cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Applications of Breathing Regulation: Beyond Anxiety Management

Breathing training is widely used as an aid in reducing anxiety states, but several other applications also show promise. This article reviews evidence that normalizing breathing patterns may offer help in some cases of essential hypertension, angina, functional chest disorder, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cardiac rehabilitation. Hyperventilation and hypoventilation, inhibited breathing, and breath suspension are all deviations from an optimal breathing pattern in which breathing volume is closely matched to metabolic needs. Such disordered breathing has varying effects on acid/base balance, arterial diameter, and sodium retention by the kidneys. Therefore, a chronic breathing imbalance can contribute to pathophysiology, which may be remediable to an extent by altering habitual breathing patterns.
Modeling and optimization of the chip level program disturbance of 3D NAND Flash memory

The effects of three types of program (PGM) disturbance, which are X, XY, and Y mode, on the chip level erase (ERS) threshold voltage (VT) distribution in three-dimensional (3D) NAND Flash memory were studied. A simple model was constructed to emulate both the chip operation and PGM characteristics. It was found that the right tail and peak of ERS VT distribution after PGM operation of a physical block are determined by Y mode and other two modes respectively. We concluded that the difference in channel (CH) boosting level between Y mode and other two modes should be achieved less than a width of initial ERS VT distribution in order not to degrade its right tail. The optimal PGM operation conditions for high CH boosting level were proposed to minimize the band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) current in the dummy WL region.
Tuning of the copper-thioether bond in tetradentate N₃S(thioether) ligands; O-O bond reductive cleavage via a [Cu(II)₂(μ-1,2-peroxo)]²⁺/[Cu(III)₂(μ-oxo)₂]²⁺ equilibrium.

Current interest in copper/dioxygen reactivity includes the influence of thioether sulfur ligation, as it concerns the formation, structures, and properties of derived copper-dioxygen complexes. Here, we report on the chemistry of {L-CuI}2-(O2) species L = DMMESE, DMMESP, and DMMESDP, which are N3S(thioether)-based ligands varied in the nature of a substituent on the S atom, along with a related N3O(ether) (EOE) ligand. CuI and CuII complexes have been synthesized and crystallographically characterized. Copper(I) complexes are dimeric in the solid state, [{L-CuI}2](B(C6F5)4)2, however are shown by diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy to be mononuclear in solution. Copper(II) complexes with a general formulation [L-CuII(X)]n+ {X = ClO4–, n = 1, or X = H2O, n = 2} exhibit distorted square pyramidal coordination geometries and progressively weaker axial thioether ligation across the series. Oxygenation (−130 °C) of {(DMMESE)CuI}+ results in the formation of a trans-μ-1,2-peroxodicopper(II) species [{(DMMESE)Cu...
Binding of [3H]progesterone to the human progesterone receptor: differences between individual and mixed isoforms.

The human progesterone receptor (hPR) exists as two isoforms, hPR-A and hPR-B, which differ only in that hPR-A lacks 164 amino acids present at the amino-terminus of hPR-B. In this study we have separately expressed hPR-A and hPR-B and asked whether the progesterone-binding mechanisms are the same or different for the two forms of hPR and for their mixture. We investigated 1) the cooperativity of binding [3H]progesterone to the receptor, as measured by the Hill coefficient (nH); and 2) the dissociation rate of [3H]progesterone from the receptor. To compare the effects of dimerization, these ligand-binding properties were measured over a range of receptor concentrations. Binding of [3H]progesterone to hPR-A was positively cooperative at all concentrations used; the limiting value for the Hill coefficient was 1.47 +/- 0.11 at high receptor concentrations (5-19 nM) and 1.31 +/- 0.06 at low receptor concentrations (1-4 nM). Similarly, little change was observed in the dissociation rate constant over the same ...
Constitutive modeling and control of 1D smart composite structures

Homogenization techniques for determining effective properties of composite materials may provide advantages for control of stiffness and strain in systems using hysteretic smart actuators embedded in a soft matrix. In this paper, a homogenized model of a 1D composite structure comprised of shape memory alloys and a rubber-like matrix is presented. With proportional and proportional/integral feedback, using current as the input state and global strain as an error state, implementation scenarios include the use of tractions on the boundaries and a nonlinear constitutive law for the matrix. The result is a simple model which captures the nonlinear behavior of the smart composite material system and is amenable to experiments with various control paradigms. The success of this approach in the context of the 1D model suggests that the homogenization method may prove useful in investigating control of more general smart structures. Applications of such materials could include active rehabilitation aids, e.g. wrist braces, as well as swimming/undulating robots, or adaptive molds for manufacturing processes.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Factors contributing to increased vascular fibrinolytic activity in mongrel dogs.

BACKGROUNDNumerous investigators have observed that pulmonary emboli are rapidly lysed in a canine model system. This study was undertaken to delineate the unique mechanism that accounts for the rapid dissolution of pulmonary emboli in mongrel dogs.METHODS AND RESULTSCanine plasminogen activator (PA) activity (2.6 +/- 1.1 IU/mL acidified platelet-poor plasma [PPP], < 0.3 IU/mL acidified whole blood serum [WBS], mean +/- SD; n = 6) and PA inhibitor activity (6.1 +/- 2.6 U/mL PPP, 35.4 +/- 7.8 U/mL WBS; n = 6) were determined in standard plasminogen-based chromogenic assays. Analysis of canine PPP, WBS, platelet lysates, and primary canine endothelial cell (EC) cultures by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fibrin autography revealed a plasminogen-dependent lytic zone at 45-kd relative molecular mass that was shown to be related to urokinase-type PA (u-PA) by its selective inhibition through amiloride. Analysis of canine platelets on standard 125I fibrin plate assays revealed a ne...
Occlusive disease confined to the right coronary artery: clinical features, surgical treatment and long-term follow-up in 124 patients.

Abstract The clinical presentation and surgical results in 124 consecutive patients who underwent aorta to right coronary arterial bypass surgery from January 1970 through June 1977 were reviewed. Preoperatively, 75 percent of the patients were in New York Heart Association functional class III or IV, 9 percent presented with unstable angina and 5 percent had life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. All patients had high grade occlusive disease confined to the right coronary artery; 34 percent of the patients had associated nonsignificant disease (less than 50 percent intraluminal narrowing) of the left anterior descending or circumflex artery. Left ventricular function was normal in 63 percent and minimally impaired in 37 percent. The operative mortality rate was 1.6 percent. The course of the 122 survivors was followed up for 3.7 years. There were four late deaths, and the 5 year mortality rate was 4.0 percent. Eight patients were reoperated on because of recurrence of symptoms and occlusion of the graft or progression of occlusive disease of the other major coronary arteries, or both. Of the remaining 110 patients, 98 are either in functional class I or II, 60 are taking no cardiovascular medications, 52 are working full time without angina and 73 are asymptomatic. In summary, bypass surgery for isolated right coronary artery disease has a low mortality rate and results in excellent long-term symptomatic improvement.
STORAGE OF U.S. GRADE AA MAPLE SYRUP IN THE RETAIL PACKAGE

Six types of containes for maple syrup were evaluated under three controlled temperatures at four storage intervals. The contenents of each container were analyzed for optical density (color), density, pH, and flavor. If a good quality U.S. grade AA maple syrup, properly hotpacked, is stored no longer than 6 months in the retail container at a temperature of 24°C, quality, as measured by color, density, pH, and flavor, will be maintained in the containers we evaluated. However, in some plastic containers, syrup stored for 9 and 12 months at 24° and 30°C, darkened enough to drop one grade level with a significant deterioration of flavor in one of the containers.
Analysis of natural variation reveals neurogenetic networks for Drosophila olfactory behavior

Understanding the relationship between genetic variation and phenotypic variation for quantitative traits is necessary for predicting responses to natural and artificial selection and disease risk in human populations, but is challenging because of large sample sizes required to detect and validate loci with small effects. Here, we used the inbred, sequenced, wild-derived lines of the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) to perform three complementary genome-wide association (GWA) studies for natural variation in olfactory behavior. The first GWA focused on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with mean differences in olfactory behavior in the DGRP, the second was an extreme quantitative trait locus GWA on an outbred advanced intercross population derived from extreme DGRP lines, and the third was for SNPs affecting the variance among DGRP lines. No individual SNP in any analysis was associated with variation in olfactory behavior by using a strict threshold accounting for multiple tests, and no SNP overlapped among the analyses. However, combining the top SNPs from all three analyses revealed a statistically enriched network of genes involved in cellular signaling and neural development. We used mutational and gene expression analyses to validate both candidate genes and network connectivity at a high rate. The lack of replication between the GWA analyses, small marginal SNP effects, and convergence on common cellular networks were likely attributable to epistasis. These results suggest that fully understanding the genotype–phenotype relationship requires a paradigm shift from a focus on single SNPs to pathway associations.
Cognitive deficits induced by 56Fe radiation exposure.

Exposing rats to particles of high energy and charge (e.g., 56Fe) disrupts neuronal systems and the behaviors mediated by them; these adverse behavioral and neuronal effects are similar to those seen in aged animals. Because cognition declines with age, and our previous study showed that radiation disrupted Morris water maze spatial learning and memory performance, the present study used an 8-arm radial maze (RAM) to further test the cognitive behavioral consequences of radiation exposure. Control rats or rats exposed to whole-body irradiation with 1.0 Gy of 1 GeV/n high-energy 56Fe particles (delivered at the alternating gradient synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory) were tested nine months following exposure. Radiation adversely affected RAM performance, and the changes seen parallel those of aging. Irradiated animals entered baited arms during the first 4 choices significantly less than did controls, produced their first error sooner, and also tended to make more errors as measured by re-entries into non-baited arms. These results show that irradiation with high-energy particles produces age-like decrements in cognitive behavior that may impair the ability of astronauts to perform critical tasks during long-term space travel beyond the magnetosphere.
Rat sodium iodide symporter allows using lower dose of 131I for cancer therapy.

Efficient gene delivery is a critical obstacle for gene therapy that must be overcome. Until current limits of gene delivery technology are solved, identification of systems with bystander effects is highly desirable. As an anticancer agent, radioactive iodine 131I has minimal toxicity. The physical characteristics of 131I decay allow radiation penetration within a local area causing bystander killing of adjacent cells. Accumulation of 131I mediated by the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) provides a highly effective treatment for well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Other types of cancer could also be treated by NIS-mediated concentration of lethal 131I radiation in tumor cells. Our group and others previously reported that a significant antitumor effect in mice was achieved after adenoviral delivery of rat or human NIS gene following administration of 3 mCi of 131I. We have also demonstrated 5–6-fold greater uptake of 125I by rat NIS over human NIS in human cancer cells. Recently, we reported the capability of the rat NIS and 131I to effectively induce growth arrest of relatively large tumors (approximately 800 mm3) in an animal model. In the present work tumor growth inhibition was achieved using adenoviral delivery of the rat NIS gene and 1 mCi of 131I (one-third of the dose used in earlier reports). We also demonstrated that a higher concentration of 123I was accumulated in the NIS-expressing tumors than in the thyroid 20 min after radioiodine administration. The highest intratumoral radioiodine concentration was observed along the needle track; however, the rat NIS-131I effectively induced growth arrest of tumor xenografts in mice through its radiological bystander effect. Importantly, the rat NIS allowed reducing the injected radioiodine dose by 70% with the same antitumor efficacy in pre-established tumors. These results suggest that the rat NIS gene may be advantageous compared to the human gene in its ability to enhance intratumoral 131I uptake.
Mechanistic studies of Wacker-type amidocyclization of alkenes catalyzed by (IMes)Pd(TFA)2(H2O): kinetic and stereochemical implications of proton transfer

The stereochemical course of the amidopalladation of alkenes has important implications for the development of enantioselective Pd-catalyzed “Wacker-type” oxidative amidation of alkenes. We have recently shown that the addition of base (Na2CO3) can alter the stereochemical course of amidopalladation in the (IMes)Pd(TFA)2(H2O)-catalyzed aerobic oxidative amidation of alkene. In this study, the mechanism of (IMes)Pd(TFA)2(H2O)-catalyzed oxidative heterocyclization of (Z)-4-hexenyltosylamide was investigated in the presence and absence of exogenous base Na2CO3. The results reveal two parallel pathways in the absence of base: a cis-amidopalladation pathway with turnover-limiting deprotonation of the sulfonamide nucleophile and a trans-amidopalladation pathway with turnover-limiting nucleophilic attack of sulfonamide on the coordinated alkene. The addition of base (Na2CO3) lowers the energy barrier associated with the proton transfer, leading to an overall faster turnover rate and exclusive cis-amidopalladatio...
Contingent Illumination Change and Operant Responding by Kittens

Two groups of 12 8-wk.-old kittens were tested for the reinforcing effect of illumination change resulting from displacement of a spherical plastic manipulandum. For one group responding turned on a dim light in the darkened test box, and for the other group responding turned the light off. Both groups were given 3 familiarization sessions followed by 8 test sessions in which one of two identical manipulanda affected illumination. The onset group developed a reliable preference for the light change manipulandum, and the light offset group did not.
Characterization of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 invasion in an epithelial cell line (IPEC J2) from porcine small intestine.

Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 is an emerging enteric pathogen in swine of increasing medical importance. In this study, the time course and the actin-dependent host signaling processes necessary for invasion of a S. Typhimurium DT104 field isolate were investigated in IPEC J2 epithelial cells derived from porcine small intestine. Internalized bacteria were quantified by a gentamicin resistance assay. DT104 internalization into epithelial monolayers increased steadily between 15 and 120 min after apical inoculation. Internalization was reduced by the Rho GTPase inhibitor mevastatin, the N-WASP inhibitor wiskostatin and the actin-disrupting agent cytochalasin D, but not the Rac1 GTPase inhibitor NSC-23766. Early DT104 invasion of porcine enterocytes appears to be mediated by Rac1 GTPase-independent changes in epithelial actin assembly.
Is "Narrative" Really a Panacea? The Use of "Narrative" in the Work of Metz and Hauerwas

The category of narrative or story has received much attention in recent discussions of Christian theology and ethics. Indeed, the theme of narrative is so popular today that a virtual cottage industry of academic scholarship has grown up around the discussion of this theme.' This essay adds to the growing literature on the topic of narrative, but my intention is not to contribute to the substantive debate on this topic. Rather, this paper raises a more preliminary question: why has the notion of narrative suddenly become so much discussed as a category of theological and ethical reflection? The answer, I suggest, is that the category of narrative appears to be almost a panacea for the ills afflicting contemporary theology and ethics. In particular, the category of narrative appears to address problems arising from the tenuous cognitive status of Christianity in the modern world. One of the major objectives of this paper, then, will be to see how, and to what specific ills, narrative is a putative remedy. To accomplish this objective, I will rehearse one account of the problems besetting contemporary Christian thought, that set out by Jeffrey Stout in his book, Flightfrom Authority.2 Stout's presentation of the contemporary problematic is very helpful in explaining the predilection for narrative in current discussions. Briefly summarized, what Stout argues is that, as a result of the breakdown of the traditional category of
Subtemporal Decompression: Radiological Observations and Current Surgical Experience

Subtemporal decompression, although seldom used today for the management of hydrocephalus, pseudotumour cerebri, or premature closure of cranial sutures, is still used in many centres to alleviate intracranial hypertension caused by tumour, trauma, or severe intracranial haemorrhage. The charts of 50 patients undergoing subtemporal decompression for either severe head trauma or severe intracranial haemorrhage were reviewed. Preoperative and postoperative computed axial tomographic scans were available in 15 patients for analysis of the effects of decompression on the underlying temporal lobe. Calculation of the additional space provided by subtemporal decompression ranged from 26 to 33 cm3.
Presidential address: Crossroads

It is a pleasure to have this opportunity to speak to the members and guests of the American Venous Forum and an honor to have served as your third president. Most of us belong to societies that are rich in traditions, but rarely do we have the opportunity to develop a heritage and plot the course of a young society. That is our challenge and our obligation to those in this organization who will succeed us. It is obvious from the title of this presentation that my view of our current situation is that we are at a crossroads where there are choices to be made. The first consideration is whether we will be traditional in the sense of a single specialty or innovative with multispecialty representation, and that decision has been made. In some respects it is like a “Hobson’s choice.” The expression “Hobson’s choice” comes from Tobias Hobson who rented hackney horses in Cambridge, England. He was concerned about his horses because the students rode them very hard. So he kept a large stable of mounts with boots, bridles, and whips. When a man came in for a horse, he was led into the stable where there was a great choice, but Hobson obliged him to take the horse that stood next to the stable door; so that every customer was well served according to chance and every horse was ridden with the same frequency. In this situation, a higher purpose is served by the decision made earlier, and so it is with our organization. Although we originated from the joint vascular surgical societies, from the beginning we have functioned as a forum within which several specialties were joined in the study of venous diseases. But before discarding the attributes of the specialty societies, we should consider the qualities that make them strong. First
Insulin stimulates membrane conductance in a liver cell line: evidence for insertion of ion channels through a phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent mechanism.

Abstract Activation of insulin receptors stimulates a rapid increase in the ion permeability of liver cells. To evaluate whether this response involves insertion of ion channels, plasma membrane turnover was measured in a model liver cell line using the fluorescent membrane marker FM1–43. Under basal conditions, the rate of constitutive membrane turnover was ∼2%min−1, and balanced exocytosis and endocytosis maintained the total cell membrane area constant. Exposure to insulin stimulated a transient increase in membrane turnover of up to 10-fold above constitutive rates. The response was concentration-dependent (0.001–10 μm). Insulin also caused a parallel increase in membrane conductance as measured by whole-cell patch clamp recording due to opening of Cl−- and K+-selective ion channels. The insulin-stimulated membrane turnover did not appear to involve the constitutive recycling compartments, suggesting that a distinct pool of vesicles may be involved. The effects of insulin on membrane turnover and membrane conductance were inhibited by blockers of phosphoinositide 3-kinase LY294002 and wortmannin or by disrupting microtubule assembly with nocodazole. Taken together, these findings indicate that insulin stimulates recruitment of new membranes through phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent mechanisms. Thus, regulated insertion of a separate population of ion channel-containing vesicles may represent one mechanism for mediating the changes in membrane conductance that are essential for the cellular response to insulin.
The range of spatial frequency contingent color aftereffects.

Abstract Checkerboard stimuli contain two-dimensional Fourier components oriented 45 degrees from edges of the individual checks. Adaptation to such stimuli and testing with rectilinear gratings showed that contingent color aftereffects are associated with the Fourier components rather than the edges of such patterned stimuli at high spatial frequencies. With low spatial frequency (0.8 c/d) contingent color aftereffects were aligned with the edges rather than the Fourier components. These data, obtained with a color cancellation procedure, are in agreement with previous reports of spatial frequency-contingent color aftereffects and indicate the range over which such effects can be obtained.
Spread of information through a population with socio-structural bias: II. Various models with partial transitivity

The assumption of transitivity treated in part I is modified in various ways to describe an information-diffusion process, in which a certain amount of randomness of contact does occur. In one model a parameter is introduced which is indicative of a tendency to go beyond one's immediate vicinity to spread the information as the vicinity becomes saturated with knowers. In another model the randomness appears in the assumption that new knowers are uniformly distributed among the knowers. Two of the equations thus derived, each with two free parameters are in good agreement with experimental results.
Safety of antidepressants in the elderly

Until the 1980s, the two major classes of antidepressants, the tricyclics and the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), were effective but had severe side effects, requiring monitoring by psychiatrists. The past several years have brought new classes of antidepressants that are safer for the patient to take and far easier for the non-psychiatrist to prescribe. Whilst this is of enormous value, it leaves the physician with the dilemma of which one to prescribe. These new antidepressants cannot safely be used interchangeably. This paper will discuss each of the antidepressants presently available, with particular emphasis on safety in the elderly. Drug interactions, side effects and particular challenges to the older patient will be described. The authors will then advise a general strategy for prescribing antidepressants.
Applied island biogeography and the conservation of endangered island birds in the Indian ocean

Abstract There has been much interest and controversy over the application of island biogeographic theory to conservation planning, but few attempts have been made actually to apply theory to specific conservation programmes. This paper demonstrates how island biogeography might play an important role in developing programmes to preserve several endangered island birds on the island of Mauritius. Biogeographic theory suggests that the present avifauna of Mauritius contains an excessive number of species, in view of the much reduced area of forest that exists on the island today. Inter-island transfers of four endangered birds from Mauritius to nearby Reunion Island are proposed and justified by biogeographical and ecological studies.
Amplification of stresses in thin ligaments

Abstract Stress concentration effects are greatly amplified when cavities approach another boundary and thin ligaments develop. It is shown on the basis of specific solutions that the amplification effect depends not only on the adjacent boundaries forming the ligament, but also on the type of loading, and even on the presence of other far boundaries, when they affect significantly the force and moment transmitted by the ligament.
Relationship between the inverse scattering techniques of Belinskii–Zakharov and Hauser–Ernst in general relativity

We make a quantitative comparison between the pure-nonsoliton part of the inverse scattering method of Belinskii and Zakharov (BZ) and the homogeneous Hilbert problem of Hauser and Ernst (HE), these being two independent representations of an infinite-dimensional subgroup [script K] of the Geroch group K of invariance transformations for spacetimes with two commuting Killing vectors. An explicit formula for the BZ representing matrix function G0(lambda) in terms of the HE representing matrix function u(t) is derived. It is shown how certain solution generating techniques (e.g., Harrison's Backlund transformation, HKX transformation, generation of Weyl solution from flat space, generation of n-Kerr–NUT solution from n-Schwarzschild) can be derived directly from the BZ formalism, including the soliton part in some cases, thereby bringing our understanding of the BZ formalism up to the level of the more fully developed HE formalism. A technical point which needed to be resolved along the way was how to analytically continue the complex matrix potential F(t) across a quadratic branch cut and onto the second Riemann sheet. Finally, we consider how the subgroup [script K][subset, equals]K represented by the BZ and HE formalisms can be enlarged either by simple limiting transitions or by relaxing boundary conditions.
A critical review of FDA-approved Medication Guides.

Abstract Objective To investigate whether consumer-directed, FDA-approved Medication Guides issued for potentially harmful medications are likely to be useful to patients with limited literacy. Methods Lexile analysis and the suitability assessment of materials (SAM) were conducted on the 40 currently issued Medication Guides to evaluate reading difficulty, content, and format. Structured interviews with a literacy assessment were also conducted among 251 primary care patients at a public hospital clinic in Louisiana to determine if patients directed attention to Medication Guides and other accompanying patient information materials. Results The average Lexile score estimated an 11th–12th grade reading level for the guides ( M =1223, S.D.=200). None of the 40 Medication Guides met federal recommendations (6th–8th grade level). Most Medication Guides were deemed unsuitable because they did not provide a summary of content (90.0%) or limit the scope of information (77.5%). Only 23.0% of patients reported having looked at Medication Guides or accompanying patient information materials; patients with low literacy were less likely to have looked at them (16.7% versus 32.9%, p =0.03). Conclusion Medication Guides in their current form are not likely to be useful to patients with limited literacy skills. Practice implications Reading level of text in Medication Guides should be reduced, summaries or "highlights" provided, and the scope of information limited to increase the likelihood of use among individuals with limited literacy. Consumers should be involved in their development.
Effect of increasing distillers grains inclusion on performance and carcass characteristics of early-weaned steers.

Dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) contain elevated concentrations of CP, oil, and S, which can negatively impact performance and carcass characteristics in steers weaned at 205 d of age. Early weaned (EW) cattle, however, consume less DM and require increased CP. Furthermore, the energy required to dispose of excess N may actually decrease excessive fat accumulation, which can occur in EW cattle. Thus, we hypothesized that feeding diets with increased concentrations of DDGS to EW steers for the first 99 d would decrease fat thickness and increase harvest weights, and would not inhibit performance or marbling deposition. To test this hypothesis, 90 Angus × Simmental steers (199.7 ± 12.2 kg) were weaned at 134 d of age (EW) and allotted to 3 high concentrate diets (20% corn silage) containing either 0%, 30%, or 60% DDGS (15.7%, 15.8% and 21.7% CP, respectively). Dietary treatments were fed for 99 d, after which steers were placed on a common diet containing no DDGS (12.9% CP) until harvest at a common weight of 599 kg. Concentration of dietary DDGS did not affect ADG, DMI, or G:F during the growing phase (P > 0.41), did not produce any carryover effects on ADG, DMI, or G:F during the finishing phase (P > 0.26), and resulted in similar overall performance (P > 0.52). Dressing percentage (P 0.46) by DDGS inclusion, but there was a tendency (P = 0.08) for the ratio of subcutaneous (SC) to intramuscular (IM) fat to be altered by DDGS inclusion. The ratio of IM to SC fat decreased from 0 to 30% DDGS inclusion and increased from 30 to 60% DDGS inclusion. These data suggest that inclusion of increased concentrations of dietary DDGS early in the feedlot phase does not negatively impact growth and performance of EW cattle, but does partition energy from carcass to noncarcass components. However, increased concentrations of DDGS did not negatively impact IM fat deposition. Utilization of energy for disposal of excess N may be responsible for changes in carcass weight and SC fat deposition.
An E. coli B mutation, rpoB5081, that prevents growth of phage T4 strains defective in host DNA degradation

An E. coli B Tab strain, EM121, was isolated that restricts T4 denA (DNA endonuclease II) mutants at 37 degrees C and above, but is permissive for wild-type T4 at all temperatures examined. At 42 degrees C, other mutants affected in nucleic acid metabolism (T4 dexA, regA and uvsW strains) are also restricted. Genetic analysis revealed that one mutation (rpoB5081) in the RNA polymerase beta subunit gene is sufficient for restricting all denA mutants. rpoB5081, together with a second linked mutation, is also required for restricting the other T4 mutants, rpoB5081 (P806S), previously shown to increase transcription termination in E. coli K-12, causes delayed synthesis of T4 late proteins and reduced DNA synthesis in denA infections. Thus, T4 DNA synthesis and gene expression are impaired by the rpoB5081 beta subunit when degradation of host DNA is reduced. Because the restricted T4 mutants are not readily distinguished from wild-type phage under typical plating conditions, EM121 is an important host for screening and mapping T4 denA mutations.
Co-registered spectrally encoded confocal microscopy and optical frequency domain imaging system

Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy and optical frequency domain imaging are two non-contact optical imaging technologies that provide images of tissue cellular and architectural morphology, which are both used for histopathological diagnosis. Although spectrally encoded confocal microscopy has better transverse resolution than optical frequency domain imaging, optical frequency domain imaging can penetrate deeper into tissues, which potentially enables the visualization of different morphologic features. We have developed a co-registered spectrally encoded confocal microscopy and optical frequency domain imaging system and have obtained preliminary images from human oesophageal biopsy samples to compare the capabilities of these imaging techniques for diagnosing oesophageal pathology.
Cue Reactivity in Active Pathological, Abstinent Pathological, and Regular Gamblers

Twenty-one treatment-seeking pathological gamblers, 21 pathological gamblers in recovery, and 21 recreational gamblers watched two video-taped exciting gambling scenarios and an exciting roller-coaster control scenario while their arousal (heart rate and subjective excitement) and urge to gamble were being measured. The gamblers did not differ significantly in cue-elicited heart rate elevations or excitement. However, the active pathological gamblers reported significantly greater urges to gamble across all cues compared to the abstinent pathological gamblers and, with marginal significance (p = 0.06), also compared to the social gamblers. Further exploration of these findings revealed that active pathological gamblers experience urges to gamble in response to exciting situations, whether or not they are gambling related, whereas abstinent and social gamblers only report urges to an exciting gambling-related cue. This suggests that for pathological gamblers excitement itself, irrespective of its source, may become a conditioned stimulus capable of triggering gambling behavior. Implications for treatment and future research are discussed.
Design and Reconfiguration Strategies for Near-Optimal k-fault-tolerant Tree Architectures

A graph G(k,T) representing a multiprocessor architecture is a k-fault-tolerant (k-FT) implementation of a basic tree T, if G(k,T) contains T after removal of any k nodes. The authors consider the design of such k-FT architectures with the primary goals of minimizing the number of spare nodes and edges. The authors present a systematic methodology for designing k-FT implementations of nonhomogeneous symmetric d-ary trees based on graph covering. The resulting designs are optimal in a well-defined sense when k >
Alteration in spleen lymphoid populations associated with specific amino acid depletion during L-asparaginase treatment.

Treatment with antileukemic asparaginases isolated from Escherichia coli and Erwinia carotovora is accompanied by pronounced toxicity and immunosuppression. The capability of these enzymes to hydrolyze L-glutamine and to limit serum levels of this amino acid as well as asparagine has led investigators to hypothesize that glutaminase activity may be responsible for the side effects observed during treatment. We have isolated a glutaminase-free asparaginase with potent antilymphoma activity from Vibrio succinogenes . With the use of this enzyme, we have demonstrated that asparagine depletion alone does not result in suppression of humoral or cell-mediated responses after immunization with sheep red blood cells. In contrast, treatment with E. coli asparaginase abolishes these immune responses. In the present study, we investigated the effects of specific amino acid depletion resulting from asparaginase treatment on spleen histology and lymphocyte populations. Administration by i.p. injection of 50 IU of E. coli asparaginase per day for 4 days resulted in a marked reduction in the size of lymphoid follicles within the spleen concomitant with reduced germinal centers. There appeared to be a significant change in reactivity of the germinal centers, evidenced by a decrease in immunoblasts (B-cells). These findings were confirmed by a sensitive peroxidase-antiperoxidase staining procedure for immunoglobulin-containing cells. Examination of lymphocyte subpopulations within the spleen revealed that there was nearly a 40% decrease in the percentage of Slg-bearing cells accompanied by an increase in the ratio of Thy 1,2-bearing cells. The ratio of Lyt-2 to Lyt-1 cells was unchanged as compared to control animals. The data support the hypothesis that glutamine or glutamine combined with asparagine depletion resulting from the treatment of E. coli asparaginase causes a marked decrease in spleen lymphocytes of the B-cell lineage. In contrast, asparagine deprivation alone, caused by the administration of the glutaminase-free asparaginase from V. succinogenes , does not affect spleen histology or lymphocyte marker distribution. Thus, the asparaginase from V. succinogenes should serve as an effective antileukemic agent without causing deleterious effects on the immune system.
Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly

As our society ages, so too will the total number of persons with cognitive impairment (Sabin, 1986). To effectively treat this growing population, occupational and physical therapists must become knowledgeable about the various categories and functional problems associated with cognitive dysfunction and how these deficits are identified. This article identifies and differentiates specific cognitive impairment categories, and reviews measurements of cognitive function and multidimensional assessments used with the geriatric population.
Multiple wavelength operation of an erbium-doped fiber laser

Wavelength-locked, six-channel, colasing operation using a single gain medium is reported for the first time. The system is an all-fiber, erbium-amplifier-based design that uses a grating wavelength division multiplexer with a fixed channel spacing of 4.8 nm for frequency selection. The authors investigate two possible configurations for the laser cavity. >
Social Loafing in Brainstorming CMC Teams: The Role of Moral Disengagement

Social loafing, i.e. the tendency of some individuals to not exert as much effort in team settings as when they are working alone, has been identified as a major source of productivity loss in brainstorming teams. Studies of social loafing in brainstorming Computer Mediated Communication teams are scant. This paper examines the mechanisms through which previously identified antecedents (Group size and perceived loafing of other members) of social loafing work. This paper utilizes the Theory of Moral Disengagement which helps explain how people engage in antisocial, i.e. social loafing in this case, behavior by disengaging their self-sanctions that otherwise will restrain such conduct. To test the hypotheses, this study employs a controlled experiment with 47 undergraduate students from a Middle Eastern university. Findings indicate that diffusion of responsibility and dehumanization mediates the positive effect of group size on social loafing in brainstorming teams. Also, attribution of blame was found to have a direct negative effect on social loafing. Implications of these findings are discussed and managerial guidelines presented.
Phospholipid degradation in membranes of isolated soybean lipid bodies

Membrane degradation was observed in lipod bodies isolated from soybean seeds and incubated at 30°C for 6- and 18-day periods. Three events occurred during degradation. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyle-thanolamine (PE) were converted to phosphatidic acid presumably by phospholipase D, but PE decreased even in the absence of phospholipase D enzymic activity. A substance that cochromatographed with cardiolipin appeared as a product after 18 days incubation.
The analysis of stable isotopes in urine to determine the fractional absorption of zinc.

We measured isotopic enrichment in urine af- ter oral and intravenous administration ofstable isotopes of zinc to determine fractional absorption (FA). 68Zn and 70Zn were administered orally and intravenously to four normal adults. Subsequently, urine and fecal samples were collected for 7 and 14 d, respectively, ashed, and passed through ion-exchange col- umns to separate zinc from other elements. Samples were an- alyzed by fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry. From 32 h onwards the enrichment of 68Zn and 70Zn in urine declined proportionately so that FA could be determined as follows: FA = enrichment (oral/iv) X dose (iv/oral). FA determinations from urine and feces (cumulative excretion) were, respectively, for subject ZK1, urine 0.79 ± 0.03 and feces 0.70 ± 0.01; ZK2, 0.79 ± 0.05 and 0.69 ± 0.02; ZK3, 0.26 ± 0.0 1 and 0.25 ± 0.01; and ZK4, 0.41 ± 0.02 and 0.37 ± 0.02. ZK1 and ZK2 received the oral isotope while fasting whereas ZK3 and ZK4 received the oral isotope with meals. FA of zinc can be determined by measurement of isotope enrichment in urine. Am J C/in Nutr l992;55:473-7.
Differential Diagnosis in Patients with Possible NTOS

Patients in whom the diagnosis of NTOS is being considered usually have neck and arm pain, sensory changes, and weakness that may be exacerbated by certain stress maneuvers. As discussed in Chap. 7, the presence of these features in a patient’s history and the reproduction of concordant experiences by bedside examination are two fundamental processes that start the diagnostic process.
Safety Problems Needing Further Investigation

Safety is not an exact science but an ongoing process of improving, developing, and applying new knowledge. As new projects stretch the frontiers of technology (involving new or different experimentation and testing), new safety needs will be disclosed. This occurred, for example, when the decision was made to use liquid hydrogen as a rocket fuel and again when slush hydrogen was planned for use in the National Aero-Space Plane. Each new project involves safety needs that have many features in common with those of other projects, but usually it has needs unique to that specific project.
Laboratory Safety Practices Associated with Potential Agents of Biocrime or Bioterrorism

The anthrax incident of 2001 in the United States clearly documented the threat posed by the intentional release of an infectious agent in a susceptible population. It also demonstrated that clinicians and clinical microbiology laboratories are key to the early detection of disease, identification of the putative agent, and notification of appropriate authorities. To be effective in this role, laboratories must be prepared for a possible biocrime or bioterrorism event. Preparation requires that laboratories have an awareness of the potential agents that may be used, laboratory techniques for the early identification of these agents, procedures for the management of the event, and knowledge of the safety precautions necessary to safely handle these infectious agents (7). Once prepared, laboratory personnel must constantly be alert for the possible isolation of these agents during the routine manipulations of cultures at the bench (10). With the exception of smallpox virus and viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) agents, most of the biothreat agents are occasionally isolated from patients who have been naturally infected. To ensure a safe work environment, the laboratory must implement and strictly adhere to the routine safety practices that minimize risk to laboratory personnel (8, 9).
Likelihood parameter estimation for calibrating a soil moisture model using radar bakscatter

article i nfo Land surface model parameter estimation can be performed using soil moisture information provided by synthetic aperture radar imagery. The presence of speckle necessitates aggregating backscatter measure- ments over large (N100 m×100 m) land areas in order to derive reliable soil moisture information from imagery, and a model calibrated to such aggregated information can only provide estimates of soil moisture at spatial resolutions required for reliable speckle accounting. A method utilizing the likelihood formulation of a probabilistic speckle model as the calibration objective function is proposed which will allow for calibrating land surface models directly to radar backscatter intensity measurements in a way which simultaneously accounts for model parameter- and speckle-induced uncertainty. The method is demon- strated using the NOAH land surface model and Advanced Integral Equation Method (AIEM) backscatter model calibrated to SAR imagery of an area in the Southwestern United States, and validated against in situ soil moisture measurements. At spatial resolutions finer than 100 m×100 m NOAH and AIEM calibrated using the proposed radar intensity likelihood parameter estimation algorithm predict surface level soil moisture to within 4% volumetric water content 95% of the time, which is an improvement over a 95% prediction confidence of 10% volumetric water content by the same models calibrated directly to soil moisture information derived from synthetic aperture radar imagery at the same scales. Results suggest that much of this improvement is due to increased ability to simultaneously estimate NOAH parameters and AIEM surface roughness parameters.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and postnatal growth in extremely premature black infants

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) may adversely affect the postnatal growth of the extremely premature infant; however, most studies have not controlled for birth weight. We studied 90 Black premature infants (mean birth weight 989 +/- 148 g). Weight was recorded biweekly until discharge and at 4, 8, and 12 months of age corrected for prematurity. Infants with BPD (N = 23) were contrasted with infants without BPD (N = 67). Data were modeled using the Count model: Stage I birth to term and Stage II term to 12 months. Birth weight was considered part of growth beginning in utero and multivariate analyses were used to control for BPD, gestational age, duration of hospitalization and socioeconomic status. After adjustment for birth weight, BPD did not explain the growth pattern. A lower gestational age was associated with a slower establishment of steady growth (P less than 0.01), while an increased duration of hospitalization was associated with a lower growth rate (P less than 0.05). Growth in stage II was not explained by study variables. 'Catch-up' growth was seen in both infants with and without BPD. We conclude that differences in growth among infants with BPD are mainly attributable to birth weight. We speculate that poorer growth may be seen in a sub-group of infants with severe BPD.
Limited Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection at the Time of Radical Prostatectomy Does Not Affect 5-year Failure Rates for Low, Intermediate and High Risk Prostate Cancer: Results From CaPSURE

Purpose: Limited bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection performed at radical prostatectomy provides staging information that is used to guide further disease management. Given the effects of widespread prostate specific antigen testing and stage migration, most procedures in the United States are performed for low risk disease, which has a low probability (less than 1%) of lymph node metastasis. We compared 5-year treatment failure rates in patients with low, intermediate and high risk disease who underwent radical prostatectomy with or without pelvic lymph node dissection.Materials and Methods: We compared treatment failure rates for radical prostatectomy in 4,693 patients enrolled in the CaPSURE database who underwent radical prostatectomy with or without limited pelvic lymph node dissection. Secondary analysis was performed as a function of pelvic lymph node dissection and risk group based on pretreatment stage, grade and prostate specific antigen. Treatment failure rates were estimated by Kaplan-Meier...