cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient Encoding Methods for Small Numbers of Pixels to Achieve High Sensitivity for Screening

Screening for early ovarian cancer is critical because it would increase survival dramatically. Ovarian cancer is cured at very high rates when found early but is almost never found until it has metastasized and the survival rate is very low. Ovarian cancer screening might be possible using immunologically targeted magnetic nanoparticles (mNP). mNP injected into the peritoneum are delivered to the cancer by phagocytic cells using the bodies own immune system. Magnetic detection of the mNP does not require ionizing radiation and can be made at low mNP concentrations. Screening only requires the number of nanoparticles in each ovary so minimal localization is required: only two pixels. We present simulation results showing that spatial encoding for two pixels can be achieved using many sets of harmonics ranging from only two harmonics to essentially all the harmonics. However, the highest SNR measurements are achieved using only two harmonics that approximate a wavelet basis.
Sugarcane bagasse cogeneration in Belize: A review

Abstract Sugarcane is the most important crop for the economy of Belize. Sugar is Belize's largest contributor to the agricultural sector with exports approximating US$70,000,000 for the year 2015. The biomass residue from the sugar production process, bagasse, is used to generate electricity through cogeneration. The single cogeneration plant in the country contributes about 15% of electricity to the national grid. Belize currently imports about 42% of its electric energy needs from Mexico, and to date, this is the country's most reliable energy source. With energy needs of the country projected to rise at a rate of 4% per annum, and with the costly import of energy, there exists the need to explore the expansion of co- generation energy technologies to increase local energy generation output to the national grid. The current work reviews the state of bagasse cogeneration in Belize and assess its potential for further expansion.
Hormetic Responses to Ethanol Ingestion: Focus on Moderation and Cardiovascular Protection

Abstract Ethanol ingestion elicits classic hormetic responses with regard to cardiovascular risk, with intake at low to moderate levels (1–2 units per day) exerting cardioprotective effects in the setting of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), while consumption at high levels acts to increase the risk for myocardial infarction and stroke. Although polyphenolic antioxidants in red wine were originally thought to account for much of the protection associated with light to moderate drinking, it is now clear that the ethanol component of alcoholic beverages (red and white wine, beer, spirits) also contributes to the development of protected phenotype that limits postischemic tissue injury. From a mechanistic standpoint, early work in this area established that light to moderate ethanol consumption limited the extent of I/R injury by inhibiting platelet function and producing a favorable lipoprotein profile in blood. However, subsequent work has focused on identification of signaling pathways that are activated by ethanol to provoke the appearance of cell survival programs that involve activation of existing effector molecules and the expression of protective gene products. It is hoped that uncovering the signaling pathways invoked by consumption of alcoholic beverages in moderation will allow for identification of new therapeutic approaches that mimic its powerful protective effects, thereby avoiding potential pathologic outcomes and negative behavioral effects that can accompany ethanol ingestion. Small molecule activators of large conductance, calcium-activated potassium channels, and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 appear to hold particular promise in this regard.
Optimal Discrete Net-Load Balancing in Smart Grids with High PV Penetration

Mitigating supply-demand mismatch is critical for smooth power grid operation. Traditionally, load curtailment techniques such as demand response have been used for this purpose. However, these cannot be the only component of a net-load balancing framework for smart grids with high PV penetration. These grids sometimes exhibit supply surplus, causing overvoltages. Currently, these are mitigated using voltage manipulation techniques such as Volt-Var Optimizations, which are computationally expensive, thereby increasing the complexity of grid operations. Taking advantage of recent technological developments that enable rapid selective connection of PV modules of an installation to the grid, we develop a unified net-load balancing framework that performs both load and solar curtailment. We show that when the available curtailment values are discrete, this problem is NP-hard and we develop bounded approximation algorithms. Our algorithms produce fast solutions, given the tight timing constraints required for grid operation, while ensuring that practical constraints such as fairness, network capacity limits, and so forth are satisfied. We also develop an online algorithm that performs net-load balancing using only data available for the current interval. Using both theoretical analysis and practical evaluations, we show that our net-load balancing algorithms provide solutions that are close to optimal in a small amount of time.
Sjogren’s Syndrome and TAM Receptors: A Possible Contribution to Disease Onset

Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic, progressive autoimmune disease featuring both organ-specific and systemic manifestations, the most frequent being dry mouth and dry eyes resulting from lymphocytic infiltration into the salivary and lacrimal glands. Like the related autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), SS patients and mouse models display accumulation of apoptotic cells and a Type I interferon (IFN) signature. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) of the Tyro3, Axl, and Mer (TAM) family are present on the surface of macrophages and dendritic cells and participate in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) and inhibition of Type I IFN signaling. This review examines the relationship between TAM receptor dysfunction and SS and explores the potential contributions of TAM defects on macrophages to SS development.
Contextualizing neuroticism in the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology

Abstract Neuroticism is the personality trait most consistently and strongly connected to psychopathology. The majority of research on the relationship between traits and mental illness has focused on neuroticism’s connection with broad psychopathology spectra or discrete disorders. However, both personality and psychopathology are hierarchically-organized domains that may be examined at multiple levels of fidelity and bandwidth from very specific thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (i.e., nuance traits or symptoms) to very broad patterns indexing many interrelated tendencies (i.e., general factors). The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is a recently proposed nosologic framework for psychopathology symptoms and domains that accounts for this tiered organization. Here, we illustrate how neuroticism-psychopathology relationships—both what is known and unknown—may be elucidated through the HiTOP system.
Tandem Inter [4 + 2]/Intra [3 + 2] Cycloadditions of Nitroalkenes. The Bridged Mode (β-Tether)†

A new variation of the tandem inter [4 + 2]/intra [3 + 2] cycloaddition of nitroalkenes has been developed. This method involves the Lewis acid-promoted [4 + 2] cycloaddition of nitro olefins 12 with 1-alkoxy-1,4-dienes 3. The resulting nitronates 13, bearing a C(5) tethered dipolarophile, undergo thermal, intramolecular [3 + 2] cycloaddition to afford stable tricyclic nitroso acetals 14, which can be subsequently reduced to unveil a new carbocycle 16. Thus, in three steps, highly functionalized aminocyclopentanes can be stereoselectively constructed in high yield.
The romantic relationships of those who have experienced adoption or foster care: A meta-analysis

Abstract The present study provides a meta-analytic review of romantic relationships of adoptees and those who have experienced foster care. Specifically, involvement in romantic relationships and quality of romantic relationships were examined. The meta-analysis included studies examining adopted and biologically-reared samples (11 studies, 18 effect sizes), as well as studies examining foster and biologically-reared samples (7 studies, 11 effect sizes). Additionally, the current meta-analysis includes prevalence rates of involvement in romantic relationships for adopted (5 studies, 5 effect sizes) and foster (14 studies, 17 effect sizes) samples. Results indicate that adopted and foster samples are largely similar to biologically-reared samples in their involvement in and quality of romantic relationships. These findings represent the current state of the literature on romantic relationships of adoptees and individuals who experienced foster care. Furthermore, our findings provide important directions for future research.
Femtosecond Writing of Tilted Fiber Bragg Gratings Through the Coating with a Phase Mask

Tilted fiber Bragg gratings are inscribed in nonphotosensitized single mode fibers through the polyimide coating using a femtosecond infrared laser and a phase mask, by translating the focusing lens and the fiber in orthogonal directions.
This Is Not a Checklist: Higher Education and Student Affairs "Competencies," Neoliberal Protocol, and Poetics.

This article examines the ACPA/NASPA Competencies as functional protocol of the neoliberal state. Described as ‘not a checklist’, Competencies structure rubrics, conferences, jobs, and performance ...
Direct injection molding of hybrid polypropylene/wood-fiber composites reinforced with glass fiber and carbon fiber

Wood-plastic composites (WPC), made of wood fiber (WF) and thermoplastics, have been well developed and commercialized in construction, packaging, automotive, and furniture industry over the past three decades, as they are environmentally friendly and require less maintenance compared with natural wood. Polypropylene (PP) is one of major thermoplastics used in WPC. However, the relatively poor mechanical properties of WPC prevent them from penetrating into other structural applications where strong mechanical properties are required. To enhance the mechanical properties of PP/WF composites, this paper applies one-step direct injection molding to produce the hybrid WPC with glass fiber (GF) and carbon fiber (CF). Compared with those of PP/WF composites, the tensile strength and tensile modulus of PP/WF/GF hybrid composites increased 30% and 26%, respectively, and the tensile strength and tensile modulus of PP/WF/CF hybrid composites increased 38% and 78%, respectively. Apart from the significant increase of mechanical properties, the additional benefit of hybrid WPC was that their flame-retarding property was improved. Particularly, the dripping behavior (or fire spreading) during burning associated with WPC was significantly reduced or eliminated for the hybrid composites. In addition, the water absorption and the surface roughness of hybrid composites were also studied. This study demonstrates that it is feasible to make hybrid WPC with one-step injection molding, and hybrid WPC open the door to their potential structural applications.
Long-term outcomes comparing metabolic surgery to no surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes and body mass index 30–35

Abstract Background We previously conducted a randomized study comparing metabolic surgery with medical weight management in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and body mass index (BMI) 30 to 35 kg/m2. At 3-year follow-up, surgery was very effective in T2D remission; furthermore, in the surgical group, those with a higher baseline soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products had a lower postoperative BMI. Objectives To provide long-term follow-up of this initial patient cohort. Setting University Hospital. Methods Retrospective chart review was performed of the initial patient cohort. Patients lost to follow-up were systematically contacted to return to clinic for a follow-up visit. Data were compared using 2-sample t test, Fisher’s exact test, or analysis of variance when applicable. Results Originally, 57 patients with T2D and BMI 30 to 35 kg/m2 were randomized to metabolic surgery (n = 29) or medical weight management (n = 28). Ten patients in the medical weight management group crossed over to surgery. Five-year follow-up data were available in 43 of 57 (75%) patients. Baseline mean BMI and glycated hemoglobin were 32.6 kg/m2 and 7.8%, respectively. Median follow-up was 79 and 88 months in the surgical group and nonsurgical group, respectively. Compared with the nonsurgical group, the surgical patients had significantly lower rate of T2D (62% versus 100%; P = .008), lower insulin use (10% versus 50%; P = .0072), lower glycated hemoglobin (6.93% versus 8.26%; P = .012), lower BMI (25.8 versus 28.6 kg/m2; P = .007), and higher percent weight loss (21.4% versus 10.3%; P = .025). Baseline soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products was not associated with long-term outcomes. Conclusions Metabolic surgery in T2D patients with BMI 30 to 35 kg/m2 remains effective long term. Baseline soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products are most likely predictive of early outcomes only.
Using Cliques with Higher-order Spectral Embeddings Improves Graph Visualizations

In the simplest setting, graph visualization is the problem of producing a set of two-dimensional coordinates for each node that meaningfully shows connections and latent structure in a graph. Among other uses, having a meaningful layout is often useful to help interpret the results from network science tasks such as community detection and link prediction. There are several existing graph visualization techniques in the literature that are based on spectral methods, graph embeddings, or optimizing graph distances. Despite the large number of methods, it is still often challenging or extremely time consuming to produce meaningful layouts of graphs with hundreds of thousands of vertices. Existing methods often either fail to produce a visualization in a meaningful time window, or produce a layout colorfully called a “hairball”, which does not illustrate any internal structure in the graph. Here, we show that adding higher-order information based on cliques to a classic eigenvector based graph visualization technique enables it to produce meaningful plots of large graphs. We further evaluate these visualizations along a number of graph visualization metrics and we find that it outperforms existing techniques on a metric that uses random walks to measure the local structure. Finally, we show many examples of how our algorithm successfully produces layouts of large networks. Code to reproduce our results is available.
Selective Plane Illumination Microscopy and Computing Reveal Differential Obliteration of Retinal Vascular Plexuses

Murine models of visual impairment provide micro-vascular insights into the 3-D network disarray in retinopathy. Current imaging and analysis tend to be confined to the 2-D retinal vasculature. We hereby integrated selective plane illumination imaging or known as light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) with dual-illumination, followed by computational analyses, to reveal the topological network of vertical sprouts bridging the primary and secondary plexuses in a postnatal mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). We revealed a preferential obliteration of the secondary plexus and bridging vessels despite a relatively unscathed primary plexus. We compared the local versus global vascular connectivity using clustering coefficients and Euler numbers, respectively. The global vascular connectivity in hyperoxia-exposed retinas was significantly reduced (p 0.05, n = 5 vs. normoxia). We further applied principal component analysis (PCA) to automatically segment the vertical sprouts, corroborating the preferential obliteration of the interconnection between vertical sprouts and secondary plexuses that were accompanied with impaired vascular branching and connectivity, and reduced vessel volumes and lengths (p
Temperature-dependent diamagnetic-paramagnetic transitions in metal/semiconductor quantum rings

We present theoretical studies of temperature dependent diamagnetic-paramagnetic transitions in thin quantum rings. Our studies show that the magnetic susceptibility of metal/semiconductor rings can exhibit multiple sign flips at intermediate and high temperatures depending on the number of conduction electrons in the ring ($N$) and whether or not spin effects are included. When the temperature is increased from absolute zero, the susceptibility begins to flip sign above a characteristic temperature that scales inversely with the number of electrons according to ${N}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ or ${N}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}$, depending on the presence of spin effects and the value of $N\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mod}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}4$. Analytical results are derived for the susceptibility in the low and high temperature limits, explicitly showing the spin effects on the ring Curie constant.
Critical Autoethnography: Intersecting Cultural Identities in Everyday Life: by Robin Boylorn & Mark Orbe, Routledge, 2016, 251 pp. $38.95 (paperpack)

The book Critical Autoethnography explores the intersection between humanities and social science research. Authors, Robin Boylorn and Mark Orbe, have gathered the narratives of communication schol...
Intra-Annual and Interannual Dynamics of Evaporation Over Western Lake Erie.

Author(s): Shao, Changliang; Chen, Jiquan; Chu, Housen; Stepien, Carol A; Ouyang, Zutao | Abstract: Evaporation (E) is a critical component of the water and energy budget in lake systems yet is challenging to quantify directly and continuously. We examined the magnitude and changes of E and its drivers over Lake Erie-the shallowest and most southern lake of the Laurentian Great Lakes. We deployed two eddy-covariance tower sites in the western Lake Erie Basin-one located nearshore (CB) and one offshore (LI)-from September 2011 through May 2016. Monthly E varied from 5 to 120nmm, with maximum E occurring in August-October. The annual E was 635n±n42 (±SD) mm at CB and 604n±n32nmm at LI. Mean winter (October-March) E was 189n±n61nmm at CB and 178n±n25nmm at LI, accounting for 29.8% and 29.4% of annual E. Mean daily E was 1.8nmm during the coldest month (January) and 7.4nmm in the warmest month (July). Monthly E exhibited a strong positive linear relationship to the product of wind speed and vapor pressure deficit. Pronounced seasonal patterns in surface energy fluxes were observed with a 2-month lag in E from R n, due to the lake's heat storage. This lag was shorter than reports regarding other Great Lakes. Difference in E between the offshore and nearshore sites reflected within-lake spatial heterogeneity, likely attributable to climatic and bathymetric differences between them. These findings suggest that predictive models need to consider lake-specific heat storage and spatial heterogeneity in order to accurately simulate lake E and its seasonal dynamics.
Recruiting Mentors and the Selection Process

There are many approaches to developing a mentoring program. Often the phases include nomination, evaluation, acceptance, training, and surveys (Alonso, Castano, Calles & Sanchez-Herrero, 2010; Beltman & Schaeben, 2012; Black, Terry, & Buhler, 2016; Hall & Jaugietis, 2011; Holland, Major, & Orvis, 2012; Tennenbaum et al., 2014; Zerallos & Washburn, 2014; Spaulding, et al., 2020). Our program uses similar phases, and in this chapter, we describe the process while providing the rationale for each step. This should enable others to understand the process better and provide the foundation for any desired modifications. Within the training phase, engagement lays a foundation of enthusiasm for the training, which results in buy-in from the new mentors and impacts the first-semester freshmen’s interest.
Microfluidic chip grafted with integrin tension sensors for evaluating the effects of flowing shear stress and ROCK inhibitor on platelets

Integrins are key players in platelet adhesion and aggregation. Integrin molecular tensions, the forces transmitted by integrin molecules, are regulated by both mechanical and biochemical cues, and the outside-in and inside-out signaling has been extensively studied. While the mechanical properties of platelets at static status have been studied by atomic force microscopy, traction force microscopy and tension sensors, the biomechanical properties of flowing platelets remain elusive. Herein, we report microfluidic chips grafted with integrin tension sensors for microfluidic-force mapping in platelets. Specifically, the process of integrin αIIbβ3 mediating tension transmission and platelet adhesion under low flow rates has been obtained, and the process of platelet clustering at post-stenotic regions has been demonstrated. We found that flowing shear force can postpone the integrin-mediated tension transmission and platelet adhesion. We further evaluated the effect of Y-27632, a ROCK inhibitor that has been proven to reduce integrin-mediated platelet adhesion, at a series of concentrations and demonstrated that microfluidic chips with integrin tension sensors are sensitive to the concentration-dependent effects of Y-27632. Given their low cost and scalable throughput, these chips are ideal technical platforms for biological studies of platelets at flowing status and for platelet inhibitor or potential antiplatelet drug screening.
Mutations that confer resistance to broadly-neutralizing antibodies define HIV-1 variants of transmitting mothers from that of non-transmitting mothers

Despite considerable reduction of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV through use of maternal and infant antiretroviral therapy (ART), over 150,000 infants continue to become infected with HIV annually, falling far short of the World Health Organization goal of reaching
Plant Community Distribution, Dynamics, Fuel Loads, and Fire Behavior in Bryce Canyon National Park

This research program incorporates four primary objectives: (1) develop a comprehensive vegetation classification for Bryce Canyon National Park and to map the current and potential vegetation for the park; (2) develop a vital attributes succession model which depicts the successional development and disturbance response of plant communities in Bryce Canyon; (3) determine and characterize the fuel loads typical of each successional community type; (4) predict the behavior of fires occurring in each of the successional community types.
Effects of adenosine on ocular blood flow.

Purpose. To determine the effect of intravascular adenosine on blood flow in the ocular fundus and to examine indirectly whether the blood-brain barrier to adenosine, which exists in the cerebrovasculature of the cat, is present in the eye of this animal. Methods. The noninvasive techniques of laser Doppler flowmetry and velocimetry along with fundus photography were used to measure the change in optic nerve head and choroidal and retinal blood flow during intravenous infusions of 0.18 and 0.6 mg/kg per minute of adenosine. Results. Infusions of adenosine induced significant increases in choroidal blood flow (60% with 0.6 mg/kg per minute) but not in optic nerve head or retinal blood flows. Conclusions. The lack of effect of intravenously infused adenosine on the optic nerve and retinal circulations is most likely caused by the tight junctions in the vessels of these vascular beds, which prevent adenosine from reaching its receptors. Perivascular adenosine in the choroid most likely accounts for the increase in blood flow in this tissue. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 ;36 :1904-1909.
High fidelity quantum gates with ions in cryogenic microfabricated ion traps

While quantum information processing offers a tantalizing possibility of a significant speedup in execution of certain algorithms, as well as enabling previously unmanageable simulations of large quantum systems, it remains extremely difficult to realize experimentally. Recently, fundamental building blocks of a quantum computer, including one and two qubit gates, teleportation and error correction, were demonstrated using trapped atomic ions. Scaling to a larger number of qubits requires miniaturization of the ion traps, currently limited by the sharply increasing motional state decoherence at sub-100 μm ion-electrode distances. This thesis explores the source and suppression of this decoherence at cryogenic temperatures, and demonstrates fundamental logic gates in a surface electrode ion trap. Construction of the apparatus requires the development of a number of experimental techniques. Design, numerical simulation and implementation of a surface electrode ion trap is presented. Cryogenic cooling of the trap to near 4 K is accomplished by contact with a bath cryostat. Ions are loaded by ablation or photoionization, both of which are characterized in terms of generated stray fields and heat load. The bulk of new experimental results deals with measurements of electric field noise at the ion's position. Upon cooling to 6 K, the measured rates are suppressed by up to 7 orders of magnitude, more than two orders of magnitude below previously published data for similarly sized traps operated at room temperature. The observed noise depends strongly on fabrication process, which suggests further improvements are possible. The measured dependence of the electric field noise on temperature is inconsistent with published models, and can be explained using a continuous spectrum of activated fluctuators. The fabricated surface electrode traps are used to demonstrate coherent operations and the classical control required for trapped ion quantum computation. The necessary spectral properties of coherent light sources are achieved with a novel design using optical feedback to a triangular, medium finesse, cavity, followed by electronic feedback to an ultra-high finesse reference cavity. Single and two qubit operations on a single ion are demonstrated with classical fidelity in excess of 95%. Magnetic field gradient coils built into the trap allow for individual addressing of ions, a prerequisite to scaling to multiple qubits. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Fusion of Stereo, Colour and Contrast

Stereo vision has numerous applications in robotics, graphics, inspection and other areas. A prime application, one which has driven work on stereo in our laboratory, is teleconferencing in which the use of a stereo webcam already makes possible various transformations of the video stream. These include digital camera control, insertion of virtual objects, background substitution, and eye-gaze correction [9, 8].
First lidar observation of the mesospheric nickel layer

Ground-based resonance lidar has been used to detect the mesospheric nickel (Ni) layer. The Ni layer is detected through absorption in the 3d8(3F)4s2 → 3d9(2D)4p transition at 337.1 nm and reemission in both the 3d9(2D)4p → 3d8(3F)4s2 and 3d9(2D)4p → 3d9(2D)4s transitions at 337.1 and 339.4 nm, respectively. Results from wintertime lidar observations on two nights (27–28 November and 20–21 December 2012) at Chatanika, Alaska (65°N, 147°W), are presented. The wintertime Ni layer has a peak concentration of 1.6 × 104 cm−3 at 87 km, with a column abundance of 2.7 × 1010 cm−2, centroid height of 88 km, and root-mean-square width of 6.4 km. The midwinter abundance of mesospheric iron (Fe) at Chatanika is 3.4 × 1010 cm−2, indicating a ratio of Fe to Ni of 1.2 in the upper atmosphere. This is significantly lower than the value of 18 for the ratio of Fe to Ni in chondrite meteorites.
CCD control and acquisition for a pulsed laser wavemeter

The hardware and software design and implementation of the data acquisition and processing systems of a laser wavemeter being built at NASA Langley Research Center are described. The wavemeter acquires sets of CCD/photodiode array-image data, produced by three Fabry-Periot interferometers for a pair of laser pulses every 200 milliseconds. Each image contains 1766 pixels digitized to 12-bit resolution. The acquisition system is composed of three discrete A/D channels running at a 1-MHz conversion rate, three diode-array sensors and two 4 K*9 FIFOs. By taking advantage of the analog shift-register storage, capability of the array, two sets of data can be read in rapid succession (less than 400 microseconds is required between laser firings, but data can be acquired faster) from each array. All six images are sent in interleaved fashion to the flight recorder for postprocessing on the ground, and one selected pair of these images is processed in semi-real-time by an 80286-based single-board computer to calculate the wavelength of a pulsed multimode Alexandrite laser. >
Radiation fault modeling and fault rate estimation for a COTS based space-borne supercomputer

Development of the Remote Exploration and Experimentation (REE) Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) based space-borne supercomputer requires a detailed model of Single Event Upset (SEU) induced faults and fault-effects. Extensive ground based radiation testing has been performed on several generations of the Power PC processor family and related components. A set of relevant environments for NASA missions have been analyzed and detailed. Combining radiation test data, environmental data and architectural analysis, we have developed a radiation fault model for the REE system. The fault model is hierarchically organized and includes scaling factors and optional parameters for fault prediction in future technologies and alternative architectures. It has been implemented in a generic tool, which allows for ease of input and straight forward porting. The model currently includes the Power PC750 (G3), PCI bridge chips, L2 cache SRAM, main memory DRAM, and the Myrinet packet switched network. In this paper, we present the REE radiation fault model and accompanying tool set. We explain its derivation, its structure and use, and the work being done to validate it.
Energy Band Theory

In this chapter the one-electron energy band theories for the crystalline solids are presented. The importance of energy band theories for a crystalline solid is due to the fact that many important physical and optical properties of a solid can be readily explained by using its energy band structure. In general, the energy band structure of a solid can be constructed by solving the one-electron Schrodinger equation for electrons in a crystalline solid which contains a large number of interacting electrons and atoms. To simplify the difficult task of solving the Schrodinger equation for the many-body problem in a crystal, the effects that arise from the motion of atomic nuclei must be neglected (i.e., it is assumed that the nuclei are at rest in equilibrium positions at each lattice site). Under this condition, the nuclear coordinates enter the problem only as a constant parameter. However, even though the problem has been confined as a purely electronic one, there are still the many-electron problems in the system which cannot be solved explicitly. Therefore, it is necessary to apply additional approximations to solving the Schrodinger equation for electrons in a crystalline solid.
Stratigraphic Relation between Lokalalei 1A and Lokalalei 2C, Pliocene Archaeological Sites in West Turkana, Kenya

Two Pliocene archeological sites, LA1 and LA2C, reported from Lokalalei, west of Lake Turkana in Kenya, were previously placed at approximately the same stratigraphic level. LA2C actually lies about 20 m higher in the section than LA1, and is perhaps as much as 100,000 years younger in age.
Salt induced transitions of chromatin core particles studied by tyrosine fluorescence anisotropy

Abstract Chromatin core particles containing 146 base pairs of DNA have been found to undergo a single defined transition below 10 mM ionic strength as studied by both sedimentation velocity and tyrosine fluorescence anisotropy. A method is described for the preparation of such core particles from chicken erythrocytes with greater than 50% yield.
The impact on poverty of food pricing reforms: A welfare analysis for Indonesia

Abstract Econometric measures of household welfare are estimated for Indonesia and used to construct welfare distributions consistent with individual demand responses to price and income variability. The effects on poverty of hypothetical reforms of rice pricing and input subsidy policies are then examined by means of dominance tests. With full producer income effects, poverty orderings are found to depend critically on the choice of poverty measure and poverty line, though all distributionally sensitive measures indicate adverse effects on poverty of uncompensated trade liberalizations over a wide range of poverty lines. The poverty effects of price changes at fixed producer incomes are shown to depend crucially on how the necessary producer compensation is financed.
Activating transcription factor 3 gene expression suggests that tissue stress plays a role in leiomyoma development.

Objective To determine whether expression of the stress response gene ATF3 and related members of activator protein complex-1, cJun and cFos, were altered in leiomyoma compared with myometrium, and whether this difference might correlate with leiomyoma size or race. Design Laboratory study. Setting University hospital. Patient(s) Fifteen women undergoing hysterectomy for symptomatic leiomyoma. Intervention(s) Tissue procurement, RNA isolation, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase (RT-PCR) chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, Western blot. Main Outcome Measure(s) Expression of mRNA and protein in leiomyoma and patient-matched myometrium. Result(s) mRNA transcripts of ATF3 were decreased in leiomyoma compared with matched myometrium by both RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR. The decrease was greater than fivefold in a majority of samples. The reduction seen in ATF3 mRNA expression did not show a correlation with race and leiomyoma size. Surprisingly, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis demonstrated an elevation of ATF3 protein expression by a mean of 2.9-fold. Transcripts of related AP-1 genes, cJun and cFos, were significantly decreased by a mean of −29.57 for cJun and −23.78 for cFos, but there was no significant change in protein expression of the two transcription factors. Conclusions Alterations in ATF3 gene expression resemble the response to mechanical and ischemic stress reported in other tissues. Results suggested that ATF3 protein expression was increased in leiomyoma, and may reflect increased tissue stress.
Electric propulsion systems for primary spacecraft propulsion.

Primary electric propulsion systems for deep space missions with reference to SERT II program and compatibility with other spacecraft programs
RISK FOR PNEUMOTHORAX IN AIDS

To the Editors: Sepkowitz and colleagues (1) show that the use of aerosolized pentamidine is a strong independent risk factor for the development of pneumothorax (crude relative risk, 17.6) in pati...
Biosynthesis and secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone.

THE ANTERIOR pituitary gland synthesizes and secretes three glycoprotein hormones. Two of these, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are termed gonadotropins and exert divergent effects upon the gonads to regulate and maintain essential reproductive processes such as gametogenesis, steroidogenesis, and ovulation. We possess a basic understanding of the role played by both gonadotropins in a wide variety of physiological processes associated with reproduction. This review is intended to provide a concise body of information regarding the biological processes associated with the biosynthesis and secretion of FSH. Since both gonadotropins appear to be synthesized by the same cell in the anterior pituitary gland (1, 2) and the biosynthetic and secretory processes are influenced by the same hypothalamic hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (3), this review will consider a great deal of information obtained from the study of both gonadotropins. However the primary focus wil...
The effects of ENDUROX on the physiological responses to stair-stepping exercise.

(1999). The Effects of ENDUROXTM on the Physiological Responses to Stair-Stepping Exercise. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 70, No. 4, pp. 385-388.
Instruction bias and lineup presentation moderate the effects of administrator knowledge on eyewitness identification.

Pairs (N = 234) of witnesses and lineup administrators completed an identification task in which administrator knowledge, lineup presentation, instruction bias, and target presence were manipulated. Administrator knowledge had the greatest effect on identifications of the suspect for simultaneous photospreads paired with biased instructions, with single-blind administrations increasing identifications of the suspect. When biased instructions were given, single-blind administrations produced fewer foil identifications than double-blind administrations. Administrators exhibited a greater proportion of biasing behaviors during single-blind administrations than during double-blind administrations. The diagnosticity of identifications of the suspect in double-blind administrations was double their diagnosticity in single-blind administrations. These results suggest that when biasing factors are present to increase a witness’s propensity to guess, single-blind administrator behavior influences witnesses to identify the suspect.
Reliability and exploitation of waste‐water treatment plants using diagnostic methods

The purpose of this research is to identify the factors affecting the reliability of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) processes. A common problem in WWTP is that the performance of the designed systems is not always as expected. The problem of reliability will be studied upon a full scale plant receiving domestic sewage and some industrial effluents. The plant comprises primary treatment, biological treatment by the method of activated sludge and tertiary treatment involving chlorination and phosphorous precipitation. The monitoring of the various process stages is accomplished by on‐line sensors and neural networks with periodic sampling. In this paper the following aspects of the problem of reliability in a WWTP are considered: mechanical reliability, chemical reliability and reliability of biological situation of wastes. Also, some applications are given as the usage of liquid for cultivating trees and the sludge as constituent of concrete.
Role of grain boundary energetics on the maximum strength of nanocrystalline Nickel

Abstract Numerical simulations are used to investigate the competing grain boundary and dislocation mediated deformation mechanisms in nanocrystalline Ni with grain sizes in the range 4–32 nm. We present a 3D phase field model that tracks the evolution of individual dislocations and grain boundaries. Our model shows that the transition from Hall–Petch to inverse Hall–Petch as the grain size is reduced cannot be characterized only by the grain size, but it is also affected by the grain boundary energetics. We find that the grain size corresponding to the maximum yield stress (the transition from Hall–Petch strengthening with decreasing grain size to inverse Hall–Petch) decreases with increasing grain boundary energy. Interestingly, we find that for grain boundaries with high cohesive energy the Hall–Petch maximum is not observed for grains in the range 4–32 nm.
Quality of life and behavioral functioning in Dutch children with a history of Kawasaki disease.

Objective The authors evaluated health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and behavioral functioning in patients with a history of Kawasaki disease (KD). Study design A cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary referral center for KD follow-up in 280 patients (mean age 8.6 years, 60.0% male). Patients were eligible when they were aged 0-18 years and had a history of KD. HRQOL was assessed using the TNO-AZL Preschool Children Quality of Life questionnaire for children 0-5 years old and the Pediatric Inventory of Quality of Life Core Scales 4.0 for those 6-18 years old. Behavioral functioning was evaluated using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (8-16 years proxy report and 11-16 years self-report). KD results were compared with Dutch norm data, and patients with and without coronary artery aneurysms were compared. Results HRQOL was significantly worse for male patients aged 0-5 years on 4 of the 12 TNO-AZL Preschool Children Quality of Life questionnaire scales and for female patients on the motor functioning scale. At an older age, the HRQOL of patients was comparable with the norm population. Coronary artery status did not influence HRQOL. Parents reported more behavioral problems on the hyperactivity and emotional subscale in patients compared with the norm population. Conclusions Although at an older age the HRQOL of patients with KD is comparable with the Dutch norm, HRQOL seems to be particularly impaired at younger age. Parents reported more hyperactivity and emotional problems in patients with KD.
Mode-coupling theory of macromolecular liquids

A mode-coupling theory of entangled polymer liquids has been developed and extensively applied to dense melts of long chains. The theory predicts the emergence of a plateau shear modulus due to dynamical correlations induced by chain connectivity and excluded volume interactions. Mode-coupling predictions for the dependence of transport coefficients on degree of polymerization agree with the phenomenological reptation/tube theory. Anomalous early and intermediate time diffusion also occurs due to power-law decay of the fluctuating force memory functions. The mode-coupling renormalizations are found to depend sensitively on spatial and polymer fractal dimensions in analogy with dynamic critical phenomena. An alternative, self-consistent approximation for the memory functions results in the prediction of a nonreptation viscosity scaling law for chains, and an ideal "entanglement-induced" glass transition at very large molecular weights.
The anatomy of a cyber power

Cyberspace, the ever-expanding manifestation of the pervasive information and communications infrastructure, is a rich environment for the projection of power and influence. Entities of all types – nation-states, corporations, terrorist and criminal organizations, and non-profit groups – are embedding critical aspects of their operations in cyberspace hoping to reap the benefits offered by the domain. Cyberspace is an equalizer. It offers all actors speed and reach, anonymity and protection, and the ability to create and participate in virtual economies and wield cyber weapons, all with a low buy-in cost. This drastically alters the power equation. The gap between major powers and lesser powers is shrinking; non-state actors could become cyber powers. This paper attempts to clarify the important notions of cyberpower and cyber power. It considers nation-states as well as non-state actors, and articulates the essential components and characteristics required to acquire and maintain cyberpower.
Basic fibroblast growth factor receptor in the rat adrenal cortex : effects of suramin and unilateral adrenalectomy on receptor numbers

Previous studies have suggested that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is involved in the mediation of the compensatory adrenal growth response. These studies were undertaken to identify the bFGF receptor in the rat adrenal cortex and determine bFGF receptor levels in vivo. Initial studies using primary cultures of rat glomerulosa cells demonstrated a high affinity binding site with a Kd of 10 pM, consistent with reported values for the bFGF receptor; however, these results could not be demonstrated in capsule-glomerulosa tissue. Using autoradiography to verify the existence of bFGF receptors in vivo, heparin-insensitive [125I]bFGF-binding sites were concentrated primarily in the capsule and glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, suggesting the presence of FGF receptors. The presence of bFGF receptors was further verified by demonstration of internalization of [125I]bFGF into cells of capsule-glomerulosa preps. This approach was used to demonstrate that suramin (a bFGF antagonist) pretreatment of rats res...
Compressive holographic two-dimensional localization with 1/30 2 subpixel accuracy

We propose the use of compressive holography for two-dimensional (2D) subpixel motion localization. Our approach is based on computational implementation of edge-extraction using a Fourier-plane spiral phase mask, followed by compressive reconstruction of the edge of the object. Using this technique and relatively low-cost computer and piezo motion stage to establish ground truth for the motion, we demonstrated localization within 1/30th of a camera pixel in each linear dimension.
Entomology Looks at its Mission: Information Storage and Retrieval for Entomology

The first landmark of any considerable importance in the literature of biology was established in 1665 in the form of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. It is a landmark because, for the first time, its contributors had adopted formal publication as an accepted means of communication in science. By the year 1800, about 100 formal journals existed, and by 1900 about 10,000 were being published (Stewart 1964). Price (1961) estimates a steady doubling of the number of scientific journals every 10–15 years since that time. He has also given us some startling statistics: 90% of all scientists who ever lived are living at the present time, and during the 10 years following 1961, as many scientific papers will be published by these scientists as have appeared during the whole of time until now. One needs to look no further for evidence that we are indeed in the midst of an information explosion !
Sex and Rearing Condition Modify the Effects of Perinatal Lead Exposure on Learning and Memory

Developmental lead (Pb) exposure is associated with cognitive impairments in humans and rodents alike. In particular, impaired spatial learning and memory, as assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM), has been noted in developmentally Pb-exposed rats. Although sex and rearing environment can influence MWM performance in normal animals, the interactions of sex and rearing environment on the impact of developmental Pb exposure on hippocampal-dependent processes has not been well characterized. The present study examined the effects of perinatal exposure (i.e., gestation through weaning) to different levels of Pb (250, 750 and 1500 ppm Pb acetate in food) in males and females raised in a non-enriched environment (standard cage with 3 animals and no toys) or an enriched environment (large cage containing a variety of toys that were changed twice weekly). Testing in the MWM began at postnatal day 55. Behavioral outcomes were influenced by sex and rearing environment, with complex interactions with Pb exposure. In non-Pb exposed control animals, beneficial effects of environmental enrichment on spatial learning and memory were observed in males and females, with greater effects in females. Pb exposure in females mitigated at least some of the benefits of enrichment on learning, particularly at the lowest and highest exposure levels. In males, enrichment conferred a modest learning advantage and for the most part, Pb exposure did not affect this. However, in males with the highest Pb exposure, enrichment did help to overcome detrimental effects of Pb on learning. In females, any potential benefit to reference memory contributed by enrichment was muted by exposure to Pb and for the most part, this was not reproduced in males. Thus, there are complex interactions between sex, environment, and Pb exposure on spatial learning and memory. Environmental manipulation is a potential risk modifier of developmental Pb exposure and interacts with other factors including sex and amount of Pb exposure to affect the functional influences of Pb on the brain.
The Learner-Centered Syllabus

The Learner-Centered Syllabus (LCS) is a carefully constructed all-inclusive course guide. Using a LCS encourages and empowers students to take an active role in the learning process.