cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal Radiation from Partially Transparent Reflecting Bodies

The emissivity, transmissivity, and reflectivity are considered in detail for heated, reflecting, partially transparent bodies. Kirchhoff’s law, which in its usual form applies only to opaque bodies, is generalized to apply to matter of all kinds. An exact solution is found for the relationships between the “apparent reflectivity,” R*, and the true reflectivity and true transmissivity. Similarly, the “apparent transmissivity,” T*, is expressed as a function of the true transmissivity and true reflectivity. Further development of these considerations makes it possible to construct a ternary chart in which the observables E, T*, and R* are plotted at the apices of a triangle, the true transmissivities and reflectivities then appear as a system of intersecting lines on the chart.
Effects of temporary bilateral ligation of the internal carotid arteries on the low- and high-frequency somatic evoked potentials in the swine

Abstract Objective We studied effects of a temporary bilateral ligation of the internal carotid arteries on the subcortical and cortical structures of the somatosensory system by examining the thalamic input and postsynaptic cortical responses contained in the somatic evoked potentials (SEPs) recorded from the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) of the juvenile piglets in vivo. We predicted that the ligation should differentially affect these structures due to differences in blood supply. Methods The SEPs between 1 and 3000 Hz were measured in the SI cortex with a multichannel electrode array before, during and after a 20 min bilateral ligation of the internal carotid arteries in the swine under a barbiturate anesthesia. Results The ligation differentially affected the thalamic input and the cortical responses contained in the high-frequency signals (HFSs) between 400 and 2000 Hz. The amplitude of the thalamic input did not change, but the amplitudes of the cortical HFS postsynaptic to the thalamic inputs decreased immediately after start of ligation, recovering over the next 30–90 min. The latency showed a small, but significant increase for several minutes after the start of ligation for both the thalamic input and cortical responses. The ligation increased the latency and reduced the amplitude of the peak of the first cortical response in the wideband SEP corresponding to human N20. Conclusions The HFS is useful for distinguishing selective effects of the temporary ligation on the subcortical and cortical structures of the somatosensory system. Since the porcine N20 starts after the presynaptic HFS, it was not useful in differentiating thalamic and cortical effects. Significance The HFS may open a new window in studying the cortical physiology in humans.
Preparing and presenting a single one-hour lecture/discussion on death and dying

Abstract Death educators today have an excellent opportunity, as well as a responsibility, to extend their services beyond the formal classroom into the greater community. Because they are frequently asked to bring together and present to general audiences a comprehensive overview of the broad subject of death, dying, and bereavement, the following plan for preparation and presentation of a one-hour overview to a lay audience is suggested. The authors encourage readers to share their ideas or comment on the proposed plan.
MeV ion scattering for surface structure determination

Abstract In the last few years a number of groups around the world have been using energetic ion beam scattering from solids as a surface structure tool. These studies have been with energetic particles of greater than 0.1 MeV where scattering cross–sections and the flux distribution of the beam in the solid are well–understood. Low–energy ion scattering, ∼lKeV, which is very surface sensitive, continues as an important structural probe. However, the physics of the atomic collisions and the method of extraction of information are sufficiently different in these two regimes for each to obtain an individual character.
Open-Field Behavior in Mice: Evidence for a Major Gene Effect Mediated by the Visual System

In segregating F(2), F(3), and F(4) generations, albino mice had lower activity and higher defecation scores than pigmented animals when tested in a brightly lighted open field. These differences persisted when members of an F(5) generation were tested under white light, but largely disappeared under red light. Thus it was concluded that there is a major gene effect on the quantitative traits of open-field activity and defecation which is mediated by the visual system and that albino mice are more photophobic than pigmented mice under conditions of bright illumination.
The Victorian Problem with Joy

Whatever happened to joy, once the Romantic poets had bequeathed it to the Victorians as a cultural resource, and before it reappeared on the edge of Modernism, inverted but proud, as the exotic an...
U-50, 488, saline and naltrexone discrimination in U-50, 488-treated pigeons.

Pigeons treated with 10.0mg/kg/day of U-50,488 discriminated among intramuscular (i.m.) injections of U-50,488 (10mg/kg), saline, and naltrexone (0.178mg/kg), while responding under a fixed-ratio 20 schedule of food presentation. Training compounds occasioned responding on the appropriate keys with pigeons responding >/=90% on the naltrexone key at doses larger than 0.032mg/kg of naltrexone, >/=90% on the U-50,488 key at doses larger than 3.2mg/kg of U-50,488, and >/=90% on the saline key after saline. Several opioid agonists and antagonists were studied for their discriminative stimulus effects. None of the compounds substituted completely (>/=90%) for either training compound in all pigeons (n = 5); however, bremazocine substituted completely for U-50,488 in three out of five pigeons. Compounds with opioid antagonist actions under other conditions substituted for naltrexone in some subjects: levallorphan, two out of five; nalbuphine, one out of five; nalorphine, two out of five; and quadazocine, three out of four. Morphine did not substitute for naltrexone or U-50,488 in any of the subjects. When U-50,488 treatment was terminated and subjects were studied daily after injections of saline, responding occurred predominantly on the saline key; the absence of naltrexone key responding after termination of U-50,488 treatment suggests that this dosing regimen was not adequate for the development of dependence, or that the discriminative stimulus effects of abstinence-induced withdrawal were qualitatively different from the discriminative stimulus effects of naltrexone under these conditions.
Amino Acid‐Lactose Interactions and Their Sensory Consequences

The effects of twelve possible sweetness potentiators, L-alanine, glycine, D-leucine, D-phenylalanine, L-phenylalanine, D-tryptophan, L-tryptophan, Maltol, Ethyl Maltol, β-D-fructose, anhydrous α-D-glucose, and sodium chloride upon lactose were investigated using a trained sensory panel and magnitude estimation. Specific levels of each potentiator were added to five concentrations of lactose arranged in a geometrical progression within the range of 6 × 10−2 to 3 × 10−1M. The monosaccharides were evaluated separately within the range 3 × 10−2 to 3 × 10−1M and in combination with lactose. Additivity and synergism were tested using two mathematical models. Of the potential synergistic agents (PSA) examined, D-tryptophan was the only one to demonstrate possible synergistic properties. When studied using an expansion of the equation, S = KCn, no clear evidence of synergism was found. Three types of response to PSA-lactose combination were observed. The combination may be strictly additive, lactose may depress sweetness at low concentrations, or the rate of change relating concentration to response may not be constant across the concentration range tested.
Performance on the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices Test by Subjects with Cerebral Commissurotomy

Summary A modified form of the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices Test was administered to a group of patients with surgical section of the cerebral hemispheres in order to compare the independent capacity of left and right hemispheres for spatial apprehension and reasoning as indicated by this standardized test. The patterns with missing parts were presented in free vision but the answer had to be sought among a choice of three metal-etched patterns in blind tactual exploration using the left and right hands separately. Scores for the two hands as well as speed of performance showed a consistent left hand-right hemisphere superiority, even though the order of presentation was biased in favor of the left hemisphere. Scores for the left hemisphere, however, were well above chance and the results indicate that the test can be performed by either the right or left hemisphere but that the two use different strategies of approach and different , modes of central processing.
Hochleistungsmaterialien: Trends und Möglichkeiten am Beispiel flüssigkristalliner Polymere

In den letzten zehn Jahren haben sich Forschung und Entwicklung vermehrt dem Gebiet der speziellen Polymere zugewendet. Das Interesse bezieht sich auf zwei Kategorien von Polymeren: a) auf Polymere, die in sehr kleinen Mengen als Zusatzstoffe dienen, um kritische Anforderungen als Teil eines Systems erfullen zu konnen, und b) auf technische Kunststoffe mit einem hohen Leistungsprofil hinsichtlich des mechanischen Verhaltens und der thermischen Belastbarkeit. Die erste Kategorie reicht von Polymeren fur leistungsfahige Resiste und Isolier-schichten fur mikroelektronische Schaltungen bis zu Membranen fur Filtrationssysteme. Die zweite Kategorie umfast verbesserte Matrixharzsysteme fur Hochleistungsverbundwerkstoffe sowie flussigkristalline Polymere. Dieser Bericht gibt zunachst einen Uberblick uber Chancen fur den Einsatz von Hochleistungsmaterialien und besonders fur Spezialpolymere. Anschliesend wird der Entwicklungsstand der flussigkristallinen Copolyester diskutiert, wobei insbesondere auf die Interpretation ihrer Mikrostruktur eingegangen werden soll, ein Hauptproblem bei derartigen Materialien.
CHOICE DILEMMA AS A PREDICTOR OF GROUP RISK BEHAVIOR

Interest in the Choice Dilemma Questionnaire (CDQ) has centered around the risk shift paradigm rather than around using the CDQ as a measure of an individual's risk preferences. Using 45 lower and middle management bankers as subjects in a computer-based simulation game, the authors found a significant relationship (p < .05) between risk propensity of group members and an independent measure of group risk behavior. Thus, the CDQ may be a more general measure of risk preference than is commonly assumed.
EGFR-mediated carcinoma cell metastasis mediated by integrin αvβ5 depends on activation of c-Src and cleavage of MUC1.

Receptor tyrosine kinases and integrins play an essential role in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. We previously showed that EGF and other growth factors induce human carcinoma cell invasion and metastasis mediated by integrin αvβ5 that is prevented by Src blockade [1]. MUC1, a transmembrane glycoprotein, is expressed in most epithelial tumors as a heterodimer consisting of an extracellular and a transmembrane subunit. The MUC1 cytoplasmic domain of the transmembrane subunit (MUC1.CD) translocates to the nucleus where it promotes the transcription of a metastatic gene signature associated with epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Here, we demonstrate a requirement for MUC1 in carcinoma cell metastasis dependent on EGFR and Src without affecting primary tumor growth. EGF stimulates Src-dependent MUC1 cleavage and nuclear localization leading to the expression of genes linked to metastasis. Moreover, expression of MUC1.CD results in its nuclear localization and is sufficient for transcription of the metastatic gene signature and tumor cell metastasis. These results demonstrate that EGFR and Src activity contribute to carcinoma cell invasion and metastasis mediated by integrin αvβ5 in part by promoting proteolytic cleavage of MUC1 and highlight the ability of MUC1.CD to promote metastasis in a context-dependent manner. Our findings may have implications for the use and future design of targeted therapies in cancers known to express EGFR, Src, or MUC1.
The role of dimensionality in the kinetic Ising model of spinodal decomposition: Evidence from zero-temperature quenches

We study a three-dimensional Ising lattice gas model with spin-exchange dynamics quenched from infinite to zero temperature. We consider a wide range of values of the binary composition (i.e., magnetization) and annealed vacancy concentration. We find that, as in two dimensions, the system freezes in a configuration very far from equilibrium, and that the interface energy per bond in the frozen state, which is very large, in all cases takes very nearly the same values as in two dimensions. We discuss the implications of these results regarding the irrelevance of dimensionality in this problem.
Microstructural evolution during charcoal carbonization by X-ray diffraction analysis

Abstract X-ray diffraction (XRD) of monolithic pieces of carbonized medium-density fiberboard (c-MDF) provided new insights on the microstructural evolution occurring during charcoal carbonization. Classical XRD theory was used to correlate the {002} peak intensity to the amount of carbon in large turbostratic crystallites and to bulk dimensional changes. This new analytical technique could be used to study the microstructural evolution of other monolithic carbon materials (including soft carbons) or of specific processes (including chemical activation). The quasipercolation model, a new ‘percolation-like’ model, was created based on XRD analysis of monolithic c-MDF. As the carbonization temperature (Tcarb) increased above 600 °C, the large turbostratic crystallites grew very little, but the graphene sheets grew substantially. Volumetric shrinkage suggested that turbostratic crystallites were drawn closer together as the low-density disordered carbon was converted into high-density graphene sheets. At approximately 900 °C, the large graphene sheets and the large turbostratic crystallites significantly impinged on each other. The increased impingement of conductive phases with increasing carbonization temperature would cause the commonly observed nonmetal-metal transition of hard carbon materials. The quasipercolation model also suggested the source of the nanoporosity that is critical in activated carbons.
Generalization of Cyvin's formula

A formula, recently discovered by Cyvin, relates the numbers of Kekule structures of unbranched catacondensed benzenoid molecules. It is shown that Cyvin's formula is a special case of a much more general result. The determinants occurring in Cyvin's formula as well as in our generalized version thereof can be interpreted in terms of correlation functions for die choices of pairs of double or pairs of single bonds in the Kekule structures of the respective conjugated system.
Is the Z0 observed in pp collisions a composite object

Abstract If the Z 0 boson is made of colored subconstituents it can be produced in p p (and pp) collisions through the subprocess gluon + gluon → Z 0 + gluon. The rate is estimated from the Z 0 - γ mixing parameter and found comparable to that of the Drell-Yan process. Events with a large p T Z 0 and a large p T balancing gluon should be observed at the p p collider.
Energy Shifts Observed in Ni K X Rays Produced by Fission-Fragment Collisions

The $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $K\ensuremath{\beta}$ x rays of Ni produced by the passage of light fission fragments from the spontaneous fission of $^{252}\mathrm{Cf}$ through a thin Ni foil were found to be shifted up in energy by 69 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 11 and 210 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 16 eV, respectively, relative to the x rays produced by 6-MeV $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles and by photons from the decay of $^{241}\mathrm{Am}$. These shifts are similar in character to those observed previously in 15- MeV oxygen-ion bombardments, but require extremely high ionic charge states to be explainable in terms of multiple inner-shell plus outer-shell ionization.
Allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma remains a model of a treatment resistant yet immunologically influenced malignancy. A novel therapeutic approach that has been used in hematological malignancies is transplantation of allogeneic stem cells preceded by immunosuppressive chemotherapy. This procedure allows for engraftment of allogeneic stem cells in the host, thereby using the immunological effects of the graft as therapy for the primary disease. Renal cell carcinoma may be especially susceptible to this graft versus tumor effect in that T lymphocytes, which mediate the antitumor effect of allogeneic stem cell transplant, have been demonstrated to be an important component of the immunological response in renal cell carcinoma.
Use of learning centers, achievement, and attitudes of students in grade nine language arts

The effects of two types of teaching procedures in two Grade 9 language arts classes on 38 students'achievement and motivation were evaluated. A pre- and posttest control group design was employed. The students in the treatment group were taught five months of the regular curriculum using learning centers while the control group were given a teacher-directed program without learning centers. Pre- and posttest scores were taken from an examination requiring reading and writing and a teacher-developed questionnaire. Analysis indicated the students taught with the learning centers scored significantly better on the achievement and attitude posttest than the control group
Northern Alabama colonies of the endangered grey bat Myotis grisescens: Organochlorine contamination and mortality

Abstract From 1976 to 1986, dead and dying grey bats Myotis grisescens and grey bat guano were collected from caves along the Tennessee River in northern Alabama to determine the possible role of organochlorine chemicals — in particular wastes from a former DDT manufacturing plant near Huntsville—in the mortalities. Concentrations of chemical residues in brains were less than known lethal levels; certain observations and analyses did indicate the possibility of past organochlorine-induced bat deaths. Levels of contaminants in bats declined slowly during the 10-year sampling period, but heavy residue burdens persist. The high ratio of DDD to DDE in residues from the former DDT plant made them identifiable as far as 140 km downriver. Grey bats concentrated chemical residues to higher levels and demonstrated the presence of these residues over much greater distances than did red-winged blackbirds Agelaius phoenicus . Grey bats may be the most sensitive indicator available for monitoring the contamination from this former DDT manufacturing site.
Studies on steroid conjugates: II. Chemical synthesis and characterization of sodium cortisol-21-sulfate and sodium tetrahydrocortisol-3,21-disulfate☆

Abstract A method is described for the preparation of mono- and disulfate esters of polar steroids. Cortisol-21-sulfate and tetrahydro-cortisol-3, 21-disulfate (THFdiS) were prepared with good yields; tetrahydrocortisol-3-sulfate and tetrahydrocortisol-3,17,21-trisulfate were formed as by-products during the THFdiS synthesis. The steroid mono-, di- and trisulfate mixture was resolved by means of high voltage paper electrophoresis. The latter, in conjunction with other techniques, was also used for the characterization and identification of the synthesized compounds.
The Pre-Incubation Storage of Turkey Eggs in Closed Environments

Abstract THE hatchability of turkey eggs is reduced when stored for more than several days and several methods are often used to offset this loss (Sampson and Wilson, 1944; Asmundson, 1947; Kosin, 1950, 1954). These include holding eggs at 55°F. and also pre-incubating the eggs (Kosin and St. Pierre, 1956), although the pre-incubation treatment may not be effective when hatchability is high (Kosin, 1960; Milby and Sherwood, 1960). Another factor which may affect the hatchability of stored turkey eggs is the gaseous environment surrounding the eggs during the storage period. A technique useful for maintaining egg quality was used by Becker (1964) with chicken eggs to reduce the hatchability loss when eggs were stored before incubation. In that study, eggs were placed in polyethylene and polyvinylidene chloride copolymer (Cryovac) bags and stored up to 15 days. It was observed that the hatchability of the eggs stored 8–15 days was highest…
The Totem multiple-ring ordering and topology maintenance protocol

The Totem multiple-ring protocol provides reliable totally ordered delivery of messages across multiple local-area networks interconnected by gateways. This consistent message order is maintained in the presence of network partitioning and remerging, and of processor failure and recovery. The protocol provides accurate topology change information as part of the global total order of messages. It addresses the issue of scalability and achieves a latency that increases logarithmically with system size by exploiting process group locality and selective forwarding of messages through the gateways. Pseudocode for the protocol and an evaluation of its performance are given.—Authors' Abstract
Measuring and modelling the transition layer during the dissolution of glassy polymer films

The technique of laser interferometry is now used routinely by the microelectronics industry for the measurement of the dissolution rates of thin polymer films. In addition to the rate of dissolution, laser interferometry can also provide quantitative information on the thickness of the transition layer between the dissolving glassy polymer and the liquid solvent. This paper describes how observed patterns of reflected light intensity may be analyzed to calculate the thickness of the transition layer for polymers that dissolve with little or no swelling. The technique requires knowledge of the shape of the concentration profile in the transition layer. However, by assuming various simple model profiles one may obtain a reasonable estimate. Experimental measurements of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films dissolving in methylethyl ketone indicate transition layers of thicknesses 0 to 0.1 μm for PMMA of molecular weights Mw = 37,000 to 1,400,000.
Interstage mixing in an Oldshue‐Rushton liquid‐liquid extraction column

Interstage mixing was measured in a 4-in. Oldshue-Rushton column fed with a salt solution at the top and distilled water at the diluted salt solution leaving at the top. Mixing between stages is relatively slight at low agitator speeds, but increases very rapidly with speed once the turbulent region is reached. Interstage mixing is reported in terms of bulk backflows and also in terms of eddy diffusivities. The amount of interstage mixing is similar to that reported in the literature for rotating disc contactors. Variations in the horizontal baffle plate design were also studied.
Drop-on-demand E-jet printing of continuous interconnects with AC-pulse modulation on highly insulating substrates

In this paper, we present a novel AC-pulse modulated electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing technology that enables high resolution fabrication of electrical features and interconnects using the silver nanoink on highly insulating substrates. In traditional EHD jet printing, the remained charge of the printed droplets changes the electrostatic field distribution and interrupts the follow-on printing behavior, especially for highly insulating substrates having a slow charge decay rate. In this paper, a modulated AC-pulsed voltage was used for the EHD jet printing process that can alternate the charge polarity of the consequent droplets to neutralize the residue charge on the substrate. The effect of the residue charge is minimized, which enables high resolution printing of continuous patterns. With three printing parameters (e.g. pulse frequency, voltage, and duration), the EHD jet printing speed and droplet size can be controlled independently. We demonstrated that AC-pulse modulated EHD jet printing can overcome the charge accumulation challenge on highly insulating substrates, and investigated the variables of fabrication process to achieve reliable jet printing of conductive silver tracks.
Predictors of general quality of life in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia or prostate cancer.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Studies in disease specific populations have emphasized disease specific quality of life with little study of general quality of life. Furthermore, studies of general quality of life in disease specific populations have mostly examined the importance of disease specific variables, and have generally yielded poor correlations of such variables and general quality of life. We attempted to model the emotional component of general quality of life in patients with prostate disease.Materials and Methods: We integrated prospectively collected disease specific and nonspecific clinical and self-reported patient data. We also applied neural network and more conventional statistical tools to examine the relative use of various available analytical methodologies in modeling general quality of life.Results: Neural networks created reasonably good models of the emotional component of general quality of life. Logistic regression analysis also created reasonably good models and, given current computation...
Chemical vapour deposition of the oxides of titanium, zirconium and hafnium for use as high-k materials in microelectronic devices. A carbon-free precursor for the synthesis of hafnium dioxide

A brief survey of the precursors used for the chemical vapour deposition of the dioxides of titanium, zirconium and hafnium is presented. The review covers precursors used for the closely related process known as atomic layer chemical vapour deposition (ALCVD or ALD). Precursors delivered by standard carrier gas transport and by direct liquid injection (DLI) methods are included. The complexes fall into four classes based upon the ligands: halides, alkoxides, acetylacetonates (acac) and nitrates. Compounds bearing a mixture of ligand types have also found application in this area. The impact of the ligand on the microstructure of the metal oxide film is greatest at lower temperatures where the deposition rate is limited by the surface reactivity. The first use of anhydrous hafnium nitrate, Hf(NO3)4, to deposit films of hafnium oxide on silicon is reported. The films are characterized by Rutherford backscattering and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post‐buckling analysis of shallow shells by the field‐boundary‐element method

The non-linear field-boundary-element technique is applied to the analysis of snap-through phenomena in thin shallow shells. The equilibrium path is traced by using the arc-length method and the solution strategy is discussed in detail. The results show that, as compared to the approaches based on the popular symmetric-variational Galerkin finite element formulation, the current approach based on an unsymmetric variational Petrov–Galerkin field-boundary-element formulation gives a faster convergence while using fewer degrees of freedom. The illustrative numerical examples deal with post-buckling responses of several shallow shells with different geometries.
Electromagnetic effects on a molecule at a metal surface I. Effects of nonlocality and finite molecular size

Abstract The electromagnetic effects on a molecule near a metal surface are considered with the view to understanding the surface-enhanced-Raman-scattering (SERS) effect. The image enhancement effect is calculated including the nonlocal response of the metal and finite molecular size. The effect is much reduced (× 10−5) from that for a point molecule above a local metal but can still give a gain ≈ 103. The power emitted by a dipole above a smooth surface is also calculated. For an Ag surface the power emitted in the form of photons, surface plasmons, and electron-hole excitations are found to be in the ratio 1 : 3 : 106. The numerical results are calculated using the semi-classical infinite-barrier model of the metal surface with a Lindhard dielectric function modified to take into account finite electron lifetime and core polarization.
Structural basis for a disfavored elimination reaction in catalytic antibody 1D4.

Abstract Murine antibody 1D4 selectively catalyzes a highly disfavored β-elimination reaction. Crystal structures of unliganded 1D4 and 1D4 in complex with a transition-state analog (TSA) have elucidated a possible general base mode of catalysis. The structures of the unliganded and liganded Fabs were determined to 1.80 and 1.85 A resolution, respectively. The structure of the complex reveals a binding pocket with high shape complementarity to the TSA, which is recruited to coerce the substrate into the sterically demanding, eclipsed conformation that is required for catalysis. A histidine residue and two water molecules are likely involved in the catalysis. The structure supports either a concerted E2 or stepwise E1cB-like mechanism for elimination. Finally, the liganded 1D4 structure shows minor conformational rearrangements in CDR H2, indicative of induced-fit binding of the hapten. 1D4 has pushed the boundaries of antibody-mediated catalysis into the realm of disfavored reactions and, hence, represents an important milestone in the development of this technology.
Proteomic analysis of plasma membrane and secretory vesicles from human neutrophils

Background: Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) constitute an essential cellular component of innate host defense against microbial invasion and exhibit a wide array of responses both to particulate and soluble stimuli. As the cells recruited earliest during acute inflammation, PMN respond rapidly and release a variety of potent cytotoxic agents within minutes of exposure to microbes or their products. PMN rely on the redistribution of functionally important proteins, from intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane and phagosome, as the means by which to respond quickly. To determine the range of membrane proteins available for rapid recruitment during PMN activation, we analyzed the proteins in subcellular fractions enriched for plasma membrane and secretory vesicles recovered from the light membrane fraction of resting PMN after Percoll gradient centrifugation and free-flow electrophoresis purification using mass spectrometrybased proteomics methods. Results: To identify the proteins light membrane fractions enriched for plasma membrane vesicles and secretory vesicles, we employed a proteomic approach, first using MALDI-TOF (peptide mass fingerprinting) and then by HPLC-MS/MS using a 3D ion trap mass spectrometer to analyze the two vesicle populations from resting PMN. We identified several proteins that are functionally important but had not previously been recovered in PMN secretory vesicles. Two such proteins, 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) and dysferlin were further validated by immunoblot analysis. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate the broad array of proteins present in secretory vesicles that provides the PMN with the capacity for remarkable and rapid reorganization of its plasma membrane after exposure to proinflammatory agents or stimuli.
Data-driven Measurement of Child Language Development with Simple Syntactic Templates

When assessing child language development, researchers have traditionally had to choose between easily computable metrics focused on superficial aspects of language, and more expressive metrics that are carefully designed to cover specific syntactic structures and require substantial and tedious labor. Recent work has shown that existing expressive metrics for child language development can be automated and produce accurate results. We go a step further and propose that measurement of syntactic development can be performed automatically in a completely data-driven way without the need for definition of language-specific inventories of grammatical structures. As a crucial step in that direction, we show that four simple feature templates are as expressive of language development as a carefully crafted standard inventory of grammatical structures that is commonly used and has been validated empirically.
Optimal discrete event supervisory control of aircraft gas turbine engines

This paper presents an application of the recently developed theory of optimal discrete event supervisory (DES) control that is based on a signed real measure of regular languages. The DES control techniques are validated on an aircraft gas turbine engine simulation test bed. The test bed is implemented on a networked computer system in which two computers operate in the client-server mode. Several DES controllers have been tested for engine performance and reliability.
Adaptive control algorithms for decentralized optimal traffic engineering in the internet

In this paper, we address the problem of optimal decentralized traffic engineering when multiple paths are available for each call. More precisely, given a set of possible paths for each call, we aim at distributing the traffic among the available paths in order to maximize a given utility function. To solve this problem, we propose a large family of decentralized sending rate control laws having the property that each of the members of this family "steers" the traffic allocation to an optimal operation point. The approach taken relies on the control theory concept of Sliding Modes. These control laws allow each ingress node to independently adjust its traffic sending rates and/or redistribute its sending rates among multiple paths. The only nonlocal information needed is binary feedback from each congested node in the path. The control laws presented are applicable to a large class of utility functions, namely, utility functions that can be expressed as the sum of concave functions of the sending rates. We show that the technique can be applied not only to usual rate adaptive traffic with multiple paths, but also to rate adaptive traffic with minimum service requirements and/or maximum allowed sending rate and to assured service with targeted rate guarantee, all allowing for multiple paths. It is also shown that these control laws are robust with respect to failures; i.e., they automatically reroute traffic if a link failure occurs. Finally, we provide some insight on how to choose the "right" control law. In particular, we provide a way of choosing a member of the family of control laws that reduces the sending rate oscillation caused by implementation constraints like delays and quantization. An example of application of the approach delineated in this paper is also presented. This example provides some insights on the implementation aspects and illustrates the robustness of the control laws developed in this paper.
Language Models for Genomics Information Retrieval: UIUC at TREC 2007 Genomics Track

The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) participated in TREC 2007 Genomics Track. Our general goal of participation is to apply language modelbased approaches to the genomics retrieval task and study how we may extend the standard language models to accommodate two special needs for this year’s genomics retrieval task: (1) gene synonym expansion and (2) conjunctive query interpretation. We also tested user relevance feedback. Preliminary result analysis shows that our synonym expansion method can improve documentlevel MAP, but generally has little inuence on passagelevel and aspect measures, while conjunctive scoring is not as effective as the standard KL-Divergence scoring, even though our pre-TREC experiments on a small set of training data showed otherwise. Relevance feedback appears to help. Further experiments and analysis are needed to draw more deniti ve conclusions.
mRNAs in the methanogenic archaeon Methanococcus vannielii: numbers, half‐lives and processing

Cells from the early exponential growth phase of cultures of the methanogenic archaeon Methanococcus vannielii have been shown to contain c. 180 transcripts of the mcrBDCGA (mcr) operon, c. 100 transcripts of the MvaL1,L10,L12 (Mva) operon, c. 8 transcripts of the argG gene and c. 1 transcript of the secY gene. These values decreased to c. 50 mcr transcripts, c. 30 Mva transcripts, c. 3 argG transcripts and < 1 secY transcript per cell as the cultures entered the stationary phase of growth. Addition of bromo-ethanesulphonate (BES) or removal of H2 inhibited growth and RNA synthesis in vivo and, at 37 degrees C in the presence of BES, the half-lives of the mcr, Mva, argG and secY transcripts were found to be 15 min, 30 min, 57 min and 7 min, respectively. Addition of puromycin, pseudomonic acid or virginiamycin also inhibited growth but did not inhibit transcription. In the presence of puromycin the half-lives of the mcr and Mva transcripts increased c. 4.6-fold and c. 3.5-fold, respectively, and there was a net accumulation of the Mva transcript. Addition of pseudomonic acid or virginiamycin also increased the half-life of the Mva transcript and also resulted in the accumulation of a second, shorter Mva transcript but did not increase the half-life of the mcr transcript. Transcription of the mcr operon was not stimulated by partial inhibition of methanogenesis.
Non-isotopic and 13C Isotopic Approaches to Calculate Soil Organic Carbon Maintenance Requirement

To meet long-term food, energy, and fiber security requirements, production systems must be sustainable. A critical component in sustainable agricultural systems is the maintenance of soil organic carbon (SOC). SOC maintenance requires, over time, the amount of carbon added to soil to be equal to the amount of relic carbon mineralized. Obtaining the information required for maintenance calculations is difficult and, therefore, many projects assume that: (1) above- and below-ground biomass have similar impacts on SOC turnover; (2) root to shoot ratios can be used to estimate below-ground biomass; and (3) 13C enrichment during SOC mineralization is insignificant. This chapter reviews non-isotopic and 13C isotopic approaches used to develop carbon budgets, and it investigates the implications of simplifying assumptions on SOC turnover calculations. Sensitivity analysis of carbon-budget equations showed that: (1) if the root to shoot ratio is underestimated, then the above-ground biomass needed for maintenance is overestimated, whereas the reverse is true if the root to shoot ratio is overestimated; and (2) in systems where C4 residue is applied to soil derived from C4 and C3 plants, the calculated half-life was higher when 13C fractionation during relic carbon mineralization was considered. For C3 plants, the reverse was true. For 13C natural abundance calculation these errors can be minimized by testing the assumptions that 13C isotopic discrimination during mineralization of relic carbon and fresh biomass does not occur. Correction values for 13C isotopic discrimination of relic carbon can be calculated from data collected from control areas where plant growth is prevented. Temporal changes in relic SOC 13C isotopic discrimination can be measured in this zone. A mathematical approach for using 13C isotopic discrimination during relic carbon mineralization in SOC budget calculations is provided.
How Collaborative Is Structural Family Therapy

In response to the charge by “collaborative” therapies, such as solution focused and narrative, that structural family therapy is an aggressive, confrontational, and impositional approach, this investigation examines the role of therapist empathy in creating a collaborative partnership in structural family therapy. Twenty-four videotaped therapy sessions were used to correlate therapists' empathic response to family members and in-session change in the family's core problem dynamic. Findings suggest that empathy is not only evident in structural family therapy, but may be an essential ingredient in establishing a collaborative relationship and facilitating within-session change.
Phloem in developing cotton fruits: 6(5)carboxyfluorescein as a tracer for functional phloem

Carbohydrate and water transport into developing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fruits is essential for normal fruit development, and phloem has been suggested to play a major role in this transport. To study transport into cotton fruits of different developmental stages, a phloem tracer [6(5)carboxyfluorescein] was applied to sympodial leaves. Tracer distribution into the subtended fruit was determined using epifluorescence microscopy. Phloem throughout the entire capsule wall and central column was functional from early stages of fruit development. Vasculature of the capsule wall consisted of a complex three-dimensional network. Vascular bundles ended in radially-oriented club-shaped structures, which consisted mainly of fibres, with phloem on the outside of these structures. The vascular system of the capsule wall was connected to the central column by amphicribral bundles in the partitions. The central column had two adaxial (ventral) vascular bundles per carpel. These vascular bundles branched into the placental region of the central column, and connected to the seeds via the funiculi. Amphicribral vascular bundles diverged from these adaxial bundles into the partition. The results of this study confirmed previous observations on the vascular anatomy of the capsule wall and describe the vascular anatomy of the central column of cotton fruits
The Zea mays Sexual Compatibility Gene ga2: Naturally Occurring Alleles, Their Distribution, and Role in Reproductive Isolation

Major genes govern the fertilization of teosinte ovules by maize pollen. A pollen-pistil compatibility system different from the previously described systems, Ga1-s and Tcb1-s, was identified among maize lines introgressed with chromosome segments from 2 teosinte populations. The pistil barrier is dominant, and pollen competence is determined by genotype of the individual pollen grain. A major gene governing this incompatibility behaves as a strong allele of ga2, a locus identified previously among maize genetic stocks on the basis of transmission ratio distortion. Additionally, pollen simultaneously carrying both ga2 and Ga2 was functional on Ga2 silks, which have the pistil barrier, indicating that Ga2 conditions acceptance of the pollen grain rather than ga2 conditioning rejection of the pollen grain by Ga2 silks. The strong allele (Ga2-s), a weaker one such as reported among maize genetic stocks (Ga2-w), and an allele having only pollen competence (Ga2-m), or some combination of these, was found in all 13 of the teosinte populations sampled. Sympatric and parapatric maize landraces carried Ga2-m or the presumed null allele ga2, but Ga2-s or Ga2-w was not found. The combination of exclusively Ga2-s teosinte with ga2 maize, which could provide strong reproductive isolation, was not characteristic of the 5, paired populations tested.
An ex vivo biomechanical evaluation of a hydroxyapatite cement for use with kyphoplasty.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Previous ex vivo biomechanical studies have shown that kyphoplasty with polymethylmethacrylate cement increases vertebral body (VB) strength and restores VB stiffness and height after compression fracture. The purpose of the current study was to determine if a hydroxyapatite cement used as a void filler during kyphoplasty provides mechanical stabilization similar to that of a polymethylmethacrylate cement. METHODS: Simulated compression fractures were experimentally created in 33 osteoporotic VBs harvested from female cadaver spines. VBs were assigned to one of three groups: 1) kyphoplasty with a custom mixture of Simplex P; 2) kyphoplasty with BoneSource; and 3) no treatment. The kyphoplasty treatment consisted of inserting a balloon-like device into the VB via both pedicles, inflating the tamp, and filling the created void with Simplex P bone cement or BoneSource. VBs in the no-treatment group received no interventions. Pre- and posttreatment heights were measured, and the repaired VBs were recompressed to determine posttreatment strength and stiffness values. RESULTS: Kyphoplasty with altered Simplex P restored strength, whereas kyphoplasty with BoneSource and the no-treatment protocol both resulted in significantly weaker VBs relative to initial strength. All treatments resulted in significantly less stiff VBs relative to their initial condition. All VBs lost significant height after initial compression, but a significant amount of lost height was restored by kyphoplasty with either cement. CONCLUSION: Kyphoplasty with either cement significantly restored VB height. Kyphoplasty with altered Simplex P resulted in stronger repairs than did no treatment or kyphoplasty with BoneSource.
Asymmetric Catalysis in Diversity‐Oriented Organic Synthesis: Enantioselective Synthesis of 4320 Encoded and Spatially Segregated Dihydropyrancarboxamides

Small molecules have been used to explore many facets of biology for over a century. However, research in biology is not routinely performed using this approach, in the way that it is with biochemical, genetic, and increasingly, genomic approaches. Several problems limit the use of the former approach. Arguably, the primary one is the lack of routine access to structurally complex and diverse small molecules that can be used to modulate biological systems.[1] Diversityoriented organic synthesis, especially when coupled with an economical and efficient technology platform, offers the means to change this situation, as it aims to synthesize complex and diverse small molecules efficiently.[2] Diversityoriented synthesis is central to chemical genetics, which aims to explore biology with small molecules in a systematic way.[3] Although enantioselective catalysis is often used in targetoriented synthesis, it is still relatively underexplored in diversity-oriented synthesis.[4, 5] We have been interested in reactions catalyzed by bis(oxazoline)metal Lewis acid complexes because of their high efficiency, selectivity, and broad substrate tolerance.[6] We chose to concentrate on inverse electron demand heterocycloadditions of vinyl ethers and b,gunsaturated ketoesters (Scheme 1).[7, 8] An account of related cycloadditions on solid support has been described;[9] however, the reported reactions were performed in the presence of achiral catalysts and with the heterodiene bound to the PS solid support through the ester. We initially investigated this mode of cycloaddition and found it to be highly selective when the enantiomerically pure catalysts (S)or (R)-1 were used.[5, 8] However, in the interest of effectively functionalizing the cycloadduct, we found an alternative mode using support-bound vinyl ethers, linked to a macrobead through either carbon or oxygen, to be more effective.