cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification and partial characterization of a rhesus rotavirus binding glycoprotein on murine enterocytes

Abstract In order to assess the possibility that rotavirus binds to a specific cellular receptor on enterocytes, we have used a viral overlay protein blot assay to study viral binding to murine intestinal brush border membranes (BBM). Infectious double-shelled particles of rhesus rotavirus bound specifically to two approximately 300- and 330-kDa glycoproteins from BBM prepared from suckling mice. Significantly less rotavirus binding was observed when adult BBM were examined. Rats have never been shown to harbor natural group A rotavirus infection and correspondingly, rat BBM showed no rotavirus binding activity. In suckling mice, rotavirus was found to bind to villus tip membranes to a much greater extent than to crypt preparations. Rotavirus binding activity was abolished by treatment of membrane preparations with protease. Analysis by glycolytic digestion of BBM with N -and O -glyconases revealed evidence for both N- and O-linked glycosylation of the rotavirus binding protein. Also neuraminidase digestion showed that O-linked sialic acid residues were required for virus binding. Monoclonal antibodies which immunoprecipitate the 300-kDa viral binding glycoprotein react with the apical surface of suckling but not adult enterocytes by Western blot. Baculovirus-expressed vp4, the rotavirus outer capsid spike protein, bound to the 300- and 330-kDa proteins and competed with rotavirus particles for binding sites. The ability of rotavirus to bind via vp4 to large BBM glycoproteins correlates with in vivo rotavirus cell tropism and host range restriction. Specific host cell receptor expression may be important in rotavirus pathogenesis.
Temperature dependence of the Eo and Eo + △o gaps of InP up to 600°C

Abstract Using the contactless modulation spectroscopy technique of photoreflectance we have measured the temperature variation of the Eo (direct gap) and Eo + △o (spin-orbit split component) optical features of InP up to 600°C. We have evaluated the parameters which describe the temperature dependence of the band gap energies and broadening function.
Human papillomavirus DNA in the dermis of condyloma acuminatum

Condyloma acuminatum (CA) has high recurrence rates after local treatments. Why this lesion is difficult to eradicate is unclear. One possible explanation for recurrence after superficial destructive therapy is the presence of residual human papillomavirus (HPV) in the superficial dermis beneath the treated epidermis. Thirteen samples of CA were excised from 13 patients. Thirteen samples of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) were studied for purposes of control. Epidermis was separated from dermis by treatment with sodium bromide. DNA was extracted from both tissues and used sodium bromide solution and amplified for the presence of HPV DNA using the polymerase chain reaction. HPV DNA was detected in the epidermis of 11 samples of CA. HPV type 6 was seen in 7 specimens; HPV type 11, in 4. HPV DNA was found in the dermis of 3 specimens of CA; type 6 in 2 and type 11 in 1. Two samples were excluded because of contamination of the sodium bromide solution by HPV. HPV DNA was not detected in tissue samples from BCC. The presence of HPV DNA in the dermis of some condylomata may explain recurrence in sporadic cases.
A Meta-Analysis of the relationship between the Rorschach Ego Impairment Index (EII) and psychiatric severity.

The present study examined the relationship between the Rorschach Ego Impairment Index (EII) and psychiatric severity. Search procedures yielded 13 independent samples (total N = 1402, average n = 108, standard deviation = 90) for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Inter-rater reliability analyses demonstrated that coding of effect sizes and moderator variables was completed with good to excellent reliability. Results indicated that higher EII scores were associated with greater psychiatric severity, with an overall weighted effect size of r = 0.29, p = 0.000002 (95% confidence interval = 0.17–0.40), supporting the EII's validity as a measure of psychological impairment. Publication bias analyses did not indicate any significant cause for concern regarding the results. The data were demonstrably heterogeneous (Q = 56.82, p = 0.0000001), and results of post-hoc tests indicated that effect sizes with dependent variables obtained via researcher ratings were significantly larger than any of the following: effect sizes with dependent variables obtained via clinician ratings, informant ratings, information about level of treatment or placement status or self-report ratings (p's = 0.0005, 0.003, 0.10). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Message: • The Rorschach Ego Impairment Index (EII) demonstrated validity in measuring psychiatric severity across a range of normative, outpatient, residential, and inpatient samples. • The degree of the EII's validity in assessing psychiatric severity compared favorably to the overall validity of the Rorschach and the MMPI. • The EII appears to be most valid in capturing psychiatric severity as measured by researcher ratings of social competency or estimated ego impairment.
The effect of amygdalectomy on long-term retention of an undertrained classically conditioned fear response

Rats trained in the classical conditioning fear response were subjected to amygdalectomy 24 h after conditioning and were tested for retention 4 days and 4-7 weeks postoperatively. The results of the experiment indicated that amygdalectomy disrupted the intermediate and long-term retention of the classically conditioned fear response. There was no recovery of performance after the amygdalectomy. The experiment confirms previous reports of retention deficits after amygdalectomy in undertrained Ss, but does not corroborate previous reports of recovery of function, with additional training, after amygdalectomy.
Interstitial irradiation in recurrent gynecological cancer.

Abstract Ninety-six patients with recurrent gynecological, cancer documented by biopsy underwent interstitial implantation at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center during the period of 1957–1976. They are divided into two groups: Group I includes 75 patients with recurrent cervical cancer and Group II includes 21 patients with other recurrent gynecological cancer. In Group 1, 63% (47) had previously received a full course of both external and intracavitary radiation, 22% (17) had surgery and 12% (9) had both sugery and radiation as prior management for their primary disease. In two patients, the prior management was not clearly documented. Symptomatic relief was obtained in 70% of the patients who initially presented with symptoms. Without subsequent treatment, 34 of these 75 (45%) patients were alive and disease-free at one year, 15 (20%) at two years, 12 (16%) at three years, 9 (12%) at four years and 7 (10%) at five years. In Group II, 48% (10) were alive and disease free at one year, 33% (7) at two years, 24% (5) at three years, 19% (4) at four years and 5% (1) at five years.
Association and release of prostaglandin E1 from liposomes.

Abstract PGE1–lipid interactions were studied in several liposome systems. Data from both circular dichroic (CD) measurements and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated that PGE1 in the protonated form seeks the less polar environment of the lipid bilayer. CD measurements made on PGE1 in solution showed that the wavelength of maximum absorbance red shifted approximately 8 nm with decreasing solvent polarity. The CD spectrum of liposomal PGE1 prepared in pH 4.5 but not pH 7.2 buffer was also red shifted. There was no red shift in the CD spectrum of PGE1 detected at pH 4.5 in the absence of phospholipid. DSC measurements on DSPC bilayers prepared with 5 mol% PGE1 at pH 4.5 but not pH 7.2 revealed an almost complete loss of the pre-transition as well as broadening of the main phase transition. The amount of 3H-PGE1 initially associated with EPC, POPC or DSPC liposomes was determined using size exclusion filters and centrifugation. This amount was found to be dependent on the pH of the buffer (pH 4.5≫pH 7.2) and fluidity of the bilayer (EPC=POPC>DSPC), but independent of the lamellarity of the liposome. In all cases, addition of cholesterol reduced the amount of PGE1 associated with the liposome. The time-dependent release of PGE1 from the liposomes was determined by rapidly diluting the sample 100-fold into pH 7.2 buffer. Lipid saturation was a key factor influencing this release. Gel-phase liposomes of DSPC showed a rapid initial release (t1/2
Co-operation of a Macintosh laboratory for Rensselaer's technical writing program

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's Macintosh Laboratory is a partnership between Information Technology Services and the Department of Language Literature and Communication that attempts to meet a variety of instructional needs. One of the great promises of microcomputers has been to ease the integration of computing into the curriculum by allowing individual departments to design their own computing environments. Unfortunately, that promise has eluded many departments because their programs and their budgets are not large enough to justify the cost of microcomputer laboratories solely for their use. When a department does manage to obtain a private facility, they often have neither the interest nor the staff to keep it open for general campus use.Here at Rensselaer, most faculty who want to use microcomputers in their teaching schedule time in the public microcomputer sites operated by ITS and scheduled through the Registrar's Office. The Registrar's Office has identified a growing demand for these facilities, but the special requests we receive indicate that these general purpose labs are often inadequate for special subject-area needs.An equipment grant from Apple Computer provided an opportunity to serve the specialized needs of the Department of Language, Literature and Communication as well as the general campus need for microcomputer access though a jointly operated Macintosh Laboratory. This paper describes the configuration of the lab and its local area network and some of the problems we encountered in setting it up. But the focus is on the way the lab is actually used in the instructional program of LL&C and some of the administrative problems and successes we have encountered in our cooperative venture.
Explanation of the muon g − 2 anomaly with vectorlike leptons and its implications for Higgs decays

The deviation of the measured value of the muon anomalous magnetic moment from the standard model prediction can be completely explained by the mixing of the muon with extra vectorlike leptons, $L$ and $E$, near the electroweak scale. This mixing simultaneously contributes to the muon mass. We show that the correlation between contributions to the muon mass and muon $g\ensuremath{-}2$ is controlled by the mass of the neutrino originating from the doublet $L$. Positive correlation, simultaneously explaining both measured values, requires this mass below 200 GeV. The decay rate of the Higgs boson to muon pairs is modified and, in the region of the parameter space that can explain the muon anomalous magnetic moment within one standard deviation, it ranges from 0.5 to 24 times the standard model prediction. In the same scenario, $h\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ can be enhanced or lowered by $\ensuremath{\sim}50%$ from the standard model prediction. The explanation of the muon $g\ensuremath{-}2$ anomaly and predictions for $h\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ are not correlated since these are controlled by independent parameters. This scenario can be embedded in a model with three complete vectorlike families featuring gauge coupling unification, sufficiently stable proton, and the Higgs quartic coupling remaining positive all the way to the grand unification scale.
Comparative audit of intravenous lorazepam and diazepam in the emergency treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children

Abstract There is little evidence on which to judge the optimal treatment for convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) in children. This study compares the effect of intravenous (iv) lorazepam with iv diazepam as the first line of treatment of CSE. We studied all children with prolonged seizures arriving in the Accident and Emergency (A&E) Department in two separate periods. In the first 6-month period iv diazepam was used as standard treatment, in the second 1-year period iv lorazepam was used. We measured latency to stopping of seizure and any adverse events. A successful treatment was defined as one in which the seizure clinically ceased within 15 minutes after siting the iv cannula, requiring no further treatment. Intravenous diazepam (0.32 mg kg −1 ) was used in 17 of 26 patients, whilst iv lorazepam (0.13 mg kg −1 ) was used in 31 of 59. There were no differences between the two groups regarding age, sex and seizure type. The seizure was successfully controlled 15 minutes after siting the iv cannula in 11 (65%) patients treated with diazepam (median time of 3 minutes) and in 20 (65%) patients treated with lorazepam (median time of 5 minutes). These preliminary results suggest that iv lorazepam may be as effective as iv diazepam.
Enhanced luminescence and size effects of Y 2 O 3 :Eu 3+ nanoparticles and ceramics revealed by x rays and Raman scattering

Europium-doped yttrium oxide (Y2O3:Eu3+) nanophosphors were synthesized by wet chemical routes with both combustion and coprecipitation techniques. We explicitly illustrate the dynamics of Y2O3:Eu3+ nanophosphors with a particle size that is influenced by extrinsic stress and revealed by x rays and Raman scattering. The influence of Eu3+ activation on Raman spectra is illustrated. We demonstrate the significant enhancement of emission characteristics of ceramics synthesized from nanoparticles by using the combustion technique and by controlling the vacuum-sintering conditions.
Influence of ammonia and carbon dioxide on the sorption of a basic organic pollutant to carpet and latex-painted gypsum board.

Sorptive interactions with indoor surfaces strongly influence indoor exposure to organic pollutants. Adsorption itself may be influenced by indoor levels of common indoor gases such as CO2, NH3, an...
Modeling and Control of Consumable Double-Electrode Gas Metal Arc Welding Process

This paper addresses the modeling and control of an innovative welding process namely the consumable double-electrode gas metal arc welding. Because the model of a welding process typically depends on manufacturing conditions, it is proposed that the process be modeled as an interval model whose parameters are bounded by intervals. Experiments have been conducted with selected manufacturing conditions to identify a few models. These models are then used to derive an interval model to describe the process. To increase the stability margin, the intervals identified are artificially enlarged. A prediction based interval model control algorithm is used to control the resultant interval model. Closed-loop control experiments have been performed to verify the effectiveness of the developed control system for this novel welding process.
Autobiographical Memory Phenomenology and Content Mediate Attachment Style and Psychological Distress.

In 2 studies, the present research tested the phenomenology and content of autobiographical memory as distinct mediators between attachment avoidance and anxiety and depressive symptoms. In Study 1, participants (N 454) completed measures of attachment and depressive symptoms in 1 session and retrieved and rated 2 self-defining memories of romantic relationships in a separate session. In Study 2, participants (N 534) were primed with attachment security, attachment insecurity, or a control prime and then retrieved and rated a self-defining relationship memory. Memory phenomenology, specifically memory coherence and emotional intensity, mediated the association between attachment avoidance and depressive symptoms, whereas the negative affective content of the memory mediated the association between attachment anxiety and depressive symptoms. Priming attachment security led to retrieval of a more coherent relationship memory, whereas insecurity led to the retrieval of a more incoherent relationship memory. Discussion focuses on the construction and recollection of memories as underlying mechanisms of adult attachment and psychological distress, the importance of memory coherence, and the implications for counseling research and practice.
Early childhood education: Everyone's challenge for the 21st century

By the 21st century the need for early childhood education will increase due to societal and family changes. The types of programs offered will be fewer but with more flexibility and collaboration. The goal will always remain the same, namely to prepare preschoolers for their formal education. The ideal curriculum should have a developmentally appropriate, hands‐on, multisensory approach to learning and should include play. The child's self esteem should be of primary importance. As we examine what other industrialized nations are doing to provide child care we realize we have a long way to go, especially in establishing a national maternity leave policy. Diverse coalitions must be formed to provide for family needs. Several innovative, collaborative approaches to the complex problems of quality, affordable early childhood programs are explored.
Karst database implementation in Minnesota: analysis of sinkhole distribution

This paper presents the overall sinkhole distributions and conducts hypothesis tests of sinkhole distributions and sinkhole formation using data stored in the Karst Feature Database (KFD) of Minnesota. Nearest neighbor analysis (NNA) was extended to include different orders of NNA, different scales of concentrated zones of sinkholes, and directions to the nearest sinkholes. The statistical results, along with the sinkhole density distribution, indicate that sinkholes tend to form in highly concentrated zones instead of scattered individuals. The pattern changes from clustered to random to regular as the scale of the analysis decreases from 10–100 km2 to 5–30 km2 to 2–10 km2. Hypotheses that may explain this phenomenon are: (1) areas in the highly concentrated zones of sinkholes have similar geologic and topographical settings that favor sinkhole formation; (2) existing sinkholes change the hydraulic gradient in the surrounding area and increase the solution and erosional processes that eventually form more new sinkholes.
Weak Anthropocentric Intrinsic Value

Professional environmental ethics arose directly out of the interest in the environment created by Earth Day in 1970. At that time many en vironmentalists, primarily because they had read Aldo Leopold's essay, "The Land Ethic," were convinced that the foundations of environmental problems were philosophical.1 Moreover, these environmentalists were dissatisfied with the instrumental arguments based on human use and benefit?which they felt compelled to invoke in defense of nature?because they thought these arguments were part of the problem. Wanting to counter instrumental arguments in some way with nonor even anti-instrumental arguments, and unable to think of anything else to say, they began wistfully suggesting that perhaps nature had or ought to have rights.2 When profes sional environmental ethics came into its own in the early 1980s, rights for nature were one of the first subjects to be debated in detail.3 Unfortunately, however, no one could come up with a theory to support such rights attribu tions. Nevertheless, because rights had been invoked by environmentalists to challenge the preeminent role of instrumental value arguments, and because the field of environmental ethics developed in support of en vironmental concerns and arguments, environmental ethicists turned to an examination of noninstrumental or intrinsic value arguments for the preser vation of nature. As these investigations progressed, it soon became clear that most en vironmental ethicists, and indeed most environmentalists, did not believe that traditional intrinsic value?for example, the kind of intrinsic value which is attributed to art?was an adequate counter to instrumental value.4 To find a kind of intrinsic value that could trump instrumental value?in the way that rights can?they started looking for nonanthropocentric intrin sic value. This search, unfortunately, has been a confusing one because of definitional problems with the word nonanthropocentric. A nonanthro pocentric value was simply assumed to be the opposite of an instrumen tal value, making anthropocentric for all practical purposes a synonym for the word instrumental* In environmental policy, there is perhaps some basis for such a definition, since nearly all arguments, economic and other wise, are formulated routinely in terms of instrumental value to human be ings. Nevertheless, anthropocentric is not and has never been a synonym for
Stabilisation of Gunn oscillations in layered semiconductor structures

2-stream interaction between an active GaAs diode and a passive biased semiconductor is shown to reduce the growth rate of a space-charge wave by a factor proportional to the difference of carrier drift velocities in the two interacting semiconductors. This mechanism offers a possible way for stabilising Gunn oscillators with large n0L products.
Fermi-liquid state and enhanced electron correlations in the iron pnictide CaFe 4 As 3

The recently discovered ${\text{CaFe}}_{4}{\text{As}}_{3}$ system displays low-temperature Fermi-liquid behavior, with enhanced electron-electron correlations. At high temperatures, the magnetic susceptibility shows Curie-Weiss behavior, with a large temperature-independent contribution. Antiferromagnetic ordering is observed below ${T}_{N}=(88.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0)\text{ }\text{K}$, possibly via a spin density wave transition. A remarkably sharp drop in resistivity occurs below ${T}_{2}=(26.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0)\text{ }\text{K}$, correlated with a similarly abrupt increase in the susceptibility but no visible feature in the specific heat. The electronic specific-heat coefficient $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ at low temperatures is close to $0.02\text{ }\text{J}\text{ }{\text{mol}}_{\text{Fe}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\text{ }{\text{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, but a higher value for $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\sim}0.08\text{ }\text{J}\text{ }{\text{mol}}_{\text{Fe}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\text{ }{\text{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ can be inferred from a linear $Cp/T$ vs ${T}^{2}$ just above ${T}_{2}$. The Kadowaki-Woods ratio $A/{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{2}=55\ensuremath{\ast}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\Omega}\text{ }\text{cm}\text{ }{\text{mol}}^{2}\text{ }{\text{K}}^{2}\text{ }{\text{mJ}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ is nearly two orders of magnitude larger than that of heavy fermions.
DEVELOPMENT OF A PRACTICAL DISPOSABLE CPAP HEAD BAG

A practical disposable head bag has been developed for delivering Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP), obviating the need for the insertion of an endotracheal tube or a nasal piece. The head bag itself is made of transparent polyvinyl chloride film allowing visualization of the face and head of the infant. A vinyl press - closure zipper is incorporated in the head bag so that with a simple separation of the zip lock, access to the nose and mouth for suctioning is possible. Air-oxygen mixture then passes to the head compartment. The pressure throughout the system, both in the neck collar and in the head bag, are essentially the same. 15 infants have been treated. 3 infants developed a pneumothorax. 3 are considered failures because it was necessary to intubate and ventilate these infants. 2 infants developed a macular papular rash on the neck resembling erythema toxicum. Smear demonstrated eosinophilia and bacterial culture was negative.
Motor Cortex Involvement in Presenile Dementia: Report of a Case

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized neuropathologically by high densities of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and neuritic plaques (NP) in the cerebral cortex, in particular in neocortical association areas and in the hippocampal formation. We report here the case of an AD patient who developed signs of motor dysfunction early in the clinical evolution. A quantitative neuropathologic analysis revealed much higher densities of NFT and NP in the primary motor cortex than is usually observed in AD. This case, together with other reports, points to the existence of neurologically defined subgroups of AD with unusual clinical deficits that are correlated with the regional and laminar distribution of NP and NFT, and further supports the hypothesis that the symptomatology presented by AD patients results from the loss of specific neuronal populations leading to a syndrome of global cortical disconnection.
a-Stable extensive game forms

Peleg established a fundamental theorem which says that convex effectivity functions are stable. He also proved its partial converse: Within the class of maximal effectivity functions, stability implies convexity. The present paper provides another partial converse: Within the class of α-effectivity functions derived from extensive game forms without chance moves, stability implies convexity. It also provides a geometric characterization of the stability condition for the latter class.
Some effects of reserpine, a tranquilizer, on the house fly.

Reserpine (methylreserpate 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid ester) is a pure crystalline alkaloid of rauwolfia root ( Rauwolfia serpentina Benth). Known for centuries in India, it was given serious consideration in the 1950's as a hypotensive and later as a tranquilizer. It has been reported to be of great value as an antihypertensive and calming agent for human use (Goodman and Gilman 1956). In tense patients it is especially useful in lowering blood pressure, producing a calming effect, and slowing the pulse rate. It also imparts a sense of well being. In some cases a severe mental depression has been reported from use, and shock therapy is sometimes required to overcome the depression. Some side effects noted are drowsiness, increased frequency of defecation, bizarre dreams, and dizziness (CIBA 1963).
Determination of the orientation of the magnetic axes of the cyano-MetMb complexes of point mutants of myoglobin by solution 1H NMR : influence of His E7 → Gly and Arg CD3 → Gly substitutions

A method is described for obtaining the axes of the diagonal paramagnetic susceptibility tensor for the low-spin cyanide complexes of distal point mutants of ferric sperm whale myoglobin (metMbCN). It relies on using the crystal coordinates of the wild-type (WT) protein for that portion of the molecule unperturbed by the point mutation, together with the experimental dipolar shifts, to search for the Euler rotation that correctly converts the crystal coordinates to the magnetic axes
Orientation of the moon by numerical integration

The differential equations of rotational motion of the moon are solved by numerical integration methods. Euler's dynamical equations transformed to a convenient form are treated by techniques analogous to ordinary orbit determination procedures. The proposed method is fully consistent with the ephemeris of the moon and can utilize a variety of observational material for the solution of the selected parameters. Examples are given of comparison between the proposed method and Eckhardt's 1970 model of the physical librations of the moon. The merits of the new method are discussed in the light of conventional data sources like earth-based or satellite-based photography as well as newly available data types like laser ranging to retroreflectors on the moon.
PARAMETERIZATION USING MANIFOLDS

There are a variety of surface types (such as meshes and implicit surfaces) that lack a natural parameterization. We believe that manifolds are a natural method for representing parameterizations because of their ability to handle arbitrary topology and represent smooth surfaces. Manifolds provide a formal mechanism for creating local, overlapping parameterization and defining the functions that map between them. In this paper we present specific manifolds for several genus types (sphere, plane, n-holed tori, and cylinder) and an algorithm for establishing a bijective function between an input mesh and the manifold of the appropriate genus. This bijective function is used to define a smooth embedding of the manifold that approximates or interpolates the mesh. The smooth embedding is used to calculate analytical quantities, such as curvature and area, which can then be mapped back to the mesh. Possible applications include texture mapping, surface fitting, arbitrary topology surface modeling, feature detection, and surface comparison.
The Continuous Electron Affinity Spectrum of Hydrogen

A wave-mechanical calculation has been made of the intensity distribution in the continuous emission spectrum due to the capture of electrons by normal hydrogen atoms and the coefficient of absorption in the corresponding absorption spectrum due to the neutralization of negative hydrogen ions. Approximate wave functions for the continuous range of upper energy levels have been combined with the discrete state wave function for ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ given by Hylleraas to give the matrix components for the desired transitions. The computed results are graphically illustrated and their significance discussed. It is shown that an experimental attempt to find the electron affinity emission spectrum of normal hydrogen atoms may encounter at least two difficulties: (1) insufficient intensity compared to that in experiments on the recombination between ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ ions and electrons, and (2) spectral distribution such that the spectral limit is too diffuse for positive identification. The relation of these results to the interpretation of experiments on the electron affinity spectrum of halogen atoms is discussed.
Dystrophin is transcribed in brain from a distant upstream promoter.

Abstract Dystrophin, the protein product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene, is expressed in brain as well as muscle. The role of dystrophin in the brain is not clear, though one-third of Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients exhibit some degree of mental retardation. We have isolated the genomic region encoding the alternative 5' terminus of dystrophin used in the brain. Primer extension and polymerase chain reaction assays on RNA demonstrate that this region contains an alternative promoter for dystrophin used in the brain. Physical mapping of this region indicates that this brain promoter is located greater than 90 kilobases 5' to the promoter used in muscle and 400 kilobases from exon 2 to which it is spliced. The large physical distance between the promoters, taken together with their known tissue selectivities, suggests that in certain patients a deletion of either dystrophin promoter might give rise to reduced dystrophin expression selective to brain or muscle. We have identified one such individual with specific deletion of the dystrophin muscle promoter, giving rise to Becker muscular dystrophy, and we predict that specific loss of the brain promoter may be one cause of X chromosome-linked mental retardation.
RCAT: a RESTful Client-scalable ArchiTecture

In interactive multi-user virtual environments, the computation and bandwidth required to perform real-time simulation increases quadratically with the number of users. Handling communication, storage and computation resources on the same machine hinders scalability. This paper presents a system architecture abiding to the constraints of the REpresentational State Transfer (REST) architectural style. This architecture divides the resource requirements into separate layers and suggests how they can be addressed efficiently in isolation. Theoretical results show how the architecture scales with the number of clients.
Functional autonomy of distant-acting human enhancers

Many human genes are associated with dispersed arrays of transcriptional enhancers that regulate their expression in time and space. Studies in invertebrate model systems have suggested that these elements could function as discrete and independent regulatory units, but the in vivo combinatorial properties of vertebrate enhancers remain poorly understood. To explore the modularity and regulatory autonomy of human developmental enhancers, we experimentally concatenated up to four enhancers from different genes and used a transgenic mouse assay to compare the in vivo activity of these compound elements with that of the single modules. In all of the six different combinations of elements tested, the reporter gene activity patterns were additive without signs of interference between the individual modules, indicating that regulatory specificity was maintained despite the presence of closely-positioned heterologous enhancers. Even in cases where two elements drove expression in close anatomical proximity, such as within neighboring subregions of the developing limb bud, the compound patterns did not show signs of cross-inhibition between individual elements or novel expression sites. These data indicate that human developmental enhancers are highly modular and functionally autonomous and suggest that genomic enhancer shuffling may have contributed to the evolution of complex gene expression patterns in vertebrates.
A Note on the Relation between Frames, Perceptions, and Taxpayer Behavior*

In this study, we incorporate taxpayers' threat /opportunity perceptions into our analysis of taxpayer behavior in order to refine and extend our understanding of the internal cognitive forces that shape taxpayer behavior. Decision-making frames (that is, the gain and loss domains from the prospect theory value function) and individual perceptions (that is, perceptions of decision alternatives as being threats or opportunities) are both likely to influence behavior, yet prior research has generally ignored the behavioral effects of individual perceptions. The results of our experiment reveal that taxpayers who are due a tax refund (owe additional taxes) prior to considering a judgemental tax deduction tend to perceive the conservative (aggressive) tax deduction to be more of an opportunity/less of a threat. In turn, we find that taxpayer frames have a direct effect on taxpayer behavior and an indirect effect on behavior through their effect on taxpayers' threat/opportunity perceptions. Perhaps the most important message of this study is that researchers can advance our understanding of the internal cognitive processes that shape taxpayer behavior by incorporating taxpayer perceptions into their research designs.
Medical history, body size, and cigarette smoking in relation to fatal prostate cancer.

Objectives Prostate cancer has few known risk factors. As part of a population-based case–control study conducted in four health maintenance organizations, the authors examined the associations between fatal prostate cancer and several medical and behavioral characteristics.
Microglia, Astrocytes, and Macrophages React Differentially to Central and Peripheral Lesions in the Developing and Mature Rat Whisker-to-Barrel Pathway: A Study Using Immunohistochemistry for Lipocortin1, Phosphotyrosine, S100β, and Mannose Receptors

Abstract Adult and neonatal rats were subjected to transection of the left infraorbital nerve or ablation of the left parietal cortex. The ensuing glial reaction in the whisker-to-barrel pathway was studied with immunohistochemistry for Lipocortin1- (LC1+), phosphotyrosine- (PY+), S100β- (S100β+), and mannose receptor- (MR+) immunoreactive microglia, astrocytes, and macrophages. Four days after infraorbital nerve transection in adult rats, LC1+ and PY+ microglia were prominently increased in the trigeminal sensory brain-stem nuclei on the deafferented side compared with the intact side. Changes were negligible at the second synapse of the pathway, i.e., the thalamic ventroposterior medial nucleus. Cortical ablation in adults led to an increase in microglia in the ipsilateral ventroposterior medial nucleus that reciprocally connects with the ablated cortex. Moreover, microglial reactions occurred in the contralateral trigeminal sensory brain-stem nuclei in which corticofugal projections from the ablated cortex terminate. S100β+ astrocytes, in contrast, appeared unaltered after both types of lesion in adults. In neonates, LC1+, PY+, and S100β+ cells did not have the adult morphology of microglia or astrocytes. Four days after nerve transection, LC1+ and PY+ cells were sparse and remained unchanged. In contrast, S100β+ cells substantially increased in the deafferented trigeminal brain-stem nuclei. Four days after cortical ablation in neonates, LC1+, PY+, and S100β+ cells had accumulated in the deprived thalamus. In contrast to adults, many of these cells were MR+ macrophages. In the deprived brain-stem, only S100β+ cells increased and none were macrophages. Therefore, macrophages do not appear to stem from microglia, and neonatal LC1+, PY+, and S100β+ cells may possess functions different from those in adults.
Propagation of rose species in vitro

Several rose species (Rosa rugosa, R. wichuraiana, R. setigera, R. laevigata, R. banksiae, R. roxburghii, R. odorata) and interspecific hybrids were cultured to determine the appropriate concentrations of nutrients and growth regulators for shoot proliferation and root initiation. Cultured shoot tips and lateral buds from different genotypes proliferated multiple shoots on a basal medium [Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts, vitamins, glycine, sucrose, and agar] supplemented with 0 μM to 17.8 μM (4 mg·l−1) 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 0 μM to 0.54 μM (0.1 mg·l−1) naphthalene, acetic acid (NAA). The ability of the explants to proliferate shoots and initiate roots was affected by the genotype, the nodal position of the explant, the strength of the MS basal salts, and the growth regulators used. The buds nearest the apex exhibited the slowest rate of development. Most species had the highest shoot proliferation when cultured on basal MS medium supplemented with 8.9 μM (2 mg·l−1) BA, but the degree varied by species. Root development was enhanced by lowering the concentration of MS salts. With difficult-to-root species, rooting was improved by supplementing the media with 11.4 μM (2 mg·l−1) indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or by giving them a 7-d dark treatment at 10°C.
The tylotrich (hair) follicle of the American opossum.

Tylotrich follicles are present in the skin of the marsupial, the American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Their morphology, ancillary structures, time of development, size and distribution of epidermal pads, are similar to tylotrich follicles found in eutherian mammals. The presence of tylotrich follicles in the marsupial suggests that they arose early in the evolution of mammalian skin.
Proximal and Distal Kinematics in Female Runners with Patellofemoral Pain

Background Female runners have a high incidence of developing patellofemoral pain. Abnormal mechanics are thought to be an important contributing factor to patellofemoral pain. However, the contribution of abnormal trunk, hip, and foot mechanics to the development of patellofemoral pain within this cohort remains elusive. Therefore the aim of this study was to determine if significant differences during running exist in hip, trunk and foot kinematics between females with and without patellofemoral pain.
Effects of a downstream disturbance on the structure of a turbulent plane mixing layer

Using a two-dimensional airfoil, a disturbance was introduced into a plane mixing layer some distance downstream of the splitter plate trailing edge. Results indicate that it is possible to induce very large changes in the layer growth rate downstream of the disturbance location, while leaving the portion of the shear layer between the splitter plate and the disturbance source essentially unaffected. Furthermore, the use of forcing for modification of the mixing layer in the region upstream of the disturbance is demonstrated. It Is shown that two different mechanisms are responsible for coupling such disturbances to the flow in the present forcing of upstream and downstream regions.
Rethinking the Role of Resubsumption in Conceptual Change.

Why is conceptual change difficult yet possible? Ohlsson (2009/this issue) proposes that the answer can be found in the dynamics of resubsumption, or the process by which a domain of experience is resubsumed under an intuitive theory originally constructed to explain some other domain of experience. Here, it is argued that conceptual change is difficult in two distinct senses—that is, difficult to initiate and difficult to complete—and that Ohlsson's proposal addresses the latter but not the former. The implications of this argument for how conceptual change might be best facilitated in the science classroom are discussed as well.
Division-of-amplitude Photopolarimeter (DOAP) for the Simultaneous Measurement of All Four Stokes Parameters of Light

To measure all four Stokes parameters of a light beam simultaneously, the beam is divided into four separate beams using a beamsplitter and two Wollaston prisms. Linear detection of the light fluxes of the four component beams gives four signals that determine the four Stokes parameters. This division-of-amplitude photopolarimeter (DOAP) is completely characterized by a wavelength-dependent 4 2 4 matrix that can be determined directly by calibration. The instrument has a fast response (that is limited only by the photodetectors) as it has no moving parts or modulation.
Further studies of synergism in slit pea test.

The work reported in this paper, which is a continuation of that presented earlier (9), had two primary objectives. The first was to determine whether or not sparing of IAAs by IAN from IAA oxidase could be involved in IAN-IAA synergism in the slit pea test. The second was to determine more completely the kind and extent of growth occurring. If IAA oxidase were of major importance in the interaction of IAN-IAA, no synergism should be expected with either NAA or 2,4-D, which presumably are not attackedt by the oxidlase (5, 13). Van Raalte (18) found that in root pro(luction indole synergized with IAA but not with NAA. He considered this suggestive that sparing of IAA from IAA oxidase was involved and presented evidence that at high concentrations of IAA indole inhibits the oxidase. The physiological significanice of the latter already has been questioned (9) on the basis that at the lowest concentration of IAA tested, 6 x 10-4 M and still above physiological, ii(lole seeninigly stimulated the oxidase. If either or both NAA and 2,4-D interact synergistically with IAN, IAA oxidase can be eliminated from further consideration in attempts to explain IAN-IAA syniergisnm in the slit pea test. Comparable responses to NAA and IAA have been used by Hillman (5) to reinforce the argument that changed auxin sensitivity of red-grown pea interno(les could not be ascribed to changes in IAA oxidase activity. Compounds other than IAN and indole have been reported to synergize with IAA. It seemed a(lvisable, also, to investigate whether or not IAA oxidase could be involved in any of these instances. Besides IAN and indole, the following were checked: NAN; the hemiauxins, CHAA and PBA, of Went (19); and skatole, which Thimann (14) reported to have some synergistic activity with IAA in the pea curvature test. The second objective was accomiiplished by measuring and comparing changes in curvature, average length, fresh weight, cross-sectional area, and(l crosssectional shape. Both wlhole an(d slit sections were used.
Detection and identification of words and letters in simulated visual search of word lists.

Ss were shown a rapid sequence of words and had to (a) make a speeded response to the presentation of a predefined target and (b) report a “response word“ which they thought immediately followed the target in the sequence. In Experiment I presentation rate was varied orthogonally with the number of alternative targets. Detection errors and latency increased with target set size, as did the distance of the response word from the target in the list sequence. Increases in presentation rate produced greater target-response distance without affecting detection time. In Experiment II Ss were in some conditions given only the initial letter of the targets; the response could be either the whole word following the target or only its initial letter. The results indicated that Ss could, within limits, concurrently detect initial letters and identify words. Alternatives to hierarchical-type models of stimulus processing in visual search were discussed.
Prediction of Calf Volume During Muscle Contraction

This study evaluated the relationship between calf volume changes and different intensities of maximum voluntary contractions (MVCs) of a lower limb performing plantar flexions. An electronic plethysmography instrument (EPI) was developed, and after testing for its reliability, it was used to measure calf volume changes. For EPI, the reliability correlation coefficients (r) to measure calf volume consistently were .98, .91, and .98 at 100% MVC, 80% MVC, and 60% MVC, respectively. There were also significant correlations between calf volume changes and the different intensities of MVC (MVC: r = .42, p < .011; 80% MVC: r = .41, p < .013; 60% MVC: r = .5, p < .002). The calf volume changes at different levels of muscle contractions also correlate significantly (upper calf: r = .55, p < .0002; middle calf: r = .58, p < .0007; and lower calf: r = .55, p < .002). The results indicated that EPI might be used as a reliable tool to predict the intensity of muscle contraction based on calf volume changes. Clinician...
Selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide with ammonia at low temperatures

Abstract Selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide with ammonia in synthetic low temperature flue gases has been investigated on a commercially available precious metal catalyst, NO x CAT 920 LT TM . It has been found that this catalyst is capable of achieving up to 90% conversion at temperatures below 300°C and low space velocities (12 000 h −1 ), even in the presence of 20 ppm sulfur dioxide. The ideal ammonia concentration to reduce slip and achieve maximum conversion seems to be a stoichiometric match between ammonia concentration and nitric oxide concentration. A dual site model is proposed to explain the selectivity dependence on the presence of water vapor or sulfur dioxide.
X-ray Visualization and Analysis of Multicomponent Subjects

The information carried by x-rays showing the distribution of each material of which a subject is assumed to be composed is distributed on separate films by means of a controlled variation in composition of the scanning radiation. The beam is modulated, for example, by simultaneous motion of several wedges. The method is useful in quantitative x-ray analysis and as a system for making radiographs predominantly sensitive to one material in the subject.
Elemental mobility in subduction metamorphism: insight from metamorphic rocks of the Franciscan Complex and the Feather River ultramafic belt, California

The degree of element mobility in subduction metamorphism has generated much debate; some workers advocate considerable mobility during metamorphism, whereas others postulate minimal mobility. We assess this issue by examination of major and trace element concentrations and Pb-, Nd-isotopic data for 39 mafic metavolcanic rocks from the Franciscan subduction complex, related units of coastal California, and the Feather River ultramafic belt of the northern Sierra Nevada, California; these samples span a wide range of metamorphic grade. We conclude that these rocks, despite their metamorphism up to eclogite facies, preserve protolith major and trace elemental compositions and isotopic ratios, with the exception of some mobile large ion lithophile elements such as Ba, Pb, and to a smaller extent La, U, and Sr. Thus subduction metamorphism of these metabasalts occurred in a largely closed system. Lack of light rare earth element enrichment in the rocks demonstrates lack of chemical exchange with subducted met...