cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of jet pattern on two-phase performance of hybrid micro-channel/micro-circular-jet-impingement thermal management scheme

This paper explores the two-phase cooling performance of a hybrid cooling scheme in which a linear array of micro-jets deposits liquid gradually along each channel of a micro-channel heat sink. The study also examines the benefits of utilizing differently sized jets along the micro-channel. Three micro-jet patterns, decreasing-jet-size (relative to center of channel), equal-jet-size and increasing-jet-size, were tested using HFE 7100 as working fluid. It is shown feeding subcooled coolant into the micro-channel in a gradual manner greatly reduces vapor growth along the micro-channel. Void fraction increased between jets but decreased sharply beneath each jet, creating a repeated pattern of growth followed by coalesce, and netting only a mild overall increase in void fraction along the flow direction with predominantly liquid flow at outlet. Unlike most flow boiling situations, where pressure drop increases with increasing heat flux, pressure drop in the hybrid configurations actually decreased and reached a minimum just before CHF. This behavior is closely related to the low void fraction and predominantly liquid flow. Pressure drop in the two-phase region is highest for the equal-jet-size pattern, followed by the decreasing-jet-size and increasing-jet-size patterns, respectively. Low void fraction increased the effectiveness of the hybrid cooling schemes in utilizing bulk liquid subcooling and therefore helped achieve high CHF values. The decreasing-jet-size pattern, which had the highest outlet subcooling, achieved the highest CHF. A single correlation was constructed for the three jet patterns, which relates the two-phase heat transfer coefficient to heat flux and wall superheat.
The Oil Pollution act of 1990: Key Provisions and Implications

ABSTRACT The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 establishes a system of oil spill liability, compensation and financial responsibility at levels not contemplated prior to the Exxon Valdez incident. Furthermore, it does so while preserving states’ prerogatives and rejects the international solution embodied in the 1984 Protocols to the 1969 Civil Liability and 1971 Fund Conventions. The act requires new contingency planning by both industry and government and sets new construction, manning, and licensing requirements. It increases penalties, broadens enforcement responsibilities of the federal government, and enhances states’ participation in the national response program. It also establishes a billion dollar federal trust fund to supplement the liability of responsible parties. The act is likely to result in safer tanker operations and to reduce the threat of oil spills in U.S. waters. These environmental improvements will be paid for by U.S. oil consumers. Other implications include the following: Reassessment of...
All-electronic generation and detection of terahertz free-space pulses and their application to a terahertz spectroscopy system

summaryof the important features will be repeated below, as well as some modifications which were made to improve theperformance in a spectroscopy system application. We used NLTL's, integrated with magnetic dipole (slot) antennas measuring 5 tm wide and 190 tm long to realize a free-space picosecond pulse generator integrated circuit (IC). High-resistivity (10 k1-cm) silicon hyper-hemispheres [12] were used to collect and focus the quasi-optical beam. Off-axis paraboloidal mirrors collimatedand redirected the beam onto a detector chip. The detector IC consisted of an all-electronic two-diode sampler [13]whose RF port was driven by a slot antenna identical to the one used in the generator IC and whose LO port wasdriven by an NLTL. The generator and detector are each driven by synthesized microwave signal generators andmicrowave amplifiers capable of producing a +30 dBm, 5 to 10 GHz microwave signal. The two signal generatorswere phase-locked and offset in frequency by an IF frequency from 0.5 to 10 Hz. A portion of each signal was fedto a mixer to provide a trigger signal to an audio frequency spectrum analyzer which was connected to the IF portof the detector.The complete system is shown in Figure 1. Due to the difficulty in maintaining a stable 77°K environment forperforming spectroscopic measurements, only 300°K NLTL's were used in the experiments reported in this paper.Figure 1: Experimental setup
Combined functional and anatomical diagnostic endpoints for assessing arteriovenous fistula dysfunction.

Failure of arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) to mature and thrombosis in matured fistulas have been the major causes of morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Stenosis, which occurs due to adverse remodeling in AVFs, is one of the major underlying factors under both scenarios. Early diagnosis of a stenosis in an AVF can provide an opportunity to intervene in a timely manner for either assisting the maturation process or avoiding the thrombosis. The goal of surveillance strategies was to supplement the clinical evaluation (i.e., physical examination) of the AVF for better and earlier diagnosis of a developing stenosis. Surveillance strategies were mainly based on measurement of functional hemodynamic endpoints, including blood flow (Qa) to the vascular access and venous access pressure (VAP). As the changes in arterial pressure (MAP) affects the level of VAP, the ratio of VAP to MAP (VAPR = VAP/MAP) was used for diagnosis. A Qa 0.55 is considered sign of significant stenosis, which requires immediate intervention. However, due to the complex nature of AVFs, the surveillance strategies have failed to consistently detect stenosis under different scenarios. VAPR has been primarily developed to detect outflow stenosis in arteriovenous grafts, and it hasn’t been successful in accurate diagnosis of outflow lesions in AVFs. Similarly, AVFs can maintain relatively high blood flow despite the presence of a significant outflow stenosis and thus, Qa has been found to be a better predictor of only inflow lesions. Similar shortcomings have been reported in the detection of functional severity of coronary stenosis using diagnostic endpoints that were based on either flow or pressure. This limitation has been associated with the fact that both pressure and flow change in the presence of a stenosis and thus, hemodynamic diagnostic endpoints that employ only one of these parameters are inherently prone to inaccuracies. Recent attempts have resulted in development of new diagnostic endpoints that can combine the effects of pressure and flow. These new hemodynamic diagnostic endpoints have shown to be better predictors of functional severity of lesions as compared to either flow or pressure based counterparts. In this review article, we discussed the advantages and limitations of current functional and anatomical diagnostic endpoints in AVFs.
Superlinear convergence of infeasible-interior-point methods for linear programming

At present the interior-point methods of choice are primal—dual infeasible-interior-point methods, where the iterates are kept positive, but allowed to be infeasible. In practice, these methods have demonstrated superior computational performance. From a theoretical point of view, however, they have not been as thoroughly studied as their counterparts — feasible-interior-point methods, where the iterates are required to be strictly feasible. Recently, Kojima et al., Zhang, Mizuno and Potra studied the global convergence of algorithms in the primal—dual infeasible-interior-point framework. In this paper, we continue to study this framework, and in particular we study the local convergence properties of algorithms in this framework. We construct parameter selections that lead toQ-superlinear convergence for a merit function andR-superlinear convergence for the iteration sequence, both at rate 1 +τ whereτ can be arbitrarily close to one.
Bosque Redondo: a memorial in the making

Abstract Between 1863 and 1868, over 9000 Native Americans were interned under US military guard at the Bosque Redondo reservation in New Mexico. The objectives for internment were to end Indian raids of military forts and to assimilate native people. The prisoners' survival despite inhumane conditions is now commemorated at the Bosque Redondo Memorial, which opened to the public in 2004. This paper recounts the history of the site before it was a memorial, exploring why such designation was not established sooner, and it addresses the aspiration for the Memorial to become an accredited member of the International Coalition of Sites of Conscience.
The future on-line continuous-system simulation

The DARE I and DARE II simulation systems each added a simulation console with graphic and alphanumeric displays to a PDP-9 minicomputer with 16K of memory and a small disk (Figure 1) and employed a continuous-system simulation language for simplified programming. System equations or block statements, text, and comments, are typed and edited on a CRT typewriter. Solutions appear on a second CRT and can be plotted or listed for report preparation; they are automatically labeled and scaled without any need for special FORMAT statements. Iterative and statistical simulation studies involving repeated differentialequation- solving runs are possible.
The Color Line : Legacy for the Twenty-First Century

"The problem of the 20th century will be the problem of the colour line - the relation of the darker to the lighter races of men", wrote author and civil rights leader W.E.D. Du Bois in 1903. As the 20th century comes to a close, one of America's most distinguished historians takes an unflinching look at race relations in America today. Distilling more than two centuries of history, John Hope Franklin reflects on the most tragic and persistent social problem in the American nation's history - the colour line - as it becomes the legacy for the next century. "The Color Line" originated as three lectures delivered at the University of Missouri - Columbia in April 1992, just one day after the "not guilty" verdict was returned in the trial of Los Angeles police officers in the beating of Rodney King. The violence that shook Los Angeles and soon erupted in other cities across the country provided a dramatic backdrop for Franklin's message: the colour line holds fast - in education, in housing, in health care, and in the legal system. Franklin illuminates some of the key episodes in the nation's history. He traces America's forward and backward steps on the path toward racial equality, from the Carter administration's record number of appointments of African Americans to the bench, to the Reagan administration's effort to continue support for educational institutions that persisted in racial discrimination and segregation. Examining the historical role of race in both the Republican and Democratic parties, Franklin argues that while opponents of affirmative action claim to promote a colour-blind legal system, many have adopted race-encoded rhetoric to raise the spectre of racial fear and hatred. Franklin also outlines the questionable civil rights record of Clarence Thomas, whose nomination and confirmation as Supreme Court justice provoked considerable controversy among civil rights leaders. The colour line continues to flourish in the final decade of the 20th century. "Perhaps the very first thing we need to do as a nation and as individual members of society", writes Franklin, "is to confront our past and see it for what it is".
Satellite Formation Mission Optimization with a Multi-Impulse Design

Satellite formation flight has emerged as a method to increase science return and enable missions that had been impossible with a single spacecraft. Formations often must maintain a precise geometry, which complicates mission design, given natural orbit dynamics. This paper presents a multi-impulse formation design strategy that is a compromise between active control and drift solutions. This design formulation is applied to optimize the magnetospheric multiscale tetrahedron mission using two optimization algorithms, a hierarchical strategy, and a particle swarm approach. Results are presented for a variety of multi-impulse problem specifications, including formation attitude, demonstrating that a multi-impulse solution is a viable strategy that can dramatically improve formation accuracy and longevity at minimal fuel cost. The impact of perturbing forces on optimal designs and their costs is also characterized.
Suicidality, School Dropout, and Reading Problems Among Adolescents

The purpose of this study was to examine the risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts and school dropout among youth with poor reading in comparison to youth with typical reading (n = 188) recruited from public schools at the age of 15. In a prospective naturalistic study, youth and parents participated in repeated research assessments to obtain information about suicide ideation and attempts, psychiatric and sociodemographic variables, and school dropout. Youth with poor reading ability were more likely to experience suicidal ideation or attempts and more likely to drop out of school than youth with typical reading, even after controlling for sociodemographic and psychiatric variables. Suicidality and school dropout were strongly associated with each other. Prevention efforts should focus on better understanding the relationship between these outcomes, as well as on the developmental paths leading up to these behaviors among youth with reading difficulties.
User-specified domain knowledge for document retrieval

The introduction of domain knowledge into a document retrieval system has two important consequences; an increase in the effectiveness of retrieval and a decrease in the efficiency of text processing. In this paper, a method is presented of combining user-specified domain knowledge with efficient retrieval techniques based on probabilistic models. The domain knowledge is represented as a collection of frames that contain rules specifying recognition conditions for domain concepts and relationships between concepts. The inference network represented in these frames is used to infer the concepts that are related to a user's query. This approach is being implemented as part of the I3R expert intermediary system.
Introduction: challenges in microbial quality control for nonhuman primate

In contrast to many other laboratory animal species, infectious diseases have proven difficult to eliminate from nonhuman primate colonies and various pathogens remain a threat to animal and colony health. Moreover, despite significant advances in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, unrecognized or adventitious agents are common in nonhuman primates and have the potential to confound experimental work. This issue of the ILAR Journal is devoted to microbial quality control for nonhuman primates and addresses a number of important concerns facing veterinarians and scientists who use such animals. The reason microbial threats have been difficult to eliminate from nonhuman primate colonies is likely multifactorial. The standard approach used in many other species to develop colonies free of specific agents has been to derive infants by cesarean section and raise them completely separated from the source colony. Such an approach has worked well with rodents and other species, but the critical role of parental input in normal primate social development has made it difficult to use this technique in a widespread fashion in nonhuman primates. Similarly, housing and breeding strategies that promote social interaction also allow the propagation of infectious agents, and significant numbers of primates are raised outside in large corrals or in a semiferal state (Figure 1). Although such environments are enriching for the animals, they complicate the control of infectious agents both between nonhuman primates and from wild animals that may be present in the environment. These factors are compounded by the animals’ relatively long life span in captivity and ethical concerns over euthanizing animals solely because of the presence of an infectious agent. Finally, several important pathogens including tuberculosis, measles, and Streptococcus pneumoniae are widespread in the human population and colonies are under constant threat of reintroduction of these pathogens from human contacts. Infectious diseases may adversely affect research pro
Cooperative R&D Agreements (CRADAS)

Cooperative research and development agreements (CRADAs) are designed to encourage technology transfer from U.S. federal laboratories and private-sector firms. Legislation passed in the 1980s has led to the proliferation of these arrangements. Keywords: collaboration; commercialization; CRADAs; federal laboratory; government; RD technology transfer
Is an immunoassay available for the measurement of bioactive LH in serum

: An in vitro bioassay for luteinizing hormone (LH) is in our opinion the “gold standard” bioassay. The rodent interstitial cell testosterone assay (RICT) is specific for bioactive LH and very sensitive, accurate, and reproducible. Diverse LH standards consistently display parallel dose-response characteristics. Sera also manifest parallel dose-response characteristics throughout reproductive life, with the exception of basal samples from prepubertal children. This indicates that all known hormones with LH bioactivity have a similar bioactive site. The in vivo bioassays for LH used for calibration of World Health Organization standards are more cumbersome and less precise and accurate than the in vitro bioassay. The ovarian ascorbic acid depletion assay corresponds better than the seminal vesicle weight assay with in vitro bioassay. Variation in the ratio of bioactive to immunoreactive LH (B/I) principally reflects variation in LH immunoassay dose-response characteristics, rather than a change in the bioactive moiety of LH. The varying B/I ratio is due to molecular heterogeneity at multiple levels. Different LH standards contain different proportions of nonbioactive but immunoreactive material. The immunoreactive LH isoforms in serum contain different proportions of bioactive material and the isoform distribution differs with reproductive status. Furthermore, the antibodies comprising the various immunoassay systems detect heterogeneous epitopes on LH, which are not necessarily bioactive. B/I ratio disparities indicate lack of specificity of immunoassays for bioactive LH. Polyclonal antibody-based radioimmunoassay requires the use of purified reagents, including a bioactive tracer, in order to achieve high specificity for bioactive LH. The new generation of monoclonal antibody-based immunometric assays yields results that are lower than, but correlate with, LH measured by the in vitro bioassay. The purest of standards, even a recombinant standard, yields results that differ up to 50% or more from one immunoassay to another. Serum LH levels also differ up to two-fold among assays. The immunometric assays have the advantage of being more sensitive and more specific for low levels of LH in serum than radio-immunoassays, but B/I ratio discrepancies remain great. An immunoassay specific for the bioactive “docking site” of human LH isoforms is still needed.
Stroke Prevention and Treatment

The decline in stroke incidence and mortality in the U.S. over the past 20 years is reaching a plateau, and the number of strokes may actually start to increase as the population ages. However, recent clinical trials have demonstrated that there are numerous opportunities to improve stroke prevention strategies and also opportunities to effectively intervene in and treat acute strokes. For patients with diabetes and for those with prior strokes or transient ischemic attacks, it has become evident that aggressive low-density lipoprotein lowering with statin medications will decrease the risk for total and fatal strokes. Optimal anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy for primary and secondary stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation is being carefully defined. With numerous novel factor Xa and direct thrombin inhibitor drugs completing phase III clinical trials, it is likely that additional oral anticoagulant drugs will be clinically available for stroke prevention soon. Additionally, a major clinical trial is nearing completion that may resolve the role of carotid stenting and carotid endarterectomy in primary and secondary stroke prevention. There are recent notable advances in the acute treatment of stroke. It is likely that the time window for thrombolysis for appropriate patients with strokes will be increased from 3 to 4.5 h, permitting the inclusion of more patients in this treatment approach. There is ongoing investigation of intra-arterial thrombolysis and of acute intra-arterial thrombus extraction for treatment of selected patients with strokes. Unlike the progress in treatment of ischemic strokes, treatment of hemorrhagic stroke is progressing more slowly.
The possibility of a desirable minimal state

There is a near consensus that organized special interests use influence to expand government into activities that are detrimental to the public at large. Consequently, as Lee (1989) suggests, it would be desirable if the general public had more control over political decisions — if government were more responsive to the “public interest.” However, the “public interest” like rent-seeking, is a subjective concept (Pasour, 1987).
Place attachment and landscape preservation in rural New England : A Maine case study

Abstract Low-density residential development has had a tremendous impact on the rural New England landscape. The costs of sprawl have been well documented in terms of land use and environmental impacts; however, there has been less research on the psychological impacts of sprawl. Place attachment is an area of research that seeks to understand the emotional and psychological connections between people and place. It is important to understand and recognize the emotional attachment local residents may have to the rural landscape, particularly for planners who must address both conservation and residential development in rural areas. This study explores local residents’ attachment to the rural landscape in a small but fast-growing town in Maine. In particular, the study utilized a photo-preference survey to ascertain the level of attachment that local residents have to different landscape types. Further, this study examined the influence that landscape attachment has on residents’ willingness to engage in conservation and land use planning strategies (e.g. farmland protection, historic preservation, zoning, and other land use planning tools). Results indicate that there is a strong positive correlation between rural residents’ level of support for conservation planning and their level of attachment to the landscape. This study renders new evidence for landscape planners that attachment to the land can be a strong motivation for building local residents’ support for land protection strategies.
Estimation of the signal-to-noise ratio for on-chip wireless clock signal distribution (year 2000)

The achievable signal-to-noise ratio for an 18-GHz wireless clock distribution system has been estimated by extrapolating from the current status of the clock receiver, the integrated antenna performance, and the understanding of noise sources and coupling mechanisms. It is estimated that a SNR of /spl sim/23 dB is achievable at the input of the frequency divider within the clock receiver block.
Non-parametric Approximate Dynamic Programming via the Kernel Method

This paper presents a novel non-parametric approximate dynamic programming (ADP) algorithm that enjoys graceful approximation and sample complexity guarantees. In particular, we establish both theoretically and computationally that our proposal can serve as a viable alternative to state-of-the-art parametric ADP algorithms, freeing the designer from carefully specifying an approximation architecture. We accomplish this by developing a kernel-based mathematical program for ADP. Via a computational study on a controlled queueing network, we show that our procedure is competitive with parametric ADP approaches.
The Multiple Meanings of Peer Groups in Social Cognitive Mapping

Social cognitive mapping (SCM) is a common approach to identifying peer groups in developmental research. However, this approach involves three stages that each implies a unique conception of peer group.This article aims to bring conceptual clarity to the identification of peer groups using SCM by demonstrating how the meaning of peer groups differs at each stage of SCM. First, in the data collecting stage, interaction groups identify sets of children that hang out together. Second, in the data aggregating stage, co-membership groups identify sets of children who are members of many of the same interaction groups. Third, in the data analyzing stage, similarity groups identify sets of children with similar patterns of relationships with their peers. After reviewing these three conceptions of peer groups, we briefly discuss some potential problems with using SCM as a tool to measure children’s social networks and peer groups. Finally, we conclude by arguing that despite these issues, SCM remains a valuable methodology, and indeed one with untapped potential.Thus, we offer suggestions for the appropriate application of these theoretically and empirically distinct conceptions of peer group, noting that developmental researchers using SCM must identify which conception of peer group is used and justify why this conception is the appropriate one.
A logic‐based approach to rule induction in expert systems

Rule induction is an important part of learning in expert systems. Rules can help managers make more effective decisions and gain insight into the relationships between decision variables. We present a logic-based approach to rule induction in expert systems which is simple, robust and consistent. We also derive bounds on levels of certainty for combining rules. We apply our approach to the development of rules for the entry decisions of new products. We then discuss how the logic-based approach of rule induction can be used to create a decision support system and the methodology to create such a system.
Between stewardship and sacrifice: agency and economy in a Southern California Charismatic church

Despite a growing interest in the anthropology of Christianity, the economic practices of the North American-inspired stream of theologically conservative Evangelical and Pentecostal/Charismatic Christians have received comparatively little attention. Analysing economic practices and forms of musical worship in a middle-class, mixed-ethnicity Charismatic ‘Vineyard’ church located in Southern California, this article argues that apparently contradictory aspects of Charismatic Christian economic practice can be understood through use of anthropological ‘spheres of exchange’ theory. Specifically, this article identifies the existence of three different, but interrelated, spheres (secular exchange, stewardship, and sacrifice), each of which has its own guiding assumptions regarding proper morality, agency, and subjectivity for these Charismatic Christians. These differing spheres are used, this article argues, not just to regulate behaviour, but also to allow for moral revaluations of successes and failures, allowing them better to engage as economic actors in the world. Resume Malgre un interet croissant pour l'anthropologie du christianisme, les pratiques economiques du courant evangelique et pentecotiste charismatique, inspire par l'Amerique du Nord et theologiquement conservateur, ne beneficient pas d'une grande attention. Dans une analyse des pratiques economiques et des formes de celebration musicale d'une eglise charismatique du mouvement « Vineyard » dans le sud de la Californie, regroupant des milieux sociaux et appartenances ethniques melanges, le present article avance que les aspects apparemment contradictoires de la pratique economique des chretiens charismatiques peuvent etre comprises par le biais de la theorie anthropologique des « spheres d’echanges ». Plus precisement, il identifie l'existence de trois spheres differentes mais interconnectees (echange seculier, gestion et sacrifice), dont chacune a ses propres hypotheses d'orientation en ce qui concerne la moralite adequate, le statut d'agent et la subjectivite pour ces chretiens charismatiques. Selon les auteurs, ces differentes spheres permettent non seulement de reguler les comportements, mais aussi de proceder a une reevaluation morale des succes et des echecs, afin de permettre aux fideles de s'engager comme acteurs economiques dans le monde.
Impact configurations and measures for kinematically redundant and multiple armed robot systems

This paper introduces new methods to evaluate the effects of impact and contact forces on single and multiple robot manipulators. New measures of the vulnerability of any arm to impacts in varying directions are given. Impact ellipsoids corresponding to these measures are defined and analyzed. The effect of different configurations of kinematically redundant arms on (potentially damaging) impact forces at their end effectors during contact with the environment are investigated. New methods for examining the optimal configurations of redundant manipulators under impact task constraints are discussed. Examples showing "good" and "bad" configurations for contacts and tasks of different types are presented. Application of the methods to multiple cooperating arms is considered. Contact due to additional manipulators grasping, or regrasping, a common object held by one or more manipulators is analyzed. Applications to planning and simulation of manipulation of commonly held objects by multiple arms are discussed. >
Suggested Revisions to Certain Boundary Layer Parameterization Schemes Used in Atmospheric Circulation Models

Abstract The results from some of the latest experimental and theoretical studies of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) ire used to revise certain better known schemes (Clarke, 1970b; Deardorff, 1972b) of parameterizing the boundary layer in general circulation models (GCM's). For high-resolution models, our proposed scheme is based on the surface layer similarity theory relations derived by Businger et al. (1971) from the Kansas tower data. For low-resolution GCM'S, the proposed scheme is based on the generalized PBL-similarity theory with the various similarity functions evaluated from the best available numerical models of the boundary layer. The usual practice of specifying a single value for the roughness parameter (z0) for all the land surfaces in a GCM is questioned. The specified z0 value at each grid point should actually reflect the roughness characteristics of the surface represented by it.
Resonance Energy Transfer Enables Efficient Planar Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells

Poor energy transport in disordered organic materials is one of the key problems that must be overcome to produce efficient organic solar cells. Usually, this is accomplished by blending the donor and acceptor molecules into a bulk heterojunction. In this article, we investigate an alternative approach to cell design: planar mulitilayer hetrojunctions with efficient energy transport to a central reaction center. We use an experimentally verified Monte Carlo model of energy transport to show that an appropriately engineered planar multilayer stack can achieve power conversion efficiencies comparable to those of the best bulk heterojunction devices. The key to this surprising performance is careful control of the optical properties and thicknesses of each layer to promote Forster resonance energy transfer from antenna/transport layers to a central reaction center. We provide detailed design rules for fabricating efficient planar heterojunction organic cells.
The Metabolic Systems: Anaerobic Metabolism (Glycolytic and Phosphagen)

In this chapter, we address the history of the study of anaerobic metabolism during exercise. Our emphasis is on the early origins and progression of studies on phosphagen and glycolytic metabolism. Further, although our topic is “anaerobic” metabolism, we consider the interrelationship between oxygen and lactic acid production to be of primary importance. Other areas of this broad topic receive less attention; space limitations required us to focus on what we believe to be the more important events and their consequences. For information on studies and scientists before approximately 1900, we relied heavily on Fletcher and Hopkins (63), Keilin (99), Leicester (105), von Murait (153), Rothschuh (141), Williams (164), and Zuntz (168).
Dynamics and Macroscopic Rigidity in Glassy Thin-Films

In gels or rubbers, the macroscopic rigidity of the network is due to a harmonic elastic energy which is isotropic. In a solid, however, it is due to one which is invariant under rigid-body rotations. On the other hand, there has been some controversy over the description of the elastic forces in covalent networks. Here, we will summarize work in progress on the rigidity and related mechanical properties of glassy systems. We regard the glass as an elastic solid, whose elasticity is described by harmonic interactions involving nearest-neighbours and next-nearest neighbours. We investigate the response of perfect quasiperiodic and orientation-preserving disordered two-dimensional random networks when their bonds are perturbed homogeneously. We find that the perfectly quasiperiodic networks are stable against such perturbations while the translationally disordered structures exhibit significant accumulation of strain.
Deciding Optimal Number of Fatigue Crack Growth Tests for Damage-Tolerant Design

Fatigue crack growth coupon tests play an important role in designing safe and lightweight aircraft structures. How many fatigue crack growth coupon tests are enough is an important question to be answered. With few coupon tests, there will be a substantial uncertainty in design weight, with a significant chance of getting a heavier design, and a considerable chance of overestimating fatigue crack growth design life. A simulation study is presented to determine the optimal number of fatigue crack growth coupon tests by trading off testing cost against structural weight cost. It also gives a designer an idea on how increasing the number of tests reduces the risk of overestimating design life. The tradeoff is demonstrated for the damage-tolerant design of the lower spar caps of a business jet’s wing. With eight coupon tests, there is a 26% chance of incurring at least 2.4% weight penalty and 18% chance of overestimating the fatigue crack growth life by more than 10%. For 64 tests, the chances reduce to 3 an...
Determinants of polydipsia in rats: A reply to Stein. I. Emptying the water bottle

Rats were reinforced with dry food for licking a water nozzle. Emptying the bottle disrupted licking. This does not demonstrate that the drinking was controlled by thirst. It does demonstrate that an operant is controlled by its characteristic feedback.
Immunologic studies in thermal injury: heterophile antibodies.

SummaryAnti-rat hemagglutinins and anti-human gamma globulin factors were demonstrated in sera of guinea pigs and rabbits exposed to repeated thermal injury. Similar factors were also found in sera of some patients with severe skin burns.
Characterization of Booming Sands

Many sand dunes – at least seven in the United States – make loud booming noises when they avalanche. Records of the sound are centuries old, but the cause remains a mystery. This study examines properties of both the sand and the sound. Properties of the sand reveal clues about the source of the booming. Sand must be extremely dry to boom, but low moisture content alone is not sufficient to facilitate booming. Although the mean grain diameters of both booming and silent dune sands range from 0.20 – 0.40mm, the booming samples have smaller standard deviations. However, synthetic sands with similar size distributions do not boom, so a narrow size distribution cannot be solely responsible for the booming. Studies of the roundness and sphericity of the grains are currently underway. Air microphone and geophone recordings of the booming indicate that the fundamental frequency varies between 80–105 Hz depending on the dunes. This is consistent with previous measurements. Laboratory recordings of the “burping” sound that booming sand makes when shaken in a jar reveal a broad peak between 150–300 Hz.
The influence of cell penetrating peptide branching on cellular uptake of QDs

Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) serve as a valuable platform for understating the intricacies of nanoparticle cellular uptake and fate for the development of theranostics. Developing novel internalization peptides that maximize cellular uptake while minimizing the amount of peptide is important to allow space on the nanoparticle for other cargo (e.g. drugs). We have designed a range of branched, dendritic internalization peptides composed of polyarginine (Arg 9 ) branches (1 to 16 repeats) attached a dendritic wedge based on the sequence WP9G2H6. By attaching these branched dendritic peptides to QD’s, we can study the influence of branching on cellular uptake as a function of time, ratio, and degree of branching.
The Price-Making Process in the Los Angeles Egg Market

T HERE IS A tendency, even among students of marketing, to oversimplify the price-making process in any given market for any particular commodity. Even the terms "market" and "commodity" which we have just used are, by implication at least, overly simplified. The "Los Angeles egg market" must be thought of as including at least the metropolitan area about the city proper. It is an irregular population center for which no very satisfactory statistics of egg movements are available. For example, government reports on "receipts" do not include some suburban centers from which relatively important dealers operate throughout the city. Again, the commodity, "eggs," embraces a wide range of quality and size, as well as an equally important value range in terms of market position or market condition-for example, stage in the movement to consumer or the.nature of the package. The range on the basis of size varies seasonall\ from 5 to 20 cents; on the basis of quality from 5 to 10 cents; and on the basis of market position about II cents. In the Los Angeles egg market no single organization or small group of organizations controls or dominates the market. Local supplies most commonly reach the market through pickup men, feed dealers, country grocers, receiving stations,
A Green Chemistry-Oriented Sporicidal Cocktail

The first green chemistry-oriented antispore strategy is herein reported. The tricomponent system of low pH, anionic surfactants, and ethanol kills bacterial spores under relatively mild conditions by sequentially targeting spore resistance and viability, contrasting the current prevailing spore chemical sterilization protocols that invariably require the use of strong oxidizing agents. The sporicidal potency of this system was demonstrated with three spore species both in liquid suspensions as well as on surfaces. Furthermore, the chemical simplicity of this strategy allows it to be easily recreated using common household products.
Robust Control Framework for Time-Varying Power-Sharing among Distributed Energy Resources.

One of the most important challenges facing an electric grid is to incorporate renewables and distributed energy resources (DERs) to the grid. Because of the associated uncertainties in power generations and peak power demands, opportunities for improving the functioning and reliability of the grid lie in the design of an efficient, yet pragmatic distributed control framework with guaranteed robustness margins. This paper addresses the problem of output voltage regulation for multiple DC-DC converters connected to a grid, and prescribes a robust scheme for sharing power among different sources. More precisely, we develop a control architecture where, unlike most standard control frameworks, the desired power ratios appear as reference signals to individual converter systems, and not as internal parameters of the system of parallel converters. This makes the proposed approach suited for scenarios when the desired power ratios vary rapidly with time. Additionally, the proposed control framework is suitable to both centralized and decentralized implementations, i.e., the same control architecture can be employed for voltage regulation irrespective of the availability of common load-current (or power) measurement, without the need to modify controller parameters. The control design is obtained using robust optimal-control framework. Case studies presented show the enhanced performance of prescribed optimal controllers for voltage regulation and power sharing.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus Ligation

Figure 3.1 shows the relational anatomy of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), highlighting the patent ductus, the recurrent laryngeal nerve, and the directional left-to-right-to-left shunt. The dotted lines represent the continuation of the descending aorta posterior to the left pulmonary artery. Figure 3.2 shows a transmediastinal exposure of a PDA in relation to the aorta and pulmonary artery. The insets show the double ligation technique and the division and oversewing technique. Figure 3.3 demonstrates the operative exposure through a left thoracotomy, showing the courses of the recurrent laryngeal and phrenic nerves. The visceral pleura has been incised and retracted to show the dissected PDA.
A framework to assess the cost effectiveness of predictive biomarkers in oncology: Test Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (TICER).

6621 Background: Cost effectiveness of predictive biomarkers is currently assessed by Markov Chain (MC) simulations, requiring resources and expertise. Our goal was to develop a practical index to ...
Quick Start-Up and Steady Operation of The Treatment of Salinity Wastewater by Using SBR Process

The activated sludge was domesticated by increasing gradually salinity loading in order to achieve quick start-up of SBR process.The results show that the activated sludge can degrade the salinity wastewater and removal efficiencies of COD and NH3-N are higher than 82.92% and 90% when the concentrations of NaCl were 2.5,5.0,7.5 and 10 g/L,respectively.And meanwhile,the microorganism group in the acclimated sludge shows high resistance to supersaline.Therefore,the start-up of SBR process was achieved quickly.
Peptidases modulate bradykinin-induced arteriolar dilation in the hamster cheek pouch

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE; EC 3.4.15.1) and neutral endopeptidase (NEP; EC 3.4.24.11), two membrane-bound metalloenzymes that are widely distributed in the peripheral microcirculation and degrade kinins very effectively, modulate bradykinin-induced arteriolar dilation in vivo. Using intravital microscopy, we measured diameter of second-order arterioles in the hamster cheek pouch during suffusion of bradykinin (0.1-10.0 microM) before and after topical application of captopril (10.0 microM) and phosphoramidon (10.0 nM). We found that each inhibitor significantly potentiated bradykinin-induced increase in arteriolar diameter (P < 0.05). Suffusion of other proteinase inhibitors (excluding ACE and NEP inhibitors) had no significant effect on bradykinin-induced responses. Captopril and phosphoramidon did not potentiate isoproterenol (0.1 microM)-induced arteriolar dilation in the cheek pouch. Collectively, these data indicate that ACE and NEP each plays an important role in regulating bradykinin-induced vasorelaxation in the peripheral microcirculation in vivo.
Vorobeev, G. G., and J. van der Ven. 2003. Looking at Mammals in Kyrgyzia—Central Asia. PDC, Bishkek, Republic of Kyrgyzstan, 224 pp. ISBN 9967-11-184-4, price (paper) $18.00.

G. G. Vorobeev, J. van der Ven 2003. Looking at Mammals in Kyrgyzia—Central Asia. PDC, Bishkek, Republic of Kyrgyzstan, 224 pp. ISBN 9967-11-184-4, price (paper) $18.00. This is a delightful, idiosyncratic bilingual (Russian and English) small-format guide to the mammals of a fascinating country—Kyrgyzstan. Nestled in the rich, troubled area of Central Asia, Kyrgyzstan is at a cultural, historical, and biological crossroads. The country covers some 200,000 square kilometers, with almost 75% higher than 2,000 m above sea level. Its mammal fauna combines elements from the Himalayas, boreal zone, desert-steppe, and India. The contemporary mammal fauna includes 71 naturally occurring species, 3 exotic commercial species, and 1 inadvertently introduced pest species. Tigers and otters have become recently extinct in the region. There are 8 endemic and subendemic species specific to the dominant mountain range—the Tien Shan. The book seems to have been a labor of love by the 2 authors, 1 Dutch and 1 Kyrgyz. The authors appear not to have been trained in mammalogy but have drawn on assistance from a variety of …
Novel femtosecond pulse stretcher/ compressor systems with cubic phase and wavelength tunability, and decreased alignment sensitivity

Traditional grating CPA stretcher/compres- sor systems have relied on high groove densities (~2000 1/mm) for systems operating in the 800 nm wavelength regime. While this type of setup works well for pulse durations on the order of 100-fs, operation becomes prohibitive for shorter pulsewidths due to the alignment sensitivity.
Multiparticle Collectivity from Initial State Correlations in High Energy Proton-Nucleus Collisions.

Qualitative features of multiparticle correlations in light-heavy ion ($p+A$) collisions at RHIC and LHC are reproduced in a simple initial state model of partons in the projectile coherently scattering off localized domains of color charge in the heavy nuclear target. These include (i) the ordering of the magnitudes of the azimuthal angle $n$th Fourier harmonics of two-particle correlations ${v}_{n}{2}$, (ii) the energy and transverse momentum dependence of the four-particle Fourier harmonic ${v}_{2}{4}$, and (iii) the energy dependence of four-particle symmetric cumulants measuring correlations between different Fourier harmonics. Similar patterns are seen in an Abelian version of the model, where we observe ${v}_{2}{2}g{v}_{2}{4}\ensuremath{\approx}{v}_{2}{6}\ensuremath{\approx}{v}_{2}{8}$ of two, four, six, and eight particle correlations. While such patterns are often interpreted as signatures of collectivity arising from hydrodynamic flow, our results provide an alternative description of the multiparticle correlations seen in $p+A$ collisions.
Instabilities in confined elastic layers under tension: Fringe, fingering and cavitation

Abstract Under tension, confined elastic layers can exhibit various modes of mechanical instabilities, including cavitation, fingering and fringe instabilities. While the cavitation has been extensively studied, the fingering and fringe instabilities have not been well understood, and the relations and interactions of these instabilities have not been explored yet. In this paper, we systematically study the formation, transition, interaction and co-existence of mechanical instabilities in confined elastic layers under tension. Through combined experimental, numerical and theoretical analysis, we find that the mode of instability is determined by both geometry and mechanical properties of the elastic layer through two non-dimensional parameters: layer's lateral dimension over its thickness and elastocapillary length over the defect size. A phase diagram is calculated to quantitatively predict the occurrence of any mode of instability. We further show cavitation instability and fingering instability can coexist and interact with each other in one elastic layer. The current work can help the design of robust adhesives by rationally harnessing the desired mode of instabilities while suppressing the other modes.
Ethnoarchaeology: critic, consolidator and contributor

The papers that make up this debate section acknowledge the fact that ethnoarchaeology has increasingly been marginalized by archaeology, but deserves a central role in the evaluation and developme...