cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can hazard risk be communicated through a virtual experience

Cyberspace, defined by William Gibson as a consensual hallucination, now refers to all computer-generated interactive environments. Virtual reality, one of a class of interactive cyberspaces, allows us to create and interact directly with objects not available in the everyday world. Despite successes in the entertainment and aviation industries, this technology has been called a 'solution in search of a problem'. The purpose of this commentary is to suggest such a problem: the inability to acquire experience with a hazard to motivate mitigation. Direct experience with a hazard has been demonstrated as a powerful incentive to adopt mitigation measures. While we lack the ability to summon hazard events at will in order to gain access to that experience, a virtual environment can provide an arena where potential victims are exposed to a hazard's effects. Immersion as an active participant within the hazard event through virtual reality may stimulate users to undertake mitigation steps that might otherwise remain undone. This paper details the possible direction in which virtual reality may be applied to hazards mitigation through a discussion of the technology, the role of hazard experience, the creation of a hazard stimulation and the issues constraining implementation.
Surgery of Small Cell Lung Cancer

The role of surgical resection in the management of patients with small cell lung cancer remains to be defined. Some data suggest the potential benefit of resection in the few patients with very limited disease (peripheral T 1 N 0 and T 1 N 0 lesions), and there are chemotherapy regimens with 80–85% response rates in patients with more extensive but still localized disease. Interest has been reawakened in the role of adjuvant surgical resection in selected patients by 2 approaches: (1) in patients with peripheral T 1 or T 2 lesions with negative mediastinal exploration, initial surgical resection followed by an adequate chemotherapeutic regimen and prophylactic cranial irradiation has resulted in an 80% disease-free survival at 30 months; (2) initial chemotherapy in patients with only localized disease is followed by resection in the responders. Approximately 30% of the responders have undergone exploratory thoracotomy after completion of the chemotherapy. Local irradiation, as well as prophylactic cranial irradiation, generally has been used postoperatively. Early pilot studies suggest benefit of this approach in patients found to have T 1- 3 N 0–1 disease but not in those with N 2 disease. Prospective, randomized, clinical trials by the Lung Cancer Study Group in North America and its counterparts in Europe are now being carried out in hopes of supplying definitive data relative to this multi-modality therapy in small cell lung cancer. Unfortunately, no data are available to date.
Skills for Life Teachers' Career Pathways in the Learning and Skills Sector, 2004-2007: Part-Time Jobs for Part-Time Workers.

This paper is based on findings from a three‐year longitudinal study in England called the Teacher Study which aimed to provide an analytical description of who Skills for Life (SfL) teachers are and what they do in their working lives. The main focus of the paper is teachers’ career pathways and the possibilities of making a career in basic‐skills education in the post‐16 learning and skills sector between 2004 and 2007, and it highlights the connection between career progression and the lack of availability of full‐time posts. The research found that the ability to make a career is contingent on the organisation or sector the teacher works in. Although many teachers enjoy working part‐time on shorter term contracts, over a quarter of teachers were dissatisfied with their career prospects, and a sizeable proportion of them, particularly younger teachers, felt constrained in their future career plans by the lack of full‐time posts, a scarcity of permanent contracts, low numbers of available teaching hours...
Effects of various physical and chemical factors on excystation of the encysted metacercariae of Echinostoma caproni

Various physical and chemical factors were studied to determine their effects on the viability of encysted metacercariae of Echinostoma caproni. Viability was equated with chemical excystation in an alkaline trypsin–bile salts (TB) medium. Control cysts showed excystation percentages of >90% in TB. Excystation proved to be a more reliable criterion of cyst viability than observations by light microscopy. Isolated cysts and cysts left in the snail (in situ cysts) were studied. Generally, in situ cysts proved more resistant to various physical and chemical treatments than did isolated cysts. Cysts stored for 7 days at 28 C in a Locke's 1:1 solution showed 97% excystation, suggesting that cysts of this species would survive postal delays during shipment. Of numerous marinades tested, the one that was most harmful to isolated and in situ cysts was vinegar. Isolated and in situ cysts were killed by boiling (100 C) for 1 or 3 min, but freezing at −10 C did not kill all isolated or in situ cysts after 24 hr. Con...
Polygenic Type 2 Diabetes Prediction at the Limit of Common Variant Detection

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) may have reached their limit of detecting common type 2 diabetes (T2D)–associated genetic variation. We evaluated the performance of current polygenic T2D prediction. Using data from the Framingham Offspring (FOS) and the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) studies, we tested three hypotheses: 1) a 62-locus genotype risk score (GRSt) improves T2D prediction compared with previous less inclusive GRSt; 2) separate GRS for β-cell (GRSβ) and insulin resistance (GRSIR) independently predict T2D; and 3) the relationships between T2D and GRSt, GRSβ, or GRSIR do not differ between blacks and whites. Among 1,650 young white adults in CARDIA, 820 young black adults in CARDIA, and 3,471 white middle-aged adults in FOS, cumulative T2D incidence was 5.9%, 14.4%, and 12.9%, respectively, over 25 years. The 62-locus GRSt was significantly associated with incident T2D in all three groups. In FOS but not CARDIA, the 62-locus GRSt improved the model C statistic (0.698 and 0.726 for models without and with GRSt, respectively; P < 0.001) but did not materially improve risk reclassification in either study. Results were similar among blacks compared with whites. The GRSβ but not GRSIR predicted incident T2D among FOS and CARDIA whites. At the end of the era of common variant discovery for T2D, polygenic scores can predict T2D in whites and blacks but do not outperform clinical models. Further optimization of polygenic prediction may require novel analytic methods, including less common as well as functional variants.
Novel Approaches Reveal that Toxoplasma gondii Bradyzoites within Tissue Cysts Are Dynamic and Replicating Entities In Vivo

ABSTRACT Despite their critical role in chronic toxoplasmosis, the biology of Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoites is poorly understood. In an attempt to address this gap, we optimized approaches to purify tissue cysts and analyzed the replicative potential of bradyzoites within these cysts. In order to quantify individual bradyzoites within tissue cysts, we have developed imaging software, BradyCount 1.0, that allows the rapid establishment of bradyzoite burdens within imaged optical sections of purified tissue cysts. While in general larger tissue cysts contain more bradyzoites, their relative “occupancy” was typically lower than that of smaller cysts, resulting in a lower packing density. The packing density permits a direct measure of how bradyzoites develop within cysts, allowing for comparisons across progression of the chronic phase. In order to capture bradyzoite endodyogeny, we exploited the differential intensity of TgIMC3, an inner membrane complex protein that intensely labels newly formed/forming daughters within bradyzoites and decays over time in the absence of further division. To our surprise, we were able to capture not only sporadic and asynchronous division but also synchronous replication of all bradyzoites within mature tissue cysts. Furthermore, the time-dependent decay of TgIMC3 intensity was exploited to gain insights into the temporal patterns of bradyzoite replication in vivo . Despite the fact that bradyzoites are considered replicatively dormant, we find evidence for cyclical, episodic bradyzoite growth within tissue cysts in vivo . These findings directly challenge the prevailing notion of bradyzoites as dormant nonreplicative entities in chronic toxoplasmosis and have implications on our understanding of this enigmatic and clinically important life cycle stage. IMPORTANCE The protozoan Toxoplasma gondii establishes a lifelong chronic infection mediated by the bradyzoite form of the parasite within tissue cysts. Technical challenges have limited even the most basic studies on bradyzoites and the tissue cysts in vivo . Bradyzoites, which are viewed as dormant, poorly replicating or nonreplicating entities, were found to be surprisingly active, exhibiting not only the capacity for growth but also previously unrecognized patterns of replication that point to their being considerably more dynamic than previously imagined. These newly revealed properties force us to reexamine the most basic questions regarding bradyzoite biology and the progression of the chronic phase of toxoplasmosis. By developing new tools and approaches to study the chronic phase at the level of bradyzoites, we expose new avenues to tackle both drug development and a better understanding of events that may lead to reactivated symptomatic disease.
An alternative protocol for Plasmodium falciparum culture synchronization and a new method for synchrony confirmation

Background: Although the Percoll/sorbitol synchronization method is widely accepted, its use for achieving tight synchronizations is cumbersome. In addition, subsequent conclusions on the synchrony status are often based on visual inspection of parasites and few reports provide an unbiased estimate confirming the degree of synchrony. This report presents a simpler synchronization procedure and offers an objective method to validate parasite synchrony. Methods: Parasite synchronization was performed by culturing late-stage schizont parasites for a defined period of time, subjecting them to Percoll density centrifugations, and collecting the newly formed rings. Repeating the process several times on the un-egressed schizonts maximizes the recovery of several synchronized ring-stage parasite populations. The culture synchrony for each population was verified by allowing the synchronized rings to mature to late-stage schizonts and collecting ring-stage sample aliquots at three-hour intervals for nine hours. The aliquots were then measured, using the SyBr Green I assay, to determine when the ring-stage parasitaemia stops increasing. Results: Quantitative measurements of ring-stage parasites showed that under the conditions described, a four to six-hour synchrony period is obtained.
Diagnosis and management of metastatic spine disease

Spinal metastases are a significant source of morbidity in patients with systemic cancer. Roughly 30% of patients with cancer develop symptomatic spinal metastases during the course of their illness, and up to 90% of cancer patients possess metastatic lesions within the spine at the time of death with advances in the treatment of systemic disease, survival in such patients has increased. This factor combined with improved imaging modalities will undoubtedly increase the incidence in which spinal metastases are encountered by physicians. In this review, the authors not only attempt to present the myriad ways in which patient with spinal metastases present, but also the means by which they are currently diagnosed and managed. In addition, we propose a simple algorithm to aid in deciding which patients are ideally treated medically and which patients may benefit from surgery.
Developing Number Sense and Basic Computational Skills in Students with Special Needs

This article presents an investigation of the effectiveness of procedures undertaken to develop number sense and basic computational skills in learning disabled students. Twelve students in a K-1 classroom who had been identified as learning disabled (LD) were presented tasks which required them to subitize (i.e., recognize the number of objects in a set without actually counting them). Consistent with other such studies in special education, a qualitative research methodology was employed, involving a case study of an intact group of LD students. Also consistent with many such studies in special education, observational rather than quantitative data were collected. At the end of a four-week period, all students were consistently successful in recognizing and matching the numbers 0 through 5 and adding sums to five as determined on a teacher-administered test. Increased time-on-task and pupil independence also are reported. Suggestions for further instructional research related to other arithmetic skills are presented.
Histamine‐releasing factor/translationally controlled tumor protein (HRF/TCTP)‐induced histamine release is enhanced with SHIP‐1 knockdown in cultured human mast cell and basophil models

Previously, we demonstrated a negative correlation between histamine release to hista- mine-releasing factor/translationally controlled tu- mor protein (HRF/TCTP) and protein levels of SHIP-1 in human basophils. The present study was conducted to investigate whether suppressing SHIP-1 using small interfering (si)RNA technology would alter the releasability of culture-derived mast cells and basophils, as determined by HRF/ TCTP histamine release. Frozen CD34 cells were obtained from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Re- search Center (Seattle, WA, USA). Cells were grown in StemPro-34 medium containing cyto- kines: mast cells with IL-6 and stem cell factor (100 ng/ml each) for 6-8 weeks and basophils with IL-3 (6.7 ng/ml) for 2-3 weeks. siRNA transfec- tions were performed during Week 6 for mast cells and Week 2 for basophils with siRNA for SHIP-1 or a negative control siRNA. Changes in SHIP-1 ex- pression were determined by Western blot. The functional knockdown was measured by HRF/ TCTP-induced histamine release. siRNA knock- down of SHIP-1 in mast cells ranged from 31% to 82%, mean 65 12%, compared with control (n4). Histamine release to HRF/TCTP was in- creased only slightly in two experiments. SHIP-1 knockdown in basophils ranged from 34% to 69%, mean 51.8 7% (n4). Histamine release to HRF/TCTP in these basophils was dependent on the amount of SHIP knockdown. Mast cells and basophils derived from CD34 precursor cells represent suitable models for transfection studies. Reducing SHIP-1 protein in cultured mast cells and in cultured basophils increases releasability of the cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 84: 1151-1158; 2008.
Fiber-optic Immuno-biosensor for Rapid and Accurate Detection of Nerve Growth Factor in Human Blood

An accurate and rapid assay of cardiac nerve growth factor (NGF) levels in blood can provide physicians with critical information regarding myocardial injury and neural remodeling in cardiac tissues to identify patients at risk of impending heart attack, thereby enabling them to receive appropriate lifesaving treatment more quickly. Currently used assay methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), are usually time-consuming (hours to days), expensive and technically complicated. In this paper, we described the development and clinical study of a rapid and sensitive method for detection and quantification of NGF in human blood plasma. This method utilizes a fiber-optic, immuno-biosensing system which performs a fluorophore- mediated sandwich immunoassay on the surface of an optical fiber. Physiological concentrations of NGF could be quantified in both buffer and human blood plasma samples within 5 minutes. The NGF concentrations determined by the fiber- optic sensor were comparable to those by the gold standard, ELISA. Preliminary study of NGF assay in cardiac patient plasma samples showed a great potential of the fiber-optic sensor as a rapid diagnostic and prognostic tool in clinical applications.
Virtual checkpoints: architecture and performance

Checkpoint and rollback recovery is a technique that allows a system to tolerate a failure by periodically saving the entire state and, if an error is detected, rolling back to the prior checkpoint. A technique that embeds the support for checkpoint and rollback recovery directly into the virtual memory translation hardware is presented. The scheme is general enough to be implemented on various scopes of data such as a portion of an address space, a single address space, or multiple address spaces. The technique can provide a high-performance scheme for implementing checkpoint and rollback recovery. The performance. of the scheme is analyzed using a trace-driven simulation. The overhead is a function of the interval between checkpoints and becomes very small for intervals greater than 10/sup 6/ references. However, the scheme is shown to be feasible for intervals as small as 1000 references under certain conditions. >
Toxicity Assessment of 4-Amino-2-Nitrotoluene

4-Amino-2-nitrotoluene (4A2NT; CAS 119-32-4) is a degradation product of 2,4-dinitrotoluene. The toxicity data on 4A2NT are limited. Therefore, we collected toxicity data from rats to assess environmental and human health effects from exposures. The approximate lethal dose for both sexes was 5000 mg/kg. A 14-day toxicity study in rats was conducted with 4A2NT in the feed at concentrations of 0, 125, 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm. Based on a 14-day oral dose range toxicity study with 4A2NT in the feed, 2000 ppm was selected as highest concentration for a subsequent 90-day study. An oral 90-day subchronic toxicity study in rats was conducted with concentrations of 0, 500, 1000, or 2000 ppm of 4A2NT in the feed. The calculated consumed doses of 4A2NT in the feed were 0, 27, 52, or 115 mg/kg/d for males and 0, 32, 65, or 138 mg/kg/d for females. A no-observed adverse effect level could not be determined. The lowest observed adverse effect level was 27 mg/kg/d for males and 32 mg/kg/d for female rats based upon...
Cross-Cultural Applications of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Test Battery and Lurian Principles of Syndrome Analysis

Luria’s contributions to neuropsychology were influenced and developed in the context of Soviet psychology which focused specifically on the relationship between the brain and the role of history and culture in human development (Mecacci, 1977/1979). Luria’s work has been developed in other countries outside Russia. Continued research has shown that Luria’s diagnostic procedure is an effective assessment measure for brain-damaged patients with an accuracy founded on a sound theoretical basis, rather than solely upon the unique clinical skills of Luria himself (Pachalska, Kaczmarek, & Knapik, 1995). Luria’s theories from his earliest work emphasized the relationship between behavior and culture, while maintaining the existence of a dynamic brain organization reflective of the integrated efforts of basic brain areas which had specific (although multiple) localized functions.
Converting to For-Profit Status: Corporate Responsiveness to Radical Change

This study examined organizational adaptation to a radical environmental shift—a dramatic change in federal policies toward health maintenance organizations (HMOs) that removed key advantages of no...
Features supporting system-level specification in HDLs

As synthesis tools become more advanced and reliable, the entry point for the designer in the design process is moving towards higher levels of specification. Issues related to the specification of embedded systems are discussed. The authors compare VHDL with five other specification languages: HardwareC, SDL (Specification and Description Language), Statecharts, SpecCharts, and CSP (Communicating Sequential Processes). The capabilities of these languages with respect to specifying designs at the system-level are highlighted. The authors conclude by presenting a list of features which are desirable in a language to be used for specifying systems. >
Phosphatase-Resistant Gap Junctions Inhibit Pathological Remodeling and Prevent Arrhythmias

Rationale: Posttranslational phosphorylation of connexin43 (Cx43) has been proposed as a key regulatory event in normal cardiac gap junction expression and pathological gap junction remodeling. Nonetheless, the role of Cx43 phosphorylation in the context of the intact organism is poorly understood. Objective: To establish whether specific Cx43 phosphorylation events influence gap junction expression and pathological remodeling. Methods and Results: We generated Cx43 germline knock-in mice in which serines 325/328/330 were replaced with phosphomimetic glutamic acids (S3E) or nonphosphorylatable alanines (S3A). The S3E mice were resistant to acute and chronic pathological gap junction remodeling and displayed diminished susceptibility to the induction of ventricular arrhythmias. Conversely, the S3A mice showed deleterious effects on cardiac gap junction formation and function, developed electric remodeling, and were highly susceptible to inducible arrhythmias. Conclusions: These data demonstrate a mechanistic link between posttranslational phosphorylation of Cx43 and gap junction formation, remodeling, and arrhythmic susceptibility.
The cat's pupillary light response under urethane anesthesia

Pupillary area was measured in urethane-anesthetized cats as a function of retinal illuminance. When appropriate corrections are made for differences in experimental procedures, it was found that the pupillary response of the urethane-anesthetized cat's eyes to light was basically unchanged from that of the alert behaving cat. This preparation may therefore be a very satisfactory one in which to study the pupillary response pathway in a higher mammal.
Prediction of Abnormally Heavy Precipitation over the Equatorial Pacific Dry Zone

Abstract A simple objective method for using the barometric pressure changes associated with the Southern Oscillation to predict abnormally heavy rainfall over the Pacific equatorial dry zone was applied to 79 years of Darwin sea-level pressure data and precipitation data for a large number of small islands in the equatorial Pacific. It appears that this method, based on a consideration of pressure changes from one year to the next, could provide a prediction one to eight months in advance of heavy precipitation over most of the central and western part of the zone with about 76% effectiveness. There also appears to be some degree of correlation between the amount of pressure departure and the extensiveness (in time and space) of this heavy rainfall. A check into those cases where an associated El Nino occurred indicated that the El Nino usually sets in a few to several months earlier than the heavy precipitation over the central and western equatorial Pacific dry zone and prior to the obvious Darwin pres...
Cement Mortar Lining of 20-Ft Diameter Steel Pipe

The art of cement mortar lining new steel pipelines, already installed, has advanced rapidly in the past 10 yrs. This advancement has led to the application of in-place mortar lining in a 20 ft-diam steel tunnel. This application has been described by showing there was a need for a faster and better way to apply a protective coating to large diameter steel conduits. The description includes where and how this application was performed.
A Framework for the Study and Control of Terrorism

Terrorism is a result of human actions. The general principles of the scientific method are relevant to its analysis. A procedure for approaching a question, situation, person, or idea according to a definitely established, logical, and systematic plan, the scientific method includes the following nine stages: (1) data collection, (2) statement of the problem, (3) analysis of the problem, (4) selection of the aspects to be studied, (5) use of induction to observe, describe, and classify specifics, (6) statement of the hypothesis, (7) use of deduction to formulate and test assumptions, (8) clarification of the relationship between the original problem and the hypothesis, and (9) generalization to other situations. Utilization of these procedures has facilitated the development and refinement of an analytical framework for the study and control of terrorism.
Abstract 121: Cytochrome P450 1B1 Gene Disruption Prevents Cardiac Dysfunction Associated With DOCA-salt-induced Hypertension in Mice

Previously, we have shown that cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1 contributes to deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) salt-induced hypertension and associated increase in vascular reactivity, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular oxidative stress in rats. This study was conducted to determine whether Cyp1b1 gene disruption protects against cardiac dysfunction, measured by echocardiography, in this model of hypertension in mice. Eight week old male mice were uninephrectomized, subcutaneously implanted with a DOCA pellet (50mg/kg) and given 1% saline in drinking water for 4 weeks, and blood pressure (BP) was measured weekly by tail cuff method. DOCA-salt treatment increased systolic BP in Cyp1b1 +/+ mice to a greater degree than in Cyp1b1 -/- mice (115 ± 3 to 188 ± 5 mmHg vs. 120 ± 5 to 152 ± 8 mmHg, respectively, P Cyp1b1 +/+ , but not Cyp1b1 -/- mice (Table 1). Cardiac production of reactive oxygen species, as indicated by 2-hydroxyethidium fluorescence intensity, was increased in DOCA-salt treated Cyp1b1 +/+ mice, which was attenuated in Cyp1b1 -/- mice. These data suggest that Cyp1b1 plays a pivotal role in cardiac dysfunction associated with DOCA-salt hypertension in mice by increasing oxidative stress, and that it could serve as a potential target for drugs to treat cardiovascular dysfunction associated with excess mineralocorticoid-salt hypertension.
Halogen Bonding: Unifying Perspectives on Organic and Inorganic Cases

We find for distinct classes of halogen bonded complexes (MF3—X···Y) that the ab initio BSSE-corrected binding energies (ΔE) and enthalpies (ΔH) are predicted by functions of the form y = A/rn + C. Here X is a halogen atom, Y is a base, r is the X···Y separation, and A, n, and C are constants. The actual value of n (5.5 < n < 7.0 for ΔE) for each class is determined evidently by the availability of the lone pairs on the base and is insensitive to M such that all of the complexes of a given base fall on the same curve for y versus r. Remarkably, several bases show the same behavior in some cases such that just three curves account for 55 MF3I···Y complexes of 11 bases, where M = C, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb. Two additional bases, THF and NF3, which form especially strong and weak complexes, respectively, are in classes by themselves. Anomalous modes of halogen bonding are identified; in particular, furan forms sigma-hole complexes via carbons 2 and 3 (through the π system) in the ring in preference to the oxygen ...
A Telehealth Approach to Caregiver Self-Management Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective To determine whether a telephone-based, individualized education and mentored problem-solving intervention would improve outcomes for caregivers of persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design Parallel group, randomized controlled trial with blinded outcome assessment. Setting General community. Participants A total of 153 caregivers (mean age = 49.7 years; 82% female; 54% spouses/partners, 35% parents) of persons with moderate to severe TBI who received acute and/or rehabilitation care at a level I trauma center. Eighty-two percent of participants were evaluated at 6-month follow-up. Intervention Individualized education and mentored problem-solving intervention focused on caregivers' primary concerns delivered via up to 10 telephone calls at 2-week intervals. Main outcome measures Composite of Bakas Caregiving Outcomes Scale (BCOS) and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18) at 6 months post-TBI survivor discharge. Secondary measures included the Brief COPE. Results Caregivers in the treatment arm scored higher on the BCOS-BSI composite (P = .032), with more active coping (P = .020) and less emotional venting (P = .028) as measured by the Brief COPE. Conclusions An individualized education and mentored problem-solving approach delivered via telephone in the first few months following community discharge of the TBI survivor resulted in better caregiver outcomes than usual care. Consideration should be given to using this approach to augment the limited support typically offered to caregivers.
Multiple, Disparate Redox Pathways Exhibited by a Tris(pyrrolido)ethane Iron Complex

Iron(III) complexes of the tris(pyrrolide)ethane trianion have been synthesized by reaction of one- and two-electron oxidants with [(tpe)Fe(THF)][Li(THF)4] (tpe = tris(5-mesitylpyrrolyl)ethane). X-ray crystallography, 57Fe Mossbauer, 1H NMR and EPR spectroscopy, SQUID magnetometry, and density functional theory calculations were employed to rigorously establish the iron 3+ oxidation state. All oxidants employed are proposed to operate via an inner-sphere electron transfer mechanism. Dialkyl peroxides and dibenzyldisulfide served to oxidize iron by one electron, and group transfer of an aryl nitrene unit to the Fe2+ starting material resulted in formation of Fe3+ amido species following H-atom abstraction by a presumed nitrenoid intermediate. Single electron transfer to and from diphenyldiazoalkane was also observed to yield a diphenyldiazomethanyl radical anion antiferromagnetically coupled to the S = 5/2 Fe3+. Isolation of Fe3+ complexes of tpe, in comparison with previous results wherein the tpe ligand ...
The effects of unconsolidated sediments upon the ground motion during local earthquakes

abstract A vertical seismic array at the Richmond Field Station on the margin of San Francisco Bay, California, has provided some excellent experimental data showing the effects of unconsolidated sediments on ground motion during local earthquakes. The experiments are well controlled in that good estimates of the material properties of the sediments are available, with the largest uncertainty being in the attenuation. Three components of acceleration have been recorded in bedrock below the sediments, within the sediments, and at the surface of the sediments from two local earthquakes. The maximum accelerations at the surface are between 1.5 and 4.3 times those in the bedrock. Analytical calculations which assume vertically propagating waves and which are suitable for highly attenuating materials explain the major differences between the bedrock records and the surface records for both vertical and horizontal components. Maximum accelerations, duration, frequency content, general character of the records, and response spectra are all in approximate agreement. Some of the energy arriving late in the records can best be explained by surface waves propagating horizontally in the sediments.
Struggles and resistance against land dispossession in Africa : An overview

The current land grabbing trend in Africa demonstrates more similarity than differences when compared with colonial land expropriations (Palmer 2011). The trend simultaneously reignites long-standing land struggles and connects them with the world market crisis which assists the driving force of the food–finance nexus (ROAPE 2011). Starting from this conceptualisation, the chapter is premised on the appraisal that, for the time being, resistance against land grabs in Africa has built on pre-existing struggles over land, while producing isolated and localised protests against some of the deals (Moyo et al. 2011). These land struggles have gained visibility through an information network put in place by a network of academic researchers, think-tanks and transnational agrarian movements. Donor-led advocacy and the activism of social movements have been crucial to raising awareness and to report the reality on the ground, without being in the position of substituting for popular agency or giving radical solutions.
Allelopathic Effects of Water Extraction of Rhus typhina on Zea mays Seeds Germination

The Allelopathic effects of different concentration (0.10,0.05,0.025g/L respectively) of water extraction from leaf litter and persistent fruit cluster of Rhus typhina on the germination of Zea mays seeds were investigated.The results showed that the seed germination was significantly inhibited by both water extractions of leaf litter and fruit cluster.Germination percentage,germination index and vigor index were all lower than those of control and the germination course was delayed after being treated with different concentrations of extraction.The allelopathic effect of water extraction from leaf litter was higher than that of fruit cluster extraction and concentration effects of both extractions were all observed.
Etiologic identification and analysis of the human brucellosis in Guizhou Province,China,2013

In order to etiologically diagnose and analyse the suspected patients of brucellosis and provide etiologic basis for the confirmation of patients and the control of human brucellosis in Guizhou Province,conventional and molecular techniques were used to identify suspicious bacteria strains isolated from the suspected patients of brucellosis.Results showed that a total of 13 Brucellasuspicious bacteria strains were isolated and 11 Brucellasuspicious strains were identified as B.melitensis biotype 3by conventional tests,with 2strains unable to be identified.Genus specific BCSP31-PCR identified all the 13 bacteria strains as Brucellaspp.Species-specific AMOS-PCR further identified the 11 strains as B.melitensis,and the 2strains unidentified with conventional tests were also unable to be identified with AMOS-PCR.Results of this study suggested that B.melitensis biotype 3were the main epidemic Brucellain Guizhou Province in 2013,accounting for 84.6%(11/13),which provided etiological basis for the diagnosis of patients and the control of human brucellosis.
Study of method for aseismic design of electrical equipments with vibration absorbing system

Based on concept design and aseismic calculation and details of aseismic design in electrical equipment with vibration absorbing system,the method of aseismic design for the system is established and analyzed.The engineering example using the method of aseismic design shows that it is feasible and practical.
Juggling Spacecraft: Similarities and differences of eight microsatellites for the CYGNSS mission

The goal of any system in which there is a large set of components that are mostly similar, but have a non-negligible set of differences, is to find the balance between a “one-size-fits-all” approach, and a “unique-per-system-and-customizable” approach. This paper discusses how the balance between these two extremes is achieved as part of the ground segment and flight segment that will support the eight microsatellites of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) mission. The NASA CYGNSS mission aims to understand the coupling between ocean surface properties, moist atmospheric thermodynamics, radiation, and convective dynamics in the inner core of Tropical Cyclones (TCs). The mission is comprised of eight microsatellites in Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) at an inclination of 35 degrees. As discussed in “The CYGNSS Ground Segment: Innovative Missions Operations Concepts to Support a Micro-Satellite Constellation” [1], previously presented at IEEE Aerospace 2013, the ground segment system must take into account the unique aspects of each microsatellite, including unique Spacecraft Identification (SCID) schemes, setup of multiple ground system consoles, definition of telemetry limits unique to a microsatellite, and any unique table or command loads. This paper expands upon the previously presented paper on the ground segment, and discusses how each of these details has been addressed in the implementation of the CYGNSS mission. This includes discussion of how Spacecraft I/Ds are defined onboard via the avionics, how the FSW table configurations vary between microsatellites, and whether or not a “one-size-fits-all” approach of FSW images is necessary for each microsatellite. The CYGNSS mission completed Preliminary Design Review (PDR) in 2014, Critical Design Review (CDR) in 2015, and is expected to launch in late 2016.
Creative choices and fan practices in the transformation of theme park space

This article describes and interprets fan activities within the theme park space related to a particular fan object. It examines an evolving paradigm wherein the role of theme park visitors is changed. Rather than being perceived as observers of spectacles, they can participate and interact with the environment in new ways. An example of this is Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom (2012), an interactive role-playing quest and collector card game at Disney's Magic Kingdom Park in Florida. Fans participate in a variety of practices that have dynamically redefined theme park activities. Together, management, designers, and fans have cocreated and reconstructed the theme park experience as one of exploration and participation. Despite multiple levels of control, fans will likewise persist in engagement with activities (in park and online) that help shape and interrogate the theme park space.
The Further Developed Phaeton from Volkswagen

In autumn 2008, the Phaeton from Volkswagen underwent a substantial advancement in development. The key elements include a completely revised infotainment system, various improvements to the engine range and new design accents in the interior.
Tribal, Federal, and State Laws Impacting the Eastern Shawnee Tribe, 1812 to 1945

The Indian nations in what is now North America developed traditions and laws to manage and control their societies and peoples and their interactions with other tribal governments. No society can long exist without developing effective control mechanisms. Thus, indigenous peoples governed themselves pursuant to well-established codes and rules. The vast diversity of the myriad cultures of Indian peoples across what is now the United States well represents the diverse governing systems and laws they developed. The Euro-American societies that established themselves on the North American continent, and especially the United States, also developed policies, courts, and laws that had enormous impacts on tribal governments and Indian peoples. Many of these court cases, policies, and laws played an important role in the history, operation, and existence of the Eastern Shawnee Tribe and its citizens. In addition, the state of Oklahoma and its courts and laws also impacted the Eastern Shawnee. This chapter examines some of the constitutional and legal provisions, from roughly 1812 to 1945, that the Eastern Shawnee, United States, and Oklahoma governments adopted that impacted the Eastern Shawnee people. The chapter also highlights how the Eastern Shawnee people governed themselves in Ohio, until 1832, and then in the Indian Territory, and the Constitution and By-laws that the Tribe adopted in 1939 and 1940.
Better outcomes at lower costs? The effect of public health expenditures on hospital efficiency

ABSTRACTLocal health departments play a critical role in the community they serve as they are the foundation of the U.S. public health system providing services such as immunizations to the less af...
Religious Literacy, Moral Recognition, and Strong Relationality.

AbstractSeveral proposals for addressing religious literacy or including religious content in American public schools point to potential advantages for intellectual and moral development. These proposals include moral arguments, which suggest that religious literacy is an individual and social good. Although the proposals selected for this analysis span the previous two decades, it appears that little progress has been made toward addressing religious literacy in American public school contexts. In this theoretical article, I examine several of these proposals using a philosophical contrast between weak and strong relationality. It is argued that although these proposals include strong relational assumptions, weak relational assumptions remain that could inhibit the successful implementation of these proposals—or perhaps even undermine their ultimate goals.
Hylleraas-configuration interaction study of the {}^{1}S ground state of the negative Li ion

In a previous work Sims and Hagstrom [J. Chem. Phys. 140, 224312 (2014)] reported Hylleraas-Configuration Interaction (Hy-CI) method variational calculations for the neutral atom and positive ion 1S ground states of the beryllium isoelectronic sequence. The Li- ion, nominally the first member of this series, has a decidedly different electronic structure. This paper reports the results of a large, comparable calculation for the Li- ground state to explore how well the Hy-CI method can represent the more diffuse L shell of Li- which is representative of the Be(2sns) excited states as well. The best non-relativistic energy obtained was -7.500 776 596 hartree, indicating that 10 - 20 nh accuracy is attainable in Hy-CI and that convergence of the r12r34 double cusp is fast and that this correlation type can be accurately represented within the Hy-CI model.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has consistently been considered the gold standard for the treatment of some eating disorders and for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). The majority of the literature has focused on the separate treatment of these two frequently co-occurring disorders. In light of this, CBT has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of bulimia nervosa, the newly recognized binge eating disorder, and for NSSI; however, strong evidence is lacking for anorexia nervosa. Also lacking is a well-integrated research body examining the efficacy of CBT in treating eating disorders and NSSI concurrently. The basic structure of CBT for each of the eating disorders and for NSSI is outlined in the current chapter. The general approach focuses on identifying and modifying negative, automatic thoughts in an effort to influence behavior change and the development of healthier, more adaptive coping strategies. More specific suggestions are provided with regard to the concurrent treatment of eating disorders and NSSI using a CBT approach. Future directions for both research and practice are also discussed.
Involving CPUs into Multi-GPU Deep Learning

The most important part of deep learning, training the neural network, often requires the processing of a large amount of data and can takes days to complete. Data parallelism is widely used for training deep neural networks on multiple GPUs in a single machine thanks to its simplicity. However, its scalability is bound by the number of data transfers, mainly for exchanging and accumulating gradients among the GPUs. In this paper, we present a novel approach to data parallel training called CPU-GPU data parallel (CGDP) training that utilizes free CPU time on the host to speed up the training in the GPUs. We also present a cost model for analyzing and comparing the performances of both the typical data parallel training and the CPU-GPU data parallel training. Using the cost model, we formally show why our approach is better than the typical one and clarify the remaining issues. Finally, we explain how we optimized CPU-GPU data parallel training by introducing chunks of layers and present a runtime algorithm that automatically finds a good configuration for the training. The algorithm is effective for very deep neural networks, which are the current trend in deep learning. Experimental results showed that we achieved speedups of $1.21$, $1.04$, $1.21$ and $1.07$ for four state-of-the-art neural networks: AlexNet, GoogLeNet-v1, VGGNet-16, and ResNet-152, respectively. Weak scaling efficiency greater than $90$ was achieved for all networks across four GPUs.
Depressive disorders in women: From menarche to beyond the menopause

INTRODUCTION In the United States, over 30 million people experience clinical depression each year (Kessler et al., 2003), with the majority of these patients being female. The rate of depression in women is typically twice that of men, with several studies reporting variability in the lifetime ratios in different countries, for example ratios ranging from 1.6 in Beirut and Taiwan to 3.1 in West Germany (Weissman et al., 1996). The identification and treatment of depression in women has garnered increasing attention over the past decade, particularly with respect to the impact of reproductive life events on mood disorders. The National Institutes of Health has issued several announcements requesting applications to investigate this understudied area. A major impetus for this increased research focus is that distribution of major depression across the female reproductive life cycle is variable. Women are at greatest risk for the first episode of major depression during the childbearing years (Angold, Costello, & Worthman, 1998; Bebbington et al., 1998; Weissman, 1996). The overlap between the symptoms of depression and many complaints considered by clinicians to be the normal sequelae of reproductive life events, such as menstruation, pregnancy, postpartum, and the transition to menopause, presents challenges to the accurate diagnosis as well as calls to question the validity of applying the same diagnostic criteria to women during these life events (Stowe & Newport, 1998).
The Rise of the Taliban

The Taliban were founded by Mullah Mohammed Omar in the mid-1990s. The specifics of the origin story vary between sources, but one thing is certain—the Taliban rapidly expanded their territorial control. The United States needed to know who this new group was and began regular meetings with the Taliban in early 1995. This chapter explores the rise of the Taliban and the US relationship with the Taliban from the start of the movement until the fall of Kabul in September 1996. In this time period, the US and the Taliban had a cordial relationship; but the US was concerned both about women’s rights under the Taliban and about the Taliban’s obvious unwillingness to seek a negotiated settlement with Afghanistan’s weak central government.
Irrigation variability and climate change affect derived distributions of simulated water recharge and nitrate leaching

Irrigation (‘blue’) water has high value as municipalities seek water security under growing populations and projected climates, but spatial variability makes estimating return flows to groundwater...
Natural Language Processing to Assess End-of-Life Quality Indicators in Cancer Patients Receiving Palliative Surgery.

Abstract Background: Palliative surgical procedures are frequently performed to reduce symptoms in patients with advanced cancer, but quality is difficult to measure. Objective: To determine whethe...
Microbiomes in Ground Water and Alternative Irrigation Water, and Spinach Microbiomes Impacted by Irrigation with Different Types of Water

Irrigation water, particularly if applied overhead, could be an important source of bacterial contamination to fresh produce. The colonization, survival, and proliferation of exogenous bacterial pa...
Complications and Outcomes of Chimeric Free Flaps: A Systematic Review:

ObjectiveAblations of locally advanced or recurrent head and neck cancer commonly result in large composite orofacial defects. Chimeric flaps represent a unique surgical option for these defects, a...