cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SPCalc: A web-based calculator for sample size and power calculations in micro-array studies.

of the appropriate sample size in planning microarray studies is important because sample collection can be expensive and time-consuming. Sample-size calculation is also a challenging issue for microarray studies because the number of genes is far larger than the number of samples so that traditional methods of sample-size calculation cannot be directly applied. To help investigators answer the question of how many samples are needed in their microarray studies, we developed a user-friendly web-based calculator, SPCalc, for calculating sample size and power for a variety of commonly used experimental designs, including completely randomized treatment- control design, matched-pairs design, multiple-treatment design having an isolated treatment effect, and randomized block design. Availability: The web-based calculator SPCalc is publicly available at http://www.biostat.harvard.edu/people/faculty/mltlee/web- front-r.html
Effect of Recoil Implantation of Oxygen on Boron Enhanced Diffusion in Silicon

In device fabrication, dopants are frequently implanted into silicon through silicon dioxide masks. A consequence of this technique is the co-implantation of recoiled oxygen into the substrate. This study investigates the effect of recoiled oxygen on the widely observed transient enhanced boron diffusion. Comparison of the spreading resistance profiles of annealed through-oxide and directly implanted samples reveals that transient enhanced diffusion of boron can be suppressed by the former process. Continued annealing of the through-oxide implanted silicon recovers the enhanced diffusion of boron. This behavior is believed to be due to precipitation of recoiled oxygen. The mechanisms leading to the above observations are discussed and transmission electron microscopy support presented.
Alcohol, Marijuana, and Mood States in Young Women

Potential predictors of 8 Profile of Mood States (POMS) factor scores were examined for 30 young women (mean age = 26.4 years). Prospective data were obtained from diary questionnaires and POMS ratings submitted daily during 3 consecutive menstrual cycles. Behavioral and social variables (heavy versus light marijuana smoking, consumption of both marijuana and alcohol on a given day, stress, and sexual activity) were stronger mood factor predictors than temporal or biological variables (weekends or menstrual cycle phase). Heavy marijuana users consistently reported higher negative moods and lower positive moods than light marijuana users.
Strategic Bargaining on the United States Courts of Appeals

We employ never before used archival data to provide the first, systematic examination of the conditions under which federal circuit court judges craft legal opinions. Examining every private record maintained by former D.C. Circuit Judge J. Skelly Wright (1962-1988), we analyze judges' private responses to opinion drafts, as well as the conditions under which opinion authors accommodate their colleagues' suggested changes. Our results provide strong support for ideological, contextual, and institutional components to the development of law. These results further highlight the need for additional archival research on these important policymaking courts.
Alternative Project Delivery Systems: Applications and Legal Limits in Transportation Projects

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive survey of the legal codes of all the 50 states in the United States regarding alternative project delivery systems in transportation projects. In the past decade there has been a surge of legislation allowing state transportation officials much more flexibility regarding the choice of project delivery systems. These delivery systems are usually selected based on a combination of price and quality. Specific delivery systems studied in this paper are Design-Build, Construction Management at Risk, and Public-Private-Partnership. The background and history of the emergence of these new delivery systems are studied in this paper. The research showed that in many states, alternative delivery systems may be allowed but with specific restrictions. For each state, all of these delivery systems have been researched and placed into one of the following distinguishable categories: (1) fully authorized; (2) authorized but needs extra approvals; (3) authorized for a pi...
Tracking Uncertainty with Probabilistic Logic Circuit Testing

The diverse nature of the faults and defects that may occur at nanoscale ranges necessitates new techniques for ATPG. This article proposes an efficient technique that relies on a probabilistic approach to detect and diagnose nontraditional faults and defects.
Fitness Costs Associated With Field-Evolved Resistance to Bt Maize in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Increasing adoption of transgenic crops expressing cry toxin genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt crops) represents an augmented risk for development of insect resistance. While fitness costs can greatly influence the rate of resistance evolution, most available data related to Bt resistance have been obtained from laboratory-selected insect strains. In this article, we test the existence of fitness costs associated with high levels of field-evolved resistance to Bt maize event TC1507 in a strain of Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) originated from maize fields in Puerto Rico. Fitness costs in resistant S. frugiperda were evaluated by comparing biological performance to susceptible insects when reared on meridic diet, maize or soybean leaf tissue, or cotton reproductive tissues. Parameters monitored included larval survival, larval and pupal weights, developmental time (larval and pupal), adult longevity, reproductive traits (fecundity and fertility), and sex ratio. We found that all monitored parameters were influenced to a similar extent by the host, independently of susceptibility to Bt maize. The only parameter that significantly differed between strains for all hosts was a longer larval developmental period in resistant S. frugiperda, which resulted in emergence asynchrony between susceptible and resistant adults. To test the relevance of fitness costs in resistant S. frugiperda, we performed a selection experiment to monitor the stability of resistance in a heterogeneous strain through 12 generations of rearing on meridic diet. Our data demonstrate lack of fitness costs relevant to stability of field-evolved resistance to Bt maize and help explain reported stability of field-evolved resistance in Puerto Rican populations of S. frugiperda.
Male Gametophyte Development.

Pollen development offers the opportunity to study cell fate, cell patterning, cell polarity, and cell signaling-in this sense, pollen development can serve as a microcosm for all the in- teresting questions facing plant biologists today. The events that culminate in the formation and release of the pollen grain from the plant begin with meiosis and involve an intricate and tightly controlled set of structural and molecular changes, requiring gene expression in both the gametophytic and sporo- phytic tissues of the anther. The biochemistry of angiosperm pollen development was first reviewed comprehensively 18 years ago (Mascarenhas, 1975), and severa1 subsequent reviews have appeared (e.g., Mascarenhas, 1989,1990,1993, this issue; McCormick, 1991; Bedinger, 1992). Although a great deal of progress has been made, it is notable that two of the areas for future research noted by Mascarenhas (1975) remain today: What are the differ- ences in the two cytoplasms that determine the different cell fates of the generative and vegetative cells? What are the func- tions of pollen-specific proteins? In this review, I will give an overview of the current state of knowledge of microsporogen- esis, minimizing repetition of the topics covered in other recent reviews, and I will try to point out promising avenues of re- search for the future.
Access to Levonorgestrel Emergency Contraception: Science Versus Federal Politics

Past US FDA decisions about emergency contraception (EC) have been subject to undue political influence, and last year's barring of over-the-counter access to Plan B One-Step(®) for those under the age of 17 years is no exception. The US Department of Health and Human Services cited insufficient data on EC use for females aged 11-12 years. These youngest adolescents, however, rarely need EC: data from California (USA) show that in 2009, fewer than one in 10,000 females under the age of 13 years received EC. Maintaining barriers to safe and effective EC is not medically necessary and conflicts with national goals to decrease teenage and unintended pregnancies.
Rapid estimation of activation enthalpies for cytochrome‐P450‐mediated hydroxylations

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play a critical role in detoxication and bioactivation of xenobiotics; thus, the ability to predict the biotransformation rates and regioselectivity of CYP enzymes toward substrates is an important goal in toxicology and pharmacology. Here, we present the use of the semiempirical quantum chemistry method SAM1 to rapidly estimate relative activation enthalpies (ΔH(‡)) for the hydroxylation of aliphatic carbon centers of various substrates. The ΔH(‡) were determined via a reaction path calculation, in the reverse direction (RRP), using the iron-hydroxo-porphine intermediate and the substrate radical. The SAM1 ΔH(‡) were calculated via unrestricted Hartree-Fock (UHF) and configuration interaction (CI) formalisms for both the doublet and quartet spin states. The SAM1 RRP ΔH(‡), after subtracting a correction factor, were compared with density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP activation energies for two sets of substrates and showed R(2) ranging from 0.69 to 0.89, and mean absolute differences ranging from 1.2 ± 1.0 to 1.7 ± 1.5 kcal/mol. SAM1 UHF and CI RRP calculation times were, on average, more than 200 times faster than those for the corresponding forward reaction path DFT calculations. Certain key transition-state (TS) geometry measurements, such as the forming O···H bond length, showed good correlation with the DFT values. These results suggest that the SAM1 RRP approach can be used to rapidly estimate the DFT activation energy and some key TS geometry measurements and can potentially be applied to estimate substrate hydroxylation rates and regioselectivity by CYP enzymes.
Biliary Complications After Orthotopic Liver Transplantation: Imaging and Intervention

Orthotopic liver transplantation is now an accepted and successful mode of treatment for patients with various forms of end-stage liver disease. Graft survival has improved significantly in the last decade, with a 5-year survival estimated at 65%–78% (Belle et al. 1993). As hepatic transplantation has become more common and successful, radiologists have been challenged not only with the early diagnosis of graft dysfunction, but also with the treatment of complications using interventional radiologic techniques. We will discuss the role of the noninvasive and invasive imaging techniques in the detection and management of biliary complications after orthotopic hepatic transplantation.
Saving the World: A Brief History of Communication for Development and Social Change by Emile G. McAnany Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2012, 181 Pp.

(2012). Saving the World: A Brief History of Communication for Development and Social Change by Emile G. McAnany Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2012, 181 Pp. American Journalism: Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 147-149.
Biotic processes in the Okanagan Highlands floras: possible evidence of hybridization in plants adapting to a temperate forest

Hybridization is a key mechanism for increased diversification and speciation among modern plants and is especially important in certain families such as Rosaceae and Anacardiaceae. This mechanism is found to occur most commonly in areas of ecological disturbance, distribution, and migration. Resulting hybrid individuals have characteristic intermediate or mosaic patterns that combine those of the two parents in morphologically distinct and identifiable ways. The diverse latest Early Eocene flora of Republic, Washington, USA, is among the most collected of the Okanagan Highlands floras. This fossil flora includes relatives of modern taxa that are known to hybridize and produce characteristic patterns of leaf morphology and venation (Rosaceae; Anacardiaceae). In this study, we document patterns found in representative fossil leaves that are comparable to those indicative of hybridization in the modern relatives. We use the genera Sorbus L. (Rosaceae) and Rhus L. (Anacardiaceae) as models to demonstrate pot...
Sodium-Potassium Ratios in Honey and in High-Fructose Corn Syrup

AbstractHigh-fructose corn syrup is a major new industrial sweetener. Differentiation of pure honey from mixtures with this syrup can be difficult, since the syrup is highly refined and contains glucose and fructose in approximately the same proportions as in honey. A recent proposal to use the sodium-potassium ratio is shown by literature consultation not to be valid because of the great variability in mineral composition of honey. Approaches based on unique properties of the syrup should be more rewarding.
Capturing and Using Knowledge about the Use of Visualization Toolkits

When constructing visualization pipelines using toolkits such as Visualization Toolkit (VTK) and Generic Mapping Tools (GMT), developers must understand (1) what toolkit operators will transform their data from its raw state to some required view state and (2) what viewers are available to present the generated view. Traditionally, developers learn about how to construct visualization pipelines by reading documentation and inspecting code examples, which can be costly in terms of the time and effort expended. Once an initial pipeline is constructed, developers may still have to undergo a trial and error process before a satisfactory visualization is generated. This paper presents the Visualization Knowledge Project (VisKo) that is built on a knowledge base of visualization toolkit operators and how they can be piped together to form visualization pipelines. Developers may now rely on VisKo to guide them when constructing visualization pipelines and in some cases, when VisKo has complete knowledge about some set of operators (i.e., sequencing and parameter settings), automatically generate a fully functional visualization pipeline.
Peter of Spain: Language in Dispute. An English translation of Peter of Spain's 'Tractatus' called afterwards SUMMULAE LOGICALES, based on the critical edition by L.M. de Rijk

This book is a translation of Petrus Hispanus' 13th century text. Hispanus was a contemporary of linguistic theorists called 'Modistae' after 12th to 14th century writings entitled De Modis Significandi . Their concerns involved differences between the way things are in themselves, how we understand them, and how grammatical conventions require us to communicate about them.
Stimulation of Antibody-Forming Cells by Oligonucleotides of Known Composition

The data compiled in this volume illustrate the multiple functions of nucleic acids in antibody formation. Nucleic acid in the form of poly-deoxyribonucleotides supplies the basic information for messenger RNA formation and protein synthesis in cells that participate in antibody synthesis. Nucleic acid in the form of messenger RNA transmits this information to RNA-rich cellular sites of polypeptide synthesis, within cells and possibly even among cells. Furthermore, there is some evidence (Braun and Cohen, 1968) suggesting that RNA itself, or something closely associated with it and present in macrophage-released RNA-antigen complexes, may act as an activator or derepressor for stem-cells of antibody-forming lymphocyte populations. In addition, oligomers of nucleic acids influence the rate with which activated stem-cells of antibody-forming lymphocyte populations increase in numbers during a given period of time. This non-specific effect of oligonucleotides on antibody-forming cells will be the subject of this communication.
In Vivo Cutaneous and Perceived Comfort Response to Fabric: Part VI: The Effect of Moist Fabrics on Stratum Corneum Hydration

Materials placed over human skin may change the stratum corneum (sc) hydration level, an important phenomenon because increases in normal levels of sc hydration pose potential health problems. This study examines the relationship between fabric moisture content and level of sc hydration so that the role of fabric moisture on sc hydration may be better understood. Three fabric/moisture treatments are placed on the sc—3.5-denier polyester fabric with an initial moisture content of 35% and cotton fabrics with either 44% or 75% initial moisture content—then covered with an occlusive dome. sc evaporative water loss (ewl) is measured before treatment placement and after 30 and 60 minutes of contact. The amount of moisture in the fabric at time of removal is calculated two different ways, and three analyses of variance are done using the evaporative water loss and two fabric final moisture content data sets. The rate of ewl is significantly higher after 30 minutes of treatment contact with sc than after 60 minut...
Surface and Stability Characterization of a Nanoporous ZIF-8 Thin Film

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) have been widely investigated for numerous applications including energy storage, heterogeneous catalysis, and greenhouse gas adsorption. Much of the early work has focused on the bulk properties of microcrystalline ZIFs. Herein, we focus on identifying the nature of the surface of ZIF-8 by studying a supported ZIF-8 nanoparticle film using surface characterization techniques. We have experimentally identified the presence of a zinc-rich surface terminated by carbonates and water/hydroxyl groups (in addition to the expected methylimidazole terminations) using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The thermal stability of ZIF-8 thin films was also investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS). We determined the onset of decomposition of ZIF-8 thin films to be approximately 630 K using TPRS in an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) environment. This work presents the first characterization steps needed to study the e...
Work demands and resources, work–family conflict, and family functioning among practicing psychologists.

Does our work life influence the quality of our family life? The present study examined this question using data from 126 practicing psychologists who responded to two waves of a longitudinal study of their work and family lives. Work-family conflict (WFC) was tested as a mediator between work demands/resources (hours worked, emotional exhaustion, control, support) and family functioning. Results indicated that work demands, but not work resources, significantly predicted family functioning over time. Specifically, more hours worked and greater emotional exhaustion at Time 1 related to poorer family functioning at Time 2. WFC did not mediate these relationships, suggesting that the direct relationship of these work demands to family functioning was stronger than the relationship of WFC to family functioning.
Strength, Not Depth: An Exploration of Differential Membrane Binding Kinetics of Synaptotagmin-1 and Synaptotagmin-7 C2 Domains

Synaptotagmins (Syt) play an essential role in mediating Ca2+-dependent vesicle fusion, and are believed to function by binding its Ca2+-sensing C2 domains to anionic phospholipids and thereby bring the vesicle near the membrane into which the vesicle will fuse. Many Syt isoforms exist, and despite their close structural similarity, the binding kinetics of each isoform to membranes can vary widely. We have performed an extensive set of molecular dynamics simulations on Syt-1 and Syt-7 C2 domains to characterize the factors that determine the rapid unbinding for Syt-1 and the slow unbinding of Syt-7. Through repeated atomistic binding simulations of Syt-1 and Syt-7 C2 domains to anionic membranes, enabled by our enhanced dynamics membrane mimetic model (HMMM), we found that while the penetration depth of the different loop regions are unchanged, Syt-7 C2 domains form many more contacts with anionic head groups. These additional contacts both strengthen and lengthen duration of the interaction between Syt-7 and the membrane, including contacts between loop 2 of Syt. These results provides the first atomistic picture of differential binding of different isoforms of Syt.
Development and prospect of electric power special optical cable

Electric power special optical cable is an important transmission medium for power communication.After more than 20 years exploration,power system has accumulated a lot of experiences,at the same time,discovered some problems.This paper reviews the application course of special optical cable,discusses the structure,performance and quality inspection of ADSS and OPGW,analyses the application characters of GWWOP and AD-Lash,and introduces the engineering of ADSS,OPGW and OPPC.The main problems of application are also discussed in the paper.
Performance Analysis of Multicast Error Control Protocol in Wireless Mesh Networks

This paper analyzed the performance of the typical multicast error control protocols in Wireless Mesh Networks from the theory,such as BLBP,LBLBP and HLBLBP.Then it simulated the performance of the number of retransmission,channel holding time and average end-to-end delay in different packet loss rates in MATLAB.The results showed that the performance of HLBLBP is better than others.But it does not consider that the poor quality nodes affect the performance of the overall networks.
Dating the Birth of Jesus Christ

As Luke states, it was during the conduct of this census that Joseph took the heavily pregnant Mary to his town of Davidic lineage, Bethlehem. It was while they were there that Jesus was born (Luke 2:4 - 7). In his description of these events, it is clear that Luke aimed for brevity. No doubt, he believed that his task as Gospel writer demanded the freeing up of space in the scroll he wrote on, required for protracted historical digression, and instead chose to focus more upon the actions and teachings of Jesus himself - i.e. the 'good news' itself. As a result, Luke's account of the historical context surrounding Jesus' birth is sufficient, if somewhat succinct.
Desludging of energized power transformers

A method has been developed whereby the life of power transformers (those 500 KVA and greater) can be extended through a unique process of removing sludge from energized transformers. This paper zeroes in on the fundamental problem of power transformers-oil deterioration and its destructive effect on the cellulose insulating system. The discussion considers seven (7) alternatives to service transformers concluding with the unique DeSludging treatment. The key to Preventative Maintenance lies in annual oil testing. Its primary purposes are to pinpoint the condition of a transformer's insulating system and to determine the work necessary to correct the situation. Twelve years experience has shown that even the worst cases have responded to this unique desludging process. In most instances these transformers have been completely desludged after one treatment. Equally bad transformers have required one additional treatment, and in rare cases, a third treatment was necessary to finish the desludging procedure. Annual transformer oil tests have verified these findings.
Nutrition and Helicobacter pylori: Host Diet and Nutritional Immunity Influence Bacterial Virulence and Disease Outcome

Helicobacter pylori colonizes the stomachs of greater than 50% of the world's human population making it arguably one of the most successful bacterial pathogens. Chronic H. pylori colonization results in gastritis in nearly all patients; however in a subset of people, persistent infection with H. pylori is associated with an increased risk for more severe disease outcomes including B-cell lymphoma of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) and invasive adenocarcinoma. Research aimed at elucidating determinants that mediate disease progression has revealed genetic differences in both humans and H. pylori which increase the risk for developing gastric cancer. Furthermore, host diet and nutrition status have been shown to influence H. pylori-associated disease outcomes. In this review we will discuss how H. pylori is able to create a replicative niche within the hostile host environment by subverting and modifying the host-generated immune response as well as successfully competing for limited nutrients such as transition metals by deploying an arsenal of metal acquisition proteins and virulence factors. Lastly, we will discuss how micronutrient availability or alterations in the gastric microbiome may exacerbate negative disease outcomes associated with H. pylori colonization.
Seasonal variations of fine particulate organosulfates derived from biogenic and anthropogenic hydrocarbons in the mid-Atlantic United States

Abstract Organosulfates (OSs) are an important and ubiquitous class of organic compounds found in ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) that serves as markers for multiphase chemical processes leading to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. In this study, high-volume filter sampling was implemented to collect PM2.5 samples during the August 2012–June 2013 time period in suburban Towson, MD. By utilizing ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry employing an electrospray ionization source (UPLC/ESI-HR-QTOFMS), 58 OSs were characterized and quantified in PM2.5 collected across all seasons. The selection of the extraction solvent was also found to be important for OS characterization. Seasonal trends demonstrate that the atmospheric oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) dominates OS formation in early fall and spring, with substantial contributions from isoprene OS (∼15 ng/m3), and limonene and α-pinene OS (∼5 ng/m3). From November to March anthropogenic OSs, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)- and alkane-derived OSs recently characterized in laboratory-generated SOA, reached their highest levels averaging 4 ng/m3. Nitrogen-containing OSs derived from terpene chemistry remain consistent over the sampling period averaging 2 ng/m3 and do not demonstrate strong seasonal fluctuations. Correlations between the identified OSs and known organic acids that arise from either the atmospheric oxidation of biogenic or anthropogenic VOCs assist in source apportionment. Meteorological data coupled with air mass back-trajectory analyses using HYSPLIT provide insight into meteorological and transport conditions that promote the formation/occurrence of OSs within the mid-Atlantic U.S. region.
The Assessment of Stent Effectiveness Using a Wearable Beamforming MEMS Microphone Array System

Studies involving turbulent flow have been carried out in many parts of the cardiovascular system, and it has been widely reported that turbulence related to stenosis (narrowing) of arteries creates audible sounds, which may be analyzed to yield information about the nature and severity of the blockage. Results so far indicate that the high frequency content of the sounds generally increases with the degree of stenosis. In this paper, we designed and built an MEMs microphone array and a signal acquisition board to improve the detection of coronary occlusions using an approach based on the recording and analysis of isolated diastolic heart sounds associated with turbulent blood flow in occluded coronary arteries. The nonlinear dynamic analysis method based on approximate entropy has been proposed for the analysis of diastolic heart sounds from patients with single coronary occlusions, before and after stent placement procedures. The nonlinear dynamic analysis (approximate entropy) measures of the diastolic heart sounds recorded from eight patients with single coronary occlusions and two normal subjects were estimated. In addition, a spectral analysis based on the fast Fourier transform was used to estimate the energy content of the recorded signals. Results suggest the presence of high nonlinear (approximate entropy) values of diastolic heart sounds associated with coronary artery disease ( $p ) as well as significant differences in the energy content of the heart sound signals above and below 150 Hz ( $p ).
Laser based aerial microscope for at-wavelength characterization of extreme ultraviolet lithography masks

We have developed a compact aerial full-field microscope based on a table-top 13.2 nm wavelength extreme ultraviolet laser and diffractive optics to characterize the printing performance of EUV lithographic masks.
Land and Development in Indonesia: Searching for the People’s Sovereignty

Who controls the land? What difference does it make? A young professional in Jakarta or Surabaya probably does not care. Few in the emerging urban middle class will know the owner of their apartmen...
Maternal support of young children’s planning and spatial concept learning as predictors of later math (and reading) achievement

Abstract The goal of this study was to examine maternal support of spatial concept learning and planning at 36 months as predictors of children’s math achievement at 4 ½ years and first grade. Observational measures of videotaped mother-child interactions from the Boston site of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development ( N = 140 ) were used to examine the effectiveness of support for spatial concept learning and planning during a block building play activity. Trained observers rated maternal support of children’s learning of spatial concepts through spatial language and gestures, with higher ratings involving explanations and encouragement of children’s use of spatial concepts. This measure was predictive of math achievement at 4 ½ years when controlling for length of the parent-child observation, child gender, ethnicity, and IQ at 2 years, as well as maternal years of education, verbal intelligence, income-to-needs averaged from 1 to 36 months, parenting stress, general cognitive stimulation, and maternal support of numerical concepts during the same observation. Maternal support of children’s planning skills, also rated by trained observers during the block building activity, involved identifying incremental steps to reach the block building goal, with higher ratings given for encouraging planning on the part of the child. This measure was predictive of math achievement at 4 ½ years, as well as reading achievement at both 4 ½ years and first grade, suggesting that maternal planning support has associations with the two key measures of school readiness, while maternal spatial support may be specific to mathematics.
The American Islamic Community: Which Muslims are Likely to be Encouraged by Other People?

ABSTRACTEncouragement—or expressions of support designed to instill perseverance and hope in the face of challenging circumstances—is an important concept in the strengths perspective and a central feature of social work practice. Encouragement may be a particularly significant factor for Muslims living in post-9/11 America. Yet, little research has examined this topic despite its relevance. To address this gap in the literature, this cross-sectional study employed a community sample of Muslims (N = 274) to identify which Muslims are disproportionately likely to report receiving expressions of support from other people. The results of the logistic regression indicated that Muslims who were single, Middle Eastern, non-Sunni, and frequent Mosque attenders, were more likely to receive expressions of support compared to those who were married, European American, Sunni, and less frequent Mosque attenders. Conversely, Muslims without a 4-year college education and born aboard were less likely to receive express...
Rigorous derivation of a new macroscopic model for modeling partially-saturated flow of a liquid in multilayered thin swelling porous media

Abstract In this study we use an averaging approach for modeling a system consisting of multiple layers of thin, absorbing swelling porous media as the layer-wise 2D interacting continua, to rigorously derive a quasi- 2D averaged macroscopic mass-balance model for each layer for a system of thin porous layers made of one liquid (water) and two deformable solid phases (fiber and hydrogel). The developed model consists of a set of partial differential equations that keep track the time dependent behavior of variables such as saturation, piezometric head, porosity, and layer thickness, as the liquid moves throughout the multi-layered porous medium. Hence, this model can be used to describe the absorbency process, to predict and understand the flow and storage of a liquid in conjunction with the deformation of layers in multilayered thin porous media that is absorbing the liquid and swelling during deformation. This model will enormously improve the computational speeds, allowing one to develop a fast and reasonably accurate simulation of the unsaturated flow.
Of model-based pragmatism

The mechanism of methanol coupling to methyl formate over single-crystal gold catalysts has been firmly established but barely reconciled with experiments performed under practical conditions. Now, a method to close this gap has been reported, which enables the prediction of the reaction´s selectivity for a broad range of experimental conditions.
Catalyzing Cultural and Global Competencies: Engaging Preservice Teachers in Study Abroad to Expand the Agency of Citizenship:

Study abroad is an experiential learning pedagogy that has many positive outcomes. In the field of teacher education, study abroad provides opportunity for the development of global competencies an...
Potential benefits of cool walls on residential and commercial buildings across California and the United States: Conserving energy, saving money, and reducing emission of greenhouse gases and air pollutants

Abstract Solar-reflective “cool” walls reduce absorption of sunlight by the building envelope, which may decrease cooling load in warm weather and increase heating load in cool weather. Changes to annual heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) energy use depend on climate, wall construction, wall orientation, building geometry, HVAC efficiency, and operating schedule. Changes to annual energy cost and energy-related emissions further vary with local energy prices and emission factors. We used EnergyPlus to perform over 100,000 whole-building energy simulations, spanning 10 different building categories, three building vintages, 16 California climate zones, and 15 United States (U.S.) climate zones. Cool walls yielded annual source energy, energy cost, and emission savings in all California climate zones and in warm U.S. (ASHRAE) climate zones. In California, annual whole-building HVAC energy cost savings were 4.0–27% in single-family homes, 0.5–3.8% in medium office buildings, and 0.0–8.5% in stand-alone retail stores. In warm U.S. climates—zones 1A (Miami, FL) through 4B (Albuquerque, NM)—annual HVAC energy cost savings were 1.8–8.3% in single-family homes, 0.3–4.6% in medium office buildings, and 0.5–11% in stand-alone retail stores. California and U.S. fractional source energy and emission savings were comparable to fractional energy cost savings. Per unit surface area modified, cool-wall savings often exceeded cool-roof savings because building codes typically prescribe much less wall insulation than roof insulation.
TRANSCATHETER DEVICE CLOSURE OF A POST-INFARCTION BASILAR VENTRICULAR SEPTAL RUPTURE IN A PATIENT PRESENTING WITH CARDIOGENIC SHOCK

Post-infarction ventricular septal rupture (VSR) is a rare, deadly complication of myocardial infarction. Surgical repair remains gold standard, but advances in percutaneous techniques now provide alternatives to operative closure when surgical risk is prohibitive. A 67-year-old woman presented
Quantum Information Theory

Finally, here is a modern, self-contained text on quantum information theory suitable for graduate-level courses. Developing the subject 'from the ground up' it covers classical results as well as major advances of the past decade. Beginning with an extensive overview of classical information theory suitable for the non-expert, the author then turns his attention to quantum mechanics for quantum information theory, and the important protocols of teleportation, super-dense coding and entanglement distribution. He develops all of the tools necessary for understanding important results in quantum information theory, including capacity theorems for classical, entanglement-assisted, private and quantum communication. The book also covers important recent developments such as superadditivity of private, coherent and Holevo information, and the superactivation of quantum capacity. This book will be warmly welcomed by the upcoming generation of quantum information theorists and the already established community of classical information theorists.
Evaluation of the Impact of Four-Degree Off-Axis Wafers on Silicon Stress Sensors

Piezoresistive stress sensors have been shown to represent a powerful tool for experimental evaluation of die stress distributions. However, many silicon devices and ICs have been fabricated on wafers that are deliberately cut four degrees off one of the fundamental crystallographic axes, whereas the analysis and design of stress sensors on these materials have blindly assumed that the wafer surface is perfectly aligned with the crystallographic axes. (In addition, one can always expect an error in the actual cut relative to the theoretical direction.) In the past, the impact of rotational alignment errors within the plane of the stress sensors has been discussed, but potential errors in the piezoresistive coefficients caused by an additional four-degree wafer surface tilt have not been included. These errors can affect both the results from calibration experiments as well as the stresses extracted during application of sensor rosettes. In this work, we will discuss the theory and review the coordinate transformation for the piezoresistive coefficients of silicon. The piezoresistive coefficients for the tilted wafer plane are evaluated and compared with the on-axis case. The impact of the tilted wafer plane on stress measurement is discussed.
Risk-tasking and Assessment in Toddlers During Nature Play:The Role of Family and Play Context

Risk-taking during the toddler years is crucial for the development of autonomy, initiative, and independence. However, the current culture in the U.S. seeks to minimize the risks young children ar...
An illustrative example of applying systems engineering tools for risk management when launching new technologies: The case of lifeboat insufficiency on the RMS Titanic

Guidance is provided on how to apply systems engineering tools for risk management when launching new technologies. An illustrative example of how the application of these tools might have prevented the extreme loss of life associated with one of the most storied and devastating engineering disasters in history, the sinking of the RMS Titanic, demonstrates the approach using a familiar case. The key risk considered is one that existed before the Titanic entered into commercial service in early 1912; the risk associated with carrying an insufficient number of lifeboats for all passengers and crew to be evacuated. Using cold case and historical data and applying NASA’s risk matrix to the issue of lifeboat insufficiency, suggest the lowest possible rating for likelihood of occurrence related to all passengers and crew needing to simultaneously evacuate the Titanic, but the highest possible rating for level of consequences (catastrophic loss of life), should this event occur. Taken together, these two ratings suggest that had NASA’s risk matrix tool been available and applied before the Titanic’s maiden voyage, management might have been able to recognize there was a moderately high level of overall risk associated with lifeboat insufficiency and taken corrective actions. Two examples of possible mitigation actions are developed by applying NASA’s risk mitigation planning tool. Evidence suggests that these actions could have decreased the risk of lifeboat insufficiency to a negligible level, at a minimal cost, and potentially saved many lives during the sinking of the Titanic.
Exploring Inflammatory Mediators in Fetal and Maternal Compartments During Human Parturition.

OBJECTIVE:To examine inflammatory mediators in three fetomaternal biological compartments to inform theory related to the fetal and maternal inflammatory contributions to parturition at term and preterm.METHODS:We conducted a cross-sectional study of amniotic fluid, cord blood, and maternal plasma f
The Role of Surgery in the Management of Regionally Advanced Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer

Regionally advanced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the esophagus portends a poor prognosis even when esophageal resection can be accomplished. In an effort to improve patient survival, multimodal approaches to this disease have evolved that prompt re-evaluation whether esophageal resection remains a key part of treatment. In review of the available literature, multimodality approaches that include chemoradiation (CRT) may offer the best survival benefit, whereas the exact role of surgery remains unclear and continues to evolve. Further prospective studies are needed to solidify the role of surgery in regionally advanced SCC of the esophagus.
Perspectives on Maximizing Coastal Wetland Restoration Outcomes in Anthropogenically Altered Ecosystems

When restoring coastal wetlands, approaches can vary in construction technique, planting strategy, and site placement within an anthropogenically altered landscape comprising both relict wetlands and developed habitat. Constructed marshes are often composed of discrete terraces or mounds formed with excavated sediments, or beneficial uses (BU) dredge material can be used to fill continuous areas to emergent marsh elevation. Either construction approach can be seeded or planted with native species, or colonization can occur naturally. Sites can vary in the degree of hydrological isolation due to the presence of structures (e.g., roads or buildings) that limit connectivity to other marsh areas. Data collected across multiple sites on the upper Texas (USA) coast were used to assess how coastal wetland restoration “success,” measured as emergent plant cover, biomass, and species richness, was influenced by the localized configuration of individual restoration sites and by the placement of each site within a landscape matrix of reference wetlands and developed areas. Plant biomass and cover in BU marshes were similar to reference conditions and up to 70% higher than in excavated formations, regardless of planting technique or location in the landscape. Species richness was highest at the reference sites and lowest at planted beneficial uses sites, but none of the restoration sites had species assemblages similar to reference areas. Restoration outcomes were relatively robust to anthropogenic alterations of the landscape. Individual restoration sites were highly dissimilar from each other, and although some had very low (< 20%) emergent plant cover, these sites provided habitat for aquatic wildlife. This analysis demonstrates the importance of utilizing a range of restoration approaches within the broader landscape to achieve desirable ecosystem-level restoration outcomes.
Turkey as a WTO Litigant: A Case of Waived Leverage and Mismatched Policy Ends and Means

This Article analyzes Turkey’s involvement in the World Trade Organization’s (“WTO”) dispute settlement system to determine whether litigation has helped or could help Turkey attain its trade policy objectives. After identifying these objectives and conducting an empirical analysis of Turkey’s participation in 113 disputes—as Complainant, Respondent and interested Third Party—we conclude that litigation has not played a significant role in advancing Turkey’s trade objectives. Next, we ascertain the extent to which litigation’s de minimis impact stems from: (i) limitations inherent to WTO litigation (e.g., prospective-only remedies, bilateral focus, etc.); and/or from (ii) Turkey’s diminished ability to sue its biggest trade partners and competitors, some of which remain non-WTO Members or are in the European Union, Turkey’s senior customs union partner. The Article concludes with a call for Turkey to embark on a renewed push for further trade liberalization, which will require reforming the current EU-Turkey trade framework.
Variations in Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions by State Correlate with COVID-19 Disease Outcomes

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the lack of understanding around effective public health interventions to curtail the spread of an emerging respiratory virus. Here, we examined the public health approaches implemented by each state to limit the spread and burden of COVID-19. Our analysis revealed that stronger statewide interventions positively correlated with fewer COVID-19 deaths, but some neighboring states with distinct intervention strategies had similar SARS-CoV-2 case trajectories. Additionally, more than two weeks is needed to observe an impact on SARS-CoV-2 cases after an intervention is implemented. These data provide a critical framework to inform future interventions during emerging pandemics.
Difluprednate-Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin-Based Ophthalmic Solution for Improved Delivery in a Porcine Eye Model

Purpose: Difluprednate (DFP) is an approved corticosteroid, available as an ophthalmic emulsion (Durezol®), used to treat pain and inflammation of the eye following ocular surgeries. This study uti...
Interfraction dose deviation and catheter position in cervical interstitial and intracavitary image guided HDR brachytherapy

Abstract Interstitial and intracavitary gynecological HDR brachytherapy involve precise, localized delivery to targets with high dose gradients, sparing adjacent organs at risk (OAR). Due to the proximity of the rectum, bowel and bladder to the target, deviations in the applicator or catheter with respect to patient anatomy can significantly increase dose to OAR. The magnitude and direction of applicator and catheter migration at each fraction was assessed for template interstitial and tandem and ring (T&R) cohorts. The cohort included twelve gynecological patients with intact cervical lesions treated with external beam and brachytherapy. Pre-treatment CT images were registered to the simulation CT with respect to the target. Treatment catheter positions transformed into the planning CT coordinate system to evaluate localized catheter displacement and dose distributions calculated at each fraction. Dose was evaluated on the planning CT with planning contours and dwell locations at treatment position. Absolute deviation, depth and deflection angle for all patients were 4.6 ± 4.2 mm, -1.4 ± 4.0 mm, and 3.1 ± 2.3° respectively (n = 516 catheter positions for all treatment fractions and patients, mean ± SD). Absolute catheter deviation and deflection magnitude for interstitial treatments increased overall with each subsequent fraction with an overall increase of catheter retraction at each fraction (p