cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crossing the Bridge to STEM: Retaining Women Students in an Online CS Conversion Program

The necessity for a steady STEM workforce has prompted academia to develop strategies to encourage people of diverse backgrounds to enter the STEM fields. A bridge program, also known as a conversion program, offers alternative pathways for individuals who have no prior computing education to receive the education that can help in developing their careers or acquiring a graduate-level degree in the computer science fields. This mixed-methods study consisted of two parts. First, an online post-baccalaureate bridge program was evaluated, with a focus on students’ performance. Factors for analysis included gender, prior major, and the length of the program, any or all of which might play a role in students’ unsuccessful attempts to complete the program. The results indicated that female students have a higher tendency to not complete the program. However, female students who completed the program and enrolled in a graduate school have as much potential to do well in the MS program as their male cohorts do. The second part of the study comprised a survey of students who completed or did not complete the program and interviews with women students. Grounded in self-determination theory (SDT), the results showed that strategies are needed to enhance women students’ perceived competence and relatedness in the program.
Bleeding with iron deposition and vascular remodelling in subchondral cysts: A newly discovered feature unique to haemophilic arthropathy.

Introduction Joint iron accumulation is the incendiary factor triggering osteochondral destruction, synovial hypertrophy, inflammation, and vascular remodelling in haemophilic arthropathy (HA). Hemosiderin depositions have been described in synovium and, more recently, in cartilage. Clinical observations also suggest hemosiderin accumulation in subchondral cysts, implying cyst bleeding. Aim We explored associations between cystic iron accumulation, vascular remodelling and HA status to determine if cystic bleeding may contribute to HA progression. Methods Thirty-six haemophilic joints (16 knees, 10 ankles, and 10 elbows; 31 adult patients with haemophilia A/B) were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for subchondral cysts and hemosiderin. Cyst score (WORMS) and hemosiderin presence were compared between haemophilic and osteoarthritic knees, matched for the degree of arthritis (Kellgren-Lawrence score). Cystic iron accumulation, vascular remodelling and macrophage cell counts were also compared by immunohistochemistry in explanted joint tissues. In haemophilic knees, cyst number and extent of hemosiderin deposition were correlated with haemophilia joint health scores (HJHS). Results Cystic hemosiderin was detected in 78% of haemophilic joints. Cyst score and presence of hemosiderin were significantly higher in haemophilic compared to osteoarthritic knees. Cyst score and presence of hemosiderin strongly correlated with HJHS. Moreover, iron deposition and vascular remodelling were significantly more pronounced within cysts in haemophilic compared to osteoarthritic knees, with similar total cell and macrophage count. Conclusion These findings suggest the presence of subchondral bleeding in haemophilia, contributing to poor joint health outcomes. Observations of bleeding into osseous structures are novel and should inform investigations of new therapies.
Distinctive Tumor Biology of MSI-High Colorectal Cancer

High-frequency microsatellite instability (MSI-H) accounts for roughly 15 % of all cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) and results from pathogenic mutations or epigenetic changes in mismatch repair (MMR) proteins, primarily MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2. These alterations can be inherited, as in the case of Lynch syndrome, or can be acquired sporadically, including cases of epigenetic alteration along crucial regulatory sequences. Cancers that develop in the setting of MSI-H possess a unique clinicopathologic phenotype, with a high degree of mutation resulting in potential recognition by the immune system. These features have directed therapeutic investigation in recent years to involve consideration of immune-stimulating agents, which might exploit the inherent immunogenicity of these tumors.
Local Knowledge of Elites as a Basis for Comparing Political Systems

Abstract: I organize conversations and press reports about socialist-era officials into four streams of discourse, each stream of discourse representing a particular lesson that I sought to learn in the field. I then examine what each lesson, or strand of discourse, implies about the reputation of East Germany’s deposed elite, the inner workings of East Germany, and the moral significance of East Germany. Next, I analyze the identity politics that is woven into local knowledge of East Germany’s deposed elite: The discrimination faced by former East German officials, the ambiguous moral position of the anthropologist who is interested in a stigmatized group, and the seemingly elevated moral status of the anthropologists’ conversation partners. I then draw on the criteria by which deposed elites are judged to create a framework for comparing regimes. My framework highlights two criteria of judgment: Has the elite violated local or international norms? Is the elite composed of locals or foreigners? These two criteria are a potential source of reputational hazard and delegitimation, and thus can inform analysis of political culture: the myths and rituals that elites draw upon to legitimate their rule. Keywords: East Germany; Leipzig; elites; politicians; comparative politics; forms of government
Uptake of chondroitin sulfate by mammalian cells in culture: III. Effect of incubation media, metabolic inhibitors and structural analogs

Summary The effect of various incubation media, metabolic inhibitors and structural analogs on the uptake of 35 S-labelled chondroitin sulfate ( 35 S-Ch) by cultured mammalian cells was studied under aerobic conditions. 35 S-Ch uptake was not affected by the glucose concentration in the medium and was slightly reduced by inhibitors such as iodoacetate, KCN, Antimycin A or 2,4-dinitrophenol, suggesting that the process is only partially dependent on energy derived from glycolysis and respiration. Actinomycin D also caused a slight inhibition. The addition of sulfated mucopolysaccharide (MPS), of DNA, or of poly- l -glutamic acid inhibited 35 S-Ch uptake, whereas that of non-sulfated MPS was without effect. The inhibition of 35 S-Ch uptake by heparin or poly- l -glutamic acid seems to be due to their competition for the same cell surface sites that bind 35 S-Ch.
Kinship and Alliance in South India and Australia

Dravidien et Kariera: l'alliance de marriage dans l'Inde du Sud, et en Australie. Louis Dumont. Textes de sciences sociales 14. Paris & The Hague: Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales and Mouton, 1975. 148 pp. 38 F (paper). The Adnjamathanha Personal Pronoun and the “Wailpi Kinship System.” R. Schebeck. Perception of Kinship Structure Reflected in the Adnjamathanha Pronouns. Luise A. Hercus and Isobel M. White. Papers in Australian Linguistics No. 6, Pacific Linguistics, Series A, No. 36. Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, 1973. 74 pp. n.p. Texts on The Social System of the Adnjamathanha People With Grammatical Notes. B. Schebeck. Pacific Linguistics, Series D, No. 21. Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, 1974. xviii + 278 pp. n.p.
Current-based algorithm for mechanical fault detection in induction motors with arbitrary load conditions

Mechanical faults in induction motors can be detected by monitoring specific components in the stator current frequency spectrum. Previous work tested some mechanical conditions for the cases of no-load and full-load conditions in small induction motors, assuming that the effect of load on the detection scheme between these two conditions is linear. This paper presents an algorithm for detecting mechanical conditions in induction motors under any load condition using spectral analysis of the stator current. The proposed algorithm takes into account the load related abnormalities and resonance by classifying the load-levels into bins and calculating a baseline for each load bin.
The Biggest Warrant Auction in U.S. History

On December 10, 2009, the auction of JP Morgan Chase’s warrants raised gross proceeds of $950 million, topping the previous warrant auction record of the 1983 Chrysler warrants in real and nominal terms. This paper analyzed the results from the secondary market trading on December 9, 2009, of the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) warrants issued by Capital One Financial (COF) to estimate the likely auction price of the JP Morgan Chase (JPM) TARP warrants. The Capital One Financial warrants have displayed an implied volatility discount relative to other historic and implied volatility metrics. The paper translates the percent volatility discounts from traded TARP warrants to estimate the likely implied volatility of long-dated TARP warrants that have not yet gone to auction.
Scintillation and Semiconductor Detectors

As stated in Chap. 7, the detection efficiency of γ- and x-rays in gas detectors is very low, because these penetrating radiations travel through the low-density gas with little interaction. To improve detection efficiency for these radiations, solid and liquid scintillation detectors with high density are used. These detectors have the unique property of emitting scintillations or flashes of light after absorbing γ- or x-radiations. The γ- or x-rays interact with scintillation detectors via photoelectric, Compton, and/or pair production mechanisms, whereby the detector molecules are raised to higher energy states through ionization or excitation. These high-energy states return to ground states by emitting light photons. The time to reach the ground state is called the scintillation decay time. The light photons produced are converted to an electrical pulse by means of a photomultiplier (PM) tube (described later). The pulse is then amplified by a linear amplifier , sorted by a pulse-height analyzer (PHA), and then registered as a count. Different solid or liquid detectors are used for different types of radiation. For example, sodium iodide detectors containing a trace of thallium (NaI(Tl)) are used for γ- and x-ray detection, whereas organic detectors such as anthracene and plastic fluors are used for β − particle detection.
Using an Undergraduate Geometry Course to Challenge Pre-Service Teachers' Notions of Discourse.

This investigation uses classroom discoursein an undergraduate mathematics course tochallenge pre-service secondary mathematicsteachers' notions about mathematical discourse,what it might resemble in the classroom, andhow its various forms can be cultivated byclassroom teachers. The research setting was arequired geometry course taught by the author.Eleven pre-service mathematics teachers intheir junior or senior year of an undergraduate program participated. Results indicated participants made a transition toward an image of discourse as an active process by which students use the collective knowledge of their peers to build mathematical understanding and developed in their ability to participate in such discourse.This awareness, along with participants'analyses of their own habits of discourse asclassroom teachers, prompted shifts in theirprojected image of the role of discourse intheir future practices of teaching. Resultssuggested further that the undergraduatemathematics classroom (as opposed to themethods classroom) offers a powerful and uniqueforum in which pre-service secondary teacherscan practice, articulate, and collectivelyreflect on reform-minded ways of teaching.
The evolution of Tollmien-Schlichting waves near a leading edge

The method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to study the generation of Tollmien-Schlichting waves by free-stream disturbances incident on a flat-plate boundary layer. Near the leading edge, the motion is governed by the unsteady boundary-layer equation, while farther downstream it is governed (to lowest order) by the Orr-Sommerfeld equation with slowly varying coefficients. It is shown that there is an overlap domain where the Tollmien-Schlichting wave solutions to the Orr-Sommerfeld equation and appropriate asymptotic solutions of the unsteady boundary-layer equation match, in the matched-asymptotic-expansion sense. The analysis explains how long-wavelength free-stream disturbances can generate Tollmien-Schlichting waves of much shorter wavelength. It also leads to a set of scaling laws for the asymptotic structure of the unsteady boundary layer.
Sources and transport of anthropogenic radionuclides in the Ob River system, Siberia

Abstract The potential sources of anthropogenic radionuclides to the Ob River system of western Siberia include global stratospheric fallout, tropospheric fallout from atomic weapons tests and releases from production and reprocessing facilities. Samples of water, suspended and bottom sediments collected in 1994 and 1995 have been used to characterize the sources and transport of 137Cs, Pu isotopes, 237Np and 129I through the system. For the radionuclides that associate with particles, isotope ratios provide clues to their sources, providing any geochemical fractionation can be taken into account. Activity ratios of 239,240Pu/137Cs in suspended sediments are lower than the global fallout ratio in the Irtysh River before its confluence with the Ob, comparable to fallout in the central reach of the Ob, and greater than the fallout values in the lower Ob and in the Taz River. This pattern mirrors the downriver decrease in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. Laboratory adsorption experiments with Ob River sediment and water show that Kd values for Am (and presumably other actinides) are depressed by two orders of magnitude in the presence of Ob DOC concentrations, relative to values measured in DOC-free Ob water. Iodine and cesium Kd values show little or no (less than a factor of 2) dependence on DOC. Mixing plots using plutonium isotope ratios (atom ratios) show that Pu in suspended sediments of the Ob is a mixture of stratospheric global fallout at northern latitudes, tropospheric fallout from the former Soviet Union test site at Semipalatinsk and reprocessing of spent fuel at Tomsk-7. Plutonium from Semipalatinsk is evident in the Irtysh River above its confluence with the Tobal. Suspended sediment samples taken in the Ob above its confluence with the Irtysh indicate the presence of Pu derived from the Tomsk-7 reprocessing facilities. A mixing plot constructed using 237Np/239Pu vs. 240Pu/239Pu shows similar mixtures of stratospheric and tropospheric fallout, with the likely addition of inputs from reprocessing facilities and reactor operations. As with Pu/Cs ratios, Np/Pu ratios could be modified by differential geochemical behaviors of Np and Pu. Dissolved 129I only weakly interacts with particles in the Ob; size-fractionated sampling shows that the colloidal 129I fraction (defined as 1 kDa–0.2 μm) contains generally
Lattice dynamics of fcc helium at high pressure

The neutron-inelastic-scattering technique was used to measure the phonon dispersion relations in a high-density crystal of fcc He at 38 K. The crystal was grown at a pressure of 4.93 kbar and a temperature of 38.5 K in a high-pressure sample holder. Its lattice parameter was determined to be 3.915 +- 0.002 A, equivalent to a molar volume of 9.03 cm/sup 3//mol. The measured dispersion curves were found to be in good agreement with a recent calculation by Goldman using the first-order self-consistent phonon theory without short-range correlation functions. The strong anharmonic effects observed in earlier measurements on the crystals of 21 cm/sup 3//mol were found to be much less prominent in this He crystal. The magnitude of the multiphonon interference effects on the one-phonon intensities is shown to be less than half of that observed in the low-density crystals. Thermodynamic analysis of the data yielded THETA/sup M//sub D/ = 154 K which indicates that the ratio of mean amplitude of vibration to the nearest-neighbor distance is 8.6%, as opposed to nearly 30% for the lowest-density He crystals. The dependence of the phonon energies on volume is discussed with reference to the earlier work of Traylor et al. on anmore » fcc crystal at 11.7 cm/sup 3//mol. Limited measurements were also made at 22 K to determine the temperature dependence of the phonon energies. Unusually large isochoric temperature shifts of as much as 15% for some phonons close to the zone center were found over the range of 22--38 K.« less
Flexible BiCG and flexible Bi-CGSTAB for nonsymmetric linear systems ☆

Flexible versions of the BiCG and Bi-CGSTAB algorithms are presented which allow for the use of a different preconditioner at each step of the algorithm. In particular, inexact solutions of the preconditioned equations are allowed, as well as the use of some (inner) iterative method as a preconditioner. Flexible BiCG is investigated theoretically, and a theorem is presented comparing the residual norms of Flexible BiCG and Flexible QMR that generalizes a well-known relation between the residual norms of BiCG and QMR. Numerical experiments are conducted for Flexible Bi-CGSTAB for several matrices including some indefinite and highly nonsymmetric matrices. These experiments illustrate the applicability of the flexible method.
Degradation of straight-chain aliphatic and high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a strain of Mycobacterium austroafricanum.

Aims: Our goal was to characterize a newly isolated strain of Mycobacterium austroafricanum, obtained from manufactured gas plant (MGP) site soil and designated GTI-23, with respect to its ability to degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Methods and Results: GTI-23 is capable of growth on phenanthrene, fluoranthene, or pyrene as a sole source of carbon and energy; it also extensively mineralizes the latter two in liquid culture and is capable of extensive degradation of fluorene and benzo[a]pyrene, although this does not lead in either of these cases to mineralization. Supplementation of benzo[a]pyrene-containing cultures with phenanthrene had no significant effect on benzo[a]pyrene degradation; however, this process was substantially inhibited by the addition of pyrene. Extensive and rapid mineralization of pyrene by GTI-23 was also observed in pyrene-amended soil. Conclusions: Strain GTI-23 shows considerable ability to mineralize a range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, both in liquid and soil environments. In this regard, GTI-23 differs markedly from the type strain of Myco. austroafricanum (ATCC 33464); the latter isolate displayed no (or very limited) mineralization of any tested PAH (phenanthrene, fluoranthene or pyrene). When grown in liquid culture, GTI-23 was also found to be capable of growing on and mineralizing two aliphatic hydrocarbons (dodecane and hexadecane). Significance and Impact of the Study: These findings indicate that this isolate of Myco. austroafricanum may be useful for bioremediation of soils contaminated with complex mixtures of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Statistics for correlated data: phylogenies, space, and time.

Here we give an introduction to the growing number of statistical techniques for analyzing data that are not independent realizations of the same sampling process—in other words, correlated data. We focus on regression problems, in which the value of a given variable depends linearly on the value of another variable. To illustrate different types of processes leading to correlated data, we analyze four simulated examples repre- senting diverse problems arising in ecological studies. The first example is a comparison among species to determine the relationship between home-range area and body size; be- cause species are phylogenetically related, they do not represent independent samples. The second example addresses spatial variation in net primary production and how this might be affected by soil nitrogen; because nearby locations are likely to have similar net primary productivity for reasons other than soil nitrogen, spatial correlation is likely. In the third example, we consider a time-series model to ask whether the decrease in density of a butterfly species is the result of decreases in its host-plant density; because the population density of a species in one generation is likely to affect the density in the following generation, time-series data are often correlated. The fourth example combines both spatial and temporal correlation in an experiment in which prey densities are manipulated to determine the response of predators to their food supply. For each of these examples, we use a different statistical approach for analyzing models of correlated data. Our goal is to give an overview of conceptual issues surrounding cor- related data, rather than a detailed tutorial in how to apply different statistical techniques. By dispelling some of the mystery behind correlated data, we hope to encourage ecologists to learn about statistics that could be useful in their own work. Although at first encounter these techniques might seem complicated, they have the power to simplify ecological research by making more types of data and experimental designs open to statistical eval-
Pseudo-chaotic PN-sequence generator circuits for spread spectrum communications

Novel approaches to pseudo-noise (PN) sequence generation are presented and applied to spread spectrum communications. These approaches exploit the direct quantisation of chaotic maps, which results in fully digital implementations of pseudo-chaotic sequence generators. The robust digital implementation eliminates the variation tolerance and electronic noise problems common in analogue chaotic circuits. A cell based sequence generator architecture has been developed and implemented as a prototype integrated circuit. The architecture exhibits sensitive dependence on initial conditions and is capable of generating a new class of pseudo-chaotic sequences. The simulation and test results indicate that distinct sequences suitable for spread spectrum communication systems can be easily generated in a robust, scalable and programmable manner using the presented approach.
The Circumstellar Shell of the Post-Asymptotic Giant Branch Star HD 56126: The 12CN/13CN Isotope Ratio and Fractionation

We have detected circumstellar absorption lines of the 12CN and 13CN violet and red system in the spectrum of the post-AGB star HD 56126. From a synthetic spectrum analysis, we derive a Doppler broadening parameter of b = 0.51 ± 0.04 km s-1, 12CN/13CN = 38 ± 2, and a lower limit of 2000 on 12CN/14CN and 12C14N/12C15N. A simple chemical model has been computed of the circumstellar shell surrounding HD 56126 that takes into account the gas-phase ion-molecule reaction between CN and C+. From this we infer that this reaction leads to isotopic fractionation of CN. Taking into account the isotopic exchange reaction and the observed 12CN/13CN, we find 12C/13C ∼ 67 (for Tkin = 25 K). Our analysis suggests that 12CN has a somewhat higher rotational temperature than 13CN: Trot = 11.5 ± 0.6 and 8.0 ± 0.6 K, respectively. We identify possible causes for this difference in excitation temperature, among which is the N″ dependence of the isotopic exchange reaction. © 1998. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
Masculinity and the Meaning of Work: A Response to Manichean Feminism

Men's attitude toward women is deeply ambivalent. Women are the centers of men's emotional lives, but men are deeply afraid of them. The meaning of male work arises from this ambivalence. It represents an attempt to engage and transform reality in order to gain connection with the female without becoming completely dependent on her. Manichean feminism is a form of feminism that sees gender differentiation as an opposition of the forces of goodness, identified with the female, against the forces of badness, identified with the male. It is based on the premise that reality can be denied, and represents the repudiation of males who engage it.
Radical Prostatectony with Preservation of Urinary Continence

AbstractPurpose: In an effort to improve postoperative urinary continence after radical retropubic prostatectomy, a new operation to preserve the bladder neck and a significant portion of the prostatic urethra has been developed.Materials and Methods: The prostatic urethra is dissected in continuity with the bladder away from the lumen of the prostate, which allows for a true urethra-to-urethra anastomosis.Results: A total of 24 patients who underwent the new continence sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy was compared retrospectively to 80 who previously underwent a nerve sparing procedure. Total continence was noted immediately in 11 patients, within 9 days in 15 and within 7 weeks in 21 of 24 who underwent the new operation, compared to 1, 5 and 33, respectively, of 80 who underwent the standard operation. Microscopic positive margins were noted in 2 of 24 patients with the new continence sparing operation. Early results of cancer control were good.Conclusions: Early followup of this new technique ...
Types of Rhinitis

Rhinitis is a familiar disorder affecting up to 20% of the general population. Chronic rhinitis can be broadly classified into allergic, infectious, or nonallergic or noninfectious, which are distinguished mainly by a careful history and allergy testing. The pathophysiology of nonallergic rhinitis likely involves a combination of inflammatory and neurogenic mechanisms that are poorly understood. Treatment involves avoiding the offending agent, when possible, and using appropriate medications to control the patient's predominant symptoms.
Controlled buckling behavior of patterned oxide structures on compliant substrates for flexible optoelectronics

Abstract There is currently a great interest to design and fabricate novel flexible devices for solar cell, solid-state lighting, biomedical and energy harvesting applications. Such devices require the use of electrode components. Desired electrodes must exhibit structural integrity, low electrical resistivity and, in most cases, high optical transparency in the visible range. Despite growing efforts to replace them, transparent conducting oxide layers deposited on polymer substrates are still enjoying a dominant role as the electrode component. This is because of their excellent combination of electrical and optical properties. However, their performance when they are subjected to externally-applied mechanical stresses is limited. Such performance has been extensively investigated for the case of continuous brittle oxide films on polymer substrates. However, there is relatively little work reported to date on the mechanical behavior of patterned conducting layers on compliant substrates. In this study we report on the mechanical behavior of various patterned indium tin oxide shapes and sizes on polyethylene terephthalate. Micron-sized shapes include squares, circles, and zigzag-based structures. Controlled buckling experiments are performed in-situ using an optical microscope in order to monitor critical strains and potential failure mechanisms. In addition, ITO electrical resistance changes are continuously monitored during deformation. Furthermore, ex-situ characterization of the tested surfaces using scanning electron microscopy is conducted. Higher crack onset values are observed for the smaller size patterns. Also, square-shaped patterns are found to exhibit the lowest crack onset values. SEM observations suggest cracking-driven and buckling-driven delamination during ITO tensile and compressive buckling mode respectively. In both cases, failure is observed to initiate from the pattern edges.
Minispindles and cytoplasmic domains in microsporogenesis of orchids

Changes in the microtubular cytoskeleton during meiosis and cytokinesis in hybrid moth orchids were studied by indirect immunofluorescence. Lagging chromosomes not incorporated into telophase nuclei after first meiotic division behave as small extra nuclei. Events in the microtubular cycle associated with these micronuclei are similar to and synchronous with those of the principal nuclei. During second meiotic division the micronuclei trigger formation of minispindles which are variously oriented with respect to the two principal spindles. After meiosis, radial systems of microtubules measure cytoplasmic domains around each nucleus in the coenocyte. Cleavage planes are established in regions where opposing radial arrays interact and the cytoplasm cleaved around micronuclei is proportionately smaller than that around the four principal nuclei. These observations clearly demonstrate that nuclei in plant cells are of fundamental importance in microtubule organization and provide strong evidence in support of our recently advanced hypothesis that division planes in simultaneous cytokinesis following meiosis are determined by establishment of cytoplasmic domains via radial systems of nuclear-based microtubules rather than by division sites established before nuclear division.
Alveolar to mixed venous PCO2 difference under conditions of no gas exchange.

Abstract Under conditions in which no gas exchange occurs across the mammalian lung a steady state difference between alveolar and mixed venous P CO 2 (ΔP CO 2 ) was found, the alveolar being higher. The ΔP CO 2 appeared to be related to the H + and HCO 3 − concentrations of the mixed venous blood and to the pulmonary blood flow rate. A model is presented involving a negatively charged capillary membrane and coupling of viscous and diffusional flows allowing the reaction H + + HCO 3 H 2 CO 3 H 2 0 + CO 2 to be shifted toward CO 2 and causing the CO 2 tension to be higher in the region of the capillary wall than in the bulk phase of capillary blood. Evidence, in support of the theoretical model, that steady state differences of the undissociated form of the weak acid DM0 can occur across the lung and that under certain conditions P CO 2 differences can occur across charged artificial membranes, is also presented.
Climate Projections Using Bayesian Model Averaging and Space–Time Dependence

Projections of future climatic changes are a key input to the design of climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. Current climate change projections are deeply uncertain. This uncertainty stems from several factors, including parametric and structural uncertainties. One common approach to characterize and, if possible, reduce these uncertainties is to confront (calibrate in a broad sense) the models with historical observations. Here, we analyze the problem of combining multiple climate models using Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) to derive future projections and quantify uncertainty estimates of spatiotemporally resolved temperature hindcasts and projections. One advantage of the BMA approach is that it allows the assessment of the predictive skill of a model using the training data, which can help identify the better models and discard poor models. Previous BMA approaches have broken important new ground, but often neglected space–time dependencies and/or imposed prohibitive computational demands. Here we improve on the current state-of-the-art by incorporating space–time dependence while using historical data to estimate model weights. We achieve computational efficiency using a kernel mixing approach for representing a space–time process. One key advantage of our new approach is that it enables us to incorporate multiple sources of uncertainty and biases, while remaining computationally tractable for large data sets. We introduce and apply our approach using BMA to an ensemble of Global Circulation Model output from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report of surface temperature on a grid of space–time locations.
Assessment of Spatial Variability of Major-Ion Concentrations and DEL Oxygen-18 Values in Surface Snow, Upper Fremont Glacier, Wyoming, U.S.A.

One hundred samples were collected from the surface of the Upper Fremont Glacier at equally spaced intervals defined by an 8,100 m 2 snow grid to assess the significance of lateral variability in major-ion concentrations and del oxygen-18 values. For the major ions, the largest concentration range within the snow grid was sodium (0.5056 mg/l) and the smallest concentration range was sulfate (0.125 mg/l). Del oxygen-18 values showed a range of 7.45 per mil. Comparison of the observed variability of each chemical constituent to the variability expected by measurement error indicated substantial lateral variability within the surface-snow layer. Results of the nested ANOVA indicate most of the variance for every constituent is in the values grouped at the two smaller geographic scales (between 506 m 2 and within 506 m 2 sections). Calcium and sodium concentrations and del oxygen-18 values displayed the largest amount of variance at the largest geographic scale (between 2,025 m 2 sections) within the grid and ranged from 14 to 26 per cent of the total variance. The variance data from the snow grid were used to develop equations to evaluate the significance of both positive and negative concentration/value peaks of nitrate and del oxygen-18 with depth, in a 160 m ice core. Solving the equations indicates that both the nitrate and del oxygen-18 ice-core profiles have concentration/value trends that exceed the limits expected from lateral variability. Values of del oxygen-18 in the section from 110-150 m below the surface consistently vary outside the expected limits and possibly represents cooler temperatures during the Little Ice Age from about 1810 to 1725 A.D.
Chronic intermittent ethanol exposure during adolescence blocks ethanol-induced inhibition of spontaneously active hippocampal pyramidal neurons.

Background: Binge alcohol drinking among adolescents has been a serious public health problem. A model of binge alcohol, chronic intermittent ethanol exposure (CIEE), during adolescence significantly attenuates ethanol-induced spatial memory deficits in rats. However, the attenuation was absent following a 12-day ethanol-free period. Since spatial memory is hippocampal dependent, a reduction in ethanol-induced spatial memory impairments may be due to a reduction in the ability of ethanol to inhibit the firing rate of single hippocampal pyramidal neurons following CIEE. Methods: Beginning on postnatal day 30 (P30), male adolescent Sprague-Dawley rats (Harlan) were administered 5.0 g/kg ethanol (n=10, CIEE-treated group) or an equivolume saline (n=10, CISE-treated group) every 48 hours for 20 days. Single hippocampal pyramidal neurons from 5 CIEE-treated rats and 5 CISE-treated rats were recorded on the day following completion of the chronic intermittent exposure procedure (animals now P50). Additionally, neurons from 5 CIEE-treated rats and 5 CISE-treated rats were recorded 12 days after the completion of the chronic intermittent exposure procedure (animals now P62). Results: Ethanol exposure during adolescence completely blocked ethanol-induced inhibition of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in rats that were CIEE exposed. However, the effect of CIEE on hippocampal neurophysiology was time dependent. Specifically, neurons recorded from CIEE-treated rats after a 12-day ethanol-free period had similar maximal inhibition as neurons from CISE-treated animals, although the time to reach inhibition was significantly greater in neurons from CIEE-treated rats. Conclusion: Chronic ethanol exposure during adolescence produces a reduction, or tolerance, to ethanol-induced inhibition of hippocampal pyramidal neural activity. Although the tolerance was greatly reversed after a 12-day ethanol-free period, neurons from CIEE animals inhibited slower than neurons from CISE animals. Since the hippocampus is known to be involved not only in spatial memory, but also in many other types of memory formation, the altered hippocampal functions because of CIEE during adolescence should be taken as a serious warning for society.
MJO prediction in the NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2

The Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) is the primary mode of tropical intraseasonal climate variability and has significant modulation of global climate variations and attendant societal impacts. Advancing prediction of the MJO using state of the art observational data and modeling systems is thus a necessary goal for improving global intraseasonal climate prediction. MJO prediction is assessed in the NOAA Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2) based on its hindcasts initialized daily for 1999–2010. The analysis focuses on MJO indices taken as the principal components of the two leading EOFs of combined 15°S–15°N average of 200-hPa zonal wind, 850-hPa zonal wind and outgoing longwave radiation at the top of the atmosphere. The CFSv2 has useful MJO prediction skill out to 20 days at which the bivariate anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC) drops to 0.5 and root-mean-square error (RMSE) increases to the level of the prediction with climatology. The prediction skill also shows a seasonal variation with the lowest ACC during the boreal summer and highest ACC during boreal winter. The prediction skills are evaluated according to the target as well as initial phases. Within the lead time of 10 days the ACC is generally greater than 0.8 and RMSE is less than 1 for all initial and target phases. At longer lead time, the model shows lower skills for predicting enhanced convection over the Maritime Continent and from the eastern Pacific to western Indian Ocean. The prediction skills are relatively higher for target phases when enhanced convection is in the central Indian Ocean and the central Pacific. While the MJO prediction skills are improved in CFSv2 compared to its previous version, systematic errors still exist in the CFSv2 in the maintenance and propagation of the MJO including (1) the MJO amplitude in the CFSv2 drops dramatically at the beginning of the prediction and remains weaker than the observed during the target period and (2) the propagation in the CFSv2 is too slow. Reducing these errors will be necessary for further improvement of the MJO prediction.
Normal vibration frequencies of a rectangular two-dimensional array of identical point-masses

Abstract An exact solution is obtained for the normal vibration frequencies of a rectangular array of identical point-masses. The method of intermediate co-ordinate transformation, which was introduced in a previous article in this journal, makes it possible to treat the system as a coupled set of linear chains. By this means, the analysis can be made considerably simpler than the usual treatment. The result shows that the coupling of the normal modes of the separate chains is restricted to those modes having the same index numbers. Thus, the usual problem involving N 1 × N 1 secular determinant, where N 1 is the number of particles contained in each separate chain, is reduced to that involving only a 2 × 2 determinant. The calculation in the present article will serve as a basis for the vibrational analyses of more complicated problems involving two- and three-dimensional arrays of masses that are perturbed by “disorder”.
Effect of water temperature and food on energy allocation in the stalked barnacle, Pollicipes polymerus Sowerby

Abstract The effects of water temperature and food level on absorption efficiency, rate of oxygen consumption, molting rate, reproductive condition, energy content, and total production have been studied in the stalked barnacle, Pollicipes polymerus Sowerby. Absorption efficiency measured gravimetrically was high (≈94%) and unaffected by water temperature or food level. Absorption efficiency measured using an ash-ratio method was substantially less than that determined gravimetrically. The rate of oxygen consumption increased in the high food treatments and decreased in the starved treatment after 40 days. Molting rate, energy content, and total production were highest in the high food treatments. Reproduction was inhibited at warm water temperatures. The greater influence of food level than water temperature on production is probably related to the thermal regime experienced by these animals in the field.
Is central lymph node dissection necessary for parathyroid carcinoma

Background Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare cancer. Unlike other more common malignancies, the importance of lymph node (LN) status remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of LN metastases in disease-specific survival (DSS). Methods A retrospective review of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result database was performed on parathyroid carcinoma cases diagnosed between 1988 and 2010. Results We identified 405 parathyroid carcinoma patients. Among 114 patients with LNs examined at operation, only 12 (10.5%) had positive LNs. Sensitivity analysis found that a tumor size threshold of 3 cm best divided the cohort by DSS. Only tumors ≥3 cm and distant metastasis but not LN metastases were independent prognostic factors on multivariate analysis. When examining factors associated with LN status, only tumors ≥3 cm predicted LN metastasis. LN metastases were 7.5 times more likely in patients with tumors ≥3 cm than those with tumors Conclusion Tumors ≥3 cm were associated with LN metastases in parathyroid carcinoma, but positive LN status was not associated with DSS. Tumor size can potentially risk stratify patients by their risk of LN metastases.
Classroom Games: Information Cascades

This paper describes how to set up a classroom exercise in which students see private signals and make public decisions in sequence. A pattern of conforming decisions in this context is called an information cascade. Once a cascade starts, it is rational for students to ignore their private signals and follow the pattern of previous decisions. This exercise provides an interactive framework that facilitates discussions of Bayes's rule, information, and social conformity.
Stable Carbon Isotopic Analysis of Low-Level Methane in Water and Gas

Sample introduction systems have been developed to significantly extend existing isotope ratio monitoring gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques to allow the simultaneous determination of ...
Paleogeography of Monterey Formation, Cuyama Basin, California

The Cuyama Basin is one of several discrete, middle Cenozoic basins that formed a continental borderland in the coastal California province during the Miocene. The Monterey Formation is lithologically and stratigraphically complex. It varies widely in thickness, up to 4,500 ft (1,400 m), reflecting variable subsidence within the basin. Thinning over anticlines and the Cox fault zone suggests structural movement occurred contemporaneously with sedimentation, beginning in the late Saucesian (early Miocene). The age of the Monterey Formation also varies, becoming younger to the northwest. Areas of maximum subsidence migrated from southeast (Cuyama Valley) to northwest (northern La Panza Range). Schematic paleogeographic maps constructed on 4 time slices illustrate that the depositional history of the basin reflects these subsidence patterns and various depositional controls. Late Saucesian-Relizian (early Miocene) time is characterized by relatively low sea level, maximum subsidence in the southeast, and basinal sedimentation varying from calcareous biogenous sediments to sandy submarine fan deposits. Luisian-early Mohnian (middle Miocene) patterns reflect high sea level, maximum subsidence in the northwest, and basinal sediments of a calcareous or siliceous biogenous nature. Finally, the entire southern Salinian block shoaled to shallow marine or nonmarine conditions by the end of Mohnian (late Miocene) time.--Modified journal abstract.
The role of tourism in national human resource development: a Jamaican perspective

Research in the national human resource development (NHRD) field is increasingly considering unique cultural and economic conditions and the influence this may have on a number of employment-related indicators. To date, the NHRD literature has largely ignored issues related to skills training and workforce development in the tourism industry, despite the expanding nature of this dynamic service sector in many nations. This literature review study of NHRD in Jamaica examined ongoing national-level human resource development (HRD) initiatives with specific attention to the current and future impact of NHRD on the tourism industry. The results showed that governmental development plans clearly identified tourism as a key sector for economic growth to support larger economic and social development goals. Furthermore, the development of human resources in the tourism sector was seen as being of vital importance for tourism organizations and for the continued development of Jamaica. The existing NHRD literature...
Practicing in the 21st Century College Counseling Center

Although college and university counseling centers often struggle with misperceptions of their work and their role in the campus community, limited research has addressed this issue. In this article, common campus misperceptions are explored. Among the issues that often increase the misperception of counselors and counseling services include misunderstandings by campus departments about the role of counseling for students, the perception that counseling is often a solution to any emotional or behavioral issue, and the difficulty of avoiding dual relationships with students on many campuses. Implications for campus counseling centers, including strategies for combating misperceptions, are discussed.
Thermal-Mechanical Loading Interaction Effect on Strength and Failure Time of Wooden Structures Exposed to Elevated Temperature

The effect of thermal-mechanical loading interaction on strength of wooden structures was investigated. A thermal-mechanical interaction model was proposed to calculate the strength and failure time of wooden structures. In the model, variation of stresses in the structures due to elevated temperature were calculated by finite element methods. Then, a property degradation model including the thermal-mechanical interaction effect was pro posed to calculate the strength and the failure time of the wooden structures. Experimental tests on wooden bends were performed to verify the model, and good agreement between the data and the calculations of the analysis was found. A strong thermal-mechanical interaction has been found in wooden structures.
The Effects of Cocaine and Stress on Lymphocyte Proliferation in Rats

Abstract : The effects of cocaine, stress, and the combination of cocaine and stress on cellular immune proliferation stimulated by mitogens Con A and LPS were examined in rats. Hypothalamic dopamine and norepinephrine were measured to examine whether catecholamine levels relate to changes in immune function in this paradigm. Cocaine, stress, and cocaine plus stress decreased cellular immune function to Con A mitogen compared to a control group. Hypothalamic dopamine levels were inversely related to immune proliferation to LPS mitogen . The results are discussed in terms of the deleterious effects of cocaine and stress, and possible mechanisms for cocaine and stress-induced immune suppression.