cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mandating a human papillomavirus vaccine: an investigation into whether such legislation is constitutional and prudent.

Merck’s recently released vaccine, Gardasil, may revolutionize cervical cancer prevention. With the rate of detected cervical cancer cases and associated deaths rising rapidly, cervical cancer is a major public health concern. Infection with the human papillomavirus, a sexually transmitted disease, is a necessary cause of cervical cancer. Gardasil protects against two specific “high risk” strains of HPV, associated with about 70% of cervical cancer cases, and blocks infection by two other strains of HPV, responsible for 90% of genital warts cases. Proponents of Gardasil believe that vaccination of women between the ages of 12 and 26 can slow the spread of cervical cancer by eradicating the two major HPV strands associated with the cancer’s development.
PET-based whole body dosimetry of 18F-FACBC, a tumor-avid non-metabolized amino acid: Initial results in patients

1809 Objectives: An 18F-labeled non-metabolized amino acid, 3-fluoro-aminocyclobutane carboxylic acid ([18F]FACBC), has been developed to image brain and other tumors. Here we report whole body dosimetry estimates calculated from dynamic whole-body PET scanning over a 4 hour period. Methods: 16 PET studies were acquired in 15 patients (13 males 2 females) with suspected recurrent primary brain tumor(n=14)and primary CNS lymphoma (n=1). All patients were first injected with 5-7mCi [11C]methionine(C11-meth) & 45 min dynamic scans of the brain were obtained. After 8 11C half-lives (~160 min), the patients were injected with [18F]FACBC (10mCi). A dynamic brain scan was again acquired followed by serial whole-body imaging (generally three scans over a ~4 hr post-injection period) to acquire kinetic data. Normal-organ dosimetry was calculated using OLINDA.Heated hand blood samples were obtained to assess radiotracer blood clearance and drug metabolism. PET images were registered digitally to the most recent clinically acquired MRI scan. Results: All tumors were seen with both amino acids, with the sites of uptake that generally correlated with areas of Gd enhancement on MRI. The biodistribution of FACBC in the body was different to that seen in our previous C11-meth scans, with relatively greater uptake of FACBC in skeletal muscle, lesser uptake in the pancreas, and minimal (almost absent) uptake in normal brain tissue. In contrast to FDG, minimal FACBC excretion occured via the hepatobiliary and the urinary tract during the ~4 hour study (with minimal body excretion). Brain SUVmax data are tabulated below. The liver is the critical organ from a dosimetry perspective with a mean absorbed dose of 0.126 cGy/37MBq. There was a ~3-fold improvement in tumor-to-brain contrast compared to 11C-labeled methionine. Conclusions: We have demonstrated excellent tracer characteristics for imaging brain tumors with FACBC, with high tumor-to-normal brain ratios than that obtained with C11-methionine. The favorable radiation dosimetry estimates, and the logistical advantaged provided by the 1.8-hr physical half life of 18F provide additional benefit. Further, because it is non-metabolized (ie not incorporated into proteins), FACBC is particularly amenable to modeling-based evaluation of amino acid transport, which may further elucidate biochemical aspects of the malignant phenotype in various human tumors Research Support (if any): NIH R21 CA93501
Uniform Contemptible Practices Act

Some folks worry about over-criminalization. This short (less than 700 words) suggests, not entirely in jest, one possible remedy.
New correlator to detect and characterize the chiral magnetic effect

A charge-sensitive in-event correlator is proposed and tested for its efficacy to detect and characterize charge separation associated with the chiral magnetic effect (CME) in heavy ion collisions. Tests, performed with the aid of two reaction models, indicate discernible responses for background- and CME-driven charge separation, relative to the second- (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Psi}}}_{2}$) and third-order (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Psi}}}_{3}$) event planes, which could serve to identify the CME. The tests also indicate a degree of sensitivity which would enable robust characterization of the CME via anomalous viscous fluid dynamics (AVFD) model comparisons.
Understanding, Explanation, and Scientific Knowledge

From antiquity to the end of the twentieth century, philosophical discussions of understanding remained undeveloped, guided by a 'received view' that takes understanding to be nothing more than knowledge of an explanation. More recently, however, this received view has been criticized, and bold new philosophical proposals about understanding have emerged in its place. In this book, Kareem Khalifa argues that the received view should be revised but not abandoned. In doing so, he clarifies and answers the most central questions in this burgeoning field of philosophical research: what kinds of cognitive abilities are involved in understanding? What is the relationship between the understanding that explanations provide and the understanding that experts have of broader subject matters? Can there be understanding without explanation? How can one understand something on the basis of falsehoods? Is understanding a species of knowledge? What is the value of understanding?
Catalyst characterization in the presence of solvent: development of liquid phase structure-activity relationships.

Due to the low volatility and highly oxygenated nature of biomass derived feedstocks, biomass upgrade reactions are frequently conducted in the presence of solvent to improve substrate mass transfer to the catalyst surface. However, relevant catalyst characterization techniques are most often performed in vacuum or inert gas environments, where the effect of solvent on the catalytic sites is ignored. Comparatively, characterization techniques in the presence of solvent are relatively rare, which poses challenges in developing structure–activity relationships for liquid phase reactions. In this perspective, commonly utilized techniques for probing the solid–liquid interface are briefly covered, with a focus on the role of solvent on zeolite and solid acid catalysis. New applications of techniques are proposed, most notably with ATR-FTIR, in the context of extracting thermodynamic information for the further understanding of the role of solvent on broadly applicable catalyst properties, such as acidity, and to develop structure–activity relationships for solid catalysts in solvent.
The Dispersion Model

Models are useful for representing flow in real vessels, for scale up, and for diagnosing poor flow. We have different kinds of models depending on whether flow is close to plug, or mixed, or intermediate (Fig. 6.1).
The Urban Indian Woman and Her Family

Changing circumstances have created a demand for more active participation of Indian women in all phases of Indian life. Indian women are experiencing often difficult role transitions as they move ...
Relationship Between Chemical Structure and Flammability Resistance of Polyurethanes

Many techniques have been utilized to impart flame retardancy into polyurethane foams. These include the use of polyols and polyisocyanates that contain halogen and phosphorus atoms, as well as the use of additives containing various elements, including halogens and phosphorus. For a number of reasons, including cost, compatability, and ease of handling or processing, early work with polyester-based rigid urethane foams was based on additives, using inert organic compounds containing these elements, as well as inorganic compounds such as diammonium phosphate. Large quantities of such flame retardants are in use today and halogenated phos phate esters, in particular, have been shown to be very effective in reducing the flammability of urethane foams. However, the low degree of permanency and significant reduction in the physical properties of these foams made it imperative to develop other and more effective techniques.
Operations: Monoid, Semigroup, Group, and Category

In addition to the topics in the title, this chapter presents the operations of direct product and sum, quotient group, the Noether homomorphism theorems, the Zassenhaus butterfly lemma, and exercises on permutation and alternating groups, solvable and nilpotent groups, simple groups, the Sylow theorems, and the basic theorems for abelian groups.
Note on the Decay and Absorption of the θ 0

A suggestion is made on how to verify experimentally a recent theoretical suggestion that the ${\ensuremath{\theta}}^{0}$ meson is a "particle mixture."
Executive function and self-regulatory influences on children’s eating

Abstract This chapter reviews the literature linking executive function (EF) to problematic, dysregulated eating styles and behaviors in children. Theoretical frameworks that aid in our understanding of problematic, dysregulated eating behaviors are described, along with empirical studies that measure various components of EF and their relation to children's eating. Implications for prevention and practice are discussed and are informed by existing efforts.
Distributed State Estimation Based on the Realtime Dispatch and Control Cloud Platform

With the increasing integration of renewable energy, the inter-regional electrical connection is strengthened. Due to the large scale of power grid analysis and calculation, the traditional state estimation cannot meet the real-time requirements of the cloud platform. To this end, this paper proposes a distributed state estimation method based on parallelized stream computing, and decoupling the interconnected power grid with tie line to perform sub-region state estimation. The method divides the parallel computing sub-region based on the regulatory subregion of the actual grid and designs a regional tie line state estimation method based on the calculation speed and precision balance. After the completion of distributed parallel sub-regions and tie line state estimation, the sub-region calculations are corrected according to the sensitivity matrix coordination algorithm and the regional tie line state estimation result. The overall estimation result is then obtained through parallel normalization. Numerical tests on IEEE standard system and a large interprovincial interconnected power system have been done to verify that the proposed method can not only significantly improve the speed of state estimation calculation, but also reduce the interregional convergence correlation and the residual pollution.
Multidimensional Inverse Scattering for First-Order Systems

A method for solving the inverse problem for a class of multidimensional first-order systems is given. The analysis yields equations which the scattering data must satisfy; these equations are natural candidates for characterizing admissible scattering data. The results are used to solve the multidimensional N-wave resonant interaction equations.
Digital Services Taxes and the Broader Shift From Determining the Source of Income to Taxing Location-Specific Rents

In recent decades, a number of fantastically successful, mainly American, multinational entities (MNEs) – led and epitomized by the “Four Horsemen,” Apple, Amazon, Facebook, and Google – have risen to global economic hyper-prominence. While their market capitalizations and profits are high, reflecting that they earn substantial rents or quasi-rents, their aggregate global taxes are generally quite low, reflecting their ability to create stateless income. Often, these MNEs are technology companies, like the Four Horsemen – but not always. Starbucks, for example, enjoys high global profits and low taxes despite its following a classic brick-and-mortar retail business model. This reflects that, like its more obviously high-tech peers, it relies on valuable intellectual property that helps it in creating both global pretax profitability and stateless income. Such MNEs’ rise has placed substantial pressure on existing corporate income tax models. While the existing models might perhaps be significantly improved, this would still leave market countries (where the MNEs’ consumers are located) well short of being able to tax, as fully as they might like, the location-specific rents that these companies earn by interacting with their residents. Market countries that use novel tax instruments, such as properly designed digital services taxes (DSTs) to expand their capacity to reach such location-specific rents, are not acting unreasonably, as judged within existing (and fairly lax) norms for constraining and channeling countries’ self-interested behavior. DSTs also have the potential (although whether it will be realized is uncertain) to improve, rather than worsen, global efficiency and distribution. Whether they prove permanent or merely transitional, DSTs look like harbingers of a new era in which entity-level corporate taxation rightly focuses more on locational rents, and less on decades-old doctrinal and semantic debates concerning the supposedly “true” source of economic income and value creation.
Effect of anode binders on low-temperature performance of automotive lithium-ion batteries

Abstract The effect of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)/sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) binders in the anodes on low-temperature performance and cyclability of automotive Li-ion batteries is investigated in 2.0 Ah cylindrical 18650 cells, composed of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 as cathodes and graphite as anodes. The physical and electrochemical properties of SBR/CMC and PVdF anodes are characterized to compare their low-temperature performance. It is found that the adhesion strength of the SBR/CMC anode is slightly higher than that of the PVdF anode. On the other hand, because of its lower glass transition temperature (Tg), higher ionic conductivity and better absorption of the electrolyte, the PVdF anode results in higher electrical and ionic conductivity than observed in the SBR/CMC anode at low temperatures. These properties of the PVdF anode contribute to smaller impedance and faster Li-ion diffusion. Thus, the PVdF anode exhibits better discharge behavior and cycle performance at low temperatures than the SBR/CMC anode.
Matching network design using non-Foster impedances: Research Articles

Non-Foster synthesis bypasses the gain-bandwidth limitations of conventional LC matching and achieves superior broadband performance by employing negative circuit elements, which are realized via negative impedance converters. The idea is to construct a negative-image model of an antenna, which cancels the antenna's parasitic reactance and transforms its frequency-dependent radiation resistance to a constant value. Successful implementation of negative-image modeling requires the realization of stable, low-loss negative elements. After a discussion of the basic ideas of non-Foster matching, we present experimental results for broadband, stable, high-Q, grounded negative capacitance. Next, in the first experimental confirmation of non-Foster impedance matching for signal reception, we use a floating negative capacitor to cancel a substantial portion of the reactance of a 6-in. monopole antenna. Over 20–110 MHz, the signal-to-noise ratio improved by up to 6 dB as compared to the same antenna with no matching, or to a lossy-matched blade antenna of twice the size. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2006.
Realistic cross-domain microscopy via conditional generative adversarial networks: converting immunofluorescence to hematoxylin and eosin

Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE it is a non-specific stain, binding to all cell types. Immunofluorescent (IF) staining is highly specific, binding only to targeted proteins in a sample to identify specific cellular and sub-cellular structures. IF images are costlier and more technically difficult compared with H&E, so are rarely used in routine clinical workup, but can be used for identification of diagnostically significant cell types. In previous work, we used registered IF and H&E images to generate class labels for training a deep learning H&E segmentation algorithm. In this work, we leverage this dataset to train a Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (cGAN) to generate realistic-looking H&E images from IF images stained for DAPI and ribosomal S6. Using these generated images, we trained a semantic segmentation algorithm to identify nuclei, cytoplasm, and membrane classes by thresholding the original IF stains for use as class labels on the generated H&E. The trained classifier was then used to segment a holdout dataset of real H&E images. We found that the semantic segmentation models trained on the generated H&E images (Dice score: 0.539) performed similarly to models trained on real H&E (Dice score: 0.503), suggesting that cGAN generated samples can be used as a viable training set for deep learning models that are intended to be applied on real H&E data.
Efficacy of double-lumen central venous catheter for airway management in children undergoing resection of laryngeal papilloma under inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane-spontaneous breathing

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of double-lumen central venous catheter (DLCVC) for airway management in children undergoing resection of laryngeal papilloma under inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane-spontaneous breathing.Methods Twenty-nine ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ podiatric patients,aged 1-9 yr,weighing 10-35 kg,scheduled for elective resection of laryngeal papilloma under self-retaining laryngoscope,were included in this study.Anesthesia was induced with inhalation of 8 ％ sevoflurane and the children kept spontaneous breathing.The larynx was sprayed with 2％ lidocaine for topical anesthesia.A self-retaining laryngoscope was inserted and a 7F DLCVC was placed below the glottis via the self-retaining laryngoscope.4％-6％ sevoflurance was insufflated via the main lumen of DLCVC (14G) to maintain anesthesia.PETCO2 was monitored through the branch lumen of DLCVC (18G).Before surgery (T1),at 20 min after the beginning of surgery (T2),and at the end of surgery (T3),arterial blood samples was obtained for blood gas analysis,and body movement,hypoxemia (SpO2 ＜ 95 ％ during oxygen inhalation),and airway management failure (SpO2 ＜ 90％ during oxygen inhalation) were also recorded.Results Compared with the baseline value at T1,although there were significant changes in PaCO2,base excess,pH value and PaO2 at T2 and T3 (P ＜ 0.05),they were all within the clinical reference ranges.There were no significant differences between PaCO2 and PETCO2 at T1,T2 and T3 (P ＞ 0.05).The incidence of body movement and hypoxemia was 10％,and the rate of airway management failure was 3％ (due to degree Ⅲ laryngeal obstruction).Conclusion DLCVC can be safely and effectively used for airway management in children with degree Ⅰ or Ⅱ laryngeal obstruction undergoing resection of laryngeal papilloma under inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane-spontaneous breathing. Key words: Intubation, intratracheal ; Anesthesia, inhalation ; Respiration ; Laryngeal neoplasms; Papilloma; Child
A Case Study in Outcomes on Open-Source Textbook Adoption in an Introduction to Art Class

This paper reports the outcome of a basic study in an Art 100: Introduction to Art class of 150 in which an Open Educational Resourced text was introduced. The study was the result of a survey done at the end of the semester with a review of the grades of one section using the OER text when compared to a comparable section using a commercial text. Each section was taught by the same instructor in the same semester. The study examines the cost to students, as well as student outcomes, use, and perception of the OER text among those completing the course. The OER text was compiled from two primary open resources, along with material written by the instructor to bring it into line with the publisher text used for comparison in the study. Chapters of the OER text were posted on the course LMS as pdfs, along with reading quizzes and assessments corresponding to those in the comparison course created and accessed on the publisher's online site. By comparing the outcomes from each class through the University's metrics-gathering system, and by collecting the perceptions of the course through an end-of-semester survey it was determined that there was a positive result in outcomes in the section using the OER text and that students believed their text to be the equal of a published text. Additionally, they reported actually accessing and reading the OER text chapters as opposed to not purchasing a required text for a class in the past. Initial results indicate that an OER text in a Foundations Introduction to Art garners positive results for students. Because the use of an Open text in the discipline of Art Appreciation or Art History is quite uncommon at present, we believe this study to be a valuable contribution to the data.
Development and Initial Psychometric Testing of the Midwifery Practice Climate Scale.

INTRODUCTION A supportive practice climate is demonstrated to improve patient outcomes, health care provider well-being, and workforce stability. Midwives are an integral component to improving maternal health care; however, there has been limited research into the qualities and measurement of a supportive practice climate for midwives. METHODS The Midwifery Practice Climate Scale is a self-report instrument designed to measure midwives' perceptions of their work environments. We tested the scale's validity and reliability in multiphase, national cross-sectional survey of the full roster of certified nurse-midwives and certified midwives practicing in the United States. To test structural validity and reliability testing, 2 subsamples of 330 participants were randomly extracted from the sample of 2887 for exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and internal consistency determination. Convergent validity was tested in the remaining sample of 1673 respondents. RESULTS Exploratory factor analysis revealed 2 5-subscale structures consistent with the loading values and theoretical structure. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a mediocre fit of the models identified in the exploratory analysis. Consequently, items were systematically reviewed for redundancy, skew, and generalizability and 24 items were removed from the scale. The resulting structure is a 10-item scale comprising 2 subscales: Practice Leadership and Participation and Support for the Midwifery Model of Care. The revised Midwifery Practice Climate Scale was a good fit with the data demonstrating adequate construct validity (χ2 = 60.397, df = 34, P < 0.001; comparative fit index, 0.987; root mean square of approximation, 0.049) and internal consistency (α = 0.89-0.84). DISCUSSION These findings indicate that the Midwifery Practice Climate Scale accurately and reliably measures the midwives' perceptions of their practice environment. The next steps include determining the scale's sensitivity to change and assessing the relationship with maternal health outcomes.
Is the Insurance Requirement for Supervised Weight Loss Prior to Bariatric Surgery an Ethical Strategy to Prevent Non-compliant Patients from Undergoing Surgery?

Bariatric surgery has evolved into an efficacious and safe option for the treatment of severe obesity with relatively low morbidity and mortality. The weight loss achieved, along with other physiologic factors unique to these procedures, result in the improvement (and even remission) of a number of obesity-associated diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and sleep apnea.
The Timeliness of Removal and Multiple-Defendant Lawsuits

Although the procedure for removing cases from state to federal court has existed for nearly 225 years, removal remains one of the most controversial aspects of federal jurisdictional law. Each year, more than 30,000 civil cases are removed from state to federal court, and many of those cases involve more than one defendant. One of the most frequently litigated issues in these cases has involved when the notice of removal must be filed. Prior to a recent amendment, the statute governing removal, 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b), required that a notice of removal be filed within thirty days of service on “the defendant.” Case law also requires all defendants to join in the notice of removal. The issue thus arose: when must the notice of removal be filed if the case involves multiple defendants who were served on different dates? The federal appellate courts have been sharply divided on this issue, with three very differing interpretations of the statute.This article offers a critical analysis of all three strands of the case law, including three 2011 decisions by federal courts of appeals that take opposing views on the issue. After examining the rationale for each approach, I argue that the rule adopted by the Fourth Circuit — the so-called intermediate rule — offers the best fit with the statute’s language and policy and should be followed in any case governed by former Section 1446(b).I also examine legislation recently enacted by Congress, the Federal Courts Jurisdiction and Venue Clarification Act of 2011, which has amended Section 1446(b) and codified one of the competing rules, the last-served defendant rule. I identify problems that permanent adoption of this rule will bring about, including significant delays that will occur in some cases in resolving the proper forum. I also identify ambiguities that the new law may create and suggest ways the courts might address those new interpretative issues.
Accidents Waiting to Happen: A Review of Unintentional Household Injuries in Children.

1. Erin P. O’Donnell, MD* 2. Therese L. Canares, MD* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD * Abbreviations: AAP : : American Academy of Pediatrics ASK : : Asking Saves Kids ASSB : : accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed BRUE : : brief resolved unexplained event CDC : : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CPR : : cardiopulmonary resuscitation ED : : emergency department LDP : : laundry detergent pod SIDS : : sudden infant death syndrome After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe how unintentional injuries affect the morbidity and mortality of children and adolescents. 2. Recognize risk factors and behaviors associated with unintentional household injuries. 3. Identify effective prevention strategies for the most common unintentional household injuries. 4. Apply learned information when discussing preventive measures to caregivers in an office-based setting. Unintentional injuries remain a crucial public health concern as they persist as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in US children. Greatly surpassing congenital anomalies, malignancy, and suicide as leading causes of death, unintentional injuries claim the lives of 12,000 children and adolescents each year. Even more, more than 9.2 million children are treated in emergency departments (EDs) for nonfatal injuries. (1) In recent years, health-care has shifted its focus to preventive care. With a significant economic burden attributable to medical care for fatal and nonfatal injuries, health-care providers have an increased responsibility to address injury prevention. Factors within one’s physical and social environment act as key drivers affecting health, and this applies particularly to unintentional home injuries. Whereas injury prevention experts use advocacy as their primary tool, providers have a unique opportunity to provide specific education about prevention. For children and adolescents, pediatricians play an essential role in informing caregivers about age-appropriate risks and potential hazards for children in the home. By providing this information along with guidance on safety practices, providers can contribute to the reduction of unintentional …
Open Metadata Formats: Efficient XML-Based Communication for High Performance Computing

High-performance computing faces considerable change as the Internet and the Grid mature. Applications that once were tightly-coupled and monolithic are now decentralized, with collaborating components spread across diverse computational elements. Such distributed systems most commonly communicate through the exchange of structured data. Definition and translation of metadata is incorporated in all systems that exchange structured data. We observe that the manipulation of this metadata can be decomposed into three separate steps: discovery, binding of program objects to the metadata, and marshaling of data to and from wire formats. We have designed a method of representing message formats in XML, using datatypes available in the XML Schema specification. We have implemented a tool, XMIT, that uses such metadata and exploits this decomposition in order to provide flexible run-time metadata definition facilities for an efficient binary communication mechanism. We also demonstrate that the use of XMIT makes possible such flexibility at little performance cost.
Analytical Evaluation of Bandwidth Part Adaptation in 5G New Radio

In this paper we develop a model to evaluate the per-formance of the Bandwidth Part (BWP) adaptation feature of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 5G New Radio (NR) Release 15 specification. The modeling approach incorporates all the important parameters of the feature and provides insights into the complex interplay among traffic loading, bandwidth, the BWP inactivity timer, power consumption and packet scheduling delay. Through a limited set of numerical examples we illustrate how our model can be used to gain understanding of the impact of the feature on the user perceived quality of experience. We hope that system designers will be able to use the modeling approach presented here to understand the fundamental trade-offs involved. The paper also provides guidelines for identifying realistic deployment scenarios where the BWP adaptation feature could provide significant benefits.
Dynamic Pricing for Sports Tickets

This research studies the market demand for sports tickets of a major NFL team and develops a dynamic pricing model for the price of the tickets based on the understanding of the market demand. The authors utilized R together with packages like h2o and ggplot2 to develop predictive models that could reflect future demand of tickets and then developed an optimization strategy based on this model for the use of dynamic pricing. A Tableau dashboard was also created using simulation data from one of the previous games to demonstrate the potential revenue increase of this model.
Automated visual inspection systems

It is the objective of this chapter to demonstrate how some of the techniques discussed in this book can be applied to real inspection problems. Two problems are covered in the following sections, the inspection of polished silicon wafers and the inspection of pharmaceutical blister packages. The systems proposed to solve these problems are similar in that they are automated, they are designed to improve on human inspection and on commercially available inspection systems, and they are capable of learning defect categories from examples.
Legal Change and Class Interests: A Review Essay on Morton Horwitz's the Transformation of American Law

Legal history has traditionally been synonymous with the history of the Supreme Court and with the analysis of the great opinions of that tribunal. However, as Morton Horwitz points out in the introduction to his new book on the development of the American common law, The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860: [C]onstitutional cases are . . . unrepresentative either as intellectual history or as examples of social control .... [J]udicial promulgation and enforcement of common law rules constituted an infinitely more typical pattern of the use of law throughout most of the nineteenth century. By thus focusing on private law we can study the more regular instances in which law, economy, and society interacted.' One of Professor Horwitz's primary objectives in this important and long-awaited work is, therefore, to make the technically difficult and sometimes obscure subject of private law accessible to professional historians2 and others interested in the American past. In this, Horwitz succeeds remarkably well. Trained in the law as well as in political science, he ranges with ease and familiarity over topics as diverse as the law of water rights, mercantile insurance, and negotiable instruments. He succeeds in making these relatively dense areas of the law understandable to the educated layman, at least to the layman who is not averse to reading a text patiently and perhaps more than once. This book is a prodigious work of scholarship3 that will likely have the
Melody® pulmonary valve bacterial endocarditis: Experience in four pediatric patients and a review of the literature

Objectives The objectives of this manuscript are two-fold: (a) to describe the clinical characteristics and management of four pediatric patients with bacterial endocarditis (BE) after Melody® pulmonary valve implantation (MPVI); and (b) to review the literature regarding Melody® pulmonary valve endocarditis. Background There are several reports of BE following MPVI. The clinical course, BE management and outcome remain poorly defined. Methods This is a multi-center report of four pediatric patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and BE after MPVI. Clinical presentation, echocardiogram findings, infecting organism, BE management, and follow-up assessment are described. We review available literature on Melody® pulmonary valve endocarditis and discuss the prognosis and challenges in the management of these patients. Results Of our four BE patients, two had documented vegetations and three showed worsening pulmonary stenosis. All patients remain asymptomatic after medical treatment (4) and surgical prosthesis replacement (3) at follow-up of 17 to 40 months. Analysis of published data shows that over half of patients undergo bioprosthesis explantation and that there is a 13% overall mortality. The most common BE pathogens are the Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species. Conclusions Our case series of four pediatric patients with repaired TOF confirms a risk for BE after MPVI. A high index of suspicion for BE should be observed after MPVI. All patients should be advised to follow lifelong BE prophylaxis after MPVI. In case of BE, surgery should be considered for valve dysfunction or no clinical improvement in spite of medical treatment. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detrimental Biological Effects of Phytoplankton Blooms Deserve Increased Attention

Phytoplankton bloom phenomena in the marine environment have several intrinsically interesting facets. The notoriety many people attach to them, however, has its basis in the detrimental biological effects some blooms have had on marine fauna and humans. The interest in this aspect appears to be justified since evidence is accumulating which suggests that so-called nuisance blooms and related problems have increased in frequency and intensity in recent years (Lancelot et al., 1987; Anderson, 1989; Smayda, 1989).
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE OKLAHOMA MARRIAGE INITIATIVE TO INDIVIDUALS RECEIVING TEMPORARY ASSISTANCE FOR NEEDY FAMILIES

The Oklahoma Marriage Initiative (OMI) is the first large scale program in the country to promote marriage. One of the main audiences for marriage promotion is low-income families. This study provides the historical context and background of how the OMI has been implemented. In particular, this study examines the implementation of the OM! To TANF recipients. This study provides the background of the OMI and raises some issues related to its implementation. These issues include how the goals of the program are defined, lack of caseworker reinforcement, and the need to address other issues related to poverty that impedes the development of healthy relationships.
A Feedback Effectiveness Oriented Math Word Problem E-Tutor for E-Learning Environment

E-Learning is gaining more traction as it is accepted and used by more students, as it provides time convenience, cost effectiveness, and location flexibility. E-Learning's key weakness is lacking of a cost effective way to support instructors to provide synchronous feedback to students. In addition, the help provided is usually not in real time and is missing an instructor's influence to a student's affective status in the feedback, which creates a practicality gap between e-Learning and feedback effectiveness. This paper proposes an e-Tutor framework for math word problem, and discusses various aspects of feedback effectiveness which is the central design concept of the e-Tutor.
Palladium-Catalyzed Dehydrative Allylation of Hypophosphorous Acid with Allylic Alcohols. Preparation of Cinnamyl-H-Phosphinic Acid

Hypophosphorous acid Cinnamyl alcohol Palladium(II) acetate 9,9-Dimethyl-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)xanthene Cinnamyl-H-phosphinic acid Keywords: palladium catalyst; allylation; allylic alcohols; substitutions; H-Phosphinic acid; cinnamyl H-phosphinic acid; waste disposal
Extending the phenotypic spectrum of keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome: report of a patient with GJB2 (G12R) Connexin 26 mutation and unusual clinical findings.

: Keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness (KID) syndrome is a rare ectodermal dysplasia, characterized mainly by the presence of hyperkeratotic skin lesions, neurosensory hearing loss, and vascularizing keratitis. Most mutations that have been discovered as a cause of KID syndrome are autosomal dominant, found in exon 2 of the Connexin (Cx) 26 gene. A G12R (p.Gly12Arg) is a GJB2 mutation reported in only two patients with KID syndrome to date. This article describes a patient with the G12R mutation and KID syndrome with interesting additional features, which include a porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duct nevus, follicular occlusion triad, and unusual persistent oral mucosal papules. We compare this patient’s phenotype with the only two other patients described with the same (G12R) mutation. The phenotypic heterogeneity of KID syndrome, inexplicable according to our current understanding of these proteins, speaks to the complexity of the connexin system and its overlapping expression patterns in different tissues.
Osteoimmunology and Its Implications for Transplantation

Osteoimmunology is a field of research dedicated to the study of the interactions between the immune system, the hemopoietic system and bone. Among the cells of the immune system that regulate bone cells and the hemopoietic function are T lymphocytes. These cells secrete inflammatory cytokines that promote bone resorption, as well as Wnt ligands that stimulate bone formation. In addition, T cells regulate bone homeostasis by cross talking with BM stromal cells and osteoblastic cells via CD40 ligand (CD40L) and other costimulatory molecules. This article describes the immune cells relevant to bone and the hemopoietic function, reviews the role of lymphocytes as mediators of the effects of PTH and estrogen in bone and the hemopoietic system and discusses the implication of osteoimmunology for transplant medicine.
A study of flame spread over a porous material under external radiation fluxes

Characteristics of horizontal flame spread over the surface of a porous material, a carpet in this study, are studied experimentally and theoretically under various external radiant fluxes (0.1–0.27 cal/cm2 sec). It is observed that the size of flame is increased significantly by increasing the external radiant flux. This increases the radiative heat feedback from the flame so that it becomes comparable to or greater than the convective heat feedback. The external radiation can also cause an unstable motion of the flame front. This effect is probably due to the production of volatile pyrolysis products ahead of the flame front instead of under it. The theoretical calculation indicates that the thermal emission loss from the heated sample is significant and the internal radiation in the porous material must be included in the model.
Intimate partner violence exposure and change in women's physical symptoms over time.

OBJECTIVE To examine the change in women’s self-reported physical symptoms over 2 time points in relation to intimate partner violence (IPV) exposure.
Lp(a) lipoprotein--coping with heterogeneity.

In persons who are fasting, lipids circulate in the plasma as constituents of lipoprotein particles that are defined on the basis of their density as very-low-, intermediate-, low-, and high-densit...
Substrate material affects wettability of surfaces coated and sintered with silica nanoparticles

Abstract Silica nanoparticles coating and sintering is a widely-used approach for creating hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces. The role of substrate material in this process, however, has not been thoroughly investigated. In this work, the role of substrate material is examined by measuring surface wettability of three different substrate materials (glass, polyimide and copper) under systematically varied conditions. These surfaces are modulated from hydrophilic (water contact angle (WCA) 150°) by coating and sintering silica nanoparticles, followed by assembling a layer of fluorine compound. Static WCA characterization shows that surface wettability is not solely dependent on the concentration of the coating colloidal, but is also on the substrate material. In particular, copper substrate exhibits a larger WCA than glass and polyimide substrates. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) characterizations show that the substrate material-dependent wettability is attributed to thermal-induced nanostructures on the copper surface, which contributes to the hierarchical micro-/nano- topography. This finding is important for designing hydrophobic/superhydrophobic surfaces comprised of different materials, especially those that would experience thermal cycles in surface functionalization and subsequent use.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF A DNA-RIBOSOME COMPLEX FORMED IN VITRO.

Byrne, Levin, Bladen & Nirenberg (1964) recently reported a DNA-ribosome complex which was formed during in vitro protein synthesis. An electron microscopic study of this system, known to contain rapidly sedimenting DNA, ribosomes, RNA and nascent protein, occasionally revealed clusters of particles aggregated about long, thin (15 to 20 A) fibers. These clusters were usually encircled by a profusion of densely stained spots frequently arranged in strands. The strands appeared to branch off the long 20 A fiber and frequently touched the particles. Individual particles also were seen attached to strands which were oriented perpendicular to the long 20 A fiber. Fractions digested with DNase were lacking the long 20 A fibers and contained numerous particles with short strands attached. Long 20 A fibers were observed in RNase-treated specimens. One interpretation of the micrographs, consistent with the biochemical data presented by Byrne et al . (1964) is that the 20 A fiber is DNA, the particles are 70 s ribosomes and the branches represent RNA linking DNA to ribosomes.
Intestinal absorption of immune complexes by neonatal rats: a route of antigen transfer from mother to young

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the presence of specific immunoglobulin G antibody to HRP is selectively absorbed from the gut lumen and transferred by intestinal epithelial cells to the lamina propria in newborn rats. The HRP is not transferred in detectable amounts in the absence of the antibody. Transport of maternally derived antigen via antigen-antibody complexes may have important influences on the developing immune system in young mammals.
Aggregation properties of C-phycocyanin from Anacystis nidulans

Abstract 1. 1. Gel filtration measurements indicate that the minimum molecular weight of C-phycocyanin from Anacystis nidulans is about 30 000. Both the gel filtration and sedimentation data support the view that the molecule associates to form dimers, hexamers and dodecamers. 2. 2. The hexamer is the predominant component at low pH and high protein concentration. Dilution completely converts the hexamer to monomer at low pH and to dimer at high pH. 3. 3. The extinction coefficient of the protein at the absorption maximum is pH dependent; maximal absorption occurs at about pH 6.0. The absorption maximum shifts from 613 mμ at pH 3.5 to 622 mμ at pH 8.5.
Pharmacogenetics of the µ-opioid receptor and the treatment of addictions

Evaluation of: Munafo MR, Elliot KM, Murphy MF, Walton RT, Johnstone EC: Association of the µ-opioid receptor gene with smoking cessation. Pharmacogenomics J. (2007) (In Press) [1].This well-designed study examined short- and long-term outcome data from a large clinical trial comparing nicotine-replacement therapy (NRT) with placebo in order to test the association between the µ-opioid receptor gene and treatment outcomes. In addition to a significant effect of NRT compared with placebo across time periods, analyses revealed a significant genotype × treatment interaction at 12-week follow-up, such that participants who were homozygous for the A allele were more likely to report smoking abstinence in the NRT condition versus placebo compared with carriers of the G allele. These results did not persist after NRT was discontinued, although its temporal contiguity to treatment suggests it is a true pharmacogenetic effect. Importantly, these findings stand in contrast to previous research in the field. Moreove...
Chemistry of tuna otoliths: assessment of base composition and postmortem handling effects

Protocols used to collect and prepare otoliths for chemical analysis may result in either contamination or loss of elements, thus biasing population studies in unknown ways. We evaluated precision and bias associated with collection and cleaning procedures for three Atlantic tuna species: Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), yellowfin tuna (T. albacares), and blackfin tuna (T. atlanticus). Elemental concentrations were measured using solution-based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Seven elements were present above detection limits in all samples (Na, Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Sr, Ba). Mean concentrations of all seven elements were statistically indistinguishable in fresh pairs of otoliths of T. thynnus (mean error 5%, range 2–8%) and T. albacares (mean error 5%, range 3–7%); no indication of a left versus right otolith effect was observed. Otolith elemental concentrations were size dependent and significant inverse relationships were observed for Mg, Na, and K. Deliberate contamination of previously cleaned samples using a 10-ppm solution of a mixture of elements demonstrated that otoliths easily acquire surface contamination. Recleaning contaminated otoliths restored elemental concentrations to levels similar to control otoliths. Precision of paired comparisons between cleaned otoliths and those exposed to contamination and recleaned was high (mean error 6%). The effects of storage at two temperatures (7 days at –20°C, 3 days at 1°C) were investigated. For K, Ca, Sr, Mn, and Ba, variation between control (removed immediately) and treatment otoliths (in situ freezing or chilling) was similar to variation observed within fresh otolith pairs (mean error: fresh vs frozen 5%, fresh vs iced 5%). Statistically significant but small (<10%) postmortem storage effects were observed for Na and Mg. Estimates of error indexed to natural ranges in otolith chemistry of T. thynnus and T. albacares from different geographic regions in the Atlantic and Pacific showed that error values of several elements (Mg, Mn, Ba, Na, K) accounted for a small proportion of the natural range, suggesting levels of precision achieved in this study are suitable for the purpose of stock delineation.