cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RESPONSE OF MAMMALIAN CELLS TO CHEMICAL DAMAGE

ABSTRACT Xeroderma pigmentosum lymphoblastoid cells derived from a group C patient (XPA3) are AP excision repair competent but are unable to carry out nucleotide excision or to remove 06 methyl guanine residues from DNA. Since uvr mutants of bacteria do remove 06 adducts, it seems likely that XPA3 is deficient in more than one enzymatic step. AP repair and nucleotide excision probably utilize separate enzymatic mechanisms for at least the first steps. Both XPA3 and an excision competent lymphoma cell line are able to replicate DNA containing benzpyrene residues. These adducts remain in the parental strand.
Symptom management in women with recurrent ovarian cancer: Do patients and clinicians agree on what symptoms are most important?

Abstract Objective We sought to compare symptoms identified as a priority by patients with recurrent ovarian cancer to symptoms most frequently documented by their clinicians, and examine the association between clinician documentation of symptoms and subsequent clinical intervention. Methods Single-institution, retrospective chart review of patients enrolled in WRITE Symptoms Study (GOG 259), a randomized controlled trial of internet-based recurrent ovarian cancer symptom management. As part of the trial, women completed the Symptom Representation Questionnaire for 28 symptoms and selected 3 priority symptoms (PS). We compared patient-reported PS to clinician documentation of symptoms and interventions over the time period corresponding to study enrollment. Results At least one PS was documented in 92% of patients. Of 150 PS reported by patients, 53% were never documented by clinicians; these symptoms tended to be less directly related to disease or treatment status. Symptoms not identified by patients as PS were frequently documented by clinicians; these symptoms tended to relate to physiologic effects of disease and treatment toxicity. 58% of patients had at least one PS intervention. PS intervened for were documented at 2.58 visits vs 0.50 visits for PS not receiving intervention ( p ≤0.0001). Conclusions Discordance was identified between symptoms reported by patients as important and symptoms documented by clinicians. Symptoms more frequently documented were also more frequently intervened for. Our study illustrates the need to improve identification of symptoms important to patients, and suggests that improving communication between patients and clinicians could increase intervention rates to enhance quality of life in women with recurrent ovarian cancer.
Advances in Imaging and Management Trends of Traumatic Aortic Injuries

Acute traumatic aortic injury (ATAI) is a life-threatening injury. CT is the imaging tool of choice, and the knowledge of direct and indirect signs of injury, grading system, and current management protocol helps the emergency radiologist to better identify and classify the injury and provide additional details that can impact management options. Newer dual-source CT technology with ultrafast acquisition speed has also influenced the appropriate protocol for imaging in patients with suspected ATAI. This review highlights the imaging protocol in patients with blunt trauma, CT appearance and grading systems of ATAI, management options, and the role of the multidisciplinary team in the management of these patients. We also briefly review the current literature on the definition, treatment, and follow-up protocol in patients with minimal aortic injury.
Management of laurel wilt of avocado, caused by Raffaelea lauricola

Laurel wilt is caused by Raffaelea lauricola, a nutritional symbiont of an Asian ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus. American members of the Lauraceae plant family are most susceptible and 300 million trees have been killed by the disease in the southeastern USA since 2003. Recently, commercial production of an important crop in the laurel family, avocado (Persea americana), has been affected in southern Florida. We summarize studies in which diverse measures were tested for managing the disease. In all studies, trees were treated with potential laurel wilt control measures and subsequently inoculated with R. lauricola. On potted plants in greenhouse experiments, commercial nutritional products (Greenstim and Keyplex 350) and SAR products (Agri-Fos and Nutri-Phite), when applied as soil drenches or foliar sprays, had either no impact on, or increased laurel wilt symptom development compared to non-treated control treatments. Bark applications of Tilt (a propiconazole fungicide for which emergency registration had been obtained in 2010) in a surfactant (Pentrabark) enabled significant laurel wilt protection in greenhouse studies on small potted plants, but Pentrabark and other surfactants moved little propiconazole into the xylem of fruit-bearing trees in field studies. In efficacy studies in the field, Propiconazole Pro (an injectable formulation of propiconazole), Tilt, and two experimental formulations of another triazole fungicide, tebuconazole, decreased the development of laurel wilt compared to nontreated control trees when applied as undiluted injections into branches and scaffold limbs (microinjection), or injection of dilute fungicide into tree flare roots (macroinfusion). However, symptoms developed in all treated trees by 10–11 months after inoculation with R. lauricola, indicating that trees would need to be re-treated at least on an annual basis. Regardless of how fungicides were applied, insignificant levels of different active ingredients entered fruit. Although fungicide treatment of fruit-bearing avocado trees is not a concern for food safety and several triazole and DMI fungicides can protect avocado trees from laurel wilt, cost-effective measures with which the xylem could be loaded with and protected by these products remains a challenge. Management of laurel wilt in commercial avocado production areas is discussed.
USING CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AND TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY TO PREDICT PRESENCE OF PAPILLARY MUSCLE-BASED VENTRICULAR ECTOPY IN MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE

Background: While mitral valve prolapse is typically thought to be benign, recent studies have suggested increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias. We aimed to examine whether certain cardiac imaging characteristics may be associated with increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with
Do Outcomes of Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation Differ Based on Age: A Comparative Matched Group Analysis of Patients under versus Over 40 Years Old

Objectives:Osteochondral allograft transplantation (OAT) is being performed with increasing frequency, though to date, the impact of patient age on outcomes and failure rates has not been assessed....
The Connection of Study Abroad to Students’ Positive Feelings of Institutional Action:

Previous empirical inquiry into study abroad has consistently shown that students who study abroad have higher graduation rates than students who do not study abroad. In the current study, it was t...
Evidence for Genetic Risk Contributing to Long-Term Adverse Treatment Effects in Childhood Cancer Survivors

Survivors of childhood cancer are at increased risk for therapy-related morbidities and mortality. Although the demographic and clinical factors predicting the risk for long-term effects of cancer therapy are well known, the impact of genetic risk for specific late effects is less clearly defined. Here, we review the extant literature and recent research describing genetic modifiers to risk for the more common late effects of childhood cancer therapy. Results of this research support the need for clinical trials that attempt to further refine risk prediction by incorporating genetic testing into existing algorithms that are primarily based on clinical and demographic factors. Confirmation of genetic predisposition, as defined by reproducibility and prospective validation, would permit therapeutic modification and discussion of individualized survivor care plans even at initial cancer diagnosis.
Michael W. Kramer, Laurie K. Lewis, and Loril M. Gossett (Eds.), Volunteering and Communication, Volume 2: Studies in International and Intercultural Contexts. New York, NY: Peter Lang, 2014; 324 pp.

Following up on the edited collection Volunteering and Communication: Studies from Multiple Contexts (Peter Lang, 2013), coeditors Michael W. Kramer, Laurie K. Lewis, and Loril M. Gossett reunite f...
Religion From the Target’s Perspective: A Portrait of Religious Threat and Its Consequences in the United States

Little is known about social identity threat from religion or religiosity. We collected data from a diverse sample of Protestants, Catholics, Jews, and Muslims across the United States (N = 970) to...
Nitrogen isotopic analysis of carbonate-bound organic matter in modern and fossil fish otoliths

The nitrogen isotopic composition (δ^(15)N) of otolith-bound organic matter (OM) is a potential source of information on dietary history of bony fishes. In contrast to the δ^(15)N of white muscle tissue, the most commonly used tissue for ecological studies, the δ^(15)N of otolith-bound OM (δ^(15)N_(oto)) provides a record of whole life history. More importantly, δ^(15)N_(oto) can be measured in contexts where tissue is not available, for example, in otolith archives and sedimentary deposits. The utility and robustness of otolith δ^(15)N analysis was heretofore limited by the low N content of otoliths, which precluded the routine measurement of individual otoliths as well as the thorough cleaning of otolith material prior to analysis. Here, we introduce a new method based on oxidation to nitrate followed by bacterial conversion to N_2O. The method requires 200-fold less N compared to traditional combustion approaches, allowing for thorough pre-cleaning and replicated analysis of individual otoliths of nearly any size. Long term precision of δ^(15)N_(oto) is 0.3‰. Using an internal standard of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) otoliths, we examine the parameters of the oxidative cleaning step with regard to oxidant (potassium persulfate and sodium hypochlorite), temperature, and time. We also report initial results that verify the usefulness of δ^(15)N_(oto) for ecological studies. For three salmonid species, left and right otoliths from the same fish are indistinguishable. We find that the δ^(15)N_(oto) of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) is related to the size of the fish for this species. We find that intra-cohort δ^(15)N_(oto) standard deviation for wild pink salmon, farmed brown trout (Salmo trutta), and farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are all 0.4‰ or less, suggesting that δ^(15)N_(oto) will be valuable for population-level studies. Lastly, our protocol yields reproducible data for both δ^(15)N_(oto) and otolith N content in 17th century Atlantic cod otoliths. We find that 17th century cod are approximately 2 ‰ higher than modern cod, arguably consistent with either the larger size of the otoliths (and thus inferred for the fish) or with changes in baseline (primary producer) δ^(15)N in the modern coastal ocean compared to the past. All told, the results of this study bode well for the utility of otolith-bound δ15N for investigating the environment and ecology of modern and past fish.
Patient Variability Seldom Assessed in Cost-effectiveness Studies:

Background. Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) estimates can vary substantially across patient subgroups when patient characteristics influence preferences, outcome risks, treatment effectiveness, l...
Spatial Modeling of Land Cover/Land Use Change and Its Effects on Hydrology Within the Lower Mekong Basin

The Lower Mekong Basin is an economically and ecologically important region that is vulnerable to effects of climate variability and land cover changes. To effectively develop long-term plans for addressing these changes, responses to climate variability and land cover change must be evaluated. This research aims to investigate how the land cover change will affect hydrologic parameters both spatially and temporally within the Lower Mekong Basin. The research goal is achieved by (1) modeling land cover change for a baseline land cover change scenario as well as changes in land cover with increases in forest or agriculture and (2) using modeled land cover data as inputs into the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrologic model to simulate the changes to the hydrologic system. The VIC model outputs were analyzed against historic values to understand to what degree land cover changes affect the hydrology of the region and where within the region these changes occur. This study found that increasing forest area will slightly decrease discharge and increase evapotranspiration whereas increasing agriculture area increases discharge and decreases evapotranspiration. These findings will benefit the Lower Mekong Basin by supporting individual country, as well as basin-wide, policy for effective land management for water resources management changes as well as policy for the basin as a whole.
Platelets and galectins

A major function of platelets is keeping the vascular system intact. Platelet activation at sites of vascular injury leads to the formation of a hemostatic plug. Activation of platelets is therefore crucial for normal hemostasis; however, uncontrolled platelet activation may also lead to the formation of occlusive thrombi that can cause ischemic events. Although they are essential for proper hemostasis, platelet function extends to physiologic processes such as tissue repair, wound remodeling and antimicrobial host defense, or pathologic conditions such as thrombosis, atherosclerosis, chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. Platelets can be activated by soluble molecules including thrombin, thromboxane A 2 (TXA 2 ), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), serotonin or by adhesive extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as von Willebrand factor (vWF) and collagen. Here we describe recent advances in the activation of platelets by non-canonical platelet agonists such as galectins. By acting either in soluble or immobilized form, these glycan-binding proteins trigger all platelet activation responses through modulation of discrete signaling pathways. We also offer new hypotheses and some speculations about the role of platelet-galectin interactions not only in hemostasis and thrombosis but also in inflammation and related diseases such as atherosclerosis and cancer.
Application of LDA to speaker recognition.

The speaker recognition task falls under the general problem of pattern classification. Speaker recognition as a pattern classification problem, its ultimate objective is design of a system that classifies the vector of features in different classes by partitioning the feature space into optimal speaker discriminative space. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is a feature extraction method that provides a linear transformation of n-dimensional feature vectors (or samples) into mdimensional space (m < n), so that samples belonging to the same class are close together but samples from different classes are far apart from each other. In this paper we discuss the issue of the application of LDA to our Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) based speaker identification task. Applying LDA improved the identification performance.
Cognition in the Attention Economy

Abstract Cognitive science studies the basic processes of cognition, often mirroring the simple informational environments for which our brain is adapted. Though our brain is adapted for simple environments, we live in an era in which we have access to more information and are surrounded by multiple distractions vying for our attention. This “attention economy” has redefined critical questions in cognitive science. The work of cognitive science must be translated to the current environment. This chapter examines how cognition works or fails to work in an attention economy across a range of phenomena from safety and willpower to the appreciation of art and the ability to think creatively. The costs of a divided cognition and how cognitive science may help us understand what has gone wrong are offered, with a look to the future to examine how the technology underlying an attention economy may help improve cognitive function. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the increasing relevance of cognitive science and a call for cognitive science to study and understand the problems of our distraction-rich world.
Objective laparoscopic skills assessments of surgical residents using Hidden Markov Models based on haptic information and tool/tissue interactions.

UNLABELLED Laparoscopic surgical skills evaluation of surgery residents is usually a subjective process, carried out in the operating room by senior surgeons. By its nature, this process is performed using fuzzy criteria. The objective of the current study was to develop and assess an objective laparoscopic surgical skill scale using Hidden Markov Models (HMM) based on haptic information, tool/tissue interactions and visual task decomposition. METHODS Eight subjects (six surgical trainees: first year surgical residents 2 x R1, third year surgical residents 2 x R3 fifth year surgical residents 2 x R5; and two expert laparoscopic surgeons: 2 x ES) performed laparoscopic cholecystectomy following a specific 7 steps protocol on a pig. An instrumented laparoscopic grasper equipped with a three-axis force/torque sensor located at the proximal end with an additional force sensor located on the handle, was used to measure the forces and torques. The hand/tool interface force/torque data was synchronized with a video of the tool operative maneuvers. A synthesis of frame-by-frame video analysis was used to define 14 different types of tool/tissue interactions, each one associated with unique force/torque (F/T) signatures. HMMs were developed for each subject representing the surgical skills by defining the various tool/tissue interactions as states and the associated F/T signatures as observations. The statistical distance between the HMMs representing residents at different levels of their training and the HMMs of expert surgeons were calculated in order to generate a learning curve of selected steps during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. RESULTS Comparison of HMM's between groups showed significant differences between all skill levels, supporting the objective definition of a learning curve. The major differences between skill levels were: (i) magnitudes of F/T applied (ii) types of tool/tissue interactions used and the transition between them and (iii) time intervals spent in each tool/tissue interaction and the overall completion time. The objective HMM analysis showed that the greatest difference in performance was between R1 and R3 groups and then decreased as the level of expertise increased, suggesting that significant laparoscopic surgical capability develops between the first and the third years of their residency training. The power of the methodology using HMM for objective surgical skill assessment arises from the fact that it compiles enormous amount of data regarding different aspects of surgical skill into a very compact model that can be translated into a single number representing the distance from expert performance. Moreover, the methodology is not limited to in-vivo condition as demonstrated in the current study. It can be extended to other modalities such as measuring performance in surgical simulators and robotic systems.
Toward a Theory of Interactive Federalism

Dual federalism is dead, but its spirit continues to haunt contemporary discussions of federalism. Neither courts nor scholars embrace dual federalism's goal of creating exclusive and non-overlapping spheres of state and national authority. Nevertheless, the dualist conception of federalism as a line-drawing exercise persists. This Article offers an alternative conception that understands the interaction of national and state governments, rather than their separation, as the primary means of realizing the aims of federalism. The focus on drawing lines between state and federal authority has led current federalism doctrine in unfortunate directions. In an attempt to create a protected realm of state control, the Rehnquist Court has used the concept of "noncommercial" activity as a limit on federal power. The distinction between commercial and noncommercial activity, however, has proven difficult to define. At the same time, the Court's conception of federalism has provided no assistance in clarifying the relationship of state and national authority in the vast areas of inevitable overlap. With regard to preemption and the dormant Commerce Clause, areas in which the "noncommercial" activity category has no application, the Court has failed to produce a coherent federalist approach. Instead the Court has broadly restricted the exercise of state power. Contemporary scholarly debates about federalism have been plagued by similar dualist tendencies. Commentators engage in irreconcilable disputes over the potential benefits and harms of separating state and federal authority. Dualist theories, moreover, provide no guidance to legislatures or courts in resolving the inevitable conflicts that arise in areas of concurrent state and federal regulation. Existing scholarship thus offers little assistance in assessing such important federal-state initiatives as the federal No Child Left Behind Act. After examining some promising, but ultimately unsatisfactory alternatives, the Article offers a "polyphonic" conception of federalism to replace the now regnant dualism. Polyphonic federalism does not divide state and federal authority, but instead seeks to harness the interaction of state and national power to advance the goals associated with federalism. By rejecting the need to draw lines between state and federal realms, the polyphonic conception avoids the problems that have plagued judicial doctrine and federalism theory. The Article concludes by illustrating how courts can serve as crucial nodes of interaction between federal and state authority. In this way, the courts can fulfill the goals of federalism, including the protection of individual rights.
Quality of life technology handbook

Introduction and Conceptual Foundations Who Can Benefit from Quality of Life Technology? Richard Schulz and Scott R. Beach Facilitators and Barriers to Technology Uptake: Individual End-User Perspectives Richard Schulz Facilitators and Barriers to Technology Uptake: Organizational and Societal Perspectives Katherine D. Seelman Design, Development, and Evaluation Assessing Needs, Preferences, and Attitudes Using Survey Methods Scott R. Beach Design and Development Process Judith T. Matthews, Karen L. Courtney, and Annette DeVito Dabbs Universal Design for Quality of Life Technologies Edward Steinfeld and Roger O. Smith Fostering Teamwork and Community Partnerships Judith T. Matthews and Karen L. Courtney Evaluating Quality of Life Technologies Annette DeVito Dabbs, Scott R. Beach, Karen L. Courtney, and Judith T. Matthews Core Technologies and Their Application Vision-Based Sensing Approaches to QoLT Martial Hebert HERB: Personal Assistive Mobile Manipulator in the Home Siddhartha Srinivasa Architecture and Applications of Virtual Coaches Daniel P. Siewiorek and Asim Smailagic Non-Wearable In-Home Sensing for Early Detection of Health Changes Marjorie Skubic, Marilyn J. Rantz, Steve J. Miller, Rainer Dane Guevara, Richelle J. Koopman, Gregory L. Alexander, and Lorraine J. Phillips Quality of Life Technologies in Supporting Family Caregivers Sara J. Czaja, Chin Chin Lee, and Richard Schulz Transforming Education and the Market Place Developing Future Generations of QoLT Researchers through Education, Outreach, and Diversity Initiatives Mary Goldberg, Maria Milleville, Dan Ding, Reid Simmons, Shelly Brown, and Diane Collins Innovation, Commercialization, and Start-Ups James F. Jordan
Phylogenetic analysis of longitudinal melanoma samples to reveal convergent evolution and markers of immunotherapy resistance.

9581Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized treatment in metastatic melanoma (MM), but progression occurs in the majority of patients (pts), and the evolution of resistan...
149 PARTICULATE CARBON INHALATION DECREASES LUNG NITRIC OXIDE IN MICE.

Epidemiologic studies indicate that for unknown reasons, living in cities with high levels of chemically complex carbon particulate increases asthmatic symptoms and the chances for a recurrent heart attack. To begin to determine the underlying biochemical mechanism, we synthetically produced representative pure carbon particles (particulate). Aerosol exposure to this particulate increases lung nitrotyrosine (NT) content in paraffin sections of mouse lungs-an observation suggesting increased oxidative stress since nitration of protein-bound tyrosine is the result of the interaction of protein bound tyrosines with peroxynitrate, a by-product of the interaction of superoxide anion with nitric oxide (NOx). We also found that NOx decreases in lavages of lungs of mice exposed to particulate aerosols containing 10 μg/m3 of carbon (a concentration occurring in the polluted cities) for 6 hours/day for 4 days. For this assessment, lungs were lavaged with saline, the cellular elements were removed by centrifugation, the supernatant was filtered through a filter with a pore size of 30,000 MW, and the filtrate concentration of nitrate/nitrite was assayed with a kit (Cayman Chem. Co. #780051). The sum of the nitrate and nitrite concentrations represents the total NOx. The average NOx concentrations of 4.2 μM of alveolar macrophages from the particulate exposed mice was significantly decreased (p
Early proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy during and after therapeutic hypothermia in perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

Hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) remains a significant cause of mortality and neurodevelopmental impairment despite treatment with therapeutic hypothermia. Magnetic resonance H1-spectroscopy measures concentrations of cerebral metabolites to detect derangements in aerobic metabolism. We assessed MR spectroscopy in neonates with HIE within 18–24 h of initiating therapeutic hypothermia and at 5–6 days post therapeutic hypothermia. Eleven neonates with HIE underwent MR spectroscopy of the basal ganglia and white matter. We compared metabolite concentrations during therapeutic hypothermia and post-therapeutic hypothermia and between moderate and severe HIE. During therapeutic hypothermia, neonates with severe HIE had decreased basal ganglia N-acetylaspartate (NAA; 0.62±0.08 vs. 0.72±0.05; P=0.02), NAA + N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG; 0.66±0.11 vs. 0.77±0.06; P=0.05), glycerophosphorylcholine + phosphatidylcholine (GPC+PCh; 0.28±0.05 vs. 0.38±0.06; P=0.02) and decreased white matter GPC+PCh (0.35±0.13 vs. 0.48±0.04; P=0.02) compared to neonates with moderate HIE. For all subjects, basal ganglia NAA decreased (−0.08±0.07; P=0.01), whereas white matter GPC+PCh increased (0.03±0.04; P=0.04) from therapeutic hypothermia MRI to post-therapeutic-hypothermia MRI. All metabolite values are expressed in mmol/L. Decreased NAA and GPC+PCh were associated with greater HIE severity and could distinguish neonates who might benefit most from targeted additional neuroprotective therapies.
Better schools or different students? The impact of immigration reform on school-level student achievement

Abstract This study examines the consequences of two controversial Arizona immigration laws, the Legal Arizona Workers Act and SB 1070, on school enrollment and student achievement trends. In the period after implementation of both policies, Arizona public schools have demonstrated growth in student achievement on standardized tests arguably due to the state education policies. We propose an alternative explanation and show that the observed achievement gains in schools resulted both due to academic improvement and partially because of the attrition of the low achieving students from certain type of schools. Using data from Arizona public schools we find that after the immigration laws were enacted, schools with initially higher shares of Hispanic students lost about 42 more Hispanic students on average and at the same time experienced greater increase in average test scores compared to schools with initially low Hispanic enrollment. We argue that changes in average test scores partially reflected the changes in school demographic composition as a result of the implementation of restrictive immigration policies.
Synthesis and conformation of unsubstituted calix[4]arene

Abstract The title compound was prepared and its structure was investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffractometry. The conformation of the molecule in the crystalline state was found to be different from those conformations formerly reported for substituted calix[4]arenes. Molecular mechanics calculations indicate that the conformation in the crystal does not represent an energy minimum.
A Possible Link Between Pyriproxyfen and Microcephaly

The Zika virus has been the primary suspect in the large increase in incidence of microcephaly in 2015-6 in Brazil. While evidence for Zika being the cause of some of the cases is strong, its role as the primary cause of the large number of cases in Brazil has not been confirmed. Recently, the disparity between the incidences in different geographic locations has led to questions about the virus's role. Here we consider the alternative possibility that the use of the insecticide pyriproxyfen for control of mosquito populations in Brazilian drinking water is the primary cause. Pyriproxifen is a juvenile hormone analog which has been shown to correspond in mammals to a number of fat soluble regulatory molecules including retinoic acid, a metabolite of vitamin A, with which it has cross-reactivity and whose application during development has been shown to cause microcephaly. Methoprene, another juvenile hormone analog that was approved as an insecticide based upon tests performed in the 1970s, has metabolites that bind to the mammalian retinoid X receptor, and has been shown to cause developmental disorders in mammals. Isotretinoin is another example of a retinoid causing microcephaly in human babies via maternal exposure and activation of the retinoid X receptor in developing fetuses. Moreover, tests of pyriproxyfen by the manufacturer, Sumitomo, widely quoted as giving no evidence for developmental toxicity, actually found some evidence for such an effect, including low brain mass and arhinencephaly-incomplete formation of the anterior cerebral hemispheres-in exposed rat pups. Finally, the pyriproxyfen use in Brazil is unprecedented-it has never before been applied to a water supply on such a scale. Claims that it is not being used in Recife, the epicenter of microcephaly cases, do not distinguish the metropolitan area of Recife, where it is widely used, and the municipality, and have not been adequately confirmed. Given this combination of information about molecular mechanisms and toxicological evidence, we strongly recommend that the use of pyriproxyfen in Brazil be suspended until the potential causal link to microcephaly is investigated further.
For Healthier Native Youth, Look To Their Strengths

The Zuni Youth Enrichment Project provides a model for improving the health of American Indian youth by focusing on their culture and strengths.
Adrenal gland fine needle aspiration: a multi-institutional analysis of 139 cases.

Introduction Adrenal gland lesions span a range of entities from benign and malignant primary neoplasms to metastatic tumors. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) provides a minimally invasive diagnostic tool to stage patients with known malignancy and procure material for molecular testing. This study characterizes the clinicopathologic associations of patients with adrenal gland FNA from 2 large hospitals. Materials and methods FNAs were identified by query of electronic medical record from 2002-2019. Clinical and pathological information was collated and correlated with corresponding surgical diagnosis when available. Results Of 139 cases, the majority (n = 127, 91%) were adequate computed tomography–guided FNAs and included the following diagnoses: positive for malignancy (n = 77, 55%), negative for malignancy (n = 32, 23%), neoplastic cells present (n = 16, 12%), nondiagnostic (n = 12, 9%), atypical (n = 1, 1%), and suspicious for carcinoma (n = 1, 1%). The majority (94%, n = 72 of 77) of malignancies were metastatic tumors, most frequently carcinoma (n = 53 of 72, 74%), followed by melanoma (n = 11 of 72, 15%), lymphoma (n = 4 of 72, 6%), and sarcoma (n = 4 of 72, 6%). Metastatic carcinomas included lung (n = 21 of 72, 29%), genitourinary (n = 12 of 72, 17%), and hepatobiliary or gastrointestinal tract (n = 11 of 72, 15%) primaries. Primary adrenal neoplasms (n = 23) included adenomas (n = 11 of 23, 48%), pheochromocytomas (n = 4 of 23, 17%), and myelolipomas (n = 3 of 23, 13%). Thirty-two patients with metastases died of disease after median follow-up of 8 months. Conclusions High specimen adequacy (n = 127, 91%) and low indeterminate rates (n = 2, 2%) are achieved with adrenal FNA. Most aspirated lesions represent metastases from primary lung carcinomas, but other primary sites including those below the diaphragm are part of the diagnostic differential. Adrenal metastasis was associated with a poor prognosis, with median survival of 8 months.
Early adolescent adversity alters periaqueductal gray/dorsal raphe threat responding in adult female rats

Early adolescent adversity increases adult risk for anxiety disorders. The ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) and neighboring dorsal raphe (DR) are integral to threat prediction, and are responsive to acute stressors. Here, we tested the hypothesis that early adolescent adversity reshapes vlPAG/DR threat-related cue activity and threat probability signaling. Female, Long Evans rats experienced a battery of adverse adolescent experiences (n = 12), while controls did not (n = 8). Single-unit activity was recorded 50 + days following the final adverse experience, when the adult rats received fear discrimination consisting of danger, uncertainty and safety cues. Despite achieving fear discrimination that was equivalent to controls, vlPAG/DR threat responding was altered in adverse-experienced rats. Early adolescent adversity resulted in a greater proportion of cue-responsive neurons. Cue-excited neurons showed greater increases in firing and cue-inhibited neurons showed greater decreases. Even more, early adversity reduced flexible, threat probability signaling by cue-excited neurons and promoted more rigid, fear output signaling by cue-inhibited neurons. The results reveal long-lasting changes in vlPAG/DR threat responding resulting from early adolescent adversity.
Do Deep Learning Models Generalize to Overhead Imagery from Novel Geographic Domains? The xGD Benchmark Problem

Recently, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have demonstrated impressive performance on several visual recognition benchmark datasets utilizing overhead imagery. However, most of these analyses performed on benchmark datasets involve testing pre-trained CNNs on imagery that was collected over roughly the same locations as the training imagery. In this work we propose a benchmark problem - termed cross-geographical domain (xGD) adaptation - designed to evaluate the performance of CNNs in which they are tested on imagery collected over previously unseen geo-locations - a more challenging and practical scenario that we term cross-domain testing. We focus this work on building segmentation due to the availability of appropriate datasets. The results indicate that CNNs generalize poorly to data processed from geographic locations that were not present in training. Surprisingly, we found that larger models (pre-trained on ImageNet) generalize as well as small models in cross-domain testing, and sometimes better. This work provides the first comprehensive results for cross-domain recognition, raising awareness of this important problem. We hope that xGD can serve as a benchmark for future work; xGD uses publicly-available data, and we release our design details with this publication.
Revealing A-T and G-C Hoogsteen base pairs in stressed protein-bound duplex DNA

Abstract Watson-Crick base pairs (bps) are the fundamental unit of genetic information and the building blocks of the DNA double helix. However, A-T and G-C can also form alternative ‘Hoogsteen’ bps, expanding the functional complexity of DNA. We developed ‘Hoog-finder’, which uses structural fingerprints to rapidly screen Hoogsteen bps, which may have been mismodeled as Watson-Crick in crystal structures of protein-DNA complexes. We uncovered seventeen Hoogsteen bps, seven of which were in complex with six proteins never before shown to bind Hoogsteen bps. The Hoogsteen bps occur near mismatches, nicks, and lesions and some appear to participate in recognition and damage repair. Our results suggest a potentially broad role for Hoogsteen bps in stressed regions of the genome and call for a community-wide effort to identify these bps in current and future crystal structures of DNA and its complexes.
Insights into the Host Specificity of a New Oomycete Root Pathogen, Pythium brassicum P1: Whole Genome Sequencing and Comparative Analysis Reveals Contracted Regulation of Metabolism, Protein Families, and Distinct Pathogenicity Repertoire.

Pythium brassicum P1 Stanghellini, Mohammadi, Forster, and Adaskaveg is an oomycete root pathogen that has recently been characterized. It only attacks plant species belonging to Brassicaceae family, causing root necrosis, stunting, and yield loss. Since P. brassicum P1 is limited in its host range, this prompted us to sequence its whole genome and compare it to those of broad host range Pythium spp. such as P. aphanidermatum and P. ultimum var. ultimum. A genomic DNA library was constructed with a total of 374 million reads. The sequencing data were assembled using SOAPdenovo2, yielding a total genome size of 50.3 Mb contained in 5434 scaffolds, N50 of 30.2 Kb, 61.2% G+C content, and 13,232 putative protein-coding genes. Pythium brassicum P1 had 175 species-specific gene families, which is slightly below the normal average. Like P. ultimum, P. brassicum P1 genome did not encode any classical RxLR effectors or cutinases, suggesting a significant difference in virulence mechanisms compared to other oomycetes. Pythium brassicum P1 had a much smaller proportions of the YxSL sequence motif in both secreted and non-secreted proteins, relative to other Pythium species. Similarly, P. brassicum P1 had the fewest Crinkler (CRN) effectors of all the Pythium species. There were 633 proteins predicted to be secreted in the P. brassicum P1 genome, which is, again, slightly below average among Pythium genomes. Pythium brassicum P1 had only one cadherin gene with calcium ion-binding LDRE and DxND motifs, compared to Pythium ultimum having four copies. Pythium brassicum P1 had a reduced number of proteins falling under carbohydrate binding module and hydrolytic enzymes. Pythium brassicum P1 had a reduced complement of cellulase and pectinase genes in contrast to P. ultimum and was deficient in xylan degrading enzymes. The contraction in ABC transporter families in P. brassicum P1 is suggested to be the result of a lack of diversity in nutrient uptake and therefore host range.
Outcomes of a “Boot Camp” for incoming neurology residents (P2.9-017)

Objective: Prepare incoming neurology residents in clinical neurology via a short, intensive training period Background: The transition from internal medicine to neurology can be jarring for many residents, and presents a host of challenges from the complex anatomy of the nervous system to the nuances of the neurologic exam, clinical reasoning, and neurologic emergencies. Traditionally our program offered an introduction to neurology through a series of didactics intermixed with clinical duties over several months. This method was limited, however, by anxiety over caring for patients while still learning new material with conflicting clinical duties. We sought to develop an alternative introductory course to address these limitations. Design/Methods: A one-week intensive “boot camp” was developed for incoming residents. in place of clinical duties for the first week of July, they completed a series of interactive didactics covering basic neuroanatomy and physiology, the neurologic exam, urgent clinical presentations (stroke, seizure, headache, neuromuscular crises), neuroradiology, and lumbar punctures. The week concluded with a case-based review. To assess efficacy, residents were sent a post-week self-assessment (with both Likert scales and write-in sections) regarding their comfort and preparation for clinical neurology. Faculty members were sent a survey several months later asking them to compare that cohort’s preparation to that of the preceding five years. Results: Among responding residents (n=6), impressions were positive. All felt more comfortable in the topics discussed, with greater benefit derived from interactive sessions (such as those for the neurological exam) than from lecture-based sessions. Faculty (n=16) reported an improvement in preparation for the wards, clinics and consults, with particular gains in exam quality and knowledge of neuroanatomy. Conclusions: A one-week “boot camp” may better prepare incoming residents for clinical neurology, and mitigate anxiety related to transitioning to a new residency program. Disclosure: Dr. Valentine has nothing to disclose. Dr. Allen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mirasol has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kurzweil has nothing to disclose.
Path Integral Sampler: a stochastic control approach for sampling.

We present Path Integral Sampler~(PIS), a novel algorithm to draw samples from unnormalized probability density functions. The PIS is built on the Schr\"odinger bridge problem which aims to recover the most likely evolution of a diffusion process given its initial distribution and terminal distribution. The PIS draws samples from the initial distribution and then propagates the samples through the Schr\"odinger bridge to reach the terminal distribution. Applying the Girsanov theorem, with a simple prior diffusion, we formulate the PIS as a stochastic optimal control problem whose running cost is the control energy and terminal cost is chosen according to the target distribution. By modeling the control as a neural network, we establish a sampling algorithm that can be trained end-to-end. We provide theoretical justification of the sampling quality of PIS in terms of Wasserstein distance when sub-optimal control is used. Moreover, the path integrals theory is used to compute importance weights of the samples to compensate for the bias induced by the sub-optimality of the controller and time-discretization. We experimentally demonstrate the advantages of PIS compared with other start-of-the-art sampling methods on a variety of tasks.
Improving Teacher Awareness and Well-Being Through CARE: a Qualitative Analysis of the Underlying Mechanisms

The heavy demands of teaching result in many teachers becoming alienated or burning out. Therefore, it is imperative to identify ways to support teachers’ internal capacities for managing stress and promoting well-being. Mindfulness is an approach with a growing foundation of empirical support in clinical as well as education settings. Cultivating Awareness and Resilience in Education (CARE) is a mindfulness-based professional development program developed to improve teachers’ awareness and well-being and to enhance classroom learning environments. Using an explanatory design, we analyzed data from four focus groups each with three to eight teachers who participated in CARE to explore the mechanisms underlying the intervention effects. Specifically, we examined if/how the CARE intervention affected teachers’ awareness and analyzed why CARE affected particular aspects of teachers’ physical and emotional health and why some aspects were not affected. Results suggest that participants developed greater self-awareness, including somatic awareness and the need to practice self-care. Participants also improved their ability to become less emotionally reactive. However, participants were less likely to explicitly articulate an improvement in their teaching efficacy. Implications for professional development are discussed.
Protozoan Ciliates in Freshwater Ecosystems

Sampling and Laboratory Approaches Seasonality Relation of Ciliate Biomass and Size to Trophic State Control of Ciliate Populations Nutrient Cycling Mixotrophy Ciliates and the Microbial Loop Ciliates as Early Warning Bioindicators of Ecosystem Change Keywords: ciliates in freshwater ecosystems; freshwater environment; mixotrophs; protozoa
Classical Quintessence and the Cosmological Constant

From the cosmology of classical quintessence and the Cosmological Circle of ancient geometry, quintessence is calculated as the primary fundamental physical constant. The role of the fine-structure constant in quantum electrodynamics is briefly discussed and the same value for inverse alpha, the inverse fine-structure constant found in previous work, is confirmed. Then the cosmological constant is calculated, confirming a recent theoretical prediction related to the fine-structure constant and the cosmological constant.
Evaluation of four sensor locations for physical activity assessment

Direct measurements of physical activity (PA) obtained with inertial measurement units (IMUs) secured to the upper arms and trunk of 36 registered nurses working a full shift were compared to measurements obtained with a commercially-available PA monitor (ActiGraph wGT3X-BT) worn at the waist. Raw accelerations from each device were summarized into PA counts/min and metabolic equivalent (METs) categories using standard definitions. Differences between measurements were examined using repeated measures one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) and agreement was assessed using Bland-Altman plots. Statistically significant differences were observed between all sensor locations for all PA summary metrics except for between the left and right arm for percentages of work time in the light and moderate counts/min categories. Bland-Altman plots suggested limited agreement between measurements obtained with the IMUs and measurements obtained with the wGT3X-BT waist-worn PA monitor. Results indicate that PA measurements vary substantially based on sensor location.
Deconstructing the DSM-III

Deconstruction is a form of analysis that accounts for the unconscious ele ments in all human constructions, es pecially linguistic constructions. The theory derives its tenets from psycho analysis and linguistics. Because the third edition of the American Psy chiatric Association 's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis orders (DSM-III) facilitates com munication among practitioners of dif fering theoretical backgrounds, decon struction can be used to analyze the DSM-III. This article describes the basic ideas behind deconstruction, de fines the linguistic dualities on which the DSM-III is based, and analyzes these dualities in the clinician-client relationship. The DSM-III and the DSM-III Case Book are used to examine the process of diagnosis; based on this analysis, practical considera tions for clinicians are analyzed.
New technique for monitoring lateral tape motion using a magnetic signal

The demand for a greater track density in new tape drives has resulted in a need for a more accurate lateral tape motion (LTM) measuring method. A method is outlined using the output voltage of a head read element that has been adjusted to be halfway off the recorded track on tape as a monitor of lateral motion. An analysis based on repeatability of data has also been presented in which the LTM attributed to tape edge irregularities can be effectively reduced leaving only what is considered true LTM.
A semi-direct solver for compressible three-dimensional rotational flow

An iterative procedure is presented for solving steady inviscid 3-D subsonic rotational flow problems. The procedure combines concepts from classical secondary flow theory with an extension to 3-D of a novel semi-direct Cauchy-Riemann solver. It is developed for generalized coordinates and can be exercised using standard finite difference procedures. The stability criterion of the iterative procedure is discussed along with its ability to capture the evolution of inviscid secondary flow in a turning channel.