cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Many Faces of Span of Control Organizational Structure Across Multiple Goals

As an extension of the existing literature on span-of-control relationships, we propose that public bureaucracies are typically faced with multiple goals creating potential conflicts due to structu...
Recording and controlling the 4D light field in a microscope using microlens arrays

Summary Byinsertingamicrolensarrayattheintermediateimageplane of an optical microscope, one can record four-dimensional light fields of biological specimens in a single snapshot. Unlike a conventional photograph, light fields permit manipulation of viewpoint and focus after the snapshot has been taken, subject to the resolution of the camera and the diffraction limit of the optical system. By inserting a second microlens array and video projector into the microscope’s illumination path, one can control the incident light field falling on the specimen in a similar way. In this paper, we describe a prototype system we have built that implements these ideas, and we demonstrate two applications for it: simulating exotic microscope illumination modalities and correcting for optical aberrations digitally.
Relationship of Fever Magnitude to Rate of Serious Bacterial infections in Infants Aged 4-8 Weeks

We correlated the height of fever with underlying infectious etiology in 683 consecutive febrile infants aged four to eight weeks who received outpatient evaluation for sepsis during a five-year period. The relative number of infants with fever was inversely proportional to fever height, as 51% had a temperature 38.1-38.9 degrees C, 45% had a temperature 39-39.9 degrees C, and 4% had a temperature greater than or equal to 40 degrees C [hyperpyrexia]. There were 34 cases of serious bacterial infections [SBI], including 16 cases of urinary tract infection, 8 cases of bacteremia, 6 cases of bacterial meningitis, and 4 cases of Salmonella enteritis. The rate of SBI increased in direct proportion to fever height, being 3.2% in those with a temperature 38.1-38.9 degrees C, 5.2% in those with a temperature 39-39.9 degrees C, and 26% in those with a temperature greater than or equal to 40 degrees C. The 6.8% rate of SBI in those with fever greater than or equal to 39 degrees C was significantly greater than the 3.2% rate in those with fever less than 39 degrees C [p less than 0.035]; and the 26% rate of SBI in those with hyperpyrexia was significantly greater than the 4.1% rate in those with fever less than 40 degrees C [p less than 0.000004]. In identifying those with SBI, the presence of hyperpyrexia had a sensitivity of 21%, specificity of 97%, positive-predictive value of 25%, and negative-predictive value of 96%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Context-Dependent Selection: The Effects of Decoy and Phantom Job Candidates

Abstract Theattraction effecthas historically referred to a situation in which an inferior alternative (i.e., a decoy) influences the relative attractiveness of other alternatives in a choice set. This investigation was aimed at examining attraction effects in a simulated employee-selection context, and testing alternative hypotheses for the source of attraction effects. Experiment 1 investigated decoys along with superior, but unavailable, (i.e., phantom) alternatives in an employee-selection scenario. Results showed no target by alternative-type interaction, suggesting that decoys and phantoms operate similarly in affecting selection. This finding favors context-dependent weighting and loss-aversion explanations for attraction effects. Experiment 2 showed that decoy effects are robust to a predetermined-weighting manipulation.
Self management of medication and Diabetes: cognitive control

The healthcare industry strives to improve the technical work of healthcare providers in hospitals. In contrast, the more common home treatment tasks like managing prescription medications and complying with the complex demands of life-threatening diseases such as Type II Diabetes receive little attention. Treatment and prevention decisions are in the hands of patients and often mismanaged. Available commercial information sheets, designed to support prescription self management, are incompatible with patient perceptual and cognitive capacities. We show that material that is sensitive to the perceptual and cognitive capacities of potential users is more usable and is preferred. A review of existing training for diabetics identified compliance barriers. Many patients do not understand the dynamics that controlled their disease and so make poor decisions. Available training provides rules and procedures, but little about the dynamic demands of maintaining stability within parameters. We explored using control theory and incorporating a mental model of diabetes into rule-based training. This promises to improve the effectiveness of self management. These two naturalistic investigations confirm the importance of field studies and of using patient informants to understand the demands and opportunities that accompany medical self management.
Lifelong Learning and its Support with New Media: Cultural Concerns

Lifelong learning is an essential challenge for inventing the future of our societies; it is a necessity rather than a possibility or a luxury to be considered. Lifelong learning is more than adult education or training—it is a mindset and a habit for people to acquire. It creates the challenge to understand, explore, and support new dimensions of learning such as: (a) self-directed learning, (b) learning on demand, (c) informal learning, and (d) organizational learning. Lifelong learning requires a deeper understanding of the co-evolutionary processes between fundamental human activities and their relationships with new media. It requires an integration of new theories, innovative systems, practices, and assessment. New intellectual spaces, physical spaces, organizational forms, and reward structures need to be created to make lifelong learning an important part of human life. These new spaces and structures must support individuals, groups, and organizations who will engage in and experience them as innovators and risk takers, and will use their creativity and imagination to explore alternative ways of learning.
An Alternative Textbook Selection Method

Evaluating and selecting a basic marketing text-book is a judgemental process. This study suggests the use of a quantitative technique not as a substitute for decision-making, but as a tool to guide those making the decision. The results of using multidiirensional scaling (MDS) techniques as an objective method to guide the textbook selection process are reported.
Access to Bio-Knowledge: From Gene Patents to Biomedical Materials

Patents claiming DNA sequences have been subject to extensive public and scholarly criticism due to their potential to impede innovation and to restrict access to affordable healthcare. Recent empirical studies, however, indicate that access to materials is a much more serious problem than patents are for basic biomedical researchers, and access to materials is also a critical problem for producers of biomedical end products like biopharmaceuticals. This Note argues that these physical research tools should be included in a more expansive concept of “bio-knowledge,” and that solving the access to materials problem is critical for increasing biomedical innovation. This problem has been caused in part by changing norms among basic researchers, but fully undoing the commercialization of university research is neither possible nor desirable. Instead, partial solutions may be found within the patent system, both through reducing the transaction costs associated with material transfers and through increased use of official material depositories by both basic and industrial researchers.
A Study of the Relationship Between the ACT College Mathematics Readiness Standard and College Mathematics Achievement

This study examined the relationship between the American College Testing (ACT) college mathematics readiness standard and college mathematics achievement using a sample of students who met or exce...
Experimental candidiasis: Pathogenesis and serological studies in a rabbit model

Three methods of inducing candidiasis in a rabbit model were studied in an effort to better understand the host responses and pathogenesis in this infection. Serological studies of both antigen and antibody were included. Endocarditis and cystitis were induced by inserting catheters containing viableCandida albicans into the right carotid artery and bladder, respectively, and pyelonephritis was induced by intravenous inoculation of viableCandida albicans. All rabbits with cystitis had evidence of infection only in the urinary bladder. Blood cultures in only one (with endocarditis) of 31 rabbits were positive forCandida albicans. All rabbits withCandida albicans endocarditis and pyelonephritis developed agglutinating antibody and immunodiffusion bands within seven to fourteen days from induction of infection, while none of the rabbits withCandida albicans cystitis developed agglutinating antibody titer changes or immunodiffusion bands. All rabbit urine and serum samples were examined forCandida albicans antigen by a latex agglutination and gel diffusion test. No free antigen was detected in any of the specimens using the methods described. A direct immunofluorescence technique was utilized to detect antibody coated yeast cells in the urine of infected animals as evidence of invasive disease. All rabbits with endocarditis, and four of eight rabbits with pyelonephritis had positive direct immunofluorescence studies of their urine, while all rabbits with cystitis had negative urines for antibody coated yeast cells.
Marine CSEM of the Scarborough Gas Field

Summary In May-June of 2009, we carried out a magnetotelluric (MT) and controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) survey over the Scarborough gas field on the Exmouth plateau off the northwest coast of Australia. At 144 receiver deployments, this is the largest academically collected CSEM dataset to date. The main purpose of this study is to provide a demonstration dataset over a well-studied area and to drive future development in EM methods by placing this data in the public domain. In this paper, we present first results of CSEM data processing and 1D inversion from phase 1 of the survey.
Mining Aspect-Specific Opinion using a Holistic Lifelong Topic Model

Aspect-level sentiment analysis or opinion mining consists of several core sub-tasks: aspect extraction, opinion identification, polarity classification, and separation of general and aspect-specific opinions. Various topic models have been proposed by researchers to address some of these sub-tasks. However, there is little work on modeling all of them together. In this paper, we first propose a holistic fine-grained topic model, called the JAST (Joint Aspect-based Sentiment Topic) model, that can simultaneously model all of above problems under a unified framework. To further improve it, we incorporate the idea of lifelong machine learning and propose a more advanced model, called the LAST (Lifelong Aspect-based Sentiment Topic) model. LAST automatically mines the prior knowledge of aspect, opinion, and their correspondence from other products or domains. Such knowledge is automatically extracted and incorporated into the proposed LAST model without any human involvement. Our experiments using reviews of a large number of product domains show major improvements of the proposed models over state-of-the-art baselines.
Systematic education for preoperative patients with gynecopathy

Preoperative systematic education for 51 patients undergoing selective hysterectomy or ovariectomy was performed concerning occurrence and development of gynecological diseases, anatomic and physiological function of genital system. A self designed questionnaire was conducted to understand what they worried most for the purpose of carrying out proper individual health education. The results showed that the worries and anxiety of the patients who received the systematic education were relieved and their confidence in the success of operation was increased.
What is the optimal initial treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia

For decades, initial therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) consisted of alkylators such as chlorambucil (Leukeran). The introduction of nucleoside analogs such as fludarabine and monoclonal antibodies such as rituximab (Rituxan) markedly changed the initial therapy of CLL, particularly in the United States. Fludarabine and combination regimens such as fludarabine/cyclophosphamide (FC) have achieved higher complete response (CR) rates and progression-free survival (PFS) than chlorambucil in previously untreated CLL, but long-term overall survival has not improved, due to concurrent improvement in salvage therapy of relapsed CLL patients. Upfront chemoimmunotherapy regimens such as fludarabine/rituximab (FR) and fludarabine/cyclophosphamide/rituximab (FCR) have similarly improved CR rates and PFS in previously untreated CLL patients, but it is unclear whether overall survival is improved. Advances in cytogenetic analysis and other biologic prognostic factors have greatly enhanced clinicians' ability to risk-stratify newly diagnosed CLL patients, and knowledge of such prognostic factors is necessary to properly interpret results of clinical treatment studies. The choice of initial therapy for an individual patient should depend upon the patient's age and medical condition, cytogenetic and other prognostic factors, and whether the goal of therapy is maximization of CR and PFS or palliation of symptoms with minimal toxicity.
Theistic Phenomenalism: An Alternative Causal Theory of Perception

When I seem to see my study and I also seem to see my desk in it, I am normally justified in inferring that all or most alert and enquiring beings who were in the mental state described by ‘I seem to see…’, where the dots are filled in by an exact description of the physical environment of my desk, would seem to see my desk. The question arises, then, as to whether, when I conclude that I am really seeing my desk in my study, this latter conclusion is, or should be taken to be, equivalent to the former conclusion. An affirmative answer to this question is made tempting by the argument of Chapter 6 that I cannot justifiably conclude that a mind-independent desk is the cause of my seeming to see my desk.
The Kiva: A Half Century of Southwestern Anthropology

ABSTRACTThe history of The Kiva, the journal of the Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society, is traced from its modest beginning with a four-page leaflet in 1935 to its present position as the premier professional journal devoted to the anthropology of the Greater Southwest.
Gas Chromatography—Enhanced Sensitivity

The sampling of gases for gas chromatography analysis suffers from the fact that gas expansion in the sampling lines invariably causes loss of analytical sensitivity. This behavior may be reversed by using a high-pressure pulse of the carrier gas to compress the low-pressure gas sample into the sample loop, where it is then swept into the gas chromatograph. A factor of 20 or more sensitivity enhancement may be achieved. The application shown here involves sampling a high-pressure reactor being used to study the kinetics of a catalytic reaction over a single crystal (Campbell and Daube in Journal of Catalysis 104:109, [1]).
An Exploratory Study into Determining the Relative Importance of Key Criteria in Web Usability: A Multi-Criteria Approach

Organizations are investing significant amounts of resources in both internal and external web-based applications. Many of these applications must be used by either employees of the organization or by e-customers of the organization. One of the key components of any web-based application is its interface, and a key criteria in utilization of these web-based applications is the website's usability. This study investigated five criteria that have been suggested to impact an individual's assessment of a website's usability. Utilizing a multi-criteria decision making approach, we were able to assess the relative importance of these criteria as they apply to website usability. Our findings suggest that, similar to the technology adoption literature, ease of use and navigation are two critical components in determining website usability. This study also investigated the impact of specific individual differences (gender, computer anxiety, innovativeness, and computer self-efficacy).
ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS WITH CANCER: Diagnosis and Management

Respiratory failure remains a common cause of admission to the ICU for patients with cancer, regardless of the nature of malignancy. The diagnosis and management of ARF in patients with cancer poses special challenges to the intensivist. Depending on the type of cancer, the degree of immunosuppression, underlying comorbidities, the modality of cancer treatment, progression or spread of underlying cancer, and disease- or therapy-associated complications are the most common causes of ARF in these patients. Despite significant advances in antineoplastic therapies and supportive management in the ICU, the mortality rate of patients with cancer with ARF remains high. Severity-of-illness scoring systems and mortality probability models, although useful in discriminating between survivors and nonsurvivors in large groups of critically ill patients, should not be used alone to justify reluctance in admitting individual patients with cancer with potentially reversible respiratory failure to the ICU. Close collaboration between oncologists and intensivists will ensure the establishment of clear goals and direction of treatment for every patient with cancer who requires mechanical ventilation.
Input-Output Feedback Linearizing Control Based on the Adaptive Flux Observer of the Induction Motor

In this paper a new technique for the adaptive control of the induction motor is proposed. This technique, which is based on nonlinear control and the adaptive flux observer, maintains the performance of the induction motor. Using this observation technique, the output variables and the unknown parameters estimated by the adaptive flux observer, in the nonlinear control of the induction machine made it possible to achieve remarkable performances. To test the robustness of this control technique, variations of the parameters of the induction machine were applied at different times; the simulation results found confirmed our theoretical study and were very satisfactory with respect to the variation of the parameters.
Porous polymeric platform repairs primates after spinal cord injury

Amine-containing polymers immobilized on mesh and placed at trauma sites scavenge biomolecules that initiate a damaging immune response.
Relations Between FUV Excess and Coronal Soft X-Ray Emission Among Dwarf Stars

The far-ultraviolet magnitudes of late-F, G and early-K dwarfs with (B − V) ⩾ 0.50 as measured by the GALEX satellite are shown to correlate with soft X-ray luminosity. This result indicates that line and continuum emission from stellar active regions make significant contributions to the flux in the GALEX FUV band for late-F, G and K dwarfs. By contrast, detection of a correlation between FUV brightness and soft X-ray luminosity among early-F dwarfs requires subtraction of the photospheric component from the FUV flux. The range in (B − V) among F and G dwarfs over which a correlation between uncorrected FUV magnitude and X-ray luminosity is detected coincides with the range in colour over which coronal and chromospheric emission correlates with stellar rotation.
Geographic variation in air quality

Background: The small particulates most responsible for adverse health effects (PM2.5) vary geographically. Here, we report the variation in particulate air pollution exposure for three different subjects. Methods: We collected paired measurements of indoor and outdoor air pollution exposure using inexpensive laser counter particle monitors. We mapped these measurements for three subjects who were in different geographic areas and compared their indoor, outdoor and Salt Lake Valley (Hawthorne) particulate exposure. Results: The indoor (blue), outdoor (green), and Salt Lake Valley (Hawthorne – red) particulate levels are shown (Figure 1. Panel A, B, and C). As expected, the outdoor air pollution is generally higher than the indoor air pollution, except for isolated spikes in indoor particulates. The outdoor air pollution in all three subjects shows increases over time that correspond to the increases in the official measurement. However, there is variation among the subjects in the particulates level recorded at their homes. A map of subjects shows their geographic variation, which may account, in part, for their air pollution variation. Conclusion: Although outdoor air pollution is reported across a large area given the limitations of expensive monitoring equipment, variation in personal air pollution exposure is present. Indoor air tends to have lower particulate counts than outdoor air, as expected, though variation in indoor air particulate levels is also large.
Technology-Based Interventions to Reduce Sexually Transmitted Infections and Unintended Pregnancy Among Youth

Abstract Purpose Technology-based interventions to promote sexual health have proliferated in recent years, yet their efficacy among youth has not been meta-analyzed. This study synthesizes the literature on technology-based sexual health interventions among youth. Methods Studies were included if they (1) sampled youth ages 13–24; (2) utilized technology-based platforms; (3) measured condom use or abstinence as outcomes; (4) evaluated program effects with experimental or quasi-experimental designs; and (5) were published in English. Results Sixteen studies with 11,525 youth were synthesized. There was a significant weighted mean effect of technology-based interventions on condom use ( d = .23, 95% confidence interval [CI] [.12, .34], p d = .21, 95% CI [.02, .40], p = .027). Effects did not differ by age, gender, country, intervention dose, interactivity, or program tailoring. However, effects were stronger when assessed with short-term (1–5 months) than with longer term (greater than 6 months) follow-ups. Compared with control programs, technology-based interventions were also more effective in increasing sexual health knowledge ( d = .40, p d = .15, p = .022) and attitudes ( d = .12, p = .016). Conclusions After 15 years of research on youth-focused technology-based interventions, this meta-analysis demonstrates their promise to improve safer sex behavior and cognitions. Future work should adapt interventions to extend their protective effects over time.
Brain Tonics for Brain Sprouts: How Neurotrophic Factors Fertilize Neurons

Issue: Numerous neurotrophic growth factors help determine which neurons develop in the immature brain and which are retained in the adult brain. Neurotrophic factors can also induce neurons to sprout axons capable of growing into new locations and forming new synaptic connections, a process that continues in the mature brain.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in High-Functioning Autism: Review and Recommendations for Treatment Development

Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) who have acquired functional communication strategies – particularly more cognitively able individuals at or beyond the elementary school age group – may be candidates for talk-based therapies similar to those employed with children and adults with mental health disorders, such as anxiety (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy, CBT). While talk-based therapies are widely used in community settings for school-aged youth and adults with ASD (Hess et al. 2008), the evidence base for using many such treatments is surprisingly weak. Compared to other types of intervention in autism (e.g., applied behavior analysis for young children) and interventions for other types of neurodevelopmental disorder (e.g., attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD), there are very few well-designed studies of CBT and other talk-based therapies for individuals with autism. Of those studies that have been conducted, results are mixed, requiring a careful comparative analysis of the extant treatment literature to distinguish potentially promising practices from those that are less promising. This chapter endeavors to provide such an analysis and, in so doing, to draw preliminary conclusions about worthwhile practices currently available for implementation, as well as to identify directions for further development of treatment techniques.
Effects of External Forces in the Kaon System

As noted in Chapter 2, the \( {{K}^{0}} - {{\bar{K}}^{0}} \) system can play the role of a sensitive detector for certain types of new forces, because of the naturally small mass scale provided by the K L -K S mass difference Δm. Not all forces which might exist can be detected in the \( {{K}^{0}} - {{\bar{K}}^{0}} \) system, since (to a good approximation) kaons do not couple to certain “charges”, including baryon number (B) and electric charge (Q).This point deserves some additional discussion: Although K 0 and \( {{\bar{K}}^{0}} \) are bound states of charged quarks (\( d\bar{s}{\text{ and }}\bar{d}s \) respectively), K 0 and \( {{\bar{K}}^{0}} \) have no net electric charge, and hence they will not be influenced by a weak external electromagnetic field. Evidently a similar remark applies to a possible coupling to baryon number. It was for this reason that the source of the proposed “fifth force” was originally assumed to be the hypercharge Y =B + SwhereSis strangeness, since this quantum number would couple to both kaons and ordinary matter.
Cytochrome P450 1B1 Is Critical for Neointimal Growth in Wire-Injured Carotid Artery of Male Mice.

Background We have reported that cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1), expressed in cardiovascular tissues, contributes to angiotensin II–induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration and proliferat...
Enzalutamide treatment for the whole spectrum of CRPC

The FDA recently expanded the indication for enzalutamide for the treatment of all men with metastatic and nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer on the basis of the PROSPER trial. Now that both disease states can have the same treatment, the need to thoroughly identify metastatic lesions is questioned.
A novel biosimulation task trainer for the deliberate practice of resuscitative hysterotomy.

Resuscitative hysterotomy is a daunting and rarely performed procedure in the emergency department (ED). Given the paucity of clinical exposure to this intervention, resuscitative hysterotomy is an ideal opportunity for simulation-mediated deliberate practice. The authors propose a novel training program using a homegrown, realistic, simulation device as a means to practice resuscitative hysterotomy. Two high-fidelity, tissue-based task-trainer models were constructed and tested on a convenience sample of 14 emergency medicine (EM) residents. The simulated human placenta, bladder, amniotic sac, and uterus were constructed through the use of porcine skin, porcine stomach, transparent plastic bag, Foley tubing, and squid mantle, all secured with nylon sutures. A Gaumard S500 Articulating Newborn was inserted in the simulated uterus, and the entire model was placed into a Gaumard S500 Childbirth Simulator. Each model required less than 1 h for assembly. Emergent hysterotomy was first demonstrated by an EM faculty facilitator, followed by hands-on deliberate practice. Formal feedback on the learners’ self-reported confidence and satisfaction levels was solicited at the end of the workshop through a survey previously cited for use with a low-fidelity resuscitative hysterotomy. Quantitative evaluation of the simulated training session was extracted through a 5-item questionnaire using a 5-point Likert-type scale (i.e., from 1, strongly disagree, to 5, strongly agree). Item scores were added for a cumulative total score, with a possible maximum score of 25 and minimum score of 5. Responses were overwhelmingly positive [24.13 (± 1.36)]. Qualitative feedback was extracted from the survey through open-ended questions; these responses highlighted learners’ appreciation for hands-on practice and the development of a novel, tissue-based simulation task trainer. All participants recommended the training session be available to future learners. Resuscitative hysterotomy is a high-stakes, low-frequency procedure that demands provider practice and confidence. Our hybrid, tissue-based hysterotomy model represents a feasible opportunity for training. The model is cost conscious, easily reproducible, and portable and allows for ample deliberate practice.
Familiarity, Navigation, and Comprehension: Key Dimensions of Health Literacy in Pap Test Use among Korean American Women

Health literacy consists of multiple dimensions such as print and oral literacy or numeracy. Different dimensions of health literacy may have more salient impact on certain health behaviors and out...
Role of the Clinical Nurse Specialist in Radiology

This chapter will provide a brief historical overview of the evolution of the CNS in the USA. Licensure, accreditation, certification, and educational preparation have advanced with the times, but barriers remain because the rules vary by each state in the USA. This chapter will also provide an overview of the elements that are paramount to the clinical nurse specialist role and how they intertwine throughout the day in radiology. Direct clinical practice, consultation, system leadership, collaboration, guidance and coaching, research, and ethical decision-making will be discussed.
Clinical features and radiographic findings in cats with eosinophilic, neutrophilic, and mixed airway inflammation (2011-2018).

BACKGROUND Idiopathic inflammatory airway disease (IAD) in cats often is described as asthmatic (eosinophilic) or bronchitic (neutrophilic), but this designation requires collection of airway fluid and it fails to consider cats with mixed airway inflammation. OBJECTIVE To identify clinical features that would differentiate inflammatory disease types. ANIMALS Forty-nine cats with nonspecific airway inflammation identified by bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) between 2011 and 2018 were evaluated. METHODS This is a retrospective study. Cats were categorized by BAL differential cytology as having eosinophilic (eosinophils >20% with neutrophils 50%), mixed (eosinophils 20%-50% and neutrophils >14% or discordant inflammation from 2 BAL sites), or neutrophilic (neutrophils >14% and eosinophils <20%) inflammation. Type and duration of presenting complaints, signalment, body condition score, respiratory rate, CBC results, bronchoscopy, BAL results (% recovery, total nucleated cell count, differential cell count), and radiographic findings were compared among groups. RESULTS Idiopathic IAD was diagnosed in 49 cats, with BAL eosinophilic inflammation in 23, mixed inflammation in 14, and neutrophilic inflammation in 12. Cough was the predominant presenting complaint with no difference in duration of signs among groups (median, 5.5 months). Respiratory rate and effort also did not differ. Cats with eosinophilic inflammation were significantly younger (4.4 ± 3.3 years) than those with neutrophilic (8.0 ±5.6 years) or mixed inflammation (7.5 ± 4.0 years; P = .03). Results of CBC and interpretation of radiographic findings did not differ among groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Substantial overlap exists in clinical and radiographic findings in cats with various forms of idiopathic airway inflammation.
Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 by product-prostaglandin E2

The development of prostate cancer has been linked to high level of dietary fat intake. Our laboratory investigates the connection between cancer cell growth and fatty acid products. Studying human prostatic carcinoma PC-3 cells, we found that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) increased cell growth and up-regulated the gene expression of its own synthesizing enzyme, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). PGE2 increased COX-2 mRNA expression dose-dependently with the highest levels of stimulation seen at the 3-hour period following PGE2 addition. The NSAID flurbiprofen (5 microM), in the presence of exogenous PGE2, inhibited the up-regulation of COX-2 mRNA and cell growth. These data suggest that the levels of local intracellular PGE2 play a major role in the growth of prostate cancer cells through an activation of COX-2 gene expression.
Health education and medical behavior intervention among healthcare providers who manage diarrhea,rickets.pneumonia,and nutritional anemia in urban children

From October 2006 to December 2008,170 medical professionals(120 from a provincial hospital,and 50 from 10 district hospitals or hygiene stations),and 400 baby watchers who took care of children(aged<3 years)with diarrhea,rickets,pneumonia,or nutritional anemia were randomly assigned to reeeive health education or medical behavior intervention.The results showed that the basic knowledge on prevention and treatment of diarrhea,rickets,pneumonia,or nutritional anemia wad improved,and oral rehydration solution utility rate was significantly increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01).The rate of breast feeding was higher,and the use of auxiliary food became more proper and timely.The use of antibiotics decreased.The baby watchers got more suggestions,and their qualification rate of medical knowledge and disease.related treatment behaviors were improved(all P<0.01). Nerwork-based health education and medical behavior intervention may have significant effects on healthcare providers who look after urban children with diarrhea,rickets,pneumonia,or nutritional anemia. Key words: Child; Health edueation
Trainee-Directed Educational Pursuits and Advocacy During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

* Abbreviations: COVID-19 — : coronavirus disease 2019 SARS-CoV-2 — : severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Despite its devastating effects on adult populations globally, the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on children has been comparatively mild.1 Whereas adult hospitals have been confronted with bed and ventilator shortages in the face of large upticks in patient volume, many pediatric institutions have remained largely immune to these stressors given the small percentage of children positive for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) warranting hospitalization.2,3 As pediatric trainees who once braced for the possibility of a rapid onslaught in cases warranting our direct care on the frontlines, we personally feel an overwhelming sense of relief that our pediatric patients are predominantly spared from the effects of the virus. Notwithstanding, widespread social distancing practices, stay-at-home restrictions, and school closures have transformed the current landscape of pediatric practice and have consequently impacted our patients and families as well as our residency training. Inherent in this shift has been a reduction in opportunities for hands-on learning for trainees as well as modifications to structured teaching. Pediatric residents have nonetheless rallied around these changes to the traditional residency curriculum and developed innovative ways to connect with and advocate for our patients while simultaneously promoting the advancement of medical education. Across clinical settings, trainees are engaging less in person because of decreased emergency department visits, lower inpatient censuses, fewer outpatient appointments, and reduced clinical … Address correspondence to Danielle G. Rabinowitz, MD, MM, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail: danielle.rabinowitz{at}childrens.harvard.edu
Characteristics and Strength of Evidence of COVID-19 Studies Registered on ClinicalTrials.gov.

This cross-sectional study evaluates the characteristics and expected strength of evidence of coronavirus disease 2019 studies registered on ClinicalTrials.gov.
The development of gendered health-related support dynamics over the course of a marriage.

For married adults with chronic illnesses or functional limitations, informal support from a spouse is often essential for their well-being, but support around health issues is not confined to late...
Chemotherapy resistance and YY1

Abstract A major impediment to the control of cancer is the presence and evolutionary development of drug resistance. Expression of the transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is associated in many tumor types with reduced overall survival. YY1 can reduce the expression of proteins whose actions lead to tumor cell death, for example, BIM; however, it can also increase the levels of proteins, which cause tumor cell death, for example, BAX. YY1 interacts with multiple histone deacetylase proteins, causing general transcriptional repression, but it can also interact with the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensing transcription factor ATF6 causing expression of the protective chaperone GRP78 to be enhanced. This chapter will discuss the molecular mechanisms by which tumor cells act to preserve their viability in the face of therapeutic interventions and will then integrate YY1 biology into these complex processes.
A Scaled Spherical Simplex Filter (S3F) with a decreased n + 2 sigma points set size and equivalent 2n + 1 Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) accuracy

Abstract The computational efficiency of a sampling based nonlinear Kalman filtering process is mainly conditional on the number of sigma/sample points required by the filter at each time step to effectively quantify statistical properties of related states and parameters. Efficaciously minimizing the needed number of points would therefore have important implications, especially for large n-dimensional nonlinear systems. A set of minimum number of n + 1 sigma points is necessary in each filtering application in order to provide mean and nonsingular covariance estimates. Incorporating additional sigma points than this minimum set improves the accuracy of the estimates and can take advantage of a richer information content that can possibly exist, but at the same time increases the computational demand. To this end, by adding one more sigma point to this minimum set, and assigning general, well defined weights and scaling factors, a new Scaled Spherical Simplex Filter (S3F) with n + 2 sigma points set size is presented in this work, and it is theoretically proven that it can practically achieve in all cases the same accuracy and numerical stability as the typical 2n + 1 sigma points Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF), with almost 50% less computational requirements. A comprehensive study of the suggested filter is presented, including detailed derivations, theoretical examples and numerical results, demonstrating the efficiency, robustness, and accuracy of the S3F.
Data Architecture to Support Real-Time Data Analytics for the Population-Based HIV Impact Assessments.

Background and setting Electronic data capture facilitates timely use of data. Population-based HIV impact assessments (PHIAs) were led by host governments, with funding from the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, technical assistance from the Centers for Disease Control, and implementation support from ICAP at Columbia University. We described data architectures, code-based processes, and resulting data volume and quality for 14 national PHIA surveys with concurrent timelines and varied country-level data governance (2015-2020). Methods PHIA project data were collected through tablets, point-of-care and laboratory testing instruments, and inventory management systems, using open-source software, vendor solutions, and custom-built software. Data were securely uploaded to the PHIA data warehouse daily or weekly and then used to populate survey-monitoring dashboards and return timely laboratory-based test results on an ongoing basis. Automated data processing allowed timely reporting of survey results. Results Fourteen data architectures were successfully established, and data from more than 450,000 participants in 30,000 files across 13 countries with completed PHIAs, and blood draws producing approximately 6000 aliquots each week per country, were securely collected, transmitted, and processed by 17 full-time equivalent staff. More than 25,600 viral load results were returned to clinics of participants' choice. Data cleaning was not needed for 98.5% of household and 99.2% of individual questionnaires. Conclusion The PHIA data architecture permitted secure, simultaneous collection and transmission of high-quality interview and biomarker data across multiple countries, quick turnaround time of laboratory-based biomarker results, and rapid dissemination of survey outcomes to guide President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief epidemic control.
Are the Woolf Reforms an Antidote for the Cost Disease--The Problem of the Increasing Cost of Litigation and English Attempts at a Solution

The ever-increasing cost of litigation and the perceived effects of this cost on limiting access to justice is a perennial concern in modem society. The rising cost of legal services in general, and litigation in particular, is often seen somewhat ominously as at least "a barrier to some and a problem for all litigants."' At first glance, this emphasis on the cost of legal services seems well placed. After all, simple intuition tells us that increases in the cost of legal services seem destined to price low income citizens out of the market and lead to a decrease in the ability of those citizens to secure access to justice. However, this Comment will show that the belief that a relative increase in the price of legal services will necessarily cause citizens to lose access to legal services is, in fact,
The Judicial Response to Police Killings in Latin America: Inequality and the Rule of Law

This book documents the corrosive effect of social exclusion on democracy and the rule of law. It shows how marginalization prevents citizens from effectively engaging even the best legal systems, how politics creeps into prosecutorial and judicial decision making, and how institutional change is often nullified by enduring contextual factors. It also shows how some institutional arrangements can overcome these impediments. The argument is based on extensive field work and original data on the investigation and prosecution of more than 500 police homicides in five legal systems in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. It includes both qualitative analyses of individual violations and prosecutions and quantitative analyses of broad patterns within and across jurisdictions. The book offers a structured comparison of police, prosecutorial, and judicial institutions in each location, and shows that analyses of any one of these organizations in isolation misses many of the essential dynamics that underlie an effective system of justice.
Yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase. IV. Purification, quaternary structure, and evidence for strongly bound Mg 2+1 .

Yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase has been purified to apparent homogeneity by salt fractionation and chromatographic techniques avoiding the use of organic solvents. The enzyme is obtained in stable crystalline form. The molecular weight of the native enzyme is 71,000 ± 2000, and it consists of two subunits of similar, if not identical, mass and charge. The enzyme as isolated contains approximately 1 mole of strongly bound Mg2+ per mole of active dimer; certain chelating agents cause an enhancement of the intrinsic protein fluorescence, presumably by complexing with this Mg2+ while it remains bound to the enzyme. The Mg2+ can be partially removed by chelators under specified conditions; the metal-free enzyme appears to be inactive, and is much more susceptible to proteolytic digestion and dissociation to monomers than is the native enzyme. The activity of metal-free enzyme may be rapidly restored in the presence of Mg2+; the results suggest that Zn2+ or other ions may replace the strongly bound Mg2+, with consequent loss of activity.
Moored Observations of Nonlinear Internal Waves Near DongSha

Abstract : I am interested in the general problems of internal waves and the ocean mixing. Knowledge of these is important for advancing the performance of operational and climate models, as well as for understanding local problems such as pollutant dispersal and biological productivity. In the specific case of this DRI s focus, nonlinear internal waves (NLIW), the waves' currents and displacements are strong enough to impact Navy operations such as diving, ROV operation and mine detection/removal. To understand the generation mechanisms, and predict the arrival times, of large NLIW in the northeastern South China Sea (SCS). To observe NLIW packets and estimate their energy and energy flux in the 2007 South China Sea experiment. To relate these to the energy and energy-flux in the low-mode tide, and to measurements of overturn-inferred turbulence.
Field-Strength Dependence of Gadolinium Enhancement: Theory and Implications

The decision to use contrast in magnetic resonance (MR) examination has important diagnostic, economic, and medicolegal implications. The overwhelmng majority of published studies defining the clinical utility of gadolinium administration for neuroimaging have been performed at high fields. Are these conclusions about contrast agent use at high fields equally valid for low-field imaging? Is contrast enhancement at 1.5T the same as contrast enhancement at 0.15T? The relationship between field stregth and contrast enhancement is sufficiently complex that few readers will find it intuitively obvious. This commentary reviews and further develops the theoretical framework necessary to explain the field dependence of gadolinium enhancement in tissues.
An incremental learning approach for completable planning

Abstract Many real world planning domains are complex and uncertain, preventing complete a priori planning. However, real world planners can also rely on runtime information to facilitate additional planning during execution. The completable approach to planning introduces the idea of completable steps , which represent deferred planning decisions. Through completable steps, a planner can defer particular goals until execution time, when additional information may be used for their achievement. To maintain the provably correct nature of plans afforded by classical planning, completable steps have the additional requirement of achievability. Unfortunately, without additional higher-order knowledge for reasoning about achievability, proving achievability becomes infeasible for any real world domain. We thus developed an incremental approach for learning completable plans. Using this approach, instead of proving achievability a planner uses feedback from its experience with the real world to construct completable plans which cover an increasing space of situations. This approach to real-world planning has been successfully tested in a simple simulated robot navigation domain.