cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advances in C. elegans Specimen Preparation for TEM Using Microwave and Fast Freeze Techniques

The nematode C. elegans is a simple model for genetic studies of cell and tissue development. There is a need to improve the preservation of embryonic and early larval stages, during which nematode tissues elaborate and separate. However, these stages are particularly resistant to fixation and embedment due an impenetrable eggshell and larval cuticle. Their small size at these ages precludes mechanical cutting, which has been used successfully for immersion fixation of older stages. Here we compare the quality of preservation under three rather different regimes: using laserholes to permeabilize the eggshell during the primary fixation step, using microwave energy to enhance the first fixation step, or using fast freezing and freeze substitution to circumvent the standard immersion procedure. Vancoppenolle et al (2000) have recently demonstrated very good results through enzymatic weakening of the eggshell prior to immersion fixation. Their data are comparable to what we achieve by either the laserhole or microwave methods.
Health disparities and inequities in the utilization of diagnostic imaging for prostate cancer

To review and summarize the reported health disparities and inequities in diagnostic imaging for prostate cancer. We queried the PubMed search engine for original publications studying disparate utilization of diagnostic imaging for prostate cancer. Query terms were as follows: prostate AND cancer AND diagnostic AND imaging AND (magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) OR computed tomography (CT) OR bone scintigraphy OR positron emission tomography (PET)-CT)) AND (inequities OR disparities OR socioeconomic OR race). Studies were included if they involved United States patients, had diagnostic imaging as a part of their care, and addressed health inequities. A total of 104 studies were captured in the initial query with 17 meeting inclusion criteria, comprising 10 population-based analyses, 5 single institutional analyses, 1 multi-institutional analysis, and 1 review. Socioeconomic status and race were frequently associated with imaging utilization and guideline-concordant care. SEER analyses revealed that African-American men had higher odds of experiencing overuse of pelvic CT/pelvic MRI and bone scans, while older men experienced underuse. Higher income and younger age were more likely to receive imaging that was adherent to NCCN guidelines. African-American and Hispanic men were less likely than white men to receive prostate multiparametric MRI. Race, age, and socioeconomic status play a significant role in the diagnostic management of prostate cancer. Certain demographics are more disparately affected and less likely to receive guideline-concordant care. Continued research and interventions are needed to ensure appropriate and accessible diagnostic imaging for prostate cancer and ultimately the delivery of quality and equitable care.
Metformin effectively restores the HPA axis function in diet-induced obese rats.

Introduction The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is perturbed in obesity. We previously reported presence of leptin resistance in the brainstem and uncoupling between central noradrenergic tone and the HPA axis in obesity-prone (DIO) rats. Metformin is shown to lower body weight and adiposity, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. We hypothesized that this is associated with restored HPA axis function. Methods Adult male DIO rats were placed on either a regular chow or HF diet for 7 weeks. Starting week 4, the animals were given either a low dose (60 mg/kg) or high dose (300 mg/kg) of metformin in drinking water. In addition to body weight and feeding, we examined different arms of the HPA axis to test if metformin can reinstate its function and coupling. To understand potential mechanisms, leptin signaling in the brainstem and circulating free fatty acid levels were also assessed. Results Metformin treatment lowered weight gain, fat mass, caloric intake, and serum leptin levels. HPA axis activity as determined by corticotropin-releasing hormone in the median eminence and serum corticosterone was decreased by metformin in a dose-dependent manner, and so was norepinephrine (NE) in the paraventricular nucleus. Importantly, metformin completely normalized the NE-HPA axis uncoupling. While brainstem pSTAT-3 and SOCS-3, key markers of leptin signaling, were not different between groups, circulating saturated and unsaturated free fatty acids were reduced in HF-fed, metformin-treated animals. Conclusions These findings suggest that oral metformin can successfully correct HPA axis dysfunction that is associated with lowered circulating free fatty acids in DIO rats, thereby uncovering a novel effect of metformin in the treatment of obesity.
A Model to Calculate Fatigue Damage Caused by Partial Wakingduring Wind Farm Optimization

Abstract. Wind turbines in wind farms often operate in waked or partially waked conditions, which can greatly increase the fatigue damage. Some fatigue considerations may be included, but currently a full fidelity analysis of the increased damage a turbine experiences in a wind farm is not considered in wind farm layout optimization because existing models are too computationally expensive. In this paper, we present a model to calculate fatigue damage caused by partial waking on a wind turbine that is computationally efficient and can be included in wind farm layout optimization. The model relies on analytic velocity, turbulence, and loads models commonly used in farm research and design, and captures some of the effects of turbulence on the fatigue loading. Compared to high-fidelity simulation data, our model accurately predicts the damage trends of various waking conditions. We also perform example wind farm layout optimizations with our presented model in which we maximize the annual energy production (AEP) of a wind farm while constraining the damage of the turbines in the farm. The results of our optimization show that the turbine damage can be significantly reduced, more than 10 %, with only a small sacrifice of around 0.07 % to the AEP, or the damage can be reduced by 20 % with an AEP sacrifice of 0.6 %.
The Custodians of the Gift: Fairy Beliefs, Holy Doubts and Heritage Paradoxes on a Fijian Island

Emerging from more than two decades of research in the field and in the archives, the essays collected here explore the multifaceted topic of the Fijian firewalking ceremony, the vilavilairevo. The collection examines the intersection of the intertwined topics of cultural property, reproduction of tradition, and change with issues of (post)colonial representation, authenticity, and ethnic identity. The essays advance new insights on the tourist gaze and the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage and pose serious questions regarding the role of digital and social media as tools for preserving cultural legacies and extending traditional cultural worlds into new domains. Focusing on the response of the Sawau tribe of the island of Beqa to the commodification of the vilavilairevo as their iconic practice, this essay collection ultimately illuminates how the Christian cultural dynamics and unprecedented dogmatic schism surrounding the vilavilairevo spectacle are reshaping local notions of heritage, social sentiment, and social capital.
Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer Syndrome and the Role of CDH1: A Review.

Importance Inherited variants in the tumor suppressor geneCDH1are associated with an increased risk of gastric and breast cancers. This review aims to address the most current topics in management of the hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome attributed toCDH1. Observations Consensus management guidelines have broadened genetic testing criteria forCDH1. Prophylactic total gastrectomy is recommended for any pathogenic or likely pathogenicCDH1variant carrier starting at the age of 20 years. Annual surveillance endoscopy is recommended to those who defer prophylactic total gastrectomy. Women with aCDH1variant should initiate magnetic resonance imaging breast surveillance starting at age 30 years. Further research is needed to understand the pathogenesis of early-stage gastric cancers (T1a), which are pathognomonic of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome, that lead to advanced gastric cancer to develop both treatment and prevention strategies for this patient population. Conclusions and Relevance The heritableCDH1gene mutation is of importance to today’s surgeons because it is associated with a substantial increased risk of developing both gastric and breast cancers. Management of this cancer syndrome currently uses prophylactic surgery and enhanced cancer surveillance strategies.
Problem – An Overstuffed Washington-Centralized IRS Cuts Service to Taxpayers Remedy – Expand 'Grassroots' Operations, Downsize Washington Office and Restore Trust

Like America, our Internal Revenue Service is a work in progress. Yet, for best results, it’s better to avoid thinking too much about what it is or is not! Instead, let’s think more about what the IRS ought to be! This Article thusly offers a realistic path forward with a decentralizing local presence, which can once again make it taxpayer/customer-centric. For more effective tax administration, it also offers a return to something that inexcusably went missing in 1998, senior-executive “on-site oversight" of field operations. If today’s Internal Revenue Service can be fairly described, by more people than ever before, as an exploding volcano of public mistrust and suspicion, which it undoubtedly is, how can we meet the challenge? That’s not an easy question; but there are reasonable answers and practical options.
Atezolizumab, a PD-L1 Inhibitor: An Association of Bleeding Gastric Ulcer With Its Use.

Atezolizumab is a programmed death-ligand 1 inhibitor, an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), useful in various advanced solid malignancies. As atezolizumab is more commonly used nowadays, physicians should be aware of the rare associated adverse events (AEs). Most of the AEs associated with the ICIs are immune-related, and the common gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations are colitis and diarrhea. Upper GI manifestations are rare with atezolizumab, and bleeding gastric ulcer is even rarer. We report here a case of a 62-year-old male with hepatocellular carcinoma who presented with upper GI bleed after atezolizumab therapy. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed multiple gastric ulcers, which are likely the cause of his bleeding.
FMAQ-S: Development of a Short Form of the Family Medicine Attitudes Questionnaire.

Introduction Identifying and training students who choose family medicine careers is essential to meeting primary care workforce needs in the United States. Medical students' positive attitudes toward family medicine are associated with students' choice of family medicine as a specialty. This study sought to refine a previously tested questionnaire assessing US medical students' attitudes toward family medicine by shortening the questionnaire to make it more useful in educational practice and research settings. Methods We refined our existing 14-item questionnaire by item analysis and validation. We conducted item analysis using a graded response model approach after identifying the unidimensionality of the original scale. We selected items based on their item discrimination parameters and item information levels, and calculated the correlation between specialty choice and family medicine attitudes score to evaluate criterion validity. Results Exploratory factor analyses indicated the questionnaire is unidimensional. Among the original 14 items, 10 items had high item discrimination parameters and low standard error of measurement. These 10 items contribute the most to distinguishing individuals' differences in family medicine attitudes and were selected for inclusion in the short-form questionnaire (FMAQ-S). The point-biserial correlation between the short-form scale and students' choice of family medicine was 0.378, which provides supporting evidence for criterion validity. Conclusion The FMAQ-S is a concise and validated measure for assessing medical student attitudes toward family medicine. This abbreviated questionnaire can be used by medical educators to identify students for specific programming or interventions intended to support family medicine specialty choice.
Evolution towards green radical generation in total synthesis.

The use of radicals as intermediates in total synthesis has evolved since their initial use in the latter half of the twentieth century. Radical generation from metal hydride methodologies has shifted to “greener” techniques including catalytic metal-mediated systems, electrochemical and photoredox-mediated processes. This review will focus on these classical and contemporary methods for radical generation and their applications in recent total syntheses.
“To Me, There’s Always a Bias”: Understanding the Public’s Folk Theories About Journalism

This study investigates how Americans conceive of journalistic processes and how their conceptions clash with the way journalists construct their profession. We do this by interpreting data from fi...
AI-Assisted Recruiting Technologies: Tools, Challenges, and Opportunities

This article introduces the tools, processes, and challenges of AI-assisted recruiting technologies, including video interviews, social media screening, LinkedIn recruiting, and neuroscience games. This study provides important guidance for hiring professionals, job applicants, and technical and professional communication classrooms regarding ways to effectively respond to the potential and pitfalls of automated recruiting technologies.
Modulation of Neuronotrophic Factor Action by Exogenous Gangliosides

Neuronal maintenance, function and repair capabilities may depend in vivo — as they do in vitro — on the availability to the neuron of appropriate extrinsic agents. In vivo, nerve cells are subject to influences, both stimulatory and inhibitory, derived from their physical environment (extracellular fluid and matrix) and their cellular environment (glial cells, presynaptic neurons, postsynaptic innervation targets), which can apply in pathological as well as in normal circumstances.
Novel Routes to Functionally Graded Ceramics via Atmosphere-Induced Dopant Valence Gradients

Alumina compacts, when doped with Ti, can be made to develop a dopant valence gradient during or after firing through control of the sintering/annealing atmosphere. The dopant valence, Ti3+ (vacuum) versus Ti4 + (air), has a pronounced effect on the resulting microstructure, and on the rate of grain boundary migration. It is possible to generate microstructures in which a transition from fine equiaxed grains to elongated facetted grains occurs. Grain boundary migration characteristics have been investigated by monitoring the growth of an oriented single crystal sapphire seed into Ti-doped and undoped Al2O3. An enhancement of the grain boundary mobility, relative to behavior in undoped Al2O3, is indicated for Ti3 +-doped Al2O3. Opportunities for more widespread use of the furnace atmosphere as a means of producing microstructurally graded ceramics suggest themselves.
Response to ‘May be the formula supplementation with lutein actually be effective on visual development in preterm infants?’

We thank Costa et al.1 for their comments. They question how we explain that lutein supplementation affects retinal development and the severity of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The first issue raised is whether the lutein supplementation was sufficient to produce effects. Certainly, an ‘optimal’ amount of dietary lutein for the preterm infant remains unknown. Nevertheless, lutein supplementation in our clinical trial2 establishes three things.
Human Ghrelin Ameliorates Organ Injury and Improves Survival after Radiation Injury Combined with Severe Sepsis

In the terrorist radiation exposure scenario, radiation victims are likely to suffer from additional injuries such as sepsis. Our previous studies have shown that ghrelin is protective in sepsis. However, it remains unknown whether ghrelin ameliorates sepsis-induced organ injury and mortality after radiation exposure. The purpose of this study is to determine whether human ghrelin attenuates organ injury and improves survival in a rat model of radiation combined injury (RCI) and, if so, the potential mechanism responsible for the benefit. To study this, adult male rats were exposed to 5-Gy whole body irradiation followed by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP, a model of sepsis) 48 h thereafter. Human ghrelin (30 nmol/rat) or vehicle (saline) was infused intravenously via an osmotic minipump immediately after radiation exposure. Blood and tissue samples were collected at 20 h after RCI (68 h after irradiation or 20 h after CLP) for various measurements. To determine the longterm effect of human ghrelin after RCI, the gangrenous cecum was removed at 5 h after CLP and 10-d survival was recorded. In addition, vagotomy or sham vagotomy was performed in sham and RCI animals immediately prior to ghrelin administration, and various measurements were performed at 20 h after RCI. Our results showed that serum levels of ghrelin and its gene expression in the stomach were decreased markedly at 20 h after RCI. Administration of human ghrelin attenuated tissue injury markedly, reduced proinflammatory cytokine levels, decreased tissue myeloperoxidase activity, and improved survival after RCI. Furthermore, elevated plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE) after RCI were reduced significantly by ghrelin. However, vagotomy prevented ghrelin's beneficial effects after RCI. In conclusion, human ghrelin is beneficial in a rat model of RCI. The protective effect of human ghrelin appears to be attributed to re-balancing the dysregulated sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous systems.
The Mechanism of Glutamate Dehydrogenase Reaction: III. THE BINDING OF LIGANDS AT MULTIPLE SUBSITES AND RESULTING KINETIC EFFECTS

Abstract Differential spectroscopic studies of complexes between glutamate dehydrogenase and its various substrates, reaction products, cofactors, regulatory nucleotides, and analogues of these compounds have permitted direct observation of the interactions of individual chromophoric groups of a given ligand with other ligands on the enzyme surface and with that surface itself. This ability to resolve multiple modes of binding into their individual components and comparison of the concentration dependence of these specific interactions with reaction kinetics lead to a model capable of explaining the complex effects of ligands on the reaction. The model represents an active patch of enzyme surface no larger than 12 by 25 A containing an array of six subsites each capable of binding a more or less specific functional group. These subsites and their respective specifications are Subsite I, which binds an intact amide group of nicotinamide as well as an adenosine group; Subsite II, which is specific for some portion of the pyrophosphate-ribose moiety of the adenylate group; Subsite III, which binds only a 5'-substituted pyrophosphate group of adenosine analogues; Subsite IV, which binds ammonium ion and the -NH3+ group of amino acids; Subsites Vα and Vγ, which are specific for carboxyl groups; Subsite VI, which binds the pyrophosphate group of GTP. Each ligand binding site is formed from some combination of these subsites; the complexity of the interactions results from the ability of some ligands to bind to more than one combination of subsites and from the fact that some subsites are common to two different ligands. TPNH binds to Subsites I and II, and the bound coenzyme itself contains all or some part of Subsites IV and Vα, explaining the obligatory order of the reaction and the cooperative binding of TPNH and l-glutamate. ADP and DPNH bind to Subsites I and III, accounting for the activation of the reaction by those ligands. GTP binds to Subsite VI and competes with ammonium for Subsite IV. While ADP and GTP share no single common subsite, their ligand sites cross in such a way that the two ligands mutually exclude each other by steric hindrance, demonstrating an allosteric effect not mediated by a conformational change. The model also provides a detailed and straightforward explanation of the differences in the kinetics of the reaction with TPN, DPN, 3-acetylpyridine DPN, and NMN.
The structure of mammalian chromosomes.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the structure of mammalian chromosomes. The proteins, the organization of the genes into discrete chromosomes, the interaction of the chromosomes with the mitotic apparatus, the compartmentalization of the genetic system within the nuclear membrane, and the mechanism of cell differentiation all make up the eukaryotic genetic system. The chapter discusses a chromosome model that explains most major observations in molecular terms. It describes the organization of DNA into chromatin and the organization of a chromatid. The process of meiosis in chromosomes and the arrangement of genes in chromosomes are also discussed. The chapter then explains genetic exchange in meiosis and gene redundancy. Chromosome breakage and reunion chromosome shattering and fragmentation are also explained. The distribution of newly synthesized DNA to daughter chromatids is determined by heterolabeling, isolabeling, and endoreduplication distribution patterns.
Case Study Research in Applied Linguistics

Case Study Research in Applied Linguistics offers a detailed foray into all aspects of the role of the case study: the text defines terms related to this type of research, provides historical background on the method, and explains the process of performing and reporting case studies. Such a comprehensive introduction addresses a gap in the literature. Many research methods texts provide overviews of different kinds of quantitative and qualitative research often utilized in the field of applied linguistics, including correlational research, introspective research, and in-class observations (e.g., Brown & Rogers, 2002; Dornyei, 2007). Few, however, focus exclusively on case study research, lacking examination of the often painstaking process case studies entail. While the book’s scope is broad, Duff’s purposes are clear and concise from the outset: 1) to delineate the methodological foundations of case study research, 2) to present and examine seminal case studies in the area of second language (L2) development and teaching, and 3) to demystify the process of case study research from conception to publication. As these goals suggest, the book intends to offer the necessary information and sound advice to budding researchers in applied linguistics on both the graduate and undergraduate level.
Cowpea, a multifunctional legume.

Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] is an important warm-season legume grown primarily in the semi-arid tropics. The majority of cowpea is grown by subsistence farmers in west and central sub-Saharan Africa, where its grain and stover are highly valued for food and forage. Despite its economic and social importance in developing parts of the world, cowpea has received relatively little attention from a research standpoint. To a large extent it is an underexploited crop where relatively large genetic gains can likely be made with only modest investments in both applied plant breeding and molecular genetics. A major goal of many cowpea breeding and improvement programs is combining resistance to numerous pests and diseases and other desirable traits, such as those governing maturity, photoperiod sensitivity, plant type, and seed quality. New opportunities for improving cowpea exist by leveraging the emerging genomic tools and knowledge gained through research on other major legume crops and model species. The use of marker-assisted selection and other molecular breeding systems for tracking single gene traits and quantitatively inherited characteristics will likely increase the overall efficiency and effectiveness of cowpea improvement programs in the foreseeable future and provide new opportunities for development of cowpea as a food staple and economic resource.
Security and vulnerability in the stabilization of networks of controlled dynamical systems via robustness framework

This paper addresses the issues of security and vulnerability of links in the stabilization of networked control systems from robustness viewpoint. As is done in recent research, we view network security as a robustness issue. However, in this paper we shed considerable new insight into this topic and offer a new and differing perspective. We argue that ‘robustness’ aspect is a common theme related to both vulnerability and security. This paper puts forth the viewpoint that vulnerability of a networked system is a manifestation of the combination of two types of robustness, namely ‘qualitative robustness’ and ‘quantitative robustness’. In other words, the entire robustness concept is treated as a combination of qualitative robustness and quantitative robustness, wherein qualitative robustness is linked to the system's nature of interactions and interconnections i.e. system's structure while quantitative robustness is linked to the system dynamics. Put it another way, qualitative robustness is independent of magnitudes and depends only on the signs of the system dynamics matrix whereas quantitative robustness is purely a function of the quantitative information (both magnitudes and signs) of the entries of the system dynamics matrix. In that sense, these two concepts are inter-related, each influencing and complementing the other. Applying these notions to the networked control systems represented by ‘dynamical structure functions’, it is shown that any specific dynamical structure function originated by a state space represenation, is a function of both qualitative and quantitative robustness. In other words, vulnerability of links in that network is determined by both the signs and magnitudes of that state space matrix of that dynamical structure function. Thus the notion in the recent literature that ‘vulnerability depends on the system structure, not the dynamics and the robustness, which depends on the dynamics, and not on the system structure’ is disputed and clear justification for our viewpoint is provided by newly introduced notions of ‘qualitative robustness’ and ‘quantitative robustness’. This paper then presents few specific dynamical structure functions that possess a large number of non-vulnerable links which is desirable for a secure network. The proposed concepts are illustrated with many useful examples.
Flat-base broadband multibeam Luneburg lens for wide-angle scan

In this paper, we present the design of a flat-base Luneburg type of lens antenna, designed for wide-angle scan. The antenna consists of a 11-layer lens, fed at its base by a array of waveguides. The lens is broadband and has a high aperture efficiency, only 1 dB below that of a reference aperture antenna with uniform amplitude and phase distributions. Its sidelobe level is –21 dB at boresight and –13 dB when the scan angle is . It shows good performance when compared to the flat Luneburg lens previously reported in the literature, in terms of gain, scan capability, as well as ease of fabrication. It is shown to have the capability of producing multiple beams simultaneously, multiple angle, scan capability. Two different methodologies have been used to design the feed array of waveguides for the lens. The first of these utilizes a conventional perfect electric conductor waveguide, while the second employs materials for the guided wave region that has a high permittivity at frequencies at which metals beco...
American and European Approaches to Personal Jurisdiction Based Upon Internet Activity

The law of personal jurisdiction determines what states or countries may enter a binding judgment against a civil defendant. Without personal jurisdiction over the defendant, a court is powerless to act. While principles of personal jurisdiction are well established in the United States and the European Union (EU), these principles were developed before the widespread use of the Internet, and neither the Supreme Court nor the European Court of Justice has spoken on how the established principles apply in the context of the Internet. American law requires that a defendant engage in purposeful availment of the forum where she is sued, so a defendant is subject to suit only in a forum with which she has established purposeful ties. In contrast, the EU grants personal jurisdiction where the injury occurred, regardless of whether the defendant purposefully availed itself of that place. The difference in approach will prove to be most important in cases involving relatively passive Web site use. So if a defendant posts something on a Web site in State A, which is accessible around the world, and a plaintiff is hurt in some way by that posting in State B, may the plaintiff sue the defendant in State B? EU law should provide a positive answer, because their focus is on accessibility and where the harm occurs. In the United States, lower courts have reached inconsistent results, mainly because of the Supreme Court's failure to resolve an important jurisdiction question in a 1987 case involving the "stream of commerce." The Web site case is the modern technological iteration of the stream of commerce which the Court failed to resolve in 1987.
On the connectedness of saturated square designs

Abstract A new class of binary, square designs is proposed. The proposed designs are saturated in terms of eliminating two-way heterogeneity. It is proved that the proposed binary, square designs are not only row-treatment and column-treatment connected but also treatment-connected.
The other end of the scale: coded apertures in the near field for high resolution 3D gamma event localization in bulk scintillators

Coded apertures were originally developed by the high-energy astrophysical community for use in imaging high-energy photons (x- and γ-rays) for which focusing optics are ineffective. We are now taking what was developed as a tool for use in the extreme far field at high energies to encode spatial information at optical wavelengths in the extreme near field to enhance the performance of position-sensitive x- and gamma-ray scintillator detectors. Spatial resolution for events within bulk scintillators is limited by the size of the light “spot” available at the sides of the scintillator, where phototransducers convert the light to an electrical signal. The ability to localize an event is determined by how well one can determine the centroid and the size of the spot. Generally, performance is limited to many millimeters in all three spatial dimensions, and one cannot resolve simultaneous events that are closer together than the width of the light spot (frequently of order 10 mm). For this reason, many applications requiring the finest spatial resolution subdivide the scintillator into tiny elements and use a digital approach to determine event location. However, that technique significantly complicates the overall instrument and sacrifices energy resolution because the light collection efficiency varies with event location within the subdivided scintillator. We are building a device that overcomes these shortcomings by using an optical coded-aperture shadow mask between a bulk crystal and a position-sensitive phototransducer. Simulations indicate that we can achieve millimeter-scale localization in all three spatial dimensions while resolving simultaneous energy depositions. The technique and progress toward its realization will be presented.
Specifying General Strain Theory: An Ethnically Relevant Approach

The current study incorporated principles from the acculturation literature to specify an ethnically relevant general strain theory (GST). This study argues that the acculturation process exposes Hispanics to unique types of strain (e.g., prejudice and discrimination) that may increase the likelihood of delinquency. Further varying levels of Hispanic concentration can moderate the effect of acculturative strain on delinquency, whereby the effect of ethnic-specific strains may be more pronounced where ethnic concentration is low. Responses from self-administered questionnaires of 1,729 Hispanic adolescents were analyzed to test various hypotheses regarding the effects of traditional and acculturation-related strains on violent delinquency. The findings indicated that GST is generalizable to Hispanic adolescents. The analyses also found support for the prediction that, conditional on the level of Hispanic concentration, ethnic-specific strain measures increased the likelihood of violent delinquency among Hi...
Antiviral Treatment among Older Adults Hospitalized with Influenza, 2006-2012

Objective To describe antiviral use among older, hospitalized adults during six influenza seasons (2006—2012) in Davidson County, Tennessee, USA. Methods Among adults ≥50 years old hospitalized with symptoms of respiratory illness or non-localizing fever, we collected information on provider-initiated influenza testing and nasal/throat swabs for influenza by RT-PCR in a research laboratory, and calculated the proportion treated with antivirals. Results We enrolled 1753 adults hospitalized with acute respiratory illness. Only 26% (457/1753) of enrolled patients had provider-initiated influenza testing. Thirty-eight patients had a positive clinical laboratory test, representing 2.2% of total patients and 8.3% of tested patients. Among the 38 subjects with clinical laboratory-confirmed influenza, 26.3% received antivirals compared to only 4.5% of those with negative clinical influenza tests and 0.7% of those not tested (p<0.001). There were 125 (7.1%) patients who tested positive for influenza in the research laboratory. Of those with research laboratory-confirmed influenza, 0.9%, 2.7%, and 2.8% received antivirals (p=.046) during pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic influenza seasons, respectively. Both research laboratory-confirmed influenza (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 3.04 95%CI 1.26-7.35) and clinical laboratory-confirmed influenza (AOR 3.05, 95%CI 1.07-8.71) were independently associated with antiviral treatment. Severity of disease, presence of a high-risk condition, and symptom duration were not associated with antiviral use. Conclusions In urban Tennessee, antiviral use was low in patients recognized to have influenza by the provider as well as those unrecognized to have influenza. The use of antivirals remained low despite recommendations to treat all hospitalized patients with confirmed or suspected influenza.
Approximation procedures based on the method of multipliers

In this paper, we consider a method for solving certain optimization problems with constraints, nondifferentiabilities, and other ill-conditioning terms in the cost functional by approximating them by well-behaved optimization problems. The approach is based on methods of multipliers. The convergence properties of the methods proposed can be inferred from corresponding properties of multiplier methods with partial elimination of constraints. A related analysis is provided in this paper.
The forensic science needs of law enforcement applicants and recruits: A survey of Michigan law enforcement agencies

Many colleges and universities offer forensic science courses ranging from a single introductory class to majors. Previous research has not addressed how valuable these courses are to undergraduate criminal justice students who aspire to enter the law enforcement field. A random sample of law enforcement agencies in Michigan were surveyed. Seventy-eight percent of respondents agreed that knowledge of forensic science was important and 46% preferred that applicants have a forensic science background prior to hiring. The knowledge areas deemed most important were interviewing techniques, crime scene documentation, evidence collection, and latent fingerprint analysis.
A novel form of sperm detachment from eggs of Urechis caupo

Abstract Urechis sperm bind to the egg's extracellular envelope via acrosomally derived adhesive material. Sperm initially adhere tightly, but within minutes they loosen from the egg envelope. Using transmission electron microscopy, we have determined that the sperm's binding material disperses during the detachment phase. Dispersion appears to be caused by the egg and to be necessary for sperm detachment, because sperm bound to glutaraldehyde-fixed eggs do not detach, nor does their binding material disperse. The binding material also fails to disperse when sperm are artificially acrosome reacted in the absence of eggs, using an ionophore. Our results suggest a form of sperm detachment not previously described: an egg-induced removal of the binding material.
End correction of a monopole antenna with arbitrary radius

A so-called "end correction" term has long been sought to correlate the experimental result and the theoretical solution for the input admittance of a monopole antenna driven from a coaxial line. The analytic solution of this correction term is possible only in the case of electrically thick monopole. In this communication an integral equal for f(r) , which is related to the integration of the radial \bar{E} field across the driving point, is formulated for an antenna with arbitrary radius, and subsequently solved by a matrix method. The end correction can then be expressed explicitly in terms of f(r) . The result agrees perfectly with the theoretical solution in the case of an electrically thick monopole.
Role of O2-sensitive K+ and Ca2+ channels in the regulation of the pulmonary circulation : Potential role of caveolae and implications for high altitude pulmonary edema

High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a potentially fatal complication in response to exposure to low O(2) at high altitudes. Hypoxia, by causing pulmonary vasoconstriction, increases pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary arterial pressure, both of which are features in the pathogenesis of HAPE. Uneven hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is thought to be responsible for increased capillary pressure and leakage, resulting in edema. O(2)-sensitive ion channels are known to play pivotal roles in determining vascular tone in response to hypoxia. K(+), Ca(2+) and Na(+) channels are ubiquitously expressed in both endothelial and smooth muscle cells of the pulmonary microvasculature, subfamilies of which are regulated by local changes in P(O(2)). Hypoxia reduces activity of voltage-gated K(+) channels and down-regulates their expression leading to membrane depolarization, Ca(2+) influx in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (by activating voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels) and vasoconstriction. Hypoxia up-regulates transient receptor potential channels (TRPC) leading to enhanced Ca(2+) entry through receptor- and store-operated Ca(2+) channels. Altered enrichment of ion channels in membrane microdomains, in particular in caveolae, may play a role in excitation-contraction coupling and perhaps in O(2)-sensing in the pulmonary circulation and thereby may contribute to the development of HAPE. We review the role of ion channels, in particular those outlined above, in response to low O(2) on vascular tone and pulmonary edema. Advances in the understanding of ion channels involved in the physiological response to hypoxia should lead to a greater understanding of the pathogenesis of HAPE and perhaps in the identification of new therapies.
NEUTRON CROSS-SECTION MEASUREMENTS AT 4.5 Bev

The results of a series of measurements on the total and reaction cross sections for 4.5-Bev neutrons on carbon, copper, and lead are reported. The experimental arrangement and counters are illustrated. (W.D.M.)
Predicting Specific Service Awareness Dimensions

Nearly 5,000 older adults provided data for this study, which used factor analysis to identify the following four dimensions of agency awareness: in-home services, aging network services, financial services, and other services. Then, 18 variables assessing the various dimensions of the behavioral model were included in multiple regression equations predicting each of the awareness dimensions. The regression equations only accounted for 7% to 13% of the variance of the various service awareness dimensions.
Cholinergic REM induction response: Separation of anxiety and depression

Abstract Five groups of subjects underwent EEG sleep recordings, arecoline rapid eye movement (REM) induction response testing, and Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) interview. Group I: 20 patients with primary major depressive disorder (MDD) (endogenous) without any coexisting anxiety disorder; Group II: 19 primary MDD (endogenous) patients with secondary panic, GAD, or phobic disorders; Group III: 18 patients with primary anxiety disorder without coexisting MDD; Group IV: 14 patients with primary anxiety plus secondary MDD; Group V: 26 normal controls. Modified Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) were used for diagnosis, based on the SADS interview. There was considerable overlap of SADS scaled scores between patient groups, which is consistent with a heterogeneous clinical presentation of depressive and anxiety states. REM latency was significantly shorter in patients with primary MDD (without anxiety) as compared with that in patients with primary anxiety (no MDD) and normals. Arecoline REM induction response time was significantly shorter in both primary affective groups (I and II) as compared with primary anxiety (no MDD) patients and normal controls. REM latency and arecoline REM induction time was not significantly different between the primary anxiety groups (III and IV) and normals. The study highlights the use of biological markers in differentiating between clinical syndromes confounded by mixed or overlapping phenomenology.
The politics of personal narrative methodology

Any study of personal narrative involves researchers and performers in contested, hence political, concerns of context and power. These concerns tend to be obscured methodologically by three commonplace assumptions: personal narrative is a text, personal narrative can be fully transcribed and analyzed, and personal narrative is not performance. This essay examines these assumptions and illustrates their methodological implications with an excerpt from an interview narrative with a breast cancer survivor.
Effect of snow cover on obstacle performance of vehicles

Abstract Trafficability of terrain is a function of soft soil, hard or rough ground, geometric obstacles, vegetation, and the riverine environment. All of these terrain aspects are altered by cold temperatures and snow cover. This paper examines the effect of snow cover on obstacle crossing performance of vehicles. The mathematical expressions describing step negotiation, trench crossing, and slope climbing on snow-covered obstacles are given in terms of tracked vehicle, obstacle, and snow parameters. Tests of two tracked vehicles on snow-covered slopes, stream crossings, steps, and trenches were conducted, and some of the results were compared with computed values. Differences between computed and experimental values are attributed to neglecting slip-sinkage and track deflection in the computations.
Design of a reusable enzymatic system for the preparation of porphyrins of biological interest

The immobilization of porphobilinogen deaminase, and uroporphyrinogen III synthase was achieved by reaction of each enzyme with BrCN activated Sepharose. The procedure provided stable, reusable systems which, combined with immobilized 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, transformed 5-aminolevulinic acid into uroporphyrinogen III.
SU‐GG‐T‐428: Incorporating Biological and Spatial Dose Information Can Change the Predicted Outcome of Radiotherapy Treatment Plans

Purpose: To incorporate structure radiosensitivity (α/β) and spatialdose variations (cell migration and daily setup uncertainty) into treatment plan evaluation for the Varian Eclipse Treatment Planning System (VETPS). Method and materials:Treatment plans were created using the VETPS from which Dicom RT files were exported to a Matlab‐based interface for analysis.Spatial variation was modeled using a Dose Convolution Filter which applies Gaussian dose smoothing. Its effect on static dose distribution was evaluated theoretically by creating virtual dose matrices. 3D physical dose was then converted to equivalent dose in 2Gy fractions (EQD2), thus incorporating relative radiosensitivity. Generalized equivalent uniform dose (gEUD) was then derived for each structure. Tumor control probability (TCP) and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) were then calculated using Poisson and logistic models, respectively. Results: Conversion of physical dose using DCF and EQD2 can increase or decrease TCP or NTCP depending on the dose distribution and structure radiosensitivity, thus potentially changing the ranking order between plans. DCF application alone could result in changes of approximately 10% in TCP and/or NTCP. After converting static dose matrices to include spatialdoseinformation and biological information (using the DCF, EQD2, and gEUD formalisms), significant changes of 60% in TCP and 25% in NTCP were observed, respectively. Plans with similar DVHs may respond to the application of DCF and EQD2 quite differently, thus significantly altering predicted TCP or NTCP and plan ranking between rival plans. Conclusion:Treatment plan evaluation based on DVHs alone excludes both spatial and biological information about the dose distribution. Incorporating these spatial and biological parameters may significantly alter predicted TCP and NTCP and could also alter the ranking order of rival treatment plans. Conflict of interest: Research partially supported by Varian Medical Systems.
Morphological stability near a grain boundary groove in a solid-liquid interface during solidification of a binary alloy

Morphological stability theory [1–4]) describes the stability of the shape of a solid—liquid interface during a crystallization process. In a recent article [5], we determined the shape and the morphological stability of a grain boundary groove in a solid—liquid interface during unidirectional solidification of a pure substance at constant velocity. In this paper, we extend our previous treatment to the solidification of a dilute binary alloy. In part, this work was motivated by experimental observations [6–8] that during the solidification of binary alloys instabilities are first observed near defects such as grain boundaries.
Extracting gravity line displacement from stabilographic recordings

Abstract Three algorithms for determining gravity line (GL) location from center of pressure (COP) and horizontal force ( F x ) recordings are suggested. The algorithms are designed to study upright standing posture and are based on the following premises: (a) the foot(feet) is a solid body and does not move, (b) the axis of rotation of the ankle joint does not displace, and (c) the forces and moments acting at the ankle joint can be reduced to a resultant force through the axis of rotation and a force couple. The algorithms are: (1) Single-pendulum algorithm . The human body is modeled as an inverted pendulum oscillating around the ankle joint(s). Because the oscillations are small, the equations of movement can be linearized and the horizontal position of the gravity line (GLP) located. (2) Trend-eradication algorithm . The second integral of the horizontal force calculated and an initial integration constant (ẋ, the initial horizontal GL velocity) is found from the trend of the displacement curve. (3) Zero-point-to-zero-point integration . When the horizontal force is zero, the horizontal position of the gravity line (GLP) passes through the COP. The instantaneous GLP and its velocity are determined by integrating F x from one zero point to another zero point.