cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavior during hippocampal microinfusions. III. Lidocaine versus picrotoxin.

Abstract Awake, unrestrained rats in a computerized holeboard/activity chamber received direct bilateral infusions into the dentate gyrus throughout a 40-min experimental session at the rate of 0.025 μl/min. Temporary interference with hippocampal neural activity was produced by infusion of either the GABA receptor blocker picrotoxin or the local anesthetic lidocaine. Both manipulations decreased the inspection of novel stimuli, measured as the mean duration per holepoke into holes with novel objects in them. On the other hand, the depression of neurotransmission by lidocaine resulted in decreased locomotor activity relative to saline controls, whereas the presumed excitatory actions of picrotoxin resulted in a powerful motor activation of the rats accompanied by signs of seizure activity. Like picrotoxin infusions into the dentate gyrus, chronic hippocampal lesions have been found to produce hyperactivity and decreased responsivity to novel stimuli. It was concluded that normal hippocampal function is necessary for normal responding to unfamiliar stimuli and that the hippocampal formation is capable of regulating motor activity in the rat.
Protein kinase C modulates regulation of the CYP1A1 gene by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.

Transcriptional activation of the human CYP1A1 gene by halogenated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) complex, a ligand-dependent transcription factor. A competent AhR comprises at least two components following nuclear translocation and DNA binding, the AhR and the AhR nuclear translocator (Arnt) protein, whose combined action on human CYP1A1 gene transcription is shown to be dependent upon functional protein kinase C (PKC). In the present study, we examined the effects of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, a potent PKC activator, on the ligand-induced transcriptional activation of the CYP1A1 gene and cellular function of the AhR in human HepG2 101L cells. The 101L cells carry a stable transgene consisting of 1800 bases of 5′-flanking DNA and the promoter of the human CYP1A1 gene linked to the firefly luciferase structural gene (Postlind, H., Vu, T. P., Tukey, R. H. & Quattrochi, L. C. (1993) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 118, 255-262). Pretreatment of cells with 12-myristate 13-acetate enhanced ligand-induced CYP1A1 gene expression 2-3-fold. Inhibition of PKC activity blocked directly the transcriptional activation and the transactivation of the CYP1A1 gene, indicating a role for PKC in the AhR-mediated transcriptional activation process. However, the DNA binding activities of the in vitro activated and the induced nuclear AhR as measured by electrophoretic mobility shift analysis were not affected when CYP1A1 transcription was inhibited, indicating the actions of PKC to be a nuclear event that works in concert with or precedes AhR binding to the gene. These results illustrate that PKC is absolutely essential for the cellular and molecular events that control induction of CYP1A1 gene transcription.
Tomographic Reconstruction of 2-D Vector Fields: Application to Flow Imaging

Summary We examine the problem of reconstructing a 2-D vector field v(x,y) throughout a bounded region D from the line integrals of v(x, y) through D. This problem arises in the 2-D mapping of fluid-flow in a region D from acoustic travel-time measurements through D. For an arbitrary vector field, the reconstruction problem is in general underdetermined since v(x, y) has two independent components, vx(x, y) and vy(x, y). However, under the constraint that v is divergenceless (▿ v = 0) in D, we show that the vector reconstruction problem can be solved uniquely. For incompressible fluid flow, a divergenceless velocity field follows under the assumption of no sources or sinks in D. A vector central-slice theorem is derived, which is a generalization of the well-known ‘scalar’ central-slice theorem that plays a fundamental role in conventional tomography. the key to the solution to the vector tomography problem is the decomposition of the field v(x, y) into its irrotational and solenoidal components: v =▿φ+▿×ψ, where φ(x, y) and ψ(x, y) are scalar and vector potentials. We show that the solenoidal component ▿ x ψ can be uniquely reconstructed from the line integrals of v through D, whereas the irrotational component ▿φ cannot. However, when the field is divergenceless in D, the scalar potential φ solves Laplace's equation in D and can be determined by the values of v on the boundary of D. an explicit formula for φ from the boundary values of v is derived. Consequently, v(x, y) can be uniquely recovered throughout the region of reconstruction from the following information: line-integral measurements of v through this region and v measured on the boundary of this region.
Spontaneous Perforation of the Esophagus

SUMMARY Spontaneous rupture of the esophagus is a rare catastrophe that is usually secondary to violent retching and vomiting. Esophagitis is probably a precipitating factor. The development of the lesion is characterized by the sudden onset of severe epigastric, retrosternal or thoracic pain, which is followed by dyspnea, cyanosis and shock. Examination discloses evidence of pleural effusion or hydropneumothorax in most instances. The development of subcutaneous emphysema in the neck is an important diagnostic feature. Roentgenologic findings are characteristic and usually confirm the diagnosis. The most important factor in reaching an early diagnosis is the awareness of the possibility of the lesion having occurred. Surgical intervention is most successful when done early in the course of the illness.
Adaptive correlation-based tracking algorithm

The tracking algorithm introduced in this paper was designed with the intent of operation on a pipeline processor. This is different from other algorithms that rely on the branching capabilities which can easily be accomplished by a conventional processor but not pipeline processors. The localization of an object from one frame and the following frame is done using correlation which a pipeline processor handles very well. Finally, little prior knowledge of the object being tracked is required. The heart of this algorithm is the correlation mask. The mask used is a balance between the popular normalized cross correlation filter and the MACE filter. The masks are created from the actual image. Since the object is not a static object, the masks are updated while the object is being tracked. This paper discusses the implementation of this algorithm and its testing.
Public opinion about large offshore wind power: Underlying factors

This paper address factors underlying public opinion regarding offshore wind power based on a survey of residents near a proposed development off Cape Cod, MA, USA. Supporters are found to be younger, better educated, and more likely to own their own home. Opponents are more likely to earn over $200,000/year, and more likely to expect to see the project from their daily routine. The overwhelming majority of the population expects negative impacts from the project; much smaller numbers expect positive effects. When asked which factors most affected their position, the most frequently mentioned was damage to marine life/environmental impacts, followed by electricity rates, aesthetics, and impacts on fishing or boating. When the expectations expressed by our respondents are compared with the findings of the project's draft Environmental Impact Statement, many of the beliefs upon which opinion are based appear to be factually incorrect. Finally, we tested whether change in the project would affect support. The biggest change was an increase in the level of support, by 47% of the sample, if the project was the first of 300 such projects, in sum having proportionately larger impacts as well as greater benefits. Implications of this research are discussed.
Gas Hydrate Deposition in Flowlines: A Challenging Problem in Flow Assurance

Gas hydrate deposition on the pipeline wall is one of the key processes leading to hydrate plug formation; however, this phenomenon is still poorly understood and missing in a full comprehensive model for simulating/predicting hydrate cold slurry flow (1). To gain a better understanding on hydrate deposition, we have performed several experiments of hydrate deposition on a solid surface for liquid systems (gas free). This preliminary investigation helps to better understand the challenges for further investigations of hydrate deposition in multiphase fluid flow. From this research, the importance of maintaining a constant concentration of the hydrate former and simulating a single pass system were identified; the challenges to control the temperature of the deposition surface, as well as the gradient of the temperature between the fluid and metal surface to promote deposition have also been identified.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Prenatal cocaine exposure alters glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) pathway in select rabbit brain areas

Abstract Prenatal cocaine exposure in rabbits induces cerebrocortical structural abnormalities. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) plays an important role in neuronal development and survival. This study was designed to examine the effect of prenatal cocaine on brain GSK3β. Rabbits exposed in utero to cocaine and assessed on postnatal day 20 had increased basal levels of phospho-GSK3β (ser-9) in frontal cortex (FCX) and striatum, but not hippocampus (HP). However, no changes in GSK3β expression were detected in the brain regions of treated rabbits. Consistent with the change in GSK3β activity, levels of β-catenin, a downstream substrate of GSK3β, increased in FCX but not in HP of cocaine offspring. Administration of a D 1 dopamine receptor agonist inhibited GSK3β activity in FCX and HP of control rabbits but not in cocaine offspring. This loss of GSK3β inhibition is in accord with the previously demonstrated dysfunction of this receptor in in utero cocaine-exposed animals. The results indicate that prenatal cocaine exposure alters GSK3β pathway in select brain areas and may underlie the structural changes noted in these animals.
Iodothyronine Deiodinase Activities in FRTL5 Cells: Predominance of Type I 5′-Deiodinase*

FRTL5 cells, a thyroid follicular cell line derived from normal rat thyroid, has been extensively used as a model system to study various aspects of the physiology of the thyroid epithelium. The capacity of these cells to metabolize iodothyronines and to generate T3 from T4 has not been previously examined. Here we studied the deiodination of T4, T3, and rT3 in homogenates of FRTL5 cells. By far, these homogenates were more potent catalyzing the 5'-deiodination (outer ring) of T4 and rT3 than the inner ring deiodination of T4 or T3. Both the production of rT3 and the degradation of newly formed T3 from T4 were very limited. Thus, when T4 was used as a substrate, T3 and iodide accumulated in a linear fashion with time, and initially the amounts of iodide and T3 were approximately equal. rT3 and 3,3'-diiodothyronine were rapidly deiodinated by these homogenates, with the 3'-deiodination of 3,3'-diiodothyronine occurring at a slower rate than the 5'-deiodination of rT3. The iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase activity corresponded to type I, as indicated by the following: the Km for T4 and T3 was in the micromolar range; rT3 was a better substrate than T4 (maximum velocity = 101 vs. 19 pmol/min.mg protein; Km = 0.83 vs. 3.1 microM, respectively); and the kinetics of inhibition by 6n-propyl-2-thiouracil were uncompetitive and substrate dependent, suggesting ping-pong kinetics. The type I 5'-deiodinase activity of FRTL5 cells was distinctly stimulated by TSH. This stimulation seems to be mediated by cAMP and requires serum as a permissive factor. In conclusion, 1) FRTL5 cells exhibit both inner and outer ring iodothyronine-deiodinating activities; 2) iodothyronine 5'-deiodination is by far more active; 3) the 5'-deiodination has been characterized as type I deiodinase based on substrate preference, enzyme kinetics, and inhibitors; 4) in all respect iodothyronine deiodination by FRTL5 cell homogenates proceeded with marked similarity to that in homogenates or microsomes of thyroid glands from several species; and 5) the FRTL5 type I deiodinase is more active than that reported in thyroid tissue and as active as that reported in liver and kidney, the prototype of type I deiodinase-containing tissues. The present studies indicate that FRTL5 cells are an excellent model system to study cellular and biochemical aspects of the regulation of this enzyme as well as its regulation by TSH and putative serum factors.
Substrate binding and reactivity are not linked: grafting a proton-transfer network into a Class 1A dihydroorotate dehydrogenase.

Adding the two residues comprising the conserved proton-transfer network of Class 2 dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHOD) to the Cys130Ser Class 1A DHOD did not restore the function of the active site base or rapid flavin reduction. Studies of triple, double, and single Class 1A mutant enzymes showed that the network actually prevents cysteine from acting as a base and that the network residues act independently. Our data show that residue 71 is an important determinant of ligand binding specificity. The mutation of Leu61Phe tightens dihydrooroate binding, but weakens the binding of benzoate inhibitors of Class 1A enzymes.
Potentiation of estrogen receptor transcriptional activity by breast cancer amplified sequence 2.

Abstract Breast cancer amplified sequence 2 (BCAS2) was initially identified as a gene that was overexpressed and amplified in some breast cancer cell lines. It was later found to be a component of the spliceosome. Here, we identified BCAS2 as an estrogen receptor (ER) α interacting protein by yeast two-hybrid screening. In addition to ERα, BCAS2 also interacted with ERβ, TRβ, PR, and PPARγ in a ligand-independent way. Transient transfection assays revealed that overexpression of BCAS2 enhanced while inhibition of BCAS2 expression attenuated the estrogen receptor-mediated transcription. BCAS2 potentiated the activation function-2 (AF-2) activity of ERα but had no effect on the AF-1 activity. This study suggested that BCAS2 might play an important role in breast cancer development by increasing the estrogen receptor’s function.
Multiple osteocartilaginous exostoses of the lower extremity: A case report

An osteochrondoma is a benign osseous tumor capped by cartilage. Osteochondromas occurring at the distal tibia and fibula are uncommon and even more so when occurring at the first metatarsal head. Osteochondromas usually occur at the metaphysis of long bones; however, they can occur at other cortical bone metaphyses. This is a case report of a 54-year-old male with incidental radiographic findings of multiple osteochondromas around his ankles as well as a solitary osteochondromatous lesion growing proximally off the left first metatarsal head. The multiple osteochrondomas were evident on multiple views, and subsequent histological analysis of the solitary osteochondromatous lesion via total surgical excision confirmed a diagnosis of multiple hereditary osteochrondromatosis.
Effect of preexposure to dietary benzo[a]pyrene (BP) on the first-pass metabolism of BP by the intestine of toadfish (Opsanus tau): in vivo studies using portal vein-catheterized fish.

Abstract The effect of preexposure of fish to dietary benzo[ a ]pyrene (BP) on the intestinal metabolism of BP was examined in toadfish ( Opsanus tau ). The portal veins of toadfish were cannulated following administration of radiolabeled BP to the intestinal lumen. Because these fish lack a lymphatic vessel system, the portal vein is the sole route by which BP and its metabolites enter the circulation. In fish preexposed to dietary BP (10 mg BP/kg food), the radioactivity entering the portal vein was almost entirely (ca. 90%) BP metabolites. In fish fed a laboratory control diet, a smaller percentage (ca. 60%) of the radioactivity entering the portal vein was in the form of BP metabolites. The enhanced efficiency of the intestines of preexposed fish in metabolizing BP appears to be a result of induction of intestinal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity. Intestinal microsomal AHH activities in control and preexposed fish were 0.033 ± 0.032 and 0.320 ± 0.060 nmol·min −1 ·mg −1 , respectively. Gel filtration of portal vein plasma indicated differences in the roles of plasma proteins in transporting BP and BP metabolites. Native BP was associated primarily with the high density lipoproteins, whereas organic-soluble BP metabolites were associated primarily with serum albumin fractions. A large percentage of BP metabolites was recovered as water-soluble conjugates. These studies indicate that in fish, the intestine can be an important organ involved in dietary BP metabolism.
Size-dependent electrical behavior of spatially inhomogeneous barrier height regions on silicon

A series of ordered, periodic arrays of low barrier height n-Si/Ni nanometer-scale contacts interspersed among high barrier height n-Si/liquid contacts were prepared by evaporating Ni through bilayers of close-packed latex spheres deposited on n-Si. By varying the diameter of the spheres from 174 to 1530 nm, geometrically self-similar Si/Ni structures were produced having triangular Si/Ni features ranging from approximately 100 to 800 nm on a side. The resulting Si surfaces were used as electrodes in methanolic electrochemical cells containing LiClO4 and 1,1′-dimethylferrocene+/o. The dark current density–voltage properties of the resulting mixed barrier height contacts were strongly dependent on the size of the low barrier height contact regions even though the fraction of the Si surface covered by Ni remained constant.
Early events in radiation chemistry: An introduction☆

Abstract This paper serves as an introduction to the special issue of Radiation Physics and Chemistry on Early Events in Radiation Chemistry. It stresses the interplay between theory and experiment in extracting information about the early events. The scope and limitations of direct and indirect experimentation are discussed. Based on earlier work it is argued that the time-scale 10-13 is the most significant for liquid water in regard of electron thermalization, trapping and solvation.
Competition between curvature and chemistry in a spherically expanding detonation

The methods of bifurcation theory and asymptotic analysis are used to study curvilinear perturbations of a plane detonation wave. An asymptotic model is derived for the small curvature limit. The nonlinear competition between curvature and chemistry is manifested by a highly degenerate critical point in the state space of the model equations. Computer simulations are presented showing agreement of this model with the reactive Euler equations in the small curvature limit. In particular, we find that the leading order correction to the wave speed due to the curvature of the detonation front depends on the order of the chemical reaction to leading order in curvature.
Current pattern stabilization in pulsed plasma accelerators.

Current sheet propagation transition to steady pattern in pulsed plasma accelerator, noting breakdown and current characteristics
Effect of circadian clock gene mutations on nonvisual photoreception in the mouse.

PURPOSE. Mice lacking rods and cones retain pupillary light reflexes that are mediated by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Melanopsin is necessary and sufficient for this nonvisual photoreception. The mammalian inner retina also expresses the potential blue light photopigments cryptochromes 1 and 2. Previous studies have shown that outer retinal degenerate mice lacking cryptochromes have lower nonvisual photic sensitivity than retinal degenerate mice, suggesting a role for cryptochrome in inner retinal photoreception. METHODS. Nonvisual photoreception (pupillary light responses, circadian entrainment, and in vitro sensitivity of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells) were studied in wildtype, rd/rd, and circadian clock-mutant mice with and without rd/rd mutation. RESULTS. Loss of cryptochrome in retinal degenerate mice reduces the sensitivity of the pupillary light response at all wavelengths but does not alter the form of the action spectrum, suggesting that cryptochrome does not function as a photopigment in the inner retina. The authors compounded the rd/rd retinal degeneration mutation with mutations in other essential circadian clock genes, mPeriod and Bmal1. Both mPeriod1 / ; mPeriod2 / ;rd/rd and Bmal1 / ;rd/rd mice showed significantly lower pupillary light sensitivity than rd/rd mice alone. A moderate amplitude (0.5 log) circadian rhythm of pupillary light responsiveness was observed in rd/rd mice. Multielectrode array recordings of ipRGC responses of mCryptochrome1 / ;mCryptochrome2 / and mPeriod1 / ; mPeriod2 / mice showed minimal sensitivity decrement compared with wild-type animals. mCryptochrome1 / ;mCryptochrome2 / ;rd/rd, mPeriod1 / ;mPeriod2 / ;rd/rd and Bmal1 / ;rd/rd mice all showed comparable weak behavioral synchronization to a 12-hour light/12-hour dark cycle. CONCLUSIONS. The effect of cryptochrome loss on nonvisual photoreception is due to loss of the circadian clock nonspe
Life stressors, drinking patterns, and depressive symptomatology: Ethnicity and stress-buffer effects of alcohol

This paper seeks to extend previous research on stress buffer effects of alcohol use using data from a tri-ethnic community sample of 1,784 respondents. Differences in buffer effects between Anglos, Blacks, and Mexican Americans are examined to explore possible racial/ethnic variation in the role or function of alcohol vis-a-vis life stress and depressive symptoms. Both acute life events and chronic financial stress are examined to clarify the conditions under which buffer effects are most and least salient in these groups. The findings indicate that alcohol buffer effects are most pronounced among males with regard to life event stress and depression. Ethnic differences in buffer effects were suggested among males for life events, though statistical controls for demographic factors, fatalism, and religiosity accounted for these differences. The implications of these findings are examined, and the paper generally highlights the need to view alcohol use and alcohol buffer effects in the context of more general coping orientations.
Multiscale Structure of the Underwater Adhesive of Phragmatopoma Californica: a Nanostructured Latex with a Steep Microporosity Gradient

Phragmatopoma Californica builds a tubular dwelling by gluing bits of sand and seashell together underwater with a proteinaceous adhesive. In the lab, the animals will build with 0.5 mm glass beads. Two spots of glue with a consistent volume of about 100 pL each are deposited on the glass beads before placement on the end of the tube. The animals wriggled the particles for 20-30 s before letting go, which suggested that the adhesive was sufficiently set within 30 s to support the glass beads. The structure of the adhesive joints was examined at the micro- and nanoscopic length scales using laser scanning confocal and atomic force microscopies. At the microscale, the adhesive was a cellular solid with cell diameters ranging from 0.5 to 6.0 mum, distributed to create a steep porosity gradient that ranged from near zero at the outside edges to about 50% at the center of the adhesive joint. At the nanoscale, the adhesive appeared to be an accretion of trillions of deformable nanospheres, reminiscent of a high-solids-content latex adhesive. The implications of the structure for the functionality of the adhesive is discussed.
An evaluation of the diet of three groups of samoan adults: Modernization and dietary adequacy

This report presents the findings of a dietary survey on three groups of Samoan adults who have been exposed to varying degrees of modernization. The nutrient intakes of 330 Samoan adults living in American Samoa and Hawaii were estimated from a 24‐hour recall survey. Dietary adequacy was assessed against the 1980 RDA's. Energy intakes were lower, but skinfold measurements were higher for females than for males. There was no sexual differentiation for other nutrients. Nutrient intake and dietary adequacy decreased with increasing modernization; and women of child‐bearing age in Hawaii were most at risk. Increases in educational or occupational status were associated with decreased dietary adequacy. Calcium, iron, thiamin and riboflavin intakes were potential nutritional problems. Suggestions for remedies include the use of foods of low caloric density that provide the above nutrients, as well as increasing activity to bring the diet into energetic balance.
Bayesian Analysis and Duopoly Theory

Duopoly theory has a long history in economics and a distinguished list of names associated with that history (Cournot 1897; Frisch 1951; Stackelberg 1952). Nevertheless, the problem has proved to be a frustrating one for economists. The obvious reason for the difficulty is the uncertainty that characterizes the problem. The specific uncertainty revolves around the interrelationship of the two firms and the fact that the decisions of one of them affect the other. Solutions have consisted of finding plausible (or implausible) behavioral assumptions that effectively eliminate the uncertainty. Economists have developed duopoly and oligopoly theory through the years by making different assumptions which produce models explaining some regularity believed to exist in duopoly or oligopoly markets (Bishop 1960).
Pharmacological enhancement of calcium-activated potassium channel function reduces the effects of repeated stress on fear memory

Repeated stress impacts emotion, and can induce mood and anxiety disorders. These disorders are characterized by imbalance of emotional responses. The amygdala is fundamental in expression of emotion, and is hyperactive in many patients with mood or anxiety disorders. Stress also leads to hyperactivity of the amygdala in humans. In rodent studies, repeated stress causes hyperactivity of the amygdala, and increases fear conditioning behavior that is mediated by the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Calcium-activated potassium (K(Ca)) channels regulate BLA neuronal activity, and evidence suggests reduced small conductance K(Ca) (SK) channel function in male rats exposed to repeated stress. Pharmacological enhancement of SK channels reverses the BLA neuronal hyperexcitability caused by repeated stress. However, it is not known if pharmacological targeting of SK channels can repair the effects of repeated stress on amygdala-dependent behaviors. The purpose of this study was to test whether enhancement of SK channel function reverses the effects of repeated restraint on BLA-dependent auditory fear conditioning. We found that repeated restraint stress increased the expression of cued conditioned fear in male rats. However, 1-Ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone (1-EBIO, 1 or 10 mg/kg) or CyPPA (5 mg/kg) administered 30 min prior to testing of fear expression brought conditioned freezing to control levels, with little impact on fear expression in control handled rats. These results demonstrate that enhancement of SK channel function can reduce the abnormalities of BLA-dependent fear memory caused by repeated stress. Furthermore, this indicates that pharmacological targeting of SK channels may provide a novel target for alleviation of psychiatric symptoms associated with amygdala hyperactivity.
Does selection intensity increase when populations decrease? Absolute fitness, relative fitness, and the opportunity for selection

The variance in relative fitness, commonly called the “opportunity for selection,” is a measure of the maximum amount of selection that can occur in a population. I review the relation between fitness variance and population growth, showing that fitness variance is higher during periods of population decline. This is true both for survival and for commonly used models for variable descendant number (Poisson, negative binomial, generalized Poisson). Empirical evidence suggests that not just the opportunity for selection but also the actual selection occurring is commonly greater during such periods of population reduction.
DETERMINATION OF THE NUCLEON-NUCLEON ELASTIC SCATTERING MATRIX. I. PHASE SHIFT ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS NEAR 140 Mev

Phase-shift analyses have been carried out for ($p, p$) and ($n, p$) experiments at energies near 95, 142, 210, and 310 MeV. Analyses both of ($p, p$) data and of combined ($p, p$) plus ($n, p$) data were made at these energies. Attention was concentrated in all cases on the Stapp-type 1 solution, the objective being to obtain the best possible values for the phase shifts from the existing nucleon-nucleon data. Error matrices were calculated for all solutions, and determinations of the pion-nucleon coupling constant ${g}^{2}$ were carried out. It was found that reasonably consistent values for ${g}^{2}$ can be obtained if a suitable selection of the phenomenological phase shifts is made. The $T=1$ phase shifts determined from ($p, p$) data only were found to be in good agreement with the $T=1$ phase shifts obtained from combined ($p, p$) plus ($n, p$) data, thus verifying the gross features of the charge independence. A previous article, paper I of this series, gave the results of phase-shift analyses near 142 MeV. Since the publication of I, some changes in the data have occurred, and some improvements in the method of phase-shift analysis have been made. Hence new phase-shift values at 142 MeV are included here that supersede the values listed in I.
The UCLA neutron therapy facility

The UCLA Neutron Therapy Facility (NTF) has recently been completed and is treating cancer patients with fast neutrons. The negative-ion, variable-frequency cyclotron for this facility is capable of accelerating 12–48 MeV protons and 7–22 MeV deuterons. Two variable energy ports and four fixed-energy ports are available on the cyclotron. A 46 MeV proton beam is used for the neutron therapy that is conducted in two separate treatment caves. A fixed, horizontal and an isocentric treatment assembly are available. The fixed energy beam ports are reserved for isotope production. This report describes the facility, the cyclotron and both neutron treatment assemblies, including the neutron collimator and the beryllium target. Neutron therapy and dosimetry are discussed in a companion paper.
Addressing the Challenges of Urban Landscapes: Normative Goals for Urban Design

Despite the flourishing of the urban design field over the last quarter of a century, many of the issues and problems haunting urban environments have not been resolved. Forces such as globalization, immigration, the explosion of digital technologies, and the rise of a service economy centred on consumption have important spatial and design implications, while how we design our cities may have repercussions on a variety of concerns ranging from climate change to the epidemic of obesity. The paper traces some of the spatial implications of socio-economic shifts during the last decades, and explores the role and responsibility of urban design in addressing the outlined challenges.
Analysis of coagulation changes associated with supraceliac aortic crossclamping using thromboelastography.

Introduction. The etiology of the coagulation changes seen with supraceliac (SC) aortic crossclamping (AXC) remains controversial; both primary fibrinolysis and clotting factor consumption have been implicated. The cause of these changes was investigated with thromboelastography (TEG), a test that measures the viscoelastic properties of thrombus to dynamically assess coagulation and fibrinolysis. Methods. Eight pigs underwent SC AXC for 30 min; 5 pigs undergoing 30 min of infrarenal (IR) aortic clamping served as controls. Blood was drawn before AXC, before unclamping, and 5 and 60 min after unclamping. Thromboelastography and standard coagulation tests [prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), fibrinogen, and platelet count] were performed. Measured TEG parameters included fibrinolytic index (a measure of fibrinolysis), r value (a reflection of intrinsic coagulation cascade activity), and the α angle and K values (measures of the speed of solid clot formation). Repeated measures ANOVA and t test were used for statistical analysis. Results. There was no difference in the fibrinolytic index at any time point between the two groups. Increased activity of the intrinsic coagulation cascade during SC clamping was reflected by a lower R value just before unclamping (12.6 ± 3.0 vs 20.0 ± 3.0, P = 0.048) compared to IR AXC. Decreased speed of solid clot formation was noted 5 min after unclamping in the SC group but not the IR group [as defined by an increased K value (ANOVA, P = 0.010) and a decreased α angle value (ANOVA, P = 0.005)]. Fibrinogen levels were lower in the SC than in the IR group 5 (P = 0.013) and 60 min after unclamping (P = 0.02), but PT, PTT, and platelets did not differ between the groups at any time points. Conclusions. Thirty minutes of SC AXC does not result in fibrinolysis. There is increased clotting activity during SC clamping followed by decreased speed of clot formation and decreased fibrinogen levels after unclamping. These changes are consistent with clotting factor consumption.
A pilot study of the King LT supralaryngeal airway use in a rural Iowa EMS system

In 2003, the King Laryngeal Tube (LT) received FDA approval for US sales. Prehospital systems in urban setting have begun evaluating and adopting the LT for clinical airway management. However, it is not routinely approved by State EMS Boards for use by all prehospital providers. Given the LT’s simple design there may be benefit to using this tool for airway management in all levels of prehospital providers. This pilot study reviews cases where the King LT was used in a rural Iowa county EMS system. In 2006, the Iowa Department of Public Health / Bureau of EMS approved a 12 month pilot evaluating the King LT by all levels of EMS providers in a rural county EMS system. Following a didactic and competency training session on using the King LT, the providers were instructed to continue airway management per usual protocol but were allowed to use the King LT as a first line airway tool if they felt indicated. Successful placement of airway devices used were determined by colourimetric end-tidal CO2, chest auscultation and rise as well as vital sign and skin colour improvement. Review of the data was approved by the University of Iowa Institution Review Board (IRB). During the 12-month pilot period, the King LT was used in 13 patients with a mean age of 60.7 years (24–81). All patients had cardiopulmonary or traumatic arrest. The King LT was successfully placed on the first attempt in all but one case. The King LT was placed following endotracheal intubation failure in 6/13 (46.1%) cases and in 3/13 (23.1%) of cases of Combitube attempt / failure. This small pilot project emphasizes the need for additional rapid airway management tools given the demonstrated ETI failures. The authors believe the King LT has significant potential to impact prehospital airway management as a primary airway device or backup to other failed strategies. Further study is necessary to evaluate the LT’s efficacy compared to current strategies.
Low-temperature properties of a model glass. II. Specific heat and thermal transport.

We study the low-temperature properties of glasses using the elastic dipole model introduced in the preceding paper (I). We show that harmonic excitations about the frozen ground states of the defect Hamiltonian dominate thermal properties in the 1--10-K regime. We numerically determine the density of states for the defect modes from the simulation of I. The coupling of long-wavelength phonons to the defect modes is treated within perturbation theory, and is shown to lead to frequency-dependent softening of the medium and to strong phonon scattering in the terahertz frequency region. The defect modes account for the excess specific heat seen as the bump in C/${\mathit{T}}^{3}$. Resonant scattering of acoustic phonons off the defect modes leads to the plateau in the thermal conductivity. We compare our results with experiments on the orientational glass KBr:KCN and on vitreous silica.
Computer-Assisted Language Intervention Using Fast ForWord®: Theoretical and Empirical Considerations for Clinical Decision-Making.

A computer-assisted language intervention program called Fast ForWord® (Scientific Learning Corporation, 1998) has received a great deal of attention at professional meetings and in the popular med...
Phase Behavior and Polymerization Kinetics of a Semifluorinated Lyotropic Liquid Crystal

Recently, amphiphilic monomers that are capable of forming lyotropic liquid crystalline phases have been utilized in a variety of applications including emulsion polymerization, development of nano...
A direct conversion of esters to nitriles

Abstract Treatment of an ester with dimethylaluminum amide in refluxing xylene produces a nitrile in good yield.
Unmet needs in metastatic bone disease and its complications: is progress possible?

M ETASTATIC BONE disease is a medical problem of major proportions. After osteoporosis, it is probably the most common form of bone disease. Almost all patients with multiple myeloma will, by definition, have bone metastases.1 Approximately I million women worldwide are diagnosed with breast cancer yearly, and about half will eventually develop metastatic disease. Bone metastases represent about 30% of first metastases and eventually up to 80% of advanced breast cancer patients will have bone involvement by cancer.293 The numbers are very similar for prostate cancer patients. In addition, many other tumors such as lung cancer, renal carcinoma, and head and neck cancer commonly spread to bone. Bone lesions are one of, if not the most, common causes of morbidity in cancer patients. Several million people suffer from cancer pain at any given time, and approximately half of all cancer pain can be attributed to bone metastases.4 Bone metastases also result in pathologic fractures, spinal cord compression, and malignant hypercalcemia, thus requiring specific symptomatic interventions. These treatments, which include analgesics, surgery, and radiation, are palliative and may themselves result in unwanted side effects. What are our accomplishments at the present time in managing the devastating problem of bone metastases? Chemotherapy and hormonal therapy have contributed to the general control and palli* ation of metastatic disease, but have no specific action on bone metastases versus other metastatic sites. For bone-specific treatment, we must refer primarily to the class of compounds known as bisphosphonates. Bisphosphonates, particularly intravenous pamidronate, have been shown in clinical trials in patients with breast cancer and multiple myeloma to decrease the overall skeletal morbidity rate, pathologic fractures, the need for preventive or palliative radiotherapy or bone sur-
The possibility of a natural cure for death

The hypothesis of a possible cure for death by means of humanmade brains or brain-like machines, recently published in this journal, is briefly discussed and some questions are raised. The possibility that death may be naturally reversible is then considered.
Intersection of dilates of shift-invariant spaces

We prove that if the dimension function of a shift-invariant space V is not constantly ∞, then the intersection of (negative) dilates of V must be trivial. We also give an example of two refinable shift-invariant spaces with identical spectral functions such that this intersection is either trivial or non-trivial.
Cloning and Characterization of Gu/RH-II Binding Protein

Gu/RNA helicase II (Gu/RH-II) is the first reported mammalian nucleolar RNA helicase that is a member of the D-E-A-D (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box family of proteins. It has an ATP-dependent RNA unwinding (helicase) activity and a separate RNA folding activity (introduction of intramolecular secondary structure into single-stranded RNA). To determine which proteins may bind to Gu/RH-II, a yeast two-hybrid system was used. A cDNA which encoded a protein, called Gu/RH-II binding protein or GBP, was isolated and sequenced. The GBP protein is localized to the nucleus in speckled or diffuse nucleoplasmic patterns. The GBP mRNA level is highest in testis, 9- to 49-fold greater than other tissues. When GBP interacts with Gu/RH-II, proteolytic cleavage of Gu/RH-II occurs; the amino-terminal portion of Gu/RH-II is critical for this proteolysis.
Phorbol ester and diacylglycerol induce protein phosphorylation at tyrosine

The phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is an efficient tumour promoter in vivo. In vitro, TPA activates the phospholipid- and Ca2+-dependent protein kinase, kinase C. This activation is believed to reflect the structural similarity between TPA and diacylglycerol, the endogenous protein kinase C activator which is produced in vivo by hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol (reviewed in ref. 3). Protein kinase C phosphorylates protein substrates at serine and threonine residues in vitro. The effects of TPA on cultured fibroblasts--including enhanced hexose uptake, disruption of actin stress fibres and growth stimulation--are very similar to those induced by certain retrovirus transforming proteins and by peptide growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA). These transforming proteins and mitogenic agents seem to act by inducing tyrosine-specific protein phosphorylation. Such observations suggested that some of the effects of TPA in vivo may be mediated by protein phosphorylation at tyrosine residues. A 42,000-molecular weight (42 K) polypeptide was previously shown to be phosphorylated at tyrosine in cells transformed by avian sarcoma viruses and in cells stimulated by EGF, PDGF or MSA (J. Cooper, personal communication and refs 11 and 12; this polypeptide was originally designated 43 K or spot n in ref. 10). We show here that this polypeptide also becomes phosphorylated at tyrosine in cells treated with TPA. Furthermore, exogenously added diacylglycerol likewise stimulates the phosphorylation of this protein at tyrosine.
Evaluation of Methods for Exploring Ill-Defined Problems

Methods for exploring ill-defined problems are now being developed. Claims for these methods are frequently based on analogies with optimization processes. More persuasive backing for these claims can be obtained by conducting experiments that consider both the analyst or decisionmaker and the method. The most fruitful experimental design is for each subject to apply one method to one problem. Solution quality is then assessed by external judges, using the solutions from all the subjects as a source of knowledge about the ill-defined problem.
Maximal progress state exploration

Given two machines which communicate by exchanging messages over two finite-capacity channels, it is possible to generate all reachable states of the system and check whether any of them is a nonprogress state. This technique is called state exploration; and it usually requires large execution time and storage. In this paper, we discuss a more efficient variation of this technique. In particular, we show that the task of generating all reachable states can be divided into two independent subtasks. In each subtask, only the states reachable by allowing maximal progress for one machine are generated. We prove that a given system cannot reach a nonprogress state iff none of the states generated in each subtask is a nonprogress state. Since the two subtasks are completely independent, and since in most cases the time and storage requirements for each subtask are less than those for the origianal task, maximal progress state exploration can save time or storage over conventional state exploration.
Enzyme content and its possible relation to infectivity of African trypanosomes

Abstract Acid phosphatase was found, cytochemically, in blood-stream forms of 1 of 4 strains of Trypanosoma rhodesiense , West and East African T. congolense , and West African T. brucei ; the enzyme was not seen in T. gambiense or in East African T. brucei . Acid phosphatase was located in the single strain of cultural T. rhodesiense , but disappeared after 3 days in culture; limited experiments indicated that there might possibly be some relation between loss of enzyme and loss of infectivity.
Fieldwork in the Gay World: Issues in Phenomenological Research

Field research in the gay world is shaped by two factors: the secrecy of many gay groups and the stigmatization both of gays and of researchers who study them. In the context of the stigmatization of gays, researchers must be particularly careful about the protection of respondents' identities. The literature on role playing in the field, entree, trust, and research bargains does not adequately portray the processual and problematic character of field work negotiations. Researchers cannot select and play a role, since others cast them into a variety of roles. Entree into public gay settings is easy; entree into more private arenas depends upon the establishment of interpersonal relationships. The major research bargain in informal relations is identical to that in everyday life; a mutual exchange of interest and interaction.
The effective exchange energy of paramagnetic solid helium-3

An analysis is made of recent extensive National Bureau of Standards spin-pressure-modulation data, of increased accuracy and precision, along isochores of paramagnetic solid 3 He in the absence and presence of an externally applied constant and uniform magnetic field of strength up to 8 T. This leads to values of the exchange-energy parameterJ(V) and its derivativedJ(V)/dV along a set of isochores of molar volumeV within the formalism of the Heisenberg antiferromagnetic exchange-interaction model. To the order of the asymptotic product termJ(V)dJ(V)/dV and up to terms quartic in the magnetic field strength the validity of the model has been verified in the relevant temperature range along isochores of molar volumes between 22.5 and 24.4 cm 3 /mole. The termperature and field-strength independence of the elementary interaction parameter is further supported by control calculations of the temperature-dependent part of the isochoric pressures of the free and magnetized solid, ensuring the internal consistency of the formal approach to the stated order of approximation. These results strengthen the conclusion reached in previous work based on earlier initial isochoric solid 3 He pressure data of University of Florida investigators, namely, that over a range of temperatures and molar volumes the thermal and magnetic equation-of-state properties of paramagnetic solid 3 He can be quantitatively accounted for through the asymptotic formalism involving the Heisenberg exchange-energy function and its volume derivative.
An automated method for rapid determination of diffusion coefficients via measurements of boundary spreading

Abstract The use of a simple device by which a layer of solvent may be deposited onto a solution of an optically absorbing solute in a cylindrical quartz tube, without substantial mixing of solution and solvent, is described. The spreading of the boundary thus formed may be monitored as a function of time using an automated absorbance scanning device previously described [ A. K. Attri and A. P. Minton (1983) Anal. Biochem. 133 , 142–152]. A semiautomatic procedure for determining the diffusion coefficient from the time dependence of the shape of the boundary is described and is particularly well-suited for real-time data analysis with a laboratory micro-computer. The diffusion coefficients of several proteins have been measured using the technique reported, and the results are generally in good agreement with values reported in the literature. The feasibility of using this technique in combination with a previously described method for measuring the sedimentation coefficient [ A. K. Attri and A. P. Minton (1984) Anal. Biochem. 136 , 407–415] to rapidly determine the molecular weight of a protein is established.