cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asymmetrical involvement of frontal lobes in social reasoning

The frontal lobes are widely implicated in logical reasoning. Recent neuroimaging studies suggest that frontal lobe involvement in reasoning is asymmetric (L>R) and increases with the presence of familiar, meaningful content in the reasoning situation. However, neuroimaging data can only provide sufficiency criteria. To determine the necessity of prefrontal involvement in logical reasoning, we tested 19 patients with focal frontal lobe lesions and 19 age- and education-matched normal controls on the Wason Card Selection Task, while manipulating social knowledge. Patients and controls performed equivalently on the arbitrary rule condition. Normal controls showed the expected improvement in the social knowledge conditions, but frontal lobe patients failed to show this facilitation in performance. Furthermore, left hemisphere patients were more affected than right hemisphere patients, suggesting that frontal lobe involvement in reasoning is asymmetric (L>R) and necessary for reasoning about social situations.
A novel method for increasing the transformation efficiency of Escherichia coli—application for bacterial artificial chromosome library construction

Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries play a pivotal role in genomics studies. A crucial step in BAC library construction is the transformation of Escherichia coli by electroporation. Absolute efficiency (cfu/microgram DNA) is affected by a number of factors including the topological form and treatment of DNA samples. Here we report a simple new protocol using tRNA assisted precipitation that increased transformation efficiency by 70-fold for BAC ligations and up to 400-fold for plasmid ligations. The mechanism may involve altering or stabilizing the topographical form of the DNA molecules.
Use of Distance Education to conduct Nutrition Curriculum Training for Elementary Classroom Teachers

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: Audience will be able to develop strategies to optimize education presentations. Development, delivery and evaluation of a nutrition workshop for classroom teachers using compressed video technology (Picture-Tel) will be provided. A four hour training workshop was conducted for small groups of K-6 classroom teachers located in four sites. Three groups were geographically disbursed throughout the state and one group was on-site to comprise a "live audience" for the workshop. A total of 16 teachers participated in the workshop. The purpose of the workshop was to introduce elementary educators to a nutrition curriculum as well as to demonstrate nutrition science experiments and other activities for classroom use. Supplies for hands-on activities were mailed to each site prior to the workshop. Visual aids and presentation techniques were adapted and tested for distance education presentations. Participants completed an evaluation form designed to assess their attitudes toward the workshop and the distance education experience. Follow-up interviews were conducted to elicit additional evaluative data. Methods for developing visual aides and presentation techniques for videoconferencing, attitudes toward the experience as a means of delivering nutrition workshops, cost comparisons of distance and on-site delivery, and lessons learned from the process of developing and delivering compressed video workshops will be presented.
Treatment of Depression Improves Physical Functioning in Older Adults

0.7; 45% of participants rated their health as fair or poor. Intervention patients experienced significantly better physical functioning at 1 year than usual-care patients as measured using between-group differences on the PCS of 1.71 (95% confidence interval (CI) 5 0.96–2.46) and IADLs of � 0.15 (95% CI 5 � 0.29 to � 0.01). Intervention patients were also less likely to rate their health as fair or poor (37.3% vs 52.4%,Po.001). Combining both study groups, patients whose depression improved were more likely to experience improvement in physical functioning. CONCLUSION: The IMPACT collaborative care model for late-life depression improves physical function more than usual care. J Am Geriatr Soc 53:367–373, 2005.
Stories, Moral Judgment, and Medical Care in an Intensive Care Unit

A division of labor exists between nurses and doctors in a surgical intensive care unit. Nurses perform a culturally identified feminine expressive role, caring about patients as well as for them. Doctors perform a culturally identified masculine instrumental role, concerned with curing patients' bodies. The nurses are interested in the patients' stories; the doctors attempt to ignore the stories to concentrate on returning patients to function. Based on the patient's story, however, the nurses make severe judgments as to moral worth. Such judgments can impair medical care. Must doctors, then, disregard patients' stories? In other words, must they limit themselves to caring for patients' bodies, attempting to ignore the individuals, situated in a web of social relationships, who inhabit those bodies?
Unrealistic Gendered and Relationship-Specific Beliefs: Contributions to Investments and Commitment in Dating Relationships

This study focuses on beliefs about intimate relationships, and how these beliefs are related to individuals' experiences in ongoing romantic relationships. More specifically, we examined how unrealistic beliefs contributed to commitment and components of the investment model (rewards, costs, match to ideal comparison level, alternatives, investment size, barriers). Two types of beliefs were examined: unrealistic gendered beliefs focused on assumptions about irreconcilable differences in men and women's relational needs, whereas unrealistic relationship-specific beliefs reflected standards about perfection and mindreading in interactions with one's romantic partner. Females' unrealistic gendered beliefs and relationship-specific beliefs were associated with more alternatives, lower match to ideal comparison levels, and lower commitment. Regression analyses indicated that components of the investment model mediated the relationship between (i) commitment and gendered relationship beliefs and (ii) commitmen...
Analytical and Preparative Chromatography of Tomato Paste Carotenoids

Tomato paste carotenoids were separated by gradient-elution normal-phase open-column chromatography and analyzed by isocratic-elution reverse-phase HPLC with UV-VIS photodiode array detection. The normal-phase elution order of the trans pigments was phytoene, phytofluene, beta-, zeta-, gamma-carotene and lycopene. The four dominant tomato paste carotenoids (550 ppm), in increasing quantities, were phytofluene, beta-carotene, phytoene and lycopene. Simultaneous multi-channel monitoring and rapid spectral scans allowed the detection of cis-isomers (e.g., lycopene, phytofluene and beta-carotene) and minor carotenoid components (e.g., alpha-carotene, lycoxanthin and cis-mutatoxanthin). Presentation of results in isograms (wavelength versus retention time) and an extraction scheme will be discussed.
Transportation problems with some xij negative and transshipment problems

The general solution process of the Hitchcock transportation problem resulting from the application of the method of reduced matrices may give solutions with some negative xij values. This paper is devoted to a review of the reduced matrices method, an examination of suitable interpretation of sets of xij which include some negative values, and ways of interpreting these values in useful modifications of the Hitchcock problem. Such modifications include a) the reshipment problem, b) the overshipment problem, and c) the transshipment problem. Techniques are developed for determining and eliminating cij which are not optimal. These techniques and results are useful in solving the problems indicated above. The natural applicability of the simple and general method of reduced matrices is emphasized.
Precise focal-length measurement technique with a reflective Fresnel-zone hologram.

A new technique for precise focal-length measurements with a hologram is presented. This technique is widely applicable and is particularly useful for measuring large, slow lenses. In diffraction, the Fresnel-zone plate hologram emulates the reflective properties of a convex spherical mirror for use during transmission null tests of an optic by use of a phase-shifting interferometer. The hologram is written lithographically and therefore offers a higher degree of precision at a lower cost than its spherical mirror counterpart. A hologram offers the additional benefit of easy characterization by use of the same interferometer employed in examining the test optic. Better than ±0.01% precision is achieved during measurement of a 9-m focal-length lens by use of a 150-mm aperture interferometer.
Sembowser - Semantic Biological Web Services Registry

There are now more than a thousand Web Services [22] offering access to disparate biological resources namely data and computational tools. It is extremely difficult for biological researchers to search in a Web Services (WS) registry for a relevant WS using the standard (primarily computational) descriptions used to describe it. Semantic Biological Web Services Registry (SemBOWSER) is an ontology-based implementation of the UDDI specification, which enables, at present, glycoproteomics researchers to publish, search and discover WS using semantic, service-level, descriptive domain keywords. SemBOWSER classifies a WS along two dimensions- the task they implement and the domain they are associated with. Each published WS is associated with the relevant ProPreO (comprehensive process ontology for glycoproteomics experimental lifecycle) ontology-based keywords (implemented as part of the registry). A researcher, in turn, can search for relevant WS using only the descriptive keywords, part of their everyday working lexicon. This intuitive search is underpinned by the ProPreO ontology, thereby making use of the inherent advantages of a semantic search, as compared to a purely syntactic search, namely disambiguation and use of named relationships between concepts. SemBOWSER is part of the glycoproteomics web portal’ stargate’.
Turning rate dynamics of zebrafish exposed to ethanol

Zebrafish is emerging as a species of choice in alcohol-related pharmacological studies. In these studies, zebrafish are often exposed to acute ethanol treatments and their activity scored during behavioral assays. Computational modeling of zebrafish behavior is expected to positively impact these efforts by offering a predictive toolbox to plan hypothesis-driven studies, reduce the number of subjects, perform pilot trials, and refine behavioral screening. In this work, we demonstrate the use of the recently proposed jump persistent turning walker to model the turning rate dynamics of zebrafish exposed to acute ethanol administration. This modeling framework is based on a stochastic mean reverting jump process to capture the sudden and large changes in orientation of swimming zebrafish. The model is calibrated on an available experimental dataset of 40 subjects, tested at different ethanol concentrations. We demonstrate that model parameters are modulated by ethanol administration, whereby both the relaxation rate and jump frequency of the turning rate dynamics are influenced by ethanol concentration. This effort offers a first evidence for the possibility of complementing zebrafish pharmacological research with computational modeling of animal behavior.
Heliothis zea and H. virescens: Moth Activity as Measured by Blacklight and Pheromone Traps

Activity of adult bollworms, Heliothis zea (Boddie) and tobacco budworms, H. virescens (F.), was monitored with BL and pheromone traps. Light traps captured far more of both sexes of bollworms than of tobacco budworms; pheromone traps seemed more effective in early season when populations were low. When both species were combined as attractants in the same pheromone traps, significantly fewer moths of each species were captured than when traps contained only 1 species.
Steroids are out in the treatment of cerebral malaria: what's next?

The worldwide resurgence of malaria?a disease once thought to be on its way toward eradication ? has stimulated a redoubling of efforts to devise novel strategies of transmission control and to find new treatment for drug-resistant falciparum malaria and its potentially lethal complications [1]. Fortunately, the other Plasmodium spp. that infect humans (Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale) have remained susceptible to chloroquine and very rarely progress to life-threatening complications. Although the precise pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of serious complications in falciparum malaria are not clearly defined, certain biologic features that distinguish Plasmodium falciparum from the other Plasmodium spp. undoubtedly are important. Parasitemias in malignant malaria can reach very high levels, because P. falciparum merozoites are able to invade and develop in erythrocytes of all stages of maturity; in the "benign" malarias, parasitemia is restricted to lower levels, because only subpopulations of erythrocytes are parasitized by the other species. In addition, erythrocytes that contain the late developmental forms (trophozoites and schizonts) of P. falciparum bind to endothelial cells in capillaries and venules, where they cause microcirculatory stasis and tissue hypoxia [2]. Organ dysfunction (including cerebral malaria, renal failure, and pulmonary edema) is thought to result primarily as a consequence of this process. Putative toxins (of parasite or host origin) have also been suggested as contributing to the microvascular pathology [3], but these toxins have not been identified. Although serious dysfunction of any organ in falciparum malaria significantly increases mortality, cerebral involvement is considered the most important complication because of a frequency of occurrence and mortality between ^20^0 and 50^0 [4, 5].
Linking pattern completion in the hippocampus to predictive coding in visual cortex

Models of predictive coding frame perception as a generative process in which expectations constrain sensory representations. These models account for expectations about how a stimulus will move or change from moment to moment, but do not address expectations about what other, distinct stimuli are likely to appear based on prior experience. We show that such memory-based expectations in human visual cortex are related to the hippocampal mechanism of pattern completion.
America through the prism of French national identity debates: Review of Richard F. Kuisel, the French way: How France embraced and rejected American values and power. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2012

Examining French attitudes toward America during the 1980s and 1990s in his recent book, The French Way, Richard Kuisel arrives at surprising conclusions. America's stock in France rose dramatically under the Reagan presidency; it then began to collapse, not under George W. Bush, as is often argued, but under his predecessor, Bill Clinton. Significantly, Kuisel's study dovetails with a growing body of scholarship on recent French debates, involving both intellectuals and the general public, over questions of national identity. This article places Kuisel's work within the context of this scholarship, focusing first on the sea change in the French intellectual climate that culminated in the 1980s and second on French reactions to economic and cultural globalization during the 1990s.
Medial joint space widening of the ankle in displaced Tillaux and Triplane fractures in children.

Objectives:Tillaux and Triplane fractures occur in children predominantly from external rotation mechanism. We hypothesized that in displaced fractures, the talus would shift laterally along with the distal fibula and the distal tibial epiphyseal fragment increasing the medial joint space.Design:Con
Towards an African Transnational Feminist Studies: Sexuality and Sovereignty in Contemporary Uganda

What is the relationship between sexuality and sovereignty in the current debate on anti-homosexuality campaigns in Uganda? Why is it important to study? How might it help to engender healthier state-society relations and help to normalize vernacular cultural and historical understandings of alternative sexualities in Uganda? Melding recent scholarship from historical, anthropological and political studies on sovereignty with activist interviews and newspaper media, this paper explores the many ways in which nation-state sovereignty was mobilized in the debate on anti-homosexuality in Uganda in the global public sphere and by the national media in 2013-2014. The paper argues that linking discussions of sovereignty, statehood, and sexuality provide a framework for critiquing the West/Non-West, modern/traditional, and liberal/illiberal binaries that tend to characterize the debate on anti-homosexuality in both national and transnational contexts. In doing so, the paper examines the possibilitities of Ugandan self-determination in national and transnational debates on homosexuality. Methodologically and epistemologically, the paper reveals the ways in which the study of connections between sovereignty and sexuality are part of the transnational feminist studies framework. The paper argues for the relevance of the transnational feminist studies framework in African gender studies and the connections among theoretical innovation, public scholarship, and activism — particularly as the women’s movement and sexual minorities movement become disconnected from each other in Uganda.
Determination of Arsenic in Soil by Hydride Generation-atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

Objective To establish a methed for detection of arsenic in soil by hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Methods The sample was detected by nitric acid,hydrogen peroxide and high chlorine acid oxdated on the electric hot plate.And then the sample was determined after added reductant in the best condition including load flow by hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Results γwas 0.999 6in the range of 0-50μg/L,the detection limit was 0.010μg/L,the relative standard deviation was 2.23%-4.41%,the recovery was 90.60%-106.20%. Conclusion The method is simple and rapid with good accuracy.
Enhancement of magnetic anisotropy in a Mn–Bi heterobimetallic complex

A novel Mn2+⋯Bi3+ heterobimetallic complex, featuring the closest Mn⋯Bi interaction for a paramagnetic molecular species, exhibits unusually large axial zero-field splitting. We attribute this enhancement to the proximity of Mn2+ to a heavy main group element, namely, bismuth.
Statistical Separation Standards for the Aircraft-Approach Process

Demand for air transportation has been increasing. A response to this is enhancing the runway utilization and throughput before investing on new runways or instruments. Runway throughput can be increased by reducing in-trail landing separation between aircraft, but the consequence may be an increase in the chance of a severe wake vortex encounter or a simultaneous runway occupancy (or go-around). Current instrument flight rule (IFR) standards provide fixed separation minima for given pairs of wake vortex weight classes of aircraft. In practice, the observed separation is a random variable and fluctuates near or above the specified minimum. In this paper, we propose a framework for statistical separation standards that specifies not only a lower bound for the separation but also a standard for the target value and the variance of the process. We address the question of what a more efficient separation standard is in order to control the risk in the approach process. We also consider whether separation variability may be reduced by employing such standards, i.e. more detailed standards that take the "realized variability" into account. Analytical results of this study suggest that (under specific assumptions) throughput put can be increased to some extent without degrading safety for the given facilities, infrasructure, and weather condition. The arguments and concepts are illustrated with statistical observations from Detroit airport (DTW).
Considering the Paradoxes, Perils, and Purposes of Conceptualizing Teacher Development

Mathematics teacher education is a composite of many influences and purposes not the least of which is the propensity of many teachers to provide students with a caring environment in which to learn mathematics in an efficient manner. But reform teaching, rooted in Dewey’s notion of education in a democratic society, is predicated on processes that evoke reasoning and problem-solving not just efficiency of providing information. The education of teachers to teach from such a process-oriented perspective is fraught with difficulty and thus presents a certain moral dimension which is considered in this chapter. Research indicates that change away from predictability and toward the problematic is often a difficult journey for teachers. A theoretical perspective for conceptualizing teachers’ professional development is offered along with an analysis of the paradoxes and perils associated with implementing reform-oriented teacher education programs.
Sharing simulation-based training courses between institutions: opportunities and challenges

Sharing simulation-based training (SBT) courses between institutions could reduce time to develop new content but also presents challenges. We evaluate the process of sharing SBT courses across institutions in a mixed method study estimating the time required and identifying barriers and potential solutions. Two US academic medical institutions explored instructor experiences with the process of sharing four courses (two at each site) using personal interviews and a written survey and estimated the time needed to develop new content vs implement existing SBT courses. The project team spent approximately 618 h creating a collaboration infrastructure to support course sharing. Sharing two SBT courses was estimated to save 391 h compared with developing two new courses. In the qualitative analysis, participants noted the primary benefit of course sharing was time savings. Barriers included difficulty finding information and understanding overall course flow. Suggestions for improvement included establishing a standardized template, clearly identifying the target audience, providing a course overview, communicating with someone familiar with the original SBT course, employing an intuitive file-sharing platform, and considering local culture, context, and needs. Sharing SBT courses between institutions is feasible but not without challenges. An initial investment in a sharing infrastructure may facilitate downstream time savings compared with developing content de novo.
Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis induced by the gamma-subunit of cyclic guanosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase in rats.

PURPOSE To investigate the capacity of the recombinant gamma-subunit (P gamma) of cyclic guanosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase to induce experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in Lewis rats. METHODS Bovine P gamma was expressed in Escherichia coli cells and purified by fast protein liquid chromatography. Lewis rats were immunized by a single footpad injection of P gamma emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. Clinical and histopathologic changes in the eye and pineal gland were examined. Lymphocytes were prepared from the lymph nodes of rats with uveitis and transferred by intraperitoneal injection to naive recipient rats. RESULTS Immunization of rats with P gamma induced panuveitis and pinealitis with clinical and histopathologic changes similar to those induced by S-antigen. Lymphocytes from the lymph nodes of diseased rats transferred uveitis to naive recipients. CONCLUSIONS P gamma, a retina-specific protein of molecular weight less than 10,000 kDa, is capable of inducing uveoretinitis in Lewis rats. The disease can be transferred adoptively to naive rats by injection of lymphocytes from donor rats with experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. Inflammation of the pineal gland of immunized rats suggests that P gamma is not only localized to the retina but also to the pineal gland.
Hybrid microring resonator devices for rare-earth quantum-light matter interfaces (Conference Presentation)

Rare earth quantum light-matter interfaces (QLMIs) are uniquely suited for various quantum communication applications, including quantum memories and quantum optical to microwave transducers. Among rare earths, erbium QLMIs are particularly appealing due to erbium’s long lived telecom wavelength resonance, allowing integration with existing optical communication technology and infrastructure. Micro-resonator QLMIs have various advantages over bulk rare earth crystal memories. They provide the opportunity for on-chip integration; for example, optical resonators can be integrated with microwave resonators for quantum optical-microwave transduction. For spectral hole-burning based quantum memories, coupling rare earth ions to a resonator can provide improved memory initialization via Purcell enhancement of optical lifetimes, while impedance matching the resonator to the ions can raise the theoretical memory efficiency to 100%. We present hybrid nanoscale quantum light matter interfaces in the form of amorphous silicon ring resonators on yttrium orthosilicate (YSO) substrate doped with erbium ions. While working with rare earth crystal hosts can be challenging, the fabrication process for these devices is simple and robust, using traditional thin film fabrication technologies. Our devices have measured quality factors of over 105 in the 11 µm diameter rings, and evanescent coupling to an ensemble of erbium ions characterized by a cooperativity of 0.54. We present simulation and experimental results of the optical properties of these cavities, and their coupling to erbium ions, including a demonstration of Purcell enhancement of the erbium telecom transition. We then analyze their potential as quantum memories and in optical to microwave transducers.
STEROID-INDUCED DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS IN A PATIENT WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

ABSTRACT Objective: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is usually associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus; however, it is increasingly being recognized in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Triggering factors usually involve infections and poor medication adherence. Other potential triggers are myocardial infarction, antipsychotic drug usage, malignancy, and cerebrovascular accidents. No case of steroid-induced DKA in a patient with T2DM has been reported in the literature. Methods: Clinical and laboratory data are presented. Results: We present a case of a middle-aged patient with a history of well-controlled T2DM via metformin. The patient was started on oral prednisone for lumbar disc herniation, and then presented with acute DKA. No other trigger for DKA but steroid initiation was found. Conclusion: We conclude that patients with diabetes who receive glucocorticoids should be monitored carefully, as steroids can precipitate DKA. This may occur in the absence of any other triggering factor, and e...
Historical Associations and Geographical Distributions of Childhood Epidemics in the United States: An Exploratory, Pre-1955, Analysis at the State Level

The analysis explores possible associations among epidemic childhood diseases over time and in their geographical distributions in the United States. Diseases include diphtheria, polio, measles, scarlet fever, and whooping cough (pertussis). Analysis of their incidence rates is cross-sectional and geographical at the state level using the latitude and longitude of state centroids. All five diseases are analyzed in 1950 controlling for socio-demographic factors. Polio and measles are given an extended historical analysis from 1930 to 1954 and whooping cough from 1940 to 1954. The results show a complex relationship between measles and whooping cough where none was expected. On average, over time, states with higher measles rates also had higher whooping cough rates, and the average weekly incidence of whooping cough lags measles by a delay of two to three weeks. These findings give tentative support for the hypothesis that because of its immune suppressing effects measles causes an increase in whooping cough. The analysis shows little support for disease interference between measles and whooping cough but a possible association between scarlet fever and whooping cough. Geographical distributions of polio, measles, and whooping cough are relatively stable over time, on average, despite great seasonal and annual variations in incidence rates. The method of spatial analysis used here complements conventional metapopulation epidemic models that start in the time domain.
Chronic Insufficient Sleep Has a Limited Impact on Circadian Rhythmicity of Subjective Hunger and Awakening Fasted Metabolic Hormones.

Weight gain and obesity have reached epidemic proportions in modern society. Insufficient sleep – which is also prevalent in modern society – and eating at inappropriate circadian times have been identified as risk factors for weight gain, yet the impact of chronic insufficient sleep on the circadian timing of subjective hunger and physiologic metabolic outcomes are not well understood. We investigated how chronic insufficient sleep impacts the circadian timing of subjective hunger and fasting metabolic hormones in a 32-day in-laboratory randomized single-blind control study, with healthy younger participants (range, 20-34 years) randomized to either Control (1:2 sleep:wake ratio, 6.67 h sleep:13.33 h wake, n=7, equivalent to 8 h of sleep per 24 h) or chronic sleep restriction (CSR, 1:3.3 sleep:wake ratios, 4.67 h sleep:15.33 h wake, n=8, equivalent to 5.6 h of sleep per 24 h) conditions. Participants lived on a ’20 h day’ designed to distribute all behaviors and food intake equally across all phases of the circadian cycle over every 6 consecutive 20 h protocol days. During each 20 h day, participants were provided a nutritionist-designed, isocaloric diet consisting of 45-50% carbohydrate, 30-35% fat and 15-20% protein adjusted for sex, weight and age. Subjective non-numeric ratings of hunger were recorded before and after meals and fasting blood samples were taken within 5 minutes of awakening. Subjective levels of hunger and fasting concentrations of leptin, ghrelin, insulin, glucose, adiponectin, and cortisol all demonstrated circadian patterns; there were no differences, however, between CSR and Control conditions in subjective hunger ratings or any fasting hormone concentrations. These findings suggest that chronic insufficient sleep may have a limited role in altering the robust circadian profile of subjective hunger and fasted metabolic hormones.
A Minimal Model of Ion Channels: Polyamino Acids in Liposomes

Polyamino acids have been incorporated into extruded liposomes and the proton permeability of the liposomal membrane measured by fluorescence spectroscopy. This procedure was designed to test the theoretical possibility (Furois-Corbin and Pullman, 1986;1987) that a bundle of hydrophobic a-helices could provide a low energy pathway through the lipid bilayer for ions. Liposomes with incorporated poly-Lalanine or poly-L-leucine were found to have proton permeability coefficients 5–7 times greater than control liposomes, an effect similar to that seen with alamethicin in the same peptide to lipid range. Two molecular weights of polyalanine were tested for their effect on proton permeability. It was found that long-chain polyalanine (MW 24,600) had an effect 2.7 times greater than short-chain polyalanine (MW 2000). Poly-Lhistidine did not increase proton permeability above control values. Potassium permeability was not markedly increased by any of the polyamino acids tested. An analytical thin layer chromatography measurement of lipid and a fluorescamine assay for amino acids showed that there are ~300 polyleucine, ~400 long-chain polyalanine, or ~7600 short-chain polyalanine molecules associated with each liposome. Of the associated polyamino acid, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that a major fraction exists in an a-helical conformation. Thus, hydrophobic polyamino acids in liposomes may represent a minimal model for proton channels.
Use of a genetic marker to examine genetic interaction among subpopulations of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)

In 1979 and 1981, a genetic marker was bred into one of the five identifiable subpopulations of pink salmon [Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum)] in the Auke Lake drainage in Southeast Alaska. As a result of the marking effort, the frequencies of two malate dehydrogenase (MDH-B1, 2*) alleles were changed in the marked subpopulation, but not in other subpopulations that spawn at different times or places. Between 1983 and 1989, the marker allele frequencies were monitored in many of these subpopulations and in early- and late-run pink salmon spawning in nearby Waydelich Creek, located approximately 1 km away. Changes in allele frequencies at MDH-B1, 2*, used to obtain direct estimates of average migration rates (m) from the marked to the unmarked subpopulations, revealed little or no introgression into early subpopulations or into nearby Waydelich Creek. Moreover, spatially distinct late-run Auke Creek subpopulations were not immediately overrun by the more abundant marked subpopulation. These observations suggest that genetic isolation exists between temporally distinct spawning runs and that small temporal and spatial (or ecological) differences contribute to population structure. These observations should be considered in taking actions that affect conservation and harvest management or extensive culture of salmonids.
Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Dielectric Coatings on Cylindrical Metal Liners Driven by a 1 MA Pulsed Power Generator

On the 20 MA Z machine, the helical instability features that are observed in magnetized metal liner experiments were mitigated using a dielectric coating. 1In the experiments to be presented, we compare results using liners with and without a dielectric coating and without an applied axial magnetic field on the 1 MA, 100-200 ns COBRA pulsed power generator at Cornell University. 2Diagnostics used in these experiments include 4-frame extreme ultraviolet imaging, 3-frame laser imaging, and high resolution X-ray radiography. This combination of diagnostics enables investigation of plasma formation and evolution ranging from the higher density $( > 10 ^{19} /$cm $^{3})$region close to the initial liner radius to the lower density regions $\sim 0.3$mm from that radius.
À vos marques, prêts, partez ! Les défis et les opportunités du marché de l’emploi universitaire contemporain

A la suite de la tenue de l’atelier intitule « Qu’arrive-t-il apres le doctorat ? Defis, pratiques et strategies pour affronter l’“apres-these” » qui a ete organise par la professeure Sule Tomkinson dans le cadre du 55e Congres de la Societe quebecoise de science politique et 7e Congres international des associations francophones de science politique, cet article s’interesse aux defis et aux possibilites qui se presentent pour un grand nombre de doctorants desireux de decrocher un poste de professeur menant a la permanence et entreprendre une carriere dans le monde universitaire. De maniere plus specifique, cet article propose une serie de strategies permettant aux candidats a un poste de professeur menant a la permanence de mieux se positionner dans le cadre de leurs etudes doctorales et de leur recherche d’emploi.
Estimación de ahorros de energía y reducciones de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero a partir de políticas de calificación y divulgación de energía

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the energy savings and greenhouse gas emission reductions from energy rating and disclosure policies in New York City. During the first six year of the policy, the City saw a cumulative energy savings of 10.8% and cumulative GHG reductions of 8.5%. However, these gross changes cannot necessarily be attributed to the benchmarking and transparency policies. In order to estimate the “counterfactual” scenario – what would have happened if the policy was not implemented, we use a combination of Difference-in-Difference Estimation and Propensity Score Matching. Based on this model, we conclude that the disclosure of Energy Star Scores to the public did not have a significant effect on energy savings and GHG emissions reductions for multifamily buildings.
State Estimation of Three-Phase Four-Conductor Distribution Systems With Real-Time Data From Selective Smart Meters

Distribution system state estimation (DSSE) has recently been tested and experimentally deployed in some practical distribution networks. Distinct features of distribution systems, such as diverse and unsymmetrical configurations as well as limited real-time measurements, prohibit the direct application of mature state estimation methods for transmission systems. Targeting at three-phase four-conductor configured unsymmetrical medium-voltage distribution systems (MDS) with neutral conductors and ground resistances, this paper proposes a weighted least square-based DSSE approach, in which voltages are chosen as state variables and load pseudo measurements of low-voltage distribution systems (LDS) are considered to compensate insufficient real-time measurements in MDS. Both rectangular and polar coordinates are studied, and voltage variables of neutrals and zero-injection phases are eliminated to reduce the scale of the DSSE problem. Moreover, in order to enhance the load pseudo measurement accuracy of LDSs, a clustering and partial least square regression-based load estimation model is proposed to leverage the real-time communication ability of smart meters. Case studies on a modified IEEE 123-bus distribution system with actual smart meter data illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
Logic Process Compatible 40-nm 16-Mb, Embedded Perpendicular-MRAM With Hybrid-Resistance Reference, Sub- $\mu$ A Sensing Resolution, and 17.5-nS Read Access Time

A new MRAM reference and sensing circuit that can achieve $\mu \text{A}$ resolution and 17.5 nS read access from −40 °C to 125 °C is presented in this paper. A trimmable current-mode latch-type sense amplifier (CLSA) with hybrid-resistance-reference (HRR) and cell location compensation is proposed to resolve small read margin of MRAM. Silicon data measurement is presented to demonstrate a logic-process compatible, fully functional 16-Mb perpendicular MRAM in 40-nm CMOS process. Similar read circuit design concept can be applied to other technology nodes. Another test chip designed in 22 nm achieves wafer level average raw bit-error-rate (BER) of ~0.2 ppm and less than 2-ppm BER for 95th percentile chip.
The role of landscape composition and disturbance type in mediating salt marsh resilience to feral hog invasion

Habitat patch composition and configuration mediate the fitness and distribution of many species. However, we know little about how this landscape complementation may influence the distribution of an invasive species’ ecological impacts and, in turn, how this affects ecosystem resilience to disturbance. We surveyed > 820 km of coastline to evaluate how landscape complementation mediates patterns in invasive feral hog (Sus scrofa) rooting, trampling and wallowing disturbances in southeastern US salt marshes and assessed marsh resilience to these behaviors in an 8-site survey and 13-month field experiment. We discovered that hog rooting and trampling most often occur where hardwood forest comprises > 30% and salt marsh < 22% of habitat surrounding each surveyed site, respectively, while wallowing correlated most strongly with salt marsh invertebrate densities. At the 8 survey sites, vegetation cover, soil organic carbon, and surface elevation were consistently lower, and soil anoxia and porewater ammonium-nitrogen higher, in hog-disturbed relative to undisturbed areas. The experiment revealed that vegetation can recover when rooted or trampled, but remains depressed when wallowed or repeatedly disturbed. Together, these findings provide novel evidence that habitat patch composition at landscape scales can act together with local habitat attributes to dictate invasive species’ disturbance patterns and highlight areas most vulnerable to invaders. In salt marshes, insights gleaned from such consideration of landscape complementation can inform conservation and management strategies for curbing the impact of this prolific, global invader.
The Aftermath of the Dyn DDOS Attack

Nobody knows who organized the attack. The program hijacked many cameras and home devices, and redirected them to engineer a series of distributed denial of server (DDOS) attacks on a few hours apart, all on 21 October 2016. By executing this novel and rather clever hijack of many devices for a DDOS attack, the attack exposed an important vulnerability in today's internet. The attack contains one other element. It aimed at Dyn, who acts as a name resolver. Dyn enables Internet traffic by translating the site's domain name (URL) into the IP address where the server behind that domain is to be found. During the later phases of the attack, Dyn servers were unable to process users' requests, and as a result, users lost access to web domains contracting with Dyn, such as Netflix, CNBC, and Twitter. Other well-known firms also were disabled, such as Airbnb, Etsy, Play Station Network, and Wikia. This article focuses on the aftermath of this event, which did not get headlines, but illustrates an important features of the situation. Specifically, how did users react? User behavior tells us something about the challenges facing suppliers, and in this case, it tells us about a basic challenge in network security today. It will take a bit of work to appreciate the lesson, and, let me tip my hand, the news is not good. The article provides a summary of a longer study done by a group of my colleagues and myself.
What the metasemantics of know is not

Epistemic contextualism in the style of Lewis (in Aust J Philos 74:549–567, 1996) maintains that ascriptions of knowledge to a subject vary in truth with the alternatives that can be eliminated by the subject’s evidence in a context. Schaffer (in Philos Stud 119:73–103, 2004, in Oxford Stud Epistemol 1:235–271, 2005, in Philos Phenomenol Res 75:383–403, 2007, in Philos Issues 18(1):1–19, 2008, in: Schaffer, Loewer (eds) A companion to David Lewis, pp 473–490. Wiley, Hoboken, 2015), Schaffer and Knobe (in Nous 46:675–708, 2012), and Schaffer and Szabo (in Philos Stud 168(2):491–543, 2014) hold that the question under discussion or qud always determines these alternatives in a context. This paper shows that the qud does not perform such a role for know and uses this result to draw a few lessons about the metasemantics of context-sensitivity.
Overview of the Systems Engineering Process as it Applies to NSTX-U

AbstractThis paper addresses the systems engineering (SE) processes used for the National Spherical Torus Experiment-Upgrade (NSTX-U). It focuses on SE across the life cycle of the system, includin...
Diplopia after strabismus surgery for adults with nondiplopic childhood-onset strabismus

Purpose To describe frequency of postoperative diplopia after strabismus surgery in nondiplopic adults with childhood-onset strabismus and to report health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) outcomes. Methods We prospectively enrolled 79 adults with no diplopia in any gaze who had childhood-onset strabismus and were scheduled for strabismus surgery. Diplopia was assessed preoperatively and at 6 weeks and 1 year postoperatively using a standardized diplopia questionnaire with 5 response options in 7 gaze positions. HRQOL was assessed using the Adult Strabismus-20 (AS-20) questionnaire, with self-perception, interactions, reading function, and general function domains. Results Constant diplopia in straight-ahead distance and reading gaze occurred in 1 patient (1% [95% CI, 0%-7%] at 6 weeks and 2% [95% CI, 0%-10%] at 1 year). Regarding the rate of any diplopia (including rarely) in any gaze, 15 of 78 patients (19%) reported diplopia at 6 weeks, of whom 13 had diplopia in straight-ahead distance gaze; 8 (10%), in reading gaze. At 1 year, 8 of 51 patients (16%) reported any diplopia (including rarely) in any gaze, of whom 7 had diplopia in straight-ahead distance gaze and 4 (8%) in reading gaze. Mean AS-20 scores improved at 1 year overall (by 32, 19, 14, and 15 points, resp., per domain) and for the 8 diplopic patients (by 21, 13, 16, and 11 points). Conclusions In adults with nondiplopic strabismus, constant postoperative diplopia is rare, although the rate of intermittent diplopia is higher. Even when postoperative diplopia occurs, HRQOL often improves.
Mediterranean diet components are linked to greater endothelial function and lower inflammation in a pilot study of ethnically diverse women.

Abstract The Mediterranean Diet, characterized by higher intakes of plant foods including plant proteins, monounsaturated fat, fish, and lower consumption of animal products and saturated fat, has long been associated with reduced cardiovascular risk, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these associations have not been fully elucidated. We conducted a pilot study to evaluate associations of an Alternate Mediterranean Diet Score, reflective of adherence to this diet pattern and adapted for US populations, and its components, with markers of endothelial inflammation directly measured in endothelial cells harvested from a diverse sample of women (n = 25, mean ± SD age 33 ± 10.5y, 68% racial/ethnic minorities). Cardiovascular risk markers including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)—a marker of inflammation, as well as oxidative stress and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene expression-markers of endothelial function, were evaluated in harvested endothelial cells. We hypothesized that the Mediterranean diet pattern would be associated with lower inflammation and oxidative stress and higher eNOS expression in endothelial cells. Results showed that lower oxidative stress was associated with higher plant-based protein (Exp(β) = 0.96; P = .007), overall protein (Exp(β) = 0.99; P = .007), and red and processed meat intake (Exp(β) = 0.93; P = .012). Lower NF-κB was associated with higher legume (Exp(β) = 0.79; P = .045) intake, and higher eNOS was associated with higher red and processed meat intake (Exp(β) = 1.13; P = .005). Our findings suggest potential novel mechanisms through which certain Mediterranean dietary components may influence pre-clinical vascular alterations that may be associated with cardiovascular risk through lower endothelial oxidative stress, lower inflammation, and greater endothelial functioning. These findings warrant confirmation, prospectively in a larger sample.
Legal Education in Search of a New Meritocracy and Values for Admissions, Grading, and Pedagogy

Throughout its history, including through its placement of Graduate Fellows into the ranks of higher education professors, and even in its closing conference, the Temple Law School Graduate Fellow Program has played a provocative role in leading US legal higher education into an examination of its core values. In this essay I want to reflect on how the program centered me on a career of teaching and scholarship that explored the relationship of merit, skills and values. I was taught, or, perhaps, better, caught, during my time at Temple and continue to explore in what follows from the program’s mission that my particular role in legal education, is to disrupt hierarchies through how legal educators decide questions of merit in three contexts. First how should law schools decide who gets admitted. Second, how should I, as a professor, judge the performance of my students, once they are admitted? Third, how will I teach values: the value of fealty to the rule of law, and, at the same time the need for lawyers to argue for its change? Moreover, of key importance, how will I, as a legal educator, help contribute not only to the quality of the skills possessed by lawyers when they enter the practice of law, but also to their character, having formed attitudes that put service of client and institution above self?