cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphometric analysis of variation in the sternum with sex and age

Age and sex-related variations in sternum morphology may affect the thoracic injury tolerance. Male and female sternum size and shape variation was characterized for ages 0-100 from landmarks collected from 330 computed tomography scans. Homologous landmarks were analyzed using Procrustes superimposition to produce age and sex-specific functions of 3D-sternum morphology representing the combined size and shape variation and the isolated shape variation. Significant changes in the combined size and shape variation and isolated shape variation of the sternum were found to occur with age in both sexes. Sternal size increased from birth through age 30 and retained a similar size for ages 30-100. The manubrium expanded laterally from birth through age 30, becoming wider in relation to the sternal body. In infancy, the manubrium was 1.1-1.2 times the width of the sternal body and this width ratio increased to 1.6-1.8 for adults. The manubrium transformed from a circular shape in infancy to an oval shape in early childhood. The distal sternal body became wider in relation to the proximal sternal body from birth through age 30 and retained this characteristic throughout adulthood. The most dramatic changes in sternum morphology occur in childhood and young adulthood when the sternum is undergoing ossification. The lesser degree of ossification in the pediatric sternum may be partly responsible for the prevalence of thoracic organ injuries as opposed to thoracic skeletal injuries in pediatrics. Sternum fractures make up a larger portion of thoracic injury patterns in adults with fully ossified sternums. The lack of substantial size or shape changes in the sternum from age 30-100 suggests that the increased incidence of sternal fracture seen in the elderly may be due to cortical thickness or bone mineral density changes in the sternum as opposed to morphological changes.
Certificate revocation using fine grained certificate space partitioning

A new certificate revocation system is presented. The basic idea is to divide the certificate space into several partitions, the number of partitions being dependent on the PKI environment. Each partition contains the status of a set of certificates. A partition may either expire or be renewed at the end of a time slot. This is done efficiently using hash chains. We evaluate the performance of our scheme following the framework and numbers used in previous papers. We show that for many practical values of the system parameters, our scheme is more efficient than the three well known certificate revocation techniques: CRL, CRS and CRT. Our scheme strikes the right balance between CA to directory communication costs and query costs by carefully selecting the number of partitions.
Interstellar Material in Meteorites

Many primitive meteorites contain traces of presolar material in the form of mineral grains which were formed in a variety of stellar objects before formation of the Solar System. Most such grains identified to date are carbonaceous: diamond, SiC, and graphite; but some are oxides such as corundum. Chemical, isotopic and physical properties of the presolar grains have yielded information about nucleosynthesis and grain formation in certain stellar objects, such as AGB stars, supernovae and novae, and about chemical evolution in the Galaxy. Some primitive meteorites also contain organic matter apparently synthesised abiotically in an asteroidal environment from precursor molecules derived from interstellar clouds.
The Heat-Production and Recovery of Crustacean Nerve

In a recent paper Furusawa (1) has shown that the “retention of action current” described by Levin (2) as occurring in the stimulated limb or claw nerve of a crab or lobster is to be regarded as a “depolarisation” of the nerve, in the sense that the electrical potential difference normally present in the living nerve fiber, existing presumably across its boundary, is gradually discharged by stimulation. This potential difference is the cause of the phenomenon commonly known as the “injury current,” which is found when two electrodes placed upon the injured surface and a cut end respectively are connected to a galvenometer. In the presence of oxygen the “retention of action current” slowly disappears; the potential difference gradually rises again in the course of half-an-hour or so (depending on the temperature and the duration of the stimulation) to its original value; in the absence of oxygen the nerve remains “discharged.” Furthermore, if a resting nerve be deprived of oxygen the potential difference slowly falls, but rises again if oxygen be readmitted. It is difficult to resist the conclusion that the potential difference normally existing is maintained by oxidative processes in the nerve, and that it is restored, after stimulation, by some kind of “galvanic combustion element,” as suggested by Straub (3) to explain the difference of osmotic pressure found between the yolk and the white of a living hen’s egg. No chemical changes are known with certainty to occur during the initial phase of nerve activity, i. e. , during the transmission of the impulse; according to Gerard and Meyerhof (4) stimulation of a nerve in nitrogen leads to no appreciable increase in the rate of lactic acid formation. Moreover, the heat-production during this first phase, judging from the case of frog’s nerve (5, 6) is very small, viz., only about 10 per cent. of the heat associated with the whole cycle (including recovery). Even in frog’s nerve, however, it is know that stimulation in the absence of oxygen causes more rapid failure than oxygen want alone. It may well be the case that the initial phase of activity is concerned primarily with some kind of physical process involving electromotive effects, such as would ensue if contact were momentarily permitted between two different electrolyte solutions. Such a mixing of electrolytes permitted to occur during the passage of each impulse would lead to a gradual “discharge” of the nerve but to very little heat-production; the separation of the electrolytes, however, after activity, would require a supply of free energy in any actual working process, and probably a considerable liberation of heat.
Synthetic seismogram and surface wave constraints on crustal models of Spitsbergen

Abstract Seismic refraction data collected on Spitsbergen in 1978 are used to obtain a crustal model assuming plane horizontal layering. The observed travel-times and wave forms are compared with those of synthetic seismograms computed for various published crustal models. The more detailed models adequately explain some, but not all, of the features of the synthetics. These models are adjusted, utilizing travel times and wave-form amplitudes until a satisfactory fit is achieved. The best-fitting model consists of a 4-layer crust having thicknesses of 4.1, 10.0 7.4 and 5.8 km and compressional velocities of 4.65, 6.21, 6.30 and 6.65 km/sec with increasing depth. The uppermost mantle has a velocity of 7.90 km/sec. A comparison of observed and synthetic P n waveforms supports the existence of a thin low-velocity zone beginning at a depth of about 5 km beneath the Moho boundary. An inversion of seismic surface wave group velocity data yields a shear-wave model which is compatible with the compressional wave model.
Jahn-Teller effect in liquids: General principles and a molecular-dynamics simulation of the cupric ion in water.

We discuss the general conditions under which a Jahn-Teller effect can be meaningfully associated with the solvation shell of an ion in solution. Unlike the Jahn-Teller effect in solids, no distortion of the solvation shell exists on the longest time scales. On intermediate time scales, the solvation shell exhibits cubic ({ital O}{sub {ital h}}) symmetry and on the shortest scales it shows the Jahn-Teller distortion ({ital D}{sub 4{ital h}}). A molecular-dynamics simulation of a model in which the frame of reference for the Jahn-Teller potential rotates in time exhibits these features and shows how the time scales involved vary with parameters in the potential.
Cross-cultural validation and psychometric evaluation of the Spanish Brief Religious Coping Scale (S-BRCS)

Purpose: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish Brief Religious Coping Scale (S-BRCS). Design: A descriptive correlational design was used to conduct the study among a convenience sample of 121 Mexican Americans with diabetes. Results: The positive and negative religious coping subscales had Cronbach’s alphas of .85 and .86, respectively. All interitem and item-to-total correlations for each subscale were above the recommended criteria of .30. Factor loadings of the positive subscale using oblique (oblimin) and orthogonal (varimax) rotation ranged from .71 to .86 and from .72 to .86, respectively. Factor loadings of the negative subscale using oblimin and varimax rotation ranged from .64 to .83 and from .63 to .83, respectively. Discussion and Conclusions: The S-BRCS was found to be a valid and reliable instrument to measure religious coping among Spanish-speaking Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes. Implications for Further Research and Practice: Further psychometric evaluation of the ...
Electromechanical Investigation of Different Type YBCO Tapes for Twisted Stacked-Tape Cabling

High-temperature superconductors (HTS), especially YBCO coated tapes, have excellent high current capabilities at high magnetic fields. It is desired to develop a large multistrand cabling method for flat HTS tapes. A cabling method of a twisted stacked-tape conductor for YBCO tapes has been developed recently. A series of tests to electromechanically characterize twisted stacked-tape cabling behaviors using two commercially available types of YBCO tapes was performed. A probe has been developed to simultaneously measure the torsion torque and the critical current as a function of twist pitch for single tapes. The torsion torques and the zero torque twist pitches of YBCO tapes from both manufacturers were determined as a function of twist pitch. The critical currents of those YBCO tapes were also measured in a wider range of twist pitches down to 50 mm. A 25-tape cable of AMSC YBCO was fabricated using the twisted stacked-tape method, and tested at 77 K in self-field. The torque measurements performed on single tapes provide useful information for this cabling process and were taken in consideration in the cable fabrication. The experimental results under torsion for the YBCO tapes from the two manufacturers showed different mechanical behaviors but similar electrical behaviors. Both tapes showed a rapid degradation of critical current for twist pitches below 70 mm. The fabrication of a twisted stacked-tape cable with AMSC tapes was harder than previous fabrication of cables with SuperPower tapes.
Aminoboratabenzenes. An Evaluation of the Exocyclic B−N Interaction

The reaction of 1-chloro-1-boracyclohexa-2,5-diene with diisopropylamine or N-benzyl-N-methylamine followed by reaction with LDA in THF affords lithium N,N-diisopropyl-1-aminoboratabenzene (9b) or lithium N-benzyl-N-methyl-1-aminoboratabenzene (9c), respectively. The reaction of 9b with FeCl2 affords bis(N,N-diisopropyl-1-aminoboratabenzene)iron (18b), while the reaction of 9b or 9c with Mn(CO)3(CH3CN)3PF6 affords tricarbonyl[N,N-diisopropyl-1-aminoboratabenzene)manganese (19b) or tricarbonyl-1-(N-benzyl-N-methylamino) boratabenzene manganese (19c), respectively. Photochemical displacement of CO by PMe3 from 19b affords dicarbonyl(trimethylphosphine) (N-benzyl-N-methyl-1-aminoboratabenzene)manganese (20b). The rates of bond rotation about the B−N bonds of 9c, 18b, 19b,c, and 20b have been determined using variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy. The rates depend markedly on the electron-withdrawing power of the coordinating metal group. The boron atom is weakly coordinated to manganese (B−Mn = 2.485(3) A) a...
Social Context Rapidly Modulates the Influence of Auditory Feedback on Avian Vocal Motor Control

Sensory feedback is important for the learning and control of a variety of behaviors. Vocal motor production in songbirds is a powerful model system to study sensory influences on behavior because ...
Post-Soviet forest fragmentation and loss in the Green Belt around Moscow, Russia (1991-2001): a remote sensing perspective.

Recent changes in the post-Soviet Russia suggest rapid privatization of previously protected green space around many metropolitan areas. Nowhere is the trend more apparent than near the capital Moscow. Since 1992, formerly protected forests of the Green Belt have been heavily pursued for elite suburban housing development. With the help of two Landsat images (1991 and 2002) and some on-theground analysis, we investigate areas that have experienced the most mature forest loss. We also examine the spatial pattern of this change, as measured objectively by landscape metrics. Within 20 km from the beltline, about 14.6% of the forested land was converted to suburban residential and commercial uses in the 10-year period. The amount of mature forest loss ranged from 14 to 35% per district, but was partially compensated by some new tree plantings and reforestation for a combined tree cover loss of 14.6% for the entire area, including the city of Moscow. If the city proper is excluded, the loss in the suburban green belt was 12.4%. While this is a moderate decrease, it still represents a trend towards less tree cover and more suburban development in the immediate vicinity of a large city, which is likely to result in worsening air quality and negative impacts on wildlife and opportunities for public recreation in suburban forests in the near future.
The ironies of instability in Indonesia

Indonesia seems perpetually condemned to "live in interesting times," as the famous Chinese curse goes. The past decade has seen the country attract global notoriety as a land of recurrent economic shocks, ethnic conflicts, terrorist bombings, sepa ratist rebellions, and natural catastrophes. Political authorities have appeared too corrupt and inept to respond effectively. Thus, when Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY), a retired general, scored a landslide victory in Indonesia's first-ever direct presidential election in September 2004, the political rise of a military man was widely portrayed as a small blow for stability in a highly unstable nation. This essay ventures the argument that—at least at the level of elite poli tics—precisely the opposite is true. The recent behavior of Indonesia's parties, parliaments, and presidents reveals that elite politics has been characterized by too much stability rather than too little. This is because the elite figures who belatedly connived in the toppling of former presidents Suharto in 1998 and Habibie in 1999 managed thereafter to construct something of a political cartel (Slater 2004). Like a cartel of private companies, this cartel of political elites has served to protect its leading members from outside competition. Indonesia's pre-eminent political figures have remained practically irremovable through the electoral process, even though elections themselves have been commendably free and fair. Unafraid of being removed from power, political leaders have faced little impetus to govern. From this perspective, the government has failed to deal with Indonesia's ongoing social and economic crises not because politi cal elites could not get their act together, but because they could. That elite stability has fostered Indonesia's festering socio-economic instabil ity is the first irony I explore here. The second is that the election of a much stronger individual figure as president has ironically destabilized, not stabilized,
Consuming the exotic other

This article explores the multiple and heterogeneous deployment of the Other within discourses that intersect and contest each other. In the nineteenth century, the discourse of “le femme orientale” which informed the Romantic critique of capitalism, was recuperated in a hegemonic manner to promote a commodity fetish and an expanding consumer culture. The success of this transference was guaranteed by Romanticism, which not only underwrote the discourse of orientalism but ironically advanced a psychology commensurate with the emergence of a consumer society. Since the colonial representation of Otherness operates in a manner analogous to the psychoanalytic fetish, the discursive construction of Otherness is neither fixed nor continuous but ambivalent. The multiple and reciprocal interaction of the twin modes of differentiation—the racial and the sexual—enables the erotic recognition of the Other/the threat of difference to be displaced into alternative fields of power/ knowledge relations and into an econ...
High-resolution electron microscopy characterization of nanocrystalline grain boundaries in gold–copper alloys

Abstract The grain boundary structures of gold–copper nanocrystalline specimens are investigated using transmission electron microscopy to reveal how fundamental changes in the atomic arrangements present at grain boundaries may affect the attainment of ideal strength. In addition to high-resolution lattice imaging, the inverse fast-Fourier transform image-processing technique clearly shows the crystalline nature of the grain boundary and the presence of the extended defects. Selected area diffraction patterns are used to determine the orientation between grains. Differences are detailed so as to distinguish how nanocrystalline alloys behave wherein free volume attributed at grain boundaries is deemed responsible for localized deformation and changes in strength behavior.
Elastic electron scattering cross sections of oriented and aligned molecules

Elastic differential electron scattering cross sections of oriented methyl iodide are calculated using the independent atom model. Results are presented for two specific orientations of the ICH3 molecule for the purpose of comparison with the fictitious molecule IC, similarly oriented, at electron energies of 600 eV and 40 keV. Cross sections are also calculated for IC with a large angular momentum. In a comparison of the results for different orientations of the angular momentum vector, including random orientation, large differences between the cross sections are evident. This sensitivity to the plane of rotation of the molecule suggests the possibility of determining the degree of alignment of the angular momenta of a beam of such molecules by electron diffraction.
Bridging the donor-decentralization gap: Rethinking incentives and institutional impacts in control-oriented bureaucracies

Some important studies suggest that the organizational imperatives of donor agencies explain the tendency of foreign aid to reinforce institutional centralization rather than to support the development of decentralized institutions in recipient countries. This article shows that certain design features of two decentralized USAID projects completed in Peru during the 1980s facilitated achieving donor objectives, decentralized institutional development, and national-level reforms favoring decentralization. Analysis of this experience reveals that these design features reduced the costs and increased the benefits of decentralized implementation for the donor, while allowing synergies between implementation and institution building to be exploited. Indeed, in the context of Peru’s highly centralized, control-oriented public sector, bypass mechanisms traditionally used by donors to expedite implementation and insulate projects from uncertainty also generally enhanced the development of decentralized institutions. The lessons distilled in this case study have broad relevance since the sorts of administrative obstacles encountered by USAID in Peru—excessive centralization, disbursement bottlenecks, and onerous bureaucratic controls—are all too frequently found in other developing countries.
Early Childhood Teachers’ Well-Being, Mindfulness, and Self-Compassion in Relation to Classroom Quality and Attitudes Towards Challenging Students

Early childhood teachers are instrumental in creating socially and emotionally supportive learning environments for young children. However, there is a paucity of research examining teachers’ psychosocial characteristics in relation to the dimensions of quality learning environments. Furthermore, little is known about the relationship between teachers’ psychosocial characteristics and their attitudes about children whose behavior they find challenging. The present study examined data from 35 preschool teachers’ self-reports of well-being, mindfulness, and self-compassion in relation to observations of classroom quality and ratings of semi-structured interviews about a child chosen by the teacher as most challenging. Mindfulness, self-compassion, personal efficacy, and positive affect were associated with emotional support while emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were negatively associated with emotional support. Depression was negatively associated with emotional support, classroom organization, and instructional support. With regard to the interview ratings, mindfulness and efficacy were positively associated with perspective-taking and sensitivity to discipline, and depersonalization was negatively associated with sensitivity to discipline. While further research is needed to ascertain causality, these results suggest that teachers’ psychosocial characteristics may impact their ability to create and maintain optimal classroom environments and supportive relationships with challenging students. Furthermore, they point to the need for research to examine professional development designed to promote mindfulness, reduce distress, and support teachers’ social and emotional competence and well-being.
Hot Electron Reliability Modeling in VLSI Devices

The dependence of hot-electron trapping on device size and applied gate bias is analyzed both theoretically and experimentally. A simple and accurate model is developed to determine the long term stress effect on narrow and short channel devices. It is found that the channel hot electron limit is determined by the emission probability and trap density in the birdsbeak region of narrow devices when the gate bias exceeds the threshold voltage of the parasitic birdsbeak device. The channel lengths, dra-in to source bias and gate oxide trap density for the LOCOS process are essential parameters incorporated in this model. The calculated curves depicting threshold voltage shift versus time are in excellent agreement with empirical data. These shifts are accounted for by the effect of the higher trap density in the birdsbeak region for high bias conditions on narrow devices.
Mucosal transmission of R5 and X4 tropic HIV-1 via vaginal and rectal routes in humanized Rag2−/−γc−/− (RAG-hu) mice

Abstract Studies on HIV-1 mucosal transmission to evaluate early events in pathogenesis and the development of effective preventive/prophylactic methods have thus far been hampered by the lack of a suitable animal model susceptible to HIV-1 infection by either vaginal and/or rectal routes. In this regard, while primate-SIV/SHIV and cat-FIV models provided useful surrogate platforms to derive comparative data, these viruses are distinct and different from that of HIV-1. Therefore an optimal model that permits direct study of HIV-1 transmission via mucosal routes is highly desirable. The new generation of humanized NOD/SCID BLT, NOD/SCIDγc −/− , and Rag2 −/− γc −/− mouse models show great promise to achieve this goal. Here, we show that humanized Rag2 −/− γc −/− mice (RAG-hu) engrafted with CD34 hematopoietic progenitor cells harbor HIV-1-susceptible human cells in the rectal and vaginal mucosa and are susceptible to HIV-1 infection when exposed to cell-free HIV-1 either via vagina or rectum. Infection could be established without any prior hormonal conditioning or mucosal abrasion. Both R5 and X4 tropic viruses were capable of mucosal infection resulting in viremia and associated helper T cell depletion. There was systemic spread of the virus with infected cells detected in different organs including the intestinal mucosa. R5 virus was highly efficient in mucosal transmission by both routes whereas X4 virus was relatively less efficient in causing infection. HIV-1 infection of RAG-hu mice by vaginal and rectal routes as shown here represents the first in vivo model of HIV-1 transmission across intact mucosal barriers and as such may prove very useful for studying early events in HIV-1 pathogenesis in vivo, as well as the testing of microbicides, anti-HIV vaccines/therapeutics, and other novel strategies to prevent HIV-1 transmission.
Can a chronic care model collaborative reduce heart disease risk in patients with diabetes

There is a need to identify effective practical interventions to decrease cardiovascular disease risk in patients with diabetes. We examine the impact of participation in a collaborative implementing the chronic care model (CCM) on the reduction of cardiovascular disease risk in patients with diabetes. Controlled pre- and postintervention study. Persons with diabetes receiving care at 13 health care organizations exposed to the CCM collaborative and controls receiving care in nonexposed sites. Ten-year risk of cardiovascular disease; determined using a modified United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study risk engine score. A total number of 613 patients from CCM intervention sites and 557 patients from usual care control sites met the inclusion criteria. The baseline mean 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease was 31% for both the intervention group and the control group. Participants in both groups had improved blood pressure, lipid levels, and HbA1c levels during the observation period. Random intercept hierarchical regression models showed that the intervention group had a 2.1% (95% CI −3.7%, −0.5%) greater reduction in predicted risk for future cardiovascular events when compared to the control group. This would result in a reduced risk of one cardiovascular disease event for every 48 patients exposed to the intervention. Over a 1-year interval, this collaborative intervention using the CCM lowered the cardiovascular disease risk factors of patients with diabetes who were cared for in the participating organization’s settings. Further work could enhance the impact of this promising multifactorial intervention on cardiovascular disease risk reduction.
Relative interference on Logical Memory I Story A versus Story B of the Wechsler Memory Scale-revised in a clinical sample.

Prior research found Logical Memory I Story A and Story B of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised to be equivalent in difficulty, with no effect of administration sequence. Following clinical impression of many patients "freezing" on Story A and recovering on Story B, it was hypothesized that the presence of performance or test anxiety contributed to this phenomenon. Logical Memory scores and concurrent Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) data from 85 clinical cases were examined. Participants were divided into 3 groups based on performance on the Logical Memory I stories: A B (18%). There were no significant differences on Logical Memory I performance related to medical or neuropsychiatric history, age, or education. In support of the hypothesis, those patients who showed poorer performance on Logical Memory I Story A than on Story B had significantly higher T scores on the MMPI Social Anxiety scale as compared to the A > B group. No other MMPI differences were found.
Measured temperature reductions and energy savings from a cool tile roof on a central California home

Abstract To assess cool-roof benefits, the temperatures, heat flows, and energy uses in two similar single-family, single-story homes built side by side in Fresno, California were measured for a year. The “cool” house had a reflective cool concrete tile roof (initial albedo 0.51) with above-sheathing ventilation, and nearly twice the thermal capacitance of the standard dark asphalt shingle roof (initial albedo 0.07) on the “standard” house. Cool-roof energy savings in the cooling and heating seasons were computed two ways. Method A divides by HVAC efficiency the difference (standard − cool) in ceiling + duct heat gain. Method B measures the difference in HVAC energy use, corrected for differences in plug and window heat gains. Based on the more conservative Method B, annual cooling (compressor + fan), heating fuel, and heating fan site energy savings per unit ceiling area were 2.82 kWh/m2 (26%), 1.13 kWh/m2 (4%), and 0.0294 kWh/m2 (3%), respectively. Annual space conditioning (heating + cooling) source energy savings were 10.7 kWh/m2 (15%); annual energy cost savings were $0.886/m2 (20%). Annual conditioning CO2, NOx, and SO2 emission reductions were 1.63 kg/m2 (15%), 0.621 g/m2 (10%), and 0.0462 g/m2 (22%). Peak-hour cooling power demand reduction was 0.88 W/m2 (37%).
Preparation of sampling plans for B2 vitamers in fast food hamburgers

Abstract Fast food products are becoming a significant source of nutrients in the American diet. Frequently, investigators determine the nutrient content of a food from a limited local sampling, which can produce misleading results when used to provide estimates of nutrient content on a nationwide basis. It is the purpose of this paper to illustrate how a national sampling plan that will provide representative nutrient content values can be developed from the results of a limited local sampling. The riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide, flavin adenine dinucleotide, and total riboflavin contents of fast food hamburgers collected in Maryland are used as an illustration, and three distinct national sampling plans are developed, each of which will estimate the national B 2 vitamer contents of fast food hamburgers with ⩽10% variability.
Telecommunications competition in 2010

Discusses some views of the telecommunications sector in 2010, and some of the critical decisions that will shape it. Shows that any attempt to describe the state of competition in 2010 throughout the USA is doomed – the reality will be more complex. Concludes some parts of the USA may see a highly competitive telecommunications market emerge, allowing consumers to choose the communication services that work best for their applications.
Effects of Cations on Protein and Peptide Charging in Electrospray Ionization from Aqueous Solutions

The effects of eight different cations with ionic radii between 69 and 337 pm on the charging of peptides and proteins with electrospray ionization from aqueous acetate salt solutions are reported. Significant adduction occurs for all cations except NH4+, and the average protein charge is lower when formed from solutions containing salts compared with solutions without salts added. Circular dichroism and ion mobility results show the protein conformations are different in pure water compared with salt solutions, which likely affects the extent of charging. The average charge of protein and peptide ions formed from solutions with Li+ and Cs+, which have Gibbs solvation free energies (GSFEs) that differ by 225 kJ/mol, is similar. Lower charge states are typically formed from solutions with tetramethylammonium and tetraethylammonium that have lower GSFE values. Loss of the larger cations that have the lowest GSFEs is facile when adducted protein ions are collisionally activated, resulting in the formation of lower analyte charge states. This reaction pathway provides a route to produce abundant singly protonated protein ions under native mass spectrometry conditions. The average protein and peptide charge with NH4+ is nearly the same as that with Rb+ and K+, cations with similar GSFE and ionic radii. This indicates that proton transfer from NH4+ to proteins plays an insignificant role in the extent of protein charging in native mass spectrometry.
Multiscale modeling of radiation damage in Fe-based alloys in the fusion environment

Abstract Ferritic alloys represent a technologically important class of candidate materials for fusion first wall and blanket structures. A detailed understanding of the mechanisms of defect accumulation and microstructure evolution, and the corresponding effects on mechanical properties is required to predict their in-service structural performance limits. The physical processes involved in radiation damage, and its effects on mechanical properties, are inherently multiscale and hierarchical, spanning length and time scales from the atomic nucleus to meters and picosecond to decades. In this paper, we present a multiscale modeling methodology to describe radiation effects within the fusion energy environment. Selected results from atomic scale investigation are presented, focusing on (i) the mechanisms of self-interstitial dislocation loop formation with Burgers vector of a〈1 0 0〉 in iron relative to vanadium, (ii) helium transport and (iii) the interaction between helium and small self-interstitial clusters in iron, and (iv) dislocation-helium bubble interactions in fcc aluminum.
Research at MIT: AI Laboratory

A simple invertible grammar has been designed that is able to map input story summaries written in a simplified English (e.g., a plot outline of Macbeth, a medical history, or a synopsis of an historical event) into case-frame representations of those summaries. This input representation then serves as the basis for an analogical matching routine that is able to extract out the structural features common to several stories, a procedure that in turn forms the basis for an analogical learning program developed by Winston. The same grammar is then used in reverse by the analogical reasoner to generate natural sounding output. As implemented, the system is flexible and highly domainindependent; it relics on a modified system of order-independent transformations in order to obtain these properties. The generation procedure itself is broken down into three steps. Step I takes a highlevel plan generated by the analogy program and separates the plan into groups, generating a set of kernel sentences for each group. Step 2 takes as input the set of kernel sentences and a collection of syntactic and thematic rules and determines the set of transformations that must be applied upon each set of kernel sentences. Finally, Step 3 executes the transformations, combining the altered kernels of each set into a sentence, performs some clean-up pronominalization, and produces an output English word string. The following is an example of English text actually produced by the program: "At the beginning of the story Lady Macbeth is bothered by the fact that Macbeth is not the king. Macbeth who was a nobleman is persuaded by her to murder the king with a knife because she wants Macbeth to be the king."
Specific heats of LaNi5, CeNi5, PrNi5, NdNi5 and GdNi5 between 1·6 and 4°K

Abstract The specific heats of LaNi5, CeNi5, PrNi5, NdNi5 and GdNi5 have been measured at temperatures between 1·6 and 4°K. The specific heats of LaNi5, CeNi5 and PrNi5 can be represented by the expression Cp=γT+βT3, where γ=34·33±0·13 mj°K−2 mole−1 for LaNi5, 40·01±0·11 mj °K−2 mole−1 for CeNi5 and 37·02±0·16 mj°K−2 mole−1 for PrNi5; and β=0·294±0·014 mj°K−4 mole−1 (θ=340·9°K) for LaNi5, 0·279±0·012 mj°K−4 mole−1 (θ=347·1°K) for CeNi5 and 0·309±0·017 mj°K−4 mole−1 (θ=333·5°K) for PrNi5. The γ and β for NdNi5 and GdNi5 were not determined because of the complex behavior of Cp/T vs. T2 relations due to anomalies and large magnetic contributions.
Alsophinase, a new P-III metalloproteinase with α-fibrinogenolytic and hemorrhagic activity from the venom of the rear-fanged Puerto Rican Racer Alsophis portoricensis (Serpentes: Dipsadidae).

Abstract Metalloproteinases from snake venoms are often multi-domain enzymes involved in degradation of a variety of structural proteins. Hemorrhage and tissue necrosis are common manifestations of viperid envenomations in humans, largely due to the actions of prominent metalloproteinases, and envenomation by rear-fanged snakes may also cause hemorrhage. We purified the major metalloproteinase in Alsophis portoricensis (Puerto Rican Racer) venom through HPLC size exclusion and ion exchange chromatography. Named alsophinase, it is the first protein purified and characterized from the venom of Alsophis . Alsophinase is a single polypeptide chain protein, and based on mass, activity and complete inhibition by 1,10-phenanthroline, it is a class P-III snake venom member of the M12 ADAM family of metalloproteinases. Alsophinase has a molecular mass of 56.003 kDa and an N-terminal sequence of QDTYLNAKKYIEFYLVVDNGMFxKYSxxFTV, with 67% sequence identity to a metalloproteinase isolated from venom of Philodryas olfersii (another rear-fanged species). Alsophinase rapidly catalyzed cleavage of only the Ala14–Leu15 bond of oxidized insulin B chain, had potent hemorrhagic activity in mice, and degraded only the α-subunit of human fibrinogen in vitro . Alsophinase is responsible for hemorrhagic and fibrinogenolytic activity of crude venom, and it may contribute to localized edema and ecchymosis associated with human envenomations by A. portoricensis . It may be more specific in peptide bond recognition than many well-characterized viperid P-III metalloproteinases, and it could have utility as a new protein fragmentation enzyme for mass spectrometry studies.
The foraging behavior of honeybees on hairy vetch. III. — Differences in the vetch

The time required for each of 50 honeybees to forage from a hairy vetch blossom, and the time required for each bee that tripped blossoms to trip a different blossom was measured three times each in two fields. There were highly significant differences in the speed with which bees tripped and foraged from blossoms in the two fields. It appeared that the blossoms in one field were easier to trip than the blossoms in the other. The bees spent less time foraging from the blossoms in the field in which tripping was most rapid, probably because there was less nectar in the blossoms in that field than in the other field. The bees that did not trip blossoms foraged from blossoms more rapidly than the bees that did trip the blossoms. After all known sources of variation had been removed there was a highly significant correlation between the times required for bees to trip and to forage from blossoms; this is interpreted as indicating differences in the efficiency of individual bees. In one of the fields many of the bees foraged through punctures in the blossoms made by carpenter bees. An attempt was made to measure the relationship of the amount of sugar collected by bees per unit time to the attractiveness of competing plants.
Abstract C22: Differential Tks5 isoform expression contributes to metastatic invasion of lung adenocarcinoma

Metastasis accounts for the vast majority of cancer related deaths, yet the molecular mechanisms that drive metastatic spread remain poorly understood. Here we report that Tks5, which has been linked to formation of proteolytic cellular protrusions known as invadopodia, undergoes an isoform switch during metastatic progression in a genetically-engineered mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma. Non-metastatic primary tumor-derived cells predominantly expressed a short isoform Tks5 short , while metastatic primary tumor- and metastasis-derived cells acquired increased expression of the full-length isoform Tks5 long . This elevation of Tks5 long -to-Tks5 short ratio correlated with a commensurate increase in invadopodia activity in metastatic cells compared to non-metastatic cells. Further characterization of these isoforms by knockdown and over-expression experiments demonstrated that Tks5 long promoted invadopodia in vitro and increased metastasis in transplant models and an autochthonous model of lung adenocarcinoma. Conversely, Tks5 short decreased invadopodia stability and proteolysis, acting as a natural dominant-negative inhibitor to Tks5 long . Importantly, high Tks5 long and low Tks5 short expressions in human lung adenocarcinomas correlated with metastatic disease and predicted worse survival of early-stage patients. These data indicate that tipping the Tks5 isoform balance to a high Tks5 long -to-Tks5 short ratio promotes invadopodia-mediated invasion and metastasis. Citation Format: Carman Man-Chung Li, Guoan Chen, Talya Dayton, Caroline Kim-Kiselak, David Beer, Monte Winslow, Tyler Jacks. Differential Tks5 isoform expression contributes to metastatic invasion of lung adenocarcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr C22.
Coexistent metastatic melanoma of the kidney with unknown primary and renal cell carcinoma

In this report, we present an African-American female patient who presented with haematuria to her primary care physician. The symptoms persisted and coexistent metastatic spindle cell-type melanoma of the kidney and renal cell carcinoma were discovered on further evaluation. No primary site for melanoma was identified. Despite aggressive treatment with ipilimumab, the patient's disease progressed quickly. The patient opted for palliative care and was referred to a hospice. Coexistent melanoma and renal cell carcinoma is exceedingly rare. Melanoma itself is rare in the African-American population. However, when it does present, it usually is at an advanced stage, as was the case in our patient. Since no primary tumour site for melanoma was found and the diagnosis was made after the tumour had metastasised, we think this case highlights the importance of cutaneous cancer surveillance in the non-Caucasian population. Earlier identification of melanoma in this population will help to improve outcomes.
MIXED CONVECTION BOUNDARY-LAYER FLOW ALONG A VERTICAL SURFACE IN A POROUS MEDIUM

A finite-difference numerical scheme is used to study combined free- and forced-convection boundary-layer flow in a porous medium near a vertical wall. The model results show that the inertial and ...
Prospective multicenter study of the effect of early fluid resuscitation on trends in IL-6 and TNFα levels in severe sepsis

The prognostic capability of TNFα and IL-6 is limited in septic shock. Previous studies were performed prior to publication of current therapeutic guidelines recommending aggressive early resuscitation. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of early fluid resuscitation on serial TNFα and IL-6 levels and its association with mortality in severe sepsis.
Compost and Manure Mediated Impacts on Soilborne Pathogens and Soil Quality

Root rots of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and sweet corn (Zea mays L.) cause economic losses to farmers. This study was conducted to determine whether dairy manure amendments suppressed root diseases and to describe relationships between disease severity and soil characteristics. Field plots were amended with high or low rates of fresh or composted dairy manure solids in 2001 and 2002. Soils were collected at 2 and 12 mo after the first amendment and 2 and 6 mo after the second amendment. Greenhouse bioassays were conducted to assess severity of damping-off (DO) of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and root rots of bean and corn. Soils were analyzed for soil free (fPOM) and occluded (oPOM) particulate organic matter content, rate of hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate (FDA), arylsulfatase activity, microbial biomass C, and water-stable aggregation (WSA). Two months after amendment, all amendments (except the low rate of manure) reduced the severity of DO 30%, bean root rot 29%, and corn root rot 67%. Twelve months after amendment, amended soils were no longer suppressive. All amendments were suppressive after re-amendment the following year and no longer suppressive 6 mo later. In Year 1, significant suppression was observed across all diseases when fPOM content was ≥12.1 g cm -3 , FDA activity was ≥2.88 μg FDA min -1 g -1 dry wt, and microbial biomass was ≥91.6 μg C g -1 dry wt, and these levels were proposed as suppressive thresholds. Only the FDA threshold held up over all sampling times.
Dressed for the Photographer: Ordinary Americans and Fashion, 1840-1900

Fashion has always been a cultivating force. And during the 19th century-a time of great change-fashion was a powerful component in the development of American society. Through dress, average individuals could step beyond class divisions and venture into the world of the elite and privileged. Beginning in 1840, with the advent of the daguerreotype, that moment could be captured for a lifetime. In Dressed for the Photographer, Joan Severa gives a visual analysis of the dress of middle-class Americans from the mid-to-late 19th century. Using images and writings, she shows how even economically disadvantaged Americans could wear styles within a year or so of current fashion. This desire for fashion equality demonstrates that the possession of culture was more important than wealth or position in the community. Arranging the photographs by decades, Severa examines the material culture, expectations, and socioeconomic conditions that affected the clothing choices depicted. Her depth of knowledge regarding apparel allows her to date the images with a high degree of accuracy and to point out significant details that would elude most observers. The 272 photographs included in this volume show nearly the full range of stylistic details introduced during this period. Each photograph is accompanied with a commentary in which these details are fully explored. In presenting a broad overview of common fashion, Severa gathers letters and diaries as well as photographs from various sources across the United States. She provides graphic evidence that ordinary Americans, when dressed in their finest attire, appeared very much the same as their wealthier neighbors. But upon closer examination, these photographs often reveal inconsistencies that betray the actual economic status of the sitter. These fascinating photographs coupled with Severa's insights offer an added dimension to our understanding of 19th century Americans. Intended as an aid in dating costumes and photographs and as a guide for period costume replication, Dressed for the Photographer provides extensive information for understanding the social history and material culture of this period. It will be of interest to general readers as well as to social historians and those interested in fashion, costume, and material culture studies.
NFκB-dependent signaling pathways

The transcription factor NFkappaB is activated by numerous stimuli. Once NFkappaB is fully activated, it participates in the regulation of various target genes in different cells to exert its biological functions. NFkappaB has often been referred to as a central mediator of the immune response, since a large variety of bacteria and viruses can lead to the activation of NFkappaB, which in turn controls the expression of many inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, immune receptors, and cell surface adhesion molecules. Recent studies have shown that NFkappaB may function more generally as a central regulator of stress responses, since different stressful conditions, including physical stress, oxidative stress, and exposure to certain chemicals, also lead to NFkappaB activation. Furthermore, NFkappaB blocks cell apoptosis in several cell types. Taken together, these findings make it clear that NFkappaB plays an important role in cell proliferation and differentiation. It is the intention of this review to cover the various NFkappaB-dependent signaling pathways, thereby to achieve a better understanding of the mechanisms of NFkappaB activation and the physiological functions of activated NFkappaB.