cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forecasting sleep apnea with dynamic network models

Dynamic network models (DNMs) are belief networks for temporal reasoning. The DNM methodology combines techniques from time-series analysis and probabilistic reasoning to provide (1) a knowledge representation that integrates noncontemporaneous and contemporaneous dependencies and (2) methods for iteratively refining these dependencies in response to the effects of exogenous influences. We use belief-network inference algorithms to perform forecasting, control, and discrete-event simulation on DNMs. The belief-network formulation allows us to move beyond the traditional assumptions of linearity in the relationships among time-dependent variables and of normality in their probability distributions. We demonstrate the DNM methodology on an important forecasting problem in medicine. We conclude with a discussion of how the methodology addresses several limitations found in traditional time-series analyses.
Impact of FDA Actions, DTCA, and Public Information on the Market for Pain Medication

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most important classes of prescription drugs used by primary care physicians to manage pain. The NSAID class of products has a somewhat controversial history, around which a complex regulatory and informational environment has developed. This history includes a boxed warning mandated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for all NSAIDs in 2005. We investigate the impact that various information shocks have had on the use of prescription medications for pain in primary care in the USA. We accomplish this by extracting data on nearly 600,000 patients from a unique nationwide electronic medical record database and estimate the probability of any active prescription for the four types of pain medications as a function of FDA actions, advertising, media coverage, and patient characteristics. We find that even after accounting for multiple sources of information, the FDA label changes and boxed warnings had a significant effect on pain medication prescribing. The boxed warning did not have the same impact on the use of all NSAID inhibitors. We find that the boxed warning reduced the use of NSAID COX-2 inhibitor use, which was the focus of much of the press attention. In contrast, however, the warning actually increased the use of non-COX-2 NSAID inhibitors. Thus, the efficacy of the FDA's black box warning is clearly mixed.
Lawyers are counselors, too: Social workers can train lawyers to more effectively counsel clients

Attorneys new to practice often find themselves completely unprepared to assist emotionally distraught clients. Traditional law school curricula do not mandate coursework on how to interview clients or how to involve clients in the representation plan. The knowledge, values, and skills taught in schools of social work can be useful tools to address many common challenges faced by lawyers. The authors argue for transdisciplinary education in which social work educators teach courses in law schools. Systems theory, cultural competence, and the strengths perspective are used as examples of practice approaches that could greatly enhance the services provided to clients seeking legal services.
A bunch killer for the NSLS X-ray electron storage ring

In the NSLS X-ray electron storage ring, which operates at a harmonic number of 30, the beam may be stored in many different bunch patterns. The minimum spacing between bunches is approximately 19 nsec. While most of the experimenters are primarily interested in photon flux, some experiments are sensitive to bunch spacing. Time resolved nuclear resonance scattering experiments, for example, need pulses of X-rays spaced of the order of 100 nsec apart and a very low noise floor (10/sup -6/) between pulses. Perhaps even more important than the level of the background is that it be reproducible and homogeneous in time. It has been found in practice that a small number of electrons always get trapped in the "empty" rf buckets during injection into the storage ring and remain as low level stray bunches. These extra bunches produce an unacceptable temporally localized, nonreproducible background which is difficult if not impossible to correct for. A "bunch killer" system based on the rf knockout technique has been developed and installed on the ring to remove the unwanted bunches. We describe the operation of this system and present experimental results to illustrate its effectiveness. >
A search for rotating radio transients and fast radio bursts in the Parkes high-latitude pulsar survey

Discoveries of rotating radio transients and fast radio bursts (FRBs) in pulsar surveys suggest that more of such transient sources await discovery in archival data sets. Here we report on a single-pulse search for dispersed radio bursts over a wide range of Galactic latitudes (|b| < $60^{\circ}$) in data previously searched for periodic sources by Burgay et al. We re-detected 20 of the 42 pulsars reported by Burgay et al. and one rotating radio transient reported by Burke-Spolaor. No FRBs were discovered in this survey. Taking into account this result, and other recent surveys at Parkes, we corrected for detection sensitivities based on the search software used in the analyses and the different backends used in these surveys and find that the all-sky FRB event rate for sources with a fluence above 4.0 Jy ms at 1.4 GHz to be ${\cal R} = 4.4^{+5.2}_{-3.1} \times 10^3$ FRBs day$^{-1}$ sky$^{-1}$, where the uncertainties represent a $99\%$ confidence interval. While this rate is lower than inferred from previous studies, as we demonstrate, this combined event rate is consistent with the results of all systematic FRB searches at Parkes to date and does not require the need to postulate a dearth of FRBs at intermediate latitudes.
Reconciling Saliency and Object Center-Bias Hypotheses in Explaining Free-Viewing Fixations

Predicting where people look in natural scenes has attracted a lot of interest in computer vision and computational neuroscience over the past two decades. Two seemingly contrasting categories of cues have been proposed to influence where people look: 1) low-level image saliency and 2) high-level semantic information. Our first contribution is to take a detailed look at these cues to confirm the hypothesis proposed by Henderson and Nuthmann and Henderson that observers tend to look at the center of objects. We analyzed fixation data for scene free-viewing over 17 observers on 60 object-annotated images with various types of objects. Images contained different types of scenes, such as natural scenes, line drawings, and 3-D rendered scenes. Our second contribution is to propose a simple combined model of low-level saliency and object center bias that outperforms each individual component significantly over our data, as well as on the Object and Semantic Images and Eye-tracking data set by Xu et al. The results reconcile saliency with object center-bias hypotheses and highlight that both types of cues are important in guiding fixations. Our work opens new directions to understand strategies that humans use in observing scenes and objects, and demonstrates the construction of combined models of low-level saliency and high-level object-based information.
Electromagnetic Corrections in Staggered Chiral Perturbation Theory

To reduce errors in light-quark mass determinations, it is now necessary to consider electromagnetic contributions to light-meson masses. Calculations using staggered quarks and quenched photons are currently underway. Suitably-extended chiral perturbation theory is necessary to extrapolate the lattice data to the physical limit. Here we give (preliminary) results for light-meson masses using staggered chiral perturbation theory including electromagnetism, and discuss the extent to which quenched-photon simulations can improve quark-mass calculations.
Implications of the eccentric Kozai–Lidov mechanism for stars surrounding supermassive black hole binaries

© 2015 The Authors. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. An enhanced rate of stellar tidal disruption events (TDEs) may be an important characteristic of supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries at close separations. Here, we study the evolution of the distribution of stars around an SMBH binary due to the eccentric Kozai-Lidov (EKL) mechanism, including octupole effects and apsidal precession caused by the stellar mass distribution and general relativity. We identify a region around one of the SMBHs in the binary where the EKL mechanism drives stars to high eccentricities, which ultimately causes the stars to either scatter off the second SMBH or get disrupted. For SMBH masses 107 and 108 M⊙, the TDE rate can reach ~10-2 yr-1 and deplete a region of the stellar cusp around the secondary SMBH in ~0.5 Myr. As a result, the final geometry of the stellar distribution between 0.01 and 0.1 pc around the secondary SMBH is a torus. These effects may be even more prominent in nuclear stellar clusters hosting a supermassive and an intermediate mass black hole.
Gonorrhea and syphilis in incarcerated urban adolescents: prevalence and physical signs.

During a 1-year period from July 1983 to June 1984, 285 adolescent girls and 2,236 adolescent boys, ranging in age from 9 to 18 years (89% were 14 to 16 years of age), were screened for gonorrhea and syphilis on entry into a detention facility in New York City. The prevalence rate for gonorrhea was 3% for boys and 18.3% for girls, and the prevalence rate for syphilis was 0.63% for boys and 2.5% for girls. The rates of gonorrhea without penile or cervical discharge on physical examination were 2.1% for boys and 10.9% for girls. This high prevalence of syphilis and gonorrhea and the high frequency of disease without physical signs of illness indicate the desirability of screening high-risk adolescents for these and other sexually transmitted diseases. Our data support the need for programs in detention facilities and, we believe, schools, to encourage use of barrier contraceptives to control gonorrhea, syphilis, Chiamydia, human papillomavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, and unwanted pregnancy.
Cooper pair turbulence in atomic Fermi gases

We investigate under what conditions a uniform quench of a superfluid atomic Fermi gas leads to the emergence of spatial inhomogeneities. We demonstrate that, if the system is larger than the coherence length, the superfluid order parameter becomes spatially nonuniform. Spatial modulations develop through a parametric excitations of pairing modes with opposite momenta. Their growth is eventually suppressed by nonlinear effects resulting in a state characterized by a random superposition of wave packets of the superfluid order parameter. This state can be probed by measuring the molecular momentum distribution following a fast sweep to the BEC side of the Feshbach resonance.
Turbulence structure in rough- and smooth-wall boundary layers

Turbulence measurements for rough-wall boundary layers are presented and compared to those for a smooth wall. The rough-wall experiments were made on a woven mesh surface at Reynolds numbers approximately equal to those for the smooth wall. Fully rough conditions were achieved. The present work focuses on turbulence structure, as documented through spectra of the fluctuating velocity components, swirl strength, and two-point auto- and cross-correlations of the fluctuating velocity and swirl. The present results are in good agreement, both qualitatively and quantitatively, with the turbulence structure for smooth-wall boundary layers documented in the literature. The boundary layer is characterized by packets of hairpin vortices which induce low-speed regions with regular spanwise spacing. The same types of structure are observed for the rough- and smooth-wall flows. When the measured quantities are normalized using outer variables, some differences are observed, but quantitative similarity, in large part, holds. The present results support and help to explain the previously documented outer-region similarity in turbulence statistics between smooth- and rough-wall boundary layers.
A Brief Compendium of Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory

Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) is a formally exact approach to the time-dependent electronic many-body problem which is widely used for calculating excitation energies. We present a survey of the fundamental framework, practical aspects, and applications of TDDFT. This paper is mainly intended for nonexperts (students or researchers in other areas) who would like to learn about the present state of TDDFT without going too deeply into formal details.
The development of process control software

The use of on-line, real-time computers for control of industrial processes has been increasing rapidly during the past ten years. That the cost of the software necessary to implement such systems exceeds even the hardware costs became clear in the initial installations. As a consequence, much effort was devoted to the development of efficient, economical software and software approaches for use in industrial process control applications. During the past five years, there has emerged from these efforts the realization that process control software is different from software for large scale batch processing, time-sharing, message switching, or any other computer applications. It contains its own requirements and problems and leads to a distinct set of solutions. Moreover, this difference is due to more than the size of the computers involved in industrial process control. The objective of this paper is not to catalog the significant features of various software systems in existence today for this has been done very well in a number of recent survey papers. Rather, the objective is to describe the basic structure of current industrial process control software, emphasizing the unique structure of that software, how it evolved, and its current points of controversy and problems.
Trilogy: discovery of sequence-structure patterns across diverse proteins

We describe a new computer program, Trilogy, for the automated discovery of sequence-structure patterns in proteins. Trilogy implements a pattern discovery algorithm that begins with an exhaustive analysis of flexible three-residue patterns; a subset of these patterns are selected as seeds for an extension process in which longer patterns are identified. A key feature of the method is explicit treatment of both the sequence and structure components of these motifs: each Trilogy pattern is a pair consisting of a sequence pattern and a structure pattern. Matches to both these component patterns are identified independently, allowing the program to assign a significance score to each sequence-structure pattern that assesses the degree of correlation between the corresponding sequence and structure motifs. Trilogy identifies several thousand high-scoring patterns that occur across protein families. These include both previously identified and novel motifs. We expect that these sequence-structure patterns will be useful in predicting protein structure from sequence, annotating newly determined protein structures, and identifying novel motifs of potential functional or structural significance.
PERCUTANEOUS HEMODYNAMIC SUPPORT FOR CARDIOGENIC SHOCK PRIOR TO LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE PLACEMENT

methods: From 2003 to 2012 we implanted 254 continuous-flow LVADs. From this group we identified a subset of 43 patients with critical cardiogenic shock refractory to inotrope therapy. These patients had previously been classified as Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS) profile 1. Shock patients were then grouped by the presence of a preoperative TandemHeart (B2B, n = 23) vs. hemodynamic support with an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) and/or inotropes alone (noB2B, n = 20).
A freeness theorem for RO(Z/2)-graded cohomology

Abstract In this paper it is shown that the RO ( Z / 2 ) -graded cohomology of a certain class of Rep ( Z / 2 ) -complexes, which includes projective spaces and Grassmann manifolds, is always free as a module over the cohomology of a point when the coefficient Mackey functor is Z / 2 .
The Cyclical Behavior of Net Exports: Temporary and Persistent Movements

This paper explores the empirical relationship of net exports, domestic output, and foreign output. It presents evidence supporting a consumption-smoothing motive for trade in goods. Classical models of the international macroeconomy typically allow for trade in claims on both home and foreign output. This paper lends empirical support to this setup by showing that highly transitory shocks to output cause net exports from the country experiencing the shock to rise. Persistent shocks have opposite effects—a result consistent with the role persistent shocks play in signaling future investment opportunities.
MetaTM/TxLinux: Transactional Memory for an Operating System

Hardware transactional memory can reduce synchronization complexity while retaining high performance. MetaTM models changes to the x86 architecture to support transactional memory for user processes and the operating system. TxLinux is an operating system that uses transactional memory to facilitate synchronization in a large, complicated code base, where the burdens of current lock-based approaches are most evident.
Dimensionless coupling of superstrings to supersymmetric gauge theories and scale invariant superstring actions

Abstract We construct new superstring actions which are distinguished from the standard superstrings by being space-time scale invariant. Like standard superstrings, they are also reparametrization invariant, space-time supersymmetric, and invariant under local scale transformations of the world sheet. We discuss two possible scenarios in which these actions could play a significant role, in particular one which involves their coupling to supersymmetric gauge theories.
Gamma-ray bursts from magnetospheric plasma oscillations

Relativistic, (neutron star) magnetospheric plasma oscillations, damped by inverse Compton scatterings with the ambient radiation field, can account for the energetics, decay time scale, and spectra of typical gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). The dissipation time scale tau depends on the energy of the perturbation, and that tau of about 1 sec for W(burst) is about 10 to the 36th ergs. Several plausible mechanisms for 'loading' the magnetosphere, all of which might be contributing to the GRB phenomenon are discussed. The soft photon source is likely due to backwarming of the reprocessing boundary (i.e., the stellar surface and possibly an accretion disk) by the incipient gamma-rays, which is consistent with the Ginga observation of a slowly decaying, low-energy X-ray component in some bursts.
The Dependence of H-mode Energy Confinement and Transport on Collisionality in NSTX

Understanding the dependence of confinement on collisionality in tokamaks is important for the design of next-step devices, which will operate at collisionalities at least one order of magnitude lower than in the present generation. A wide range of collisionality has been obtained in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) by employing two different wall conditioning techniques, one with boronization and between-shot helium glow discharge conditioning (HeGDC+B), and one using lithium evaporation (Li EVAP). Previous studies of HeGDC+B plasmas indicated a strong increase of normalized confinement with decreasing collisionality. Discharges with lithium conditioning discussed in the present study generally achieved lower collisionality, extending the accessible range of collisionality by a factor of two. While the confinement dependences on dimensional, engineering variables of the HeGDC+B and Li EVAP datasets differed, collisionality was found to unify the trends, with the lower collisionality lithium conditioned discharges extending the trend of increasing normalized confinement time, BTτE, with decreasing collisionality when other dimensionless variables were held as fixed as possible. This increase of confinement with decreasing collisionality was driven by a large reduction in electron transport in the outer region of the plasma. This result is consistent with gyrokinetic calculations that show microtearing and electron temperature gradient (ETG) modes to be more stable for the lower collisionality discharges. Ion transport, near neoclassical at high collisionality, became more anomalous at lower collisionality, possibly due to the growth of hybrid TEM/KBM modes in the outer regions of the plasma.
A Convolution Formula for the Tutte Polynomial

Let M be a finite matroid with rank function r. We will write A M when we mean that A is a subset of the ground set of M, and write M|A and M A for the matroids obtained by restricting M to A and contracting M on A respectively. Let M* denote the dual matroid to M. (See [1] for definitions). The main theorem is Theorem 1. The Tutte polynomial TM(x, y) satisfies TM(x, y)= : A M TM|A(0, y) TM A(x, 0). (1)
Substrate Viscosity Enhances Correlation in Epithelial Sheet Movement

The movement of the epithelium plays vital roles in the development and renewal of complex tissues, from the separation of tissues in the early embryo, to turnover in the homeostasis of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Yet, despite its importance, a clear interpretation of the mechanism for collective motion in epithelial sheets remains elusive. This interpretation is prohibited by the lack of understanding of the relationship between motion and cell-cell contact, and their mediation by the mechanical properties of the underlying substrate. To better mimic physiological substrates that have inherent viscosity, we probe this relationship using polydimethylsiloxane, a substrate whose mechanical properties can be tuned from predominantly elastic to viscous by altering its cross-linking content. We therefore characterize the comparative spatiotemporal correlations in cell velocity during the movement of an epithelial monolayer as a function of the viscoelasticity of the substrate. Our results show that high correlation in cell velocity is achieved when the substrate G″(ω) is ∼0.4 × G′(ω). This correlation is driven by a balance between cell-cell contact and the adhesion and contraction of the extracellular matrix. For G″(ω) > G′(ω), this balance shifts, and contraction of the tissue drives the substrate to flow, further elevating the correlation in movement.
Serotomide and safflomide modulate forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation via 5-HT1 receptor

Serotomide (trans-N-caffeoylserotonin) and safflomide (trans-N-caffeoyltryptamine) belong to serotonin-derived phenylpropenoid amides found in plants. In this paper, serotomide and safflomide were investigated to determine their effects on serotonin receptor 5-HT1 in the renal epithelial (OK) cells, due to their structural similarity to 5-HT1 receptor ligands. At the concentration of 10 μM, serotomide was able to inhibit forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation in the OK cells by 31% (p<0.019). The inhibition was repressed by Nan-190 and spiperone (5-HT1 antagonists), suggesting that serotomide suppresses cAMP formation via binding to 5-HT1 receptors in the OK cells. Meanwhile, safflomide could not inhibit forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation at the same concentration (10 μM), but repress the inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP by serotonin agonists (e.g., serotonin and 8-OH-DPAT) by 31% (p<0.018), suggesting that safflomide may block 5-HT1 receptors in a similar way to Nan-190 and spiperone. All together the data indicate that serotomide and safflomide may be potent compounds that respectively act to activate and to block 5-HT1 receptors on OK cells.
Ureteropelvic Junction Injuries Secondary to Blunt Abdominal Trauma

PURPOSE: To describe the clinical and imaging findings of ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) injuries caused by blunt trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In two children (aged 10 and 16 years) and eight adults (aged 23-82 years) with UPJ injuries, findings at computed tomography (CT) (n = 10), excretory urography (n = 6), and retrograde pyelography (n = 8) were retrospectively reviewed to identify the location and extent of contrast material extravasation. Clinical and follow-up data were correlated with radiologic findings. RESULTS: CT and urography played complementary roles in diagnosis. UPJ avulsion, defined as complete transection of the ureter with no filling of the ipsilateral ureter below the level of the UPJ, was diagnosed in four patients. UPJ laceration, defined as contrast material extravasation from the UPJ with contrast material in the ipsilateral ureter distal to the point of injury, was diagnosed in six patients. Medial perirenal contrast extravasation was seen in all 10 patients but failed to help d...
A NEW APPROACH FOR SURFACE INTERSECTION

Evaluating the intersection of two rational parametric surfaces is a recurring operation in solid modeling. However, surface intersection is not an easy problem and continues to be an active topic of research. The main reason lies in the fact that any good surface intersection technique has to balance three conflicting goals of accuracy, robustness and efficiency. In this paper, we formulate the problems of curve and surface intersections using algebraic sets in a higher dimensional space. Using results from Elimination theory, we project the algebraic set to a lower dimensional space. The projected set can be expressed as a matrix determinant. The matrix itself, rather than its symbolic determinant, is used as the representation for the algebraic set in the lower dimensional space. This is a much more compact and efficient representation. Given such a representation, we perform matrix operations for evaluation and use results from linear algebra for geometric operations on the intersection curve. Most of the operations involve evaluating numeric determinants and computing the rank, kernel and eigenvalues of matrices. The accuracy of such operations can be improved by pivoting or other numerical techniques. We use this representation for inversion operation, computing the intersection of curves and surfaces and tracing the intersection curve of two surfaces in lower dimension.
International price dispersion in state-dependent pricing models

Menu-cost models predict a hump-shaped relationship between real and nominal exchange rate volatility. The hump occurs at higher values of nominal exchange rate volatility, the higher trade costs and lower international substitution elasticities are. These predictions accord well with the negative relationship between relative price and nominal exchange rate volatility I document using a data set of prices collected in Eastern Europe in a volatile environment. In contrast, trade costs must be sufficiently high or international substitution elasticities low in order for the model to account for the positive correlation between real and nominal exchange rate volatility in the aggregate data.
The relationships of the Accentors(Prunella) as indicated by DNA-DNA hybridization

Most avian systematists of the past century have thought that the accentors(Prunella) are most closely related to the thrushes (Turdinae). A few have favored the fringillids, and others have suggested the sylviids, parids, troglodytids, motacillids, mimids, cinclids or timaliids as close relatives ofPrunella. Comparisons were made between the single-copy DNA sequences of the Dunnock(Prunella modularis) and those of 28 other species of Passeres representing all major groups of oscines. The ploceine finches were found to be most closely related toPrunella and the next nearest relatives include the motacillids, sunbirds,Passer, and the fringillids. These groups are members of the superfamily Fringilloidea. The thrushes, starlings, mockingbirds, muscicapine flycatchers, and dippers (= Muscicapoidea); the sylviine warblers, babblers, and tits (= Sylvioidea), and the monarch flycatchers, wrens, larks, waxwings, and Australian scrub-robins(Drymodes), are not closely related toPrunella.
An emerging molecular and cellular framework for memory processing by the hippocampus

The hippocampus plays a central role in memory consolidation, a process for converting short-term memory into cortically stored, long-lasting memory in the mammalian brain. Here, we review recent data and discuss the 'synaptic re-entry reinforcement' (SRR) hypothesis, which can account for the role of the hippocampus in memory consolidation at both the molecular and systems levels. The central idea of the SRR hypothesis is that reactivation of neural ensembles in the hippocampus during the consolidation period results in multiple rounds of NMDA-receptor-dependent synaptic reinforcement of the hippocampal memory traces created during initial learning. In addition, such reactivation and reinforcement processes permit the hippocampus to act as a 'coincidence regenerator', providing coordinated input that drives the coherent reactivation of cortical neurons, resulting in the progressive strengthening of cortical memory traces through reactivation of cortical NMDA receptors.
On the ideals and singularities of secant varieties of Segre varieties

We find minimal generators for the ideals of secant varieties of Segre varieties in the cases of σk(P 1 × P n × P ) for all k, n,m, σ2(P n × P m × P p × P ) for all n,m, p, r (GSS conjecture for four factors), and σ3(P n ×P m ×P ) for all n,m, p and prove they are normal with rational singularities in the first case and arithmetically Cohen-Macaulay in the second two.
Learning to bargain

This paper studies how children learn to bargain. We performed simple anonymous bargaining experiments with real payoffs with 256 children from age 8 to 18. Average offers by even the youngest children were close to the amount that maximized their expected monetary payoff. Furthermore offers and responses were similar to what others have reported for adults. The variance of proposals was higher among younger children. Children showed clear evidence of reinforcement learning, responding to a rejection by increasing subsequent proposals. This pattern was strongest for the youngest children, who tended to respond to rejections with larger than payoff-maximizing increases in proposals. We found mixed support for social learning: while proposals increased after other children made larger proposals, they did not increase after proposals by others were rejected.
Meteor storm evidence against the recent formation of lunar crater Giordano Bruno

— It has been suggested that the formation of the 22 km diameter lunar crater Giordano Bruno was witnessed in June 1178 A.D. To date, this hypothesis has not been well tested. Such an impact on the Earth would be “civilization threatening”. Previous studies have shown that the formation of Giordano Bruno would lead to the arrival of 10 million tonnes of ejecta in the Earth's atmosphere in the following week. I calculate that this would cause a week-long meteor storm potentially comparable to the peak of the 1966 Leonids storm. The lack of any known historical records of such a storm is evidence against the recent formation of Giordano Bruno. Other tests of the hypothesis are also discussed, with emphasis on the lack of corroborating evidence for a very recent formation of the crater.
Isolation of fullerene products from flames : structure and synthesis of the C60-cyclopentadiene adduct

Abstract A C60-C5H6 adduct was isolated from a low pressure benzene flame. The structure of this product is identical to the Diels-Alder adduct of C60 and cyclopentadiene as established through independent synthesis. This product was determined to be adduct 1 through 13C and proton NMR, as well as infrared and mass spectrometry.
Vacancy aggregates in silicon

The properties of vacancy aggregates in crystalline silicon are studied using density-functional-based molecular-dynamics simulations in large periodic supercells as well as approximate ab initio and ab initio Hartree Fock in molecular clusters. The stability and properties of aggregates of up to seven vacancies are discussed. The central results deal with the remarkable properties of the ring hexavacancy. Theory predicts it to be very stable, trigonal, planar, electrically inactive, and virtually invisible by photoluminescence and infrared-absorption spectroscopy. However, it could be Raman active. This defect is most likely a gettering center and the nucleus or precursor of a range of extended defects. Further, it suggests that the history of the sample may play an important role.
Embedded Advertising on Television: Disclosure, Deception, and Free Speech Rights:

Abstract In 2008, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) initiated a docket to determine whether existing television sponsorship regulations needed to be revised to address embedded advertising. This article first discusses current embedded advertising practices on television and the alleged problems with those practices. It then explains the current legal framework applicable to the practices. Next, the article analyzes the major reform positions that were articulated in comments to the FCC. This analysis includes a discussion of the First Amendment protections for advertising and for the creative works in which the integrated marketing is embedded, because many times the advertising is difficult to separate from its entertainment platform. The article concludes with recommendations for next steps by the FCC and industry.
Cost-function-based hypothesis control techniques for multiple hypothesis tracking

The problem of tracking targets in clutter naturally leads to a Gaussian mixture representation of the probability density function of the target state vector. Modern tracking methods maintain the mean, covariance and probability weight corresponding to each hypothesis, yet they rely on simple merging and pruning rules to control the growth of hypotheses. This paper proposes a structured, cost-function-based approach to the hypothesis control problem, utilizing the Integral Square Error (ISE) cost measure. A comparison of track life performance versus computational cost is made between the ISE-based filter and previously proposed approximations including simple pruning, Singer's n-scan memory filter, Salmond's joining filter, and Chen and Liu's Mixture Kalman Filter (MKF). The results demonstrate that the ISE-based mixture reduction algorithm provides mean track life which is significantly greater than that of the compared techniques using similar numbers of mixture components, and mean track life competitive with that of the compared algorithms for similar mean computation times.
Acid and catalytic properties of nonstoichiometric aluminum borates

This paper details an investigation on the structure-acidity-catalytic activity relationship in aluminum borate mixed oxides. This aluminum borate mixed oxide is amorphous, is refractory, and exhibits properties which are dependent on the exact stoichiometry of the material. A series of catalysts with BAl ratios ranging from 0 to 1 was prepared and characterized with respect to surface area, pore volume, and thermal stability. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of 11B and 27Al was used to determine the local structure. Two boron species were identified: a tetrahedral BO4 and a trigonal BO3. The relative amounts of the two boron species were dependent on the BAl stoichiometry. Three aluminum species were identified: a tetrahedral AlO4, an octahedral AlO6, and an AlO4 with four B next-nearest neighbors. The strength and concentration of acid sites present on the surface of the aluminum borates were determined using adsorbed indicators. The presence and coordination of boron were seen to have a dramatic effect on the acidity of these materials with the acidity being closely related to the relative concentration of BO4. 2-Propanol dehydration was used as a probe reaction to measure the acidity. Results from this reaction have shown these materials to indeed be highly acidic and catalytically active.
Atherosclerotic risk factors — are there ten, or is there only one?

Abstract The Expert Panel of the National Cholesterol Education Program has identified 10 risk factors for the occurrence of an atherosclerotic event. Each of these factors does not represent an independent risk. Male sex, family history of premature coronary events, cigarette smoking (> 10/day), systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus and severe obesity (>30% overweight) should be viewed as cholesterol-dependent atherosclerotic risk factors and not in themselves as atherogenic. There is no doubt that atherosclerotic events are more common in people with these risk factors, but only in those populations with an average serum total cholesterol level above 3.9 mmol/l. Those most prone to having an atherosclerotic event are those who have already had such an event or who have pre-existing coronary heart disease. However, by including these as risk factors, no distinction is made between primary and secondary prevention. Atherosclerotic events of any kind, though predictive of future events are not, by definition, true risk factors and should not be viewed as such. The only absolute, unequivocal, independent atherosclerotic risk factor is an elevated serum total or, more specifically, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol level. Whether a low level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol is an independent risk factor is not clear, but it should probably be regarded as an additive risk when the serum LDL-cholesterol is elevated.
REARRANGEMENT OF CYCLOBUTYL CARBINYL RADICALS : TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF THE SPIROVETIVANE PHYTOALEXIN ()-LUBIMINOL

Abstract The total synthesis of the phytoalexin (±)-lubiminol 1 has been accomplished. The synthesis relies on a conjugate addition-cyclization reaction to prepare a photosubstrate for a stereoselective intramolecular photoaddition reaction. The photoadduct is transformed into the required spiro [5.4] decane through a radical fragmentation-rearrangement reaction.
The Cassini Mission at Saturn

Abstract The Cassini Mission to Saturn, a joint undertaking by NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Italian Space Agency, is now at about the mid-point of its planned four-year tour of the Saturnian system. Close encounters with Titan and the smaller icy satellites are occurring on schedule, and observations of these bodies along with Saturn's atmosphere, its rings, and magnetosphere are being made and scientific data returned on a daily basis. The icy satellites are turning out to be more distinct and unique than had been anticipated, the dynamics of the ring particles have been shown to be even more extensive than expected, and Titan's atmosphere had surprises for both the scientists as well as the engineers. A denser than expected upper atmosphere of Titan has led to the requirement to modify the planned orbital tour about Saturn to increase the flyby altitudes for about 20 of the Titan flybys to values above the originally planned 950 km level in order to avoid the risk of atmospherically induced torques causing the spacecraft to be unable to maintain its commanded attitude. Navigation of the spacecraft on the tour continues to go exceptionally well, with optical navigation enabling delivery accuracies to some of the satellites down to the 1 or 2 km level, and propellant consumption is running slightly below budget. Science observation sequence development and execution have been highly successful in acquiring virtually all of the originally designed observations. This paper summarizes the supporting engineering activities over the past year in support of operating the mission, as well as provides a high-level summary of the scientific results of the Cassini mission to date.
Selective esterifications of primary alcohols in a water-containing solvent.

Oxyma and an oxyma derivative, (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl 2-cyano-2-(hydroxyimino)acetate (5b), displayed a remarkable effect on selective esterifications of primary alcohols. A wide range of carboxylic acids could be esterified with primary alcohols by using EDCI, NaHCO3, and Oxyma or Oxyma derivative 5b in 5% H2O–CH3CN. Oxyma derivative 5b is particularly useful, since it could be removed after the reaction via a simple basic or an acidic aqueous workup procedure.
Treatment of Post-Traumatic Orbital Deformities

The author’s overall approach to the treatment of acute orbital injuries and subsequent late deformities is presented. Adequate exposure and complete osseous repair with tissues are the key to good results.
Characterization of organic thin films with resonant soft X-ray scattering and reflectivity near the carbon and fluorine absorption edges

The use of soft X-rays near the carbon absorption edge (∼270–300 eV) for small angle X-ray scattering and X-ray reflectivity experiments has significantly expanded the scientific capabilities to investigate thin films of soft matter that are primarily composed of carbon and low Z heteroatoms. In this perspective, we will delineate the basic operating principles and underlying physics of these methods and exemplify their impact by discussing a few recent applications. An extension of these methods to the fluorine edge is also included, demonstrating that the general concepts are also applicable to absorption edges of hetero atoms in soft matter. A short perspective of some future developments is provided.
Comet yanaka (1988r): a new class of carbon-poor comet.

As part of a program to determine the chemical composition of a sample population of comets, a very unusual comet, Yanaka (1988r), was observed in January 1989. Although the comet showed the usual emissions of OI and NH2, it did not display any hint of C2 or CN emission. The comet is depleted in C2 by at least a factor of 100 and in CN by a factor of 25 relative to typical comets. If comets originate from interstellar clouds, Yanaka (1988r) could be an interloper from a cloud of different composition. If Yanaka (1988r) was formed within our solar system, the solar nebula was less uniform than assumed by most present models of formation.
Formamidine ureas as tunable electrophiles.

Formamidine urea compounds exchange imine fragments with primary nitrogen nucleophiles, allowing the preparation of a variety of derivatives from a single precursor. The reactivities of these species are governed primarily by the electron-donating power of the substituents and are tunable over a range of > 10 3 in first-order rates of hydrolysis.
Prins-pinacol spiroannulations

Abstract Lewis acid-promoted cyclizations of methylenecyclohexane siloxy acetals 14, 15 , and 21 afford spiro[4.5]decanones 22, 25 , and 29 in good yield. In all cases, exclusive pinacol rearrangement of C-1 of the original three-carbon acetal side chain is observed suggesting that pinacol rearrangement of the intermediate 9-decalyl cation occurs more rapidly than conformational equilibration. This selectivity should allow Prins-pinacol spiroannulations to be employed in a predictable fashion to construct stereochemically complex spirocycles.
Spin-polarized photoelectron diffraction: a probe of short-range magnetic order

Abstract Spin-polarized photoelectron diffraction (SPPD) is a unique probe for obtaining surface sensitive near-neighbor magnetic order information in magnetic materials, including antiferromagnets. A brief review on the principles of x-ray photoelectron diffraction and SPPD is given, followed by a summary of results on Mn containing compounds obtained by the author and other co-workers. Variations in the diffraction pattern of the dominant Mn 3s multiplet, as a function of temperature, produced abrupt changes in the spin asymmetries, of up to 20% for KMnF 3 and MnO, at temperatures well above their Neel temperatures. There also appears to be a strong dependence in the spin asymmetry on emission direction. Complete corroboration of the Mn 3s spin asymmetry curves from MnO is found in the Mn 3p curves and good agreement is found with spin-polarized single-scattering cluster calculations.
A prescription for star formation feedback: the importance of multiple shell interactions

The relation between the star formation rate and the kinetic energy increase in a region containing a large number of stellar sources is investigated as a possible prescription for star formation feedback in larger scale galaxy evolution simulations, and in connection with observed scaling relations for molecular clouds, extragalactic giant H ii regions and starburst galaxies. The kinetic energy increase is not simply proportional to the source input rate, but depends on the competition between stellar power input and dissipation caused by interactions between structures formed and driven by the star formation. A simple one-zone model is used to show that, in a steady state, the energy increase should be proportional to the two-thirds power of the stellar energy injection rate, with additional factors depending on the mean density of the region and the mean column density of the fragments. The scaling relation is tested using two-dimensional pressureless hydrodynamic simulations of wind-driven star formation, in which star formation occurs according to a threshold condition on the column density through a shell, and a large number of shells are present at any one time. The morphology of the simulations resembles an irregular network or web of dynamically interacting filaments. A set of 16 simulations, in which different parameters were varied, agrees remarkably well with the simple analytical prescription for the scaling relation. Converting from the wind power of massive stars to the Lyman continuum luminosity shows that the cluster wind model for giant H ii regions may still be viable.
Computer-mediated inter-organizational knowledge-sharing: Insights from a virtual team innovating using a collaborative tool

How does a team use a computer-mediated technology to share and reuse knowledge when the team is inter-organizational and virtual, when the team must compete for the attention of team members with collocated teams, and when the task is the creation of a completely new innovation? From a review of the literature on knowledge sharing and reuse using collaborative tools, three propositions are generated about the likely behavior of the team in using the collaborative tool and reusing the knowledge put in the knowledge repository. A multi-method longitudinal research study of this design team was conducted over their ten-month design effort. Both qualitative and quantitative data were obtained. Results indicated that the propositions from the literature were insufficient to explain the behavior of the team. We found that ambiguity of the task does not determine use of a collaborative tool; that tool use does not increase with experience; and that knowledge that is perceived as transient whether it really is transient or not is unlikely to be referenced properly for later search and retrieval. Implications for practice and theory are discussed.