cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abundant Monovalent Ions as Environmental Signposts for Pathogens during Host Colonization.

ABSTRACT Host colonization by a pathogen requires proper sensing and response to local environmental cues, to ensure adaptation and continued survival within the host. The ionic milieu represents a critical potential source of environmental cues, and indeed, there has been extensive study of the interplay between host and pathogen in the context of metals such as iron, zinc, and manganese, vital ions that are actively sequestered by the host. The inherent non-uniformity of the ionic milieu also extends, however, to “abundant” ions such as chloride and potassium, whose concentrations vary greatly between tissue and cellular locations, and with the immune response. Despite this, the concept of abundant ions as environmental cues and key players in host-pathogen interactions is only just emerging. Focusing on chloride and potassium, this review brings together studies across multiple bacterial and parasitic species that have begun to define both how these abundant ions are exploited as cues during host infection, and how they can be actively manipulated by pathogens during host colonization. The close links between ion homeostasis and sensing/response to different ionic signals, and the importance of studying pathogen response to cues in combination, are also discussed, while considering the fundamental insight still to be uncovered from further studies in this nascent area of inquiry.
Who Wants Money? Radical Performance and Experimental Urbanism in the Heart of São Paulo

In August 2017, the mayor of Sao Paulo, Joao Doria, mediated an arbitration between billionaire TV presenter Silvio Santos and legendary theater director Ze Celso, aiming to settle a decades-long dispute over Santos’s proposal to build luxury high-rises in the property that surrounds Ze Celso’s historic Teatro Oficina. At stake in this meeting, however, was much more than the future of one block in the largest city in the Americas. Each in their own way, the three characters in this peculiar scene are enmeshed with the history and the present of the city of Sao Paulo. This paper presents a close reading of the epistemological clash that this meeting represents, from the six decades of protagonism of Silvio Santos and Ze Celso to the tensions inherent in Brazil’s own version of the global turn toward the far right. This dispute over Teatro Oficina thus serves as a particularly charged stage to reveal competing visions for the city of Sao Paulo, both in the past and in the present.
Modifying Duncan–Selig Soil Model for Plasticlike Behavior

The variable-modulus Duncan–Selig soil model is very effective in capturing the nonlinear stress–strain behavior of most soils in loading environments, including the softening effect from increased shear stress as well as the stiffening effect from increased confining pressure. Accordingly, the Duncan–Selig model is used in many geotechnical applications, such as construction of culvert installations with incremental layers of soil, for which soil loading is the dominant condition. However, the Duncan–Selig model is a nonlinear elastic formulation that retraces the same stress–strain path upon unloading. Consequently, the model does not predict residual deformation upon unloading. In contrast, plasticity-based soil models are generally less accurate in simulating the nonlinear loading response of soil samples; however, they inherently include permanent deformation if plastic deformation occurs during loading. This paper introduces modifications to the Duncan–Selig model that result in permanent deformatio...
Working and Non-Working Students: Roles, Support and Well-Being.

Abstract A questionnaire containing measures of physical and psychological symptoms and social support was completed by 142 MSW students. Students were grouped into three categories: Full-time students with no job, full-time students with part-time jobs, and part-time students with full-time jobs. Full-time students with part-time jobs reported more symptoms than full-time students with no jobs, a finding interpreted as consistent with a demands/resources analysis of stress. The latter group did not differ from part-time students with full-time jobs, despite the difference in number of roles held. Analysis controlling for associated variables indicated that it was the specific combination of full-time student and part-time work, not the total number of roles occupied, that was associated with higher distress. Evidence for a “buffering” effect of social support was found only for this high distress group. Results are discussed in terms of recent formulations concerning stress and multiple role occupancy, a...
Presynaptic CaV2 calcium channel traffic requires CALF-1 and the alpha(2)delta subunit UNC-36

Presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels provide calcium for synaptic vesicle exocytosis. We show here that a green fluorescent protein-tagged alpha(1) subunit of the Caenorhabditis elegans CaV2 channel, UNC-2, is localized to presynaptic active zones of sensory and motor neurons. Synaptic localization of CaV2 requires the alpha(2)delta subunit UNC-36 and CALF-1 (Calcium Channel Localization Factor-1), a neuronal transmembrane protein that localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum. In calf-1 mutants, UNC-2 is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum, but other active-zone components and synaptic vesicles are delivered to synapses. Acute induction of calf-1 mobilizes preexisting UNC-2 for delivery to synapses, consistent with a direct trafficking role. The alpha(2)delta subunit UNC-36 is likewise required for exit of UNC-2 from endoplasmic reticulum but has additional functions. Genetic and cell biological interactions suggest that CALF-1 couples intracellular traffic to functional maturation of CaV2 presynaptic calcium channels.
The Synthesis and Evolution of a Supermodel

Threespine stickleback populations in freshwater habitats show many differences in morphology and behavior relative to their marine ancestors. A common morphological difference seen in the freshwater stickleback variants is the loss of armor plates found in marine species. In his Perspective, Gibson discusses the discovery that repeated selection of Eda alleles (encoding the protein ectodysplasin) resulted in the parallel evolution of the low-armor stickleback forms in most freshwater locations ( Colosimo et al.).
Fabrication of porous silicon-based biosensor

A porous silicon-based biosensor for detection of bacteria was fabricated. Silicon (0.01 ohm-cm, p-type) was anodized electrochemically in a hydrofluoric acid solution containing electrochemical cell using different current and time conditions ranging from 100 mA/cm2 for 30 sec to 2 mA/cm for 1 hr to produce sponge like porous layer of silicon. Anodizing conditions of 5 mA/cm/sup 2/ for 1 hr was best for biosensor fabrication. Porous silicon chips were functionalized using silanization and antibodies immobilized to the porous surface. Chemiluminescence-based assay was used to assess the functionalization of the biosensor. Light emission, for the silanized porous silicon biosensor chip with Salmonella was 10-fold greater than that of the control and non-silanized porous silicon with Salmonella. Higher light emission was observed for porous silanized biosensor with Salmonella compared to that of the non-porous chip. Porous silicon-based biosensor was fabricated and functionalized to successfully detect Salmonella.
Router assisted schemes for performance improvement in the Internet

Congestion handling in the TCP protocol is through implicit feedback about the network conditions to the traffic source. If the feedback can be obtained sooner at the source, the congestion handling can be more effective. The goal of this work is to expedite the feedback process and enhance the performance of the Internet under congestion. We motivate the need for the proposed schemes with the help of a simplified analytical model which evaluates the time to detect a packet loss through duplicate acknowledgements. We show that this time can be significant when the number of flows going through a router is large. We then present two schemes, Triple Packet Buffering on Congestion, and Triple Truncated Packets, that enables congestion information to be fed back to the source faster. This results in a faster response to congestion conditions, and a faster retransmission of discarded packets. With the help of simulation results, we show that the proposed schemes perform better than the standard implementation in a variety of network scenarios and achieve higher throughput and lower mean delay. This scheme also does not require any changes in the standard TCP protocols, but a simple (optional) modification at the routers.
Implications of the measurement of the Bs(0)Bs(0) mass difference.

We analyze the significant new model independent constraints on extensions of the standard model (SM) that follow from the recent measurements of the B{sup 0}{sub s} {bar B}{sup 0}{sub s} mass difference. The time-dependent CP asymmetry in B{sub s} {yields} {psi}{phi}, S{sub {psi}{phi}}, will be measured with good precision in the first year of LHC data taking, which will further constrain the parameter space of many extensions of the SM, in particular, next-to-minimal flavor violation. The CP asymmetry in semileptonic B{sub s} decay, A{sup s}{sub SL}, is also important to constrain these frameworks, and could give further clues to our understanding the flavor sector in the LHC era. We point out a strong correlation between S{sub {psi}{phi}} and A{sup s}{sub SL} in a very broad class of new physics models.
Low impedance contact CDM

Relay-based contact CDM (CCDM) is shown to closely replicate the waveforms and failure currents of legacy field-induced CDM when the effective system impedances are approximately matched. The repeatability of the waveforms will be crucially important as CDM test levels decrease below 250 V. Recommendations for inclusion in future standards are presented.
Morphologic alterations in brain, blood and viscera following use of cardiopulmonary bypass to induce prolonged deep hypothermic circulatory arrest after hemorrhagic shock in dogs

The feasibility of using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) as a rapid method to induce deep hypothermic circulatory arrest during intractable hemorrhagic shock to allow repair of otherwise lethal injuries in a bloodless field is investigated. Rapid (13-37 min.) cooling to 15 degrees C and later rewarming were accomplished using the heater/cooler unit of a cardiopulmonary bypass system (centrifugal pump, hollow fiber membrane oxygenator). Fifteen lightly anesthetized spontaneously breathing dogs were subjected to a 30-min. period of hemorrhagic shock (mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg) followed by cooling to 15 degrees C and 60, 90, or 120 min. of circulatory arrest. Two additional dogs (shams) had hypothermic CPB without a period of circulatory arrest (one with and one without a period of hemorrhagic shock). Alterations in blood parameters, brain, and visceral organs are discussed. >
Automatic on-line wafer stepper calibration system

This paper introduces a new wafer stepper on-line calibration sensor, the Image Sensor, which refers directly to the aerial reticle image at the exposure wavelength. This sensor system is integrated with other stepper metrology systems by a so-called Image Sensor fiducial plate, which interacts simultaneously with the aerial reticle image, the Image Sensor, the TTL alignment system and the focus sensor of the stepper. An integrated software package ensures on-line regular stepper calibration, eliminating dependance on environmental, process and time parameters. Unique in this concept is the direct measurement of the consequence of wavelength drift in excimer laser steppers by measuring the aerial image deformation at the exposure wavelength. This information is used as a direct feedback to the wavelength control of the laser. Initial results of this system are presented for both UV (365 nm) and DUV (248 nm) steppers.
Interactive vaporization and combustion of binary droplet systems

The interactive vaporization and combustion of two horizontally-aligned droplets were experimentally studied using an automated data acquisition and reduction system. Factors investigated include the droplet spacing and size, ambient oxygen concentration, fuel type, droplets of dissimilar fuels, intensity of buoyancy, and pure vaporization. Results show that much of the burning results can be interpreted on the basis of the flame size and oxygen competition, that the existing theory over-predicts the intensity and persistency of interaction, that the gasification rate correction factor depends on the initial as well as the aerothermochemical parameters of the system in addition to the scaled instantaneous droplet separation distance, which is the only (geometrical) parameter present in the theory, that interactive buoyant convection can substantially augment the droplet gasification rate to exceed the isolated value, and that mass exchange between droplets of different volatilities can be quite significant. It is further suggested that interactive effects can be considered to be shorrranged for the droplet gasification rate but long-ranged for the mergedness of the flame.
Monolithic integration of high linearity attenuated counter-propagating optical phase-locked loop coherent receiver

The first monolithically integrated attenuated counter-propagating optical phase-locked loop based coherent receiver is presented. A spurious-free dynamic range of 131.3 dB Hz 2/3 is measured in the detector shot-noise limit at 100 MHz, which is the highest reported for a single-chip device.
Disrupting protein expression with Peptide Nucleic Acids reduces infection by obligate intracellular Rickettsia.

Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNAs) are single-stranded synthetic nucleic acids with a pseudopeptide backbone in lieu of the phosphodiester linked sugar and phosphate found in traditional oligos. PNA designed complementary to the bacterial Shine-Dalgarno or start codon regions of mRNA disrupts translation resulting in the transient reduction in protein expression. This study examines the use of PNA technology to interrupt protein expression in obligate intracellular Rickettsia sp. Their historically intractable genetic system limits characterization of protein function. We designed PNA targeting mRNA for rOmpB from Rickettsia typhi and rickA from Rickettsia montanensis, ubiquitous factors important for infection. Using an in vitro translation system and competitive binding assays, we determined that our PNAs bind target regions. Electroporation of R. typhi and R. montanensis with PNA specific to rOmpB and rickA, respectively, reduced the bacteria’s ability to infect host cells. These studies open the possibility of using PNA to suppress protein synthesis in obligate intracellular bacteria.
Laparoscopic nephrectomy in the first year of life

A child was found antenatally to have a cystic right kidney on maternal ultrasound. This was evaluated in the immediate postnatal period with imaging studies and confirmed to be a multicystic, dysplastic kidney. Expectant management was followed; however, the kidney was found to be unchanged in size on a 6-month ultrasound and the parents elected surgical removal rather than continued medical surveillance. A nephrectomy was performed using laparoscopic techniques rather than standard open surgery. Operating time was less than 1 hour. The patient's recovery was unremarkable.
Design of Input Coupled Split Power Transmissions, Arrangements, and Their Characteristics

This paper presents input coupled split power transmissions, arrangements and comparisons between the single and dual stage designs. Selection of the shift point between stages is discussed. Mathematical models for the transmission are constructed. An algorithm is developed for an efficiency optimization routine. The effects of the gear material strength, gear module, gear tooth width, and shaft offset on the efficiency are determined. Power loss contributions are presented in conjunction with their effect on the overall transmission efficiency.
The molecular dynamics of hyaluronates in solution

Abstract The dynamic properties of hyaluronate solutions are discussed with relevance to some problems in sensory physiology (mechanoelectrical transduction), renal physiology, interstitial fluid regulation, and especially to the causes of open-angle glaucoma. With respect to the last problem: as recent biochemical evidence indicates that the hyaloid membrane does not exist, it now seems worthwhile to consider the increase in intraocular pressure present in the eye with glaucoma to be due — at least in the open-angle case — to a change in the specific gravity and hydrophilic nature of the hyaluronic acid in the vitreous body in particular, as well as in the trabecuiar meshwork. Densimetric experimental evidence indicates that the hyaluronate system could, indeed, produce the pressure changes seen in glaucoma, if intraocular pH changed but slightly. A hypothesis concerning the effect of acetazolamide on intraocular pressure is also presented.
Recent Advances In Light Microscopy

The combination of the light microscope with modern electronic imaging, storage, and processing devices has brought about a virtual revolution in microscopy. Dynamic structures in living cells can now be visualized with a clarity, speed, and resolution never before achieved in differential interference. contrast OTC or Nomarsky), fluorescence, polarized light, dark field, and other modes of microscopy (Fig. 1); the gliding motion, and growth and shortening, of individual molecular filaments of microtubules and factin can be followed in real time, directly on the monitor screen, (Fig. 2); and the changing concentration, and distribution. of ions and specific protein molecules can be followed, moment by moment, in physiologically active cells.1,2 In polarized light and phase contrast microscopy, optical sections as thin as 0.1 um are now attainable (Fig. 3). These images can be viewed as through-focal stacks or stereo pairs, revealing 3-dimensional architecture of biological fine structure at very high. resolution (Fig. 4). The basic principles and methods of application of video microscopy are discussed in inoue,3 and recent developments have been summarized in a conference proceedings4 (see also ref. 5,6,7).
Optimal Control of Nuclear Reactor Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the optimal control of nuclear reactor systems. A nuclear reactor in which spatial effects are important is an excellent example of a distributed parameter system. The quantity to be controlled, usually the neutron population, depends not only on time but also on the spatial position in the reactor. An error signal that is the deviation of the flux from its desired value then depends on both space and time. The concept of using this spatial error signal is discussed in the chapter by the study of the control of a specific problem; the specific problem being the oscillation of the power density in a nuclear reactor, such that a “hot spot” moves from one region to another and back again in the course of time. In a point reactor, the flux is controlled by the control rods. Even if the point reactor were unstable, the whole plant would be stable and capable of maintaining a steady state flux by adjustment of the rods because of the slow time constants involved in the xenon process.
Effects of human presence on two social wasp species

. 1. The effects of human presence on the behavioural response and productivity of a native wasp species of North America (Polistes fuscatus) and an invasive wasp species (Polistes dominulus) were examined in a field experiment. Over a 3-month period, colonies of each species were exposed to human presence at either low (biweekly) or high (daily) levels. At 2-week intervals, wasp response to human presence was recorded for all colonies via an index, ranging from no response (0) to an attack (4). 2. The levels of human presence had no effect on wasp response or colony productivity but foundresses of both species increased their response level the closer a human was to the nest. In addition, foundresses of P. fuscatus became more aggressive over time, corresponding to after adult offspring emerged, whereas foundresses of P. dominulus did not change their response level after the emergence of offspring. 3. The adult offspring of P. dominulus responded to human presence at a level similar to that of the foundress, whereas adult offspring of P. fuscatus exhibited a lower response to human presence than that of the foundress. The more distinctive aposematic coloration of P. dominulus may play a role in the behavioural differences between species; it may be more effective in deterring predators, and with the result that leaving the nest to defend it is less often necessary. Accordingly, the less aggressive response to human presence by P. dominulus may contribute to its success as an introduced species in North America.
Antiarrhythmic drug exacerbation of ventricular tachycardia inducibility during electrophysiologic study.

Most studies examining antiarrhythmic drug exacerbation of ventricular arrhythmias have been performed in patients in whom clinical proarrhythmia developed. The clinical significance and predictors of antiarrhythmic drug exacerbation of inducible ventricular arrhythmias during electrophysiologic study have received less attention. Accordingly, a consecutive number of patients undergoing electrophysiologic study for evaluation of ventricular arrhythmias (but who had no history of clinical proarrhythmia) were prospectively examined. Drug-induced exacerbation was defined as no inducible ventricular tachycardia in the baseline drug-free state that increased to inducible nonsustained or sustained ventricular tachycardia, or inducible nonsustained ventricular tachycardia at baseline that increased to inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia. After administration of primarily type IA antiarrhythmic agents (procainamide and quinidine in 97% of the patients), patients were considered drug test negative (n = 80) when they had no increase in inducible ventricular tachycardia, and patients were considered drug test positive (n = 16) when they had exacerbation of inducible arrhythmias. The drug test-positive group's clinical characteristics differed markedly from those of the drug test-negative group. Compared with the drug test-negative group, the drug test-positive group had reduced (<40%) left ventricular ejection fractions (80% vs 39%, p = 0.005) and higher prevalences of myocardial infarctions (81% vs 35%, p = 0.027), left ventricular aneurysms (27% vs 5%, p = 0.026), and bundle branch blocks (53% vs 16%, p = 0.005). Thus exacerbation of ventricular tachycardia induction after antiarrhythmic agent administration was most common in patients with significant organic heart disease. The drug test-positive group was more frequently treated with antiarrhythmic therapy than was the drug test-negative group. After a mean follow-up period of 19 months, the drug test-positive group had a significantly higher overall mortality rate (44% vs 18%, p < 0.05) and incidence of sudden cardiac death (36% vs 13%, p < 0.05) than had the drug test-negative group. Thus antiarrhythmic agent exacerbation of ventricular tachycardia inducibility during electrophysiologic study with primarily type IA agents was highest in patients with significant structural heart disease. Despite the inability to demonstrate an arrhythmogenic substrate at baseline electrophysiologic study (demonstrated by the absence of inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia), patients with antiarrhythmic drug exacerbation during electrophysiologic studies were at high risk for the development of sudden cardiac death.
Metrics of the Laplace-Beltrami eigenfunctions for 2D shape matching

Assuming that a 1D curve can be represented as a graph embedded in a 2D-space, the metrics of the eigenfunctions of the weighted graph-Laplacian and diffusion operator of that graph are then a representation of the shape of that curve with invariance to rotation, scale, and translation. The diffusion operator is said to preserve the local proximity between data points by constructing a representation for the underlying manifold by an approximation of the Laplace-Beltrami operator acting on the graph of this curve. This work examines 2D shape clustering problems using a spectral metric of the Laplace-Betrami eigenfunctions for shape analysis of closed curves. Results demonstrate that the spectral metrics allow for good class separation over multiple targets with noise.
Multiple call hand-off problem with queued hand-offs and mixed platform types

Cellular communication systems that support a mixture of platform types and queuing of hand-off calls are considered. In pure loss systems, if there are no channels available at the target gateway, the hand-off attempt fails and the call is forced-to terminate. In delay systems however, hand-off calls can be held in queue while the supporting mobile is within a transition region where acceptable performance can be provided by at least two different gateways (base stations). When only a finite number of hand-off calls can be queued, mixed delay/loss configurations arise. An analytically tractable model is developed to predict communications traffic performance for such systems. Theoretical performance characteristics obtained show trade-offs among blocking and forced termination probabilities and carried traffic.
Quantitative Ultrastructural Study of the Adrenal Cortex: Effects of a Mammotropic Pituitary Tumor Producing Growth Hormone and Prolactin (MtT-W10), and of Injected Growth Hormone in the Rat

The ultrastructure of the adrenal cortex has been examined in animals bearing a growth hormone and prolactin secreting mammotropic tumor (MtT-W 10). The large quantities of hormone secreted by the tumor caused a stimulation of zona fasciculata cells. The adrenal weight increased approximately 2-fold in tumor bearing animals. There were increases in the cellular volume of zona fasciculata cells and in the volume of mithchondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum per cell as determined by quantitative morphometric techniques. The surface area of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and total mitochondrial membranes showed a significant increase in zona fasciculata cells as well. Injections of purified bovine growth hormone caused small but not significant increases in mitochondrial and smooth endoplasmic reticulum volumes. Growth hormone however did induce a significant increase in the surface area of mitochondrial membrane.
The amino acid sequence of two O-phosphoserine containing tripeptides isolated from the organic matrix of embryonic bovine enamel

Abstract 1. 1.|Two tripeptides containing O -phosphoserine were isolated from an acid hydrolyzate of embryonic, bovine enamel proteins soluble at neutral pH. The tripeptides were purified by ion-exchange chromatography. 2. 2.|One of the tripeptides (Peptide I) contained equimolar amounts of glutamic acid, serine, leucine and phosphorus; the other tripeptide (Peptide II) contained glutamic acid, serine, tyrosine and phosphorus in equimolar amounts. 3. 3.|Sequential analysis by phenylisothiocyanate degradation and dansylation as well as by enzymatic hydrolysis with leucine aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase A revealed that Peptide I had the sequence of glutamic acid- O -phosphoserine-leucine, while the amino acid sequence of Peptide II was glutamic acid- O -phosphoserine-tyrosine. Enzymatic hydrolysis of both tripeptides with a phosphomonoesterase indicated that phosphorus was covalently bound to the hydroxyl group of serine as a monoester.
Transdermal iontophoresis: modulation of electroosmosis by polypeptides

Abstract The objective of this research was to further evaluate the relative importance of electrorepulsion and electroosmosis to the mechanism of enhanced transport across the skin during iontophoresis. Specifically, the impact of iontophoresing into the skin positively and negatively charged polypeptides (poly- l -lysines and poly- l -glutamic acids, respectively) on the membrane's permselectivity, and hence on the quantity and direction of electroosmotic flow, was examined. Experiments were performed in vitro at pH 7.4 using conventional methodology; electroosmosis during the iontophoresis of the polypeptides into and across the skin was tracked in the usual way via the movement of the polar, uncharged, non-metabolizable marker, D-mannitol. Electrotransport of the cationic polypeptides attenuated electroosmotic flow in the normal anode-to-cathode direction; the degree of inhibition was correlated both with the initial concentration of poly- l -lysine in the anodal chamber and with the molecular weight of the polypeptide employed (from 1 to 25 Kilodaltons). Iontophoresis of the anionic poly- l -glutamic acids from the cathode provoked a slight increase in electroosmotic flow in the `reverse' direction (i.e. from the receptor phase beneath the skin towards the cathode chamber located on the epidermal side of the membrane); this effect, however, was much less dramatic than that produced in the opposite sense by the cationic polypeptides. The results suggest that driving large positively-charged polypeptide molecules into the skin leads to neutralization of the membrane's negativity, a subsequent loss of permselectivity and a concomitant attenuation of electroosmosis in the conventional anode-to-cathode direction. Presumably, the relatively poor iontophoretic permeability of these species (which becomes more and more evident with increasing molecular weight) results in a sufficiently important association of the polypeptide with the skin during the period of current passage. Much less significant effects are realized by the cathodal iontophoresis of poly-anions due to the difficulty of `pushing' negative ions into an already negatively-charged membrane.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease An Abnormal Appearance

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an accumulation of extra fat in the liver cells not caused by alcohol consumption. This disease is an increasingly common condition and the most common cause of abnormal liver function tests among adults. NAFLD is an array of liver diseases ranging from simple hepatic steatosis (fatty liver) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). A liver biopsy is the gold standard for determining hepatic fat content and staging fibrosis. However, the invasiveness of this approach can be a contraindication in certain patients. Noninvasive imaging modalities such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) can also detect hepatic fat content.
Improving program evaluation with reciprocal indicators

Recent interest in social indicators of change has emphasized the unidimensional monitoring of social programs. Reciprocal indicators permit the recording of two-dimensional, or contrasting, trends within a selected system thereby providing efficient evaluation of program effectiveness. A religious indicator of congregation size, illustrates the differences in these two forms of indicators. Suggestions are made regarding application of reciprocal indicators and the policy implications associated with such use.
A proposed role of superoxide anion as a biological nucleophile in the deesterification of phospholipids

Abstract Potassium superoxide dissolved in dry dimethyl sulfoxide effects rapid deesterification of ethyl hexadecanoate and of dilauroyl phosphatidyl choline. The reaction with ethyl hexadecanoate is reversible, having an apparent equilibrium constant of 0.4. It is proposed that some of the deleterious effects on biological membranes which have been atributed to oxidation by superoxide may actually be the result of deesterification by superoxide acting as a nucleophile.
MALES' ATTITUDES TOWARDS WOMEN: WHAT THEY SAY AND WHAT THEY DO

-This study examined males' attitudes towards women's behavior in a real-life situation. In an actual task-oriented confrontation, 16 liberal male students perceived a role-playing feminist confederate to be competent, assertive, and as social as the situation warranted. 16 conservative male students perceived the feminist confederate to be assertive, less social, and not overly competent. Attitudes toward traditional females were not clear-cur.
The Life of a Skin Cancer

The mechanisms of carcinogenesis and metastasis are becoming better elucidated. The recent literature pertaining to the current understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and metastasis was reviewed, and some of the basic information that is known about these processes and how they relate to the development of cutaneous cancers is presented in this article. The development of a skin cancer consists of a three-step process of carcinogenesis—initiation, promotion, and progression. When metastasis occurs, a six-step process of complex cellular adaptations enables the tumor cell to metastasize and proliferate successfully. The mechanisms of carcinogenesis and metastasis are pertinent not only to dermatologists and physicians who treat skin cancer but also to any physician who must manage human malignant tumors. Therefore, a general background of information on this subject is an important aspect of medical knowledge for most physicians.
Sports ability in young men and the incidence of cardiovascular disease

Abstract Purpose For physical activity to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, it must be sustained throughout life. We sought to determine the relation between the ability of young adults in different sports and their continued physical activity in midlife, and subsequent cardiovascular disease. Subjects and methods Baseline self-reported ability in tennis, golf, football, baseball, and basketball was assessed in a cohort study involving 1019 male medical students (median age, 22 years). Physical activity and sports participation were assessed 22 years later. The incidence of cardiovascular disease was assessed during a median follow-up of 40 years, using annual questionnaires, medical records, and death certificates. Results Subjects with high ability in tennis as young adults had the highest participation in the sport in midlife (median age, 48 years). In the midlife questionnaire administered in 1978, 33% reported playing tennis within the past week and 51% within the past year. Tennis was the only sport in which a higher ability during medical school was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. After adjustment for father's occupation, parental incidence of cardiovascular disease, serum cholesterol level, cigarette smoking, body mass index, and hypertension during follow-up, the relative hazard of developing cardiovascular disease was 0.56 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.35 to 0.89) in the high-ability group and 0.67 (95% CI: 0.47 to 0.96) in the low-ability group, compared with the no-ability group. Conclusion Our results support the association between sustained activity in aerobic sports and a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. Sustainability of activity should be considered when developing physical education programs for young adults.
Direct dry film optical bonding - A low-cost, robust, and scalable display lamination technology

Abstract— A robust, repeatable, low-cost lamination process that utilizes pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) to directly bond substrates to displays, such as LC, OLED, plasma, and electrophoretic displays, has been developed. These substrates can vary in intent and serve as protective covers, reflection mitigation, heaters, filters, touch screens, environmental barriers, etc. The resultant assembly is very rugged (shock, impact, and vibration resistant), while maximizing optical performance. This paper briefly describes the traditional liquid bonding technologies and compares them to dry-film bonding. A section of the paper focuses on the enhanced optical and environmental performances of dry-film bonded displays. This paper may also serve as a brief review of optical-bonding technologies.
CPFR: an emerging supply chain tool

This paper examines collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment (CPFR), a Web‐based tool to coordinate the various supply chain management activities including production and purchase planning, demand forecasting, and inventory replenishment between supply chain trading partners. This paper identifies what CPFR is, explains the CPFR process, cites benefits that have been achieved, identifies obstacles to implementation, and discusses the future of CPFR.
The birth of El Niño: geoarchaeological evidence and implications

The oceanographic phenomenon known as El Nino is the subject of intensive recent study. Any hypotheses regarding physical causes and predictability of El Nino should consider its geological history. New geoarchaeological evidence suggests that the El Nino phenomenon did not exist along the northern and central coasts of Peru before about 5000 years B.P. Molluscan faunas from archaeological sites at Pampa las Salinas and Salinas de Chao permit temporal bracketing of a major structural change in the East Pacific water mass. The boundary between the warm Panamic Province and the cold Peruvian Province, which today occurs at about 5 degrees south latitude, was some 500 km further south from at least 11,000 years B.P. to about 5000 years B.P. This conclusion is corroborated by many other lines of evidence including phosphorite distribution, timing of glacial retreat, sea level change, radiolarian, diatom and fish scale distributions, and beach ridge patterns. The present day arid coastal climate of north central Peru is probably a post-5000 year B.P. development. Hunter–gatherer populations of the area would most likely have exploited more land-based seasonal resources from grasslands and forests before 5000 years B.P., and relied less upon the diminished productivity of warm water maritime resources.
Strong Mode Localization in Nearly Periodic Disordered Structures

An investigation of the effects of disorder on the dynamics of nearly periodic structures is presented. Emphasis is placed on the study of mode localization and vibration-confinement phenomena for mistuned assemblies of coupled, mufti-degree-of-freedom component systems. Perturbation methods are developed and applied to predict the occurrence of localized modes and analyze their characteristics. Strong localization is shown to occur for weak coupling between component systems. Furthermore, a "modal" coupling parameter is defined that governs the possibility for localization in a given mode. Generally speaking, higher modes are shown to be more susceptible to localization than lower ones, and localization is unavoidable if the mode number is large enough. The occurrence of localization is also shown to be dependent upon the location of the coupling constraint between the component systems.
A multiscale theory of self-crack-healing with solid healing agent assisted by shape memory effect

Abstract Solid healing agents, such as thermoplastic particles, have been widely used in molecular healing of thermosetting polymers, including conventional thermosetting polymers such as epoxy and thermosetting shape memory polymers (SMPs) such as polystyrene. Despite extensive experimental developments in this field, there is an urgent need for healing theories with the ability to correlate molecular level healing events to the bulk scale recovered material properties. A multiscale healing constitutive theory is developed in this manuscript for self-crack-healing composites with embedded solid healing agents. It is assumed that the matrix is made of SMP; and the model accounts for several microscopic healing processes including: (a) rearrangement of free crack surfaces, (b) surface approaching due to shape memory effect, (c) wetting the free surfaces by the molten solid healing agent, (d) diffusion of the solid healing agent, which has been molten upon heating, into the crack surfaces, and (e) randomization. The Continuum Damage Healing Mechanics (CDHM) is utilized to bridge the microscopic and bulk scales. The healing parameters correlate the microscopic level descriptions of the healing to the recovery of bulk material properties. The model is then introduced into the ABAQUS, through user-defined coding, and it is shown that it correlates well with the experimental observations. The developed physically consistent multiscale theory provides material designers with the ability to optimize their self-healing systems via computer aided simulations.
Insulin resistance and the disruption of Glut4 trafficking in skeletal muscle

The facilitative transport of glucose across animal cell membranes is mediated by members of the Glut protein family (1). These 50- to 60-kDa glycoproteins are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues and are responsible for the uptake of sugar from the blood into cells, supplying cellular glucose for ATP production and for a wide variety of anabolic reactions. Additionally, glucose transport in certain tissues plays a critical role in whole-body glucose homeostasis. During fasting or starvation, the liver and kidney maintain euglycemia by becoming net producers of blood glucose, initially via the breakdown of glycogen stores and later through the catabolism of amino acids. Conversely, when the insulin level rises during the postprandial period in response to ingested carbohydrates, fat and muscle tissue become the major sites of glucose metabolism and storage. The appropriate output or uptake of glucose from these tissues via the Glut proteins is critical to health and survival. For example, a disruption in the normal process by which insulin stimulates glucose transport into skeletal muscle is the cause of the peripheral insulin resistance associated with non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (2). Insulin resistance is the earliest detectable abnormality observed during the natural history of NIDDM and is believed to be a major triggering event in the development of the disease (3). Thus, a detailed understanding of how insulin regulates glucose transport in muscle is essential to unraveling the molecular basis of NIDDM. In this issue, Yang et al. (4) identify syntaxin 4 as one of the key molecular components in insulin-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle. They also provide evidence supporting a novel mechanism for the pathogenesis of insulin resistance — the downregulation of a factor involved in glucose transporter subcellular trafficking.
One-way traffic control in replication termination.

Tus proteins bound to multiple ter sequences on DNA determine the site of DNA replication termination in Escherichia coli. Biochemical and structural studies reveal how the Tus–ter complex arrests replication forks in a direction-sensitive manner.
Carbon and hydrogen isotopic reversals in deep basin gas: Evidence for limits to the stability of hydrocarbons

Abstract During studies of unconventional natural gas reservoirs of Silurian and Ordovician age in the northern Appalachian basin we observed complete reversal of the normal trend of carbon isotopic composition, such that δ 13 C methane (C 1 ) >δ 13 C ethane (C 2 ) >δ 13 C propane (C 3 ). In addition, we have observed isotopic reversals in the δ 2 H in the deepest samples. Isotopic reversals cannot be explained by current models of hydrocarbon gas generation. Previous observations of partial isotopic reversals have been explained by mixing between gases from different sources and thermal maturities. We have constructed a model which, in addition to mixing, requires Rayleigh fractionation of C 2 and C 3 to cause enrichment in 13 C and create reversals. In the deepest samples, the normal trend of increasing enrichment of 13 C and 2 H in methane with increasing depth reverses and 2 H becomes depleted as 13 C becomes enriched. We propose that the reactions that drive Rayleigh fractionation of C 2 and C 3 involve redox reactions with transition metals and water at late stages of catagenesis at temperatures on the order of 250–300 °C. Published ab initio calculated fractionation factors for C–C bond breaking in ethane at these temperatures are consistent with our observations. The reversed trend in δ 2 H in methane appears to be caused by isotopic exchange with formation water at the same temperatures. Our interpretation that Rayleigh fractionation during redox reactions is causing isotopic reversals has important implications for natural gas resources in deeply buried sedimentary basins.
Effects of Charged Particles on the Motion of AN Earth Satellite

Using a model of the upper atmosphere in which the principal atmospheric constituent (for both atoms and ions) changes with increasing altitude from atomic oxygen to helium and then to atomic hydrogen, the charge on a conducting spherical satellite and the drag due to charged particles are estimated for altitudes below the hydrogen region. The effects of photoelectric emission and the earth's magnetic field are included in the calculations. It is found that the contribution of charged particles to the satellite drag may be neglected in the oxygen region. In the helium region the drag due to charged particles may be significant, particularly for large satellites and in cases where the photoelectric emission current is significant. A method of estimating this drag is presented. A comprehensive survey of the literature concerning satellite charge and the resulting drag is included, and the existing contradictions are explained. The conclusions regarding drag are applicable to satellites large with respect to the debye length.
Ixodes (Ixodes) dicei, a new tick species (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) from a lagomorph in a restricted high-altitude habitat in talamanca, Costa Rica

Abstract Ixodes (I.) dicei n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) is described and illustrated from males and females collected from a cottontail rabbit. This species of cottontail is poorly known and is found only in a restricted high mountain range of central Costa Rica and western Panama.
Book reivew: Advanced Database Techniques by Daniel Martin (MIT Press 1986)

This book was originally published in French in 1985. The author attempts to treat in details some topics which are often ignored in most standard database texts [1, 2]. In his book, Daniel Martin attempts to point out the weakness of the relational data model such as the uselessness of functional dependency and normal forms in practical DBMSs, and the lack of power in modeling the semantics of application problems [pp. 44, 52]. Much attention was paid on practical aspects such as physical design, the construction and use data dictionary, and functional specification and requirement analysis. The author presents a new data model, called Dynamic Model, in which a fourth schema, the dynamic schema, is introduced to model the processing requirements of the transactions. The book is divided into seven chapters as follows:
Interventions and policies to serve homeless people infected by HIV and AIDS.

Objectives: This article presents surveillance data on the scope of HIV seroprevalence and AIDS among homeless people. It seeks to identify barriers to health care and services for HIV-infected homeless people, document inequities in health care, provide program exemplars, and to recommend interventions and policies to serve this population.
Column liquid-liquid partition chromatography of steroidal sulfates

Abstract Two-phase systems are presented for the chromatographic separation of steroidal 3-monosulfates by column liquid-liquid partition chromatography employing Celite as support. The following conjugates (listed in increasing order of polarity) can be resolved with these techniques: lanosterol sulfate, cholesterol sulfate, 20α-hydroxycholesterol sulfate, pregnenolone sulfate, androsterone sulfate, etiocholanolone sulfate, dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate, 5-pregnene-3β,20α-diol 3-sulfate, 17α-hydroxypregnenolone 3-sulfate, 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol 3-sulfate, 5-pregnene-3β,17α,20α-triol 3-sulfate, 16α-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone 3-sulfate.