cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decentralized stabilizability conditions for large-scale electric power systems

In this paper, we address the stabilizability of large-scale power systems when in the presence of bounded-but-unknown uncertainty. Test conditions on a system are given such that when satisfied, the system is guaranteed L2-stabilizable via decentralized control. A multi-machine power system model is formulated to which these test conditions can readily be applied. An example is given in which a 9-bus 3-machine system is stabilized with decentralized control when in the presence of structural perturbations.
Belief in a just world and social perception: evidence for automatic activation.

The authors tested the hypothesis that beliefs in a just world are automatically activated and used in social perception. Under the guise of a perceptual vigilance task, the authors exposed 34 undergraduate women preconsciously to words that were either rape-related or neutral. Immediately after the exposure, participants read a date scenario that was ambiguous with respect to the man's aggressiveness and the extent to which the woman was responsible for the man's behavior. Afterwards, all participants evaluated the target man and woman on an impression task. The primary finding was that participants holding stronger beliefs in a just world perceived the target woman more negatively after experiencing the rape-related prime words than after experiencing the neutral words. This pattern is consistent with a research literature that shows that believers in a just world will often "blame the victim" in cases of rape. The present findings are important because they provide evidence that general, orienting beli...
Distributed source seeking by cooperative robots: All-to-all and limited communications

We consider the problem of source seeking using a group of mobile robots equipped with sensors for concentration measurement (instead of the gradient). In our formulation, each robot maintains a gradient estimation, moves to the source by tracing the gradient, and all together keep a predefined formation in movement. We present two control algorithms with all-to-all and limited communications, respectively. The estimation error is taken into account to derive robust control algorithms. Comparing to existing methods, the proposed algorithm with limited communications is fully distributed. Both theoretical analysis and numerical simulations are given to validate the effectiveness of our methods.
The effect of corynanthine on intraocular pressure in clinical trials.

Abstract A single drop, dose-response, double-masked study of the effect of corynanthine, a selective α 1 adrenergic antagonist, on intraocular pressure (IOP) was carried out in 10 symmetrically ocular hypertensive patients. Corynanthine 1 % had no significant pressure lowering effect. Topical application of a 2% solution significantly ( P P ± 0.05) bilateral reduction in IOP, comparing treated and control eyes to baseline IOP respectively. Two percent corynanthine applied topically two or three times daily for one, two, or three weeks to seven patients with symmetrical ocular hypertension did not reduce IOP. Alpha adrenergic antagonists may have a role in the treatment of glaucoma.
Skin and bones: dermatologic conditions with skeletal abnormalities.

Objective. Radiologists should be aware of the fact that many dermatologic conditions have associated skeletal abnormalities. This pictorial essay seeks to acquaint radiologists with these associations.
Time, Quantum Mechanics, and Decoherence

ABSTRACT. A variety of ideas arisi\U{fc}g in decoherence theory, and in the ongoing debate over Everett's relative-state theory, can be linked to issues in relativity theory and the philosophy of time, specifically the relational theory of tense and of identity over time. These have been systematically presented in companion papers (Saunders 1995, 1996a); in what follows we shall consider the same circle of ideas, but specifically in relation to the interpretation of probability, and its identification with relations in the Hilbert space norm. The familiar objection that Everett's approach yields probabilities different from quantum mechanics is easily dealt with. The more fundamental question is how to interpret these probabilities consistent with the relational theory of change, and the relational theory of identity over time. I shall show that the relational theory needs nothing more than the physical, minimal criterion of identity as defined by Everett's theory, and that this can be transparently interpreted in terms of the ordinary notion of the chance occurrence of an event, as witnessed in the present. It is in this sense that the theory has empirical content.
Evaluation of exhaled nitric oxide measurements in the emergency department for patients with acute asthma.

Background Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FE NO ) measurements performed on patients with acute asthma in the emergency department (ED) have previously shown poor reproducibility. Objectives To evaluate the reproducibility of FE NO measurements in the ED using a new monitoring device, to evaluate any factors that may correlate with FE NO measurements, and to investigate if FE NO levels predict the need for admission to the hospital. Methods Thirty-five adult patients with asthma seen in the ED performed FE NO , forced expiratory volume in 1 second, and peak expiratory flow rate maneuvers in triplicate. Reproducibility was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the coefficient of variation. Associations between FE NO , demographic, and traditional asthma measurements were investigated. The FE NO levels between patients admitted for further care and those discharged home were compared. Results The FE NO measurements showed acceptable intraclass correlation coefficient and coefficient of variation values (0.98 and 9.42%, respectively) for reproducibility. These values were superior to the values obtained for forced expiratory volume in 1 second and peak expiratory flow rate. No correlation was found between FE NO and traditional asthma factors, although length of the asthma attack trended toward statistical significance ( P = .08). The FE NO levels did not differ between those admitted and those discharged home ( P = .53). Conclusions Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide measurements can be obtained in the ED setting with good reproducibility. These measurements may provide useful information not obtainable by other means. Further research is needed to determine how best to incorporate FE NO values into the ED setting.
Alterations in type I and type II protein kinases in the thyroid and adenohypophysis in response to a dietary goitrogen

Abstract The goitrogen, propylthiouracil (PTU), when administered in the diet of white leghorn chickens resulted in a marked increase in weight of the thyroid gland within 7 days which was maximal (160% of control) within 14 days. This system was used to determine the alterations in cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity ratios and to assess the amounts of type I and type II cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases present in the thyroid as well as any changes related to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the thyroid. There was a marked elevation in the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity ratio ( −cAMP +cAMP ) 7 days after initiation of treatment as well as an increase in the total amount of supernatant cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity (+cAMP) which doubled within 14 days of dietary PTU. Both type I and type II cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activities were detectable in the thyroid and adenohypophysis. Type I comprised 10% and type II 90% of the total cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity in both tissues. The total amount of type I protein kinase activity increased significantly by 7 days. By 14 days, both type I and II protein kinases were increased twofold. The amount of type I returned to a control value by 21 days whereas type II remained elevated. Adenohypophysial type II protein kinase activity decreased to 70% of control by 14 days. Cyclic AMP is known to exert its effect on trophic responses through the activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. These data implicate both activation of the enzymes as well as increased amounts of types I and II protein kinase activity in the thyroid in response to goitrogen-induced hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
Fixation-induced shrinkage of Reissner's membrane and its potential influence on the assessment of endolymph volume

Abstract The quantification of endolymph volume by histological techniques or by magnetic resonance (MR) microscopy requires the inner ear to be first treated with chemical fixatives. If the fixative induces soft-tissue shrinkage, it would tend to return a distended Reissner's membrane towards a straight position, since this membrane is anchored to bone at its medial and lateral edges. The goal of this study was to determine the degree of Reissner's membrane shrinkage induced by different fixation protocols to establish methods which minimize tissue shrinkage. Fragments of fresh Reissner's membrane were dissected from isolated cochleae in an artificial perilymph. Specimens were viewed with an inverted microscope during infusion of fixatives, and changes recorded on video tape. Size changes of the specimen were quantified, usually over a 20 min period. Heidenhain-Susa, a fixative which is widely used in histological studies of hydropic cochleae, caused substantial shrinkage of Reissner's membrane, decreasing the length of specimens by an average of 15.1%. Other fixation procedures induced far less shrinkage. The use of 3X/0 glutaraldehyde in Hanks' balanced salt solution produced a mean length decrease of only 0.3%. The inclusion in the fixation medium of 4.5`/0 mercuric chloride, corresponding to the concentration which is present in Heidenhain-Susa and which acts to increase the contrast of Reissner's membrane in MR microscopy, contributes significantly to specimen shrinkage. We can conclude that the degree of endolymphatic hydrops may be underestimated in specimens fixed with media containing high levels of mercuric chloride.
An implantable integrated low-power amplifier-microelectrode array for Brain-Machine Interfaces

One of the important challenges in designing Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMI) is to build implantable systems that have the ability to reliably process the activity of large ensembles of cortical neurons. In this paper, we report the design, fabrication, and testing of a polyimide-based microelectrode array integrated with a low-power amplifier as part of the Florida Wireless Integrated Recording Electrode (FWIRE) project at the University of Florida developing a fully implantable neural recording system for BMI applications. The electrode array was fabricated using planar micromachining MEMS processes and hybrid packaged with the amplifier die using a flip-chip bonding technique. The system was tested both on bench and in-vivo. Acute and chronic neural recordings were obtained from a rodent for a period of 42 days. The electrode-amplifier performance was analyzed over the chronic recording period with the observation of a noise floor of 4.5 µVrms, and an average signal-to-noise ratio of 3.8.
Evaluation of two processed EEG analyzers for assessment of sedation after coronary artery bypass grafting

Objectives: Processed EEG monitoring has been suggested for sedation depth evaluation in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The present study investigated the efficacy of two processed EEG monitors using SEF90% or SEF95% and BIS to differentiate between conscious (Ramsay score 4) and unconscious sedation (Ramsay score 6). Design and setting: Prospective, randomized trial in a surgical ICU of a university teaching hospital. Patients: Patients recovering from elective coronary bypass grafting. Intervention: One of two EEG analyzers was installed (A: Aspect A-1000 measuring SEF95% and BIS; D: Drager pEEG measuring SEF90%). At ICU admission unconscious sedation (Ramsay score 6), and at three 30-min intervals conscious sedation (Ramsay score 4) were investigated. Measurements and results: Fourteen patients were monitored by A and 14 by D. The interindividual variability (coefficient of variation 32–69%) was large for all three processed EEG methods. SEF90% of analyzer D and BIS of analyzer A showed a statistically significant difference between unconscious and conscious sedation (11±3 and 17±6 Hz, p=0.005; 74±10 and 83±10, p=0.02). Positive and negative predictive values for SEF90% of analyzer D (0.57, 95% CI 0.34–0.77; and 0.92, 95% CI 0.64–0.99) and BIS of analyzer A (0.55, 95% CI 0.32–0.76; and 0.87, 95% CI 0.60–0.98) were too low for discrimination between conscious and unconscious sedation. Conclusions: The use of processed EEG monitoring cannot be recommended for assessing sedation depth after cardiac surgery.
Empirical Orthogonal Function Analysis of Wind Vectors over the Tropical Pacific Region

Abstract The method of empirical orthogonal function analysis is applied to wind stress vectors over the tropical Pacific Ocean from 1961 through 1978. It is determined that this vector analysis enables a more thorough analysis of wind components than do comparable scalar analyses. The method is presented and discussed. By partitioning the spatial variance of the data into many patterns, each modulated by a complex time series, this technique provided further insight into the variability of the tropical Pacific wind field. The trade winds in each hemisphere are strongest during the respective winter and early spring. In addition, the northeast trades are more variable and stronger than the southeast trades. The 1960s more characterized by a relatively flat interannual signal, but the 1970s were more variable and were characterized by an equatorial convergent zone in the western and middle Pacific. The El Nino signal also indicates a difference between the '60s and the '70s. The Los Ninos of 1972 and 1976 ...
Minimizing the number of tardy jobs for m parallel machines

The importance of the criterion of number of the tardy jobs has been well recognized in the literature, but there is no efficient heuristic to minimize this objective in the parallel machine case. This paper proposes two fundamental approaches, job-focused and machine-focused, to minimize the number of tardy jobs in the parallel processors. The machine-focused approach heuristic is an important extension of Moore's (also called Hodgson's) algorithm to solve the number of tardy jobs problem for the one-machine case. An extensive simulation experiment is conducted to test the effectiveness of the heuristics, and shows that three of the proposed heuristics (two heuristics from the job-focused approach and the machine-focused heuristic) perform very well. We also compare the heuristic solutions with the optimal solution for 800 small problems so as to access the average deviation above the optimum. The simulation results show that the best heuristic is about 1.2% of the optimum.
Non-Data Aided Doppler Shift Estimation for Underwater Acoustic Communication

Abstract : In this paper, we investigated different methods for blind Doppler shift estimation and compensation for a single carrier in underwater acoustic wireless sensor networks. We analyzed the data collected from our experiments using non-data aided (blind) techniques such as Power Spectrum Analysis, Autocorrelation, and Squaring Time Phase Recovery methods in order to estimate the Doppler shift in collaborative distributed underwater sensor networks. Detailed experimental and simulated results based on second order cyclostationary features of the received signals are presented. Keywords: Blind Doppler Shift Estimation, Underwater Communication, Autocorrelation, Power Spectral Density (PSD), Periodogram.
New Concepts in Thermoelectric Device Design

When optimizing thermoelectric device design for a given set of materials and technology, the system of equations used will be different for various device applications. Whenever efficiency or coefficient of performance is important in the application, an irreversible thermodynamic analysis of the design problem is useful. In this analysis, the effects of the thermal and electrical circuit on entropy production within the device are considered. The design problem is analyzed by comparing the relative contribution of various parts of the system to the total entropy production. This irreversible thermodynamic approach is illustrated with examples concerning several different design questions. Often qualitative conclusions can be drawn more readily than with other methods.
Ultra-low power current-based PUF

In this paper, the first class of low power current-based physically unclonable functions (PUFs) is introduced. The new PUF circuit is able to convert the analog variations present in device leakage currents to a unique digital quantity at high speed and low power. Robust digital responses are achieved with the new architecture in presence of fluctuations in operational conditions such as temperature and supply voltage. The experimental results suggest 3% response error rate under extreme temperature variations from −55°C to 125°C and 20% fluctuations in supply voltage. The PUF consumes 150 µWatt for a duration of 250 ps per each response bit (37.5 femto joules of energy per response bit).
Environmental Effects in Gel Derived Silicates

At present, it is still to early to generalize as to which of the many processing variables are important in controlling corrosion rates of gel-derived materials. Final density is obviously important but the concentration of bridging oxygen bonds may be even more important. Figure 9 indicates the potential difference in bond energy distributions that may be present in gel-derived silicate glasses in comparison with melt derived glasses of the same composition. Depending upon processing history, a substantially broader distribution of bond distances and bond angles, and therefore bond energies, may be present. The low energy tail of the bond distribution will be much more susceptible to attack by H2O, CO2, Cl2, etc. Thus, the various environmental interactions described above occur at a rate proportional to the breadth of the bond distribution curves shown in Fig. 9.
Weight Loss Effort and Anti‐Fat Attitudes on Perceptions of a Target's Sociability and Experienced Exclusion

Research has shown that a negativity bias exists for surgical weight loss methods that are considered to be low in effort (Mattingly, Stambush, & Hill). We examined if this anti-surgery bias was merely an anti-effort bias, and if this bias was dependent on one’s endorsement of anti-fat attitudes. For those high in anti-fat attitudes, the high-effort weight loss target was rated more positively and was perceived as having been teased more in the past than the low-effort target. The current study demonstrates that whether an individual is still subject to the negative attributions associated with overweight people is dependent on the effort they exerted in order to lose weight and the evaluator’s endorsement of anti-fat attitudes. jabr_ 42..55
Pregnancy Intentions, Maternal Behaviors, and Infant Health: Investigating Relationships With New Measures and Propensity Score Analysis

The premise that unintended childbearing has significant negative effects on the behavior of mothers and on the health of infants strongly influences public health policy and much of current research on reproductive behaviors. Yet, the evidence base presents mixed findings. Using data from the U.S. National Survey of Family Growth, we employ a measure of pregnancy intentions that incorporates the extent of mistiming, as well as the desire scale developed by Santelli et al. (Studies in Family Planning, 40, 87-100, 2009). Second, we examine variation in the characteristics of mothers within intention status groups. Third, we account for the association of mothers' background characteristics with their pregnancy intentions and with the outcomes by employing propensity score weighting. We find that weighting eliminated statistical significance of many observed associations of intention status with maternal behaviors and birth outcomes, but not all. Mistimed and unwanted births were still less likely to be recognized early in pregnancy than intended ones. Fewer unwanted births received early prenatal care or were breast-fed, and unwanted births were also more likely than intended births to be of low birth weight. Relative to births at the highest level of the desire scale, all other births were significantly less likely to be recognized early in pregnancy and to receive early prenatal care.
Characterization of Ag+ toxicity on living fibroblast cells by the ferrocenemethanol and oxygen response with the scanning electrochemical microscope

+ toxicity abstract The viability of living fibroblast cells cultured on a Petri dish was determined by scanning electrochem- ical microscopy (SECM). Three kinds of feedback modes for single living cells were derived with different redox couples: positive, negative and consumptive. The consumptive feedback was unique and distin- guished uptake from the response caused by cell deformation. The toxicity of Ag + ion on the living fibro- blast cells was investigated by using both ferrocenemethanol (FcMeOH) and oxygen (O2 )a s electrochemical mediators. The results showed that Ag + ions could be taken up and then reduced to form sub-micrometer and micrometer sized metal silver particles. The metal silver particles stained fibroblast cells and give a positive feedback with FcMeOH. These were also identified by the results of both SECM and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The amount of consumption of dissolved O2 decreased with time, showing the cell status as the cells died. Since O2 is directly involved in cell metabolism and the products of O2 reduction are not re-oxidized by metal silver particles trapped on fibroblast cells, it is a good SECM mediator to characterize drug effects on cell viability. The results suggest the importance of choice of redox mediator in characterizing cell viability.
Interstrain variability in the virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus terreus in a Toll-deficient Drosophila fly model of invasive aspergillosis.

Members of the genus Aspergillus are opportunistic fungal pathogens characterized by their genomic diversity. However, whether variations among Aspergillus strains and species at the genome level translate into signifi cant differences in virulence is unclear. Therefore, we studied the interstrain and interspecies variations in virulence for a collection of Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus terreus isolates using a previously described model of invasive aspergillosis in Toll -defi cient fruit fl ies. We then looked for associations between survival in the fl y model and strain relatedness as defi ned by repetitive-sequence polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR). We observed no signifi cant differences in the survival of fl ies infected with A. fumigatus vs. A. terreus or fl ies infected with colonizing vs. invasive isolates of either species. However, in both Aspergillus species we observed signifi cant interstrain variability in fl y survival ( P � 0.001 by the log-rank test). Using rep-PCR, we identifi ed two dominant A. fumigatus clades that were associated with signifi cantly different survival rates in Toll -defi cient fl ies ( P � 0.007). We conclude that the fl y model of invasive aspergillosis enables high-throughput screening of Aspergillus species for variations in virulence and may uncover distinct A. fumigatus clades that differ in their pathogenicity.
Optimal Management Strategies for Patients With Complex Congenital Heart Disease

The combination of critical pulmonary outflow obstruction with a large ventricular septal defect is symbolized by the diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot, the most common form of cyanotic congenital heart disease. In many ways, the history of management for patients with tetralogy is representative of the evolution of management for all children with complex congenital cardiac diagnoses. Tetralogy was the first complex lesion addressed surgically with the palliative Blalock-Taussig shunt in 1945 and the first repaired completely with patients’ mothers serving as the bypass machine in 1954.1,2 The introduction of valved conduits in 1964 allowed repair of lesions not previously considered amenable to correction.3 The next 3 decades were marked by improved survival at open heart repair, recognition of the progressive deterioration of valved conduits necessitating early and repeated reoperation, and a progressive decrease in the age of primary repair to now the first few months of life.4,5 In the late 1970s, reports of arrhythmia and late sudden death among tetralogy survivors led to evaluation of tetralogy cohorts with residual right ventricular (RV) volume and/or pressure overload identified as predictors of late complications.6,7 Recognition of this problem heightened appreciation of the importance of arrhythmias in postoperative congenital heart disease patients and identified the need for informed long-term care and attention to residua of earlier procedures for all patients with congenital heart disease.8 Finally, the last 20 years have witnessed the dramatic rise in interventional procedures to address both correction of simple lesions and palliation/management of complex diagnoses.9 Article p 2598 The remarkable progress in care of children with tetralogy exemplifies the collaboration between pediatric cardiologists and congenital cardiac surgeons, the development of new techniques to address problems as they emerge, and the continuous evolution of management that have characterized care of all patients with …
The relative collegiate experiences and outcomes of international students in the USA

As of the 2012–2013 academic year, approximately 820,000 college students in the USA (or approximately 4% of the student pool) were international students. This number is up 7.2% from the previous year and has been experiencing an upward trend since 2005. Thus, an understanding of how these students' collegiate experiences and outcomes differ from domestic students is of increasing importance for both educators and education policy makers. Using longitudinal data on undergraduates from more than 450 US colleges and universities, we study these differences by implementing propensity score matching to create an ideal comparison group of domestic students. Students are matched on 30 important pre–college characteristics. Among our results, international students are shown to study more, feel less overwhelmed by their academic responsibilities, earn similar grades, and more often increase their financial aspirations when compared to domestic students. Overall, we find limited, but important, differences across domestic status in experiences and outcomes, and expose several stereotypes regarding international students.
Evaluation and management of thyroid nodules with atypia/follicular lesion of undetermined significance on fine-needle aspiration

Since the introduction of the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology in 2008, the management of thyroid nodules has become more standardized, with clearly defined algorithms based on risk of malignancy for each of the six cytologic categories. However, the management of a thyroid nodule with a fine-needle aspiration biopsy classified as Bethesda III, or atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS), remains controversial due to the cytologic heterogeneity and the variability in the reported rates of malignancy. In this review, the history and rationale for the new Bethesda III category is examined, the reported incidence and risk of malignancy from published studies is reviewed and recommendations for management of patients with a thyroid nodule and AUS/FLUS are provided. Recent advances in molecular analysis and their role in the evaluation of patients with AUS/FLUS are also discussed.
The “problem” radical hysterectomy

Abstract This is a study of 243 radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy procedures performed for gynecologic malignancy. The term “problem” radical hysterectomy was applied to those patients with one of the following conditions: (1) recent cervical conization (within 21 days), (2) previous total or supravaginal hysterectomy, (3) pregnancy, or (4) previous pelvic radiation. There were 88 patients in these categories. One hundred and fifty-five patients had none of these predisposing problems which might influence operative or postoperative complications. There were two deaths (0.82 per cent). There was no statistically significant difference in operative injuries to the bladder, ureters, or rectum or in the mean operative time and mean blood loss across the categories. However, there was a statistically significant difference across the categories in postoperative complications, both major and minor. The greatest incidence of such complications occurred in patients who had previous radiation therapy and the second greatest incidence was in patients who had recent cervical conization. Pregnant patients had the least number of complications.
Java CoG Kit Workflow

In order to satisfy the need for sophisticated experiment and simulation management solutions for the scientific user community, various frameworks must be provided. Such frameworks include APIs, services, templates, patterns, GUIs, command-line tools, and workflow systems that are specifically addressed towards the goal of assisting in the complex process of experiment and simulation management. Workflow by itself is just one of the ingredients for a successful experiment and simulation management tool.
Thoracoscopic Vs open resection of congenital cystic lung disease- utilization and outcomes in 1120 children in the United States

Abstract Purpose To determine if utilization of thoracoscopic resection of congenital cystic lung disease (CLD) is increasing and if this approach is associated with improved outcomes using a large national sample. Methods Children ≤20years old who underwent resection of a congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, bronchopulmonary sequestration, or bronchogenic cyst were identified from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database (2009, 2012) and Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2008, 2010–2011). Patient characteristics and outcomes were compared between thoracoscopic and open approaches using univariate and multivariable analyses stratified by magnitude of resection. Results Thoracoscopic resection was used in 39.4% of 1120 children who underwent resection of CLD. Utilization of the thoracoscopic approach increased from 32.2% in 2008 to 48.2% in 2012. Use of thoracoscopy was lower in lobectomy than segmental resection (32.5 vs 48.4%, p Conclusion Utilization of thoracoscopic resection for CLD in the United States is increasing with time. After adjusting for patient complexity, there is no difference in postoperative length of stay or complications between thoracoscopic and open lobectomy and sub-lobar resection.
The Influence of Ideas on Policies as Shown in the Collectivization of Agriculture in Russia

The relationship between ideas and social and political changes remains one of the major controversial questions in the social sciences. Certain groups, particularly the Marxists and the behaviorists in both psychology and sociology, relegate ideas to a very subordinate role. They claim that for the most part changes in ideas are the result of changes in material conditions or other concrete external factors to which men in society must adjust. At the other extreme are certain philosophers, historians, and philosophically inclined political scientists who assign to ideas an outstanding role in the development of economic, political, and social institutions.The controversy is one that has immediate and practical significance, as well as purely scientific importance. If the United States is to achieve a successful adjustment in a world of rapid economic and political change, the country's leaders will need an accurate understanding of the factors behind these changes, and the probable directions of such change. Such understanding cannot be obtained without knowledge of the major factors involved, such as material conditions and abstract ideas, and the relative importance to be attached to each one. Such knowedge is particularly important in assessing changes in the power relationships among America's potential allies and competitors in the modern world. At the present time, if one may judge from the published diaries of our ambassadors, as well as from what is known of the operations of various intelligence agencies that have received a good deal of publicity since the end of the war, there is no general agreement concerning the procedures to be followed in evaluating symbolic and ideological data, such as statements by important foreign leaders, programs of political parties, and the like, as opposed to more concrete data, such as information on natural resources, economic trends, and similar matters.
Shaped by Educational, Professional and Social Crises: The History of Law Student Pro Bono Service

This article examines the history of student pro bono service in legal education. It reveals that the flow of expressed concern for the poor within the legal academy has been directly tied to the existence of a real or perceived crisis -- a crisis of pedagogical need, of social unrest, and of public confidence in lawyers. Law student pro bono service has been perceived as the solution to these crises. The structure varied, entangling the development of pro bono programs with the development of the regulation of the profession and of clinical legal education. The history of law student pro bono service is divided into three distinct eras, which form the structure of this essay: 1) community-based service (pre-WWII) in response to the “crisis” of legal education moving from the law office to the university and to the rise of urban poverty; 2) cause-based service (1960’s and 70’s), shaped by federal funding, in response to the crisis of social unrest; and 3) ethics-based service (1980 – 2005) in response to the crisis of eroding public confidence in the ethics of lawyers. This article ends with an exploration of recent research that suggests that curriculum-based pro bono is the most effective at producing graduates who engage in pro bono. It offers a directive for the current era of pro bono service in legal education: an integrated pro bono curriculum.
Death’s Badness and Time-Relativity: A Reply to Purves

According to John Martin Fischer and Anthony Brueckner’s unique version of the deprivation approach to accounting for death’s badness, it is rational for us to have asymmetric attitudes toward prenatal and posthumous nonexistence. In previous work, I have defended this approach against a criticism raised by Jens Johansson by attempting to show that Johansson’s criticism relies on an example that is incoherent. Recently, Duncan Purves has argued that my defense reveals an incoherence not only in Johansson’s example but also in Fischer and Brueckner’s approach itself. Here I argue that by paying special attention to a certain feature of Fischer and Brueckner’s approach, we can dispense of not only Johansson’s criticism but also of Purves’s objection to Fischer and Brueckner’s approach.
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma: aggressive disease with heterogeneous immunotypes.

Eleven patients with mature or peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTL), other than mycosis fungoides, were identified using an extensive battery of T- and B-cell markers. Eight cases had a histologic diagnosis of either diffuse large cell or mixed lymphoma, three of small cell type. All cases had one or more “mature” T-antigens and an absence of B- and immature T-antigens. Assessment of T-antigens included E-rosettes (Er), anti-Leu 1-7 and Tdt. The authors delineated striking heterogeneity of T-antigen expression: 9 different immunotypes in 11 cases. Subset T-antigen assessment indicated T-helper neoplastic cells in five cases and T-suppressor in two. The remaining four had universal T-antigens alone. Seven cases appeared to have “novel” T-phenotypes hot corresponding to normal T-ontogeny phenotypes. Novel or idiosyncratic phenotypes may be a key characteristic of FTL. Since no single T-antigen, including Er and Er receptor (Leu-S), was expressed in all cases, a battery of monoclonal antibodies is. necessary to detect PTL. Clinically, the authors found PTL⋅ unexpectedly aggressive, despite mature immunotype. Most patients were elderly (median age 69); all had extranodal disease with cutaneous involvement (six cases) most frequent. Responses to chemotherapy frequently proved transient, with median survival of nine months. A fulminant course was noted even with localized presentation. Clinical outcome suggests PTL requires new therapeutic strategies.
Diagnostic Criteria of Acute Transverse Myelitis

Inclusion and exclusion criteria for the diagnosis of acute transverse myelitis (ATM), as a basis for multicenter clinical trials, are proposed by a Transverse Myelitis Consortium Working Group.
Benjamin's Aura: Fort/Da

Walter Benjamin's power to fascinate, and to evoke responses, textual and other, shows no signs of diminishing. In addition to inspiring countless books and articles, in countless languages, Benjam...
Effect of increasing volume of cardioplegic solution on postischemic myocardial recovery.

Multidose cardioplegia has been reported to be superior to single-dose cardioplegia in protecting the heart during ischemia. However, large volumes of cardioplegic solution may be detrimental because of washout of adenine nucleotide degradation products that accumulate during ischemia, which limits recovery of adenosine triphosphate. We designed an experiment to test the effects of increasing the volume of cardioplegic solution on postischemic myocardial recovery. Four groups were studied: Group 1, initial 2 minute single dose of cardioplegic solution; Group 2, infusion of cardioplegic solution every 30 minutes for 1 minute; Group 3, infusion of cardioplegic solution every 20 minutes for 1 minute; and Group 4, infusion of cardioplegic solution every 20 minutes for 2 minutes. All groups were ischemic for 2 hours at 20° C. Although washout of nucleotide degradation products during the ischemic interval increased with higher volumes of cardioplegic infusion, the total washout (infusion plus initial 5 minutes of reperfusion) was not different among all groups. The multidose groups recovered function better and had significantly higher levels of total tissue purines after 30 minutes of reperfusion. There was no difference in adenosine triphosphate levels among all groups after reperfusion. We conclude that increasing the volume of cardioplegic solution, within a clinically relevant range is not associated with increasing loss of adenine nucleotides from the cell or with impaired functional recovery of the heart.
A cytokine receptor gene cluster in the X-Y pseudoautosomal region?

The receptors for interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-5, and granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are heterodimers comprised of ligand specific alpha chains and a common beta chain. The genes encoding the IL-5 receptor alpha chain and the common beta chain reside on chromosome 3 and 22 respectively, while the GM-CSF receptor alpha chain gene (CSF2RA) has been mapped to the pseudoautosomal region (PAR) of the sex chromosomes, which is a 2.6-Mb stretch of homologous sequence at the tips of the short arms within which a single obligatory recombination occurs during male meiosis. We have mapped the gene encoding the IL-3 receptor alpha chain (IL3RA) to the sex chromosomes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of human-mouse or human- chinese hamster cell hybrids, and to Yp13.3 and Xp22.3 using fluorescence in situ hybridization. To explore the possibility that IL3RA is located within the pseudoautosomal region we screened the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) pedigrees for an informative-restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) that showed male meiotic recombination. Two informative CEPH pedigrees were identified that displayed this phenomenon, confirming the psuedoautosomal location of IL3RA. Using long-range restriction mapping we have found that IL3RA maps to the same 190-kb restriction fragment as CSF2RA, suggesting that a cytokine receptor gene cluster may reside in the PAR.
Hierarchy of Needs in Transition: A Theory of Business Motivation

This article presents a theory of marketing strategy coupled with business needs. The basic orientation is that there exists a hierarchy of business needs. Firms reflect these needs in their goal statements. Marketing people must make an effort to realize that this hierarchy exists. One effort that must be made is to stipulate what business goal a particular marketing strategy is aimed at or intended to support. Acceptance of this theory will encourage marketing practitioners and educators to be more specific in planning and strategic efforts.
CUBITAL TUNNEL SYNDROME: Treatment By Medial Epicondylectomy

SUMMARY In summary, medial epicondylectomy for cubital tunnel syndrome provides relief or improvement of symptoms in most patients, with minimal morbidity. If symptoms persist, an anterior transposition can still be performed.
Schneider, Nina. Brazilian Propaganda: Legitimizing an Authoritarian Regime . Gainesville: UP of Florida, 2014. Print.

Nina Schneider offers a history of official propaganda produced in Brazil under the military dictatorship that provocatively unsettles the genre even as it provides a useful accounting of its different organs, agencies, content and production.
Chemical Myelopathy due to Cervical Myelography

This is an iatrogenic condition secondary to intramedullary injection of a contrast material during cervical myelography.
The Cytolethal Distending Toxin Produced by Nontyphoidal Salmonella Serotypes Javiana, Montevideo, Oranienburg, and Mississippi Induces DNA Damage in a Manner Similar to That of Serotype Typhi.

ABSTRACT Select nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica (NTS) serotypes were recently found to encode the Salmonella cytolethal distending toxin (S-CDT), an important virulence factor for serotype Typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever. Using a PCR-based assay, we determined that among 21 NTS serotypes causing the majority of food-borne salmonellosis cases in the United States, genes encoding S-CDT are conserved in isolates representing serotypes Javiana, Montevideo, and Oranienburg but that among serotype Mississippi isolates, the presence of S-CDT-encoding genes is clade associated. HeLa cells infected with representative strains of these S-CDT-positive serotypes had a significantly higher proportion of cells arrested in the G2/M phase than HeLa cells infected with representative strains of S-CDT-negative serotypes Typhimurium, Newport, and Enteritidis. The G2/M cell cycle arrest was dependent on CdtB, the active subunit of S-CDT, as infection with isogenic ΔcdtB mutants abolished their ability to induce a G2/M cell cycle arrest. Infection with S-CDT-encoding serotypes was significantly associated with activation of the host cell’s DNA damage response (DDR), a signaling cascade that is important for detecting and repairing damaged DNA. HeLa cell populations infected with S-CDT-positive serotypes had a significantly higher proportion of cells with DDR protein 53BP1 and γH2AX foci than cells infected with either S-CDT-negative serotypes or isogenic ΔcdtB strains. Intoxication with S-CDT occurred via autocrine and paracrine pathways, as uninfected HeLa cells among populations of infected cells also had an activated DDR. Overall, we show that S-CDT plays a significant role in the cellular outcome of infection with NTS serotypes. IMPORTANCE The recent discovery that multiple serotypes encode S-CDT, which was previously established as an important virulence factor for serotype Typhi, suggested that this toxin may also contribute to the outcome of infection with nontyphoidal serotypes. In this study, we demonstrate that at a cellular level, S-CDT significantly alters the outcome of infection by inducing DNA damage which is associated with a cell cycle arrest and activation of the host cell’s DDR. Importantly, these results contribute valuable information for assessing the public health implications of S-CDT in infections with NTS serotypes. Our data suggest that infection with Salmonella strains that encode S-CDT has the potential to result in DNA damage, which may contribute to long-term sequelae.
Prognostic significance of leukopenia at the time of diagnosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

7070 Background: In contrast to the poor prognosis associated with hyperleukocytosis, the prognostic significance of leukopenia at the time of diagnosis of AML is unknown. Methods: Single institution retrospective analysis of 225 consecutive, newly diagnosed AML patients (pts), homogeneously treated between July 1996 and February 2005; and divided into 2 groups based on presenting WBC: 2,000/uL (195). Simultaneously obtained peripheral blood and marrow blasts were analyzed for cell surface expression of CD34, cKit, CXCR4, PCAM, VLA-2, VLA-3, VLA-4, VLA-5, and FLT3 using flow cytometry. Results: Patients’ characteristics (gender, secondary vs. de novo, and cytogenetic [CTG] risk) were comparable between the 2 groups. Leukopenic AML pts were older (median 56 vs. 53 years, p = 0.02), and had lower induction complete remission [CR] rates: 63% vs. 81% (p = 0.03) by univariate analysis. Induction mortality was 0% for leukopenic and 5% for non-leukopenic pts. In primary refractory pts, medi...
To Collect and Preserve: The State of State-Level CBA Collections in the United States:

In order to evaluate the preservation and accessibility of public sector collective bargaining documentation in the United States, the authors conducted a fifty-state survey of public sector collec...
Induced porosity in Super Alloy 718 through the laser additive manufacturing process: Microstructure and mechanical properties

Abstract This paper addresses characterization of Super Alloy (Inconel) 718 manufactured through the powder bed fusion (PBF) process. Specimens were fabricated using five different sets of process parameters to induce a range of porosities within the samples. Scanning electron microscopy and micro-computed tomography methods were used to characterize microstructures of these specimens, and mechanical properties were measured using tension, compression, and impact tests. Energy absorption proved to be highly sensitive to density, and stress-strain curves from compression testing were found to behave much like open-cell foams in the presence of high porosity. The similarities with open-cell foams were confirmed with scanning electron microscopy images. Micro-computed tomography scans indicated that the induced porosity was continuous throughout the specimens.
Tuning the physical properties of malleable and recyclable polyimine thermosets: the effect of solvent and monomer concentration

The morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties of polyimine films were investigated under different reaction conditions. Polyimines with Young's modulus of 0.03–2.04 GPa could be obtained from the same monomer combinations. Our study shows that polyimine properties are determined by the combined effect of solvent choice and polymerization rate.
Sonographic Presentation of Endometrial Carcinoma Stage I: A Case Study:

Endometrial carcinoma is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in the female reproductive tract, mainly affecting women in their postmenopausal years. Although rare, it can also present in premeno...