cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medial Femoral Condyle Free Flap Reconstruction of Complex Foot and Ankle Pathology

Background:Complex hindfoot pathology may benefit from vascularized bone flap reconstruction rather than traditional bone grafting techniques. Medial femoral condyle (MFC) flaps provide vascularize...
Surgical Considerations in the Uveitic Patient

Pars plana vitrectomy has been used in uveitic eyes since it was introduced by Robert Machemer in 1970. The early literature concerning vitrectomy in uveitis recommended performing only a core vitrectomy, largely because of the high rate of complications when more extensive surgery was performed. The advent of wide-field viewing systems and better instrumentation, high-speed vitrectomy, scleral depression, and triamcinolone acetonide staining of the vitreous, allowed for safer and more complete vitrectomy.
The Living Ladder: Introduction and Validity Over 6-Month Follow-Up of a One-Item Measure of Readiness to Continue Living in Suicidal Patients

Objective The ability to predict suicide outcomes is limited by the lack of consideration of protective factors. This study examined the validity of the Living Ladder, a measure of readiness to continue living among individuals thinking of suicide. Methods The Living Ladder consists of one item that assesses an individual's readiness to continue living when thinking about suicide. Participants (N = 130) completed the Living Ladder in-person at baseline and by-phone at 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up. The prospective association of the Living Ladder with suicidal ideation and risk for a suicide attempt was examined using models adjusting for baseline ideation and suicide attempts, respectively. Results Each rung on the Living Ladder was associated with 18% lower likelihood of suicidal ideation, OR (95% CI) = 0.82 (0.68, 0.96), and less severe suicidal ideation among those with ideation. Scores >2, indicating contemplation of living, were associated with 64% lower risk for a suicide attempt, HR (95% CI) = 0.36 (0.13, 0.98). Findings for suicidal ideation were replicated when administered by-phone. Conclusions The Living Ladder is a one-item measure that is prospectively associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Findings support the relevance of motivation to live to suicide outcomes.
Aerosolized Chemotherapy for Osteosarcoma.

Inhalation therapy remains a suitable approach to treat lung diseases including cancer. This approach has been used to deliver various therapies including chemotherapy. The rationale for using the inhalation route vs. the systemic route has been the fewer side effects encountered when drugs are administered via inhalation. Furthermore, this approach overcomes one of the major limitations of systemic chemotherapy that results from inability of the drug to reach high concentrations in the lungs. Local delivery overcomes this limitation and spares exposure of vital organs to the drug, resulting in a more effective delivery system.
The effect of surface roughness on laser-induced stress wave propagation.

We investigate laser-induced acoustic wave propagation through smooth and roughened titanium-coated glass substrates. Acoustic waves are generated in a controlled manner via the laser spallation technique. Surface displacements are measured during stress wave loading by the alignment of a Michelson-type interferometer. A reflective coverslip panel facilitates capture of surface displacements during loading of as-received smooth and roughened specimens. Through interferometric experiments, we extract the substrate stress profile at each laser fluence (energy per area). The shape and amplitude of the substrate stress profile are analyzed at each laser fluence. Peak substrate stress is averaged and compared between smooth specimens with the reflective panel and rough specimens with the reflective panel. The reflective panel is necessary because the surface roughness of the rough specimens precludes in situ interferometry. Through these experiments, we determine that the surface roughness employed has no significant effect on substrate stress propagation and smooth substrates are an appropriate surrogate to determine stress wave loading amplitude of roughened surfaces less than 1.2 μm average roughness (Ra). No significant difference was observed when comparing the average peak amplitude and loading slope in the stress wave profile for the smooth and rough configurations at each fluence.
RICH with well-being: An entrepreneurial mindset for thriving in early-stage entrepreneurship

Abstract Entrepreneurs enjoy high well-being, yet they report factors that typically reduce well-being. We examined well-being of early-stage entrepreneurs across two studies. Using self-determination theory (SDT), we theorize that entrepreneurs’ autonomy, job security, and resource-induced coping heuristic (RICH) have direct and interacting effects that shape their environment toward enhancing well-being. Results largely support our hypotheses. Interaction effects highlight that entrepreneurial well-being environments are conditional on the interplay of SDT-related factors. Three-way interactions showed the RICH buffered negative effects of low autonomy and job security on job satisfaction and financial well-being.
Optimization of histologic grading schemes in spontaneous and surgically-induced murine models of osteoarthritis

Summary Objective To compare the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) and Articular Cartilage Structure (ACS) grading schemes applied to multiple and single sections, along with additional histologic measures, in two mouse models of Osteoarthritis (OA). Methods Six coronal histologic stifle joint sections were collected from 40 C57BL/6J mice, including aged mice with spontaneous OA (approximately 18 months of age; n = 15) and young (12-week-old) mice that either underwent destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery (n = 15) or sham surgery (n = 10). Sections were evaluated with the standard OARSI (0–6) scheme, a modified OARSI scheme, the ACS (0–12) scheme, histomorphometry of cartilage and bone, and scoring of osteophytes (0–3) and synovial hyperplasia (0–3). Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to determine the features explaining the greatest variability among the sections. Results The grading schemes performed similarly when applied to a single mid-coronal section or six total coronal sections per joint. OARSI grading produced similar results when applied to hematoxylin and eosin or toluidine blue-stained sections. Aged mice had higher severity scores in the LTP than DMM mice (mid-coronal OARSI grade aged = 2.3 and DMM = 1.1, p = 0.0006; ACS grade aged = 4.1 and DMM = 1.6, p = 0.0024). PCA resulted in retention of four factors that accounted for 78.4% of the total variance. Factor 1 (36.4%) included the OARSI grade, ACS grade, Toluidine blue grade, articular cartilage area and thickness and the osteophyte grade. Conclusions Grading of a single mid-coronal section using either the OARSI or ACS schemes combined with osteophyte and histomorphometric measures can consistently define OA severity in mice.
Runoff response to directional land cover change across reference basins in the conterminous United States

Abstract Land cover change plays a critical role in influencing hydrological responses. Change in land cover has impacted runoff across basins with substantial human interference; however, the impacts in basins with minimal human interference have been studied less. In this study, we investigated the impacts of directional land cover changes (forest to/from combined grassland and shrubland) in runoff coefficient (RC; ratio of runoff to precipitation) and runoff volume across 603 low human interference reference basins in the conterminous United States (CONUS). The results indicate basins with significant (p
Cosine of Angle Between Two Vectors

A vector in 2-space is easily represented by two coordinates. The angle between two such vectors can, by using right angle triangle trigonometry, be expressed as an algebraic function of the two pairs of coordinates, one pair on one vector, the other on the second vector. And this can be extended generally to two vectors in n-space. The resulting expression has useful invariance properties, and can also be thought of as a product–moment correlation. Keywords: 2-space; coordinates trigonometry; n-space; invariance; correlation
Feasibility of Augmented Reality Glasses for Real-Time, 3-Dimensional (3D) Intraoperative Guidance

METHODS: Pilot study including 7 subjects undergoing thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) diagnosed by fine-needle-aspiration biopsy between August 2012-June 2013. Immediately after removal of the thyroid gland, measurements using light reflectance spectroscopy (LRS) and auto-fluorescence lifetime measurement (AFLM) were taken from the known cancer lesions and compared to those taken in identical fashion from normal thyroid tissue within the same gland. Sites of measurements were identified by the study pathologist and later vetted against the final pathologic diagnosis to ensure they represented the appropriate tissues. The data were compiled and analyzed using SAS repeated measures mixed model (p < 0.05 significant).
Chinese for Business Professionals: The Workplace Needs and Business Chinese Textbooks

The acquisition of pragmatic competence in the workplace is the ultimate goal for business Chinese learners. Whether the business Chinese textbooks and instructional materials can meet the language needs of different workplaces in China has a close bearing on the quality and effi cacy of business Chinese teaching. Funded by both the interdisciplinary research grant from the University of Hawai‘i Center for International Business Education and Research (CIBER), and the Business Language Research and Teaching grant from twelve US CIBERs, this study will present an endeavor to fi ll the gap between the actual needs of the stakeholders and the current status of business Chinese textbooks in the market. Two major parts of this study include (1) a needs analysis with triangulated sources and methods that would increase the reliability and validity of the interpretation of data (Long, 2005), and (2) an analysis of the panoply of teaching materials in light of current pedagogic theories with a particular focus on pragmatics and content. Recommendations from this study may provide reliable guidelines for business Chinese curricula intended for helping students of business Chinese acquire the tools to communicate successfully.
Contraception Practices and Pregnancy Outcome in Patients after Fontan Operation.

OBJECTIVE: The feasibility and safety of pregnancy after the Fontan operation is not well understood. We sought to determine contraception practices and early and late outcomes of pregnancy after the Fontan operation. DESIGN: We performed a retrospective review of medical records to identify women of childbearing age from the Mayo Clinic Fontan database. A follow-up questionnaire was mailed to all patients not known to be deceased at the time of study. Patients with available contraception and pregnancy data were included in the study. RESULTS: Of the 138 women with available contraception data 44% used no contraception 12% each used barrier methods combination hormone therapy or sterilization 8% used Depo-Provera 7% had intrauterine devices 4% had a partner with a vasectomy and 1% used progestin pills. Six women had thrombotic complications (only one using oral contraceptives). Thirty-five women had pregnancy data available. Prior to the Fontan operation there were 10 pregnancies (8 miscarriages 2 therapeutic abortions and no live births). After the Fontan operation there were 70 pregnancies resulting in 35 miscarriages (50%) 29 live births (41%) and 6 therapeutic abortions (9%). There were no maternal deaths during pregnancy. During long-term follow up (26 +/- 6 years since the Fontan) 1 death and 1 cardiac transplant occurred. Mean gestational age of the newborns (n = 22/29) was 33.1 +/- 4.0 weeks; mean birth weight (n = 20/29) was 2086 +/- 770 g. There was 1 neonatal death because of prematurity and two children were born with congenital heart disease (one patent ductus arteriosus and one membranous ventricular septal defect). CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy after the Fontan operation is associated with a high rate of miscarriages preterm delivery and low birth weight. Further studies are needed to identify specific variables influencing risk stratification of pregnancy in this patient population. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
GENERALIZED SENIORITY FOR FAVORED J # 0 PAIRS IN MIXED CONFIGURATIONS

Abstract By assigning a pseudo-spin and pseudo-orbital angular momentum ( b -spin and c -spin) to the single-particle states in a mixed configuration of identical nucleons, it is possible to classify as B = 0 objects both the favored pair operators of the surface delta interaction (SDI) and the multipole moment operators, (the latter under suitable assumptions). The favored pair is defined for each J as the specific superposition of two-particle states acted upon by this separable interaction. The SDI is diagonal in the total B - and C -spins; the eigenvalues of a ( B , C ) multiplet are independent of the total angular momentum J, ( J = B + C ) ; and all states with B = case1 2 v are degenerate ( v = total seniority). For the case of a degenerate doublet of levels ( l j , l +2) j + 1), e.g. ( d 5 2 g 7 2 ) or ( f 7 2 h 9 2 ), the specification, B = 0, defines the fa the number of nucleons not members of favored pairs. Exact calculations for the ( d 5 2 g 7 2 ) system show that states with B 1 2 v cluster closely about their centers of gravity; therefore, to a good approximation the SDI can be replaced by a generalized pairing interaction depending only on B and v . Possible generalizations are discussed for the case of many degenerate single-particle levels, where this generalized pairing interaction is no longer a good approximation.
Effects of nursery environment on needle morphology of Pinus monticola Dougl. and implications for tree improvement programs

Statistically significant differences were found in 14 needle traits of western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl.) seedlings grown from the same seed orchard source in the three nurseries in northern Idaho. Traits with significant variation included needle length and width, number of stomatal rows, number of stomata per row, total stomata per needle, adaxial surface area, stomatal density, major axes of stomata, stomatal shape, stomatal area, stomatal occlusion, epistomatal wax degradation, weight of wax per dry weight of needle, and the contact angles of water droplets placed on adaxial needle surfaces. Wax crystallites on needle surfaces were hollow and tubular and the amount of surface wax appeared to be associated with surface wettability. Our results may have important implications for tree improvement programs that require successful inoculation of nursery-grown seedlings with spores of Cronartium ribicola J. C. Fisch. ex Rabenh. to reliably screen white pines for resistance to blister rust.
An Analysis of Recent Events on the Perceived Reliability of Fair Value Measures in the Banking Industry

I use market-based measures to investigate the perceived reliability of fair value amounts reported in bank financial statements. Fair values as a measurement basis in accounting are becoming more predominant. This growth increasingly requires fair value estimation. I develop a hypothesis based on two sets of recent events that may affect investors' perception of reliability of fair value estimates differently. I empirically investigate whether 1) the impact of accounting-based frauds, or 2) the application of SAS 101, Auditing Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures and passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act prevail in terms of investors' perception of reliability. While I find an over-time increase, I document a downward shift in market-based reliability of bank fair value measures in the period 2003 to 2005 compared to the period 1995 to 2001, consistent with recent accounting-based frauds dominating that of regulatory efforts. These results highlight the importance of external events on perceived reliability.
Electrical Generation of Imploding Shock Waves

Imploding shock waves have been generated by electrically exploding thin metallic films from the inner surface of glass cylinders. Preliminary measurements of the resulting shock motion show close agreement with the predictions of constant-energy similarity analyses. In contrast to the exploding shock wave, the imploding wave appears to be inherently unstable. While irregularities in the surface of the wave are evident, particularly near the implosion center, Schlieren photographs showed a fairly symmetrical wave structure.
Thermodynamics of electromechanical coupling in voltage-gated ion channels

Membrane proteins are uniquely placed at the interface of the internal and external milieu of cells, and many of them unsurprisingly function as signal transducers involved in pathways critical for normal physiological activity. A majority of these membrane proteins have a modular architecture with
Modeling of fatigue in polysilicon MEMS structures

This paper presents an empirical approach to the modeling of fatigue in silicon MEMS structures. The approach is based on the regression analysis of stress-life data obtained from prior fatigue experiments on polysilicon and single crystal silicon. The possible directions for future modeling efforts are identified at the end of the paper, following a discussion on the implications of the current model fatigue life prediction.
Lipids associated with rat small-intestinal mucus glycoprotein

Abstract The lipid content and composition of rat small-intestinal mucus, and the purified mucus glycoprotein before and after Pronase digestion were investigated. The mucus, obtained by the instillation of intestine with 2 m NaCl, was fractionated on Bio-Gel A-50 in the presence of 6 m urea and the mucus glycoprotein free of noncovalently bound protein was isolated. A portion of the purified glycoprotein was subjected to Pronase digestion to yield glycopeptides. The native mucus, and the purified glycoprotein and glycopeptides were extracted with chloroform-methanol, and the lipids contained in the extracts were analyzed. The lipids accounted for 17.6 of the dry weight of mucus, 26.4 of the mucus glycoprotein, and 25.3% of the glycopeptides. In comparison to mucus, the lipids associated with mucus glycoprotein contained 1.9 times more phospholipids and 2.1 times more glycolipids, showed a 26% increase in neutral lipids, and were virtually free of glycosphingolipids. Treatment of the purified glycoprotein with Pronase led to a moderate (22.3%) loss in neutral lipids, 4.3-fold decrease in phospholipids, and 52.3% increase in glyceroglucolipids. The results indicate that while the interaction of mucus glycoprotein with phospholipids involves its Pronase-susceptible region, the interaction with glyceroglucolipids occurs in the glycosylated region of the glycoprotein that is resistant to proteolysis.
Patterns of species and community distributions related to environmental gradients in an arid tropical ecosystem

The heterogeneous vegetation mosaic of the South Turkana region of north Kenya is associated with diversity in the region's physical environment. The abundance and distribution of the dominant species are related to gradients in those abiotic factors that influence water availability, including precipitation, soil texture, and topographic relief. Research focused on three Acacia species that are a major component of the Turkana vegetation; A. tortilis, A. senegal, and A. reficiens. These species each exhibit a different response to variations in abiotic factors. Consequently, species abundance varies independently across the landscape, creating a continuum of intergrading populations. Community types can be identified within the mosaic of intergrading populations. Although community borders are not discrete due to continual change in species abundance, types are identifiable and are repeated in areas with similar environmental conditions. The landscape patterns are representative of Whittaker's (1953) climaxas-pattern, with communities created by individual patterns of populations responding to environmental gradients, creating a continuum of community change across the landscape.
Abstract 2904: Lyophilized black raspberry extract modulates interleukin 8 expression in human cervical cancer: An insight into phytochemical-based chemoprevention?

Introduction Cervical cancer is the 3rd most common cancer globally. The long latency from dysplasia to invasive cancer makes it amenable to prevention strategies. Phytochemicals, including those in lyophilized black raspberries (LBRs), are of great interest due to their growth inhibitory and anti-tumorigenic effects in preclinical models. Previously we showed that LBR extracts inhibited the proliferation of human cervical cancer cells in vitro in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Angiogenesis is an important part of carcinogenesis. We hypothesized that LBRs modulate the expression of an angiogenesis associated signaling cascade. Methods Human cervical cancer cells (SiHa) were treated with vehicle control (.02% DMSO) or LBR extract (200 µg/mL) for 1 or 3 days (d). Cells were harvested at 1d or 3d and RNA was extracted. Gene expression profiling was performed using a TaqMan Gene Signature Angiogenesis Array, which simultaneously screens 94 genes involved in angiogenesis. Genes demonstrating ≥2-fold change in expression following geNorm transformation were used for Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) network modeling. Biomarkers modulated in a manner favorable for cancer prevention were validated by real time RT-PCR. Results Short-term LBR exposure of SiHa cells in vitro resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation, and reduced expression of IL8 and MMP2 genes detected using the Angiogenesis Array. IPA network modeling predicted that MMP2 and NFkB would be part of the IL8 signaling cascade and this is supported in the literature. Validation with real time RT-PCR showed a 24-fold (1d) and 28-fold (3d) reduction in IL8 expression following LBR exposure. However, MMP2 and NFkB did not demonstrate a significant differential expression at either time point. Conclusion Short-term exposure of cervical cancer cells to LBR results in a striking reduction of IL8 gene expression. Although MMP2 and NFkB are associated with known IL8 signaling mechanisms, they are not modulated by LBR extract in this in vitro model. Therefore, the growth inhibitory activity and transcriptional repression of IL8 following LBR extract exposure proceed via an MMP2-NFkB-independent cascade. Other signaling mechanisms within the IL8 signaling cascade (HIF, AP1, STAT3) may be involved and will be further explored. Since IL8 plays an important role in tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis, it supports the potential for phytonutrient-based chemoprevention of cervical cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2904.
Antisocial Behavior, Somatization, and Sensation-Seeking Behavior in Mothers of Clinic-Referred Children

ABSTRACT Objective The relationship between antisocial behavior and somatization was studied in a sample of mothers of clinicreferred, school-age children. The goal was to overcome some of the methodological limitations of past research in this area and to provide a preliminary test of the theory that these disorders share a common substrate: a tendency toward behavioral disinhibition. Method Structured diagnostic interviews and an objective personality measure were used to assess antisocial behavior and somatization in a sample of 90 biological mothers (mean age 34 years) of children referred to an outpatient mental health clinic. A rating scale measure of sensation-seeking behavior was used as a measure of behavioral disinhibition. Structured interviews were used to assess a history of antisocial behavior in the children and their biological fathers. Results Results indicated a link between somatization and antisocial behavior both within individuals and across generations. This intergenerational link could not be solely accounted for by assortative mating between women with somatization and antisocial men. Both somatization and antisocial behavior were correlated with scores on the sensation seeking scale. Conclusions These findings are consistent with the theory that antisocial behavior and somatization are related syndromes and that behavioral disinhibition may be a common predisposition that underlies both. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1995, 34, 6:805–812.
Multiple metastatic deposits of a left breast cancer into a right fibroadenoma

We present a case which we believe to be the first report of carcinoma of the breast metastasising into a long-standing fibroadenoma in the contralateral breast.
Reevaluating the Effect of Recent Immigration on Crime Estimating the Impact of Change in Discrete Migration Flows to the United Kingdom Following EU Accession

The United Kingdom experienced a rapid inflow of migrants from European Union accession countries between 2004 and 2011, many of whom participated in the Worker Registration Scheme (WRS). Given the relative labor market position of this recent migrant wave, scholars argued that returns to criminal activity were negligible. Yet, recent data from London’s Metropolitan Police estimated that foreign-born nationals from Poland, Lithuania, and other Eastern European nations were responsible for almost 25% of alleged crimes in London between 2010 and 2011. With the United Kingdom set to see an influx of Romanian and Bulgarian immigrants starting in 2014, political and public arenas became rife with fears of a growing Eastern European crime wave. This article attempted to bring some coherence to the relationship between recent Eastern European immigration and multiple forms of crime in the United Kingdom. Using data from 348 local authorities in England and Wales, this study examined recent immigration compositio...
An expert system for assembly based on Axiomatic Design principles

Increasing demands for lower cost of goods, due to international competition, has developed a new area of rationalization for increased productivity which can be achieved by applying new radical methods of production principles. Design for Assembly (DFA) is one of such methods that should be considered in the early design stage in order to cope with the increasing demands of lower cost, improved working environment, and higher wages. When Axiomatic Design (AD) is implemented with DFA in an intelligent way, a new area of design concepts would be realized. This study examines some elements of intelligent design systems to assess manufacturability of a product through the development of a knowledge based expert system for assembly (KBESA). The knowledge base has been acquired from DFA along with AD concepts with emphasis on the conceptual design stage where the structure of the product as a whole is considered. These concepts have been implemented in a case study illustrating its applicability.
Analytical and spectral features of gas-phase chemiluminescence spectrometry of arsenic and antimony

Abstract Intense emissions are produced in the u.v. and visible regions when arsine and stibine are introduced into a flow-type furnace—hydrogen diffusion flame system, when the flame is surrounded by oxygen. The emissions in the range 240–300 nm are attributed to AsO and SbO. The emission characteristics seem to be due to chemiluminescence based on the reaction between atomic analyte and oxygen. The detection limits are 0.05 μAs (10 ppb) at 429 nm and 0.1 μ Sb (20 ppb) at 369 nm.
Gauge equivalence in QCD: The Weyl and Coulomb gauges

The Weyl-gauge ${(A}_{0}^{a}=0)$ QCD Hamiltonian is unitarily transformed to a representation in which it is expressed entirely in terms of gauge-invariant quark and gluon fields. In a subspace of gauge-invariant states we have constructed that implement the non-Abelian Gauss's law, this unitarily transformed Weyl-gauge Hamiltonian can be further transformed and, under appropriate circumstances, can be identified with the QCD Hamiltonian in the Coulomb gauge. We demonstrate an isomorphism that materially facilitates the application of this Hamiltonian to a variety of physical processes, including the evaluation of S-matrix elements. This isomorphism relates the gauge-invariant representation of the Hamiltonian and the required set of gauge-invariant states to a Hamiltonian of the same functional form but dependent on ordinary unconstrained Weyl-gauge fields operating within a space of ``standard'' perturbative states. The fact that the gauge-invariant chromoelectric field is not Hermitian has important implications for the functional form of the Hamiltonian finally obtained. When this non-Hermiticity is taken into account, the ``extra'' vertices in the Christ-Lee' Coulomb-gauge Hamiltonian are natural outgrowths of the formalism. When this non-Hermiticity is neglected, the Hamiltonian used in the earlier work of Gribov and others results.
Structural study of an unusually large molecular solid from powder diffraction: the sequential unravelling of hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions contributing to the Z′ = 2 crystal packing of amcinonide

We report the crystal structure analysis of the glucocorticoid drug amcinonide from high-resolution X-ray powder diffraction data, with an uncommonly large number of atoms (142, including H) and Z′ = 2; which was carried out through the stepwise location of the rigid and flexible fragments of the asymmetric unit, using the knowledge of steroidal conformations, bond length and angles, and hydrogen bonding packing motifs extracted from the Cambridge Structural Database. The database search also provided an experimental framework used to compare the main attractive intermolecular interactions found in amcinonide with those of related steroids, in order to contribute to the systematization of likely factors often leading to Z′ > 1 structures in this type of compound. These were found to be the presence of the functional groups –COOH and multiple –OH, as well as hydrated structures, wherein varied H-bonding patterns are formed.
SIV vaccines: current status. The role of the SIV-macaque model in AIDS research.

Abstract SIV vaccines made of inactivated whole virus, modified live virus and native and recombinant envelope antigens have protected macaques against experimental infection with low doses of cell-free SIV given systematically. The few vaccinated monkeys that do become infected have tended to live longer than the infected controls. Protection against cell-associated virus has not as yet been tested. The recombinant envelope vaccines now on test have generally not been as effective as the whole virus vaccines. Post-infections immunotherapy with SIV vaccines has been ineffective. The same whole virus and modified live virus vaccines that protect against systemic infection fail to protect against genital mucosal challenge with cell-free virus. Since sexual transmission is the major route of HIV spread on a global scale, a major effort is now required to develop vaccines in this animal model that induce genital mucosal as well as systemic immunity against infection with both cell-free and cell-associated SIV.
What role do the emotions play in cognition?: Towards a new alternative to cognitive theories of emotion

This paper has two aims: (1) to point the way towards a novel alternative to cognitive theories of emotion, and (2) to delineate a number of different functions that the emotions play in cognition, functions that become visible from outside the framework of cognitive theories. First, I hold that the Higher Order Representational (HOR) theories of consciousness — as generally formulated — are inadequate insofar as they fail to account for selective attention. After posing this dilemma, I resolve it in such a manner that the following thesis arises: the emotions play a key role in shaping selective attention. This thesis is in accord with A. Damasio’s (1994) noteworthy neuroscientific work on emotion. I then begin to formulate an alternative to cognitive theories of emotion, and I show how this new account has implications for the following issues: face recognition, two brain disorders (Capgras’ and Fregoli syndrome), the frame problem in A.I., and the research program of affective computing.
New limits on ``odderon'' amplitudes from analyticity constraints

In studies of high energy $pp$ and $\overline{p}p$ scattering, the odd (under crossing) forward scattering amplitude accounts for the difference between the $pp$ and $\overline{p}p$ cross sections. Typically, it is taken as ${f}_{\ensuremath{-}}=\ensuremath{-}\frac{p}{4\ensuremath{\pi}}D{s}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}1}{e}^{i\ensuremath{\pi}(1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha})/2}$ ($\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\sim}0.5$), which has $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\sigma}$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ as $s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$, where $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is the ratio of the real to the imaginary portion of the forward scattering amplitude. However, the odd-signatured amplitude can have in principle a strikingly different behavior, ranging from having $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{\text{nonzero constant}}$ to having $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{ln}﻿s/{s}_{0}$ as $s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$, the maximal behavior allowed by analyticity and the Froissart bound. We reanalyze high energy $pp$ and $\overline{p}p$ scattering data, using new analyticity constraints, in order to put new and precise limits on the magnitude of ``odderon'' amplitudes.
Galilean satellite mutual occultation data processing

Results of processing seven mutual occultation lightcurves are presented. The lightcurves were obtained using the 60-in. telescope (152 cm) at Mt. Wilson to observe six J1 occulting J2 events and one J3 occulting J2 event. Using a uniformly illuminated disk model, local satellite Jovicentric longitude corrections of 675 plus or minus 150 km, 275 plus or minus 240 km, and 1175 plus or minus 350 km for J1, J2, and J3, respectively, were determined. These corrections enabled the event midpoint times to be computed to within 5 sec of the observed midpoint times for all seven events. These longitude corrections have been verified by Pioneer 10 and recent (1973 and 1974) conventional Jovian eclipse observations. A relative J1:J2 out-of-plane error of less than a few hundred kilometers has been indicated; however, it appears that the relative J3:J2 out-of-plane error is larger than 600 km. Deficiencies in both the uniformly illuminated disk model and Sampson's theory of the Galilean satellite motions for the reduction of mutual event data are described.
SOA formation from the photooxidation of α-pinene in the presence of freshly emitted diesel soot exhaust

Abstract Outdoor smog chamber experiments were performed to investigate the effects of the preexisting diesel soot particles on secondary aerosol formation. Diesel exhaust (50–240 μg m −3 of diesel soot particles) was added to the outdoor chambers without or with α -pinene (0.14 ppmV). The increase of medium polarity and organic composition change of diesel soot particles were tracked by analyzing deuterated alkanes, which were dosed to the system. Changes due to photooxidation of diesel soot exhaust were accelerated when α -pinene was added. Major α -pinene oxidation products were also analyzed from gas and particle samples and they were mostly carbonyl compounds such as cis -pinonaldehyde, cis -pinonic acid, pinalic-4-acid and 10-hydroxy pinonaldehyde. The partitioning coefficients of the major carbonyl products were much higher in diesel soot particles than predicted by theory. The high particle concentration of carbonyl products on diesel soot particles could be explained by heterogeneous acid-catalyzed reactions.
Prospective evaluation of men with stage T1c adenocarcinoma of the prostate

AbstractPurpose: The pathological characteristics of stage T1c cancers in the era of widespread prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing were determined, and the ability of pretreatment parameters to predict tumor significance in men with stage T1c disease was evaluated.Materials and Methods: Of 336 men with stage T1c prostate cancer seen between 1994 and 1996, 240 (71.4%) were treated with radical prostatectomy, 20 (6%) with radiation therapy and 76 (22.6%) expectantly. Recommendations for treatment were based on previously determined criteria predictive of a significant stage T1c cancer (more than 0.2 cm.3): 1) PSA density 0.15 ng./ml./gm. or more, 2) Gleason score 7 or greater, 3) 3 or more cores involved with cancer, or 4) 50% or more involvement of any core with cancer. Pathological evaluation of prostatectomy specimens allowed classification of tumors as insignificant (confined tumor smaller than 0.2 cm.3 with a Gleason score of less than 7), minimal (confined tumor 0.2 to less than 0.5 cm.3 with a G...
Efficient Retrograde Transport of Pseudorabies Virus within Neurons Requires Local Protein Synthesis in Axons

Summary After replicating in epithelial cells, alphaherpesviruses such as pseudorabies virus (PRV) invade axons of peripheral nervous system neurons and undergo retrograde transport toward the distant cell bodies. Although several viral proteins engage molecular motors to facilitate transport, the initial steps and neuronal responses to infection are poorly understood. Using compartmented neuron cultures to physically separate axon infection from cell bodies, we found that PRV infection induces local protein synthesis in axons, including proteins involved in cytoskeletal remodeling, intracellular trafficking, signaling, and metabolism. This rapid translation of axonal mRNAs is required for efficient PRV retrograde transport and infection of cell bodies. Furthermore, induction of axonal damage, which also induces local protein synthesis, prior to infection reduces virion trafficking, suggesting that host damage signals and virus particles compete for retrograde transport. Thus, similar to axonal damage, virus infection induces local protein translation in axons, and viruses likely exploit this response for invasion.
Steroids up-regulate p66Shc longevity protein in growth regulation by inhibiting its ubiquitination.

Background p66Shc, an isoform of Shc adaptor proteins, mediates diverse signals, including cellular stress and mouse longevity. p66Shc protein level is elevated in several carcinomas and steroid-treated human cancer cells. Several lines of evidence indicate that p66Shc plays a critical role in steroid-related carcinogenesis, and steroids play a role in its elevated levels in those cells without known mechanism. Methods and Findings In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism by which steroid hormones up-regulate p66Shc protein level. In steroid-treated human prostate and ovarian cancer cells, p66Shc protein levels were elevated, correlating with increased cell proliferation. These steroid effects on p66Shc protein and cell growth were competed out by the respective antagonist. Further, actinomycin D and cyclohexamide could only partially block the elevated p66Shc protein level by steroids. Treatment with proteasomal inhibitors, but not lysosomal protease inhibitor, resulted in elevated p66Shc protein levels, even higher than that by steroids. Using prostate cancer cells as a model, immunoprecipitation revealed that androgens and proteasomal inhibitors reduce the ubiquitinated p66Shc proteins. Conclusions The data collectively indicate that functional steroid receptors are required in steroid up-regulation of p66Shc protein levels in prostate and ovarian cancer cells, correlating with cell proliferation. In these steroid-treated cells, elevated p66Shc protein level is apparently in part due to inhibiting its ubiquitination. The results may lead to an impact on advanced cancer therapy via the regulation of p66Shc protein by up-regulating its ubiquitination pathway.
Depressive Symptoms Have a Role in the Relationship between Inflammation and Physical Symptoms in Patients with Heart Failure

Background: Patients with heart failure (HF) often have physical symptoms that result in poor health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and are antecedents of hospitalizations. Inflammation can produce symptoms as part of the pathological response in HF. Depressive symptoms can affect the relationships between inflammation and physical symptoms. Purpose: To examine the relationships between inflammation (soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 [sTNF-R1]) and physical symptoms and the role of depressive symptoms on the relationship in patients with HF, controlling for relevant covariates (i.e., age, body mass index [BMI], social support, comorbidities, and medication). Methods: A total of 145 patients with HF (age 60612 years, 68% male, 51% NYHA class III/IIV) participated. Data on physical symptoms (Symptom Status Questionnaire-Heart Failure) and depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory [BDI]-II) were collected. Data on sTNF-R1 were collected using blood samples and were root transformed to achieve normality. Patients were divided into two subgroups based on the score of the BDI-II (non-depressed: ! 14 vs. depressed: $ 14). Hierarchical multiple regression models were used to analyze the data. Results: sTNF-R1 was significantly related to physical symptoms, controlling for covariates (F 5 9.215, p ! .001). sTNF-R1 was significantly related to physical symptoms only in the non-depressed subgroup, controlling for covariates (F 5 3.738, p 5 .002). Among the covariates, social support and BMI were significantly related to physical symptoms in the total sample and in the two subgroups. Conclusion: sTNF-R1 may be used as an objective indicator of physical symptoms in patients with HF. Depressive symptoms have a role in the relationships between inflammation and physical symptoms in patients with HF.
Chromatographic Behavior of a Cholesteryl Myristate Stationary Phase in an Electric Field

Abstract Changes in peak shape which accompany the imposition of an electric field were examined by moments analysis. Although peak maxima shifted significantly, only slight changes were observed in the value of the peak mean. Column efficiencies calculated from the second central moment indicated that the field lowered the resistance to mass transfer, probably as a result of electric field-induced convection of the stationary phase.
Sleep studies: Which technologies?

Summary The demand for sleep services for young patients has escalated due to the increased recognition of pediatric sleep disorders over the past two decades. In this overview, we will highlight the essentials of pediatric sleep monitoring and stress particular issues that require the awareness of clinicians evaluating children for sleep disorders. While many techniques used in the "adult" sleep centers may suffice for the older adolescent patient, specific tailoring of the design of the sleep center to younger children and their families, and attention to the age-sensitive components of sleep data acquisition and interpretation are increasingly important in younger children. Several promising newer technologies and their potential for future clinical utility will be also reviewed.
Identification and significance of accessory minerals from a bituminous coal

Abstract A scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been used to study the in situ accessory minerals in polished blocks and pellets of petrographically analysed samples of the Waynesburg coal (hvb). Individual grains from the low-temperature ash (LTA) of the same coal were also studied. The visual resolution of the SEM permitted the detection of submicron mineral grains, which could then be analysed by the attached energy-dispersive system. Emphasis was placed on the highly reflective grains in the carbominerite bands. Among the most abundant accessory minerals observed were rutile, zircon, and rare-earth-bearing minerals. Small (1–5 μm) particles of what may be authigenic iron-rich chromite and a nickel silicate form rims on quartz grains. The SEM also permits the observation of grain morphology and mineral intergrowths. These data are useful in determining authigenicity and diagenic alteration. Substances in density splits of LTA include authigenic, detrital, extraterrestrial magnetite, tourmaline, and evaporite (?) minerals, and a fluorine-bearing amphibole. This analytical approach allows the determination of specific sites for many of the trace elements in coals. In the Waynesburg coal, most of the chromium is in the iron-chromium rims, the fluorine is in the amphibole, and the rare-earth elements are in rare-earth-bearing minerals. The ability to relate trace-element data to specific minerals will aid in predicting the behaviour of elements in coal during combustion, liquefaction, gasification, weathering, and leaching processes. This ability also permits insight into the degree of mobility of these elements in coal and provides clues to sedimentological and diagenetic conditions.
Murine factor b. Electrophoretic polymorphism.

The electrophoretic behavior of Bf was investigated by the immunofixation procedure, using a locally produced goat antimouse Bf reagent. A single phenotype was found in the serum of mice of 16 inbred strains. Sera from noninbred Swiss-Webster mice, however, were typed as belonging to one of three phenotypes-Bf F, Bf FS, and BF S-almost identical to those found in human sera.
Clostridia colonization and clostridial toxin in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis

produce clinical copper deficiency (except for a lower hematocrit at six months) in premature infants fed much lower copper intakes. This study suggests the age at which infants of different gestations can be expected to have an increase in serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations. Infants past that age (after 3 months in most very premature infants) who have very low serum copper concentrations may be copper deficient, especially if clinically compatible, and may benefit from additional copper supplies. Prior to that time, serum copper and ceruloplasmin values are probably inadequate indicators of total body copper status, and the benefit to risk ratio of copper supplementation is not established. In the great majority of infants, serum copper concentrations will rise spontaneously as either the liver, gastrointestinal tract, or both, mature.
Chemisorption and dissociation of O2 on Cr(110): An EELS/ESDIAD study

Abstract Electron stimulated desorption ion angular distributions (ESDIAD) and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) have been used in conjunction with Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED) to identify molecular and atomic binding states for oxygen chemisorbed on Cr(110). Dissociative chemisorption occurs at and above 120 K, although below 200 K an additional minority molecular binding state is simultaneously populated. A six-fold symmetric ESDIAD pattern for the molecular state and an O 2 vibrational frequency of 1020 cm −1 are suggestive ofsuper-oxy O 2 (ads) bonding to Cr(110) at six equivalent local sites.
An occurrence-based model of word categorization

Small corpora present problems for traditional statistical analysis because of their sparsity of data. We discuss a methodology for classifying words in edited, plain text corpora which has the potential for working on relatively small corpora. This approach, which we calloccurrence-based processing, counts which contexts occur around a given word, but pays no attention to the number of times that each context occurs. We obtain good results on an artificial language and compare our results to Elman's connectionist analysis of the same artificial language. We obtain more modest results on real world corpora, but the results are sufficient to draw some methodological and language theoretical conclusions.