cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Characterization, and Ligand Exchange Studies of W~6~S~8~L~6~ Cluster Compounds

Eleven organic Lewis bases were investigated as potential ligands (L) on W(6)S(8)L'(6) clusters by exploring ligand exchange reactions to form W(6)S(8)L(6) clusters. Six new homoleptic W(6)S(8)L(6) cluster complexes were prepared and characterized with L = tri-n-butylphosphine (P(n)Bu(3)), triphenylphosphine (PPh(3)), tert-butylisocyanide ((t)BuNC), morpholine, methylamine (MeNH(2)), and tert-butylamine ((t)BuNH(2)). While partial replacement of ligands occurred with diethylamine (Et(2)NH) and dibutylamine (Bu(2)NH), homoleptic clusters could not be prepared by these exchange reactions. When aniline, tribenzylamine, and tri-tert-butylphosphine were the potential ligands, no exchange was observed. From ligand exchange studies of these ligands and others previously studied, a thermodynamic series of binding free energies for ligands on W(6)S(8)L(6) clusters was established as the following: non-Lewis base solvents, aniline, P(t)()Bu(3), etc. << Et(2)NH, Bu(2)NH < (t)BuNH(2) < morpholine, piperidine < or = (n)BuNH(2), MeNH(2) < or = 4-tert-butylpyridine, pyridine < (t)BuNC < tricyclohexylphosphine (PCy(3)) < PPh(3), P(n)Bu(3) < or = triethylphosphine (PEt(3)). Structures of the new cluster complexes were determined by X-ray crystallography. The new compounds were also characterized by NMR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). The W-L bond orders and TGA data qualitatively agree with the thermodynamic series above.
Volunteer tourism and the popular humanitarian gaze

With an increasing number of tourists ‘vacationing like Brangelina’ (Fitzpatrick, 2007), volunteer tourism has become one of the fastest growing niche tourism markets in the world. In this article I develop the popular humanitarian gaze as an analytic to describe the geopolitical assemblage of institutions, cultural practices and actors (e.g. celebrity humanitarians, alternative consumers and volunteer tourists) that play a critical role in the privatization and depoliticization of popular humanitarian interventions. Based on ethnographic fieldwork among three non-governmental organizations that use volunteer tourism as a social and economic development strategy as well as popular media texts, I argue that the popular humanitarian gaze co-produces and extends geopolitical discourses of North-South relations that naturalize political, economic and social inequality. Volunteer tourism in particular, I argue, perpetuates a popular humanitarian gaze that reframes contemporary humanitarianism as an empathetic gesture of commoditized concern.
Development of intuitions about the controllability of different mental states

Seven-year-olds, 10-year-olds, and adults were asked to judge whether it would be hard or easy for a person voluntarily and intentionally to stop having each of 10 different mental states the person was currently having, and to explain their judgments. Five of the states were selected to be hard to extinguish deliberately (e.g., a strong desire) and 5 easy (e.g., a visual fixation). Results suggest that there is considerable development during the elementary school years in children's understanding of which mental states tend to be harder to control and which easier, and that older children and adults possess a rich store of intuitions about the nature of different mental states and about our ability to govern them. It was argued that the acquisition of such knowledge should have adaptive value for children.
Effect of hydrothermal ageing on bond strength

Abstract Changes in the fibre/resin interfacial zone due to hydrothermal ageing can be detected using the TRI microbond technique for measuring interfacial shear strength. The procedure involves exposing fibre/resin microdroplet assemblies to the specified environmental condition for a given time and comparing their interfacial shear strengths with those of unaged specimens. We have investigated the effect of hydrothermal exposure on Kevlar® 49, AS4 carbon and E-glass fibres embedded in Epon 828 thermosetting resin and two thermoplastic resins (polyethylene and polycarbonate). For the fibres embedded in Epon 828 and polycarbonate resins, consistent and significant bond strength reductions (13–50%) were obtained after refluxing in water at 88°C. These reductions could be partially or completely reversed, depending on the fibre/resin system. In contrast, interfacial shear strengths for the same three fibres embedded in polyethylene resin were increased irreversibly by 36 to 46% upon exposure to water at 88°C for 24 h. Evaluation of these results suggests that the mechanisms of bond strength changes due to hydrothermal ageing may be different for various combinations of fibres and resins.
2. Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha as a biomarker in major depressive disorder

TNF-α plays a key role in inflammatory responses, and its dysregulation has been implicated in a variety of human diseases. TNF-α has been shown to be elevated in depressed patients, suggesting a potential role as a biomarker in depression. In this analysis, we assessed the relationship between depression severity and TNF-α and determined whether monotherapy with either escitalopram, an SSRI, or the atypical antipsychotic, quetiapine, significantly affected serum TNF-α. In two consecutively run studies, after full psychiatric assessment, patients received either 12 weeks of monotherapy with escitalopram or quetiapine. In addition to several other psychiatric and physiological parameters, TNF-α, HAMD, HAMA, and PSS-14 were measured at baseline and at weeks 8 and 12. Depressed patients demonstrated significantly higher TNF-α than healthy controls at baseline. Though TNF-α tended to decrease after treatment with escitalopram, neither treatment was shown to lead to significantly different TNF-α levels from those of baseline. No significant correlation could be demonstrated between treatment response and TNF-α at baseline in the escitalopram cohort or at any time in subjects receiving quetiapine. As expected, baseline TNF-α was elevated in depressed subjects and correlated positively with depression severity. Monotherapy with either escitalopram or quetiapine does not significantly alter TNF-α after 12 weeks of treatment, and no correlation could be demonstrated between treatment response and TNF-α.
A single-institution review of 157 patients presenting with benign and malignant tumors of the ampulla of Vater: management and outcomes.

Background Although benign ampullary tumors are removed endoscopically, due to their potential to progress to malignant disease, the favored treatment for adenocarcinoma is pancreaticoduodenectomy. We reviewed our institution's experience in order to identify which patients were at highest risk of disease progression following surgical resection, as well as evaluate whether localized T1 tumors are best treated by pancreaticoduodenectomy. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 157 patients who presented with an ampullary mass, from 2001 to 2010, and identified 51 with benign adenoma and 106 with adenocarcinoma. Results Patients with malignant tumors most often presented with larger tumors and jaundice, which alone was predictive of survival (OR = 67). Forty-five percent of patients with pathologically confirmed T1 tumors had positive lymph nodes and median survival was modest at 60 months. Lymph node involvement was predictive of recurrence and decreased survival. Conclusion Patients with malignant tumors often present with jaundice and larger tumors. These findings should warrant suspicion for cancer and expedited preoperative workup. Based on our finding that nearly half the patients with T1 tumors had positive lymph nodes, we recommend pancreaticoduodenectomy for any patient with biopsy proven adenocarcinoma who is a suitable candidate for surgery.
Fisher zeros of the Q-state Potts model in the complex temperature plane for nonzero external magnetic field

The microcanonical transfer matrix is used to study the distribution of the Fisher zeros of the $Qg2$ Potts models in the complex temperature plane with nonzero external magnetic field ${H}_{q}.$ Unlike the Ising model for ${H}_{q}\ensuremath{\ne}0,$ which has only a nonphysical critical point (the Fisher edge singularity), the $Qg2$ Potts models have physical critical points for ${H}_{q}l0$ as well as the Fisher edge singularities for ${H}_{q}g0.$ For ${H}_{q}l0,$ the crossover of the Fisher zeros of the Q-state Potts model into those of the $(Q\ensuremath{-}1)$-state Potts model is discussed, and the critical line of the three-state Potts ferromagnet is determined. For ${H}_{q}g0,$ we investigate the edge singularity for finite lattices and compare our results with the high-field, low-temperature series expansion of Enting. For $3l~Ql~6,$ we find that the specific heat, magnetization, susceptibility, and the density of zeros diverge at the Fisher edge singularity with exponents ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{e},$ ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{e},$ and ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{e},$ which satisfy the scaling law ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{e}+2{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{e}+{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{e}=2.$
Radiation crosslinking of a bacterial medium-chain-length poly(hydroxyalkanoate) elastomer from tallow.

Pseudomonas resinovorans produces a medium-chain-length poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (MCL-PHA) copolymer when grown on tallow (PHA–tal). This polymer had a repeat unit composition ranging from C4 to C14 with some mono-unsaturation in the C12 and C14 alkyl side chains. Thermal analysis indicated that the polymer was semi-crystalline with a melting temperature (Tm) of 43.5±0.2°C and a glass transition temperature (Tg) of −43.4±2.0°C. The presence of unsaturated side chains allowed crosslinking by γ-irradiation. Irradiated polymer films had decreased solubility in organic solvents that indicated an increase in the crosslink density within the film matrix. The addition of linseed oil to the γ-irradiated film matrix enhanced polymer recovery while minimizing chain scission. Linseed oil also caused a decrease in the enthalpy of fusion (ΔHm) of the films (by an average of 60%) as well as enhanced mineralization. The effects of crosslinking on the mechanical properties and biodegradability of the polymer were determined. Radiation had no effect on the storage modulus (E′) of the polymer. However, radiation doses of 25 and 50 kGy did increase the Young modulus of the polymer by 129 and 114%, and the tensile strength of the polymer by 76 and 35%, respectively. Finally, the formation of a higher crosslink density within the polymer matrix decreased the biodegradability of the PHA films.
Corporations and Citizenship

It is widely accepted that corporations have economic, legal, and even social roles. Yet the political role of corporations has yet to be fully appreciated. Corporations and Citizenship serves as a corrective by employing the concept of citizenship in order to make sense of the political dimensions of corporations. Citizenship offers a way of thinking about roles and responsibilities among members of polities and between these members and their governing institutions. Crane, Matten and Moon provide a rich and multi-faceted picture that explores three relations of citizenship – corporations as citizens, corporations as governors of citizenship, and corporations as arenas of citizenship for stakeholders – as well as three contemporary reconfigurations of citizenship – cultural (identity-based), ecological, and cosmopolitan citizenship. The book revolutionizes not only our understanding of corporations but also of citizenship as a principle of allocating power and responsibility in a political community.
Omitting types, type spectrums, and decidability

Notations, conventions, and definitions. {pili < w} will be an effective enumeration of all partial recursive pi: w -. 2. A type of a theory T will be a set of formulas in the language of T, in finitely many free variables, which is consistent with T. A complete type is a maximal type in some fixed number of free variables. A type is recursive if, relative to some effective enumeration of the formulas of the language, the characteristic function for the type is recursive. A set 3P of recursive types has property P if some set of indices of characteristic functions for all the types in 3[ has property P. So, for example, we might say that a set of recursive types is IO. If a? is an L-structure, then the type spectrum of ad, denoted 'TySp(sd)', is the set of complete types realized in a? (we will assume that an n-type has formulas with free variables among {x1, . . ., x"}). A type spectrum for a theory T is a type spectrum of some model of T. 'TySpO(T)' will denote the set of principal types of T. We will assume that the reader is familiar with Henkin constructions of models, and of passing from a maximal consistent set of sentences, with "Henkin constants", to a model. In particular, for a theory T in L we will let {ajIi < w} be new distinct constant symbols, and {sbiIi < co} a list of all sentences in the expanded language. 'IN' will denote the elementary diagram constructed at stage N, and
A MODEL OF THE CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION FOR WIDE BAND RADIATIVE PROPERTIES

Abstract A model of the absorption coefficient cumulative distribution function for a wide band spectral interval is presented. The dominant bands of water vapor and carbon dioxide are classified into three important categories, depending on the number and interaction of the participating vibrational transitions within the considered spectral interval. Limiting models for the absorption coefficient cumulative distribution function are proposed for small and large pressures and compared with exact line-by-line calculations. The model results in large and small pressure limits and for temperatures up to 1000 K are in good agreement with exact calculations.
Measurement of solid particle velocity in erosive wear

Abstract A method is described for determining the velocity of solid particles in a gas-particulate stream applied to erosion testing of materials. A simple mechanical configuration allows the measurement to be made under a wide range of equipment conditions. The time-of-flight of the particles is determined over a controlled path length between two rotating disks. Examples of measurements on several test apparatus are presented. The importance of nozzle design is discussed. A comparison between particle and gas stream velocity is presented.
Optical characterization of photofixed RTV effluent in an atomic oxygen atmosphere

It is well know that the elevated satellite operating temperature causes the unused catalyst material in the Room Temperature Vulcanized materials (RTV) to volatize, which can then re-deposit or condense onto other spacecraft surfaces. In the presence of sunlight, this Volatile Condensable Material (VCM) can photo-chemically deposit onto optically-sensitive spacecraft surfaces and significantly alter their original, beginning-of-life (BOL) optical properties, such as solar absorptance and emittance, causing unintended performance loss of the spacecraft. This has been studied in vacuum environments simulating geosynchronous orbits, but never to our knowledge in atomic oxygen environments simulating low earth orbit. In this work we present an initial study of the effect of an atomic oxygen environment on the optical properties of previously photofixed material as well the effect of an atomic oxygen environment on the photofixing process. We will employ spectroscopic ellipsometry to characterize films deposited from the outgassing of DC93500, RTV566, SCV2590, CV2568 and SCV2590-2.
Vapor heat treatment for grapefruit infested with Caribbean fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae)

‘Marsh’ grapefruit, Citrus paradise Macf. (size #36, mean weight = 426.9 ± 80.0 g) were subjected to vapor heat (saturated hot air) to determine the effect of the treatment on grapefruit quality and the mortality of larvae of the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), inside the grapefruit. Vapor heat at 46-46.40°Cfor 3.75 h resulted in drying of the oil glands of the grapefruit peel; rot of uninfested fruit increased to 9.4% after 60 d storage compared with 2.9% for untreated, uninfested fruit. Vapor heat at 43.3-43.7°C for 5 h caused no damage to fresh grapefruit. Probit 9 (99.9968%) mortality of larvae of A. suspense in grapefruit treated with vapor heat at 43.3-43.7°C was estimated to be 252.0 min (95% FL = 235.3-272.4 min). When approximately 103,470 larvae (mostly third instars) of A. suspense were subjected to vapor heat at 43.3-43.7°C for 270 min, three larvae survived; two of these died later as pupae. We recommend that #36 grapefruit infested with A. suspense be subjected to vapor heat at 43.3-43.70°C until the centers of treated fruits remain at 43.30°C for 50 min.
On nearness measures in fuzzy relational data models

Abstract It has been widely recognized that the imprecision and incompleteness inherent in real-world data suggest a fuzzy extension for information management systems. Various attempts to enhance these systems by fuzzy extensions can be found in the literature. Varying approaches concerning the fuzzification of the concept of a relation are possible, two of which are referred to in this article as the generalized fuzzy approach and the fuzzy-set relation approach. In these enhanced models, items can no longer be retrieved by merely using equality-check operations between constants; instead, operations based on some kind of nearness measures have to be developed. In fact, these models require such a nearness measure to be established for each domain for the evaluation of queries made upon them. An investigation of proposed nearness measures, often fuzzy equivalences, is conducted. The unnaturalness and impracticality of these measures leads to the development of a new measure: the resemblance relation, which is defined to be a fuzzified version of a tolerance relation. Various aspects of this relation are analyzed and discussed. It is also shown how the resemblance relation can be used to reduce redundancy in fuzzy relational database systems.
Acceleration of the Brewer–Dobson Circulation due to Increases in Greenhouse Gases

Abstract The acceleration of the Brewer–Dobson circulation under rising concentrations of greenhouse gases is investigated using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model. The circulation strengthens as a result of increased wave driving in the subtropical lower stratosphere, which in turn occurs because of enhanced propagation and dissipation of waves in this region. Enhanced wave propagation is due to changes in tropospheric and lower-stratospheric zonal-mean winds, which become more westerly. Ultimately, these trends follow from changes in the zonal-mean temperature distribution caused by the greenhouse effect. The circulation in the middle and upper stratosphere also accelerates as a result of filtering of parameterized gravity waves by stronger subtropical westerly winds.
On the relationship between vowel and consonant identification when cued by the same acoustic information.

When listening to speech, do we recognize syllables or phonemes? Information concerning the organization of the decisions involved in identifying a syllable may be elicited by allowing separate phonetic decisions regarding the vowel and consonant constituents to be controlled by the same acoustic information and by looking for evidence of interaction between these decisions. The duration and first formant frequency of the steady-state vocalic segment in synthesized consonant-vowel-consonant syllables were varied to result in responses of /bed/, /baed/, /bet/, and /baet/. The fact that the duration of the steady-state segment controls both decisions implies that that segment must be included in its entirety in the signal intervals on which the two decisions are based. For most subjects, no further significant interaction between the vocalic and consonantal decision is found beyond the fact that they are both affected by changes in the duration parameter. A model of two separate and independent phonetic decisions based on overlapping ranges of the signal adequately accounts for these data, and no explicit syllable level recognition needs to be introduced.
Introduction to the special section on the use of computers for making judgments and decisions.

Computers have the potential to greatly increase the accuracy of judgments and decisions that are made in the area of psychological assessment. The validity of present-day computer programs are described in the first 2 articles of this Special Section. Both computer-based test interpretation programs and mechanical prediction rules (e.g., statistical prediction rules) are described. Limitations of present-day computer programs are described in the 3rd article along with methodological recommendations for building more powerful rules. In the 4th article, a statistical analysis (neural network modeling) is described that may allow us to build better rules.
Diethylcarbamoylating/Nitroxylating Agents as Dual Action Inhibitors of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: A Disulfiram−Cyanamide Merger

Benzenesulfohydroxamic acid (Piloty's acid) was functionalized on the hydroxyl group with the N,N-diethylcarbamoyl group, and the hydroxylamine nitrogen was substituted with acetyl (1a), pivaloyl (1b), benzoyl (1c), and ethoxycarbonyl (1d) groups. Only compound 1d inhibited yeast aldehyde dehydrogenase (AlDH) in vitro (IC50 169 μM). When administered to rats, 1d significantly raised blood acetaldehyde levels following ethanol challenge, thus serving as a diethylcarbamoylating/nitroxylating, dual action inhibitor of AlDH in vivo. A more potent dual action agent was N-(N,N-diethylcarbamoyl)-O-methylbenzenesulfohydroxamic acid (5c), which was postulated to release diethylcarbamoylnitroxyl (9), a highly potent diethylcarbamoylating/nitroxylating agent, following metabolic O-demethylation in vivo. The dual action inhibition of AlDH exhibited by 1d, and especially 9, constitutes a merger of the mechanism of action of the alcohol deterrent agents, disulfiram and cyanamide.
Thinking about women’s health: the case for gender sensitivity

This paper argues for a health care approach that focuses less on gender equity in access to resources and more on gender sensitivity--that is attention both to gender differences in research practice and policy. Women have a lower mortality rate than men but experience more disease and disability throughout their lifetimes. Women also experience more depression and anxiety disorders whereas men have higher rates of substance abuse and antisocial personality disorders. The reasons for these differences are not understood but a gender sensitivity framework in health research would expand knowledge about how both biological sex factors and social gender roles influence health for each sex. In addition since women utilize health care more frequently than men health services require an approach based on their gender-specific needs. Health policies that affect access to health care services also often have an important gender component. Hence gender sensitivity in research practice and health policy can bring out better health for women and men.
Precision mapping of pairs of uncoated optical flats.

The essential features of apparatus suitable for routine mapping of pairs of wedged uncoated optical flats are described. In this method the aperture of the pair of flats is scanned in a regular pattern, and information about the spacing uniformity is derived from the interference of light reflected from the flat surfaces. Accuracies within about λ/500 are obtained.
Changes in circulating iodothyronines in euthyroid and hyperthyroid subjects given ipodate (Oragrafin), an agent for oral cholecystography

A dose (3 g) of sodium ipodate used routinely in oral cholecystography caused a fall in serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and a rise in serum 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine in three patients taking thyroxine (T4), four euthyroid subjects,and four hyperthyroid patients. Serum T4 fell in patients with hperthyroidism, whereas it rose in the other two groups. Sodium ipodate appears to alter peripheral T4 metabolism and, in addition, produces thyroid-inhibiting effects in hyperthyroidism.
Sustained low-efficiency dialysis for critically ill patients requiring renal replacement therapy.

Sustained low-efficiency dialysis for critically ill patients requiring renal replacement therapy. Background The replacement of renal function for critically ill patients is procedurally complex and expensive, and none of the available techniques have proven superiority in terms of benefit to patient mortality. In hemodynamically unstable or severely catabolic patients, however, the continuous therapies have practical and theoretical advantages when compared with conventional intermittent hemodialysis (IHD). Methods We present a single center experience accumulated over 18 months since July 1998 with a hybrid technique named sustained low-efficiency dialysis (SLED), in which standard IHD equipment was used with reduced dialysate and blood flow rates. Twelve-hour treatments were performed nocturnally, allowing unrestricted access to the patient for daytime procedures and tests. Results One hundred forty-five SLED treatments were performed in 37 critically ill patients in whom IHD had failed or been withheld. The overall mean SLED treatment duration was 10.4 hours because 51 SLED treatments were prematurely discontinued. Of these discontinuations, 11 were for intractable hypotension, and the majority of the remainder was for extracorporeal blood circuit clotting. Hemodynamic stability was maintained during most SLED treatments, allowing the achievement of prescribed ultrafiltration goals in most cases with an overall mean shortfall of only 240mL per treatment. Direct dialysis quantification in nine patients showed a mean delivered double-pool Kt/V of 1.36 per (completed) treatment. Mean phosphate removal was 1.5g per treatment. Mild hypophosphatemia and/or hypokalemia requiring supplementation were observed in 25 treatments. Observed hospital mortality was 62.2%, which was not significantly different from the expected mortality as determined from the APACHE II illness severity scoring system. Conclusions SLED is a viable alternative to traditional continuous renal replacement therapies for critically ill patients in whom IHD has failed or been withheld, although prospective studies directly comparing two modalities are required to define the exact role for SLED in this setting.
Dioxygen activation by iron complexes. The search for reactive intermediates

Three different modes of oxygen activation by iron complexes are described: (1) Oxygen atom transfer by ferric porphyrin peroxo complexes to electron-deficient olefins via a nucleophilic mechanism, (2) oxidative dehydrogenation of a cyclam complex, probably involving a radical intermediate, and (3) stereospecific, non-radical hydroxylation of alkanes by organic peracids catalyzed by iron complexes by an unknown mechanism. These three reactions are presented to remind us that the possible modes of interaction between iron and oxygen are remarkably diverse and that a variety of mechanisms should thus be considered in assessing possible reaction pathways of heme and non-heme iron-containing enzymes.
Mixing of Fluids in Tanks by Gas Bubble Plumes

Afin de stopper rapidement les deversements d'huile provenant d'un reservoir endommage situe a bord d'un navire, les auteurs etudient le melangeage de gaz dans un reservoir de grandes dimensions contenant de l'eau de distribution et un colorant fluorescent
Broadband coupling into a single-mode, electroactive integrated optical waveguide for spectroelectrochemical analysis of surface-confined redox couples

A single-mode, electroactive waveguiding platform capable of measuring spectroelectrochemical responses of surface-adsorbed redox-active molecules over a broad spectral bandwidth has been created. This new planar waveguide spectrometer is a combination of the previously developed electroactive integrated optical waveguide (EA-IOW; Dunphy, D. R.; Mendes, S. B.; Saavedra, S. S.; Armstrong, N. R. Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 3086−3094) with a recently reported simplified approach to broadband coupling (Bradshaw, J. T.; Mendes, S. B.; Saavedra, S. S. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 1751−1759). With the use of a commercially available prism as an incoupling element, the EA-IOW can now guide visible light from at least 500 to 700 nm, improving upon its previously demonstrated monochromatic nature. Coupling profiles of various laser lines along with transmission spectra of narrow band-pass filters at various potentials are used to demonstrate the optical characteristics of this broadband EA-IOW and to compare its response to tha...
Above-ground biomass and N, P and S capital in singleleaf pinyon woodlands

Above-ground biomass on 11 singleleaf pinyon ( Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frem) woodland sites average 150·5 Mg/ha, of which 60% is tree biomass and 40% the forest floor. The majority of tree biomass (53%) constitutes slash, thus only 28% of the above-ground biomass and 6% of its nitrogen (N) capital is removed as fuelwood. Nitrogen concentration in the forest floor (1·85% N) exceeds that in live pinyon tissue including foliage (1·04% N). Because of its large biomass and high N concentration, the forest floor contains 77% of the above-ground N capital. Site N in soil and above-ground biomass are approximately equal (1178 to 1326 kg/ha), whereas 85 to 87% of phosphorus and sulfur occurs in soils. The nitrogen capital is more at risk from tree harvest and residue management activities than phosphorous or sulfur. In a 100-year rotation, traditional stem wood or whole tree harvest would not appear to adversely impact the N, P and S capital of these sites, but if greater than one-third of the forest floor is lost in burning post-harvest slash, a negative N balance may occur.
Configuring an ecosystem model using data from the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series (BATS)

Abstract The results of an assimilative approach to guide the configuration of an ecosystem model for the mixed layer of an oligotrophic environment are presented. The time series data from the US Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) Bermuda Atlantic Time Series (BATS), in conjunction with a data assimilation scheme, were used to estimate the model parameters and modify the Fasham et al. (J. Mar. Res. 48 (1990) 591–639) (FDM) model. The evolution of the model from initial to final configuration was driven by: (a) the comparison of the time series data to the model results; (b) analysis of the estimated parameters; (c) observations of the BATS ecosystem from the literature; and (d) corrections of the model pathways. The data assimilation technique was crucial to estimate the optimal parameter set for each of the tested model configurations. The model presented in this paper includes several critical modifications to the FDM model. First, a variable chlorophyll-to-nitrogen ratio is introduced by solving a full equation for chlorophyll a. Second, zooplankton are split into two functional groups: nano/microzooplankton and mesozooplankton. Third, a new formulation is introduced for the microbial loop that is capable of resolving and simulating many of the processes observed in natural environments as well as in laboratory experiments, but had, until now, not been combined in a model. These modifications lead to solving an equation for the temporal evolution of the bio-active dissolved organic-carbon pool. This modified model, in conjunction with data assimilation, allowed us to estimate the model parameters and replicate the annual nitrogen cycle in the upper mixed layer at BATS. Bacteria were found to be a key player in controlling the size of the dissolved organic matter pool and in the amount of regenerated production.
Accentuate the positive: A peer group counseling program for older adults

Abstract This article describes a stress management program for older adults, discusses the advantages and limitations of using peer counselors, and makes suggestions for professionals who work with both older adults and peer counselors.
New development of cardiac tamponade on underlying effusive–constrictive pericarditis: an uncommon initial presentation of scleroderma

A 40-year-old man with a medical history of hypertension was admitted for weight loss, generalised weakness, joint pains and mottling of fingertips. The initial laboratory data revealed microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure. Intravenous steroids were started for possible diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus based on admission assessment. Intravenous immunoglobulin and plasmapharesis were subsequently added to the treatment plan to cover thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura while his autoimmune panel was pending. The echocardiogram study on day 2 revealed cardiac tamponade for which he underwent pericardiocentesis and right heart catheterisation. The atrial waveforms postpericardiocentesis demonstrated effusive–constrictive pericarditis. His clinical condition kept on deteriorating with reaccumulation of pericardial effusion and further complicated by hemoperitoneum and colonic obstruction. He had cardiorespiratory arrest on his fourth admission day and was not revived. Anti-Scl-70 antibody came back positive. Autopsy findings confirmed the presence of fibrinous pericarditis and hemoperitoneum.
Sex Differences in the Effect of Puberty on Hippocampal Morphology

Objective Puberty is the defining process of adolescence, and is accompanied by divergent trajectories of behavior and cognition for males and females. Here we examine whether sex differences exist in the effect of puberty on the morphology of the hippocampus and amygdala. Method T1-weighted structural neuroimaging was performed in a sample of 524 pre- or postpubertal individuals ages 10 to 22 years. Hippocampal and amygdala volume and shape were quantified using the Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain (FMRIB) Software Library (FSL) FIRST procedure and scaled by intracranial volume. The effects on regional volume of age, sex, puberty, and their interactions were examined using linear regression. Postpubertal sex differences were examined using a vertex analysis. Results Prepubertal males and females had similar hippocampal volumes, whereas postpubertal females had significantly larger bilateral hippocampi, resulting in a significant puberty-by-sex interaction even when controlling for age and age-by-sex. This effect was regionally specific and was not apparent in the amygdala. Vertex analysis revealed that postpubertal differences were most prominent in the lateral aspect of the hippocampus bilaterally, corresponding to the CA1 subfield. Conclusions These results establish that there are regionally specific sex differences in the effect of puberty on the hippocampus. These findings are relevant for the understanding of psychiatric disorders that have both hippocampal dysfunction and prominent gender disparities during adolescence.
Medicare Coverage for Technological Innovations — Time for New Criteria?

In 2003, Medicare approved coverage for three new procedures: lung-volume–reduction surgery, implantation of cardioverter–defibrillators, and implantation of left ventricular assist devices. The annual cost to Medicare for these treatments could be as high as $11 billion, which is more than 20 percent of the expected annual cost of the Medicare drug benefit. Medicare's current policy is to pay for services that are “reasonable and necessary.” The author argues that explicit criteria should be developed to guide Medicare's decisions about which procedures it will cover.
An ultrastructural and cytochemical investigation of the colonial green alga Pediastrum tetras during zoospore formation

Ultrastructural changes during zoospore formation and aggregation into motile, aggregating zoospores were examined in the colonial green algaPediastrum tetras. Developing zoospores are characterized by irregularly shaped nuclei, presence of peripheral networks of rough endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplasts with tightly apposed thylakoids and dictyosome cisternae which are compressed and reduced in size. A single membrane bound organelle with a fine granular matrix of moderate electron density of diameter ranging from 0.2 μm to 0.6 μm and associated with chloroplasts, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum was found only in adult cells. Although this organelle has the morphology of a microbody, it did not stain with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) at pH 9.6 or pH 7.6, whereas mitochondrial membranes stained. No DAB staining was observed along the cell wall or the plasma membrane of zoospores, or associated with endoplasmic reticulum, plastid membranes or dictyosomes.
Between creative and quantified audiences: Web metrics and changing patterns of newswork in local US newsrooms

How are transformations in newswork intersecting with changes in the monitoring of reader behavior and new technologies of audience measurement? How, in short, are journalistic ‘visions of the audience’ shifting in the online era, and how are they enabling particular editorial practices? This article explores a provocative tension between the now common rhetorical invocation of the news audience as a ‘productive and generative’ entity, and the simultaneous, increasingly common institutional reduction of the audience to a quantifiable, rationalizable, largely consumptive aggregate. The first half of article reviews the literature on the relationship between audience understanding and newsroom practices. The second half of the article is comprised of an ethnographic analysis of the manner by which increasingly prominent and widespread techniques of audience measurement and quantification interact with the newsroom rhetoric of the active, generative audience. The article concludes with some thoughts regardin...
Optical properties of sodium in the vacuum ultraviolet

The index of refraction, n, of sodium films evaporated onto quartz substrates has been determined in the spectral region from 420 to 2000 A from interference patterns observed in the reflected beam and from the critical angle marking the onset of “total reflection.” The growth of an oxide layer on the surface of a film is shown not to alter appreciably the position of interference maxima and minima. The real part of the dielectric constant was consistent with a nearly-free-electron model. The effective volume–plasmon energy was found to be 5.69±0.06 eV, in agreement with the values determined from electron-energy-loss experiments.
Attenuation by phenylbutazone of the renal effects and excretion of frusemide in horses.

The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of phenylbutazone premedication on the pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of frusemide in horses; and on frusemide-induced changes in urinary electrolyte excretion. Six Standardbred mares were used in a 3-way crossover design. The pharmacokinetics and renal effects of frusemide (1 mg/kg bwt i.v.) were studied with and without phenylbutazone premedication (8.8 mg/kg bwt per os 24 h before, followed by 4.4 mg/kg bwt i.v. 30 min before frusemide administration). A control (saline) treatment was also studied. Administration of frusemide without phenylbutazone led to diuresis, natriuresis, kaliuresis and chloruresis, and altered the ratio of sodium:chloride excretion from 0.4 to 1.0 in the first hour of diuresis. When frusemide and phenylbutazone were administered, sodium and chloride excretion in the first hour were significantly (P<0.05) reduced by 40 and 32%, respectively, when compared to frusemide administrationwithout phenylbutazone. The fractional clearance of sodium and chloride was also significantly reduced. Potassium excretion, potassium fractional clearance and the ratio of sodium to chloride excretion were not affected by administration of phenylbutazone. During peak diuresis, phenylbutazone did not affect the efficiency of frusemide with respect to electrolyte excretion. The plasma disposition of frusemide was not affected by phenylbutazone. However, the renal excretion of frusemide decreased by approximately 25%. We conclude that the decreased urinary excretion of frusemide by phenylbutazone led to an attenuation of frusemide-induced increases in urinary excretion of sodium and chloride. Since the efficiency of frusemide was not affected by phenylbutazone, we conclude that phenylbutazone attenuates the renal excretion of frusemide without inhibiting the intrarenal activity of frusemide in horses.
Acid promoted cinnamyl ion mobility within peptide derived macrocycles.

We are developing methods that restrict the conformational mobility of peptides and related heteropolymers while simultaneously altering their properties. Our experiments occur as processes wherein a conserved, lipophilic reagent is activated in stages to form composite products with unprotected polyamides in parallel. For each starting oligomer, the goal is to create not one, but rather a collection of products. The intent is for those materials to retain molecular recognition elements of the biopolymer, yet display that functionality as part of stable, cyclic structures having defined shapes and enhanced membrane solubility/permeability. Here we describe reagent 2 and its two-step integration into peptides to afford macrocyclic ethers (e.g., 4 when starting with W-W-Y). When those materials are treated with protic acid in anhydrous solvent, the cinnamyl unit migrates from the oxygen of tyrosine to distribute throughout the structure, forming new products via carbon/carbon bonding. These changes occur co...
Surgical therapy for supraesophageal reflux complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease

Supraesophageal complications of gastroesophageal reflux can be successfully treated by antireflux surgery. Careful preoperative testing, including 24-hour esophageal pH, manometry, and endoscopy, will help to identify appropriate patients who will benefit from surgery. The best results are achieved in patients with nocturnal asthma, the onset of reflux before pulmonary symptoms, laryngeal inflammation, and a good response to medical therapy. Cough is more responsive to surgical therapy than is asthma. The benefits of minimally-invasive surgery are evident in patients with pulmonary disease, who have a faster recovery with fewer complications than after open surgery.
Contrasts between activity of precentral and postcentral neurons of cerebral cortex during movement in the monkey.

Abstract Activity of neurons of precentral and postcentral gyrus was recorded in monkeys during performance of learned flexion and extension movements of the wrist. The movements were triggered by a light stimulus, reward being given for short reaction-time responses. Changes of activity in precentral neurons began 60–80 msec prior to changes of activity in postcentral neurons.
Exciton Delocalization and Initial Dephasing Dynamics of Purple Bacterial LH2

Ultrafast four-wave mixing spectroscopies are employed to study exciton dynamics associated with the B800 and B850 transitions of LH2 from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Bacteriochlorophylla, the constituent chromophore of the B800 and B850 aggregates, is studied as a monomer in solution for comparison. Frequency-resolved pump-probe spectra measured across the B800 and B850 bands establish that at zero delay the transition dipole moment of B850 is substantially larger than that of B800, indicating an initial coherence size of 13 chromophores in the (18-member) B850 aggregate. Novel frequency-resolved stimulated photon echo measurements show that intermolecular interactions in the B850 ring reduce the coupling of this band’s electronic transition to nuclear motion. In contrast, linear electron -nuclear coupling is comparable in the bacteriochlorophylla monomer and B800, where exciton coupling is weak. Photon echo peak shift data are consistent with these observations. The initial localization dynamics of the B850 exciton are resolved with transient grating and pump-probe magic angle measurements. These data show that the enhanced transition dipole moment of B850 at the moment of excitation contracts significantly with a time constant of 50 fs (for transient grating) due to exciton dephasing resulting in localization. Pump -probe anisotropy measurements reveal substantial transition dipole moment orientational relaxation with nearly the same time constant. These experimental data will be useful for the development of a rigorous theoretical picture of ultrafast exciton dynamics in LH2. B850’s large transition dipole moment for absorption may play an important role in the biological function of LH2, as it would enhance the energy transfer rate between B800 and B850.
Modulational instability of surface waves in magnetohydrodynamics

On donne une description du role du champ magnetique dans les caracteristiques de stabilite des ondes de surface
Width-Aware Fine-Grained Dynamic Supply Gating: A Design Methodology for Low-Power Datapath and Memory

With increasing contribution of leakage in total active power, run-time leakage control techniques are becoming extremely important. Supply gating provides an effective, low-overhead and technology scalable approach for active leakage reduction through the well-known "stacking effect". However, conventional supply gating approaches are typically coarse-grained in both space and time - i.e. are applied to large data path or memory blocks when an entire logic/memory block is idle for sufficiently long period. They suffer from limited applicability at run time. On the other hand, fine-grained supply gating is constrained primarily by the large wake-up delay and wake-up power overhead. In this paper, we propose a novel fine-grained width-aware dynamic supply gating (WADSG) approach to reduce both active leakage and redundant switching power in data path and embedded memory (e.g. L1/L2 cache). The approach exploits the abundance of narrow-width (NW) operands in general-purpose and embedded applications to "supply-gate" unused parts of integer execution units and memory blocks while they are in use. We introduce a novel levelized gating strategy to virtually eliminate the wake-up delay overhead. We employ the proposed WADSG approach to a super scalar processor. To reduce the wake-up power we use a width aware instruction issue policy. In case of L1 and L2 cache, we store the width information per "ways" of associative cache and supply-gate the most significant bits of the NW ways. We also propose a width-aware block allocation and replacement policy to maximize the number of NW ways. Simulation results for 45nm technology with Spec2k benchmarks show major savings (34.5%) in total processor power (considering both switching and active leakage power) with no performance impact. As a by-product, the proposed scheme also improves the thermal profile of both data path and memory.
Peritoneal access devices

SUMMARY: At first, both hard and soft catheters were used to obtain access to the peritoneal cavity. In 1959, Dr Maxwell standardized the use of a rigid nylon catheter and this became the catheter of choice. A modification by Weston and Roberts simplified the insertion of the catheter. Unfortunately, the rigid catheter could not be used for chronic renal failure patients because it moved to and fro in the sinus tract, resulting in infection of the exit site. Many attempts were made to solve this problem by using a conduit through which the catheter could be passed but these failed due to infection. Meanwhile, the development of a relatively biocompatible plastic, silicone rubber, provided a new opportunity for soft catheters. Progress with these catheters lead to the Tenckhoff catheter, which together with a standardized procedure for insertion and care, resulted in its acceptance as the primary type of catheter used today. Peritonitis and exit site infections are less common but there is still a need for a catheter which is user friendly.