cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Submaxillary gland recovery from obstruction. II. Electron microscopic alterations of acinar cells.

The recovery of secretory activity by acinar cells was studied in rat submaxillary glands after the removal of ligatures following 31 days of obstruction. Evidence of cell death or mitotic activity is extremely rare, indicating that the observed changes occur in the original cell population and that recovery is not dependent on de novo cell differentiation. The ultrastructural character of secretion granules changes from very dense, sometimes crystalloid, forms early in recovery, to lighter heterogeneous granules, to granules with distinct ropelike aggregations of secretory material, and finally to the characteristic mature granules containing a sparse uniform distribution of filaments. The filamentous secretory product of later time periods is demonstrated in Golgi saccules, in granules, and in luminal spaces. The filaments are about 80 A wide. RER and Golgi cisternae undergo complementary alterations: they are sparse in early periods when few granules are present and increase as granules increase and become more mature. In an early phase of recovery, the lumina of acini are filled with dense material which has membranelike characteristics.
Numerical tests of nucleation theories for the Ising models.

The classical nucleation theory (CNT) is tested systematically by computer simulations of the two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) Ising models with a Glauber-type spin flip dynamics. While previous studies suggested potential problems with CNT, our numerical results show that the fundamental assumption of CNT is correct. In particular, the Becker-Doring theory accurately predicts the nucleation rate if the correct droplet free energy function is provided as input. This validates the coarse graining of the system into a one dimensional Markov chain with the largest droplet size as the reaction coordinate. Furthermore, in the 2D Ising model, the droplet free energy predicted by CNT matches numerical results very well, after a logarithmic correction term from Langer's field theory and a constant correction term are added. But significant discrepancies are found between the numerical results and existing theories on the magnitude of the logarithmic correction term in the 3D Ising model. Our analysis underscores the importance of correctly accounting for the temperature dependence of surface energy when comparing numerical results and nucleation theories.
Coping With Competition: The impact of Charter Schooling on Public School Outreach in Arizona

Advocates of market-based education reform hypothesize that competition will cause traditional public schools to increase outreach efforts as they seek to market themselves. Advocates hope such efforts will result in more information on school activities and performance and thereby enhance accountability. We examine the effect of charter school competition on outreach efforts by a sample of 98 Arizona district schools, finding that charter competition is associated with a short-term increase in outreach. Organizational structure influenced school response, with more decentralized district schools responding more readily to charter competition. Competition modestly increased information regarding schooling in the short run, although long-term implications are less clear.
An iosthermal fixed-bed reactor with nonuniformly active catalysts: Experiments and theory

Abstract An isothermal fixed-bed reactor packed with supported catalyst pellets, in which the active metal catalyst was deposited as a thin band within the support, was studied experimentally. The purpose was to support our previous related theoretical studies. The oxidation of CO with excess oxygen over Pt catalyst was used as the test reaction. The catalysts were prepared by sequential impregnation of chloroplatinic acid and citric acid on γ-alumina pellets. A thin layer of Pt was achieved within the support to simulate the Dirac delta distribution function. A maximum of two steady states were obtained when only one type of catalyst was packed in the reactor. A 'jump' from the high conversion regime to the low conversion regime occured when the CO feed concentration was increased from low to high values; as the CO concentration was decreased, a continuous transition from the low conversion regime to the high conversion regime resulted generally. For the reactor packed with two different types of catalysts in series, the importance of their order of packing was demonstrated; also, three stable steady states were observed in some cases. Excellent qualitative agreement between the experiments and the theory was obtained.
Measurements of the ion drift velocities in the presheaths of plasmas with multiple ion species

We have used a variety of diode lasers to perform laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) measurements that were the first to test the Bohm Criterion for multiple ion species plasmas. These measurements led to the discovery that a collective effect, ion-ion instability enhanced friction, is important for sheath formation in multiple ion species plasmas. New LIF schemes were pioneered in order to complete these experiments with diode lasers. With respect to a new LIF scheme for KrII, accessible to diode lasers, challenges remain fielding an ion flow diagnostic in low temperature plasmas.
Assessing Simazine Degradation Patterns in California Citrus Orchards with Different Simazine Use Histories

Simazine is commonly used to control broadleaf weeds and annual grasses in perennial tree and vine crops because of its relatively low cost and long residual activity. Simazine may be subject to enhanced biodegradation in some areas which can result in decreased herbicide persistence and reduced residual weed control. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine if rapid simazine degradation occurs in California citrus orchards and if degradation rates are correlated with simazine use history. In the Central Valley, simazine degradation curves indicate that simazine degradation rate is more rapid in soils with a simazine use history (adapted) compared to soils with no recent use (non-adapted). In these soils, simazine dissipation was two- to three-fold faster in adapted compared with the non-adapted soils. However, in southern California, simazine dissipation and mineralization were not substantially different among soils with different simazine use histories. Repeated simazine use in California orchards can lead to the development of enhanced microbial degradation of the herbicide. However, soil type and long-term cropping factors can affect persistence and distribution of herbicide-degrading microbial populations in California orchards.
In vitro synthesis and stabilization of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) nanoparticles within liposomes

We show that amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) can be synthesized in phospholipid bilayer vesicles (liposomes). Liposome-encapsulated ACC nanoparticles are stable against aggregation, do not crystallize for at least 20 h, and are ideally suited to investigate the influence of lipid chemistry, particle size, and soluble additives on ACC in situ.
Changing needs for Ph.D.'s

New trends are developing in the United States' supply of scientific and engineering manpower. Students appear to be losing interest in science and engineering; at the same time, there is concern about an over-supply of Ph.D.'s. Underlying this oversupply is a disturbing fact of life: In the 1970s, the universities and the defense and space industries will have very limited need for new Ph.D.'s. The situation calls for an agonizing reexamination and reorientation of both the content of and attitudes toward the Ph.D. degree.
Testing the Buffering Hypothesis: Perceptions of Coach Support and Pre-Competitive Anxiety among Male and Female High School Athletes

Research suggests that social support moderates or “buffers” the impact of stress on the individual and thus indirectly affects emotional well-being (Cohen and Wills, 1985). The present study sought to extend the “buffering hypothesis” to competitive sport by examining the influence of perceived coach support on competitive state anxiety among young athletes (N = 270). Results from confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) substantiated the validity of the sport-modified Social Provisions Scale (Russell and Cutrona, 1984; Ryska and Yin, 1994). Structural equation modeling analyses revealed a significant support-anxiety effect in the high trait-anxious model only (r =-.27, p .05). The present results suggest that perceived coach support represents an important mediating factor in the sport stress process among highly anxious athletes.
METABOLIC REQUIREMENTS OF THE MOTILE FORM OF HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES

Motile lymphocytes are characterized by a hand-mirror configuration and a regional ization of cellular functions. We found when lymphocytes were washed free of plasma, the relative frequency of motile forms rose from a mean ± SD of 6.6 ± 2.9 percent to 45.5 ± 9.1 percent. By incubating lymphocytes in the absence of plasma, large populations of motile lymphocytes were obtained to study the metabolic requirements for the motile configuration. Motile forms were determined by interference contrast microscopy. Protein synthesis was inhibited by puromycin or cycloheximide, glycolysis by iodoacetamide and mitochondrial respirations by azide. The requirements for microtubules and for microfilaments were ascertained by use of colchicine and cytochalasin B, respectively. Isoproterenol was used as a β-adrenergic stimulant and phenylephrine as an α-adrenergic stimulant.
Encryption and Authentication in On-Board Processing Satellite Communication Systems

Encryption is an efficient method for information protection in communication links which are subject to wiretapping. In this paper we discuss the application of encryption to satellite communication systems in which the satellite has on-board processing capability. The on-board processor can be used in the key distribution process. Two examples of such processes are described. The first requires the storage in the satellite of one key for each user of the communication system. These are used together with a conventional encryption algorithm (DES, for example) to distribute communication keys to the users. The communication keys are then used to encrypt and decrypt information. The other key distribution process utilizes a trap-door one-way function, whose inverse is implemented in the satellite. The need for storage space in the satellite is smaller than that with the first method.
Transition to turbulence in shock-driven mixing: a Mach number study

Large-eddy simulations of single-shock-driven mixing suggest that, for sufficiently high incident Mach numbers, a two-gas mixing layer ultimately evolves to a late-time, fully developed turbulent flow, with Kolmogorov-like inertial subrange following a -5/3 power law. After estimating the kinetic energy injected into the diffuse density layer during the initial shock–interface interaction, we propose a semi-empirical characterization of fully developed turbulence in such flows, based on scale separation, as a function of the initial parameter space, as (η_(0^+)Δu/ν)(η_(0^+)/L_ρ)A^+/√(1-A^(+)^2) ≳ 1.53 × 10^4/C^2, which corresponds to late-time Taylor-scale Reynolds numbers ≳250. In this expression, η_(0^+) represents the post-shock perturbation amplitude, Δu the change in interface velocity induced by the shock refraction, ν the characteristic kinematic viscosity of the mixture, L_ρ the inner diffuse thickness of the initial density profile, A^+ the post-shock Atwood ratio, and C(A^+, η_(0^+)/λ_0)≈0.3 for the gas combination and post-shock perturbation amplitude considered. The initially perturbed interface separating air and SF_6 (pre-shock Atwood ratio A ≈ 0.67) was impacted in a heavy–light configuration by a shock wave of Mach number M_I = 1.05, 1.25, 1.56, 3.0 or 5.0, for which η_(0^+) is fixed at about 25% of the dominant wavelength λ_0 of an initial, Gaussian perturbation spectrum. Only partial isotropization of the flow (in the sense of turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation) is observed during the late-time evolution of the mixing zone. For all Mach numbers considered, the late-time flow resembles homogeneous decaying turbulence of Batchelor type, with a turbulent kinetic energy decay exponent n ≈ 1.4 and large-scale (k⟶0) energy spectrum ~k^4, and a molecular mixing fraction parameter, Θ ≈ 0.85. An appropriate time scale characterizing the Taylor-scale Reynolds number decay, as well as the evolution of mixing parameters such as Θ and the effective Atwood ratio A_e, seem to indicate the existence of low- and high-Mach-number regimes.
Zircon Synthesis via Sintering of Milled SiO2 and ZrO2

The formation of zircon (ZrSiO4) via sintering of milled SiO2 and ZrO2 powders was studied, and the effects of slurry vs dry milling, sintering time, and particle size on zircon yield were examined. It was found that very high zircon yields could be obtained via slurry milling, cold pressing, and sintering of the oxide precursors. The controlling factor in determining zircon yield was found to be the particle size of the SiO2 and ZrO2 powders. Zircon yield as a function of sintering time was examined, and found to be similar to previous studies in which sol-gel precursors seeded with zircon were used. SEM studies reveal a homogeneous product with particle sizes on the order of 1–5 µm. It was found that complete reaction to zircon can be achieved from a once-through milling, pressing, and sintering process of SiO2-ZrO2 powders.
Inhibition of bacterial colonization by antimicrobial agents incorporated into dental resins

The antimicrobial activity of several chemical agents was determined by incorporating these agents into dentine adhesive resin and following the colonization of Streptococcus mutans on the surfaces of the resin and culture vessel, as well as in the surrounding medium, by optical density measurements. It was found that sodium fluoride and dodecylamine, an organic amine, exhibited excellent antimicrobial properties. These chemicals not only inhibited bacterial growth completely but also seemed to reduce the adhesion of the bacteria to the resin surface. A silver compound, protargin, was mildly effective in inhibiting growth of S. mutans. Copper oxide and chelating acids such as vanillic acid, syringic acid, and ethylenediamine-n, n' diacetic acid (EDDA) were not effective as antimicrobial agents against S. mutans.
Low-input, on-farm composting of high C:N ratio residues

Farm residues with high C:N ratios are difficult to use because of their low economic value and excessive volume. Composting is ideal for upgrading such residues, but was not thought possible without co-composting or lowering of the C:N ratio. We developed a low-input method to compost perennial ryegrass straw on-farm by forming windrows and turning them either zero, two, four, or six times throughout the year with a commercial, straddle-type turner. No water beyond normal rainfall and no N other than that contained in the straw was added. The volume of straw was reduced by up to 88% with four or six turns over 20 to 24 weeks. The average internal temperature of straw windrows reached a maximum of 54°C with four turns. The ability to compost these residues will help in the development of sustainable farming systems by allowing recycling of straw waste.
Hyperfine and Superhyperfine Tensors as Probes of the Local Environment of Deep-Level Defect Centers

Abstract : In several recent theoretical studies, we have analyzed the local environment of deep-level defects through comparisons of theoretical and experimental hyperfine tensors. The principal hyperfine interactions sample the distribution of spin density near the center of defect site, and are diagnostics of the local bonding conformation; the smaller hyperfine (superhyperfine) tensors, which are used by couplings of the spin density with nuclei somewhat removed from the center of defect, give valuable information about the embedding of the defect into the extended lattice of its solid-state host. In the present article, we discuss the particular effect of dihedral angles on the second- neighbor superhyperfine interactions in broken-bond defects in silicon and SiO2. This includes such defects centers as the P sub b center at the Si/SiO2 interface, the E' centers which occur in a-SiO2 and quartz, and the D centers of hydrogenated amorphous silicon. The dihedral angle is found to affect the ability of the second-neighbor bonding atomic orbitals to couple to the defect hybrid and participate in the molecular orbital which carries the unpaired electron spin; the result is a significant dependence of second-neighbor superhyperfine splittings on the dihedral angle. Keywords: Hyperfine interactions.
Ca2+/Calmodulin Modulates TRPV1 Activation by Capsaicin

TRPV1 ion channels mediate the response to painful heat, extracellular acidosis, and capsaicin, the pungent extract from plants in the Capsicum family (hot chili peppers) (Szallasi, A., and P.M. Blumberg. 1999. Pharmacol. Rev. 51:159-212; Caterina, M.J., and D. Julius. 2001. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24:487-517). The convergence of these stimuli on TRPV1 channels expressed in peripheral sensory nerves underlies the common perceptual experience of pain due to hot temperatures, tissue damage and exposure to capsaicin. TRPV1 channels are nonselective cation channels (Caterina, M.J., M.A. Schumacher, M. Tominaga, T.A. Rosen, J.D. Levine, and D. Julius. 1997. Nature. 389:816-824). When activated, they produce depolarization through the influx of Na+, but their high Ca2+ permeability is also important for mediating the response to pain. In particular, Ca2+ influx is thought to be required for the desensitization to painful sensations over time (Cholewinski, A., G.M. Burgess, and S. Bevan. 1993. Neuroscience. 55:1015-1023; Koplas, P.A., R.L. Rosenberg, and G.S. Oxford. 1997. J. Neurosci. 17:3525-3537). Here we show that in inside-out excised patches from TRPV1 expressed in Xenopus oocytes and HEK 293 cells, Ca2+/calmodulin decreased the capsaicin-activated current. This inhibition was not mimicked by Mg2+, reflected a decrease in open probability, and was slowly reversible. Furthermore, increasing the calmodulin concentration in our patches by coexpression of wild-type calmodulin with TRPV1 produced inhibition by Ca2+ alone. In contrast, patches excised from cells coexpressing TRPV1 with a mutant calmodulin did not respond to Ca2+. Using an in vitro calmodulin-binding assay, we found that TRPV1 in oocyte lysates bound calmodulin, although in a Ca2+-independent manner. Experiments with GST-fusion proteins corresponding to regions of the channel NH2-terminal domain demonstrated that a stretch of approximately 30 amino acids adjacent to the first ankyrin repeat bound calmodulin in a Ca2+-dependent manner. The physiological response to pain involves an influx of Ca2+ through TRPV1. Our results indicate that this Ca2+ influx may feed back on the channels, inhibiting their gating. This type of feedback inhibition could play a role in the desensitization produced by capsaicin.
Losing Weight: The Organizational Promotion of Behavior Change

This analysis explores the sociological dimensions of obesity as a type of deviance through a study of the strategies used by one voluntary weight loss organization to change the behavior of fat people so they will become thin. Goffman's concept of stigma and Lemert's theory of secondary deviation are applied to these strategies. The study concludes that under certain circumstances, stigma may be used to change behavior from deviant to normal and that a deviant identity, deviant behavior and a deviant way of life do not always vary together.
A pedagogical note on the relationship between valuation methods and lifetime income

This paper presents an algebraic analysis to help students understand that the choice of a valuation method may or may not produce a permanent difference in reported income, depending upon a number of factors. By analysing these factors and the relationships among them, accounting students can increase their understanding of alternative accounting techniques and, at the same time, obtain additional practice in developing crucial analytical skills.
Assessing the Impact of Simulated COSMIC GPS Radio Occultation Data on Weather Analysis over the Antarctic: A Case Study

Abstract The Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) mission was launched in April 2006. As part of its mission, COSMIC will provide approximately 2500–3000 global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) soundings per day distributed uniformly around the globe. In this study, a series of sensitivity experiments are conducted to assess the potential impact of COSMIC GPS RO data on the regional weather analysis over the Antarctic. Soundings of refractivity are assimilated into the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model using its three-dimensional variational data assimilation system. First, the sensitivity of the analysis to the background error statistics and balance constraints is analyzed. Then the effects of the data distribution and the observational error of the simulated refractivity observations are examined. In this study, the simulated soundings are based on a realistic set of orbit pa...
CASA Phased Array Radar System description, simulation and products

This paper discusses the systems architecture of the CASA Phased Array Radar System, the Phase-Tilt Escan Radar System, for deployment in a CASA DCAS network of low power, solid-state phased array radars. The paper highlights the high-level system's architecture accompanied by measured data from the subsystems.
Determinants of intraindustry trade between the united states and industrial nations

This paper investigates determinants of intraindustry trade between the United States and twenty-two industrial nations. Included here are country-level characteristics suggested by modern models of monopolistic competition and trade and industry-level variables relating to imperfect competition, scale economies, and product differentiation. Country-level determinants of intraindustry trade include relative factor endowment differences, relative country size differences, distance, trade orientation, and the trade balance. Measures of factor intensity, scale economies, market structure, and product differentiation are included as country-level variables. Findings generally support predictions of modern trade theories. [F1]
Clinical assessment of three common tests for traumatic anterior shoulder instability.

Background: Although traumatic anterior shoulder instability is common, the usefulness of various physical examination tests as tools for the diagnosis of this condition has been studied infrequently. We hypothesized that (1) such tests would be specific but not sensitive for this condition, (2) the usefulness of the anterior drawer test would be limited because of pain during the test, and (3) an anterior drawer test would be a useful adjunct for making the diagnosis if it reproduced the instability symptoms. Methods: Between 2000 and 2004, 363 patients underwent a physical examination followed by shoulder arthroscopy. Forty-six patients with traumatic anterior shoulder instability that had been noted arthroscopically or documented radiographically after the trauma were included in our study group, and the remaining patients served as controls. The clinical usefulness of three tests (anterior apprehension, relocation, and anterior drawer tests) performed during the physical examination to make a diagnosis of traumatic anterior instability then was evaluated with statistical methods to assess their sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios. Results: If demonstration (or relief) of apprehension was used as the diagnostic criterion for a positive test, the sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratio were 72%, 96%, and 20.2, respectively, for the apprehension test and 81%, 92%, and 10.4, respectively, for the relocation test. If pain (or relief of pain) was used as the diagnostic criterion for a positive test, the values for the sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratio of both tests were lower. The anterior drawer test could be performed successfully in the physician’s office for 87% of the patients. If reproduction of instability symptoms was used as the criterion for a positive anterior drawer test, the sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratio values of that test were 53%, 85%, and 3.6, respectively. Conclusions: The three physical examination tests for traumatic anterior shoulder instability are specific but not sensitive. Apprehension is a better criterion than pain for a positive apprehension or relocation test. The anterior drawer test (when pain does not prevent it from being performed) is helpful for diagnosing traumatic anterior instability. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level I. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Impairments in neurogenesis are not tightly linked to depressive behavior in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is also associated with depression. Although the precise mechanisms that lead to depression in AD are unknown, the impairments in adult hippocampal neurogenesis observed in AD may play a role. Adult-born neurons play a critical role in regulating both cognition and mood, and reduced hippocampal neurogenesis is associated with depression in other neurological disorders. To assess the relationship between Alzheimer's disease, neurogenesis, and depression, we studied human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) transgenic mice, a well-characterized model of AD. We report that reductions in hippocampal neurogenesis are evident early in disease progression in hAPP mice, but a mild depressive phenotype manifests only in later stages of disease. We found that hAPP mice exhibited a reduction in BrdU-positive cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus, as well as a reduction in doublecortin-expressing cells, relative to nontransgenic controls at 5–7 months of age. These alterations in neurogenesis appeared to worsen with age, as the magnitude of reduction in doublecortin-expressing cells was greater in hAPP mice at 13–15 months of age. Only 13–15 month old hAPP mice exhibited depressive behavior in the tail suspension test. However, mice at both age groups exhibited deficits in spatial memory, which was observed in the Morris water maze test for hippocampus-dependent memory. These findings indicate that neurogenesis impairments are accompanied by cognitive deficits, but are not tightly linked to depressive behavior in hAPP mice.
A versatile, high-power proton linac for accelerator driven transmutation technologies

We are applying the new coupled-cavity drift-tube linac (CCDTL) to a conceptual design of a high-current, CW accelerator for transmutation applications. A 350-MHz RFQ followed by 700-MHz structures accelerates a 100-mA proton beam to 1 GeV. Several advantages stem from four key features: (1) a uniform focusing lattice from the start of the CCDTL at about 7 MeV to the end of the linac, (2) external location and separate mechanical support of the electromagnetic quadrupole magnets, (3) very flexible modular physics design and mechanical implementation, and (4) compact, high-frequency structures. These features help to reduce beam loss and, hence, also reduce potential radioactivation of the structure. They result in easy alignment, fast serviceability, and high beam availability. Beam funneling, if necessary, is possible at any energy after the RFQ.
'What the Heck, At Least He's an Oriental': What Asian American Intermarriage Might Teach Us About Gay Marriage

This article asks whether the trajectory of attitudes, practices, and events that raised the acceptability and numbers of interracial and especially interethnic marriages within Asian American communities in mid-twentieth century California portends a political strategy or outcome for same-sex unions today.
Freeman-Sheldon syndrome in a 29-year-old woman presenting with rare and previously undescribed features.

Described are previously unreported features presenting in a case of Freeman-Sheldon syndrome (FSS); these apparently unreported features may substantively inform current therapy and further research. While considered to be primarily a craniofacial syndrome, FSS is officially described as a myopathic distal arthrogryposis. Clinical diagnosis requires microstomia, whistling-face appearance (pursed lips), H-shaped chin dimpling, nasolabial folds, and two or more contractures of hands and feet. Spinal deformities, metabolic and gastroenterological problems, other dysmorphic craniofacial characteristics, and visual and auditory impairments are frequent findings. Differential diagnoses include: distal arthrogryposis type 1, 2B (Sheldon-Hall syndrome) and 3; arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and isolated non-syndromic deformities. Expression is frequently from new allelic variation. Important implications exist for geneticists, neonatologists, paediatricians, plastic surgeons and others to facilitate patients’ legitimate opportunity to meaningfully overcome functional limitations and become well. Despite complexities and complications, early craniofacial surgery and aggressive physiotherapy for limb contractures can achieve excellent outcomes for patients.
Pediatric surgeon-directed wound classification improves accuracy.

Abstract Background Surgical wound classification (SWC) communicates the degree of contamination in the surgical field and is used to stratify risk of surgical site infection and compare outcomes among centers. We hypothesized that by changing from nurse-directed to surgeon-directed SWC during a structured operative debrief, we will improve accuracy of documentation. Methods An institutional review board–approved retrospective chart review was performed. Two time periods were defined: initially, SWC was determined and recorded by the circulating nurse (before debrief, June 2012–May 2013) and allowing 6 mo for adoption and education, we implemented a structured operative debriefing including surgeon-directed SWC (after debrief, January 2014–August 2014). Accuracy of SWC was determined for four commonly performed pediatric general surgery operations: inguinal hernia repair (clean), gastrostomy ± Nissen fundoplication (clean contaminated), appendectomy without perforation (contaminated), and appendectomy with perforation (dirty). Results One hundred eighty-three cases before debrief and 142 cases after debrief met inclusion criteria. No differences between time periods were noted in regard to patient demographics, ASA class, or case mix. Accuracy of wound classification improved before debrief (42% versus 58.5%, P = 0.003). Before debrief, 26.8% of cases were overestimated or underestimated by more than one wound class, versus 3.5% of cases after debrief ( P Conclusions Implementation of a structured operative debrief including surgeon-directed SWC improves the percentage of correctly classified wounds and decreases the degree of inaccuracy in incorrectly classified cases. However, after implementation of the debriefing, we still observed a 41.5% rate of incorrect documentation, most notably in contaminated cases, indicating further education and process improvement is needed.
Colloid Science — as Applied to Ceramics

The study of very fine particles dispersed in fluids falls under the category of colloid science. Definitions of some of the most important terms used in this field appear in Appendix II. It is suggested that the reader look quickly through that word list and get a general idea of the information available there before proceeding further in this chapter.
704Mycobacterium bovis vertebral osteomyelitis due to intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG): A rare complication of a common therapy

Introduction BCG is a live attenuated strain of M. bovis. It was originally developed for vaccination against tuberculosis in 19211. Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG) is a well known and effective therapy for bladder carcinoma that has been in use since 1976. Complications from BCG are very uncommon2. Vertebral osteomyelitis secondary to BCG is exceedingly rare. We present a case of vertebral osteomyelitis due to intravesical BCG, as a rare complication of a common therapy.
Exploration of Integrating Excellent Local Culture into Education and Development of Talents

Great importance has been attached to Wuyi University to develop and integrate the unique and excellent cultural resources characteristics of the hometown of overseas Chinese into the effective education and development of talents,and as a local university,its efforts to cultivate practical talents with brilliant locality by way of exploiting the excellent local cultural resources have been very fruitful.
Assessment of uncertainty and confidence in building design exploration

Performance assessment at early stages of buildings design is complicated by an inherent lack of information on the design and the uncertainty in how a building design may evolve to a final design. This pilot study reports on an initial quantification of such uncertainty associated with building energy performance and develops a method for informing decision makers of the risks in early design decisions under this uncertainty. Two case studies of building design decision situations under this uncertainty are explored along with using two different energy modeling tools: a reduced-order model and a high-order model. The intended contribution is to identify if a decision can be made with confidence in early design given a high level of uncertainty in the evolution of a design and what models can support decisions of this sort. Integration of the proposed decision support approach with a computer-aided design model is shown as well.
Reproductive health in diabetic women : A report of two cases demonstrating the importance of preconception care

BACKGROUND : Optimal glycemic control prior to and during early pregnancy is essential in diabetic women. CASES: Two cases of fetal anencephaly occurred in diabetic women who conceived with medical technical assistance but did not receive preconception counseling. Both women had poor glycemic control periconceptually, as evidenced by elevated glycosylated hemoglobin determinations in the early first trimester. Targeted sonographic evaluations in the second trimester revealed both fetuses to be anencephalic. Both women terminated their pregnancies. CONCLUSION: Women with diabetes should be encouraged to seek preconceptual counseling and achieve tight glycemic control prior to attempting pregnancy. Health care providers play a vital role in stressing the importance of preconception care to these patients.
Normonatremic osmotic demyelination in the setting of acquired immune deficiency syndrome and malnutrition: case report and literature review

In this report, we present the case of a 43-year-old woman with AIDS, disseminated aspergillosis, and malnutrition who developed osmotic demyelination syndrome. AIDS-related osmotic demyelination has only been documented in a handful of cases to date, and it appears independent of the classic mechanism of rapid correction of hyponatremia. In this manuscript, we review the six prior cases of osmotic demyelination in AIDS patients and compare their circumstances to that of our own patient. It appears that complications of malnutrition, possibly related to depletion of organic osmolytes in the central nervous system, may place AIDS patients at greater risk of osmotic demyelination. These, and other proposed mechanisms, deserve further inquiry.
WIPTTE 2015 High School Contest

The WIPTTE High School Contest was held on the first day of the WIPTTE conference on the Microsoft Campus in Redmond, Washington. The High School Contest is an annual event originating in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at Texas A&M University, which extended into the WIPTTE conference. 2015 marked the second year of the WIPTTE High School Contest. During the contest, high school students participate in an intense day of brainstorming, design, prototyping, and presentation to compete against top schools across the United States. Nineteen high school and middle school students combined into four teams from two different schools: Renton Prep from Renton, WA, and University Prep from Seattle, WA. The high school students participated in many elements of WIPTTE throughout the Contest, including watching and commenting on the opening keynotes and presenting for the entire WIPTTE audience. Additionally, many students were able to participate in all three days of the conference. The students were active and engaged in the WIPTTE community, particularly while providing valuable feedback during the You-Try-It sessions.
The Complete Model of a Closed Economy

The models of the five individual optimizing sectors presented in Chapters 7–11 provide the basis for the unified model of collective economic choice developed in the present chapter. This combined model contains markets for consumption goods, capital goods, labor, equity shares of the private financial sector, equity shares of the nonfinancial business sector, personal loans, checkable deposits, government bonds and advances. Together these markets also constitute a market for high-powered money.
Troubling Images of Teaching in No Child Left Behind

In this article Marilyn Cochran-Smith and Susan Lytle offer a critique of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) related to the implications for teachers in educational improvement. Through an analysis of the NCLB legislation and accompanying policy tools that support it, the authors explore three images or central common conceptions symbolic of basic attitudes and orientations about teachers and teaching that are explicit or implicit in NCLB: images of knowledge, images of teachers and teaching, and images of teacher learning. The authors argue that NCLB leaves teachers void of agency and oversimplifies the process of teacher learning and practice. Furthermore, NCLB undermines the broader democratic mission of education, narrows curriculum, and exercises both technical and moralistic control over teachers and teaching. They conclude by sketching a richer framework for teaching that embraces its myriad complexities and acknowledges teachers' agency, activism, and leadership in generating local knowledge.
Moral Enhancement Using Non-invasive Brain Stimulation

Biomedical enhancement refers to the use of biomedical interventions to improve capacities beyond normal, rather than to treat deficiencies due to diseases. Enhancement can target physical or cognitive capacities, but also complex human behaviors such as morality. However, the complexity of normal moral behavior makes it unlikely that morality is a single capacity that can be deficient or enhanced. Instead, our central hypothesis will be that moral behavior results from multiple, interacting cognitive-affective networks in the brain. First, we will test this hypothesis by reviewing evidence for modulation of moral behavior using noninvasive brain stimulation. Next, we will discuss how this evidence affects ethical issues related to the use of moral enhancement. We end with the conclusion that while brain stimulation has the potential to alter moral behavior, such alteration is unlikely to improve moral behavior in all situations, and may even lead to less morally desirable behavior in some instances.
Cognitive Assessment of Motorically Impaired Infants and Preschoolers

This chapter considers issues involved in and procedures available for the assessment of infants and preschoolers who have impairments in motor ability, within the context of the framework for assessment offered earlier in this book (see Chapters 1–5). Within this framework, the specific issues that will be examined include the implications of the assumptions underlying the use of assessment procedures and the purposes for which assessments are done on this population. Alternative strategies that have been used with motorically impaired young children are considered within the context of the application of the decision-making framework proposed by Hubert and Wallander (Chapter 3).
Effect of density on quantum Hall stripe orientation in tilted magnetic fields

We investigate quantum Hall stripes under an in-plane magnetic field ${B}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ in a variable-density two-dimensional electron gas. At filling factor $\ensuremath{\nu}=9/2$, we observe one, two, and zero ${B}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$-induced reorientations at low, intermediate, and high densities, respectively. The appearance of these distinct regimes is due to a strong density dependence of the ${B}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$-induced orienting mechanism which triggers the second reorientation, rendering stripes parallel to ${B}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$. In contrast, the mechanism which reorients stripes perpendicular to ${B}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ showed no noticeable dependence on density. Measurements at $\ensuremath{\nu}=9/2$ and $11/2$ at the same, tilted magnetic field allow us to rule out the density dependence of the native symmetry-breaking field as a dominant factor. Our findings further suggest that screening might play an important role in determining stripe orientation, providing guidance in developing theories aimed at identifying and describing native and ${B}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$-induced symmetry-breaking fields.
Faithful Mechanisms: bazin's modernism

A Bazinian commitment to cinematic realism, grounded as it is in the ontology of the photograph, sets up the aesthetic ambition of cinema as irreparably opposed to the structures and ambitions of high modernism – whether high modernism be taken to have its essence in formal experiment, medium specificity, or negation. Bazin himself licenses such an opposition, but the sense of a divide here is not his alone: there are structural and grammatical reasons why realism (photographic or otherwise) and modernism appear as incompatible. Yet however strong this opposition is – and however much he himself sometimes endorses it – Bazin equally offers us resources for closing the gap. In his distinction between aesthetic and psychological realism, his sense of the importance of automatism in cinema's significance, and finally in his insistence that true representation is achieved through poetry, Bazin uncovers a concept of realism as transformative, not transparent, fidelity. This idea of poetic, formalist realism al...
Longitudinal and Nonlinear Dynamics “Trajectory” Analysis in Health Care: Opportunities and Necessity

Trajectory analysis in health care involves the mapping of sequences of events and multiple variables contributing to health outcomes for individuals. As such, the term “trajectory” is used in a stochastic, approximate sense, because we can never perfectly predict the future for any process. Consequently, there is a clear need for longitudinal data analysis to improve health care. Likewise, researchers and practitioners need to understand that there usually are no simple relationships or that any given association between variables is linear in nature. Furthermore, scientific decision-making can become subject to fallacious reasoning with respect to cause and effect as well as necessary and sufficient conditions. Along these lines, nonlinear scientists from Poincare to Prigogine, Ruelle, and Thom have demonstrated the sensitive dependence on initial conditions for any complex system.
Towards a Framework for Evaluating the Security of Physical-Layer Identification Systems

In recent years researchers have shown that the analogue signalling behaviour of digital devices can be used for identification and monitoring purposes. The basic postulate of these so-called physical-layer identification (PLI) approaches is that devices are sufficiently variable in their behaviour to be distinguishable and that an attacker would be unable to adequately emulate this behaviour. Recent work, however, has shown that at least some PLI implementations can be defeated using electronic equipment capable of generating arbitrarily shaped signals known as arbitrary waveform generators (AWGs).
Trends in Cancer Survival by Health Insurance Status in California From 1997 to 2014.

Importance There have been substantial improvements in the early detection, treatment, and survival from cancer in the United States, but it is not clear to what extent patients with different types of health insurance have benefitted from these advancements. Objective To examine trends in cancer survival by health insurance status from January 1997 to December 2014. Design, Setting, and Participants California Cancer Registry (a statewide cancer surveillance system) data were used to estimate population-based survival by health insurance status in 3 calendar periods: January 1997 to December 2002, January 2003 to December 2008, and January 2009 to December 2014 with follow-up through 2014. Overall, 1 149 891 patients diagnosed with breast, prostate, colorectal, or lung cancer, or melanoma in California were included in the study. Main Outcomes and Measures Five-year all-cause and cancer-specific survival probabilities by insurance category and calendar period for each cancer site and sex; hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for each insurance category (none, Medicare, other public) compared with private insurance in each calendar period. Results According to data from 1 149 891 patients diagnosed with breast, prostate, colorectal, or lung cancer, or melanoma gathered from the California Cancer Registry, improvements in survival were almost exclusively limited to patients with private or Medicare insurance. For patients with other public or no insurance, survival was largely unchanged or declined. Relative to privately insured patients, cancer-specific mortality was higher in uninsured patients for all cancers except prostate, and disparities were largest from 2009 to 2014 for breast (HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.45-2.03), lung (men: HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.06-1.31 and women: HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.15-1.50), and colorectal cancer (women: HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.05-1.62). Mortality was also higher for patients with other public insurance for all cancers except lung, and disparities were largest from 2009 to 2014 for breast (HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.17-1.34), prostate (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.04-1.31), and colorectal cancer (men: HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.08-1.23 and women: HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.03-1.20). Conclusions and Relevance After accounting for patient and clinical characteristics, survival disparities for men with prostate cancer and women with lung or colorectal cancer increased significantly over time, reflecting a lack of improvement in survival for patients with other public or no insurance. To mitigate these growing disparities, all patients with cancer need access to health insurance that covers all the necessary elements of health care, from prevention and early detection to timely treatment according to clinical guidelines.