cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat flux gage bubble probe for fluidized bed system

Abstract A heat flux gage (HFG) has been developed in order to measure both the local time-averaged heat-transfer coefficients and pressure fluctuations on a tu
Isolation of DNA replication complexes from uninfected and adenovirus-infected HeLa cells.

Abstract We have isolated, by zone sedimentation in sucrose shelf gradients, rapidly sedimenting complexes enriched three- to fourfold in newly synthesized DNA from both uninfected and adenovirus-infected HeLa cells. The complexes are observed in the presence of crystalline sodium dodecyl sulfate at pH 8 in 0.5 m -NaCl at 0 °C. Roughly 80% of a three-minute pulse of [3H]thymidine sediments in the cellular complex. Over 60% of a five-minute pulse of 5-[3H]bromodeoxyuridine is associated with the viral complex while less than 5% of the cellular DNA co-sediments with the viral complex during infection. Thus, the viral genomo may sequester cellular DNA replication sites. The kinetics of labeling indicates that the complexes are sites of DNA synthesis. This has been confirmed by showing that pulse-labeled DNA can be chased from the complexes. The cellular complex is stable to ionic detergents, RNase and several proteases, but not to hog pancrease lipase. The complex is not generated by mixing purified DNA's with crystalline sodium dodecyl sulfate. When added during the isolation procedure, purified viral DNA does not co-sediment with the cellular complex. The rate of adenovirus DNA replication in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine is estimated to be about two μm/minute.
Molecular-dynamics simulations of two-dimensional materials at high strain rates

The mechanical behavior of model two-dimensional materials is investigated by large-scale molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations on a massively parallel computer. Both a pair-potential and a model embedded-atom many-body potential are examined. A parallel MD algorithm is developed to exploit the architecture of the Connection Machine, enabling simulations of greater than 10{sup 6} atoms. Adiabatic expansions and spallation experiments on both perfect crystals and granular solids are performed. It is demonstrated that a uniform adiabatic expansion is a good model for the spallation process. The spall strength is shown to be proportional to the logarithm of the applied strain rate. A dislocation-dynamics model is developed to explain the results, which also leads to predictions for the impact spallation experiments.
Bereavement care for families part 1: a review of a paediatric follow-up programme.

The World Health Organization suggests that palliative care needs to offer a support system to the family during the patient’s illness as well as during his/her bereavement. Bereavement follow-up services in paediatrics offer families an additional source of support in their grieving process. This article reviews the development of a bereavement follow-up programme delivered by the paediatric palliative care team and explores the lessons learnt and challenges faced in developing the programme.
The Implications of International Capital Flows for Macroeconomic and Financial Policies

This paper reviews the main issues that were discussed at a conference organized by the International Monetary Fund on the ‘Implications of International Capital Flows for Macroeconomic and Financial Policies.’ Two general issues received much of the attention: the problems created by large-scale, volatile capital flows, and the policies that could be used to manage the financial and macroeconomic risks created by these capital flows.
Inferring source waters from measurements of carbonate spring response to storms

Abstract We infer information about the nature of groundwater flow within a karst aquifer from the physical and chemical response of a spring to storm events. The spring discharges from the Maynardville Limestone in Bear Creek Valley, Tennessee. Initially, spring discharge peaks approximately 1–2 h from the midpoint of summer storms. The initial peak is likely due to surface loading, which pressurizes the aquifer and results in water moving out of storage. All of the storms monitored exhibited recessions that follow a master recession curve very closely, indicating that storm response is fairly consistent and repeatable, independent of the time between storms and the configuration of the rain event itself. Electrical conductivity initially increases for 0.5–2.9 days (longer for smaller storms), the result of moving older water out of storage. This is followed by a 2.1–2.5 day decrease in conductivity, resulting from an increasing portion of low conductivity recharge water entering the spring. Stable carbon isotope data and the calcite saturation index of the spring water also support this conceptual model. Spring flow is likely controlled by displaced water from the aquifer rather than by direct recharge through the soil zone.
The impact of construct system development on communication and impression formation in persuasive contexts 1

This study employs a constructivist approach to communication studies to investigate the impact of the differences in individuals’ cognitive complexity and construct system abstractness on development of more listener‐adaptive persuasive communication strategies. In addition, it examines the effect of such differences in construct system/strategic development on the quality of impressions formed of interaction partners. Communication measures were derived from analyses of both videotaped dyadic interactions with classmates and responses to hypothetical persuasive situations involving roommates and friends. Analyses revealed that increases in cognitive complexity and construct system abstractness significantly related to use of (1) a greater number of persuasive strategies; (2) more listener‐adaptive persuasive strategies; and (3) formation of more complex and abstract impressions of interaction partners.
Nuclear Cyclic Diagonal Mappings

In this note we construct nuclear operators whose eigenvalues are preassigned up to change of sign (or the nth roots of unity in the general case). These operators have a remarkably simple structure and in a special case yield a “natural” way of obtaining the modular sequence spaces of H. Rosenthal. Recall that a (Schauder) basis for a Banach space X is a sequence (xn) in X such that for every x e X there is a unique sequence of scalars (an) such that convergence in the topology of X. If X is a Banach space with a basis (xn) we can identify X with a sequence space by the correspondence .
Electron Transfer in Aromatic Solvents: The Importance of Quadrupolar Interactions

Molecular solvation calculations are performed on a donor−bridge−acceptor (DBA) molecule in polar and nonpolar environments. A strictly dipolar treatment of solvation reproduces experimental values...
Clinical outcome of endoscopically removed early colorectal cancer.

Background and Aim: Endoscopic resection is widely adopted for early colorectal cancer. Most studies examining the effectiveness of endoscopic treatment of early colorectal cancer are from Japan, and little is known about the success of this treatment in other areas of the world. The authors performed this study to investigate the effectiveness of endoscopic treatment of early colorectal cancer. Methods: The medical records of patients with histologically proven early colorectal cancer and who were treated by endoscopic resection between January 1985 and December 2000 were reviewed retrospectively. Information regarding the demographic data of patients, clinicopathological characteristics of the tumors, and follow-up events were recorded and analyzed. Results: Altogether 91 patients, including 73 with mucosal cancers and 18 with submucosal invasive cancers, were enrolled. Nineteen patients (eight with mucosal cancers and 11 with submucosal invasive cancers) underwent subsequent surgical colectomy. Larger tumors, and those with sessile or flat depressed morphology, and deep submucosal invasion were more difficult to remove completely through endoscopic resection alone. Five patients had local recurrent tumors, occurring between 4 and 12 months after endoscopic resection, and were treated surgically. Furthermore, two patients died of unrelated diseases, one at 1 month and one at 3 years after treatment. All the other patients were well after an average follow-up interval of 40.9 months (range 18–189 months). Conclusions: Endoscopic resection safely and effectively removed most early colorectal cancers. Careful histological examinations of resected specimens to determine the indications of subsequent surgical colectomy, and close post-treatment surveillance would improve the outcome and life quality for these patients.
Seroprevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Among Pregnant Women

Five (0.74%) of 678 women delivering in 1985 at a tertiary referral hospital for high-risk pregnancies and 16 (1.34%) of 1198 women visiting an urban prenatal obstetrics clinic in 1986-1987 had serologic evidence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Unlinked testing (removal of personal identifiers from the blood specimen and the epidemiologic data sheet) of residual serum from hepatitis B virus serologic testing was used. Neither age, marital status, payor status, nor serologic markers of hepatitis B virus infection was useful in identifying women at risk for HIV-1 infection. As a result of these data, we have initiated a program in which counseling is offered to all women and testing for those who consent. Unlinked testing of women who refuse consent is performed for epidemiologic purposes. This will allow us to continue to plan for health care resource needs and to track the course of the epidemic in various subgroups of pregnant women.
A Molecular Redox Switch on p21ras STRUCTURAL BASIS FOR THE NITRIC OXIDE-p21ras INTERACTION

We have identified the site of molecular interaction between nitric oxide (NO) and p21ras responsible for initiation of signal transduction. We found that p21ras was singly S-nitrosylated and localized this modification to a fragment of p21ras containing Cys118. A mutant form of p21ras, in which Cys118 was changed to a serine residue and termed p21rasC118S, was not S-nitrosylated. NO-related species stimulated guanine nucleotide exchange on wild-type p21ras, resulting in an active form, but not on p21rasC118S. Furthermore, in contrast to parental Jurkat T cells, NO-related species did not stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in cells transfected with p21rasC118S. These data indicate that Cys118 is a critical site of redox regulation of p21ras, and S-nitrosylation of this residue triggers guanine nucleotide exchange and downstream signaling.
Nerf c-means: Non-Euclidean relational fuzzy clustering

Abstract The relational fuzzy c-means (RFCM) algorithm can be used to cluster a set of n objects described by pair-wise dissimilarity values if (and only if) there exist n points in R n − 1 whose squared Euclidean distances precisely match the given dissimilarity data. This strong restriction on the dissimilarity data renders RFCM inapplicable to most relational clustering problems. This paper substantially improves RFCM by generalizing it to the case of arbitrary (symmetric) dissimilarity data. The generalization is obtained using a computationally efficient modification of the existing algorithm that is equivalent to applying a “spreading” transformation to the dissimilarity data. While the method given applies specifically to dissimilarity data, a simple transformation can be used to convert similarity relations into dissimilarity data, so the method is applicable to any numerical relational data that are positive, reflexive (or anti-reflexive) and symmetric. Numerical examples illustrate and compare the present approach to problems that can be studied with alternatives such as the linkage algorithms.
Does Ipsilateral Knee Pain Improve after Hip Arthroplasty

Background Intraarticular hip disease is commonly acknowledged as a cause of ipsilateral knee pain. However, this is based primarily on observational rather than high-quality evidence-based studies, and it is unclear whether ipsilateral knee pain improves when hip disease has been treated.
Creep behavior of bagasse fiber reinforced polymer composites

The creep behavior of bagasse-based composites with virgin and recycled polyvinyl chloride (B/PVC) and high density polyethylene (B/HDPE) as well as a commercial wood and HDPE composite decking material was investigated. The instantaneous deformation and creep rate of all composites at the same loading level increased at higher temperatures. At a constant load level, B/PVC composites had better creep resistance than B/HDPE systems at low temperatures. However, B/PVC composites showed greater temperature-dependence. Several creep models (i.e., Burgers model, Findley's power law model, and a simpler two-parameter power law model) were used to fit the measured creep data. Time-temperature superposition (TTS) was attempted for long-term creep prediction. The four-element Burgers model and the two-parameter power law model fitted creep curves of the composites well. The TTS principle more accurately predicted the creep response of the PVC composites compared to the HDPE composites.
Central control of lower esophageal sphincter relaxation

The lower esophageal sphincter is innervated by both parasympathetic (vagus) and sympathetic (primarily splanchnic) nerves; however, the vagal pathways are the ones that are essential for reflex relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), such as that which occurs during transient LES relaxations. Vagal afferent sensory endings from the distal esophagus and LES terminate in the hindbrain nucleus tractus solitarius. The preganglionic motor innervation of the LES arises from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Together these nuclei comprise the dorsal vagal complex within which there is a neural network coordinating reflex control of the sphincter. Vagal efferent preganglionic neurons to the gastrointestinal tract are organized viscerotopically in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Stimulation of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus caudal to the opening of the fourth ventricle results in relaxations, whereas stimulation in the rostral portion of the nucleus evokes contractions of the LES. Few details are known about the neural circuitry that links sensory information from the stomach and esophagus within the nucleus tractus solitarius to these separate populations of neurons within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. The motor vagal preganglionic output is primarily cholinergic, which ultimately stimulates excitatory or inhibitory motor neurons that control the smooth muscle tone. Excitatory neurons evoke muscarinic receptor-mediated muscle contraction. Inhibitory neurons evoke nitric oxide or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-mediated relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. However, other neurotransmitters are found in vagal preganglionic neurons, including norepinephrine/dopamine and nitric oxide. A subpopulation of nitric oxide synthase-containing vagal preganglionic neurons innervate the upper gastrointestinal tract and mediate relaxation. The neurotransmitters and circuitry controlling lower esophageal sphincter pressure are important to characterize, because part of the dorsal vagal complex is outside of the blood-brain barrier and is a potential target for pharmacologic intervention in the treatment of such disorders as gastroesophageal reflux disease.
TRAJECTORY STUDIES OF SN2 NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION. 5. SEMIEMPIRICAL DIRECT DYNAMICS OF CL- ---CH3BR UNIMOLECULAR DECOMPOSITION

Direct dynamics simulations of the dynamics of the Cl-- - -CH3Br complex are performed for 25 ps or until either Cl- + CH3Br or ClCH3 + Br- are formed. Two different potential energy surfaces, AM1-SRP1 and AM1-SRP2, are investigated in the simulations by using the AM1 semiempirical model with two different sets of specific reaction parameters (SRPs). The AM1-SRP surfaces give non-RRKM unimolecular dynamics for Cl-- - -CH3Br as found in a previous simulation based on an analytic potential energy surface, PES1(Br), derived by fitting HF/SV4PP/6-31G* ab initio calculations and experimental data. However, detailed aspects of the Cl-- - -CH3Br intramolecular and unimolecular dynamics are different for the two AM1-SRP surfaces and in some cases strikingly different from those found for the PES1(Br) surface. Global potential energy surface properties, not only those of stationary points and along the reaction path, are expected to influence the Cl-- - -CH3Br nonstatistical dynamics. Of the three surfaces, only P...
Combining higher-order abstract syntax with first-order abstract syntax in ATS

Encodings based on higher-order abstract syntax represent the variables of an object-language as the variables of a meta-language. Such encodings allow for the reuse of α-conversion, substitution and hypothetical judgments already defined in the meta-language and thus often lead to simple and natural formalization. However, it is also well-known that there are some inherent difficulties with higher-order abstract syntax in supporting recursive definitions.We demonstrate a novel approach to explicitly combining higher-order abstract syntax with first-order abstract syntax that makes use of a (restricted) form of dependent types. With this combination, we can readily define recursive functions over first-order abstract syntax while ensuring the correctness of these functions through higher-order abstract syntax. We present an implementation of substitution and a verified evaluator for pure untyped call-by-value λ-calculus.
Competition-reachability of a graph

The reachability r(D) of a directed graph D is the number of ordered pairs of distinct vertices (x,y) with a directed path from x to y. Consider a game associated with a graph G=(V,E) involving two players (maximizer and minimizer) who alternately select edges and orient them. The maximizer attempts to maximize the reachability, while the minimizer attempts to minimize the reachability, of the resulting digraph. If both players play optimally, then the reachability is fixed. Parameters that assign a value to each graph in this manner are called competitive parameters. We determine the competitive-reachability for special classes of graphs and discuss which graphs achieve the minimum and maximum possible values of competitive-reachability.
Chaining in fuzzy rule-based systems

A fuzzy expert system must do rule chaining differently than a non-fuzzy expert system. In particular, all rules that can fire with a particular linguistic variable in their consequent must fire before any rule whose antecedent conditions depend upon the resultant fuzzy set value is allowed to fire. The dependent rules would be considered in a chain with the fuzzy rules which generate or assert the needed fuzzy linguistic variable. A recent paper by Pan-DeSouza-Kak (1998) points out that the FuzzyCLIPS expert system shell does not operate with chained fuzzy rules as one would expect. They introduce FuzzyShell which is described as the only known shell to have the expected fuzzy rule chaining performance. In this paper, we show how FuzzyCLIPS can be made to have the required property. Further, a potential pitfall with the FuzzyShell approach to dealing with chaining is pointed out.
Comparison of Task-Based Exposure Metrics for an Epidemiologic Study of Isocyanate Inhalation Exposures Among Autobody Shop Workers

Because many occupational epidemiologic studies use exposure surrogates rather than quantitative exposure metrics, the UMass Lowell and Yale study of autobody shop workers provided an opportunity to evaluate the relative utility of surrogates and quantitative exposure metrics in an exposure response analysis of cross-week change in respiratory function. A task-based exposure assessment was used to develop several metrics of inhalation exposure to isocyanates. The metrics included the surrogates, job title, counts of spray painting events during the day, counts of spray and bystander exposure events, and a quantitative exposure metric that incorporated exposure determinant models based on task sampling and a personal workplace protection factor for respirator use, combined with a daily task checklist. The result of the quantitative exposure algorithm was an estimate of the daily time-weighted average respirator-corrected total NCO exposure (μ g/m3). In general, these four metrics were found to be variable ...
Understanding Celebrity Endorsers in Cross-cultural Contexts: A Content Analysis of South Korean and US Newspaper Advertising

Based largely on McCracken's ‘cultural meaning transfer’ model (1989), which stresses the cultural meanings of celebrity endorsers, this study explores the characteristics that differentiate celebrity-endorser strategies in South Korean newspaper ads from those in US newspaper ads. With Hofstede's cultural typology—uncertainty avoidance and power distance—as a theoretical framework, this study finds that ads in South Korea with a high uncertainty avoidance and a high power distance culture present a higher proportion of celebrity endorsers than those in the US with a low uncertainty avoidance and a low power distance culture. However, US ads have a greater proportion of product-related celebrity endorsers in both high- and low-involvement product ads. The study also provides detailed information on foreign celebrity endorsers presented in international product ads.
Safety of Structures in Strong Winds and Earthquakes: Multihazard Considerations

In accordance with the ASCE Standard 7-05, in regions subjected to wind and earthquakes, structures are designed for loads induced by wind and, separately, by earthquakes, and the final design is based on the more demanding of these two loading conditions. Implicit in this approach is the belief that the standard assures risks of exceedance of the specified limit states that are essentially identical to the risks inherent in the provisions for regions where only wind or earthquakes occur. We draw the attention of designers, code writers, and insurers to the fact that this belief is, in general, unwarranted, and that ASCE 7 provisions are not risk consistent, i.e., in regions with significant wind and seismic hazards, risks of exceedance of limit states can be up to twice as high as those for regions where one hazard dominates. This conclusion is valid even if the limit states due to wind and earthquake are defined differently, as is the case in ASCE 7. We propose an approach to modifying ASCE 7 provisions which guarantees that risks implicit in minimum ASCE 7 requirements for regions where one hazard dominates are not exceeded for structures in regions with strong wind and seismic hazards.
Taking Two TRAILS

The TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has well-described anti-inflammatory effects in models of autoimmune disease, including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this issue of Neuron, Aktas, Smorodchenko, and colleagues present evidence that TRAIL exerts anti-inflammatory effects, but also induces neuronal apoptosis, in EAE. This report poses the therapeutic challenge of facilitating TRAIL expression in the periphery while inhibiting TRAIL in the CNS.
Quantification and mechanism of the fluoxetine and tricyclic antidepressant interaction

Clinical reports of concurrent use of fluoxetine and tricyclic antidepressant agents suggest that tricyclic concentrations increase upon coadministration with fluoxetine. This study was conducted to confirm the clinical reports, to quantify the degree of change in tricyclic kinetics, and to establish the mechanism of interaction. Twelve male subjects were given 50 mg desipramine (six subjects) or 50 mg imipramine (six subjects) on three occasions: alone, after a 60 mg dose of fluoxetine, and after eight daily 60 mg doses of fluoxetine. Fluoxetine significantly reduced oral clearance of both imipramine and desipramine as much as tenfold and prolonged half-life as much as fourfold. Desipramine oral clearance values were 289, 112, and 27 L/hr alone, after a single fluoxetine dose, and after multiple fluoxetine doses, respectively. Correspondingly, imipramine oral clearance values were 181, 87, and 51 L/hr. These kinetic changes resulted in significantly higher plasma tricyclic concentrations after fluoxetine administration. The amount of parent drug excreted unchanged in urine increased and imipramine or desipramine clearance to their respective 2-hydroxy metabolites decreased. Metabolic conversion of imipramine to desipramine appeared to be unaffected. The findings indicate that fluoxetine causes an inhibition of tricyclic 2-hydroxylation and may decrease first-pass and systemic metabolism. When imipramine or desipramine are to be coadministered with fluoxetine, a lower dosage may be needed to maintain steady-state concentrations and to avoid undesirable side effects caused by excessive tricyclic concentrations.
Interactive effects of iron and zinc on biochemical and functional outcomes in supplementation trials

Iron and zinc are essential micronutrients for human health. Deficiencies in these 2 nutrients remain a global problem, especially among women and children in developing countries. Supplementation with iron and zinc as single micronutrients enhances distinct and unique biochemical and functional outcomes. These micronutrients have the potential to interact when given together; thus, it is important to assess the biochemical and functional evidence from clinical trials before supplementation policies are established. We reviewed randomized trials that assessed the effects of iron and zinc supplementation on iron and zinc status. On the basis of this review, zinc supplementation alone does not appear to have a clinically important negative effect on iron status. However, when zinc is given with iron, iron indicators do not improve as greatly as when iron is given alone. In most of the studies, iron supplementation did not affect the biochemical status of zinc, but the data are not clear regarding morbidity outcomes. Although some trials have shown that joint iron and zinc supplementation has less of an effect on biochemical or functional outcomes than does supplementation with either mineral alone, there is no strong evidence to discourage joint supplementation. Supplementation programs that provide iron and zinc together are an efficient way to provide both micronutrients, provided the benefits of individual supplementation are not lost. Further research is needed before health policies on joint supplementation programs can be established.
Spatio-Temporal Fusion for Small-scale Primary Detection in Cognitive Radio Networks

In cognitive radio networks (CRNs), detecting small-scale primary devices---such as wireless microphones (WMs)---is a challenging, but very important, problem that has not yet been addressed well. We identify the data-fusion range as a key factor that enables effective cooperative sensing for detection of small-scale primary devices. In particular, we derive a closed-form expression for the optimal data-fusion range that minimizes the average detection delay. We also observe that the sensing performance is sensitive to the accuracy in estimating the primary's location and transmit-power. Based on these observations, we propose an efficient sensing framework, called DeLOC, that iteratively performs location/transmit-power estimation and dynamic sensor selection for cooperative sensing. Our extensive simulation results in a realistic CRN environment show that DeLOC achieves near-optimal detection performance, while meeting the detection requirements specified in the IEEE 802.22 standard draft.
Higher derivative corrections to R-charged AdS(5) black holes and field redefinitions

We consider four-derivative corrections to the bosonic sector of five-dimensional $\mathcal{N}=2$ gauged supergravity. Since this theory includes the $\mathcal{N}=2$ graviphoton, we consider both curvature and graviphoton field-strength terms that show up at the four-derivative level. We construct, to linear order, the higher-derivative corrections to the nonrotating $R$-charged ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{5}$ black hole and demonstrate how this solution transforms under field redefinitions.
A hybrid PCA-LDA model for dimension reduction

Several variants of Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) have been investigated to address the vanishing of the within-class scatter under projection to a low-dimensional subspace in LDA. However, some of these proposals are ad hoc and some others do not address the problem of generalization to new data. Meanwhile, even though LDA is preferred in many application of dimension reduction, it does not always outperform Principal Component Analysis (PCA). In order to optimize discrimination performance in a more generative way, a hybrid dimension reduction model combining PCA and LDA is proposed in this paper. We also present a dimension reduction algorithm correspondingly and illustrate the method with several experiments. Our results have shown that the hybrid model outperform PCA, LDA and the combination of them in two separate stages.
What We Mean by Scope and Methods: A Survey of Undergraduate Scope and Methods Courses.

Self-reflective political scientists have extensively reviewed the history of the discipline and argued over its future, but to date there has been little effort to systematically survey undergraduate scope and methods courses (for an exception see Thies and Hogan 2005). This lack of data leaves the discipline unable to assess how much we are teaching undergraduates about the scope of political science or, indeed, what we mean by the scope of the discipline. Similarly, though there have been many battles waged over the appropriateness of various methodologies, it is not clear how much of this discussion, or how many of these methods, make it into the undergraduate classroom. Survey results from a nation-wide sample of political science departments indicate that most departments require a scope and methods course of their majors and that, while there is a great deal of variety in topics covered, some common themes exist and some common assignments are used.
Calcium channel γ6 subunits are unique modulators of low voltage-activated (Cav3.1) calcium current

The calcium channel gamma (gamma) subunit family consists of eight members whose functions include modulation of high voltage-activated (HVA) calcium currents in skeletal muscle and neurons, and regulation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propanoic acid (AMPA) receptor targeting. Cardiac myocytes express at least three gamma subunits, gamma(4), gamma(6) and gamma(7), whose function(s) in the heart are unknown. Here we compare the effects of the previously uncharacterized gamma(6) subunit with that of gamma(4) and gamma(7) on a low voltage-activated calcium channel (Cav3.1) that is expressed in cardiac myocytes. Co-expression of both the long and short gamma(6) subunit isoforms, gamma(6L) and gamma(6S), with Cav3.1 in HEK-293 cells significantly decreases current density by 49% and 69%, respectively. Two other gamma subunits expressed in cardiac myocytes, gamma(4) and gamma(7), have no significant effect on Cav3.1 current. Neither gamma(6L), gamma(6S), gamma(4) nor gamma(7) significantly affect the voltage dependency of activation or inactivation or the kinetics of Cav3.1 current. Transient expression of gamma(6L) in an immortalized atrial cell line (HL-1) significantly reduces the endogenous low voltage-activated current in these cells by 63%. Green fluorescent protein tagged gamma(6L) is localized primarily in HEK-293 cell surface membranes where it is evenly distributed. Expression of gamma(6L) does not affect the level of Cav3.1 mRNA or the amount of total Cav3.1 protein in transfected HEK-293 cells. These results demonstrate that the gamma(6) subunit has a unique ability to inhibit Cav3.1 dependent calcium current that is not shared with the gamma(4) and gamma(7) isoforms and is thus a potential regulator of cardiac low voltage-activated calcium current.
A Typology for Aligning Organizational Ambidexterity's Conceptualizations, Antecedents, and Outcomes

We take stock of the current body of knowledge and understanding on organizational ambidexterity to further specify the construct and develop a typology to focus this line of research. To that end, we first synthesize the various insights on ambidexterity's conceptualization in extant research. We then develop a parsimonious, yet coherent typology that delineates four archetypes of ambidexterity using two primary dimensions underlying previous conceptualizations of this construct. To help focus and align extant research, we next map these types onto the most salient theories, antecedents, and outcomes that are uniquely germane to each. Finally, we offer several recommendations and promising avenues for future inquiries that follow from our typology and associated discussion.
Theoretical nonlinear response of complex single crystal under multi-axial tensile loading

The mechanical properties of single crystals are of interest as they represent the behavior of the basic building blocks. Using the density functional theory based ab initio technique we have devised an approach to analyze the behavior of single crystal so their mechanical properties can be studied beyond linear elasticity. Here we have applied the approach to investigate the mechanical properties of a single stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystal using a large supercell subjected to multi-axial tensile loading. The results reveal a complex nonlinear and loading-path dependent behavior with evolving anisotropy for the HAP crystal. Further, we have introduced a failure envelope index to quantify the strength behavior for comparison of similar materials. We have found that the complexities of the behavior of a single crystal originate from the local structural changes in these multi-component materials.
Improving computational efficiency for RNA secondary structure prediction via data-adaptive alignment constraints

The most accurate methods for RNA secondary structure prediction simultaneously predict the common structure and alignment among multiple homologs. In addition to dynamic programming, practical algorithms utilize heuristics to restrict the search space and further reduce time and memory requirements. This work is directed toward improving these heuristics in order to reduce computation without a compromise in accuracy. In this paper, a new, principled method for restricting the alignment search space in Dynalign [1] is introduced. Our results indicate that we are able to improve runtime with little affect on the accuracy of the structure predictions. This work utilizes Dynalign, but this method is also applicable to other structure prediction programs.
When should a learning machine ask for help

We present a view of the learning phase of statistical pattern recognition as a problem in optimum mode switching for learning systems which can operate in the supervised and nonsupervised modes. We assume the standard J -category statistical pattern recognition model, in which patterns are represented as points in Euclidean n -space and the learning problem is to estimate the unknowns in the problem probability structure. More specifically, we assume each learning sample can be processed in either mode, but the machine incurs a cost for this processing--a larger cost for processing in the supervised mode than in the nonsupervised mode. The goal is to have the machine make the decision for each learning pattern concerning mode usage that results in minimum expected cost to learn the unknowns to a predetermined accuracy. We treat the parametric problem as a problem in stochastic control. Simple closed-form expressions partially describing system performance are derived for very general problem probability structures for the case of good learning, or, equivalently, large number of learning samples. Among the results obtained for identifiable probability structures for this case are i) expressions for purely supervised and purely nonsupervised learning costs; ii) a proof that supervised learning is always faster (though not necessarily less costly) than is nonsupervised learning; iii) an example showing that, depending on the relative costs of the two mode usages as well as on the problem probability structure, the learning cost of an optimum combined-mode learning system can be remarkably lower than that of a pure-mode learning system; iv) an argument to the effect that the a posteriori distribution of the unknown parameter vector is asymptotically Gaussian for a wide range of mode usage policies; v) a fairly simple functional equation that can be solved numerically for the optimum mode usage policy (for some probability structures the nature of the optimum mode usage policy can be inferred without resorting to computer calculation); vi) the conclusion that in general optimum mode usage involves mode switching, i.e., pure-mode learning is not optimum. For the most general discretized nonidentifiable probability structure, we show that dual-mode learning may be significantly less costly than is purely supervised learning. This example also illustrates the effectiveness of making use of hard constraints, imposed by prior knowledge or experimentation, in reducing learning cost.
A Voluntary Program to Curtail Boat Disturbance to Waterfowl During Migration

Abstract A voluntary waterfowl avoidance area (VWAA) was established on Lake Onalaska in Navigation Pool 7 of the Upper Mississippi River, Wisconsin, USA, in 1986, to reduce boating disturbance to migratory waterfowl. We monitored boater compliance with the VWAA program in 1993 and 1997. Of 1,664 “boating events” observed on Lake Onalaska, boats intruded into the VWAA on 127 occasions. Boating events have increased from 1.82 boating events/h in 1986-88 to 1.97 in 1993 and 2.58 in 1997. Despite a 60% increase in boating traffic, the lake-wide disturbance rates in 1997 were comparable to that in 1981. We attribute this to a significant reduction in the proportion of lake-wide boating events that resulted in disturbance, a direct consequence of the VWAA program. Rate of intrusion into the VWAA was 0.11 per boating event in 1997 compared to 0.18 per boating event in 1986-88. Boating disturbances to waterfowl within the VWAA occurred at about half the rate (0.24 to 0.28 disturbances·hr-1) observed prior to est...
Where Did the Sputnik Come From? Western Study of the Soviet Economy and the National Interest

Post-collapse literature routinely describes the Soviet economy as a "war economy". Yet such statements represent a revolution in the characterization of the subject. Western academic study of the Soviet economy was created in the late 1940s as a response to the perceived national security threat. However, over the four decades of its existence, the discipline largely neglected the military aspects of the Soviet economy. This paper, drawn from a larger study, documents the near-absence of the military sector from the published output of Sovietology.
An Ecological Approach to Understanding Delinquency of Youths in Foster Care

ABSTRACTThis review highlights the importance of an ecological approach to understanding delinquent behaviors of youth in foster care. The author provides clarification on the specific aspects of Ecological Theory that are considered in this review. The author highlights how Brofenbrenner’s Ecological Theory can be useful for various professionals working with these youths. Relevance of the theory in regards to implications for both clinical practice and policy are discussed, in addition to research. The author describes how an ecological approach provides a more comprehensive approach to understanding delinquency of youth in care.
G protein β2 subunit specifically interacts with the human T-lymphotropic virus Tax-1 transactivator oncoprotein but not with the Tax-2 homologue encoded by the non-pathogenic HTLV-2

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 2800 Approximately 15 to 25 million people worldwide are infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) or type 2 (HTLV-2). One of the viral regulatory proteins, Tax, is critical for viral transcription and replication and has been clearly implicated in T-lymphocyte transformation in vitro and oncogenesis in vivo . Elucidation of the metabolic processes involved in Tax activity is thus of prime importance for understanding the pathogenesis induced by HTLV. In this context, the two related but distinct viruses, HTLV-1 and HTLV-2, exhibit different pathogenic potential. HTLV-1 is associated primarily with leukemia and neurological disease whereas HTLV-2 is comparatively poorly pathogenic, if at all. Here, we describe a protein, the Gβ2 subunit of the heterotrimeric G proteins , that specifically binds Tax-1 but not Tax-2. The Gβ2 and Tax-1 proteins indeed co-immunoprecitate from mammalian cell lysates. Furthermore, both proteins colocalize in Hela cells, as revealed by confocal microscopy. Gβ2 expression inhibited Tax-1 transactivation of the viral LTR promoter. And finally, Tax-1 interfered with Gβ2γ4 dependent signal transduction pathways: MEK1/Elk1 and PKA/CREB. Comparison of the functional complexes formed by either Tax-1 or Tax-2 with defined cellular proteins will provide important insight into the differential pathogenic potential of the HTLV-1 and HTLV-2.
New Firms, Wages, and the Knowledge Economy

Much economic research has been devoted to analyzing the gap in earnings between large and small firms. The identification of this disparity in wages between employers of different sizes dates back to at least Moore (1911), who was one of the first economists to empirically document its existence. Since Moore’s original research, empirical studies have continued to reveal in convincing fashion that large firms pay higher wages than their smaller counterparts. Consequently, the occurrence of inter-firm size wage differentials has been vaunted to the status of a well-known and accepted stylized fact of economic literacy. In fact, this phenomenon has been so accepted, that much attention is devoted to explaining its existence theoretically and empirically. The result, however, is still somewhat puzzling since there is “little consensus” why firm size should be an explanatory factor in determining a worker’s wage (Winter-Ebmer and Zweimuller 1999, 89).
Discovery Using Heterogeneous Combined Logics.

Introduction Research in hybrid logic systems and, later, description logics, has revealed a tradeoff between the expressivity of a logical formalism, and the complexity of reasoning within that formalism. This is why, for instance, tractable inference procedures are known for certain classes of description logics and for (some) formalisms underlying knowledge representation on the Semantic Web. Some traditions within artificial intelligence and knowledge representation have focused on more expressive knowledge representations. For some expressive representations, such as first-order logic, sound and complete proof calculi, such as the sequent calculus, have been developed. However, for the purposes of automated theorem proving, not all proof calculi are created equal. Engineering effective proof search strategies for some proof calculi is difficult, but other proof calculi, e.g., those based on resolution, do lend themselves to efficient proof search. Recognizing the diversity of knowledge representation systems currently in existence, the different properties of proof calculi which may be employed over these systems, and the growing need to combine inferences made under multiple logical systems, we propose the development of formalisms to govern these interactions, and call this the study of combined logics.
Computer-Aided Solution

This chapter focuses on computer-aided solution applicable to some classes of ordinary differential equations, most frequently first and second-order equations. Some of the computer algebra languages that are available have a symbolic differential equation solver. Computer-aided solutions can be obtained on a computer system that runs any of the following computer languages: DERIVE, FORMAC, MACSYMA, MAPLE, Mathematica, mu-Math, REDUCE, Scratchpad and SMP. Then specific routines in these languages can be used to get solution of differential equations automatically. The chapter highlights that for a given a homogeneous linear differential equation, whose coefficients are in a finite algebraic extension of Q [ x ] , Singer's paper has a decision procedure to determine a basis for the Liouvillian solutions. Liouvillian functions are, essentially, those functions that can be built up from rational functions by algebraic operations, taking exponentials and by integration.
The Nixon Administration and Europe, 1969–73

Until 1973, the Nixon administration’s foreign policy priorities centred on disengagement from the Vietnam war and cultivation of what was labeled a new ‘structure of peace’1 based on movement toward normalising relations with the Peoples Republic of China and building a detente relationship with the Soviet Union, the latter premised on the emergence of strategic parity and acceptance of mutual restraint in bilateral relations and in global policy. Given the depth of Soviet—Chinese estrangement at the time, the incipient warming of US—Chinese relations constituted a not too subtle form of pressure against Moscow to move toward improving relations with Washington so as to avoid a more direct US—Chinese alignment against the Soviet Union. While the immediate focus was on achieving a new triangular equilibrium, President Nixon and his assistant for national security affairs, Henry Kissinger were occasionally given to longer range speculation about an emerging pentagonal global order including a unifying Western Europe and Japan. Whether conceived in triangular or pentagonal terms, however, the administration was groping toward a revised global framework of international relations adapted to the circumstances of the relative decline of American power, a more retrenched US global role after Vietnam as sketched in the Nixon Doctrine, and the rise of other power centres.
Rechargeable Mg–Li hybrid batteries: status and challenges

A magnesium–lithium (Mg–Li) hybrid battery consists of an Mg metal anode, a Li+ intercalation cathode, and a dual-salt electrolyte with both Mg2+ and Li+ ions. The demonstration of this technology has appeared in literature for few years and great advances have been achieved in terms of electrolytes, various Li cathodes, and cell architectures. Despite excellent battery performances including long cycle life, fast charge/discharge rate, and high Coulombic efficiency, the overall research of Mg–Li hybrid battery technology is still in its early stage, and also raised some debates on its practical applications. In this regard, we focus on a comprehensive overview of Mg–Li hybrid battery technologies developed in recent years. Detailed discussion of Mg–Li hybrid operating mechanism based on experimental results from literature helps to identify the current status and technical challenges for further improving the performance of Mg–Li hybrid batteries. Finally, a perspective for Mg–Li hybrid battery technologies is presented to address strategic approaches for existing technical barriers that need to be overcome in future research direction.