cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A user solution to internetworking

This paper discusses the need in the Computer Science Department at Central Michigan University to interconnect PCs, SUN workstations, Novell LAN servers, a DEC VAX 8530, and an IBM 3090 mainframe. In addition access to Internet needed to be established. We describe our experience gained through installing a network ourselves which required learning about Ethernet protocol, and various components of a network including network software. Considerations in the selection of the Ethernet components and software are presented. The problems encountered in installing the network are discussed. Experience gained through our phased approach to internetworking and the advantages of implementing the network are discussed the purpose of this paper is to illustrate the method we used in attacking our internetworking problem. We can claim that our project was a success but we do not claim that this method is the best one. >
Balance-arm tablet computer stand for robotic camera control

Traditional methods of camera orientation control for teleoperated robots involve gamepads or joysticks with the motion of analog sticks used to control the camera direction. However, this control scheme often leads to unintuitive mappings between user input and camera actuator output. This paper describes a master-slave style camera position and orientation controller with a tablet computer showing a video feed from the robot mounted on a balance-arm (acting as the control master), affording the user a one-to-one mapping to control the viewpoint of a camera mounted on a robot arm (the slave). In this way, the tablet computer acts as a virtual window to the robot's workspace.
When caregiving ends: the course of depressive symptoms after bereavement.

This study describes depressive symptoms among caregivers following bereavement and connects these trajectories to earlier features of caregiving using life course and stress process theory. Data are from a six-wave longitudinal survey (five years) of spouses and adult children caring for someone with Alzheimer's Disease. The analytic subsample (N = 291) is defined by death of the care-recipient after the baseline interview. A latent class mixture model is used to identify distinctive clusters of depressive symptoms over time. Of the four trajectories identified, three represent stable symptom levels over time, with two-thirds being repeatedly symptomatic (medium symptom levels), compared to two smaller groups of repeatedly asymptomatic (effectively absent of symptoms) and repeatedly distressed (severe symptoms). In contrast, about one in five caregivers experiences improved emotional well-being over time, the temporarily distressed, who progress from severe to moderate symptom levels. Caregivers with few...
We shape it, you make it: “Facing” and “Voicing” language-in-education policy in Barbados

This study examines language-in-education policies in other countries to determine the best kind of language policy for Barbados, the challenges which are presented by the process and feasible measures/plans for developing that policy. The aim is to convince policymakers of the need for an explicit, cohesive, ‘humanised’ language policy in order to improve the health of language education in the country.
Sensitivity of the Estimated Monthly Convective Rain Fraction to the Choice of Z-R Relation

This study investigates the sensitivity of the estimated monthly convective rain fraction— that is, the percentage of the areal rain accumulation contributed by precipitation identified as convective—to variations of the Z‐R parameters used in radar-based rainfall estimation. Accurate knowledge of the fractions of precipitation that are convective and stratiform is important for climatological studies estimating the heating of the atmosphere. Extensive datasets from two climatologically different precipitation regimes, Darwin, Australia, and Melbourne, Florida, are used. The potential uncertainty of using (i) an arbitrary choice of the power factor b and (ii) either single or multiple Z‐Rrelations (stratified by precipitation type) for converting radar reflectivity to rain rate is investigated quantitatively. The analyses reveal that estimates of the monthly convective rain fraction are sensitive to the choice of Z‐ R parameters. A maximum sensitivity is found for precipitation regimes with an approximately equal mix of rainfall from convective and stratiform precipitation systems. For example, estimates of the convective rain fraction for monsoonal rainfall at Darwin may range from 30% to 80%, solely depending on the choice of Z‐ R parameters, even though all of these Z‐Rrelations are tuned to produce the same total rainfall. In contrast, for the highly convective, sea-breeze-triggered, multicellular storms around Melbourne, the estimates of the convective rain fraction may range from 80% to 100%. Different approaches to how the appropriate parameters of the Z‐Rrelation(s) may be obtained are discussed. Varying the Z‐R parameters to maximize the correlation of the radar-estimated monthly rainfall at the gauge sites and the rain gauge accumulations does not reveal enough sensitivity to make any choice significantly better than a single Z‐Rrelation for both convective and stratiform rain. Multiple Z‐Rrelations may be justified, but apparently not on the basis of a convective‐stratiform separation.
Old‐time Negro preaching: An interpretative study

(1945). Old‐time Negro preaching: An interpretative study. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 15-21.
Ultrasonic microheaters using piezo-ceramics for cauterization and other applications

This paper presents the use of piezoelectric ultrasonic microheaters for cauterization of biological tissues for tumor ablation and hemostasis. Ultrasonic heaters using PZT-5A ceramic of 3.2 mm diameter and 191 µm thickness were used in the experiments. A finite element model was developed to predict the heat generated by these microheaters. The ultrasonic heaters attained maximum temperature and thermal efficiency at frequency corresponding to maximum conductance and maximum impedance respectively. The thermal efficiency at each resonance frequency (0.5–3 MHz) was proportional to effective coupling factor (0.25–0.5) at that mode. The thermal efficiency is 930°C/W for biological tissue. Stacked heaters provide about three times higher efficiency. Branding of porcine tissue using the proposed device is also discussed.
Get Up, Stand Up The Effects of a Non-Sedentary Workspace on Information Elaboration and Group Performance

Non-sedentary work configurations, which encourage standing rather than sitting in the course of work, are becoming increasingly prevalent in organizations. In this article, we build and test theory about how non-sedentary arrangements influence interpersonal processes in groups performing knowledge work—tasks that require groups to combine information to develop creative ideas and solve problems. We propose that a non-sedentary workspace increases group arousal, while at the same time decreasing group idea territoriality, both of which result in better information elaboration and, indirectly, better group performance. The results of an experimental study of 54 groups engaged in a creative task provide support for this dual pathway model and underscore the important role of the physical space in which a group works as a contextual input to group processes and outcomes.
Coupling and crosstalk between high speed interconnects in ultralarge scale integrated circuits

The advent of sophisticated lithographic techniques has made it possible to fabricate densely packed ultra-large-scale-integrated (ULSI) circuits. In these chips, interconnect lines are so narrow and spaced in such close proximity that signal from one line could easily get coupled to another, causing interference and crosstalk. A general theory to model coupling between optical interconnects (waveguides) and quantum-mechanical coupling between narrow and very closely spaced silicide interconnects embedded in dielectrics (SiO/sub 2/) is presented. >
Symptomatic Lumbar Osteochondroma Treated via a Multidisciplinary Military Surgical Team: Case Report and Review of the Literature

ABSTRACT The authors describe the case of a giant osteochondroma emanating from the L5 vertebral body and extending into the retroperitoneum of a 40-year-old man, causing low back pain. Osteochondromas are benign bony tumors that typically occur within the appendicular skeleton, although in the sporadic form, up to 4% occur in the spine. A review of the English language literature has returned 44 cases of lumbar osteochondroma, including the present example. The lesions were sporadic in 81% of cases. Mean age of presentation overall is 39.5 years, with a mean age of 18.4 years (range 8–34 years) for hereditary cases and 45.7 years (range 11–81 years) for solitary lesions. Of the instances where gender was reported, 64% were male. The most common level of origin was L4 (38%). The most common anatomic site of origin was the inferior articular process (one-third). Of those lesions treated operatively, 46% underwent simple decompression, with 22% requiring decompression and fusion. This particular lesion was ...
A Study of Concept-based Weighting Regularization for Medical Records Search

An important search task in the biomedical domain is to find medical records of patients who are qualified for a clinical trial. One commonly used approach is to apply NLP tools to map terms from queries and documents to concepts and then compute the relevance scores based on the conceptbased representation. However, the mapping results are not perfect, and none of previous work studied how to deal with them in the retrieval process. In this paper, we focus on addressing the limitations caused by the imperfect mapping results and study how to further improve the retrieval performance of the concept-based ranking methods. In particular, we apply axiomatic approaches and propose two weighting regularization methods that adjust the weighting based on the relations among the concepts. Experimental results show that the proposed methods are effective to improve the retrieval performance, and their performances are comparable to other top-performing systems in the TREC Medical Records Track.
A Consumer Decision-Making Model in M-Commerce: The Role of Reputation Systems in Mobile App Purchases

The objective of this paper is to understand the importance of mobile reputation systems in mobile users' app discovery and purchase satisfaction. A theoretical framework describing the mediating effects of reputation systems on mobile app users' purchase satisfaction is developed and empirically tested with mobile app users. The findings of this study suggest that mobile reputation systems embedded in application stores play important mediating roles in mobile app purchase decision-making process and ultimately purchase satisfaction.
Financial incentives and mortality: taking pay for performance a step too far

In the USA, hospitals are increasingly evaluated and paid, based on a burgeoning list of publicly reported quality and safety metrics. Performance measurement is undoubtedly essential for improving healthcare quality, but developing the ‘right’ metrics has remained a formidable challenge1 and has resulted in significant discourse over the validity, authenticity and utility of several publicly reported measures.2–4 Yet, despite the debate, the amount of financial incentives tied to quality metrics continues to grow. As stakes for physicians and hospitals in the USA continue to rise, several of the measures used in performance programmes have come under greater scrutiny. For instance, the use of the Patient Safety Indicator-90 (PSI-90) measure—a metric comprised of eight distinct PSI measures weighted to varying degrees—in two major pay-for-performance initiatives has been questioned for its validity.2 Another measure increasingly tied to financial incentives in the USA is hospital mortality. We believe its use, while well intentioned and with some value, is too problematic to merit inclusion in pay-for-performance programmes. In 2008, the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS, a US federal agency responsible for the administration of Medicare and Medicaid insurance products that provide health coverage for the elderly and the poor, respectively) began publicly reporting 30-day risk-adjusted hospital mortality rates (death within 30 days of admission adjusted for selected comorbidities) for Medicare patients admitted with one of three conditions: acute myocardial infarction, heart failure and pneumonia. The decision to use risk-adjusted hospital mortality rates in quality measurement and public reporting to drive improvement in care is understandable. Mortality is perhaps the ultimate outcome in healthcare, one that both providers and patients care deeply about. Indeed, the use of risk-adjusted mortality as a publicly reported measure appears now to be a fairly well-established practice. For example, public reporting of risk-adjusted mortality rates for …
Ozone toxicity in the rat. III. Effect of changes in ambient temperature on pulmonary parameters

Pulmonary toxicity of ozone (O3) was examined in adult male Fischer 344 rats exposed to 0.5 parts/million O3 for either 6 or 23 h/day over 5 days while maintained at an ambient temperature (Ta) of either 10, 22, or 34 degrees C. Toxicity was evaluated by using changes in lung volumes and the concentrations of constituents of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid that signal lung injury and/or inflammation. Results indicated that toxicity increased as Ta decreased. Exposures conducted at 10 degrees C were associated with the greatest decreases in body weight and total lung capacity and the greatest increases in lavageable protein, lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase activity, and percent neutrophils. O3 effects not modified by Ta included increases in residual volume and lavageable potassium, glucose, urea, and ascorbic acid with exposure at 34 degrees C. Most effects were attenuated during the 5 exposure days and/or returned to normal levels after 7 air recovery days, regardless of prior O3 exposure or Ta. It is possible that Ta-induced changes in metabolic rate may have altered ventilation and, therefore, the O3 doses among rats exposed at the three different Ta levels.
An Analog Heat-Flow and Cure Controller Simulator for Rubber

Abstract This paper has presented in rather general terms the results of experimentation with direct analog methods for simulating heat flow in rubber materials and calculating continuously the attained cure equivalence for interior points. Brief descriptions of both two-dimensional and of one-dimensional prototype instruments are given, along with various applications. Several upward compatible models of the cure simulator-controller are being considered for commercialization.
Social capital and migration: Beyond ethnic economies

Intercultural traffic and mingling have been vital to economic innovation past and present — witness the role of travellers, migrants and diasporas as cultural brokers. While intercultural exchange...
Room-Temperature Low-Threshold GaAs/InGaAs Photonic Crystal Laser

We demonstrate GaAs-photonic-crystal laser that can operate at room-temperature with ultra-low-threshold power. These advances are achieved by passivating structures to reduce nonradiative surface recombination loses, which we show as important as Q for threshold determination.
Shear Induced Phase Behavior of Polymer Blends by Small Angle Neutron Scattering

The phase behavior of polymer blends and solutions can be changed dramatically by a flow field using a variety of flow geometries. Unlike simple binary fluids which require extremely high shear rates to produce only small shifts in the phase boundary, polymer phase behavior may be influenced by as much as 10 degrees with the application of much lower shear rates. However, there is a large body of conflicting data concerning the nature of these shear effects in polymers. Here we report on the effects of shear on the phase behavior of polymer blends by small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Experiments were conducted using a specially constructed, concentric cylinder apparatus for in situ studies of concentrated polymer solutions and melts. Two separate systems will be discussed: 1) a blend of polystyrene and polybutadiene. 2) a blend of polystyrene and poly(vinylmethylether). Both systems exhibit shifts in the phase behavior which indicate shear induced mixing in agreement with previous results obtained by other techniques. These results will be interpreted within the context of existing theories of shear induced phase behavior.
Conclusion: Care-Ful, Rational, Moral Deliberation

I set out to prove Peter Geach wrong. Temperance is not simply a common sense, humdrum matter in the moral life; in fact I found temperance to be essential and foundational to the entirety of the human experience of emotion. If the way of virtue is to have any significant impact on our moral experience, the initial engagement of temperance must be practiced. Without the fibers of temperance running through the fabric of our character there could be no tapestry.
Building a Conceptual Network Around Colorblindness

The preceding chapters challenged arguably the two most-commonly cited rationales for colorblindness: namely, the idea that we can be colorblind due to perceived racial equality ( Chapters 5 and 6) and the notion that we should be colorblind due to the perceived efficacy of colorblind policies ( Chapters 7 and 8). Chapter 9 examines additional factors that may underlie racial colorblindness. These include underlying motivational factors, such as racial prejudice, demographic factors, such as age and race, and ideological orientations (e.g., political orientation, preference for social hierarchies). The chapter concludes with a comparison between racial colorblindness and an array of related constructs.
Comparison of Feature Reduction Methods and Machine Learning Models for Breast Cancer Diagnosis

This paper builds on previously published studies that successfully apply machine learning techniques to diagnose breast cancer from image-processed nuclear features. The study compares five different classification models (Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, k-Nearest Neighbor, Linear Support Vector Machine and Cubic Support Vector Machine) and how the choice of the features used to construct these models affects their performance. The five classifiers were trained with reduced feature subsets identified by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), correlation selection, selection based on t-test significance, and Random Feature Selection. The Random Feature Selection was the most effective feature reduction technique that identified subset of features that, when used to construct the models, yielded the highest cross validation prediction accuracies. The logistic regression model trained with the 6 features identified by random selection had 97.77% accuracy, improvement of 1.5% over the logistic regression model with 3 features reported in the original papers. The linear SVM model trained with 10 features identified by random selection had 97.87% cross validated accuracy, an improvement of 0.4% over the linear model with 3 features reported in the original paper. The cubic SVM model with 11 features had similar accuracy of 97.98%. Stacking the logistic, linear SVM and cubic SVM models in an ensemble learner improved the classification accuracy to 98.56%.
Spasmodic Dysphonia: A Review. Part 2: Characterization of Pathophysiology:

ObjectiveThe purpose of this review is to describe the recent advances in characterizing spasmodic dysphonia. Spasmodic dysphonia is a task-specific focal laryngeal dystonia characterized by irregular and uncontrolled voice breaks. The pathophysiology is poorly understood, and there are diagnostic difficulties.Data SourcesPubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library.Review MethodsThe data sources were searched using the following search terms: (spasmodic dysphonia or laryngeal dystonia) and (etiology, aetiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis, or pathophysiology).ConclusionThe diagnosis of spasmodic dysphonia can be difficult due to the lack of a scientific consensus on diagnostic criteria and the fact that other voice disorders may present similarly. Confusion can arise between spasmodic dysphonia and muscle tension dysphonia. Spasmodic dysphonia symptoms are tied to particular speech sounds, whereas muscle tension dysphonia is not. With the advent of more widespread use of high-speed laryngoscopy and videokymo...
An Improved Unrolling-Based Decision Procedure for Algebraic Data Types

Reasoning about algebraic data types and functions that operate over these data types is an important problem for a large variety of applications. In this paper, we present a decision procedure for reasoning about data types using abstractions that are provided by catamorphisms: fold functions that map instances of algebraic data types into values in a decidable domain. We show that the procedure is sound and complete for a class of monotonic catamorphisms. Our work extends a previous decision procedure that solves formulas involving algebraic data types via successive unrollings of catamorphism functions. First, we propose the categories of monotonic catamorphisms and associative-commutative catamorphisms, which we argue provide a better formal foundation than previous categorizations of catamorphisms. We use monotonic catamorphisms to fix an incompleteness in the previous unrolling algorithm and associated proof. We then use these notions to address two open problems from previous work: 1 we provide a bound on the number of unrollings necessary for completeness, showing that it is exponentially small with respect to formula size for associative-commutative catamorphisms, and 2 we demonstrate that associative-commutative catamorphisms can be combined within a formula whilst preserving completeness.
Factors associated with participating in formal support services among family caregivers of older adults with poor-prognosis cancers.

21Background: Family caregivers of persons with cancer are at high risk for distress and may benefit from formal support services. The purpose of this study was to describe cancer family caregiver’...
Wrist injuries: a comparison between high- and low-impact sports.

Wrist injuries can be categorized as those caused by high- or low-impact sports. High-impact sports include auto racing, motorcross or bicycle racing, in-line skating, gymnastics, football, soccer, ice skating, snowboarding, and alpine skiing. Low-impact sports include tennis, track and field, and golf. High-impact injuries of the wrist range from displaced fractures and dislocations to ligamentous and acute tendinous tears. Low-impact sports typically result in nondisplaced or occult fractures, contusions, stress reaction, ligamentous sprain, tendinopathy, tenosynovitis, or tendon subluxation. Imaging modalities for detection of injuries include radiography, computed tomography (CT) magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance CT arthrography, and skeletal scintigraphy. Language: en
Education, Income, and Employment and Prevalence of Chronic Disease Among American Indian/Alaska Native Elders.

Introduction Chronic disease studies have omitted analyses of the American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) population, relied on small samples of AI/ANs, or focused on a single disease among AI/ANs. We measured the influence of income, employment status, and education level on the prevalence of chronic disease among 14,632 AI/AN elders from 2011 through 2014. Methods We conducted a national survey of AI/AN elders (≥55 y) to identify health and social needs. Using these data, we computed cross-tabulations for each independent variable (annual personal income, employment status, education level), 2 covariates (age, sex), and presence of any chronic disease. We also compared differences in values and used a binary logistic regression model to control for age and sex. Results Most AI/AN elders (89.7%) had been diagnosed with at least one chronic disease. AI/AN elders were also more than twice as likely to have diabetes and more likely to have arthritis. AI/AN elders with middle-to-low income levels and who were unemployed were more likely to have a chronic disease than were high-income and employed AI/AN elders. Conclusion Addressing disparities in chronic disease prevalence requires focus on more than access to and cost of health care. Economic development and job creation for all age cohorts in tribal communities may decrease the prevalence of long-term chronic diseases and may improve the financial status of the tribe. An opportunity exists to address health disparities through social and economic equity among tribal populations.
Spatial Realism Through the Lens of Cinematic History: A Framework for Space Evaluation in Academic Libraries

This essay attempts to combine the concept of spatial realism, which is revealed through an analysis of historical cinematic techniques, with a framework for studying the efficacy of physical space...
Orbital Bony Anatomy and Orbital Fractures

The bony orbit surrounds and protects the globe. Orbital fractures are common and may involve one or all of the walls. This article reviews the orbital bony anatomy as well as blowout, medial wall, and tripod fractures.
Fields and Renormalization

In this chapter we will use the insight gained from the block-spin view of the renormalization group to guide our understanding of continuum Feynman diagram calculations.
Water chemistry on two-dimensional silicates studied by density functional theory and temperature-programmed desorption

Abstract The interactions of water with two-dimensional (2D) silica and aluminosilicate bilayers were studied using density functional theory (DFT) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). The DFT calculations encompassed a systematic investigation of the impacts of silanol groups, Si:Al ratio, and the proximity of a Pd(111) growth substrate on water adsorption, permeation, and dissociation, as well as the thermal stability of charge balancing protons at the 2D aluminosilicate surface. Water adsorption on pure, defect-free 2D SiO2 was weak; however, the barrier for water penetration to the Pd(111) substrate was small. Water adsorption at the 2D SiO2/Pd(111) surface was slightly weaker than bare Pd(111) but once at the metal surface water dissociation energetics were scarcely affected by the SiO2 overlayer. Silanol groups at 2D SiO2 edges substantially strengthened water adsorption but by only roughly half as much as hydroxyls bridging Al and Si atoms in 2D aluminosilicates. The metal substrate did not fundamentally alter the surface chemistry of the outer 2D aluminosilicate surface; water adsorption energies on the bridging hydroxyls differed by only a few meV for freestanding versus Pd-supported bilayers. Removal of the charge balancing proton via a dehydration process that produces an oxygen vacancy was favored over a dehydrogenation pathway irrespective of the presence of the metal. The dehydration pathway is uphill by at least 3.37 eV suggesting that temperatures in excess of 1100 K would be required to remove charge balancing protons as neutral species. In contrast, chemical bonds between the 2D aluminosilicate and the metal substrate make it difficult to protonate the metal side of the 2D aluminosilicate bilayer via water dissociation. The TPD experiments for pure 2D SiO2/Pd(111) revealed desorption curves consistent with adsorption at the metal surface, supporting weak adsorption on a defect-free bilayer and permeation through and around the silica overlayer to the metal. Incorporating Al into the bilayer shifted the water TPD peak to higher temperatures but not as much as would be expected based on the computed adsorption strength at bridging hydroxyls on 2D aluminosilicate surfaces. No water or hydrogen desorption consistent with removal of charging balancing protons from 2D aluminosilicate surfaces via dehydration or dehydrogenation was observed. The results suggest thermally robust Bronsted acid sites on the surface of 2D aluminosilicates supported on Pd(111).
Stereoselective synthesis of the C14-C23 fragment of biselyngbyolide A and B enabled by transition metal catalysis.

Abstract Transition metal catalysis has enabled the highly stereoselective and protecting group-free synthesis of the C14 C23 fragment of the apoptosis-inducing natural products biselyngbyolide A and B. A Pd-catalyzed Stille reaction between a vinyl stannane and a crotyl carbonate formed the skipped diene with complete control of the trisubstituted bond and excellent control over the branched/linear products. A Cu-catalyzed Stahl oxidation was used to form the requisite aldehyde needed for a Ag-catalyzed asymmetric allylation. The latter provided the final fragment with excellent stereochemical control.
Simulating the Central Limit Theorem

Understanding the central limit theorem is crucial for comprehending parametric inferential statistics. Despite this, undergraduate and graduate students alike often struggle with grasping how the ...
Re-mediating knowledge infrastructures: a site for innovation in teacher education

ABSTRACTThe article outlines a framework for studying and organizing infrastructure, social and material to advance consequential knowledge. To demonstrate the utility of the framework, three examples of innovation in teacher education are presented that involve re-mediating infrastructure to imagine equity-oriented teacher learning. The first case focuses on re-mediating social resources to create new pathways for knowledge and expertise to flow between a school and a university teacher education programme. The second case considers how re-mediating social and material resources, specifically who is involved in designing the goals of a teacher education programme, expanded conceptions of the valued outcomes of teacher preparation. The third case addresses the impact of an innovation that re-mediated technical and social resources to support teachers’ professional judgment in classroom interactions. As teacher educators, we need to be open to shifting our purposes and our designs in response to changing i...
5-Nitrofurans and Cancer: Teaching an Old Drug New Tricks.

Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are known as robust markers of tumor-initiating cells and as potential therapeutic targets for cancer. In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Sarvi et al. (2018) demonstrate that 5-nitrofuran antibiotics can target ALDH-expressing cancer cells in two distinct ways, effectively depleting melanomas of their tumor-initiating cells.
A Statistical Review of the Evidence for the Existence of Temporary Selection

The theory of ‘temporary selection’ is concerned with the variation, for fixed x , of q [x–t]+t the observed rate of mortality at age x during the t +1th year after the issue of an assurance or annuity contract. The classical view is that—apart from chance variations— q [x–t]+t increases gradually with increasing t until the effects of selection have disappeared after which time q [xx–t]+t is a constant depending on x only. Various reasons have been suggested for the persistence of temporary selection in an observed series of values of q [xx–t]+t . The chief of these are: (1) The continuing effects of an initial selection on the part of the assurance company or by the annuitant (Morgan, 1834); (2) The gradual withdrawal from assurance of healthy lives (Higham, 1851); and (3) Secular improvements in medicals election or in the self-selection of annuitants (Karup, 1903).
Unsatisfactoriness of the Ordinal Approach to Social Choice: Further Results

It was proved in Chapter 8 that among the class of social decision mechanisms which are ordinal of degree 1 and also satisfy the anonymity condition stated there, there is no one that is Pareto-optimal, in the sense of Definition 3 of Chapter 7, over the class of societies У.
Tracking the Evolution of Words with Time-reflective Text Representations

More than 80% of today’s data is unstructured in nature, and these unstructured datasets evolve over time. A large part of these datasets are text documents generated by media outlets, scholarly articles in digital libraries, findings from scientific and professional communities, and social media. Vector space models were developed to analyze text data using data mining and machine learning algorithms. While ample vector space models exist for text data, the evolutionary aspect of ever changing text corpora is still missing in vector-based representations. The advent of word embeddings has enabled us to create a contextual vector space, but the embeddings fail to consider the temporal aspects of the feature space successfully. This paper presents an approach to include temporal aspects in feature spaces. The inclusion of the time aspect in the feature space provides vectors for every natural language element, such as words or entities, at every timestamp. Such temporal word vectors allow us to track how the meaning of a word changes over time, by studying the changes in its neighborhood. Moreover, a time-reflective text representation will pave the way to a new set of text analytic abilities involving time series for text collections.In this paper, we present a time-reflective vector space model for temporal text data that is able to capture short and long-term changes in the meaning of words. We compare our approach with the limited literature on dynamic embeddings. We present qualitative and quantitative evaluations using the tracking of semantic evolution as the target application.
Case report and literature review of auto-brewery syndrome: probably an underdiagnosed medical condition

Auto-brewery syndrome (ABS), also known as gut fermentation syndrome, is a rarely diagnosed medical condition in which the ingestion of carbohydrates results in endogenous alcohol production. The patient in this case report had fungal yeast forms in the upper small bowel and cecum, which likely fermented carbohydrates to alcohol. Treatment with antifungal agents allowed subsequent ingestion of carbohydrates without symptoms. He had been exposed to a prolonged course of antibiotics before this occurred. We postulate that the antibiotic altered his gut microbiome, allowing fungal growth. This diagnosis should be considered in any patient with positive manifestations of alcohol toxicity who denies alcohol ingestion. The aim of this case report was confirmation and treatment of ABS using a standardised carbohydrate challenge test followed by upper and lower endoscopy to obtain intestinal secretions to detect fungal growth. These fungi were speciated and antifungal sensitivity performed. This allowed the use of appropriate therapy. The patient was kept on a carbohydrate-free diet during the initial 6-week period of therapy. A single-strain probiotic for competitive inhibition of fungal growth was given to the patient. This probiotic was later replaced by a multistrain bacterial probiotic hoping that the multiple bacteria would inhibit fungi better than a single-strain. The beneficial role of probiotics in this condition has not been studied. The patient was rechallenged for endogenous alcohol production prior to reintroducing carbohydrates in his diet.
Oral corticosteroid use during pregnancy and risk of preterm birth

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the associations between oral corticosteroid (OCS) dose early and late in pregnancy and preterm birth (PTB) among women with RA. METHODS Pregnant women in the MotherToBaby Pregnancy Studies (2003-2014) with RA (n = 528) were included in the primary analysis. Information was collected by phone interview and from medical records. We estimated risk ratios (RR) for OCS dose trajectories and other disease-related medications before gestational day 140 and hazard ratios (HR) for time-varying exposures after gestational day 139. RESULTS PTB risk was 15.5% overall. Compared with no OCS, PTB risk was increased in high (adjusted (a)RR: 4.77 (95% CI: 2.76, 8.26)) and medium (aRR: 1.81 (95% CI: 1.10, 2.97)) cumulative OCS dose trajectories during the first 139 gestational days. The low cumulative trajectory group was associated with an increased risk of PTB that was not statistically significant (aRR: 1.38 (95% CI: 0.79, 2.38)), and DMARDs were not associated with PTB (biologic DMARDs aHR: 1.08 (95% CI: 0.70, 1.66); non-biologic DMARDs aHR: 0.87 (95% CI: 0.55, 1.38)). OCS exposure to ⩾10 mg of prednisone equivalent daily dose after gestational day 139 vs none was associated with increased PTB rate (aHR: 2.45 (95% CI: 1.32, 4.56)), whereas <10 mg was associated with a modestly increased rate of PTB that was not statistically significant (aHR: 1.18 (95% CI: 0.60, 2.30)). CONCLUSION Higher OCS doses vs no OCS use, both earlier and later in pregnancy, were associated with an increase in PTB among women with RA.
Product Deletion in the Information Technology Industry

IT companies invest substantial monetary and nonmonetary resources in introducing or acquiring new products and managing them. However, not all of these IT products remain profitable, valuable, and strategic for a company. It is beneficial for the IT company to delete weak products from the product portfolio and re-channelize the freed resources to strong products in order to improve financial performance. Three internal factors influencing product deletion in IT companies are (1) deleting an existing product to introduce a new one; (2) deleting a relatively new product to merge it with an established product; or (3) merging multiple products into one product. Alternatively, three external factors that impact product deletion decisions in IT companies are (1) privacy concerns and issues; (2) unfavorable reviews from technology experts; or (3) mergers and acquisitions. Understanding these unique factors that trigger product deletion in IT firms can facilitate the decision-making process and aid managers in successfully implementing the product deletion. If managed appropriately, product deletions could help a company redeploy its valuable resources to strong products in the portfolio, create a superior competitive position in the market, and bolster growth and financial performance.
Marius Petipa, The Emperor’s Ballet Master: by Nadine Meisner, Oxford University Press, 2019, 512 pp., $34.95 (hardcover)

The name Marius Petipa is synonymous with classical ballet. His choreography for Sleeping Beauty, Swan Lake, and La Bayadere still attracts audiences to theaters around the world. Nadine Meisner’s ...
Teaching and Learning Chinese through Immersion: A Case Study from the North American Context

With the promise of achieving bilingualism, biliteracy, and cultural pluralism, Chinese immersion programs for students from kindergarten to 12th grade (K-12) in North America, especially the US, have been proliferating in the past two decades. Research on this rapidly growing population of non-native Chinese learners is also growing. This research synthesis focuses on 35 selected studies published in recent years on Chinese immersion in both Chinese and English language journals and books. The review found that researchers are exploring a wide range of issues with respect to language and literacy development in Chinese immersion programs, including academic achievement in English, language and literacy acquisition in Chinese, instructional strategies and classroom interaction, as well as learners’ language use and its sociolinguistic variations. These studies reflect a growing interest in and demand for learning more about the lesser-researched Chinese foreign language (CFL) learner population, and this review concludes with suggestions for future research on Chinese immersion based on its curricular features as well as specific considerations for conducting research with young, emergent bilingual and biliterate learners.
Bounded Orbits of Quadratic Collatz-type Recursions

We characterize all bounded orbits of two similar Collatz-type quadratic mappings of the set of non-negative integers. In one case, where cycles of all possible lengths may occur, an orbit is bounded if and only if it reaches a cycle. For the other map we prove that every bounded orbit must reach 0 (in particular, there are no cycles).
Reactive 3D Printing of Shape-Programmable Liquid Crystal Elastomer Actuators

3D printed, stimuli-responsive materials that reversibly actuate between programmed shapes are promising for applications ranging from biomedical implants to soft robotics. However, current 3D printing of reversible actuators significantly limits the range of possible shapes and/or shape responses because they couple the print path to mathematically determined director profiles to elicit a desired shape change. Here, we report a reactive 3D-printing method that decouples printing and shape-programming steps, enabling a broad range of complex architectures and virtually any arbitrary shape changes. This method involves first printing liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) precursor solution into a catalyst bath, producing complex architectures defined by printing. Shape changes are then programmed through mechanical deformation and UV irradiation. Upon heating and cooling, the LCE reversibly shape-shifts between printed and programmed shapes, respectively. The potential of this method was demonstrated by programming a variety of arbitrary shape changes in a single printed material, producing auxetic LCE structures and symmetry-breaking shape changes in LCE sheets.
Imaging of Postoperative Biliary Complications

Over the past several decades, the number of hepatobiliary surgeries performed has increased, with laparoscopic cholecystectomy now the most frequently performed abdominal surgery in the United States. Due to the increase in surgeries performed, medicolegal concerns, and the availability of different types of imaging, radiologists are increasingly requested to evaluate for complications following hepatobiliary surgery. Early radiologic identification and assessment of the extent of biliary injuries allows prompt diagnosis and management of postoperative biliary complications. A wide variety of imaging modalities can be utilized, including computed tomography, nuclear medicine, and magnetic resonance imaging. This article provides a review of the broad spectrum of biliary injuries following hepatobiliary surgery, with an emphasis on postcholecystectomy imaging findings.
Synthesis, Quantification, and Characterization of Fatty Acid Amides from In Vitro and In Vivo Sources

Fatty acid amides are a diverse family of underappreciated, biologically occurring lipids. Herein, the methods for the chemical synthesis and subsequent characterization of specific members of the fatty acid amide family are described. The synthetically prepared fatty acid amides and those obtained commercially are used as standards for the characterization and quantification of the fatty acid amides produced by biological systems, a fatty acid amidome. The fatty acid amidomes from mouse N18TG2 cells, sheep choroid plexus cells, Drosophila melanogaster, Bombyx mori, Apis mellifera, and Tribolium castaneum are presented.
Geographic Mobility and Annual Earnings in the United States

The geographic mobility rate of U.S. workers has declined in recent decades. Labor mobility has historically indicated variations between local areas in earnings and other economic conditions. Because average career earnings determine Social Security retirement benefit levels, changing trends in geographic mobility and earnings may have implications for workers’ future benefits. The author uses administrative data on earnings from the Social Security Administration’s Continuous Work History Sample to examine trends in geographic mobility from 1994 to 2016 and compare the earnings of working-age adults who moved to another county or state with the earnings of those who did not.
Estimating the annual domestic adoption rate and lifetime incidence of infant relinquishment in the United States.

Abstract Objectives Estimating the rate of infant relinquishment for adoption in the United States (U.S.) can inform understandings of pregnancy decision-making and adoption practice. Yet, private domestic adoptions are not systematically tracked. Most methods of estimating adoptions rely on nonmarital birth rates, despite the changing social context of nonmarital births. This analysis provides updated estimates of the rate of infant relinquishment for private domestic adoption in the United States. Methods Using data from National Council for Adoption, Centers for Disease Control, and Guttmacher Institute, I compiled annual estimates for the number and rates of births, abortions, and adoptions; calculated annual domestic infant adoption rates among all women and unmarried women of reproductive age; estimated the number of adoptions as a proportion of marital and nonmarital births; and estimated the lifetime incidence of relinquishment for U.S. women. Results Since 1982, the annual adoption rate per 1000 U.S. women of reproductive age has been between 0.32 and 0.45, decreasing for the last 30 years. The most recent adoption rate translates to a lifetime relinquishment estimate of 0.9% of U.S. women. Based on patterns from 2002 to 2014, I estimate the current number of private domestic adoptions to be approximately 0.5% the annual number of births, or about 18,300 to 20,000 adoptions per year. Conclusions Despite finding a higher estimate of private domestic adoptions per year than previous estimates, adoption relinquishment rates remain dramatically lower than birth (and thus parenting) and abortion rates in the U.S. Implications National and state level information about annual adoptions is needed to inform policies regarding adoption, abortion, and support for families.
Sex-specific effects of social isolation stress and ketamine on hippocampal plasticity.

Abstract Chronic social isolation stress (SIS) induces lasting negative effects on the brain, including memory deficits, cognitive impairments, and mood alterations such as depression and anxiety. All these symptoms, at least in part, reflect reduced hippocampal function. In both clinical and preclinical studies, subanesthetic doses of the NMDA receptor antagonist, ketamine (KET), was shown to have rapid and lasting antidepressant effects. Animal studies have shown that biological sex and levels of gonadal hormones alter the behavioral effects of KET, with ovarian hormones increasing sensitivity to the antidepressant-like effects of KET. Since the hippocampus plays a key role in mediating some of the effects of SIS, and considering that KET at low doses has been shown to rescue some of the behavioral deficits of isolation rearing this study aimed to assess the effects of isolation stress on pre- and post-synaptic hippocampal functions in male and female rats reared in SIS, as well as determine whether some of the physiological deficits can be rescued with a single injection of sub-anesthetic doses of KET. To do this, Sprague-Dawley rats were raised from weaning in either social isolation or with same-sex cage mate for 5 to 7 weeks. Male and female rats in either diestrus of proestrus received a single injection of KET (0, 2.5, or 5.0 mg/kg) three hours prior to termination and collection of acute hippocampal slices for ex vivo electrophysiological field potential recordings. Long-term potentiation (LTP) and paired pulse facilitation (PPF) outputs were assessed in a canonical CA3-CA1 dorsal hippocampal circuit. Our data show that SIS inhibits hippocampal LTP without affecting PPF in male rats, an effect that was rescued by KET. In female rats, isolation stress did not alter LTP, but did reduce PPF - especially when females were tested in diestrus-, an effect that was rescued by KET at the highest dose. Our data thus suggest sex differences in the contribution of pre-and postsynaptic hippocampal compartments in response to stress and KET.