cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Models of Liturgical Memory: Mystical-Political Dimensions, Mythic-Historic Tensions:

The exercise of memory, both within and in relation to the performance of sacramental rites, comprises a number of related phenomena rich in theological and anthropological complexity. Due to their...
Cultivating Cultural Competence Through Academic Community Engagement and Clinical Reflection

IntroductionNursing curriculum must include unique ways to enhance students’ cultural sensitivity to ensure the provision of culturally competent care to our diverse populations. Academic community...
Living Sociology: On Being in the World One Studies

Living sociology refers to the life of sociology, seen as a field of competing scientific research programs. The dynamism of each program requires, on the one hand, engaging internal contradictions...
Stable Isotope Tracing In Vivo Reveals A Metabolic Bridge Linking The Microbiota To Host Histone Acetylation

ABSTRACT The gut microbiota influences host epigenetics by fermenting dietary fiber into butyrate. Although butyrate could promote histone acetylation by inhibiting histone deacetylases, it may also undergo oxidation to acetyl-CoA, a necessary cofactor for histone acetyltransferases. Here, we find that epithelial cells from germ-free mice harbor a loss of histone H4 acetylation across the genome except at promoter regions. Using stable isotope tracing in vivo with 13C-labeled fiber, we demonstrate that the microbiota supplies carbon for histone acetylation. Subsequent metabolomic profiling revealed hundreds of labeled molecules and supported a microbial contribution to host fatty acid metabolism, which declined in response to colitis and correlated with reduced expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. These results illuminate the flow of carbon from the diet to the host via the microbiota, disruptions to which may affect energy homeostasis in the distal gut and contribute to the development of colitis.
Convergence of the two-phase Stefan problem to the one-phase problem

We study the limit of the one-dimensional Stefan problem as the diffusivity coefficient of the solid phase appoaches zero. We derive a weak formulation of the equilibrium condition for the resulting one-phase problem that allows jumps of the temperature accross the interface. The weak formulation consists of a regularity condition that only enforces the usual equilibrium condition to hold from the liquid phase. At the end we briefly discuss the radial problem in higher space dimensions. The main tool in order to prove the convergence are uniform bounds on the total variation of the free boundary that are derived using a regularized problem, where the equilibrium condition is substituted by a dynamical condition.
Interface cracks in bimaterial systems

Having treated materials with nonhomogeneities that are continuous functions of the space variables, it is natural to inquire into nonhomogeneities of a discrete nature. The simplest system of this kind is a bimaterial composite made of two homogeneous isotropic bodies with cracks prevailing at the interface. Solutions to this type of problem can provide some insight into laminated composites with cracks.
Interstellar ices studied with the Infrared Space Observatory.

The Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) was launched by the European Space Agency on 17 November 1995. The availability of spectra from the Short Wavelength Spectrometer (SWS) on ISO is a landmark in the study of interstellar ices and organics; they provide a wealth of data in the 2–20 μm region of the spectrum covering the principal solid state resonances of condensed matter in interstellar clouds. We thus have the opportunity to study many species likely to be relevant to the inventory of CNO-bearing interstellar material present at the formation of our own and other planetary systems. This paper presents a brief overview of what has been learned from the data available so far. A comparison is made between the compositions of ices in molecular clouds, protostellar condensations and comets. Key areas of uncertainty are highlighted as a basis for future research.
Class of functions approach to enterprise communications

A typical military enterprise is comprised of a great many entities that may take the form of users, organizations, platforms, and/or nodes, etc. In such an environment, it is important to define and invoke basic principles that facilitates the progress in achieving network-centric communication. One well-known architectural pitfall is any attempt to accomplish communication among N participants with a pair-wise approach. When N is large, this is known as the N-squared problem. It just is not feasible to handle enterprise communication in this fashion. Either one must start with too few nodes that limits the scope of what can be accomplished, or one runs out of resources before all possible N/sup 2/ connections can be effected. This paper describes an alternative architectural approach that assures extensibility in the sense that each participant only needs to apply a given effort to connect with the network. Although the amount of individual effort may vary across the set of participants, the total effort of all participants is linear, i.e., proportional to N - instead of N/sup 2/. An application of this principle to a large network consisting of many airborne platforms is illustrated.
Spleen lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with Hodgkin's disease.

Estudaram-se as populacoes linfocitaria em bacos de 5 doentes com doenca de Hodgkin e num individuo normal. Nos bacos patologicos observou-se um aumento do numero de celulas null e uma diminuicao da resposta ao mitogenio Concanavalina A, com manutencao da resposta a fitohemaglutinina. Por separacao das celulas em gradientes de densidade isolou-se uma populacao celular incapaz de responder a Concanavalina A.
What clinical factors predict the incidence of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in neurosurgical patients

Object Venous thromboembolisms (VTEs) occur frequently in surgical patients and can manifest as pulmonary emboli (PEs) or deep venous thromboses (DVTs). While many medical therapies have been shown to prevent VTEs, neurosurgeons are concerned about the use of anticoagulants in the postoperative setting. To better understand the prevalence of and the patient-level risk factors for VTE, the authors analyzed data from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP). Methods Retrospective data on 1,777,035 patients for the years from 2006 to 2011 were acquired from the American College of Surgeons NSQIP database. Neurosurgical cases were extracted by querying the data for which the surgical specialty was listed as “neurological surgery.” Univariate statistics were calculated using the chi-square test, with 95% confidence intervals used for the resultant risk ratios. Multivariate models were constructed using binary logistic regression with a maximum number of 20 iterations. Results Venous thromboemb...
Practical Problems with a Cryptographic Protection Scheme

Z is a software system designed to provide media-transparent net- work services on a collection of UNIX® machines. These services are comprised of file transfer and command execution; Z preserves file own- ership on remote transfer, and more significantly, owner and group iden- tity when executing commands remotely. In order to secure known vulner- abilities in the system, enhancements were made. In particular, a cryptographically-derived checksum was added to the messages. After the initial implementation of the checksumming scheme, several iterations of performance improvement occurred. The result was unsatisfactory to the user community, so the checksum was removed. Instead, vulnerabilities were reduced by improved monitoring and maintenance procedures.
Murder on Grimm Isle: The impact of game narrative design in an educational game-based learning environment

The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of narrative design in a game-based learning environment. Specifically, this investigation focuses the narrative design in an adventure-styled, game-based learning environment for fostering argumentation writing by looking at how the game narrative impacted player/learner (1) intrinsic motivation, (2) curiosity, (3) plausibility and (4) transference of game-based experiences into prewriting activities. The methodological framework for this qualitative investigation is a case study with grounded theory methodology. The setting is an educational, three-dimensional, immersive game-based learning environment titled Murder on Grimm Isle, used to foster argumentation and persuasion writing for Grades 9-14. The participants included 20 college students. The findings of the investigation reveal that intrinsic motivation, curiosity and plausibility were first supported by the game-like environment, and then sustained through the narrative and the environment. Additionally, game-based experiences were transferred into prewriting activities. Unanticipated findings revealed some student resistance. The goal of this research is to gain a better understanding of narrative design for game-based learning environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Pitch Angles and Spectra of Particles in the Outer Zone Near Noon

Precipitation patterns of electrons on the dayside have been studied for many years using ground based evidence and satellite experiments. This article will summarize some of the more recent work, and attempt to extend and refine our understanding of these regions.
Chaiqian/Demolition: Reflections on Media Practice

In 2008, I spent three weeks filming a demolition site in the center of Chengdu, the capital of China's Sichuan province. I collaborated with migrant workers, site managers, and city dwellers to produce the feature-length film Chaiqian (Demolition), which offers a sensual and open-ended portrait of migrant labor, urban space, and ephemerality. This essay presents a set of reflections on the production process and aesthetic choices of the film, and draws on sensory ethnography, phenomenology, and the concept of cinephilia to explore the ontological differences between written ethnography and film. I observe that the conventional approach to media production in anthropology has tended to limit the multitude of meaning inherent in images and sound by reducing them to mere illustrations of an argument and/or cultural data. While this dominant approach has its specific uses, especially in terms of pedagogy, I argue that equal value ought to be placed on an approach to media anthropology that not only embraces sensuality and ambiguity but also appreciates the multivalent powers peculiar to sound and image, and refrains from constraining visuality and aurality to the wholly linguistic and propositional. The essay concludes with a meditation on the value that such an approach—with its accommodation of multiple interpretations of the image—possesses for historiography and the construction of alternative archives.
A technique for automated validation of fault tolerant designs using laser fault injection (LFI)

This paper describes the successful development and demonstration of a Laser Fault Injection (LFI) technique to inject soft, i.e., transient, faults into VLSI circuits in a precisely-controlled, non-destructive, non-intrusive manner for the purpose of validating fault tolerant design and performance. The technique described in this paper not only enables the validation of fault-tolerant VLSI designs, but it also offers the potential for performing automated testing of board-level and system-level fault tolerant designs including fault tolerant operating system and application software. The paper describes the results of LFI testing performed to date on test metal circuit structures, i.e., ring oscillators, flip-flops, and multiplier chains, and on an advanced RISC processor, with comprehensive on-chip concurrent error detection and instruction retry, in a working single board computer. Relative to rapid, low cost testing and validation of complex fault tolerant designs, with the automated laser system at the Laser Restructuring Facility at the University of South Florida Center for Microelectronics Research (USF/CMR), a design with 10000 test points could be tested and validated in under 17 minutes. In addition to describing the successful demonstration of the technique to date, the paper discusses some of the challenges that still need to be addressed to make the technique a truly practical fault tolerant design validation tool.
The MCH2+ systems: do ScCH2+ and TiCH2+ have Cs or C2v symmetry and a comparison of the B3LYP method to other approaches

ScCH2(+) and TiCH2(+) are found to have C(sub s) symmetry, while the remaining systems have the expected C(sub 2v) symmetry. The C(sub s) symmetry structure is favored for ScCH2(+) and TiCH2(+) because it allows donation from one of the CH bonds into an empty 3d orbital. This distortion stabilizes the systems by less than 2 kcal/mol at the B3LYP, CASSCF, and CCSD(T) levels of theory. The SCF and B3LYP approaches find the C2(sub v) structure to be a saddle point, while the CASSCF approach finds the C(sub 2v) structure to be a stationary point. For V-Cu there are no empty 3d orbitals of the correct symmetry, and therefore the distortion to C(sub s), is unfavorable. The B3LYP binding energies are in good agreement with experiment and our previous best estimates.
Recognizing locations with Google Glass: A case study

Wearable computers are rapidly gaining popularity as more people incorporate them into their everyday lives. The introduction of these devices allows for wider deployment of Computer Vision based applications. In this paper, we describe a system developed to deliver users of wearable computers a tour guide experience. In building our system, we compare and contrast different techniques towards achieving our goals. Those techniques include using various descriptor types, such as HOG, SIFT and SURF, under different encoding models, such as holistic approaches, Bag-of-Words, and Fisher Vectors. We evaluate those approaches using classification methods including Nearest Neighbor and Support Vector Machines. We also show how to incorporate information external to images, specifically GPS, to improve the user experience.
Communication Patterns and Direct Social Work Practice with Latinos in the U.S.

Abstract Although Latinos in the United States are projected to become the largest ethnic and cultural population by the 21st century, there continues to be a paucity of literature on the heterogeneity of this population. This article presents a brief perspective of Puerto Ricans in the U.S. including elements of its cultural value system and its relevance to culturally based differences in patterns of communication. The author identifies several cultural values, how they interface with different patterns of communication among Puerto Ricans and implications for direct social work practice.
Identification of nonmethane organic compound emissions from grassland vegetation.

Abstract Emissions of nonmethane organic compounds (NMOCs) from grassland vegetation were collected in Summa® passivated stainless-steel canisters with a static enclosure technique and were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography with flame ionization and ion trap mass spectrometric detectors. Approximately 40 NMOCs with 6–10 carbon atoms were observed in samples analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography with the flame ionization detector. Nineteen NMOCs in this molecular weight range (6 aliphatic oxygenates; 1 aromatic hydrocarbon; and 4 acyclic, 5 monocyclic, and 3 bicyclic monoterpenoids) were identified by ion trap mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry was particularly useful for identifying myrcene and cis-3-hexenylacetate, which coeluted on a fused-silica capillary column coated with a 1-μm-thick film of polydimethylsiloxane. An evaluation of the reactivity of the grassland emissions revealed that the aliphatic oxygenates have lifetimes of a few hours with respect to oxidation by OH and O3 in the atmosphere. This value is similar to the lifetimes of the bicyclic monoterpenoids. The expected lifetimes of the monoterpenoids with respect to oxidation by NO3 are only several minutes.
Degradation of a Water-Soluble Polymer: Molecular Weight Changes and Chain Scission Characteristics

Computer simulations in conjunction with molecular weight distributions, obtained from gel permeation chromatography (GPC), are used to obtain physical insights on the mechanisms of degradation of guar galactomannan, a naturally occuring polysaccharide. Two different modes of degradation, sonication and enzymatic hydrolysis, are compared. Both modes of guar degradation reveal similar features in terms of changes in molecular weights, a rapid reduction followed by a slow decrease. However, the molecular weight distributions are significantly different, with ultrasonication leading to a narrowing of the molecular weight distribution and enzymatic hydrolysis resulting in its broadening. Sonication of guar results in a random degradation of chains, so that all bonds have equal probability of cleavage. In contrast, enzymatic degradation does not follow any of the typical modes of chain scission (random, Gaussian, and central), indicating that enzymatic hydrolysis of guar does not obey a “single scission” pathw...
Modelling of a Batch Deep-Fat Frying Process for Tortilla Chips

The process of deep-fat frying involves simultaneous heat and mass transfer and both frying and cooling conditions are critical to the final product quality. An understanding of the complex frying mechanism is helpful to improve the quality of the final product. The frying process was simulated by applying energy and mass balance equations to a single chip and a batch of tortilla chips. The temperature, moisture content, and oil content were calculated as a function of frying time. Finite difference technique was used to solve the set of partial differential equations. Experiments were conducted to validate the mathematical model. The temperature of the chips and the temperature of the oil during frying were measured and comparisons between predicted and observed results showed that the model successfully simulated the batch frying processes for tortilla chips. The good agreements also validate the frying mechanism proposed by this study. The mathematical model was used to analyse the effects of different frying conditions on the oil, moisture, and temperature profiles during the frying of tortilla chips.
THE CONUNDRUM OF SAMAIL : EXPLAINING THE METAMORPHIC HISTORY

Abstract Recent thermochronology and thermobarometry place new constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Samail ophiolite. Zircon and radiolarian ages indicate formation of the Samail ophiolite crust at 97-94 Ma. Hornblende ages demonstrate that the metamorphic sole beneath the ophiolite formed and, only 1–4 m.y. later, cooled to 550°C. Thermobarometry dictates that the sole formed at peak temperatures of 775–875°C and unexpectedly high pressures of 1.1 GPa. These data imply extremely rapid (∼200 km/m.y.) subduction beneath a very young ophiolite for a few m.y. to depths of 30–40 km, followed by equally rapid subduction of cold lithosphere beneath the ophiolite. High-pressure rocks beneath the ophiolite show subduction of the Arabian continental margin to depths as great as 70–80 km, but the temporal and genetic relationships between the metamorphic sole and the high-pressure rocks are poorly known. Key questions remaining are the magnitude, style, and age of extension of the ophiolite, and the timing of high-pressure metamorphic event(s).
Brain injury: refinement and restoration--the light is coming on.

The scope and extent of traumatic brain injury (TBI) as a regional, national, and international problem cannot be underestimated. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has estimated that 1.7 million people sustain TBI annually and that 75%-85% of these injuries are mild [1]. Sports and bicycle accidents account for 26% of mild TBI, with approximately 300,000 persons with sports-related TBIs presenting to the emergency department yearly. The vast majority of those were due to concussions. No other health issue has received more media recognition than sports-related concussion. Recent findings describe the high incidence of TBIs among service members returning from conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan [2]. Yet, for sportsor military-related injuries, little in the way of compelling evidence is available to guide therapy. These numbers are additive to the large number of individuals who experience lifelong disability related to severe TBI each day. Although numerous clinical trials for neuroprotection have failed to show efficacy, a bright light exists in the refinement and neurorestorative arenas for the near future [3].
Catalytic properties and active‐site structural features of immobilized horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase

Alcohol dehydrogenase from horse liver was immobilized by covalent attachment to CNBr-Sepharose and by adsorption to octyl-Sepharose CL-4B, a hydrophobic analog of Sepharose. In each case, rate constants for the binding and release of coenzyme and for the oxidation of substrates were measured based on the concentration of accessible active-site zinc atoms determined by titration with a paramagnetic inhibitor. All rate constants were substantially reduced upon immobilization; however, the rate constant of immobilized enzyme for ethanol oxidation was independent of the immobilization method, whereas the rate constant for cyclohexanol oxidation was lower for enzyme immobilized to octyl-Sepharose. Consequently, the substrate specificity of the two immobilized enzyme samples differed by an order of magnitude. Moreover, EPR spectroscopy studies and computer graphic analyses of spin labels occupying three defined regions of the active-site domain indicated that the active-site conformation adjacent to the catalytic zinc atom was similar in the two samples while the conformation slightly further from the zinc atom was different. This result may explain why the two immobilized enzyme preparations exhibited the same rate constant toward a small substrate (ethanol) yet different rate constants toward a larger substrate (cyclohexanol), whose rate constant is expected to be sensitive to a larger portion of the active site.
Antagonism of locomotor suppressant effects of reserpine in mice.

In this study a direct quantitative comparison has been made of the effects of 5-HTP and DOPA on locomotor activity of normal control mice and of mice treated with either reserpine or iproniazid, or with reserpine and iproniazid together. Thirty-four groups of female albino mice and ninety-six groups of male albino mice were used. DOPA, but not 5-HTP, restored co-ordinated locomotor activity to mice treated either with reserpine or with reserpine and iproniazid. Treatment with reserpine enhanced the effects of DOPA in increasing the activity of iproniazid-treated mice. DOPA alone suppressed locomotor activity of normal control mice. The effect of 5-HTP on normal mice did not differ significantly from that of saline.
NATIVE AMERICAN CHRISTIAN HIGHER EDUCATION: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE 21st CENTURY

The legacy of Christian higher education for Native Americans has been one of misunderstanding and missed opportunities since England's King James I decreed that an institution should be provided to educate the children of the Indians encountered by the Jamestown settlers in the early seventeenth century. This article briefly surveys the history of Christian higher education among Native Americans through the Colonial, Federal, and present-day Self-Determination period. The writer concludes this piece with contemporary challenges and opportunities for educators and practitioners involved with Native American Christian higher education in the twenty-first century.
Adaptive Importance Latin Hypercube Sampling

Probabilistic methods currently require many function evaluations or do not provide a mathematically robust confidence interval. The proposed method searches to find the Most Probable Point (MPP) using a Hasofer-Lind-Rackwitz-Fiessler (HLRF) algorithm, and then estimates reliability with Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) evaluating only those points outside of the MPP. Repeated samples provide several estimates of the reliability, which are aggregated to find a reliability estimate with a confidence interval. The computational efficiency is much better than standard LHS sampling and improves as the failure probability decreases. The method is applied to two example problems, each showing a statistically significant reduced confidence interval.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Evaluation of the Implementation of the 75‐gram, 2‐hour Glucose Tolerance Test in a Nurse‐midwifery Practice

Purpose/Aim Despite recent attempts at achieving international consensus concerning screening criteria for gestational diabetes, conflicting opinions and strategies persist. A clinical inquiry project described the implementation of the one-step, 75-gram, 2-hour glucose tolerance test (GTT) in a nurse-midwifery practice at an academic health center. Research Questions and/or Hypotheses The 4 aims of the inquiry project were to describe characteristics and outcomes of nurse-midwifery patients diagnosed with gestational diabetes using the newly implemented screening criteria, including: 1) demographic characteristics, 2) select antepartum measures, 3) select maternal and newborn outcomes, and 4) select indicators of utilization of resources. Significance/Background This inquiry project is the first known description of the implementation of the one-step, 75-gram, 2-hour GTT in a national nurse-midwifery population. Methods All nurse-midwifery patients who had been diagnosed with gestational diabetes using the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel's criteria between June 1, 2012 and February 28, 2013 were included. Local IRB approval was obtained. Descriptive statistics were used to report the data. Findings Thirty-three women were diagnosed with gestational diabetes. The gestational diabetes prevalence rate increased from approximately 4.6% to 15.6%. Forty-six percent of the women diagnosed with gestational diabetes had risk factors and were screened at less than 17 weeks’ gestation. Forty-seven percent of these women were diagnosed with gestational diabetes that required medication (A2GDM) and transferred to the perinatal diabetes clinic. Twenty-eight women had given birth by the time of the analysis. Twenty-nine percent (n = 8) were induced for gestational diabetes-related indications. One woman required insulin in labor. One preterm birth at 36 weeks’ gestation was not attributed to gestational diabetes. Thirty-two percent (n = 9) had previous cesarean births. There were 4 repeat cesarean births, 2 of which were for arrest of labor and 2 for fetal intolerance of labor. The unscheduled cesarean birth rate, including those who labored with a past history of cesarean, was 21.4% (n = 6). The mean (SD) infant birth weight was 3553 (477) g. There were no cases of shoulder dystocia, birth injuries, neonatal hypoglycemia, or infant-mother separation. Discussion A descriptive summary revealed a substantial increase in the prevalence rate in this nurse-midwifery population. Maternal diagnosis and outcomes varied by risk factor status. Neonatal outcomes were overwhelmingly normal. Utilization of resources was highest among women with A2GDM. The analysis is limited by a small sample size and provides a basis for future studies of screening criteria for gestational diabetes in the nurse-midwifery population.
Galen's Anatomy of the Soul

This paper presents the first half of a two-part investigation into the nature and coherence of Galen's philosophical psychology. In it, I shall consider Galen's account of the structure of the soul, his vigorous defence of a Platonic tripartitional psychology in contrast to the unifying account of the Stoics, paying particular attention to his attempted demonstrations of the distinctness and various locations of the soul's parts, and to the epistemological and methodological principles he brings to bear in this effort. Part of the purpose of this will be to demonstrate in some detail how Galen's twin professions of philosopher and physiologist combine to inform his particular treatment of these issues. In the second part,' I shall turn to the moral aspects of Galen's philosophical psychology, and in particular to his account of the passions, and the question of whether they can be tamed, or whether rather they require root-and-branch eradication; and I shall attempt to show how Galen's physicalism is to be made compatible with his belief that, at least in their general condition, our passions, and the extent to which we are the slaves of them, are up to us. From all of this, I hope, there will emerge a picture of Galen engaged in what Fodor has called 'speculative psychology',2 that is the attempt to steer a middle course between a purely empirical and hence potentially impoverished approach to the science of psychology on the one hand, and an overly aprioristic and rationalistic psychology of the mind carried through with no regard for empirical adequacy on the other. And, I hold, Galen engaged in it in a sophisticated manner for, properly carried out, such a project need be neither bad science nor inadequate philosophy, but indeed the only fruitful and intelligent way of going about either.3
pH Dependence of the rate of DNA alkylation for (+)-duocarmycin SA and (+)-CCBI-TMI

Abstract A study of the DNA alkylation rate pH dependence with the establishment of pseudo first-order rate constants for 1 and 3 at a single high affinity site in w794 DNA is detailed. This dependence proved to be remarkably small with the rates increasing only 1.89x and 2.5x, respectively, over 2 pH units (pH 6–8).
Insoluble coat protein mutants of TMV: their origin, and characterization of the defective coat proteins.

A method is described for the purification of the defective protein of TMV mutants, from a class of mutants which engender an insoluble coat protein in their host. These proteins are unable to aggregate with TMV-RNA to form a functional virion. Amino acid compositions of one isolate each of mutant PM1 and PM2I and two of mutant PM4 showed a small number of amino acid replacements from common strain coat protein and all shared in common one less residue each of aspartic acid (or asparagine) and one more residue of lysine when compared with the protein of the common strain. One of the mutants (PM2I) was found with increasing frequency in plants infected with defective mutant PM2 (which engenders a soluble defective coat protein in its host) when the plants were grown at elevated temperatures. The other two mutants (PM1 and PM4) were obtained after nitrous acid treatment of the common strain, but the nature of the amino acid replacements found in their coat proteins indicates that they were not induced by the nitrous acid. Rather they were either already present in the nitrous acid-treated TMV, surviving the treatment preferentially, or were selected upon subsequent subculture of an original bone fide nitrous acid-induced mutant. Mutant PM2I, because of the nature of the amino acid replacements in the defective coat protein was not a further mutation of mutant PM2. It was considered to be either a spontaneous mutant, or a contaminant present in PM2 infections which is favored when the plant is grown at elevated temperatures.
The Marketing of Residence Halls: A Question of Positioning

ABSTRACT Recent declines in freshman and sophomore enrollments have resulted in increasing competition for institutions seeking to market residence hall services. This study investigated the manner in which these institutions are responding to today's environment. Questionnaires were mailed to 685 directors of residence halls, of which 343 responded. The study revealed the percentages of private and public institutions offering different amenities, the main selling points offered in promotional brochures, and the most common complaints expressed by residents. In addition, dormitory residents at a large midwestern university were surveyed in order to determine the importance placed on various attributes. The findings are compared to the current university housing offerings and the perceptions of the university's housing director.
Venereal transmission of La Crosse (California encephalitis) arbovirus in Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes

Veneral transmission of La Crosse virus by males of Aedes triseriatus was demonstrated. La Crosse virus was detected in the bursa of females after induced copulation, and disseminated infection was shown to occur occasionally. Since males of Aedes triseriatus have transovarial filial infection rates similar to those of females and can repeatedly mate, veneral transmission may be an important supplement to other natural endemic maintenance mechanisms.
Direct determination of the chemical bonding of individual impurities in graphene

Using a combination of Z-contrast imaging and atomically resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy on a scanning transmission electron microscope, we show that the chemical bonding of individual impurity atoms can be deduced experimentally. We find that when a Si atom is bonded with four atoms at a double-vacancy site in graphene, Si 3d orbitals contribute significantly to the bonding, resulting in a planar sp 2 d-like hybridization, whereas threefold coordinated Si in graphene adopts the preferred sp 3 hybridization. The conclusions are confirmed by first-principles calculations and demonstrate that chemical bonding of two-dimensional materials can now be explored at the single impurity level.
Modular synthesis of ruthenium tripodal system with variable anchoring groups positions for semiconductor sensitization

Abstract We describe an improved synthetic approach to access tripodal compounds with variable footprints and anchor groups. Two ruthenium(II) bipyridine tripodal complexes with three carboxylic acid groups in meta (Ru-m-COOH, 1) and para (Ru-p-COOH, 2) positions, and with large (180–250 A2) footprints were synthesized and bound to the surface of nanostructured TiO2. Selected properties of 1 and 2 in solution and bound are reported.
Self-controlled practice enhances motor learning: implications for physiotherapy

Abstract Studies examining the effects of self-controlled (learner-controlled) practice on motor skill learning are reviewed. The findings show that allowing learners to control the delivery of feedback, use of physical assistive devices, or the presentation of movement demonstrations can enhance learning compared with external control of these factors. Possible reasons for the learning benefits of self-controlled practice are discussed. In particular, self-control seems to enhance the learner's motivation, which, in turn, results in deeper information processing and ultimately improves retention and transfer. Implications of these findings for physiotherapy are outlined. For example, feedback or demonstrations of the goal movement might be more effective if patients had some control over its frequency and time of delivery. Furthermore, giving patients the opportunity to decide when and how often they use an assistive device might speed up the recovery process. However, patient studies are still lacking and more research is needed to examine the extent to which the findings reported here can be generalised to various patient populations.
Morphology of CdS Nanocrystals Synthesized in a Mixed Surfactant System

High aspect ratio cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum rods were synthesized at room temperature in the environment of water-in-oil microemulsions using a combination of two surfactants: the anionic bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) and the zwitterionic phospholipid l-α-phosphatidylcholine (lecithin). These highly acicular particles, obtained from a water-in-oil microemulsion containing an equimolar mixture of AOT and lecithin, possess an average width of 4.1 nm ± 0.6 nm, with lengths ranging from 50 to 150 nm. In contrast, conventional spherical CdS quantum dots are obtained from the AOT water-in-oil microemulsion system, with an average particle diameter of 5.0 nm ± 0.6 nm. X-ray and electron diffraction analyses reveal that the quantum dots have the face centered cubic structure of zinc blende, while the quantum rods predominantly have the hexagonal structure of wurtzite. Luminescence spectrophotometry of the samples indicates a blue-shift in the emission spectra when quantum rods are synthesized. It is...
Prostacyclin biosynthesis in vascular endothelium is not inhibited by cyclic AMP. Studies with 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and forskolin.

Abstract We have previously reported ( Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 79, 495–499, 1982) that the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-l-methylxanthine (IBMX), stimulates cyclic AMP accumulation and inhibits prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) production in primary monolayer cultures of human umbilical vein endothelium. The present study was carried out to determine whether these effects are causally related. Incubation of endothelial monolayers with the diterpene, forskolin, increased the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP by 10-fold. Despite this marked increase in cyclic AMP, neither baseline production of PGI 2 nor release in response to stimulation by thrombin or the divalent cation ionophore, A23187, was affected. Both forskolin and isoproterenol were found to potentiate the effect of IBMX on cyclic AMP accumulation without causing further inhibition of PGI 2 biosynthesis. Inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity with 2,6-bis-(diethanolamino)-4-piperidinopyrimido-[5,4-d]pyrimidine increased cyclic AMP levels to the same extent as IBMX; however, this agent had no effect on PGI 2 biosynthesis. These findings demonstrate that increases in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP have no short-term effects on PGI 2 biosynthesis in vascular endothelium and suggest that inhibition of PGI 2 production by IBMX is the result of some other, cyclic AMP-independent action of the drug.
Use of real-time PCR to examine the relationship between disease severity in pea and Aphanomyces euteiches DNA content in roots

Aphanomyces euteiches causes severe root rot of peas. Resistance is limited in commercial pea cultivars. Real-time fluorescent PCR assay specific for A. euteiches was used to study the relationship between disease severity and pathogen DNA content in infected peas. Five pea genotypes ranging in levels of resistance were inoculated with five isolates of A. euteiches. Plants were visually rated for disease development and the amount of pathogen DNA in roots was determined using the PCR assay. The susceptible genotypes Genie, DSP and Bolero tended to have significantly more disease and more pathogen DNA than the resistant genotypes 90-2079 and PI 180693. PI 180693 consistently had less disease, while 90-2079 had the lowest amount of pathogen DNA. The Spearman correlation between pathogen DNA quantity and disease development was positive and significant (P < 0.05) for three isolates, but was not significant for two other isolates. This suggests that the real-time PCR assay may have limited application as a selection tool for resistance in pea to A. euteiches. Its utility as a selection tool would be dependent on the correlation between disease development and pathogen DNA content for a given pathogen isolate. The accuracy and specificity of the real-time PCR assay suggests considerable application for the assay in the study of mechanisms of disease resistance and the study of microbial population dynamics in plants.
Increased capillary permeability in rat brain induced by factors secreted by cultured C6 glioma cells: role in peritumoral brain edema.

To investigate whether brain tumors secrete a factor(s) responsible for peritumoral brain edema, we studied the effect of conditioned medium from cultured C6 glioma cells on rat brain capillary permeability. Three different fractions of conditioned medium were obtained. SUP-N was a culture supernatant incubated 4 hours in serum-free medium. SUP-C was the 60–100 fold concentrated fraction obtained by dialysis-concentration of SUP-N; it contained 950 µ g/ml of protein > 10 k-daltons from 3 × 108 cells. SUP-L was a water-dispersible lipid fraction from SUP-N; the major components of SUP-L were neutral lipids and free fatty acids. The supernatant fractions and their corresponding control solutions were infused into normal rat brain, and capillary permeability was determined using quantitative autoradiography by measuring the unidirectional entry constant, K (µ 1/g · min), of 14C-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (14C-AlB) into brain tissue. SUP-C and SUP-L significantly increased capillary permeability of normal brain; the effect of SUP-C was more intense and extensive than that of SUP-L. The highest mean K value (Kmax) of SUP-C was 10.83 ± 0.99 and that of the control was 2.53 ± 0.22 (p < 0.001). The Km. of SUP-L was 5.61 ± 0.23 and that of the control was 2.67 ± 0.36 (p < 0.01). A time-course study after infusion of SUP-C demonstrated that more than 1.5 hours is required for the supernatant fraction to open the barrier and that the effect of SUP-C was reversible. The increase of capillary permeability induced by SUP-C was significantly inhibited by pretreatment of rats with dexamethasone (10 mg/kg, ip) 1 hour before intracerebral infusion of SUP-C (Kmax (untreated): 8.30 ± 0.82, Kmax (treated): 1.33 ± 0.64, p < 0.001). These results indicate that experimental brain tumors secrete at least two different diffusible factors responsible for capillary endothelial leakage in normal brain. One is a protein of molecular weight greater than 10 k-daltons, whose effect is inhibited by glucocorticoids, and the other is a waterdispersible lipid.
Cumberland Falls chondritic inclusions: III. Consortium study of relationship to inclusions in Allan Hills 78113 aubrite

The contents of Ag, Au, Bi, Cd, Co, Cs, Ga, In, Rb, Sb, Se, Te, Tl, U, and Zn in large chondritic clasts from the Cumbersand Falls aubrite were determined by radiochemical neutron activation analysis, and the results, together with the results of a mineralogical investigation, were compared with respective data obtained for three primitive inclusions from the ALH A78113 aubrite. The results indicated that the clasts from both aubrite sources constitute a single chondritic suite. The analyses data, together with the results of thermoluminescence data for Cumberland Falls chondritic inclusions and achondritic host, indicate that inclusions in Cumberland Falls and in ALH A78113 aubrite represent a primitive chondrite sample suite whose properties were established during primary nebular accretion and condensation over a broad redox range.
Teaching Timeless Truths through Classic Literature: Aesop's Fables and Strategic Management.

Strategic management courses focus on top managers’efforts to guide organizations to greater prosperity. Unfortunately, most undergraduate students lack experience with high organizational levels. As a result, such students often struggle to relate to and grasp strategic management concepts. The authors argue that classic literature offers poignant, straightforward, and memorable lessons about strategy. As such, classic literature can be a useful addition to strategy professors’“teaching toolbox.” In particular, Aesop’s fables are used to illustrate key pedagogical points. The authors conclude with a discussion of other classic works that may be applied to the strategy field and implications for classroom usage.
Wavelet priors for multiframe image restoration

It is known that the distributions of wavelet coefficients of natural images at different scales and orientations can be approximated by generalized Gaussian probability density functions. We exploit this prior knowledge within a novel statistical framework for multi-frame image restoration based on the maximum a-posteriori (MAP) algorithm. We describe an iterative algorithm for obtaining a high-fidelity object estimate from multiple warped, blurred, and noisy low-resolution images. We compare our new method with several other techniques including linear restoration, and restoration using Markov Random Field (MRF) object priors. We will discuss the performances of the algorithms.
Short-term outcomes of detected and undetected depressed primary care patients and depressed psychiatric patients

Abstract The aims of this study were to determine whether detection of major depression in primary care was associated with improved outcome, and to compare the 4.5 month outcomes of detected and undetected depressed primary care patients and depressed psychiatric patients. Primary care patients with major depression were recruited from the practices of 50 family physicians in Southeastern Michigan using a two-stage selection procedure employing the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID); clinician detection of depression was ascertained by response to a direct query on a rating form. Depressed patients seeking treatment in an outpatient psychiatric setting also received the CES-D and the SCID. Data on patient demographics and clinical characteristics were obtained for both primary care and psychiatric patients. Initial and 4.5 month scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) were obtained for 34 undetected and 25 detected depressed primary care and 55 depressed psychiatric patients. Improvement in depression over time was assessed by the change in HAM-D scores over the 4.5 months. The three groups did not differ in initial severity. Both psychiatric and undetected primary care patients showed significant improvement at 4.5 months, whereas detected primary care patients did not improve. At 4.5 months there were no differences in mean HAM-D scores between undetected, depressed primary care patients and depressed psychiatric outpatients. This result did not change after controlling for age and severity of depression at initial presentation, nor did it change after exclusion of cases of mild depression to control for a possible “floor effect.” However, differences among groups in the stage of depressive episodes may have affected this comparison. These findings suggest that an exclusive focus on increasing detection of depression in primary care patients is unlikely to improve outcomes, and that undetected depression among primary care patients does not necessarily represent poor quality of care. Although depressed psychiatric patients in this study had better outcomes than detected depressed primary care patients, the presence of unmeasured differences among groups in the stage of the depressive episode makes it impossible to determine whether treatment of depression by psychiatrists is superior to that provided by primary care physicians. These findings should stimulate efforts to examine a more comprehensive model for detection and treatment of depression in primary care.
Cushing’s Contributions to Neuroscience, Part 1: Through the Looking Glass

Harvey Cushing (1869-1939) played a pivotal role in the birth of modern neurosurgery. At the turn of the century, when he was completing his surgical residency, medicine was just beginning to embrace scientific investigation as the main tool to diagnose and treat disease. Touring Europe after residency landed him in the laboratory of the great scientist Theodor Kocher, with whom he developed a modern understanding of the effects of increased intracranial pressure. This achievement helped Cushing transform neurosurgery into a viable specialty. An analysis of this early work in neuroscience reveals the ambition, ingenuity, and self-assurance of a budding scientist struggling to achieve recognition. This is the first of two reports on Cushing’s contributions to neuroscience.