cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The electrocardiogram in complete transposition of the great vessels

Abstract The electrocardiograms of 53 patients with complete transposition of the great vessels were analyzed. They showed the following: 1.1. In 88.68 per cent the ÂQRS was located in sextants IV and V of Bayley's triaxial system. 2.2. The P wave was normal in 41.51 per cent, tall and peaked or notched in 28.30 per cent, peaked in 16.98 per cent, and notched in 13.21 per cent. 3.3. The P-R interval was normal in 52 patients. It was prolonged in 1 with single ventricle and pulmonary stenosis. 4.4. An R in Lead aV R was greater than 5 mm., and the RS or RQ ratio was greater than 1.0 in 50 per cent. 5.5. A Q wave in Leads V 4R and V 1 was present in 13.21 per cent. Both marked right axis deviation and a Q wave in the right precordial leads were absent in patients under 3 months of age. 6.6. An RSR′ pattern in the right precordial leads was present in 13.21 per cent; an rs, rS, Rs, or RS was present in 66.04 per cent, of which rs alone constituted 54.72 per cent. 7.7. A low, notched, flat, diphasic, or "juvenile" T wave in the left precordial leads was associated with right ventricular hypertrophy and upright T wave in the right chest leads in 18.87 per cent. 8.8. Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) was diagnosed in 62.26 per cent, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in 15.09 per cent, and combined ventricular hypertrophy (CVH) in 9.43 per cent, and in 13.21 per cent the electrocardiograms were normal. All patients with a "normal" electrocardiogram were under 1 month old. 9.9. The electrocardiogram in 6 patients with single ventricle showed dominance of the left ventricular pattern. All patients in whom the ÂQRS was in sextants I, II, and VI of Bayley's triaxial system had single ventricle.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE PERCEIVED EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CORPORATIONS: A PILOT STUDY

This study reports the results of a nationwide evaluation of community development corporations. Collective models of neighborhood economic revitalization are compared with other strategic approaches to community development. Special attention is given to the policy implications of the findings. The future of community development corporations is discussed, especially in light of Reaganomics and the decline in funds for the urban poor.
The Infrastructure of Experience and the Experience of Infrastructure: Meaning and Structure in Everyday Encounters with Space

Although the current developments in ubiquitous and pervasive computing are driven largely by technological opportunities, they have radical implications not just for technology design but also for the ways in which we experience and interact with computation. In particular, the move of computation ‘off the desktop’ and into the world, whether embedded in the environment around us or carried or worn on our bodies, suggests that computation is beginning to manifest itself in new ways as an aspect of the everyday environment. One particularly interesting issue in this transformation is the move from a concern with virtual spaces to a concern with physical ones. Basically, once computation moves off the desktop, computer science suddenly has to be concerned with where it might have gone. Whereas computer science and human-computer interaction have previously been concerned with disembodied cognition, they must now look more directly at embodied action and bodily encounters between people and technology. In t...
Saving the Substratum: Interpreting Kant’s First Analogy

Kant’s transcendental idealism requires that experience be both spatial and temporal. In the First Analogy of Experience, he argues that in order for experience in time to be possible, there must be something permanent in our experience. This something permanent is substance: a bearer of properties that persists and conserves its quantity throughout any empirical change. The trajectory of Kant’s argument in the First Analogy is not entirely clear and this has left room for multiple interpretations. In this paper, I introduce the First Analogy and three suggested interpretations of its argument. I defend the so-called substratum interpretation, associated with Henry Allison and Andrew Ward, from philosophical objections raised by Paul Guyer. In order to unify all of experience within a singular time-frame, we must presuppose a persistent substratum through which all experiences can be related to one another.
The Virtual Library Liaison: A Case Study at an Online University

ABSTRACT Capella University, an online university, started its library liaison program in 2007. The goals of the program were to increase the use of library resources and services and promote integration of information literacy competencies into coursework. A review of the literature of liaison programs shows a focus on liaison activities in traditional colleges and universities. While some activities are adaptable to the online environment, this setting provides unique opportunities for enhancing the impact of the liaison relationship. This article will describe key initiatives in three areas: the online course room, reference transactions, and collaboration with both academic and nonacademic departments. Strategies, activities, and tools used to implement the initiatives will be discussed.
Effect of the ionophores A23187 and X-537A (Lasalocid) and of the divalent cations Ca2+, Mg2+, Ba2+ and Mn2+ on transformation in Leishmania donovani

Abstract 1. 1. Concentrations of the carboxylic ionophores A23187 and X-537A (Lasalocid) ⩾ 10 −7 M inhibited amastigote to promastigote transformation of Leishmania donovani when Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ were deleted from the culture medium. 2. 2. Normally, an exogenous source of these ions is not required for transformation. 3. 3. Ionophore concentrations greater than 5 × 10 −6 M were lethal. 4. 4. Inhibition of transformation by A23187 (10 −6 M) was reduced by either Ca 2+ (10 −3 M), Ba 2+ (10 −3 M), Mn 2+ (10 −3 M) or ADP (10 −2 M) but not by Mg 2+ . 5. 5. Ion concentrations greater than 10 −3 M were lethal. 6. 6. Inhibition of transformation by X-537A was not reduced by addition of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Mn 2+ or ADP to the culture medium. 7. 7. Cells lost their sensitivity to A23187 within 6-hr transformation. 8. 8. These results indicate that intracellular Ca 2+ , Ba 2+ and possibly Mn 2+ may be required for at least the first few hours of L. donovani amastigote to promastigote transformation.
Transnational American studies for what

AbstractTransnational critique for what and for whom? In the early 20th century, socialist internationalists fused the theoretical front and the organizing front, but, at the start of the 21st century, is globe-trotting, border-interrogating scholarship any more than the latest academic fashion industry or tourism industry? This article reassesses the transnational turn. It offers cautionary perspectives on the class implications of American universities-without-borders and the globalization of elite students, some ideas about American-Studies-on-tour and what shouldn't get ejected while on the road, a few thoughts on the political development of transnational critique into transnational activism-and-organizing studies, and some reflections on the tactics of postmodern diversity capitalism and diversity Americanization. Reconsidering contributions by F. O. Matthiessen, Lawrence Chisolm, Alan Trachtenberg, Stanley Aronowitz, Jeremy Brecher, Tim Costello, Michael Denning, Timothy Brennan, Evelyn Hu-DeHart a...
Vocal fold-mimetic environment for fibroblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cell

We are interested in developing tissue engineering strategies for the restoration of functional vocal fold lamina propria. Towards this goal, we have developed a bioreactor capable of imposing physiologically-relevant, vibratory stimulations to the cultured cells. Stem cells-laden electrospun scaffolds were incorporated into the bioreactor and were subjected to a high frequency vibration at 200 Hz for a total of 7 days. Cellular responses to the dynamic treatments were evaluated at gene and protein levels. Our results suggest that the fibrous scaffolds created a vocal fold-like niche that allows for hMSCs to respond to the high frequency vibration via an integrin-mediated mechanotransduction mechanism. Overall, the vibratory stimulation is a potent regulator of the cell fate.
On the Measurements of Board Composition: Poor Consistency and a Serious Mismatch of Theory and Operationalization

Over two dozen operationalizations of board composition can be identified from the empirical literature. A structural equations confirmatory factor analysis (LISREL 8.03) suggests that these operationalizations do not constitute a single construct of board independence. Instead, analyses strongly indicate three separate constructs. Common operationalizations of board composition, then, are neither tenable surrogates for one another nor are they interchangeable. Implications for empirical aggregation of studies, theory/measurement convergence, and the current corporate governance public policy debate are discussed.
MEG correlates of categorical perception of a voice onset time continuum in humans

Event-related magnetic fields (ERFs) were recorded from the left hemisphere in nine normal volunteers in response to four consonant-vowel (CV) syllables varying in voice-onset time (VOT). CVs with VOT values of 0 and +20 ms were perceived as /ga/ and those with VOT values of +40 and +60 ms as /ka/. Results showed: (1) a displacement of the N1m peak equivalent current dipole toward more medial locations; and (2) an abrupt reduction in peak magnetic flux strength, as VOT values increased from +20 to +40 ms. No systematic differences were noted between the 0 and +20 ms stimuli or between the +40 and +60 ms CVs. The findings are in agreement with the results of multiunit invasive recordings in non-human primates regarding the spatial and temporal pattern of neuronal population responses in the human auditory cortex which could serve as neural cues for the perception of voicing contrasts.
Seismic stress stimulation mobilizes colloids trapped in a porous rock

Abstract Low-frequency (1–500 Hz) stress (seismic) waves can alter flow and mass transport behavior in saturated subsurface porous formations. Numerous physical mechanisms have been proposed to explain this phenomenon. Coupling of dynamic stress to in-situ particle (colloid) mobilization is one such mechanism that can produce changes in pore matrix permeability. This phenomenon has broad-ranging impacts on colloid dynamics and mass transport problems over a scale range of microns to kilometers. Porous-flow experiments in sandstone cores demonstrated that in-situ colloidal particles can be released from pores by applying dynamic mechanical stress stimulation at frequencies below 100 Hz. Due to the lower attenuation at these frequencies, relative to ultrasonic, significant dynamic stress in the Earth can penetrate to distances of a kilometer or more. Thus, seismic waves could affect particle mobility in distant oil formations, aquifers and fault systems. Laboratory results are shown for release of in-situ particles from Fontainebleau sandstone induced by applying stress stimulation at 26 Hz. Although enhanced particle release relative to that induced by flowing de-ionized water alone was observed, the permeability of the core was unchanged, indicating that pore throat fouling was insignificant. The behavior of the post-stimulation particle release was distinctly different than the pre-stimulation behavior in that a cyclical pattern with uniform periodicity was observed . This cyclical behavior was observed to be independent of particle size over the range of 50 to 800 nm and is attributed to stimulation causing a long-term change in the distribution of the rate coefficients for release of particles from the pore space. The rate change is likely not due to alteration of particle–wall interactions which are sensitive to particle size. Size-independent release mechanisms that can explain the stimulated rate change are 1) enhanced flushing or squeezing out of particles trapped in dead-end pores, and 2) forced particle detachment and exposing of new detachment sites on the pore walls. The observations presented here are unique in that they indicate sub-pore-scale particle mobility and transport can be influenced by long-wavelength seismic-band stress. Implications on possible field-scale effects and micro-scale physical mechanisms are discussed.
A Tomographic Method for the Reconstruction of Local Probability Density Functions

A method of obtaining the probability density function (PDF) of local properties from path integrated measurements is described. The approach uses a discrete probability function (DPF) method to infer the PDF of the local extinction coefficient from measurements of the PDFs of the path integrated transmittance. The local PDFs obtained using the method are compared with those obtained from direct intrusive measurements in propylene/air and ethylene/air diffusion flames. The results of this comparison are good.
Structural Determinants of the Renal Tubular Activity of Vitamin D3 Derivatives: Studies with 1α-Hydroxy, 24R,25-Dihydroxy, and 1α, 24R, 25-Trihydroxy Vitamin D3

SummaryThe acute effects of 24R,25-DHCC, lα,24R,25-THCC, and lα-HCC on the renal handling of phosphate, calcium, and sodium were evaluated in the TPTX dog which had been mildly volume expanded and infused with vasopression to establish a phosphaturia. Both lα-HCC and lα,24R,25-THCC when given intravenously in a dosage of 0.625 μg produced a significant decrease in urinary phosphate excretion. Percentage phosphate excretion decreased by 30 and 28%, respectively (P < 0.05, < 0.01). Since there was no alteration in renal hemodynamics or in the filtered load of this ion, the data suggest a direct action of these compounds on renal tubular transport mechanisms. No change in the urinary excretion of either calcium or sodium was observed following the administration of the two vitamin D3 derivatives. 24R,25-DHCC was without effect on the renal handling of all three ions.When previous experimental findings regarding the renal actions of 25-HCC and lα,25-DHCC are considered, the data suggest that the 1-hydroxyl gr...
Digital tomosynthesis mammography: intra- and interplane artifact reduction for high-contrast objects on reconstructed slices using a priori 3D geometrical information

We are developing a computerized technique to reduce intra- and interplane ghosting artifacts caused by high-contrast objects such as dense microcalcifications (MCs) or metal markers on the reconstructed slices of digital tomosynthesis mammography (DTM). In this study, we designed a constrained iterative artifact reduction method based on a priori 3D information of individual MCs. We first segmented individual MCs on projection views (PVs) using an automated MC detection system. The centroid and the contrast profile of the individual MCs in the 3D breast volume were estimated from the backprojection of the segmented individual MCs on high-resolution (0.1 mm isotropic voxel size) reconstructed DTM slices. An isolated volume of interest (VOI) containing one or a few MCs is then modeled as a high-contrast object embedded in a local homogeneous background. A shift-variant 3D impulse response matrix (IRM) of the projection-reconstruction (PR) system for the extracted VOI was calculated using the DTM geometry and the reconstruction algorithm. The PR system for this VOI is characterized by a system of linear equations. A constrained iterative method was used to solve these equations for the effective linear attenuation coefficients (eLACs) within the isolated VOI. Spatial constraint and positivity constraint were used in this method. Finally, the intra- and interplane artifacts on the whole breast volume resulting from the MC were calculated using the corresponding impulse responses and subsequently subtracted from the original reconstructed slices. The performance of our artifact-reduction method was evaluated using a computer-simulated MC phantom, as well as phantom images and patient DTMs obtained with IRB approval. A GE prototype DTM system that acquires 21 PVs in 3o increments over a ±30o range was used for image acquisition in this study. For the computer-simulated MC phantom, the eLACs can be estimated accurately, thus the interplane artifacts were effectively removed. For MCs in phantom and patient DTMs, our method reduced the artifacts but also created small over-corrected areas in some cases. Potential reasons for this may include: the simplified mathematical modeling of the forward projection process, and the amplified noise in the solution of the system of linear equations.
Laboratory frame absorption coefficients are not always inverse mean free paths

Abstract The transformation of cross sections and incident fluxes is not unique. Hence, the transformation of an absorption coefficient for a material to a laboratory frame, where the material is moving with respect to an observer, is also not unique. This paper presents the particular transformation necessary to interpret the absorption coefficient as an inverse mean free path in any laboratory frame. This is not transformation commonly used.
TRAPPI tethers COPII vesicles by binding the coat subunit Sec23

The tethering complex TRAPPI initiates the interaction of a transport vesicle with its target membrane by binding to the cargo adaptor complex of the coat complex COPII. These findings imply that coat proteins and their associated cargo help direct a vesicle to its correct intracellular destination. The budding of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived vesicles is dependent on the COPII coat complex1. Coat assembly is initiated when Sar1-GTP recruits the cargo adaptor complex, Sec23/Sec24, by binding to its GTPase-activating protein (GAP) Sec23 (ref. 2). This leads to the capture of transmembrane cargo by Sec24 (refs 3, 4) before the coat is polymerized by the Sec13/Sec31 complex5. The initial interaction of a vesicle with its target membrane is mediated by tethers6. We report here that in yeast and mammalian cells the tethering complex TRAPPI (ref. 7) binds to the coat subunit Sec23. This event requires the Bet3 subunit. In vitro studies demonstrate that the interaction between Sec23 and Bet3 targets TRAPPI to COPII vesicles to mediate vesicle tethering. We propose that the binding of TRAPPI to Sec23 marks a coated vesicle for fusion with another COPII vesicle or the Golgi apparatus. An implication of these findings is that the intracellular destination of a transport vesicle may be determined in part by its coat and its associated cargo.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor administration after traumatic brain injury in the rat does not protect against behavioral or histological deficits.

Abstract Brain-derived neurotrophic factor has been shown to be neuroprotective in models of excitotoxicity, axotomy and cerebral ischemia. The present study evaluated the therapeutic potential of brain-derived neurotrophic factor following traumatic brain injury in the rat. Male Sprague–Dawley rats ( N =99) were anesthetized and subjected to lateral fluid percussion brain injury of moderate severity (2.4–2.8 atm) or sham injury. Four hours after injury, the animals were reanesthetized, an indwelling, intraparenchymal cannula was implanted, and infusion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor or phosphate-buffered saline vehicle was initiated from a mini-osmotic pump and continued for two weeks. In Study 1 ( N =48), vehicle or 12 μg/day of brain-derived neurotrophic factor was infused into the dorsal hippocampus. In Study 2 ( N =51), vehicle or brain-derived neurotrophic factor at a high (12 μg/day) or low dose (1.2 μg/day) was infused into the injured parietal cortex. All animals were evaluated for neurological motor function at two days, one week and two weeks post-injury. Cognitive function (learning and memory) was assessed at two weeks post-injury using a Morris Water Maze. At two weeks post-injury, neuronal loss in the hippocampal CA3 and dentate hilus and in the injured cortex was evaluated. In Study 2, neuronal loss was also quantified in the thalamic medial geniculate nucleus. All of the above outcome measures demonstrated significant deleterious effects of brain injury ( P P >0.05 for each). In contrast to previous studies of axotomy, ischemia and excitotoxicity, our data indicate that brain-derived neurotrophic factor is not protective against behavioral or histological deficits caused by experimental traumatic brain injury using the delayed, post-traumatic infusion protocol examined in these studies.
Canonical quantization of the interacting CP1 nonlinear sigma model with the Chern-Simons term.

The (2+1)-dimensional interacting ${\mathrm{CP}}^{1}$ nonlinear \ensuremath{\sigma} model with the Chern-Simons term is canonically quantized. In the process we establish the connection between fractional spin and the rotational anomaly. The current algebra of the system has also been analyzed. It admits a central extension.
Trends and Differentials in Breast Feeding: An Update

Analysis of the 1973 National Survey of Family Growth shows a continued downward trend in breast feeding by successive cohorts of American mothers. The downward trend is evident in both measures of incidence (ever-breast feeding) and duration of breast feeding for first and higher-order births. For all cohorts higher-order births are less likely to be breast fed than first births. However, breast feeding of higher-order births is typically of a longer duration. Differentials in breast feeding reveal strong associations with indicators of social class; women who are college graduates, who work as professionals, and who are married to professional husbands are most likely to breast-feed their infants. Differentials in average duration of breast feeding are often reversed from differentials in ever-breast feeding.
Minimizing the Risk of Pregnancy, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and HIV Among Incarcerated Adolescent Girls: Identifying Potential Points of Intervention

Delinquent girls are at elevated risk for unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases when compared with non-delinquent peers. Participants—234 incarcerated female juveniles—completed demographic, individual, partner, peer, and family measures and were tested for sexually transmitted diseases. Disease rates were as follows: chlamydia (20%), gonorrhea (4%), and syphilis (1%). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis assessed the relationship of the predictor variable sets with sexual risk. Demographic and individual variables had the strongest associations with risk. Peer, partner, or family variables did not account for significant additional variance. The results suggest that an intervention could be delivered during the window of opportunity during the girls' incarceration, changing their knowledge, attitudes, and skills that are implicated in risky sexual behavior before they are released back into the community.
Effect of bare and coated nanoscale zerovalent iron on tceA and vcrA gene expression in Dehalococcoides spp.

Nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) can be used to dechlorinate trichloroethylene (TCE) in contaminated aquifers. Dehalococcoides spp. is the only microbial genus known to dechlorinate TCE to ethene as a respiratory process. However, little is known about how NZVI affects the expression of genes coding for reductive dechlorination. We examined a high-rate TCE-dechlorinating mixed culture which contains organisms similar to known Dehalococcoides to study the effects of NZVI on the expression of two model genes coding for reductive dehalogenases (tceA and vcrA). A novel pretreatment approach, relying on magnetic separation of NZVI prior to reverse transcription qPCR (to avoid RNA adsorption by NZVI), was developed and used with relative quantification (relative to 16S rRNA as endogenous housekeeping gene) to quantify reductive dehalogenase gene expression. Both tceA and vcrA were significantly down-regulated (97- and 137-fold, respectively) relative to baseline (time 0) conditions after 72-h exposure to chlori...
Timing of Peak Troponin T and Creatine Kinase-MB Elevations After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Study objective The prognostic significance of elevations in creatine kinase-MB and troponin T (cTnT), which have been conventionally measured 6 to 8 h after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), has been established. However, the time to peak biomarker appearance in the circulation has not been defined and is the purpose of this pilot study. Design Nonrandomized, nonconsecutive patient cohort. Setting Clinical practice, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Patients Cohort (n = 57) undergoing elective PCI. Interventions cTnT and creatine kinase (CK)-MB measured at baseline, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, and ≥ 12 h (mean ± SEM, 18 ± 5 h) after PCI. Measurements and results Postprocedure cTnT elevations were detected in 30 of 57 patients (53%). Of these, 4 of 30 patients (13%) had peak cTnT at 4 h (0.80 ± 0.40 ng/mL), 5 of 30 patients (17%) had peak cTnT at 8 h (1.07 ± 0.48 ng/mL), and 21 of 30 patients (70%) had peak cTnT at ≥ 12 h (0.21 ± 0.06 ng/mL); 22 of 30 patients received abciximab. Elevations in CK-MB occurred in 14 of 57 patients (25%). Of these, 3 of 14 patients (21%) demonstrated peak CK-MB at 2 h (18.5 ± 7.9 ng/mL) and the remainder (11 of 14 patients, 79%) during the 12- to 20-h interval (20.2 ± 4.4 ng/mL); 12 of 14 patients received abciximab. Conclusion More cTnT than CK-MB elevations occur after PCI; however, both biomarkers demonstrate a longer time to peak value than anticipated in clinical practice. Early surveillance monitoring (
Using computer vision for detecting watercore in apples

Methods for quantifying watercore damage in Red Delicious apples are described that measures visible and/or near-infrared (NIR) radiation transmitted through the core of individual apples. A linear regression of the data for NIR light alone and on the data for the combination of NIR and visible light produced R squared values from . 90 to . 96 indicating little difference between the different data sets. The combination of visible and NIR works equally as well as NIR alone. Images captured by a low-light level and an image-intensifier equipped black and white camera are compared to study the effect of sensor intensity sensitivity in the classification process. The intensified image results show the mean probability of an error as 1 3. 2 percent for under classifying the five different classes of watercore damage compared to 24. 9 and 27. 5 (NIR NIR and visible) for the low - light level camera. The mean probability of an error of over classifying from the intensified images is 17. 1 percent compared to 24. 0 and 27. 2 (NIR NIR and visible) for the low -light level camera. Increases in intensity sensitivity can improve the classification of watercore damage. Two computational methods to numerically quantify watercore damage are examined and compared. The first method finds the mean grey level within a 130 pixel (rows) by 100 pixel (columns) window centered about the stem end of© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Conditionalization, Cogency, and Cognitive Value

There is a well-known solution to this problem, due originally to F. P. Ramsey and revived by, amongst others, I. J. Good.1 Bayesianism as a theory of rational belief is usually yoked to a theory of rational action. Indeed, standard justifications for the two theoretical tenets often already embody the presumption that it is rational to maximize expected value. So let's add to the above core the following tenet of decision theory:
Hypoxia promotes dissemination and colonization in new bone marrow niches in Waldenström macroglobulinemia.

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, a rare and indolent type of non–Hodgkin lymphoma, is characterized by widespread lymphoplasmacytic B cells in the bone marrow. Previous studies have shown that hypoxic conditions play a key role in the dissemination of other hematologic malignancies. In this study, the effect of hypoxia was tested on the progression and spread of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Interestingly, tumor progression correlated with hypoxia levels in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia cells and other cells in the bone marrow and correlated with the number of circulating tumor cells in vivo . Mechanistic studies demonstrated that hypoxia decreased cell progression and cell cycle, did not induce apoptosis, and reduced the adhesion between Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia cells and bone marrow stroma, through downregulation of E-cadherin expression, thus explaining increased egress of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia cells to the circulation. Moreover, hypoxia increased the extravasation and homing of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia cells to new bone marrow niches in vivo , by increased CXCR4/SDF-1–mediated chemotaxis and maintaining the VLA4-mediated adhesion. Re-oxygenation of hypoxic Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia cells enhanced the rate of proliferation and cell cycle progression and restored intercellular adhesion between Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia cells and bone marrow stroma. This study suggests that targeting hypoxic response is a novel strategy to prevent dissemination of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Implications: This study provides a better understanding of the biology of dissemination of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia and opens new windows for investigation of new therapeutic targets in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia based on tumor hypoxia mechanisms. Mol Cancer Res; 13(2); 263–72. ©2014 AACR .
Assessing managerial methods for evaluating place brand equity: A qualitative investigation

How DMO managers should evaluate success is a topic of much scholarly debate. Increasingly, there is a suggestion to integrate brand equity into place branding scholarship and practice, so this study aims to understand how DMO managers are using the construct, if at all. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 12 managers in a Southern U.S. state, and our results suggest that managers do not directly use consumer-based brand equity scales and instead use proxy measures that parallel with brand equity's components. We labeled these proxies revenue, web and social media analytics, benchmarking, and visibility. Problematically, managers do not link these proxies to mechanisms for creating brand equity. We suggest incorporating absorptive capacity as a way forward for managers to better link knowledge gathered with brand equity.
Dissolved gas supersaturation downstream of a spillway II: Computational model

The increase in dissolved gas concentration downstream of hydraulic structures such as dam spillways can be harmful to most fish species. Such increases have been noted at numerous hydroelectric dams on the Columbia and Snake Rivers in Washington State, and there is fear that this total dissolved gas (TDG) "supersaturation" will increase mortality in juvenile and adult salmonids. Modifications to the spillway and/or its tailrace at some of these dams have or will be installed to help lower the concentration of total dissolved gas downstream of the dams. At Wanapum Dam on the mid-Columbia River, spillway modifications were designed and evaluated using a combination of physical and numerical models. The physical model provided information about the hydraulics associated with different spillway modifications. The numerical model calculated the concentration of total dissolved gas based upon hydrodynamic data from the physical model and mass transport relations developed for air-water flows. This article desc...
Ammonia formation in the catalytic reduction of nitric oxide by hydrocarbons: I. Promotional effects of hydrogen

Abstract The catalytic reduction of nitric oxide by methane and acetylene has been studied over a platinum-silica catalyst in the 200 °–400 °C temperature range under static conditions. The rate of ammonia formation was found to increase with increasing temperature. Increased nitric oxide concentration favored nitrogen formation at 250 °C but had the reverse effect at 350 °C. When a mixture of hydrogen and methane was used as the reducing gas, the selectivity for the reaction (ammonia concentration/nitrogen concentration) increased by a factor of 5 over that for pure methane and by a factor of 150 over that for pure hydrogen. Similar results were found for acetylene. Over a ruthenium-silica catalyst, these promotional effects were not observed. The promotional effect of hydrogen was barely observed at 250 °C. Results are interpreted in terms of nitric oxide displacement from the surface by methane at the higher temperatures.
Evolving Soccer Keepaway Players Through Task Decomposition

Complex control tasks can often be solved by decomposing them into hierarchies of manageable subtasks. Such decompositions require designers to decide how much human knowledge should be used to help learn the resulting compo- nents. On one hand, encoding human knowledge requires manual effort and may incorrectly constrain the learner's hypothesis space or guide it away from the best solutions. On the other hand, it may make learning easier and enable the learner to tackle more complex tasks. This article examines the impact of this trade-off in tasks of varying difficulty. A space laid out by two dimensions is explored: 1) how much human assistance is given and 2) how difficult the task is. In particular, the neuroevolution learning algorithm is enhanced with three different methods for learning the components that result from a task decomposition. The first method, coevolution, is mostly unassisted by human knowledge. The second method, layered learning, is highly assisted. The third method, concurrent layered learning, is a novel combination of the first two that attempts to exploit human knowledge while retaining some of coevolution's flexibility. Detailed empirical results are presented comparing and contrasting these three approaches on two versions of a complex task, namely robot soccer keepaway, that differ in difficulty of learning. These re- sults confirm that, given a suitable task decomposition, neuroevolution can master difficult tasks. Furthermore, they demonstrate that the appropriate l evel of human assistance depends critically on the difficulty of the problem.
Aggressive small choroidal melanoma presenting as a dense cataract

A 58-year-old woman with an aggressive, invasive, small post-equatorial choroidal melanoma presented with progressively blurred vision and a dense cataract in the affected eye. During phacoemulsification surgery, heavily pigmented retrolental vitreous was identified. Fine needle aspiration biopsy revealed heavily pigmented epithelioid cells without diagnostic features of malignancy. Small epithelioid-type choroidal melanoma (2.5 mm × 2.5 mm × 1.5 mm) was confirmed following enucleation. Diffuse preretinal space seeding, vitreous infiltration, forward spreading of tumor cells into the lens capsule and trabecular meshwork resulted in a complicated cataract.
Using intra-national diversity for international assignments: A model of bicultural competence and expatriate adjustment

Abstract Considerable international HRM literature focuses on training expatriates to increase cultural awareness and provide realistic previews of life and work in the host country, thereby increasing expatriate effectiveness and adjustment. This article emphasizes a complementary form of improving expatriate adjustment, namely, selection on individual differences resulting from the bicultural life experiences that individuals may bring with them to potential assignments. Parallel themes in literatures on biculturalism and on the knowledge, skills, abilities and other requirements (KSAOs) for expatriate effectiveness are discussed. A model integrating these bicultural life experiences/KSAOs and effects of other constructs on expatriate adjustment is proposed. Research and managerial implications follow.
The influence of slaughter method on the residual blood content of meat

The effect of slaughter method on the residual haemoglobin content of the M. longissimus dorsi and the amount of blood lost at exsanguination of sheep was investigated. The influence of stunning method (electrical, 90 V, or captive bolt pistol), pithing and bleeding-out position were examined. Sheep bled lying lost more blood than those bled hanging and electrically-stunned animals lost more blood than those stunned with a captive bolt pistol; pithing had no effect. The residual haemoglobin content of the muscle did not vary significantly between methods and there was no relationship between it and the amount of blood lost at slaughter.
On the precision alignment and hybrid assembly aspects in manufacturing of a microspectrometer

Microoptics is a fertile area for hybrid assembly of miniaturized components, due to the need to integrate different optical and actuation materials in a single precision bench. In this paper we discuss issues related to the assembly and alignment of a microspectrometer using 3D miniature non-silicon objects such as glass lenses, optical fibers, laser sources, and detectors onto silicon fixtures and microactuators. The resulting instrument, a fiber-coupled MOEMS spectrometer, requires high alignment precision, because it is based on interference fringes from a Michelson Interferometer bench. Our fiber-coupled Fourier-Transform microspectrometer has a nominal packaged size of 3 cm times 3 cm times 3 cm, and targets wavelengths in the visible and NIR spectra. We use modular microscale parts, including minimum energy compliant MEMS fasteners to configure a die-sized (1 cm times 1 cm times 0.5 cm) microoptical bench. We discuss the tolerance of this complex assembly, and present experimental results validating the automated assembly and alignment of the optical components on the microbench.
The Illustrative Education of Rousseau's Emile

Rousseau's mission as an author was to make his readers see what he saw in his philosophical “illumination,” yet his task is a paradoxical one, for he must persuade his readers that they are deceived by what they see before their own eyes and must learn to see anew. In order to transform the perspective of his reader, Rousseau throughout his works uses visual imagery and rhetorical devices invoking vision that represents both the correct view of human nature and virtue and the obstacles to learning to see ourselves properly. As a former engraver's apprentice, he was particularly interested in educating his reader through actual images such as frontispieces or illustrations. The aim of this article is to offer an interpretation of the engravings that illustrate Emile, or On Education, in order to investigate how Rousseau educates his reader through challenging the reader's preconceptions concerning human nature and replacing traditional exemplars of human nature and virtue with a new exemplar seen in his imaginary pupil.
Distribution of a cross-reactive idiotypic specificity in inbred strains of mice.

The expression of an idiotype characteristic of anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibodies of all A/J mice was explored in F1 progeny, in other inbred strains, and in congenic mice. Of the strains tested only those closely related to A/J produced antibodies with the cross-reactive idiotype (CRI). None of the mice synthesized intermediate levels of CRI. No relationship between H-2 type and idiotype was noted. Congenic mice with a strain A background but a different H-2 type produced CRI in amounts quantitatively equivalent to those of strain A mice. Conversely, the presence of the H-2 genotype of strain A on an unrelated background was not associated with the formation of CRI. Nearly all F1 progeny of strain A mice formed CRI, indicating that failure of the other (non-A) parental strain to produce CRI is not attributable to the presence of a gene controlling the synthesis of a suppressor of CRI. NZB mice, which have the same heavy chain allotype as strain A, but are unrelated in origin, failed to produce CRI, although allotype has been shown to be linked to idiotype in congenic strains.
A new algorithm for relative localization in wireless sensor networks

Summary form only given. Knowing the positions of nodes in sensor networks are essential for many applications. We propose a new method, MDS-MAP(R), that determines the relative positions of nodes based on local distance information. Given a communication path between a starting node and a remote node, the nodes on the path first compute their local relative maps based on local distance estimates in a distributed fashion, using the MDS-MAP method. Then, the relative maps of adjacent nodes along the path are aligned based on their common nodes and their optimal linear transformation parameters are computed. Finally, the relative position of the remote node in the coordinate system of the starting node is determined by applying the sequence of linear transformations. The method can easily be extended from the single-path peer-to-peer communication situation to other types of communications such as multicasting or broadcasting. The accuracy of relative position estimation is affected by several factors, including the network connectivity, the errors of local distance measures, the length of the path, and the number of common nodes of two adjacent relative maps. Through simulation, we analyze the effect of these factors on the position estimation errors. We show that the new method performs well on both regular and irregular networks when there are enough connectivity and the distance measurement errors are small.
Strategies Employed By Participants In Virtual Learning Communities

This paper examines the learning behavior of online students in an asynchronous learning environment. We employ the theoretical lens of an online community of inquiry, to understand how students build an understanding of course concepts as part of an online community of learning. Findings are presented from a study of an online, graduate University course. Student behavior was analyzed to investigate the detailed learning strategies employed by various students. An e-learning framework was devised, that identifies various types of behavior, each of which is associated with the distinct needs of an online learning process. We conclude with the reflection that we may need many different types of course interactions for different types of learning role.
Public Service Reductions Associated with Placement of Homeless Persons with Severe Mental Illness in Supportive Housing

This article assesses the impact of public investment in supportive housing for homeless persons with severe mental disabilities. Data on 4,679 people placed in such housing in New York City between 1989 and 1997 were merged with data on the utilization of public shelters, public and private hospitals, and correctional facilities. A series of matched controls who were homeless but not placed in housing were similarly tracked. Regression results reveal that persons placed in supportive housing experience marked reductions in shelter use, hospitalizations, length of stay per hospitalization, and time incarcerated. Before placement, homeless people with severe mental illness used about $40,451 per person per year in services (1999 dollars). Placement was associated with a reduction in services use of $16,281 per housing unit per year. Annual unit costs are estimated at $17,277, for a net cost of $995 per unit per year over the first two years.
Neural-based analog trainable vector quantizer and digital systolic processors

Architectures and detailed circuit designs of one analog trainable neural chip and one-digital systolic-processor chip are presented. The analog vector quantizer chip performs full search in a massively parallel fashion with an expandable winner-take-all circuitry which can achieve a 10-b resolution. A high compression ratio of 33 is feasible in many image compression applications. Extensive design of a digital systolic-processor chip has been conducted. Circuit blocks, data communication, and microcodes are created to support either the ring-connected or the mesh-connected systolic array for the retrieving and learning phases of the neural network operation. The digital neural chip can also be configured to implement fuzzy logic systems. >
Reduction in Occupational and Patient Radiation Exposure from Myocardial Perfusion Imaging: Impact of Stress-Only Imaging and High-Efficiency SPECT Camera Technology

Recently introduced high-efficiency SPECT cameras have demonstrated the ability to reduce radiation exposure to patients undergoing myocardial perfusion imaging studies, especially when combined with stress-only imaging protocols. To date there have been no relevant studies examining the reduced occupational radiation exposure to medical staff. We sought to determine whether changes in stress myocardial perfusion imaging protocols and camera technology can reduce the occupational radiation exposure to the staff of a nuclear cardiology laboratory. Methods: Monthly radiation dosimeter readings from 4 nuclear technologists, 4 nurses, and 2 administrative employees were analyzed from two 12-mo periods: October 2007–September 2008 (period 1), before the use of high-efficiency SPECT, and October 2010–September 2011 (period 2), after high-efficiency SPECT was introduced. The average monthly dose equivalent in millirems (1 mrem = 0.01 mSv) was recorded from personal dosimeters worn on laboratory coats. The total activity of 99mTc used per month, mean 99mTc administered activity per patient, average number of patients per month, patient time spent in the laboratory, and proportion of stress-only studies were determined. Results: There were 3,539 patients in period 1 and 3,898 in period 2. An approximately 40% reduction in the dose equivalent across all staff members occurred during this time (−16.9 and −16.2 mrem for nuclear technologists and nurses, respectively; P
Localization of Physiological Receptor Sites for Aldosterone in the Bladder of the Toad, Bufo tnarinus

Nuclei were isolated from the mucosal epithelial cells of the toad (Bufo marinus) bladder by 3 methods using: (a) citric acid and Tween-80, (b) 0.17m sucrose and Triton X-100, and (c) 2.2m sucrose. Binding studies, using a competitive displacement technique, were carried out using these nuclear isolation methods. Nuclei separated by the detergent methods gave no evidence of bound aldosterone, but nuclei isolated in 2.2m sucrose were shown to contain bound hormone. Binding studies using other mineralocorticoids, an aldosterone antagonist, and inactive steroids as displacers, were carried out to demonstrate the physiological activity of the nuclear receptor sites. 9α-Fluorocortisol, deoxycorticosterone, cortisol and spirolactone SC 14266 all displaced 3H-d-aldosterone from its receptor sites. Testosterone and cholesterol gave no indication of displacement ability. The isolated nuclei were found to contain a large fraction of the aldosterone bound in the whole tissue. (Endocrinology 82: 1163, 1968)
Extending the meta-design theory: engaging participants as active contributors in virtual worlds

Meta-design has emerged as a theoretical framework by supporting open systems that allow end-users to become designers in dynamic use contexts. Our research is grounded in the objectives that (1) the meta-design theory can inform the design of virtual worlds, and that, in return, (2) observations and insights from virtual worlds can broaden the meta-design theory. Our work is based on 80 hours participant observation and additional interviews.
Dynamic optimization of index scans restricted by Booleans

When index retrieval is restricted to a range or singleton, an index scan is not done in its entirety because key portions before and after the range are skipped. Likewise, in some production databases, gaps between multiple ranges are skipped. However, ranges on the second attribute of a composite key are considered unproductive for key skip because they do not constitute a key range. This is not so. Restriction age=40 for index [sex,age] can be viewed as ORed singletons "female"/spl par/40 OR "male"/spl par/40 and gaps around them can be skipped using a fraction of I/Os needed for a full index scan. In this paper, a novel method of skipping gaps at index scan is introduced which, during index scan, detects practically all gaps for arbitrary Boolean restrictions and skips them. The efficiency of this technology is illustrated using a prototype implementation.