cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence that the collagen in the culture medium of Chinese hamster lung cells contains components related at the primary structural level to the α1(V) collagen chain

Abstract The collagenous protein synthesized by cultured Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells and present in the culture medium has been isolated after limited pepsin digestion and differential salt precipitation. Molecular size analysis of this material indicates that the CHL cell medium collagen contains chains which exhibit an apparent molecular mass of approximately 85,000 Da. When chromatographed on CM-cellulose under denaturing conditions, the reduced and alkylated CHL cell medium collagen chains elute slightly after the human α1(I) chain but well before the pepsin-derived α1(V) chain, which is the constituent chain present in the CHL cell cellular matrix collagen. Analysis of the peptides derived by CNBr cleavage of the CHL medium collagen chains by chromatography on CM-cellulose reveals, however, that these chains contain peptides which correspond both in size and in chemical properties to those derived from the α1(V) collagen chain, but clearly lack two peptides (α1(V)-CB4 and α1(V)-CB5) which are normally present in pepsin-derived α1(V) chains. Furthermore, analysis of the CHL cell culture medium collagenous material obtained without pepsin digestion indicates the presence of collagenous chains that exhibit after reduction a molecular mass of approximately 160,000 Da, which is smaller than the proposed size of the pro α1(V) collagen chain. These results demonstrate that the collagenous protein present in the culture medium of CHL cells is directly related at the primary structural level to the α1(V) collagen chain, and it is postulated that this material represents the large fragment derived from a collagenase cleavage of the [pro α1(V)]3 molecules present in the cell layer. Furthermore, these results and previous reports indicate that the only identifiable genetic type of procollagen chain synthesized by this cloned cell line in culture corresponds to the pro α1(V) chain.
Quantitative analysis of rat synaptosomes and cerebrum using high-resolution 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Abstract This study explored the utility of 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy to study a standard synaptosomally enriched preparation (P2 pellet) made from rat cerebrum. The preparation contained high concentrations of N-acetylaspartate and γ-aminobutyric acid and low concentrations of glutamine, indicating that they were in fact rich in neuronal cytosol. Synaptosomes contained half the lactate and glutamine of cerebrum. Alanine, aspartate, glutamate, and succinate had the same concentrations in synaptosomes and cerebrum.
Development of Standardized Domestic Hot Water Event Schedules for Residential Buildings

The Building America Research Benchmark is a standard house definition created as a point of reference for tracking progress toward multi-year energy savings targets. As part of its development, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory has established a set of domestic hot water events to be used in conjunction with sub-hourly analysis of advanced hot water systems.
Viscous fingering of HCI through gastric mucin

THE HCI in the mammalian stomach is concentrated enough to digest the stomach itself, yet the gastric epithelium remains undamaged. One protective factor is gastric mucus, which forms a protective layer over the surface epithelium1–4 and acts as a diffusion barrier5,6 Bicarbonate ions secreted by the gastric epithelium7 are trapped in the mucus gel, establishing a gradient from pH 1–2 at the lumen to pH 6–7 at the cell surface8–10. How does HCI, secreted at the base of gastric glands by parietal cells, traverse the mucus layer without acidifying it? Here we demonstrate that injection of HCI through solutions of pig gastric mucin produces viscous fingering patterns11–18 dependent on pH, mucin concentration and acid flow rate. Above pH 4, discrete fingers are observed, whereas below pH 4, HCI neither penetrates the mucin solution nor forms fingers. Our in vitro results suggest that HCI secreted by the gastric gland can penetrate the mucus gel layer (pH 5–7) through narrow fingers, whereas HC1 in the lumen (pH 2) is prevented from diffusing back to the epithelium by the high viscosity of gastric mucus gel on the luminal side.
Quinidine pharmacokinetics in man: Choice of a disposition model and absolute bioavailability studies

Parameters describing disposition and absolute oral bioavailability of quinidine were determined in ten normal male volunteers using a specific assay. Various models were compared for their ability to describe the experimental data. An intravenous quinidine gluconate and an oral quinidine sulfate solution were administered (3.74 mg/kg quinidine base). In three subjects the intravenous and oral studies were repeated. One-, two-, and three-compartment models with zeroand first-order input were fitted to the plasma concentrations. The selection of the best model was made by the Akaike information criterion and by eye. After intravenous administration, plasma concentrationtime curves could be adequately described by a twocompartment model. Mean disposition constants (±SD) were obtained from individualized fits (V1: 0.398 ±0.336 liter/kg, Vdarea: 2.53±0.72 liter/kg, α: 0.316±0.294 min−1, Β: 0.00204 ± 0.00262 min1, k2: 0.0305 ±0.010 min−1). A clearance of 4.9 ±1.5 ml/min/kg was observed. After oral administration, threecompartment models were needed to describe the observed data in some cases. Absorption was in most cases best described by a zeroorder rather than by a firstorder process. The time to peak concentration varied from 23 to 121 min, the lag time was always less than 3 min, and the mean elimination rate constant was 0.00171 min−1. The mean oral bioavailability of quinidine was 0.70 ±0.17.
Recent advances in acid-base physiology applied to critical care

A fundamental change in the way we think about acid-base homeostasis has been on the horizon for some time. Modern advances in cell biology and physiology now permit us to explain the inconsistencies in the traditional approaches to acid-base that have been identified by physical chemistry for decades. Furthermore, the widespread availability of personal computers has permitted the application of these principles to clinical medicine. In the ICU, patients frequently manifest extreme examples of acid-base imbalance. The understanding of the genesis of many these abnormalities as well as the approach to treatment are profoundly affected by this new paradigm. Common disorders such as suction alkalosis, dilutional acidosis, and lactic acidosis are among the best examples.
The diffuse thalamocortical system and Pavlovian/Eysenckian theory: A response to criticism

Abstract This article is a response to Paisey's (1983 , this issue, pp. 527–534) critique of reports which describe how transmission characteristics of the diffuse thalamocortical system relate to personality, intelligence and cognitive style ( Robinson, 1982a, b ). Detailed consideration of Paisey's objections leads to the conclusion that they fall into three major categories. First, there are ‘straw men’ that derive from a misrepresentation of theoretical arguments. Secondly, there are objections which relate to methodological considerations but lack substance. Finally, there are criticisms that arise from Paisey's mistaken application of statistical methods.
Direct EIT Reconstructions of Complex Admittivities on a Chest-Shaped Domain in 2-D

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a medical imaging technique in which current is applied on electrodes on the surface of the body, the resulting voltage is measured, and an inverse problem is solved to recover the conductivity and/or permittivity in the interior. Images are then formed from the reconstructed conductivity and permittivity distributions. In the 2-D geometry, EIT is clinically useful for chest imaging. In this work, an implementation of a D-bar method for complex admittivities on a general 2-D domain is presented. In particular, reconstructions are computed on a chest-shaped domain for several realistic phantoms including a simulated pneumothorax, hyperinflation, and pleural effusion. The method demonstrates robustness in the presence of noise. Reconstructions from trigonometric and pairwise current injection patterns are included.
Human Cancers Express Mutator Phenotypes: Origin, Consequences and Targeting

Recent data on DNA sequencing of human tumours have established that cancer cells contain thousands of mutations. These data support the concept that cancer cells express a mutator phenotype. This Perspective considers the evidence supporting the mutator phenotype hypothesis, the origin and consequences of a mutator phenotype, the implications for personalized medicine and the feasibility of ablating tumours by error catastrophe.
An expert system for tuning a macroeconometric model (abstract only)

A “macroeconometric model” is a mathematical representation of a nation's economic behavior. Typically, such models are a collection of equations developed by using multiple regression to determine the coefficients of linear relationships hypothesized by economic theory. Macroeconometric models are used primarily for forecasting purposes. In practical application of the model for forecasting, the constant terms on the stochastic equations are adjusted by the forecaster on an ad hoc basis so as to compensate for perceived deficiencies in the model, e.g., inadequate theory (missing or wrong variables);short-term exogenous disturbances;data revisions.The process of making such adjustments is sometimes referred to as “tuning” the model, and it is a good example of what often happens when experts and computer models interact, i.e., there is a need to combine qualitative heuristics and quantitative analysis. Tuning an econometric model is difficult and time-consuming for non-experts who would like to use macroeconometric models for preparing their own forecasts.The current research being reported on here is an effort to develop an expert system that would guide users through the tuning process. The knowledge-base will contain rules by which expert macroeconometric model users adjust the constant terms on the stochastic equations. Many of the rules must, by their nature, be inexact. For example, If orders for producer durable goods increased strongly, then the impact on investment will be very positive. If building contracts increased very strongly, then the impact on investment will be positive. An effort is being made to treat “increased strongly”, “very positive”, etc., as linguistic variables in the fuzzy set theory sense. A major difficulty in doing this is the mutual dependence of the premises of the rules, e.g., “orders for producer durable goods increased strongly” and “building contracts increased very strongly” are not probabilistically independent. An alternate approach being studied is to translate the natural language variables into numerical estimates using statistical distributions of the corresponding quantitative variables. In this approach, Bayesian estimates would be utilized to deal with the problem of mutual dependence of the variables.
Hydrodynamic steering effects in protein association.

Abstract Protein-ligand reaction rates are often limited by the rate of diffusional encounter of the protein and ligand in solution. Reaction rates, however, can be much greater than expected, given the necessity for correct orientation before reaction. A number of forces can affect the orientation of the protein and ligand in solution, and thus increase the reaction rate. We have considered hydrodynamic forces, produced when water molecules between protein and ligand must be pushed out of the way to allow their encounter. We have used the cleft enzymes as a model system, as they could be expected to show strong hydrodynamic effects. One particular type of hydrodynamic interaction stands out: a steering torque which occurs when the enzyme and substrate move toward each other in solution. The magnitude of this steering torque is compared to the mutual torque experienced by interacting "protein-sized" dipoles in solution. A simple model is used to demonstrate that the hydrodynamic steering torque can be 2 orders of magnitude greater than the electrostatic torque.
Composition depth profiles of plasma-fluorinated poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers

Composition depth profiles of the outer 50 A of plasma-fluorinated poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers were obtained by angle-dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effect of sample geometry on XPS sampling depth and the depth distribution function (DDF) was determined theoretically for cylindrical and hemispherical surfaces. The theoretical DDFs are nonexponential. For cylindrical surfaces, the effect is small, a 22% increase in surface sensitivity. The average XPS sampling depth for smooth, properly oriented fibers is shown to vary, as it does for a planar surface, as the sine of the nominal takeoff angle. The DDF appropriate for cylindrical surfaces was incorporated into a computer program for inversion of angle-dependent XPS data to obtain composition depth profiles of the fibers. Plasma-fluorinated PET fibers were used to demonstrate the use of angle-dependent XPS on fibers. XPS results indicate that most fluorination occurs within the top few “monolayers,” attack is preferentially at the phenyl ring, both CHF and CF2 moieties are formed, and fluorination causes partial loss of aromaticity. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Interface of an array of five capillaries with an array of one-nanoliter wells for high-resolution electrophoretic analysis as an approach to high-throughput chemical cytometry.

We report a system that allows the simultaneous aspiration of one or more cells into each of five capillaries for electrophoresis analysis. A glass wafer was etched to create an array of 1-nL wells. The glass was treated with poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) to control cell adherence. A suspension of formalin-fixed cells was placed on the surface, and cells were allowed to settle. The concentration of cells and the settling time were chosen so that there was, on average, one cell per well. Next, an array of five capillaries was placed so that the tip of each capillary was in contact with a single well. A pulse of vacuum was applied to the distal end of the capillaries to aspirate the content of each well into a capillary. Next, the tips of the capillaries were placed in running buffer and potential was applied. The cells lysed upon contact with the running buffer, and fluorescent components were detected at the distal end of the capillaries by laser-induced fluorescence. The electrophoretic separation ef...
Viscous gas flow through a nozzle treated as an exponential function

Abstract The experimental measurements of volume flow-rate of a viscous gas through a nozzle suggest that the flow-rate approaches saturation exponentially with increasing pressure difference across the nozzle. An exponential flow-rate equation has been developed which closely fits the experimental data. The change in the flow-rate due to viscosity is divided into four overlapping phases, which depend on the pressure difference across the nozzle. The analytical function for the fractional change in flow-rate due to viscosity is comprised of four terms which correspond to the four phases. The results verify that the gas flow-rate through a nozzle can be treated exponentially, and the choke flow condition gradually approaches saturation as the pressure difference across the nozzle increases.
New HLA-D alleles associated with DR1 and DR2.

The present study describes two new HLA-D specificities : LD 13, associated with DR1, and LD14 associated with DR2. LD13 is defined by an HTC who is the bc offspring of an a: A25, B18, DR7, Dw7/b: A33, B14, DR1, Dx father, and of a c: A24, B14, Dr1, Dx/d: A26, B41, DR5, Dw5 mother. This HTC was included both as a responder and as a stimulator in our cross-reference studies of 8W HTCs. While failing to cluster with any other 8W HTC, it typed 2 of 64 panel members carrying a "blank" HLA-D, linked to DR1. To exclude the possibility that HTC-LD13 might be a split of Dwl, the entire family was tested with the Family Set of 8W HTCs. No typing responses to any 8W Dw1 HTCs were observed. Furthermore, checkerboard experiments between HTC-LD13 and 8WDw1 HTCs showed strong reciprocal stimulation. The LD13 specificity was only found in Ashkenazi Jews and may be in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-B14. LD14 is defined by three, SD different, HTCs deriving from the same family of Sicilian descent. The family was included in the 8th Workshop and each HTC was shown to have inherited DR2, MT1 from both parents. When tested as stimulators, on our HLA-D reference panel, these cells were clustered in a distinct group, LD14, associated with DR2. None of the 8W HTCs appeared to belong to this cluster. The antigen frequency of LD14 is 0.03.
Austenite-preferential corrosion attack in 316 austenitic stainless steel weld metals

Pitting immersion test performed on 316 austenitic stainless steel weld metals showed that austenite is the preferential phase for corrosion attack in 3% ferric chloride solution at critical pitting temperature. This is attributed to the primary austenite solidification mode, with the cores of the cellular dendrites depleted in chromium and nickel relative to the normal composition.
Phomopsis amaranthicola and Microsphaeropsis amaranthi symptoms on Amaranthus spp. under South Texas conditions

Moran, P. J., and Showler, A. T. 2007. Phomopsis amaranthicola and Microsphaeropsis amaranthi symptoms on Amaranthus spp. under south Texas conditions. Plant Dis. 91:1638-1646. Temperature, humidity, weed species and age, and inducible responses in the host are factors that could limit the efficacy of fungal bioherbicides. The influences of these factors on the efficacy of the fungal bioherbicides Phomopsis amaranthicola and Microsphaeropsis amaranthi against Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) were investigated in greenhouse and field studies under south Texas conditions. Despite plants being given an initial dew period, the bioherbicides, applied individually or in combination, did not cause mortality on any pigweed species in greenhouse or field environments. In greenhouse experiments, fewer than 5% of the leaves in six- to eight-leaf A. palmeri plants developed necrotic lesions within 2 weeks after bioherbicide treatment and only 8% or fewer of the plants developed stem lesions. Disease incidence was significantly higher in A. hybridus and A. retroflexus, with as much as 94% of leaves developing necrosis and 95% of the plants having stem lesions. New leaf production was reduced by biobherbicide treatment in A. hybridus. Combined-pathogen inoculation caused leaf and stem lesions on mature (13 to 36 leaves per plant) A. hybridus and A. retroflexus. Summer and fall field inoculations with M. amaranthi on A. hybridus and A. palmeri produced disease incidence levels similar to or higher than those in greenhouse tests. Infection of A. palmeri by P. amaranthicola increased the peroxidase activity level nearly twofold compared with the controls. Neither pathogen influenced leaf free amino acid content. The high temperatures and low humidity of south Texas and interspecific variation in resistance, possibly linked to peroxidase induction, limited the efficacy of these bioherbicides.
Limits to Intervention: The Bank of England and Industrial Diversification in the Depressed Areas*

During the I930s the Bank of England embarked on an unprecedented, and subsequently abandoned, episode of intervention in British industry. 1 The bulk of its efforts focused upon schemes to reorganize ailing traditional industries such as textiles, iron and steel, and shipping and ship-building. But it also became involved, through its role in the creation of the Special Areas Reconstruction Association, Ltd. (hereafter S.A.R.A.), in efforts to promote industrial diversification in the depressed areas where declining industries were concentrated. Special finance for "new" industries in those areas became a major focus of the government's regional policy as it evolved in the I930s from a policy of "taking the workers to the work" to one of "taking the work to the workers".2 S.A.R.A. was one of three special finance organizations with similar aims set up in the late i930s. The other two were the Nuffield Trust, a private foundation established through a gift from Lord Nuffield, and the Treasury fund, a government fund set up partly in response to criticisms of S.A.R.A. These three organizations were tiny in relation to the size of the unemployment problem, and they had been in existence only a short time when World War II began. Maximum estimates of employment to be provided by all three together did not exceed 20,000-25,000, while in December I937 there were i,665,407 registered unemployed persons in Great Britain and 290,877 in the Special Areas for which the assistance was intended.3 Total funding was ?5
Modality and Objects

A not unpopular position in the metaphysics of material objects (Ted Sider's, for instance) combines realism about what objects there are and the conditions of objecthood with conventionalism about de re modality. I argue that this is not a coherent combination of views: one must go fully conventionalist, or fully realist. The central argument displays the difficulty for the modal conventionalist/object realist in specifying the object that satisfies de re modal predicates. I argue that if this is a mind-independent object, contradictions arise when we consider the possibility or actuality of non-equivalent conventions both applying to ‘the same object’.
Elastic Properties of Glauconite and Glauconitic Sandstone Reservoirs

Summary We report measurements on glauconitic sandstones as a function of pressure. Glauconite is an iron rich variety of clay that can be found as individual pellets, composite grains, and intergranular cement. Identifying glauconite in the subsurface is important for depositional environment interpretation, stratigraphic correlation, dating, tracing of unconformities, geochemical exploration in marine environments, and reservoir quality prediction in glauconitic sandstones. In order to identify, track, and characterize glauconitic sandstones from seismic data, it is important to relate the elastic properties of glauconitic sandstone to their physical properties, most important among which are mineralogy, porosity, and rock texture. To this end, this paper presents laboratory measurements of ultrasonic velocities, porosity and permeability of glauconitic sandstones from the Caballos Formation, Putumayo Basin (Colombia). To differentiate between glauconite bearing and non-glauconite bearing rocks, we compare their physical and acoustic properties along with those of a pure glauconite sample. Based on laboratory data, we have established that rocks containing glauconite have at the same porosity smaller permeability and smaller velocity than sands without glauconite. Probably the most exciting and practically meaningful result is that the quality of reservoir rock (specifically, permeability) can be discriminated not only by porosity but also by Poisson’s ratio (or Vp/Vs ratio). Specifically, at the same porosity, the samples with lower permeability have higher Poisson’s ratio. In other words, our rock-physics diagnostic of Caballos Formation shows that we can determine porosity and permeability from a combination of P- and S-wave data.
Predicting Particle Critical Supersaturation from Hygroscopic Growth Measurements in the Humidified TDMA. Part I: Theory and Sensitivity Studies

A method is described to estimate the critical supersaturation of quasi-monodisperse, dry particles using measurements of hygroscopic growth at relative humidities below 100%. Kohler theory is used to derive two chemical composition-dependent parameters, with appropriate accounting for solution effects through a simplified model of the osmotic coefficient. The two unknown chemical parameters are determined by fitting the Kohler model to data obtained from humidified tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) measurements, and used to calculate the critical supersaturation for a given dry particle size. In this work the theory and methodology are presented, and sensitivity studies are performed, with respect to assumptions made and uncertainties in key input parameters to the Kohler model. Results show that for particle diameters of 40 and 100 nm, the average error between critical supersaturations derived using the proposed method and theoretical values is 27.5% (1s 5 10%, n 5 16). This error is similar to experimental uncertainties in critical supersaturations determined from laboratory studies on particles of known chemical composition (20.6%, 1s 5 11%, n 5 16).
Regulation of a promoter that is utilized by minor forms of RNA polymerase holoenzyme in Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract The ctc gene of Bacillus subtilis is transcribed in vitro by the minor RNA polymerase holoenzyme forms, Eσ37 and Eσ32. To study the expression and regulation of ctc in vivo, we constructed operon and translational fusions of the ctc promoter region to the lacZ gene of Escherichia coli. Our results indicate that ctc is regulated at the transcriptional level, and that this RNA synthesis is maximally induced at the end of the exponential phase of growth under nutritional conditions which inhibit the activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Analysis of in vitro-constructed deletion mutations extending into the ctc promoter region demonstrated that the region required for this regulation is no greater than 53 base-pairs in length. We also compared the expression of ctc to that of another B. subtilis gene, which is transcribed by Eσ37 and Eσ32 in vitro, the sporulation gene spoVG. Although the ctc and spoVG promoter regions are recognized by the same forms of RNA polymerase in vitro, our results show that they differ strikingly in the nutritional and genetic requirements for their expression in vivo.
Infrared spectroscopic characterization of [2]rotaxane molecular switch tunnel junction devices.

Langmuir−Blodgett monolayers of a bistable [2]rotaxane were prepared at packing densities of 118, 73, and 54 A^2/molecule. The monolayers were both characterized via infrared spectroscopy before and after evaporation of a 2 nm film of titanium and incorporated into molecular switch tunnel junction devices. The study suggests that the evaporation process primarily affects portions of the molecule exposed to the metal atom source. Thus, in tightly packed monolayers (73 and 54 A^2/molecule), only the portions of the [2]rotaxane that are present at the molecule/air interface are clearly affected, leaving key functionality necessary for switching intact. Monolayers transferred at a lower pressure (118 A^2/molecule) exhibit nonspecific damage and poor switching behavior following Ti deposition. These results indicate that tightly packed monolayers and sacrificial functionality displayed at the molecule/air interface are important design principles for molecular electronic devices.
U1 RNA induces innate immunity signaling

Objective The U1–70-kd RNP is a prominent target of autoimmunity in connective tissue diseases. In this study, we explored whether its endogenous ligand, U1 RNA, mediates a proimmune signal and may be immunogenic.
An evaluation of two configurations of tricalcium phosphate for treating craniotomies

Biodegradable beta-tricalcium phosphate disks (TCP) of two configurations were inserted into 15-mm-diameter craniotomy wounds and nontreated control sites were evaluated in 60 rabbits. There were no adverse tissue reactions and no apparent difference in the clinical appearance of the 12- and 24-week implanted disks. By 36 weeks and continuing to 48 weeks, the omnidirectional TCP (OTCP) implants were degrading more rapidly than the unidirectional TCP (UTCP) implants, with degradation progressing centripetally and replacement by woven bone and maturing lamellar bone. Host-implant interface of both TCP configurations was a bone bond without interposed soft tissue. TCP disks may be clinically useful for craniotomy repair.
Oxalate oxidation in molten sodium nitrite

Abstract The stoichiometry for the oxidation of oxalate ion by molten sodium nitrite has been determined by both qualitative and quantitative methods. The stoichiometry has been found to be given by the variable equation: aC2O42−+(a+α)NO2−= (a−α) 2 CO2 + 3a+α) 2 CO32− +2αNO + (a−α) 2 N2O A sequence of reactions involving hyponitrite type intermediates and conforming to the observed stoichiometry is proposed as a possible route for the formation of the nitrogenous products observed.
Pitfalls in the use of commercial nonionic detergents for the solubilization of integral membrane proteins: sulfhydryl oxidizing contaminants and their elimination

Abstract For studies of isolated integral membrane proteins, nonionic detergents are an essential class of chemicals. A serious handicap, however, is that purified detergents which have been chemically analyzed are not available commercially. One type of contaminant that complicates studies of membrane-bound proteins acts as a sulfhydryl oxidizing agent. We have developed a convenient spectrophotometric assay to detect sulfhydryl oxidizing agents and have examined a number of nonionic detergents frequently used in biochemical studies. The method involves incubation of 1% detergent solutions with a known amount of dithiothreitol for 20 h followed by back-titration of unreacted dithiothreitol with 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Many of the detergents assayed were found to contain significant amounts of oxidizing agents. The amount varied between different lots of the detergent and increased upon standing in aqueous solution, presumably due to peroxide formation initiated by light and oxygen. A method for purifying commercial nonionic detergents is proposed in which sulfhydryl oxidizing contaminants are eliminated by reaction with sodium borohydride followed by silica gel column chromatography and passage through a mixed bed ion-exchange resin.
Leakage-aware energy synchronization on twin-star nodes

Starting from the features and impact of energy leakage in ultra-capacitor powered systems, this demonstration highlights the design of a capacitor-only Twin-Star node, and a leakage-aware energy synchronization methodology.
Depositional Systems in Jackson Group of Texas Gulf Coast Basin: ABSTRACT

Regional outcrop and subsurface investigation of the Jackson Group in Texas indicates development of 5 main depositional systems. Dominant element in the central and east Texas Gulf basin (bounded by Guadalupe River on the south and Neches River on the End_Page 1783------------------------------ east) is the Fayette fluvial-delta system consisting of dip-oriented, lobate wedges of sand, mud, and lignite. The vertical sequence in updip subsurface and outcrop, with gradation upward from marine mud through several delta facies and into fluvial sand and mud, reflects net regression and progradation of the system. Southwestward, transport of sand and mud from the delta system, principally by longshore drift, resulted in the South Texas strandplain-barrier bar system, made up of strike-trending sand bodies interbedded with marine and lagoonal mud. Landward of the strandplain-barrier-bar system and extending into outcrop is a complementary lagoonal-coastal plain system consisting of mud and minor, dip-oriented sand units. Gulfward of the strike-trending strandplain system is the Sou h Texas shelf system, formed by marine mud derived largely from the delta system on the northeast. Beneath the South Texas strandplain-barrier bar and Fayette delta systems and extending eastward into Louisiana and Mississippi is the Caddell-Yazoo shelf system consisting of marine, fossiliferous mud and minor glauconitic marl. Delineation of depositional systems, and specifically component facies of the various systems, facilitates definition of significant mineral trends (oil, gas, lignite, and uranium) that show the relation between current and potential areas of production. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1784------------
Inhaled steroids as prophylaxis for delayed pulmonary toxicity syndrome in breast cancer patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation

Abstract PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of inhaled fluticasone propionate (Flovent) as prophylaxis against delayed pulmonary toxicity syndrome (DPTS) and decline in pulmonary function in breast cancer patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy with the conditioning regimen of cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, and carmustine (CPB) followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-three consecutive patients with multinode-positive or metastatic breast cancer undergoing high-dose chemotherapy with CPB and ASCT who were treated at the Duke University Adult Bone Marrow Transplant Program. All patients were started on inhaled fluticasone propionate, 880 microg every 12 hours, for 12 weeks from the start date of their CPB conditioning regimen. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) with a single-breath diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) were performed pre-ASCT as well as approximately 6 and 12 weeks post-ASCT. DPTS was defined as follows: (1) development of a nonproductive cough and dyspnea with or without fever, plus a fall in DLCO to less than 60% predicted; or (2) decline in DLCO to less than 50% predicted with or without symptoms. RESULTS: Pulmonary function tests were done on all patients pre-ASCT, on 56 of the 63 patients at a median of 44 days (range, 25 to 73 days) post-ASCT, and on 51 of the 63 patients at a median of 96 days (range, 50 to 190 days) post-ASCT. The PFTs showed an average of an 8% (+/-26%) and 21% (+/-22%) decline in DLCO. These declines compare favorably with our historical control group of 45 consecutive breast cancer patients undergoing ASCT with CPB as a conditioning regimen, who experienced average declines in DLCO of 29% (+/-18%) (P Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2001;7(5):274-8.
Characterization of two sequential polytripeptides containing glycine and ethyl-glutamate residues.

The polytripeptides poly(glu(OEt)-gly-gly) and poly(glu(OEt)-glu(OEt)-gly) have been synthesized and characterized using infrared linear dichroism, ultraviolet circular dichroism spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. Both polymers have been obtained in a cross β conformation with antiparallel chains, however, there appear to be significant differences in the stability of this conformation for the two polymers. Poly(glu(OEt)-gly-gly) has also been shown to exist in a 31 polyglycine II type helix in aqueous solution whereas films cast from this solution appear to be random. Finally this same polymer can be obtained in either a random or an extended form trifluoroacetic acid depending on the nature of the substrate used for film casting.
“We Don't Really Want to Know”: Environmental Justice and Socially Organized Denial of Global Warming in Norway

Global warming is the most serious environmental problem of our time and a major issue of environmental justice. Yet meager public response in the form of social movement activity, behavioral chang...
Crosspin Fixation of Fractures of the Proximal Tibia in Three Foals

Three foals, each less than 1 month of age, were presented with Salter Type II fractures of the proximal tibial physis. Reduction of the fractures was accomplished manually and maintained by crosspin fixation. Fracture healing in two of the foals was uncomplicated. The third foal developed an infection around the implants, which responded to periodic local antiseptic flushing and administration of penicillin and gentamicin. Follow-up information ranging from 11 to 22 months after surgery revealed satisfactory results in two of three foals; premature closure of the proximal tibial physis was found in the other foal, resulting in the development of an angular limb deformity.
Multicultural and Diversity Considerations in the New Code of Professional Ethics for Rehabilitation Counselors

As the demographic transformation of the U.S. population continues, the challenges of multicultural and diversity-based considerations remain a central focus, as does the need to incorporate cultural competencies into the practice of rehabilitation. The Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification’s 2010 Code of Professional Ethics for Rehabilitation Counselors offers guidance for the practice of professional conduct and ethical decision making when one is working with individuals from culturally diverse groups and backgrounds. The revised code sets the expectation that the culturally competent rehabilitation counselor will develop interventions and services that are congruent with the client’s values and cultural context.
The “Antidemocratic Personality” Revisited: A Cross‐National Investigation of Working‐Class Authoritarianism

More than 60 years ago, psychologists identified a potential threat to democracy from within, namely the “antidemocratic personality” arising from the “authoritarian syndrome.” It was soon discovered that the problem of authoritarianism was especially acute among those who were low in education and income, and that it was associated with intolerance toward others. However, several important questions were left unresolved. We revisit fundamental theoretical and empirical questions concerning the existence and nature of “working-class authoritarianism,” focusing especially on four psychological aspects of authoritarianism, namely, conventionalism, moral absolutism, obedience to authority, and cynicism. In a cross-national investigation involving respondents from 19 democratic countries, we find that all four aspects of authoritarianism are indeed related to moral and ethnic intolerance. However, only obedience to authority and cynicism are especially prevalent among those who are low in socioeconomic status. Conventionalism and moral absolutism were significant predictors of economic conservatism, whereas obedience to authority and cynicism were not. We find no support for Lipset’s (1960) claim that working-class authoritarianism would be associated with economic liberalism. Instead, we find that authoritarianism is linked to right-wing orientation in general and that intolerance mediates this relationship. Implications for electoral politics and political psychology are discussed.
Music, Art, and Recreational Therapies in the Treatment of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia

Historically, the arts and humanities were seldom recognized for their capacity to advance health care and promote quality of life within the fields traditionally reserved for the “hard sciences.” There has been little vision of the powerful analytic and therapeutic applications offered by the myriad of art forms (Rugh & Buckwalter, 1989, unpublished manuscript). However, in recent years, we have seen an increased awareness of the potential value of music, art, and other recreational therapies in persons with dementia. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify the most current research in this area. Studies on the use of music and other recreational therapies in patients with dementia are summarized in Table 1.
Childhood Risk Factors for Adolescent Gang Membership: Results from the Seattle Social Development Project:

Adolescents who join gangs are more frequently involved in serious delinquency compared with those who do not, yet few studies have conducted a prospective examination of risk factors for gang membership. The present study uses longitudinal data to predict gang membership in adolescence from factors measured in childhood. Data were from the Seattle Social Development Project, an ethnically diverse, gender-balanced sample (n = 808) followed prospectively from age 10 to 18. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors at ages 10 through 12 predictive of joining a gang between the ages of 13 and 18. Neighborhood, family, school, peer, and individual factors significantly predicted joining a gang in adolescence. Youth exposed to multiple factors were much more likely to join a gang. Implications for the development of gang prevention interventions are discussed.
Ntr-like promoters and upstream regulatory sequence ftr are required for transcription of a developmentally regulated Caulobacter crescentus flagellar gene.

Abstract The flbG (hook operon or transcription unit II) and flaN (transcription unit I) operons of Caulobacter crescentus have a -12, -24 nucleotide sequence motif that is very similar to those of the Nif and Ntr promoters of enteric bacteria and Rhizobium spp. and a conserved ftr (flagellar gene transcription regulation) sequence, previously designated II-1 (D. A. Mullin, S. A. Minnich, L.-S. Chen, and A. Newton, J. Mol. Biol. 195:939-943, 1987) at approximately -100. We have used site-directed mutagenesis to examine the role of these sequences in the transcriptional regulation of these periodically expressed flagellar genes. Mutations in the flbG promoter that removed the conserved GC at -12, -13, the GG at -24, -25, or an AC base pair at -18, -19 in the nonconserved sequence between the -12, -24 elements completely eliminated detectable transcription. Mutations at other positions resulted in either a slight decrease (position 26), no change (position 15), or an elevated level (position -16 or -19) of the flbG transcript. By contrast, most of these flbG promoter mutations resulted in greatly elevated levels of transcription from the opposing flaN operon. Similar experiments were used to confirm the location of the flaN promoter to a -12, -24 Nif and Ntr sequence motif. Deletion of all or part of the ftr element or point mutations in the sequence drastically reduced the level of flbG transcript and resulted in increased levels of the flaN transcript. Thus, the conserved sequences at -12 and -24 in flbG and flaN are required for transcription of these genes in vivo, and the ftr element is required for transcription of flbG. This analysis also suggested that the ftr sequence and sequences in the flbG promoter are required for the negative autoregulation of the flbG and flaN operons. We speculate that the flbG and flaN promoters and the ftr element interact in some way to mediate the negative control of these divergent transcription units.
Recurrence of fetal growth restriction in singleton and twin gestations

Objective. Patterns of recurrence of restricted fetal growth provide important insights to understand the relative contributions of genetic versus environmental influences. Although there is eviden...
New Boraginales from tropical America 7: A new species of Cordia from Bolivia and nomenclatural notes on neotropical Cordiaceae

A new species of Cordia is described from Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Cordia santacruzensis is currently known from only four collections and appears to be endemic to mid-elevation cloud forests from 1950–2850 m in elevation. A nomen novum is proposed for Cordia venosa Killip and the confused nomenclatural history of Varronia crenata is reviewed.
Deep water gives up another secret

Just as water is essential for life as we know it, so too is it critical to our planet’s inner workings. In PNAS, Pan et al. (1) report results that constrain one of water’s most important properties at deep-earth conditions: its dielectric constant. A host of geologic processes signal water’s important role at depth. The volcanoes of the Pacific Ocean’s “ring of fire” erupt explosively because the magmas carry water from the deep interior. Water influences the still-mysterious, sudden breaking and sliding of rock we sense as earthquakes. Furthermore, many concentrations of valuable metals on which our society depends are created through complex natural reaction processes mediated largely by H2O. Indeed, without deep water, we might not have continents (2), and the plate tectonic engine controlling the outer part of the planet would probably operate quite differently (3).
Unstable Adams operations on classifying spaces

The Adams operations {ψk} considered as self-maps of BU have the property that . Id2n on H2n(BU; ℚ). Sullivan in his M.I.T. notes [12] constructed ψk-type self-maps of BU(n) in the case in which k is prime to n!. Later work by Friedlander[5] and Wilkerson[14] gave constructions for all other compact connected Lie groups G, subject to the condition that k be prime to the order of the Weyl group W(G).
Structural Damage Detection with Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors

Piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) are lightweight and inexpensive enablers for a large class of damage detection and structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. This paper starts with a brief review of PWAS physical principles and basic modelling and continues by considering the various ways in which PWAS can be used for damage detection: (a) embedded guided-wave ultrasonics, i.e., pitch-catch, pulse-echo, phased arrays, thickness mode; (b) high-frequency modal sensing, i.e., the electro-mechanical (E/M) impedance method; (c) passive detection, i.e., acoustic emission and impact detection. An example of crack-like damage detection and localization with PWAS phased arrays on a small metallic plate is given. The modelling of PWAS detection of disbond damage in adhesive joints is achieved with the analytical transfer matrix method (TMM). The analytical methods offer the advantage of fast computation which enables parameter studies and carpet plots. A parametric study of the effect of crack size and PWAS location on disbond detection is presented. The power and energy transduction between PWAS and structure is studied analytically with a wave propagation method. Special attention is given to the mechatronics modeling of the complete transduction cycle from electrical excitation into ultrasonic acoustic waves by the piezoelectric effect, the transfer through the structure, and finally reverse piezoelectric transduction to generate the received electric signal. It is found that the combination of PWAS size and wave frequency/wavelength play an important role in identifying transduction maxima and minima that could be exploited to achieve an optimum power-efficient design. The multi-physics finite element method (MP-FEM), which permits fine discretization of damaged regions and complicated structural geometries, is used to study the generation of guided waves in a plate from an electrically excited transmitter PWAS and the capture of these waves as electric signals at a receiver PWAS. Wave diffraction from a hole damage is illustrated through time-frame snapshots. The paper ends with conclusions and suggestions for further work.
Visualizing Life Zone Boundary Sensitivities Across Climate Models and Temporal Spans

Life zones are a convenient and quantifiable method for delineating areas with similar plant and animal communities based on bioclimatic conditions. Such ecoregionalization techniques have proved useful for defining habitats and for studying how these habitats may shift due to environmental change. The ecological impacts of climate change are of particular interest. Here we show that visualizations of the geographic projection of life zones may be applied to the investigation of potential ecological impacts of climate change using the results of global climate model simulations. Using a multi-factor classification scheme, we show how life zones change over time based on quantitative model results into the next century. Using two straightforward metrics, we identify regions of high sensitivity to climate changes from two global climate simulations under two different greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. Finally, we identify how preferred human habitats may shift under these scenarios. We apply visualization methods developed for the purpose of displaying multivariate relationships within data, especially for situations that involve a large number of concurrent relationships. Our method is based on the concept of multivariate classification, and is implemented directly in VisIt, a production quality visualization package.