cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Different Rates of Soil Drying after Rainfall Are Observed by the SMOS Satellite and the South Fork in situ Soil Moisture Network

AbstractSoil moisture affects the spatial variation of land–atmosphere interactions through its influence on the balance of latent and sensible heat fluxes. Wetter soils are more prone to flooding because a smaller fraction of rainfall can infiltrate into the soil. The Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite carries a remote sensing instrument able to make estimates of near-surface soil moisture on a global scale. One way to validate satellite observations is by comparing them with observations made with sparse networks of in situ soil moisture sensors that match the extent of satellite footprints. The rate of soil drying after significant rainfall observed by SMOS is found to be higher than the rate observed by a U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) soil moisture network in the watershed of the South Fork Iowa River. This leads to the conclusion that SMOS and the network observe different layers of the soil: SMOS observes a layer of soil at the soil surface that is a few centimeters thick, while t...
The global self-similarity of a chemical reaction system with critical nonlinearity

In this paper, we study the Cauchy problem of a cubic autocatalytic chemical reaction system $$ u_{1,t}=u_{1,xx}-u_1u^{2}_2,\qquad u_{2,t}=du_{2,xx}+u_1u^{2}_2 $$ with non-negative initial data, where the constant $d>0$ is the Lewis number. Our purpose is to study the global dynamics of solutions under mild decay of initial data as $|x|\rightarrow\infty$ . In particular, we show that, for a substantial class of $L^1$ initial data, the exact large-time behaviour of solutions is characterized by a universal, non-Gaussian spatio-temporal profile, subject to the apparent conservation of total mass.
Vacuum-sheath interconnect structure for dense memory

A novel mostly-air interconnect structure is proposed. Every metal line is surrounded by an air vacuum sheath on all sides and supported on the bottom by a series of solid dielectric beams. The vias are also surrounded by vacuum sheaths. Computer simulation shows that the total capacitance of the interconnect is reduced by about 45% and the RC delay is decreased about 55%. The effective dielectric constant can be reduced to about 1.7 using existing dielectric with k=2.9.
Developing therapeutic vaccines against Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia worldwide. It is characterized by an imbalance between the production and clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) and tau proteins. In AD these normal proteins accumulate, leading to aggregation and a conformational change forming oligomeric and fibrillary species with a high β-sheet content. Active and passive immunotherapeutic approaches result in dramatic reduction of Aβ pathology in AD animal models. However, there is much more limited evidence in human studies of significant clinical benefits from these strategies and it is becoming apparent that they may only be effective very early in AD. Vaccination targeting only tau pathology has shown benefits in some mouse studies but human studies are limited. Greater therapeutic efficacy for the next generation of vaccine approaches will likely benefit from specifically targeting the most toxic species of Aβ and tau, ideally simultaneously.
A novel, native-format bispecific antibody triggering T-cell killing of B-cells is robustly active in mouse tumor models and cynomolgus monkeys

Bispecific antibodies, while showing great therapeutic potential, pose formidable challenges with respect to their assembly, stability, immunogenicity, and pharmacodynamics. Here we describe a novel class of bispecific antibodies with native human immunoglobulin format. The design exploits differences in the affinities of the immunoglobulin isotypes for Protein A, allowing efficient large-scale purification. Using this format, we generated a bispecific antibody, REGN1979, targeting the B cell marker, CD20, and the CD3 component of the T cell receptor, which triggers redirected killing of B cells. In mice, this antibody prevented growth of B cell tumors and also caused regression of large established tumors. In cynomolgus monkeys, low doses of REGN1979 caused prolonged depletion of B cells in peripheral blood with a serum half-life of approximately 14 days. Further, the antibody induced a deeper depletion of B cells in lymphoid organs than rituximab. This format has broad applicability for development of clinical bispecific antibodies.
Raman and optical absorption studies of silicon carbide structure damage by ion implantation

The work reported here deals with studying the defects induced by heavy ion implantation as well as the degree of crystalline lattice recovery after annealing in a high purity argon environment between 600 and 1600 °C. We implanted 6H, n-type silicon carbide with Pd and Au ions at 1015 ions/cm2, and used Micro-Raman (MR) and optical absorption (OA) spectroscopy techniques for investigating the lattice properties and damage evolution at various stages during the fabrication process.
Guidewire Catheter Exchange in Pediatric Oncology: Indications, Postoperative Complications, and Outcomes

Background Maintaining long-term central venous catheters (CVCs) in children undergoing chemotherapy can be challenging. Guidewire catheter exchange (GCE) replaces a CVC without repeat venipuncture. This study evaluated the indications, success rate, and complications of GCE in a large cohort of pediatric cancer patients. Procedure Medical records of pediatric cancer patients who underwent GCE at our institution between 2003 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Variables analyzed included gender, age at GCE, primary cancer diagnosis, indication for GCE, absolute neutrophil count (ANC) at GCE, vein used, success rate, and postoperative complications (<30 days after exchange). Results A total of 435 GCEs performed in 407 patients (230 males and 177 females) were reviewed. Median age at GCE was 8 years (range, 0.2–24). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia was the most common diagnosis (50.6%). The primary indication for GCE was the desire to have an alternative type of CVC (71%). Other indications included catheter displacement (17%), catheter malfunction (11%), and catheter infection (1%). Median ANC at GCE was 2,581/mm3 (range, 0–43,400). Left subclavian vein was more commonly used (57.7%). The success rate of GCE was 93.4% (406 of 435 procedures, 95% confidence interval: 91.0–97.5%). A total of 33 (7.5%) postoperative complications occurred including central line associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) (n = 20, 4.5%), catheter dislodgement (n = 6, 1.4%), and catheter malfunction (n = 7, 1.6%). Conclusions We conclude that GCE in pediatric cancer patients is associated with a high success rate and a low risk of complications. The most common postoperative complication, CLABSI, occurred at a rate significantly lower than following de novo CVC placement.
Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acids and Lipid Source Alter Fatty Acid Composition of Juvenile Yellow Perch, Perca flavescens

A study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acids (CLA; 0, 0.5 or 1.0 g/100 g total CLA) and lipid source (menhaden oil, soybean oil or a 1:1 mixture of menhaden:soybean oil) on growth rates and fatty acid composition of yellow perch. Dietary treatments were fed to apparent satiation to triplicate groups of fish initially weighing 37.9 g/fish. At the end of the 9-wk feeding trial, no significant differences were detected in weight gain or feed intake among fish fed any of the dietary treatments. Dietary CLA, lipid source and/or their interaction significantly affected feed efficiency, total liver lipid concentration, and muscle and liver fatty acid concentrations. Feed efficiency (g gain/g feed) was significantly lower in fish fed diets containing soybean oil (0.51) compared with fish fed menhaden oil (0.58) or menhaden:soybean oil (0.60). Liver total lipid concentrations were significantly reduced in fish fed 0.5 and 1.0 g/100 g CLA compared with fish fed the diets containing no CLA and in fish fed menhaden oil compared with those fed soybean oil or a 1:1 mixture of menhaden:soybean oil. Total CLA levels increased in both liver and muscle as dietary CLA concentration increased, irrespective of lipid source. However, total CLA concentrations were significantly lower in liver and muscle of fish fed soybean oil. Total muscle CLA concentrations were 0, 1,26 and 2.92 g/100 g fatty acids in fish fed diets containing menhaden oil and 0, 0.5 and 1.0 g/100 g CLA, respectively. Mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations were significantly lower in muscle and liver of fish fed CLA compared with fish fed the diets containing no CLA. In contrast, liver concentrations of saturated fatty acids, 14:0, 16:0 and 18:0, were significantly higher in fish fed 1.0 g/100 g CLA.
Mortality of Microrhopala vittata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Outbreak and Nonoutbreak Sites

Population density of Microrhopala vittata (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a leaf-miner of goldenrod ( Solidago ), is low in most old fields, but populations occasionally reach densities at which they severely damage their host plant. A survey of 21 old fields revealed that the beetle was present at all sites. To determine whether development was retarded or mortality was elevated in sites with fewer beetles, growth and mortality were experimentally assessed in three low-density sites and three high-density sites. A major source of mortality was early leaf senescence in sites with taller plants, and in these sites larvae grew more slowly. This form of mortality was not present in all three low-density sites, however, and thus was not sufficient to explain differences in beetle density. Only eulophid parasitism of larvae was more prevalent in the low-density sites. Unexplained mortality of first instars was greater in high-density sites. However, overall egg-to-pupa mortality was not correlated with initial beetle density. The combined effect of several mortality agents may be responsible for maintaining M. vittata populations at low densities most of the time. A release from these agents that would allow populations to irrupt may be short-lived and thus difficult to detect.
An end-to-end security architecture to collect, process and share wearable medical device data

Embedded medical devices, such as wearable devices, are becoming increasingly common, but data from these devices is both very private and highly vulnerable to theft. Data needs to be collected from multiple devices to improve the effectiveness of treatment. The medical devices, data processing sites and intended care givers are often geographically distributed, and operate on different time scales with collected data being aggregated for days or months before analysis and usage. Current approaches to data security do not provide a framework for end-to-end protection, where data can always be encrypted but still used effectively. We present a security architecture with end-to-end encryption that supports 1) secure collection of data from embedded medical devices, 2) protected computing on this data in low-cost commodity cloud environment and 3) restricts the delegation of access to this data to designated recipients. The basis of the architecture comes from recent advances in lattice encryption technologies. This approach leverages recent breakthroughs in Homomorphic Encryption (HE) and Proxy Re-Encryption (PRE) that would practically support specific data aggregation, processing and distribution needs of a secure medical data architecture. This architecture lowers health care data system costs by securely outsourcing computation to cloud computing environments while simultaneously reducing vulnerabilities to some of the most problematic security challenges such as insider attacks and enables additional cost savings with lower-cost embedded medical devices.
Reconstruction of Pressure Sensor Input Signal Based on Bivariate Polynomial Fitting Method

To overcome the output nonlinearity and temperature drift of pressure sensor,the method to reconstruct the input pressure with sensor output and sensor temperature using bivariate polynomial is proposed.After given the reconstruction model,the coefficients matrix in the model is computed from sensor static character calibration data by the least square method,and the best model structure is chosen according to three performance indexes: maximum fitting error,sum of squared errors and model order.The method to estimate resolution of measuring circuits is presented based on the model obtained.The advantage of the method proposed here is that it provides a way to get a consistent expression at the range of sensor calibration data,which eliminates the effect of output nonlinearity and temperature drift of the sensor and demands least data stored than the interpolation.Application on a type of silicon resonant pressure sensor validates the rationality and affectivity of this method.
The rheumatoid shoulder.

Summary The rheumatoid shoulder is a frequent manifestation in the rheumatoid patient. Most of the symptoms are of a mild to moderate degree and can usually be ameliorated by heat, massage, and gentle exercise. Local injection therapy may be of value in selected cases. Strenuous exercise or manipulation is contraindicated. Tendon ruptures and rotator cuff tears are not amenable to surgical reconstruction and are adequately treated with a conservative regimen. Prophylactic synovectomy is not performed as a routine, because the majority of patients do not develop disabling symptoms. This procedure is usually restricted to the few patients who exhibit uncontrollable proliferative synovitis. Prosthetic replacement is employed for intractable pain with full anticipation of limited mobility. Various designs of a “total shoulder” are undergoing clinical evaluation, but their application has not been defined.
MRI in Kernicterus

The magnetic resonance images (MRI) of three children with athetotic cerebral palsy and severe neonatal jaundice were examined in the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ohzora-no-iye Hospital and Seirei-Mikatahara General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan.
Spatial and temporal analysis of interictal activity in the epileptic brain

In clinical and research settings numerous algorithms have been developed for the analysis of electroencephalographic (EEG) data in the diagnosis of epilepsy and throughout the process of localizing the seizure onset zone (SOZ). This research highlights the merging of two major detection algorithms for the identification of High-Frequency Oscillations (HFO), also known as ripples, and Interictal Spikes (IIS) in both the spatial and temporal domain. IIS and HFO have become recognized as reliable biomarkers in identification of the epileptic focus in the cortex of epileptic patients. While IIS, commonly referred to as spikes, have classically been used for the diagnosis of epilepsy and for source localization techniques, ripples have been associated with more generalized cortex regions of interest and surrogate biomarkers for the seizure onset zone (SOZ). This research aims to combine these two analyses by correlating HFO and IIS events in the time domain for each electrode recording with the goal of yielding a more complete understanding of the abnormal electrical activity of the cortex in epileptic patients. Results are offered in the form HFO and IIS events per electrode as well as a surface representation of the number of temporally superimposed HFO and IIS per electrode.
New-Onset Seizure in Adults and Adolescents: A Review.

Importance Approximately 8% to 10% of the population will experience a seizure during their lifetime. Only about 2% to 3% of patients go on to develop epilepsy. Understanding the underlying etiology leading to an accurate diagnosis is necessary to ensure appropriate treatment and that patients with low risk for recurrence are not treated unnecessarily. Observations Patients can present with new-onset seizure for a variety of reasons such as acute symptomatic seizures due to acute brain injury or metabolic derangements, or unprovoked seizures that are the initial manifestation of epilepsy. A patient history and physical examination may identify features more consistent with an epileptic event and laboratory studies and brain imaging can identify an acute insult contributing to the presentation. Patients diagnosed with first-time unprovoked seizure require electroencephalography and epilepsy protocol–specific magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, which includes thin-cut coronal slices to determine risk of recurrence and the need for long-term treatment. In patients who meet the criteria for diagnosis of epilepsy, a carefully selected antiepileptic medication with consideration of comorbidities, adverse effect profile, and type of epilepsy is essential along with appropriate counseling. Conclusions and Relevance Approximately 3% of the population will develop epilepsy but 2 to 3 times as many patients will experience a single seizure or seizure-like event. A diagnosis of epilepsy has significant medical, social, and emotional consequences. A careful patient history and physical examination, electroencephalography, and brain imaging are necessary to separate patients with acute symptomatic seizures, single unprovoked seizures, and nonepileptic events from those with new-onset epilepsy.
Working memory and organizational skills problems in ADHD

Background This study tested model-driven predictions regarding working memory's role in the organizational problems associated with ADHD. Method Children aged 8–13 (M = 10.33, SD = 1.42) with and without ADHD (N = 103; 39 girls; 73% Caucasian/Non-Hispanic) were assessed on multiple, counterbalanced working memory tasks. Parents and teachers completed norm-referenced measures of organizational problems (Children's Organizational Skills Scale; COSS). Results Results confirmed large magnitude working memory deficits (d = 1.24) and organizational problems in ADHD (d = 0.85). Bias-corrected, bootstrapped conditional effects models linked impaired working memory with greater parent- and teacher-reported inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and organizational problems. Working memory predicted organization problems across all parent and teacher COSS subscales (R2 = .19–.23). Approximately 38%–57% of working memory's effect on organization problems was conveyed by working memory's association with inattentive behavior. Unique effects of working memory remained significant for both parent- and teacher-reported task planning, as well as for teacher-reported memory/materials management and overall organization problems. Attention problems uniquely predicted worse organizational skills. Hyperactivity was unrelated to parent-reported organizational skills, but predicted better teacher-reported task planning. Conclusions Children with ADHD exhibit multisetting, broad-based organizational impairment. These impaired organizational skills are attributable in part to performance deficits secondary to working memory dysfunction, both directly and indirectly via working memory's role in regulating attention. Impaired working memory in ADHD renders it extraordinarily difficult for these children to consistently anticipate, plan, enact, and maintain goal-directed actions.
Competition in action

Ought we, for instance, to begin by discussing each separate species — man, lion, ox, and the like — taking each kind in hand independently of the rest, or ought we rather to deal first with the attributes which they have in common in virtue of some common element of their nature, and proceed from this as a basis for the consideration of them separately?
“The Known Opinion of the Impartial World”: Foreign Relations and the Law of Nations in The Federalist

Conventional accounts of The Federalist tend to overlook a critical and uncontroversial fact about the Constitution: the principal function it assigned the proposed new government was the conduct of the Union’s foreign affairs. By neglecting this simple point, readers too often are led to miss the forest for the trees. The Federalist’s central task was not to offer a general blueprint for republican government but, rather, to demonstrate the depth of the Confederation’s failures in foreign affairs and to explain why the new federal government would both govern more effectively in that realm and not imperil the republican commitments of the Revolution. This insight, in turn, reveals another: Even when The Federalist focuses on themes that seem far removed from the problem of foreign affairs — whether in analyzing the general principles of federalism or the separation of powers, the importance of energy in the executive or independence in the judiciary, or the deficiencies of popular assemblies — foreign affairs remains its ultimate subject. It was while developing a theory adequate to explain the interrelation between domestic and foreign governance that the authors of The Federalist were led to their deepest insights. Borrowing from Scottish Enlightenment ideas — which they filtered through their political experiences under the Confederation — they rooted their argument in theories of human nature and the social psychology of governance, which they then applied not only to diagnose the causes of the Confederation’s failings but also to explain the institutional arrangements that could overcome them. The result was an account of how the new federal government would be able to limit the influence of the destructive passions over the making of foreign policy and thereby take advantage of the bounded possibilities of peaceable, productive international relations.
Extended outpatient chemoprophylaxis reduces venous thromboembolism after radical cystectomy

Abstract Purpose Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism, is a common cause of morbidity and mortality after radical cystectomy. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the utility of extended outpatient chemoprophylaxis against VTE after radical cystectomy—with a focus on any reduction in the incidence of VTE, including DVT and pulmonary embolism. Materials and methods Beginning in April 2013, we prospectively instituted a policy of extending inpatient VTE prophylaxis with subcutaneous heparin/enoxaparin for 30 days postoperatively. For this study, we reviewed the electronic medical records of all patients who underwent radical cystectomy at our institution from January 2012 through December 2015. The experimental group (n = 79) received extended outpatient chemoprophylaxis against VTE; the control group (n = 51) received no chemoprophylaxis after discharge. The primary outcome was the 90-day incidence of VTE. The secondary outcomes included the overall complication rate, the hemorrhagic complication rate, as well as the rate of readmission within 30 days of hospital discharge. Results The experimental group experienced a significantly lower rate of DVT (5.06%), assessed as of 90 days postoperatively, than the control group (17.6%): a relative risk reduction of 71.3% (P = 0.021). We found no significant differences in secondary outcomes between the 2 groups, including the overall complication rate (54.4% vs. 68.6%), the hemorrhagic complication rate (3.7% vs. 2.0%), and the readmission rate (21.5% vs. 29.4%). Conclusion Extended outpatient chemoprophylaxis significantly reduced the incidence of VTE.
The OncoPPi Portal: an integrative resource to explore and prioritize protein-protein interactions for cancer target discovery.

Motivation As cancer genomics initiatives move toward comprehensive identification of genetic alterations in cancer, attention is now turning to understanding how interactions among these genes lead to the acquisition of tumor hallmarks. Emerging pharmacological and clinical data suggest a highly promising role of cancer-specific protein-protein interactions (PPIs) as druggable cancer targets. However, large-scale experimental identification of cancer-related PPIs remains challenging, and currently available resources to explore oncogenic PPI networks are limited. Results Recently, we have developed a PPI high-throughput screening platform to detect PPIs between cancer-associated proteins in the context of cancer cells. Here, we present the OncoPPi Portal, an interactive web resource that allows investigators to access, manipulate and interpret a high-quality cancer-focused network of PPIs experimentally detected in cancer cell lines. To facilitate prioritization of PPIs for further biological studies, this resource combines network connectivity analysis, mutual exclusivity analysis of genomic alterations, cellular co-localization of interacting proteins and domain-domain interactions. Estimates of PPI essentiality allow users to evaluate the functional impact of PPI disruption on cancer cell proliferation. Furthermore, connecting the OncoPPi network with the approved drugs and compounds in clinical trials enables discovery of new tumor dependencies to inform strategies to interrogate undruggable targets like tumor suppressors. The OncoPPi Portal serves as a resource for the cancer research community to facilitate discovery of cancer targets and therapeutic development. Availability and implementation The OncoPPi Portal is available at http://oncoppi.emory.edu. Contact andrey.ivanov@emory.edu or hfu@emory.edu.
The epigenesis of the adult neurosis.

(1972). The Epigenesis of the Adult Neurosis. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child: Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 106-135.
AFRICA, WEST | Villages, Cities, and States

In West Africa during the later Holocene, villages occupied by multiple family or lineage-based groups appeared, enabled by new subsistence technologies, including agriculture, that increased output and supported a larger number and density of people. Greater sedentism, either seasonally or year round, is reflected by labor investment in durable construction technologies and large quantities of items that are not easily portable, such as grindstones and pottery. Although the development and spread of village life associated with food production has been a source of interest and detailed investigation in the Near East since the 1950s, comparable studies in West Africa involving excavation and recovery of archaeobotanical samples are relatively recent and rare. Our understanding of early village life and subsistence in West Africa is therefore fragmentary at present and likely to change significantly as new data become available. This applies equally to the development of cities and states.
Doc2-mediated superpriming supports synaptic augmentation

Various forms of synaptic plasticity underlie aspects of learning and memory. Synaptic augmentation is a form of short-term plasticity characterized by synaptic enhancement that persists for seconds following specific patterns of stimulation. The mechanisms underlying this form of plasticity are unclear but are thought to involve residual presynaptic Ca2+. Here, we report that augmentation was reduced in cultured mouse hippocampal neurons lacking the Ca2+ sensor, Doc2; other forms of short-term enhancement were unaffected. Doc2 binds Ca2+ and munc13 and translocates to the plasma membrane to drive augmentation. The underlying mechanism was not associated with changes in readily releasable pool size or Ca2+ dynamics, but rather resulted from superpriming a subset of synaptic vesicles. Hence, Doc2 forms part of the Ca2+-sensing apparatus for synaptic augmentation via a mechanism that is molecularly distinct from other forms of short-term plasticity.
Computational evaluation of food carrier designs to improve heating uniformity in microwave assisted thermal pasteurization

Abstract Microwave assisted thermal pasteurization system (MAPS) is a novel food safety technology that employs carriers made from stainless steel to move pre-packaged foods inside 915 MHz single mode microwave cavities to eliminate bacterial and viral pathogens. This paper studied the performance of metal carriers for 16 oz and 10 oz food packages in the MAPS. A simulation model built with Quick-wave software was developed to analyze the electromagnetic field distribution inside a MAP system as affected by the presence of the metal food carriers. Computer simulations were validated using a mashed potato model food processed in a pilot scale MAP system; heating patterns of the samples were detected by a chemical-marker based computer vision method. Results showed that different designs of the food carriers could be used to modify electric field distribution to obtain relatively uniform heating patterns within the microwave cavities. Simulation results also illustrated that magnetron frequency variations between 900 MHz and 920 MHz do not affect the heating patterns of food packages processed using carriers containing metal parts. The results demonstrated that the MAPS with moving metal carriers has stable and predictable heating patterns. Industrial relevance Microwave transparent materials such as plastics have been used to make transport carriers for food packages in microwave assisted thermal sterilization (MATS) (Tang, 2015). However, polymers may have a short life in the high-temperature processing conditions and thus may not be desirable in an industrial setting. The simulations and experiments conducted in this work showed that the novel concept of metal tray carrier is an effective mechanism for transporting pre-packaged foods in microwave heating systems. The validated computer simulation model presented in this work will be a time efficient, economical and convenient tool to evaluate tray carrier designs for efficient and uniform microwave heating in MAPS.
The Non-Universality of the Large Wave Number Vorticity Field at Rγ=850

A fortuitous equality of the turbulence Reynolds number (850) in a large single-stream shear layer and an atmospheric boundary layer permits a direct comparison of their small scale properties. The velocity spectra: E11, E22 and H12 are in nominal agreement. The transverse vorticity spectra, however, exhibit strong differences.
Marie Curie, Women, and the History of Chemistry

When in December 1911 Marie Curie stood on the platform in Stockholm, Sweden, to accept the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for isolating radium, she made history for the second time. In December 1903 she had become the first woman to be selected a Nobel Laureate. She shared the 1903 prize in physics with two physicists, her husband Pierre and Henri Becquerel. As a woman Nobel laureate, Marie Curie was an oddity in 1903 and 1911 as she still would be today. Women Nobel Prize winners in the sciences (physics, chemistry, and physiology/medicine) are still very scarce.
A Bayesian multivariate hierarchical spatial joint model for predicting crash counts by crash type at intersections and segments along corridors.

Abstract The safety and operational improvements of corridors have been the focus of many studies since they carry most traffic on the road network. Estimating a crash prediction model for total crash counts identifies the crash risk factors that are associated with crash counts at a specific type of road entity. However, this may not reveal useful information to detect the road problems and implement effective countermeasures. Therefore, investigating the contributing factors for crash counts by different types is of great importance. This study aims to provide a good understanding of the contributing factors to crash counts by different types at intersections and roadway segments along corridors. Data from 255 signalized intersections and 220 roadway segments along 20 corridors have been used for this study. The investigated crash types include same direction, angle and turning, opposite direction, non-motorized, single vehicle, and other multi-vehicle crashes. Two models have been estimated, which are multivariate hierarchical Poisson-lognormal (HPLN) spatial joint model and univariate HPLN spatial joint model. The significant variables include exposure measures and some geometric design variables at intersection, roadway segment, and corridor levels. The results revealed that the multivariate HPLN spatial joint model outperforms the univariate HPLN spatial joint model. Also, the correlations among crash counts of most types exist at individual road entity and between adjacent entities. Additionally, the significant explanatory variables are different across crash types, and the magnitude of the parameter estimates for the same independent variable is different across crash types. The results emphasize the need for estimating crash counts by type in a multivariate form to better detect the problems and provide appropriate countermeasures.
Supporting autonomy in long-term care: Lessons from nursing assistants.

Abstract Maximizing nursing home (NH) resident autonomy is a person-centered care (PCC) best practice. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe specific autonomy-supportive techniques used by nursing assistants (NAs) in three NH neighborhoods at one Veterans Affairs medical center. Thirteen interviews and approximately 80 h of behavioral observation of NAs were conducted across the three NH neighborhoods. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Ten autonomy-supportive tactics were identified: assisting, monitoring, encouraging, bargaining, informing, providing instructions, persuading, asking, providing options, and redirecting. Although all tactics honored some degree of resident autonomy, some were more restrictive than others. Results from the study elucidate specific actions NAs can take to promote resident autonomy, even when cognitive or physical limitations are present or there is potential concern for safety, and thereby support PCC best practice.
Thermal photodynamic therapy increases apoptosis and reactive oxygen species generation in cutaneous and mucosal squamous cell carcinoma cells

Thermal photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging modality to optimize treatment of pre-cancerous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) lesions, known as actinic keratoses. Thermal PDT involves heating the tissue, skin, or mucosa above normal skin temperature during 5-aminolevulinic (5-ALA) incubation and irradiating with blue light, which leads to cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. To our knowledge, thermal PDT has not been studied for the treatment of cutaneous or mucosal SCC. We incubated two SCC cell lines with 5-ALA for 30 minutes at temperatures between 21 °C and 42 °C and then irradiated cells with 1000 seconds of blue light. We measured changes in apoptosis, necrosis, and ROS. At 36 °C, there was a dose-dependent increase in apoptosis and ROS generation. Thermal incubation of 5-ALA at 39° and 42 °C followed by blue light increased cell apoptosis and ROS generation compared to untreated control samples incubated at the same temperatures. Thermal PDT may represent a new treatment option for cutaneous and mucosal SCC cancer. Thermal PDT is associated with an increase in SCC cellular apoptosis and is associated with an upregulation in ROS. Clinical trials are required to determine optimal thermal PDT treatment parameters and efficacy for cutaneous and mucosal SCC.
Efficiency of Waveguide Uni-Traveling-Carrier Photodiodes for Microwave Signal Generation

The power conversion efficiency of uni-traveling-carrier photodiodes (UTC-PDs) and their limitations for generating microwave signals are discussed. The model is validated with experimental results from a fabricated waveguide UTC-PD that demonstrates a 60-GHz bandwidth.
Quantitative imaging of anion exchange kinetics in halide perovskites.

Ion exchange, as a postsynthetic transformation strategy, offers more flexibilities in controlling material compositions and structures beyond direct synthetic methodology. Observation of such transformation kinetics on the single-particle level with rich spatial and spectroscopic information has never been achieved. We report the quantitative imaging of anion exchange kinetics in individual single-crystalline halide perovskite nanoplates using confocal photoluminescence microscopy. We have systematically observed a symmetrical anion exchange pathway on the nanoplates with dependence on reaction time and plate thickness, which is governed by the crystal structure and the diffusion-limited transformation mechanism. Based on a reaction–diffusion model, the halide diffusion coefficient was estimated to be on the order of 10 − 14 cm 2 ⋅ s − 1 . This diffusion-controlled mechanism leads to the formation of 2D perovskite heterostructures with spatially resolved coherent interface through the precisely controlled anion exchange reaction, offering a design protocol for tailoring functionalities of semiconductors at the nano-/microscale.
Meeting New Nutrition Standards: How Much Do School Lunches Really Have to Change?

There are few methodologically robust studies to inform the current debate on school nutrition standards. To help fill this gap, Mathematica conducted new analyses of data from USDAâ€™s fourth School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study.
Radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy: Effect of timing of postprostatectomy radiation on functional outcomes.

Abstract Introduction and objective The timing of radiotherapy (RT) after prostatectomy is controversial, and its effect on sexual, urinary, and bowel function is unknown. This study seeks to compare patient-reported functional outcomes after radical prostatectomy (RP) and postprostatectomy radiation as well as elucidate the timing of radiation to allow optimal recovery of function. Methods The Comparative Effectiveness Analysis of Surgery and Radiation (CEASAR) study is a prospective, population-based, observational study of men with localized prostate cancer. Patient-reported sexual, urinary, and bowel functional outcomes were measured using the 26-item Expanded Prostate Index Composite at baseline and at 6, 12, 36, and 60 months after enrollment. Functional outcomes were compared among men undergoing RP alone, post-RP adjuvant radiation (RP + aRT), and post-RP salvage radiation (RP + sRT) using multivariable models controlling for baseline clinical, demographic, and functional characteristics. Results Among 1,482 CEASAR participants initially treated with RP for clinically localized prostate cancer, 11.5% (N = 170) received adjuvant (aRT, N = 57) or salvage (sRT, N = 113) radiation. Men who received post-RP RT had worse scores in all domains (sexual function [−9.0, 95% confidence interval {−14.5, −3.6}, P Conclusions In men with localized prostate cancer, post-RP RT was associated with significantly worse sexual, urinary, and bowel function domain scores at 5 years compared to RP alone. Radiation delayed for approximately 24 months after RP may be optimal for preserving erectile function compared to radiation administered closer to the time of RP.
Use of an Online Palliative Care Clinical Curriculum to Train U.S. Hospital Staff: 2015-2019.

Background: Most clinicians in the United States do not receive pre-professional education in pain and symptom management, communication skills, and caregiver support. The use of these skills by clinicians improves the quality of care for persons living with serious illness and enables the specialty-trained palliative care workforce to focus on patients whose needs are most complex. Objective: To review current trends in hospital use of the Center to Advance Palliative Care (CAPC) online clinical training curriculum. Description: Launched in 2015, CAPC clinical curriculum educates clinicians in the knowledge and skills necessary to improve care for patients with serious illness. CAPC currently offers 43 clinical courses and 4 Designations in recognition of successful completion of training by topic. Results: From January 15, 2015, to August 31, 2019, 26,535 clinicians working in hospitals completed 172,684 clinical courses. Registered nurses represented half of learners, and advanced practice providers were most likely to seek Designation. Physicians made up 22% of all learners; 85% of physician learners came from specialties beyond palliative care. Two of every five U.S. hospitals with more than 300 beds had at least one learner. In post-course evaluations, 84% reported that they will make practice changes as a result, and 70% reported that the content was new. Conclusions: The CAPC clinical curriculum is a widely used and valued method for education in clinical skills specific to the care of people living with serious illness. Findings suggest that an increasing number of hospital leaders recognize the importance of these skills in caring for patients with serious illness and support the necessary training.
The Epistemic Importance of Novices: How Undergraduate Students Contribute to Engineering Laboratory Communities

Scholars and practitioners have long viewed learners as works-in-progress and as somewhat empty vessels to be filled with appropriate knowledge and skills to become future expert practitioners. However, based on an ethnography of two engineering laboratories, I found that laboratory members regularly swap the roles of learner and instructor, regardless of their status as an undergraduate student, a graduate student, or a faculty member. Furthermore, undergraduate students make crucial contributions to their research communities in the form of knowledge, creativity, and opportunities for other members to learn and build relationships through teaching. What, then, do the identities of “novice” and “expert” mean in practice? I argue that it is more productive to define the identity of a community based on mutual learning and epistemic exchange rather than on expertise.
Reducing Aluminum Extrusion Transverse Weld Process Scrap

Nearly 20% of the aluminum produced globally is extruded. Up to one-quarter of this aluminum is scrapped in the form of extrusion butts and segments of extruded profiles that contain weak solid-state “transverse” welds that are created between consecutively extruded billets in direct extrusion. In this article, extrusion of differently colored clay billets is used to conduct a parametric study on the effect of extrusion ratio, die angle, friction coefficient, profile shape, and dummy block profile on the transverse weld length. Shorter transverse weld lengths require smaller lengths of the extruded profile to be extracted and scrapped. The results show that the transverse weld length can be reduced by decreasing the extrusion ratio, die angle, or friction coefficient. The profile shape also has a strong influence; the transverse weld length was found to scale with the cross-sectional perimeter to area ratio of the extruded profile. Additionally, it is shown that the dummy block profile (a previously unexplored design variable) can be modified to decrease the weld length. A concave dummy block was designed using an estimated velocity field for axisymmetric extrusion of solid rods, decreasing the weld length by 44%. The industry implications of this work and the need for further research are discussed.
Properties of Markov Chains

During all of our discussion of Markov chains, we shall wish to confine ourselves to stochastic processes defined on a sequence space. We have shown that an arbitrary stochastic process may be considered as a process on a suitable Ω in which the outcome functions f n are coordinate functions. We see, therefore, that in a sense no generality is lost by discussing Markov chains in terms of sequence space.
System Presentation - Functional Reactive Robotics: An Exercise in Principled Integration of Domain-Specific Languages

Software for (semi-) autonomous robots tends to be a complex combination of components from many different application domains such as control theory, vision, and artificial intelligence. Components are often developed using their own domain-specific tools and abstractions. System integration can thus be a significant challenge, in particular when the application calls for a dynamic, adaptable system structure in which rigid boundaries between the subsystems are a performance impediment. We believe that, by identifying suitably abstract notions common to the different domains in question, it is possible to create a broader framework for software integration and to recast existing domainspecific frameworks in these terms. This approach simplifies integration and leads to improved reliability. In this paper, we show how Functional Reactive Programming (FRP) can serve as such a unifying framework for programming visionguided, semi-autonomous robots and illustrate the benefits this approach entails. The key abstractions in FRP, reactive components describing continuous or discrete behavior in a declarative style, are first class entities, allowing the resulting systems to exhibit a dynamic, adaptable structure which we regard as especially important in the area of autonomous robots.
Bilateral Lung Transplantation From a Donor With Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia

We report the case of a 46-year-old male patient with a history of cystic fibrosis who received bilateral lung transplantation from a donor who died secondary to complications of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Postoperatively, he exhibited transient focal neurologic deficits and radiographic evidence of multiple cortical and subcortical infarctions. He was treated with a combination of fondaparinux and standard immunosuppressive therapy, made a full recovery, and experienced significantly improved lung function compared to pretransplantation capacity.
Model-derived brightness temperature in AMSU moisture channels for various precipitation structures: Comparison of two radiative transfer formulations

The importance of accounting for scattering at AMSU frequencies in water vapor retrieval routines is investigated. Brightness temperature simulations of a convective storm system are made by applying two radiative transfer routines to forecast model output of atmospheric, cloud and rain profiles. One routine accounts only for the absorption due to cloud water while the other also considers scattering from precipitating hydrometeors. Results show that the scattering due to precipitation reduces the brightness temperature by 5 K or less compared to the case where scattering is ignored. The rain signal in satellite observations of the same event is much stronger, suggesting that the information on rain supplied by the forecast model is not sufficiently detailed.
Specification refinement using transformation-based tools

The transformational approach is a formal method for program construction that allows refinement to be carried out using mechanical manipulations. The authors describe an alternative idea for supporting transformations that emphasizes the use of integrated tools instead of individual rules. These tools provide the mechanism for coordinating a generic design concept with the use of transformation rules. In particular, they allow the user to combine the formulation of a design and its application during the refinement process. The authors describe the tools and give examples illustrating their application. A brief description of the methodology and specification notation is also provided. >