cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vitro evaluations of antimalarial drugs and their relevance to clinical outcomes

Abstract Plasmodium falciparum resistance to the former first-line antimalarials chloroquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine has reached critically high levels in many malaria-endemic regions. This has spurred the introduction of several new artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) that display excellent potency in treating drug-resistant malaria. Monitoring for the emergence of drug resistant P. falciparum is important for maximising the clinically effective lifespan of ACTs. Here, we provide a commentary on the article by Kaddouri et al., published in this issue of the International Journal of Parasitology, which documents the levels of susceptibility to ACT drugs and chloroquine in P. falciparum isolates from Mali. These authors report that some isolates approached a proposed in vitro threshold of resistance to monodesethyl-amodiaquine (the principal effective metabolite of amodiaquine, an important ACT partner drug), and establish baseline levels of susceptibility to the ACT drugs dihydroartemisinin and lumefantrine. The majority of clinical isolates manifested in vitro resistance to chloroquine. The authors also show good concordance between field-based assays employing a non-radioactive lactate dehydrogenase-based method of determining in vitro drug IC50 values and the well-established [3H]hypoxanthine-based radioactive method. This work illustrates a good example of drug resistance surveillance, whose global coordination is being championed by the World Antimalarial Resistance Network. Our current opinion also more generally discusses the complexities inherent to conducting in vitro investigations with P. falciparum patient isolates and correlating these findings with treatment outcome data.
Biofidelity assessment of the 6-year-old ATDs in lateral impact

ABSTRACTObjectives: The objective of this study was to assess and compare the current lateral impact biofidelity of the shoulder, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis of the Q6, Q6s, and Hybrid III (HIII) 6-year-old anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) through lateral impact testing.Methods: A series of lateral impact pendulum tests, vertical drop tests, and Wayne State University (WSU) sled tests was performed, based on the procedures detailed in ISO/TR 9790 (1999) and scaling to the 6-year-old using Irwin et al. (2002). The HIII used in this study was tested with the Ford-designed abdomen described in Rouhana (2006) and Elhagediab et al. (2006). The data collected from the 3 different ATDs were filtered using SAE J211 (SAE International 2003), aligned using the methodology described by Donnelly and Moorhouse (2012), and compared for each body region tested (shoulder, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis). The biofidelity performance in lateral impact for the 3 ATDs was assessed against the scaled biofidelity targets publi...
Phase I study of erlotinib administered concurrently with and after irradiation (RT) in the treatment of children, adolescents, and young adults with newly diagnosed intracerebral high-grade glioma

9553 Background: High-grade gliomas are uncommon neoplasms in childhood that portend a poor prognosis. Because of the promising activity of erlotinib in adults with high-grade glioma, we conducted ...
Retention and Attrition of Umbundu in São Tomé and Príncipe

A major event in the modern history of Sao Tome and Principe, located in the Gulf of Guinea, was the recruitment of contracted labor from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde between 1870 and 1960. T...
Klinische Variabilität bei Mutationen im p63-Gen

Wir beschreiben die verschiedenartige klinische Symptomatik von 4 Patienten, bei denen Mutationen im p63-Gen nachgewiesen wurden. Das Spektrum reicht von einer isolierten Spaltbildung an Handen und Fusen (Patient 1), uber eine Spalthand- und Spaltfusfehlbildung mit ektodermaler Komponente (Patienten 2 und 3), bis hin zu einer im Vordergrund stehenden ektodermalen Symptomatik im Rahmen des Ankyloblepharon-Ektodermale-Dysplasie-Cleft-lip/palate(AEC)-Syndroms (Patientin 4). Die klinischen Charakteristika der bisher bekannten p63-assoziierten Krankheitsbilder werden erlautert, und die Phanotyp-Genotyp-Beziehungen werden diskutiert.
DEVELOPMENT OF A SERVICING SATELLITE SIMULATOR

This paper presents the development of an autonomous servicing spacecraft simulator and test-bed. The simulator will be used for the development and validation of autonomous control algorithms as well as various hardware elements necessary for autonomous rendezvous and docking, space manipulator control, and satellite servicing operations. The satellite servicing laboratory and test-bed will provide a unique research facility as part of the highly recognized Spacecraft Research and Design Center at the Naval Postgraduate School.
Discussion on the Construction of the Entire E-commerce of Fresh Agricultural Products

With the increasing of agricultural markets degree,and acceleration of the pace of agricultural modernization,the traditional agricultural production,distribution and sales practices were faced with new problems and challenges.Modern market distribution way,such as E-commerce,was widely concerned.In this article,based on practical experience,combined with exploration and consideration,the construction idea of fresh agricultural products throughout the E-commerce was proposed.
State legislation on reproductive health in 1992: what was proposed and enacted.

Abortion The 1992 legislative term was relatively unproductive in regard to the enactment of abortion-related legislation, even though 320 bills-more than two-thirds of them antiabortion measures-were introduced. New restrictions on access to abortion services passed in a handful of states; on the other hand, several actions were taken, either by lawmakers or voters, to guarantee the right to abortion.
A knowledge-based simulation optimization system with machine learning

A knowledge-based system is formulated to guide the search strategy selection process in simulation optimization. This system includes a framework for machine learning which enhances the knowledge base and thereby improves the ability of the system to guide optimizations. Response surfaces (i.e., the response of a simulation model to all possible input combinations) are first classified based on estimates of various surface characteristics. Then heuristics are applied to choose the most appropriate search strategy. As the search is carried out and more information about the surface becomes available, the knowledge-based system reclassifies the response surface and, if appropriate, selects a different search strategy. Periodically the system's Learner is invoked to upgrade the knowledge base. Specifically, judgments are made to improve the heuristic knowledge (rules) in the knowledge base (i.e., rules are added, modified, or combined). The Learner makes these judgments using information from two sources. The first source is past experience--all the information generated during previous simulation optimizations. The second source is results of experiments that the Learner performs to test hypotheses regarding rules in the knowledge base. The great benefits of simulation optimization (coupled with the high cost) have highlighted the need for efficient algorithms to guide the selection of search strategies. Earlier work in simulation optimization has led to the development of different search strategies for finding optimal-response-producing input levels. These strategies include response surface methodology, simulated annealing, random search, genetic algorithms, and single-factor search. Depending on the characteristics of the response surface (e.g., presence or absence of local optima, number of inputs, variance), some strategies can be more efficient and effective than others at finding an optimal solution. If the response surface were perfectly characterized, the most appropriate search strategy could, ideally, be immediately selected. However, characterization of the surface itself requires simulation runs. The knowledge-based system formulated here provides an effective approach to guiding search strategy selection in simulation optimization.
Spiritual Capabilities: Keys to Successful Sustainable Strategic Management

Today’s business organizations face significant environmental pressures to operate as sustainable enterprises that earn their economic returns in socially and ecologically responsible ways. These sustainable enterprises are built on effective, efficient sustainable strategic management (SSM) processes. These SSM processes are established on intangible, causally ambiguous, spiritual capabilities. These capabilities support the development of spiritually based core competencies that provide sustainable enterprises with sustained economic, social, and ecological competitive advantages.
A New Alkali-Stable Phosphonium Cation Based on Fundamental Understanding of Degradation Mechanisms.

Highly alkali-stable cationic groups are a critical component of hydroxide exchange membranes (HEMs). To search for such cations, we studied the degradation kinetics and mechanisms of a series of quaternary phosphonium (QP) cations. Benzyl tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)phosphonium [BTPP-(2,4,6-MeO)] was determined to have higher alkaline stability than the benchmark cation, benzyl trimethylammonium (BTMA). A multi-step methoxy-triggered degradation mechanism for BTPP-(2,4,6-MeO) was proposed and verified. By replacing methoxy substituents with methyl groups, a superior QP cation, methyl tris(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)phosphonium [MTPP-(2,4,6-Me)] was developed. MTPP-(2,4,6-Me) is one of the most stable cations reported to date, with <20 % degradation after 5000 h at 80 °C in a 1 m KOD in CD3OD/D2O (5:1 v/v) solution.
Quantum Chemical Approach for Determining Degradation Pathways of Phenol by Electrical Discharge Plasmas

This study uses density functional theory (DFT) simulations to predict the main pathways by which hydroxyl (OH) radicals oxidize phenol into monohydroxylated products during an electrical discharge directly in or contacting water. The calculated activation energies and reaction rate constants indicate that phenol ring H abstraction is less likely to occur than OH addition, which will be the fastest in the ortho and para positions. The chain propagation with molecular oxygen of such formed ortho and para radicals will result in the production of hydroquinone and catechol, which are, concurrently, the most likely products of phenol degradation by OH radicals. Electron transfer reactions between dihydroxycyclohexadienyl radicals and plasma oxidative species are another important reaction mechanism which may be contributing significantly to the formation of products. Good agreement between computed kinetic and experimental data demonstrates the feasibility of applying DFT to investigate chemical reaction mechanisms.
Transcriptional changes in innate immunity genes in head kidneys from Aeromonas salmonicida-challenged rainbow trout fed a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

We previously observed that exposure to a complex mixture of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) increased sensitivity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to subsequent challenge with Aeromonas salmonicida, the causative agent of furunculosis. In this study, we evaluate potential mechanisms associated with disease susceptibility from combined environmental factors of dietary PAH exposure and pathogen challenge. Rainbow trout were fed a mixture of ten high molecular weight PAHs at an environmentally relevant concentration (7.82μg PAH mixture/g fish/day) or control diet for 50 days. After 50 days of PAH exposure, fish were challenged with either Aeromonas salmonicida at a lethal concentration 30 (LC30) or growth media without the pathogen (mock challenge). Head kidneys were collected 2, 4, 10 and 20 days after challenge and gene expression (q<0.05) was evaluated among treatments. In animals fed the PAH contaminated diet, we observed down-regulation of expression for innate immune system genes in pathways (p<0.05) for the terminal steps of the complement cascade (complement component C6) and other bacteriolytic processes (lysozyme type II) potentially underlying increased disease susceptibility after pathogen challenge. Increased expression of genes associated with hemorrhage/tissue remodeling/inflammation pathways (p<0.05) was likely related to more severe head kidney damage due to infection in PAH-fed compared to control-fed fish. This study is the first to evaluate transcriptional signatures associated with the impact of chronic exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of PAHs in disease susceptibility and immunity.
A Theoretical Model of the Investors Exchange

Investors’ Exchange LLC (IEX) is a newly approved public exchange that is designed to discourage aggressive high-frequency trading. We explain how IEX differs from traditional continuous double auction markets and present summary data on IEX transactions by trader class and order type. Our primary contribution is a simple analytic model of IEX as a constrained version of the continuous double auction. The model predicts that IEX will generally improve price efficiency and lower transactions cost while increasing delay costs. A subset of the model’s predictions are testable in the field or in a laboratory environment.
Financial aspects of organ procurement from deceased donors in the USA—Relevance to xenotransplantation

When clinical xenotransplantation is introduced, the costs associated with acquisition of a genetically engineered pig organ are as yet unknown. How will these costs compare with those currently associated with the acquisition of deceased human organs? An understanding of the financial aspects of deceased organ and tissue procurement in the USA is therefore worthwhile. We have therefore attempted to review certain economic aspects of non-profit and for-profit organizations that provide cadaveric organs and/or tissues for purposes of transplantation into patients with end-stage organ failure, cellular deficiencies, or in need of reconstructive procedures. We briefly consider the laws, organizations, and business practices that govern the acquisition, processing, and/or distribution of cadaveric organs and tissues, and the economic implications of industry practices. In particular, we explore and highlight what we perceive as a lack of transparency and oversight with regard to financial practices, and we question whether donor families would be entirely happy with the business environment that has developed from their altruistic donations. Until xenotransplantation becomes established clinically, which will negate the need for any system of organ procurement and allocation, we suggest that those involved in organ and cell transplantation, as well as those who participate in reconstructive surgery, should take responsibility to ensure that the financial practices associated with procurement are transparent, and overseen/regulated by a responsible authority. We suggest the major transplant societies should take a lead in this respect. The ability to acquire a genetically engineered pig organ whenever required through a simple commercial transaction (as in the acquisition of a life-saving drug) will be greatly to the patient's benefit.
‘Sons of the soil’: A model of assimilation and population control:

We model the cultural outcomes of ‘sons of the soil’ conflicts. These are conflicts between the local inhabitants of a particular region and migrants to the region, typically belonging to a dominant national culture. Our goal is to understand the conditions under which migrants assimilate into the local culture, or in which locals assimilate into the national culture. The model has two main actors: a national elite of a dominant ethnic group, and a regional elite seeking to promote the traditional culture of the sons of the soil. Both actors have parallel strategies, viz. assimilating the other group into their culture, controlling the size of the migrant population, doing both, or allowing market forces to determine outcomes. The model has three possible cultural outcomes: the culture tips to that of the sons of the soil; the culture tips to that of the migrant group; or the region remains bicultural, with each group retaining its own culture. We illustrate these outcomes through four cases: (i) Bengalis...
Prescribed fire and natural recovery produce similar long-term patterns of change in forest structure in the Lake Tahoe basin, California

Abstract In the context of concerns about degrading forest health, increasing fire activity, and practical restoration alternatives, we analyzed 20 years of data on the response of mixed conifer forest stands in the Sierra Nevada, California to two distinctly different management approaches. Specifically, we used a Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach to evaluate the direction and magnitude of changes in forest structure and fuel variables in areas treated with prescribed fire as well as untreated forest stands in the Lake Tahoe basin. Counter to many regional studies, our results indicated that treated and long-unaltered, untreated areas may be moving in a similar direction. Treated and untreated areas experienced declines in tree density, increases in the size of the average individual, and losses of surface fuels in most size classes. The number of large trees increased in untreated areas, but decreased in treated areas. Our results suggested that untreated areas may be naturally recovering from the large disturbances associated with resource extraction and development in the late 1800s, and that natural recovery processes, including self thinning, are taking hold. Given the high cost and broad extent of treatment required to restore forest health, management approaches that promote naturally recovering landscapes may complement ongoing and planned fuel reduction treatments. Deliberately managing for natural processes to proceed unimpeded may also be important for maintaining or increasing forest heterogeneity, resilience, and biodiversity.
Family history of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular comorbidities risk in a pediatric cancer population.

10518Background: Survival rates for childhood cancer patients have improved dramatically, but the growing survivor population suffers from increased treatment-related toxicity including high risk f...
Supervised machine learning scheme for electromyography-based pre-fall detection system

Abstract Falls are the leading cause of disability and death among the elderly. Over the years, several inertial-based wearable devices for automatic fall and pre-fall detection have been devised. Under controlled condition, these systems show a high performance for unbalance detection (up to 100% of specificity and sensitivity), however the mean lead time before the impact is about 200–400 ms. Although this period of time is enough to active an impact reduction system (i.e wearable airbag) to minimize injury, it is necessary to increase it so as to improve the system efficiency and reliability. A user's muscle behavior analysis could be more strategic than that of a kinematic evaluation one, permitting a rapid recognition of an imbalance event. This also holds true for several research studies on muscles response during a state of imbalance, whereas a limit number of them deal with the development of wearable electromyography (EMG)-based systems for human imbalance detection, suitable for predicting a lack of balance in real time. With respects these limitations, the main purpose of this work has been the development of a low computational cost expert system for real time and automatic fall risk detection. The analysis of this is achieved through lower limb muscles behavior monitoring. A Machine Learning scheme has been chosen in order to overcome the well-known drawbacks of threshold approaches widely used in pre-fall systems, in which the algorithm parameters have to be set according to the users’ specific physical characteristics. Ten kinds of time-domain features, commonly used in the analysis of the lower-limb muscle activity, have been investigated. With a view to reducing the processing complexity, the Markov Random Field (MRF) based Fisher-Markov feature selector was tested. It showed a high degree of accuracy in the EMG-based features selection for lack of balance detection. The Co-Contraction Index, Integrated EMG and Willison Amplitude features have been also considered. The supervised classification phase has been obtained through a low computational cost and a high classification accuracy level Linear Discriminant Analysis. The developed system shows high performance in terms of sensitivity and specificity (about 90%) in controlled conditions, with a mean lead-time before the impact of about 775 ms. Therefore, the feasibility of a quick and wearable surface EMG-based unbalance detection system, by using Machine Learning methodology, has been demonstrated. The system may recognize a fall event during the initial phase, increasing the decision making time and minimizing the incorrect and inappropriate activations of the protection system, in real life scenario.
Neurobiology of Asperger Syndrome

The atypical pattern of development first described by Hans Asperger over 50 years ago (Asperger, 1944, Asperger, 1968), commonly referred to as Asperger syndrome (AS), has only recently been included by the American Psychiatric Association as one subtype of Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD; APA, 1994). It is now believed that all PDD, including AS, are caused by abnormalities of brain development and function. Of the PDD, Autistic Disorder (AD) has been the most extensively studied with respect to abnormal brain development and function (for review see, Courchesne 1995, 1997). Few studies, however, have evaluated brain development and function in persons with AS. This chapter will review factors related to the neurobiology of AS. In addition, we will describe seven cases of individuals with AS who have had quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) through our laboratory.
The Role of the Nonprofit Sector in a Self-Governing Society: A View from the United States

This article explores the role of private, nonprofit organizations in a self-governing society. A framework identifying the diverse theories that explain the various types of nonprofit organizations observed in contemporary American society is sketched. This provides a fuller understanding of the varied and complex ways that nonprofit organizations contribute to the institutions of governance.
Building a structural model of motivational regulation and learning engagement for undergraduate and graduate students in higher education

ABSTRACTStudent motivation is widely recognized as a positive influence on engagement and learning in higher education. This study tested the structural relationships between motivational regulatio...
The Importance of International Law

The reader might have found chapter two a bit dreary and rightfully so. Despite the progress of the sciences, there has been little progress in areas such as morals or ethics—but not for lack of effort. World War II turned out to be such a horror show that many of those national leaders who survived the debacle felt obligated to try to implement rules and regulations of state behavior.
Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa

More than 70 genes (over 3000 mutations) are known to cause non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa (RP), including autosomal dominant (AD), autosomal recessive (AR), X-linked, and simplex forms (inheritance not known). The AD form accounts for approximately 15–25% of cases; AR, 5–20%; X-linked, 5–15%; and simplex, 40–50%.
Response of the magnetosphere during early August 1972

The solar wind velocity and interplanetary magnetic field were unusually high late on 4 August and early on 5 August, 1972. The magnetopause was close to or below 6.6 R e from 2117 to 2318 UT and close to or below 5.1 R e from 2236 to 2318 UT on 4 August. The magnetosheath field near noon was several hundred gammas and frequently south during these intervals, and there was some evidence of field erosion. The entry of solar wind plasma into the inner magnetosphere during this period was not unusually high, however. Proton energy density was lower than in the storms of December 1971, and June 1972. The plasmapause steadily moved inward on 4 and 5 August; it reached 2 R e before expanding on 6 August. The unusually high amplitude magnetic pulsations commenced near 2240 UT, 4 August, and lasted until near noon on 5 August. Both the close magnetopause and the large pulsations appear to be due to the high solar wind velocity following the shock that reached Earth at 2054 UT on 4 August.
Is This Whom We Have Become

![Figure][1] Johannes Czernin During the June 2018 annual meeting of the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, the authors of the best articles of 2017 were honored. The best basic science award went to Dr. Fabien Hyafil for his article entitled “Imaging the Cytokine
Low-Coordinated Pd Catalysts Supported on Zn1Zr1Ox Composite Oxides for Selective Methanol Steam Reforming

Abstract Highly dispersed palladium on nanoscale Zn1Zr1Ox mixed oxides was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation. H2 pretreatment tuned the structure of the catalysts and, hence the catalytic performance in the steam reforming of methanol. Based on catalyst evaluation by XRD, XPS and EXAFS/XANES, it is found that high reduction temperature (400 °C) leads to the formation of PdZnβ alloy, which breaks the Pd-Pd bonds in the metallic Pd phase and forms low-coordinated Pd species in the domain of the metal oxides. These low-coordinated Pd species are responsible for the exclusive selectivity to CO2 as the carbon product. Methyl formate as the reaction intermediate was detected on Pd/Zn1Zr1Ox-R400 catalyst by in situ methanol-DRIFTS and methanol-TPSR, proving the methanol dehydrogenation and coupling reaction pathway on the low-coordinated Pd active sites. The incorporation of ZrO2 facilitates the dispersion of ZnO and Pd species and stabilizes Pd species against growth, with better stability than monometallic palladium. This work effectively shows how to prepare active and selective Pd catalysts for dehydrogenation and steam reformimg of methanol not suffering from the typical poor selectivity of metallic palladium.
Anal fissure management by the gastroenterologist.

Purpose of reviewAnal fissures are very common. They are easy to diagnose and treat in the office setting. They may coexist with hemorrhoids. In fact 20% of patients with hemorrhoids have anal fissures also. The purpose of this review is to highlight current diagnosis and treatment of anal fissures
Far-Right Media as Imitated Counterpublicity: A Discourse Analysis on Racial Meaning and Identity on Vdare.com

Calling attention to a lack of analytical clarity regarding far-right media within alternative media literature, we seek to answer the question: what is far-right about far-right media? Turning to ...
Application progress of recombinant human growth hormone in assisted reproductive technology

In order to improve the outcome of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) treatment, recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) has been widely used in assisted reproductive technology (ART)， and has obvious improvement in patients with ovarian dysfunc-tion, such as diminished ovarian reserve (DOR), poor ovarian response (POR), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and abnormal endometrium patients such as repeated implantation failed (RIF), thin endometrium and intrauterine adhesions (IUA). But there is no unified standard about the target patients and application protocol of rhGH. This paper summarizes the mechanism and usage of rhGH in the above patients. Key words: Fertilization in vitro; Embryo transfer; Reproductive techniques, assisted; Recombinant human growth hormone; Ovarian dysfunction; Abnormal endometrium
The Effect of a Death-in-Police-Custody Incident on Community Reliance on the Police

Examine whether a death-in-police-custody incident affected community reliance on the police, as measured through citizen calls requesting police assistance for non-criminal caretaking matters. This study used Baltimore Police Department (BPD) incident-level call data (2014–2017) concerning non-criminal caretaking matters (N = 234,781). Counts of non-criminal caretaking calls were aggregated by week for each of 279 unique sections derived from census-tract and police district boundaries. This study devised a Negative Community–Police Relationship Index Score that operationalized the expected risk of a negative community–police relationship for each of the sections. In April 2015, a Baltimore resident, Freddie Gray, died while in BPD custody. A Poisson regression model assessed whether this high-profile death-in-police-custody incident adversely affected the volume of non-criminal caretaking calls to the police and whether that effect was strongest in sections at a high risk of a negative community–police relationship. A falsification test used pocket-dialed emergency calls to verify that any observed trends were not the result of overall telephone usage. There was no statistical evidence that the death-in-police-custody incident produced any changes in community reliance on the police for non-criminal caretaking matters, even in high-risk sections. A supplemental analysis using calls for criminal matters yielded similar results. As the falsification test demonstrated, the observed trends were not the result of overall telephone usage. Despite a divisive death-in-police-custody incident, citizens were still willing to enlist police assistance. More broadly, the caretaking role of the police may be an important mechanism to strengthen community–police relations, particularly in marginalized neighborhoods vulnerable to strained community–police relations.
The impact of a surgical checklist on surgical outcomes in an academic institution.

Objective To determine the influence of a surgical checklist (SC) on morbidities and compliance with safety measures. Study design Before-and-after-intervention study. Sample population Three thousand two hundred eighty-six dogs: 1375 dogs pre-SC and 1911 post-SC. Methods Completion of safety measures and occurrence of morbidity and/or mortality during hospitalization and up to death or 30-days postoperatively were recorded. Results Safety measures were more frequently completed post-SC, including oral confirmation of patient identity (467/1177 [40%] vs. 1911/1911 [100%]) and oral confirmation of surgical site (568/1175 [48%] vs. 1911/1911 [100%]). In addition, duration of anesthesia decreased from 241 to 232 min (t = 2.824; p = .005); a greater proportion of animals that were intended to receive antibiotics did so prior to incision (1142/1316 [86.8%] vs. 1656/1845 [89.8%] [χ2 = 6.70, p = .01]); and fewer dogs had unplanned return to the OR (32/1065 [3.0%], vs. 21/1472 [1.4%]) (χ2 = 7.52, p = .006). No difference in surgical site infection (adjusted odds ratio 1.02 [95%CI: 0.63-1.66]); morbidity, (adjusted odds ratio 1.00 [95%CI: 0.77-1.29]); or death within 30 days (adjusted odds ratio 1.15 [95%CI: 0.72-1.83]) was detected on multivariable logistic regression analysis. The checklist prevented one wrong-site surgery. Conclusion Implementation of the checklist at our institution led to a decrease in anesthesia duration, increased administration of planned perioperative antibiotics before incision, increased completion of safety measures, and decreased unexpected return to the OR. Impact Despite the lack of effect on morbidities, the use of SC is recommended to improve compliance with safety measures and potentially prevent rare catastrophic events.
Development and use of augmented reality models to teach medicinal chemistry.

Abstract Background and purpose Students in the doctor of pharmacy curriculum have varied backgrounds in their chemical training and also their ability to make mental conversions from two-dimensional chemical representations, on lecture slides or textbook images, to three-dimensional cognitive understanding. In order to bridge the gap, augmented reality (AR) models were developed to provide an alternative learning medium for the students. AR was selected to take advantage of the ubiquitous presence of smartphones, without incurring the expense of Virtual Reality hardware. Educational activity and setting AR models were developed and introduced in the classroom in three phases. Student survey responses were used to improve the utility of the models in between phases. Active learning exercises were developed that required both individual and group interactions to complete. Findings An optimized AR model creation workflow was developed that allowed each AR model to be created and posted in about 30 min. Depending on the phase of the study, 69% to 88% of the students found the AR models easy to use and 58% to 83% wanted to see more AR models used in future lectures. A majority (76%) of the students viewed the AR models on their smartphones. Summary Augmented reality modules were created for use in medicinal chemistry courses in the pharmacy curriculum. Models were introduced in phases and included iterative improvements based on student feedback. The AR exercises provided active learning opportunities and were well received. The majority of students would like additional AR modules used in the course.
Tax Policy and COVID-19: An Argument for Targeted Crisis Relief

The COVID-19 pandemic caused a sharp global economic decline. The U.S. government responded to the downturn with record fiscal legislation totaling over $5 trillion, which includes considerable tax relief. Most notably, the U.S. government distributed over $800 billion in three rounds of advanced refundable tax credits (known as recovery rebates, or stimulus checks) to most households. Tax relief has been unprecedented in scale but has often been the product of political circumstances rather than theorized conception. Tax relief thus remains largely undertheorized and politically motivated. This Article examines the U.S. tax policy response to the COVID-19 crisis, focusing on recovery rebates for individuals. It evaluates considerations for reforming tax relief and proposes several changes for future crises. First, the Article recommends targeting credits towards low-income households. This should be accomplished by decreasing phase out thresholds and increasing credit amounts. Second, the Article recommends targeting credits towards households which lost income or whose income did not substantially increase. This should be accomplished by implementing a recapture (repayment) requirement at the end of the tax year from households whose income increased beyond the phase out threshold, subject to a safe harbor. These proposals increase vertical equity and effectiveness, allow increased aid to those who suffered the most and enhance economic stimulus. Additionally, the Article explores arguments for universal benefits and recurring payments. It thereby examines the widely publicized debate on fiscal response to COVID-19 and suggests meaningful improvements to tax policy response for future crises.
The Earth Around Us: Maintaining A Livable Planet

Records of time and history scientific judgements and ethical considerations resources reconfigured local manipulations inventive solutions whole earth perturbations global perspectives.
Reproduction of Small Plant RNA Viruses

Plant cells appear to be no different from bacterial and animal cells in their capacity to support virus replication and, indeed, tobacco mosaic virus was the first infectious entity to be identified as what we now consider to be virus (Iwanowski, 1892; Beijerinck, 1898). In this chapter we shall describe current knowledge concerning replication of the class of small single-stranded RNA-containing viruses which use cells of higher plants as host. Reference is made to the recent treatises by Matthews (1970) and Kado and Agrawal (1972) for more complete coverage of principles of and techniques used in plant virology.
Qualitative Analysis of Medicare Claims in the Last 3 Years of Life: A Pilot Study

Objectives: To study end-of-life care of a representative sample of older people using qualitative interpretation of administrative claims by clinicians and to explore whether this method yields insights into patient care, including continuity, errors, and cause of death. Design: Random, stratified sampling of decedents and all their Medicare-covered healthcare claims in the 3 years before death from a 5% sample of elderly fee-for-service beneficiaries, condensation of all claims into a chronological clinical summary, and abstraction by two independent clinicians using a standardized form. Setting: United States. Participants: One hundred Medicare fee-for-service older people without disability or end-stage renal disease entitlement who died in 1996 to 1999 and had at least 36 months of continuous Part A and Part B enrollment before death. Measurements: Qualitative narrative of the patient's medical course; clinician assessment of care continuity and apparent medical errors; cause, trajectory, and place of death. Results: The qualitative narratives developed by the independent abstracters were highly concordant. Clinicians felt that 75% of cases lacked continuity of care that could have improved the quality of life and the way the person died, and 13% of cases had a medical error identified by both abstracters. Abstracters disagreed about assignment of a single cause of death in 28% of cases, and abstracters and the computer algorithm disagreed in 43% of cases. Conclusion: Qualitative claims analysis illuminated many problems in the care of chronically ill older people at the end of life and suggested that traditional vital statistics assignation of a single cause of death may distort policy priorities. This novel approach to claims review is feasible and deserves further study.
Effects of chronic ethanol administration on hepatic glycoprotein secretion in the rat

The effects of chronic ethanol feeding on protein and glycoprotein synthesis and secretion were studied in rat liver slices. Liver slices from rats fed ethanol for 4-5 wk showed a decreased ability to incorporate [14C]glucosamine into medium trichloracetic acid-precipitable proteins when compared to the pair-fed controls; however, the labeling of hepatocellular glycoproteins was unaffected by chronic ethanol treatment. Immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled secretory (serum) glycoproteins with antiserum against rat serum proteins showed a similar marked inhibition in the appearance of glucosamine-labeled proteins in the medium of slices from ethanol-fed rats. Minimal effects, however, were noted in the labeling of intracellular secretory glycoproteins. Protein synthesis, as determined by measuring [14C]leucine incorporation into medium and liver proteins, was decreased in liver slices from ethanol-fed rats as compared to the pair-fed controls. This was the case for both total proteins as well as immunoprecipitable secretory proteins, although the labeling of secretory proteins retained in the liver slices was reduced to a lesser extent than total radiolabeled hepatic proteins. When the terminal sugar, [14C]fucose, was employed as a precursor in order to more closely focus on the final steps of hepatic glycoprotein secretion, liver slices obtained from chronic ethanol-fed rats exhibited impaired secretion of fucose-labeled proteins into the medium. When ethanol (5 or 10 mM) was added to the incubation medium containing liver slices from the ethanol-fed rats, the alterations in protein and glycoprotein synthesis and secretion caused by the chronic ethanol treatment were further potentiated. The results of this study indicate that liver slices prepared from chronic ethanol-fed rats exhibit both impaired synthesis and secretion of proteins and glycoproteins, and these defects are further potentiated by acute ethanol administration.
Handling updates of a biological sequence based on Hidden Markov Models

The computational complexity of evaluating homologies between a gene sequence and profile Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) is relatively high. Unfortunately, researchers must re-evaluate matches every time they discover an error in a sequence or encounter a mutation of the sequence. Since these occurrences are frequent, it is desirable to have a low complexity procedure for updating the matching result when a small perturbation in a given input gene sequence is observed. In this paper, we describe such a procedure based on a sensitivity analysis of the Viterbi algorithm used to evaluate the similarity of an unknown gene sequence and a profile HMMs. By extending single arc tolerance bounds to the evaluation of the relative change in all nodes' distances from a root node, our algorithm skips all unperturbed parts of a sequence. As a result, our proposed algorithm can update the matching decision in only 20% of the time required by the current approach that computes a new match with the perturbed sequence and base HMM model.
Na, k, and nonspecific solute requirements for induction and function of galactose active transport in an antarctic psychrophilic marine bacterium.

An Antarctic psychrophilic marine Vibrio sp., with the inducible ability to accumulate non-metabolizable [14C]methyl-β-d-thiogalactoside through a galactose transport system, was isolated. Induction of [14C]methyl-β-d-thiogalactoside uptake was found to have a specific Na+ requirement which was higher than that required for maximal uptake and growth. A specific K+ requirement was found to be quantitatively the same for uptake, growth, and induction. At low suboptimal growth salinities in artificial seawater, growth, uptake, and induction were inhibited more by the generally low solute concentration than by a specific ion deficiency. Evidence was given that the effect of the nonspecific solute was not completely osmotic in nature. The nonspecific solute requirement was greatest for induction, followed by growth and substrate uptake.
Autocorrelation and linkage cause bias in evaluation of relational learners

Two common characteristics of relational data sets -- concentrated linkage and relational auto-correlation -- can cause traditional methods of evaluation to greatly overestimate the accuracy of induced models on test sets. We identify these characteristics, define quantitative measures of their severity, and explain how they produce this bias. We show how linkage and autocorrelation affect estimates of model accuracy by applying FOIL to synthetic data and to data drawn from the Internet Movie Database. We show how a modified sampling procedure can eliminate the bias.
Descent without Modification? The Thermal Chemistry of H2O2 on Europa and Other Icy Worlds.

Abstract The strong oxidant H2O2 is known to exist in solid form on Europa and is suspected to exist on several other Solar System worlds at temperatures below 200 K. However, little is known of the thermal chemistry that H2O2 might induce under these conditions. Here, we report new laboratory results on the reactivity of solid H2O2 with eight different compounds in H2O-rich ices. Using infrared spectroscopy, we monitored compositional changes in ice mixtures during warming. The compounds CH4 (methane), C3H4 (propyne), CH3OH (methanol), and CH3CN (acetonitrile) were unaltered by the presence of H2O2 in ices, showing that exposure to either solid H2O2 or frozen H2O+H2O2 at cryogenic temperatures will not oxidize these organics, much less convert them to CO2. This contrasts strongly with the much greater reactivity of organics with H2O2 at higher temperatures, and particularly in the liquid and gas phases. Of the four inorganic compounds studied, CO, H2S, NH3, and SO2, only the last two reacted in ices cont...
Family physician geriatricians do mostly geriatric care: is this a problem for our specialty?

In this issue, Peterson et al 1 report that the majority of family physicians with Certificates of Added Qualifications (CAQs) in Geriatrics self-report practicing primarily geriatrics. Almost 40% of those surveyed reported spending 80% of their time devoted to geriatric patients. Another 20% reported spending 60% to 80% of their time with older patients. These figures raise many more questions than are answered by the data. Are these percentages different from the amount of time family physicians with other types of CAQs spend in their practices? Are family physician geriatricians a different “breed” than those who practice across a broader age spectrum? How is the “silver tsunami” affecting decisions of physicians with geriatric CAQs regarding the allocation of time within their practice? Could it be that many family physician geriatricians are simply getting older and seeing their practice age with them? Perhaps most controversial is whether this degree of “specialization” is inherently harmful to the discipline of family medicine. My analysis of these questions is strongly influenced by my personal journey in family medicine and geriatrics. I am an “early adopter.” I saw family practice (the term used in those days) as the natural counterpart to my 1960s-era nonconformity. I graduated high school in 1967, the same year Gayle Stephens was starting one of the first family practice residencies, and I read voraciously the writings
Electronic information technologies and the gulf war

On September 17, 1862, twenty-six thousand soldiers died at the battle of Antietam. Prior to their burial, two photographers employed by Matthew Brady-Alexander Gardner and James F. Gibson-recorded what they found there. The following month, in New York City, those photographs went on exhibit at Brady’s studio under the title of “The Dead at Antietam.” On October 20, 1862, the New York Times printed the following:
Transition-metal oxides: Resistance is not futile

The discovery of a highly resistive ferrite magnet where a low magnetic field induces a ferroelectric polarization at room temperature is a key advance towards applications of magnetoelectric coupling.
The large N limit of super Yang–Mills, fractional instantons and infrared divergences

Abstract We investigate the large N limit of pure N =2 supersymmetric gauge theory with gauge group SU( N ) by using the exact low energy effective action. Typical one-complex dimensional sections of the moduli space parametrized by a global complex mass scale v display three qualitatively different regions depending on the ratio between | v | and the dynamically generated scale Λ . At large | v |/ Λ , instantons are exponentially suppressed as N →∞. When | v |∼ Λ , singularities due to massless dyons occur. They are densely distributed in rings of calculable thicknesses in the v-plane. At small | v |/ Λ , instantons disintegrate into fractional instantons of charge 1/(2 N ). These fractional instantons give non-trivial contributions to all orders of 1/ N , unlike a planar diagrams expansion which generates a series in 1/ N 2 , implying the presence of open strings. We have explicitly calculated the fractional instantons series in two representative examples, including the 1/ N and 1/ N 2 corrections. Our most interesting finding is that the 1/ N expansion breaks down at singularities on the moduli space due to severe infrared divergencies, a fact that has remarkable consequences.
Soviet computer centres: Network or tangle?

(1972). Soviet computer centres: Network or tangle? Soviet Studies: Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 608-618.
Laparoscopic screening of surgical candidates with pancreatic cancer or liver tumors

Background: Patients with colorectal or pancreatic cancers may have peritoneal implants which are too small to be detected by current radiologic imaging techniques. Since such implants often preclude surgical removal of the primary tumor or isolated metastasis, their detection prior to open abdominal exploration may spare patients the morbidity of a large abdominal incision when there is no benefit to resection and lifespan is limited.