cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ‘Strategic Silence’ and ‘Tactical Noise’ in Economic Reform

1992 was a significant year for reform after the slowdown following Tiananmen in 1989. In early 1992, Deng made his much-publicized nanxun (tour of the south). This trip confirmed the direction towards a market economy, and hence marketization sped up. The direction towards marketization was crystallized in the decision made at the 14th Party Congress in 1992 to implement a socialist market economy. (‘Socialist market economy’ means that state ownership remains dominant and the Communist Party maintains its leading role (the socialist component), while markets play a more important role than planning.) The decision signalled a shift from shehuizhuyi youjihua shangpingjingji (the socialist planned commodity economy) adopted at the Third Plenum of the 12th Session of the Central Committee in September 1982. The socialist market economy officially established the new status of markets in China’s economy.
Clinical Reasoning: Survey of Teaching Methods, Integration, and Assessment in Entry-Level Physical Therapist Academic Education

Background Although clinical reasoning abilities are important learning outcomes of physical therapist entry-level education, best practice standards have not been established to guide clinical reasoning curricular design and learning assessment. Objective This research explored how clinical reasoning is currently defined, taught, and assessed in physical therapist entry-level education programs. Design A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was administered to physical therapist program representatives. Methods An electronic 24-question survey was distributed to the directors of 207 programs accredited by the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education. Descriptive statistical analysis and qualitative content analysis were performed. Post hoc demographic and wave analyses revealed no evidence of nonresponse bias. Results A response rate of 46.4% (n=96) was achieved. All respondents reported that their programs incorporated clinical reasoning into their curricula. Only 25% of respondents reported a common definition of clinical reasoning in their programs. Most respondents (90.6%) reported that clinical reasoning was explicit in their curricula, and 94.8% indicated that multiple methods of curricular integration were used. Instructor-designed materials were most commonly used to teach clinical reasoning (83.3%). Assessment of clinical reasoning included practical examinations (99%), clinical coursework (94.8%), written examinations (87.5%), and written assignments (83.3%). Curricular integration of clinical reasoning–related self-reflection skills was reported by 91%. Limitations A large number of incomplete surveys affected the response rate, and the program directors to whom the survey was sent may not have consulted the faculty members who were most knowledgeable about clinical reasoning in their curricula. The survey construction limited some responses and application of the results. Conclusions Although clinical reasoning was explicitly integrated into program curricula, it was not consistently defined, taught, or assessed within or between the programs surveyed—resulting in significant variability in clinical reasoning education. These findings support the need for the development of best educational practices for clinical reasoning curricula and learning assessment.
Recombinant Factor VIIa in the Management of Bleeding Associated with Congenital Factor V Deficiency.

Abstract 4444 Background Congenital factor V deficiency is one of the rare bleeding disorders and is identified in approximately 1/1,000,000 persons. Current management relies on the use of plasma preparations to replace factor V. The clinical variability and limited therapeutic options contribute to make congenital factor V deficiency a challenging disorder. Case report An 18 years old male was diagnosed with severe congenital factor V deficiency (1% activity) after prolonged bleeding following trauma. He reported a past history consistent with hemarthroses and episodes of soft-tissue bleeding. After receiving a cumulative total of 67 units of plasma during his life he developed respiratory symptoms including dyspnea and chest pain. These symptoms worsened during subsequent infusions. The patient developed persistent bleeding associated with onychocryptosis and a periungual infection which was not responsive to local hemostatic measures. Because of his intolerance of plasma, he was treated with recombinant factor VIIa (rVIIa) at a dose of 50 micrograms/kg resulting in effective hemostasis. Subsequently he underwent a Syme amputation with permanent nail removal and ablation with resection of the tuft of the distal phalanx. During the perioperative period the patient received infusions of rVIIa (50 micrograms/kg) resulting in excellent hemostasis. The patient also experienced a very good response to rVIIa infusions at the same dose for the treatment of an expanding soft-tissue hematoma following accidental trauma to the posterior cervical area. The patient has tolerated the rVIIa infusions without difficulty. Discussion We report the successful use of rVIIa to control soft-tissue bleeding and to provide hemostasis during a surgical procedure in a patient with congenital factor V deficiency. Limited previous experience with the use of rVIIa in the management of congenital factor V deficiency includes its use for dental procedures as reported by Altisent (Haemophilia 6:408, 2000) and for synovectomy as reported by Gonzalez-Boullosa (Haemophilia 11:167, 2005). Although a mechanism of action has not been identified, it can be speculated that residual platelet factor V may become more available through rVIIa leading to increased thrombin generation. Conclusion rVIIa infusions resulted in improved hemostasis in a patient with severe congenital factor V deficiency. Disclosures: Off Label Use: recombinant factor VIIa used to control bleeding in congenital factor V deficiency.
Medication-related Self-management Behaviors among Arthritis Patients: Does Attentional Coping Style Matter?

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the attentional coping styles (monitoring and blunting) of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) patients and: (a) receipt of medication information; (b) receipt of conflicting medication information; (c) ambiguity aversion; (d) medication-related discussions with doctors and spouse/partners; and (e) medication adherence. Method A sample of 328 adults with a self-reported diagnosis of arthritis (RA n=159; OA n=149) completed an Internet-based survey. Coping style was assessed using the validated short version of the Miller Behavioral Style Scale. Measures related to aspects of medication information receipt and discussion and validated measures of ambiguity aversion and medication adherence (Vasculitis Self-Management Survey) were collected. Pearson correlation coefficients, ANOVA, independent samples t-tests and multiple regression models were used to assess associations between coping style and the other variables of interest. Results Arthritis patients in our sample were more likely to be high monitors (50%) than high blunters (36%). Among RA patients, increased information-receipt was significantly associated with decreased monitoring (b = -1.06, p = .001). Among OA patients, increased information-receipt was significantly associated with increased blunting (b = .60, p = .02). Conclusion In our sample of patients with arthritis, attentional coping style is not in accordance with the characteristic patterns outlined in the acute and chronic disease coping literature.
Swift Creek paddle designs and the imperative to be unique

The emergence of the Swift Creek style tradition represents a shift from two or three simple carved paddle designs to many thousands of unique paddle designs by middle Swift Creek then back to mere...
GSTM1 and GSTT1 copy number and NAT2 acetylator status are modifiers of the association between flame-broiled food, meat consumption and breast cancer.

B63 Background >Heterocyclic amines (HCA) are pro-carcinogens produced when meat is cooked in direct heat such as flame-broiled food. The N-acetyltransferases are enzymes involved in the activation of HCAs, whereas glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are thought to protect individuals from the genotoxic effects of carcinogens such as HCAs. We previously reported an association between NAT2 acetylator status, flame-broiled food and breast cancer and now examine differences by polymorphisms in genes encoding the GSTs. Methods: In a population based nested case-control study of 321 cases and matched controls we examined whether the association between breast cancer risk and flame-broiled (FB) food intake and meat consumption varied by both GSTM1 and GSTT1 copy number or NAT2 acetylator status. Characterization of rapid, intermediate and slow metabolizers of NAT2 was based on three NAT2 alleles. Quantitative TaqMan copy number assays were used to determine GSTM1 and GSTT1 copy number. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated from logistic regression models. The median intake level among controls was used as the cut point for meat consumption. >Results: Twenty percent of controls had both GSTT1 alleles absent, 53% both GSTM1 alleles absent, and 10% absent alleles in both genes Women with absent GSTT1 alleles who ate FB food or consumed more than 64 grams/day of meat were more likely to develop breast cancer than those with at least one GSTT1 allele who never ate flame-broiled food (O.R. 2.53, 95% CI 1.28, 4.97) or consumed less than or equal to 64 grams/day of meat (O.R.2.13, 95%CI 1.06, 4.27). The odds of developing breast cancer was also increased in women with absent GSTM1 alleles who ate FB food or consumed more than 64 gram/day of meat when compared to those with at least one GSTM1 allele who never ate flame-broiled food (O.R. 2.11, 95% CI 1.20, 3.70) or consumed less than or equal to 64 grams/day of meat (O.R.2.46, 95%CI 1.40, 4.32). In addition breast cancer risk was largely attenuated among rapid acetylators of NAT2 who also inherited 1 or more GSTM1 or GSTT1 alleles. >Conclusion: Our results suggest that in addition to NAT2 acetylator status the protective role of GST9s, in particular GSTM1 and GSTT1 may be an important determinant of the effect of HCAs on breast cancer risk.
Matching via dimensionality reduction for estimation of treatment effects in digital marketing campaigns

A widely used method for estimating counterfactuals and causal treatment effects from observational data is nearest-neighbor matching. This typically involves pairing each treated unit with its nearest-in-covariates control unit, and then estimating an average treatment effect from the set of matched pairs. Although straightforward to implement, this estimator is known to suffer from a bias that increases with the dimensionality of the covariate space, which can be undesirable in applications that involve high-dimensional data. To address this problem, we propose a novel estimator that first projects the data to a number of random linear subspaces, and it then estimates the median treatment effect by nearest-neighbor matching in each subspace. We empirically compute the mean square error of the proposed estimator using semi-synthetic data, and we demonstrate the method on real-world digital marketing campaign data. The results show marked improvement over baseline methods.
Eugenol as renewable comonomer compared to 4-penten-1-ol in ethylene copolymerization using a palladium aryl sulfonate catalyst

Abstract A series of binary copolymerizations of ethylene with two comonomers, eugenol and 4-penten-1-ol, were conducted with a single-component palladium aryl phosphine sulfonate catalyst in toluene solution. Eugenol showed a much a higher tolerance by the catalyst than 4-penten-1-ol. Peak assignments for 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR spectra of both types of copolymers were established. Eugenol was incorporated into the copolymer at a higher rate compared to 4-penten-1-ol. Both comonomers were mainly inserted into the polymer chains rather than added as end groups. An end group analysis was performed, based on which some conclusions about the polymerization mechanisms were made. The molecular weight properties of the polymers were measured by GPC. The effects of each comonomer on the polymer crystallinity and melting temperature were determined. Antibacterial efficiency tests showed that copolymers containing more than 3.1 % eugenol resulted in a reduction of bacteria exceeding 90 %.
Core Java

The first two lessons of Core Java LiveLessons quickly review the history of Java and show you, step by step, how to install the software development environment. In lesson 3, you will learn how to do in Java what you already know in another programming language: write branches and loops, and work with numbers, strings, and arrays. Lesson 4 covers object-oriented programming. Java is thoroughly object-oriented, and the lesson shows you how to use built-in classes and how to build your own. Lessons 5 and 6 cover inheritance and interfaces as well as the lambda expressions, a powerful new feature of Java SE 8. Lesson 7 shows you what to do when your programs do the wrong thing. The lesson covers exception handling, logging, and debugging. In lesson 8, you will learn how to write generic code that works for many different data types. Lesson 9 puts those skills to work, when we examine the multitude of Java collections that allow you to organize your data in many ways. he final three lessons introduce the fundamentals of user interface programming in Java.
Spectral control of cortical activity

The proposed problem is motivated by recent studies that show that loss of consciousness is associated with the spectral evolution of the (linearized) function that models cortical activity capture by electroencephalography. In this paper, we conduct a similar study for epileptic seizure-onset where features of interest are also captured by the spectral evolution. Subsequently, one can envision a scenario where stimulating some specific brain regions (through static output feedback) one could either induce loss of consciousness, for instance, anesthesia, or prevent an epileptic seizure.
Attending to attention: How do people attract, manage, and negotiate attention using mobile devices?

In today’s always-connected world people have an ever-increasing array of ways to stay in touch, often selecting among multiple media that allow for different degrees of attention (e.g., phone call...
How Cellphone Bans Affect Automobile Insurance Markets

In this article, we examine the effect of laws prohibiting the hand‐held use of a cellphone while driving on the automobile insurance market. Our research is motivated by prior studies that present evidence that the enactment of such laws alters drivers’ behaviors in ways that reduce the risk of automobile accidents. We posit that that, by extension, these laws should also lead to reductions in the amount of losses paid by private passenger automobile physical damage insurers. Our analysis indicates that the enactment of a ban on the hand‐held use of a cellphone while driving reduces the incurred losses and incurred loss ratios of automobile insurers by approximately 3 percent, suggesting that these bans have important economic consequences not previously documented in the literature. Additional analysis suggests that hand‐held cellphone bans eventually lead to incremental reductions in premiums, but we do not observe these reductions in premiums until a couple of years following the enactment of a ban. Our analysis of automobile insurance losses also represents a departure from most prior studies of cellphone bans and therefore contributes to the ongoing debate in the public health literature regarding the extent to which hand‐held cellphone bans have implications for traffic safety.
What are real DTDs like

DTDs have proved important in a variety of areas: transformations between XML and databases, XML storage, XML publishing, consistency analysis of XML specifications, typechecking, and optimization of XML queries. Much of this work depends on certain assumptions about DTDs, e.g., the absence of recursion and non-determinism. With this comes the need to justify these assumptions against DTDs in the real world. This paper surveys a number of DTDs collected from the Web, and provides statistics with respect to a variety of criteria commonly discussed in XML resesarch.
Intelligence and Academic Achievement With Asymptomatic Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection.

OBJECTIVES: To examine intelligence, language, and academic achievement through 18 years of age among children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection identified through hospital-based newborn screening who were asymptomatic at birth compared with uninfected infants. METHODS: We used growth curve modeling to analyze trends in IQ (full-scale, verbal, and nonverbal intelligence), receptive and expressive vocabulary, and academic achievement in math and reading. Separate models were fit for each outcome, modeling the change in overall scores with increasing age for patients with normal hearing ( n = 78) or with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) diagnosed by 2 years of age ( n = 11) and controls ( n = 40). RESULTS: Patients with SNHL had full-scale intelligence and receptive vocabulary scores that were 7.0 and 13.1 points lower, respectively, compared with controls, but no significant differences were noted in these scores among patients with normal hearing and controls. No significant differences were noted in scores for verbal and nonverbal intelligence, expressive vocabulary, and academic achievement in math and reading among patients with normal hearing or with SNHL and controls. CONCLUSIONS: Infants with asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection identified through newborn screening with normal hearing by age 2 years do not appear to have differences in IQ, vocabulary or academic achievement scores during childhood, or adolescence compared with uninfected children.
Climate for women in climate science: Women scientists and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an authoritative and influential source of reports on climate change. The lead authors of IPCC reports include scientists from around the world, but questions have been raised about the dominance of specific disciplines in the report and the disproportionate number of scholars from the Global North. In this paper, we analyze the as-yet-unexamined issue of gender and IPCC authorship, looking at changes in gender balance over time and analyzing women’s views about their experience and barriers to full participation, not only as women but also at the intersection of nationality, race, command of English, and discipline. Over time, we show that the proportion of female IPCC authors has seen a modest increase from less than 5% in 1990 to more than 20% in the most recent assessment reports. Based on responses from over 100 women IPCC authors, we find that many women report a positive experience in the way in which they are treated and in their ability to influence the report, although others report that some women were poorly represented and heard. We suggest that an intersectional lens is important: not all women experience the same obstacles: they face multiple and diverse barriers associated with social identifiers such as race, nationality, command of English, and disciplinary affiliation. The scientific community benefits from including all scientists, including women and those from the Global South. This paper documents barriers to participation and identifies opportunities to diversify climate science.
Observation-Level and Parametric Interaction for High-Dimensional Data Analysis

Exploring high-dimensional data is challenging. Dimension reduction algorithms, such as weighted multidimensional scaling, support data exploration by projecting datasets to two dimensions for visualization. These projections can be explored through parametric interaction, tweaking underlying parameterizations, and observation-level interaction, directly interacting with the points within the projection. In this article, we present the results of a controlled usability study determining the differences, advantages, and drawbacks among parametric interaction, observation-level interaction, and their combination. The study assesses both interaction technique effects on domain-specific high-dimensional data analyses performed by non-experts of statistical algorithms. This study is performed using Andromeda, a tool that enables both parametric and observation-level interaction to provide in-depth data exploration. The results indicate that the two forms of interaction serve different, but complementary, purposes in gaining insight through steerable dimension reduction algorithms.
Reflection- and Distortion-Source Otoacoustic Emissions: Evidence for Increased Irregularity in the Human Cochlea During Aging.

Previous research on distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) components has hinted at possible differences in the effect of aging on the two basic types of OAEs: those generated by a reflection mechanism in the cochlea and those created by nonlinear distortion (Abdala and Dhar in J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 13:403–421, 2012). This initial work led to the hypothesis that micromechanical irregularity (“roughness”) increases in the aging cochlea, perhaps as the result of natural tissue degradation. Increased roughness would boost the backscattering of traveling waves (i.e., reflection emissions) while minimally impacting DPOAEs. To study the relational effect of aging on both types of emissions and address our hypothesis of its origin, we measured reflection- and distortion-type OAEs in 77 human subjects aged 18–76 years. The stimulus-frequency OAE (SFOAE), a reflection emission, and the distortion component of the DPOAE, a nonlinear distortion emission, were recorded at multiple stimulus levels across a four-octave range in all ears. Although the levels of both OAE types decreased with age, the rate of decline in OAE level was consistently greater for DPOAEs than for SFOAEs; that is, SFOAEs are relatively preserved with advancing age. Multiple regression analyses and other controls indicate that aging per se, and not hearing loss, drives this effect. Furthermore, SFOAE generation was simulated using computational modeling to explore the origin of this result. Increasing the amount of mechanical irregularity with age produced an enhancement of SFOAE levels, providing support for the hypothesis that increased intra-cochlear roughness during aging may preserve SFOAE levels. The characteristic aging effect—relatively preserved reflection-emission levels combined with more markedly reduced distortion-emission levels—indicates that SFOAE magnitudes in elderly individuals depend on more than simply the gain of the cochlear amplifier. This relative pattern of OAE decline with age may provide a diagnostic marker for aging-related changes in the cochlea.
Wellness and Fitness Programs

Within the last decade, society has clearly begun to recognize the importance of a lifestyle as a vehicle moving the individual toward or away from behavior that is beneficial to health. The process of the individual’s taking responsibility for realizing his or her maximum health potential is referred to as wellness. Wellness takes into consideration the multidimensionality and interrelationships of a person’s existence and being. Physical fitness, proper nutrition and diet, positive self-image and social relationships, and the ability to take responsibility for self-care are interwoven and integral to maximizing the potential to live life to its fullest. This chapter will discuss the interrelationship of wellness and fitness in occupational rehabilitation and present the elements of a program for occupational fitness.
Socioeconomic impacts of school feeding programmes: empirical evidence from a South Indian village.

Abstract This article evaluates the school feeding programme of the government of Tamil Nadu, South India, in terms of reduction in rural poverty and inequality. Various nutritional policies are analysed to study changes in expenditure patterns for food, non-food and cereal items for three groups of rural households. The impact of school food on children's education is also examined. Results indicate that food from school feeding programmes enables the households to increase expenditures on non-calorie food and non-food items; school attendance also increases. School nutritional policies could improve the general socioeconomic conditions of rural communities beyond the educational and nutritional benefits to participants.
Leveraging historical versions of Android apps for efficient and precise taint analysis

Today, computing on various Android devices is pervasive. However, growing security vulnerabilities and attacks in the Android ecosystem constitute various threats through user apps. Taint analysis is a common technique for defending against these threats, yet it suffers from challenges in attaining practical simultaneous scalability and effectiveness. This paper presents a novel approach to fast and precise taint checking, called incremental taint analysis, by exploiting the evolving nature of Android apps. The analysis narrows down the search space of taint checking from an entire app, as conventionally addressed, to the parts of the program that are different from its previous versions. This technique improves the overall efficiency of checking multiple versions of the app as it evolves. We have implemented the techniques as a tool prototype, EvoTaint, and evaluated our analysis by applying it to real-world evolving Android apps. Our preliminary results show that the incremental approach largely reduced the cost of taint analysis, by 78.6% on average, yet without sacrificing the analysis effectiveness, relative to a representative precise taint analysis as the baseline.
Neural correlates of distinct cognitive phenotypes in early Parkinson's disease.

Abstract Objective Cognitive decline is common in Parkinson's disease (PD), but changes can occur in a variety of cognitive domains. The lack of a single cognitive phenotype complicates diagnosis and tracking. In an earlier study we used a data-driven approach to identify distinct cognitive phenotypes of early PD. Here we identify the morphometric brain differences between those different phenotypes compared with cognitively normal PD participants. Methods Six different cognitive classes were included (Weak, Typical, Weak-Visuospatial/Strong-Memory, Weak-Visuospatial, Amnestic, Strong). Structural differences between each class and the Typical class were assessed by deformation-based morphometry. Results The different groups evidenced different patterns of atrophy. Weak class had frontotemporal and insular atrophy; Weak-Visuospatial/Strong-Memory class had frontotemporal, insular, parietal, and putamen atrophy; Weak-Visuospatial class had Rolandic operculum; Amnestic class had left frontotemporal, occipital, parietal and insular atrophy when compared to the Typical class. The Strong class did not have any atrophy but had significant differences in left temporal cortex in comparison to the Typical class. Conclusions Structural neuroimaging differences are evident in PD patients with distinct cognitive phenotypes even very early in the disease process prior to the emergence of frank cognitive impairment. Future studies will elucidate whether these have prognostic value in identifying trajectories toward dementia, or if they represent groups sensitive to different treatments.
Suicide attempts among activated soldiers in the U.S. Army reserve components.

Although the majority of active duty U.S. Army soldiers are full-time personnel in the Active Component (AC), a substantial minority of soldiers on active duty are in the Reserve Components (RCs). These “citizen-soldiers” (Army National Guard and Army Reserve) represent a force available for rapid activation in times of national need. RC soldiers experience many of the same stressors as AC soldiers as well as stressors that are unique to their intermittent service. Despite the important role of RC soldiers, the vast majority of military mental health research focuses on AC soldiers. One important goal of the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS) is to address this gap. Here we examine predictors of suicide attempts among activated RC soldiers. This longitudinal, retrospective cohort study used individual-level person-month records from Army and Department of Defense administrative data systems to examine socio-demographic, service-related, and mental health predictors of medically documented suicide attempts among activated RC soldiers during 2004–2009. Data from all 1103 activated RC suicide attempters and an equal-probability sample of 69,867 control person-months were analyzed using a discrete-time survival framework. Enlisted soldiers comprised 84.3% of activated RC soldiers and accounted for 95.7% of all activated RC suicide attempts (overall rate = 108/100,000 person-years, more than four times the rate among officers). Multivariable predictors of enlisted RC suicide attempts included being female, entering Army service at age ≥ 25, current age < 30, non-Hispanic white, less than high school education, currently married, having 1–2 years of service, being previously deployed (vs. currently deployed), and history of mental health diagnosis (particularly when documented in the previous month). Predictors among RC officers (overall rate = 26/100,000 person-years) included being female and receiving a mental health diagnosis in the previous month. Discrete-time hazard models showed suicide attempt risk among enlisted soldiers was inversely associated with time in service. Risk factors for suicide attempt in the RCs were similar to those previously observed in the AC, highlighting the importance of research and prevention focused on RC enlisted soldiers in the early phases of Army service and those with a recent mental health diagnosis.
Nanomaterial Design and Tests for Neural Tissue Engineering

Abstract Tissue engineering requires a porous scaffold to serve as both substrate and support for tissue growth. The scaffold forms the necessary spatial composition for directing the damaged tissue to regenerate into the correct anatomical shape. Nanomaterials are currently being utilized for tissue engineering, owing to their capability of closely mimicking the tissue-specific bioenvironments in terms of the composition and structure of the extracellular matrix of the native tissue. Specifically, by endowing the nanomaterials with specific biochemical, mechanical, and electrical properties, they have been applied in neural tissue engineering, especially for the regeneration of spinal cord and repair of the peripheral nerve injury. The nanofibrous scaffold fabricated by electrospinning or self-assembly has been combined with nanoparticles to manipulate the cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation and guide neurite extension, aiming to facilitate the axonal elongation and functional recovery.
Changes in Carotid Duplex Ultrasound Velocities After Aortic Valve Replacement for Severe Aortic Stenosis.

OBJECTIVES The peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end-diastolic velocity (EDV) obtained by carotid duplex ultrasound (CDU) imaging of the internal carotid arteries (ICAs) are parameters used to determine the severity of ICA stenosis. Severe aortic stenosis (AS) results in a parvus-et-tardus pattern on spectral Doppler waveforms; however, the impact of severe AS on CDU velocities is unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of severe AS on CDU velocities by evaluating changes in CDU velocities before and after aortic valve replacement (AVR) METHODS: A single-center retrospective review of patients with severe AS who underwent surgical AVR and who had preoperative and postoperative CDU examinations performed within 12 months of each other was conducted. Patients with any carotid intervention between the preoperative and postoperative CDU were excluded. RESULTS We identified 92 patients who satisfied all inclusion criteria. The mean age was 72.2 years; 71.7% were men; the mean preoperative aortic valve area ± SD was 0.8 ± 0.2 cm2 ; and the mean time from preoperative to postoperative AVR CDU was 182.3 ± 98.4 days. The peak aortic valve gradient decreased from 62.5 to 22.0 mm Hg after AVR (P < .001); however, there were no significant changes in the PSV or EDV in either the right or left ICA. CONCLUSIONS Although severe AS may cause characteristic changes in the spectral Doppler waveform on CDU imaging, there is no significant effect on the ICA PSV or EDV. Adjustments in velocity criteria to determine the degree of carotid artery stenosis in patients with substantial AS may not be necessary.
Evolution of Modern Cardiovascular Quality Metrics

It is the winter of 1990 and a 68-year-old woman with a history of hypertension presents with a syndrome of stuttering chest pain and associated dyspnea. She was working at the time and was encouraged by her coworkers to go to the emergency room. Ultimately, she was admitted to her local hospital and treated for a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction and discharged home. She was told—and believed—that the care she received was excellent.
Estimating Knee Joint Load Using Acoustic Emissions During Ambulation.

Quantifying joint load in activities of daily life could lead to improvements in mobility for numerous people; however, current methods for assessing joint load are unsuitable for ubiquitous settings. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that joint acoustic emissions contain information to estimate this internal joint load in a potentially wearable implementation. Eleven healthy, able-bodied individuals performed ambulation tasks under varying speed, incline, and loading conditions while joint acoustic emissions and essential gait measures—electromyography, ground reaction forces, and motion capture trajectories—were collected. The gait measures were synthesized using a neuromuscular model to estimate internal joint contact force which was the target variable for subject-specific machine learning models (XGBoost) trained based on spectral, temporal, cepstral, and amplitude-based features of the joint acoustic emissions. The model using joint acoustic emissions significantly outperformed (p < 0.05) the best estimate without the sounds, the subject-specific average load (MAE = 0.31 ± 0.12 BW), for both seen (MAE = 0.08 ± 0.01 BW) and unseen (MAE = 0.21 ± 0.05 BW) conditions. This demonstrates that joint acoustic emissions contain information that correlates to internal joint contact force and that information is consistent such that unique cases can be estimated.
Heart organoids and tissue models for modeling development and disease

Organoids, or miniaturized organs formed in vitro, hold potential to revolutionize how researchers approach and answer fundamental biological and pathological questions. In the context of cardiac biology, development of a bona fide cardiac organoid enables study of heart development, function, and pathogenesis in a dish, providing insight into the nature of congenital heart disease and offering the opportunity for high-throughput probing of adult heart disease and drug discovery. Recently, multiple groups have reported novel methods for generating in vitro models of the heart; however, there are substantial conceptual and methodological differences. In this review we will evaluate recent cardiac organoid studies through the lens of the core principles of organoid technology: patterned self-organization of multiple cell types resembling the in vivo organ. Based on this, we will classify systems into the following related types of tissues: developmental cardiac organoids, chamber cardiac organoids, microtissues, and engineered heart tissues. Furthermore, we highlight the interventions which allow for organoid formation, such as modulation of highly conserved cardiogenic signaling pathways mediated by developmental morphogens. We expect that consolidation and categorization of existing organoid models will help eliminate confusion in the field and facilitate progress towards creation of an ideal cardiac organoid.
Breaking Down Communication Barriers: Assessing the Need for Audiologists to Have Access to Clinically Relevant Sign Language.

Background Research suggests Deaf individuals have longstanding negative perceptions of their interactions with health care providers, primarily due to communication barriers. One way to improve relations would be for audiologists to learn clinically relevant sign language. Purpose The aim of the study is to gain a better understanding of audiologists' knowledge of Deaf culture and American Sign Language (ASL) and evaluate motivation for instruction in signing abilities. Research Design A 21-question survey was emailed and advertised in a social media group for audiologists. The survey was divided into four sections: (1) demographics, (2) education of ASL and Deaf culture, (3) experience with ASL and Deaf culture, and (4) motivation to learn clinical signs. Data Analysis Descriptive statistics were analyzed for quantitative analysis of survey responses. Results A total of 489 responses were obtained and analyzed. Majority of respondents (82.6%) completed a manual ASL course, though only a third reported exposure to clinically relevant signs (37.4%). The majority of respondents rated their signing abilities at the word level, and knowing somewhere between 5 and 20 signs, expressively (50.5%) and receptively (53.9%). Results illustrate the majority of audiologists (54.5%) feel their clinical signing abilities need to be improved and were either highly (30.9%) or somewhat motivated (42.1%) to do so. Conclusion Study results suggest that although participants are enrolling in and completing ASL courses, clinical signs are not routinely included. This omission leads to reduced signing ability, potentially harming the provider–patient relationship. The majority of survey respondents reported that they are strongly motivated to improve their signing abilities. Results of the present study suggest there is need for a comprehensive clinical signs resource for audiologists to provide quality patient care to their Deaf patients. At present, there is no known, available tool to help accomplish this need.
UC 2 : Universal Cross-lingual Cross-modal Vision-and-Language Pre-training

Vision-and-language pre-training has achieved impressive success in learning multimodal representations between vision and language. To generalize this success to non-English languages, we introduce UC2, the first machine translation-augmented framework for cross-lingual cross-modal representation learning. To tackle the scarcity problem of multilingual captions for image datasets, we first augment existing English-only datasets with other languages via machine translation (MT). Then we extend the standard Masked Language Modeling and Image-Text Matching training objectives to multilingual setting, where alignment between different languages is captured through shared visual context (i.e., using image as pivot). To facilitate the learning of a joint embedding space of images and all languages of interest, we further propose two novel pre-training tasks, namely Masked Region-to-Token Modeling (MRTM) and Visual Translation Language Modeling (VTLM), leveraging MT-enhanced translated data. Evaluation on multilingual image-text retrieval and multilingual visual question answering benchmarks demonstrates that our proposed framework achieves new state of the art on diverse non-English benchmarks while maintaining comparable performance to monolingual pre-trained models on English tasks.
A chromosome rearrangement suggests that donor and recipient sites are associated during Tam3 transposition in Antirrhinum majus

We describe the structure of a chromosome rearrangement which changes the spatial pattern of expression of the pallida gene of Antirrhinum majus. The rearrangement involves a chromosome inversion of ~6 map units with one breakpoint at the end of a copy of the transposable element Tam3 located in the promoter region of the pallida locus. The sequence at the breakpoints shows that 5-7 bp, present once in the progenitor, has been duplicated and flanks both ends of the inversion. We propose that this structure arose from an aberrant Tam3 transposition, suggesting a model for normal transposition which involves physical association between donor and recipient sites. This may explain why transposition of plant transposable elements such as Ac in maize occurs preferentially to recipient sites closely linked to the donor site. Excision of the Tam3 copy located at the end of the chromosome inversion, results in a unique spatial pattern of pallida gene expression as a consequence of replacing all sequence 70 bp upstream of transcription by a new sequence. This pattern may be the result of deleting specific upstream components which regulate pallida expression and/or of changing the relative chromosome position of the pallida gene.
Long-life Li/polysulphide batteries with high sulphur loading enabled by lightweight three-dimensional nitrogen/sulphur-codoped graphene sponge

Lithium–sulphur batteries with a high theoretical energy density are regarded as promising energy storage devices for electric vehicles and large-scale electricity storage. However, the low active material utilization, low sulphur loading and poor cycling stability restrict their practical applications. Herein, we present an effective strategy to obtain Li/polysulphide batteries with high-energy density and long-cyclic life using three-dimensional nitrogen/sulphur codoped graphene sponge electrodes. The nitrogen/sulphur codoped graphene sponge electrode provides enough space for a high sulphur loading, facilitates fast charge transfer and better immobilization of polysulphide ions. The hetero-doped nitrogen/sulphur sites are demonstrated to show strong binding energy and be capable of anchoring polysulphides based on first-principles calculations. As a result, a high specific capacity of 1,200 mAh g−1 at 0.2C rate, a high-rate capacity of 430 mAh g−1 at 2C rate and excellent cycling stability for 500 cycles with ∼0.078% capacity decay per cycle are achieved. There is intensive research underway into the cathode development of lithium–sulphur batteries. Here, the authors report a lithium–sulphur battery using nitrogen/sulphur codoped graphene structure which displays excellent electrochemical performance with high sulphur loading.
Descriptions: A Model of Nonstrategic Memory Development

Publisher Summary This chapter describes model of memory development, termed as descriptions model. The model concerns nonstrategic aspects of memory that are largely ignored in the strategy-search model and, in this sense, complements the strategy-search model. The model is described in terms of its core constructs and focal experimental domain. The chapter also provides the descriptions of developmental differences in memory performance conceptualized within the framework of the model and explanations of those differences. It concludes with a discussion of some of the problems and implications of the model. The descriptions model is derived from work by Norman and Bobrow and concerns retrieval of episodic event information from memory, focusing on problems of gaining access to memory units. The model is based on the idea that retrieval is cue dependent, where the cue represents a question asked of the memory system. The cue, and question, can range from specific to general, and cue effectiveness depends on the degree to which the cue information specifies, or “describes,” the semantic and perceptual characteristics of an event representation in memory. In essence, the cue information acts as an address that specifies the spatio-temporal location and conceptual attributes of an item.
The Rhetoric of Responsibility

terms. Tuttle v. Atlantic City Railroad Co. 60 and Mauney v. Gulf Refining Co. 6 involve the foreseeability of a plaintiff's frightened response to a defendant's negligence. In Tuttle, one of defendant railroad's cars 60 66 N.J.L. 327, 49 A. 450 (1901). 61 193 Miss. 421, 9 So. 2d 780 (1942). 1990]
Applications and performance of VCSELs

The unique attributes of vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) diodes have generated research and commercial interest worldwide. The near term product applications of implanted VCSELs presently center around optical data transmission. VCSELs are considered to be light-emitting diode replacements with respect to packaging and optical coupling, but will also enable very high modulation rate and high efficiency. The use of buried oxide layers for electrical and optical confinement has produced remarkable performance advances of interest for emerging applications. Future applications will leverage high efficiency VCSELs, 2-dimensional VCSEL arrays, and integration with microelectronics.
Domoic acid lesions in nucleus of the solitary tract: time-dependent recovery of hypoxic ventilatory response and peripheral afferent axonal plasticity.

The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) plays a pivotal role in the ventilatory response to hypoxia (HVR). However, the effects of excitotoxic lesions and the potential for functional recovery and plasticity remain unknown. Domoic acid (DA) or vehicle were bilaterally injected within the NTS of adult male Sprague Dawley rats. HVR (10% O2) and anatomical changes were assessed at 5–90 d after surgery. DA induced dose-dependent HVR attenuations (∼70% at peak effect) that exhibited saturation at concentrations of 0.75–1.0 mm. However, although sodium cyanide-induced ventilatory responses were virtually abolished, DA did not modify baroreceptor gain. Consistent with ventilatory reductions, NTS neurons showed a significant degeneration 3 d after DA injection. In addition, the projection fields and the density of vagal afferent terminals to the NTS, and the motor neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus were substantially reduced at 15 d. At 30 d, no functional or neural recovery were apparent. However, at day 60, the reduction in HVR was only ∼40% of control, and at 90 d, HVR returned to control levels, paralleling regeneration of vagal afferent terminals within the NTS. The regeneration was particularly prominent in the commissural and dorsomedial subnuclei in the absence of cellular recovery. Thus, the integrity of the NTS is critical for HVR, spontaneous HVR recovery occurs after excitotoxic lesions in the NTS, and vagal–glossopharyngeal terminal sprouting in the NTS may underlie the anatomical substrate for such spontaneous functional recovery. The adult brainstem/NTS has self-repairing capabilities and will compensate for functional losses after structural damage by rewiring of its neural circuitry.