cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RF-inspired silicon photonics: Beamforming at optical frequencies

After decades of research and developments, radio frequency monolithic phased arrays are becoming mainstream for automotive radar and high-speed wireless communication applications. Optical beam steering has been around for several decades as well; but, they have not been as widely used partially due to their relatively higher cost and form factor. Advancement in fabrication technology may enable monolithic optical phased arrays with low cost, size, and power consumption for a wide range of applications such as imaging, lidar, display, and holography. In this paper, we cover architectural considerations, device structures, and complete realization of a monolithic optical phased array transceiver in a commercial CMOS SOI process. Throughout the paper, we draw analogies and side-by-side comparisons between radio frequency and optical realizations of optical phased arrays and associated building blocks.
Carbaryl Susceptibility and Detoxication Enzymes in Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae): Influence of Host Plant

Toxicity of carbaryl and levels of detoxifying enzymes were determined in larvae of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), reared from hatching on either white alder, Alnus rhombifolia Nutt., or Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. Foliar chemistry was also examined. We treated larvae topically with carbaryl 2 d into the third or the fifth instar and established LD50s based on survival 48 h after treatment. We fed surviving third instars their original diet until death or pupation and assessed sublethal effects. Levels of detoxifying enzymes were determined in larvae of the same age and rearing group. Larvae reared on Douglas-fir were significantly more tolerant of carbaryl. Sublethal effects were found only in larvae fed Douglas-fir, in which mortality after 48 h and time to pupation were significantly greater in treated larvae than in controls. Levels of detoxication enzymes were generally higher in tissues of larvae raised on Douglas-fir, but significantly higher in only a few instances. Nitrogen and total phenolic contents were higher in alder than in Douglas-fir. Terpenes were abundant in Douglas-fir foliage but were not detected in alder.
Self-Assembly of Diblock Copolymer on Substrates Modified by Random Copolymer Brushes

We model the self-assembly of a diblock copolymer thin film in contact with a random copolymer brush using self-consistent field theory employing a quenched distribution for the brush chains. We focus on the regime of parameters where the diblock copolymers exhibit lamellar morphologies, and study the alignment behavior of the lamellar morphologies on the grafted substrates. Our results reveal a templating of the self-assembly morpology by the brush chains. We find two novel features of this templating behavior: The ends of the grafted chains rearrange themselves to create a more favorable interface, an effect which is present in both the parallel and perpendicular morphologies, and is enhanced with increasing blockiness of the sequences of the random copolymer. In addition, the brush chains may splay laterally in perpendicular morphologies and enrich the interface even further in the favorable component. The latter feature leads to nontrivial free energy differences between the parallel and perpendicular...
Repair and reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in dogs. Factors influencing long-term results.

In thirty-eight dogs anterior cruciate repairs were performed and in twenty dogs anterior cruciate reconstructions using the iliotibial band were done. The results were studied for six months to four years postoperatively to determine tensile strength and microscopic anatomy. The results were as fol
GeGI overview for IAEA

This report describes the Germanium Gamma-Ray Imager (GeGI) and specifications for its use.
Output impedance comparison of different droop control realizations in DC systems

Droop control is broadly used in source paralleling and distributed dc systems. While the dc droop resistance guarantees static load sharing, the output impedance determines the dynamic performance and is important in stability analysis. In this paper, a general small signal model is established to derive the output impedance of a droop-controlled power source. Using buck converter as an example, the analytical result is verified by switching circuit simulation and hardware measurement. Three different droop control realizations are presented and compared. Though all the realizations achieve the same dc output resistance (i.e. the droop resistance), they have different output impedance control capability. The damping effect on the resonance peak of output impedance is also different. The impact of inserting a low pass filter in the droop loop is also analyzed. A proper droop design requires the consideration of both the output impedance regulation and resonance damping.
Less than a Single Pass: Stochastically Controlled Stochastic Gradient Method

We develop and analyze a procedure for gradient-based optimization that we refer to as stochastically controlled stochastic gradient (SCSG). As a member of the SVRG family of algorithms, SCSG makes use of gradient estimates at two scales, with the number of updates at the faster scale being governed by a geometric random variable. Unlike most existing algorithms in this family, both the computation cost and the communication cost of SCSG do not necessarily scale linearly with the sample size $n$; indeed, these costs are independent of $n$ when the target accuracy is low. An experimental evaluation on real datasets confirms the effectiveness of SCSG.
stringMLST: a fast k-mer based tool for multilocus sequence typing.

Rapid and accurate identification of the sequence type (ST) of bacterial pathogens is critical for epidemiological surveillance and outbreak control. Cheaper and faster next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have taken preference over the traditional method of amplicon sequencing for multilocus sequence typing (MLST). But data generated by NGS platforms necessitate quality control, genome assembly and sequence similarity searching before an isolate’s ST can be determined. These are computationally intensive and time consuming steps, which are not ideally suited for real-time molecular epidemiology. Here, we present stringMLST, an assembly- and alignment-free, lightweight, platform-independent program capable of rapidly typing bacterial isolates directly from raw sequence reads. The program implements a simple hash table data structure to find exact matches between short sequence strings (k-mers) and an MLST allele library. We show that stringMLST is more accurate, and order of magnitude faster, than its contemporary genome-based ST detection tools. Availability and Implementation: The source code and documentations are available at http://jordan.biology.gatech.edu/page/software/stringMLST. Contact: lavanya.rishishwar@gatech.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Laser Resistant Coatings

Interest in laser resistant coatings started with Maiman’s invention of the ruby laser (Maiman 1960). It soon became apparent that the existing quality of optical coatings was insufficient to withstand the high-photon flux of a laser source (Glass and Guenther 1973). In 1965 the Office of Naval Research contracted with Baush & Lomb to study the damage thresholds of dielectric films and multilayer coatings to overcome the problems of absorption and coating defects (Turner 1972). In 1969, a symposium on Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials was formed and two years later, thin films became one of the four primary research topics. This symposium has been the premier repository of documented research in laser resistant optical thin films. Although the subject of laser damage in optical materials is a rather narrow field of research, there are some excellent books on the subject (Kozlowski 1995; Wood 1986).
HIV-1 leader RNA dimeric interface revealed by NMR

The genomes of retroviruses, such as HIV, consist of two single-stranded RNAs held together as a dimer through noncovalent interactions near the 5′-end. Why retroviruses carry two copies of their genetic material when most other viruses carry a single copy is something of a mystery. The single-stranded genomic RNA (gRNA) is susceptible to damage; having two copies of the RNA may help preserve the genetic information during reverse transcription (1, 2). The dimer also promotes genetic diversity through frequent recombination events, allowing efficient production of variants that can evade the host immune response or resist antiviral treatments (1, 3). In addition, gRNA dimerization has long been suspected to play structural roles, particularly during selective packaging of the viral gRNA (4, 5). A recent study by Keane et al. provides new insight into how the two ∼9-kb HIV gRNA copies are held together in the dimer and how dimerization involves a structural switch that regulates packaging and other steps during viral replication (6). The structure of the retroviral gRNA dimer has been pursued ever since it was initially proposed, ∼50 y ago, to explain the observation that retroviral particles contain RNA with twice the buoyant density as expected for the single gRNA (7). Early electron microscopy studies indicated that the two RNAs are held together near their 5′-ends at a region referred to as the dimer linkage structure (8). The dimer linkage structure is located within the ∼350-nt 5′-leader of the HIV gRNA, which contains several highly structured and conserved stem-loops that play essential roles at distinct steps during viral replication (9). Among these stem-loops, the dimerization initiation site (DIS) was identified early on as important for dimerization (10⇓–12). Isolated DIS stem-loops spontaneously form “kissing” dimers through self-pairing of the palindromic apical loop. This … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: hashim.al.hashimi{at}duke.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Star-shaped lactic acid based systems and their thermosetting resins; synthesis, characterization, potential opportunities and drawbacks

Abstract Shortcomings of the conventional PLA synthesis methods have encouraged researchers to investigate on alternative methods for PLA synthesis. Utilization of chain extenders is an effective way to achieve high MW polymers. The concept of using star-shaped resins as the reinforced matrices for biocomposites or in biomedical applications is gaining more and more attention day by day. Star-shaped lactic acid based resins are a class of branched resins with a multifunctional core molecule and lactic acid branches. In order to increase the reactivity of branches, the star-shaped resin oligomers can get end-functionalized which yields in a crosslinkable product. Changing the architecture of a polymer from a linear to a multiarm or hyperbranched one, would change its chemical, diffusional and physical-mechanical properties. This review paper presents the current state and recent advances in the synthesis, characterization, properties and applications of the star-shaped resins made from lactic acid or lactide and multi-hydroxyl core molecules with a focus on the role of the architecture of the polymer on the properties of resins. Rheological, physiochemical and thermomechanical properties of to date synthesized star-shaped resins are compared and discussed. Special emphasis would be made on potential opportunities, probable applications and also gaps and drawbacks concerning these systems. This review aims to provide useful information to help future development of efficient, highly engineered bioresins which can be especially designed for certain applications.
Abstract 344: A20 Increases Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression and Activity to Sustain Endothelial Cell Function under Inflammatory Insults

Nitric oxide generated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) acts at different levels to sustain proper endothelial cell (EC) function. Pro-inflammatory molecules associated with various pathological conditions negatively affect eNOS expression and activity, altering vascular homeostasis. Decreased eNOS levels and activity are the pathognomonic features of EC dysfunction and a prelude to atherosclerotic remodeling of the vasculature. We have demonstrated that A20 maintains EC homeostasis by inhibiting NF-kappa B activation and protecting from apoptosis. The aim of this study is to explore whether A20 impacts eNOS expression/activity. A20 was overexpressed in human coronary artery EC (HCAEC) by recombinant adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. Effects of A20 on eNOS expression and phosphorylation were analyzed by quantitative PCR, human eNOS promoter-luciferase reporter assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and Western blot. Our data demonstrate that over-expression of A20 in HCAEC significantly increased eNOS mRNA and protein levels by promoting eNOS transcription, as demonstrated by ChIP, and eNOS promoter analysis using Luciferase reporter assays. Importantly, A20-induced upregulation of eNOS expression was sustained in HCAEC treated with tumor necrosis factor that inhibits eNOS transcription and function. Moreover, A20 enhanced phosphorylation of eNOS (Ser-1177), a surrogate marker of its activity, by promoting the activation of its upstream kinase AKT. Our data demonstrate that A20 upregulates and activates eNOS, even in EC exposed to inflammation. A20’s ability to promote and sustain eNOS activity could be critical to its cytoprotective effect in EC. Further, it supports our pursuit of A20-based therapies to maintain vascular homeostasis, preventing vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, transplant arteriosclerosis and diabetic vasculopathy.
Identifying Ground-water Resources and Intrabasinal Faults in the Hueco Bolson, West Texas, using Airborne Electromagnetic Induction and Magnetic-field Data

We conducted a high-resolution airborne geophysical survey at the eastern margin of the basin-and-range province of the southwestern U.S. to examine the hydrostratigraphy of the Hueco Bolson and identify possible ground-water resources in this arid area. The survey, flown in 2001 over a 372-km2 area east of El Paso, Texas, acquired time-domain electromagnetic induction (TDEM) and magnetic field data. These data were used to map conductivity trends to depths of at least 200 m that are related to lateral and vertical changes in lithology, water content, water chemistry (EM data), basin geometry, and the location of intrabasinal faults (magnetic data). Pre-survey, ground-based TDEM soundings established the achievable exploration depths and demonstrated that the relatively deep groundwater (80 to 120 m) significantly influenced the transient signal and was within the exploration depth of the airborne system. Airborne EM and magnetic field data identified intrabasinal faults that influence basin-fill deposition. Conductivity-depth slices constructed from airborne TDEM data allowed lateral variations in water quality and lithology to be mapped that helped predict ground-water resource quality within these fault-bounded basins filled with alluvial, lacustrine, and eolian sediments.
Exploiting NbO x metal-insulator-transition device as oscillation neuron for neuro-inspired computing

In this work, we fabricated the Pt/NbO x /Pt MIT device showing threshold switching. XPS results revealed that there are mixed NbO 2 and Nb 2 O 5 phases in the NbO x thin film. The self-oscillation of NbO x device with a resistor has been demonstrated, showing its feasibility as an oscillation neuron.
Median Compressive Neuropathy Proximal to the Carpal Tunnel

Median nerve dysfunction at the elbow or proximal forearm is typically secondary to compression. These issues may present as pronator syndrome, anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) syndrome, or as a compressive neuropathy of the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve. Pronator syndrome is a purely sensory phenomenon and is characterized by vague volar forearm pain, with median nerve paresthesias and no motor findings. AIN syndrome is characterized by a pure motor nerve palsy of the flexor pollicis longus, the flexor digitorum profundus of the index and long finger, and the pronator quadratus. The sites of compression for both these syndromes are similar. Electrodiagnostic studies are frequently normal with pronator syndrome and abnormal with AIN syndrome. These syndromes are controversial. There is a lack of objective evidence and physical findings for pronator syndrome. AIN syndrome may be caused by simple neuritis that may resolve spontaneously. Therefore, both syndromes are initially managed nonsurgically. This nonsurgical management includes rest, activity modification, anti-inflammatory medications, therapy, etc. The indication for surgical nerve decompression is reserved for patients with persistent symptoms despite these measures.
Conformational Impact on Amino Acid-Surface π–π Interactions on a (7,7) Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube: A Molecular Mechanics Approach

A study of π–π interactions between a (7,7) single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) and three different aromatic amino acids (AAA), namely l-tyrosine (Tyr), l-tryptophan (Trp), and l-phenylalanine (Phe) was conducted with a molecular mechanics (MM) approach. For each of the amino acids we investigated the behavior of six different conformers. We examined the impact of the so-called edge effects by testing the parameters of the built-in switching function in MM. We found the optimal SWNT length to be approximately 80 A for the size of the molecules in our conformational studies. The positional effect of electron withdrawing groups with respect to the aromatic tail was studied to understand the influence of this interaction specific to adsorption strength and geometry. We decomposed the aromatic amino acid–surface interactions into three components: overall energy, aromatic ring, and amino acid head adsorption energies. We found that the ability of the amino acid’s head to interact with the surface π-densities...
“Tying the Knot”—Surgical Choices in Esotropia: When? How Much? How Many?

This esotropia symposium has thus far explored the assessment and nonsurgical treatment of convergent strabismus. This paper will deal with surgical choices in esotropia. When is it appropriate to ...
Product Approvability Recommendations From FDA Advisory Committees:: Inconsistently Sought, Indirectly Obtained.

Divisions within the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) often convene meetings of advisory committees, also known as AdComm or Panel meetings. The purpose of many AdComm meetings is for the FDA to obtain outside advice and recommendations on whether to approve a new drug or medical device. Laws and regulations indicate that such Panels are to provide recommendations regarding the approvability of the drug or device by FDA. We examine recent AdComm meetings, including a systematic review of drugs and biologics AdComms between 2011 and 2016, to find whether FDA is obtaining Panel recommendations on drug and device approvability in accordance with these laws and regulations. (This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.) We find that Panel recommendations on approvability are often not obtained. We further find that, in most cases where Panel recommendations are obtained, voting procedures are such that those recommendations address product approvability in only an indirect manner. While FDA rightly has the authority to exercise discretion in many aspects of the product approval process, we believe that it must obtain clear recommendations whenever it convenes a Panel to address product approvability.
The Optical Transfer Theory of the Electron Microscope: Fundamental Principles and Applications

Abstract The theory of image formation in the electron microscope is explained in terms of amplitude and phase contrast-transfer functions in great detail. The notion of transparency is described and strong and weak objects are defined. The effects of spherical aberration and defocus are presented at length. The experimental verification of the theory by Friedrich Thon is reproduced. Phase plates and absorption plates are discussed in connection with zone plates and phase-changing devices. Resolution is considered in the light of the contrast-transfer functions. The effect of partial coherence of the illumination is examined.
Mechanisms of temporal variation in single-nephron blood flow in rats

Modified laser-Doppler velocimetry was used to determine the number of different mechanisms regulating single-nephron blood flow. Two oscillations were identified in star vessel blood flow, one at ...
Interfertility Between two Distinct Forms of Cyathus Olla

1. A large and distinctive Cyathus from Oregon has been identified as C. olla form anglicus described by Lloyd from a specimen from the Kew Herbarium, England.2. The known distribution of anglicus ...
Transcranial laser stimulation increases power of brain oscillations and information flow measured by EEG

We conducted placebo-controlled 1064 nm Transcranial Laser Stimulation (TLS) on 20 human foreheads. Significant alterations of EEG power and information flow were observed, indicating important neurophysiological benefits of photoneuromodulation by 1064 nm laser.
An Intellectually Humbling Experience: Changes in Interpersonal Perception and Cultural Reasoning across a Five-Week Course:

Finding ways to foster intellectual humility (IH)—the willingness to own one’s limitations—is an important goal for facilitating effective learning. We report the results of a longitudinal, quasi-e...
The Equation x′ = f (t, x)

The present chapter is dedicated to the existence of almost automorphic solution of the nonlinear differential equation $$x'\left( t \right) = f\left( {t,x\left( t \right)} \right)$$ (5.1) in a Banach space X. We also give an immediate linear version of the result in Section 5.2.
The Functional Assessment Interview for Runaways (FAIR): An Assessment Tool to Assist with Behavior Support Plan Development to Reduce Runaway Behavior

Youth in foster care are twice as likely to run away from living situations as compared to those of the same age in the general population. When youth are on the run from a living situation, they are at a high risk for being exposed to abuse and neglect or engaging in criminal behavior. One approach to support youth who run is to identify the function of their behavior and then implement interventions that match the function. The Functional Assessment Interview for Runways (FAIR) is an idiosyncratic assessment tool that seeks to identify the function of runaway behavior specific to youth involved with the foster care system. This article provides a summary of the literature related to runaway behavior, the implications for function based interventions, and instructions for administering the FAIR.
Are Baseball Statistics an Appropriate Tool for Assessing Return to Play in Injured Players: An Analysis of Statistically Variability in Healthy Players Using a Machine Learning Approach:

Objectives:Traditional pitching statistics (ERA, WHIP, etc) have been used as surrogates for pitcher performance without being validated. Even amongst healthy pitchers, the normal variability of th...
Place and Postcolonial Ecofeminism: Pakistani Women’s Literary and Cinematic Fictions: by Shazia Rahman, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 2019, 246 pp., $30 (Paperback), ISBN 978-1496215123

While studies of nationalism abound in South Asian variants of postcolonial studies, can we begin considering alternative attachments to place and place-making that, while still encapsulated within...
I.5 – Contour Equations

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an algebraic method to compute the velocities and accelerations of any closed kinematic chain. The classical method for obtaining the velocities and accelerations involves the computation of the derivative with respect to time of the position vectors. The method of contour equations avoids this task and uses only algebraic equations. Using this approach, a numerical implementation is much more efficient. A diagram is used to represent to a mechanism in a way that the numbered links are the nodes of the diagram represented by circles, and the joints are represented by lines, which connect the nodes. The equations for velocities and accelerations are written for any closed contour of the mechanism. However, it is best to write the contour equations only for the independent loops of the diagram representing the mechanism. The chapter concludes with the discussion of application of the contour method to determine the velocities and accelerations distribution for several planar mechanisms.
Regiospecific Synthesis of Calcium‐Independent Daptomycin Antibiotics Using a Chemoenzymatic Method

Daptomycin (DAP) is a calcium (Ca2+ )-dependent FDA-approved antibiotic drug for the treatment of Gram-positive infections. It possesses a complex pharmacophore hampering derivatization and/or synthesis of analogues. To mimic the Ca2+ -binding effect, we used a chemoenzymatic approach to modify the tryptophan (Trp) residue of DAP and synthesize kinetically characterized and structurally elucidated regiospecific Trp-modified DAP analogues. We demonstrated that the modified DAPs are several times more active than the parent molecule against antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive bacteria. Strikingly, and in contrast to the parent molecule, the DAP derivatives do not rely on calcium or any additional elements for activity.
Mechanistic modeling and parameter-adaptive nonlinear model predictive control of a microbioreactor

Abstract Microbioreactors are a promising technology to accelerate biologic drug development. In aerobic cellular respiration, a potential limit to the productivity of such systems is the transport of oxygen from an external gas to the most oxygen-deficient cells, and the potential for excessive spatially localized dissolved oxygen which can result in cellular damage. This article analytically solves a mechanistic model for the spatiotemporal transport of oxygen through a gas-permeable membrane to the cells within a microbioreactor. An analytical solution to the partial differential equations for oxygen transport is derived using the finite Fourier transform method. A parameter-adaptive extended Kalman filter is shown to produce highly accurate estimates of the oxygen uptake rate of the cells, with some fluctuation in estimates of the specific cell growth rate and the specific oxygen uptake rate. The estimates are fed to a model predictive control formulation that improves the spatial control of dissolved oxygen during cell growth by more than 30% compared to a PID controller.
Bridging the Gap: Patient Navigation Increases Colonoscopy Follow-up After Abnormal FIT.

Introduction Recent studies indicate low rates of follow-up colonoscopy after abnormal fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) within safety net health systems. A patient navigation (PN) program is an evidence-based strategy that has been shown to improve colonoscopy completion in private and public healthcare settings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a PN program to encourage follow-up colonoscopy after abnormal FIT within a large safety net hospital system. Methods We established an enterprisewide PN program at 5 tertiary care hospitals within the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services system in 2018. The PN assisted adult patients aged 50-75 years with an abnormal FIT to a follow-up colonoscopy within 6 months. PN activities included initiating referral for and scheduling of colonoscopy, performing reminder phone calls to patient for their upcoming colonoscopy, and following up with patients who did not attend their colonoscopy. We assess the effectiveness of the PN intervention by comparing follow-up colonoscopy rates with a period before the intervention. Results There were 2,531 patients with abnormal FIT results (n = 1,214 in 2017 and n = 1,317 in 2018). A majority were women (55% in 2017 vs 52% in 2018) with a mean age of 60 ± 6.2 years. From a previous mean of 163 days without PN in 2017, the mean time from abnormal FIT to colonoscopy with PN improved to 113 days in 2018. The frequency of colonoscopy completion with PN increased from 40.6% (n = 493) in 2017 to 46% (n = 600) in 2018. Discussion After the introduction of the PN program, there was a significant increase in patients undergoing follow-up colonoscopy after abnormal FIT and patients were more likely to undergo colonoscopy within the recommended 6 months.
The Economics of Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Traceability in Developing Countries

Shirking, cheating, and other misbehaviors are pervasive in many developing countries, increasing the costs of economic exchanges. Blockchainbased solutions may address these problems and help developing world-based economic actors to engage in exchange relationships.
Falling Through the Cracks: Dealing with the Problem of the Unclassifieds in RELTRAD

RELTRAD is the most popular and widely used classification scheme for sorting religious traditions in the social sciences, however it struggles with how to sort non-denominational Protestants into one of the existing categories, with a growing number falling into an often ignored “unclassified” category. To demonstrate the growing problem of excluding non-denominational protestants who attend infrequently in the current iteration of RELTRAD. We assess the assumption that the “unclassified” respondents are akin to those who select a “don’t know” option and should be excluded. We also propose several ways to reintroduce low attending non-denominationals back into the larger sample. As a means to assess the political and religious characteristics of these “unclassified” respondents, we compare non-denominationals to a prototypical evangelical denomination—the Southern Baptist Convention and a prototypical mainline denomination—the United Methodist Church using General Social Survey data from 2000 to 2018. We also re-run models of social and political phenomena, originally shown by Steensland et al. (Soc Forces 79:291, 2000), with the new and old RELTRAD categories. Analyses indicate that non-denominational Protestants who attend church at least once a month have similar characteristics to evangelicals, justifying their current classification. However, non-denominationals who attend less frequently are more difficult to sort cleanly as they are more conservative than United Methodists but more liberal than Southern Baptists. However, the gaps caused by attendance among the three groups is comparable, undermining the RELTRAD assumption that low attending non-denominationals should be excluded from the sample. We reject the decision to exclude low attending non-denominationals from samples. Combined with other analyses of non-denominational Christians that show differences by denominationalism, we conclude that the best way forward may be creating an entirely new RELTRAD category for non-denominational Protestants that would solve the problem of the unclassifieds and not lose measure specificity. This choice brings new questions into focus as researchers can acknowledge the rapidly growing non-denominational category and assess the degrees of overlap and distinction with traditional religious families in the United States.
Disease-associated c-MYC downregulation in human disorders of transcriptional regulation.

Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare multiorgan developmental disorder caused by pathogenic variants in cohesin genes. It is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous dominant (both autosomal and X-linked) rare disease. Increasing experimental evidence indicates that CdLS is caused by a combination of factors, such as gene expression dysregulation, accumulation of cellular damage and cellular aging, which collectively contribute to the CdLS phenotype. The CdLS phenotype overlaps with a number of related diagnoses such as KBG syndrome and Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS) both caused by variants in chromatin-associated factors other than cohesin. The molecular basis underlying these overlapping phenotypes is not clearly defined. Here, we found that cells from individuals with CdLS and CdLS-related diagnoses are characterized by global transcription disturbance and share common dysregulated pathways. Intriguingly, c-MYC (subsequently referred to as MYC) is downregulated in all cell lines and represents a convergent hub lying at the center of dysregulated pathways. Subsequent treatment with estradiol restores MYC expression by modulating cohesin occupancy at its promoter region. In addition, MYC activation leads to modification in expression in hundreds of genes, which in turn reduce the oxidative stress level and genome instability. Together, these results show that MYC plays a pivotal role in the etiopathogenesis of CdLS and CdLS-related diagnoses and represents a potential therapeutic target for these conditions.
“Do I Really Have to Have Another Colonoscopy or Another CT Scan?”: Appropriate Disease Monitoring of Newly Diagnosed and Established Inflammatory Bowel Disease

One of the biggest challenges in the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is to determine the etiology of patients’ symptoms. There is no single test that is the gold standard for evaluation of patients. A combination of selected tests is most likely to yield an explanation and direct the most appropriate therapy.
Estimating viral proliferation in aquatic samples

Publisher Summary Estimates of viral production and decay rates provided the valuable confirmation that viruses are active members of the marine community. Viral production involves the lysis of host cells and the release of cellular material as dissolved and colloidal organic carbon. Therefore, measurements of viral replication rates are also useful for assessing the contribution of viruses to bacterial mortality and organic matter cycling in the ocean. By assuming a burst size, viral productivity can be used to estimate rates of bacterial lysis. This approach provides an additional means to assess bacterial mortality along with the visualization of intracellular viral particles by transmission electron microscopy. A wide variety of different approaches for measuring viral productivity include: (1) quantifying net increases in viral abundance over time; (2) measuring rates of viral decay; (3) estimating viral DNA synthesis rates by radiolabeling; (4) calculating expected viral release rates from estimated rates of bacterial lysis and an assumed burst size; and (5) measuring tracer dilution rates using fluorescently labeled viruses (FLV) as tracers.
Pigmented neuroectodermal tumor of infancy: An example of rarely expressed malignant behavior

A 4-month-old patient presented with a melanotic neuroectodermal tumor. The tumor continued to progress and recur following each surgical intervention and the patient died at the age of 38 months, 36 months following discovery of the tumor. This article describes the clinical and pathologic features of the disease. At autopsy, the tumor resembled that of a neuroblastoma.
An in-situ surface EXAFS study of copper underpotential deposition on Pt (111): Part I. The observation of strong in-plane scattering at submonolayer coverage

Abstract The underpotential deposition of copper from a dilute (50 μM) aqueous solution of Cu2+ on an iodine pretreated Pt (111) electrode has been studied using fluorescence detected surface EXAFS (extended X-ray absorption fine structure) with the plane of polarization of the X-ray beam parallel to the electrode surface. It was found that at coverages of copper of about 0.3 monolayer, the absorption fine structure at the Cu K edge was very pronounced, yielding a Cu-Cu bond length of about 0.288 ± 0.004 nm. The intensity of the EXAFS oscillations and near edge structure suggested a high number of copper backscatterers in the first coordination shell. The data are interpreted in terms of a model where clustering or nucleation occurs on certain regions of the electrode surface.
Die Vorschriften über das Passiv- und Aktivgeschäft der Kreditinstitute

Die Geschaftspolitik der Kreditinstitute ist durch das Streben nach Rentabilitat, Liquiditat und Sicherheit bestimmt: 1. Die Kreditinstitute streben nach moglichst hohem Gewinn (Kreditbanken) oder nach angemessenem Uberschus (Sparkassen, Kreditgenossenschaften). 2. Die Kreditinstitute mussen um eine standige Zahlungsbereitschaft bemuht sein. 3. Die Kreditinstitute mussen Einlagen und aufgenommene Gelder sicher anlegen.
Regional determination of oxygen uptake in rodent lungs using hyperpolarized gas and an analytical treatment of intrapulmonary gas redistribution.

A method is presented which allows for the accurate extraction of regional functional metrics in rodent lungs using hyperpolarized gas. The technique is based on the combination of measured T1 decay, an independent measure of specific ventilation and mass balance considerations to extract the regional oxygen levels and uptake. In phantom and animal experiments, it is demonstrated that the redistribution of gas during the measurement is a significant confounding factor, and this effect is addressed analytically. The resulting parameterization of gas flow increases the accuracy of oxygen-sensitive MRI, and may also be used independently to assess air trapping and airway constriction. Limitations of the technique with respect to spatial resolution and robustness are also discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why does radar reflectivity tend to increase downward toward the ocean surface, but decrease downward toward the land surface?

[1] Both ground and space borne radars have shown that radar reflectivity profiles below the freezing level have different slopes over land and ocean in general. This is critical in correctly estimating the surface precipitation rate in the usual situation in which the radar reflectivity cannot be measured as close to the surface as one would like. Using 14 years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission precipitation radar observations, the variations of slopes of the radar reflectivity in the low troposphere are examined over the stratiform and convective precipitation regions. Radar reflectivity below the freezing level usually decreases toward the surface over land, but increases toward the surface over the ocean. Increasing reflectivity toward the surface is hypothesized to occur mainly when raindrops grow while falling through low clouds, which is favored by high humidity at low levels, and by updraft speeds lower than the fall speed of raindrops, both more likely over oceans. Other things being equal, proxy evidence is presented that the more intense the convection, the more likely reflectivity is to decrease toward the surface, and that this is at least as important as low-level relative humidity. Over monsoon regions with more moderate convection but higher humidity, such as southeast China and the Amazon, there are more profiles with reflectivity increasing toward the surface than over other continental regions such as Africa. Radar reflectivity tends to increase toward the surface in shallow warm rain systems in trade cumulus regions, but tends to decrease toward the surface when high reflectivity values are present at or above the freezing level.
Management of hypertension in chronic kidney disease

Inadequate blood pressure control in patients with chronic kidney disease results in an increased rate of deterioration of renal function, and increases the risk of adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular outcomes. Consequently, close attention to the appropriate management of elevated blood pressure in these patients is critical. However, the complex relationship between blood pressure and renal function contributes to uncertainty regarding optimal blood pressure targets and therapeutic management in patients with concurrent hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Patients with chronic kidney disease often require carefully tailored blood pressure management due to the presence or absence of proteinuria, corresponding advanced age, coexisting comorbidities such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, resistance to treatment, and increased susceptibility to some of the adverse effects of antihypertensive medications. Furthermore, the specific management of certain subgroups of patients, such as those with proteinuria and the elderly, remains a point of ongoing controversy. In this chapter, we review the existing evidence and most recent guidelines for the optimum blood pressure targets in these patients, highlighting the reasoning behind discrepancies among different guidelines. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive overview of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment options for hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease.
Turbulent behavior for a boundary controlled Burgers' equation

We present certain results concerning the effect of boundary control on the structure of attractors for a boundary controlled viscous Burgers' equation. The zero dynamics possesses a single global asymptotically stable equilibrium for all positive values of viscosity. In contrast the main result of this paper is that for a special class of disturbances there is a critical range of values of the closed loop system gains for which there exist multiple stationary solutions. In keeping with common terminology, this bifurcation of a single global equilibrium of the zero dynamics is referred to as turbulent behavior. >
Component-based authoring of complex, Petri net-based digital library infrastructure

caT, a Petri net-based hypertext system, serves as a platform for unified modeling of digital library infrastructure and its governing policies, user characteristics, and their contextual information. Traditionally, users have created caT networks from scratch, thus limiting their use to small collections. In this paper we introduce TcAT, a component-based authoring tool, which enables the creation of large caT nets that can represent interaction-rich, real-life spaces such as libraries and museums. TcAT implements composition operations from Petri net theory, allowing authors to select and modify existing net fragments as templated building blocks for larger networks. Authors may switch between visual and textual modes at will, thus combining the strengths of expressing large nets textually and selecting net fragments via point-and-click interaction. A user evaluation of the new authoring mechanisms suggests that this is a promising tool for improving the efficiency of experienced users as well as that of novice users, who are unfamiliar with the Petri net formalism.
A New Approach to Maximizing the Power Handling Capability in Recessed-Gate Silicon Carbide Static Induction Transistors

For a recessed gate SiC SIT, a new approach to solve a breakdown voltage specific on-resistance trade-off problem and consequently achieve an extremely high power capability was presented. Simulations were fully performed to analyze the influence of critical design parameters on the device power performance. They showed that the basic trade-off was successfully eliminated if the depth of a JFET diffusion layer was greater than 1.35 times the gate trench depth, due to the effective suppression of the JFET resistance. Consequently, the proposed device architecture showed much higher power capability than the conventional structure, suggesting that device power performance be maximized by implementing a JFET diffusion layer in a conventional SiC SIT, with a narrow half-width of a source region
Transcriptional regulation of Escherichia coli K-12 major outer membrane protein 1b

Eleven independent insertion mutations were isolated that prevented expression of major outer membrane protein 1b. Seven of the mutations were Mucts insertions located at ombP. These ompB::Mucts strains fell into two phenotypic classes with regard to expression of proteins 1a and 1b. The remaining four mutants were comprised of one Tn5 and three Mucts insertions mapping at par. The Mucts insertions at par were used to construct fusions of the lac operon to the par promoter. Expression of beta-galactosidase in these fusion strains reflected known regulatory properties of protein 1b. When an ompB allele was introduced into the par-lac fusion strains, beta-galactosidase activity was reduced 14- to 31-fold. Transcriptional regulation of the par gene and the existence of two functions at ompB are discussed. The results suggest that par is the structural gene for protein 1b and that an ompB gene product is a diffusible, positive regulatory element controlling expression of par.
Quantum interference effects in two-photon spectroscopy

Interaction of atoms with two intense coherent time-delayed short pulsed standing waves produces quantum interference effects in the atomic fluorescence. This type of quantum interference effect applied to Doppler-free two-photon spectroscopy (an extension of the Ramsey method of separated r.f. or microwave fields in atomic beam experiments) offers a number of important improvements in the presently available techniques of ultra-high-resolution spectroscopy of atoms, molecules, and crystals.
Synthesis of methyl [2‐13C‐2,2‐d2]‐ and [3‐13C‐3,3‐d2]tetracosanoate

The synthesis of methyl [2-13C-2, 2-d2]- and methyl [3-13C-3, 3-d2]tetracosanoate is reported. The carbon-13 was introduced by cyanation of 1-bromodocosane and 1-bromoheneicosane using 18-crown-6 ether and potassium [13C]cyanide in hexamethylphosphoramide. Cyanation reactions with carbon-13 proceeded at better than 90% yield by this method. Triphasic catalysis was used to introduce the CN group in successive homologations of the labeled compounds. This method was found to be label-sparing with typical yields being 95%. No scrambling of deuterium was observed.
A new illusion: The underestimation of distance during pursuit eye movements

A new visual illusion is reported. The apparent distance through which a displaced target appears to move is significantly shorter when pursuit tracked than when that same distance is observed by means of a saccadic eye movement. This misperception of distance seems to be related to the Aubert-Fleischl paradox, the underestimation of the velocity of a tracked target, and to reveal a consistent characteristic of the pursuit eye movement system.
The Effect of High School Courses on Earnings

We estimate the effect that six types of high school math courses have on students' earnings nearly a decade after graduation. We use High School and Beyond transcript data to differentiate courses at a more detailed level than in previous research. This enables us to show that more-advanced courses have larger effects than less-advanced ones. We also provide evidence that math courses can help close the earnings gap between students from low-income and middle-income families. Finally, by incorporating other academic subjects, we demonstrate how specific course combinations can explain the earnings premium related to an additional year of school.