cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blockade of leukocyte function antigen-1 (LFA-1) in clinical islet transplantation.

Trials: Posselt AM, Bellin MD, Tavakol M, et al.: Islet transplantation in type 1 diabetics using an immunosuppressive protocol based on the anti-LFA-1 antibody efalizumab. Am J Transplant 2010, 10(8):1870–1080. Turgeon NA, Avila JG, Cano JA, et al.: Experience with a novel efalizumab-based immunosuppressive regimen to facilitate single donor islet cell transplantation. Am J Transplant 2010, 10(9):2082–2091.
Genetic identity of annual and perennial forms of Zostera marina L.

Abstract Annual plants of Zostera marina were compared electrophoretically with typical perennial plants from two sites on the Bagaduce River estuary, Penobscot County, ME, U.S.A. Sixteen enzymes and general protein were examined. Fourteen of these enzymes and general protein were monomorphic and in each case were identical for the annual and perennial forms. Aspartate aminotransferase and phosphoglucoisomerase were polymorphic in both forms, each exhibiting two alleles. Both the alleles and the allele frequencies in the annuals were identical to those observed in perennials. Moreover, Hardy-Weinberg proportions observed in the overall genotype distribution at each site indicate that mating is random and unrestricted between the two forms. Differences in taxonomic characters, phenology and distribution reported elsewhere for the annual form of Z. marina must therefore be ascribed to non-genetic factors.
A Hybrid Image Processor

A hybrid optical/digital image processor is described. The optical portion consists of a real-time two-dimensional electron-beam-addressed KD2PO4 input transducer and a conventional optical data processing system. The Fourier and correlation planes of the optical processor are digitized and analyzed in real-time by a unique digital interface. The system is interfaced to a PDP-1 1 /15 minicomputer and associated storage and display peripherals. Following a brief system description and survey of spatial light modulators, examples of the system's performance and the use of digital computer feedback control of the optical processor in several application areas are presented.
Regional differences in responses of chinook salmon populations to large-scale climatic patterns

Aim To quantitatively explore the extent to which many different populations of the same species (chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) respond cohesively to a common large-scale climatic trend. Location The Columbia River basin of the northwestern US. Methods I used regression analyses to describe the downward trend in population growth (number of recruits per spawning adult) for thirteen populations of chinook salmon distributed among three geographical regions: Snake River, Upper Columbia River and Middle Columbia River. I then used residuals from these regressions to characterize per capita productivity for each brood year. Positive residuals indicated productivity higher than that predicted by the time series, while negative residuals revealed years in which productivity was lower than predicted. I next used analysis of covariance (ancova) to test the null hypothesis that associations between ocean/climate conditions and deviations from predicted population growth did not vary among geographical regions. All ancovas used residuals generated from the regressions as the response variable, geographical region as the main effect, and climatic condition [characterized by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index (PDO)] as the covariate. A major climate shift occurred in 1977, and because the association of the PDO with salmon productivity varied between the pre- and post-1977 climate regimes, I analysed data from the two regimes separately. Results There were marked impacts of climate on salmon production that varied among geographical regions and between decade-scale climate regimes. During the pre-1977 climate regime, productivity of salmon populations from the Snake River tended to exceed expectations (i.e. residuals were positive) when values of the PDO were negative. In contrast, this pattern was not evident in populations from the upper or middle Columbia Rivers. During the post-1977 regime when ocean productivity was generally lower, the association of the PDO with salmon productivity changed – productivity tended to fall short of expectations (i.e. residuals were negative) when values of the PDO were negative. Main conclusions Understanding the linkages between salmon populations and climate is critical as managers attempt to preserve threatened salmon populations in the face of both natural or human-induced climate variation and the litany of human activities affecting salmon. An important step in this understanding is the recognition that the response to ocean/climate change by salmon populations of the same species and river basin is not necessarily homogeneous.
Detection of substance use disorders in severely mentally ill patients

Severe mental illness is frequently complicated by substance use disorder. Approximately half of the severely mentally ill patients treated in acute care psychiatric settings have abused one or more of these substances. Despite the high rate of comorbidity, substance use disorders are generally not detected in acute care psychiatric settings, leading to incorrect diagnoses and ineffective treatments. The reasons for nondetection are complex, and research is needed to refine instruments and procedures for the detection of substance abuse in the severely mentally ill population. Nevertheless, clinicians can make better use of existing techniques of multimodal assessment to increase significantly the rate of accurate detection.
An investigation of the thermal stability and performance of wet-incipient WO3/V2O5/TiO2 catalysts and a comparison with flame aerosol catalysts of similar composition for the gas-phase oxidation of methanol

Abstract WO3/V2O5/TiO2 catalysts prepared using the wet-incipient and the flame aerosol methods are compared. The wet-incipient catalysts were dried and calcined; the flame aerosol catalysts were used as prepared. The key conclusion of this study is that surface V coverage on anatase TiO2 is the most important factor regarding both thermal stability and performance, and the synthesis method did not have significant effects on observed trends. For the wet-incipient catalysts, this study represents a systematic investigation on the effects of V and W loading on anatase TiO2 with respect to sintering, crystal structure changes, and catalyst performance. Both sintering and crystal phase conversion were promoted by surface V loadings greater than one monolayer. However, a high degree of sintering did not necessarily correspond with crystal phase conversion from anatase to rutile TiO2. The presence of W on the surface inhibits sintering, strongly inhibits crystal structure changes in the TiO2 support, and has very little effect on the performance of the catalysts. An optimum catalyst performance was observed at approximately one monolayer of surface V coverage on anatase TiO2. At sub-monolayer surface V loadings, the flame aerosol catalysts performed better than the wet-incipient catalysts. The better dispersion of V over the surface of TiO2 at low V loadings in the flame aerosol catalysts is likely the reason for this observation. Overall, the performance of the flame aerosol catalysts was comparable to the best wet-incipient catalysts with similar composition for the oxidation of methanol.
Influence of Puroindolines A and B Individually and in Combination on Wheat Milling and Bread Traits

ABSTRACT Endosperm texture in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is determined by the Pina and Pinb genes located within the Hardness (Ha) locus on chromosome 5D. We have previously shown that Pina and Pinb can act alone to produce intermediate-textured grain or act together to produce soft grain. The objective here was to isolate the role of PINA and PINB individually and in combination on milling and bread traits by analyzing F3 recombinant lines created by crosses between PINA and PINB null cultivars with Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1a overexpressing transgenic lines. Homozygous lines that contained either the Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a (Pina null) or Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1e (Pinb null) Ha locus with or lacking transgenically added Pina or Pinb were analyzed for milling and bread traits. Addition of Pina-D1a to Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a and addition of Pinb-D1a to Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1e Ha locus genotypes gave soft grain with lower flour yield, flour ash, and a higher proportion of small flour particles. Addition of Pinb-D1a produced greater ne...
Intranasal delivery bypasses the blood-brain barrier to target therapeutic agents to the central nervous system and treat neurodegenerative disease

Intranasal delivery provides a practical, non-invasive method of bypassing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to deliver therapeutic agents to the brain and spinal cord. This technology allows drugs that do not cross the BBB to be delivered to the central nervous system within minutes. It also directly delivers drugs that do cross the BBB to the brain, eliminating the need for systemic administration and its potential side effects. This is possible because of the unique connections that the olfactory and trigeminal nerves provide between the brain and external environment. Intranasal delivery does not necessarily require any modification to therapeutic agents. A wide variety of therapeutics, including both small molecules and macromolecules, can be targeted to the olfactory system and connected memory areas affected by Alzheimer's disease. Using the intranasal delivery system, researchers have reversed neurodegeneration and rescued memory in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Intranasal insulin-like growth factor-I, deferoxamine, and erythropoietin have been shown to protect the brain against stroke in animal models. Intranasal delivery has been used to target the neuroprotective peptide NAP to the brain to treat neurodegeneration. Intranasal fibroblast growth factor-2 and epidermal growth factor have been shown to stimulate neurogenesis in adult animals. Intranasal insulin improves memory, attention, and functioning in patients with Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment, and even improves memory and mood in normal adult humans. This new method of delivery can revolutionize the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and other brain disorders.
Decay of Gadolinium-159

The decay of ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{159}$ has been studied with the aid of a thin magnetic lens beta-ray spectrometer and coincident scintillation spectrometers. Two principal beta-ray groups, with the end-point energies 580\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10 and 940\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15 kev have been observed to decay with the 18-hour half-life of ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{159}$, revealing energy levels in the residual nucleus, ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{159}$, at 56, 136, and 361 kev. The coincidence measurements gave evidence of a third beta component, with the end-point energy of 880\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20 kev, coincident with the 56-kev gamma ray. The intensities of the three components (580\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10, 880\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20, and 940\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15 kev) have been estimated to be approximately 20, 6, and 74%, respectively. Internal conversion coefficient measurements indicated the 361-kev gamma ray to be a mixed ($M1$ and $E2$) transition.
Multifractal spectral and wave-function properties of the quasiperiodic modulated-spring model

A method is discussed to analyze multifractal properties of spectra and wave functions by means of an entropy function. The method is exemplified on a model for lattice vibrations in an incommensurate crystal phase. It is shown that the model has a spectrum with scaling properties. Moreover, it is probably singular continuous, which is a rather exceptional case. This is even true when the spectrum becomes a fat fractal. The scaling properties of the mode wave functions are discussed.
Studying the Mechanical Properties of Cytoskeletal Formation using Microrheology

During the first stages of embryogenesis in zebrafish, the shape and size of the zygotic cell change dramatically due to the forming cytoskeleton. As the microtubules extend outward from the center of the cell they push the centrally located filamentous actin towards the cortex. This incredible morphological change reorganizes the cellular components, including organelles and germ plasm RNA. Yet, the mechanical properties of this rearrangement are unknown. Here, we use particle tracking microrheology to measure the viscoelastic properties of the zebrafish embryo as the cytoskeleton forms. To do so, we inject fluorescent beads into the one-cell stage of the embryo and record the beads’ movement until cellular cleavage. We then use this motion to calculate the mean squared displacement (MSD) of the beads and the viscoelastic properties of the cytoplasm. We find that the cell is apparently viscous with an average viscosity of 0.04 Pa·s, which is about 40 times that of water and approximately 2 orders of magnitude less than a C. elegans embryo. Interestingly, we also see a radial viscosity increase that is coincident with the movement of filamentous actin towards the cortex.
A yellow strain of potato virus X

The isolation of a previously undescribed yellow strain of potato virus X is reported. The strain incites bright yellow non-necrotic lesions on the inoculated leaves ofN. rustica. On certain other hosts, it also reacts differently from previously described virus X strains. The reaction of certain potato test varieties, the thermal inactivation point, the passage through stem sections of the immune variety Saco and USDA Seedling 41956, and some serological and cross protection relationships are described. It is concluded that the yellow strain is sufficiently different from other reported strains of potato virus X to warrant a separate designation.
Book Review of "Catastrophic Landslides: Effects, Occurrence, and Mechanisms"?

CATASTROPHIC LANDSLIDES: EFFECTS, OCCURRENCE, AND MECHANISMS, EDITED BY S. G. EVANS AND J. V. DEGRAFF, THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, REVIEWS IN ENGINEERING GEOLOGY, VOLUME XV, 2002, VIII + 411 PAGES, PRICE: GSA MEMBERS: US$ 112.00, NON-MEMBERS: US$ 140.00, ISBN 0-8137-4115-7. In the style of its predecessors in the Geological Society of America Series on “Reviews in Engineering Geology”, the volume is a collection of sixteen excellent papers that describe the occurrence, mechanisms, and effects of catastrophic landslides worldwide. A total of 35 scientists from eleven countries have contributed to the special volume, which provides a comprehensive picture of the nature, origin, occurrence, geographical distribution, mechanisms and effects of catastrophic slope movements in five continents. The book is organized in three sections. The first section, “Effects”, focuses primarily on the impact of catastrophic landslides on human population and the built-up environment. This section contains only one paper, Chapter 1, an overview of recent catastrophic landslides in South America, a geographical area historically affected by catastrophic mass movements and that has recently suffered several highly destructive events. In the second section, “Occurrence”, six Chapters describe the occurrence of recent catastrophic landslides, including site-specific insights about catastrophic slope failures and illustrating their worldwide occurrence. The third section, “Mechanisms”, contains nine Chapters addressing mechanisms and geological settings prone to catastrophic landslide occurrence, including pre-historical perspectives. The volume contains a balanced mix of global (one paper), national or super-national (two papers) and regional studies (eight papers), and site specific investigations (six papers). Although a definition of “catastrophic landslide” is not specified, most of the papers in the volume describe highly mobile slope failures, chiefly large rock falls, rock slides,
Institutional Review for Research in the Social Sciences from the Federal Perspective

This article provides a federal context for institutional review of research protocols involving human participants. Most research conducted by social scientists is appropriate for expedited review or exempt status, yet many university institutional review boards (IRBs) unnecessarily require research protocols to be reviewed by the full IRB, therefore impeding the progress of research projects. This article describes the nature of the IRB process; explains minimal risk; contrasts full, expedited, and exempt review of research; and provides guidance on placing your research in the context of IRB review. Finally, this article calls for our discipline to integrate the ethical issues of human participants in research into courses on research design and therefore make this knowledge part of our geography culture.
Race and dissatisfaction with government services: A cautionary note

: It is customary to employ surveys to evaluate government services. Race is cited frequently as a source of differences between people in the evaluation of government services. African-Americans are reported to be more critical of government services than others. However, a possible source of error reported in survey research is response bias due to what is commonly called the race-of-interviewer effect: black and white respondents giving different answers as a function of who asks the question. This note investigates, through an experimental design, whether response bias exists in mail surveys. Using two institutions, one historically black and one historically white, residents in a Southern community were asked to evaluate government's response to growth. As expected, initial results affirmed the importance of race. However, additional analysis revealed a more complex role for race. More importantly, the results indicated that citizens may, in fact, take into consideration who asks the question.
Charge trapping reactions in bilayer electrodes

Abstract The cyclic voltammetric peaks for charging trapping and untrapping reactions between the inner and outer redox polymer films of five bilayer electrodes are compared to a theory for control of the rate of charge trapping by electron diffusion rates in the inner polymer film. The five bilayer electrodes use various different redox polymer films (electropolymerized poly-pyridine complexes of Fe, Ru, and Os, and polyvinylferrocene) arranged in different orders. The currents on the rising edge of the bilayer trapping and untrapping peaks follow the electron diffusion theory up to ca. 80% of the peak current; currents thereafter are controlled by another process(es). The analysis yields values for the electron diffusion constants in the inner bilayer polymer films, which agree with one another for different bilayers having the same inner film polymer films and which also agree with independent determinations by other methods. Two of the bilayers are made from the same two polymers, arranged in different inner-outer order. These bilayers also illustrate the occurrence of a “leak reaction”, in which charge trapped in the outer film is discharged via a thermodynamically unfavorable electron transfer reaction with the inner polymer film.
Framework and initial phases for computer performance improvement

Computer performance analysis often evokes an image of a hardware monitor dictating a particular hardware modification that doubles the system's capacity. In fact, it usually involves measuring system performance, but is not necessarily limited to the use of hardware monitors, nor does it necessarily involve a hardware modification. It also includes the use of such measurement data sources as software monitors, computer accounting systems, sign-in logs, maintenance logs, and observations from computer operators, system programmers, and users. No specific improvement modification (hardware, etc.) is dictated by the measurements; the analyst must (1) formulate hypotheses about possible inefficiencies and/or bottlenecks in the system by gathering and analyzing computer performance data and (2) suggest alternative system modifications that will improve performance. Such modifications may deal with computer hardware, but they may also deal with computer software, operational procedures, job scheduling, job costing, and any system elements that directly or indirectly affect total system performance.
Visual acuity at low illumination and the use of the illumination scale for the detection of small errors in refraction

This paper reporting the use of apparatus described in the last number of the Journal brings out some remarkable facts regarding the effect of uncorrected errors of refraction on visual acuity at low illumination and suggests a method of great delicacy for determining the amount and meridians of astigmatism. Presented before the meeting of the American Ophthalmological Society, June 1919.
Thermal Properties of Mobile Defects

Using simplified models, calculations are made for the contribution of mobile dislocations and small-angle boundaries to the specific heat and thermal resistivity of crystals. The specific heat is found to be proportional to $T$ and ${T}^{2}$, and the lattice resistivity approximately to ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}n}$ (where $n$ lies between 3 and $\frac{7}{2}$ for the usual range of measurements) and ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ for mobile dislocations and mobile small-angle boundaries, respectively, over a range of low temperatures, but eventually both go to zero in the limit as the temperature approaches zero. The magnitudes of the effects are such that although the contribution of dislocations to the specific heat of some pure cold-worked nonconductors and superconductors may be measurable, that from small-angle boundaries is not. The effect of dislocations on the thermal resistivity is large and should compete with boundary scattering for temperatures of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ of the Debye temperature, with dislocation densities of the order of ${10}^{7}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ in specimens of a few millimeters in diameter. The predicted temperature dependence is in agreement with recent measurements on superconducting lead at low temperatures. At present a contribution from mobile boundaries to the thermal resistivity is not excluded as a possibility.
Inbreeding depression in garden and glasshouse chrysanthemums: germination and survivorship

Sixty-six chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora) inbred selections, noninbred cultivars and hybrids, and D. makinoi were the base populations from which up to three generations of inbreds were obtained using multiple plant descent. Each parent possessed pseudo-self compatibility (PSC), which allowed seed set following self pollination. Rapid-generation cycling (laboratory seed ripening to heart stage and subsequent embryo rescue) reduced generation time and minimized confounding maternal with zygotic inbreeding depression during post heart-stage seed development. Selection criteria were male/female fertility and PSC. Two stages of the life cycle were chosen to evaluate inbreeding depression: germination (seed development to germination) and survivorship (fertile individuals at anthesis). PSC was environmentally interactive and genotype dependent, causing variable levels of self seed set between and within populations and generations. By the end of the second generation, families from all noninbred cultivars, D. makinoi, and one F1 hybrid were eliminated from the experiment due to self incompatibility and/or inbreeding depression. Post-germination inbreeding depression was severe in several advanced inbreds. Inbred progeny of most F1 or F2 hybrids expressed less or equal amounts of inbreeding depression compared to advanced inbreds. Linear regression coefficients for either germination or survivorship on percent homozygosity were negative. Correlation coefficients between percent germination and survivorship (as a percent of seed set) were highly significant for Minnesota inbreds (r=0.67, P≤0.002) and hybrids (r=0.67, P≤0.006). The correlation coefficient was higher when percent germination and survivorship (as a percent of germinated seedlings) were compared (r=0.95, P≤0.001).
Estimating electromechanical modes and mode shapes using the multichannel ARMAX model

A method of estimating the electromechanical modes and mode shapes from multiple synchrophasors is presented in this paper. The approach is based upon identifying the transfer function representation of the state space model of the linearized power system through the estimation of a multichannel AutoRegressive Moving Average eXogenous (ARMAX) model. The relationship between the transfer function and the ARMAX model, which is fully derived here, is shown to be general enough that virtually any multichannel ARMAX estimation algorithm may be applied to this approach. The two-stage least squares (2SLS) algorithm is used here for illustrative purposes. The proposed method is validated with the Monte Carlo procedure using simulated data from a reduced-order model of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) system. The performance of the new method is compared with existing multichannel mode and mode shape estimation techniques and is seen to provide increased estimation accuracy with a decrease in computation time. The proposed method is further validated with measured data from the WECC system.
System behavior in quotient systems

This paper concerns the long-run behavior of a discrete matrix system. Of particular interest is when the iterates do not converge to a vector but do tend to a subspace of vectors. We describe such convergence in a quotient space setting and give criteria, in terms of norms, which assures a system behaves as described.
Recruitment and remigration in a green turtle nesting colony

Abstract Tabulation of length-frequencies in the sample of turtles measured at the breeding ground of the Green Turtle, Chelonia mydas, at Tortuguero, Costa Rica, during the exceptionally heavy nesting season of 1969, reveals a disproportionately large number of females 36 inches (91·44 cm) long or less. Moreover, a disproportionately large number of these were untagged on arrival. The inference is that they were probably nesting for the first time. This is not self-evident, because each year some turtles are missed by the tagging crew, and therefore turn up without tags on subsequent nesting emergences. Recognizing true neophyte nesters is important to the study of the colony, because (1) growth is very slow after maturity is reached (only about 1 10 inch = 2·54 mm per year ); (2) heavy turtling at the Nicaragua feeding ground reduces the average age of the female contingent of the colony; and, therefore, (3) the spread in length-frequency becomes increasingly dependent upon variation in maturation-size, rather than on differences in age. It now seems evident that this increase in neophyte recruitment was a factor in the increase in nesting density during 1969.
Wound-induced peptidase activity in tomato leaves☆

Abstract Severe wounding of leaves of young tomato plants induced an increase in peptidase activity in wounded, as well as non-wounded, leaves. This increase paralleled the large accumulation of inhibitors of the serine endopeptidases that is induced by wounding. However, endopeptidase activity of the leaves of wounded plants did not increase, nor did the activities of two non-proteolytic enzymes, catalase and acid phosphatase. The substrate specificity of the peptidase and its susceptibility to the inhibitors DFP and PCMB were similar to those of the plant carboxypeptidases. This wound-induced accumulation of peptidase activity appears to be mediated by the wound hormone PIIF and may be involved in the shift in protein metabolism of leaves that leads to proteinase inhibitor accumulation.
Structural theory and structural formations

Abstract This paper introduces a group of articles on structural theory in economics and outlines characteristic methods for structural analysis. A formal theory of ‘structural formations’ is presented and practical automata-theoretic methods for complexity measurement are demonstrated.
Two-loop corrections to the decay rate of parapositronium

Order-{alpha}{sup 2} corrections to the decay rate of parapositronium are calculated. A QED scattering calculation of the amplitude for electron-positron annihilation into two photons at threshold is combined with the technique of effective field theory to determine a nonrelativistic QED Hamiltonian, which is then used in a bound-state calculation to determine the decay rate. Our result for the two-loop correction is 5.124 3(33) in units of ({alpha}/{pi}){sup 2} times the lowest-order rate. This is consistent with but more precise than the result 5.1(3) of a previous calculation.
Holy Saints and Fiery Preachers: The Anthropology of Protestantism in Mexico and Central America

Holy Saints and Fiery Preachers: The Anthropology of Protestantism in Mexico and Central America. lames W. Dow and Alan R. Sandstrom. eds. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2001. vii. 298 pp., tables, figures, index.
Quality control of MATa1 splicing and exon skipping by nuclear RNA degradation

The MATa1 gene encodes a transcriptional repressor that is an important modulator of sex-specific gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MATa1 contains two small introns, both of which need to be accurately excised for proper expression of a functional MATa1 product and to avoid production of aberrant forms of the repressor. Here, we show that unspliced and partially spliced forms of the MATa1 mRNA are degraded by the nuclear exonuclease Rat1p, the nuclear exosome and by the nuclear RNase III endonuclease Rnt1p to prevent undesired expression of non-functional a1 proteins. In addition, we show that mis-spliced forms of MATa1 in which the splicing machinery has skipped exon2 and generated exon1–exon3 products are degraded by the nuclear 5′–3′ exonuclease Rat1p and by the nuclear exosome. This function for Rat1p and the nuclear exosome in the degradation of exon-skipped products is also observed for three other genes that contain two introns (DYN2, SUS1, YOS1), identifying a novel nuclear quality control pathway for aberrantly spliced RNAs that have skipped exons.
Human Monocytes: Distinct Receptor Sites for the Third Component of Complement and for Immunoglobulin G

Human monocytes contain two distinct receptor sites, one specific for the third component of complement (C'3), the other for immunoglobulin G(gammaG). The two receptors may function either independently or cooperatively in the induction of phagocytosis. Ingestion of erythrocytes coated with immunoglobulin M antibody requires a relatively large number of bound C'3 molecules per cell. Ingestion of erythrocytes sensitized with gammaG antibody is independent of complement; however, the reaction is inhibited by concentrations of gammaG far below those in normal serum. Inhibition by gammaG-globulin is overcome by a relatively small number of bound C'3 molecules per cell. The two monocyte receptors exert a cooperative effect on ingestion by monocytes of erythrocytes coated with gammaG antibody in the presence of inhibitory amounts of free gammaG.
The International Monetary Fund and the dilemmas of adjustment in Eastern Europe: Lessons from the 1980s and prospects for the 1990s

The IMF influenced the adjustment processes of several Eastern European nations in the 1980s through its efforts to promote market-oriented stabilization and reform. Each country's state structure, policy-making process, and state/ society relationships shaped its responses to IMF demands. Romania's centralist political system generated the most intense and successful resistance to the IMF's policies. Yugoslavia's polycentric political system, by contrast, weakened elite capacity to resist IMF demands while simultaneously impeding the implementation of IMF policies at the subnational level. Finally, Hungary's political system allowed the IMF to ally with elite supporters to promote its policies; yet also provided opportunities for lower-level actors to obstruct their implementation. Prospects for collaboration with the IMF have been enhanced by recent changes in Eastern European state structures and policy-making processes, which have encouraged freer political debate and more market-oriented development strategies. Yet impediments to collaboration remain, as political decentralization has heightened the capacity of lower-level actors to obstruct standby implementation.
Growth of rubella virus in BHK21 cells. III. Production of complement-fixing antigens.

SummaryThe production of rubella CF antigen was studied in a cloned line of BHK21 cells cultured in monolayer or in suspension. Two antigens were demonstrated: one present in purified virus preparation and associated with the virus particle, and the second soluble and tending to appear late in the course of infection of BHK21 tissue culture.
COMPARISON OF THE REDUCING POWER OF SOME TYPICAL TRANSPLANTABLE TUMORS AND OF TUMORS PRODUCED BY FILTERABLE VIRUSES : WITH AN APPENDIX ON THE METABOLISM OF INFECTIOUS MYXOMA OF THE RABBIT.

1. The tissues of Rous chicken sarcoma and of the infectious myxoma of the rabbit do not possess the oxidation-reduction enzyme succinodehydrogenase, which is present in normal tissues and in transplantable tumors. 2. Filterable virus diseases (rabbit Virus III, rabbit neurovaccine, rabbit herpes, fowl-pox) produce in the tissues affected by them a partial inhibition of succinodehydrogenase.
Disturbance and productivity as codeterminants of stream food web complexity in the Arctic

Disturbance and productivity are potentially interacting factors often thought to underlie the complexity of aquatic food webs. We tested predictions about the effects of disturbance (bed movement, total water column freezing) and productivity (as indicated by primary consumer biomass) on the structure of 19 stream food webs in arctic Alaska. We predicted that food webs subject to high levels of disturbance would have low connectance, low linkage density, and short food chains, while food webs of streams with more benign disturbance regimes would be more complex (i.e., a test of the “dynamic stability hypothesis”). We further predicted that food chain length would increase with productivity (i.e., testing the “resource-availability hypothesis”). Connectance and linkage density were negatively related to bed movement but not to freezing. Food chain length was related to freezing but not to bed movement or productivity. The relationships among food chain length, freezing, and productivity were driven by the occurrence of fishless streams, which all froze during winter. Streams containing fish had longer food chains than fishless streams, and food chain length was positively related to productivity only when fishless streams were removed from analyses. Our results show that disturbance and productivity are codeterminants of stream food web complexity in the Arctic. Our data further suggest that colonization dynamics are an important factor controlling food web structure, highlighting the importance of idiosyncratic habitat and life history related factors that are often overlooked in theoretical studies.
Event-related potential noise reduction using the hidden Markov tree model

Event-related potentials (ERP) are brain signals in response to infrequent stimuli applied to a subject. These signals are usually small in amplitude and are embedded in background electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. To analyze them the most common method used is to perform a simple averaging of time aligned ERP segments. However, this method assumes that the ERP signal will not change from segment to segment. In reality, this assumption is not true since the ERP may reflect the activity of cognitive mechanisms in the brain that may change over time. The failure to satisfy this assumption will result in loss of information after the averaging. Here we describe a method to analyze a single segment ERP in noise using the wavelet transform and the hidden Markov tree model. The goal is to reduce the noise content in the signal. We present experimental results using this method on both synthetic and real single-trial visual ERP signals
Technetium‐99m stannous pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphy: Serial imaging to detect myocardial infarcts in patients

Typically, technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) myocardial scintigrams become abnormal within 10-12 h following acute myocardial infarction. Ordinarily, the 99mTc-PYP scintigrams become increasingly abnormal between 24 and 72 h following the infarct and then become normal 6-7 days after the event. However, occasional patients and their 99mTc-PYP myocardial scintigrams deviate from this expected pattern by initially developing an abnormal 99mTc-PYP scintigram as late as 4-5 days following an acute myocardial infarction. Others retain “persistently abnormal” 99mTc-PYP myocardial scintigrams after their myocardial infarcts. The clinical importance and potential prognostic importance of these deviations from the expected patterns with 99mTc-PYP myocardial imaging are discussed and the need for serial myocardial imaging is emphasized.
Arachidonic acid inhibits K channels in basolateral membrane of the thick ascending limb.

We have used the patch-clamp technique to study the effect of arachidonic acid (AA) on the basolateral K channels in the medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL) of rat kidney. An inwardly rectifying ...
Using the refinement equations for the construction of Pre-Wavelets II: powers and two

We study basic questions of wavelet decompositions associated with multiresolution analysis. A rather complete analysis of multiresolution associated with the solution of a refinement equation is presented. The notion of extensibility of a finite set of Laurent polynomials is shown to be central in the construction of wavelets by decomposition of spaces. Two examples of extensibility, first over the torus and then in complex space minus the coordinate axes are discussed. In each case we are led to a decomposition of the fine space in a multiresolution analysis as a sum of the adjacent coarse space plus an additional space spanned by the multiinteger translates of a finite number of pre-wavelets. Several examples are provided throughout to illustrate the general theory.
Error characteristics of the SIR resolution enhancement algorithm

To improve the utility of the scatterometer for land and ice studies, the Scatterometer Image Reconstruction (SIR) resolution enhancement algorithm has been developed to exploit the frequent overlapping coverage provided by the scatterometer. The authors examine the effects of feature motion on SIR imagery and show the similarity of SIR motion imagery to low pass filtered truth images. Also, resolution improvement is qualified by examining radiometric accuracy as a function of spatial frequency. The SIR algorithm applied to ERS-1 scatterometer data provides a 33% gain in radiometric accuracy when compared to simple image reconstruction of raw scatterometer data.
Beamwidth tuning in a composite right/left-handed (CRLN) leaky-wave antenna using non-uniformly biased varactors

A novel and efficient approach to electronically control the beamwidth of radiation patterns is presented for the first time in a leaky-wave antenna. The proposed antenna can continuously vary the beam direction and beamwidth by adjusting the bias voltages of varactor diodes distributed along a single antenna at a fixed frequency. Maximum directivity is obtained when the varactors are uniformly biased, and the radiation angle is scanned by varying this bias voltage. By introducing non-uniform bias distribution, the beamwidth can be broadened. This concept is experimentally demonstrated at 2.95 GHz. A 66% beamwidth variation is achieved.
Exact thermal density functional theory for a model system: Correlation components and accuracy of the zero-temperature exchange-correlation approximation

Thermal density functional theory calculations often use the Mermin-Kohn-Sham scheme, but employ ground-state approximations to the exchange-correlation (XC) free energy. In the simplest solvable nontrivial model, an asymmetric Hubbard dimer, we calculate the exact many-body energies and the exact Mermin-Kohn-Sham functionals for this system and extract the exact XC free energy. For moderate temperatures and weak correlation, we find this approximation to be excellent. We extract various exact free-energy correlation components and the exact adiabatic connection formula.
Effects of minerals on sporulation and heat resistance of Clostridium sporogenes

article i nfo In this study, various mineral supplements, such as chloride salts (CaCl2, MgCl2, MnCl2, FeCl2 and KCl) supplying cations and calcium salts (CaCl2, CaCO3, CaSO4, Ca(OH)2 and CaHPO4) supplying anions, were tested if they could stimulate the sporulation of Clostridium sporogenes, a surrogate microorganism for C. botulinum. Of the cations tested, the addition of CaCl2 showed a slightly, but not significantly, greater increase in spore levels within 3 weeks of incubation, compared to that of the other cations. The optimum concentration of CaCl2 was 0.5%, which yielded nearly 10 4 CFU/ml of spores. Of the anions tested, CaCO3 promoted sporulation within one week, which was the most effective compound for promoting rapid sporulation among the minerals tested. CaSO4 produced a pattern of sporulation similar to that of CaCl2. While CaHPO4 resulted in the maximum production of spores after 4 weeks, Ca(OH)2 failed to induce sporulation. With an optimized concentration of 0.5% CaCO3, the spore yield was approximately 10 5 CFU/ml. The spores prepared in sporulation medium with CaCO3 (pH 5.0) had slightly, but not significantly, higher D values than those produced with CaCl2 (pH 5.0) at temperatures ranging from 113 to 121 °C. However, no significant differences were observed in Z values (both 10.76 °C). In a large scale spore production, D121 °C values of the spore crops prepared with CaCl2 and CaCO3 and resuspended in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) were found to be both 0.92 min. In conclusion, our data suggest that CaCO3 is highly effective in reducing sporulation time as well as enhancing heat resistance.
Relating Track Geometry to Vehicle Performance Using Neural Network Approach

As part of research leading to the development of the performance-based track geometry (PBTG) inspection technology, the Transportation Technology Center (Association of American Railroads, Pueblo, CO) has developed a technique relating track geometry to vehicle performance, real-time. This technique is based on the neural network (NN) approach, an emerging, powerful tool in recognizing complex patterns and non-linear relationships between many inputs and an output, such as the relationship between track geometry and vehicle response. On the basis of this technique, many NNs have been developed from actual vehicle/track interaction test results. For a given vehicle type, the trained NNs directly relate 3-D track geometry and vehicle operating speed to vehicle performance. The effects of other track conditions such as lubrication, rail profile, and track stiffness are indirectly considered on the basis of their statistical distributions from test results. Because the PBTG inspection is intended to optimize the track geometry maintenance, the vehicle types selected for testing to date were those most sensitive to track geometry (in North America, these are the tank car, covered hopper car, and coal gondola car). However, more NNs for other vehicle types can be easily trained on the basis of the NN technique developed using actual vehicle performance and track geometry test results.
Heat Transfer Regimes in Microstructures

Submicron dimensions are the hallmark of integrated electronic circuits, photovoltaic cells, sensors, and actuators. The design of these devices requires heat transfer analysis. Often it is not known to the designer whether a given microstructure can be analyzed using macroscale heat transfer theory, i.e., a method not considering the size dependence of a transport property such as thermal conductivity. This study develops regime maps showing the boundary between the macroscale and microscale heat transfer regimes. The maps relate the geometric dimension separating the two regimes to temperature for conduction in solids, to temperature, pressure, and Reynolds number for convection in gases, and to the temperature of the emitting medium for radiative transfer. The material purity and defect structure strongly influence the regime boundaries. Microstructures pertaining to a given technology are marked on these maps to determine whether macroscale heat transfer theory is applicable. By marking regions on the maps for the expected future development of microtechnologies, research needs in microscale heat transfer can be anticipated.
A Topological Approach to Modeling Arbitrary Crack Propagation in 3D

A software framework is proposed to support the simulation of arbitrary crack growth in both solid and shell structures. A conceptual model of crack growth simulation is developed to delineate the major components of the framework and suggest requirements of any software implementation. A particular implementation, consisting of a workstation-based fracture simulation code that can be interfaced with any existing stress analysis code, is described. The software makes use of a constrained hierarchy of topology-based geometrical models using a boundary representation to define the solid model. The hierarchy simplifies the discretization (meshing) process and allows the mesh model to inherit data attached at the geometry level. Crack propagation involves updating the geometry model based on a crack growth model and the current equilibrium state information. Damage to the model due to crack growth can be localized and minimized to the regions around the crack if the model is discretized effectively.
Stress in Organizations, Psychology of

Stress is a term widely used but variously defined. Research models of stress, nevertheless, have many elements in common: the presence of one or more objective stressors, their perception and appraisal by subjects, the immediate reactions they evoke, and their longer term effects. Frequently studied stressors include job loss and job characteristics such as monotony, repetitiveness, demand for sustained vigilance, and exposure to noise and other physical stressors. Physiological, psychological, and behavioral effects have been demonstrated. Unresolved issues in stress theory and research are in part conceptual and definitional, especially involving the distinction between eustress (the effects of positive challenging stimuli) and distress (effects of negative or overwhelming stimuli). Methodological limitations of past stress research include overreliance on cross-sectional research designs and nearly exclusive dependence on self-reported data. In addition, most research on organizationally generated stress has been limited to single organizations, which excludes the study of variables at the organizational level. Future research needs to go beyond these limitations.
μ − + He 3 → H 3 + ν Capture Rate

The muon capture rate in ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ for the process ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{\mathrm{He}}^{3}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{H}}^{3}+\ensuremath{\nu}$ has been computed using nuclear wave functions suggested by recent analyses of $e$-${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ and $e$-${\mathrm{H}}^{3}$ scattering experiments.