cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economy, Innovation, and Prescriptivism: From Spec to Head and Head to Head

This paper decribes cyclical changes in negative and wh-constructions as a change from Spec(ifier) to Head. It accounts for this change through an economy principle that says 'if possible, be a head'. The changes examined all show a tendency towards heads and head-checking but execute this in slightly different ways. In addition, innovations introduce new specifiers, and prescriptive rules retain them, counteracting the effects of economy. Changes from Head to Head and from Spec to Spec also occur. These proceed typically towards positions higher in the tree and can be explained via a 'merge over move' economy principle. The change involving heads I'll look at is the change of to from preposition to complementizer, and the changes involving specifiers involve French negatives and English relatives. Thus, certain instances of grammaticalization can be accounted for in structural terms.
Lessons the United States Can Learn From Other Countries' Territorial Systems For Taxing Income of Multinational Corporations

The United States has a worldwide system that taxes the dividends its resident multinational corporations receive from their foreign affiliates, while most other countries have territorial systems that exempt these dividends. This report examines the experience of four countries – two with long-standing territorial systems and two that have recently eliminated taxation of repatriated dividends. We find that the reasons for maintaining or introducing dividend exemption systems varied greatly among them and do not necessarily apply to the United States. Moreover, classification of tax systems as worldwide or territorial does not adequately capture differences in how countries tax foreign-source income.
Evidence for the evolution of reduced mycorrhizal dependence during plant invasion

Introduced species inevitably experience novel selection pressures in their new environments as a result of changes in mutualist and antagonist relationships. While most previous work has examined how escape from specialist enemies has influenced herbivore or pathogen resistance of exotic species, post-introduction shifts in exotic dependence on mutualists have not been considered. In a common environment, we compared dependence on AM fungi of North American and European populations of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort), a forb native to Europe. Introduced North American populations responded less to inoculation with AM fungi than did European populations. Root architecture was strongly correlated with mycorrhizal response, and introduced populations had finer root architecture than native populations. Finally, introduced populations exhibited decreased root and increased reproductive allocation relative to European populations, consistent with a transition to a weedier life history; however, biomass allocation patterns were uncorrelated with mycorrhizal response. These findings are the first demonstration of a genetically based reduction of mycorrhizal dependence and shift in root architecture in an introduced species.
The Case For Case Studies: Deriving Theory From Evidence

While case studies appear frequently in business classrooms as learning exercises, they appear only infrequently in scholarly journals as an accepted basis on which to demonstrate a theory or test a hypothesis. While scholars have contributed much in recent years to improving the rigor and design of business case studies, this research approach may yet be underutilized. The academic approach to the study of law in the US and England draws heavily on the use of case studies; management scholars may benefit from an understanding of the ways in which lawyers construct, analyze, and draw lessons from cases.
Transverse Shear Effects in Bimodular Composite Laminates

A closed-form solution for the Timoshenko-type shear correction coefficient (K2) governing the deflection of bimodular composite laminates in cylindrical bending is presented. The bending- stress distribution for a laminate constructed of bimodular materials (which have different elastic moduli in tension and compression) is used in the two-dimensional equilibrium equation to obtain the transverse shear-stress distribution. This shear-stress distribution is used to obtain expressions for the shear correction coefficient (based on equrvalent shear strain energy) and the maximum dimensionless transverse shear stress (τxz) max. Finally, the effects of the elastic-constant ratios on the neutral-surface location and shear correction coefficient for laminates consisting of either unimodular or bimodular materials are studied.
Low-latency video transmission over lossy packet networks using rate-distortion optimized reference picture selection

Today's Internet video streaming systems employ buffering and multiple retransmissions to guarantee the correct reception of each packet, which leads to high latency in media delivery. In this work, a novel scheme of dynamic management of the dependency across packets is proposed using optimal reference picture selection at the frame level that adapts to the channel. The optimal selection of the reference picture is achieved with a rate-distortion framework, which minimizes the expected end-to-end distortion given a rate constraint. The expected distortion is calculated based on an accurate binary tree modeling with the effects of channel loss and error concealment taken into account. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed :scheme provides significant performance gains over a simple INTRA-insertion scheme. The increased error-resilience eliminates the need of retransmission, which makes it possible to reduce the latency from 10-15 seconds to a few hundred milliseconds, with similar video quality maintained.
Fly Ash Concrete for Shippingport Atomic Power Station

15,000 cu yd of concrete using type IS Portland slag cement, placed at Station; ways in which solution of many problems was accomplished, with particular emphasis on development of mix designated to attain compressive strength of 3000 psi at 28 days.
(μ-2-Pyridine­aldazine-κ4N,N′:N′′,N′′′)bis­[bis­(N,N-di-n-propyl­dithio­carbamato-κ2S,S′)cadmium(II)]

The dinuclear centrosymmetric title compound, [Cd2(C7H14NS2)4(C12H10N4)], features a tetra­dentate 2-pyridine­aldazine ligand that chelates two Cd centres. The coordination geometry for Cd is distorted octa­hedral based on a cis-N2S4 donor set. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are connected into a supra­molecular chain aligned along the a direction via C—H⋯S and C—H⋯π contacts, and by π–π contacts [centroid-to-centroid distance 3.5708 (15) A]. The n-propyl groups are each disordered, one equally over two sites and the other with a site-occupancy factor of 0.618 (8) for the major component.
Rehabilitation of a patient with overlap of acute transverse myelitis and Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis: a case report.

We report on one patient with Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis (BBE) and associated flaccid weakness. Counter to previous studies with BBE which indicate weakness due to Guillain–Barre syndrome, our patient’s presentation of paraplegia following BBE is consistent with concomitant acute transverse myelitis. Her findings of BBE largely resolved, although she remained with T6 American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) A paraplegia. Motor functional impairment measure scores improved from 20 at admission to 66 before discharge home with assistance. This case presents the first potential overlapping case of acute transverse myelitis with BBE and describes how acute inpatient rehabilitation can be effective in facilitating transition back to independence following tetraplegia with BBE.
Illustrating Concepts in Physical Organic Chemistry with 3D Printed Orbitals

Orbital theory provides a powerful tool for rationalizing and understanding many phenomena in chemistry. In most introductory chemistry courses, students are introduced to atomic and molecular orbitals in the form of two-dimensional drawings. In this work, we describe a general method for producing 3D printing files of orbital models that can be employed with most popular software packages for performing electronic structure calculations and molecular visualization. Methods for producing both solid and mesh orbitals are provided, including pointers for producing a model that is both informative and structurally sound. Finally, numerous examples of various systems of interest in physical organic chemistry are provided in the .stl format for 3D printing, as well as a fully illustrated tutorial for the process.
Senator Black and the American Merchant Marine

For lawyers, Hugo L. Black will always be remembered as Mr. Justice Black. But Black was also a great Senator, whose Senate career illuminates the man who would be one of the nation’s longest serving justices. Few have so ably tempered the logical intricacies of the law with the fire of the humanity that the law both contains and reflects. What does the relationship between his Senate and Supreme Court careers reveal about the qualities and prior experience desirable in Court appointees? Students of Senator Black’s career may debate his “most important” achievements, but all would agree his contribution to shipping policy would be high on that list. His investigation of American merchant shipping was one of the most thorough and searching in history. It led to a monumental piece of legislation, and provides some insight into the man who would be remembered as Mr. Justice Black
Comparison of Antipyretic Activity of Salicylic and Aurintricarboxylic Acids.

SummaryThe antipyretic effects of salicylic acid and of a structurally related compound, the dye aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA), were compared in rats with fevers induced by subcutaneous injection of yeast. The two compounds had comparable effects on fever and, when injected together, their effects were additive. ATA had a more transient effect, reduced the temperature of rats without fevers, and reduced fevers by a specific amount rather than to a specific temperature as did salicylate. These differences led to the postu-lation of a direct peripheral action of ATA.
Pediatric Neglected Tropical Diseases in a Major Metropolitan Children's Hospital in the United States, 2004-2013.

We conducted a retrospective study of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) diagnosed at Texas Children’s Hospital between 2004 and 2013. Forty-three patients with an NTD were identified; 47% had never traveled outside of the United States. The results of this study highlight the importance of physician awareness of NTDs in children in the United States.
Reduction mammaplasty by the vertical bipedicle flap technique. Rationale and results.

We are still awaiting the paper entitled “Finesse in Mammaplasty” and still getting papers entitled “A New Approach to Mammaplasty.” Meaningful progress, it would seem, has been thwarted by the tendency of new ideas to become separate, static entities rather than contributing to the moving stream of facts leading to the ideal operation.
Practical accounting in content-centric networking

Content-Centric Networking (CCN) is a recent network paradigm designed to address some key limitations of the current IP-based Internet. One of its main features is innetwork content caching which allows requests for content to be served by routers. Despite the benefits of improved bandwidth utilization and lower latency of retrieving popular content, innetwork caching inhibits producers from collecting information about content that is requested and later served from network caches. Such information is often needed for accounting and popularity purposes. In this paper, we address accounting in CCN by varying the degree of consumer, router, and producer involvement. We also identify and analyze inherent performance and security tradeoffs. We show that fine-grained accounting is infeasible with router caches and without explicit application support. We then recommend accounting strategies that entail a few simple requirements for CCN architectures. Finally, we show, via experimental results, that network-layer CCN accounting is viable and incurs low overhead for all parties involved. approaches.
Effect of Molecular Structure on Mesomorphism. 6. Non-Linear Thermal Behavior in Some Binary Liquid Crystal Systems

Most binary mesophase systems exhibit mesophase-isotropic transition temperatures which are linearly dependent on composition. There are however exceptions. Demus (1) reported non-linear behavior for some mixtures when one component was a chloro mesogen. Dave (2) found similar behavior with chloro and nitro liquid crystals and postulated a structural rationale based on dipolar characteristics of the constituent molecules. Schroeder and Schroeder (3) reported in 1968 that non-mesomorphic nitro-terminated anils enhanced (4) the smectic phase of di-n-hexyloxyazoxybenzene. These authors suggested a loose dimeric association of the nitro anils as part of a molecular explanation for this enhanced smectic phase.
Reliability and Comparison of Spinal End-Range Motion Assessment Using a Skin-Surface Device in Participants With and Without Low Back Pain

Abstract Objective The purposes of this study were to determine the reliability of using a skin-surface device to measure global and segmental thoracic and lumbar spine motion in participants with and without low back pain (LBP) and to compare global thoracic and lumbar motion between the 2 groups. Methods Forty participants were included in the study (20 adults with LBP and 20 age- and sex-matched adults without LBP). On the same day, 2 raters independently measured thoracic and lumbar spine motion by rolling a skin-surface device along the spine from C7 to S3, with participants at their end range of standing flexion and extension. Results In participants with LBP, global thoracic and lumbar flexion and extension end-range motion testing yielded fair-to-high intrarater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.76-0.96) and good-to-high interrater reliability (ICC = 0.82-0.98). Interrater reliability was fair to high (ICC = 0.77-0.93) for segmental lumbar flexion measurements in participants with LBP. No significant differences were found in global thoracic and lumbar flexion or extension end-range mobility between participants with and without LBP. Conclusions Global thoracic and lumbar end-range motion measurement using a skin-surface device has acceptable reliability for participants with LBP. Reliability for segmental end-range motion measurement was only acceptable for lumbar flexion in participants with LBP.
Computational Quality of Service in Parallel CFD

Publisher Summary The computational quality-of-service infrastructure is motivated by large-scale scientific simulations based on partial differential equations, with emphasis on multimethod linear solvers in the context of parallel computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The chapter presents a component infrastructure that supports performance monitoring, analysis, and adaptation of important numerical kernels, such as nonlinear and linear system solvers. The chapter defines a simple, flexible interface for the implementation of adaptive nonlinear and linear solver heuristics, and also provides components for monitoring, check pointing, and gathering of performance data, which are managed through two types of databases. The first is created and destroyed during runtime and stores performance data for code segments of interest, as well as various application-specific performance events in the currently running application instance. The second database is persistent and contains performance data from various applications and different instances of the same application. This database can also contain performance information derived through offline analysis of raw data. The chapter describes prototype implementation of this infrastructure and illustrates its applicability to adaptive linear solver heuristics used in a driven cavity flow simulation code.
Thyroid Function Tests in Subjects with a Genetic Isoelectric Focusing Variant TBG

A variant thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) with slower migration on isoelectric focusing (TBG-S) has been found in some American Blacks. It is inherited as an X-chromosome-linked trait. Hemizygous males with TBGS exhibit TBG bands shifted cathodally. Heterozygous females with TBG-CS, show the summation pattern of TBG bands corresponding to sera from subjects with only TBG-S and those with only the common type of TBG (TBG-C). Because the effect of TBG-S on thyroid function has not been studied in detail, we compared data of thyroid function tests in sex and age matched subjects belonging to four TBG genotypes (10 males each with TBG-S vs. TBG-C, and 10 females each with TBG-CS vs. TBG-CC). The mean serum T4 level of the group of males with TBG-S was 6.79 + 1.52 (SD) μg/dl, significantly lower than that of the group of males with TBG-C (8.49 + 1.29 lig/μl, p<0.02). A significant concomitant reduction in the mean serum TBG concentration was found in the group of males with TBG-S as compared to that with TBG-C (1.41 + 0.30 mg/dl vs. 1.72 + 0.29 mg/dl, p<0.05). Mean values of serum free T4 concentrations and other tests of thyroid function, including TSH levels, were not significantly different among the four groups matched by age and paired by sex. Although the reason for the reduced serum TBG concentration in subjects with TBG-S remains unclear the associated reduction of serum T4 levels is not accompanied by hypothyroidism.
The Surgical Management of Burn Wounds

Burn injuries have a significant impact on the health and wellness of injured individuals. Management of burns includes an appropriate assessment of all injuries, referral to a burn center, when indicated, and resuscitation, pain control, wound care, and rehabilitation beginning at the time of injury. After the patient has been successfully resuscitated, measures to excise the burn wound and provide closure are paramount, to reduce the risk of infection and death. Current methods include autografting, allografting, xenografting, and the use of dermal substitutes to aid in wound closure.
Combustion characteristics of colloidal droplets of jet fuel and carbon based nanoparticles

Abstract Addition of micro and nano-sized particles to liquid fuels has proven to be a successful mechanism to improve certain combustion characteristics such as burning rate and ignition delay. In this study, sub-millimeter size droplets of colloidal suspensions of jet fuel and different types of carbon based nanoparticles were ignited and burned at ambient conditions to investigate the effects of particle size and morphology on combustion behavior. Carbon nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanoplatelets with dimensions in the range of 2–3 nm to 100 nm were added to jet fuel at a wide range of mass concentrations. In general, higher burning rate (7–10% increase) was achieved for all of the carbon additives but it was found that the size and morphology of nanoparticles play an important role in the extent of this increase. For each particle type, a concentration was found at which maximum burning rate was achieved. It was observed that addition of more particle beyond this concentration would result in a burning rate reduction possibly due to the formation of large aggregates. Among the three carbon additives, nanotubes resulted in the highest burning rate increase at only 0.25% particle loading. Improved thermal and optical properties of these suspensions is believed to result in improved heat transfer within the droplet and an increase in the droplet temperature and evaporation rate.
Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) among Patients with Active Hematological Cancer: A Population-Based Case-Control Study.

Abstract Background: Hematological cancer patients are at an increased risk for VTE (RR range = 12–32). However, whether VTE risk among such patients can be further stratified is uncertain. Objective: To test hematological cancer type, stage, stage progression and chemotherapy as potential risk factors for VTE among active hematological cancer patients after controlling for other previously-identified VTE risk factors. Methods: Using the resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Project, Mayo Clinic Master Diagnostic Index and Mayo Clinic Tumor Registry, we identified all Olmsted County, MN residents with active hematological cancer over the 28-year period, 1973–2000. From this prevalence cohort, we identified 86 patients with no prior VTE (controls) who were matched on age and date of hematological cancer diagnosis to 86 hematological cancer patients with incident VTE over the same time frame (cases). For all cases and controls, we reviewed the complete medical records in the community for baseline and hematological cancer-related characteristics. Hematological cancers were re-staged at the dates of the cancer and VTE diagnosis. We tested these characteristics as potential risk factors for VTE in active hematological cancer using conditional logistic regression. Results: In an initial multivariate analysis that included body mass index (BMI), hospitalization, and any infection or central venous catheter placement within 90 days prior to the VTE event, VTE was significantly associated with hospitalization (OR=6.70; p Conclusions: Hematological cancer type (in particular, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and possibly acute leukemia), recent hospitalization, recent chemotherapy, and possibly stage progression and recent infection, are risk factors for VTE among patients with active hematological cancer.
Biodegradable Polymers for Orthopaedic Applications

Over the past decade there has been an exponential increase in the use of biodegradable polymers in the field of orthopaedics. Such materials are used to fabricate fracture fixation rods, plates, screws, staples, clips, arrows, hooks, suture anchors, sutures and more recently for producing scaffolds for musculoskeletal tissue engineering. Most biodegradable polymeric materials slowly degrade in the body due to hydrolysis or through enzymatic pathways. This renders the need for a second surgery to remove the implant unnecessary. Not only does this reduce healthcare costs but also patient morbidity. Another significant advantage in using biodegradable fixation devices is that such systems can potentially reduce the effects of stress shielding. Bone is a living tissue and remodels in response to the loads it experiences — a phenomenon commonly known as Wolff’s Law. In the presence of stiff metal implants, the load on the bone is significantly reduced, and hence, over the long term bone would have a propensity for osteopenia — a phenomenon described as stress-shielding. Fixation devices fabricated from biodegradable polymers can potentially offset this problem because as the fixation device degrades, its mechanical properties deteriorate. Thus, it can support only a decreasing level of load, which results in gradual reloading of the supported or repaired bone until full load bearing is restored.
Treatment of Inflation in Retirement Planning Calculations: An Improved Method

1. The typical treatment of inflation in retirement planning textbooks is too complex and is not reasonable in terms of the amount to contribute the first year being dependent on the inflation rate assumption.2. Economists typically put all amounts and interest rates in inflation-adjusted terms, which is simpler and a more rational approach to long-term planning.3. The typical financial planning approach requires an assumption about the future inflation rate, which is difficult to justify based on economic history in the United States and other countries.4. Most people have difficulty in comprehending the meaning of future amounts in nominal terms, so doing all projections in inflation-adjusted terms can help clients better understand projections.5. In calculating the capital needs for retirement, inflation-adjusted rates of return for each step should be chosen based appropriate portfolio choices for before and after retirement.
An Energy-Efficient Tensile-Strained Ge/InGaAs TFET 7T SRAM Cell Architecture for Ultralow-Voltage Applications

In this paper, we benchmark the read/write performance and standby power of several static random access memory (SRAM) cell architectures utilizing 45-nm Si CMOS MOSFET and/or tensile-strainedGe/InGaAs tunnel FET (TFET) devices under low-voltage operation ( $0.2~\text {V} \le \vert {V}_{\text {DD}}\vert \le 0.6$ V). We then introduce a novel tensile-strained Ge/InGaAs TFET-based SRAM circuit using several access schemes and investigate the impact of cell access design on static and dynamic performance. SRAM cells utilizing outwardaccess transistors exhibit wide read andwrite static noise margins, but suffer from increased read delay times. A 7T SRAM cell architecture is proposed in order to resolve the degraded read delay time. Cell standby energy was found to exhibit a strong dependenceon operational voltage andGe strain state. Variation of theGe strain state from 1.5% to 3% resulted in an up to 98% reduction in cell standby energy ( $\vert {V}_{\text {DD}}\vert = 0.6$ V) as compared with similar CMOS-based SRAM cells. These results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed 7T TFET SRAM design for operation in the low- and ultralow-voltage regime.
Shape indexes for semi-automated detection of windbreaks in thematic tree cover maps from the central United States

Abstract Windbreaks are an important ecological resource across the large expanse of agricultural land in the central United States and are often planted in straight-line or L-shaped configurations to serve specific functions. As high-resolution (i.e.,
Knowing where the nose is

Improvements in imaging technology and the development of powerful machine learning algorithms are revolutionizing the study of animal behavior in the laboratory. These innovations promise to reveal both global and local features of action relevant to understanding how the brain functions. A study in BMC Biology describes one such tool called OptiMouse, which is an open source platform that uses video to capture key features of mouse behavior, including information relevant to olfactory investigation. See research article: 10.1186/s12915-017-0377-3
Racial/Ethnic Patterns of Kindergarten School Enrollment in the United States

Enrollment into unequal schools at the start of formal education is an important mechanism for the reproduction of racial/ethnic educational inequalities. We examine whether there are racial/ethnic differences in school enrollment options at kindergarten, the start of schooling. We use nationally representative data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) to model whether parents seek information about their child's school before enrolling, whether parents move to a location so that a child can attend a certain school, or whether parents enroll their child in a school other than the assigned public school. Results indicate that enrollment patterns differ greatly across race/ethnicity. Whereas Black families are the most likely to seek information on a school's performance, White families are the most likely to use the elite option of choosing their residential location to access a particular school. These differences persist when controlling for socioeconomic status and sociogeographic location. Kindergarten enrollment patterns preserve the advantages of White families, perpetuating racial/ethnic disparities through multiple institutions and contributing to intergenerational processes of social stratification. Research should continue to examine specific educational consequences of housing inequities and residential segregation.
A Challenging Case of Hepatoblastoma Concomitant with Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease and Caroli Syndrome-Review of the Literature.

We report a rare case of an 18-month-old female with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, Caroli syndrome and pure fetal type hepatoblastoma. The liver tumor was surgically resected with no chemotherapy given. Now nine years post resection she demonstrates no local or distant recurrence and stable renal function.
Transformationen der Arbeit und das flexible Herz

Seit Arlie Hochschild vor mehr als vierzig Jahren die Diagnose der Emotionsarbeit aufstellte (1983), hat sich die Arbeitsorganisation in reichen Nationen in unubersehbar vielen Weisen verandert – mit wichtigen Folgerungen fur die Erfahrungen der Beschaftigten in Bezug darauf, wie sie ihre Gefuhle fur einen Lohn gestalten. Die Flexibilisierung der Arbeit hat in ihren vielen Dimensionen – u. a. Flexibilitat von Zeit, Ort, Funktion oder Laufbahn – zu einer neuen Nachfrage nach Gefuhlsarbeit mit neu erhohter Intensitat und in neuen Lebensarenen gefuhrt.
Integrated sight modules: fire control technology for the 21st century

The Army is developing advanced sensor modules and an integrated sight to fully exploit new weapon systems and evolving fighting concepts. The Integrated Sight Modules Program integrates a thermal imager, a miniature laser rangefinder, an electronic compass and an infrared (IR) pointer into a single system capable of providing standard signal output to video displays, storage, and transmission devices. The modules will provide technology to a number of current and future programs including the Objective Individual Combat Weapon, Objective Crew Served Weapon, Forward Observer/Forward Air Controller, and Light-Weight Laser Designator- Rangefinder. Improved sensors are essential for advanced fire control devices using bursting munitions due to the need to precisely place rounds on target. The Integrated Sight is the fire control system for the 21st Centuiy Land Warrior Top Level Demonstration. In addition to being a weapon sight, it will allow the Individual Soldier to initiate automated calls for fire. The Integrated Sight is being developed in two phases: individual modules are currently being developed in FY94-95 and an integrated sight will be developed in FY96-97 for testing in FY98. This paper discusses the program's purpose, status, and key technologies.
Genetic ablation of TRPV1 exacerbates pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy.

Abstract Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels expressed in sensory nerves may regulate vascular tone and cardiovascular function via their anti-inflammatory effects by releasing neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Inflammation plays a role in the progression of cardiac hypertrophy and TRPV1 activation may be key to cardiac inflammatory processes. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that TRPV1 modulates inflammatory processes to protect the heart from pressure overload-induced hypertrophy and inflammatory responses. Trpv1 knockout (Trpv1−/−) and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) or sham operation. Four weeks after TAC, WT and Trpv1-/- mice had developed left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy with increased LV mass, fibrosis and infiltration of macrophages as well as increased secretion of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6 from cardiac tissue (all P
Chronic Methylphenidate Alters Tonic and Phasic Glutamate Signaling in the Frontal Cortex of a Freely-Moving Rat Model of ADHD

Glutamate dysfunction has been implicated in a number of substance of abuse studies, including cocaine and methamphetamine. Moreover, in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), it has been discovered that when the initiation of stimulant treatment occurs during adolescence, there is an increased risk of developing a substance use disorder later in life. The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) serves as a phenotype for ADHD and studies have found increased cocaine self-administration in adult SHRs when treated with the stimulant methylphenidate (MPH) during adolescence. For this reason, we wanted to examine glutamate signaling in the pre-limbic frontal cortex, a region implicated in ADHD and drug addiction, in the SHR and its progenitor control strain, the Wistar Kyoto (WKY). We chronically implanted glutamate-selective microelectrode arrays (MEAs) into 8-week-old animals and treated with MPH (2 mg/kg, s.c.) for 11 days while measuring tonic and phasic extracellular glutamate concentrations. We observed that intermediate treatment with a clinically relevant dose of MPH increased tonic glutamate levels in the SHR but not the WKY compared to vehicle controls. After chronic treatment, both the SHR and WKY exhibited increased tonic glutamate levels; however, only the SHR was found to have decreased amplitudes of phasic glutamate signaling following chronic MPH administration. The findings from this study suggest that the MPH effects on extracellular glutamate levels in the SHR may potentiate the response for drug abuse later in life. Additionally, these data illuminate a pathway for investigating novel therapies for the treatment of ADHD and suggest that possibly targeting the group II metabotropic glutamate receptors may be a useful therapeutic avenue for adolescents diagnosed with ADHD.
Chronic Nerve Health Following Implantation of Nerve Cuff Electrodes Designed for the Proximal Femoral Nerve (S37.001)

Objective: This is the first in-human, year-long study to quantify the electrodiagnostic consequences in nerve physiology following implantation of a novel nerve cuff electrode (NCE) implanted around the proximal femoral nerves, near the inguinal ligament. Background: Peripheral nerve stimulation with implanted NCEs can modulate the motor, sensory, and autonomic nervous system. Following spinal cord injury, these electrodes can restore standing and stepping function to paraplegic patients. However, there is an absence of clinical data evaluating the chronic impact of NCEs on nerve health in human subjects. Design/Methods: We previously designed directionally-flexible NCEs to accommodate nerve bending and provide gentle nerve reshaping for improved selectivity of fascicular stimulation. Successful animal testing permitted implantation on bilateral femoral nerves, proximal to the branch innervating the sartorius muscle. They were deployed as part of a standing neuroprosthesis in a man with bilateral lower extremity paralysis secondary to long-standing cervical spinal cord injury. Electromyography quantified neurophysiology preoperatively through 1-year postoperatively. Stimulation charge thresholds and evoked knee extension moments quantified neuroprosthesis function. Results: Femoral compound motor unit action potentials increased by 31% in amplitude and 34% in area, while evoked knee extension moments increased significantly (p Conclusions: This is the first human trial reporting acute and chronic neurophysiologic changes following implantation of and stimulation through NCEs. Electrodiagnostics indicated preserved nerve health with increased motor responses following exercise. Temporary electrodiagnostic changes suggest minor nerve irritation perioperatively. Functional results indicated that these NCEs recruited muscles selectively and stabilized function quickly. These year-long outcomes demonstrate the ability to safely implant NCEs near joints. Study Supported by: This research was funded by R01-EB001889 from the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering of the NIH and by I01-RX001039 from the US Department of Veterans Affairs. This research was supported by NIH training grants T32- EB004314, T32- GM007250, and TL1- TR000441 and with resources provided by the Advanced Platform Technology (APT) Center of Excellence of the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, which is supported by NIH grant I50-RX001871. Disclosure: Dr. Freeberg has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pinault has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tyler has nothing to disclose. Dr. Triolo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ansari has nothing to disclose.
Analytical Chemistry Methods Based on Absorption of Laser Light

This part of the course is intended as a tutorial overview of the research that is currently going on in applying lasers to analytical chemistry. Since the field is large, many topic areas will of necessity be left out. More extensive reviews are available elsewhere (1, 2).
Using aggregate market data to estimate patent value: An application to United States smartphones 2010 to 2015

Abstract Intellectual property and its protection is one of the most valuable assets for entrepreneurs and firms in the information economy. This article describes a relatively straightforward approach to measuring patent value with aggregate market data and the BLP model. We apply the approach to United States smartphones. The demand estimates and recovered marginal costs produce sensible simulations of equilibria prices and shares from several hypothetical patent infringements. In one simulation, the presence of near field communication on the dominant firm's flagship smartphone results in a 29% increase in profits. This estimate provides a starting point for establishing a reasonable royalty between the patent holder and the dominant firm in a hypothetical negotiation. This simulation also shows that law-abiding firms inside the market may be damaged by the dominant firm's patent infringing behavior.
Non-equilibrium phenomena and kinetic pathways in self-assembled polyelectrolyte complexes

Polyelectrolyte complexation has been conventionally focused on the thermodynamic states, where assemblies have equilibrated in solutions. Far less attention has been given to complex systems that are kinetically trapped at non-equilibrium states. A combination of time-resolved dynamic light scattering, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) was employed here to investigate the internal structures and morphological evolution of non-equilibrium aggregates forming from a pair of two strong block polyelectrolytes over wide time and length scales. The role of formation pathways of electrostatically driven aggregates was assessed using two processing protocols: direct dissolution and salt annealing. The former led to thermodynamically stable products, while the latter resulted in kinetically trapped transient structures. After adding salt, the metastable structures gradually transformed into stable products. Cryo-TEM images showed the interconnected irregular morphologies of the aggregates, and SAXS data revealed the presence of fuzzy globular complexes with Rg ∼ 10 nm within them. A two-step process in the time-dependent structural transformation was found and characterized by a fast breakdown of interconnected transient aggregates followed by a slow redistribution of the incipient individual electrostatic assemblies. Furthermore, the prolonged aggregate disintegration process fitting to a stretched exponential function unveiled the broad relaxation distribution and significant structural heterogeneity in these polyelectrolyte complex nanoaggregates. This work brings new insight into the comprehension of non-equilibrium phenomena in self-assembled electrostatic assemblies and represents a first step toward constructing far-from-equilibrium polyelectrolyte complexes de novo for future applications.
Engineering of microscale vascularized fat that responds to perfusion with lipoactive hormones

Current methods to treat large soft-tissue defects mainly rely on autologous transfer of adipocutaneous flaps, a method that is often limited by donor site availability. Engineered vascularized adipose tissues can potentially be a viable and readily accessible substitute to autologous flaps. In this study, we engineered a small-scale adipose tissue with pre-patterned vasculature that enables immediate perfusion. Vessels formed after one day of perfusion and displayed barrier function after three days of perfusion. Under constant perfusion, adipose tissues remained viable and responded to lipoactive hormones insulin and epinephrine with lipid accumulation and loss, respectively. Adipocyte growth correlated inversely with distance away from the feeding vessel, as predicted by a Krogh-type model.
Evaluation of Neurological Diseases by Means of Speech Processing and Multimodal Analysis

Neurological diseases manifest in multiple motor and non-motor signs, readily observed in clinical practice for diagnosis or to evaluate disease progression. These observations consist in the analysis of multiple signs including a perceptual assessment of speech articulation, eye movements and hand-drawing-related movements. This practice entails long evaluation periods of up to two years in order to reach a reliable diagnosis. Our purpose is to propose clinical objective biomarkers gleaned mainly from signal processing of speech, but also from eye movements and drawing movements to diagnose and differentiate different neurological diseases, allowing likewise a reliable assessment of the evolution of the patient and her/his response to the treatment. Additionally, the combination of the postulated biomarkers via machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques will provide new multimodal automated classification systems to differentiate between healthy control subjects and patients suffering from different diseases such as Parkinson's Disease and atypical Parkinsonism. These new biomarkers and systems can be critical to facilitate the earlier detection of Parkinsonism and have the promise of ready distribution by cloud-based platforms to expedite access to underserved populations.
Analyzing Research Patterns in Outdoor and Adventure-Based Expressions of Experiential Education over Time.

The purpose of this analytical study was to identify patterns in primary, empirical research data collection methods published in five experiential education refereed journals over time (essentially from 1978 to 2017). A total of 815 research reports were examined among five prominent refereed journals, in the arena of outdoor and adventure-based approaches to experiential education. Data collected included general research methods used, data collection procedures, study locations, and sample sizes. Descriptive statistics, frequencies, and crosstabulations were used to determine tendencies in these four data stratifications. Because of varying foci of the sample journals, data were collectively tabulated and reported to show patterns in experiential education primary research over time. Subscribe to JOREL
Folding and oligomerization of influenza hemagglutinin in the ER and the intermediate compartment.

Abstract Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) was used to analyze the stepwise folding and oligomeric assembly of glycoproteins in the early secretory pathway of living cells. In addition to mature trimers, six distinct maturation intermediates were identified. Of these, all the incompletely oxidized forms were located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and associated with calnexin, a membrane-bound, lectin-like ER chaperone. Once fully oxidized, the HA dissociated from calnexin as a monomer, which rapidly became resistant to dithiothreitol (DTT) reduction. Part of these extensively folded molecules moved as monomers into the intermediate compartment between the ER and the Golgi complex. Assembly of homotrimers occurred without calnexin-involvement within the ER and in the intermediate compartment. When anchor-free HA molecules were analyzed, it was found that they reach the DTT-resistant monomeric conformation but fail to trimerize. Taken together, the results provide a definition and intracellular localization of several intermediates in the conformational maturation of HA, including the immediate precursor for trimer assembly.
Adapting to cell stress from inside and out

The ability of cancer cells to adapt to external and internal stresses is critical for tumourigenesis. A new study now shows that the integrated stress response is critical for tumour cell adaptation to stress induced by c-MYC activation, providing mechanistic insights into tumour responses to intrinsic stresses with implications for cancer therapies.
Theory of the phase transition in random unitary circuits with measurements

The interplay of entanglement, measurement, and noise in near-term quantum devices may lead to novel emergent phenomena. This work presents a theoretical framework to understand collective effects in the dynamics of quantum entanglement and information, using the tools of statistical mechanics. The new effective description of generic quantum circuits lends insight into a measurement-induced phase transition in the information content of the system and points toward novel schemes to identify this transition in experiments.
Metamorphosis of Public Speaking Anxiety: Student Fear Transformation Throughout the Introductory Communication Course

Addressing student public speaking anxiety (PSA) through an introductory speaking course is a fundamental pedagogical touchpoint. The current study replicates and extends PSA research by seeking to...
Testing an Adapted Model of Social Cognitive Career Theory: Findings and Implications for a Self-Selected, Diverse Middle-School Sample

We tested an adapted version of social-cognitive career theory (SCCT; Lent et al., 1994, 2000) with a self-selected, diverse sample of middle-school students attending a Saturday STEM Academy asking, “Is SCCT valid for examining career choice goal-intentions among a sample of students already expressing interest in math and science-related subjects and careers?” According to SCCT, choosing a STEM-related career involves the complex interplay of personal and contextual factors, many of which become increasingly salient during the middle-school years. There is reason to believe that SCCT may function differently for students who are self-selected, such as those found in the present sample. Main findings in the full regression model showed that math/science motivation (T1), family support for engineering (T1), outcome expectancies (T2), and interest (T2) were significant predictors of (T2) goal intentions; whereas self-efficacy was non-significant as has been shown in much previous research. Relatedly, we found several measurement issues with the SCCT variables among this sample, thus partially answering the larger research question. Implications of the present findings and suggestions for future research are discussed in the context of the career-choice literature, theoretical and practical implications of SCCT, and relatedly, possible measurement issues arising from using SCCT with self-selected, middle-school samples.
Quantitative variation and heritability estimates of fire blight resistance in a pedigree-connected apple germplasm set

Breeding resistant apple cultivars is a long-term solution to fire blight, a devastating bacterial disease caused by Erwinia amylovora. However, most resistance sources have been characterized in wild genetic backgrounds with poor fruit quality. Additionally, strong influences of environment and tree vigor on susceptibility, quantitative resistance, and the disease’s erratic nature make phenotyping challenging. This study examined levels of resistance/susceptibility to fire blight among and within 32 full-sib families (n = 314 seedlings) in a pedigree-connected apple germplasm set. In 2016 and 2017, multiple actively-growing shoots per tree (approximately 3 trees per seedling) were challenged with E. amylovora. Responses were quantified as proportions of current season’s shoot lengths that were blighted (SLB). Within a year, seedling responses were estimated using mean adjusted SLB best linear unbiased predictions (adjusted SLB BLUPs). Responses ranged from highly resistant to highly susceptible (0.04–0.97 adjusted SLB BLUPs across years) and were relatively consistent between years (Spearman’s R2 = 0.55). K-means clustering was used to classify seedlings into resistance/susceptibility groups based on incidence, adjusted SLB BLUPs, maximum SLB, and maximum age of wood infected. Most families, including crosses between susceptible parents, demonstrated quantitative variation for resistance/susceptibility. Families derived from ‘Enterprise’ demonstrated low relative susceptibility. Depending on the year and model, average narrow-sense heritability estimates ranged from 0.22–0.49. Phenotypic information (1) increases understanding of variation and inheritance of resistance/susceptibility to fire blight in germplasm relevant to US apple breeding programs and (2) could be used in pedigree-informed QTL analyses to detect loci associated with resistance/susceptibility.