cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enseñar derecho de forma colaborativa. Ensayo sobre una primera experiencia

El estado actual de la ensenanza del derecho muestra la presencia aun fuerte de la clase magistral como metodologia recurrente. Frente a este hecho, se plantea la necesidad de innovar en la ensenanza y asi desarrollar en los estudiantes otras competencias, ademas del saber escuchar. La propuesta de la autora es una metodologia participativa o colaborativa, que se caracteriza por la participacion del estudiante en su proceso de aprendizaje y por desplazar el foco del proceso desde la ensenanza al aprendizaje. Los aspectos que hay que privilegiar en esta metodologia son: el perfil de egreso, el desarrollo de competencias, cenirse a un programa de estudio y seleccionar actividades relevantes, entre otros.
Conclusion: description, explanation, and “beyond”

This book provides a Minimalist description of the clause. It uses three clausal domains that are quite distinct in their characteristics. One way of characterizing each layer is by using the term pragmatic for the CP, grammatical for the TP, and semantic for the VP, but that is of course an overgeneralization. Each of these three layers has been examined in detail, and a Cartography has emerged. What I have tried to emphasize, however, is that this Cartography is descriptive, i.e. it is descriptively adequate and is not an explanation for why the order of phrases is the way it is and how it came to be this way, i.e. how it is explanatorily adequate and “beyond” explanatorily adequate. Cartography and Minimalism are different ways of approaching the problem: the one is descriptive, the other explanatory. I have therefore also suggested ways to envisage an explanation in terms of third factors, as is now common in Minimalism. Here, I have been much vaguer, and that’s why Minimalism is programmatic at this point. A complete account is not yet feasible. In addition to third factor effects, however, I have suggested a bigger role for Universal Grammar than is currently the case. Innate semantic concepts and features guide the child in its extraordinary acquisition of lexical items.
Photothermal Spectroscopy Using a Pyroelectric Calorimeter

In photothermal spectroscopy, the sample under investigation is excited with a modulated or pulsed light source [1]. Via radiationless decay part of the absorbed light is released in the sample as heat. With the incident energy being either modulated or pulsed, the heat generation will also show a corresponding time dependence. Thermal waves are, therefore, generated and, due to thermal expansion, acoustic waves are induced. These waves can be detected with suitable transducers, such as pyro- or piezoelectric transducers. With a pyroelectric thin film calorimeter recently, a sensitivity of nanojoules was obtained at a time resolution of tens of nanoseconds [2]. Only the absorbed and via radiationless decay into heat converted fraction of the incident light energy contributes towards the photothermal signal. The fact that the absorbed energy is determined directly and not as the difference of incident and reflected or transmitted light energy makes photothermal techniques particularly suitable for weakly absorbing samples, strongly scattering or opaque samples. Combined with laser excitation, this detection method, therefore, offers a unique combination of advantages, such as high sensitivity, high spectral resolution, high time resolution and instrumental simplicity.
“D” Is for Divorce: An Autoethnography

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to critically examine the author’s adult experience of her parents’ divorce. Through the use of reflexive authoethnography, she details the event of the divorce and the feelings and emotions experience as an adult, only child. Furthermore, she offers her inner thoughts and observations on how to comprehend and live through an unexpected change. Findings may assist others affected by divorce, experiencing grief, or learning to cope with life-altering events.
Structural Characteristics of the RNAse H Domain in HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase

HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (RT) is a multi-functional enzyme responsible for the viral DNA polymerase and ribonuclease activities required for viral replication. RT is encoded as a 66 kDa polypeptide in the Gag-Pol polyprotein and matured to form a heterodimer composed of 66 kDa (p66) and 51 kDa (p51) subunits. The maturation process of RT is believed to entail dimerization of p66 subunits, followed by cleavage of the C-terminal ribonuclease H domain (RNH) in one of the p66 subunits by viral protease (PR), yielding the p51 subunit within the mature heterodimer.
THE MACROPHAGE IN ABSORPTION FROM THE SYNOVIAL CAVITY

1. The synovial membrane has specificity in its reaction to intraarticular material, as here illustrated by dyes. 2. This specificity is determined by distinguishing two distinct types of cells in the synovial membrane. The secretory cells, preponderantly present, maintain an absolute integrity against all but finely colloidal solutions. The particulate substances seem to be engulfed entirely by the macrophages. 3. The fluid and colloid elements are transported both through blood and lymphatic channels, and are diffused throughout the entire body. 4. The dye-filled macrophages may remain for some time in the periarticular structures or may be transported, seemingly by the lymphatic structures only, to various structures of the body, chiefly members of the reticulo-endothelial system. These dye-filled macrophages are found largely in lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and bone marrow. 5. Apparently the lymphatic channels of the synovial cavity of the knee drain directly to the inguinal and lumbar nodes, rather than to the popliteal nodes, as generally described. 6. These macrophages may afford a key to the clearer understanding of the behavior of the lymph node, liver, spleen, and bone marrow in the presence of arthritis.
Multi-scale silica structures for improved point of care detection

The need for sensitive, portable diagnostic tests at the point of care persists. We report on a simple method to obtain improved detection of biomolecules by a two-fold mechanism. Silica (SiO2) is coated on pre-stressed thermoplastic shrink-wrap film. When the film retracts, the resulting micro- and nanostructures yield far-field fluorescence signal enhancements over their planar or wrinkled counterparts. Because the film shrinks by 95% in surface area, there is also a 20x concentration effect. The SiO2 structured substrate is therefore used for improved detection of labeled proteins and DNA hybridization via both fluorescent and bright field. Through optical characterization studies, we attribute the fluorescence signal enhancements of ~100x to increased surface density and light scattering from the rough SiO2 structures. Combining with our open channel self-wicking microfluidics, we can achieve extremely low cost yet sensitive point of care diagnostics.
The Underappreciated Doctors of The American Civil Rights Movement. Part I: Theodore Roosevelt Mason Howard, MD.

During the fight to end segregation in the United States, most of the 25 or so black physicians who had not already left Mississippi took risks to become active in civil rights locally and nationally. One of the first was T.R.M. Howard, MD, whose life story is both an encouragement and warning for today's physicians. Howard, the protege of a white Adventist physician, became active in civil rights during medical school. While serving as chief surgeon of the all-black hospital in Mississippi, he formed his own civil rights organization in 1951 and worked to solve the shootings of 2 of its members, George Lee and Gus Courts, and the murder of Emmett Till in 1955. His reports of these events and collaborations with other civil rights icons helped trigger the modern civil rights movement. At the same time, he became a nationally known proponent of abortion rights and then fled to Chicago in 1956, after arming his Delta mansion with long guns and a Thompson machine gun. Howard will be remembered for many things, including his activism for the social determinants of health as president of the National Medical Association.
Mathematical Modeling of White Blood Cell Population Dynamics for Diagnosis and Prognosis

The complete blood count (CBC) is one of the most commonly ordered clinical tests because it provides a snapshot of the current state of the hematologic system in a patient, including an estimate of the number of currently circulating white blood cells (WBC). This simple assessment of patient WBC count is valuable in the screening and monitoring of a very wide range of conditions, from infection to malignancy to autoimmunity. Many routine WBC counts are measured by sophisticated automated hematology analyzers that rely on the principles of flow cytometry and characterize the morphology of thousands of individual WBCs in the process of providing a simple WBC count. These single-WBC measurements collected at high-throughput are usually discarded, but the probability distributions they represent provide a glimpse into the dynamics of the circulating WBC population, potentially enabling clinicians not only to estimate current numbers of circulating WBCs but also to infer whether the numbers of WBC subtypes (neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes) are likely to increase or to decrease in the subsequent days and weeks. We utilize this otherwise discarded single-WBC information in combination with semi-mechanistic mathematical models of neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte population dynamics to infer patient-specific rates of neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte flux (Figure 1). We characterize differences in average flux for patients with different classes of disease (infection, hematologic malignancy, and cardiac ischemia) and show how the data collected in a simple CBC and differential may be helpful in the early diagnosis and prognosis for a number of important diseases. For instance, we assess the diagnostic efficiency of inferred WBC dynamics to help identify (1) patients with initially negative cardiac troponins who are most likely to have subsequent positive levels, and (2) patients with newly discovered leukocytosis who are more likely to have an underlying malignant hematologic process. In a retrospective study of 73 patients with mild to moderate leukocytosis (11 x10 3 /uL 3 /uL) of unknown etiology, this approach showed promise in helping to identify patients who were diagnosed with a hematologic malignancy in the subsequent 6 months (Figure 2). Figure 2: Nuclear maturation distributions of neutrophils (a) and lymphocytes (b) were derived from raw CBC measurements for patients found to have moderately elevated WBC counts (> 11x10 3 /uL and 3 /uL) before an underlying disease process had been identified. A statistically-significant fraction of patients with a subsequent new diagnosis of a hematologic malignancy could be identified based on either their single-neutrophil or single-lymphocyte characteristics at the time of the CBC up to 6 months prior to diagnosis, with multivariate discriminants showing even better performance. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Biased Generation and In Situ Activation of Lung Tissue-Resident Memory CD4 T Cells in the Pathogenesis of Allergic Asthma

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease mediated by allergen-specific CD4 T cells that promote lung inflammation through recruitment of cellular effectors into the lung. A subset of lung T cells can persist as tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) following infection and allergen induction, although the generation and role of TRM in asthma persistence and pathogenesis remain unclear. In this study, we used a mouse model of chronic exposure to intranasal house dust mite (HDM) extract to dissect how lung TRMs are generated and function in the persistence and pathogenesis of allergic airway disease. We demonstrate that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltrate into the lung tissue during acute HDM exposure; however, only CD4+ TRMs, and not CD8+ TRMs, persist long term following cessation of HDM administration. Lung CD4+ TRMs are localized around airways and are rapidly reactivated upon allergen re-exposure accompanied by the rapid induction of airway hyperresponsiveness independent of circulating T cells. Lung CD4+ TRM activation to HDM challenge is also accompanied by increased recruitment and activation of dendritic cells in the lungs. Our results indicate that lung CD4+ TRMs can perpetuate allergen-specific sensitization and direct early inflammatory signals that promote rapid lung pathology, suggesting that targeting lung CD4+ TRMs could have therapeutic benefit in alleviating recurrent asthma episodes.
Self-control interventions with internalizing disorders: A review and analysis.

This article reports the findings of a metanalytic review of self-control therapies for children with internalizing disorders with symptoms of clinically significant severity. A total of 22 studies...
Aerobic Copper-Catalyzed Alkene Oxyamination for Amino Lactone Synthesis

A convenient alkene oxyamination compatible with a wide range of alkenoic acids and electron-rich amines is accomplished via aerobic copper catalysis. The synthetic value of this protocol is highlighted with the stereoselective formation of complex amino lactone products. In addition, product derivatizations to privileged nitrogen heterocycles have also been demonstrated via simple reduction methods. The reaction is proposed to proceed through a copper-catalyzed iodolactonization process.
The Art of War and oncology: applying the principles of strategy and tactics to greater effect in the era of targeted therapy.

“ It is said that if you know your enemies and know yourself, you will not be imperiled in a hundred battles; if you do not know your enemies but do know yourself, you will win one and lose one; if you do not know your enemies nor yourself, you will be imperiled in every single battle .”—Sun-Tzu
Prototype of a fish inspired swimming silk robot

Elongate fishes have evolved hundreds of times throughout the tree of life. They occupy many aquatic environments, from streams and ponds to the deepest parts of the ocean. Due to their long body and numerous vertebrae, they are also highly flexible animals, which makes them useful as bioinspiration for designs in the field of soft robotics. We present a biodegradable soft robot prototype, inspired by elongate fishes. The robot's body is primarily composed of a silk hydrogel with embedded fibers to mimic the structure of natural fish skin. When actuated at the front, the flexible gel prototype mimics the undulatory gait of elongate fishes such as eels. Our goal is to use this prototype as a tool to understand the functional consequences of the fibers and other aspects of elongate body morphology in fishes, and to help develop robotic devices for exploring environments previously inaccessible to humans.
NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR A LOCAL OPTIMUM WITHOUT PRIOR CONSTRAINT QUALIFICATION

Summary Constructive necessary conditions for constrained optima which are independent, not only of rank restrictions on the Jacobian of the binding constraints, but also of the Qualified Kuhn-Tucker Theorem are derived. The linear necessary conditions involve determining only L+ 1 multipliers, where L is the difference between the row dimension and the rank of the Jacobian matrix. In addition, necessary conditions second order only in the constraints are presented to complement the linear conditions. The discriminating quantities for both results, constrained first and second derivatives, are directly computable by elementary matrix manipulations. Examples illustrating the tests are included.
Abnormal twin-twin interaction in an Mg-3Al-1Zn magnesium alloy processed by laser shock peening

Abstract Twin-twin interaction in an Mg-3Al-Zn1 magnesium alloy subjected to ultra-high strain rate deformation (~10 6 /s) was investigated. The material was processed by laser shock peening and the microstructure at various depths was characterized by electron backscattered diffraction. The results show that different 10 1 ¯ 2 twin variants were activated in individual parent grains, and the interfaces between these twin variants present very abnormal morphologies. One variant can be totally surrounded by the other, forming isolated or disconnected islands which have the same crystallographic orientation. A mechanism was proposed to account for the abnormal twin-twin interaction.
Use of Dendritic Cell Receptors as Targets for Enhancing Anti-Cancer Immune Responses

A successful anti-cancer vaccine construct depends on its ability to induce humoral and cellular immunity against a specific antigen. Targeting receptors of dendritic cells to promote the loading of cancer antigen through an antibody-mediated antigen uptake mechanism is a promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy. Researchers have been targeting different dendritic cell receptors such as Fc receptors (FcR), various C-type lectin-like receptors such as dendritic and thymic epithelial cell-205 (DEC-205), dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN), and Dectin-1 to enhance the uptake process and subsequent presentation of antigen to T cells through major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. In this review, we compare different subtypes of dendritic cells, current knowledge on some important receptors of dendritic cells, and recent articles on targeting those receptors for anti-cancer immune responses in mouse models.
Socially Toxic Environments: A YPAR Project Exposes Issues Affecting Urban Black Girls’ Educational Pathway to STEM Careers and Their Racial Identity Development

In this article, the author reports findings from a youth participatory action research (YPAR) project, aimed to engage a group of Black girls from a low-income urban high school in a social justice project. The YPAR project conducted during the 2015 and 2016 academic year focused on a critical examination of the high school educational pathway to specialized fields, such as STEM careers. Findings from phase one of the project show Black girls know race and class affects their educational experiences. However, they know little about racial and gender disparities along STEM educational pathways. In fact, when given an opportunity to engage in a critical examination of school-based issues, these girls initially reified negative racial stereotypes to explain social and educational injustices. The findings reveal how school and culture intersect and affect urban Black girls’ school experiences, perception of educational and specialized career pathways, and their racial identity development.
Optimal design of single-cell RNA sequencing experiments for cell-type-specific eQTL analysis

Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-Seq) is a compelling approach to simultaneously measure cellular composition and state which is impossible with bulk profiling approaches. However, it has not yet become a widely used tool in population-scale analyses, due to its prohibitively high cost. Here we show that given the same budget, the statistical power of cell-type-specific expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping can be increased through low-coverage per-cell sequencing of more samples rather than high-coverage sequencing of fewer samples. We also show that multiple experimental designs with different numbers of samples, cells per sample and reads per cell could have similar statistical power, and choosing an appropriate design can yield large cost savings especially when multiplexed workflows are considered. Finally, we provide a practical approach on selecting cost-effective designs for maximizing cell-type-specific eQTL power.
Bio-engineering of fetal cartilage for in utero spina bifida repair

During in utero surgical spina bifida repair, a multi-layer closure is used to cover the defect. These soft tissues, however, might be not sufficient to protect the spinal cord during the future life. Our goal is to develop a more rigid protective tissue construct consisting of bioengineered cartilage and skin. Ovine fetal chondrocytes were tested for their in vitro chondrogenic potential in three-dimensional cultures. Scaffolds based on natural biopolymers (collagen I, fibrin glue) were loaded with varying amounts of fetal chondrocytes and assessed for their ability to support cartilage formation in vitro. The bioengineered constructs were analyzed using cartilage-specific histology stainings and compared to native fetal cartilage. Fetal chondrocytes actively produced cartilage extracellular matrix in three-dimensional cultures, even at high passages. Among all bioengineered scaffolds, only the collagen I-based hydrogels loaded with high densities of fetal chondrocytes showed cartilage-like structure in vitro but also extensive shrinking. Fetal chondrocytes represent a good cell source for cartilage bioengineering. Collagen I scaffolds support cartilage formation in vitro, but the construct shrinking constitutes a major limitation. Future steps include the identification of suitable bioprintable materials which maintain their shape and size, as well as the analysis of the interphase between bioengineered cartilage and skin.
The Unequal Effect of Income on Risk of Overweight/Obesity of Whites and Blacks with Knee Osteoarthritis: the Osteoarthritis Initiative

Although the protective effect of socioeconomic status (SES) against risk of overweight/obesity is well established, such effects may not be equal across diverse racial and ethnic groups, as suggested by the marginalization-related diminished returns (MDR) theory. Built on the MDR theory, this study explored racial variation in the protective effect of income against overweight/obesity of Whites and Blacks with knee osteoarthritis (OA). This cross-sectional study used baseline data of the OA Initiative, a national study of knee OA in the USA. This analysis included 4664 adults with knee OA, which was composed of 3790 White and 874 Black individuals. Annual income was the independent variable. Overweight/obesity status (body mass index more than 25 kg/m2) was the dependent variable. Race was the moderator. Logistic regressions were used for data analysis. Overall, higher income was associated with lower odds of being overweight/obese. Race and income showed a statistically significant interaction on overweight/obesity status, indicating smaller protective effect of income for Blacks compared with Whites with knee OA. Race-stratified regression models revealed an inverse association between income and overweight/obesity for White but not Black patients. While higher income protects Whites with knee OA against overweight/obesity, this effect is absent for Blacks with knee OA. Clinicians should not assume that the needs of high-income Whites and Blacks with knee OA are similar, as high-income Blacks may have greater unmet needs than high-income Whites. Racially tailored programs may help reduce the health disparities between Whites and Blacks with knee OA. The results are important given that elimination of racial disparities in obesity is a step toward eliminating racial gap in the burden of knee OA. This is particularly important given that overweight/obesity is not only a prognostic factor for OA but also a risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases and premature mortality.
Microglia TREM2R47H Alzheimer-linked variant enhances excitatory transmission and reduces LTP via increased TNF-α levels

To study the mechanisms by which the p.R47H variant of the microglia gene and Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk factor TREM2 increases dementia risk, we created Trem2R47H KI rats. Trem2R47H rats were engineered to produce human Aβ to define human-Aβ-dependent and -independent pathogenic mechanisms triggered by this variant. Interestingly, pre- and peri-adolescent Trem2R47H rats present increased brain concentrations of TNF-α, augmented glutamatergic transmission, suppression of Long-term-Potentiation (LTP), an electrophysiological surrogate of learning and memory, but normal Aβ levels. Acute reduction of TNF-α activity with a neutralizing anti-TNF-α antibody occludes the boost in amplitude of glutamatergic transmission and LTP suppression observed in young Trem2R47H/R47H rats. Thus, the microglia-specific pathogenic Trem2 variant boosts glutamatergic neuronal transmission and suppresses LTP by increasing brain TNF-α concentrations, directly linking microglia to neuronal dysfunction. Future studies will determine whether this phenomenon represents an early, Aβ-independent pathway that facilitates dementia pathogenesis in humans.
Operation and Control of Converters Having Integrated Capacitor Blocked Transistor Cells

Converters having Integrated Capacitor Blocked Transistor (ICBT) cells provide a new method to transfer high power in medium voltage or high voltage systems. One ICBT cell operates as a single switching device, series-connected ICBT cells operate as a single high-voltage device without suffering from large additional losses or the requirement of fast balancing controls. Converters with ICBT cells have the modularity and scalability like Modular Multilevel Converters but require much lower cell capacitances. The operation of converters with ICBT cells are analyzed. Different switching states and commutation sequences are presented. Based on the results, control methods are proposed to achieve desired converter outputs, low cell capacitor voltage ripples and cell capacitor voltage balance. The operation and control of converters having ICBT cells are demonstrated by simulation results in PLECS and LTspice.
Measurement of cell volume using in-line digital holography.

The measurement of the volume of blood cells is important for clinical diagnosis and patient management. While digital holography microscopy (DHM) has been used to obtain such information, previous off-axis setups usually involve a separated reference beam and are thus not very easy to implement. Here, we use the simple in-line Gabor setup without separation of a reference beam to measure the shape and volume of cells mounted on glass slides. Inherent to the in-line holograms, the reconstructed phase of the object is affected by the virtual image noise, producing errors in the cell volume measurement. We optimized our approach to use a single hologram without phase retrieval, increasing distance between cell and hologram plane to reduce the measurement error of cell volume to less than 6% in some instances. Therefore, the in-line Gabor setup can be a useful and simple tool to obtain volumetric and morphologic cellular information.
Micro-continuum approach for mineral precipitation.

Rates and extents of mineral precipitation in porous media are difficult to predict, in part because laboratory experiments are problematic. It is similarly challenging to implement numerical methods that model this process due to the need to dynamically evolve the interface of solid material. We developed a multiphase solver that implements a micro-continuum simulation approach based on the Darcy–Brinkman–Stokes equation to study mineral precipitation. We used the volume-of-fluid technique in sharp interface implementation to capture the propagation of the solid mineral surface. Additionally, we utilize an adaptive mesh refinement method to improve the resolution of near interface simulation domain dynamically. The developed solver was validated against both analytical solution and Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian approach to ensure its accuracy on simulating the propagation of the solid interface. The precipitation of barite (BaSO4) was chosen as a model system to test the solver using variety of simulation parameters: different geometrical constraints, flow conditions, reaction rate and ion diffusion. The growth of a single barite crystal was simulated to demonstrate the solver’s capability to capture the crystal face specific directional growth.
Anomaly Detection in Scientific Workflows using End-to-End Execution Gantt Charts and Convolutional Neural Networks

Fundamental progress towards reliable modern science depends on accurate anomaly detection during application execution. In this paper, we suggest a novel approach to tackle this problem by applying Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classification methods to high-resolution visualizations that capture the end-to-end workflow execution timeline. Subtle differences in the timeline reveal information about the performance of the application and infrastructure’s components. We collect 1000 traces of a scientific workflow’s executions. We explore and evaluate the performance of CNNs trained from scratch and pre-trained on ImageNet [7]. Our initial results are promising with over 90% accuracy.
“Fruchtcocktails” and “Explosionen”: Navigating War and Destruction in Olga Grjasnowa’s Gott ist nicht schüchtern (2017)

With more than two thirds of Olga Grjasnowa’s Gott ist nicht schuchtern set in present-day Syria, the novel’s main objective is to convey to its readers a sense of the Syrian Civil War and its effe...
TORTS Torts: Defamation and Abusive Litigation

One person may sue another for libelous statements made in visual or sound media. Section 1 of the Act permits a defendant to plead and prove certain facts which will prevent the plaintiff from recovering punitive damages and also will mitigate actual damages. These facts include: the defendant acted without malice; the plaintiff did not request a retraction; or the defendant published a retraction in a manner as conspicuous as that of the defamatory statement. Section 2 of the Act defines the tort of abusive litigation. A plaintiff may sue in tort if a defendant, with malice, levied a claim against him which was frivolous, groundless in law or fact, or vexatious. The Act permits several complete defenses to the tort, including: that the original plaintiff pursued the suit in good faith; that the plaintiff voluntarily dismissed the suit; or that the defendant in the abusive litigation suit was substantially successful in the underlying suit that formed the basis of the claim for abusive litigation.
Growth factor activation of protein kinase C-dependent and -independent pathways of protein phosphorylation in fibroblasts: relevance to activation of protein kinase C in neuronal tissues.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes some recent studies evaluating insulin and growth factor promoted phosphorylation pathways in fibroblasts and related cell lines, because these relate to the activation of protein kinase C and other protein kinase activities by these agents. It also describes recent data that suggest that the growth factor activated pathways of protein phosphorylation in cells, such as fibroblasts, appear to be similar in many ways to the responses elicited by muscarinic cholinergic agonists in certain neuronal tissues. It is determined that in intact fibroblasts and cultured adipocytes, growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor and fibroblast growth factor, are able to activate at least two distinct phosphorylation pathways in these cells: one involving the activation of protein kinase C, presumably through increases in intracellular diacylglycerols mediated by enhanced polyphosphoinositide turnover, and the other involving the activation of a separate, insulin-stimulated phosphorylation pathway, which does not appear to interact with protein kinase C.
Sequential segregation and fate of developmentally restricted intermediate cell populations in the neural crest lineage.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the evidence that neural crest cells begin to diversify before they disperse and that developmentally restricted intermediate subpopulations arise sequentially within the crest lineage. It discusses the results, indicating that some of these developmentally distinct subpopulations respond differentially to specific developmental cues that they encounter on their migration pathways. Finally, the chapter discusses how the recent results with cultured crest cells can be reconciled, with the early morphogenetic and differentiative behavior of crest cells in vivo, how developmental cues are normally presented to the responsive crest-derived populations, and how differentially the responsive crest populations might arise during development. The neural crest of vertebrate embryos has been usefully exploited to learn how the differences in developmental ability are established in vertebrate embryonic cell lineages. Neural crest cells disperse along characteristic paths through embryonic interstitial spaces, where they encounter a variety of different environmental cues and ultimately produce a remarkable diversity of cellular phenotypes. A variety of heterotopic grafting experiments have shown that the neural crest from every axial level has a wide range of developmental potentialities.
The Klingler preparation technique and plastination: orienting students to three-dimensional neuroanatomy (721.9)

Due to the complexity of the central nervous system, neuroanatomy is cited as one of the most challenging portions of the anatomical sciences to study by first year medical students, and junior physicians alike. Fiber paths are challenging to visualize to their full extent, and it is difficult for a novice learner to clearly dissect them. Interpretation of a two-dimensional image to a three-dimensional anatomical structure is a daunting task, and creates palpable dread to many students. Since its inception, plastination has served as an adjunct in teaching anatomy. If used properly, plastinated specimens can augment students' understanding of neural architecture. Brains dissected following the preparation method by Klingler can be plastinated and utilized for visualization of fiber paths, and used to accent complex structures. This technique can isolate neuroanatomical structures that students often have trouble visualizing in three dimensions, such as the corpus callosum. This poster will discuss the spe...
Non-Violence and the French Revolution: Political Demonstrations in Paris, 1787–1795

Introduction 1. Marching in Paris, from the Old Regime to the Revolution 2. Political demonstrations and the politics of escalation in 1789 3. From rapprochement to radicalism, 1790-1 4. War, collaborative protest, and the 1792 Republican movement 5. Fraternal protest in a time of terror, August 1792-September 1793 6. Reasserting collective action: 1794-5 7. Moderate and conservative marches in Revolutionary Paris Conclusion Appendix: Parisian protests, 1787-95 Bibliography Index.
[Supplementary Material] Estimating Bacterial Diversity in Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Via Next Generation Sequencing

Summarized from a presentation and discussions at the “Thrips: small players with big damage” Symposium at the Annual Meeting of the Florida Entomological Society, 16 July 2013, Naples, Florida. The last 2 decades have produced a better understanding of insect-microbial associations and yielded some important opportunities for insect control. However, most of our knowledge comes from model systems. Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) have been understudied despite their global importance as invasive species, plant pests and disease vectors. Using a culture and primer independent next-generation sequencing and metagenomics pipeline, we surveyed the bacteria of the globally important pest, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood. The most abundant bacterial phyla identified were Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria and the most abundant genera were Propionibacterium, Stenotrophomonas, and Pseudomonas . A total of 189 genera of bacteria were identified. The absence of any vertically transferred symbiont taxa commonly found in insects is consistent with other studies suggesting that thrips primarilly acquire resident microbes from their environment. This does not preclude a possible beneficial/intimate association between S. dorsalis and the dominant taxa identified and future work should determine the nature of these associations. Durante las ultimas dos decadas se ha alcanzado una mejor comprension acerca de la asociacion insecto-microbio, lo cual ha entregado importantes oportunidades para el control de insectos. Sin embargo, la mayor parte de nuestro conocimiento proviene de sistemas modelo, en que los Trips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) no han sido estudiados en profundidad, a pesar de su importancia como especie invasiva, plaga de plantas y vector de enfermedades. Utilizando metodos de sequenciacion de ultima generacion sin necesidad de primers o cultivos, asi como metagenomica, hemos sondeado la bacteria Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, una plaga de importancia mundial. Las phyla bacteriales mas abundantes identificadas fueron Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, mientras que los generos fueron Propionibacterium , Stenotrophomonas y Pseudomonas . Un total de 189 generos de bacteria fueron identificados. La ausencia de cualquier tipo de taxa simbionte transferida verticalmente, como aquella encontrada frecuentemente en insectos, es consistente con otros estudios que sugieren que los microbios residentes en trips provienen principalmente del medio ambiente. Esto no excluye una posible asociacion intima/beneficiaria entre S. dorsalis y la taxa domimante identificada. La naturaleza de estas asociaciones debera ser determinada en futuros estudios.
IL-10 deficiency increases superoxide and endothelial dysfunction during inflammation

Little is known about the role of interleukin-10 (IL-10), an anti-inflammatory cytokine, in blood vessels. We used IL-10-deficient mice (IL-10 −/−) to examine the hypothesis that IL-10 protects end...
The New Netherland/New York ceramic chemistry archive: Compositional analysis of bricks by ICP

The need to track down the origins of ceramics recovered in historical excavations within the region of New York led to the establishment of a similar collection of ceramic analytical data. This initiative, called the New Netherland/New York ceramic chemistry archive (or NNNY), resides at Fordham University. The brick component of the archive is especially important. Whereas bricks or fragments of them are common in historic sites, their relatively narrow range of morphological variability makes it difficult to erect detailed classifications or link the different types with discrete sources. The present paper will explore the use of a cheap, recently developed multielement analytical technique, inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (or ICP), that has been the basis for all NNNY determinations. A demonstration of how ICP characterization works in the discrimination of brickmaking establishments along the Hudson River in the late 19th century follows in Section 5. 13 refs., 5 figs.
Health Care Use Among Rural, Low-Income Women and Children: Results from a 2-Stage Negative Binomial Model

Determinants of healthcare use among rural, low-income mothers and children were assessed using a 2-stage negative binomial model of joint mother/child choices and data from a multi-state, longitudinal study, Rural Families Speak. Maternal healthcare use increased with higher depression scores, chronic conditions, new medical conditions, number of children, pediatric visits, prenatal/post-partum needs, and health insurance coverage. Maternal visits decreased with lower income, age, child’s chronic conditions, and child’s private health insurance. Pediatric visits increased with new medical conditions, greater number of chronic conditions, and maternal health visits. Pediatric visits decreased with maternal depression, pregnancy, Latina and African American mothers, more children, and private health insurance coverage. The 2-stage model shows mothers simultaneously choose healthcare visits for themselves and their child.
An infrastructure for scalable and portable parallel programs for computational chemistry

The Super Instruction Architecture (SIA) was developed to support parallel implementation of algorithms for electronic structure computational chemistry calculations. The methods are programmed in a domain specific programming language called Super Instruction Assembly Language (SIAL). An important novel aspect of SIAL is that algorithms are expressed in terms of operations (super instructions) on blocks (super numbers) rather than individual floating point numbers. The bytecode from compiled SIAL programs is executed by a parallel virtual machine known as the Super Instruction Processor (SIP). Compute intensive operations such as tensor contractions and diagonalizations, as well as communication and I/O are handled by the SIP. By separating the algorithmic complexity of the application domain in SIAL from the complexities of parallel execution on computer hardware in the SIP, a software system has been created that allows for very effective optimization and tuning on different hardware architectures with quite manageable effort.
The Application of Plasmonic Nanostructures for Quantitative Measurements of Cell Secretions

The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of lithographically patterned gold nanostructures was utilized for the quantitative measurement of anti-c-myc antibodies as harvested from a cultured 9E10 hybridoma cell line. The fact that the technique is label-free allowed for the antibody detection to be made without the need for further purification or processing. The simultaneous acquisition of CCD imagery and LSPR spectra enabled the calibration of hundreds of individual nanostructures in parallel. From the calibration we mapped the fractional occupancy of surface-bound receptors at individual nanostructures with nanomolar sensitivity and a temporal resolution of 225 ms. The setup is integrated on to an inverted microscope and fully compatible with other imaging techniques such as fluorescence and DIC.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
A Diagnosis of Moist Frontogenesis with an Analytic Model

Abstract The temporal evolution of the frontogenetic forcing of the horizontal gradients of temperature and longfront velocity is discussed for the moist semigeostrophic frontal model of Mak and Bannon where CISK schemes formulated in geostrophic coordinates parameterize the precipitation due to conditional symmetric instability/slantwise convection.
Pulmonary metastasis from a benign giant-cell tumor of the hand: Report of a case diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology

We report on the fine-needle aspiration cytologic findings of a metastatic giant-cell tumor of the right long digit to the lungs. The patient had undergone curettage of his giant-cell tumor of the finger twice 2 yr before his last admission. The lesion recurred 9 mo later, and a Ray resection of the right long digit was performed. Recently, a routine follow-up chest X-ray disclosed pulmonary metastasis. The aspirate from the lung yielded a highly cellular double-cell population, composed of mononuclear stromal cells and an osteoclast-like giant-cell population. The rarity of this tumor and its metastatic potential can cause considerable difficulty in diagnosing this entity. Clinical data, radiologic findings, and cytologic features are important to reach the correct diagnosis. Fine-needle aspiration cytology is a reliable, relatively noninvasive, and cost-effective diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of visceral metastasis in giant-cell tumors.
Change in bone mass immediately before menopause

A group of 75 healthy women nearing menopause were entered into a longitudinal study of bone mass and bone cell function. All were at least 46 years, were still menstruating, and had premenopausal levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol (E2). Bone density measurements of the spine (dual-photon absorptiometry, DPA) and total-body (DPA) and forearm (single-photon absorptiometry, SPA) were made at 6 month intervals along with measurements of FSH and E2 over an average of 2.04 +/- 0.45 years. The annual rate of change in bone mass was determined for each individual by regressing the bone mass measurement at each site at the time of observation. The slopes were pooled, and the percentage annual change was calculated as the mean slope divided by the initial mean bone mass value. The mean rates of change in bone mass were calculated with and without weighting by length of observation. No meaningful differences in the results were seen in the weighted values compared to the unweighted values, and none of the sites showed a slope significantly different from zero. Demonstrated reproducibility and sample size provided sufficient power to detect annual weighted rates of change of 0.81% for spine BMC, 0.69% for spine BMD, 1.31% for forearm BMC, 1.55% for forearm BMC/BW, and 1.09% for total body bone mineral. We conclude that if changes in bone mineral are occurring in women at this age, they are substantially less than 1%/year for spine and not much more for the forearm or total skeleton.
Differentiation and transformation of neural plate cells

The developmental potential of presumptive neural plate cells of prestreak chick embryos (stage 1) and neural plate cells from definitive streak chick embryos (stage 4) has been examined in cell culture using specific markers that identify the major cell types in the vertebrate central nervous system. The prestreak presumptive neural plate (PSPNP) cells, stage 1, assume an epithelial appearance in vitro and synthesize cellular fibronectin, but do not express markers for the neuronal, astrocytic, melanocytic, or oligodendrocytic lineages. Conversely, definitive-streak neural plate (DSNP) cells contain precursors which express cell-type-specific markers for terminally differentiated neurons, astrocytes, and melanocytes, and synthesize an extracellular matrix of cellular fibronectin. Differentiation of DSNP cells in vitro can be prevented by infection with a temperature-sensitive mutant of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), tsNY68. Differentiation of DSNP cell transformants can be resumed by a temperature shift to the nonpermissive temperature. The morphological and biochemical changes associated with tsNY68 transformation are accompanied by alterations in pp60src kinase activity in the transformed cells.
Effects of an ozone-generating air purifier on indoor secondary particles in three residential dwellings.

UNLABELLED The use of indoor ozone generators as air purifiers has steadily increased over the past decade. Many ozone generators are marketed to consumers for their ability to eliminate odors and microbial agents and to improve health. In addition to the harmful effects of ozone, recent studies have shown that heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions between ozone and some unsaturated hydrocarbons can be an important source of indoor secondary pollutants, including free radicals, carbonyls, carboxylic acids, and fine particles. Experiments were conducted in one apartment and two detached single-family dwellings in Austin, TX, to assess the effects of an ozone generator on indoor secondary organic aerosol concentrations in actual residential settings. Ozone was generated using a commercial ozone generator marketed as an air purifier, and particle measurements were recorded before, during, and after the release of terpenes from a pine oil-based cleaning product. Particle number concentration, ozone concentration, and air exchange rate were measured during each experiment. Particle number and mass concentrations increased when both terpenes and ozone were present at elevated levels. Experimental results indicate that ozone generators in the presence of terpene sources facilitate the growth of indoor fine particles in residential indoor atmospheres. Human exposure to secondary organic particles can be reduced by minimizing the intentional release of ozone, particularly in the presence of terpene sources. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Past studies have shown that ozone-initiated indoor chemistry can lead to elevated concentrations of fine particulate matter, but have generally been completed in controlled laboratory environments and office buildings. We explored the effects of an explicit ozone generator marketed as an air purifier on the formation of secondary organic aerosol mass in actual residential indoor settings. Results indicate significant increases in number and mass concentrations for particles <0.7 microns in diameter, particularly when an ozone generator is used in the presence of a terpene source such as a pine oil-based cleaner. These results add evidence to the potentially harmful effects of ozone generation in residential environments.