cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Feasibility of a Nurse-Managed, Peer-Led Tobacco Cessation Intervention Among HIV-Positive Smokers

The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the effectiveness of an 8-week, nurse-managed, peer-led smoking cessation intervention among HIV-positive smokers. The intervention was based on the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Smoking Cessation Clinical Practice Guideline and was delivered by an ex-smoker who was HIV positive and had been trained by an advanced practice nurse to deliver cessation counseling. Eight male HIV-positive smokers were assigned to the intervention group and received (a) 21 mg nicotine patch therapy for 6 weeks, (b) weekly face-to-face or telephone counseling, and (c) skills training that included substitute strategies for dealing with not smoking. Those participants assigned to the control group received written self-help materials for smoking cessation. Abstinence rates at end of intervention and 8 months were compared between groups. At end of treatment, 62.5% of intervention group participants were biochemically confirmed as abstinent from smoking compared with 0% in the control group. Eight-month abstinence rates were 50% among the intervention group compared with 0% in the control group.
Margin and local recurrence after sublobar resection of non-small cell lung cancer.

Local recurrence is a major concern after sublobar resection (SR) of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We postulate that a large proportion of local recurrence is related to inadequate resection margins. This report analyzes local recurrence after SR of stage I NSCLC. Stratification based on distance of the tumor (<1 cm vs ≥1 cm) to the staple line was performed. We reviewed 81 NSCLC patients (44 female) who underwent operation over an 89-month period (January 1997 to June 2004). Mean forced expiratory volume in one second percentiles (FEV1) was 57%. Mean age was 70 (46–86) years. There were 55 wedge and 26 segmental resections. There were 41 tumors with a margin <1 cm and 40 with a margin ≥1 cm. Local recurrence was defined as recurrence within the ipsilateral lung or pulmonary hilum. There were no perioperative deaths. Mean follow-up was 20 months. Margin distance significantly impacted local recurrence; 6 of 41 patients (14.6%) developed local recurrence in the group with margin less than 1 cm versus 3 of 40 patients (7.5%) in the group with margin equal to or more than 1 cm (P = .04). Of the 41 patients with margins <1 cm, segmentectomy was used in 7 (17%), whereas in the 40 patients with the ≥1 cm margins, segmentectomy was used in 19 (47.5%). Margin is an important consideration after SR of NSCLC. Wedge resection is frequently associated with margins less than 1 cm and a high risk for locoregional recurrence. Segmentectomy appears to be a better choice of SR when this is chosen as therapy.
The Staff Creativity Lab: Promoting Creativity in the Automated Library.

Abstract To help foster an atmosphere that encourages creative thinking, the University of Arizona Library established the Staff Creativity Lab (SCL). In the SCL, staff learn to use different microcomputers and new software, and to develop new skills over networks. This article reviews the reasons and uses for a SCL.
Differential expression of thymosin β-10 by early passage and senescent vascular endothelium is modulated by VPF/VEGF: evidence for senescent endothelial cells in vivo at sites of atherosclerosis

VPF/VEGF acts selectively on the vascular endothelium to enhance permeability, induce cell migration and division, and delay replicative senescence. To understand the changes in gene expression during endothelial senescence, we investigated genes that were differentially expressed in early vs. late passage (senescent) human dermal endothelial cells (HDMEC) using cDNA array hybridization. Early passage HDMEC cultured with or without VPF/VEGF overexpressed 9 and underexpressed 6 genes in comparison with their senescent counterparts. Thymosin β-10 expression was modulated by VPF/VEGF and was strikingly down-regulated in senescent EC. The β-thymosins are actin G-sequestering peptides that regulate actin dynamics and are overexpressed in neoplastic transformation. We have also identified senescent EC in the human aorta at sites overlying atherosclerotic plaques. These EC expressed senescence-associated neutral β-galactosidase and, in contrast to adventitial microvessel endothelium, exhibited weak staining for ...
An interview with Manford A. Sonstegard: A career in group counseling

Abstract Manford A. Sonstegard's place in the development of group counseling is reviewed, including his early work, his use of Adlerian approaches, and his perspective on current issues, supervision, and training.
Subsurface, Temperature-Controlled Origin of San Joaquin Valley Crude Oils of California: ABSTRACT

Many Tertiary oil basins are convenient for studying the fundamentals of the oil generation process, because the full stratigraphic section from very young to mature source rock commonly is represented, and all stages of the oil generation process can be investigated, except advanced, postmature stages. A study was made of the origin of crude oils in the San Joaquin Valley. Shale cores ranging in age from upper Miocene to Upper Cretaceous were analyzed from depths of 1,000 ft to more than 15,000 ft. Crude oils were analyzed from producing reservoirs ranging in age from Plio-Pleistocene through Late Cretaceous. A gradual change in composition of the shale hydrocarbons was observed from unlike petroleum (immature) in shallow strata, to like petroleum (mature) in deep and wa mer strata (diagenesis of the shale organic matter). Lower Miocene and upper Eocene shales were identified as the major source rocks of the San Joaquin Valley on the basis of relatively high organic content of the shales, shale hydrocarbon maturity, and the great similarity of shale and crude oil hydrocarbons. In the San Joaquin Valley, as in the Los Angeles and Ventura basins earlier studied, the bulk of petroleum was formed at subsurface temperatures above 100°C (212°F), where the shales are sterile to bacteria. In the San Joaquin Valley, as in the other two basins, petroleum was formed by a nonbiologic chemical process which is strongly temperature-dependent. End_of_Article - Last_Page 800------------
EPR Detection of HNO2•- in the Radiolysis of Aqueous Nitrite and Quantum Chemical Calculation of Its Stability and Hyperfine Parameters

Experimental and theoretical evidence is presented to support a prior suggestion [Lymar et al. J. Phys. Chem. A 2002, 106, 7245] that radiolytically generated hydrogen atoms attack at the nitrogen, rather than the oxygen, of nitrite ions in aqueous solution. Time-resolved electron spin resonance detection was used to unambiguously identify the HNO2 ?- radicals formed. At pH 9 the radicals live about 10 ?s, and have quite broad (0.6 G) lines. The observed hyperfine splitting at nitrogen was aN 19.6 G, with each of the three nitrogen lines further split by the small hydrogen coupling, aH 4.5 G. The g factor for the radical is 2.0053. Although this is the first observation of this radical in fluid solution, the ESR parameters are consistent with previous observations in the solid phase. The identity of the radical was also confirmed by quantum chemical calculation of the ESR parameters, including the g factor. It was necessary to take into account vibrational modulation of the computed hyperfine parameters when comparing theory to experiment because of the large-amplitude motion of the hydrogen atom in the pyramidal radical. The yield of HNO2 ?- radicals was estimated at 70% of the available H atoms by a kineticmore » method. Computed thermodynamic parameters confirm that, in the gas phase, both HNO2 ?- and HONO?- are stable relative to the asymptotes H + NO2- and OH- + NO, with HNO2 ?- 40 kJ mol-1 above HONO?- but protected from rearrangement by a large barrier. In solution, calculations indicate that while HNO2 ?- is still bound with respect to dissociation into H + NO2-, it is now only 3.2 kJ mol-1 above HONO?- which, in turn, lies about 73 kJ mol-1 above OH- + NO, and dissociation is driven by the strong solvation of the hydroxide ion.« less
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of sugar-derived esters, α-ketoesters and α-ketoamides as inhibitors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85C

Peptide-based 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds have emerged as potent inhibitors for serine proteases. Herein, we have designed and synthesized D-arabinose and D-trehalose-based esters, α-ketoesters and α-ketoamides, and evaluated their inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigen 85C (ag85C), an acyltransferase in the serine hydrolase superfamily. In addition the compounds were evaluated for the ability to inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 14 468, a non-pathogenic surrogate for Mtb. Among the synthetic analogs evaluated only the methyl ester1 derived from D-arabinose was found to inhibit the acyltransferase activity of ag85C (IC50 = 25 mM). Based on this weak inhibitory activity it was not surprising that none of the compounds inhibits the growth of M. smegmatis. In spite of the weak inhibitory activity of 1, X-ray crystallography on crystals of ag85C soaked with 1 suggested the formation of a covalent ester adduct between 1 and the Ser124 side chain hydroxyl moiety found within the catalytic site of ag85C; however, some of the active site electron density appears to result from bound glycerol. The lack of activity associated with the α-ketoester and α-ketoamide derivatives of D-trehalose may be the result of intramolecular cyclization of the α-keto moiety with the nearby C-4/4′ hydroxyls leading to the formation of stable bicyclo-ester and amide derivatives.
Vestibular Changes Following Ultrasonic Irradiation

Introduction THE ULTRASONIC irradiation of the vestibular labyrinth has been a useful procedure for the control of Meniere's disease (Arslan, 1 Altmann and Waltner, 2 Ironside and Lindsay, 3 James, 4 Basek 5 ). Arslan showed in a statistical study that the preservation of hearing is not only a theoretical consideration but a practical goal. He has shown, by the usual labyrinthine tests, that in the majority of cases, six months following surgery, the labyrinth is either destroyed or hypoactive. The principal characteristics of ultrasound vibrations are (1) the propagation of ultrasound follows a straight line, whereas audible sound waves spread in a spherical form; (2) the propagation requires a liquid or solid medium; (3) the vibrations are absorbed by an air barrier; and (4) the absorption coefficient of ultrasound vibrations for living tissue is in direct proportion to the increase of frequency. Brain et al, 6 using the cat as
Positively correlated Nd and Sr isotope ratios of lavas from the Central American volcanic front

Twenty-four volcanic rocks from the Central American arc have been analyzed for their Sr and Nd isotopic compositions. On a Nd-Sr isotope correlation diagram, these lavas define an unusual positive trend that correlates strongly with crustal thickness. Nicaraguan lavas, situated on the thinnest crust, have MORB-like Nd but elevated Sr isotopes and provide strong evidence for incorporation of a subducted slab component. Lavas from Costa Rica and Guatemala have lower values of both isotopes and are underlain by crust 30% thicker than that beneath Nicaragua. Isotope correlations with trace elements support the idea that the Central American volcanics are related by two-component mixing of mantle above the subducted slab (including a high ^Sr/^Sr fraction derived from altered oceanic crust) and lower crust (with isotopic values that lie along the mantle array). The correlation of chemical parameters with crustal thickness can be explained if the lower crust acts as a "density filter." Thus, the least fractionated lavas (Nicaragua) have the highest Sr and Nd isotopic ratios (they have the highest MgO and lowest Si02 and are the most isotopically similar to the melted mantle wedge). If fractionation is coupled with assimilation and the extent of both is controlled by crustal thickness, then lavas above thick crust will have isotopic values more similar to lower crust because they are the most fractionated.
Residual stresses in polycrystalline ferroelectric ceramics

The development of ferroelectric ceramics is driven by the needs for functional materials used in a very broad range. The most striking features of ferroelectric ceramics are strong electromechanical coupling effect and the prompt response to applied electric fields. These properties have render ferroelectric ceramics desirable for designing smart actuators for active control applications (Newnham and Ruschau 1996) . The major obstacle in actuator applications of ferroelectric ceramics is the so-called electric fatigue, referring to deterioration, under cyclic electric loading, of macroscopic properties, such as the actuation force or the actuation strain. Experimental observation indicates that fatigued ferroelectric specimens often contain scattered microcracks, i.e., cracks of size comparable to the average grain size which is in the range of 2 '-S-'8for commercial PZT ceramics, the most commonly-used ferroelectric materials in actuator applications. The main thrust of this work is to understand the correlation between cracking at the grain level and deterioration of macroscopic properties.
GnRH analogues as an adjuvant therapy for ovarian cancer patients

Abstract Objectives : Lowering gonadotropin levels with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues in patients with ovarian cancer remains open to debate. The aim of this study was to assess the results of treatment in stage III and stage IV ovarian cancer patients who had surgery supplemented with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and GnRH analogues. Gonadotropin levels were monitored during treatment. Methods : The study group comprised 69 patients aged 27–70 years, stratified according to the type of treatment. The overall disease-free, 5-year survival rates and the frequency of remissions were analyzed. Hormonal tests [follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)] were performed in 58 patients. Associations were checked between gonadotropin levels, clinical findings, and survival. The results were statistically compared. Results: Statistically significant differences were noted when chemotherapy was supplemented with GnRH analogues and/or radiotherapy. Administration of GnRH analogues resulted in significantly lower levels of LH than of FSH. Levels of FSH were significantly lower in patients surviving at least 5 years or in complete remission at the time of this study. Conclusions: Combined therapy can produce favorable results in late-stage ovarian cancer, and GnRH analogues have an important role in treatment strategy.
High power 808 nm VCSEL arrays for pumping of compact pulsed high energy Nd:YAG lasers operating at 946 nm and 1064 nm for blue and UV light generation

High power 808 nm VCSEL arrays were developed to pump compact pulsed Nd:YAG lasers. A QCW side-pumped passively Q-switched Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm produced linearly polarized 4 ns IR pulses with 4.7 mJ pulse energy. These pulses were externally frequency doubled and quadrupled resulting in 2.5 mJ pulse energy at 532 nm and 0.8 mJ at 266 nm respectively. A similar but actively Q-switched dual side-pumped Nd:YAG laser operating at the weaker quasi three-level 946 nm transition produced 12 mJ pulses that were efficiently frequency doubled resulting in 5.6 mJ blue pulses of 17 ns duration.
Purpose‐driven leadership: defining, defending and sustaining a school’s purpose

Purpose‐driven leadership is a constructive leadership model that challenges an organization to: define its purpose, maintain integrity, encourage character, prevent burnout and sustain vitality. The model incorporates ‘best practice language’ and the tools needed to foster a meaningful discourse. As school leaders strive to define, defend, and sustain the school’s purpose, the purpose‐driven leadership model not only builds leadership capacity, but also serves as a catalyst for positive school reform.
Analysis of nonlifting and lifting airfoils in transonic flow by parametric differentiation

A method is presented which allows one to solve nonlinear transonic flow problems by analyzing a sequence of linear equations. The small disturbance formulation of steady transonic flow over airfoils is linearized by considering the perturbations due to small changes in airfoil thickness ratio and angle of attack. Repeatedly incrementing those parameters results in a series of nonlinear solutions and cumulatively determines the effects of large changes in airfoil geometry. Successive line overrelaxation is used to solve the associated linear equations and is coupled with predictor-corrector methods to yield series of nonlinear solutions. Computed pressure distributions on biconvex airfoils show good agreement with experimental data and other transonic prediction methods. Possible extensions to unsteady and/or three-dimensional transonic flow problems are briefly discussed.
Assessment of patient outcomes after operation for primary hyperparathyroidism

Background. We have used the SF-36, an accepted health status assessment tool, in conjunction with condition-specific clinical information, to assess patient-reported health status before and after operation for primary hyperparathyroidism (1 o HPT). Methods. Beginning in March, 1994, a convenience sample of patients has been asked to complete the SF-36 and provide additional demographic and condition-specific information for study. The SF-36, which measures eight components of functional status and well-being, is completed in person before operation and again by mail at 2 and 6 months after operation. Clinical and condition-specific data are gathered at the same times. Results. Fifty-nine patients have entered the study; 56 had abnormal parathyroid tissue removed. Patients with 1 o HPT have lower SF-36 scores in all health domains at baseline than do healthy patients. At 2 months, scale scores for emotional role limitations and bodily pain improved by more than 10 points. At 6 months all eight scale scores showed improvement, seven of eight by 10 points or more. Commensurate improvements in HPT-specific measures were also seen. Conclusions. Patient-reported measurements of health outcomes after parathyroidectomy for 1 o HPT show improvement in all aspects of health status 6 months after operation. Most dramatic improvements were reported in reduction of bodily pain and in improved vitality and emotional and physical function. Surgical correction of 1 o HPT improves patient health status and quality of life.
Applied Sources for Teachers of Multivariate Statistics

We describe a course in applied multivariate statistics for psychology graduate students, review appropriate resource materials, and list research articles that illustrate these statistical techniques.
Isolation and Characterization of the Saturate and Aromatic Fractions of a Maya Crude Oil

Group separation of Maya crude oil was achieved by the saturates-aromatics-resins-asphaltenes (SARA) method. The sulfur-containing compounds in the saturate and aromatic fractions were then separated using a ligand exchange chromatography method based on organosulfur affinity for Cu2+ and Pd2+, respectively. The separation into group types is effective as a prelude to the structural characterization of crude oil fractions using elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared, and both 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In addition, gel permeation chromatography was compared with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/mass spectrometry (APCI/MS) in order to determine whether the APCI/MS method could provide a rapid means for the determination of the average molar mass.
Intelligent control of roadway lighting to optimize safety benefits per overall costs

Although there is an increased awareness of roadway lighting control strategies that go beyond existing dusk/dawn switching, the implementation of new control strategies is seriously limited because there are few data to support when, where and by how much the roadway lighting should be adjusted. Two recent studies, one estimating nighttime crash reduction associated with roadway intersection lighting systems, and one characterizing the visual performance benefits of these same lighting systems, converge to produce a transfer function that enables roadway engineers to establish cost-effective control strategies for roadway lighting. Roadway lighting is associated with specific costs for equipment, operation and maintenance. The economic benefit of prevented nighttime crashes can also be quantified. Integrating these costs and benefits with the transfer function, the value of roadway intersection lighting is highest when traffic volumes are highest. Control schemes coordinated with hourly nighttime traffic volume data can be justified from simple payback periods of a few months.
Interlayer-interaction for a lipid bilayer model.

Abstract In order to elucidate the molecular basis of stability of lipid bilayer membranes, a system of two parallel monolayers consisting of oriented hydrocarbons with polar groups, which are oriented outwardly, is investigated. Relying upon the second-order perturbation theory of intermolecular forces between asymmetric molecules, a general expression for interlayer interaction energies is obtained for induced dipole-induced dipole, dipoleinduced dipole and dipole-dipole interactions. Using the polarizability tensor for a hydrocarbon unit C 2 H 4 , calculated after Smith & Mortensen (1960) , and assuming 3 Debye unit for a dipole moment of a polar group, numerical estimations are performed.
The impact of multifocused interventions on sharps injury rates at an acute-care hospital.

Objective:To determine the impact of a multifocused interventional program on sharps injury rates.Design:Sharps injury data were collected prospectively over a 9-year period (1990-1998). Pre- and postinterventional rates were compared after the implementation of sharps injury prevention interventions, which consisted of administrative, work-practice, and engineering controls (ie, the introduction of an anti-needlestick intravenous catheter and a new sharps disposal system).Setting:Sharps injury data were collected from healthcare workers employed by a mid-sized, acute-care community hospital.Results:Preinterventional annual sharps injury incidence rates decreased significantly from 82 sharps injuries/1,000 worked full-time-equivalent employees (WFTE) to 24 sharps injuries/1,000 WFTE employees postintervention (P<.0001), representing a 70% decline in incidence rate overall. Over the course of the study, the incidence rate for sharps injuries related to intravenous lines declined by 93%, hollow-bore needlesticks decreased by 75%, and non-hollow-bore injuries decreased by 25%.Conclusion:The implementation of a multifocused interventional program led to a significant and sustained decrease in the overall rate of sharps injuries in hospital-based healthcare workers.
Quantitative analysis of selected PCB congeners in marine matrix reference materials using a novel cyanobiphenyl stationary phase

A novel p,p-cyanobiphenyl stationary phase (p-cyanobiphenyl, p-allyloxy methylpolysiloxane) has been evaluated for the GC investigation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Several PCB congeners which coelute on the phases typically used for PCB analysis (e.g. 5% phenyl methylpolysiloxane) are separated on the p,p-cyanobiphenyl phase, including the hexachlorobiphenyl congeners PCB 163, PCB 164, and PCB 138. In this work, a p,p-cyanobiphenyl stationary phase was used to measure selected PCB congeners in two Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) available from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and two Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) available from the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR). The materials analyzed were SRM 1588, Organics in Cod Liver Oil; SRM 1945, Organics in Whale Blubber; CRM 349, Chlorobiphenyls in Cod Liver Oil; and CRM 350, Chlorobiphenyls in Mackerel Oil. Concentrations are reported for several PCB congeners which coelute on the 5% phenyl methylpolysiloxane, including PCB 163 and PCB 164.
Self-expandable Metallic Airway Stent Insertion Employing Flexible Bronchoscopy: Preliminary Results

We describe 37 patients in whom 52 self-expandable metallic stents were successfully placed using a flexible bronchoscope. Indications for stenting were tracheobronchomalacia (n=13), neoplasia (n=20), and tracheal stenosis (n=4). Airway patency was restored in all patients. Symptoms improved in all but one patient. The median follow-up for all patients and the group of 16 patients alive has been 21 and 69.5 weeks, respectively. Complications have included granulomas and bronchitis. Migration or mucus plugging was not encountered. We conclude that metallic stents can be inserted safely using a flexible bronchoscope. At least in the short term, major complications are uncommon.
Tryptophan residue at the heparin binding site in antithrombin III.

Abstract Chemical modifications have demonstrated that the ultraviolet difference spectrum produced when heparin interacts with antithrombin III is due primarily to changes in the tryptophan environment. This is based on the observation that this spectrum could be abolished by treatment of antithrombin III with dimethyl (2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl) sulfonium bromide but not with tetranitromethane. The tryptophan-modified antithrombin III is still capable of binding to thrombin even when it has lost 85% of heparin cofactor activity. A marked decrease in reactivity of tryptophan residues is observed when modification is carried out in the presence of heparin. Evidence is presented that tryptophan is in the heparin binding site.
Electronic Structure of [(CpCr){(CO)3M}]μ-Cot (M = Cr, Fe): A Theoretical Study

The electronic structure of two cyclooctatetraene-bridged dinuclear first-row transition metal complexes of the type [(CpM){(CO)3M‘}]μ-Cot (M = Cr; M‘ = Fe (1), Cr (2)) was investigated by complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) calculations. In this context the differences in the binding capabilities of the complex fragments CpM and (CO)3M are discussed on the basis of extended Huckel molecular orbital (MO) calculations. The geometries used for the CASSCF calculations for complex 1 were obtained from the crystal structure. For 2 a model structure was established by geometry optimization using density functional methods. The CASSCF results agree well with the experimental findings and provide insight into the binding situation of the two compounds. Complex 1 can be regarded as being composed of a chromocene-like subunit CpCr(η5-C5H5) and the fragment (CO)3Fe(η3-C3H3). A direct metal−metal bond is found, involving one initially singly occupied orbital of each fragment, leading to a doublet gro...
Consolidation and Hydraulic Conductivity of Zeolite-Amended Soil-Bentonite Backfills

The effect of zeolite amendment for enhanced sorption capacity on the consolidation behavior and hydraulic conductivity, k ,o f a representative soil-bentonite (SB) backfill for vertical cutoff walls was evaluated via laboratory testing. The consolidation behavior and k of test specimens containing fine sand, 5.8% (dry weight) sodium bentonite, and 0, 2, 5, or 10% (dry weight) of one of three types of zeolite (clinoptilolite, chabazite-lower bed, or chabazite-upper bed) were measured using fixed-ring oedometers, and k also was measured on sep- arate specimens using a flexible-wall permeameter. The results indicated that addition of a zeolite had little impact on either the consolidation behavior or the k of the backfill, regardless of the amount or type of zeolite. For example, the compression index, Cc, for the unamended backfill specimen was 0.24, whereas values of Cc for the zeolite-amended specimens were in the range 0:19 ≤ Cc ≤ 0:23. Similarly, the k for the unamended specimen based on flexible-wall tests was 2: 4×1 0 � 10 m=s, whereas values of k for zeolite-amended specimens were in the range 1: 2×1 0 � 10 ≤ k ≤ 3: 9×1 0 � 10 m=s. The results of the study suggest that enhancing the sorption capacity of typical SB backfills via zeolite amendment is not likely to have a significant effect on the consolidation behavior or k of the backfill, provided that the amount of zeolite added is small (≤ 10%). DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000566. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Flexural wave propagation behavior of lumped mass approximations

Abstract The suitability of lumped masses for elastic wave propagation problems in beams is investigated. Dispersion relations are presented for lumped mass Euler-Bernoulli elements and an element with shear correction; for purposes of comparison, the dispersive properties of consistent masses are also given. It is shown that by increasing the rotational mass through a rotational mass factor α, a good approximation can be obtained to the Timoshenko dispersion relation. Comparison with an exact solution for the propagation of a velocity discontinuity shows that the shear correction is required for a good solution and indicates optimal values for α.
Early and late appearance of neurofilament phosphorylation events in nerve regeneration

Abstract Neurofilament phosphorylation in regenerating rat sciatic nerve was studied by indirect immunofluorscence with monoclonal antibodies reacting with phosphorylated epitopes of the 2 large polypeptides of the neurofilament protein triplet (NF 150K, NF 200K). One group of antibodies decorated axons early in the process. In fact, no differences were seen in double labeled sections between these antibodies and polyclonal neurofilament antibodies as to their reactivity with the distal stump of transected sciatic nerves. Another group stained axons after they had completed their elongation i.e., after they had reached the distal part of the denervated sciatic nerve. In general, the epitopes recognized by antibodies in this group appeared more sensitive to phosphatase digestion as compared to the first group. Furthermore, there was a good correlation between the thickness of the regenerated axons and staining with these monoclonal antibodies. Thick axons (like those observed in normal nerves) were stained, while bundles of thin axons remained unstained. Monoclonal II32 stained regenerated axons in a remarkable segmental pattern. With this antibody, continuous decoration of the axons was still not observed 7 weeks after transection, the longest follow-up period in this study. We suggest that some neurofilament phosphorylation events may contribute to the stabilization of the axonal cytoskeleton and that abnormalities persist in regenerated axons as to the extent of neurofilament phosphorylation.
FameLab provides competition and coaching on science communication

In today's media-intensive environment, the ability to convey science can reshape the face of scientific exploration and discovery. Many early-career scientists could benefit from training on how to communicate their work effectively to all stakeholders along their career paths, from deans and political representatives to neighbors and students, and perhaps even to public audiences through the lens of a camera or the voice of a blog.
Cross-cultural variations in leadership perceptions and attribution of charisma to the leader

Abstract Leadership perception is based on (a) a recognition-based process that involves categorization of leaders’ characteristics into relevant stereotypes; and (b) an inference-based process that involves making attributions for leaders’ characteristics based on outcomes of salient events ( Lord & Maher, 1993 ). The present study examined the interactive effects of these two alternative processes of leadership perceptions on attributions of charisma cross-culturally. Groups of participants from either a collectivistic culture (Turkey) or an individualistic culture (United States) read a vignette about a prototypical or antiprototypical leader (manipulation of recognition-based process) whose company produced a slight or significant increase in sales (manipulation of inference-based process). The results showed that the co-occurrence of these two processes produced optimal attribution of charisma to the leader. In addition, the leaders’ prototypical characteristics were more effective in forming a leadership impression in an individualistic culture, whereas collectivistic people made attributions based on the company performance outcome.
Rallpacks: a set of benchmarks for neuronal simulators

The field of computational neurobiology has advanced to the point where there are several general purpose simulators to choose from. These cater to various niches of the world of realistic neuronal models, ranging from the molecular level to descriptions of entire sensory modalities. In addition, there are numerous custom designed simulations, adaptations of electrical circuit simulators, and other specific implementations of neurobiological models. As a first step towards evaluating this disparate set of simulators and simulations, and towards establishing standards for comparisons of speed and accuracy, we describe a set of benchmarks. These have been given the name ‘Rallpacks’, in honor of Wilfrid Rall who pioneered the study of neuronal systems through analytical and numerical techniques.
Methionine Hydroxy Analog: Varying Levels for Lactating Cows

Abstract Beginning two weeks before anticipated parturition and for 90 days post-partum, 24 Holstein cows received a concentrate (14.5% crude protein) containing either 0, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8% methionine hydroxy analog. Concentrate was limited to 11 to 12kg/day and corn silage-urea (0.5%) was offered free choice. A milk production response curve indicated peak production at approximately 25g analog/day. Fat content of milk increased with analog intake. Reduced silage and concentrate consumption was common with the highest analog level. Free fatty acid and triglyceride content of serum α -lipoproteins and triglycerides of the β -lipoproteins were reduced in cows fed analog from those with no analog.
High-Sensitivity Magnetic Profiling

A high sensitivity rubidium 87 magnetometer, designed and built by the author, is used at sea to make magnetic profiles over subsurface structures of interest. The Texas AandM University Research Vessel GYRE was used to launch, tow and recover a nonmagnetic fiberglass skiff that carried the magnetometer. To avoid magnetic field disturbances of the GYRE, the skiff with the magnetometer was towed 600 ft behind the ship. Loran C, and sometimes SATNAV, position data were used to determine the ship location. Two recording depth finders using 3.5 kHz and 12 kHz respectively were used to profile the bottom. Time marks were plotted on the magnetic and sonar data in accordance with WWV time signals received on 10 MHz. (15 MHz and 5 MHz were also available if there happened to be poor radio transmission at 10 MHz). Magnetic data were recorded in digital form on a strip chart recorder, using the last two digits of the six digit resonance frequency of the Rb 87 atoms.
SELECTIVE EXCITATION OF ICN ACHIEVED VIA BRUTE FORCE ORIENTATION

Brute force orientation of ICN was achieved using a strong uniform electric field and supersonic expansion. When the dissociation laser at 249 nm was polarized parallel to the orientation field, the 3Π0+ surface was preferentially accessed. The yield of CN in low rotational states was enhanced by ∼50% compared with that from dissociation under perpendicular polarization. Highly rotationally excited fragments were not affected by the polarization direction of the dissociation laser, providing evidence of the contribution of a perpendicular surface in the absorption process. This work demonstrates the selectivity achieved via brute force orientation and the advantages thus offered for studies of photodissociative processes.
An Analysis of the Test of Language Development—Primary for Item Bias

The purpose of this research was to examine the Test of Language Development-P:2 (TOLD-P:2; Newcomer & Hammill, 1991) for item bias. The TOLD-P:2 was administered to 235 African American and 1,481 ...
Adaptive wavelets for signal classification and compression

Abstract This paper discusses the concept of adaptive wavelets and their application to signal compression and classification. When wavelet non-linear functions are used in the neurons of a neural network we can estimate the wavelet parameters—scale and translation and the relative importance (weight) of each basis function optimally with respect to approximating a given function (signal) in the minimum mean square error sense or with respect to classifying a function (signal) with minimum mean classification error. This estimation can be considered as adaptive (signal or function dependent) sampling. In this paper, we give theoretical proof to show that such an adaptive sampling scheme constitutes a frame which implies that the neural network-based estimation technique allows us to reconstruct the input signal from the adaptive wavelets such that the reconstruction is numerically stable. We apply the proposed representation and classification architectures for coding and classifying biological signals such as electrocardiogram (ECG). Experimental details of ECG coder, and classification of ECG waves such as P, QRS and T are provided. The experimental results reported in this paper are obtained by applying the proposed methodologies to standard ECG (American Heart Association) data base. The results indicate that the compression ratio of about twice better than the current techniques can be obtained and average classification accuracy of 94% can be obtained for abnormal P, QRS and T classification.
East meets West: an herbal tea finds a receptor

Jaundice, which is caused by accumulation of bilirubin, is extremely common in newborn infants. Phototherapy is an effective treatment, but a drug therapy would also be desirable. A Chinese herbal remedy for jaundice called Yin Zhi Huang is now shown to activate a liver receptor that enhances the clearance of bilirubin (see the related article beginning on page 137). This discovery could lead to improved pharmaceutical treatments for neonatal jaundice.
The Effect of Twenty-Four Hour In Vitro Storage on Sperm Hydrolysis Through the Perivitelline Layer of Ovipositioned Turkey Eggs

Counting the holes in the perivitelline layer surrounding the germinal disc of freshly laid eggs has been used as a means of assessing sperm attachment, their ability to undergo an acrosome reaction, and penetration of the ovum, all necessary steps in the process of fertilization. The objective of this study was to compare the number of holes in the perivitelline layer of eggs after insemination with fresh turkey semen or with semen stored in vitro for 24 h. Hens (n = 40) were inseminated weekly with either 100 x 10(6) or 10 x 10(6) liable sperm within 90 min of collection or 24 h after in vitro storage at 5 C. A minimum of 20 eggs per treatment group were evaluated for the number of holes in the perivitelline layer. Fertility and hatchability were determined for all other eggs. The number of holes in eggs from hens inseminated with 100 x 10(6) sperm was higher (P < 0.05) for fresh (119 +/- 23 holes per egg) vs stored (75 +/- 5 holes per egg) semen treatments over the 10-wk study period. Holes observed in the perivitelline layer of eggs from hens inseminated with 100 x 10(6) sperm were more numerous than those inseminated with 10 x 10(6) sperm (P < 0.05). The number of holes observed for fresh and stored 10 x 10(6) groups were 6 +/- 3 and 7 +/- 4 holes per egg, respectively. Fertility was higher for the eggs from hens inseminated with 100 x 10(6) sperm than for those from hens inseminated with 10 x 10(6) sperm (P < 0.05). Hatchability of fertile eggs was higher for the 100 x 10(6) dose eggs than for eggs that received the low dose but did not differ between fresh and stored treatments. This report shows that the number of sperm that hydrolyze through the perivitelline layer is reduced after in vitro storage of semen.
A formal test of the hypothesis that idiopathic calcium oxalate stones grow on Randall's plaque.

OBJECTIVE To confirm that more than half of all idiopathic calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones grow on interstitial plaque, as CaOx stones can grow attached to interstitial apatite plaque but whether this is the usual mechanism of stone formation is uncertain. PATIENTS AND METHODS In nine idiopathic CaOx stone formers (ICSF) undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy or ureteroscopy all accessible renal papillae were endoscopically imaged using a digital endoscope. All stones were removed intact, and recorded by the operating surgeon as being attached or unattached; for all attached stones the surgeon determined if the site of attachment was to plaque. This determination was further verified by reviewing the intraoperative video record, and only instances where plaque was reliably seen on video were used for analysis. Surgical observations were further validated by a combination of microcomputed tomographic analysis and papillary biopsy. The results were analysed statistically using fixed-sample testing and group sequential sampling. RESULTS The nine patients had a total of 115 stones, primarily CaOx; 90 stones were attached. Of these, 81 were attached to plaque; surgeons could not visualize the site of attachment with sufficient clarity to judge in the other nine cases. Based on these data, the final point estimate for the number of stones attached to plaque was 0.754 (95% confidence interval 0.575–0.933; P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS In ICSF most stones grow attached to papillae, on plaque, so growth on plaque is the main mechanism for stone formation in this very common group of patients.
Characterization of the subunit composition of HGPRTase from human erythrocytes and cultured fibroblasts.

Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase is a ubiquitous human enzyme, the inherited deficiency of which leads to a specific metabolic-neurological syndrome. Native acrylamide isoelectric focusing revealed that the human enzyme consists of different numbers of isoenzymes depending on the tissue of origin. The erythrocytic enzyme has the most isoenzymes while the enzyme from cultured fibroblasts has only a single isoenzyme. The isoenzyme pattern of the erythrocytic enzyme changes on storage of the crude hemolysate at 4 C. Treatment of the stored crude hemolysate with 4.5 m urea and 0.35 mm β-mercaptoethanol results in an isoenzyme pattern similar to that of the fresh crude extract. Thus the additional isoenzymes are generated on storage not by covalent modification of the enzyme but probably by binding of small molecules to the enzyme or to association of the enzyme molecules. Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase has been purified to 80% homogeneity in three steps, DEAE Sephadex chromatography, heat treatment at 85 C for 5 min, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. Denaturing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the erythrocytic enzyme revealed that the erythrocytic enzyme is composed of three major types of subunits (1–3) with the same molecular weight but different isoelectric points. In contrast, the fibroblast enzyme is composed of only a single type of subunit, which comigrates with subunit 1 of the erythrocytic enzyme. Since there is a single genetic locus in humans for HGPRTase (the enzyme is X linked) (Nyhan et al., 1967), the observed subunit modification of the erythrocyte enzyme appears to be the result of posttranslational modification. These findings provide a simple explanation for the observed electrophoretic properties of human HGPRTase. A patient with 0.5% of HGPRTase activity in his erythrocytes was found to have small amounts (> 0.5% but < 5% of normal) of the erythrocytic HGPRTase subunits.
Non‐invasive pulsed cavitational ultrasound for fetal tissue ablation: feasibility study in a fetal sheep model

Objectives Currently available fetal intervention techniques rely on invasive procedures that carry inherent risks. A non-invasive technique for fetal intervention could potentially reduce the risk of fetal and obstetric complications. Pulsed cavitational ultrasound therapy (histotripsy) is an ablation technique that mechanically fractionates tissue at the focal region using extracorporeal ultrasound. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using histotripsy as a non-invasive approach to fetal intervention in a sheep model. Methods The experiments involved 11 gravid sheep at 102–129 days of gestation. Fetal kidney, liver, lung and heart were exposed to ultrasound pulses (< 10 µs) delivered by an external 1-MHz focused ultrasound transducer at a 0.2–1-kHz pulse-repetition rate and 10–16 MPa peak negative pressure. Procedures were monitored and guided by real-time ultrasound imaging. Treated organs were examined by gross and histological inspection for location and degree of tissue injury. Results Hyperechoic, cavitating bubble clouds were successfully generated in 19/31 (61%) treatment attempts in 27 fetal organs beneath up to 8 cm of overlying tissue and fetal bones. Histological assessment confirmed lesion locations and sizes corresponding to regions where cavitation was monitored, with no lesions found when cavitation was absent. Inability to generate cavitation was primarily associated with increased depth to target and obstructing structures such as fetal limbs.
In vitro studies on the effect of particle size on macrophage responses to nanodiamond wear debris

Nanostructured diamond coatings improve the smoothness and wear characteristics of the metallic component of total hip replacements and increase the longevity of these implants, but the effect of nanodiamond wear debris on macrophages needs to be determined to estimate the long-term inflammatory effects of wear debris. The objective was to investigate the effect of the size of synthetic nanodiamond particles on macrophage proliferation (BrdU incorporation), apoptosis (Annexin-V flow cytometry), metabolic activity (WST-1 assay) and inflammatory cytokine production (qPCR). RAW 264.7 macrophages were exposed to varying sizes (6, 60, 100, 250 and 500 nm) and concentrations (0, 10, 50, 100 and 200 μg ml−1) of synthetic nanodiamonds. We observed that cell proliferation but not metabolic activity was decreased with nanoparticle sizes of 6–100 nm at lower concentrations (50 μg ml−1), and both cell proliferation and metabolic activity were significantly reduced with nanodiamond concentrations of 200 μg ml−1. Flow cytometry indicated a significant reduction in cell viability due to necrosis irrespective of particle size. Nanodiamond exposure significantly reduced gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, chemokine Ccl2 and platelet-derived growth factor compared to serum-only controls or titanium oxide (anatase 8 nm) nanoparticles, with variable effects on chemokine Cxcl2 and vascular endothelial growth factor. In general, our study demonstrates a size and concentration dependence of macrophage responses in vitro to nanodiamond particles as possible wear debris from diamond-coated orthopedic joint implants.
Gonadectomy and androgen replacement alter cardiac performance in conscious adult male rats.

Gender disparities in cardiac function have been described. Yet the extent to which gender related differences in cardiac performance are due to the presence of sex-specific biological factors are unclear. We used a longitudinal study aimed at examining whether castration and androgen replacement affects cardiac performance in conscious adult male rats. Adult male rats were implanted with Piezoelectric transit-time gauges and radio telemetry devices to measure regional myocardial segment length and hemodynamic variables before and after castration and after androgen replacement. Androgen withdrawal accelerated average heart rates by 7% (p = 0.010). Heart rate was lowered to intact values when androgens were restored to normal physiological levels (p = 0.004). Mean arterial pressure was not affected by androgen deprivation and androgen replacement. However, androgen withdrawal produced a 40% decrease in the velocity of circumferential shortening and a 46% reduction in the rate of myocardial relaxation. And...