cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of seismic characterization of multiple fracture sets

Estimation of parameters of multiple fracture sets is often required for successful exploration and development of naturally fractured reservoirs. The goal of this paper is to determine the maximum number of fracture sets of a certain rheological type which, in principle, can be resolved from seismic data. The main underlying assumption is that an estimate of the complete effective stiffness tensor has been obtained, for example, from multiazimuth, multicomponent surface seismic and vertical seismic profiling (VSP) data. Although typically only a subset of the stiffness elements (or some of their combinations) may be available, this study helps to establish the limits of seismic fracture-detection algorithms. The number of uniquely resolvable fracture systems depends on the anisotropy of the host rock and the rheology and orientation of the fractures. Somewhat surprisingly, it is possible to characterize fewer vertical fracture sets than dipping ones, even though in the latter case the fracture dip has to be found from the data. For the simplest, rotationally invariant fractures embedded in either isotropic or transversely isotropic with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI) host rock, the stiffness tensor can be inverted for up to two vertical or four dipping fracture sets. In contrast, only one fracture set of the most general (microcorrugated) type, regardless of its orientation, is constrained by the effective stiffnesses. These results can be used to guide the development of seismic fracture-characterization algorithms that should address important practical issues of data acquisition, processing, and inversion for particular fracture models.
Noninvasive Analysis of the Sputum Transcriptome Discriminates Clinical Phenotypes of Asthma.

Introduction: It is increasingly recognized that asthma is a heterogeneous disease. Therefore, it is possible that analysis of gene expression in the airway will reveal clinically meaningful transcriptional endotypes of asthma (TEA clusters).Methods: We measured whole transcriptome gene expression profiles in the sputum and whole blood of 100 individuals with asthma and 12 control subjects using the Affymetrix HuGene ST 1.0 gene arrays. Unsupervised clustering was conducted using pathways from Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). This identified three TEA clusters that were correlated with clinical, physiologic, and inflammatory characteristics of the disease. TEA cluster 1 is a cluster of patients with asthma with a significantly higher rate of intubation (P = 0.05), a lower prebronchodilator FEV1 (P = 0.006), a higher bronchodilator response (P = 0.03), and higher exhaled nitric oxide levels (P = 0.04) than the other two TEA clusters. TEA cluster 2 has a higher rate of hospitalization for ast...
Towards Predictive Modeling of Information Processing in Microbial Ecosystems with Quorum Sensing Interactions

Bacteria communicate using external chemical signals in a process known as quorum sensing. However, the efficiency of this communication is reduced by both limitations on the rate of diffusion over long distances and potential interference from neighboring strains. Therefore, having a framework to quantitatively predict how spatial structure and biodiversity shape information processing in bacterial colonies is important, both for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of natural microbial ecosystems, and for the rational design of synthetic ecosystems with desired computational properties.As a first step towards these goals, we implement a reaction-diffusion model to study the dynamics of a LuxI/LuxR quorum sensing circuit in a growing bacterial population. The spatiotemporal concentration profile of acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) signaling molecules is analyzed, and used to define a measure of physical and functional signaling network connectivity. From this, we systematically investigate how different initial distributions of bacterial populations influence the subsequent efficiency of collective long-range signal propagation in the population. We compare our results with known experimental data, and discuss limitations and extensions to our modeling framework.
Chlamydia pneumoniae and Atherosclerosis

used, different antibody titers were considered to indicate positive results, and different types of adjustments for cardiac risk factors were made. The problem with C. pneumoniae seroepidemiologic studies that involve adults is the frequency of antibody in the population. We showed that 75% of children in a Seattle, Washington, study were infected with C. pneumoniae between the ages of 5 and 14 years. Despite loss of antibody after infection, population prevalence antibody rates reached 50% by 20 years of age. The prevalence rate is low in persons !5 years of age. After increasing to 50% by 20 years of age, the prevalence continues to increase throughout adulthood, reaching 80% in older adults [4]. It is thought that the increasing prevalence of antibody is associated with reinfection. These antibody patterns suggest that everyone is infected and reinfected with C. pneumoniae during his or her lifetime. Atherosclerosis begins in childhood and
Transaction Costs and Antitrust Concerns in the Licensing of Intellectual Property

High transaction costs incurred in the licensing of intellectual property create a pressure on legal principles ranging from the fair use doctrine of copyright law to the tying doctrine in antitrust law. It appears, with some exceptions, that antitrust law is imposing excessive restrictions on the licensing of intellectual property. The effect of these restrictions, combined with the high transaction costs inherent in the licensing of intellectual property, is to prevent the maximally efficient allocation of IP resources. Copyright © 2005 The John Marshall Law School Cite as Richard A. Posner, Transaction Costs and Antitrust Concerns in the Licensing of Intellectual Property, 4 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 325 (2005). HeinOnline -4 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. [i] 2004-2005 HeinOnline -4 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. [ii] 2004-2005 TRANSACTION COSTS AND ANTITRUST CONCERNS IN THE LICENSING OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY*
Defining relative likelihood in partially-ordered preferential structures

Starting with a likelihood or preference order on worlds, we extend it to a likelihood ordering on sets of worlds in a natural way, and examine the resulting logic. Lewis earlier considered such a notion of relative likelihood in the context of studying counterfactuals, but he assumed a total preference order on worlds. Complications arise when examining partial orders that are not present for total orders. There are subtleties involving the exact approach to lifting the order on worlds to an order on sets of worlds. In addition, the axiomatization of the logic of relative likelihood in the case of partial orders gives insight into the connection between relative likelihood and default reasoning.
Synthesis of Cycloprodigiosin Identifies the Natural Isolate as a Scalemic Mixture.

The enantiomers of the natural product cycloprodigiosin were prepared using an expedient five-step synthetic sequence that takes advantage of a Schollkopf–Barton–Zard (SBZ) pyrrole annulation with a chiral isocyanoacetate and a nitrocyclohexene derivative. Using chiral HPLC and X-ray crystallographic analyses of the synthetically prepared material and natural isolate (isolated from the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas rubra), naturally occurring cycloprodigiosin was determined to be a scalemic mixture occurring in an enantiomeric ratio of 83:17 (R)/(S) at C4′.
Exercise, nutrition, and aging

Advancing adult age is associated with profound changes in body composition. Age-related loss in skeletal muscle has been referred to as sarcopenia and is a direct cause of the age-related decreased in muscle strength. Resistance training is an effective means of preserving or increasing skeletal muscle mass and functional status in the elderly. In addition, resistance training has been demonstrated to increase energy requirements, protein retention, bone mass, and levels of physical activity in healthy elders as well as the very old and frail.
The future. Will pain be abolished or just pain specialists

The author outlines, the past, present and future of research concerning pain and pain management. He examines health care goals and entertains the abolition of pain. His discussion then leads to whether pain specialists will disappear. (non-author abstract)
Nutrition and aging.

Nutrition and aging can be considered from two aspects. Are there any nutritional antecedents that either accelerate or retard the aging process? Are there special nutritional requirements unique to older individuals? This chapter focuses on recent work in these two areas and particularly concerns itself with studies that are centered around calories, protein, and amino acids.
Capacity-Constrained Network-Voronoi Diagram

Given a graph and a set of service center nodes, a Capacity Constrained Network-Voronoi Diagram (CCNVD) partitions the graph into a set of contiguous service areas that meet service center capacities and minimize the sum of the shortest distances from graph-nodes to allotted service centers. The CCNVD problem is important for critical societal applications such as assigning evacuees to shelters and assigning patients to hospitals. This problem is NPO-hard; it is computationally challenging because of the large size of the transportation network and the constraint that service areas must be contiguous in the graph to simplify communication of allotments. Previous work has focused on honoring either service area contiguity (e.g., Network Voronoi Diagrams) or service center capacity constraints (e.g., min-cost flow), but not both. We introduced a novel Pressure Equalizer (PE) approach for CCNVD to meet the capacity constraints of service centers while maintaining the contiguity of service areas. However, we find that the main bottleneck of the PE algorithm is testing whether service areas are contiguous. We propose novel algorithms that reduce the computational cost. Experiments using road maps from five different regions demonstrate that the proposed approaches significantly reduce computational cost for the PE approach.
Hacia una ética de liberación para la traducción bíblica

El presente estudio intenta analizar el tema de etica y la traduccion biblica, al ver cuidadosamente situaciones especificas tomadas de la vida real. Dentro de la metodologia de estudio de casos, se abordan dos realidades principales: ideologia y mercadotecnia. El estudio ahonda en las presiones e influencias que estas realidades ejercen sobre el proceso de la traduccion biblica. La traduccion biblica nunca esta totalmente libre de estas dos presiones inminentes y por lo tanto la etica de la traduccion biblica afectada por ambas. Como meta final, el estudio busca proponer una etica de traduccion biblica que sea flexible pero, a la vez, liberadora. Lo que aqui se propone es que la necesidad humana debe ser colocada al frente y al centro del desarrollo y articulacion de toda etica de la traduccion biblica.
Polarization microstatistics of laser speckle

The investigation of the propagation of laser light in random media has proven to be a useful tool in understanding the fundamental properties of light. Recently, the study of polarization-dependent fluctuations of a single speckle spot has led to a new kind of statistics, termed microstatistics,1 which describe the polarization behavior of the many coherence areas composing a speckle pattern.
Balancing design freedom and brand recognition in the evolution of automotive brand styling

Designers faced with the task of developing a new product model of a brand must balance several considerations. The design must be novel and express attributes important to the customers, while also recognizable as a representative of the brand. This balancing is left to the intuition of the designers, who must anticipate how customers will perceive the new design. Oftentimes, the design freedom used to meet a product attribute can compromise the recognition of the product as a member of the brand. In this paper, an experiment is conducted for measuring changes in ten styling attributes common to both design freedom and brand recognition for automotive designs from four brands, Audi, BMW, Cadillac, and Lexus, using customer responses to two- and three-dimensional vehicle designs created and presented interactively through a crowdsourced web application. Results show that while brand recognition is highly dependent on the manufacturer, two brands have strong negative relationship between design freedom and brand recognition, suggesting that these two manufacturers face a significant challenge when evolving their respective brand styling. This study is a first effort toward quantifying and predicting tradeoffs between design freedom and brand recognition, contributing to existing efforts that augment human intuition during strategic design decisions.
Revisiting the Cryptographic Hardness of Finding a Nash Equilibrium

The exact hardness of computing a Nash equilibrium is a fundamental open question in algorithmic game theory. This problem is complete for the complexity class PPAD. It is well known that problems in PPAD cannot be $$\mathrm {NP}$$ -complete unless $$\mathrm {NP}=\mathrm {coNP}$$ . Therefore, a natural direction is to reduce the hardness of PPAD to the hardness of problems used in cryptography. Bitansky, Paneth, and Rosen [FOCS 2015] prove the hardness of PPAD assuming the existence of quasi-polynomially hard indistinguishability obfuscation and sub-exponentially hard one-way functions. This leaves open the possibility of basing PPAD hardness on simpler, polynomially hard, computational assumptions. We make further progress in this direction and reduce PPAD hardness directly to polynomially hard assumptions. Our first result proves hardness of PPAD assuming the existence of polynomially hard indistinguishability obfuscation $$i\mathcal {O}$$ and one-way permutations. While this improves upon Bitansky et al.'s work, it does not give us a reduction to simpler, polynomially hard computational assumption because constructions of $$i\mathcal {O}$$ inherently seems to require assumptions with sub-exponential hardness. In contrast, public key functional encryption is a much simpler primitive and does not suffer from this drawback. Our second result shows that $$\mathsf{PPAD}$$ hardness can be based on polynomially hard compact public key functional encryption and one-way permutations. Our results further demonstrate the power of polynomially hard compact public key functional encryption which is believed to be weaker than indistinguishability obfuscation. Our techniques are general and we expect them to have various applications.
Paradoxes of the Regulatory State

By "paradoxes of the regulatory state," I mean self-defeating regulatory strategies-strategies that achieve an end precisely opposite to the one intended, or to the only public-regarding justification that can be brought forward in their support.' This definition excludes, and I will not discuss, a number of pathologies of the regulatory state that are clearly related to the phenomenon of regulatory paradoxes, such as strategies whose costs exceed their benefits, or that have unintended adverse consequences. An example of a regulatory paradox would be a Clean Air Act that actually made the air dirtier,2 or a civil rights law that increased the incidence of racial discrimination.3 A large literature, inspired by public choice theory and welfare economics, has grown up around the theory that purportedly public-interested regulation is almost always an effort to create a cartel or to serve some private interest at the public expense.4 Although I shall be drawing on much of that literature here, I do not conclude,
The Risk of Thromboembolic Complications in Fontan Patients with Atrial Flutter/Fibrillation Treated with Electrical Cardioversion

Atrial flutter or fibrillation (AFF) remains a major chronic complication of the Fontan procedure. This complication further predisposes this patient population to thromboembolic events. However, the incidence of thromboembolic complications in Fontan patients with AFF prior to or acutely after electrical cardioversion is unknown. This study aimed to characterize the risk of post-cardioversion thromboembolic events in this population. We performed a retrospective medical record review of all patients with a history of Fontan operation treated with direct current cardioversion for AFF at Riley Children's Hospital between June 1992 and March 2014. A total of 57 patients were identified and reviewed. A total of 216 episodes of AFF required electrical cardioversion. Patients were treated with anticoagulation/antiplatelet therapy in 86.1 % (N = 186) of AFF episodes. Right atrial or Fontan conduit clots were observed in 33 patients (57.9 %) with 61 episodes of AFF. Approximately half (49.2 %, N = 30) of these episodes were treated immediately with electrical cardioversion. Twenty-five of 33 (75.8 %) patients with intracardiac thrombi had an atriopulmonary Fontan. Five (15.2 %) patients with a lateral caval tunnel had clots in the Fontan conduit, and three (9.1 %) patients with right atrium to right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) connections presented with right atrial mural thrombi. Nine of the 57 (15.8 %) patients had documented stroke, and three (5.3 %) patients had pulmonary emboli during follow-up, although none of these emboli were associated with electrical cardioversion. The risk of thrombus and thromboembolism associated with AFF is high in the Fontan population. However, the risk of thromboembolism associated with cardioversion in the setting of anticoagulation is very low.
Essentially Optimal Robust Secret Sharing with Maximal Corruptions

In a t-out-of-nrobust secret sharing scheme, a secret message is shared among n parties who can reconstruct the message by combining their shares. An adversary can adaptively corrupt upi¾?to t of the parties, get their shares, and modify them arbitrarily. The scheme should satisfy privacy, meaning that the adversary cannot learn anything about the shared message, and robustness, meaning that the adversary cannot cause the reconstruction procedure to output an incorrect message. Such schemes are only possible in the case of an honest majority, and here we focus on unconditional security in the maximal corruption setting where $$n = 2t+1$$ n=2t+1. In this scenario, to share an m-bit message with a reconstruction failure probability of at most $$2^{-k}$$ 2-k, a known lower-bound shows that the share size must be at least $$m + k$$ m+ki¾?bits. On the other hand, all prior constructions have share size that scales linearly with the number of parties n, and the prior state-of-the-art scheme due to Cevallos et al. EUROCRYPT '12 achieves $$m + \widetilde{O}k + n$$ m+O~k+n. In this work, we construct the first robust secret sharing scheme in the maximal corruption setting with $$n=2t+1$$ n=2t+1, that avoids the linear dependence between share size and the number of parties n. In particular, we get a share size of only $$m + \widetilde{O}k$$ m+O~ki¾?bits. Our scheme is computationally efficient and relies on approximation algorithms for the minimum graph bisection problem.
High-dimensional regression adjustments in randomized experiments

We study the problem of treatment effect estimation in randomized experiments with high-dimensional covariate information and show that essentially any risk-consistent regression adjustment can be used to obtain efficient estimates of the average treatment effect. Our results considerably extend the range of settings where high-dimensional regression adjustments are guaranteed to provide valid inference about the population average treatment effect. We then propose cross-estimation, a simple method for obtaining finite-sample-unbiased treatment effect estimates that leverages high-dimensional regression adjustments. Our method can be used when the regression model is estimated using the lasso, the elastic net, subset selection, etc. Finally, we extend our analysis to allow for adaptive specification search via cross-validation and flexible nonparametric regression adjustments with machine-learning methods such as random forests or neural networks.
The Rise of Radicals in Bioinorganic Chemistry.

Prior to 1950, the consensus was that biological transformations occurred in two-electron steps, thereby avoiding the generation of free radicals. Dramatic advances in spectroscopy, biochemistry, and molecular biology have led to the realization that protein-based radicals participate in a vast array of vital biological mechanisms. Redox processes involving high-potential intermediates formed in reactions with O_2 are particularly susceptible to radical formation. Clusters of tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp) residues have been found in many O_2-reactive enzymes, raising the possibility that they play an antioxidant protective role. In blue copper proteins with plastocyanin-like domains, Tyr/Trp clusters are uncommon in the low-potential single-domain electron-transfer proteins and in the two-domain copper nitrite reductases. The two-domain muticopper oxidases, however, exhibit clusters of Tyr and Trp residues near the trinuclear copper active site where O_2 is reduced. These clusters may play a protective role to ensure that reactive oxygen species are not liberated during O_2 reduction.
Valuing Groundwater Quality: Does Averting Behavior Matter?

Contingent valuation (CV) or defensive behavior data is often used to estimate the economic value of water quality. Although combining these data (i.e., stated and revealed preferences) mitigates the potential bias from using either type of information, the costs of collecting both could overwhelm the benefits. We attempt to find a convenient estimation method by using a proxy indicator for revealed preferences in the analysis of stated preference data. Specifically, this study explores the effect of individuals’ reported defensive behavior on their stated preferences for groundwater quality. Logit models based on random utility theory were estimated using referendum CV data at household level collected in Maine, US. The results suggest that failure in accounting for defensive behavior in the valuation could result in a bias willingness to pay estimate for groundwater quality. We also found that the monetary value for groundwater quality was small, even though subsoil water constituted an important drinking water supply in the survey period. The results also revealed that respondents’ averting behavior were mainly influenced by their perception of groundwater quality. Implications of our findings for welfare analysis are discussed.
SHELL RETENTION WITH A CEMENTED ACETABULAR LINER

There are several clinical scenarios to consider cementing an acetabular liner into a secure cementless shell including cases of: 1) inadequate capturing mechanism, 2) damaged locking mechanisms, 3) unavailability of the mating polyethylene liner, 4) instability following debridement for wear, 5) instability at the time of femoral side revision, and 6) recurrent dislocation. The last two situations are common scenarios for cementing a constrained liner into a secure shell. Technique includes: 1) scoring the shell in cases with no screw holes or polished inner shells, 2) scoring the acetabular liner in a “spider web” pattern, 3) pressurising cement into the shell, and 4) inserting a liner that allows 2 millimeters of cement mantle. Results of Cementing Constrained Liner Into Secure Cementless Shell A.Callaghan et al. JBJS 2004 i.31 hips ii.2-10 year follow-up iii.2 of 31 failed iv.Technical considerations 1.Do not cement proud 2.Do not cement into a malpositioned shell B.Haft et al. J Arthroplasty 2002 i.17 hips ii.Minimum 1 year follow-up iii.1 of 17 failed iv.Technical considerations 1.Do not cement proud Results of Cementing Non-Constrained Liners Into Secure Cementless Shell A.Beaule et al. JBJS 2004 i.32 hips ii.mean 5.1 year avg f/u iii.4 components revised for loosening B.Callaghan et al. CORR 2012, in press. i.31 hips ii.mean 5.3 year f/u iii.no revisions
Globalization, Inequality and Welfare

Abstract This paper studies the welfare implications of trade opening in a world in which trade raises aggregate income but also increases income inequality, and in which redistribution needs to occur via a distortionary income tax-transfer system. We provide tools to characterize and quantify the effects of trade opening on the distribution of disposable income (after redistribution). We propose two adjustments to standard measures of the welfare gains from trade: a ‘welfarist’ correction inspired by the Atkinson (1970) index of inequality, and a ‘costly-redistribution’ correction capturing the efficiency costs associated with the behavioral responses of agents to trade-induced shifts across marginal tax rates. We calibrate our model to the United States over the period 1979–2007 using data on the distribution of adjusted gross income in public samples of IRS tax returns, as well as CBO information on the tax liabilities and transfers received by agents at different percentiles of the U.S. income distribution. Our quantitative results suggest that both corrections are nonnegligible: trade-induced increases in inequality of disposable income erode about 20% of the gains from trade, while the gains from trade would be about 15% larger if redistribution was carried out via non-distortionary means.
Does an uncertain tax system encourage “aggressive tax planning”?

Abstract “Aggressive tax planning” (ATP) is typically characterized as a tax scheme that reduces the effective tax rate of a particular type of income to a level below the one sought by fiscal policy for this income. One motivation often suggested for its use is the uncertainty in tax liabilities introduced by a complicated and ever changing tax system. In this paper, I examine the impact of an uncertainty on the use of such tax schemes; by implication, I also examine how a simpler and more stable tax system that reduced this uncertainty might affect ATP. In this analysis, I draw upon some of my own work on tax avoidance and tax evasion, and then I extend this work to the related but separate area of ATP. Importantly, I introduce and model both individual and group motivations, incorporating insights from behavioral economics in these new analyses. Taxpayers are clearly motivated in part by narrowly defined financial considerations as shaped by the tax, audit, and penalty rates that they face, all of which I classify as individual motivations . However, individuals are also often influenced by many other factors that go beyond self-interest and that have as their main foundation some aspects of social norms, morality, altruism, fairness, or the like. In their entirety, I lump these factors together as group motivations , and I argue that they are shaped by the dynamic social context in which, and the process by which, decisions emerge. My main conclusion is that there is much in theory to suggest that uncertainty leads to more use of ATP, especially when both individual and group motivations are considered.
Does Rigorously Enforcing Arbitration Agreements Promote “Autonomy”?

In recent years, the U.S. Supreme Court has helped transform arbitration law into a radical private-ordering regime in which freedom of contract has come to eclipse public regulation. Arbitration jurisprudence justifies this transformation in part on a profound and longstanding commitment to the ideal of individual autonomy, understood as the freedom—lacking in litigation—to select a disputing process best suited to one’s needs. In this Article, I question the cogency of this justification. I argue, first, that autonomy has had different and sometimes conflicting meanings even within arbitration jurisprudence. Second, depending on the meaning one ascribes to autonomy, it is at best uncertain whether a commitment to it requires enforcing arbitration agreements with minimal regulation by the state. Ironically, the libertarian interpretation of autonomy that lies at the heart of the Court’s recent arbitration decisions turns out to be the least adept at explaining why arbitration agreements should be “‘rigorously enforce[d]’ . . . according to their terms.” To the extent we wish to continue viewing enforcement as important for the value of autonomy in arbitration, therefore, it appears we must rethink what autonomy means in this context and whether in certain circumstances autonomy may be best promoted by refusing to enforce arbitration agreements.
Sliding on DNA: From Peptides to Small Molecules

Many DNA binding proteins utilize one-dimensional (1D) diffusion along DNA to accelerate their DNA target recognition. Although 1D diffusion of proteins along DNA has been studied for decades, a quantitative understanding is only beginning to emerge and few chemical tools are available to apply 1D diffusion as a design principle. Recently, we discovered that peptides can bind and slide along DNA-even transporting cargo along DNA. Such molecules are known as molecular sleds. Here, to advance our understanding of structure-function relationships governing sequence nonspecific DNA interaction of natural molecular sleds and to explore the potential for controlling sliding activity, we test the DNA binding and sliding activities of chemically modified peptides and analogs, and show that synthetic small molecules can slide on DNA. We found new ways to control molecular sled activity, novel small-molecule synthetic sleds, and molecular sled activity in N-methylpyrrole/N-methylimidazole polyamides that helps explain how these molecules locate rare target sites.
THE CEMENTED ALL-POLY TIBIA IN THE ACTIVE <60 PATIENT – AFFIRMS

Background: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) overall is a very reliable, durable procedure. Biomechanical studies have suggested superior stress distribution in metal-backed tibial trays, however, these results have not been universally observed clinically. Currently there is a paucity of information examining the survival and outcomes of all-polyethylene tibial components. Methods: We reviewed 31,939 patients undergoing a primary TKA over a 43-year period (1970–2013). There were 28,224 (88%) metal-backed and 3,715 (12%) all-polyethylene tibial components. The metal-backed and all-polyethylene groups had comparable demographics with respect to sex distribution (57% female for both) mean age (67 vs. 71 years), and mean BMI (31.6 vs. 31.1). Mean follow-up was 7 years (maximum 40 years). Results: The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the outcomes of all-polyethylene compared to metal-backed components in TKA and to determine (1) is there a difference in overall survival? All-polyethylene tibial components had improved survivorship (P Conclusions: The use of all-polyethylene tibias should be considered for the majority of patients, regardless of age and BMI.
Intertemporal substitution in health care demand: Evidence from the RAND Health Insurance Experiment

Abstract Nonlinear cost-sharing in health insurance encourages intertemporal substitution because patients can reduce their out-of-pocket costs by concentrating spending in years when they hit the deductible. We develop a test for intertemporal substitution and apply it to data from the RAND Health Insurance Experiment, where people were randomly assigned either to a free care plan or to a cost-sharing plan which had coinsurance up to a maximum dollar expenditure (MDE). Hitting the MDE—leading to an effective price of zero—has a bigger effect on health care demand than does being in free care, because people who hit the MDE face low current prices but high future prices, and so stock up on health care. As a result, short-lasting price changes induce nearly twice as big a response as do long-lasting changes. These findings help reconcile disparate estimates of the price elasticity of demand for health care in the existing literature. Failing to account for intertemporal substitution can lead researchers to overstate cost savings from high deductible health plans by 20% or more.
Climate Change and Migration: A Dynamic Model

In this article I explore a model where citizens of a country vulnerable to damages from climate change may migrate to a second country, from which a steady stream of greenhouse gases occur. If this migration imposes costs on the emitting country, then migration induces a sort of pseudo carbon tax via political economic forces. This pseudo tax creates an incentive for the country receiving the flow of immigrants to lower its emissions, offering an offset to the costs incurred as a result of climate change. I show that the long-run carbon stock, and the entire time path of production (and hence emissions), is smaller in the presence of migration. I discuss various comparative dynamics, for both the path of production and the long-run atmospheric carbon stock.
Parametric study of large-scale production of syngas via high-temperature co-electrolysis

Abstract A process model has been developed to evaluate the potential performance of a large-scale high-temperature co-electrolysis plant for the production of syngas from steam and carbon dioxide. The co-electrolysis process allows for direct electrochemical reduction of the steam/carbon dioxide gas mixture, yielding hydrogen and carbon monoxide, or syngas. The process model has been developed using the UniSim system-analysis code. Using this code, a detailed process flow sheet has been defined that includes all the components that would be present in an actual plant such as pumps, compressors, heat exchangers, turbines, and the electrolyzer. Since the electrolyzer is not a standard UniSim component, a custom integral co-electrolysis model was developed for incorporation into the overall UniSim process flow sheet. The integral co-electrolysis model assumes local chemical equilibrium among the four process-gas species via the water-gas shift reaction. The electrolyzer model allows for the determination of co-electrolysis outlet temperature, composition (anode and cathode sides); mean Nernst potential, operating voltage and electrolyzer power based on specified inlet gas flow rates, heat loss or gain, current density, and cell area-specific resistance. The integral electrolyzer model was validated by comparison with results obtained from a fully three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model developed using FLUENT, and by comparison with experimental data. This paper provides representative results obtained from the UniSim flow sheet model for a 300 MW e co-electrolysis plant, coupled to a high-temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactor. The co-electrolysis process, coupled to a nuclear reactor, provides a means of recycling carbon dioxide back into a useful liquid fuel. If the carbon dioxide source is based on biomass, the overall process, from production through utilization, would be climate-neutral.
Application of the Location–Movement Classification Method for Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Typing

Annual pedestrian and bicycle fatalities remained steady while motor vehicle fatalities declined in the United States during the past decade; this balance underscores the need for better methods of pedestrian and bicycle safety analysis. This study presents a new method for classifying pedestrian and bicycle crashes called the location–movement classification method (LMCM) and shows that the LMCM provides useful information that is not captured by a well-established NHTSA crash typology. Both typologies were applied to a sample of 296 pedestrian and 229 bicycle crashes reported in Wisconsin between 2011 and 2013. The LMCM revealed that pedestrian crashes of all injury severity levels were significantly more likely to be on the farside than the nearside of intersections. Pedestrian crashes were significantly more likely to be fatal than nonsevere when they involved motorists traveling straight, were along roadways between intersections, and involved pedestrians approaching from the motorist’s left. Bicycle...
Double-stream cyclotron wave amplifier

Experimental confirmation is reported of the theoretically predicted two-stream interactions (for circularly symmetric modes, n=0) between 1) the "fast cyclotron wave" of the slower beam and the "slow space-charge wave" of the faster beam; and between 2) the "fast space-charge wave" of the slower beam and the "slow space-charge wave" of the faster beam. The experiments were carried out at S-band. In the case of "cyclotron wave"-"space-charge wave" interaction, an electronic gain of 10 dB was measured. This double-stream interaction mode has not previously been observed. It affords the possibility of fast-wave coupling, by use of a nonuniform magnetic field along the tube, which offers size advantages at millimeter wavelengths. In the case of "space-charge wave"-"space-charge wave" interaction, the maximum electronic gain measured was 17 dB. In seeking interactions for n = ± 1 modes, none were found, due primarily to opposite polarizations, hence orthogonality, of the waves involved.
THIS INFECTED TSA IS BEST TREATED WITH A PRIMARY EXCHANGE – AFFIRMS

The current standard of care in the United States for the treatment of an infected arthroplasty, whether it be a TKA, THA or TSA remains two stage revision. We performed a systematic review of the English literature to answer the question of whether one-stage or two-stage revision of infected shoulder arthroplasty was better in terms of re-infection rate, patient satisfaction and patient function. There were no prospective, randomised studies comparing these two approaches. We found 19 studies with a minimum one year follow up which described 99 patients with two-stage revision, 38 with one-stage revision and 36 with spacers. There were no significant differences between the groups for recurrent infection rate or complication rate. The spacer only group had higher satisfaction than the one-stage group, but the satisfaction rate between the one- and two-stage groups was not statistically different. Unfortunately, the numbers in our study were small and based upon level IV evidence. It is interesting that currently the data do not support two-stage over one-stage revision of an infected TSA. So why do we continue to use two-stage revision? I believe it is the fear of litigation to a certain degree but also historical bias toward two-stage revisions. The only time I would do a one-stage revision is if (1) it is a low virulence organism, (2) the prosthesis can be easily removed and (3) the patient was too sick to tolerate multiple operations.
Sharing of Unlicensed Spectrum by Strategic Operators

Facing the challenge of meeting ever-increasing demand for wireless data, the industry is striving to exploit large swaths of unlicensed spectrum, which supports open access. Major standards bodies are currently considering a proposal to retool and deploy long term evolution (LTE) technologies in unlicensed bands. This paper studies the fundamental question of how the unlicensed spectrum can be shared by strategic operators to mitigate suffering from the tragedy of the commons. A class of general utility functions is considered. The spectrum sharing problem is formulated as a repeated game over a sequence of time slots. It is first shown that a simple static sharing scheme allows a given set of operators to reach a subgame perfect Nash equilibrium for mutually beneficial sharing. The question of how many operators will choose to enter the market is also addressed by studying an entry game. A sharing scheme, which allows dynamic spectrum borrowing and lending between operators, is then proposed to address time-varying traffic and proved to achieve perfect Bayesian equilibrium. Numerical results show that the proposed dynamic sharing scheme outperforms static sharing, which in turn achieves much higher revenue than uncoordinated full-spectrum sharing. Implications of the results for the standardization and deployment of LTE in unlicensed bands (LTE-U) are also discussed.
Remark about heat diffusion on periodic spaces

Let M be a complete Riemannian manifold with a free cocompact Z^k-action. Let k(t,x,y) be the heat kernel on M. We compute the asymptotics of k(t,x,y) in the limit in which t goes to infinity and d(x,y) is comparable to sqrt{t}. We show that in this limit, the heat diffusion is governed by an effective Euclidean metric on R^k coming from the Hodge inner product on H^1(M/Z^k; R).
Twisting quasi-alternating links

Quasi-alternating links are homologically thin for both Khovanov homology and knot Floer homology. We show that every quasi-alternating link gives rise to an infinite family of quasi-alternating links obtained by replacing a crossing with an alternating rational tangle. Consequently, we show that many pretzel links are quasi-alternating, and we determine the thickness of Khovanov homology for "most" pretzel links with arbitrarily many strands.
PEEC macromodels for above plane decoupling capacitors

Decoupling capacitors perform an important function in the impedance reduction of power distribution systems. Hence, they are a key part of an electrical model required for the design of such systems. In this paper, we construct circuit models for the capacitors which include the local environment such that the overall PDN model is simplified and it can be considered as decoupled macromodels.
Overview of Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions

An overview of neutrino-nucleus interactions is presented. After a brief discussion of theory and applications of detector response three examples are discussed: i) Recent work on neutrino-deuteron reactions, ii) probing strangeness content of the nucleon with neutrinos, and iii) the role of neutrino reactions in supernova dynamics and r-process nucleosynthesis.
A spatial capture-recapture model for territorial species†

Advances in field techniques have lead to an increase in spatially referenced capture–recapture data to estimate a species' population size as well as other demographic parameters and patterns of space usage. Statistical models for these data have assumed that the number of individuals in the population and their spatial locations follow a homogeneous Poisson point process model, which implies that the individuals are uniformly and independently distributed over the spatial domain of interest. In many applications, there is reason to question independence, for example, when species display territorial behavior. In this paper, we propose a new statistical model, which allows for dependence between locations to account for avoidance or territorial behavior. We show via a simulation study that accounting for this can improve population size estimates. The method is illustrated using a case study of small mammal trapping data to estimate avoidance and population density of adult female field voles (Microtus agrestis) in Northern England. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unveiling Privacy Setting Breaches in Online Social Networks

Users of online social networks (OSNs) share personal information with their peers. To manage the access to one’s personal information, each user is enabled to configure its privacy settings. However, even though users are able to customize the privacy of their homepages, their private information could still be compromised by an attacker by exploiting their own and their friends’ public profiles. In this paper, we investigate the unintentional privacy disclosure of an OSN user even with the protection of privacy setting. We collect more than 300,000 Facebook users’ public information and assess their measurable privacy settings. Given only a user’s public information, we propose strategies to uncover the user’s private basic profile or connection information, respectively, and then quantify the possible privacy leakage by applying the proposed schemes to the real user data. We observe that although the majority of users configure their basic profiles or friend lists as private, their basic profiles can be inferred with high accuracy, and a significant portion of their friends can also be uncovered via their public information.
Electrostatically driven helical plasma state

A novel plasma state has been found in the presence of a uniformly applied axial magnetic field in periodic cylindrical geometry. This state is driven electrostatically by helical electrodes, providing a driving field that depends on the radius and m θ − n ζ, where θ is the poloidal angle and ζ = z / R is the toroidal angle. We focus on m = n = 1. The radial magnetic field at the wall is taken to be zero. With weak driving, the resulting distortion is very small, but for stronger driving, the mean field of the state has field line safety factor q 0 ( r ) just above the pitch of the electrodes m∕n = 1 except near the edge, where q0 increases monotonically. This state is characterized as a single helicity Ohmic equilibrium with the helical symmetry of the applied field. The plasma appears to be close to force-free in the interior, but current density crosses the magnetic flux surfaces near the edge, where current must enter and exit through the helical electrodes. This perpendicular current density drives l...
GIS and Remote Sensing Applications in Wetland Mapping and Monitoring

Wetlands are recognized as one of the world’s most valuable natural resources. With the increasing world population, human demands on wetland resources for agricultural expansion and urban development continue to increase. In addition, global climate change has pronounced impacts on wetland ecosystems through alterations in hydrological regimes. To better manage and conserve wetland resources, we need to know the distribution and extent of wetlands and monitor their dynamic changes. Wetland maps and inventories can provide crucial information for wetland conservation, restoration, and management. Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing technologies have proven to be useful for mapping and monitoring wetland resources. Recent advances in geospatial technologies have greatly increased the availability of remotely sensed imagery with better and finer spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution. This article presents an introduction to the uses of GIS and remote sensing technologies for wetland mapping and monitoring. A case study is presented to demonstrate the use of high-resolution light detection and ranging data and aerial photographs for mapping prairie potholes and surface hydrologic flow pathways.
A 2.4-GHz 6.4-mW Fractional-N Inductorless RF Synthesizer

A cascaded synthesizer architecture incorporates a digital delay-line-based filter and an analog noise trap to suppress the quantization noise of the $\Sigma \Delta $ modulator. Operating with a reference frequency of 22.6 MHz, the synthesizer achieves a bandwidth of 10 MHz in the first loop and 12 MHz in the second, heavily suppressing the phase noise of its constituent ring oscillators. Realized in 45-nm digital CMOS technology, the synthesizer exhibits an in-band phase noise of −109 dBc/Hz and an integrated jitter of 1.68 psrms.
Brain Modularity Mediates the Relation between Task Complexity and Performance

Recent work in cognitive neuroscience has focused on analyzing the brain as a network, rather than as a collection of independent regions. Prior studies taking this approach have found that individ...
Implementing a Project-based Technology Program for High School Women

Tech Prep Consortium at Bristol Community College is at the forefront of collaborative education initiatives with its development and implementation of a Women In Technology (WIT) Project-Based Learning Program in High Tech Manufacturing. A Special Populations Grant in 1996 encouraged interested educational institutions to develop a program that would address the need to get high school students involved in careers in which one gender was underrepresented. Bristol Community College's Tech Prep Program responded and was awarded the funding necessary to implement a series of activities to address the need for young women to get involved in the various fields of engineering and technology. Crucial to the WIT Program's success was the establishment of strong partnerships with industry, government, and education. The Bristol Tech Prep Consortium, with the support of educators from area high schools and the leadership and resources of local businesses, recruited female high school students to participate in pro...