cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solar and Lunar Calibration for Miniaturized Microwave Radiometers

Miniaturized microwave radiometers deployed on nanosatellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) are now demonstrating the ability to provide science-quality weather measurements, such as the 3U Micro-sized Microwave Atmospheric Satellite-2A (MicroMAS-2A). The goal of having cost-effective miniature instruments distributed in LEO constellations is to improve temporal and geospatial coverage. The Time-Resolved Observations of Precipitations structure and storm Intensity with a Constellation of Smallsats (TROPICS) is a constellation of six 3U CubeSats, based on MicroMAS-2A, scheduled to launch no earlier than 2020. Each CubeSat hosts a scanning 12-channel passive microwave radiometer. TROPICS will improve temporal resolution to less than 60 minutes compared to larger satellites in polar orbit, such as NOAA-20 which hosts the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) and has a revisit rate of 7.6 hours. [1] The improved refresh rate will provide high value observations of inner-core conditions for tropical cyclones [2]. In order to effectively use miniaturized microwave radiometers on small satellites such as MicroMAS-2A and TROPICS operationally, new approaches to calibration are needed to achieve state-of-the-art performance. Calibration on nanosatellite platforms present new challenges, as standard blackbody targets are too bulky to fit on 3U CubeSats. Instead, internal noise diodes are used for calibration, with long-term drifts measured on the order of 0.2% to 3.0% (approximately 0.4 K to 6.0 K) [4]. Blackbody calibration targets such as used on ATMS have 0.14 K error or better for warm calibration [3]. In order to provide state of the art calibration for CubeSats, methods must be developed to trend and correct noise diode drift. We develop a new way to continuously calibrate CubeSat constellations, such as TROPICS, by incorporating frequent and periodic solar and lunar intrusions as an additional source of information to counter noise diode drift. These solar and lunar intrusions also occur for existing satellites hosting microwave radiometers in polar orbits, but are much more infrequent than for the scanning payload on the TROPICS constellation, and are typically treated as an observational and calibration limiting constraint. The higher occurrence rate of intrusions for TROPICS motivates the novel idea of using the intrusions to support calibration. An algorithm is developed to compare expected effective brightness temperature from solar and lunar measurements to actual measured brightness temperatures. Future work includes developing a detailed error budget for the algorithm and testing the algorithm using actual sun and moon measurements taken by MicroMAS-2A and ATMS. In this paper we discuss background information, provide our approach, and show initial results.
A predictive model for extubation readiness in extremely preterm infants.

To develop an estimator for predicting successful extubation for an individual preterm infant. This was a retrospective study that included infants with birth weights ≤1250 g, who were admitted to a tertiary NICU over a 7-year period, received mechanical ventilation and had an elective extubation attempt within 60 days of age. Perinatal and periextubation characteristics were compared in the successful and failed extubation groups. Of 621 screened infants, 312 were included. Extubation succeeded in 73% and failed in 27%. Adjusted factors associated with successful extubation included greater gestational age, chronologic age, pre-extubation pH and lower pre-extubation FiO2, along with lower “peak” respiratory severity score in the first 6 h of age. We used readily available demographic and clinical data to create an extubation readiness estimator that provides the probability of extubation success for an individual preterm infant (http://elasticbeanstalk-us-east-2-676799334712.s3-website.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/).
A Wearable Fingernail Deformation Sensing System and Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model of Fingertip

This paper describes the sensor, electronics, software, modeling, and characterization of a fingernail-mounted RF-connected wearable strain sensor system that measures nail deformation from finger movement. Applications to health monitoring and human computer interfaces in homes, hospitals, and workplaces are discussed. The mechanical deformation of a fingertip pressed or drawn against a plate is demonstrated using a three-dimensional finite-element linear-elastic model to predict the signal level, optimum sensor locations and the type and location of deformation expected for different finger motions. The 3D finite-element linear elastic model is derived from X-ray images of a human finger but generalized and parameterized to allow new models to be created by scaling internal and external parameters such as skin thickness and nail and finger shape to predict sensor system performance for a more general human population. Our analysis finds that a single sensor mounted in the center of the nail will respond to typical grip pressures on the fingertip with readily detectible strain amplitudes but that a multi-sensor array will be sensitive to more general haptic phenomena such as the direction and magnitude of frictional loads and loading of the distal phalangeal joint. It is shown that depending on finger use and loading the nail exhibits shifts in direction, location and sign of strain over the fingernail surface. Measurement data from a simple multi-sensor array is shown to be useful in distinguishing between load conditions, however additional sensors are required for full determination.
Endoscopic Transnasal Odontoidectomy: A Novel Technique in Orthopedic Surgery

Over the past decade, a minimally invasive technique to address upper cervical spine pathology has been executed successfully within ENT and neurosurgical communities. One indication for this endoscopic transnasal surgery is to remove the odontoid process of C2. We aim to provide a detailed description of the current state of endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy (ETO) techniques through a systematic literature review. We also report the clinical course of a patient who underwent an ETO with involvement of an orthopedic spinal surgeon. It is our hope that by highlighting the feasibility and positive outcomes of this approach, it may propagate more broadly through the spine community. A 61-year-old male presented to clinic with complaints of neck pain that radiated into the right arm. He had a remote history of closed head injury as a professional boxer, as well as previous ACDF from C4 to C7. On exam, the patient was myelopathic with diffuse 4/5 weakness in all extremities. Imaging revealed a Type-1 odontoid fracture non-union and significant stenosis at the C1 level, with only 7.7 mm available for the cord. After conferring with an interdisciplinary team, the patient was indicated for C1 laminectomy with posterior spinal fusion of C1–C2 and endoscopic transnasal odontoidectomy. At 5-month follow-up, the patient has reported improved gait mechanics, absence of RUE paresthesias, and improved RUE strength. ETO is a viable, safe alternative to previously used methods of odontoid resection. As familiarity with the procedure increases throughout the medical field, further research should determine the most effective methods of ameliorating known complications.
High-temperature superconductivity in the BaPb 1- x Bi x O 3 system

Phases of the type BaPb1-xBix03 have been prepared for the first time. These phases all have perovskite related structures, and superconductivity was observed over the range x ≅0.05–0.3. The highest critical temperature is 13 K which is exceptionally high for an oxide and is much higher than that previously observed for any superconductor not containing a transition element. Semiconducting behavior is observed from x = 1 to about 0.35.
Examining the relationships between phenotypic plasticity and local environments with genomic structural equation models

Abstract Environmental association analyses (EAA) seek to identify genetic variants associated with local adaptation by regressing local environmental conditions at collection sites on genome-wide polymorphisms. The rationale is that environmental conditions impose selective pressure on trait(s), and these traits are regulated in part by variation at a genomic level. Here, we present an alternative multivariate genomic approach that can be utilized when both phenotypic and environmental data are available for the population. This framework utilizes Bayesian networks (BN) to elucidate interdependancies between local environmental conditions and empirical phenotypes, and jointly estimates the direct and indirect genetic covariances between empirical phenotypes and environmental conditions using a mixed-effects structural equation model (SEM). Direct genomic covariance between empirical phenotypes and environmental conditions may provide insight into whether QTL that affect adaptation to an environmental gradient also affects the observed phenotype. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we leveraged two existing datasets consisting of 55 climate variables for 1,130 Arabidopsis accessions and empirical phenotypes for fitness and phenology collected on 515 accessions in two common garden locations in Europe. BN showed that plasticity for fitness and phenology was highly dependant on local environmental conditions. Moreover, genomic SEM revealed relatively high positive genomic correlation between plasticity in fitness and environmental variables that describe the favorability of the local environment for plant growth, indicating the presence of common QTL or independent QTL that are tightly linked. We believe the frameworks presented in this manuscript can provide new insights into the genetic basis of local adaptation.
Entanglement-preserving limit cycles from sequential quantum measurements and feedback

Entanglement generation and preservation is a key task in quantum information processing, and a variety of protocols exist to entangle remote qubits via measurement of their spontaneous emission. We here propose feedback methods, based on monitoring the fluorescence of two qubits and using only local $\ensuremath{\pi}$ pulses for control, to increase the yield and/or lifetime of entangled two-qubit states. Specifically, we describe a protocol based on photodetection of spontaneous emission (i.e., using quantum jump trajectories) which allows for entanglement preservation via measurement undoing, creating a limit cycle around Bell states. We then demonstrate that a similar modification can be made to a recent feedback scheme based on homodyne measurement (i.e., using diffusive quantum trajectories) [L. S. Martin and K. B. Whaley, arXiv:1912.00067] in order to increase the lifetime of the entanglement it creates. Our schemes are most effective for high measurement efficiencies, and the impact of less-than-ideal measurement efficiency is quantified. Our method provides a pathway towards generating and protecting entangled states, complementing others in the literature with similar aims, such that two-qubit entanglement may be used in various applications on demand.
Cyber-attack detection and resilient operation of nonlinear processes under economic model predictive control

Abstract This work proposes resilient operation strategies for nonlinear processes that are vulnerable to targeted cyber-attacks, as well as detection and handling of standard types of cyber-attacks. Working with a general class of nonlinear systems, a modified Lyapunov-based Economic Model Predictive Controller (LEMPC) using combined closed-loop and open-loop control action implementation schemes is proposed to optimize economic benefits in a time-varying manner while maintaining closed-loop process stability. Although sensor measurements may be vulnerable to cyber-attacks, the proposed controller design and operation strategy ensure that the process will maintain stability and stay resilient against particular types of destabilizing cyber-attacks. Data-based cyber-attack detectors are developed using sensor data via machine-learning methods, and these detectors are periodically activated and applied online in the context of process operation. Using a continuously stirred tank reactor example, simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the resilient control strategy in maintaining stable and economically optimal operation in the presence of cyber-attacks. The detection results produced by the detection algorithm demonstrate the capability of the proposed method in identifying the presence of a cyber-attack, as well as in differentiating between different types of cyber-attacks. Upon successful detection of the cyber-attacks, the impact of cyber-attacks can be mitigated by replacing the attacked sensors by secure back-up sensors, and secure operation will resume with the process operated under the proposed resilient LEMPC control strategy.
STUDIES OF THE ACTIVE SITE STRUCTURE OF KIDNEY (Na+ + K+)-ATPASE WITH ATP ANALOGUES AND PARAMAGNETIC PROBES

This chapter presents the studies of the active site structure of kidney (Na + + K + )-ATPase with ATP analogues and paramagnetic probes. The studies depend in part on the identification of unique sites on the ATPase for paramagnetic probes. The first such probe site characterized was a single, high affinity Mn 2 + binding site that have shown to be a catalytically efficacious site for Mg 2+ that exists on the ATPase both in the presence and absence of ATP or P i . The initial observation of the single, catalytic site for Mg 2+ (or Mn 2+ ) on the ATPase was followed by a series of important observations that permit a new answer to old question of the nature of metal and nucleotide binding to the ATPase. The first of these was the demonstration by Mn 2+ -EPR measurements that binding of ATP to the enzyme caused major changes in the coordination geometry of enzyme-bound Mn 2+ bud did not give evidence for formation of a typical inner sphere MnATP complex on the enzyme. Mn 2+ at the high affinity site coordinates four rapidly exchanging water protons, one proton of which is lost upon addition of P i . 31 P NMR studies subsequently established the existence of a phosphate site 6.9 A from the enzyme-bound Mn 2+ . These results were interpreted in terms of a second sphere complex of Mn 2+ and phosphate with an intervening water molecule.
THOUGHTS ON THE WESTERN SAVANNAH AND SAHEL

A recent revival of interest in the empires of the medieval western Savannah and Sahel has generated new insights into slavery, ethnicity, race, and gender in precolonial West Africa. New histories of medieval West Africa also expand the spatial frame through which the relationship between the region's polities and the broader world can be understood. This essay offers a survey of that literature.
Flagging fake news on social media: An experiment of media consumers’ identification of fake news

Policymakers are taking actions to protect their citizens and democratic systems from online misinformation. However, media consumers usually have a hard time differentiating misinformation from authentic information. There are two explanations for this difficulty, namely lazy reasoning and motivated reasoning. While lazy reasoning suggests that people may feel reluctant to conduct critical reasoning when consuming online information, the motivated reasoning theory points out that individuals are also thinking in alignment with their identities and established viewpoints. A proposed approach to address this issue is adding fact-checking flags in the hope that flags could alert people to information falsehoods and stimulate critical thinking. This study examines the impact of fact-checking flags on media consumers’ identification of fake news. Conducting an experiment (n = 717) on Amazon Mechanical Turk, the study finds that experimental participants with different political backgrounds depend heavily on flag-checking results provided by flags. Flags are powerful to influence people’s judgments in a way that participants have blind beliefs in flags even if the flag assessments are inaccurate. Furthermore, the study’s results indicate that flag assessments made by professional fact-checkers or crowd-sourcing are equally influential in shaping participants’ identification. These observations provide public and private leaders with suggestions that fact-checking flags can significantly affect media consumers’ identification of fake news. However, flags appear to have little ability to promote critical thinking in this experiment.
Gendered racism and subjective cognitive complaints among older black women: The role of depression and coping.

Objective: Psychosocial stress is a risk factor for cognitive impairment and a potential pathway through which disparities in cognitive functioning emerge and disproportionately disadvantage older Black adults. Gendered racism is a psychosocial stressor that has negative implications for Black women's mental and physical health. This study tested the association between lifetime experiences of gendered racism and subjective cognitive complaints, taking into account the extent to which depressive symptoms and coping styles may explain this association. Method: Data from 75 older Black women (Mage = 62.43, SD = 6.23 years) were collected using an online survey assessing lifetime experiences of gendered racism, depressive symptoms, coping styles (i.e. spirituality, social support, problem-oriented/engagement, and disengagement), and subjective cognitive complaints (i.e. memory, attention, executive functioning, language, and overall cognition). The association between gendered racism and subjective cognitive complaints was examined with simple linear regression. Two mediation models examined depressive symptoms and coping styles as independent mediators of this association. Results: More gendered racism across the lifetime was associated with more subjective cognitive complaints separately through depressive symptoms and disengagement coping, but no other coping styles. Conclusion: Gendered racism is linked to increased subjective cognitive complaints via depressive symptoms and disengagement coping. The study highlights the importance of taking into account lived experiences (gendered racism) that are inextricably linked to social positioning (race and gender) within neuropsychology. Results evidence the negative impact of psychosocial stress, specifically gendered racism, on older Black women's subjective cognitive functioning, and illuminate avenues for clinical intervention and social justice advocacy.
Challenges and Solutions for Non-Inverting Buck-Boost Converters

This paper discusses several challenges in the design of non-inverting buck-boost regulators. These range from the design of control loop to operation in various regions and associated issues. Several novel schemes are introduced like a universal timer which could work in all the regions of buck-boost, an adaptive region detector which provides optimum point of region-transition independent of input and output voltage measurements or load current and a simple state machine controlled trapezoidal regulation which enables efficient switching. These enable a peak current mode control with adaptive off-time to be maintained throughout all the regions preventing control loop discontinuities. All the ideas presented here are realized on a silicon integrated circuit. Subsequently these concepts are validated and proven through rigorous LAB analysis leading to a commercially usable product which generates adjustable outputs in the range of 1.8V to 5.2V from input voltages in the range of 1.3V to 5.5V.
A table method for coded target decoding with application to 3-D reconstruction of soil specimens during triaxial testing

Photogrammetry-based method is gaining popularity in many fields. One of the main tasks of photogrammetry is to identify the homologous points in multiple images, which is commonly referred to as the corresponding problem. Coded targets are often placed on the surfaces of the targeted objects and have been widely used as a reliable method for solving the corresponding problem in photogrammetry for high-accuracy three-dimensional measurements. Automated recognition and identification of coded targets are of great importance in the coded target-based photogrammetry. However, false coded target identifications are inevitable due to large perspective distortion, unfavorable lighting conditions, and low-resolution, low-quality images, etc. As a result, manual corrections are often required, which are tedious, prone to error, and inefficient. In this paper, a faster R-CNN-based method has been proposed to recognize coded targets. Then, a table method has been developed to automatically identify and reject the falsely identified coded targets by taking advantages of the prior knowledge of the geometric arrangement of the coded targets. Based on that, missing coded targets can be recovered using either interpolation or extrapolation method. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method are validated by implementing it into three-dimensional reconstruction of soil specimens during triaxial testing in geotechnical engineering. Experimental validation results indicate that the proposed method can achieve accurate and efficient coded target recognition and identification.
Galbofloxacin: a xenometal-antibiotic with potent in vitro and in vivo efficacy against S. aureus

Siderophore-antibiotic drug conjugates are considered potent tools to deliver and potentiate the antibacterial activity of antibiotics, but only few have seen preclinical and clinical success. Here, we introduce the gallium(III) complex of a ciprofloxacin-functionalized linear desferrichrome, Galbofloxacin, with a cleavable serine linker as a potent therapeutic for S. aureus bacterial infections. We employed characterization using in vitro inhibitory assays, radiochemical, tracer-based uptake and pharmacokinetic assessment of our lead compound, culminating in in vivo efficacy studies in a soft tissue model of infection. Galbofloxacin exhibits a minimum inhibitory concentration of (MIC98) 93 nM in wt S. aureus, exceeding the potency of the parent antibiotic ciprofloxacin (0.9 μM). Galbofloxacin is a protease substrate that can release the antibiotic payload in the bacterial cytoplasm. Radiochemical experiments with wt bacterial strains reveal that 67Galbofloxacin is taken up efficiently using siderophore mediated, active uptake. Biodistribution of 67Galbofloxacin in a mouse model of intramuscular S. aureus infection revealed renal clearance and enhanced uptake in infected muscle when compared to 67Ga-citrate, which showed no selectivity. A subsequent in vivo drug therapy study reveals efficient reduction in S. aureus infection burden and sustained survival with Galbofloxacin for 7 days. Ciprofloxacin had no treatment efficacy at identical molecular dose (9.3 μmol kg−1) and resulted in death of all study animals in <24 hours. Taken together, the favorable bacterial growth inhibitory, pharmacokinetic and in vivo efficacy properties qualify Galbofloxacin as the first rationally designed Ga-coordination complex for the management of S. aureus bacterial infections.
Unschärfenmodellierung durch Fuzzy Sets

Die erste Veroffentlichung und damit die Begrundung der Theorie unscharfer Mengen („fuzzy set theory“) stammt von Zadeh (1965). Dieser Schlusselartikel wurde im Herbst 1964 bei der Zeitschrift „Information and Control“ eingereicht, deren Mitherausgeber Zadeh war. Dies erscheint ungewohnlich, da in dieser Zeitschrift fur Ingenieure nur sehr selten Arbeiten uber Men-genlehre zu finden sind. McNeill, Freiberger (1996, S. 62) berichten daruber in ihrer aus vielen Interviews zusammengetragenen Geschichte zur Entste-hung und Entwicklung von Fuzzy Logic:„27 Jahre spater, 1991, berichtete Zadeh anlaslich eines Vortrages in Tokio, er habe unlangst mit Murray Eden gesprochen, einem seiner damaligen Herausgeberkollegen: ‚Er bestatigte, was ich mir dachte, namlich, das mein Artikel nur deswegen veroffentlicht worden war, weil ich ein Mitglied des Herausgeberkomitees war.‘“
Detecting Promotional Content in Wikipedia

This paper presents an approach for detecting promotional content in Wikipedia. By incorporating stylometric features, including features based on n-gram and PCFG language models, we demonstrate improved accuracy at identifying promotional articles, compared to using only lexical information and metafeatures.
Are Embarrassment and Social Anxiety Disorder Merely Distant Cousins, or Are They Closer Kin?

Publisher Summary Despite its unpleasantness, embarrassment is a useful social emotion that serves valuable interactive functions: It alerts one to unbecoming behavior; forestalls further transgressions; mollifies one's critics; and motivates desirable remedial responses. Embarrassment typically provides an efficient, efficacious way to overcome the minor mishaps that inevitably occur in one's dealings with others. People who cannot be embarrassed may predictably be less proper and trustworthy than people who can, and they may seem implacable and remorseless; they are certainly less well-liked when they misbehave. In short, embarrassment may be a beneficial component of social life. In contrast, social anxiety disorder (SAD) impairs social life. Those with phobic fears of social situations experience excessive, irrational tension and distress that may interfere with—or entirely preclude—many typical public behaviors. Unlike embarrassment, SAD does not seem to serve any useful purpose. At best it is inconvenient and at worst it is debilitating. To add insult to injury (and, again, unlike embarrassment), SAD often occurs in combination with other maladies such as depression, substance abuse, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Embarrassment and SAD are notably different but they share a common ancestor—a grandparent—that places them on the same family tree without making them immediate kin. They are clearly related, but each has defining features that are not shared by the other. It is not wrong calling them first cousins. This chapter addresses that assertion. It first considers embarrassment, surveying its nature, possible origins, and interactive effects. It then turns to social anxiety and SAD, delineating the differences between them and embarrassment.
Crime & Punishment in Public Schools: An Empirical Study of Disciplinary Proceedings

Public schools face a growing trend of disciplinary problems on school grounds, from drugs and weapons to assault and battery. How schools are dealing with violations of school rules and criminality that occurs within their walls will be revealed throughout this Article. How long are students removed from school and are some removed permanently? What due process protections are afforded students who are involved in disciplinary proceedings? Are students provided with written notice prior to a school removing a student? Are the names of school witnesses and a summary of their testimony given to the student? What is the structure of the disciplinary hearing? Is there a hearing to review the schools recommendation to suspend? Is the student permitted an attorney, and can the student confront and cross-examine school witnesses and receive a verbatim transcript of the proceedings? Is the hearing open to the public, who is present at the hearing, and what is the legal standard of proof? Are students who are removed from school offered an alternative educational program, or are they left to roam the streets aimlessly? Does the punishment to the student fit the crime?The empirical data contained in this Article is submitted to serve as a backdrop for purposes of elaboration and comparison. Thirty-five school divisions, representing a student population of 1,382,562 from across the United States, were surveyed to elicit their opinions on these and other questions relating to school suspensions and disciplinary proceedings. Further analysis of the data will involve a geographical comparison of urban, suburban and rural school districts to highlight similarities and differences. A review of the data divided by region of the country will also be compared and contrasted to disclose some very interesting results. In addition, an analysis of school divisions with African-American populations of 70% or more are reviewed to ascertain any significant variation in school disciplinary proceedings among their schools. Finally, a model program addressing school disciplinary proceedings will be proposed for adoption by school divisions.
Transitional ethics: Responsibilities of supervisors for supporting employee development

New employees face a variety of life and career transitions in early adulthood. This paper explores these transitions that shape personal and career identity. A supervisor can play a central role in facilitating employee development during these times but may be unwilling or ill-prepared to do so. At other times he/she may provide assistance that is unwanted and inappropriate to the employee's developmental needs. The paper develops a framework for examining the supervisor's ethical responsibility to facilitate employee development and provides guidelines for managing these transitions.
Late‐life depression in Rural China: do village infrastructure and availability of community resources matter?

Objectives To examine whether physical infrastructure and availability of three types of community resources (old-age income support, health care facilities, and elder activity centers) in rural villages are associated with depressive symptoms among older adults in rural China.
Codon Usage Influences the Local Rate of Translation Elongation to Regulate Co-translational Protein Folding

Codon usage bias is a universal feature of eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes and has been proposed to regulate translation efficiency, accuracy, and protein folding based on the assumption that codon usage affects translation dynamics. The roles of codon usage in translation, however, are not clear and have been challenged by recent ribosome profiling studies. Here we used a Neurospora cell-free translation system to directly monitor the velocity of mRNA translation. We demonstrated that the preferred codons enhance the rate of translation elongation, whereas non-optimal codons slow elongation. Codon usage also controls ribosome traffic on mRNA. These conclusions were supported by ribosome profiling results in vitro and in vivo with template mRNAs designed to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. Finally, we demonstrate that codon usage regulates protein function by affecting co-translational protein folding. These results resolve a long-standing fundamental question and suggest the existence of a codon usage code for protein folding.
A Naturalistic View of Conflict between Adolescents and their Parents and Siblings

Reports of conflict between adolescents and their parents and siblings were obtained from tenth-graders through interviews conducted over the telephone. The highest levels of conflict were found for the mother adolescent and same-sex sibling relationship, while few conflicts were reported with fathers. Most arguments with parents and siblings were about interpersonal issues and a minority concerned rule enforcement. Withdrawal was the most common conflict resolution technique found with parents and siblings. The results of this study show that disagreements with parents and siblings are equally frequent, largely about the same issues, and resolved in similar ways. These findings cast doubt on the notion that quarrels with parents are really about independence, and support the view that they are simply instances of general interpersonal conflict, which occur whenever the actions of one person interfere with the actions of another.
Privacy and Secrecy: A Conceptual Comparison

Privacy and secrecy both involve boundaries and the denial of access to others; however, they differ in the moral content of the behavior which is concealed. Privacy is consensual where secrecy is not; that is, there is a “right to privacy” but no equivalent “right to secrecy.” Those stigmatized or disadvantaged social groups who have little or no access to privacy utilize secrecy to conceal their behavior. The private family and the secret homosexual world are examples of groups which utilize privacy and secrecy, respectively.
Tritium assay by combustion with a novel oxygen train and liquid scintillation techniques.

Abstract A method has been reported for the analysis of tritium in biological samples weighing between 0.1 and 2 gm. This method, offering advantages over previous methods, employs a combustion tube of new design in an oxygen train. The tube design permits the oxidation and simultaneous collection of tritiated water in 10 min for samples weighing 600 to 800 mg. Coupling the method with the channels ratio method of liquid scintillation counting allows the procedure to be independent of sample weight and dryness. Samples of low activity (500 dpm) or series of samples varying in radioactivity may be assayed accurately because of the low memory effect of the train. Criteria used to assess the accuracy of the method were the percentage recoveries of tritium from groups of samples varying in weight, radioactivity, biological source, and chemical form of the tritium added. The recoveries and standard deviations of these different groups ranged from 99.4 to 96.6 and 1.2 to 3.5%, respectively, thus indicating the accuracy of the method from the analysis of tritium in biological samples and its suitability for samples of various weights and activities.
Co-implantation of carbon and nitrogen into silicon dioxide for synthesis of carbon nitride materials

Abstract Materials synthesis of carbon nitride has been attempted with co-implantation of carbon and nitrogen into thermally grown SiO 2 . Following implantation of C and N ions to doses of 10 17 cm −2 , thermal annealing of the implanted SiO 2 sample was conducted at 1000 °C in an N 2 ambient. As evidenced in Fourier transform infrared measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, different bonding configurations between C and N, including C–N single bonds, CN double bonds and CN triple bonds, were found to develop in the SiO 2 film after annealing. Chemical composition profiles obtained with secondary ion mass spectroscopy were correlated with the depth information of the chemical shifts of N 1s core-level electrons, allowing us to examine the formation of C–N bonding for different atomic concentration ratios between N and C. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy showed no sign of the formation of crystalline C 3 N 4 precipitates in the SiO 2 film after post-implantation annealing.
Molecular dynamics simulations of the mechanical strength of Si/ Si 3 N 4 interfaces

Molecular dynamics simulations are performed on parallel computers to investigate the crystalline $\mathrm{Si}(111)∕{\mathrm{Si}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{4}(0001)$ interface that is modeled as an eight-component system. The average total energy per particle and the average kinetic energy per particle of the subsystems are monitored during the preparation of the system. The Young's modulus of the interface is compared with that of the silicon part alone and that of the silicon-nitride film, respectively. The results for one extended simulation feature a crack in the silicon-nitride film and dislocated atoms in silicon below the crack. Simulations at rates of strain ranging from $0.00125\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}0.05\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{ps}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ show that for lower strain rates, the systems stretched faster reach their ultimate strength at a higher strain value than those that were stretched more slowly. At the highest strain rates, however, the failure mechanisms change qualitatively indicative of a more ductile behavior.
Nuclear factor-kappa B in rat brain: enhanced DNA-binding activity following convulsant-induced seizures

The DNA-binding protein nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) is a pleiotropic transcription factor which regulates the transcription of specific target genes such as cytokines. The existence of NF-kappa B has not been reported in brain tissue. This is the first report demonstrating the expression of NF-kappa B in the rat brain. After pentylene tetrazole (s.c.)-induced clonic-tonic seizures at an LD50 dose of 85 mg/kg, we have shown a gradual increase in NF-kappa B expression reaching a maximum at 24 h, a decrease at 48 h and again increased at 96 and 120 h. A similar time-dependent pattern was observed for the NF-kappa B subunit p50 expression. The NF-kappa B subunit p65 was not expressed at all. These data suggest a possible underlying mechanism of signal transduction and transcriptional regulation of late-response genes after perturbations in the CNS milieu.
BRUSH BORDER DEVELOPMENT IN THE INTESTINAL ABSORPTIVE CELLS OF XENOPUS DURING METAMORPHOSIS

The differentiation of the brush border which makes up the apical free surface of intestinal absorptive cells has been studied by electron microscopy. Specimens of Xenopus small intestine were fixed at various stages during metamorphosis, the time when a new intestinal epithelium forms. The interpretation of details described herein emphasizes the role of "surface-forming" vesicles. These vesicles are thought to provide membrane both for the initial expansion of the apical surface and for the later elongation of the microvilli. The latter are believed to be "molded" around filamentous cores that appear early in differentiation. The cores are attached to the apical membrane and extend vertically into the supranuclear cytoplasm. This interpretation rests chiefly on ( a ) the resemblance, both in morphology and in staining properties with colloidal thorium, between the membrane that limits the vesicles and that which limits the microvilli and ( b ) the distribution and time of appearance of the vesicles with respect to development of the microvilli. According to this view, the specific properties of surface membrane reside in preformed units that arise within the supranuclear cytoplasm. This morphogenetic process probably involves participation of the Golgi region as the site where the complex macromolecular architecture of the cell surface is assembled.
Recovery of locomotor function in cats after localized cerebellar lesions

Abstract Cats were trained to walk on a motorized treadmill, at speeds up to a brisk walk, for food reward. A cerebellar lesion was placed in each animal, either unilateral removal of paravermal cortex, or unilateral coagulation of n. interpositus, or bilateral coagulation of the fastigial nuclei. The effects of these lesions upon locomotor activity were measured by conventional kinematic methods, and were found to be generally in agreement with prior observations. Also in agreement with prior work was the fact that these initial deficits disappeared in a relatively short time. The kinematic data suggest that this recovery of function was genuine in the sense that compensatory alterations in limb motion could not be demonstrated. In disagreement with prior studies, we failed to elicit decompensation (e.g. reinstatement of the original deficits) by subsequent pyramidal tract sections, or ablation of the ‘motor’ cortex. We conclude that the corticospinal system is probably not essential to the recovery observed, and also that perhaps there are substantial differences in the mechanisms of recovery of ‘spontaneous’ overground locomotion, compared to walking on a treadmill as a conditioned instrumental response.
CO substitution in the mixed-metal clusters PhCCo2Ni(CO)6Cp and PhCCo2Mo(CO)8Cp by (Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2. X-ray diffraction structures and proof of ligand bridging in PhCCo2Ni(CO)4[(Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2]Cp and PhCCo2Mo(CO)6[(Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2]Cp

The heterometallic tetrahedrane clusters PhCCo2Ni(CO)6Cp (1) and PhCCo2Mo(CO)8Cp (3) react with the unsaturated diphosphine ligand (Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2 at elevated temperature to afford the corresponding phosphine-substituted clusters PhCCo2Ni(CO)4[(Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2]Cp (2) and PhCCo2Mo(CO)6[(Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2]Cp (4). Clusters 2 and 4 have been isolated by column chromatography and characterized in solution by IR and NMR (1H and 31P) spectroscopies, and the solid-state structures of these clusters have been determined by X-ray crystallography. PhCCo2Ni(CO)4[(Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2]Cp crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-l, a = 10.8142(7), b = 10.8994(6), c = 17.661(2) A, α = 82.870(6), β = 86.149(7), γ = 64.493(5)∘, V = 1864.0(2) A3, Z = 2, Dcacl = 1.495 g/cm3; R = 0.0409, Rw = 0.0424 for 3147 observed reflections with I > 3σ(I). PhCCo2Mo(CO)6[(Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2]Cp, as the hexane solvent, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, a = 12.706(4), b = 17.367(3), c = 21.639(7) A, β = 106.48(3)∘, V = 4579(1) A3, Z = 4, Dcacl = 1.478 g/cm3; R = 0.0605, Rw = 0.0724 for 1330 observed reflections with I > 3σ(I). The solid-state structures of 2 and 4 confirm a bridging coordination mode for the (Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2 ligand, with adjacent cobalt centers being ligated by the ancillary phosphine ligand. The structural highlights of these new mixed-metal clusters are discussed relative to the homometallic tetrahedrane cluster PhCCo3(CO)7[(Z)-Ph2PCH=CHPPh2].
To introduce computer science in one day: The Throw platform

This paper presents an open source platform Throw [1] that is intended to be used for a one day event to increase interest in computer science as well as equip students with tools for self exploration. It is based on three years of hosting a one day event aimed at introducing computer science to 5-8th grade students. One major challenge in computer science education is fostering a commitment to learn, that is powerful and engaging enough for a student to be able to utilize learned skills to turn their ideas into reality and drive them to pursue computing. We present a theory for what is necessary for an effective introduction to computer science as well as present survey results from the first trial of the Throw platform which encompasses this theory.
The Relation between Liberal and Conservative Attitudes in College Students, and Other Factors

Resume On a fait subir “I'Etude Sociale” de Harper et un questionnaire supplementaire de renseignements personnels a 342 etudiants de la psychologie elementaire a l'Universite de Purdue. En employant les resultats du Test Harper comme mesure de liberalisme-conservatisme, on a etudie les relations possible entre le liberalisme-conservatisme et les facteurs suivants: le sexe, l'estimation par soi-měme de son liberalisme, la regularite de l'assistance a l'eglise, la preference de l'eglise, la croyance ou le manque de croyance a l'evolution, l'affiliation politique, l'affiliation politique des parents, la grandeur de la ville natale, le montant de travail necessaire pour gagner sa propre vie a l'universite, et le metier du pere. Les estimations de leur liberalisme par les etudiants n'ont pas ete tres precises. Les hommes ont ete un peu plus liberaux que les femmes. Il y a eu des indications que les femmes ont ete influencees plus que les hommes par l'opinion des parents et l'opinion publique. Les liberaux com...
Stability Analysis With Dissipation Inequalities and Integral Quadratic Constraints

This technical note considers the stability of a feedback connection of a known linear, time-invariant system and a perturbation. The input/output behavior of the perturbation is described by an integral quadratic constraint (IQC). IQC stability theorems can be formulated in the frequency domain or with a time-domain dissipation inequality. The two approaches are connected by a non-unique factorization of the frequency domain IQC multiplier. The factorization must satisfy two properties for the dissipation inequality to be valid. First, the factorization must ensure the time-domain IQC holds for all finite times. Second, the factorization must ensure that a related matrix inequality, when feasible, has a positive semidefinite solution. This technical note shows that a class of frequency domain IQC multipliers has a factorization satisfying these two properties. Thus the dissipation inequality test, with an appropriate factorization, can be used with no additional conservatism.
Isolation of pathogenic Aspergillus species from commercially-prepared potting media.

Twelve commercially-prepared potting soils were screened for the presense of pathogenic Aspergillus species. Pathogenic Aspergillus species were isolated from 67% of the soils. A. fumigatus was isolated from 42% and A. flavus and A. niger from 33%.
Thiopeptide antibiotics stimulate biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis.

Bacteria have evolved the ability to produce a wide range of structurally complex natural products historically called “secondary” metabolites. Although some of these compounds have been identified as bacterial communication cues, more frequently natural products are scrutinized for antibiotic activities that are relevant to human health. However, there has been little regard for how these compounds might otherwise impact the physiology of neighboring microbes present in complex communities. Bacillus cereus secretes molecules that activate expression of biofilm genes in Bacillus subtilis. Here, we use imaging mass spectrometry to identify the thiocillins, a group of thiazolyl peptide antibiotics, as biofilm matrix-inducing compounds produced by B. cereus. We found that thiocillin increased the population of matrix-producing B. subtilis cells and that this activity could be abolished by multiple structural alterations. Importantly, a mutation that eliminated thiocillin’s antibiotic activity did not affect its ability to induce biofilm gene expression in B. subtilis. We go on to show that biofilm induction appears to be a general phenomenon of multiple structurally diverse thiazolyl peptides and use this activity to confirm the presence of thiazolyl peptide gene clusters in other bacterial species. Our results indicate that the roles of secondary metabolites initially identified as antibiotics may have more complex effects—acting not only as killing agents, but also as specific modulators of microbial cellular phenotypes.
Cold ambient temperature reverses abdominal surgery-induced delayed gastric emptying and decreased plasma ghrelin levels in rats

Abstract We investigated whether acute cold-induced vagal activation through brainstem thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) signaling influences abdominal surgery-induced delayed gastric emptying (GE) in fasted rats. Laparotomy and cecal palpation or sham (short anesthesia alone) was performed 10 min before or 30 min after cold exposure (4–6 °C) lasting 90 min. Non-nutrient GE was assessed during 70–90 min of cold exposure. Control groups remained at room temperature (RT). The stable TRH analog, RX-77368 (50 ng/rat) was injected intracisternally immediately before surgery and GE monitored 30–50 min postsurgery in rats maintained at RT. Plasma acyl (AG) and total ghrelin levels were assessed using the new RAPID blood processing method and radioimmunoassays. Desacyl ghrelin (DAG) was derived from total minus AG. In rats maintained at RT, abdominal surgery decreased GE by 60% compared to sham. Cold before or after surgery or RX-77368 normalized the delayed GE. In non-fasted rats, cold exposure increased plasma AG and DAG levels at 2 h (2.4- and 2.7-times, respectively) and 4 h (2.2- and 2.0-times, respectively) compared to values in rats maintained at RT. In fasted rats, abdominal surgery decreased AG and DAG levels by 2.4- and 2.1-times, respectively, at 90 min. Cold for 90 min after surgery normalized AG and DAG levels to those observed in sham-treated animals kept at RT. These data indicate that endogenous (cold exposure) and exogenous (TRH analog) activation of medullary TRH vagal signaling prevent abdominal surgery-induced delayed GE. The restoration of circulating AG levels inhibited by abdominal surgery may contribute to alleviate postoperative gastric ileus.