cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth of Low Basal Plane Dislocation Density SiC Epitaxial Layers

A method was developed in our laboratory to grow low basal plane dislocation (BPD) density and BPD-free SiC epilayers. The key approach is to subject the SiC substrates to defect preferential etching, followed by conventional epitaxial growth. It was found that the creation of BPD etch pits on the substrates can greatly enhance the conversion of BPDs to threading edge dislocations (TEDs) during epitaxy, and thus low BPD density and BPD-free SiC epilayers are obtained. The reason why BPD etch pits can promote the above conversion is discussed. The SiC epilayer growth by this method is very promising in overcoming forward voltage drop degradation of SiC PiN diodes.
Histone deacetylase expression in white matter oligodendrocytes after stroke

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) constitute a super-family of enzymes grouped into four major classes (Class I–IV) that deacetylate histone tails leading to chromatin condensation and gene repression. Whether stroke-induced oligodendrogenesis is related to the expression of individual HDACs in the oligodendrocyte lineage has not been investigated. We found that 2 days after stroke, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and mature oligodendrocytes (OLGs) were substantially reduced in the peri-infarct corpus callosum, whereas at 7 days after stroke, a robust increase in OPCs and OLGs was observed. Ischemic brains isolated from rats sacrificed 7 days after stroke were used to test levels of individual members of Class I (1 and 2) and Class II (4 and 5) HDACs in white matter oligodendrocytes during stroke-induced oligodendrogenesis. Double immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that stroke substantially increased the number of NG2+ OPCs with nuclear HDAC1 and HDAC2 immunoreactivity and cytoplasmic HDAC4 which were associated with augmentation of proliferating OPCs, as determined by BrdU and Ki67 double reactive cells after stroke. A decrease in HDAC1 and an increase in HDAC2 immunoreactivity were detected in mature adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) positive OLGs, which paralleled an increase in newly generated BrdU positive OLGs in the peri-infarct corpus callosum. Concurrently, stroke substantially decreased the acetylation levels of histones H3 and H4 in both OPCs and OLGs. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that stroke induces distinct profiles of Class I and Class II HDACs in white matter OPCs and OLGs, suggesting that the individual members of Class I and II HDACs play divergent roles in the regulation of OPC proliferation and differentiation during brain repair after stroke.
Low energy ion bombardment effects in gold/aluminum nitride/silicon junctions

Aluminum nitride was grown on n-type silicon substrates utilizing chemical vapor deposition. Low energy (5 keV) ion bombardment of methane, argon, and nitrogen was investigated as a method for surface modification prior to metal deposition. Gold contacts were deposited on ion bombarded and as-grown material and a back ohmic contact was formed to the silicon. Current-voltage measurements indicate that bombarded regions exhibit rectifying behavior. Interpretation of these results is presented with comparison of measurements on areas with and without implantation. Samples were also characterized with Raman scattering, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and photoelectric measurements.
Characteristics and Personality Styles of Women Who Seek Incarcerated Men as Romantic Partners: Survey Results and Directions for Future Research

Results are presented from a survey of 89 women who sought and entered into a relationship with a man who was incarcerated. Demographic, clinical, and relationship characteristics revealed a diverse group of women with a moderate degree of childhood/family victimization and family member’s involvement with the legal system. Results from the Jesness Inventory-Revised, a measure of personality functioning, revealed two predominant personality subtypes among the women: the Manipulator/Pragmatist (31%) and the Neurotic, Anxious/Introspective (25%). The results are compared to existing traditional and nontraditional theories of mate selection and thoughts for a systematic program of research in this area are offered.
Xenon as a Nucleophile in Gas-Phase Displacement Reactions: Formation of the Methyl Xenonium Ion

Xenon undergoes reaction with protonated methyl fluoride in the gas phase to form abundant quantities of the stable methyl xenonium ion, CH_3Xe^+. Estimated values for the xenon-carbon and krypton-carbon bond strengths in the rare gas-methyl molecular ions are 43 ± 8 and 21 ± 15 kilocalories per mole, respectively.
Evaluation of multiple drug therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected pediatric patients.

BACKGROUND An aggressive therapeutic approach for treatment of HIV in adults consists of combining five or more concurrent antiretrovirals. The clinical benefits of this regimen are often accompanied by increased toxicities. We report the safety and tolerance of multiple drug therapy in HIV-infected children. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed to identify HIV-infected children who received > or =5 concurrent antiretrovirals or 4 antiretrovirals plus hydroxyurea. Treatment success was defined as > or =1 log(10) decrease in plasma HIV RNA from baseline any time during multiple drug therapy. Toxicities were defined as a >Grade 2 change from baseline in laboratory values. RESULTS Twelve patients received multiple drug therapy for 6 months, and 42% of patients continued to receive therapy for at least 1 year. No Grade 3 or 4 toxicities or laboratory abnormalities were reported. Treatment success occurred in 8 (83%) of 12 patients. Adherence was a determining factor in treatment success or failure. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of HIV-infected children with multiple drug therapy was well-tolerated in this cohort. Treatment success occurred in most patients, with adherence affecting patients' likelihood of success. Larger controlled clinical trials in this patient population are necessary to determine whether the benefit of this therapeutic approach outweighs potential risks.
Thin-film transistors incorporating a thin, high-quality PECVD SiO/sub 2/ gate dielectric

Thin-film transistors (TFTs) have been made that incorporate a thin ( approximately 380 AA), high-quality plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) SiO/sub 2/ film as the gate dielectric in a staggered-inverted structure. Threshold voltages and mobilities have been found to be in the range of 1.6-2.4 V and 0.20-0.25 cm/sup 2/ V/sup -1/ s/sup -1/, respectively, where the exact values are dependent on the measurement technique used. Very low gate leakage currents ( >
Proper scalings in recursive lattice digital filters for minimum round-off noises

A systolizable digital filter is considered which is capable of achieving a high-performance with respect to good finite-word-length effects as well as high-throughput and is also suitable for VLSI implementation. A simple method to compute the average power at each internal node and a method to compute the output roundoff noise in the proposed digital filter are presented. Based on this approach, for a given transfer function, the authors consider the design of a minimum roundoff noise filter with the proposed systolizable structure under the constraints that the signal powers of internal nodes are well scaled. Some results for this problem are obtained by using a local optimization technique. Specific numerical examples show this approach yields less roundoff noise as compared to the Rao-Kailath's orthogonal digital filters. >
Unified thermodynamic analysis of sorption in rubbery and glassy materials

A thermodynamic framework for the analysis of gas sorption in glassy polymers is established in the limit of low sorption levels. The results represent an extension of the Flory-Huggins theory to materials with nonzero internal energy changes due to deformation; the Flory-Huggins theory is recovered in the limit of zero polymer bulk modulus. The sorption isotherm is expressed in terms of the penetrant vapor-phase activity, polymer physical properties, the penetrant partial molar volume, and the heat of mixing. The qualitative form of the isotherm is shown to be unrelated to the presence of excess free volume in the polymer; only quantitative predictions are influenced. The downward curvature of the isotherm is due to the thermodynamics of solid deformation. Explicit relationships between the parameters of this work and the dual-mode model are given for the low-sorption/high-bulk modulus limit.
Speeding Up Commuter Rail Service; Comparative Actual Performance of Train and Station Platform Designs

Speeding up commuter rail service can be achieved by various design changes in trains or stations or both. An analysis was conducted of the effect of a car design intended to achieve low station dwell times, which are termed short dwell time entranceways (SDE). Actual timetable data from commuter rail systems of different design to estimate the time saving from using SDEs compared with traditional end vestibule entranceways (EVE) were used. A new procedure was developed to characterize speed (or run time) performance of trains that accounts for differences among run characteristics (e.g., station spacing, speed limits). The validity of the procedure is assessed, and its usefulness as a complement to train performance simulators is discussed. The lines analyzed had speed limits averaging 60 mph (96.6 km/h) and average station stop spacings of 1.25 mi (2.01 km) to 5.0 mi (8.04 km). The time saving resulting from SDEs versus EVEs at low-level platforms is slightly more than 5% at the shortest station spacing...
Enumeration of quadrics of projective spaces over local rings

Applying the methods of integral representations of combinatorial sums, G. P. Egorychev and E. V. Zima (Comm. Algebra 36, 1426–1436 (2008)) have found simple formulas for the number of classes of projectively congruent quadrics and posed the problem of finding an algebraic proof and an interpretation of the obtained formulas. The aimof the present paper is to give a solution to this problem.
High-temperature lithium metal-vapor capillary discharge extreme-ultraviolet source at 13.5 nm

We describe a high-temperature lithium extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) source based on a capillary discharge configuration that was developed for operating with metal vapors. The source produces narrow-band emission at 13.5 nm in the EUV spectral region, with emission intensity proportional to the lithium-vapor density. At an operating temperature of 725 °C, our measurements showed that, on axis, the source generated approximately 0.2 (mJ/2π sr)/pulse at 13.5 nm.
Die Geschwindigkeit der Oxydation (Korrosion) des Titans in geschmolzenem Salz und die Zusammensetzung der Oxydationsprodukte

Wird metallisches Titan unter geschmolzenem NaCl in Gegenwart von Luft erhitzt, so oxydiert sich das Metall sehr schnell. Der Sauerstoff diffundiert hierbei durch die flussige Salzschmelze zum Metall, wo er sich lost. Sobald die Oberflachenschicht eine Sauerstoff konzentration von etwa 6,2 Gew.-%, der Zusammen-setzung von TiO0.2 entsprechend, erreicht hat, brockelt die Schicht vom Metall und wird im geschmolzenen Salz dispergiert. Diese TiOx-Partikeln sind besonders aktiv, indem sie sich auf den Wanden des Tiegels oder auf manche, in die Schmelze getauchten Metalle in Form einer zusammenhangenden Ti-Schicht abscheiden. Das Losbrechen der TiOx-Oberflachenschicht vom kompakten Titan verursacht die schwere Korrosion des letzteren. Die Gewichtsverluste sind lineare Funktionen der Zeit und Temperatur und die Korrosions-geschwindigkeiten betragen 0,00607 bei 880°, 0,0104 bei 950° und 0,0136 g h−1 cm−2 bei 1000 °C. Die niedrige Aktivierungswarme nach Arrhenius (19,140 cal mol−1, berechnet aus den Geschwindigkeiten) erklart die Leichtigkeit des Oxydationsprozesses. Allein, die Reaktion konnte auch von nur scheinbarer nullter Ordnung sein.
USE OF SALINE AND NON-POTABLE WATER IN THE TURFGRASS INDUSTRY: CONSTRAINTS AND DEVELOPMENTS

The need for salt-tolerant turfgrasses is ever-increasing. Rapid urban population growth has put enormous pressures on limited freshwater supplies. Many state and local governments have reacted by placing restrictions on the use of potable water for irrigating turfgrass landscapes, instead requiring use of reclaimed, or other secondary saline water sources. In coastal areas, overpumping, and resultant salt water intrusion of coastal wells used for irrigating turfgrass facilities has widely occurred. The nature and extent of the salinity problem, followed by basic salinity issues and available management choices, will be discussed. Issues facing the turf manager using saline water sources are soil salinization, resulting in direct salt injury to turf, and secondary problems of loss of soil structure ensuing from sodium and bicarbonate effects, resulting in loss of salt leaching potential and soil anaerobiosis. Management choices for the turf manager using saline water are limited. Soil salinity must be maintained below the level deemed detrimental to the turf, by maintaining sufficient leaching. Sodium/bicarbonate affected soils must be managed to maintain sufficient permeability to permit adequate leaching. Finally, salt tolerant turf species/cultivars must be used. Long-term solutions to the salinity problem will require development of improved salt-tolerant turfgrasses. Progress in cultivar development, and future development of potential alternative halophytic turfgrass species will also be discussed.
Looking Back as We Look Ahead: Integrating Research, Theory, and Practice on Intergroup Relations

This article looks back at the origins of intergroup relations in social psychology just over 50 years ago. Pioneers in the field-Robin Williams, Gordon Allport, and Kurt Lewin-were all deeply concerned with integrating social science and social action. We seek to re-center this mutuality of research and practice, and to expand the focus of intergroup relations from prejudice reduction to social inclusion. The articles in this issue document cutting-edge research, theory, and practice, and make substantive contributions to the future of intergroup relations. A unique feature of this issue is a set of commentaries by prominent scholars and practitioners in the fields of intergroup relations and education. Walter Stephan, James Banks, Thomas Pettigrew, and Patricia Gurin each reflect on the collection of articles through the lens of their own personal and professional biographies to help define the intersections of research, theory, and practice on intergroup relations.
Urinary Angiotensinogen and Risk of Severe AKI

Summary Background Biomarkers of AKI that can predict which patients will develop severe renal disease at the time of diagnosis will facilitate timely intervention in populations at risk of adverse outcomes. Design, setting, participants, & measurements Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify 30 potential prognostic urinary biomarkers of severe AKI in a group of patients that developed AKI after cardiac surgery. Angiotensinogen had the best discriminative characteristics. Urinary angiotensinogen was subsequently measured by ELISA and its prognostic predictive power was verified in 97 patients who underwent cardiac surgery between August 1, 2008 and October 6, 2011. Results The urine angiotensinogen/creatinine ratio (uAnCR) predicted worsening of AKI, Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) stage 3, need for renal replacement therapy, discharge >7 days from sample collection, and composite outcomes of AKIN stage 2 or 3, AKIN stage 3 or death, and renal replacement therapy or death. The prognostic predictive power of uAnCR was improved when only patients classified as AKIN stage 1 at the time of urine sample collection (n=79) were used in the analysis, among whom it predicted development of stage 3 AKI or death with an area under the curve of 0.81. Finally, category free net reclassification improvement showed that the addition of uAnCR to a clinical model to predict worsening of AKI improved the predictive power. Conclusions Elevated uAnCR is associated with adverse outcomes in patients with AKI. These data are the first to demonstrate the utility of angiotensinogen as a prognostic biomarker of AKI after cardiac surgery.
Evaluating the impacts of reticle requirements in semiconductor wafer fabrication

Photolithography is generally the most constraining workstation in a semiconductor fabrication facility. Up to this point, much of the research and analysis in this area has not included the inherent system requirements created by reticle masks, but the fact remains that in order to process a job in the photolithography station, the job must be ready, the machine must be idle, and the reticle must be inspected and setup on the idle machine. To better understand the impacts of the reticle requirements in the production environment, a discrete-event simulation model of the photolithography station has been created and coupled with a network flow optimization model that optimizes the location of all reticles at 6-h intervals. All other production processes are modeled using a generic stochastic processing delay. Using this framework and a 2/sup 6/ full factorial-designed experiment, we have identified when optimal reticle management processes positively impact the productivity of the overall facility the most. These results were then used to derive and test new dispatching policies for the photolithography workstation.
In Vivo Optical Imaging of Acute Cell Death Using a Near-Infrared Fluorescent Zinc−Dipicolylamine Probe

Cell death is a fundamental biological process that is present in numerous disease pathologies. Fluorescent probes that detect cell death have been developed for a myriad of research applications ranging from microscopy to in vivo imaging. Here we describe a synthetic near-infrared (NIR) conjugate of zinc(II)−dipicolylamine (Zn2+-DPA) for in vivo imaging of cell death. Chemically induced in vivo models of myopathy were established using an ionphore, ethanol, or ketamine as cytotoxins. The Zn2+-DPA fluorescent probe or corresponding control was subsequently injected, and whole animal fluorescence imaging demonstrated probe uptake at the site of muscle damage, which was confirmed by ex vivo and histological analyses. Further, a comparative study with a NIR fluorescent conjugate Annexin V showed less intense uptake at the site of muscle damage and high accumulation in the bladder. The results indicate that the fluorescent Zn2+-DPA conjugate is an effective probe for in vivo cell death detection and in some c...
Lithological controls of mudrock durability

Abstract The effect of lithology on slake durability of 51 mudrock samples was investigated with the objective of developing a comprehensive durability classification. Grain size distribution, clay mineralogy, void ratio, micro-fracture frequency, Atterberg limits and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize lithology, whereas second cycle slake durability index was used to measure durability. The mudrock samples were classified into five distinct lithologies that included 10 claystones, 18 mudstones, 12 shales, 5 siltstones and 6 argillites. In addition to clay content and presence of laminations, Atterberg limits were used to differentiate between these lithological classes. The second cycle slake durability index was correlated with the lithological characteristics of each mudrock lithotype. The results indicate an exceptionally strong relation (r = -0.98) between the percentage of expanding clay minerals and slake durability index for claystones. Mudstones exhibit a strong relation (r = -0.94) between the ‘micro-fracture frequency index’ and slake durability index. A strong relation (r = -0.98) between void ratio and slake durability index is indicated for shales. These results underscore the importance of distinguishing mudrock lithology in durability investigations.
Identification of a promoter element which participates in cAMP-stimulated expression of human insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1.

Abstract In hepatocytes, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) levels are increased by glucocorticoids and by agents that raise intracellular cAMP levels such as glucagon, theophylline, forskolin, and cAMP analogues. In contrast, insulin lowers IGFBP-1 levels, an effect dominant over the glucocorticoid and cAMP effects. Previous studies showed that dibutyryl cAMP (Bt2cAMP) and theophylline increase IGFBP-1 promoter activity in HEP G2 human hepatoma cells and that insulin abolishes this increase. In studies reported here, HEP G2 cells were used to further evaluate the role of cAMP in stimulating IGFBP-1 expression. Initial studies found that either 0.5 or 5.0 mM Bt2cAMP alone, or the combination of 0.5 mM Bt2cAMP and 2 mM theophylline, increased IGFBP-1 protein levels, mRNA levels, and promoter activity, but that the addition of theophylline to Bt2cAMP was required to give a approximately 5-fold increase in promoter activity. Deletion mutations of the IGFBP-1 promoter were used to show that much of the effect of Bt2cAMP and theophylline was conferred by the region between 269 and 246 base pairs (bp) 5' of the IGFBP-1 mRNA cap site. DNase I protection assays showed that HEP G2 nuclear extract footprinted the region from 273 to 249 bp 5' of the cap site; this region, designated P2, has a central CGTCA motif common to cAMP-responsive elements (CREs). Mutating the CGTCA motif in the 1205-bp IGFBP-1 promoter construct to TAGCA led to a 51% decrease in the ability of Bt2cAMP and theophylline to stimulate IGFBP-1 promoter activity above control levels. In addition, cotransfection of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) with the native 1205-bp IGFBP-1 promoter construct stimulated IGFBP-1 promoter activity 3.9-fold, but the TAGCA mutation decreased by 73% the ability of PKA to stimulate IGFBP-1 promoter activity above control levels. Mutating the CGTCA motif to TAGCA also blocked the ability of both crude HEP G2 nuclear extract and recombinant CRE-binding protein to bind to the P2 element. These data suggest that the P2 element is a CRE that confers at least part of the stimulatory effect of cAMP on the human IGFBP-1 promoter.
Evaluation of an interactive display system for teaching numerical analysis

The purpose of this study was to develop, use, and evaluate an interactive display system for teaching selected topics in elementary numerical analysis. We were interested in giving students a thorough intuitive understanding of the pertinent mathematical functions and in measuring the learning effects of an on-line graphical capability.
Fraudulent Online Identity Sanctions Act: empowering law enforcement or limiting privacy?

The government plays a greater role in punishing those who conceal their identities online, particularly when they do so in furtherance of a serious criminal offense or in violation of a federally protected intellectual property right. The Fraudulent Online Identity Sanctions Act proposes increased prison time for those who provide false contact information to a domain name registrar and then use that online location in committing a trademark or copyright infringement felony.
Gentamicin and Tobramycin: Comparison of Ototoxicity

One hundred forty-five patients treated with tobramycin and/or gentamicin were prospectively monitored for drug-induced ototoxicity. Patients were tested weekly by audiometry and electronystagmography. Twice weekly determinations of drug serum levels and renal function were also performed. Each patient's medical condition was assessed at various times during and after therapy, and the results were analyzed for possible associations with the development of ototoxicity. Overall, tobramycin appeared to be less toxic than gentamicin, but the drugs differed significantly only in their tendency to cause vestibular toxicity. Antibiotic toxicity was correlated with several parameters, including total dose of drug, fever, decreased hematocrit (tobramycin), or elevated hematocrit (gentamicin). Increased creatinine clearance correlated with the development of cochlear toxicity, and elevated levels of serum creatinine were associated with nephrotoxicity, poor health or critical illness, and the duration of therapy (>10 days). Parameters that did not correlate with the development of druginduced toxicity included: dose of drug, serum drug levels, patient's age or prior exposure to noise, prior aminoglycoside treatment, treatment with other ototoxic drugs, underlying disease, or the total number of conditions that might predispose the patient to ototoxicity. Drug-induced ototoxicity developed independently of druginduced nephrotoxicity. Since 3% of hospital patients receive an aminoglycoside antibiotic, and since there are approximately 32 million hospital admissions per year, then at least 1 million patients per year are at risk of developing ototoxicity [1]. Published reports on the incidence of ototoxicity can be divided into a lowincidence group and a high-incidence group. Retrospective analysis of large patient populations shows a reported incidence of 2%o-47o [2, 3]. In contrast, prospective study of small patient populations shows a reported incidence of 24%-25% [4, 5].
Technique for training schizophrenic patients in illness self-management: a controlled trial.

Objective: To determine whether schizophrenic outpatients receiving low-dose neuroleptic therapy could learn and retain complex information and skills related to self-management of their illness, a novel technique of teaching, using cognitive and behavioral methods, was designed to compensate for the patients’ learning disabilities. Method: The subjects were 41 patients with DSM-III-R schizophrenia who were receiving constant maintenance neuroleptic drug therapy. They were randomly assigned to structured, modularized skills training or to supportive group psychotherapy. Results: The patients who received skills training made significant gains in each of the areas taught, while those participating in group therapy did not. The skills learned during training were retained without significant erosion over a 1 -year f ollow-up period. Conclusions: The effectiveness ofmodularized teaching ofillness self-management skills to schizophrenic patients appears to be largely independent ofbaseline psychopathology and symptom improvement. Such an approach is useful for overcoming or compensating for the enduring cognitive and information processing deficits commonly found in schizophrenia. (Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:1549-1555)
Perspectives on High Performing Education Systems in Finland, Hong Kong, China, South Korea and Singapore: What Lessons for the U.S.?

The focus of this chapter is on lessons that the United States might do well to adopt from four High Performing Education Systems (HPES), specifically China (Hong Kong), Finland, South Korea and Singapore. These lessons focus on the basic, fundamental principles that are necessary to attain a world-class teaching profession and education system to which every country aspires, but few have yet to fully realize. The lessons have universal applications and sit at the heart of meaningful educational reform and excellent teaching. This chapter concludes with some thoughts about lessons the U.S. might do well to unlearn – as well as relearn – if its goal is to benefit from the example of the HPES.
The Fortunate 400

This June, the Statistics of Income Division of the IRS released selected tax return information for 1992-2000 concerning the 400 taxpayers with the highest adjusted gross income (AGI) - the Fortunate 400 - in each year. A press release issued by Jim Sexton, chairman of the Joint Economic Committee, characterized the data as meaningless and misleading because of the year-to-year fluidity of the identities of the 400. In this report, Slemrod concludes that, although there are caveats to the interpretation of such snapshots of income distribution, these data shed light on several critical policy issues. He says they confirm that AGI is highly concentrated. A group that in 2000 represented less than 1 out of every 300,000 taxpayers received more than 1 percent of total AGI. Moreover, the share of total AGI received by this group more than doubled between 1995 and 2000. The average tax rate on the Fortunate 400 declined by more than 7 percentage points between 1995 and 2000, at the same time the average tax rate for all taxpayers increased. The decline was primarily due to the preferential rate on capital gains, which applied to a large and growing fraction of the AGI of the Fortunate 400, and which fell in 1997.
Biological Species in the Collybia Dryophila Group in North America

Monosporous isolates were obtained from spore prints of 43 collections of the Collybia dryophila complex occuring in North America. Intercrosses among testers from different sources reveal four int...
Ultrasonic elastography in differentiating benign and malignant small breast tumors

Objective To assess the value of ultrasonic elastography (UE) in differentiating benign and malignant small breast tumors (≤10 mm). Methods Elastography was conducted on 68 patients with 87 breast tumors,and the results were compared with those of postoperative pathology. Results The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of UE in differenting benign and malignant small breast tumors was 84.00% (21/25),96.77% (60/62) and 93.10% (81/87),respectively. Conclusion UE has great clinical value in differentiating benign and malignant small breast tumors.
Of fishers and farmers: Ethnicity and resource use in coastal Palawan

A striking visual aspect of the coastal Philippines is the frequent, side-by-side presence of both fishing and farming peoples and activities. Yet fishing and farming, and fishers and farmers, have seldom been stud? ied together. Among anthropologists-those scholars who might be counted most likely to view these two ubiquitous Philippine lifeways within a single frame of reference-the two lifeways are treated in separate traditions of study. Thus, there are anthropological studies of farming and of farming peoples, covering such topics as pioneer settlement and forest clearance, agricultural intensification, and patterns of labor use. And there are anthropological studies of fishing and of fishing peoples, covering such topics as fishing strategies, catch sharing, and marketing arrange? ments. Beyond anthropology, this division of labor is even more striking, for fishing and farming are typically the subjects of different disciplines altogether (agronomy and agricultural economics, for example, in the case of farming, and marine biology in the case of fishing). Viewed against the reality of everyday Philippine life, however, these two bodies of scholarly literature are considerably more separate than are the two economic activities that they respectively address. Indeed, fishing and farming do not merely co-exist in coastal regions, communi? ties, and even (as I will show here) households. Rather, between these two activities and the people that pursue them lie a variety of interrelationships and interdependencies that merit, I believe, systematic attention if we are to better understand the wider coastal economies and human ecosystems in which both kinds of activities are embedded.
Benzodiazepine Withdrawal Reactions: Distinction from a Recurrence of the Pretreatment Symptoms, Prevention and Treatment

Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders in the United States. Benzodiazepines, which have been found to be effective in the treatment of these disorders, possess less unwanted effects than do other psychotropic drugs. They may, however, induce dependence with risk of withdrawal reactions upon discontinuation.
Personalizable neurological user authentication framework

Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs) stand as a promising new technology to enrich interaction with objects in both the physical and virtual world. As BCI technology continues to mature for possibly becoming a essential part of the future communication and interaction with people and objects, more attention is needed for effectively and accurately authenticating the very user of the input device. We attempt to analyze and improve current and new methods of user authentication that can be provided through consumer-grade BCIs. We first propose a new neurological framework for an authentication system integrated with BCIs. We then evaluate the effectiveness of the framework in conjunction with the fidelity and usability of electroencephalogram (EEG) data obtained from a consumer-grade BCI to analyze different types of sensory pass-thoughts and their effectiveness among individuals. Preliminary results show that the proposed framework is promising to improve the accuracy of neurological user authentication.
Digging in the Mines: Mining Course Syllabi in Search of the Library

Abstract Objective - The purpose of this study was to analyze a syllabus collection at a large, public university to identify how the university’s library was represented within the syllabi. Specifically, this study was conducted to see which library spaces, resources, and people were included in course syllabi and to identify possible opportunities for library engagement. Methods - A text analysis software called QDA Miner was used to search using keywords and analyze 1,226 syllabi across eight colleges at both the undergraduate and graduate levels from the Fall 2014 semester. Results - Of the 1,226 syllabi analyzed, 665 did not mention the library’s services, spaces, or resources nor did they mention projects requiring research. Of the remaining 561, the text analysis revealed that the highest relevant keyword matches were related to Citation Management (286), Resource Intensive Projects (262), and Library Spaces (251). Relationships between categories were mapped using Sorensen’s coefficient of similarity. Library Space and Library Resources (coefficient =.500) and Library Space and Library Services (coefficient-=.457) were most likely to appear in the same syllabi, with Citation Management and Resource Intensive Projects (coefficient=.445) the next most likely to co-occur. Conclusion - The text analysis proved to be effective at identifying how and where the library was mentioned in course syllabi. This study revealed instructional and research engagement opportunities for the library’s liaisons, and it revealed the ways in which the library’s space was presented to students. Additionally, the faculty’s research expectations for students in their disciplines were better understood.
ECMO in special cases

Survival of patients with malignancy over the last 30 years has continually improved due to advancements in aggressive chemotherapeutic regimens as well as supportive measures toward treatment and prevention of infection.1,2 Even though cancer remains a significant cause of mortality in children, 5-year survival for childhood cancers, including hematologic malignancies and solid tumors, is greater than 80%. In these children, critical illness occurs either as a result of their malignancies and/or complications from treatment. Given improvements in survival, a more aggressive approach to the management of these complications in pediatric patients with malignancies has been encouraged, which has enlightened the medical community to the use of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) in this complex population. Evidence of this new approach was reported in 2009 by Gow et al.3 when a survey of ECLS centers regarding utilization of ECLS for patients with malignancy found that 95% of respondent ECLS centers felt that malignancy was not a contraindication to ECLS. This is further supported by the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) registry, which documents that, since 1997, the use of ECLS, including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for pediatric cancer patients has been steadily rising. Up until 2007, pediatric patients with malignancy comprised 0.5% of all ECLS patients. Limitation in the use of ECLS for patients with cancer was most likely influenced by cancer-related mortality as well as the ideology of ECLS being a support modality offered only to acutely ill “healthy” patients. Since 2009, a number of reports describing ECLS use for patients with malignancy have been published, implying that its use is increasing in this population most likely due to noted improved oncologic survival compounded by more widespread ECLS use in complex patient populations. Utilization of this support modality in pediatric malignancy, although still low compared with other populations, is increasing. In 2008–2012, the ELSO registry documented 178 patients with malignancy who received ECLS, which equates to 1% and a doubling of utilization compared with that reported previously. Although there is still a small portion of ECLS patients, education regarding the use of this modality of support for patients with malignancy will likely lead to further increases in utilization.4,5
Asymptotic behavior of solutions to quasimonotone parabolic systems

Under special assumptions on I, the results of this paper give precise information on the asymptotic behavior of solutions to (RD) as t -+ 00. Furthermore, these results are quite general and include earlier techniques by the author [5J, [6J, Capasso and Maddalena [1] and Messia and De Mottoni [8]. In particular, by using the concept of uo-positive operators in Krasnoselskii [3J, we are able to extend many techniques that require the underlying cone to have nonempty interior.
Making it Safe to Use Centralized Markets: Epsilon - Dominant Individual Rationality and Applications to Market Design

A critical, yet underappreciated feature of market design is that centralized markets operate within a broader economic context; often market designers cannot force participants to join a centralized market. As such, well-designed centralized markets must induce participants to join voluntarily, in spite of pre-existing decentralized institutions they may already be using. Utilizing the general framework of Monderer and Tennenholtz (2006), we take the view that centralizing a market is akin to designing a mediator to which people may sign away their decision rights. The mediator is voluntary in the sense that it cannot condition the actions of those who participate on the actions of those who do not. Within this setting we propose a new desideratum for market design: Dominant Individual Rationality (D-IR). A mediator is D-IR if every decentralized strategy is weakly dominated by some centralized strategy. While such a criterion does not offer a prediction about how people will behave within the centralized market, it does provide a strong guarantee that all players will use centralized strategies rather than opting out of the centralized market. We show that suitable modification of the Boston mechanism satisfies D-IR and a similar modification of any stable matching mechanism satisfies an approximation of D-IR. In both cases the modification relies on allowing the receiving end of the market to accept offers in either the centralized or decentralized part of the market. This design closely resembles the suggestion of Niederle and Roth (2006) about centralizing the market for gastroenterologists. Relative to their analysis, ours highlights why this design feature coupled with some, but not all, matching algorithms is effective in inducing participation of the proposing side of the market. Further, by highlighting its role in attaining (approximate) D-IR our analysis provides a new non-cooperative justification for stability. In other applications we demonstrate that, suitably modified, Top Trading Cycles satisfies D-IR, and double auctions satisfy approximate D-IR.
A Pilot Study on the Effects of Curcumin on Parasites, Inflammation, and Opportunistic Bacteria in Riding Horses

Abstract Twelve riding horses were used to examine the effects of curcumin on intestinal parasites, inflammation, and the fecal shedding of Streptococcus bovis/equinus complex (SBEC), Clostridium difficile, and Clostridium perfringens. Known for having anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiparasitic properties, it was hypothesized that curcumin would decrease parasite shedding, inflammation, and opportunistic bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract of riding horses. Horses were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments (n = 6 per treatment): (1) no curcumin, control; or (2) 15 g of 95% pure curcumin (CUR). Curcumin was dosed per day for 30 days. Fecal samples were evaluated for shedding of ova and concentrations of selected bacteria. Blood samples taken pre- and postriding intervals and evaluated for erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) for inflammation. All data were analyzed for repeated measures. Treatment had no effect (P ≥ .58) on total fecal egg count, strongyles, or ascarids. Treatment had no effect on ESR (P ≤ .42); however, ESR decreased (P = .0006) on day 14 in CUR horses. Treatment had no effect (P ≥ .34) on concentrations of SBEC, C. difficile, or C. perfringens. Curcumin was not an effective compound against intestinal parasites or fecal microbial strains examined when administered for 30 days; but could potentially decrease inflammation. Curcumin has been observed to have many beneficial effects in other species; however, more research is needed to evaluate those benefits in horses.
Business Families: Strategy Patterns in a Broader Scope

Different from the conventional view that one family owns one and only business entity, this paper argues that business family constructs a business portfolio in favor of multiple preference and va...
The biology and prognostic value of lymphatic vessel density (LD) and lymphatic invasion (LI) in regression in melanoma

9017 Background: Regression in melanoma is characterized by increased vascularity, lymphocytic infiltrate and fibroplasia in the papillary dermis, accompanied by the absence (complete regression, CoR) or presence (partial regression, PaR) of melanoma cells in the epidermis. The prognostic value of regression is controversial. We noticed that LD and LI were increased in the areas of regression (AR) or areas with brisk lymphocytic infiltration (AB). Our goal was to clarify the prognostic value of regression in melanoma. Methods: Dual immunohistochemical staining was done using antibodies to podoplanin (lymphatic vessels) and S100 (melanoma cells) on paraffin tissues from 321 patients with vertical growth phase (VGP) primary melanomas who had 10 years or more of follow-up. LD in AR (both CoR and PaR) was compared with that of normal dermis adjacent and distant, as well as LD in the AB. LI in these areas was also scored. Unadjusted and adjusted hazard rates were obtained from univariate and multivariate Cox m...
Developments in Imaging and Analysis Techniques for Micro- and Nanosize Particles and Surface Features

Publisher Summary This chapter presents various developments in imaging and analysis techniques for micro- and nanosize particles and surface features. Cavity ringdown spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful technique to detect and count molecules by direct absorption measurements using pulsed laser light from the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared wavelengths. Time-of-?ight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) is a leading technique to obtain molecule-speci?c chemical information from surfaces with molecular layer surface sensitivity. Depending on the type and energy of the incident primary ions and the nature of the material, a wide range of atomic and molecular secondary ions can be produced, which can then be analyzed using a TOF mass analyzer. A near-?eld scanning optical microscope or a scanning electron microscope with a high-sensitivity-charge coupled device can be used to image the motion of free carriers at nanometer resolution. The scanning probe microscope is well suited to probing surface properties and interactions, such as topography and nanotribology, at the atomic scale. The particle image velocimetry and light fractionation for particle sorting are also elaborated.
Evidence-Based Practices in Autism: Where We Are Now and Where We Need to Go

As shown in Chap. 1 (see Fig. 14.1 and Volkmar in press), publication on autism has increased significantly in recent years. We undertook additional analyses to determine whether this increase reflected greater interest in autism more generally or included a specific interest in autism treatments. We conducted a literature search of the terms “autism” and “autism and treatment” for the years 1990–2008. Unlike the search described in Chap. 1, which relied on the Medline database, the search described here relied on the Ovid PsycINFO database, which we felt would capture the full range of publications related to treatment. Differences and recommendations for using different databases are discussed in an appendix to this chapter. When conducting the searches, two filters were used; the “all journals” filter limited results to articles published in journals and the “year” filter limited returns to each specific year. The number of articles about “autism” and those specifically about “autism treatments” published in a journal between 1990 and 2008 (the most recent year with complete data) is shown in Fig. 14.1.
Oxygen indicator dilution curves of the canine cerebral circulation.

Indicator-dilution methodology is a useful tool in studies of transcapillary exchange (6,10), but oxygen isotopes have seldom been used in such studies, because they require non-standard laboratory techniques. Of the two isotopes of oxygen currently used in physiological research, positron-emitting oxygen-15 is not suitable for the indicator-dilution technique, because one cannot distinguish between signal originating from unmetabolized 15O2, and that from metabolically-formed H2 15O molecules (28). The other is the stable isotope oxygen-18, which can be detected by mass spectrometric techniques. Tb our knowledge, there are only two preliminary reports of stable oxygen tracer dilution curves. Chinard et al, (8) published a 18O2 dilution curve of kidney, with 51Crlabelled red blood cells (Cr-rbc) as the reference indicator. In that experiment, the labelled oxygen curve preceeded the reference curve, which was attributed to the existence of a diffusional shunt in kidney. Forster et al, (13) obtained 18O2 dilution curves of skinned canine hind limb, with indocyanine green as the reference tracer. In these experiments, labelled oxygen curves lagged behind the reference.
Some Peculiarities of the Distribution of Arachnida

Special attention is payed to the comparison between the arachnofaunas of close areas: Mediterranean and Central European; Mexico and the USA; Central America and the Caribbean Islands; South Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles, and Mascarene; and special areas like Patagonia and New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, and Lord Howe Island.
Machine Learning Human Rights and Wrongs: How the Successes and Failures of Supervised Learning Algorithms Can Inform the Debate About Information Effects

There is an ongoing debate about whether human rights standards have changed over the last 30 years. The evidence for or against this shift relies upon indicators created by human coders reading the texts of human rights reports. To help resolve this debate, we suggest translating the question of changing standards into a supervised learning problem. From this perspective, the application of consistent standards over time implies a time-constant mapping from the textual features in reports to the human coded scores. Alternatively, if the meaning of abuses have evolved over time, then the same textual features will be labeled with different numerical scores at distinct times. Of course, while the mapping from natural language to numerical human rights score is a highly complicated function, we show that these two distinct data generation processes imply divergent overall patterns of accuracy when we train a wide variety of algorithms on older versus newer sets of observations to learn how to automatically label texts with scores. Our results are consistent with the expectation that standards of human rights have changed over time.