cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Matching innovations with potential users, a case study of potato IPM practices

Abstract Through interviews and mail surveys, Ohio potato (Solanum tuberosum) growers were surveyed concerning their willingness to adopt three cultural controls being developed for management of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), which had become increasingly difficult to control. The principal objective of the research was to obtain a deeper understanding of how farmers make decisions to adopt or not adopt new techniques and how these decisions are related to farmers' educational backgrounds and the way they currently manage their farms. The three cultural management options emphasized ecological approaches to habitat management rather than ecologically disruptive chemical control: (1) using host plants in overwintering sites to slow the spring movement of the beetles to potato fields, (2) using larger potato plants at field borders than in the center of the field as a spring trap crop, and (3) concentrating beetles in relatively small undefoliated areas to be killed with heat in late summer. Most respondents would not adopt these alternative pest management strategies, mainly because they perceived an unsatisfactory trade-off between logistic difficulties and expenses and population suppression they would achieve compared with traditional chemical control measures. Education correlated positively and experience in farming negatively with the willingness to try new pest management techniques. Additionally, growers responding more negatively to questions regarding integrated pest management strategies were more willing to experiment with the alternative techniques, a result attributed to either the survey design or an indication of experience with the more intensive management effort required for integrated pest management. This profile of potential innovators should be used by researchers to establish partnerships with farmers that could assist with both the research and development of new farming techniques and the adoption of successful systems by other farmers.
Mothers recovering from cocaine addiction: factors affecting parenting skills.

Objective To identify factors that may influence parenting by mothers who are recovering from cocaine addiction. Design Exploratory descriptive, with in-depth unstructured interviews. Setting Interviews were conducted in the woman's home or in a treatment center. Participants A convenience sample of 11 women recovering from cocaine addiction who were mothers of children 3 years of age and younger. Results A content analysis was used to analyze the interview data. Two themes, personal/psychologic factors and environmental/contextual factors, and four subthemes emerged. They identify issues that may affect parenting by mothers being treated for cocaine addiction. Subthemes included low self-esteem, difficulty developing a maternal identity, isolation from friends and family, and chronic life stress. Conclusion This study provides a better understanding of the sources contributing to vulnerability in the parenting role for mothers recovering from cocaine addiction and will assist nurses in providing care for these mothers and their children.
Control of polytenic replication in dipteran larvae. II. Effect of growth temperature.

A comparison has been made, by Feulgen photometry, of the polytene nuclei of the salivary glands of a wild-type strain of Drosophila melanogaster grown at 17°C and 25°C, respectively. Despite the fact that the time period of the larval stage was more than doubled at the lower temperature, the DNA values were the same in magnitude and similar in distribution of replication classes at each of the stages studied. The data have been interpreted as indicating that, so long as the larval state prevails, initiation of polytenic replication occurs upon completion of the previous cycle.
Superperturbation Theory for Scattering

A new type of perturbation theory for scattering is developed which has the property that the next term in the series is of the order of the square of the preceding term. It is therefore a perturbation theory which is stationary at each stage. A new variational principle for the phase shift is discussed which should be more accurate than standard formulations.
A meta‐analysis of transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale versus medical therapy for prevention of recurrent thromboembolic events in patients with cryptogenic cerebrovascular events

Objectives: We sought to perform a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing percutaneous patent-foramen-ovale (PFO) closure with medical therapy for preventing recurrent thromboembolic events after cryptogenic stroke. Background: Observational studies suggested that transcatheter PFO closure decreases recurrent events after cryptogenic stroke; however, three recent RCTs failed to demonstrate such benefit. Methods: Trials were identified from the PubMed and Cochrane databases. Primary endpoint was the composite of transient ischemic attack (TIA) and ischemic cerebrovascular events (CVA). Both intention-to-treat (ITT) and as-treated analyses (AT) were performed. Results: Three RCTs met inclusion criteria. The pooled data provided 2,303 patients, of which 1,150 were in the PFO closure group and 1,153 in the medical therapy group. In the ITT analysis, there were 43 events (3.7%) of the composite end point in the closure group compared with 61 events (5.3%) in the medical therapy group, with a trend in favor of the PFO closure (OR 50.70; 95% CI, 0.47– 1.05, P 50.08). The incidences of TIA, ischemic CVA, and bleeding were not statistically different between the groups. There was a trend for the more frequent occurrence of atrial fibrillation in the PFO closure group (OR 53.29; 95% CI, 0.86–12.60, P 50.08). In the AT analysis, the composite end point was significantly less frequent in the PFO closure group (OR 50.62; 95% CI, 0.41–0.94, P 50.02). Conclusions: In this meta-analysis of contemporary RCTs, successful transcatheter closure of PFO might be more effective than medical therapy alone for the prevention of recurrent thromboembolic events. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The relationship of supervisor and trainee gender match and gender attitude match to supervisory style and the supervisory working alliance

Background: Gender-related events have the potential to impact the supervisory relationship. Gender events might be related to the match between supervisors and supervisees on variables such as gender or gender attitudes. Method: In this study, we sought to determine whether gender match and gender attitude match were related to supervisory style and the supervisory working alliance in 94 supervisory dyads using four instruments: the Gender Attitude Inventory; Operationalisation of Gender Match; Supervisory Styles Inventory; and the Working Alliance Inventory/Supervision. Results: Progressive dyads (in which supervisors have more liberal attitudes about societal issues and culturally defined roles for women than their supervisees) were perceived by supervisors as more task-oriented than parallel-high dyads (in which supervisors and supervisees both had liberal attitudes). Implications for counselling supervision are discussed.
An optimizing compiler for automatic shader bounding

Programmable shading provides artistic control over materials and geometry, but the black box nature of shaders makes some rendering optimizations difficult to apply. In many cases, it is desirable to compute bounds of shaders in order to speed up rendering. A bounding shader can be automatically derived from the original shader by a compiler using interval analysis, but creating optimized interval arithmetic code is non-trivial. A key insight in this paper is that shaders contain metadata that can be automatically extracted by the compiler using data flow analysis. We present a number of domain-specific optimizations that make the generated code faster, while computing the same bounds as before. This enables a wider use and opens up possibilities for more efficient rendering. Our results show that on average 42–44% of the shader instructions can be eliminated for a common use case: single-sided bounding shaders used in lightcuts and importance sampling.
Multi-spectral optical imaging of skin to diagnose malignant melanoma

Multi-spectral transillumination (MST) imaging facilitates the diagnosis and classification of melanoma by giving crucial information about the depth of invasion. The combined analysis of MST images can give information regarding the cell growth pattern within the lesion. In this study, an optical imaging device called the Nevoscope is used for the collection of MST images of skin and skin lesions. Skin is an inhomogeneous, multilayer tissue. Due to its inhomogeneity on the microscopic level, light entering the skin can be absorbed or scattered or can be reflected at the layer boundaries. The light remitted from the skin is collected by the Nevoscope to produce the MST images.
Neglected tropical diseases: survey and geometry of randomised evidence.

Objective To assess the quantity and distribution of evidence from randomised controlled trials for the treatment of the major neglected tropical diseases and to identify gaps in the evidence with network analysis. Design Systematic review and network analysis. Data sources Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and PubMed from inception to 31 August 2011. Study selection Randomised controlled trials that examined treatment of 16 neglected tropical diseases or complications thereof published in English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, German, or Dutch. Results We identified 971 eligible randomised trials. Leishmaniasis (184 trials, 23 039 participants) and geohelminth infections; 160 trials, 46 887 participants) were the most studied, while dracunculiasis (nine trials, 798 participants) and Buruli ulcer (five trials, 337 participants) were least studied. Relative to its global burden of disease, lymphatic filariasis had the fewest trials and participants. Only 11% of trials were industry funded. Either a single trial or trials with fewer than 100 participants comprised the randomised evidence for first or second line treatments for Buruli ulcer, human African trypanosomiasis, American trypanosomiasis, cysticercosis, rabies, echinococcosis, New World cutaneous leishmaniasis, and each of the foodborne trematode infections. Among the 10 disease categories with more than 40 trials, five lacked sufficient head to head comparisons between first or second line treatments. Conclusions There is considerable variation in the amount of evidence from randomised controlled trials for each of the 16 major neglected tropical diseases. Even in diseases with substantial evidence, such as leishmaniasis and geohelminth infections, some recommended treatments have limited supporting data and lack head to head comparisons.
Autism as the Low-Fitness Extreme of a Parentally Selected Fitness Indicator

Siblings compete for parental care and feeding, while parents must allocate scarce resources to those offspring most likely to survive and reproduce. This could cause offspring to evolve traits that advertise health, and thereby attract parental resources. For example, experimental evidence suggests that bright orange filaments covering the heads of North American coot chicks may have evolved for this fitness-advertising purpose. Could any human mental disorders be the equivalent of dull filaments in coot chicks—low-fitness extremes of mental abilities that evolved as fitness indicators? One possibility is autism. Suppose that the ability of very young children to charm their parents evolved as a parentally selected fitness indicator. Young children would vary greatly in their ability to charm parents, that variation would correlate with underlying fitness, and autism could be the low-fitness extreme of this variation. This view explains many seemingly disparate facts about autism and leads to some surprising and testable predictions.
Nonlinear-Integral-Equation Construction of Orthogonal Polynomials

Abstract The nonlinear integral equation is investigated. It is shown that for a given function w(x) the equation admits an infinite set of polynomial solutions P n (x). For polynomial solutions, this nonlinear integral equation reduces to a finite set of coupled linear algebraic equations for the coefficients of the polynomials. Interestingly, the set of polynomial solutions is orthogonal with respect to the measure xw(x). The nonlinear integral equation can be used to specify all orthogonal polynomials in a simple and compact way. This integral equation provides a natural vehicle for extending the theory of orthogonal polynomials into the complex domain. Generalizations of the integral equation are discussed. Finally, it is observed that since the integral equation is independent of the degree of the polynomials it may possibly be a useful tool in determining and studying the asymptotic behaviors of polynomials.
Human sex differentiation: from transcription factors to gender.

Over the past decade, knowledge of the genetic control of human sex differentiation has greately expanded our understanding of the developmental processes needed to form a male or female. The purpose of this review is to discuss how transcription factors are relevant to such processes. Additionally, an attempt is made to relate current knowledge of these factors with gender development of subjects with intersex conditions. Finally, we discuss how information about the genetic control of sex differentiation may contribute to decisions about medical treatment of individuals with conditions of abnormal sex differentiation.
Writing, Speaking, and the Disciplines at Dartmouth's Institute for Writing and Rhetoric.

The US field of composition studies and the subfields of writing across the curriculum and writing in the disciplines have focused on the relationships between teaching, language and knowledge. The...
The role of protein kinase C in regulation of TCDD-mediated CYP1A1 gene expression.

Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) is induced by halogenated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons following activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Protein kinase C (PKC) has been implicated in the regulation of this response. In tissue culture, induction of PKC activity with phorbol esters synergizes the actions of TCDD-induced CYP1A1, while PKC inhibitors block induction of CYP1A1 by TCDD. Here, the actions of specific PKC inhibitors on CYP1A1 induction were examined using a HepG2 human cell line (TV101L) that carries a stably integrated firefly luciferase gene under control of the human CYP1A1 promoter (-1612/+293). TV101 cells were treated with TCDD and either the kinase inhibitor staurosporine or one of the PKC inhibitors GF109203X, Go6983, or Go6976. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent activation of CYP1A1-luciferase and cellular PKC activity were measured. TCDD treatment induced CYP1A1-luciferase activity in an AhR-dependent manner, as determined by binding of nuclear AhR to xenobiotic response elements (XREs). Dose-dependent inhibition of PKC activity by staurosporine was concordant with inhibition of TCDD-induced CYP1A1-luciferase activity. However, the PKC inhibitors GF109203X, Go6983, and Go6976 blocked PKC activity at concentrations independent of those necessary to block TCDD induction of CYP1A1-luciferase activity. For all inhibitors, reduction in CYP1A1-luciferase activity was independent of AhR activation, as determined by electrophoretic mobility shift analysis of TCDD-activated nuclear AhR. The specific PKC inhibitors did not significantly alter cytosolic or nuclear levels of AhR protein, whether alone or in combination with TCDD. These results suggested that PKC was not the sole factor responsible for regulation of CYP1A1.
Host plant defences and voltinism in European butterflies

With respect to seasonal availability for herbivores, plants defended by synthesising qualitative compounds differ from those protected by accumulation of quantitative macromolecules, leaf toughness, and low water and/or nutrient content. While the palatability of the former plants remains relatively constant during the season, the palatability of the latter group decreases with leaf age. 2. It was hypothesised that in seasonal temperate environments, quantitative plant defences should restrict the annual numbers of insect generations. To test this hypothesis, European butterflies were used as a model, both non-corrected regressions and tests controlling for phylogeny were carried out, and potentially confounding factors such as body size or occurrence in short-season environments were treated as covariables. 3. Non-phylogenetically controlled regressions corroborated that butterflies feeding on quantitatively protected hosts (woody plants + grasses) form fewer generations than species feeding on qualitatively protected forbs. Plant defences fitted voltinism better than butterfly size, and remained significant even after controlling for short seasons. Using independent contrasts, feeding on woody plants plus grasses, and feeding on woody plants only, predicted fewer generations. These patterns, however, applied exclusively for foliage-feeding species. 4. The association between plant defences and voltinism represents a hitherto overlooked pattern in the ecology of temperate herbivores. It may explain why large insects tend to form fewer generations and feed on structurally complex hosts, and why some species remain monovoltine although they are not restricted by short season.
Spectra of the lowest excited singlet states of rhodamine 6G and rhodamine B

Excited states of laser dyes were generated in solution by an intense 6 ns laser pump pulse tuned to the absorption maximum of the longest wavelength, ground state absorption band. They were interrogated by a shorter, simultaneous, monochromatic pulse of smaller diameter, concentric and collinear with the pump, having a crossed polarization. Plots of transmission curves against intensity for the pump beams approached residual absorptions at the highest intensities. Gain or attenuation of the probe was measured throughout the region of the long wavelength absorption bands, at the 578.2 nm copper vapor laser wavelength, and for rhodamine 6G across the lasing band. Gains were determined at different probe intensities, and were extrapolated to small-signal values. The dyes have fluorescences at the ground state absorption maxima, hence pumping at these wavelengths cannot achieve 100 percent S 1 population. Auxiliary saturation transmissions were determined beyond the fluorescence bands and the first experiments were corrected to give a measure of \sigma_{e} - \sigma^{\ast} , the difference between the stimulated emission cross section and the excited state absorption cross section. Assumptions in the experiment and improvements in experimental technique are discussed.
Retinal ganglion cell axon progression from the optic chiasm to initiate optic tract development requires cell autonomous function of GAP-43

Pathfinding mechanisms underlying retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon growth from the optic chiasm into the optic tract are unknown. Previous work has shown that mouse embryos deficient in GAP-43 have an enlarged optic chiasm within which RGC axons were reportedly stalled. Here we have found that the enlarged chiasm of GAP-43 null mouse embryos appears subsequent to a failure of the earliest RGC axons to progress laterally through the chiasm-tract transition zone to form the optic tract. Previous work has shown that ventral diencephalon CD44/stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA) neurons provide guidance information for RGC axons during chiasm formation. Here we found that in the chiasm-tract transition zone, axons of CD44/SSEA neurons precede RGC axons into the lateral diencephalic wall and like RGC axons also express GAP-43. However unlike RGC axons, CD44/SSEA axon trajectories are unaffected in GAP-43 null embryos, indicating that GAP-43-dependent guidance at this site is RGC axon specific or occurs only at specific developmental times. To determine whether the phenotype results from loss of GAP-43 in RGCs or in diencephalon components such as CD44/SSEA axons, wild-type, heterozygous, or homozygous GAP-43 null donor retinal tissues were grafted onto host diencephalons of all three genotypes, and graft axon growth into the optic tract region was assessed. Results show that optic tract development requires cell autonomous GAP-43 function in RGC axons and not in cellular elements of the ventral diencephalon or transition zone.
An Update on the Hazards and Risks of Forensic Anthropology, Part II: Field and Laboratory Considerations

This paper focuses on potential hazards and risks to forensic anthropologists while working in the field and laboratory in North America. Much has changed since Galloway and Snodgrass published their seminal article addressing these issues. The increased number of forensic practitioners combined with new information about potential hazards calls for an updated review of these pathogens and chemicals. Discussion of pathogen hazards (Brucella, Borrelia burgdorferi, Yersinia pestis, Clostridium tetani and West Nile virus) includes important history, exposure routes, environmental survivability, early symptoms, treatments with corresponding morbidity and mortality rates, and decontamination measures. Additionally, data pertaining to the use of formaldehyde in the laboratory environment have resulted in updated safety regulations, and these are highlighted. These data should inform field and laboratory protocols. The hazards of working directly with human remains are discussed in a companion article, “An Update on the Hazards and Risks of Forensic Anthropology, Part I: Human Remains.”
Reactions to a social dilemma as a function of intragroup interactions and group performance

We examined how group performance (success or failure) and intragroup interactions (minimal or favorable) affected responses to a social dilemma. We predicted that group failure would result in less overall cooperation, but that favorable intragroup interactions would buffer this adverse consequence. We further predicted that this buffering effect would be mediated by group identity, which would, in turn, operate through two processes, normative expectations and goal transformation. We experimentally manipulated the extent to which groups (N = 80 four-person groups) experienced minimal or favorable intragroup interactions and succeeded or failed on an intellective task before facing, as isolated individuals, a social dilemma. Our main hypotheses were supported, and structural equation modeling and analyses of moderated mediation were largely consistent with our theoretical model. The results support a social identity approach to social dilemmas and shed light on the processes involved in intragroup cooper...
The effect of grain size on microstructure and stress relaxation in polycrystalline Y1Ba2Cu3O7−δ

We have used transmission electron microscopy and optical microscopy to examine the effect that grain size and heat treatment have on twinning and microcracking in polycrystalline Y1Ba2Cu3O7−δ. It is shown that isothermal oxygenation heat treatments produce twin structures consisting of parallel twins, with a characteristic spacing that increases with increasing grain size. Slow cooling through the temperature range where the orthorhombic-to-tetragonal transformation induces twinning, however, produces a structure consisting of a hierarchical arrangement of intersecting twins, the scale of which appears to be independent of grain size. It is also shown that the microcracking induced by anisotropic changes in grain dimensions on cooling or during oxygenation can be suppressed if the grain size of the material is kept below about 1 μm. The results are examined in the light of current models for transformation twinning and microcracking and the models used to access the effect other processing variables such as oxygen content, doping or heat treatment may have on the microstructure of Y1Ba2Cu3O7−δ.
Path-Integral Quantum Monte Carlo Techniques for Self-Assembled Quantum Dots

We have developed a set of path integral quantum Monte Carlo techniques for studying self-assembled quantum dots. The simulations can be run in two or three dimensions, with a variety of different effective mass models. Our most realistic simulations start from an atomistic model of dot shape, size, and composition, then compute strain-modified band offsets to use as input for the path integral algorithms. We have studied charge distributions and total energies for different numbers of electrons and holes in a variety of InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots. New techniques allow us to apply external electronic and magnetic fields. We have also gone beyond the parabolic band approximation by including an energy-dependent effective mass (in mathematical analogy to relativistic kinetic energy). Finally, we describe a path-integral method for calculating the degree to which biexcitonic correlation suppresses radiative recombination rates.
On discretely reflected backward stochastic differential equations

AbstractWe prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution for discretely reflected backward stochastic differential equations (DR-BSDEs) via contraction for cadlag processes based on the generalized It-formula for Fllmer path integrals.
Antibodies specific for Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 cross-react with human heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), and antibodies to the EBV nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) are consistently increased in MS patients. The hypothesis of this study is that anti-EBNA-1 antibodies cross-react with a self antigen in MS patients. We affinity purified anti-EBNA-1 antibodies from human plasma, used the anti-EBNA-1 to immunoprecipitate antigens from human brain, and identified bound antigens with mass spectrometry. Anti-EBNA-1 consistently bound heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (HNRNPL). We expressed both the long and short isoforms of this protein, and verified with Western blots and ELISA that the long isoform cross-reacts with EBNA-1. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that anti-EBNA-1 bound to an antigen in the nucleus of cultured rat central nervous system cells. ELISA demonstrated the presence of antibodies to HNRNPL in the plasma of both healthy controls and MS patients, but anti-HNRNPL was not increased in MS patients. We conclude that HNRNPL is an autoantigen which cross-reacts with EBNA-1. The relevance of this autoantigen to MS and other autoimmune diseases remains to be investigated.
Gaza: Banality of Morals

Are there any ethical and political complexities to reflect in the murderous attack by Israel on Gaza? There are none. Morality is an enduring but banal condition or worse. It is, however, very much part and parcel of the technology of rule we live under.
Analysis of transition state stabilization by non-covalent interactions in the Houk–List model of organocatalyzed intermolecular Aldol additions using functional-group symmetry-adapted perturbation theory

Rational design of catalysts would be aided by a better understanding of how non-covalent interactions stabilize transition states. Here, we apply the newly-developed Functional-Group Symmetry-Adapted Perturbation Theory (F-SAPT) to quantify non-covalent interactions in transition states of the proline-catalyzed intermolecular aldol reaction between benzaldehyde and cyclohexanone, according to the Houk–List mechanism [Bahmanyar et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 2475]. A recent re-examination of this organocatalytic reaction by Rzepa and co-workers [Armstrong et al., Chem. Sci., 2014, 5, 2057] used electron density analysis to identify three key non-covalent interactions thought to influence stereoselectivity: (1) a favorable electrostatic interaction (originally identified by Houk and List) between the NCHδ+ group of the enamine intermediate and the δ−OC of benzaldehyde; (2) a C–H/π interaction between the cyclohexene group of the enamine intermediate and the benzaldehyde phenyl ring; (3) a stabilizing contact between an ortho-hydrogen of the phenyl and an oxygen of the carboxylic acid group of the enamine. These three interactions have been directly computed using F-SAPT, which confirms the stabilizing interaction between an ortho-hydrogen and the carboxylic acid in the (S,S) and (R,S) transition state stereoisomers. F-SAPT analysis also finds stabilizing dispersion and electrostatic interactions due to a C–H/π interaction between the cyclohexene and phenyl groups in the (S,S) and (R,R) transition states. However, unfavorable exchange-repulsion cancels the attractive terms that favor these stereoisomers. Surprisingly, the interaction thought to be most important for stereoselectivity, the NCHδ+⋯δ−OC interaction, is actually found to be repulsive due to the negative charge on the nitrogen. Hence, our results indicate that geometric analysis and/or density-based analysis does not necessarily produce a reliable picture of non-covalent stabilization. As confirmed by high-level coupled-cluster computations, intermolecular interaction energies are strongest for the (R,R) transition states, which are not the experimentally favored products. This suggests that at least for this reaction, stereoselectivity is also strongly dependent on the energy required to distort the reacting molecules into the transition state geometry.
THE PRESENCE AND TRANSPORT OF OZONE IN THE MUSEUM ENVIRONMENT

Air pollution has been known to cause damage to museum objects for at least one hundred years. However, until recently, little was known about the indoor concentrations of photochemical oxidants in the museum environment or the potential risks they might pose to museum collections. For this reason we began, in the early 1980's, to measure the indoor/outdoor (I/O) concentration ratios of ozone in a selection of buildings which represented a range of ventilation, architectural and collection types. A computer model was developed which predicted indoor ozone concentrations based on a combination of building parameters, pollutant sources and loss mechanisms. In parallel, experiments were established that exposed natural and synthetic colorants, on various substrates, to ozone at concentrations found in Los Angeles photochemical air pollution.
Acetylcholine sensitivity of cat petrosal ganglion neurons.

We investigated if neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are localized in chemoreceptor afferent neurons in the cat petrosal ganglion (PG) and if acetylcholine (ACh) excites chemoreceptor afferent neurons. Immunocytochemistry revealed that a majority of PG neurons expressed α4 and/or α7 subunits of neuronal nAChRs, and a part of them were tyrosine hydroxylase positive. Excitability of cultured PG neurons was studied with patch clamp techniques (whole cell configuration). ACh and nicotine evoked both inward and outward currents. The inward current was partiallyblocked by removal of extracellular calcium and by antagonists for α4β2 (dihydro-β-erythroidine) or α7 nAChRs (methyllycaconitine). Outward current was blocked by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and sometimes by atropine. ACh-induced membrane potential changes were well correlated with ACh-induced currents. Depolarization and hyperpolarization occurred in response to ACh. Occasionally depolarization was followed by a train of action potentials. The results suggest that heterogeneous neuronal nAChRs are widely distributed in both chemoreceptor and other PG neurons. In some neurons nAChRs may be functionally coupled withoutward K- channels. Further studies are required to determine whether chemoreceptor neurons have a distinct distribution pattern of nAChRs and K+ channels.
Low Temperature Plasma Enhanced CVD of ‘Device Quality’ Silicon Dioxide.

As silicon-based technologies move towards submicron dimensions, vertical and three dimensional structures, the need for reduced thermal processing becomes more evident than ever. Currently, insulator (usually SiO2) growth and deposition contribute significantly to the total thermal budget, and it is clear that this will have to be reduced in future processes. In addition, many other applications require the deposition of high quality dielectrics at very low substrate temperatures, typically ≲350°C. Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is a technique which can be used to deposit insulators at suitably low temperatures, although it tends to produce SiO2 which exhibits poor electrical and physical properties and which forms poor interfaces with semiconductor substrates. Direct exposure to the high energy environment of the plasma is generally thought to be the main reason for this. Recently, [1] it has been shown that this is not necessarily the case, that under optimum conditions ‘device-quality’ SiO2 can be deposited at 350°C, and that under these conditions the Si bulk and Si:SiO2 interface are unperturbed by the plasma environment. In addition, this process allows the deposition of very high quality, ultra-thin films (≲ 50 A) over large areas, with excellent control of uniformity and thickness. [2] The process combines very low partial pressures of reactive gases (SiH4 and N2O) with He dilution to minimize gas phase reactions and significantly lower the deposition rate. SiO2 deposited in this way contains very little hydrogen, is dense and etches very slowly. Thin oxide (≲ 100 A) MOS capacitors are stable under bias temperature stress conditions and exhibit breakdown fields greater than 10 MV/cm. Typical interface state and fixed charge densities are in the low-1010 cm−2eV−1 range after a 400°C post metal anneal (PMA). These and other data [1,2] indicate that the PECVD films approach the quality of thermally grown oxides. Thin oxide (≲ 100 A) Al gate MOSFETs have also been fabricated [3] and compare well with control devices incorporating conventional thermally grown SiO2. For example, in FETs with 100 A gate oxides, the thermal controls exhibited a field effect mobility of 460 cm2/Vs and a threshold of −0.08 V compared to 352 cm2/Vs and 0.04 V respectively in the PECVD devices. These data were obtained from devices which received only a 400 °C PMA after gate oxide deposition at 350°C. These results demonstrate that the problems usually associated with plasma enhanced CVD are not intrinsic to the technique and can actually be eliminated. Moreover, PECVD can be used to deposit SiO2 of exceptionally high quality at a temperature which is low by virtually any technological standard.
Prenatal Education of Parents About Newborn Screening and Residual Dried Blood Spots: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance Research clearly indicates that current approaches to newborn blood spot screening (NBS) education are ineffective. Incorporating NBS education into prenatal care is broadly supported by lay and professional opinion. Objective To determine the efficacy and effect of prenatal education about newborn screening and use of residual dried blood spots (DBS) in research on parental knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Design, Setting, and Participants A randomized clinical trial of prenatal educational interventions, with outcomes measured by survey at 2 to 4 weeks postpartum. Participants were recruited from obstetric clinics in Salt Lake City, Utah; San Francisco, California; and the Bronx, New York. Eligible women were English- or Spanish-speaking adults and did not have a high-risk pregnancy. A total of 901 women were enrolled. Participants who completed the follow-up survey included 212 women in the usual care group (70% retention), 231 in the NBS group (77% retention), and 221 women in the NBS + DBS group (75% retention). Those who completed the survey were similar across the 3 groups with respect to age, ethnicity, race, education, marital status, income, obstetric history, and language. Interventions Participants were randomized into 1 of 3 groups: usual care (n = 305), those viewing an NBS movie and brochure (n = 300), and those viewing both the NBS and DBS movies and brochures (n = 296). Main Outcomes and Measures Two to four weeks postpartum, women completed a 91-item survey by telephone, addressing knowledge, attitudes, and behavior with respect to opting out of NBS or DBS for their child. Results A total of 901 women (mean age, 31 years) were randomized and 664 completed the follow-up survey. The total correct responses on the knowledge instrument in regard to NBS were 69% in the usual care group, 79% in the NBS group, and 75% in the NBS + DBS group, a significant between-group difference ( P P P P = .25). Conclusions and Relevance Educational interventions can be implemented in the prenatal clinic, using multimedia tools and electronic platforms. Prenatal education is effective in increasing postnatal knowledge and support for these programs. These results are relevant to other contexts in which residual clinical specimens and data are used for research purposes. Clinical Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT02676245
Key Technologies for Physical Layer of WiMAX System and Its Evolution

The Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) technology has developed rapidly. However, the key technology for the Physical Layer (PHY) of WiMAX system requires further evolution for acquiring effective and reliable communication performance and supporting higher-speed moving environments,. Based on IEEE 802.16d (for fixed broadband wireless access systems), IEEE 802.16e (for mobile broadband wireless access systems), introduces a combination of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technologies into the PHY to support mobility. It enables the transmission rate doubled while supports mobility to some extent. In the future, IEEE 802.16m will adopt more advanced air interface technologies.
240 Gb/s mode and wavelength division multiplexed data transmission in Si photonics

A 3-mode multiplexing and de-multiplexing silicon photonic circuit is shown to support 240 Gb/s data (3 modes × 2 wavelengths × 40 Gb/s). The key drivers for optimizing the photonic circuit performance are discussed.
Third-person perception of online comments

Using online comments posted on news stories as the context, this study aimed to examine the interplay between the third-person perception (TPP) - that people believe media message have a greater effect on changing the attitudes of others compared with themselves - and online incivility. It also examined whether people's agreement with the content of the comments would influence the TPP. Results of an experiment (N?=?301) showed incivility muted the persuasive effect of online comments, so only civil comments produced a TPP, whereby people felt comments had greater persuasive power over others compared with themselves. However, counter to predictions, whether people agreed with the comments did not influence the TPP. Findings also supported the TPP social distance corollary such that subjects perceived comments as having the largest third-person perceptual gap between the self and those who disagreed with them. Results are discussed in relation to TPP and face and politeness theories. People perceive civil online comments as more persuasive than uncivil comments.People perceive civil online comments as having more persuasive power on others, than the self.People perceive social distance with others online based on agreement on social issues.
A new islanding method for distributed generation and its application in power system restoration

Intentional islanding is an effective method to improve power supply reliability and fully strengthen the role of DGs. A strategy based on intentional islanding for using DGs in the distribution network restoration service in the context of smart distribution network is present in this paper and the restoration procedure of distribution network with DGs is also enunciated. Through the compare and research of existing distribution system islanding algorithms, the objective, principle and algorithm of intentional islanding are studied in detail based on the closed-loop design and open-loop operation characteristics of complex distribution network. An algorithm based on Minimum spanning tree and dynamic programming method is proposed, which can adapt to complex distribution network with the structure containing rings and ensure the restoration of important loads to the maximum extent. Using this method, it can ensure stable operation of islanding and quick synchronization with the upper power grid. The data structure, parameter setting and mathematical representations of the algorithm are introduced. Case analysis on typical islanding is shown to Confirms the feasibility of this method.
Nine new species of the Eremobates scaber species group of the North American camel spider genus Eremobates (Solifugae, Eremobatidae).

Nine new species of the Eremobates scaber species group of the solifuge genus Eremobates Banks 1900 are described, eight of them from Mexico. These new species are: E. axacoa , E. bonito, E. cyranoi , E. fisheri , E. hidalgoana , E. jaliscoana, E. minamoritaana, E. zacatecana , and E. zapal and together increase the size of this species group to 23. A key to all species in the E. scaber species group is also provided.
Water and What We Know: Following the Roots of a Northern Life

Review of: Water and What We Know: Following the Roots of a Northern Life, by Karen Babine.
Photocatalytic reforming of pinewood (Pinus ponderosa) acid hydrolysate for hydrogen generation

Abstract Dilute acid hydrolysis of milled Pinus ponderosa (pinewood) was performed in a high-temperature high-pressure 300 ml SS316 Parr reactor to produce sacrificial electron donors for downstream photocatalytic H 2 generation. Samples of the hydrolysate withdrawn at regular time intervals were analysed for total organic carbon (TOC), sugars and organic compounds. The influence of acid type (HCl, H 2 SO 4 , and HNO 3 ) and its concentration, temperature, residence time and biomass loading on pinewood hydrolysis and release of the glucose and xylose sugars (GX) was investigated. Maximum GX sugar yield was obtained with 1 v/v% HCl hydrolysis of 6.66 wt% pinewood slurry at 180 °C for 120 min. The hydrolysate was treated with activated charcoal (AC) and photoreformed for H 2 generation using 1% Pt/TiO 2 catalyst. Under optimized reaction conditions, 8 consecutive photocatalytic cycles of the hydrolysate produced cumulative yield of 19.9 ml H 2 /g pinewood, which is 26 mol% of GX observed in the hydrolysate.
Gossip in the Ether: How the Internet Does, and Doesn’t, Change Gossip

This chapter examines online gossip and argues that while online gossip can be crucial for some marginalized communities (as a way of finding virtual solidarity amid physical marginalization), its anonymity, immediacy, and permanence represent dangers for gossip and facilitate irresponsible or toxic gossip.
Potential Implications of Attention Deficits for Treatment and Recovery in Aphasia

When thinking about what drives language recovery in aphasia, it is important to consider the possible role of attention processing. Not only is attention a fundamental skill that is required durin...
Intestinal Microbial Community Dynamics of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in an Agroecosystem

The intestinal microbiota has important functions that contribute to host health. The compositional dynamics of microbial communities are affected by many factors, including diet and presence of pathogens. In contrast to humans and domestic mammals, the composition and seasonal dynamics of intestinal microbiota of wildlife species remain comparatively understudied. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is an ecologically and economically important wildlife species that inhabits agricultural ecosystems and is known to be a reservoir of enteric pathogens. Nevertheless, there is a lack of knowledge of white-tailed deer intestinal microbiota diversity and taxonomic composition. This study's first objective was to characterize and compare the intestinal microbiota of 66 fecal samples from white-tailed deer collected during two sampling periods (March and June) using 16S rDNA pyrosequencing. Associations between community diversity and composition and factors including season, sex, host genetic relatedness, and spatial location were quantified. Results revealed that white-tailed deer intestinal microbiota was predominantly comprised of phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, whose relative frequencies varied significantly between sampling periods. The second objective was to examine the associations between the presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella, and microbiota composition and diversity. Results indicated that relative abundance of some microbial taxa varied when a pathogen was present. This study provides insights into microbial compositional dynamics of a wildlife species inhabiting coupled natural and agricultural landscapes. Data focus attention on the high prevalence of Proteobacteria particularly during the summer and highlight the need for future research regarding the role of white-tailed deer as a natural pathogen reservoir in agroecosystems.
Performance Analysis of a Low-Power Magnetically Shielded Hall Thruster: Computational Modeling

The applicability of a fully shielding magnetic field topology to a low-power xenon Hall thruster was demonstrated through testing of the MaSMi-60. Although the discharge channel lifetime was signi...
Physical therapy and occupational therapy for pain management in children

Children often are exposed to rehabilitation procedures that may result in pain. This article discusses the emerging roles of the physical therapist and occupational therapist on the pediatric pain management team. Guidelines for evaluation and intervention are proposed.
Modeling motor responses of paraplegics under epidural spinal cord stimulation

Epidural spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a promising therapy for spinal cord injury (SCI). This paper combines experimental data from epidurally-stimulated human paraplegic patients with computational models of SCS to identify the electric field features correlated with the patients' ability to stand. We locate the spinal cord regions most critical to stimulated standing and find that the most informative stimulating features agree with results from nerve fiber theory. Further applications of our work include developing algorithms to optimize stimulation configurations for SCI patients, determining optimal electrode placement, and considering novel electrode array designs.
Los contratos implícitos: Una reseña

Introduccion. Las ideas asociadas a los contratos implicitos surgen de la obra de Martin Baily(1974), Costas Azariadis(1975) -quien aparentemente acuno el termino- y Donald F. Gordon(1974), aunque ciertas concepciones prekeynesianas del mercado de mano de obra, tales como el trabajo notablemente perdurable de John R. Hicks(1932) y los analisis posteriores de Armen Alchian(1969) y otros autores, son importantes predecesores. Esta linea de investigacion ha estado muy activa en el ultimo decenio y se destaca por su aplicacion de la teoria microeconomica al problema del desempleo y de las fluctuaciones del empleo...
Some Comments on the “Why” of Behavior

The most frequently asked questions about human behavior are undoubtedly “why” questions. “Why is Ken playing tennis?” “Why did Judy fail her exam?” “Why does Sandy keep touching everything?” People seem particularly interested in knowing the causes of behavior. They want answers to “why” questions.