cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dealing with decentralization of computing facilities

In summary, Ohio State has positioned itself in such a manner as to be able to facilitate the coming rapid growth of technology applied to the university environment. These techniques may not be appropriate for other universities or colleges—but they appear to be. Politics can be a stumbling block to providing these vital services—the departments may believe that the central center possesses ulterior motives of control or consolidation. The customers must believe that the central computing center's intentions are noble for these techniques to work. But it helps if the president or vice-president is active in these negotiations to provide that high-level support from the top.The focus in computing is often on the hardware—but it is the staff support which can produce excellence in the institutional support. And the departmental computing user needs the staff support most of all.
Biochemical, Molecular Genetic, and Immunological Characterization of a β-1,3-Endoglucanase from ‘Valencia’ Orange Callus

Summary We have purified a β-1,3-endoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.39) from nonembryogenic Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Valencia callus to electrophoretic homogeneity by means of pH precipitation and ion exchange chromatography. The protein has an apparent Mr of 32,000, a pl > pH 10 and is serologically similar to a potato leaf glucanase induced by Phytophthora infestans infection. The enzyme hydrolyzes laminarin (Lam- inaria digitata) optimally at pH 5 and 50 °C. The enzyme will hydrolyze pachyman and laminarin extensively and yeast glucan slightly, but does not hydrolyze lichenin, barley glucan, cellulose, or starch. Product characterization by thin-layer chromatography indicates that the enzyme is an endohydrolase. The protein is N-terminal blocked, however, partial internal amino acid sequence analysis revealed that the peptide shared homology with a number of β-1,3-endoglucanases. Antibody to the purified protein was raised in a rabbit and used to screen an amplified cDNA library prepared from Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Valen- cia callus. A positive clone (pBGVC-1) containing a 1,249 by insert was isolated. A full length sequence of the clone was obtained and it contained a 1,229 by open reading frame starting at nucleotide 20. Sequence analysis indicated that the clone is homologous to other 0-1,3-endoglucanase genes. The predicted amino acid sequence was homologous with other 0-1,3-glucanases, contained both N- and C-terminal signal sequences, the glycosyl hydrolase family 17 signature sequence, and the sequence identical to the peptide that was sequenced from the purified protein.
Long-term effects of diazepam treatment of epileptic GABAA receptor beta3 subunit knockout mouse in early life

The knockout mouse for the beta3 subunit of the GABAA receptor exhibits spontaneous epilepsy and hyperactivity, and has been proposed as a model for the severe developmental disorder, Angelman's syndrome, which is known to be of genetic origin. We have used this mutant to test an approach of therapeutic intervention prior to seizure onset by daily injection with diazepam during either the first or second postnatal week. Results showed differences between postnatal week 1 and week 2 injections both acutely, with respect to sedative effects, and in long-term outcome, with respect to EEG and behavioral tests measured at 12-14 weeks of age. The EEG of control mice remained unaffected under all conditions, but the EEG of beta3 (-/-) injected with diazepam in week 1 was worsened, showing increased oscillatory activity at 5-6Hz, and more myoclonic jerks, particularly among males. For beta3 (-/-) injected with diazepam in week 2, the EEG was normalized in half the mice but worsened similarly to week 1 in the other half. Neonatal diazepam injection had a long-term normalizing effect on behavior of beta3 (-/-) mice injected in week 1, but diazepam treatment in week 2 did not affect the hyperactive and circling behavior characteristic of the beta3 knockout mouse. Diazepam treatment in postnatal week 2 significantly decreased anxiety in the adult beta3 group. Diazepam treatment in both postnatal weeks 1 and 2 improved the motor coordination of beta3 (-/-) on the rotarod, although performance of control mice injected with diazepam in postnatal week 2 was significantly impaired. The observed long-term outcome of neonatal diazepam injections may result from interference with developmental processes, and shows that enhancing GABAergic activity with diazepam during the period where GABA can be excitatory can produce narrow stage-related effects on brain development.
Doing math: mathematics accessibility issues

Limited mathematics accessibility support has been always a barrier for students with impaired vision to learn that fundamental subject. In response to that persistent need, enhancing mathematics accessibility has been deeply thought of with more attention given towards facilitating "Doing the math" and not only working on the rendering level. In specific, for the challenges they face in algebra, the efforts are being made to enable students to do and learn algebraic skills; i.e., arithmetic manipulation on the level of basic building blocks of entire expressions, working on complex expressions simplifications and evaluation, and solving algebraic equations. As a non-visual framework, manipulation is made through an accessible hierarchy of recorded, navigatable, and recoverable steps. With different layers each of which supports distinct needs of learners; the framework is to facilitate doing the math according to the student level of subject mastery and disability severity in minimal possible efforts; i.e., avoiding rewriting the same sub-expressions when they are not manipulated at certain point in the hierarchy from one step to the next.
Shubnikov-de Haas Effect and Cyclotron Resonance in a Dilute Bi-Sb Alloy

Magnetoresistance oscillations (Shubnikov-de Haas effect) and Azbel-Kaner cyclotron resonance were studied in a dilute Bi-Sb alloy (Sb concentration of 0.96 wt.%) at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for various orientations of the magnetic field. It was found that the electron masses, and the extremal cross-sectional areas of the electron Fermi surface, decrease to approximately 80 and 62%, respectively, of the corresponding values in pure Bi. The observed changes in cyclotron masses and Shubnikov-de Haas frequencies in the alloys are consistent with the nonparabolic model and the assumption of rigid motion of the conduction band, and the valence band just beneath it, with respect to the hole band. Effective masses at the bottom of the conduction band were calculated. The electron Fermi energy and concentration in the alloy were determined. The band overlap deduced from this result is in agreement with other work.
Postbuckling of long orthotropic plates loaded in combined transverse compression and longitudinal compression or shear

The postbuckling behavior of simply supported, rectangular, isotropic and orthotropic composite plates under combined loading is determined analytically. Results are presented for a long plate loaded beyond its buckling load in either a combination of longitudinal and transverse compression or a combination of transverse compression and inplane shear. Results show that orthotropic plates may behave differently than isotropic plates for these loading conditions. Results also show that the postbuckling behavior of plates in shear with constrained edge displacements is markedly different than their behavior with stress free edges.
Spontaneous overcharging of macro-ion complexes

Oppositely charged macro-ions—one of which is flexible and carries a larger total charge than the other—are expected on an energetic basis to assemble into neutral complexes which can aggregate due to attractive (e.g., van der Waals) interactions. We treat in this paper the counter-intuitive appearance of spontaneous overcharging in polyelectrolyte-colloid complexes, a phenomenon which has been observed in experiments and simulations involving flexible chains adsorbing on oppositely charged cores. We show that this overcharging can be accounted for in the Poisson-Boltzmann approximation; within this theory, overcharging is an entropic effect associated with release of the counterions of the highly charged polyelectrolyte chain as it "overwinds" onto the rigid colloidal particle. Increasing the rigidity of the polyelectrolyte chain leads eventually to undercharging of the complex.
Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the patterns of retinal input to neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat

In the visual system of the cat the projection from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus has been studied extensively. However, the patterns of synaptic contacts made by individual axons onto individual cells have not been described. In this study these patterns have been examined for class 1 cells (Guillery: J. Comp. Neurol. 128:21, '66). Retinogeniculate axons and lateral geniculate neurons are labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) via injections into the optic tracts and optic radiations, respectively. Sections are then processed for combined light and electron microscopic analysis. They are examined with the light microscope to identify labeled lateral geniculate neurons that appear to be contacted by labeled retinal axons. These cells and axons are then analyzed by a computerized microscope system, and sites of apparent synaptic contact are recorded. This light microscopic analysis indicates that individual class 1 cells are contacted by many retinogeniculate axons (> 10) and that each of these axons contacts many lateral geniculate neurons (> 20). Some axons make numerous contacts that are concentrated onto a few dendrites, while others make only a few contacts, which are spread over several dendrites. In all cases, the majority of contacts are on the dendritic shafts of relatively thick secondary and tertiary dendrites. Electron microscopic analysis confirms that most of the contacts identified with the light mciroscope are synaptic. It also reveals that labeled and unlabeled retinal axons can innervate the same dendritic segment. Finally, one cell was studied that had its soma and most of its dendrites in lamina A1 but some of its dendrites extended into lamina A. This cell received input from retinal axons in both layers, thus suggesting that it may have been binocularly excitable. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Algorithmic models of human decision making in Gaussian multi-armed bandit problems

We consider a heuristic Bayesian algorithm as a model of human decision making in multi-armed bandit problems with Gaussian rewards. We derive a novel upper bound on the Gaussian inverse cumulative distribution function and use it to show that the algorithm achieves logarithmic regret. We extend the algorithm to allow for stochastic decision making using Boltzmann action selection with a dynamic temperature parameter and provide a feedback rule for tuning the temperature parameter such that the stochastic algorithm achieves logarithmic regret. The stochastic algorithm encodes many of the observed features of human decision making.
X-ray structure of a chiral alkene: direct evidence for CH bond eclipsing C=H bond

Abstract A single crystal X-ray structure determination of the chiral alkene, (1Z)-1-(benzyloxymethyloxy)-3-cyclohexyl-4-phenyl-1-buten-4-ol, ( 1 ), is described. The observed conformation about the C sp2 -C sp3 bond of 1 is the C H eclipsed form in the crystal and in solution. The observed torsional angles in the acetal portion of the structure are −65° for R′-O-C-O and −59° for O-C-O-R″.
Nanochannel-based single molecule recycling.

We present a method for measuring the fluorescence from a single molecule hundreds of times without surface immobilization. The approach is based on the use of electroosmosis to repeatedly drive a single target molecule in a fused silica nanochannel through a stationary laser focus. Single molecule fluorescence detected during the transit time through the laser focus is used to repeatedly reverse the electrical potential controlling the flow direction. Our method does not rely on continuous observation and therefore is less susceptible to fluorescence blinking than existing fluorescence-based trapping schemes. The variation in the turnaround times can be used to measure the diffusion coefficient on a single molecule level. We demonstrate the ability to recycle both proteins and DNA in nanochannels and show that the procedure can be combined with single-pair Forster energy transfer. Nanochannel-based single molecule recycling holds promise for studying conformational dynamics on the same single molecule in...
Blowing of silica microforms on silicon carbide

Silicon carbide ceramics have great potential for use in harsh environment applications, however many technical challenges still need to be addressed, including high temperature stability. The oxidation of SiC in air up to temperatures of 2053 K was conducted and resulted in the formation of a thermally grown silica scale that does not prove to be protective for very high temperature applications because of its rapid degradation. Examination of the oxide scale using scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of striking features formed in a manner analogous to conventional glass blowing techniques. These features occurred for oxidation temperatures of at least 1773 K. The interfacial reaction between SiC and the oxide scale is responsible for the production of gases that must somehow escape. If the viscosity of the silica scale is low enough then it can be deformed freely by this pressure buildup.
Polycystic kidney disease: genes, proteins, animal models, disease mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities

An increased understanding of the genetic, molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for the development of polycystic kidney disease has laid out the foundation for the development of rational therapies. Many animal models where these therapies can be tested are currently available. This review summarizes the rationale for these treatments, the results of preclinical trials and the prospects for clinical trials, some already in early phases of implementation.
Defect motion energies in RbCl from ITC measurements

The ionic thermocurrent technique is used to determine the kinetics of the reorientation of impurity–vacancy dipoles in doped RbCl, and of both the reorientation and migration of vacancy pair dipoles in pure and doped specimens which had been quenched. Mit der Methode der ionischen Thermostrome wird die Kinetik der Reorientierung von Storstellen–Leerstellen-Dipolen in RbCl bestimmt, sowie die der Reorientierung und Wanderung von Leerstellenpaar-Dipolen in reinen und dotierten Proben, die zuvor abgeschreckt wurden.
Sprouting in the avian brainstem auditory pathway: Dependence on dendritic integrity

The brainstem auditory pathways of the chicken were used to examine the relationship between the maintenance of dendrites following de-nervation and the successful reinnervation (sprouting) by surviving afferents. In the system the third-order cells in n. laminaris receive spatially segregated bi-naural innervation from n. magnocellularis. Afferents from the ipsilateral n. magnocellularis innervate the dendrites on the dorsal aspect of n. laminaris cells, while afferents from contralateral magnocellular neurons innervate ventral den-drites via the crossed dorsal cochlear tract. Denervation of the ventral dendrites of n. laminaris cells by transection at the midline results in rapid and severe atrophy of the denervated dendrite. Unilateral cochlea removal induces tran-sneuronal degeneration of 30–45% of the ipsilateral magnocellular cells, thereby partially denervating one dendrite of the n. laminaris cells on each side of the brain. In animals with long-standing transections of the crossed dorsal cochlear tract there is no evidence of sprouting of fibers from the ipsilateral n. magnocellularis when the projections of the surviving magnocellular neurons are traced with degeneration methods after a secondary cochlea removal. However, when den-drites of n. laminaris are partially denervated dendrites do not disappear. Fur-thermore, secondary lesions of the crossed dorsal cochlear tract or secondary cochlea removal reveal that these denervated dendrites are reinnervated by the afferents from the opposite n. magnocellularis which are normally restricted to the opposite dendrite of the n. laminaris cells.
METABOLISM OF ORALLY ADMINISTERED 75SE-SELENITE BY THE PIG.

Abstract Analysis of Sephadex G-150 gel filtration fractions of erythrocyte (RBC) lysates from two pigs prior to oral dosing with 75 Se revealed that stable selenium was distributed about equally between glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and hemoglobin (Hb). Hb accounted for approximately one-third of total RBC GPx activity. Blood samples from the first pig dosed once by gavage with 100 μCi 75 Se-selenite showed that whole blood 75 Se rose rapidly, peaking at 60 hours. The majority of 75 Se was found in plasma at all times. Gel filtration showed that initially several protein fractions contained 75 Se, but by 8 hours afterwards the majority of plasma 75 Se was associated with a single protein fraction, eluting in the region of GPx. 75 Se in RBC lysate was initially associated with mainly a low molecular weight substance, but with labeling time was slowly lost from this substance with a concomitant accumulation in the fractions eluting with GPx. Approximately 20% of RBC 75 Se was associated with Hb at all times throughout the experiment. The second animal was given by gavage four doses of 100 μCi 75 Se at 0, 11, 22 and 33 hours, and sacrificed at 70 hours afterwards. Gel filtration of tissue cytosols revealed a single major 75 Se substance which coeluted with GPx in kidney and liver. In heart cytosol, however, 75 Se was associated with two major protein fractions which did not coelute with GPx activity.
Phosphorus accumulation in manure-impacted Spodosols of Florida ☆

Abstract Accumulation of phosphorus (P) in soils receiving long-term application of manure has been linked with degradation of water quality in nearby streams and lakes. The objective of this research was to determine the amounts and depth distribution of phosphorus (P) in Florida Spodosols used for dairies and beef ranches, and to relate them to various soil chemical parameters. Land areas of both active and abandoned dairies were sampled based on estimated cattle density. High cattle-density areas of both the active and abandoned dairies, i.e., the intensive and holding areas, had mean total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in the surface horizon (A) of 2500 mg kg −1 and 750 mg kg −1 , respectively compared to 30 mg kg −1 in the native area, i.e., an area largely unimpacted by animals and humans. The dairy and beef cattle pastures and the forage areas (low cattle density areas) had a mean TP concentration of 114 mg kg −1 . Concentrations of TP in the E, Bh, and Bw soil horizons were also greater in the high cattle density areas than in the low cattle density areas or in the native areas. Water-soluble P concentrations (WSP) were higher in all soil horizons of the high cattle density areas compared to the low cattle density areas and the native areas. Water-soluble P concentrations in the surface horizons of the high cattle density areas averaged 3.4% of TP which suggests that a substantial amount of P could be transported either vertically or laterally with subsurface drainage. Double acid-extractable P (DAP) concentrations, which could be used as an indicator of potentially leachable P, were considerably higher than WSP concentrations and averaged (over all land-uses) 42, 44, 57 and 31% of TP for the A, E, Bh, and Bw horizons, respectively. The association of WSP, DAP, and TP with the soil chemical parameters measured in this study showed a varied relationship with double acid-extractable Ca and Mg and oxalate-extractable Fe and Al. Overall, these results show the accumulation of large amounts of P in high cattle density areas. Significant amounts of this P were in forms that are potentially leachable, i.e., WSP and DAP. Higher concentrations of all P forms in the subsurface horizons (E, Bh, Bw) of high cattle density areas confirm the downward transport of P in these manure-laden Spodosols.
A simplified method for in situ embedding of monolayer cultures for electron microscopy

A simple method for the in situ embedding of cell cultures for electron microscopy has been developed. The procedure is carried out in its entirety within the culture flask, using only standard fixing and embedding reagents. Precoating of the supporting surface of the flask with alternative substrates is not required. This method permits precise orientation of samples with respect to the phase-contrast image of living cultures.
Singer line orbits in PG(3,q)

Abstract A complete characterization of reguli that are contained in Singer line orbits is given. The characterization is field theoretic and depends upon modeling PG(3,q) by the finite field GF(q4), viewed as a four-dimensional vector space over GF(q). As applications of this characterization one is able to construct various balanced incomplete block designs and group divisible designs, the most interesting one having the parameters of a (q+1)-fold cover of an inversive plane. A robust method for constructing large families of mutually inequivalent unembeddable translation nets of order q2 and deficiency q is also given.
Caffeic acid activity against Clostridium botulinum spores

Caffeic acid (CA) is widely distributed among higher fruits and vegetables. While CA has antimicrobial activity, little information exists on its utility as a food additive. As such, CA was tested for activity against Clostridium botulinum spores. At 0.78 and 3.25 mM, CA inhibited germination for 6 and 24 hr, respectively, with > 100 mM required to render spores nonviable. CA concentrations greater than or equal to 50 mM reduced 80 degrees C spore thermal resistance. Sporostatic activity was retained when tested in commercial meat broths, and 5.0 mM CA delayed toxigenesis. Caffeic acid has potential as a food additive to inhibit growth of C. botulinum, and reduce thermal processing requirements of heat sensitive foods.
Ixodes dammini: induced skin lesions in guinea pigs and rabbits compared to erythema chronicum migrans in patients with lyme arthritis.

Abstract Erythematous skin lesions occurred in rabbits 2 days after being fed upon by larvae or nymphs of the tick, Ixodes dammini . Similar lesions occurred in guinea pigs 7 days after a primary infestation with either larvae or nymphs. Host resistance to secondary feeding by larvae was demonstrated in guinea pigs and rabbits. Host resistance to secondary feeding by nymphs was seen in guinea pigs, but not in rabbits. Guinea pigs developed resistance to nymphs after being previously fed upon twice by larvae. All skin lesions in resistant guinea pigs contained large accumulations of basophils (49–76% of cells) with smaller (20–33%), but significant, numbers of eosinophils. These responses were characteristic of strong cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity reactions. Primary and secondary lesions in rabbits fed upon by larvae contained mostly mononuclear cells (46–52%) and moderate numbers (16–30%) of basophils and eosinophils. Primary and secondary lesions in rabbits fed upon by nymphs had few (3–11%) basophils and eosinophils and were dominated by mononuclear cells (73–86%). Thus, acquired resistance in guinea pigs and rabbits was associated with cutaneous basophil and eosinophil responses and the lack of resistance of rabbits to nymphs was associated with erythematous lesions dominated by mononuclear cells. The mononuclear nature of rabbit lesions induced by nymphal feeding was similar to that seen in erythema chronicum migrans in Lyme arthritis patients who are thought to have been fed upon by I. dammini nymphs. This study confirms the cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity characteristics of lesions in guinea pigs resistant to ticks and demonstrates a relationship between the mononuclear cell response of rabbits to nymphal I. dammini and the cellular response seen in patients with erythema chronicum migrans and Lyme arthritis.
Flight-test determination of aircraft cruise characteristics using acceleration and deceleration techniques

A flight-test technique has been developed under NASA Dryden sponsorship NSG 4028 to predict aircraft cruise performance characteristics. The technique used acceleration and deceleration maneuvers to define baseline aerodynamic and propulsion system characteristics, which were then input to a performance modeling prediction program. Conventional stabilized 'speed power' tests, which are normally used for cruise performance definition, can comprise a large portion of the flight time in a program. A significant reduction in flight time was estimated using the performance modeling approach with associated savings in cost and schedule. A 20-h verification flight-test program was accomplished.
High energy electron radiotherapy in a magnetic field

We propose the use of high energy electrons in a strong local magnetic field as the ionizing beam in radiation therapy. A high kinetic energy insures that the electrons will penetrate to deep‐seated tumor masses. A high magnetic field of several tesla in the region encompassing the tumor will confine the high energy electrons to the tumor volume before the scattering of the beam becomes excessive, thus producing an enhanced electron ‘‘Bragg peak’’ and highly localized strong radiationdose. The conclusions are based on a detailed Monte Carlo model which includes Landau straggling, multiple scattering, and the space dependence of the magnetic field.
Electrophysiological and psychophysical measures of interocular suppression.

Previous studies of the effect of interocular suppression on VEP amplitude have shown that gratings presented steadily to one eye result in a significant reduction in the amplitude of VEPs elicited by flashed gratings in the other eye when orientation and spatial frequency of gratings presented to each eye are similar. The present study reveals that psychophysical thresholds for flashed gratings are significantly elevated when subjects view checkerboards having fundamental Fourier components of the same spatial frequency and orientation in the contralateral eye. This effect is greater in the periphery than in the fovea. Checkerboard stimuli of different orientation had no differential interocular suppressing effects on VEPs to flashed gratings. These results suggest that while psychophysical detection of patterned stimuli relies most on the fundamental Fourier components, VEP amplitude is equally influenced by the fundamental and higher harmonic spatial frequency components. The VEP to patterned stimuli derives, for the most part, from macular stimulation, but the influence of the fundamental Fourier components on the psychophysical threshold is greater in retinal areas adjacent to the macula.
Code hunt as platform for gamification of cybersecurity training

The nation needs more cybersecurity professionals. Beyond just a general shortage, women, African Americans, and Latino Americans are underrepresented in the field. This not only contributes to the scarcity of qualified cybersecurity professionals, but the absence of diversity leads to a lack of perspective and differing viewpoints. Part of the problem is that cybersecurity suffers from barriers to entry that include expensive training, exclusionary culture, and the need for costly infrastructure. In order for students to start learning about cybersecurity, access to training, infrastructure and subject matter experts is imperative. The existing Code Hunt framework, used to help students master programming, could be a springboard to help reduce the challenges facing students interested in cybersecurity. Code Hunt offers gamification, community supported development, and a cloud infrastructure that provides an on-ramp to immediate learning. Leveraging Code Hunt's structured gaming model can addresses these weaknesses and makes cybersecurity training more accessible to those without the means or inclination to participate in more traditional cybersecurity competitions.
Using an Advanced Computational Laboratory Experiment to Extend and Deepen Physical Chemistry Students' Understanding of Atomic Structure.

A computational laboratory experiment is described, which involves the advanced study of an atomic system. The students use concepts and techniques typically covered in a physical chemistry course but extend those concepts and techniques to more complex situations. The students get a chance to explore the study of atomic states and perform calculations at a high enough level to provide predicted emission lines in good agreement with literature results. The specific exercise described applies these methods to fifth period transition metals (ground-state systems) and to various configurations of several period two representative elements (both ground and excited states). The computations are performed with programs written by Froese Fisher and co-workers, which perform Hartree–Fock (HF), multiconfiguration HF, and configuration interaction calculations. Since these are atomic systems, the angular dependence of the orbital functions can be described by spherical harmonics (or combinations thereof), which lea...
Explicit Dynamics Analysis for Harmonic Drives

Harmonic drive can have a high nonlinear dynamic behavior. In order to find a way to simulate its operating process and evaluate its performance, this paper gave an introduction of different methods of tooth contact analysis (TCA) and found out that explicit dynamics as a newly used tool for TCA is the most suitable one. Because the harmonic drive’s high contact ratio and uncertainty of contact boundary match with explicit dynamics’ features of explicit algorithm, trajectory detection to deal with contact. A harmonic drive with a new tooth profile has been modeled in Ansys Workbench and solved by explicit dynamics solver. According to the results, the deformation of the simulation model has been compared with the theoretical calculation and experimental observation to make sure that the model reflects the harmonic drive’s elastic behavior correctly. And the nonlinear behavior of the harmonic drive including high contact ratio and output’s hysteresis effect can be predicted by explicit dynamics. So explicit dynamics can offer a new way to simulate harmonic drive’s working process. As a general case of gear drive, this method is possible to be widely adopted by gear industry in the future. Furthermore, the contact ratio and root fillet stress results show that the new tooth profile can significantly reduce the stress concentration to increase the fatigue life of the harmonic drive.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Rotating bending fatigue response of laser processed porous NiTi alloy

Abstract Porous implants are known to promote cell adhesion and have low elastic modulus, a combination that can significantly increase the life of an implant. However, porosity can significantly reduce the fatigue life of porous implants. Very little work has been reported on the fatigue behavior of bulk porous metals, specifically on porous nitinol (NiTi) alloy. In this article, we report high-cycle rotating bending fatigue response of porous NiTi alloys fabricated using Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS™). Samples were characterized in terms of monotonic mechanical properties and microstructural features. Rotating bending fatigue results showed that the presence of 10% porosity in NiTi alloys can decrease the actual fatigue failure stress, at 10 6 cycles, up to 54% and single reversal failure stress by ~ 30%. From fractographic analysis, it is clear that the effect of surface porosity dominates the rotating bending fatigue failure of porous NiTi samples.
Imaging follow-up of endovascular repair of type B aortic dissection with dual-source, dual-energy CT and late delayed-phase scans.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the diagnostic performance of dual-energy (DE) computed tomography (CT) after thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) of type B dissection, and to investigate the value of late delayed (LD) acquisition in endoleak detection and false lumen patency assessment. Materials and Methods Twenty-four patients with TEVAR for type B dissection underwent 53 tripe-phase CT examinations. Single-source unenhanced acquisition was followed by single-source arterial-phase and DE LD phase (300-s delay) imaging. Virtual noncontrast images were generated from DE acquisition. Two blinded radiologists retrospectively evaluated the cases in three reading sessions: session A (triphasic protocol), session B (virtual noncontrast and arterial phase), and session C (virtual noncontrast and arterial and LD phases). Endoleak detection accuracy during sessions B and C compared with session A (reference standard) was investigated. False lumen patency was assessed. Effective radiation dose was calculated. Results Session A revealed 37 endoleaks in 30 of 53 studies (56.6%). Session B revealed 31 of the 37 endoleaks, with one false-positive case, 83.8% sensitivity, 95.8% specificity, 79.3% negative predictive value, and 96.9% positive predictive value. Session C correctly depicted all 37 endoleaks, with one false-positive case, 100% sensitivity, 95.8% specificity, 100% negative predictive value, and 97.4% positive predictive value. Underestimation of false lumen patency was found in session B ( P = .013). Virtual noncontrast imaging resulted in 17% radiation exposure reduction. Conclusions Virtual noncontrast imaging can replace standard unenhanced images in follow-up after TEVAR of type B dissection, thus reducing radiation dose. Delayed-phase imaging is valuable in low-flow endoleaks detection and false lumen patency assessment.
RELIGIOUS DIFFERENTIALS IN REPRODUCTION: THE EFFECTS OF SECTARIAN EDUCATION

College-educated Catholic women in the 1976 National Survey of Family Growth had higher actual and expected fertility than did college educated Protestants. Moreover, Catholic colleges or universities had a pronatalist effect on alumnae. Thus, a significant part of the higher Catholic than Protestant cumulative fertility among college-educated women arose from the greater propensity of such Catholics to attend sectarian schools and colleges. The implications are explored.
DNA identification and surveillance creep

L'identification d'un individu a partir de l'ADN collecte dans la salive, le liquide seminale, ou dans un morceau de cheveu tend a devenir une pratique de plus en plus courante. En 1983, en Grande-Bretagne, cette technique permit d'identifier un violeur. En 1995, le Department of Defense impose le prelevement d'ADN sur chaque soldat americain afin de permettre d'identifier des individus morts en operation. Le FBI a mis en place, en 1993, un fichier genetique, le CODIS, destine a permettre l'identification des personnes disparues, des victimes de catastrophes ou celle des criminels. L'A. rappelle qu'en 1989, en Grande-Bretagne, le gouvernement Thatcher a autorise la mise en place d'un fichier genetique d'identification des emigres. Les Etats-Unis sont sur le point de developper un projet similaire. L'opinion publique americaine voit dans la constitution de fichiers genetiques une source d'atteinte aux libertes et a la vie privee, un instrument de surveillance et de traque des groupes et des individus, de harcelement des militants politiques. Elle craint egalement la diffusion des informations collectees aupres des banques ou des employeurs. L'A. souligne que le degre de confidentialite des fichiers d'identification est variable et difficile a garantir. En Virgine et au Massachusetts, la collecte d'ADN sur les criminels non violents a ete interdite par decision de justice
Explaining U.S. Military Strategy in Vietnam: Thinking Clearly about Causation

Cost distribution theory suggests that the costs to the median voter in a democracy of fighting an insurgency with firepower are relatively low compared to a more labor-intensive approach. Therefore, this voter will favor a capitalintensive counterinsurgency campaign despite the resulting diminished prospects of victory. Primary and secondary sources show that President Lyndon Johnson and his civilian aides were very much aware that, although they considered a main force—focused and firepower-intensive strategy to be largely ineffective against the insurgency in South Vietnam, it was politically more popular in the United States. Importantly, civil-military agreement on warfighting strategy does not undermine this explanation, which assumes that civilian leaders, and ultimately the public, play an essential role in that strategy's determination. Appointing and supporting Gen. William Westmoreland was just one means by which the Johnson administration ensured that the U.S. military emphasized the fight aga...
A technique to produce coherent X-ray radiation via laser pumping of a relativistic ion beam☆

Abstract The level population of a beam of relativistic positive ions with Z ⩾ 2 having a single bound electron may be inverted by the application of a “π pulse” of laser radiation tuned to the Doppler shifted 1s-2p transition. When the laser beam and ion beam move in opposite directions the required laser frequency is reduced by a factor 2γ. Subsequently applied short wavelength resonant radiation moving in the same direction as the ion beam (with an inverted population) will be amplified via stimulated emission, the wavelength in the laboratory frame now being shorter than the origional laser wavelength by a factor (2γ)2.
Screening newborn infantsfor galactosemia

Summary The dye decolorization test is an easy and reliable method for the screening of galactosemia in the newborn infant. In a pilot study involving 430 infants, it was found that the decolorization time may be prolonged by low hematocrit values, excessive storage of the specimen, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, as well as with galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase deficiency; these factors must be taken into consideration in interpreting an abnormal result.
Total synthesis of oxidized welwitindolinones and (-)-N-methylwelwitindolinone C isonitrile.

We report the total synthesis of (−)-N-methylwelwitindolinone C isonitrile, in addition to the total syntheses of the 3-hydroxylated welwitindolinones. Our routes to these elusive natural products feature the strategic use of a deuterium kinetic isotope effect to improve the efficiency of a late-stage nitrene insertion reaction. We also provide a computational prediction for the stereochemical configuration at C3 of the hydroxylated welwitindolinones, which was confirmed by experimental studies.
Neuromuscular complications in HIV.

HIV affects many organs of the body, including the nervous system. As a result, a series of neurologic complications have created challenges for scientists and clinicians alike. Among these, HIV-associated neuropathy and myopathy may occur at all stages of the disease process. Of the neuropathies, distal symmetrical polyneuropathy is the most common form. The pathogenesis of primary HIV neuropathy is unknown. Other types of neuropathy seen in HIV-infected subjects include toxic neuropathy, inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, progressive polyradiculopathy, and mononeuritis multiplex. In this review, we present the clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of different types of neuropathy in HIV infection. Myopathy, another complication of HIV, is not associated with any particular stage of immunosuppression. Symptoms include symmetrical weakness of the proximal muscles in the extremities. Serum creatine kinase levels are often moderately elevated. Electromyography and muscle biopsy are helpful tests for diagnosis. Treatment of HIV myopathy includes corticosteroids, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents, and intravenous immunoglobulin.
Do Investors React Differently to Range and Point Management Earnings Forecasts

This study investigates the differential effects of range and point management earnings forecasts. I focus on investors' reactions to earnings forecasts with both favorable and unfavorable outcomes under high information uncertainty. Based on theories in judgment and decision making, I predict that investors' reactions to range forecasts depend on the perceived favorability of earnings forecasts. Experimental results are consistent with the prediction. Participants allocate the most resources to firms issuing favorable range forecasts and the least to those with unfavorable range forecasts. Interestingly, range and point forecasts do not have differential effects on participants' earnings predictions, confidence judgments, and risk judgments.
Description of SHOOT command and monitoring system

Abstract This paper describes the command and monitoring software developed for the Superfluid Helium On-Orbit Transfer (SHOOT) experiment, which was a payload flown aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour during the STS-57 mission. The SHOOT command and monitoring system (CMS) was used for all phases of the experiment from early hardware testing, system integration and pad servicing, through to flight operations and post-flight data analysis. The design, architecture and features of the CMS are discussed, with an emphasis on the operations unique to a space-borne experiment. In addition, certain aspects which relate directly to cryogenics and superfluid helium are described.
Leakage and Resonance Effects on Guiding Structures for Optical and Millimeter Waves

Several interesting guiding structures, which utilize dielectric strips, have been proposed during the past few years for use in optical and millimeter wave integrated circuits. The sides of these strips create TE-TM coupling which has so far been neglected in published analyses. Under suitable conditions, this coupling produces new physical effects: leakage and resonance. A simple qualitative explanation of the origin of these effects is presented, together with numerical results obtained from detailed analyses, which illustrate for several structures how these effects are manifested and under what conditions they occur.
Studies on the mechanism of inhibition of lipolysis by phenoxybenzamine

Abstract Lipolysis of higher triglycerides is inhibited by phenoxybenzamine (POBA) in the case of high molecular weight lipase and not the low molecular weight lipase described in the literature. The inhibition increased with increasing chain length of the fatty acyl moiety of the triglycerides. Phenoxybenzamine also inhibited epinephrine stimulated lipolysis in the isolated fat cells. Studies on preincubation of the enzymes and substrates with POBA before assay and NMR spectra of the substrates in the presence of POBA suggest that POBA being lipophylic, binds the substrate triglycerides and the lipid which are associated with the enzyme. This binding probably alters the interfacial surface where the enzyme action takes place.
Analysis of the NEAR star tracker flight data

The NEAR spacecraft uses a star tracker for precision attitude determination and employs techniques for autonomous star identification and tracking. Outdoor test data and flight data have been analyzed to characterize the performance. Both types of data show good agreement in general with calibration data. Results from the outdoor tests were used to improve models of the tracker in simulations used for software development and test. This paper briefly describes the guidance and control system and star tracker, simulations, and star catalogs. The remainder of the paper discusses the analysis of the flight data and compares the performance results with calibration data.
Engineered bacteriophage-defence systems in bioprocessing

Bacteriophages (phages) have the potential to interfere with any industry that produces bacteria as an end product or uses them as biocatalysts in the production of fermented products or bioactive molecules. Using microorganisms that drive food bioprocesses as an example, this review will describe a set of genetic tools that are useful in the engineering of customized phage-defence systems. Special focus will be given to the power of comparative genomics as a means of streamlining target selection, providing more widespread phage protection, and increasing the longevity of these industrially important bacteria in the bioprocessing environment.
Boost first, eliminate systematic error, and individualize CTV to PTV margin when treating lymph nodes in high-risk prostate cancer.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this report is to evaluate the movement of the planning target volume (PTV) in relation to the pelvic lymph nodes (PLNs) during treatment of high-risk prostate cancer. Patients and methods We reviewed the daily treatment course of ten consecutively treated patients with high-risk prostate cancer. PLNs were included in the initial PTV for each patient. Daily on-board imaging of gold fiducial markers implanted in the prostate was used; daily couch shifts were made as needed and recorded. We analyzed how the daily couch shifts impacted the dose delivered to the PLN. Results A PLN clinical target volume was identified in each man using CT–based treatment planning. At treatment planning, median minimum planned dose to the PLN was 95%, maximum 101%, and mean 97%. Daily couch shifting to prostate markers degraded the dose slightly; median minimum dose to the PLN was 92%, maximum, 101%, and mean delivered, 96%. We found two cases, where daily systematic shifts resulted in an underdosing of the PLN by 9% and 29%, respectively. In other cases, daily shifts were random and led to a mean 2.2% degradation of planned to delivered PLN dose. Conclusions We demonstrated degradation of the delivered dose to PLN PTV, which may occur if daily alignment only to the prostate is considered. To improve PLN PTV, it maybe preferable to deliver the prostate/boost treatment first, and adapt the PTV of the pelvic/nodal treatment to uncertainties documented during prostate/boost treatment.
Towards a systems biology of the built environment

Abstract General systems and cybernetics theories indicate that systems which maintain internal steady states, while existing in variable environments, require a continuous flow of energy through themselves in order to maintain their ordered, homeostatic states. These sorts of homeostatic systems show certain behaviors which allow them to be classified as living systems, or organisms. It is shown here that buildings are homeostatic systems, which, due to their functional behavior, may be classified as living systems. The description and analysis of buildings as living systems is the systems biology of the built environment. The energy processing aspects of buildings which depend on renewable energies are graphically compared to the energy processing aspects of organisms, and they are shown to be functionally equivalent. Buildings may include the same matter-energy and information processing subsystems as simple organisms. Strategies for integrating these subsystems in buildings include having multiple systems for each job; having each system do many jobs; and having subsystem outputs become another subsystem's inputs. Buildings could eventually include the same intellegence, learning, and evolutionary subsystems and abilities as humans. The potential exists for buildings to be highly responsive to both their external environment, and to the desires of their occupants within their internal environments. The systems biology of the built environment begins to suggest ways this human-building co-evolutionary symbiosis could occur.
Marxism in the Post-Communist World

Marx was and remained a philosopher. This simple fact was forgotten when Marxism became a system. Now that the system has been defeated, the philosophy re-emerges. However, its "Marxist" adherents have never understood that this philosophy was always political - in short, they have never understood politics, and there fore will never understand philosophy. Thus, the claim of the article is that, correctly read, Marx can be seen as the true philosophical founder of a modern theory of democracy.