cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subspace-based delay estimation for CDMA communication systems

We consider a subspace-based approach to delay estimation for code division multiple access communication systems. By exploiting the eigenstructure of the received signal's sample correlation matrix, the observation space is partitioned into a signal subspace and a noise subspace without prior knowledge of the users' delays. The delay estimate is formed by maximizing the likelihood of the projection of a given user's spreading waveform into the estimated noise subspace, thus decomposing the multiuser delay estimation problem into a series of single user problems. This subspace-based approach requires no preamble for acquisition, is near-far resistant, and is robust to changing channel conditions. >
Ion-exchange equilibria of lysozyme, myoglobin and bovine serum albumin. Effective valence and exchanger capacity.

Abstract A series of ion-exchange equilibrium experiments were completed and analyzed by a mass action model. The isotherms at various counter-ion concentration The Z values estimated (and confirmed with an independent slope method) range from 0.8 to 3.6 indicating that most of the ionized sites on the prot Scatchard pots of the equilibrium data indicate that there is competition between at least two different binding forms of each protein studied. For the
Pluripotential Stem Cells from Vertebrate Embryos: Present Perspective and Future Challenges

Many have contributed to the various developments that brought recognition of the enormous potential of cells of early embryonic origin for genetic modification of organisms, regenerative medicine, and investigation of facets of development that are difficult to explore in vivo. However, historically, this field is firmly rooted in the pioneering work of Roy Stevens and Barry Pierce on mouse teratomas and teratocarcinomas, tumors that continued well after these workers had embarked on their studies to be regarded with disdain by many mainstream pathologists and oncologists (see Pierce, 1975 ).
Parallel Simulation on a Hypercube Parallel Processor

We have developed a general method for analyzing a certain class of continuous system simulation programs and for producing automatically a parallel version of the original serial program. The resulting parallel program runs on a local memory, message passing architecture parallel processor such as a hypercube. Our results indicate that significant speed-ups are possible even when message-passing overhead is taken into account.
Line Asymmetries in Late-Type Dwarf Photospheres

We have begun a program to observe photospheric line asymmetries in late-type dwarfs. Analysis of spectral line profiles of 61 Cyg A suggests that the combination of line blends and the line asymmetry may give rise to false magnetic field detection. The effects of rotational velocity and excitation potential on line asymmetry are shown for several stars.
Capricorn–A Web-Based Automatic Case Log and Volume Analytics for Diagnostic Radiology Residents

Rationale and Objectives On-service clinical learning is a mainstay of radiology education. However, an accurate and timely case log is difficult to keep, especially in the absence of software tools tailored to resident education. Furthermore, volume-related feedback from the residency program sometimes occurs months after a rotation ends, limiting the opportunity for meaningful intervention. Materials and Methods We surveyed the residents of a single academic institution to evaluate the current state of and the existing need for tracking interpretation volume. Using the results of the survey, we created an open-source automated case log software. Finally, we evaluated the effect of the software tool on the residency in a 1-month, postimplementation survey. Results Before implementation of the system, 89% of respondents stated that volume is an important component of training, but 71% stated that volume data was inconvenient to obtain. Although the residency program provides semiannual reviews, 90% preferred reviewing interpretation volumes at least once monthly. After implementation, 95% of the respondents stated that the software is convenient to access, 75% found it useful, and 88% stated they would use the software at least once a month. The included analytics module, which benchmarks the user using historical aggregate average volumes, is the most often used feature of the software. Server log demonstrates that, on average, residents use the system approximately twice a week. Conclusions An automated case log software system may fulfill a previously unmet need in diagnostic radiology training, making accurate and timely review of volume-related performance analytics a convenient process.
Empire and Domestic Economy.

Empire and Domestic Economy. Terence N. D'Altroy. Christine A. Hastorf. and associates. New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, 2001. 375 pp.
Academic Library Websites Show Heavy Use of Web 2.0 Applications

A Review of: Boateng, F., & Liu, Y. Q. (2014). Web 2.0 applications’ usage and trends in top US academic libraries. Library Hi Tech, 32(1), 120-138. doi:10.1108/LHT-07-2013-0093 Abstract Objective – To explore Web 2.0 application use in academic libraries through determining: Web 2.0 applications used, the purpose of using these applications, and how the use of Web 2.0 is changing. Design – Exploratory survey of academic library websites using content analysis of websites, blogs, and social networking service platforms. Setting – Websites of academic libraries in the United States, blog platforms, and social networking services. Subjects – 100 academic libraries. Methods – The researchers based their selection of academic library websites on the US News & World Report’s 2013 list of the top 100 best colleges in the United States. The authors created a checklist to determine which Web 2.0 technologies were used by the academic libraries on their websites and for what purposes. The researchers searched for Web 2.0 applications on the main page and one subpage down from the main page. The researchers also used keyword searches on the library’s website to find Web 2.0 applications and searched blog platforms and social networking sites. Main Results – The authors found that Facebook and Twitter were the most popular Web 2.0 applications and that all of the libraries analyzed used social networking services. Blogs were the second most popular Web 2.0 tool at 99% participation rate, followed closely by RSS (97%) and instant messaging (91%). Libraries used these Web 2.0 tools for information sharing including: outreach, promotion, providing online reference services, subject guides, tutorials, highlighting resources, and posting announcements. Conclusion – The academic libraries analyzed in this study use Web 2.0 applications to a much greater extent than previous research had shown. The researchers expect to see increased use of Web 2.0 applications by academic libraries in the coming years. They suggest that future research focus on Web 2.0 use by historically black colleges in the United States and on collaboration between academic libraries and other academic units when offering Web 2.0 services.
The global reproductive health market: U.S. media framings and public discourses about transnational surrogacy

During the first decade of the 21st century a new "dramatic story" about the growing global surrogacy industry brought renewed attention to surrogacy as a social problem and a health policy issue. This paper asks: What cultural assumptions about gender, family and the global reproductive health market are revealed in current U.S. media coverage of and public discourses about surrogacy? From a qualitative analysis of prominent news accounts of surrogacy that were published in 2008, New York Times articles and blogs published on the topic between 2006 and 2010, and over 1000 online reader comments to these articles, I identify key frames used to discursively construct and debate the international surrogacy market. This study reveals the distinct contrast between the occasions when reproductive labor is rhetorically distanced from commodification processes and when it is linked to those processes. The findings contribute to intersectional analyses of assisted reproductive practices and women's health/bodies/gametes. In particular, this study's analysis of recent media framings of and public discourses about surrogacy across the globe serves as another illustration that national/classed/racialized bodies continue to be reproductively stratified via differently gendered discourses about women, motherhood and family.
Intrahippocampal injections of phencyclidine but not naloxone disrupt acquisition of a spatial continuous recognition memory task.

Rats with 36 nM or 54 nM of phencyclidine (PCP), 36 nM of naloxone or saline injected into the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus were tested for acquisition of a spatial continuous recognition memory task. Results indicate that relative to controls and rats with 36 nM of PCP or 36 nM of naloxone injections, rats with 54 nM of PCP injections were impaired in acquisition of the task across all lags as measured by increases in latency for repeated items. Since it is assumed that successful learning of this continuous recognition memory task depends upon processes associated with consolidation of new learning into long term memory, it appears that high doses of PCP, but not naloxone are sufficient to impair this process.
Development of twelve microsatellite loci in the red tree corals Primnoa resedaeformis and Primnoa pacifica

A suite of tetra-, penta-, and hexa-nucleotide microsatellite loci were developed from Roche 454 pyrosequencing data for the cold-water octocorals Primnoa resedaeformis and P. pacifica. Twelve of 98 primer sets tested consistently amplified in 30 P. resedaeformis samples from Baltimore Canyon (western North Atlantic Ocean) and in 24 P. pacifica samples (Shutter Ridge, eastern Gulf of Alaska). The loci displayed moderate levels of allelic diversity (average 7.5 alleles/locus) and heterozygosity (average 47 %). Levels of genetic diversity were sufficient to produce unique multi-locus genotypes and to distinguish species. These common species are long-lived (hundreds of years) and provide essential fish habitat (P. pacifica), yet populations are provided little protection from human activities. These loci will be used to determine regional patterns of population connectivity to inform effective marine spatial planning and ecosystem-based fisheries management.
Evaluation of a statewide program to reduce chronic disease: The Healthy Hawaii Initiative, 2000–2004

Abstract Physical inactivity and poor nutrition are major contributors to premature morbidity and mortality in the United States. Multilevel interventions using a social ecological approach may be necessary to change population behaviors contributing to the rise of obesity. The Healthy Hawaii Initiative is a statewide program funded by tobacco settlement funds designed to reduce these risk factors. Started in 2000, this program implements interventions in school and communities and through public and professional education to improve physical activity and nutrition. Evaluation of these programs includes long-term objectives focusing on health outcomes, intermediate objectives focusing on health behaviors and short-term objectives focusing on stage of change, attitude, subjective norms, self-efficacy and perceived environment. Results show positive trends in adults for increased fruits and vegetable consumption and a reduction in no leisure time physical activity. Improvements in health behavior among youth have not yet been demonstrated. Some changes in short-term objectives have occurred especially for fruit and vegetable consumption. In conclusion, the Healthy Hawaii Initiative appears to be having some impact in short-term indicators and some effects of fruit and vegetable consumption. More years of data collection are necessary before true trends can be detected to assess the overall impact of this initiative.
Using Frankencerts for Automated Adversarial Testing of Certificate Validation in SSL/TLS Implementations

Modern network security rests on the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols. Distributed systems, mobile and desktop applications, embedded devices, and all of secure Web rely on SSL/TLS for protection against network attacks. This protection critically depends on whether SSL/TLS clients correctly validate X.509 certificates presented by servers during the SSL/TLS handshake protocol. We design, implement, and apply the first methodology for large-scale testing of certificate validation logic in SSL/TLS implementations. Our first ingredient is "frankencerts," synthetic certificates that are randomly mutated from parts of real certificates and thus include unusual combinations of extensions and constraints. Our second ingredient is differential testing: if one SSL/TLS implementation accepts a certificate while another rejects the same certificate, we use the discrepancy as an oracle for finding flaws in individual implementations. Differential testing with frankencerts uncovered 208 discrepancies between popular SSL/TLS implementations such as OpenSSL, NSS, CyaSSL, GnuTLS, PolarSSL, MatrixSSL, etc. Many of them are caused by serious security vulnerabilities. For example, any server with a valid X.509 version1 certificate can act as a rogue certificate authority and issue fake certificates for any domain, enabling man-in-the-middle attacks against MatrixSSL and GnuTLS. Several implementations also accept certificate authorities created by unauthorized issuers, as well as certificates not intended for server authentication. We also found serious vulnerabilities in how users are warned about certificate validation errors. When presented with an expired, self-signed certificate, NSS, Safari, and Chrome (on Linux) report that the certificate has expired - a low-risk, often ignored error - but not that the connection is insecure against a man-in-the-middle attack. These results demonstrate that automated adversarial testing with frankencerts is a powerful methodology for discovering security flaws in SSL/TLS implementations.
The key to locke's proviso 1

Etude du probleme exegetique de la condition de suffisance et de bien a laquelle Locke soumet sa conception de l'appropriation dans le «Second traite du gouvernement» (II.27). Examinant les differentes interpretations du texte proposees par les specialistes de Locke en termes de condition necessaire, condition suffisante (J. Waldron) et imperatif (D. Schmidtz), l'A. montre que les trois lectures apportent des elements interessants concernant la tragedie des biens communs, le risque de disette et le partage des fruits du travail, mais que la condition de Locke doit etre comprise en un sens plus modeste: reglant le paradoxe des restrictions de l'acquisition dans le contexte de la surabondance, Locke definit ici la regle fondamentale de la propriete
Pregabalin in neuropathic pain: a more "pharmaceutically elegant" gabapentin?

Objective: This article reviews the available information on pregabalin, a new anticonvulsant for peripheral neuropathic pain. Pregabalin was provisionally approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in December 2004 and was granted final approval after controlled substance scheduling (Schedule V) by the US Drug Enforcement Agency in August 2005. Methods: A MEDLINE search (1986-August 2005) was conducted to identify pertinent studies in the Englishlanguage. The search terms included pregabalin, PD144723, CI-1008, gabapentin, and neuropathic pain. Additional references were obtained from the bibliographies of identified articles. All studies that evaluated any aspect of pregabalin in vitro or in vivo in animals or humans were included, with a focus on data relevant to older adults. Results: In preclinical studies, pregabalin, a structural congener of gabapentin, exhibited antinociceptive activity in animal models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Unlike gabapentin, pregabalin was well absorbed (>90%), and its absorption was dose independent. Like gabapentin, pregabalin was predominantly excreted unchanged in the urine (⩾98%). Dosed at SO to 200 mg TID, pregabalin was superior to placebo in relieving pain and improving sleep and health-related quality of life in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia (P Conclusions: In the absence of active-controlled clinical trials and geriatric-specific efficacy/tolerability data, theplace of pregabalin in the analgesic armamentarium for the elderly is unclear. Because pregabalin is a Schedule V controlled substance, its utility is not compromised by substantial limitation of access or the need for extra steps in prescribing. However, abuse potential is a consideration, and utilization should be carefully monitored, particularly in patients with a past or current history of substance abuse. The improved pharmacokinetic profile of pregabalin relative to gabapentin is manifested in linear and dose-independent absorption and a narrow therapeutic dosing range. However, pregabalin still requires multiple administrations per day, and daily doses >150 mg/d require dose titration. The relatively high frequency of central nervous system adverse events, particularly dizziness and somnolence, is a concern in the elderly. Time and further experience should clarify the role of this agent.
Activity of neurons in the putamen associated with wrist movements in the monkey.

Abstract A study was made of 238 neurons in the putamen which exhibited phasic modulation in discharge rate during movements of the wrist against different torque loads. In 65 of these cells, the timing and magnitude of firing closely resembled electromyographic (EMG) activity in forearm agonist muscles at different torque loads. The latency of modulation in unit firing rate in 95% of these cells (n= 62) lagged the onset of EMG activity.
The determination of cardiac surgical risk using artificial neural networks.

Abstract Background. In the study presented here, an artificial neural network was used to “learn” the relationship between 11 risk factors and patient surgical outcome (survival or death). The network was then used to predict the surgical outcome of other patients. Methods. Eleven risk factors were presented as inputs to an artificial neural network (ANN). The ANN model was developed by training and testing on 1875 patients. The results of the ANN were compared with the results from two versions of the VA surgical risk model (Denver model). Cutoffs were determined for each model in order to compare their results. Results. The ANN model gave the best results when compared with the new and old Denver models. The ANN model had the lowest overall percentage of error. It predicted living patients with an error of 14% and death with an error of ∼31.0%. The old Denver model predicted living patients with an error of 15% and deaths with an error of 31%. The new Denver model predicts living patients with an error around 18% and the deaths with an error of 31%. Conclusions. The combined predictions of the ANN model were slightly more accurate than either the new or the old Denver models. The ANN model was created from 1875 patients in about 1 month, while both of the Denver models were developed over a 3 year time period and used more than 12,000 patients. Additionally, the ANN model is easily modified, allowing instant addition or deletion of parameters to suit the users needs.
Multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock calculations of transition energies in two electron ions with 10 ≤ Z ≤ 92

Abstract In this paper we report an improved calculation of 2p-2s and 2p-1s transition energies in two electron heavy ions, using the MCDF method to evaluate relativistic effects to a high precision. Our previous MCDF calculations have been extended to Z = 92, and nonrelativistic contributions are now included with a high precision. Comparison with available experimental data is done in detail, showing the need for more high precision experiments for Z ≥ 20.
Counterpart strategy, prior relations, and constituent pressure in a bargaining simulation

This article concerns decision making by bargaining in systems at the levels of groups, organizations, societies, and supranational systems. A 2 × 2 × 2 (conflictual or peaceful × strong or weak × cooperative-competitive or competitive-cooperative) factorial design was used to examine the effects of the prior relationship between the bargaining parties, constituent pressure on the bargaining representative, and the counterpart's strategy. The dependent variables were subject decisions in the bargaining simulation, attitudinal factors, and future intentions. Data were collected from 160 male subjects in a laboratory simulation of group interactions. The task consisted of assuming the role of a management bargaining representative and making ten bargaining decisions on various issues. Results indicated that a cooperative-competitive counterpart strategy gave a higher level of overall subject cooperation, but a more competitive final decision, a less favorable attitude toward the counterpart, and less willingness to retain the counterpart in future bargaining. Strong constituent pressure produced greater subject competitiveness, but a more negative attitude toward the constituent. Peaceful prior relations resulted in a more cooperative initial decision, but did not affect the overall level of cooperation. Interactive effects showed that subjects encountering a cooperative-competitive strategy and conflictual prior relations were more willing to participate in future bargaining when they received strong constituent pressure. Conversely, if a competitive-cooperative strategy and peaceful relations occurred, there was more willingness to participate in the future when weak constituent pressure existed.
PERFORMANCE FEEDBACK EFFECTS IN TRAINING: THE ROLE OF PERCEIVED CONTROLLABILITY

A field experiment with 86 employees tested whether performance feedback that attributes past performance to factors within trainees' control would result in heightened software efficacy, goal commitment, positive mood, and learning, compared to feedback that attributes past performance to factors outside trainees' control. In addition, we assessed whether the use of feedback would produce a Galatea effect, or gain in trainees' performance that is the result of a boost in their self-efficacy. The results show that trainees who received feedback that attributed their performance to factors within their control had higher software efficacy. Software efficacy was positively related to learning (both declarative knowledge and compilation). Contrary to our expectations, feedback did not influence goal commitment or positive mood. Further, a statistically significant Galatea effect was not obtained; however, feedback that attributes performance to factors outside trainees' control was related to a decrease in software efficacy.
Formulation and implementation of a practical algorithm for non-stationary adaptive state estimation

Background information on the Kalman filter is given first. A discussion of the filter parameters and their a priori determination follows. The discussion points out the need for adaptive determination of the process noise statistics. The filter innovations are presented as a means for developing the adaptive criteria. The criteria center around the estimation of the true mean and covariance of the filter innovations. A method for the numerical approximation of the mean and covariance of a locally stationary random process is presented. The definition of a local stationarity is presented. Local stationarity allows for the separation of the process statistics into a stationary component and a time-varying component. The separation method is discussed. A method for estimating the stationary and time-varying components is presented. As an example of its application to real problems, the algorithm is applied to the problem to the problem of reentry trajectory estimation for the Space Shuttle. Both the adaptive algorithm and the steady-state Kalman filter are applied to the problem. The results of the reconstructions are presented. The adaptive algorithm exhibits superior performance.
Pay-for-performance principles that promote patient-centered care: an ethics manifesto.

This position paper of the American College of Physicians focuses on potential pitfalls of pay-for-performance programs. Incentives for good performance on specific elements of a condition may lead...
The effect of methylchlanthrene, phenobarbital and aflatoxin on RNA polymerase of rat liver

Methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital administered in vivo stimulate the RNA polymerase activity of isolated rat liver nuclei. The stimulation is observed in the absence and presence of ammonium sulfate. DNA isolated from either methylcholanthrene or phenobarbital treated rats or control rats has the same template activity for RNA synthesis when measured with Micrococcus lysodeikticus RNA polymerase. Aflatoxin, a potent liver carcinogen and inhibitor of enzyme induction, markedly decreases RNA polymerase activity of rat liver nuclei. A 40–70% inhibition is observed within 15 min to 2 hr after aflatoxin is administered.
Hypersonic Turbulent Boundary Layer with Pressure Gradients and Cross Flow

J experimental and theoretical investigation of the hypersonic compressible turbulent bounary-layer undergoing both normal and longitudinal adverse pressure gradients and cross flow is presented. The investigation is confined to the plane of symmetry on a compression flare in order to simulate the conditions existing at the centerline on an inlet of a jet engine. The cross flow is induced by connecting two lateral curved plates symmetrically on the sides of the flare. The integral equations of the compressible turbulent boundary-layer, which include terms referring to the cross flow, are solved numerically. Content The experiments were performed in a Mach 6 blowdown axisymmetric wind-tunnel, with a stagnation temperature of 800°R, a stagnation pressure of 1900 psia, and a freestream Reynolds number of 4.4 x 10 7 per foot. The model consisted of a streamlined centerbody followed by a compression flare 6.3 in. in length. The maximum turning angle of the flare was 43°. The over-all axial length of the centerbody, from the nozzle throat to the test section, was 77.3 in. The compression flare was equipped with pressure taps to measure the longitudinal and the peripheral pressure distributions, and thermocouples were used to measure the heat-transfer rates at the wall. The static pressure, total pressure, and total temperature profiles in the direction normal to the compression flare were measured with traversing probes at nine locations along the flare. Subsequently, the compression flare was cut laterally to connect two lateral curved plates symmetrically placed on each side of the flare to create an expansion in the peripheral direction and establish a favorable cross flow (C.F.), in addition to the normal and longitudinal pressure gradients. Because of the large variation in the turning angle of the flare, the wall pressure increases from the freestream static pressure to a value approximately fifty times greater. The tests show no separation of the naturally established thick turbulent compressible boundary-layer along the centerbody. With the same initial conditions at the beginning of the compression flare, an inviscid method of characteristi cs solution shows that the compression waves coalesce into a shock outside the boundary-layer at the terminal part of the compression flare.
Predicting Success for International Teaching Assistants in a U.S. University

In this analysis of the performance of 233 international graduate assistants during a 2-year period, we attempted, via Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) and Graduate Record Exam (GRE) scores submitted at the time of application, to predict which of these students would eventually receive positive or negative recommendations to be assigned teaching duties. Students who received negative recommendations were found, on average, to have significantly lower TOEFL and GRE Verbal scores than those who received positive recommendations. The percentage of each recommendation group scoring at or above a series of TOEFL cutoff scores was established and used to calculate the ratio of risk (funding students who will receive a negative recommendation) to reward (funding students who will receive a positive recommendation). The relationship of recommendation type to subsequent grade point average (GPA) showed a significant difference in favor of the positive group during the first year of graduate study, but not thereafter. Implications are explored for decision making and the advising of other academic departments regarding the awarding of teaching assistantships to international students. The increasing number of nonnative-speaking international teaching assistants (ITAs) in U.S. universities has resulted in an unprecedented demand for training/preparation programs from ESL educators. Their advice actively sought by university vicechancellors and deans, their programs mandated by state legislatures, and their opinions reported in the national press (cf. contributions in Bailey, Pialorsi, & Zukowski/Faust, 1984, and Chism, 1987), the ESL professionals involved in such programs have found themselves in a political spotlight unusual for the field. One effect of this attention has been a tendency to talk of solutions
Generalized Convexity in Nonlinear Programming

Abstract Most of the results in nonlinear programming involving convex functions hold for a more general class of functions, called invex functions. It is shown in this paper that several types of generalized convex functions are special cases of invex functions.
A Pulse-Height Analyzer for Space Application

A number of investigations, suitable to be performed from space vehicles, make use of nuclear pulse spectrometry as an instrumentation method. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory program described here was designed to provide a pulse-height analyzer of sufficient precision and versatility as to be suitable for any of a number of such spaceborne investigations. The analyzer may be commanded inflight to perform pulse-height analysis, time analysis, or multiparameter analysis. Instruction storage, data storage, and data readout, including a data compression option, are provided internally.
METHOD FOR BIO-ASSAY OF HORMONES OF ADRENAL CORTEX WHICH INFLUENCE DEPOSITION OF GLYCOGEN IN THE LIVER

NOT ONLY does an extract of the adrenal cortex influence renal function and the distribution and excretion of electrolytes but, in addition, it has a marked effect on carbohydrate metabolism (1). No single method can be used to determine the potency of an extract of the adrenal cortex in regard to both renal function and carbohydrate metabolism. For bioassay of the influence on the kidney the determination of changes of the concentration of urea in the blood of the adrenalec tomised dog has been shown to be satisfactory (1, 2) but no procedure for the bioassay of the potency of an extract of the adrenal cortex in respect to carbohydrate metabolism has been widely accepted. Since such a method would be of great assistance, particularly for standardization of preparations used in clinical medicine, we have carried out an investigation directed toward this objective.
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow: Studies in the Fetal Lamb during Hypoxia, Hypercapnia, Addosis, and Hypotension

ABSTRACT: In order to determine the relative roles of O2 tension and content, CO2 tension, hydrogen ion concentration, arterial blood pressure, and cardiac output in the regulation of fetal cerebral blood flow (CBF), we used radioactively labeled microspheres to measure flow to 20 major brain regions in 24 chronically catheterized fetal lambs. We continually monitored fetal heart rate and blood pressure, and periodically measured arterial Po2, Pco2, pH, and hematocrit. In addition to CBF measurements during control periods, we measured CBF during: 1) hypoxia (O2 content 50 torr) induced by increasing the maternal inspired CO2, 3) acidosis and alkalosis (7.60 > pH > 6.60) induced by infusing lactic acid or bicarbonate into the fetus, and 4) hypotension (blood pressure 55 mm Hg) induced by rapidly phlebotomizing or transfusing the fetus. We used multiple regression analysis and analysis of covariance to examine the dependence of total cerebral blood flow on arterial O2 tension and content, CO2 tension, pH, blood pressure, and cardiac output. The results demonstrated that 1) fetal CBF increased linearly as oxygen tension or content decreased and a hierarchy of responsivity occurred (brainstem > subcortex and cortex), 2) fetal CBF increased as carbon dioxide tension increased with a different hierarchy of responsivity (brainstem > subcortex > cortex), and 3) autoregulation of fetal CBF over a wide range of blood pressure or cardiac output was maintained for both total CBF and the various brain regions examined.
Two-dimensional liquid chromatography-capillary zone electrophoresis-sheathless electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry: evaluation for peptide analysis and protein identification.

A peptide separation strategy that combines two-dimensional (2-D) liquid chromatography (LC)-capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/ MS) is described for the identification of proteins in complex mixtures. To test the effectiveness of this strategy, a serum sample was depleted of the high-abundance proteins by methanol precipitation, digested with trypsin to generate a complex peptide mixture, and separated into 96 fractions by reversed-phase (RP)-LC. Compared to ion-exchange LC separations, RPLC provides much higher resolution and peak capacity. Fractions were collected off-line from the RPLC separation, and subjected to short 20 min CZE separations. The separated zones were introduced to the mass spectrometer through a sheathless electrospray ionization interface that is integrated on the separation capillary. The ease of fabrication of the interface and its durability allowed for the analysis of all fractions on a single capillary in a relatively short analysis time. A stable electrospray was produced at nanoliter flowrates by augmenting analyte electrophoretic and electroosmotic mobilities with pressure-assisted flow. Unlike first-dimensional ion-exchange LC fractionation, where there is a large degree of overlap, the CZE-MS results show less than 15% overlap between neighboring RPLC fractions.
On the detection of a stochastic background of gravitational radiation by the Doppler tracking of spacecraft

Consideration is given to the possibility of detection of an isotropic background gravitational radiation of a stochastic nature by the method of Doppler tracking of spacecraft. Attention is given in the geometrical optics limit, to the general formula for the frequency shift of an electromagnetic signal in the gravitational radiation field, and it is shown to be gauge independent. The propagation of a free electromagnetic wave in a gravitational radiation field is examined with the conclusion that no resonance phenomena can be expected. Finally, the 'Doppler noise' due to a stochastic background is evaluated, and it is shown to depend on the total energy density of the background and a parameter that is a characteristic of the radiation spectrum and the detection system used.
Parameter estimation of induction motors using a spreadsheet program on a personal computer

Abstract Induction motors are used widely in process industries and for domestic applications owing to their simplicity, ruggedness, and low cost. The model parameters of these motors are required in system analysis, fault calculations, sizing of cables, circuit-breakers, voltage drop calculations, transient analysis, and power factor correction calculations. One of the major stumbling blocks is the general lack of design and application data. The design data are generally restricted and are not commonly available to all users. Furthermore, the parameter values are difficult to obtain by field tests. In this paper, a mathematical model is presented to estimate the equivalent circuit parameters from a manufacturer's catalog data. The data used in the estimation include full load speed, rated torque, starting torque, efficiency, and the power factor values at the rated load, 75% and 50% of the rated load. The equations are derived from well-known performance and equivalent circuit models, and solved using a spreadsheet program available for a personal computer. All four main NEMA designs may be taken into account. The estimated parameters include the equivalent circuit values and constant losses. There is good agreement between the estimated values and the limited data obtained from manufacturers. Finally, the usefulness and the limitations of this procedure are discussed.
A unified model of satellite optical transmission with correlated and heterogeneous pointing errors

For the optical inter-satellite communication system with by pointing errors in the azimuth and elevation axes, conventional models assumed either independence or homogeneous variances. This paper deals with the most general case and develops a unified model for correlation and heterogeneous variances. Regarding the instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio as a random variable, with two sets of transforms, we derive its probability distribution function. Then we show that the outage probability can be minimized, subject to a specified transmitter power, by appropriately adjusting some system parameters such as the transmitter gain.
The molecular genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome.

With recent advances in understanding of the organization, complexity, and function of the major histocompatibility complex and other genes involved in the immune response, a rational approach to interpreting associations of systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren's syndrome with these genes is now possible. For example, both systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren's syndrome appear to be heterogeneous syndromes comprised of different major histocompatibility complex-mediated (and perhaps T-cell receptor-and immunoglobulin genes-mediated) autoantibody responses. Moreover, HLA class II associations with systemic lupus erythematosus- and Sjogren's syndrome-linked autoantibody responses seem to be better explained by specific amino acid residues or epitopes on these class II heterodimers, residues or epitopes putatively involved in the binding and presentation of processed antigen to the T-cell receptor that can be shared by different class II alleles. These basic themes underlie this review of recent work in the immunogenetics of these autoimmune diseases.
The effects of experience on performance in Wason's selection task

The Wason selection task is a hypothetico-deductive reasoning problem employing the logical rule of implication. Recent studies have indicated that performance on this task may be related to subjects’ experience with the task content. Five versions of the task that differed in the manner in which they were related to the subjects’ experience with a familiar implication relationship were examined. The correct solution rate varied as a function of both the subjects’ extraexperimental and intraexperimental experience. A memory-cuing/reasoning-by-analogy explanation is proposed to account for the direct relationship between performance and the degree of similarity to subjects’ experience.
Effect of apple-orchard structure on interception of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) flies by odor-baited traps

Nous avons relâche des mâles a maturite de la Mouche de la pomme, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), en dedans et en dehors de blocs carres de pommiers, Malus domestica Borkh. (Rosaceae), afin de verifier l'effet de la structure de la pommeraie sur la capture des mouches dans des pieges rouges et spheriques a odeur synthethique. Les blocs etaient composes de gros arbres plantes a faible densite, d'arbres moyens plantes a densite moyenne et de petits arbres plantes a forte densite. Six vergers commerciaux ont servi a l'experience durant les etes de 1997 et 1998. Les mouches relâchees se deplacant vers les blocs etaient interceptees en grands nombres par des pieges places en peripherie, empechant ainsi la penetration des mouches a l'interieur des blocs proteges par les pieges. En 1997, la proportion de mouches interceptees a ete plus forte dans les pieges installes dans les blocs d'arbres petits et moyens que dans les blocs de gros arbres. En 1998, annee ou la mise a fruits a ete particulierement faible, les captures sont restees nombreuses, mais il n'y avait pas de differences dans les captures en peripherie entre les blocs de differentes tailles. De facon generale, nous concluons que la tendance des pomiculteurs du Massachusetts a remplacer les gros pommiers plantes a faible densite par des pommiers petits ou moyens plantes a densite forte ou moyenne n'affecte pas les programmes de lutte contre la Mouche de la pomme par controle du comportement. Et meme, cette procedure peut ameliorer l'efficacite de ces programmes par interception d'un plus grand nombre d'immigrants adultes.
Erosion in multiphase systems

Abstract Erosion behavior was analyzed for the case where the erosion impact events are small relative to the microstructural scale in multiphase systems. A mechanism-independent inverse rule of mixtures averaging law was derived for this situation. The linear rule of mixtures does not apply in this case. Erosion measurements on multiphase Al-Si alloys for a range of erodent particle sizes confirmed the validity of the inverse law. When the erosion impact events are comparable in size or larger than the scale of the microstructure, the inverse law should no longer be applicable, and the measurements showed systematic deviations that confirm this expectation. Certain complications and possible exceptions to the general inverse law are also discussed.
Justification in memory knowledge

The definition of memory knowledge that p put forward in this paper is nontraditional in that the justification for the belief that p which constitutes that knowledge is not located in any memory-impression or other present state of the subject. Rather it is the subject's actual past justification for p, or a proper part thereof, that justifies this present belief that p. It is argued (1) that the notion under definition is that of knowing straight from memory, (2) that an adequate definition here must take into account a difference, as to conflicting evidence one does not possess, between evidence one has forgotten and evidence one has never had, (3) that compared to Ginet's traditional definition (1975), the definition has several advantages, and (4) that the definition handles at least one type of situation where there can be memory knowledge that p without previous knowledge that p.
Piles in fully liquefied soils with lateral spread

Abstract The paper provides a new analysis procedure for the assessment of the lateral response of isolated piles/drilled shafts in saturated sands as liquefaction and lateral soil spread develop in response to dynamic loading such as that generated by the earthquake shaking. The presented method accounts for: (1) the development of full liquefaction in the free-field soil that could trigger the lateral spread of the overlying crust layer; (2) the driving force exerted by the crust layer based on the interaction between the pile and the upper non-liquefied soil (crust) layer; and (3) the variation of the excess pore water pressure (i.e. post-liquefaction soil strength) in the near-field soil with the progressive pile deflection under lateral soil spread driving force. A constitutive model for fully liquefied sands under monotonic loading and undrained conditions is developed in order to predict the zone of post-liquefaction zero-strength of liquefied sand before it rebounds with the increasing soil strain in the near-field. The analytical and empirical concepts employed in the Strain Wedge (SW) model allow the modeling of such a sophisticated phenomenon of lateral soil spread that could accompany or follow the occurrence of seismic events without using modifying parameters or shape corrections to account for soil liquefaction.
Improvement of NOx formation model for pulverized coal combustion by increasing oxidation rate of HCN

Abstract The NO x formation simulation during pulverized coal (PC) combustion has been studied for several decades. In these studies, the global reaction rate expressions for N intermediates (HCN and NH 3 ) proposed by De Soete were frequently used. Using De Soete’s expressions, the calculated reaction rates of HCN and NH 3 in the typical temperature range of 1750–2000 K for PC combustion show that HCN has obviously lower conversion rate to NO (or oxidation rate of HCN, HCN + O 2 → NO + ⋯) than that to N 2 (HCN + NO → N 2 + ⋯) as well as obviously lower conversion rate to NO than NH 3 does (NH 3 + O 2 → NO + ⋯). This is completely in contradiction with the well-recognized conclusions in the publications. Thus, in this study, the oxidation rate of HCN is recommended to be increased by about 13 times according to related literature data. The modified NO x model was integrated into coal combustion model to simulate the NO x concentration distribution for three coals (two sub-bituminous coals and one lignite) in a down-fired autothermal test furnace. The input kinetic data of coal devolatilization and char combustion for coal combustion model were all obtained from the experiments in a drop tube furnace, which ensured the good agreements of gas temperatures and compositions between prediction and measurement in the test furnace. According to the simulated results, it was nearly impossible to accurately reproduce the NO x concentration profile in pc furnace using the original De Soete’s HCN oxidation rate, since the NO x concentrations in the high-temperature flame zone were greatly underestimated. Nevertheless, a satisfactory agreement for the NO x concentration distributions between prediction and measurement could be obtained using the increased HCN oxidation rate, if proper char surface area ( S ) values were chosen. Via using different S values, it was found that the S leading to the best simulation results for three coals were all about 17.5 times higher than those measured by Hg porosimetry ( S Hg ), but they could not correlated well with that measured with low-temperature N 2 adsorption ( S BET ). This indicated that S Hg was a better surface basis for normalizing char reactivity with NO than S BET for different coals in the NO x simulation under the conditions of PC combustion.
Functional heterogeneity in a multipinnate muscle

Many mammalian muscles have a complex internal architecture. This type of structure could allow a single muscle to produce a variety of force vectors through selective regional contractions. This hypothesis was tested electromyographically in the multipinnate pig masseter by recording simultaneously from several intramuscular sites. It was found that the activity in different portions of the masseter varied systematically during the various phases of mastication. anatomical correlates of the differential activity included fasciculus orientation and length, sarcomere length in specific jaw positions, and histochemical fiber type. The usual assumptions made about muscles for biomechanical analysis, such as uniform contraction and constant line of action, are inappropriate for complex muscles such as the pig masseter.