cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adsorption of select phenol derivatives by dolomite

Abstract Laboratory experiments were performed to investigate the behaviour of six phenols: 4-chloro-m-cresol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, pentachlorophenol, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, in dolomite aquifers. The phenols are toxic, persistent in aquatic environments, and used widely in the chemical and manufacturing industry. Dolomite aquifers are common sources of water in many parts of the country. The experimental results are that, with the exception of the chlorinated phenols, little, if any, of the phenols adsorb onto dolomite at temperatures of 5° and 22°C and at concentrations from 0·1 to 10 mg litre−1. Pentachlorophenol adsorbs most strongly, with as much as 22% adsorbing from groundwater onto dolomite. No processes of phenol degradation were detected in the experiments, with some experiments lasting 21 days. Thus, phenols dispersed in an area where they can leach and contaminate dolomite groundwater aquifers would pose a threat to human health and the environment. In contrast to dolomite, chemical sorbents strongly adsorb the phenols and could be used for groundwater cleanup.
Correlation between Needle Biopsy of Lung Tumors and Histopathologic Analysis of Resected Specimens

Needle aspiration of a pulmonary mass may accurately delineate malignant from nonmalignant pulmonary lesions; however, needle aspiration may be unable to identify a specific cell type. Therefore, a retrospective review of patients undergoing needle aspiration of pulmonary masses was carried out for the years, 1979 through September 1984. A Lee needle was used, which produces a sample of tissue 1-mm in diameter suitable for histopathologic analysis as well as a cytologic specimen. A total of 87 needle biopsies were carried out, but only 46 patients later underwent resection. Five patients (6 percent) sustained a pneumothorax, and four required a chest tube. Minimal hemoptysis occurred in three patients (3 percent). Eight patients were subsequently found to have benign lesions, and there were 38 malignant tumors. Seven needle biopsies (18 percent; 7/38) were nondiagnostic and subsequently proved to be malignant. Thirty-one needle biopsies were diagnostic of malignant neoplasms (82 percent; 31/38). Twenty specimens showed the same cell type as the needle biopsy (65 percent 20/31). Eleven resected specimens disagreed with the cell type from the needle biopsy (35 percent; 11/31). In these 11 patients a change in management was indicated because of the delineation of a different cell type in only four (11 percent of all 38 patients with cancer). Mixed tumors and small cell carcinoma provide the area of most concern. Our conclusions are that needle biopsy accurately indicated a malignant neoplasm in 82 percent of the patients undergoing later resection and that the specimens from Lee needle biopsy accurately predicted the cell type in 65 percent of the specimens. The inaccurate histologic diagnosis was important clinically in only 11 percent of the patients. Overall, the needle biopsy of pulmonary lesions provided a correct decision on management in 87 percent of the cases in which biopsy provided diagnosis of a malignant neoplasm (31 patients).
Potential mechanisms of the sleep therapies for depression.

Sleep deprivation for one night has been investigated as a treatment for depression since the first publications describing its antidepressant properties almost 30 years ago [Pflug and Tolle, 1971: Int Pharmacopsychiatry 6:187–196]. It remains a field of active research. It is the only intervention consistently demonstrated to produce next-day antidepressant results. This makes sleep deprivation an exciting and unique tool to study the pathophysiology of depressive disorders and to formulate targets for novel antidepressant agents. Importantly, it is also an effective, but underused, clinical treatment for unipolar and bipolar depression. Depression and Anxiety 14:29–36, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Amino acid substitutions at multiple sites within the vaccinia virus D13 scaffold protein confer resistance to rifampicin.

Abstract D13 protein trimers, which form an external lattice providing curvature to the membrane of vaccinia virus immature virions, are the target of the drug rifampicin. We obtained 63 rifampicin-resistant mutants following random PCR mutagenesis of the D13L gene and 5 that arose spontaneously. Sequencing indicated that 26 mutants contained a single, unique, amino acid substitution whereas others contained 2 or more. The single mutations, including 6 previously identified, mapped to 24 different amino acids that were distributed over the length of the protein with the majority clustered between amino acids 17 to 33, 222 to 243 and 480 to 488. Two or three different substitutions occurred in six of the 24 amino acids. Representative mutant viruses of each cluster replicated to wild-type levels in the absence of rifampicin and nearly two logs higher than wild-type in the presence of drug. The large number and fitness of the mutations are remarkable in view of the extreme sequence conservation (99–100% amino acid identity amongst all orthopoxviruses). Clustering of mutations could suggest the presence of a rifampicin-binding pocket comprised of discontinuous regions of D13.
Making one size fit all: Minnesota state colleges and universities manage a legislative mandate for cooperative collection development

Abstract During the 1998 session, the Minnesota State Legislature passed a bill giving libraries in the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities (MNSCU) System an additional $3 million annually for library collections. Along with the supplemental funding, the Legislature issued a mandate that the money be spent cooperatively. MNSCU is comprised of seven state universities, all of which offer master’s degree programs, and 39 two-year community and technical colleges. Several years of lean materials budgets, the considerable similarities in programs within each type of institution, and some negative past experiences with cooperative collection development combined to create a situation where meeting this mandate seemed daunting. With proactive planning and strong communication among libraries, the additional money was used in ways that addressed the interests of both the libraries and the Legislature. Assessment reports submitted at the end of the first year support the success of the cooperative efforts.
Hyperfine contributions to the linear-electric-field effect in low-symmetry cupric sites

Emploi d'un modele «d'atome unifie» a orbitales hybrides, pour calculer l'effet de l'application d'un champ electrique sur les interactions hyperfines dans les sites cupriques de faible symetrie. Cet effet produit une variation de la frequence de R.P.E. du meme ordre que la variation de frequence due a l'effet du champ electrique sur le tenseur g
A study of steric stability of coal—water dispersions by ultrasonic absorption and velocity measurements

Abstract The temperature dependence of the steric stability of concentrated coal-water dispersions was studied by ultrasonic absorption and velocity measurements. The dispersions were stabilized by a thin layer of the random block copolymer poly(vinyl alcohol)-poly(vinyl acetate) (PVA) with two different degrees of hydrolysis and in a manner known to result in adsorption of the PVA in a loop/train conformation. There is a destabilization process which leads to flocculation of the dispersion with a rise in temperature. This process appears to be reversible for dispersions stabilized with adsorbed PVA whereas uncoated dispersions show irreversible flocculation. Flocculation is market by a sudden rise of the ultrasound velocity, and this property was used to determine the temperature and reversibility of flocculation, which was found to occur at the Θ-temperature of the PVA solution (also detected by ultrasonic velocity measurements) or at higher temperature for a coal—water—PVA dispersion with “enhanced steric stability.” The stabilized coal—water dispersions showed nearly shear-rate-independent flow behavior, indicating an insignificant viscous interaction between the adsorbed PVA and the supernatant at low shear rates. The depth of penetration of shear waves at ultrasonic frequencies is comparable to the thickness of the adsorbed PVA layer. Ultrasonic absorption measurements indicated that there are energy dissipating mechanisms, which are interpreted to be due to the elastic and viscous response of the adsorbed PVA layer to the shear flow of the supernatant in the viscinity near the interface.
Temporal variation in the availability of an ecdysial motor programme during the last instar and early adult stages of the cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus

Abstract Abdominal peristalsis is a highly sterotyped motor programme which is normally performed only during ecdysis in the cricket. Peristaltic abdominal waves can be released in non-ecdysing crickets by providing them with sensory feedback similar to that which they would normally experience only during ecdysis, and transecting the ventral nerve cord between suboesophageal and prothoracic ganglia. The intensity of the behaviour released by these treatments increases significantly just before the expected time of the imaginal ecdysis, and decreases greatly afterwards.
Reconstruction of the Through‐and‐Through Anterior Mandibulectomy Defect: Indications and Limitations of the Double‐Skin Paddle Fibular Free Flap

Objectives/Hypothesis: The purpose of this report is to describe our recent experience using a double-skin paddle fibular free flap (DSPFFF) for reconstruction of the through-and-through anterior mandibulectomy defect and to present a reconstructive algorithm based on the extent of lip and mental skin resection. Study Design: Retrospective review of 10 consecutive patients with through-and-through anterior mandibulectomy defects. Methods: Outcomes that were examined included methods of reconstruction based on the cutaneous defect, flap complications, fistula rate, and donor site complications. Results: Seven patients were reconstructed with a DSPFFF. For lip reconstruction, two patients were also concomitantly reconstructed with Karapandzic or lip advancement flaps. Three patients were reconstructed with both a fibular free flap and a second free flap (1 radial forearm fasciocutaneous flap and 2 anterolateral thigh flaps). The transverse dimensions of the DSPFFFs were as great as 15 cm. None of the patients developed a fistula. All free tissue transfers were successful. One patient developed partial loss of the fibular skin paddle used for submental skin replacement. Conclusions: DSPFFF is a safe and reliable way to reconstruct an anterior through-and-through mandibular defect. Indications for using a DSPFFF are 1) a cutaneous defect that lies at or below the plane of the reconstructed mandible, 2) a transverse width of the oral mucosa and cutaneous defect that does not exceed 15 cm (the approximate distance from the mid-calf to the anterior midline), and 3) a lip defect that, if present, can be reconstructed with local flaps.
Effects of genetic mutations and chemical exposures on Caenorhabditis elegans feeding: evaluation of a novel, high-throughput screening assay.

Background Government agencies have defined a need to reduce, refine or replace current mammalian-based bioassays with testing methods that use alternative species. Invertebrate species, such as Caenorhabditis elegans, provide an attractive option because of their short life cycles, inexpensive maintenance, and high degree of evolutionary conservation with higher eukaryotes. The C. elegans pharynx is a favorable model for studying neuromuscular function, and the effects of chemicals on neuromuscular activity, i.e., feeding. Current feeding methodologies, however, are labor intensive and only semi-quantitative.
First observations using SPICE hyperspectral dataset

Our first observations using the longwave infrared (LWIR) hyperspectral data subset of the Spectral and Polarimetric Imagery Collection Experiment (SPICE) database are summarized in this paper, focusing on the inherent challenges associated with using this sensing modality for the purpose of object pattern recognition. Emphases are also put on data quality, qualitative validation of expected atmospheric spectral features, and qualitative comparison against another dataset of the same site using a different LWIR hyperspectral sensor. SPICE is a collaborative effort between the Army Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Armament RDEC, and more recently the Air Force Institute of Technology. It focuses on the collection and exploitation of longwave and midwave infrared (LWIR and MWIR) hyperspectral and polarimetric imagery. We concluded from this work that the quality of SPICE hyperspectral LWIR data is categorically comparable to other datasets recorded by a different sensor of similar specs; and adequate for algorithm research, given the scope of SPICE. The scope was to conduct a long-term infrared data collection of the same site with targets, using both sensing modalities, under various weather and non-ideal conditions. Then use the vast dataset and associated ground truth information to assess performance of the state of the art algorithms, while determining performance degradation sources. The expectation is that results from these assessments will spur new algorithmic ideas with the potential to augment pattern recognition performance in remote sensing applications. Over time, we are confident the SPICE database will prove to be an asset to the wide open remote sensing community.
Integrated analysis and design of analog and digital processing in imaging systems: introduction to the feature issue

This feature presents themes arising from the Integrated Computational Imaging Systems topical meeting sponsored by the OSA in fall 2001. These themes revolve around joint design of digital and analog image processing to improve the specificity and efficiency of optical image sensors.
Learning kinematics in elementary grades using agent-based computational modeling: a visual programming-based approach

Integrating computational modeling and programming with learning and teaching physics is a non-trivial challenge for educational designers. In this paper, we attempt to address this challenge by presenting ViMAP, a new visual-programming language and modeling platform for learning kinematics, and its underlying design principles. We then report a study conducted with 3rd and 4th grade students which shows that using ViMAP, they were able to develop a) deep conceptual understandings of kinematics and b) relevant programming and computational modeling practices. We also identify how the design principles supported the development of these understandings and practices as students engaged in learning activities that integrated modeling, programming and physics.
Decision Support Applications in Electronic Commerce

Electronic Commerce (EC) signifies a fundamental shift in how organizations operate, interact, and compete. Decision making is a common thread underlying all EC transactions, shaping all activities in a value chain/supply chain, and feeding off of EC information exchanges. Supporting this decision-making is an important aspect of EC. The overwhelming success of the Internet has opened uncharted opportunities for all organizations to use this technology as a basis for Web-oriented decision support systems(WODSSs). Here, we explore decision support applications that are emerging all along the EC frontier, focusing on those that are delivered across the WWW. This includes the positioning of decision support within the EC realm, a survey of decision support initiatives on the WWW, and the introduction of three taxonomies for guiding study and research: a Subject-Oriented Taxonomy for studying WODSSs used in EC in terms of the subjects about which they can provide knowledge; a Technique-Oriented Taxonomy by which a WODSS is viewed in terms of the knowledge-management technique employed to implement it; and a Coordination-Oriented Taxonomy which deals with the coordination of distributed components of a WODSS. In conclusion, we present some observations about avenues for future research and development of decision support applications in EC.
Seasonal variation in litter size, bodyweight and sexual maturation in juvenile female house mice (Mus musculus)

Over a 4-year period a higher proportion of mated females bore litters during spring and summer than in late autumn and winter. Litter sizes were larger and young female mice weighed more at 21 days of age during spring and summer than at other times. However, young females attained sexual maturity, as indicated by vaginal smears, earlier during the winter months. This contrasts with data indicating that pubertal female mice have lower uterine weights in winter. A multiple regression analysis revealed that mouse bodyweights at 35 days of age and at 1st oestrus were important variables for predicting the age of puberty. Possible factors influencing reproductive seasonality in female house mice maintained under laboratory conditions are discussed.
Perilipin 5, a lipid droplet-associated protein, provides physical and metabolic linkage to mitochondria

Maintaining cellular lipid homeostasis is crucial to oxidative tissues, and it becomes compromised in obesity. Lipid droplets (LD) play a central role in lipid homeostasis by mediating fatty acid (FA) storage in the form of triglyceride, thereby lowering intracellular levels of lipids that mediate cellular lipotoxicity. LDs and mitochondria have interconnected functions, and anecdotal evidence suggests they physically interact. However, the mechanisms of interaction have not been identified. Perilipins are LD-scaffolding proteins and potential candidates to play a role in their interaction with mitochondria. We examined the contribution of LD perilipin composition to the physical and metabolic interactions between LD and mitochondria using multiple techniques: confocal imaging, electron microscopy (EM), and lipid storage and utilization measurements. Using neonatal cardiomyocytes, reconstituted cell culture models, and rodent heart tissues, we found that perilipin 5 (Plin5) recruits mitochondria to the LD surface through a C-terminal region. Compared with control cells, Plin5-expressing cells show decreased LD hydrolysis, decreased palmitate β-oxidation, and increased palmitate incorporation into triglycerides in basal conditions, whereas in stimulated conditions, LD hydrolysis inhibition is lifted and FA released for β-oxidation. These results suggest that Plin5 regulates oxidative LD hydrolysis and controls local FA flux to protect mitochondria against excessive exposure to FA during physiological stress.
Applying Formal Methods Informally

While many problems associated with software development and the associated vulnerabilities are well documented and discussed, there is a distinct and obvious lack of consensus on the means to overcome and remedy these identified issues. This paper introduces the idea of integrating the concepts of formal methods into the programming process from the beginning. This method of applying formal methods informally has the potential to change the programming paradigm to include formal methods; and, when formal methods cannot be applied, an ancillary application of the philosophy and underlying foundational concepts to move towards a culture of more secure programming.
Mental Health Help-Seeking Intentions Among International and African American College Students: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior

This study examined the relationship between social-cognitive factors (e.g., attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control), psychological distress, and help-seeking intentions for a sample of 111 international and African American college students. The results of this study showed that the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) variables (e.g., attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control) accounted for 17.7 % of the variance in help-seeking intentions. The first hypothesis, which predicted that positive attitudes toward mental health services and perceived behavioral control would be significant predictors of the students’ intentions to seek mental health services, was partially supported. Perceived behavioral control was the strongest predictor of helpseeking intentions. Contrary to our expectations, attitudes toward mental health services were not a significant predictor of mental health seeking intentions. The second hypothesis was not supported. There was no significant difference in mean intention scores for African American college students compared to international college students. These findings have implications for mental health service providers in terms of designing outreach mental health programs that would motivate these students to translate their help-seeking intentions into behaviors (e.g., seeking mental health services when they experience psychological distress).
Economic Consequences of Retiree Concentrations: A Review of North American Studies

Purpose The study of patterns of residential mobility among individuals around the age of retirement has led to the recognition that for many reasons-climate and cost of living being the most frequently cited-settlement patterns of comparatively affluent retirees will often differ from those of the working-age population. Increasingly, localities may often seek this type of relocation, on the theory that the newcomers will provide a boost to the local economy through expenditures and tax payments. In addition, there is often the perception that such a strategy will not cost the community much in the way of locally provided public services. The past several years have witnessed a substantial increase in efforts to provide some quantitative estimates on the magnitude of these hypothetical effects. Design and methods This article aims at providing a summary assessment of such analyses, incorporating research projects in both the United States and Canada. Results Practically all such studies may be characterized as being exclusively short term in nature; that is, they focus more or less exclusively on the near-term implications of retiree inmigration, which do tend to be overwhelmingly positive from an economic or fiscal perspective. Implications In general, this area of inquiry may be characterized by a paucity of knowledge regarding the longer term effects of such population movement. There has been no effort to analyze the aging in place of the erstwhile newcomers or the failure of the retirement migration process to generate other than a plethora of opportunities for comparatively low-skill, low-wage service employment. Policies intended to foster amenity migration as an economic development tool would greatly benefit from longer term analyses of the economic implications of the process.
Direct Joint Space State Estimation in Robots With Multiple Elastic Joints

For robots with joint elasticity, discrepancies exist between the motor side and the load side (e.g., the link of the robotic joint). Thus, the load side (end-effector) performance can hardly be guaranteed with motor side measurements alone. In this paper, a computationally efficient load side state estimation scheme is proposed for the multi-joint robot with joint elasticity, which is equipped with motor encoders and a low-cost end-effector MEMS sensor such as a three-axial accelerometer. An optimization-based inverse differential kinematics algorithm is developed to obtain the load side joint state rough estimates. With these rough estimates, the estimation problem is decoupled into simple second-order kinematic Kalman filter for each joint to refine the joint position and velocity estimates. Maximum likelihood principle is utilized to estimate the fictitious noise covariances used in the Kalman filter. Both offline and online solutions are derived. The extensions to other sensor configurations are discussed as well. The effectiveness of the developed method is validated through the simulation and the experimental study on a 6-DOF industrial robot.
Neural Coordination of Multijoint Stretch Reflexes in the Human Arm

Understanding how stretch sensitive reflexes contribute to the coordination of whole arm posture and movement is best understood in the context of multijoint perturbations. However, it is difficult to assess the mechanisms contributing to reflex activity during such unconstrained tasks due to the uncertainties associated with estimating the relative importance of biomechanical and neural coupling between muscles. This study combines experimental and modeling approaches to investigate whether there is significant, neurally-mediated coupling between the muscles of the upper limb. Our data suggest that heteronymous pathways link the actions of muscles spanning multiple joints in the human arm and that these pathways contribute significantly to the reflex responses to perturbations of whole limb posture
The Differences in Neuroprotective Efficacy of Progesterone and Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Correlate with Their Effects on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression

Whereas hormone therapy is used for the treatment of menopausal symptoms, its efficacy in helping reduce the risk of other diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease has been questioned in view of the results of recent clinical trials that appeared inconsistent with numerous basic research studies that supported the beneficial effects of hormones. One possible explanation of this discrepancy may lie in the choice of hormone used. For example, we and others found that progesterone is neuroprotective whereas medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), the synthetic progestin used in hormone therapy, is not. Because our data suggest that progesterone-induced protection is associated with the induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and, importantly, can be blocked by inhibiting the neurotrophin signaling, we determined whether progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate differed in their ability to regulate BDNF levels in the explants of the cerebral cortex. We found that progesterone elicited an increase in both BDNF mRNA and protein levels, whereas medroxyprogesterone acetate did not. Furthermore, using both a pharmacological inhibitor of the progesterone receptor (PR) and PR knockout mice, we determined that the effects of progesterone were mediated by the classical PR. Our results underscore the fact that not all progestins have equivalent effects on the brain and suggest that the selection of the appropriate progestin may influence the success of hormone therapy formulations used in treating the menopause and/or reducing the risk for diseases associated with the postmenopausal period.
Preliminary findings of a previously unrecognized porcine primary immunodeficiency disorder.

Weaned pigs from a line bred for increased feed efficiency were enrolled in a study of the role of host genes in the response to infection with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV). Four of the pigs were euthanatized early in the study due to weight loss with illness and poor body condition; 2 pigs before PRRSV infection and the other 2 pigs approximately 2 weeks after virus inoculation. The 2 inoculated pigs failed to produce PRRSV-specific antibodies. Gross findings included pneumonia, absence of a detectable thymus, and small secondary lymphoid tissues. Histologically, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and Peyer’s patches were sparsely cellular with decreased to absent T and B lymphocytes.
Contextual Determinants of the Perceived Supportiveness of Helping Behaviors

We tested the effect of contextual variables on the perceived supportiveness of help-intended behaviors. These variables included relationship closeness, spontaneity of support behavior, degree of correspondence between type of support desired and type obtained and gender of the help-provider. Subjects read descriptions of help-intended interactions, in which the contextual variables were systematically varied, then rated their helpfulness and supportiveness. Results showed significant effects for all contextual variables except gender of the support provider. Results suggest that not only the content of support-intended behaviors, but the context in which they occur are important determinants of perceived supportiveness.
Attitudes Regarding Drug Abuse among a Group of Ex-Addict Staff Members*

Thirteen male and 11 female ex-addict staff members of a therapeutic community were surveyed to assess their attitudes on nine factors related to drug abuse and the drug abuser. Each factor was assessed according to the critieria established by Marcus. Both male and female groups held positive beliefs that psychological problems were contributing factors in the development of addiction. Among the remaining eight factors there was considerable variation in agreement regarding these male and female ex-addicts' attitudes toward drug abuse and the drug abuser.
Fast optimal diagnosis procedures for k-out-of-n:G systems

A k-out-of-n:G system consists of a set of components, where each component is either faulty or fault-free. The system is working if at least k components are fault-free. The problem of finding an optimal diagnosis procedure for a given k-out-of-n:G system has been considered in several research fields including medical diagnosis, redundant-system testing, and searching data-files. A polynomial-time algorithm for this problem was presented first by Salloum, and later by Salloum and Breuer, and independently by Ben-Dov. This paper implements the Salloum-Breuer-Ben-Dov algorithm, leading to an optimal diagnosis procedure that can determine the state of any given system in O(n/spl middot/log(n)) time complexity and O(n) space complexity. The efficiency is achieved by using a generalized radix sorting procedure that uses a heap data structure. For some k-out-of-n:G systems, including those with equal testing costs for all components, the components along the leftmost and rightmost paths in the optimal diagnostic tree uniquely determine the other components in the tree. This property is used to devise a faster optimal diagnosis procedure than the one for the general k-out-of-n:G system. With regard to complexity, these procedures are the best solutions for the problem under consideration. This conjecture is supported by the fact that all these procedures require a sorting operation which has O(n/spl middot/log(n)) as a lower bound on its time complexity.
Continuous flow multi-stage microfluidic reactors via hydrodynamic microparticle railing

"Multi-stage" fluidic reactions are integral to diverse biochemical assays; however, such processes typically require laborious and time-intensive fluidic mixing procedures in which distinct reagents and/or washes must be loaded sequentially and separately (i.e., one-at-a-time). Microfluidic processors that enable multi-stage fluidic reactions with suspended microparticles (e.g., microbeads and cells) to be performed autonomously could greatly extend the efficacy of lab-on-a-chip technologies. Here we present a single-layer microfluidic reactor that utilizes a microfluidic railing methodology to passively transport suspended microbeads and cells into distinct, adjacent laminar flow streams for rapid fluidic mixing and assaying. Four distinct molecular synthesis processes (i.e., consisting of 48 discrete fluidic mixing stages in total) were accomplished on polystyrene microbead substrates (15 μm in diameter) in parallel, without the need for external observation or regulation during device operation. Experimental results also revealed successful railing of suspended bovine aortic endothelial cells (approximately 13 to 17 μm in diameter). The presented railing system provides an effective continuous flow methodology to achieve bead-based and cell-based microfluidic reactors for applications including point-of-care (POC) molecular diagnostics, pharmacological screening, and quantitative cell biology.
Large-scale disruptions in a current-carrying magnetofluid

Internal disruptions in a strongly magnetized electrically conducting fluid contained within a rigid conducting cylinder of square cross section are investigated theoretically, both with and without an externally applied axial electric field, by means of computer simulations using the pseudospectral three-dimensional Strauss-equations code of Dahlburg et al. (1985). Results from undriven inviscid, driven inviscid, and driven viscid simulations are presented graphically, and the significant effects of low-order truncations on the modeling accuracy are considered. A helical current filament about the cylinder axis is observed. The ratio of turbulent kinetic energy to total poloidal magnetic energy is found to undergo cyclic bounces in the undriven inviscid case, to exhibit one large bounce followed by decay to a quasi-steady state with poloidal fluid velocity flow in the driven inviscid case, and to show one large bounce followed by further sawtoothlike bounces in the driven viscid case.
Sustainability science – and what’s needed beyond science

AbstractWhy would anyone write outside of their field of certified expertise? Why would an author venture beyond known and “safe” disciplinary boundaries? I do, of course, think beyond “safe” bound...
Reach Out and Touch Anyone, Everyone

The opening vignette describes the tremendous increase in choices available to an average consumer in terms of communications services and devices. Where the choice takes place—in the U.S. or overseas, by an American consumer or a consumer in another country—makes a big difference in not only the availability of alternatives, but also the costs and terms of use. Even within the United States, the geography and topography of the physical location influences consumer choices and consumer behavior.
Two-Dimensional Optical Heterodyne Spectroscopy of Molecular Complexes

Optical heterodyne two-dimensional (2D) photon echoes from room-temperature BIC J-aggregates were recorded. Analysis of the time-dependent 2D spectrum reveals the frequency dependence of the exciton relaxation, and discriminates diagonal and off-diagonal exciton phonon coupling.
Greedy algorithms for nonnegativity-constrained simultaneous sparse recovery

This work proposes a family of greedy algorithms to jointly reconstruct a set of vectors that are (i) nonnegative and (ii) simultaneously sparse with a shared support set. The proposed algorithms generalize previous approaches that were designed to impose these constraints individually. Similar to previous greedy algorithms for sparse recovery, the proposed algorithms iteratively identify promising support indices. In contrast to previous approaches, the support index selection procedure has been adapted to prioritize indices that are consistent with both the nonnegativity and shared support constraints. Empirical results demonstrate for the first time that the combined use of simultaneous sparsity and nonnegativity constraints can substantially improve recovery performance relative to existing greedy algorithms that impose less signal structure. HighlightsWe propose a new family of greedy algorithms for reconstructing structured signals.The algorithms assume that signals are nonnegative and simultaneously sparse.The algorithms are demonstrated to have performance advantages in empirical tests.Theory is presented to complement the algorithmic/empirical contributions.
Availability of Vending Machines and School Stores in California Schools.

This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American School Health Association and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291746-1561/
Control of a tethered undersea kite energy system using a six degree of freedom model

Control aspects of a tethered undersea kite (TUSK) energy system are studied. A TUSK system consists of a rigid undersea wing (or kite) attached by a flexible tether to a support structure on the ocean surface or floor. A turbine is mounted on the undersea kite to harness hydrokinetic energy from an ocean current when the kite moves in high-speed, cross-current motions. In this paper, we adopt a six degree of freedom aircraft model that incorporate the translational motion of the kite center of gravity and rotational dynamics of the Euler angles. To simplify the analysis, we assume a fixed support structure, uniform current conditions and a straight-line, inelastic tether. This results in an under-actuated system whose boundedness is addressed with the Lyapunov method and comparison principle. A passivity based PD controller is proposed to control the kite trajectory and orientation. A baseline simulation for typical design parameter values in a TUSK system is studied.
DEGDAY: a program for calculating degree-days, and assumptions behind the degree-day approach

A BASIC computer program (DEGDAY) for calculating degree-days on microcomputers is presented. The program calculates heating degree-days with the rectangle, triangle, and sine wave methods and calculates cooling degree days with the sine wave method. Assumptions and approximations associated with degree-day calculations are noted. In particular, eight factors affecting degree-days are discussed: 1) substrate availability, 2) enzyme availability, 3) approximations in laboratory estimates of development, 4) approximations in calculating the developmental minimum, 5) approximations in calculating a developmental maximum, 6) approximations in using single values for thresholds, 7) thermoregulation, and 8) limitations of temperature data. The various errors arising from these factors are discussed in relationship to error attributable to differences between actual and estimated degree-days.
GPS/INS Kalman filter design for spacecraft operating in the proximity of the international space station

The next generation reusable launch vehicle will operate in flve ∞ight phases: ascent, on-orbit, proximity operations, re-entry and landing. Navigation during each of these ∞ight phases presents unique challenges. The Space Shuttle addresses these challenges by the use of a number of navigation sensors. However, an integrated GPS/INS navigation system may be able to meet the navigation requirements of all ∞ight phases. Integrated GPS/INS systems have been built and demonstrated for the ascent, re-entry and landing phases and their performance is known. However, the same cannot be said for integrated GPS/INS systems for the on-orbit and proximity operations ∞ight phases. Therefore, this research examines the performance of GPS/INS navigation during a rendezvous with the ISS. Error models for INS and GPS navigation sensors operating in the vicinity of the ISS have been developed. The GPS error model includes the efiects of GPS signal blockage and multipath near the ISS. These error models have been used to develop an integrated GPS/INS extended Kalman fllter. A simulation of the fllter has been developed and the flrst test case shows position errors of less than 1 meter and velocity errors of less than 0.02 m/s in each axis. The second test case shows the position errors grow to approximately 47.5 meters and the velocity errors grow to 0.13 m/s during a ten minute GPS outage. Finally, the third test case shows that the GPS/INS EKF performance is not signiflcantly degraded by GPS signal blockage due to the ISS during a simulated rendezvous with the ISS.
Conversation and Conditionals

Expose et critique de la theorie pragmatique du "conditionnel indicatif", de Grice (qui donne au conditionnel indicatif les conditions de verite du conditionnel materiel) a D. Lewis (qui combine la theorie du conditionnel materiel avec la these d'E. Adams selon laquelle un conditionnel indicatif est assertible ssi, etant donne l'antecedent, la probabilite conditionnelle du consequent est elevee). Il conclut par une critique de la theorie de F. Jackson (selon laquelle la regle d'assertibilite du conditionnel est "une contrainte conventionnelle" et non "conversationnelle").
Relative Quantification and Higher-Order Modeling of the Plasma Glycan Cancer Burden Ratio in Ovarian Cancer Case-Control Samples.

An early-stage, population-wide biomarker for ovarian cancer (OVC) is essential to reverse its high mortality rate. Aberrant glycosylation by OVC has been reported, but studies have yet to identify an N-glycan with sufficiently high specificity. We curated a human biorepository of 82 case-control plasma samples, with 27%, 12%, 46%, and 15% falling across stages I–IV, respectively. For relative quantitation, glycans were analyzed by the individuality normalization when labeling with glycan hydrazide tags (INLIGHT) strategy for enhanced electrospray ionization, MS/MS analysis. Sixty-three glycan cancer burden ratios (GBRs), defined as the log10 ratio of the case-control extracted ion chromatogram abundances, were calculated above the limit of detection. The final GBR models, built using stepwise forward regression, included three significant terms: OVC stage, normalized mean GBR, and tag chemical purity; glycan class, fucosylation, or sialylation were not significant variables. After Bonferroni correction, ...
Early versus Delayed Human Milk Fortification in Very Low Birth Weight Infants-A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective To compare the effect of initiating human milk fortification at 2 different feeding volumes on feeding intolerance and the time to reach full feeding volume. Study design Very low birth weight infants (n = 100) were prospectively randomized to early fortification (EF) (beginning at a feeding volume of 20 mL/kg/d) or delayed fortification (at a feeding volume of 100 mL/kg/d). We employed a standardized feeding protocol and parenteral nutrition guidelines for the nutritional management of all study infants. Results The median days to reach full feeding volumes were equivalent in the 2 groups (20 vs 20, P = .45). No significant difference was observed in the total number of episodes of feeding intolerance (58 vs 57). Two cases of necrotizing enterocolitis (Bell stage ≥2) and deaths occurred in each group. Median daily protein intake (g/kg/d) was higher in EF group in week 1 (3.3 [3.2, 3.5] vs 3.1 [2.9, 3.3], P P P = .006). Cumulative protein intake (g/kg) in the first 4 weeks of life was higher in EF group (98.6 [93.8, 104] vs 89.6 [84.2, 96.4], P Conclusions Very early human milk fortification may improve early protein intake in very low birth weight infants without increasing frequencies of adverse events. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01988792.
Analysis of the major surface membrane protein component of Toxoplasma gondii and its antigenicity

The major surface membrane protein of Toxoplasma gondii and its antigenicity were analyzed in the present study,in which the protein molecules of the surface membrane antigen were investigated by SDS-PAGE,and the target position of specific immune responses induced by the surface membrane antigen was determined by Western blotting with sera of patients with toxoplasmosis and rabbit anti-surface membrane antigen antibody.It was found that 26 protein bands had been detected through Western blot assay,in which the bands of 16 kDa and 17 kDa in size were unique to the surface membrane antigen of T.gondii.The 16 kDa protein on the nitrocellulose membrane could be recognized by sera from patients with toxoplasmosis,and the rabbit anti-surface membrane antigen antibody recognized 8 proteins,such as 64,35,32,26,16 kDa proteins etc.It is evident that specific antigenic determinant and the receptor recognized by specific antibodies exist in the surface membrane antigens of T.gondii and a better antigenicity can be shown for these surface membrane antigens.
Modes of Appraisal

We have presented some sample fourfold patterns or modes of appraisal and studied their inner dialectic in a preliminary way. We must now study these modes still more closely to see what is involved in affirming them of subjects of appraisal, beginning with examples of a moral nature. Some of these are more serious than others, touching on social actions of omission and commission. Beginning in 7.0 we shall consider aesthetic appraisives in considerable detail. (Further examples of all such patterns are presented in C-V and C-C.)
The European Migration Crisis (2011-2015): A Crisis of Failed and Fragile States

The surge in migrants seeking protection across Europe has been described as the second largest movement of people since the end of World War II. Prominent among the migrants are displaced citizens from the conflicts of Syria, Libya and Iraq. These situations represent Anarchy characterized by powerfully armed groups operating as central authorities under abysmal conditions. Millions of citizens are therefore displaced and forced to flee in search of safety and protection. Libyan, Iraqi and Syrian cities and towns once known for vibrancy are now ghost towns in total ruins with charred remains of death bodies and no safe drinking water or electricity to support livelihood. Using clearly defined theoretical and empirical analysis, the paper show that said failure and fragility coupled with the international community's failure to effectively respond to displaced citizens caught in these conflicts have led to mass migration of refugees across most of Europe.
Treatment-related hospitalization costs of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

e17768 Background: Pediatric cancer hospitalizations cost five times as much as other pediatric hospitalizations in the United States. Yet, studies that evaluate the longitudinal costs of pediatric...
Integrating lipid storage into general representations of fish energetics

Summary Fish, even of the same species, can exhibit substantial variation in energy density (energy per unit wet weight). Most of this variation is due to differences in the amount of storage lipids. In addition to their importance as energy reserves for reproduction and for survival during unfavourable conditions, the accumulation of lipids represents a large energetic flux for many species, so figuring out how this energy flux is integrated with other major energy fluxes (growth, reproduction) is critical for any general theory of organismal energetics. Here, we synthesize data from a wide range of fish species and identify patterns of intraspecific variation in energy storage, and use these patterns to formulate a general model of energy allocation between growth, lipid storage and reproduction in fishes. From the compiled data we identified two patterns: (1) energy density increases with body size during the juvenile period, but is invariant with body size within the adult size range for most species, and (2) energy density changes across seasons, with depletion over winter, but increases fastest in periods of transition between favourable and unfavourable conditions for growth (i.e. fall). Based on these patterns we propose DEBlipid, a simple, general model of energy allocation that is closely related to a simplified version of Dynamic Energy Budget theory, DEBkiss. The crux of the model is that assimilated energy is partitioned, with κ fraction of energy allocated to pay maintenance costs first, and the surplus allocated to growth, and 1 − κ fraction of assimilated energy is allocated to accumulating storage lipids during the juvenile phase, and later to reproduction as adults. This mechanism, in addition to capturing the two patterns that motivated the model, was able to predict lipid dynamics in a novel context, the migration of anadromous fish from low-food freshwater to high-food marine environments. Furthermore, the model was used to explain intra and interspecific variation in reproductive output based on patterns of lipid accumulation as juveniles. Our results suggest that many seemingly complex, adaptive energy allocation strategies in response to ontogeny, seasonality and habitat quality can emerge from a simple physiological heuristic.