cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antioxidants and Atherosclerosis Don’t Throw Out the Baby With the Bath Water

Several lines of evidence support a role for oxidative stress and inflammation in atherogenesis. Epidemiological studies suggest that low levels of antioxidants are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and that increased intakes appear to be protective. In supplementation studies in humans, alpha-tocopherol (AT), the major form of vitamin E, decreases lipid peroxidation (low-density lipoprotein [LDL] oxidation and F2-isoprostanes) and platelet aggregation and adhesion and is antiinflammatory.1 See p 947 However, results of prospective antioxidant clinical trials have been disappointing. The Table summarizes the large prospective trials with antioxidants published to date, including the article by Salonen et al2 that appears in this issue of Circulation . View this table: Summary of Prospective Antioxidant Clinical Trials Before this recent report of Salonen et al,2 there have been 10 previous studies that used various combinations of antioxidants, including AT, ascorbic acid (AA), and beta-carotene (BC) on cardiovascular events (CVE). Of the 10 studies, 3 showed a benefit with regards to the primary endpoint (Table). In the Cambridge Heart AntiOxidant Study (CHAOS), patients received placebo or natural AT (RRR-AT) at a dose of either 400 or 800 IU/d.3 AT supplementation resulted in a significant increase in plasma AT levels and a significant 47% reduction in the primary endpoint, defined as combined endpoint of cardiovascular death and non-fatal myocardial infarction. However, there was no significant effect on cardiovascular mortality. The Secondary Prevention with Antioxidants of Cardiovascular disease in End-stage renal disease (SPACE) study4 was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, secondary prevention trial in hemodialysis patients. The primary endpoint was a composite variable consisting of myocardial infarction (fatal and non-fatal), ischemic stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and unstable angina. In addition to a significant increase in AT levels, RRR-AT (800 IU/d) significantly decreased the primary endpoint by 54%. The third study …
Cellular mechanism of the modulation of contractile function by coronary perfusion pressure in ferret hearts

1. Isovolumic left ventricular pressure was measured at various coronary arterial pressures in Langendorff-perfused ferret hearts. The concentrations of phosphorus-containing metabolites were measured using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), was measured with 19F NMR in a group of hearts that were loaded with the calcium indicator 5F-BAPTA. 2. Developed pressure increased when coronary arterial pressure was raised from the control value of 80 to 100-160 mmHg and decreased when coronary pressure was lowered to 40-70 mmHg. The changes were reversible. 3. Coronary flow varied directly with coronary pressure over the entire range from 40 to 160 mmHg. 4. The concentrations of phosphorus-containing metabolites and the efflux of lactate from the heart remained unchanged at coronary pressures of 60 mmHg or higher. Below 60 mmHg, intracellular pH decreased, while inorganic phosphate concentration and lactate efflux increased. 5. In contrast to the developed pressure during twitch contractions, maximal Ca2+-activated pressure remained constant at coronary pressures of 60-160 mmHg. Only below a coronary pressure of 60 mmHg did maximal Ca2+-activated pressure decline. 6. An increase in coronary pressure produced an increase in developed pressure even in hearts stretched to the peak of the Frank-Starling relation. 7. When coronary pressure was lowered from 80 to 60 mmHg, [Ca2+]i decreased during systole; the opposite effect was apparent when coronary pressure was raised from 80 to 120 mmHg. 8. We conclude that coronary perfusion (pressure or flow) modulates intracellular calcium and, consequently, contractile force. Ischaemia cannot fully explain this phenomenon, nor can changes in sarcomere length.
Antibody Responses to DNA in Normal Immunity and Aberrant Immunity

Among antibodies directed to biological macromolecules, antibodies to DNA (anti-DNA) are unique in their association with the pathological state. These antibodies are the serologic hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and serve as markers for diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, as indicated by the correlation of antibody levels with disease activity, anti-DNA play a major role in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. The close association of anti-DNA with SLE has implied that immune responses to DNA are an exclusive feature of autoimmune disease (5). Although assessment of anti-DNA remains clinically valuable, recent data suggest that the current conceptualization of anti-DNA needs revision. These data provide a new perspective on lupus serology and show clearly that production of anti-DNA occurs in hosts with normal immunity as well as those with aberrant immunity. The salient feature of the production of normal anti-DNA, however, is its specificity for bacterial DNA. Furthermore, as shown in studies with both mice and humans, antibody induction is just one facet of bacterial DNA’s far-reaching immunological properties. This review considers current information on antibody responses to DNA, focusing on their role in SLE as well as normal host defense.
W-sash affects positive and negative elements controlling c-kit expression: ectopic c-kit expression at sites of kit-ligand expression affects melanogenesis

The receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit and its cognate ligand KL are encoded at the white spotting (W) and steel (Sl) loci of the mouse, respectively. Mutations at both the W and the Sl locus cause deficiencies in gametogenesis, melanogenesis and hematopoiesis (erythrocytes and mast cells). The W-sash mutation differs from most W mutations in that it affects primarily mast cells and melanogenesis but not other cellular targets of W and Sl mutations. Thus, Wsh/Wsh mice are fertile and not anemic, but they lack mast cells in their skin and intestine and are devoid of coat pigment. Heterozygotes are black with a broad white sash/belt in the lumbar region. In order to determine the basis for the phenotypes of W-sash mice, we investigated c-kit RNA and protein expression patterns in adult Wsh/Wsh mice and during embryonic development. We show that c-kit expression is absent in bone-marrow-derived Wsh/Wsh mast cells, the fetal and the adult lung, and the digestive tract at embryonic day 13 1/2 (E13 1/2), tissues that normally express c-kit. Unexpectedly, in E10 1/2 and 11 1/2d Wsh/Wsh embryos, we found c-kit expression in the dermatome of the somites, the mesenchyme around the otic vesicle and the floorplate of the neural tube, structures known to express the c-kit ligand in wild-type embryos. The ectopic c-kit expression in Wsh homozygous embryos does not affect c-kit ligand expression. The presumed Wsh/Wsh melanoblasts appeared to be normal and, at E10 1/2, similar numbers were found in normal and homozygous mutant embryos. At E13 1/2 +/+ embryos had a graded distribution of melanoblasts from cranial to caudal with a minimum in the lumbar region. Whereas E13 1/2 homozygous Wsh/Wsh embryos essentially lacked c-kit-positive cells in the skin, E13 1/2 heterozygous Wsh/+ embryos had reduced numbers of melanoblasts compared to +/+ with few or none in the lumbar region (future sash). It is proposed that ectopic c-kit expression in the somitic dermatome affects early melanogenesis in a dominant fashion. Molecular analysis of Wsh chromosomal DNA revealed a deletion or rearrangement in the vicinity of the c-kit gene. These results provide an explanation for the Wsh phenotype and have implications for the control of c-kit expression.
Complete Genome Sequence of Trueperella pyogenes, an Important Opportunistic Pathogen of Livestock

ABSTRACT Here, we report the complete genome sequence of Trueperella pyogenes TP6375, a strain isolated from the uterus of a dairy cow affected with metritis. The complete circular genome is 2,338,390 bp and contains several genes needed for pathogenicity.
Integrating conversational virtual humans and mannequin patient simulators to present mixed reality clinical training experiences

We integrated two simulators, a Virtual Patient (VP) system and a physical Human Patient Simulator (HPS) to create a mixed reality conscious sedation training environment. The VP system simulates clinical environments where learners conduct patient interviews. The HPS is a mannequin that models and simulates a wide array of clinical signs. The VP+HPS combination provides new capabilities specially suited for conscious sedation training. Future work will evaluate the efficacy of this MR simulation.
Integrated Heat-Flux Sensors for Harsh Environments Using Thermal-Spray Technology

Heat-flux sensors are widely used in thermal and heat-transfer engineering applications. Commercial heat-flux sensors currently available for harsh environments, however, remain limited due to complications in positioning/attaching the sensor onto the component, the inability to operate at high temperatures, and potentially altering or degrading the engineering device by the physical presence of the sensor. In this paper, heat-flux sensors have been fabricated for the first time entirely by using a thermal-spray technology. The sensors are fabricated directly onto engineering surfaces and consist of five to seven thermocouples arranged electrically in series and thermally in parallel, such that the heat flux is measured normal to the surface, on which the sensor resides. Devices are tested under both steady-state and transient conditions at temperatures up to 100 degC. They exhibit a very good linearity between the heat flux and voltage output. Analytical modeling of the steady-state and transient responses is also presented and compared to experimental results. If successful, thermal-spray heat-flux sensors could represent a significant enabling technology for heat-flux sensing at high temperatures, in harsh environments, and in embedded sensor applications
Oxidative Stress Is Linked to ERK1/2-p16 Signaling-mediated Growth Defect in ATM-deficient Astrocytes *

The gene that encodes the ATM protein kinase is mutated in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T). One of the prominent features of A-T is progressive neurodegeneration. We have previously reported that primary astrocytes isolated from Atm-/- mice grow slowly and die earlier than control cells in culture. However, the mechanisms for this remain unclear. We show here that intrinsic elevated intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are associated with the senescence-like growth defect of Atm-/- astrocytes. This condition is accompanied by constitutively higher levels of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and p16Ink4a in Atm-/- astrocytes. We also observe that ROS-induced up-regulation of p16Ink4a occurs correlatively with ERK1/2-dependent down-regulation and subsequent dissociation from chromatin of Bmi-1. Furthermore, both mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK inhibitor PD98059 and antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine restored normal proliferation of Atm-/- astrocytes. These results suggest that ATM is required for normal astrocyte growth through its ability to stabilize intracellular redox status and that the inability to control ROS is the molecular basis of limited cell growth of Atm-/- astrocytes. This defect may be mediated by a mechanism involving ERK1/2 activation and Bmi-1 derepression of p16Ink4a. These data identify new potential targets for therapeutic intervention in A-T neurodegeneration.
The influence of planning an implementation success of advanced manufacturing technologies

The relationship between planning and implementation of advanced manufacturing technologies (AMT), and the ability to obtain a competitive edge is generally assumed but not empirically verified. Using a questionnaire approach, this study surveyed a sample of 222 manufacturing firms who have implemented AMT's to address these issues. The results show that the quality of the planning system, measured in terms of scope/comprehensiveness and adaptiveness, had significant moderating influences on the relationship between the perceived need for strategic change and implementation success. That is, all other things being equal, planning systems helped firms to better focus on their performance-deficiency areas and exploit AMT's capabilities, thereby enabling superior performance and greater satisfaction with their AMT systems. Awareness of the capabilities/suitability of AMT's to the firm's operating contest (technology-push), and recognition of performance shortcomings (need-pull) also have significant direct influences on the two outcome variables. >
Design considerations for energy storage power electronics interfaces for high penetration of renewable energy sources

This paper discusses design considerations of power electronics interfaces between renewable energy sources and energy storage. When renewable energy sources — including photovoltaic modules, wind generators, and fuel cells — are used to generate power, there are certain electrical properties of each source that need to be considered for the design of energy storage power electronics interface. In addition, energy storage's charging and discharging characteristics also need to be considered in order to maintain its long life and high reliability. In this paper, properties of renewable energy sources and energy storage are discussed to obtain design considerations for power electronics interfaces. Moreover, different converter types for various applications will be introduced and discussed to acquire a suitable design. Finally, a design example of an interface for photovoltaic applications will be presented and verified by computer simulations.
External-Beam Accelerated Partial-Breast Irradiation: Exploring the Limits of Tolerability

Radiation therapy is a critical element of breast-conserving therapy that has been shown to yield a substantial improvement in local control and a modest improvement in survival. 1 In most studies of adjuvant radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery, standard fractionation, with doses of 1.8 to 2.0 Gy per treatment, has been used to administer treatment to the whole breast, once a day. This approach relies on the radiobiologic rationale that slowly dividing cells of normaltissuescanrepairradiation-induceddamagebetweensmall daily fractions in a way that rapidly dividing tumor cells, which are often characterized by deficiencies in DNA repair, cannot. Thus, fractionation of dose contributes to the therapeutic ratio of radiation treatment. Because 5 to 6 weeks of standard fractionated treatment are necessary to reach total doses that generally control microscopic disease,concernshavearisenregardingtheconvenience,access,andcost of this approach. At the same time, evidence has emerged to suggest that breast cancer cells may be more sensitive to larger fraction sizes than previously thought, suggesting that lower total doses of radiotherapy may be equally efficacious if treatment is administered in larger daily fractions. Therefore, interest in hypofractionated schedules of breast irradiation has grown in recent years. Severalstudieshaveexploredavarietyofschedulesforhypofractionated whole-breast irradiation, including a Canadian randomized trial that reported equivalent efficacy and toxicity at 10 years from a schedule of 42.5 Gy in 16 fractions compared with 50 Gy in 25 fractions. 2 Randomized trials from the United Kingdom have also demonstrated equivalent outcomes comparing standard whole-breast irradiation with hypofractionated whole-breast irradiation. 3,4 Others have been motivated to explore treatment to only part of the breast, inspiredbyfindingsthatsuggestthatthemajorityoflocalrecurrences after breast-conserving surgery occur in the region of the tumor bed.
Signal scavenging for passive monitoring in eldercare technology

Signal scavenging is analogous to energy scavenging: seemingly ubiquitous energy in the environs provides the signal for usage as a personnel sensor. Such energy can be used to detect motion, and most importantly falls. Stray signals can be detected in aluminum foil as voltage differences between touched foil (say by hand) compared to that untouched. Spectrum analysis shows the stray electromagnetic noise signal consists substantially of 60 Hz and its harmonics. Also the signal intensity for both touched and untouched monotonically increases with foil area. While personnel monitors find utility in many areas including security, personnel control and activity detection, we believe these putative sensors to be useful in inobtrusive monitoring of elders to provide them with increased independence at a critical time in their lives.
Synthesis and electronic properties of bis-styryl substituted trimeric aryleneethynylenes. Comparison of cruciforms with iso-cruciforms

Abstract Four 1,2-distyryl-4,5-bis(phenylethynyl)benzenes are described. A two step synthesis, a combination of Horner and Sonogashira methods is utilized. The targets and their para isomers were examined by UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopies as well as by cyclic voltammetry. They show solvatochromic behavior and are easily oxidized if the styryl units carry dialkylamino substitutents. Single crystal structures of three derivatives have been obtained.
Abstract 1635: Mechanistic investigation of neutropenia associated with palbociclib

Bone marrow suppression, especially neutropenia, has been identified as one of the main dose-limiting toxicities for the selective CDK4/6 inhibitor, palbociclib, in the clinic. However, compared to chemotherapy-induced myelotoxicity, palbociclib-induced neutropenia is quickly reversible, uncomplicated and is proactively managed by a short duration treatment-free period between cycles, or reactively by dose delay or reduction. To aid in understanding the mechanism by which neutropenia occurs and to further differentiate it from chemotherapy- induced myelotoxicity, an in vitro bone marrow toxicity assay was utilized to evaluate the cellular mechanism and the reversibility of bone marrow suppression induced by palbociclib as a single agent or in combination with anti-estrogens. This investigation has demonstrated that palbociclib-induced bone marrow suppression manifested through cell cycle arrest without apoptosis; by contrast, chemotherapeutic agents, including paclitaxel, doxorubicin, and carboplatin, primarily caused apoptotic cell death in the bone marrow. Following palbociclib treatment withdrawal in vitro, bone marrow cells resumed proliferation in the presence or absence of the anti-estrogen (fulvestrant); while breast cancer cells (MCF-7) remained arrested in the presence of fulvestrant. Bone marrow cells did not resume proliferation following chemotherapy treatment withdrawal. To further investigate the mechanism of reversibility, we evaluated the involvement of cellular senescence. Bone marrow cells did not enter senescence following treatment with palbociclib, anti-estrogen, or a combination of both agents. MCF-7 cells, on the other hand, became senescent following palbociclib or anti-estrogen treatment, and this effect was larger in the presence of both agents. In summary, the current investigative work shed light on the mechanism of palbociclib- induced bone marrow suppression and clearly differentiated it from that induced by chemotherapeutic agents. These results potentially explain the quick reversibility of palbociclib-induced myelosuppression and its uncomplicated nature when compared to traditional cytotoxic agents. Moreover, the data supports the current dosing regimen in the clinic, which provides time for bone marrow cells to recover during the 1 week treatment-free period without impacting tumor efficacy. This investigative work provides valuable information to the clinicians in managing the neutropenia risk associated with breast cancer treatment. This research was funded by Pfizer, Inc. Citation Format: Wenyue Hu, Tae Sung, Bart Jessen, Aida Sacaan. Mechanistic investigation of neutropenia associated with palbociclib. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1635. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1635
Behavioral Risk Constraints in Investment Analysis

One of the important criticisms of the variance-covariance concept of risk is that it does not adequately describe manager’s risk preferences and risk-evaluation procedures. Good examples of this kind of criticism are found in Mao [21] and in Machol and Lerner [20]. They argue instead for a kind of “failure risk” concept.
Location of an Economic Activity

The location of firms is at the very heart of location theory. Rather than firms, one should consider plants however, for a firm may have several plants (chapter 6), and plants are but one type of production facility. So it is common now to speak of the location of an economic activity. This includes services and distribution, but not residential housing or agriculture, two types of land intensive economic activities that are usually considered in the context of land use (chapter 11).
New Technology Priorities: A Reassessment of Opportunities

The emergence of the concept of national ‘pull’ projects and the National Technology Initiative can be viewed as a manifestation of the ongoing process of setting various new priorities at the federal level. In this connection, a fundamentally new approach has been suggested in the framework of the National Technology Initiative, with the orientation towards more promising consumer markets where Russia will be able to fill appropriate niches due to the development of new technologies, as well as an adequate infrastructure and institutions necessary for their support.
Place-Based Care Ethics: A Field Philosophy Pedagogy.

In this paper we argue for the need for a thoughtful and intentional pedagogy in experiential environmental learning that educates for empathetic relationships with humans, nonhuman others, and natural systems, or field philosophy. After discussing the tensions in various ecofeminist perspectives, we highlight relevant ecofeminist ideas and thread them with the intentions and goals of field philosophy. Drawing on ecofeminism, environmental ethics, environmental education, and place-based learning, we develop a place-based care ethics pedagogical framework. We then provide an example of a field philosophy course designed around an environmental pedagogy of care to demonstrate the transformative potential of this approach to experiential environmental humanities learning.
Graphene oxides dispersing and hosting graphene sheets for unique nanocomposite materials.

Graphene oxides (GOs), beyond their widely reported use as precursors for single-layer graphene sheets, are in fact excellent materials themselves (polymers in two-dimension, polyelectrolyte-like, aqueous solubility and biocompatibility, etc.). In this reported work we used aqueous GOs to effectively disperse few-layer graphene sheets (GNs) in suspension for facile wet-processing into nanocomposites of GNs embedded in GOs (as the polymeric matrix). The resulting lightweight and plastic-like nanocomposite materials remained mechanically flexible even at high loadings of GNs, and they were found to be highly efficient in thermal transport, with the experimentally determined thermal diffusivity competitive to those typically observed only in well-known thermally conductive metals such as aluminum and copper. As demonstrated, GOs apparently represent a unique class of two-dimensional polymeric materials for potentially “all-carbon” nanocomposites, among others, which may find technological applications indepe...
Alleviating Praxis Shock: Induction Policy and Programming for Urban Music Educators.

ABSTRACTAn integral part of a teacher learning continuum ranging from preservice education to professional development for experienced educators, new teacher induction holds particular potential to effect change in urban education. Accordingly, this article offers recommendations for induction-related policy and programming capable of supporting beginning music educators' professional growth in urban settings. Four programmatic components well-suited to addressing urban music teachers' distinctive learning needs are discussed: professional development tailored to urban settings, collaborative communities of practice, mentoring, and school-university partnerships.
Axonal Degeneration: RIPK1 Multitasking in ALS

A recent study reports that microglia and oligodendrocytes promote motor neuron degeneration by inducing inflammation and necroptosis in a manner dependent on receptor-interacting kinase 1 (RIPK1). These findings could be significant for our understanding of the neurobiology and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
In vivo Magnetic Resonance Elastography of mesenchymally derived constructs

The multidisciplinary field of tissue engineering (TE) aims to create biological substitutes to restore, maintain, or enhance the function of tissue or whole organs, in which the mechanical properties of replacements are critical to their structure and function. Several techniques have been investigated for measuring the mechanical properties of developing tissues and organs; however, current methods are destructive. The goal of this work is to apply high resolution Magnetic Resonance Elastography (μMRE) technique with 100 µm in-plane resolution to address a critical problem in TE: nondestructive monitoring and characterization of growing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-based tissue engineered constructs. In this study, μMRE is used to assess the development of osteogenic and adipogenic constructs implanted in immunodeficient nude mice. In vivo MRE experiments were conducted at 9.4 T (400 MHz for protons) using an 89 mm vertical bore magnet. Multiple shear waves were presented in the adipogenic constructs in comparison to the osteogenic constructs. This study demonstrated that μMRE can be used to non-invasively monitor the growth and development of various types of engineered tissues in vivo.
Designing Automated Guidance to Promote Productive Revision of Science Explanations

Supporting students to revise their written explanations in science can help students to integrate disparate ideas and develop a coherent, generative account of complex scientific topics. Using natural language processing to analyze student written work, we compare forms of automated guidance designed to motivate productive revision and help students integrate their understanding of science. Research shows the benefit of providing timely, transparent guidance to students and identifies some challenges. Specifically, (a) students often believe online guidance is generic rather than adapted to their response; and (b) students do not always engage effortfully with online guidance to improve their written responses. We conducted two studies to address these challenges. In Study 1, we created transparent guidance that clarified how the computer personalizes guidance based on the student response. We hypothesized that transparent guidance would be especially valuable for low prior knowledge students who might expect the computer guidance to be too difficult. We found that transparent guidance had a greater impact than typical guidance on low prior knowledge student revisions, suggesting that student beliefs about how guidance is designed influence their performance. In Study 2, implemented in six schools, we compared two specific guidance strategies: revisiting evidence and planning writing changes. We found that both revisiting and planning guidance resulted in significant improvement in student knowledge integration, although neither guidance strategy showed a significant advantage over the other. In addition, we found that the form of guidance interacted with school, suggesting that teacher practices could reinforce a specific guidance strategy. These results illustrate ways to design guidance to strengthen student understanding of science. They raise important questions about when to encourage revisiting, how to design instruction focused on planning, and how to instill a lifelong practice of engaging in iterative refinement of scientific explanations.
LATENT GROWTH CURVE MODELS FOR BIOMARKERS OF THE STRESS RESPONSE

Objective: The stress response is a dynamic process that can be characterized by predictable biochemical and psychological changes. Biomarkers of the stress response are typically measured over time and require statistical methods that can model change over time. One flexible method of evaluating change over time is the latent growth curve model (LGCM). However, stress researchers seldom use the LGCM when studying biomarkers, despite their benefits. Stress researchers may be unaware of how these methods can be useful. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of LGCMs in the context of stress research. We specifically highlight the unique benefits of using these approaches. Methods: Hypothetical examples are used to describe four forms of the LGCM. Results: The following four specifications of the LGCM are described: basic LGCM, latent growth mixture model, piecewise LGCM, and LGCM for two parallel processes. The specifications of the LGCM are discussed in the context of the Trier Social Stress Test. Beyond the discussion of the four models, we present issues of modeling nonlinear patterns of change, assessing model fit, and linking specific research questions regarding biomarker research using different statistical models. Conclusions: The final sections of the paper discuss statistical software packages and more advanced modeling capabilities of LGCMs. The online Appendix contains example code with annotation from two statistical programs for the LCGM.
Early Onset of Kinetic Roughening due to a Finite Step Width in Hematin Crystallization

The structure of the interface of a growing crystal with its nutrient phase largely determines the growth dynamics. We demonstrate that hematin crystals, crucial for the survival of malaria parasites, transition from faceted to rough growth interfaces at increasing thermodynamic supersaturation Δμ. Contrary to theoretical predictions and previous observations, this transition occurs at moderate values of Δμ. Moreover, surface roughness varies nonmonotonically with Δμ, and the rate constant for rough growth is slower than that resulting from nucleation and spreading of layers. We attribute these unexpected behaviors to the dynamics of step growth dominated by surface diffusion and the loss of identity of nuclei separated by less than the step width w. We put forth a general criterion for the onset of kinetic roughening using w as a critical length scale.
Cold sintering approach to fabrication of high rate performance binderless LiFePO4 cathode with high volumetric capacity

Abstract The cold sintering process (CSP) is an attractive method for densifying ceramic-based materials by using a transient aqueous solution at low temperature under high pressure. CSP was applied to increase the volumetric capacity density of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) based cathodes by densifying the cathode structure directly formed on a current collector. The binderless LFP cathode had a density of ~ 2.42 g/cm3 and was capable of being cycled even at the high current rate of 10C. The gravimetric and volumetric capacity of the cold sintered LFP at 10C were ~ 102 mAh/g and 247 mAh/cm3, respectively.
Experimental and Scale Analysis of a Solid/Liquid Phase Change Thermal Energy Storage System

ABSTRACTA detailed experimental study has been carried out to evaluate the heat transfer performance of a solid/liquid phase-change thermal energy storage system. The phase-change material, 99% pur...
Basic Concepts and Design Characteristics of Workers’ Compensation

In 1884, Germany introduced workers’ compensation (WC) to the world. Poland enacted a WC law the same year. Czechoslovakia and Austria followed in 1887. By 1900, 11 nations had WC programs; by 1950 the number was 109 and still growing. Of the 141 countries included in the Social Security Programs Throughout the World—1987 published by the U.S. Social Security Administration (1988), all but five had some type of WC program. For 106 of the 136 countries with WC, WC was their first social insurance program. For eight of these nations, most of them located in Africa, worker’s compensation is still their only social insurance program.
Iron storage and transport markers in Parkinson’s disease and MPTP-treated mice

The regulation of neuronal iron is necessary for the synthesis of iron containing cytochromes and to prevent damage from free radicals by iron-oxygen interactions. We have shown that transferrin receptors are elevated over the substantia nigra in the human and rat brain (Mash et al., 1990) and are depleted concomitantly with dopaminergic terminals in the MPTP-treated mouse striatum (Mash et al., 1991). Given the iron dependency for both synthetic and degradative enzyme activities, dopaminergic neurons may express transferrin receptors on their cell surface to facilitate the uptake of iron bound to transferrin. If the intracellular iron pool is regulated by receptor-mediated transferrin uptake, then an up-regulation of transferrin receptor number may play a role in the pathogenesis of nigral cell damage in Parkinson’s disease. Early in the disease process, surviving dopaminergic neurons may increase the number of transferrin receptors in order to meet the increased metabolic demand associated with compensatory changes in dopamine synthesis and turnover. The uptake of ferrotransferrin by dopaminergic neurons may result in a progressive elevation in the cellular iron load that exceeds the regulatory capacity for increased ferritin expression in the aging brain.
Maxwell II. Modes and Mode Propagation

In the chapter on interference we discussed the resonance mode of a Fabry-Perot. We found that all light was transmitted for a specific wavelength λ and separation D of the Fabry-Perot plates. The condition for generation of the modes was D = mλ/2, where m was an integer.
The Relation Between Large-Scale Vertical Motion and Weather in Summer

Large-scale vertical velocities are shown to be closely related to the probabilities of convective precipitation and fair weather in the eastern United States during July 1955. In the daytime the mean relative humidity of the 900 to 700 mb layer is better related to the probability of convective precipitation than the vertical velocity. At night, however, vertical velocity is the best single predictor of convective precipitation, with a modified Showalter Index being a very useful additional criterion. The large-scale vertical velocities that occur in normal summer synoptic situations appear to be produced by a diurnal variation in the momentum exchange between the ground and the air.
Neonatal Tbr1 Dosage Controls Cortical Layer 6 Connectivity

An understanding of how heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk genes, such as TBR1, contribute to ASD remains elusive. Conditional Tbr1 deletion during late mouse gestation in cortical layer 6 neurons (Tbr1layer6 mutants) provides novel insights into its function, including dendritic patterning, synaptogenesis, and cell-intrinsic physiology. These phenotypes occur in heterozygotes, providing insights into mechanisms that may underlie ASD pathophysiology. Restoring expression of Wnt7b largely rescues the synaptic deficit in Tbr1layer6 mutant neurons. Furthermore, Tbr1layer6 heterozygotes have increased anxiety-like behavior, a phenotype seen ASD. Integrating TBR1 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from layer 6 neurons and activity of TBR1-bound candidate enhancers provides evidence for how TBR1 regulates layer 6 properties. Moreover, several putative TBR1 targets are ASD risk genes, placing TBR1 in a central position both for ASD risk and for regulating transcriptional circuits that control multiple steps in layer 6 development essential for the assembly of neural circuits.
Sunshine Works -- Comment On

Transparency -- sunshine -- is often touted as a core element of the governance agenda, and one that is most important in environments with low transparency to begin with. In a provocative paper published in the American Political Science Review, Edmund Malesky, Paul Schuler, and Anh Tran present the results of a creative experiment in which they provided an additional spotlight on the activities of a random sample of delegates to Vietnam's National Assembly. They report that the effect of sunshine was negative, that delegates subject to this treatment curtailed their speech, and that those who spoke most critically were punished through the subsequent election and promotion processes. The present paper argues that Malesky, Schuler, and Tran's results, if interpreted correctly, actually predict a net positive effect of transparency. The differences in interpretation stem primarily from three sources: the interpretation of regression results for models with interaction terms, the interpretation of the variable for Internet penetration, and significant pre-treatment differences between treated and control delegates. For the context in which more than 80 percent of delegates operate, Malesky, Schuler, and Tran's results predict a positive but insignificant effect of transparency. In addition, Internet penetration, itself a measure of access to information, is positively associated with critical speech. The paper draws lessons for the design and interpretation of randomized experiments with interaction effects.
Examining Personal, Perceived, Treatment, and Self-Stigma in College Students: The Role of Parent Beliefs and Mental Health Literacy

Although college student mental health concerns are on the rise, many struggling students do not seek psychological treatment when needed. Stigma toward psychological treatment has been demonstrate...
The effects of obsession type and diagnostic label on OCD stigma

Abstract In this paper, we examined the degree to which stigma toward individuals with OCD is influenced by the specific form of obsession and the disclosure of a diagnostic label. Participants (N = 290) viewed a video of a young woman who presented with either “harming” obsessions (HO) or “just right” obsessions (JRO) and was either labeled or not labeled with a diagnosis of OCD. After viewing the video, participants completed a survey measuring stigmatizing attributions (pity, danger, blame) and desired social distance. Results indicated that participants showed greater stigmatizing attitudes when the individual depicted was experiencing HO compared to JRO. However, the effect of obsession type depended on whether or not a diagnosis of OCD was disclosed. In general, the disclosure of a formal diagnosis of OCD mitigated stigma in the HO condition but not in the JRO condition. Implications of this study include a need for anti-stigma efforts to recognize different obsession types as a part of OCD and that the label of OCD may be more important for reducing stigma for some obsession types more than others.
Variability and Relationships of Root Traits in a Subset of Induced Barley Mutant Collection

Although the role of roots in plant performance and in tolerating environmental stresses is unquestionable, no much emphasize have been given to roots because of difficulty in assessing root traits. Sixteen barley mutant genotypes, a representative sub-set of a barley mutant collection maintained at Akdeniz University, Turkey, two wild-type cultivars, Kaya, Quantum and one exotic cultivar, Baronesse, were evaluated to assess variability and interrelationships in root traits. The material was grown in a container filled with cocopeat-perlite mixture in a randomized complete blocks design with two replicates in a greenhouse. The longest root length, total root length, shoot length, number of primary root, root dry weight, shoot dry weight and root/shoot dry weight ratio were measured on the 7th, 14th and 21st day, respectively following the sowing date of the genotypes. There were statistically significant differences (p< 0.05) among genotypes for all characters studied. The early heading mutant, M-K-1, selected from Kaya, was superior for total root length and the longest root length comparing with the rest of entries whereas Quantum and its mutant, M-Q-54, had generally superior means for most of the traits measured. The highest broad-sense heritability estimated by variance components method (91 %) was obtained for root dry weight in this population. Regarding relationships among the traits, the strongest correlation was obtained between the longest root length and the total root length (r=0.953**). It was finally concluded that the mutants selected for above-ground characters are also of significant variability for root traits as part of the mutation spectrum.
Perspectives on hygienic behavior in Apis mellifera and other social insects

Hygienic behavior in honey bees, Apis mellifera, has been studied for over 80 years with the aim of understanding mechanisms of pathogen and parasite resistance and colony health. This review emphasizes the underlying behavioral mechanisms of hygienic behavior in honey bees and when known, in other social insects. We explore the relationship between honey bee hygienic behavior toward diseased brood and Varroa-parasitized brood (Varroa-sensitive hygiene, VSH); the timing of hygienic removal of diseased, Varroa-infested, and virus-infected brood relative to risk of transmission that can affect colony fitness; and the methods, utility, and odorants associated with different assays used to select colonies for resistance to diseases and Varroa. We also provide avenues for future research that would benefit honey bee health and survivorship.
Personal Protective Equipment Placement and Use

This chapter provides a background on the position of PPE in the hierarchy of controls. Readers will be able to identify the role of PPE in health care and barriers to use. Since so much of health care has relied on this less desirable method of occupational prevention, the chapter builds knowledge around why considerations for protection higher in the hierarchy of controls may be more effective and appropriate. It describes standards and specifications for PPE and their application in health care and provides information on selection of each PPE type. This includes the provision of lists of tools and resources that can be put into action immediately.
Effect of time on the isothermal viscosity of metallic glass supercooled liquids

Abstract The viscosity of metallic glasses is considered to remain constant during thermoplastic forming operations. Here, we quantify the time dependent change in isothermal viscosity of Pt57.5Cu14.7Ni5.3P22.5 and Zr35Ti30Cu8.25Be26.75 glass formers in the supercooled liquid state. The samples were isothermally held prior to thermoplastic molding to probe the viscosity at different times. The viscosity values were extracted from the filling length of mold cavities. The viscosity increased with annealing time and the rate of increase was found to be largely independent of temperature and type of glass former. However, the viscosity increase was higher in the outer parts of samples which experienced higher shear rate during molding. Crystal nucleation and growth contributions are considered to explain the observed changes in effective viscosity of remaining amorphous phase. Our results suggest that thermoplastic forming is an effective tool in analyzing subtle changes in structure and viscosity of metallic glass supercooled liquids.
Bikeshare destination choices and accessibility among disadvantaged communities

Abstract There is a lack of understanding of trip destination choices and behaviors for bikeshare users from disadvantaged communities, which are usually underrepresented in bikeshare users’ profiles. Consequently, this study develops a competing destination model to analyze the spatial patterns of choice parameters of bikeshare trips. This research highlights the fact that areas with improved accessibility (i.e., the capability to access different mobility services and technologies, and/or to reach key destinations/opportunities) are more likely to attract bikeshare trips. Among user types (i.e., annual members, day-pass users), annual members from disadvantaged areas are more likely to travel longer distances to other areas that offer more services and opportunities. However, these users are more sensitive to the extra charge levied after the 30-minute grace trip time. This study provides practical suggestions towards designing equitable bikeshare systems to make the social benefits of bikeshare available to all.
Trait mindfulness and cannabis use–related factors in adolescents and young adults with frequent use

Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are effective in adult substance-use treatment and may be helpful for adolescents and young adults (AYAs). One target of MBIs is to improve trait mindfulness,...
Multiple Ways for Medical Data Visualization Using 3D Slicer

Computers can process large amounts of data. Medical practitioners can deliver better services and provide more accurate diagnoses and treatment regimens to patients. This document described how 3D Slicer allows Command Line Interface (CLI), Python, Jupyter, and MATLAB in software to process medial data. 3D Slicer has become useful software worldwide since 1997, especially in the medical field for preoperative visualization and analysis. Today, 3D Slicer is supported by The National Alliance for Medical Imaging Computing (NA-MIC), Neuroimaging Analysis Center (NAC), Biomedical Informatics Research Network (BIRN), The National Center for Image-Guided Therapy (NCIGT), The Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center (CTSC), and the Slicer Community worldwide as a platform to develop new ideas. In this paper, we demonstrate our knowledge in using the 3D Slicer software.
Are They Athletes? A Self-Assessment of Athletic Identity Measurement and Perceived Benefits of Collegiate Esports Participants:

Collegiate esports is a rapidly growing entity that is managed differently across campuses, with oversight taking place in athletic departments, campus recreation departments, student affairs, and ...
Exploring the redox reactivity of the [B20H18]2− ion with carbon-based nucleophiles and electrophiles

Abstract The [B 20 H 18 ] 2− ion is characterized by the presence of electron-deficient, three-center, two-electron bonds which are susceptible to nucleophilic attack. Since the first synthesis of the ion in 1962, products of the nucleophilic attack have been reported for oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur nucleophiles; however, no ions have been reported which result from nucleophilic attack of the [B 20 H 18 ] 2− ion by carbon nucleophiles. Herein we report the preparation and single crystal X-ray analysis of the [B 20 H 17 CH 3 ] 2− ion, prepared by the oxidation of the [B 20 H 17 CH 3 ] 4− ion in situ . Oxidation of the [B 20 H 18 ] 4− ion and its derivatives, [B 20 H 17 X] 4− where X is the nucleophile, have been reported using both ferric chloride and organic oxidants; however, the oxidations only proceed in acidic solution. The [B 20 H 17 OH] 4− and [B 20 H 17 OH] 2− , both reported previously, were prepared in order to investigate the oxidation reaction. Single crystals of the [B 20 H 17 OH] 2− ion were obtained and characterized by X-ray diffraction. Oxidation of the [B 20 H 17 OH] 4− was achieved in the absence of acid, but in the presence of iodomethane; however, the anticipated methylation was not observed and instead, the [μ-B 20 H 17 OCH 3 ] 2− was isolated and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The role of the acid, or the iodomethane, in the oxidation process appears to be as an electrophile in the initiation of the oxidation process.