cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A hybrid modeling framework using dimensional analysis for erosion predictions

Abstract The transport of solids in multiphase flows is common practice in energy industries. Safe and efficient operation requires reliable estimates of erosion rates in the pipelines. Numerous semi-mechanistic models exist for quantifying erosion rate. However, most models have large discrepancies in their predictions. This paper introduces a hybrid modeling framework to estimate erosion rates based on different flow regimes and pipeline orientations. The framework combines a semi-mechanistic model with Gaussian process modeling and dimensional analysis. Dimensional analysis and feature selection are utilized to identify significant dimensionless numbers for the erosion process. These numbers are used as inputs for the Gaussian process model and to suggest possible ways to improve the semi-mechanistic model. The hybrid modeling approach reduces the root mean square error by 36% compared to the semi-mechanistic model. The results suggest that a better multiphase flow model may improve the erosion rate predictions, especially in annular/mist flow boundary regions.
Training time estimation to improve alarm reactions.

Prior researchers have demonstrated that training may be an effective strategy for improving operator reactions to alarm systems with less than perfect reliability. Of the training strategies tested, recognition of temporal patterns in prior sen- sor activations seems to offer the greatest promise for improving the speed and appropriateness of subsequent alarm reactions. The current research was completed to clarify which of three temporal interval training methods leads to the most appropriate alarm reactions. Fifty-six undergraduates evaluated whether alarms occurring after sensor activations were true or false, based on elapsed time between the sensor signals and the alarm signals. Participants completed five training sessions to learn to es- timate time intervals using simple repetition training, performance feedback, or performance feedback plus subdivision cues. Contrary to expectations, results indicated that participants did not benefit differentially from temporal interval training. Dif- ferences between pre- and posttest interval estimation performance was similar among groups, and training groups performed comparably when reacting to signals. Participants generally focused on advertised alarm system reliability, responding more appropriately and more quickly to lower reliability alarms. Future researchers and designers should replicate these findings with realistic tasks and real-world complex task operators to determine their generalization.
Multiple structure alignment and consensus identification for proteins

An algorithm is presented to compute a multiple structure alignment for a set of proteins and to generate a consensus structure which captures common substructures present in the given proteins. The algorithm is a heuristic in that it computes an approximation to the optimal alignment that minimizes the sum of the pairwise distances between the consensus and the transformed proteins. A distinguishing feature of the algorithm is that it works directly with the coordinate representation in three dimensions with no loss of spatial information, unlike some other multiple structure alignment algorithms that operate on sets of backbone vectors translated to the origin; hence, the algorithm is able to generate true alignments. Experimental studies on several protein datasets show that the algorithm is quite competitive with a well-known algorithm called CE-MC. A web-based tool has also been developed to facilitate remote access to the algorithm over the Internet.
Automatic Differentiation: Obtaining Fast and Reliable Derivatives — Fast

In this paper, we introduce automatic differentiation as a method for computing derivatives of large computer codes. After a brief discussion of methods of differentiating codes, we review automatic differentiation and introduce the ADIFOR automatic differentiation tool. We highlight some applications of ADIFOR to large industrial and scientific codes and discuss the effectiveness and performance of our approach. Finally, we discuss sparsity in automatic differentiation and introduce the SparsLinC library.
Evaluation of cytology as an aid in the prognosis of the treatment of cancer of the cervix uteri.

Abstract In summary, therefore, the observations made here seem to indicate that in vaginal and cervical smears one finds occasionally epithelial cells which have a denser than usual cytoplasm and which exhibit fine vacuolization. They may be recognized after some rather prolonged experience. While the changes may be observed in all epithelial cells present in the smear, they seem to be more numerous in cells interpreted as being basal or parabasal in origin. No attempt to determine the origin of these cells by use of conventional histological preparations has as yet been made. It is noteworthy that in this study they have been observed primarily in postmenopausal women, and it might be significant that they occurred in patients with cancer as well as in patients without cancer. In this study, their presence or absence bore no relationship to the results obtained by the various types of therapy employed for cancer of the cervix, and, therefore, their presence in the gynecological smear does not permit predetermination of the type of therapy to be used in any given patient. The fact that cytological changes in the form of vacuolization or tinctorial density occurred more frequently in women of advancing age suggests that hormonal changes may be responsible for their appearance.
The Strength of Arcs and Edges in Interaction Networks: Elements of a Model-Based Approach

When analyzing interaction networks, it is common to interpret the amount of interaction between two nodes as the strength of their relationship. We argue that this interpretation may not be appropriate, since the interaction between a pair of nodes could potentially be explained only by characteristics of the nodes that compose the pair and, however, not by pair-specific features. In interaction networks, where edges or arcs are count-valued, the above scenario corresponds to a model of independence for the expected interaction in the network, and consequently we propose the notions of arc strength, and edge strength to be understood as departures from this model of independence. We discuss how our notion of arc/edge strength can be used as a guidance to study network structure, and in particular we develop a latent arc strength stochastic blockmodel for directed interaction networks. We illustrate our approach studying the interaction between the Kolkata users of the myGamma mobile network.
Identification of Dementia: Agreement among National Survey Data, Medicare Claims, and Death Certificates

Objective. To estimate the proportion of seniors with dementia from three independent data sources and their agreement. Data Sources. The longitudinal Asset and Health Dynamics among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) study (n=7,974), Medicare claims, and death certificate data. Study Design. Estimates of the proportion of individuals with dementia from: (1) self- or proxy-reported cognitive status measures from surveys, (2) Medicare claims, and (3) death certificates. Agreement using Cohen's κ; multivariate logistic regression. Principal Findings. The proportion varied substantially among the data sources. Agreement was poor (κ: 0.14–0.46 depending upon comparison assessed); the individuals identified had relatively modest overlap. Conclusions. Estimates of dementia occurrence based on cognitive status measures from three independent data sources were not interchangeable. Further validation of these sources is needed. Caution should be used if policy is based on only one data source.
MR Imaging of Spinal Epidural Sepsis

Four patients with spinal epidural sepsis were evaluated with MR imaging. The lesions were best visualized with spin-echo techniques with long repetition (2000 msec) and long echo (80–100 msec) times. Sagittal and axial images were equally important in defining the extent of the lesions. Comparison with available contrast-enhanced CT scans showed that MR was more definitive in the early demonstration of the abscesses. This early recognition influenced the management greatly and improved the clinical outcome significantly. The findings in our four cases support previous reports that MR is superior to other imaging methods for early recognition and anatomic localization of infectious diseases in patients suspected of having either spinal osteomyelitis or spinal epidural sepsis.
Analysis of Caching Mechanisms from Sporting Event Web Sites

Caching mechanisms are commonly implemented to improve the user experience as well as the server scalability at popular web sites. With multi-tier, geographically distributed caches, it is often difficult to quantify the benefit provided by each tier of caches. In this paper we present and analyze the design of a web serving architecture that has been successfully used to host a number of recent, popular sporting event web sites with two tiers of caches. Special mechanisms are incorporated in this design that allow us to infer the cache performance at the middle-tier of reverse-proxy caches. Our results demonstrate a very high hit ratio (i.e., around 90%) for the reverse-proxy caches employed in this web serving architecture, which is sustained throughout the day and across all geographical regions being served. This is primarily due to system design mechanisms that allow almost all of the dynamic content to be cached, as well as to a significantly larger locality of reference among the users of sporting event web sites than that found in other web environments. These mechanisms also make it possible for us to separate the true user request patterns at the page level from any additional requests induced by the server architecture and implementation.
The Narrative Quality of Experience

HE forms of cultural expression are not historical accidents. They are not products of culture, much less products of individual choice and contrivance, although actual cultural expressions are to some extent both. The way people speak, dance, build, dream, embellish, is to be sure always culturally particular: it bears the imprint of a time and a place. A people speaks a particular language, not the same as that spoken in another land nor quite the same as that spoken by their fathers, and each person adapts it with some originality to his own use. But the fact that people speak some language is no historical accident. It is a necessary mark of being human, i.e., being capable of having a history. That is also true of other persistent forms of cultural expression. They are the conditions of historical existence; their expressions are moulded in the historical process itself into definite products of particular cultures. I do not know how to go about proving any such grandiose thesis. To me, I confess, it seems self-evident, in the sense that once the appropriate distinctions are made it becomes obvious. Be that as it may, I propose here to illustrate the point in relation to storytelling, which I take to be one of the most important cultural expressions. I want to argue that the formal quality of experience through time is inherently narrative.' I introduce this thesis by briefly posing another, to which it is intimately related: The style of action through time is inherently musical. The relation of the two theses can be stated in an equation of positively luminous simplicity: Narrative quality is to experience as musical style is to action. And action and experience interpenetrate. Let us see about that.
Production of Hadrons with Large Transverse Momentum at 200 and 300 GeV

Differential cross sections as a function of transverse momentum are presented for the production at \ensuremath{\sim}90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} (in the c.m. system) of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, ${K}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, $p$, and $\overline{p}$ in $p$-nucleus collisions at incident proton energies of 200 and 300 GeV.
Tec family kinases in lymphocyte signaling and function.

Abstract The Tec kinases are required for full Ca2+ mobilization in lymphocytes. Recent data suggest that this process occurs via a multiprotein complex that includes LAT and SLP-76 in T cells and BLNK/SLP-65 in B cells. Mutational analyses have revealed critical roles for Tec kinases in lymphocyte development and function.
ESTUDIO DESCRIPTIVO DE LA FRECUENCIA Y DURACIÓN DE LA PUBLICIDAD ALIMENTARIA EMITIDA EN LA PROGRAMACIÓN DE CANALES DE TELEVISIÓN ASOCIADOS A ANATEL

El objetivo de este estudio, fue describir la Publicidad Alimentaria emitida por los canales pertenecientes a la Asociacion Nacional de Television. En una semana de enero y una de febrero del ano 2010 se selecciono y clasifico la publicidad alimentaria emitida como saludable, medianamente saludable y no saludable, en base al contenido de nutrientes criticos; grasa total, grasa saturada, hidratos de carbono simples y sodio. Se utilizo como criterio de referencia, la tabla de clasificacion de la Agencia Nacional de Alimentos de Inglaterra, denominada "semaforo nutricional". Se registraron y analizaron 6425 anuncios correspondientes a 56 horas 36 minutos continuas de tiempo, de ellos, se identificaron 1045 anuncios alimentarios (16%), equivalente en tiempo a 7 horas 42 minutos (14%) del total. Se examinaron las etiquetas nutricionales de los productos para la seleccion y calificacion en saludable, medianamente saludable y no saludable. Se observo, que del total de la publicidad alimentaria, el 64% correspondio a publicidad alimentaria no saludable; el 27%, a publicidad alimentaria medianamente saludable y, el 9% publicidad alimentaria saludable, con un tiempo de emision de un 62%, 30% y 8%, respectivamente. La publicidad alimentaria emitida es principalmente no saludable, promueve el consumo de alimentos altos en grasa, azucar y sodio. La television al emitir esta publicidad promueve e incentiva a la poblacion a llevar estilos de vida no saludables, en desmedro de la salud de la poblacion.
Sympathetic nervous system regulation of immunity.

An immune response can be regulated by a variety of hormones and transmitters, although it is not yet clear under what sets of circumstances such immunoregulation occurs, and in which direction immune function might be altered. That the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a role in immune regulation is inferred from four lines of evidence:
Lateral Pharyngeal Wall Tension After Maxillomandibular Advancement for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Is a Marker for Surgical Success: Observations From Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy

Purpose: The efficacy of maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with anatomic airway changes has previously been studied using static imaging and endoscopy in awake subjects. The aim of the present study was to use drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) to evaluate the dynamic upper airway changes in sleeping subjects before and after MMA and their association with the surgical outcome. Patients and Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of subjects with OSA who had undergone MMA at the Stanford University Sleep Surgery Division from July 2013 to July 2014. The subjects were included if perioperative polysomnography and DISE had been performed. The predictor variable was the perioperative DISE velum-oropharynx-tongue-epiglottis score. The outcome variables were the apneahypopnea index (AHI), oxygen-desaturation index (ODI), and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). A subgroup analysis was performed for the subjects who had undergone primary and secondary MMA. The statistical analyses included Cronbach’s a coefficient, the McNemar test, and the independent Student t test. The P value was set at <.01. Results: A total of 16 subjects (15 males, 1 female) were included in the present study, with an average age of 47 � 10.9 years and body mass index of 29.4 � 5.1 kg/m 2 . Significant post-MMA decreases were found in the AHI (from 59.8 � 25.6 to 9.3 � 7.1 events/hr) and ODI (from 45 � 29.7 to 5.7 � 4.1 events/hr; P < .001). Greater improvement in the AHI occurred in the primary MMA group (P = .022). The post-MMA change in airway collapse was most significant at the lateral pharyngeal wall (P = .001). The subjects with the most improvement in lateral pharyngeal wall collapsibility demonstrated the largest changes in the AHI (from 60.0 � 25.6 events/hr to 7.5 � 3.4 events/hr) and ODI (from 46.7 � 29.8 to 5.3 � 2 events/hr; P = .002).
Overcoming Resistance to β-Lactam Antibiotics

β-Lactam antibiotics are one of the most important antibiotic classes but are plagued by problems of resistance, and the development of new β-lactam antibiotics through side-chain modification of existing β-lactam classes is not keeping pace with resistance development. In this JOCSynopsis, we summarize small molecule strategies to overcome resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. These approaches include the development of β-lactamase inhibitors and compounds that interfere with the ability of the bacteria to sense an antibiotic threat and activate their resistance mechanisms.
High-throughput production of Pyrococcus furiosus proteins: considerations for metalloproteins

Free-living prokaryotic organisms contain all of the proteins required for the basic biochemical processes of life. As part of the Southeastern Collaboratory for Structural Genomics (SECSG), Pyrococcus furiosus is being used as a model system for developing a high-throughput protein expression and purification protocol. Its 1.9 million basepair genome encodes approximately 2200 putative proteins, less than 25% of which show similarity to any structurally characterized protein in the Protein Data Bank. The overall goal of the structural genomics initiative is to determine, in total, all existing protein folds. The immediate objective of this work is to obtain recombinant forms of all P. furiosus proteins in their functional states for structural determination. Proteins successfully produced by overexpression in another organism such as the bacterium Escherichia coli typically contain a single subunit, are soluble and do not contain (complex) cofactors. Analyses of the P. furiosus genome suggest that perhaps only a quarter of the genes encode proteins that would fall into this category. The hypothesis is that lack of the appropriate cofactor or of the partner protein(s) necessary to form a complex are major reasons why many recombinant proteins are insoluble. This work describes development of the production pipeline with attention to prediction and incorporation of cofactors.
Social Displays of the American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

Adult alligators perform two conspicuous social displays, bellows and headslaps. Both of these behaviors are performed from a “head oblique tail arched” (HOTA) posture. Bellow displays, by both males and females, involve the production of a loud, roaring vocalization. Male alligators also produce a infrasonic signal, termed subaudible vibrations, just prior to the audible bellow. Bellowing occurs throughout the year but is most frequent during the courting season, when alligators bellow daily in choruses. Chorus length appears to be correlated with the size of the adult population. Chorusing is frequently initiated by females but seems to be perpetuated by male alligators. Bellowing may serve to attract alligators of the opposite sex and possibly to space out animals of the same sex. The headslap display is an assertion display consisting of eight component behavioral acts: the elevated posture, HOTA posture, subaudible vibrations, headslap, jawclap, growl, inflated posture, and tail wag. Each act component is variable in presence and intensity producing a highly variable, graded signal. The alligator typically remains motionless in the HOTA posture for about 16 sec before executing the headslap/jawclap acts. The headslap display involves a rapid clapping shut of the jaws as the undersurface of the head is slapped against the water surface. Headslapping is most common in early morning and afternoon hours. Analysis of 1,050 headslap displays by 91 known individuals indicates that 94.5% of the observed displays were performed by males. Headslap displays are generally performed from typical display sites which the alligator seeks out prior to the display. Responses to headslap displays include headslapping by others, lunges, approaches, and bellow growling. The headslap display functions as a declaration of presence. A musky odor is commonly detected in association with both of these social displays, suggesting a possibly important, but little understood, pheromonal component of these behaviors. The displays both involve complex signals including visual, auditory, olfactory and possibly tactile channels of communication. Most of the behaviors described are shared with many other species of crocodilians.
Relative Values of Foreign Language Preparation Patterns, as Determined by Achievement in First‐ and Third‐Semester College French

Author's Summary— The significance of prognosis based on the previous preparation pattern in other foreign languages applies only to the first course in the newly-elected foreign language, and is likely to be great only if the pattern includes a three-year sequence. These findings, unconcerned with any theory regarding the transfer value of experience or training, indicate practical basic principles for high-school curriculum building and for advising college freshmen.)
Multiple transition mode multiple target track-before-detect with partitioned sampling

In this paper, we extend the multiple model track-before-detect method to track all possible target combinations at low signal-to-noise ratios. Given a maximum number of targets, the method estimates the posterior probability density function of the multitarget state vector, the corresponding target existence probabilities, and the probabilities of all possible target combinations. As the particle filter implementation of this method requires a large number of particles to achieve high tracking performance, we propose an efficient partition based proposal function method by partitioning the multiple target space into a set of single target spaces. We also integrate the Markov chain Monte Carlo Metropolis-Hastings method into the particle proposal process to improve sample diversity. The proposed algorithm is validated by tracking five targets in very low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs).
The Recently Claimed Observation of Atomic Orbitals and Some Related Philosophical Issues

The main thrust of the paper involves a theoretical and philosophical analysis of the claim made in September 1999 that atomic orbitals have been directly imaged for the first time. After a brief account of the recent claims the paper reviews the development of the orbit and later orbital concepts and analyzes the theoretical status of atomic orbitals. The conclusion is that contrary to these claims, atomic orbitals have not in fact been observed. The non-referring nature of modern atomic orbitals is discussed in the context of Laudan's writings on realism, the success of theories, and whether or not scientific terms refer. I conclude that the failure to observe orbitals is a good prima facie case for divorcing the success of theories from the question of whether their central terms refer. The added relevance of this case is that it concerns a current and highly successful theory. Finally, the relevance of this 'floating model' to contemporary discussions on scientific models is briefly considered.
Expression and regulation of metallothionein mRNA levels in the prostates of noble rats: lack of expression in the ventral prostate and regulation by sex hormones in the dorsolateral prostate

The rat prostate is composed of two anatomically well-defined regions designated as the ventral prostate (VP) and the dorsolateral prostate (DLP). VP and DLP are known to exhibit marked cytological, biochemical, and functional differences including differential susceptibilities to carcinogens. While the VP is uniquely susceptible to cadmium carcinogenicity [1,2], the DLP is sensitive to sex hormone-induced cancer [3,4]. The role played by the heavy metal binding protein, metallothionein (MT), in the prostate is largely unknown. It is still controversial as to whether MT is expressed in the rat gland. The aim of the present study is to examine the expression pattern of MT mRNA in the rat gland and its probable regulation by heavy metal ions and sex hormones, in order to gain insight into the biological function of MT in the prostate. Northern hybridization and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed constitutive expression of MT mRNA in the DLP and a lack of expression of the transcript in the VP. In situ hybridization localized the transcript to the epithelium of the DLP, with the lateral prostate epithelium exhibiting the highest level of expression. Administration of cadmium and zinc failed to induce MT transcription in the VP, nor were these treatments effective in elevating levels of MT mRNA in the DLP. A 60% reduction in MT message levels was observed in the DLP following orchiectomy. MT transcript levels in the DLPs of castrates were restored by readministration of androgen to the animals. Long-term treatments (16 weeks) of rats with estradiol-17 beta (E2) or testosterone (T) plus E2 induced a 2.8-fold and a 5-fold increase in MT message content in the DLP, respectively. In sum, MT mRNA was shown to be absent in the VP and was not inducible by heavy metal ions or hormones in this prostatic lobe. These findings substantiate the belief that MT plays a role in heavy metal detoxification and deficiency in its expression may contribute to the unique susceptibility of the VP to cadmium carcinogenicity. By contrast, constitutive expression of MT was demonstrated in the DLP, which was shown to be regulated by androgen and not by exogenously administered heavy metal ions. These results suggest a participatory role of MT in the normal functioning of the DLP. The fact that high levels of MT mRNA were induced in the DLP following long-term estrogenic or conjoint androgenic-estrogenic action alludes to the possibility that MT may serve as an intracellular antioxidant in DLP cells.
Ionizing radiation - effect of irradiated medium on synthetic processes.

Ionizing radiation effects on uracil carbon 14 incorporation into Escherichia coli cells in dilute suspension
Wrist kinetics after luno‐triquetral dissociation: the changes in moment arms of the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon

Wrist biomechanics after luno-triquetral (LT) dissociation is important for understanding the clinical sequelae of the disease and for determining its treatment options. The LT interosseous ligament plays an important role in stabilizing the joint and damage to the ligament would be expected to significantly increase moment arms of tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU), the principal ulnar wrist flexor. We investigated the changes in moment arms of FCU tendon after various amounts of sectioning of the ligaments proven to be associated with LT dissociation. In six fresh frozen cadaveric upper extremities, excursions of the FCU tendon were recorded simultaneously with wrist joint angulation during wrist flexion-extension and radioulnar deviation. Tendon excursions were measured in intact wrists, in wrists with sectioning of the dorsal portion of the LT interosseous ligament, in wrists with sectioning of the entire LT interosseous ligament, and finally in wrists with further sectioning of the dorsal radiotriquetral and intercarpal ligaments. Moment arms of the tendon were calculated from tendon excursions and joint motion angulations and expressed as percentage changes from those in the intact wrist. During wrist flexion-extension, moment arms of the FCU tendon after sectioning of the entire LT interosseous ligament and after sectioning of the two capsular ligaments were 112 +/- 7% and 114 +/- 8%, respectively; these values were significantly greater than those in the intact wrist. During radioulnar deviation, the moment arms were 114 +/- 11% after sectioning of the dorsal portion of the LT interosseous ligament, 134 +/- 15% after sectioning of the entire ligament, and 153 +/- 18% after sectioning of the capsular ligaments, again being significantly greater than the normal wrist. Increase in moment arms of the FCU tendon after loss of integrity of the LT interosseous ligament and dorsal capsular ligaments may contribute to clinical sequelae of LT dissociation and difficulty in treating this disorder.
SBV-Cut: Vertex-cut based graph partitioning using structural balance vertices

Graphs are used for modeling a large spectrum of data from the web, to social connections between individuals, to concept maps and ontologies. As the number and complexities of graph based applications increase, rendering these graphs more compact, easier to understand, and navigate through are becoming crucial tasks. One approach to graph simplification is to partition the graph into smaller parts, so that instead of the whole graph, the partitions and their inter-connections need to be considered. Common approaches to graph partitioning involve identifying sets of edges (or edge-cuts) or vertices (or vertex-cuts) whose removal partitions the graph into the target number of disconnected components. While edge-cuts result in partitions that are vertex disjoint, in vertex-cuts the data vertices can serve as bridges between the resulting data partitions; consequently, vertex-cut based approaches are especially suitable when the vertices on the vertex-cut will be replicated on all relevant partitions. A significant challenge in vertex-cut based partitioning, however, is ensuring the balance of the resulting partitions while simultaneously minimizing the number of vertices that are cut (and thus replicated). In this paper, we propose a SBV-Cut algorithm which identifies a set of balance vertices that can be used to effectively and efficiently bisect a directed graph. The graph can then be further partitioned by a recursive application of structurally-balanced cuts to obtain a hierarchical partitioning of the graph. Experiments show that SBV-Cut provides better vertex-cut based expansion and modularity scores than its competitors and works several orders more efficiently than constraint-minimization based approaches.
Theoretical Determination of One-Electron Oxidation Potentials for Nucleic Acid Bases

The oxidation potentials for N-methyl substituted nucleic acid bases guanine, adenine, cytosine, thymine, uracil, xanthine, and 8-oxoguanine were computed using B3LYP and CBS-QB3 with the SMD solvation model. Acid-base and tautomeric equilibria present in aqueous solution were accounted for by combining standard redox potentials with calculated pKa and tautomerization energies to produce an ensemble averaged pH dependent potential. Gas phase free energies were computed using B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ//B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) and CBS-QB3. Solvation free energies were computed at the SMD/B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory. Compared to experimental results, calculations with the CBS-QB3 level of theory have a mean absolute error (MAE) of ca. 1 kcal/mol for the gas phase proton affinity/gas phase basicity and an MAE of ca. 0.04 eV for the adiabatic/vertical ionization potentials. The B3LYP calculations have a MAE of ∼2 kcal/mol for the proton affinity/gas phase basicity data but systematically underestimated ionization potentials by 0.14-0.21 eV. Solvent cavities for charged solute species were rescaled uniformly by fitting computed pKa data to experimentally measured pKa values. After solvent cavity scaling, the MAEs for computed pKa's compared to experimental results are 0.7 for B3LYP and 0.9 for CBS-QB3. In acetonitrile, the computed E°(XH(+•)/XH) redox potentials are systematically lower than experimentally measured potentials by 0.21 V for CBS-QB3 and 0.33 V for B3LYP. However, the redox potentials relative to adenine are in very good agreement with experimental results, with MAEs of 0.10 V for CBS-QB3 and 0.07 V for B3LYP. In aqueous solution, B3LYP and CBS-QB3 have MAEs of 0.21 and 0.19 V for E7(X(•),H(+)/XH). Replacing the methyl substituent with ribose changes the calculated E7 potentials by 0.1-0.2 V. The calculated difference between the guanine and adenine oxidation potentials is too large compared to experimental results, but the calculated difference between guanine and 8-oxoguanine is in good agreement with the measured values.
Carbon aromaticity based on XPS II to II∗ signal intensity

Abstract The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) C(1s) spectra from heavy petroleum samples and model compounds were collected and the general intensity variation of electron emission in the energy region anticipated for II to II∗ shake-up peaks was recorded. The XPS results were compared with the carbon aromaticity data obtained on the same samples using solution-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. For model compounds, the aromaticity was based on the known structure. A linear relationship was found between the relative XPS intensity in the II to II∗ region and the carbon aromaticity. Using this calibration the XPS-derived values of carbon aromaticity for Argonne premium coals were determined and compared to recent literature results from solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. The advantages and limitations of the XPS approach for estimation of carbon aromaticity are discussed.
Piezoelectric synthetic jets for aircraft control surfaces

The concept of using piezoelectric actuators in devices that alter the way in which an airfoil interacts with its environment is not new. In fact, several notable research institutions, federal laboratories and industrial partners are actively pursuing this type of research. The main driving force for this activity is increased fuel economy, lighter aircraft and the elimination of hydraulically actuated control surfaces. Several years ago, researchers at NASA developed a process that uniformly prestressed the piezoelectric actuators resulting increased movement at low frequencies. The key to this increased motion was the ability to develop an evenly prestressed actuator that behaved like a leaf spring. In order to take full advantage of this piezoelectric wafer, the fixturing and drive electronics had to be developed. This is a critical issue for all piezoelectric systems. This paper describes the characteristics and performances of these high displacement actuators and the devices that incorporate these actuators to create the synthetic jets. It is envisioned that these devices will play a critical role in the future of aeronautics.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Time course of perceptual grouping.

An investigation was made of the time course of perceptual grouping that is based on two qualitatively different spatial relationships: proximity and alignment. An index of grouping capacity was used to assess the processing time required before a backward pattern mask interfered with grouping. Stimuli consisted of bistable arrays of disjunct dots that were followed by a mask. Grouping cues, either proximity or alignment, were randomly assigned to either the horizontal or vertical orientation, and subjects indicated whether the dots appeared grouped as a series of horizontal or vertical lines. Spatial metrics of the cues were systematically altered until they no longer served as a cue for grouping, thereby determining the grouping threshold. The stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of the mask, relative to the test stimulus, ranged from 33.3 to 150 msec. The SOA at which grouping thresholds first became elevated identified the point at which the mask first interfered with the grouping process, thereby identifying the processing time required for grouping by the specified cue. The processing time for grouping by proximity and alignment differed significantly, requiring means of 87.6 and 118.8 msec, respectively, for processing to be completed. These measurements serve to identify the processing time necessary for spatially integrating stimulus elements into unified forms, thereby delineating temporal constraints at this stage of visual processing.
The relation between infant behavioral style during operant conditioning and parental report of later learning concerns

Abstract The relation between infant behavioral style and later behavior and learning was studied using an infant conditioning task, mobile conjugate reinforcement, and a childhood behavior measure. Predicted gender differences were obtained. For boys only, early measures of attention and number of reinforcement kicks were related to items on the Learning Problem scale of the Conners' Parent Rating Scales (Conners, 1990).
Product compositions in rapid hydropyrolysis of coal

Abstract The rapid hydropyrolysis of a Montana lignite and a Pittsburgh Seam bituminous coal has been examined at a high heating rate (1000 °C s −1 ). The results are interpreted in the light of those presented previously for pyrolysis of the two coals. A complex situation involving simultaneous chemical and mass transfer rate control is revealed, and it is apparent that the pyrolysis phase cannot be treated separately from the hydropyrolysis phase. Three key process variables, hydrogen pressure, temperature, and particle diameter, are seen to have major effects on the total yields of products. There appears to be an important tradeoff between high hydrogen pressures and high temperatures. Under the present conditions of almost zero vapour residence time at elevated temperatures, methane is the principal product of reaction between hydrogen and coal, and the yields of light aromatic liquids are small.
The psychological reality of linguistic segments

Experimentation with the subjective location of clicks heard during speech supports the following conclusions: (a) Clicks are attracted towards the nearest major syntactic boundaries in sentential material. (b) The number of correct responses is significantly higher in the case of clicks located at major segment boundaries than in the case of clicks located within segments. (c) These results are consistent with the view that the segments marked by formal constituent structure analysis in fact function as perceptual units and that the click displacement is an effect which insures the integrity of these units. (d) The distribution of acoustic pauses in the sentential material does not account for the observed distribution of errors. (e) There is a slight tendency to prepose responses to clicks in sentences. This tendency is reversed during later stages of the experimental session. Both these effects are asymmetrical for the two ears.
Reevaluation of manometric criteria for vigorous achalasia

Clinical and manometric data from 97 consecutive patients with idiopathic achalasia were analyzed to see if a distinct subset with vigorous achalasia could be identified. Statistical analyses failed to detect a unique group of subjects based on the distribution of contraction wave amplitudes alone. Because of this, patients falling above the 95th percentile (N=4, mean wave amplitude>100 mm Hg for each) were compared with those having mean amplitudes above the conventional threshold for the diagnosis of vigorous achalasia (mean amplitude 60–100 mm Hg,N=4), and with the remainder (N=89, mean amplitude 100 mm Hg were all male, were older (67±4 years vs 47±2 years; P<0.01), and appeared to have somewhat longer duration of symptoms when compared with the remainder (82±41 vs 44±10 months;P=0.4). Chest pain and other esophageal symptoms, basal and residual lower sphincter pressures, and response to first treatment did not differ among the three groups. These data indicate that high-fidelity manometry techniques identify a rare subset of achalasia patients with mean contraction amplitudes exceeding 100 mm Hg that, although older and possibly with greater duration of symptoms, presents similarly to others with idiopathic achalasia. Outcome from conventional treatment is also similar for the “vigorous” and “nonvigorous” patients, making the distinction of questionable value.
Decay schemes of 109 d 127mTe and 9.4 h 127gTe

Abstract Gamma rays emitted in the decay of a secular equilibrium mixture of 109 d 127m Te and 9.4h 127g Te and in the decay of 127g Te alone have been investigated using high-resolution Ge(Li) detectors. In the decay of the equilibrium mixture, five new γ-rays have been observed with energies: 172.1, 375.0, 618.6, 628.6 and 651.0 keV. New β-transitions observed in the decay of 127g Te are to levels at 375.0 keV and 618.6 keV, and a new transition to a 628.6 keV level is observed in 127m Te decay. Comparative β- and γ-ray counting of equilibrium 127 Te sources with a low-background, proportional counter and Ge(Li) detectors, respectively, established absolute values for β-group intensities to levels of 127 I. The I.T. branching of 127m Te was found to be 97.6 %, and the β-group intensity from 127g Te to the 127 I ground state is 98.8 %. The log ft values of 8.7, 9.7 and 8.7 for allowed β-transitions to the levels at 619, 375 and 203 keV, respectively, disclose severe hindrances that reflect dissimilarities in parent and daughter state wave functions. Hindered first-forbidden β-transitions were also observed.
The systolic to diastolic duration ratio in children with heart failure secondary to restrictive cardiomyopathy.

Systole (S) and diastole (D) are fundamental to cardiac function, yet their durations are not routinely evaluated. We defined the S/D duration ratio in 11 children with restrictive cardiomyopathy (CM) and 31 control subjects, using tricuspid regurgitant flow duration. We correlated S/D ratio, S duration, and D duration with heart rate and compared groups. Heart rates of control subjects and patients with restrictive CM were similar ( P = .995). The S/D ratio was higher in patients with restrictive CM than in control subjects (1.6 ± 0.81 vs 0.8 ± 0.19, P P P r = 0.95, P
Colles's fracture

Abstract The numerous unsatisfactory results of the handling of Colles's fracture, despite the general understanding of its treatment, leads the writer to direct attention to this fracture. Imperfect reduction, due to the failure to restore the anterior palmar tilt of the lower end of the radius, is the cause of the majority of unsatisfactory results. Colles's fracture is a fracture near a joint, and if the deformity is only partially reduced, the wrist joint remains weak and chronic changes with a resultant loss of function develop. Colles's fracture is a simple fracture to reduce and there is little excuse for a poor result. In reduction, the deformity is first increased by pulling the wrist back; then the lower end of the radius is forced toward the ulnar side to overcome the radial displacement; and finally, the radial fragment is pushed forward into position, letting the wrist fall into flexion.
Growth and Characterization of In x Ga1−x As/GaAs1−y P y Strained-Layer Superlattices with High Values of y (~80%)

Strained-layer superlattice (SLS) structures, such as InGaAs/GaAsP lattice matched to GaAs, have shown great potential in absorption devices such as photodetectors and triple-junction photovoltaic cells. However, until recently they have been somewhat hindered by their usage of low-phosphorus GaAsP barriers. High-P-composition GaAsP was developed as the barrier for InGaAs/GaAsP strained-layer superlattice (SLS) structures, and the merits of using such a high composition of phosphorus are discussed. It is believed that these barriers represent the highest phosphorus content to date in such a structure. By using high-composition GaAsP the carriers are collected via tunneling (for barriers ≤30 A) as opposed to thermionic emission. Thus, by utilizing thin, high-content GaAsP barriers one can increase the percentage of the intrinsic in a p-i-n structure that is composed of InGaAs wells in addition to increasing the number of periods that can be grown for given depletion width. However, standard SLSs of this type inherently possess undesirable compressive strain and quantum size effects (QSEs) that cause the optical absorption of the thin InGaAs SLS wells to shift to higher energies relative to that of bulk InGaAs of the same composition. To circumvent these deleterious QSEs, stress-balanced, pseudomorphic InGaAs/GaAsP staggered SLSs were grown. Staggering was achieved by removing a portion of one well and adding it to an adjacent well. The spectral response obtained from device characterization indicated that staggering resulted in thicker InGaAs films with reduced cutoff energy. Additionally, these data confirm that tunneling is a very effective means for carrier transport in the SLS.
Theoretic insights on the nature of performance synergies in human resource systems: Toward greater precision

Abstract Synergy is a central tenet of the organizational level approach to human resource management (HRM). However, current theoretic treatments of synergy in the HRM literature are too inspecific to offer much insight about its essential characteristics in HRM systems. To move the treatment of synergy toward greater precision, this paper describes three different theoretic approaches to synergy in HRM systems: virtuous overlaps, independent effects, and efficient complementarities. Each of these approaches to synergy is better fitted to some contingencies than to others and is operationalized by different methodologies. Recognizing these different varieties of HRM system synergy allows researchers to better understand and estimate the impact of HRM systems on organizational performance. Moreover, the theoretic perspectives on synergy described here apply to many types of systems beyond HRM.
On viewing rhetoric as epistemic

The common justification of rhetoric as “making the truth effective” courts an attitude which has nearly always viewed rhetoric as the harlot of the arts. “Truth,” of course, can be taken in several senses. If one takes it as prior and immutable, then one has no use for rhetoric except to address inferiors. If one takes it as contingent, then perhaps one ought avoid the term altogether or at least re‐examine the familiar justification, since it implies truth as somehow existing prior to persuasion.
Varieties of modules: kinds, levels, origins, and behaviors.

This article began as a review of a conference, organized by Gerhard Schlosser, entitled "Modularity in Development and Evolution." The conference was held at, and sponsored by, the Hanse Wissenschaftskolleg in Delmenhorst, Germany in May, 2000. The article subsequently metamorphosed into a literature and concept review as well as an analysis of the differences in current perspectives on modularity. Consequently, I refer to general aspects of the conference but do not review particular presentations. I divide modules into three kinds: structural, developmental, and physiological. Every module fulfills none, one, or multiple functional roles. Two further orthogonal distinctions are important in this context: module-kinds versus module-variants-of-a-kind and reproducer versus nonreproducer modules. I review criteria for individuation of modules and mechanisms for the phylogenetic origin of modularity. I discuss conceptual and methodological differences between developmental and evolutionary biologists, in particular the difference between integration and competition perspectives on individualization and modular behavior. The variety in views regarding modularity presents challenges that require resolution in order to attain a comprehensive, rather than a piecemeal and fragmentary, evolutionary developmental biology. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 291:116-129, 2001.