cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase Fraction and Evolution of Additively Manufactured (AM) 15-5 Stainless Steel and Inconel 625 AM-Bench Artifacts

A proper understanding of the structure and microstructure of additively manufactured (AM) alloys is essential not only to the prediction and assessment of their material properties, but also to the validation and verification of computer models needed to advance AM technologies. To accelerate AM development, as part of the AM-Bench effort, we conducted rigorous synchrotron-based X-ray scattering and diffraction experiments on two types of AM alloys (AM 15-5 stainless steel and AM Inconel 625). Taking advantage of the high penetration of synchrotron hard X-rays, we determined the phases present in these alloys under different build conditions and their statistically meaningful phase fractions using high-resolution X-ray diffraction. Using in situ multi-scale X-ray scattering and diffraction, we quantitatively analyzed the phase evolution and development of major precipitates in these alloys as a function of time during stress relief heat treatments. These results serve to validate AM microstructure models and provide input to higher-level AM processing and property models to predict the material properties and performances.
Learning about and from the Great Escape of African Americans to Appalachia

This commentary is based on Karida Brown’s book, Gone Home: Race and Roots through Appalachia, an insightful, path-breaking examination of the formation of the racial self among African Americans w...
ZBED2 is an antagonist of Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 and modulates cell identity in pancreatic cancer

ABSTRACT Lineage plasticity is a prominent feature of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) cells, which can occur via deregulation of lineage-specifying transcription factors. Here, we show that the zinc finger protein ZBED2 is aberrantly expressed in PDA and alters tumor cell identity in this disease. Unexpectedly, our epigenomic experiments reveal that ZBED2 is a sequence-specific transcriptional repressor of interferon-stimulated genes, which occurs through antagonism of Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 (IRF1)-mediated transcriptional activation at co-occupied promoter elements. Consequently, ZBED2 attenuates the transcriptional output and growth arrest phenotypes downstream of interferon signaling in multiple PDA cell line models. We also found that ZBED2 is preferentially expressed in the squamous molecular subtype of human PDA, in association with inferior patient survival outcomes. Consistent with this observation, we show that ZBED2 can repress the pancreatic progenitor transcriptional program, enhance motility, and promote invasion in PDA cells. Collectively, our findings suggest that high ZBED2 expression is acquired during PDA progression to suppress the interferon response pathway and to promote lineage plasticity in this disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is one of the most lethal human malignancies, attributed in part to lineage infidelity downstream of deregulated lineage-specifying transcription factors (TFs). Here we define the biological effects of a poorly understood TF ZBED2 in the most aggressive subtype of PDA, defined by the expression of squamous lineage markers. Our study reveals two molecular functions of ZBED2 in PDA cells: an inhibitor of interferon response genes and a modifier of epithelial lineage programs. Both functions can be explained by the ability of ZBED2 to antagonize the functional output of Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 (IRF1). Our study reinforces the concept of aberrant lineage identity in cancer and highlights an unexpected connection between interferon response pathways and squamous-subtype PDA.
Evaluation of passive and active vibration control mechanisms in a microgravity environment

The behavior of equipment and their light secondary attachments in large space structures under orbital excitation is studied. The equipment is modeled as a shear beam and its secondary attachment is treated as a single-degree-of-freedom lumped mass system. Peak responses of the equipment and its secondary system for a variety of vibration control mechanisms are evaluated. A novel active friction control mechanism, by varying the normal force, is suggested. The device uses a magnetic field control to minimize the stick condition, thereby reducing the overall structural response. The results show that the use of the passive vibration control devices could reduce the peak equipment responses to a certain extent. However, major reduction of vibration levels could be achieved only by the use of active devices. Using active control of the interface normal force, the peak responses of the equipment and its attachment are reduced by a factor of 10 over the fixed-base equipment response.
Divided attention for feature-based selection in visual cortex

Feature-based attention can select relevant features such as colors or directions of motion from the visual field irrespective of the spatial position. In visual cortex not only do we see feature-specific attention affecting responses in neurons with receptive fields at an attended location, but that effect also spreads to neurons with receptive fields beyond the spatially relevant location. When only one feature is task relevant, the spread of activity across space can act to facilitate perception of behaviorally relevant stimuli. However, when multiple features are relevant, what is the effect on behavior and brain activity? We tested this question by having observers divide attention between two patches (left and right of fixation) of moving dot stimuli, each containing overlapping upward and downward motion fields. In one condition, subjects performed a task on motion fields moving in the same direction in both patches. In another condition attention was divided between opposite directions of motion. Replicating a previous behavioral study, we found that observers showed better performance when dividing attention to the same directions of motion than opposing directions of motion. We analyzed the BOLD responses while observers performed this task using an inverted encoding model approach that provides estimates of responses to each of the four component dot fields. We found larger responses to the attended components, replicating previous studies of spatial and feature-based attention. However, these effects were much larger when attention was divided to between the same directions of motion than to opposing directions. Our fMRI results in area hMT+ predict our behavioral results by extending the normalization model of attention to include a global feature-based attention component in that leads to suppressed responses to attended stimulus components when attention is directed to opposing directions of motion.
An Additively Manufactured, All-metallic Frequency-scaled Ultra-wide Spectrum Element (AM-FUSE) Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) for Space-borne Applications

A new breed of the Frequency-scaled, Ultra-wide Spectrum Element (FUSE) is built entirely from a single piece of metal using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) for space-borne missions. An active electronically scanned array (AESA) was built that includes an 8×4 linearly polarized aperture and low-profile feed circuitry that has eight true-time delay units (TDU) to fit inside a 3U CubeSat. This AESA operates over 1.5 GHz – 6 GHz, scanning +/- 45 degrees in azimuth with a very low active voltage standing wave ratio (active VSWR). The weight of the array with its combiner and beamforming boards is less than 3 lbs.
DYNAMICS OF LOCAL CHAIN MOTION

Some aspects of the rates of local conformational changes in solutions of chain molecules are discussed. These include competition between local and collective modes of motion, various experimental results for polystyrene and its derivatives, applications of the Brownian motion theory of Kramers, and the concentration dependence of the rates of local processes.
Determining Language and Inclusion for Deaf-Plus Children.

Educators have long argued about the best ways for Deaf children to communicate and how they should be educated. The two notions are inseparable for Deaf students who most often learn language at school. Since the passing of IDEA, most Deaf students have moved from segregated schools to their neighborhood schools where all students might benefit from learning and socializing together—the foundations of inclusion. Might inclusion for Deaf students with multiple disabilities mean something different? In this ethnography, the authors examined the experiences of six families that had school-aged children who were Deaf-Plus and used signed language to communicate. Research questions included: 1) What were the experiences of parents navigating communication and education for their children and 2) What did inclusion mean for their children? Data collection included: Semi-structured interviews, participant observations, and focus groups. The team developed three themes: 1) External Influences on Parent’s Decision-Making Regarding Language and Communication, 2) Language and Communication Varies Among Deaf-Plus Children and Their Family Members, and 3) Struggling to Determine and Secure an Inclusive and Productive Learning Environment for Their Deaf-Plus Children. It behooves educators to consider how students’ individual characteristics might benefit learning and create improved inclusive experiences.
High protein brown rice flour, tapioca starch & potato starch in the development of gluten-free cupcakes

Abstract Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important ingredient for the development of gluten free bakery products. The quality of these types of products varies depending on the levels of rice amylose, particle size of the rice flour, rice grain length as related to amylose content, water absorption rate and the use of other ingredients such as hydrocolloids. This research work was aimed to develop a cupcake using high protein brown rice flour (HPBRF) in combination with tapioca starch (TF) and potato starch (PS) of which the formulations were evaluated for textural properties, specific volume, and sensory attributes, using a Simplex-Centroid mixture design. In addition, rheological, pasting, and chemical attributes were evaluated for the high protein brown rice flour, tapioca starch & potato starch. In the development of the cupcake formulations, starch incorporation increased the cupcakes specific volume from 2.32 mL/g to a maximum of 3.85 mL/g and decreased hardness from 10.62 N to 1.9 N. As a result, the optimized formulation recommended to compare by sensory evaluation to a wheat flour cupcake (control) was 60 g/100 g brown rice flour, 30.7 g/100 g tapioca starch and 9.3 g/100 g potato starch giving a 100% desirability with an overall liking of 6.96.
Isotopic trace analysis of water vapor with multipass cavity Raman scattering.

Cavity-enhanced spontaneous Raman scattering was investigated as a means of simple and inexpensive isotopic water analysis. A multimode blue laser diode equipped with a feedback-generating multipass cavity provided a 100-fold Raman enhancement at a pump linewidth of 3.5 cm−1. Samples containing trace amounts of 1H2H16O were probed at deuterium-hydrogen concentration ratios ranging from 157 parts-per-million (local seawater) down to 8 parts-per-million (deuterium depleted water). All measurements were performed in argon or dried air at atmospheric pressure at 1H2H16O concentrations nearing 100 parts per billion with an uncooled camera at exposure times as short as a few minutes.
"It just took something from me": A mixed-methods examination of intimate partner violence victimization and perpetration among U.S. Indigenous peoples.

OBJECTIVE Indigenous peoples of the United States experience disproportionate rates of intimate partner violence (IPV). The framework of historical oppression, resilience, and transcendence (FHORT) was used to understand risk factors for IPV victimization and perpetration. METHOD In this exploratory sequential mixed-methods study, data were collected with 436 participants in the qualitative portion and 127 participants in the quantitative portion. After listwise deletion of missing variables, 117 participants were included in the main analyses. Thematic reconstructive analysis was used to qualitatively investigate how Indigenous peoples describe IPV victimization. T-test and regression analyses examined the following risk factors for IPV victimization and perpetration: (a) perceived oppression, (b) adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), (c) alcohol and other drug (AOD) abuse, (d) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), (e) anxiety, (f) younger age, and (g) female gender. RESULTS Qualitative results revealed ACE, infidelity, and AOD abuse were frequently mentioned among IPV victimization for participants, with women experiencing more severe violence. Quantitative results indicated PTSD and IPV victimization were higher among women. Oppression, ACE, AOD abuse, PTSD, and female gender were risk factors for victimization, whereas younger age, anxiety, and alcohol use were risk factors for perpetration. CONCLUSIONS Indigenous peoples in these samples experienced rampant IPV, which was exacerbated and triggered by alcohol, drug use, and infidelity. To prevent IPV for adults, it is germane to prevent exposure to violence and substance abuse across the life course. Family-focused and culturally grounded interventions that focus both on AOD abuse, emotional regulation, and violence prevention are recommended. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Flow and Decay Characteristics of Submerged Yield-Pseudoplastic Jets

The flow structure and decay characteristics of submerged yield-pseudoplastic jets are investigated. Numerical solutions to the governing mass and momentum conservation equations, along with the Herschel-Bulkley rheological model, are obtained using a finite-difference scheme. A large recirculation region exists for Newtonian and pseudoplastic non-Newtonian jets. However, the extent and strength of the recirculation region substantially diminish with the yield number and, to a much lesser extent, when the shear-thinning index is decreased from 1 to 0.6. Increasing the yield number beyond a critical value eliminates flow recirculation. The centerline velocity and momentum decay of yield-pseudoplastic jets, in general, increase with the yield number. The impact of shear-thinning on the flow structure and decay characteristics of the jet is more pronounced at low yield numbers.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Eyes in the Sky: Constitutional and Regulatory Approaches to Domestic Drone Deployment

By the end of this decade it is estimated that 30,000 drones will occupy national airspace. President Obama has set a deadline of September 2015 for the Federal Aviation Administration to promulgate new regulations for safely integrating drones into the national airspace. Law enforcement agencies around the country have purchased drones and are testing the new technology. On June 19, 2013, FBI Director Robert Mueller told Congress that the FBI has deployed drones for surveillance on domestic soil and is developing guidelines for their future law enforcement use. The very essence of drone surveillance is that it is less expensive and more efficient than conventional aircraft at tracking the movements of large numbers of people without their knowledge. The capabilities of onboard instruments like high-resolution cameras, infrared devices, facial recognition systems, and other sensory enhancing technologies will make it virtually impossible to shield oneself from government watch. Fourth Amendment privacy jurisprudence has yet to grapple with drones and their unprecedented surveillance capabilities. In the short term, legislative action will likely provide more substantive protection for individual privacy interests. Although there is bipartisan concern in Congress for how unmanned aerial surveillance may erode expectations of privacy, legislators are yet to reach consensus on a regulatory approach. States have responded more quickly to privacy concerns raised by drone use. More than eighty bills and resolutions have been introduced in forty-two states. Since January 2013, eight states have enacted drone surveillance legislation. This article is concerned with government use of unmanned aerial surveillance and the limits the Fourth Amendment and legislative action can place on this new technology. How will courts evaluate whether unmanned aerial surveillance in navigable airspace constitutes a search under the Fourth Amendment? Supreme Court jurisprudence on aerial surveillance is limited to cases dealing with manned aircraft flying at low altitudes. Is there a permissible length of time that surveillance may be used without triggering Fourth Amendment protections? Justice Alito, along with three other justices in United States v. Jones cautioned that some government surveillance does not implicate the Fourth Amendment. Who will be allowed to access the information the drones collect and how long can it be stored? In a digital age where such large quantities of data are transmitted to third parties, lawmakers are concerned about the dissemination and retention of information collected from drone surveillance. This article explores these challenging, largely unexplored questions and offers constitutional and legislative prescriptions for regulating drones.
SiO2 and Si3N4 etch mechanisms in NF3/hydrocarbon plasma

Low-pressure inductive plasma was used to study SiO2 and Si3N4 etching with NF3/hydrocarbon chemistry. NF3 and a hydrocarbon were used so that fluorine and carbon could be supplied from feed gases other than global warming fluorocarbons. Etch rates of SiO2 are less than the Si3N4 etch rates over a wide range of conditions. With 50 W of wafer power, the SiO2 etch rate was of the order of 25 nm min−1 while the Si3N4 etch rate was of the order of 50 nm min−1. Similarly to a fluorocarbon chemistry, the etch process yields a very thin carbon-based steady-state film whose characteristics were determined with ex situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). From mass spectrometry and XPS, CHxF, CF2 and CF3 were produced but in small concentrations compared with CHx and CN. Comparisons of normalized F 1s spectra of nitride and oxide show that relative concentrations of CF2 and CF3 on SiO2 are much lower than the concentrations on Si3N4. It appears that SiO2 preferentially reacts with CF2 and CF3 only but not with C–C or CHxF. Differences in the abilities of SiO2 and Si3N4 to react with C–C structures contributed to higher etch rates of Si3N4.
Disparate Perceptions of Weight Between Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Female College Students

Abstract Purpose: To compare body mass index (BMI; calculated from self-reported height and weight) and self-described weight status between heterosexual and lesbian, bisexual, questioning (LBQ) female college students and identify factors associated with overweight/obesity. Methods: Participants included females (n=18,440) from the National College Health Assessment survey. Mean BMI, t-tests of weight status, and chi-square tests of characteristics between LBQ and heterosexual females were calculated. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals from logistic regression models were used to estimate the likelihood of self-described “slightly overweight” status, self-described “very overweight” status, BMI 25.0–29.9 lb/in2 (overweight), and BMI ≥30.0 lb/in2 (obese) for female college students. Results: LBQ females were significantly heavier than heterosexual females overall and for each additional year in school. Covariates that increased the odds of all four dependent variables (self-described “slightly” and ...
OBESITY IN BLACK WOMEN

The marked excess of obesity among black women in the United States poses several interesting questions which provide the framework for this review: Is the apparent high prevalence of obesity in black women a valid finding? If so, does it show the expected disease and disease risk associations? Can the contributory genetic and environmental variables be identified? Regarding the validity issue, the high prevalence of obesity in black women seems to be neither artifactual nor primarily an indirect effect of socioeconomic status. On the issue of racial comparability of disease risks among women, the available evidence is less conclusive. Obesity appears to have qualitatively similar health consequences for black women and white women but may be less strongly related to some disease risks (for example, hypertension) in black women than in white women. Obesity risks of black women may, however, be enhanced by the presence of multiple risk factors. On the question of causes, no clear mechanism for the excess obesity in black women can be identified. There is some evidence to support hypotheses based on dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic influences. Genetic factors cannot be ruled out. Several relevant future research possibilities can be suggested. Epidemiologic studies of both genetic and environmental influences in female obesity are needed. Studies among black females might further specify patterns of body weight and body fat distribution according to degree of European admixture and developmental variables such as caloric exposure in utero and in early infancy. Studies to establish more clearly the relative risks of various health outcomes for obese black women are needed to assist in setting public health priorities. For example, what are the attributable and absolute risks of overweight or obesity compared with other risk factors that are potential intervention targets? Studies are needed to define effective means of preventing and treating obesity among black women. Effective interventions are likely to be culture-specific. Definitive comparisons of black women and white women on environmentally mediated aspects of obesity might contribute to models of obesity in the general population and might also elucidate points at which black women and white women diverge. For example, short-term prospective studies are needed to better specify the natural history of weight gain and weight loss among females of both races during critical periods such as adolescence, post partum, lactation and post lactation, and during major life stresses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Competitive inhibition of calcineurin phosphatase activity by its autoinhibitory domain

Calcineurin (protein phosphatase 2B), a calmodulin- and calcium-dependent serine/threonine phosphatase, appears to be regulated by a C-terminal autoinhibitory domain. A 25 amino acid peptide derived from this domain inhibits calcineurin phosphatase activity in vitro. Here we show that a 97 amino acid fragment of the calcineurin A alpha C-terminus is approx. 8-fold more potent than the shorter peptide in calcineurin inhibition experiments. Mutation of an evolutionarily conserved Asp to Asn, previously shown to disrupt calcium-dependent signalling and calcineurin regulation in T-lymphocytes, greatly reduced inhibition by the autoinhibitory domain in vitro. Kinetic analysis of wild-type and mutated autoinhibitory domains show that both are competitive inhibitors of calcineurin phosphatase activity with Ki values of 5.0 +/- 0.2 microM and 36.0 +/- 3.7 microM respectively. This suggests intrasteric regulation of calcineurin, with the autoinhibitory domains interacting at the active site of the enzyme. The competitive behaviour of the autoinhibitory domains contrasts with the mechanism of calcineurin inhibition by immunosuppressant-immunophilin complexes, which have been shown to bind to calcineurin at a region removed from the active site.
Economic Impact of the Critical Access Hospital Program on Kentucky's Communities.

Context: In 1997, the Medicare Rural Hospital Flexibility Grant Program created the Critical Access Hospital (CAH) Program as a response to the financial distress of rural hospitals. It was believed that this program would reduce the rate of rural hospital closures and improve access to health care services in rural communities. Objective: The objective of this paper is to analyze the economic impact of the CAH Program on Kentucky's communities. Methods: Both an economic input-output model and a quasi-experimental control group method are used in this research paper. While the analysis using the input-output model uses data from the year 2006, the analysis using the quasi-experimental control group method uses data from 1989 to 2006. Conclusion: The results indicate that the rural counties where a CAH was adopted did appear to benefit in economic terms relative to those that did not have a CAH.
Compositions of three tephra layers from the byrd station ice core, antarctica

Abstract Volcanic glass shards from three tephra layers at 788, 1457, 1711 m depth in the 2164-m Byrd Station ice core from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet were analysed by electron microprobe. Glass shards within each tephra layer are homogeneous and have peralkaline trachyte compositions. Mt. Takahe, 450 km north-northwest of the drill site is considered the most likely eruptive source, although Toney Mountain, 460 km to the north is also a possible source. Tephra layers in ice cores from the West Antarctic ice sheet may offer a valuable tool for stratigraphic correlation.
A model of the used car market with lemons and leasing

This article extends Kim's (1985) model of the used car market with asymmetric information to examine the possible impacts of leasing and Certified Pre-Owned (CPO) programs on the average quality of traded used cars in the market. The author assumed that a consumer can buy or lease a new car, or he/she can buy a used or a CPO car. While, like Kim (1985), the author assumed that the quality of a car depends on the maintenance level, the maintenance level in this model is chosen when a car is still a ‘new’ car, i.e. after the warranty ends. The model implied that the average quality of traded used cars can be either higher or lower than the average quality of nontraded used cars. The study also found that leasing and CPO have substantially improved the information mechanism between buyers and sellers of used cars, which, in turn, has helped reduce adverse selection and improved the average quality of traded used cars in the market.
Composition, Literature, and the Emergence of Modern Reading Practices

In the past fifteen years, scholars in both composition and literature have called for a more integrated approach to reading and writing.1 The essays in the collection Composition and Literature: Bridging the Gap edited by Winifred Horner, for example, stressed the common interests of scholarship in these two domains. Similarly, the Modern Language Association recommended in a 1982 report that "MLA publications make deliberate efforts to stimulate thought and research about the interrelations of literature, composition, and rhetorical theory" (952). More recently, Peter Elbow has called for the end of "the war between reading and writing," arguing that "the primacy of reading in the reading/writing dichotomy is an act of locating authority away from the student and keeping it entirely in the teacher or institution or great figure" (17). Richard Lloyd-Jones and Andrea Lunsford have also emphasized the importance of an integrated approach to reading and writing in the curriculum, one that allows teachers to "foster student learning in reading, writing, interpreting, speaking, and listening" (316). Like Elbow, Lloyd-Jones and Lunsford insist that the integration of reading and writing not only enables students to become more active learners but also is critical for "educating students for participation in democracy" (85). But while an integrated approach to reading and writing is certainly a worthy goal, scholars in literary and composition studies differ on fundamental issues that may preclude (or at least complicate) our attempts to develop pedagogies that allow students to connect their own texts with other texts they encounter both inside and outside the classroom. One such issue involves the very nature of texts themselves-what texts are, how they are produced, and how we should read them. The assumptions, for example, about what it means to interpret a text diverge radically depending on whether the text is a student text or a literary text. As David Bartholomae observes: "The teacher who is unable to make sense out of a seemingly bizarre piece of student writing is often the same teacher who can give an elaborate explanation of the 'meaning' of a story by Donald Barthelme or a poem by e.e. cummings" (255). Instructors who interpret elements such as narrative leaps, obscure references, and twisted syntax as "errors" in student texts read the same elements in a literary work as
DENSITY EFFECTS IN THE REACTION OF 2-PROPANOL IN SUPERCRITICAL WATER

ABSTRACT The effect of density on the reactivity of 2-propanol in supercritical water (SCW) has been investigated in a stirred batch reactor featuring direct injection of small amounts of organic liquids directly into the supercritical environment. The substrate is taken from ambient temperatures to supercritical conditions in ≤200 ms, preventing interference from subcritical hot-water chemistry and allowing one to isolate reactivity in the SCW region. On-line microscale sampling allows product analysis without significantly perturbing the reaction conditions. At densities of 0.24 g cm−3 to 0.58 g cm−3 the main reaction of 2-propanol is found to be dehydration to give propene and water. The reaction reaches equilibrium in times of a few minutes to tens of hours, with the rate strongly dependent on the water density. This phenomenon was investigated at water densities between 0.24 g cm−3 and 0.58 g cm−3 and temperatures between 654 K and 686 K. It is postulated that much of the rate increase with density i...
Sequential Bonferroni Methods for Multiple Hypothesis Testing with Strong Control of Family-Wise Error Rates I and II

Abstract Sequential procedures are developed for simultaneous testing of multiple hypotheses in sequential experiments. Proposed stopping rules and decision rules achieve strong control of both family-wise error rates I and II. The optimal procedure is sought that minimizes the expected sample size under these constraints. Bonferroni methods for multiple comparisons are extended to sequential setting and are shown to attain an approximately 50% reduction in the expected sample size compared with the earlier approaches. Asymptotically optimal procedures are derived under Pitman alternative.
Reduction of pattern peeling in step-and-flash imprint lithography

A strong adhesion force between resist and underlayer materials was employed to reduce resist pattern peeling generated from de-molding in step-and-flash imprint lithography (SFIL), while simultaneously minimizing the adhesion force between resist material and the template surface with fluorinated surfactants. The reduction in resist pattern peeling by the interaction between the fluorinated SiO"2 resist with epoxy groups and UV reactive underlayer materials with epoxy groups during UV irradiation was investigated. An optimized resist material formulation and high adhesion strength between resist and underlayer materials led to the well-patterned 80nm resist lines on an underlayer for 100 imprints. The underlayer material was modified by a thermal crosslinking reaction of the aminoplast at 130^oC before nanoimprinting and, in conjunction with a cationic epoxy chemical reaction between the resist and the underlayer during UV irradiation before de-molding, proved to be quite effective for SFIL defect reduction.
A note on uniqueness of electoral equilibrium when the median voter is unobserved

Abstract This note considers the unidimensional electoral model in which two candidates seek to maximize their vote totals and do not observe the preferences of the voters. I show that there is a unique equilibrium and, in equilibrium, both candidates locate at the median of the (normalized) sum of distributions of individual voter ideal policies. In fact, this equilibrium is unique among all mixed strategy equilibria.
Una seconda fase del realismo del dopoguerra: the innovative realism of Elsa Morante’s 'L’isola di Arturo'

(2012). 'Una seconda fase del realismo del dopoguerra': the innovative realism of Elsa Morante's L'isola di Arturo. The Italianist: Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 32-52.
Tensor spline approximation

Abstract The cyclic-shift tensor-factorization interpolation method recently described by de Boor can be used in particular for least-squares fitting of multivariate data on a rectangular grid and for evaluation of the resulting tensor-product splines, taking advantage of existing linear algebra and univariate spline software. We discuss the computational details of this method, pointing out variants and suggesting techniques for dealing with ill-conditioned least-squares problems.
Reducing pitch error of a linear motion system actuated by a permanent magnet open face linear motor

Abstract When using iron-core open face linear motors, the magnetic attraction between the forcer and the magnet track is about 5–7 times higher than the maximum motor force. The magnetic attraction can be used in a motor-preloaded-bearing concept, e.g. to preload aerostatic or hydrostatic bearings. Based on this concept a high-precision grinding tool machine that moves on aerostatic bearings has been successfully introduced. However, the attraction force also creates an inherent pitch moment and resulting position dependent, periodic pitch error motion due to finite bearing stiffness. A method to model and reduce the resulting pitch error is presented. In experiments the overall pitch was reduced by a factor of 3.
Kilbuck terrane: Oldest known rocks in Alaska

The Kilbuck terrane in southwestern Alaska is a narrow, thin crustal sliver or flake of amphibolite facies orthogneiss. The igneous protolith of this gneiss was a suite of subduction-related plutonic rocks. U-Pb data on zircons from trondhjemitic and granitic samples yield upper-intercept (igneous) ages of 2,070 {plus minus}16 and 2,040 {plus minus}74 Ma, respectively. Nd isotope data from these rocks suggest that a diorite-tonalite-trondhjemite suite ({epsilon}{sub Nd}(T) = +2.1 to +2.7; T is time of crystallization) evolved from partial melts of depleted mantle with no discernible contamination by older crust, whereas a coeval granitic pluton ({epsilon}{sub Nd}(T) = {minus}5.7) contains a significant component derived from Archean crust. Orthogneisses with similar age and Nd isotope characteristics are found in the Idono complex 250 km to the north. Early Proterozoic rocks are unknown elsewhere in Alaska. However, Phanerozoic plutons cutting several continental terranes in Alaska (southern Brooks Range and Ruby, Seward, and Yukon-Tanana terranes) have Nd isotope compositions indicative of Early Proterozoic (or older) crustal components that could be correlative with rocks of the Kilbuck terrane. Rocks with similar igneous ages in cratonal North America are rare, and those few that are known have Nd isotope compositions distinct from those of themore » Kilbuck terrane. Conversely, provinces with Nd model ages of 2.0-2.1 Ga are characterized by extensive 1.8 Ga or younger plutonism, which is unknown in the Kilbuck terrane. At present the case for a North American parentage of the Kilbuck terrane is not compelling. The possibility that the Kilbuck terrane was displaced from provinces of similar age in other cratons (e.g., Australian, Baltic, Guiana, and west African shields), or from the poorly dated Siberian craton, cannot be excluded.« less
An experimental investigation of sootshell formation in microgravity droplet combustion

Spherically symmetric droplet combustion experiments were performed at the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) 2.2 second drop tower in Cleveland, OH in an effort to better understand the mechanism leading to sootshell formation. Rapid insertion of a blunt plunger was used to remove the symmetric sootshell that formed during the period of quasisteady burning. This allowed for the observation of sootshell re-formation. Soot particles were formed near the flame front and migrated towards the droplet to ultimately reside at the sootshell location. These experiments helped to bring about a better understanding of soot transport in microgravity droplet combustion. 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Skin perfusion photography

The separation of global and direct light components of a scene is highly useful for scene analysis, as each component offers different information about illumination-scene-detector interactions. Relying on ray optics, the technique is important in computational photography, but it is often underappreciated in the biomedical imaging community, where wave interference effects are utilized. Nevertheless, such coherent optical systems lend themselves naturally to global-direct separation methods because of the high spatial frequency nature of speckle interference patterns. Here, we extend global-direct separation to laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) system to reconstruct speed maps of blood flow in skin. We compare experimental results with a speckle formation model of moving objects and show that the reconstructed map of skin perfusion is improved over the conventional case
Application of a very long cavity laser to atom slowing down and optical pumping

Abstract A method to slow down an atomic beam with a counter-propagating resonant laser beam is proposed. The laser radiates across the full Doppler profile of the atomic beam with a longitudinal mode separation which is slightly less than the homogeneous linewidth of the atoms. This allows the atoms to come to rest without the need for frequency tuning or laser chirping. The required mode separation can be obtained from a very long-cavity laser. The application to optical pumping will be also discussed.
Electrical resistivity of sputtered Cu/Cr multilayered thin films

Parallel (in-plane) electrical resistivities of single-layered Cu and Cr films, and Cu/Cr multilayered thin films sputter deposited on Si substrates were evaluated as a function of layer thicknesses ranging from 2.5 to 150 nm in the temperature range of 4–325 K. The resistivity of the multilayers at a given temperature increased and residual resistivity ratio decreased with decreasing layer thicknesses. At 300 K, the resistivity of a 1 μm thick Cu film was approximately equal to the bulk value, but the resistivity of the Cr film was an order of magnitude higher than that of bulk Cr. The microstructures of the multilayers and the single-layered Cu and Cr thin films were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. For layer thicknesses ranging from 2.5 to 150 nm, the multilayers exhibited sharp, planar interfaces between the two phases. The individual Cu and Cr layers were nanocrystalline with near-equiaxed grains in Cu and columnar grains in Cr. The dependence of electrical resistivity on the layer ...
The chimney graft technique for preserving visceral vessels during endovascular treatment of aortic pathologies.

Objective Patients with juxtarenal, pararenal, or thoracoabdominal aneurysms require complex surgical open repair, which is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. The "chimney graft" or "snorkel" technique has evolved as a potential alternative to fenestrated and side-branched endografts. The purpose of this study is to review all published reports on chimney graft (CG) technique involving visceral vessels and investigate the safety and efficacy of the technique. Methods Studies were included in the present review if visceral revascularization during endovascular treatment of aortic pathologies was achieved via a CG implantation. Reports on the chimney technique for aortic arch branches revascularization were excluded. A multiple electronic health database search was performed on all articles published until April 2011. Results The electronic literature search yielded 15 reports that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. A total of 93 patients (81.3% male; mean age, 71.9 ± 0.9 years) were analyzed. In 77.4% of the patients, the CG procedure was applied for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Out of the 93 patients, 24.7% were operated on in an urgent setting (symptomatic or ruptured aneurysm). A total of 134 CGs were implanted: 108 to the renal arteries, 20 to the superior mesenteric artery, five to the celiac trunk, and one to the inferior mesenteric artery. In 57 patients, a single CG was deployed; in 32 patients, two CGs; in three patients, three CGs; and in one patient, four CGs were deployed. Ninety-four percent of CGs were directed proximally, whereas 6.0% were directed caudally. Primary technical success was achieved in all patients. A total of 13 patients (14.0%) developed a type I endoleak. Three were detected and treated intraoperatively. Postoperatively, 10 type I endoleaks were revealed, four of which required secondary intervention. During a mean follow-up period of 9.0 ± 1.0 months, 131 of 134 (97.8%) CGs remained patent. Two CGs to the renal arteries and one to the superior mesenteric artery occluded. Postoperatively, 11.8% of patients suffered renal function impairment and 2.1% a myocardial infarction. Ischemic stroke presented in 3.2% of patients. The 30-day in-hospital mortality was 4.3%. Conclusions The role of the chimney technique in the management of complex abdominal aortic aneurysms is still unclear. This technique has relatively good results, considering the anatomic limitations of the aortic neck. However, long-term endograft durability and proximal fixation remains a significant concern. Thus, there is a reasonable hesitation to embrace the method for widespread use in the absence of long-term data.
Note on online books and articles about the history of dissociation.

Students of the history of dissociation will be interested in the materials on the subject available in the digital document database Google Book Search. This includes a variety of books and journals covering automatic writing, hypnosis, mediumship, multiple personality, trance, somnambulism, and other topics. Among the authors represented in the database are: Eugene Azam, Alfred Binet, James Braid, Jean-Martin Charcot, Pierre Janet, Frederic W.H. Myers, Morton Prince, and Boris Sidis, among others. The database includes examples of case reports, conceptual discussions, and psychiatric and psychological textbook literature.
Mode competition and output power in regular and chaotic dielectric cavity lasers

We use the multi-mode lasing equations of Haken to analyze the stationary state lasing patterns of two-dimensional dielectric microcavity lasers of different shape, including the circle and various smooth deformations of the circle. We find a generic increase in the power output with deformation which is relatively insensitive to the specific form of the shape deformation. In addition we find strong mode selection in favor of librational modes (including but not solely the bow-tie modes) in the case when the pumping is concentrated near the center of the cavity. These results point towards an explanation of the dramatic results on power increase with deformation obtained by Gmachl et al. in quantum cascade micro-cylinder lasers. The sensitivity of the lasing solutions to the nature of the ray dynamics (chaotic, integrable and mixed) will also be analyzed.
Peptide sequencing with electrospray ionization on a magnetic sector mass spectrometer

Sequence information is obtained by in-source fragmentation of electrospray-generated peptide ions. The complete sequences of leucine enkephalin, angiotensin I, and renin substrate are determined from their fragment ions and consume only low picomole amounts of material. The method involves collision-induced fragmentation of singly and multiply charged molecular ions in the electrospray ion source and does not involve tandem mass spectrometric instrumentation. The charge on the fragment ions is determined by the spacing of the isotope peaks.
Ultraviolet Absorption and Fluorescence Emission Spectroscopic Studies of Macrocyclic and Linear Poly(9,9-dimethyl-2-vinylfluorene). Evidence for Ground-State Chromophore Interactions

UV absorptivities of macrocyclic and matching linear poly(9,9-dimethyl-2-vinylfluorene) prepared from the same precursors show decreases of 30 and 15%, respectively, as degrees of polymerization (DPn's) increase from 12 to 142. The strong increase in hypochromism with molecular weight for the macrocycles indicates an increase in ordering of the large pendent aromatic chromophores. The emission intensities of the low-DPn macrocycles were found to be enhanced up to 20% compared to the matching linear polymers. This is attributed to both decreased excimer formation and lower rates of radiation-less decay especially in the smaller rings.
IR photolysis of CDF3: a study in kinetics of multiple-photon dissociation with applications to deuterium separation

Abstract CO2 laser multiple-photon dissociation (MPD) of CDF3 is examined as a function of fluence and collisions, providing new understanding of MPD. Notably, the dissociation yield is increased 100-fold due to collisions with argon. Photochemically, this molecule is ideally suited for deuterium separation.
Improving OpenURL Menus: User Testing of Revisions to SFX® Menus

Abstract Twenty-one volunteers tested the usability of revisions to the Texas A&M University Libraries' SFX® OpenURL link resolver menus, including the addition of Ex Libris' new bX™ recommendation service and a plug-in which pulls additional information about the journal into the menu. The volunteers also evaluated the quality and desirability of the bX recommendations and discussed their preferences for help options and full-text format. Results of the usability testing are reported along with the resultant menu changes. This study will be of interest to librarians implementing or redesigning OpenURL menus as well as those interested in the user experience.
Influence of high temperature on the performance of some Phaseolus species at different developmental stages

The effect of short term high temperature exposure on the performance of five Phaseolus species and of long term (continuous) exposure on the performance of P. vulgaris was studied at three growth stages. Phaseolus species subjected to 26.7, 32.2 or 37.3°C for two days showed small differences in the number of pods produced and in visual leaf damage, but large differences in leaf heat killing time, as measured by conductivity. P. coccineus had the shortest heat killing time (20–60 minutes) and P. acutifolius and P. lunatus the longest times (180 and 153 minutes), respectively. The P. vulgaris genotypes were intermediate in killing times to P. acutifolius and P. coccineus. Species response was not consistent with temperature within developmental stage. On average, the number of pods decreased as temperature increased from 32.2 to 37.3°C. Heat killing time and leaf damage also increased with temperature. CO2 exchange rates of plants grown at prolonged high temperatures (30–40°C/20–30°C, day/night) decreased with the age of the plant. Shoot lenght was decreased as high temperature. P. vulgaris genotypes differed on the basis of either short term exposure or of continuous exposure. These results suggest that there may be useful germplasm in Phaseolus for improving heat tolerance.
Decoupled Active Suspension Design for Improved Automotive Ride Quality/Handling Performance

SUMMARY A seven degree-of-freedom vehicle model, incorporating a fully interconnected active suspension is developed. The model is used to analyze the effect of coupling and of absolute damping on sprung mass isolation, as well as tire normal load distribution. A parametric study shows that when absolute damping is used, decoupling the heave and pitch body modes both improves body isolation, and reduces fore-aft tire load transfer. However, absolute body roll damping, while improving body isolation, increases the effect of road disturbances on lateral load transfer distribution.