cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α is required for feedback regulation of highly unsaturated fatty acid synthesis

Delta6 desaturase (D6D), the rate-limiting enzyme for highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) synthesis, is induced by essential fatty acid-deficient diets. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) in part mediates this induction. Paradoxically, D6D is also induced by ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha). Here, we report a novel physiological role of PPARalpha in the induction of genes specific for HUFA synthesis by essential fatty acid-deficient diets. D6D mRNA induction by essential fatty acid-deficient diets in wild-type mice was diminished in PPARalpha-null mice. This impaired D6D induction in PPARalpha-null mice was not attributable to feedback suppression by tissue HUFAs because PPARalpha-null mice had lower HUFAs in liver phospholipids than did wild-type mice. Furthermore, PPARalpha-responsive genes were induced in wild-type mice under essential fatty acid deficiency, suggesting the generation of endogenous PPARalpha ligand(s). Contrary to genes for HUFA synthesis, the induction of other lipogenic genes under essential fatty acid deficiency was higher in PPARalpha-null mice than in wild-type mice even though mature SREBP-1c protein did not differ between the genotypes. The expression of PPARgamma was markedly increased in PPARalpha-null mice and might have contributed to the induction of genes for de novo lipogenesis. Our study suggests that PPARalpha, together with SREBP-1c, senses HUFA status and confers pathway-specific induction of HUFA synthesis by essential fatty acid-deficient diets.
The microwave spectrum and structure for the HCCHCO complex

Abstract Rotational transitions were measured for five isotopomers of HCCHCO using a Flygare—Balle type microwave spectrometer. The observed spectrum is consistent with a linear, hydrogen-bonded HCCHCO structure. Measured rotational constants in MHz, are B = 1397.370(1) for HCCOCO, 1394.963(1) for HCCDCO, 1385.142(1) for HCCHCO, 1331.23(1) for DCCHCO and 1329.684(2) for DCCDCO. The measured rotational constants were fit to obtain a center-of-mass separation for HCCHCO of R * c.m. = 5.018(7) A. Distortion constants were obtained and analyzed to obtain a force constant and estimate the dissociation energy.
Effect of sodium bicarbonate and disodium phosphate on animal performance, ruminal metabolism, digestion, and rate of passage in ruminating calves

With a five-point radial response design, a control group, and several single factor points, effects of dietary sodium bicarbonate (0 to 4.5%) and disodium phosphate (0 to 2.0%) on calf growth, ruminal fermentation, ration digestibility, and rate of passage of liquid and particulate digesta were studied. Growth and intake data were collected age 7 to 14 wk. Rumen and blood were sampled three times. Digestion and rate of passage trials were during age 16 wk. Gains were not affected significantly but were maximized between 1 and 2% sodium bicarbonate and 0% disodium phosphate. Dry matter intake, feed efficiency, dry matter digestibility, volatile fatty acid ratio, ruminal pH, and buffering capacity were not altered by buffers. Ruminal osmolality and concentration of volatile fatty acids were increased by buffers. Digestibility of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber tended to be higher for rations containing buffers. Dilution rate of ruminal liquid increased by 40% with 2.0% sodium bicarbonate and .75% disodium phosphate, and ruminal volume was decreased. Passage rate of particulate digesta was increased by a similar amount.
Albert Ellis and the Buddha: rational Soul Mates? A comparison of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) and Zen Buddhism

Although religion and psychology are generally conceived of as distinct domains, the theoretical underpinnings of certain psychological theories are inextricably related to religious ideology. This relationship is perhaps best exemplified by the theoretical and applied similarity between Buddhist principles and Albert Ellis's Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT). Sharing a common purpose, both the Buddha and Ellis set out to improve the human condition, and to do so in a rational, empirical manner. The significance of these parallels is discussed in relation to the incorporation of early Buddhist and Zen Buddhism concepts into the current practice of REBT.
Towards Engineered Processes for Sequencing-Based Analysis of Single Circulating Tumor Cells

Sequencing-based analysis of single circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of metastatic cancer and improve clinical care. Technologies exist to enrich, identify, recover, and sequence single cells, but to enable systematic routine analysis of single CTCs from a range of cancer patients, there is a need to establish processes that efficiently integrate these specific operations. Such engineered processes should address challenges associated with the yield and viability of enriched CTCs, the robust identification of candidate single CTCs with minimal degradation of DNA, the bias in whole-genome amplification, and the efficient handling of candidate single CTCs or their amplified DNA products. Advances in methods for single-cell analysis and nanoscale technologies suggest opportunities to overcome these challenges, and could create integrated platforms that perform several of the unit operations together. Ultimately, technologies should be selected or adapted for optimal performance and compatibility in an integrated process.
A Dantzig-Wolfe-Like Variant of Karmarkar's Interior-Point Linear Programming Algorithm

We show that a variant of Karmarkar's projective algorithm for linear programming can be viewed as following the approach of Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition. At each iteration, the current primal feasible solution generates prices which are used to form a simple subproblem. The solution to the subproblem is then incorporated into the current feasible solution. With a suitable choice of stepsize a constant reduction in potential function is achieved at each iteration. We also use our analysis to motivate a new primal simplex pivot rule that is closely related to rules used by E. Klotz and L. Schrage.
CONGENITAL CYTOMEGALOVIRUS|[lpar]|CMV|[rpar]| INFECTION: ABSENCE OF IgM ANTIBODY, RETARDED IgG ANTIBODY PRODUCTION AND REVERSED OKT4|[sol]|OKT8 RATIOS

A male child delivered of a 14 year old hispanic was born small for gestational age, jaundiced and had hepatosplenomegaly, a rash resembling "blueberry muffin" spots and brain calcifications. CMV was cultured from urine at a titer of more than 107 TCID50/ml and also from buffy coat, throat swab, and cerebrospinal fluid. At the age of 2 weeks his T cell subsets were measured for the first time. There was a marked decrease of T4 positive cells with a normal number of T8 positive cells, producing a "reversed" T4/T8 ratio of 0.8. However, his helper-suppressor cell functional assay was normal for age. The mother's T4 and T8 cells were normal with a ratio of 1.5. The indirect ELISA CMV-IgG antibody titer was 1:8192 for both mother and newborn baby. The baby's ELISA CMV-IgM was negative although his total serum IgM was 70 mg/dl. His CMV-IgG titer decreased to undetectable levels by 4 months of age; the other findings persisted unchanged. At 8 months of age, his CMV IgG rose to 1:10,140. Despite this high level of IgG antibody, the CMV shedding continued unabated, the CMV-IgM remained negative and the T4/T8 ratio was still reversed. This study shows that congenital CMV infection can result in profound disturbances of immune regulation.
The ACTH stimulation test before and after clinical recovery from depression

Excessive cortisol secretion after cosyntropin (adrenocorticotropic hormone; ACTH) infusion in some depressed patients has suggested the possibility that the adrenal cortex may have heightened responsiveness to ACTH, and that this may contribute, in part, to activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. We administered an ACTH test and dexamethasone suppression test (DST) to 32 patients before and after treatment. Maximal cortisol response to ACTH demonstrated a significant decrease after treatment in the subgroup of melancholic/DST nonsuppressors (p = 0.04). When the cumulative cortisol response (CCR) to ACTH was examined, the DST nonsuppressors had a greater CCR decrease than suppressors (p = 0.03), and the melancholics a greater decrease than nonmelancholics (p = 0.02). The melancholic/DST nonsuppressor subgroup had the largest CCR decrease after treatment (p = 0.03), and these patients may represent a group of depressives with altered adrenocortical function that tends to "normalize" with clinical recovery.
[D01] Haptic paddle for dynamics education

Summary form only given, as follows. A single axis force feedback device known as a haptic paddle has been implemented as a teaching tool at several universities with different designs and emphases. Shown in this demo are two haptic paddle designs, the Rice Haptic Paddle and one modified design with a friction drive transmission that increases the ease with which students can perform virtual environment experiments, providing the opportunity for a hands on interpretation of the characterization presented in the conference submission. Additionally, new real time implementation hardware and software that is more intuitive for students will be demonstrated. Additionally, brief demonstrations of the experiments the students perform, including time domain system identification of actuator characteristics, interactions with virtual environments, and unilateral/bilateral teleoperation will be performed. This demo will showcase the interactions the students have with the devices, and provide insight into the design choices made when developing pedagogic tools such as the haptic paddle.
Wide-angle beam steering using coupled-PLLs

A coupled-PLLs network suitable for phased-array systems is presented. The proposed structure uses phase-frequency detectors, instead of analogue multipliers, to achieve up to ±180° phase shift between output signals. This improvement makes it possible to extend the scanning angle from ±30° off the normal achieved through current coupled-oscillators to ±90°.
Abstract 3061: Colocalization of NQO1 with the mitotic spindle in human cells

NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is a flavoenzyme that catalyzes the two-electron reduction of quinones. NQO1 has also been shown to reduce superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and regulate ubiquitin independent 20S proteasome degradation of proteins such as p53. In normal tissues NQO1 is expressed primarily in epithelium, endothelium and adipocytes where it is believed to play a protective role. NQO1 is also expressed at relatively high levels in many human solid tumors where it has been targeted for its ability to bioactivate anti-tumor quinones. Interestingly, immunohistochemical staining for NQO1 expression in formalin-fixed human non-small cell lung cancer tissue sections revealed strong staining for NQO1 on the mitotic spindles of cells in mitosis. Immunocytochemical studies in combination with confocal microscopy using human nontransformed and transformed cells (HUVEC, HBMEC, astrocytes) as well as human cancer cell lines confirmed NQO1 staining of mitotic spindles. Staining of mitotic spindles for NQO1 was not observed in cells genotyped as homozygous for the NQO1*2 polymorphism or in cells pretreated with siRNA directed against NQO1. Double-labeling experiments using anti-alpha-tubulin and anti-NQO1 antibodies demonstrated colocalization of NQO1 with spindle microtubules. Pretreatment with NQO1 inhibitors (ES936 or dicumarol) did not prevent binding of NQO1 to mitotic spindles suggesting that binding is independent of the redox state of the enzyme. In cells not undergoing mitosis there was no apparent association of NQO1 with the cytoskeleton suggesting that binding of NQO1 to microtubules may be specific for mitotic spindles. Previous immunocytochemical studies by other investigators have shown that p53 and 20S proteasome could also be found in association with the mitotic spindle. Whether NQO1 binds directly to spindle microtubules or the binding of NQO1 to the spindle is dependent upon the association with other proteins such as p53 or 20S proteasome is currently under investigation (Supported by NIH grant R01ES018943). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3061. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3061
Quantitative Reconstitution of Mitotic CDK1 Activation in Somatic Cell Extracts

Summary The regulation of mitotic entry in somatic cells differs from embryonic cells, yet it is only for embryonic cells that we have a quantitative understanding of this process. To gain a similar insight into somatic cells, we developed a human cell extract system that recapitulates CDK1 activation and nuclear envelope breakdown in response to mitotic cyclins. As cyclin B concentrations increase, CDK1 activates in a three-stage nonlinear response, creating an ordering of substrate phosphorylations. This response is established by dual regulatory feedback loops involving WEE1/MYT1, which impose a cyclin B threshold, and CDC25, which allows CDK1 to escape the WEE1/MYT1 inhibition. This system also exhibits a complex response to cyclin A. Cyclin A promotes WEE1 phosphorylation to weaken the negative feedback loop and primes mitotic entry through cyclin B. This observation explains the requirement of both cyclin A and cyclin B to initiate mitosis in somatic cells.
Tactics of parasitic American coots: host choice and the pattern of egg dispersion among host nests

I examined the tactics adopted by a conspecific brood parasite, the American coot (Fulica americana), and the degree to which these tactics reflect sources of mortality for parasitic eggs. Only 8% of parasitic eggs produced independent offspring, compared to a 35% success rate for non-parasitic eggs, and most mortality was due to egg-rejection by hosts or the consequences of laying eggs too late in the host's nesting cycle. Parasites usually laid parasitically before initiating their own nests and usually parasitized immediate neighbours. Parasites did not remove host eggs before laying their own egg, and egg disappearance in general was not more common at parasitized nests. I found no evidence for non-random host choice, either on the basis of stage of the host's nesting cycle or the host's brood size. The absence of adaptive host choice is likely a consequence of the fact that, due to host limitation, only a small proportion of parasites had meaningful variation among potential hosts to choose from. The pattern of egg dispersion among host nests by individual parasites appears to be a compromise between constraints imposed by host limitation and the increased success obtained from spreading eggs among nests. Most females laying fewer than five parasitic eggs laid them in a single host nest while females laying five or more eggs normally parasitized two or more hosts. An examination of egg rejection and survival rates showed that parasites would maximize success by laying a single egg per host nest, and the pattern of laying several eggs per host nest is likely a consequence of host limitation. However, no egg that was the fifth laid, or later, parasitic egg in a host nest was ever successful and this probably explains why most females laying five or more eggs parasitized more than one host.
Adolescent satisfaction with postpartum contraception and body weight concerns

Abstract Purpose: To explore factors that could be related to adolescents’ satisfaction with postpartum contraceptives. Methods: Three focus groups were conducted with a total of 22 adolescent mothers. The groups covered four content areas: feelings about birth control since becoming a mother, decision making about contraceptive use, factors that would influence contraceptive discontinuation, and the perceived side effects of the current contraceptive. Audiotapes from the groups were analyzed to identify major themes. Results: Nineteen subjects received Depo-Provera when they were discharged after delivery and the majority reported that menstrual irregularities and weight gain were side effects. Two body weight–related themes were dominant: dissatisfaction with heavier than desired body weights and resignation about not returning to prepregnancy weights. Conclusions: Depo-Provera may be an effective contraceptive for adolescent mothers who are generally at high risk for rapid repeat pregnancy. This qualitative study suggests that contraceptive continuation may be enhanced with specific counselling to manage body weight concerns.
Performance Measurement, Accountability, and Improved Performance

(2002). Performance Measurement, Accountability, and Improved Performance. Public Performance & Management Review: Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 370-374.
A High-Affinity Adenosine Kinase from Anopheles gambiae

Genome analysis revealed a mosquito orthologue of adenosine kinase in Anopheles gambiae (AgAK; the most important vector for the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum in Africa). P. falciparum are purine auxotrophs and do not express an adenosine kinase but rely on their hosts for purines. AgAK was kinetically characterized and found to have the highest affinity for adenosine (Km = 8.1 nM) of any known adenosine kinase. AgAK is specific for adenosine at the nucleoside site, but several nucleotide triphosphate phosphoryl donors are tolerated. The AgAK crystal structure with a bound bisubstrate analogue Ap4A (2.0 A resolution) reveals interactions for adenosine and ATP and the geometry for phosphoryl transfer. The polyphosphate charge is partly neutralized by a bound Mg2+ ion and an ion pair to a catalytic site Arg. The AgAK structure consists of a large catalytic core in a three-layer α/β/α sandwich, and a small cap domain in contact with adenosine. The specificity and tight binding for adenosine arise fro...
TWO ATOM INSERTIONS INTO THE SILACYCLOPROPANE AND SILACYCLOPROPENE RINGS- MECHANISTIC CONSIDERATIONS

Abstract Novel two atom insertion reactions into the SiC2 rings of hexamethylsilirane and 1,1-dimethyl-2,3-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1-silirene involving the C bonds of styrene and α-methylstyrene, 1,3-butadiene and its 2-methyl and 2,3-dimethyl derivatives, and, in the presence of ultraviolet radiation, of aliphatic aldehydes and ketones, are reported. A radical mechanism is suggested tobe operative in these reactions. Also described are novel palladium-catalyzed reactions of the silirene with terminal and internal acetylenes.
Synthesis and NMR characterization of 6‐Phenyl‐6‐deoxy‐2,3‐di‐O‐methylcellulose

Cellulose (1) was converted for the first time to 6-phenyl-6-deoxy-2,3-di-O-methylcellulose (6) in 33% overall yield. Intermediates in the five-step conversion of 1 to­6 were: 6-O-tritylcellulose (2), 6-O-trityl-2,3-di-O-methylcellulose (3), 2,3-di-O-methylcellulose (4); and 6-bromo-6-deoxy-2,3-di-O-methylcellulose (5). Elemental and quantitative carbon-13 analyses were concurrently used to verify and confirm the degrees of substitution in each new polymer. Gel permeation chromotography (GPC) data were generated to monitor the changes in molecular weight (DPw) as the synthesis progressed, and the compound average decrease in cellulose DPw was ∼ 27%. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the decomposition of all polymers. The degradation temperatures ( °C) and percent char at 500 °C of cellulose derivatives 2 to 6 were 308.6 and 6.3%, 227.6 °C and 9.7%, 273.9 °C and 30.2%, 200.4 °C and 25.6%, and 207.2 °C and 27.0%, respectively. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of­6-O-tritylcellulose by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) occurred at 126.7 °C and the modulus (E′, Pa) dropped 8.9 fold in the transition from −150 °C to + 180 °C (6.6 × 109 to 7.4 × 108 Pa). Modulus at 20 °C was 3.26 × 109 Pa. Complete proton and carbon-13 chemical shift assignments of the repeating unit of the title polymer were made by a combination of the HMQC and COSY NMR methods. Ultimate non-destructive proof of carbon–carbon bond formation at C6 of the anhydroglucose moiety was established by generating correlations between resonances of CH26 (anhydroglucose) and C1′, H2′, and H6′ of the attached aryl ring using the heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC) method. In this study, we achieved three major objectives: (a) new methodologies for the chemical modification of cellulose were developed; (b) new cellulose derivatives were designed, prepared and characterized; (c) unequivocal structural proof for carbon–carbon bond formation with cellulose was derived non-destructively by use of one- and two-dimensional NMR methods. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Artificial Selection of Adult Screw-Worms for Extended Survival without Food and Water

Artificial selection of adult screw-worms, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), for resistance to starvation carried through 28 generations resulted in improved survival potential. Initial starvation of 56 hr caused 85% ♂ and 92% ♀ mortality, but in F12–11 mortality was only 3.6–4.4% for males and 6.1–12.0% for females. Starvation of 72 hr in F12 killed 53.5% ♂ and 72.4% ♀. After 96-hr starvation in F16, 72-hr mortality in F20–28 was no greater than for fed flies. At the 50% mortality level survival was increased from 48 to 96+ hr in 28 generations. Relaxation of pressure in F1S resulted in no loss of resistance 10 generations later. Adults utilized posteclosion food reserves rapidly in spite of food availability, indicating need for prompt release after eclosion in programs utilizing irradiated males for eradication. Females were more susceptible to starvation than males and egg development was inhibited. Selected flies were 8–10% heavier than unselected and fat body content of selected males was almost twice that of unselected. Sexual vigor of selected males was reduced in F13 and later generations, but vigor of a substrain removed from selection in F13 showed improvement 7 and 9 generations later, indicating need for a compromise between maximum survival and acceptable sexual vigor. During 96-hr starvation males mated more readily than females.
Theory of electronic ferroelectricity

We present a theory of the linear and nonlinear optical characteristics of the insulating phase of the Falicov-Kimball model within the self-consistent mean-field approximation. The Coulomb attraction between the itinerant $d$ electrons and the localized $f$ holes gives rise to a built-in coherence between the $d$ and $f$ states, which breaks the inversion symmetry of the underlying crystal, leading to (1) electronic ferroelectricity, (2) ferroelectric resonance, and (3) a nonvanishing susceptibility for second-harmonic generation. As experimental tests of such a built-in coherence in mixed-valent compounds, we propose measurements of the static dielectric constant, the microwave absorption spectrum, and the dynamic second-order susceptibility.
Sedimentology, provenance and geochronology of the upper Cretaceous-lower Eocene western Xigaze forearc basin, southern Tibet

Located on the southern margin of the Lhasa terrane in southern Tibet, the Xigaze forearc basin records Cretaceous to lower Eocene sedimentation along the southern margin of Asia, prior to and during the initial stages of continental collision with the Tethyan Himalaya in the Early Eocene. We present new measured stratigraphic sections, totalling 4.5 km stratigraphic thickness, from a 60 km E–Wsegment of the western portion of the Xigaze forearc basin, northeast of the Lopu Kangri Range (29.8007° N, 84.91827° E). In addition, we apply U–Pb detrital zircon geochronology to constrain the provenance and maximum depositional ages of investigated strata. Stratigraphic ages range between ca. 88 and ca. 54 Ma and sedimentary facies indicate a shoaling-upward trend from deepmarine turbidites to fluvial deposits. Depositional environments of coeval Cretaceous strata along strike include deep-marine distal turbidites, slope-apron debris-flow deposits and marginal marine carbonates. This along-strike variability in facies suggests an irregular paleogeography of the Asian margin prior to collision. Paleocene–Eocene strata are composed of shallow marine carbonates with abundant foraminifera such as Nummulites-Discocyclina and Miscellanea-Daviesina and transition into fluvial deposits dated at ca. 54 Ma. Sandstone modal analyses, conglomerate clast compositions and detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology indicate that forearc detritus in this region was derived solely from the Gangdese magmatic arc to the north. In addition, U–Pb detrital zircon age spectra within the upper Xigaze forearc stratigraphy are similar to those from Eocene foreland basin strata south of the Indus-Yarlung suture near Sangdanlin, suggesting that the Xigaze forearc was a possible source of Sangdanlin detritus by ca. 55 Ma. We propose a model in which the Xigaze forearc prograded south over the accretionary prism and onto the advancing Tethyan Himalayan passive margin between 58 and 54 Ma, during late stage evolution of the forearc basin and the beginning of collision with the Tethyan Himalaya. The lack of documented forearc strata younger than ca. 51 Ma suggests that sedimentation in the forearc basin ceased at this time owing to uplift resulting from continued continental collision.
Local knowledge: Research capacity building in international health

Abstract Processes of building research capacity in international health projects and their implications for anthropology are addressed using examples from the Applied Diarrheal Disease Research project funded by the United States Agency for International Development. Two aspects of training are examined: the way interdisciplinary methods—qualitative and quantitative approaches—are presented to researchers, given the context of international health research culture; and how researchers' local knowledge and local concerns in pursuing health research relevant to policy led them to become interested in anthropology. The consequences for anthropology's place and product in future capacity building efforts in international health research are discussed.
The Shortened Infusion Time of Intravenous Ibuprofen Part 1: A Multicenter, Open-label, Surveillance Trial to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy

Abstract Purpose The main purpose of the study was to determine the safety profile and efficacy of intravenous ibuprofen administered over 5 to 10 minutes for the treatment of pain or fever in hospitalized patients. Current evidence supports the use of intravenous infusions of ibuprofen to control pain and reduce the opioid requirements associated with surgical pain. Current dosing guidelines recommend that the drug be administered over 30 minutes. However, a more rapid infusion might yield additional benefits. The safety profile and efficacy of a shortened infusion time requires additional study. Methods This was a Phase IV multicenter, open-label, surveillance clinical study. Thirteen clinical centers located in the United States enrolled a total of 150 adult hospitalized patients with pain or fever. Patients experiencing pain received 800 mg intravenous ibuprofen infused over 5 to 10 minutes every 6 hours for up to 24 hours (4 doses) and patients experiencing fever received 400 mg intravenous ibuprofen infused over 5 to 10 minutes every 4 hours for up to 24 hours (6 doses). Vital signs, adverse events, and pain scores were assessed. The exclusion criteria included inadequate intravenous access; patients younger than 18 years of age; history of allergy or hypersensitivity to any component of intravenous ibuprofen, aspirin, or other nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs; active hemorrhage or clinically significant bleeding; pregnancy or nursing; and patients in the perioperative period in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Findings Adverse events were reported for 43 of 150 patients (29%). The most common adverse events experienced by patients were infusion site pain in 22 of 150 patients (15%) and flatulence (8 of 150 [5%]). Four patients (3%) discontinued the study drug due to infusion-site pain. In the patients experiencing fever, temperature decreased from baseline over 4 hours (mean [SD] reduction of 1.5 [1.25]°F). In patients experiencing pain, patient-reported visual analog scale scores decreased from baseline over 4 hours (mean [SD] reduction of 27.1 [31.29] mm). Implications The study demonstrates that more rapid administration of intravenous ibuprofen is well tolerated and supports intravenous ibuprofen as an effective treatment for pain and fever in hospitalized patients.
When the internet sleeps: correlating diurnal networks with external factors

As the Internet matures, policy questions loom larger in its operation. When should an ISP, city, or government invest in infrastructure? How do their policies affect use? In this work, we develop a new approach to evaluate how policies, economic conditions and technology correlates with Internet use around the world. First, we develop an adaptive and accurate approach to estimate block availability, the fraction of active IP addresses in each /24 block over short timescales (every 11 minutes). Our estimator provides a new lens to interpret data taken from existing long-term outage measurements, thus requiring no additional traffic. (If new collection was required, it would be lightweight, since on average, outage detection requires less than 20 probes per hour per /24 block; less than 1% of background radiation.) Second, we show that spectral analysis of this measure can identify diurnal usage: blocks where addresses are regularly used during part of the day and idle in other times. Finally, we analyze data for the entire responsive Internet (3.7M /24 blocks) over 35 days. These global observations show when and where the Internet sleeps---networks are mostly always-on in the US and Western Europe, and diurnal in much of Asia, South America, and Eastern Europe. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) testing shows that diurnal networks correlate negatively with country GDP and electrical consumption, quantifying that national policies and economics relate to networks.
Expectations, Fears, and Strategies: Juvenile Offender Thoughts on a Future outside of Incarceration.

The current article explores the possible selves, or future expectations, of 543 incarcerated juvenile offenders in four Western states in the United States. We argue that juveniles who are able to...
RELATIONSHIP OF PATIENTS' PAIN REPORTS TO THEIR REQUESTS IN TWO MEDICAL SETTINGS

Do patients' uncertainties about what their pain sensations mean influence their reports of pain? To study this question, patients' pain reports were examined within two hospital-based medical practices, a walk-in unit and a general medical practice, practices to which patients bring different uncertainties about their diagnosis and treatment. Patients' requests for medical help are a measure of such uncertainties. Within each practice requests of patients reporting pain were compared with those of nonreporters. In the walk-in unit, where new patients face diagnostic uncertainties, pain reporters compared to nonreporters were more likely to make requests that focused on diagnosis and that had a cognitive form (explanation). In the general medical practice, where returning patients face treatment uncertainties, pain reporters and nonreporters were equally likely to make requests that focused on treatment and that had a somatic form (medication). This result was not predicted since pain reporters were expec...
Portals to the world : A library of congress guide to web resources on international topics

Abstract Portals to the World (http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/portals.html) is a Library of Congress guide to Web resources. A product of the unit Area Studies Collections, it provides one-stop shopping and self-service access to information about every nation of the world, organized by broad topical areas, selected and annotated by the reference librarians and area specialists, and provided without charge over the Internet. The chapter outlines the organizational and management factors that moved the project from vision to implementation and describes the content, structure, and technical background of the Portals themselves. Staff and users have benefitted from the project even while quality control and promotion remain ongoing challenges.
Method of numerical solution of one-dimensional multifront stefan problems

A finite-element method with explicit isolation of fronts is proposed for Stefan problems with an arbitrary number of phase transition boundaries.
Siting analysis of farm-based centralized anaerobic digester systems for distributed generation using GIS

Abstract There is growing interest in installing anaerobic digesters (ADs) on farms to use animal wastes as a biomass resource for both economic value and environmental benefit. This potential expansion prompts the need for land suitability assessment. In this paper, a GIS model is proposed for land-suitability assessment of potential energy systems featuring an AD coupled with an energy generator. A variety of environmental and social constraints, as well as economic factors are integrated in the model to help determine the optimal sites for installing such systems. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method is employed to estimate the factors’ weights in order to establish their relative importance in site selection. The model is then applied to Tompkins County, New York as a case study for demonstration. A siting suitability map was produced to identify those areas that are most suitable for distributed bio-energy systems using dairy manure. The results showed that this GIS-based model, by integrating both spatial data and non-spatial information, was capable of providing a broad-scale and multidimensional view on the potential bio-energy systems development in the area of study to account for environmental and social constraints as well as economic factors. The model can be modified for evaluating other biomass resources.
Refocusing a gift program in an academic library

Colorado State University Libraries' recent decision to eliminate its general gift program—and to restrict future gifts-in-kind to materials supporting archives and special collections—came within the context of a number of converging external pressures. In this article, the authors will examine issues arising from a major change in gift operations, as well as report on the collaborative efforts to formulate, implement, and communicate to constituencies a new policy on gift acquisitions.
Pretreatment effect on inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated beef jerky

Changes in inoculated Escherichia coli O157:H7 populations were determined during drying (62.5°C, 10 h) of whole muscle beef jerky slices pretreated by: (1) immersing in boiling water (94°C, 15 s), then marinating (4°C, 24 h); (2) seasoning (4°C, 24 h), then immersing in a pickling brine (78°C, 90 s); (3) immersing in a vinegar/water (750/750 mL) solution (57.5°C, 20 s), then marinating (4°C, 24 h); and (4) marinating (4°C, 24 h), then immersing in a vinegar/water (750/750 mL) solution (57.5°C, 20 s). Samples were analysed (bacterial enumeration with selective and nonselective agar media, pH, and aw) following inoculation, each preparation step, and at 0, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h of drying. While all pre-drying treatments resulted in significant (P<0.05) bacterial reductions, treatment 2 resulted in the greatest pre-drying reduction (3.1–4.1 log cfu/cm2) and the highest overall reduction at 10 h drying (5.7–5.8 log cfu/cm2). Total reductions for treatments 1, 3 and 4 after 10 h drying were 4.3–4.5, 4.9–5.2 and 4.7–4.8 log cfu/cm2, respectively. Bacterial populations declined to <1.0 log cfu/cm2 after 30 d storage and remained at this level throughout 90 d storage. These results should be useful in developing guidelines for jerky preparation by consumers and processors.
Teaching About Diversity and Oppression

ABSTRACT Meeting the CSWE standards related to diversity content poses new demands on faculty who frequently face strained classroom interactions and strong student affect. Using critical incident methodology, data from social work professors identified critical events in teaching about oppression that point to policy and teaching recommendations. Results have implications for the use of critical incident debriefing methodology to help faculty increase skill in supporting students through difficult psychological work that is necessary for the development of multicultural competence.
An assessment of biofuel use and burning of agricultural waste in the developing world

[1] We present an assessment of biofuel use and agricultural field burning in the developing world. We used information from government statistics, energy assessments from the World Bank, and many technical reports, as well as from discussions with experts in agronomy, forestry, and agro-industries. We estimate that 2060 Tg biomass fuel was used in the developing world in 1985; of this, 66% was burned in Asia, and 21% and 13% in Africa and Latin America, respectively. Agricultural waste supplies about 33% of total biofuel use, providing 39%, 29%, and 13% of biofuel use in Asia, Latin America, and Africa, and 41% and 51% of the biofuel use in India and China. We find that 400 Tg of crop residues are burned in the fields, with the fraction of available residue burned in 1985 ranging from 1% in China, 16–30% in the Middle East and India, to about 70% in Indonesia; in Africa about 1% residue is burned in the fields of the northern drylands, but up to 50% in the humid tropics. We distributed this biomass burning on a spatial grid with resolution of 1 1, and applied emission factors to the amount of dry matter burned to give maps of trace gas emissions in the developing world. The emissions of CO from biofuel use in the developing world, 156 Tg, are about 50% of the estimated global CO emissions from fossil fuel use and industry. The emission of 0.9 Pg C (as CO2) from burning of biofuels and field residues together is small, but nonnegligible when compared with the emissions of CO2 from fossil fuel use and industry, 5.3 Pg C. The biomass burning source of 10 Tg/yr for CH4 and 2.2 Tg N/yr of NOx are relatively small when compared with total CH4 and NOx sources; this source of NOx may be important on a regional basis. INDEX TERMS: 1610 Global Change: Atmosphere (0315, 0325); 1803 Hydrology: Anthropogenic effects; 1615 Global Change: Biogeochemical processes (4805); KEYWORDS: biofuel use, global biofuel burning, agricultural waste burning, biofuel emissions
Managing anxiety associated with neurodegenerative disorders

Anxiety is a common symptom among patients with cognitive impairment. The presence of anxiety is correlated with poorer outcomes; despite this, there is limited research on anxiety related to neurodegenerative disorder. In this article, we discuss the prevalence of anxiety and factors involved in the etiology of anxiety in patients with diagnosed neurodegenerative disorders and related states of cognitive impairment as well as the evidence for currently available methods of evaluating and treating these symptoms. Specific treatments are highlighted in light of current evidence, followed by a discussion of the difficulties inherent in the study and treatment of anxiety in this population.
Relative contribution of the leukocyte molecules Mo1, LFA-1, and p150,95 (LeuM5) in adhesion of granulocytes and monocytes to vascular endothelium is tissue- and stimulus-specific.

Abstract Adhesion of human monocytes and granulocytes to vascular endothelium plays an important role in migration of these cells to inflammatory sites in tissues. A family of three human leukocyte heterodimeric surface molecules named Mo1, LFA-1, and p150,95 (LeuM5) has been shown to mediate leukocyte adhesion to confluent monolayers of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVE). The relative contribution of each of the three molecules in leukocyte endothelial adhesion was studied using a variety of stimuli. Purified human granulocytes and monocytes were radiolabelled and incubated with HUVE for 45 minutes in a 37 degrees C humidified 5% CO2 incubator in the presence or absence of subunit-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Adhesion was assessed by quantitation of endothelial cell-associated radioactivity and confirmed by microscopic evaluation. MAbs directed against the alpha subunit of LFA-1 as well as to the beta subunit common to all three antigens significantly inhibited unstimulated monocyte adhesion to HUVE. Small but significant inhibiton was also observed using MAbs directed against Mo1a and p150. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced grranulocyte adhesion to HUVE was significantly inhibited by anti-Mo1a and anti-beta, but not by anti-LFA-1a or anti-p150. When HUVE were prestimulated by recombinant IL-1, a different pattern of antigen utilization by granulocytes was observed. MAbs directed against each of the three alpha subunits as well as the common beta subunit all inhibited granulocyte adhesion to HUVE. Furthermore the effect of the three anti-alpha subunit MAbs on granulocyte-HUVE adhesion was additive. These studies show that relative contribution of Mo1, LFA-1, and p150,95 to leukocyte endothelial adhesion varies depending on the cell type and the stimulus used. These studies also reveal a novel role for p150,95 in promoting monocyte and granulocyte adhesion to HUVE.
New dynamic models for planar extensible continuum robot manipulators

In this paper, the dynamic model for planar continuum manipulators that was presented in our previous work is extended to include new terms reflecting the effects of potential energy. First the gravitational potential energy of the manipulator is derived. Then, the elastic potential energy of the manipulator is derived for both bending and extension. Finally, the effects of the total potential energy are included in the dynamic model. Numerical simulation results are presented for a planar 3-section extensible continuum robot manipulator. The results show a much stronger match to physical continuum robots than with previously available models.
String model of black hole microstates

The statistical mechanics of black holes arbitrarily far from extremality is modeled by a gas of weakly interacting strings. As an effective low energy description of black holes the model provides a number of highly non-trivial consistency checks and predictions. Speculations on a fundamental origin of the model suggest surprising simplifications in non-perturbative string theory, even in the absence of supersymmetry.
A Hybrid Model for Managing Standard Usage Data: Principles for e-Resource Statistics Workflows

The migration from print to electronic collections has created a new environment for gathering and assessing collection use: reliance on standards-based, vendor-supplied usage data. Electronic resource management (ERM) software and systems designed to accommodate this data have transformed homegrown methods for counting usage and collating reports into hybrid methods using both locally-developed and third-party tools (such as electronic resource management systems and assessment products). This article will outline principles for creating a hybrid workflow for electronic resource usage statistics, using the experience of Bowling Green State University's Jerome Library as a case study.
Linear predictive coding systems

This paper describes the real time implementation of a Linear Predictive Coding algorithm that has been developed over the past five years. The algorithm chosen for the analyzer is a modification of the Covariance Method introduced by B. S. Atal [1],[2] of Bell Labs. The system for pitch extraction uses a minimum distance function correlation technique. A dynamic programming algorithm [3] is used for pitch smoothing and correction of isolated pitch errors. The synthesizer uses a transversal filter. Considerable time has been devoted to optimizing the running time and integer scaling of the different algorithms for real time implementation on a 16 bit mini-computer.
Cigarette Smoking in Relation to Risk of Large Bowel Cancer in Women

Smoking habits were ascertained by interview from Wisconsin women aged 30-74 years with newly reported diagnoses of colon (n = 536) and rectal (n = 243) cancer and 2315 randomly selected population controls. After controlling for age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, family history of large bowel cancer, and history of screening sigmoidoscopy, significantly elevated risks were observed for women who had ever smoked, in both the colon (odds ratio, 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.58) and rectum (odds ratio, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.92). Risk significantly increased with greater number of cigarettes smoked per day, longer duration of smoking, and earlier age at initiation for both the colon and the rectum; however, only duration of smoking was not independently associated with risk. Among former smokers, risk for both colon and rectal cancer remained elevated. These data suggest that women who smoke are at elevated risk of both colon and rectal cancer and that increased risk persists even among former smokers.
Design and test of the PowerPC 603 microprocessor

The PowerPC 603 microprocessor is a powerful low-cost implementation of the PowerPC architecture specification. The structured design, logic verification and test data generation methodologies of the 603 are presented in this paper. The success of these methodologies has been demonstrated by meeting the 603's aggressive time-to-market goals. >
The sensitivity enhancement for the radiation sensor based on Film Bulk Acoustic-Wave Resonator

This paper describes the new design and material selection used to improve the sensitivity of ionizing radiation sensing with a zinc oxide based Film Bulk Acoustic-Wave Resonator (FBAR). Prior results [1] demonstrated that the parallel resonant frequency of the FBAR decreased after irradiation due to radiation-induced charge trapping in the SiN. Here, by employing Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposited (PECVD) silicon nitride (SiN) within a two layer SiN configuration, we were able to increase the sensitivity by over two orders of magnitude. The maximum sensitivity of 2300 kHz/krad was demonstrated and is the highest radiation sensitivity of resonant sensors known to the authors.
New and underused technologies to reduce maternal mortality.

In July 2003 maternal health specialists from around the world gathered in Bellagio Italy to develop a list of proven and promising technologies appropriate for low resource settings to reduce maternal mortality. We defined technologies as equipment consumable supplies including medicines and techniques. While technology especially in health care often provokes thoughts of complex costly interventions the technologies identified at the Bellagio meeting are mostly simple and inexpensive. What is lacking are resources human and financial to scale-up and put proven technologies into widespread use and to assess and document the effectiveness of promising new interventions. There is an urgent need to accelerate the appropriate use of technologies and to reduce the inequitable burden of pregnancy-related mortality borne by women in poor countries. The 2003 Lancet series on child survival highlighted the interventions needed to ensure the health of children worldwide. We would add that saving the life of the mother is one of the best ways to prevent the death of a child. The half million women who die from pregnancy-related and childbirth-related causes every year leave behind at least 1 million motherless children who are all at increased mortality risk. (excerpt)