cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Channeling of low-energy ions on hydrogen-covered single-crystal surfaces

Low-energy ion beam techniques such as direct recoil spectroscopy (DRS) are well-suited for directly detecting adsorbed hydrogen. However, with this approach it has previously only been possible to detect the hydrogen configuration on single-crystal surfaces for a narrow range of conditions (e.g., when the adsorbate atoms reside close to the surface). In this study we investigate the experimental and modeling tools needed to extend DRS to a much wider range of adsorption geometries. At grazing incidence, we show how adsorbed hydrogen affects ion focusing along open surface channels, thereby revealing fine details about the binding geometry even for adsorbates residing high above the substrate. Under such conditions, the scattering process is characterized by ions interacting with many atoms simultaneously. Therefore interpreting these types of measurements properly requires realistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with accurate scattering potentials at large distances. As an illustration of the progress that can be made, we consider how hydrogen is recoiled from W(100)$+$H(ads) during exposure to a low-energy (1 keV) Ne${}^{+}$ analysis beam at grazing incidence. The closest approach distance of the ions is $g$1 $\AA{}$, making hydrogen located high above the substrate readily accessible. By mapping the hydrogen recoils over different crystallographic directions using DRS, we identify focusing mechanisms that provide information on the adsorbed hydrogen configuration. When W(100) is continuously dosed with H${}_{2}$(g) to maintain a saturation coverage, we observe enhanced recoil signals along the $\ensuremath{\langle}$100$\ensuremath{\rangle}$ and $\ensuremath{\langle}$110$\ensuremath{\rangle}$ azimuths consistent with hydrogen residing in bridge sites. The reproduction of the complex experimental scattering spectra by our MD modeling techniques offers a pathway to locate hydrogen well within its vibrational envelope.
Studies into the mechanism of CO-induced N2 cleavage promoted by an ansa-hafnocene complex and C-C bond formation from an observed intermediate.

Carbonylation of the hafnocene dinitrogen complex, [Me2Si(η5-C5Me4)(η5-C5H3-tBu)Hf]2(μ2, η2, η2-N2), yields the corresponding hafnocene oxamidide compound, arising from N2 cleavage with concomitant C–C and C–N bond formation. Monitoring the addition of 4 atm of CO by NMR spectroscopy allowed observation of an intermediate hafnocene complex with terminal and bridging isocyanates and a terminal carbonyl. 13C labeling studies revealed that the carbonyl is the most substitutionally labile ligand in the intermediate and that N–C bond formation in the bridging isocyanate is reversible. No exchange was observed with the terminal isocyanate. Kinetic data established that the conversion of the intermediate to the hafnocene oxamidide was not appreciably inhibited by carbon monoxide and support a pathway involving rate-determining C–C coupling of the isocyanate ligands. Addition of methyl iodide to the intermediate hafnocene resulted in additional carbon–carbon bond formation arising from CO homologation following n...
Desorption Kinetics of the Monoethanolamine/Macroporous TiO2-Based CO2 Separation Process

Monoethanolamine (MEA)/macroporous TiO2 sorbent is a promising material for CO2 separation because of its low energy demand. Similar to other CO2 separation technologies, CO2 desorption from the MEA/macroporous TiO2 sorbent is the most energy-intensive step in the overall CO2 separation process. The presence of water during the CO2 desorption process leads to a significant increase in energy consumption. Therefore, CO2 desorption in the absence of water is an important method to reduce energy consumption of CO2 separation using MEA/macroporous TiO2, which is determined by several major factors, including desorption kinetics. However, the study on CO2 desorption kinetics of supported MEA is lacking. This research was designed to make progress in this area. The CO2 desorption kinetic model of the MEA/macroporous TiO2 sorbent is experimentally derived with the data collected within the water-free desorption environment and theoretically proven by the pseudo-steady-state theory. The Avrami–Erofeyev mechanism ...
Suggestions for improvement on air quality of Shijiazhuang City

Aiming at serious pollution problems resulted from electricity generation and heat production and combining to the status of present electricity and heat supply,some suggestions and measures to reduce the pollution are given.
Income Effect on Consumption Behavior

As a response to a changing socioeconomic environment, consumers engage in appropriate adaptive behaviors. This paper identifies a typology of such inflation induced adaptive behaviors in relation to food consumption. Utilizing factor analysis, six types of adaptive behaviors were identified. To add to the description of these six behaviors, a cluster analysis of the factor scores was conducted. Significant variation in the six adaptive behaviors was found when related to consumers’ income levels. Implications of the research as well as methodological issues are discussed.
Data’s Intimacy: Machinic Sensibility and the Quantified Self

Today, machines observe, record, sense the world – not just for us, but sometimes instead of us (in our stead), and even indifferently to us humans. And yet, we remain human. Correlationism may not be up to a comprehensive ontology, but the ways in which we encounter, and struggle to make some kind of sense of, machinic sensibility matters. The nature of that encounter is not instrumentality, or even McLuhanian extension, but a full-blown ‘relationship’ where the terms by which machines ‘experience’ the world, and communicate with each other, parametrises the conditions for our own experience. This essay will play out one such relationship currently in the making: the boom in self-tracking technologies, and the attendant promise of data’s intimacy. This essay proceeds in three sections, all of which draw on a larger research project into self-tracking and contemporary data epistemologies. It thus leverages observations from close reading of self-tracking’s publicisation in the mass media between 2007 and 2016; analysis of over fifty self-tracking products, some of it through self-experimentation; and interviews and ethnographic observation, primarily of the ‘Quantified Self ’ connoisseur community. The first section examines the dominant public presentations of self-tracking in early twenty-first century discourse. This discourse embraces a vision of automated and intimate selfsurveillance, which is then promised to deliver superior control and objective knowledge over the self. Next, I link these promises to the recent theoretical turns towards the agency of objects and the autonomous sensory capacities of new media to consider the implications of such theories – and the technological shifts they address – for the phenomenology of the new media subject. Finally, I return to self-tracking discourse to consider its own idealisation of such a subject – what I call ‘data-sense’. I conclude by calling for a more explicit public and intellectual debate around the relationships we forge with new technologies, and the consequences they have for who – and what – is given which kinds of authority to speak the truth of the ‘self ’.
Modeling of Deposition Height in Localized Electrochemical Deposition Using Liquid Marbles

Abstract Application of Localized Electrochemical Deposition (LECD) using liquid marbles for micro repair and micro additive manufacturing is being researched. A liquid marble is a droplet of liquid coated with hydrophobic micro or nano powders. When a suitable electrolyte is used as the liquid, a liquid marble can be used for the LECD process. A theoretical model to predict the deposition height using a liquid marble is developed in this work. The height of deposition is a critical output parameter as it determines the minimum layer height in electrochemical additive manufacturing (ECAM). A physics based mathematical model using Faraday's law of electrolysis and the knowledge of geometry of the tool and metal powder has been developed. Experimental verification was carried out to validate the theoretical model. Experimental values follow the trend predicted by the model.
Low p16INK4a Expression in Early Passage Human Prostate Basal Epithelial Cells Enables Immortalization by Telomerase Expression Alone.

BACKGROUND There are two principal senescence barriers that must be overcome to successfully immortalize primary human epithelial cells in culture, stress-induced senescence, and replicative senescence. The p16INK4a/retinoblastoma protein (p16/Rb) pathway mediates stress-induced senescence, and is generally upregulated by primary epithelial cells in response to the artificial conditions from tissue culture. Replicative senescence is associated with telomere loss. Following each round of cell division, telomeres progressively shorten. Once telomeres shorten to a critical length, the DNA damage response pathway is activated, and the tumor suppressor p53 pathway triggers replicative senescence. Exogenous expression of telomerase in normal human epithelial cells extends the replicative capacity of cells, and in some cases, immortalizes cells. However reliable immortalization of epithelial cells usually requires telomerase activity coupled with inactivation of the p16/Rb pathway. METHODS A lentiviral vector, pLOX-TERT-iresTK (Addgene #12245), containing a CMV promoter upstream of a bicistronic coding cassette that includes loxP sites flanking the catalytic subunit of human telomerase gene (TERT) and herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase gene (HSV1-tk) was used to transduce normal prostate basal epithelial cells (PrECs) initiated in cell culture from prostate cancer patients undergoing radical prostatectomies. RESULTS Transduction of early (i.e., 7) passage PrECs were unsuccessful. Late passage PrECs, which acquired elevated p16, were unable to overcome the senescence barrier. Immortalized PrECs (TERT-PrECs) retained a normal male karyotype and low p16 expression. Additionally, TERT-PrECs were non-tumorigenic when inoculated into intact male immunodeficient NSG mice. CONCLUSIONS The present studies document that early passage human PrECs have sufficiently low p16 to permit immortalization by TERT expression alone. TERT-PrECs developed using this transduction approach provides an appropriate and experimentally facile model for clarifying the molecular mechanism(s) involved in both immortalization of human PrECs, as well as identifying genetic/epigenetic “drivers” for conversion of these immortalized non-tumorigenic cells into fully lethal prostate cancers. Notably, loxP sites flank the exogenous TERT gene in the TERT-PrECs. Cre recombinase can be used to excise TERT, and resolve whether TERT expression is required for these cells to be fully transformed into lethal cancer. Prostate 77: 374–384, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sclerostin expression and functions beyond the osteocyte

Sclerostin, the product of the SOST gene, is a secreted inhibitor of Wnt signaling that is produced by osteocytes to regulate bone formation. While it is often considered an osteocyte-specific protein, SOST expression has been reported in numerous other cell types, including hypertrophic chondrocytes and cementocytes. Of interest, SOST/sclerostin expression is altered in certain pathogenic conditions, including osteoarthritis and rheumatic joint disease, and it is unclear whether sclerostin plays a protective role or whether sclerostin may mediate disease pathogenesis. Therefore, as anti-sclerostin antibodies are being developed for the treatment of osteoporosis, it is important to understand the functions of sclerostin beyond the regulation of bone formation.
Gender, Parental Status, and the Wage Premium in Finance

Previous research documents a growing wage premium for elite financial workers since the 1980s. A second line of research finds substantial gender disparities in earnings and career mobility among elite financial workers. Yet little is known about whether women in finance still receive a wage premium compared with their nonfinance counterparts. In addition, few studies examine whether similar gender disparities exist among nonelite financial workers. This article examines how the wage premium for working in the financial sector varies by gender and parental status across the wage distribution. We report that women earn a greater wage premium than men in low-wage financial jobs, while almost all of the increase in wages in high finance is captured by elite men, particularly fathers. Consequently, the financial sector simultaneously exacerbates and mitigates gender inequalities at different locations of the labor market. Our findings highlight the significance of institutional context in amplifying and atte...
Public Participation: Moving Beyond the Four Walls of Therapy

Family therapists have an ethical responsibility for public participation, to work toward creating a better society. Serving the public interest and developing laws to promote the profession and the public good can be achieved through policy advocacy and political participation. Political and policy work are important but overlooked aspects of family therapy, which is significant given the consequences differing policies have for clients and the profession. This paper reports on results from a random, national survey of licensed family therapists' (N = 174) advocacy actions. Findings indicate family therapists have overarching policy concerns yet lack proactive legislative and activist engagement. The exploration of therapists' actions and beliefs presented in this paper, serves as a springboard for therapists' movement into the public arena. Video abstract accessible by clicking here.
The Central Conserved Region (CCR) of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) G Protein Modulates Host miRNA Expression and Alters the Cellular Response to Infection

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infects respiratory epithelial cells and deregulates host gene expression by many mechanisms including expression of RSV G protein (RSV G). RSV G protein encodes a central conserved region (CCR) containing a CX3C motif that functions as a fractalkine mimic. Disruption of the CX3C motif (a.a. 182–186) located in the CCR of the G protein has been shown to affect G protein function in vitro and the severity of RSV disease pathogenesis in vivo. We show that infection of polarized Calu3 respiratory cells with recombinant RSV having point mutations in Cys173 and 176 (C173/176S) (rA2-GC12), or Cys186 (C186S) (rA2-GC4) is associated with a decline in the integrity of polarized Calu-3 cultures and decreased virus production. This is accompanied with downregulation of miRNAs let-7f and miR-24 and upregulation of interferon lambda (IFNλ), a primary antiviral cytokine for RSV in rA2-GC12/rA2-GC4 infected cells. These results suggest that residues in the cysteine noose region of RSV G protein can modulate IFN λ expression accompanied by downregulation of miRNAs, and are important for RSV G protein function and targeting.
Mobile Peoples, Contested Borders: Land use Conflicts and Resolution Mechanisms among Borana and Guji Communities, Southern Ethiopia

Summary The article explores the determinants of different types of land-use disputes and institutional mechanisms for their settlement in the agro-pastoral and pastoral areas of Borana and Guji zones, southern Ethiopia. The analysis uses both household survey and qualitative interview data to answer the following questions: (1) what are the effects of spatial location on types of land use disputes experienced by households; (2) what types of boundary/border disputes are experienced by pastoralists within and between different ethnic groups; (3) what are the principal social and economic determinants of land use disputes; and (4) what factors determine the level of satisfaction by different parties in dispute settlement? We show that despite widespread land use changes in the area and the emergence of private enclosures on communal grazing lands, disputes around administrative borders trump all other determinants of conflict. We also find significant spatial and scale differences in the incidence of conflict, and that different types of conflict are taken to different conflict resolution institutions. Along these lines we also demonstrate that overall conflict and dissatisfaction with conflict resolution outcomes are more pronounced among the more mobile, livestock-dependent segment of the population than other groups. Finally, the article highlights the importance of understanding political and historical factors related to land rights and disputes as necessary for proposed land tenure programs in the area.
Unshielded magnetocardiography: Repeatability and reproducibility of automatically estimated ventricular repolarization parameters in 204 healthy subjects.

Background Magnetocardiographic mapping (MCG) provides quantitative assessment of the magnetic field (MF) induced by cardiac ionic currents, is more sensitive to tangential currents, and measures vortex currents undetectable by ECG, with higher reported sensitivity of MCG ventricular repolarization (VR) parameters for earlier detection of acute myocardial ischemia. Aims of this study were to validate the feasibility of in-hospital unshielded MCG and to assess repeatability and reproducibility of quantitative VR parameters, considering also possible gender- and age-related variability. Methods MCG of 204 healthy subjects [114 males-mean age 43.4 ± 17.3 and 90 females-mean age 40.2 ± 15.7] was retrospectively analyzed, with a patented proprietary software automatically estimating twelve VR parameters derived from the analysis of the dynamics of the T-wave MF extrema (five parameters) and from the inverse solution with the effective magnetic dipole model giving the effective magnetic vector components (seven parameters). MCG repeatability was calculated as coefficient of variation (CV) ±standard error of the mean (SEM). Reproducibility was assessed as intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results The repeatability of all MCG parameters was 16 ± 1.2 (%) (average CV ± SEM). Optimal (ICC > 0.7) reproducibility was found for 11/12 parameters (mean values) and in 8/12 parameters (single values). No significant gender-related difference was observed; six parameters showed a strong/moderate correlation with age. Conclusion Reliable MCG can be performed into an unshielded hospital ambulatory, with repeatability and reproducibility of quantitative assessment of VR adequate for clinical purposes. Wider clinical use is foreseen with the development of multichannel optical magnetometry.
Relationship between excitatory amino acid release and outcome after severe human head injury.

In previous studies, Katayama and our group have documented a massive increase in excitatory amino acid release following traumatic brain injury, in both rat fluid percussion, and humans [2,5]. To test the hypothesis that the magnitude of this “Excitotoxic Surge” plays a significant role in determining 6-month patient outcome. We have studied 83 consecutive severely head injured patients at the Medical College of Virginia for inclusion into this study. A microdialysis probe was placed within the cortex to continuously measure dialysate excitatory amino acids (Glutamate and Aspartate), along with several other analytes for approximately 5 days after injury. ICP, CPP, and MABP measurements were also time linked with each analyte measurement to create a neurochemical, clinical, and physiological “profile” for each patient. Outcome was determined by follow up using the Glasgow 6-Month outcome scale. A very strong correlation existed between the release of the EAA’s glutamate and aspartate after TBI (p < 0.0001). Patients with significantly elevated mean glutamate values for the entire monitoring period were most likely to exhibit elevated levels of ICP. The magnitude of glutamate released significantly correlates with 6-month patient outcome (p = 0.0234). When patients were subdivided by the CT diagnosis of lesion type, we found that those patients with contusions displayed the highest overall of EAA’s.
Justification for Theism

Belief in God is for Temple justified not by any single strand of evidence or by one argument alone. The approach is rather to gather evidence together from various areas of experience, incorporating the methods of several disciplines. It is the cumulative effect which the convergence of these independent arguments affords that gives both intellectual weight and psychological force to the belief in God.
Talin: A Framework for Dynamic Tutorials Based on the Skill Atoms Theory.

Most tutorials in video games do not consider the skill level of the player when deciding what information to present. This makes many tutorials either tedious for experienced players or not informative enough for players who are new to the given genre. With Talin, implemented as an asset in the Unity game engine, we make it possible to create a mastery model of an individual player's skill levels by operationalizing Dan Cook's skill atom theory. We propose that using this mastery model opens up a new design space when it comes to designing tutorials. We show an example tutorial implementation with Talin assembled using only graphical components provided by our framework, without the need of writing any code. The dynamic tutorial implementation results in the player receiving information only when they need it, whenever they need it. While the novice player is given all the information they need to learn the system, the expert player is not bogged down by tooltip pop-ups regarding mechanics they have already mastered.
Post exposure time dependence of deuterium retention in lithium and lithium compounds

Abstract Lithium (Li) coating of plasma-facing components (PFC) has led to improved plasma performance in fusion experiments due to the effectiveness of Li in retaining hydrogen (H) isotopes and thus reducing recycling. Since Li readily reacts with background gases present in fusion experiments, it is important to understand and parameterize the time dependence of deuterium (D) retention in Li and Li compounds for applications of Li under future long-pulse plasma conditions. D retention in pure Li and composite Li O and Li C O films was studied as a function of time after these films were exposed to 450 eV D2+ ion irradiation. The amount of deuterium retained in both Li and Li O films at 300 K decreased at the same rate by 45% after 16 h. The amount of D retained in Li C O films was found to be independent of time up to 3 days. Increasing the temperature of a pure Li film to 420 K increased this rate of decrease by 50%, while increasing the thickness of the lithium film from 3 to 16 monolayers had no effect on the decrease rate.
Measurement of spleen fat on MRI-proton density fat fraction arises from reconstruction of noise

This study compares splenic proton density fat fraction (PDFF) measured using confounder-corrected chemical shift-encoded (CSE)-MRI to magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in human patients at 3T. This was a prospectively designed ancillary study to various previously described single-center studies performed in adults and children with known or suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Patients underwent magnitude-based MRI (MRI-M), complex-based MRI (MRI-C), high signal-to-noise variants (Hi-SNR MRI-M and Hi-SNR MRI-C), and MRS at 3T for spleen PDFF estimation. PDFF from CSE-MRI methods were compared to MRS-PDFF using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Demographics were summarized descriptively. Spearman’s rank correlations were computed pairwise between CSE-MRI methods. Individual patient measurements were plotted for qualitative assessment. A significance level of 0.05 was used. Forty-seven patients (20 female, 27 male) including 12 adults (median 55 years old) and 35 children (median 12 years old). Median PDFF estimated by MRS, MRI-M, Hi-SNR MRI-M, MRI-C, and Hi-SNR MRI-C was 1.0, 2.3, 1.9, 2.2, and 2.0%. The four CSE-MRI methods estimated statistically significant higher spleen PDFF values compared to MRS (p < 0.0001 for all). Pairwise associations in spleen PDFF values measured by different CSE-MRI methods were weak, with the highest Spearman’s rank correlations being 0.295 between MRI-M and Hi-SNR MRI-M; none were significant after correction for multiple comparisons. No qualitative relationship was observed between PDFF measurements among the various methods. Overestimation of PDFF by CSE-MRI compared to MRS and poor agreement between related CSE-MRI methods suggest that non-zero PDFF values in human spleen are artifactual.
Early experiences with cardiology electronic consults: A systematic review

Background Many health systems have begun implementing electronic consultation programs. The clinical and financial impact of these programs in cardiology and the potential for more widespread adoption remains unknown. Objectives To systematically review the current literature related to electronic consultation in cardiology. Methods Following the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review in August 2018 of English literature. We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases for studies related to electronic consultation in cardiology. Results A total of 21 studies were included. Two of the studies were randomized controlled trials, 16 were quantitative studies with defined endpoints, and 3 were qualitative descriptions. Most studies were conducted in the United States and Canada. The available literature suggests cardiology e-consult programs can be implemented in different practice settings, have good patient and provider satisfaction, deliver greater and timelier access to outpatient cardiac care, and do so in a cost saving fashion. While studies suggest cardiology e-consultation is safe, there are no studies evaluating hard clinical outcomes. Conclusions Cardiology e-consults appear to be a promising tool for increasing access to outpatient cardiac care. Further investigation is required to evaluate the effects of cardiology electronic consultation on the quality of care. Condensed abstract Here we present the first systematic review of electronic consultation in cardiology. The available literature suggests cardiology e-consult programs can be implemented in different practice settings, have good patient and provider satisfaction, deliver greater and timelier access to outpatient cardiac care, and do so in a cost saving fashion. While studies suggest cardiology e-consultation is safe, there are no studies evaluating hard clinical outcomes. Overall, cardiology e-consults appear to be a promising tool for increasing access to outpatient cardiac care. Further investigation is required to evaluate the effects of cardiology electronic consultation on the quality of care.
Effect of sample type on plasma concentrations of cell-free DNA and nucleosomes in dogs.

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and nucleosomes are two biomarkers of cell death and neutrophil extracellular trap formation that are increased in dogs with sepsis, immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia, cancer and following trauma and have diagnostic and prognostic values. cfDNA and nucleosomes are typically measured in plasma samples using DNA-specific fluorophores and ELISA assays, respectively, but their concentrations may be affected by pre-analytical variables such as sample type. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of sample type on the plasma cfDNA and nucleosome concentrations of a heterogeneous group of dogs presenting to an emergency room. Triplicate samples were collected into K2-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, 3.2% citrate and a specialised DNA stabilisation tube (Streck BCT), processed rapidly and frozen for batch analysis. Biomarker concentrations were compared between sample types by calculation of Spearman’s correlation coefficients, and with Deming regression, Bland-Altman plots and the Friedman test. Overall, biomarker concentrations were highly correlated between the three sample types. The most concordant results were obtained using citrate samples and the DNA stabilisation tube. Matched cfDNA concentrations between the different sample types were significantly different but there was no significant difference between the nucleosome concentrations in any of the sample types. The present study suggests that cfDNA and nucleosomes can be successfully measured in various sample types, but distinct sample types do not produce interchangeable results. This argues for use of a consistent sample type within studies and suggests standardisation may be useful for the field.
Severe drug-induced gingival enlargement and periodontitis: A case series with clinical presentation and management

Abstract Gingival enlargement (GE) is a condition in which the size of the gingiva increases in response to inflammation, systemic disease, or certain medications including anticonvulsants, calcium-channel blockers, and immunosuppressants. This report describes the management of two cases involving severe gingival enlargement related to the use of an anti-hypertensive calcium-channel blocker and an immunosuppressant. Besides taking amlodipine, one patient had undergone a heart transplantation seven years prior and has been taking two immunosuppressant drugs, mycophenolate and tacrolimus. The extent of the destruction of periodontal support, aggravated by gingival enlargement, resulted in extensive tooth loss. Periodontitis and gingival enlargement exacerbate and accelerate one another and can result in loss of the entire dentition, severely affecting function and esthetics. The pharmacologic etiology sometimes cannot be altered and the patient has to be carefully managed and maintained with periodontal therapy. Physicians and dentists should be aware of these medications and be able to identify early changes in the oral cavity and to prevent, diagnose, and successfully manage the unwanted side effects of these drugs in patients.
On Students’ (Mis)judgments of Learning and Teaching Effectiveness

Students’ judgments of their own learning are often misled by intuitive yet false ideas about how people learn. In educational settings, learning experiences that minimize effort and increase the appearance of fluency, engagement, and enthusiasm often inflate students’ estimates of their own learning, but do not always enhance their actual learning. We review the research on these “illusions of learning,” how they can mislead students’ evaluations of the effectiveness of their instructors, and how students’ evaluations of teaching effectiveness can be biased by factors unrelated to teaching. We argue that the heavy reliance on student evaluations of teaching in decisions about faculty hiring and promotion might encourage teaching practices that boost students’ subjective ratings of teaching effectiveness, but do not enhance—and may even undermine—students’ learning and their development of metacognitive skills.
Opioids in Older Adults: Indications, Prescribing, Complications, and Alternative Therapies for Primary Care

The fact that opioids are valuable tools for the management of pain has been known and used for thousands of years. Currently, millions of Americans are treated annually with opioids, and many of these patients are elderly. Opioids present risks to geriatric patients, some of which are unique to the population, and providers should have a good grasp of those risks. An understanding of how to select appropriate medications for the management of pain and of the myriad of alternatives available for pain management is vital to the care of older patients. This article presents a review, for primary care providers, of issues unique to opioid management in older adults.
Gaseous antimicrobial treatments to control foodborne pathogens on almond kernels and whole black peppercorns.

Abstract Gaseous treatments with ClO2 and O3 on low-moisture foods (LMFs) have been reported for their efficient bacterial reduction without affecting the external quality of food. However, these studies were conducted on a small scale, which limits their application to LMF industries. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of gaseous antimicrobial intervention with ClO2 or O3 to reduce foodborne pathogens (Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, serovars of Salmonella enterica, and Listeria monocytogenes) inoculated on almonds and peppercorns maintained under various conditions. Almonds were treated for over 4 or 6 h. Peppercorns were treated for over 2.5 or 4 h. Gaseous O3 treatment was used for 6 h on almonds and 2 or 4 h on peppercorns. Additionally, the effects of relative humidity (RH) during the treatment of peppercorns and post-treatment heating on almonds were evaluated. Heating at 65 °C post-ClO2 treatment yielded the highest bacterial log reduction of 4.6 CFU/g on almonds, while 80% RH resulted in 3.7-log bacterial reduction on peppercorns. Gaseous O3 resulted in maximum log reductions of 1.3 and 2.5 CFU/g on almonds and peppercorns, respectively. No visual damage was observed. In conclusion, ClO2 was more efficient than O3 and the treatment can be incorporated into industrial practices.
Experimental Demonstration of a Reconfigurable Entangled Radiofrequency-Photonic Sensor Network

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a reconfigurable radiofrequency (RF)-photonic sensor network comprised of three entangled sensor nodes to increase the precision of parameter estimation in networked RF sensing tasks.
Studies on erythropoiesis. V. The effect of cobalt on the production of erythropoietin.

erythropoiesis its experimental animals.’ Cobaltous chloride given orally or parenterally for a period of several weeks insduces and tnaintainss a polycythemia in man ansd experimenstal animals. � The precise nsechansisnn by which cobalt exerts this actions has not yet beens Clarified comsspletely. Early studies itsdicated that cobalt acts directly by produciisg ass atsoxic coisditioss ins tise marrow,5 while later work suggested an indirect aisoxic effect oss the nsarrow (‘aused by the formatiots of cobalt-ansinso acid coissplexes.#{176} ‘ � However, attetsspts to produce a depression ins respiration of the nsarrow by the use of cobalt, either itsdirectly or directly, have failed.#{176}A receist study has showns that cobalt, at. a concentration that does not affect respiration, depresses the ins vitro synthesis of hemoglobin from glycine in short-terns experinnetsts.9 This seensing paradox has not yet been resolved. Although the appreciable toxicity of cobalt linsits its clinical applicability, it has been used to correct certains anemias that are refractory to all the usual therapeutic measures, except transfusions or elinsinsations of the unsderlyinsg disease. Its a preliminsary paper,!O we presensted data indicating that cobalt exerts its effect by stimulating the productiots of erythropoietin. This paper gives details
Enrichment of Placental Trophoblast Cells from Clinical Cervical Samples Using Differences in Surface Adhesion on an Inclined Plane

Placental trophoblast cells present in cervical samples have great potential towards non-invasive prenatal testing. However, cervical samples are highly heterogeneous, largely comprised of maternal cervical cells with only a small quantity of trophoblast cells. In order to use these rare cells for diagnostic applications, there is a need to enrich and isolate them from the heterogeneous maternal sample. Our goal was to investigate the use of gravitational flow on an inclined surface and optimize parameters including angle of incline, surface material, incubation time on the surface, solution volume, and device channel width in order to identify a design allowing label-free enrichment of trophoblast cells. In this work we detail the development of a new method and device for controlling cell adhesion to a surface vs. rolling into a collection area. The enrichment device design was developed for ease of use by non-specialized personal and on a slide surface for the ability to be directly integrated onto an automatic cell picker instrument, which can be used for downstream single cell isolation. JEG-3 trophoblast cells were used with clinical cervical samples to present the effect of the different optimization parameters on enrichment. We further provide an assessment of the impact shear stress and thickness of the liquid layer has on cell enrichment. We found that this method provides a maximum JEG-3 enrichment using polystyrene surfaces at a 50° incline with a 5 min incubation period prior to inclined flow. This resulted in a 396 ± 52% increase in purity of the trophoblast cells from the clinical cervical samples as confirmed using human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) antibody staining with fluorescence imaging to identify JEG-3 cells. Ultimately, this method is inexpensive, quick, and has the potential for direct integration into fetal cell isolation platforms.
Visualizing Health Equity: Qualitative Perspectives on the Value and Limits of Equity Images.

BackgroundHealth educators and advocacy groups often use side-by-side visual images to communicate about equity and to distinguish it from equality. Despite the near-ubiquity of these images, littl...
Quantitative analysis of residential plastic recycling in New York City.

More than 420,000 tonnes of plastic waste is produced every year in New York City (NYC). This plastic represents 15% of municipal solid waste in NYC and is in line with New York State and United St...
Virus Adaptation Following Experimental Infection of Chickens with a Domestic Duck Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Isolate from the 2017 USA H7N9 Outbreak Identifies Polymorphic Mutations in Multiple Gene Segments

In March 2017, highly pathogenic (HP) and low pathogenic (LP) avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H7N9 were detected from poultry farms and backyard birds in several states in the southeast United States. Because interspecies transmission is a known mechanism for evolution of AIVs, we sought to characterize infection and transmission of a domestic duck-origin H7N9 LPAIV in chickens and genetically compare the viruses replicating in the chickens to the original H7N9 clinical field samples used as inoculum. The results of the experimental infection demonstrated virus replication and transmission in chickens, with overt clinical signs of disease and shedding through both oral and cloacal routes. Unexpectedly, higher levels of virus shedding were observed in some cloacal swabs. Next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis identified numerous non-synonymous mutations at the consensus level in the polymerase genes (i.e., PA, PB1, and PB2) and the hemagglutinin (HA) receptor binding site in viruses recovered from chickens, indicating possible virus adaptation in the new host. For comparison, NGS analysis of clinical samples obtained from duck specimen collected during the outbreak indicated three polymorphic sides in the M1 segment and a minor population of viruses carrying the D139N (21.4%) substitution in the NS1 segment. Interestingly, at consensus level, A/duck/Alabama (H7N9) had isoleucine at position 105 in NP protein, similar to HPAIV (H7N9) but not to LPAIV (H7N9) isolated from the same 2017 influenza outbreak in the US. Taken together, this work demonstrates that the H7N9 viruses could readily jump between avian species, which may have contributed to the evolution of the virus and its spread in the region.
What is a Magnetospheric Substorm

It is suggested that if the solar wind-magnetosphere energy coupling, represented in first approximation by the coupling function \( {\rm{\varepsilon ( = V}}{{\rm{B}}^{\rm{2}}}{\rm{ si}}{{\rm{n}}^{\rm{4}}}{\rm{ }}\frac{{\rm{\theta }}}{2}{\rm{ }}{\ell _{\rm{o}}}^2) \), increases above about ~ 1018 erg/sec, the magnetosphere suddenly develops a more efficient energy dissipation process than that operating during periods of e < 1018 erg/sec. It appears that the magnetosphere achieves this enhanced energy dissipation by interrupting the cross-tail current in the magnetotail and diverting it into the ionosphere, causing an enhanced Joule heat production in the ionosphere. The good correlation between e and the total energy dissipated in the magnetosphere suggests that the substorm is more like a process directly driven by the solar wind, rather than an unloading process of energy accumulated prior to the onset.
Outcomes using a clinical practice pathway for the management of pulse loss following pediatric cardiac catheterization

Objective Objectives To describe the results of a clinical practice pathway (CPP) for the management of postcatheterization pulse loss in a children's hospital. Background Standardized approaches to the diagnosis and management of postcatheterization arterial thrombus are lacking. As a result, substantial practice variation exists. Methods Data collected prospectively for quality improvement purposes were retrospectively reviewed. Results Since initiation of the CPP, 93/1,672 (5.4%) catheterizations resulted in pulse loss at a median patient age and weight of 73 days (1 day–5.8 years) and 4.8 kg (2–14.1 kg). Arterial thrombus was documented by ultrasound (US) in 85. Of these, 66 resolved by 12 weeks of therapy, seven patients died, and four were lost to follow-up before completing treatment. Eight patients had persistent thrombus despite a full treatment course (89% success rate in those able to complete treatment). Of patients treated with unfractionated heparin as initial therapy, 46% (17/37) achieved a therapeutic partial thromboplastin time within 12 hr with 19% (67/343) of all levels therapeutic. As a result, the CPP was modified to use enoxaparin as first line agent, of which 57% (41/72) had a therapeutic anti-Xa level after the 2nd dose and 88% by the 4th dose. No bleeding complications were observed. A priori established process metrics were achieved. Conclusions A CPP utilizing early initiation of anticoagulation and US to aid diagnosis of postcatheterization arterial thrombus and response to therapy is feasible and effective. In those able to complete up to 12 weeks of treatment, resolution occurs in nearly 90%. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Characterization of Exhaust Emissions from Lean Burn, Rotary, and Stratified Charge Engines

This paper reports the results of an exhaust emissions characterization from the noncatalyst control systems employed on the Mazda RX-4 rotary, the Honda CVCC, and the Chrysler electronic lean burn. Throughout the paper, exhaust emissions from these vehicles are compared to those from a Chrysler equipped with an oxidation catalyst and an air pump. The emissions characterized are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, sulfates, hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen cyanide, aldehydes, particulate matter, and detailed hydrocarbons. A brief description of the sampling and analysis procedures used is included within the discussion. /SASI/
On the Technically Efficient Organization of an Industry: A Study of U.S. Airlines

In nonparametric analysis of production efficiency, the focus of attention is typically on the individual firm. In this article, we evaluate efficiency in resource utilization at the industry level. We propose an integer programming model to measure the extent of input saving possible if the observed output level of the industry is allocated to an optimal number of identical firms. This approach is applied to data for U.S. airlines covering the period 1970–84. Our results confirm that there were too few airlines prior to deregulation and suggest that there were too many firms during the early years of the post-deregulation era.
Late to the party: debt and data

BILL MAURER Late to the party: debt and data At the 2012 Law and Society Association meetings, law professor Tom Baker argued that add-on insurance – the kind you are offered at the point of sale when you purchase a computer or rent a car – constitutes a ‘situational monopoly’ and should be regulated away. It was striking: rarely do you hear a legal scholar make such an unequivocal case. One government official in attendance, though supportive, was flabbergasted. I was struck, however, by Baker’s comment that add-on insurance receives little scholarly attention because it is ‘not obviously cool’, and ‘does not compute’ according to standard economic theory. For some time, I’ve been arguing that the not obviously cool and the difficult to compute are crucial to understanding how contemporary market societies and the regulatory frameworks that lay the grounds for them do and do not work (see Star 1999). In a purposeful mistranslation, I take the word ‘mode’ in ‘capitalist mode of production’ as referring to a statistical central tendency, and follow through the metaphor by attending to the long, fat tails of non-capitalist relations on either side of that mode. These do not compute in standard economics or in social and critical theory attempts to understand finance or the economy. And so, at a time when many anthropologists and cultural critics are re-examining debt and credit, my work in the anthropology of finance wants me to encourage attention to the not-so-cool stuff (derivatives are cool, credit and abstraction are cool; regulations and legal technicalities are not cool), and to pay heed to moments when even the cool stuff does not compute in our liberal or critical assessments of it. In foregrounding the debt side of the credit/debt nexus, contributors to this issue gently moderate certain critical exuberances. Credit has always been sexier than debt, especially outside anthropology but also lately in some quarters within it. Credit speaks to issues critical theorists treat very well: fiction, the relationship between intellectual and financial speculation, the ‘spirit’ of charismatic risk-takers (Appadurai 2011), futurity, potentiality. The unreality or hyperreality of it all, the houses of cards or sand castles of credit give themselves to modes of analysis warranted by a separation of the real from ideological, or productive from speculative, the impulse to expose the falsity of worlds where all that is solid melts into air . . . But the ‘debt’ side of the credit/debt nexus is harder. It brings up theoretical (almost theological) languages of obligation. Anthropology for a time did very well with such languages (think Gluckman (1965)). These concerns are now seen as part of the actual past – ‘they’ don’t have those kinds of relations anymore (although they very C 2012 European Association of Social Anthropologists. Social Anthropology/Anthropologie Sociale (2012) 20, 4 474–481. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8676.2012.00219.x
Contentment and Suffering: Culture and Experience in Toraja

Contentment and Suffering, a psychocultural ethnography of the Toraja wet-rice farmers of Indonesia, provides a rich portrait of Torajan life and contributes to debates on the relationship between culture and individual psychology. Hollan and Wellenkamp describe the central aspects of Torajan personal experience -emotion, identity, and sense of self- and a variety of fascinating cultural practices, including possession trance, kickfights, elaborate mortuary customs, dream interpretation, and buffalo sacrifice. Presenting exceptionally detailed ethnographic data through a person-centered perspective and extensive use of open-ended interviews, Contentment and Suffering engagingly expresses how the Toraja understand their lives.
Canine cardiovascular responses to endotracheally and intravenously administered atropine, isoproterenol, and propranolol

This study compared canine cardiovascular responses observed after endotracheally administered atropine, isoproterenol, and propranolol to those observed following IV administration. Acetylcholine and isoproterenol dose response curves for arterial pressures and heart rate were established following IV boluses of each drug. Once the dose response curves were established, atropine and propranolol were administered endotracheally and intravenously in different groups to alter the established dose response curves. The time required for endotracheally and intravenously administered atropine and propranolol to inhibit 50% of the mean arterial pressure response following an IV infusion of acetylcholine and isoproterenol, respectively, was determined. Atropine and propranolol administered by either route significantly altered the arterial pressure response to acetylcholine and isoproterenol ( P P P P