cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
American Well: The Doctor Will E-See You Now

What is next for healthcare IT provider American Well, whose innovative Online Care technology allows physicians to deliver care to patients online in real time? Using American Well's platform, patients with non-emergency health concerns can communicate with physicians online or by phone and receive advice or even a diagnosis without having to visit the physician's office. American Well's co-founders, Ido Schoenberg and Roy Schoenberg, believe this platform will reduce the cost of care delivery, create new revenue-earning opportunities for providers, and contribute to a more efficient, convenient healthcare delivery system. While the platform could benefit insurers, providers, employers, and patients alike, the company has only marketed to a few health insurance companies to date. In November 2009, three insurers have adopted the technology and American Well expects several more to do so over the next 12 months. As the company plans to accelerate adoption by health insurers, it is also considering other growth options. Is it too early to commit resources to developing and marketing American Well's second-generation product, which facilitates real-time connectivity between primary care physicians and specialists? Should American Well pursue new markets in the U.S., such as hospitals, chains of clinics, and pharmacies, or even expand internationally? In a broader sense, American Well's technology solves the economic obstacle of time and place by connecting excess supply (of physician capacity) with excess demand (for patient care). Could this model be adapted to other industries, such as legal and accounting services? Alternatively, should American Well continue to focus solely only on its primary product and on becoming the leader in the Online Care Industry?Learning Objective:Examine how a novel service, in the context of healthcare, should think about its next-generation offerings and markets.
Online lifetime-centric multicast routing for ad hoc networks with directional antennas

We consider a wireless ad hoc network where each node employs a single-beam directional antenna and is provisioned with limited energy. We are interested in an online multicast routing algorithm for successive multicast communication requests with the aim of maximizing network lifetime. The beamforming property associated with single-beam directional antenna introduces some unique problems that do not exist for omnidirectional antennas and therefore significantly increases the design space for routing algorithms. The contributions of this paper are twofold. First, we provide some important theoretical understanding on various multicast problems and deduce that even an offline version of this problem is NP-hard. Second, we develop a highly competitive online heuristic algorithm that takes network lifetime consideration directly into iterative calculations and show that an algorithm designed under this methodology provides consistently better performance than the current state-of-the-art algorithm that takes remaining energy into iterative calculations. The theoretical results and heuristic algorithm in this paper offer some important insights on algorithmic design for energy-constrained wireless ad hoc networks with directional antennas.
A Role for the Intestine in the Bone Disease of Juvenile X-Linked Hypophosphatemic Mice: Malabsorption of Calcium and Reduced Skeletal Mineralization*

Low duodenal vitamin D-dependent calciumbinding protein has been reported in juvenile Hyp mice. Levels of this protein improved in adult Hyp mice. This led to the search for possible abnormal intestinal calcium absorption in juvenile Hyp mice and for evidence that calcium malabsorption, if present, would exacerbate the bone disease. A balance study was performed in 10 sets of normal and Hyp male mice at 5 and 12 weeks of age. Twelve-week-old Hyp mice had balances (24-h intake minus excretion) of Ca, P, Mg, Na, and K that were not significantly different from those of 12-week-old normal mice. However, 5-week-old Hyp mice had a significantly lower balance of Ca with higher fecal Ca and lower urinary Ca. Na balance was also lower due to higher fecal Na. The balances of P, Mg, and K were not significantly affected in young Hyp mice. Growth and mineralization of the femur were compared in normal and heterozygous female Hyp mice from 3.5–46 weeks of age. The femora of Hyp mice gained ash weight at a rate compar...
Absorption estimates improve the validity of the relationship between dietary and serum lycopene.

Abstract Objective Studies show low correlations between dietary intake and serum concentrations of lycopene, which make it difficult to assess the effectiveness of dietary interventions with this phytonutrient. We hypothesized that 1) combining food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs) and 3-d diet records (3D-DRs) by the triads method would improve the validity of this relation and 2) correcting dietary information for differences in lycopene absorption from food matrices would further improve validity. Methods We measured dietary intakes of lycopene from 49 adults by 3D-DR and FFQ. Serum lycopene was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations were measured spectrophotometrically. Lycopene-containing foods were given absorption factors based on literature and laboratory values. Associations between dietary and serum lycopene were modeled using multiple regression. The triads method was used for validation of relations among FFQ, 3D-DR, and serum lycopene. Results Raw data showed low correlations between dietary and serum lycopene ( r = +0.15 for 3D-DR, +0.35 for FFQ). Mathematical modeling showed that the 3D-DR and FFQ methods must be used to collect accurate dietary information for lycopene. Validity coefficients calculated by the triads method were +0.34 for 3D-DR and +0.78 for FFQ. Correcting for absorption increased the validity coefficient to +0.72 for 3D-DR and from +0.45 to +0.66 for serum lycopene. Conclusion The relation between dietary intake and serum concentrations of lycopene and other carotenoids can be improved by collecting 3D-DR and FFQ data and by adjusting dietary information for nutrient absorption.
Tidal-driven dynamics and mixing processes in a coastal ocean model with wetting and drying

A three-dimensional sigma coordinate numerical model with wetting and drying (WAD) and a Mellor–Yamada turbulence closure scheme has been used in an idealized island configuration to evaluate how tidally driven dynamics and mixing are affected by inundation processes. Comprehensive sensitivity experiments evaluate the influence of various factors, including tidal amplitudes (from 1- to 9-m range), model grid size (from 2 to 16 km), stratification, wind, rotation, and the impact of WAD on the mixing. The dynamics of the system involves tidally driven basin-scale waves (propagating anticlockwise in the northern hemisphere) and coastally trapped waves propagating around the island in an opposite direction. The evolutions of the surface mixed layer (SML) and the bottom boundary layer (BBL) under different forcing have been studied. With small amplitude tides, wind-driven mixing dominates and the thickness of the SML increases with time, while with large-amplitude tides, tidal mixing dominates and the thickness of the BBL increases with time. The inclusion of WAD in the simulations increases bottom stress and impacts the velocities, the coastal waves, and the mixing. However, the impact of WAD is complex and non-linear. For example, WAD reduces near-coast currents during flood but increases currents during ebb as water drains from the island back to the sea. The impacts of WAD, forcing, and model parameters on the dynamics are summarized by an analysis of the vorticity balance for the different sensitivity experiments.
Transcriptional regulation of subclass 5b fimbriae

Background Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of infant and child mortality in developing countries. This enteric pathogen causes profuse watery diarrhea by elaborating one or more enterotoxins that intoxicate eukaryotic cells and ultimately leads to a loss of water to the intestinal lumen. Virulence is also dependent upon fimbrial adhesins that facilitate colonization of the small intestine.
Erratum to "Optimum Two-Dimensional Uniform Spatial Sampling for Microwave SAR-Based NDE Imaging Systems"

The radii in Fig. 4 in the above titled paper (ibid., vol. 60, no. 12, pp. 3806-3815, Dec. 2011), should be divided by two. Equations (10) and (13) should be edited as presented here.
Biological function of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)

Activation-induced Cytidine Deaminase (AID) is an essential regulator of B cell diversification, but its full range of action has until recently been an enigma. Based on homology, it was originally proposed to be an RNA-editing enzyme, but so far, no RNA substrates are known. Rather, it functions by deaminating cytidine, and in this manner, coupled with base-excision repair or mismatch repair machinery, it is a natural mutator. This allows it to play a central role in adaptive immunity, whereby it initiates the processes of class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation to help generate a diverse and high-affinity repertoire of immunoglobulin isotypes. More recently, it has been appreciated that methylated cytidine, already known as a key epigenetic mark on DNA controlling gene expression, can also be a target for AID modification. Coupled with repair machinery, this can facilitate the active removal of methylated DNA. This activity can impact the process of cellular reprogramming, including transition of a somatic cell to pluripotency, which requires major reshuffling of epigenetic memory. Thus, seemingly disparate roles for AID in controlling immune diversity and epigenetic memory have a common mechanistic basis. However, the very activity that is so useful for B cell diversity and cellular reprogramming is dangerous for the integrity of the genome. Thus, AID expression and activity is tightly regulated, and deregulation is associated with diseases including cancer. Here, we review the range of AID functions with a focus on its mechanisms of action and regulation. Major questions remain to be answered concerning how and when AID is targeted to specific loci and how this impacts development and disease.
Genetics for the General Internist

The internist's goal is to determine a patient's disease risk and to implement preventative interventions. Genetic evaluation is a powerful risk assessment tool, and new interventions target previously untreatable genetic disorders. The purpose of this review is to educate the general internist about common genetic conditions affecting adult patients, with special emphasis on diagnoses with an effective intervention, including hereditary cancer syndromes and cardiovascular disorders. Basic tenets of genetic counseling, complex genetic disease, and management of adults with genetic diagnoses also are discussed.
High-performance computing (HPC): Application & use in the power grid

The intent of this paper is to present a tutorial overview of high-performance computing (HPC) and its application to solving power system problems. The emphasis is on the trend of multi-core HPC computers and on the need for parallel computing to utilize these computers. Following the introduction of the concept of HPC, several types of HPC hardware and software are presented. HPC programming tools are important to facilitate programming with HPC computers. Different programming tools are introduced, with a specific example of parallel codes. HPC applications to power systems are presented for solving problems of state estimation and contingency analysis using HPC computers. Performance improvement is significant as shown in these applications. Further research and code development are necessary to expand the use of HPC in the power system domain.
RNA-Seq Analysis of Developing Nasturtium Seeds (Tropaeolum majus): Identification and Characterization of an Additional Galactosyltransferase Involved in Xyloglucan Biosynthesis

A deep-sequencing approach was pursued utilizing 454 and Illumina sequencing methods to discover new genes involved in xyloglucan biosynthesis. cDNA sequences were generated from developing nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) seeds, which produce large amounts of non-fucosylated xyloglucan as a seed storage polymer. In addition to known xyloglucan biosynthetic genes, a previously uncharacterized putative xyloglucan galactosyltransferase was identified. Analysis of an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant line defective in the corresponding ortholog (AT5G62220) revealed that this gene shows no redundancy with the previously characterized xyloglucan galactosyltransferase, MUR3, but is required for galactosyl-substitution of xyloglucan at a different position. The gene was termed XLT2 for Xyloglucan L-side chain galactosylTransferase position 2. It represents an enzyme in the same subclade of glycosyltransferase family 47 as MUR3. A double mutant defective in both MUR3 (mur3.1) and XLT2 led to an Arabidopsis plant with xyloglucan that consists essentially of only xylosylated glucosyl units, with no further substitutions.
Two-point description of two-fluid turbulent mixing—I. Model formulation

Abstract We describe a two-point spectral transport approach to the investigation of fluid instability, generalized turbulence, and the interpenetration of fluids across an interface. The technique also applies to a single fluid with large variations in density. Departures of fluctuating velocity components from the local mean are far subsonic, but the mean Mach number can be large. This work is focused on flows with large variations in fluid density (e.g. two-field fluid interpenetration). The starting point for analysis is the set of Navier–Stokes equations, for which we assume relevance in our investigations, even in the presence of sharp density variations between fluids. Models for two-field analysis with drag representations for momentum exchange can also be used and are discussed previously. In this work departures from mean flow are included in the stochastic concept of turbulence. Reynolds decomposition into mean and fluctuating parts is carried out in the spirit of this generalized concept, which is meaningful despite arbitrariness as to which scales are identified as mean flow and which are identified as fluctuations. This spectral formulation motivates a novel description of the global effects of pressure due to incompressibility. We discuss its derivation and the modifications this ‘nonlocal’ formulation has on the turbulence spectra. We also discuss the consequences of spectral self-similarity exhibited by this model. This identification of spectral self-similarity in a circumstance of inhomogeneous, variable density turbulence is novel.
Brueghel syndrome: Its distinction from Meige syndrome

A critical historical evaluation of the cranial dystonias supports the separation of the dystonia of the motor trigeminal nerve producing a widely opened mouth (Brueghel syndrome) from the more common facial dystonias with blepharospasm (Meige syndrome). In a patient with Brueghel syndrome, paroxysmal hyperpnea coincided with dystonic gaping; the finding of upbeating nystagmus suggests pontine localization in the pathogenesis of this rare disorder.
A dynamic model of work quality in a government oversight organization

Management of a government organization responsible for the oversight of contractor work is a sensitive and challenging task. One such organization is the Supervisor of Shipbuilding (SUPSHIP), Groton, a unit of the U.S. Navy, whose engineering department is responsible for oversight of submarine designs from General Dynamics' Electric Boat Division. Management of the SUPSHIP Engineering Department is further complicated by a high cost of mistakes and a significant lag between the time a mistake is made and when it is discovered in production. Recent defense cutbacks led to a reorganization of the department with significantly fewer personnel and periodic variations in workload have raised questions about the department's ability to maintain a desired level of quality in its design reviews. Quality in this context refers to work done without errors—errors that could affect the final product if they are not caught by supervisors or higher up the chain of command. To understand and explore these issues better, a system dynamics model that integrates the structural elements of the engineering department's workload and workforce was developed. Using the model to analyze expected performance during future peaks and valleys in the workload, as well as expected retirements and new hiring, allowed management to develop policies that keep quality at acceptable levels. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High Fidelity Surface Chemical Imaging at 1000 nm Levels: Internal Reflection IR Imaging (IRIRI) Approach

This report presents how combination of internal reflection (IR) and infrared imaging (IRI) can reach a surface spatial resolution at 1000 nm levels in the middle infrared range. As a result, vibrational spectra from these size areas can be recorded at high signal-to-noise levels. A spatial calibration of this method was performed by correlating IRIRI data with SEM micrographs and optical images of geometrically well-defined polymeric photoresists as well as Nylon fibers imbedded into a polyester matrix. The IRIRI approach has the potential of obtaining even better surface spatial resolution of vibrational spectra when internal reflection elements with greater refractive index ratios in the middle IR range become available.
Paleohydrologic phenomena recorded by lake sediments

Hydrologic phenomena are dynamic, so their understanding and prediction are difficult and challenging. Many are cyclic, ranging from diurnal, seasonal, and annual cycles to climatic fluctuations of many hundreds or thousands of years. Predicting the magnitude and recurrence intervals of long-term fluctuations of these phenomena is a primary concern of hydrologists. The best data upon which to base predictions are those that directly measure a hydrologic phenomenon, such as stream discharge, lake level, and precipitation. Programs for collection of these data over a large area on a scientific basis, however, are less than 100 years old-not a very sound statistical base for predicting events that have recurrence intervals of at least that long.
Capillary electrophoresis-based immunoassays.

This review covers the progress and developments in the field of capillary electrophoresis immunoassay (CEIA) over the past three years. Because many excellent descriptions of the principles of these methods are available (e.g., in the reviews listed in this article), no elementary introduction is given to the field of immunoassays (IAs) or CEIAs. This report focuses exclusively on experimental results, dividing the CEIA papers into the categories of direct, indirect, and microchip electrophoretic immunoassays. In the last section, a brief summary of the current status of the CEIA field is presented.
Scheduling real-time transactions

Scheduling transactions with real-time requirements presents many new problems. In this paper we discuss solutions for two of these problems: what is a reasonable method for modeling real-time constraints for database transactions? Traditional hard real-time constraints (e.g., deadlines) may be too limited. May transactions have soft deadlines and a more flexible model is needed to capture these soft time constraints. The second problem we address is scheduling. Time constraints add a new dimension to concurrency control. Not only must a schedule be serializable but it also should meet the time constraints of all the transactions in the schedule.
Ontario innovation and commercialization programs: Industry-academic aspect

A prominent feature of the current innovation and commercialization landscape in Ontario is that it has a collaborative network of organizations across the province designed to help commercialize ideas — The Ontario Network of Excellence (ONE). The ONE is designed to help innovators, entrepreneurs and technology-based businesses through a suite of services and programs designed to help them innovate and develop a sustainable a competitive advantage.
Counteraction of urea-induced protein denaturation by trimethylamine N-oxide: A chemical chaperone at atomic resolution

Proteins are very sensitive to their solvent environments. Urea is a common chemical denaturant of proteins, yet some animals contain high concentrations of urea. These animals have evolved an interesting mechanism to counteract the effects of urea by using trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). The molecular basis for the ability of TMAO to act as a chemical chaperone remains unknown. Here, we describe molecular dynamics simulations of a small globular protein, chymotrypsin inhibitor 2, in 8 M urea and 4 M TMAO/8 M urea solutions, in addition to other control simulations, to investigate this effect at the atomic level. In 8 M urea, the protein unfolds, and urea acts in both a direct and indirect manner to achieve this effect. In contrast, introduction of 4 M TMAO counteracts the effect of urea and the protein remains well structured. TMAO makes few direct interactions with the protein. Instead, it prevents unfolding of the protein by structuring the solvent. In particular, TMAO orders the solvent and discourages it from competing with intraprotein H bonds and breaking up the hydrophobic core of the protein.
Thermal-tempering analysis of bulk metallic glass plates using an instant-freezing model

The viscoelastic nature of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), their low thermal conductivity, and the fast cooling used in their processing subject them to thermal tempering. This process leads to a residual stress state in which compression on the surface is balanced by tension in the interior. For the first time, we have calculated such stresses in metallic glasses by adapting an analytical instant-freezing model previously developed for silicate glasses. This model has been demonstrated to be reasonably accurate in predicting the final residual stresses, although, due to its very nature, it neglects transient effects. For an infinite plate geometry and employing processing parameters often used for metallic glasses, we predict that significant residual stresses can be generated in these materials during thermal tempering. Preliminary measurements conducted using the layer-removal method yield compressive residual stress values close to model predictions.
Characteristics of the pituitary-adrenal system in the Syracuse high- and low-avoidance strains of rats (Rattus norvegicus).

After many generations of selective breeding, rats of the high-avoidance strain (SHA) average 67% avoidance responses in a two-way shuttle box, whereas those of the low-avoidance strain (SLA) average 0%. Adrenal gland weights, both absolutely and relative to body weight, are 40–50% greater in adult SLA than SHA rats of both sexes. Females of both strains have larger adrenal glands than males. Morphometry revealed that the difference in adrenal size in adults is entirely in the three cortical zones. The strain difference occurs as early as 21 days of age, whereas the sex difference appears only after puberty. A 2-min exposure to ether vapor induced an elevation in adrenal concentration of corticosterone which was significantly greater in SHA than SLA animals of both sexes at some time periods following the ether stress. Despite having smaller glands, older previously stressed SHA rats have higher basal adrenal concentrations of corticosterone than do SLA animals. The reduced steroidogenesis in the large adrenals of SLA rats suggests that there may be an enzymatic defect of genetic origin in those animals.
Abstract A33: Culturally relevant cancer risk counseling for underserved Latinas

Background: Latinas are as likely as the majority to have high cancer risk associated with genetic predisposition to breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Disproportionately underserved, Latinas have a compelling need for access to genetic cancer risk assessment (GCRA) and cancer screening and prevention measures. Objectives: The primary purpose of this project was to evaluate the effects of a culturally relevant GCRA intervention for Latinas. Methods: Four focus groups were conducted consisting of Latinas that have undergone GCRA. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire that included items assessing perceived cancer risk and satisfaction with GCRA. The focus groups entailed a facilitated discussion of the key study variables and other culturally relevant issues that may impact the GCRA intervention. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used. Results: Perceived sense of lack of information and uncertainty about what to expect appeared to play a key role in distress. Most women initially had negative expectations (expecting the worse or bad outcome), but ultimately felt hopeful that they could learn more about the GCRA process and what it meant for them. Information was cited as the primary contributor to positive psychosocial outcomes specifically increased locus of control and self-efficacy. The major cultural themes identified were destiny, religious and spiritual coping, how cultural attitudes and belief influence lack of information, community awareness, and public health issues. Conclusions: Findings indicate that the pre-GCRA window may be most distressing for this population indicating that this may be the most appropriate time for psychological intervention. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(10 Suppl):A33.
Double-beam laser-excited indirect fluorometric detection of non-electrolytes in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract Double-beam laser-excited indirect fluorometric detection of organic non-electrolytes is demonstrated in high-performance liquid chromatography. Anthracene is added as a visualization reagent in the mobile phase to maintain a background signal. When the analyte perturbs partitioning of the visualization reagent between the mobile and the stationary phases, it can be detected indirectly. A mass detectability of 50 ng of decanol is obtained (signal-to-noise ratio of 2) by using a microbore column.
A DSL for cross-domain security

Guardol is a domain-specific language focused on the creation of high-assurance network guards and the specification of guard properties. The Guardol system generates Ada code from Guardol programs and also provides specification and automated verification support. Guard programs and specifications are translated to higher order logic, then deductively transformed to a form suitable for a SMT-style decision procedure for recursive functions over tree-structured data. The result is that difficult properties of Guardol programs can be proved fully automatically.
Difficult Management Training: Will it Fly in the USA?

Building on the work of Berlew and Hall (1966),who found significant positive relationships between the difficulty of first jobs and later managerial success, this study of graduating seniors in business administration explores the attitudes of business graduates toward difficult training characterized by qualified trainee failures. Murkison (1986) reported positive relationships between training in which high attrition rates occured and later success in administrative positions, but no work has been found that determines the willingness of recent college graduates to undergo such training experiences. It appears that we need an answer to this question since there are now articles appearing in the popular (Black 1988) and business press (Phalon 1987) having to do with difficult managerial training. The ever‐present Japanese seem to have a head start here according to Waldman (1988).A successful effort to develop a reliable scale to measure predisposition toward difficult training is reported. Results of this study indicate that willingness levels are higher for males, persons with higher grades in college, and for those whose hometowns are very small or very large. Directions for future research are proposed.
Mitochondrial Targeted Cyclophilin D Protects Cells from Cell Death by Peptidyl Prolyl Isomerization

Cyclophilin D (CyPD) is thought to sensitize opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) based on the findings that cyclosporin A (CsA), a pseudo-CyPD substrate, hyperpolarizes the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ) and inhibits apoptosis. We provide evidence that contrasts with this model. Using live cell imaging and two photon microscopy, we report that overexpression of CyPD desensitizes HEK293 and rat glioma C6 cells to apoptotic stimuli. By site-directed mutagenesis of CyPD that compromises peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity, we demonstrate that the mechanism involved in this protective effect requires PPIase activity. Furthermore, we show that, under resting conditions, ΔΨ is hyperpolarized in CyPD wild type-overexpressing cells but not in cells overexpressing mutant forms of CyPD that lack PPIase activity. Finally, in glutathioneS-transferase (GST) pull-down assays, we demonstrate that CyPD binding to the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT), which is considered to be the core component of the mPTP, is not affected by the loss of PPIase activity. Collectively, our data suggest that CyPD should be viewed as a cell survival-signaling molecule and indicate a protective role of CyPD against apoptosis that is mediated by one or more targets other than the ANT.
Myeloid sarcoma of the vulva as the presenting symptom in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia.

Background. Myeloid sarcoma is a tumor of myeloblasts or immature myeloid cells occurring in an extramedullary site. Myeloid sarcoma of female genital tract is very rare with no cases of vulvar location reported in English-language literature. Case. A 73-year-old female presented with an indurated mass encompassing her left labia majora and vulva. The mass was diagnosed as vulvar myeloid sarcoma. The patient's peripheral blood smear revealed Auer rods and other findings consistent with a diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (M-2 type, FAB classification). Conclusion. To the best of our knowledge this case is the first report in the English-language literature of the myeloid sarcoma of the vulva. Correct diagnosis of myeloid sarcoma in an otherwise asymptomatic patient is crucial for early administration of antileukemic chemotherapy.
Defining under and over-doping as bond order phenomena in the pair plaid model

Abstract Within the rules of a pair plaid model charge-lattice lock-in patterns are identified, which are responsible for the trends to characteristic hole values for a variety of features in the doping curves [onsets, kinks or optima,] of cuprates and related materials. Examples are the prevalence of optimal hole values of 0.16, 0.22 or 0.25. Selection of one of these values depends on the degree of isolation of the plane. Periods of pair plaid represent a central aspect for an algorithm of T c or doping curve predictions when combined with the plane isolation model. Aspects of the theoretical concept of pair plaids have been made visible in recent STM graphs indicating electronic crystal behavior for the related pseudo-gap region. Pair plaids are in competition with stripes of non-superconducting singles and can be transformed into them. This competition is further elucidated with emphasis on the regions, where both orders can coexist. This further defines over and under-doping.
Nitrogenase: The Catalysis

Until recently the molecular genetics of N2 fixation was an almost completely unexplored area. Now, however, it has begun to yield to the classical techniques of bacterial genetics, and the foundation of this important aspect of N2 fixation is taking form. The most noteworthy achievement to date, reported by DIXON and POSTGATE (180), is the transfer of genes for dinitrogen fixation (nif) from Klebsiella pneumoniae to Escherichia coli. Additionally, substantial progress has been made in the mapping of the nif genes (671, 673). Prior to this recent work on Klebsiella, genetic interest in N2 fixation at the molecular level did not extend much beyond the procurement of nitrogenaseless mutants (below) or the development of improved Rhizobia-legume relationships (48). Such studies provided no insight into the nature of nitrogenase genetics per se. In contrast the investigations with Klebsiella, though just under way, have already yielded important results bearing directly on nitrogenase genetics and have established the base for continued investigation.
Reflectance and Optical Constants of Evaporated Copper and Silver in the Vacuum Ultraviolet from 1000 to 2000 Å

The reflectance and optical constants of evaporated copper and silver were measured in vacuum on freshly deposited films in the wavelength region from 1000 to 2000 A. The optical constants were determined from reflectance measurements made at various angles of incidence. Aging studies showed that the reflectance of evaporated copper in the vacuum ultraviolet decreased after its deposition in vacuum and during exposure to air much more rapidly than that of evaporated silver.
Preparation of Glycol Esters of Soybean Oil Fatty Acids and Their Potential as Coalescent Aids in Paint Formulations

Soy oil glycol monoesters have been prepared through the transesterification of soybean oil with ethylene, diethylene, propylene, and dipropylene glycols. The molar ratio of soybean oil to glycol used in these reactions was 1∶6. The catalyst used in these reactions was lithium carbonate, 0.5%, based on soybean oil. The transesterifications were carried out at 180–190°C. The composition of soy oil glycol esters and their physical properties were determined. The soy oil glycol esters were incorporated in a water-based paint formulation as the coalescent aid, and the minimum film formation temperature was determined. The minimum film formation temperature results indicated that these esters can be used as coalescent aids in latex paint formulations to help in continuous film formation at or below room temperature.
Mountain-Induced Convection under Fair Weather Conditions

Abstract Measurements of the structure of dry convection over an isolated mountain range heated by the sun are presented. Filter techniques are used to deduce those scales of motion of significance to the circulation. A two-scale process is observed in which a toroidal, heat island circulation ∼20 km in diameter is driven by 3–4 km convective eddies. Large negative heat fluxes are found in the upper part of the convective core over the mountains.
Malaria in Liberian children and mothers: biocultural perceptions of illness vs clinical evidence of disease.

1046 non-hospitalized children and mothers from various regions of Liberia were studied to determine the relationships between their indigenous perceptions of malaria illness with on-going Plasmodium parasitemia and annual incidence of clinical malaria. Eleven pediatric and 14 maternal signs and symptoms of malaria were described, ranked by cultural severity, and evaluated biomedically. Between cultural perceptions of the severity of illness and biomedical evidence of the severity of disease, significant rank order correlations are observed for children (ϱ=0.713, P < 0.01) and mothers (ϱ=0.875, P < 0.001). Clinical, parasitological and cultural concordance were observed for ‘anorexia’, ‘joint pain’, ‘abdominal tenderness’, ‘nausea’, ‘chills’, ‘severe headache’, ‘stomach pain’, and ‘dizziness’. Five other symptoms however either over or underpredicted observed levels of biomedically confirmed malaria: ‘fever’, ‘convulsions’, ‘vomiting’, ‘body weakness’ and ‘psychological distress’. Biomedical studies revealed a parasite rate among children of 68.6%, a mean annual incidence of pediatric clinical malaria of 3.12; and a mean annual incidence of maternal clinical malaria of 2.42. Clinical malaria demonstrated a very early onset among newborns and a shift in acute parasitemia to a chronic status around 2.3 years of age. A significant positive linear correlation (r=0.75, P < 0.01) was observed between parasitological and clinical measures of malaria in children. The indigenous perspectives on malaria and the biomedically predictive powers of various biocultural symptoms are discussed and evaluated as an integrative and valuable means of assessing the impact of malaria in an endemic region.
Trend reversal of mercury concentrations in piscivorous fish from Minnesota lakes: 1982-2006.

The trend of mercury concentrations in standardized length northern pike (NP55) and walleye (WE40) was evaluated for a 25-year period, 1982−2006, based on a data set of 1707 cases from 845 lakes th...
The structure of 4-chloronortricyclene

Abstract The structure of 4-chloronortricyclene in the gas phase was determined by electron diffraction. Interatomic distances and mean square amplitudes of vibration were evaluated. The cyclopropyl ring bonds are 1.510 A, typical of C 3 rings. A possible correlation between increased cyclopentyl bond lengths and increased flap angle is noted, as is the apparent decrease in these bond lengths with substitution of electronegative groups. A summary of CCl bond lengths in a variety of molecular environments completes the discussion.
The construction of the demand for public goods and the theory of income redistribution

Traditional analysis of public goods like income redistribution explicitly assumes that people's preferences toward a specific good differ. Given this assumption, we see no reason why some people's demands cannot extend downward into the negative quadrant or originate in the negative quadrant. In short, we see reason why a government good or service cannot be a ‘public good’ to some people and, at the same time, a ‘public good’ to other people. The purpose of this note has been to draw out the logical implications of the assumption that people's individual demands are spread out over the first and fourth quadrants. We have shown that such as assumption requires an adjustment in the way the demand for a public good is constructed and that such an assumption requires that we adjust significantly our conclusions regarding the Pareto efficiency of collectivization of aid to the poor. A central conclusion drawn from the analysis is that a move from private to public charity may very well lead to a reduction in the amount of aid received by the poor and may, therefore, be Pareto inefficient. Further, we have concluded that people other than the poor may, because of the public poverty programme, be necessary beneficiaries of the public transfer system. There may be good arguments for public charity; however, the public goods argument is not necessarily one of them. These conclusions should not seem bizarre. When the political process permits income redistribution, it should surprise no one that people with negative as well as positive demands for poverty relief allow their preferences to be known to the people who must act on the legislation. In addition, it should surprise no one to learn that political compromises, involving public subsidy programs for the poor and the not-so-poor, are, from time to time, developed and that the welfare state, for that reason and to that extent, can expand substantially beyond the bounds implied in efforts to help only the truly poor.
Space Shuttle Orbiter engine main combustion chamber cooling and life

A reusable life requirement of 100 missions is met by controlling the combustion chamber hot-gas wall temperature and strain levels. Maximum life, maximum performance, and minimum engine weight are attained through a descriptive parametric assessment of the regenerative cooling circuit, combustor length, contraction area ratio, and coolant passage geometry. Life is categorized by low-cycle fatigue and creep-stress rupture. Relationships are developed to determine the impact of heat transfer rate, thermal strain level, and geometric influence parameters on life. It is empirically shown that a throat heat flux of 100 Btu/sq in./sec can be accommodated.
Sexual differentiation of the central nervous system

Sexual differentiation of reproductive and behavior patterns is largely effected by hormones produced by the gonads. In many higher vertebrates, an integral part of this process is the induction of permanent and essentially irreversible sex differences in central nervous function, in response to gonadal hormones secreted early in development.
Fast Reproducible Floating-Point Summation

Reproducibility, i.e. getting the bitwise identical floating point results from multiple runs of the same program, is a property that many users depend on either for debugging or correctness checking in many codes [1]. However, the combination of dynamic scheduling of parallel computing resources, and floating point nonassociativity, make attaining reproducibility a challenge even for simple reduction operations like computing the sum of a vector of numbers in parallel. We propose a technique for floating point summation that is reproducible independent of the order of summation. Our technique uses Rump's algorithm for error-free vector transformation [2], and is much more efficient than using (possibly very) high precision arithmetic. Our algorithm trades off efficiency and accuracy: we reproducibly attain reasonably accurate results (with an absolute error bound c · n2 · macheps · max |vi| for a small constant c) with just 2n + O(1) floating-point operations, and quite accurate results (with an absolute error bound c · n3 · macheps2 · max |vi| with 5n + O(1) floating point operations, both with just two reduction operations. Higher accuracies are also possible by increasing the number of error-free transformations. As long as the same rounding mode is used, results computed by the proposed algorithms are reproducible for any run on any platform.
A cyclin B homolog in S. cerevisiae: Chronic activation of the Cdc28 protein kinase by cyclin prevents exit from mitosis

A cyclin B homolog was identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using degenerate oligonucleotides and the polymerase chain reaction. The protein, designated Scb1, has a high degree of similarity with B-type cyclins from organisms ranging from fission yeast to human. Levels of SCB1 mRNA and protein were found to be periodic through the cell cycle, with maximum accumulation late, most likely in the G2 interval. Deletion of the gene was found not to be lethal, and subsequently other B-type cyclins have been found in yeast functionally redundant with Scb1. A mutant allele of SCB1 that removes an amino-terminal fragment of the encoded protein thought to be required for efficient degradation during mitosis confers a mitotic arrest phenotype. This arrest can be reversed by inactivation of the Cdc28 protein kinase, suggesting that cyclin-mediated arrest results from persistent protein kinase activation.
Dynamic Road Load Simulation of Transportable Cranes

This paper develops a general tool for understanding the dynamic road loads generated by mobile cranes that use a boom support dolly. The focal point is the dynamic road loads generated by the vehicle, which is a primary cause of pavement damage. A pitch plane model of the crane is developed and a finite element model is used to characterize the flexible motion of the boom. The simulation can characterize both the traditional and modern styles of mobile cranes. The traditional style uses a walking beam suspension on the carrier and a leaf spring suspension on the dolly. The modern cranes implement a hydropneumatic carrier suspension and an air ride suspension on the dolly. Additionally, other suspension configurations are implemented. The simulation results show that modern cranes generate significantly lower dynamic loads than do traditional cranes. This indicates that there is a need to regulate axle load limits in a manner that compensates for different suspension systems.
Comprehensive evaluation of a commercial macro Monte Carlo electron dose calculation implementation using a standard verification data set

A commercial electron dose calculation software implementation based on the macro Monte Carlo algorithm has recently been introduced. We have evaluated the performance of the system using a standard verification data set comprised of two-dimensional (2D) dose distributions in the transverse plane of a 15 X 15 cm2 field. The standard data set was comprised of measurements performed for combinations of 9-MeV and 20-MeV beam energies and five phantom geometries. The phantom geometries included bone and air heterogeneities, and irregular surface contours. The standard verification data included a subset of the data needed to commission the dose calculation. Additional required data were obtained from a dosimetrically equivalent machine. In addition, we performed 2D dose measurements in a water phantom for the standard field sizes, a 4 cm X 4 cm field, a 3 cm diameter circle, and a 5 cm X 13 cm triangle for the 6-, 9-, 12-, 15-, and 18-MeV energies of a Clinac 21EX. Output factors were also measured. Synthetic CT images and structure contours duplicating the measurement configurations were generated and transferred to the treatment planning system. Calculations for the standard verification data set were performed over the range of each of the algorithm parameters: statistical precision, grid-spacing, and smoothing. Dose difference and distance-to-agreement were computed for the calculation points. We found that the best results were obtained for the highest statistical precision, for the smallest grid spacing, and for smoothed dose distributions. Calculations for the 21EX data were performed using parameters that the evaluation of the standard verification data suggested would produce clinically acceptable results. The dose difference and distance-to-agreement were similar to that observed for the standard verification data set except for the portion of the triangle field narrower than 3 cm for the 6- and 9-MeV electron beams. The output agreed with measurements to within 2%, with the exception of the 3-cm diameter circle and the triangle for 6 MeV, which were within 5%. We conclude that clinically acceptable results may be obtained using a grid spacing that is no larger than approximately one-tenth of the distal falloff distance of the electron depth dose curve (depth from 80% to 20% of the maximum dose) and small relative to the size of heterogeneities. For judicious choices of parameters, dose calculations agree with measurements to better than 3% dose difference and 3-mm distance-to-agreement for fields with dimensions no less than about 3 cm.
Silver Iodide Aerosol Production by a Plated Hot-Wire Generator

Abstract There are requirements for a laboratory source of pure silver iodide aerosol with long-term output stability. Aerosol generation by a power-coated hot wire is unsatisfactory. A method of filament preparation providing a uniform, tightly bound layer of silver iodide on a nichrome heating filament is presented. Size, condensation activity, and ice nucleation properties of silver iodide particles produced by a plated filament meet laboratory needs. Long-term stability of aerosol output is an important added benefit.
Reduced severity of peanut-induced anaphylaxis in TLR9-deficient mice is associated with selective defects in humoral immunity

Signaling through the innate immune system can promote or suppress allergic sensitization. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) has modulatory effects on the mucosal immune system, and we hypothesized that TLR9 would influence susceptibility to allergic sensitization to foods. We observed that TLR9-/- mice were resistant to peanut-induced anaphylaxis. This was associated with a significant impairment in total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and peanut-specific IgE and IgA, but not IgG1 or Th2 cytokine production. TLR9-/- mice had reduced development of Peyer's patches, but resistance to sensitization was not restricted to oral routes. Rag1-deficient mice were reconstituted with TLR9+/+ or -/- B cells plus CD4+ T cells. TLR9-/- B cells regained the ability to produce IgE in the presence of a wild-type environment. Our results demonstrate that TLR9 on an unknown cell type is required for the development of IgE-producing B cells, and we conclude that TLR9 signaling indirectly shapes the immune response for optimal IgE production.