cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic analysis of opaque2 modifier loci in quality protein maize

Quality protein maize (QPM) was created by selecting genetic modifiers that convert the starchy endosperm of an opaque2 (o2) mutant to a hard, vitreous phenotype. Genetic analysis has shown that there are multiple, unlinked o2 modifiers (Opm), but their identity and mode of action are unknown. Using two independently developed QPM lines, we mapped several major Opm QTLs to chromosomes 1, 7 and 9. A microarray hybridization performed with RNA obtained from true breeding o2 progeny with vitreous and opaque kernel phenotypes identified a small group of differentially expressed genes, some of which map at or near the Opm QTLs. Several of the genes are associated with ethylene and ABA signaling and suggest a potential linkage of o2 endosperm modification with programmed cell death.
Spectroscopy of disordered low-field sites in Cr3+: mullite glass ceramic

In this article we present results of optical and ESR studies that have allowed us to study the behavior of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ at disordered low-field sites within a mullite ceramic host. The results indicate that the existence of these low-field ions, which are likely at sites in regions of disorder, accounts for most of the spectroscopic anomalies previously noted in these materials. Furthermore, energy transfer from ordered high-field to disordered low-field ions is observed. The resulting complex spectra are deconvoluted by means of the recently developed technique of saturation-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy.
Influence of Temperature of Fermentation on the Nutritive Value of Lactic Acid Fermented Cornmeal

Cornmeal was fermented 4 days at 25°C 35°C 45°C, and 55°C. Relative nutritive value (RNV) and concentrations of available (free) lysine, methionine, and tryptophan were determined for cornmeal fermented at each temperature and for nonfermented corn. Corn fermented at 45°C had the highest % RNV and amino acid levels of any of the groups tested.
First report of Iris yellow spot virus on onion in New York

Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV [family Bunyaviridae, genus Tospovirus]), a potentially devastating disease of onion vectored by onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman), has been reported from most stat...
Intercalation of graphite by nitronium ion attack

Graphite is attacked by nitronium ions in tetramethylene sulfone solutions of nitronium tetrafluoroborate and hexafluoroantimonate giving highly electrically conducting intercalation compounds; evidence also indicates that solvent molecules are inserted along with BF4− or SbF6− ions and, possibly, NO2BF4 or NO2SbF6 molecules.
ESTIMATION OF THE PERIOD OF PERIODICALLY CORRELATED SEQUENCES

. In this paper we consider the problem of estimating the period T of periodically correlated sequences. A method is developed which uses the periodogram of the average magnitude difference function (AMDF). It will be shown that this method alleviates problems associated with other methods.
Stationary time-varying risk premia in forward foreign exchange rates

Abstract There is mounting evidence that forward foreign exchange rates contain time-varying risk premia. However, this evidence is from tests for which statistical inference is based on asymptotic distribution theory. Furthermore, it is uncertain whether risk premia evolve as stationary or nonstationary processes. This paper applies two exact small-sample, pointwise most powerful invariant statistical tests to determine (1) whether forward exchange rates contain time-varying risk premia, and (2) whether the time-varying risk premia are stationary or nonstationary. These tests finds strong evidence that forward exchange rates contain stationary, time-varying risk premia during the recent float; evidence from the interwar float is mixed.
Stochastic algorithms with Armijo stepsizes for minimization of functions

Stochastic algorithms for optimization problems, where function evaluations are done by Monte Carlo simulations, are presented. At each iteratexi, they draw a predetermined numbern(i) of sample points from an underlying probability space; based on these sample points, they compute a feasible-descent direction, an Armijo stepsize, and the next iteratexi+1. For an appropriate optimality function σ, corresponding to an optimality condition, it is shown that, ifn(i) → ∞, then σ(xi) → 0, whereJ is a set of integers whose upper density is zero. First, convergence is shown for a general algorithm prototype: then, a steepest-descent algorithm for unconstrained problems and a feasible-direction algorithm for problems with inequality constraints are developed. A numerical example is supplied.
Separation of cis and trans isomers from a mosquito repellent, CIC-4, via semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography and the repellent effect of each☆

Abstract CIC-4 (1,1,4,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-3H-2-benzopyran-3-one) is a fused bicyclic lactone which acts as a non-contact insect repellent for Aedes aegypti at 1% concentration in 95% aqueous ethanol when applied topically to rhesus monkeys. Chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses of a synthetic sample indicated the presence of cis-and trans-fused isomers. To supply each isomer for the assessment of mosquito repellent efficacy on humans, we developed a semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatographic separation technique for the isomer separation. A column of 5-μm silica was used for isolating milligram quantities of each isomer. By this method, each isomer was obtained in > 95% gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC)-purity for biological evaluation. Supporting GLC and electron impact and chemical ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometric data are also presented for each isomer. Biological evaluation on the human arm using Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Aedes aegypti, and Anopheles albimanus as the test species was effective in determining relative repellency to the standard N,N-diethyl-3-methyl-benzamide
Methods to remove distortion artifacts in scanned projections

Artifacts induced by distortions which sometimes occur in two- dimensional projection images can appear in the resulting tomographic reconstructions. We describe a procedure for analyzing, correcting and removing experimental artifacts, and hence reducing reconstruction artifacts. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional images acquired with scanning transmission x-ray microscopy of a sample containing an integrated circuit interconnect show how these procedures can be successfully applied.
Kaolin: a servant of humanity

Kaolinite, an aristocrat of minerals, serves as the medium on which is printed the records of scholarly human culture from the oldest known to the present. It also serves as a refractory to confine ultra–high temperatures and protect furnaces used in modern industry and technology. Produced by reaction between rigid igneous silicates and physically yielding but chemically potent water, kaolin crystals reveal a graphic story, shown in scanning electron micrographs, of most diverse properties, geneses and potential applications.
Sculpting the hippocampus from within: stress, spines, and CRH

Learning and memory processes carried out within the hippocampus are influenced by stress in a complex manner, and the mechanisms by which stress modulates the physiology of the hippocampus are not fully understood. This review addresses how the production and release of the neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) within the hippocampus during stress influences neuronal structure and hippocampal function. CRH functions in the contexts of acute and chronic stresses taking place during development, adulthood and aging. Current challenges are to uncover how the dynamic actions of CRH integrate with the well-established roles of adrenal-derived steroid stress hormones to shape the cognitive functions of the hippocampus in response to stress.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Prostaglandins

To determine whether prostaglandins contribute to the depressor response of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, plasma prostaglandin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in normo- and hypertensive subjects on both sodium-restricted and sodium-loaded diets before and after captopril administration. On the sodium-restricted diet, the hypotensive response to captopril was accompanied by significant increments in the metabolite of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2-M) and bradykinin and by significant decrements in angiotensin II. The high sodium diet suppressed the response of the renin-angiotensin and kinin systems to captopril but the hypotensive response persisted. Furthermore, the decrease in blood pressure correlated significantly with increments in prostaglandin E2-metabolite. Prostaglandin synthesis was then inhibited in the sodium-restricted hypertensive patients by pretreatment with indomethacin. This maneuver completely eliminated the captopril-induced prostaglandin E2-metabolite increment without changing bradykinin or angiotensin II responses but significantly attenuating the hypotensive response. Finally, when patients were studied on a high sodium intake, similar effects were observed except now indomethacin completely abolished the blood pressure response to captopril. These studies therefore support the hypothesis that increased production of vasodilator prostaglandins in a major mediator of the hypotensive response to captopril. Whether the change in prostaglandin release is a direct effect of the drug or secondary to increased kinin levels is uncertain.
Photoengraving of coverslips and slides to facilitate monitoring of micromanipulated cells or chromosome spreads

Abstract A simple photolithographic technique has been developed which can be used to produce microscopic grid patterns on glass coverslips. The grid pattern is first photo-reduced onto film, and the resulting photographic negative is then used as a mask. A glass slide or coverslip, coated with a layer of photoresist, is then exposed to tungsten light through the mask. After developing and etching, the grid pattern is transferred permanently onto glass. This simple and rapid procedure allows one to mass-produce very small, high resolution grids which are useful for monitoring individual microinjected cells or chromosomal spreads under the microscope.
A composition tool for creating comfortable stereoscopic images

Although stereoscopic imaging has potential value in many computer graphics applications, the design principles for creating effective three-dimensional images are not widely known in the graphics community. Poorly designed images may fail to convey convincing 3D information about the visualized scene or object. At their worst, stereo images designed without attention to physiological limits can produce the kinds of eye strain, headaches, and generally unpleasant viewing experiences that are unfortunately now associated with 3D by many people. This paper presents a graphical software application that assists the user in composing stereoscopic computer graphic images that minimize conflicting depth cues and unwanted physiological effects. This prototype application is designed to help novice users adjust parameters of the virtual stereo camera and compose stereoscopic views of three-dimensional models. Specifically, the tool detects window violations and excessive disparity, graphically displays affected regions of the object or scene, and suggests ways to minimize discomfort. The user interface refrains from using technical terms, guiding the inexperienced user to adjust underlying image parameters like camera position, camera view angle, location of image plane, viewing distance, and stereo base to match the scene, the viewing environment, and the user's preferences.
Vibrational properties of levulinic acid and furan derivatives: Raman spectroscopy and theoretical calculations

In this work, the Raman spectra of furan, furfuryl alcohol (FA), furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and levulinic acid were obtained in the 500 to 4000 cm−1 spectral region at room temperature. Vibrational wavenumbers were calculated for these compounds with the B3LYP method using the 6-31 + G(2df,p) basis set. The experimentally determined CC and CC wavenumbers for furan and furan derivatives were in good agreement with the calculated wavenumbers without scaling factor, while the calculated CO and CH wavenumbers at ∼1660 and 3000 cm−1, respectively, showed larger deviations from the measured ones. The Raman spectra for furan and furan derivatives showed intense CC bands, whereas the levulinic acid spectrum showed intense CH vibrations with broad doublet CO bands. We also found that an empirical method based on the chemical structure similarities is able to predict the HMF Raman spectrum from the combined furfural and FA spectra. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Illinois White Paper - Improving the System for Protecting Human Subjects: Counteracting IRB Mission Creep

This White Paper reports on two years' work by a group convened by the Center for Advanced Study at the University of Illinois, following an invitational, national, interdisciplinary conference Human Subject Policy Conference: An Examination of the Interaction Between Human Subject Protection Regulations and Research Outside the Biomedical Sphere. We describe the pernicious effects of mission creep on the work of Institutional Review Boards, which is diverting the attention of some IRBs from critical ethical oversight in favor of often-meaningless paperwork. We make recommendations to help the IRB system focus its efforts on those research projects most in need of careful ethical review to protect human subjects of and participants in research. The recommendations include the idea that some methodologies do not need advance review and approval by IRBs and that there are procedural changes that can strengthen the core missions of IRBs. We hope that this paper will further the discussion about what reasonable procedures can be instituted to provide improved ethical protection for people who participate in research projects.
Theoretical study of native defects in III-V semiconductors

The local densities of states associated with antisite and vacancy defects in the III-V semiconductors GaAs, GaP, InP, InAs, and AlAs have been studied using the large-cluster recursion approach of Haydock, Heine, and Kelly. The resonant states and localized states induced by these native defects and the associated electron-charge redistributions are calculated and discussed. The principal states in the fundamental energy gaps corresponding to these defects are found to be the following: for ideal cation vacancies, localized ${T}_{2}$ states in the lower parts of the gaps, for ideal anion vacancies, ${T}_{2}$ states in the upper parts of the gaps, and for anion antisite defects, states of ${A}_{1}$ symmetry in the upper parts of the gaps. For cation antisite defects in AlAs and GaAs, no gap states are found. An ideal divacancy in GaAs is found to introduce four gap states. The properties of intrinsic defects near an ideal GaAs-AlAs (100) interface also have been studied. It is found that the interface does not affect the general features of the local density of states induced by the defect. The total electronic energies of interaction between the defects and the interface are calculated by a generalized zeros-and-poles method, and the resulting interactions between the defects and the interface indicate that nonstoichiometry may result there.
Effects of chemical sympathectomy on postnatal development of the rat submandibular gland

Temporary chemical sympathectomy was accomplished by daily injection of the catecholamine-depleting agent, reserpine, for the first six days of life. The rat pups were then allowed to mature, and their submandibular glands (SMG) sequentially examined by light and electron microscopy. Reserpine retarded SMG development by about two weeks when compared to saline-treated litter-mates. One day after the end of reserpine treatment, glands appeared rudimentary, similar to those of newborns. With age the glands matured, and seven weeks after treatment (eight weeks of age), there were few structural differences between glands from experimental or control animals. In a separate experiment, 12 newborn rats were treated with reserpine for six days and then allowed to mature to 12 weeks. Three developed an obstructive sialadenitis. Several experiments were run to see if this lesion could be replicated. Only three of 36 more animals developed sialadenitis, so its induction was neither consistent nor reproducible.
pH gradient elution in column chromatography.

Abstract A theory of the development of pH gradients in chromatographic eluents is presented, including an attempt at theoretical corrections for ionic strength. Experimental data on the variation of pH with salt concentration present features not fully accounted for by any theory. In seeking agreement between theory and experiment, it is necessary to postulate that salting-out effects are not the same for a neutral molecule and its charged form. Among the uniunivalent electrolytes tested, KCl differs radically from the others in showing a salting-in effect. The significance of the results is discussed.
Lost in Translation: Challenges in Automating CUDA-to-OpenCL Translation

The use of accelerators in high-performance computing is increasing. The most commonly used accelerator is the graphics processing unit (GPU) because of its low cost and massively parallel performance. The two most common programming environments for GPU accelerators are CUDA and OpenCL. While CUDA runs natively only on NVIDIA GPUs, OpenCL is an open standard that can run on a variety of hardware processing platforms, including NVIDIA GPUs, AMD GPUs, and Intel or AMD CPUs. Given the abundance of GPU applications written in CUDA, we seek to leverage this investment in CUDA and enable CUDA programs to "run anywhere" via a CUDA-to-OpenCL source-to-source translator. The resultant OpenCL versions permit the GPU-accelerated codes to run on a wider variety of processors that would not otherwise be possible. However, robust source-to-source translation from CUDA to OpenCL faces a myriad of challenges. As such, this paper identifies those challenges and presents a classification of CUDA language idioms that present practical impediments to automatic translation.
Editing a book on the World-Wide Web with 29 collaborators in 8 countries in 12 months: A case in survival tactics

We describe the techniques that we devised to enable authors who had never met physically to collaborate on a large-scale writing project. The goal was to use the Internet to simulate the close interactions that are possible in a traditional conference to foster cross-fertilization of ideas and to increase the coherence of the book we were writing. We discuss areas that should concern those who consider using the Internet for collaborative work.
ASSESSING PROXIMITY TO FRUITION: A CASE STUDY OF PHASES IN CASE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

Using the Lewin theory of planned change as a theoretical model, this study tests three hypotheses related to the three phase approach to change. An Action Research Model is used to gather data from 75 participants in CASE technology transfer in the Information Systems Department of a large insurance company. Five groups of people representing management and various levels of CASE usage participated in the study. In addition to group discussion, standardized questionnaires and individual Force Field Analyses are used to collect the data. In general the null hypotheses are rejected. The results appear to support at least three stages of change during CASE technology transfer. The groups differed with respect to content and magnitude of problems in the environment. In addition, during the moving phase it appears users may actually be more disillusioned with the change than non-users, however, the nature of the forces is more personal and indicates that they are personally involved with the move. While these people may be more negative than non-users, they are also moving closer to full implementation than those who have not started the moving process.
Measurements of the turbulent microstructure of a buoyant salinity plume using acoustics

A study has been undertaken to examine the nature of acoustic scattering from salinity fluctuations. A theoretical relationship between acoustic backscattering and salinity fluctuation has been developed. This relationship is expressed in terms of measurable oceanographic variables, namely the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate, epsiv, and the salinity gradient variance rate, chis. Acoustic and oceanographic data taken from an autonomous underwater vehicle, the SMAST T- REMUS, operating in a naturally occurring freshwater plume was used to compare theoretical and observed backscattering strengths. Observations were found to be in qualitative agreement with predictions.
SAG/RBX2/ROC2 E3 ubiquitin ligase is essential for vascular and neural development by targeting NF1 for degradation

SAG/RBX2/ROC2 protein is an essential RING component of SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase. The role of SAG during embryogenesis remains unknown. We report a critical role for SAG in controlling vascular and neural development by modulating RAS activity via promoting degradation of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Mice mutant for Sag died at embryonic day 11.5-12.5 with severe abnormalities in vascular and nervous system. Sag inactivation caused Nf1 accumulation and Ras inhibition, which blocks embryonic stem (ES) cells from undergoing endothelial differentiation and inhibits angiogenesis and proliferation in teratomas. Simultaneous Nf1 deletion fully rescues the differentiation defects in Sag(-/-) ES cells and partially rescues vascular and neural defects in Sag(-/-) embryos, suggesting that the effects of Sag deletion may not be solely explained by Nf1 misregulation. Collectively, our study identifies NF1 as a physiological substrate of SAG-CUL1-FBXW7 E3 ligase and establishes a ubiquitin-dependent regulatory mechanism for the NF1-RAS pathway during embryogenesis.
An Individual Differences Approach to SWAT Scale Development

A refinement to the scale development phase of the Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT) provides for forming scales for homogeneous subject groups. Groups are formed by determining which of the three dimensions, time load, mental effort load or stress load subjects judge to be the most important contributor to workload. The group scales are then transformed into a SWAT scale that ranges from 0 for the lowest defined workload condition to 100 for the highest workload condition. This procedure should increase the precision of workload measurement while minimizing the effects of individual subject ranking errors.
Hands in the air: Using ungrounded iconic gestures to teach children conservation of quantity

Including gesture in instruction facilitates learning. Why? One possibility is that gesture points out objects in the immediate context and thus helps ground the words learners hear in the world they see. Previous work on gesture's role in instruction has used gestures that either point to or trace paths on objects, thus providing support for this hypothesis. The experiments described here investigated the possibility that gesture helps children learn even when it is not produced in relation to an object but is instead produced "in the air." Children were given instruction in Piagetian conservation problems with or without gesture and with or without concrete objects. The results indicate that children given instruction with speech and gesture learned more about conservation than children given instruction with speech alone, whether or not objects were present during instruction. Gesture in instruction can thus help learners learn even when those gestures do not direct attention to visible objects, suggesting that gesture can do more for learners than simply ground arbitrary, symbolic language in the physical, observable world.
Effect of various high-pressure treatments on the properties of reduced-fat Cheddar cheese.

Abstract A major problem with reduced-fat cheese is the difficulty in attaining the characteristic flavor and texture of typical full-fat versions. Some previous studies have suggested that high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) can accelerate the ripening of full-fat cheeses. Our objective was to investigate the effect of HHP on reduced-fat (~7.3% fat) Cheddar cheese, with the goal of improving its flavor and texture. We used a central composite rotatable design with response surface methodology to study the effect of pressure and holding time on the rheological, physical, chemical, and microbial characteristics of reduced-fat Cheddar cheese. A 2-level factorial experimental design was chosen to study the effects of the independent variables (pressure and holding time). Pressures were varied from around 50 to 400MPa and holding times ranged from 2.5 to 19.5min. High pressure was applied 1wk after cheese manufacture, and analyses were performed at 2wk, and 1, 3, and 6mo. The insoluble calcium content as a percentage of total Ca in cheeses were not affected by pressure treatment. Pressure applications ≥225MPa resulted in softer cheese texture during ripening. Pressures ≥225MPa increased melt, and resulted in higher maximum loss tangent values at 2wk. Pressure treatment had a greater effect on cheese microbial and textural properties than holding time. High-pressure-treated cheeses also had higher pH values than the control. We did not observe any significant difference in rates of proteolysis between treatments. In conclusion, holding times of around 5min and pressures of ≥225MPa could potentially be used to improve the excessively firm texture of reduced-fat cheese.
Metabolic rate, temperature acclimation and resistance to high temperature of soft-shell clams, Mya arenaria, as affected by shore level

Abstract 1. 1. Metabolic rates, temperature acclimation patterns and mortality resistance at high temperature were determined for Mya arenaria collected in summer from four beach levels at Blue Hill Falls, ME. 2. 2. For a clam of intermediate size, metabolic rate is highest at the high intertidal level and lowest at the low intertidal level; subtidal and mid intertidal clams exhibit intermediate rates. 3. 3. Bivalves from the low intertidal level exhibited near-complete (Precht type 3–92.4%) metabolic compensation to temperature change while those from mid and high intertidal levels showed partial compensation (Precht type 3–61% and 32.5%. respectively) after 2 weeks. 4. 4. Subtidal clams exhibited supraoptimal compensation (Precht type 1); warm acclimated clams from this level were metabolically temperature independent over the range of 10–25°C. 5. 5. Subtidal and high intertidal clams are better able to withstand high temperature (25°C) than clams from low and mid intertidal levels.
Cryptofluorescent Analogs of Cobalamin Coenzymes: Synthesis and Characterization

Abstract Upper-axial (β-position) ligand analogs of the B12 coenzymes 5′-deoxy-5′-adenosylcob(III)-alamin and methylcob(III)alamin have been synthesized by reaction of the 5′-chloro-5′-deoxy derivatives of fluorescent nucleosides (1,N6-ethenoadenosine, formycin, 2-aminonebularine, and 2,6-diaminonebularine) and a fluorescent alkyl halide (dansylamidopropyl chloride) with cob(I)alamin. These analogs were nonfluorescent, but fluorescent products could be generated by photolysis or cyanolysis of the carboncobalt bonds. Under anaerobic and aerobic conditions, the major fluorescent photolysis products of 1,N6-ethenoadenosylcob(III)alamin were 1,N6-etheno-5′,8-cyclic-5′-deoxyadenosine, and the 5′-aldehyde of 1,N6-ethenoadenosine, respectively. The cryptofluorescent property of these analogs was utilized to follow the kinetics of aerobic photolysis. First-
A Quantitative High-Throughput Screen Identifies Novel Inhibitors of the Interaction of Thyroid Receptor β with a Peptide of Steroid Receptor Coactivator 2

The thyroid hormone receptors (TR) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) superfamily that regulate development, growth, and metabolism. Upon ligand binding, TR releases bound corepressors and recruits coactivators to modulate target gene expression. Steroid receptor coactivator 2 (SRC2) is an important coregulator that interacts with TRβ to activate gene transcription. To identify novel inhibitors of the TRβ and SRC2 interaction, the authors performed a quantitative high-throughput screen (qHTS) of a TRβ-SRC2 fluorescence polarization assay against more than 290 000 small molecules. The qHTS assayed compounds at 6 concentrations up to 92 µM to generate titration-response curves and determine the potency and efficacy of all compounds. The qHTS data set enabled the characterization of actives for structure-activity relationships as well as for potential artifacts such as fluorescence interference. Selected qHTS actives were tested in the screening assay using fluoroprobes labeled with Texas Red or fluorescein. The retest identified 19 series and 4 singletons as active in both assays with 40% or greater efficacy, free of compound interference, and not toxic to mammalian cells. Selected compounds were tested as independent samples, and a methylsulfonylnitrobenzoate series inhibited the TRβ-SRC2 interaction with 5 µM IC(50). This series represents a new class of thyroid hormone receptor-coactivator modulators.
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysm: report of a case and review of the literature.

Abstract Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysms are rare, with only 34 cases reported in the literature. Most cases reported have begun with variations of abdominal or epigastric pain. We report a unique case of aneurysm of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery that began with intestinal angina and weight loss. (J VASC SURG 1993;17:784-9.)
A Pore Water/Solid Phase Diagenetic Model for Manganese in Marine Sediments

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Ocean, Earth & Atmospheric Sciences at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in OEAS Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@odu.edu. Repository Citation Burdige, David J. and Gieskes, Joris M., "A Pore Water/Solid Phase Diagenetic Model for Manganese in Marine Sediments" (1983). OEAS Faculty Publications. Paper 127. http://digitalcommons.odu.edu/oeas_fac_pubs/127
Nonlinear modal resonances in low-gravity slosh-spacecraft systems

Nonlinear models of low gravity slosh, when coupled to spacecraft vibrations, predict intense nonlinear eigenfrequency shifts at zero gravity. These nonlinear frequency shifts are due to internal quadratic and cubic resonances between fluid slosh modes and spacecraft vibration modes. Their existence has been verified experimentally, and they cannot be correctly modeled by approximate, uncoupled nonlinear models, such as pendulum mechanical analogs. These predictions mean that linear slosh assumptions for spacecraft vibration models can be invalid, and may lead to degraded control system stability and performance. However, a complete nonlinear modal analysis will predict the correct dynamic behavior. This paper presents the analytical basis for these results, and discusses the effect of internal resonances on the nonlinear coupled response at zero gravity.
Bayesian nonparametric centered random effects models with variable selection

In a linear mixed effects model, it is common practice to assume that the random effects follow a parametric distribution such as a normal distribution with mean zero. However, in the case of variable selection, substantial violation of the normality assumption can potentially impact the subset selection and result in poor interpretation and even incorrect results. In nonparametric random effects models, the random effects generally have a nonzero mean, which causes an identifiability problem for the fixed effects that are paired with the random effects. In this article, we focus on a Bayesian method for variable selection. We characterize the subject-specific random effects nonparametrically with a Dirichlet process and resolve the bias simultaneously. In particular, we propose flexible modeling of the conditional distribution of the random effects with changes across the predictor space. The approach is implemented using a stochastic search Gibbs sampler to identify subsets of fixed effects and random effects to be included in the model. Simulations are provided to evaluate and compare the performance of our approach to the existing ones. We then apply the new approach to a real data example, cross-country and interlaboratory rodent uterotrophic bioassay.
Eponyms in cardiothoracic radiology: part III--interstitium.

Eponyms serve the purpose of honoring individuals who have made important observations and discoveries. As with other fields of medicine, eponyms are frequently encountered in radiology, particularly in chest radiology. However, inappropriate use of an eponym may lead to potentially dangerous miscommunication. Moreover, an eponym may honor the incorrect person or a person who falls into disrepute. Despite their limitations, eponyms are still widespread in the medical literature. Furthermore, in some circumstances, more than one individual may have contributed to the description or discovery of a particular anatomical structure or disease, whereas in others, an eponym may have been incorrectly applied initially and propagated for years in the medical literature. Nevertheless, radiologic eponyms are a means of honoring those who have made lasting contributions to the field of radiology, and familiarity with these eponyms is critical for proper reporting and accurate communication. In addition, the acquisition of some historical knowledge about those whose names are associated with various structures or pathologic conditions conveys a sense of humanity in the science of medicine. In this third installment of this series, the authors discuss a number of chest radiology eponyms as they relate to the pulmonary interstitium, including relevant clinical and imaging features, as well biographical information of the respective eponym׳s namesake.
New Confidence Intervals and Bias Comparisons Show That Maximum Likelihood Can Beat Multiple Imputation in Small Samples

When analyzing incomplete data, is it better to use multiple imputation (MI) or full information maximum likelihood (ML)? In large samples ML is clearly better, but in small samples ML’s usefulness has been limited because ML commonly uses normal test statistics and confidence intervals that require large samples. We propose small-sample t-based ML confidence intervals that have good coverage and are shorter than t-based confidence intervals under MI. We also show that ML point estimates are less biased and more efficient than MI point estimates in small samples of bivariate normal data. With our new confidence intervals, ML should be preferred over MI, even in small samples, whenever both options are available.
Closed-Form Solutions to the Spherical Joint Attachment Problem

This paper presents closed-form solutions to the problem of defining the attachment of a spherical joint (a ball and socket) in a spatial linkage. The defined attachment should minimize the opening angle of the socket, maximizing the ball retention capability. Previous solutions to this problem have used iterative searching techniques, which are computationally intense. In this paper the problem is reformulated as a surface fitting problem. Two formulations are presented, both of which require the solution of the associated eigenvalue problems. The eigenvectors correspond to the central axis of symmetry for the socket opening. A numerical example is presented to compare the results obtained by these formulations with those available in the literature.
Immunodeficiency in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia after completion of modern aggressive chemotherapeutic regimens.

Objective To determine the prevalence, duration, and a potential cause of humoral defect(s) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at least 1 year after completion of chemotherapy. Study design Antibody titers for mumps, rubeola, rubella, tetanus and diptheria toxoid, poliovirus serotypes 1, 2,and 3, Haemophilus influenzae type b, varicella, and hepatitis B were obtained from 100 children with ALL. Children with non-protective titers to these microbial antigens were re-vaccinated and re-studied after anamnestic vaccine challenge. Results The percent of children with ALL who had protective titers was markedly less than that anticipated for immunized control subjects. Longitudinally, many titers fluctuate between protective and non-protective antibody responses after re-immunization. The chemotherapy protocol used did not affect the ability of these children to express protective antibody responses. T-, B-, and NK-cell numbers and proliferative responses to mitogens were all normal. Age correlated with titer results for certain vaccines. Conclusions Children in remission from ALL have a high prevalence of humoral immune defects that are not related to any specific chemotherapy regimen. This antibody deficiency may place children with ALL at risk for the development of these bacterial and viral diseases, even after completion of chemotherapy. Pediatricians, oncologists, or both should periodically monitor humoral immunity after chemotherapy and re-vaccinate these children, as needed, to ensure prolonged immunoprotection.
Transformaciones del sistema de salud público post reforma AUGE-GES en Valparaíso

La Reforma de Salud emprendida en el ano 2005 tiene como su principal componente el Plan AUGE-GES. Pese a que su proposito fundamental ha sido mejorar la equidad en el acceso a la atencion, esta politica no ha sido evaluada de manera integral. El presente estudio forma parte de una investigacion mayor de caracter nacional, con el objetivo de caracterizar la implementacion de la politica de salud desde la perspectiva regional, a nivel de servicios de salud, de hospitales y otros organismos en relacion a la reorganizacion estructural. Para ello se utilizo metodologia de investigacion cualitativa, efectuandose 42 entrevistas semiestructuradas a informantes clave (regionales y locales) a las cuales se realizo analisis de contenido. Los resultados senalan que la implementacion de la Reforma AUGEGES en Valparaiso es valorada positivamente por todos los actores al compararla con la situacion previa a la Reforma. Tanto las garantias no cumplidas como las listas de espera NO GES son resultados criticados. Se percibe una “augizacion” de la politica. Los equipos de los tres niveles de atencion han sido tensionados y enfocados a la atencion curativa, postergando las actividades de prevencion y promocion de la salud. El GES se visualiza como una estrategia de priorizacion que ha aumentado la exclusion de grupos poblacionales. Los derechos de las personas son restringidos a los derechos propios de consumidores. En base a estos resultados, es posible concluir que la Reforma AUGE-GES no ha cumplido cabalmente con la finalidad de promover el acceso equitativo a la atencion en salud.
Router designs for elastic buffer on-chip networks

This paper explores the design space of elastic buffer (EB) routers by evaluating three representative designs. We propose an enhanced two-stage EB router which maximizes throughput by achieving a 42% reduction in cycle time and 20% reduction in occupied area by using look-ahead routing and replacing the three-slot output EBs in the baseline router of [17] with two-slot EBs. We also propose a singlestage router which merges the two pipeline stages to avoid pipelining overhead. This design reduces zero-load latency by 24% compared to the enhanced two-stage router if both are operated at the same clock frequency; moreover, the single-stage router reduces the required energy per transferred bit and occupied area by 29% and 30% respectively, compared to the enhanced two-stage router. However, the cycle time of the enhanced two-stage router is 26% smaller than that of the single-stage router.
Prolactin and breast cancer risk.

Abstract Prolactin, a hormone involved in normal breast development and lactation, has been hypothesized to be important in the etiology of breast cancer. This review summarizes in vitro, animal, and epidemiologic data supporting this hypothesis. Experimental evidence indicates that prolactin can promote cell proliferation and survival, increase cell motility, and support tumor vascularization. Animal data suggest that prolactin can increase tumor growth rates and the number of metastases, as well as induce both estrogen receptor +(ER) and ER− tumors in a transgenic mouse model in which ER+ tumors are very rare. Epidemiologic data for premenopausal women are sparse; however a recent study with 235 cases reported a significant positive association between plasma prolactin levels and breast cancer risk. Studies in postmenopausal women have reported a positive association as well, and in the largest study ( n =851 cases) the association was strongest for ER+ tumors. Overall, the available data support the hypothesis that prolactin increases risk of breast cancer. Future research directions include better characterizing the potential interplay between prolactin and estrogen and determining whether genetic variability in prolactin-related genes is associated with breast cancer risk.
Investigation of Ion Beam Mixing of Iron Marker Layers in Aluminum Oxide by RBS

Thin films made with a thin embedded marker layer of iron or iron oxide in amorphous alumina were ion mixed with 210 key Ar over a temperature range of RT to 750[degrees]C in vacuum. The dose range was 5[times]10[sup 15]-7[times]10[sup 16]ions/cm[sup 2] with an average dose rate of 4.5[times]10[sup 12]ionS/cm[sup 2]-sec. The resulting marker distributions were analyzed using RBS. Spreading of the iron RBS peak due to mixing into the alumina matrix was observed in the Fe[sub 2]O[sub 3] marker samples and was clearly seen to be a function of temperature (>400[degrees]C) and dose, whereas for the Fe marker sample, no such temperature dependence was observed. An activation energy for the thermally assisted ion mixing in the Fe[sub 2]O[sub 3] marker sample was determined to be 0.69 eV in comparison to an activation energy of 1.77 eV for samples that underwent only a thermal treatment.
Global Distribution of Hot Towers in Tropical Cyclones Based on 11-Yr TRMM Data

Global distribution of hot towers in tropicalcyclones (TCs) is statistically quantifiedusing an 11-yr Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Tropical Cyclone Precipitation Feature (TCPF) database. From 6003 individual TRMM overpasses of 869 TCs, about 1.6% of TC convective systems are found to penetrate 14 km and about 0.1% of them even reach the 380-K potential temperature level. Among six TC-prone basins, the highest population of TC convective systems and those with hot towers are found over the northwest Pacific (NWP) basin. However, the greatest percentage of TCPFs that are hot towers [overshooting TCPFs (OTCPFs)] is found over the North Indian Ocean basin. Larger overshooting distance and ice mass are also found in this basin. The monthly variation of OTCPFs resembles that of TC activities in each basin. The percentageof OTCPFsis much higherin the inner core (IC) region(10%) thanthat in the inner rainband (IB; 2%) and outer rainband (OB; 1%) regions. OTCPFs in the IC region have much larger overshooting distance,area,volume,andicemassthanthoseintheIBandOBregions.ThepercentageofOTCPFsintheIC region increases as both TC intensity and intensification rate increase. About 17% of IC features in rapidly intensifyingstorms penetrateover 14 km, whilethe percentageis down to 11% for slowlyintensifying,9% for neutral, and 8% for weakening storms. A very good linear relationship is found between TC intensification rate and the percentage of TCPFs that are hot towers in the IC region.
Recent Developments on the Muon-Facility Design-Code ICOOL

Current ideas for designing neutrino factories and muon colliders require unique configurations of fields and materials to prepare the muon beam for acceleration [1,2]. We have continued the development of the 3-D tracking code ICOOL for examining possible system configurations [3]. Development of the ICOOL code began in 1996 in order to simulate the process of ionization cooling. This required tracking in magnetic focusing lattices, together with interactions in shaped materials that must be placed in the beam path. Eventually the early linear cooling channels evolved into cooling rings. In addition the facilities require many other novel beam manipulations besides ionization cooling, such as pion collection in a high field solenoid, rf phase rotation, and acceleration in FFAG rings. We describe some of the new features that have been incorporated in ICOOL for handling these requirements. A suite of auxiliary codes have also been developed for pre-processing, post-processing, and optimization.
Properties and Tentative Identification of the Strongly UV-Absorbing Surface Constituent on Triton

Abstract A combination of groundbased, Voyager-imaging, and International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) data have shown Triton's lightcurve amplitude sharply and monotonically increases into the ultraviolet. This signature is interpreted here as evidence for a previously unidentified UV surface absorber whose spatial distribution causes Triton to become increasingly contrasty toward the blue and ultraviolet. In this context, we interpret Voyager 2 color data from 5600 to 3500 A showing a sharply decreasing reflectance in Triton's equatorial regions (Smith et al. 1989, 246, 1422-1449) as evidence that the UV absorber is located in this region. To derive the quantitative reflectance properties of this absorber, we adopt a two-component reflectance model. In this model the primary component is a bright, neutrally colored frost, like CH 4 and N 2 . The UV absorber is the remaining reflectance component, whose properties we solve for to fit the data. The properties of the UV absorber derived in this way imply it (i) is highly reflective in the visible, (ii) exhibits an absorption edge around 3500 A, and (iii) is poorly reflecting at 2750 A. A search of spectral databases reveals that only NaCl, NaNO 3 , and SO 2 match these constraints. We consider SO 2 to be the most likely candidate and identify several key observational tests of the SO 2 hypothesis. If confirmed, SO 2 frost would provide chemical evidence for volcanism on Triton.
Transient Photoconductivity Studies of a-Si:H Interfaces

The application of transient photoconductivity to the study of contacts and interfaces with a-Si:H is reviewed. The photocurrent is shown to contain three terms — one from the drift of photogenerated carriers, and two from contact and bulk effects due to the electric field induced by the drifting carriers. For different sample configurations, each of these terms can dominate, and each gives different information about a-Si:H bulk or surface electronic properties. The effects are illustrated with data from metal contacts, dielectric interfaces, doped layers and gap cell measurements.
Simulating Multiple Micro-Aerial Vehicles and a Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Urban Terrain Using MultiUAV2

Much of modern warfare is conducted in built-up areas. This has created challenges in detecting and tracking potential targets. Because of their size micro-aerial vehicles (MAVs) can be used to get in close to identify and track targets. The ability of MAVs to perform visual surveillance of \over-the-horizon" targets is limited by their range. The MAV’s usefulness can be enhanced by releasing them from small uninhabited aerial vehicles (SUAVs) over the urban area. This paper details the components necessary to simulate MAVs being dropped into urban areas, in teams, to perform surveillance on pre-identifled targets. The mission is explained. After that we describe MultiUAV2, the MAV and SUAV dynamics models, the mission sensor, and the urban terrain model, and the built-up area wind model.