cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Individual and Familial Variables for Predicting Successful Completion of a Juvenile Justice Diversion Program

A key variable in the success of a juvenile justice diversion program (i.e., avoiding reoffending) is completing the program. Little is known about which variables predict successful completion. The present study examined demographics; behavioral histories; current behaviors; and family, school, and social issues among participants drawn from a metropolitan Detroit diversion program. Logistic regression analyses identified variables predictive of program completion. Key predictors included race, aggressive behavior, previous counseling or treatment, poor academic performance, diagnosed with ADD/ADHD, and parental reports of not contributing to household chores. Recommendations for modifying diversion programs based on these findings are offered.
Optimal conditions for palmitate oxidation by rat heart homogenates

A study of the oxidation of palmitate-1-C14 to C14O2 by heart homogenates was undertaken and the optimal conditions were determined. The system has an absolute requirement for carnitine, CoA, ATP, and Mg2+. The levels of ATP and Mg2+ for the optimal rate of palmitate oxidation are interdependent. Excess of ATP or Mg2+ inhibits the production of CO2. The amount of fatty acid oxidized is dependent on the molar ratio of fatty acid to albumin in the incubation medium: an optimal ratio of approximately 5 was found for all the concentrations of fatty acid and albumin tested. A tentative mechanism for the albumin effect is presented.
Couple-based interventions for psychopathology: a renewed direction for the field

This article provides a rationale and empirical support for providing couple-based interventions when one partner in a relationship is experiencing individual psychopathology. Several investigations indicate that relationship distress and psychopathology are associated and reciprocally influence each other, such that the existence of relationship distress predicts the development of subsequent psychopathology and vice versa. Furthermore, findings indicate that for several disorders, individual psychotherapy is less effective if the client is in a distressed relationship. Finally, even within happy relationships, partners often inadvertently behave in ways that maintain or exacerbate symptoms for the other individual. Thus, within both satisfied and distressed relationships, including the partner in a couple-based intervention provides an opportunity to use the partner and the relationship as a resource rather than a stressor for an individual experiencing some form of psychological distress. The authors propose that a promising approach to including the partner in treatment involves (a) integrating intervention principles from empirically supported interventions for individual therapy for specific disorders with (b) knowledge of how to employ relationships to promote individual and dyadic change. Based on this logic, the article includes several examples to demonstrate how couple-based interventions can be focused on a specific type of psychopathology, including encouraging empirical findings for these interventions. The article concludes with recommendations for how clinicians and researchers can adapt their knowledge of couple therapy to assist couples in which one partner is experiencing notable psychological distress or diagnosable psychopathology.
On the Nature of the Virelai

(1956). On the Nature of the Virelai. Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 348-352.
Abstract A49: Chemoprevention of esophageal cancer using PCA, a metabolite of black raspberry-derived anthocyanins

Background: We have shown that black raspberries (BRB) as well as their component anthocyanins (AC) inhibit N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)-induced esophageal tumorigenesis in rats. Like many polyphenolic compounds, the bioavailability of BRB anthocyanins is low. The majority of BRB anthocyanins are metabolized by gut bacteria to produce protocatechuic acid (PCA). PCA has been shown to be bioavailable and also to be chemopreventive. Furthermore, we have shown that BRB and their anthocyanins decrease methylation and increase tumor suppressor gene (TSG) expression; e.g., SFRP and WIF1, Wnt pathway antagonists, as well as p16 and PAX6a, in human colon tumors. The current study was designed to determine if PCA is effective in preventing NMBA-induced rat esophageal tumorigenesis by reducing DNA methylation and increasing expression of TSG(s). Materials and Methods: Male Fischer 344 rats aged 3-5 weeks were randomized into five groups and injected s.c. with either the vehicle (20% DMSO/water) or NMBA (0.35 mg/kg b.w.) three times a week for five weeks. During this time all rats were fed control diet (AIN-76A). At the beginning of week 6, all rats were started on their study diets (Group 1: vehicle + AIN-76A, Group 2: NMBA + AIN-76A, Group 3: NMBA + 3.8 umoles AC/g of AIN-76A, Group 4: NMBA+ 6% BRB in AIN-76A, Group 5: NMBA+ 500 ppm PCA in AIN-76A). The concentration of 3.8 umole AC/g of diet for Group 3 was chosen to compare with past studies, 6% BRB were used to match the anthocyanin content of Group 3, and 500 ppm PCA is the estimated amount of anthocyanins converted to PCA from 3.8 umole AC/g diet in the gut. A total of 9 animals per group were harvested at weeks 15 and 25, and 30 rats per group will be harvested at week 35. Esophagi were harvested and esophageal tumors counted and sized. After counting the tumors, one half of the esophagus was used for histological analysis and the other half for DNA/RNA extraction to investigate relevant TSG expression and methylation. Results: The study is still on going. HE 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A49.
Growth behavior of internal delaminations in composite beam/plates under compression: effect of the end conditions

The effect of the end conditions, i.e. clamped-clamped vs. simply-supported ends on the initial postbuckling and growth behavior of delaminations in plates in studied. The study does not impose any restrictive assumptions regarding the delamination thickness and plate length. First, a closed form solution for the mode mixity, energy release rate and deformation quantities is derived for the case of a clamped-clamped delaminated plate, which complements the already existing solution for a delaminated simply-supported plate. A perturbation procedure is followed, which is based on an asymptotic expansion of the load and deformation quantities in terms of the distortion parameter of the delaminated layer, the latter being considered a compressive elastica. The additional complication in the clamped-clamped case arises because now the amplitude at the clamped end needs to be expanded in terms of the distortion parameter of the delaminated part, in addition to the amplitude at the common section and the distortion parameter of the base plate. The effects of the end conditions on the growth behavior are found to depend on the relative location of the delamination through the thickness. For the same plate length and thickness and the same delamination length and applied strain, delaminations located closer to the surface exhibit nearly the same energy release rate and mode mixity either in a clamped-clamped or a simply supported configuration. However, in delaminations located further away from the surface, for the same applied strain, the energy release rate is larger and there is also a higher mode II component in the simply-supported case. Moreover, the mid-point transverse displacement of the delaminated layer as well as that of the substrate part, is larger in the simply supported case. The same major trend that has been observed in the simply supported case, i.e. the increased growth resistance of the delaminations located near the surface relative to the ones located further inside the plate, is also observed in the clamped-clamped case.
Deep brain stimulation in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disease.

Deep brain stimulation has become a topic of intense interest both from a clinical and basic science perspective. Its indications, currently including Parkinson’s disease, tremor and dystonia, may expand in the future to include not only other movement disorders but also epilepsy, obsessive–compulsive disorder and other neuropsychiatric conditions. The mechanism(s) of action of deep brain stimulation have only recently begun to be characterized and have already yielded surprises that may open the door to a greater expansion of the indications for this novel and powerful therapeutic intervention.
Solid neutron matter

The ground state of solid neutron matter is investigated using the $t$-matrix formalism developed for the quantum crystal problem. Studies of neutrons interacting through the repulsive part of the Reid $^{1}S_{0}$ interaction, the Reid $^{1}S_{0}$ interaction, and the full Reid potentials are made in the Hartree, Hartree $t$-matrix, Hartree-Fock, and Hartree-Fock $t$-matrix approximations. The results of the studies of the two model problems, the repulsive part of the $^{1}S_{0}$ interaction and the $^{1}S_{0}$ interaction, are exhibited and discussed in detail. These model problems provide a test of the computational procedures employed in using the quantum crystal formalism on the neutron matter problem. The result of the study of neutrons interacting through the Reid soft-core potentials is described. We find no evidence in the study of either of the model problems for the presence of a solid ground state. Further, we find no evidence in the study of neutrons interacting through the full set of Reid soft-core potentials for the presence of a solid ground state.
Controlled assembly of nanoparticle structures: spherical and toroidal superlattices and nanoparticle-coated polymeric beads.

The emulsion droplet solvent evaporation method has been used to prepare nanoclusters of monodisperse magnetite nanoparticles of varying morphologies depending on the temperature and rate of solvent evaporation and on the composition (solvent, presence of polymer, nanoparticle concentration, etc.) of the emulsion droplets. In the absence of a polymer, and with increasing solvent evaporation temperatures, the nanoparticles formed single- or multidomain crystalline superlattices, amorphous spherical aggregates, or toroidal clusters, as determined by the energetics and dynamics of the solvent evaporation process. When polymers that are incompatible with the nanoparticle coatings were included in the emulsion formulation, monolayer- and multilayer-coated polymer beads and partially coated Janus beads were prepared; the nanoparticles were expelled by the polymer as its concentration increased on evaporation of the solvent and accumulated on the surfaces of the beads in a well-ordered structure. The precise num...
977 EFFECT OF PASTEURIZATION AND FREEZING M THE BACTERIAL GROWTH INHIBITING ACTIVITY OF HUMAN BREAST MILK

977 EFFECT OF PASTEURIZATION AND FREEZING M THE BACTERIAL GROWTH INHIBITING ACTIVITY OF HUMAN BREAST MILK
Interplay of neutrophils and type I interferons in the development of end-organ damage in SLE

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have up to a 50-fold increased risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease that cannot be explained by the Framingham risk equation. While both SLE-specific and nonspecific mechanisms have been proposed to play a prominent role in the induction of premature vascular damage in this disease, the exact etiology remains unclear. We have proposed that an imbalance between vascular damage and repair probably induced by IFNα and other type I interferons could play a prominent role in the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in SLE. Our group and others have recently elucidated the potential role that these cytokines play in the development and progression of premature atherosclerotic disease in SLE and, potentially, in other autoimmune diseases. More recently, a novel role for aberrant neutrophils in the development of autoimmune responses and vascular damage in SLE and other diseases has emerged; in particular, the role that neutrophil extracellular traps may play in the development of this disease and its vascular complications such as endothelial dysfunction and atherothrombosis. The recent description of a distinct subset of proinflammatory neutrophils isolated from lupus patients that induces vascular damage and synthesizes type I interferons has shed new light into a potentially important cell subset implicated in endothelial damage. Finally, novel discoveries pertaining to the interactions of lipoproteins and the immune system may prove quite informative in understanding how premature atherosclerotic plaque develops in lupus.
Angular homeostasis II: Pursuit of a moving target in a plane and some implications for cardiac teratology.

A model of cardiac ontogenesis is analyzed. It is cast in terms of the geometry of the pursuit of a linearly moving target by the growth of a chain of cells in the same plane, the pursuer, which at each step adjusts its direction of growth towards the current position of the target. The endpoint is the fusion between them, which can occur in 2 modes: either by the leading cell of the pursuer catching up with the target (pursuer-mediated fusion, or PMF) or by the target running into the preformed side of the pursuer (target-mediated fusion, or TMF). The causal specifications are the step size, the speed of the pursuer, the speed of the target, the restoration constant, and the initial direction of the pursuer; the outcome variables are the number of steps to fusion and the mode of fusion. The pattern of behavior is complicated, being more-or-less regular over large tracts of values, interspersed with abrupt, threshold-like changes that may generate a dichotomous pattern of inheritance despite a continuous gradation of genetic of other causes. The temporary abolition of the correction process (a change introduced to simulate the pattern of the effect of a teratogen) may delay fusion and suggest how a septum may fail to fuse, the ductus arteriosus to close, or an endocardial cushion to form. But the model also predicts that under certain plausible conditions, the “teratogen” would speed up fusion and hence perhaps offset a genetic predisposition to a congenital defect.
A Stochastic Transformation Field Theory for Heterogeneous Materials

The formulation of a stochastic transformation field analysis framework is presented. The theory introduces the statistics of the underlying material microstructure through the incorporation of probability density functions (PDFs) for the mechanical and transformation field concentration tensors for the phases. Thus, this approach represents a departure from the practice in current micromechanical stochastic theories of considering PDFs for the distributions in the spatial arrangements in the microstructure. General equations governing the behavior of the concentration tensors in the presence of arbitrary variations in these tensors as well as other fields (such as the stress, strain, and eigenfields) are developed. The resulting framework is subsequently specialized to two-phase composite materials. It is shown in this case that the amount of stochastic information required by the theory can be substantially reduced. In particular, only stochastic information about the mechanical concentration tensors is...
Pharmacological properties of a new antihistaminic agent, phenyltoloxamine (Bristamin)

Bristamin, N,N-dimethyl-2-(α-henyl-o-toloxy)-ethylamine (generic name, phenyltoloxamine) has been found to be a potent antagonist to many of the pharmacologic resonses of histamine. Direct comparisons of this material with tripelennamine anf diphenhydramine gave very favorable results. In addition to in vitro studies specific antihistaminic properties were demonstrated in guinea pigs and dogs. Local anesthetic properties were shown in rabbits and guinea pigs. LD50 results (in mg./Kg.) following intraperitoneal injections into mice were: phenyltoloxamine hydrochloride 163, phenyltoloxamine dihydrogen citrate 246, diphenhydramine 114, and tripelennamine 79. Chronic toxicity studies were done in rats and dogs. Dogs tolerated doses (calculated as base) of 20 and 40 mg./Kg. of phenyltoloxamine dihydrogen citrate for one year with no untoward effects and no evidence of blood dyscrasia. In addition to its antihistaminic properties, phenyltoloxamine possesses some antispasmodic properties and distinct local anesthetic properties. It is concluded that phenyltoloxamine in the form of its salts is a very effective antihistaminic agent and is one of the least toxic of such agents reported to date.
A micromechanics-based progressive failure model for laminated composite structures

A micromechanics-based mechanistic model for progressive failure analysis of laminated composite shell structures is developed. A finite-element program for laminated shell analysis is coupled with a micromechanical elasticity solution for predicting failure and effective composite properties. The laminate model is based on a third-order shell theory which allows for both transverse normal and shearing deformations. Results are presented for the progressive failure of a (0/90(4)s graphite/epoxy laminate under uniaxial tension. The effect of fiber volume fraction in the 90-deg plies on laminate behavior was studied, and it was found that decreasing the fiber-volume fraction in the off-axis plies did not affect the laminate stiffness or the ultimate failure load, but significantly increased the load at which initial failure occurred.
Sensory characteristics and oxidative stability of soybean oil and flour extracted with aqueous isopropyl alcohol

Soybean flakes extracted with hexane or aqueous isopropyl alcohol (85%, 87.7% and 90.5% IPA by weight) were processed to toasted flours and the miscellas to refined soybean oils. These products were evaluated for sensory characteristics and oxidative stability. Sensory analyses of initial oils and flours indicated good quality products. Initial flavor scores of IPA-extracted oils and flours were not significantly different from those of hexane-extracted oil and flour. Flour samples aged at 49 C for 1 mo and 37 C for 3 mo were rated slightly lower in flavor score than the initial flours. Flavor scores of oils decreased after aging but remained acceptable. Oils extracted with aqueous IPA concentrations of 85% and 90.5% received significantly lower scores than oils extracted with hexane or 87.7% IPA after 8 hr of fluorescent light exposure. Oxidative stability measured by the induction of weight increases of the oils during aging was similar. Residual solvent flavors were slightly detectable in unaged IPA flours and in those aged 3 mo at 37 C.
A representation of a C 2 interpolant over triangles

Abstract A C 2 piecewise nonic interpolant defined over triangles is derived using the Bernstein-Bezier method. The interpolant can be constructed to require only vertex data (including derivatives) and to have seventh degree polynomial precision.
The semigroup characterization of Osterwalder-Schrader path spaces and the construction of Euclidean fields

Abstract Axioms are given for relativistic quantum fields so the corresponding Schwinger functions are the expectation values of Euclidean fields. The main ingredient is the characterization of Osterwalder-Schrader path spaces by the associated semigroup structure.
The welfare effects of the antebellum tariff: A general equilibrium analysis☆

Abstract In this paper a general equilibrium model of the United States in 1859 is developed and solved using the Scarf algorithm. Such a formulation allows the U. S. equilibrium to be computed for differing parameter specifications, so that the comparative static effects of policies involving even very complex interactions within the economy may be analyzed. In this case, the general equilibrium effects of the tariff in the United States are examined by comparing the actual, or initial, equilibrium with a hypothetical equilibrium in which the tariff has been eliminated. We find that the South was in fact injured by the tariff; the price of cotton and the return to slaveholding would have both risen significantly with its elimination. The principal beneficiary of the tariff was free labor. Removal of the tariff would have produced a decrease in the real wage and a slight fall in the return to capital. Overall, real income in the United States would have declined by 1.07 to 1.09% as a result of tariff elimination, or by between $44 and $45 million in current prices. Alternative parameter specifications may produce different results, ranging from the Metzler paradox in the case of very inelastic substitution in R.O.W. consumer demand to cases of increases in real income with tariff elimination in the cases of elastic substitution in either R.O.W. or U. S. consumer demand. A final caveat in judging the results should be inserted here. Factor endowments for 1859 are taken as fixed. The comparative static results here answer the question: What would have the 1859 United States been like if the tariff had been eliminated, allowing time for full adjustment? No dynamic effects are taken into account, such as adjustments in factor supplies. Consequently, the 1859 United States that had consistently followed a free trade policy would have looked quite different from the one that pursued a policy of protection and then eliminated the tariff, which we consider here.
Flooding rates and holdup in packed liquid-liquid extraction columns

Countercurrent flow of liquids in columns packed with Raschig rings was studied with fluids having a wide range of physical properties. These results, along with data reported previously from other studies, were used to develop a correlation for predicting flooding rates in packed columns that is significantly better than previous correlations. Dispersed phase holdup in packed columns can be estimated over a wide range of flow rates or flow ratio by assuming a constant slip velocity between the two phases which is dependent on the properties of the fluids and packing used. Although the slip velocity is thus essentially constant at flow rates below flooding, the flooding rate correlation indicates that this term is not necessarily constant at flooding conditions. (auth)
Bilateral abnormalities of the hands during the osseous phase of skeletal scintigraphy

T HREE PATIENTS presented at different times, each of whom was noted to have bilateral abnormalities of the hands during the osseous phase of scintigraphy. A 42-year-old woman with breast cancer presented for study for metastatic involvement (Fig 1). A 54-yearold man had a whole body bone scan to determine the cause of nonspecific low back pain (Fig 2). Another patient presented for metastatic workup in this case, a 72-year-old with prostatic carcinoma, was also noted to have bilateral abnormalities of the hands (Fig 3). With the exception of trauma and its complications such as cellulitis, osteomyelitis, and reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome, abnor-
Efficiency optimization of a sensorless V/f control method for PMSM

This paper presents a V/f control for permanent magnet synchronous machines which focuses on optimization by minimizing the d-axis current in order to reduce the motor losses, and supplied input power. The proposed sensorless method only needs machine terminal signals and does not require any additional motor parameter measurements. Minimization of the d-axis current is accomplished through computed reactive power.
DISCONTINUOUS ORAL ABSORPTION PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF 1‐(2‐FLUORO‐5‐METHYL‐β‐L‐ARABINOFURANOSYL)URACIL (L‐FMAU) IN RATS

1-(2-fluoro-5-methyl-beta-L-arabinofuranosyl)uracil (L-FMAU), the L isomer of FMAU, has shown potent activity against hepatitis B virus and Epstein-Barr virus. L-FMAU showed double peaks in the plasma concentration versus time profiles following oral administration to rats, indicating discontinuous oral absorption. The objective of this study was to characterize the bioavailability and pattern of L-FMAU absorption using a pharmacokinetic model which incorporated two separate absorption processes following oral administration of the nucleoside in an animal model, the rat. Simultaneous fitting of differential equations to L-FMAU plasma concentrations following oral and intravenous administration was performed using PCNONLIN. Total clearance of L-FMAU was moderate, averaging 0.47 +/- 0.16 L h-1 (mean +/- SD). Distributional clearance averaged 0.18 +/- 0.14 L h-1. The volume of the central compartment averaged 0.30 +/- 0.09 L, and the volume of the peripheral compartment averaged 0.15 +/- 0.08 L. The first-order absorption rate constants describing the first and second absorption phases averaged 1.22 +/- 1.56 and 4.14 +/- 5.42 h-1, respectively. Oral bioavailability was calculated by three methods: AUC, urinary excretion data, and a discontinuous oral absorption pharmacokinetic model. Bioavailability averaged 0.59 +/- 0.16, 0.64 +/- 0.23, and 0.63 +/- 0.13, respectively, for the three methods. The discontinuous oral absorption pharmacokinetic model is a promising new method for estimating absorption from two phases and for calculating oral bioavailability.
Intracellular Cannabinoid Type 1 (CB1) Receptors Are Activated by Anandamide

Recent studies have demonstrated that the majority of endogenous cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors do not reach the cell surface but are instead associated with endosomal and lysosomal compartments. Using calcium imaging and intracellular microinjection in CB1 receptor-transfected HEK293 cells and NG108-15 neuroblastoma × glioma cells, we provide evidence that anandamide acting on CB1 receptors increases intracellular calcium concentration when administered intracellularly but not extracellularly. The calcium-mobilizing effect of intracellular anandamide was dose-dependent and abolished by pretreatment with SR141716A, a CB1 receptor antagonist. The anandamide-induced calcium increase was reduced by blocking nicotinic acid-adenine dinucleotide phosphate- or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent calcium release and abolished when both lysosomal and endoplasmic reticulum calcium release pathways were blocked. Taken together, our results indicate that, in CB1 receptor-transfected HEK293 cells, intracellular CB1 receptors are functional; they are located in acid-filled calcium stores (endolysosomes). Activation of intracellular CB1 receptors releases calcium from endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomal calcium stores. In addition, our results support a novel role for nicotinic acid-adenine dinucleotide phosphate in cannabinoid-induced calcium signaling.
Food pattern analysis over time: unhealthful eating trajectories predict obesity.

Analysis of dietary patterns is prominent in nutrition literatures, yet few studies have taken advantage of multiple repeated measurements to understand the nature of individual-level changes over time in food choice, or the relation between these changes and body mass index (BMI). To investigate changes in eating patterns at the individual level across three exam periods, and to prospectively examine the relation of eating trajectories to BMI at the cohort level. The study included 3418 participants at baseline. Clinically measured BMI and dietary intake were assessed during three exam periods between 1991 and 2001 using a validated food frequency questionnaire. An individual's eating trajectory across exam periods was analyzed using sequence analysis, and then used to estimate outcomes of continuous BMI and categorical obesity status. Ordinary least squares regression models with robust standard errors were adjusted for socio-economic and demographic confounders, baseline BMI and baseline eating. A total of 66.2% (n=1614) of participants change their diet pattern during the study period, 33.8% (n=823) remain stable. After accounting for potential confounders, an unhealthful trajectory is significantly associated with a 0.42 kg m−2 increase in BMI (confidence interval (CI): 0.1, 0.7). Those with an unhealthful trajectory are 1.79 times more likely to be overweight (relative risk ratio, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.8) and 2.4 times more likely to be obese (relative risk ratio, 95% CI: 1.3, 4.4). Moreover, a number of specific diet transitions between exams are predictive of weight gain or loss. Contextualizing an individual's current eating behaviors with an eye towards diet history may be an important boon in the reduction of obesity. Although it may not be realistic for many people to shift from the least to most healthful diet, results from this study suggest that consistent movement in an overall healthier direction is associated with less weight gain.
Waves Amidst War: Intercultural Challenges While Training Volunteers to Respond to the Psychosocial Needs of Sri Lankan Tsunami Survivors

This paper describes workshops offered in Sri Lanka to volunteers from 4 villages affected by the Asian tsunami to train them in basic psychosocial skills for working with survivors, 6 months after the tsunami struck. Questions about the appropriateness and viability of applying Western conceptions of disaster mental health responses to an ethnically diverse South Asian country are raised and intercultural challenges explored. The concept of the social ecology of natural disaster is presented and applied to Sri Lanka, an economically poor country recovering from a tsunami amidst ongoing lethal ethnic conflict. The efficacy of the trainings and suggestions for future interventions are considered.
Replication for logic bipartitioning

Logic replication, the duplication of logic in order to limit communication between partitions, is an effective part of a complete partitioning solution. In this paper we seek a better understanding of the important issues in logic replication. By developing new optimizations to existing algorithms we are able to significantly improve the quality of these techniques, achieving up to 12.5% better results than the best existing replication techniques. When integrated into our already state-of-the-art partitioner, we improve overall cutsizes by 37.8%, while requiring the duplication of at most 7% of the logic.
Knowledge-based connectionism for revising domain theories

A knowledge-based connectionist model for machine learning referred to as KBCNN is presented. In the KBCNN learning model, useful domain attributes and concepts are first identified and linked in a way consistent with initial domain knowledge, and then the links are weighted properly so as to maintain the semantics. Hidden units and additional connections may be introduced into this initial connectionist structure as appropriate. Then, this primitive structure evolves to minimize empirical error. The KBCNN learning model allows the theory learned or revised to be translated into the symbolic rule-based language that describes the initial theory. Thus, a domain theory can be pushed onto the network, revised empirically over time, and decoded in symbolic form. The domain of molecular genetics is used to demonstrate the validity of the KBCNN learning model and its superiority over related learning methods. >
Layered MIMO scheme with antenna grouping

In this paper we extend our previously proposed layered turbo coded multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) scheme by introducing new techniques to improve the design of the transmitter and the receiver. These MIMO systems feature two antenna per layer with random antenna grouping, which reduces interference between layers. And multidimensional set partition is applied to encoder design to improve the coding gain. Based on these design techniques, the receiver only uses simple parallel interference cancellation (PIC) with spatial matched filtering (SMF) to separate the signals from different layers. It is shown that the performance of the proposed scheme is within 2 dB of outage capacity and is similar or better than other proposed MIMO schemes using more sophisticated interference suppression techniques.
Biomechanics of mammalian feeding and primate evolution

ABSTRACT Most of the papers included in this volume are derived frompresentations in a symposium on Mammalian Feeding at the 65th AnnualMeetings of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in NorthCarolina in 1996. The aims of this symposium were to gather together thepreeminent researchers on mammalian mastication and document the stateof research in that ﬁeld. The symposium emphasized in vivo studies ofmammalian feeding because of a paucity of recent reviews of this ﬁeld, butincluded morphometric and modeling papers as well. Subsequently the pa-pers were revised, and were submitted in spring 1998 for publication, pend-ing the outcome of peer review. Am J Phys Anthropol 112:449–453, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. The study of feeding behavior in nonpri-mate mammals is relevant to the study ofprimate mastication in two ways. First,comparison of primates and nonprimatemammals can reveal ways in which pri-mates differ from other mammals, inform-ing hypotheses of the origin and radiation ofprimates. Second, study of a broad range ofmammals generates insights into the rulesand principles governing the evolution ofthe feeding apparatus in general, of whichthe primate system is an example.Many of the papers in this symposiumdealt with issues surrounding anthropoidorigins. The fossil record of the anthropoidstem group has greatly improved recentlywith the discovery of Early-Middle EoceneAsian taxa exhibiting a combination of pro-simian-like primitive and crown anthro-poid-like derived features of the jaws andteeth (Beard et al., 1996; Jaeger et al.,1999). Future work on these animals prom-ises to greatly enhance our understandingof the origins of the anthropoid feeding ap-paratus. Extant anthropoids that have beenstudied differ from strepsirrhine primatesin an array of features of the skull that aredemonstrably or have been hypothesized tobe part of the feeding apparatus, e.g., onto-genetically early fusion of the mandibularsymphysis, late activity in the balancing-side deep masseter muscle during the powerof mastication (Hylander et al., 1987; Hy-lander and Johnson, 1994), relatively greateractivity of balancing-side muscles (Hylander1977), greater isognathy (widths of upper andlower dental arcades are roughly similar; Ra-vosa and Hylander, 1994), relatively largerphase II occlusal facets, a longer power stroke(Hiiema¨e and Kay, 1973), and a postorbitalseptum (Cachel, 1979). Ravosa et al. (2000a,this volume) observe that crown anthropoidshave more isodontic molars (upper andlower molars roughly the same width) andmore vertically oriented superﬁcial masse-ters than do strepsirrhines.Ross and Hylander (2000, this volume)evaluate hypotheses relating the function ofthe anterior temporalis muscles to the evo-lution of the postorbital septum (Ross,
Diabetes in Early Pregnancy: Getting to the Heart of the Matter

Pregnancy is a dynamic physiological stressor requiring numerous tightly choreographed alterations to the maternal physiological state. In addition to homeostatic regulation of maternal energy, fluid, and electrolyte balance, the needs of a rapidly developing fetus must also be satisfied. Indeed, contemporary literature is replete with evidence from clinical and experimental studies showing that alterations in the intrauterine environment have considerable impacts on fetal development and long-term health outcomes (1–7). Considering Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that the crude prevalence of diabetes has increased by 176% over the last three decades, the need for clinical and experimental interest in this particular health problem is increasing. Gestational diabetes mellitus is widely recognized as a serious concern for expectant mothers and is routinely screened for in midpregnancy. However, the potential for undiagnosed or poorly controlled diabetes before pregnancy to generate significant embryonic and early fetal stress may be less obvious. Indeed, it is not standard clinical practice to evaluate women for glucose intolerance prior to 24 weeks of pregnancy unless obvious risk factors are present. While increased awareness and screening may provide some help in the early identification of diabetes in pregnancies, these will not capture a significant portion of potentially high-risk, diabetic pregnancies in which the pregnancy is not confirmed until a much later time, such as at 8–12 weeks of pregnancy. Thus, improved screening at the primary care level prior to pregnancy is needed to meet the needs of this diabetic patient population. Despite …
Beyond Recycling: Guiding Preservice Teachers to Understand and Incorporate the Deeper Principles of Sustainability

Sustainability is a term with an evolving definition that applies to more than the physical environment. It speaks to the interconnectivity of every action we take (or fail to take) and to human beings' relationships with one another and their environment. A sustainable future is one in which global citizens engage in critical thinking, problem-solving, and collaboration to create a just and equitable society for all. Teachers have a role in cultivating these critical competencies—and the knowledge to go along with them—in their students. As the authors point out, this involves much more than a simple classroom recycling project or a field trip to the zoo. A broad conception of sustainability will foster students' ability to understand and live harmoniously in diverse societies. Through a holistic approach to sustainability, teachers can model for students how we can bring about a more peaceful and compassionate future.
Use of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy in Forage Testing

Abstract Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy analysis of forages for CP, ADF, NDF, and minerals was compared with wet chemistry results. Infrared analysis was conducted with a NEO-Tech 51A where spectral equations had been transferred by the vendor from master calibrations. These calibrations were based upon microwave drying of feed samples and grinding through a cyclone mill. Our forage testing laboratory routinely tests by oven drying at 60°C and grinding with a Wiley mill through a 2-mm screen. Protein and ADF analyses were conducted on 66 corn silage, hay crop silage, and hay samples. Coefficients of determination for oven drying-wet chemistry and microwave-infrared, oven drying-wet chemistry and oven drying-infrared, and microwave-infrared and oven drying-infrared analysis were: .90, .93, and .98 for crude protein and .92, .94, and .96 for ADF. Infrared results were compared with wet chemistry CP and ADF for 265 corn silage, hay, and hay crop silage samples. Coefficients of determination were .97 for CP and .95 for ADF with standard errors of prediction of .92 and 1.98. The respective correlation coefficients for corn silage, hay crop silage, and hay were .94 and .73; .95 and .92; and .73 and .74. Although standard errors of prediction were low for all minerals, coefficients of determination were above .80 for Ca and K.
Localization of the Kar3 kinesin heavy chain-related protein requires the Cik1 interacting protein

The Kar3 protein (Kar3p), a protein related to kinesin heavy chain, and the Cik1 protein (Cik1p) appear to participate in the same cellular processes in S. cerevisiae. Phenotypic analysis of mutants indicates that both CIK1 and KAR3 participate in spindle formation and karyogamy. In addition, the expression of both genes is induced by pheromone treatment. In vegetatively growing cells, both Cik1::beta-gal and Kar3::beta-gal fusions localize to the spindle pole body (SPB), and after pheromone treatment both fusion proteins localize to the spindle pole body and cytoplasmic microtubules. The dependence of Cik1p and Kar3p localization upon one another was investigated by indirect immunofluorescence of fusion proteins in pheromone-treated cells. The Cik1p::beta-gal fusion does not localize to the SPB or microtubules in a kar3 delta strain, and the Kar3p::beta-gal fusion protein does not localize to microtubule-associated structures in a cik1 delta strain. Thus, these proteins appear to be interdependent for localization to the SPB and microtubules. Analysis by both the two-hybrid system and co-immunoprecipitation experiments indicates that Cik1p and kar3p interact, suggesting that they are part of the same protein complex. These data indicate that interaction between a putative kinesin heavy chain-related protein and another protein can determine the localization of motor activity and thereby affect the functional specificity of the motor complex.
Relationship between muscle stress and intramuscular pressure during dynamic muscle contractions.

Intramuscular pressure (IMP) has been used to estimate muscle stress indirectly. However, the ability of this technique to estimate muscle stress under dynamic conditions is poorly characterized. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which IMP is a valid surrogate for muscle stress during dynamic contractions. IMP and muscle stress were compared under steady-state isotonic conditions and during complex dynamic length changes. During concentric contractions the shape of the IMP–velocity curve mimicked the basic shape of the force–velocity curve but with much higher variability. For eccentric contractions, a precipitous drop in IMP was observed despite increased muscle stress. The dissociation between muscle stress and IMP during dynamic contractions was partially explained by sensor movement. When the muscle was not moving, IMP explained 89% ± 5% of the variance in muscle force. However, when transducer movement occurred the linear relationship between IMP and stress was no longer observed. These findings demonstrate the difficulty in interpreting IMP under dynamic conditions when sensor movement occurs. They also illustrate the need to control transducer movement if muscle stress is to be inferred from IMP measurements such as might be desired during clinical gait testing. Muscle Nerve, 2007
Adaptation to climate change: contrasting patterns of thermal-reaction-norm evolution in Pacific versus Atlantic silversides.

How organisms may adapt to rising global temperatures is uncertain, but concepts can emerge from studying adaptive physiological trait variations across existing spatial climate gradients. Many ectotherms, particularly fish, have evolved increasing genetic growth capacities with latitude (i.e. countergradient variation (CnGV) in growth), which are thought to be an adaptation primarily to strong gradients in seasonality. In contrast, evolutionary responses to gradients in mean temperature are often assumed to involve an alternative mode, ‘thermal adaptation’. We measured thermal growth reaction norms in Pacific silverside populations (Atherinops affinis) occurring across a weak latitudinal temperature gradient with invariant seasonality along the North American Pacific coast. Instead of thermal adaptation, we found novel evidence for CnGV in growth, suggesting that CnGV is a ubiquitous mode of reaction-norm evolution in ectotherms even in response to weak spatial and, by inference, temporal climate gradients. A novel, large-scale comparison between ecologically equivalent Pacific versus Atlantic silversides (Menidia menidia) revealed how closely growth CnGV patterns reflect their respective climate gradients. While steep growth reaction norms and increasing growth plasticity with latitude in M. menidia mimicked the strong, highly seasonal Atlantic coastal gradient, shallow reaction norms and much smaller, latitude-independent growth plasticity in A. affinis resembled the weak Pacific latitudinal temperature gradient.
RTRD: Real-Time and Reliable Data Delivery in Ad Hoc Networks

In this paper, we present a reliable real-time data delivery (communication) mechanism for ad-hoc networks, called RTRD. The mechanism makes use of a proactive wireless routing protocol (DSDV) for path finding and maintenance, and timely delivers data through a priori bandwidth reservation. In addition, to be robust to network failures, or to deliver large data chunks, it simultaneously delivers data in multiple paths. The simulation results conducted by NS-2 validate RTRD's effectiveness.
A life-cycle approach to the intertemporal elasticity of substitution

We construct a three-period model spanning 30 years of an optimizing consumer’s life. Exploiting the first-order conditions, we derive expressions for the intertemporal elasticity of substitution (IES) that allow for different utility specifications; the case of isoelastic utility is a special case. We fit US household data on income, consumption, and net worth to the IES expressions to obtain point estimates of the IES. We also construct 95 percent confidence intervals, based on 10,000 simulated observations. Our evidence suggests that the value of the IES is likely between 0.2 and 0.8.
Clinical decision support for atypical orders: detection and warning of atypical medication orders submitted to a computerized provider order entry system

The specificity of medication-related alerts must be improved to overcome the pernicious effects of alert fatigue. A systematic comparison of new drug orders to historical orders could improve alert specificity and relevance. Using historical order data from a computerized provider order entry system, we alerted physicians to atypical orders during the prescribing of five medications: calcium, clopidogrel, heparin, magnesium, and potassium. The percentage of atypical orders placed for these five medications decreased during the 92 days the alerts were active when compared to the same period in the previous year (from 0.81% to 0.53%; p=0.015). Some atypical orders were appropriate. Fifty of the 68 atypical order alerts were over-ridden (74%). However, the over-ride rate is misleading because 28 of the atypical medication orders (41%) were changed. Atypical order alerts were relatively few, identified problems with frequencies as well as doses, and had a higher specificity than dose check alerts.
Matrix metalloproteinases regulate morphogenesis, migration and remodeling of epithelium, tongue skeletal muscle and cartilage in the mandibular arch

We have investigated the role of proteinases in the developmental program of bone, cartilage, tongue muscle and epithelial differentiation and remodeling in the mandibular arch during murine embryogenesis. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) was tissue-specific with little or no expression in the epithelium of tooth buds, tongue or oral cavity. Gelatinase A mRNA transcripts were strongly expressed in the perichondrium of Meckel9s cartilage and mesenchymal areas of embryonic day 13–15 mandibles, whereas gelatinase B, collagenase-3, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 mRNA were found primarily in the ossifying areas of the mandibles. The skeletal muscle of the tongue expressed stromelysin-3, TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 mRNA while stromelysin-3, TIMP-2 and gelatinase A were seen in the overlying connective tissue layer. Gelatinase A, gelatinase B, stromelysin-1, urokinase, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 mRNA and protein activities were also detected in cultured mandibular explants. Culture of day 10 mandibular explants with a hydroxamic acid metalloproteinase inhibitor, but not with inhibitors of metalloendopeptidases (thiorphan and phosphoramidon), serine proteinases (aprotinin), cysteine proteinases (leupeptin) and urokinase (amiloride), altered mandibular morphogenesis dramatically. Development of the tongue (glossogenesis) and cartilage, but not bone or teeth was affected. Formation of the oral sulcus and fusion of the two epithelia of the medial sulcus were inhibited, and number and migration of myoblasts decreased. The resulting ‘tongue-tied phenotype’ indicates that MMPs are involved in epithelial morphogenesis and the migration of myoblasts to the region of the tongue. Development of the anterior segment of Meckel9s cartilage was also inhibited and proteoglycan content of the cartilage was reduced by inhibiting MMPs. Our data suggest that matrix metalloproteinases play a pivotal role in the morphogenesis of structures derived from epithelium (oral sulcus), cranial paraxial mesoderm (tongue) and cranial neural crest (Meckel9s cartilage).