cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of HSV-IL12 Loaded Tumor Cell-Based Vaccination in a Mouse Model of High-Grade Neuroblastoma

We designed multimodal tumor vaccine that consists of irradiated tumor cells infected with the oncolytic IL-12-expressing HSV-1 virus, M002. This vaccine was tested against the syngeneic neuroblastoma mouse model Neuro 2a injected into the right caudate nucleus of the immunocompetent A/J mice. Mice were vaccinated via intramuscular injection of multimodal vaccine or uninfected irradiated tumor cells at seven and 14 days after tumor establishment. While there was no survival difference between groups vaccinated with cell-based vaccine applied following tumor injection, a premunition prime/boost vaccination strategy produced a significant survival advantage in both groups and sustained immune response to an intracranial rechallenge of the same tumor. The syngeneic but unrelated H6 hepatocellular tumor cell line grew unrestricted in vaccinated mice, indicative of vaccine-mediated specific immunity to Neuro 2a tumors. Longitudinal analyses of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes revealed a primary adaptive T cell response involving both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets. Spleen cell mononuclear preparations from vaccinated mice were significantly more cytotoxic to Neuro 2a tumor cells than spleen cells from control mice as demonstrated in a four-hour in vitro cytotoxicity assay. These results strongly suggest that an irradiated whole cell tumor vaccine incorporating IL-12-expressing M002 HSV can produce a durable, specific immunization in a murine model of intracranial tumor.
Hospitality faculty and administrator selection criteria: Part two: Desirable and required administrator characteristics

(1993). Hospitality Faculty and Administrator Selection Criteria Part Two: Desirable and Required Administrator Characteristics. Hospitality & Tourism Educator: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 47-51.
Modal Methods for Contact Analysis and Contact Force Reconstruction

Problems of dynamic contact require an extraordinary number of solution iterations with very small time step and are—even in the age of massively parallel computing—a major impediment to efficient computational simulation of dynamics. To address this issue, we consider a modal approach to the contact problem: we consider a displacement basis that consists of eigen-modes for the problem where there is no contact and of eigen-modes from the situation where contact is enforced. A numerical experiment employing this approach is performed for the case of a vertically oriented elastic rod bouncing on a rigid horizontal surface. Numerical results show, and compared to an exact solution, demonstrate that this mixed basis approach is capable of capturing the dynamics of the system in both contacting and non-contacting states. Reaction forces are recovered from modal coordinates. Because of this a problem where a finite number of modes is used to approximate a wave solution, there are of course spurious high frequency responses. The general character of the reaction force of the exact solution is obtained through judicious filtering.
Self-Transcendence, the True Self, and Self-Love

This essay presents a unified view of Bernard Lonergan's model of self-transcendence, Thomas Merton's notion of the true self, and Erich Fromm's meaning of self-love.
On the joint distribution of tree height and tree length under the coalescent.

Abstract Many statistics that examine genetic variation depend on the underlying shapes of genealogical trees. Under the coalescent model, we investigate the joint distribution of two quantities that describe genealogical tree shape: tree height and tree length. We derive a recursive formula for their exact joint distribution under a demographic model of a constant-sized population. We obtain approximations for the mean and variance of the ratio of tree height to tree length, using them to show that this ratio converges in probability to 0 as the sample size increases. We find that as the sample size increases, the correlation coefficient for tree height and length approaches ( π 2 − 6 ) ∕ [ π 2 π 2 − 18 ] ≈ 0 . 9340 . Using simulations, we examine the joint distribution of height and length under demographic models with population growth and population subdivision. We interpret the joint distribution in relation to problems of interest in data analysis, including inference of the time to the most recent common ancestor. The results assist in understanding the influences of demographic histories on two fundamental features of tree shape.
Cumulative effects of the Gulf oil spill and other disasters on mental health among reproductive-aged women: The Gulf Resilience on Women's Health study.

Author(s): Harville, Emily W; Shankar, Arti; Dunkel Schetter, Christine; Lichtveld, Maureen | Abstract: OBJECTIVE:To test whether effects of multiple (up to 5) disasters on mental health responses were cumulative (additive effects), or whether an earlier disaster produced sensitization (higher) or habituation (lower) responses to a later one. METHOD:The Gulf Resilience on Women's Health study interviewed 1,366 southern Louisiana women regarding their exposure to Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, Gustav, and Ike and the Gulf oil spill (measured several ways), and administered validated measures of symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Multiple linear and logistic regression with disaster exposures entered singly, combined, and as an interaction were used to model mental health. RESULTS:Both exposure to the oil spill and hurricane disaster were associated with likely depression and PTSD, consistent with a cumulative model, but we did not find statistical interactions that would suggest sensitization or habituation. When results were examined with continuous symptom measures of depression and PTSD, they were similar, with the exception that exposure to the oil spill and experiencing illness or injury because of the hurricane disaster showed a significant interaction (p l .05) in a manner consistent with a sensitization effect when predicting PTSD symptoms. The results of this study point mainly to a cumulative risk for the mental health effects of multiple disasters, although some indication of sensitization occurred among those with particularly severe experiences. There was no evidence for habituation. CONCLUSIONS:These findings may guide efforts to assist those in regions experiencing multiple disasters that occur in close sequence. (PsycINFO Database Record
The Mathematical Foundations of Science and Engineering

The mathematics of scalar quantities in science and engineering has traditionally relied on the real and complex number systems. One theme of this chapter is that, in themselves, those number systems are not powerful enough to represent the algebraic structure that we need when we operate with physically dimensioned quantities. The main points are very simple, and the central proposals are not new in any essential way. I am simply trying to make explicit what many practitioners are already doing. The goal is to elucidate the unstated formal system that lies behind the use of dimensioned scalars. These initial arguments are necessary in order to have an agreed-upon foundation on which to build to more advanced issues of vectors and matrices in the following chapters.
CODELETION OF P15 AND P16 IN PRIMARY MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA

The p15 and p16 CDK4 inhibitor genes map within the chromosome band 9p21 region deleted frequently in malignant mesothelioma and other cancers. p16 has been implicated recently as a potential target of 9p21 deletions in mesothelioma, but the role of this gene is uncertain because deletions have been detected more often in established cell lines than in primary tumor specimens. We determined p15 and p16 copy number by fluorescence in situ hybridization with a P1 contig in 50 primary mesotheliomas. Codeletion of p15 and p16 was found in 72% of mesotheliomas, including all cases with spindle-cell components (n = 21) and total deletion of p15 and p16 was found in several mesotheliomas that lacked cytogenetic deletion of the chromosome 9 short arm. Point mutations were not found, however, in exon 2 of retained p15 and p16 alleles from seven mesotheliomas. These findings demonstrate that p15, p16 and/or a closely neighboring gene, are the targets of frequent chromosome 9p deletion in primary malignant mesothelioma.
Presence of Epstein-Barr virus and strain type assignment in Argentine childhood Hodgkin's disease.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been implicated in the etiology of a large number of malignancies. Most recently several studies have linked EBV to Hodgkin’s disease. In this report, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were collected retrospectively from 41 children with Hodgkin’s disease treated at our hospital. Lymph node biopsies were examined for the presence of two virus-encoded latent proteins: latent membrane protein (LMP) and Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen2 (EBNA-21, in Reed-Sternberg (RS) and Hodgkin (H) cells, by peroxidase immunolabeling. Nonisotopic Epstein-Barr encoded RNAs (EBERs) in situ hybridization was also performed and positive labeling in malignant cells was detected. Twenty specimens were EBER+/LMP+, 2 were EBER+/LMP-, and 19 were EBER-/LMP-. However, none of the 41 cases expressed EBNA-2. Twenty-two of 41 (54%) PSTEIN-BARR VIRUS (EBV), the etiologic agent of infectious mononucleosis,’ has a well established association with endemic Burkitt’s lymphoma,2 nasopharyngeal carcinoma,’ secondary B-cell proliferation in immunosupressed person^,^ and a variety of other clinical conditions. Since 1970, arguments for a role for EBV in the pathogenesis of Hodgkin’s disease (HD) were based on epidemiologic evidence linking Hodgkin’s patients with increased antibody titers against EBV.’,‘ But a small percentage of Hodgkin’s patients were seronegative for EBV. Therefore, the role played by EBV in the lymphomagenesis of HD remained unclear. Then, Southern blot hybridization demonstrated that EBV DNA was present in up to 25% of Hodgkin’s biop~ies.~,’ Because of the limited sensitivity of these approaches, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the samples was performed and viral DNA was shown in a considerably larger proportion of cases, ranging between 60% and 80%.9 Most recently, using Epstein-Barr encoded RNAs (EBERs) in situ hybridization, EBV was found in Reed-Sternberg (RS) and Hodgkin (H) cells, which are the malignant cell population of HD. Furthermore, the EBERs are expressed at levels in excess of 10‘ copies per cell in latently infected lymphocytes,” so the sensitivity of this technique is very high. E
Current Research in Biotechnology with Application to Plant Breeding

A common rationale for research in new technologies is the flow of new products and knowledge which will result in significant economic development for the governmental sponsors or significant increases in profit for the company sponsor. Short term expectations are rarely met although long term consequences often have dramatic impact on product research and development. Viewed in the short term, plant cell and tissue culture has had a rather minimal effect on plant breeding; but long term impact will be substantial and will increase as technologies mature. The acceptance of plant cell and tissue culture as a unifying discipline between plant breeding and molecular biology will insure the continued health of our discipline, and have a positive impact on agriculture and humankind. The applied science of plant breeding, perhaps the most important economic use for plant cell and tissue culture, critically measures the impact of any technology by the speed with which new and improved cultivars and/or hybrids move into the marketplace or into widespread use in agriculture. New cultivars and/or hybrids most often reflect tissue culture technology that is relatively easy and widespread in its use. This brief review will focus on a sample of the applied successes as measured by germplasm and/or cultivar releases in the broad areas of haploidy, variation from cell and tissue culture, and gene transfer. Length precludes a complete listing of cultivars/germplasm, and only a portion of the significant accomplishments in each of these technologies will be mentioned. Many important technology improvements have not yet had sufficient time to impact economic development or research progress.
Current Understanding of the Pathophysiology of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw

Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a rare and severe necrotic bone disease reflecting a compromise in the body’s osseous healing mechanisms and unique to the craniofacial region. Antiresorptive and antiangiogenic medications have been suggested to be associated with the occurrence of ONJ; yet, the pathophysiology of this disease has not been fully elucidated. This article raises the current theories underlying the pathophysiology of ONJ. The proposed mechanisms highlight the unique localization of ONJ. The evidence-based mechanisms of ONJ pathogenesis include disturbed bone remodeling, inflammation or infection, altered immunity, soft tissue toxicity, and angiogenesis inhibition. The role of dental infections and the oral microbiome is central to ONJ, and systemic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes mellitus contribute through their impact on immune resiliency. Current experimental studies on mechanisms of ONJ are summarized. The definitive pathophysiology is as yet unclear. Recent studies are beginning to clarify the relative importance of the proposed mechanisms. A better understanding of osteoimmunology and the relationship of angiogenesis to the development of ONJ is needed along with detailed studies of the impact of drug holidays on the clinical condition of ONJ.
A sag equation for both on-axis and off-axis conics, suitable for use as a base surface for freeform optics

A formula for calculating conic section sag is presented, both for on-axis and off-axis conics. Existing conic section sag equations are examined, including potential numerical instabilities. Design applications are explored.
Same-Sex Relations in Scripture and the African American Church

The denunciation of and hostility toward homosexuals and homosexuality that is seen in some elements of African American culture and society is also evident in some African American churches. Some clergy who have adopted this stance have relied on seven scriptural passages as a basis for their condemnation of same-sex sexual behavior and, in some cases, their exclusion of individuals from their worship community. These passages are explored through the lens of deviance theory to examine: (1) who comprised the audience that was the target of specified scriptural passages and how that audience viewed acts of male–male sex, (2) whether the teachings of modern-day African American churches with respect to male–male sexual acts and men who engage in such acts are congruent with the audience perspective that prevailed at the time that relevant scriptural passages were written, and (3) what factors may explain the divergence between current day church teachings and the understandings that prevailed at the time of the passages’ writing, if such divergence exists.
Rational families of vector bundles on curves

Let C be a smooth projective complex curve of genus g≥2 and let M be the moduli space of rank 2, stable vector bundles on C, with fixed determinant of degree 1. For any k≥1, we find all the irreducible components of the space of rational curves on M, of degree k. In particular, we find the maximal rationally connected fibrations of these components. We prove that there is a one-to-one correspondence between moduli spaces of rational curves on M and moduli spaces of rank 2 vector bundles on ℙ1×C.
Dissecting mammalian cell metabolism through 13C- and 2H-isotope tracing: Interpretations at the molecular and systems levels

Isotopic tracers have been widely used to probe specific pathways within metabolic networks. Tracers are metabolized through various metabolic routes, generating differential labeling patterns. Cor...
Some Aspects of Artificial Engineered Materials: Planar and Conformal Geometries

Artificial engineered materials or metamaterial (MTM) have received considerable attention in recent years due to eccentric and alluring properties compared to ordinary material which are not found in nature. MTM consists of unit cells of different shapes with periodic intervals which are much smaller than operation wavelength. Because of these fascinating EM characteristics, LHM has been widely used in numerous applications at microwave band, such as filters, antennas, and flat lens.
Quantification of the Intraglottal Pressure Induced by Flow Separation Vortices Using Large Eddy Simulation

Summary The greatest rate of change in the glottal flow rate during phonation is a rapid decrease that occurs during the latter part of the glottal closing. Previous works showed that intraglottal flow separation vortices form in a divergent glottis, produce negative gauge pressures (below atmospheric) during closing. It is hypothesized here that flow separation vortices contribute to the rapid closing mechanism of the true vocal folds during phonation. Four idealized static models (M5) of the human larynx were investigated using large eddy simulation: 2 models featured parallel folds that did not enable flow separation in the glottis and 2 models involved a divergent glottis. The influence of the ventricular gap (narrow/wide) is evaluated. An unsteady pressure inlet representing a voicing cycle was applied to the sub-glottal region to mimic the time-varying glottal flow. Intraglottal vortex structures formed downstream of the separation point in a divergent glottis. Their existence caused a higher closing force that was applied onto the vocal folds. A narrow ventricular gap strengthens this effect. Strength of the intraglottal vortices increased with the maximum flow declination rate. Therefore, a more divergent shape of the glottis during glottal closing will be one of the main contributors to the voice quality.
Efficacy of Biological and Conventional Fungicide Programs for Foliar Disease Management on Pomegranate (Punica granatum) in Florida

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an emerging alternative perennial crop in the southeastern United States. However, foliar diseases are present across this production area, causing almost 100% p...
Clopidogrel drug interactions: a review of the evidence and clinical implications.

Introduction Patients with cardiovascular disease are commonly affected by a number of comorbidities leading to a high prevalence of polypharmacy. Polypharmacy increases the probability of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Amongst these, DDIs involving clopidogrel, the most commonly utilized platelet P2Y12 inhibitor, is a topic of potential clinical concern. Areas covered This article reviews DDIs between clopidogrel and drugs which are widely used in clinical practice. In particular, drugs shown to interfere with the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects of clopidogrel and the clinical implications of these findings are reviewed. These drugs include inhibitors of gastric acid secretion, statins, calcium channel blockers, antidiabetic agents, and antimicrobial agents. For the references, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, or the Cochrane Library. Expert opinion Clopidogrel-drug interactions are common. Most of these DDIs are limited to laboratory findings showing an impact on clopidogrel-induced antiplatelet effects. While variability in clopidogrel-induced antiplatelet effects is known to affect clinical outcomes, with high platelet reactivity being associated with thrombotic complications among patients undergoing coronary stenting, most studies assessing the clinical implications of clopidogrel-drug interactions have not shown to significantly affect outcomes. However, awareness of these DDIs remains important for optimizing the selection of concomitant therapies.
Hydrogen Bonding Site Number Predicts Dicamba Volatilization from Amine Salts

Amine-based formulations are widely used to decrease volatilization of carboxylic acid-containing herbicides including dicamba. Despite our reliance on these formulations, the underlying amine prop...
Traffic Engineering to Minimize the Number of Rules in SDN Datacenters

Traffic engineering is one of the importantparts in a datacenter. Software defined networking (SDN) opens opportunities for easier traffic engineering. Functionalities of an SDN switch are determined by the forwarding rules installed on it. Because of the limited space on SDN switches, it is important to keep the number of rules as small as possible. If the number of rules in a switch is higher than a threshold, then the forwarding delay jumps up. A virtual tunnel based approach helps to reduce the number of rules in an SDN switch while preventing link flooding attack vulnerability. A virtual tunnel is basically a conceptual structure in the controller of an SDN network where a group of flows follow a common path. A wise formulation of tunnels can reduce the number of rules needed dramatically by forwarding multiple flows through the same tunnels with the tunnel's common rules. In this paper, we address this important issue and propose a mechanism to keep the number of rules minimum. We formulate two problems and propose clustering-based and greedy solutions with an approximation ratio. Our first problem is to build some tunnels using the minimum number of edges and rules. Our second problem considers some predetermined tunnels and finds an ID assignment to the flows so that the number of rules needed to forward them is minimum. We conduct extensive simulations and experiments on our datacenter to validate our proposed model.
Machine learning application to single channel design of molten salt reactor

Abstract This study proposes a robust approach to quickly design a nuclear reactor core and explores the best performing machine learning (ML) technique for predicting feature parameters of the core. We implemented the approach into a hypothetical channel of molten salt reactors to demonstrate the applicability of the method. We prepared a Python tool, named Plankton, which couples to a reactor physics code and an optimization tool, and imports ML methods. The tool performs three consecutive phases: reactor database generation, machine learning application, and design optimization. We identified the extra trees method as the best performing estimator. With the estimator, we found nine optimum designs in total, one for each fuel-salt pair, and estimated all the performance metrics of the designs with a 5% prediction error compared to their actual values. U-Pu-NaCl fuel-salt gave promising results with the highest conversion ratio, the most negative feedback coefficient, and the lowest fast flux.
Advances in Neuroimaging

Our understanding of brain and behavior relationships has expanded exponentially over the last few decades. This advancement has carried significant ramifications for applied psychology professions across settings. While this advancement may be attributed to a multitude of factors, advancement in neuroimaging has played a prominent role. Ranging from increased utilization of structural neuroimaging techniques to the significant scientific advancements brought about by increased availability of functional neuroimaging, these technologies have a direct influence on areas of applied psychology, and, thus, professionals and students alike must ensure they are aware of these tools and their utility. In this chapter, the most critical structural and functional neuroimaging techniques are discussed. This includes traditionally thought of techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and electroencephalography (EEG) to more contemporary technologies including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), as well several other technologies and techniques. The chapter will cover not only the underlying scientific elements of each technology but also their utility and efficacy within the clinical setting and across presentations.
Assessment of parent understanding in conferences for critically ill neonates.

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to characterize the use and impact of assessments of understanding in parent-clinician communication for critically ill infants. Methods We enrolled parents and clinicians participating in family conferences for infants with neurologic conditions. Family conferences were audio recorded as they occurred. We used a directed content analysis approach to identify clinician assessments of understanding and parent responses to those assessments. Assessments were classified based on an adapted framework; responses were characterized as “absent,” “yes/no,” or “elaborated.” Results Fifty conferences involving the care of 25 infants were analyzed; these contained 374 distinct assessments of understanding. Most (n = 209/374, 56%) assessments were partial (i.e. okay?); a minority (n = 60/374, 16%) were open-ended. When clinicians asked open-ended questions, parents elaborated in their answers most of the time (n = 55/60, 92%). Approximately three-quarter of partial assessments yielded no verbal response from parents. No conferences included a teach-back. Conclusions Although common, most clinician assessments of understanding were partial or close-ended and rarely resulted in elaborated responses from parents. Open-ended assessments are an effective, underutilized strategy to increase parent engagement and clinician awareness of information needs. Practice implications Clinicians hoping to facilitate parent engagement and question-asking should rely on open-ended statements to assess understanding.
An improved lower bound related to the Furstenberg-Sárközy theorem

Let $D(n)$ denote the cardinality of the largest subset of the set $\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$ such that the difference of no pair of distinct elements is a square. A well-known theorem of Furstenberg and S ar k o zy states that $D(n)=o(n)$. In the other direction, Ruzsa has proven that $D(n) \gtrsim n^{\gamma}$ for $\gamma = \frac{1}{2}\left( 1 + \frac{\log 7}{\log 65} \right) \approx 0.733077$. We improve this to $\gamma = \frac{1}{2}\left( 1 + \frac{\log 12}{\log 205} \right) \approx 0.733412$.
Single-bubble sonoluminescence

The discovery of single-bubble sonoluminescence [Gaitan and Crum, 1990] has lead to several interesting and remarkable observations [Barber and Putterman, 1991]. Among these are picosecond-length light flashes and a level of syncronicity several orders of magnitude greater than the period of the applied acoustic field. Although new and unique observations concerning this phenomenon are being rapidly reported, an adequate explanation for the physical mechanisms that give rise to single-bubble sonoluminescence has never been given. We present here evidence that this phenomenon arises from nonlinear aspects of bubble dynamics coupled with the process of rectified diffusion. Our results suggest the presence of multiple stability locations that depend upon the driving acoustic pressure and the equilibrium size of the bubble.
Anthony Pinn and Benjamin Valentin, eds. Creating Ourselves: African Americans and Hispanic Americans on Popular Culture and Religious Expression

Even without a major interest in the narrow focus found in the subtitle to Creating Ourselves: African Americans and Hispanic Americans on Popular Culture and Religious Expression, this collection ...
A Plea to Software Vendors from Sysadmins - 10 Do’s and Don’ts: What can software vendors do to make the lives of sysadmins a little easier?

A friend of mine is a grease monkey: the kind of auto enthusiast who rebuilds engines for fun on a Saturday night. He explained to me that certain brands of automobiles were designed in ways to make the mechanic’s job easier. Others, however, were designed as if the company had a pact with the aspirin industry to make sure there are plenty of mechanics with headaches. He said those car companies hate mechanics. I understood completely because, as a system administrator, I can tell when software vendors hate me. It shows in their products.
Consumption of a high β-glucan barley flour improves glucose control and fatty liver and increases muscle acylcarnitines in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat

Purpose The soluble fiber β-glucan, a natural component of barley, has been shown to lower the postprandial glucose response and is thought to improve insulin resistance.
Lizard malaria: cost to vertebrate host's reproductive success

Plasmodium mexicanum is a common malarial parasite of the western fence lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis, in northern California, USA. Infected female lizards store substantially less fat during the summer activity season and produce smaller clutches of eggs than do non-infected animals. Stored fat is utilized in the production of eggs; the energy content of the decrement in stored fat is approximately equal to the energy content of the average reduction in number of eggs. Thus, there is ongoing strong selective pressure on the host to evolve appropriate anti-parasite measures.
Proximity of nucleic base and phosphate groups in metal ion complexes of adenine nucleotides

Abstract Perturbation of the adenine ring ultraviolet absorption spectrum is used to detect its inner sphere coordination by metal ions. Perturbations in adenine nucleotides are compared with those derived from complexes of aqueous metal ions and protonated tripolyphosphate complexed metal ions, HOP3O9M2−. HOP3O9Ni2− forms an 11 times stronger complex with adenosine than aqueous Ni2+, and also shows greater selectivity for complexation at N7 over N1. It is estimated that for Ni(II) intramolecular macrochelate formation between the phosphate residues and an inner sphere coordinated adenine base occurs in ATP4−, ADP3−, and AMP2− with mole percentages 30%, 65%, and 80%, respectively. Thus increasing the number and hence denticity of phosphate residues reduces the ability of the nucleic base portion of a nucleotide to enter into inner sphere coordination in a monomeric complex. For other complexes with ATP4−, mol percentages of macrochelate are about 10% for Mn2+ and zero for Mg2+. It is suggested that small percentages of an intramolecular outer sphere adenine complexed species may occur with Ni(II) and ATP4− and ADP−
Animal spirits in financial economics: A review of deviations from economic rationality

Abstract John Keynes made the notion of animal spirits a central part of economics in 1936. However, recent financial literature is dominated by asset pricing models based on strict economic rationality and struggles to accept the notion of animal spirits. This essay is an overview of the causes and consequences of financial market inefficiency and failure and the role of animal spirits in finance. Unlike prior literature, it combines insights and evidence from multiple fields such as finance, economics, psychology, and politics, to understand the many reasons for market failure. It then uses this understanding to develop five simple practical principles to guide regulations required to mitigate the effects of market failures. The results should be of much interest to finance scholars, money managers, business executives, and policy makers.
Proximal segment retraction increases the probability of nerve cell survival after dendrite transection

Abstract Dendrites were transected 100 μm from nerve cell somat. The probability of cell survival increased as a function of the extent of proximal segment retraction. The retraction effect is probably the result of increased resistance to calcium and sodium currents at the lesion. It is speculated that limitation of nerve fiber die-back and neural tissue damage after injury may depend upon the ability of severed neurites to retract.
Angle selective transparent photovoltaics using anodized alumina

Nanoporous alumina backreflector shows angle selective scattering which can overcome the transparency vs. photocurrent-generation tradeoff in transparent photovoltaics. 35% backscattering is obtained at 45-degree incidence increasing the photocurrent while maintaining high transparency parallel to ground.
Science, Politics, and Over-the-Counter Emergency Contraception

This article focuses on levonorgestrel emergency contraception known as Plan B One-Step and the decision to make it available over-the-counter for all women of childbearing age. It describes the emergency contraceptive how it works and the politics involved in the decision to make it available as a nonprescription drug.
Aquinas and quantifier mistakes

In his “Third Way” Aquinas appears to argue in a way that relies upon shifting quantifiers in a fallacious way. Some have tried to save this and other parts of the “Third Way” by introducing sophisticated logical and metaphysical machinery. Alternatively, Aquinas’ apparently fallacious quantifier shift can be seen to be part of a valid argument if we supply a simple premise which an Aristotelian natural philosopher would surely hold. In this short paper, I consider candidates for this premise, defend a specific premise, and from that discussion draw a moral about quantifier predicate logic. I conclude that Aristotelian natural philosophy is more than an historical backdrop to Aquinas’ arguments.
Stopped-flow rapid-scan Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

A stopped-flow rapid-mixing device interfaced with a rapid-scan FT-IR spectrometer and a diode-array UV-visible spectrophotometer permits the observation of reaction transient intermediates over a broad range of wavelengths at minimal cost. The system has been evaluated for both spectral regions with the use of two different chemical reaction systems. The presence of a transient intermediate is clearly indicated in one case. Unexpected reactivity was observed in the other case. This approach will allow the study of chemical reactions even when no spectral changes occur in the UV-visible region.
Lo que el constructivismo puede ser para la educación de la matemática

Analitzades les conceptualitzacions sobre constructivisme, s'estudien les seves implicacions des de l'educacio de la matematica. A partir d'exemples i experiencies s'aborden topics i expressions en un intent de respondre a preguntes com: que sembla ser el constructivisme? ?Que no sembla ser? i que necessita ser?.
Eighth Biennial Southern Labor Studies Conference: Race and Culture

have begun to understand the importance of gender and race in writing the history of and in organizing working people, the conference also made clear that this is an ongoing project. Ahistorical notions of class, for exam ple, frequently obscure the contingencies and complexities of working class peoples. The next North American Labor History Conference, organized un der the theme "International and Comparative Labor History," should help to broaden the agenda of labor historians even further. And, as previ ous conferences have demonstrated, Elizabeth Faue's superb planning and the convenient surroundings of the Wayne State conference center promise to make this a productive gathering. The sixteenth annual conference will be held October 13-15, 1994.
AN ASSAY TO QUANTIFY VASCULAR COLONIZATION OF POTATO BY VERTICILLIUM DAHLIAE

A procedure was developed and tested to evaluate potato germ plasm for relative rates of vascular colonization byVerticillium dahliae. The number of colony forming units (CFU) per ml of plant sap, extracted from stems and plated on a medium, was used to assess vascular colonization from plants grown for 100 days in a field plot infested withV. dahliae. Sap extracted from main stem tissue at the ground line gave more CFU ofV. dahliae than tissue at the mid and apical region of the main stem. Aliquots of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 ml of plant sap were equally efficient in measuring vascular colonization. Thirty-three clones were evaluated for amount of vascular colonization in field and greenhouse tests with the former giving the best results. Cultivars and clones resistant to Verticillium wilt in Idaho, Maine, Minnesota, North Dakota and New York each had a low index of wilt and a low number of CFU/ml ofV. dahliae in plant sap in these tests. Clones intermediate in both wilt index and vascular colonization as well as selections with a high wilt index and extensive vascular colonization were found using the fresh sap assay method. Correlation values of, r = 0.92, r = 0.91 and r = 0.86 were observed between CFU/ml and percentage of foliar wilt for 11 clones/cultivars in 1986, 1987 and 1988, respectively. The correlation between CFU/ml and both moisture and temperature for the cultivars Kennebec and Russet Burbank, during a 6-yr period was r = 0.83.
Generalized roinsertive correspondence between multitableaux and multimonomials

Abstract By generalizing the Robinson-Schensted-Knuth insertion procedure, we establish a bijective correspondence between the set of certain types of bitableaux over totally ordered sets and the set of indexed monomials satisfying certain constraints. As a consequence we show that the Straightening Law of Doubilet-Rota-Stein is not valid in the case of ‘higher dimensional’ matrices. In greater detail: In the classical two dimensional case, the said Law says that the standard monomials in the minors of a (rectangular) matrix X , which correspond to standard bitableaux, form a vector space basis of the polynomial ring K [ X ] in the indeterminate entries of X over the coefficient field K . Now we may ask what happens to this when we consider ‘higher dimensional’ matrices by using cubical, 4-way,…, q -way determinants which were already introduced by Cayley in 1843. In the present paper we show that, for q >2, the standard monomials in the multiminors of the multimatrix X do not span the polynomial ring K [ X ]; in a forthcoming paper it will be shown that they are linearly independent over K .
Tunable electroluminescence from ionomers doped with cationic lumophores

Abstract We report a novel electroluminescent device using an ionic polymer as the host for ionically functionalized fluorescent dyes. Blue electroluminescence is observed from the laser dye 5-Phenyl-2-(4-pyridyl)oxazole (PPyO), methyl tosylate salt immobilized in the fluoropolymer Nafion which is spin-coated onto a conducting indium tin oxide (ITO) glass anode. The same ionomers are also used to blend small amounts of the conducting polymer poly( o -toluidine) to form an efficient hole injecting layer between the ITO and emitter layer. Electron injecting layers are constructed with 2,5-bis(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole in Nafion and are spincoated on top of the emitter layer. The cathode is an evaporated aluminum layer on top of the electron injecting layer. Devices operate in forward and reverse bias and under AC fields with light emission corresponding closely to device photoluminescence spectra.
Outer shock structure of shock-waves propagating in partially ionized gases

Abstract Structure of a shock wave propagating through a partially ionized gas is divided into an inner heavy particle shock and two surrounding outer regions. The electron and heavy particle properties are calculated at the two edges of the inner shock and are found to vary, for a given free stream Mach number M 1 , almost linearly with the degree of ionization. The Mach number that characterizes the inner shock decreases monotonically from M 1 as the degree of ionization increases and reaches a limiting value, for a given M 1 , as the gas becomes fully ionized. The width of the outer regions is found to be of the order of length for electron heat conduction when this conduction is equal to the convected internal energy.
On the size of the protein subunits in bushy stunt virus.

Abstract Bushy stunt virus was degraded extensively to produce slowly sedimenting material together with small amounts of more rapidly sedimenting materials. By means of high-speed centrifugation the smaller products were separated from the larger products; repeated salting out of the protein in the smaller products, by means of ammonium sulfate, gave a preparation showing the spectrum of a purified protein. Since the degradation of the virus was effected by means of dilute sodium dodecyl sulfate without resort to extremes of pH or temperature, it is likely that there was no rupture of covalent bonds. The resultant protein can then be considered as molecular subunits of the virus which, before degradation, were held together by secondary forces to form the organized structure characteristic of the virus particles. The molecular weight of the protein was determined by a direct ultracentrifugal method involving the approach to sedimentation equilibrium. In a system containing protein and detergent, ultracentrifugal analysis is complicated by interactions among the various components; potential sources of error inherent in such experiments are assessed. Analysis of the data showed that the molecular weight of the protein subunit produced by this treatment was 6 × 104 and the intact virus particles were composed of about 120 such units along with the ribonucleic acid.
A self-consistent model of isotropic viscoplastic behavior in multiphase materials

Abstract We propose a simple, straightforward self-consistent method for predicting the inelastic stress-strain behavior of multiphase materials. Each constituent phase is modeled as an isotropic, incompressible viscoplastic solid. A self-consistent scheme is used to derive the properties of the composite. A small, nonlinear set of equations emerges which is solved using standard numerical techniques. The method is applied to a two-phase material with fixed phase fractions. Model predictions are compared with experimental data and results of other models.
Mitochondrial morphology differences and mitophagy deficit in murine glaucomatous optic nerve

Purpose Decreased ATP correlates with intraocular pressure exposure in the optic nerves of mice with glaucoma. To understand what underlies this energy deficit, we examined mitochondria in the myelinated optic nerve axons of the DBA/2J mouse, a model of glaucoma secondary to iris pigment disease, and the DBA/2(wt-gpnmb) control strain. Methods Mitochondrial length, width, surface area, and health status were measured in 30 electron microscopic fields within the myelinated portion of optic nerves from DBA/2J and DBA/2(wt-gpnmb) mice at 3, 6, and 10 months of age. Protein was isolated from optic nerve for analysis of PINK1, Parkin, LC3-I and -II, and lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) by Western blot. Results The number of mitochondria in DBA/2J optic nerve was increased, and they had significantly smaller surface area. Mitochondria in DBA/2J were closer to the axolemma, more spatially isolated, and their cristae were more disrupted at every age group as compared to DBA/2(wt-gpnmb). Autophagosomes were significantly increased in DBA/2J optic nerve at all ages. Protein analysis showed higher LC3-II to LC3-I ratio in aged DBA/2J optic nerve than in DBA/2(wt-gpnmb). PINK1 and Parkin levels were not statistically different across age groups. LAMP1 was significantly decreased in the aged DBA/2J optic nerve. Conclusions Decreased surface area, combined with reduced oxidative capacity in mitochondria from the aged DBA/2J axon, indicate that mitochondrial pathology may contribute to the energy deficit in glaucomatous optic nerve. Though autophagosomes were increased in DBA/2J optic nerve, the increased mitochondria and decreased LAMP1 suggest deteriorating mitochondria are not being efficiently recycled by mitophagy.
β-Amyloidosis and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer disease: who's on first?

Over the past decade, there has been an explosion of research describing the relationship between brain β-amyloidosis as measured by PET imaging using 11C–Pittsburgh compound B1 or florbetapir.2 Two articles3,4 in this issue of Neurology ® add additional observations. The purpose of this editorial is to describe a conceptual model of Alzheimer disease (AD) pathophysiology that enables the reader to put the current findings into perspective. The author thanks Dr. Clifford Jack for reading an earlier version of this editorial.
Role of synalbumin insulin antagonist in pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Continued interest in the possible pathogenetic role of the SIA in diabetes mellitus has been perpetuated primarily by three observations: (1) that plasma and sera from many diabetic subjects and their close relatives contain higher levels of the SIA than most nondiabetics. (2) that the SIA appears to affect glucose metabolism of muscle but not adipose tissue, possibly accounting for the increased prevalence of obesity in adultonset diabetics; and (3) that the reduced B-chain of insulin when bound to albumin reproduces most of the in vitro and in vivo metabolic and physiochemical characteristics of the SIA. On the other hand, a critical appraisal of the present state of knowledge reveals serious obstacles to acceptance of a role for synalbumin in diabetes mellitus. These are: (1) the potential presence of a dialysis casing artifactual insulin antagonist; (2) the spectrum of antagonistic, neutral and stimulatory activity in albumin fractions prepared by methods not utilizing dialysis indicating that preparative technique can significantly affect the degree of measured insulin antagonism; (3) the failure of the SIA to demonstrate an unequivocal in-vivo effect; (4) a mechanism of action inconsistent with the metabolic alterations observed in diabetes mellitus; (5) the use of the relatively insensitive and imprecise rat hemidiaphragm bioassay to assess qualitative and quantitative differences in insulin antagonism; and (6) the lack of specificity since albumins of other species as well as egg albumin and gelatin are indistinguishable from the SIA in the assays currently in use. Although these difficulties do not absolutely deny a physiological role for the SIA, they do urge a very cautious interpretation of the available data until a much more selective means of assessment becomes possible.
Effects of radiophosphorus decay on some synthetic capacities of bacteria.

Abstract 1. 1. Aliquots of a 32P-labeled culture of Escherichia coli which have been starved for phosphorus to various degrees and which contain various total and relative amounts of ribonucleic (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic (DNA) acid lose their viability with radioactive decay at the same final rate. This supports a previous conclusion that the disintegrations of 32P atoms in the bacterial DNA are principally responsible for the decay-induced loss of viability of bacterial cells. 2. 2. The capacity of 32P-labeled cultures of E. coli to form two induced enzymes (β-galactosidase and d -serine deaminase) and two constitutive enzymes (β-galactosidase and l -threonine deaminase) is lost with radioactive decay at the same rate as viability. Radioactive decay, furthermore, destroys the capacity to form the two induced enzymes more rapidly in bacteria which are uniformly 32P-labeled in all their phosphorylated constituents than in bacteria which are preferentially labeled in their RNA. 32P-labeled bacterial populations in which the normal ratio of the amounts per cell of RNA to DNA has been reduced by phosphorus starvation, lose their enzyme-forming capacity at the same rate as non-starved, RNA-rich cells. These observations suggest that, as for loss of viability, decay of 32P atoms in the bacterial DNA is principally responsible for loss of enzyme-forming capacity. 3. 3. The capacity of 32P-labeled E. coli cultures for synthesis of RNA and protein is also destroyed by radioactive decay, albeit at a rate which is somewhat less than the rate of loss of viability or capacity for enzyme formation of the same bacteria. 4. 4. From these experiments it is concluded that the DNA of the bacterial cell functions as an integral unit in the synthesis of its enzymes.