cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pancreatic AT1aR Deficiency Decreases Insulin Secretion in Obese C57BL/6 Mice.

Background Previously, we demonstrated that obese mice have marked elevations in systemic concentrations of angiotensin II (AngII). Drugs that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), including angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonists, have been reported to delay the onset of type 2 diabetes (T2D), suggesting improvements in insulin sensitivity or regulation of pancreatic insulin secretion. Pancreatic islets possess components of the RAS, including AT1R, but it is unclear if AngII acts at islets to regulate insulin secretion during the development of T2D. Methods We deleted AT1aR from pancreatic islets and examined effects on insulin secretion in mice fed a low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diet. In separate studies, to exacerbate the system, we infused HF-fed mice of each genotype with AngII. Results Pancreatic AT1aR deficiency impaired glucose tolerance and elevated plasma glucose concentrations in HF, but not LF-fed mice. In HF-fed mice, high glucose increased insulin secretion from islets of AT1aRfl/fl, but not AT1aRpdx mice. In AngII-infused mice, following glucose challenge, plasma glucose or insulin concentrations were not significantly different between genotypes. Moreover, high glucose stimulated insulin secretion from islets of AT1aRfl/fl and AT1aRpdx mice, presumably related to weight loss, and improved insulin sensitivity in both groups of AngII-infused HF-fed mice. Conclusions Our results suggest that during the adaptive response to insulin resistance from HF feeding, AngII promotes insulin secretion from islets through an AT1aR mechanism. These results suggest the timing of initiation of AT1R blockade may be important in the progression from prediabetes to T2D with β-cell failure.
Outward Bound and Civic-Minded: The Impact of an Outward Bound Course on Students’ Understanding of and Experiences With Public Service

Research on individuals’ experiences engaging in outdoor education programs suggests participants are impacted in a number of ways. This study investigated the impact of participation in a wilderness education course on undergraduates’ experiences with public service. This study asked the research question, what is the impact of an Outward Bound course on students’ understanding of and experiences with public service? Participants (n = 109) were undergraduate students who completed a 28-day Outward Bound course between 2002 and 2017. Qualitative data that informed the study included interviews, impact statements, and survey responses. The findings demonstrate a relationship between an outdoor education experience and public service, which can be understood most clearly through considering the development of knowledge, skills, dispositions, and behavioral intention associated with the Civic-Minded Graduate.Subscribe to JOREL
Erratum for Baxter et al., "The Glucoamylase Inhibitor Acarbose Has a Diet-Dependent and Reversible Effect on the Murine Gut Microbiome".

Volume 4, issue 1, e00528-18, 2019, [https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00528-18][1]. This article was published on 6 February 2019 with the first author’s name misspelled. The byline was updated in the current version, posted on 16 May 2019. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00528-18
Dynamics of Bose-Einstein recondensation in higher bands

Motivated by recent experiments, we explore the kinetics of Bose-Einstein condensation in the upper band of a double-well optical lattice. These experiments engineer a nonequilibrium situation in which the highest energy state in the band is macroscopically occupied. The system subsequently relaxes and the condensate moves to the lowest energy state. We model this process, finding that the kinetics occurs in three phases: The condensate first evaporates, forming a highly nonequilibrium gas with no phase coherence; energy is then redistributed among the noncondensed atoms; finally, the atoms recondense. We calculate the timescales for each of these phases and explain how this scenario can be verified through future experiments.
A PC-SAFT model for hydrocarbons V: Alcohol-hydrocarbon phase behavior with application to petroleum pseudo-components

Abstract Prediction of alcohol-hydrocarbon phase behavior within a SAFT equation of state is a well-studied topic in the recent literature. Most of these studies focus on the phase behavior of alcohols with n-alkanes, and have demonstrated the successful prediction of non-ideal phase behavior. If the same predictability is to be attained for mixtures of alcohols with aromatic species, there must be a systematic approach to allow for the aromatic cores to receive hydrogen bonds. In this work, we develop a new alcohol parameterization within the PC-SAFT equation of state which is shown to give accurate predictions of alcohol-hydrocarbon phase behavior with both saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons. A major application of alcohol-hydrocarbon phase behavior is the prediction of the phase behavior of alcohol-gasoline blends. In a refinery setting, gasoline will be described by a series of petroleum pseudo-components. In conjunction with the developed alcohol parameterization, we demonstrate the ability of the recently developed EMPETRO characterization scheme to predict the phase behavior of alcohols with petroleum pseudo-components. In a sister publication [Vella J. R. and Marshall B. D., Fuel, 2019] we apply this methodology to predict refinery blending properties of alcohol-gasoline blends such as Reid vapor pressure and ASTM D86 distillation curves.
A new method for heat transfer coefficient measurements of single-phase fluids during laminar flow in microchannels

Abstract The measurement of heat transfer coefficients in microchannels is complicated due to the small sizes involved. Moreover, a heat transfer mechanism which is not usually considered, the axial conduction effect in the channel wall, must also be evaluated in micro-scale measurements. Previous heat transfer coefficient measurements have not accounted for the axial conduction effect, and those measurements showed the inconsistent result with the theory. In this paper, a new measurement method is developed to validate the theory that predicts a Nusselt number independent of Reynolds number in the laminar flow regime for microchannels. A numerical model is used to simulate heat transfer characteristics in a microchannel with wall conduction, and to predict the wall temperature difference between a location at the end of the heater and a location 3 mm away from the heater on the microchannel. The temperature difference is experimentally measured on a 160 μm hydraulic diameter microchannel and compared with the numerical model. The comparison shows that the Nusselt number in the laminar flow regime for the microchannel is independent of Reynolds number at least down to Re=300.
Structured Reporting in Multiple Sclerosis Reduces Interpretation Time

Rationale and Objectives Previous studies have reported mixed results regarding whether the use of structured reporting (SR) leads to a change in interpretation times. The objective of this study was to quantify any change in interpretation times after the implementation of SR for multiple sclerosis (MS) follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. Materials and Methods Interpretation times before and after the transition to MS MRI SR were compared over a 5-year period. To control for changing practice patterns, a control group of non-MS (intracranial masses) reports not using SR was also assessed. In a secondary analysis, interpretation times for 2D and 3D MRI MS protocols after the initiation of SR were compared to determine whether increased image number with the 3D protocol affected interpretation times. Results Mean and median interpretation times before the initiation of SR for MS MRI were 11.0 and 8.0 minutes versus 8.5 and 6.0 minutes after the implementation of SR (p Conclusion After the implementation of SR for MS follow-up MRI at our institution, interpretation times significantly decreased despite the increased number of images with some of the examinations due to the adoption of 3D protocols. The adoption of SR for MS MRI follow-up scans may improve radiologist efficiency.
The Hausdorff dimension of non-uniquely ergodic directions in H(2) is almost everywhere 1∕2

We show that for almost every (with respect to Masur–Veech measure) translation surface ! 2 H.2/ , the set of angles 2 Œ0; 2 / such that e ! has non-uniquely ergodic vertical foliation has Hausdorff dimension (and codimension) 1 2 . We show this by proving that the Hausdorff codimension of the set of non-uniquely ergodic interval exchange transformations (IETs) in the Rauzy class of .4321/ is also 1 2 .
'You don't just do it because someone else said so': Menstrual practices and women's agency in the Hindu diaspora of Trinidad.

Meanings of menstruation are deeply embedded in culture and religion. The current dominant narrative presents menstrual practices as restrictions and often describes Hindu women as ‘subjected to’ t...
Ecological and Developmental Perspectives on Social Learning

In this special issue of Human Nature we explore the possible adaptive links between teaching and learning during childhood, and we aim to expand the dialogue on the ways in which the social sciences, and in particular current anthropological research, may better inform our shifting understanding of how these processes vary in different social and ecological environments. Despite the cross-disciplinary trend toward incorporating more behavioral and cognitive data outside of postindustrial state societies, much of the published cross-cultural data is presented as stand-alone population-level studies, making it challenging to extrapolate trends or incorporate both ecological and developmental perspectives. Here, contributors explore how human life history, ecological experience, cumulative culture, and ethnolinguistics impact social learning and child development in foraging and transitioning societies around the world. Using historical ethnographic data and qualitative and quantitative data from studies with contemporary populations, authors interrogate the array of factors that likely interact with cognitive development and learning. They provide contributions that explore the unique environmental, social, and cultural conditions that characterize such populations, offering key insights into processes of social learning, adaptive learning responses, and culture change. This series of articles demonstrates that children are taught culturally and environmentally salient skills in myriad ways, ranging from institutionalized instruction to brief, nuanced, and indirect instruction. Our hope is that this collection stimulates more research on the evolutionary and developmental implications associated with teaching and learning among humans.
Examining Barriers and Facilitators to Palliative Care Access in Rural Areas: A Scoping Review.

Background:Despite the growth of palliative care (PC), access to PC remains challenging for rural Americans living with chronic diseases. Given the demand and benefits of PC, a comprehensive view o...
The effect of selenium on salinity stress and selenate – sulfate comparision in kale

Increased salinity is a threat to arid and semiarid zone agriculture worldwide. Kale consumption has increased as its nutritional and antioxidant benefits become more widely known. Compared with ot...
Lentiviral vectors as the delivery vehicles for transduction into iPSCs: shortcomings and benefits

Abstract Over the last decade, the generation and differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells highlights one of the most groundbreaking discoveries in science and medicine. iPSCs has become an indispensable tool for elucidating a pathology of different diseases, drug screening, and development. A critical step for advancing iPSC technology is the establishment of delivery systems for introducing reprogramming factors into embryonic and somatic cells. Retroviral and lentiviral vectors are among the most common delivery vehicles used to induce iPSCs generation and differentiation, due to their ability to stably transduce a broad range of postmitotic cells and mediate high levels of gene expression. Nevertheless, integration capacity of the vectors increases a risk of insertional mutagenicity and oncogenicity and thus raises serious safety concerns regarding their use in clinical studies. Furthermore, residual transgene expression in virus‐carrying human iPSCs can alter the differentiation potential of the cells and profoundly affect their molecular characteristics. Integrase-deficient viruses including adenoviruses (Ad), Sendai virus–based vectors (SeVs), and integrase-deficient lentiviral vectors (IDLVs) provide valuable alternative to the integrase-competent counterparts, and as such are under intensive development and exploration. In this chapter (i) we provide a systemic overview of retroviral and lentiviral vectors employed for the generation and differentiation of iPSCs; (ii) we discuss construction of the vectors harboring reprogramming factor combinations; (iii) we outline in detail pros and cons of integrating viruses for iPSC generation; (iv) we will highlight the progress made in the field of nonintegrating vectors developed for the iPSCs production and differentiation.
Making Intellectual Property Sexy: From Trademarking COCKY to Copyrighting Omegaverse

This is an extremely rough draft of a presentation I gave in October at Fan Studies Network North America's conference at DePaul University. I'm uploading it because of recent interest in the Omegaverse case. It is NOT in any shape to be submitted and is indeed a script for my oral presentation, not a finished scholarly paper with cites, etc. Please get in touch with me if you'd like to talk more about this! I'm in the process of "scholarizing" this piece this summer.
Pharmacotherapyin Children and Adolescents With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

This article examines the general principles of psychopharmacologic treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in children and adolescents. It includes a description of the currently approved medications for the treatment of children and adolescents with OCD, their side effect profiles, approaches to refractory OCD, and a discussion of drug interactions. Future directions for research are also considered.
Hilos descoloniales. Trans-localizando los espacios de la diáspora africana

Este articulo desarrolla un argumento teorico y metodologico sobre como analizar y transformar la modernidad capitalista a partir de una conceptualizacion de la diaspora africana como categoria geo-historica clave que significa, por un lado un proceso de larga duracion dentro del cual se constituyen sujetos historicos, expresiones culturales, corrientes intelectuales y movimientos sociales; por otro lado una condicion moderna/colonial tanto de opresion (en todas sus dimensiones: culturales, socio-economicas, politicas, epistemicas y existenciales) como de agencia historica y auto-desarrollo de los sujetos de la Africania moderna; y tercero como un proyecto descolonizador de liberacion que se afirma y articula en el accionar de los sujetos, pueblos y movimientos afrodiasporicos. El articulo esboza una genealogia de las diasporas afroamericanas tanto en su pluralidad como en sus vinculos, enfocandose en las diasporas afro-latinas. Como uno de los hitos principales de la perspectiva afrodiasporica descolonizadora que se elabora en el trabajo, se establece un dialogo politico epistemico entre el «feminismo de las mujeres de color» con la teoria y la critica de la modernidad a partir del concepto de colonialidad del poder
Micro vapor density determination method

A further application of the vapor density apparatus for boiling point determinations is described and its merits and limitations may be given as follows: 1. The boiling point of a pure substance may be determined sharply. For substances which are not pure, the results plotted graphically show not only the boiling point of the chief substance, but the entire boiling range. It is suggested that the possibilities of the apparatus with regard to the study of mixtures may prove interesting. 2. The apparatus works equally well for liquids and solids. The only limitations as to its application are that at temperatures at which the vapor pressure of mercury itself becomes very appreciable, the determinations may not give such clear cut results, and that it is not applicable where the substance to be investigated reacts with mercury. 3. Very small amounts of material (a few milligrams) may be accurately investigated. 4. The possibility of repeating the heating and cooling many times offers opportunity for increasing precision with each run, as already mentioned. 5. The apparatus is very simple and of low cost.
Information sharing and regulation effect in experimental insurance markets

Recent advances in information technology and regulatory policies have changed the way firms do business in the insurance industry. Information technology has increased insurance companies’ access to information about consumer riskiness, thereby enabling the implementation of more effective organizational strategies. For example, health insurance companies may use genetic testing technologies to determine the insured’s risk of acquiring specific diseases. In addition, insurance companies may use data mining technology, intelligent search engines, and decision support tools to unravel relationships between consumer behaviors and their riskiness and their risk attitude. However, recent trends in regulatory policy tend to prohibit insurance companies from using information technology to gather and use such consumer information to price insurance policies. One example of such informational privacy legislation is the NJGPA, which prohibits individual health insurance companies in New Jersey from using any genetic information to price policies or deny coverage. It is difficult to test the impact of the regulatory policy on the insurability of individuals with real world data, because there are so many unobserved and uncontrolled factors affecting the data. Observations of agents’ behavior in a controlled experimental environment might provide insights to the economic impact of these policies. Following experimental economic methods, we test a set of hypotheses in a laboratory.
Thermal Analysis, Introduction

Thermal analysis includes a number of important techniques which have in common the characterization of materials by describing their properties, or changes in their properties, as a function of temperature and time. In this chapter the authors summarize techniques that can be used for characterization of many of the thermochemical and thermophysical properties important in materials research and development. These properties include thermal stability, enthalpy of reaction, enthalpy of formation, heat capacity, temperature and enthalpy of phase changes and phase transitions, equilibrium as a function of partial pressure of gaseous species, mass fraction of volatile components, and thermal diffusivity. Additionally, quantitative kinetic information regarding rates of many materials processes, such as phase changes or devolatization, can be obtained using appropriate methods. Keywords: thermal analysis; introduction
X-ray absorption spectroscopic study of Fe reference compounds for the analysis of natural sediments

Synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is becoming an increasingly popular tool for the analysis of element speciation in complex natural mixtures such as soils and sediments. Identification of a particular mineral or amorphous solid in a heterogeneous mixture by XAS depends on the spectral uniqueness of the element in the bonding environment associated with a component, and on absorption effects from the components and the matrix. A suite of 27 common, Fe-bearing reference compounds, including sulfides, carbonates, phosphates, oxides, oxyhydroxides, and phyllosilicates, was analyzed to empirically assess the utility of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) for identifying a particular Fe mineral (or class of minerals) in a soil or sediment mixture. We show that XANES spectral features are useful for distinguishing qualitatively among major mineral classes, but not necessarily for identifying minerals within classes. A practical detection limit (based on empirical mixtures) for most mineral classes is on the order of 5% of the total atomic Fe absorption, but detection limits vary depending on the spectral uniqueness of the components, the number of components, and the matrix. Calibration curves for Fe sulfide and non-sulfide (phyllosilicate ± oxide) component mixtures were made independently from the analyses of XANES and EXAFS fluorescence spectra of binary and ternary mineral mixtures (at 5% total Fe) in a quartz matrix to mimic natural sediments. Because of differences in sample and matrix absorption and fluorescence among sulfide and phyllosilicate minerals, apparent component fractions of pyrite derived from fits deviated significantly from linear binary mixtures. We show that corrections for non-linear fluorescence (as much as 20%) are particularly important for binary mineral mixtures with different densities and absorption characteristics (such as sulfides and phyllosilicates), and for mixtures with similar component abundances (i.e., far from one end-member). An application of the fluorescence calibration for XANES and EXAFS is shown for natural samples. This study points out the importance of a high-quality, experimentally consistent reference compound library, and the need for calibration of fluorescence spectra, in order to quantify accurately the component fractions of complex mixtures using XAS.
Microplasma generation: Using metasurfaces to combine DC discharge and laser induced breakdown

Replacing the electron-hole plasma (solid state) with electron-ion plasma (gas phase) is a completely new approach to design microelectronic devices. Micro-devices with electron-ion plasma, referred to as microplasma devices, can withstand harsh environmental and radiation conditions such as extreme temperatures and damaging electromagnetic pulses (EMP), due to the gas self-healing property.
Probing Oxygen Reduction Reaction Kinetics of Sr-Doped LaMnO3 Supported on Y2O3-Stabilized ZrO2 EIS of Dense, Thin-Film Microelectrodes

Dense microelectrodes fabricated with well-defined microstructures and geometries using microelectronic fabrication techniques were studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to investigate the rate-limiting reaction step(s) for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the La 0.8 Sr 0.2 MnO 3 (LSM)/8 mol % Y 2 O 3 -stabilized ZrO 2 (8YSZ) system. At least four distinct reaction processes were observed for ORR on LSM/8YSZ under ambient PO 2 and at intermediate temperatures, which have been assigned tentatively to: (i) ion transport in 8YSZ with an average activation energy of 1.16 ± 0.02 eV, (ii) a surface diffusion process on LSM with activation energy in the range from 1.34 to 1.65 ± 0.03 eV, (iii) at least one surface chemical process on LSM with activation energies in the range from 1.71 to 1.88 ± 0.02 eV and an average capacitance value of 3.4 X 10 -4 F/cm 2 , and (iv) a mixed bulk/three-phase boundary (TPB) charge transfer process with activation energies in the range from 2.42 ± 0.02 to 3.05 ± 0.03 eV and an average capacitance value of 3.2 X 10 -3 F/cm 2 . This study suggests that the overall ORR rate may be limited by mixed bulk/TPB charge transfer processes below 700°C and surface chemical reactions above 700°C. The ORR current contributions from the bulk oxide ion transport and TPB incorporation path was estimated by correlating microelectrode geometry to impedance data.
Hemiarthroplasty for Proximal Humerus Fractures in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

Background Parkinson’s disease is a relatively common problem in geriatric patients with an annual incidence rate of 20.5 per 100,000. These patients are at increased risk for falls and resultant fractures. Several reports suggest total shoulder arthroplasty in patients with fractures has a relatively high rate of complications. Whether hemiarthroplasty reduces the rate of complications or improves pain or function is not known.
Integrating GIS and AHP to Prioritize Transportation Infrastructure Using Sustainability Metrics

AbstractAs the risk of climate change continues, the need for transportation adaptation planning increases. Decisions regarding development (or redevelopment) of transportation systems, specifically transit facilities, have an essential role in the future of public mobility. Therefore, formalizing the project prioritization process using geographic information systems (GIS), sustainability metrics, and decision analysis techniques is needed. This research aims to identify sustainability metrics that address environmental, economic, and societal factors of transportation projects (rail or bus networks) using an integrative GIS and AHP (analytic hierarchy process) approach. Sustainability metrics are identified as factors based on their relevance to transit systems and their opportunity for spatial application, including climate-related factors such as sea level rise. Then, AHP is applied through a pairwise comparison survey in order to determine the importance of each factor to project prioritization. The ...
Waveform symmetry properties and phase noise in oscillators

The authors formalise and expand an empirically observed waveform symmetry condition which minimises the transformation of low-frequency noise into the close-in phase noise spectrum of an electrical oscillator. The result provides an insight into the impact of waveform symmetry on the phase noise performance of electrical oscillators.
Ecological Influences in Youth Crisis Shelters: Effects of Social Density and Length of Stay on Youth Problem Behaviors

For 472 consecutive days we monitored the number of youths residing in a crisis shelter for adolescents, the average length of stay for the youths residing in the shelter on each day, and the number of problem behaviors occurring within the shelter on a daily basis. We analyzed these data using a combination of time series and logistic regression techniques to fit a model that would predict the occurrence of a problem behavior on any given day. After controlling for significant time trends in the data, our results indicate that both the number of youths in the shelter and the proportion of youths who have resided in the shelter longer than 14 days are significantly associated with a problem behavior occurring on any given day. The number of youths in the shelter and the probability of a problem behavior occurring correlated significantly. However, as the proportion of youths who resided in the shelter longer than 14 days increased, the probability of a problem behavior occurring decreased.
Cell degeneration in early development of the forebrain and cerebellum.

The hippocampus, dentate gyrus, cerebellum, amygdala and caudate were examined for degenerating cells in normal neonatal hamsters. Each structure was studied from postnatal day 5 (P 5) to P 10. The cerebellum was also studied on P 12. This time span was chosen to coincide with cessation of migration and establishment of connectivity in these structures. Substantial numbers of pycnotic cells were found in all structures except the dentate gyrus. The timing and amount of cell death varied between structures. Both the caudate nucleus and the amygdala showed greater cell losses in their peripheral margins than in their centers. The deep half of the internal granule cell layer of the cerebellum showed greater cell loss than the superficial half on all postnatal days studied
A general incremental evaluator for attribute grammars

Abstract This paper describes a new evaluator capable of handling noncircular or circular attribute grammars. The evaluator combines recursive evaluation of attribute instances and dynamic determination of paths in the compound dependency graph for a given input. The compound dependency graph is not constructed. Instead, the production-labelled semantic tree of the input and the dependency graphs of the productions which implicitly represent the compound dependency graph are used. The incremental version of the evaluator is obtained by a simple modification. It avoids re-evaluation of those attribute instances whose values are not affected by the modifications of the input. The evaluator has time complexity linear in the number of attributes needed to specify the meaning of the input string, and has space complexity linear in the size of the parse tree.
What does policy have to do with it? The political economy of Latino sex trafficking in the United States

Core countries, such as the United States, have created economic and trade policies which encourage Latino migration for cheap, exploitable labor and new demands for Latino sex trafficking within the United States to serve new destination male migration communities. This theory-building exercise utilizes world system and intersectional theoretical frameworks to examine the implications of geo-political policies and unequal development on lived experience affected by the intersection of massive Latino migration; poverty; gender inequalities and vulnerabilities; and Latino sex trafficking. A feminist political economy theoretical analysis is essential to a more sophisticated understanding of the historical socio- and geo-political effects of hegemonic modern world system core policies on new destination Latino migration and the lives of Latina women trafficked for sexual exploitation.
Vibrational predissociation of the van der Waals molecule (N 2 O) 2

Abstract The lifetimes for predissociation of the vibrationally excited van der Waals molecule (N 2 O) 2 are calculated through different possible processes and compared with the values obtained experimentally. It is found that the V—V channel is the most efficient for predissociation of the dimer and that the transfer occurs through a dipole—dipole coupling mechanism.
Epidemiology and Unique Aspects of Aging and Infectious Diseases

The elderly population will grow rapidly over the next 25 years. The majority of patients with serious or life-threatening infections will be old. It is imperative that primary care physicians and infectious diseases specialists become aware of and knowledgeable about the special and unique aspects of infections in the geriatric population.
Categories and causes of bank distress during the great depression, 1929-1933: The illiquidity versus insolvency debate revisited

During the contraction from 1929 to 1933, the Federal Reserve System tracked changes in the status of all banks operating in the United States and determined the cause of each bank suspension. This essay analyzes chronological patterns in aggregate series constructed from that data. The analysis demonstrates both illiquidity and insolvency were substantial sources of bank distress. Periods of heightened distress were correlated with periods of increased illiquidity. Contagion via correspondent networks and bank runs propagated the initial banking panics. As the depression deepened and asset values declined, insolvency loomed as the principal threat to depository institutions. � 2007 Published by Elsevier Inc.
An alternative derivation of the polar decomposition

Abstract This paper has showed that there is an alternative in deriving polar decomposition, which is quite different from Malvern's method[1]. Derivation procedure presented in this study has been started from the deformation gradient tensor F itself. Meanwhile, derivation procedure by Malvern [I] was started from the difference of the final squared length (ds)2 of the element in the deformed configuration and the initial squared length (dS)2 of the element in the undeformed configuration.
The meaning of the rorschach cards for children.

Summary Five hundred sixteen children in the first through sixth grades were requested to select from every pair of Rorschach cards the following concepts and attitudes: mother, father, family, me, best and least. The results were that children of both sexes chose cards II and III as the “mother card, IV and I as the “father” card, and cards X, III, IX and II as the “family” card. Card X was the best liked by girls, while boys liked Cards X, I, and V. Card IV was the least liked for girls, while boys disliked cards, IV, VI, and VII. The “me” card was I for boys, II and III for girls.
The effects of specific lipogenic substrates and metabolic inhibitors on de novo fatty acid synthesis in isolated hepatocytes from chow-fed female rats.

Abstract The effects of glucose (10 m m ), glycerol (3 m m ), and lactate/pyruvate (10 m m ) on the incorporation of 3 H from 3 H 2 O into fatty acids were studied in isolated hepatocytes prepared from chow-fed female rats. Lactate/pyruvate markedly increased lipogenic rates, while glucose and glycerol did not significantly affect rates of lipogenesis. In cells incubated with lactate/pyruvate plus glycerol, the increase in 3 H incorporation was greater than observed with lactate/pyruvate alone. In hepatocytes isolated from 24-h starved rats, lactate/pyruvate again increased de novo fatty acid synthesis to a greater extent than either glucose or glycerol. Glycerol significantly increased lipogenesis compared to the endogenous rates and when incubated with lactate/pyruvate produced an increase above lactate/pyruvate alone. (−)-Hydroxycitrate, a potent inhibitor of ATP-citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8), and agaric acid, an inhibitor of tricarboxylate anion translocation, were studied in hepatocytes to determine their effects on lipogenesis by measuring 3 H 2 O, [1- 14 C]acetate, and [2- 14 C]lactate incorporation into fatty acids. 3 H incorporation into fatty acids was markedly inhibited by both inhibitors with agaric acid (60 μ m ) producing the greater inhibition. (−)-Hydroxycitrate (2 m m ) increased acetate incorporation into fatty acids from [1- 14 C]acetate and agaric acid produced a strong inhibitory effect. Combined effects of (−)-hydroxycitrate and agaric acid on lipogenesis from [1- 14 C]acetate showed an inhibitory response to a lesser extent than with agaric acid alone. With substrate concentrations of acetate present, there was no significant increase in rates of lipogenesis from [1- 14 C]acetate and the increase previously observed with (−)-hydroxycitrate alone was minimized. Agaric acid significantly inhibited fatty acid synthesis from acetate in the presence of exogenous substrate, but the effect was decreased in comparison to rates with only endogenous substrate present. With [2- 14 C]lactate as the lipogenic precursor, agaric acid and (−)-hydroxycitrate strongly inhibited fatty acid synthesis. However, agaric acid despite its lower concentration (60 μ m vs 2 m m ) was twice as effective as (−)-hydroxycitrate. A similar pattern was observed when substrate concentrations of lactate/pyruvate (10 m m ) were added to the incubations. When (−)-hydroxycitrate and agaric acid were simultaneously incubated in the presence of endogenous substrate, there was an additive effect of the inhibitors on decreasing fatty acid synthesis. Results are discussed in relation to the origin of substrate for hepatic lipogenesis and whether specific metabolites increase lipogenic rates.
Improvised explosive device (IED) counter-measures in Iraq

Land mines have been used in warfare since the 13th century. Their greatest weakness has always been to coordinate the timing of the explosion with an enemy's movement. Improvised Explosive Devices (IED's) are mines that are constructed in the field using available munitions. In the 16th century these were detonated using a clock-timer or concealed trip-wire. Remote RF-controlled IED's were first used in 1984, using a model airplane controller. The modern car fob, which allows remote opening of car doors, was invented in 1996, and rapidly became ubiquitous. However, it was unanticipated that it would rapidly become the heart of a major weapons system, commonly called a RF-IED.
Slicing the System: Necessary Conditions for Teaching for Understanding.

Abstract This article is part memoir, part review of historical and current conceptions of teaching for understanding, and part research‐based speculation. It focuses on the conditions that would be required if we were seriously acting upon the dilemmas that get in the way of helping students make sense of the world we share with them. Three sources of these dilemmas are discussed: teacher preparation, the social organization of the school, and school system norms and regularities. Recent research, theory, and experience‐based wisdom are used to propose new conceptions of teaching for understanding, and a number of current ideas and practices are suggested as important considerations if the goal of student understanding is to be realized.
The health team in primal community: A new context for community medicine

Abstract Medicine, as science and art, has been cut off from the deepest remedial stratum in society, the primal community. This paper describes a two-year experiment with a neighborhood health outpost, which was a joint business venture between Cook County Hospital and a neighborhood organization on Chicago's west side. Seventy-four percent of the 501 adult disorders that were observed were considered to be related to the social disorganization of the ghetto environment. This paper also describes the primal community that was developed near the health out-post, a community that is now being replicated in 23 countries. The primal community gives new roles to the physician and his staff in helping patients prevent and cope with illness.
Temperature dependent viscous drag in close-packed metals

The influence of viscous drag on dislocation motion in close-packed metals is examined. Three experimental measurements of the viscous drag are discussed, i.e. internal friction, strain rate versus stress, and stress-time-displacement measurements. Experimental results of each of these methods are compared. Theories of dislocation-phonon and dislocation-electron interactions leading to viscous drag are briefly described. The experimentally-determined dislocation drag coefficient is qualitatively in agreement with the predictions of damping through dislocation-phonon interactions. It is concluded that additional theoretical work is needed for a quantitative comparison of theory and experiment. Additional experimental work to determine the temperature dependence of the drag coefficient below 66°K is needed to resolve discrepancies in different theories of the dislocation-electron interaction.
Long-time-scale dynamics observed in directional solidification of a binary alloy.

Asymptotic analysis and finite-element simulations are used to explore the nonlinear dynamics present in cellular interface patterns that arise in thin-film directional solidification, as caused by the presence of a codimension-two bifurcation at a specific value of the spatial wavelength for the cells. For certain parameter sets, the quadratic nonlinearities that dominate the dynamics because of 2:1 spatial resonance give rise to secondary steady-state bifurcation and to time-periodic states with periods that scale as ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3/2}$, where \ensuremath{\delta} measures the distance from the parameter values for the codimension-two state. The structure of this dynamics is explored in closed form for a modified Swift-Hohenberg equation and for the two-sided, solutal model for directional solidification. The asymptotic results for directional solidification are verified by finite-element numerical simulations for small amplitude cells.
Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) down-regulation by abnormal extracellular matrix proteins as a novel mechanism in vascular dysfunction: Implications in metabolic syndrome

Vascular dysfunction plays a role in most if not all cardiovascular disorders. Vascular dysfunction is defined as impaired vasodilation in response to agonists such as acetylcholine (ACh) that mediate vascular smooth muscle relaxation through release of the endothelial derived relaxing factor (EDRF) nitric oxide (NO). There is a wealth of literature to support the understanding that endothelial dysfunction is due to a decreased NO synthesis or an increased NO inactivation. Endothelial dysfunction is generally thought to be responsible for vascular dysfunction, and the terms are often used interchangeably. But the mechanism(s) responsible for vascular dysfunction is (are) far from being completely understood, and labeling all vascular dysfunction as endothelial dysfunction may be application of a misnomer in some cases. Alterations in the cell signaling cascade downstream of NO production and release could explain vascular dysfunction in certain conditions. Nowadays, it is textbook information that NO induces cell relaxation by interacting with sGC and causing an increase in cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). The end result is thought to be a decrease in intracellular cytoplasmic calcium due to decreased intracellular calcium release [1] and/or increased cGMP-dependent calcium pump activity [1] and/or due to decreased calcium influx because of the opening of K+ channels, resulting in hyperpolarization and the consequent closing of L-type Ca … *Tel.: +1 317 274 9765; fax: +1 317 274 3318. Email address: spacker1{at}iupui.edu
Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis: Two distinct morphogenetic mechanisms establish embryonic vascular pattern

We are using a monoclonal antibody, QH-1, as a label for angioblasts in quail embryos to study vascular development. Our previous experiments showed that major embryonic blood vessels, such as the dorsal aortae and posterior cardinal veins, develop from angioblasts of mesodermal origin that appear in the body of the embryo proper (Coffin and Poole: Development, 102:735–748, '88). We theorized that there are two separate processes for blood vessel development that occur in quail embryos. One mechanism termed “vasculogenesis” forms blood vessels in place by the aggregation of angioblasts into a cord. The other mechanism, termed “angiogenesis,” is the formation of new vessels by sprouting of capillaries from existing vessels. Here we report the results of microsurgical transplantation experiments designed to determine the extent of cell migration taking place during blood vessel formation. Comparison of the chimeras to normal embryos suggests that the vascular pattern develops, in part, from the normally restricted points of entry of angioblasts into the head from the ventral and dorsal aortae. Transplantations of quail mesoderm (1–15 somite stage) into the head of 5–15 somite chick hosts resulted in extensive sprouting and in migration of single and small groups of angioblasts away from the graft sites. Transplantations into the trunk resulted in incorporation of the graft into the normal vascular pattern of the host. Lateral plate mesoderm was incorporated into the dorsal aortae and individual sprouts grew between somites and along the neural tube to contribute to the intersomitic and vertebral arteries, respectively.
Systematic study of the transitions in tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTF-TCNQ) and its selenium analogs

We have carried out a comparative study of the dc conductivity in tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTF-TCNQ) and its isostructural selenium analogs TSeF-TCNQ (tetraselenafulvalene) and cis/trans-DSeDTF-TCNQ (diselenadithiafulvalene) below their metal-insulator transitions. Our study reveals the presence of a second transition in TTF-TCNQ at \ensuremath{\sim}38 K and the absence of a similar transition in TSeF-TCNQ. We have characterized the 38-K transition and shown that it involves primarily the TTF chains. From the sharpness of the two transitions in TTF-TCNQ and the single transition at \ensuremath{\sim}29 K in TSeF-TCNQ it is argued that they are related to a two- or three-dimensional ordering. The potentially disordered system DSeDTF-TCNQ does not possess any sharp transition. It is pointed out that the transition temperature defined as the sharp peak in the logarithmic derivative of the conductivity and not the conductivity itself relates more closely to the underlying thermodynamic transition. It is observed that the ratio of the zero-temperature gap to the transition temperature is the same in these systems and in many, if not all, other quasi-one-dimensional systems which undergo a metal-insulator transition. This ratio has a value of 8-10 and is considerably larger than 3.5 which is predicted by the mean-field theory. A model which is consistent with the observation of the transitions in these systems is suggested in which the coupling betwen TCNQ chains drives a two- or three-dimensional ordering of the fluctuation distortion giving rise to a metal-insulator transition.
A transposable element in diverse corn lines, Ubiquitous (Uq): allelism test

Since the discovery of the Uq transposable element system in the early 1980s, studies of Uq distribution have shown that Uq is pervasive in genetic stocks and corn populations including BSSS, the Illinois oil and protein lines, 'Lancaster', 'Jarvis' and several others. The assumption made was that Uq might have provided the variation that has contributed to maize breeding progress. Of the several inbreds tested in previous studies, only IaI159, one of the contributors to BSSS, contained an active Uq. The main question posed in our experiments was that of chromosomal location(s), or allelic relationships, of active Uq elements in diverse corn populations. Results showed that these Uq elements are allelic, linked or independent, though most found from corn populations show quite distant or independent linkage relationships with each other. The lack of a linear linkage map among these Uq elements may be interpreted to have resulted from transposition events and this might have led to the differentiated instability of an individual Uq element that was found to be variable. Other questions also discussed relate to the origin of Uq elements in corn populations and their role(s) in plant breeding.
Resilience and the neoliberal counter-revolution: from ecologies of control to production of the common

This paper argues that resilience, as a dominant paradigm for the administration of life, presents new possibilities for resistance. I begin from the proposition that resilience theory was an important part of the neoliberal counter-revolution. Resilience's counter-revolutionary origins attest to a critical potential that points beyond its enrolment in neoliberal strategies of control. To pursue this, I outline two different trajectories for resilient ecologies: first, I explore current trends in climate change adaptation in which fostering adaptability means integrating flows of social, natural and monetary ‘capital’ in a continuous framework of financial control. Second, I engage recent literature on social-ecological transformation to demonstrate how resilience theory can be (re)appropriated as a critical tool. With an understanding of system potential in terms of a social-ecological common rather than capital, resilience theory can inform a radical ecological politics that finds its conditions of poss...