cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deco: declarative crowdsourcing

Crowdsourcing enables programmers to incorporate "human computation" as a building block in algorithms that cannot be fully automated, such as text analysis and image recognition. Similarly, humans can be used as a building block in data-intensive applications--providing, comparing, and verifying data used by applications. Building upon the decades-long success of declarative approaches to conventional data management, we use a similar approach for data-intensive applications that incorporate humans. Specifically, declarative queries are posed over stored relational data as well as data computed on-demand from the crowd, and the underlying system orchestrates the computation of query answers. We present Deco, a database system for declarative crowdsourcing. We describe Deco's data model, query language, and our prototype. Deco's data model was designed to be general (it can be instantiated to other proposed models), flexible (it allows methods for data cleansing and external access to be plugged in), and principled (it has a precisely-defined semantics). Syntactically, Deco's query language is a simple extension to SQL. Based on Deco's data model, we define a precise semantics for arbitrary queries involving both stored data and data obtained from the crowd. We then describe the Deco query processor which uses a novel push-pull hybrid execution model to respect the Deco semantics while coping with the unique combination of latency, monetary cost, and uncertainty introduced in the crowdsourcing environment. Finally, we experimentally explore the query processing alternatives provided by Deco using our current prototype.
Examination of the filterability of oxygenated erythrocytes (containing normal, trait or sickle cell disease type hemoglobins) in the presence of L-epinephrine, D,L-isoproterenol or prostaglandins (PG) A1, A2, E1, E2, F1α or F2α

Abstract These studies were directed toward determining effects of selected vasoactive compounds on oxygenated erythrocytes. Considering the major circulatory effects that small changes in blood flow might initiate in sickle cell anemia patients, erythrocytes from individuals with this disease and from one person with the trait condition were included. PGA1, PGE1, and PGE2 significantly increase filtration times in normal erythrocytes (AA-type hemoglobin) at 10−11 M by this method. From studies of the effects of L -epinephrine, D,L -isoproterenol, PGA1, PGA2, PGE1, PGE2, PGF1α and PGF2α on red blood cell filterabilities, the following observations and conclusions appear to hold: 1. Erythrocytes from different individuals (or from the same individual at different times) vary greatly in responses to these compounds. Effects of vasoactive compounds upon red cell filterability may be positive, negligible or negative. Decreased filterability (positive effect) was seen more frequently than increased. 2. Effects are observed with all compounds on some erythrocyte preparation at every concentration tested (10−5, 10−7, 10−9, 10−11 M). 3. Where epinephrine showed significant positive effect, PGA2 and PGE2 did also when tested. The reverse was not always true. 4. For PGA and PGE analogs, the subscript 2 analogs affected filterability more frequently. 5. When significant average effects for a group of donors were produced by a given compound at a particular concentration, these effects were positive for the donors studied.
Amide modes of the alpha-helix: Raman spectroscopy of filamentous virus fd containing peptide 13C and 2H labels in coat protein subunits.

The filamentous virus fd consists of a single-stranded DNA genome sheathed by 2700 copies of a 50-residue α-helical subunit (protein pVIII) and serves as a model assembly of α-helices. To advance vibrational assignments for the α-helix, we have investigated Raman spectra of fd virions containing 13C and 2H (deuterium) labels at various main-chain sites of the pVIII subunits. 13C was introduced at specific peptide carbonyls, while deuterium was introduced at selected α-carbon (Cα) and amide nitrogen positions. Interpretation of the Raman spectra reveals a previously unrecognized α-helix band in the spectral interval 730−745 cm-1, tentatively assigned to a carbonyl in-plane bending mode (amide IV). Experimental evidence has also been obtained for a distinctive α-helix marker near 1345 cm-1, assigned to a coupled Cα−H bending and Cα−C stretching mode. The fd virions containing 13C-labeled carbonyls exhibit unexpectedly complex amide I profiles, consisting of multiple band components. Amide I splitting result...
FINE AND WILF'S THEOREM FOR PARTIAL WORDS WITH ARBITRARILY MANY WEAK PERIODS

Fine and Wilf's well-known theorem states that any word having periods p,q and length at least p+q-gcd(p,q) also has gcd(p,q) as a period. Moreover, the length p+q-gcd(p,q) is critical since counterexamples can be provided for shorter words. This result has since been extended to partial words, or finite sequences that may contain some "holes." More precisely, any partial word u with H holes having weak periods p,q and length at least the so-denoted lH(p,q) also has strong period gcd(p,q) provided u is not (H,(p,q))-special. This extension was done for one hole by Berstel and Boasson (where the class of (1,(p,q))-special partial words is empty), and for an arbitrary number of holes by Blanchet-Sadri. In this paper, we further extend these results, allowing an arbitrary number of weak periods. In addition to speciality, the concepts of intractable period sets and interference between periods play a role.
Flat lesions in CT colonography

Flat lesions have been a source of controversy because of concerns that CT colonography (CTC) is insensitive in detecting these lesions, yet they may harbor a high incidence of advanced neoplasia. The wide variation in the reported incidence of flat lesions may in part be due to the lack of a uniform definition of “flat”, and in fact in many prior reports the inclusion criteria for flat are not even clearly specified. Emphasis on the more recent CTC literature suggests that when limited the target lesion to neoplasia (adenomas or adenocarcinoma), the incidence of flat lesions is low and most can be detected by CTC. Using fecal tagging and careful attention to the proper methods of searching for flat lesions with both 3D and 2D techniques can maximize the detection of flat lesions at CTC. Computer-aided detection may be helpful.
Isolation of vascular smooth muscle cell cultures with altered responsiveness to the antiproliferative effect of heparin

Smooth muscle cell (SMC) hyperplasia in the arterial wall is an important component of both atherogenesis and post-vascular surgical restenosis. One naturally-occurring group of molecules which can suppress SMC proliferation in animal models and in cell culture systems are the complex carbohydrates of the heparan sulfate class, including heparin. In this communication, we have used retrovirus vectors to introduce several oncogenes into SMC: SV40 Large T antigen (SVLT), polyoma virus Large T antigen (PyLT), v-myc, and adenovirus E1a. We analyzed a total of 11 cultures. A combination of Western blot analysis, immunoprecipitation, and indirect immunofluorescence confirmed the expression of the infected oncogenic protein in each culture we isolated. All four oncogenes permitted the maintenance of a normal SMC phenotype, as assessed by the general morphology of cells in the light microscope and the presence of SMC-specific alpha-actin in an immunofluorescence assay. Doubling times in infected cells ranged from 20 to 33 hr, and final cell densities in infected cultures ranged from 4 x 10(4) to 5 x 10(5) cells per cm2. By comparison, the parent line had a doubling time of 30 hr and reached a final cell density of 1 x 10(5) cells per cm2. Despite the differences sometimes observed in these proliferation parameters, neither one was strongly correlated with heparin responsiveness. PyLT, v-myc, and E1a all produced SMC cultures or lines which retained sensitivity to the antiproliferative activity of heparin (ED50 = 50 micrograms/ml). In contrast, SVLT expression yielded SMC lines which were highly resistant to heparin (ED50 > 300 micrograms/ml). These results suggest that altered responsiveness to heparin is dependent upon which oncogenic protein is being expressed in the cells. The availability of cloned, immortal SMC lines with a wide range of heparin responsiveness should aid in the understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanism of action of this potentially important growth regulator and therapeutic agent.
DIGI-vis: Distributed interactive geospatial information visualization

Geospatial information systems provide an abundance of information for researchers and scientists. Unfortunately this type of data can usually only be analyzed a few megapixels at a time, giving researchers a very narrow view into these voluminous data sets. We propose a distributed data gathering and visualization system that allows researchers to view these data at hundreds of megapixels simultaneously. This system allows scientists to view real-time geospatial information at unprecedented levels expediting analysis, interrogation, and discovery.
Experimental study on operating temperature in laser-assisted milling of silicon nitride ceramics

Operating temperature plays a significant role in laser-assisted milling (LAMill) of silicon nitride ceramics. Understanding the features of temperature variation can improve the performance of LAMill. Based on the analysis of operating temperature, this paper aims to provide guidelines on parameter selection for LAMill from three aspects: laser–silicon nitride interaction mechanism, effect of parameters on temperature, and evaluation of surface quality of the machined workpieces. First, the laser–silicon nitride interaction mechanism is explored via heating experiments. It is found that the formation of silica bubbles at the thin top layer of the workpiece can slightly increase the temperature of silicon nitride workpieces due to the heat energy released from the oxidation process. Then, the trends of temperature variations in LAMill are obtained through a parametric study. The key parameters such as laser power, laser beam diameter, feed rate, and preheat time are highlighted. At last, the surface quality of the machined workpieces under different operating temperatures is evaluated in terms of edge chipping, surface finish, and surface residual stress. It is shown that high operating temperature leads to low cutting force, good surface finish, small edge chipping, and low residual stress. In addition, the temperature range for brittle-to-ductile transition should be avoided since the cutting force decreases slowly due to the rapid increase of fracture toughness.
Bounds for Eigenfunctions of the Laplacian on Compact Riemannian Manifolds

Suppose that φ is an eigenfunction of −Δ with eigenvalue λ≠0. It is proved that ‖φ‖∞⩽c1λn−14 ‖φ‖2, where n is the dimension of M and c1 depends only upon a bound for the absolute value of the sectional curvature of M and a lower bound for the injectivity radius of M. It is then shown that if M admits an isometric circle action, and the metric is generic, one has exceptional sequences of eigenfunctions satisfying the complementary bounds ‖φk‖∞⩾c2λn−18k ‖φ‖2.
The effect of norepinephrine on the digital veins

Abstract Norepinephrine decreased the mean rate of digital flow and the basal and maximal rates of pulsatile flow to the digit of man, as recorded rheoplethysmographically. Evidence was also obtained which indicated that the postcapillary vessels as well as the precapillary vessels were constricted by norepinephrine. It seems likely that norepinephrine “squeezes” blood from the venules and small veins toward the heart and lungs, accounting in part for the increase in central venous volume and pressure. The tone of the larger vessels is also increased by the drug. These events could be detrimental to the patient in congestive heart failure with high central venous pressure and blood volume.
Training caregivers to facilitate communicative participation of preschool children with language impairment during storybook reading.

Abstract This study reports the effects of training six adult caregivers to use an interactive reading routine, termed Complete Reading Cycle (CRC), during storybook reading with their preschool children, aged 3;2 to 3;5, who exhibited language impairment. Caregivers were taught to be more responsive to their children’s communicative attempts during reading and to more actively engage the children in reading the story. Measures of child change included communicative participation and lexical diversity of utterances during adult–child shared reading. Children significantly increased the frequency of communicative turns, total number of words, and number of different words produced during shared storybook reading as a result of caregiver training. Five of the six children had higher mean frequencies for story initiations during training. However, increases in initiations were not statistically significant, with considerable variability across children for this measure. Learning outcomes (1) As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to discuss positive communicative changes in children with language impairment during adult–child storybook reading. (2) As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to use the storybook reading procedures with parents of preschool children exhibiting language impairment.
Supernode Binary Search Trees

Balanced binary search tree structures such as AVL, red-black, and splay trees store exactly one element per node. We propose supernode versions of these structures in which each node may have a large number of elements. Some properties of supernode binary search tree structures are established. Experiments oonducted by us show that the supernode structures proposed by us use less space than do the corresponding one-element-per-node versions and also take less time for the standard dictionary operations: search, insert and delete.
Functionalized Ultrabright Fluorescent Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles

The problem of functionalization of recently reported ultrabright fluorescent mesoporous silica nanoparticles while preserving their fluorescent brightness is solved. This is a serious issue because of the open geometry of mesoporous channels and physical encapsulation of fluorescent dye inside those channels. Amine modification of mesoporous nanoparticles is described to preserve the brightness comparable to that of earlier reported ultrabright silica nanoparticles. Scaling to 40 nm sized particles, amine-functionalized nanoparticle have fluorescent brightness equivalent to the one of 630 free rhodamine 6G (R6G) dye molecules in water. To demonstrate further most challenging functionalization, which relies on using organic-solvent-based chemistry, folic acid conjugation is developed. Two different methods are used to conjugate folites to the amine functionalities. Both methods result in a decrease of fluorescence intensity, which can nonetheless still be called ultrabright. The brightness can drop to either 310 or 80 R6G dye molecules per particle of nominal diameter of 40 nm.
Influence of interannual rainfall anomalies on sea level variations in the tropical Indian Ocean

[1] A halo-thermal, reduced-gravity model with four active layers is used to investigate how interannual rainfall anomalies affect sea surface height (SSH) variability in the Indian Ocean. The model is forced by monthly varying winds observed over the period 1980–2000 in two experiments that differ by their rainfall forcing, Run FSU and Run Arkin, forced by climatological and interannually varying rainfall, respectively. Compared to the large impact of wind on SSH (about 30 cm), the impact of rain is much smaller. Its maximum (found in the southeastern Indian Ocean during the rainfall deficits of 1994 and 1997) is only 2 cm. Because rainfall significantly affects model salinity and temperature, the deficits make the layers of Run Arkin colder and saltier than in Run FSU, causing a −5 cm change in sea level. Baroclinic adjustments also occur such that the top (bottom) two layers are thicker (thinner), increasing sea level by 3 cm and hence significantly reducing the SSH change due to steric effects alone. SSH variability in either Run Arkin or Run FSU compares very well with TOPEX data. Although the impact of rainfall on SSH is negligible, salinity variations significantly affect dynamic-height calculations of SSH. In the model, the neglect of salinity variations leads to an error of 5 to 10 cm along the eastern boundary, in the Bay of Bengal, and in the interior ocean south of 8°S. This error is validated by the difference between TOPEX data and SSH derived from observed temperature profiles.
Hunting for the Active Sites of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering: A New Strategy Based on Single Silver Particles

Three major findings are reported here. First, a new technique based on lithographic modification with a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) has been developed for fabricating single Ag particles on atomically flat Au(111) surfaces. Second, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from one isolated Ag particle has been observed and quantified for the first time. The enhancement factor due to one Ag particle of about 1 μm diameter is on the order of 104. This factor includes contributions from all forms of chemical enhancement, which are smaller than 102. Finally, strong evidence suggests the importance of clusters containing closely-spaced particles. Extra enhancement due to clusters of randomly distributed Ag particles is around 102. We believe that the extra enhancement is spatially localized near the gap sites between two particles in proximity. These gap sites form an important class of SERS-active sites.
Reduction of lead-induced hypercalcemia by calcitonin: comparison between thyroid-intact and thyroidectomized rats.

This report examines the ability of either exogenous or endogenous calcitonin to reduce the degree of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia which follows an intravenous injection of lead acetate (20 mg/kg body weight). Blood samples were obtained prior to and 1 h after lead injection. The experimental groups were normal young adult rats; rats with autotransplanted parathyroid glands and functional thyroids (TI); and rats bearing transplanted parathyroids which were also thyroidectomized (TX). The normal rats were fed ad libitum and injected with calcitonin (40 pg/g body weight) after an overnight fast. Rats with parathyroid transplants were trained to a 0900 h feeding schedule and studied at sequential times related to feeding. TX rats were compared to TI animals and to TX rats injected postprandially with calcitonin. The following results were obtained: (a) When lead was injected into fasted normal rats, the ability of calcitonin to reduce the lead-induced hypercalcemia developed within 1 h after hormone administration. By 4 h after calcitonin injection this effect of the hormone had essentially disappeared. (b) In TI rats trained to a 0900 h feeding schedule, the degree of lead-induced hypercalcemia was less than that in TX rats for most time periods after consuming either a calcium-containing or a calcium-free meal. (c) Calcitonin injected postprandially into TX rats brought the response in these rats back in line with TI animals but only for the projected biological life of the hormone. It is concluded that the reduction in lead-induced hypercalcemia seen in TI rats is indicative of the presence of circulating endogenous calcitonin. It is suggested that this effect of calcitonin is a reflection of its biochemical action in bone cells and may be related to accumulation of phosphate induced by the hormone.
New techniques: EXO and other tracking detectors

Neutrinoless double beta ( β β 0 ν ) decay has become an area of interest of the neutrino physics community. A new generation of ββ -experiments is under design or construction to provide clear and unambiguous evidence for double beta decay, should it exist. These experiments aim to optimize the key aspects of β β 0 ν -experiments: source strength, detection efficiency, energy resolution, and background. This article will focus on tracking detectors, with emphasis on the EXO experiment.
Reference-free damage detection by means of wavelet transform and empirical mode decomposition applied to Lamb waves

Guided ultrasonic waves are increasingly used in all those structural health monitoring applications that benefit from built-in transduction, moderately large inspection ranges, and high sensitivit...
Self-disclosure and the commitment to social change

Abstract In the Women's Studies classroom, where there is a commitment to bringing about social change by means of new course form and content, feminists have developed new strategies for teaching. Among the strategies of this feminist pedagogy is ‘self-disclosure’, a way of teaching that bridges the personal with the academic, humanizing the teacher and personalizing the teaching process. This paper explores the theory behind ‘self-disclosure’, provides examples of how and where it has been most effective, and analyzes the limitations of its effectiveness.
Ethylenediaminetetra(methylenephosphonic) acid (EDTPO) as a therapeutic chelating agent

Abstract Ethylenediaminetetra(methylenephosphonic) acid (EDTPO), when administered as its calcium salt, is an effective antidote for acute intoxication by a number of metal ions. Significant antidotal action was found for the following cations: Cd2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Be2+ and UO2+2. Because EDTPO is capable of chelating more than one calcium ion, better results were obtained when the Ca2EDTPO complex was administered.
Benzene pyrolysis and soot formation at high temperatures

Abstract Benzene was pyrolized at high temperatures (up to 1900°C) in a Knudsen cell and at pressures from 10 −3 torr to 5 torr. The products are examined using a modulated beam mass spectrometer. Concentration profiles are given for all important gas phase products as a function of temperature at fixed flow into the cell. The results suggest that at the higher pressures the pyrolysis process is bimolecular involving the reaction of an excited benzene molecule with benzene at low temperatures and goes over to a more direct process above 1200°C. At low pressures soot and hydrogen are the dominant products.
Adjusting Chinese income inequality for environmental equity

Given the extensive discussion of China's air pollution and urban income inequality problems, relatively little attention has been paid to any relationship which may exist between the two. This paper seeks to do so, by exploring the existence of environmental equity in China. Specifically, we first calculate traditional measures of urban income inequality (the Gini coefficient and Theil's T and L indices) for the years 1995 and 2004. Then, we estimate ‘pollution-adjusted’ incomes using China-based health functions and economic valuation studies, and recalculate the income (or now welfare) inequality measures. The results indicate that as pollution cleanup efforts gain traction over time, the regressive consequences of pollution may diminish. We thus conclude with an encouraging note for developing countries: improving welfare distribution can coexist with an improving environment.
FLUCTUATION BROADENING OF THE PLASMA RESONANCE LINE IN THE VORTEX LIQUID STATE OF LAYERED SUPERCONDUCTORS

The Josephson plasma resonance (JPR) provides a sensitive probe of vortex states in layered superconductors. We demonstrate that in the case of weak damping in the liquid phase, broadening of the JPR line is caused mainly by random Josephson coupling arising from the density fluctuations of pancake vortices. In this case the JPR line has the universal shape, which is determined only by parameters of the superconductors and temperature. This mechanism gives a natural explanation for the experimentally observed asymmetric lineshape. The tail at high frequencies arises due to mixing of the propagating plasma modes by random Josephson coupling, while the tail at small frequencies is caused by the localized plasma modes originating from a rare fluctuation suppression of the Josephson coupling in large areas. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Intercalative Stacking: A Critical Feature of DNA Charge-Transport Electrochemistry

In electrochemistry experiments on DNA-modified electrodes, features of the redox probe that determine efficient charge transport through DNA-modified surfaces have been explored using methylene blue (MB^+) and Ru(NH_3)_6^(3+) as DNA-binding redox probes. The electrochemistry of these molecules is studied as a function of ionic strength to determine the necessity of tight binding to DNA and the number of electrons involved in the redox reaction; on the DNA surface, MB^+ displays 2e^-/1H^+ electrochemistry (pH 7) and Ru(NH^3)_6^(3+) displays 1e^- electrochemistry. We examine also the effect of electrode surface passivation and the effect of the mode (intercalation or electrostatic) of MB^+ and Ru(NH_3)_6^(3+) binding to DNA to highlight the importance of intercalation for reduction by a DNA-mediated charge-transport pathway. Furthermore, in experiments in which MB^+ is covalently linked to the DNA through a σ-bonded tether and the ionic strength is varied, it is demonstrated that intercalative stacking rather than covalent σ-bonding is essential for efficient reduction of MB^+. The results presented here therefore establish that efficient charge transport to the DNA-binding moiety in DNA films requires intercalative stacking and is mediated by the DNA base pair array.
Chromatic expansions of generalized functions

Chromatic series expansions of bandlimited functions have recently been introduced as an alternative representation of the Whittaker–Shannon–Kotel'nikov sampling series. Chromatic series share similar properties with the Taylor series insofar as the coefficients of the expansions, which are called chromatic derivatives, are based on the ordinary derivatives of the function. The goal of this paper is to extend the notion of chromatic derivatives and series to spaces of generalized functions and obtain chromatic series for integral transforms of generalized functions, such as the Laplace, Fourier, and Hankel transforms.
Serial reconstruction of β-protein amyloid plaques: relationship to microvessels and size distribution

Abstract The suggestion that the amyloid plaques in Alzheimer disease are formed by abnormal leakage from microvessels is mainly based on the finding that many plaques are topographically associated with microvessels. However, because the microvessel network is dense and amyloid plaques are numerous, the frequently observed association may result from chance contact, especially for larger plaques. Therefore, we determined the frequency of this association as a variable of plaque size. If all the amyloid plaques are associated with microvessels, a constant and high rate of association would be expected for all plaque sizes. On the other hand, if the association is a chance contact, larger plaques would show more frequent contact than smaller ones. Sections were double-immunostained for amyloid plaques and microvessels, with antibodies raised against β-protein and collagen type IV, respectively. Amyloid plaques were reconstructed using 12 serial sections (7 μm thick) from the entorhinal cortex of two Alzheimer patients. With reconstruction we determined the size distribution of amyloid plaques as well as the influence of size on vascular association. All the amyloid plaques larger than 42 μm were associated with microvessels, however, the smaller the amyloid plaques, the less frequently they were associated with microvessels. Interestingly, although diffuse amyloid plaques occur in all size classes, core-containing amyloid plaques have a more discrete size. We conclude that the topographical relationship between amyloid deposition and capillaries does not support the leakage theory for amyloid plaque formation.
Melittin inhibits epidermal growth factor-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation: comparison with phorbol myristate acetate and calcium ionophore A23187.

Abstract In HER14 cells, epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins, including its own receptor. The bee venom peptide, melittin, impaired EGF-dependent protein tyrosine phosphorylation in a calcium-dependent manner. The melittin effect was similarly reproduced by calcium ionophore A23187. The effect of melittin and calcium ionophore A23187 on EGF-dependent protein tyrosine phosphorylation was abolished by treatment of cells with the calcium chelator EGTA. Phorbol-myristate acetate (PMA) inhibited EGF-dependent protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and when compared to melittin or calcium ionophore A23187, only PMA potentiated the EGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of two proteins immunologically related to mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases of 40 kDa and 44 kDa molecular mass. Unlike PMA, the effect of melittin and calcium ionophore A23187 on inhibition of EGF-dependent protein tyrosine phosphorylation was lost neither in protein kinase C-depleted cells nor in cells treated with the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors NaF and Na3VO4. Melittin inhibited high affinity binding of EGF to its receptor in intact cells, but this effect was not prevented by EGTA. It is concluded that melittin and calcium ionophore A23187 differ from PMA in their inhibition of EGF-dependent protein tyrosine phosphorylation in vivo, by acting via a Ca2+-dependent pathway, that is independent of protein kinase C, protein tyrosine phosphatase activity and high affinity binding of EGF to its receptor.
Intimate relations with the past: The story of an Athapaskan village on the southern Northwest Coast of North America

Abstract The Pistol River site, located in the US state of Oregon, was the main village of the Chet‐less‐chundunn‐dunne, a poorly documented Pacific Coast Athapaskan group. Represented at the site are materials dating to the AD 1600S prior to European contact through the nineteenth‐century post‐contact period. In 1854, fifteen women, ten men, eleven boys, and nine girls were living at the site, but two years later, a party of thirty‐four Euroamerican men burned the village of Chet‐less‐chundunn. Archaeological investigations at the site span over 100 years, with the most recent excavation taking place in the 1960s. In this paper, we discuss the nineteenth‐century occupation of the site as it can be pieced together from available evidence. We go on to explore the intimate relations between those who took part in the 1960s excavations and their ancestors, both Native and non‐Native, as well as the mixed feelings of local rural residents towards archaeology. Finally, some ethical considerations of working wi...
Preparation, NMR Spectroscopic, and ab Initio/DFT/GIAO-MP2 Studies of Halomethyl Cations1

A series of halomethyl cations was prepared and studied by 13C NMR spectroscopy. Their structures and 13C NMR chemical shifts were also calculated by ab initio/DFT/GIAO-MP2 methods. The δ13C of trihalomethyl cations CX3+ (X = Cl, Br, I) and dimethylhalocarbenium ions Me2CX+ (X = F, Cl, Br) correlate well with the Pauling electronegativities of the halogen atoms and δ11B of the isostructural and isoelectronic boron halides as well as with the calculated charge of carbon atoms. The CF3+ cation was not observed, but a chemical shift of δ13C 150 is indicated by comparison with other experimentally observed trihalomethyl cations. GIAO-MP2 chemical shift calculations gave δ13C 169.2 for the CF3+ cation.
Weed control using reduced rates of postemergence herbicides in narrow and wide row soybean

Field studies were conducted in 1994 and 1995 to examine the effects of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] row spacing and application rate and timing of four postemergence herbicide tank mixtures on weed control and soybean yield. Weed control and soybean yield were greater in narrow rows (7.5 in.) than wide rows (30 in.). Herbicide tank mixtures applied at 25% of the full recommended rate at an early postemergence timing followed by a second 25% application at a standard postemergence timing (1/4x E Post + 1/4x Post) resulted in weed control and soybean yield equal to that of herbicide tank mixtures applied at the full recommended rate at a standard postemergence timing (lx Post). Three of four tank mixtures in 1994 and two of four in 1995, applied at 50% of the full rate applied at a standard postemergence timing (1/2x Post) resulted in weed control and soybean yield equal to that of 1x Post applications. All tank mixtures applied at 50% of the full rate at an early postemergence timing (1/2x E Post) resulted in poor weed control and low soybean yield. In most cases it was more profitable to plant soybean in narrow rows than wide rows regardless of application rate or timing, based on economic gross margin calculations. Gross margins of tank mixtures applied at 1/4x E Post + 1/4x Post were similar to or greater tban tbe gross margin of the same tank mixture applied at the full rate in 13 of 16 cases. Gross margins of tank mixtures applied at 1/2x Post were similar to or greater than the gross margin of the same tank mixture applied at the full rate in eight of 16 cases.
Effects of particle size on starling preference for food coated with activated charcoal

Using European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) as a model, the intake of feed blended with different sized particles of activated charcoal was monitored in one- and two-cup feeding trials. Charcoal particles of the same size class as the food (1.7–0.25 mm) did not affect consumption by birds. Birds decreased consumption of food coated with charcoal particles of 0.25–0.106 mm. Coating the food with ultra-fine particles, < 0.106 mm, did not affect food intake. The hypothesis that activated charcoal exerts its repellent effect due to organic absorbency characteristics is rejected, because if true, all size classes tested should have suppressed food consumption. Coating food with particles of intermediate size may change the textural characteristics of the food such that it is recognized as grit, not as food. Ultra-fine coatings of food are perceptually perceived as smooth. Thus, reduced consumption of treated food does not reflect repellency per se. Rather, reduced intake reflects a change in perception of the experimental food particle and consumption rate is commensurate with intake of non-nutritive particles, i.e. grit. Contingent upon further evaluation, this trait might be exploited for the non-chemical protection of seeds and granular pesticides.
Placement of a vena cava filter with an antecubital approach.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives The authors performed this study to evaluate the use of an antecubital venous approach for inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement. Materials and Methods An IVC filter was placed in 26 patients (15 men, 11 women) in whom the antecubital vein was the preferred access site. An antecubital vein was accessed with ultrasound guidance and used for IVC filter placement. This same access site was used to place a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) in 17 of the 26 patients. Access was obtained via the basilic vein in 15 patients (58%), brachial vein in eight (31%), and cephalic vein in three (12%). Results The IVC filter was successfully placed in the infrarenal vena cava in all 26 patients (100%) by using an antecubital vein for access. All filters deployed appropriately without complication. No complications occurred during PICC placement. Conclusion The IVC filter can be safely placed via an antecubital vein. When clinically necessary, this site can provide convenient access for the PICC placement.
Ethics and competitive advantage in a fast-paced industry

In fast-paced and rapidly-changing industries, achieving a competitive advantage can make or break an organization. This paper examines whether adhering to ethical practices presents a roadmap to achieving success in such an environment, or an impediment to that success. In particular, ethics in the motorsports industry is examined through the eyes of the students and faculty of the motorsports engineering program at Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). This program is the only one of its kind in the United States, with both bachelors and masters programs in motorsports. Graduates seek careers in which they will be active participants in advancing the technology in, and making the decisions for, the most fast-paced industry on earth. Viewpoints from the literature of ethics and the literature of engineering leadership will be examined in light of contemporary news-making decisions and events from the motorsports industry. These events will be discussed as seen through the filter of faculty-student interaction and discussion within this engineering education program. All students enrolled in the program are required, from early in their plans of study, to spend time in industry internships and practicum courses working on the university race team. Thus, their exposure to the industry is strongly connected by experiential learning opportunities. Similarly, all faculty members in the program have spent time working in the motorsports industry, serving on race teams, with sanctioning bodies, or in other engineering-related supporting roles. Thus, the in-class discussions between these faculty and students yield an interesting perspective on the machinations witnessed and reported within the industry, examined in the context of ethical standards for professional practice. Real life incidents will be examined as the students wrestle with the conundrums of ethical decision making in an industry where a chance to gain competitive advantage can literally mean the difference between victory and defeat.
Accommodation of large cargo within Golgi cisternae

In mammalian cells, the Golgi complex has an elaborate structure consisting of stacked, flattened cisternal membranes collected into a ribbon in the center of the cell. Amazingly, the flattened cisternae can rapidly dilate to accommodate large cargo as it traffics through the organelle. The mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. Exocytosis of large cargo is essential for many physiological processes, including collagen and lipoprotein secretion, and defects in the process lead to disease. In addition, enveloped viruses that bud into the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi complex must also be transported through Golgi cisternae for secretion from the infected cell. This review summarizes our understanding of intra-Golgi transport of large cargo, and outlines current questions open for experimentation.
Mast cells in the development of adaptive immune responses

Mast cells are so widely recognized as critical effector cells in allergic disorders and other immunoglobulin E-associated acquired immune responses that it can be difficult to think of them in any other context. However, mast cells also can be important as initiators and effectors of innate immunity. In addition, mast cells that are activated during innate immune responses to pathogens, or in other contexts, can secrete products and have cellular functions with the potential to facilitate the development, amplify the magnitude or regulate the kinetics of adaptive immune responses. Thus, mast cells may influence the development, intensity and duration of adaptive immune responses that contribute to host defense, allergy and autoimmunity, rather than simply functioning as effector cells in these settings.
Nitroglycerin-induced improvement in exercise tolerance and hemodynamics in patients with chronic rheumatic heart valve disease.

Abstract Nitroglycerin reduces elevated left ventricular filling and pulmonary arterial pressures in resting patients with rheumatic valve disease and reduces symptoms when given over long periods to patients with primary myocardial disease. To determine whether nitroglycerin may prove effective therapeutically in ambulatory patients with heart valve disease, its effects on hemodynamics and exercise capacity were studied in 11 severely symptomatic adults who were already receiving optimal treatment with digitalis and diuretic agents. Seven had predominant mitral valve disease, one had predominant aortic insufficiency and three had equally severe mitral and aortic valve disease. Maximal exercise capacity was assessed with graded treadmill exercise after placebo and after nitroglycerin (0.5 mg sublingually) administered in random sequence to each patient. Exercise capacity (exercise time to limiting fatigue or dyspnea) increased from a mean of 8.3 minutes after placebo to 9.8 minutes after nitroglycerin ( p p p
Novel Drugs of Abuse: A Snapshot of an Evolving Marketplace.

Background and Objectives: Over the past decade, non-medical use of novel drugs has proliferated worldwide. In most cases these are synthetic drugs first synthesized in academic or pharmaceutical laboratories for research or drug development purposes, but also include naturally occurring substances that do not fit the typical pharmacological or be- havioral profile of traditional illicit substances. Perhaps most unique to this generation of new drugs is that they are being sold over the counter and on the Internet as "legal highs" or substitutes for traditional illicit drugs such as cannabis, co- caine, amphetamines, MDMA, and LSD. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of novel drugs in current use, including the epidemiology of use and toxicologic and pharmacological properties, and to offer some guidelines to clinicians who see patients experiencing adverse effects from these drugs. Method: We review the known scientific literature on recently introduced synthetic drug types, synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones, and the hallucinogen Salvia divinorum. Results: These substances comprise part of a rapidly evolving and controversial drug market that has challenged defini- tions of what is legal and illegal, has benefitted from open commercial sales without regulatory oversight, and is notewor- thy for the pace at which new substances are introduced. Conclusions: This emerging trend in substance use presents significant and unique public health and criminal justice chal- lenges. At this time, these substances are not detected in routine drug screens and substance-specific treatment for cases of use-related toxicity are not available. Clinicians are encouraged to learn characteristic signs associated with misuse of novel drugs to recognize cases in their practice, and are recommended to use a symptom-specific approach for treatment in each case.
CLIENT PREFERENCE FOR COUNSELOR GENDER

This article presents the results of an investigation of male and female clients' expressed preferences for gender of their counselor. The study addressed two major comparisons: clients with a preference for therapist gender versus those without a preference, and clients with a preference for a male therapist versus those with a preference for a female therapist. LOGIT analyses indicate significant relationships among sex of the client, sex of the intake counselor, whether or not clients express a preference, and whether they express a preference for a male or female counselor. Results also suggest an influence of the sex of the intake counselor. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for counseling and research activities.
A multisite survey of factors contributing to medically unnecessary ambulance transports.

Objectives: To determine the social and demographic factors associated with medically unnecessary ambulance utilization, and to determine the willingness of patients to use alternate modes of transportation to the ED. Methods: A multisite prospective survey was conducted of all patients arriving by ambulance to 1 suburban and 4 urban EDs in New York State during a l-week period. Results: For 626 patients surveyed, 71 (11.3%) transports were judged medically unnecessary by the receiving emergency physicians using preestablished guidelines. The patient's type of medical insurance and age were significant predictors of unnecessary ambulance transport (stepwise forward logistic regression analysis). Of the 71 patients whose ambulance transports were deemed medically unnecessary, 42 (59%) were Medicaid recipients and 53 (74%) were <40 years of age. The most common reason for using ambulance transport was lack of an alternate mode of transportation (38.5%), although 82% would have been willing to use an alternate mode of transportation if it had been available. Of those who had medically unnecessary ambulance use, 30% indicated that they would not pay for the ambulance service if billed and 50% believed the cost of their ambulance transports was <$100. More than 85% of the patients whose ambulance transports were deemed medically unnecessary were unemployed; and nearly 85% reported a net annual income of <$20,000. While 33% had a primary care provider, only 22% had attempted to contact their doctors before requesting an ambulance. Conclusions: Patient age 40 years and Medicaid coverage were associated with medically unnecessary ambulance use. Those patients for whom ambulance use was considered medically unnecessary commonly had no alternate means of transportation. Providing alternate means of unscheduled transportation may reduce the incidence of unnecessary ambulance use.
Stimulus-Induced Intercolumnar Synchronization of Neuronal Activity in Rat Barrel Cortex: A Laminar Analysis

We used cross-correlation analysis to characterize the coordination of stimulus-induced neuronal activity in the primary somatosensory barrel cortex of isoflurane-anesthetized rats. On each trial, multiple whiskers were simultaneously deflected at frequencies that corresponded to 2, 5, 8, or 11 Hz. Among 476 neuron pairs that we examined, 342 (71.8%) displayed significant peaks of synchronized activity that exceeded the 99.9% confidence limits. The incidence and strength of these functional associations varied across different cortical layers. Only 52.9% of neuron pairs in layer IV displayed synchronized responses, whereas 84.1% of the infragranular neuron pairs were synchronized during whisker stimulation. Neuronal synchronization was strongest in the infragranular layers, weakest in layer IV, and varied according to the columnar configuration of the neuron pairs. Thus correlation coefficients were largest for neuron pairs in the same whisker barrel row but were smallest for neurons in different rows and arcs. Spontaneous activity in the infragranular layers was also synchronized to a greater degree than in the other layers. Although infragranular neuron pairs displayed similar amounts of synchronization in response to each stimulus frequency, granular and supragranular neurons were synchronized mainly during stimulation at 2 or 5 Hz. These results are consistent with previous studies indicating that infragranular neurons have intrinsic properties that facilitate synchronized activity, and they suggest that neuronal synchronization plays an important role in transmitting sensory information to other cortical or subcortical brain regions.