cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic instability of suddenly heated cylindrical shells

Abstract The stability of the motion of thin elastic isotropic circular cylindrical shells subjected to suddenly developed temperatures is investigated. The excitation of particular unstable modes is identified from an evaluation of parameters in the equations of motion representing short term response. These are functions of the geometry of shell, the properties of material and temperature. The long term nonlinear analysis shows that the initially unstable circumferential flexural modes exchange energy with the circular mode in a cyclic manner. This response generally gives rise to displacements and stresses that are much larger than those associated with the basic linear motion of the shell.
Mass spectrometry of sterols. Electron ionization induced fragmentation of C-4-alkylated cholesterols.

Abstract The electron impact ionization of C-4-alkylated cholest-5-en-3β-hydroxysterols has been investigated. The mass spectra of the C-4-alkylated cholesterols contain a number of ions in the high mass region for which analogous ions are not found in the spectrum of cholesterol. Detailed studies of the composition and origin of these ions have been made by high resolution mass spectrometry and analysis of metastable ions. In addition, a large number of isotopically (deuterium and 18O) substituted C-4-alkylated analogues have been prepared to assist in the interpretation of the spectra. The combined results indicate the occurrence of a number of very complex and unusual electron ionization induced fragmentations. Most notable of the findings reported herein concerns the demonstration of the formation of an ion involving loss of the elements of ring A with an intramolecular shift of the oxygen and hydrogen atoms of the hydroxyl function to the charge-retaining species.
Intraamniotic Infection with Candida tropicalis in Preterm Labor

Colonization of the amniotic cavity with Candida tropicalis was diagnosed in a woman with preterm labor and intact membranes. Treatment with ketoconazole and amphotericin B failed to eradicate the microorganism from the amniotic cavity. Tocolysis was administered and was considered successful in prolonging the pregnancy for 11 days after the initiation of treatment. There was no clinical or microbiological evidence of neonatal infection. The infant survived and was discharged home 2 months after birth.
Effects of nutritional repletion on host and tumor response to chemotherapy

Host and tumor response to methotrexate (MTX) was studied in 122 tumor-bearing, malnourished rats during nutritional repletion. Sprague-Dawley rats with transplanted Walker-256 carcinosarcoma were fed a regular diet (RD) for five days followed by a protein-free diet (PFD) for ten days. On day 15, one group was orally repleted with a regular diet, while the other group continued on PFD. Methotrexate (20 mg/kg) therapy was begun in RD groups either on day 17 or day 21. Similarly, MTX (20 mg/kg) was begun in PFD groups either on day 17 or day 21. Untreated (no MTX) rats served as control animals and gained more body weight than MTX-treated rats. Tumor weight (TW) to carcass weight (CW) ratios were significantly less in both PFD and RD groups when MTX was given two days after dietary manipulation compared with results when MTX was given six days after dietary manipulation. Maximum tumor inhibition by MTX (least change in tumor diameter compared with control rats) was significantly greater when MTX was given to nutritionally repleted animals compared with results when MTX was given to animals continued on the protein-free diet. Dietary protein depletion inhibited tumor growth and tumor response to methotrexate. Nutritional repletion stimulated host and tumor growth. A short period of nutritional repletion (two days) prior to MTX chemotherapy resulted in improved host nutritional status and maximum tumor inhibition.
CD6 + T cell-depleted allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

For patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) undergoing blood or bone marrow transplantation (BMT), the use of autologous grafts has often been preferred to that of allogeneic stem cells because of a significantly lower incidence of non-relapse mortality. If complications associated with allo-BMT could be minimized without compromising efficacy, then it might become a preferred strategy for certain subsets of patients. In this report, we describe the toxicity and long-term efficacy of T cell-depleted allogeneic BMT using anti-CD6 monoclonal antibody and complement alone to reduce the risk of GVHD and its sequelae. Twenty-two patients, aged 18-60 years, with high (n = 10), intermediate (n = 9), or low (n = 3) grade NHL underwent HLA-identical allogeneic BMT from siblings. Patients had either relapsed after at least one remission or never achieved a full remission with chemotherapy. Twenty patients had a history of marrow involvement. Bone marrow was depleted of CD6+ T cells with T12 monoclonal antibody and complement as the sole form of GVHD prophylaxis. Stable hematopoietic engraftment occurred in all 22 patients. Four patients developed grade 2 and 1 patient grade 3 GVHD (23% grades 2-4 GVHD). Chronic GVHD has occurred in three patients. Treatment-related mortality was very low. Only one patient died while in remission. Thirteen patients are alive and free of disease with a median follow-up of 30 months. Estimated event-free and overall survivals are 54 and 59%, respectively. CD6 allogeneic marrow transplantation is associated with a low risk of transplant-related complications and may offer advantages for certain patients with recurrent NHL felt to be at high risk for relapse after autologous transplantation.
Barriers to background-limited performance for uncooled IR sensors

Substantial activity over the past few years has been devoted to improving the performance of uncooled IR detectors. These efforts have been rewarded by impressive progress in the reduction of pixel size, with sustained further improvements in NETD. Recent bolometer arrays are only a factor of two or three away from the temperature-fluctuation noise limit for current values of thermal isolation, and optimism remains high for further advances. However, essentially all bolometer-based thermal imaging sensors are currently limited by spatial noise, not by temporal noise. Whenever temporal noise is visible on the display of an uncooled IR imager, it is a good bet that spatial noise will be visible as well. Although fixed-pattern noise is an important part of spatial noise, it is not the only part. Spatially coherent temporal noise, 1/f noise, and drift all contribute to degrading sensor performance, and, like fixed-pattern noise, the degradation exceeds the expectation set by simple numerical comparison. These effects degrade imager performance more significantly than an equal variation from truly random temporal noise, because the eye integrates both temporally and spatially to suppress the latter. By including in our analysis a simple model of the eye-brain response we can determine the specifications necessary to suppress these effects so that true background-limited performance can be realized. This paper examines the sources of spatial noise, analyzes the effect on performance, and attempts to set expectations for performance limits. To limit the scope, the analysis is restricted to pulse-biased, current-mode bolometers.
Reflective baffle system with multiple bounces

Reflective baffles are proposed to reject off-axis light entering a telescope. Toroidal surfaces and adjacent cones are positioned so that off-axis rays make multiple reflections between these two surfaces. Meridional rays are reflected approximately parallel to the entering direction. Skew rays are reflected obliquely, but leave the telescope aperture. The range of incident angles for which these reflections are obtained is approximately 45°. A system is described that is designed specifically for the Space Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF). Because of its reflective properties, the proposed baffle system rejects about 90° of the heat load from the SIRTF sunshade that would be absorbed in systems of conventional black baffles.
Survey of Twisted Blading Development in Steam Turbines

The development of steam turbine blading with high tip to hub diameter ratios over the last 50 years has been traced with particular emphasis on the reasons for adopting twisted blading in low pressure turbines. The aerodynamic concepts of the more generally accepted design bases for twisted blading are discussed and comparisons made between the efficiencies of selected twisted designs and straight blading. Current methods in the development of transonic low pressure blading for large 3000 rev/min central power station units are also described and the paper concludes by comparing the theoretical and measured steam angles across the last stage of a one-third scale model of a 136-in tip diameter low pressure turbine.
Heat loss regulation: role of appendages and torso in the deer mouse and the white rabbit.

Thermal conductance was subdivided into the component conductances of the appendages and torso using a heat transfer analysis for the deer mouse,Peromyscus maniculatus, and the white rabbit,Oryctolagus cuniculus. Our analysis was based on laboratory measurements of skin temperature and respiratory gas exchange made between air temperatures of 8 and 34°C for the deer mouse, and from published data for the white rabbit. Two series conductances to heat transfer for each appendage and torso were evaluated: (1) internal (h in), for blood flow and tissue conduction to the skin surface, and (2) external (h ex), for heat loss from the skin surface to the environment. These two series conductances were represented in a single, total conductance (h tot). The limit toh tot was set byh ex and was reached by the torsoh tot of both animals. The increase in torsoh tot observed with air temperature for the mouse suggests that a pilomotor change in fur depth occurred. A control ofh tot below the limit set byh ex was achieved by theh in of each appendage. Elevation of mouse thermal conductance (C) resulted from increases in feet, tail, and torsoh tot. In contrast, the rabbit showed no change in torsoh tot between 5 and 30°C and earh tot exclusively increasedC over these air temperatures. We suggest that the hyperthermia reported for the rabbit at 35°C resulted fromC reaching the physical limit set by torso and nearh ex. Thus the ear alone adjusted rabbitC, whereas the feet, tail, and the torso contributed to the adjustment of mouseC.
Can Cost-Benefit Analysis Answer Criminal Justice Policy Questions, And If So, How?

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is commonly used in criminal justice research, but the results are rarely embraced with great confidence. The CBA method that is routinely applied in crime research is not a well-developed empirical method but rather an intuitive extension of economic theory appended onto an impact evaluation. Small errors resulting from common problems in evaluation, such as small sample sizes and selection effects, are magnified in the CBA framework. In particular, rare events with large costs or benefits can obscure all other program effects. Even with careful attention to these issues, CBA conducted in conjunction with an impact evaluation will, as a rule, omit critical information. Because public safety is at the core of crime control, it is critical that CBA captures the effects of crime-control policy at the community level. Moving the unit of analysis from individual to community level effects may resolve these problems.
Marked, biased, filter (MBF): use of digital X-radiography and mark-recapture to partition seed lots based on sampled individual seed quality attributes

We report results of preliminary evaluations of marked, biased, filter (MBF), a method for both estimating and improving the effectiveness of separating conifer seeds. MBF integrates elements of X-radiographic seed quality assessment and mark-recapture methods from wildlife population sampling. Given a sample drawn from a population, individual seeds with attributes targeted for separation are labelled with a mark which biases the subsequent removal probability of other, non-marked seeds in the lot during grading and processing, after returning the sample to the population. Bias in the marking filter, in the form of extra mass or density added to seeds, minimizes the likelihood that uncertainty due to sampling error in the prior estimate will result in empty seeds remaining in the population during processing. In two experiments, a ponderosa pine seed lot was partitioned into empty and filled fractions with an air column separator. Powder dye talc was used for marking in the first trial, with low bias (<1%) and a small sample size (n = 150) with dry (2% moisture content) and soaked (26% moisture content) seed lots. A second trial conducted with two coats of spray paint used for marking and a larger sample size (n = 400) resulted in removal of 100% of non-filled seeds in the population. A simulation was conducted to evaluate sample statistics upon which to base the value of threshold bias, τ, below which seeds in an X-rayed sample should be marked to achieve consistent separation. Estimating the marking threshold based on quantiles of filled seeds most consistently resulted in removal of the non-filled fraction. MBF is a useful method for statistically linking one or more individual seed quality attributes extracted from X-ray image analysis with population-level processing of seed lots.
Can We Predict Response and/or Resistance to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Patients with Rectal Cancer?

The current management of locally advanced rectal cancer consists of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by total mesorectal excision. Response to CRT varies significantly, and the ability to predict responsiveness, so that treatment modalities can be tailored to the tumor biology of the individual patient, remains a pressing goal. Although many studies have reported promising findings, no markers of response or resistance have been validated and widely incorporated into clinical use. However, many ongoing prospective clinical trials have the potential to dramatically change the standard of care for rectal cancer. This review summarizes the current understanding of predictors of response to CRT, ranging from patient-specific factors to radiologic modalities, with a special emphasis on the rapidly expanding field of molecular biomarkers derived from genomic data.
Let's Be Facebook Friends: Exploring Parental Facebook Friend Requests from a Communication Privacy Management (CPM) Perspective

Young adults may interact on Facebook in ways that makes them feel vulnerable about parental Facebook friend requests. This study utilizes Communication Privacy Management theory as a framework to investigate how young adult Facebook users respond to parental Facebook friend requests. Overall, 235 individuals completed an online survey. Results confirmed that users tend to accept parental Facebook friend requests from both parents and make few restrictive privacy rule adjustments when contemplating the requests. However, request decisions for mothers varied in conjunction with family privacy orientation, parent-child relationship quality, and parent-child trust, but not for fathers. These results suggest that young adults do not experience a privacy dilemma when contemplating parental connections on Facebook. Implications of the study are explored, including how power differentials inherent in the parent-child relationship may be impacting young adults' perceived ability to decline such requests. Future r...
Youth cohort size and suicide rates

Youth suicide rates by state in 1970 were positively associated with their proportion in the population but not in 1989. Changes in the youth suicide rate over the 20-yr. period were not associated positively with changes in their cohort size.
Azumaya algebras with involution

One of the highpoints of the theory of central simple algebras as developed in the 1920s and 1930s was the results of Albert concerning simple rings with involution. A part of his results was the characterization of those finite dimensional central simple algebras which admit an involution. This characterization was extended and clarified by Scharlau [8] and Tamagawa (unpublished). It is our intention here to generalize this result in the context of Azumaya algebras over commutative rings. We obtain conditions parallel to the classical ones as to when the equivalence class of an Azumaya algebra contains an algebra with involution. In the last section, we improve and clarify our result in three special cases; Azumaya algebras of rank 4, trivial Azumaya algebras, and Azumaya algebras over connected semilocal rings. Contained in the arguments of this paper is a new proof of the classical result.
Plasma triglycerides in genetically obese rats

Abstract Plasma triglycerides and cholesterol have been measured in rats with genetic obesity, lean littermates, and rats with obesity and hyperphagia secondary to ventromedial hypothalamic lesions. The genetically obese rats ate more than their lean littermates. Obese rats, whether genetic or hypothalamic, had comparably elevated levels of plasma triglyceride but in only the genetic obese rats was the cholesterol high. Fasting for seven days reduced the triglycerides to normal levels. When the food intake of genetic obese and hyperphagic rats was restricted to that of lean littermates (pair-feeding) the genetic obese rats had significantly higher levels of triglycerides than the other two groups. Feeding glycerol enhanced the triglyceride value comparably in the two groups. We conclude that the elevated plasma triglycerides in the genetically obese rats are related in part to the genetic basis for the obesity and not due simply to overeating.
National estimates of the rise in serial cohabitation

Abstract This paper provides new estimates of changing patterns of serial cohabitation, using data from the 1995 and 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Serial cohabitation is defined as having multiple premarital cohabiting relationships. Analyses indicate that rates of serial cohabitation increased by nearly 40 percent over the late 1990s and early 2000s, and rates were especially high among young adults and recent marriage cohorts. A large majority of women – 75 percent – nevertheless lived only with men they eventually married. Although rates of serial cohabitation are higher among never-married women than ever-married women, there is little indication that single women – even older single women – have embraced serial cohabitation as an alternative to marriage or even as an intensive kind of dating. The results show that serial cohabitation is heavily concentrated among disadvantaged populations (e.g., women who grew up in single parent families). Early sexual activity and teen childbearing are especially important “risk” factors for serial cohabitation in the never-married population. There is little evidence, however, that recent shifts in the sociodemographic risk profile of the US population have been responsible for observed increases in single-instance or serial cohabitation. Increases in serial cohabitation have been broadly experienced across population groups in America.
Potential use of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol for prevention of parturient paresis.

Twelve cows, at least third parity, were assigned randomly to either a control or treatment group. Treated cows received .4 mg of the vitamin D metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol intramusculary in 5 ml corn oil. Intramuscular injections were started 5 days before predicted calving with reinjections every 5 days until calving. Incidence of parturient paresis was 0 and 33% (2 of 6) in the treated and control groups. Response to treatment was rapid with elevated calcium in serum approximately 12 h postinjection. Treatment maintained or elevated calcium and phosphorus concentrations in serum during the critical period, 24 h pre- to 48 h postpartum, when milk fever is most likely to occur. There was, however, no significant difference between treatments at 72 h postpartum. Based on these observations 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol holds promise as a preventative of parturient paresis; however, further studies are needed on application and safety.
Polyamines, PI(4,5)P2, and actin polymerization.

Spermine (SPM) and spermidine (SPD) activate isolated phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinases (PI(4)P5K), enzymes that convert phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2). PI(4,5)P2 formation is known to be involved in cellular actin reorganization and motility, functions that are also influenced by polyamines. It has not been proven that endogenous polyamines can control inositol phospholipid metabolism. We evoked large decreases in SPD and putrescine (PUT) contents in HL60 cells, using the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), which resulted in decreases in PI(4,5)P2 content per cell and inositol phosphate formation to 76.9 ± 3.5% and 81.5 ± 4.0% of control, respectively. Accurately reversing DFMO-evoked decreases in SPD content by incubating cells with exogenous SPD for 20 min rescued these decreases. DFMO treatment and SPD rescues also changed the ratio of total cellular PI(4,5)P2 to PIP suggesting involvement of a SPD-sensitive PI(4)P5K. PUT and SPM were not involved in DFMO-evoked changes in cellular PI(4,5)P2 contents. In DFMO-treated HL60 cells, the percent of total actin content that was filamentous was decreased to 59.1 ± 5.8% of that measured in paired control HL60 cells, a finding that was rescued following reversal of DFMO-evoked decreases in SPD and PI(4,5)P2 contents. In slowly proliferating DMSO-differentiated HL60 cells, inositol phospholipid metabolism was uncoupled from SPD control. We conclude: in rapidly proliferating HL60 cells, but not in slowly proliferating differentiated HL60 cells, there are endogenous SPD-sensitive PI(4,5)P2 pools, probably formed via SPD-sensitive PI(4)P5K, that likely control actin polymerization. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 405–412, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of oral diltiazem in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia

Electrophysiologic studies were performed before and 2 hours after the oral administration of 270 mg of diltiazem in 3 divided doses at 8-hour intervals in 36 patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Before diltiazem, all 36 patients had induction of sustained SVT: 24 with atrioventricular (AV) reentrance incorporating an accessory pathway (Group 1) and 12 with AV nodal reentrance (Group 2). After diltiazem, 20 patients in Group 1 lost the ability to induce or sustain SVT because of increased anterograde normal pathway refractoriness in 19 patients and increased retrograde accessory pathway refractoriness in 1. Eight patients in Group 2 could no longer induce or sustain SVT because of increased anterograde slow pathway refractoriness in 2 patients and increased retrograde fast pathway refractoriness in 6. Diltiazem concentration in the blood, measured in 29 patients, was 156 +/- 75 ng/ml (mean +/- standard deviation). Fifteen patients, 2 with and 13 without induction of sustained SVT after diltiazem, were discharged on the same dosage of diltiazem and followed up 5 +/- 3 months. The former 2 patients had attacks of sustained SVT, whereas the latter 13 have been free of sustained SVT. In conclusion, oral diltiazem prevents induction and sustenance of paroxysmal SVT in most patients and may be used as an alternative agent for the prophylaxis of SVT.
Hypomethylation of DNA: A Possible Nongenotoxic Mechanism Underlying the Role of Cell Proliferation in Carcinogenesis

DNA methylation (i.e., the 5-methylcytosin content of DNA) plays a role in the regulation of gene activity. There is a persuasive body of evidence indicating that differential methylation of DNA (i.e., 5-methylcytosine versus cytosine) is a determinant of chromatin structure and that the methyl group provides a chemical signal that is recognized by trans-acting factors that regulate transcription. Hypomethylation (i.e., low levels of DNA 5-methylcytosine) of a gene is necessary but not sufficient for its expression, and, therefore, a hypomethylated gene can be considered to possess an increased potential for expression as compared to a hypermethylated gene. Cell proliferation is a fundamental component of carcinogenesis. It plays a key role in expanding clones of initiated cells and, in addition, cell replication may contribute to carcinogenesis by facilitating mutagenesis. This can occur either by causing the fixation of promutagenic DNA-damage before repair or as a consequence of a "normal" error occurring during DNA replication. During periods of cell proliferation the established pattern of DNA methylation is maintained by the action of a maintenance methylase following DNA replication. Changes in the methylation status of a gene provide a mechanism by which its potential for expression can be altered in an epigenetic heritable manner, and it is expected that modifications in DNA methylation would result from threshold-exhibiting events.
Another Proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

(1997). Another Proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 70, No. 3, pp. 216-217.
Measuring Level of Deviance: Considering the Distinct Influence of Goals and Tactics on News Treatment of Abortion Protests

Research shows a pattern wherein the more deviant a protest group is the more critically it is treated. Level of deviance is often measured using a combined assessment of group goals and tactics. However, the separate influence of goals and tactics on news coverage of protest groups has not been explored. This study content analyzed newspaper articles (N = 168) of abortion protests in four newspapers (New York Times, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, and Christian Science Monitor) from 1960 to 2006. Analyses revealed that group tactics—and not goals—emerged as the strongest predictor of how the group will be treated. Specifically, groups using more extreme methods were treated more critically with little influence of either legal position or public support. Implications of these findings for study of protest coverage and related measurement issues are discussed.
Vitamin D, parathyroid, and thymus gland influences on seasonal variations in renal electrolyte excretion.

Abstract Effects of the thymus gland and vitamin D and other calcium-regulating hormones on electrolyte balance were investigated. In studies conducted over 3 successive years male hooded rats excreted more chloride (Cl) and less inorganic phosphate (P) in April–August (summer) than in November–March (winter) when subjected to sham operation (SHAM) or to the surgical procedures described herein and exposed to natural sunlight in temperature- and humidity-controled rooms. Parathyroidectomy, combined with sham thymectomy (PX), thymectomy (PX-TMX), thyroidectomy-sham thymectomy (TPX), or throidectomy-thymectomy (TPX-TMX), significantly increased Cl excretion during both seasons. The same surgical procedures also reduced P excretion in the winter. However, PX and PX-TMX lowered the P values only slightly in summer, and the effects were reversed by thyroid ablation. Thymectomy (TMX), alone or in combination with PX or TPX, increased Cl excretion during the summer, but it did not affect the outputs of winter animals with intact thyroid or parathyroid glands. Vitamin D3 (400 IU) injected three times weekly for 3 weeks increased the Cl excretion of all surgical groups during the winter. In the summer, it increased the Cl excretion of SHAM only, and it diminished the Cl excretion of thyroidectomized rats. Significant increases in P excretion were found only in PX-winter and TMX-summer groups. A vitamin D-deficient diet during the summer resulted in a more than four-fold increase in P excretion in TMX and SHAM rats, and it significantly reduced Cl excretion. In those animals, 800 IU vitamin D three times weekly lowered P and increased Cl excretion but did not return the values to those of controls eating the stock diet. The findings suggest that endogenous calciferols and parathyroid hormone contribute to seasonal changes in Cl and P excretion and that the thymus and thyroid glands exert fine control.
Simultaneous Repair of Severe Pectus Excavatum and Aortic Valve Replacement Following Previous Open-Heart Surgery

A 60-year-old man with a severe degree of pectus excavatum and previous coronary artery surgery required aortic valve replacement. At operation the sternal wires were found to be densely adherent to the aortic wall. We describe the surgical technique, which was carried out uneventfully.
Bis(4'-dibutylaminostyryl)benzene: Spectroscopic Behavior upon Protonation or Methylation

We have investigated the UV/Vis absorption and emission of 1,4-bis(4'-dibutylaminostyryl)benzene (1) upon protonation with trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane and in acetonitrile. We find that 1 does not display significantly dynamic acidity in the excited state, that is, it is not a photoacid. Three protonation states of 1 were investigated, all of which, neutral, singly protonated, and bis-protonated, are fluorescent. As an isolable model for the mono-protonated species, a methylated derivative of 1 was prepared by reaction with methyl triflate. This species displays redshifted emission but similar absorption as the non-quaternized parent, 1. The strong observed emission of all three protonated states of 1 suggests that the kinetic photoacidity of 1 * is low or absent. We assume that the lifetime of the excited state is too short to allow solvent reorganization and therefore we cannot make a statement on the thermodynamic photoacidity of the protonated forms of 1.
A history of the AANS/CNS Section on Tumors Biennial Satellite Symposium

The Biennial Satellite Tumor Symposium is the flagship meeting of the AANS/CNS Section on Tumors. The year 2013 marked the 10th Tumor Section Biennial Satellite Tumor Symposium, a significant milestone warranting retrospection on the origin and development of the Satellite Tumor Symposium. This article provides a brief history of the Section on Tumors Biennial Satellite Tumor Symposium, including insights into the structure and evolution of the meeting, and recognizes some of the members of the AANS/CNS Section on Tumors who have contributed to Satellite meetings over the years.
PSORS1: Linking Genetics and Immunology

Previous studies have localized the psoriasis susceptibility 1 (PSORS1) locus to the proximal major histocompatibility complex class I region, but approximately a dozen genes in the candidate region have thus far been genetically inseparable. According to a team of researchers in the United States and Germany, the primary genetic association has now been worked out, implicating HLA-Cw6 "after all." The results integrate genetics and immunology, further reinforcing our emerging understanding of psoriasis.
The cusp as a source of magnetospheric particles

Abstract Observations made by a number of satellites have shown that plasma of solar wind/magnetosheath origin enters the high altitude polar cusp creating diamagnetic cavities of large dimensions. The Earth's dipole field can be excluded from this region in a turbulent manner with the magnitude of the field strength reaching close to 0 nT at times. In these regions of strongly varying magnetic fields, energetic particles are produced with intensities, which exceed those measured in the trapping regions of the magnetosphere for L>6 at a given magnetic moment. These particles can then flow back out of the cusp along field lines that form the magnetopause. A fraction of these particles enter the magnetosphere through the magnetopause on the dusk and dawn flanks. Due to existing gradients in the geomagnetic field, cusp accelerated ions can enter the magnetosphere along the dawn flank and electrons along the dusk flank. For those particles entering near the geomagnetic equatorial plane with pitch angles close to 90°, they will drift along contours of constant magnetic field strength reaching deep into the nightside inner magnetosphere. From observations made by the Polar, Cluster, and ISEE satellites it is shown that this cusp source appears to be capable of providing energetic ions and electrons to the magnetosphere, which form the source population of the subsequent radial diffusion and formation of the radiation belts.
Legitimacy, Identity and Climate Change: moving from international to world society?

Abstract Resource scarcity and climate change could provoke major inter-state and intra-state violence and humanitarian emergencies, an especial threat to the global South. This article examines the dynamics that have followed the major violent crises of the past few centuries to determine whether climate-change-induced conflict might paradoxically generate norms of non-violence and collective identification, and in turn lead to a more co-operative culture of anarchy. Especially since 1945 we have witnessed the development of a ‘security community’ in the North Atlantic—that is, a group of states that not only resolve conflict without resort to violence but also consider war among their members unthinkable. Such communities might develop in other regions in two stages. First, state internalisation of liberal norms of democracy and human rights may enhance the role of intergovernmental organisations in mitigating climate-change-induced conflict. Second, collective identification among states and individual...
Dissipation measurements of vacuum-operated single-crystal silicon microresonators

The quality factors of vacuum-operated single-crystal silicon microresonators have been measured, to identify their important sources of mechanical loss when medium-related loss is absent. The microresonators are torsional structures consisting of beams of width ≈ 0.7 μm, fabricated by reactive-ion etching from a single-crystal silicon substrate. For torsional microresonators having Q-factors around 50 000, doping-impurity and support-related losses do not seem to be significant. Rather, it appears that losses originating from beam surfaces, which are dry-etched, are important. This etched-surface loss can be halved by thermal oxidation, resulting in microresonators with Q-values consistently in the range 80 000–100 000. A model for this surface-related loss is presented.
Molecular properties of sodium and calcium channels

Voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels are responsible for inward movement of sodium and calcium during electrical signals in cell membranes. Their principal subunits are members of a gene family and can function as voltage-gated ion channels by themselves. They are expressed in association with one or more auxiliary subunits which increase functional expression and modify the functional properties of the principal subunits. Structural elements which are required for voltage-dependent activation, selective ion conductance, and inactivation have been identified, and their mechanisms of action are being explored through mutagenesis, expression in heterologous cells, and functional analysis. These experiments reveal that these two channels are built on a common structural theme with variations appropriate for functional specialization of each channel type.
Comparison of the effects of wave-particle interactions and the kinetic suprathermal electron population on the acceleration of the solar wind

Kinetic effects due to wave-particle interactions and suprathermal electrons have been suggested in the literature as possible solar wind acceleration mechanisms. Ion cyclotron resonant heating, in particular, has been associated with some qualitative features observed in the solar wind. In terms of solar wind acceleration, however, it is interesting to compare the kinetic effects of suprathermal electrons with those due to the wave-particle interactions. The combined effects of the two acceleration mechanisms on the fast solar wind have been studied by Tam and Chang (1999a,b). In this study. we investigate the role of the suprathermal electron population in the acceleration of the solar wind. Our model follows the global kinetic evolution of the fast solar wind under the influence of ion cyclotron resonant heating, while taking into account Coulomb collisions, and the ambipolar electric field that is consistent with the particle distributions themselves. The kinetic effects due to the suprathermal electrons, which we define to be the tail of the electron distributions, can be included in the model as an option. By comparing the results with and without the inclusion of the suprathermal electron effects, we determine the relative importance of suprathermal electrons and wave-particle interactions in driving the solar wind. We find that although suprathermal electrons enhance the ambipolar electric potential in the solar wind considerably, their overall influence as an acceleration mechanism is relatively insignificant in a wave-driven solar wind.
An Experimental Investigation of Decision Making in a Simulated Research and Development Environment

Information processing and choice behavior of research and development R&D managers and MBA students were investigated through play of a simple R&D decision game under conditions of technical uncertainty. The experimental design permitted a detailed micro-analysis of the players' behavior. The research data were collected in concert with the game's use as a training vehicle, which also permitted exploration of improved methods for effectively educating practitioners in these concepts and the assessment of the potential imposition of decision theory on managerial decision making. The rules deduced describing information processing and decision processes have important implications for training in decision theory. Significant differences in game behavior were found between R&D managers and students. The significant degree of irrational and suboptimal behavior exhibited, the R&D managers' willingness to accept the norms of decision theory as a basis of rational thought, and their general interest in the topic of decision making underscore the importance of educating managers in the concepts of decision theory.
Rb-like spectra: Pd x to Nd xxiv

Spectra of selected elements from Pd to Nd were observed with the TEXT tokamak at the University of Texas in Austin. Lines of the Rb i isoelectronic sequence were identified and wavelengths compared with calculated values obtained with the Cowan relativistic Hartree–Fock code. We made plots of observed minus calculated (O – C) transition energies in order to obtain smoothed wavelengths and interpolate values for elements not observed.
Cytology of small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder

To characterize the cytologic spectrum of small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, a review of 42 urinary cytology specimens from 13 patients with histologically proven tumors was conducted. Patients' ages ranged from 45 to 81 yr (mean 68.9). In four tumors, small cell carcinoma was the sole malignant cellular component; all 11 urinary specimens in these patients harbored cells with features of an undifferentiated small cell carcinoma. In the remaining nine tumors, small cell carcinoma appeared with transitional, squamous cell or adenocarcinoma, but in four, small cell carcinoma was the sole invasive component. Almost one third of urinary specimens in this group lacked a small cell component. Neuroendocrine differentiation was confirmed by immunopathology in eleven cases (neuron specific enolase positive in 11 of 12, synaptophysin in 2/11, chromogranin in 2/13, Leu 7 in 2/7), and by ultrastructural analysis in two. Small cell carcinoma is a cytologically recognizable variant of bladder cancer, but admixture with other malignant components may mask its appearance in urinary specimens. Diagn Cytopathol 1996;14:292–297. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Metal stopping reagents facilitate discontinuous activity assays of the de novo purine biosynthesis enzyme PurE

The conversion of 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR) to 4-carboxy-AIR (CAIR) represents an unusual divergence in purine biosynthesis: microbes and nonmetazoan eukaryotes use class I PurEs while animals use class II PurEs. Class I PurEs are therefore a potential antimicrobial target; however, no enzyme activity assay is suitable for high throughput screening (HTS). Here we report a simple chemical quench that fixes the PurE substrate/product ratio for 24h, as assessed by the Bratton-Marshall assay (BMA) for diazotizable amines. The ZnSO4 stopping reagent is proposed to chelate CAIR, enabling delayed analysis of this acid-labile product by BMA or other HTS methods.
Field emission from carbon films deposited on steel substrate

Abstract Carbon tool steel, SK5 in Japanese Industrial Standard, was used as a substrate for the deposition of carbon film, and the soot-like films showed good field emission properties. Depositions were carried out by heating the substrates at 800, 900 and 1000 °C in a hot-filament reactor under H2–10%CH4 at 30 Torr. Threshold fields were 3, 2.5 and 2.5 V/μm for the samples grown at 800, 900 and 1000 °C, respectively. Minimum emission currents and emission site densities were obtained for films grown at 900 °C. Maximum emission current, 4 mA at 5 V/μm, was obtained for the sample grown at 800 °C. Film morphology also changed with substrate temperature. Nanoclusters were observed in the samples grown at 800 and 900 °C. However, grown at 1000 °C, nanoclusters disappeared, and only ball-like structures over 5-μm diameter were seen. Carbon nanotube and/or fiber structure did not observe for the 800 °C sample. Nanoclusters are considered to improve the electron emission properties of the carbon films.
Morse Theory and Evasiveness

is a non-contractible subcomplex of a simplex S then M is evasive. In this paper we make this result quantitative, and show that the more non-contractible M is, the more evasive M is. Recall that M is evasive if for every decision tree algorithm A there is a face of S that requires that one examines all vertices of S (in the order determined by A) before one is able to determine whether or not lies in M. We call such faces evaders of A. M is nonevasive if and only if there is a decision tree algorithm A with no evaders. A main result of this paper is that for any decision tree algorithm A, there is a CW complex M', homotopy equivalent to M, such that the number of cells in M' is precisely where the constant is +1 if the emptyset is not an evader of A, and -1 otherwise. In particular, this implies that if there is a decision tree algorithm with no evaders, then M is homotopy equivalent to a point. This is the theorem in [12]. In fact, in [12] it was shown that if M is non-collapsible then M is evasive, and we also present a quantitative version of this more precise statement. The proofs use the discrete Morse theory developed in [6].
Multilevel governance and organizational performance: Investigating the political‐bureaucratic labyrinth

Research on governance has extensively explored the complex interactions of governmental, nongovernmental, and for-profit entities in the execution of public policy. It has consistently failed, however, to model empirically the joint effects of political and bureaucratic actors in governance systems. To address this issue, a theory of multilevel governance built upon the foundation of representative bureaucracy was developed and tested. Results from an analysis of Texas school districts suggest that Latinos at all levels of the governance system, political and managerial, influence representation at other levels. Findings also indicate that Latinos at each level of governance have positive effects, directly and indirectly, on outcomes for Latino students. The influence of both political and managerial actors at times extends beyond the immediately adjoining level; the effects of such actors cascade through the governance system. The results show that a priority for systematic research should be the identification of approaches and settings for examining the multilevel aspect of governance.
An actively mode-locked fiber laser for sampling in a wide-bandwidth opto-electronic analog-to-digital converter

We have designed, built and tested an actively mode-locked fiber laser, operating at 1550 nm, for use as the sampling waveform in an opto-electronic analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Analysis shows that, in order to digitize a 10-GHz signal to 10 bits of resolution, the sampling pulsewidth must be less than 2.44 ps, the RMS timing jitter must be below 31.0 fs, and the RMS amplitude jitter must be below 0.195%. Fiber lasers have proven to have the capability to narrowly exceed these operating requirements. The fiber laser is a "sigma" laser consisting of Er-doped gain medium, dispersion-compensating fiber, nonlinear fiber, a Faraday rotation mirror, polarization-maintaining fiber and components, and diode pump lasers. The active mode-locking is achieved by a Mach-Zehnder interferometer modulator, driven by a frequency synthesizer operating at the desired sampling rate. A piezo-electric element is used in a feedback control loop to stabilize the output PRF against environmental changes. Measurements of the laser output revealed the maximum nominal PRF to be 16 GHz, the nominal pulsewidth to be 7.2 ps, and the nominal RNS timing jitter to be 386 fs. Incorporating this laser into a sampling ADC would allow us to sample a 805-MHz bandwidth signal to a resolution of 10 bits as limited by timing jitter. Techniques to reduce the timing-jitter bottleneck are discussed.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Algebraic cycles and realification of complex projective varieties

We investigate some properties of underlying real algebraic structure on complex projective varieties.
Automated anesthesia records and anesthetic incidents

A case report is presented in which the cause of an anesthetic mishap would have remained a mystery had it not been for an automated anesthesia record.
Through-silicon-via technology for 3D integration

Major efforts are currently underway throughout the IC industry to develop the capability to integrate device chips by stacking them vertically and using through-silicon vias (TSVs). The resulting interconnect density, bandwidth, and compactness achievable by TSV technology exceed what is currently possible by other packaging approaches. Market-driven applications of TSV involving memory include multi-chip high-performance DRAM, integration of memory and logic functions for enhanced video on handheld devices, and stacked NAND flash for solid-state drives. High-volume commercial implementation of 3D TSV is imminent but faced by special challenges of design, fabrication, bonding, test, reliability, know-good die, standards, logistics, and overall cost. The main focus of this paper is the unit-process and process-integration technology required for TSV fabrication at the wafer level: deep silicon etching, dielectric via isolation, metallization, metal fill, and chemical-mechanical polishing.