cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What׳s news in News? A cautionary note on using a variance decomposition to assess the quantitative importance of news shocks

Abstract This paper points out a conceptual difficulty in using a variance decomposition to assess the quantitative importance of news shocks. A variance decomposition will attribute to news shocks movements in endogenous variables driven both by news about future exogenous fundamentals that has yet to materialize (what I call “pure news”) as well as movements driven by realized changes in fundamentals that were anticipated in the past (what I call “realized news”). I present a stylized model in which news about yet unrealized changes in fundamentals is irrelevant for output dynamics, but in which a variance decomposition may nevertheless attribute a large share of the variance of output to news shocks. I then revisit the quantitative importance of news in the model of Schmitt-Grohe and Uribe (2012) . In their model news shocks account for 40 percent of the variance of output growth, but this is mostly driven by realized news.
Predictors of Recurrent Febrile Seizures

The results of 14 published reports were analyzed to evaluate the strength of association between proposed risk factors and recurrence of febrile seizures in a metaanalytic review from the Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Montefiore Medical Center, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY.
Gender Ideology and Social Transformation: Using Mixed Methods to Explore Processes of Ideological Change and the Promotion of Women’s Human Rights in Tanzania

Despite growing international interest in policies and practices to enhance women’s status and well-being in the Global South, ideological constraints to structural transformation and increasing opportunities available to women are widespread. There is thus considerable need to examine how ideological processes surrounding women’s status and value can be challenged. In the current study we used mixed method analyses to examine a process of deideologization—the contestation and transformation of traditional ideology—among a group of Maasai women in northern Tanzania. First, thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative interviews conducted with 16 Maasai women. Themes involving traditional ideology, the value of popular education, and components of a deideologization process were identified and assessed. Second, quantitative structural equation modeling was used to test a process model connecting women’s participation in popular education classes to increased political efficacy, decreased discomfort speaking at community meetings, and, in turn, deceased patriarchal beliefs about women. Overall, findings provided evidence for an iterative deideologization process catalyzed by popular education that led to improvements in women’s lives. The importance of promoting processes of deideologization via locally driven efforts to improve the status and well-being of women are discussed.
The Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion Correlated With Increased Heart Transplant Listings in African-Americans But Not Hispanics or Caucasians.

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to determine if the Affordable Care Act (ACA) Medicaid Expansion was associated with increased census-adjusted heart transplant listing rates for racial/ethnic minorities. Background Underinsurance limits access to transplants, especially among racial/ethnic minorities. Changes in racial/ethnic listing rates post-ACA Medicaid Expansion are unknown. Methods Using the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, we analyzed 5,651 patients from early adopter states (implemented the ACA Medicaid Expansion by January 2014) and 4,769 patients from non-adopter states (no implementation during the study period) from 2012 to 2015. Piecewise linear models, stratified according to race/ethnicity, were fit to monthly census-adjusted rates of heart transplant listings before and after January 2014. Results A significant 30% increase in the rate of heart transplant listings for African-American patients in early adopter states occurred immediately after the ACA Medicaid Expansion on January 1, 2014 (before 0.15 to after 0.20/100,000; increase 0.05/100,000; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01 to 0.08); in contrast, the rates for African-American patients in non-adopter states remained constant (before and after 0.15/100,000; increase 0.006/100,000; 95% CI: –0.03 to 0.04). Hispanic patients experienced an opposite trend, with no significant change in early adopter states (before 0.03 to after 0.04/100,000; increase 0.01/100,000; 95% CI: –0.004 to 0.02) and a significant increase in non-adopter states (before 0.03 to after 0.05/100,000; increase 0.02/100,000; 95% CI: 0.002 to 0.03). There were no significant changes in listing rates among Caucasian patients in either early adopter states or non-adopter states. Conclusions Implementation of the ACA Medicaid Expansion was associated with increased heart transplant listings in African-American patients but not in Hispanic or Caucasian patients. Broadening of the ACA in states with large African-American populations may reduce disparities in heart transplant listings.
Breakdown in a high power microwave antenna

In this work, a high power microwave (HPM) antenna is designed and its breakdown limits are investigated. It has been shown that the designed antenna can handle Giga Watt (GW) power without attaining breakdown. The flash-over which usually occurs at the interface of HPM antennas, where microwave leaves and enters into the air, was controlled by adjusting the field intensity at the output window of the antenna. It has been shown that by adopting Gaussian beam distribution at the aperture of horn with appropriate beam waist, the E-field intensity at the output window can be reduced significantly. It has also been demonstrated that an HPM antenna with 0.4 m aperture radius can sustain >30 GW power for a pulse duration of 1ns and the same is reduced to 1μs.
A Model for Hysteresis Observed in Phase Transitions of Thermally Responsive Intrinsically Disordered Protein Polymers

A new class of thermally responsive protein based block co-polymers shows tunable hysteresis in their thermal transitions. The sequences encompass intrinsically disordered regions comprising of repeats of Elastin-Like Polypeptides (ELPs). These are interspersed with alpha-helical polyalanine domains. The lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs) measured along the heating and cooling arms are tunable and can be non-overlapping. The number and type of alanine-rich blocks determine the extent of hysteresis. We have developed a phenomenological model that reproduces the experimentally observed tunable hysteresis for block copolymeric sequences. This requires an imbalance between the strengths of homotypic interactions between alanine-rich regions and ELP repeats. Additionally, the ELPs and alanine-rich regions have to be immiscible with one another. These features engender micro-phase separation whereby the block copolymers form spherical clusters comprising of alanine-rich cores and ELP coronas. Upon raising the temperature above the LCST, the clusters are drawn to one another by favorable interactions among ELPs and these clusters further network via domain swapping of alanine-rich regions. Lowering the temperature below the LCST leads to dispersion of the clusters by weakening of homotypic interactions between ELPs. However, the domain swapped states persist and this maintains the physical networking of clusters thus giving rise to hysteresis. Domain swapping and the persistence of this state below the LCST are governed by the energy gap between the homotypic interactions of ELPs vis-a-vis alanine-rich regions. Our findings have direct bearing on the de novo design of responsive materials based on IDPs, where tunable hysteresis can be used to encode memory effects, and for understanding the complexities of sequence-encoded phase behavior of archetypal low complexity disordered proteins.
Expectations for glueballs

The theoretical models of glueballs are reviewed, and suggestions are made to aid future experimental searches.
Estimating the Trafficked Population: Public-Health Research Methodologies May Be the Answer

ABSTRACTInevitably, there are a great number of methodological challenges and limitations to estimating the extent of human trafficking, which are largely due to definitional issues and the hidden nature of the trafficked population. To date, most national and global estimates of the problem have been discredited for using flawed, nontransparent, or nonexistent research methods; however, researchers have previously suggested that methodologies from public health, including those used to estimate hidden and transient populations, might also be useful to estimate the trafficked population. Specifically, research design, sampling strategies, and measures commonly used to estimate hidden populations in public-health research may hold promise for future human-trafficking studies, reducing bias and resulting in more narrow and precise range estimates of victims. This article presents examples of studies using public-health research methods to estimate various hidden and stigmatized populations (e.g., injection ...
The Brief Military Career of Dr. William H. Welch

ABSTRACT Introduction: The purpose of this article is to examine the Army service of Dr. William H. Welch during World War I. Materials and Methods: Archival research utilizing prime source documents in the William H. Welch Collection of the Alan M. Chesney Medical Archives for the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions. Results: Welch joined the Army at the age of 67 after serving as one of the principal transformational forces for reforming medical education in the United States and founding the first academic institution for educating public health professionals in the United States, the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and Hygiene. His longstanding relationship with Army Surgeon General William Gorgas served as the backdrop for Welch's service. Welch served as both a staff officer and as a traveling medical inspector general, assessing the medical care of troops preparing for overseas duty. He did not adapt particularly well to military dress and decorum but his status as one of the icons of American...
Burning mouth syndrome: a systematic review of treatments

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic oral pain syndrome that primarily affects peri- and postmenopausal women. It is characterized by oral mucosal burning and may be associated with dysgeusia, paresthesia, dysesthesia, and xerostomia. The etiology of the disease process is unknown, but is thought to be neuropathic in origin. The goal of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy of the various treatments for BMS. Literature searches were conducted through PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases, which identified 22 randomized controlled trials. Eight studies examined alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), three clonazepam, three psychotherapy, and two capsaicin, which all showed modest evidence of potentially decreasing pain/burning. Gabapentin was seen in one study to work alone and synergistically with ALA. Other treatments included vitamins, benzydamine hydrochloride, bupivacaine, Catuama, olive oil, trazodone, urea, and Hypericum perforatum. Of these other treatments, Catuama and bupivacaine were the only ones with significant positive results in symptom improvement. ALA, topical clonazepam, gabapentin, and psychotherapy may provide modest relief of pain in BMS. Gabapentin may also boost the effect of ALA. Capsaicin is limited by its side effects. Catuama showed potential for benefit. Future studies with standardized methodology and outcomes containing more patients are needed.
An experimental investigation of gas fuel injection with X-ray radiography

Abstract In this work, an outward-opening compressed natural gas, direct injection fuel injector has been studied with single-shot X-ray radiography. Three dimensional simulations have also been performed to compliment the X-ray data. Argon was used as a surrogate gas for experimental and safety reasons. This technique allows the acquisition of a quantitative mapping of the ensemble-average and standard deviation of the projected density throughout the injection event. Two dimensional, ensemble average and standard deviation data are presented to investigate the quasi-steady-state behavior of the jet. Upstream of the stagnation zone, minimal shot-to-shot variation is observed. Downstream of the stagnation zone, bulk mixing is observed as the jet transitions to a subsonic turbulent jet. From the time averaged data, individual slices at all downstream locations are extracted and an Abel inversion was performed to compute the radial density distribution, which was interpolated to create three dimensional visualizations. The Abel reconstructions reveal that upstream of the stagnation zone, the gas forms an annulus with high argon density and large density gradients. Inside this annulus, a recirculation region with low argon density exists. Downstream, the jet transitions to a fully turbulent jet with Gaussian argon density distributions. This experimental data is intended to serve as a quantitative benchmark for simulations.
The dinuclear scandium(III) cyclooctatetraenyl chloride complex di-μ-chlorido-bis[(η8-cyclooctatetraene)(tetrahydrofuran-κO)scandium(III)].

Only a few cyclooctatetraene dianion (COT) π-complexes of lanthanides have been crystallographically characterized. This first single-crystal X-ray diffraction characterization of a scandium(III) COT chloride complex, namely di-μ-chlorido-bis[(η8-cyclooctatetraene)(tetrahydrofuran-κO)scandium(III)], [Sc2(C8H8)2Cl2(C4H8O)2] or [Sc(COT)Cl(THF)]2 (THF is tetrahydrofuran), (1), reveals a dimeric molecular structure with symmetric chloride bridges [average Sc-Cl = 2.5972 (7) A] and a η8-bound COT ligand. The COT ring is planar, with an average C-C bond length of 1.399 (3) A. The Sc-C bond lengths range from 2.417 (2) to 2.438 (2) A [average 2.427 (2) A]. Direct comparison of (1) with the known lanthanide (Ln) analogues (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, and Sm) illustrates the effect of metal-ion (M) size on molecular structure. Overall, the M-Cl, M-O, and M-C bond lengths in (1) are the shortest in the series. In addition, only one THF molecule completes the coordination environment of the small ScIII ion, in contrast to the previously reported dinuclear Ln-COT-Cl complexes, which all have two bound THF molecules per metal atom.
Latina/o School Principals as Instructional Leaders

Focusing on the fundamental purpose of schools as student learning, this exploratory study attempts to better understand the role of Latino principals’ activities that are centered on the teaching and learning process. Specifically, the authors were interested in comparing the instructional leadership literature (what do instructional leaders do) and analyze the time and tasks that describe how Latino principals spend their time, and then compare these activities to Yosso’s (2005) cultural wealth model. Findings from our study revealed how principals create structures to prioritize instructional time by focusing on the relational aspect of the profession. Top activities where Latina/o principals spend most of their time include 33% in classrooms, 25% connecting with students, 23% pushing paperwork, 18% planning, 16% in meetings, 15% teaching training, and 14% in professional development. Additionally, our study highlights barriers for Latino school leaders indicating activities to reduce their time in meetings, student discipline, paperwork, and teacher administrator discipline.
Abstract IA04: Validation of a simplified Rosner-Colditz breast cancer incidence model in the California Teachers' Study

Purpose: To validate a simplified breast cancer incidence model using baseline risk factors in an independent dataset Methods: We restricted the study population to comparable age ranges at baseline (age 47-79) (Nurses9 Health Study (NHS), 1994, n=64,627; California Teachers9 Study (CTS), 1995, n=31,386) We fit simplified Rosner-Colditz (RC) log incidence models using baseline risk factors and estimated both a 14-year risk model (1994-2008, 3597 cases) and a 4-year risk model (1994-1998, 1616 cases) based on NHS data. Both the 14-year and 4-year risk models were compared with the Gail model over the same time periods in the CTS population (14-year model, 1995-2009, 1786 cases; 4-year risk model, 1995-1999, 543 cases). We assessed performance using measures of discrimination based on AUC and calibration based on Poisson regression. Correlated AUC methods (Rosner and Glynn, 2009) were used to compare AUC9s of competing models. Calibration was assessed by using relative risks from the RC and Gail models and absolute incidence rates from SEER. Results: Variables considered in the RC models were age; age at menopause (by type of menopause), menopausal status, age at 1 st birth age at menarche, nulliparity, birth index, benign breast disease, duration of HRT use among current users by type of HRT, weight at age 18, change in weight from age 18 to baseline, separately by menopausal status and HRT use, height, alcohol consumption and family Hx of breast cancer. Age-adjusted AUC estimates in the NHS population were: (14-year risk model, RC model: 0.606 ± 0.005, Gail model: 0.563 ± 0.005, p diff diff Age-adjusted AUC estimates in the validation (CTS) population were: (14-year risk model, RC model: 0.580 ± 0.007, Gail model: 0.549 ± 0.007, p diff diff =0.025). Calibration of the 14-year risk model indicated an estimated E/O ratio of 1.10 (95% CI = 1.05, 1.15) for RC; 1.08 (95% CI = 1.05-1.13) for Gail. Calibration of the 4-year risk model indicated an estimated E/O ratio of 1.16 (95% CI = 1.07-1.26) for RC; 1.15 (95% CI = 1.07-1.25) for Gail. Calibration results were similar using Poisson regression. Conclusion: The simplified RC model based on baseline risk factors is practical to use in a clinical setting and has a significantly higher AUC than the Gail model when validated in an external sample. AUC is better for short-term (4-year) vs. long-term risk prediction. Calibration is slightly off using both models and indicates that expected risks are slightly higher than observed risks for both short-term and long-term models. Citation Format: Bernard A. Rosner. Validation of a simplified Rosner-Colditz breast cancer incidence model in the California Teachers9 Study. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Improving Cancer Risk Prediction for Prevention and Early Detection; Nov 16-19, 2016; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017;26(5 Suppl):Abstract nr IA04.
Validation of the AJCC 8th edition prognostic stage in breast cancer.

e23186Background: The 8th edition of the AJCC staging manual introduced a prognostic stage incorporating biologic factors. The goal this study was to validate the prognostic stage in a single institution cohort and large population database. Methods: Patients were identified in a prospective institutional database and the California Cancer Registry (CCR). Factors included were T, N, m stage, grade, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and HER2 status. Survival was calculated by Kaplan Meier method. Harrell’s concordance index (C index) was used to quantify models’ predictive performance, and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) to compare model fits. Results: A total of 3,327 Stage I-IIIC breast cancer patients treated 2007-2013 at a single institution with complete clinicopathologic data were identified. Compared to the anatomic stage, the prognostic stage upstaged 29.5% of patients and downstaged 28.1%. Median follow up was 5 yrs. The prognostic staging system’s C index (0.84) and AIC (816.8) reflect ...
To Tell the Truth: Virtual Agents and Morning Morality

This paper investigates the impact of time of day on truthfulness in human-agent interactions. Time of day has been found to have important implications for moral behavior in human-human interaction. Namely, the morning morality effect shows that people are more likely to act ethically (i.e., tell fewer lies) in the morning than in the afternoon. Based on previous work on disclosure and virtual agents, we propose that this effect will not bear out in human-agent interactions. Preliminary evaluation shows that individuals who lie when engaged in multi-issue bargaining tasks with the Conflict Resolution Agent, a semi-automated virtual human, tell more lies to human negotiation partners than virtual agent negotiation partners in the afternoon and are more likely to tell more lies in the afternoon than in the morning when they believe they are negotiating with a human. Time of day does not have a significant effect on the amount of lies told to the virtual agent during the multi-issue bargaining task.
Quantum-confined and pseudo Stark effects in the semiconductor conical quantum dot

Electronic states in a GaAs conical quantum dot (QD) are theoretically investigated within the framework of the geometric adiabatic approximation both in the strong and weak quantum confinement regimes. For the lower levels of the spectrum, the localization of the electron in the vicinity of the QD center-of-gravity is proved. The QD conical symmetry leads to the appearance of an atypical linear term in the effective confining potential. The influence of a uniform electric field on the system is also considered, and both the quantum-confined and pseudo- Stark effects are discussed. The possibility of the quasi-continuous spectrum implementation in the system is revealed in the presence of an electric field. For the weak quantum confinement regime, the motion of the exciton's center-of-gravity is quantized, which leads to the appearance of additional Coulomb sub-levels.
The timing and origin of pre- and post-caldera volcanism associated with the Mesa Falls Tuff, Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field

Abstract We present new sanidine 40Ar/39Ar ages and paleomagnetic data for pre- and post-caldera rhyolites from the second volcanic cycle of the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field, which culminated in the caldera-forming eruption of the Mesa Falls Tuff at ca. 1.3 Ma. These data allow for a detailed reconstruction of the eruptive history of the second volcanic cycle and provide new insights into the petrogenesis of rhyolite domes and flows erupted during this time period. 40Ar/39Ar age data for the biotite-bearing Bishop Mountain flow demonstrate that it erupted approximately 150 kyr prior to the Mesa Falls Tuff. Integrating 40Ar/39Ar ages and paleomagnetic data for the post-caldera Island Park rhyolite domes suggests that these five crystal-rich rhyolites erupted over a centuries-long time interval at 1.2905 ± 0.0020 Ma (2σ). The biotite-bearing Moonshine Mountain rhyolite dome was originally thought to be the downfaulted vent dome for the pre-caldera Bishop Mountain flow due to their similar petrographic and oxygen isotope characteristics, but new 40Ar/39Ar dating suggest that it erupted near contemporaneously with the Island Park rhyolite domes at 1.2931 ± 0.0018 Ma (2σ) and is a post-caldera eruption. Despite their similar eruption ages, the Island Park rhyolite domes and the Moonshine Mountain dome are chemically and petrographically distinct and are not derived from the same source. Integrating these new data with field relations and existing geochemical data, we present a petrogenetic model for the formation of the post-Mesa Falls Tuff rhyolites. Renewed influx of basaltic and/or silicic recharge magma into the crust at 1.2905 ± 0.0020 Ma led to [1] the formation of the Island Park rhyolite domes from the source region that earlier produced the Mesa Falls Tuff and [2] the formation of Moonshine Mountain dome from the source region that earlier produced the biotite-bearing Bishop Mountain flow. These magmas were stored in the crust for less than a few thousand years before being erupted contemporaneously along a 30 km long, structurally controlled vent zone related to extracaldera Basin and Range faults. These data highlight the rapidity with which magma can be generated and erupted over large distances at Yellowstone.
Automatic Monitor-Based Tuning of Reconfigurable Silicon Photonic APF-Based Pole/Zero Filters

Reconfigurable photonic filters are promising candidates to meet the requirements of future microwave communication systems. However, sensitivity to process and temperature variations necessitates an automatic calibration solution to enable robust operation. This paper demonstrates fully automatic tuning of silicon photonic all-pass filter (APF)-based pole/zero filters using a monitor-based tuning method that calibrates the initial response by controlling each pole and zero individually via microheaters. The proposed tuning approach calibrates severely degraded initial responses to the designed elliptic filter shapes and allows us for automatic bandwidth and center-frequency reconfiguration of these filters. This algorithm is demonstrated on second- and fourth-order filters fabricated in a standard silicon photonics foundry process. After the initial calibration, only 300 ms is required to reconfigure a filter to a different center frequency. Thermal crosstalk between the microheaters is investigated, with substrate thinning demonstrated to suppress this effect and reduce filter calibration to less than half of the original thick substrate times. This fully automatic tuning approach opens the possibility of employing silicon photonic filters in real communication systems.
A Randomized Trial of Weight Change in a National Home Visiting Program.

Introduction Clinical trials have demonstrated significant impact in reducing weight and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the intensity of these trials limits their scalability to real world settings. The purpose of this study was to embed a lifestyle intervention for overweight and obese mothers within the routine practice of a parent education, home visiting organization. Design Pragmatic trial that used a stratified random design. Setting/participants Overweight or obese mothers of preschool children located across St. Louis, Missouri, enrolled in Parents As Teachers, a home visiting organization reaching women and children nationwide. Intervention A lifestyle intervention derived from the Diabetes Prevention Program was embedded within Parents As Teachers entitled Healthy Eating and Active Living Taught at Home (HEALTH). Main outcome measures Outcomes included the proportion of women that achieved 5% weight loss at 24 months and improvements in clinical and behavioral outcomes at 12 and 24 months. Participants were enrolled from 2012 to 2014 and data analysis began in 2016. Results Women in the usual care versus intervention group were significantly less likely to achieve 5% weight loss at 24 months (11% vs 26%, p=0.01). At 12 months, there was a 2.8-kg difference in weight between groups (p=0.0006), and by 24 months a 4.7-kg difference in weight (3.2 [SD=7.6] kg vs –1.5 [SD=8.3] kg, p=0.002); group differences in waist circumference were also evident by 12 months (2.1 [SD=8.4] cm vs –0.7 [SD=9.8] cm, p=0.04) and 24 months (3.8 [SD=10.6] cm vs –2.5 [SD=9.1] cm, p=0.005), as were improvements in behavioral outcomes. There was no difference in blood pressure between groups. Conclusions HEALTH achieved modest but clinically significant weight loss outcomes, and reduced weight gain in mothers of young children. The scalability of this embedded intervention offers the potential to reach mothers in Parents As Teachers programs nationally. Trial registration This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT01567033.
Ruthenium ammine complexes as electron acceptors for growth stimulation by plasma membrane electron transport.

Ammineruthenium(III) complexes have been found to act as electron acceptors for the transplasmalemma electron transport system of animal cells. The active complexes hexaammineruthenium(III), pyridine pentaammineruthenium(III), and chloropentaammineruthenium(III) range in redox potential (E′ 0) from 305 to −42 mV. These compounds also act as electron acceptors for the NADH dehydrogenase of isolated plasma membranes. Stimulation of HeLa cell growth, in the absence of calf serum, by these compounds provides evidence that growth stimulation by the transplasma membrane electron transport system is not entirely based on reduction and uptake of iron.
Diffraction at HERA: Inclusive Final States and Exclusive Vector Meson Production

Diffractive processes in photon-proton interactions at HERA offer the opportunity to improve the understanding of the transition between the soft, non-perturbative regime in hadronic interactions at Q 2 = 0 and the perturbative region at high Q 2. Recent experimental results from HERA on exclusive vector meson production and the properties of the hadronic final state in diffraction are reviewed. The results are discussed in the context of current theoretical models.
The Role of Social Experience in Cognitive Development

This paper argues that since humans are social animals (Aristotle) their level of survival depends to a great extent on problem solving thinking for social adaptation. Human social adaptation is markedly different from that of higher animals with which man shares so much behavior. This difference arose in humans in their evolutionary history at the point when they developed the power of thought and reflection. This power allows humans to be better problem solvers than higher animals and to plan their futures. Central to this future is knowledge and its uses of different kinds of problem solving. A model of cognitive development for problem solving that pays special attention to a form of social adaptation is put forward. This model is called distancing (Sigel, 1970) and it proposes a class of verbal and nonverbal interactions with young children, which are hypothesized as contributing to representational thought which in turn facilitates social adaptation.
Cophenetic Median Trees

Median tree inference under path-difference metrics has shown great promise for large-scale phylogeny estimation. Similar to these metrics is the family of cophenetic metrics that originates from a classic dendrogram comparison method introduced more than 50 years ago. Despite the appeal of this family of metrics, the problem of computing median trees under cophenetic metrics has not been analyzed. Like other standard median tree problems relevant in practice, as we show here, this problem is also NP-hard. NP-hard median tree problems have been successfully addressed by local search heuristics that are solving thousands of instances of a corresponding (local neighborhood) search problem. For the local neighborhood search problem under a cophenetic metric, the best known (naive) algorithm has a time complexity that is typically prohibitive for effective heuristic searches. Building on the pioneering work on path-difference median trees, we develop efficient algorithms for Manhattan and Euclidean cophenetic search problems that improve on the naive solution by a linear and a quadratic factor, respectively. We demonstrate the performance and effectiveness of the resulting heuristic methods in a comparative study using benchmark empirical datasets.
Alterations of Expression of the Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor in Brain Disorders

The serotonin 4 receptor, 5-HT4R, represents one of seven different serotonin receptor families and is implicated in a variety of physiological functions and their pathophysiological variants, such as mood and depression or anxiety, food intake and obesity or anorexia, or memory and memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease. Its central nervous system expression pattern in the forebrain, in particular in caudate putamen, the hippocampus and to lesser extent in the cortex, predispose it for a role in executive function and reward-related actions. In rodents, regional overexpression or knockdown in the prefrontal cortex or the nucleus accumbens of 5-HT4R was shown to impact mood and depression-like phenotypes, food intake and hypophagia; however, whether expression changes are causally involved in the etiology of such disorders is not clear. In this context, more data are emerging, especially based on PET technology and the use of ligand tracers that demonstrate altered 5-HT4R expression in brain disorders in humans, confirming data stemming from post-mortem tissue and preclinical animal models. In this review, we would like to present the current knowledge of 5-HT4R expression in brain regions relevant to mood/depression, reward and executive function with a focus on 5-HT4R expression changes in brain disorders or caused by drug treatment, at both the transcript and protein levels.
Abstract 152: Thrombectomy With Conscious Sedation Increases Functional Independence Compared to General Anesthesia: A DEFUSE-3 Post-hoc Analysis

Introduction: The optimal method of patient sedation for mechanical thrombectomy in large vessel occlusion, particularly in the delayed time window, remains unknown. We evaluated the endovascular a...
Neuroinflammation and fractalkine signaling in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder, and the most common form of dementia. As the understanding of AD has progressed, it is now believed that AD is an amyloid-initiated tauopathy with neuroinflammation serving as the link between amyloid deposition, tau pathology, and neurodegeneration. As microglia are the main immune effectors in the central nervous system, they have been the focus of attention in studies investigating the neuroinflammatory component of AD. Therefore, recent work has focused on immunomodulators, which can alter microglial activation without suppressing activity, as potential therapeutics for AD. Fractalkine (CX3CL1; FKN), a unique chemokine with a one-to-one relationship with its receptor, signals through its cognate receptor (CX3CR1) to reduce expression of pro-inflammatory genes in activated microglia. Disrupting FKN signaling has opposing effects on the two hallmark pathologies of AD, but over-expressing a soluble FKN has been shown to reduce tau pathology while not altering amyloid pathology. Recently, differential signaling has been reported when comparing two cleavage variants of soluble FKN. These differential effects may explain recent studies reporting seemingly conflicting results regarding the effect of FKN over expression on AD pathologies.
Floating policy voters in the 2016 U.S. presidential election

Abstract Much of the political science literature is skeptical that issue content matters for presidential voting behavior, with partisanship, social identity, and group attitudes providing the vast majority of explanatory power for two-party vote choice at the individual level. This literature stands in contrast with work on issue cross-pressuring, which argues that voters who disagree with their party on salient issues they care about are more likely to either vote for the opposing party's candidate or not participate in the two-party contest at all. Using the Cooperative Campaign Analysis Project's 2016 survey, which includes within-subject responses from early June and November–December of 2016, I find support for both of these literatures in the context of the 2016 presidential election. Group attitudes, particularly with respect to race, were strongly associated with changes in voting behavior between 2012 and 2016. However, some voters, in some cases, seem to have deviated from their 2012 voting behavior based on policy issues they considered important to their vote. While issue cross-pressuring as measurable on the 2016 CCAP was relatively rare, I find that those who were cross-pressured were significantly more likely to change their voting behavior in 2016 relative to 2012.
Fast Frequency Support From Wind Turbine Generators With Auxiliary Dynamic Demand Control

Wind penetration is expected to reach substantially higher levels of penetration in the near future. A variable speed wind turbine generator, such as, the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) or the permanent magnet synchronous generator, does not naturally provide rotating inertia due to the converter interface, which leads to a reduction of the overall system inertial response. The replacement of the conventional generators which have governors also reduces primary frequency control capability. Multiple control strategies have been proposed to enable a DFIG to provide emulated inertial response through reducing rotor speed that can release some kinetic energy. However, this has no effect on primary settling frequency and may even bring a secondary frequency dip to the system due to rotor speed recovery. Moreover, the rotor speed is not guaranteed to stay in an allowable range during the reduction period. This paper proposes a new control strategy for DFIG to provide adequate inertial response with guaranteed rotor security. To mitigate the potential of the secondary frequency dip and improve the performance of primary frequency control, a dynamic demand control strategy is proposed to coordinate with DFIG control. The coordination strategy can provide fast frequency support from the time-scale of inertial response through primary frequency control. The proposed control can be realized in both small-scale and large-scale power systems.
A Laterally Transferred Viral Gene Modifies Aphid Wing Plasticity.

Summary Organisms often respond to changing environments by altering development of particular traits. These plastic traits exhibit genetic variation; i.e., genotypes respond differently to the same environmental cues. Theoretical studies have demonstrated the importance of this variation, which is targeted by natural selection, in adapting plastic responses to maximize fitness [ 1 , 2 ]. However, little is known about the underlying genetic mechanisms. We identify two laterally transferred genes that contribute to variation in a classic example of phenotypic plasticity: the pea aphid’s ability to produce winged offspring in response to crowding. We discovered that aphid genotypes vary extensively for this trait and that aphid genes of viral origin are upregulated in response to crowding solely in highly inducible genotypes. We knocked down expression of these genes to demonstrate their functional role in wing plasticity. Through phylogenetic analysis, we found that these genes likely originated from a virus that infects rosy apple aphids and causes their hosts to produce winged offspring [ 3 ]. The function of these genes has therefore been retained following transfer to pea aphids. Our results uncover a novel role for co-opted viral genes, demonstrating that they are used to modulate ecologically relevant, plastic phenotypes. Our findings also address a critical question about the evolution of environmentally sensitive traits: whether the genes that control the expression of plastic traits also underlie variation in plasticity. The genes we identify originated from outside aphids themselves, and thus, our work shows that genes formerly unrelated to plasticity can fine-tune the strength of plastic responses to the environment.
Regulation of Muscle Glycogenolysis

During muscle contraction, a significant part of the energy used is derived from glycogen. The rate of glucose 1-phosphate production from glycogen is determined by the fraction of glycogen phosphorylase in the phosphorylated, active, a form (Madsen, 1986). The fractions of phosphorylase in the a and b (dephospho-, inactive) forms depend on the two enzymes, phosphorylase kinase and protein phosphatase-1, which in turn are influenced by other enzymes and regulatory factors, all of which form an integrated, multienzyme glycogenolytic complex (Fig. 1) (Hallenbeck & Walsh, 1986). In this report we describe three experimental approaches to the study of regulation of this complex.
Racial Differences in Clinical Features and Comorbidities in Ankylosing Spondylitis in the United States.

Objective. To examine racial differences of clinical features, medication usage, and comorbidities of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in the United States. Methods. In the Explorys database, 28,520 patients with AS were identified. Data were stratified by 2 rheumatology visits, race, sex, clinical characteristics, medication use, and comorbidities. Datasets were recorded as proportions, which were compared using chi-square test (p Results. Of the 10,990 patients with AS, 8% were African Americans and had elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein, and high frequency of anterior uveitis, hypertension, diabetes, depression, and heart disease. Conclusion. African Americans with AS in the United States have high disease activity and comorbidities compared to whites.
Whole blood transcriptome analysis in feedlot cattle after 35 days of supplementation with a β1-adrenergic agonist

Ractopamine HCl (RHC) is supplemented to feedlot cattle to improve feed efficiency and increase carcass weight. Supplementation of RHC clearly benefits livestock production, but it is of note that the adrenergic system through which it acts is typically associated with stress. The purpose of this study was to identify changes in the transcriptome of whole blood in RHC-supplemented feedlot cattle. We hypothesized that transcripts related to inflammatory processes would be upregulated after 35 days of dietary RHC supplementation. To test this hypothesis, RNA from whole blood collected from 16 cattle before and after supplementation with 300 mg/day of RHC was sequenced using 3′ tag-seq. Eight transcripts were differentially expressed (Adjp < 0.10) between pre- and post-supplementation blood samples. Although several of these transcripts including IFI35, TYROBP, and TP53INP1 are associated with inflammation, a systemic dysregulation of inflammatory pathways was not evident. These data provide insight into the response of cattle to RHC supplementation that will direct future studies examining how the transcriptome of whole blood and other tissues responds during acute exposure to RHC and how this supplement mechanistically improves growth performance.
Foveros: 3D Integration and the use of Face-to-Face Chip Stacking for Logic Devices

This paper presents the key silicon features of Intel’s 3D stacking technology, Foveros, as it is used to enable logic-on-logic die stacking. A robust face-to-face die connection is enabled with a high yielding, robust microbump connection. Additionally, we describe the low resistance TSVs used for connection to the package along with their electrical properties.
Protocol-driven Antibiotic Treatment of Pediatric Empyema After Fibrinolysis.

Background The duration of antibiotic treatment after resolution of empyema in children is variable. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of a protocol-driven antibiotic regimen aimed to decrease antibiotic duration following treatment with fibrinolysis. Methods Our institutional protocol consisted of 7 further days of antibiotics upon removal of the thoracostomy tube, with the patient being afebrile, off supplemental oxygen, and having negative cultures. A prospective observational study was then performed between September 2014 and March 2019. Empyema recurrence and antibiotic-related complications were recorded. Results were compared with previously published data from the preprotocol era. Results A total of 37 patients were included. Mean total duration of antibiotics decreased from 26 ± 6.5 days in the preprotocol group to 22 ± 9.7 days in the postprotocol group (P = 0.004). This resulted in a significant decrease in hospital stay from the preprotocol cohort to the postprotocol cohort, respectively (9.3 ± 4.8 d versus 6.8 ± 3.1 d, P = 0.003). Sixty-two percentage of the patients were intended to treat according to the protocol, with a 50% adherence rate. Patients in which the protocol was followed had an average of 2.8 fewer days of antibiotics after discharge (P = 0.004), although overall duration was not statistically different. Significantly fewer antibiotic-related complications were noted after protocol initiation. There was no difference in empyema recurrence or readmissions. Conclusions Institution of a protocol-driven approach to antibiotic duration following resolution of pleural space disease may reduce antibiotic duration and complications without reducing efficacy.
The Bigness Complex Redux: Horizontal Ownership Concentration and Efficiency Conundrums:

This cliometric study evaluates efficiency outcomes from America’s telecommunications sector acquisitions, based on data for 1988–2001, as the sector’s horizontal acquisition processes have repeate...
Experience With Anti-TNF-α Biologic Agents in Succession in Patients With Crohn's Disease: A Retrospective Analysis of a Single Center.

Goals Our aim was to identify and compare the effectiveness of antitumor necrosis factor biologics when used as initial agents and when used in succession for the treatment of moderate to severe Crohn's disease (CD). Background Studies directly comparing the efficacy of biologics are lacking. When one biologic loses efficacy, patients are often treated with an alternate biologic. The effectiveness of this strategy has not been thoroughly investigated. Study This is a retrospective cohort study from a database of 153 patients with CD treated with infliximab, adalimumab, or certolizumab pegol. Response rates determined by physician global assessment were compared between biologics when given as initial agents and after failure of 1 or 2 prior biologics. Results There were no significant differences in response between infliximab (64.5%), adalimumab (60.0%), and certolizumab pegol (66.7%) when given as initial biologics. As second-line or third-line agents after prior biologic failure, there was a trend toward increased response with infliximab (83.3%) versus adalimumab (52.7%) and certolizumab pegol (59.4%); however, this did not meet statistical significance. After failure or loss of response of 2 previous biologics, use of a third biologic was still effective with a response rate of 54.2%. Conclusions All 3 biologics have similar efficacy in the treatment of CD when given as initial agents. Infliximab has a trend toward increased response after prior biologic failure; however, this did not meet statistical significance. Even after loss of response or failure of 2 previous biologics, trial of a third alternate biologic is an effective strategy.
Characterizing and Modeling Non-Volatile Memory Systems

Scalable server-grade non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) DIMMs became commercially available with the release of Intel’s Optane DIMM. Recent studies on Optane DIMM systems unveil discrepant performance characteristics, compared to what many researchers assumed before the product release. Most of these studies focus on system software design and performance analysis. To thoroughly analyze the source of this discrepancy and facilitate real-NVRAM-aware architecture design, we propose a framework that characterizes and models Optane DIMM’s microarchitecture. Our framework consists of a Low-level profilEr for Non-volatile memory Systems (LENS) and a Validated cycle-Accurate NVRAM Simulator (VANS). LENS allows us to comprehensively analyze the performance attributes and reverse engineer NVRAM microarchitectures. Based on LENS characterization, we develop VANS, which models the sophisticated microarchitecture design of Optane DIMM, and is validated by comparing with the detailed performance characteristics of Optane-DIMM-attached Intel servers. VANS adopts a modular design that can be easily modified to extend to other NVRAM architecture designs; it can also be attached to full-system simulators, such as gem51. By using LENS and VANS, we develop two architectural optimizations on top of Optane DIMM, Lazy Cache and Pre-translation, which significantly improve cloud workload performance.