cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitivism and Nominalism in the Philosophy of Linguistics

There are three competing frameworks for answering the foundational questions of linguistic theory. Platonism holds that linguistics is about abstract entities, whose essential properties grammarians discover, by using nonempirical reasoning, as in mathematics. Nominalism takes linguistics to be about concrete physical tokens that comprise conventional systems of communication; grammars explain how inscriptions and the like can be, e.g., grammatical, co-referential, or contradictory. Cognitivism takes linguistics to be a branch of psychology, seeing grammars as hypotheses about the tacit knowledge that every competent speaker possesses. I argue that the epistemological side of the platonist position is undermined by W. V. Quine’s attack on the notion of nonempirical modes of inquiry. Jerry Katz contends that Quine’s epistemology is inconsistent, because it entails that principles of reasoning are simultaneously revisable and unrevisable. I show that Katz’ “revisability paradox” overlooks the distinction between our principles of reasoning and our theory of those principles. Drawing this distinction eliminates the threat of inconsistency. Further, I argue that linguists’ claims concerning the infinitude of language need not signal an ontological commitment to abstract entities. Rather, they reflect the lawlike, counterfactual-supporting character of linguistic generalizations, as well as a principled idealization away from mortality, memory constraints, and motivational factors.
Infections of the Central Nervous System in Returning Travelers and Immigrants

This review highlights current knowledge in travel-related neuroinfectious diseases, providing insight on approaches to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infections of the central nervous system (CNS) in travelers and immigrants. Updates on travel vaccine recommendations including vaccine-specific interactions with immunosuppressive agents, advances in Zika virus and dengue virus vaccine development, new diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis, updates on treatment approaches for tuberculosis meningitis. Increasing rates of travel are leading to the spread of known infectious diseases and the emergence of new diseases in travel medicine. Among these infections, neuroinfectious diseases carry significant morbidity and mortality. To reduce the effect of travel-related illness, appropriate pre-travel measures and up-to-date diagnostic and treatment strategies are essential for optimal outcomes. This review highlights important travel information relevant to neuroinfectious diseases for several populations including immunocompetent, immunocompromised, pregnant, and infant/children travelers. It also outlines the travel risk, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of a select list of neuroinfectious diseases by region, including neurocysticercosis, Zika virus, tuberculosis meningitis, rabies, and tick-borne encephalitis.
Sensory denervation leads to deregulated protein synthesis in the lacrimal gland.

The secretory function of the lacrimal gland is influenced by the release of classic and peptide neurotransmitters from sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nerve terminals in the gland. These neuronal pathways constitute an integrated system that regulates the integrity of the front of the eye, particularly the optical qualities of the cornea. In everyday experience, this relationship is evidenced by the rapid tearing response to corneal stimulation. The release of neuromodulators resulting from activation of these pathways leads to receptor activation, mobilization of intracellular second messengers, exocytosis, and synthesis of secretory proteins. Consequently, the processes of cell signaling and synthesis of new secretory material must be regulated in coordination with secretion to maintain the normal exocrine function of the gland.
Adoption of open educational resources in California colleges and universities

The California Open Educational Resources Council (CAOERC) was formed in 2014 to find solutions to reduce the cost of college textbooks without impacting quality. Comprised of faculty from California's three public higher education systems, the CAOERC conducted a field study of 16 faculty using OER materials to discover practical knowledge about the challenges of adopting OER textbooks. The quality of the OER textbooks received positive reviews. The faculty also reported being more engaged with their teaching. The faculty felt that availability of OER support materials was a challenge to implementing OER. The following article presents the results of the CAOERC's study.
Alzheimer%#x2019;s Disease and Genetically Engineered Animal Models

With the growth of the aging population (Olshansky 1993 et al.), there has been a significant increase in the prevalence of disorders that affect the elderly; the most common major disabilities in this age group are impairments in cognitive and memory processes. The most frequent cause of these problems is Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (McKhann et al. 1984,; Khachaturian 1985; Katzman 1997). The prevalence of AD, —10% in persons >65 years of age (e.g., 4 million individuals in the United States) (Pfeffer et al. 1987; Bachman et al.1993), is increasing because of significant shifts in life expectancy and demo-graphic parameters. In 1900, 1% of the world’s population was >65 years of age; in 1992, that figure was 6.2%; and it is estimated that in 2050 —25% of the population will be >65 years of age (Olshansky et al. 1993). Because of the prevalence and magnitude of the morbidity and mortality associated with AD, it is imperative to understand the etiologies and pathogeneses of this disease and to develop effective treatments to ameliorate its course and prevent its occurrence.
Reduction of in Vitro Autohemolysis in Hereditary Spherocytosis by Impermeant Molecules

It has been shown that a variety of compounds will reduce the abnormal autohemolysis which occurs after 48 hours of incubation of HS erythrocytes. These compounds either provide energy in the form of ATP, as is the case with glucose and adenosine, or provide an external osmotic force by virtue of their inability to cross the red cell membrane, as is the case with phosphorylated compounds, glutathione and sucrose. None of these latter compounds caused a significant preservation of erythrocyte ATP content. In assessing the effect of added compounds in the autohemolysis test, their osmotic behavior should be taken into account.
Introduction to the chemistry of transition metal carbides and nitrides

An overview of the field of transition metal carbides and nitrides is given in order to give a perspective to the overall content of this book. The overview covers the structure, composition, bonding, physical properties, electronic nature, preparation, and applications of the materials. The structures of the carbides and nitrides are simple for single-metal compounds to the left of the periodic table, and can be understood from the density of valence sp electrons in the materials. However, the structures become complex for the late transition metals and multi-metallic compositions. The materials have an interesting nature, with physical characteristics typical of ceramics and electronic properties resembling metals. Their properties give them varied applications, as structural, electronic, magnetic, optical, and catalytic materials, which are reviewed in detail in this overview.
Stormwater Treatment Practices

Common stormwater treatment practices include wet ponds, dry ponds, infiltration basins and trenches, constructed wetlands, permeable pavements, and others. In preparation for the remaining chapters, which focus on the assessment and maintenance of these stormwater treatment practices, this chapter introduces and briefly discusses each of the practices covered in this book, which are categorized by their primary operating process (i.e., sedimentation, filtration, biological, etc.) as defined in Chap. 3.
Ethnocentric and stereotypical concepts in the study of Islamic and world history.

A KEY TASK OF HISTORIANS is to question received and accepted interpretations and concepts in their study of the past. In the field of world history the need for such questioning is perhaps greatest. For a long time the writing of world history was almost coterminous with the writing of "Western history."' Islamic and other "Oriental" or "Eastern" civilizations were viewed as the radical, opposite, and inferior Other, the intractable enemies of Christianity and/or "Western" civilization,2 and, alas, still are perceived as such among some influential scholars, intellectuals and journalists.3 In recent times, especially after the official collapse of the Soviet Union in December, 1991, "Islam" and "Islamic fundamentalism" have been depicted in the media and by politicians and scholars as the inheritors of the totalitarian mantle and/or global challenge formerly
Douglas-Fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) Transcriptome Profile Changes Induced by Diesel Emissions Generated with CeO2 Nanoparticle Fuel Borne Catalyst.

It is important to understand molecular effects on plants exposed to compounds released from use of products containing engineered nanomaterials. Here, we present mRNA sequencing data on transcriptome impacts to Douglas-fir following 2 weeks of sublethal exposure to 30:1 diluted airborne emissions released from combustion of diesel fuel containing engineered CeO2 nanoparticle catalysts (DECe). Our hypothesis was that chamber exposure to DECe would induce distinct transcriptome changes in seedling needles compared with responses to conventional diesel exhaust (DE) or filtered DECe Gas Phase. Significantly increased uptake/binding of Ce in needles of DECe treated seedlings was 2.7X above background levels and was associated with altered gene expression patterns. All 225 Blast2GO gene ontologies (GOs) enriched by up-regulated DECe transcripts were nested within GOs for DE, however, 29 of 31 enriched GOs for down-regulated DECe transcripts were unique. MapMan analysis also identified three pathways enriched w...
Fast deep reinforcement learning using online adjustments from the past

We propose Ephemeral Value Adjusments (EVA): a means of allowing deep reinforcement learning agents to rapidly adapt to experience in their replay buffer. EVA shifts the value predicted by a neural network with an estimate of the value function found by prioritised sweeping over experience tuples from the replay buffer near the current state. EVA combines a number of recent ideas around combining episodic memory-like structures into reinforcement learning agents: slot-based storage, content-based retrieval, and memory-based planning. We show that EVA is performant on a demonstration task and Atari games.
Chemical colitis in posterior mediastinum colonic conduit

For patients with severe corrosive injury of the esophagus and stomach, the colon is considered a well-functional and durable esophageal substitute. We report a Chinese male suffered from chemical colitis of the colon conduit located in the posterior mediastinum after drinking strong liquor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported in the literature. After conservative and supportive therapy with antibiotics and oral fasting, he recovered from chemical conduit colitis completely.
Oligocyclopropane Structural Units from Cationic Intermediates

syn- and anti-bis-cyclopropanes have been efficiently prepared through two distinct routes via the trapping of cyclopropylcarbinyl cationic intermediates. A ring-closing olefin metathesis for the formation of the necessary allylsilane precursors highlights the initial route. The cyclopropanation step proceeds in good yield to provide exclusively trans-vinylcyclopropanes. Iteration of the sequence has provided an efficient route to bis-cyclopropanes. The stereospecificity of the second cyclization was shown to be dependent on distal functionality. An alternative approach produces these interesting structural units from skipped dienes in a single step.
Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Effectiveness Over Time.

OBJECTIVES: To determine pertussis risk by diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccination status and time since last DTaP dose. METHODS: Children born at Kaiser Permanente Northern California between 1999 and 2016 were followed from 3 months of age until they tested positive for pertussis; disenrolled from Kaiser Permanente Northern California; received the tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis, adsorbed vaccine; turned 11 years of age, or the end of the study period. DTaP vaccination status was categorized on the basis of the number of doses received in relation to the number of doses expected according to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice–recommended ages. RESULTS: Among 469 982 children ages 3 months to 11 years, we identified 738 pertussis cases. A total of 99 cases were unvaccinated, 36 were undervaccinated, 515 were fully vaccinated, and 88 were fully vaccinated plus 1 dose. Pertussis risk was 13 times higher among unvaccinated (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 13.53; 95% confidence interval [CI] 10.64–17.21) compared with fully vaccinated children and 1.9 times higher (aHR = 1.86; 95% CI 1.32–2.63) among undervaccinated children. Among vaccinated children ages 19 to CONCLUSIONS: Undervaccinated and especially unvaccinated children were at greater risk of pertussis. However, most pertussis cases occurred among children age-appropriately vaccinated who were further away from their last DTaP dose, suggesting that suboptimal vaccine effectiveness played a major role in recent pertussis epidemics.
Effectiveness of Short Term Home-Based Care for Long Term Prevention of Heart Failure Hospitalizations of High Risk Patients

Introduction Heart failure is the number one cause of hospital readmissions among Veteran Affairs (VA) patients. We implemented a home-based RN/LPN team to high risk patients who provided short-term, intensive CHF case management in collaboration with a cardiologist. Hypothesis Decline in the number of ER visits, inpatient days and 30-day readmission rates with patients who follow in the home-based HF program when compared six months pre-program, and during and after enrollment. Methods This retrospective study done at the Indianapolis VA Medical Center had 108 CHF patients enrolled in the home-based CHF program from May 2016-September 2017. Data was retrieved from national VA databases as well as the electronic medical record. We compared patients’ acute care utilization six months prior to the program, during the program, six, and twelve months post-program discharge using chi squared test. Results The 30-day readmission rate of the 108 patients closely followed by the care team (average 57 days) was only 7%. This contributed to a significant decrease in readmission overall (7%) compared to prior to initiation of the program (500 HF patients admitted in 2016 with 21% readmission rate, p Conclusions Short-term, intensive home-based teams for high-risk veterans with CHF can reduce ER visits, admissions, 30-day readmissions, and the number of inpatient days and be highly cost-effective. This home-based care model showed significant effect persisting after the formal program/intervention ended, as there was a continued sizable reduction in total inpatient days at six and twelve months post-program discharge.
Determining content validity of “my safe and sound plan,” a fall-risk self-assessment workbook

Date Presented 04/06/19 The "My Safe and Sound Plan" workbook contributes to the available methods of fall prevention assessment and education, providing a self-assessment, home safety checklist, and education on fall risks. This instrument demonstrated content validity of all items, as rated by five experts, covering content necessary for fall prevention. Experts indicated that education alone was not sufficient to reduce falls; readiness to change was a vital factor in reducing fall risks. Primary Author and Speaker: Brenda Howard Additional Authors and Speakers: Kathryn Boomershine, Rachel Gramman, Clare Schirmer, Jerica Schomber
Free Tissue Transfer Optimizes Stump Length and Functionality Following High-Energy Trauma

Background Advances in medicine and surgery have allowed patients, who in the past would have required more aggressive amputations, to maintain longer stump lengths. Microvascular free tissue transfer has become increasingly popular to preserve limb length and optimize functionality. We present our experience using microvascular free flap reconstruction to preserve lower extremity limb length in the setting of high-energy trauma. Methods We conducted an Institutional Review Board-approved retrospective review of patients at three San Francisco hospitals who underwent free flap reconstruction after high-energy trauma between 2003 and 2015. We included all patients who underwent free flap reconstruction for lower extremity limb length preservation. We reviewed patient demographics, preoperative variables, intraoperative details, and postoperative outcomes, including complications, functional status, reoperation rates, and need for revision amputation. Results Twelve patients underwent microvascular free tissue transfer for limb length preservation. Overall, the patients had similar preoperative comorbidities and a mean age of 44. Six patients had postoperative complications: three minor complications and three major complications. Seven patients had additional surgeries to improve the contour of the flap. One patient required revision amputation, while the remaining 11 patients preserved their original limb length. The majority of patients were fully ambulatory, and four used a prosthesis. Conclusion Microvascular free tissue transfer can be used to effectively maintain lower extremity stump length following trauma. Although these patients often require multiple surgeries and face lengthy hospital courses, this technique enables preservation of a functional extremity that would otherwise require a more proximal amputation.
Hydrovise: A non-proprietary open-source software for hydrologic model and data visualization and evaluation

Abstract The authors developed a non-proprietary web-browser based open-source software that allows users to visualize and evaluate hydrologic space-time data in an interactive environment. Hydrovise is client-side browser-based software that interprets a configuration file to construct control elements in the Graphical User Interface for visualizations of space-time data and model simulation evaluations. It leverages the concept of three-dimensional data cubes that facilitate query in space, time, and variable dimension(s) without the requirement for a database system. Using a configuration file, users can define data sources as local file system resources and or external data sources (e.g., online data services). This capability makes Hydrovise a flexible and portable solution where users can share their hydrologic data in an interactive web environment. This paper provides the software description with four distinct example use cases including, but not limited to, time-series data visualization and evaluation, grid-based and river network-based data visualizations.
Correction to: The 8-parameter Fisher–Bingham distribution on the sphere

In the original publication of the article, the corrections in Eq. (13) were missed, in which 2v − 1 was changed to 2v in the exponent.
Assessing hydrogel viscoelastic properties using spontaneous Brillouin scattering

Hydrogels have recently emerged as a promising material for broad range of biomedical applications including implantation, drug delivery and tissue engineering. New applications are driven by their unique physical and chemical properties making them chemically and mechanically biocompatible. In this report we assess non-invasive, nondestructive, and potentially high-throughput technique based on combined Brillouin / Raman spectroscopy and microscopy to interrogate hydrogels’ viscoelastic and chemical properties.
Subjective versus Objective Moral Wrongness

There is presently a debate between Subjectivists and Objectivists about moral wrongness. Subjectivism is the view that the moral status of our actions, whether they are morally wrong or not, is grounded in our subjective circumstances – either our beliefs about, or our evidence concerning, the world around us. Objectivism, on the other hand, is the view that the moral status of our actions is grounded in our objective circumstances – all those facts other than those which comprise our subjective circumstances. A third view, Ecumenism, has it that the moral status of our actions is grounded both in our subjective and our objective circumstances. After outlining and evaluating the various arguments both against Subjectivism and against Objectivism, this Element offers a tentative defense of Objectivism about moral wrongness.
Quantifying alternative polyadenylation in RNAseq data with LABRAT

Abstract Alternative polyadenylation (APA) generates transcript isoforms that differ in their 3′ UTR content and may therefore be subject to different regulatory fates. Although the existence of APA has been known for decades, quantification of APA isoforms from high-throughput RNA sequencing data has been difficult. To facilitate the study of APA in large datasets, we developed an APA quantification technique called LABRAT (Lightweight Alignment-Based Reckoning of Alternative Three-prime ends). LABRAT leverages modern transcriptome quantification approaches to determine the relative abundances of APA isoforms. In this manuscript we describe how LABRAT produces its calculations, provide a step-by-step protocol for its use, and demonstrate its ability to quantify APA in single-cell RNAseq data.
A Bayesian Framework for Milling Stability Prediction and Reverse Parameter Identification

Abstract This paper describes a physics-guided Bayesian framework for identifying the milling stability boundary and system parameters through iterative testing. Prior uncertainties for the parameters are identified through physical simulation and literature reviews, without physical testing of the actual milling system. Those uncertainties are then propagated to the stability map using a physics-based stability model, which is used to suggest a test point. The uncertainties are updated based on the new information acquired from the cutting test to form a new probability distribution, called the posterior. Finally, the posterior are compared to measured values for the stability boundary and system parameters to evaluate the approach. Based on experimental observations, the advantages and disadvantages of using a physics-guided model are discussed.
Unearthed by Jeffrey Edward Post. ABRAMS the Art of Books; abramsbooks.com. 192 pages; 2021; $29.99 plus shipping and handling (softbound).

Unearthed is a book that is long overdue. This is clearly obvious after one has thumbed through its almost 200 pages of interesting and unusual stories, collection data, and wonderful photographs. ...
Pediatric cannabis use and cardiac complications

We read with interest the study by Ladha and colleagues, describing young adults (aged 18–44 yr) with myocardial infarctions (MI) and recent cannabis use; smoking was the primary route of consumption. [1][1] Unfortunately, the findings described in this paper are not limited to adults. We recently
A multifaceted approach in leveraging electronic health record tools for safe inpatient use of concentrated U-500 insulin.

Disclaimer In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time. Purpose The Institute for Safe Medication Practices classifies subcutaneous insulin as a high-risk medication. Concentrated U-500 insulin carries additional risks in comparison to conventional U-100 insulin, as the 5-fold more concentrated nature of this product, limitations to insulin pen dosing, and various devices for dose measurement may lead to miscommunication of patient-reported doses, resulting in downstream errors in ordering, verification, or administration. We describe a multifaceted approach to leveraging technical tools within the electronic health record (EHR) for U-500 insulin use. Summary At Cleveland Clinic, the U-500 insulin use process evolved in a number of phases using EHR tools. Phase 1 included new clinical decision support and documentation tools during order entry, including a customized alert that fired during order entry recommending that the prescriber order a consult with endocrinology and requiring the prescriber to provide the patient's home insulin measuring device and the source of the patient's reported home dose. In order verification, a customized alert fired directing the pharmacist to contact the patient or patient's nurse and validate the information provided by the prescriber. Phase 2 involved transitioning dispensing of patient-specific doses from tuberculin syringes to U-500 insulin syringes. Phase 3 transitioned to use of U-500 insulin pens and included automatic dose rounding of ordered doses down to the nearest 5 units, and an additional customized pharmacist alert intended for cost conservation was added to fire if the patient had a recent administration of U-500 insulin documented, directing the pharmacist to determine whether the nurse needed a new pen dispensed. Conclusion Cleveland Clinic successfully implemented customized tools and processes within the EHR pertaining to the prescribing, verification, dispensing, and administration of U-500 insulin.
NASA Battery Working Group, 2007-2008: Battery Task Summary Report

This presentation provides a summary of the 2007-2008 NASA Battery Working Group efforts completed in support of the NASA Engineering Safety Center (NESC). The effort covered a series of pro-active tasks that address the following: Binding Procurements -- guidelines related to requirements for the battery system that should be considered at the time of contract award Wet Life of Ni-H2 Batteries -- issues/strategies for effective storage and impact of long-term storage on performance and life Generic Guidelines for Lithium-ion Safety, Handling and Qualification -- Standardized approaches developed and risk assessments (1) Lithium-ion Performance Assessment -- survey of manufacturers and capabilities to meet mission needs. Guidelines document generated (2) Conditions Required for using Pouch Cells in Aerospace Missions -- focus on corrosion, thermal excursions and long-term performance issues. Document defining requirements to maintain performance and life (3) High Voltage Risk Assessment -- focus on safety and abuse tolerance of battery module assemblies. Recommendations of features required for safe implementation (4) Procedure for Determination of Safe Charge Rates -- evaluation of various cell chemistries and recommendation of safe operating regimes for specific cell designs
Preparation Chemistry of Inorganic Membranes

Publisher Summary Membranes are thin films allowing for selective transport of mass species, such as gases, liquids, or ions. The major advantages of inorganic membranes as compared to polymeric membranes are their better thermal, chemical, and mechanical stability and higher permselectivity. The disadvantages are higher membrane costs and an increased difficulty toward making membrane modules with high packing densities. Inorganic membranes will find applications that require high permselectivity and good chemical and thermal stability beyond what can be offered by polymeric membranes. The most important properties of inorganic membranes include permeance and selectivity. These properties of microporous and mesoporous membranes are determined by the pore size, porosity, and membrane thickness. Chemistry plays a very important role in controlling these properties. Microporous amorphous silica membranes can be prepared by the acid catalyzed solegel method using an alkoxide precursor. The intercrystalline defects and zeolitic pores of crystalline zeolite membranes can be eliminated or narrowed by chemical vapor deposition through proper control of the surface chemistry of the zeolite framework. The membranes are very thick because synthesis chemistry gave large metal-organic framework crystals. Synthesis chemistry controls the pore size and structure of ordered mesoporous materials as well as orientation of the pore of the ordered mesoporous membranes.
Trends of e-learning research from 2000 to 2008: Use of text mining and bibliometrics

This study investigated the longitudinal trends of e-learning research using text mining techniques. Six hundred and eighty-nine (689) refereed journal articles and proceedings were retrieved from the Science Citation Index/Social Science Citation Index database in the period from 2000 to 2008. All e-learning publications were grouped into two domains with four groups/15 clusters based on abstract analysis. Three additional variables: subject areas, prolific countries and prolific journals were applied to data analysis and data interpretation. Conclusions include that e-learning research is at the early majority stage and foci have shifted from issues of the effectiveness of e-learning to teaching and learning practices. Educational studies and projects and e-learning application in medical education and training are growing fields with the highest potential for future research. Approaches to e-learning differ between leading countries and early adopter countries, and government policies play an important role in shaping the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Neural Networks in GTA Weld Modeling and Control

Solutions to modeling the Gas Tungsten Arc(GTA) Welding process using a non-conventional technique is presented here. This approach is a non-linear modeling technique employing neural networks which has exhibited the potential to learn to model the time response of a non-linear, multivariable system. This paper examines the feasibility of this approach an alternative to existing techniques Potential problems with this approach are also discussed. A control architecture using a second neural network is also suggested.
The job satisfaction‐gender paradox revisited: A cross‐national look at gender differences in job satisfaction, 1989‐2005

Purpose – Using Westover's job satisfaction model (based on Kalleberg's 1977 findings and Handel's 2005 study) the purpose of this paper is to re‐examine the job satisfaction‐gender paradox by analyzing cross‐national gender differences in job satisfaction, specifically as these changes relate to differences in the characteristics that men and women experience in the workplace.Design/methodology/approach – This research uses non‐panel longitudinal data from the International Social Survey Program (work orientations I, II, and III: 1989, 1997, 2005 – survey questions on job characteristics and job quality) to examine cross‐national gender differences in job satisfaction and its determinants.Findings – Descriptive statistics and regression analysis show that there is little consistent difference in mean job satisfaction and intrinsic job characteristics scores between men and women across the participating countries in the three ways of data.Research limitations/implications – The main limitations of this r...
A modified hartree-fock approximation for the zero-temperature electron gas

We present a nonperturbative, self-consistent calculation for the zero-temperature electron gas based on a modified Hartree-Fock approximation in which the Coulomb potential is replaced by a Debye screened potential. The single particle energy spectrum and the screening length are determined in a self-consistent manner; the resulting energy spectrum is used to compute the specific heat, the ground-state energy and the pressure. The specific heat compares favorably with that calculated by Hedin, but the correlation energy turns out to have the wrong sign. We compute the pressure in two different ways to check the thermodynamic consistency (in the sense of Baym) of the theory; in the metallic density region the deviation from thermodynamic consistency varies from 6% to 10%.
Highly sensitive third-order optical autocorrelator for operation at the telecommunication wavelengths

We report on amorphous organic thin films that exhibit efficient third-harmonic generation at the telecommunication wavelengths. With these films we demonstrate a low cost and sensitive third-order autocorrelator that can be used in the time-frequency domain.
Amino acid substitutions resulting from suppression of nonsense mutations. IV. Leucine insertion by the Su6+ suppressor gene.

Amino acid substitutions in alkaline phosphatase are shown to result from suppression of nonsense mutations in the phosphatase structural gene. The suppressor gene involved in the experiments was Su-1 , one of several that act on nonsense mutations. With one phosphatase mutant the substitution was serine for tryptophan, and with two other mutants the substitution was serine for glutamine. Thus, the original amino acid that is affected by a nonsense mutation can vary, but the amino acid inserted by the Su-1 suppressor gene is in all cases serine.
The structure of ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase reveals the structural basis for the versatility of the Nudix family.

Regulation of cellular levels of ADP-ribose is important in preventing nonenzymatic ADP-ribosylation of proteins. The Escherichia coli ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase, a Nudix enzyme, catalyzes the hydrolysis of ADP-ribose to ribose-5-P and AMP, compounds that can be recycled as part of nucleotide metabolism. The structures of the apo enzyme, the active enzyme and the complex with ADP-ribose were determined to 1.9A, 2.7A and 2.3A, respectively. The structures reveal a symmetric homodimer with two equivalent catalytic sites, each formed by residues of both monomers, requiring dimerization through domain swapping for substrate recognition and catalytic activity. The structures also suggest a role for the residues conserved in each Nudix subfamily. The Nudix motif residues, folded as a loop-helix-loop tailored for pyrophosphate hydrolysis, compose the catalytic center; residues conferring substrate specificity occur in regions of the sequence removed from the Nudix motif. This segregation of catalytic and recognition roles provides versatility to the Nudix family.
Infinite dimensional symmetries in massive integrable models

We review some recent results on the Calogero-Sutherland and Ruijsenaars models and massive integrable models with emphasis upon their algebraic aspects.
Should medical schools be schools for virtue

In the Republic, Plato recounts the myth of Gyges, who wore a ring that allowed him to become invisible simply by turning the ring around his finger.1 Gyges misused the ring's powers to seduce the wife of the king, kill him, and take over the country. The lesson that Plato drew from this myth was that the person of true virtue is the one who can be trusted to do the right thing, even when no one is looking. In a way, two very different articles in this issue of the Journal of General Internal Medicine can both claim the myth of Gyges as a philosophical ancestor. One is about measuring trust in physicians,2 and the other is about educating medical students to become precisely those sorts of physicians who can be trusted to do the right thing for their patients.3 As Branch writes, “Medicine, after all, is a moral profession.” Yet medicine is increasingly viewed as just another business, and the concept of medicine as a profession, as a “special” endeavor with a different set of moral obligations and expectations,4 has been denounced as elitist, self-serving, and detrimental to the spirit of the competitive marketplace.5–7 Some fear that the recent financial reorganization of health care, premised upon the notion that there is nothing special about medicine, poses a particularly grave threat to the essence of medicine as a profession.8,9 Others argue that the professionalism of medicine can be reconstructed in such a way that it can guard against the financial forces that threaten to undermine its moral potency.10,11
Sociodemographic associations with mental health and residential care utilization among juvenile delinquents.

Research has supported the notion that ethnoracial minorities in the juvenile justice system use fewer mental health services than Caucasians do. The authors’ aim was to examine potential sociodemographic (including racial background) associations with the use of mental health and residential care among juvenile delinquents adjudicated through court services. The authors extracted demographic, mental health, and residential care data from archival records of 149 juveniles consecutively adjudicated from a midwestern city’s juvenile court services facility (from 1999 to 2002). The authors found no significant associations with mental health treatment or residential care utilization based on ethnoracial background, age, gender, and educational level, neither in bivariate nor multivariate analyses. Implications for policy in the juvenile justice system are discussed.
SPONTANEOUS SYMMETRY BREAKDOWN IN A NONLINEAR BOSON FIELD: A MODEL FOR C VIOLATION

A boson field with quartic self-coupling is discussed in the BCS approximation. For certain values of the coupling constant the transition from simple products to normal ordered products by a Bogolyubov transformation implies a spontaneous breakdown of the original symmetries in the Lagrangian. In a real scalar field a discrete symmetry can be broken; in more complex fields mass splitting also occurs. If the boson is characterized by the assignment ${0}^{+\ensuremath{-}}$, the nonvanishing vacuum expectation value of its field operator may result in tadpole diagrams, which offer an explanation of the $C$-violating transitions. The experimental consequences of different coupling schemes between the ${0}^{+\ensuremath{-}}$ meson and other particles are discussed in detail. The role of the $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\eta}$ and $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\pi}X$ matrix elements is emphasized in explaining different $C$-violating transitions in $\mathrm{SU}(2)$- and $\mathrm{SU}(3)$-symmetric ways, respectively.
Large melt channels discovered underneath Antarctic ice shelves

New radar observations reveal melt channels 500 meters to 3 kilometers wide and up to 200 meters deep underneath the ice shelf buttressing the Pine Island Glacier in West Antarctica; researchers suggest that these subglacial channels could be a “prelude to eventual collapse” of the ice shelves, which cover about 10% of the areal extent of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). A complete collapse of WAIS could increase global sea level by at least 3–4 meters. Taking advantage of a dense network of radar lines designed to penetrate ice thicknesses of more than 2 kilometers, Vaughan et al. combine indirect satellite observations with direct echo-sounding measurements from submersibles to show what scientists have suspected: Thinning ice shelves lead to crevassing of the ice shelves. Echo sounding reveals 50-to 100-meter-wide crevasses aligned with the subglacial channels; the basal crevasses penetrate up to one third of the ice thickness in the shelves buttressing the Pine Island Glacier, even leaving their mark on the surface of the glacier. Melting at the base of floating ice shelves creates subglacial channels. Using stress models, the authors show that when the subglacial channels form sufficiently rapidly, they create crevasses, which the authors found on the surface and at the base of the ice shelf bordering the Pine Island Glacier.
Processing characteristics of PET/PEN blends, part 3: Injection molding and free blow studies

The injection molding and orientation characteristics of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate) (PET/PEN) blends are discussed. Injection molding was carried out to produce preforms with good optical clarity. The difference between the processing temperature and the equilibrium melting point of the materials, their crystallizability, and their levels of transesterification are major factors controlling optical clarity in the preforms. Free blow experiments were conducted on the injection-molded preforms to study changes in the blow-up ratio (BUR) as a function of molecular weight, blend composition, level of transesterification, and the difference between the orientation temperature and the glass-transition temperature (T – Tg). Results indicate that for a given value of intrinsic viscosity and T – Tg, the blends will require higher stretch ratios than that of PET to achieve equivalent levels of strain-induced crystallization. The BUR for a given blend composition is independent of the degree of randomness after a critical level of transesterification has been achieved. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 22: 155–167, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.10046
“Nanoscale Zippers” in Gd5(SixGe1-x)4: Symmetry and Chemical Influences on the Nanoscale Zipping Action

One critical parameter influencing the structural nature of the phase transitions in magnetocaloric materials Gd 5 (Si x Ge 1 - x ) 4 is the Si/Ge ratio (x/1 - x), because transition temperatures and structures depend crucially on this value. In this study, single-crystal X-ray diffraction indicates that Si and Ge atoms are neither completely ordered nor randomly mixed among the three crystallographic sites for these elements in these structures. Ge atoms enrich the T sites linking the characteristic slabs in these structures, while Si atoms enrich the T sites within them. Decomposition of the total energy into site and bond energy terms provides a rationale for the observed distribution, which can be explained by symmetry and electronegativity arguments. For any composition in Gd 5 (Si x Ge 1 - x ) 4 , a structure map is presented that will allow for a rapid assessment of the specific structure type.
Thermodynamic aspects of massive transformations in the CuGa and CuZn systems

Abstract Thermodynamic modeling of the CuGa and CuZn phase diagrams has been used to obtain the temperature and composition dependence of the free energies of phases involved in the massive transformation in these two systems. In both systems, the high temperature b.c.c. β phase is shown to be particularly susceptible to a massive transformation because it becomes more rapidly unstable on cooling, or quenching, when compared with the phases with which it is competing in the phase diagram. It is shown that entropy considerations are the principal cause of this behavior. The driving force for the massive transformations in both systems is shown to be relatively small, being only some 100J/mol in the CuGa system and 420 J/mol in the CuZn system. These values represent about 0.7% and 1% of the total energy of the β phase, respectively, in each system. The obtained values of the driving energies are discussed in relation to the previous estimates of the driving force for massive transformations in the CuZn system and in relation to the nucleation difficulties and nucleation models in massive transformations.
A versatile computer-controlled valve

We have developed a computer-controlled valve based on the popular Nupro B-4HK bellows valve. The valve is actuated by a stepper motor. A modification to the Nupro valve necessary to achieve reproducible performance in setting the flow rate is described, and performance data on the coefficient of flow is presented. These valves have been cycled thousands of times without difficulties.
The cimetidine-induced increase in prolactin secretion in schizophrenia : effect of clozapine

There is considerable interest in the role of serotonin (5-HT) in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and in the mechanism of action of clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic agent and a potent dopamine (DA), 5-HT2/5-HT1c and histamine (H) antagonist. Cimetidine, an H2 antagonist, produces robust, transient increase in plasma prolactin (PRL) levels in man following intravenous administration. This effect has been attributed, in part, to indirect central serotonergic mechanisms involving 5-HT2 receptors in the hypothalamus, but the evidence is inconclusive. This study investigated the effects of cimetidine on plasma PRL levels in unmedicated schizophrenic patients versus normal controls and the effect of chronic treatment with clozapine on the cimetidine-induced PRL response. The PRL response to cimetidine was significantly blunted in male but not female schizophrenic patients. The PRL response in male schizophrenic patients was inversely related to psychopathology. Chronic treatment with clozapine completely suppressed the plasma PRL response following cimetidine. These data are consistent with the hypothesis of an abnormality of serotonergic activity, including downregulation of 5-HT2 receptors, in male but not female schizophrenic patients. The role of antagonism of 5-HT2 receptors in the action of clozapine is discussed.
Insulin Resistance in African-American and Caucasian Women: Differences in Lipotoxicity, Adipokines, and Gene Expression in Adipose Tissue and Muscle

Objectives: We tested whether African-American (AA) women are different from Caucasian women in regard to lipotoxicity, adipokines, and gene expression in adipose tissue and muscle. Design: Insulin sensitivity (SI), plasma adipocytokine levels, intramyocellular lipid (IMCL), and the expression of candidate genes in adipose tissue and muscle were measured in AA and Caucasian women. Setting: This study was performed in an ambulatory general clinical research center. Subjects: Subjects were healthy, nondiabetic AA and Caucasian women. Interventions: There were no interventions. Main Outcome Measures: Comparison of SI, IMCL, plasma adiponectin, and the expression of candidate genes regulating adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and inflammation in adipose tissue and muscle. Results: AA had lower plasma adiponectin and IMCL when compared with Caucasian women with similar SI. In sc adipose tissue (SAT), the expression of genes involved in adipogenesis including peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and l...
Intrathecal lipophilic opioids as adjuncts to surgical spinal anesthesia

Background and Objectives. Lipophilic opioids, especially fentanyl and sufentanil, are increasingly being administered intrathecally as adjuncts to spinal anesthesia. This review analyzes the efficacy of these opioids for subarachnoid anesthesia. Methods. Medline search of the literature from 1980 to the present and a survey of recent meeting abstracts are reviewed. Results. A significant number of citations regarding intrathecal lipophilic opioids as adjuncts to spinal anesthesia were found: 59 are cited in this review. Most clinical experience has been in obstetric surgery, but lipophilic spinal opioid administration is being used with greater frequency for other surgical procedures as well. The benefits include reduction of minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) when general anesthesia is combined with spinal anesthesia and enhancement of the quality of spinal anesthesia without prolongation of motor block. Intrathecal fentanyl and sufentanil allow clinicians to use smaller doses of spinal local anesthetic, yet still provide excellent anesthesia for surgical procedures. Furthermore, lipophilic opioid/local anesthetic combination permits more rapid motor recovery; short outpatient procedures are therefore more amenable to spinal anesthesia. Finally, the side-effect profiles of intrathecal lipophilic opioids are now well characterized and appear less troublesome than intrathecal morphine. Conclusions. The anesthesia-enhancing properties and side-effect profile of lipophilic opioids administered intrathecally suggest significant roles for these agents as adjuncts to spinal anesthesia for obstetric and outpatient procedures.