cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal relaxation in a dense liquid under shock compression

We have studied by means of molecular dynamics the propagation of a planar shock wave in a dense, three-dimensional column of a simple modified Lennard-Jones liquid. The column is $49.37{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{2}$ in cross section, and $238.5\ensuremath{\sigma}$ in length, where $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ is the length parameter in the potential. The column contains approximately 10 000 atoms. It is initially in equilibrium at a density of $0.85{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and temperature of $\frac{1.16\ensuremath{\epsilon}}{k}$, where $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ is the energy parameter in the potential. Shock compression is effected by causing the column to move in the longitudinal direction with a velocity of --- ${U}_{p}$ and to collide with its mirror image across a mirror located at the origin. From the motion of the atoms in response to this kind of excitation, we calculate the shock velocity and the shock-front structure in the liquid, as well as the profiles of mass density, stress distribution, and energy density behind the shock front. Our shock-front structure agrees well with that obtained from the Navier-Stokes equations, but we also find important differences between our shock profiles and those postulated or computed from the continuum theory. In particular, we find that in 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ s, the longest time of our calculations, the stress components did not relax to a hydrostatic condition, and the corresponding kinetic temperature profile showed a relaxation process similar to what we found earlier in a crystalline solid. We examine the atomistic mechanisms of the various relaxation processes, and discuss their implications on the shock compression of dense systems of solids and liquids as opposed to rarefield systems of gases.
Characteristics and approximations of optimal force distributions in walking machines on rough terrain

The force distribution problem for legged vehicles on rough terrain is considered. A general formulation of the force distribution problem, In which the feet contact the ground at arbitrary inclinations is presented. Three techniques are used to solve the force distribution problem for two representative tasks. The Moore-Penrose pseudo-inverse, a general numerical optimization scheme and an approximation to the optimal solution are described. The optimal scheme computes the forces which minimize the maximum ratio of tangential foot reaction force to foot normal force. The approximation is used to achieve certain desirable characteristics of the optimal scheme with considerably less computational complexity. >
Influence of sex on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk and treatment outcomes

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), one of the most common chronic diseases and a leading cause of death, has historically been considered a disease of men. However, there has been a rapid increase in the prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of COPD in women over the last two decades. This has largely been attributed to historical increases in tobacco consumption among women. But the influence of sex on COPD is complex and involves several other factors, including differential susceptibility to the effects of tobacco, anatomic, hormonal, and behavioral differences, and differential response to therapy. Interestingly, nonsmokers with COPD are more likely to be women. In addition, women with COPD are more likely to have a chronic bronchitis phenotype, suffer from less cardiovascular comorbidity, have more concomitant depression and osteoporosis, and have a better outcome with acute exacerbations. Women historically have had lower mortality with COPD, but this is changing as well. There are also differences in how men and women respond to different therapies. Despite the changing face of COPD, care providers continue to harbor a sex bias, leading to underdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis of COPD in women. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the influence of sex on COPD risk factors, epidemiology, diagnosis, comorbidities, treatment, and outcomes, and how this knowledge may be applied to improve clinical practices and advance research.
α7 Integrin Mediates Cell Adhesion and Migration on Specific Laminin Isoforms

The laminin-binding alpha7beta1 integrin receptor is expressed at high levels by skeletal and cardiac muscles and by certain melanocytic cells. We have assessed the potential role of the alpha7A/B integrin isoforms in mediating cell adhesion and motility and determined the laminin isoform specificity of this integrin. When MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells, normally nonadherent to laminin 1, were stably transfected with cDNA for mouse alpha7, they adhered with high efficiency and migrated on laminin 1 substrates. Function-perturbing monoclonal antibodies generated to mouse alpha7 subunit blocked both adhesion and migration of alpha7 transfectants on laminin 1 substrates. Additional studies with MCF-7 transfectants revealed that alpha7beta1 binds well to laminin 1 and to a mixture of laminin 2 and 4 but not to laminin 5. Importantly, alpha7beta1 was capable of promoting motility on both laminin 1 and laminin 2/4 substrates. However, MCF-7 cells transfected with cDNA for either alpha7A or alpha7B showed no significant differences in cell adhesion or motility on laminin 1 substrates. Although the role for the alternatively spliced cytoplasmic variants of alpha7 remains unknown, the results establish that alpha7beta1 mediates cell adhesive activities on a restricted number of laminin isoforms.
Mechanisms of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase catalysis; mono-ADP-ribosylation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase at nanomolar concentrations of NAD.

Calf thymus and rat liver poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase enzymes, and the polymerase present in extracts of rat liver nuclei synthesize unstable mono-ADP-ribose protein adducts at 100 nM or lower NAD concentrations. The isolated enzyme-mono-ADP-ribose adduct hydrolyses to ADP-ribose and enzyme protein at pH values slightly above 7.0 indicating a continuous release of ADP-ribose from NAD through this enzyme-bound intermediate under physiological conditions. NH2OH at pH 7.0 hydrolyses the mono-ADP-ribose enzyme adduct. Desamino NAD and some other homologs at nanomolar concentrations act as ‘forward’ activators of the initiating mono-ADP-ribosylation reaction. These NAD analogs at micromolar concentrations do not affect polymer formation that takes place at micromolar NAD concentrations. Benzamides at nanomolar concentrations also activate mono-ADP-ribosylation of the enzyme, but at higher concentrations inhibit elongation at micromolar NAD as substrate. In nuclei, the enzyme molecule extensively auto-ADP-ribosylates itself, whereas histones are trans-ADP-ribosylated to a much lower extent. The unstable mono-ADP-ribose enzyme adduct represents an initiator intermediate in poly ADP-ribosylation.
Progesterone Metabolism in Regenerating Rat Liver

The activity of the hepatic enzymes metabolizing progesterone is decreased within 16 hr following partial hepatectomy and becomes minimal 4–5 days postoperatively. The fraction of the radioactivity present in the sev-eral metabolites from incubations of progesterone with liver tissue 7 days following hepatectomy suggests that the ring A reductases appear earlier than the 20α-steroid reductase. (Endocri-nology 87: 80, 1970) THE PATHWAYS for the metabolism of progesterone in normal human liver have been well delineated (1, 2), but the metabolism of progesterone in rat liver has not been studied to a similar extent. Following the incubation of rat liver slices with 11-deoxycorticosterone, 5α-pregnane but not 5β-pregnane derivatives were detected (3). In agreement with this, 5a-pregnane derivatives were found as metabolites when cortisone was perfused through rat liver (4). In large scale incubations Taylor (5) showed that homogenates of female rat livers converted progesterone to 5α-pregnane- 3,20-dione and ...
A Three-Dimensional Study of Frontogenesis Using a Model Formulated in Stream-Axis Coordinates

Abstract A jet-based model is proposed to study the dynamics of frontal zone-jet stream systems. The model is developed in non-orthogonal stream-axis coordinates with a condition of gradient flow in the direction of the jet (no assumption is made on the flow in the cross-jet direction). Approximating functions are used to represent the spatial dependence of the variables, and the forecast is advanced using a Galerkin technique with an Euler-backward time extrapolation scheme. Three-dimensional forecast experiments are performed using a baroclinic zonal jet with a superimposed perturbation of the type studied numerically by Mudrick (1974). The model forecast develops surface and mid-tropospheric frontal zones which compare well with the results obtained by Madrick. The forecast frontogenesis mechanisms and circulation patterns are determined, and effects due to the trajectory curvature calculation and the resolution of the approximating functions are considered.
IS CULTURE TO ECONOMY AS LOCAL IS TO GLOBAL? TRAVELS WITH ANTHROPOLOGY'S RENEWED ETHNOGRAPHY

Locating the proper relationship between material and cultural aspects of human life has been an enduring, discipline-defining, and divisive problem in anthropology. Recent studies of the local effects of globalization have exacerbated the divide. Although case studies seem to have lost their luster for many anthropologists, the renewed ethnography considered in this review demonstrates that local research can clarify international economic processes. When people choose to make foreign commodities part of their lives, the results are neither inevitable nor predetermined. Local and global, cultural and material, never totally subsume each other.
Use Of The Thermoplastic Device For Optical Pattern Recognition

Optical Pattern Recognition results using the thermoplastic device as a complex filter in both the Vander Lugt scheme and the joint Fourier transform scheme are reported. Both the glass and tape substrates have been used for the correlation experiments with success. An extension of the joint Fourier transform technique to ambiguity processing is also discussed.
Jury Deliberations: Discussion Content and Influence Processes in Jury Decision Making1

The present research investigated the jury deliberation process. Representative juror subjects viewed a realistic videotaped trial consisting of three offenses, deliberated in groups of six and reached verdicts on each charge, and completed a post-deliberation questionnaire that assessed individual cognitions. Deliberations were videotaped and content-analyzed. The results indicated that the initial vote distribution was a good predictor of the final verdict; majorities tended to prevail. Deliberation content was concentrated primarily in two areas: (a) the facts of the case and (b) statements of preference for guilty or not guilty verdicts. Path analyses suggested that decisions on the first charge were based jointly on the content of deliberations and on the group vote distribution, whereas decisions on later charges were based largely on normative pressures. Jurors' post-deliberation impressions of the trial were affected by whether or not they had changed votes during deliberations.
Nearshore dredge-spoil dumping and cadmium, copper, and zinc levels in a dermestid shrimp.

Dumping of dredge spoil in nearshore waters is seen as an economically viable method of disposing of large volumes of essentially useless material. This method becomes especially attractive when examined in the perspective of an island situation where land is scarce, costly, and primarily limited to residential and other priority properties. The long-term impact of the operation on the ecological stability of aquatic communities, however, is uncertain. In light of man's growing use of the ocean as a repository for waste materials, the need to understand these impacts is increasingly urgent. A dermestid shrimp of potential commercial importance, Heterocarpus ensifer, was chosen as an indicator organism to monitor possible changes in population characteristics and to observe potential changes in the retention of certain environmentally important metal residues. Ecological dynamics of this population are described elsewhere (CHAVE & MILLER 1977). Cadmium, copper, and zinc residue levels were evaluated in a control-site population and a dredge spoil dumping-site population over a period of two years active dumping to determine any modification in the bioaccumulation of these metals.
Quantitative infrared intensity studies of vapor-phase glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and 2,3-butanedione (diacetyl) with vibrational assignments.

Glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and 2,3-butanedione (diacetyl) are all known biomass burning effluents and suspected aerosol precursors. Pressure-broadened quantitative infrared spectra of glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and diacetyl vapors covering the 520–6500 cm–1 range are reported at 0.112 cm–1 resolution, each with a composite spectrum derived from a minimum of 10 different sample pressures for the compound, representing some of the first quantitative intensity data for these analytes. Many vibrational assignments for methylglyoxal are reported for the first time, as are some near-IR and far-IR bands of glyoxal and diacetyl. To complete the vibrational assignments, the far-infrared spectra (25–600 cm–1) of all three vapors are also reported, those of methylglyoxal for the first time. Density functional theory and ab initio MP2 theory are used to help assign vibrational modes. Potential bands for atmospheric monitoring are discussed.
The effect of specific test queries on source-monitoring event-related potentials.

Abstract Source-monitoring decision processes were manipulated during retrieval while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. Words were either seen or heard at study, and memory for modality was measured on two separate yes–no source tests. Decision processes were varied across the two tests by asking participants to respond to leading questions. One leading question asked if the items were seen at study, whereas the second question asked if the items were heard at study (cf., Marsh & Hicks, 1998 ). Behavioral responses indicated that leading questions altered the way in which memory was evaluated to determine the source of information. Varying the decision processes affected frontal—but not parietal ERPs—indicating that frontal ERPs reflect processing that is used to evaluate activated information. Furthermore, left and right frontal ERP activity was affected by the combination of test query and type of source supporting the hypothesis that both the right and left frontal lobes contribute to memory retrieval processes. The pattern of frontal ERP effects supports the hypothesis that activation in right frontal areas reflect basic decision processes that are used to determine source and that the left frontal lobes are recruited when more systematic processing is required by the test context (cf., Nolde, Johnson, & Raye, 1998b ).
The financial crisis: imperfect markets and imperfect regulation

Purpose – This paper seeks to examine the role that regulation and regulatory agencies played in the creating of the subprime mortgage market, and the subsequent crash of the mortgage market. The paper has two goals. First, it seeks to document the degree to which the US housing markets, and the US housing finance market, were regulated prior to the crash. Second, it seeks to show that regulatory bodies set policies which created both incentives and explicit requirements for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, as well as depository institutions, to enter the subprime market.Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines the regulatory environment of the subprime market. It uses regulatory filings and other documents as primary sources.Findings – The popular perception that the subprime mortgage market arose because housing finance was largely unregulated is incorrect. In point of fact, the housing finance market was very heavily regulated. Indeed, the paper shows that the creation of the subprime market was a f...
Potential role of G-protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) in estradiol-17β-stimulated IGF-I mRNA expression in bovine satellite cell cultures

Androgenic and estrogenic steroids enhance muscle growth in animals and humans. Estradiol-17beta (E2) and trenbolone acetate (TBA) (a synthetic testosterone analog) increased IGF-I mRNA expression in bovine muscle satellite cell (BSC) cultures. The goal of this study was to evaluate the mechanisms responsible for this increase by evaluating the effects of ICI 182 780 (an E2 receptor antagonist), flutamide (an androgen receptor inhibitor), G1 (a GPR30 agonist), and BSA-conjugated E2 on E2 and/or TBA-stimulated IGF-I mRNA expression in BSC cultures. Flutamide completely suppressed TBA-stimulated IGF-I mRNA expression in BSC cultures. ICI 182 780 did not suppress E2-stimulated IGF-I mRNA expression and 100 nM ICI 182 780 enhanced (93%, p<0.05) IGF-I mRNA levels in BSC cultures. G1 (100 nM) stimulated IGF-I mRNA expression (100%, p<0.05) but had no effect on proliferation in BSC cultures. E2-BSA, which cannot cross the cell membrane, stimulated IGF-I mRNA expression (approximately 100%, p<0.05) in BSC but even at extremely high concentrations had no effect on proliferation. In summary, our data indicate the E2-stimulation of proliferation and E2-stimulation of IGF-I mRNA expression in BSC cultures occur via different mechanisms. Our previous results showing that ICI 182 780 inhibited BSC proliferation and results of the current study showing lack of response to E2-BSA or G1 suggest that E2-stimulated proliferation in BSC cultures is mediated through classical estrogen receptors. Stimulation by ICI 182 780, G1 and E2-BSA suggests the E2-stimulated IGF-I mRNA expression in BSC cultures is mediated through the GPR30 receptor.
Percutaneous Needle Aspiration Biopsy of Chest Lesions:New Instrument and New Technique

From March 1986 to April 1987, 70 percutaneous needle aspiration (PCNA) procedures were performed in 66 consecutive patients. Seven immunocompromised patients had the procedure performed to obtain culture material from the lung, and 59 patients with chest lesions were analyzed. This includes 49 patients with either a lung nodule or mass. In the remaining ten patients, there were three chest wall or pleural lesions, two aortic pulmonary window lesions, two right hilar lesions, and three anterior mediastinal lesions. Forty of these 59 patients were ultimately proven to have a malignancy. The diagnostic yield for malignant disease by cytology and histology of PCNA was 97.5 percent (39 of 40). Twelve patients had a final diagnosis of benign disease. The diagnostic yield in benign diseases by PCNA was 91.6 percent (11 of 12). The remaining seven patients do not yet have a final diagnosis, though the clinical course favors benign disease in six of these patients. We attribute the major reason for this high specific diagnostic yield in both malignant and benign diseases to the ability of obtaining histologic specimens for interpretation.
Surgical informatics is a useful management tool

Abstract Background Management of surgery in the largest health care system in the country depends upon readily available and valid data. Use of an administrative data base had not fulfilled these requirements. An information program based upon the computerized operating room log and scheduling program presented a possible remedy. Methods Data elements previously appearing in the computerized operating room log were expanded to include outcomes. Reports essential to the surgical management of VA surgery were developed through an advisory panel. Necessary changes were added to the surgical computer program and computers installed in each operating room throughout the system. Results The work load information to manage a surgical service was determined to include the total number of operations performed, both major and minor, and a description of the patient population including the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification. The breakdown into the individual surgical specialties, information regarding index operations, extent of resident supervision, and incidence of postoperative occurrences completed the required information. Conclusions The information provided by this report is an example of the importance of the use of surgical informatics in the management of VA surgery. The ability to obtain valid information for analysis and dissemination is a direct result of the computer-generated information taken directly from the surgical log of each of the 126 VA Medical Centers.
The Ownership Society and Women: Exploring Female Householders’ Ability to Accumulate Assets

Wealth indicators have not been widely examined in studies of women’s economic well-being and little attention has been paid to assets within female-headed households, specifically. Using SIPP data this study examined factors associated with asset accumulation of female householders. Differences between households with and without children and with and without other adults present in the household were emphasized. Findings indicated the presence of children consistently reduced the likelihood of owning assets but had little impact on equity values when women owned assets. The effect of multiple adults within the household varied depending on the asset held.
Delivery of virus-sized iron oxide particles to rodent CNS neurons

Delivery of viral particles to the brain is limited by the volume of distribution that can be obtained. Additionally, there is currently no way to non-invasively monitor the distribution of virus following delivery to the central nervous system (CNS). To examine the delivery of virus-sized particles across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), dextran coated, superparamagnetic monocrystalline iron oxide particles, with a hydrodynamic diameter of 20 +/- 4 nm, were delivered to rat brain by direct intracerebral inoculation or by osmotic BBB disruption with hypertonic mannitol. Delivery of these particles was documented by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and, unexpectedly, neuronal uptake was demonstrated by histochemical staining. Electron microscopy (EM) confirmed iron particle delivery across the capillary basement membrane and localization within CNS parenchymal cells following administration with BBB disruption. This is the first histologic and ultrastructural documentation of the delivery of particles the size of virions across the blood-brain barrier. Additionally, these dextran-coated, iron oxide particles may be useful, in and of themselves, as vectors for diagnostic and/or therapeutic interventions directed at the CNS.
Strategies for Teaching Social and Emotional Intelligence in Business Communication.

Incorporating social and emotional skills (EI) training into the business communication curriculum is important for preparing students to function effectively in a global workplace with its complex...
Large-format blocked-impurity-band focal plane arrays for long-wavelength infrared astronomy

Large-format, very-long-wavelength infrared (VLWIR) hybrid focal plane arrays (HFPAs) based on doped-silicon blocked-impurity-band (BIB) detectors have been developed and demonstrated for a variety of astronomy applications. An HFPA consists of a BIB detector array interfaced via indium column interconnects to a matching cryogenic signal processor/multiplexer. Arsenic-doped silicon (Si:As) BIB detector arrays with useful photon response out to nearly 30 micrometers are the most fully developed embodiment of this technology. HFPAs with Si:As BIB arrays have been optimized for low, moderate, and high infrared backgrounds in 128 X 128-pixel formats, and a high-flux 256 X 256-pixel version is under development. For high-flux applications, both the detector array and multiplexer are optimized to handle incident flux densities > 10 16 photons cm -2 s -1 , providing high spatial uniformity, high pixel operability, and background-limited performance down to low frequencies ( 40 micrometers have also been demonstrated, primarily for use at low and moderate backgrounds. BIB technology offers producible, low-cost, high-performance focal planes for astronomy in the VLWIR.
Treatment of hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia with nifedipine.

We report on two children with mild persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia. In both, oral nifedipine treatment (0.7 and 2.0 mg/kg per day respectively) had a significant clinical effect. In one case, nifedipine monotherapy prevented hypoglycaemia; in the second case, the dosage and the side-effects of other substances could be reduced, thus circumventing surgical therapy.
LOCAL INHIBITION OF HAIR GROWTH IN DOGS BY ERCUTANEOUS APPLICATION OF ESTRONE11

THE SEX DIFFERENCES in the structure and appearance of portions of the integument and its appendages of man and of some other animals are often striking and generally recognized. Frequent investigations have been undertaken to determine the extent to which these variations in the dermis, epidermis, hair follicles and cutaneous glands are determined by endocrine factors. The diagnosis of certain endocrine disturbances may be aided by study of the condition of the skin and distribution of hair. Partial alopecia occurs in dogs exhibiting symptoms associated with the excessive production of intrinsic estrogens (Greulich and Burford 1936; DeVita 1939). The subcutaneous injection of estrogens in large amounts almost completely stops the growth of hair in dogs (Gardner and DeVita 1940). Thinning of the hair occurred in dogs following the oral administration of stilbestrol (Mulligan 1944). In rats hair growth was inhibited when estrogenic hormones were administered in amounts adequate to inhibit general somatic g...
Stability of secondary structural elements in a solvent‐free environment: the α helix

The stability of the alpha helix as an element of secondary structure is examined in the absence of solvation, in the gas phase. Mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy (MIKE) spectrometry was applied to measure intercharge repulsion and intercharge distance in multiply protonated melittin, a polypeptide known to possess a stable helical structure in a number of different environments. The experimental results, interpreted in combination with molecular mechanics calculations, suggest that triply charged melittin retains its secondary structure in the gas phase. The stability if the alpha-helical conformation of the polypeptide in the absence of solvent molecules reflects the fact that a network of intrinsic helical hydrogen bonds is energetically more favorable than unfolded conformations.
Temperature-based Model-Predictive Cascade Mitigation in Electric Power Systems

This paper proposes a novel model-predictive control scheme which combines both economic and security objectives to mitigate the effects of severe disturbances in electrical power systems. A linear convex relaxation of the AC power flow is employed to model transmission line losses and conductor temperatures. Then, a receding-horizon model predictive control (MPC) strategy is developed to alleviate line temperature overloads and prevent the propagation of outages. The MPC strategy seeks to alleviate temperature overloads by rescheduling generation, energy storage and other network elements, subject to ramp-rate limits and network limitations. The MPC strategy is illustrated with simulations of the IEEE RTS-96 network augmented with energy storage and renewable generation.
ASSERTIVENESS AND AGGRESSIVENESS AS POTENTIAL MODERATORS OF CONSUMERS' VERBAL BEHAVIOR FOLLOWING A FAILURE OF SERVICE '

49 men and 37 women participated in a study of the relationships among assertiveness, aggressiveness, and verbal intentions. Findings suggest that as a person's social network extends out from family to others. Nonassertive and Aggressive persons are less likely to discuss a problem with service and their response. However, more assertive consumers are significantly more likely to discuss these same circumstances with acquaintances and others. The nature of intended verbal communications was positive for Assertive relative to Nonassertive consumers. Sex of the subject did not appear to be of importance.
Pharyngeal Airflow Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients Pre- and Post-Maxillomandibular Advancement Surgery

The purpose of this study was to evaluate pharyngeal airflow in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients following maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) surgery using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Computerized models of four OSA patients, pre- and postsurgery, were created using cone beam computed tomography scans. CFD was used to model airflow at inspiration rates of 340 ml/s, 400 ml/s, and 460 ml/s. The relative pressure, eddy viscosity coefficient, and total area-averaged pressure drops were selected for comparison. Results show a decrease in airway resistance of over 90% for three out of four patients. In these three patients, the MMA surgery reduced the constriction along the airway, which resulted in reduced drag and therefore reduced pressure drop required to move a constant volumetric flow between pre- and postsurgery models. CFD analyses on airways of OSA patients provide data that suggest an improvement in airflow following MMA surgery with less effort required for maintaining constant flow.
Effects of brain removal on integumental water permeability and ion content of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L.

Abstract The apparent integumental water permeability of nonhydrated Lumbricus terrestris is significantly greater than that of fully hydrated earthworms, which may act to reduce water losses in the soil. Apparent water permeability is significantly greater in decerebrate Lumbricus than in control worms. Hourly water exchange values ( K ) are 2.28 for brainless and 1.71 for intact animals. Weight regulation in water and dehydration rates are the same in decerebrate and in control worms. However, when dehydrated and subsequently replaced in water, brainless animals have a 70% greater hydration rate and gain more weight than do control animals. Both total osmotic pressure and Cl − content of the coelomic fluid of fully hydrated earthworms are lower in brainless than in control animals. Brain removal tends to increase osmotic pressure in dehyrated Lumbricus , although not to a significant degree. Although the effects of brain removal suggest a neuroendocrine control of integumental water permeability in Lumbricus , the failure of reimplanted brains to have an effect leaves the hypothesis of such a control incompletely verified.
New classification system for mass transport complexes in offshore Trinidad

ABSTRACT This paper delineates our use of 10 708 km2 of three‐dimensional (3D) seismic data from the continental margin of Trinidad and Tobago West Indies to describe a series of mass transport complexes (MTCs) that were deposited during the Plio‐Pleistocene. This area, situated along the obliquely converging boundary of the Caribbean/South American plates and proximal to the Orinoco Delta, is characterized by catastrophic shelf‐margin processes, intrusive/extrusive mobile shales and active tectonism. Extensive mapping of different stratigraphic intervals of the 3D seismic survey reveals several MTCs that range in area from 11.3 to 2017 km2. Three types of MTCs are identified: (1) shelf‐attached systems that were fed by shelf‐edge deltas whose sediment input is controlled by sea‐level fluctuations and sedimentation rates; (2) slope‐attached systems, which occur when upper‐slope sediments catastrophically fail owing to gas‐hydrate disruptions and/or earthquakes and (3) locally detached systems, formed when local instabilities in the seafloor trigger relatively small collapses. Such classification of the relationship between slope mass failures and sourcing regions enables a better understanding of the nature of initiation, length of development history and petrography of such MTCs. 3D seismic enables more accurate calculation of deposit volumes, improves deposit imaging, and, thus, increases the accuracy of physical and computer simulations of mass failure processes.
The state of water in muscle tissue as determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance.

The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of water protons in live and glycerinated muscle, suspensions of glycerinated myofibrils, and solutions of several muscle proteins has been studied. T 1 and T 2 , measured on partially hydrated proteins by pulsed spin-echo techniques, decreased as the ratio of water to protein decreased, showing that the water which is tightly bound by the protein has short relaxation times. In live muscle fibers the pulse techniques showed that, after either a 180 or a 90° pulse, the relaxation of the magnetization is described by a single exponential. This is direct evidence that a fast exchange of protons occurs among the phases of the intracellular water. The data can be fitted with a model in which the bulk of the muscle water is in a phase which has properties similar to those of a dilute salt solution, while less than 4–5% of the total water is bound to the protein surface and has short relaxation times. Measurements of T 1 and T 2 in protein solutions showed that no change in the proton relaxation times occurred when heavy meromyosin was bound to actin, when myofibrils were contracted with adenosine triphosphate (ATP), or when globular actin was polymerized.
A Three-dimensional Line-tied Magnetic Field Model for Solar Eruptions

We introduce a three-dimensional analytical model of a coronal flux rope with its ends embedded in the solar surface. The model allows the flux rope to move in the corona while maintaining line-tied conditions at the solar surface. These conditions ensure that the normal component of the coronal magnetic field at the surface remains fixed during an eruption and that no magnetic energy enters the corona through the surface to drive the eruption. The model is based on the magnetic configuration of Titov & Demoulin, where a toroidal flux rope is held in equilibrium by an overlying magnetic arcade. We investigate the stability of this configuration to specific perturbations and show that it is subject to the torus instability when the flux rope length exceeds a critical value. A force analysis of the configuration shows that flux ropes are most likely to erupt in a localized region near the apex, while the regions near the surface remain relatively undisturbed. Thus, the flux rope will tend to form an aneurysm-like structure once it erupts. Our analysis also suggests how the flux rope rotation seen in some eruptions and simulations may be related to the observed orientation of the overlying arcade field. This model exhibits the potential for catastrophic loss of equilibrium as a possible trigger for eruptions, but further study is required to prove this property.
End-to-End Cyberinfrastructure for Decision-Making Support in Watershed Management

AbstractOver the past decade, water-centric research has increasingly taken into consideration the interactions between the water cycle and the social, economic, and biogeophysical processes that drive watershed dynamics. In parallel, water management has made great strides in data sharing and collaborative modeling that support decision making through integrated planning and stakeholder involvement. Both research and management communities require data and simulation models that cover large spatial scales and workflows that enable investigations and decision making in real time with participation of multiple watershed actors. To efficiently accomplish their goals, these two communities are tapping into the capabilities of advanced cyberinfrastructure (CI) platforms that facilitate an understanding of watershed processes, knowledge management, visualization, interaction, and collaboration in multiple watershed science and engineering disciplines. This paper illustrates an implementation of an end-to-end C...
Onset of convection in dilute superfluid /sup 3/He-/sup 4/He mixtures. I. Unbounded slab

The thermohydrodynamics of a dilute superfluid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$-$^{4}\mathrm{He}$ mixture confined between parallel horizontal planes is studied with the two-fluid equations of Landau and Khalatnikov. When heated from above, downward normal fluid flow concentrates $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ impurities near the cooler bottom plate, creating a potentially unstable density gradient. The linearized equations for the convective amplitudes contain nonclassical two-fluid terms proportional to ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{v}}}_{n}^{0}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\nabla}}$ and to $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\nabla}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{v}}}_{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, which alter the critical Rayleigh number from that for a classical one-component fluid. This shift is expected to be smaller near $T\ensuremath{\approx}1$ K.
Availability and characteristics of teaching certificates offered by pharmacy residency programs

ASHP’s residency accreditation standards require a teaching component within resident training programs. These teaching experiences can be extremely valuable to residents interested in positions within teaching institutions. The opportunities for teaching vary among programs, and the creation of a
Comparative B-Vitamin Content and Organoleptic Qualities of Cultured and Acidified Sour Cream

Abstract The B-complex vitamin content, appearance, texture, and flavor of sour cream made by the direct acidification and culture processes were compared. Samples of both types of sour cream were prepared from the same lot of standardized mix containing 18 to 19% fat and 7 to 9% solids-not-fat. Cultured sour cream contained more folic acid than the acidified product. No differences were significant for biotin, niacin, pantothenic acid, B 6 , or B 12 . Cultured sour cream possessed a characteristic pleasant flavor and aroma whereas acidified sour cream was bland in flavor and rated inferior by a semi-trained panel of judges.
Rethinking Information Literacy: A Practical Framework for Supporting Learning, edited by Jane Secker and Emma Coonan. London: Facet Publishing, 2013. 169 p. $95.00. ISBN: 978-1-85604-822-4

Until recently, Texas public schools have focused almost exclusively on the retention of isolated facts for the purpose of passing tests and exams. Very little thought was given to how these facts ...
HIGH-ENERGY NUCLEON SCATTERING AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FORM FACTORS.

A field-theoretic model of the exchange of virtual soft neutral vector mesons between nucleons is shown to provide the needed damping to describe $\mathrm{pp}$ elastic scattering and the electromagnetic form factors of the proton at high energies and large momentum transfers. The model permits a calculation of the infinite-energy limit of $\mathrm{pp}$ scattering, and suggests that $p\overline{p}$ scattering will rise to that limit at very high energies.
Scattering spectroscopy of molecules at nanometer resolution

A new form of optical spectroscopy is demonstrated whereby the local scattering from the interaction between a nanometer size probe tip and a sample is measured as a function of wavelength. We show images of viruses and molecules at molecular spatial resolution and demonstrate how the image contrast varies with wavelength. To first approximation, the contrast as a function of wavelength varies in the same way as the local polarizability of the sample
The National Park Service Submerged Cultural Resources Program

In 1916, the United States Congress created the National Park system and formed the National Park Service (NPS) to be the only federal agency with a “primary preservation mandate” (United States Congress, 1916). This act set the parameters, defined the objectives and purpose, shaped the philosophies, and guided the operation of the NPS for more than 80 years. Within the 1916 law is the category “historic objects,” which includes the thousands of historic and prehistoric archaeological sites and their contents located within the boundaries of the more than 375 parks that now comprise the national park system. The category also includes all the submerged cultural resources and underwater archaeological sites and remains located in all national park areas.
Self-perceived vs actual and desired weight and body mass index in adult ambulatory general internal medicine patients: a cross sectional study

No study has compared patients’ self-reported heights and weights (and resultant self-reported body mass indexes [BMIs]) with their actual heights, weights, and BMIs; their self-perceived BMI categories; and their desired weights and BMIs and determined rates of clinicians’ documented diagnoses of overweight and obesity in affected patients in a single patient group. The objectives of this study were to make these comparisons, determine patient factors associated with accurate self-perceived BMI categorization, and determine the frequency of clinicians’ documented diagnoses of overweight and obesity in affected patients. A total of 508 consecutive adult general internal medicine outpatients (257 women, 251 men; mean age, 62.9 ± 14.9 years) seen at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, between November 9 and 20, 2009, completed a questionnaire in which they reported their heights, weights, self-perceived BMI categories (“underweight,” “about right,” “overweight,” or “obese”), and desired weights. These self-reported data were compared to actual heights, actual weights, and actual BMI categories (measured after the questionnaire was completed). Overall, 70% of the patients were overweight or obese. The average self-reported weight was significantly lower than the average actual weight (80.3 ± 20.1 kg vs 81.9 ± 21.1 kg; P < .001). The average self-reported BMI was significantly lower than the average actual BMI (27.6 ± 5.7 kg/m2 vs 28.3 ± 6.1 kg/m2; P < .001). Overall, 32% of patients had obesity; however, only 6% perceived they were obese. Accuracy of self-perceived BMI category decreased with higher actual BMI category (P < .001 for trend). Female sex, higher education level, smoking status, and lower BMI were associated with higher accuracy of self-perceived BMI category. Desired weight loss increased with higher self-perceived and actual BMI categories (P < .001 for trends). Of the 165 patients who actually were obese, only 40 (24%) had obesity documented as a diagnosis in their medical records by their clinicians. Statistical tests used were the paired t test, the Pearson χ2 test, the Cochrane-Armitage trend test, the Wald test of marginal homogeneity, analysis of variance, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Many obese patients inaccurately perceive their BMI categories; accuracy decreases with increasing BMI. Clinicians should inform patients of their BMIs and prescribe treatment plans for those with overweight and obesity.
UAVSAR Active Electronically-Scanned Array

The Uninhabited Airborne Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) is an L-band (1.2–1.3 GHz) repeat pass, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) used for Earth science applications. Using complex radar images collected during separate passes on time scales of hours to years, changes in surface topography can be measured. Due to variations in aircraft attitude between passes, antenna beam steering is required to replicate the radar look angle from pass-to-pass. This paper describes an Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) that provides beam steering capability in the antenna azimuth plane. The array contains 24 transmit/receive modules generating approximately 2800 W of radiated power and is capable of pulse-to-pulse beam steering and polarization agility. Designed for high reliability as well as serviceability, all array electronics are contained in single 178cm×62cm×12cm air-cooled panel suitable for operation up 60,000 ft altitude.
Constrained Liners in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty: An Overuse Syndrome—Affirms

Recurrent instability after primary or revision total hip arthroplasty is a difficult problem. Treatment of those who fail conservative management with a brace should start with optimizing acetabular and femoral component position, restoring femoral offset and abductor tension, and removing any bony or soft tissue sources of impingement. The next step in our treatment algorithm is to use a large-diameter femoral head or to create an unconstrained tripolar articulation. If these steps fail, or the abductor musculature is too deficient, then we will consider using a constrained acetabular liner as a matter of last resort.
Notes on Cultural Citizenship in the Black Atlantic World

In 1995 and 1996, Verena Stolcke (1995) and Aihwa Ong (1996) were embattled over the legitimacy of the concept of citizenship—a debate that was preceded by those writing about the complexities of Latino/a as well as Caribbean transnational migration (Basch, Glick-Schiller, and Blanc 1994; Sutton and Chaney 1987) and the resultant complexities of hybridity and borderlands (Anzaldua 1987). The debate that followed in Current Anthropology in 1995 propelled the discussion further. It clarified what was at stake in reconceptualizing the classification of national belonging and pushed scholars to contend with power through the ways people resignify meaning and produce new forms of socialities outside of and in relation to the statecraft. This engagement called into question the prevailing literature that presumed an omnipotence of the state; it shifted the gaze to an engagement with other long standing formations—migration from the South to the North, dispossession, refugeeism, pan-Africanism and various forms of internationalism—that produced new forms of exclusions as well as innovative possibilities for reimagining the locus of social and political authority. It was about the complexities of power— its circulation and its centrality within and beyond the state. The stakes were high in this debate and the issues were made more difficult by the fledgling globalization literature which had begun to articulate social changes in relation to the demise of the nation state and shifts toward imagining new possibilities (Appadurai 1996; Sassen 1991, 1996, 1998, 2006).
‘A Diamond is Forever’ and Other Fairy Tales: The Relationship between Wedding Expenses and Marriage Duration

In this paper, we evaluate the association between wedding spending and marriage duration using data from a survey of over 3,000 ever-married persons in the United States. Controlling for a number of demographic and relationship characteristics, we find evidence that marriage duration is inversely associated with spending on the engagement ring and wedding ceremony.
Introducing Edward Sapir

An Introduction to the Edward Sapir centenary session at the November 1984 meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Denver, Colorado, with remarks read at the 1984 Linguistic Society of America meetings (Baltimore, Maryland) on the occasion of the Sapir lecutre given by Professor Emmon Bach, University of Massachusetts (28 December 1984).
Mosaic “tetrasomy” 8p: case report and review of the literature

A male infant presenting with multiple anomalies including a midline cleft palate, anasarca, hepatomegaly, pulmonary edema, agenesis of the corpus collosum, and complex congential cardiac anomalies was found to have mosaicism for an additional chromosome that appeared (following GTG-banding and FISH) to be a monocentric isochromosome of the short arm of chromosome 8 (46,XY/47,XY, +i(8p)). Nine other cases of mosaicism for an additional i(8p) were reviewed. Considerable phenotypic variation was noted. Consistent features were identified including agenesis of the corpus callosum, cardiac malformations, and minor facial dysmorphology. The phenotype of these patients partially overlaps those of trisomy 8 and trisomy 8p. By studying additional individuals with this condition, mosaic tetrasomy 8p may emerge as a recognizable clinical phenotype.