cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 17 – Remediation of Drinking Water for Rural Populations

This chapter deals with the remediation of drinking water for rural populations. Nitrate is the most common nitrogen contaminant in raw water supplies. In rural areas agricultural activities that involve the use of fertilizers and animal manures are major sources of nitrate contamination. Several processes are currently available that can effectively remove nitrate from raw water. Systems that are suitable for small rural communities include reverse osmosis, ion exchange, and electrodialysis. However, all of these systems move nitrate from raw water and concentrate it in a reject water or brine. Disposal of the reject water can be a major expense as well as an environmental issue. Several emerging systems are under development that convert nitrate to harmless nitrogen gas. These include biological denitrification systems and catalytic systems. Finally, the chapter concludes that, the ability of these systems to convert the nitrate to nitrogen gas is a major advantage
Nondoped Y 2 0 3 for 3-5μm IR transmission

Non-doped yttria (Y203) ceramics for 3-5Mm JR transmission have been experimentally made by a powder processing technique. The optical, mechanical, and thermal properties have been measured. Some samples showed fairly good transmittance properties. In addition, decreasing the grain size of yttria proved effective in improving the flexural strength.
Air Pollution and Asthma

Air pollution is a growing problem affecting human health. An increased incidence of lung cancer, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis has been attributed to atmospheric pollution in urban areas. An increase in asthma symptoms in certain industrial areas has been reported. In 1970, Congress passed the Clean Air Act Amendment, authorizing the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to set up national air quality standards to regulate common air pollutants. The current standards, published in 1991, are summarized in Table 1.
Multiscale modeling and characterization for performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries are highly complex electrochemical systems whose performance and safety are governed by coupled nonlinear electrochemical-electrical-thermal-mechanical processes over a range of spatiotemporal scales. Gaining an understanding of the role of these processes as well as development of predictive capabilities for design of better performing batteries requires synergy between theory, modeling, and simulation, and fundamental experimental work to support the models. This paper presents the overview of the work performed by the authors aligned with both experimental and computational efforts. In this paper, we describe a new, open source computational environment for battery simulations with an initial focus on lithium-ion systems but designed to support a variety of model types and formulations. This system has been used to create a three-dimensional cell and battery pack models that explicitly simulate all the battery components (current collectors, electrodes, and separator). The models are used to predict battery performance under normal operations and to study thermal and mechanical safety aspects under adverse conditions. This paper also provides an overview of the experimental techniques to obtain crucial validation data to benchmark the simulations at various scales for performance as well as abuse. We detail some initial validation using characterization experiments such as infrared and neutron imaging and micro-Raman mapping. In addition, we identify opportunities for future integration of theory, modeling, and experiments.
Maximizing Success for Drug-Affected Women After Release from Prison

Abstract This paper describes the characteristics related to women's drug-use, criminal offending and incarceration and examines the policy and community contexts that shape their reentry after release from prison or jail. A qualitative study of formerly detained or incarcerated drug-affected women describes identified needs for services and employment as well as the challenges related to a disempowering environment.
Prehistoric rock avalanches in the Olympic Mountains, Washington

Rock avalanches blocked streams in the Olympic Mountains southwest of Puget Sound during the past few thousand years. Limiting radiocarbon ages indicated that three or four of six avalanches occurred from 1000 to 1300 years ago or shortly thereafter. Most of the dates were from the outer preserved rings of trees drowned behind avalanche dams. These three or four avalanches may be coeval not only with one another but also with abrupt tectonic deformation in western Washington. No rock avalanches in the Olympic Mountains are known to have resulted from storms or earthquakes during the past century. The avalanches strengthen the case that a large prehistoric earthquake occurred in the Puget Sound region.
Whose Shoe Fits Best? Dubious Physics and Power Politics in the TMD Footprint Controversy

Apparent design breakthroughs in short-range missile defense systems such as Theater High-Altitude Air Defense (THAAD) have prompted questions about the legality of such systems under the 1972 Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty. Prominent physicists have used computer “footprint” methodology to prove that if engineered to specifications, THAAD might exceed ABM Treaty performance limits banning highly effective missile defense systems. In response, missile defense officials commissioned Sparta, Inc. to conduct secret research casting doubt on the validity of such findings. The substantial diplomatic issues at stake and the interesting rhetorical dynamics involved in this dispute warrant close scholarly analysis. Attention to the iterative relationship between the interpenetrating spheres of public argument and scientific practice in this case yields novel insight about the processes in which technical knowledge of defense systems is forged and raises fresh issues for the “closure project” in science and te...
Optimal employment contracts with bankruptcy constraints

Abstract Consider the optimal incentive compatible contract offered by a firm with private information to its risk-averse employees. If the firm is subject to a binding limited liability or bankruptcy constraint then the contract will yield underemployment in low productivity states (relative to full-information efficiency). Such contracts either yield underemployment in all states, or excessively high variability in employment.
Developmentally regulated alternative splicing in the Xenopus laevis c-Myc gene creates an intron-1 containing c-Myc RNA present only in post-midblastula embryos

Two distinct c-Myc RNA classes have been identified in Xenopus laevis, presumably expressed from the duplicated c-Myc locus (1, 6). The major Xenopus c-Myc transcripts arise from sites termed P1 and P2 similarly to those of the mammalian c-Myc genes. I have used a cloned Xenopus c-Myc gene to examine the regulated pattern of expression from this gene during early Xenopus embryogenesis. Analysis of the pattern of transcript processing indicates that not only are P1 and P2 differentially active during early development but alternatively spliced c-Myc RNAs are generated which contain sequences of the first intron. These intron-1 containing c-Myc RNAs are generated by alternative splicing of transcripts initiated from the major transcription start site, P2, and are observed only in RNA samples from post-midblastula embryos or Xenopus tissue culture cells. Xenopus tissue culture cells synthesize two major c-Myc proteins (p61 and p64). Xenopus RNAs that do not contain intron-1 sequences synthesize only the p61 species. Two closely spaced ATG codons at the 5' end of exon-2 are utilized equivalently to generate a p61 doublet. Intron-1 containing RNAs utilize an ATG codon in the intron sequences to synthesize the p64 species as well as the exon-2 ATG codons to synthesize the p61 doublet.
Rotating Electric Equipment for a Gas-Turbine Electric Locomotive

A new type of prime mover, in the form of a gas-turbine power plant, recently has been successfully applied in a locomotive. The problems encountered and the electric equipment employed are, in many respects, similar to those of diesel-electric locomotives. This presentation deals primarily with those features, as regards this locomotive application, that it is felt are sufficiently unique to be of general interest.
Cortisol Response to a Crowding Stress: Heritability and Association with Disease Resistance to Yersinia ruckeri in Rainbow Trout

Abstract The U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture is conducting a breeding program for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to develop improved germplasm for the U.S. aquaculture industry. Current selection efforts are focused on growth and disease resistance, but stress response is also a concern. Using plasma cortisol concentrations after a 3-h crowding stress as a measure of stress responsiveness, we have previously shown family variation in cortisol responsiveness and a positive phenotypic correlation between poststressor cortisol level and growth performance within our broodstock. Selection for improved growth performance may therefore increase cortisol responsiveness to stress. In the present studies, narrow-sense heritability (h 2) for cortisol responsiveness was estimated to be moderately high by means of midparent–offspring regression and nested family design analyses (h 2 ≥ 0.40 and 0.56, respectively). In addition, fish from the same families were us...
Control of vehicle dispatching on a cyclic route serving trucking terminals

In the less-than-truckload industry, it is commonplace to designate specific routes for tractors and drivers that remain in effect over extended time periods, lasting weeks or months. On a day-to-day basis, however, the number of tractors traveling on a route can vary in relation to demand. In this paper, we study routes that consist of two or more segments and two or more stops that define a cyclic tour for a tractor/driver team. At each stop, the driver/tractor can drop off one or more trailers, and pick up one or more trailers. The paper develops control rules based on predicted route productivity to determine when to release a tractor. The approximation is accurate when loops are relatively short, when the number of tractors traveling on a loop at any time is small, or when the productivity achieved is large. In other instances, the approximation can be used to guide the release of tractors, following a policy that adapts to calculated biases.
A High-Speed, Event-Driven, Active Pixel Sensor Readout for Photon-Counting Microchannel Plate Detectors

Silicon array readouts for microchannel plate intensifiers offer several attractive features. In this class of detector, the electron cloud output of the MCP intensifier is converted to visible light by a phosphor; that light is then fiber-optically coupled to the silicon array. In photon-counting mode, the resulting light splashes on the silicon array are recognized and centroided to fractional pixel accuracy by off-chip electronics. This process can result in very high (MCP-limited) spatial resolution while operating at a modest MCP gain (desirable for dynamic range and long term stability). The principal limitation of intensified CCD systems of this type is their severely limited local dynamic range, as accurate photon counting is achieved only if there are not overlapping event splashes within the frame time of the device. This problem can be ameliorated somewhat by processing events only in pre-selected windows of interest of by using an addressable charge injection device (CID) for the readout array. We are currently pursuing the development of an intriguing alternative readout concept based on using an event-driven CMOS Active Pixel Sensor. APS technology permits the incorporation of discriminator circuitry within each pixel. When coupled with suitable CMOS logic outside the array area, the discriminator circuitry can be used to trigger the readout of small sub-array windows only when and where an event splash has been detected, completely eliminating the local dynamic range problem, while achieving a high global count rate capability and maintaining high spatial resolution. We elaborate on this concept and present our progress toward implementing an event-driven APS readout.
A NEW ROUTE TO MANGANESE AND RHENIUM CARBONYL TETRAFLUOROBORATE SALTS AND AN IMPROVED PROCEDURE FOR PREPARING THEIR PRECURSOR HYDRIDES

Abstract Tetrafluoroborate salts of substituted Mn and Re carbonyls can be prepared in almost quantitative yield from their corresponding hydrides by the following reaction: where P2 are either the chelating phosphines, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane or 1,3-bis(diphenyi-phosphino)propane, or triphenylphosphine. The hydrides may be prepared from M2(CO)10 in a single reaction by refluxing the decacarbonyl in 1-pentanol in the presence of the desired phosphine.
Experimentation and the legitimacy of idealization

L'A. etudie la legitimite de l'idealisation et de l'approximation dans la description des experimentations scientifiques. A travers l'exemple du pendule, l'A. souleve la question de savoir comment des experiences physiques peuvent repondre a des questions scientifiques, etant donne la distorsion qu'introduisent l'idealisation, l'approximation et la generalisation dans l'analyse experimentale
PROPOSED FIELD EVALUATION OF A RABIES RECOMBINANT VACCINE FOR RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR): SITE SELECTION, TARGET SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS, AND PLACEBO BAITING TRIALS

Prior to a limited field application of an orally-administered vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (V-RG) recombinant virus vaccine for wildlife, background data were obtained for the proposed site on Parramore Island, Virginia (USA). Mammalian target and nontarget species, potentially at risk for exposure to vaccine were inventoried. Placebo baiting trials with a fishmeal polymer bait resulted in high bait disturbance (88 to 100%), primarily by raccoons (Procyon lotor), with infrequent visitation and no evidence of bait consumption by deer (Odocoileus virginianus), small mammals or avian species. Definitive bait acceptance rates by raccoons (indicative of bait ingestion) were difficult to accurately determine based exclusively on premolar and vibrissae samples collected antemortem from live-trapped raccoons for tetracycline and rhodamine B biomarker analyses, respectively. Bait acceptance rate was more accurately determined during a pilot baiting trial conducted on North Island, South Carolina, when mandibles (...
High Voltage and High Reliability Silicon-on-Insulator Power IC Technologies and Their Application to 750 V 4.5 A Micro-Inverter IC

We have successfully developed the record high blocking voltage of 750 V and the largest current capability of 4.5 A silicon-on-insulator (SOI) micro-inverter IC, which is made possible by the newly developed high voltage reliability technology and high-speed and low-dissipation extraction enhanced lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor (E2LIGBT). It has been found, for the first time, that the stable and reliable high blocking voltage of 760 V is assured by controlling the sheet-resistance of the polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) layer of the scroll-shaped resistive field plate (SRFP). The high voltage and high reliability SOI power IC technology is expected as the key technology enabling 750 V 4.5 A micro-inverter IC for harsh applications such as automotive electronics.
Der(5)t(5;7)(q11.2;p11.2): a new recurring abnormality in malignant myeloid disorders

Complete or partial monosomy for the long arm of chromosomes 5 and/or 7 is frequently observed in malignant cells from patients with a therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) or therapy-related acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (t-ANLL). Partial monosomy is usually the result of a chromosomal deletion; however, unbalanced translocations have also been observed. We have identified one such translocation in three patients who had either t-ANLL or a primary MDS. The genetic consequences of this translocation [-5,-7,+der(5)t(5;7)(q11.2;p11.2)] are partial monosomy for the long arm of chromosome 5 and complete monosomy for the long arm of chromosome 7. Thus, this rearrangement may represent a new, recurring abnormality that is associated with malignant myeloid disorders.
Application of small panel damping measurements to larger walls

Damping properties of a viscoelastic material were determined using a standard resonant beam technique. The damping material was then applied to 1 by 2 foot gypsum panels in a constrained layer construction. Damping loss factors in panels with and without the constrained layer were determined based on reverberation times after excitation at third-octave band center frequencies. The constrained damping layer had been designed to increase damping by an order of magnitude above that of a single gypsum panel at 2000 Hz; however, relative to a gypsum panel of the same overall thickness as the panel with the constrained layer, loss factors increased only by a factor of three to five. Next modal damping loss factors in 9 by 14 foot gypsum single and double walls were calculated from the experimentally determined quality factor for each modal resonance. Results showed that below 2500 Hz, modes in 1 by 2 foot gypsum panels had nearly the same damping loss factors as modes in a 9 by 14 foot gypsum wall of the same thickness; however, loss factors for the wall were an order of magnitude lower than those of the 1 by 2 foot panels at frequencies above 2500 Hz, the coincidence frequency for 5/8-inch thick gypsum plates. Thus it was inconclusive whether or not damping loss factors measured using small panels could be used to estimate the effect of a constrained damping layer on transmission loss through a 9 by 14 foot wall unless boundary conditions and modal frequencies were the same for each size.
Temperature effects on particulate emissions from DPF-equipped diesel trucks operating on conventional and biodiesel fuels

Emissions tests were conducted on two medium heavy-duty diesel trucks equipped with a particulate filter (DPF), with one vehicle using a NOx absorber and the other a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system for control of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Both vehicles were tested with two different fuels (ultra-low-sulfur diesel [ULSD] and biodiesel [B20]) and ambient temperatures (70oF and 20oF), while the truck with the NOx absorber was also operated at two loads (a heavy weight and a light weight). The test procedure included three driving cycles, a cold start with low transients (CSLT), the federal heavy-duty urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS), and a warm start with low transients (WSLT). Particulate matter (PM) emissions were measured second-by-second using an Aethalometer for black carbon (BC) concentrations and an engine exhaust particle sizer (EEPS) for particle count measurements between 5.6 and 560 nm. The DPF/NOx absorber vehicle experienced increased BC and particle number concentrations during...
Localized Drug Delivery System For The Treatment Of Cancer

Localized drug delivery can provide better treatment for residual cancer tumors. Our research proposes a “package within a package” drug delivery system which results in an effective controlled release of the drug to the targeted site and also reduces its toxic effects to other parts of the body. The first part of the system is a non-ionic surfactant vesicle or niosome and the second a biodegradable and temperature sensitive crosslinked hydrogel. The vesicle is prepared by hydration of amphiphilic films with a PBS buffer solution and a fluorescent marker, 5,6-carboxyfluorescein. We chose to encapsulate this particular marker to imitate and test the release rate of the chemotherapy drug from the vesicle interior. After hydration, the vesicles were extruded to constrict their size distribution. Unentrapped dye was removed using ultracentrifugation and gel exclusion chromatography. The dye encapsulated vesicles were placed in a semi-permeable cellulose membrane and immersed in a solution of either PBS or Milli-Q water. The environment in the PBS solution would closely mimic the vesicle's behavior in the hydrogel and the water environment would closely follow the behavior near a residual cancer site, where the pH tends to be lower compared to blood. Diffusion of the dye through the membrane was determined at different time intervals by using fluorescence spectroscopy and its release rate was determined. The maker encapsulated niosomes will then be embedded into the hydrogel network which will begin to degrade with time exposing the niosomes to a different pH that will cause them to rupture. The thermal sensitive hydrogel is a polymer, chosen to be Chitosan. Chitosan is a biomaterial obtained abundantly in nature. This system will then have antibodies to provide specificity. Using this methodology, we hope to provide a better treatment technique for cancer patients.
On stochastic bang-bang control

We consider a constrained stochastic control problem (stochastic bang-bang control) studied recently by many authors Ruzicka [1], Zwonkin-Krylov [2], and Ikeda-Watanabe [3], among others. Our techniques are quite different from theirs, and we obtain in addition some results complementing theirs which would appear to be of independent interest as well.
INFLUENCE OF OSCILLATORY MAGNETIC FIELDS ON THE NERNST EFFECT IN SUPERCONDUCTING LEAD FILMS.

Abstract The Nernst effect in superconducting lead films of 3 μm thickness has been studied in the presence of small oscillatory magnetic fields oriented parallel to the static magnetic field. An increase in the Nernst voltage and in the transport entropy per unit length and per unit flux has been found due to the oscillatory field. In superconducting lead films the influence of an oscillatory field on the Nernst voltage is similar to the influence on the resistive voltage.
The masses of positive K-particles

Our program of measuring meson masses has been extended to the positive τ, Kμ2, Kπ2, Kμ3, and τ′-particles. With the Bevatron as a source, and employing a modification of the Kerth-Stork quadrupole lens and analyzing-magnet arrangement, we have obtained a mass resolution of 1.6% for an individual particle. Using the stopping behavior or the grain density of the secondary for K-particle classification, and the multiple scattering as a check, we obtained practically pure samples of the above types of K-mesons for analysis. The particles were compared directly with protons of the same momentum, and also with the τ-meson, the mass of which is known accurately. Relative to the mean τ mass of 966 me we obtain the following results, all in electron mass units: τ (966±3.1), Kμ2 (962.5±3.2), Kπ2 (972.2±4.7), Kμ3 (951.2±10.6), τ′ (951.±10.9). These are all consistent with a single K mass of 966. The results are independent of the range-momentum relation; however, the intercomparison of the masses measured relative to the τ-meson and relative to the proton check closely, indicating that there are no large systematic errors and that the shape of the range-momentum relation must be nearly correct.
DOES HIGH PUBLIC SELF-DISCLOSURE IN HIGH-STATUS PERSONS REDUCE SPEAKERS' PERSUASIVENESS

Universify of the District of Columbia Summary.-Two prior studies showed chat, when a high-status person revealed intimate personal information, ability to persuade others was reduced. Three experiments, involving 283 total subjects and the original videotaped message, did not replicate earlier results. Three experiments were undertaken to replicate previous research in which high self-disclosure by a high-status person resulted in a decrease in persuasiveness, while the same disclosure increased the persuasiveness of a lower-status person (1, 2). Subjects were randomly assigned to watch a videotaped speech attributed either to individuals with high or low status and (in Exp. 1) high or low political power. The subjects were students at a community college in the first two experiments (N = 218) and students at a predominantly black four-year institution in the third one (n = 65). The speaker was described as being either a congressman or an oratory club member. The political power condition was successfully manipulated by describing the congressman as either politically powerful or politically weak. In Exp. 1 a high-disclosing congressman, regardless of power, was just as persuasive as the club member (F3,88 = 1.09, p> .05) In Exps. 2 and 3 intimacy of a self-disclosure by the speaker was varied such that the speaker revealed some highly intimate information about himself in one condition or about an unidentified person in the other. Contrary to prior research there was no significant interaction in Exp. 2 (F,,,,, = 1.04) or Exp. 3 (F,,61 = .02). Also, there were no main effects for speaker or self-disclosure on persuasiveness in either experiment. The present results may reflect a public preference for greater openness on the part of congressmen in the wake of recent Congressional scandals, or it may reflect differences in samples from a selective, private, four-year institution and a public two-year institution with an open
Structure of the central spacer region of extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA in Physarum polycephalum.

Abstract We have analyzed the sequence organization of the central spacer region of the extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA from two strains of the acellular slime mold Physarum polycephalum . It had been inferred previously from electron microscopy that this region, which comprises about one third of the 60 kb ‡ palindromic rDNA, contains a complex series of inverted repetitious sequences. By partial digestion of end-labeled fragments isolated from purified rDNA and from rDNA fragments cloned in Escherichia coli , we have constructed a detailed restriction map of this region. The 11 kb of spacer DNA of each half molecule of rDNA contains the following elements: (a) two separate regions, one of 1.1 kb and one of 2.1 kb, composed of many direct repeats of the same 30 base-pair unit; (b) a region of 4.4 kb composed of a complex series of inverted repeats of a 310 base-pair unit; (c) another region of 1.6 kb composed of inverted repeats of the same 310 base-pair unit located directly adjacent to the center of the rDNA; (d) two copies of a unique sequence of 0.85 kb, which probably contains a replication origin. Some of the CpG sequences in the spacer resist cleavage by certain restriction endonucleases and thus appear to be methylated. The lack of perfect symmetry about the central axis and the arrangement of inverted repeated sequences explain the complex pattern of branches and forks of the fold-back molecules previously observed by electron microscopy. Comparison of the rDNA restriction maps from the two strains of Physarum suggests that the repeat units in the spacer are undergoing concerted evolution. We propose a model to explain the evolutionary origin of the several palindromic axes in the Physarum rDNA spacer.
A comparative approach to physical and linkage mapping of genes on canine chromosomes using gene-associated simple sequence repeat polymorphism illustrated by studies of dog chromosome 9

We describe and illustrate a comparative approach to creating physical and linkage maps of genes on dog chromosomes. The approach is particularly useful in species, like the dog, which have a rudimentary gene map not integrated with microsatellite loci. Human or mouse cDNAs for genes to be mapped are used to isolate cosmid or phage clones from dog genomic libraries. Clones verified to contain the homologous canine gene coding sequences are screened for "gene-associated" simple sequence repeat polymorphisms (SSRPs). The unique sequences flanking the repeats are used to design PCR primers to amplify the repeat and gene-associated SSR length differences that are informative for linkage analysis used in canine pedigrees to study linkage between loci or with diseases. The same canine clones are employed as probes in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies to physically map the loci to specific sites on dog chromosomes. This approach creates a combined gene and gene-associated microsatellite anchor locus framework map. In this article we review our recent use of this approach to map a series of genes found on human chromosome 17 (HSA17) to two dog chromosomes. Canine chromosome 9 (CFA9) contains 11 loci found on HSA17q, while two genes from HSA17p map to CFA5, demonstrating disruption of HSA17 synteny at the centromere. The order of 11 HSA17q genes on CFA9 was conserved in the dog, but the entire group is inverted with respect to the centromere when compared to human and mouse. Maps created by this approach can be used to advantage for integrating anonymous microsatellites with gene maps, including microsatellites found in genome scans to be linked to canine diseases. This makes it possible to identify the homologous chromosomal region in the human or mouse genome and to make use of this information in formulating hypotheses regarding candidate genes, as has recently been illustrated by other investigators.
Energy and locational workload management in data centers

Data centers are growing consumers of energy and emitters of greenhouse gases (GHG) worldwide. This paper examines data center power and locational workload management as strategies for energy savings and GHG emissions reduction. The case study examined focuses on GHG emissions from the electricity grid supply in a controlled small-scale computer cluster experiment and location (Philadelphia, PA). Virtualization is a technique that consolidates multiple online services onto fewer computing resources within a data center and deploys computing resources only as needed. The method can be applied not only within a data center, but also among multiple data centers in different locations, thereby taking advantage of deploying data centers that are linked to “low-carbon” electricity grids. Understanding the interaction between data center location and real time power consumption is critical to optimizing computer cluster usage, since demand during certain times of the day may rely on coal as the marginal source. Using the power savings results generated from the virtualization experiments performed on a small computer cluster at Drexel University, and power supply from the electricity grid serving the data center over a 24hour day during a peak electricity summer month, we examine the time of day for shifting data center workloads in order to minimize GHG emissions.
The effect of survivalism--self-expressionism culture on black male suicide acceptability: a cross-national analysis.

Abstract Cultural explanations of black suicide have focused on the US and stressed religiosity as a protective factor. This paper adds to this literature by (1) expanding the analysis of the impact of religiosity on black suicide to 10 nations, and (2) assessing the extent to which a broader cultural construct (self expressionism) affects black suicide acceptability. Data are from Wave 4 of the World Values Surveys 1991–2001 and refer to 3580 black males nested in ten countries. A hierarchical linear regression model determined that religiosity predicted black suicide acceptability across ten nations. Self expressionism was positively associated with individual level suicide acceptability. Further, a cross-level interaction was found wherein individual level and societal level self expressionism combined to affect suicide acceptability. The variability in suicide acceptability among black males is predicted, in part, by both individual and group levels of adherence to values contained in a major cultural axis of nations: self expressionism. These new found associations compliment the impact of a standard predictor, religiosity, on suicide acceptability.
Tunicamycin resistant glycosylation of a coronavirus glycoprotein: Demonstration of a novel type of viral glycoprotein

Tunicamycin has different effects on the glycosylation of the two envelope glycoproteins of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a coronavirus. Unlike envelope glycoproteins of other viruses, the transmembrane glycoprotein El is glycosylated normally in the presence of tunicamycin. This suggests that glycosylation of El does not involve transfer of core oligosaccharides from dolichol pyrophosphate intermediates to asparagine residues, but may occur by 0-linked glycosylation of serine or threonine residues. Synthesis of the peplomeric glycoprotein E2 is not readily detectable in the presence of tunicamycin. Inhibition of N-linked glycosylation of E2 by tunicamycin either prevents synthesis or facilitates degradation of the protein moiety of E2. Radiolabeling with carbohydrate precursors and borate gel electrophoresis of glycopeptides show that different oligcsaccharide side chains are attached to El and E2. The two coronavirus envelope glycoproteins thus appear to be glycosylated by different mechanisms. In tunicamycin-treated cells, noninfectious virions lacking peplomers are formed at intracytoplasmic membranes and released from the cells. These virions contain normal amounts of nucleocapsid protein and glycosylated El, but lack E2. Thus the transmembrane glycoprotein El is the only viral glycoprotein required for the formation of the viral envelope or for virus maturation and release. The peplomeric glycoprotein E2 appears to be required for attachment to virus receptors on the plasma membrane. The coronavirus envelope envelope glycoprotein E1 appears to be a novel type of viral glycoprotein which is post-translationally glycosylated by a tunicamycin-resistant process that yields oligosaccharide side chains different from those of N-linked glycoproteins. These findings suggest that El may be particularly useful as a model for studying the biosynthesis, glycosylation, and intracellular transport of 0-linked glycoproteins.
Variation for agronomic and processing traits in Solanum tuberosum haploids × wild species hybrids

The broad range of wild and cultivated species relatives of the commerical potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), guarantees the existence of a gene reservoir to be screened for traits that are absent or present only in low frequencies in the cultivated germplasm. Haploids (2n=2x=24) extracted from the cultivated tetraploid (2n=4x=48) germplasm cross easily with diploid (2n=2x=24) potato species and produce fertile progeny. As most haploid × species hybrids tuberize under long day conditions they can be maintained clonally and evaluated for the traits of interest. Three populations involving Tuberosum haploids × Solanum bukasovii (tub x buk), Tuberosum haploids × Solanum sparsipilum, (tub × spl) and Tuberosum haploids × Solanum berthaultii (tub x ber) clones, were planted at two locations in Wisconsin. The haploids were derived from W231, a selected clone from the University of Wisconsin Potato Breeding Program. The objectives were: to evaluate the H-S populations for agronomic and processing traits, and to determine the phenotypic associations between them. Data were recorded on haulm maturity (HM), tuber weight (TW) and tuber number (NT) per plant, specific gravity (SG), chip color after harvest (CH), and chip color after storage at 4° C and one week of reconditioning at room temperature (CH1). Results for SG and CH indicated good potential of the germplasm evaluated to introgress these traits into the commercial potatoes. For instance, the SG mean for tub x buk, tub x spl and tub x ber were 1.079, 1.086 and 1.082, respectively, and their means for CH were 4.8, 3.9 and 3.5. Chip color after storage and reconditioning was found in low frequency in the populations. Four clones in the tub x spl population, and three clones in the tub x ber population had CH1 ≤ 4.0, the commercially acceptable score for this trait. Significant (p ≤ 0.01) phenotypic correlations (r) were found between HM and SG (r=−0.46 in tub x buk, r=−0.61 in tub x spl, and r=−0.34 in tub x ber), NT and TW (r=0.79 in tub x buk, r=0.88 in tub x spl, and r=0.71 in tub x ber), and TW and SG (r=0.40 in tub x buk, and r=0.36 in tub x spl). The correlation coefficients between processing traits were not significant, which may indicate the presence of separate genetic mechanisms governing the inheritance of these traits.
Solar Wind Conditions and Composition During the Genesis Mission as Measured by in situ Spacecraft

We describe the Genesis mission solar-wind sample collection period and the solar wind conditions at the L1 point during this 2.3-year period. In order to relate the solar wind samples to solar composition, the conditions under which the samples were collected must be understood in the context of the long-term solar wind. We find that the state of the solar wind was typical of conditions over the past four solar cycles. However, Genesis spent a relatively large fraction of the time in coronal-hole flow as compared to what might have been expected for the declining phase of the solar cycle. Data from the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS) on the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) are used to determine the effectiveness of the Genesis solar-wind regime selection algorithm. The data collected by SWICS confirm that the Genesis algorithm successfully separated and collected solar wind regimes having distinct solar origins, particularly in the case of the coronal hole sample. The SWICS data also demonstrate that the different regimes are elementally fractionated. When compared with Ulysses composition data from the previous solar cycle, we find a similar degree of fractionation between regimes as well as fractionation relative to the average photospheric composition. The Genesis solar wind samples are under long-term curation at NASA Johnson Space Center so that as sample analysis techniques evolve, pristine solar wind samples will be available to the scientific community in the decades to come. This article and a companion paper (Wiens et al. 2013, this issue) provide post-flight information necessary for the analysis of the Genesis array and foil solar wind samples and the Genesis solar wind ion concentrator samples, and thus serve to complement the Space Science Review volume, The Genesis Mission (v. 105, 2003).
Accessible Tourism: Transportation to and Accessibility of Historic Buildings and Other Recreational Areas in the City of Galveston, Texas

Galveston, Texas, is a small city located on an island and is best known for its beaches and its importance as a historic city. Tourism represents the best possible source of economic growth for the city. This study investigates the physical accessibility of Galveston's tourist attractions for the elderly and disabled. Galveston Island has unique physical characteristics, a large number of historic buildings, a beach, plus a history of hurricanes. These characteristics make accessibility difficult for certain properties. Beaches, recreational activities, churches and theaters, historic homes and public transportation show varying degrees of accessibility. A 17-foot seawall along the southeastern edge of the island protects the city from hurricanes. However, many buildings were raised due to the filling in behind the seawall, while other buildings had their first floor changed to a basement and their second floor converted to a first floor. These modifications make access problematic for historic buildings, but the seawall itself has become a tourist attraction offering easy access to the beach and water. Although most accessibility features in Galveston address the needs of those with mobility impairment, little has been done to meet the needs of tourists with hearing or visual impairments. Recommendations are given to improve Galveston's accessibility. To meet the potential demand for an accessible transportation system and access to sites and buildings, Galveston should consider adopting universal design for the transit system as well as buildings and recreational sites.
Multiscale modeling and simulation methods with applications to dendritic polymers

Abstract Dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers represent a novel class of structurally controlled macromolecules derived from a branches-upon-branches structural motif. The synthetic procedures developed for dendrimer preparation permit nearly complete control over the critical molecular design parameters, such as size, shape, surface/interior chemistry, flexibility, and topology. Dendrimers are well defined, highly branched macromolecules that radiate from a central core and are synthesized through a stepwise, repetitive reaction sequence that guarantees complete shells for each generation, leading to polymers that are mono-disperse. This property of dendrimers makes it particularly natural to coarsen interactions in order to simulate dynamic processes occurring at larger length and longer time scales. In this paper, we describe methods to construct 3-dimensional molecular structures of dendrimers (Continuous Configuration Boltzmann Biased direct Monte Carlo, CCBB MC) and methods towards coarse graining dendrimer interactions (NEIMO and hierarchical NEIMO methods) and representation of solvent dendrimer interactions through continuum solvation theories, Poisson–Boltzmann (PB) and Surface Generalized Born (SGB) methods. We will describe applications to PAMAM, stimuli response hybrid star-dendrimer polymers, and supra molecular assemblies crystallizing to A15 colloidal structure or Pm6m liquid crystals.
Effect of Photomeson Production by the Universal Radiation Field on High-Energy Cosmic Rays

We have made a detailed calculation of the lifetime and attentuation mean free path of high-energy cosmic rays against photomeson production. The calculation utilized the results of recent laboratory studies of photomeson production which have become available since 1966. The implications of the result are discussed.
Radioactive ion beams - hot stellar reactions in the laboratory

Following our initial production of beams of /sup 7/Be and /sup 13/N, we have improved the purity and intensity of these beams. In addition we have generated beams of /sup 15/O (at 30 MeV) and /sup 8/Li (at 22 MeV). These beams are intended for cross section measurements of proton and alpha-particle capture reactions on unstable species that are important in hot stellar environments. We have begun studies aimed toward measuring the /sup 1/H(/sup 7/Be,/sup 8/B)..gamma.. cross section. As part of the developmental work, we attempted to remeasure the /sup 2/H(/sup 7/Be,/sup 8/B)n cross section with a different technique that pointed out the importance of background /sup 8/Li. We measured the /sup 2/H(/sup 7/Li,/sup 8/Li)/sup 1/H cross section to be 155 +- 20 mb at 12.2 +- 1.3 MeV.
Structural determinants for the evaporation of intact oligomers from collisionally activated cluster ions

Abstract The dissociation mechanisms of various types of cluster ions are elucidated by direct detection and characterization of the neutral products evaporated from the cluster ions upon collisionally activated dissociation. The cluster ions investigated include proton- or sodium ion-bound oligomers of ionic and protic molecules. The experiments are complemented by quantum chemistry methods at the semiempirical PM3 level for insight on the geometries and energetics of the cluster ions and the neutral oligomers evaporated from them. The combined experimental and computational data reveal that the structure of the decomposing cluster ion determines whether complete (neutral) oligomers are eliminated from the cluster ion or whether the cluster ion “shrinks” by sequential monomer losses. An intact oligomer is eliminated only if its components already interact with each other in the cluster ion, for example, through hydrogen bonds or ion pairs (salt bridges). From the cluster ions that allow for such interligand interactions, complete oligomer and consecutive monomer evaporation are competitive, the yield of intact oligomer (dimer, trimer, etc.) loss increasing with the binding energy of oligomer in respect to the separated monomers. Ionic interactions (salt bridges) in the neutral clusters generally bring upon higher binding energies than hydrogen bonding.
SU‐GG‐T‐353: Validation of Calculation for Electrons and Feasibility Study of Penumbra Generator Utilized Electron Monte Carlo Algorithm

Purpose: To evaluate the performance of a commercial TPS equipped with Monte Carlo algorithm for electron beam calculations. This study also tests the feasibility of the design of penumbra generator by the Monte Carlo algorithm.Method and Materials: Different size cutouts (circular aperture with diameters range 3.8–10cm) and circular inserts (block shield with diameters range 3.8–8cm) were created for the cutout factors, off axis point dose, PDD, electron beam energy profiles (9MeV and 16MeV) and varying SSD (100cm and 115cm). We measured in water tank for those cutouts and block inserts for PDD and profiles for 9MeV and 16MeV on Varian's Trilogy. Measurements were done with 100cm and 115cm SSD. Monte Carlo calculations with Eclipse were compared with measurements. Different materials (range 0HU–2600HU) were designed for simple step wedge shape and combined with air to simulate penumbra generators through the Monte Carlo calculation. Results: For cutout =6cm, the output accuracies were within ±2%. The point dose accuracy for off axis positions with different inserts were within 3.5%. At extended SSD (115cm) the calculation slightly increases the error by 1%. The calculated Vs measured profiles at different depths for different inserts agreed well. At 115cm SSD, the profiles within fields still matched well, profiles around or under the blocks were slightly off (<5%). The PDD beyond dmax matched within 1mm. The calculated surfaces dose was slightly lower. Different materials with air have different penumbra effects, which show the feasibility of the MC simulation for the design of penumbra generator.Conclusion: The current beam model needs to be modified for cutouts smaller than 4cm. For larger cutouts, Monte Carlo electron dose algorithms produced reasonable results compared with measurements. Further measurement is warranted for the validation of the penumbra generator.
The relative value of vocabulary and sentence practice for language learning

Resume Cent soixante-seize sujets ont employe chacune de deux methodes pour apprendre des symboles et des mots correspondants. Une methode a employe la suite immediate du symbole et de la signification, comme dans les listes des vocabulaires, et l'autre methode a employe les symboles en groupes de trois en forme de phrase suivis par les phrases correspondantes de trois mots. Il y a eu deux vocabulaire separes, chacun de neuf mots. Les sujets ont pratique un vocabulaire en forme de phrases et l'autre en forme de mots separes. Ils ont repete chaque mot, ou en forme de phrase ou en forme de mots separes, trente fois. L'ordre des deux formes de l'appren tissage et l'ordre des deux vocabulaires ont ete compenses en divisant les sujets en quatre groupes et en variant ces ordres convenablement. On a fait aussi une correction empirique pour la difficulte relative du vocabulaire et pour les erreurs de pratique. On a teste la quantite de l'apprentissage par la traduction rapide des symboles en forme de phrases. Ces...
Speculative parallelization on GPGPUs

This paper overviews the first speculative parallelization technique for GPUs that can exploit parallelism in loops even in the presence of dynamic irregularities that may give rise to cross-iteration dependences. The execution of a speculatively parallelized loop consists of five phases: scheduling, computation, misspeculation check, result committing, and misspeculation recovery. We perform misspeculation check on the GPU to minimize its cost. We optimize the procedures of result committing and misspeculation recovery to reduce the result copying and recovery overhead. Finally, the scheduling policies are designed according to the types of cross-iteration dependences to reduce the misspeculation rate. Our preliminary evaluation was conducted on an nVidia Tesla C1060 hosted in an Intel(R) Xeon(R) E5540 machine. We use three benchmarks of which two contain irregular memory accesses and one contain irregular control flows that can give rise to cross-iteration dependences. Our implementation achieves 3.6x-13.8x speedups for loops in these benchmarks.