cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A penalty method for nonparametric estimation of the logarithmic derivative of a density function

Given a random sample of sizen from a densityf 0 on the real line satisfying certain regularity conditions, we propose a nonparametric estimator forψ 0=−f 0 ′ /f0. The estimate is the minimizer of a quadratic functional of the formλJ(ψ)+∫[ψ 2−2ψ′]dFn where λ>0 is a smoothing parameter,J(·) is a roughness penalty, andF n is the empirical c.d.f. of the sample. A characterization of the estimate (useful for computational purposes) is given which is related to spline functions. A more complete study of the caseJ(ψ)=∫[d 2ψ/dx2]2 is given, since it has the desirable property of giving the maximum likelihood normal estimate in the infinite smoothness limit (λ→∞). Asymptotics under somewhat restrictive assumptions (periodicity) indicate that the estimator is asymptotically consistent and achieves the optimal rate of convergence. This type of estimator looks promising because the minimization problem is simple in comparison with the analogous penalized likelihood estimators.
Aesthetic Experience and Applied Acoustemology: Blue Sky, White River Liner Notes

: [commentary, Music and Sound, anthropology of sound, sensory ethnography, sound art, sound, art, Nepal, Central Asia, field recordings, acoustemology]
A rapid screening test for Duchenne muscular dystrophy using dried blood specimens

A very simple fluorescent spot screening test for the detection of elevated creatine kinase activity in dried blood specimens is described. The assay uses reagents commercially available in kit form and modifies the procedure for use with whole blood spotted on filter paper. Additional amounts of diadenosine pentaphosphate had to be added to the reaction mixture to inhibit the excess adenylate kinase present in erythrocytes. The sensitivity and reliability of the test is demonstrated. This qualitative assay has the potential for use as a mass neonatal screening test for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Socioeconomic Resources, Gender Traditionalism, and Wife Abuse in Urban Russian Couples.

Until recently, Soviet data restrictions led to limited knowledge about wife abuse in Russia. This study adds to emerging research on Russian domestic violence by testing hypotheses derived from resource theory on the effects on wife abuse of husband's absolute resources versus spouses’ relative resources. Analysis of data from the 1996 National Survey of Russian Marriages (N= 664) shows support only for the influence of husband's absolute socioeconomic resources (education, employment status, and occupational rank). As in U.S. studies, intergenerational patterns of wife abuse and husband's alcohol use have notable effects on wife abuse. The findings suggest that although resource theory may partly explain wife abuse in urban Russia, spouses’ relative resources and husband's gender traditionalism currently have little influence.
Use of Bacillus consortium in waste digestion and pathogen control in shrimp aquaculture

The wastewater from shrimp aquaculture industry contains high concentration of nitrogen and carbon. The use of microorganisms to remove nitrogen and carbon from shrimp aquaculture wastewater was investigated. A consortium of Bacillus species was used to enhance the performance of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for the treatment of shrimp aquaculture wastewater. An SBR is a variation of the activated sludge biological treatment process. This process accomplishes equalization, aeration, and clarification in a timed sequence in a single reactor basin to take the place of multiple tanks in conventional treatment systems. This is achieved through sequencing stages, which includes fill, react, settle, decant, and idle. The shrimp wastewater initially contained a high concentration of carbon and nitrogen. By operating the reactor sequentially, viz, aerobic, anaerobic, and aerobic modes, nitrification and denitrification were achieved as well as removal of carbon. Specifically, the initial chemical oxygen demand concentration of 1996 mg/L was reduced to 4 mg/L within eight days of reactor operation. Ammonia in the wastewater was nitrified within three days. The denitrification of nitrate was achieved by the anaerobic process and more than 99% removal of nitrogen was observed. The addition of Bacillus consortium also controlled the growth of shrimp pathogen, Vibrio harveyi in the wastewater.
Nucleation of nuclear bodies by RNA

The biogenesis of the many functional compartments contained in the mammalian cell nucleus is poorly understood. More specifically, little is known regarding the initial nucleation step required for nuclear body formation. Here we show that RNA can function as a structural element and a nucleator of nuclear bodies. We find that several types of coding and noncoding RNAs are sufficient to de novo assemble, and are physiologically enriched in, histone locus bodies (with associated Cajal bodies), nuclear speckles, paraspeckles and nuclear stress bodies. Formation of nuclear bodies occurs through recruitment and accumulation of proteins resident in the nuclear bodies by nucleating RNA. These results demonstrate that transcription is a driving force in nuclear body formation and RNA transcripts can function as a scaffold in the formation of major nuclear bodies. Together, these data suggest that RNA-primed biogenesis of nuclear bodies is a general principle of nuclear organization.
ngLOC: software and web server for predicting protein subcellular localization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Understanding protein subcellular localization is a necessary component toward understanding the overall function of a protein. Numerous computational methods have been published over the past decade, with varying degrees of success. Despite the large number of published methods in this area, only a small fraction of them are available for researchers to use in their own studies. Of those that are available, many are limited by predicting only a small number of organelles in the cell. Additionally, the majority of methods predict only a single location for a sequence, even though it is known that a large fraction of the proteins in eukaryotic species shuttle between locations to carry out their function. We present a software package and a web server for predicting the subcellular localization of protein sequences based on the ngLOC method. ngLOC is an n-gram-based Bayesian classifier that predicts subcellular localization of proteins both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The overall prediction accuracy varies from 89.8% to 91.4% across species. This program can predict 11 distinct locations each in plant and animal species. ngLOC also predicts 4 and 5 distinct locations on gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial datasets, respectively. ngLOC is a generic method that can be trained by data from a variety of species or classes for predicting protein subcellular localization. The standalone software is freely available for academic use under GNU GPL, and the ngLOC web server is also accessible at http://ngloc.unmc.edu .
Universal nano-adhesive of PDMS oligomers

A nanopatternable oligomeric PDMS layer has been first reported as a nano-interfacial adhesive for its intrinsic transferability and universal adhesiveness. Utilizing well-established PDMS surface modification and bonding techniques, we have been able to form an irreversible bond between a wide range of substrate pairs, representing ones within and across different material categories, including metals, ceramics, thermoset, and thermoplastic polymers.
Molybdenum(VI)-dioxo complexes with linear and tripodal tetradentate ligands: models for the molybdenum(VI/V) centers of the molybdenum hydroxylases and related enzymes. 1. Syntheses and structures

As models for the molybdenum (VI/V) centers of the molybdenum hydroxylases and related enzymes, 15 new Mo(VI)-dioxo complexes (MoO 2 L) with tetradentate ligands have been synthesized and characterized. The effects of coordinating groups (N 2 S 2 , N 2 OS, and N 2 O 2 ), chelate ring size, ligand geometry and steric bulk have been investigated. X-ray crystal structures have been obtained for seven of the complexes
Redefinition of the robot motion-control problem

The objective of this paper is a redefinition of the robot control problem, based on (1) realistic models for the industrial robot as a controlled plant, (2) end-effector trajectories consistent with manufacturing applications, and (3) the need for end-effector sensing to compensate for uncertainties inherent to most robotic manufacturing applications. Based on extensive analytical and experimental studies, robot dynamic models are presented that have been validated over the frequency range 0 to 50 Hz. These models exhibit a strong influence of drive system flexibility, producing lightly damped poles in the neighborhood of 8 Hz, 14 Hz, and 40 Hz, all unmodeled by the conventional rigid-body multiple-link robot dynamic approach. The models presented also quantify the significance of non-linearities in the drive system, in addition to those well known in the linkage itself. Simulations of robot dynamics and motion controls demonstrate that existing controls coupled with effective path planning produce dynamic path errors that are acceptable for most manufacturing applications. Major benefits are projected, with examples cited, for use of end-effector sensors for position, force, and process control.
Analysis and control of nonlinear systems

This paper describes my work on nonlinear analysis and control over the last twenty years. The first part of the paper concerns the development of nonlinear analysis tools for predicting stability and forced response characteristics of high speed ground vehicles. The principal motivation was to develop an alternative to «brute force » time domain simulation. The developed tools were extensions of «describing function » or «equivalent linearization » methods for both periodic and stochastic excitation. The «statistical linearization » analysis tools were then extended and applied to design control laws for nonlinear stochastic regulators
Aqueous Combustion Synthesis of Strontium-Doped Lanthanum Chromite Ceramics

An aqueous combustion synthesis is used to produce powders of La0.8Sr0.2CrO3 perovskite. It is shown that interaction between chromium nitrate and glycine controls the process. In addition, it is suggested that glycine reacts with products of nitrate decomposition to yield an intermediate compound, which decomposes exothermically providing high-temperature conditions for complex oxide formation. It is remarkable that although reaction temperature is high (up to 800°C) and characteristic time is small (∼1 s) for synthesis under the self-propagating high-temperature mode, the produced perovskites have high specific surface area (∼40 m2/g) and well-defined crystalline structure. As a result, ceramics sintered by using these powders are dense (∼96% of theoretical) and possess high electronic and low ionic conductivities, important for interconnect applications in solid oxide fuel cells.
Recombination model and baryon production by pp and. pi. p collisions

The recombination-model predictions for baryon production using modified Kuti-Weisskopf structure functions are found to be in good agreement with the pp and ..pi..p collision data. The indistinguishability of sea quarks naturally accounts for the difference in the p and p-bar spectra in the pion fragmentation region.
The production of biogenic silica and its accumulation on the southeastern Bering Sea shelf

Abstract Silicic acid uptake rates, biogenic silica concentrations, and210Pb sedimentation rates were measured on the southeastern Bering Sea shelf. These rates are used to describe the distribution of biogenic silica and approximate a steady-state budget for silica on the outer shelf of the Bering Sea. Specific uptake velocities (Vo) in the upper 10 m range from 0.002 to 0.015 h−1. No significant differences in specific uptake velocities were found between the coastal, middle, and outer domains. Average concentrations of biogenic silica were 299 and 429 mmol m−2 in the middle and coastal domains, respectively. The lower concentration in the outer shelf, 91 mmol m−2, was a result of greater grazing stress on diatom phytoplankton in that area. The estimated annual production of biogenic silica is 2.87 mol Si m−2 y−1 on the middle shelf and 1.64 mol Si m−2 y−1 on the outer shelf. The210Pb-derived sedimentation rate in the outer domain is 700 to 877 g m−2 y−1; 7 to 10% of the sediment is amorphous silica. Diffusive fluxes of silicic acid from the bottom, based on the gradients in interstitial silicic acid, are 114 to 276 mmol m−2 y−1 or 7 to 17% of outer shelf silica production. Assuming no advection of biogenic silica onto or from the outer domain, up to 65% of the biogenic production is incorporated into surface sediments and an estimated 18 to 35% dissolves in the water column.
Economic Implications of Lipid-Lowering Trials: Current Considerations in Selecting a Statin

Little doubt remains about the value of lipid-lowering therapy since publication of the results of large, randomized, controlled trials that show decreased total, as well as coronary, mortality with the use of statins for primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. All of the available statins are effective and safe, but they vary greatly in terms of cost-effectiveness. Fluvastatin has been determined to be a cost-effective therapeutic agent in the large proportion of the population with mild-to-moderate dyslipidemia who fit treatment guidelines of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Atorvastatin and simvastatin are cost-effective for the relatively smaller number of patients who require greater reductions in cholesterol.
Scattering by a Half-Plane at the Interface Between Isorefractive Media

The boundary-value problem of the scattering of a plane electromagnetic wave by a perfectly conducting half-plane located at the planar interface that separates two isorefractive media is solved exactly and in closed form.
Aqueous copper sulfide clusters as intermediates during copper sulfide formation.

Using a combination of experimental techniques, we show that Cu(II) reduction by sulfide to Cu(I) occurs in solution prior to precipitation. EPR and 63Cu NMR data show that reduction to Cu(I) occurs during the reaction of equimolar amounts of Cu(II) with sulfide. 63Cu solution NMR data show that Cu(I) is soluble when bound to sulfide and is in a site of high symmetry. EPR data confirm that Cu(I) forms in solution and that the mineral covellite, CuS, contains only Cu(I). Mass spectrometry data from covellite as well as laboratory prepared solid and solution CuS materials indicate that Cu3S3 six-membered rings form in solution. These trinuclear Cu rings are the basic building blocks for aqueous CuS molecular clusters, which lead to CuS precipitation. In controlled titration experiments where sulfide is slowly added to Cu(II), Cu3S3 rings and tetranuclear Cu molecular clusters (Cu4S5, and Cu4S6) form; the rings are composed primarily of Cu(II). During cluster formation from Cu3S3 condensation, some Cu(II) is released back into solution, indicating that Cu(II) reduction does not occur until after Cu−S bond and higher order cluster formation. Analysis of the frontier molecular orbitals for Cu(II) and sulfide indicate that an outer-sphere electron transfer is symmetry forbidden. These results are consistent with the formation of CuS bonds prior to electron transfer, which occurs via an inner-sphere process.
A novel approach to the model appraisal and resolution analysis of regularized geophysical inversion

The existing techniques for appraisal of geophysical inverse images are based on calculating the model resolution and the model covariance matrices. In some applications, however, it becomes desirable to evaluate the upper bounds of the variations in the solution of the inverse problem. It is possible to use the Cauchy inequality for the regularized least-squares inversion to quantify the ability of an experiment to discriminate between two similar models in the presence of noise in the data. We present a new method for resolution analysis based on evaluating the spatial distribution of the upper bounds of the model variations and introduce a new characteristic of geophysical inversion, resolution density, as an inverse of these upper bounds. We derive an efficient numerical technique to compute the resolution density based on the spectral Lanczos decomposition method (SLDM). The methodology was tested on 3D synthetic linear and nonlinear electromagnetic (EM) data inversions, and also to interpret the hel...
Anharmonic Effects in Ultrasonic Propagation Near the λ-Transition of 4He

We have carried out the first measurements of second harmonics of a longitudinal ultrasonic wave generated in pressurized liquid 4He near the λ-transition. The measurements yield the behavior of the anharmonic coupling coefficient, C, which represents the non- linearity of the system, near the critical region. The importance of these anharmonic terms near the critical region for the understanding of critical phenomena has been stressed recently by Gitterman1.
Understanding the Second Harmonic Generation of Light from Nanometal Composites

We have synthesized two sets of nanometal composites of different metal concentrations via electrodeposition of gold into porous aluminum oxide membranes Within each set, both centrosymmetric and non-centrosymmetric particles were produced whose linear and nonlinear optical effects were investigated. Because our method of template synthesis allows for the close examination of our composite materials in terms of shape, size. and symmetry, we can interpret the SHG response in terms of differences in local field enhancements of magnetic dipole and quadrupole modes.
Retinal vascular endothelium expresses fibronectin and class II histocompatibility complex antigens in experimental autoimmune uveitis

To analyze the role of the retinal vascular endothelial cells in the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), we studied the presence of Ia antigen and FN in retinal vessels of Lewis rats immunized with retinal S antigen. Immunopathologic studies were performed on frozen tissues obtained during various stages of the disease. Our results show that Ia antigen was not present in the normal rat retina, and there was very little FN present in a few retinal vessels. One to two days prior to the histologic and clinical onset of EAU, FN was found to be increased in the retinal vessels. Ia antigen was found to be present in the retinal vessels coincident with the first signs of cellular infiltration. During the stage of maximal cellular infiltration, FN was present diffusely throughout the retina, as well as in the subretinal space, and Ia antigen was found diffusely in the cellular infiltrate. Therefore, FN and Ia antigen reflect the immunomodulation of vascular endothelial cells in EAU, which may be very important in the pathogenesis of retinal S antigen-induced uveitis. Two possible mechanisms for the role of the activation of the retinal vascular endothelium in the development of retinal inflammation in uveitis are discussed.
Social organization of wild talapoin monkeys.

A troop of wild talapoins in Cameroon had 70 members including all age-sex classes. Observed between the birth season and the next mating season, it was habitually divided into subgroups. Subgroups most commonly observed were (1) adult and large juvenile males: (2) adult females with infants, small juveniles, and large juvenile females; (3) medium sized juveniles with a single adult male. Adult females and adult males were rarely sighted together and never seen to interact. From observations of caged groups, predictions are made about the changes in this organization which might be expected during the breeding season. A possible parallel with the ecologically similar squirrel monkey is suggested.
Recognition memory in mentally retarded persons

Abstract The continuous recognition memory of retarded and normal subjects was assessed. The stimuli were magazine pictures, arranged so that lags of up to 250 pictures occured. The overall performance of the retarded subjects was poorer, in terms of hit rate or d′. However, the differences were present at 0 lag and the slopes of the forgetting curves were similar in both groups. It was concluded that differences between these subjects were due to a perception related process and not to memory.
Dual voltage controller based Power Factor Correction circuit for faster dynamics and zero steady state error

This paper analyzes dual voltage controllers for single-phase Power Factor Correction(PFC) Circuits using boost topology. The proposed scheme uses dual voltage controllers, one of the voltage controller having low bandwidth operates only during steady condition, other voltage controller with high bandwidth operates during the transient condition. At any given instant only one voltage controller is in circuit. Lower bandwidth controller, operating during steady state condition, maintains the THD within the required limits and the dc-bus voltage at its reference value. High bandwidth controller improves the transient performance by having faster response to the disturbance. Faster response to disturbances necessitates less energy storage in the dc-bus capacitor, hence a smaller capacitance value is required which resulting in a compact and a light-weight circuit. The comparative study between the proposed scheme and the conventional PFC circuit is carried out. The experimental results for the proposed scheme are also presented.
Poor sleep quality diminishes cognitive functioning independent of depression and anxiety in healthy young adults.

Sufficient sleep is essential for optimum cognitive and psychological functioning. Diminished sleep quality is associated with depression and anxiety, but the extent to which poor sleep quality uniquely impacts attention and executive functions independent of the effects of the common underlying features of depression and anxiety requires further exploration. Here 67 healthy young adults were given the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, second edition (MMPI-2), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and tests of attention and executive functions. Similar to findings from a previous study with healthy community-based older adults (Nebes, Buysse, Halligan, Houck, & Monk, 2009), participants who reported poor sleep quality on the PSQI endorsed significantly greater scores on MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical scales related to depression and anxiety (Cohen's d = 0.77–1.05). In addition, PSQI component scores indexing poor sleep quality, duration, and medication use were associated with diminished att...
Structure, radial growth dynamics and recent climatic variations of a 320-year-old Pinus rigida rock outcrop community

The composition, structure and dendroecology of a 320-year-old Pinus rigida rock outcrop community was studied in the Shawangunk Mountains of southeastern New York. This represents one of the oldest known examples of this forest type and it is located on one of the most extreme sites in the northeastern United States. P. rigida represented 88% of all sampled trees, which typically grew on individual soil islands with soil depths of 8–35 cm surrounded by exposed bedrock. The forest was uneven-aged and P. rigida exhibited continuous recruitment into the tree size classes since the late 1600s, suggesting that it represents a physiographic climax for this species. However, a limited amount of Nyssa sylvatica and Quercus prinus recruitment started after 1830. Peak recruitment of P. rigida trees in 1720–1760 and 1860–1890 coincided with parabolic-shaped releases in their radial growth, possibly in response to disturbances. Tree ring growth was typically 50%) lasting 10–15 years to climate, rather than disturbance. Tree growth and recruitment at the study site were influenced by a complex interaction of climate, soil and disturbance factors. Coupling of species recruitment, tree ring and climatic data in this study provided an improved technique for understanding forest growth and dynamics.
Oogenesis and Mode of Reproduction in the Soybean Cyst Nematode, Heterodera Glycines1)

Oogenesis and mode of reproduction were studied in four populations of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Oogonial divisions occurred before and during the fourth molt. Maturation of oocytes proceeded only in inseminated females and was normal, consisting of two meiotic divisions and the formation of two polar nuclei. Nine bivalents were present at metaphase I in all populations. Sperm entered the oocytes at late prophase or early metaphase I. Following the second maturation division, sperm and egg pronuclei fused to form the zygote nucleus. Six females obtained from 200 larval inoculations of soybean seedlings failed to produce embryonated eggs and showed marked retardation in growth. In conclusion, H. glycines has a normal meiotic cycle and reproduces by cross fertilization.
Modulation between high- and low-frequency transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation delays the development of analgesic tolerance in arthritic rats.

Abstract DeSantana JM, Santana-Filho VJ, Sluka KA. Modulation between high- and low-frequency transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation delays the development of analgesic tolerance in arthritic rats. Objective To investigate whether repeated administration of modulating frequency transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) prevents development of analgesic tolerance. Design Knee joint inflammation (3% carrageenan and kaolin) was induced in rats. Either mixed or alternating frequency was administered daily (20min) for 2 weeks to the inflamed knee under light halothane anesthesia (1%–2%). Setting Laboratory. Animals Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (N=36). Intervention Mixed- (4Hz and 100Hz) or alternating- (4Hz on 1 day; 100Hz on the next day) frequency TENS at sensory intensity and 100μs pulse duration. Main Outcome Measures Paw and joint withdrawal thresholds to mechanical stimuli were assessed before induction of inflammation, and before and after daily application of TENS. Results The reduced paw and joint withdrawal thresholds that occur 24 hours after the induction of inflammation were significantly reversed by the first administration of TENS when compared with sham treatment or to the condition before TENS treatment, which was observed through day 9. By the tenth day, repeated daily administration of either mixed- or alternating-frequency TENS did not reverse the decreased paw and joint withdrawal thresholds. Conclusions These data suggest that repeated administration of modulating frequency TENS leads to a development of opioid tolerance. However, this tolerance effect is delayed by approximately 5 days compared with administration of low- or high-frequency TENS independently. Clinically, we can infer that a treatment schedule of repeated daily TENS administration will result in a tolerance effect. Moreover, modulating low and high frequency TENS seems to produce a better analgesic effect and tolerance is slower to develop.
The Architecture of a Wisdom Machine (WM)

In this paper, we propose that wisdom can be distilled from knowledge, knowledge can be derived from information, information can be gathered from data and finally data can be assembled, acquired, switched and channeled by the existing tools and techniques borrowed from computer science and network technology. A variety of data sensors activate the system and at the second level the traditional AI techniques will process the data through the information and the knowledge levels. The final pinnacle of wisdom is an all-human activity where the mind is the super-processor from information and knowledge derived from six computer systems (or subsystems). Each subsystem performs a step either in a sequential or a recursive mode of execution to either forward a new concept in the dictionary of Wisdom or it will link and classify the realm of current activity to an existing tree of knowledge or as minutia of known knowledge.
Effects of 17α-methyltestosterone on uterine morphology and heat shock protein expression are mediated through estrogen and androgen receptors

Abstract Testosterone and the synthetic androgen, 17α-methyltestosterone (MT), have been shown to increase uterine weights and alter uterine morphology. However, whereas the mechanism of action of testosterone in the uterus has been studied, it is not known if the actions of MT are mediated through androgen (AR) or estrogen (ER) receptors. In the present study, we have shown that MT, at 0.5 or 10 mg/kg per day, increases uterine weight and alters uterine morphology in a dose-dependent manner. Co-administration of the anti-androgen, flutamide, or the anti-estrogen, ICI 182,780, with MT revealed that the effects of the low dose of MT are mediated through the ER, whereas those of the high dose are mediated through both the ER and AR. In addition, we have studied the effects of MT on uterine heat shock proteins (hsps), a group of estrogen-regulated proteins whose levels increase in response to growth signals and protein damage. MT increased levels of hsp90α, hsp72, and grp94. All effects on uterine hsp levels were antagonized by the anti-estrogen and not the anti-androgen. Collectively, the results of the present study indicate that the effects of MT in the uterus are mediated through the AR and ER.
Effect of Feeding Reed Canary Hay and Corn Silage, Pure and Combined, on Digestibility and Acceptability for Sheep and Cows,

Abstract In a feeding trial of a Latin-square design the digestibility of reed canary hay and corn silage was compared at equal dry matter intake. The two forages were offered singly, and combined in one-third and two-thirds proportions. In spite of almost equal composition of nutrients, the replacement of reed canary hay by corn silage increased the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber, N-free extracts, energy, ash, and ether extracts by 24.5, 22.1, 9.4, 24.6, 21.0, 23.8, 39.1, and 123.8%, respectively. With the exception of the increase in the digestibility of ash, all others were highly significant (P Increases in digestibility were noted, on the average, as the experiment progressed. Increases for crude fiber and N-free extracts were highly significant (P The occurrence of a gradual blackening of the surface of the inner rumen lining appeared to be directly related to the proportion of silage in the ration. By abrupt changes of the ration from corn silage to hay the coloring disappeared within four to five days. In this respect, replacing corn silage with grass silage showed the same effect. The nature of the coloring and the compound(s) in the feed which caused it are unknown.
A Chromium(VI) Nitrido−Silylmethyl Complex and a Chromium(V) μ-Nitrido Dimer: Synthetic and Structural Details

Lutidinium iodide reacts with NCr(NiPr2)3 (1) to give the nitrido−iodide NCr(I)(NiPr2)2 (2), which provides the σ-alkyl complex NCr(CH2SiMe2Ph)(NiPr2)2 (3) upon treatment with 0.5 equiv of Mg(CH2SiMe2Ph)2. The thermal stability of nitrido−alkyl 3 is discussed, and its X-ray crystal structure is presented. Produced via sodium amalgam reduction of nitrido−iodide, 2 is the dimeric chromium(V) complex [Cr(μ-N)(NiPr2)2]2 (4), the X-ray crystal structure of which is also described.
Immunocytochemical and histochemical studies on intestinal epithelial cells producing both lysozyme and mucosubstance.

The simultaneous demonstration of lysozyme using the unlabelled antibody enzyme method and mucosubstances by staining with the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and Alcian Blue pH 2.5 techniques has led to the identification of a new subpopulation of mucus-producing cells containing lysozyme in small intestinal specimens from normal rats and from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. These cells, containing both mucosubstances and lysozyme, are located in the lateral walls of the crypts of Lieberkuhn, but can occasionally be found also in or near the tips of the villi. The specific staining for lysozyme was observed in the apical and/or basal cytoplasm of these mucus-producing cells and was readily detected in sections counterstained for mucosub-stances with Alcian Blue. The localization of these mucus-producing cells was similar both in the normal rat and in the pathological human specimens. Absorption controls and controls where a non-immune serum was substituted for the specific antilysozyme serum confirmed the specificity of the lysozyme localization.
Prisons Within Prisons: The Use of Segregation in the United States

Since the 1980s, departments of corrections have sharply increased the use of segregation as a discipline and management tool. In effect, segregation is a secondary sentence imposed by the correctional facility—one that follows long after and usually is unrelated to the conviction for which the person is incarcerated. The consequences of holding an individual in these conditions over time may include new or exacerbated mental health disturbances, assaultive and other antisocial behaviors, and chronic and acute health disorders. In fact, studies show that prisoners who are released from segregation directly to the community reoffend at higher rates than general-population prisoners. Policy changes that will reduce the use and long-term impact of segregation will benefit not only the staff and prisoners in these units but also ultimately the well-being of facilities, systems, and the community.
Home Physical Activity Programs for the Promotion of Health and Wellness in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury

The purpose of this study was to increase physical activity in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) through regular participation in a home exercise program. The participants (N = 21) consisted of previously sedentary adult volunteers with a documented SCI, functional use of both upper extremities, and inability to engage in walking for physical activity. Data were collected by four separate assessments for each participant occurring at 3-month intervals. The individuals documented their participation in the program via self-report. Results indicated that the participants improved upper extremity strength and increased their weekly minutes of physical activity. Implications of the study suggest that home programs, complete with knowledgeable health care professional encouragement, along with written and audiovisual guidance appear to be an effective strategy to reduce the impact of environmental barriers that hinder participation in physical activity by persons with an SCI.
Mechanism of action of interleukin-1β in increasing corticotropin-releasing factor and adrenocorticotropin hormone release from cultured human placental cells

The present study evaluated the possible effect and mechanism of action of interleukin-1β in regulating the release of corticotropin-releasing factor and adrenocorticotropin hormone from human cultured placental cells. With the use of a primary monolayer culture of human placental cells at term, the addition of interleukin-1β increased the release of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor with a dose- and time-dependent effect. The intracellular concentration of both cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate increased in the presence of interleukin-1β The addition of indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, partially reversed the effect of interleukin-1β. The same doses of interleukin-1β stimulated the release of adrenocorticotropin hormone and this effect was partially reversed by the addition of a synthetic corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist or by indomethacin. This study showed that interleukin-1β increases the release of corticotropin-releasing factor and adrenocorticotropin hormone from cultured placental cells. This effect is associated with increased intracellular cyclic nucleotide concentrations and is in part reversed by a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor.
Coarsening Kinetics in Mg(Ca,Ti,Y)‐Partially‐Stabilized Zirconias

The coarsening kinetics of a magnesia-partially-stabilized zirconia with and without ternary additions of calcia, titania, or yttria at the 2 mol% level have been studied as a function of aging time at 1420{degrees}C. Addition of titania was found to markedly increase the coarsening rate and it is thought that this is due to a higher precipitate volume fraction in this system. Both calcia and yttria decreased the coarsening kinetics by a similar amount, probably due to both lower precipitate volume fractions and lower interdiffusion coefficients. The precipitate transformability was found to vary among the four systems examined, with calcia and yttria acting to stabilize tetragonal precipitates to larger sizes; titania was found to act as a destabilizer. This paper reports that coherency stresses are important in determining the precipitate morphology and distribution in these alloys but we were unable to ascertain what effect these stresses had on the coarsening rates of the different alloys.
DC to 40 GHz on-wafer package for RF MEMS switches

A silicon micromachined on-wafer DC to 40 GHz packaging scheme for RF MEMS switches is presented. The designed on-wafer package has an insertion loss which is less than 0.4 dB up to 40 GHz (including a 2700 /spl mu/m long through line) and a return loss below -25 dB up to 40 GHz. Its fabrication process is designed so as to be completely compatible with the MEMS switch process, hence allowing the parallel fabrication of all the components on one wafer. The proposed on-wafer packaging approach requires no external wiring to achieve signal propagation and thus it has the potential for lower loss and better performance at higher frequencies.
Racialized Incorporation: The Effects of Race and Generational Status on Self-Employment and Industry-Sector Prestige in the United States

This study examines how race and generational status shape self-employment propensities and industry-sector prestige among the self-employed in the U.S. It draws on theories of assimilation, racialization, and a combined framework, racialized incorporation, to guide the analysis and interpret the results. It uses data from the U.S. March Current Population Survey (2000–2010) offering the first nationally representative examination of second-generation self-employment in the U.S. This study investigates three questions. First, do the odds of being self-employed decline in the second and third generations? Second, do generational patterns in self-employment propensities vary by race? And finally, do race and generational status affect the odds of being self-employed in low-, medium-, and high-prestige industry sectors? Results offer some support for the assimilation perspective: Immigrants are generally more likely than third-generation groups to be self-employed with the exception of Asians, where second-generation Asians have the greatest odds of being self-employed. However, results also reveal that generational patterns in self-employment propensities vary by race and industry-sector prestige. Accordingly, first- and second-generation whites have the greatest odds of being self-employed (across all levels of industry-sector prestige), and third-generation whites are more likely than all generations of blacks and Hispanics to be engaged in high-prestige self-employment. These findings suggest that immigrants, their offspring, and native-born groups undergo a racialized incorporation in which self-employment is organized along hierarchical and racial lines associated with uneven levels of prestige.
A Mesozoic Carbonate Hot-Spring Deposit in the Hartford Basin of Connecticut

ABSTRACT Limestone at Coe's Quarry in North Branford, Connecticut, is characterized by a variety of cross-cutting, discontinuous textural facies. The environmental significance of most textural features is ambiguous, but cellular tufa and abundant spherulite strongly suggest a boiling hot spring setting. The cellular tufa consists of a thin, polygonal framework of micritic calcite which surrounds and interconnects irregular elongate voids. The void space is filled with spherulites and locally derived carbonate detritus cemented by sparry calcite and dolomite. Spherulites nucleated and grew in suspension to diameters of 0.1 mm or more before settling in the cellular tufa and other nearby depositional settings. Spherulites may form distinct geopetal fabrics in the pores of the cellular tufa, dem nstrating that some indistinct layering in tufa had high primary dips. Other important depositional facies are algal/bacterial tufa, micritic and banded travertine, and siliciclastic, limy sandstone. All units are abruptly discontinuous laterally and are also found as intraclasts mixed in with other facies. The spherulites indicate rapid precipitation of carbonate from highly supersaturated bicarbonate waters formed by flash-boiling of CO2-rich water. The cellular textures are similar to microterrace deposits and encrusted organic grains and mats in modern hot springs. Saddle dolomite, which is an important early cement, suggests temperatures of at least 60°C. We infer that the limestone was deposited from a hot spring which periodically flash-boiled in violent, geyserlike eruptions. The Talcott Basalt, which immediately underlies the limestone, is, in places, totally replaced by ferroan carbonates. We infer that the same circulating groundwater, heated by deeper, intrusive equivalents of the Talcott Basalt, locally altered the basalt and reached the surface at hot springs like the one from which the limestone at Coe's Quarry precipitated.
CRUELTY AND ITS VICISSITUDES: JACQUES DERRIDA AND THE FUTURE OF PSYCHOANALYSIS

This paper discusses Jacques Derrida's Death Penalty Seminars (two consecutive seminars he gave at the Ecole des hautes etudes en sciences sociales in 1999–2000 and 2000–2001), as well as his 2000 Paris address to the States General of Psychoanalysis entitled “Psychoanalysis Searches the States of Its Soul.” The paper is magnetized by two questions: what does it mean to say, as Derrida says in his provocative statement at the end of his 1999 seminar, “even when the death penalty will have been abolished . . . it will survive, there will still be some death penalty [meme quand la peine de mort sera abolie . . . elle survivra, il y en aura encore]”? And why is psychoanalysis in a privileged position to address “this irreducible thing in the life of the animate being” that is the possibility of cruelty?
Serum cytokine concentrations do not parallel Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Induced cytokine production in patients with tuberculosis

We measured serum cytokine concentrations and Mycobacterium tuberculosis-stimulated cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from persons infected with M. tuberculosis. Serum interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) concentrations were elevated in patients with tuberculosis compared with healthy persons who had reactions to tuberculin skin tests, but IL-18 concentrations were not. In contrast, M. tuberculosis-stimulated PBMCs from patients with tuberculosis produced less IFN-gamma and IL-18 but similar amounts of IL-10, compared with PBMCs from healthy subjects who had reactions to tuberculin skin tests. Pretreatment of PBMCs from healthy subjects with reaction to tuberculin with serum from patients with tuberculosis inhibited IFN-gamma production in response to M. tuberculosis, and inhibition was blocked by anti-IL-10. Thus, serum concentrations of IFN-gamma, IL-18, and IL-10 do not parallel M. tuberculosis-induced cytokine levels, and increased IL-10 serum levels in patients with tuberculosis inhibit IFN-gamma production in response to mycobacterial antigens.
Aqueous divalent metal–nitrate interactions: hydration versus ion pairing

Nitrate aqueous solutions, Mg(NO3)2, Ca(NO3)2, Sr(NO3)2, and Pb(NO3)2, are investigated using Raman spectroscopy and free energy profiles from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Analysis of the in-plane deformation, symmetric stretch, and asymmetric stretch vibrational modes of the nitrate ions reveal perturbation caused by the metal cations and hydrating water molecules. Results show that Pb2+ has a strong tendency to form contact ion pairs with nitrate relative to Sr2+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, and contact ion pair formation decreases with decreasing cation size and increasing cation charge density: Pb2+ > Sr2+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+. In the case of Mg2+, the Mg2+–OH2 intermolecular modes indicate strong hydration by water molecules and no contact ion pairing with nitrate. Free energy profiles provide evidence for the experimentally observed trend and clarification between solvent-separated, solvent-shared, and contact ion pairs, particularly for Mg2+ relative to other cations.
Cell-type specific analysis of translating RNAs in developing flowers reveals new levels of control

Determining both the expression levels of mRNA and the regulation of its translation is important in understanding specialized cell functions. In this study, we describe both the expression profiles of cells within spatiotemporal domains of the Arabidopsis thaliana flower and the post-transcriptional regulation of these mRNAs, at nucleotide resolution. We express a tagged ribosomal protein under the promoters of three master regulators of flower development. By precipitating tagged polysomes, we isolated cell type-specific mRNAs that are probably translating, and quantified those mRNAs through deep sequencing. Cell type comparisons identified known cell-specific transcripts and uncovered many new ones, from which we inferred cell type-specific hormone responses, promoter motifs and coexpressed cognate binding factor candidates, and splicing isoforms. By comparing translating mRNAs with steady-state overall transcripts, we found evidence for widespread post-transcriptional regulation at both the intron splicing and translational stages. Sequence analyses identified structural features associated with each step. Finally, we identified a new class of noncoding RNAs associated with polysomes. Findings from our profiling lead to new hypotheses in the understanding of flower development.
An anisotropic phong BRDF model

Abstract We present a BRDF model that combines several advantages of the various empirical models currently in use. In particular, it has intuitive parameters, is anisotropic, conserves energy, is reciprocal, has an appropriate non-Lambertian diffuse term, and is well-suited for use in Monte Carlo renderers.
Sequential activation of genetic programs in mouse mammary epithelium during pregnancy depends on STAT5A/B concentration

The transcription factors Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) 5A/B mediate prolactin-induced mammary development during pregnancy. However, it is not clear how the different processes, expansion and maturation of alveolar precursor cells and the differential induction of milk protein genes are regulated on a molecular level. We have used mouse genetics and genome-wide analyses to determine how altering concentrations of STAT5A and STAT5B impacts mammary epithelial development during pregnancy and the regulation of target genes. The presence of only a single Stat5a or Stat5b allele was sufficient for the establishment of histologically undifferentiated alveolar units and two alleles permitted the execution of a differentiation program similar to that found with all four alleles. While one copy of Stat5 induced limited expression of target genes, two copies activated a lactation-like gene signature. Using ChIP-seq analyses on intact tissue under physiological conditions, we found that highly expressed and regulated genes were bound by STAT5 in their promoter proximal regions, whereas upstream binding had minor biological consequences. Remarkably, 80% of the genes bound by STAT5 in vivo were not under STAT5 control. RNA polymerase II intensity was directly proportional to STAT5 concentration only on STAT5 regulated genes providing mechanistic insight by which STAT5 activates mammary specific genes.