cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound B‐scanning with a gray scale video hard copy unit

A gray scale hard copy unit has been adapted to an ultrasound B-scanner equipped with a video gray scale system and a conventional hard copier and a Polaroid camera. Comparative recordings were made of all three methods. The new hard copy unit produced a better gray scale image than Polaroid film, with reduction of cost and elimination of the problems inherent in Polaroid film.
Effects of Premilking Udder Preparation on Bacterial Population, Sediment, and Iodine Residue in Milk

Udder preparations that wet both udder surfaces and teats had the highest standard plate count in milk compared with methods that wet teats only. Physical action of cleaning teats with a dry towel lowered bacterial count compared with preparations wetting both udder surfaces and teats. Methods resulting in lowest bacterial counts were the use of water hose, wet towel, or premilking disinfectant teat dip followed by drying with paper towels. Counts of coliform and Staphylococcus sp. followed similar trends. In most comparisons, addition of udder wash sanitizer was of marginal or no benefit. Standard plate count of teat rinses after udder preparation confirmed the benefit of cleaning and drying teats. Physical manipulation of teats during cleaning was essential for lowering sediment in milk. Drying of teats with a paper towel for at least 10 s after dipping with a 1% iodophor disinfectant dip was essential for reducing iodine residue. Both premilking and postmilking disinfectant teat dipping with a 1% iodophor teat dip caused higher iodine residue in milk than premilking disinfectant dip with subsequent drying. A .5% iodophor teat dip contributed less iodine in milk than a 1% iodophor teat dip. Premilking udder preparation affects bacterial count, sediment, and iodine residue in milk.
Metathesis of methyl oleate with a homogeneous and a heterogeneous catalyst

The cometathesis reaction of methyl oleate (MO) with unsaturated dicarboxylic acid esters has been studied using either a homogeneous catalyst system (WCl6-Me4Sn) or a heterogeneous catalyst system (Re2O3-Al2O3-Me4Sn). In the presence of the homogeneous catalyst, dimethyl-3-hexenedioate (DMHD) reacted with MO to give cometathesis products in 47% yield with a distribution of products that agreed with the theoretical equilibrium composition. When dipropyl-4-octenedioate (DPOD) was used, however, the yield of cometathesis products was less than 1%. The lower reactivity of DPOD might be due to the formation of a stable complex of DPOD with the catalyst. The cometathesis reaction of MO and DMHD was also catalyzed by the heterogeneous catalyst. However, the reaction rate decreased significantly and the distribution of products did not attain the theoretical. Similar results were obtained in the cometathesis reaction of MO and DPOD catalyzed by the heterogeneous catalyst. These results suggest that MO and DMHD are preferentially adsorbed onto the surface of this catalyst according to their polarity, and that the molar ratio of MO and DMHD at the catalytic site was different from that in the reaction medium.
The ATPase Reaction Cycle of Yeast DNA Topoisomerase II SLOW RATES OF ATP RESYNTHESIS AND PiRELEASE

DNA topoisomerase II catalyzes the transport of one DNA duplex through a transient break in a second duplex using a complex ATP hydrolysis mechanism. Two key rates in the ATPase mechanism, ATP resynthesis and phosphate release, were investigated using 18O exchange and stopped-flow phosphate release experiments, respectively. The 18O exchange results showed that the rate of ATP resynthesis on the topoisomerase II active site was slow compared with the rate of phosphate release. When topoisomerase II was bound to DNA, phosphate was released slowly, with a lag. Since each of the preceding steps is known to occur rapidly, phosphate release is apparently a rate-determining step. The length of the lag phase was unaffected by etoposide, indicating that inhibiting DNA religation inhibits the ATPase reaction cycle at some step following phosphate release. By combining the 18O exchange and phosphate release results, the rate constant for ATP resynthesis can be calculated as ∼0.5 s−1. These data support the mechanism of sequential hydrolysis of two ATP by DNA topoisomerase II.
Computer Techniques For The Solution Of The High Energy Laser Propagation Problem

High energy laser propagation in an absorbing medium is described by the Fresnel equation with a nonlinear term. While perturbative solutions exist for some special simple cases, the most useful approach has required development of efficient computer algorithms to satisfactorily solve problems of interest. This paper reviews the numerical techniques which iteratively solve nonlinear laser propagation problems and indicates the agreement obtained in comparison with laboratory experiments. The wide range of physical effects in addition to the nonlinear phenomena which are also included in the computer codes to predict the propagation of the laser beam from the laser cavity, through the optical train and into the atmosphere are also discussed.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Photoinduced Energy Transfer between Ruthenium and Osmium tris-Bipyridine Complexes Covalently Pillared into γ-ZrP

This paper describes the preparation and photophysical characterization of hybrid materials made of a γ-ZrP covalently pillared with two complexes: Ru(bpy)2L and Os(bpy)2L (bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine and L = 5,5‘-bis(dihydroxyphosphoryl)-2,2‘-bipyridine). A high degree of phosphate (H2PO4) exchange by the complexes in the γ-ZrP matrix was achieved (25% intercalation) by preintercalating the γ-ZrP with octylamine. Materials with different Os/Ru ratios were prepared, allowing the study of the efficiency of energy transfer as a function of the Ru/Os ratio (Ru/Os ratios = 1/0, 1/0.35, 1/0.6, 1/0.8, 1/1, and 0/1). Powder X-ray diffraction shows that the interlayer space of the intercalated γ-ZrP is approximately 18.6 A in all of the intercalated materials. Solid-state 31P NMR confirms that the complexes are covalently bonded to the zirconium of the γ-ZrP phase. All of the materials exhibit moderately strong metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) emission from the Ru and/or Os chromophores. In the mixed samples the ...
Clausewitz: The Debate Continues

Stephen L. Melton. The Clausewitz Delusion: How the American Army Screwed Up the Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan (A Way Forward). Minneapolis: Zenith Press, 2009. 309 pp. $30.00. ISBN: 978-0-7603- 371...
Evolution of generalized two-dimensional magnetotail equilibria in ideal and resistive MHD

We present results of two-dimensional (2-D) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of the terrestrial magnetotail. A regional adaptation of the Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry global MHD model is used. As initial conditions, we employ a class of asymptotic magnetotail equilibria with and without an accumulation of magnetic flux at the tailward end (a Bz hump). The former have been recently shown by full particle simulations to be unstable to a kinetic mode with formal properties of ion tearing. Thus, our goal here is to investigate the evolution of the same equilibria in the MHD approximation and assist in the physical interpretation of the kinetic simulations. This is additionally motivated by the energy principle considerations which suggest that if the system is unstable kinetically, it may also be unstable ideally. To seek dynamical MHD regimes similar to those observed in kinetic simulations, we implement two sets of boundary conditions (velocity balanced, VB, and momentum balanced, MB), one allowing plasma flows through the boundaries and the other inhibiting such flows. The use of more reflecting MB boundary conditions results in suppression of any significant dynamics, and we see no substantial changes beyond initial equilibrium relaxation. On the other hand, VB boundary conditions allow a more efficient relaxation of initial equilibrium and absorb subsequently generated plasma flows. With these boundary conditions we find the equilibrium without a flux accumulation (i.e., with constant magnetic field component normal to the current sheet) to develop an apparently resistive mode accompanied by tailward plasma flows. At the same time, the equilibria with a Bz hump of sufficiently large amplitude develop a different, ideal, mode characterized by spontaneous generation of earthward plasma flows and an exponential growth of the corresponding electric field. This growth is qualitatively similar to the corresponding fully kinetic simulations although no explosive growth of the earthward moving Bz peak is evident in the MHD calculations, just an earthward shift of a part of the initial flux accumulation. We discuss implications of our results for the possibility of existence and impact of such equilibria in the Earth's magnetotail and in global MHD simulations.
Comments on "An exact solution for the nonuniform transmission line problem

For the original article see ibid., vol.38, no.7, p.944-6 (1990). The commenter discusses limitations to the form of lines to which the solution given in the above-titled paper by C. Nwoke apply. These limitations arise from the interdependence between the impedance and admittance. >
Taxonomic utility of a phylogenetic analysis of phosphoglycerate kinase proteins of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota: insights by Bayesian analyses.

We studied 131 protein sequences of the essentially ubiquitous glycolytic enzyme 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (3-PGK) by Bayesian analyses in three Domains: 15 Archaea, 83 Bacteria, and 33 Eukaryota. The posterior distribution of phylogenetic trees developed were based on a uniform prior, the WAG model of protein evolution, Metropolis-Hastings sampling in a Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis, and a package of diagnostics to critically evaluate the validity of the analyses. The 15 Archaea separated with high posterior probability. The archaean Phyla Euryarchaeota and the apparently Euryarchaeota derived Crenarchaeota were monophyletic. The 33 Eukaryota separated into two main groups: the non-chlorophyllous forms with coherent sub-groupings of Euglenozoa, Alveolata, Fungi, and Metazoa and all the chlorophyllous species studied: the Plantae (Viridaeplantae), chlorophyllous Stramenopiles, and the chlorophyllous Bacteria. This association supports other opinions concerning the related lineage of cyanobacteria and the Plantae. The 3-PGK sequences from 83 Bacteria in almost every instance associated by their recognized taxal group: α-, β-, γ-, e-proteobacteria, Chlamydia, Actinobacteridae, and Firmicutes. Firmicutes sequences were subdivided into three apparently monophyletic groups: the anaerobic Clostridia, the spore-forming Bacillales and a group containing the Mollicutes, Lactobacillales and non-spore-forming Bacillales. The 3-PGK-gene tree assemblage was notable both for its pervasive clustering in three Domains according to recognized taxonomic groupings of Class, Order, Family, and Genus. The 3-PGK enzyme or 3-PGK-like activity may have played a central role in the metabolism of the Universal Ancestor.
Becoming the Red Bishop of Cuernavaca: Rethinking Gill's Religious Competition Model

Many explanations for the rise of progressive Catholicism in Latin America draw on internal and external factors. Gill (1994, 1998) breaks with this trend arguing that competition from Protestantism is key. After providing some methodological criticisms of Gill's work, the case of Cuernavaca, Mexico under the so-called Red Bishop Sergio Mendez Arceo is presented. This case suggests that competition from Protestantism played little or no role in his radicalization; rather, other factors (the Second Vatican Council and a radical worker's movement, among others) explain his transformation. In addition, it is suggested that for this case Gill's causal arrow should be reversed: Protestantism did not lead to the bishop's radicalization; rather his radicalization facilitated the growth of non-Catholic churches. The concluding section relates this study to recent research on religious pluralism and religious participation suggesting that for Gill's model religions pluralism is not a good indication of religious competition.
Human liver dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase: Nature and extent of individual variation

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase (DHEA ST) catalyzes the sulfation of steroid hormones such as DHEA, estrone, and estradiol. As a first step in pharmacogenetic studies of DHEA ST in humans, we measured individual variation in DHEA ST enzymatic activity and thermal stability in 94 samples of human hepatic tissue, 39 of which were from patients with normal liver function studies. Neither level of enzyme activity nor thermal stability were significantly correlated with either time of tissue storage at -80 degrees C or patient age. In addition, there were no gender-dependent differences in DHEA ST activity in these samples. DHEA ST enzymatic activity varied 4.6-fold, with a mean value of 317 +/- 100 units/gm tissue (mean +/- SD) in all samples and 318 +/- 104 units/gm in the subset of 39 samples from patients with normal hepatic function studies. Frequency distributions of DHEA ST activity for both the entire group of 94 samples and the subset of 39 were bimodal, with 25% and 21% included in a high activity subgroup, respectively. The presence of this high activity subgroup was confirmed when data for samples from male and female patients were evaluated separately and when only data for white patients were examined. The existence of a subgroup of subjects with a high level of DHEA ST enzymatic activity in liver and a 4.6-fold range in this activity have implications for individual differences in the sulfate conjugation of endogenous and exogenously administered steroid hormones and raise the possibility of pharmacogenetic regulation of this important enzyme in humans.
Adjustable Sit-Stand Workstations in the Office:

This study describes the approach taken and the results measured thus far from the introduction of sit-stand workstations in an office environment. Adjustable workstations have been developed and introduced in an office within United Parcel Service (UPS). A sit-stand workstation consists of the following components: modular panel walls, an adjustable front work surface, an adjustable rear work surface, and an adjustable chair. An employee can sit or stand while working and perform the adjustments to the workstation with fingertip ease and control.The job requirements of all of the employees using the new workstations are sedentary in which there is constant use of the computer to perform a variety of tasks. A training program was also introduced to review basic principles of human factors and ergonomics and to provide instruction in how to properly use the new workstations, chairs, and other accessories.Prior to the installation of the workstations, various benchmark data were collected including: product...
Cardiolipin and apoptosis.

Cardiolipin (CL) is recognized to be an essential phospholipid in eukaryotic energy metabolism so that physiological and pathological perturbations in its synthetic and catabolic pathways play key roles in maintaining mitochondrial structure and function, and ultimately cell survival. This review describes potential regulatory mechanisms in CL synthesis and the effects of de-acylation pathways on steady state levels of CL and its interaction with cytochrome c. The latter interaction is significant in the initiation of programmed cell death. Physiological factors that modify CL acylation include ageing, dietary influences and ischemia/reperfusion where the terminal events may be either necrosis or apoptosis. In various pathologies, phospholipase activity increases in response to production of peroxidized CL. The cell may use lysosomal or mitochondrial pathways for CL degradation. However, the manner by which CL and cytochrome c leave the mitochondria is not well understood. The lipid (CL)-bound form of cytochrome c is thought to initiate apoptosis via a lipid transfer step involving mitochondrially targeted Bid. A direct relationship between CL loss and cytochrome c release from the mitochondria has been identified as an initial step in the pathway to apoptosis. An absolute requirement for CL in the function of crucial mitochondrial proteins, e.g., cytochrome oxidase and the adenine nucleotide translocase, are likely additional factors impacting apoptosis and cellular energy homeostasis. This is reflected in the occurrence of both oncotic and apoptotic events in ischemia and reperfusion injury. Other potential clinical manifestations of perturbations of CL synthesis are discussed with particular emphasis on Barth Syndrome where a primary defect can be attributed to CL metabolism and is associated with dilated cardiomyopathy. Finally, the model of fatty acid induced apoptosis is used as a paradigm to our understanding of the temporal relationship between decreased mitochondrial CL, release of cytochrome c, and initiation of apoptosis.
Current status of diagnostic counting and imaging techniques used in nuclear medicine: A sketch

Diagnostic procedures used in Nuclear Medicine are designed to provide information about the static and/or dynamic distribution of some particular stable or radioactive material within the patient, as well as the quantity of the material present. Thus, the static distribution of 131I in the thyroid indicates the structure of the gland, whereas changes in the distribution or in the quantity present indicate its rate of functioning. A remarkable variety of techniques, based on emission, transmission, fluorescence, and incoherent holographic imaging principles, have been developed. Both moving and fixed radiation detectors are used, and these produce planar and 3-D projections and transverse sections of the object of interest. In general, the image quality is determined by detector characteristics such as sensitivity, spatial resolution, and depth of field, as well as by the examination time, object contrast, and object intensity, which is always severely limited in the interest of a low radiation dose to the patient. Image processing techniques can be used to improve image quality by removing certain artifacts and by producing a degree of sharpening that is limited by the signal-to-noise ratio. Incoherent holography and optimum-weighted multichannel imaging are presented as two approaches to increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. Alternative criteria for the evaluation of imaging procedures are presented, with an emphasis on the use of ROC curves to describe observer performance.
The Contribution of On‐Site Examination Ratings to an Empirical Model of Bank Failures

This paper investigates how well regulator examinations predict bank failures and how best to incorporate examination information into an econometric model of time‐to‐failure. We estimate proportional hazard models with time‐varying covariates and find that examiner ratings help explain the failure hazard. Both the overall rating of a bank's condition and management, i.e., the composite CAMELS rating, and ratings of specific components contain information. In addition, we find that the marginal “effect” of ratings is non‐linear, in that the impact of a rating downgrade on the hazard is larger, the weaker a bank's initial rating.
Effects of scopolamine on inhibitory mechanisms

Scopolamine-injected rats remained withdrawn from a novel chamber longer than controls under free exploratory conditions (Ss could withdraw into the home cage). This finding was interpreted to mean that scopolamine prevented the habituation of fear induced by the novel chamber. Under forced exploratory conditions (Ss had no opportunity to withdraw), scopolamine-injected rats showed: (1) continuous general motor behavior rather than a within session decrease as found in control rats; (2) as much within session decrease in locomotion, scanning, and object contact as did controls. These results were interpreted to mean that scopolamine produced a disinhibitory effect on general motor activity without interfering with behavioral response habituation. It was further suggested that the drug’s disinhibitory effect on fear and general motor activity is due to the impairment of an inhibitory cholinergic system within the brain, but that this same cholinergic system does not mediate the inhibitory process underlying behavioral response habituation.
8 Hydroxydeoxyguanosine as a biomarker of workplace exposures

To date, the 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8OHdG) DNA adduct has been used as a biomarker in 11 occupational health studies examining the potential for ten different workplace exposures to cause oxidative DNA damage. Exposures examined include asbestos, azo-dyes, benzene, chromium, coal dust, glassworks, rubber manufacturing, styrene, toluene and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Experimental designs that applied 8OHdG as biomarker varied dramatically among the studies. For example, one study detected increased urinary excretion in retired workers with a history of exposure to mining dusts, while a study of workers exposed to benzene showed that the pattern of urinary excretion of 8OHdG varied over a 24h period following exposure. All but one study reported increased 8OHdG relative to controls, but in three cases the increases were not statistically significant. Only one study demonstrated a dose-response relationship between a chemical exposure (benzene) in the workplace and elevated 8OHdG. In most cases, exposure data were lacking and the elevated 8OHdG could only be considered to be associated with a generalized job category. Numerous animal and human studies have demonstrated an effect of tobacco smoke on 8OHdG, including a study of ETS in the workplace. In the majority of occupational studies, however, smoking was found not to be a confounding variable. 8OHdG levels tended to be higher in women than men as did the response to an occupational exposure and/or smoking. Two of three studies that stratified workers by age found it to be a confounder for the 8OHdG adduct, but the relationship between age and 8OHdG was non-linear. Only one study considered the impact of dietary supplements on 8OHdG levels in workers despite the fact that diet can have a marked effect on an individual's response to oxidative stress. It is premature to consider 8OHdG as biomarker that can be used for decision making or for regulatory purposes. Nonetheless, these studies demonstrate that with additional characterization of the role 8OHdG plays in the exposure-disease continuum it may well serve as a powerful biomonitoring toolin the future.
Electrical processes involved in the encoding of nerve impulses

A mechanism for impulse encoding is advanced for those neurones whose impulse trigger zone membrane is more excitable than the general axonal membrane. Electrical communication between an electrotonically small patch of highly excitable membrane and neighboring membrane places the control of membrane potential — in varying degree — to the larger membrane area throughout the interspike intervals. That control is relinquished to the trigger membrane near the time of action potential initiation in a natural fashion. Model calculations demonstrate that this mechanism can lead to a dramatic lowering of the minimum stable firing frequency of tonic neurons, and, additionally influence the shape of the stimulus —versus — impulse frequency curve. The results are compared with the behavior of the slowly adapting stretch receptor neuron of the crayfish.
IMPACT OF INJURY PATTERN DURING TRAINING ON ULTRAMARATHON PERFORMANCE

Background Little is known about the effect of injuries during training on ultramarathon performance. Objective Determine effects of injuries during training on race performance. Design Observational study using a self-administered pre-race survey. Finish times were obtained from race results posted online. Setting The 2013 Leadville Trail 100 (LT100) and Western States Endurance Run (WSER). Participants Participants of LT100 and WSER 161 km ultramarathons. Risk factor assessment Age, gender, educational level, prior completion of a 161 km ultramarathon, shoe type, self-report of foot strike pattern, and injuries or illnesses interfering with training in the past year were considered. Main outcome measurements The primary outcome measure was whether sustaining an injury or illness resulting in missed training days affected successful completion of an ultramarathon. Results Out of 1206 LT100 and 408 WSER entrants, 893 and 368 completed the pre-race survey (73.9% and 90.1%, respectively). Most participants were male (82%) with average age of 41 years. 52.3% of LT100 and 72.3% of WSER starters finished the races under the 30 hour cutoff time. Among respondents, 40% had masters or higher degrees and 45% reported using dietary supplements on a regular basis. Respondents reported 1432 (multiple answers per runner) injury episodes causing less than a week of missed training and 641 injury episodes causing a week or longer of missed training in the past year. Pain in Achilles (n=196), lower iliotibial band (n=164), upper hamstring (n=115), and groin pain (n=106) were the most common reported issues interfering with training. Only 45 (2.8%) of respondents reported sustaining a stress fracture during training in the past year. Of these, 27 (60%) involved the metatarsals and 10 (22%) involved the tibia. Using a binary logistic regression model, sustaining an injury during the training, age, gender, educational level, prior completion of a 161 km ultramarathon, shoe type, and self-report of foot strike pattern did not affect finish status (P>.05). Conclusions Many ultramarathon runners sustain injuries and illnesses interfering with training schedule, but this does not seem to be a predictor of successfully completing the race.
Physical and chemical stability of high-dose ifosfamide and mesna for prolonged 14-day continuous infusion

PurposeIfosfamide plus mesna have been used recently in a high-dose regimen that allows this chemotherapy to be given to outpatients with less toxicity over 14 days using a portable pump. However, there is a need for published stability information. The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical stability of ifosfamide with mesna in normal saline at room temperature over a prolonged period of 14 days.MethodsInfusion solutions of 1:1 ifosfamide and mesna at final concentrations of 10, 20 and 30 mg/mL were prepared with 0.9% sodium chloride in PVC bags. Solutions were stored at room temperature. Concentrations of ifosfamide and mesna were measured at 0 and 1, 3, 7 and 14 days using a stability-indicating reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay with ultraviolet detection.ResultsIfosfamide and mesna were both physicochemically stable (>94%) for 14 days in all tested infusion solutions (10, 20 and 30 mg/mL).ConclusionsOur stability data indicate that ifosfamide and mesn...
Evaluation of Fast Program

Abstract INTRODUCTION THERE is an ever growing need for highly trained poultry specialists in industry and research and a lack of qualified personnel to fill these positions. Filling this need is of grave concern to the poultry industry. Large, complex, integrated poultry enterprises are rapidly becoming commonplace. Further-processing operations and other manufacturers of convenience poultry food items have developed almost overnight. These operations require personnel technically trained in Poultry Science to mangae them. It is often necessary, however, to fill these management positions with persons trained in areas other than Poultry Science (May and Driggers, 1964). Callenbach (1956) illustrated that a decline in enrollment in Poultry Science existed during the period of 1950–1956. This reduced enrollment has prompted administrators to combine with the larger animal science departments to reduce educational costs. Unless a method can be devised to interest more students in Poultry Science and increase the number of poultry…
The Effect of Interfacial Chemistry on Metal Ion Penetration into Polymeric Films

In order to boost the performance of next-generation silicon integrated circuits, polymers with lower dielectric constant compared to silicon dioxide are required as interlayer dielectrics (ILDs). Ion penetration from surrounding interconnect metal (typically copper or aluminum) or from barrier materials (e.g., tantalum or tantalum nitride) under thermal and electrical stresses can lead to premature failure of the polymers. Hence, ion penetration was studied in hybrid organosiloxane polymer (HOSP) using bias-temperature stressing. Metal/polymer interface chemistry, particularly the presence of interfacial oxygen, was found to play a key role in aiding metal ionization, and subsequent mobile ion penetration into dielectrics.
Generalized Averaged Dynamic Modeling of Vector Switching AC Power Flow Controllers

Various devices based on thyristor phase control technology such as the SVC, TCSC and dc link technology such as HVDC, STATCOM, SSSC, and UPFC have been proposed and applied for ac power flow control. Alternatively, ac link power flow control devices based on pulse width modulation technology have been proposed in various forms including phase angle control, series reactance control, back-back interties, etc. The objective of this paper is to develop low frequency dynamic models for these converters that enable their application for power flow control. The analytical development follows generalized averaging techniques in the phasor domain to develop a state space model that captures the low frequency response of the system. Due to nature of the excitation functions being ac, the classical state space averaging techniques are refined further to accommodate the multiple frequency-cross product terms introduced due to the switching process. Detailed analytical development along with computer simulation results verifying the models are presented in the paper
American Church Music Composers of the Early Nineteenth Century

The first dozen years of the nineteenth century were momentous ones in the history of our country. Thomas Jefferson was elected President in 1800, and his inaugural in March of the next year marked the republicanization of the government. John Adams in 1801 signed the treaty with France that prevented another European war and led to the purchase of the Louisiana Territory in 1803. Late in the same year Meriwether Lewis went into camp with his subordinates at St. Louis preparatory to starting westward the following spring on the famous Lewis and Clark expedition. Events leading to the War of 1812 followed and the conflict settled disputed points that allowed this country to feel comparatively safe from European interference. The great migration westward, already started, got under way in full force in 1808. Already the churches had shown concern over the spiritual welfare of the members of the border settlements and the Plan of Union of the Congregationalists and Presbyterians, proposed by Jonathan Edwards, the younger, in 1800, whereby these two denominations might work together in harmony, was formally adopted in 1801.1 In this same year the Regular and Separate Baptists agreed upon terms of union.2 The Methodists established the Western Conference in 1800 and William McKendree was placed in charge of it. By 1800 the Catholics were well entrenched in the middle west. Timothy Dwight became President of Yale College in 1795 and in 1802 began a revival. Interest in revivals of religion was increasing in the last years of the eighteenth century, and Dr. Sweet3 says the summer of 1800 saw the culmination of the Cumberland, Logan Co., Ky., revival. Gilbert Seldes4 says "the American camp-meeting came into being at Gasper River, (Ky.) in 1800."
Microbial growth and resuscitation alter community structure after perturbation

An increase in the number of culturable organisms and a decrease in the diversity of recoverable microbiota have been reported in deep subsurface materials after storage perturbation. The magnitude of the microbial community shift in stored samples was more pronounced at 4°C compared to −20°C. Phospholipid fatty acid analyses and acridine orange direct counts indicated that biomass did not increase significantly throughout storage. Changes in the types of fatty acid methyl esters determined over the time course indicated that some of the microbial community shift was due to bacterial proliferation. However, the recovery of new bacterial types only after the storage process suggested that some of the increase in culturable cell count was due to the resuscitation of dormant microorganisms, possibly activated by some aspect of sampling, sample handling, and/or storage. Comparison of acridine orange direct counts with phospholipid and diglyceride fatty acid content suggested that much of the biomass may have been non-living at early time points; however, after 30 days of storage most of the bacterial biomass was viable.
Defining Literacy in a Time of Environmental Crisis

Deplorant l'interet actuel pour l'ethique environnementale au detriment du souci pour la culture institutionnelle et personnelle, l'A. defend l'idee d'une interaction entre la crise environnementale et la problematique de l'education. Definissant l'alphabetisation comme la fin ultime de la strategie educative, l'A. developpe le concept de culture environnementale (literacy) a partir du modele concentrique de la justice environnementale etabli par P. Wenz.
Inactivation of N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D reveals multiple mechanisms for the biosynthesis of endocannabinoids.

N-Acyl ethanolamines (NAEs) constitute a large and diverse class of signaling lipids that includes the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide. Like other lipid transmitters, NAEs are thought to be biosynthesized and degraded on-demand rather than being stored in vesicles prior to signaling. The identification of enzymes involved in NAE metabolism is therefore imperative to achieve a complete understanding of this lipid signaling system and control it for potential therapeutic gain. Recently, an N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) was identified as a candidate enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of NAEs. Here, we describe the generation and characterization of mice with a targeted disruption in the NAPE-PLD gene [NAPE-PLD(−/−) mice]. Brain tissue from NAPE-PLD(−/−) mice showed more than a 5-fold reduction in the calcium-dependent conversion of NAPEs to NAEs bearing both saturated and polyunsaturated N-acyl chains. However, only the former group of NAEs was decreased in level in NAPE-PLD(−...
The Yagi array of concentric loops

An analysis of wave propagation on an infinitely long Yagi array of concentric circular loops is outlined. A dispersion relation is solved numerically for the phase velocity of the wave. The array is found to possess two distinct passbands corresponding to the resonances of the inner and the outer loops, respectively. The theoretically determined phase velocities are compared with experimentally measured values.
Fabrication and characterization of a silicone fluorescent oxygen sensor

We discuss the fabrication and characterization details of an optical oxygen sensor for use in a cell culture microsystem. The sensor operates by measuring changes in the fluorescence intensity of (2–2'-bipyridine) dichlororuthenium (II) hexahydrate molecules that are immobilized in a silicone film. The sensor we demonstrate herein is highly linear, reversible, and is compatible with common biomedical sterilization procedures.
Priorities and actions to move health care beyond its comfort zone and move the nation to better health.

Congratulations to the WHO Commission for defining the priorities and actions for the world. It is an honor to share this panel with such an august group, and to represent the perspective of the United States and its potential priorities and actions. I speak from a different vantage point than the rest of the group, that of a foundation President whose work is focused solely on improving health and health care for all Americans through private means including advocacy. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) is not government, we are not a business, we don’t deliver health care. So in many ways we don’t have the same vested interests that these sectors do. Now, you might say advice is cheap, but I will give it anyway. Here’s my advice on what we need to do to improve health.
Treatment for Legg-Perthes Disease with the Newington Ambulation-Abduction Brace

In a series of eighteen patients with Legg-Perthes disease (nineteen hips) the mean age was eight years and six months; all patients were over five and a half years old. The patients were treated in the Newington ambulatory brace. With this treatment the problems of management in ambulatory casts were eliminated and the disadvantages of recumbent abduction treatment were overcome. The results obtained by the ambulatory weight-bearing treatment in the Newington brace were gratifying. When compared with other published non-operative methods, significantly fewer severe deformities of the femoral head resulted.
The Political Development of Female Civic Engagement in Postwar America

Past research has identified several factors that help explain what happened to civic engagement after World War II, but it has not adequately explained how these factors mattered to particular groups of citizens defined by gender, race, or class. This essay reexamines the dominant account of postwar civic decline by highlighting the relational nature of political change and the processes through which social groups transform. It explores the development of three women's associations: the General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC), National Association of Colored Women's Clubs (NACWC), and Woman's Division of Christian Service (WDCS) (predecessor of the United Methodist Women). A variety of postwar changes—in the realities of women's lives, the appearance of new social movement organizations, and the formation of the United Nations, for example—pressured the GFWC, NACWC, and WDCS to adopt new organizational methods that blurred civic–political distinctions. Postwar women's associations experimented with the structures, strategies, and identities now common to modern-day interest groups, providing a critical foundation for a new politics of gender that would emerge in the 1960s. If these reinvented and ascendant organizations were more attuned to emerging political opportunities, however, they also translated into less active and less inclusive forms of participation.The author would like to thank Kristi Andersen, Elisabeth Clemens, McGee Young, Kathleen Laughlin, and the editors and anonymous reviewers from Politics & Gender for their thoughtful contributions to this manuscript. Draft sections of this essay were presented at 2004 annual meetings of the American Political Science Association, the Journal of Policy History, and the Social Science History Association.
Mechanisms of Action of Bevacizumab as a Component of Therapy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

Tumor angiogenesis is a complex process that requires the coordinated activities of various effector molecules and cell types. While tumor vasculature can nourish the tumor, it is structurally and functionally abnormal, leading to elevated interstitial pressure and non-uniform tumor perfusion. The resultant hypoxia leads to the selection of more aggressive tumor cells, owing in part to an increase in the levels of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1, which in turn leads to an increase in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The expression of VEGF is upregulated in many tumors, and the levels of this factor correlate not only with the extent of tumor angiogenesis but also with clinical prognosis. VEGF-targeted therapies, such as bevacizumab, exert their effects through a number of potential mechanisms, including (1) inhibition of new vessel growth, (2) regression of newly formed tumor vasculature, (3) alteration of vascular function and tumor blood flow ("normalization"), and (4) direct effects on tumor cells. Because of the presumed cytostatic mechanism of action of antiangiogenic agents, the efficacy of bevacizumab is most appropriately assessed through survival end points rather than the objective-response end points that have traditionally been used with cytotoxic agents. However, bevacizumab has been shown to increase the response rates with chemotherapy in almost all tumor types studied in phase III trials.
Dietary Intake of ω-6 and ω-3 Fatty Acids and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in a Prospective Cohort of U.S. Men and Women

Background: ω-6 and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intakes may play opposing roles in inflammation-driven colorectal carcinogenesis. We examined the relationship of these polyunsaturated fatty acids and the ratio of their intake with colorectal cancer risk in a large U.S. prospective cohort. Design: Participants in the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort completed a detailed questionnaire on diet, medical history, and lifestyle in 1999. Between 1999 and 2005, 869 incident colorectal cancer cases (452 men and 417 women) were identified among 99,080 participants (43,108 men and 55,972 women). Multivariate-adjusted rate ratios were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: The ratio of total ω-6 to total ω-3 intake was not associated with colorectal cancer risk in either sex. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, total ω-6 intake was inversely related to colorectal cancer risk in men [multivariate relative risk (95% confidence interval) for highest to lowest quartile, 0.81 (0.61-1.07); P trend = 0.07], and α-linolenic acid, the primary contributor to total ω-3 intake, was associated with increased risk in women for quartiles 2 through 4 versus the lowest quartile [relative risk (95% confidence interval), 1.50 (1.12-2.01), 1.40 (1.04-1.87), and 1.38 (1.02-1.85), respectively; P trend = 0.13]. In women, total ω-6 and marine ω-3 intake appeared to be associated with higher and lower risk, respectively, but associations were attenuated with adjustment for other risk factors. Conclusions: The ratio of ω-6 to ω-3 intake was not related to colorectal cancer risk in this cohort, which may be due to unexpected findings for the individual components. Differential associations by sex warrant further investigation. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(2):516–25)
Effect of a selective rise in sinusoidal norepinephrine on HGP is due to an increase in glycogenolysis

To determine the effect of a selective rise in liver sinusoidal norepinephrine (NE) on hepatic glucose production (HGP), norepinephrine (50 ng ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1) was infused intraportally (Po-NE) for ...
Correcting porewater concentration measurements from peepers: Application of a reverse tracer

This work describes the routine application of a reverse tracer to passive diffusion sampler deployments. The reverse tracer provides evidence of the extent of equilibrium for any peeper cell and an indication of the diffusivity change with depth associated with physical changes in the sediment. Quantitative measurement of the reverse tracer also allows for the correction of measured data within cells that may not have reached chemical equilibrium, thereby removing the requirement of a priori knowledge of the time to concentration equilibrium. Investigations that use ion chromatographic techniques that incidentally measure Br− or other conservative tracers can apply this method with no additional analytical requirements. Our approach opens up peeper applications to shorter duration deployments as required for marine sediment sampled by submersibles and deployments in environments with uncertain or unknown equilibration times such as highly heterogeneous sediments. We present a novel peeper design as well as the theory and application of this technique along with an example from a field deployment. We conclude that corrections that assume a simple approximation of exponential tracer decay are a considerable improvement over the reliance on observed measured values from porewater dialysis samplers. Moreover, even without using the reverse tracer to correct measured cell concentrations, the reverse tracer can point to significant divergences from concentration equilibrium and is useful to determine which cell measurements should be discarded.
Activity-Based Cost Management Part II: Applied to a Respiratory Protection Program

To demonstrate the relevance of activity-based cost management (ABCM) for the occupational and environmental health community, the investigators used data generated by an ABCM model of a respiratory protection program (RPP) to develop options for solving a business problem. The RPP manager in this hypothetical but realistic business scenario is faced with a 25% budget cut and a 10% increase in demand for RPP services. The manager's dilemma is to maintain the integrity of the RPP while absorbing a significant budget cut. Various cost savings options are developed, and the assumptions under which these options operate are presented. It is emphasized that the RPP manager's primary responsibility is to assure worker health and safety by first understanding the technical issues, merits, and implications of any cost-cutting option that may be considered. It is argued that only then should the manager consider the financial merits of the possible solutions to this business problem. In this way worker health and ...
PERICARDIAL FAT SIMULATING CARDIOMEGALY.

Abstract A case of pericardial fat that gave rise to an enlarged cardiac silhouette simulating cardiomegaly is presented. The virtual encasement of the heart by the large accumulation of pericardial fat led to difficulty in the differential diagnosis. The cardiomegaly was shown by tomography to be due to fat.
Effects of feedback and peer pressure on contributions to enterprise social media

Increasingly, large organizations are experimenting with internal social media (e.g., blogs, forums) as a platform for widespread distributed collaboration. Contributions to their counterparts outside the organization's firewall are driven by attention from strangers, in addition to sharing among friends. However, employees in a workplace under time pressures may be reluctant to participate and the audience for their contributions is comparatively smaller. Participation rates also vary widely from group to group. So what influences people to contribute in this environment?In this paper, we present the results of a year-long empirical study of internal social media participation at a large technology company, and analyze the impact attention, feedback, and managers' and coworkers' participation have on employees' behavior. We find feedback in the form of posted comments is highly correlated with a user's subsequent participation. Recent manager and coworker activity relate to users initiating or resuming participation in social media. These findings extend, to an aggregate level, the results from prior interviews about blogging at the company and offer design and policy implications for organizations seeking to encourage social media adoption.
Iodine Compartment Model

The previous two models focused, respectively, on chemical reactions within a cell and on the activities of an entire cell. In this chapter we model the flow of a substance, iodine, among different parts of an organism.