cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adoption of Safety Eyewear among Citrus Harvesters in Rural Florida

The community-based prevention marketing program planning framework was used to adapt an evidence-based intervention to address eye injuries among Florida’s migrant citrus harvesters. Participant-observer techniques, other direct observations, and individual and focus group interviews provided data that guided refinement of a safety eyewear intervention. Workers were attracted to the eyewear’s ability to minimize irritation, offer protection from trauma, and enable work without declines in productivity or comfort. Access to safety glasses equipped with worker-designed features reduced the perceived barriers of using them; deployment of trained peer-leaders helped promote adoption. Workers’ use of safety glasses increased from less than 2% to between 28% and 37% in less than two full harvesting seasons. The combination of formative research and program implementation data provided insights for tailoring an existing evidence-based program for this occupational community and increase potential for future dissemination and worker protection.
More males run fast A stable sex difference in competitiveness in U.S. distance runners

Sex differences in competitiveness are well established, but it is unknown if they originate from sociocultural conditions or evolved predispositions. Testing these hypotheses requires a quantifiable sex difference in competitiveness and the application of a powerful sociocultural manipulation to eliminate it. Study 1 reviews previous work showing that more male distance runners are motivated by competition and maintain large training volumes, suggesting that more males should run fast relative to sex-specific world-class standards. I then use two independent statistical approaches to demonstrate that, in matched populations of male and female U.S. runners, two to four times as many males as females ran relatively fast in 2003. Study 2 investigates whether the growth in opportunities and incentives for female athletes in the past 30 years is eliminating this sex difference. I first show that there was a marked increase in the number of fast female runners in the 1970s and early 1980s, a period during which female participation increased dramatically. However, I found no indication of an absolute or relative increase in the number of fast female distance runners since the mid-1980s. These findings therefore support the hypothesis that sex differences in competitiveness partly reflect evolved predispositions.
SYNERGISTIC REGULATION OF HUMAN BETA -GLOBIN GENE SWITCHING BY LOCUS CONTROL REGION ELEMENTS HS3 AND HS4

Proper tissue- and developmental stage-specific transcriptional control over the five genes of the human ~-globin locus is elicited in part by the locus control region (LCR), but the molecular mechanisms that dictate this determined pattern of gene expression during human development are still controversial. By use of homologous recombination in yeast to generate mutations in the LCR within a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) bearing the entire human 13-globin gene locus, followed by injection of each of the mutated YACs into murine ova, we addressed the function of LCR hypersensitive site (HS) elements 3 and 4 in human 13-globin gene switching. The experiments revealed a number of unexpected properties that are directly attributable to LCR function. First, deletion of either HS3 or HS4 core elements from an otherwise intact YAC results in catastrophic disruption of globin gene expression at all erythroid developmental stages, despite the presence of all other HS elements in the YAC transgenes. If HS3 is used to replace HS4, gene expression is normal at all developmental stages. Conversely, insertion of the HS4 element in place of HS3 results in significant expression changes at every developmental stage, indicating that individual LCR HS elements play distinct roles in stage-specific [~-type globin gene activation. Although the HS4 duplication leads to alteration in the levels of ¢- and ~/-globin mRNAs during embryonic erythropoiesis, total [3-type globin mRNA synthesis is balanced, thereby leading to the conclusion that all of the human [3-locus genes are competitively regulated. In summary, the human [3-globin HS elements appear to form a single, synergistic functional entity called the LCR, and HS3 and HS4 appear to be individually indispensable to the integrity of this macromolecular
Part I: The Effect of Verbal Instructions upon Stylus Maze Learning

Resume PREMIERE PARTIE: L'EFFET DES INSTRUCTIONS VERBALES SUR L'APPRENTISSAGE DU LABYRINTHE A STYLET Quatre groupes, chacun de dix sujets (groupes selon les resultats des tests d'intelligence) ont appris a tracer un labyrinthe a stylet (Labyrinthe II) avec les instructions usuelles. On a employe les resultats de cette experience pour faire des comparaisons (le controle). Ensuite ils ont appris un labyrinthe pareil (Labyrinthe I). Chacun des quatre groupes a recu des instructions verbales differentes [(a) minima, (b) moyennes, (c) maxima, et (d) des instructions verbales maxima plus une exposition visuelle]. On a compare les resultats ainsi obtenus avec la serie de controle. On a trouve que l'efficacite de l'apprentissage varie directement la quantite de l'instruction verbale, en duree totale, en essais et erreurs, mais tend a une relation inverse en duree finale. Le groupe le plus instruit a ete le seul qui a montre une correlation signifiante entre les deciles d'intelligence et le rendement dans le labyr...
Distribution, Reproduction, and Habitat Use of the Razorback Sucker in the Green River, Utah, 1979–1986

Abstract Distribution, habitat use, and relative abundance of the rare razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus were evaluated by the capture of 323 of the fish and by the use of radiotelemetric data from six fish. Razorback suckers in the Green River were not uniformly distributed; they were most abundant in flat-water sections, and none were collected in white-water canyons. Razorback suckers displayed spawning movements in spring, and three spawning reaches were identified by the collection of 101 fish in breeding condition. Larval razorback suckers were collected downstream of the spawning reaches, but no juveniles were collected, indicating little or no successful recruitment. Spawning preferences were deduced from the capture of 52 ripe razorback suckers, between May 3 and June 15, 1984, and between April 22 and June 5, 1986, over sand and gravel substrates. Water temperatures at the points of capture ranged from 10 to 18°C, averaging 15°C. Catch data suggested that the razorback sucker population is smal...
The proliferous species of Elaphoglossum (Elaphoglossaceae) and their relatives

Thirteen taxa of the fern genusElaphoglossum reproduce vegetatively by a bud borne at the retuse apex of the sterile frond. These and six of their nonproliferous close relatives, all of tropical America, are discussed and described. All but one belong to various species groups in the closely allied sectionsSetosa andUndulata, the remaining one belonging to sectionLepidoglossa. Fourteen of the taxa are new:E. boryanum var.eutecnum, E. cardioglossum, E. entecnum, E. exsertipes, E. herpestes, E. inciens, E. nanoglossum, E. omissum, E. phoras, E. phyllitidis, E. plumosum f. maternum, E. pseudoboryanum, E. rufum, andE. wardiae.
Go East young ‘man’: seek wisdom from Laozi and Buddha on how to metatheorize mediatization

This essay argues the case for developing a more acceptable metatheory that scholars could use as a framework to hypothesize the non-linear development of global mediatization, a term that European researchers coined at the turn of the century. We can extract the rudiments of such a theory from the Buddhist doctrine of dependent co-arising (Paticca Samuppada), which explicates the bhavacakra (the wheel of becoming) and samsara (cyclic existence) in terms of 12 interdependent, interconnected, and interactive nidanas (underlying links). The Buddhist approach, combined with the Daoist Yijing paradigm and Miller's living systems theory, could help build a metatheory of global mediatization. This paper also suggests that mediatization scholars could collaborate with sociocybernetic scholars, who are working on a new systems approach, which focuses on interaction between living systems and their environment. Sociocybernetic theories no longer generate hypotheses about bivariate distributions. Concurrently, soci...
Expression of Adenylyl Cyclase Subtypes in Pancreatic β-Cells

Abstract Activation of adenylyl cyclase by G s -coupled receptors for insulinotropic hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide plays a critical role in stimulating glucose-induced insulin secretion. Despite this important role of insulinotropic hormones in the regulation of insulin secretion, little is known about which of the multiple subtypes of adenylyl cyclase are expressed in β-cells. Here we report the use of PCR primers designed to amplify all subtypes of adenylyl cyclase from cDNA prepared from human and rat islets and from insulin-secreting β-cell lines. PCR products were cloned and sequenced to identify the subtypes of adenylyl cyclase amplified. Adenylyl cyclase types V and VI, known to couple to Gα s and Gβγ in the cAMP signaling pathway, account for all subtypes identified in human islets and INS-1 cells and the majority of subtypes in rat islets and HIT-T15 cells. These findings indicate that pancreatic β-cells are particularly well suited to transmit signals via G s -coupled receptors such as that for glucagon-like peptide-1.
Efficient sorting algorithms for the cell broadband engine

The problem of sorting has been studied extensively and many algorithms have been suggested in the literature for the problem. Literature on parallel sorting is abundant. Many of the algorithms proposed, though being theoretically important, may not perform satisfactorily in practice owing to large constants in their time bounds. The algorithms presented in this paper have the potential of being practical. We suggest some novel sorting mechanisms specific to the cell broadband engine. We try to utilize the specifics of its architecture in order to get the optimum performance. As part of our comparative analysis we juxtapose these algorithms with similar ones implemented on Itanium 2 processor as well as the Pentium 4 processor.
Analysis of the saturation throughput and node contention levels in the 802.11 MAC protocol

Several analytical models were proposed in the literature to provide throughput performance evaluation of the 802.11 MAC protocol. The performance parameter “Saturation Throughput” is defined as the limit reached by the system throughput as the offered system load increases. This parameter is evaluated under overloaded conditions, i.e., the transmission queue of each station is assumed to be always nonempty. Our extensive simulation results obtained using NS2 for the p-persistent 802.11 MAC protocol show different behavior. The p-persistent throughput linearly increases with the load to a certain point and reaches a constant saturation throughput. Unlike the standard 802.11, there is no peak value followed by a drop in the throughput of the p-persistent 802.11. Our simulation results clearly show that the saturation throughput is often attained without 100% contention among all the nodes. This is an important observation that contradicts the assumption used in the literature for the analytical modeling of the 802.11 MAC protocol. We are currently using this observation in the design of the load estimation component of the admission control mechanism for WLANS.
The effect of progressively increasing lithium coatings on plasma discharge characteristics, transport, edge profiles and ELM stability in the National Spherical Torus Experiment

Lithium wall coatings have been shown to reduce recycling, suppress edge-localized modes (ELMs), and improve energy confinement in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX). Here we document the effect of gradually increasing lithium wall coatings on the discharge characteristics, with the reference ELMy discharges obtained in boronized, i.e. non-lithiated conditions. We observed a continuous but not quite monotonic reduction in recycling and improvement in energy confinement, a gradual alteration of edge plasma profiles, and slowly increasing periods of ELM quiescence. The measured edge plasma profiles during the lithium-coating scan were simulated with the SOLPS code, which quantified the reduction in divertor recycling coefficient from ?98% to ?90%. The reduction in recycling and fuelling, coupled with a drop in the edge particle transport rate, reduced the average edge density profile gradient, and shifted it radially inwards from the separatrix location. In contrast, the edge electron temperature (Te) profile was unaffected in the H-mode pedestal steep gradient region within the last 5% of normalized poloidal flux, ?N ; however, the Te gradient became steeper at the top of the H-mode pedestal for 0.8?<??N?<?0.94 with lithium coatings. The peak pressure gradients were comparable during ELMy and ELM-free phases, but were shifted away from the separatrix in the ELM-free discharges, which is stabilizing to the current-driven instabilities thought to be responsible for ELMs in NSTX.
Observing electronic scattering in atomic-scale structures on metals

Abstract The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is a powerful spectroscopic probe of microscopic structures at metal surfaces. Here a series of STM studies are discussed that focus on the interaction of two-dimensional (2-d) electrons with surface nanostructures, and on the electronic properties of magnetic adsorbates. Spectroscopic imaging is shown to be a useful method for observing quantum interference patterns of 2-d surface state electrons scattering from natural and atomically fabricated surface structures. Surface state dispersion and scattering phaseshifts are extracted from such images. On Au(111) the interaction of surface state electrons with a reconstruction-induced superlattice is seen to lead to electronic density modulation and a new surface bandstructure. Local spectroscopic measurements at the gold surface are used to extract quantitative details of the superlattice potential. Magnetic scattering at cobalt atoms deposited onto Au(111) is observed to induce electronic fluctuations near the site of these impurities. Spin-dependent interaction between gold conduction electrons and a Co local moment leads to a many-body groundstate known as the Kondo effect. Local spectroscopic measurements of the ‘Kondo resonance’ for individual magnetic impurities are discussed. Atomic manipulation of Kondo impurities is combined with STM spectroscopy to study the interaction between magnetic atoms at a metal surface.
Implementing Welfare Reform in Rural and Urban Communities Why Place Matters

This piece argues that the very nature of rural poverty and the communities in which the rural poor live influence the administration of welfare programs that were designed to address urban poverty. Using in-depth interviews with case managers in urban and rural Kentucky along with statisticalanalysis from Kentucky's 120 counties, this study shows the very real challenges faced by administrators and highlights the challenges faced in both rural and urban communities. Importantly for public administration, resource constraints, the number of clientele served, geographic distances, and sense of community differently affect the implementation of welfare policy by place. The author suggests that because of the unique aspects of rural poverty, the welfare poor in rural communities may be best served by rules that emphasize local program variation.
Speeding up learning: accelerated distance learning in rehabilitation education.

Distance learning in higher education involves a continuum of technologies ranging from teleconferencing to video streaming. The United States is approaching a crisis in personnel shortages in rehabilitation counseling and education. Because of these shortages, higher education is called upon to produce counselors in an abbreviated period of time. Thus, distance learning is recognized as an integral part of education, especially for adult learners. This article provides an overview and discussion of the relevance of distance and accelerated learning in rehabilitation and higher education.
Microgravimetric investigation of the preparation of tetraethyl lead from lead-sodium alloy and ethyl chloride

The apparatus used includes a vacuum microbalance according to Gast and a means to place the oxygen-sensitive sample into the vacuum apparatus. The sorption of ethyl chloride vapor on lead-sodium alloy as a function of pressure was measured. After an induction period due to corrosive surface layers, an autocatalytic process with increasing reaction rate takes place.
An Object-Oriented Framework for Reliable Numerical Simulations

An object-oriented framework for general numerical simulations has been developed that is designed to enable the rapid development of new analysis techniques. The framework is currently being used to implement finite element and partition of unity solution techniques. This paper discusses the overall design of the framework and gives details of how finite element procedures are implemented within it.
Measuring spatial accessibility to healthcare for populations with multiple transportation modes

Few measures of healthcare accessibility have considered multiple transportation modes when people seek healthcare. Based on the framework of the 2 Step Floating Catchment Area Method (2SFCAM), we proposed an innovative method to incorporate transportation modes into the accessibility estimation. Taking Florida, USA, as a study area, we illustrated the implementation of the multi-mode 2SFCAM, and compared the accessibility estimates with those from the traditional single-mode 2SFCAM. The results suggest that the multi-modal method, by accounting for heterogeneity in populations, provides more realistic accessibility estimations, and thus offers a better guidance for policy makers to mitigate health inequity issues.
Analyses of roles, stuttering and interaction processes during interviews with stutterers

Abstract This study demonstrates that it is possible to objectively analyze and describe the roles of stuttering patients and of their therapists, the dynamics of their interaction and the contingencies of their responses. The value of the analyses in this study is not in giving final answers, but in suggesting variables and means for therapeutic and experimental manipulation of interaction in therapy. A very significant clinical and experimental step could be undertaken by making applications of Bales' and Skinner's (1957) paradigms to the analysis and programming of the clinical interview.
Neuro‐genetic algorithm for non‐linear active control of structures

In a companion paper, a new non-linear control model was presented for active control of three-dimensional (3D) building structures including geometrical and material non-linearities, coupling action between lateral and torsional motions, and actuator dynamics (Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng; DOI: 10.1002/nme.2195). A dynamic fuzzy wavelet neuroemulator was presented for predicting the structural response in future time steps. In this paper, a new neuro-genetic algorithm or controller is presented for finding the optimal control forces. The control algorithm does not need the pre-training required in a neural network-based controller, which improves the efficiency of the general control methodology significantly. Two 3D steel building structures, a 12-story structure with vertical setbacks and an 8-story structure with plan irregularity, are used to validate the neuro-genetic control algorithm under three different seismic excitations. Numerical validations demonstrate that the new control methodology significantly reduces the displacements of buildings subjected to various seismic excitations including structures with plan and elevation irregularities.
Relation of cytoplasmic alkalinization to microvillar elongation and microfilament formation in the sea urchin egg.

Abstract Experiments have been carried out to test the proposal that the pH increase at fertilization in sea urchin eggs promotes microvillar elongation. Results presented herein show that microvillar elongation and microfilament formation occurred when sea urchin eggs were incubated in sodium-free seawater containing the calcium ionophore A23187, a treatment which initiates activation, i.e., induces a transient increase in intracellular free calcium, but prevents subsequent cytoplasmic alkalinization. Within elongated microvilli and cortices of these eggs, microfilaments were arranged in a loose meshwork. However, if the pH of the egg cytoplasm was increased experimentally, microfilament bundles appeared within individual microvilli. These findings suggest that: (1) microvillar elongation and microfilament formation in the sea urchin egg at fertilization may occur when cytoplasmic alkalinization is inhibited, and (2) formation of the microvillus bundle of microfilaments at egg activation is pH sensitive. Additionally, if the cytoplasmic pH of unfertilized eggs was experimentally elevated by NH 4 Cl, microvilli failed to elongate. These data indicate that elevation of intracellular pH by this method is not sufficient to induce microvillar elongation.
Growth dynamics of pancreatic islet cell populations during fetal and neonatal development of the rat

Rats from 18 days fetal to 28 days neonatal ages were studied for the total population sizes and cell proliferation activities of insulin secreting B cells, glucagon secreting A cells, somatostatin secreting D cells, and pancreatic polypeptide secreting PP cells. Cell population sizes were assessed by morphometric quantitation of immunohistochemically stained cells by a linear scanning method and cell proliferation activities were estimated by [3H]-thymidine labeling indices of these cell populations. There was a continuous increase in population sizes for all 4 islet cell types, with the fastest increase occurring in the last 4 days of gestation. The accelerated growth of these islet cell populations during late gestation was accomplished by a high cell proliferative activity at 20-22 days of gestation and a large influx of undifferentiated epithelial cells differentiating into the specific islet cell populations during this period. There was a reduction of population growth and cell proliferation for all islet cell types during the first 3-4 days of life. Growth activities continued for all islet cell populations after the 4th postnatal day, with a renewed acceleration in growth activities for B and A cells at this time. After the 10th neonatal day, the cell proliferation and total population growth continued at slow rates for all 4 islet cell types. The contribution from undifferentiated epithelial cells into the specific islet cell populations was negligible for B and A cells but continued at a low rate for PP and D cells during the first 10 days after birth. For B and A cell populations, there was a possibility that some cell loss occurred during the first 10 days of neonatal life. These dynamic changes of the growth characteristics provide a basis for understanding the abnormal growth of the endocrine pancreas.
Does the extent of proximal or distal resection influence outcome for type A dissections

Abstract Background . The extent of proximal and distal aortic resection that should be performed for acute type A aortic dissections remains controversial. Methods . From 1984 to 1999, 119 patients underwent repair of an acute type A dissection. Distal resection was to the ascending aorta in 78 (66%) and hemiarch in 41 (34%) patients. Proximally, the aortic valve was preserved in 69 (58%) patients, 40 (34%) underwent composite valve grafting, and 10 (8%) underwent separate graft and valve replacement. Results . Operative mortality was higher for separate graft and valve (50% ± 16%) than for valve preservation (16% ± 5%) or composite grafts (20% ± 7%) ( p p > 0.71). At 10 years, freedom from reoperation was 81% ± 7% and long-term survival was 60% ± 8%, but neither was related to the proximal or distal surgical technique ( p > 0.15). Risk factors for late reoperation included a nonresected primary tear and Marfan syndrome ( p Conclusions . An aggressive surgical approach, including a full root or hemiarch replacement, is not associated with increased operative risk and should be considered when type A dissections extensively involve the valve, sinuses, or arch.
The role of women in the donation consent decision: building on previous research.

Background—Recently published findings emphasize the dominant role of women in the donation discussion. With some noteworthy exceptions, the empirical literature on gender and donation, and the role of gender in healthcare decisions as well as donation, is limited.Objectives—To provide preliminary information needed to begin theoretical or framework development and to initiate more rigorous research on the role of gender in donation discussions.Design—This exploratory study is a descriptive qualitative retrospective study using focus group methodology.Setting and Participants—Two focus groups were conducted in 2 major cities in the organ procurement organization's service area. Participants were women who were involved in the donation discussion within the past 5 years; 6 participated in 1 session, 8 in the other.Results—The focus group discussions highlight the role of women in the donation process relative to information needs, information usage, and the ensuring dynamics of the donation discussion. Com...
Hepatic long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 5 mediates fatty acid channeling between anabolic and catabolic pathways

Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSLs) and fatty acid transport proteins (FATPs) activate fatty acids (FAs) to acyl-CoAs prior to their downstream metabolism. Of numerous ACSL and FATP isoforms, ACSL5 is expressed predominantly in tissues with high rates of triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis, suggesting it may have an anabolic role in lipid metabolism. To characterize the role of ACSL5 in hepatic energy metabolism, we used small interference RNA (siRNA) to knock down ACSL5 in rat primary hepatocytes. Compared with cells transfected with control siRNA, suppression of ACSL5 expression significantly decreased FA-induced lipid droplet formation. These findings were further extended with metabolic labeling studies showing that ACSL5 knockdown resulted in decreased [1-14C]oleic acid or acetic acid incorporation into intracellular TAG, phospholipids, and cholesterol esters without altering FA uptake or lipogenic gene expression. ACSL5 knockdown also decreased hepatic TAG secretion proportionate to the observed decrease in neutral lipid synthesis. ACSL5 knockdown did not alter lipid turnover or mediate the effects of insulin on lipid metabolism. Hepatocytes treated with ACSL5 siRNA had increased rates of FA oxidation without changing PPAR-α activity and target gene expression. These results suggest that ACSL5 activates and channels FAs toward anabolic pathways and, therefore, is an important branch point in hepatic FA metabolism.
Mechanism of Spectral Tuning in Green-Absorbing Proteorhodopsin†

The absorption spectrum of green proteorhodopsin (GPR) is pH-dependent, exhibiting either red-shifted (low pH) or blue-shifted (high pH) absorption maxima. We examine the molecular basis of the pH-dependent spectral properties of green proteorhodopsin by using homology modeling and molecular orbital theory. Bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and sensory rhodopsin II (SRII) are compared as homology templates. The model of GPR generated by using BR as the homology parent is better than that generated by using SRII on the basis of the potential energy, relative stability to dynamics, and ability to rationalize pH effects. MNDO-PSDCI (molecular neglect of differential overlap with partial single- and double-configuration interaction) calculations provide insight into the spectroscopic properties of GPR and help rule out the viability of the SRII-based model. The proximity of His 75 to the quadrupole residues (LYR, D97, D227, and R94) in the BR-based model provides a good model for both the low- and high-pH spectral states of GPR. The observation that BR is a better structural model for GPR than SRII is in contrast to our previous study of BPR, which observed that SRII was the better homology parent [Hillebrecht, J. R. (2006) Biochemistry 45, 1579-1590]. The implications of this observation are discussed.
Vasoreactivity in an adult rat model of marginal copper deficiency

Abstract Short-term severe copper deficiency has been shown to significantly reduce acetylcholine (Ach)-induced vascular smooth muscle relaxation. The current study was designed to examine the long-term relationship of marginal dietary Cu to vasoreactivity. Male adult rats were fed a purified diet with adequate (6.0 μ g) or marginal (3.0 or 1.5 μ g) Cu/g diet for 6 months. Luminal diameter changes were measured in isolated resistance arterioles. Liver and kidney Cu concentrations were used as indices of Cu status. The results showed a significant decrease in kidney Cu in the 1.5- μ g group compared with the adequate controls but no effect on liver Cu. There was a significant correlation between dilation to 10 −6 mol/L Ach and kidney Cu but no relationship between Cu status and 10 −5 mol/L norepinephrine-induced constriction or flow-induced dilation. There was also no dietary effect on baseline vessel tone or dilator capacity. The data are the first to establish a linear relationship between Ach-induced vasodilation and systemic Cu status in a mature long-term model of marginal Cu deficiency.
Identification and prediction of group-based glycemic control trajectories during the transition to adolescence.

Objective To identify trajectories of glycemic control over a period of 3 years in a pediatric sample of youth diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes transitioning to adolescence. A second aim was to examine a set of modifiable individual and family level baseline predictors of glycemic control group membership. Methods This multisite, prospective study included 239 children and adolescents (ages 9-11 years at baseline) diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes and their caregivers. Glycemic control was based on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) collected at 6-month intervals over a period of 3 years. Predictors of glycemic control membership included baseline global executive functioning, diabetes self-management, diabetes-specific family conflict, blood glucose monitoring frequency, and relevant individual and family level covariates. Results Group-based trajectory analyses were used to describe patterns of glycemic control from baseline to 36 months and 3 trajectories were identified: low risk (42.9%), elevated risk (44.6%), and high risk (12.1%) subgroups. Baseline maternal-reported family conflict, blood glucose monitoring frequency, and gender were significant predictors of glycemic control group membership. Higher levels of baseline family conflict, lower frequency of blood glucose monitoring, and female gender were associated with elevated and high-risk group membership. Conclusions These findings underscore the importance of examining trajectories of HbA1c across time. These results suggest that problematic trajectories of glycemic control are evident during the transition to adolescence. Furthermore, there are modifiable individual and family level characteristics that predict group membership and hence could be targeted in interventions to ensure adequate glycemic control is maintained over time and that risks for diabetes-related complications are reduced.
Synchronization of phased array pulsed ring-down sources using a GPS based timing system

A collaborative effort at Texas Tech University on high power RF transmitters has directly translated to the development of phased array pulsed ring down sources (PRDS). By operating an array of PRDS, peak radiating power on target can theoretically be multiplied by the number of sources. The primary limitation on the application of the array concept is the jitter with which the individual sources can be fired. An ideal jitter of a small fraction of the risetime is required to accurately synchronize the array to steer and preserve the risetime of the radiated pulse. This paper describes in detail the implementation of a GPS based timing system that will synchronize the individual antennas to operate at different geo-locations to function in a coordinated fashion to deliver the peak power of each element to a single position. Theoretical array performance is shown through Monte Carlo simulations, accounting for switch jitter and a range of GPS timing jitter. Each module will include a control unit, low jitter pulser [1], low jitter spark gap, antenna element, as well as a GPS receiver. The location of each module is transmitted to a central controller, which calculates and dictates when each element is fired. Low jitter in the timing of the GPS reference signal is essential in synchronizing each element to deliver the maxim power. Testing using a preliminary setup using GPS technology is conducted with both 1 pps and 100 pps outputs. Jitter results between modules are recorded to ∼10 ns without any correction factors. With the timing and geospatial [2] errors taken into account, the proposed concept will show usable gains of up to several hundred MHz.
Languages for biomedical image processing

It is estimated that approximately fifty image processing languages are in common use worldwide. Those languages which are specific to biomedical image analysis are the subject of this paper. In general, image processing languages range from those which are self-contained, i.e., include their own monitor, parser, interpretor, memory management, and input/output routines, to those which are simply collections of FORTRAN subroutines called by a command language using the command substitution system present in most modern computer operating systems. Biomedical image analysis systems are divided into (1) those which are available commercially for clin ical image processing and (2) those which are designed for research purposes, concentrating especially, on the analysis of images of cells and cellular architecture in tissues and, fi nally, in radiographic images produced by x-ray equipment and equipment for use in generating computerized tomograms.
Global land cover classification results from MODIS

The MODIS global land cover product provides maps of global land cover at 1-km spatial resolution using several classification systems, principally that of the IGBP. To generate these maps, a supervised classification methodology is used that exploits a global database of training sites interpreted from high resolution imagery in association with ancillary data. Initial results from MODIS data are very encouraging. At global scales, the distribution of vegetation and land cover types is realistic. As a full year of data is added to the processing stream and the global site database is refined, the quality of the MODIS land cover product will improve accordingly.
De novo myeloid sarcoma in a 4‐month‐old infant: a case report and review of the literature

Myeloid sarcoma is a rare tumor of immature myeloid cells in an extramedullary site. Myeloid sarcoma may present in a variety of locations; skin is one of the common sites. It may precede or occur concurrently with acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, other forms of myeloproliferative disorders/myelodysplastic syndrome or de novo. We report a case of a 4-month-old female who presented with cutaneous lesions without evidence of leukemia, determined to be de novo myeloid sarcoma. She had erythematous nodules in multiple skin sites. Biopsy revealed a diffuse atypical mononuclear cell infiltrate involving the entire dermis and extending to the subcutis. The infiltrate was diffusely positive for lysozyme, CD43, CD15, CD33, CD68 and CD117 and was negative for CD3, CD20, CD34, CD56, CD79a, CD99, myeloperoxidase, desmin, chromogranin and synaptophysin, supporting a diagnosis of myeloid sarcoma. No leukemic involvement was found on evaluation of peripheral blood or bone marrow aspiration. Chromosomal abnormalities were found at chromosomes 7, 10 and 11. The skin lesions resolved following multiple chemotherapy courses, then recurred requiring additional treatment. De novo myeloid sarcoma involving skin without evidence of leukemia can occur in an infant and may present a diagnostic challenge.
Need Support, Need Satisfaction, Intrinsic Motivation, and Physical Activity Participation among Middle School Students

Using self-determination theory as a framework, the purpose of this study was to test a structural model of hypothesized relationships among perceived need support from physical education teachers (autonomy support, competence support, and relatedness support), psychological need satisfaction (autonomy, competence, and relatedness), intrinsic motivation, and physical activity. Participants were 286 middle school students in the southeastern U.S. They completed previously validated questionnaires assessing their perceived need support from teachers, need satisfaction, intrinsic motivation, and physical activity. The hypothesized model demonstrated a good fit with the data (RMSEA = .08; CFI = .97; NFI = .96; GFI = .96). Need satisfaction and intrinsic motivation mediated the relationship between need support and physical activity. The constructs of perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness represent the nutriments that facilitate students’ intrinsic motivation and ultimately positively predict student...
Fourier description of digital phase-measuring interferometry

A general description of phase measurement by digital heterodyne techniques is presented in which the heterodyning is explained as a filtering process in the frequency domain. Examples of commonly used algorithms are given. Special emphasis is given to the analysis of systematic errors. Gaussian error propagation is used to derive equations for the random phase errors of common algorithms.
Knowing the Land: A Review of Local Knowledge Revealed in Ranch Memoirs

Lack of long-term ecological monitoring presents a challenge for sustainable rangeland management in many areas of the western United States. Ranchers and other land managers have local knowledge gained from ongoing experience in specific places that could be useful for understanding ecological change and best management practices. Local knowledge is defined as knowledge gained by daily contact with the natural world and ecological processes. Unfortunately, little is known about ranchers’ local knowledge, and few studies have systematically examined the types, depth, and validity of this knowledge. Ranch memoirs offer an unexplored entry into rancher knowledge acquisition, categories, and context. In this study, we coded and analyzed eighteen ranch memoirs from the western United States to investigate the specific types, depth, and quality of local land knowledge. We found that ranchers possess knowledge of both management and ecology, and that these knowledge realms are intertwined and often inseparable. In addition to learning from experience, social interactions are an important part of rancher education and create a shared knowledge culture. In most of the memoirs, ranchers revealed very little knowledge of long-term patterns of vegetation change. In all the memoirs reviewed, ranchers articulated a deep sense of responsibility and connectedness to the landscapes they manage and steward. This review of ranch memoirs provides a framework for future studies of local knowledge by identifying how ranchers gain their knowledge of the landscapes they manage, describing some of the distinctive types of knowledge that ranchers possess, and challenging conventional classifications of rancher knowledge.
Urologic Applications of Cryo-Immunology

Materials and Methods: A review of the relevant literature was performed to suggest urologic applications of cryo-immunology. Results: This article reviews the existing evidence regarding cryo-immunology and discusses the mechanisms for generation of an anti-tumor immune response. Conclusions: Our findings suggest combining cryoablation with other immunotherapeutic approaches to devise a cryo-immunotherapeutic strategy with potential to impact the progression of metastatic disease. (Korean
Transcatheter carotid occlusion: an alternative to the surgical treatment of cervical carotid aneurysms.

Abstract The treatment of choice for various aneurysms of the common and internal carotid arteries may involve carotid artery occlusion rather than a reconstructive approach. Carotid occlusion may be accomplished either surgically or via an endovascular method. We present two cases of patients with cervical carotid artery aneurysms in which the endovascular method was used for carotid occlusion, describe our rationale for using this approach rather than surgical intervention, and discuss the role of this method of treatment for this condition. (J VASC SURG 1986;4:299-302.)
Durkheim’s Theory of Homicide and the Confusion of the Empirical Literature

Emile Durkheim’s theory of the relationship between societal development and homicide has received significant attention in the empirical literature of criminology, yet has been oversimplified by this literature and appears to be poorly understood. The purpose of this article is to clarify the core arguments of his theory, note its complexity and highlight the extent to which Durkheim’s ideas on this subject have been misrepresented in empirical literature. In view of what Durkheim explicitly states about societal development and homicide, it is apparent that his theory has not been carefully tested. Distortions of his work have resulted both from the fragmented nature of his theoretical presentation and, perhaps more importantly, from the failure of contemporary researchers to read his work thoroughly.
TERASCALE MUSIC MINING

The objective of the International Music Information Retrieval Systems Evaluation Laboratory project (IMIRSEL) is the establishment of the necessary resources for the scientifically valid development and evaluation of emerging Music Information Retrieval (MIR) and Music Digital Library (MDL) techniques and technologies. IMIRSEL is located at the Graduate School of Library and Information Science (GSLIS) at the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign (UIUC). Project Principal Investigator is J. Stephen Downie of GSLIS and Co-Principal Investigator is Prof. Michael Welge of the Automated Learning Group (ALG) of the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA). A mission of the project is the creation of secure, yet accessible, terascale collections of music materials in a variety of audio, symbolic and metadata forms. These collections, when coupled with a set of standardized experimental tasks and standardized evaluation metrics, will allow members of the international MIR/ MDL research community to participate in the newly created, TREC-like, Music Information Retrieval Evaluation eXchange (MIREX) contests.
Parallel architectures with flexible topology

Parallel computer architectures with flexible topology are ideal for compute intensive signal processing and instrumentation applications because they provide supercomputing performance and high I/O bandwidth. These systems can be implemented at low cost using processors like the transputer, the TMS320C40, or the ADSP-21060. However, due to difficulties with hardware and software complexity management, the number of successful large-scale applications is limited. Modeling the system graphically from multiple aspects-hardware and software-and automatically processing the models helps manage the complexity of these systems. The presented approach supports automatic topology verification, network loader configuration, process assignment, and deadlock-free message routing. >
Predictors of early versus late timing of pulmonary embolus after traumatic injury

Abstract Objective To identify risk factors predictive of pulmonary embolus (PE) timing after a traumatic injury. Methods One hundred eight traumatic injury patients with a confirmed diagnosis of PE were classified as early PE (≤4 days, n = 54) or late PE (>4 days, n = 54). Independent predictors of early versus late PE were identified using multivariate logistic regression. Results Half the PEs were diagnosed ≤4 days of injury. Only long bone fractures independently predicted early PE (odds ratio 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–7.1). Severe head injuries were associated with late PE (odds ratio 11.1; 95% confidence interval, 3.9–31). Established risk factors such as age did not affect timing. Conclusions Half the PEs were diagnosed ≤4 days after injury. The risk of early PE appeared highest in patients with long bone fractures, and the benefits of immediate prophylaxis may outweigh risks. Patients with severe head injuries appear to have later PE events. Prospective interventional trials in these injury populations are needed.
Challenges in high density PCB with 0.40 mm pitch BGA - From design, fabrication & assembly perspective

Today's electronic products are required to be increasingly small, fast, low power, light weight and feature-rich. These requirements have been converted to the electronic domain as smaller IC package with higher number of I/O. To accommodate higher I/O in a shrinking package size, the pin pitch needs to be reduced tremendously. To align with the drastic growth of package technology, PCB technology needs to advance in the area of design, fabrication and assembly to support the fine pitch package interconnection to PCB. This paper attempts to elaborate the challenges in supporting high density PCB with 0.40 mm pitch BGA from design, fabrication and assembly perspective, as well as discussing the current workarounds and solutions to the challenges and difficulties faced with today PCB technology.
DGAT1-deficiency Affects the Cellular Distribution of Hepatic Retinoid and Attenuates the Progression of CCl4-induced Liver Fibrosis

Background: Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) catalyzes the final step of triglyceride synthesis, transferring an acyl group from acyl-CoA to diacylglycerol. DGAT1 also catalyzes the acyl-CoA-dependent formation of retinyl esters in vitro and in mouse intestine and skin. Although DGAT1 is expressed in both hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), we reported genetic and nutritional studies that established that DGAT1 does not contribute to retinyl ester formation in the liver. Methods: We now have explored in more depth the role(s) of DGAT1 in hepatic retinoid metabolism and storage. Results: Our data show that DGAT1 affects the cellular distribution between hepatocytes and HSCs of stored and newly absorbed dietary retinol. For livers of Dgat1-deficient mice, a greater percentage of stored retinyl ester is present in HSCs at the expense of hepatocytes. This is also true for newly absorbed oral [3H]retinol. These differences are associated with significantly increased expression, by 2.8-fold, of cellular retinol-binding protein, type I (RBP1) in freshly isolated HSCs from Dgat1-deficient mice, raising the possibility that RBP1, which contributes to retinol uptake into cells and retinyl ester synthesis, accounts for the differences. We further show that the retinyl ester-containing lipid droplets in HSCs are affected in Dgat1-null mice, being fewer in number but, on average, larger than in wild type (WT) HSCs. Finally, we demonstrate that DGAT1 affects experimentally induced HSC activation in vivo but that this effect is independent of altered retinoic acid availability or effects on gene expression. Conclusions: Our studies establish that DGAT1 has a role in hepatic retinoid storage and metabolism, but this does not involve direct actions of DGAT1 in retinyl ester synthesis.
Ischemia-reperfusion induced microvascular responses in LDL-receptor −/− mice

The objective of this study was to determine whether the microvascular responses to ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) are altered in an animal model of atherosclerosis, the low-density lipoprotein-rec...