cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects on platelet aggregation and fibrinolytic activity during upright posture and exercise in healthy men.

Abstract The circadian variation of acute myocardial infarction suggests that daily activities such as assuming the upright posture and performing different daily activities may trigger the onset of coronary thrombosis. Such triggering may result from unfavorable alterations in the balance between the prothrombotic and antithrombotic properties of the blood. The present study compares the effects of 2 common daily activities, assuming the upright posture and exercise, on platelet aggregation and fibrinolytic activity. In healthy male subjects, assuming the upright posture in the morning significantly increased platelet aggregation and produced only a moderate increase in fibrinolytic activity within 10 minutes. These changes were still present after 90 minutes in the upright posture. Supine posture for 45 minutes resulted in levels of fibrinolytic activity and platelet aggregation comparable to that observed before initially assuming the upright posture in the morning. Return to the supine posture for 45 minutes resulted in levels of fibrinolytic activity and platelet aggregation comparable to that observed before the initial assumption of upright posture. The changes recurred when upright posture was taken later in the day. Exercise did not increase platelet aggregation to levels beyond that produced by the upright posture, but was associated with a marked increase in fibrinolytic activity. Thus, exercise and upright posture produce distinctive alterations in the thrombogenic potential of the blood that may influence the timing of clinical vascular events.
Negotiation and the structure of discourse in medical consultation

Using audio tape recordings of consultations between mid-level providers and patients in a health maintenance organization, a model of medical negotiation is presented. This model conceptualizes negotiation as a process in which mid-level providers and patients introduce their perspectives on the definition and treatment of medical problems by linking together units of discourse (acts, turns, sequences and phases). This model clearly locates negotiation in observable activities of interactants and demonstrates how the process changes over the course of an encounter as provider and patient participate in the taking of a medical history, the performance of a physical examination, and the discussion of the problem and treatment. Because of the formal yet flexible nature of this model, it lends itself for use in comparative studies of medical practitioner-patient negotiation.
Work Addiction and the Family: Conceptual and Research Considerations

The present paper examines the state of research on work addiction, particularly in regard to its impact on the family system. An argument is made for clinicians and social scientists to pay more attention to this neglected and essential area of mental health. Recommendations for how to address the need in this area are presented along with research considerations.
Dissimilarity ratings of English consonants by normally-hearing and hearing-impaired individuals.

Perceptual patterns in rating dissimilarities among 24 CVs were investigated for a group of normal-hearing and two groups of hearing-impaired subjects (one group with flat, and one group with sloping, sensorineural losses). Stimuli were presented binaurally at most comfortable loudness level and subjects rated the 576 paired stimuli on a 1–7 equal-appearing interval scale. Ratings were submitted to individual group and combined INDSCAL analyses to describe features used by the subjects in their perception of the speech stimuli. Results revealed features such as sibilant, sonorant, plosive and place. Furthermore, normal and hearing-impaired subjects used similar features, and subjects' weightings of features were relatively independent of their audiometric configurations. Results are compared to those of previous studies.
Fumigation: A New Method of Chemosterilizing the Pink Bollworm

A closed fumigation system containing a circulating saturated atmosphere of candidate chemosterilants (31 compounds, 26 of them analogues of tepa) was tested with the Pectinophore gossypiella (Saunders). Tepa and its analogue, ethyl ester of bis(1-aziridinyl) phosphinic acid, caused a high degree of sterility in both sexes without reduction in longevity, mating, or sperm transfer of the treated insects. Exposure times for the 2 compounds were 1 and 0.5 h, respectively, at 30°C. Rapid and uniform sterilizing treatment can be achieved by fumigation in a dosed circulating system.
What is the true rate of reversals of the Earth's magnetic field?☆

Abstract Known reversals of the Earth's magnetic field occur at a rate of five per million years. However, the methods whereby the reversal pattern has been established act as a high frequency cut-off filter and will not record two reversals as separate if they occur close to each other. It is thus probable that the true reversal rate is much greater than five per million years. By comparing the observed distribution of polarity interval lengths with a theoretical distribution it is shown that the most likely rate of reversal is close to ten per million years.
Can the well trained EMT-paramedic maintain skills and knowledge?

Reliable criteria exist to assess emergency medical technician (EMT)-paramedic team and individual competence. In addition to written and oral examination, reliable individual manipulative skill data, and on-scene observation of emergency care by responsible physicians, EMT-paramedic team competence may be assessed by using tracer conditions that reflect patient outcome converted to a standard base population per unit time. Using standard definitions of "resuscitation" and "save," and the pulseless, nonbreathing patient as tracer, 75 (31%) of 241 patients were resuscitated and 34 (14%) were saved. Team manipulative skill competence may also be determined by an appropriate tracer.
Relationship between hip and core strength and frontal plane alignment during a single leg squat

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between frontal plane kinematics of the single leg squat and strength of the trunk and hip in females. Participants: Forty healthy females participated in this study. Methods: An isometric “make” test using a dynamometer was used to assess peak force normalized to body weight for hip abduction, hip extension, hip external rotation, and a sidelying plank test. Twodimensional software was used to analyze the frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) and pelvic angle during a single leg squat to 60 � . Results: All 4 strength factors were significantly correlated with the FPPA, ranging from r ¼ 0.396 to r ¼ 0.466. During multiple regression analysis, hip abduction strength was the greatest predictor of the variation in FPPA at r 2 ¼ 0.22, p ¼ 0.002. Thus, hip abduction strength accounted for 22% of the variation in the FPPA during the single leg squat. The only strength factor demonstrating a significant correlation with the pelvic angle was hip extension strength (r ¼ 0.550, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Clinicians should consider the role of the hip abductors, hip external rotators, hip extensors and core musculature on the impact on the FPPA during a single squat, with focus on the hip abductors.
Bilateral Chylothorax Following Thoracic Duct Ligation: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Bilateral chylothorax following thoracic duct injury is a rare occurrence. Since 1907 there have been only six reports in the literature of this potentially serious complication. We report a case of bilateral chylothorax following ligation of the cervical thoracic duct during a left subclavian to carotid artery transposition.
Reopening Filtration Fistulas with Transconjunctival Argon Laser Photocoagulation

Three patients (a 15-year-old girl, a 45-year-old woman, and a 61-year-old woman) with previously successful full-thickness filtering procedures developed pigmented tissue in the fistula sites and uncontrolled intraocular pressures despite maximum tolerable medical therapy. The filtering procedures in the first and second patients spontaneously failed two and four years after surgery. The filtration bleb of the third patient, after successfully controlling intraocular pressure for six years, failed two months after cataract extraction. Argon laser therapy was applied through the conjunctiva to treat visible subconjunctival pigmented tissue within the sites of the previous surgical filtration blebs. In all three cases, there was an immediate and significant decrease in intraocular pressure associated with reestablishment of the filtration bleb (from 44 to 16 mm Hg in Case 1, from 40 to 15 mm Hg in Case 2, and from 25 to 12 mm Hg in Case 3). Long-term follow-up showed well controlled intraocular pressures without glaucoma medications (Case 1, 5 mm Hg after 18 months; Case 2, 17 mm Hg after one year; and Case 3, 9 mm Hg after five months).
The carrier AUXIN RESISTANT (AUX1) dominates auxin flux into Arabidopsis protoplasts.

Summary The ability of the plant hormone auxin to enter a cell is critical to auxin transport and signaling. Auxin can cross the cell membrane by diffusion or via auxin-specific influx carriers. There is little knowledge of the magnitudes of these fluxes in plants. Radiolabeled auxin uptake was measured in protoplasts isolated from roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. This was done for the wild-type, under treatments with additional unlabeled auxin to saturate the influx carriers, and for the influx carrier mutant auxin resistant 1 (aux1). We also used flow cytometry to quantify the relative abundance of cells expressing AUX1-YFP in the assayed population. At pH 5.7, the majority of auxin influx into protoplasts – 75% – was mediated by the influx carrier AUX1. An additional 20% was mediated by other saturable carriers. The diffusive influx of auxin was essentially negligible at pH 5.7. The influx of auxin mediated by AUX1, expressed as a membrane permeability, was 1.5 ± 0.3 μm s−1. This value is comparable in magnitude to estimates of efflux permeability. Thus, auxin-transporting tissues can sustain relatively high auxin efflux and yet not become depleted of auxin.
Adsorption and interaction of CO and NO on Pt(410): I. TPD studies

Abstract NO and CO adsorption and the NO/CO reaction on Pt(410) are studied by TPD. NO is found to dissociate on Pt(410) at 120 K, but it reacts to form N 2 O at higher exposures. The N 2 O desorbs in two peaks at 135 and 150 K. CO adsorbs molecularly, and desorbs in 5 peaks at 550, 500, 450, 380 and about 130 K. CO is also found to dissociate upon heating, leaving a carbon residue on the surface which changes the TPD spectra. The NO/CO reaction shows a surface explosion at 360 K. These results provide additional evidence that Pt(410) has unusual reactivity, as predicted by Banholzer, Park, Mak and Masel, Surface Sci. 128 (1983) 176.
Multiple displacement amplification in combination with high-fidelity PCR improves detection of bacteria from single females or eggs of Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari: Phytoseiidae).

Amplifying microbial DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from single phytoseiid mites has been difficult, perhaps due to the low titer of bacteria and to interference by the relatively larger amounts of mite genomic DNA. In this paper we evaluate the efficiency of standard and high-fidelity PCR protocols subsequent to amplification of the whole genome by a multiple displacement amplification (MDA) procedure developed by Dean et al. [Genome Res. 11 (2001) 1095; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 (2002) 5261]. DNA from the phytoseiid Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot) was tested because it lacks a Cytophaga-like organism (CLO) and we could add known amounts of a plasmid containing a cloned 16S rRNA gene fragment from a CLO from Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt). P. persimilis genomic DNA was mixed with the serially diluted plasmid and amplified using MDA followed by either standard or high-fidelity PCR. MDA followed by high-fidelity PCR was most efficient and successfully amplified an expected 1.5-kb band from as little as 0.01 fg of the plasmid, which is equivalent to about 1 copy. MDA followed by high-fidelity PCR also consistently amplified Wolbachia- or CLO-specific products from naturally infected single females or eggs of M. occidentalis, which will allow detailed studies of infection frequency and transmission of several microorganisms associated with this predatory mite.
Contralaterally Controlled Functional Electrical Stimulation for Upper Extremity Hemiplegia: An Early-Phase Randomized Clinical Trial in Subacute Stroke Patients

Background. Contralaterally controlled functional electrical stimulation (CCFES) is an experimental treatment intended to improve hand function after stroke. Objective. To compare the effects of 6 ...
Patterns for decoupling data structures and algorithms

In order to build a data structure that is extensible and reusable, it is necessary to decouple the intrinsic and primitive behavior of the structure from the application specific behavior that manipulates it. To illustrate such a construction, this paper proposes a uniform object-oriented structural pattern for recursive data structures, and shows how external algorithms can be added without rewriting any code using the visitor design pattern. By presenting data structures in this manner, we can more effectively teach students about recursion, abstraction, design, and good software engineering practices.
Incorporation of sparse priors in long-code blind multiuser detection for DS-CDMA communication

This paper presents a new method of compensating for complex multipath channel fading in blind multiuser detection for long-code DS-CDMA communication. The system employs detectors that incorporate methods of independent component analysis (ICA). Such detectors are subject to performance degradation as the length of the user spreading code increases. When compensated through a class of sparse priors, the long-code ICA neural network detectors displayed significantly better bit error rate performance. Performance of the long-code detectors approached that of the short-code detectors in some cases
Embedding meshes of trees into deBruijn graphs

Abstract The mesh of trees network supports many simple parallel algorithms. These algorithms can all be immediately translated to the hypercube by a known efficient embedding of the mesh of trees into the hypercube. However, no such embeddings have been found into any of the bounded-degree variants of the hypercube, thus restricting this class of networks' ability to simulate mesh of trees algorithms. In this paper we demonstrate an efficient embedding of the mesh of trees into the deBruijn graph, allowing this network (and the closely related shuffle-exchange graph) to simulate arbitrary mesh of trees computations. This result also widens the class of mesh of trees computations that can be simulated by the butterfly and its related networks, though to a lesser degree.
Targeting Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) for Cancer Chemoprevention

The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) in cancer remains contentious due in large part to divergent publications indicating opposing effects in different rodent and human cell culture models. During the past 10 years, some facts regarding PPARβ/δ in cancer have become clearer, while others remain uncertain. For example, it is now well accepted that (1) expression of PPARβ/δ is relatively lower in most human tumors as compared to the corresponding non-transformed tissue, (2) PPARβ/δ promotes terminal differentiation, and (3) PPARβ/δ inhibits pro-inflammatory signaling in multiple in vivo models. However, whether PPARβ/δ is suitable to target with natural and/or synthetic agonists or antagonists for cancer chemoprevention is hindered because of the uncertainty in the mechanism of action and role in carcinogenesis. Recent findings that shed new insight into the possibility of targeting this nuclear receptor to improve human health will be discussed.
A mathematical model of tissue replacement during epidermal wound healing

Abstract A mathematical model, which describes the control of the development and growth of a healing unit, is presented. The replacement of epidermal injured tissue, which is controlled by a negative feedback mechanism, is modeled in one-dimensional geometry. The model is based on diffusion equations that relate the production of macrophage-derived growth factors (MDGFs) to oxygen availability, the capillary density growth to MDGF production and concentration, and the oxygen concentration to the growth of capillary density. The results of the model suggest that the normal healing of a circular epidermal wound depends on the oxygen supply, and in order for successful healing to take place, the oxygen concentration within the wound space must be at low levels.
Detection of actin filaments in homogenates of developing muscle using heavy meromyosin

Abstract Heavy meromyosin (HMM) complexes with actin filaments to form a characteristic arrowhead structure. The presence of HMM-complexed thin filaments is used as an alternative to an immunological method for detecting actin in developing chick leg muscle. HMM-binding thin filaments were found in 4-day (stage 23) chick leg buds, the earliest stage examined. Other filament types observed in homogenates of 7- to 14-day developing muscle were thick (myosin) filaments, collagen, 100 A intermediate filaments, and beaded filaments.
An Investigation of the Antimony-Containing Minerals used by the Romans to Prepare Opaque Colored Glasses

Roman colored opaque vessel glasses and mosaic tesserae were examined using energy dispersive X-ray analysis, wavelength dispersive X-ray analysis, and scanning electron microscopy in order to identify the origins of the antimony-based glass opacifying agents used in the Roman period. Bindheimite and stibnite were considered as mineralogical sources of antimony, and antimonial litharge was investigated as a metallurgical source of antimony. The refining of antimonial silver ores was discussed as a source for antimonial litharge in the Roman period. The morphologies of the antimonate crystallites, their distributions, and the observed correlations of lead to antimony in the glasses indicated that roasted stibnite was the antimony source for the white and blue opaque glasses and antimonial litharge was the antimony source for the yellow and green opaque glasses. Opaque yellow Roman glasses were found to contain a mixture of clastic, subhedral, and euhedral lead pyroantimonate (Pb2Sb2O7) particles. The euhedral crystallites are a rhombohedral modification of Pb2Sb2O7 that is formed above 900 °C.
AN ADAPTIVE DIRECT VARIATIONAL GRID GENERATION METHOD

Abstract Variational grid generation techniques are now used to produce grids suitable for solving numerical partial differential equations in irregular geometries. Variational grid generation methods are very robust but slow. The method considered here is a discrete variational method. This method preserves the robustness of the variational method; also, it is very fast so it can be used in time-dependent problems. Here we discuss geometry and solution adaption for the direct discrete grid generation method, and some examples are presented to demonstrate its capabilities.
Binary mixture pyrolysis of polypropylene and polystyrene: A modeling and experimental study

Abstract The binary degradation of polystyrene (PS) and polypropylene (PP) was modeled at the mechanistic level by combining the individual component models developed in previous modeling work [T.M. Kruse, O.S. Woo, H.-W. Wong, S.S. Khan, L.J. Broadbelt, Macromolecules 35 (2002) 7830; T.M. Kruse, H.-W. Wong, L.J. Broadbelt, Macromolecules 36 (2003) 9594] and adding interactions between PS- and PP-derived species. The full binary model developed for the pyrolysis of PS/PP mixtures consisted of over 37,000 reactions and tracked 277 species. Within the binary model, interactions between polymeric species of different polymer types were not allowed since PS and PP are immiscible. However, a fraction of low molecular weight radicals (LMWR) of each polymer type was allowed to diffuse into the other polymer type. This was the only adjustable parameter in the model. Based on experimental data for a 50/50 wt% PS/PP mixture at 380 °C, we found that allowing 0.037% of the LMWR derived from PS to diffuse into PP captured the enhancement of nearly a factor of four in the PP degradation rate that was observed experimentally at these conditions. To increase the enhancement in the PP degradation rate, solid-state shear pulverization (SSSP) and changes in the PS/PP weight ratio were used to manipulate the interfacial area between PS and PP during binary pyrolysis (no premixing was performed during the conventional binary experiments). Using SSSP to blend PS and PP resulted in a 25% increase in the enhancement in the PP degradation rate compared to no premixing. In order to model this enhancement, the fraction of low molecular weight PS radicals that could diffuse into PP was increased to 0.10%.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Study of Benzylpenicillin

The surface-enhanced Raman spectra (SERS) of benzylpenicillin on electrochemically roughened Ag electrodes were investigated. Spectral assignments were carried out. Comparison with powder Raman spectra demonstrated that the benzene ring is in a vertical position relative to the surface. The molecule is bonded to the silver surface through the carboxylate group and the tertiary nitrogen of the beta-lactam ring, resulting in formation of a bidentate surface complex. Evidence of partial benzylpenicillin hydrolysis into 6-aminopenicillanic acid and phenylacetic acid on the surface of the electrode is presented. No indication of electrochemical reactions was observed in the potential range from −1.2 to +0.3 V.
Optic neuritis with secondary retinal venous stasis.

Abstract The authors report five cases of optic neuritis accompanied by secondary impairment of retinal venous outflow producing the clinical appearance of impending or actual central retinal vein occlusion. In four of five cases, intravenous fluorescein angiography showed delayed venous filling with venous dilation and tortuosity. Decreased visual function was entirely attributable to optic `nerve involvement because the clinical and angiographic examinations revealed no evidence of capillary nonperfusion, macular edema, or macular hemorrhage. The visual outcome of the patients paralleled that expected with optic neuritis. The authors believe that optic nerve inflammation associated with secondary impairment of retinal venous outflow is a distinct but uncommon entity. Because of its ophthalmoscopic appearance, this variety of optic neuritis may be confused with either papillophlebitis or central retinal venous occlusion in young patients.
Phase II trial of weekly docetaxel in second-line therapy for nonsmall cell lung carcinoma

BACKGROUND The authors conducted a Phase II study to evaluate the activity and toxicity of weekly docetaxel in second-line therapy for nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). METHODS Patients with documented recurrent or refractory NSCLC, previously treated with no more than one chemotherapy regimen, were eligible if they had a performance status (PS) of 0–2, measurable or evaluable disease, and adequate organ function. Patients were treated with docetaxel 36 mg/m2/week for 6 consecutive weeks, administered intravenously with dexamethasone premedication. Cycles were repeated every 8 weeks. RESULTS Thirty-one patients were enrolled. One patient was ineligible because of uncontrolled brain metastases. Hematologic toxicity was minimal. Nonhematologic toxicities were modest except for diarrhea and cumulative fatigue. There were no treatment-related deaths. The overall response rate was 10% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6–29%). The median survival time (MST) was 8.0 months. and the 1-year survival rate was 31% (95% CI, 17– 58%). Patients with PS 0–1 had a MST of 11.9 months with 1-year survival of 42%. CONCLUSIONS Weekly docetaxel is very well tolerated as second-line therapy for NSCLC. The activity of this regimen appears to be comparable to the standard 3-week schedule. This regimen offers new opportunities for combination regimens, both as first- and second-line therapy for NSCLC. Cancer 2001;92:2158–63. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Chemical and physical effects of sodium lignosulfonate superplasticizer on the hydration of portland cement and solidification/stabilization consequences

Abstract The effects of sodium lignosulfonate superplasticizer on the hydration of Portland cement Type V have been investigated by XRD and FTIR techniques. The results of these studies indicate that the superplasticizer inhibits the hydration reaction as demonstrated by the reduced formation of Ca(OH) 2 as well as a lower degree of polymerization of the silicate anions. The hydration reaction seems to be controlled by dispersions of various charges present in hyperalkaline | solution in cement paste. The mechanism of inhibition is discussed and a ‘Charge Dispersed Tri-layer Model’ is proposed to explain the observed effects on the hydration reactions. According to this charge dispersal model, the Ca 2+ ions from initial hydration reactions go into the solution to form a tightly-bound bi-layer of counterions with the negatively charged calcium-silica-hydrate surface. Consequent to this intrinsic process, a tri-layer consisting of superplasticizer anions is immediately formed which inhibits further reactions. Possible consequences of the presence of superplasticizer on the solidification/stabilization of inorganic and organic pollutants by cementitious materials have also been discussed.
Fast stochastic Wiener filter for superresolution image restoration with information theoretic visual quality assessment

Super-resolution (SR) refers to reconstructing a single high resolution (HR) image from a set of subsampled, blurred and noisy low resolution (LR) images. The reconstructed image suffers from degradations such as blur, aliasing, photo-detector noise and registration and fusion error. Wiener filter can be used to remove artifacts and enhance the visual quality of the reconstructed images. In this paper, we introduce a new fast stochasticWiener filter for SR reconstruction and restoration that can be implemented efficiently in the frequency domain. Our derivation depends on the continuous-discrete-continuous (CDC) model that represents most of the degradations encountered during the image-gathering and image-display processes. We incorporate a new parameter that accounts for LR images registration and fusion errors. Also, we speeded up the performance of the filter by constraining it to work on small patches of the images. Beside this, we introduce two figures of merits: information rate and maximum realizable fidelity, which can be used to assess the visual quality of the resultant images. Simulations and experimental results demonstrate that the derived Wiener filter that can be implemented efficiently in the frequency domain can reduce aliasing, blurring, and noise and result in a sharper reconstructed image. Also, Quantitative assessment using the proposed figures coincides with the visual qualitative assessment. Finally, we evaluate our filter against other SR techniques and its results were very competitive.
Thromboxane receptor blockade prevents pulmonary hypertension induced by heparin-protamine reactions in awake sheep.

We used competitive thromboxane A2-prostaglandin endoperoxide receptor blockade (SQ 30,741) as a probe to evaluate the role of thromboxane in ovine pulmonary vasoconstriction associated with protamine reversal of heparin anticoagulation. Control heparin-protamine reactions induced rapid release of thromboxane into arterial plasma (more than 1 ng/ml plasma), a 2.5-fold increase of pulmonary artery pressure, a 20% decrease of PaO2, and a 30% reduction in arterial white blood cell concentration. After giving SQ 30,741 despite similar thromboxane release into arterial plasma after heparin-protamine challenge, acute pulmonary hypertension was significantly reduced when 94% of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle thromboxane receptors were occupied with SQ 30,741 (p less than 0.01 at 1 minute after protamine versus control heparin-protamine reaction) and was completely abolished by a 10 mg/kg i.v. bolus (p less than 0.0001 at 1 minute after protamine versus control). Peripheral leukopenia was not affected by SQ 30,741 prophylaxis, but hypoxemia was prevented. We conclude that thromboxane causes pulmonary vasoconstriction in ovine heparin-protamine-induced pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary vasoconstriction and hypoxemia can be completely prevented by thromboxane receptor blockade.
The effects of bilateral cingulate cortex lesions on morphine withdrawal symptoms in rats

In order to test the hypothesis that bilateral cingulate cortex lesions prevent opiate dependence and associated withdrawal symptoms, rats were given access to sucrose morphine solutions and subsequently challenged with nalorphine, an opiate antagonist. Animals with cingulate cortex lesions lost more weight following the nalorphine challenge than other animals, indicating that the lesions do not prevent withdrawal symptoms. On the contrary, the lesions are associated with more severe symptoms, and by inference, physiological dependence as well.
Consumer demand for nutrition versus taste in four major food categories

This study addresses the trade-off between nutrition and taste in expenditure on breakfast cereal, milk, bread, and soft drinks. Within each category, products have similar cost and convenience, but have markedly different flavor and nutritional content. Using annual expenditure data for a large sample of households participating in the ACNielsen Homescan system, we regress a measure of “healthiness” on household demographics and market prices, and find that households with college-educated heads and higher incomes made significantly healthier choices in all four categories. These effects are puzzling in that the nutritional differences between products were well known to consumers, and there are no cost or convenience differences between them. The presence of children was associated with less healthy choices, especially for cereal and bread, while older households made healthier choices in all categories except milk.
Suboptimal response following intradermal hepatitis B vaccine in infants

Abstract Two hundred and twenty-five infants were randomly assigned to receive 2 μg of plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine (Heptavax) intradermally (ID-2), 10 μg intramuscularly (IM-10), or 2 μg intramuscularly (IM-2) in the deltoid region at birth, 2 and 4 months. At 6 months, ID-2 infants were less likely to have developed ⩾ 10 mIU ml −1 of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) than IM-10 infants (91 versus 100%; p =0.02) and had a lower geometric mean concentration of anti-HBs (312 mIU ml − versus 2248 mIU ml −1 ; p
Theories of Learning and Teaching in TIP

Research on learning theories is central to most of the articles that have appeared in Theory Into Practice (TIP) over the past 50 years. Scholarship on this topic in many ways undergirds all articles that provide discussions of ways of moving theory into practice within the broad field of education. Indeed, one could easily argue that all research focusing on improving the education of learners at some level encompasses assumptions based on learning theory. Learning theory has been covered in TIP throughout the journal's history. As we review in this article, coverage within TIP has varied, and has included a wide array of perspectives on human learning within diverse educational contexts. Although learning theories often are taught and discussed along a historical continuum (e.g., behavioral theories lead to more cognitive theories), coverage in TIP has been broad. Indeed, scholarship from diverse theoretical perspectives has been published throughout the journal's history.
Natural and asparaginase induced death of L5178Y leukemia cells in vivo.

In der Bauchhohle von Mausen wachsende L5178 Y-Zellen wurden mit 125J-Joddeoxyuridin am 5. Tag des Tumorwachstums markiert zu einer Zeit, als der Einbau dieses DNS-Bausteines am intensivsten war. Um mit hohen Strahlendosen von 125J zusammenhangende Strahlenschaden zu vermeiden, uberschritt die Dosis nicht 2 μCi pro Maus. Die markierten L5178Y-Zellen wurden danach in nicht radioaktive Mause transplantiert. Die Ausscheidung von 125J durch die neuen Wirtstiere wurde als Index fur den Tod der Tumorzellen in vivo angenommen. In den Kontroll-Maussen trat der Zelltod wahrend der ersten 7–8 Tage des Tumorwachstums langsam ein, war aber in der Endphase beschleunigt. Die intraperitoneale Zufuhr von 0,4 Einheiten Asparaginase rief keine mesbare cytocide Wirkung hervor, wahrend Dosen von 2 oder mehr Einheiten 98% oder hoheren Zelltod innerhalb von 2 oder 3 Tagen nach der Injektion verursachten. Die Beurteilung der anatomischen Verteilung der Radioaktivitat nach der Asparagin-Gabe zeigte, das der Zelltod besonders schnell bei den in der Bauchhohle befindlichen Tumorzellen erfolgte.
Feedback Inhibition of Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Expression in Vitro and in Vivo by Androgens

Mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS) reduces testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells by inhibiting cytochrome P450C17 hydroxylase/C17–20 lyase expression. However, in mouse Leydig MA-10 cells, MIS also enhances the cAMP-induced expression of mRNA for steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), which transports cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane for conversion to pregnenolone. We hypothesized that the MIS-induced StAR expression is the indirect result of reduced testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells caused by MIS. We show that, in addition to MIS, flutamide, an androgen receptor antagonist, enhanced StAR mRNA expression when added to cAMP-treated MA-10 cells, whereas dihydrotestosterone, a potent androgen receptor agonist, attenuated these responses. Progesterone, dexamethasone, and estradiol also inhibited StAR mRNA expression. Addition of MIS to cAMP-treated MA-10 cells transfected with a StAR-promoter luciferase reporter resulted in increased StAR promoter activity over cAMP alone; this ...
High power photodiodes for photonics technology in naval applications

The performance of high-power photodiodes continues to advance, driven by needs such as those described here. Varied features of photodiodes determine the capabilities in systems applications, such as power handling, linearity and efficiency. However, these metrics are largely coupled and a single high-power device may meet the requirements for many different applications.
The effect of axial stretch on cavitation in an elastic cylinder

Abstract The phenomenon of cavitation in an elastic cylinder subjected to a combined axial stretch λz and radial traction P is examined. One possible response of the cylinder to this loading, for all λz; and P, is a pure homogeneous deformation. However, for some materials, the homogeneous deformation becomes unstable at certain critical values of (λz, P), and a second deformation bifurcates from the homogeneous one; this latter deformation involves a cylindrical cavity co-axial with the elastic cylinder. We determine the values of (λz, P) at which this happens. The results are displayed by constructing a curve in the (λz, P)-plane which divides this plane into regions where the homogeneous deformation is stable and unstable.
The use of life tables to assess varietal resistance of cotton to spider mites

Life tables of Tetranychus urticae Koch were used to assess resistance to spider mites in five varieties of cotton in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California. Experiments were conducted during midseason and again in mid- to late season. The most resistant variety was ‘Pima S-5’ and the most susceptible was ‘Acala SJ-2’. Resistance of S-5 was expressed primarily as lower mite survivorship and fecundity. Developmental rates were similar on all 5 varieties. Although differences in the net reproductive rate (R0) were large, there were only slight differences in the intrinsic rate of increase (r). Comparisons of the data in the first and second experiment, showed that resistance to spider mites increased as the plants matured. It is hypothesized that increased resistance associated with plant maturation results from a decrease in available nutrients in the leaves of older plants. RESUME L'utilisation de tables de vie pour mettre en evidence la resistance varietale du coton a Tetranychus urticae Les tables de vie de T. urticae Koch ont servi a la mise en evidence de la resistance de cinq varietes de coton dans la partie meridionale de la vallee de San Joaquin en Californie. Les experiences ont eu lieu a la mi-saison et a nouveau de la mi a la fin saison. La variete la plus resistante a ete ‘Pima S-5’ et la plus sensible ‘Acala SJ-2’. La resistance de S-5 s'est traduite d'abord par une diminution de la survie et de la fecondite des acariens. Les taux de developpement ont ete les memes sur les cinq varietes. Bien que les differences entre les taux de reproduction nets (R0) aient ete importants, il n'y a eu que de legeres differences entre les taux intrinseques d'accroissement (r). La comparaison des resultats des lere et 2eme experiences a montre que la resistance aux acariens a augmente quand les plantes ont muri. L'hypothese est emise d'un accroissement de la resistance lie a la maturation par suite d'une diminution de la quantite de'elements nutritifs dans les feuilles des plantes âgees.
Quantifying surface normal estimation

An inverse algorithm for surface normal estimation from thermal polarimetric imagery was developed and used to quantify the requirements on a priori information. Building on existing knowledge that calculates the degree of linear polarization (DOLP) and the angle of polarization (AOP) for a given surface normal in a forward model (from an object's characteristics to calculation of the DOLP and AOP), this research quantifies the impact of a priori information with the development of an inverse algorithm to estimate surface normals from thermal polarimetric emissions in long-wave infrared (LWIR). The inverse algorithm assumes a polarized infrared focal plane array capturing LWIR intensity images which are then converted to Stokes vectors. Next, the DOLP and AOP are calculated from the Stokes vectors. Last, the viewing angles, θv , to the surface normals are estimated assuming perfect material information about the imaged scene. A sensitivity analysis is presented to quantitatively describe the a priori information's impact on the amount of error in the estimation of surface normals, and a bound is determined given perfect information about an object. Simulations explored the impact of surface roughness (σ ) and the real component (n ) of a dielectric's complex index of refraction across a range of viewing angles (θv ) for a given wavelength of observation.© (2006) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Determining the causes of impairments in the Little Scioto River, Ohio, USA: Part 2. Characterization of causes

Two stream reaches in the Little Scioto River (OH, USA) were characterized for the causes of impairments measured at two locations. By inductive inference, six candidate causes were winnowed down to three and five candidate causes for each of the two stream reaches. Using a formal strength-of-evidence process, a single cause was determined. At the most upstream location, habitat alterations, including fine-textured substrates and low DO, were characterized as the probable causes for an increased percentage of anomalies of fish, a decreased percentage of mayflies, and an increased percentage of tolerant macroinvertebrates. An increase in the relative weight of fish was attributed to an artificially narrow, deepened channel. Approximately 2 km downstream, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated sediments were identified as the cause for both fish and macroinvertebrate impairments. Causal characterization using first elimination and then a strength-of-evidence approach narrowed and defined the causes of ecological impairment even in this situation, where many complex and interacting candidate causes existed. Applying a formal method highlighted types of data and associations that can strengthen and present a more convincing determination of the causes of impairment.
Evaluation of an interfragmentary compression system for the repair of equine femoral capital physeal fractures.

Abstract Femoral neck and proximal epiphyseal lengths were measured in 37 femurs from 19 cadaver foals that were 1 day to 12 months old to determine the applicability of a human interfragmentary compression system to equine femoral capital physeal fractures. Because components of the implant system are available only in fixed sizes, its use was possible in foals older than 5 weeks of age, but not in younger foals. The 135 degree angle plate conformed best to the equine femur. Femoral capital physeal fractures were created surgically and repaired with the implant system in three foals. Fracture stability was evident clinically and radiographically in all three foals until euthanasia at month 3. At necropsy, the treated femurs were 4, 8, and 27 mm shorter than their mates. Epiphyseal viability was verified in all three foals by tetracycline deposition and new appositional bone growth comparable with that in the contralateral control epiphyses. The treated capital physis was open but reduced in thickness in one foal, disorganized in one foal, and closed in one foal. Fixation by compression with the implant system resulted in stability sufficient for fracture healing and maintenance of epiphyseal viability, although it was associated with reduced longitudinal femoral growth.
Intensive forest clearing in Rondonia, Brazil, as detected by satellite remote sensing.

Imagery from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellite's Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer sensor has been used to identify an area about 100 x 400 km in Rondonia (Brazil) where massive forest clearing or deforestation is occurring. A field study verified the area of the clearing, which is associated with a large colonization program.
Raman spectroscopic analysis of the Ge–As–S chalcogenide glass-forming system

Abstract The network-level structure of the Ge x As y S 100 − x − y glass family has been systematically investigated using Raman spectroscopy to probe the supported normal modes. More than 150 samples were melted in the ternary composition space, providing a detailed measure of the glass-forming region of the system. A Raman spectrum normalization is proposed which permits semi-quantitative evaluation of the glass structure across the composition space of interest. This normalization is employed to compare the network structures evidenced in the chalcogen-rich and -poor regions, as well as the so-called “molecular” region. Application to the in-situ study of structural changes during heat treatment is also demonstrated.
The Community of Others or What is a Humanist Critique of Empire

The essay argues that the perceived waning of the influence of the Humanities (Literature, Continental Philosophy, Art, and Religion) and their irrelevance to contemporary problems of globalization and environmental issues is due to a limited exploration of the notion of interdisciplinarity. The essay suggests that, insofar as contemporary power relations pose a problem for our conception of human-being, the resources offered by the humanities acquire a renewed value and power for thinking through the era of the anthropocene.
A Mutagenic Effect of Visible Light Mediated by Endogenous Pigments in Euglena gracilis

Mutant cells lackng chlorophyll, chloroplasts, and chloroplast DNA were produced by irradiating Euglena gracilis in aerobic conditions with visible or red light (greater than 610 nanometers) of an intensity equivalent to that of direct sunlight. The photosensitizer is apparently the endogenous chlorophyll present in the chloroplasts. These mutants are comparable to those induced by ultraviolet light, x-rays, heat, or streptomycin. Our findings indicate that visible light can serve as a mutagenic agent in the absence of exogenous photosensitizers, thus directly effecting the course of evolution of organisms containing chlorophyll.
Warfarin-induced factor VII deficiency and the bleeding time

The effect of warfarin-induced factor VII deficiency on the skin bleeding time was investigated in 10 consecutive patients with mean prothrombin times of 33 sec and factor VII levels of 7%. Bleeding times in all but one subject were entirely within the normal range. We conclude that warfarin administration, even to the point of prolonging the prothrombin time beyond the therapeutic range, is not associated with an abnormal bleeding time. Furthermore, from the above evidence and a review of the literature, it is considered doubtful that factor VII plays a major role in primary hemostasis.
Determination of enantiomeric purity of commercial 14C- and 3H-labeled L-α-amino acids

The enantiomeric purity of twelve commercial 14C- and 3H-labeled L-α-amino acids was determined using reverse isotope dilution analysis. The technique utilized reversed-phase (RP) thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) in the mobile phase to separate D- and L-amino acids as their 5-dimethylamino-1-naphtalene sulfonyl (dansyl, DNS) derivatives. In all cases, the L-amino acid was contaminated with the D-isomer. This is the first report of the resolution of N-DNS-Dl-tyrosine and N-(α)-DNS-Dl-lysine using this methodology. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laundering procedures for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ester and amine herbicides from contaminated fabrics

Denim fabrics were contaminated with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) ester and 2,4-D amine formulations and laundered. The variables examined were pesticide formulations, temperatures, pre-rinse conditions, detergents, ammonia additive, and number of washings. A clean fabric, designated the “transfer fabric”, was laundered with the contaminated denim to assess amounts of herbicide transferred during laundering. Solubility of the formulation was a major factor in ease of removal and transfer during laundering. The amine is water-soluble and was readily removed during the laundry process. Generally, 60°C water temperature and heavy-duty liquid detergent without ammonia additive provided better pesticide removal than other tested conditions. Pre-rinse was not a contributing factor in herbicide removal, but resulted in significantly less amounts of 2,4-D transferred to concomitant laundry. A second washing cycle removed significantly greater amounts of the herbicide than a single washing.
The distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Narragansett Bay surface sediments.

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in 41 surface sediments from Narragansett Bay, RI. All the analytes generally decrease down bay from the Seekonk, Providence and Taunton Rivers at the head of the bay. Total PAHs ranged from 0.569 to 216 μg/g with 27% exceeding the effects range median (ERM) of 44.8 μg/g and 73% of the stations exceeding the effects range low (ERL) of 4.02 μg/g ( Long et al., 1995 ). Based on principal component analysis, the major source of the contaminants in Narragansett Bay was the Providence River while the coves and Taunton River/Mt. Hope Bay appeared to only have a limited influence on the open bay. PAH source ratios indicate that creosote and/or coal may be the most significant contributor of pyrogenic high molecular weight PAHs in Narragansett Bay, along with significant contributions from diesel exhaust.