cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human Intervention and More-Than-Human Humanity in H. G. Wells’s The Island of Doctor Moreau

Taking into account Wells’s essays on a wide range of subjects as context, and in conversation with recent ecocriticism on ecological imagination and the Anthropocene, this essay locates in Doctor Moreau a fascination with a humanity that gestures outwards, one that imagines itself a part of alternative ideas, things, and spaces that collectively push the idea and boundary of the properly human to its epistemological limits. Bio-diverse and bizarre, the humanity—or, rather, humanities (Moreau’s, Montgomery’s, the Beast Folk’s, for example)—that Doctor Moreau apprehends and interacts with, speaks to Wells’s commitment to conceptualizing humanity as something relational, animal-human, and difficult to categorize and contain. More specifically, this essay brings into dialogue between Wells’s many essays and remarks on science and society and Doctor Moreau itself to gauge and comment on the writer’s scientifically informed humanism, which represents, in many ways, a caution against a positivism that reduces rather than respects the diversity and interconnectedness of things. In doing so, this essay focuses on two interrelated tasks: first, to track and analyze Prendick’s humanist struggles with, and his developing responses to, Moreau’s interventionist logic and the uncanny ways of the Beast Folk and second, to argue that Prendick’s questioning of the animal-human divide and its presumed ontological status are bound up with a fascination and grappling with a more-than-human humanity that calls into question the artificiality and absurdity of what it purports to be human.
Intrinsic Stability: Global Stability of Dynamical Networks and Switched Systems Resilient to any Type of Time-Delays

In real-world networks the interactions between network elements are inherently time-delayed. These time-delays can not only slow the network but can have a destabilizing effect on the network's dynamics leading to poor performance. The same is true in computational networks used for machine learning etc. where time-delays increase the network's memory but can degrade the network's ability to be trained. However, not all networks can be destabilized by time-delays. Previously, it has been shown that if a network or high-dimensional dynamical system is intrinsically stable, which is a stronger form of the standard notion of global stability, then it maintains its stability when constant time-delays are introduced into the system. Here we show that intrinsically stable systems, including intrinsically stable networks and a broad class of switched systems, i.e. systems whose mapping is time-dependent, remain stable in the presence of any type of time-varying time-delays whether these delays are periodic, stochastic, or otherwise. We apply these results to a number of well-studied systems to demonstrate that the notion of intrinsic stability is both computationally inexpensive, relative to other methods, and can be used to improve on some of the best known stability results. We also show that the asymptotic state of an intrinsically stable switched system is exponentially independent of the system's initial conditions.
SmartEdge: A Smart Contract for Edge Computing

Edge computing has emerged as an effective offloading strategy for constrained devices. It enables low-capability devices to leverage nearby resources for assistance with computationally-intensive tasks. We envision a future where Internet of Things (IoT) devices may autonomously transact with other more powerful devices to request such offloading services. We believe blockchain-based technologies can help facilitate this process by tracking usage and managing payments. In this work we introduce SmartEdge, an Ethereum-based smart contract for edge computing and show that it is a low-cost, low-overhead tool for compute-resource management.
Harmony: A Harness Monitoring System for the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility

Acceptance of a new system requires extensive testing and is often comprised of hundreds of tests. Summit, the latest flagship super-computer at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF), and the number one system in the November 2018 Top500 list [2], completed its acceptance testing in 2018. To execute acceptance, the acceptance test (AT) team utilizes the OLCF test harness, a tool developed at the OLCF that automates the launch and verification of all acceptance tests. Acceptance requires analysis of test results and classification of all test failures. The sheer number of tests involved makes performing these tasks challenging. To complete these tasks more efficiently, in addition to lessen the personnel burden during acceptance testing, we developed a monitoring system for the OLCF test harness called Harmony.
Drug-related mortality after discharge from treatment: A record-linkage study of substance abuse clients in Texas, 2006–2012

Abstract Background Patients have higher mortality immediately after substance abuse treatment discharge, but there are few data on post-discharge mortality differences across treatment modalities. Methods A retrospective cohort study examined individuals discharged from substance abuse treatment during 2006–2012 and probabilistically matched treatment records to death records. Logistic regression examined associations between drug-related death (DRD) and demographics; route, frequency, and classes of drugs abused; and treatment. Primary outcome was DRD during post-discharge days 0–28; secondary outcomes examined DRD during days 29–90 and 91–365. Results We examined 178,749 patients discharged from 254,814 treatment episodes. There were 97 DRD during days 0–28 (4.1/1000 person-years), 115 DRD during days 29–90 (2.6/1000 person-years; IRR 0.6 [95% CI 0.5–0.8]), and 293 DRD during days 91–365 (1.9/1000 person-years; IRR 0.5 [0.4–0.6]). Higher 28-day DRD was associated with abuse of opioids (aOR 2.5 [1.4–4.4]), depressants (aOR 2.0 [1.2–3.4]), or alcohol (aOR 1.7 [1.1–2.6]); and opioid injection (aOR 2.2 [1.3–3.7]). Lower DRD was associated with treatment completion (aOR 0.6 [0.4–0.9]), female sex (aOR 0.6 [0.4–0.8]), and employment (aOR 0.5 [0.3–0.9]). Among all patients, DRD rates were higher following residential (IRR 2.6, [1.6–4.2]) and detoxification (IRR 2.9, [1.7–4.9]) treatment compared to outpatient. Patients with prior opioid abuse had higher 28-day DRD after outpatient (6.7/1000 person-years; IRR 4.1 [1.8–9.1]), residential (13.6/1000 person-years; IRR 4.2 [2.2–8.2]), and detoxification (8.8/1000 person-years; IRR 3.2 [1.2, 8.5]) compared to those without. Conclusions Drug-related mortality is highest during days 0–28 after discharge, especially following residential and detoxification treatment. Opioid abuse is strongly associated with early post-discharge mortality.
Regulatory Considerations for Bacteriophage Therapy Products

The increasing prevalence of infections with multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria has prompted renewed interest in bacteriophage therapy as an alternative to antibiotics. In the United States, these products are regulated by the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research at the Food and Drug Administration. Because of the biology of bacteriophages, regulation of bacteriophage products intended for therapy, although similar in many respects to regulation of other biologics, necessitates some unique considerations. Herein, we provide an overview of regulatory oversight of biological products, discuss the investigational new drug application and expanded access uses, and address regulatory considerations relating to chemistry, manufacturing, and controls for bacteriophage products.
Subtype Diversity of Influenza A Virus in North American Waterfowl: a Multidecade Study.

The discovery in 1976 of waterfowl as the primary reservoir of influenza A viruses (IAVs) has since spurred decades of waterfowl surveillance efforts by researchers dedicated to understanding the ecology of IAV and its subsequent threat to human and animal health. Here, we employed a multidecade, continental-scale approach of surveillance data to understand trends of seasonal IAV subtype diversity. Between 1976 and 2015, IAVs were detected in 8,427 (10.8%) of 77,969 samples from migratory waterfowl throughout the Central and Mississippi Migratory Flyways in the United States and Canada. A total of 96 hemagglutinin (HA)/neuraminidase (NA) subtype combinations were isolated, which included most HA (H1 to H14) and all 9 NA subtypes. We observed an annual trend of high influenza prevalence, involving a few dominant subtypes, on northern breeding grounds during summer with progressively lowered influenza prevalence, comprised of a highly diverse profile of subtypes, as waterfowl migrate toward southern wintering grounds. Isolates recovered during winter had the highest proportion of mixed and rare HA/NA combinations, indicating increased opportunity for reassortment of IAVs. In addition, 70% of H5 and 49% of H7 IAV isolates were recovered from samples collected during fall and spring, respectively; these are subtypes that can have significant implications for public health and agriculture sectors. Annual cyclical dominance of subtypes on northern breeding grounds is revealed through the longitudinal nature of this study. Our novel findings exhibit the unrealized potential for discovery using existing IAV surveillance data.IMPORTANCE Wild aquatic birds are the primary natural reservoir of influenza A viruses (IAVs) and are therefore responsible for the dispersal and maintenance of IAVs representing a broad range of antigenic and genetic diversity. The aims of IAV surveillance in waterfowl not only relate to understanding the risk of spillover risk to humans, but also to improving our understanding of basic questions related to IAV evolution and ecology. By evaluating several decades of surveillance data from wild aquatic birds sampled along North American migratory flyways, we discovered an annual trend of increasing subtype diversity during southbound migration, peaking on southern wintering grounds. Winter sampling revealed the highest proportion of mixed and rare infections that suggest higher opportunity for spillover. These findings allow improvements to surveillance efforts to robustly capture IAV diversity that will be used for vaccine development and cultivate a more thorough understanding of IAV evolution and persistence mechanisms.
Beginning with biology: "Aspects of cognition" exist in the service of the brain's overall function as a resource-regulator.

Lieder and Griffiths rightly urge that computational cognitive models be constrained by resource usage, but they should go further. The brain's primary function is to regulate resource usage. As a consequence, resource usage should not simply select among algorithmic models of “aspects of cognition.” Rather, “aspects of cognition” should be understood as existing in the service of resource management.
Linear Algebra and Optimization: An Introduction

Machine learning builds mathematical models from data containing multiple attributes (i.e., variables) in order to predict some variables from others. For example, in a cancer prediction application, each data point might contain the variables obtained from running clinical tests, whereas the predicted variable might be a binary diagnosis of cancer. Such models are sometimes expressed as linear and nonlinear relationships between variables. These relationships are discovered in a data-driven manner by optimizing (maximizing) the “agreement” between the models and the observed data. This is an optimization problem.
The Simulated Virology Clinic: A Standardized Patient Exercise for Preclinical Medical Students Supporting Basic and Clinical Science Integration

Introduction Virology is inherently challenging due to the sheer volume of information medical students are responsible for learning. Cognitive integration of this content is critical for early med...
Embedded Niche Overlap: A Media Industry History of Yaoi Anime’s American Distribution from 1996 to 2009

This article offers an industrial history of yaoi anime’s distribution in the United States by companies that acquired official distribution licenses. During the course of this history, the term “yaoi” was not always dominant in American anime vernacular; rather, it only ascended to widespread American usage after it was adopted by American distributors as an industry term. Yaoi anime’s complex distribution history reveals that, unlike yaoi manga, yaoi anime began and continues to be industrially situated at the overlap of seemingly disparate niche categories.
It is Only Natural: Europe's Low Interest Rates

Estimates of the natural interest rate are often useful in the analysis of monetary and other macroeconomic policies. The topic gathered much attention following the great financial crisis and the Euro Area debt crisis due to the uncertainty regarding the timing of monetary policy normalization and the future path of interest rates. Using a sample of European countries (including several members of the Euro Area), this paper provides estimates of country-specific natural interest rates and some of their drivers between 2000 and 2019. In line with the literature, our findings suggest that natural interest rates declined during this period, and despite a rebound in the last few years of it, they have not recovered to their pre-crisis levels. The paper also discusses the implications of the decline in natural interest rates for monetary conditions and debt sustainability.
"There's somebody like me": perspectives of a peer-to-peer gynecologic cancer mentorship program.

The Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance’s Woman to Woman (W2W) program is a peer mentorship program for women with gynecological cancer that was founded in 2004 and has expanded to 43 sites nationwide. An initial program survey was conducted in 2013, but no qualitative studies have investigated patient experiences with peer support programs for gynecologic cancer in the USA. This study examines the match experience at one program site. The aim of this qualitative study was to capture mentor and mentee experiences giving and receiving peer support, including how relationships were initiated and developed. Hour-long, semi-structured interviews were conducted with both mentors and mentees. Interviews focused on the dynamics of the mentor–mentee relationship. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and open-coded. A qualitative descriptive approach was used to organize findings into themes. Sixteen participants (N = 16) were interviewed (seven mentors and nine mentees.) Three broad themes emerged: (i) pathways to the program; (ii) how connection occurred; and (iii) themes of compatibility. While program participants universally valued their match experience, frequency and mode of communication, as well as expectations of the match relationship were widely divergent among the program participants. The W2W peer mentorship program is a valuable resource for patients with gynecologic cancer. Refining the wants and needs of mentees including mode of communication, frequency of communication, type of support desired, identifying topics of mutual interest, and introducing the concept of recurrence may improve the connectivity experienced by mentor–mentee dyads.
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATION OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN Ti FILMS COVERING OVER THE TiAl ALLOY SUBSTRATE DURING HEATING

Structural changes in Ti films covering over Ti or Al atomic layer on the TiAl substrate during heating were investigated by molecular dynamics simulations within the framework of embedded atom method(EAM).On the basis of analyses of bond-pair types,mean square displacements,atomic density functions,and atom packing in different shells,it is shown that the structural changes in the Ti film could involve several stages owing to atomic position interchanging.In addition,the Ti or Al layers play an important role in the structural changes in Ti films.
Thermodynamics of Hydration from the Perspective of the Molecular Quasi-Chemical Theory of Solutions

The quasi-chemical organization of the potential distribution theorem -- molecular quasi-chemical theory (QCT) -- enables practical calculations and also provides a conceptual framework for molecular hydration phenomena. QCT can be viewed from multiple perspectives: (a) As a way to regularize an ill-conditioned statistical thermodynamic problem; (b) As an introduction of and emphasis on the neighborship characteristics of a solute of interest; (c) Or as a way to include accurate electronic structure descriptions of near-neighbor interactions in defensible statistical thermodynamics by clearly defining neighborship clusters. The theory has been applied to solutes of a wide range of chemical complexity, ranging from ions that interact with water with both long-ranged and chemically intricate short-ranged interactions, to solutes that interact with water solely through traditional van~der~Waals interations, and including water itself. The solutes range in variety from monoatomic ions to chemically heterogeneous macromolecules. A notable feature of QCT is that in applying the theory to this range of solutes, the theory itself provides guidance on the necessary approximations and simplifications that can facilitate the calculations. In this Perspective, we develop these ideas and document them with examples that reveal the insights that can be extracted using the QCT formulation.
Group prenatal care and improved birth outcomes: Results from a type 1 hybrid effectiveness-implementation study.

Abstract To compare birth outcomes for patients receiving Expect With Me (EWM) group prenatal care or individual care only, we conducted a type 1 hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial (Detroit and Nashville, 2014–2016). Participants entered care Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02169024 .
Galvanic Current Influencing Interface Deterioration of CFRP Bonded to a Steel Substrate

AbstractThis paper presents an experimental program investigating the effect of galvanic current on the physical and mechanical characteristics of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite sheets bonded to a steel substrate. Electrochemical reaction is induced by galvanic interaction between anodes (CFRP-steel interface specimens) and cathodes (metallic strips) linked with an electrolyte (a 3.5% sodium chloride solution). Thirty-five test specimens are exposed to various periods of galvanic current from 0 to 72 h until their corrosion rate is converged. Hydrated ferric oxide forms along the CFRP-steel interface with some concentration in the vicinity of its edge, which accompanies a loss in surface area and mass. The electrochemical reaction imposed by the galvanic current exponentially decays with an increase in exposure time. The initiation of corrosion noticeably affects the load-carrying capacity of the CFRP-steel interface, whereas its propagation is not a critical attribute until substantial ...
Fatigue of materials

Preface 1. Introduction and overview Part I. Cyclic Deformation and Fatigue Crack Initiation: 2. Cyclic deformation in ductile single crystals 3. Cyclic deformation in polycrystalline ductile solids 4. Fatigue crack initiation in ductile solids 5. Cyclic deformation and crack initiation in brittle solids 6. Cyclic deformation and crack initiation in noncrystalline solids Part II. Total-Life Approaches: 7. Stress-life approach 8. Strain-life approach Part III. Damage-Tolerant Approach: 9. Fracture mechanics and its implications for fatigue 10. Fatigue crack growth in ductile solids 11. Fatigue crack growth in brittle solids 12. Fatigue crack growth in noncrystalline solids Part IV. Advanced Topics: 13. Contact fatigue: sliding, rolling and fretting 14. Retardation and transients in fatigue crack growth 15. Small fatigue cracks 16. Environmental interactions: corrosion-fatigue and creep-fatigue Appendix References Indexes.
How do Simple Rules `Fit to Reality' in a Complex World?

The theory of fast and frugal heuristics, developed in a new book called Simple Heuristics that make Us Smart (Gigerenzer, Todd, and the ABC Research Group, in press), includes two requirements for rational decision making. One is that decision rules are bounded in their rationality –- that rules are frugal in what they take into account, and therefore fast in their operation. The second is that the rules are ecologically adapted to the environment, which means that they `fit to reality.' The main purpose of this article is to apply these ideas to learning rules–-methods for constructing, selecting, or evaluating competing hypotheses in science, and to the methodology of machine learning, of which connectionist learning is a special case. The bad news is that ecological validity is particularly difficult to implement and difficult to understand. The good news is that it builds an important bridge from normative psychology and machine learning to recent work in the philosophy of science, which considers predictive accuracy to be a primary goal of science.
Development, Trade, and Social Insurance

Developing countries vary dramatically in the amount they spend on social insurance. We establish a theoretical framework linking autarkic post–World War II economic development strategies with the emergence of insurance-based social policies. We argue that a government's choice of development strategy is conditioned by the size of the domestic market, relative abundance of labor, and land inequality in the context of a closed international trading system. The development strategy in turn shapes the fiscal priority governments place on social insurance. Contrary to the compensation hypothesis prominent in studies of the rich democracies, protectionist countries emphasize social insurance. Empirical analysis finds support for our argument. The results suggest that economic policies in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s had important implications for the emergence and current contours of social policy in the developing world. These differences in priorities swamp recent within-country changes.
Variability of rainfall rate and raindrop size distributions in heavy rain

[1] A stochastic model of rainfall rate is used to examine the temporal variability of rainfall during heavy convective rain periods. The model represents the microstructure of rainfall rate at time scales that are important for land surface processes associated with infiltration and runoff production. The representation of rainfall rate is based on a marked point process model of raindrop size distributions, which yields a gamma raindrop spectrum with parameters that are time-varying stochastic processes. Raindrop size distribution observations from a Joss-Waldvogel disdrometer in Princeton, New Jersey, during the period May–October 2006 are used along with the stochastic model to examine rainfall rate variability. Analyses focus on a sample of 60-min time periods in which heavy convective rainfall occurred. Central elements of the analyses entail examination of the relationships between rainfall rate and the time-varying model parameters that characterize the raindrop size distribution. We also examine the dependence structure among these processes. “Scaling law” formulations of raindrop size distributions are used to examine variability of raindrop size distributions. Analyses of the Princeton heavy rainfall periods also point to seasonal and diurnal heterogeneities as important elements of the distribution of extreme rainfall rates. Convective intensity, as reflected in cloud-to-ground lightning observations, plays an important role in the distribution of extreme rainfall rates and the evolution of raindrop size distributions associated with heavy rainfall.
High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the antituberculosis drugs aconiazide and isoniazid.

Abstract Reversed-phase HPLC methods are described for determining the stability and concentration certification of the antituberculosis prodrug aconiazide (ACON) in aqueous dosing solution and for assessing the concentrations of ACON and isoniazid (INH) in plasma from ACON-treated male and female Fischer-344 rats. ACON was analyzed in plasma by direct injection; it was separated on a 250 × 4.6 mm I.D. 5 μm C18 column using a 40% aqueous methanol mobile phase containing 5 g/l ammonium formate, and detected at 313 nm. INH was determined in the plasma of treated rats after a two-step precipitation of plasma proteins; it was separated on a 250 mm × 4.6 mm I.D. 5 μm CN column, eluted with 5% aqueous isopropanol containing 5 g/l ammonium formate, and detected with an electrochemical detector at +0.8 V. These methods allow a simple, rapid, and reliable determination of ACON and INH in plasma down to 0.1 μg/ml.
ELEVATED CIRCULATING IMMUNOREACTIVE PARATHYROID MONE (iPTH) IN PREMATURE INFANTS

Serum iPTH was measured in 160 AGA full-term and premature normocalcemic and hypocalcemic infants during the first 96 hours of life. In normal full-term infants, iPTH was low in cord blood and remained low during the first 12 hours of life as serum Ca declined. Thereafter the serum iPTH rose to the mid-normal range. Consistent with our previous studies, in only 20% of serum samples from hypocalcemic full-term infants was iPTH elevated; in the remainder, iPTH was inappropriately low, though usually in the normal detectible range. By contrast, serum iPTH was elevated in 75% of samples of hypocalcemic prematures. Moreover, elevated iPTH was found in approximately 15% and 35% serum samples of normocalcemic full-term and premature infants, respectively. At any given Ca level the serum iPTH appeared to vary inversely with gestational age. The results suggest 1) That parathyroid responsiveness is greater in premature than full-term infants, possibly related to lesser period of exposure to hypercalcemia in utero and 2) That a factor(s) other than parathyroid insufficiency acts in the newborn to reduce plasma Ca; in some infants, compensatory increases in parathyroid activity may be sufficient to maintain normocalcemia, while in others there is either no compensatory increase or the increase is insufficient and hypocalcemia results. It is possible that metabolic clearance of iPTH varies with gestation and accounts, in part, for our findings.
High-aspect-ratio neural probes for monolithic integration with ultra-low-power CMOS operational amplifier circuit

A microprobe array for recording neural signals has been designed and fabricated for future monolithic integration with an ultra-low power CMOS operational amplifier circuit on a 2 mm × 2 mm chip. A LIGA-like process is employed utilizing UV lithography and electrodeposition techniques. Probes are fabricated on silicon substrate. The fabrication process is compatible with monolithic integration with CMOS signal processing circuitry. The probes are 210 um high and have an aspect ratio 3:1. Comments are made on processing issues related to chip-level monolithic integration.
Burkitt's lymphoma-associated c-Myc mutations converge on a dramatically altered target gene response and implicate Nol5a/Nop56 in oncogenesis

Burkitt's lymphomas (BLs) acquire consistent point mutations in a conserved domain of Myc, Myc Box I. We report that the enhanced transforming activity of BL-associated Myc mutants can be uncoupled from loss of phosphorylation and increased protein stability. Furthermore, two different BL-associated Myc mutations induced similar gene expression profiles independently of T58 phosphorylation, and these profiles are dramatically different from MycWT. Nol5a/Nop56, which is required for ribosomal RNA methylation, was identified as a gene hyperactivated by the BL-associated Myc mutants. We show that Nol5a is necessary for Myc-induced cell transformation, enhances MycWT-induced cell transformation and increases the size of MycWT-induced tumors. Thus, Nol5a expands the link between Myc-induced regulation of nucleolar target genes, which are rate limiting for cell transformation and tumor growth.
Relationship of broiler production variables to cost per pound

The variable of feed conversion has an intermediate negative correlation coefficient (–0.46) with the performance of a poultry firm's broiler flocks when these were classified as either ‘good’ or ‘...
Governor for variable-Ratio Transmission Used in Developmental 400-Cycle Electric System for Large Aircraft

A prerequisite for the successful parallel operation of main engine driven a-c generators is a suitable infinitely variable-ratio transmission and high speed governor to control it. This paper describes the development of such a governor and its successful operation on a developmental two-generator 400-cycle a-c system.
Effect of Acute and Chronic Alcohol Administration to Rats on the Expression of Interleukin‐6 Cell‐Surface Receptors of Hepatic Parenchymal and Nonparenchymal Cells

Rats were treated with alcohol either acutely (continuous, 7-hr intravenous infusion; blood alcohol levels approximately 35 mM) or chronically (liquid diet, 12-14 weeks). Three hr before killing, the animals received Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline. Hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells were isolated by liver collagenase perfusion and centrifugal elutriation, and used for measurements of recombinant human [125I]interleukin-6 binding. Dissociation constant (Kd) and the amount of cell-surface receptors (Bmax) were measured on whole cells, at 4 degrees C. Two binding sites were detected on all three cell types: high-affinity (Kd1, from 20 to 125 pM) and low-affinity (Kd2, from 0.2 to 2 nM), with low Bmax (Bmax, from 0.4 to 12 fmol/10(6) cells) and high Bmax (Bmax2, from 10 to 210 fmol/10(6) cells). Hepatocytes displayed an 8-fold higher binding capacity for high-affinity sites (Bmax1) than the other two cell types. Acute ethanol treatment induced the following significant changes in the binding parameters: a decrease in Kd1 for hepatocytes and Kupffer cells, an increase in Bmax2 for hepatocytes, and a decrease in Bmax1 for Kupffer cells. Although the control (nonalcoholic) liquid diet per se completely suppressed the high-affinity binding sites, alcohol-containing diet induced only one change: a significant increase in Kd2 for hepatocytes. No changes in the binding parameters were seen after LPS administration to the chronically treated group. In the acute group, LPS mimicked alcohol action on hepatocyte binding parameters. Alcohol blunted LPS effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Interstitial prostate implant brachytherapy using an automated, 3-D greedy heuristic optimization and I-125 directional sources

REFERENCES 1. S. Yoo, et al “Treatment planning for prostate brachytherapy using region of interest adjoint functions and a greedy heuristic” Phys. Med. Biol. 48(24), 4077-90 (2003) 2. V. Chaswal, et al “Multi-species prostate implant treatment-plans incorporating Ir and I using a Greedy Heuristic based 3-D optimization algorithm”, in Med. Phys. 34(2), 436-444 (2007) 3. L. Lin, V. Chaswal, et al. “Novel prostate treatment using newly developing directional brachytherapy sources” Oral poster presentation at the AAPM annual meeting. July 2005. ABSTRACT
More Harm Than Good? Online Media Use and Political Disaffection Among College Students in the 2008 Election

This study examines the ways in which online media influenced political disaffection among young adults during the 2008 presidential election campaign. The effects of social media attention, online expression, and traditional Internet sources on political cynicism, apathy, and skepticism were evaluated using data from an online survey of college students. Results show that attention to social media for campaign information is positively related to cynicism and apathy and negatively related to skepticism. Online expression has a positive effect on skepticism. Implications are discussed for the role of social media in bringing a historically disengaged demographic into the political process.
QCD and dimensional deconstruction

Motivated by phenomenological models of hidden local symmetries and the ideas of dimensional deconstruction and gauge/gravity duality, we consider the model of an ``open moose.'' Such a model has a large number K of hidden gauge groups as well as a global chiral symmetry. In the continuum limit $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{K}\ensuremath{\infty}$ the model becomes a 4+1 dimensional theory of a gauge field propagating in a dilaton background and an external space-time metric with two boundaries. We show that the model reproduces several well known phenomenological and theoretical aspects of low-energy hadron dynamics, such as vector meson dominance. We derive the general formulas for the mass spectrum, the decay constants of the pion and vector mesons, and the couplings between mesons. We then consider two simple realizations, one with a flat metric and another with a ``cosh'' metric interpolating between two anti--de Sitter (AdS) boundaries. For the pion form factor, the single pole \ensuremath{\rho}-meson dominance is exact in the latter case and approximate in the former case. We discover that an AdS/conformal field theory-like prescription emerges in the computation of current-current correlators. We speculate on the role of the model in the theory dual to QCD.
Reduction of flow artifacts by using partial saturation in RF‐spoiled gradient‐echo imaging

Radiofrequency (RF)-spoiled gradient-echo imaging provides a signal intensity close to pure T1 contrast by using spoiler gradients and RF phase cycling to eliminate net transverse magnetization. Generally, spins require many RF excitations to reach a steady-state magnetization level; therefore, when unsaturated flowing spins enter the imaging slab, they can cause undesirable signal enhancement and generate image artifacts. These artifacts can be reduced by partially saturating an outer slab upstream to drive the longitudinal magnetization close to the steady state, while the partially saturated spins generate no signal until they enter the imaging slab. In this work, magnetization evolution of flowing spins in RF-spoiled gradient-echo sequences with and without partial saturation was simulated using the Bloch equations. Next, the simulations were validated by phantom and in vivo experiments. For phantom experiments, a pulsatile flow phantom was used to test partial saturation for a range of flip angles and relaxation times. For in vivo experiments, the technique was used to image the carotid arteries, abdominal aorta, and femoral arteries of normal volunteers. All experiments demonstrated that partial saturation can provide consistent T1 contrast across the slab while reducing inflow artifacts. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Determination of CMC of polysorbate 20 in aqueous solution by surface tension method.

The CMC of polysorbate 20 was determined using a surface tension method; the concentration (C) of polysorbate 20 studied varied from 0.001 to 10.000 mg./ml. The results show clearly that the surface tension (γ) decreases linearly with log C up to a concentration of 0.06 mg./ml. and is practically constant for more concentrated solutions. This suggests that the CMC of polysorbate 20 is in the vicinity of 0.06 mg./ml., which is in excellent agreement with the values obtained by other methods.
Emergent Organizational Capacity for Compassion

Our model of emergent organizational capacity for compassion proposes that organizations can develop the capacity for compassion without formal direction. Relying on a framework from complexity science, we describe how the system conditions of agent diversity, interdependent roles, and social interactions enhance the likelihood of self-organizing around an individual response to a pain trigger. When agents then modify their roles to incorporate compassionate responding, their interactions amplify responses, changing the system, and a new order emerges: organizational capacity for compassion. In this new order the organization's structure, culture, routines, and scanning mechanisms incorporate compassionate responding and can influence future responses to pain triggers.
A simple Thomas-Fermi calculation for semi-infinite nuclei

Abstract On the basis of the general Thomas-Fermi theory of nuclear structure developed by one of us, we calculate the surface properties of large nuclei. The realistic nuclear forces of Reid are assumed. Tensor forces and short range repulsions are replaced by density-dependent central forces; the central forces are assumed to consist of an even- and odd-state force, plus an extra force in the S-state. Two constants are adjusted to give the correct binding energy and density of nuclear matter. An integral equation for the nuclear density is obtained and solved approximately. The thickness of the nuclear surface turns out to be 2.2. fm, the surface energy 19.5 A 2 3 MeV , compared with the observed values 2.4 and 18.0.
Exercise performance and breathing patterns in cystic fibrosis: Male‐female differences and influence of resting pulmonary function

Despite improved prognosis for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), they continue to suffer from progressive decline in pulmonary function and exercise tolerance. Beyond puberty, female patients have greater loss of pulmonary function and higher mortality than males, yet no one has studied male-female differences in exercise tolerance among patients. We therefore compared the responses to progressive exercise in 58 male and 52 female patients with CF and analyzed the influence of resting pulmonary function and gender on these responses and on breathing patterns during exercise. Within each of three pulmonary function groups (group 1: FEV1 greater than or equal to 65% predicted; group 2: FEV1 = 50-64% predicted; and group 3: FEV1 less than 50% predicted), female patients had lower exercise tolerance than males. This was reflected in the overall group for each gender: males' peak work load was 130 +/- 64 W, females' 111 +/- 32 W (P = 0.04); males' peak oxygen consumption, 36.9 +/- 11.4 mL/kg/min and females', 31.0 +/- 7.4 mL/kg/min (P = 0.0006). There was no interactive effect between gender and pulmonary function. Neither respiratory rate nor tidal volume differed between sexes. Male and female patients, irrespective of disease severity, employed similar proportions of their ventilatory capacity at exhaustion; group mean minute ventilation to maximum voluntary ventilation ratio ranged from 62.9 to 78.3%, with no apparent relationship to disease severity.
Earth sciences priorities

Priority research areas for the solid earth sciences were recently identified by two blue-ribbon panels. Each suggested specific areas where funds should be targeted for rapid advances in expanding our knowledge of the earth and for long-term payoffs both in basic research and in training the next generation of earth scientists. In its report released last week, the Research Briefing Panel on the Solid Earth Sciences identified five priority research topics. In a report issued earlier this year, the Committee on Opportunities for Research in the Geological Sciences selected for top billing eight such research areas. The common scientific thread running through both reports: More research is needed on the structure, composition, and evolution of the continental lithosphere and on the dynamics of tectonic processes.
ATTITUDES TOWARD MENTAL ILLNESS AMONG MENTAL HOSPITAL PERSONNEL AND PATIENTS

Abstract Attitudes relevant to mental illness were sampled among 62 psychiatric ward staff members and 89 hospitalized psychoneurotic patients. Content dealing with authoritarianism, social distance, information about mental illness, evaluations of ‘self’ and ‘mental patient’, patient description of own illness and demographic variables was factor analyzed. The main attitudinal component identified in both samples is termed general authoritarianism and yields factors loadings for patients and staff strikingly similar in magnitude and confessional figuration and opposite in direction. Other staff factors describe different aspects of professional roles. Patient factors show the predominance of low self-esteem, passive compliance and a physical orientation toward the patient's own mental illness. Implications of staff-patient differences for therapeutic interaction are discussed.
LOCUS OF ATTRIBUTION IN PERCEIVED CHOICE

-36 college students were involved in a decision task in which the two optional choices were varied to create either a large difference, a small difference, or no difference in attractiveness. It was predicted that conditions which produce high perceived choice, i.e., a small difference in atcractiveness, would causz an individual to attribute his decision to an internal factor while conditions mediating low perceived choice, i.e., a large or no difference in attractiveness, would lead to atuibucions based on an external factor. Data from 36 college Ss confirmed these predictions.
Different Forms of Outside Aid: a Collective-Choice Model for Predicting Effects On Local Educational Expenditure

This article presents a method for predicting the effects of different forms of outside aid on local educational expenditure. The predictive power of the suggested method is demonstrated with an experiment using district-level data collected for the State of Virginia. The paper also tests the recent theoretical results of David Bradford and Wallace Oates who have argued (1) that in a median-voter setting matching grants are more stimulative than lump sum grants of the same amount, and (2) that under certain conditions lump sum grants are equivalent in their effects to a reduction in federal and state personal taxes. The test results are favorable.
Designing and implementing malicious processors

It may be possible for attackers to modify integrated circuits (ICs) to insert covert, malicious circuitry into manufactured components; a recent Department of Defense report1 identifies several trends that contribute to this threat. First, it is infeasible economically for government-based IC suppliers to produce technology that matches the performance of commercial suppliers. These high-performance ICs provide a tactical advantage making them an indispensable resource. Second, commercial suppliers are moving more design, manufacturing, and testing of ICs to a geographically diverse set of countries in an effort to cut costs, making it infeasible to secure these steps in the IC life cycle. Together, these trends lead to an “enormous and increasing” opportunity for attack. Motivated attackers will subvert the IC supply chain if doing so provides sufficient value. Since modifying an IC is an expensive attack, it is doubtful that “script kiddies” will turn their adolescent energies to malicious processors, but the same cannot be said for attackers with resources. If malicious processors are capable of running valuable attacks, governments, terrorist organizations, and so on will deploy them despite their cost. Historically, these types of organizations are experienced at covert operations, and have demonstrated considerable ingenuity in pursuing their goals. In contrast, there is little work on malicious processors. If an attacker were able to include a malicious IC within a computer system, it would give them a fundamentally higher level of control compared to softwarebased attacks. While the recent SubVirt project shows that attackers can gain control over operating systems by using virtual-machine monitors (VMMs) to control the layer beneath, ICs occupy yet a lower layer. A malicious IC would be below all software, including VMMs, so compromising ICs gives attackers complete control over the entire software stack. This high level of control pro-
The role of phenacodontids in the origin of the modern orders of ungulate mammals

ABSTRACT We investigate the role of the ancestral ungulates Phenacodontidae in the evolution of Perissodactyla, Hyracoidea, Proboscidea, Sirenia, and Desmostylia on the basis of parsimony analysis of dental, cranial, and postcranial data. The monophyletic order Phenacodonta (Phenacodontidae and Meniscotheriidae) is the sistergroup to the mirorder Pantomesaxonia (consisting of the five mammalian orders mentioned), and these two clades are united as superorder Paenungulata. The relationships of taxa within Pantomesaxonia remain unresolved. Important characters of the ancestor of Pantomesaxonia include partially molarized premolars and a cursorial limb skeleton.
Prediction and control in accounting “science”

Abstract “Economists tell stories in their science, which is no complaint. Everyone tells stories, the toddler telling about the scraped knee and the paleontologist telling about the panda's thumb. A story can be good or bad. When it is bad in economics or other fields of expertise it can do damage. In the worst case the storyteller views the story as “stylized facts” or “approximations of the good” or something else free from critical attention. The uncriticized story is not worth living”.
Guided wrinkling in swollen, pre-patterned photoresist thin films with a crosslinking gradient

A new thin film buckling system was developed from photosensitive SU-8 thin films doped with UV light absorbing dye, resulting in a depth-wise gradient modulus after photocrosslinking. When the film was swollen by an organic solvent, a wide range of wrinkling patterns was obtained, including lamella, peanut and semi-hexagonal patterns. Both the morphology and wavelength were found to be dependent on the original film thickness. By leveraging the thermoplasticity of SU-8, we imprinted one-dimensional (1-D) patterns on the dyed SU-8 with variable pitch and height from 1 μm to 20 μm and 15 nm to 2 μm, respectively. We then swelled the patterned films and investigated the interactions between the intrinsic buckling waves (both size and morphology) and the pre-patterns. As the pre-pattern pitch decreased, the swollen film in the patterned region evolved from isotropic wrinkles to out-of-phase, anisotropic waves, which further became in-phase when the pre-pattern pitch was smaller than the intrinsic wrinkle wavelength. For the latter, the aligned wrinkle morphology varied dramatically when the pre-pattern height decreased: from perpendicular to the pre-pattern wavevector to dual orientation with one set of wrinkles remained perpendicularly ordered and the other set of local buckling patterns aligned in parallel to the pre-pattern, and finally back to isotropic ones. Since the pre-patterns of different size and shape could be readily prepared, the combination of physical confinement together with controlled swelling in a graded thin film offers a new approach to access a wide range of controllable hierarchical patterns.