cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relation of Proton Pump Inhibitor Use After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Drug-Eluting Stents to Outcomes

Recent evidence has shown that clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are metabolized by the same pathway and that patients taking both drugs have greater levels of platelet reactivity and more adverse outcomes than patients taking only clopidogrel. We sought to examine the effect of a PPI at discharge from the hospital after percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents on the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 1 year. We compared 502 patients who were not prescribed a PPI at discharge and 318 patients who were prescribed a PPI. All patients were taking clopidogrel. We followed patients for 1 year with regard to MACE, including death, Q-wave myocardial infarction, target vessel revascularization, and stent thrombosis. We performed multivariate Cox regression to adjust for confounding variables, including compliance with clopidogrel, to assess the effect of a PPI at discharge on the 1-year outcomes. The baseline characteristics of patients discharged with a PPI were similar to those of patients discharged without a PPI. Univariate survival analysis of the outcomes showed a greater rate of MACE (13.8% vs 8.0%, p = 0.008) and overall mortality (4.7% vs 1.8%, p = 0.02) in the PPI group. After multivariate analysis, the adjusted MACE hazard ratio for PPI at discharge was 1.8 (95% confidence interval 1.1 to 2.7, p = 0.01). In conclusion, in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents and receiving clopidogrel, the prescription of a PPI at discharge was associated with a greater rate of MACE at 1 year.
Family Instability and College Enrollment and Completion

This research uses data from waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health, N = 9,631) to consider whether and how family instability in early or later childhood affects college enrollment and completion of a Bachelor’s degree by age 24. Explanatory factors include maternal selection into unstable unions, household resources available in adolescence, and adolescents’ academic achievement, behavior, and attitudes in high school. The association of later family instability with college enrollment and completion is largely explained by household resources in adolescence. The association of early family instability with college enrollment is partially explained by each set of factors, and its association with college completion, given enrollment, is explained by pre-existing maternal characteristics. The results demonstrate that early family instability has enduring consequences for eventual status attainment and that the mechanisms that connect family instability to educational outcomes vary by the timing of family structure change.
Envirocad: A design tool for efficient synthesis and evaluation of integrated waste recovery, treatment and disposal processes

Abstract The successful design and evaluation of integrated waste recovery, treatment and disposal processes is a difficult task that can be facilitated by the use of expert systems and advanced computer-aided process design tools. Such a software tool, called EnviroCAD, is under development at the New Jersey Institute of Technology in collaboration with a number of industrial partners. EnviroCAD is being designed to enable scientists and engineers to evaluate the environmental impact of new processes and minimize waste generation during the early stages of process development when it is easy to make process modifications. EnviroCAD takes as input data the waste streams of a process plant and based on their flowrates and compositions it recommends alternatives for waste recovery and recycling. For whatever cannot be recovered, it recommends alternatives for treatment and disposal. In addition to generation of feasible flowsheets for waste recovery and treatment, EnviroCAD provides the facilities to analyze and evaluate those alternatives and select the best among them. EnviroCAD's user interface makes use of advanced graphics to improve the human/computer communication and reduce the learning period.
Sensitivity analysis of reference evapotranspiration to sensor accuracy

Sensor inaccuracy can result in reference evapotranspiration inaccuracy.We performed local and global (Morris and eFAST) sensitivity analysis.Both semi-arid Colorado and humid Florida were evaluated.Sensitivity method results were strongly correlated with each other.Local sensitivity analysis is recommended to weather network managers. Meteorological sensor networks are often used across agricultural regions to calculate the ASCE Standardized Reference Evapotranspiration (ET) Equation, and inaccuracies in individual sensors can lead to inaccuracies in ET estimates. Multiyear datasets from the semi-arid Colorado Agricultural Meteorological (CoAgMet) and humid Florida Automated Weather Network (FAWN) networks were evaluated using a local sensitivity analysis (LSA) method which calculated the total error range of each individual sensor, as well as Morris and eFAST global sensitivity analysis (GSA) methods which simultaneously evaluated the full accuracy range of each sensor. Sensitivity of inputs (i.e., temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation) generally had values within the same range for the FAWN network with solar radiation being the most influential input in the summer, while sensitivity to wind speed for the CoAgMet network was much higher than the other inputs. Due to its simplicity and ease of application, LSA is suggested as a minimal screening method for evaluating input sensor sensitivity. GSA results were highly correlated with each other, but local sensitivity was poorly correlated to GSA methods regarding wind input in Colorado. Uncertainty analysis showed the current configuration of sensors in the CoAgMet network to have a higher range of ET values between 5% and 95% confidence intervals, as compared to the FAWN network. The eFAST GSA method was applied using a hypothetical set of "best case" sensors in both stations (i.e., sensors with the best accuracy between both sites), showing solar radiation to be the most influential input in the high ET months of summer, and the sensitivity in Colorado to wind to be vastly decreased, suggesting that the CoAgMet network could benefit from an upgrade to more accurate anemometers.
Titicaca Basin archaeolinguistics: Uru, Pukina and Aymara AD 750–1450

Abstract Current linguistic and ethnohistoric models propose that the Aymara ethnic group were late migrants into the Titicaca basin, and favor Uru or Pukina ethnic groups as the authors of the Tiwanaku civilization, which dominated the Central Andes for roughly half a millennium AD 500–1000). A review of linguistic, ethnohistoric and archaeological data suggests that the Aymara have a substantial time depth in the basin (at least 2,000 years), are the people of Tiwanaku and may have been organized in a manner termed ‘salpicada’, which resulted in the historic pattern of intermingled Uru, Pukina and Aymara communities.
Coral growth with thermal stress and ocean acidification: lessons from the eastern tropical Pacific

The rapid growth of scleractinian corals is responsible for the persistence of coral reefs through time. Coral growth rates have declined over the past 30 years in the western Pacific, Indian, and North Atlantic Oceans. The spatial scale of this decline has led researchers to suggest that a global phenomenon like ocean acidification may be responsible. A multi-species inventory of coral growth from Pacific Panama confirms that declines have occurred in some, but not all species. Linear extension declined significantly in the most important reef builder of the eastern tropical Pacific, Pocillopora damicornis, by nearly one-third from 1974 to 2006. The rate of decline in skeletal extension for P. damicornis from Pacific Panama (0.9% year−1) was nearly identical to massive Porites in the Indo-Pacific over the past 20–30 years (0.89–1.23% year−1). The branching pocilloporid corals have shown an increased tolerance to recurrent thermal stress events in Panama, but appear to be susceptible to acidification. In contrast, the massive pavonid corals have shown less tolerance to thermal stress, but may be less sensitive to acidification. These differing sensitivities will be a fundamental determinant of eastern tropical Pacific coral reef community structure with accelerating climate change that has implications for the future of reef communities worldwide.
Sub-pixel Movement Detection with Compressive Holography

We present experimental results of using compressive holography method to detect sub-pixel displacement.
Polysomnographic parameters in first-degree relatives of unipolar probands

We present polysomnographic data for psychiatrically asymptomatic first-degree relatives of unipolar depressed probands. Relatives were classified by proband rapid eye movement (REM) latency (reduced/nonreduced) and by personal REM latency (reduced/nonreduced). Reduced REM latency relatives, whether defined by the proband or by their own REM latency, had polysomnographic alterations consistent with those found in depressed patients, although none of these relatives was depressed at assessment. Reduced REM latency relatives with a history of unipolar depression were compared to reduced REM latency relatives with no history of depression. Virtually no polysomnographic differences were found. Polysomnographic alterations may be stable antecedents of the onset of depression.
Comparison between liquid chromatography-UV detection and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the characterization of impurities and/or degradants present in trimethoprim tablets

The characterization of impurities and/or degradants present in pharmaceutical compounds is an important part of the drug development process. Although LC-UV is commonly employed for impurities and degradant compound determination, LC-MS techniques are proposed in this work to be a viable modem alternative for the characterization of these compounds. LC-UV and LC-MS were compared for the detection of impurities present in different brands of trimethoprim tablets by using an in-line LC-UV-MS system with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source (APCI) coupled with a reversed-phase gradient HPLC system. It was shown that, although chemical noise was higher when using full-scan LC-MS compared to LC-UV, low level impurities were better detected by mass spectrometry (MS) when modern software algorithms are employed. These included the "Contour" chromatogram algorithm and/or the "component detection algorithm" (CODA). In addition, MS allowed for the simultaneous determination of the molecular masses and some structural information of the impurities and/or degradants. The results also showed a large difference in the purity of trimethoprim among different manufacturers. LC-MS and tandem MS techniques were employed to acquire fragmentation patterns for trimethoprim and its degradants to gain insight into their structures.
Centimeter-Wavelength Total Flux and Linear Polarization Properties of Radio-loud BL Lacertae Objects

We present results from a long-term program to quantify the range of behavior of the centimeter-wavelength total flux and linear polarization variability properties of a sample of 41 radio-loud BL Lac objects using weekly to trimonthly observations with the University of Michigan 26 m telescope operating at 14.5, 8.0, and 4.8 GHz; these observations are used to identify class-dependent differences between these BL Lacs and QSOs in the Pearson-Readhead sample. As a group, the BL Lacs are found to be more highly variable in total flux density than the QSOs. These changes are often nearly simultaneous and of comparable amplitude at 14.5 and 4.8 GHz, which contrasts with the behavior in the QSOs and supports the existence of class-dependent differences in opacity within the parsec-scale jet flows. Structure-function analyses of the flux observations quantify that a characteristic timescale is identifiable in only one-third of the BL Lacs and that in the majority of the program sources the activity is uncorrelated within the timescales probed. The time-averaged fractional linear polarizations are only on the order of a few percent and are consistent with the presence of tangled magnetic fields within the emitting regions. In many sources a preferred long-term orientation of the electric vector position angle is present. When compared with the very long baseline interferometry structural axis, no preferred position angle difference is identified; the derived distribution resembles that known for core components from very long baseline polarimetry measurements. The polarized flux typically exhibits variability with timescales of months to a few years and exhibits the signature of a propagating shock during several resolved outbursts. The flux and polarization variability indicate that the source emission is predominately due to evolving source components and supports the occurrence of more frequent shock formation in BL Lac parsec-scale flows than in QSO jets, where the magnetic field topology even during outbursts is similar to that of the underlying quiescent flow. The differences that we find in variability behavior and polarization between BL Lacs and QSOs can be explained by differences in stability between the jet flows found by recent studies of relativistic hydrodynamic flows.
Quantifying accessible sites and reactivity on titania–silica (photo)catalysts: Refining TOF calculations

Abstract It can be difficult to determine the number of active atoms accessible to the fluid phase in mixed oxide catalysts, as required for obtaining true turnover frequencies (TOF). Here, we utilize the selective titration of surface Ti atoms with phenylphosphonic acid (PPA) on TiO2–SiO2 materials to estimate the number of reactant-accessible sites. TiO2–SiO2 composites were synthesized over a range of Ti loadings from grafting of titanocene dichloride (Cp2TiCl2) or tetraethoxy orthotitanate (TEOT) on SiO2 and sol–gel co-hydrolysis of Si and Ti alkoxides. The materials were characterized by DRUV–vis, XRD, BET, and XANES. Despite the significant morphological and electronic differences, materials prepared by Cp2TiCl2 and TEOT yielded a near-constant TOF of 0.14 h−1 (±0.04) across Ti loadings, for benzyl alcohol photooxidation, when normalizing rates by sites titrated by PPA. The fraction of Ti atoms titrated by PPA was strongly dependent on synthesis method and surface density. PPA titration and benzyl alcohol photooxidation may be useful measures of surface accessibility in other supported oxides.
A general framework for distributed vote aggregation

We present a general model for opinion dynamics in a social network together with several possibilities for object selections at times when the agents are communicating. We study the limiting behavior of such a dynamics and show that this dynamics almost surely converges. We consider some special implications of the convergence result for gossip and top-k selective gossip models. In particular, holds in a general setting. Moreover, we propose an extension of the gossip and top-k selective gossip models, and provide some results for their limiting behavior.
Reversion of sulfenamide prodrugs in the presence of free thiol-containing proteins

The purpose of this work was to study the reaction kinetics between two model sulfenamide prodrugs of linezolid, N-(phenylthio)linezolid and N-[(2-ethoxycarbonyl)ethylthio]linezolid, with free thiol-containing proteins; commercial human serum albumin (HSA); a constitutively active mutant of the protein tyrosine phosphatase PRL-1 (PRL-1-C170S-C171S), a model protein; and diluted fresh human plasma. The reaction was followed by high-performance liquid chromatography, both for the loss of prodrug and appearance of linezolid, and at different pH values with molar excess of the proteins relative to the prodrugs. Pseudo first-order kinetics was observed. Consistent with earlier findings for the reaction between similar sulfenamides and small-molecule thiols, the reaction kinetics appeared to be consistent with thiolate attack at the sulfenamide bond to release the parent drug. The proteins reacted significantly slower on a molar basis than their small-molecule counterparts. It appears that proteins such as HSA may play a role in the in vivo conversion of sulfenamide prodrugs to their parent drug.
The emission and absorption spectra of pyrimidine at 4.2°K

Abstract The singlet-triplet absorption spectra of pyrimidine- h 4 and pyrimidine- d 4 crystals and the fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra of pyrimidine in mixed crystals with benzene at 4.2°K are presented and analyzed. Franck-Condon patterns in the fluorescence spectrum are virtually identical to those in the phosphorescence spectrum. The coincidence of the 0, 0 bands in absorption and in emission are consistent with the assignment of the fluorescent state as 1 B 1 (nπ ∗ ) . No singlet absorption could be detected below the 1 B 1 (nπ ∗ )← 1 A 1 origin even in crystals several mm thick. This is in contrast to recent work indicating that a forbidden 1 nπ ∗ state lies below the fluorescent state.
Inhibition and recovery of spermatogenesis in rats, monkeys, and dogs medicated with bis(dichloroacetyl)diamines.

Abstract The antispermatogenic activity of three bis(dichloroacetyl)diamines, Win 13,099, Win 18,446, and Win 17,416, was studied in rats, monkeys and/or dogs. The drugs were administered orally and testicular tissue was obtained at various intervals by autopsy or biopsy. The data obtained from these experiments suggest the following conclusions: The three drugs, when given orally to adult male albino rats, monkeys, and dogs, resulted in arrest of spermatogenesis characterized by gradual depletion of the germinal cells of the testes. Full recovery occurred after withdrawal of medication even after antispermatogenic changes had had been in effect for long periods of time and the animals had become histologically azoospermic. The effect of these drugs upon the germinal epithelium was very specific; no other organs were affected. The histologic course of events observed resembled that seen with other agents except for this specificity. The formation of large multinucleated forms containing the nuclei of Golgi and cap-phase spermatids was a prominent characteristic of the inhibitory effects. The authors propose the term fusion bodies to describe these forms, and hope by this report to have resolved the confusion surrounding these forms. Although the antispermatogenic changes were basically similar in the rat, monkey, and dog there were marked differences in the minimal effective dose between the three compounds as well as with the same compound in different species of animals.
Low-Birth-Weight Infants Born to Adolescent Mothers: Effects of Coresidency With Grandmother on Child Development

Objective. —To explore the impact of young maternal age, coresidency with infant's grandmother, and other familial and environmental factors on development of low-birth-weight (LBW) infants. Design. —Prospective cohort analyses. Setting. —Eight medical institutions in different geographical locations participating in the Infant Health and Development Program. Participants. —Control population of 272 LBW, preterm infants enrolled in the Infant Health and Development Program born to mothers aged 15 to 24 years. Main Outcome Measure. —Child cognitive, behavioral, and health outcomes at 36 months' gestation-corrected age. Results. —Maternal age was not significantly related to child development. Coresidence with infant's grandmother was associated with improved cognitive and health outcomes. Maternal ethnicity, maternal verbal ability, and other environmental factors were also associated with child outcomes. Conclusions. —Findings of this study support the need for programs that include the extended family of at-risk infants, providing education and literacy skills to the mothers and encouraging participation of all care givers of the child. (JAMA. 1993;269:1396-1400)
Thalamocortical arbors extend beyond single cortical barrels: an in vivo intracellular tracing study in rat.

Neurons in layer IV of rat somatosensory (SI) barrel cortex receive punctate somatic input from well-defined regions of the periphery. Following peripheral deafferentation, SI neurons in deafferented cortex respond to new input from neighboring regions of the skin surface. The precise mechanism(s) through which this occurs is unknown, although corticocortical and barreloid to barrel connections have been suggested as possible substrates. Because layer-IV barrels receive a strong afferent input from ventroposterior (VP) thalamic projection neurons, any divergence in the thalamocortical (TC) projection to multiple cortical barrels could also provide an anatomical substrate for rapid cortical reorganization. We used in-vivo intracellular recording methods to record and physiologically identify neurons in rat VP and to label those neurons with an intracellular tracer. Thalamic neurons (n=117) were impaled with sharp intracellular electrodes, and the receptive field(s) and firing pattern were measured. Cells were then injected with biocytin or biotinylated dextran amine (BDA). A total of 38 labeled TC neurons were quantitatively analyzed for soma size and dendritic arborization size; quantitative analysis of TC-axon arborizations in layer IV of barrel cortex was carried out in a total of 13 TC neurons. Two different axon-arborization patterns were identified in SI cortex: direct-projecting axons (n=6) were observed to project to and arborize within a single cortical barrel as well as extend their fibers into adjacent barrels; bifurcating-type axons (n=7) were seen to bifurcate in the subcortical white matter or in layer VI and then project to multiple barrel columns, where they arborized in layer IV. Axon fibers were always observed in three or more cortical barrels (mean=5, range=3–7). The mean mediolateral extent of arborizations in layer IV for the direct-projecting and bifurcating type axons were 458 µm and 1302 µm, respectively, and these were significantly different (t=3.78, P<0.01). Axon-fiber length within cortical laminae was measured for each arborization pattern in relationship to the total fiber length within a cortical column. Direct-projecting axons always had greater than 50% of their fiber length within layer IV. Bifurcating-type axons were differentially distributed within multiple columns and always had less than 50% of their total column fiber length in layer IV. Morphological analysis of TC somata and dendrites revealed no correlation between local neuron morphology and axonal-arborization patterns. All intracellularly recorded TC neurons had similar adapting firing patterns when injected with a long-duration pulse. Our results showed that TC neurons project to multiple cortical barrels with one barrel receiving the principal input. This divergent TC projection pattern in SI cortex may provide an anatomical substrate for cortical plasticity and must be considered in any mechanism of rapid cortical reorganization.
High-dose applications of gadolinium chelates in magnetic resonance imaging.

Administration of gadolinium chclates at doses greater than 0.1 mmol/kg IV can potentially improve both lesion detection and the assessment of tissue perfusion. Preliminary results are presented in clinical patients and two animal models. In human intracranial metastatic disease, administration of 0.3 (cumulative dose) mmol/kg gadoteridol (Gd HP-DO3A) has permitted detection of additional lesions not visualized at 0.1 mmol/kg. In a rabbit model of focal liver disease, 0.5 mmol/kg IV provided superior enhancement of both normal parenchyma and lesion rim compared to doses of 0.25 and 0.1. Dynamic imaging (T1-weighted turbo-FLASH) immediately following bolus injection of 0.5 mmol/kg permitted direct visualization (on unsubtracted images) of an acute perfusion defect in the cat brain not visible on conventional T1- and T2-weighted scans. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.
Ecological Analysis of Early Adolescents' Stress Responses to 9/11 in the Washington, DC, Area

This study uses an ecological perspective to explore the unique associations of maternal personal characteristics, parenting behaviors, and adolescents' own characteristics to posttraumatic distress and symptoms of arousal, avoidance, and intrusions, in 97 early adolescents and mothers from the Washington, DC, area to the events of September 11, 2001. Maternal characteristics and/or adolescents' perceptions of parenting behaviors were uniquely related to adolescents' responses, controlling for adolescents' own characteristics. Maternal responses and parenting behaviors play key roles in adolescents' continuing responses to the traumatic events of September 11.
Reducing Radiation Exposure from Cardiovascular Imaging Through Implementation of Appropriate Use Criteria

Cardiac imaging is a key instrument in the evaluation of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Although clear benefits accompany the use of nuclear cardiology and cardiac CT techniques, is well-documented in the medical literature, there is growing concern about the risk related to exposure to ionizing radiation. Although the true impact of low-level ionizing radiation is often poorly characterized, clinicians and medical organizations encourage minimization of exposure, with a focus on a balance between benefits and risks of cardiac imaging procedures. The appropriate use criteria (AUC), developed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association, and multiple other societies, provide guidance regarding test utilization and assist in optimizing an approach involving the right test for the right patient at the right time. By reducing inappropriate use of cardiac CT and radionuclide imaging, exposure to unnecessary ionizing radiation may be minimized. Evaluation of appropriateness allows for practitioners to monitor their performance and serves to provide focus for educational efforts related to inappropriate test indications. Several key areas, including test layering and the use of serial imaging in asymptomatic patients likely contribute to inappropriate use and increased radiation exposure. Therefore, the use of AUC, in conjunction with other radiation dose reduction efforts, promotes significant improvement in patient safety.
Noncovalent engineering of carbon nanotube surfaces by rigid, functional conjugated polymers.

We report a new nonwrapping approach to noncovalent engineering of carbon nanotube surfaces by short, rigid functional conjugated polymers, poly(aryleneethynylene)s. Our technique not only enables the dissolution of various types of carbon nanotubes in organic solvents, which represents the first example of solubilization of carbon nanotubes via π-stacking without polymer wrapping, but could also introduce numerous neutral and ionic functional groups onto the carbon nanotube surfaces.
Anticipatory phase correction in sensorimotor synchronization.

Abstract Studies of phase correction in sensorimotor synchronization often introduce timing perturbations that are unpredictable with regard to direction, magnitude, and position in the stimulus sequence. If participants knew any or all of these parameters in advance, would they be able to anticipate perturbations and thus regain synchrony more quickly? In Experiment 1, we asked musically trained participants to tap in synchrony with short isochronous tone sequences containing a phase shift (PS) of −100, −40, 40, or 100 ms and provided advance information about its direction, position, or both (but not about its magnitude). The first two conditions had little effect, but in the third condition participants shifted their tap in anticipation of the PS, though only by about ±40 ms on average. The phase correction response to the residual PS was also enhanced. In Experiment 2, we provided complete advance information about PSs of various magnitudes either at the time of the immediately preceding tone (“late”) or at the time of the tone one position back (“early”) while also varying sequence tempo. Anticipatory phase correction was generally conservative and was impeded by fast tempo in the “late” condition. At fast tempi in both conditions, advancing a tap was more difficult than delaying a tap. The results indicate that temporal constraints on anticipatory phase correction resemble those on reactive phase correction. While the latter is usually automatic, this study shows that phase correction can also be controlled consciously for anticipatory purposes.
Real-Time Imaging of Pt3Fe Nanorod Growth in Solution

The growth of colloidal nanocrystal architectures by nanoparticle attachment is frequently reported as an alternative to the conventional growth by monomer attachment. However, the mechanism whereby nanoparticle attachment proceeds microscopically remains unclear. We report real-time transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging of the solution growth of Pt(3)Fe nanorods from nanoparticle building blocks. Observations revealed growth of winding polycrystalline nanoparticle chains by shape-directed nanoparticle attachment followed by straightening and orientation and shape corrections to yield single-crystal nanorods. Tracking nanoparticle growth trajectories allowed us to distinguish the force fields exerted by single nanoparticles and nanoparticle chains. Such quantification of nanoparticle interaction and understanding the growth pathways are important for the design of hierarchical nanomaterials and controlling nanocrystal self-assembly for functional devices.
A rationale for the origins of massif anorthosites

Abstract The origin of massif anorthosites cannot be simply explained by a single magma type. Two of the commonly proposed parents for anorthosites are andesites (quartz-diorites) and high-alumina basalts. It is proposed here that these two magmas are the parents for two groups of anorthosites which include all anorthosite massifs, and that the parents for any given anorthosite massif can be determined by the rock sequence associated with the massif. Evidence from experiments and from phenocrysts in volcanics, suggests that andesites crystallizing in the granulite facies would produce plagioclase cumulates (anorthosites) at the base, followed by dioritic and acidic material, whereas high-alumina basalts would produce gabbros followed by anorthosite with very little succeeding acidic material. All massif anorthosites for which relevant data is available have one or the other of these stratigraphic sequences. Grouped according to these sequences, they coincide with two previously proposed groups, i.e. Andesine-type and Labradorite-type, whose characteristics are shown to be compatible with derivation from andesite and high-alumina basalt, respectively.
Economics at the FCC, 2008-2009: Broadband and Merger Review

This article focuses on the topic of the National Broadband Plan, which the FCC is mandated to provide to Congress February 17, 2010, the FCC Merger Review process, and the determination of optimal penalties for violations of FCC rules or orders.
Reactions of Benzoyl Peroxide with Whey

Abstract The rate of decomposition of benzoyl peroxide in whey depended on the size of the benzoyl peroxide particles and rate of agitation. The major decomposition product of benzoyl peroxide in water was benzoic acid, but trace amounts of phenyl benzoate, phenol, and hydroxy benzoic acids were formed. When carbon-14 labeled benzoyl peroxide was reacted with whey, the same compounds were produced. In addition about 6.8% of the label was bound to nondialyzable whey components and about .6% was bound to dialyzable neutral components of the whey.
Alignment of magnetic grains in fluids

The cryogenic magnetometer is an ideal instrument for measuring the alignment of magnetic grains while in fluid suspension. The most important applications of this technique are to studies of acquisition of detrital remanent magnetization (DRM, both depositional and postdepositional), and to magnetic granulometry. Intergranular attraction and agglomeration present the most serious obstacles to the most effective use of the technique. One important result is that grains likely to contribute to the stable component of DRM are almost completely aligned in fields of 10−4 T (1 Oe) or less while they are settling.
Pneumothorax: A therapeutic update

Summary The traditional treatment of pneumothorax has been with a chest tube and hospitalization. A series of 35 patients with 41 pneumothoraces treated on an outpatient basis is presented here. A no. 12 chest tube connected to a Heimlich valve led to successful treatment in 88 percent of the cases. Failure of treatment requiring hospitalization occurred in 12 percent of cases and was due only to persistent air leaks. No complications occurred.
Induction of 19s antibody synthesis without stimulation of cellular proliferation.

ANTIGEN evokes a heterogeneous immunoglobulin response in which each molecular species is probably synthesized by a different cell population1,2. Although recent reports3–8 have suggested that antigen stimulates both proliferation and antibody synthesis in the same lymphoid cell, these two functions may not necessarily be associated in all the types of cells which respond to antigen. This possibility was examined in cells making 19S antibody—one of the four antibody classes known in the mouse9.
Carbon Compounds in Interplanetary Dust: Evidence for Formation by Heterogeneous Catalysis

Associations of carbonaceous material with iron-nickel alloy, carbides, and oxides were identified by analytical electron microscopy in ten unmelted chondritic porous micrometeorites from the earth's stratosphere. These associations, which may be interpreted in terms of reactions between a carbon-containing gas and catalytically active dust grains, suggest that some of the carbon in the chondritic porous subset of interplanetary dust was emplaced through heterogeneous catalysis.
Microscopic studies of cell divisions induced in alfalfa roots by Rhizobium meliloti.

We have used spot-inoculation and new cytological procedures to observe the earliest events stimulated in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots by Rhizobium meliloti. Roots were inoculated with 1–10 nl of concentrated bacteria, fixed in paraformaldehyde, and after embedding and sectioning stained with a combination of acridine orange and DAPI (4′-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole hydrochloride). Normal R. meliloti provoke cell dedifferentiation and mitosis in the inner cortex of the root within 21–24 h after inoculation. This activation of root cells spreads progressively, leading to nodule formation. In contrast, the R. meliloti nodA and nodC mutants do not stimulate any activation or mitosis. Thus the primary and earliest effect of Rhizobium nod gene action is plant cellular activation. A rapid, whole-mount visualization by lactic acid shows that the pattern of nodule form varies widely. Some R. meliloti strains were found to be capable of stimulating on alfalfa roots both normal nodules and a “hybrid” structure intermediate between a nodule and a lateral root.
Dynamic performance of integral buckle arrestors for offshore pipelines. Part II: Analysis

Abstract In the second part of this study we present models for simulating the quasi-static and dynamic propagation and arrest of buckles in pipelines. The models are developed within the framework of the nonlinear finite element ABAQUS and are used to simulate the quasi-static and dynamic arrest experiments in Part I. They are based on finite deformation kinematics and properly treat the contact that develops in the collapsed tube behind the propagating buckle. In the quasi-static model, the tube and arrestor materials are modeled as J2 flow theory solids with isotropic hardening. In the dynamic model, the rate dependence of SS-304 is assumed to exhibit an overstress power–law dependence. The pressurizing medium is assumed to be vacuum. The dynamic model is shown to reproduce accurately the conditions of steady-state buckle propagation as well as the dynamic engagement of a buckle with an arrestor. For buckle velocities of interest, the buckle profile was found to have sharpened considerably compared to the quasi-static one. The numerical results showed the same dynamic enhancement of arrestor performance observed in the experiments. When the much sharper dynamic buckle profile engages an arrestor, it initially induces to it and to the downstream tube significant reverse ovality. This tends to obstruct and delay the flattening of the arrestor and tube which is the cause of the crossing of arrestors with quasi-static efficiencies of less than 0.7. The net result is that a higher pressure is required to cross the arrestors when the buckle is running. As in the experiments, the biggest dynamic enhancement was found to occur for arrestors of efficiencies in the range of 0.35–0.6. Based on the results of this study it is concluded that quasi-static design procedures for integral buckle arrestors proposed previously are conservative.
BiCMOS analog circuit techniques

Design techniques that more fully exploit the potential of BiCMOS across a broad range of applications have only just begun to emerge. Techniques suggested for enhancing the performance of analog circuits are described. Operational amplifiers, comparators, and subsystems are examined to illustrate how selective combinations of bipolar and CMOS devices can be used to achieve significant performance enhancements in a variety of analog applications. >
MemX: supporting large memory workloads in Xen virtual machines

Modern grid computing and enterprise applications increasingly execute on clusters that rely upon virtual machines (VMs) to partition hardware resources and improve utilization efficiency. These applications tend to have memory and I/O intensive workloads, such as large databases, data mining, scientific workloads, and web services, which can strain the limited I/O and memory resources within a single VM. In this paper, we present our experiences in developing a fully transparent distributed system, called MemX, within the Xen VM environment that coordinates the use of cluster-wide memory resources to support large memory and I/O intensive workloads. Applications using MemX do not require specialized APIs, libraries, recompilation, relinking, or dataset pre-partitioning. We compare and contrast the different design choices in MemX and present preliminary performance evaluation using several resource-intensive benchmarks in both virtualized and non-virtualized Linux. Our evaluations show that large dataset applications and multiple concurrent VMs achieve significant speedups using MemX compared against virtualized local and iSCSI disks. As an added benefit, we also show that live Xen VMs using MemX can migrate seamlessly without disrupting any running applications.
Caring for children and adolescents in the aftermath of natural disasters

The recent Southeast Asia tsunami confronted countries with the challenge to provide mental healthcare to children and adolescents who experienced loss, displacement and disruption of daily lives. The region that was affected is resource poor, however a great deal could be learned about the needed approaches to care, and the cautions that had to be exercised to avoid doing harm. The experience highlights the need to enhance the capacities for appropriate needs assessment, diagnosis, triage and post-disaster support in terms of schooling and employment.
The effect of cooking on the antibacterial activity of the dialdehyde starch suspensions

Dialdehyde starch (DAS) has been found to show a significant antibacterial activity after cooking. A study of the antibacterial efficiency of the DAS suspensions was performed on a Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli and a Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. After heating at 90–95°C in deionized water for 2 h, the as-prepared DAS aqueous suspension (DAS-AS) demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against the test bacteria, whereas the DAS granular suspension showed very limited antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity of the DAS suspension is mainly attributed to the reactivity of its dialdehyde functional groups, which is related to the dispersion and the pH values of the test media. The physicochemical changes of DAS-AS were determined by particle size, dispersibility, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV–Vis measurements. Upon heating, the dispersibility of DAS in deionized water significantly increased. Meanwhile, the granules of DAS were disintegrated with significantly decreasing the DAS particle size. The soluble parts of DAS-AS and the as-received DAS (DAS-R) had similar molecular weight distribution as determined by GPC analysis. DAS-AS had more soluble materials in GPC medium (DMSO) than DAS-R, suggesting that DAS-AS and DAS-R were different. Chemical changes of DAS during cooking such as the formation of the conjugated aldehyde and carboxylic acid functions were observed by the FTIR and UV–Vis spectroscopic analysis.
Changing iron content of the mouse brain during development

Iron is crucial to many processes in the brain yet the percentages of the major iron-containing species contained therein, and how these percentages change during development, have not been reliably determined. To do this, C57BL/6 mice were enriched in 57Fe and their brains were examined by Mossbauer, EPR, and electronic absorption spectroscopy; Fe concentrations were evaluated using ICP-MS. Excluding the contribution of residual blood hemoglobin, the three major categories of brain Fe included ferritin (an iron storage protein), mitochondrial iron (consisting primarily of Fe/S clusters and hemes), and mononuclear nonheme high-spin (NHHS) FeII and FeIII species. Brains from prenatal and one-week old mice were dominated by ferritin and were deficient in mitochondrial Fe. During the next few weeks of life, the brain grew and experienced a burst of mitochondriogenesis. Overall brain Fe concentration and the concentration of ferritin declined during this burst phase, suggesting that the rate of Fe incorporation was insufficient to accommodate these changes. The slow rate of Fe import and export to/from the brain, relative to other organs, was verified by an isotopic labeling study. Iron levels and ferritin stores replenished in young adult mice. NHHS FeII species were observed in substantial levels in brains of several ages. A stable free-radical species that increased with age was observed by EPR spectroscopy. Brains from mice raised on an Fe-deficient diet showed depleted ferritin iron but normal mitochondrial iron levels.
Development of a quantitative mechanical test of atherosclerotic plaque stability

Abstract Atherosclerotic plaque rupture is the main cause of myocardial infarction and stroke. Both clinical and computational studies indicate that the shoulder region, where a plaque joins the vessel wall, is rupture-prone. Previous mechanistic studies focused on mechanical properties of the fibrous cap and tensile stresses, which could lead to tearing of the cap. Based on clinical observations of “mobile floating plaques,” we postulate that de-adhesion between the fibrous cap and the underlying vessel wall may also play a role in plaque failure. Thus, measuring adhesive strength of the bond between plaque and vascular wall may provide useful new insights into plaque stability. Delamination experiments, widely used in examining inter-laminar adhesive strength of biological materials, were used to measure adhesive strength of advanced plaques in apolipoprotein E-knockout (apoE-KO) mice after 8 months on Western diet. We measured adhesive strength in terms of local energy release rate, G , during controlled plaque delamination. As a measure of the fracture energy required to delaminate a unit area of plaque from the underlying internal elastic lamina (IEL), G provides a quantitative measure of local adhesive strength of the plaque–IEL interface. The values for G acquired from 16 plaques from nine apoE-KO mouse aortas formed a positively skewed distribution with a mean of 24.5 J/m2, median of 19.3 J/m2, first quartile of 10.8 J/m2, and third quartile of 34.1 J/m2. These measurements are in the lower range of values reported for soft tissues. Histological studies confirmed delamination occurred at the interface between plaque and IEL.
Bayesian analysis of parity based detection scheme

Using Bayesian analysis we characterized the performance of phase estimation in the Mach-Zehnder interferometer with two-mode squeezed vacuum input. Phase uncertainty, averaged over many trials, is examined and the dependence on photon number is found.
Norman Kretzmann on Aquinas's attribution of will and of freedom to create to God

The purpose of this paper is to discuss Norman Kretzmann's account of Aquinas's discussion of will in God. According to Kretzmann, Aquinas's reasoning seems to leave no place for choice on God's part, since, on Aquinas's account, God is not free not to will Himself. And so this leads to the problem about God's willing things other than Himself. On this, Kretzmann finds serious problems with Thomas's position. Kretzmann argues that Aquinas should have drawn necessitarian conclusions from his account of divine will. Moreover, in light of one reading of De veritate , q. 24, a. 3, but one not accepted by the Leonine edition, Kretzmann also maintains that Aquinas practically conceded this necessitarian view of God's creative activity in that text. My purpose will be, after presenting Kretzmann's presentation and defence of Aquinas's attribution of will to God, to examine critically his claim that Thomas should have concluded that God is not free not to create, and to determine whether a stronger argument can be made in support of Aquinas's position in light of his texts.
Selective Stimulation of Chemical Reactions by Laser Excitation

Abstract Among the many different applications to which lasers have been put, one of the more intriguing is their potential use in photochemistry - particularly, in inducing specific reaction pathways that are not accessible from conventional broad-band excitation. One of the first of such experiments was an attempt to use a ruby laser to carry out laser-flash photolysis of Br2, analogous to Porter's work on I2. Since the optical energy of the laser radiation (14,400 cm−l) was less than the Br2 dissociation energy, direct photodissociation was not possible; instead, excited Br2∗ (3πlu) molecules were produced, which were dissociated in subsequent collisions. The Br atoms formed in this way subsequently added to halogenated olefins such as C4F8 and C4F7Cl.1 The first actual laser flash-photolysis experiment, carried out in Porter's laboratory, used a Q-switched ruby laser to photodissociate dihydrophthalocyanine vapor at ca. 400°C; a multi-photon process is likely to be involved in this case.2 As high-powe...
3-Dimensional root cause diagnosis via co-analysis

With the growth of system size and complexity, reliability has become a major concern for large-scale systems. Upon the occurrence of failure, system administrators typically trace the events in Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability (RAS) logs for root cause diagnosis. However, RAS log only contains limited diagnosis information. Moreover, the manual processing is time-consuming, error-prone, and not scalable. To address the problem, in this paper we present an automated root cause diagnosis mechanism for large-scale HPC systems. Our mechanism examines multiple logs to provide a 3-D fine-grained root cause analysis. Here, 3-D means that our analysis will pinpoint the failure layer, the time, and the location of the event that causes the problem.We evaluate our mechanism by means of real logs collected from a production IBM Blue Gene/P system at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. It successfully identifies failure layer information for the failures during 23-month period. Furthermore, it effectively identifies the triggering events with time and location information, even when the triggering events occur hundreds of hours before the resulting failures.