cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Osteoclast Differentiation Requires Ascorbic Acid

Osteoclast differentiation assays are usually conducted in alpha minimal essential medium (alpha-MEM). We reasoned that determining which components of this media are critical for osteoclast differentiation might provide insight into the mechanisms that regulate osteoclast differentiation. This study demonstrates that ascorbic acid is the crucial component of alpha-MEM that stimulates differentiation of murine osteoclasts in cocultures with murine mesenchymal support cells. Thus, supplementation with ascorbic acid allows osteoclast differentiation to occur in basal MEM media as well as in RPMI-1640 and basal media Eagle (BME) media. The conclusion that osteoclast differentiation is stimulated by ascorbic acid was obtained whether osteoclast differentiation was induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or parathyroid hormone, whether ST2 or CIMC-2 cells were used as mesenchymal support cells, and whether osteoclast precursors were obtained from spleen or bone marrow. Time course studies revealed that although ascorbic acid only modestly increases the rate at which osteoclast precursors begin to express tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, it strongly increases the rate at which precursors fuse into mature, multinucleated cells. Moreover, ascorbic acid strongly increases the life span of both osteoclasts and their precursors. The increases in precursor formation, fusion, and life span induced by ascorbic acid are together responsible for the stimulation of osteoclast differentiation by ascorbic acid. Given the known effects of ascorbic acid on differentiation of mesenchymal cells, it may stimulate osteoclast differentiation indirectly by regulating the differentiation state of the mesenchymal cells that support osteoclast differentiation.
Road crossing structures for amphibians and reptiles: Informing design through behavioral analysis

Abstract Road traffic causes significant amphibian and reptile mortality, which could be mitigated through the installation of road crossing structures that facilitate safe passage, but only if reptiles and amphibians are willing to use them. Through a series of behavioral choice experiments with frogs and turtles, we examined how aperture diameter, substrate type, length, and light permeability influenced individuals’ preferences for specific attributes of crossing structures, and how individuals responded to various heights of barrier fences. Snapping turtles ( Chelydra serpentina ), green frogs ( Rana clamitans ), and leopard frogs ( Rana pipiens ) preferred larger diameter tunnels (>0.5 m) whereas painted turtles ( Chrysemys picta ) preferred tunnels of intermediate (0.5–0.6 m) diameter. Green frogs preferred soil- and gravel-lined tunnels to concrete- and PVC-lined tunnels. Painted turtles showed non-random choice of different lengths of tunnel, possibly indicating some avoidance of the longest tunnel (9.1 m); although no species preferred to exit via the longest tunnels (9.1 m), members of all four species used such tunnels. Green frogs preferred tunnels with the greatest light permeability. Fences 0.6 m in height were effective barriers to green frogs, leopard frogs, and snapping turtles, whereas 0.3 m fences excluded painted turtles. We conclude that tunnels > 0.5 m in diameter lined with soil or gravel and accompanied by 0.6–0.9 m high guide fencing would best facilitate road crossing for these and likely other frog and turtle species.
Effect of the Passy-Muir Valve on aspiration in patients with tracheostomy.

Objective. To assess potential benefit of a Passy-Muir Speaking Valve (PMV) in decreasing aspiration in patients with a tracheostomy. Background. Many patients with tracheostomy exhibit clinically significant aspiration. It has been previously noted that aspiration can often be reduced or eliminated by plugging or removing the tracheostomy tube. Some patients, however, do not tolerate removal or plugging of their tracheostomy tube, which then leads to persistent aspiration. We postulated that a one-way speaking valve may restore more normal subglottic and glottic air flow and reduce aspiration. Methods. Alert patients with a tracheostomy and clinical evidence of aspiration were eligible for study. Eleven patients with tracheostomy and known aspiration were studied with a modified barium swallow. Radiographic examination was used to evaluate the presence and amount of aspiration while patients swallowed both with and without a PMV in place on their tracheostomy tube. Results. Aspiration was reduced (or eliminated) during swallowing in all 11 patients when they wore a PMV, when compared to swallowing with an open (unvalved) tube. This improvement was achieved with liquids, semisolids, and pureed consistencies. Conclusion. This study demonstrates that a Passy-Muir speaking valve facilitated swallow and reduced aspiration in patients with a tracheostomy and known aspiration. © 1995 Jons Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Morbidity from bone harvest in major jaw reconstruction: A randomized trial comparing the lateral anterior and posterior approaches to the llium

A randomized prospective study was done to compare bone harvest morbidity in the lateral anterior versus the lateral posterior approach to the ilium. One hundred consecutive patients, requiring at least 60 ml of bone for continuity defects of the mandible, were randomly placed in equal groups in these two categories. Assessment of morbidity vectors included pain, ambulation, seroma, and blood loss. Results, in part, identified the posterior ilium harvest to have decreased morbidity in all variables. The reduced morbidity encountered, and the greater quantity of available bone, are both related to the anatomic differences between the anterior and posterior ilium. Accepted disadvantages were increased operating time and the need to turn the patient.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of restriction endonuclease FokI bound to DNA

FokI is a type IIs restriction endonuclease which recognizes an asymmetric DNA sequence and cleaves DNA a short distance away from the sequence. The enzyme is bipartite in nature with its DNA recognition and cleavage functions located on distinct domains. We report here cocrystals of the complete FokI enzyme (579 amino acids) bound to a 20-bp DNA fragment containing its recognition sequence. The complex is amongst the largest protein-DNA complexes to be crystallized, and required macroseeding techniques for optimal crystal growth. The cocrystals diffract to at least 2.8 A in resolution and belong to space group P2(1) with unit cell dimensions of a=67.9 A, b=119.8 A, c=69.1 A, beta = 96.6 degrees. Using specific amino acid analysis we show that asymmetric unit contains a single FokI molecule bound to the 20-bp DNA fragment. This paper reports the first cocrystals of a type IIs restriction endonuclease.
Simplistic universal coding

A conceptually simple coding method may be described as follows. The source sequence is parsed into fixed-length blocks and a list of these blocks is placed in a dictionary. In the lossless case, the dictionary is transmitted and each successive block is encoded by giving its dictionary location. In the lossy case, the smallest collection of blocks such that every member of the dictionary is within distortion /spl delta/ of the collection is determined, this codebook is transmitted, and each successive block is encoded by giving the location of a member of the code within /spl delta/ of it. We show that by optimizing on the block length, this method is universal, that is, for any ergodic process it achieves entropy in the limit in the lossless case and the rate-distortion function R(/spl delta/) in the lossy case.
Correlation between ROUGE and Human Evaluation of Extractive Meeting Summaries

Automatic summarization evaluation is critical to the development of summarization systems. While ROUGE has been shown to correlate well with human evaluation for content match in text summarization, there are many characteristics in multiparty meeting domain, which may pose potential problems to ROUGE. In this paper, we carefully examine how well the ROUGE scores correlate with human evaluation for extractive meeting summarization. Our experiments show that generally the correlation is rather low, but a significantly better correlation can be obtained by accounting for several unique meeting characteristics, such as disfluencies and speaker information, especially when evaluating system-generated summaries.
Cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcome reports: update and simplification of the Utstein templates for resuscitation registries. A statement for healthcare professionals from a task force of the international liaison committee on resuscitation (American Heart Association, European Resuscitation Council, Australian Resuscitation Council, New Zealand Resuscitation Council, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, InterAmerican Heart Foundation, Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa)

Outcome after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation is dependent on critical interventions, particularly early defibrillation, effective chest compressions, and advanced life support. Utstein-style definitions and reporting templates have been used extensively in published studies of cardiac arrest, which has led to greater understanding of the elements of resuscitation practice and progress toward international consensus on science and resuscitation guidelines. Despite the development of Utstein templates to standardize research reports of cardiac arrest, international registries have yet to be developed. In April 2002, a task force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) met in Melbourne, Australia, to review worldwide experience with the Utstein definitions and reporting templates. The task force revised the core reporting template and definitions by consensus. Care was taken to build on previous definitions, changing data elements and operational definitions only on the basis of published data and experience derived from those registries that have used Utstein-style reporting. Attention was focused on decreasing the complexity of the existing templates and addressing logistical difficulties in collecting specific core and supplementary (ie, essential and desirable) data elements recommended by previous Utstein consensus conferences. Inconsistencies in terminology between in-hospital and out-of-hospital Utstein templates were also addressed. The task force produced a reporting tool for essential data that can be used for both quality improvement (registries) and research reports and that should be applicable to both adults and children. The revised and simplified template includes practical and succinct operational definitions. It is anticipated that the revised template will enable better and more accurate completion of all reports of cardiac arrest and resuscitation attempts. Problems with data definition, collection, linkage, confidentiality, management, and registry implementation are acknowledged and potential solutions offered. Uniform collection and tracking of registry data should enable better continuous quality improvement within every hospital, emergency medical services system, and community.
Maternal Rh D status, anti-D immune globulin exposure during pregnancy, and risk of autism spectrum disorders

Objective The objective of the study was to investigate the association between maternal Rh D status, prenatal exposure to anti-D immune globulin, and the risk of autism in the offspring. Study Design Case-control study among children born from 1995 to 1999 at Kaiser Permanente Northern California hospitals. Cases (n = 400) were children with an autism diagnosis; controls (n = 410) were children without autism, randomly sampled and frequency matched to cases on sex, birth year, and birth hospital. Maternal Rh D status and anti-D immune globulin exposure were ascertained from prenatal medical records. Results No case-control differences were observed for maternal Rh negative status (11.5% vs 10.0%, P = .5) or prenatal anti-D immune globulin exposure (10.0% vs. 9.3%, P = .7). Risk of autism remained unassociated with maternal Rh status or prenatal exposure to anti-D immune globulins after adjustment for covariates. Conclusion These data support previous findings that prenatal exposure to thimerosal-containing anti-D immune globulins does not increase the risk of autism.
INTRAPARTUM FETAL HEART RATE MONITORING

Intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring is commonly used to evaluate fetal status in labor, despite a lack of convincing randomized studies to support its use. The National Institutes of Health have helped standardize fetal heart rate monitoring terminology with their 1997 task force report, which will aid clinicians and scientists in their goal of providing quality care and research. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has recommended the term nonreassuring fetal status for electronic fetal monitor patterns that are not normal; however, Vanderbilt continues to use the terms fetal stress and fetal distress, using specific criteria for each. The approximately 30% of fetal heart rate tracings labeled as fetal stress (or nonreassuring fetal status) can be evaluated further by the use of fetal pulse oximetry, a new technology currently under evaluation in this country.
An atomic model of crack tip deformation in aluminum using an embedded atom potential

The atomic configuration at the tip of a mode 1 crack in aluminum is modeled by means of molecular dynamics calculations using an embedded atom potential. This potential intrinsically incorporates many-body contributions. This paper is concerned with the characteristics of the atomic displacement fields in comparison to the linear elastic predictions and dislocation emission phenomena. Three crack/crystal orientations are examined in which the crack plane–crack propagation directions are (010)-[100], ( $\overline 1 $ 10)-[110], and ( $\overline 1 $ 10)-[111]. The first two models behaved in a brittle fashion as dislocation emission did not occur for reasons associated with the use of periodic boundary conditions parallel to the crack front. For the models which remained atomically sharp, the positions of the atoms near the crack tip in equilibrium configurations are different from the linear elastic predictions but, to first order, retain an r1/2 dependence, with smaller K, and with the origin displaced behind the physical crack tip. This near tip region is also observed to be elastically softer than in the far field. Dislocation emission readily proceeds in the ( $\overline 1 $ 10)-[111] model by the sequential emission of partials with attendant nonzero uz displacements. The blunting is characterized by the creation of two corner defects that separate as emission occurs and relaxation of the strains in the region initially confronted by the crack tip. Additional features of the results are discussed.
MgO–Al 2 O 3 –ZrO 2 amorphous ternary composite: a dense and stable optical coating

The process-parameter-dependent optical and structural properties of MgO-Al2O3-ZrO2 ternary mixed-composite material were investigated. Optical properties were derived from spectrophotometric measurements. The surface morphology, grain size distributions, crystallographic phases, and process- dependent material composition of films were investigated through the use of atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction analysis, and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis. Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis made evident the correlation between the optical constants and the process-dependent compositions in the films. It is possible to achieve environmentally stable amorphous films with high packing density under certain optimized process conditions.
A σ‐core interaction of the RNA polymerase holoenzyme that enhances promoter escape

The σ subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) is required for promoter-specific transcription initiation and can also participate in downstream events. Several functionally important intersubunit interactions between Escherichia coli σ70 and the core enzyme (α2ββ′ω) have been defined. These include an interaction between conserved region 2 of σ70 (σ2) and the coiled-coil domain of β′ (β′ coiled-coil) that is required for sequence-specific interaction between σ2 and the DNA during both promoter open complex formation and σ70-dependent early elongation pausing. Here, we describe a previously uncharacterized interaction between a region of σ70 adjacent to σ2 called the nonconserved region (σ70 NCR) and a region in the N-terminal portion of β′ that appears to functionally antagonize the σ2/β′ coiled-coil interaction. Specifically, we show that the σ70 NCR/β′ interaction facilitates promoter escape and hinders early elongation pausing, in contrast to the σ2/β′ coiled-coil interaction, which has opposite effects. We also demonstrate that removal of the σ70 NCR results in a severe growth defect; we suggest that its importance for growth may reflect its role in promoter escape.
The second approximation to cnoidal and solitary waves

The expansion method introduced by Friedrichs (1948) for the systematic development of shallow-water theory for water waves of large wavelength was used by Keller (1948) to obtain the first approximation for the finite-amplitude solitary wave of Boussinesq (1872) and Rayleigh (1876), as well as for periodic waves of permanent type, corresponding to the cnoidal waves of Korteweg & de Vries (1895). The present investigation extends Friedrich's method so as to include terms up to the fourth order from shallow-water theory for a flat horizontal bottom, and thereby obtains the complete second approximations to both cnoidal and solitary waves. These second approximations show that, unlike the first approximation, the vertical motions cannot be considered as negligible, and that the pressure variation is no longer hydrostatic.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Risk of Early Childhood Mortality Among Children With Congenital Heart Defects

BACKGROUND: Infants with congenital heart defects (CHDs) have increased risk of childhood morbidity and mortality. However, little is known about racial/ethnic differences in early childhood mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study with data from the Texas Birth Defect Registry on 19 530 singleton, live-born infants with a CHD and born January 1, 1996, to December 31, 2003, to non-Hispanic (NH) white, NH black, and Hispanic women. Texas Birth Defect Registry data were linked to Texas death records and the National Death Index to ascertain deaths between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2005. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates were computed, and hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated from multivariable Cox-proportional hazard regression models to determine the effect of maternal race/ethnicity on mortality for selected CHD phenotypes. RESULTS: After adjusting for covariates, compared with NH white children, NH black children had increased early childhood mortality risk for transposition of the great arteries (HR: 2.04 [95% CI: 1.40–2.97]), tetralogy of Fallot (HR: 1.85 [95% CI: 1.09–3.12]), pulmonary valve atresia without ventricular septal defect (VSD) (HR: 2.60 [95% CI: 1.32–5.12]), VSD (HR: 1.56 [95% CI: 1.19–2.03]), and atrial septal defect (HR: 1.34 [95% CI: 1.08–1.66]). Hispanic children had higher mortality risk for pulmonary valve atresia without VSD (HR: 1.76 [95% CI: 1.06–2.91]) and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HR: 1.51 [95% CI: 1.13–2.02]). CONCLUSIONS: We provide evidence that supports racial/ethnic disparities in early childhood mortality among infants with CHDs. Identifying infants with the greatest risk of early childhood mortality will facilitate development of interventions and policies to mitigate these risks.
Genome-wide association tests by using block information in family data

By applying an association test to analyze the data sets from Genetic Analysis Workshop 15 Problem 3, we compare power using different haplotype-block information. The results from using both of the two different coding schemes show that the test using tight blocks with limited haplotype diversity within each block is more powerful than that using evenly spaced blocks, and the latter is more powerful than that using single-marker blocks. By using carefully chosen haplotype blocks, the power of association tests may be enhanced.
A Predictive Control Scheme for Current-Source Rectifiers

Current-source rectifiers (CSRs) constitute a commonly used topology in high-power applications, featuring several advantages such as regeneration capability and high-quality currents. This paper presents a simple predictive control scheme for a CSR. The main achievements of the control scheme presented here are the simplicity in controlling the dc-link current and the generation of currents with unity displacement power factor. Experimental results are presented to validate the proposed control principle.
Conformations and structure studies of sugar lactones. Part 111. The composition and conformation of d-mannurono-γ lactone in solution, and the structural analysis of its β anomer in the solid state

Abstract Complete analyses of the proton and carbon chemical-shift assignments of d -mannurono-γ lactone (1) have been achieved by 1D and 2D NMR spectral measurements. At equilibrium, the anomeric α and β forms were present in the ratio of 34:66 in D 2 O and 72:28 in Me 2 SO-d 6 . The solution data indicated that the dienvelope conformation 2 E:E 4 to be the favored conformation of 1 in solution. The crystal structure of 1 was determined, and it showed that the crystalline form is the β anomer, a bicyclic structure, consisting of fused five-membered furanose and lactone rings, in agreement with an earlier deduction from chemical evidence. In contrast to the solution conformation, the furanose ring adopts a twist conformation lying between the 1 2 T and 1 E conformations with phase angle ( P ) and pseudorotation amplitude (τ, m ) of -44.23° and 37.9°, respectively, whereas the lactone ring adopts an envelope E 5 conformation slightly distorted towards 6 T 5 with a phase angle ( P ) of -22.3° and a pseudorotation amplitude (τ m ) of 18.4°. The molecules are linked in the crystal through a hydrogen- bonding network that involves all hydroxyl groups as well as the ring oxygen atoms.
Syndrome X and Microvascular Coronary Dysfunction

C ase presentation: A 44-year-old woman is referred for worsening chest pain since 2007, with abnormal stress testing in May 2008, followed by coronary angiography in June 2008. She had several prior hospitalizations to evaluate possible myocardial infarction, and 1 with an elevated troponin level in 2001. She has a history of breast cancer in 2007. She currently reports daily exertional substernal chest pain that radiates to her left arm and hand that is relieved with rest. She works as an undercover police officer, frequently has to chase suspects, and is concerned about being able to do her job. A review of cardiac risk factors is negative. She takes tamoxifen with vitamins, and her physical examination and resting ECG are normal. Review of the prior coronary angiography confirms absence of obstructive coronary artery disease and normal left ventricular function. To further evaluate the basis for her symptoms, she underwent coronary reactivity testing (CRT), which demonstrated a limited coronary flow reserve (CFR) to adenosine and coronary blood flow reserve (Figure 1) as well as coronary artery constriction with acetylcholine, indicative of endothelial dysfunction (Figure 2). Adenosine stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was consistent with microvascular coronary dysfunction (MCD; Figure 3). Figure 1. Intracoronary Doppler blood flow velocity waveforms in response to intracoronary adenosine and acetylcholine. Coronary flow reserve (CFR) is the ratio of average peak velocities before and after adenosine. Coronary blood flow (CBF) reserve is the ratio of average peak CBF before and after acetylcholine. Figure 2. Intracoronary acetylcholine (ACH) demonstrating constriction of the coronary arteries (arrow) and intracoronary nitroglycerin (NTG) coronary angiography demonstrating dilation. Figure 3. Adenosine stress perfusion base-ventricle cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (left) and rest perfusion base-ventricle cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (right). Arrows indicate areas of reduced myocardial perfusion, worsened during stress (left). Management of patients with angina and evidence of myocardial …
Towards a Framework for Differential Unit Testing of Object-Oriented Programs

Software developers often face the task of determining how the behaviors of one version of a program unit differ from (or are the same as) the behaviors of a (slightly) dif- ferent version of the same program unit. In such situations, developers would like to generate tests that exhibit the be- havioral differences between the two versions, if any dif- ferences exist. We call this type of testing differential unit testing. Some examples of differential unit testing include regression testing, N-version testing, and mutation testing. We propose a framework, called Diffut, that enables dif- ferential unit testing of object-oriented programs. Diffut en- ables "simultaneous" execution of the pairs of correspond- ing methods from the two versions: methods can receive the same inputs (consisting of the object graph reachable from the receiver and method arguments), and Diffut compares their outputs (consisting of the object graph reachable from the receiver and method return values). Given two versions of a Java class, Diffut automatically synthesizes annota- tions (in the form of preconditions and postconditions) in the Java Modeling Language (JML) and inserts them into the unit under test to allow the simultaneous execution of the corresponding methods.
Integrating behavioral and physiological models of hippocampal function

In recent modeling of hippocampal function, we have at- tempted to integrate formal behavioral analyses of classical conditioning with psychobiological data on brain lesions (Gluck and Myers (1993) Hippocampus 3:491-516; Myers and Gluck (I9941 Behav Neurosci 108(5):835-847). Based on comparative behavioral analyses, we have ar- gued that animals with hippocampal region damage are unable to alter stimulus similarity based on experience. While hippocampal-damaged an- imals can still learn whether to respond to an individual stimulus, they are notably impaired at many tasks involving learning relationships be- tween stimuli-especially in the absence of explicit reinforcement. These analyses lead to a computational theory which identifies two represen- tational recoding processes-predictive differentiation and redundancy compression-which alter stimulus similarity relationships in intact ani- mals but are dependent on intact hippocampal region processing. More recent, and ongoing, modeling aims to broaden this model of hippocam- pal region function in classical conditioning, with an emphasis on phys- iological and anatomical constraints, including the role of the fornix and subcortical modulation, preprocessing in sensory cortices, and localiza- tion of the proposed representational functions within more precisely identified hippocampal region substrates (Myers et al. (1995) Psychology 23(2):116-138; Myers and Gluck (19961 Behav Neurosci; Myers et al. (1996) Neurobiol learning Memory). Working to bridge between behav- ioral and physiological levels of analysis, we ultimately hope to develop a more complete understanding of hippocampal region function in mem- ory across a wider range of behavioral paradigms, elucidating how this functionality emerges from underlying physiological and anatomical sub- strates. 0 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Feature selection in the classification of high-dimension data

Contemporary biological technologies produce extremely high-dimensional data sets with limited samples which demands feature selection in classifier design. Heretofore, dimensionalities considered in the existing comparative studies for feature selection are nowhere near those currently being used. This study compares some basic feature-selection methods in settings of 20,000 features, where it defines distribution models involving different kinds of relations among the features. The study evaluates the performances of different feature selection algorithms, which show some general trends relative to sample size and relations among the features.
Efficient Algorithms for Batch Re-Keying Operations in Secure Multicast

Secure multicast has a variety of applications in e-commerce, e-banking, command and control, video-on-demand, and other internet-based services. In this paper, we present algorithms to improve on the number of re-keying messages (overhead) needed to add and delete sets of users to a secure multicast group. We present upper and lower bounds on the number of re-keying bits to add or delete groups of users from secure multicast groups. We also show how to amortize the cost of group re-keying over time to avoid long periods of system overhead that can potentially block the transmission of desired data at times when large numbers of users simultaneously join or leave multicast sessions.
Pay It Forward: Teacher Candidates’ Use of Historical Artifacts to Invigorate K-12 History Instruction

The history education literature is replete with a call to help teachers understand that history should be taught as being inquiry-based and interpretive. We are encouraged, and rightfully so, to do history, to perform history, to do democracy, and to motivate students for inquiry and action by using primary sources. The authors developed a unit of study for history and social studies teacher candidates that would address several issues: (a) motivate and inspire future teachers to use inquiry as a tool to build K-12 students’ historical understanding and facilitate purposeful utilization of artifacts with ease; (b) help future teachers increase their knowledge of local history; and (c) present a unit that could be easily used in a secondary history course and, with some modifications, could be adapted for elementary and middle school history classrooms. The assignment was named Pay it Forward: Invigorating Instruction through Local History. This multifaceted assignment included the development of a lesson plan that would (a) demonstrate a robust understanding of engaging students in historical inquiry and local history, and (b) focus on an artifact that the teacher candidate would find as part of the investigation. The majority of the teacher candidates in this study did show evidence of, albeit limited at times, designing curriculum that encouraged K-12 students to engage in historical inquiry. Making the bridge between theory and practice, or showing evidence of learning from the methods courses, was clearly evident across the lesson plans.
Mathematics-Related Anxiety and Attitudes: Examining the Impact among Latina Preservice Teachers.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to investigate mathematics-related anxiety and attitudes among Latina preservice teachers. Three sections from the Inventory of Mathematics Attitudes, Experience, and Self Awareness were administered to preservice teachers enrolled in a curriculum and instruction mathematics course during the 1st semester of a 2-semester credential program. Pre- and postsurvey data were examined among female students. There were significant differences on 5 statements that suggest positive perceptions about mathematics and 5 statements that suggest negative perceptions about mathematics. We discuss strategies to reduce mathematics anxiety and address attitudes in preservice teachers.
A Rheo-Optical Study of the Influence of Additives on Crystallization Rates in Cis-1,4 Polyisoprene

Abstract A rheo-optical study of the influence of additives on crystallization rates in synthetic cis-1,4 polyisoprene (IR2200) at room temperature is presented. Nine different additives at a 1% concentration were examined. This study has found many additives which seem to be effective in enhancing the rate of stress-induced crystallization in IR2200. We have found that there is a good relation between enhancement of green strength and fraction of stress-induced crystallinity, ϕc, in IR2200 caused by additives.
HOLISTIC AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AS ADJUNCTIVE TO PSYCHOTHERAPY

Publisher Summary This chapter addresses the need for alternative and holistic medicine while striking a note of caution to both the unwary consumer and the well-meaning professional. Psychotherapists are often called upon to make recommendations or to otherwise comment on various alternative treatments that the client may be considering or already using. As a licensed provider, one may be held accountable should there be untoward effects on one's client from such use after one has given one's positive or even implied recommendation. With appropriate knowledge, however, alternative medicine can be a valuable adjunct to psychotherapy. Alternative medicine includes wide disparate procedures like relaxation techniques, yoga, New Age approaches, spiritual healing, and prayer. The latter often includes prayers offered by others on behalf of someone who does not know he or she is being prayed for. Because those who dispense alternative and holistic medicine often are not health professionals but often mystics, cultists, self-appointed experts, and even health spa employees, the public is not accorded the protections found in the regulated healthcare system. Despite the dangers inherent in some alternative treatments and the precariousness of relying on nonvalidated techniques while rejecting validated ones, many alternative treatments have merit, especially when used as adjuncts to traditional medical treatments and even psychotherapy.
Seminal Vesicle Leiomyoma Mimicking Extra-prostatic Extension of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma

Leiomyomas are common smooth muscle neoplasms; however, leiomyomas of the seminal vesicles are extremely rare. We report a case of seminal vesicle leiomyoma in a 55-year-old African American male who underwent robot assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) for Gleason 8 (4 + 4) adenocarcinoma. An incidental nodule arising from the left seminal vesicle was discovered during surgery, complicating the surgical dissection and suggesting extra-prostatic extension. The histologic findings in this case raised the possibility that this seminal vesicle leiomyoma may have arisen from a remnant of the mid-portion of the Mullerian duct; however, a thorough immunohistochemical (IHC) workup disproved this theory.
Abstract 3333: Overexpression of EZH2 accelerates ERB2 driven tumorigenesis in the mammary gland

BACKGROUND: EZH2 protein is overexpressed mainly in ER- tumors with concomitant HER-2/neu overexpression and/or p53 mutations and is an independent predictor of metastasis and death. A role for EZH2 in stem cell maintenance was recently reported. We previously demonstrated that mammary specific EZH2 overexpression causes ductal hyperbranching and intraductal hyperplasia but is not sufficient in isolation to induce carcinomas. To address the biological impact of EZH2 overexpression in mammary tumorigenesis, we generated a novel transgenic mouse model by crossing transgenic mice carrying mouse mammary tumor virus/EZH2 (MMTV-EZH2) and MMTV-inactivated neu (MMTV-neu) to derive progeny that coexpress the transgenes in the mammary epithelium (EZH2+ neu). METHODS: MMTV-neu mice were purchased from Jackson laboratories (FVB/N-TgN (MMTVneu)202 Mul/J, or MMTV neu, stock number 002376). They are homozygous for the MMTV neu (rat) transgene, and overexpress the neu proto-oncogene under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) long terminal repeat (LTR). We used synchronized breeding methods with male EZH2 heterozygous transgenic mice and female MMTV-neu transgenic mice to obtain EZH2+; neu and EZH2 wt; neu mice. Mouse handling and experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the IACUC of the UM. Tumors were measured with a caliper. Statistical analyses of tumor initiation time were performed. Flow cytometry and western blot were performed in mouse mammary glands and MCF10A cells. RESULTS: EZH2 overexpression accelerates the process of ErbB-2-mediated mammary tumorigenesis. EZH2+ neu mice (n=30) showed accelerated tumor initiation (median time to tumor initiation=234 days) than EZH2 wt neu control group (n=25) (median time to tumor initiation=295 days) (Log-rank p-value CONCLUSION: Our experiments demonstrate that overexpression of EZH2 accelerates the initiation of ErbB2-induced mammary tumors and lead to the novel hypothesis that EZH2 overexpression activates STAT5 signaling pathway to expand mammary luminal progenitor cells, which is under investigation in our lab. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3333. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3333
Locus of control and depression among noninstitutionalized elderly persons.

Depression was associated with external locus of control orientation among a sample of 48 noninstitutionalized elderly persons. The over-all results supported Seligman's hypothesis that depressives...
Brain Connectivity Study in Verbal Fluency Task using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Near-infrared optical spectroscopy is employed in the frequency-domain, to map the pre-frontal brain activity in response to cognitive task(s). Brain activation and connectivity studies were performed on 15 normal adults during verbal fluency task.
Laser Cladding Based Solid Freeform Fabrication and Direct Metal Deposition

Three-dimensional additive manufacturing or solid freeform fabrication (SFF) techniques, originated in the rapid fabrication of non-functional physical prototypes in polymers (Rapid Prototyping), have matured to the manufacture of functional prototypes, short-run production products, and now even advanced engineering designs. Laser-based material deposition or laser cladding has been used as a SFF technique, in which a laser beam is used as a precise high-energy thermal source to melt preplaced or pneumatically delivered metal powders and make solidified deposits on a substrate. By using laser cladding techniques, three-dimensional fully dense components can be built line-by-line and layer-by-layer directly from a CAD model with tailored material properties. Laser cladding is essentially a fusion and solidification (thermal) process, which involves complicated interactions between the laser beam, metal powders, the base material (substrate), and processing gases. Maintaining a stable and uniform melt pool during laser cladding is critical to produce dimensional accuracy and material integrity. An effective control of energy (laser power) spatial and temporal distributions in either an open-loop or closed-loop laser cladding process is essential to achieve the high quality results. This paper reviews, from a laser-material interaction point of view, various laser cladding based SFF processes, and particularly the direct metal deposition technique.© 2006 ASME
Vacuolar ATPase in Physiology and Pathology: Roles in Neurobiology, Infectious Disease, and Cancer

Vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) is an ATP-dependent proton pump present in all eukaryotic cells. V-ATPase is a critical regulator of intracellular pH across the endomembrane system and is essential for fundamental cellular functions including endocytosis and exocytosis, protein modification and maturation and loading of secretory vesicles. Here we describe the structure, regulation, and function of V-ATPase in pH regulation and the roles of V-ATPase in neurobiology, infectious disease, and cancer. V-ATPase is composed of two domains: a membrane-peripheral domain, V1, and a membrane-integral domain, Vo. When extracellular glucose concentrations drop the V1Vo complex disassembles to inhibit V-ATPase activity and prevent energy depletion; this ability allows yeast cells to quickly respond to alterations in energy state. Next, we present a body of growing new evidence that highlights the importance of V-ATPase in human health and disease. We discuss mechanisms by which V-ATPase participates in neurotransmission, neurodegeneration, and stroke-associated neuronal cell death. Then, we focus on the involvement of pH and V-ATPase in the pathogenesis of viruses, bacteria, and fungi and the processes necessary to ensure pathogen replication. In the last section, we capitalize upon a repertoire of studies in recent years that indicate that V-ATPase is a critical player in adaptation to cellular stress and that V-ATPase activity directly and indirectly contributes to many of the hallmarks of cancer.
ANALYSIS OF STRESS SENSITIVITY FOR IRREDUCIBLE WATER OF GAS RESERVOIR

In the exploitation of gas reservoir, the pore pressure decreased with fluid issuing, and pressure between inside and outside of reservoir increased. The pressure has produced deformation of the reservoir rock. So pore volume and porosity of reservoir are reduced. And some free water is released from irreducible water going with fluid issuing. It shows that the irreducible water of pore reduced by the rock deformation, and phenomena of water produced in some gas wells by productivity increased are reasonable explained. At the same time, the irreducible water saturation is increased for capillary pressure increased by decrease of pore and throat's volume. So the stress sensitivity of the irreducible water is existed, and relationships between effective stress and the irreducible water or the irreducible water saturation are index relations.
Epidemiological and pathogenic analysis on hand,foot and mouth disease in Huairou District of Beijing from 2007-2012

[Objective]By the pathogenic and epidemiological analysis of hand,foot and mouth disease( HFMD) in Huairou District of Beijing from 2007-2012,provide the reference for the formulation and implementation of HFMD prevention and control strategies in the future.[Methods]The HFMD data in Huairou District from 2007-2012 were investigated with the retrospective analysis,to explore the epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics of HFMD.[Results]It was shown a cyclical trend in incidence of HFMD in Huairou District from 2007 to 2012,with an average annual reported incidence of 159. 26 / lakh. Most of HFMD cases occurred April to September,and the peak season was between May and July,which presented a characteristic of seasonal fluctuation. The reported incidence of HFMD in males was higher than that in females,with the male-to-female ratio of 1. 35∶ 1. The majority of patients were kindergarten children and scattered children aged 1-5 years old. HFMD patients were mainly distributed throughout urban area,rural-urban continuum and towns near the urban area,while few cases were reported in outer urban area.Enterovirus 71( EV71) and Coxsackie virus A16( CoxA16) were the major pathogens for HFMD,the proportion of CoxA16 was higher than that of EV71 in common cases,while EV71 was the preponderance pathogen in severe cases,and CoxA16 was not found.[Conclusion]The incidence of HFMD has presented seasonal fluctuation and cyclical change in Huairou District of Beijing.Children aged 1-5 years old are the key population of HFMD prevention. Meanwhile,it is important to strengthen the education and prevention of HFMD in nurseries,schools,floating population and densely populated areas.
The Development of the Adrenals and Sympathetic Paraganglia in certain Madagascar Insectivores

The development of the adrenal gland in the insectivores has not been extensively studied, Aichel (1900) and Soulie (1903) having described it in the mole ( Talpa ) and Celestino da Costa (1920, 1926) in the hedgehog ( Erinaceus europaeus ). Both Soulie and Celestino da Costa agree that in these animals the adrenal develops basically much as in other mammals, i.e. the cortical primordium comes from the coelomic epithelium, and is later invaded by migrating elements (phaeochromoblasts) from the adjacent sympathetic anlage (Aichel, however, regards the two as having a common origin, from remains of nephrostomal canals of the upper part of the mesonephros). Nevertheless, there are some notable differences in time relations, at least in the hedgehog, for the invasion of the cortical primordium by medullary elements occurs unusually early (8 mm.): ‘La penetration debute assez precocement a une epoque ou il est encore douteux qu9il existe deux especes cellulaires dans l9ebauche proto-sympathique’ (Celestino da Costa, 1926, p. 157) (it appears to be later—about 20 mm.—in Talpa , according to Soulie, 1903, p. 515).
A new look at measles.

SUMMARY Since the measles vaccine was licensed in the United States in 1963, the number of measles cases has declined by 98%. Nevertheless, measles has not been eliminated as had been hoped, and, in fact, has started to increase in incidence. The increase in the number of cases has been accompanied by a change in measles epidemiology; the highest attack rate now occurs in preschool-age children and in older schoolage and college students. The latter is the basis for the adoption of a two-dose measles immunization schedule by the ACIP and AAP. In preschool-age children, however, the problem is more disturbing and reflects low rates of immunization, particularly among inner-city populations. A major public health effort must be directed to achieve and maintain high vaccination rates if measles elimination is to be accomplished. Otherwise, measles outbreaks, with their accompanying morbidity and mortality, will continue to occur.
Distribution of the fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) hybrid in Georgia.

The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, and the black imported fire ant, S. richteri Forel, are reproductively isolated in their native South America even where their ranges overlap (Ross and Shoemaker 2005, Mol. Ecol. 14: 3,419-38). Yet, these invasive ant species readily hybridize in their expanded ranges in North America. Vander Meer and Lofgren (1988, Florida Entomol. 71: 232-32) determined that hybridization occurred in south Alabama soon after the invasion of these ant species. Hybrid ants are morphologically similar to S. richteri and S. invicta, and chemical analysis of ant venom and cuticular hydrocarbons or genetic characterization are required to distinguish hybrid ants from the parent species (Vander Meer et al. 1985, Florida Entomol. 68: 501-06; Ross et al. 1987, Evol. 41: 280-93). Drees et al. (2006, Texas Coop. Ext. B-6043) recently showed S. richteri distributed in only 8 counties in northern Mississippi and 10 counties in west central Tennessee. The S. richteri x S. invicta hybrid, however, is more widely distributed in southern Tennessee, the western tip of North Carolina, and northern areas of Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia. Although hybridization occurred upon arrival of these two species in North America, S. invicta now occupies the remaining quarantined areas in North America (see http://aphis.usda.gOV) owing to its apparent displacement of S. richteri and the hybrid in this expanded range. Diffie et al. (1988, J. Entomol. Sd. 23: 187-91) initially reported the discovery of the hybrid ant in Alabama and Georgia and mapped its known distribution in Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi. Their survey included ants collected from 20 counties in Alabama and 11 counties in Georgia. The survey reported herein expands those
Cultivating Collaborative Data Practices as a Schoolwide Improvement Strategy: A Phase-Based Model of School Leadership Supports.

Emphasis on improving student learning has brought increased attention to the execution of schoolwide instructional reforms in general and the use of data by teacher teams in particular as an expec...
Kill or be killed.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) refers to a group of rare genetic disorders characterized by a massive proinflammatory cytokine storm resulting in coagulopathy, CNS dysfunction, increased hemophagocytosis, pancytopenia, multiorgan failure, and death ([1][1]). Defects in cytolytic function