cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autoradiographic localization of [3H]-Nisoxetine binding sites in the CNS of male and female Japanese quail

In the central nervous system of mammals, transporters localized on the presynaptic nerve terminals regulate the reuptake of neurotransmitters. These transporters are selective for a specific neurotransmitter such as dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE). Specifically in the synapse, the dopamine transporter (DAT) reuptakes DA and the norepinephrine transporter (NET) reuptakes NE. However previous research has found that avian species do not have a gene for DAT, and therefore, birds may be using the NET to clear both NE and DA from the synapse. The current study aimed to extend this finding by localizing NET expression in male and female Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) brains using [3H]Nisoxetine, a selective NET blocker. High densities of binding sites were observed in the olfactory tubercle (OTu), the medial striatum (MSt), and the lateral striatum (LSt). Lower densities of binding sites were detected in the amygdala (AMY) and hypothalamus (Hyp), and low binding was found in the medial preoptic area (mPOA) and the pallium. The areas with the highest densities of NET are also areas that previous research has shown to have high levels of DA activity but low levels of NE innervation (e.g. striatum). The distribution of this reuptake transporter is consistent with the theory that NET acts to clear both DA and NE from the synapse.
Frailty Syndrome is Associated with Poorer Self-Reported Sleep Quality Among Older Persons with Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Older people with HIV (PWH) experience heightened risk for the acquisition of cumulative, multisystem decline, i.e., frailty syndrome. Frailty relates to poorer sleep quality in the general older adult population; however, this association has yet to be explored among PWH. A cross-sectional analysis of 285 PWH ≥50 years old (mean age 60.5 ± 7.0) examined the relationship between frailty (Fried frailty phenotype) and self-reported sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PSQI). Three separate multivariable linear regression models examined global PSQI as a function of (1) frailty phenotype, (2) total number of frailty symptoms, or (3) specific individual frailty symptoms. Models covaried for demographic and biopsychosocial risk factors including age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, premorbid verbal IQ estimate, current depressive symptoms, and diagnosis of a substance abuse disorder. Compared to non-frail (B=.151; p=.021) and prefrail (B=.144; p=.021), frail phenotype was related to poorer sleep quality (increased global PSQI; F(5,278)=11.34, p<.001; R2=.17). Increased number of frailty symptoms (B=.144; p=.019; F(4,276)=12.719, p<.001; R2=.16) and exhaustion were associated with increased global PSQI scores (B=.218, p<.001; F(6,247)=10.436, p<.001; R2=.19). In all models, older age, female sex, and elevated current depressive symptoms were associated with poorer sleep quality. In older PWH, greater frailty symptoms related to poorer sleep quality, independent of psychosocial risk factors for poor sleep. Frailty and poor sleep individually have adverse effects on health and everyday functioning; thus, establishing this association may better aid providers to screen for and treat problems with sleep quality and/or frailty among PWH.
Predictors of Regret Among Older Men After Stress Urinary Incontinence Treatment Decisions.

Purpose:When seeking treatment for male SUI (mSUI), patients are faced with weighing complex risks and benefits in making treatment decisions within their individual context. We sought to quantify ...
Frank Knight and the Chicago School in American Economics

Introduction by Warren J. Samuels Section 1: Historical Reconstruction in the History of Economics 1. Exegesis, Hermeneutics, and Interpretation 2.Reflections on 'Breaking Away': Economics as Science and the History of Economics as History of Science Section 2: Interpreting Frank Knight 3. The Therapeutic Quality of Frank H. Knight's Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, 4. Frank Knight's Dissent from Progressive Social Science 5. What is Truth' in Capital Theory?: Five Stories Relevant to the Evaluation of Frank Knight's Contribution to the Capital Controversy 6. Maximizers vs. Good Sports: Frank Knight's Curious Understanding of Exchange Behaviour 7. Frank H. Knight on the Conflict of Values in Economic Life Section 3: Interpreting Frank Knight and Chicago Economics 8. Frank H. Knight, Max Weber, Chicago Economics, and Institutionalism 9. Entrenching Disciplinary Competence: The Role of General Education and Graduate Study in Chicago Economics 10. De Gustibus Est Disputandum: Frank H. Knight's Response to George Stigler and Gary Becker's 'De Gustibus Non Est Disputandum' 11. Did the Chicago School Reject Frank Knight?, Section 4: Economics, Religion and Politics 12. Frank Knight: Economics vs. Religion 13. Is Economics a Religion 14. The Idea of a Secular Society Revisited.
Chapter 4 Surface chemistry of activated carbons and its characterization

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a global view about the importance of the surface chemistry to the major environmental applications of the carbons. As an introduction to this issue, a brief analysis of the surface groups and the available techniques for characterization is reported. Activated carbons is developed for a large number of highly specialized applications, both as structural and functional materials. The surface functional groups determine the self-organization, the chemical stability, and the reactivity in adsorptive and catalytic processes. Knowledge of the surface chemistry of carbon materials is of paramount importance as the physicochemical properties of carbons are strongly influenced by the presence of chemical species on the surface, and hence many of their applications are conditioned by their chemical characteristics. The chapter also discusses the effect of surface functionality on the electrosorption of ions for energy storage, its impact on the electrical double layer properties, and the capacity for energy storage.
CD40 ligand-expressing T helper cells induce networks of tunneling nanotubes in dendritic cells activated by mediators of type-1 immunity (IRC5P.463)

The ability of DC to mediate CD4+ T cell help for initiating cellular immunity greatly depends on instructive signals that they receive during maturation. Here we report that, in addition to producing high levels of IL-12p70, DC matured in the presence of type-1 associated inflammatory factors were also uniquely programmed to ‘reticulate’, or develop networks of tunneling nanotube-like structures in response to the CD4+ T helper cell derived signal, CD40L. Using high resolution live-cell imaging techniques, we demonstrated that tunneling nanotube networks are capable of facilitating the direct intercellular trafficking of endosome-associated vesicles, antigens, and HIV-1-like particles. Importantly, DC matured under non-type-1 polarizing conditions, such as those exposed to prostaglandin E2, failed to develop these membrane extensions. Moreover, we found that the T helper 1 associated cytokine IFN-γ plays a critical role in enhancing DC reticulation, while the T helper 2 cytokine IL-4 has a substantial inhibitory effect on this process. These data indicate that subsets of T helper cells have divergent abilities to modulate DC reticulation and subsequent intercellular communication. The induction of the reticulation process in DC represents a novel immunologic helper function of CD40L-expressing T cells, which can also be exploited by pathogens such as HIV-1 to promote direct cell-to-cell spread.
Acetylcholine in the crayfish optic lobe: concentration profile and cellular localization

The crayfish optic lobe contains high levels of acetylcholine (ACh) and choline as measured with a chemiluminescent assay in small fragments of optic lobe tissue. The highest concentrations were found in the medulla externa and medulla interna (second and third optic neuromeres), which have ACh concentrations of 270 pmol/mg tissue. This concentration is about 16 times that measured in the photoreceptors and lamina ganglionaris (the first optic neuromere). Immunocytochemistry (based upon antisera to choline-glutaryl-BSA) revealed low levels of ACh-like reactivity in the lamina ganglionaris associated with the terminal arbors of centrifugal and/or tangential neurons. The most intense ACh- like reactivity was observed in monopolar neurons of the medulla externa and medulla interna. One monopolar neuron/medullary column (or about 2500 neurons/medullary neuropile) exhibited reactivity and an estimated cytoplasmic concentration of 8.1 mM.
TGF-β Promotes Th17 Cell Development through Inhibition of SOCS3

TGF-beta, together with IL-6 and IL-21, promotes Th17 cell development. IL-6 and IL-21 induce activation of STAT3, which is crucial for Th17 cell differentiation, as well as the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)3, a major negative feedback regulator of STAT3-activating cytokines that negatively regulates Th17 cells. However, it is still largely unclear how TGF-beta regulates Th17 cell development and which TGF-beta signaling pathway is involved in Th17 cell development. In this report, we demonstrate that TGF-beta inhibits IL-6- and IL-21-induced SOCS3 expression, thus enhancing as well as prolonging STAT3 activation in naive CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells. TGF-beta inhibits IL-6-induced SOCS3 promoter activity in T cells. Also, SOCS3 small interfering RNA knockdown partially compensates for the action of TGF-beta on Th17 cell development. In mice with a dominant-negative form of TGF-beta receptor II and impaired TGF-beta signaling, IL-6-induced CD4(+) T cell expression of SOCS3 is higher whereas STAT3 activation is lower compared with wild-type B6 CD4(+) T cells. The addition of a TGF-beta receptor I kinase inhibitor that blocks Smad-dependent TGF-beta signaling greatly, but not completely, abrogates the effect of TGF-beta on Th17 cell differentiation. Our data indicate that inhibition of SOCS3 and, thus, enhancement of STAT3 activation is at least one of the mechanisms of TGF-beta promotion of Th17 cell development.
GEM: Using Metadata to Enhance Internet Retrieval by K-12 Teachers

The National Library of education Advisory Task Force identified lesson plans and teacher guides as a top priority area in which NLE should apply library and information science expertise to improve the organization and accessibility of the substantial, but uncataloged, collections of such material that are already available on various federal, state, university, non-profit and commercial Internet sites. In general, these valuable resources are difficult for most teachers to find in an efficient, effective manner. The goal of the Gateway to Educational Materials (5GEM) project is to alleviate substantially this resource discovery problem
Antidepressant effects of selective slow wave sleep deprivation in major depression: a high-density EEG investigation.

Sleep deprivation can acutely reverse depressive symptoms in some patients with major depression. Because abnormalities in slow wave sleep are one of the most consistent biological markers of depression, it is plausible that the antidepressant effects of sleep deprivation are due to the effects on slow wave homeostasis. This study tested the prediction that selectively reducing slow waves during sleep (slow wave deprivation; SWD), without disrupting total sleep time, will lead to an acute reduction in depressive symptomatology. As part of a multi-night, cross-over design study, participants with major depression (non-medicated; n = 17) underwent baseline, SWD, and recovery sleep sessions, and were recorded with high-density EEG (hdEEG). During SWD, acoustic stimuli were played to suppress subsequent slow waves, without waking up the participant. The effects of SWD on depressive symptoms were assessed with both self-rated and researcher-administered scales. Participants experienced a significant decrease in depressive symptoms according to both self-rated (p = .007) and researcher-administered (p = .010) scales, while vigilance was unaffected. The reduction in depressive symptoms correlated with the overnight dissipation of fronto-central slow wave activity (SWA) on baseline sleep, the rebound in right frontal all-night SWA on recovery sleep, and the amount of REM sleep on the SWD night. In addition to highlighting the benefits of hdEEG in detecting regional changes in brain activity, these findings suggest that SWD may help to better understand the pathophysiology of depression and may be a useful tool for the neuromodulatory reversal of depressive symptomatology.
GENETICALLY ENGINEERED MAMMALIAN CELLS COULD IMPROVE THE BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVASCULAR DEVICES

patients’ acceptance and become popular in cardiac surgical practices. Because most centres have limited experiencewith this approach,we summarised the clinical profiles in patients undergoing endoscopic vessel harvest (EVH). Methods. Between March 2001 and October 2005, 1005 patients (705 male, 301 female) with a mean age of 67.2 (range 28–89) underwent EVH of the saphenous vein for coronary artery bypass surgery, peripheral artery reconstruction and miscellaneous conditions. The EVH was performed using the Vasoview system (Guidant, Menlo Park, CA) under the assistance of carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation. Results. Technical success was achieved in 98% of cases. Two saphenous veins were discarded due to obvious vein injury. The mean harvest time was 45min. The mean harvest times for the first 50 cases and last 200 cases were 68 and 23min, respectively. Ninety-eight percent of patients had only saphenous vein harvested from thighs; only 2% patients had saphenous vein harvested from legs. Postoperative wound complications occurred in 36 patients. There were 19 wound dehiscences or poor healing, 16 wound infections and 1 overlying skin necrosis. Overall, 18 subsequent revisionswere required for these complications. Therewere detectable air embolisms in 143 patients, self-limited wound haematoma in 25 patients, and numbness in the saphenous nerve territory in 169 patients. Methods. To improve the biocompatibility of implantable cardiovascular devices our group investigated cellular linings to modulate biological properties of device surfaces. For this purpose different tissue types were harvested, isolated and expanded in tissue culture. The biological performance of mammalian cells were characterised and assessed. Tissue culture cells were genetically engineered to create an endothelial like cell lining for the blood-contacting surfaces of cardiovascular devices. Cardiovascular devices were coated with a genetically engineered cell lining and their mechanical performance and biological properties were assessed in vitro and in vivo. Data were compared with mathematical models and numerical methods to study diffusion-mediated and stress-induced growth and adhesion of tissue culture cells under normal and sheer stress conditions. Conclusion. Genetically engineered mammalian tissue culture cells have provided an adherent, nonthrombogenic cell lining for implantable cardiovascular devices and were comparable to mathematical modelling. The data gained from this interdisciplinary research project may lead to novel ways of improving the biocompatibility of implantable cardiovascular devices, which in turn may reduce the incidence of complications associated with their use and at last improve the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Conclusion. EVH of the saphenous vein is a valid alternative to open saphenectomy, providing excellent surgical results, and should be the standard of care for saphenous vein harvest.
Structure study of rare earth doped vitreous silica by molecular dynamics simulation

A series of erbium doped vitreous silica, with erbium concentration as low as 0.25 per cent up to 5 per cent, has been modeled, using molecular dynamics. It has been found that as the Er content decreases, the percentage of erbium ions in pairs remains almost constant until very low concentration, when pairing is the only clustering mechanism and those that are not in pairs are isolated.
Influence of Local Land-Surface Processes on the Indian Monsoon: A Numerical Study

Integrations made with general circulation models to investigate the influence of changes in the land-surface fluxes, over the Indian subcontinent, on the monsoon circulation and rainfall are presented. The experiments conducted include: (1) a control, (2) increased land-surface albedo, (3) increased land-surface albedo and reduced land-surface roughness, and (4) increased land-surface albedo, reduced surface roughness, and no evapotranspiration. A comparison of ensemble means of the data is provided; a decrease in rainfall is observed when the surface albedo is increased and the surface roughness reduced. Low surface roughness makes the horizontal transport of planetary boundary layer (PBL) westerly, reducing cross-isobaric moisture and thereby rainfall. Evapotranspiration had no influence on rainfall because of the PBL motion and moisture convergence. The correlation between surface albedo, surface roughness and vegetation is examined.
Vibration characteristics of a circular plate with a concentric reinforcing ring

Abstract The problem of the axisymmetric vibration of a uniform circular plate reinforced by a concentric ring of arbitrary cross-section is studied. A general solution to the differential equation is taken and required to satisfy exactly the two boundary conditions at the edge 0f the plate and the four conditions of continuity at the junction of the plate and the reinforcing ring. The determination of the lowest natural frequency requires the evaluation of 6 × 6 characteristic determinants having elements which contain Bessel functions. Extensive results for the case when the outer edge is clamped are presented for the variation of the fundamental frequency with the ratios (i) ring-radius/plate-radius, (ii) transverse radius of gyration of ring cross-section/plate half-thickness, (iii) ring-mass/plate-mass, (iv) plate-thickness/plate-external radius, (v) transverse radius of gyration 0f ring cross-section/transverse radius of gyration of ring-mass.
The role of the human major histocompatibility complex in cytotoxic T-cell responses to virus-infected cells.

The human major histocompatibility complex (HLA) has been demonstrated to play two roles in the generation and expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses to virusinfected cells: (1) cytotoxic T cells can only recognize viral antigens in conjunction with antigens encoded by HLA-A and -B genes; and (2) HLA-linked genes may control the capacity to generate T-cell responses to a given virus or to virus in conjunction with particular self HLA-A and -B antigens. Analysis of T-cell responses generatedin vivo to Epstein-Barr virus suggests that human T cells may recognize virus in conjunction with antigens other than the class I HLA polymorphic specificities.
Magnetic entropy change in core/shell and hollow nanoparticles

The development of positive magnetic entropy change in the case of ferromagnetic (FM) nanostructures is a rare occurrence. We observe positive magnetic entropy change in core/shell (Fe/γ-Fe2O3) and hollow (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles and its origin is attributed to a disordered state in the nanoparticles due to the random distribution of anisotropy axes which inhibits any long range FM ordering. The effect of the energy barrier distribution on the magnetic entropy change and its impact on the universal behavior based on rescaled entropy change curves for core/shell and hollow nanostructures is discussed. Our study emphasizes that the magnetic entropy change is an excellent parameter to study temperature and field dependent magnetic freezing in such complex nanostructures.
Grounding Providence in the Theology of the Creator: The Exemplarity of Thomas Aquinas

Discussion of divine providence was traditionally grounded in the wisdom and benevolence of the Creator, until the impact of nominalism which narrowed the theological focus upon the absolute power and freedom of the divine will. An exemplary approach for discussing providence which predates nominalism and which has surprising contemporary relevance is the one developed by Thomas Aquinas in his Summa Theologiae. It is exemplary both for how it discusses providence and for what is says about it. Methodologically, Aquinas explains providence in two contexts, one theological, the other cosmological, in order to avoid misconstruing the reality of one term because of the dynamics pertinent to the other. Substantively, this understanding of providence rests upon the theological foundation of the Creator’s wisdom and benevolence, which in the world find expression as a comprehensive order oriented towards emergent goodness. Through this order God is provident by the genuine and contingent causal actions of creatures, a natural and non-deterministic means that makes it highly compatible with modern science.
Using Writing Assignment Designs to Mitigate Plagiarism

Growth in large courses, particularly in public higher education institutions, poses a number of critical challenges within the context of dramatic increases in Internet use in the larger society. Now students find it easy to copy others’ work without citation, extension, or application of critical thinking skills. If not appropriately addressed, such plagiarism threatens the very authenticity of the educational experience, with such concerns as quality and effectiveness of instruction seeming almost irrelevant. This research focuses on the design of writing assignments to detect and prevent plagiarism. Three types of writing assignments were examined using the “Turnitin” detection system to gauge potential plagiarism. The conclusion is that faculty can design assignments to mitigate plagiarism.
Leptin as a marker of body fat and hyperinsulinemia in college students.

Abstract. Little is known about obesity and insulin resistance in college students. Leptin is a hormone secreted by fat cells and has been shown to strongly correlate with both obesity and insulin resistance in children and adults. We investigated associations of leptin with insulin secretion and action in 119 normal-weight students aged 18-24 years. Leptin was strongly correlated with total fat mass (r = .67, p < .001), percentage body fat (r = .81, p< .001), and to a lesser degree Body Mass Index, or BMI, (r = .23, p < .02). Leptin was associated with fasting insulin (β \pm SE = 0.30 \pm 0.06, p < .001) and insulin resistance (β \pm SE = 0.41 \pm 0.20, p < .001) independent of total fat, gender, and age, suggesting other mechanisms of leptin and insulin regulation besides obesity. Leptin resistance is present even among young and normal-weight college students. Leptin, even more so than BMI, is an important marker of adiposity and hyperinsulinemia in normal-weight college students and may potentially be...
Inheritance of Behavioral Characters in F2 Mallard x Pintail (Anas Pla Tyrhynchos L. x Anas Acuta L.) Hybrids

Through controlled breeding in captivity, 23 F2 male hybrids between Mallards and Pintails were produced. Breeding plumages in these males were analyzed by the hybrid index method and were found to exhibit considerable variation in a manner suggesting polygenic control. The pair-forming displays of 14 F2 males were studied, and sufficient data on 11 of these were obtained to permit the establishment of a behavioral hybrid index. It was found that all the hybrids performed individual displays or display components almost identical with those of the parental species where such displays are very similar in both species (Grunt-whistle), or performed intermediate displays of varying combinations where the homologous displays are present but differ somewhat in the parental species (Head-up-tail-up-Nod-swim sequence). With regard to displays that are present in only one of the parental species, the individual hybrids either performed these in an "all or none" fashion (Down-up, Chin-lifting) or rudimentary or aberrant versions of them (Burp, Raeb-raeb call). No displays occurred in the F 2 hybrids that were not typical of one or both parental species, although an F 3 male performed one display out of context, in that a post-copulatory display (Bridling) occurred during social display and was sequentially "linked" to a typical pair-forming display (Head-up-tail-up). A significant positive correlation (r = + 0.756) between the inheritance of behavioral and plumage characteristics in the F2 generation was found, based on comparison of hybrid index scores determined for II individual males. It is concluded that both groups of features are under genetic control, and in most cases probably involve relatively few genes. Such relatively simple genetic control has both evolutionary and taxonomic implications.
The Banana Industries of Costa Rica and Dominica in a Time of Change

The July 1993 implementation of a new banana importation regime by the European Union (EU) raised the level of competition between banana exporters in Latin America and the Caribbean. This article profiles the banana industries of Costa Rica and Dominica as case studies representing these two groups of exporters. It considers the origins, scale, structure and trading patterns of the industry in each, utilising a variety of data from primary and secondary sources, commentary from interviews, and personal observations by the author from the field. Subsequently, it briefly reviews the changes in world trading regulations stipulated by the EU and those forthcoming from GATT and its new World Trade Organisation. In conclusion, the article suggests what kind of banana future lies ahead for each country.
A process for enhanced removal of iron from bauxite ores

Abstract A process to remove iron from bauxite ore is described in which the ore is first finely crushed, calcined, and contacted with a reducing gas to convert iron present as very weakly magnetic goethite or hematite to magnetite or elemental iron. The ore is then passed through a magnetic separator to remove the iron. A 1.5% Fe2O3 product was produced from an Alabama bauxite ore analyzing 2.7% Fe2O3. Calcination and H2 reduction at 800°C and single-pass magnetic separation at 4000 Gs were used. There was 95% recovery of the iron-free bauxite starting material, and the magnetic fraction contained 21% Fe2O3.
Use of historical information in a maximum-likelihood framework

Abstract This paper discusses flood-quantile estimators which can employ historical and paleoflood information, both when the magnitudes of historical flood peaks are known, and when only threshold-exceedance information is available. Maximum likelihood, quasi-maximum likelihood and curve fitting methods for simultaneous estimation of 1, 2 and 3 unknown parameters are examined. The information contained in a 100 yr record of historical observations, during which the flood perception threshold was near the 10 yr flood level (i.e., on average, one flood in ten is above the threshold and hence is recorded), is equivalent to roughly 43, 64 and 78 years of systematic record in terms of the improvement of the precision of 100 yr flood estimators when estimating 1, 2 and 3 parameters, respectively. With the perception threshold at the 100 yr flood level, the historical data was worth 13, 20 and 46 years of systematic data when estimating 1, 2 and 3 parameters, respectively.
Ruthenium-centered thermosensitive polymers

Abstract Bipyridine-centered poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) polymers with controlled molecular weight and low polydispersity were synthesized by RAFT polymerization using a novel bipyridine-functionalized dithioester as a RAFT agent, and were further complexed with ruthenium ion to produce ruthenium-centered thermosensitive polymers with well-defined structure. Results from UV–vis, fluorescence and DSC characterizations of the thermosensitive polymeric ruthenium complexes indicated that tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) ion was successfully grafted onto the center of polymer chains.
Incursions and radiative impact of Asian dust in northern Alaska

[1] The Arctic region is sensitive to incursions of aerosols that affect its radiation balance, directly through interactions with solar and terrestrial radiation and indirectly as cloud condensation nuclei. During spring 2002 dust was transported from the Gobi desert passing over instrumented field sites near Barrow, Alaska, providing the opportunity to measure the dust properties. Empirical determinations of the direct radiative forcing by dust were used to corroborate simulations made using the Moderate Resolution Transmittance radiative transfer code, MODTRAN™5. During sunlit periods, dust cools the surface while warming those layers in which it resides, increasing atmospheric stability. At night, dust layers tend to cool while the surface warms slightly due to infrared emissions from the dust layer.
Tumor Vasculature Targeting: A Generally Applicable Approach for Functionalized Nanomaterials

The last decade has witnessed an unprecedented expansion in the design, synthesis and preclinical applications of various multifunctional nanomaterials. Efficient targeting of these nanomaterials to the tumor site is critical for delivering sufficient amount of anti-cancer drugs to suppress tumor growth, while avoiding undesired side effects. Although some nanoparticles could accumulate in the tumor tissue based on the enhanced permeability and retention effect, which may also bind to targets on the tumor cell surface after extravasation from the tumor vasculature, these strategies have many limitations. In this article, we discuss the concept of tumor vasculature targeting and summarize representative examples of in vivo targeted positron emission tomography imaging of various functionalized nanomaterials with different morphology, size and surface chemistry. The concept of targeting tumor vasculature instead of (or in addition to) tumor cells will continue to inspire the design of more advanced nanosystems for efficacious and personalized treatment of cancer in the future.
The Distribution of Person Fit Using True and Estimated Person Parameters.

M Molenaar & Hoijtink, 1990; Reise and Due). Results show that 11 may not perform as expected when estimated person parameters (6) are used rather than true 0. This study also examined the influence of the pseudo-guessing parameter, the method used to identify nonfitting response vectors, and the method used to estimate 0. When 0 was better estimated, 1, was more normally distributed, and , the false positive rate for a single cut score did not char. acterize the distribution of lz. Changing the c parameter from .20 to 0.0 did not improve the normality of the 1. distribution. Index terms: appropriateness measurement, Bayesian estimation, item response theory, maximum likelihood estimation, person fit.
Spontaneous contractions of dispersed vascular muscle in cell culture

Dispersed vascular muscle cells from chick omphalomesenteric vessels maintained in primary cell culture contracted spontaneously. Six methods which produced contracting isolated muscle cells are described and compared. The combination of dispersion method and culture conditions to produce contracting muscle cells was more critical for vascular than for heart muscle. These findings of continuing pacemaker function demonstrate that functional integrity of isolated vascular muscle cells is possible to maintain. Further indication of the full functional state of the isolated vascular muscle cells was demonstrated by the sensitivity to norepinephrine at a physiological concentration (0.1 µM). Spontaneous contraction frequencies were similar to the range found in situ, and spontaneous or norepine-phrine-induced contractions had time courses corresponding to intact vessel contractions. This is the first report that isolated vascular muscle cells in primary cell culture retain functional characteristics found in situ and are suitable for pharmacological characterization of individual muscle cells.
Acetic acid decomposition on Ni(100): intermediate adsorbate structures by reflection infrared spectroscopy

Temperature-programmed reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (TPRAIS), in concert with reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIS), was used to follow the sequence of stable surface intermediates for the decomposition of acetic acid monomer and dimer on Ni(100). After acetic acid monomer adsorbs molecularly at 170 K, the acid hydrogen is irreversibly lost at 240 K and a bridge-bonded acetate is formed. The bridge-bonded acetate then undergoes a reversible transformation to a monodentate acetate above 320 K which eventually decomposes to CO/sub 2/, C(ad), and H/sub 2/ at 435 K. Acetic acid dimer adsorbs molecularly at 170 K with the hydrogen-bonded ring approximately parallel to the surface. The dimer decomposes by dehydration at 255 K to adsorbed CO, a bridge-bonded acetate, and an adsorbed methyl group. The acetate decomposes to CO/sub 2/, C(ad), and H/sub 2/ at 440 K. The key step in the acetate decompositions is the C-C bond scission. The dynamic infrared study shows the importance of performing the spectroscopy at reaction conditions to identify the stable molecular configurations involved during the reaction.
Developing an in silico model of the modulation of base excision repair using methoxyamine for more targeted cancer therapeutics

Base excision repair (BER) is a major DNA repair pathway involved in the processing of exogenous non-bulky base damages from certain classes of cancer chemotherapy drugs as well as ionising radiation (IR). Methoxyamine (MX) is a small molecule chemical inhibitor of BER that is shown to enhance chemotherapy and/or IR cytotoxicity in human cancers. In this study, the authors have analysed the inhibitory effect of MX on the BER pathway kinetics using a computational model of the repair pathway. The inhibitory effect of MX depends on the BER efficiency. The authors have generated variable efficiency groups using different sets of protein concentrations generated by Latin hypercube sampling, and they have clustered simulation results into high, medium and low efficiency repair groups. From analysis of the inhibitory effect of MX on each of the three groups, it is found that the inhibition is most effective for high efficiency BER, and least effective for low efficiency repair.
Ultraviolet radiation and zooplankton community structure following deglaciation in Glacier Bay, Alaska

We investigated changes in UV attenuation and macrozooplankton com- munity structure in a set of lakes along a deglaciation chronosequence in Glacier Bay Alaska. Terrestrial succession in the watersheds of these lakes results in increasing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content over time. Due to the primary role of DOC in controlling UV attenuation in lakes, one would suspect a gradient in UV attenuation and potentially zooplankton community structure in lakes of different ages. Field measurements of UV in seven lakes of different ages revealed that UV attenuation depths (1% of surface irradiance at 320 nm) ranged from 0.6 m in the oldest lake in the set (90 yr old), to more than 14 m in the youngest lake (10 yr old). Zooplankton community structure also changed across lakes of different ages. Patterns of distribution and abundance of the zooplankton both among and within lakes were consistent with the hypothesis that UV influences zooplankton community structure. The major differences in species composition among lakes were the absence of two primarily epilimnetic species ( Asplanchna priodonta and Ceriodaphnia quadrangula) in all but the oldest lake, and the absence of Bosmina longirostrisin the four youngest lakes. Transplant experiments in which UV radiation was manipulated in situ revealed that all three of these ''delayed colonizer'' species perish within only a few days when exposed to UV levels found in the surface waters (0.5 m depth) of the youngest lake. The strong dependence of UV radiation transparency on terrestrially derived DOC suggests a linkage between development of terrestrial plant communities within the watershed, chang- es in lake hydrology, and the early succession of zooplankton communities following deglaciation.
Job evaluation: Endangered species or anachronism?

The practice of job evaluation for purposes of pay determination is under attack. Criticisms range from bias and discrimination against women's jobs to engendering a bureaucratic climate which rewards gamesmanship at the expense of productive work performance. Alternatively, defenders maintain that job evaluation is rational and objective and provides the only means of achieving pay equity. This article argues that job evaluation is neither good nor bad, and that the argument between critics and defenders is misdirected. Job evaluation is appropriate for a paradigm of work which identifies and organizes work using job concepts. Job evaluation is less appropriate, however, for paradigms which use concepts of performance and personal qualifications. The paradigms implicit in newer organizations of work challenge the appropriateness of job evaluation for purposes of pay determination. Similarly, the changing paradigm of work challenges the appropriateness of many traditional practices in HRM which also are based upon the job paradigm of work.
Magnetic phase transitions of CrCl 3 graphite intercalation compound

Magnetic phase transitions of stage-2 ${\mathrm{CrCl}}_{3}$ graphite intercalation compound have been studied using ac superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetic susceptibility and dc SQUID magnetization. This compound is a two-dimensional (2D) Heisenberg ferromagnet with small $\mathrm{XY}$ anisotropy and very weak antiferromagnetic interplanar exchange interaction: interplanar exchange interaction $J$ $(=5.86\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05\mathrm{K}),$ effective anisotropy field ${H}_{A}^{\mathrm{out}}(=193\mathrm{Oe}),$ and ${H}_{E}^{\ensuremath{'}}(=51\mathrm{Oe}).$ This compound undergoes magnetic transitions at ${T}_{c1}(=11.5\mathrm{K}),$ ${T}_{c2}(=10.3--10.5\mathrm{K}),$ ${T}_{c3}(=8.67--9.70\mathrm{K}),$ and ${T}_{g}(=5.7--7\mathrm{K}).$ Below ${T}_{c1}$ a 2D ferromagnetic long-range order with spin component along the $c$ axis appears, forming an axial ferromagnetic phase. Below ${T}_{c2}$ a 2D ferromagnetic long-range order of spin component perpendicular to the $c$ axis appears, forming an oblique phase. Below ${T}_{c3}$ there appears a 3D antiferromagnetic order accompanying spin-glass-like behavior. Below ${T}_{g}$ the system enters into a reentrant spin glass phase arising from the competition between a ferromagnetic ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}{\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{r}}^{3+}$ interaction and possible antiferromagnetic ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{2+}{\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{r}}^{2+}$ interactions. The role of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{2+}$ spins with Ising symmetry may be crucial for the axial ferromagnetic and oblique phases.
Prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 release in isolated rat lungs.

Abstract The influence of platelets and platelet membranes on the generation of prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) and thromboxane A 2 (TXA 2 ) by isolated rat lung and porcine aortic endothelial cell, as measured by RIA of their stable end-producs, 6-oxo-PGF 1α and TXB 2 respectively, was studied. After introduction of either aspirin-treated platelets or membranes from aspirin-treated platelets to the perfusate, 1 5-fold increase in the amount of 6-oxo-PGF 1α and TXB 2 in the perfusate was observed. Treatment of the lung with aspirin produced a 50% reduction in the platelet-stimulated release of PGI 2 and TXA 2 . Treatment of the lung with the phospholipase inhibitor, mepacrine, significantly reduced the platelet-stimulated release of PGI 2 and TXA 2 . Incubation of endothelial cells with untreated platelet membranes did not alter the generation of PGI 2 . These results suggest that platelet-stimulated release of PGI 2 and TXA 2 occurs via mechanical stimulation of phospholipase A 2 , liberating arachidonic acid.
Cardiorespiratory effects of changing inspiratory to expiratory ratio during high-frequency oscillation in an animal model of respiratory failure.

To examine the effects of varying inspiratory/expiratory ratio (I/E) on cardiorespiratory function during high-frequency oscillation (HFO), 11 saline-lavaged rabbits were ventilated at I/E = 1:2, 1:1.5, 1.5:1, and 2:1 in a paired comparison to a baseline of I/E = 1:1. HFO was delivered by a SensorMedics model 3100 oscillator at a frequency of 10 Hz. Pressure amplitude and proximal mean airway pressure (PPaw) were held constant as I/E was varied from baseline to the experimental I/E. During each paired observation, Pa, Pa, cardiac output, blood pressure, and distal mean airway pressure (DPaw) were measured. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc. We found that as I/E was increased or decreased from 1:1, no significant changes in Pa, Pa, blood pressure, or cardiac output occurred. We conclude that in this model, varying I/E has no significant effect on oxygenation, ventilation, or cardiovascular function.
Somatostatin prolongation of the blood pressure lowering effect of diazoxide.

Somatostatin has been reported to lower plasma renin activity following furosemide administration1 and to prevent the rise of blood pressure and plasma renin produced by orciprenolol,2 without affecting plasma noradrenaline levels.3 The purpose of this study was to determine whether somatostatin can prevent the rise in arterial pressure (AP) subsequent to an initial decrease in blood pressure induced by an agent, such as diazoxide. Attempts to prolong the rapid, but short-lived, hypotensive effect of diazoxide4 by subsequent administration of other vasodilators or catecholamine-depleting drugs, have resulted in extreme hypotension in some cases.5
Family and couples treatment for newly returning veterans.

Civilian psychologists are being called on to assist the thousands of service members returning from Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). Newly returning veterans are at risk for depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and alcohol use disorders. In addition, veteran partners and families are at increased risk for stress and conflict. The following article provides clinicians with information on the impact of military service on the veteran and the family, then reviews ongoing family services available to veterans through the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). Finally, we describe recovery-oriented implications for practicing psychologists when treating veterans and their families.
Short-Period Atmospheric Gravity Waves: A Study of Their Statistical Properties and Source Mechanisms

Gravity waves for the one year period beginning 19 October 1976 around Palisades, New York, are investigated to determine their statistical properties and sources. The waves have typical periods of 10 min, pressure amplitudes of 3 Pa and velocities of 30 m/s. In general, the largest, amplitude waves occur during late fall and early winter when the upper tropospheric winds directly overhead are fastest and the static stability of the lower troposphere is greatest. Mean wave amplitudes correlate highly with the product of the mean maximum wind speed and the mean low level stratification directly aloft. A distinct diurnal variation of wave amplitudes with the largest waves occurring in the pre-dawn hours is also observed as a result of the increased static stability then. The majority of waves are generated by shear instability; however, a number of waves are generated by distant sources such as nuclear detonations or large thunderstorms. The waves with distant sources can be distinguished on the basis of their generally much higher coherency across the grid and velocities that depart markedly from the wind velocity at any point in the sounding.
INFLUENCE OF RECALL ON RELIABILITY OF AUTOKINETIC PERCEPTION IN A PORTABLE APPARATUS

Sltmnzary.-A prwious study of the influence of recall on autokinetic perception was replicated using portable apparatus. An autokinetic test was given to 76 male subjects who were then randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups of 19 subjects each Two groups were retested after 1 and 6 wk., respectively. The other two groups were asked to recall their initial experience after 1 and 6 wk., respectively. The results were similar to those reported previously, in that intertrial correlations for length of line and maximal excursion from the starting point were generally higher for the recall than for the retest conditions. Latencies were not consistent with this finding. These results were discussed in comparison with previous studies of the reliability of autokinetic perception. A previous study (Haines, Santos, & Farrow, 1976) has demonstrated the potential influence that recall may have on the test-retest reliability of perception of the autokinetic illusion. The portable autokinetic apparatus described by Farrow, Santos, Johnson, and Haines (1968) has many advantages over the dark room method and is likely to be used more often in the future by the present investigators and others. Farrow, et al. (1968) found that subjects reported more apparent movement in the dark-room situation than when using the portable apparatus, although test-retest reliabilities for the two methods were of the same order of magnitude. Consequently recall effects were investigated using the portable apparatus. A total of 76 male undergraduates between the ages of 18 and 20 yr. volunteered to participate in the study. The subjects were randomly assigned ro four conditions, with 19 in each group. Each subject was tested individually in two separate sessions involving two intertrial intervals (1 or 6 wk.) and either red1 or retest instructions for the second session. All subjects received the standard portable autokinetic test instructions on the first trial, and the recall instructions used previously (Haines, er al., 1976) were given for the recall task in the present experiment. The four treatment conditions were Retest-1 wk., Retest-6 wk., Recall-1 wk., and Recall-6 wk. In the previous study subjects were tested in a completely darkened room and were not allowed to see the apparatus at any dme. In the present study, however, they were tested in a lighted room with the portable apparatus in full view. In addition to the instructions given by Haines, et al. (1976), subjects in the present experiment were asked to position the head against the eyepiece of the viewing chamber so that no illumination entered between the face and the eyepiece. The autokinetic light was kept on for 180 sec. after the onset of reported movement. Following the termination of the light, the drawings of movement were removed from the appararus before the subjects moved their heads from the eyepiece. They were, therefore, never allowed to see what they had drawn.
Membrane system design for multicomponent gas mixtures via mixed-integer nonlinear programming

An optimal design strategy for membrane networks separating multicomponent gas mixtures based on an approximate permeator model and mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) is proposed. A permeator system superstructure is used to embed a very large number of possible network configurations and allows the permeator feed-side pressure to be fixed or a design variable. A MINLP design model is developed to minimize the total annual process cost by simultaneous optimization of the permeator configuration and operating conditions. Case studies for the separation of acid gases (CO2 and H2S) from crude natural gas mixtures with spiral-wound permeators are presented. Permeator configurations are derived for different number of separation stages for both continuous and discrete membrane areas. The method is sufficiently robust to handle product compositions that vary five orders of magnitude. The proposed approach provides an efficient methodology for preliminary screening of multi-stage membrane separation systems for multicomponent gas mixtures. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.