cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outlier detection via localized p-value estimation

We propose a novel non-parametric adaptive outlier detection algorithm, called LPE, for high dimensional data based on score functions derived from nearest neighbor graphs on n-point nominal data. Outliers are predicted whenever the score of a test sample falls below α, which is supposed to be the desired false alarm level. The resulting outlier detector is shown to be asymptotically optimal in that it is uniformly most powerful for the specified false alarm level, α, for the case when the density associated with the outliers is a mixture of the nominal and a known density. Our algorithm is computationally efficient, being linear in dimension and quadratic in data size. The whole empirical Receiving Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve can be derived with almost no additional cost based on the estimated score function. It does not require choosing complicated tuning parameters or function approximation classes and it can adapt to local structure such as local change in dimensionality by incorporating the technique of manifold learning. We demonstrate the algorithm on both artificial and real data sets in high dimensional feature spaces.
Principles of Neuro-anesthesia in Neurosurgery for Intensive Care Unit Nurses

As neurosurgical interventions and procedures are advancing, so is the specialty of neuro-anesthesia. The neurosurgeon and the neuro-anesthetist are focused on providing each patient with the best possible outcome. Throughout the surgery, the main priorities of the neuro-anesthetist are patient safety, patient well-being, surgical field exposure, and patient positioning. Potential postoperative complications include nausea and vomiting. Postoperative visual loss is a complication of neurosurgery, most specifically spine surgery, whose origins are unknown. Postoperative considerations for the intensive care unit nurse should include receiving a thorough clinical handoff from the anesthesia provider to ensure care continuity and patient safety.
The Platelet Integrin αIIbβ3 Differentially Interacts with Fibrin Versus Fibrinogen

Fibrinogen binding to the integrin αIIbβ3 mediates platelet aggregation and spreading on fibrinogen-coated surfaces. However,in vivoαIIbβ3 activation and fibrinogen conversion to fibrin occur simultaneously, although the relative contributions of fibrinogenversusfibrin to αIIbβ3-mediated platelet functions are unknown. Here, we compared the interaction of αIIbβ3 with fibrin and fibrinogen to explore their differential effects. A microscopic bead coated with fibrinogen or monomeric fibrin produced by treating the immobilized fibrinogen with thrombin was captured by a laser beam and repeatedly brought into contact with surface-attached purified αIIbβ3. When αIIbβ3-ligand complexes were detected, the rupture forces were measured and displayed as force histograms. Monomeric fibrin displayed a higher probability of interacting with αIIbβ3 and a greater binding strength. αIIbβ3-fibrin interactions were also less sensitive to inhibition by abciximab and eptifibatide. Both fibrinogen- and fibrin-αIIbβ3 interactions were partially inhibited by RGD peptides, suggesting the existence of common RGD-containing binding motifs. This assumption was supported using the fibrin variants αD97E or αD574E with mutated RGD motifs. Fibrin made from a fibrinogen γ'/γ' variant lacking the γC αIIbβ3-binding motif was more reactive with αIIbβ3 than the parent fibrinogen. These results demonstrate that fibrin is more reactive with αIIbβ3 than fibrinogen. Fibrin is also less sensitive to αIIbβ3 inhibitors, suggesting that fibrin and fibrinogen have distinct binding requirements. In particular, the maintenance of αIIbβ3 binding activity in the absence of the γC-dodecapeptide and the α-chain RGD sequences suggests that the αIIbβ3-binding sites in fibrin are not confined to its known γ-chain and RGD motifs.
Sterile Boll Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Fed 10% Sugar Diets: Effect on Longevity, Mating, and Flight

Adult Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman were sterilized when fed an adult diet containing 100 ppm of diflubenzuron for 5 days followed by 10 krads of acute irradiation on day 6. The diet also contained either 10% sucrose, 10% maltose, or 2.5% sucrose diet (wt/wt) as a standard comparison. Mortality of treated (T) males and females fed 10% sucrose was significantly lower than T weevils fed the standard 2.5% sucrose diet for the first 4 days after treatment. Treated males fed 10% maltose also had significantly less mortality for 4 days compared with males fed the standard sucrose diet. For the first 4 days after treatment, sperm transfer of T males fed the 10% maltose diet was significantly higher than those fed the 2.5% sucrose diet. Sperm transfer of T males fed 10% sucrose was significantly higher for 2 days after treatment compared with T males fed the 2.5% sucrose diet. Treated males fed 10% maltose flew significantly more at day 1 after treatment than T males fed the other two sugar diets. Increased sugar in the diet had no overall effect in increasing male attractiveness to virgin females.
A Longitudinal Relationship Between Depressive Symptoms and Development of Metabolic Syndrome: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study.

ABSTRACTObjectiveDespite variability in the burden of elevated depressive symptoms by sex and race and differences in the incidence of metabolic syndrome, few prior studies describe the longitudinal association of depressive symptoms with metabolic syndrome in a diverse cohort. We tested whether bas
Strategic Management: IMPLICATIONS FOR THEORY AND PRACTICE

The purpose of Part III is to develop some of the implications of the stakeholder approach to Strategic management for the Corporation as we know it today. I showed in Part I that a stakeholder approach to Strategic management was one way to make the Corporation more responsive to its external environment, and I set out a basic framework for analyzing the stakeholders in the corporation. In Part III explained how the stakeholder concept could be used to construct processes for Strategic management, and in particular, I showed how direction setting, Strategic programming and implementation and control can be enriched by adding a sensitivity to stakeholders. Part III examines more structural issues, insofar as structural issues are those which relate to managerial work at the Strategic level. The stakeholder approach dictates some changes for the traditional functions and roles of managers, and hence, for the traditional ways of coordinating the work of the corporation. Chapter 7, “Conflict at the Board Level,” examines some of the conflicts which arise within the board of directors. The work of the board must be rethought on two levels. The first level involves dealing with a host of new stakeholders, and the second involves rethinking how the board deals with stockholders and groups of stockholders. Thus, regardless of the enterprise strategy of the firm, the stakeholder approach can be used to better manage the traditional relationship with owners.
The Worry That’s Always With Us: Now I’m Depressed

This case discusses the pharmacodynamic interactions seen with the coadministration of propofol, opioids, and benzodiazepines.
Commentary on Almassalha et al., “The Greater Genomic Landscape: The Heterogeneous Evolution of Cancer”

In this issue of Cancer Research, Almassalha and colleagues have proposed a new concept of the development of malignancy, that of the greater genomic landscape. They propose a stressor-related exploration of intracellular genomic sites as a response mechanism. This process can express sites with beneficial or deleterious effects, among them those that promote cell proliferation. They point out that their conception is broader, although certainly inclusive, of the process of gene induction. The authors view the physical process of chromatin reorganization as central to the exploration of the genomic landscape. Accordingly, they advocate the development of agents to limit chromatin structural modification as a chemotherapeutic approach in cancer. We found their theory relevant to understand the phenotypic heterogeneity of malignancy, particularly in familial cancer syndromes. For example, the familial atypical multiple mole melanoma (FAMMM) syndrome, related to a gene mutation, is characterized by a diversity of melanocytic lesions, only some of which become malignant melanoma. This new conceptualization can do much to increase understanding of the diversity of malignancy in families with hereditary cancer. Cancer Res; 76(19); 5602–4. ©2016 AACR.
The Vessel Scheduling Problem in a Liner Shipping Route with Heterogeneous Fleet

Increasing volumes of the international seaborne trade force liner shipping companies to improve efficiency of their operations to remain competitive. Many of liner shipping companies continue increasing size of their vessels, as larger vessels provide lower voyage costs per container due to their economies of scale. Larger vessels also allow liner shipping companies more efficiently share the demand with the alliance partners. Nowadays, many of liner shipping routes are served by vessels of different types (e.g., small, medium, large). However, the key assumption of studies on vessel scheduling, conducted to date, is homogeneous nature of the vessel fleet (i.e., all vessels in the fleet, serving a given liner shipping route, have the same technical characteristics). This study proposes a novel mathematical model for the vessel scheduling problem with heterogeneous fleet. The objective of a mixed integer non-linear model is to minimize the total vessel turnaround cost. Due to high non-linearity of the proposed mathematical model a non-linear optimization solver is used to solve it. Numerical experiments are performed to evaluate efficiency of the proposed solution approach and the novel methodology. Results demonstrate a computational efficiency of the adopted solution approach. Furthermore, vessel schedules are found to be more sensitive to introduction of larger vessels in the fleet as compared to increase in the unit bunker cost.
Imatinib-Resistant Activation of β-Catenin by BCR-ABL in a Murine Model of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Stem Cells.

Abstract [INTRODUCTION] Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is effectively treated with imatinib, a small molecule inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase that is expressed in the hematopoietic compartment including stem and progenitor cells in CML patients. While imatinib induces disease remission, it does not eradicate BCR-ABL-positive stem cells. Recently, granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GMP) with nuclear β-catenin and an aberrant potential for self-renewal were detected in CML blast crisis (Jamieson et al, NEJM, 2004). We have established a murine model that generates BCR-ABL-positive GMP and a transplantable CML. In this model, BCR-ABL activates β-catenin through an imatinib-resistant pathway. [METHODS] Retroviral mediated gene transfer was employed to express BCR-ABL (p210) and/or GFP in a pluripotent murine hematopoietic progenitor cell line (mHPC) (Ikawa et al, Immunity, 2004). Infected cells were isolated using GFP-sorting and characterized ex vivo for leukemogenic phenotypes and gene expression profiles. The GFP-sorted cells were transplanted into lethally irradiated congenic mice. The distribution of GFP-positive cells in the hematopoietic compartments was determined by FACS. [RESULTS] BCR-ABL expression induced leukemogenic traits in mHPC, i.e., stroma- and cytokine-independent survival and proliferation. BCR-ABL also induced the expression of myeloid lineage markers, a process that was inhibited by imatinib. By contrast, imatinib did not abolish the stabilization of β-catenin in BCR-ABL transduced mHPC. Transplantation of BCR-ABL-transduced mHPC, but not GFP-transduced mHPC, induced in mice a CML-like disease presented with increased white blood cell counts and splenomegaly. The bone marrow cells from these mice reproducibly transferred CML phenotypes to secondary recipient mice. The diseased bone marrow contains an expanded population of GFP-positive GMP. The effect of imatinib on the leukemogenic potential of these BCR-ABL-positive GMP in vivo is under investigation. [CONCLUSIONS] Expression of BCR-ABL in the context of mHPC induces leukemogenic traits, including the stabilization of β-catenin, without requirement for additional genetic events. The BCR-ABL-transduced mHPC generates CML-like disease in mice accompanied by the expansion of a BCR-ABL-positive GMP population, similar to that observed in blast crisis CML patients. The stabilization of β-catenin by BCR-ABL is not inhibited by imatinib; consistent with the notion that imatinib cannot eradicate CML stem cells. This murine model can be used to identify therapeutics that targets the CML stem cells.
Affective style among smokers: understanding anxiety sensitivity, emotional reactivity, and distress tolerance using biological challenge.

Abstract The present investigation evaluated affective style in terms of anxiety sensitivity, emotional reactivity, and distress tolerance in heavy smokers. Specifically, heavy smokers (≥20 cigarettes per day) were partitioned into those who were able to quit for at least 7 days ( n =10) and those who were able to quit for less than 7 days ( n =12). All participants completed measures of anxiety sensitivity and maximum breath-holding duration and then were exposed to a 20% carbon dioxide-enriched air challenge. Results indicated that heavy smokers who had not been able to remain abstinent from smoking for at least 1 week during a quit attempt demonstrated significantly greater cognitive-affective reactivity to the challenge relative to their counterparts but did not differ at a physiological level of analysis. Contrary to our hypotheses, neither anxiety sensitivity scores nor maximum breath-holding duration significantly differed between the groups. These findings are discussed in relation to better understanding affective style among heavy smokers.
Diversification reactions of γ-silyl allenyl esters: selective conversion to all-carbon quaternary centers and γ-allene dicarbinols

The unique reactivity of γ-silyl allenyl esters is described. Taking advantage of the silyl group as a fluoride acceptor, these allenoates readily underwent addition to a variety of electrophiles to selectively yield products with all-carbon quaternary centers or allenoate dicarbinols. These dicarbinols were subsequently converted to novel highly substituted 6-hydro-2-pyrones.
Host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals

The majority of human emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, with viruses that originate in wild mammals of particular concern (for example, HIV, Ebola and SARS). Understanding patterns of viral diversity in wildlife and determinants of successful cross-species transmission, or spillover, are therefore key goals for pandemic surveillance programs. However, few analytical tools exist to identify which host species are likely to harbour the next human virus, or which viruses can cross species boundaries. Here we conduct a comprehensive analysis of mammalian host-virus relationships and show that both the total number of viruses that infect a given species and the proportion likely to be zoonotic are predictable. After controlling for research effort, the proportion of zoonotic viruses per species is predicted by phylogenetic relatedness to humans, host taxonomy and human population within a species range-which may reflect human-wildlife contact. We demonstrate that bats harbour a significantly higher proportion of zoonotic viruses than all other mammalian orders. We also identify the taxa and geographic regions with the largest estimated number of 'missing viruses' and 'missing zoonoses' and therefore of highest value for future surveillance. We then show that phylogenetic host breadth and other viral traits are significant predictors of zoonotic potential, providing a novel framework to assess if a newly discovered mammalian virus could infect people.
A nuclear hormone receptor and lipid metabolism axis are required for the maintenance and regeneration of reproductive organs

Understanding how stem cells and their progeny maintain and regenerate reproductive organs is of fundamental importance. The freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea provides an attractive system to study these processes because its hermaphroditic reproductive system (RS) arises post-embryonically and when lost can be fully and functionally regenerated from the proliferation and regulation of experimentally accessible stem and progenitor cells. By controlling the function of a nuclear hormone receptor gene (nhr-1), we established conditions in which to study the formation, maintenance, and regeneration of both germline and somatic tissues of the planarian RS. We found that nhr-1(RNAi) not only resulted in the gradual degeneration and complete loss of the adult hermaphroditic RS, but also in the significant downregulation of a large cohort of genes associated with lipid metabolism. One of these, Smed-acs-1, a homolog of Acyl-CoA synthetase, was indispensable for the development, maintenance and regeneration of the RS, but not for the homeostasis or regeneration of other somatic tissues. Remarkably, supplementing nhr-1(RNAi) animals with either bacterial Acyl-CoA synthetase or the lipid metabolite Acetyl-CoA rescued the phenotype restoring the maintenance and function of the hermaphroditic RS. Our findings uncovered a likely evolutionarily conserved role for nuclear hormone receptors and lipid metabolism in the regulation of stem and progenitor cells required for the long-term maintenance and regeneration of animal reproductive organs, tissues and cells.
recent studies of urban effects on precipitation in the United States

A review of recent research in the United States concerning urban effects on precipitation has revealed that relatively few studies have been performed. The lack of densely spaced precipitation stations with good historical records, inadequate instruments for airborne measurements of the mechanisms that affect precipitation systems, and the difficulties associated with separating orographic, maritime, and gage-exposure effects are the primary reasons for so little research. However, certain climatological studies of four variously sized cities in the midwest and two large cities in the east have shown apparent urban-produced increases ranging from 5 to 16% in annual precipitation and rain days, with 7 to 20% increases in summer thunderstorm days. Substantially greater increases in precipitation, thunderstorms, and hailfalls, 31 to 246%, have been shown in a recent study of an area downwind from a major steel mill complex. The available results show little evidence of urban effects on the occurrence of exc...
Heat and charge transport in bulk semiconductors with interstitial defects

Interstitial defects are inevitably present in doped semiconductors that enable modern-day electronic, optoelectronic, or thermoelectric technologies. Understanding the stability of interstitials and their bonding mechanisms in the silicon lattice was accomplished only recently with the advent of first-principles modeling techniques, supported by powerful experimental methods. However, much less attention has been paid to the effect of different naturally occurring interstitials on the thermal and electrical properties of silicon. In this work, we present a systematic study of the variability of heat and charge transport properties of bulk silicon, in the presence of randomly distributed interstitial defects (Si, Ge, C, and Li). We find through atomistic lattice dynamics and molecular dynamics studies that interstitial defects scatter heat-carrying phonons to suppress thermal transport---1.56% of randomly distributed Ge and Li interstitials reduce the thermal conductivity of silicon by $\ensuremath{\sim}30$ and 34 times, respectively. Using first-principles density functional theory and semiclassical Boltzmann transport theory, we compute electronic transport coefficients of bulk Si with 1.56% neutral Ge, C, Si, and Li interstitials, in energetically favorable hexagonal, tetrahedral, split-interstitial, and bond-centered sites. We demonstrate that hexagonal-Si and hexagonal-Ge interstitials minimally impact charge transport. As an illustration of the relevance of this work for practical applications, we predict the thermoelectric property of an experimentally realizable bulk Si sample that contains Ge interstitials in different symmetry sites. Our research establishes a direct relationship between the variability of structures dictated by fabrication processes and heat and charge transport properties of silicon. The relationship provides guidance to accurately estimate performance of Si-based materials for various technological applications.
Novel Metabolomic Comparison of Arterial and Jugular Venous Blood in Severe Adult Traumatic Brain Injury Patients and the Impact of Pentobarbital Infusion

Abstract Treatment of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the intensive care unit focuses on controlling intracranial pressure, ensuring sufficient cerebral perfusion, and monitoring for seconda...
Three-dimensional linearized stability analysis of Burnett equations for a monatomic gas

Abstract Burnett equations were originally derived in 1935 by Burnett by employing the Chapman-Enskog expansion to Classical Boltzmann equation to second order in Knudsen number Kn. Since then several variants of these equations have been proposed in the literature; these variants have differing physical and numerical properties. In this papers, we considered four such variants which are known in the literature as ‘the Original Burnett (OB) equations, the Conventional Burnett (CB)'equations, ‘the Augmented Burnett (AB)’ equations and the recently formulated by the authors ‘the Simplified Conventional (SCB) equations.’ One of the most important issues in obtaining numerical solutions of the Burnett equations is their stability under small perturbations. In this paper, we perform the linearized stability (known as the Bobylev Stability) analysis of three-dimensional Burnett equations for all the four variants (OB, CB, AB, and SCB) as far as the authors are aware for the first time in the literature on this subject. By introducing small perturbations in the steady state flow field, the trajectory curve and the variation in attenuation coefficient with wave frequency of the characteristic equation are obtained for all four variants of Burnett equations to determine their stability. The results show that the 3-D Augmented Burnett (AB) equations and the Simplified Conventional Burnett (SCB) equations are unconditionally stable under small wavelength perturbations. However, the Original Burnett (OB) and the Conventional Burnett (CB) equations are unstable when the Knudsen number becomes greater than a critical value and the stability condition worsens in 3-D when compared to the stability condition for 1-D and 2-D equations. The critical Knudsen number for 3-D OB and CB equations is 0.061 and 0.287 respectively. It should be noted that although both AB and SCB equations are unconditionally stable, SCB equations are much simpler to use numerically compared to AB equations without compromising accuracy.
Research Facilities of the NBS-AEC Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory

As noted in the previous paper by F. G. Brickwedde, the NBS-AEC Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory (CEL) was established to provide engineering data on the properties of materials of construction, to fill a demand for much larger quantities of liquid hydrogen than had hitherto been available, and to develop improved processes and equipment for low temperature technology. The National Bureau of Standards, because of more than 30 years experience in cryogenic research, was requested by the Atomic Energy Commission to undertake the basic design of the laboratories and liquefier s and to supervise building construction and installation of equipment.
Near-Rings of Homogeneous Functions, P3

This paper is an expanded version of the survey talk (with the same title) presented at the 1995 Conference on near-rings and near-fields held at the Universitat der Bundeswehr Hamburg, 30 July - 5 August, 1995. The paper is divided into three parts, namely the past, the present and predictions (or taking the suggestions of one of the conference participants and a small liberty with spelling), the past, the present, and the phuture. In the next section I will give the general setting, some background information, and discuss some of the earlier results. In the following section I will focus on more recent results and in the final section I will suggest some possible directions for further investigations.
Art and Religion: A Transreligious Approach

Religion and art have from the beginning occupied a major place in human experience. They are, indeed, two of the most important evidences of culture, and no civilization has failed to develop art forms and religious rites or beliefs. Both terms, art and religion, have many different meanings, and I shall not undertake a full or exhaustive definition of either. For my purpose here, religion consists of the rituals, ceremonies, beliefs, and actions that people engage in when they try to interpret human experience and the world in accordance with a relationship to transcendent or immanent divine presence or being. Art I will understand as the images or processes that painters, musicians, dancers, poets, film makers, and others who are working in a tradition of skill, and according to aesthetic principles, create for the purpose of interpreting human experience. The images and processes-paintings, dances, poems-artists produce are symbols for interpreting values, feelings, ideas, and other significant aspects of human experience. Today there is considerable interest in art and in religion. The arts enjoy a proliferation of styles that range from realism, with its full blown and easily readable images, to “conceptual” styles where the images may be minimal and difficult to interpret. And religion is available in a variety of forms. Public support for the arts is increasing slowly, and public interest is rising steadily. Religion, too, enjoys a comparable resurgence of interest. From a distance the two might appear to proceed in diverse directions, but I believe that art and religion can best serve human needs when the two work in harmony, pursuing their common interests. The essay will develop the following points: (1) Intersecting crises have created social problems common to the world at large; (2) if religion and art are to perform their function of mediating these contemporary problems, they must establish a new relationship; (3) this end will be accomplished by means of a new conceptual framework for the relation of art and religion, and new art symbols that transcend the boundaries of the different religions. It is difficult to spell out in advance a complete program for harmonious cooperation between art and religion, but I will provide some indications of the basis for such cooperation. A religion includes in the first instance, of course, internal matters of meditation, worship, and belief that are exercised within a particular religious faith; and at this level, art cooperates with religion primarily as a sacramental element of rites and ceremonies. But religion has also
Social Skills Training for Children: Innovations and Consumer Guidelines.

The present paper applies Joseph Scandura's structural learning model to the problem of teaching children social skills. Using the model as a framework to discuss the variables which are necessary ...
Trauma-hemorrhage and resuscitation in the mouse: effects on cardiac output and organ blood flow.

Although mice are widely used for the study of immune consequences of hemorrhage, the changes of cardiac output (CO) and blood flow (BF) in response to trauma and hemorrhage in this species have not been well defined. To study this, nonheparinized C3H/HeN mice (n = 6 per group) underwent laparotomy (i.e., trauma induced), were bled to a mean arterial pressure of 35 mmHg, and maintained for 90 min by withdrawing more blood or returning Ringer lactate. The animals were then resuscitated with four times the volume of maximal bleedout in the form of Ringer lactate over 60 min. Sham-operated mice underwent the same procedure but were neither bled nor resuscitated. At the end of hemorrhage, 60 min postresuscitation, or corresponding time after sham operation, CO and BF were determined by radioactive microspheres. Results indicate that CO and BF decreased significantly at the end of hemorrhage. Resuscitation, however, restored CO and BF in various organs except the brain and skeletal muscle. Despite this, 9 of 16 mice died within 6 days postresuscitation, whereas none of sham mice died (n = 16 per group in this additional study). Therefore, we have developed a nonheparinized model of trauma-hemorrhage and resuscitation in mice that is associated with late mortality. Furthermore, the microsphere technique provides a reliable method for assessing CO and BF in mice. Thus it may be possible to study the correlation between cardiovascular and immunologic alterations under such conditions.
On the linear independence of sets of 2q columns of certain (1, −1) matrices with a group structure, and its connection with finite geometries

Consider a set of m symbols (indeterminates) F1, ..., Fm, and let G be the group of order 2m generated by multiplying these symbols two, or three, or more at a time, where the multiplication is assumed commutative, and where F j 2 =μ (the identity element of G) for all j. The elements of G can be written, in order, as {μ; F1, ..., Fm; F1F2,F1F3,...,Fm−1Fm;F1F2F3,...;F1F2 ... Fm}. Consider a matrix A(N × 2m) over the real field whose columns correspond in order to the elements of the group G. The elements of A are 1 and (−1), and are obtained as follows. The elements of A in the column corresponding to μ are all equal to 1. The next m columns of A, filled in arbitrarily, constitute an (N × m) submatrix, say A*. Finally, for all l (1 ≤ l ≤ m), and all i1,...,il (with 1 ≤ i1<i2<...<il ≤ m), the column of A corresponding to Fi1 Fi2 ...Fil is obtained by taking the Schur product of the columns of A (or A*) corresponding to Fi1,Fi2,...,Fil. The matrix A (over the real field) is said to have the property Pt if and only if every set of t columns of A is linearly independent. In this paper, for all positive integers q, we obtain necessary conditions on A* such that every (N × 2q) submatrix A** in A has rank 2q. A non-statistical introduction together with an illustrative example is provided.
Development of an online, strategy-based intervention to improve spatial skills

A novel, interactive, targeted training program has been developed to improve spatial skills. The system is based on Gestalt processing and Collaborative Action-based Production System (CAPS) theory. The software was pilot tested in 2015 with first year engineering students and then iteratively refined to improve compliance and performance in 2016. Both interventions resulted in significant improvements in spatial skills as measured by the Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Rotations (PSVT:R), but the 2016 intervention was more effective than the 2015 intervention. For students with weak spatial skills, the effect size (Cohen's d) for the intervention was 0.735 in 2015 and 0.803 in 2016.
Understanding Crowdsourcing Contest Fitness Strategic Decision Factors and Performance: An Expectation-Confirmation Theory Perspective

Contest-based intermediary crowdsourcing represents a powerful new business model for generating ideas or solutions by engaging the crowd through an online competition. Prior research has examined motivating factors such as increased monetary reward or demotivating factors such as project requirement ambiguity. However, problematic issues related to crowd contest fitness have received little attention, particularly with regard to crowd strategic decision-making and contest outcomes that are critical for success of crowdsourcing platforms as well as implementation of crowdsourcing models in organizations. Using Expectation-Confirmation Theory (ECT), we take a different approach that focuses on contest level outcomes by developing a model to explain contest duration and performance. We postulate these contest outcomes are a function of managing crowdsourcing participant contest-fitness expectations and disconfirmation, particularly during the bidding process. Our empirical results show that contest fitness expectations and disconfirmation have an overall positive effect on contest performance. This study contributes to theory by demonstrating the adaptability of ECT literature to the online crowdsourcing domain at the level of the project contest. For practice, important insights regarding strategic decision making and understanding how crowd contest-fitness are observed for enhancing outcomes related to platform viability and successful organizational implementation.
Lesbian and gay men’s perceptions of their local area agency on aging

This article reviews data from a qualitative study of lesbians and gay men about engagement with their local Area Agency on Aging (AAA). Findings include lack of knowledge about the local AAA, feel...
Ab Externo Imaging of Human Episcleral Vessels Using Fiberoptic Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy.

Purpose: There is a growing interest in targeting minimally invasive surgery devices to the aqueous outflow system to optimize treatment outcomes. However, methods to visualize functioning, large-caliber aqueous and episcleral veins in-vivo are lacking. This pilot study establishes an ex-vivo system to evaluate the use of a confocal laser microendoscope to noninvasively image episcleral vessels and quantify regional flow variation along the limbal circumference. Methods: A fiber-optic confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) system with lateral and axial resolution of 3.5 μm and 15 μm, respectively, was used on three porcine and four human eyes. Diluted fluorescein (0.04%) was injected into eyes kept under constant infusion. The microprobe was applied to the sclera 1 mm behind the limbus to acquire real-time video. Image acquisition was performed at 15-degree intervals along the limbal circumference to quantify regional flow variation in human eyes. Results: Vascular structures were visualized in whole human eyes without processing. Schlemm’s canal was visualized only after a scleral flap was created. Fluorescent signal intensity and vessel diameter variation were observed along the limbal circumference, with the inferior quadrant having a statistically higher fluorescein signal compared to the other quadrants in human eyes (P < 0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrates for the first time that the fiber-optic CLE platform can visualize the episcleral vasculature with high resolution ex-vivo with minimal tissue manipulation. Intravascular signal intensities and vessel diameters were acquired in real-time; such information can help select target areas for minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) to achieve greater intraocular pressure reduction.
Metrics for the comparative evaluation of chemical plume identification algorithms

The detection of chemical agents with hyperspectral longwave infrared sensors is a difficult problem with many civilian and military applications. System performance can be evaluated by comparing the detected gases in each pixel with the ground truth for each pixel using a confusion matrix. In the presence of chemical mixtures the confusion matrix becomes extremely large and difficult to interpret due to its size. We propose summarizing the confusion matrix using simple scalar metrics tailored for specific applications. Ideally, an identifier should determine exactly which chemicals are in each pixel, but in many applications it is acceptable for the output to contain additional chemicals or lack some constituent chemicals. A performance metric for identification problems should give partially correct results a lower weight than completely correct results. The metric we propose using, the Dice metric, weighs each output by its similarity with the truth for each pixel, thereby giving less importance to partially correct outputs, while still giving full scores only to exactly correct results. Using the Dice metric we evaluated the performance of two identification algorithms: an adaptive cosine estimator (ACE) detector bank approach, and Bayesian model averaging (BMA). Both algorithms were tested individually on real background data with synthetically embedded plumes; performance was evaluated using standard detection performance metrics, and then using the proposed identification metric. We show that ACE performed well as a detector but poorly as an identifier; however, BMA performed poorly as a detector but well as an identifier. Cascading the two algorithms should lead to a system with a substantially lower false alarm rate than using BMA alone, and much better identification performance than the ACE detector bank alone.
Preload from Tightening and Removal Torque

This paper presents a novel approach to determine preload in a bolted joint at installation or point of use. This approach uses both tightening torque and removal torque measurements. This work reveals preload is proportional to tightening torque minus removal torque and that taking this torque difference subtracts out friction. Tests with bolts, nuts, lock nuts, inserts and locking inserts are provided to assess this approach, and the results show good agreement with measured preload. The tests reveal the uncertainty in preload determined from this torque difference is less than the uncertainty in preload from tightening torque alone. A useful application of this work is to obtain a desired preload with nothing more than fastener thread pitch and a torque wrench to measure tightening torque and removal torque. This application is illustrated with data. The significance of this application is that preload is determined without any previously acquired torque–tension data as needed with tightening torque alone to achieve preload. In addition, this paper presents analysis and test data for quantifying self-loosening and primary locking in threaded fasteners from tightening and removal torque measurements.
Adverse Renal Response to Decongestion in the Obese Phenotype of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.

Abstract Background Patients with heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and obesity display a number of pathophysiologic features that may render them more or less vulnerable to negative effects of decongestion on renal function, including greater right ventricular remodeling, plasma volume expansion and pericardial restraint. We aimed to contrast the renal response to decongestion in obese compared to nonobese patients with HFpEF Methods and Results National Institutes of Health heart failure network studies that enrolled patients with acute decompensated HFpEF (EF ≥ 50%) were included (DOSE, CARRESS, ROSE, and ATHENA). Obese HFpEF was defined as a body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2. Compared to nonobese HFpEF (n = 118), patients with obese HFpEF (n = 214) were an average of 9 years younger (71 vs 80 years, 0.5 mg/dL) (9 vs 0%, P = 0.002). Conclusions Despite being nearly a decade younger, obese patients with HFpEF experience greater deterioration in renal function during decongestion than do nonobese patients with HFpEF. Further study to elucidate the complex relationships between volume distribution, cardiorenal hemodynamics and adiposity in HFpEF is needed.
Which Subspecialties Do Female Orthopaedic Surgeons Choose and Why?: Identifying the Role of Mentorship and Additional Factors in Subspecialty Choice.

Limited data exist delineating the reasons women choose subspecialties within orthopaedics. Purpose (1) To perform a survey that determines subspecialties female orthopaedic surgeons select and (2) to analyze the motivations behind their choices. Methods A 10-question survey was distributed via e-mail to the Ruth Jackson Orthopaedic Society (RJOS), Texas Orthopaedic Association (TOA), and to a private internet page for women in Orthopaedics, which covered the area of subspecialty practice, motivations, and demographic data. Practicing female orthopaedic surgeons, fellows, or fellowship-matched residents were included. Respondents' ranked motivations when deciding for or against a subspecialty were analyzed and comparisons made. Results Of the 304 survey responses, 288 met inclusion criteria. The most common subspecialties were hand (24.0%), pediatrics (22.6%), and sports medicine (16.3%). A higher proportion of younger surgeons are electing to subspecialize in sports medicine, whereas a lower proportion of younger surgeons are pursuing general orthopaedics. Top-ranked reasons for selecting a subspecialty were personal satisfaction (50.8%), intellectual stimulation (42.1%), and strong mentorship (37.4%). The most common reason for not selecting a subspecialty was lack of interest (60.6%). Conclusion Strong mentorship was the largest extrinsic/modifiable factor that affected the decision-making process. A continued focus on mentorship will be necessary to encourage future female orthopaedic surgeons to enter this field and inspire them to explore a different set of subspecialties.
The Achilles Tendon Response to a Bout of Running is not affected by Triceps Surae Stretch Training in Runners

An acute bout of distance running decreases Achilles tendon CSA. The purpose of this study was to examine if three-week stretch training of the Achilles tendon alters the Achilles tendon thinning response to running. Thirty-three recreational runners were divided into a control group (n = 17) and an intervention group (n = 16). The intervention included a three-week soleus stretch (knee flexed) and gastrocnemius stretch (knee extended). Three gastrocnemius stretches and three soleus stretches were performed each day, six days per week. Stretches were held for 30 s per repetition for a total duration of 180 s per leg per day. Achilles tendon CSA and range of motion measures were completed pre and post-run before and after the three-week stretching intervention. The runs prior to and following the three-week stretch training intervention both resulted in a 6% decrease in Achilles tendon CSA (p < 0.0001). There was no interaction across time between control and intervention groups in CSA (p = 0.446). Only the intervention group experienced a significant increase in dorsiflexion range of motion following the stretch training (p = 0.009). We therefore conclude that even when an increased dorsiflexion range of motion occurs, three weeks of triceps surae stretching does not alter the response of the Achilles tendon CSA.
Chapter 17.2 Molecular graphics and animation

The use of molecular graphics and animation for the visualization of biological macromolecules is described. The topics covered include: the evolution of molecular graphics hardware and software; the representation and visualization of molecular data and models; and presentation graphics. Keywords: animation; displaying information; displaying structures; molecular graphics; representation of information; representation of structures; structure representation; visualization of information
Insulin Insulated: Barriers to Competition in the United States Insulin Market

Insulin is increasingly unaffordable in the United States. Despite the fact that insulin was developed almost one hundred years ago, the insulin market is dominated by only three companies, and there continue to be no biosimilar competitors in the United States. Insulin has been insulated from competition for years. However, insulin is unlike many other high-priced prescription drugs and faces several unique legal, regulatory, and practical challenges to permitting increased competition in the market. This Article examines the barriers to competition in the insulin market, considering the challenges surrounding regulatory approval, pricing, interchangeability, trade secrets, and anti-competitive behavior. In doing so, this Article attempts to explain why there is such limited competition in the insulin market and raises considerations in developing competition-based proposals to address access to affordable insulin in the United States.
Aging, But Not Sex and Genetic Diversity, Impacts the Pathobiology of Bacterial Endophthalmitis.

Purpose Age, sex, and genetics are important biological variables in determining an individual's susceptibility or response to infectious agents; however, their role has not been evaluated in intraocular infections. In this study, we comprehensively examined the impact of these host biological factors in the pathogenesis of experimental bacterial endophthalmitis. Methods Endophthalmitis was induced by intravitreal injection of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) in the eyes of male and female C57BL/6 mice of different ages: group I (young, 6-8 weeks), group II (mid-age, 18-20 weeks), and group III (old, 1 year). Highly heterogeneous outbred J:DO mice were used for genetic diversity analysis. Eyes were subjected to clinical examination, retinal function testing using electroretinography (ERG), histopathological analysis (hematoxylin and eosin staining), and bacterial burden estimation. The levels of inflammatory mediators were measured using qPCR and ELISA, and the infiltration of neutrophils was determined by flow cytometry. Results Both inbred C57BL/6 and diversity outbred (J:DO) mice were equally susceptible to S. aureus endophthalmitis, as evidenced by a time-dependent increase in clinical scores, bacterial burden, intraocular inflammation, and retinal tissue damage, in addition to decreased retinal function. However, no significant differences were observed in disease severity and innate responses in male versus female mice. Older mice (group III) exhibited higher clinical scores coinciding with increased bacterial proliferation and intraocular inflammation, resulting in enhanced disease severity. Moreover, bone-marrow-derived macrophages from old mice exhibited reduced phagocytic activity but increased inflammatory response toward S. aureus challenge. Conclusions Age, but not sex, is an important biological variable in bacterial endophthalmitis. Identification of pathways underlying altered innate immunity and impaired bacterial clearance in aging eyes could provide new insights into the pathobiology of intraocular infections in elderly patients.
Defect-Based Fatigue Life Prediction of L-PBF Additive Manufactured Metals

Abstract Metal additive manufacturing (AM) while offering advantages such as generating parts with intricate geometries, introduces challenges such as intrinsic defects. Since fatigue cracks often start at defects, developing analytical methods to predict fatigue failure is necessary for critical AM applications involving cyclic loadings. In this work a computational framework is presented where a generalized Paris equation and the Hartman-Schijve variant of NASGRO equation are used to predict the fatigue life of L-PBF Ti-6Al-4V and 17-4 PH stainless steel specimens. A variety of conditions resulting in different failure modes and defect sized were considered, including annealed and HIPed treatments as well as as-built and machined surface conditions. In contrast to the commonly assumed mode I crack growth in the literature, in this work the appropriate crack growth mode based on the observed failure mechanism is used for fatigue life predictions. By using Extreme Value Statistics (EVS) and equivalent defect size based on Murakami’s method for approximation of the initial defect size, and appropriate crack growth equation and properties, good correlations between experimental results and prediction curves are demonstrated.