cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of echovirus 22 variants

Ten presumptive enterovirus isolates which could not be neutralized by type specific antisera to any prototype enterovirus were related to echovirus 22 using molecular, biologic and serologic methods. Viral protein fingerprinting and PCR first suggested that these strains were variants of echovirus 22. Three of the strains were echovirus 22 prime strains, i.e., antiserum made to the variant strain neutralized the variant and the prototype strain. The other strains were neutralized by antiserum to the prime strains. Unlike typical enteroviruses, echovirus 22 and 23 prototype viruses and 7 of the 10 variants were heat stable at 50 °C in H2O for 1 h.
Mediastinal Lymphadenopathy Preceding Skin and Lung Fibrosis in Systemic Sclerosis

We report a case of systemic sclerosis (SSc) associated with mediastinal lymphadenopathy. A 77-year-old woman was admitted because of general fatigue. Mediastinal lymphadenopathy was diagnosed by ches
Nonendemic American Burkitt's lymphoma

A case of nonendemic American Burkitt's lymphoma with jaw involvement is presented. The oral findings are described and the distinctions of American form of the disease from the African form are discussed.
CNDO calculations on the structure of a liquid sodium carboxylate—carboxylic acid compound

Abstract The molecular interactions in a carboxylic acid/sodium carboxylate compound which is a liquid at room temperature were calculated using a CNDO/2 approach. The calculations gave results distinguishing the energy for different conformations in the molecular compound. The maximum binding energy was found for a structure in which the four acids were bridging with a hydrogen bond from the acid OH group to the carboxylate group and the acid carbonyl groups forming a ligand bond to the carboxylate sodium ion.
Effect of imperfect mixing on autorefrigerated reactorstability

This paper discusses the effects of imperfect mixing on the stability of autorefrigerated chemical reactors. Mixing is shown to strongly influence stability in these evaporatively-cooled systems. A modified van Heerdensteady state stability analysis is presented. Computer simulation of a typical system illustrates the occurrence ofrunaways and local hot spots. Both continuous stirred tank reactors and batch reactors are considered.
Fabrication of ultrafine edible emulsions: Comparison of high-energy and low-energy homogenization methods

Abstract Emulsions containing ultrafine droplets ( r r 0.5) to produce droplets with r
Endoscopic Ablation of Barrett’s Esophagus Using the HALO® System

There is increasing interest in endoscopic treatment for Barrett’s esophagus because it is the primary risk factor for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, and the incidence is increasing. Of the various
Discrete charge dielectric model of electrostatic energy

Abstract Studies on nanoscale materials merit careful development of an electrostatics model concerning discrete point charges within dielectrics. The discrete charge dielectric model treats three unique interaction types derived from an external source: Coulomb repulsion among point charges, direct polarization between point charges and their associated surface charge elements, and indirect polarization between point charges and surface charge elements formed by other point charges. The model yields the potential energy, U ( N ), stored in a general N point charge system differing from conventional integral formulations, 1 / 2 ∫ E · D ⅆ V and 1 / 2 ∫ ρ Φ ⅆ V , in a manner significant to the treatment of few-electron systems.
Residual intersections in Cohen -Macaulay rings

Abstract Residual intersection generalizes the notion of linkage. The central questions in residual intersection theory are: for a residual intersection J of I, when is R / J Cohen–Macaulay, and what is the canonical module for R / J ? Our main result gives answers to the two central questions in the case where R is merely Cohen–Macaulay.
Preference-oriented real-time scheduling and its application in fault-tolerant systems

Investigate the preference-oriented executions for real-time tasks.Propose two optimal preference-oriented (PO) scheduling algorithms.Explore the application of PO scheduling algorithms for fault tolerant systems.PO scheduling algorithms can effectively fulfill tasks' preference requirements. In this paper, we consider a set of real-time periodic tasks where some tasks are preferably executed as soon as possible (ASAP) and others as late as possible (ALAP) while still meeting their deadlines. After introducing the idea of preference-oriented (PO) execution, we formally define the concept of PO-optimality. For fully-loaded systems (with 100% utilization), we first propose a PO-optimal scheduler, namely ASAP-Ensured Earliest Deadline (SEED), by focusing on ASAP tasks where the optimality of ALAP tasks' preference is achieved implicitly due to the harmonicity of the PO-optimal schedules for such systems. Then, for under-utilized systems (with less than 100% utilization), we show the discrepancies between different PO-optimal schedules. By extending SEED, we propose a generalized Preference-Oriented Earliest Deadline (POED) scheduler that can obtain a PO-optimal schedule for any schedulable task set. The application of the POED scheduler in a dual-processor fault-tolerant system is further illustrated. We evaluate the proposed PO-optimal schedulers through extensive simulations. The results show that, comparing to that of the well-known EDF scheduler, the scheduling overheads of SEED and POED are higher (but still manageable) due to the additional consideration of tasks' preferences. However, SEED and POED can achieve the preference-oriented execution objectives in a more successful way than EDF.
International Integration: The European and the Universal Process

The established nation-state is in full retreat in Europe while it is advancing voraciously in Africa and Asia. Integration among discrete political units is a historical fact in Europe, but disintegration seems to be the dominant motif elsewhere. Cannot the example of successful integration in Europe be imitated? Could not the techniques of international and supranational cooperation developed in Luxembourg, Paris, and Brussels be put to use in Accra, Bangkok, and Cairo, as well as on the East River in New York? Or, in a different perspective, will not the progress of unity in Europe inevitably have its integrating repercussions in other regions and at the level of the United Nations even without efforts at conscious imitation?
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MARRIAGE THERAPY: AN HISTORICAL REVIEW*

Marriage therapy, dealing with the two individuals per se and not merely their interaction, enhances the treatment of both persons. There are several techniques of attempting to alter both individual dynamics and the dynamics of the couple's relationship. Various new approaches, such as communications theory and group therapy, engender profound changes in treatment. The manifestations and uses of transference are a valuable tool in marital therapy.
A new water soluble cyclophane host that is organized by calcium binding

Two new water soluble cyclophanes1a and1b were synthesized. The allosteric regulation of the host-guest interactions was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy.
Quality assessment and performance improvement in transplantation: hype or hope?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Healthcare reform and the national quality strategy is increasingly impacting transplant practice, as exemplified by quality assessment and performance improvement (QAPI) regulations for pretransplant and posttransplant care. Transplant providers consider not just patient comorbidities, donor quality, and business constraints, but also regulatory mandates when deciding how to care for transplant candidates and recipients. This review describes transplant quality oversight agencies and regulations, and explores recent literature on the pros and cons of transplant QAPI. RECENT FINDINGS: Transplant's heavily regulated system of care and remuneration involves extensive QAPI process and outcome requirements, and assessment of lifelong, risk-adjusted data from the national, audited, publicly reported, electronic registry. Transplant is a model-integrated delivery system, with payment bundling and accountability for equitable access to high quality, efficient, cost-sensitive, and multidisciplinary care. However, transplant QAPI requires expensive resources and, to bolster wise risk-taking, novel treatments, and access to care, more nuanced risk adjustment, public reporting, and attention to geographic competitive variability. However, transplant QAPI requires expensive resources. In order to bolster wise risk-taking, novel treatments, and access to care, QAPI also requires more nuance in the areas of risk adjustment, public reporting, and attention to geographic competitive variability. SUMMARY: With its focus on innovation and on clinical outcomes, transplantation is poised to continue providing outstanding clinical care and to pioneering systems that advance patient safety, satisfaction, and resource utilization, leading in the field of QAPI and healthcare reform.
METAANALYSES OF VALIDITY STUDIES PUBLISHED BETWEEN 1964 AND 1982 AND THE INVESTIGATION OF STUDY CHARACTERISTICS

Review and metaanalyses of published validation studies for the years 1964-1982 of Journal of Applied Psychology and Personnel Psychology were undertaken to examine the effect of (1) research design; (2) criterion used; (3) type of selection instrument used; (4) occupational group studies; and (5) predictor-criterion combination on the level of observed validity coefficients. Results indicate that concurrent validation designs produce validity coefficients roughly equivalent to those obtained in predictive validation designs and that both of these designs produce higher validity coefficients than does a predictive design which includes use of the selection instrument. Of the criteria examined, performance rating criteria generally produced lower validity coefficients than did the use of other more “objective” criteria. In comparing the validities of various types of predictors, it was found cognitive ability tests were not superior to other predictors such as assessment centers, work samples, and supervisory/peer evaluations as has been found in previous metaanalytic work. Personality measures were clearly less valid. Compared to previous validity generalization work, much unexplained variance in validity coefficients remained after corrections for differences in sample size. Finally, the studies reviewed were deficient for our purposes with respect to the data reported. Selection ratios, standard deviations, reliabilities, predictor and criterion intercorrelations were rarely and inconsistently reported. There are also many predictor-criterion relationships for which very few validation efforts have been undertaken.
Cumulative Teaching, Better Learning

While everyone agrees that learning is cumulative, few people discuss the obvious fact that failure to learn is also cumulative. For example, the teacher who presents a reading story with six new words often equates the lesson with the children's learning. Unfortunately, the learning disabled, slow learners, unmotivated youngsters, and poor readers frequently master only one or two of these new words (missing the other four or five) and thus begin the next lesson with a word "deficit" that increases with each lesson. This tendency is pronounced at the first- and second-grade reading levels, regardless of pupils' ages. It is also common when the instructional materials have little or no vocabulary control, which is typical of many reading series and other textbooks. The preventative measure, of course, is to be certain that a child acquires one competency before proceeding to another of the same type. We call this cumulative teaching. The concept of cumulative teaching and testing is built on the assumptions that (1) learning tasks can be sequenced, (2) mastery of each learning task should be required, and (3) a review should occur after each new learning task is added. Let us consider each of these aspects briefly.
An m/g/1 retrial queue with unreliable server for streaming multimedia applications

As a model for streaming multimedia applications, we study an unreliable retrial queue with infinite-capacity orbit and normal queue for which the retrial rate and the server repair rate are controllable. Customers join the retrial orbit if and only if their service is interrupted by a server failure. Interrupted customers do not rejoin the normal queue but repeatedly attempt to access the server at independent and identically distributed intervals until it is found functioning and idle. We provide stability conditions, queue length distributions, stochastic decomposition results, and performance measures. The joint optimization of the retrial and server repair rates is also studied.
ICAM-1 upregulation in the spinal cords of PLSJL mice with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is dependent upon TNF-α production triggered by the loss of blood–brain barrier integrity

Abstract Urate (UA) selectively scavenges peroxynitrite-dependent radicals and suppresses CNS inflammation through effects that are manifested at the blood–brain barrier (BBB). ICAM-1 upregulation in the spinal cord tissues of myelin basic protein (MBP) immunized mice is selectively inhibited by UA treatment. In contrast, the expression of ICAM-1 and other adhesion molecules by circulating cells is unchanged. Moreover, TNF-α expression in the CNS tissues of MBP-immunized mice is suppressed by UA treatment but TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression on neurovascular endothelial cells is not. Therefore the effect of UA on ICAM-1 upregulation in the CNS tissues is likely due to its known contribution to the maintenance of BBB integrity in MBP-immunized mice which in turn inhibits cell invasion into the CNS and prevents TNF-α production in CNS tissues.
Changing the script: race and disability in Lynn Manning’s Weights

In its unwavering adherence to a pathology‐based model of disability, special education has foreclosed other ways of constructing meaning about disability. To challenge special education’s reductionist understandings of disability, scholars in disability studies in education are drawing on a range of disciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches, including humanities‐based analyses of disability. In this paper, I explore the ways that counter‐narratives, grounded in lived experience, can challenge oppressive ideologies of racism and ableism. In particular, I will examine Lynn Manning’s autobiographical solo performance, Weights (2005), to illustrate how dis/ability and race are socially constructed and maintained through relations of power.
Toward the 21ST century nuclear-science technology

Abstract Energy security is vital for the steady growth of the world's welfare and economy and although many novel non-nuclear energy sources are being explored, much less attention is given to nuclear energy. In developing this source, safety, environment protection, and non-proliferation are essential considerations. I have proposed establishing deep underground nuclear parks where not only energy production, but also the processing and transportation of fuel can be carried out in a well protected small area; in the near future they might be operated under international supervision to ensure non-proliferation. The quantum physics on which modern technologies such as nanotechnology, and biotechnology are based, offer a sound foundation. The mathematical and physical technologies developed in the fields of nuclear engineering will provide the fundamental educational basis for such 21st century science and technology.
Preliminary observations of coronal magnetic fields before and after solar proton events

Maps of the coronal magnetic field before and after several proton flares were examined. There are indications that large scale changes occur in both the photospheric and coronal magnetic field as a consequence of large proton flares.
Kink-site formation energies on the Si(111) surface using a semiempirical potential energy function

Abstract Using computer calculations with a semiempirical PEF, kink site formation energies and local atomic structures have been calculated on the [2 11 ] and [ 2 11] ledges of the Si(111) free surface. The kink formation energy is found to depend inversel y on the degree of ledge reconstruction.
Six-step framework for ethical decision making:

The expectation, from the ethos of medicine and society, is that a practitioner should make the correct ethical decision in the clinical setting. Yet there is little help for them as to a process for making ethical decisions. A structured six-step framework may assist. It is not an algorithm to arrive at a determinate answer in all situations and ethical issues but instead offers a process that indicates the most relevant information and biomedical considerations a practitioner needs to be aware of and helps to make ethics issues more manageable. The issues practitioners face are complex and resistant to reduction; it is hubris to pretend otherwise. Yet, the difficulty of these issues warrants practitioners relying on a framework to guide them in the process of making ethical decisions.
PHOTOREVERSAL OF NUCLEAR AND CYTOPLASMIC EFFECTS OF SHORT ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM

1. Irradiation with three short ultraviolet (UV) wave lengths, 226, 233, and 239 mµ rapidly immobilizes Paramecium caudatum, the dosage required being smaller the shorter the wave length. 85 per cent of paramecia immobilized with wave length 226 mµ recover completely. Recovery from immobilizing doses is less the longer the wave length. 2. Irradiation continued after immobilization kills the paramecia in a manner which is markedly different for very short (226, 233, and 239 mµ) and longer (267 mµ) wave lengths. 3. An action spectrum for immobilization in P. caudatum was determined for the wave lengths 226, 233, 239, 248, and 267 mµ, and found to resemble the absorption of protein and lipide in the wave length region below 248 mµ. Addition of these data to those of Giese (1945 b) gives an action spectrum resembling the absorption by albumin-like protein. 4. Division of P. caudatum is delayed by doses of wave lengths 226, 233, and 239 mµ which cause immobilization, the longest wave length being most effective. 5. Immobilization at any of the wave lengths tested (226, 233, 239, 248, 267 mµ) is not photoreversible when UV-treated paramecia are concurrently illuminated. 6. Division delay resulting from immobilizing doses of 226, 233, and 239 mµ is photoreversible by exposure to visible light concurrently with the UV. 7. Division delay induced by exposure to wave length 267 mµ is reduced by exposure to visible light applied concurrently with UV or immediately afterwards. 8. The data suggest that the shortest UV wave length tested (226 mµ) affects the cytoplasm selectively, because it is absorbed superficially as indicated by unilateral fluorescence in UV. Consequently it immobilizes paramecia rapidly but has little effect on the division rate because little radiation reaches the nucleus. 9. The data support the view that nuclear effects of UV are readily photoreversed but cytoplasmic effects are not.
Improving Learning Efficiency of Factual Knowledge in Medical Education

Objective The purpose of this review is to synthesize recent literature relating to factual knowledge acquisition and retention and to explore its applications to medical education. Results Distributing, or spacing, practice is superior to massed practice (i.e. cramming). Testing, compared to re-study, produces better learning and knowledge retention, especially if tested as retrieval format (short answer) rather than recognition format (multiple choice). Feedback is important to solidify the testing effect. Conclusions Learning basic factual knowledge is often overlooked and under-appreciated in medical education. Implications for applying these concepts to smartphones are discussed; smartphones are owned by the majority of medical trainees and can be used to deploy evidence-based educational methods to greatly enhance learning of factual knowledge.
Anemia, apnea of prematurity, and blood transfusions.

Objective To compare the frequency and severity of apneic events in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants before and after blood transfusions using continuous electronic waveform analysis. Study design We continuously collected waveform, heart rate, and oxygen saturation data from patients in all 45 neonatal intensive care unit beds at the University of Virginia for 120 weeks. Central apneas were detected using continuous computer processing of chest impedance, electrocardiographic, and oximetry signals. Apnea was defined as respiratory pauses of >10, >20, and >30 seconds when accompanied by bradycardia ( Results Sixty-seven infants had 110 blood transfusions during times when complete monitoring data were available. Transfusion was associated with fewer computer-detected apneic events ( P P Conclusions Blood transfusions are associated with decreased apnea in VLBW infants, and apneas are less frequent at higher hematocrits.
FATE OF ADRENAL ASCORBIC ACID: RELATIONSHIP TO CORTICOSTEROID SECRETION

SINCE the classical demonstration by Long and Sayers and their coworkers (cf. 1–3) that adrenal ascorbic acid levels were acutely depleted under conditions of enhanced adrenal cortical activity, the fate of the vitamin disappearing and its role in the production, secretion and utilization of the corticosteroids have been the subject of extensive inquiry (cf. 4, 5). Only Vogt (6) appears to have investigated directly the possibility that the ascorbic acid lost by the adrenal gland under these circumstances might be secreted into the adrenal vein. However, she was unable to demonstrate a consistent secretion of this vitamin into the adrenal venous effluent of the dog even after splanchnic stimulation. The release of ascorbic acid into the perfusion fluid by adrenal glands in vitro has been noted by Heard and Welch (7) and Rosenfeld (8). Peripheral plasma levels of ascorbic acid have been observed to rise following prolonged bleeding (1) and splanchnic stimulation (9) in the rat and ACTH administration in ma...
10 ABNORMAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE IN CHILDREN WITH ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL): THE EFFECT OF INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY

The effect of antileukemic chemotherapy on glycemic and insulin response was investigated in 15 children (ages 2–12) with ALL after an oral glucose load.The glucose loading was performed prior to,and on days 8 and 19 of chemotherapy. The patients were randomly assigned to either Group I, receiving prednisone and Vincristine, or Group II receiving the same drugs and L-asparaginase (L-asp) from days 9 through 19 of treatment. At diagnosis and prior to initiation of therapy, 6 of 15 children (40%) had chemical diabetes according to the criteria of Guthrie. In all 6 children the carbohydrate tolerance improved after 1 week of prednisone and vincristine treatment,despite the expected diabetogenic effect of steroids. This probably indicates that the abnormal glucose tolerance noted in ALL is due to the disease process itself.No difference in glucose tolerance or insulin response curves was detected between Group I and Group II in the different phases of the study.No diabetogenic effect of L-asp.was observed in this study.
Attenuation of Cystitis and Pain Sensation in Mice Lacking Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase

Endocannabinoids, such as N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA, also called anandamide), exert potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is primarily responsible for degradation of AEA, and deletion of FAAH increases AEA content in various tissues. Since FAAH has been shown to be present in the bladder of various species, we compared bladder function, severity of experimental cystitis, and cystitis-associated referred hyperalgesia in male wild-type (WT) and FAAH knock-out (KO) mice. Basal concentrations of AEA were greater, and the severity of cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis was reduced in bladders from FAAH KO compared to WT mice. Cystitis-associated increased peripheral sensitivity to mechanical stimuli and enhanced bladder activity (as reflected by increased voiding frequency) were attenuated in FAAH KO compared to WT mice. Further, abundances of mRNA for several pro-inflammatory compounds were increased in the bladder mucosa after CYP treatment of WT mice, and this increase was inhibited in FAAH KO mice. These data indicate that endogenous substrates of FAAH, including the cannabinoid AEA, play an inhibitory role in bladder inflammation and subsequent changes in pain perception. Therefore, FAAH could be a therapeutic target to treat clinical symptoms of painful inflammatory bladder diseases.
Related base sequences in the DNA of simple and complex organisms. V. The specificity of interactions between oligonucleotides and denatured DNA.

A mixture of differentially labeled mouse and Bacillus subtilis DNA was used as a source of oligodeoxynucleotides of chain lengths from 15 to 40 nucleotides. The extent of interaction of these oligonucleotides with homologous or heterologous DNA bound to membrane filters was measured. The specificity of such interactions increases with chain length and with the incubation temperature. The thermal stability of the complexes is a function of chain length. Homologous oligonucleotide/DNA duplexes of B. subtilis are more stable than those of mouse of corresponding size, consistent with the incidence of partially related base sequences in mouse DNA. Oligonucleotides in this size range are also able to recognize partially complementary base sequences in the DNA of closely related organisms. This approach shows promise as a means of obtaining quantitative estimates of base sequence divergence between the DNAs of related organisms.
The chemistry of vitrinite fluorescence

Abstract The presence of a mobile phase within the structure of vitrinite is responsible for a major part of the maceral's secondary fluroescence. Fluorophoric structures contained in the mobile phase include aromatics, polars and a small proportion of aliphatics. The development of the mobile phase in the bituminous range of coalification enhances vitrinite secondary fluorescence and coal thermoplasticity. The macromolecular network is shown to be too condensed to display visible fluorescence as a result of self-quenching and π-electron delocalization. Dry catalytic hydrogenation has enabled the structure of coal to be related to the fluorescence displayed by the hydrogenated vitrinite. The hydrogenation-induced fluorescence and yield of chloroform-soluble material were progressively enhanced by hydrogenation; however, the residual aromatic network displays no visible fluorescence.
Endometrial stromal cells regulate gap-junction function in normal human endometrial epithelial cells but not in endometrial carcinoma cells.

Gap junctions are transmembrane proteins comprised of six connexin subunits that facilitate direct solute transport between adjacent cells through gap junctions. Previous studies from other laboratories have documented a correlation between reduced gap-junction function and malignant transformation. In endometrial cancer, a characteristic finding is a reduction in the number of stromal cells surrounding the malignant epithelial cells. Thus, the focus of this study was to determine the effect of endometrial stromal cells on gap-junction function in normal and malignant endometrial epithelial cells. To perform these studies, we evaluated normal endometrial epithelial cells and human endometrial epithelial cells including FEEC (fetal endometrial epithelial cells immortalized with simian virus 40 large-T antigen), HEC-1A (endometrial carcinoma stage 1A), and RL-95-2 (endometrial carcinoma grade II). Gap-junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) could not be demonstrated for any of the cell lines. Low levels of GJIC were observed for normal epithelial cells and higher levels were found between stromal cells. Increased levels of GJIC were observed between the epithelial cells when they were cocultured with stromal cells. The transformed epithelial cells showed no GJIC when cultured alone or when in coculture with stromal cells. The results suggest that endometrial stromal cells may help to regulate this differentiated function of endometrial epithelial cells and that malignant endometrial epithelial cells are not responsive to these regulatory signals. Mol. Carcinog. 28:70–75, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Video streaming over the internet with optimal bandwidth resource allocation

In this paper, an adaptive framework for video streaming over the Internet is presented. The framework is a joint design of packet scheduling and rate control with optimal bandwidth resource allocation. The transmission rate is dynamically adjusted to obtain maximal utilization of the client buffer and minimal allocation of the bandwidth. Under the constraint of the transmission rate, a prioritized packet scheduling is designed to provide a better visual quality of video frames. The packet scheduling is a refined bandwidth allocation which takes into account of varying importance of the different packets in a compressed video stream. Moreover, the proposed approach is scalable with increasing multimedia flows in the distributed Internet environment. Comparisons are made with the most current streaming approaches to evaluate the performance of the framework using the H.264 video codec. The extensive simulation results show that the average Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) increases in our proposed approach. It provides a better quality of the decoded frames, and the quality of the decoded frames changes more smoothly. The achieved video quality among different users also has a lower fluctuation, which indicates a fair sharing of network resources.
TLR2 and TLR4 Expression During Bacterial Infections

The family of the toll-like receptors comprises a minimum of 10 members identified in humans so far. These transmembrane receptors act as important signaling intermediates between the host and the invading pathogens. The following review describes the complexities encountered by researchers studying toll-like receptor (TLR) expression changes during bacterial infections. Mutations in some of the TLRs, most prominently TLR4 and TLR2, have been associated with increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. While it is tempting to correct the phenotypic effect of such mutations, in vitro and in vivo research has shown that TLR activity and function comprises a complex regulatory network. Heterodimer formation, synergy, and cross-tolerance have previously been described. More recently, interdependence of TLR2 and TLR4 expression has been identified. In addition, TLR expression follows a specific timeline that may be dependent on the invading pathogen. Lastly, mutations in invading pathogens have been shown to alter the expression profile of TLR2 and TLR4, indicating that therapies against bacterial pathogens will have to target multiple TLRs. Despite the complexities involved in TLR function, the significant progress made in our understanding of the role these proteins play in human diseases also indicates their potential value as therapeutic agents.
Effects of Visual and Audio Callouts on Pilot Visual Attention during Electronic Moving Map Use

NASA's Taxiway Navigation and Situational Awareness (TNASA)'s in-cockpit Electronic Moving Map (EMM) has been found to improve the efficiency and safety of airport surface (ground taxi) operations. However its design also leads to a paradox: the EMM requires the pilot to look head-down into the cockpit, diverting attention away from the primary, out-the-window (OTW) view. The present study examined the potential benefits of pilots attending to the EMM only when directed by either audio or visual “head-up” callouts. The callouts were presented in either a general (“check map”) or specific (“traffic conflict your right”) form. The visual attention effects of audio and visual callouts, in both general and specific form, were assessed using an eye tracking system in the context of a medium fidelity part-task ground taxi simulation. Our objective was to determine ways to maximize the utility of the EMM while minimizing its head-down visual attention demands. Preliminary results showed all callout types, specif...
A Geometrization of Lebesgue’s Space-Filling Curve

G. Cantor demonstrated in 1878 that any two finite-dimensional smooth manifolds, no matter what their respective dimensions, have the same cardinality [1]. This is true, in particular, for the interval I = [0,1] and the square Q = [0,1] × [0,1], meaning that there exists a bijective map from I onto Q.
Ego development in the face of death: How being HIV positive affects movement through Erikson's adult stages of development

Erikson's epigenetic model of psychosocial development posits that each of eight stages unfolds in a particular sequence, and each becomes the primary issue of concern at specified times in the life cycle. Erikson does not address, nor could any empirical studies be located, exploring how the emergence of these eight stages might be affected by a diagnosis of terminal illness. The purpose of this study was to understand how an HIV-positive diagnosis affected movement through Erikson's stages of development. In-depth interviews were conducted with a sample of 18 HIV-positive men and women under 45 years of age. Analysis of the qualitative data revealed three findings regarding Erikson's stages: (1) The fifth stage of idenitity versus role confusion was revisted and the sense of self is redefined; (2) the three adulthood stages of intimacy versus isolation, generativity versus stagnation, and ego integrity versus depair were dealt with simulataneously and, in most cases, resolved favorably; and (3) intimacy and generativity enabled and supported the resolution of the tasks of identity and ego integrity.
Unpacking the "Urban" in Urban Teacher Education: Making a Case for Context-Specific Preparation.

The literature on preparing teachers for urban schools provides a rationale for helping candidates understand the particular cultures of students. However, research has not sufficiently “unpacked” ...
A Note on the Relationship between Organic Solid Density and Liquid Density at the Triple Point

A simple relationship between the solid density of organic compounds and the liquid density at the triple point is presented as an extension of a previous relationship used internally by the DIPPR 801 database project. The relationship allows estimation of solid density (of the solid phase most stable at the triple point) for organic compounds over a wide range of temperatures with an average uncertainty of approximately 6%.
A CYTOLOGICAL AND NUTRITIONAL STUDY OF POLYCHYTRIUM AGGREGATUM. PART II. NUTRITION

UNDOUBTEDLY THE lack of progress in investigating the physiology of chvtrids can be attributed to difficulties in obtaining and maintaining these organisms in pure culture for long periods of time. The literature on chytrids shows that only ten species have so far been isolated in pure culture. These species, chronologically arranged as to date of their first recorded isolation, are as follows: 1. Cladochytrium replicatum Karling-(Couch, 1939) 2. Karling!a rosea (de Bary) Johanson-(Ward, 1939) 3. Rhizidiunm carpophilum (Zopf) Fischer-(Whiffen, 1941) 4. Entophlyctis sp.-(Whiffen, 1941) 5. Endochytriwm operculatum (de Wildeman) Karling -(Whiffen, 1941) 6. Nephrochytrium aurantium Whiffen-(Whiffen, 1941) 7. Cylindrochytrium Johnston'i Karling-(Whiffen, 1941) 8. Nowakow8kiella elegans (Nowak.) Schroeter(Whiffen, 1941) 9. Septochytrium variabile Berdan-(Whiffen, 1941) 10. Polychytrium aggregatum Ajello-(Whiffen, 1946, personal communication)
INTERNAL CONSISTENCY AND STABILITY OF THE ATTITUDES TOWARD AIDS SCALE-HIGH SCHOOL VERSION

Reliabilities of the Attitudes Toward AIDS Scale-High School Version were estimated for a sample of 170 adolescents. Cronbach alpha of .79 and a stability coefficient of .84 were obtained.
The Antecedents and Consequences of Customer-Centric Marketing:

As we enter the twenty-first century, the marketing function remains concerned with serving customers and consumers effectively. The authors propose that just as the marketing function gradually shifted from mass marketing to segmented marketing in the twentieth century, it will increasingly move toward customer-centric marketing in the next century. In the practice of customer-centric marketing, the marketing function seeks to fulfill the needs and wants of each individual customer. The antecedents of customer-centric marketing are the increasing pressure on firms to improve marketing productivity, increasing market diversity in household and business markets, and technology applicability. On the basis of the shift toward customer-centric marketing, the authors expect increased importance of marketing as a “supply management” function, customer outsourcing, cocreation marketing, fixedcost marketing, and customer-centric organizations. This article highlights the implications of customer-centric marketing as well as the boundary conditions that will affect its adoption.
Identification and characterization of human embryonic poly(A) binding protein (EPAB)

Transcriptional silencing that begins with oocyte maturation persists during the initial mitotic divisions of the embryo. Gene expression during this period largely depends on the translational activation of maternal mRNAs by cytoplasmic polyadenylation and requires an embryonic poly(A) binding protein (EPAB). EPAB has been identified in Xenopus and mouse, where it is expressed exclusively in oocytes and early embryos until zygotic genome activation (ZGA) when it is replaced by the somatic cytoplasmic poly(A) binding protein (PABPC1). EPAB plays a central role in the regulation of maternal mRNA activation by preventing deadenylation and promoting translation. In this study, we identified and characterized the human EPAB ortholog. Human EPAB is a 619 amino acid protein with 77% identity and 84% similarity to mouse EPAB. Human EPAB mRNA is detected in ovaries, testes and several somatic tissues including pancreas, liver and thymus. Similar to the observations in Xenopus and mouse, human EPAB is the predominant poly(A) binding protein in immature (germinal vesicle) and mature (metaphase II) oocytes, and it is replaced by PABPC1 following ZGA, which occurs at 4- to 8-cell stage in human. Our findings suggest that the unique translational regulatory pathways that control gene expression during oogenesis and early embryo development may be common between model organisms and humans.
Notes on Caloplaca cerina (Teloschistaceae) in North and Central America

This paper treats Caloplaca cerina, C. crocea and C. erythrantha with brief comments on C. pinicola, C. haematites and two unnamed taxa. Several new synonyms are presented and lectotypes are designated for C. borealis, C. ulmorum and C. erythranthoides. Epitypes are designated for C. cerina and C. stillicidiorum. Maps and color photographs are provided for the main species treated and a key for the identification of taxa in North and Central America.
Responses of Hyalella azteca and phytoplankton to a simulated agricultural runoff event in a managed backwater wetland

We assessed the aqueous toxicity mitigation capacity of a hydrologically managed floodplain wetland following a synthetic runoff event amended with a mixture of sediments, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), and pesticides (atrazine, S-metolachlor, and permethrin) using 48-h Hyalella azteca survival and phytoplankton pigment, chlorophyll a. The runoff event simulated a 1 h, 1.27 cm rainfall event from a 16 ha agricultural field. Water (1 L) was collected every 30 min within the first 4 h, every 4 h until 48 h, and on days 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 post-amendment at distances of 0, 10, 40, 300 and 500 m from the amendment point for chlorophyll a, suspended sediment, nutrient, and pesticide analyses. H. azteca 48-h laboratory survival was assessed in water collected at each site at 0, 4, 24, 48 h, 5 d and 7 d. Greatest sediment, nutrient, and pesticide concentrations occurred within 3 h of amendment at 0 m, 10 m, 40 m, and 300 m downstream. Sediments and nutrients showed little variation at 500 m whereas pesticides peaked within 48 h but at <15% of upstream peak concentrations. After 28 d, all mixture components were near or below pre-amendment concentrations. H. azteca survival significantly decreased within 48 h of amendment up to 300 m in association with permethrin concentrations. Chlorophyll a decreased within the first 24 h of amendment up to 40 m primarily in conjunction with herbicide concentrations. Variations in chlorophyll a at 300 and 500 m were associated with nutrients. Managed floodplain wetlands can rapidly and effectively trap and process agricultural runoff during moderate rainfall events, mitigating impacts to aquatic invertebrates and algae in receiving aquatic systems. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Poor maternal nutrition inhibits muscle development in ovine offspring.

Maternal over and restricted nutrition has negative consequences on the muscle of offspring by reducing muscle fiber number and altering regulators of muscle growth. To determine if over and restricted maternal nutrition affected muscle growth and gene and protein expression in offspring, 36 pregnant ewes were fed 60%, 100% or 140% of National Research Council requirements from d 31 ± 1.3 of gestation until parturition. Lambs from control-fed (CON), restricted-fed (RES) or over-fed (OVER) ewes were necropsied within 1 d of birth (n = 18) or maintained on a control diet for 3 mo (n = 15). Semitendinosus muscle was collected for immunohistochemistry, and protein and gene expression analysis. Compared with CON, muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) increased in RES (58%) and OVER (47%) lambs at 1 d of age (P 0.3). Phosphorylated Akt (ser473) was increased in RES at 3 mo compared with CON (P = 0.006). In conclusion, maternal over and restricted nutrient intake alters muscle lipid content and growth of offspring, possibly through altered gene and protein expression.
Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Older Adults

Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are a common cause of morbidity in older patients. Because of changes in skin consistency, immunosenescence, and the presence of underlying skin conditions and comorbid conditions, elderly persons are at high risk for SSTIs. Specific community- and hospital-associated SSTIs are reviewed in this article with particular emphasis on the epidemiology, prevention, risk factors, and treatment of SSTIs in older patients.
Frequency of laboratory testing among gastric bypass patients.

Abstract Background Long-term laboratory monitoring is recommended after gastric bypass surgery to prevent the development of micronutrient deficiencies. The objective of this study was to characterize patterns of laboratory monitoring after surgery. Methods We used a large insurance claims database to assess the frequency of laboratory testing after gastric bypass surgery. We assessed the tests recommended by an expert panel on bariatric surgery, including tests recommended routinely as well as second-line tests for specific clinical scenarios (e.g., tests for anemia when iron deficiency is not present). Results With the exception of testing for diabetes, most gastric bypass patients did not undergo routine laboratory testing in the first year after their surgery, ranging from 54% (electrolytes) to 95% (zinc). However, for first-line tests, significantly more gastric bypass patients underwent testing in the first year,compared with gastric banding patients. Differences in testing frequency between gastric bypass and gastric banding patients were larger for tests of micronutrient deficiency than for common metabolic panels and complete blood counts. For second-line tests, much smaller percentages of both groups of patients underwent testing, either in the first year or after year 1. Conclusion Patients undergoing gastric bypass do not routinely undergo recommended laboratory tests, although they are undergoing more monitoring than gastric banding patients. Efforts must be made by patients, surgeons, and primary care providers to ensure that routine testing is done to lower the risk of adverse health outcomes.
Checking correctness of code generator architecture specifications

Modern instruction sets are complex, and extensions are proposed to them frequently. This makes the task of modelling architecture specifications used by the code generators of modern compilers complex and error-prone. Given the important role played by the compilers, it is necessary that they are tested thoroughly, so that most of the bugs are detected early on. Unfortunately, modern compilers such as GCC do not target testing of individual components of a compiler, but instead perform end-to-end testing. In this paper, we target the problem of checking correctness of the architecture specifications used by code generators of modern compilers. Our solution leverages the architecture of modern compilers where a language-specific front-end compiles source-code into an intermediate representation (IR), which is then translated by the compiler's code generator into assembly code. Hence our approach is to test code generators by testing the equivalence of IR snippets and the corresponding assembly code generated. For this purpose, we have developed an efficient, architecture-neutral test case generation strategy. Using our prototype implementation, we performed correctness checking of 140 assembly instructions (80 general-purpose and 60 SSE out of around 600×86 instructions) of GCC's ×86 code generator, and found semantic differences in 39 of them, at least one of which has already been fixed by the GCC community in response to our report. We believe that our approach can be invaluable when developing support for a new architecture, as well as during frequent updates made to existing architectures such as ×86 for the purpose of supporting new instructions.
Alien Plant Invasions, Introduced Ungulates, and Alternative States in a Mesic Forest in Hawaii

Restoration by natural successional processes after removal of perturbations may not be feasible for many degraded ecosystems. Controlling major ecological threats such as non-native ungulates is often a critical first step toward restoring native communities but past degradation, interactions with alien species and abiotic features may create conditions requiring additional intervention to ensure effective conservation. We monitored a series of fenced plots within diverse mesic forest on western Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands from 1998 to 2005 to determine the effects of ungulate removal on native and alien plant species. Relative to unfenced control plots, germination of seedlings and frequency of understory species of both native and alien species increased in the fenced plots. Density of both native and alien canopy and understory species declined more in unfenced than fenced plots, but density of native species declined more than alien species density in both fenced and unfenced plots. In fenced plots, the frequency of larger alien woody species and cover of an alien, mat-forming fern species increased over time, indicating that fencing may encourage alien species that could interfere with regeneration of native species. Our study suggests that effective conservation of this and other remnant native Hawaiian forests will require both ungulate exclusion, removal of alien plant species with especially detrimental effects on native species, and proactive restoration programs for native species without natural sources of propagules. As the effects of invasive species continue to escalate, continental ecosystems lacking high endemism may also require similar interventions to preserve their biodiversity.