cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prognostic value of dipyridamole thallium-201 imaging in elderly patients

AbstractThe prognostic value of intravenous dipyridamole myocardial perfusion imaging has not been studied in a large series of elderly patients. Patients ≥70 years of age with known or suspected c...
Attachment, aggression, and family risk in a low-income sample

Attachment security in children's first relationships with their primary caregivers in infancy supports multiple aspects of their social development during childhood. Insecure attachment, in contrast, underlies a wide range of negative outcomes for children, including aggressive behavior toward others. In a sample of 161 low-income families, early attachment insecurity was examined in relation to physical punishment and child aggression at ages two and three in the context of risk and intervention. Families had been randomly assigned either to a comparison group or to an Early Head Start program that provided weekly home visits aimed at increasing positive aspects of parenting behaviors. Children with higher security scores were less likely to be spanked at age three and less likely to be aggressive at ages two and three. Early Head Start made an independent contribution to less spanking at age three, over and above family risk factors, earlier attachment security, or earlier spanking. The results suggest...
Ross procedure for ascending aortic replacement.

Abstract Background . Patients with aortic valve disease and aneurysm or dilatation of the ascending aorta require both aortic valve replacement and treatment of their ascending aortic disease. In children and young adults, the Ross operation is preferred when the aortic valve requires replacement, but the efficacy of extending this operation to include replacement of the ascending aorta or reduction of the dilated aorta has not been tested. Methods . We reviewed the medical records of 18 (5.9%) patients with aortic valve disease and an ascending aortic aneurysm and 26 (8.5%) patients with dilation of the ascending aorta, subgroups of 307 patients who had a Ross operation between August 1986 and February 1998. We examined operative and midterm results, including recent echocardiographic assessment of autograft valve function and ability of the autograft root and ascending aortic repair or replacement to maintain normal structural integrity. Results . There was one operative death (2%) related to a perioperative stroke. Forty-two of 43 survivors have normal autograft valve function, with trace to mild autograft valve insufficiency, and one patient has moderate insufficiency at the most recent echocardiographic evaluation. None of the patients has dilatation of the autograft root or of the replaced or reduced ascending aorta. Conclusions . Early results with extension of the Ross operation to include replacement of an ascending aortic aneurysm or vertical aortoplasty for reduction of a dilated ascending aorta are excellent, with autograft valve function equal to that seen in similar patients without ascending aortic disease.
Less pain, more gain: computer applications for teaching applied social statistics

SUMMARY Applied social statistics is typically one of the most dreaded courses in a social work program. Technological advances in computer applications offer tools to lessen the pain and increase the gains associated with teaching and learning statistics. This paper reports on a modest research project resulting in a computer-based approach to teaching Applied Social Statistics. This approach makes full use of MicroCase, a statistical software package. Results of evaluative efforts which appraised the computer technology-enhanced statistics course are presented. Course format, classroom procedures, workbook and homework assignments, evaluation tools, and teaching strategies are also suggested.
Metabolic Programming: Long-Term Consequences of High-carbohydrate Feeding in the Immediate Postnatal Period

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the results of an altered early life nutritional experience on metabolic programming. 2. List the diseases to which fetuses may be predisposed in adulthood following maternal malnutrition. 3. Delineate the results from the high-carbohydrate milk formula-fed rat model that have implications for metabolic programming. 4. Describe data from the high-carbohydrate milk formula-fed rat model that may have implications for human obesity and related metabolic diseases. Recently it has been proposed that obesity may replace tobacco as the number one health risk factor in developed societies. An estimated 300,000 deaths per year and significant morbidities in the United States are attributable directly to obesity, suggesting that health benefits achieved by modern medicine may be offset by the increasing incidence of obesity worldwide. Although genetic predisposition, sedentary lifestyles, and consumption of high-caloric foods generally are believed to contribute to the onset of obesity, they do not satisfactorily account for the sudden boom in the incidence of obesity and related metabolic diseases. It now is recognized that early life nutritional experiences via the phenomenon of metabolic programming contribute to the onset of metabolic diseases later in life. Metabolic programming occurs when a nutritional stress/stimulus is experienced during the early developmental period, resulting in significant adaptations in target organs to enable the organism to survive the nutritional challenge. Concomitantly, this process results in permanent alterations in the physiology and metabolism of the organism, thereby priming it for the occurrence of metabolic disease later in life. A wealth of information is available on the role of maternal nutritional status during pregnancy in metabolic programming of the fetus in both human and animal models. Data from several epidemiologic studies support the occurrence of metabolic programming in humans. It has been suggested that disproportionate size of the newborn resulting from …
Resonance raman spectroscopy of binuclear iron centers. Hemerythrin, ribonucleotide reductase and iron phenanthroline complexes

Abstract Binuclear iron centers are known to be present in the respiratory protein, hemerythrin [1], and in the enzyme, ribonucleotide reductase [2]. These centers are characterized by strong antiferromagnetic coupling (-J ≅ 100 cm −1 ) of the two ferric ions, and by one or more intense absorption bands between 320 and 380 nm (ϵ ≅ 4000 M −1 cm − per Fe atom). These properties have long been ascribed to the presence of a μ-oxo bridge between the iron atoms. Verification of such a bridge was obtained in the 2.2-A resolution crystal structure of azidomethemerythrin [3]. Resonance Raman spectroscopy provides an additional valuable technique for the detection and characterization of binuclear iron centers. The FeOFe symmetric stretch, ν s (FeOFe), is Raman active and the intensity of this vibration may be enhanced by excitation within the FeOFe charge transfer band in the near ultraviolet. As a model system, we have investigated the resonance Raman spectra of binuclear 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) complexes of iron(III) [4]. The complex Fe 2 O(phen) 4 (NO 3 ) 4 · 7H 2 O has a Raman peak at 395 cm −1 which can be assigned to ν s (FeOFe) on the basis of its frequency being appropriate to an FeOFe angle of 154°, its absence from the spectrum of mono-nuclear complex Fe(phen) 3 (ClO 4 ) 3 · 3H 2 O, and its intensity being dependent upon excitation wavelength. The perchlorate and chloride salts of [Fe 2 O(phen) 4 ] 4+ have similar resonance-enhanced modes close to 400 cm −1 , and in all three cases the enhancement is maximized using 363.8 nm excitation. Confirmatory evidence for an FeOFe vibration can be obtained from oxygen isotope exchange with H 18 2 O solvent. For example, in the μ-oxo bridged dimer, [Fe 2 O(Cl) 6 ] 2− , ν s (FeOFe) at 458 cm −1 shifts to 400 cm −1 in H 2 18 O [5]. Similarly, the resonance-enhanced band at 507 cm −1 in the Raman spectrum of azidomethemerythrin shifts to 490 cm −1 for a sample which has been formed from oxyhemerythrin H 18 2 O [6]. We have now found evidence for the corresponding FeOFe vibration at 489 cm −1 in the resonance Raman spectrum of oxyhemerythrin, through the use of near-ultraviolet excitation [7]. Furthermore, this band shows an isotope dependence on solvent (H 18 2 O), and appears to be in resonance with the 360 nm electronic transition of oxyhemerythrin. The resonance enhancement of the ν s (FeOFe) peak intensity with ultraviolet excitation has also been observed for azidomethemerythrin [7] and for ribonucleotide reductase [2]. In contrast to hemerythrin, however, where the oxo group only exchanges during exogenous ligand replacement, the oxo group in ribonucleotide reductase undergoes facile exchange with solvent (k obs = 8.3 × 10 −4 s −1 , indicating it is located in a more accessible site.
Can NOT-Capitalism Lie at the End of History, or Is Capitalism's History Drawing to an End ?

■ This article argues that capitalism's victory over 'actually existing social ism' implies no telos or ultimate end in human history. Rather, capitalism is being assimilated, principally in China, in ways which may yet alter or transform its structures and which are inconsistent with Francis Fukuyama's vision. New forms of collective and communal property in industrializing China are discussed and contrasted with privatization schemes in Eastern Europe and the Russian Feder ation.
Convex solids with planar midsurfaces

We show that the boundary of an n-dimensional closed convex set B C R", possibly unbounded, is a convex quadric surface if and only if the middle points of every family of parallel chords of B lie in a hyperplane. To prove this statement, we show that the boundary of B is a convex quadric surface if and only if there is a point p ∈ int B such that all sections of bd B by 2-dimensional planes through p are convex quadric curves. Generalizations of these statements that involve boundedly polyhedral sets are given.
Newcomb's many solutions

After a brief presentation and discussion of two versions of Newcomb's problem, I examine the analyses proposed by Levi (1975). Horgan (1981), and Kyburg (1980). I argue that the first two are not genuine solutions to the problem, but that the third, if appropriately elaborated and modified, is correct.
Resonance ultrasonic diagnostics of defects in full-size silicon wafers

Abstract A resonance acoustic effect was observed recently in full-size 200 mm Cz-Si wafers and applied to characterize as-grown and process-induced defects. Ultrasonic vibrations can be excited into wafers using an external ultrasonic transducer and their amplitude is recorded using a scanning air-coupled acoustic probe operated in a non-contact mode. By sweeping driving frequency, f , of the transducer, we observed an amplification of a specific acoustic mode referred to as ‘whistle’. In this paper, we performed theoretical modeling of the whistle which allowed in attributing this mode to resonant flexural vibrations in a thin circular plate. We calculated normal frequencies of the flexural vibrations of a circular plate of radius ρ in the case of the free edge. The model gives an excellent fit to experimental data with regard to whistle spatial distribution. The results of calculation allow the evaluation of resonance acoustic effect in wafers of different geometries employed in the industry.
Proton affinity of methyl nitrite and methyl peroxynitrite: implications for measuring branching ratios of alkyl nitrates and nitrites.

Geometry optimizations for methyl nitrite and methyl peroxynitrite, along with various protonated isomers for each, have been investigated using ab initio and density functional methods. The lowest energy structure for protonated methyl nitrite is a complex between CH3OH and NO+. For methyl peroxynitrite, the lowest energy protonated structure is a complex between CH3OOH and NO+. Their respective proton affinities are estimated to be 195.2 and 195.8 kcal/mol at the QCISD(T)/6-311++G(3df,3pd) level of theory. The results, compared with past studies, suggest an alternative method for directly measuring branching ratios for production of alkyl nitrates and nitrites.
Smoothing and Equating Methods Applied to Different Types of Test Score Distributions and Evaluated With Respect to Multiple Equating Criteria

In equating research and practice, equating functions that are smooth are typically assumed to be more accurate than equating functions with irregularities. This assumption presumes that population test score distributions are relatively smooth. In this study, two examples were used to reconsider common beliefs about smoothing and equating. The first example involves a relatively smooth population test score distribution and the second example involves a population test score distribution with systematic irregularities. Various smoothing and equating methods (presmoothing, equipercentile, kernel, and postsmoothing) were compared across the two examples with respect to how well the test score distributions were reflected in the equating functions, the smoothness of the equating functions, and the standard errors of equating. The smoothing and equating methods performed more similarly in the first example than in the second example. The results of the second example illustrate that when dealing with systematically irregular test score distributions, smoothing and equating methods can be used in different ways to satisfy different equating criteria.
Rates of convergence for the laws of large numbers for independent Banach-valued random variables☆

Abstract In this paper, results of Lai, Heyde, and Rohatgi concerning the convergence rates for the laws of large numbers are extended for the case of independent random variables taking values in a separable Banach space.
A three-degree of freedom test of additivity in three-way classifications

Abstract This article proposes a new interaction model for nonreplicated three-way classifications. A simulation study is used to show that a three-degree of freedom score test based on the new model compares favorably with existing one-degree of freedom score and likelihood ratio tests of additivity. The tests are illustrated through an analysis of a data set where it is shown how the new model may reveal a specific structure of three-factor interaction. This structure may be exploited to suggest possible explanations for the nonadditivity.
A comparison of object-oriented and structured development methods

The significance of "object-oriented" as a development method, and the current confusion over the term are addressed. A set of characteristics is proposed as a basis for agreement on a definition of the term. Object-oriented development is compared to the "structured techniques," and work in progress on integrating the two methods is reviewed. Practical recommendations on assessing the importance of object-oriented development are given.
Effect of Insulin With Oral Nutrients on Whole-Body Protein Metabolism in Growing Pubertal Children With Type 1 Diabetes

Effect of Insulin With Oral Nutrients on Whole-Body Protein Metabolism in Growing Pubertal Children With Type 1 Diabetes
Comment on "fluorescence from an upper singlet of aromatic c-nitroso compounds"

Abstract Nitrosobenzene does not exhibit anomalous fluorescence from the S2 state. It is shown how Raman scattering from the solvent can be used as an internal standard to determine very small fluorescence quantum yields.
Comparison of normal infants and infants with cystic fibrosis using forced expiratory flows breathing air and heliox.

Summary. The detection of early airway disease in infants with cystic fibrosis (CF) may lead to earlier intervention and an improved prognosis. We hypothesized that the ratio of maximal expiratory flows while breathing a mixture of helium and oxygen (heliox) and air, referred to as density dependence (DD), would identify early airway disease in infants with CF who have normal lung function. We also hypothesized that these infants with CF might be better differentiated from normal infants when the flows breathing heliox are compared instead of room air flows. We evaluated 10 infants with CF and 21 infants without CF and with normal lung function, defined as a forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory flows between 25–75% of expired volume (FEF25–75) of greater than 70% predicted (z-score > −2.0). Full forced expiratory maneuvers by the rapid thoracic compression technique were obtained while breathing room air and then heliox. Flow at 50% and 75% of expired volume (FEF50, FEF75), FEF25–75, and FVC were calculated from the flow volume curve with patients and control subjects breathing each gas mixture. The ratio of heliox to air flow at FEF50 and FEF75 was calculated (DD50, DD75), and the point where the two flow-volume curves crossed (Viso V′) was also measured. DD parameters did not distinguish the infants with CF from the infants without CF; length-adjusted FEF50 breathing air was significantly lower in the infants with CF compared to the infants without CF (P < 0.05). Length-adjusted flows breathing heliox did not distinguish the two groups. We conclude that the lower FEF50 value may reflect early airway obstruction in healthy infants with CF, and that measurements obtained with the less dense gas mixture did not improve detec-tion of airway disease in this age group. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001; 31:17–23. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Empfindlichkeit der kolorimetrischen Bestimmung von Titan

Die Genauigkeit der kolorimetrischen Titanbestimmung ist praktisch konstant bei Konzentrationen von den starksten bis zu 1.5 mg TiO2 in 100 ccm. Die Konzentrationsanderung, die erforderlich ist. um einen merkbaren Unterschied zwischen zwei Losungen hervorzurufen, betragt bei gunstigen Konzentrationen etwa 6.5%, ein Wert, der von den von anderen Autoren gefundenen Zahlen fur Chrom- und Kupferlosungen nicht erheblich abweicht. Unter Anwendung geeigneter Vorsichtsmasregeln – Vergleich durch Substitution und Feststellung des Mittelwertes aus verschiedenen Einstellungen oder aus den zwei merklich verschiedenen Extremen – scheint die Genauigkeit des kolorimetrischen Vergleiches etwa 2%, zu sein.
Weight discretization paradigm for optical neural networks

Neural networks are a primary candidate architecture for optical computing. One of the major problems in using neural networks for optical computers is that the information holders: the interconnection strengths (or weights) are normally real valued (continuous), whereas optics (light) is only capable of representing a few distinguishable intensity levels (discrete). In this paper a weight discretization paradigm is presented for back(ward error) propagation neural networks which can work with a very limited number of discretization levels. The number of interconnections in a (fully connected) neural network grows quadratically with the number of neurons of the network. Optics can handle a large number of interconnections because of the fact that light beams do not interfere with each other. A vast amount of light beams can therefore be used per unit of area. However the number of different values one can represent in a light beam is very limited. A flexible, portable (machine independent) neural network software package which is capable of weight discretization, is presented. The development of the software and some experiments have been done on personal computers. The major part of the testing, which requires a lot of computation, has been done using a CRAY X-MP/24 super computer.
TH-A-213CD-08: Spectrography Using a Marchesini Algorithm

Purpose: Recently, ‘ankylography’ was proposed to perform a 3D reconstruction from a single exposure of a monochromatic radiation beam. This approach was very attractive to reveal structures such as complex proteins that can be glimpsed only once before they are destroyed by the high‐intensity beam. However, the solution is neither unique nor stable in general. The purpose of this work is to solve that problem from one or two spectral views, which is referred to as ‘spectrography’. Methods: In contrast to ‘ankylography’, we acquire polychromatic diffractive views with energysensitive detectors. For example, a spectrographic system may consist of two spectral imaging chains perpendicular to each other. As a result, sufficiently many Ewald spheres can be simultaneously measured in the Fourier space for 3D reconstruction. To evaluate the performance of spectrography, the hybrid input‐output algorithm is implemented for phase retrieval and improved with a subspace saddle‐point optimization technique proposed by Marchesini. Results: A 32X32X32 Shepp‐Logan phantom (symmetric with respect to the z axis) is employed to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed spectrography scheme. Extensive numerical tests are conducted in different configurations and have produced promising results. When the radiation waves span an infinite spectrum, exact results can be reconstructed without any additional constraint. When the spectrum becomes narrower, the solution becomes gradually less stable. Conclusions: Spectrography overcomes the non‐uniqueness and instability of ‘ankylography’. This approach has an ultrafast imaging speed for potential applications such as drug designs.
Uptake and incorporation of exogenous leucine in bacterial cells under high oxygen tension.

SINCE Moore and Williams observed growth inhibition of various aerobic bacteria at high oxygen tension (1911)1, many attempts have been made to elucidate the mechanism and the site of oxygen toxicity in cells, but how high tension oxygen damages living cells is still not clear. It was reported earlier that net protein synthesis of Pseudomonas saccharophila which was exposed to one atmosphere of oxygen for 4 h was approximately 40 per cent of that in cells which were exposed to air2. I report here a different approach to the study of oxygen toxicity, that is, an investigation of the relationship between the transport and the incorporation of amino-acids, and net synthesis of protein at high oxygen tension.
Decomposition approach for minimising real power losses in power systems

An efficient method for minimising real power losses and improving the voltage profile of large scale power systems is presented. The problem is solved through optimal adjustments of reactive power generation in the system by changing generator voltages, shunt capacitors, and tap setting of tap changing transformers. It is formulated in a linearised form suitable for the linear programming technique and decomposition methods. The power system planning and corresponding problems with the addition of new reactive power sources have been integrated with the operational characteristic of the system, and results have been presented. The proposed method does not require the inversion of the Jacobian matrix, and its superiority lies in the reduction of the computation time and memory space, as well as a fast convergence for the solution of large scale systems.
Introduction to section 2: practice parameters.

The need for non-operating room (OR) anesthesia services continues to expand as technology improves and the scope of procedures performed by cardiologists, radiologists, gastroenterologists, and other physicians grows. Indeed, the range of procedures that can now be performed safely and comfortably outside the OR is facilitated by many factors, not the least of which are improvements in sedation and anesthesia care. However, each of these non-OR settings has different needs and limitations. Delivering anesthesia in an operating room is a consistently structured endeavor irrespective of the specialty; a given OR can accommodate a wide variety of cases ranging from urologic surgery to neurosurgery. This is not the case in the non-OR setting; delivering anesthesia in a GI suite is qualitatively different than doing so in a cardiac catheterization lab—equipment is highly specialized, patient comorbidities are often unique to the particular specialty, physical access to the patient may vary, and the ‘‘culture’’ of the venue may make integration and communication difficult. For example, in the cardiac catheterization or EP lab, imaging equipment is often permanently affixed at the head of the bed, precluding easy access to the patient’s airway. Given the myriad screens and equipment around patients, there may be inadequate space for anesthesia equipment, especially when tables move to permit fluoroscopy. There may also be confusion as to the handling of lab specimens as well as communication of lab results to anesthesiologists if there is no standard protocol. Again, coping with these situations may be straightforward in an OR setting; outside the OR, however, basic work processes cannot be assumed. Work spaces are frequently retrofitted to accommodate anesthesia providers (and associated equipment) because procedural areas were not constructed with anesthesia delivery in mind. This often produces less-than-ideal working conditions for the anesthesia team. For example, medical specialists often dim ambient lights to accommodate digital images, making it difficult for the anesthesiologist to see equipment or observe patients. In addition, moribund patients deemed too sick to undergo an operation are often scheduled for a more limited procedure that nevertheless requires an anesthetic. The mix of unfamiliar work environment and processes along with a moribund patient can be especially problematic. However, anesthesia providers can help improve their work environment by becoming involved in the design phase of procedural facilities and also establishing working relationships with the subspecialty physicians. Indeed, as facilities are remodeled to accommodate the growing number of complex procedures performed outside the traditional confines of the OR, subspecialists increasingly are seeking the input of anesthesia care providers.
Tillage and Weed Management Affects Winter Wheat Yield in an Integrated Pest Management System

Adoption of conservation practices by U.S. Pacific Northwest growers to meet farm bill legislation for erosion control is limited by the inability to control weeds and other pests in cereal and pulse crops. A 6-yr, 16-ha integrated pest management field study was conducted in the subhumid wheat area of the Pacific Northwest from 1985 through 1991 to develop a crop production system that controls weeds effectively and reduces soil erosion. Farm-size machinery were used to till, plant, and harvest crops grown in either a continuous wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sequence or a 3-yr rotation of winter wheat-spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)-spring pea (Pisum sativum L.) in conservation and conventional tillage systems [...]
Monterey Phoenix, or how to make software architecture executable

This paper suggests an approach to formal software system architecture specification based on behavior models. The behavior of the system is defined as a set of events (event trace) with two basic relations: precedence and inclusion. The structure of event trace is specified using event grammars and other constraints organized into schemas. The schema framework is amenable to stepwise architecture refinement up to executable design and implementation models, reuse, composition, visualization, and application of automated tools for consistency checks.
Design Guidelines for Deadlock-Handling Strategies in Flexible Manufacturing Systems

Deadlock-free operation of flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) is an important goal of manufacturing systems control research. In this work, we develop the criteria that real-time FMS deadlock-handling strategies must satisfy. These criteria are based on a digraph representation of the FMS state space. Control policies for deadlock-free operation are characterized as partitioning cuts on this digraph. We call these structural control policies (SCPs) because, to avoid deadlock, they must guarantee certain structural properties of the subdigraph containing the empty state; namely, that it is strongly connected. A policy providing this guarantee is referred to as correct. Furthermore, an SCP must be configurable and scalable; that is, its correctness must not depend on configuration-specific system characteristics and it must remain computationally tractable as the FMS grows in size. Finally, an SCP must be efficient; that is, it must not overly constrain FMS operation. We formally develop and define these criteria, formulate guidelines for developing policies satisfying these criteria, and then provide an example SCP development using these guidelines. Finally, we present an SCP that guarantees deadlock-free buffer space allocation for FMSs with no route restrictions.
Physiology of Oil Seeds: IV. Role of Endogenous Ethylene and Inhibitory Regulators during Natural and Induced Afterripening of Dormant Virginia-type Peanut Seeds.

To further elucidate the regulation of dormancy release, we followed the natural afterripening of Virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds from about the 5th to 40th week after harvest. Seeds were kept at low temperature (3 ± 2 C) until just prior to testing for germination, ethylene production, and internal ethylene concentration. Germination tended to fluctuate but did not increase significantly during the first 30 weeks; internal ethylene concentrations and ethylene production remained comparatively low during this time. When the seeds were placed at room temperature during the 30th to 40th weeks after harvest, there was a large increase in germination, 49% and 47% for apical and basal seeds, respectively. The data confirm our previous suggestion that production rates of 2.0 to 3.0 nanoliters per gram fresh weight per hour are necessary to provide internal ethylene concentrations at activation levels which cause a substantial increase of germination. Activation levels internally must be more than 0.4 microliter per liter and 0.9 microliter per liter for some apical and basal seeds, respectively, since dormant-imbibed seeds containing these concentrations did not germinate. Abscisic acid inhibited germination and ethylene production of afterripened seeds. Kinetin reversed the effects of ABA and this was correlated with its ability to stimulate ethylene production by the seeds. Ethylene also reversed the effects of abscisic acid. Carbon dioxide did not compete with ethylene action in this system. The data indicate that ethylene and an inhibitor, possibly abscisic acid, interact to control dormant peanut seed germination. The inability of CO2 to inhibit competitively the action of ethylene on dormancy release, as it does other ethylene effects, suggests that the primary site of action of ethylene in peanut seeds is different from the site for other plant responses to ethylene.
Arsenic in the marine and aquatic environments: Analysis, occurrence, and significance

(1974). Arsenic in the marine and aquatic environments: Analysis, occurrence, and significance. C R C Critical Reviews in Environmental Control: Vol. 4, No. 1-4, pp. 465-482.
Prelay Light Restriction of Turkey Hens: Daylength Versus Exposure Time,

Abstract A 3 × 3 factorial experimental design was used to examine the relationship between the duration of short daylength (10, 8, or 4 h light/day) during prelay light restriction and the length of time (12, 8, or 6 wk) that young turkey hens were exposed to light restriction and subsequent photoinduced reproductive performance. Data were collected for time to first egg, egg production, percentage of fertility, and hatchability, and poult weight. Light restrictions consisting of 10, 8, or 4 h light/day were equally effective in terminating photorefractoriness and preparing hens for subsequent photoinduced reproductive performance. A 6-wk exposure to light restriction did not prepare hens for egg laying as effectively as 8 (P
Postsecondary Outcomes in the 21st Century—A Change is Gonna Come?:

It's Thursday afternoon in the middle of April. James Sandler is sitting on the couch watching television—again. Yesterday he played video games—again. It wasn't this way last year. That's when he was still in high school. He had a part-time job then in a pet store with assistance from the school's employment specialist. James also was learning to ride the city bus to the gym with his community volleyball team and eating at the local pizzeria with the team after games. During the day, he attended biology, world history, and keyboarding classes with his peers and tended plants in the school greenhouse with the gardening club. All that had changed, however, during the year when he hit 22. Now he was out of school and out of services and one day was pretty much like all the others.
Early season root production and zoospore infection of cultivars of flue-cured tobacco that differ in level of partial resistance to Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae

Root production of four cultivars of flue-cured tobacco was quantified in the field, greenhouse and phytotron. The cultivars ranged in level of partial resistance to the black shank pathogen, Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, from susceptible to highly resistant. In the field, root-observation plates were installed approximately 10 cm from plants, and in greenhouse and phytotron studies, plants were grown in 4-liter containers with one sloping transparent side for root observation. Root growth was determined weekly for four weeks after transplanting in the field and daily up to 14 days after transplanting in the greenhouse and phytotron. Root tracings were made on acetate sheets placed against the sloping transparent side of the containers or against the transparent observation plates in the field following removal of soil from the outside of the observation plate. Root growth was quantified by retracing the root pattern on the acetate sheets over a digitizing tablet attached to a personal computer. Numbers of roots, root length, and mean and maximum rate of root growth were determined. Cultivars Hicks (susceptible) and K-326 (low level of resistance) had significantly larger root systems than moderately resistant G-28 or highly resistant NC 82. Differences in total root length were due to increased branching that resulted in development of significantly greater numbers of roots in Hicks and K-326. For example, between day 21 and 28, Hicks produced more than three times the number of new roots as NC 82 in the field. The mean rate of root extension observed (2.17 mm hr−1) was similar in all four cultivars. Infection efficiency on the different cultivars was determined in the field by inoculating roots with zoospores of P. p. nicotianae. Lesions were visible as water soaked areas within 24 hr of inoculation. At 48 hr after inoculation, percentages of inoculations that resulted in lesion formation were 57, 46, 23, and 16% for Hicks, K-326, G-28 and NC 82, respectively. The possible role of rooting intensity as a mechanism of avoidance to P. p. nicotianae in tobacco cultivars is discussed.
Prevalence of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection in adult patients undergoing cardiac magnetic resonance for evaluation of atrial septal defect

Methods A total of 53 consecutive patients who were referred for evaluation of ASD by CMR from 2009-2011 were enrolled in the study. The patients with ASD in the setting of complex congenital heart disease were excluded. All patients were being considered for either percutaneous or surgical closure of ASD. The CMR protocol has been described previously and included standard SSFP (steady state free precision) cines to define the LV morphology and function, phase contrast was used to calculate the shunt fraction and define the ASD morphology, and a high resolution contrast enhanced 3-D MR angiograms were performed to assess pulmonary venous anatomy.
Paul F-Brandwein 2004 Lecture: Regarding the Ecology of Science Education: Connections to Environmental and Distance Education

Paul F-Brandwein was a visionary who looked at education broadly. He left us with an insightful view of the ecology of education in which he identified three ecological systems: school–family–community, postsecondary, and cultural. The first part of this lecture, by Dean B. Bennett, examines Brandwein's ideas related to environmental education and explores the relationship of environmental education with science teaching in the K-12 school–family–community ecosystem. Focusing particularly on the middle-secondary level, evidence suggests that the goals of environmental education, since their emergence in the late 1960s, are today strongly evident in science curricula, instructional resources, educational assessment, and teacher education. But the author points out that more must be done and provides some fundamental suggestions. The second part of the lecture, by Sheila K. Bennett, examines the role of distance education in the teaching of science in the postsecondary ecosystem and addresses its value as a viable tool in promoting scientific literacy. The lecture focuses on a successful statewide, interdisciplinary laboratory science course delivered by interactive television, the Internet, and computer network. Now in its ninth year, the course reflects Brandwein's thinking about effective classroom teaching and is based on national standards for scientific literacy.
Determination of total nitrogen in aqueous samples using persulfate digestion1

Determination of total nitrogen in aqueous samples after potassium persulfate digestion compared favorably in both precision and nitrogen recovery with determinations obtained using Kjeldahl digestion.
Spatial rotations, electromagnetic gauge transformations and the fine-structure constant

Since it expresses a connection between the basic units of angular momentum /~ and electric charge e, the experimentally observed value of the fine-structure constant = eS/4~t~c may signify an underlying relationship between the associated groups for spatial rotations SOs and electromagnetic gauge transformations SOs. In the present letter, at tention is given to Haar-induced volumes of the fourand ten-dimensional envelopments #[SOs • SOs] and #[[S03] s • SOs]. I t is observed that if the lat ter volumes, denoted as V and V', are related to the radius a of SOs and the half-period b of SO s by the simple conditions in (12), then the fine-structure constant is required to have the theoretical value shown in (17). I t is customary to parametrize the SOs.group of proper rotations in physical Euclidean space in terms of r a real three-component vector defined through a sphere of radius z with antipodal surface points identified topologically: r ~-r for I~al = ~. For any SOs element the direction and magnitude (radians) of the rotation is given by the direction and magnitude of ~ . An elementary calculation yields the associated normalized Haar measure (1)
The New Military Applications of Precision Airdrop Systems

Abstract : The US Army Natick Soldier Center (NSC) is teamed with the Joint Forces Command (JFCOM), US Air Force Air Mobility Command (USAF AMC), the US Army Project Manager Force Sustainment Systems (PM-FSS), and under the oversight of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) Advanced Systems and Concepts (AS&C) office, along with numerous other government agencies and contractors to plan and execute the Joint Precision Airdrop System (JPADS) Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD). The purpose of the JPADS ACTD is to meet the Combatant Commanders (COCOM) requirement of sustaining combat power using high altitude, precision airdrop as a direct and theater delivery method, into a dynamic, dispersed, and unsecured battle space. This must be done with speed and flexibility to provide a capability previously unavailable to the COCOM, and to enable decisive operational superiority. This paper will provide an overview of the JPADS program goals and the status of the effort with flight test results to date. It will also highlight the research, technology and integration challenges associated with precision airdrop systems, and how the JPADS team is overcoming these challenges. This paper will also provide an overview of precision airdrop activities within a recently-established NATO Joint Precision Airdrop Capabilities Working Group (JPACWG).
Alterations of Mitochondrial Structure Induced by Thyroid Hormones in Vivo and in Vitro

Mitochondria were isolated from livers of normal rats and rats made thyrotoxic by daily injection of 1 μg/g body weight of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine for 9 days. These mitochondria were incubated at 37 C for 1 hr. In addition, mitochondria isolated from normal rats were incubated in the presence of 5X10-5M L-thyroxine. Samples taken from the incubation mixtures at various times were examined by electronmicroscopy. It was shown that control mitochondria incubated without hormone present undergo structural changes before they lose matrix material. These changes consist of some corrugation of outer membranes, and a clumping of the intramitochondrial granules. Later, after about 20 min of incubation, matrix is lost from the mitochondria, and the mitochondrial membranes become diffuse in appearance. Thyroid hormones, given in vivo or added in vitro, eliminate the clumping of intramitochondrial granules, accelerate the loss of matrix, and improve the appearance of mitochondrial membranes as they are seen late i...
The Effectiveness of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program in Public Middle Schools: A Controlled Trial

Abstract Purpose To examine the effectiveness of a widely disseminated bullying prevention program. Methods A nonrandomized controlled trial with 10 public middle schools (7 intervention and 3 control) was conducted. Student-reported relational (e.g., spreading rumors, social exclusion) and physical victimization, and whether the program improved student attitudes and perceptions toward bullying were assessed pre- and post-implementation using available school survey data. Results Regression analyses controlling for baseline prevalence and school characteristics showed no overall effect on student victimization. However, when stratified by ethnicity/race, reports of relational and physical victimization decreased by 28% (RR = .72, 95% CI: .53–.98) and 37% (RR = .63, 95% CI: .42–.97), respectively, among white students relative to those in comparison schools. No similar effect was found for students of other races/ethnicities; there were no differences by gender or by grade. Students in intervention schools were more likely to perceive other students as actively intervening in bullying incidents, and 6th graders were more likely to feel sorry and want to help victims. Conclusions The program had some mixed positive effects varying by gender, ethnicity/race, and grade but no overall effect. Schools implementing the program, especially with a heterogeneous student body, should monitor outcomes and pay particular attention to the impact of culture, race and family influences on student behavior. Future studies of large-scale bullying prevention programs in the community must be rigorously evaluated to ensure they are effective.
Early Life Adversity and Inflammation in African Americans and Whites in the Midlife in the United States Survey

Objectives: To determine whether early life adversity (ELA) was predictive of inflammatory markers and to determine the consistency of these associations across racial groups. Methods: We analyzed data from 177 African Americans and 822 whites aged 35 to 86 years from two preliminary subsamples of the Midlife in the United States biomarker study. ELA was measured via retrospective self-report. We used multivariate linear regression models to examine the associations between ELA and C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, fibrinogen, endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, independent of age, gender, and medications. We extended race-stratified models to test three potential mechanisms for the observed associations. Results: Significant interactions between ELA and race were observed for all five biomarkers. Models stratified by race revealed that ELA predicted higher levels of log interleukin-6, fibrinogen, endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 among African Americans (p .05), but not among whites. Some, but not all, of these associations were attenuated after adjustment for health behaviors and body mass index, adult stressors, and depressive symptoms. Conclusions: ELA was predictive of high concentrations of inflammatory markers at midlife for African Americans, but not whites. This pattern may be explained by an accelerated course of age-related disease development for African Americans. Key words: childhood, early life adversity, inflammation, life course epidemiology, race/ethnicity, chronic disease risk. BMI body mass index; CRP C-reactive protein; CVD cardiovascular diseases; E-selectin endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1; ELA early life adversity; GCRC general clinical research center; IL interleukin; MIDUS Midlife in the U.S. survey; SEP socioeconomic position; sICAM-1 soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1.
Quantifying the ignition propensity of cigarettes

Research funded under the Fire Safe Cigarette Act of 1990 (United States Public Law 101–352) has led to the development of two test methods for measuring the ignition propensity of cigarettes. The Mock-Up Ignition Test Method uses substrates physically similar to upholstered furniture and mattresses: a layer of fabric over padding. The measure of cigarette performance is ignition or non-ignition of the substrate. The Cigarette Extinction Test Method replaces the fabric/padding assembly with multiple layers of common filter paper. The measure of perfomance is full-length burning or self-extinguishment of the cigarette. Routine measurement of the relative ignition propensity of cigarettes is feasible using either of the two methods. Improved cigarette performance under both methods has been linked with reduced real-world ignition behavior; and it is reasonable to assume that this, in turn, implies a significant real-would benefit. Both methods have been subjected to interlaboratory study. The resulting reproducibilities were comparable to each other and comparable to those in other fire test methods currently being used to regulate materials which may be involved in unwanted fires. Using the two methods, some current commercial cigarettes are shown to have reduced ignition propensities relative to the current best-selling cigarettes.