cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Real-time tracking of neighborhood surroundings and mood in urban drug misusers: application of a new method to study behavior in its geographical context.

BACKGROUND: Maladaptive behaviors may be more fully understood and efficiently prevented by ambulatory tools that assess people's ongoing experience in the context of their environment. METHODS: To demonstrate new field-deployable methods for assessing mood and behavior as a function of neighborhood surroundings (geographical momentary assessment; GMA), we collected time-stamped GPS data and ecological momentary assessment (EMA) ratings of mood, stress, and drug craving over 16 weeks at randomly prompted times during the waking hours of opioid-dependent polydrug users receiving methadone maintenance. Locations of EMA entries and participants' travel tracks calculated for the 12 before each EMA entry were mapped. Associations between subjective ratings and objective environmental ratings were evaluated at the whole neighborhood and 12-h track levels. RESULTS: Participants (N=27) were compliant with GMA data collection; 3711 randomly prompted EMA entries were matched to specific locations. At the neighborhood level, physical disorder was negatively correlated with negative mood, stress, and heroin and cocaine craving (ps Language: en
Autoradiographic analysis of follicle-stimulating hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin receptors in the ovary of immature rats treated with equine chorionic gonadotropin.

The gonadotropin-primed immature rat has become the most common model for the study of follicular development and ovulation. In this study, prepubertal female rats, 23 and 24 days old, were injected s. c. with 5 IU eCG, and ovaries were collected for topical autoradiography of FSH and hCG receptors at 48 or 24 h post-eCG, respectively (i.e., Day 25). In a baseline group, on Day 25 (before eCG), even the smallest preantral follicles with 1 layer of granulosa cells (GCs; primary follicles) possessed FSH receptors, but hCG receptors were found only on the theca of follicles with 2 or more layers of GCs. Human CG receptors were especially prominent in the interstitium that intimately surrounds preantral follicles without any distinction between theca and interstitial cells. There was a discrete theca surrounding antral follicles. Occasionally antral follicles had hCG receptors in the interstitium, but the adjacent theca was negative, suggesting that these follicles might be destined for atresia. By 24 h post-eCG, a now-discrete theca layer with hCG receptors surrounded all preantral follicles except for the primary follicles, which never responded to eCG. The interstitium was hypertrophied and epithelioid, as was the theca surrounding nonatretic preantral and antral follicles. Increased mitotic activity characterized the growing preantral follicle, and for the first time, FSH binding in GCs of antral follicles was greater than in the preantral population. By 48 h post-eCG, the primary follicles were still unresponsive to eCG. FSH receptors were even more pronounced in the GCs of large antral follicles, although hCG receptors were present in the GCs of only one third of the antral follicles, reflecting the small dose of eCG administered. By 48 h post-eCG, receptors in the interstitium were barely detectable. Using this model, the following study considers the functional in vitro changes in steroidogenesis in follicles from the smallest preantral follicles to the largest antral follicles.
Geothermometry of exsolved augites from the Laramie Anorthosite Complex, Wyoming

Exsolved augite pyroxenes from the ferromonzonite border facies of the ferrosyenite in the Laramie Anorthosite Complex have been studied with the transmission electron microscope and the electron microprobe to determine their exsolution histories. The Lindsley and Andersen (1983) geothermometer gives initial crystallization temperatures of ≥1000° C for the bulk augite crystal (Wo32 En22 Fs46). Exsolved lamellae are predominantly pigeonites with very low calcium contents (Wo1–3 En23–24 Fs71–74) and have formation temperatures estimated to be in the range of 600 to 975° C. The uniform compositions of lamellae and hosts, despite the range in lamellar size and orientation, suggest that either 1) the ferromonzonite experienced an extended plateau in cooling or a reheating event at 600 to 650° C or 2) the pyroxenes recorded a blocking temperature. Two-feldspar geothermometry on exsolved feldspars also records 600° C and suggests that these low temperatures are not blocking temperatures.
Changing Codes and Changing Constitutions

L’auteur s’interesse a une question peu etudiee, soit celle des modifcations apportees a un code civil. La facon dont le Code civil du Quebec est actuellement modife souleve des inquietudes tant au regard de motifs theoriques qu’en raison de la specifcite de ce qu’est un code. Aussi, l’auteur attire l’attention sur l’abondante litterature qui traite de la reforme du droit au Canada et propose la creation d’un institut qui serait charge de surveiller le processus de modifcation du Code. De plus, il souligne l’importance pour les juges, le Parlement du Canada et l’Assemblee nationale de respecter la fnalite qui sous-tend le partage des pouvoirs etabli par la constitution. Pour illustrer ses propos, l’auteur prend en consideration la Loi d’harmonisation no 1 du droit federalavec le droit civil, de meme que les recentes decisions judiciaires et lois qui ont porte sur le mariage et l’union civile.
Determination of Water in Slurries by Fiber-Optic Raman Spectroscopy:

We have examined the feasibility of the remote determination of water in a sodium nitrate matrix by fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy with multichannel detection. The direct determination based on the Raman line due to OH bending is shown to be possible but relatively insensitive. A determination based on the ratio of signals due to dissolved and solid nitrate is shown to provide a water detection limit of less than 1% for a measurement time of one minute.
Formation of 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) as the predominant eicosanoid in aortas from Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic and cholesterol-fed rabbits

Atherosclerotic plaque formation is accompanied by hyperproliferative events which have many features of an inflammatory response. A high-performance liquid chromatography procedure was developed to analyze the inflammatory prostaglandins, leukotrienes and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) produced by aortic segments. Normal rabbit aortas incubated with tritiated arachidonic acid synthesized 12-HETE as the principal lipoxygenase metabolite, and prostacyclin as the major cyclooxygenase product. In contrast, atherosclerotic aortas from both cholesterol-fed and Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic rabbits showed major increases in synthesis of lipoxygenase-derived 15-HETE, which became the predominant eicosanoid in the aortas of both types of rabbit. No leukotrienes or other 5-lipoxygenase products were detected to the detection limit of 0.5 pmol/cm aorta. 15-HETE, which is chemotactic for smooth muscle cells, mitogenic for endothelial cells, and an inhibitor of prostacyclin synthesis may thus play a role in atherogenesis.
On automorphism groups of connected Lie groups

We prove that ifG is a connected Lie group with no compact central subgroup of positive dimension then the automorphism group ofG is an almost algebraic subgroup of\(GL(\mathcal{G})\), where\(\mathcal{G}\) is the Lie algebra ofG. We also give another proof of a theorem of D. Wigner, on the connected component of the identity in the automorphism group of a general connected Lie group being almost algebraic, and strengthen a result of M.Goto on the subgroup consisting of all automorphisms fixing a given central element.
Race and Prostate Cancer: What Do We Know?

Objectives: Is race an independent prognostic indicator of outcome and overall survival in prostate cancer? African American men have been reported to have the highest incidence and mortality rates for prostate cancer worldwide, but the evidence to explain this is confusing at best. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted, and an effort was made to include all articles published in the last 15 years that evaluated the independent significance of race on survival or disease-free survival from prostate cancer. Special attention was given to the major prospective randomized trials in which the initial workups, evaluations, and treatments were relatively uniform and in which the opportunity for confounding variables were small. Results: The appearance of a difference in outcome due to race is most likely a result of an epidemiologic phenomenon that arises when evaluating two different populations that have different distributions with regard to severity of disease. African Americans tend to present with higher prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and higher Gleason scores, and a larger percentage are likely to belong to the groups with the higher risk of failure, creating the impression that failure is due to race. Conclusions: On examination of the prospective randomized trials in the literature, “race-based” explanations for differences in survival should be viewed with a moderate degree of skepticism. So-called “epigenetic” factors may explain the higher incidence of prostate cancer noted in numerous studies.
Multi-particle amplitudes at zero energy and momentum in scalar theory

Abstract The behavior of multi-point Green functions at zero energy and momentum carried by all external particles is studied in the limit of large number of particles in a scalar theory with and without spontaneous breaking of a discrete symmetry. It is found that in the theory without the symmetry breaking the exact asymptotic behavior coincides with that given by the tree graphs, so that the loop corrections are not essential. In contrast, in the case of spontaneously broken symmetry the number of essential loops grows proportionally to the number of external particles.
Latex agglutination tests for rapid identification of group A streptococci directly from throat swabs.

A comparison of the accuracy and practicality of two new latex agglutinational tests for the rapid identification of group A β-hemolytic streptococci directly from throat swabs was performed in a busy pediatric office. The Directigen Group A Strep Test kit had a sensitivity of 84%, specificity 99%, positive predictive value 99%, and negative predictive value 93% when compared with blood agar cultures. The Culturette Brand 10-Minute Group A Streep ID Kit had a sensitivity of 83%, a specificity 99%, positive predictive value 97%, and negative predictive value 93% when compared with blood agar cultures. When cultures with less than 10 colonics of group A β-hemolytic streptococci per plate were not considered positive, both rapid tests had a sensitivity of 95%. The Culturette Brand test required considerably less time, equipment, supplies, and skill than the Direction test. Only the Culturette Brand test appeared to be practical for routine use in a pediatrician's office. Further investigations of the accuracy of both of these rapid tests need to be performed before either is accepted as a substitute for the throat culture.
Microbial shifts in the swine distal gut in response to the treatment with antimicrobial growth promoter, tylosin

Antimicrobials have been used extensively as growth promoters (AGPs) in agricultural animal production. However, the specific mechanism of action for AGPs has not yet been determined. The work presented here was to determine and characterize the microbiome of pigs receiving one AGP, tylosin, compared with untreated pigs. We hypothesized that AGPs exerted their growth promoting effect by altering gut microbial population composition. We determined the fecal microbiome of pigs receiving tylosin compared with untreated pigs using pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene libraries. The data showed microbial population shifts representing both microbial succession and changes in response to the use of tylosin. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of sequences showed that tylosin caused microbial population shifts in both abundant and less abundant species. Our results established a baseline upon which mechanisms of AGPs in regulation of health and growth of animals can be investigated. Furthermore, the data will aid in the identification of alternative strategies to improve animal health and consequently production.
Design and Performance of an LPCVD Reactor for the Growth of 3C-Silicon Carbide

This paper discusses the design of a low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) reactor and growth of β silicon carbide (3C-SiC) thin films on Si. The reactor's hot-zone configuration radiatively couples the graphite heater (no physical contact) to Si substrates with realized temperatures > 1500°C. We implemented a four-stage growth procedure using silane and propane precursors and hydrogen as the carrier gas. Temperatures, pressures, and flows varied from 850 to 1325°C, from 300 to 700 mTorr, and from 170 to 870 sccm during growth, respectively. Growth of 3C-SiC was confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) with the observation of a (200) peak located at 41.4°. Activation energies of 21.5 and 2.15 kcal mol -1 were calculated for the kinetically and mass-transport-limited regimes for polycrystalline 3C-SiC growth. The polycrystalline 3C-SiC films with fewest defects and smallest XRD full width at half-maximum were deposited at 300 mTorr with a growth rate of 1.07 μm/h using flow rates of 5 sccm C 3 H 8 , 5 sccm SiH 4 , and 850 sccm of H 2 (conc. 1.16%). The composition of the films measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that the films are slightly carbon rich (Si:C = 1 : 1 .2) with oxygen as the main source of contamination. Voids were observed at the film-substrate interface for samples grown at high precursor concentrations.
Disulfide Bond Formation in Prokaryotes: History, Diversity and Design

The formation of structural disulfide bonds is essential for the function and stability of a great number of proteins, particularly those that are secreted. There exists a variety of dedicated cellular catalysts and pathways from archaea to humans that ensure the formation of native disulfide bonds. In this review we describe the initial discoveries of these pathways and report progress in recent years in our understanding of the diversity of these pathways in prokaryotes, including those newly discovered in some archaea. We will also discuss the various successful efforts to achieve laboratory-based evolution and design of synthetic disulfide bond formation machineries in the bacterium Escherichia coli. These latter studies have also led to new more general insights into the redox environment of the cytoplasm and bacterial cell envelope. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Thiol-Based Redox Processes.
Renal therapy using tissue-engineered constructs and gene delivery

Currently available renal replacement therapies are not optimal for most patients. In addition to the inherent shortage of transplant organs, significant complications are associated with renal transplantation and immunosuppressive therapy. Dialysis neglects the resorptive, homeostatic, metabolic, and endocrinologic functions of the kidney and only partially replaces its filtration properties, resulting in morbidity and mortality. Application of tissue-engineering techniques may improve many aspects of renal function replacement. Identification of the growth factors capable of directing tissue development and of the technique to be used for their delivery would aid in the engineering of human tissue. The combination of tissue-engineering strategies with gene therapy might allow the transfection of diseased tissues with designated cDNA to eliminate inherent or acquired defects. Devices that have been targeted at replacing a single aspect of renal function, in addition to three-dimensional renal units that are capable of excreting urine-like solutes, have been used experimentally. Combination of these strategies may allow the formation of tissue-engineered kidneys in the future.
SUITABILITY OF SELECTIVE MEDIA FOR RECOVERY OF HEAT‐STRESSED ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7

Tryptone soya agar (TSA) and three selective media, BCM1M O157:H7(+) agar (BCM), modified eosin methylene blue agar (MEMB), and sorbitol MacConkey agar (SMAC) were evaluated for recovery of two strains of E. coli O157:H7 (salami and cider isolates) heated at 56, 58, and 60C for up to 60 min in tryptone soya broth (TSB). TSA and MEMB were equally effective at recovery of heat-stressed (56, 58, and 60C) E. coli O 157:H7 and superior to SMAC and BCM (P 0.05). When heated at 56 and 58C, recovery of E. coli O157:H7 on MEMB and TSA was not significantly different (P > 0.05); recovery was poorer on SMAC, followed by BCM (P 0.05). There was no significant difference in recovery of E. coli O157:H7 on BCM and SMAC when strains were heated at 60C (P > 0.05).
THE PATHOGENESIS OF RHEUMATIC FEVER.

It is evident that there are two distinct types of response on the part of the body to the infectious agent of rheumatic fever; viz ., proliferative and exudative. The perivascular proliferative type of lesion, resembling an infectious granuloma, explains the subacute and chronic character of the clinical symptoms in many patients with this disease. Marked exudation of serum into the periarticular tissues and of serum and cells into the joint cavities are concomitants of the acute arthritis occurring with high fever and general intoxication; these acute exudations disappear following the administration of certain drugs. But their disappearance does not mean necessarily that all lesions of the proliferative type have resolved. In fact, we know that these last mentioned lesions, when present in the subcutaneous tissues, often continue for months; and from analogy we may conclude that they have a similar persistent character in other tissues of the body invaded by the causative agent of rheumatic fever.
New compact wideband bandpass filter using three parallel-coupled lines

A new miniature bandpass filter, comprising three-conductor short-circuited spurline resonators of approximately a quarter-wavelength long, with a very wide bandwidth approaching multioctaves, is reported for the first time. The chain matrix of the filter resonator is derived. The new filter has been developed using microstrip line with less than 1 dB insertion loss over a passband from 2 to 8 GHz. Reasonably good agreement between the measured and calculated results is observed.
Risks and benefits of the treatment of heart failure. Current status.

Congestive heart failure is an increasingly common patient problem. It is a multisystem disease that involves not only the heart but also the kidneys and neurohormonal systems. Any treatment for heart failure should address depressed contractility and exercise intolerance, as well as control compensatory mechanisms. There are many different approaches to the treatment of congestive heart failure: among the drugs used are diuretics, digitalis compounds, nitrates, calcium channel blockers, β-blockers, β-agonists, vasodilators, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and the new phosphodiesterase inhibitors. The therapy usually involves a multiple drug treatment plan to achieve the maximum effect for the patient with the lowest incidence of side effects. Heart failure involves a large spectrum of patients with left ventricular dysfunction, and success at achieving treatment goals with these patients will vary with the severity of that symptom. A major concern is that increasing contractility may further damage the myocardium and shorten the survival of these patients, although there is as yet no evidence of such shortening. The new phosphodiesterase inhibitor drugs are an exciting development in the treatment of heart failure, because they add a dimension to the treatment for patients who are not sufficiently improved by a regimen of digoxin, diuretics and ACE inhibitors. Any new heart failure medication should be able to improve rest and exercise haemodynamics, maintain its benefits when given orally and result in an improved exercise capacity and quality of life, and prolonged survival.
Scenarios in anthropology: reflections on possible futures of the Suriname Maroons

Abstract Traditional concern with social change requires anthropologists to analyze linkages between past, present, and possible future events. Anthropological methods can contribute to speculation about the future because they incorporate what most extrapolations and forecasts lack: (1) uncertainty and surprise, (2) people’s own mental models of the future, and (3) a detailed understanding of specific cultures and the diversity within these cultures. The author argues that Scenario Planning is a useful method that allows ethnographic data to be used for thinking about the future. Scenarios are stories about possible, alternative futures that incorporate human diversity and uncertainty. How Scenario Planning works as an analytical and policy tool is explained and then demonstrated with the example of forest peoples in Suriname, called Maroons. Qualitative data from anthropological fieldwork is used to reveal Maroon perspectives on the future; identify driving forces that might influence their future; and speculate about the different directions these forces may go. Two scenarios are presented and their implications discussed. The article concludes with reflections on the advantages and disadvantages of Scenario Planning as a method in anthropology, and on the contribution that anthropology can make to development policy that envisions and plans for alternative, surprising futures.
Characterization of blood flow, oxygenation and metabolism under hypercapnia in swine

We employed diffuse reflectance and correlation spectroscopies to monitor the response of cerebral oxygenation and blood flow to hypercapnia in swine, and compared the oxygen consumption optically estimated to direct MRI measurements.
MAC layer misbehavior effectiveness and collective aggressive reaction approach

Current wireless MAC protocols are designed to provide an equal share of throughput to all nodes in the network. However, the presence of misbehaving nodes (selfish nodes which deviate from standard protocol behavior in order to get higher bandwidth) poses severe threats to the fairness aspects of MAC protocols. In this paper, we investigate various types of MAC layer misbehaviors, and evaluate their effectiveness in terms of their impact on important performance aspects including throughput, and fairness to other users. We observe that the effects of misbehavior are prominent only when the network traffic is sufficiently large and the extent of misbehavior is reasonably aggressive. In addition, we find that performance gains achieved using misbehavior exhibit diminishing returns with respect to its aggressiveness, for all types of misbehaviors considered. We identify crucial common characteristics among such misbehaviors, and employ our learning to design an effective measure to react towards such misbehaviors. Employing two of the most effective misbehaviors, we study the effect of collective aggressiveness of non-selfish nodes as a possible strategy to react towards selfish misbehavior. Particularly, we demonstrate that a collective aggressive reaction approach is able to ensure fairness in the network, however at the expense of overall network throughput degradation.
Arthroscopic Management of Elbow Fractures and Dislocations

Arthroscopic techniques continue to evolve over time. An area of increasing interest involves the management of acute fractures and ligamentous injuries of the elbow. The complicated soft tissue and complex joint arrangement of the elbow make it an intriguing joint for acute arthroscopic management. We present techniques for the management of radial head fractures, coronoid fractures, and lateral ligament injuries.
Solution measurement of DNA curvature in papillomavirus E2 binding sites

'Indirect readout' refers to the proposal that proteins can recognize the intrinsic three-dimensional shape or flexibility of a DNA binding sequence apart from direct protein contact with DNA base pairs. The differing affinities of human papillomavirus (HPV) E2 proteins for different E2 binding sites have been proposed to reflect indirect readout. DNA bending has been observed in X-ray structures of E2 protein-DNA complexes. X-ray structures of three different E2 DNA binding sites revealed differences in intrinsic curvature. DNA sites with intrinsic curvature in the direction of protein-induced bending were bound more tightly by E2 proteins, supporting the indirect readout model. We now report solution measurements of intrinsic DNA curvature for three E2 binding sites using a sensitive electrophoretic phasing assay. Measured E2 site curvature agrees well the predictions of a dinucleotide model and supports an indirect readout hypothesis for DNA recognition by HPV E2.
Cervical spine injury is highly dependent on the mechanism of injury following blunt and penetrating assault

between the two centers. The rates for having CSF were significantly different (p < 0.05) for the various mechanisms. GSW (1.35%) was the highest followed by BA (0.41%) and then SW (0.12%). The rates of CSCI for GSW (0.94%) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than BA (0.14%) and SW (0.11%). For GSW patients, all patients with CSF or CSCI had a point of entry between the ears and the nipple. For SW patients, the wound was directly in the neck below the mandible and above the trapezius muscle. Although many of the SW patients also suffered blunt assault, none of the CSF or CSCI injuries were from blunt forces. In addition, all patients, both blunt and penetrating who had CSCI had neurologic deficit at the time of presentation. Surgical stabilization or tongs were applied in 15.5% (26 of 168)
Abstract PL04-01: Developing therapies for Ras driven cancers.

The Ras pathway is one of the most commonly deregulated pathways in cancer. However Ras-driven tumors are often refractory to conventional therapies and a clinically effective targeted therapy has not yet been developed. Moreover, in some cancers KRAS mutations are used to exclude patients from being treated with specific targeted agents. As such, developing an effective targeted therapy for Ras-driven tumors is an important endeavor. We have been focusing on developing therapies for distinct Ras-driven cancers: Nf1-mutant cancers (nervous system malignancies and melanoma) as well KRas/p53-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We have been using PI3K/mTOR inhibitors as a platform to develop novel combination therapies and have identified several new combinations, a subset of which are being evaluated in the clinic. We have also been deconstructing the mechanism by which these agents cooperate, which is providing insight into developing useful biomarkers and additional drug combinations. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):PL04-01. Citation Format: Karen Cichowski. Developing therapies for Ras driven cancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PL04-01.
A new confidence interval for the difference between two binomial proportions of paired data

Abstract Motivated by a study on comparing sensitivities and specificities of two diagnostic tests in a paired design when the sample size is small, we first derived an Edgeworth expansion for the studentized difference between two binomial proportions of paired data. The Edgeworth expansion can help us understand why the usual Wald interval for the difference has poor coverage performance in the small sample size. Based on the Edgeworth expansion, we then derived a transformation based confidence interval for the difference. The new interval removes the skewness in the Edgeworth expansion; the new interval is easy to compute, and its coverage probability converges to the nominal level at a rate of O(n−1/2). Numerical results indicate that the new interval has the average coverage probability that is very close to the nominal level on average even for sample sizes as small as 10. Numerical results also indicate this new interval has better average coverage accuracy than the best existing intervals in finite sample sizes.
Child pornography and the Internet

Avec l'expansion d'Internet, la pornographie en general, et celle mettant en cause des enfants en particulier, a augmente. Les lois americaines se sont, dans la plupart des Etats, adaptees a ce phenomene et prohibent toute emission ou possession de ce type de materiel. Cette etude se penche sur la connaissance qu'ont les citoyens americains des implications legales de la diffusion, du chargement ou de la possession de materiel pornographique impliquant des mineurs, fut-il realise en images de syntheses
The Customary Law Applicable to Internationally Shared Groundwater

In 2008, the United Nations' International Law Commission (ILC) completed work on its Draft Articles on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers (ILC 2008). The United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution later that year “taking note” of the articles and “encouraging” member states to consider the articles in making arrangements for their transboundary aquifers. Four years earlier, the International Law Association completed its own codification of this same body of law. This article explores the nature of customary international law, its application to internationally shared groundwater and the relative merits of these two codifications of the customary international law of groundwater.
Modeling the influence of water waves upon remote sensing imagery: the underwater radiance distribution and shape factors

This paper describes the results of modeling the water wave surface and underwater light field as influenced by water waves using a Monte Carlo model (MCHSIM). Model and sensor data related to water column properties and benthic properties that influence the light upwelled from below the water - as observed from a sensor looking from below or above the water surface is presented. Synthetic image results using Monte Carlo techniques show the influence of water waves upon subsurface shape factors and these factors can be used in shallow water remote sensing algorithms that are based on underlying analytical models. The upwelling angular distribution of light is calculated from the model and results shown for 490 nm. The upwelling and downwelling shape factors are shown from model runs which compare the results with solar zenith angle for nadir viewing geometry, and for realistic water surface wave facets. It is clearly shown that shape factors are strongly dependent upon not only viewing geometry and zenith angle of the sun, but also upon water waves that can focus and defocus radiance entering a wind roughened water column and influence the shape factors due to the scattering lobe effect. This paper presents results quantifying the magnitude of water effects upon the upwelling and downwelling shape factors in a systematic and quantifiable manner at 490 nm and demonstrates the utility of the model to assess the influence of water waves in a full 3-D Monte Carlo hyperspectral synthetic image cube model that accounts for adjacency effects.
Purification of the GABA/benzodiazepine/barbiturate receptor complex

Abstract The post synaptic receptor for the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a complex protein containing a chloride channel and modulatory sites for two classes of drugs, the benzodiazepines (BZ) and convulsants/barbiturates. Barbiturates which enhance GABA-activated chloride permeability at the tissue and cellular level also are able to enhance benzodiazepine and GABA receptor binding at the molecular level. Convulsant/barbiturate sites can be assayed directly with [ 35 S]t-butyl bicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS). This activity was solubilized with the detergent CHAPS and shown to co-migrate with BZ and GABA receptor binding activity during protein fractionation as a single protein complex, which could be purified intact by over 1000-fold on benzodiazepine affinity columns.
Explaining the Choice of Organic Produce: Cosmetic Defects, Prices, and Consumer Preferences

The choice between organic and conventional produce was estimated empirically using a two-equation probit model. Data were collected in-store on cosmetic defects, produce prices, and consumers' demographic and economic traits. Store choice displayed a significant impact on the probability of purchasing organic produce. Shoppers at the specialty grocer were sensitive to price differences between organic and conventional items. Households with children under eighteen were more likely to purchase organic produce while shoppers with graduate or professional degrees were less likely to do so. Differences in cosmetic defects had statistically significant albeit small effects on the probability of purchasing organics.
Multiple health behavior clusters among female college students.

Abstract Objective To examine prevalence of multiple unhealthful behaviors and detect clusters of unhealthful behaviors among college women. Methods Women ages 18–22 enrolled full-time at an urban university located in the Northeastern United States were invited to complete an online survey, which assessed maintenance behaviors: fruits/vegetables, physical activity, cervical screening and at-risk behaviors: frequent drinking, smoking, and non-use of protective measures during sexual intercourse. Of 4774 invited, complete data is available for 1463 participants (1463/4774 = 30.6%). Results Nearly 65% had two or more unhealthful behaviors. Three distinct clusters were defined: cluster one included women who were lower in health maintenance and higher in at-risk behaviors; cluster two included women who were lower in health maintenance and lower in at-risk behaviors; and cluster three included women who were higher in health maintenance and intermediate in at-risk behaviors. Conclusion These clustering patterns suggest health programs directed at college students address multiple behaviors simultaneously. Practice implications Programs targeting multiple behaviors should consider activities for those seen within and outside of the context of health services.
Latest developments in the prevention of crime and anti‐social behaviour: an American perspective

Purpose – This paper seeks to discuss advances in the prevention of crime and anti‐social behaviours that have occurred in the USA in the last decade.Design/methodology/approach – The paper outlines significant achievements in the identification of risk and protective factors related to anti‐social behaviours, the design and evaluation of preventive interventions and strategies intended to increase the successful and widespread implementation of these practices. The Evidence2Success model is described as an example of how scientific advances can be utilised by communities to improve youth outcomes at little added cost to taxpayers.Findings – In a very short time span, much progress has been made in prevention sciences. Spurred in part by federal initiatives and funding opportunities, increasing numbers of preventive interventions have been developed and demonstrated as effective, and methods for disseminating these practices show promise.Originality/value – These successes can be utilised by other countri...
On an h-type mesh-refinement strategy based on minimization of interpolation errors☆

Abstract An adaptive finite element method is proposed which involves an automatic mesh refinement in areas of the mesh where local errors are determined to exceed a pre-assigned limit. The estimation of local errors is based on interpolation error bounds and extraction formulas for highly accurate estimates of second derivatives. Applications to several two-dimensional model problems are discussed. The results indicate that the method can be very effective for both regular problems and problems with strong singularities.
USJ engineering impacts on FinFETs and RDF investigation using full 3D process/device simulation

The impacts of FinFET channel and extension S/D region implantations on relevant device parameters such as electrostatic control and Vth mismatch (MM) are investigated. We used 3D TCAD process and device simulations to gain physical understanding and to optimize the performance/variability of bulk-FinFETs. For the first time, the full FinFET process flow simulation was performed using diffusion, activation and segregation models identical to those used in planar nodes. In this work a wide range of implantation and anneal splits is used to demonstrate the 3D simulation accuracy. After achieving good agreement with experiments in terms of Vth and Ion/Ioff, considering lateral dopant diffusion and activation, the simulation was used to investigate SRAM random doping fluctuation RDF.
ATP Splitting and Calcium Binding by Brain Microsomes Measured with a Rapid Perfusion Method

Rat brain microsomes, immobilized on a filter, were perfused with ATP-containing solutions in a device which made possible rapid change of perfusion media and frequent sampling of effluent. Inorganic phosphate production could be measured 10 times per sec. When ATP, sodium, or potassium was absent from the first perfusion medium and present in a second, and introduced without interrupting flow, phosphate output rose within a few tenths of a second. Inhibition by ouabain began within 0.3 sec but did not become maximal for at least 10 sec. Rapid binding of ouabain was minimal or absent, as was rapid release of ouabain on introducing potassium abruptly. Although the preparation bound some calcium reversibly, no measurable uptake of calcium occurred coincident with activation by ATP or by potassium, and no measurable release of calcium occurred coincident with the onset of ouabain inhibition. However, activation by sodium was consistently associated with simultaneous release (within < 1 sec) of calcium, averaging 46 pmole per mg of protein. Calcium release in response to sodium also occurred in the absence of ATP or in the presence of ouabain. At 0°C sodium produced neither activation nor calcium release. The results are consistent with the possibility that sodium and calcium are competitively bound, even in the absence of ATP, to an active site on the enzyme distinct from the sites of potassium activation or glycoside inhibition.
Noninvasive Visualization of Pharmacokinetics, Biodistribution and Tumor Targeting of Poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] in Mice Using Contrast Enhanced MRI

To study a non-invasive method of using contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize the real-time pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and tumor accumulation of paramagnetically labeled poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] (PHPMA) copolymer conjugates with different molecular weights and spacers in tumor-bearing mice. Paramagnetically labeled HPMA copolymer conjugates were synthesized by free radical copolymerization of HPMA with monomers containing a chelating ligand, followed by complexation with Gd(OAc)3. A stable paramagnetic chelate, Gd-DO3A, was conjugated to the copolymers via a degradable spacer GlyPheLeuGly and a non-degradable spacer GlyGly, respectively. The conjugates with molecular weights of 28, 60 and 121 kDa and narrow molecular weight distributions were prepared by fractionation with size exclusion chromatography. The conjugates were injected into athymic nude mice bearing MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma xenografts via a tail vein. MR images were acquired before and at various time points after the injection with a 3D FLASH sequence and a 2D spin-echo sequence at 3T. Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and tumor accumulation of the conjugates were visualized based on the contrast enhancement in the blood, major organs and tumor tissue at various time points. The size effect of the conjugates was analyzed among the conjugates. Contrast enhanced MRI resulted in a real-time, three-dimensional visualization of blood circulation, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and tumor accumulation of the conjugates, and the size effect on these pharmaceutical properties. HPMA copolymer conjugates with high molecular weight had a prolonged blood circulation time and high passive tumor targeting efficiency. Non-biodegradable HPMA copolymers with molecular weights higher than the threshold of renal filtration demonstrated higher efficiency for tumor drug delivery than biodegradable poly(L-glutamic acid). Contrast enhanced MRI is an effective method for non-invasive visualization of in vivo properties of the paramagnetically labeled polymer conjugates in preclinical studies.
Graphene based transistors: physics, status and future perspectives

Graphene is a single-atom thick layer of graphite, which is one of the well known allotropes of carbon. While Graphene is a 2-D material, it can be either rolled-up to form carbon nanotubes (CNT) or simply patterned to form graphene nano-ribbons (GNR), which essentially display 1-D transport characteristics. Due to their outstanding electrical properties, CNTs and GNRs are considered as a possible replacement for Silicon. This talk will start with a brief overview of the physics of these carbon nanomaterials, discuss various device structures--their relative advantages and drawbacks and their fabrication related challenges. It will then discuss various design challenges arising due to the chirality problem (presence of metallic CNTs in CNFETs), ambipolar conduction in both CNFET and GNRFET, edge scattering in GNRFETs, channel quantization/screening effect in CNFETs, and source/drain extension and other parasitics that play a central role in restricting the performance of these transistors well below their theoretically predicted limits. This talk will conclude with a brief discussion of the scaling implications and comparison with conventional CMOS to provide a possible roadmap into the future.
Electron-beam quality in free-electron lasers

Abstract The equilibrium electron-beam radius in a free-electron laser is determined by the emittance and focussing properties of the wiggler. The spot size of the radiation beam is determined by the optical guiding effects of the interaction. We have obtained a simple relationship connecting the beam emittance and the wavelength, with wiggler strength and current as parameters. Making use of the dispersion relation to define a scaled parallel thermal velocity, we then proceed to determine the limits on the velocity spreads to achieve a desired lasing wavelength.
Crystallization of lithium aluminosilicate gels

Abstract In lithium aluminosilicate gels, the crystalline phases and the temperatures at which they appear depend on the preparation method used. Samples were prepared by adding anhydrous tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) to a solution of methanol, water and the nitrates of lithium and aluminium. The amount of methanol in the solution was varied to create miscible and immiscible compositions. With high levels of methanol, the solutions appeared homogeneous throughout gelling. With little methanol, the solutions initially were cloudy but cleared before gelling. Samples were dried thoroughly before gel textures were probed with gas sorptions techniques. When dried gels were heated, they crystallized. In low alcohol gels, lithium disilicate and quartz appeared at around 700°C. In high alcohol gels quartz appeared only at around 650°C. The higher crystallization temperatures were found in finer textured gels. It appears that the low alcohol gel with its finer texture does not crystallize as readily as high alcohol gels because the lithium is distributed more uniformly.
Specific Counterion Effects on the Competitive Co-adsorption of Polyelectrolytes and Ionic Surfactants

Abstract Counterions affect not only the bulk and interfacial self-assembly of ionic surfactants but also their competitive adsorption with similarly charged polyelectrolytes. Here, we explore the specific effects of bromide, chloride, and the bulky, somewhat hydrophobic tosylate counterion on the adsorption of hexadecyltrimethylammonium surfactants (CTA+), the adsorption of polylysine (PL), and the co-adsorption of CTA+ and PL on negatively charged silica surfaces. Similar to bulk self-assembly, increasing the micellar binding affinity of the counterion from chloride to bromide to tosylate promoted interfacial self-assembly in the absence of polylysine. During co-adsorption, the presence of the polylysine decreased the adsorbed amount of CTA+ in all cases. Polylysine was more effective at hindering CTA+ adsorption when the surfactant concentration was below the critical micelle concentration. Although these systems were strongly influenced by persistent nonequilibrium states, it was possible to demonstrate that polylysine was able to prevent CTA+ admicelle formation below the cmc only when the thermodynamic driving forces for adsorption of the polymer and the surfactant were comparable. Solution compositions where that condition was met depended on the identity of the counterion. Below the bulk cmc, CTAT adsorption displayed the greatest degree of cooperativity, and it also was the most susceptible to hindered adsorption by polylysine.
An ab initio study of relationships between bond lengths and the harmonic and anharmonic cross-coupling constants involving the double bonds in hetero-atom substituted conjugated dienes

Abstract The lengths of the terminal double bonds and the central CC single bond, and the cross-coupling constant involving the double bonds, calculated ab initio using the unscaled 4-31G basis set, are reported for 15 planar conformers of conjugated dienes containing the OCC′C″ grouping, 9 planar conformers containing the OCC′N grouping, and 6 planar conformers containing the OCC′O′grouping. The larger values for the CC bond length tend to be associated with the smaller values for the double-bond lengths, and vice versa. A linear relationship holds fairly well between rcc and the sum of the double-bond lengths. The sign of the cross-coupling constant is the same for each type of conjugated diene, negative for foc.c′c″ and foc.c′N′ but positive for foc.c′o′. The values of foc.c′c″ and f oc.c′N are larger the smaller rcc′ in accord with a linear relationship. For all three types of diene the values for pairs of cis and trans conformers do not differ very much, the ratio fcis/ftrans being a little greater than 1 in ten cases and a little less than 1 in six cases. This lack of any marked difference between cis and trans conformers suggests that the coupling between the double bonds occurs in the main via the bonded framework of the molecule, and that “through-space” interactions, which would be a special feature of cis conformers, are of relatively little importance.