cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Army Turbulence Modeling Needs

Many Army systems involve turbulent flow. In order to accurately predict the performance of these systems it is necessary to account for the turbulent flow physics. While turbulence modeling techniques such as the Baldwin Lomax and k-e models are adequate for many of these computations, many flows of contemporary Army interest involve non-equilibrium turbulence processes which are not accounted for in these conventional approaches.
Four Farms in the USA

Four case studies are presented that illustrate some of the regions discussed in Chap. 20. These farmers have made technological changes to increase their competitiveness in the marketplace and increase their sustainability in terms of the economic, production, and environmental issues they faced. The four case studies describe approaches to farm systems which feature: (1) integrated cover cropping and conservation tillage in Pennsylvania, (2) self-developed conservation tillage in Georgia, (3) strip-cropping of corn and soybean with conservation tillage and satellite-guided equipment controls in Iowa, and (4) integrated crop–livestock with conservation tillage and crop rotation in North Dakota. Case studies describe the need for change, the drivers of change, and the unique pathways of change adopted on these farms. These working examples of conservation agriculture in the USA will provide hope for other farmers trying to increase agricultural sustainability, will challenge research and extension professionals to further refine conservation agricultural strategies, and will give government policy makers ground-truthed information to encourage sustainable land stewardship around the world.
Marek’s Disease and Differential Diagnosis with Other Tumor Viral Diseases of Poultry

Marek's disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens that causes great economic losses to the poultry industry. It is induced by Marek's disease virus (MDV), an alphaherpesvirus that continues increasing in virulence. Although vaccines have successfully protected against MD for 50 years, the increased virulence of MDV threaten the possibility of controlling MD in the future. In this article, the most relevant syndromes associated with MDV infection, methods of diagnosis, and control are discussed.
Habenula-prefrontal resting-state connectivity in reactive aggressive men – A pilot study

Disproportionate anger and reactive aggression in response to provocation are core symptoms of intermittent-explosive disorder (IED). Previous research shows a link between the propensity for aggression in healthy individuals and altered functioning of prefrontal-limbic and default-mode networks (DMN) at rest when no provocation is present. In a pilot study, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the effects of pronounced reactive aggression in men, exemplified by IED, on the functional organization of resting-state brain networks including subcortical nodes such as the habenula previously implicated in aggression in preclinical models. Graph theory was applied to resting-state networks to determine alterations in global efficiency and clustering in high reactive aggressive men compared to low reactive aggressive men (controls). Further, we computed within-group correlations between trait aggression and graph measures, as well as within-group whole-brain seed-to-voxel regression analyses between trait aggression and habenula resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). Reactive aggressive men compared to controls showed higher global efficiency in the left habenula, the left pulvinar in the thalamus, the left dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex, and the right temporal pole, as well as a trend for decreased clustering in DMN nodes. In the reactive aggressive group, high levels of trait aggression were linked to lower global efficiency of the left habenula, and to lower rsFC between the left habenula and the left ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex, a core region involved in inhibitory control. Together with preclinical evidence, our findings in men underline the relevance of aberrant habenula-prefrontal connectivity for the severity of aggressive behavior. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Current status of the neurobiology of aggression and impulsivity'.
A Net-Launching Mechanism for UAV to Capture Aerial Moving Target

This paper presents a novel design of a net-launching mechanism for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to attack and capture threatening micro UAVs in security missions. This mechanism can launch a four-bullets-traction net using four coil springs, which can be compressed and released by two cam-follower mechanism. The kinematic model of the bullets is developed. The parameters of the spring elements are determined to optimize the performance of the mechanism. The kinematic specifications of the latching and trigger mechanisms are optimized to reduce the actuation requirement according to simulation results. With repeated ground experiments, we demonstrate the capability of the 850 g prototype to capture a target 3 m away accurately and reliably.
Radiation Safety Considerations in Interventional Fluoroscopy

Interventional fluoroscopy can be a significant source of exposure to ionizing radiation within the healthcare setting; however, with a basic understanding of radiation physics and protection this hazard can be effectively managed and appropriately prioritized within the clinic.
Learning Better, Learning More: The Benefits of Expanded Retrieval Practice

How can learning within a study session be optimized? Practically, there is a functionally unlimited amount of information that could be learned, but learners have limited time. Across two delayed-test experiments, we ask what schedule (or combination of schedules) maximizes the amount of information that can be learned in a fixed amount of time. We show that an expanding schedule of practice (retrieval, with feedback) of GRE word pairs allows additional items to be inserted at other schedules and is ultimately more effective and efficient for learning compared to a uniform schedule. Not only did the expanding schedule conditions lead to equal (Experiment 1) or greater (Experiment 2) memory for critical to-be-learned words, but they also allowed for additional items to be learned within the same total practice time. Expanding conditions were more efficient, yielding 71% (Experiment 1) and 41% (Experiment 2) more words recalled than the uniform condition.
Convective and Radiative Heat Transfer in Molten Salts

Molten salts have been proposed as heat transfer media due to their superior thermal performance at elevated temperatures. A number of heat transfer correlations have been proposed in the literatur...
Abstract 6407: A live cell method to assess E3 ligase and target protein occupancy for PROTACs

Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are bifunctional molecules that hijack ubiquitin E3 ligases and induce degradation of intracellular proteins through a tightly regulated proteosomal mechanism. Although several successful PROTACs have been developed against key intracellular target classes including bromodomains, kinases, and nuclear hormone receptors, these bivalent molecules often suffer from poor cell permeability due to high molecular weight. To enable a high-throughput, quantitative readout for PROTAC permeability and E3 ligase occupancy in living cells, we have developed a panel of target engagement (TE) assays for key E3 ligase including CRBN, VHL, XIAP, cIAP, and MDM2. These intracellular assays are the first biophysical method to enable the quantitative determination of compound occupancy, potency, and residence time for specific target proteins inside living cells. The assays provide a direct measure of compound binding or occupancy to a target under physiological conditions using bioluminescent resonance energy transfer (BRET). Citation Format: James Vasta, Cesear Corona, Jennifer Wilkinson, Morgan R. Ingold, Chad Zimprich, Marie Schwinn, Thomas Machleidt, Jim Hartnett, Mei Cong, Frank Fan, Richard L. Somberg, Matthew Robers. A live cell method to assess E3 ligase and target protein occupancy for PROTACs [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 6407.
Morse Theory, Stratifications and Sheaves

After the local topological structure of stratified spaces was determined by R. Thom (Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 75 (1969), 240–284) and J. Mather (Notes on topological stability, lecture notes, Harvard University, 1970) it became possible (see Kashiwara and Schapira, Sheaves on Manifolds, Grundlehren der math. Wiss. 292, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, 1990; Goresky and MacPherson, Stratified Morse Theory, Ergebnisse Math. 14, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1988; Schurmann, Topology of Singular Spaces and Constructible Sheaves, Monografie Matematyczne 63, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, 2003) to analyze constructible sheaves on a stratified space using Morse theory. Although the detailed proofs are formidable, the statements and main ideas are simple and intuitive. This article is a survey of the constructions and results surrounding this circle of ideas.
Overcoming disparities: Multidisciplinary breast cancer care at a public safety net hospital.

Public safety net hospitals (SNH) serve a disparate patient population; however, little is known about long-term oncologic outcomes of patients receiving care at these facilities. This study is the first to examine overall survival (OS) and the initiation of treatment in breast cancer patients treated at a SNH. Patients presenting to a SNH with stage I-IV breast cancer from 2005 to 2017 were identified from the local tumor registry. The hospital has a weekly breast tumor board and a multidisciplinary approach to breast cancer care. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to identify patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics associated with OS. Factors with a p 70 years, higher grade, and non-Hispanic ethnicity were associated with worse OS. Patients receiving surgery (HR = 0.33, p < 0.0001), chemotherapy (HR = 0.71, p = 0.006), and endocrine therapy (HR = 0.61, p < 0.0001) had better OS compared to those who did not receive these treatments. Despite serving a vulnerable minority population that is largely poor, uninsured, and presenting with more advanced disease, OS at our SNH approaches national averages. This novel finding indicates that in the setting of multidisciplinary cancer care and with appropriate initiation of treatment, SNHs can overcome socioeconomic barriers to achieve equitable outcomes in breast cancer care.
Triggering biological processes: methods and applications of photocaged peptides and proteins.

There has been a significant push in recent years to deploy fundamental knowledge and methods of photochemistry toward biological ends. Photoreactive groups have enabled chemists to activate biological function using the concept of photocaging. By granting spatiotemporal control over protein activation, these photocaging methods are fundamental in understanding biological processes. Peptides and proteins are an important group of photocaging targets that present conceptual and technical challenges, requiring precise chemoselectivity in complex polyfunctional environments. This review focuses on recent advances in photocaging techniques and methodologies, as well as their use in living systems. Photocaging methods include genetic and chemical approaches that require a deep understanding of structure–function relationships based on subtle changes in primary structure. Successful implementation of these ideas can shed light on important spatiotemporal aspects of living systems.
The Role of Spontaneous Repetitions During Treatment of Morphosyntactic Forms for Children With Developmental Language Disorder.

Purpose Children with developmental language disorder sometimes spontaneously repeat clinician models of morphemes targeted for treatment. We examine how spontaneous repeating of clinician models i...
Abstract 5153: Myogenic regulatory factors and their role in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a pediatric sarcoma of muscle. RAS pathway activation is the dominant oncogenic driver event in fusion negative RMS, which includes the Embryonal RMS (ERMS). We have previously shown in a transgenic zebrafish model of kRASG12D induced ERMS that tumor-propagating potential is confined to molecularly defined cells that express Myf5, m-Cadherin, c-Met and additional satellite cell markers. MYF5 and MYOD1 are bHLH myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) that orchestrate skeletal muscle differentiation during development and regeneration. Both are sufficient to reprogram human mesenchymal cells into a myogenic fate. Importantly, these same factors are highly expressed a subset of mouse and human ERMS. Given that Myf5 is highly and specifically expressed in the TPC compartment in our ERMS model, we hypothesized that Myf5 and its transcriptional targets may regulate self-renewal and growth of TPCs. To address this question, we utilized transgenic zebrafish and expressed Myf5 in differentiated ERMS cells that lack proliferative capacity and can not make tumors when transplanted into recipient fish. Induced expression of Myf5 was sufficient to confer tumor-propagating ability to differentiated populations of ERMS cells. These “Induced TPCs” proliferate and generate aggressive tumors that re-express satellite cell markers and yet retain expression of mature muscle markers. Next, we assessed if Myf5 is required for ERMS initiation in the zebrafish model. Remarkably, kRASSG12D-induced ERMS could be generated in Myf5 loss-of-function zebrafish. Moreover, Myf5-deficient ERMS could regrow following transplantation into rag2E450fs immune-compromised zebrafish; however, these tumors are histologically and molecularly distinct when compared with ERMS arising in wild-type fish. Given the redundancy of function between Myf5 and MyoD in muscle and their differential expression in satellite cells and muscle progenitors, our current hypothesis is that Myf5-deficient zebrafish ERMS likely recapitulate a molecularly-distinct class of human ERMS. This idea is consistent with the fact that MYF5 is expressed in only 50% of primary human ERMS and a small fraction of human cell lines. Importantly, knock down experiments in human ERMS cell lines confirm independent roles of either MYF5 or MYOD1 in maintenance of ERMS cell viability in vitro. Collectively, our results support a previously unappreciated role for bHLH MRFs in ERMS cell survival and intra-tumor functional heterogeneity and suggest that myogenic factor expression may define unique subtypes of ERMS. Citation Format: Ines M. Tenente, Myron Ignatius, Eleanor Chen, Madeline Hayes, David M. Langenau. Myogenic regulatory factors and their role in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5153. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5153
Adaptive remedial action scheme based on transient energy analysis

Remedial action schemes are designed to avoid wide spread outages after a severe contingency. In practice, these schemes are primarily static. That is, the action is predetermined for a particular situation based on extensive off-line studies. This paper presents a method for an adaptive scheme based on transient energy analysis suitable for on-line calculations. The approach assumes the system separates into two groups in the first swing after a severe contingency along a key path and that generation tripping and/or load shedding is needed to survive the swing. Based on off-line studies and simple on-line calculations of the ability of the system to absorb the excess kinetic energy, the amount and location of the generation tripping is determined. This method provides a way to implement an adaptive RAS for different faults and operating points in real-time operation. The IEEE 39-bus system is used to illustrate the proposed method.
A Review of “The Golden Age of Cinema: Hollywood 1929–1945”

In the introduction to The Golden Age of Cinema: Hollywood 1929–1945, Richard B. Jewell identifies both the impetus behind the book and its pedagogical purpose: …[T]o my astonishment, there exists ...
Enabling Data Structure Oriented Performance Analysis with Hardware Performance Counter Support

An interesting and as of yet under-represented aspect of program development and optimization are data structures. Instead of analyzing data with respect to code regions, the objective here is to see how performance metrics are related to data structures. With the advanced performance monitoring unit of Intel's Itanium processor series such an analysis becomes possible. This paper describes how the hardware features of the Itanium 2 processor are exploited by the perfmon and PAPI performance monitoring APIs and how PAPI's support for address range restrictions has been integrated into an existing profiling tool to achieve the goal of data structure oriented profiling in the context of OpenMP applications.
Ten compactness properties of circles: measuring shape in geography

This essay sheds new light on the meaning and measurement of compactness—one of the most intriguing and least-understood properties of geographic shapes. We articulate a unified theoretical foundation for the study of shape compactness that rests on two simple observations: First, that the circle is the most compact of shapes. And second, that there are 10—and possibly more—distinct geometrical properties of the circle that make it the most compact of shapes. We introduce these 10 properties, illustrate them with real-world examples and define indices associated with these properties that can be calculated using a geographic information system. Dix proprietes de compacite du cercle : La mesure de forme en geographie Cet essai apporte une perspective nouvelle a la signification et a la mesure de la compacite spatiale – une des proprietes parmi les plus fascinantes et les moins comprises des formes geographiques. Nous developpons les fondations d'une theorie unifiee pour l'etude de la compacite geographique des formes qui reposent sur deux observations simples : premierement, que le cercle est la plus compacte des formes, et deuxiemement, qu'il y a au moins dix proprietes geometriques distinctes du cercle qui font de celui-ci la forme la plus compacte. Nous decrivons ces dix proprietes, nous les illustrons par des exemples du monde reel et nous definissons des index associes a ces proprietes qui peuvent etre calcules en utilisant un logiciel de SIG (Systeme d'information geographique).
Technological Competence and International Diversification: The Role of Managerial Incentives

This paper shows that the role of managerial incentives is highlighted by a relatively complex relationship between technological competence and international diversification. By studying a sample of Standard & Poor’s 500 member firms, we explore the relationships between technological competence, managerial pay, and international diversification. Results indicated a curvilinear relationship (an inverted U-shape) between technological competence and international diversification. In line with agency theory, contingent pay (stock options and bonuses) was positively related to international diversification. Beyond these direct effects, both contingent and non-contingent pay (cash compensation) moderated the relationship between technological competence and international diversification.
FeedTree: sharing web micronews with peer-to-peer event notification

Syndication of micronews, frequently-updated content on the Web, is currently accomplished with RSS feeds and client applications that poll those feeds. However, providers of RSS content have recently become concerned about the escalating bandwidth demand of RSS readers. Current efforts to address this problem by optimizing the polling behavior of clients sacrifice timeliness without fundamentally improving the scalability of the system. In this paper, we argue for a micronews distribution system called FeedTree, which uses a peer-to-peer overlay network to distribute RSS feed data to subscribers promptly and efficiently. Peers in the network share the bandwidth costs, which reduces the load on the provider, and updated content is delivered to clients as soon as it is available.
Refinements to rate-based flow control with extensions to multidrop applications

We present a rate-based, explicit feedback flow control mechanism. Congestion control is distributed among all the nodes on the path from the sender to the receiver. This leads to a more accurate control mechanism and a scalable design. Our mechanism is shown to be effective in scenarios where the bottleneck can vary among the intermediate nodes without leading to buffer overflows during transitional periods. Overhead is kept low by using the same control packet to relay control information and measure internode delays. We analyze both an end-to-end and a hop-by-hop approach, as well as multidrop scenarios.
Vertically-scaled 100nm T-gate AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with 125GHz f/sub T/ and 174GHz f/sub MAX/

In this work, we report on vertically scaled, 100nm gate-length Al 0.31Ga0.69N/AlN/GaN HEMTs with a low sheet resistance of 260Omega/square, an fT of 125 GHz and an f max (Ug) of 174 GHz. Careful device design and unique process features also resulted in a high peak Gm,ext of 498 mS/mm, an Idss of 1.2A/mm, and a gate-to-drain breakdown of 30V
Similarity and Dissimilarity Measures

The topics of similarity and dissimilarity measures are discussed in detail. The chapter starts with definitions of similarity and dissimilarity measures and lists the requirements for them to be metrics. In addition to the existing similarity and dissimilarity measures, 3 new similarity measures and 1 new dissimilarity measure are introduced. The performances of 16 similarity measures and 10 dissimilarity measures in image matching are determined and compared, and their sensitivities to noise and blurring as well as to intensity and geometric changes are also determined and compared. The similarity measures tested are Pearson correlation, Tanimoto measure, stochastic sign change, deterministic sign change, minimum ratio, Spearman’s ρ, Kendall’s τ, greatest deviation, ordinal measure, correlation ratio, energy of joint probability density, material similarity, Shannon mutual information, Renyi mutual information, Tsallis mutual information, and I α information. The dissimilarity measures tested are L 1 norm, median of absolute differences, square L 2 norm, median of square differences, normalized square L 2 norm, incremental sign distance, intensity-ratio variance, intensity-mapping-ratio variance, rank distance, joint entropy, and exclusive F-information.
Villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, cellular infiltration, and impaired glucose-Na absorption in enteric cryptosporidiosis of pigs.

Intestinal morphology and fluid and electrolyte transport were examined in a neonatal porcine model of cryptosporidiosis. Sections of jejunum, ileum, and colon were obtained for morphometric analysis on days 3, 6, 9, and 12 postinfection, and in vivo perfusion studies of jejunum and ileum were conducted on days 3 and 4 postinfection. The most severe morphologic lesion was seen in the ileum on day 3, and consisted of villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, and cellular infiltration. Villous surface area was reduced from 2.1 ± 0.4 × 10 5 μm 2 in control ileum to 0.8 ± 0.1 × 10 5 μm 2 in infected ileum, a result associated with enterocytes that were fewer in number and reduced in cross-sectional area. Conversely, the number of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria of the villus increased from 456 ± 116 in control to 1014 ± 187 in infected villus without a significant change in the volume of the lamina propria. At the height of infection, there was an approximate 1:2 ratio of both organisms and inflammatory cells to villous enterocytes. In contrast, organisms were not observed in the crypts, and the concentration of inflammatory cells in crypt lamina propria was unaltered. Disappearance of organisms and polymorphonuclear cells from the ileum was associated with restoration of normal structure and was complete by day 12. Although organisms were seen in the colon, the general architecture was not severely affected. On days 3 and 4 postinfection, there was a complete impairment of the glucose-stimulated Na and water absorption in both jejunum and ileum of infected pigs; however, absorption of electrolytes and water from a basic Ringer's solution, in the absence of glucose, was not significantly affected. These results are consistent with a malabsorptive diarrheal disease associated with the morphological damage and are very similar to those seen in enteric viral disease in pigs, except that the upper intestine is more severely affected in the latter.
Effect of Bactericidal Substance from Staphylococcus aureus on Group A Streptococci I. Biochemical Alterations

A bactericidal substance isolated from phage type 71 staphylococci has been studied relative to its mechanism of action on streptococcal cells. The substance exerts its effect best at 37 C. No cell lysis occurs as evidenced by lack of alteration in optical density of susceptible cell suspensions. The bactericidal substance results in immediate cessation of protein and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis as well as degradation of newly and previously formed ribonucleic acid (RNA). The action on RNA seems to be independent of protein synthesis.
Grotius and Hobbes

What is the philosophical relationship between Grotius and Hobbes? Scholars are divided. On the one hand, Richard Tuck famously contends that Hobbes is Grotius's direct intellectual descendent: sur...
Image file interoperability for data protection, communication and trans-system connectivity.

Authors – Farman AG, Lapp RP DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine) is a set of international imaging standards developed for medicine and extended to incorporate other professions. These standards encompass primary digital and secondary capture images made for dental diagnostic procedures. The standards provide a basis of interoperability for digital system outputs, providing portability and reducing the danger of obsolescence that would render valuable diagnostic information impossible to display. The American Dental Association, through the activities of its Working Group 12.1, is promoting interoperability within DICOM as the industry standard for digital imaging in dentistry.
A spectral feature design system for the HIRIS/MODIS era

A spectral feature design system for high-dimensional multispectral data is described. This system utilizes hard-limited or infinitely clipped optimal transforms and canonical analysis to extract the spectral features for data volume reduction and classification purposes. The design procedure is intended to be application-specific in order to make it maximally effective for each use. Although it could be used in a variety of circumstances, the procedure was designed with satellite data collection in mind, such as will be needed with the High-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (HIRIS), a land-oriented Earth observational sensor intended for launch in the mid-1990s. The tests reported provide substantial data volume reduction in the satellite-to-Earth downlink and subsequent computation phases, while maintaining satisfactory classification accuracy. >
CT of malignant melanoma: patterns of small bowel and mesenteric involvement.

Abdominal CT of 230 patients (310 CT examinations) with a diagnosis of malignant melanoma was retrospectively reviewed for the evaluation of small bowel and mesenteric involvement. Seventeen (7.4%) patients had evidence of small bowel and mesenteric involvement on CT. There were four distinct patter
Hyaluronan is inversely correlated with the expression of cd44 in the dermal condensation of the embryonic hair follicle

Abstract Previously, we have shown that CD44 (the hyaluronan receptor) was involved in the degradation of hyaluronan. In the resent study, we examined the distribution of CD44 and yaluronan in the skin of embryonic and mature mice. During embryonic development, CD44 was prominently expressed by the condensed mesenchymal cells involved in the formation of the hair follicles, but was absent from the surrounding interstitial cells. The cells of the dermal condensation expressed CD44 throughout the development of the hair follicle; however, once the hair follicle reached maturity, the mesenchymal cells of the dermal papilla no longer expressed this molecule. In contrast to the above, the distribution of hyaluronan was reversed from that of CD44. Hyaluronan was widespread throughout the embryonic dermis, but was conspicuously absent from the regions of the dermal condensation. This arrangement persisted through the development of the hair follicle; however, in the mature hair follicle, hyaluronan reappeared in the dermal papilla. Thus, in the embryonic dermis, the expression of CD44 and hyaluronan were complementary to each other. However, in the adult skin, only minor changes were detected in the levels of CD44 and hyaluronan associated with the cells of the dermal condensation during the hair cycle. When organ cultures of embryonic mouse skin were treated with Streptomyces hyaluronidase, the interstitial mesenchymal cells became compacted, indicating that the removal of hyaluronan leads to the condensation of these cells. The results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that the expression of CD44 by the inductive mesenchymal cells allows them to degrade hyaluronan in a localized region, leading to formation and maintenance of the dermal condensation.
Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma of salivary gland

We describe 11 patients with a distinctive salivary gland neoplasm. Most of the patients were adult women who presented with a painless mass. Nine tumors arose in minor salivary glands of the oral cavity (82%). Microscopically, they were characterized by the formation of trabeculae, cords, islands,
Salmonella Escherichia hybrids.

UNTIL recently, genetical studies with Salmonella typhimurium have been carried out mainly by the transduction method. In an effort to facilitate such studies, we attempted to develop a means of applying conjugation techniques also, using S. typhimurium and Escherichia coli, since Baron and his collaborators1 had been able to produce hybrids between these two bacteria. We have been successful in experiments with a Salmonella culture carrying a mutator gene (mut) and a culture of E. coli strain K-12 carrying the factor for high frequency of recombination (Hfr). The mutator strain was isolated by Miyake2 from strain LT-7. Its main characteristic is a 10- to 100-fold increase in spontaneous mutability.
Pharmacodynamics of formaldehyde: applications of a model for the arrest of DNA replication by DNA-protein cross-links.

A variety of evidence suggests that formaldehyde (HCHO)-induced DNA–protein cross-links (DPX) are genotoxic as a result of their ability to arrest DNA replication. Although DPX can be removed and the DNA can be repaired, failure to remove the blockage prior to cell division or excision followed by incomplete repair could cause cell death or a mutation. To characterize the concentration and time dependence of this mechanism, a biologically based model for DNA replication in the presence of DPX was developed based on the assumptions that (1) DPX are formed randomly in the DNA and (2) a replication fork can advance up to but not past a DPX. Using a combination of Poisson and binomial statistics, a quantitative relationship between the amount of newly synthesized DNA and the concentration of DPX was derived, which predicts that the rate of DNA replication should decrease nonlinearly with increasing concentrations of DPX. Because the latter is a nonlinear function of the airborne concentration of HCHO, an inverse sigmoidal relationship is predicted between the rate of DNA replication and the concentration of inhaled formaldehyde. The model was parameterized using data derived from a study of the incorporation of [methyl-14C]thymidine monophosphate into the DNA of the nasal respiratory mucosa of Fischer-344 rats exposed to 3HCHO and H14CHO (6 ppm, 6 h). The model was then applied to measurements of DNA replication in the nasal mucosa of experimental animals exposed to wide ranges of H14CHO (rats: 0.7, 2, 6, or 15 ppm, 3 h; rhesus monkeys: 0.7, 2, or 6 ppm, 6 h). The results indicate that, at airborne concentrations above 6 ppm in rats, there is a marked decrease (ca. 62% at 15 ppm) in the amount of newly synthesized DNA due to DPX formation during a single 6-h exposure to HCHO. The arrest of DNA replication at high HCHO concentrations could result in cytolethality or genotoxicity, both of which are critical factors in the induction of rat nasal cancer by HCHO. However, at concentrations below 2 ppm in monkeys or 1 ppm in rats, the decrease in the rate of DNA replication is predicted to be <1% after a 6-h exposure. This small decrease is probably undetectable using currently available techniques. The parameterized model suggests that the arrest of DNA replication by DPX is mainly a high-dose phenomenon and that at ambient exposure concentrations it is unlikely to be a major risk factor.
Cerebellar Gene Expression Profiling and eQTL Analysis in Inbred Mouse Strains Selected for Ethanol Sensitivity

Background: Inbred Long-Sleep (ILS) and Inbred Short-Sleep (ISS) mice exhibit striking differences in a number of alcohol and drug related behaviors. This study examined the expression levels of more than 39,000 transcripts in these strains in the cerebellum, a major target of ethanol's actions in the CNS, to find differentially expressed (DE) candidate genes for these phenotypes. Methods: Genes that were differentially expressed between the strains were identified using oligonucleotide arrays as well as complimentary DNA arrays. Sequence alignment was used to locate DE genes in the mouse genome assembly. In silico expression QTL (eQTL) mapping was used to identify chromosomal regions likely to control the transcription level of DE genes, and the EASE program identified overrepresented functional themes. The genomic region immediately upstream of the cyclase associated protein homolog 1 (Cap1) gene was directly sequenced from PCR products. Results: Nearly 300 genes were identified as differentially expressed between the cerebella of ILS and ISS. These genes and their corresponding eQTLs map to genomic regions linked to several phenotypes that differ between the ILS and ISS strains, including ethanol preference and cocaine-induced locomotor activation on Chromosomes 4 and 7 respectively. Eight genes were cross-platform validated, four of which are more highly expressed in ILS cerebellum. Three SNPs, one of which disrupts a predicted Sp1 binding site, were found in the upstream region of Cap1, a strong candidate for influencing ethanol phenotypes. Conclusions: Many of these DE genes are candidates to influence ethanol and drug regulated phenotypes because they either map to ethanol related QTLs in the genome or are linked to them through eQTL mapping. Genes involved in calcium ion binding and transcriptional regulation are overrepresented and therefore these gene classes may influence ethanol behaviors in mice and humans.
Recent developments in garnet based solid state electrolytes for thin film batteries

Abstract This paper reviews the current status of, and new progress in, the field of solid state electrolytes (SSE) for lithium ion batteries. In addition to a review of current technologies, we are also presenting our novel results on pulsed laser processing of garnet based SSEs, specifically Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO). LLZO powders with a tetragonal structure were prepared by a sol–gel technique, then a pulsed laser annealing process was employed to covert the powders to cubic LLZO without any loss of lithium. The tetragonal LLZO exhibited a Li ion conductivity of 1.8 × 10−7 S/cm, whereas the laser annealed cubic LLZO showed a Li ion conductivity of 1.0×10−4 S/cm at room temperature. A systematic study of the effect of pulsed laser annealing (PLA) on the crystal structure, morphology, composition, and ionic conductivity of LLZO was performed via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. These results demonstrate that PLA is a powerful processing technique for synthesizing the high ionic conductivity cubic phase of LLZO at relatively low temperatures, as compared to conventional methods.
Interaction of basic refractories with converter slag

Converter slags based on a tar binder are located in the following order with respect to the increase in the degree of impregnation with slag: dolomite→dolomite-magnesite→magnesite. The greater degree of impregnation of magnesite refractories is due to recrystallization of the periclase grains, accompanied by an increase in their size, by saturation with magnesioferrite, and by dilatation of the reaction zone of the refractory.
Prediction of coral bleaching in the Florida Keys using remotely sensed data

Shallow water tropical coral reefs may bleach due to extremes in a variety of environmental factors. Of particular concern have been temperature, ultraviolet radiation, and photosynthetically available radiation. Satellite observation systems allow synoptic-scale monitoring of coral environments that can be used to investigate the effects of such environmental parameters. Recent advancements in algorithm development for new satellite data products have made it possible to include light availability in such monitoring. Long-term satellite data (2000–2013), in combination with in situ bleaching surveys (N = 3,334; spanning 2003–2012), were used to identify the environmental factors contributing to bleaching of Florida reef tract corals. Stepwise multiple linear regression supports the conclusion that elevated sea surface temperature (SST; partial R adj 2 = 0.13; p < 0.001) and high visible light levels reaching the benthos (partial R adj 2 = 0.06; p < 0.001) each independently contributed to coral bleaching. The effect of SST was modulated by significant interactions with wind speed (partial R adj 2 = 0.03; p < 0.001) and ultraviolet benthic available light (partial R adj 2 = 0.01; p = 0.022). These relationships were combined via canonical analysis of principal coordinates to create a predictive model of coral reef bleaching for the region. This model predicted ‘severe bleaching’ and ‘no bleaching’ conditions with 69 and 57 % classification success, respectively. This was approximately 2.5 times greater than that predicted by chance and shows improvement over similar models created using only temperature data. The results enhance the understanding of the factors contributing to coral bleaching and allow for weekly assessment of historical and current bleaching stress.
On the Index of Invariant Subspaces in the Space of Weak Products of Dirichlet Functions

Let \(D\) denote the classical Dirichlet space of analytic functions \(f\) in the open unit disc \(\mathbb {D}\) with finite Dirichlet integral, \(\int _\mathbb {D}|f'|^2 dA < \infty \). Furthermore, let \(D \odot D\) be the space of weak products of functions in \(D\), i.e. all functions \(h\) that can be written as \(h = \sum _{i=1}^\infty f_i g_i\) for some \(f_i, g_i \in D\) with \(\sum _{i=1}^\infty \Vert f_i\Vert \Vert g_i\Vert < \infty \). The dual of \(D \odot D\) has been characterized in 2010 by Arcozzi, Rochberg, Sawyer, and Wick as the space \(\mathcal {X}(D)\) of analytic functions \(b\) on \(\mathbb {D}\) such that \(|b'|^2 dA\) is a Carleson measure for the Dirichlet space. In this paper we show that for functions \(f\) in proper weak*-closed \(M_z^*\)-invariant subspaces of \(\mathcal {X}(D)\), the functions \((zf)'\) are in the Nevanlinna class of \(\mathbb {D}\) and have meromorphic pseudocontinuations in the Nevanlinna class of the exterior disc. We then use this result to show that every nonzero \(M_z\)-invariant subspace \(\mathcal {N}\) of \(D \odot D\) has index 1, i.e. satisfies \(\dim \mathcal {N}/z\mathcal {N}=1\).
Fabry-Perot Sensors for Precision Trace Gas Measurement

Fabry-Perots are useful for remote sensing. They can operate at high resolution while maintaining high brightness. Instruments will be described to measure greenhouse gases on earth and to search for methane on Mars.
Study Strategies, Orientations and ‘Personal Meaningfulness’ in Higher Education

Recent research into student learning has identified learning strategies and study attitudes which, it is argued, may in certain cases imply a student's relative preoccupation with relatively extrinsic factors and a short-term and limited valuing of information and ideas learned. Possible links are proposed between such cognitive and affective processes and the nature of the resultant learning. In particular, it is possible that such strategies and attitudes are detrimentally linked with the important but neglected educational outcomes of personal acceptance, valuing and consequently potential application, of what is learned.
Genetic variation in deep-sea invertebrate populations: The bathyal gastropod Bathybembix bairdii

Five populations of the bathyal trochid gastropod Bathybembix bairdii (Dall) taken from depths of 579 to 1156 m in the Southern California Continental Borderland were surveyed for levels of genetic variability at 18 presumptive gene loci, using techniques of starch gel electrophoresis. All the populations were highly similar genetically; none of the populations possessed unique alleles. Four of 5 polymorphic loci scored in all the populations displayed statistically significant heterogeneity of allelic frequencies among stations. Only the diallelic fumarase (FUM) locus displayed a trend with depth. The geographic and depth patterns of the genetic variability in these populations do not support the hypothesis that the high levels of genetic variability observed in bathyal populations are an artifact of gene flow between populations differentiated with depth. The 16.2% of the loci heterozygous per individual of B. bairdii is of the same order as the average heterozygosities reported for other deep-sea invertebrate taxa. These reports of high genetic variability in a physically constant and seasonless environment are reviewed and discussed in the context of the trophic-stability hypothesis of Ayala and Valentine and the time, size and divergence hypothesis of Soule. Evidence is presented that despite the observed correlation of average heterozygosities in benthic marine invertebrates with seasonality of the trophic regime, this is not apparent for an enzyme system (leucine amino peptidase) which might be expected to display this trend if it reflected a genetic strategy to cope with trophic seasonality. The time, size and divergence hypothesis, focusing on population size, accounts for the general features of levels of genetic variability in deep-sea invertebrates.
The effect of phosphorus enrichment on the nutrient status of a northern Everglades slough

The response of wetlands to elevated nutrient loads typically has been examined in the context of using wetlands for nutrient removal. However, concern over the degradation of natural wetlands following anthropogenic disturbance continues to increase. Most research has focussed on the response of emergent wetlands, with an emphasis on the role of macrophytes. In this study, 21 1.8 m2 enclosures (mesocosms) were placed in a pristine open-water (slough) wetland and subjected to 7 inorganic phosphorus (P) loads; 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4, and 12.8 g/m2/y. This study demonstrated that while the rate of specific P accumulation was a function of the loading rate, the duration of loading is a critical factor in the ultimate P concentration in the biota and soil. Thus, time is an important consideration when determining response to enrichment. Phosphorus added to the slough was removed rapidly by the initially abundant metaphyton (unattached floating and suspended periphyton) and epipelon (benthic periphyton), which concentrated P 10- to 50-fold above background periphyton concentrations. Metaphyton concentrated P more rapidly than epipelon; however, both assemblages stabilized P concentrations between 2.6–3.0 g/kg. Water lily responded to elevated P loads with increased leaf size and nutrient accumulation. After 2-y, water lily P concentrations in the highest loaded mesocosms were similar to those observed in periphyton. Soil and porewater nutrients were slower to respond to P enrichment. Soil P concentrations were unchanged by P enrichment except for the highest loaded mesocosms. After 1-y of P loading, mesocosms receiving 12.8 g/m2/y had soil P concentrations almost 2-fold higher than background concentrations. Porewater P concentrations also showed little change throughout the experiment, with the exception of load 12.8 g/m2/y, which increased dramatically after the 1st year. During the 2nd year, average porewater P concentrations in this highest load were over 50-fold higher than background concentrations. Nitrogen concentrations in periphyton and water lily also generally increased in response to increased P loads. The high affinity of periphyton and water lily for P, combined with their subsequent influence on N uptake, suggests that these components can play an important role in wetland nutrient cycling. The disappearance of these communities may result in a reduction in the nutrient assimilative capacity of wetlands.
Hyperpolarized 129Xe magnetic resonance imaging of a rat model of transient ischemic stroke

Ischemic stroke accounts for nearly 80% of all stroke cases. Although proton diffusion and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the gold standards in ischemic stroke diagnostics, the use of hyperpolarized 129 Xe MRI has a potential role to contribute to the diagnostic picture. The highly lipophilic hyperpolarized 129 Xe can be non-invasively delivered via inhalation into the lungs where it is dissolved into the blood and delivered to other organs such as the brain. As such, we expect hyperpolarized 129 Xe to act as a perfusion tracer which will result in a signal deficit in areas of blood deprived tissue. In this work, we present imaging results from an animal model of transient ischemic stroke characterized through 129 Xe MRI. In this model, a suture is used to occlude the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in the rat brain, thus causing an ischemic event. After a period of MCA occlusion, the suture can then be removed to reperfuse the ischemic area. During the ischemic phase of the stroke, a signal void was observed in the MCA territory; which was subsequently restored by normal 129 Xe MRI signal once perfusion was reinstated. Further, a higher resolution one-dimensional chemical shift image shows a sharp signal drop in the area of ischemia. Validation of ischemic damage was shown through both proton diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) and by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazoliumchloride (TTC) staining. The results show the potential of 129 Xe to act as a perfusion tracer; information that may add to the diagnostic and prognostic utility of the clinical picture of stroke.
CNO abundances of some field horizontal-branch and Population I A stars

From observations of infrared lines, oxygen and nitrogen abundances of the prototype field horizontal-branch stars HD 109995 and HD 161817, the somewhat similar star HD 64488, and the sharp-lined Population I A stars Theta Leo and HR 6559 have been obtained, as well as carbon abundances of HD 161817 and Theta Leo. The results for HD 161817 may be in accord with the predictions of Sweigart and Mengel (1979) for dredge-up during the previous red-giant stage if the non-LTE effects for the O I lines have been properly accounted for, and those for the C I and N I lines are small. This star and HD 109995 are apparently both oxygen and nitrogen poor to the same degree although their iron abundances differ by 0.3 dex.