cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sleeping with the enemy: Garfield and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

The National Center for Sleep Disorders Research of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) launched the “Sleep Well. Do Well. Star Sleeper” campaign in 2001. Targeted at school-aged children, the campaign seeks to promote adequate sleep for youngsters as a cornerstone of a healthful lifestyle. The NHLBI has enlisted Garfield the Cat as the celebrity “spokescat” for this campaign. Although the goals of the campaign are laudable, I challenge the NHLBI’s wisdom in promoting Garfield as a role model for healthy behavior. The goal of the campaign is certainly worthwhile. Sleep is important, and we, as a society, do not do it very well. It is recommended that school-aged children sleep 9 hours … Address correspondence to Mark D. Fox, MD, PhD, MPH, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Tulsa, 4502 E 41st St, Tulsa, OK 74135. E-mail: mark-fox{at}ouhsc.edu
Battery Health-Conscious Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Grid Demand Prediction

This paper examines the problem of predicting the aggregate grid load imposed by battery health-conscious plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) charging. The paper begins by generating a set of representative daily PHEV trips using the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) and a set of federal and realworld drive cycles. Each trip is then used in a multiobjective genetic optimizer, along with a PHEV model and a battery degradation model, to simultaneously minimize PHEV energy cost and battery degradation. The optimization variables include the parameters of the PHEV charge pattern, defined as the timing and rate with which the PHEV receives electricity from the grid. For several weightings of the optimization objectives, total PHEV power demand is predicted by accumulating the charge patterns for individual PHEVs. Two charging scenarios, i.e., charging at home only versus charging at home and work, are examined. Results indicate that the main PHEV peak load occurs early in the morning (between 5.00-6.00a.m.), with approximately 45%- 60% of vehicles simultaneously charging from the grid. Moreover, charging at work creates additional peaks in this load pattern.
The Gap Junction Communication Channel

We thank Nancy Kauler for her superb secretarial assistance. In addition, we are extremely grateful to Dr. Matthias Falk for his helpful comments concerning the content of this manuscript. Owing to restrictions on the number of references, selected original articles and reviews are cited. Finally, we apologize to those whose work could not be recognized owing to a space limitation.
INTRAGENOTYPIC VARIATIONS IN THE CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SP. CERVINE GENOTYPE FROM SHEEP WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH

Cryptosporidium sp. cervine genotype could possibly emerge as an important human pathogen because current evidence suggests this genotype has a wide host range and zoonotic potential. However, there is confusion in the taxonomy of the Cryptosporidium sp. cervine genotype because different names have been used to refer to this genotype in previous studies and in sequences submitted to GenBank. Consequently, we lack a clear understanding of the epidemiology of this genotype. In the present study, the Cryptosporidium sp. cervine genotype was identified in sheep, was characterized using 3 genes (18S rDNA, COWP, and HSP-70), and was compared with data from all previous reports. Intragenotypic variations were found at the 18S rDNA gene in Cryptosporidium sp. cervine genotype with 3 different subtypes (cervine 1–3). No sequence variation at HSP-70 and COWP genes were observed. Sheep should be considered as an important reservoir for this zoonotic genotype of Cryptosporidium sp.
Voltammetry of semiconductor electrodes. 2. Cyclic voltammetry of freely diffusing redox species and rotating semiconductor disk voltammetry

A model electrode circuit has been utilized to describe the cyclic voltammetric response of a semiconductor photoelectrode in contact with a freely diffusing reversible redox system. This equivalent circuit formalism also has been used to generate a set of working curves for the steady-state voltammetric behavior of a reversible redox system at a rotating semiconductor disk electrode. The model electrode circuit consisted of an ideal photodiode in series with a metal electrode. The current-voltage solutions have been obtained under varying conditions of illumination, scan rate, or rotation velocity, and the results are presented in a working curve format.
UNA Obra Desconocida del Teatro Hispano-Americano: UNA Venganza Feliz

(1961). UNA Obra Desconocida del Teatro Hispano-Americano: UNA Venganza Feliz. Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 69-70.
Differential inhibition of secretagogue-stimulated sodium uptake in adrenal chromaffin cells by activation of D4 and D5 dopamine receptors

Recent studies have demonstrated that D1-selective and D2-selective dopamine receptor agonists inhibit catecholamine secretion and Ca2+ uptake into bovine adrenal chromaffin cells by receptor subtypes that we have identified by PCR as D5, a member of the D1-like dopamine receptor subfamily, and D4, a member of the D2-like dopamine receptor subfamily. The purpose of this study was to determine whether activation of D5 or D4 receptors inhibits influx of Na+, which could explain inhibition of secretion and Ca2+ uptake by dopamine agonists. D1-selective agonists preferentially inhibited both dimethylphenylpiperazinium- (DMPP) and veratridine-stimulated 22Na+ influx into chromaffin cells. The D1-selective agonists chloro-APB hydrobromide (CI-APB; 100 microM) and SKF-38393 (< 00 microM) inhibited DMPP-stimulated Na+ uptake by 87.5 +/- 2.3 and 59.7 +/- 4.5%, respectively, whereas the D2-selective agonist bromocriptine (100 microM) inhibited Na+ uptake by only 22.9 +/- 5.0%. Veratridine-stimulated Na+ uptake was inhibited 95.1 +/- 3.2 and 25.7 +/- 4.7% by 100 microM CI-APB or bromocriptine, respectively. The effect of CI-APB was concentration dependent. A similar IC50 (approximately 18 microM) for inhibition of both DMPP- and veratridine-stimulated Na+ uptake was obtained. The addition of 8-bromo-cyclic AMP (1 mM) had no effect on either DMPP- or veratridine-stimulated Na+ uptake. These observations suggest that D1-selective agonists are inhibiting secretagogue-stimulated Na+ uptake in a cyclic AMP-independent manner.
A hybrid finite element‐finite difference method for thermal analysis in X‐ray lithography

X‐ray lithography is an important technique in micro fabrication used to obtain structures and devices with a high aspect ratio. The X‐ray exposure takes place in a system composed of a mask and a photoresist deposited on a substrate (with a gap between mask and resist). Predictions of the temperature distribution in three dimensions in the different layers (mask, gap, photoresist and substrate) and of the potential temperature rise are essential for determining the effect of high flux X‐ray exposure on distortions in the photoresist due to thermal expansion. In this study, we develop a three‐dimensional numerical method for obtaining the temperature profile in an X‐ray irradiation process by using a hybrid finite element‐finite difference scheme for solving three‐dimensional parabolic equations on thin layers. A domain decomposition algorithm is then obtained based on a parallel Gaussian elimination for solving block tridiagonal linear systems. The method is illustrated by a numerical method.
Transport and level anticrossing in strongly coupled double quantum wells with in-plane magnetic fields

Interesting in-plane low-temperature transport properties are proposed in doped thin double quantum wells in an in-plane magnetic field (B). The density of states diverges at a saddle point (SP). The SP is formed at the lower edge of the partial energy gap at a sufficiently high B due to an anticrossing of the two displaced energy-dispersion parabolas. At high carrier densities, the conductance (G) shows a maximum when the upper branch is emptied and a minimum at a higher B=${\mathit{B}}_{\mathrm{min}}$ when the Fermi level lies at the SP. These features are confirmed by recent data. At low densities (i.e., with only the lower branch populated), only a G minimum is predicted to occur. The electron-diffusion thermopower diverges both above and below ${\mathit{B}}_{\mathrm{min}}$ with opposite signs. The correlation between the recently observed tunneling G and the in-plane G is discussed.
Deep structure under Yellowstone National Park U.S.A.: A continental “hot spot”

Abstract In order to understand the origin of long-lived loci of volcanism (sometimes called “hot spots”) and their possible role in global tectonic processes, it is essential to know their deep structure. Even though some work has been done on the crustal, upper-mantle, and deep-mantle structure under some of these “hot spots”, the picture is far from clear. In an attempt to study the structure under the Yellowstone National Park U.S.A., which is considered to be such a “hot spot”, we recorded teleseisms using 26 telemetered seismic stations and three groups of portable stations. The network was operated within a 150 km radius centered on the Yellowstone caldera, the major, Quaternary volcanic feature of the Yellowstone region. Teleseismic delays of about 1.5 sec are found inside the caldera, and the delays remain high over a 100 km wide area around the caldera. The spatial distribution and magnitude of the delays indicate the presence of a large body of low-velocity material with horizontal dimensions corresponding approximately to the caldera size (40 km × 80 km) near the surface and extending to a depth of 200–250 km under the caldera. Using ray-tracing and inversion techniques, it is estimated that the compressional velocity inside the anomalous body is lower than in the surrounding rock by about 15% in the upper crust and by 5% in the lower crust and upper mantle. It is postulated that the body is partly composed of molten rock with a high degree of partial melting at shallow depths and is responsible for the observed Yellowstone volcanism. The large size of the partially molten body, taken together with its location at the head of a 350 km zone of volcanic propagation along the axis of the Snake River Plain, indicates that the volcanism associated with Yellowstone has its origin below the lithosphere and is relatively stationary with respect to plate motion. Using our techniques, we are unable to detect any measurable velocity contrast in the mantle beneath the low-velocity body, and, hence, we are unable to determine whether the Yellowstone melting anomaly is associated with a deep heat source or with any deep phenomenon such as a convection plume, chemical plume, or gravitational anchor.
Patton: Celebrating the UnAmerican National Hero

(2011). Patton: Celebrating the UnAmerican National Hero. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 26, Biopics and American National Identity, pp. 34-52.
Chemical frustration in the protein folding landscape: grand canonical ensemble simulations of cytochrome c.

A grand canonical formalism is developed to combine discrete simulations for chemically distinct species in equilibrium. Each simulation is based on a perturbed funneled landscape. The formalism is illustrated using the alkaline-induced transitions of cytochrome c as observed by FTIR spectroscopy and with various other experimental approaches. The grand canonical simulation method accounts for the acid/base chemistry of deprotonation, the inorganic chemistry of heme ligation and misligation, and the minimally frustrated folding energy landscape, thus elucidating the physics of protein folding involved with an acid/base titration of a protein. The formalism combines simulations for each of the relevant chemical species, varying by protonation and ligation states. In contrast to models based on perfectly funneled energy landscapes that contain only contacts found in the native structure, the current study introduces “chemical frustration” from deprotonation and misligation that gives rise to many intermediates at alkaline pH. While the nature of these intermediates cannot be easily inferred from available experimental data, the current study provides specific structural details of these intermediates thus extending our understanding of how cytochrome c changes with increasing pH. The results demonstrate the importance of chemical frustration for understanding biomolecular energy landscapes.
Is hypnosis an altered state of consciousness or what

The debate over whether hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness is a distraction from the real business of studying the phenomena that occur in the context of hypnotic suggestion. These phenomena can be profitably studied at several levels of analysis: the psychological, the sociocultural, and the neurobiological. A comprehensive understanding of hypnosis must emphasize that the phenomena of hypnosis reflect both alterations in consciousness and social interactions. Copyright © 2005 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Possible new phase transitions in hexagonal RbxWO3

Abstract Two correlated phase transitions have been observed in hexagonal Rb x WO 3 in the concentration range 0.16≤x≤0.33. One of these is a concentration-dependent transition which occurs near x=0.25, and precipitously affects the superconducting transition temperature. The other is a temperature-dependent transition which appears as anomalies in the resistivity, Hall coefficient, and Seebeck coefficient between 100K and 280K. The temperature at which the anomalies occur depends strongly on the x-value.
Structural Dynamics of the Actin-Binding Domains in Dystrophin and Utrophin

We are using time-resolved phosphorescence anisotropy (TPA) and dipolar electron-electron-resonance (DEER) to determine and compare the structural dynamics of the actin-binding domains in dystrophin and utrophin. Dystrophin and utrophin bind actin in vitro with similar affinities, but with different molecular contacts (Rybakova et al, 2006, J. Biol. Chem). We hypothesize that these differences alter the elasticity of dystrophin-actin and utrophin-actin linkages to the sarcolemma, affecting the cell's response to muscle stretches, with important implications for muscular dystrophy and its therapy. Our previous TPA studies, detecting the microsecond dynamics of phosphorescent-labeled actin, showed that both proteins have novel effects on actin flexibility, with utrophin more effective than dystrophin (Prochniewicz et al., 2009, PNAS). We have now compared the effects of the isolated actin-binding domains of dystrophin, ABD1 and ABD2. TPA shows that the enhanced rate of actin rotational dynamics is induced primarily by ABD1, while both ABD1 and ABD2 contribute to the restriction in rotational amplitude. Disease-causing point mutations in ABD1 decrease the effects on actin's rotational rate. We propose that this in turn causes the dystrophin-actin complex to be less resilient and thus less able to prevent damage to the muscle cytoskeleton during contraction. Finally, we have attached probes directly to ABD1 in dystrophin and utrophin, to detect changes in structure upon actin binding. High-resolution distance measurements, provided by DEER, show that the two lobes (calponin-homology domains) within ABD1 undergo a dramatic opening upon actin binding, helping to resolve a previous controversy (Lin et al., 2011, PNAS). Analogous studies with dystrophin show more subtle changes upon actin binding, providing insight into the structural and functional differences in dystrophin and utrophin.
Sexual dysfunction and its relation to heart disease.

What do cardiologists have to do with erectile dysfunction? Even though this seems far from our daily clinical routine, a closer look and interrogation among our own patients revealed that the majority of patients with underlying chronic cardiovascular disorders are suffering from erectile dysfunction. The close association of coronary artery disease and vasculogenic erectile dysfunction is a well-known phenomenon, however, it represents an example where scientific evidence did not translate into clinical practice and routine. How many cardiologists do really ask their patients about sexual problems? In addition, how many patients with ED and concomitant cardiac problems are not treated for ED because they are considered as high risk for sexual activity as well as for using drugs such as PDE-5 inhibitors. Even though the pathophysiologic mechanisms for ED are well known among urologists dealing on a daily base with ED patients, the majority of cardiologists do neither spent enough time to read about ED nor to treat ED, lacking awareness how significant sexual dysfunction impacts our patients' lives, sometimes even more than the experience of a myocardial infarction or any other cardiovascular (even life-threatening) event. Patients might not tell us cardiologists about this particular problem, and we are not asking about it.
Complementarity of the 16S rRNA penultimate stem with sequences downstream of the AUG destabilizes the plastid mRNAs

Escherichia coli mRNA translation is facilitated by sequences upstream and downstream of the initiation codon, called Shine-Dalgarno (SD) and downstream box (DB) sequences, respectively. In E.coli enhancing the complementarity between the DB sequences and the 16S rRNA penultimate stem resulted in increased protein accumulation without a significant affect on mRNA stability. The objective of this study was to test whether enhancing the complementarity of plastid mRNAs downstream of the AUG (downstream sequence or DS) with the 16S rRNA penultimate stem (anti-DS or ADS region) enhances protein accumulation. The test system was the tobacco plastid rRNA operon promoter fused with the E.coli phage T7 gene 10 (T7g10) 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) and DB region. Translation efficiency was tested by measuring neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII) accumulation in tobacco chloroplasts. We report here that the phage T7g10 5'-UTR and DB region promotes accumulation of NPTII up to approximately 16% of total soluble leaf protein (TSP). Enhanced mRNA stability and an improved NPTII yield ( approximately 23% of TSP) was obtained from a construct in which the T7g10 5'-UTR was linked with the NPTII coding region via a NheI site. However, replacing the T7g10 DB region with the plastid DS sequence reduced NPTII and mRNA levels to 0.16 and 28%, respectively. Reduced NPTII accumulation is in part due to accelerated mRNA turnover.
Lesbian mothering in the context of intimate partner violence.

SUMMARY Twenty-four lesbian mothers (12 African American, 9 White, and 3 Latina) who had experienced physical abuse by a same-sex partner were interviewed. Three types of IPV were found: intimate terrorism, situational violence, and mutual violent control. Further, relationships between mothers/abusers, mothers/children, and abusers/children were examined. Regarding relationships with abusers, 71% of mothers reported lengthy sagas, 17% had worked it out, and 13% made a clean break from the abuser. Regarding relationships with their children, 48% of mothers hid the violence, 26% minimized it, and 26% openly communicated about the situation. Relationships between abusers and the mothers' children were found to be either co-parental (29%), playmate (21%), abusive (21%), or non-parental (21%). Correlations among relational and demographic variables were also examined.
FET parameter orthogonalization with principal components

A new method for representing the statistical variation of FET Equivalent Circuit Parameters (ECPs) is presented. This method utilizes a statistical technique known as principal components and provides an efficient method for statistically representing the means, standard deviations, and correlations of the FET ECPs. Applications of this technique include simulation of process variation using Monte Carlo analysis as well as model optimization. The modeling methodology can be easily implemented into existing commercial CAD simulators. >
Towards a more balanced view of marine ecosystems

Frank et al. (Nature, 477, 2011, 86) hypothesize that the slow recovery of the Scotian Shelf ecosystem to its structure prior to the early 1990s is a result of the oscillatory, runaway consumption dynamics of the forage fish complex. Their hypothesis is based on the underlying assumptions that this ecosystem's dynamics are governed by top-down forcing, predator–prey role reversals, and a trophic cascade extending from demersal predatory fish, especially cod, down to the level of nutrients (Science, 308, 2005, 1621; Nature, 477, 2011, 86). Greene and Pershing (Science, 315, 2007, 1084) called into question the underlying assumption of an extended trophic cascade. They argued that while top-down forcing can be important at higher trophic levels in many Northwest Atlantic Shelf ecosystems, its impacts on zooplankton, phytoplankton, and nutrients are minor or nonexistent. Instead, they argued that lower trophic-level dynamics in these ecosystems are governed by climate-associated, bottom-up forcing. Observations over the past three decades (Greene et al. Ecology, 89, (Suppl 11), 2008, S24; MERCINA Oceanography, 25, 2012, 208.) are consistent with predictions from the climate-forcing hypothesis proposed by Greene and Pershing (Science, 315, 2007, 1084), while those from the past decade (MERCINA, Oceanography, 25, 2012, 208) demonstrate that the trophic cascade hypothesis as proposed by Frank et al. (Science, 308, 2005, 1621) should be rejected. A closer examination of these observations also calls into question the hypothesis of ecosystem recovery in the Northwest Atlantic being governed by the oscillatory, runaway consumption dynamics of the forage fish complex.
Internalizing Conservation through Our Own Microbes

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: BA Sikes (2012) Internalizing Conservation through our own Microbes. Conservation Biology, 26(2): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01834.x, which has been published in final form at http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01834.x. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.
Write bubble measurement under realistic recording conditions

A simple method to characterize the write process of a recording head by measuring the write bubble is described. The advantage of the technique is that the measurements are made under normal recording conditions. Changes in the write bubble can be observed in response to changes in key recording parameters, such as write current, medium velocity, and data rate.
A recurrent neural network for nonlinear continuously differentiable optimization over a compact convex subset

We propose a general recurrent neural-network (RNN) model for nonlinear optimization over a nonempty compact convex subset which includes the bound subset and spheroid subset as special cases. It is shown that the compact convex subset is a positive invariant and attractive set of the RNN system and that all the network trajectories starting from the compact convex subset converge to the equilibrium set of the RNN system. The above equilibrium set of the RNN system coincides with the optimum set of the minimization problem over the compact convex subset when the objective function is convex. The analysis of these qualitative properties for the RNN model is conducted by employing the properties of the projection operator of Euclidean space onto the general nonempty closed convex subset. A numerical simulation example is also given to illustrate the qualitative properties of the proposed general RNN model for solving an optimization problem over various compact convex subsets.
Performance comparison of machine learning algorithms and number of independent components used in fMRI decoding of belief vs. disbelief

Machine learning (ML) has become a popular tool for mining functional neuroimaging data, and there are now hopes of performing such analyses efficiently in real-time. Towards this goal, we compared accuracy of six different ML algorithms applied to neuroimaging data of persons engaged in a bivariate task, asserting their belief or disbelief of a variety of propositional statements. We performed unsupervised dimension reduction and automated feature extraction using independent component (IC) analysis and extracted IC time courses. Optimization of classification hyperparameters across each classifier occurred prior to assessment. Maximum accuracy was achieved at 92% for Random Forest, followed by 91% for AdaBoost, 89% for Naive Bayes, 87% for a J48 decision tree, 86% for K*, and 84% for support vector machine. For real-time decoding applications, finding a parsimonious subset of diagnostic ICs might be useful. We used a forward search technique to sequentially add ranked ICs to the feature subspace. For the current data set, we determined that approximately six ICs represented a meaningful basis set for classification. We then projected these six IC spatial maps forward onto a later scanning session within subject. We then applied the optimized ML algorithms to these new data instances, and found that classification accuracy results were reproducible. Additionally, we compared our classification method to our previously published general linear model results on this same data set. The highest ranked IC spatial maps show similarity to brain regions associated with contrasts for belief > disbelief, and disbelief < belief.
Accommodating FMS operational contingencies through routing flexibility

Overwhelmed by the complexity of the FMS deadlock avoidance problem, current research has essentially ignored the aspects (and benefits) related to flexible (dynamic) job routing. Furthermore, extending the currently existing results along this line is nontrivial, primarily because of the fact that the possible routing options for a single job can grow exponentially fast. Hence, computationally efficient techniques are required to incorporate the inherent FMS routing flexibilty into current structural control schemes. The paper initiates the investigation on the problem of integrating routing flexibility in FMS structural control, by addressing the problem of "optimal" job re-routing in the case of operational contingencies. An analytical problem formulation and an efficient solution algorithm are developed for the case that the FMS is structurally controlled by the resource upstream neighborhood (RUN) policy, a deadlock avoidance policy previously presented in the literature. Beyond the value of the presented results, the paper is intended also to outline a methodological approach to the underlying problems.
Tem Study of Twinning and Magnetic Domains in Terfenol-D

This paper reports the results of detailed TEM observations on [211] oriented single crystal samples of Terfenol-D. Domain structures are interpreted in terms of recent micromagnetic models developed by James and Kinderlehrer. Lorentz transmission electron microscopy was performed on a JOEL 120CX equipped with a low field objective lens. We also report for the first time energy-filtered magnetic domain images, recorded using a Gatan Imaging Filter on a JOEL 40000EX high resolution TEM. This observational mode allows for enhanced resolution and improved image contrast.
The low-temperature specific-heats of several palladium-rich palladium-antimony alloys☆

Abstract The low-temperature specific-heat coefficients γ and the corresponding Debye temperatures θ were determined for four palladium-rich terminal solid-solution alloys containing 3, 6, 9 and 12 at.% antimony. The specific-heat results can be correlated with the room-temperature magnetic susceptability and the vacant d -states of palladium decrease as the solute concentration increases but at a reduced rate when compared with noble metal-palladium systems. Comparison with Mossbauer results obtained over the same concentration range of the palladium-antimony system and optical data on noble metal-palladium alloys suggest that a screening model, in which each atomic cell is electrically neutral, is a more appropriate description than a charge transfer model.
Transcendental experiences during meditation practice

This article explores transcendental experiences during meditation practice and the integration of transcendental experiences and the unfolding of higher states of consciousness with waking, dreaming, and sleeping. The subject/object relationship during transcendental experiences is characterized by the absence of time, space, and body sense--the framework that gives meaning to waking experiences. Physiologically, transcendental experiences during Transcendental Meditation practice are marked by slow inhalation, along with autonomic orientation at the onset of breath changes and heightened α1 (8-10 Hz) frontal coherence. The integration of transcendental experiences with waking, dreaming, and sleeping is also marked by distinct subjective and objective markers. This integrated state, called Cosmic Consciousness in the Vedic tradition, is subjectively marked by inner self-awareness coexisting with waking, sleeping, and dreaming. Physiologically, Cosmic Consciousness is marked by the coexistence of α1 electroencephalography (EEG) with delta EEG during deep sleep, and higher brain integration, greater emotional stability, and decreased anxiety during challenging tasks. Transcendental experiences may be the engine that fosters higher human development.
Using Patterns to Understand and Compare Web Services Security Products and Standards

Web services are becoming an important way for enterprises to interoperate. Many security standards have been developed for web services, but they are still vulnerable to a variety of attacks; lack of security is one of the main reasons given by people who are reluctant to use web services even knowing of their advantages. A problem with web services security standards is that several organizations are involved in developing them and as a result there are many, and they may overlap. We are developing a catalog of architectural security patterns for web services corresponding to security standards and mechanisms. In this paper we explore another aspect: how to compare standards using patterns. By expressing standards as patterns, we can compare them and understand them better. For example, we can discover potentially overlapping and inconsistent aspects between them.
Generation and application of ultrafast X-ray sources

Pulses at soft X-ray wavelengths with a duration of less than 1.5 ps were produced by focusing high-intensity, ultrafast visible laser pulses onto a solid. Reflectivity measurements indicate that the laser pulses are absorbed by a plasma formed just inside the surface of the solid before expansion occurs. The observed emission spectrum is characteristic of a high-temperature, short-lived, high-density plasma. Applications of the ultrafast X-ray pulses, including an X-ray laser scheme, are discussed. >
Installation of the Stand Alone Version of the Soil Module TERRA-LM

The research activity of the first two months concerning the analysis of the physical parameterizations of the TERRA-LM soil module, and concerning the following comparison of it with the different approaches used by other SVAT models, has highlighted the possibility of modifing the physical modeling of TERRA-LM in order to improve the output and consequently all the metereological forecast.In order to simplify the computation during the test phase of the changes introduced in the model, the activity of the current month has focused, above all, on the installations of the stand alone version of the soil module realized by the researchers of the consortium of development of the meteo LM model called "COSMO".
CLMcrop yields and water requirements: avoided impacts by choosing RCP 4.5 over 8.5

We perform CLMcrop simulations of the 20th and 21st centuries to assess potential avoided impacts in (a) crop yield losses and (b) water demand increases if humanity were to choose the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 instead of 8.5. RCP 8.5 imposes more extreme climatic changes on CLMcrop, while simultaneously exposing the crops to higher CO2 fertilization than RCP 4.5. As a result CLMcrop simulates global to regional scale changes in yield and water requirements for RCP 8.5 that exceed and sometimes more than double the RCP 4.5 changes relative to today. Under RCP 4.5 then, human societies may confront easier adaptation to changes in crop yields and water requirements. Under both RCPs, CLMcrop projects declining global yields for C3 crops (e.g., wheat, soybean, rice) without CO2 fertilization and C4 crops (corn, sugarcane) without irrigation. Yield declines of 3 t ha−1 stand out in parts of tropical and subtropical Africa and South America (presently areas of rapid agricultural expansion) and are due to increasing plant respiration and decreasing soil moisture, both due to rising temperatures. Irrigation and CO2 fertilization mitigate yield losses and in some cases lead to gains, so irrigation may help maintain or increase current yields through the 21st century. However, simulated global irrigation requirements increase: as much as 23 % for C4 crops without CO2 fertilization under RCP 8.5 and as little as 3 % for C4 crops with CO2 fertilization under RCP4.5. Nitrogen fertilized crops display greater vulnerability to climate and environmental change than unfertilized crops in our simulations; still relative to unfertilized crops, they deliver significantly higher yields and remain indispensable in supporting a more populous and affluent humanity. These CLMcrop results broadly agree with previously published outcomes for the 21st century. We describe in this article a new version of CLMcrop that represents prognostic crop behavior not only in the mid-latitudes but also the tropics.
The proto-oncogene c-myc blocks myeloid differentiation independently of its target gene ornithine decarboxylase

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis, has been shown to be required for entry into and progression through the cell cycle and to be a transcriptional target of the proto-oncogene, c-myc. We show that ODC transcripts and enzyme activity are down-regulated following induction of myeloid differentiation, using M1 myeloblastic leukemic cells and normal cells from bone marrow (BM), and fail to be suppressed when c-myc expression is deregulated. In M1mycer cells, when endogenous c-myc expression has been suppressed following stimulation by interleukin-6 (IL-60), treatment with estrogen and cycloheximide results in induction of ODC transcripts. These data demonstrate that ODC is a c-myc target gene in M1 cells. It was of interest to determine whether deregulated ODC expression would alter the myeloid differentiation program. To answer this question, M1-ODC cell lines constitutively expressing ODC were established. These cells can undergo terminal differentiation and growth arrest following IL-6 stimulation, exactly like parental M1 cells, demonstrating that deregulated ODC expression is not sufficient to block myeloid differentiation. Another question to be answered was whether ODC expression is necessary for the c-myc-mediated block in differentiation. The use of alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an irreversible inhibitor of ODC enzyme activity, indicates that ODC is not necessary for the c-myc-mediated differentiation block.
The evolution of anthropoid molar proportions

Developmental processes that underpin morphological variation have become a focus of interest when attempting to interpret macroevolutionary patterns. Recently, the Dental Inhibitory Cascade (dic) model has been suggested to explain much of the variation in mammalian molar size proportions. We tested the macroevolutionary implications of this model using anthropoid primate species (n=100), focusing on overall morphological patterns, as well as predictions made about molar size variability, direct developmental control, and diet. Of the species sampled, 56 % had centroids that fell within regions of molar proportion morphospace consistent with the dic model. We also found that the third molar had greater variation in size than either the first or second molars, as expected by the model. Some dic model predictions were not supported, however, such as the expected proportion of M 2/M 1 when the third molar is absent. Furthermore, we found that some variability in third molar size could not be explained by the influence of the inhibitory cascade. Overall, we found considerable clade-specific differences in relative molar sizes among anthropoid primates, with hominoids and cercopithecins strongly divergent from dic model predictions, and platyrrhines, colobines, and papionins more consistent with the inhibitory cascade. Finally, we investigated reasons why some clades deviated from dic model expectations. Adaptations for frugivory (e.g., bunodont cusp relief) appeared to be one driver of relatively larger second molars and have evolved independently in multiple lineages of anthropoids. The dic model explains some of the variation in anthropoid primate molar proportions. However, there are interesting deviations away from this broad mammalian pattern, particularly in hominoids and cercopithecins, which suggest the model is only one of multiple mechanisms determining morphological variability in mammalian teeth.
Evaluation of neuromuscular function in inflammatory myopathy

The assessment of neuromuscular function during the course of treatment in patients with inflammatory myopathy requires a combination of tests tailored to the clinical status of the patient. The use of timed functional tests, pulmonary function, functional grading, and manual muscle strength testing (coordinated with a physical therapist) provides the clinician and patient with reliable, easily performed measurements that are flexible enough for virtually all outpatient settings. Some patients may require assessment with only timed functional tests, such as the time to run 30 feet, climb four steps, and arise from supine to standing; other patients may need an assessment that uses function tests, functional grade scoring, and manual muscle strength testing. The 24-hour urinary excretion of creatinine is a simple method to measure changes in muscle mass, and determinations at 3- to 6-month intervals may provide a useful means to document the effects of treatment. Occasionally, more elaborate methods, such as MR imaging of muscle may be necessary to identify persistent inflammation in certain muscles or aid in the selection of a specific area of muscle to biopsy. The use of myometry, especially fixed myometry with QMT, is most suitable for clinical research. In the future, hand-held myometric equipment and, perhaps, even QMT, may become more adaptable to office practice, and their use will be more feasible for the routine care of patients with inflammatory myopathy.
Phase advance in moderately sleepy and alert normals.

Phase advanced sleep (by 4 hours) was studied in 28 healthy, normal men and women, aged 21-50 years, without nocturnal sleep or daytime sleepiness complaints. Eleven subjects (6 men and 5 women) with moderately short (≤10 minutes) average daily sleep latencies on the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) were compared to 17 (11 men and 6 women) with relatively long (≥12 minutes) latencies. Nocturnal sleep on both a baseline and a shift night differed between the groups. The moderately sleepy group had shorter sleep latencies and less wakefulness during sleep than the moderately alert group. The phase advanced sleep schedule reduced sleep efficiency in both groups, but the moderately sleepy group showed a lessened effect of the shift. Additionally, sleep efficiency was reduced in the moderately sleepy group only during the first 2 hours of the sleep period, while sleep efficiency was uniformly disturbed in the moderately alert group throughout the night during the phase advance.
Strategies for Supporting Elementary Students of Poverty in Reading

Reading achievement is especially important for students of poverty because research has shown that students who come from poverty achieve less academically and often drop out of school at a higher rate than their wealthier peers. While teachers cannot make students motivated, they can create motivational learning environments. There are several strategies that support children of poverty to learn to read. Some of these strategies include the following: administrative support of focused professional development, establish professional learning communities, create a classroom focus on learning, provide access to reading materials, establish summer reading programs, and provide reading instruction at the appropriate level.
Accelerating the computation of bath spectral densities with super-resolution

Quantum transport and other phenomena are typically modeled by coupling the system of interest to an environment, or bath, held at thermal equilibrium. Realistic bath models are at least as challenging to construct as models for the quantum systems themselves, since they must incorporate many degrees of freedom that interact with the system on a wide range of timescales. Owing to computational limitations, the environment is often modeled with simple functional forms, with a few parameters fit to experiment to yield semi-quantitative results. Growing computational resources have enabled the construction of more realistic bath models from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In this paper, we develop a numerical technique to construct these atomistic bath models with better accuracy and decreased cost. We apply a novel signal processing technique, known as super-resolution, combined with a dictionary of physically motivated bath modes to derive spectral densities from MD simulations. Our approach reduces the required simulation time and provides a more accurate spectral density than can be obtained via standard Fourier transform methods. Moreover, the spectral density is provided as a convenient closed-form expression which yields an analytic time-dependent bath kernel. Exciton dynamics of the Fenna–Matthews–Olson light-harvesting complex are simulated with a second-order time-convolutionless master equation, and spectral densities constructed via super-resolution are shown to reproduce the dynamics using only a quarter of the amount of MD data.
Low-scattering sensor with strong absorption properties

Suppressing the unwanted scattering from an antenna while maintaining its optimal absorption capabilities is desirable in many practical applications. However, traditional techniques to suppress the scattering of a receiving antenna typically come at the price of significantly lowering the absorbed power, and are thus unfavorable for realistic applications. On the contrary, we prove that the proper interference of multiple scattering modes can decouple the constraints on scattering and absorption of a system, opening a new venue to implement an efficient sensor with minimized scattering signature. Here, we theoretically and experimentally present the design of microwave antennas based on overlapped electric and magnetic dipolar modes, observing over 6-dB scattering suppression without sacrificing absorption. The presented technique is of special interest for non-invasive sensing and radar technology.
The Effect of Filtering on the OSNR - For a 40- and 100 Gb/s DWDM System

Quality measures like Bit Error Rate (BER) and Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) are important indicators for verifying the quality of a received signal in the optical fiber communication. Different components like Wavelength Selective Switches and Optical Interleaver Units used in a Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed network can decrease the operating bandwidth. This work investigates the effect of bandwidth narrowing on the OSNR value in an optical fiber link.
Respiratory Care of Adults with Chronic Pulmonary Disease

Comprehensive chronic disease management has led to improved survival and quality of life for children diagnosed with previously fatal conditions, such that now these patients are living well into adulthood. The care of patients with chronic respiratory failure (CRF) has followed suit with this changing landscape of chronic disease management. Previously, children with CRF would be confined to a hospital with personnel trained in respiratory care and ventilator management, with patients and their families choosing home only for palliative or hospice care. Today, patients are offered multiple options for management of respiratory failure at home, albeit requiring significant education, family commitment, and medical community support. With a multidisciplinary approach to care and dedicated family and caregivers, home mechanical ventilation is a viable option that can improve both quality of life and survival among individuals with chronic respiratory failure.
Modest overexpression of FOXO maintains cardiac proteostasis and ameliorates age‐associated functional decline

Heart performance declines with age. Impaired protein quality control (PQC), due to reduced ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) activity, autophagic function, and/or chaperone-mediated protein refolding, contributes to cardiac deterioration. The transcription factor FOXO participates in regulating genes involved in PQC, senescence, and numerous other processes. Here, a comprehensive approach, involving molecular genetics, novel assays to probe insect cardiac physiology, and bioinformatics, was utilized to investigate the influence of heart-restricted manipulation of dFOXO expression in the rapidly aging Drosophila melanogaster model. Modest dFOXO overexpression was cardioprotective, ameliorating nonpathological functional decline with age. This was accompanied by increased expression of genes associated predominantly with the UPS, relative to other PQC components, which was validated by a significant decrease in ubiquitinated proteins. RNAi knockdown of UPS candidates accordingly compromised myocardial physiology in young flies. Conversely, excessive dFOXO overexpression or suppression proved detrimental to heart function and/or organismal development. This study highlights D. melanogaster as a model of cardiac aging and FOXO as a tightly regulated mediator of proteostasis and heart performance over time.
Genetically engineered natural killer (NK) cell immunotherapy for children poor risk b-cell (CD20+) leukemia and lymphoma (L/L).

e13022 Background: A majority of children with CD20+ L/L at relapse have a chemotherapy resistant phenotype (Cairo et al Blood, 2007; JCO, 2012). Novel, non-chemotherapy-based therapies are despera...
Organosilane Chemical Gradients: Progress, Properties, and Promise.

Chemical gradients play an important role in nature, driving many different phenomena critical to life, including the transport of chemical species across membranes and the transport, attachment, and assembly of cells. Taking a cue from these natural processes, scientists and engineers are now working to develop synthetic chemical gradients for use in a broad range of applications, such as in high-throughput investigations of surface properties, as means to guide the motions and/or assembly of liquid droplets, vesicles, nanoparticles, and cells and as new media for stationary-phase-gradient chemical separations. Our groups have been working to develop new methods for preparing chemical gradients from organoalkoxysilane and organochlorosilane precursors and to obtain a better understanding of their properties on macroscopic to microscopic length scales. This review highlights our recent work on the development of controlled-rate infusion and infusion-withdrawal dip-coating methods for the preparation of gr...