cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cancer Facts & Figures 2012. American Cancer Society (ACS)

Journal of Consumer Health on the Internet considers for review books of interest to librarians and health care consumers. This column will concentrate on reviews of resources or recent books about...
Ampicillin-gentamicin synergism against Listeria monocytogenes in vitro

Forty-five isolates ofListeria monocytogenes were investigated for evidence of ampicillin-gentamicin synergism usingin vitro killing curve techniques. All organisms tested demonstrated the phenomenon even though only sub-cidal concentrations of antibiotics were used. Clinical studies comparing the use of the combination versus ampicillin alone are probably indicated.
Modeling fixed income excess returns

Excess returns earned in fixed-income markets have been modeled using the ARCH-M model of Engle et al. and its variants. We investigate whether the empirical evidence obtained from an ARCH-M type model is sensitive to the definition of the holding period (ranging from 5 days to 90 days) or to the choice of data used to compute excess returns (coupon or zero-coupon bonds). There is robust support for the inclusion of a term spread in a model of excess returns, while the significance of the in-mean term depends on characteristics of the underlying data.
Levels of diversity in endomycorrhizal fungi (Glomales, Zygomycetes) and their role in defining taxonomic and non-taxonomic groups

Diversity in glomalean fungi is manifested at the molecular, morphological, and ecological levels. Characters at any of these levels can be ordered into hierarchical patterns defining taxonomic groups if they are conserved enough to be heritable through geologic time in all descendants of a common ancestor. At present, only morphological characters associated with mode of spore formation and in subcellular structure of spores are sufficiently stable and diverse to recognize at least 150 species. Ontogenetic comparisons indicate that species integrity, despite asexual reproduction, is the result of rigid internal constraints imposed on variation during the process of spore subcellular differentiation. Epigenetic factors dominate because the differentiation sequence is linear and each new stage is causally linked to preceding stages. Some morphological characters of the fungal mycelium also exist, but they define more inclusive groups at the family level and above. Most diversity in the mycorrhizae consists of life-history traits associated with abundance and architecture of fungal components, their rate of formation and longevity, and their cost in the symbiosis. These characters participate in processes at the molecular and ecological levels, so they are autonomous from morphological determinants. They often are labile or affected by external environmental conditions, so fewer stable taxonomic characters are likely to be discovered. Instead, molecular and ecological diversity has greater potential to define; (a) niche specificity of organisms/populations and (b) causal processes linked to host-fungus compatibility and mycorrhizal efficiency. Any taxonomic characters that relate to mycorrhizal functions will come only from comparative studies involving organisms from shared habitats rather than those having shared spore morphologies.
Design of a Modified Hypocycloid Engine

Abstract : The modified hypocycloid engine incorporates a unique geared drive that imparts straight-line, sinusoidal motion to the one-piece piston and rod assembly. These kinematic characteristics provide a variety of potential benefits not possible with traditional slider-crank kinematics. Perfect engine balance is achieved through the use of two sets of counterweights. The absence of piston side thrust promises reductions in piston assembly friction and piston slap, even with smaller piston skirts. Additional potential benefits include improved combustion characteristics and reduced piston manufacturing costs. Although simpler hypocycloid designs provide the same motion, the modified hypocycloid engine reduces gear and crankshaft loading. A description and design details of a prototype engine currently under construction are presented. Patented design improvements over previous hypocycloid designs are described. These improvements reduce crankshaft stresses, ensure a compact crankshaft with convenient assembly and disassembly, and control deviations from the desired straight-line piston motion that are caused by gear tooth backlash.
Chapter 13 New directions: VOCs and biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses biophysical feedbacks among plants that produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the overlying atmosphere. The potential for feedbacks among global environmental change, phytogenic hydrocarbons, and associated atmospheric chemistry requires coordinated research efforts. In particular, new research is required to ascertain the way environmental changes occurring at the global scale might affect VOC emissions from ecosystems to the atmosphere. This research should take into account (1) warming from increased greenhouse gas concentrations and from other perturbations, (2) elevated carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels, (3) increased deposition of nitrogen, and (4) the conversion of land from unmanaged to managed ecosystems. An environmental change that is occurring locally and across the globe and that may be of great relevance to biogenic VOC production is the increased deposition of reactive nitrogen. The chapter, therefore, proposes a framework of vegetation controlled atmosphere dynamics consisting of three linked feedback loops, operating on different time scales. Feedback Loop I represents the vegetation-nocturnal temperature feedback. Feedback Loop II comprises VOC conversion to aerosols on which water vapor condensation occurs. For Loop III, it is proposed that with elevated nocturnal temperatures, neo-tropical plant species become more successful at higher latitudes with photosynthetic and VOC production capabilities over a longer portion of a year.
Resolving Some Practical Questions About Daphnia Acute Toxicity Tests

Acute toxicity tests were performed with six age groups of Daphnia magna, ranging from less than or equal to6 h to 216 h, and with five chemicals, selected on the basis of their physical and chemical properties as well as their acute toxicity to D. magna. The age of the daphnids did not significantly alter the 48-h EC/sub 50/ values for the chemicals tested. The maximum difference observed in the 48-h EC/sub 50/ values between the 6-h and 216-h age groups was a factor of 3.9 for linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). For purposes of standardization, it appears that D. magna up to 48 h of age at the beginning of the test can be used to conduct acute toxicity tests with most chemicals. The results of static acute toxicity tests conducted with butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP) and D. magna in the presence and absence of several commonly used solvents indicate that the acute toxicity of this chemical is not altered by the use of a solvent carrier. The 48-h EC/sub 50/ value for BBP without a solvent was 1.0 mg/L, compared with a range of 1.6 to 2.2 mg/L when acetone, dimethylformamide, ethanol, or triethylene glycol were used as solvent carriers.more » The acute toxicities of the solvents in the absence of BBP were also determined for D. magna. The values ranged from 9.3 to 52.4 g/L. The results of static acute tests performed with D. magna and BBP in the presence of various concentrations of daphnid foods (algae or trout chow), indicate that the 48-h EC/sub 50/ values increase proportionally with an increase in food concentrations. These results suggest that acute toxicity tests with D. magna should be conducted in the presence of food with chemicals with a high Ksigma if the results are to be used to select the test concentrations for a chronic study with daphnids. The type of food and the concentration used in the acute test should be the same as those used in a chronic test.« less
Triolein Breath Test: A Sensitive and Specific Test for Fat Malabsorption

In order to develop a simple and accurate screening test for steatorrhea, the authors compared quantitative stool fat excretion with breath excretion of 14CO2 after the ingestion of 14C-labeled trioctanoin, tripalmitin, or triolein. The study group included 24 nonobese subjects without steatorrhea but with diarrhea secondary to irritable bowel syndrome and 40 subjects with steatorrhea. The triolein breath test provided the most reliable discrimination, with 100% sensitivity and 96% specificity. The trioctanoin and tripalmitin breath tests were sensitive, but lacked specificity (69% and 58% false-positive results, respectively). Three of the 12 obese patients with irritable bowel syndrome had false-positive triolein breath results. In detecting steatorrhea, the triolein breath test was moderately superior to the measurement of serum carotene and to qualitative stool fat. Thus, the triolein breath test appears to be a sensitive, specific, noninvasive, and relatively simple screening test for the detection of steatorrhea.
Violence, Instability, and Trade: Evidence from Kenya’s Cut Flower Sector

Summary We examine the implications of the violence and instability following the 2007 Kenyan elections and how it affected cut flower trade between Kenya and the EU. Using the Rotterdam demand model, we find that the post-election violence had a negative impact on EU imports from Kenya equivalent to €33 million – which is significant given the importance of flowers to Kenya’s economy. Results show that even a short period of violence can have an effect on trade since instability in an exporting country causes importers to source from other countries perceived as less risky (persisting even when order is restored).
The Effect of Element Thermal Conductivity on Turbulent Convective Heat Transfer From Rough Surfaces

The discrete-element model for flows over rough surfaces considers the heat transferred from a rough surface to be the sum of the heat convected from the flat surface and the heat convected from the individual roughness elements to the fluid. In previous discrete-element model development, heat transfer experiments were performed using metallic or high-thermal conductivity roughness elements. Many engineering applications, however, exhibit roughness with low thermal conductivities. In the present study, the discrete element model is adapted to consider the effects of finite thermal conductivity of roughness elements on turbulent convective heat transfer. Initially, the boundary-layer equations are solved while the fin equation is simultaneously integrated so that the full conjugate heat transfer problem is solved. However, a simpler approach using a fin-efficiency is also investigated. The results of the conjugate analysis and the simpler fin-efficiency analysis are compared to experimental measurements for turbulent flows over ordered cone surfaces. Possibilities for extending the fin-efficiency method to randomly-rough surfaces and the experimental measurements required are discussed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
fMRI correlates of cortical specialization and generalization for letter processing

Abstract The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine cortical specialization for letter processing. We assessed whether brain regions that were involved in letter processing exhibited domain-specific and/or mandatory responses, following Fodor's definition of properties of modular systems (Fodor, J.A., 1983. The Modularity of Mind. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.). Domain-specificity was operationalized as selective, or exclusive, activation for letters relative to object and visual noise processing and a baseline fixation task. Mandatory processing was operationalized as selective activation for letters during both a silent naming and a perceptual matching task. In addition to these operational definitions, other operational definitions of selectivity for letter processing discussed by [Pernet, C., Celsis, P., Demonet, J., 2005. Selective response to letter categorization within the left fusiform gyrus. NeuroImage 28, 738–744] were applied to the data. Although the left fusiform gyrus showed a specialized response to letters using the definition of selectivity put forth by [Pernet, C., Celsis, P., Demonet, J., 2005. Selective response to letter categorization within the left fusiform gyrus. NeuroImage 28, 738–744], this region did not exhibit specialization for letters according to our more conservative definition of selectivity. Instead, this region showed equivalent activation by letters and objects in both the naming and matching tasks. Hence, the left fusiform gyrus does not exhibit domain-specific or mandatory processing but may reflect a shared input system for both stimulus types. The left insula and some portions of the left inferior parietal lobule, however, did show a domain-specific response for letter naming but not for letter matching. These regions likely subserve some linguistically oriented cognitive process that is unique to letters, such as grapheme-to-phoneme translation or retrieval of phonological codes for letter names. Hence, cortical specialization for letters emerged in the naming task in some peri-sylvian language related cortices, but not in occipito-temporal cortex. Given that the domain-specific response for letters in left peri-sylvian regions was only present in the naming task, these regions do not process letters in a mandatory fashion, but are instead modulated by the linguistic nature of the task.
Clinical Assessment of Atherosclerotic Lesions Emerging From Angiographic Shadows

In the mid to late 1800s, the light microscopic features of atherosclerosis were discovered as Virchow and others used techniques that were novel at the time for paraffin embedding, sectioning, and staining of tissues.1 From then until the past few years, detailed characterization of atherosclerotic lesions has been limited to autopsied or excised tissues, which display only a single time point per specimen. Today, the goal of visualizing and characterizing the diseased arterial wall in living patients has become a reality with the use of several techniques. In this issue of Circulation , Cai and colleagues2 demonstrate that magnetic resonance can provide a living “biopsy” of carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Preoperative MRIs correlated well with paraffin section histology of endarterectomy specimens, classified by criteria of the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Arteriosclerosis Council.3 See p 1368 Because the clinician has such difficulty defining atherosclerosis in living patients, this ubiquitous disease must be managed indirectly. Downstream effects on end-organ ischemia and infarction are measured. An offending plaque may be bypassed or it may be cracked at the edge and displaced by stretching of the underlying tissue. The antecedents to atherosclerosis, termed risk factors, are treated mostly in terms of their relation to end-organ events. Clinical trials have taught us how changing certain risk factors can affect those events. All of this happens with scant knowledge of atherosclerotic lesion progression in the angiographic shadows. The obscurity of atherosclerosis to the clinician has led to …
Disease, Depopulation, and Cultural Change in Northwestern New Spain, 1518–1784

Disease, Depopulation, and Cultural Change in Northwestern New Spain, 1518-1784. Daniel T. Reff. Salt Lake City; University of Utah Press, 1990. 416 pp. $35.00 (cloth). ISBN 0-87480-355-1.
The effect of low-dose aspirin on pregnancies complicated by elevated human chorionic gonadotropin levels.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine whether elevated second-trimester human chorionic gonadotropin levels identify women likely to benefit from low-dose aspirin therapy. STUDY DESIGN: We evaluated second-trimester human chorionic gonadotropin levels obtained from healthy nulliparous women before screening for participation in a double-blind randomized trial of aspirin therapy: 262 women took 60 mg of aspirin daily and 420 did not. RESULTS: Among women who did not take aspirin, those with human chorionic gonadotropin levels ≥2.0 multiples of the median had a significantly lower mean birth weight (2859 vs 3159 gm, p = 0.04) than did those with normal human chorionic gonadotropin levels. All women who took aspirin had a higher mean birth weight than women whodid not, but women with human chorionic gonadotropin levels ≥2.0 multiples of the median had the greatest increase (416.2 gm higher in those with human chorionic gonadotropin levels ≥2.0 multiples of the median, p = 0.02; 96 gm higher in those with human chorionic gonadotropin levels p = 0.04). Regression analysis suggested that the higher birth weight was partly explained by a higher gestational age at delivery and partly by increased weight independent of gestational age. CONCLUSIONS: Aspirin therapy inreased birth weight in all women, especially in women with high human chorionic gonadotropin levels, partly by increasing gestational age at delivery. This observation needs to be confirmed by further studies.
Polychlorinated biphenyls disrupt cell division and tip growth in two species of fucoid algae.

Environmental contaminants, including poly-chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are enriched in coastal sediments, and despite a 1977 moratorium by the United States Environmental Protection Agency on the production of PCBs, levels remain high, more so near former industrial plants. The effects of these contaminants on sessile species in the intertidal zone, particularly nonanimal species such as the ubiquitous fucoid brown algae, are not well known. We investigated the developmental effects of chronic PCB treatment beginning at fertilization on two species of marine rockweed, Fucus vesiculosus Linnaeus and Silvetia compressa (J.Agardh) E.Serrao, T.O.Cho, S.M.Boo & Brawley. A mixture of the most widely used PCB congeners, Aroclors 1221, 1242, and 1254, was delivered at concentrations well below levels found in contaminated sediments, and resulted in severely delayed mitosis and cytokinesis in both species. In F. vesiculosus, this delay was accompanied by abnormal spindle morphology. PCB treatment also dramatically slowed or arrested rhizoid growth after 2-4 d, and by 7 d F. vesiculosus embryos were dead; in contrast, polar secretion of adhesive, germination, and photopolar germination were not affected. The dramatic delay in the first cell division and reduction in tip growth within the first week of development are likely to compromise S. compressa's ability to reproduce and establish new generations. Thus, the data presented here suggest that PCBs still present in coastal sediments may be inhibiting recruitment in these species. Moreover, as sediment dredging causes temporary spikes in PCB concentrations, these kinds of bioremediation steps may exacerbate the disruption of fucoid development.
Follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma arising within an ovarian teratoma.

A 49-year-old female presented to the hospital with abdominal pain and emesis. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a small-bowel obstruction and a right ovarian mass measuring 4.6 cm. Following oophorectomy, histopathology revealed a mature cystic teratoma with multiple foci of benign thyroid tissue, as well as a 0.9 cm focus of follicular variant papillary thyroid cancer (Figs. 1 and ​and2)2) surrounded by normal ovarian tissue (Fig. 3). Thyroid ultrasound and serum thyroid function tests were normal. A 131I diagnostic whole body scan (WBS) did not reveal any abnormal uptake in the abdomen or pelvis, and an abdominal CT was normal. A high-dose (423 i Ci) 123I WBS performed 6 months later was also negative. Based on the small size of the primary carcinoma and the lack of evidence of metastases on imaging, the patient received no further treatment. FIG. 1 Follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma within an ovarian teratoma. Normal ovarian tissue is seen on the left (N). On the right, normal-appearing thyroid tissue (T) merges with a focus of follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). FIG. 2 High-power magnification of follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma arising within ovarian teratoma. The tumor has predominantly microfollicular growth pattern with occasional normal-sized follicles filled with colloid (C) and lined by cells with ... FIG. 3 Normal ovarian tissue from the same ovary. Note the presence of normal ovarian stromal cells and blood vessels. Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) arising from ovarian teratomas is a rare occurrence, with an estimated incidence of 0.1–0.3% (1,2). Most cancers are found incidentally on histopathology. DTCs arising from ovarian teratomas can occasionally present with locally invasive disease or with distant metastases, and may be associated with recurrences in some patients (2). Following surgical resection of the lesion, the need for further therapy, including total thyroid-ectomy and radioiodine ablation, is based on the extent of the primary lesion and the evidence of persistent or meta-static disease by imaging. There is very little data on the natural history or prognosis of papillary microcarcinomas of ovarian origin. Given the similarity of their histological appearance to those arising in the thyroid, a generally favorable prognosis is anticipated.
Surface Activity Properties at Equilibrium of Novel Gemini Cationic Amphiphilic Compounds from Arginine, Bis(Args)

A systematic study of the surface active properties at equilibrium (in water and in the presence of 10-2 M NaCl) of a novel class of gemini cationic surfactants from arginine is described. They are Nα,Nω-bis(Nα-acylarginine) α,ω-alkylidenediamides or bis(Args). Parameters studied include cmc (critical micelle concentration), pC20 (negative log of the surfactant molar concentration, C20, required to reduce the surface tension of the solvent by 20 mN/m), γcmc (the surface tension at the cmc), Γmax (the maximum surface excess concentration at the air/aqueous solution interface), Amin (the minimum area per surfactant molecule at the air/aqueous solution interface), and the cmc/C20 ratio (which measures the tendency of the surfactant to adsorb at the interface relative to its micellization tendency). Data on the synthesis and chemical and spectral characteristics of surfactants are also reported.
A taxonomy of supervisor–subordinate exchanges across cultures

Abstract Major concerns, both theoretical and methodological, have been raised about the adequacy of the leader-member exchange (LMX) theory, the existing model on supervisor–subordinate exchanges. This paper seeks to overcome three main theoretical shortcomings of the LMX theory as documented in past research. First, that the LMX theory does not describe the exchange process sufficiently, and second, that it does not capture the cross-cultural influences on supervisor–subordinate exchanges. This paper deals with these weaknesses by providing a comprehensive description of supervisor–subordinate exchanges across cultures using two theoretical frameworks, Fiske’s relational theory and Triandis’s cultural syndromes. A third problem with the LMX theory is that it assumes all close relationships between supervisors and subordinates to be beneficial for the organisation. However, a stream of research has emerged that documents the downside of close relationships between supervisors and their subordinates. Utilising a recent cross-cultural framework on cronyism, this paper sheds light on the dysfunctional organisational consequences of close relationships between supervisors and their subordinates across cultures.
Are All Correctional Officers Created Equal?: An Analysis of the Supreme Court Decision in Richardson V. Mcknight

In June 1997, the U.S. Supreme Court in a five to four majority decision of Richardson v. McKnight determined that employees of private correctional institutions are not entitled to the same qualified immunity defense as employees working in public institutions. This article presents the theoretical, penological, and legal issues concerning the majority and minority arguments and some of the opinions expressed in law reviews concerning this decision. Finally, it reviews the possible effects of this case and shows the inconsistencies in both the majority and the minority opinions.
Sum-Rule Constraints on Baryon Regge Trajectories

The well-known MacDowell symmetry imposes conditions on the trajectory and residue functions of parity doublets of baryon Regge trajectories. A much stronger condition, degeneracy of these doublets, seems to be suggested by experiment. In order to build a consistent theory incorporating this parity degeneracy, trajectory residues must vanish at values of invariant ${(\mathrm{mass})}^{2}$ corresponding to unobserved states. A sum rule is derived assuming parity doubling which directly involves these zeros and which may therefore be used to check the consistency of the parity-doubling concept. A simple calculation for the ${{Y}_{1}}^{*}$ trajectory is consistent with this zero, although the approximations made would seem to make a definite conclusion impossible.
LOUT MACH NUMBER COMPRESSIBLE FLOW SOLUTIONS IX CONSTRICTED DUCTS

Tlie compressil~le time-dependent Navier-St.okes equations were solved numerically for flows in circular const.ricted ducts. Two types of const.ricted duct geometries wdre employed. a snlootli cosine form constriction and a st,ep like const.rict,ion. Time asgmpt,ot.ic st,eady-stat.e so1ut.ions have been obtained for low Mach number flows. The computations were performed with an implicit approximat,e factorization algorithm. The application of the inflow-outflow boundary conditions was critical for convergence t.o the steady state. The numerical solut,ion correctly predict.ed t.he pressure rise and the resulting flow separation in the expanding part of the duct. The low Mach number solutions for ducts with smooth constri'ct.ion have been compared with experimental dat,a for liquid flows and with results for incompressible flow solutions. Finally, the results for the flow in a duct with a step constriction are given. It is concluded that a low Mac11 number compressible approach may be applied to the studies of unsteady flow phenomena with success.
Talker Differences in Clear and Conversational Speech: Vowel Intelligibility for Older Adults with Hearing Loss.

Purpose To establish the range of talker variability for vowel intelligibility in clear versus conversational speech for older adults with hearing loss and to determine whether talkers who produced...
Bis(1,4,7‐tri­thia­cyclo­nonane‐κ3S,S′,S′′)­iron(II) bis­(perchlorate)

The title compound, [Fe([9]­aneS3)2](ClO4)2 or [Fe(C4H8S2)3](ClO4)2, contains an octahedral FeIIS6 core, with the Fe atom located on an inversion center. The asymmetric unit comprises two independent half cations and two anions.
Novice Language Teachers' Selection Criteria and Uses for Digital Voice Recording Software

In order to address a lack of motivation to learn a second language, second/foreign language teachers must overcome a multitude of impediments in which to bring students to higher levels of language learning. Research on the integration of digital voice recording software into the language learning curriculum has focused primarily on the perceptions of veteran instructors and their students. However, there is a dearth of research on novice language educators and what influences their decisions to select such software. Following the literature review, the author discusses results from a study investigating novice language teachers' criteria and selection of digital voice recording software. The research has implications for language teachers as well as teachers in other content areas.
Magnesium interference in the determination of sodium in biological material by neutron activation analysis

Abstract Irradiation of MgSO 4 in a neutron flux with a thermal neutrons to fast neutrons ratio of 12.1 1 resulted in the production of 0.65 μg of Na per mg of Mg. Using this constant and the Mg content of the peanut sample the Mg contribution to the observed Na was estimated. Such estimates revealed that in some peanut tissues Mg contribution accounted for as much as 42% of the total observed Na.
The Study of Values as a Social Phenomenon: The Soviet Case

This paper shows that political change in the Soviet Union has, as elsewhere, clearcut consequences for social research-in this case, the study of values. The emergence of such work in the USSR reveals some gap between official doctrine and personal preference. Such findings, in combination with social and political forces, also influence resources invested in research and the way in which research is directed and organized. The comparative study of values is especially useful in helping us separate the particularfrom the general -i.e., distinguishing value profiles peculiar to one society in contrast to values which generally characterize industrial societies.
A General Purpose Timer/Counter

This paper discribes a solid state digital display instrument that functions as: (1) a reaction timer, (2) an interval timer, (3) an event counter, or (4) a predetermining counter. Parts for the instrument can be purchased for approximately $125 and assembled in 25 to 30 hr.
Energy Efficient Prefetching with Buffer Disks for Cluster File Systems

Energy efficient computing is becoming increasingly important as the scale of parallel computing systems is expanding. As the processing power of parallel computing systems has been incremented there has been an increased demand for large scale storage systems to store the output of these parallel computing systems. Data centers are growing at an enormous pace and it is important to investigate a means of managing the energy efficiency of large scale parallel storage systems. To address these issues we introduce EEVFS (Energy Efficient Virtual File System), which is able to manage data placement and disk states to help improve the energy efficiency of a parallel disk system. EEVFS places data on the storage disks in an energy efficient layout and attempts to predict when each disk will be idle for a large period of time, facilitating a state transition into the standby state. EEVFS should also maintain relatively high performance, so we have built a load balancing policy into the data partitioning of EEVFS. The implementation architecture and measured results are presented to demonstrate the energy efficiency and performance characteristics of EEVFS.
Convergence in distribution of random compact sets in Polish spaces

Abstract Let φ , φ 1 , φ 2 , … be a sequence of random compact sets on a complete and separable metric space ( S , d ) . We assume that P { φ n ∩ B = ∅ } → P { φ ∩ B = ∅ } for all B in some suitable class B and show that this assumption determines if the sequence { φ n } converges in distribution to φ . This is an extension to general Polish spaces of the weak convergence theory for random closed sets on locally compact Polish spaces found in Norberg [1984. Convergence and existence of random set distributions. Ann. Probab. 12, 726–732.]
Reactions of unsaturated fatty alcohols. II. Polymerization of vinyl ethers and film properties of polymers

Vinyl ethers of stearyl, soybean, and linseed fatty alcohols have been prepared and polymerized in solution in hydrocarbon or chlorinated solvents at temperatures down to −30°C. with several Lewis-acidtype catalysts. Stearyl polyvinyl ether was a white, waxy solid melting at 44°–50°C. while soybean and linseed polyvinyl ethers were colorless, viscous liquids. Molecular weights of these polymers range from 1,500 to 15,000 and higher, depending on the conditions of polymerization. Films of soybean and linseed polyvinyl ethers containing driers were cast from toluene solution. Hard films were obtained with cobalt drier by baking at 150°C. while softer films were obtained under these conditions when lead driers were used. Soybean films containing cobalt drier and baked on Pyrex glass dissolved completely in 5% aqueous alkali. A fatty acid coresponding to the fatty alcohol side chain was isolated from this solution along with a material that appeared to be partially oxidized polyvinyl alcohol. Baked films of soybean polyvinyl ether with lead drier did not dissolve in alkali. Some improvement of alkali resistance was obtained with cobalt films by adding aromatic amines as antioxidants. Soybean polymer films containing cobalt and baked on soft glass or metal surfaces were resistant to 5% aqueous alkali for at least three days. Soybean polyvinyl ether was emulsified with an equal weight of water, using ammonium salts of fatty acids as emulsifiers. Films were prepared from this emulsion that appeared to be continuous.
Performance Predictions and Validation of a Two Coaxial-Cylinder System as a Wave-Energy Extractor

Experiments were conducted to investigate the performance of two newly designed coaxial cylinders as a wave-energy extractor system in regular waves. The coaxial-cylinder design as a point-absorber consists of a tension-tethered vertical inner cylinder and a heaving outer or toroidal cylinder moving in the vertical direction. The relative heave motion between the two cylinders is used to convert the wave-induced response to electrical energy. The first-order heave response of the outer cylinder is used as the mathematical model in the frequency domain and the predicted results are compared with experimental measurements taken in a wave basin. The analytical solutions for the hydrodynamic added mass, damping, and wave-exciting force of the heaving floater are obtained from Chau and Yeung (2012, OMAE2012-# 83987). Experimentally determined hydrodynamic coefficients from free-decay tests at the resonance frequency are obtained to account for the effects of viscosity. Experimental results first reported include the wave-exciting force on the outer cylinder and its free response induced by the incident waves. The permanent magnet linear generator (PMLG) developed in Tom and Yeung (2012, OMAE2012-# 83736) is next installed as a passive power take-off (PTO) system. The electrical power output from the linear generator is measured with the resistance load as a parameter. The measured performances of the coaxial cylinders with and without the PTO are compared with the theoretical predictions. Excellent agreement is found, confirming the effectiveness of guiding theoretical model and of the engineering design.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Calculations of the dispersive characteristics of microstrips by the time-domain finite difference method

A direct time-domain finite-difference method is used to recharacterize the microstrip. Maxwell's equations are discretized both in time and space and a Gaussian pulse is used to excite the microstrip. The frequency-domain data are obtained from the Fourier transform of the calculated time-domain field values. Since this method is completely independent of all the above-mentioned investigations, the results can be considered as an impartial verification of the published results. The comparison of the time-domain results and those from the frequency-domain methods has shown the integrity of the time-domain computations. This method is very general and can be applied to model many other microwave components. >
Temperature-invariant valence-band 4f photoemission features in the heavy-fermion compound YbAl3.

A high-resolution photoemission (PES) study of the heavy-fermion compound ${\mathrm{YbAl}}_{3}$ has been undertaken to test the qualitative and quantitative predictions of the single-impurity model. Corroborating data on ${\mathrm{YbAgCu}}_{4}$ and ${\mathrm{YbCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ are also presented. For Yb-based heavy fermions the model predicts a fully occupied Kondo resonance so that its width, intensity, and temperature dependence should be directly accessible by PES. Due to the existence of temperature- and/or contamination-dependent surface features, which are not dealt with by the model, a rigorous normalization and curve-fitting procedure was required to extract the bulk 4f line shape. For the particular temperature cycling method employed by us, we do not observe any temperature dependence in the peak that had been previously identified as the Kondo resonance. We find that both the binding energy and width of this peak are significantly larger than theory predicts. It is also found that the trends in 4f line shape and surface shift between ${\mathrm{YbAl}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{LuAl}}_{3}$ are consistent with the trends seen between the 4f core levels of elemental Yb and Lu. Similar results are also found in ${\mathrm{YbCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{YbAgCu}}_{4}$ for similar cycling methods. Recent observations of temperature dependence in these systems are most easily understood in terms of surface phenomena.
The influence of stream channels on distributions of Larrea tridentata and Ambrosia dumosa in the Mojave Desert, CA, USA: Patterns, mechanisms and effects of stream redistribution

Drainage channels are among the most conspicuous surficial features of deserts, but little quantitative analysis of their influence on plant distributions is available. We analysed the effects of desert stream channels (‘washes’) on Larrea tridentata and Ambrosia dumosa density and cover on an alluvial piedmont in the Mojave Desert, based on a spatial analysis of transect data encompassing a total length of 2775 m surveyed in 5 cm increments. Significant deviations from average transect properties were identified by bootstrapping. Predictably, shrub cover and density were much reduced inside washes, and elevated above average levels adjacent to washes. Average Larrea and Ambrosia cover and density peaked 1·2–1·6 m and 0·5–1·0 m from wash edges, respectively. We compared wash effects in runon-depleted (−R) sections, where washes had been cut off from runon and were presumably inactive, with those in runon-supplemented (+R) sections downslope from railroad culverts to help identify mechanisms responsible for the facilitative effect of washes on adjacent shrubs. Shrub cover and density near washes peaked in both + R and − R sections, suggesting that improved water infiltration and storage alone can cause a facilitative effect on adjacent shrubs. However, washes of < 2 m width in + R sections had larger than average effects on peak cover, suggesting that plants also benefit from occasional resource supplementation. The data suggest that channel networks significantly contribute to structuring plant communities in the Mojave Desert and their disruption has notable effects on geomorphic and ecological processes far beyond the original disturbance sites. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sarcoidosis Associated With an Elevated Serum CA 125 Level : Description of a Case and a Review of the Literature

ABSTRACT Background and Aim CA 125 is a glycoprotein expressed by a variety of tissues of mesothelial origin. It has classically been associated with ovarian carcinoma. It has also been reported to be elevated in certain granulomatous conditions. We describe a patient with sarcoidosis and an elevated serum CA 125 level and review the medical literature on this topic. Methods We describe a patient with active sarcoidosis and an elevated serum CA 125 level at our institution. A search of medical databases revealed 4 additional cases of sarcoidosis associated with elevated serum CA 125 levels. Results All 5 patients (our patient and the 4 found in medical databases) were female. Four of the 5 presented with abdominal symptoms or weight loss. Four of the 5 patients had evidence of peritoneal sarcoidosis. Three patients required treatment and their serum CA 125 levels declined. Conclusions Peritoneal sarcoidosis may “mimic” ovarian carcinoma in that it may present with peritoneal or abdominal findings and an elevated serum CA 125 level.
A living systems perspective on health

Absence of a theoretical basis for defining health has made it an elusive concept and problematic to measure. This deficiency has precluded a clear delineation of the content of health science as a field. In this manuscript I use a living systems theoretical perspective to distinguish the parts and emergent properties of health. I term the parts of health, “assets,” which include the dimensions of energetics, restoration, mind, reproduction, and capabilities. Health assets interact at the level of the whole person to form integrated and emergent capacities that enable adaptation to environmental challenges, satisfaction of needs, attainment of life goals, and survival. Healthy individuals live long and adapt to and thrive within their environments. As more is learned about the interrelationships among health assets, their influences, their consequences, and how they interact to produce integrated functional capacities, a theoretically grounded and empirically informed ontology of health will emerge.
METHODS FOR THE PURE CULTURE OF CERTAIN PROTOZOA

Some media are described which inhibit bacterial growth, but are favorable to protozoan development. A purification technique, which takes advantage of geotropic responses, was devised and used successfully with 7 species of protozoa, including flagellates and ciliates. The method was also used with a Spirillum. For one flagellate which could not be purified in this manner, a procedure involving chemical sterilization was employed. Paramecium caudatum was purified, but failed to develop subsequently in the absence of living microorganisms. Four of the protozoa which were purified ingest other microorganisms normally. The work shows that purified protozoa grow well under proper conditions, and then they can be studied culturally and biologically, like bacteria.
A model for chlorine concentration decay in pipes

Abstract A model that accounts for transport in the axial direction by convection and in the radial direction by diffusion and that incorporates first order decay kinetics has been developed to predict the chlorine concentration in a pipe in a distribution system. A generalized expression for chlorine consumption at the pipe wall is used to solve the governing equation and to determine the average chlorine concentration at any location in the pipe. Three non-dimensional parameters are used to determine the concentration and a methodology to determine them in pipe networks is proposed. The range of values of these dimensionless parameters where wall consumption is significant are determined. The methodology is applied to field measurements of chlorine concentration in a distribution network.
Incremental value of diffusion weighted and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI in the detection of locally recurrent prostate cancer after radiation treatment: preliminary results

Objectives To assess the incremental value of diffusion-weighted (DW-MRI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) to T2-weighted MRI (T2WI) in detecting locally recurrent prostate cancer after radiotherapy.
Vapor Transport Growth of Organic Solids in Microgravity and Unit Gravity

Thin films of an organic nonlinear optical (NLO) material, N, N-dimethyl-p-(2,2-dicyanovinyl) aniline (DCVA), have been grown in space and on the ground by physical vapor transport in an effusive ampoule arrangement. The thin film growth technique developed on the ground is a direct result of information gleaned from experiments in microgravity. This paper covers the results of our experimental investigations for establishing "ideal" terrestrial conditions for deposition of a DCVA film. The active control during the deposition process was exercised by three deposition variables: the material source temperature, the background pressure external to the growth ampoule and the substrate temperature. Successful growth occurred when the difference in temperature between the source material and the copper substrate was 14 degrees C and the background nitrogen pressure was such that the transport was either diffusive or convective. A qualitative diffusion limited boundary was estimated to occur at a pressure of approximately 20 torr. We have probed the DCVA thin films with visible-near infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, polarized Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, differential interference contrast optical microscopy, and stylus profilometry.
Threading and misfit-dislocation motion in molecular-beam epitaxy-grown HgCdTe epilayers

Lattice mismatch between the substrate and the absorber layer in single-color HgCdTe infrared (IR) detectors and between band 1 and band 2 in two-color detectors results in the formation of crosshatch lines on the surface and an array of misfit dislocations at the epi-interfaces. Threading dislocations originating in the substrate can also bend into the interface plane and result in misfit dislocations because of the lattice mismatch. The existence of dislocations threading through the junction region of HgCdTe IR-photovoltaic detectors can greatly affect device performance. High-quality CdZnTe substrates and controlled molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) growth of HgCdTe can result in very low threading-dislocation densities as measured by the etch-pit density (EPD ∼ 104cm−2). However, dislocation gettering to regions of high stress (such as etched holes, voids, and implanted-junction regions) at elevated-processing temperatures can result in a high density of dislocations in the junction region that can greatly reduce detector performance. We have performed experiments to determine if the dislocations that getter to these regions of high stress are misfit dislocations at the substrate/absorber interface that have a threading component extending to the upper surface of the epilayer, or if the dislocations originate at the cap/absorber interface as misfit dislocations. The preceding mechanisms for dislocation motion are discussed in detail, and the possible diode-performance consequences are explored.
Monetary incentive, age, and cognition

Results from studies of cohort differences suggest that older and younger volunteers may differ in aspects other than age. In this study subjects, who had or had not been promised $10.00 payment for their participation, were compared on certain personality and intelligence factors. No differences between incentive conditions were observed for 2466 potential subjects on willingness to participate, nor for 591 subjects eventually tested on their scores on the Primary Mental Abilities Test, the Test of Behavioral Rigidity and Cattell's 16 PF. However, differences by incentive condition were observed on the intercorrelation matrices for women on Form B of the 16 PF. Results of these analyses suggest that, with few exceptions, supplying a monetary incentive to induce subjects to participate in a study does not significantly alter the characteristics of a volunteer sample with regard to age or sex.
Deposition of suspensions in the entrance of a vertical tube

Abstract The deposition of aerosols with gravity acting in the direction of flow in a vertical circular tube was investigated numerically for developing, fully developed and uniform laminar flows. It was found that the deposition depends on the velocity ratio of terminal velocity to the average fluid velocity and decreases with increasing velocity ratio. The curves for the fractional penetration in a vertical tube at any velocity ratio were found to fall between that for uniform flow and that for fully developed flow due to diffusive effect alone when a proper dimensionless distance was used. Results for suspension flow in a vertical parallel-plate channel were also presented.