cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Radiation Responses of Synchronous L5178Y S/S Cells and their Significance for Radiobiological Theory

The X-ray responses of the very radiosensitive S/S variant of the L5178Y murine leukaemic lymphoblast have been studied at different phases of the cell cycle. Throughout G$\_{1}$ and the first half of S, survival was constant; then it rose to a maximum 8 h after mid-G$\_{1}$ before falling back to the preceding (plateau) level. Although the variation in chromosomal aberration frequency through the cycle mirrored the survival response, the death of only one S/S cell in three was attributable to chromosomal aberrations. Since normally radiosensitive cells exhibit a second peak of survival in G$_{1}$, the response of the S/S variant permitted an experimental precision not available previously for examination of the survival curves of a mammalian cell line and the extant theories concerning them. In the plateau region of cycle response, the survival curve was linear at all doses; in the peak region, however, the survival curve was linear at low doses, then it curved downward until it became linear again at high doses. Throughout the plateau region of cycle response, the survival of the S/S cells was not altered by dose fractionation, but it was increased by post-irradiation hypothermia; in the peak region of cycle response, the converse was true. That behaviour can be explained if, at all phases of the cell cycle, the survival curve of the S/S variant is determined by metabolism, presumably DNA repair, rather than by patterns of primary radiochemical damage.
The lexicon: a system of matrices of lexical units and their properties

THEIR PROPERTIES ~ Harry H. Josselson Uriel Weinreich /I/~ in discussing the fact that at one time many American scholars relied on either the discipline of psychology or sociology for the resolution of semantic problems~ comments: In Soviet lexicology, it seems, neither the traditionalists~ who have been content to work with the categories of classical rhetoric and 19thcentury historical semantics~ nor the critical lexicologists in search of better conceptual tools, have ever found reason to doubt that linguistics alone is centrally responsible for the investigation of the vocabulary of languages. /2/ This paper deals with a certain conceptual tool, the matrix, which linguists can use for organizing a lexicon to insure that words will be described (coded) with consistency, that is~ to insure that questions which have been asked about certain words will be asked for all words in the same class, regardless of the fact that they may be more difficult to answer for some than for others. The paper will also discuss certain new categories~ beyond those of classical rhetoric~ which have been introduced into lexicology.
Bladder inhibition or voiding induced by pudendal nerve stimulation in chronic spinal cord injured cats.

Aims To investigate pudendal-to-bladder spinal reflexes in chronic spinal cord injured (SCI) cats induced by electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve. Methods Bladder inhibition or voiding induced by pudendal nerve stimulation at different frequencies (3 or 20 Hz) was studied in three female, chronic SCI cats under α-chloralose anesthesia. Results Voiding induced by a slow infusion (2–4 ml/min) of saline into the bladder was very inefficient (voiding efficiency = 7.3% ± 0.9%). Pudendal nerve stimulation at 3 Hz applied during the slow infusion inhibited reflex bladder activity, and significantly increased bladder capacity to 147.2 ± 6.1% of its control capacity. When the 3-Hz stimulation was terminated, voiding rapidly occurred and the voiding efficiency was increased to 25.4 ± 6.1%, but residual bladder volume was not reduced. Pudendal nerve stimulation at 20 Hz induced large bladder contractions, but failed to induce voiding during the stimulation due to the direct activation of the motor pathway to the external urethral sphincter. However, intermittent pudendal nerve stimulation at 20 Hz induced post-stimulus voiding with 78.3 ± 12.1% voiding efficiency. The voiding pressures (39.3 ± 6.2 cmH2O) induced by the intermittent pudendal nerve stimulation were higher than the voiding pressures (23.1 ± 1.7 cmH2O) induced by bladder distension. The flow rate during post-stimulus voiding induced by the intermittent pudendal nerve stimulation was significantly higher (0.93 ± 0.04 ml/sec) than during voiding induced by bladder distension (0.23 ± 0.07 ml/sec). Conclusions This study indicates that a neural prosthetic device based on pudendal nerve stimulation might be developed to restore micturition function for people with SCI. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:570–577, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Combustion-resistance of silicon-based ceramics and composites at very high oxygen pressures

The resistance of ceramic matrix composites to combust at high oxygen pressures is expected to provide information in developing oxygen-rich propulsion systems. In contrast to metals, silicon based ceramics, SiC, Si3N4 and SiC-composites, have prevalently covalent bonding characteristics and their promoted combustion characteristics were different. These materials dissociate at very high temperatures rather than going through discrete solid—liquid phase transformation (melting). The silicon based ceramics and composites burn heterogeneously at very high oxygen pressures and the critical threshold pressure at which no test specimen sustains combustion correlated with composition, the nature of the bonding and the solubility of oxygen.
Lattice defects and surface properties of clean germanium

Abstract Photoelectric and oxygen adsorption properties of initially clean germanium surfaces were studied in an ultrahigh vacuum system. Photoelectric yield increases at higher photon energies were observed for surfaces which contained strains or defects. The effects of oxygen adsorption on the photoelectric yield and threshold were much smaller for ion bombardment damaged surfaces than for annealed ones. The effects of oxygen adsorption on evaporated germanium films atop the germanium crystal substrate were determined mainly by the surface condition of the substrate. When germanium was evaporated onto the clean germanium crystal substrate at room temperature, there was evidence of epitaxial growth for thickness equivalent to ten atomic layers.
Management of localized prostate cancer.

Background. Given the variable natural history of prostate cancer, prognostic parameters are needed to help guide treatment decisions in individual patients. In some series, analysis of DNA ploidy has correlated well with prognosis. This review was performed to determine whether flow cytometry could be used to help guide treatment decisions in patients with localized carcinoma of the prostate. Methods. Two hundred consecutive patients were observed for a minimum of 10 years after radical prostatectomy. Follow-up information was incomplete in 14 patients, leaving 186 for analysis. Clinically, there were 72% Stage B tumors and 28% Stage A. Results. Sixty percent of patients were alive with a minimum of 10 years of follow-up, and 47% apparently were tumor free. Twenty-two percent died of carcinoma of the prostate and 18% of other causes. The median time until death from prostate cancer was 6.5 years. Seventy-four percent of tumors were diploid on flow cytometry. Fifty-three percent of patients with diploid tumors survived 10 years without recurrence, whereas 20% died of carcinoma of the prostate. Aneuploid tumors were identified in 16% of the total group; 47% of these patients were alive at 10 years, whereas 24% had died of prostate cancer. Conclusions. Aneuploid tumors have a worse overall prognosis than diploid lesions. However, the correlation is not strong enough to allow treatment decisions on an individual patient basis. Analysis of DNA ploidy was no more accurate than Gleason histologic grading.
Determination of the amino acid residues required for the activity of the anti‐rhizobial peptide antibiotic trifolitoxin

Aims: The first aim was to determine those amino acid residues required for the biological activity of the potent peptide antibiotic, trifolitoxin (TFX). The second aim was to determine the concentrations of TFX1 and TFX2 that cause 50% inhibition of bacterial growth (Ki), the two predominant isomeric forms of TFX made by Rhizobium. Methods and Results: Site-directed mutagenesis of tfxA was used to produce strains that made mutant TFX peptides. The mutant tfxA genes were placed on a vector and inserted in Rhizobium leguminosarum b. trifolii Tn54A112, a tfxA mutant of strain T24 that lacks trifolitoxin activity. Our standard bioassay was used to assess the activity of these mutants. TFX1 and TFX2 were purified by reverse phase chromatography. Several concentrations of each peptide were assayed for biological activity to determine Ki. The unmodified TFX peptide (DIGGSRQGCVA) was synthesized and was found to lack any biological activity. Four of the 11 amino acid residues in ribosomally synthesized, post-translationally modified peptide were required for TFX activity. These required amino acids include arginine (R37), glutamine (Q38), glycine (G39) and cysteine (C40). S36T and S36Y mutants showed reduced TFX activity. The numbering system is based on the 42-amino acid TfxA peptide that is post-translationally modified to form the active TFX peptide. The Ki of TFX2 was determined to be 10-fold lower than TFX1. Conclusions: The post-translational modifications of the TfxA peptide are required for biological activity. TFX2 is far more active than TFX1. Significance and Impact of the Study: The sequence of the TfxA peptide appears to have been optimized for maximum activity through the course of evolution. Even conservative changes to any of the amino acid residues required for activity results in a complete loss of activity. The understanding of the action of this peptide is critical for its proposed action as a control agent for crown gall disease.
Disturbed sleep predicts hypnotic self-administration

Abstract Objectives : To evaluative whether polysomnographically determined sleep variables in a large group of subjects reflecting a wide range of sleep disturbance would be predictive of the self-administration of capsules before sleep. Methods : Sixty-four healthy men and women with and without insomnia (aged 21–55 years) were given an opportunity to self-administer placebo or triazolam (0.25 mg) capsules (single-choice method — available capsule or no capsule) before sleep in three separate studies. All qualified using the identical criteria based on a standard nocturnal polysomnogram. Screening sleep measures then were used to predict subsequent placebo and triazolam self-administration. Results : The percent of placebo and triazolam choices did not differ between or within the three studies. Persons with persistent psychophysiologic insomnia self-administered more capsules than persons with sleep state misperception or normals, with the subject groups not differing in placebo vs. active drug preference. Screening polysomnographic measures predicted percent of capsule choices. The single best predictor was the ratio of minutes of stage 3–4 sleep to minutes of wake plus stage 1 sleep with R =0.44. The addition of % stage 3–4 sleep, wake before sleep and total sleep time increased R to 0.49. On morning mood ratings less ability to concentrate and greater fatigue (Profile of Mood States) predicted percent of capsule choices with R =0.36. Conclusions : These results show that the extent of sleep disturbance predicts the likelihood of self-administering a capsule before sleep regardless of whether it is placebo or active drug.
Effects of Nonlethal Sea Lamprey Attack on the Blood Chemistry of Lake Trout

Abstract A laboratory study examined changes in the blood chemistry of field-caught and hatchery-reared lake trout Salvelinus namaycush subjected to a nonlethal attack by sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus. We measured glucose, total protein, amylase, alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase, calcium, magnesium, triglycerides, sodium, and potassium with a Kodak Ektachem DT60 Analyzer, Ektachem DTSC Module, and the DTE Module. Mean levels of total protein, AST, ALKP, hematocrit, calcium, magnesium, and sodium decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05), and mean levels of ALT and potassium increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) after sea lamprey feeding. Lake trout condition (K) and hematocrit levels also decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) after the sea lamprey attack. Frequency distributions of eight lake trout blood chemistry variables and the hematocrit were significantly different before and after a sea lamprey attack. A second study that used hatch...
Modelling fibrinolysis: 1D continuum models

Fibrinolysis is the enzymatic degradation of the fibrin mesh that stabilizes blood clots. Experiments have shown that coarse clots made of thick fibres sometimes lyse more quickly than fine clots made of thin fibres, despite the fact that individual thick fibres lyse more slowly than individual thin fibres. This paper aims at using a 1D continuum reaction–diffusion model of fibrinolysis to elucidate the mechanism by which coarse clots lyse more quickly than fine clots. Reaction–diffusion models have been the standard tool for investigating fibrinolysis, and have been successful in capturing the wave-like behaviour of lysis seen in experiments. These previous models treat the distribution of fibrin within a clot as homogeneous, and therefore cannot be used directly to study the lysis of fine and coarse clots. In our model, we include a spatially heterogeneous fibrin concentration, as well as a more accurate description of the role of fibrin as a cofactor in the activation of the lytic enzyme. Our model predicts spatio-temporal protein distributions in reasonable quantitative agreement with experimental data. The model also predicts observed behaviour such as a front of lysis moving through the clot with an accumulation of lytic proteins at the front. In spite of the model improvements, however, we find that 1D continuum models are unable to accurately describe the observed differences in lysis behaviour between fine and coarse clots. Features of the problems that lead to the inaccuracy of 1D continuum models are discussed. We conclude that higher-dimensional, multiscale models are required to investigate the effect of clot structure on lysis behaviour.
An empirical investigation of the relationship between institutional ownership and information technology

Investigates the relationship between the level of institutional ownership in a corporation and the magnitude of a company’s investment in information technology resources as measured by the relative information index (RITI) developed by the author in a previous paper. By studying 64 publicly held corporations in the USA, the statistical analysis revealed a strong relationship between the level of institutional ownership and the company’s RITI.
Immunization with an Isolate-Common Surface Protein Protects Cattle against Anaplasmosis

Hemoparasitic diseases are endemic in half the world's livestock production areas and are the greatest obstacle to improved meat, milk, and fiber production in the Third World. The most prevalent of these diseases, anaplasmosis, occurs throughout tropical and subtropical regions and is responsible for 50,000 to 100,000 cattle deaths annually in the United States alone. Despite its prevalence and the severity of the losses, an effective immunoprophylaxis for anaplasmosis has not been developed. A neutralization-sensitive epitope on a surface protein with a molecular weight of 105,000 (Am 105) of the causative rickettsia Anaplasma marginale was identified by monoclonal antibody inhibition of infectivity. This epitope was determined to be common to eight isolates with antigenic, morphologic, and protein structural differences. Cattle immunized with Am 105 purified by immunoaffinity chromatography were protected against challenge with virulent Anaplasma marginale. The identification of Am 105 as bearing isolate-common epitopes capable of inducing protection in immunized cattle provides the basis for the development of an effective subunit vaccine for bovine anaplasmosis.
A molecular dynamics simulation study of nanoparticle interactions in a model polymer-nanoparticle composite

Abstract Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed on a model polymer–nanoparticle composite (PNPC) consisting of spherical nanoparticles in a bead-spring polymer melt. The polymer-mediated effective interaction (potential of mean force) between nanoparticles was determined as a function of polymer molecular weight and strength of the polymer–nanoparticle interaction. For all polymer–nanoparticle interactions and polymer molecular weights investigated the range of the matrix-induced interaction was greater than the direct nanoparticle–nanoparticle interaction employed in the simulations. When the polymer–nanoparticle interactions were relatively weak the polymer matrix promoted nanoparticle aggregation, an effect that increased with polymer molecular weight. Increasingly attractive nanoparticle–polymer interactions led to strong adsorption of the polymer chains on the surface of the nanoparticles and promoted dispersion of the nanoparticles. For PNPCs with strongly adsorbed chains the matrix-induced interaction between nanoparticles reflected the structure (layering) imposed on the melt by the nanoparticle surface and was independent of polymer molecular weight. The nanoparticle second virial coefficient obtained from the potential of mean force was utilized as an indicator of dispersion or aggregation of the particles in the PNPC, and was found to be in qualitative agreement with the aggregation properties obtained from simulations of selected PNPCs with multiple nanoparticles.
Adjuvants in pediatric regional anesthesia

SUMMARY Local anesthetics have a limited duration of action. Adjuvants are used to prolong the duration of action and to augment analgesia allowing lower concentrations of local anesthetic to be used. Adjuvants have been used more extensively with neuraxial blocks, particularly caudal epidural blocks, but more recently to supplement peripheral nerve blocks. Intrathecal adjuvants are not covered in this review since spinal anesthesia is not widely used in children except in ex-premature infants. Morphine is the historical gold-standard with which other adjuvants are compared. Clonidine is most useful and is becoming increasingly popular, while the side-effect profile of other agents reduces their utility. Concerns with regard to the neurotoxicity of ketamine in animal models has led to its withdrawal in some countries.
The engineering of organized human corneal tissue through the spatial guidance of corneal stromal stem cells

Corneal stroma is an avascular connective tissue characterized by layers of highly organized parallel collagen fibrils, mono-disperse in diameter with uniform local interfibrillar spacing. Reproducing this level of structure on a nano- and micro-scale may be essential to engineer corneal tissue with strength and transparency similar to that of native cornea. A substrate of aligned poly(ester urethane) urea (PEUU) fibers, 165 ± 55 nm in diameter, induced alignment of cultured human corneal stromal stem cells (hCSSCs) which elaborated a dense collagenous matrix, 8-10 μm in thickness, deposited on the PEUU substratum. This matrix contained collagen fibrils with uniform diameter and regular interfibrillar spacing, exhibiting global parallel alignment similar to that of native stroma. The cells expressed high levels of gene products unique to keratocytes. hCSSCs cultured on PEUU fibers of random orientation or on a cast film of PEUU also differentiated to keratocytes and produced abundant matrix, but lacked matrix organization. These results demonstrate the importance of topographic cues in instructing organization of the transparent connective tissue of the corneal stroma by differentiated keratocytes. This important information will help with design of biomaterials for a bottom-up strategy to bioengineer spatially complex, collagen-based nano-structured constructs for corneal repair and regeneration.
A Comparison of the Linear and Nonlinear k–ε Turbulence Models in Combustors

In swirling turbulent flows, the structure of turbulence is nonhomogeneous and anisotropic and it has been observed that the assumptions leading to the formulation of the [kappa]-[epsilon] model, which is used very often in many engineering applications, are inadequate for highly swirling flows. Furthermore, even with the various modifications made to the [kappa]-[epsilon] model, it is still not capable of describing secondary flows in noncircular ducts and it cannot predict non-zero normal-Reynolds-stress differences. Recently Speziale (1987) has developed a nonlinar [kappa]-[epsilon] model, which extends the range of validity of the standard [kappa]-[epsilon] model while maintaining most of the interesting features of the [kappa]-[epsilon] model; for example, the ease of application in existing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes. In this work, the authors will use the nonlinear [kappa]-[epsilon] closure to model the turbulence in combustors. The particular combustor geometries selected for this study are (1) the flow in a round pipe entering an expansion into another coaxial round pipe, and (2) the flow in two confined co-axial swirling jets. The results show that there are no significant differences in the performance of the two models. It is speculated that the inlet conditions for [kappa] and [epsilon] may play as crucial amore » role in achieving predicted accuracy as turbulence modeling details. Also it is possible that weaknesses in the performance of the modeled equations for [kappa] and [epsilon] may have masked differences in the two models.« less
Iron Increases APP Translation and Amyloid-Beta Production in the Retina

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness among older adults in developed countries, and retinal iron accumulation may exacerbate the disease. Iron can upregulate the production of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Since amyloid-β (Aβ), a byproduct of APP proteolysis, is found in drusen, the histopathological hallmark of AMD, we tested the role of iron in regulating APP and Aβ levels in the retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19. We found that treatment with ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) increases APP at the translational level. FAC treatment also results in increased generation of APP C-terminal fragments C83 and C99, the products of APP proteolysis by α- and β-secretase, respectively, as well as levels of Aβ42, a highly aggregative amyloid species. Additionally, retinal tissue sections from a patient with aceruloplasminemia, a disease causing iron overload in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), showed increased Aβ deposition in the RPE and drusen. Overall, our results suggest that RPE iron overload could contribute to Aβ accumulation in the retina.
Molecular beam epitaxial growth and magnetic properties of Co-Pt superlattices oriented along the [001], [110] and [111] axes of Pt

Abstract The magnetic and structural properties of epitaxial Co/Pt superlattices, oriented along the [001], [110] and [111] directions of Pt, are presented. We find that the magnetic properties of the superlattices are reproducible and distinctly different for the different orientations. For structures with 3.2A Co/16.7A Pt, the easy axis of magnetization is perpendicular to the film plane for growth along Pt[111] but in the film plane for growth along [001]. The [110] oriented superlattices have intermediate behaviour. X-ray and TEM analysis of the superlattices reveals significant differences in interface quality and defect structure for the different orientations. These effects may play a more important role in the origin of magnetic anisotropy than previously assumed.
Kinetic trapping of host–guest complexes in a polymeric matrix

Diaminotriazine–flavin host–guest complexes are kinetically trapped in spin-cast polystyrene films.
Estimation of neutron radiation damage from actinide decay and fission in the Hanford waste tanks

Abstract The absolute neutron flux in a Hanford Site waste tank at Richland, Washington, was estimated to ascertain if significant radiation damage had occurred in the steel wall of the tank. The tank contains actinides of various species and other radioactive material in various concentrations in approximately 1 million gallons of waste sludge. A conservative estimate of the neutron sources from the spontaneous fission and (α, n) reactions resulting from the decay of the actinides was made using the SOURCES code. This neutron source was used in a neutron transport calculation to determine the multiplication resulting from actinide fission and the subsequent neutron fluxes. The radiation fluence, hydrogen production, helium production, and displacements per atom in the steel walls were calculated using the absolute neutron fluxes. The results show that the fluxes are so small that the radiation damage should be insignificant.
Single-center study of interrater agreement in the identification of central line–associated bloodstream infection

Background Interrater reliability of central line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) determination has not been well studied. The present study evaluated interrater reliability between infection preventionists (IPs) for CLABSI- and other bloodstream infection (BSI)-related factors and examined whether any nurse characteristics are associated with interrater reliability. Methods A total of 165 blood cultures were reviewed by 2 IPs assigned at random. Reliability outcomes were CLABSI, infection type (hospital- or community-acquired), presence of a central line, primary versus secondary BSI, secondary source of BSI, and IP-determined source of BSI (primary, secondary, or indeterminate). Kappa coefficients were calculated. Logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between IP characteristics and agreement on diagnosis of CLABSI. Results CLABSI agreement was moderate in IP pairs (κ = 0.562 ± 0.080) and not associated with IP characteristics. After controlling for IP characteristics associated with secondary outcomes, agreement regarding secondary source was more likely in pairs with a larger absolute difference in years employed (P = .013), and agreement regarding infection source was more likely in pairs with larger differences in years employed and duration of certification (P = .025). Conclusions The rate of IP agreement regarding CLABSI was moderate and not associated with IP characteristics, reflecting adequate training. Education and reassessment of definitions may promote higher rates of agreement between IPs.
Alteration of Human Leukocyte Chernotaxis, Chemiluminescence, and HMP Shunt Activity Caused By Mechanical Trauma

The effect of graded shear stress exposure (0 to 800 dynes/cm2 at 35°C) on human leukocyte function was examined in vitro, using a concentric cylinder viscometer. Boyden Chamber chemotaxis was significantly reduced at stress levels above 150 dynes/cm2, and was over a factor of three lower after exposure to trauma levels of 450 dynes/cm2 Hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt activity following particle ingestion was also significantly lower after exposure to shear stresses of 150 dynes/cm2 or more for ten minutes. PMN chemiluminescence was reduced following stress trauma of 450 dynes/cm2 using whole blood, and after 150 dynes/cm2 using leukocyte suspensions. All the functional alterations reported appear to be bulk shear stress effects and not due to surface interaction, as changing the surface-to-volume ratio in the viscometer by over a factor of three did not change the damage caused at a given stress level. These functional alterations caused by mechanical trauma may be important in hemodialysis, cardiopulmonary bypass, venovenous perfu-sion, and in any blood-contacting artificial organ. The stress levels required for damage are of the same order as those required for platelet functional alteration, and much lower than those required for erythrocyte hemolysis for the same exposure times.
The motion of a closely-fitting sphere in a fluid-filled tube

Abstract Singular perturbation techniques are used to investigate the slow, asymmetric flow around a sphere positioned eccentrically within a long, circular, cylindrical tube filled with viscous fluid. The results apply to situations in which the sphere occupies virtually the entire cross section of the cylinder, so that the clearance between the particle and tube wall is everywhere small compared with both the sphere and tube radii. The technique is an improvement over conventional “lubrication-theory” analyses. Asymptotic expansions, valid for small dimensionless clearances, are obtained for the hydrodynamic force, torque and pressure drop for flow past a stationary sphere, as well as for the case of a sphere translating or rotating in an otherwise quiescent fluid. These expansions are employed to predict the macroscopic behavior of both a neutrally-buoyant sphere suspended in a Poiseuille flow, and a sedimenting sphere in a vertical tube. The results find application in capillary blood flow, pipeline transport of encapsulated materials, and falling-ball viscometers.
Efficient formation of uniform-sized embryoid bodies using a compartmentalized microchannel device

The formation of spherical aggregates of cells called embryoid bodies (EBs) is an indispensable step in many protocols in which embryonic stem (ES) cells are differentiated to other cell types. Appropriate morphology and embryo size are critical for the sequential developmental stages of naturally conceived embryos. Likewise, regulating the size of EBs and the timing of their formation is crucial for controlling the differentiation of ES cells within the EB. Existing methods of formation of EBs, however, are tedious or provide heterogeneously-sized EBs. Here we describe a microfluidic system for straightforward synchronized formation of uniform-sized EBs, the size of which can be controlled by changing the cross-sectional size of microchannels in the microfluidic device. The device consists of two microchannels separated by a semi-porous polycarbonate membrane treated to be resistant to cell adhesion. ES cells introduced into the upper channel self-aggregate to form uniformly-sized EBs. The semi-porous membrane also allows subsequent treatment of the non-attached EBs with different reagents from the lower channel without the need for wash out because of the compartmentalization afforded by the membrane. This method provides a simple yet robust means to control the formation of EBs and the subsequent differentiation of ES cells in a format compatible for ES cell processing on a chip.
Semantic Resolution for Horn Sets

A new resolution strategy for Horn sets of clauses, each clause of which contains no more-than one positive literal, is presented which requires that in each resolution either one ancestor be a false positive unit or that one ancestor and the resolvent both be false. This strategy emphasizes "relevant" positive units while controlling the explosive nonunit resolution. Some properties of interpretations for Horn sets are reviewed and used to significantly reduce the computation and storage required to implement semantic resolution for Horn sets.
Risk factors for trigger finger occurrence after carpal tunnel release

Carpal tunnel syndrome and trigger finger (TF) are common ailments managed by hand surgeons, but it is unclear whether these conditions are related. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are risk factors for the new-onset of TF after carpal tunnel release (CTR). A retrospective chart review was performed on 792 CTR surgeries and multiple variables were compared between patients who did and did not develop TF after CTR. The incidence of new-onset TF after CTR was 6.3%. Multivariate regression analysis showed that osteoarthritis and undergoing an endoscopic procedure were the only two independent risk factors. Based on these results, we recommend that for endoscopic CTR, the higher incidence of TF should be discussed preoperatively as a potential sequelae. Further, patients with osteoarthritis should be informed of their greater risk of developing TF postoperatively and should be monitored closely for expeditious detection and management of new-onset TF.
Nonlinear Meissner effect in CuO superconductors

Recent theories of the NMR in the CuO superconductors are based on a spin-singlet ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{x}}^{2}$-${\mathit{y}}^{2}$ order parameter. Since this state has nodal lines on the Fermi surface, nonlinear effects associated with low-energy quasiparticles become important, particularly at low temperatures. We show that the field dependence of the supercurrent, below the nucleation field for vortices, can be used to locate the positions of the nodal lines of an unconventional gap in momentum space, and hence test the proposed ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{x}}^{2}$-${\mathit{y}}^{2}$ state.
Image Quality MRI Scans: Comparing Sedated and Nonsedated Pediatric Patients

Objective The goal of this study was to determine whether the absence of sedation significantly affects the diagnostic quality of MRI studies or results in significantly increased scanning times due to the need for repeat imaging. Methods A retrospective study of nonsedated and sedated children imaged during 2004. The study radiologist assessed image quality. Results Nonsedated children on an average had 2 min shorter scanned time, however, nonsedated children had 50% more repeated sequences than the sedated children. Conclusion This study demonstrates that with adequate presedation evaluation, children can receive quality MRIs regardless of sedation status. No differences were found in the overall evaluation of the scans.
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor prevents loss of spermatogenesis after sterilizing busulfan chemotherapy

Objective To determine whether granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) could prevent loss of spermatogenesis induced by busulfan chemotherapy via protection of undifferentiated spermatogonia, which might serve as an adjuvant approach to preserving male fertility among cancer patients. Design Laboratory animal study. Setting University. Animal(s) Laboratory mice. Intervention(s) Five-week-old mice were treated with a sterilizing busulfan dose and with 7 days of G-CSF or vehicle treatment and evaluated 10 weeks later (experiment 1) or 24 hours after treatment (experiment 2). Main Outcome Measure(s) Experiment 1: testis weights, epididymal sperm counts, testis histology. Experiment 2: PLZF immunofluorescent costaining with apoptotic markers. Molecular analysis of G-CSF receptor expression in undifferentiated spermatogonia. Result(s) Ten weeks after treatment, busulfan-treated mice that also received treatment with G-CSF exhibited significantly better recovery of spermatogenesis and epididymal sperm counts than animals receiving busulfan alone. G-CSF led to increased numbers of PLZF+ spermatogonia 24 hours after treatment that was not accompanied by changes in apoptosis. To address the cellular target of G-CSF, mRNA for the G-CSF receptor, Csf3r , was found in adult mouse testes and cultured THY1+ (undifferentiated) spermatogonia, and cell-surface localized CSF3R was observed on 3% of cultured THY1+ spermatogonia. Conclusion(s) These results demonstrate that G-CSF protects spermatogenesis from gonadotoxic insult (busulfan) in rodents, and this may occur via direct action on CSF3R+ undifferentiated spermatogonia. G-CSF treatment might be an effective adjuvant therapy to preserve male fertility in cancer patients receiving sterilizing treatments.
Minerals and Energy--Their Economic Impact on a Region: ABSTRACT

A knowledge of the interrelations of the mineral and energy industry with the total national or regional economy is critical for formulation of fuels and minerals policies. The scope of the Colorado mineral industry starts with raw natural resources, their discovery by exploratory effort, and their production by extraction industries. These materials enter the mineral processing industries to yield energy and processed materials of mineral origin. Traditional measurements of the mineral industry's contribution to the economy are based on the U.S. Bureau of Mines' tabulation of production at the mineral raw-material stage. However, the commonly accepted view of the mineral industry's contribution is much broader in scope. The particular industry parameters assessed in this study are the amount of investment, level of employment, quantity and End_Page 799------------------------------ value of mineral commodities produced, and the magnitude of state and local taxes. The quantity and value of the flows of mineral materials into and out of the state are measured and their impact assessed in this study. The study for the State of Colorado can be visualized as a prototype of a large-scale study of a region or the entire United States. The use of data obtained by a comprehensive study of mineral commodity flows will allow formulation of a systems approach to the mineral and energy policy. End_of_Article - Last_Page 800------------
The Bimodal Perception of Speech in Infancy

Infants 18 to 20 weeks old recognize the correspondence between auditorially and visually presented speech sounds, and the spectral information contained in the sounds is critical to the detection of these correspondences. Some infants imitated the sounds presented during the experiment. Both the ability to detect auditory-visual correspondences and the tendency to imitate may reflect the infant's knowledge of the relationship between audition and articulation.
Preparation of several polypyrazolylborato compounds. Structures of two phenyltrispyrazolylborato complexes

Abstract Several polypyrazolylborato compounds have been prepared. The structures of (phenyltrispyrazolylborato)(allyl)dicarbonylmolybdenum and (phenyltrispyrazolylborato) (cycloheptatriene)dicarbonylmolybdenum are described here. In both cases, the molybdenum atom is surrounded by an allyl, two carbonyl and three pyrazolyl groups. This provides the metal atom with a stable 18 electron configuration in contrast to a case where a similar arrangements of groups about the boron atom was used, namely, two phenyl and two pyrazolyl groups where the metal atom was left with a 16-electron configuration in its valence orbitals. The crystallographic data for (η 3 -C 3 H 5 )Mo(CO) 2 pz 3 BPh (pz = 1-pyrazolyl, Ph = phenyl) are space group P 1 , a = 10.021(2) A , b = 13.020(3) A , c = 8.546(3) A , α = 95.70(2)°, β = 107.42(2)°, γ = 104.05(2)°, V =1014.0(5) A 3 , and Z = 2 and those for (η 3 -C 7 H 7 )Mo(CO) 2 pz 3 BPH are space group P 1 , a = 9.331(4) A , b = 10.459(3) A , c = 12.923(4) A , α = 104.97(2)°, β = 101.11(3)°, η = 98.15(3)°, V = 1170.9(7) A 3 , and Z = 2.
Program representations for testing wireless sensor network applications

Because of the growing complexity of wireless sensor network applications (WSNs), traditional software development tools are being developed that are specifically designed for their special characteristics. However, testing tools have yet to be proposed. One problem in developing testing tools is the need for a program representation that expresses the execution behavior. Due to characteristics of WSN applications that use a concurrent, event-based execution model, a representation is challenging to develop. In this paper, we present novel representations for WSNs applications that express the execution behavior of event and tasks, the major components of a WSN application. Our representations include a task posting graph, an event graph and finally an application graph that expresses the relationships among events and tasks as well as both timing and environmental interrupts. These representations are the first step in developing testing tools for WSN applications. Based on the graphs, traditional and event-based coverage criteria can be evaluated. When combined with individual Control Flow Graphs(CFGs) of events and tasks, the graphs' paths can be used as a criterion for evaluating the completeness of the test cases.
Multics: the first seven years

In 1964, following implementation of the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) serious planning began on the development of a new computer system specifically organized as a prototype of a computer utility. The plans and aspirations for this system, called Multics (for Multiplexed Information and Computing Service), were described in a set of six papers presented at the 1965 Fall Joint Computer Conference. The development of the system was undertaken as a cooperative effort involving the Bell Telephone Laboratories (from 1965 to 1969), the computer department of the General Electric Company, and Project MAC of M.I.T.
Conversational Memory The Effects of Time, Recall, Mode, and Memory Expectancies on Remembrances of Natural Conversations

Participants took part in a two-stage investigation examining the changes in memory for conversation over time. The impact of memory expectancy and mode of recall were also examined. Participants could recall only about 10% of their conversations immediately after the conversations. One month later this figure had dropped to 4%. Examination of recall protocols revealed that after a one month delay, participants recalled less content and reported more descriptive statements, made more inferences, and were less accurate than when they had recalled immediately. In addition, expectancies about memory and mode used to report recollections affected the amount and type of information reported. Finally, participants recalled more of their partner's contributions to the conversations than their own contributions.
Stability Analysis of Explicit Congestion Control Protocols

In the context of explicit congestion control protocols like XCP and RCP where the equilibrium queue lengths are zero, we show that the stability region derived from traditional Nyquist analysis is not an accurate representation of the actual stability region, and that the use of switched linear system models with time delay and new Lyapunov tools can provide sound sufficient stability conditions.
An optimal buffer management policy for high-performance packet switching

An imbalanced traffic model is presented, and the performance of completely shared buffering and output queuing under imbalanced traffic is studied. It is found that shared buffering does not perform as well as than output queuing under this traffic condition. A buffer management policy, called drop on demand, is proposed which yields a greater switch throughput and lower packet loss probability than previously proposed policies for all input traffic rates. The optimal buffer management policy is studied for a class of dynamic allocation schemes with packet purging action. It is found that there exists an optimal stationary policy which can be obtained by solving a linear programming problem. >
Tropical Forest Restoration: Tree Islands As Recruitment Foci In Degraded Lands Of Honduras

Tropical forest recovery in pastures is slowed by a number of biotic and abiotic factors, including a lack of adequate seed dispersal and harsh microclimatic extremes. Accordingly, methods to accelerate forest recovery must address multiple impediments. Here, we evaluated the ability of "tree islands" to serve as "recruitment foci" in a two-year study at three sites in northern Honduras. Islands of three sizes (64, 16, and 4 m2) and at two distances to secondary forest (20 and 50 m) were created by planting 2 m tall vegetative stakes of two native species: Gliricidia sepium (Fabaceae) and Bursera simaruba (Burseraceae), each in monoculture. Open-pasture "islands" of equal sizes served as controls. Tree islands reduced temperature and light (PAR) extremes as compared to open pasture, creating a microenviron- ment more favorable to seedling establishment. Seed-dispersing birds (quantified at one site only) showed an overwhelming preference for islands; 160 visits were recorded to islands compared with one visit to open pasture. Additionally, frugivores visited large islands more often, and for longer time periods, than small islands, thereby increasing the likelihood of a dispersal event there. In total, 144 140 seeds belonging to 186 species were collected in islands; more than 80% were grasses. Tree islands increased zoochorous tree seed rain; seed density and species richness were greater in tree islands than in open pasture, and large islands had greater seed density than smaller islands (Gliricidia only), suggesting that they are more effective for restoration. Distance to forest did not affect seed rain. A total of 543 seedlings and 41 species established in islands; >85% were zoochorous. Seedling density did not differ among treatments (mean 0.2 seedlings/m2 for islands vs. 0.1 seedlings/m2 for pasture), although an increasing trend in tree islands over the course of two years suggests that seedling recruitment is accelerated there. Lastly, similar seedling densities were censused in the 1 m perimeter surrounding islands, suggesting that islands can expand outward into pasture. Planting vegetative stakes to create tree islands in pastures accelerates forest recovery by overcoming a number of impediments, and presents a simple, broadly applicable alternative for facilitating forest regeneration in abandoned pastures.
Participatio Christi: H. R. Mackintosh's theology of the unio mystica

The concept of unio mystica stands out of the more distinctive aspects of H.R. Mackintosh's theological work. Generally regarded as one of the leading English-speaking theologians of the first third of this century, Mackintosh and his innovative insights have since fallen into comparative neglect. Interestingly, the concept of the unio mystica seldom appeared as a theme on its own, apart from his programmatic article ‘The Unio Mystica as a Theological Conception’ (1909). Rather it served as a leitmotif which recurred at important points in his christology and soteriology. This essay will survey the meaning and importance Mackintosh gave to the unio mystica, and the various ways the concept functioned in his theology. Hence the first part will reconstruct his understanding of union with Christ, while the second part will examine three main applications of the concept: participatory christology, justification, and the Christian life. We will also explore some of the potential the concept may have for contemporary theology in a few concluding remarks.
Traditional Korean medicine in the modernization process: institutional and attitudinal changes

Hong, Seung-Pyo.1989.Traditional Korean medicine in the modernization process,Articles,Ames, U.S.Iowa State University,177
Insights from a Paradigm Shift: How the Poly(A)-Binding Protein Brings Translating mRNAs Full Circle

In recent years, our thinking of how the initiation of protein synthesis occurs has changed dramatically. Initiation was thought to involve only events occurring at or near the 5′-cap structure, which serves as the binding site for the cap-binding complex, a group of translation initiation factors (eIFs) that facilitate the binding of the 40 S ribosomal subunit to an mRNA. Because the poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) binds the poly(A) tail present at the 3′-terminus of an mRNA, it was long thought to play no role in translation initiation. In this review, I present evidence from my laboratory that has contributed to the paradigm shift in how we think of mRNAs during translation. The depiction of mRNAs as straight molecules in which the poly(A) tail is far from events occurring at the 5′-end has now been replaced by the concept of a circular mRNA where the interaction between PABP and the cap-binding complex bridges the termini of an mRNA and promotes translation initiation. The research from my laboratory supports the new paradigm that translation of most mRNAs requires a functional and physical interaction between the termini of an mRNA.