cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
p53: Multiple Facets of a Rubik's Cube

The p53 tumor suppressor has been studied for decades, and still there are many questions left unanswered. In this review, we first describe the current understanding of the wild-type p53 functions that determine cell survival or death, and regulation of the protein, with a particular focus on the negative regulators, the murine double minute family of proteins. We also summarize tissue-, stress-, and age-specific p53 activities and the potential underlying mechanisms. Among all p53 gene alterations identified in human cancers, p53 missense mutations predominate, suggesting an inherent biological advantage. Numerous gain-of-function activities of mutant p53 in different model systems and contexts have been identified. The emerging theme is that mutant p53, which retains a potent transcriptional activation domain, also retains the ability to modify gene transcription, albeit indirectly. Lastly, because mutant p53 stability is necessary for its gain of function, we summarize the mechanisms through which mutant p53 is specifically stabilized. A deeper understanding of the multiple pathways that impinge upon wild-type and mutant p53 activities and how these, in turn, regulate cell behavior will help identify vulnerabilities and therapeutic opportunities.
Chromatin architecture underpinning transcription elongation

RNA polymerase 2 (pol2) associates with enhancers and promoters, followed by transcription initiation and subsequent pausing. Upon release, pol2 proceeds into productive elongation. A wide spread view of transcription holds that during elongation, pol2 and associated factors clear the promoter proximal region to track along the chromatin fiber until a termination site is encountered. However, several studies are compatible with alternative models. One common feature among these models is that transcription elongation results from movement of the gene along a complex consisting of pol2 and associated factors. Such a scenario predicts that active enhancers and promoters that are bound by transcription complexes, including pol2 are in dynamic physical proximity with the gene body in a manner paralleling pol2 processivity. This has indeed been observed by chromosome conformation capture under conditions of synchronous transcription. Here we discuss these observations and their implication for architectural models of transcription elongation.
Strategies for Advancing Disease Definition Using Biomarkers and Genetics: The Bipolar and Schizophrenia Network for Intermediate Phenotypes

It is critical for psychiatry as a field to develop approaches to define the molecular, cellular, and circuit basis of its brain diseases, especially for serious mental illnesses, and then to use these definitions to generate biologically based disease categories, as well as to explore disease mechanisms and illness etiologies. Our current reliance on phenomenology is inadequate to support exploration of molecular treatment targets and disease formulations, and the leap directly from phenomenology to disease biology has been limiting because of broad heterogeneity within conventional diagnoses. The questions addressed in this review are formulated around how we can use brain biomarkers to achieve disease categories that are biologically based. We have grouped together a series of vignettes as examples of early approaches, all using the Bipolar and Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes (BSNIP) biomarker database and collaborators, starting off with describing the foundational statistical methods for these goals. We use primarily criterion-free statistics to identify pertinent groups of involved genes related to psychosis as well as symptoms, and finally, to create new biologically based disease cohorts within the psychopathological dimension of psychosis. Although we do not put these results forward as final formulations, they represent a novel effort to rely minimally on phenomenology as a diagnostic tool and to fully embrace brain characteristics of structure, as well as molecular and cellular characteristics and function, to support disease definition in psychosis.
Community Paramedicine Applied in a Rural Community.

Research Objective Abbeville County Emergency Management Services (ACEMS) began a community paramedicine (CP) program to utilize trained paramedics to serve patients who frequently use the emergency department (ED) and have 1 or more of the following diagnoses: hypertension, diabetes, chronic heart failure, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The objective of this study was to determine if the CP program reduced ED visits in Abbeville while improving patient outcomes. Design A pre/posttest with a comparison group study design was used to evaluate the CP program. The study population had 193 patients (68 enrollees and 125 comparisons) who resided in Abbeville County, South Carolina. Frequent users of the ED were recruited and enrolled in the program by Abbeville Area Medical Center (AAMC) staff starting in October 2013. Records from both AAMC and ACEMS were examined to determine the impact of the CP program. Results Hypertensive patients decreased an average of 7.2 mmHg (P < .0001) in systolic blood pressure and 4.0 mmHg (p < .0001) in diastolic blood pressure. Diabetic patients decreased blood glucose by an average of 33.7 mmol/L (p = .0013). Following enrollment into the program, CP participants decreased ED visits by 58.7% and inpatient visits by 68.8%. Conversely, the comparison group increased ED visits by 4.0% and inpatient visits by 187.5%. Conclusions The CP program demonstrated a meaningful difference in the health of participants while reducing their health care utilization. CP patients reduced their ED and inpatient use, required less intensive care, had better health outcomes, and reduced health expenses to the community.
Simultaneous 2D hoist scheduling and production line design for multi-recipe and multi-stage material handling processes

Abstract M ulti-recipe and M ulti-stage M aterial H andling (M3H) processes are broadly employed in various industries, where hoists are used for job transfer among different processing units. The hoist movement should be optimally scheduled to maximize the production efficiency. In previous studies, the hoist scheduling is based on a given one dimensional (1D) M3H production line, where spatial locations of processing units are already fixed. Such an arrangement totally separates the hoist scheduling from the optimal design of M3H processes and wastes lots of hoist traveling time on job transfer, so that the production efficiency is inherently restricted. In this paper, a novel cyclic hoist scheduling (CHS) method coupling the optimal design of two-dimensional (2D) production line has been developed for the maximum production efficiency of general M3H processes. It can maximize the production efficiency by simultaneously and optimally determining: (i) the hoist movement schedule for handling different types of jobs with different processing recipes; (ii) the allocation of different processing units in optimal 2D spatial locations; and (iii) the assignment of multi-processing capacity to most needed processing units. The developed method also considers tough processing constraints such as the customized production ratio and various processing time limits for every job in each processing units. The efficacy of the developed method has been demonstrated by case studies.
Undergraduate students’ achievement goals for conducting research: examining the motivational benefits of laboratory classroom affiliation

Rooted in achievement goal theory, the buffering hypothesis posits that contextual factors serve to moderate the deleterious effects of personal achievement goals on relevant outcomes. The present study sought to test this hypothesis by examining the interactive effects of classroom affiliation perceptions and personal achievement goals for conducting research on participants’ goal strivings within physics, biology and chemistry laboratory classes. Participants consisted of 185 undergraduate students voluntarily engaged in faculty-led research. Results indicated that affiliation strengthened the positive association between research mastery goals and class-based mastery approach goals. In contrast, perceptions of affiliation in the laboratory environment weakened the relationship between research mastery goals and performance approach goals. The importance of academic climates as facilitators of goal striving in classrooms designed to cultivate research skill development is discussed.
A Comparison of Nucleosome Organization in Drosophila Cell Lines

Changes in the distribution of nucleosomes along the genome influence chromatin structure and impact gene expression by modulating the accessibility of DNA to transcriptional machinery. However, the role of genome-wide nucleosome positioning in gene expression and in maintaining differentiated cell states remains poorly understood. Drosophila melanogaster cell lines represent distinct tissue types and exhibit cell-type specific gene expression profiles. They thus could provide a useful tool for investigating cell-type specific nucleosome organization of an organism’s genome. To evaluate this possibility, we compared genome-wide nucleosome positioning and occupancy in five different Drosophila tissue-specific cell lines, and in reconstituted chromatin, and then tested for correlations between nucleosome positioning, transcription factor binding motifs, and gene expression. Nucleosomes in all cell lines were positioned in accordance with previously known DNA-nucleosome interactions, with helically repeating A/T di-nucleotide pairs arranged within nucleosomal DNAs and AT-rich pentamers generally excluded from nucleosomal DNA. Nucleosome organization in all cell lines differed markedly from in vitro reconstituted chromatin, with highly expressed genes showing strong nucleosome organization around transcriptional start sites. Importantly, comparative analysis identified genomic regions that exhibited cell line-specific nucleosome enrichment or depletion. Further analysis of these regions identified 91 out of 16,384 possible heptamer sequences that showed differential nucleosomal occupation between cell lines, and 49 of the heptamers matched one or more known transcription factor binding sites. These results demonstrate that there is differential nucleosome positioning between these Drosophila cell lines and therefore identify a system that could be used to investigate the functional significance of differential nucleosomal positioning in cell type specification.
FrameNet: Frame Semantic Annotation in Practice

Beginning with an overview of the theory of Frame Semantics as developed by Charles Fillmore and colleagues, this article details the annotation of English sentences by the FrameNet Project based on this theory. Fillmore’s lexical semantics theory asserts that the meanings of most words are understood via the semantic frames they evoke; e.g. arrest, apprehend, apprehension, bust, and nab can all evoke the Arrest frame, with its associated frame-specific semantic roles: Suspect, Authorities, Offense, and Charges. Thus, They were busted for shoplifting by three plainclothes policemen would be labeled to show that bust is the frame-evoking expression, they fills the Suspect role, for shoplifting is the Offense, and by three plainclothes policemen represents the Authorities. Combining multiple annotations of this type creates a picture of the valence (valency) patterns of the lexical unit (word sense) and the semantic frame. The resulting database contains more than 200,000 manual annotations of 13,500 lexical units in 1,200 semantic frames. Expanding from the original goal of lexicography, the team has annotated a number of texts “fully”, i.e. labeling all the frame-evoking elements and the phrases that fill their semantic roles, providing a rich representation of the lexical semantics of the entire text. Automatic semantic role labeling systems trained on FrameNet can label a wide range of texts with increasing accuracy for NLP research and applications. The author describes current limitations and possible extensions of this methodology and how the practice of manual annotation informs the development of the theory.
Defect characterization in CeO2−x at elevated temperatures—II: Neutron diffraction

Abstract Polycrystalline CeO 2−x (0⩽ x ⩽ 0.21) has been examined at 900°C by means of neutron diffraction to characterize the predominant atomic point defects responsible for nonstoichiometry. The stoichiometry was controlled by adjusting the oxygen partial pressure between 1 and 10 −21 atm. For x ⩽ 0.11, good agreement (residual ⩽ 1.0%) is obtained by assuming a random distribution of defects on the oxygen sublattice. Vacancy concentrations obtained from the neutron-data analysis are in agreement with thermogravimetric determinations. Over this region of x , the temperature factors of both the cation and anion increase with an increase in vacancy concentration, which implies greater root-mean-square (r.m.s.) displacement of the atoms. However, for x > 0.11, the analysis of the neutron data indicates a smaller anion vibrational amplitude than in the near-stoichiometric compositions and is accompanied by a shift in the equilibrium position of the oxygen atoms. The effect of anharmonic thermal motion has also been considered, but alone, cannot explain the neutron data. The results of the present study correlate well with the previous X-ray experiment.
The Role of Sensation Seeking and R-rated Movie Watching in Early Substance Use Initiation

Adolescence is a time of heightened impulsivity as well as substantial exposure to the effects of popular media. Specifically, R-rated movie content and sensation seeking have been shown to be individually and multiplicatively associated with early alcohol initiation, as well as to mutually influence one another over time. The present study attempts to replicate and extend these findings to cigarette and marijuana use, considering several peer, parental, and individual correlates, as well as substance-specific movie exposure, among 1023 youth (mean age 12.4 years, 52% female), using a combination of cross-lagged path models, latent growth models, and discrete-time survival models. Changes over time were associated between R-rated movie watching and sensation seeking, and both individually, not multiplicatively, predicted earlier alcohol initiation. R-rated movie watching (but not sensation seeking) also predicted earlier smoking and marijuana initiation. Parental R-rated movie restriction may thus potentially delay smoking and marijuana initiation as well as adolescent drinking.
Frequently asked questions regarding treatment of Kawasaki disease.

[first paragraph of article] The mainstay of therapy for acute Kawasaki disease (KD) is intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), which was first described in a case series from Japan and later proven through a nationwide clinical trial in the U.S. published in 1986 . Since completion of the initial clinical trials, many questions have arisen regarding the nuances of KD treatment. In the absence of an evidence base, what follows is an attempt to devise rational responses to these questions that draw upon common sense and the personal experience of this author.
Characterizing a Commercial Multidimensional Heterogeneous Processor Under GPGPU Workloads

Single-chip heterogeneous processors are a popular approach to provide power and performance flexibility in today's power constrained world. Popular heterogeneous options include functional CPU+GPU heterogeneity, performance big+little core heterogeneity, and dynamic heterogeneity from DVFS. Commercial systems are now available that incorporate all of these options in a single system. While many past works have looked at one or two dimensions in isolation, very few have looked at all of them in tandem. To best utilize these systems it is important to understand the interaction between workload organization and the different heterogeneous dimensions of a system. This work characterizes the structure of a set of commonly evaluated GPGPU workloads (the Rodinia Benchmarks), evaluates their power and performance on a commercial multidimensional processor, and identifies important behaviors and interactions for each. The results can help understand common workload and processor behavior and guide the design, management, and use of multidimensional heterogeneous systems.
Boston Keratoprosthesis Type I: Surgical Techniques

The treatment of corneal blindness in the setting of high-risk graft failure poses a prominent clinical challenge. The Boston type I keratoprosthesis has revolutionized the approach to treating such conditions. The most common indication for a keratoprosthesis is repeated graft failure. The perpetual evolution of the design of the device, coupled with the overall improvements in patient management, has continued to expand the application of the keratoprosthesis. The Boston type I keratoprosthesis is now a primary surgical option for certain patients. The keratoprosthesis has a front plate, which provides a clear optical zone for long-term visual rehabilitation and preservation. The assembly of the keratoprosthesis couples the synthetic components of the device with corneal donor tissue. The surgical implantation of the final composition is not unlike a standard penetrating keratoplasty. Careful patient selection and pre-, peri-, and postoperative care are essential to lasting stability of an eye after keratoprosthesis surgery. Diligent patient compliance and indefinite postoperative care is an absolute requirement. Intimate knowledge of prominent risk factors prior to and following surgery is crucial to providing appropriate patient care. In the proper patient, the keratoprosthesis is a safe long-term treatment of corneal blindness.
Differences in former smokers' beliefs and health status following smoking cessation

Many studies have examined changes in former smokers’ disease risk after smoking cessation. Little is known, however, about differences in the health beliefs and self-reported health characteristics of former smokers in the years following cessation. We examine these differences in former smokers, using data from the 1990 National Health Interview Survey. Current smokers were less likely than people who had never smoked to perceive both smoking and nonsmoking disease risk factors as dangerous. Recent former smokers held beliefs similar to those of respondents who had never smoked. Former smokers who had quit for five years or more tended to believe in the effects of these risk factors even more than those who had never smoked. For self-perceived health characteristics, current smokers generally indicated worse health than did lifelong non-smokers. Former smokers who had recently quit reported even worse health than current smokers. For certain health indicators, former smokers were more likely to indicate poor health than were current smokers even a decade or more following smoking cessation. These results, based on health beliefs and health characteristics, suggest that former smokers are a diverse group and should not be compared to other smoking-status groups without evaluation of the time interval since smoking cessation.
Urban development policies in Central and Eastern Europe during the transition period and their impact on urban form

The transition to market-based democratic societies in Central and Eastern Europe has been guided by the overarching necessity to reduce the role of the state and unleash the power of the market forces to restructure and propel the struggling economies of the former socialist countries forward. According to the neoliberal ideology dominating the spirit of the transition period, the market is often viewed as the major (and quite frequently the only) agent of positive change while the role of the post-socialist governments is confined to curtailing their own influence, attracting capital, and making sure that it flows freely within the elements of the economic system. This view, however, which renders the post-1989 state governments as passive participants in the process of transition, could not be further from the truth. The formulation and implementation of public policies has been both the most difficult and the most critical component of social restructuring after the fall of the communist regime. The development of public consensus on the nature of reforms and the mechanisms of realizing their objectives have been the defining steps in the transformation of the post-socialist countries into market-based democracies. Urban development during the transition period has been profoundly impacted by the policy decisions adopted on national, regional, and local levels. The process of formulating the regulatory environment managing urban development in the post-socialist transition countries has not always been the most open and democratic, and many of the adopted policies have been rightly criticized as rather questionable in their intent. However, it would be quite erroneous to assume that since 1990 the urban environment in post-socialist Eastern Europe has evolved, by and large, spontaneously under the conditions of unregulated free market forces. Such market did not exist neither in the beginning of the transition period, nor does it exist today. The massive redistribution of assets (land, buildings, services) has been a result of the implementation of specific public policies guided by the regulatory frameworks set up in quickly evolving post-socialist legislative systems. The subsequent appropriation of urban space has been controlled and directed by
Stress, Support, and Coping among Women Professionals with Preschool Children

One category of workers for whom the transmission of stress between work and home is particularly problematic are those women who are attempting to nurture a young family and a career at the same time. Mothers of pre-school-age children comprise the fastest growing segment of the American work force (Hayghe, 1986). Fifty-two percent of such women are currently employed outside the home, compared with only 12% in 1950 (Bianchi & Spain, 1986). Furthermore, it has been predicted that by 1990, 64% of all families with children will include working mothers responsible for 10.4 million children under the age of 6 (Hofferth & Phillips, 1987).
Cross-equatorial winds control El Niño diversity and change

Over the past two decades, El Nino events have weakened on average and their sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies shifted westward towards the central Pacific. Moreover, the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), which typically migrates southward from its northerly position during El Nino events, has not crossed the Equator since 1998. The causes of these changes remain under debate1–5. Here, using in situ, satellite and atmospheric reanalysis data, we show they can be related to a multidecadal strengthening of cross-equatorial winds in the eastern Pacific. This gradual strengthening of meridional winds is unlikely to be caused by El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) changes, and contains signals forced both locally and from outside the tropical Pacific, probably from the tropical North Atlantic. Coupled model simulations in which the observed cross-equatorial wind strengthening is superimposed successfully reproduce the key features of the recent changes in tropical climate. In particular, the tropical mean state experiences a ‘La Nina-like’ change, the ENSO amplitude weakens by about 20%, the centre of the SST anomalies shifts westward and the ITCZ now rarely crosses the Equator. Thus, cross-equatorial winds are found to modulate tropical Pacific mean state and variability, with implications for quantifying projected changes in ENSO under anthropogenic warming. In recent years, El Nino sea surface temperature anomalies have weakened and shifted westward. Observational and model analyses reveal these changes can be related to a multidecadal strengthening of cross-equatorial winds, forced both locally and from the tropical Atlantic.
Using Cross-Correlation with Pattern Recognition Entropy to Obtain Reduced Total Ion Current Chromatograms from Raw Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Data

Total ion current chromatograms (TICCs) generated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) are prone to noise from chemical and electronic sources. This noise can severely impact the dete...
Should This Involve the Whole Organization

Throughout the past decade we have seen a variety of management experiments with new cybersecurity organizational structures. Many of these were formed hastily in response to management recognizing they were vulnerable to threats, and then grew to fulfill their mission of threat preparedness independently of both business and technology development. Even when cybersecurity departments are part of a technology group, they are often placed under an infrastructure manager and often have not been well-integrated with software specifications or deployments. Instead they focused on assessment and remediation of production environments. Overall, growth in cybersecurity organizations has been somewhat consistent, with Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs) designing enterprise-wide cybersecurity risk programs, piloting security technologies within the technology organization, and then seeking integration touch-points with other organizations as threats became more obvious and ubiquitous. Consequently, many cybersecurity officers have limited visibility into business requirements for technology and as a result may be assumed by their peers to have low levels of business insight and corresponding contribution to mission.1 The recent drive to build enterprise capabilities for managing cybersecurity risk represents a change to a more aligned approach wherein cybersecurity is viewed not only as a key consideration in enterprise risk management (ERM) but a key attribute of enterprise architecture.
EXTRACORPOREAL CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION FOR IN-HOSPITAL CARDIAC ARREST: PROS AND CONS

Survival to discharge after in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) remains low at 4-6%. Individualized use of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can potentially improve outcomes. ECMO should be initiated within 15-20 minutes into CPR to ensure
Venoarterial-Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Without Routine Systemic Anticoagulation Decreases Adverse Events

Background Despite limited evidence, systemic anticoagulation is the current standard of care for patients supported on venoarterial-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO). We hypothesized that not anticoagulating patients on VA-ECMO would decrease complications. Methods We retrospectively reviewed adult patients supported on VA-ECMO at our institution. Patients were stratified based on anticoagulation strategy. The primary outcome was a composite of hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications. Secondary outcomes included blood product use, incidence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), hospital length of stay, and in-hospital mortality. Results From May 2011 through January 2018, there were 203 eligible patients supported on VA-ECMO, 35% (75 patients) were not anticoagulated. Overall complication rates were significantly lower for the no anticoagulation group (57% versus 76%; P = .007) including a trend toward fewer hemorrhagic complications (53% versus 63%; P = .178) without increased risk of thrombosis (13% versus 21%; P = .147). The anticoagulated group required more transfusions of packed red blood cells (12.8 versus 1.09; P = .002) and platelets (3.0 versus 1.3; P = .009) and showed a higher incidence of HIT (8% versus 0%; P = .015). No difference was found in overall mortality (72% versus 62%; P = .165). Conclusions The absence of routine systemic anticoagulation for patients supported on VA-ECMO is not associated with higher mortality, pump failure, or thrombotic complications. Patients had a lower requirement for blood product transfusions, and there was no incidence of HIT. Patients supported on VA-ECMO without other indications for anticoagulation can be treated without systemic anticoagulation during their VA-ECMO course.
Authors' answer to a letter to the editor.

Dear Editor, We read with great interest the letter that you received about our article. First of all, we would like to thank Dr. Unal—the author of the letter—for encouraging debate about the topi...
The Fourth Industrial Revolution

“May you live in interesting times…”Anonymous Chinese proverbThe pace of technological change is moving at warp speed and creating new possibilities in the way we live, work and socialize. The cont...
Extent of resection, molecular signature, and survival in 1p19q-codeleted gliomas.

OBJECTIVE Genomic analysis in neurooncology has underscored the importance of understanding the patterns of survival in different molecular subtypes within gliomas and their responses to treatment. In particular, diffuse gliomas are now principally characterized by their mutation status (IDH1 and 1p/19q codeletion), yet there remains a paucity of information regarding the prognostic value of molecular markers and extent of resection (EOR) on survival. Furthermore, given the modern emphasis on molecular rather than histological diagnosis, it is important to examine the effect of maximal resection on survival in all gliomas with 1p/q19 codeletions, as these will now be classified as oligodendrogliomas under the new WHO guidelines. The objectives of the present study were twofold: 1) to assess the association between EOR and survival for patients with oligodendrogliomas in the National Cancer Database (NCDB), which includes information on mutation status, and 2) to demonstrate the same effect for all patients with 1p/19q codeleted gliomas in the NCDB. METHODS The NCDB was queried for all cases of oligodendroglioma between 2004 and 2014, with follow-up dates through 2016. The authors found 2514 cases of histologically confirmed oligodendrogliomas for the final analysis of the effect of EOR on survival. Upon further query, 1067 1p/19q-codeleted tumors were identified in the NCDB. Patients who received subtotal resection (STR) or gross-total resection (GTR) were compared to those who received no tumor debulking surgery. Univariable and multivariable analyses of both overall survival and cause-specific survival were performed. RESULTS EOR was associated with increased overall survival for both histologically confirmed oligodendrogliomas and all 1p/19q-codeleted-defined tumors (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). Tumor grade, location, and size covaried predictably with EOR. When evaluating tumors by each classification system for predictors of overall survival, facility setting, age, comorbidity index, grade, location, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy were all shown to be significantly associated with overall survival. STR and GTR were independent predictors of improved survival in historically classified oligodendrogliomas (HR 0.83, p = 0.18; HR 0.69, p = 0.01, respectively) and in 1p/19q-codeleted tumors (HR 0.49, p < 0.01; HR 0.43, p < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS By using the NCDB, the authors have demonstrated a side-by-side comparison of the survival benefits of greater EOR in 1p/19q-codeleted gliomas.
The Television Media

Traditionally television directors and producers knew how their final program would be viewed, generally on a 19″ television set. Today there are many options including standard definition (SD), high definition television (HDTV), Internet, cell phone, and even a personal digital assistant (PDA).
Trade-offs between automation and light vehicle electrification

Weight, computing load, sensor load and possibly higher drag may increase the energy use of automated electric vehicles relative to human-driven electric vehicles, although this increase may be offset by smoother driving. Here, we use a vehicle dynamics model to evaluate the trade-off between automation and electric vehicle range and battery longevity. We find that automation will likely reduce electric vehicle range by 5–10% for suburban driving and by 10–15% for city driving. The effect on range is strongly influenced by sensor drag for suburban driving and computing loads for city driving. The impact of automation on battery longevity is negligible. While some commentators have suggested that the power and energy requirements of automation mean that the first automated vehicles will be gas–electric hybrids, our results suggest that this need not be the case if automakers can implement energy-efficient computing and aerodynamic sensor stacks. Autonomous driving is being implemented in electric vehicles, but its energy impact is unclear. Here the authors build physics models to analyse the energy demand of autonomous electric vehicles and suggest that the influences of automation on vehicle range and battery longevity are small.
Keynote) Enzymatic Bioelectrocatalysis for Electrosynthesis

Electrosynthesis of commodity and fine chemicals is an emerging area. Bioelectrocatalysis has only recently been considered for this application. This talk will discuss the advantages of bioelectrocatalysis for electrosynthesis with examples ranging from ammonia production to pharmaceutical products and intermediates. In the last 5 years, there have been extensive studies and new materials designed for catalytic reduction of nitrogen to ammonia. This is a challenging reductive transformation for traditional electrocatalysts and photocatalysts, but nature can provide an inspiration. Nitrogenase is the only enzyme known to reduce nitrogen to ammonia. This talk will discuss electroanalytical techniques for studying nitrogenase electrochemistry, including both mediated bioelectrocatalysis and direct bioelectrocatalysis. Then, this talk will discuss electrode materials innovation for interfacing these complex proteins with electrode surfaces as well as using them for electrosynthesis of ammonia as well as other value-added products (i.e. chiral amines, chiral amino acids, etc.). Finally, this talk will discuss the use of enzyme cascades for enzymatic bioelectrosynthesis and synthetic biology for microbial bioelectrosynthesis of ammonia and other value-added products.
Evaluation of the Gore TAG thoracic branch endoprosthesis in the treatment of proximal descending thoracic aortic aneurysms

Abstract Background Thoracic endovascular aortic repair has radically transformed the treatment of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms. However, when aneurysms involve the aortic arch in the region of the left subclavian artery, branch vessel preservation must be considered. Branched aortic endografts have provided a new option to maintain branch patency. Methods Six investigative sites enrolled 31 patients in a nonrandomized, prospective investigational device exemption feasibility trial of a single branched aortic endograft for the management of aneurysms that include the distal aortic arch. The Gore TAG thoracic branch endoprosthesis (W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc, Flagstaff, Ariz), an investigational device, allows for graft placement proximal to the left subclavian artery and incorporates a single side branch for left subclavian perfusion. Results All 31 patients (100%) had undergone successful implantation of the investigational device in landing zone 2. Men slightly outnumbered women (51.6%). Their average age was 74.1 ± 10.4 years. The aneurysm morphology was fusiform in 12 and saccular in 19 patients, with a mean maximum aortic diameter of 54.8 ± 10.9 mm. The mean follow-up period for the cohort was 25.2 ± 11.1 months. We have reported the patient outcomes at 1 month and 1 year. At 1 month, the side branch patency was 100% and the freedom from core laboratory-reported device-related endoleak (types I and III) was 96.7%, without 30-day death or permanent paraplegia. One patient experienced a procedure-related stroke. Through 1 year, five patients had died; none of the deaths were related to the device or procedure (clinical endpoint committee adjudicated). One thoracic reintervention was required. No conversions were required, and no aneurysm growth (core laboratory) was reported. One case of the loss of side branch patency was diagnosed in the left subclavian artery in an asymptomatic individual from computed tomography at 6 months, with no reported subsequent adverse events due to loss of patency. Endoleaks were reported by the core laboratory in five patients at 12 months (two, type II; and three, indeterminate). Conclusions The present investigational device exemption feasibility study has reported the preliminary results of the use of a single side branch endograft to treat patients with proximal descending thoracic aortic aneurysms.
Leadership: A Case Study on the Importance of Ethics and Trust

This research is important because it empirically tests why ethical behavior by business and government leaders is essential for good management—which is to earn trust from customers and constituents—thus ensuring organizations are successful, for the greater good, over the long term, especially in the global marketplace. Law and morality are two standards by which business and government leaders are judged, but these norms fail whenever laws are not enforced and morality is disregarded. Five research questions on leadership are statistically tested, using a Likert-scale response measure questionnaire—based on “perceptions of societal corruption” and “trust levels,” using Bandura’s “aggressive behavior modification theory,” as the model for analysis. Nigeria is selected as the location of this case study on leadership ethics and trust, because Nigerian government officials have a long history of unethical and corrupt behavior. Descriptive statistics, along with chi-square quantitative research methods reveals “perceptions of societal corruption” in Nigeria are high and “trust levels” for government leaders are very low. Leaders in Nigeria are only as ethical as the code-of-conduct prevalent in their country—where cultural, economic and legal factors contribute to the nation’s corrupt society—which may cause Nigeria to become a failed state. To change the Nigerian culture of societal corruption—education is necessary—to instruct elected officials, civil servants, business leaders and Nigerian society, at large, on the importance of ethics and trust. Nigerian government and business leaders should institute an ethics policy—and implement five suggested reforms presented in this paper—which will help establish government leader’s ethical integrity and improve citizens’ trust and confidence in their government. Recommendations for future research on government and business leadership ethics and trust are offered. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which allows
Reliance in the Revised Restatement: The Proliferation of Promissory Estoppel

The original Restatement of Contracts' stated three requirements for the formation of a contract: a promisor and promisee each with legal capacity, a manifestation of assent, and sufficient consideration.2 Following its detailed treatment of these conventional elements of the ordinary contract,3 the Restatement presented a group of sections dealing with "Informal Contracts Without Assent or Consideration." Most of these "informal contracts" involved later promises to perform obligations that originally arose out of transactions in which assent and consideration had played a part, but that (for a variety of reasons) had become unenforceable;5 thus they did not represent exceptions to the general proposition that promissory liability depends on both mutual assent and an underlying exchange of consideration. In section 90, however, the Restatement did present such a clear-cut exception. In a mere six lines of black-letter text, section 90 called for the enforcement of a different kind of promise: a "Promise Reasonably Inducing Definite and Substantial Action." 6 The original section 90 had no supporting comments; it was followed by four illustrations, of three promises that were enforceable under section 907 and one that was not.8
Learning without recall in directed circles and rooted trees

This work investigates the case of a network of agents that attempt to learn some unknown state of the world amongst the finitely many possibilities. At each time step, agents all receive random, independently distributed private signals whose distributions are dependent on the unknown state of the world. However, it may be the case that some or any of the agents cannot distinguish between two or more of the possible states based only on their private observations, as when several states result in the same distribution of the private signals. In our model, the agents form some initial belief (probability distribution) about the unknown state and then refine their beliefs in accordance with their private observations, as well as the beliefs of their neighbors. An agent learns the unknown state when her belief converges to a point mass that is concentrated at the true state. A rational agent would use the Bayes' rule to incorporate her neighbors' beliefs and own private signals over time. While such repeated applications of the Bayes' rule in networks can become computationally intractable; in this paper, we show that in the canonical cases of directed star, circle or path networks and their combinations, one can derive a class of memoryless update rules that replicate that of a single Bayesian agent but replace the self beliefs with the beliefs of the neighbors. This way, one can realize an exponentially fast rate of learning similar to the case of Bayesian (fully rational) agents. The proposed rules are a special case of the Learning without Recall approach that we develop in a companion paper, and it has the advantage that while preserving essential features of the Bayesian inference, they are made tractable. In particular, the agents can rely on the observational abilities of their neighbors and their neighbors' neighbors etc. to learn the unknown state; even though they themselves cannot distinguish the truth.
Executive insights on globalization: Implications for hospitality managers in emerging locations

Purpose – To provide an enhanced understanding of the changing business dynamics resulting from globalization, and offer hospitality managers in emerging locations strategies for success.Design/methodology/approach – The research was based on a descriptive survey conducted among 118 senior level travel executives in 35 countries. Based on the concepts furthered by Thomas L. Friedman, executive insights were gathered on the impact of globalization on business, technology, accounting and finance, psyche, and knowledge flows.Findings – Research findings point out to the evolving business dynamics in a globalized environment requiring strategic operational adjustments by hospitality managers, specially those located in emerging locations.Research limitations/implications – Though the research was conducted across several countries, the respondent number does not merit a solid basis for a generalized conclusion. Furthermore, as English was used in the survey questionnaires, respondent misunderstandings may hav...
Wittgenstein and William James

Preface Abbreviations Introduction 1. Varieties of pragmatic experience 2. Wittgenstein and The Varieties of Religious Experience 3. Wittgenstein and The Principles of Psychology: an introduction 4. What is it like to be a human being? 5. Language and meaning 6. Pragmatism reconsidered Coda Notes Index.
Could It Have Been a Pneumocystis Infection

I read with much interest the article by Serlin and coworkers on rheumatic pneumonia, which appeared in the December 1975 issue of Pediatrics (56:1075, 1975). The latter half of the clinical course as well as the pathological findings were suggestive of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia1,2 as described in immunosuppressed patients. The patient was receiving substantial hydrocortisone therapy, which would put him at risk for this infectious complication. It would be helpful to know if the authors stained lung sections with Gomori methenamine silver stain for the presence of Pneumocystis organisms.
Premature ventricular complexes induced by stress testing: Their frequency and response to physical conditioning

Abstract Premature ventricular complexes occurred with increasing frequency and in a greater proportion of men according to the work load imposed among 196 middle-aged “high risk” men free of manifest heart disease. The proportion of men with any ventricular ectopic activity increased from less than 3 percent at standing rest to 30 percent at the top work load, and from less than 3 percent at heart rates of 73 to 102 beats/min to over 50 percent at heart rates above 173 beats/min. Between the stress of a submaximal test (to heart rate 150) and a test to maximal oxygen consumption, there was a sizable increase (35 percent) in the yield of premature ventricular complexes and of complex forms and runs. The prognostic importance of ectopic beats during progressive stress tests required systematic study in populations. After an 18 month program of progressive conditioning exercise in these previously sedentary men, several analyses among subjects who adhered well to the program revealed that the work threshold for ectopic activity may have been increased, the proportion of men with ectopic beats diminished, and the frequency of premature ventricular complexes per man diminished. The results are suggestive but not conclusive that exercise favorably affects this aspect of cardiac activity. A more definitive study is indicated, using hygienic efforts to modify multiple influences on ectopic ventricular activity.
Female Predominance of Immigration to the United States since 1930: A First Look.

Immigration patterns in the US in the last 50 years have defied the conventional wisdom that most international migrants are young working-age males. Since 1930 more than 1/2 of all immgrants to the US have been women and 2/3 have been women or children. Data show that the persistently large number of marriages of foreign-born or native-born US residents to alien women coupled with increasing government regulation of immigration and a strong policy bias against the seperation of spouces and children has resulted in the preponederance of women and children in immigration since 1930. The shift in the sex and age distribution of immgrants in the US in 1930 can also be attributed to the effectiveness of the 1924 quota laws in drastically reducing the enormous influx of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe when the remaing flow was dominated by wives and children. Traditional sex role behavior has played a significant role in determining both the level and patterns of immigration to the US--while large inflows of economically motivated males induced 2nd flows of women and children before 1930 the 1940s saw the flow of foreign-born wives and children of US servicemen in the wake of Korean and Vietnam wars. An analysis of the Immigration and Naturalization Service data tapes for the 3.6 million fiscal 1972-79 arriving immigrants shows that almost 1/4 are children under 15. Except in this age group females outnumber males in all other age groups. While immigrants are predictably younger than the US born population regardless of sex immigrant women are more likely to be married than men and both are more likely to be married than their US born peers. Immigrant women are substantially less likely to report labor market experience than immigrant men. Unlike US workers immigrants tend to cluster at the top or bottom of the occupational scale regardless of sex. Immigrant women are also clustered in the sterotypical female dominated occupations.
Variable Dust Emission Observed in Miras

Mira variables pulsate with periods ranging from 100–2000 days and eject copious quantities of gas into space. Part of the gas condenses into dust grains when T < 1200 K in the shell. During their pulsational cycle Miras vary in luminosity, forcing the dust that has formed in the circumstellar shells alternately to evaporate and re-condense in the inner parts of their shells. Hence, emission from the dust will vary during the pulsational cycle. These variations have been observed in the low-resolution spectra (LRS) of Miras obtained by IRAS.