cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential Expression of K4-AP Currents and Kv3.1 Potassium Channel Transcripts in Cortical Neurons that Develop Distinct Firing Phenotypes

Maturation of electrical excitability during early postnatal development is critical to formation of functional neural circuitry in the mammalian neocortex. Little is known, however, about the changes in gene expression underlying the development of firing properties that characterize different classes of cortical neurons. Here we describe the development of cortical neurons with two distinct firing phenotypes, regular-spiking (RS) and fast-spiking (FS), that appear to emerge from a population of immature multiple-spiking (IMS) neurons during the first two postnatal weeks, both in vivo (within layer IV) and in vitro .W e report the expression of a slowly inactivating, 4-AP-sensitive potassium current (K4-AP) at significantly higher density in FS compared with RS neurons. The same current is expressed at intermediate levels in IMS neurons. The kinetic, voltagedependent, and pharmacological properties of the K4-AP current are similar to those observed by heterologous expression of Kv3.1 potassium channel mRNA. Single-cell RT-PCR analysis demonstrates that PCR products representing Kv3.1 transcripts are amplified more frequently from FS than RS neurons, with an intermediate frequency of Kv3.1 detection in neurons with immature firing properties. Taken together, these data suggest that the Kv3.1 gene encodes the K4-AP current and that expression of this gene is regulated in a cell-specific manner during development. Analysis of the effects of 4-AP on firing properties suggests that the K4-AP current is important for rapid action potential repolarization, fast after-hyperpolarization, brief refractory period, and high firing frequency characteristic of FS GABAergic interneurons.
Determination of the basicity of 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)metallocenes

The heat of protonation for 1,1‘-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf) and 1,1‘-bis(diphenylphosphino)ruthenocene (dppr) was determined by titration calorimetry using CF3SO3H in 1,2-dichloroethane. The −ΔHHP values are 18.8(2) kcal/mol for dppf and 19.5(3) kcal/mol for dppr. The basicity of these phosphines is lower than other bidentate phosphines. In comparison to a phenyl group, the cyclopentadienyl rings of a ferrocenyl group are more π-accepting, and therefore, the basicity of dppf and dppr is lower than that of PPh3. In addition, the heat of protonation of dppr is not significantly different from that of dppf.
Infrared Space Observatory Mapping of 60 Micron Dust Emission around Vega-Type Systems

We mapped 60 μm emission around five Vega-type systems. We utilized the PHOT-C100 far-infrared array camera on board the Infrared Space Observatory. The spatial resolution of the maps is ~30''. The maps of three sources (α CrB, σ Her, and α Cen) do not show any evidence of extended emission. The map of γ Oph shows marginal hints of extended emission ~30'' (800 AU) from the star. The map of α PsA shows extended emission ~30''-80'' (~210-560 AU) from the star. This location, together with α PsA's characteristic IRAS temperature of 58-75 K, suggest the observed dust grains around α PsA are up to ~10 μm in size. We estimate the mass of dust grains emitting the IRAS 60 μm excess of α PsA to be ~(2-6) ×10−3 M.
An Ontology of a Backflip

I use the Deleuze and Guattari geo-philosophical “Plateau 11. 1837: Of the Refrain” to map the conditions of the emergence of a particular territorial refrain: a backflip. Using a research encounte...
State Courts and the Presumption Against Banking Preemption

This Note contributes an analysis of recent banking preemption decisions in federal and state courts paying particular attention to the deployment of the presumption against preemption. Given the little-discussed role of state courts in the interpretation of federal statutes, this Note provides explanations and a theoretical framework for the apparent differences between state and federal court preemption determinations. From an institutional competence and federalism-enhancing viewpoint, state court judges may be the only institutional actor capable of voicing the unique state regulatory interests at stake in preemption determinations. It is therefore not surprising that they adopt the presumption against preemption more often – and in stronger terms – than their federal counterparts. This Note first makes a policy argument for the dual banking system by highlighting the problems of regulatory arbitrage and agency capture, as recently observed during the financial crisis of 2008. I then address the salient differences between banking and other federally regulated industries also subject to preemption, arguing that the presumption against preemption is particularly apt in the banking context. Next, this Note analyzes the academic literature surrounding the presumption against preemption. I argue that the presumption is best justified as a bulwark against federal intrusion into state regulatory autonomy, particularly state common law – an interest that only a few, relatively powerless interest groups advocate for at the national level. The disjunction between state and federal court approaches to banking preemption yields the troubling result that parties may come to expect different outcomes in different venues, thereby increasing pressure for the federalization and harmonization of preemption determinations. Nevertheless, it is precisely federalism and regulatory variety that is at stake in preemption litigation.
Temperature-Dependent Strain Relaxation and Islanding of Ge/Si(111)

In order to understand Ge island nucleation and evolution, we have studied strain relaxation and clustering of Ge grown on Si(111) by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) with in situ reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). Our goal is to tailor the size and density of the nanocrystals by controlling thermodynamics and kinetics. At low temperature (∼ 450°C), we observe a sharp 2D-3D growth mode transition after 2.5ML ±0.1ML (we define a thickness of 1ML to be one-third the length of the body diagonal of the Ge conventional unit cell), when transmission diffraction features appear in RHEED and the surface lattice constant begins to relax. The mechanisms of island growth and strain relaxation change with growth temperature. At ∼ 700°C, transmission diffraction spots never appear in RHEED for Ge/Si(111) and strain relaxation occurs gradually. After 37ML of growth, the apparent in-plane lattice parameter increases only 1.5% over that of the Si substrate. This behavior is explained by the different manner in which islands initially nucleate and grow in the two temperature regimes. At low temperature, small islands nucleate and grow on a relatively rough wetting layer (which itself provides preferential sites for dislocation introduction). The areal density of the small islands is relatively high. At high temperature, a small number of islands grow very large from the outset. A general model indicates how, at low temperature, the relative difficulty of overcoming the barrier to dislocation formation actually results in an apparent larger degree of strain relief than at high temperature.
Bootstrapping a Universal Pivot When Nuisance Parameters are Estimated

In complete samples from a continuous cumulative distribution with unknown parameters, it is known that various pivotal functions can be constructed by appealing to the probability integral transform. A pivotal function (or simply pivot) is a function of the data and parameters that has the property that its distribution is free of any unknown parameters. Pivotal functions play a key role in constructing confidence intervals and hypothesis tests. If there are nuisance parameters in addition to a parameter of interest, and consistent estimators of the nuisance parameters are available, then substituting them into the pivot can preserve the pivot property while altering the pivot distribution, or may instead create a function that is approximately a pivot in the sense that its asymptotic distribution is free of unknown parameters. In this latter case, bootstrapping has been shown to be an effective way of estimating its distribution accurately and constructing confidence intervals that have more accurate co...
Observation on germicidal property of monophyletic preparation of solid chlorine dioxide disinfectant

Objective:To know the germicidal property of monophyletic preparation of solid chlorine dioxide disinfectant.Methods:Suspention quantative germicidal test and field disinfection trial method were used to carry out experimental study.Results:The killing logarithm values of Escherichia coli in suspension exposed to the disinfectant solution containing chlorine dioxide 30 mg/L for 5 min were 5.0.The killing logarithm values of Staphylococcus aureus in suspension exposed to the disinfectant solution containing chlorine dioxide 200 mg/L for 10 min were 5.0.Wiping the table surface with the disinfection solution containing chlorine dioxide 200 mg/L for 20 min were 1.40.Immersion cucumber contaminated by artificial bacteria with the disinfection solution containing chlorine dioxide 30 mg/L for 10 min were ≥3.0.Conclusion:The chlorine dioxide disinfectant has good efficacy in killing vegetative forms of bacteria.
Spiders from multiple functional guilds are exposed to Bt-endotoxins in transgenic corn fields via prey and pollen consumption

ABSTRACTA comprehensive assessment of risk to natural enemies from Bt-endotoxins from bioengineered crops must evaluate potential harm, as well as exposure pathways in non-target arthropod food webs. Despite being abundant generalist predators in agricultural fields, spiders (Araneae) have often been overlooked in the context of Bt crop risk assessment. Spiders and their prey were collected from transgenic corn fields expressing lepidopteran-specific Cry1Ab, coleopteran-specific Cry3Bb1, both proteins, and a non-transgenic near isoline. Spiders and prey were screened for Cry1Ab and Cry3Bb1 using qualitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Spiders from the three most common functional guilds, wandering sheet-tangle weavers, orb-weavers, and ground runners, tested positive for Cry1Ab and Cry3Bb1 proteins, with the highest per cent positive (8.0% and 8.3%) during and after anthesis. Laboratory feeding trials revealed that Bt-endotoxins were detectable in the Pardosa sp. (Lycosidae)-immature cricket-Bt cor...
Intravenous Amiodarone: Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and Clinical use:

ObjectiveTo review the clinical pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical efficacy and safety of intravenous amiodarone.Data IdentificationArticles were identified through a computer search of the English-language literature using MEDLINE (KR Information OnDisc) and the search term amiodarone. Additional articles were identified through examination of the bibliographies of the articles initially retrieved.Study SelectionRelevant or representative animal studies, clinical trials, and case reports were selected for evaluation. Particular emphasis was placed on studies pertaining to the use of intravenous amiodarone in treatment-refractory ventricular fibrillation (VF) and hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia (VT).Data ExtractionThe literature was assessed for adequate description of patients, study methodologies (e.g., study design, number of patients), and outcomes.Data SynthesisAmiodarone is an unusual class III antiarrhythmic that produces each of the four main types of antiarrhythmic acti...
A model of parental distress and factors that mediate its link with parental monitoring of youth diabetes care, adherence, and glycemic control.

Objective Parental monitoring of adolescents' diabetes self-care is associated with better adherence and glycemic control (A1c). A number of parent-level factors are associated with higher levels of parental monitoring, including lower levels of parental distress (depressive symptoms, stress, anxiety), as well as higher levels of parental self-efficacy for diabetes management and authoritative parenting. Often studied in isolation, these factors may be best considered simultaneously as they are interrelated and are associated with parental monitoring and youth adherence. Method Structural equation modeling with a cross-sectional sample of 257 parent/youth (aged 11-14) dyads: (a) examined a broad model of parental factors (i.e., parental distress, parental diabetes self-efficacy, authoritative parenting), and (b) assessed their relation to parental monitoring, youth adherence, and A1c. Post hoc analyses of variance (ANOVAs) evaluated clinical implications of daily parental monitoring. Results Parental distress was not related directly to parental monitoring. Instead less distress related indirectly to more monitoring via higher parental self-efficacy and more authoritative parenting which, in turn, related to better adherence and A1c. Higher parental self-efficacy also related directly to better youth adherence and then to better A1c. Clinically, more parental monitoring related to more daily blood glucose checks and to better A1c (8.48% vs. 9.17%). Conclusions A broad model of parent-level factors revealed more parental distress was linked only indirectly to less monitoring via lower parental self-efficacy and less authoritative parenting. Behaviorally, more parental monitoring related to better adherence and to clinically better A1c in adolescents. Further study of parent-level factors that relate to parental distress and monitoring of adherence appears warranted. (PsycINFO Database Record
Characterization of the Glycoprotein Stable Signal Peptide in Mediating Pichinde Virus Replication and Virulence

Arenaviruses can cause lethal hemorrhagic fevers in humans with few preventative and therapeutic measures. The arenaviral glycoprotein stable signal peptide (SSP) is unique among signal peptides in that it is an integral component of the mature glycoprotein complex (GPC) and plays important roles not only in GPC expression and processing but also in the membrane fusion process during viral entry. Using the Pichinde virus (PICV) reverse genetics system, we analyzed the effects of alanine substitutions at many conserved residues within the SSP on viral replication in cell culture and in a guinea pig infection model. Our data showed that the K33A, F49A, and C57A mutations abolished GPC-mediated cell entry and therefore could not allow for the generation of viable recombinant viruses, demonstrating that these residues are essential for the PICV life cycle. The G2A mutation caused a marked reduction of cell entry at the membrane fusion step, and while this mutant virus was viable, it was significantly attenuated in vitro and in vivo The N20A mutation also reduced membrane fusion activity and viral virulence in guinea pigs, but it did not significantly affect cell entry or viral growth in cell culture. Two other mutations (N37A and R55A) did not affect membrane fusion or viral growth in vitro but significantly reduced viral virulence in vivo Taken together, our data suggest that the GPC SSP plays an essential role in mediating viral entry and also contributes to viral virulence in vivo IMPORTANCE: Several arenaviruses, such as Lassa fever virus, can cause severe and lethal hemorrhagic fever diseases with high mortality and morbidity, and no FDA-approved vaccines or therapies are currently available. Viral entry into cells is mediated by arenavirus GPC that consists of an SSP, the receptor-binding GP1, and transmembrane GP2 protein subunits. Using a reverse genetics system of a prototypic arenavirus, Pichinde virus (PICV), we have shown for the first time in the context of virus infections of cell culture and of guinea pigs that the SSP plays an essential role in mediating the membrane fusion step as well as in other yet-to-be-determined processes during viral infection. Our study provides important insights into the biological roles of GPC SSP and implicates it as a good target for the development of antivirals against deadly human arenavirus pathogens.
Enabling room temperature sodium metal batteries

Abstract Rechargeable batteries based upon sodium (Na+) cations are at the core of many new battery chemistries beyond Li-ion batteries. Rather than using carbon or alloy-based anodes, the direct utilization of solid sodium metal as an anode would be highly advantageous, but its use has been highly problematic due to its high reactivity. In this work, it is demonstrated that, by tailoring the electrolyte formulation, solid Na metal can be electrochemically plated/stripped at ambient temperature with high efficiency (>99%) on both copper and inexpensive aluminum current collectors thereby enabling a shift in focus to new battery chemical couples based upon Na metal operating at ambient temperature. These highly concentrated electrolytes have enabled excellent cycling stability of Na metal batteries using Na metal anode and Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode at high rates with very high efficiency.
Defining Hand Stereotypies in Rett Syndrome: A Movement Disorders Perspective.

Abstract Introduction Hand stereotypies (HS) are a primary diagnostic criterion for Rett syndrome (RTT) but are difficult to characterize and quantify systematically. Methods We collected video on 27 girls (2-12 years of age) with classic RTT who participated in a mecasermin trial. The present study focused exclusively on video analyses, by reviewing two five-minute windows per subject to identify the two most common HS. Three raters with expertise in movement disorders independently rated the five-minute windows using standardized terminology to determine the level of agreement. We iteratively refined the protocol in three stages to improve descriptive accuracy, categorizing HS as "central" or "peripheral," "simple" or "complex," scoring each hand separately. Inter-rater agreement was analyzed using Kappa statistics. Results In the initial protocol evaluating HS by video, inter-rater agreement was 20.7%. In the final protocol, inter-rater agreement for the two most frequent HS was higher than the initial protocol at 50%. Conclusion Phenotypic variability makes standardized evaluation of HS in RTT a challenge; we achieved only 50% level of agreement and only for the most frequent HS. Therefore, objective measures are needed to evaluate HS.
Hospital trauma level's association with outcomes for injured pregnant women and their neonates in Washington state, 1995-2012.

Background: Trauma occurs in 8% of all pregnancies. To date, no studies have evaluated the effect of the hospital's trauma designation level as it relates to birth outcomes for injured pregnant women. Methods: This population-based, retrospective cohort study evaluated the association between trauma designation levels and injured pregnancy birth outcomes. We linked Washington State Birth and Fetal Death Certificate data and the Washington State Comprehensive Hospital Abstract Recording System. Injury was identified using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision injury diagnosis and external causation codes. The association was analyzed using logistic regression to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: We identified 2492 injured pregnant women. Most birth outcomes studied, including placental abruption, induction of labor, premature rupture of membranes, cesarean delivery, maternal death, gestational age 9, treated at trauma Level 1–2 hospitals, had an aOR of low birth weight, Conclusions: The majority of birth outcomes for injured patients had no association with hospitalization at a Level 1–2 compared to a Level 3–4 trauma center.
Maximum-Likelihood Estimation of Scintillation Pulse Timing

Including time-of-flight information in positron emission tomography reconstruction increases the signal-to-noise ratio if the timing information is sufficiently accurate. We estimate timing information by analyzing sampled waveforms, where the sampling frequency and number of samples acquired affect the accuracy of timing estimation. An efficient data-acquisition system acquires the minimum number of samples that contains the most timing information for a desired resolution. We describe a maximum-likelihood (ML) estimation algorithm to assign a time stamp to digital pulses. The method is based on a contracting-grid search algorithm that can be implemented in a field-programmable gate array and in graphics processing units. The Fisher-information (FI) matrix quantifies the amount of timing information that can be extracted from the waveforms. FI analyses on different segments of the waveform allow us to determine the smallest amount of data that we need to acquire in order to obtain a desired timing resolution. We describe the model and the procedure used to simulate waveforms for ML estimation and FI analysis, the ML-estimation algorithm and the timing resolution obtained from experimental data using a LaBr3:Ce crystal and two photomultiplier tubes. The results show that for lengthening segments of the pulse, timing resolution approaches a limit. We explored the method as a function of sampling frequency and compared the results to other digital time pickoff methods. This information will be used to build an efficient data-acquisition system with reduced complexity and cost that nonetheless preserves full timing performance.
SOCIAL CLASS BACKGROUND, SEXUAL ATTITUDES, AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN A HETEROSEXUAL UNDERGRADUATE SAMPLE

To further the understanding of the relationship between social class and sexual attitudes and behavior, we present data from a study of undergraduate students. We look at the education of students' fathers and how it relates to students' sexual profiles. Among the men, some traditional social class differences are found, indicating that class differences persist among some upwardly mobile men. For the women, fewer social class differences appear. Further, we compare our 1992 sample of 554 college students, 19-22 years old, with a university sample of 904 similar age students from 1967, and find our sample more coitally experienced. College students today are following norms that in the past were associated with a lower educational level. Implications of our findings for class convergence theory are addressed. Reliable birth control, gains in equality by women, and the sexual images of television and other media are discussed as major factors contributing to the increased sexual permissiveness among university students of the 1990s.
Dimethoxy-etomidate: A Nonhypnotic Etomidate Analog that Potently Inhibits Steroidogenesis.

Cushing’s syndrome is characterized by the overproduction of adrenocortical steroids. Steroidogenesis inhibitors are mainstays of medical therapy for Cushing’s syndrome; unfortunately, adverse side effects and treatment failures are common with currently available drugs. The general anesthetic induction agent etomidate is among the most potent inhibitors of adrenocortical steroidogenesis. However, its use as a treatment of Cushing’s syndrome is complicated by its sedative-hypnotic activity and ability to produce myoclonus, central nervous system actions thought to be mediated by the GABAA receptor. Here, we describe the pharmacology of the novel etomidate analog (R)-ethyl 1-(1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate (dimethoxy-etomidate). In contrast to etomidate, dimethoxy-etomidate minimally enhanced GABA-evoked GABAA receptor–mediated currents even at a near-saturating aqueous concentration. In Sprague-Dawley rats, dimethoxy-etomidate’s potency for producing loss of righting reflexes—an animal model of sedation/hypnosis—was 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of etomidate, and it did not produce myoclonus. However, similar to etomidate, dimethoxy-etomidate potently suppressed adrenocortical steroid synthesis primarily by inhibiting 11β-hydroxylase. [3H]etomidate binding to rat adrenocortical membranes was inhibited by dimethoxy-etomidate in a biphasic manner with IC50 values of 8.2 and 3970 nM, whereas that by etomidate was monophasic with an IC50 of 22 nM. Our results demonstrate that, similar to etomidate, dimethoxy-etomidate potently and dose-dependently suppresses adrenocortical steroid synthesis by inhibiting 11β-hydroxylase. However, it is essentially devoid of etomidate’s GABAA receptor positive modulatory and sedative-hypnotic activities and produces no myoclonus, providing proof of concept for the design of etomidate analogs without important central nervous system actions for the pharmacologic treatment of Cushing’s syndrome.
Girls, Violence, and Delinquency

Every year, girls account for one out of four arrests of young people in America (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1995, p. 226). Despite this, the young women who find themselves in the juvenile justice system either by formal arrest or by referral1 are almost completely invisible. Our stereotype of the juvenile delinquent is so indisputably male that the general public, those experts whose careers in criminology have been built studying “delinquency”, and those practitioners working with delinquent youth rarely if ever consider girls and their problems.
Improved max-sum algorithm for DCOP with n-ary constraints

Many distributed constraint optimization (DCOP) algorithms include nodes' local maximization operation that searches for the optimal variable assignment in a limited context. When the variable domain is discrete, this operation is exponential in the number of associated variables and thus computationally challenging. McAuley's recent work on efficient inference implements this maximization operator such that in most cases only a small set of values is examined without loss of accuracy. We increase the applicability of such approach to DCOP in the three following ways. First, we extend it to non-pairwise graphs with better computational expected complexity. Second, we remove the requirement for offline sorting, which often is not realistic in many DCOP domains, while keeping the same complexity. Third, we provide a correlation measure to determine dynamically the appropriate cases to apply the technique since its efficiency is sensitive to characteristics of the data sets. We combine this technique with the Max-Sum algorithm and verify empirically that our approach provides significant time savings over the standard Max-Sum algorithm.
Introducing Computer Simulation into the High School: An Applied Mathematics Curriculum.

The foci for mathematics education in the 1980s have been clearly stated by the public, as reported in the Priorities in School Mathematics project (Suydam and Higgins 1980). Two areas high on the agenda are problem solving and integrating computers into the curriculum. New sec ondary level materials, Introduction to Sim ulation: The System Dynamics Approach, funded by a grant from the U.S. Office of Education (Grant #G007903439), address both of these issues and are currently being negotiated with commercial publishers. Simulation is a way of analyzing prob lems by using a representation or model of a situation and then exercising the model to see how it behaves under different circum stances. Originally, the word simulate meant to imitate or feign. A simulation im itates a real system by using some kind of model. As a simplified representation of a system, the model aids one in understand ing how the system operates. A simulation model may be a physical model, a mental conception, a mathematical model, or a computer model. Many simulations involve physical mod els. The United States Army Corps of En gineers has constructed a physical model of the Mississippi River to study ways of less ening the impact of flooding. Wind tunnels and wave tanks are other forms of simula tion in which a physical model is used to imitate a larger system. Since physical models are often rela tively expensive to build and unwieldy to move, mathematical models are often pre ferred. In a mathematical model, symbols or equations represent the relationships in the system. To perform a simulation, the calculations indicated by the model are performed over and over. If these calcu lations have to be performed by hand, sim ulation can be time consuming and costly. In the last forty years, computer simula tion has replaced simulation using hand calculation. With the development of com puters, the cost of arithmetic computations has halved approximately every two years and is likely to decline at this rate for at least another decade. This decline means that simulation, once a rare and expensive way of solving problems, is now very in expensive.
Do Vaccine Ingredients Cause Adverse Events

Certain ingredients that are present in some vaccines (other than disease-specific antigens), such as gelatin or neomycin, can very rarely cause severe hypersensitivity reactions (e.g. anaphylaxis) in vaccinees with those specific allergies. In addition, some adjuvants can cause increased rates of local reactions, and alum containing adjuvants can cause nodules at the injection site. Vaccine ingredients, including the preservative thimerosal, do not cause autism. Ingredients in vaccines currently routinely recommended to the general population in the U.S. have not been shown to cause any other adverse events.
CORRELATION BETWEEN STANDARD PLATE COUNT AND FOUR DIRECT MICROSCOPIC COUNT PROCEDURES FOR MILK

Summary The standard plate count (SPC-32 C) and the direct microscopic count (DMC) of samples of commercially pasteurized milk inoculated with pure cultures of actively growing (18–24 hr growth) ba...
Recent Development of Wnt Signaling Pathway Inhibitors for Cancer Therapeutics

Review current understanding of both canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling in cancer and provide updated knowledge in current clinical trials of Wnt signaling drugs. Important roles of both canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling in cancer have been increasingly recognized. Recent clinical trials of several Wnt-signaling drugs have showed promising outcomes. In addition, some drugs that were originally approved for the treatment of other diseases have been recently found to block Wnt signaling, highlighting their potential to treat Wnt-dependent cancer. Dysfunction of Wnt signaling is implicated in cancer, and targeting Wnt signaling represents a useful approach to treat cancer. Current clinical trials of Wnt signaling drugs have showed promising outcomes, and repurposing the previously approved drugs for other diseases to treat Wnt-dependent cancer requires further studies.
Surveys and Polling: Ethical Aspects

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by E. Singer, volume 22, pp. 15314–15318, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
1923-P: Quantitative Measurement of Whole-Body Glycogen Metabolism and Gluconeogenic Flux

Circulating glucose levels are maintained during fasting by endogenous production of glucose through: 1) the breakdown of glycogen and 2) from gluconeogenesis. Recently published work from our lab has utilized stable isotope tracing with cutting edge LC-MS methods to determine metabolic fluxes in vivo. During these studies we observed a surprising lack of labeling in glycolytic intermediates in the majority of tissues when infusing 13 C-glucose. Based on these results we hypothesized that glycogen metabolism and gluconeogenesis were active in more tissues than was previously thought. To gain a holistic understanding of glycolysis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis in vivo, we performed a series of intravenous infusions to determine the flux through these pathways. To measure the contribution of glycogen breakdown to glycolytic intermediate we performed pulse chase infusions of glucose (16h pulse of glucose infusion followed by an 8-hour chase with no infusion) and measured labeling in key glycolytic intermediates. To determine contribution from gluconeogenic, we infused stable isotope labeled lactate, glycerol, alanine, and glutamine. Finally, by utilizing a linear algebra approach to account for substrate interconversion, we were able to determine the direct contribution of glucose, glycogen breakdown, and different gluconeogenic substrates to glycolytic intermediate in 11 tissues. Disclosure T. TeSlaa: None. Funding National Institutes of Health
Treatment of Arm Swelling in Hemodialysis Patients with Ipsilateral Arteriovenous Access and Central Vein Stenosis: Conversion to the Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow Graft versus Stent Deployment

Abstract Purpose To compare outcomes after conversion of arteriovenous (AV) access to Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow (HeRO) graft vs stent deployment in patients with arm swelling owing to ipsilateral central vein stenosis. Materials and Methods This single-center retrospective study comprised 48 patients (19 men, mean age 58 y) with arm swelling ipsilateral to AV access and central vein stenosis over a 13-year period who had clinical follow-up and without prior central stents. Twenty-one patients underwent placement of a HeRO graft with anastomosis of the HeRO graft to the existing graft or fistula, and 27 patients underwent central venous stent deployment. Symptomatic improvement in arm swelling and access patency rates after intervention were ascertained from medical records. Results Improvement in swelling within 1 month after HeRO conversion and stent deployment was found in 95% and 89%, respectively (P = .62). Swelling eventually recurred in 16 patients (59%) treated with stents compared with 1 patient (5%) who underwent HeRO conversion (P Conclusions Although stent deployment and HeRO graft conversion are effective for alleviating arm swelling in the short term in patients receiving hemodialysis with clinically significant arm swelling and functioning AV access, the HeRO graft has more durable results.
Glycerol-3-phosphate mediates rhizobia-induced systemic signaling in soybean.

Glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) is a well-known mobile regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which provides broad spectrum systemic immunity in response to localized foliar pathogenic infections. We show that G3P-derived foliar immunity is also activated in response to genetically-regulated incompatible interactions with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Using gene knock-down we show that G3P is essential for strain-specific exclusion of non-desirable root-nodulating bacteria and the associated foliar pathogen immunity in soybean. Grafting studies show that while recognition of rhizobium incompatibility is root driven, bacterial exclusion requires G3P biosynthesis in the shoot. Biochemical analyses support shoot-to-root transport of G3P during incompatible rhizobia interaction. We describe a root-shoot-root signaling mechanism which simultaneously enables the plant to exclude non-desirable nitrogen-fixing rhizobia in the root and pathogenic microbes in the shoot. Movement of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) promotes systemic resistance following local pathogen infections. Here the authors show that rootward movement of shoot-synthesized G3P occurs in response to root-recognition of incompatible rhizobia and promotes exclusion of non-desirable bacteria in roots.
Increased Functional Coupling between VTA and Hippocampus during Rest in First-Episode Psychosis.

Abstract Animal models suggest that interactions between the hippocampus and ventral tegmental area (VTA) underlie the onset and etiology of psychosis. While a large body of research has separately characterized alterations in hippocampal and VTA function in psychosis, alterations across the VTA and hippocampus have not been characterized in first-episode psychosis (FEP). As the phase of psychosis most proximal to conversion, studies specifically focused on FEP are valuable to psychosis research. Here, we characterize alterations in VTA-hippocampal interactions across male and female human participants experiencing their first episode of psychosis using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI). In comparison to age and sex matched healthy controls (HCs), FEP individuals had significantly greater VTA-hippocampal functional coupling but significantly less VTA-striatal functional coupling. Further, increased VTA-hippocampal functional coupling in FEP correlated with individual differences in psychosis-related symptoms. Together, these findings demonstrate alterations in mesolimbic-hippocampal circuits in FEP and extend prominent animal models of psychosis.
Pulmonary Rehabilitation and Its Role in Long-Term COVID-19 Recovery

Coronavirus - 2019 (COVID-19)-a respiratory syndrome caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV2)-is responsible for the world's latest pandemic unlike any seen since the 1980s HIV/AIDs pandemic. While significant effort has been made towards acute management, long-term management has received less attention. To address this, our study identified patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and recorded the time to enrollment into a formal pulmonary rehabilitation program at an academic center;the differences in time allowed us to assess whether earlier enrollment led to differences in physiologic and psychologic outcomes. First, we hypothesize that enrollment into a pulmonary rehabilitation program is essential to a patient's long term treatment and management of post-infectious, chronic COVID-19 symptoms. Second, we aim to demonstrate that early participation leads to improvements in dyspnea, anxiety and depression as supported by the UCSD SOBQ, GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores respectively. Through chart review, we collected data from 24 patients enrolled in a post-COVID recovery program centered around pulmonary rehabilitation at an academic medical center in Texas. We administered: (1) pulmonary function test (PFT);(2) University of California - San Diego (UCSD) Dyspnea Questionnaire;and (3) six-minute walk (6MW) tests when a patient entered and completed the program. We used this data to assess for subjective and objective changes in respiratory function postrehabilitation. To analyze the indirect benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation on mental health effects of COVID-19, we used the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD7) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9) questionnaires to evaluate a patients' anxiety and depression respectively at the same time points. Our results showed that it took patients an average 67.8 days to initiate rehabilitation after initial diagnosis. 13 of 24 patients began rehab earlier than the average and had an average decrease in UCSD SOBQ score of 35.6 and 6MW increase of 64.5 m compared to the group averages of 17.8 and 74.7 m respectively. The average initial GAD7 and PHQ9 scores were 6.7 and 8.7, with an average decrease of 1.5 and 2.2 respectively. Through our study, we highlight the benefit of early initiation of pulmonary rehabilitation in the post-COVID 19 recovery period. Through both subjective and objective measurements of patient respiratory function and mental health, our study supports inclusion and standardization of early pulmonary rehabilitation as a component of COVID-19 recovery.
Risk Stratification for Imminent Risk of Death at the Time of Palliative Radiotherapy Consultation.

Palliative radiotherapy (RT) is frequently an effective treatment option for patients with advanced cancer; however, a substantial proportion will receive RT at the end of life.1 Prognostic tools, including the TEACHH (Type of cancer, ECOG [Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group] performance status, Age, prior palliative Chemotherapy, prior Hospitalizations, and Hepatic metastases),2 the model developed by Chow et al,3 and NEAT (Number of active tumors, ECOG performance status, Albumin, primary Tumor)4 models, can help guide decision-making to better align treatment intensity and prognosis. However, these may not generalize to all clinical scenarios, particularly for patients at imminent risk of death.5 Given this important unmet clinical need, we sought to identify prognostic criteria for 30-day mortality among patients with metastatic cancer undergoing palliative RT at our institution.
Revealing the racial and spatial disparity in pediatric asthma: A Kansas City case study.

Black and other socially disadvantaged children are disproportionately burdened by high rates of pediatric asthma. Intraurban variation in environmental risk factors and limited access to high-resolution health data make it difficult to identify vulnerable patients, communities, or the immediate exposures that may contribute to pediatric asthma exacerbation. This article presents a novel, interdisciplinary health disparities research and intervention strategy applied to the problem of pediatric asthma in Kansas City. First, address-level electronic health records from a major children's hospital in the Kansas City region are used to map the distribution of asthma encounters in 2012 at a high spatial resolution. Census tract Environmental Justice Screening Method (EJSM) indicators are then developed to scan for patterns in both the population health risks and vulnerabilities that may contribute to the burden of asthma in different communities. A Bayesian Profile Regression cluster analysis is used to systematically explore the complex relationships between census tract EJSM indicators and pediatric asthma incidence rates, helping to identify population characteristics and risk factors associated with both high and low rates of pediatric asthma throughout the region. The EJSM scanning exercise and BPR analysis demonstrate that each community faces a distinct set of risks and vulnerabilities that can contribute to the rate of acute pediatric asthma acute care encounters, providing targets for research and intervention. It is clear, however, that different forms of social disadvantage are driving high rates of pediatric asthma, which is closely tied to uneven development patterns and racial residential segregation. The results provide a starting point for designing place-based health disparities research and intervention strategies catered to the unique needs of vulnerable patients and communities; disparities-focused research and intervention strategies that leverage local knowledge and resources through community-based practices.
Evaluation of the effects of anti-VEGF therapy in a multidisciplinary phase I/II study of neoadjuvant bevacizumab with chemoradiation therapy in rectal cancer

LB-304 Abstract LB-304 has been selected for inclusion in the AACR’s Annual Meeting press program and is therefore embargoed until date and time of press briefing or scientific presentation, whichever comes first. The abstract is scheduled for scientific presentation and will be posted to this site at or after the following date and time: 4/15/2008 1:00 PM.
Hypoxia and the unfolded protein response.

Abstract Tumor hypoxia refers to the development of regions within solid tumors in which the oxygen concentration is lower (0–3%) compared to that in most normal tissues (4–9%) (Vaupel and Hockel, 2000). Considerable experimental and clinical evidence exists supporting the notion that hypoxia fundamentally alters the physiology of the tumor towards a more aggressive phenotype (Hockel and Vaupel, 2001). Therefore, delineating the mechanisms by which hypoxia affects tumor physiology at the cellular and molecular levels will be crucial for a better understanding of tumor development and metastasis and for designing better antitumor modalities.
Enhancement of Robot Accuracy using Endpoint Feedback and a Macro-Micro Manipulator System

The problem of robot positioning accuracy is caused primarily by unmeasured deflections of the structure and poor actuator servo resolution. This is particulary troublesome when large manipulators and payloads are considered. This paper presents an approach to this problem based on the use of a direct enpoint position and orientation measurement. While this insures accurate measurement of endpoint errors, it is still difficult for most manipulators to accurately make fine movements. To address this problem the concept of a micromanipulator mounted on the end of the large manipulator is forwarded. A full scale prototype micromanipulator was fabricated and tested to verify the feasibility of such a device. To make the control of such a device tractable it is proposed to design the control assuming no dynamic coupling between the macro and micro manipulator. This approach was invetigated by simulation and experimentation and it is found to work well provided the bandwidth of the micromanipulator is kept below the fundamental frequency of vibration of the basic robot structure.
Dihydroorotate-dependent superoxide production in rat brain and liver. A function of the primary dehydrogenase.

Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase in rat brain mitochondria is capable of producing superoxide. The presence of a superoxide dismutase activity in brain mitochondria, similar to that found in mitochondria from chicken liver, suggests that production of superoxide may occur in vivo. Formation of superoxide is not dependent upon reduction of cytochrome b, rather, superoxide production is competitive with cytochrome b reduction. Phenazine methosulfate apparently competes with both oxygen (superoxide production) and cytochrome b as an electron carrier but does not enhance reduction of dichlorophenolindophenol or cytochrome c.
The influence of pregnancy on the location of the center of gravity, postural stability, and body alignment

Abstract 1. The anteriorly unbalancing load of pregnancy causes a temporary overcompensation which displaces, backward, the average location of the vertical projection of the center of gravity in the sagittal plane. 2. Pregnancy appears to be associated with no alteration in the subject's normal sinistral asymmetry of stance. 3. The multijointed segmented body counterbalances the disequilibrating effects of pregnancy by elevation of the head, hyperextension of the cervical spine and extension of the knee and ankle joints. Relatively slight visible adjustments occur in the lumbar spine. 4. There is an apparent significant decrease in postural stability which persists throughout the puerperium. 5. Since the alignment at the end of puerperium is an almost exact duplication of that assumed in the early months of pregnancy, the gravida has successfully resisted the chronic disrupting force without any significantly permanent change in the postural mechanism.
Performance Issues in Incremental Warehouse Maintenance

A well-known challenge in data warehousing is the efficient incremental maintenance of warehouse data in the presence of source data updates. In this paper, we identify several critical data representation and algorithmic choices that must be made when developing the machinery of an incrementally maintained data warehouse. For each decision area, we identify various alternatives and evaluate them through extensive experiments. We show that picking the right alternative can lead to dramatic performance gains, and we propose guidelines for making the right decisions under different scenarios. All of the issues addressed in this paper arose in our development of WHIPS, a prototype data warehousing system supporting incremental maintenance.
An ethnographic study of consumer financial sophistication

Existing research profiling consumer financial sophistication has examined specific decision errors that consumers may make in financial matters. While these errors have been replicated in multiple studies over the years, most have emerged from highly controlled experimental settings or through consumer surveys that measure only specific categories of financial behavior. This paper extends existing research on financial sophistication by utilizing an ethnographic study conducted over a 5-year time period. Results indicate that while some of the traditional categories of decision errors defined in earlier research affect consumers, decision errors not thoroughly examined in previous academic studies can have a notable and growing effect on consumers' financial decisions. Emerging categories of financial decision errors are identified, and shifts in consumers' financial behavior resulting from the financial crisis are profiled. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.