cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induced sink strength as a prerequisite for induced tannin biosynthesis in developing leaves of Populus.

Induced defenses occur predominately in young, developing plant tissues that rely upon carbohydrate import to support their growth and development. To test the hypothesis that the induced production of carbon-based defenses is dependent upon photoassimilate import, we examined the response of developing leaves of hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides × P. nigra) saplings to wounding by gypsy moth caterpillars (Lymantria dispar L.) and exogenous jasmonic acid (JA). Growth rates, condensed tannin contents and acid invertase activities were measured for individual leaves and the translocation of 13C-labeled resources between orthostichous source-sink pairs was quantified. Results showed a substantial increase in the activity of cell wall invertase in sink leaves wounded by gypsy moth caterpillars and treated with JA. JA-induced sink leaves also imported 3–4 times as much 13C-labeled carbon from orthostichous source leaves relative to controls and allocated a significant portion of this imported 13C to condensed tannin biosynthesis. Reduced carbohydrate flow to these leaves, caused by source leaf removal, resulted in reduced condensed tannin levels and the emergence of a growth–defense tradeoff. These results indicate that (1) induced sink strength is elicited by insect wounding and JA application in hybrid poplar foliage, (2) imported resources are allocated to the production of carbon-based defenses, and (3) the level of induced defense in leaves can be constrained by the ability of leaves to import carbohydrates from source tissues. Together, these results suggest that within-canopy variations in induced resistance may arise in part because of uneven distribution of resources to induced foliage.
Root sprouting in American beech (Fagus grandifolia) : Effects of root injury, root exposure, and season

Abstract Superficial woody American beech roots were manipulated and left in situ for three growing seasons to evaluate seasonal influences of injury and exposure on root sprout formation. A total of 648 root segments were arranged in a 32 × 2 split-plot factorial experiment with three injury levels (scrape, cut, and control), two exposure levels (exposed and buried), and three seasons (summer, late fall, and spring). Analysis of variance revealed significant injury, season, exposure and interaction effects. Injured roots developed more callus, adventitious buds and sprouts than did controls. Exposure stimulated bud initiation, and spring injury resulted in higher levels of sprouting compared to late fall or summer injury.
Testing for conspecific attraction in an obligate saltmarsh bird: Can behavior be used to aid marsh restoration?

Understanding mechanisms that promote colonization by target species is critical to advancing the success of coastal wetland restoration. Recent work in avian behavioral ecology suggests that social cues might influence settlement decisions in a range of species, however little is known about the extent to which social mechanisms might influence settlement decisions for those inhabiting coastal wetlands. In this study, we tested whether or not the saltmarsh sparrow (Ammodramus caudacutus), an obligate saltmarsh species of conservation concern, uses conspecific attraction to make habitat selection decisions. Despite previous research suggesting a potential role for auditory conspecific cues in sparrow settlement decisions, we found no evidence that saltmarsh sparrows respond to them in two distinct experiments. Playing saltmarsh sparrow vocalizations at 11 sites with very low saltmarsh sparrow densities did not change numbers from those observed in prior years. In a controlled experiment at marshes with high saltmarsh sparrow densities, numbers of adults, nests, and fledglings were similar at control and experimental plots. The results of this study suggest that auditory conspecific cues are not an important component of habitat settlement decisions for this species and are unlikely to facilitate the colonization of unoccupied habitat.
Naturally Split Inteins Assemble through a “Capture and Collapse” Mechanism

Split inteins are a class of naturally occurring proteins that carry out protein splicing in trans. The chemical mechanism of protein trans-splicing is well-understood and has been exploited to develop several powerful protein engineering technologies. Split intein chemistry is preceded by efficient molecular recognition between two protomers that become intertwined in their bound state. It is currently unclear how this unique topology is achieved upon fragment association. Using biophysical techniques in conjunction with protein engineering methods, including segmental isotopic labeling, we show that one split intein fragment is partly folded, while the other is completely disordered. These polypeptides capture each other through their disordered regions and form an ordered intermediate with native-like structure at their interface. This intermediate then collapses into the canonical intein fold. This mechanism provides insight into the evolutionary constraints on split intein assembly and should enhance...
Higher-dimensional realization of a nonlinear, one-parameter quantum oscillator

We generalize a recently introduced quantum model of a nonlinear oscillator to arbitrary dimensions. In our realization of the model we impose hyperspherical symmetry, which allows for separation of variables in the governing equation. We obtain the discrete spectrum in closed form, as well as the corresponding orthogonal set of normalizable eigenfunctions, located in a weighted Hilbert space. Furthermore, conditions for emptiness of the discrete spectrum are obtained, as well as spectral bounds for the eigenvalues.
A study of the ethane internal rotation barrier

Abstract In an effort to deduce the source of the ethane internal rotation barrier, we have investigated the contributions of exchange energy and orthogonality: two effects that are required by the Pauli principle. Fully antisymmetrized, partially antisymmetrized and non-antisymmetrized optimized orbital product wavefunctions were determined. Results show that the exchange energy contribution to the barrier is negligible only when it is evaluated from energy-localized orbitals; even in this case the small total results from cancellation of large contributions. The barrier is apparently caused by the orthogonality that is required between CH orbitals on opposite ends of the molecule. The CC bond has insignificant participation in this effect.
A Study on Predictable Model of Waterproofing for Mobile Phone Using Finite Element Analysis Based on Evaluation of Seal Rubber

Recently, product manufacturers of mobile phone have to meet to high demands that allow their products endure variable bad environments exposed throughout the customers’ use. Especially, mobile phones need to resist to high humidity and general waterproofing that is prevalent in everyday usage. However, most previous studies related to seal material or methods for sealing assembly have been focused on heavy industry or automotive industry. In this paper, the aim is to predict waterproof possibility of mobile phone by using finite element analysis in design step. The criteria of waterproof condition for mobile phones was based on IEC60529 IPX-7 level[1]. This paper studied behavior characteristics and properties of the specialized rubber material for sealing the mobile phone housing. Constitutive equation for specialized seal rubber material was applied to the 3rd order Ogden function. Then, the correlation with test and finite element model was studied. Using the correlated finite element model for specialized seal rubber, evaluated behavior characteristics for seal rubber 2D shape and studied waterproof possibility analysis 3D model of mobile phone.The proposed suggestion is expected to predict waterproof possibility for mobile phone efficiently. Evaluation method of 2D finite element model will be useful for decision design specification of seal rubber shape at preceding design step. And evaluation method of 3D finite element model will predict waterproof possibility before tooling the mold and will save the costs at development step in industry.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Analysis of the interdependent co-evolution of product structures and community structures using dependency modelling techniques

Within the engineering design literature, dependency modelling techniques have been used to model the structure and evolution of products. While a product's structure has significant implications on the product's quality and the complexity of product development process, recent studies within organisational science suggest that an organisation's structure also has a direct impact on the product structures. This interdependence is particularly important in open-source products developed by communities because there is no community structure imposed at the beginning of the process. Both the product structure and the community structure undergo dynamic co-evolution. Understanding this co-evolution is crucial as open-source development processes are being extended beyond software products to hardware products. To understand the interdependence between product and community structures, empirically testable hypotheses, based on the theory of socio-technical coordination, are formulated in this paper. A dynamic ...
Kinetics of liver nucleic acid turnovers during enzyme induction in the rat.

Abstract The parental administration of tryptophan in the rat produces a transient elevation in liver protein synthesis and in liver tryptophan peroxidase activity which results in an increased incorporation of inorganic 32 P and [ 14 C]glycine into RNA. The relative kinetics of these phenomena indicate that there is a burst of RNA synthetic activity subsequent to the period of active enzyme protein synthesis and that this increased RNA synthesis persists for 8 h and then returns to control rates. A working hypothesis is proposed in which it is suggested that increased enzyme protein synthesis utilizes and consumes pre-existent RNA and that this RNA is sub subsequently replenished. This hypothesis implies that RNA serves as a reactant which is consumed, rather than as a perfect catalyst of protein synthesis.
Introduction to Focus-Diverse Phase Retrieval

The fundamental physics of the image-based approach is discussed in addition to various applications of the image-based algorithms. Specification of the optimal amount of defocus diversity is solved by identification as a Talbot effect.
A mathematical method for temperature compensation of pH measurements.

Abstract A mathematical method for temperature correction of potentiometric pH measurements is presented as an alternative to the traditional electronic method. The method provides corrections which are comparable or superior to electronic ones, and it is applicable to pH meters that lack electronic temperature compensation.
Incorporating uncertainty in a chemical leaching assessment

Abstract Pesticide leaching models are being used to assist in the regulation and management of pesticides by indicating their potential for leaching to groundwater. Uncertainty in model input data is not, regrettably, included in most pesticide leaching assessments. In the work described here, we use logarithmic transformations of the attenuation factor (AF), a simple process-based index model, to represent uncertainty in a pesticide leaching assessment. Characterization of a wide range of pesticides as `leachers' or `non-leachers' for a specific Hawaii hydrogeological setting is facilitated by comparing the log-transformed AF, designated AFR, for each chemical with two reference chemicals for which leaching behavior in Hawaii is known. Defining a mean and uncertainty interval for the AFR index of each chemical being ranked provides a practical method of incorporating data uncertainty into a regulatory protocol.
Study of the hybrid parylene/PDMS material

This paper reports the mechanical behavior and barrier property of the hybrid parylene/PDMS material. The repetitive uniaxial tensile tests are done to characterize its mechanical behavior and the water vapor transmission rate is measured to evaluate its barrier property. The experimental data are in accordance with the composite material theory. A novel approach of facilitating the diffusion and penetration of parylene coatings into PDMS using in-situ heated deposition is presented. The parylene depth profiling in PDMS and 180° peel tests demonstrate that parylene deposition at elevated temperatures shows enhanced pore sealing capability. A theoretical model is proposed, featuring an infinitely long cylindrical PDMS pore model, free molecular flow and time-varying pore geometry during the deposition. There is only one unknown parameter in the model: the PDMS pore diameter. By fitting the numerical solutions of the theoretical model to the parylene depth profiling curves, the PDMS pore diameter is estimated to be ∼6.02nm.
Dynamical Density Response Function of a Metal Film in the Random-Phase Approximation

The random-phase-approximation integral equation for the density response function of the electron gas in a metal film is solved (in a cosine representation) for all wave vectors and frequencies. The Kohn-Sham-Lang ground-state wave functions are used in the computation of the noninteracting electron response. Numerical results are presented for the dynamic structure factor and for the screening field at the position of an oscillating point dipole placed in the surface region.
High affinity renal [3H]flunitrazepam binding: Characterization, localization, and alteration in hypertension

Abstract The binding of [ 3 H]flunitrazepam was studied in membranes prepared from the kidney and cerebral cortex of unilaterally nephrectomized rats made hypertensive by simultaneous deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and NaCl administration. A significant 35–43% increase in the number of [ 3 H]flunitrazepam binding sites (Bmax) was found in the renal membranes prepared from the hypertensive rats; there was no change in the density of binding sites in the membranes obtained from the cerebral cortex. The K d of [ 3 H]flunitrazepam binding did not change either in the renal or in the cerebral membranes (∼ 12 nM in the kidney and ∼2.0 nM in the brain). Drug specificity studies with renal membranes showed that the inhibition of [ 3 H]flunitrazepam binding by various benzodiazepines did not jibe with their pharmacologic potency as anxiolytic agents. An intrarenal distribution of specific [ 3 H]flunitrazepam binding was found in the bovine kidney; specific binding was greatest in the outer cortex and virtually absent in the medulla, the minor calyx and the renal artery. The evidence that the renal benzodiazepine binding site is of high affinity, is specific, has a unique distribution, and is regulated during hypertension suggests that it may be associated with an important pathophysiologic structure.
Materials Screening and Applications of Plasmonic Crystals

Surface plasmon polaritons are responsible for various optical phenomena, including negative refraction, enhanced optical transmission, and nanoscale focusing. Although many materials support plasmons, the choice of metal for most applications has been based on traditional plasmonic materials, such as Ag and Au, because there have been no side-by-side comparisons of different materials on well-defined, nanostructured surfaces. This article will describe how a multiscale patterning approach based on soft interference lithography can be used to create plasmonic crystals with different unit cell shapes—circular holes or square pyramids—which can be used as a platform to screen for new materials. The dispersion diagrams of plasmonic crystals made from unconventional metals will be presented, and the implications of discovering new optical coupling mechanisms and protein-sensing substrates based on Pd will be described. Finally, the opportunities enabled by this plasmonic library to dial into specific resonances for any angle or material will be discussed.
Alcoholate of Trimer of Hydroxypyruvic Aldehyde as Antidote in Mercuric Chloride Poisoning

ConclusionsHydroxypyruvic aldehyde in the presence of disodium phosphate acted, within the limits set forth in these experiments, as an effective antidote against mercuric chloride poisoning in rabbits and cats.
Fiber-optic LAN/MAN systems to support confidential communications

We propose a novel method to support confidentiality in broadcast fiber-optic local area network systems. This approach, which is different from the conventional cryptographic approach, is based on a fundamental property of fiber optics, namely optical bidirectionality. The basic idea is that, when two stations are engaged in a private conversation, it is possible to jam effectively the reception at all other stations via a suitable interconnection of network elements. In this sense, security close to that of a point-to-point link is achieved in a broadcast network. We show that this concept can be successfully applied to arrive at network structures to support privacy in passive fiber-optic broadcast local area and metropolitan networks.
Choroidal occlusive disease in sickle cell hemoglobinopathies

Abstract Two distinct episodes of posterior ciliary artery occlusion were studied in a 32-year-old man with hemoglobin SS disease and multiple episodes of amaurosis fugax. Although posterior ciliary artery occlusions have been observed following photocoagulation of sickle cell retinopathy, their spontaneous evolution in patients with sickling hemoglobinopathies has received little attention. The manifestations of posterior ciliary artery occlusion seen in this case and in other clinical and experimental situations are reviewed. Histopathologic examination of three additional eyes of patients with sickle hemoglobinopathies revealed changes which may have been the result of previous small posterior ciliary artery occlusions or small vessel occulusive disease related to the sickling hemoglobinopathies; these cases are also reported.
Alcohol, the chloride ionophore and endogenous ligands for benzodiazepine receptors.

Summary Considerable evidence suggests that at least some of the effects of ethanol are mediated by an action on the GABAA receptor chloride channel complex. More speculative is the suggestion that ethanol might interact with endogenous ligands for the benzodiazepine receptor on the complex. This paper considers the evidence for such interactions.
Testing Perfect Spatial Market Integration: An Application to Regional U.S. Cattle Markets

A rational expectations model is used to test spatial integration in regional slaughter steer markets. Market integration is examined using the concept of the law of one price across spatially separated markets. The approach and methodology used in this study overcomes three problems associated with standard approaches to testing market integration: simultaneity biases, an ignorance or misrepresentation of serial correlation, and a neglect of price expectations. Results indicate limited integration and suggest a shift in spatial price linkages between regional cattle markets between 1980 and 1987.
The Development of Iodine Based Impinger Solutions for the Efficient Capture of Hg0 Using Direct Injection Nebulization−Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) with direct injection nebulization (DIN) was used to evaluate novel impinger solution compositions capable of capturing elemental mercury (Hg0) in EPA Method 5 type sampling. An iodine based impinger solution proved to be very efficient for Hg0 capture and was amenable to direct analysis by DIN-ICP/MS. Hg0 capture efficiency using aqueous iodine (I3-) was comparable to Hg0 capture using acidified potassium permanganate impinger solutions which were analyzed by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS), with greater than 98% capture of Hg0 in the first oxidizing impinger. Using DIN-ICP/MS, it was demonstrated for the first time that iodine can be generated just prior to impinger sampling for efficiently oxidizing Hg0 and retaining it in solution as HgI42-. Due to the increased interest in Hg speciation from combustion sources and the potential for using DIN-ICP/MS for multiple metals analyses, an impinger sampling train for gaseous Hg speciation...
The nature and specificity of the Feulgen reaction.

Abstract 1. 1. The application of the Feulgen technique, under carefully controlled conditions, to gelatin-DNA preparations produces a colored complex. The intensity of color is proportional to the temperature and duration of hydrolysis and, within limits, to the concentration of desoxypentose nucleic acid (DNA). 2. 2. Aldehyde-coupling reagents block the Feulgen reaction only in hydrolyzed gelatin-DNA and tissue preparations. Accordingly, the Feulgen reaction must involve the coupling of aldehyde groups with the Feulgen (Schiff) reagent. 3. 3. Studies with atomic models indicate the possibility that the development of the Feulgen color involves the interaction of alternate unmasked aldehydes in DNA with both sulfur groups of the leucofuchsin molecule. 4. 4. The appearance of color resulting from the Feulgen reaction, under properly controlled conditions, is evidence for the actual site of desoxypentose nucleoprotein complexes in the cell. 5. 5. Photometric measurements of the color in gelatin-DNA preparations show a linear increase from 0.2 to 1.0 mg./ml. DNA in agreement with the Beer-Lambert law. Above 1.0 mg./ml. DNA, the color increase was less than might be expected with increasingly higher concentrations of DNA indicating a departure from the ideal Beer-Lambert law.
Right-brained decision support systems

Decision Support Systems (DSS) have been described as computer-based aids for management decision-makers dealing with semi-structured problems [Keen and Scott Morton, 1978]. DSS are differentiated from other MIS components in that they seek to establish a symbiosis of human mind and computer by allowing for a high degree of human-computer interaction and by enabling the manager-user to maintain direct control over the computer's tasks and their outcomes.
Propagating Surface Plasmon Induced Photon Emission from Quantum Dots

We investigate the interaction between propagating surface plasmons in silver nanowires and excitons generated in quantum dots. We show propagating surface plasmons can excite excitons, which results in quantum dot emission. In this process, the energy is directly transferred from the propagating surface plasmons to the excitons without converting to photons. Furthermore, we demonstrate the reverse process where the decay of excitons generates surface plasmons.
An Optimal Control Method for Improvement in Tandem Cold Metal Rolling

Controlling the tandem cold rolling of metal strip is a significant engineering challenge mostly because of the complexity of the interactions between the process variables, the nonlinearities which change with the operating conditions, and the long time delays which change significantly with the mill speed. The present technology is based on methods that divide the control problem into several independent control sub-problems, which results in a limited capability for improvement in performance. This paper describes a new control strategy wherein the control of the mill is treated as a single interconnected problem that is addressed by solving a state-dependent algebraic Riccati equation pointwise to establish a control law for a multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) controller which is enhanced by appropriate trimming functions. Simulation testing of the new controller coupled to a nonlinear model of the process showed that the tolerance in mill exit thickness could be held to about .2% for typical rolling operations, which compares favorably to the tolerances of .5% to .8% using existing techniques. In addition to this improvement in performance, the simplicity of the new control method also offers the potential to reduce the efforts required for design, commissioning, and maintenance.
FATTY-ACID ECOLOGY OF A TIDAL MARSH1

A salt marsh has differing biochemical patterns: The grasses have a terrestrial pattern rich in 16-18 C fatty acids, the animals a marine pattern dominated by long-chain polyunsaturates. The patterns vary, but they remain far more distinct than at corresponding positions in the structure of an offshore community. Each pattern is reflected in the diet of two species of marsh fishes. Their most probable diet is a mixture of 5 parts detritus to 1 part marine invertebrates. This ratio is also a boundary condition: It cannot go any higher and still account for the patterns occurring in the digestive tracts. Food is so abundant during spring that despite identical diets the two specks could avoid competition.
A 3-aminobenzamide-resistant labeled protein in [32P]NAD+-labeled cells.

A series of proteins are covalently labeled when human lymphocytes are incubated with [32P]NAD+. The majority of this labeling is effectively inhibited when the lymphocytes are coincubated with 3-aminobenzamide, a potent inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. However, labeling of a 72 000 molecular weight protein was resistant to the inhibitory effect of 3-aminobenzamide. Labeling of this protein from [32P]NAD+ was shown to be Mg2+-dependent. The 72 000 molecular weight protein could also be labeled on incubation with [α-32P]ATP, [γ-32P]ATP and [32P]orthophosphate, but not from [3H]NAD+ or [14C]NAD+. In the present study, we show that the 72 000 molecular weight protein is not ADP-ribosylated but rather, phosphorylated on incubation with [32P]NAD+. This phosphorylation appears to occur via an Mg2+-dependent conversion of NAD+ to AMP with the eventual utilization of the α-phosphate for phosphorylation of the 72 000 molecular weight protein.
A college health service's response to sexual assault issues.

(1990). A College Health Service's Response to Sexual Assault Issues. Journal of American College Health: Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 145-147.
Bedside Hand Grip Assessment with the Sphygmomanometer

A 39-year-old, right-handed man presented with rapidly progressive weakness of his dominant hand. On examination, his grip strength was normal in the left hand and decreased in the right (Fig. 1). He was found to have a left-sided brain tumor, which was thought to explain his weakness. Figure 1. Hand grip assessment using index card. Routine bedside assessment of grip may not detect subtle changes in strength. Using the sphygmomanometer, clinicians can measure grip strength at the bedside more objectively1 (Fig. 2). First, the sphygmomanometer is rolled into a cylinder comfortable for the patient to grip at rest. The cuff is then inflated to 20 mmHg, and the patient applies maximal grip force to the cuff. The gauge needle indicates the patient’s applied pressure (left hand, about 250 mmHg). In this case, his right hand grip was decreased (right hand, about 110 mmHg). See the online video appendix demonstrating the technique. Figure 2. Hand grip assessment using sphygmomanometer. This convenient bedside measurement technique has been used in the past to measure grip strength in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and has been shown to be reliable when compared to the Jamar dynamometer (the reference standard for testing grip strength).1,2 Clinicians should be aware of this method when assessing subtle changes of grip strength.
Enabling QoE-based Scheduling for Video Teleconferencing via PSNR Time Series Prediction

The ultimate goal of network resource allocation for video teleconferencing is to optimize the Quality of Experience (QoE) of the video. The IPPP video coding structure with macroblock intra refresh is widely used for video teleconferencing. With such video coding structure, the loss of a frame generally causes error propagation to subsequent frames. A resource allocation decision of a communication network determines the QoE given that other conditions such as viewing conditions are fixed. Therefore, to optimize the QoE, a communication network needs to be able to accurately predict the QoE for each of its resource allocation decisions and then selects the decision corresponding to the best QoE. In our previous work, we reduced the QoE prediction problem to one of predicting the per-frame PSNR time series. The accuracy of the proposed per-frame PSNR prediction method was demonstrated, however, only for low resolution video sequences. In this paper, we show via simulations that the per-frame PSNR prediction method achieves good performance for higher resolution video sequences as well.
Domain-specific variation in disgust sensitivity across the menstrual cycle

Disgust operates in many domains of behavior. On the presumption that facets of this emotion evince adaptive design, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 307 women, investigating changes in disgust sensitivity across the menstrual cycle. Two hypotheses were tested, namely (i) sexual disgust is an adaptation that serves to reduce participation in biologically suboptimal sexual behaviors, and (ii) many facets of disgust sensitivity compensate for cyclic changes in immunological robusticity via patterned alterations in behavioral prophylaxis against pathogens. Hypothesis (i) was supported, as disgust sensitivity in the sexual domain, and only in the sexual domain, was positively correlated with presumed conception risk as assessed on the basis of self-reported position in the menstrual cycle. Hypothesis (ii) was not supported, as no facet of disgust sensitivity changed as a function of the presumed level of immunosuppression assessed on the basis of self-reported position in the menstrual cycle. Results are discussed in light of published ethnographic evidence indicating that, in disparate cultures, disgust is elicited by aberrant sexual behaviors, and sex is equated with eating. Together with published findings on an animal model of sexual conditioning, this corpus suggests that sexual disgust may be a panmammalian adaptation.
Programming Course Design: Phenomenographic Approach to Learning and Teaching

Phenomenography is a well-known empirical research approach that is often used to investigate students' ways of learning programming. Phenomenographic pedagogy is an instructional approach to plan learning and teaching activities. This theoretical paper gives an overview of prior research in phenomenographic studies of programming and shows how the results from these research studies can be applied to course design. Pedagogic principles grounded in the phenomenographic perspective on teaching and learning are then presented that consider how to tie students' experiences to the course goals (relevance structure) and how to apply variation theory to focus on the desired critical aspects of learning. Building on this, an introductory object-oriented programming course is described as an example of research-based course design. The insights gained from the experience of running the course are shared with the community of computer science educators, as also the benefits and responsibilities for those who wish to adopt the phenomenographic perspective on learning to plan their teaching. The development of an increased awareness of the variation in students' ways of experiencing programming and the need to broaden the context of the programming course are discussed.
Botulinum neurotoxin A activity is dependent upon the presence of specific gangliosides in neuroblastoma cells expressing synaptotagmin I

Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) is the deadliest of all known biological substances. Although its toxicity makes BoNT/A a biological warfare threat, its biologic activity makes it an increasingly useful therapeutic agent for the treatment of muscular disorders. However, almost 200 years after its discovery, the neuronal cell components required for the activity of this deadly toxin have not been unequivocally identified. In this work, neuroblastoma cells expressing synaptotagmin I, a protein shown to be bound by BoNT/A, were used to determine whether specific gangliosides were necessary for BoNT/A activity as measured by synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) cleavage. Ganglioside GT1b was found to support BoNT/A activity significantly more effectively than GD1a, which was far more effective than GM1 when added to ganglioside-deficient murine cholinergic Neuro 2a or to human adrenergic SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells. Whereas both cell lines expressed synaptotagmin I, SNAP-25 cleavage was not observed in the absence of complex gangliosides. These results indicate that 1) gangliosides are required for BoNT/A activity, 2) synaptotagmin I in the absence of gangliosides does not support BoNT/A activity, and 3) Neuro 2a cells are an efficient model system for studying the biological activity of BoNT/A.
Impact of Feeding and Medical Practices on the Development of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

A single, unifying mechanism explaining the cause of necrotizing enterocolitis has remained elusive. It is unlikely that one precipitating cause will be found. However, it is increasingly evident that common risk factors do exist such as intestinal immaturity, dysbiosis, and feeding (including type of feeding). Modifying these risk factors to facilitate optimal postnatal intestinal development may lessen the vulnerability to intestinal injury in the preterm infant. Understanding the feeding and medical practices employed in the neonatal intensive care unit and their potential effects on postnatal intestinal development will begin to inform bedside strategies to reduce maladaptive intestinal responses in the preterm infant and the risk of this devastating disease.
2n-m designs with resolution III or IV containing clear two-factor interactions

Abstract For a fixed number of runs, not all 2n−m designs with resolution III or IV have clear two-factor interactions. Therefore, it is highly desirable to know when resolution III or IV designs can have clear two-factor interactions. In this paper, we provide a unified geometrical study of this problem and give a complete classification of the existence of clear two-factor interactions in regular 2n−m designs with resolution III or IV and reveal the structures of these designs.
Transitions in search tactics during the Web-based search process

Although many studies have identified search tactics, few studies have explored tactic transitions. This study investigated the transitions of search tactics during the Web-based search process. Bringing their own 60 search tasks, 31 participants, representing the general public with different demographic characteristics, participated in the study. Data collected from search logs and verbal protocols were analyzed by applying both qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings of this study show that participants exhibited some unique Web search tactics. They overwhelmingly employed accessing and evaluating tactics; they used fewer tactics related to modifying search statements, monitoring the search process, organizing search results, and learning system features. The contributing factors behind applying most and least frequently employed search tactics are in relation to users' efforts, trust in information retrieval (IR) systems, preference, experience, and knowledge as well as limitation of the system design. A matrix of search-tactic transitions was created to show the probabilities of transitions from one tactic to another. By applying fifth-order Markov chain, the results also presented the most common search strategies representing patterns of tactic transition occurring at the beginning, middle, and ending phases within one search session. The results of this study generated detailed and useful guidance for IR system design to support the most frequently applied tactics and transitions, to reduce unnecessary transitions, and support transitions at different phases. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of Campylobacter-Like Organisms Isolated from Homosexual Men

Thirteen Campylobacter-like organisms (CLOs) isolated from rectal cultures from homosexual men were studied. Like catalase-positive Campylobacter species, CLOs were curved gram-negative rods that did not grow aerobically, were motile, were oxidase- and catalase-positive, and did not utilize glucose. However, CLOs could not be classified within any of the Campylobacter species because they grew slowly and had unusual colony morphology; did not grow at 25 C, hydrolyze hippurate, produce H2S in triple sugar-iron agar, or tolerate 2% NaCl; were inhibited by 30-micrograms disks of nalidixic acid; and tolerated 1% glycine and 0.04% triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Three groups of CLOs were identified based on differences in nitrate reduction, growth at 42 C, and sensitivity to cephalothin. By the colony hybridization technique, whole-cell DNA isolated from a strain in each CLO group hybridized with DNA from other strains in the same group, but not with strains in other groups or with reference strains of catalase-positive Campylobacter species.
Linear and Nonlinear Effective Medium Properties of Metallodielectric Composites of Interacting Spheres and Isolated Spheroids

We compute the effective medium properties for Kerr-type metallodielectric composites of interacting spheres and isolated spheroids. We show the nonlinear index enhancement increases significantly faster than the linear absorption as particles interact or become elongated.
Responsibilities and risks when radiologists evaluate patients for child abuse

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this article is to discuss the a radiologist's responsibilities as a mandated reporter of child abuse and the risks in failing to do so. CONCLUSION. All states have established rules that require licensed physicians to report any reasonable suspicion of child abuse. Failure to do so may result in serious consequences for both the physician and the patient.
Sustained reduction in myocardial reperfusion injury with an adenosine receptor antagonist: possible role of the neutrophil chemoattractant response.

Recent studies have demonstrated that three membrane-permeant A 1 receptor antagonists reduced infarct size in a model of ischemia followed by brief reperfusion. However, it was not determined whether cardioprotection was mediated by nonspecific intracellular effects of these highly lipophilic drugs and whether the antagonists only delayed myocardial necrosis without affecting the ultimate infarct size. In the present study, closed-chest dogs were subjected to 90 min of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion and 72 h of reperfusion and received either a nonmembrane-permeant adenosine receptor blocker that is devoid of direct intracellular effects and is 6-fold selective for the A 1 receptor [1,3-dipropyl-8- p -sulfophenylxanthine (DPSPX); n = 11] or vehicle ( n = 12). DPSPX was administered as three 200-mg boluses 60 min before and 30 and 120 min after reperfusion. The area of necrosis was determined histologically and expressed as a percentage of the area at risk. Baseline predictors of infarct size were similar in the two groups. The ratio of the area of necrosis to the area at risk was less in the DPSPX group (17.8 ± 4.3% versus 35.0 ± 1.9%; P = .012), and DPSPX improved regional ventricular function. Under both basal and stimulated (formyl-Met-Leu-Phe) conditions, suspensions of human neutrophils generated extracellular adenosine levels (approximately 50 nM) sufficient to activate A 1 receptors. Moreover, both DPSPX and 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine, a selective A 1 receptor antagonist, significantly reduced the chemoattractant response of neutrophils to formyl-Met-Leu-Phe. We conclude that blockade of A 1 adenosine receptors attenuates myocardial ischemic/reperfusion injury, possibly in part by decreasing the chemoattractant response of neutrophils.
Can a Back Belt Effect Working Posture: Laboratory Evaluation of a New Design

This study investigated the impact of a new back belt design on postural transitions during reaching. That is, an object close to the operator can be reached by just extending the arm; however, at some point, the operator must change postures by flexing the trunk. Previous work in our laboratory has determined that these transition points occur closer than the maximum distance set by the subject's anthropometry. Such transition points may reflect a user-generated margin of safety; protecting against extremes of ranges of motion. The current study compared back belt with no back belt reaching in a simulated pick and place task at various distances. Results indicate that when subjects wore the belt while reaching, they tended to have transition points closer to their bodies, than while not reaching. Hence, the belt seems to act to preserve a greater margin of safety-keeping the user from extreme ranges of motion.
Effects of SEI on the kinetics of lithium intercalation

The electrochemical stability of electrolytes at lithium, or lithium-intercalating anodes, is achieved via ionically conducting surface films termed as solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Since the lithium deposition or intercalation process occurs on the electrode covered with the SEI, the characteristics of the SEI determine the kinetics of lithiation/delithiation, stability of the interface, and thus, the overall cell performance, especially at low temperatures. In this paper, we have reiterated the significance of the SEI characteristics over the solution properties, using a few illustrative examples from our research on low temperature Li ion battery electrolytes at JPL. The examples specifically include the beneficial aspects of a ternary carbonate mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) compared to the binary mixtures (of EC and either DMC or DEC) and quaternary solutions with appropriate co-solvents, such as alkyl esters.
Nonequivalent Associations Between Forms of Cohesiveness and Group-Related Outcomes: Evidence for Multidimensionality

Abstract This study contrasted different forms of group cohesiveness in a student military organization. A questionnaire assessing task cohesion, interpersonal cohesion, role uncertainty, and group performance processes was administered to members of nine large-scale cadet squadrons in the United States. Two behavioral outcomes, individual performance and absenteeism, were also assessed. Individual correlations adjusted for group-level effects indicated that task cohesiveness was more strongly associated with lower role uncertainty, higher individual performance, and lower absenteeism than was interpersonal cohesiveness. These analyses also showed equally strong associations between group performance processes and both forms of cohesion. Taken together, the data provide evidence for a multidimensional rather than a unitary perspective of group cohesiveness.
Eco-friendly dyeing of cotton fabric with natural dye extracted from flowers of Lantana camara linn

The present study was carried out to revive the old art of dyeing with natural dye from flowers of Lantana camara Linn . It belongs to family Verbenaceae, commonly known as unnichedi. The dye has good scope in the commercial dyeing of cotton in textile industry. In the present investigation, bleached cotton fabrics were dyed with different chemical mordants. Dyeing was carried out by pre-mordanting, post mordanting and simultaneous mordanting. Fastness properties of the dyed samples were determined by standard IS methods. The dyed samples have shown good washing, light and rubbing fastness properties. The various colour changes were measured by computer colour matching software. The range of colour developed on dyed samples were evaluated in terms of (L*a*b*) CIELAB coordinates and the dye absorption on the cotton was studied by using K/S values. An ICPMS study was also performed for the dye extract. This study has proved that, heavy metals such as antimony, arsenic, cadmium and lead were not present in the dye extract.
Practical application of thermal ionization mass spectrometry for the determination of plutonium for the LANL Bioassay Program (LA-UR-00-1697)

Utilization of thermal ionization mass spectrometry as a routine analytical service provided to the Los Alamos National Laboratory Bioassay Program has evolved significantly since its implementation just over three years ago. Converting this unique research tool designed to support nuclear weapons testing to a quasi-production mode for the routine analysis of ~300 urine samples/year for ultra-low levels of plutonium has required resolution of numerous practical issues. These issues include clean-room sample preparation, adequate tracer recovery, customer specified turn-around times, throughput, water and urine blank values, statistical data reduction, and quality control and performance evaluation sample requirements.
US Presidential War Powers: Legacy Chains in Military Intervention Decisionmaking*

War II US military interventions have had on each other through the policy legacies left by each in turn. The argument allows that military intervention legacies have their strongest impact on decisionmaking for an immediately subsequent intervention but can also leave durable impressions on the institutional context, which, after being modified by subsequent military interventions, constitute 'legacy chains'. These legacy chains are path-dependent processes, in that their institutional embodiments follow 'increasing returns' logics and will remain in place until the structure of returns changes, usually due to a 'critical shift'. In response to a series of perceived abuses of presidential war powers following World War II, the War Powers Resolution sought to ensure congressional participation in future commitments of US forces to hostilities. It has not done so. The lasting legacy of the War Powers Resolution is an unintended consequence of the way it was formally institutionalized. Presidents, following the letter of the resolution, have designed post-War Powers Resolution military interventions to either be short (so the 60-day mandatory reporting period specified in the resolution ends with zfait accompli) or popular, so that public and congressional opinion are sufficient to ensure approval of the operation, either before it starts or once underway. While the actual legacy of the War Powers Resolution is not what was intended at its inception, it is unlikely to be formally changed until a future (hypothetical) abuse of war I powers sufficiently egregious to break through its institutional inertia.
Computational carbon capture

The separation of mixtures of volatile molecules presents a critical issue in the clean use of existing fuels and in the generation of alternative fuels. In particular separation of CO2 is at present one of the mayor barriers for large scale CO2 sequestration. For example, the conventional technology for capturing CO2 from the effluent stream of a power plant may require as much as 25% of the electricity being produced. In this presentation an overview will be given on the activities on carbon capture the Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC) in Berkeley.In this presentation we describe how computational techniques can be used to screen novel materials for carbon capture. Our starting point is the question how to define the optimal material. We introduce the concept of parasitic energy as a metric to compare different materials; the best material is the material that minimizes the loss of efficiency of a power plant. To compute this parasitic energy one need information on the mixture isotherms of the various components of flue gasses. We show how quantum chemical calculations can be used to predict the adsorption energies. In addition, we show how these calculations can be used to develop a force field that allows us to predict the adsorption properties. We will apply these methods for materials for which experimental data is lacking, or for materials that have not yet been synthesized.