cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Encopresis and Chronic Constipation in Young Children: Clinical Results from Interactive Parent-Child Guidance

To describe the source of and treatment for encopresis in a series of 40 children under age 9 years. Referral for psychological based treatment followed upon limited success of standard gastroenterologic intervention. The treatment provided is defined as interactive parent-child family guidance. This includes a variety of specific psychologically based recommendations offered to parents, and, when indicated, direct interventions with the symptomatic child. These are different from various forms of behavioral corrective reward-punishment interventions frequently recommended for young children with encopresis. The pediatric and the psychological literature offer few reports of successful treatment of young children with this syndrome. Also, there are few specific descriptions of psychologically based interventions. The results reported here are of the successful treatment of 38 of 40 cases referred specifically for psychologically based intervention following the prior limited success of standard gastroenterologic treatment. The interactive parent-child family guidance intervention described in this report, differentiated from typical behavior therapies, is a notably successful mode of psychologically based therapy for these children. It offers an important alternative to standard pediatric gastroenterological treatment for encopresis, as well as to reward-punishment oriented behavioral therapies.
Wavelength selection for trace analysis by ICP-AES

Abstract The strengths and weaknesses of currently available sets of wavelength tables for the prediction and identification of line overlap interferences in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry are illustrated by a description of the wavelength selection process for several difficult trace analyses. For the foreseeable future, the evaluation of experimentally obtained wavelength profiles will remain the key to optimal line selection, and reference both to classical wavelength tables and to newer data obtained for the ICP will be necessary.
Effects of plant residues and environmental factors on phosphorus availability in soils

Abstract Phosphorus availability is a major nutritional problem in several northern Idaho soils. Traditionally, fertilizers containing P have been applied to improve availability in soils; however, organic materials added to soils have the ability to provide large quantities of labile P via mineralization processes and to reduce sorption of P. Using this concept, plant residues applied to soils would increase P availability for future plant needs. This research evaluated the effect of plant residue, incorporated into a Northern Idaho soil, on P availability under controlled laboratory conditions. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), pea (Pisum sativum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) plant residues were incorporated into soil collected from the Ap horizon of a Latahco silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, frigid Argiaquic Xeric Argialboll) at rates of 0, 1, 5 and 10% (w/w). The soils were incubated at soil water potentials of ‐0.05, ‐0.15 and ‐0.40 MPa, and temperatures of 10, 20 and 30°C over a 20 week period. Soils were sa...
Advanced Reliability Methods

This paper proposes three new advanced techniques for engineering reliability analysis. These are computational tools that interface with the physical behavior model of the system and use the statistical information about the primitive random variables to estimate the reliability. Three types of strategies have been used for such computation: analytical methods, response surface methods, and Monte Carlo simulation. All three strategies are improved for efficiency and accuracy with the proposed techniques. In the case of analytical methods, a multiple linear approximation of the limit state is proposed for the reliability estimation of highly nonlinear problems. For problems with large computational models, response surface approximation may be expensive. An alternative approach based on the kriging technique is proposed to overcome this hurdle. Similarly, the efficiency of Monte Carlo simulation is greatly improved by the use of an adaptive importance sampling technique.
Characterization of Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Systems by FT-IR Microspectroscopy

Infrared microspectroscopy was used to generate functional group images of liquid crystal (E7) droplets dispersed in poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (PBMA). The spatial concentration fluctuations that occur within the system were studied as a function of time. This approach is possible because spectral information can be obtained by focusing on regions on the order of tens of micrometers. The peak intensities were used as a measure of concentration of the components. The amount of liquid crystal dissolved in the polymer matrix determines the extent to which the polymer is plasticized, which in turn affects the shape and size of the droplets. The growth of the domains at any temperature is also determined by whether the system is maintained above or below the glass transition temperature of the matrix. It is observed that the growth of the droplets follows temporal power laws. The spatially resolved spectroscopic images provide valuable insight into the phase separation process and the formation of microdroplets of E7 in PBMA.
A story of rhetorical‐ideological transformation: Eugene V. Debs as liberal hero

The rhetorical transformation of Eugene V. Debs from political radical to liberal hero provides an opportunity to examine the relationship between the nature of virtue and the process of liberal historical judgment. In the case of this important American socialist, history has found virtue in a character who championed the cause of working people. The Debs legacy is an outgrowth of the developing American story of business‐labor reconciliation. Thus, this case demonstrates that historical ethos is not a judgment of individual traits but a product of the historical narrative's definition of virtue.
Towards counting microwave photons at room temperature

A microwave photon counter can be based on upconversion of the microwave radiation to the optical domain, followed by the optical photon counting. The former process sets the detection bandwidth, the latter sets the time resolution sufficient for sub-THz photon counting at room temperature. We report our progress in developing an efficient and intrinsically noiseless microwaves-to-optics converter, which is based on a high-Q whispering gallery resonator with quadratic nonlinearity.
Sustainability in Housing and Dining Operations.

Residential life, housing, and dining operations have the potential to touch all students by integrating sustainability issues into all operations.
Polynuclear coordination complexes—from dinuclear to nonanuclear and beyond

Abstract Polytopic ligands based on aromatic or open chain diazine and alkoxo-fragments form an ideal focus for the simultaneous coordination of metal centers in contiguous groupings, juxtaposed closely enough that magnetic spin–spin exchange occurs between adjacent pairs of metal ions. Examples of polynuclear complexes M n ( n =2–9) will be discussed in terms of their structures, and principally their magnetic properties, with a focus on self-assembly reactions. Ligand design elements that lead to predictable cluster and grid structures will be emphasized. Magneto-structural studies and correlations will be highlighted with antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic examples, in addition to recent studies with high nuclearity grids and clusters. Ferromagnetic grids with high spin ground states present exciting possibilities for applications of these nano-scale molecular systems in, e.g. information storage technology.
Extraction of lead, cadmium and zinc from overglaze decorations on ceramic dinnerware by acidic and basic food substances

Dinnerware decorated with overglaze designs can release toxic metals into food substances in amounts high enough to constitute health hazards. When dishes made in the US before 1970 were filled with 4% acetic acid for 24 h, lead concentrations of up to 610 micrograms/ml and cadmium concentrations of up to 15 micrograms/ml were measured. Acetic acid leachates from more than half the dishes tested for lead (78 of 149) contained levels exceeding the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allowable concentration of 3.0 micrograms/ml. One-fourth of dishes tested for cadmium (26 of 98) exceeded the FDA limit of 0.5 microgram/ml. High concentrations of lead, cadmium and zinc were also released into 1% solutions of citric and lactic acids. Significant amounts of these metals were extracted by basic solutions of sodium citrate and sodium tripolyphosphate, as well as by commercial food substances including sauerkraut juice, pickle juice, orange juice, and low-lactose milk. Relative concentrations of lead, zinc and cadmium released depend on the leaching agent used. Citric acid leachates contain higher lead:cadmium and zinc:cadmium (but lower lead:zinc) ratios than do acetic acid leachates from nominally identical dishes. Repeated extractions with acetic acid show that even after 20 consecutive 24-h leachings many dishes still release lead in concentrations exceeding FDA limits.
Globalization and state-supported welfare: A test of the curve-linear hypothesis in OECD countries

EnglishWe analyze the impact of globalization on the social welfare effort among 18 affluent countries, concentrating on the curve-linear hypothesis. This study provides new empirical evidence on t...
Stress and stressors of the early phases of the Persian Gulf War

Soldiers who deployed to Saudi Arabia in support of Operation Desert Shield were exposed to a wide variety of stressors. These stressors from the pre-combat phase of the deployment undoubtedly affect the current health of Gulf War veterans, but the exact mechanisms and linkages are not known. This article examines the nature of those stressors and possible effects on later health of veterans.
Immunochemical characterization of a human high molecular weight--melanoma associated antigen identified with monoclonal antibodies.

Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel analysis of a high molecular weight (HMW) human melanoma associated antigen (MAA) defined by murine monoclonal antibodies revealed a number of distinct polypeptides ranging from 80,000 up to 280,000 daltons, in addition to an extremely heterogeneous group of components distributed over a wide range in apparent molecular weight (300,000–700,000 daltons). The 280,000 dalton and the larger heterogeneous molecular weight material are glycosylated since they are labeled with 3H-sugars. The HMW-MAA is readily solubilized in the absence of detergents and the entire series of polypeptides fractionates together in the void volume of a Sephadex G200 column. Peptide maps of the various polypeptides of the HMW-MAA, generated by Staphylococcus aureus V-8 protease, are essentially the same except that some of the proteolytic fragments derived from the lower molecular weight polypeptides (80,000 daltons) are present in greater amounts than are similar fragments derived from the larger molecular weight polypeptides; the latter finding suggests that the complexity in molecular weight of the MAA may reflect combinations of several base subunits. Proteolytic cleavage of the HMW-MAA generates a number of peptides ranging in molecular weight from 77,000 daltons to less than 12,000 daltons, which still react with monoclonal antibodies and can distinguish monoclonal antibodies specific for different antigenic determinants of this MAA.
Boronic acid based peptidic receptors for pattern-based saccharide sensing in neutral aqueous media, an application in real-life samples

The advent of the alternative sweeteners market has signaled a demand for chemosensors which target multiple saccharides and saccharide derivatives, in aqueous media at physiological pH. This demand has largely been unmet as existing molecular receptors for saccharides have generally not shown sufficient degrees of affinity and selectivity in aqueous media. A chemosensor array for saccharides and saccharide derivatives, fully operational in aqueous media at physiological pH, has been developed and is reported herein. Boronic acid based peptidic receptors, derived from a combinatorial library, served as the cross-reactive sensor elements in this array. The binding of saccharides to these receptors was assessed colorimetrically using an indicator uptake protocol in the taste-chip platform. The differential indicator uptake rates of these receptors in the presence of saccharides were exploited in order to identify patterns within the data set using linear discriminant analysis. This chemosensor array is capa...
Differential Regulation of Gene Expression by LXRs in Response to Macrophage Cholesterol Loading

The ability of cells to precisely control gene expression in response to intracellular and extracellular signals plays an important role in both normal physiology and in pathological settings. For instance, the accumulation of excess cholesterol by macrophages initiates a genetic response mediated by the liver X receptors (LXRs)-α (NR1H3) and LXRβ (NR1H2), which facilitates the transport of cholesterol out of cells to high-density lipoprotein particles. Studies using synthetic LXR agonists have also demonstrated that macrophage LXR activation simultaneously induces a second network of genes that promotes fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis that may support the detoxification of excess free cholesterol by storage in the ester form. We now show that treatment of human THP-1 macrophages with endogenous or synthetic LXR ligands stimulates both transcriptional and posttranscriptional pathways that result in the selective recruitment of the LXRα subtype to LXR-regulated promoters. Interestingly, when human or...
Determining thermal properties of asphalt concrete using field data and laboratory testing

Abstract Recently developed pavement design guide, Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG), uses thermal properties such as Coefficient of Thermal Contraction or Expansion (CTC or CTE), thermal conductivity ( k ) and specific heat capacity ( C ) as inputs to predict pavement distresses such as thermal cracking and aging. To this day, thermal properties of asphalt concrete have been determined based on laboratory testing. This study determines CTC and CTE using field collected strain and temperature data from an instrumented pavement section on Interstate 40 at mile post 141 near Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. Average CTC and CTE values of asphalt concrete are determined to be 2.69 × 10 −5 per °C and 2.42 × 10 −5 per °C in fall (October–November) and 2.47 × 10 −5 per °C and 2.77 × 10 −5 per °C in winter (December–February) respectively. For validation, CTC and CTE values of asphalt concrete are measured in the laboratory and found to be 2.64 × 10 −5 per °C and 2.28 × 10 −5 per °C respectively. In addition, C value is measured in laboratory and k value is determined by developing Finite Element Model (FEM). The measured C and the FEM determined k values are validated using real field data.
Activation of DNA Damage Response Signaling by Condensed Chromatin

The DNA damage response (DDR) occurs in the context of chromatin, and architectural features of chromatin have been implicated in DNA damage signaling and repair. Whereas a role of chromatin decondensation in the DDR is well established, we show here that chromatin condensation is integral to DDR signaling. We find that, in response to DNA damage chromatin regions transiently expand before undergoing extensive compaction. Using a protein-chromatin-tethering system to create defined chromatin domains, we show that interference with chromatin condensation results in failure to fully activate DDR. Conversely, forced induction of local chromatin condensation promotes ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)- and ATR-dependent activation of upstream DDR signaling in a break-independent manner. Whereas persistent chromatin compaction enhanced upstream DDR signaling from irradiation-induced breaks, it reduced recovery and survival after damage. Our results demonstrate that chromatin condensation is sufficient for activation of DDR signaling and is an integral part of physiological DDR signaling.
Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise

In my book Scale and Scope (1990), I focused on the history of the modern industrial firm from the 1880s, when such firms first appeared, through World War II. I did so by comparing the fortunes of more than 600 enterprises—the 200 largest industrial firms at three points in time (World War I, 1929, and World War II) in each of the three major industrial economies (those of the United States, Britain, and Germany). In this paper, I first describe the similarities in the historical beginnings and continuing evolution of these enterprises and then outline my explanation for these similarities. Next, I relate my explanation of these "empirical regularities" to four major economic theories relating to the firm: the neoclassical, the principal-agent, the transaction cost, and the evolutionary. Finally, I suggest the value of the transactions cost and evolutionary theories to historians and economists who are attempting to explain the beginnings and growth of modern industrial enterprises.
Wireless Networks and Rural Development: Opportunities for Latin America

Recent developments in wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies are raising new hopes for sustainable Internet diffusion in the rural areas of the developing world. These technologies allow drastic reductions in network deployment costs, particularly for last-mile connectivity in low-density areas. More important, the technologies make possible an infrastructure development model based on community-shared resources, small-scale investments, and user experimentation. This paper argues that the new generation of WLAN technologies can significantly alleviate the constraints that limit Internet connectivity in Latin America to the wealthy, urbanized areas. Yet for this potential to be realized governments must rethink current assumptions about spectrum management and universal service policies.
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins: a novel family of four human innate immunity pattern recognition molecules.

The innate immune system recognizes microorganisms through a series of pattern recognition receptors that are highly conserved in evolution. Insects have a family of 12 peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) that recognize peptidoglycan, a ubiquitous component of bacterial cell walls. We report cloning of three novel human PGRPs (PGRP-L, PGRP-Iα, and PGRP-Iβ) that together with the previously cloned PGRP-S, define a new family of human pattern recognition molecules. PGRP-L, PGRP-Iα, and PGRP-Iβ have 576, 341, and 373 amino acids coded by five, seven, and eight exons on chromosomes 19 and 1, and they all have two predicted transmembrane domains. All mammalian and insect PGRPs have at least three highly conserved C-terminal PGRP domains located either in the extracellular or in the cytoplasmic (or in both) portions of the molecules. PGRP-L is expressed in liver, PGRP-Iα and PGRP-Iβ in esophagus (and to a lesser extent in tonsils and thymus), and PGRP-S in bone marrow (and to a lesser extent in neutrophils and fetal liver). All four human PGRPs bind peptidoglycan and Gram-positive bacteria. Thus, these PGRPs may play a role in recognition of bacteria in these organs.
DISPERSED PHASE PARTICLE SIZE EFFECTS ON WATER VAPOR PERMEABILITY of WHEY PROTEIN-BEESWAX EDIBLE EMULSION FILMS

Lipid particle size and distribution were found to significantly affect the water vapor permeability (WVP) properties of whey protein/beeswax edible emulsion films. Films oriented with the lipid-enriched side facing the high relative humidity environment during WVP testing exhibited lower WVPs. Particle size distributions were determined before and after film formation using laser light scattering and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Decreasing mean emulsion particle diameters correlated well with linear decreases in average film WVP values. Whey protein chain crosslinkage at beeswax particle interfaces resulted in lowered WVPs as interfacial areas increased with decreasing particle diameters, providing greater opportunity for protein-beeswax interaction. Several models were applied and interaction factors were compared for films possessing different mean particle diameters.
The Class and Culture-Based Exclusion of the Chilean Neoliberal Educational Reform

In this article I analyze the class- and cultural-based exclusion produced by the Chilean neoliberal educational reform, carried out during the period from 1990 to 2010. This educational reform follows the same neoliberal model applied to the economy of the country. Although some indicators improved in relation to coverage and public spending in education, the performance gap among social groups increased. In addition, at a cultural level, the reform promoted the value of individual productivity negatively affecting some of the cultural behaviors developed by low-income groups as a consequence of and as reaction to the exclusion they suffer. Namely, by stressing the notions of human capital and quality education, the reform has tended to reinforce these students’ fatalism, and limit the scope of the organizations they form to improve their academic and social opportunities.
Out-of-sample cash flow prediction and cash distributions to shareholders

Abstract This study provides empirical evidence that net cash distributions to shareholders provide a noteworthy context for improving the out-of-sample prediction of cash flow. Dechow et al. (2008) suggest that net distributions to shareholders is an indicator for future cash flow, and the current study hypothesizes that the accuracy of out-of-sample forecasts increases with the magnitude of the shareholder distributions. The empirical results are consistent with this hypothesis for one-year-ahead forecasts, and the results are robust to controls for firm size. Moreover, the results indicate that the distributions to shareholders effect largely subsumes the firm size effect for forecasts of free cash flow, but not for operating cash flow. This suggests that firm size is a proxy for operating stability but not investing stability. Overall, the study provides a practical context for analysts, creditors and others to consider when generating cash flow forecasts.
Synthesis and studies involving complexes containing the tetrakis(trimethylamine N-oxide)cobalt(II) cation

Abstract A series of complexes containing the [Co(TMNO) 4 ] 2+ (TMNO = trimethylamine N-oxide, C 3 H 9 NO) cation has been synthesized. Solid and acetonitrile and dichloromethane spectral data-along with magnetic, conductance, and nuclear magnetic resonance data-are used to show the stability of the tetrahedral cation under a wide variety of conditions. The unusual behavior of [Co(TMNO) 4 ]Br 2 in acetonitrile solutions is noted, and a possible explanation is advanced.
Comparative effects of pretreatment with captopril and losartan on cardiovascular protection in a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion.

Abstract OBJECTIVES We sought to assess the comparative effects of pretreatment with captopril and losartan on myocardial infarct size and arrhythmias in a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion. BACKGROUND Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) inhibit the renin-angiotensin system in different ways. However, the comparative effects of pretreatment with ACE inhibitors or ARBs on acute myocardial infarct size and arrhythmias are unknown. METHODS We randomly assigned 117 female Sprague-Dawley rats into three groups: group N was the normal control; group C was given 40 mg/kg body weight per day of captopril in drinking water; and group L was given 40 mg/kg per day of losartan in drinking water. After 10 weeks of pretreatment, 25 rats in each group were subjected to 17 min of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion and 2 h of reperfusion with hemodynamic and electrocardiographic monitoring. Fourteen rats in each group had blood samples drawn and aortic rings removed to study vascular reactivity. RESULTS Mortality during ischemia and reperfusion was lower in combined groups L and C than in group N (4.2% vs. 19.2%, p = 0.042). Rats treated with losartan had significantly higher levels of angiotensin II in their plasma. Hemodynamic variables were not significantly different among the three groups. The thresholds of ventricular fibrillation (VF) before occlusion and after reperfusion were significantly higher in groups L and C than in group N (1.99 ± 0.24 and 1.93 ± 0.27 vs. 1.23 ± 0.17 mA, p = 0.04; 2.13 ± 0.25 and 1.78 ± 0.22 vs. 0.95 ± 0.11 mA, p = 0.001). The average episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT) and VF per rat were significantly less in groups L and C than in group N (0.96 ± 0.2 and 1.2 ± 0.3 vs. 2.8 ± 0.4 mA, p CONCLUSIONS Losartan and captopril have similar cardiovascular protective effects in a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion. They increased the threshold of VF, decreased mortality and decreased episodes of VT and VF, as well as decreased myocardial infarct size.
Urinary excretion of paranitrophenol and alkyl phosphates following ingestion of methyl or ethyl parathion by human subjects

Nitrophenolic and alkyl phosphate metabolites of methyl and ethyl parathion in the urine of human subjects soon after doses of 1 to 4 mg have been ingested. Particular alkyl phosphates can serve as specific indices of absorption of the respective parathions. Paranitrophenol and diethyl thiophosphate are rapidly eliminated in the urine, while excretions of dimethyl phosphate, and particularly diethyl phosphate, are more protracted. Cumulative excretions of paranitrophenol and alkyl phosphates exhibit sufficient dose-dependence at convenient intervals following parathion ingestion to encourage use of metabolite measurements in estimating occupational absorption of the parathion insecticides.
Fluorescence Lifetimes: Effect of Precision of Relaxation Times from Fluorescence Depolarization Data

Abstract The fluorescence lifetime τ enters into the Perrin-Weber equation used to determine rotational relaxation times of proteins by the steady-state depolarization method. If is either too short or too long, the relaxation time cannot be measured with precision. With reasonable assumptions as to photometric precision, it has been possible to compute the precision of relaxation time assays for different lifetime:relaxation time ratios, thus also determining the “optimum” lifetimes for different systems. These results provide a basis for designing experiments requiring optimal conditions, and also provide insight into the amount of allowable deviation from optimal conditions. The short lifetimes of intrinsic protein fluorescence can often be used to determine the global relaxation rate of the macromolecule with acceptable precision.
Effects of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal on beef heart mitochondrial ultrastructure, oxygen consumption, and metmyoglobin reduction

Abstract The effects of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) on mitochondria isolated from bovine hearts (n = 5) were assessed using ultrastructure, oxygen consumption, membrane permeability, HNE binding, and metmyoglobin reduction in vitro. Pre-incubation (pH 5.6 and 7.4 at 25 °C) of mitochondria with HNE decreased oxygen consumption compared with samples without HNE ( P P
Can one really observe signatures of the weak interaction with multi-TeV colliding hadron rings?

We discuss two possible signatures of weak interactions in multi-TeV hadron-hadron collisions: (i) production of the weak boson W/sup plus-or-minus/ and its neutral partner Z; (ii) observation of secondaries with transverse momentum so large that they cannot be electromagnetic or strong in origin. After summarizing theoretical prejudices on the properties of weak bosons and their production mechanism, we calculate their actual experimental signature, i.e., the momentum distributions of their decay lepton, as well as the competing backgrounds. Contrary to popular belief, we conclude that the weak-boson signature is not expected to be pronounced and backgrounds could be severe (especially the production of direct photons). Our calculation reinforces the case for antiproton-proton storage rings.
Electrical and microstructural investigation of polysilicon emitter contacts for high-performance bipolar VLSI

Les principales caracteristiques des contacts d'emetteur en silicium polycristallin des transistors bipolaires, telles que la resistance de contact et la vitesse de recombinaison sont extremement sensibles a la microstructure de l'interface silicium polycristallin/silicium monocristallin. On etablit la correlation entre la microstructure et les caracteristiques electriques de l'interface par des etudes de coupes de transistors reels, sur une meme pastille ou les vitesses d'oscillateurs en anneau ont ete mesurees, au microscope electronique par transmission. Le courant de base et la resistance d'emetteur des dispositifs les plus rapides tendent vers les valeurs typiques des emetteurs en silicium monocristallin. L'interpretation des donnees electriques et des profils d'impuretes SIMS indiquent une restructuration importante de l'interface polycristal/monocristal, confirmee par la microscopie electronique. Malgre une degradation de la performance aux courants faibles a cause de capacites de jonction plus elevees, la vitesse de commutation en courant fort est amelioree par suite de la resistance minimale de contact d'emetteur. Comme le gain de courant est assez grand et tres uniforme, il apparait que la profondeur de la jonction et la resistance de contact sont les facteurs principaux de haute performance des transistors submicroniques, plutot que le gain du a l'interface
The production of ganglionic hypertrophy in Rana pipiens larvae.

The periphery available to the ninth spinal ganglion of Rana pipiens larvae was effectively increased by the unilateral removal at stage V of two (8 and 10) of the three (8, 9 and 10) spinal ganglia which normally provide the bulk of the sensory innervation to the hindlimb. The levels of the resulting hypertrophy of the ninth ganglion were found to compare favorably with those produced by other workers using other techniques. The effect of peripheral increase on mitotic activity, nerve cell number, and neuronal size (as indicated by nuclear cross sectional area) was determined. Differences in nuclear cross sectional area between neurons in hypertrophic and control ganglia were not found to be significant; however, the interaction between peripheral increase and developmental stage was found to be significant, leaving open the possibility that neurons might temporarily respond to peripheral increase by increasing in size. Mitotic activity and neuronal numbers in ganglia with increased peripheries were greater than those in controls at all stages at which counts were made. It is concluded that either, or both, of two mechanisms could be active in producing the observed neuronal hyperplasia in hypertrophic ganglia. Daughter products from the increased numbers of mitoses could provide additional cells which differentiate to become neurons, or normally occurring neuronal loss could be reduced. Results are discussed in the context of current ideas dealing with the regulation of neuronal numbers.
Prediction of the structure of fuel sprays in gas turbine combustors

The structure of fuel sprays in a combustion chamber is theoretically investigated using computer models of current interest. Three representative spray models are considered: (1) a locally homogeneous flow (LHF) model, which assumes infinitely fast interphase transport rates; (2) a deterministic separated flow (DSF) model, which considers finite rates of interphase transport but ignores effects of droplet/turbulence interactions; and (3) a stochastic separated flow (SSF) model, which considers droplet/turbulence interactions using random sampling for turbulence properties in conjunction with random-walk computations for droplet motion and transport. Two flow conditions are studied to investigate the influence of swirl on droplet life histories and the effects of droplet/turbulence interactions on flow properties. Comparison of computed results with the experimental data show that general features of the flow structure can be predicted with reasonable accuracy using the two separated flow models. In contrast, the LHF model overpredicts the rate of development of the flow. While the SSF model provides better agreement with measurements than the DSF model, definitive evaluation of the significance of droplet/turbulence interaction is not achieved due to uncertainties in the spray initial conditions.
Examining the Impact Narrative Interactivity Has on Fostering Identity Formation in an Educational Game

Educational games often include elements of narrative, although little work has been done on establishing how best to leverage narrative interactivity in service of a game's purpose. My ongoing research on narrative-centered games is guided by the situative perspective, which considers the ultimate purpose of a learning task to be the student's increased sense of belonging and identity with the subject matter. In my proposed dissertation research, I am particularly interested in how differing degrees of narrative interactivity support an educational game's potential to impact students' identity formation and attitudes towards the subject of study. I pursue this research in the context of an educational game for middle school computer science.
Individual trajectories of substance use in lesbian, gay and bisexual youth and heterosexual youth.

AIMS: Several decades of research have shown that lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) adults are at high risk for substance use and substance use disorders, and a recent meta-analysis shows that these disparities most probably begin in adolescence; however, no studies to date have examined longitudinal growth in substance use in LGB youth and heterosexual youth to determine if they follow different trajectories into young adulthood. The primary aims of this paper were to estimate individual trajectories of substance use in youth and examine differences between self-identified LGB and heterosexual subsamples. METHOD: A school-based, longitudinal study of health-related behaviors of adolescents and their outcomes in young adulthood was used to test our hypotheses (The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health). Participants were included if they were interviewed at all three waves and were not missing information regarding self-identified sexual orientation (n = 10,670). RESULTS: Latent curve models (LCMs) showed that LGB identity was associated significantly with individual variability in substance use intercepts and slopes, above and beyond age, race and gender. Self-identified LGB youth reported higher initial rates of substance use and on average their substance use increased over time more rapidly than did substance use by heterosexual youth. Two other indicators of sexual orientation (same-sex romantic attraction and same-sex sexual behavior) were also associated with substance use trajectories, and differential results were found for youth who identified as 'mostly heterosexual' and bisexual compared with youth who identified as completely heterosexual or homosexual. CONCLUSIONS: Sexual orientation is an important risk marker for growth in adolescent substance use, and the disparity between LGB and heterosexual adolescents increases as they transition into young adulthood. More research is needed in order to examine: causal mechanisms, protective factors, important age-related trends (using a cohort-sequential design), the influence of gay-related developmental milestones, curvilinear effects over time and long-term health outcomes. Language: en
Some fundamental properties of speckle

A speckle pattern formed in polarized monochromatic light may be regarded as resulting from a classical random walk in the complex plane. The resulting irradiance fluctuations obey negative exponential statistics, with ratio of standard deviation to mean (i.e., contrast) of unity. Reduction of this contrast, or smoothing of the speckle, requires diversity in polarization, space, frequency, or time. Addition of M uncorrelated speckle patterns on an intensity basis can reduce the contrast by 1/√M. However, addition of speckle patterns on a complex amplitude basis provides no reduction of contrast. The distribution of scale sizes in a speckle pattern (i.e., the Wiener spectrum) is investigated from a physical point of view.
Performance and Learning Goal Orientations as Moderators of Social Loafing and Social Facilitation

The social loafing and social facilitation phenomena were examined in contexts that encour - age the adoption of either performance or learning goals. Social loafing and social facilita- tion were operationalized using a manipulation of evaluation potential by others (copartici- pants and experimenter) present in the experimental situation. Performance goal instructions were controlling and emphasized the testlike nature of the task, whereas learn- ing goal instructions were autonomy-supportive and emphasized its learning aspects. As expected, increases in evaluation potential resulted in increases in performance, lending support to a hypothesized continuum of evaluation potential underlying social loafing and social facilitation. The social facilitation effect was more pronounced in the performance goal compared to the learning goal context. In contrast, the social loafing effect was not moderated by context. Implications for group situations are discussed. A topic of concern in social psychology is the influence of groups on individual behavior. A key question in this area of research is how does working in a group affect individual task performance. The answer that most often follows is "It depends." Consistent with this statement, independent lines of group research have identified two phenomena, social loafing (Ringelmann, as cited in Kravitz &
Flow past a delta wing with a sinusoidal leading edge: near-surface topology and flow structure

The near-surface flow structure and topology on a delta wing of low sweep angle, having sinusoidal leading edges of varying amplitude and wavelength, are investigated using a stereoscopic technique of high-image-density particle image velocimetry at a Reynolds number of 15,000. Identification of critical points, in conjunction with surface-normal vorticity and velocity, provides a basis for determining the effectiveness of a given leading edge. At high angle of attack, where large-scale three-dimensional separation occurs from the wing with a straight leading edge, an amplitude of the leading-edge protuberance as small as one-half of one percent of the chord of the wing can substantially alter the near-surface topology. When the amplitude reaches a value of four percent of the chord, it is possible to completely eradicate the negative focus of large-scale, three-dimensional separation, in favor of a positive focus of attachment. Moreover, alteration of the near-surface topology is most effective when the ratio of the wavelength to amplitude of the sinusoidal leading edge is maintained at a small value.
Long-Term Durability of Bicuspid Aortic Valve Repair

Background Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital cardiac malformation, occurring in 1% to 2% of the population. Eventually, 20% develop clinically important valvar regurgitation requiring surgical intervention. Aortic valve repair avoids anticoagulation and prosthetic valve-related complications. This study evaluated long-term durability of BAV repair. Methods From 1985 to 2011, 728 patients, mean age 42 ± 12 years, underwent BAV repair at Cleveland Clinic. Mean follow-up was 9.0 ± 6.2 years (median, 8.3). Factors associated with repair durability (expressed as aortic valve reoperations and echocardiographically estimated gradients and regurgitation) and survival were identified. Results Hospital mortality was 0.41% (n = 3), and stroke occurred in 0.27% (n = 2). Freedom from aortic valve reoperation at 10 years was 78%. Risk of reoperation was highest immediately after operation and fell rapidly to approximately 2.6%/year up to 15 years. Primary reasons for reoperation were cusp prolapse (38%), aortic stenosis or regurgitation (17%), and aortic regurgitation from root aneurysm (15%). Aortic valve gradients showed an early initial peak, rapidly declined, then rose steadily, accompanied by an increase in left ventricular mass. Survival was 94% at 10 years. A risk factor for early death was greater preoperative mitral valve regurgitation, and for late death, older age at operation, more severe symptoms, and poorer left ventricular function. Conclusions BAV repair is safe and durable with low mortality, low prevalence of reoperation, and good long-term survival. Cusp prolapse from technical errors and natural progression of disease are the most common causes for reoperation, but progressive natural increase in valve gradient accounts for a substantial proportion as well.
Ice nucleation in sulfuric acid/organic aerosols: implications for cirrus cloud formation

Abstract. Using an aerosol flow tube apparatus, we have studied the effects of aliphatic aldehydes (C3 to C10) and ketones (C3 and C9) on ice nucleation in sulfuric acid aerosols. Mixed aerosols were prepared by combining an organic vapor flow with a flow of sulfuric acid aerosols over a small mixing time (~60 s) at room temperature. No acid-catalyzed reactions were observed under these conditions, and physical uptake was responsible for the organic content of the sulfuric acid aerosols. In these experiments, aerosol organic content, determined by a Mie scattering analysis, was found to vary with the partial pressure of organic, the flow tube temperature, and the identity of the organic compound. The physical properties of the organic compounds (primarily the solubility and melting point) were found to play a dominant role in determining the inferred mode of nucleation (homogenous or heterogeneous) and the specific freezing temperatures observed. Overall, very soluble, low-melting organics, such as acetone and propanal, caused a decrease in aerosol ice nucleation temperatures when compared with aqueous sulfuric acid aerosol. In contrast, sulfuric acid particles exposed to organic compounds of eight carbons and greater, of much lower solubility and higher melting temperatures, nucleate ice at temperatures above aqueous sulfuric acid aerosols. Organic compounds of intermediate carbon chain length, C4-C7, (of intermediate solubility and melting temperatures) nucleated ice at the same temperature as aqueous sulfuric acid aerosols. Interpretations and implications of these results for cirrus cloud formation are discussed.
An Approach to Quantify the Heat Wave Strength and Price a Heat Derivative for Risk Hedging

Mitigating the heat stress via a derivative policy is a vital financial option for agricultural producers and other business sectors to strategically adapt to the climate change scenario. This study has provided an approach to identifying heat stress events and pricing the heat stress weather derivative due to persistent days of high surface air temperature (SAT). Cooling degree days (CDD) are used as the weather index for trade. In this study, a call-option model was used as an example for calculating the price of the index. Two heat stress indices were developed to describe the severity and physical impact of heat waves. The daily Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN-D) SAT data from 1901 to 2007 from the southern California, USA, were used. A major California heat wave that occurred 20–25 October 1965 was studied. The derivative price was calculated based on the call-option model for both long-term station data and the interpolated grid point data at a regular 0.1°×0.1° latitude-longitude grid. The resulting comparison indicates that (a) the interpolated data can be used as reliable proxy to price the CDD and (b) a normal distribution model cannot always be used to reliably calculate the CDD price. In conclusion, the data, models, and procedures described in this study have potential application in hedging agricultural and other risks.
Weaving Atomicity Through Dynamic Dependence Tracking

Programmability is the key hurdle towards effectively utilizing next-generation high-performance computing systems. Current trends in CMP processor design point to the emergence of many-core architectures, in which a single chip can support tens to potentially hundreds of cores. Systems constructed by aggregating these processors can enable parallel execution of thousands of threads. Transactional memory (TM) has been the subject of significant interest in both academia and industry because it offers a compelling alternative to existing concurrency control abstractions, making it especially well-suited for programming applications on scalable multi-core platforms. TM abstractions permit logically concurrent access to shared regions of code, but ensure through some combination of hardware, compiler, and runtime support that such accesses do not violate intended serializability invariants. By doing so, transaction-based abstractions eliminate pernicious errors such as data races that can easily occur using locks, without compromising performance. While the atomicity and isolation guarantees provided by transactions lead to greater composability and modularity than available using locks, these guarantees may require severe constraints on programmability. In this paper; we describe compiler and runtime techniques that allow structured communication among atomic regions to take place, thus selectively relaxing isolation invariants. Unlike existing proposals, our techniques are completely transparent, and provide a rational semantics for the interplay between transactions, message-passing abstractions, and exceptions.
Pathogenic role of mast cells in experimental eosinophilic esophagitis.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic allergic disease characterized by esophageal intraepithelial eosinophils, extracellular eosinophil granule deposition, induced mast cell accumulation, an...
The Continuation of War by other means: Party and Politics, 1855–1865

In the familiar triptych of British political history between the first and third Reform Acts, whose panels are neatly divided by the years 1846 and 1867, the confused and uninspiring iconography of the large central canvas contrasts sharply and puzzlingly with that of its flanking pieces. In 1855 Gladstone lamented thatThe Session of 1845 was the last of those that witnessed party connection in its normal state. Throughout the decade which preceded that year it was in full and brilliant blossom. Since then we have had properly speaking…none in the best sense of the term: none compact and organized after the ancient manner.