cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new lossless compression algorithm for satellite earth science multi-spectral imagers

Multispectral imaging is becoming an increasingly important tool for monitoring the earth and its environment from space borne and airborne platforms. Multispectral imaging data consists of visible and IR measurements from a scene across space and spectrum. Growing data rates resulting from faster scanning and finer spatial and spectral resolution makes compression an increasingly critical tool to reduce data volume for transmission and archiving. Examples of multispectral sensors we consider include the NASA 36 band MODIS imager, Meteosat 2nd generation 12 band SEVIRI imager, GOES R series 16 band ABI imager, current generation GOES 5 band imager, and Japan's 5 band MTSAT imager. Conventional lossless compression algorithms are not able to reach satisfactory compression ratios nor are they near the upper limits for lossless compression on imager data as estimated from the Shannon entropy. We introduce a new lossless compression algorithm developed for the NOAA-NESDIS satellite based Earth science multispectral imagers. The algorithm is based on capturing spectral correlations using spectral prediction, and spatial correlations with a linear transform encoder. Our results are evaluated by comparison with current sattelite compression algorithms such the new CCSDS standard compression algorithm, and JPEG2000. The algorithm as presented has been designed to work with NOAA's scientific data and so is purely lossless but lossy modes can be supported. The compression algorithm also structures the data in a way that makes it easy to incorporate robust error correction using FEC coding methods as TPC and LDPC for satellite use. This research was funded by NOAA-NESDIS for its Earth observing satellite program and NOAA goals.
Actin Organization and Cell Migration of Melanoma Cells Relate to Differential Expression of Integrins and Actin‐associated Proteins

We have recently described marked differences in cell migration rates and organization of actin in human melanoma cell lines isolated from various stages of tumor progression. Metastatic lines derived from lymph node metastases organized actin into stress fiber arrays and had high mean migration rates in vitro when compared to lines from other stages. Melanoma cells also reveal marked differences in localization of alpha-actinin and beta 1 integrins at stress fiber termination sites (focal contacts). Disruption of this organization is induced by antibodies against beta 1 integrins, alpha-actinin, recently postulated as having a role in linkage of actin to beta 1 integrins, is differentially expressed in melanoma cells by Northern blot analysis and a relatively high alpha-actinin to actin ratio is associated with stress fiber formation and increased cell migration. Furthermore, actin-binding protein, which cross-links actin filaments, is also significantly increased in lines exhibiting high migration rates. Control of migration and actin organization may be mediated by extracellular matrices and/or modulation of actin-associated proteins including alpha-actinin and actin binding protein. These findings provide evidence that an interaction of transmembrane adhesion molecules and elements of the cytoskeleton in melanoma cells may be responsible for differences in migration rates and capacity for metastasis.
A Simplified Digestion Protocol for the Analysis of Hg in Fish by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Analysis of mercury in fish is an interesting problem with the potential to motivate students in chemistry laboratory courses. The recommended method for mercury analysis in fish is cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CVAAS), which requires homogeneous analyte solutions, typically prepared by acid digestion. Previously published digestion protocols require multiple acids, long heating periods or harsh conditions, and reducing agents for workup. We developed a simplified protocol for the digestion of fish that requires only nitric acid and a short heating period. This protocol was successfully implemented in an instrumental analysis lab and enabled students to perform CVAAS on commercial fish samples within the time constraints of an undergraduate lab course.
Dynamic One-Equation Nonviscosity Large-Eddy Simulation Model

Anew approach for a nonviscosity large-eddy simulation (LES)subgrid stress model is presented.Theapproach uses a scaling that is provided by the subgrid kinetic energy and a tensor coefe cient that is obtained from the dynamic modeling approach, hence, a dynamic structure model. Mathematical and conceptual issues motivating the development of this new model are explored. Attention is focused on dynamic modeling approaches. The basic equations that originate in dynamic modeling approaches are Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. These equations have solvability requirements that have not been previously addressed in the context of LES models. These conditionsare examined for traditional dynamic Smagorinksy modeling, that is, zero-equation approaches, and one-equation subgrid models. It is shown that standard approaches do not always satisfy the integral equation solvability condition. It is also shown that traditional LES models that use the resolved scale strain rate to estimatethesubgrid stressesscalepoorly with e lterlevel, leading to signie cant errorsin themodeling of the subgrid scale stress. The poor scaling in traditional LES approaches can result in not only weak models, but can also cause nonrealizability of the subgrid stresses. A better scaling based on the subgrid kinetic energy is proposed that leads to a new one-equation nonviscosity model that does satisfy the solvability conditions and appears to maintain realizability. Both integral and algebraic formulations of the new one-equation nonviscosity model are presented. The resolved and subgrid kinetic energies are shown to compare well to a direct numerical simulation of decaying isotropic turbulence.
De novo malignancies after intestinal and multivisceral transplantation.

Background. Maintenance immunosuppression required after organ transplantation creates a permissive environment in which cancer cells can proliferate because of lack of natural immunologic surveillance. With more than a decade of clinical experience, this report is the first to address the risk of de novo cancer after intestinal transplantation. Methods. A total of 168 consecutive intestinal transplant recipients (86 children and 82 adults) were studied, of whom 52% were male and 91% were white. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data was used to count expected rates of de novo cancers in the general population matched for age, sex, and length of follow-up. Results. With a mean follow-up of 4741 months, 7 (4.2%) patients developed nonlymphoid de novo cancer, with a cumulative risk of 3% at 5 years and 28% at 10 years. Of these malignancies, one was donor-driven adenocarcinoma. With 0.58 being the expected rate of malignancy for the general population, the risk among intestinal recipients was 8.7 times higher (P0.01). Such morbidity was significantly higher (50 times) among younger patients (<25 years), with a slight male preponderance. Induction immunosuppression was associated with early onset of de novo cancer. Patient survival after diagnosis of de novo cancer was 72% at 1 year, 57% at 2 years, and 29% at 5 years. Conclusion. With conventional immunosuppression, intestinal recipients are at a significantly higher risk of developing de novo cancer when compared with the general population. Thus, a novel tolerogenic immunosuppressive strategy has been recently implemented to reduce the lifelong need for immunosuppression. Intestinal transplantation has recently evolved to be the standard of care for patients with irreversible intestinal failure who no longer can be maintained on total parenteral nutrition (1, 2). Furthermore, survival outcomes continue to improve, with current rates comparable to thoracic and other abdominal organ transplantation (3, 4). Historically, intestinal allografts have been at a higher risk for rejection compared with other solid organs, with the subsequent need for
A CLASS OF GENERALIZED BAYES MINIMAX ESTIMATORS OF A MULTIPLE REGRESSION COEFFICIENT VECTOR

Consider a multiple regression problem in which the dependent and (three or more) independent variables have a joint normal distribution with unknown mean vector and unknown covariance matrix. Relative to a loss function depending on the statistical design at hand, a family of minimax estimators is obtained for the regression coefficient vector. It is shown that the maximum-likelihood estimator is dominated by the minimax estimators and hence inadmissible. A class of generalized Bayes estimators is obtained which may be expressed in terms of incomplete beta functions. With very mild conditions, the Bayes estimators are shown to be minimax.
Pretransitional anomaly in the bend elastic constant for a nematic to smectic a transition

Abstract We report her quantitative measurements of a large anomaly in the temperature dependence of the bend elastic constant (k33) of a nematic liquid crystal (p-butoxybenzylidene-p′ -β methylbutylaniline) near the transition to a smectic A phase. The fluctuation dependent part of k33 varies as (T-T ∗ ) -1 , in contrast to the theoretical prediction of (T-T ∗ ) -0.66 .
ET-1 induces cortical spreading depression via activation of the ETA receptor/phospholipase C pathway in vivo

Recently, it has been shown that brain topical superfusion of endothelin (ET)-1 at concentrations around 100 nM induces repetitive cortical spreading depressions (CSDs) in vivo. It has remained unc...
Isolation and characterization of a basic keratin-like protein from mammalian spermatozoa

Abstract A study incorporating amino acid analysis by ion exchange chromatography and polyacrylamide electrophoresis of two species of mammalian spermatozoa was conducted. The results indicate that a substantial structure of basic keratin is located within the spermatozoon. Disrupting this structure by treatment with various concentrations of mercaptoethanol gave two fractions of interest: an acid-soluble protein containing over 30 per cent arginine and 4 per cent half-cystine, and a residue which contained over 25 per cent arginine and 5–8 per cent half-cystine. Increasing the mercaptoethanol concentration solubilized more of the residue. This solubilized material was richer in arginine and cystine than the less resistant material which went into solution more readily.
Collusion-Resistant Reputation Mechanism for Multi-Agents Systems

Abstract We address the collusion problem in a reputation-driven multi-agent system where agents represent service providers, consumers, and a controller. A game structure is proposed where players are supposed rational and payoff maximizers. The main issue addressed in this paper is how to maintain a collusion-resistant reputation mechanism. We analyze the behavior of different players with respect to the strategies adopted by the opponents. We provide theoretical analysis of the game and discuss the pure and mixed strategy Nash equilibrium along with best response analysis to identify conditions under which the players adopt truthful dominant strategies.
Effects of thermal history on enthalpy relaxation in glasses 7. Thermal time constants

Abstract Experimental data on a single polymer sample indicate that the instrumental/sample Green function is essentially a Dirac delta function, with a time constant of 15 s. Distortions of scanned heat capacities over the glass transition temperature range, induced by this Green function, were deconvoluted and the deconvoluted data were found to be independent of heating = cooling rate (apart from temperature shifts), in accordance with expectations. The effects of a single thermal time constant on computed activation energies and different definitions of Tg are discussed. It is suggested that temperature calibration can be compromised by a nonzero thermal time constant.
ALBERT PINKHAM RYDER: A KINDER, GENTLER PAINTER?

Albert Pinkham Ryder by Elizabeth Broun, with catalogue by Eleanor L. Jones, Matthew J. W. Drutt, Sheri L. Bernstein and Elizabeth Broun, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989, 344 pp., 50 colour plates, 277 b. & w. illus., $55 hardback, $29.95 paperback Albert Pinkham Ryder Painter of Dreams by William Innes Homer and Lloyd Goodrich, New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1989, 256 pp., 65 colour plates, 106 b. & w. illus, £32.00
Toughening mechanisms in mixed-mode interfacial fracture

Abstract A series of mixed-mode interfacial crack initiation experiments were conducted using thinner glass/epoxy specimens than had been used in the past [Liechti and Chai (1992, J. Appl. Mech.59, 295–304)]. Three-dimensional effects were eliminated in the sense that the crack front shapes were the same for all mode-mixes. Nonetheless, the thinner specimens were associated with an overall increase in toughness and a noticeable change in the distribution of toughness with mode-mix. Interferometric measurements of normal crack opening displacements (NCOD) revealed values that were lower than predictions based on rate independent and dependent plasticity and even elastic analyses. The lower NCOD were attributed to long range cohesive crack face tractions, possibly due to electrostatic effects. Shielding calculations suggested that the long range tractions were more important than plastic dissipation. Nonetheless, they did not fully explain the shear-induced toughness effect that has been noted for this and other interfaces.
Diffusional arteriovenous shunting in the heart

Previous indicator dilution experiments in isolated blood-perfused dog hearts suggested that there was intramyocardial diffusional shunting of water relative to a flow-limited solute, antipyrine. Two sets of studies have been done to assess the importance of this shunting, since it implies the possibility of a diffusional bypass for oxygen and other substances, which may be important in ischemia. Nonconsumed tracers were used to show the phenomenon. In the first set, bolus injections of 133Xe dissolved in saline were made into the coronary inflow and the tracer content of the organ recorded by an external gamma detector. The initial Xe washout was disproportionately rapid at low flows, and the late phase was also relatively retarded. In the second set, boluses of cool saline containing indocyanine green were injected into the coronary arterial inflow while coronary sinus outflow dilution curves were recorded via a thermistor and a dye densitometer over a wide range of flows. The thermal curves showed emergence of heat preceding the dye; the degree of precession was much greater at low flows, and, unlike the dye curves, the thermal dilution curves showed dramatic differences in shape at different flows. A model for diffusional countercurrent exchange shows similar changes in residue curves and outflow dilution curves. The conclusion is that there is diffusional shunting of small lipid-soluble molecules whose diffusion coefficients in tissue are high. While the shunting of heat is great, the shunting of soluble gases will not be large and that of normal substrates will be negligible.
Characterization of Signal Transduction Events Stimulated by 8-epi-Prostaglandin(PG)F2α in Rat Aortic Rings

Abstract One of the most abundant F2 isoprostanes formed under pathological conditions is 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α (8-epi-PGF2α), a potent vasoconstrictor. The purpose of this study was to determine the signal transduction events initiated by 8-epi-PGF2α-induced vasoconstriction. Isolated arterial rings from male Sprague-Dawley rats were suspended in tissue baths containing Krebs-Henseleit salt solution, stretched to optimal resting tension and stimulated. 8-epi-PGF2α induced concentration-dependent contractions in pulmonary arteries (EC50: 7.7 ± 2.1 μM; n = 3) and aortas (EC50: 0.9 ± 0.1μM; n = 4) which were blocked by the TXA2 receptor antagonists SQ29548, L657925 and L657926. The contractile response to 8-epi-PGF2α was significantly (★p
The photochemistry of intramolecular excimers: the role of intersystem crossing and product formation

Abstract The quantum yields of triplet formation by some α,ω-dinaphthylalkanes and related compounds which exhibit intramolecular excimer fluorescence and/or intramolecular fluorescence quenching have been determined. Although most compounds have quite high quantum yields (~ 0.4) others are much lower and no single reason could be found to explain this variance.
Spectral analysis of the EEG of dominant and non-dominant alpha subjects during waking and sleeping

Abstract EEG spectral analysis of the left parietal lead (P3) was carried out on nine high alpha and four low alpha subjects. A 0.2 c/sec resolution interval was used on analysis periods of 1 min. The most prominent feature of the spectra was a delta peak at about 1 c/sec consistently present for all subjects during waking as well as sleeping. The intensity of this delta peak increased monotinically from waking through sleep stages 1, 2, 3 and 4 with stage REM intensity being equal to stage 1 intensity. All subjects had a sigma peak at about 13 c/sec during sleep stage 2, and a majority had a similar peak in stages 3 and 4. The average spectra show a sigma in all sleep stages, but none during waking. There were no consistent theta or beta peaks during waking or any stage of sleep. The high alpha group showed an alpha peak in waking at about 10 c/sec which decreased to about 9 c/sec during stage 1 and stage REM. During waking and all stages of sleep, they generally had a higher intensity and higher variability than the low alpha subjects for all frequencies of the spectrum. High alpha subjects had more frequency peaks during stages I and REM. The two groups have very similar spectra in sleep stages 2, 3 and 4. The waking intensities of the delta, theta and alpha frequency bands have significant positive correlations with their respective intensities during sleep. Waking intensity of the alpha band never correlated with delta intensity during waking or sleeping. These results favor the hypothesis of constant frequency generators for delta and sigma with an increase in energy during sleep; but they also fit the hypothesis of an alpha generator which decreases in frequency and energy during sleep. The single, best discriminator of waking and the sleep stages was delta. Alpha and sigma intensities add to the discrimination. However, stage 1 and REM have very similar spectral profiles for all subjects. For the low alpha subjects, waking, stage 1, and stage REM have spectra that are almost indistinguishable.
Candida tropicalis Vertebral Osteomyelitis: A Late Sequela of Fungemia

Two adult patients who had undergone bone marrow transplantation had transient fungemia due to Candida tropicalis during the posttransplantation neutropenic period and later (at 5 and 14 months post-transplantation) developed vertebral osteomyelitis due to the same organism. The courses of all adult patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation at our center during this time were reviewed for determining the frequency of this problem. Molecular typing techniques were used to establish the relationship between the organisms isolated during the initial fungemia and those causing the subsequent osteomyelitis. Only two of 532 adults who received transplants at our center from 1980 to 1993 developed candidal osteomyelitis. Moreover, they are part of a subset of 13 patients (2.4% of the total) whose cultures were positive for C. tropicalis; five of the 13 had fungemia. The study of fungal isolates from prior sites of colonization and from blood sampled during the original fungemia and of subsequently recovered vertebral bone isolates by means of DNA restriction fragment analysis (with use of standard agarose gel electrophoresis or pulsed-field gel electrophoresis) showed that the colonizing, bloodstream, and bone isolates were identical in each case. Transient C. tropicalis fungemia in severely immunocompromised patients may cause important late infectious complications, including osteomyelitis. Although these initial septic events may appear to resolve easily, the outcome in the two cases in this report suggests that special treatment considerations, such as immediate removal of the central venous catheter and intensive treatment with amphotericin B, may be required in selected cases for prevention of late sequelae.
The IdhA Gene Encoding the Fermentative Lactate Dehydrogenase of Escherichia Coli

Under anaerobic conditions, especially at low pH, Escherichia coli converts pyruvate to D-lactate by means of an NADH-linked lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). This LDH is present in substantial basal levels under all conditions but increases approximately 10-fold at low pH. The IdhA gene, encoding the fermentative lactate dehydrogenase of E. coli, was cloned using λ10E6 of the Kohara collection as the source of DNA. The IdhA gene was subcloned on a 2.8 kb MIuI-MIuI fragment into a multicopy vector and the region encompassing the gene was sequenced. The IdhA gene of E. coli was highly homologous to genes for other D-lactate-specific dehydrogenases but unrelated to those for the L-lactate-specific enzymes. We constructed a disrupted derivative of the IdhA gene by inserting a kanamycin resistance cassette into the unique KpnI site within the coding region. When transferred to the chromosome, the IdhA::Kan construct abolished the synthesis of the D-LDH completely. When present in high copy number, the IdhA gene was greatly overexpressed, suggesting escape from negative regulation. Cells expressing high levels of the D-LDH grew very poorly, especially in minimal medium. This poor growth was largely counteracted by supplementation with high alanine or pyruvate concentrations, suggesting that excess LDH converts the pyruvate pool to lactate, thus creating a shortage of 3-carbon metabolic intermediates. Using an IdhA-cat gene fusion construct we isolated mutants which no longer showed pH-dependent regulation of the IdhA gene. Some of these appeared to be in the pta gene, which encodes phosphotransacetylase, suggesting the possible involvement of acetyl phosphate in IdhA regulation.
A Mixed Methods Evaluation of a 12-Week Insurance-Sponsored Weight Management Program Incorporating Cognitive-Behavioral Counseling.

Physical activity is critical in healthy weight loss, yet there is still much to be learned about psychosocial mechanisms of physical activity behavior change in weight loss. A sequential mixed methods approach was used to assess the physical and psychosocial impact of a 12-week cognitive—behavioral weight management program and explore factors associated with weight loss. Quantitative data (N = 55) revealed program completion rate and mean percentage weight loss that compare favorably with other interventions, and differential psychosocial impacts on those losing more weight. Telephone interviews (n = 11) revealed four potential mechanisms for these differential impacts: (a) fostering accountability, (b) balancing perceived effort and success, (c) redefining ‘‘success,’’ and (d) developing cognitive flexibility.
Smoking out the incentives for tobacco control in managed care settings.

There is a widespread perception that managed care organisations (MCOs) are not particularly interested in providing disease prevention and health promotion services consisting primarily of behavioural interventions. The belief is that MCO managers see the cost associated with such interventions, but not the effectiveness and not the cost-effectiveness. Indeed, they may be looking for something more than cost-effectiveness: they may want evidence of cost savings to endorse the provision of such services. This reflects the dilemma of prevention more generally: the benefits of effective prevention measures are abstract. (Which recipients of the intervention avoided illness as a consequence of the intervention?) And they are deferred, often occurring years into the future. The costs, however, are tangible and immediate. This situation stands in striking contrast to the benefits and costs of disease-promoting behaviours: the benefits are tangible and immediate (that piece of chocolate cake is exceedingly pleasing to the palate), while the costs are abstract and deferred (will my having eaten the cake contribute to occluded arteries that will eventually result in my premature demise?).1 Smoking cessation services constitute an excellent example of this phenomenon as it applies to managed care organisations. If an MCO implements a smoking cessation programme, the organisation incurs the cost upfront. The cost is self-evident and, in and of itself, obviously undesirable. The financial benefit takes the form of reduced expenditures on smoking-produced diseases. However, the lion’s share of this benefit will not accrue until two or three decades have passed, the time required to realise the avoidance of smoking-related illnesses. Further, that such health and economic benefits will accrue must be taken as something of an article of faith since, reflecting the abstraction of such benefits, no-one will be able to identify precisely which of the participants in the smoking cessation programme would have …
Phonological dyslexia without phonological impairment

RG, a patient with probable Alzheimer's disease, showed a severe impairment in nonword reading. RG's word reading was intact, for example, as demonstrated by her scores in standardised reading tasks, which were comparable to those of normal controls. No phonological impairment was apparent in speech production and comprehension. Moreover, RG performed well in a series of phonological tasks (e.g., production of a rhyming word, phoneme identification) on which patients with a reading deficit selective for nonwords have been reported to encounter problems. RG's data severely constrain reading models proposing that nonword reading deficits are caused by phonological deficits. However, RG's data are compatible with dual-route reading models, which do not propose a link between nonword reading deficits and phonological impairment.
In Vivo Responsiveness of the Broilers’ Adrenocortical System

The possible interaction of circadian rhythms in serum concentrations of corticosterone (B) with the response of broiler cockerels to heat stress (HS) and adrenal manipulation with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and dexamethasone acetate (DA) was investigated. Adrenocortical response, as indicated by corticosterone concentrations, was greater early in the photoperiod in cockerels exposed to HS or injected with ACTH. A single injection of DA tended to be more inhibitory on B when administered later in the photoperiod.
Euclidean motion group representations and the singular value decomposition of the Radon transform

The matrix elements of the unitary irreducible representations of the Euclidean motion group are closely related to the Bessel and Gegenbauer functions. These special functions also arise in the singular functions of the singular value decomposition (SVD) of the Radon transform. In this paper, our objective is to study the Radon transform using the harmonic analysis over the Euclidean motion group and explain the origin of the special functions present in the SVD of the Radon transform from the perspective of group representation theory. Starting with a convolution representation of the Radon transform over the Euclidean motion group, we derive a method of inversion for the Radon transform using the harmonic analysis over the Euclidean motion group. We show that this inversion formula leads to an alternative derivation of the SVD of the Radon transform. This derivation reveals the origin of the special functions present in the SVD of the Radon transform. The derivation of the SVD of the Radon transform is...
Introduction: Defining Food Science

At one time the majority of scientists, technologists, and production personnel in the food field did not receive formal training in food science as it is recognized today. This was because very few institutions offered a curriculum leading to a degree in food science. Many of these institutions were organized along commodity lines. Thus the food industry, government, and academic institutions, continue to employ many persons who received their original technical training in dairy science, meat science, cereal chemistry, pomology, vegetable crops, and horticulture. Many others were trained as specialists in basic sciences and applied fields of chemistry, physics, microbiology, statistics, and engineering. Such training has had the advantages generally associated with specialization. It also has resulted in certain limitations, especially for commodity-oriented individuals in segments of the food industry undergoing rapid technological change.
Overcoming resistance to EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in EGFR-mutated NSCLC

SUMMARY The development of EGF receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors has recently provided a new therapeutic option for patients with advanced EGFR-mutant NSCLC; however, the long-term efficacy of such therapies is generally limited by the development of resistance. Recognizing the mechanisms underlying resistance and developing therapies to overcome key resistance pathways is an area of intense, ongoing investigation. In this review, we will provide an overview of EGFR-mutated lung cancer, primary and acquired resistance to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors and emerging therapeutic strategies designed to circumvent resistance.
Frequently Asked Questions for: The Atoms of Neural Computation

Based on a survey of the literature, we attempt to answer Frequently Asked Questions on issues of cortical uniformity vs. non-uniformity, the neural mechanisms of symbolic variable binding, and other issues highlighted in (Marcus, Marblestone and Dean. "The Atoms of Neural Computation". Science. 31 October 2014. Vol 346. Issue 6209).
Broadband material characterization using microstrip/stripline field applicator

A flexible field applicator for electromagnetic material parameter measurements using an automated network analyzer has been designed, operable in either stripline or microstrip mode. An effective de-embedding scheme has been used to extract the sample region scattering parameters from the measured terminal scattering parameters. The sample scattering parameters are processed to determine the phase constant and the characteristic impedance of the sample-loaded transmission region, from which the constructive parameters of the material are then determined, based upon the configuration. >
Analysis and Design of Rotors at Ultra-Low Reynolds Numbers

Design tools have been developed for ultra-low Reynolds number rotors, combining enhanced actuator-ring / blade-element theory with airfoil section data based on two-dimensional Navier-Stokes calculations. This performance prediction method is coupled with an optimizer for both design and analysis applications. Performance predictions from these tools have been compared with three-dimensional Navier Stokes analyses and experimental data for a 2.5 cm diameter rotor with chord Reynolds numbers below 10,000. Comparisons among the analyses and experimental data show reasonable agreement both in the global thrust and power required, but the spanwise distributions of these quantities exhibit significant deviations. The study also reveals that three-dimensional and rotational effects significantly change local airfoil section performance. The magnitude of this issue, unique to this operating regime, may limit the applicability of blade-element type methods for detailed rotor design at ultra-low Reynolds numbers, but these methods are still useful for evaluating concept feasibility and rapidly generating initial designs for further analysis and optimization using more advanced tools.
On sampled-data implementations of feedback linearizing controllers

The authors present a case study for designing a feedback linearizing controller of a nonlinear continuous-time system in the presence of sampling. Among the methods considered are exact linearization ignoring the effects of sampling, exact linearization with extended feedback to compensate for sampling, and a multirate sampling scheme implemented via a neural network. The performance of the three controllers are compared, through simulation, for a simple example from the literature. The main innovation presented is the neural controller designed using multirate sampling which gives superior performance at low sampling rates. >
Evaluation of accuracy of a theoretical model for predicting the necrosed tissue volume during focused ultrasound surgery

The concept of thermal dose as a predictor for the size of the necrosed tissue volume during high-intensity focussed ultrasound surgery was tested. The sensitivity of the predicted lesion size to the uncertainties in the iso-dose constant, attenuation coefficient, and thermal dose threshold of necrosis was studied. The predicted lesion size appears to be independent of attenuation at some high attenuation values and certain depth in tissue. Thus, for a given target depth, a proper selection of frequency could minimize the lesion size variability due to uncertainty in the tissue attenuation. The predicted lesion size was less dependent on the uncertainties in the iso-dose constant and thermal dose of necrosis. The predictions of the model were compared with experimental data in rabbit muscle, and experimental data in cat and rat brain measured by others. The agreement was found to be good in most of the experiments. Similarly, the model was found to predict well the trends of increasing power and pulse duration. >
Migration of multicomponent seismic data using elastic screen method

Multicomponent data increased the information of seismic data. Recent developments of ocean bottom seismic (OBS) technology make more multicomponent data available. From these data, both P-P and P-S sections can be obtained. Since these waves carry different properties of the target reflectors, combining them together can provide us with petrophysical parameters that cannot be obtained with P-wave data alone. However, extracting the new information requires more physically rigorous techniques. Many attempts have been made to carry out elastic wave migrations. Chang and McMechan (1987, 1994) conducted 2D and 3D elastic reverse-time migrations using a full wave finite-difference method. Zhe and Greenhalgh (1997) used potentials, instead of displacements, to propagate P and S waves. Hokstad (2000) proposed a multicomponent Kirchhoff migration method and a specially designed imaging condition for multicomponent elastic waves. On the other hand, others chose to treat elastic waves as scalar waves with different speeds and used scalar wave propagator to do the migration. Using scalar wave propagators to simulate elastic wave propagation, although straightforward, sometimes over simplifies the real physical processes. On the other hand, the phase screen method for scalar wave migration has been used for many years (Stoffa et al., 1990). Several modifications of this method have been made to improve its accuracy under wide-angle and large velocity contrasts (e.g., Ristow and Ruhl, 1994; Jin, et al., 1998; Xie and Wu, 1998; Huang, et al., 1999; Huang and Fehler, 2000; Xie et al., 2000). Compared with other methods, this one-way wave equation based method provided an efficient, high quality propagator for scalar wave migration. The scalar wave screen propagator has also been extended into elastic wave case (Wu, 1994, 1996; Xie and Wu, 1996, 2000; Wild and Hudson ,1998). Wu and Xie (1994) did some primary work to test the elastic screen method as a backpropagator for multi-component elastic migration. Based on the above-mentioned progresses, it is natural to extend the scalar wave screen migration method to the multicomponent elastic wave case. In the following sections, we propose an elastic screen propagator and vector imaging conditions for prestack depth migration and imaging of multicomponent seismic data.
Fiber Digestibility and Nitrogen Requirements of Blue Duikers (Cephalophus monticola)

We examined the energy and protein requirements, and the fiber and protein digestive capacity, of a small African ruminant, the blue duiker ( Cephalophus monticola), by conducting a series of complete balance digestion trials with three captive male blue duikers feeding on fruits, leaves, forbs, grass, and pelleted diets ranging from 9.4% to 49% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and 2.5% to 30% crude protein. The diets also varied in tannin levels. On these diets, for which indigestible acid detergent lignin (ADL) comprised 5‐20% of NDF, blue duikers digested NDF as well as did larger ruminants. With a metabolic fecal nitrogen (MFN) of 2.6 g N/kg dry matter consumed and endogenous urinary N (EUN) of 194 mg/kg 0.75 /d, the duikers required 643.3 mg N/kg 0.75 /d. Therefore, if food intake is unrestricted, duikers require a minimum protein content in their diet of about 4%. MFN and N requirements were lower than those of many other ruminants. The protein-precipitating capacity of tannins found in forages used in this study did not reduce the digestibility of the neutral detergent solubles (NDS) and NDF, but significantly reduced protein digestion. However, this reduction appears to be less than that experienced by larger ruminants. Small ruminants, such as the blue duiker, seem to be able to handle lower-quality diets than expected for their size. Zoo Biol 21:123‐134, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A PUF family portrait: 3′UTR regulation as a way of life

In eukaryotic cells, mRNAs are exquisitely controlled, often through regulatory elements in their 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs). Proteins that bind to those sites are key players in controlling mRNA stability, translation and localization. One family of regulatory proteins--the PUF proteins--are not only structurally related, but also bind to 3'UTRs and modulate mRNA expression in a wide variety of eukaryotic species. They do so either by enhancing turnover or repressing translation, and act combinatorially with other regulatory proteins. Here, we discuss the evolution, biological function and mechanisms of action of the PUF protein family, and suggest that a primordial function of PUF proteins is to sustain mitotic proliferation of stem cells.
Mice and rats achieve similar levels of performance in an adaptive decision-making task

Two opposing constraints exist when choosing a model organism for studying the neural basis of adaptive decision-making: (1) experimental access and (2) behavioral complexity. Available molecular and genetic approaches for studying neural circuits in the mouse fulfill the first requirement. In contrast, it is still under debate if mice can perform cognitive tasks of sufficient complexity. Here we compare learning and performance of mice and rats, the preferred behavioral rodent model, during an acoustic flexible categorization two-alternative choice task. The task required animals to switch between two categorization definitions several times within a behavioral session. We found that both species achieved similarly high performance levels. On average, rats learned the task faster than mice, although some mice were as fast as the average rat. No major differences in subjective categorization boundaries or the speed of adaptation between the two species were found. Our results demonstrate that mice are an appropriate model for the study of the neural mechanisms underlying adaptive decision-making, and suggest they might be suitable for other cognitive tasks as well.
GATA1 mutation negative acute megakaryoblastic leukemia with acquired trisomy 21 presenting with extensive bone marrow necrosis in an adult: A case report and review of the literature

Abstract Context Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) is a rare myeloid leukemia, occurring in 1%–5% of all adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases. AMKL is characterized by a leukemic blast population positive for factor VIII, CD41a, CD42b, and/or CD61 with extensive myelofibrosis. Although various cytogenetic abnormalities are commonly reported, the association between constitutional trisomy 21 and AMKL has been of particular interest, because of the near universal presence of GATA1 mutation in such cases. Objective and Design We report a case of AMKL in an adult presenting with extensive bone marrow necrosis in which cytogenetic studies revealed three copies of chromosome 21 as part of a complex karyotype; however, sequencing of the GATA1 gene revealed no mutation. Results The patient was an adult male who presented with extensive bone marrow necrosis, making definitive diagnosis difficult. Autopsy studies using a multimodality approach identified AMKL with a complex karyotype, including trisomy 21. Sanger sequencing of the GATA1 gene showed a germline configuration without a mutation. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of an adult with AMKL with acquired trisomy 21 in which the GATA1 mutation was investigated and the second reported case of AMKL presenting with extensive bone marrow necrosis. We will present a diagnostic approach to AMKL in which extensive bone marrow necrosis renders examination of the bone marrow difficult. Furthermore, we will examine the absence of the GATA1 mutation in a case of AMKL with trisomy 21 in an adult.
Neoplastic Transformation of 10T1/2 Cells by 60Co γ-rays: Evidence of Repair of Damage at Reduced Dose Rate

(1980). Neoplastic Transformation of 10T1/2 Cells by 60Co γ-rays: Evidence of Repair of Damage at Reduced Dose Rate. International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine: Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 585-589.
Does Greater Access to Stock Prices Lower Price Efficiency

Using New York Stock Exchange ticker subscriptions, we find that the dissemination of market prices by the stock ticker strengthens momentum. Lower data transmission costs needed to operate a stock ticker increase ticker subscriptions and strengthen momentum, while higher data transmission costs decrease ticker subscriptions and correspond with insignificant momentum. In contrast, variation in annual ticker subscriptions is not explained by population growth, economic growth, and market returns. Return cross-correlations are consistent with uniformed trading being coordinated by the stock ticker's dissemination of market prices.
An Axiomatic Foundation for Epidemics on Complex Networks

We provide a rigorous axiomatic framework to study epidemiology on complex networks. Our axioms apply to the epidemic spreading on complex networks in which there are explicit correlations among the degrees of connected vertices as described in [1]. We prove a necessary and sufficient condition for our epidemic model to have a nonzero stationary solution. We believe this is the first proof of such a general result. Moreover, under appropriate conditions we show that the time independent solution is the limit of a unique time dependent solution. We also provide a rigorous definition of the epidemic threshold, λ c :=1/λ 1 with λ 1 denoting the largest positive eigenvalue of an operator T given in the axioms of our model.
Abstract 124: Post-acute Care Disposition To Home Or Acute Rehabilitation Helps Determine Favorable Clinical Outcome In The SENTIS Trial.

Intro: A person with stroke has improved outcomes with post-acute care in an inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF) or at home compared to those who are discharged to a skilled nursing facility (S...
Modellexperiment der kongenitalen Unterschenkelpseudarthrose

Verfasser berichten uber ein Modellexperiment der kongenitalen Unterschenkelpseudarthrose, die eine periostale Hypertrophie imitiert.
ORIGIN AND EARLY EVOLUTION OF MARSUPIALS.

Today marsupials inhabit the Australian region and most of the New World, their range extending as far north as Canada and reaching southward almost to Tierra del Fuego. Until a few year ago the fossil record of marsupials contained evidence of only a small number of genera from European Tertiary strata; a dozen or so from North American Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits; and a larger number from South America, some from the Tertiary resembling modern Australian marsupials. Only a few fossils of pre-Pleistocene age were known from Australia and marsupials were-and still are-unknown in the fossil record of continental Asia and Africa. The area of origin of the Marsupialia and the times and routes by which marsupials moved between North America, Australia, and Europe were matters of speculation. The intriguing zoogeographic problems were not the only reason for focusing scientific attention on the Marsupialia. Recent marsupials exhibit a variety of structures and systems suggesting inheritance with little change from the earliest mammals. The fossil record available 20 years ago did not contain any evidence directly documenting the origin and interrelations of marsupials and placentals. It only sug-
Safety in Numbers: Why the Mere Physical Presence of Others Affects Risk-taking Behaviors

As social mammals, being in a group signals a state of relative security. Risk-taking behavior in other social mammals formed the basis for our prediction that the mere physical presence of others, absent any social interaction, would create a psychological state of security that, in turn, would promote greater risk-taking behavior. We investigated whether, why, and when the mere physical presence of others affects risk-taking behaviors in three contexts: acceptance of greater financial volatility, attitudes toward risky gambles, and actual gambling behaviors. Results indicate that people in the mere physical presence of others make riskier decisions than people making identical decisions alone, and that feelings of security were the psychological mechanism behind this effect. Our results also suggest that the effect is contingent on whether people are surrounded by others who belong to the same social group. A meta-analysis across all studies presented in this research reveals a highly reliable mere-presence effect. Together, these results demonstrate that the mere physical presence of others can have a potent impact on risk-taking behaviors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The design of new earth anchor in prestressed well cementation

This paper has recommended a new structure type of earth anchor by the analysis of well completion technique.The new earth anchor not only has simple structure but also is adapt to many condition of earth because of its spring which make anchor flukes stretch and draw back freely,especially it make the adjustment of the tools 's deepness easy without other tools.
High-Density Micromachined Acoustic Ejector Array For Micro Propulsion

This paper reports a high-density (23 units/cm2) all-silicon micromachined acoustic ejector array utilizing Helmholtz resonators coupled with an acoustic ejector for the generation of high-speed micro-jets needed in applications such as micro propulsion, jet cooling, and pumping. The ejector array has been fabricated by using a novel 3D MEMS technology. The ejector (∼1.6mmm×1.6mm×1mm) produces an air jet with a velocity higher than 0.65 m/sec measured by hot-wire anemometry at a distance of 560 µm from the ejector hole when driven electrostatically at a frequency of ∼70kHz. Flow entrainment and jet visualization are also demonstrated.
Structural refinement of Pbnm-type perovskite films from analysis of half-order diffraction peaks

Engineering structural modifications of epitaxial perovskite thin films is an effective route to induce new functionalities or enhance existing properties due to the close relation of the electronic ground state to the local bonding environment. As such, there is a necessity to systematically refine and precisely quantify these structural displacements, particularly those of the oxygen octahedra, which is a challenge due to the weak scattering factor of oxygen and the small diffraction volume of thin films. Here, we present an optimized algorithm to refine the octahedral rotation angles using specific unit-cell-doubling half-order diffraction peaks for the a−a−c+ Pbnm structure. The oxygen and A-site positions can be obtained by minimizing the squared-error between calculated and experimentally determined peak intensities using the (1/2 1/2 3/2) and (1/2 1/2 5/2) reflections to determine the rotation angle α about in-plane axes and the (1/2 5/2 1), (1/2 3/2 1), and (1/2 3/2 2) reflections to determine the...