatial distribution of all species of conservation importance within a region is necessary to augment reserve selection strategies and habitat management in biodiversity conservation. In this study, we analyzed the spatial aggregation, spatial association, and vegetation types of point occurrence data collected from museum and herbaria records for rare, special concern, threatened, and endangered species of plants, reptiles, mammals, and birds in western Riverside County in southern California, USA. All taxa showed clumped distributions, with aggregation evident below 14 km for plants, 12 km for reptiles, 2 km for mammals, and 10 km for birds. In addition, all combinations of the different species groups showed high positive spatial association. The Santa Rosa Plateau exhibited the highest number of rare, special concern, threatened, and endangered species, and shrubland (coastal sage and chaparral) was the vegetation type inhabited by the most species. Local land use planning, zoning and reserve design should consider the spatial aggregation within and between species to determine the appropriate scale for conservation planning. The higher spatial association between species groups in this study may indicate interdependence between different species groups or shared habitat requirements. It is important to maintain diverse communities due to potential interdependence. The results of the study indicate that concentrating preservation efforts on areas with the highest number of species of concern and the restoration of native shrublands are the most appropriate actions for multiple species habitat conservation in this area.
SPATIOTEMPORAL TRENDS IN FISH MERCURY FROM A MINE-DOMINATED ECOSYSTEM: CLEAR LAKE, CALIFORNIA

Clear Lake, California, USA, receives acid mine drainage and mercury (Hg) from the Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine, a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Superfund Site that was active intermittently from 1873 to 1957 and partially remediated in 1992. Mercury concentrations were analyzed primarily in four species of Clear Lake fishes: inland silversides (Menidia beryllina, planktivore), common carp (Cyprinus carpio, benthic scavenger/omnivore), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus, benthic omnivorous predator), and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides, piscivorous top predator). These data represent one of the largest fish Hg data sets for a single site, especially in California. Spatially, total Hg (TotHg) in silversides and bass declined with distance from the mine, indicating that the mine site represents a point source for Hg loading to Clear Lake. Temporally, fish Hg has not declined significantly over 12 years since mine site remediation. Mercury concentrations were variable throughout the study period, with no monotonic trends of increase or decrease, except those correlated with boom and bust cycles of an introduced fish, threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense). However, stochastic events such as storms also influence juvenile largemouth bass Hg as evidenced during an acid mine drainage overflow event in 1995. Compared to other sites regionally and nationally, most fish in Clear Lake exhibit Hg concentrations similar to other Hg-contaminated sites, up to ;2.0 mg/kg wet mass (WM) TotHg in largemouth bass. However, even these elevated concentrations are less than would be anticipated from such high inorganic Hg loading to the lake. Mercury in some Clear Lake largemouth bass exceeded all human health fish consumption guidelines established over the past 25 years by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (1.0 mg/kg WM), the National Academy of Sciences (0.5 mg/kg WM), and the U.S. EPA (0.3 mg/kg WM). Mercury in higher trophic level fishes exceeds ecotoxicological risk assessment estimates for concentrations that would be safe for wildlife, specifically the nonlisted Common Merganser and the recently delisted Bald Eagle. Fish populations of 11 out of 18 species surveyed exhibited a significant decrease in abundance with increasing proximity to the mine; this decrease is correlated with increasing water and sediment Hg. These trends may be related to Hg or other lake-wide gradients such as distribution of submerged aquatic vegetation.
Cryptogenic gelastic epilepsy originating from the right temporal lobe.

Objective: To present a case of intractable cryptogenic gelastic epilepsy with ictal video-EEG to localize the seizure focus. Clinical Presentation and Intervention:</i&
A health management framework for Environmental Control Systems

Maintenance of critical or/complex systems has recently moved from traditional preventive maintenance to Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) exploiting the advances both in hardware (sensors / DAQ cards, etc) and in software (sophisticated algorithms blending together the state of the art in signal processing and pattern analysis). Along this path, Environmental Control Systems and other critical systems/processes can be improved based on concepts of anomaly detection and fault diagnosis are presented in this paper. The enabling technologies borrow from the fields of modeling, data processing, Bayesian estimation theory and in particular a technique called particle filtering. The efficiency of the diagnostic approach is demonstrated via simulation results.
Development of Transient Absorption Ultrasonic Microscopy

We have developed a novel, hybrid imaging modality, Transient Absorption Ultrasonic Microscopy (TAUM), which takes advantage of the optical nonlinearities afforded by transient absorption to achieve ultrahigh-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. The theoretical point spread function for TAUM is functionally equivalent to confocal and two-photon fluorescence microscopy, potentially enabling cellular/subcellular photoacoustic imaging.
Steatosis and hepatitis C in an Alaska Native/American Indian population.

Objectives. To determine the prevalence and characteristics of steatosis in Alaska Natives/American Indians (AN/AI) with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Study Design. This outcomes study began in 1994, and 988 AN/AI have been enrolled, including 222 study patients with a positive HCV RNA who underwent liver biopsy. Methods. Study patients were analyzed for sex, age at biopsy, estimated length of infection, body mass index (BMI), genotype, ethanol use, HCV RNA and alanine aminotransferase levels. A pathologist blinded to patient identity and clinical data reviewed all biopsy slides for histologic activity and fibrosis. Results. Moderate to severe steatosis was found significantly more often in genotype 3 than in genotypes 1 and 2 (p = 0.008). On multivariate analysis, BMI > 30 and Ishak fibrosis score ≥ 2 were significantly associated with steatosis (p = 0.0013 and 0.0002, respectively), but only genotype 3 was associated with presence of moderate to severe steatosis (p = 0.008). Conclusions. Our findings in a cohort of AN/AI are consistent with results of previous studies in other groups that steatosis is associated with fibrosis in HCV and infection with genotype 3 is associated with more severe steatosis. (Int J Circumpolar Health 2006:65(3):253-260.) Keywords: hepatitis C, steatosis, genotype, fibrosis
Incidence of cataract surgery from 1980 through 2004: 25-year population-based study.

Purpose To estimate sex- and age-specific incidence rates of cataract surgery in a defined United States population and evaluate the change in incidence over time. Setting Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. Methods Rochester Epidemiology Project databases were used to identify all incident cataract surgeries in Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents during the 25-year period from January 1, 1980, through December 31, 2004. Annual incidence rates for each sex and 10-year age group were calculated and adjusted to the 2000 U.S. white population. Change in incidence over time was assessed by fitting generalized linear models assuming a Poisson error structure. Results During the study period, 10 245 cataract extractions were performed in 7141 residents of all ages. Overall, the age-adjusted cataract surgery incident rate per 100000 residents was 548 (95% confidence interval [CI], 534-561) for women, 462 (95% CI, 447-478) for men, and 511 (95% CI, 501-521) for all residents. The incidence of cataract surgery increased 500% among women and 467% among men during the study period ( P Conclusions This population-based study found a substantial increase in incident cataract surgery among Olmsted County residents during the 25-year study period. The rate of cataract surgery increased in a nearly linear fashion during a period when phacoemulsification replaced extracapsular cataract extraction in the community.
Temperature sounding by RASS with wind profiler radars: a preliminary study

The radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) is a method of remotely measuring atmospheric temperature profiles by combining acoustic and radar techniques. This method has been applied to wind profiler radars in Colorado, and excellent performance in both height coverage and accuracy has been obtained. Various acoustic source functions are examined, and it is shown that FM-CW acoustic signals are less susceptible to error than pulsed acoustic systems when using pulsed radars for RASS. The remotely determined temperature profiles are compared with co-located radiosonde soundings, and good agreement is found. >
A Comparison-Contrast of Adam Smith, JM Keynes and Jeremy Bentham on Probability, Risk, Uncertainty, Optimism-Pessimism and Decision Making with Applications Concerning Banking, Insurance and Speculation

Both Smith and Keynes have very similar conceptual approaches to what probability is, how it is used and applied and the areas of application in which it can aid a decision maker. They both accept an interval approach to probability based on inequalities and bounds versus ordinal, subjectivist Bayesian and relative frequency approaches. This led them to have very similar views with respect to analyzing speculative bubbles, lenders versus borrowers risk assessments, the dangers of speculative financeespecially if the bankers themselves are or become speculators and/or are financing speculators, and a policy of maintaining low, fixed rates of interest in order to control the speculative demand for money. Both Keynes and Smith showed how their very similar constructs led to the creation of a viable insurance industry that would be based on an inexact approach to probability. Bentham’s views on probability and decision making are directly opposed to those of Smith and Keynes. Bentham can be regarded as the founder of the subjectivist, Bayesian approach to decision making. The modern Subjective Expected Utility (SEU) approach can be traced back to Bentham’s original arguments about the ability of rational decision makers to calculate using precise numerical probabilities and outcomes. Bentham is the first, major proponent of the exact approach to probability and decision making. Smith and Keynes would reject the Kahneman-Tversky behavioral economist “Heuristics and Biases“ approach that regards mathematical probability as the normative criterion that all decision makers should attempt to emulate since this approach is a more advanced mathematical version of Bentham’s original approach. Mathematical probability, which requires the use of precise or sharp numerical probabilities, can only be normative in the case where the decision maker has a complete information set and/or knows for certain that a specific probability distribution will apply now and in the future. The mathematical laws of the probability calculus only hold as a limiting case whenever humans are part of the equation. Both Keynes and Smith rely on an inexact, interval, non additive, nonlinear approach that directly conflicts with the exact, single number, additive, linear approach recommended by Tversky and Kahneman as being the hallmark of human rationality in decision making. On the other hand, Bentham’s approach is an earlier version of the exact, linear and additive approach recommended as being rational by Tversky-Kahneman. Smith and Keynes, however, did emphasize fields that today are called Cognitive Science and Cognitive Psychology. Here pattern recognition, similarity, induction and intuition played an important role.
The Myth of the Male Ethnographer and the Woman's World

It is here argued that the traditionally accepted view regarding the inaccessibility of the woman's world to male ethnographers is largely a rationalization that justifies not collecting information about women, glosses over the fact that much such information is readily attainable, makes the questionable assumption that this information will be so distorted as to be useless, and erroneously implies that there are no comparable problems for male ethnographers working with the man's world.
Poor scar formation after ablation is associated with atrial fibrillation recurrence

Purpose Patients routinely undergo ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) but the recurrence rate remains high. We explored in this study whether poor scar formation as seen on late-gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (LGE-MRI) correlates with AF recurrence following ablation.
SHAM FEEDING AND PANCREATIC SECRETION IN THE DOG

Summary Sham feeding caused a marked increase in pancreatic protein output in dogs with permanent pancreatic and gastric fistulas. This effect could not be attributed to secondary pancreatic stimulation by passage of gastric juice into the duodenum, as it could be shown that the gastric fistula effectively prevented duodenal acidification during a secretory response to gastrin or histamine. The pancreatic response to sham feeding was inhibited by acidification of an innervated pouch of the pyloric gland area in a second group of dogs. This suggests that part of the pancreatic response to sham feeding is mediated by the vagal release of gastrin from the pyloric gland area.
Carbon storage and CO2-enhanced oil recovery potential in the Temblor Formation, northeast McKittrick oilfield, San Joaquin Valley, California

Net fluid production and pressure data were gathered to estimate the amount of storage space available and the potential for additional oil recovery using -enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in the Phacoides sandstone, McKittrick oilfield, San Joaquin Valley, California. The Phacoides reservoir has produced 61.5 million reservoir barrels of fluid, a volume equivalent to the subsurface capacity of 9.8 million metric tons of . Reservoir pressure changes with fluid production suggest that injecting 1 million metric tons of may raise reservoir pressures by 2 MPa (255 psi). We assume that the sealing capacity of the reservoir for injection is equivalent to the conditions controlling the original hydrocarbon accumulation. If injection pressures exceed this limit, the could leak through the caprock, from aging wellbores or along faults in the reservoir. Faulting has compartmentalized the reservoir into six major blocks with varying degrees of hydraulic communication. Injection wells will be required within each sealed fault block, resulting in additional costs for implementing a carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) project. Through -EOR, an additional 17 million bbl of oil may be recoverable, thereby offsetting the cost of carbon storage. This is equivalent to 1.4 million metric tons of additional storage space. However, assuming that none of the carbon is captured, combustion of this additional oil will add approximately 7 million metric tons of to the atmosphere, negating the available storage space in the reservoir and resulting in a net carbon gain to the atmosphere of 700,000 metric tons.
Molecular genetics and clinical features of Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome

Birt–Hogg–Dube (BHD) syndrome is an inherited renal cancer syndrome caused by germline mutations in the FLCN gene on chromosome 17. Manifestations include benign cutaneous fibrofolliculomas, bilateral pulmonary cysts and spontaneous pneumothoraces, and kidney tumours. In this Review, Schmidt and Linehan provide an overview of BHD syndrome, discussing the molecular genetics, diagnosis, and management of this rare disorder.
Characterization of the Contribution of Genetic Background and Gender to Disease Progression in the SOD1 G93A Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Meta-Analysis.

Background The SOD1 G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most frequently used model to examine ALS pathophysiology. There is a lack of homogeneity in usage of the SOD1 G93A mouse, including differences in genetic background and gender, which could confound the field's results. Objective In an analysis of 97 studies, we characterized the ALS progression for the high transgene copy control SOD1 G93A mouse on the basis of disease onset, overall lifespan, and disease duration for male and female mice on the B6SJL and C57BL/6J genetic backgrounds and quantified magnitudes of differences between groups. Methods Mean age at onset, onset assessment measure, disease duration, and overall lifespan data from each study were extracted and statistically modeled as the response of linear regression with the sex and genetic background factored as predictors. Additional examination was performed on differing experimental onset and endpoint assessment measures. Results C57BL/6 background mice show delayed onset of symptoms, increased lifespan, and an extended disease duration compared to their sex-matched B6SJL counterparts. Female B6SJL generally experience extended lifespan and delayed onset compared to their male counterparts, while female mice on the C57BL/6 background show delayed onset but no difference in survival compared to their male counterparts. Finally, different experimental protocols (tremor, rotarod, etc.) for onset determination result in notably different onset means. Conclusions Overall, the observed effect of sex on disease endpoints was smaller than that which can be attributed to the genetic background. The often-reported increase in lifespan for female mice was observed only for mice on the B6SJL background, implicating a strain-dependent effect of sex on disease progression that manifests despite identical mutant SOD1 expression.
Testicular failure following severe diabetic ketoacidosis complicated by hypotensive shock

Acquired primary gonadal failure in adolescents and young men is rare. The differential diagnoses includes infections, autoimmune orchitis, testicular tumors, recurrent testicular torsion or trauma, chemotherapy, radiation treatment and, in rare cases, alcohol abuse (See Table 1) 1. Signs and symptoms of primary gonadal failure depend on the time of diagnosis. Neonates will present with microphallus, absent testicles, and underdeveloped scrotum. In the peripubertal/pubertal period, a child fail to progress in puberty as evidenced by lack of testicular enlargement, poor pubertal height gain, and low testosterone levels in conjunction with elevated gonadotropins. For some individuals, particularly in the case of Klinefelter syndrome which affects 1:600 men, there is usually some degree of testicular enlargement and testosterone production. However, hypogonadism and infertility due to sertoli cell failure are evident. Here, we report a case of an adolescent with evidence late gonadal pubertal staging who acquired primary gonadal failure shortly after he presented with severe diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at the onset of his diagnosis of diabetes. The clinical scenario presented is consistent with hypoperfusion damage to the testes secondary to shock. Table 1 Differential diagnoses for primary testicular failure
Complex reconstruction of the sella using absorbable mini-plate in revision endoscopic pituitary surgery: technical note.

Background Skull base reconstruction in the setting of revision endoscopic pituitary surgery with intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak represents a unique challenge. Materials and Methods The demographics and outcomes of four patients undergoing revision endoscopic pituitary surgery with high-volume intraoperative CSF leak are described. The “gasket-seal” technique of sellar repair using bioabsorbable mini-plate is described. Results The indications for surgery were macroadenoma with suprasellar extension and optic nerve compression in three patients and growth hormone–secreting tumor in one patient with acromegaly. The multilayered reconstruction consisted of autologous fat placed in the tumor cavity followed by reconstruction of the sellar floor with an oversized sheet of either fascia lata or acellular dermal matrix placed over the skull base defect and sunken into the sella with a bioabsorbable mini-plate. One patient experienced postoperative CSF leak on postoperative day 2 that resolved with lumbar drainage alone. All patients were noted to have a well mucosalized sphenoid sinus and were free of CSF leak at last follow-up. Conclusion Sellar reconstruction following endoscopic pituitary surgery represents a technical challenge, especially in revision cases with high-volume intraoperative CSF leak. The early experience with the “gasket-seal” closure using the bioabsorbable mini-plate appears favorable. Lumbar drain may be indicated in patients with postoperative CSF leak.
Two Methods for Serial Blood Sampling from Unrestrained, Undisturbed Turkeys with Notes on the Effects of Acute Stressors on Plasma Levels of Prolactin

A method was developed for chronic cannulation of the atrium of the turkey. Two methods, one employing a headmount swivel-tethering system and the other a backmount swivel-tethering system, were developed for serial bleeding from cannulated turkeys kept in an environmental cubicle. To validate the methods for serial bleeding from undisturbed, unrestrained turkeys, the effects were examined of several stressors on plasma prolactin (PRL) levels in adult toms. Serial bleeding at 2-min intervals followed by withdrawal of one sample of 50 ml at 2 hr after initiation of bleeding had no effect on plasma PRL. Water deprivation for 24 hr or intraatrial infusion of hypertonic saline had no effect on plasma PRL. Intraatrial injection of 10 mg/kg of epinephrine bitartrate resulted in a significant elevation of plasma concentrations of PRL.
Synthesis and Properties of In-Situ MoSi2/SiC Composites

Compositionally-tailored, silica-free, MoSi2/SiC composites with SiC content ranging from 0 to 40 percent were synthesized through a novel processing scheme involving mechanical alloying and in-situ reactions for the formation of the reinforcement. Room temperature indentation fracture toughness and hardness measurements were obtained from these silica-free composites and were compared with values obtained from silica-containing, conventionally-processed MoSi2/SiC composites.
Pregnancy with diabetes mellitus complicated by hydramnios and loss of fetal movements.

Abstract Few cases have been reported of pregnancy in a diabetic patient, complicated by hydramnios associated with loss of fetal movements and good fetal heart tones. This is probably because no obstetrical service accumulates a large number of such cases. This is a report of 2 recently observed private cases. It is unique in that both cases were seen within 10 days of the same stage of pregnancy, and both patients were in the hospital at the same time.
Multi-robot Manipulation Without Communication

This paper presents a novel multi-robot manipulation algorithm which allows a large number of small robots to move a comparatively large object along a desired trajectory to a goal location. The algorithm does not require an explicit communication network among the robots. Instead, the robots coordinate their actions through sensing the motion of the object itself. It is proven that this implicit information is sufficient to synchronize the forces applied by the robots. A leader robot then steers the forces of the synchronized group to manipulate the object through the desired trajectory to the goal. The paper presents algorithms that are proven to control both translational and rotational motion of the object. Simulations demonstrate the approach for two scenarios with 20 robots transporting a rectangular plank and 1000 robots transporting a piano.
A Brief Clinical History of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy with Children

Although there were earlier applications, the directly traceable history of behavior therapy with children began in the late 1950's. The major emphasis of behavior therapy with children in the 1960...
Dynein axonemal heavy chain 8 promotes androgen receptor activity and associates with prostate cancer progression.

// Yu Wang 1, 2 , Russell J. Ledet 2, 3 , Keren Imberg-Kazdan 2 , Susan K. Logan 1, 3 , Michael J. Garabedian 1, 3 1 Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA 2 Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA 3 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA Correspondence to: Yu Wang, email: yu.wang@med.nyu.edu Keywords: prostate cancer, DNAH8, androgen receptor, prognosis, metastasis Received: February 23, 2016 Accepted: May 28, 2016 Published: June 24, 2016 ABSTRACT To gain insight into cellular factors regulating AR action that could promote castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), we performed a genome-wide RNAi screen for factors that promote ligand-independent AR transcriptional activity and integrated clinical databases for candidate genes that are positively associated with prostate cancer metastasis and recurrence. From this analysis, we identified Dynein Axonemal Heavy Chain 8 ( DNAH8 ) as an AR regulator that displayed higher mRNA expression in metastatic than in primary tumors, and showed high expression in patients with poor prognosis. Axonemal dyneins function in cellular motility, but the function of DNAH8 in prostate cancer or other cell types has not been reported. DNAH8 is on chromosome 6q21.2, a cancer-associated amplicon, and is primarily expressed in prostate and testis. Its expression is higher in primary tumors compared to normal prostate, and is further increased in metastatic prostate cancers. Patients expressing high levels of DNAH8 have a greater risk of relapse and a poor prognosis after prostatectomy. Depletion of DNAH8 in prostate cancer cells suppressed AR transcriptional activity and proliferation. Androgen treatment increased DNAH8 mRNA expression, and AR bound the DNAH8 promoter sequence indicating DNAH8 is an AR target gene. Thus, DNAH8 is a new regulator of AR associated with metastatic tumors and poor prognosis.
Team-level high involvement work practices: investigating the role of knowledge sharing and perspective taking

To assess potential boundary conditions in the relationship between HRM systems and team service quality, we examined both collective and individual-level capabilities as underlying mechanisms between team-level high involvement work practices (HIWPs) and team service quality. Using multi-level modelling with a sample of 397 employees in 25 work teams from five service organisations, we found that team HIWPs enhanced knowledge sharing, leading to improved team service climate. Moreover, the presence of individual perspective taking moderated the mediating effect of knowledge sharing such that perspective taking enhanced service climate beyond the value of team HIWPs. The results contribute to the HRM literature by examining the multi-level social and environmental influences on individual learning conceptualised in social cognitive theory, to identify the value of individual capabilities as moderators to knowledge sharing in the link between team HRM systems and service climate.
Congenital Coagulation Disorders

Congenital coagulation disorders include a wide range of platelet (primary) and coagulation (secondary) abnormalities, each with variable severity as well as bleeding risk. The commonest of these disorders, von Willebrand disease, affects both the platelet function and the coagulation cascade. In general, inherited coagulation disorders are more common than inherited platelet disorders. Because the risk of bleeding in each of these conditions can vary greatly, treatment and perioperative management has to be individualized for every patient. In milder cases, it is frequently possible to avoid infusing blood products and manage with treatments such as vasopressin and amino-caproic acid.
Traditions of Eloquence: The Jesuits & Modern Rhetorical Studies,

In the preface to Traditions of Excellence, the editors identify the direction of their exploration to be “the important contributions that Jesuit rhetorical traditions have made—and continue to ma...
Life history patterns, individual heterogeneity, and density dependence in breeding common goldeneyes of the northern boreal forest

Life history patterns and their associated tradeoffs influence population dynamics, as they determine how individuals allocate resources among competing demographic traits. Here we examined life history strategies in Common Goldeneyes (Bucephala clangula; hereafter goldeneye), a cavity-nesting sea duck, in the northern boreal forest of interior Alaska, USA. We used multistate capture-mark-recapture models to estimate adult survival, breeding probability, first-year survival, and recruitment probability using a long-term nest box study (1997-2010). We detected marked variation in adult survival, which varied from 0.74 ± 0.12 (SE) to 0.93 ± 0.06. In contrast, breeding probability remained relatively high and invariant (0.84 ± 0.11) and was positively related to individual nest success the year prior. Nonbreeding individuals in one year were more likely to remain a nonbreeder, than attempt to breed the following year. First-year survival decreased with smaller residual duckling mass and larger brood sizes. Probability of recruitment into the breeding population conditioned on survival was constant during the study (0.96 ± 0.06), and did not vary among ages 2-5 years-old. Overall, goldeneyes exhibited high, but somewhat variable, adult survival, and high breeding and recruitment probabilities, which is consistent with observed patterns in bet-hedging species that breed annually in high quality breeding environments, but whose reproductive output is often influenced by stochastic events. Demographic estimates from this study are among the first for goldeneyes within Alaska. Life history patterns are known to vary geographically, therefore, we recommend further examination of life history patterns within the distribution of goldeneyes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Abstract CN07-02: Disrupting insulin‐like growth factor signaling with monoclonal antibodies

The insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) system is composed of a network of ligands, receptors, and binding proteins. The type I IGF receptor (IGF1R) is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor and shares a high degree of homology with the insulin receptor (InsR). Data from many sources implicate the IGF system in cancer biology. Because of the role for InsR in glucose homeostasis, specific targeting of IGF1R with monoclonal antibodies has been deemed desirable. Numerous monoclonal antibodies have been developed against this receptor and share similar properties in preclinical model systems. To date, all of the antibodies have been shown to bind IGF1R and cause its internalization and downregulation. Early clinical studies have shown that IGF1R antibodies have activity as single agents in some diseases (sarcoma) and have activity in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy. These early promising results suggest that inhibition of this receptor will emerge as a new cancer therapy. In addition, these early clinical results raise additional questions regarding optimizing their use in cancer treatment. In a xenograft model, monoclonal antibodies to IGF1R do not suppress tumor growth of the MDA‐435/LCC6 cell line yet inhibit tumor metastasis. These data suggest that a commonly measured clinical phenotype, tumor growth, may not be detected in early phase II clinical trials. Clinical trials have also shown that IGF1R monoclonal antibody therapy results in elevation of growth hormone, IGF‐I, and insulin levels. Since InsR may also mediate signaling in the IGF system, it is possible that InsR is also a target for cancer therapy. To address this issue, we have used shRNA to downregulate InsR expression while leaving IGF1R levels intact. In the MDA‐435/LCC6 cells, disruption of InsR decreases tumor growth and inhibits pulmonary metastases. We have also selected cells in increasing concentrations of IGF1R antibodies. Finally, long term incubation of cells with IGF1R monoclonal antibodies results in cells with low levels of receptor expression, yet the receptor remains biochemically functional and can be inhibited by IGF1R tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Thus, disruption of IGF1R signaling has promise as a new cancer therapy. Future consideration of the role of the ligands, the InsR, and combination therapies with other signaling disruptors will allow us to optimize this therapeutic strategy. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):CN07-02.