cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Erroneous Removal as a Tool for Silent Tort Reform: An Empirical Analysis of Fee Awards and Fraudulent Joinder

By erroneously removing cases to federal court, defendants impose a cost (in time and money) on plaintiffs and the court system. If borderline cases are removed by defendants for precisely this purpose, defendants would be able to effect tort reform without needing new Congressional legislation. Using remand rates to measure erroneous removal, this paper finds that the remand rate for diversity cases has significantly changed over time: doubling between the years 1988 and 2000, but sharply declining to the historical level thereafter.Two hypotheses are studied to explain the fluctuation in the remand rate. First, were the changes to the removal statute in 1988 -- authority to impose higher fee awards and elimination of the bond posting requirement -- responsible for the uptick in the likelihood of remand during the 1990s and the sharp decline after 2000? Second, could doctrinal differences between circuit courts -- in how they awarded fees and analyzed fraudulent joinder arguments -- explain both the differences between the circuits and the fluctuation in the remand rate?Two empirical findings stand out. First, diversity cases removed on the basis of fraudulent joinder arguments are much more likely to be remanded than other similar cases. This provides an opportunity for defendants to abuse the doctrine, if not constrained by courts. Second, the identity of the removing defendant -- individual, corporation, or other -- does not matter as much as the identity of the plaintiff. All types of defendants are more likely to erroneously remove a case against an individual plaintiff, perhaps because such plaintiffs suffer more from delay and added cost than would the average corporate plaintiff.
Acoustic and intonational correlates of the informational status of referring expressions in Seoul Korean

This paper examines the phonetic correlates of the informational status of referring expressions in Seoul Korean. Two experiments were conducted. The results of the first experiment suggest that speakers of Seoul Korean indicate the informational status of referring expressions not only with quantitative increases and decreases in acoustic cues such as duration, F0 range, and amplitude but also with qualitative changes in accentual phrasing (i.e., the phrasing of accentual phrases, the tonally defined prosodic unit below the intonational phrase). The results of the second experiment suggest that speakers of Seoul Korean rather clearly distinguish current and displaced discourse entities. This result is taken as supporting the division by Brown (1983) and Yule (1981) of textually given entities into current evoked versus displaced evoked entities. It is also suggested that producing given expressions as one accentual phrase is part of the phonetic attenuation which Chafe (1976) discusses. The term intonational attenuation is proposed to describe the use of accentual phrasing by some languages to indicate the informational status of referring expressions
“This Lock You See”: Nineteenth-Century Hair Work as the Commodified Self

(1997). “This Lock You See”: Nineteenth-Century Hair Work as the Commodified Self. Fashion Theory: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 421-445.
Genotype-specific developmental plasticity shapes the timing and robustness of reproductive capacity in Caenorhabditis elegans

The effects of environmental stress on developmental phenotypes allows us to observe the adaptive capacity of various genotypes. In single-genotype populations, this allows for observing the effects of standing variation on the process of developmental plasticity. Typically, such efforts do not allow us to distinguish the effect of genotype from the effects of environment. In the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, however, the L1 stage of development allows for precise and controlled imposition of starvation on a synchronized population of individuals. This allows for systematic comparisons within and between defined genotypes. This study provides a number of innovations in the study of Nematode developmental plasticity. The first is to demonstrate systems-level mechanisms of adaptive response for various genetic mutant phenotypes to extended L1 arrest. The effects of developmental deprivation are quantifiable by applying statistical modeling techniques to reproductive time-series. This is characterized for both a wildtype strain (N2) and a host of genetic mutant strains. A further contribution is investigating the effects of starvation at multi-generational timescales. This includes both two generations post-starvation and multiple starvation experiences with selection for fecundity over 11 generations. Statistical techniques such as Kernel Density Estimation (KDE), fold-change analysis, and Area Under the Curve (AUC) analysis reveal differences from baseline in the form of shifts in reproductive timing and kurtosis in peak reproductive capacity characterize adaptive responses that are semi-independent of environment. Extending these patterns of response to ad hoc comparisons with multi-generational contexts reveals that different genotypes characterized by mutations of specific genetic loci lead to vastly different outcomes.
Change in virulence of Bacillus anthracis spores as affected by solids and challenge route.

The addition of egg yolk to spores of Bacillus ant hracis of low virulence t strains was reported by Kaga (1956a, b) to reduce the minimum lethal dose for mice and to form uncommonly large, edematous lesions in rabbits. Kaga (1956c, d) also noted that cultivation of B. anthracis in egg yolk medium resulted in more abundant growth of the organism and greater production of protective antigen than occurred in other media. Virulence for rats was increased
Odd-numbered fatty acids in phosphatidyl choline versus phosphatidyl ethanolamine of vitamin B12-deprived rats.

AbstractIn response to a 20-week dietary deficiency of vitamin B12 rats accumulated two to four times more heptadecanoic acid (17:0) and pentadecanoic acid (15:0) in phosphatidyl choline (PC) of their cerebrum. Considerably smaller amounts of these odd-numbered fatty acids (ONFA) were present in phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) of either the cerebrum or liver of rats deprived of, or supplemented with, vitamin B12. Vitamin B12-deficient rats had twice as much ONFA in PC of their cerebrum than in PC of their liver, and the vitamin deficiency had little or no effect on the amounts of ONFA in PE of the cerebrum or liver. The greater incorporation of ONFA into cerebral PC appears to be correlated with a greater abundance of palmitic acid (16:0) and related chain length—even-numbered fatty acids (14:0) and 16:1) in this phospholipid of the rat. Similar relationships between the abundance of ONFA and 16:0 in neural PC were previously found in an infant with genetically defective B12—coenzyme systems.
Adult Emergence and Activity Patterns of Parasites of Early Instar Jack Pine Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Rates of adult emergence and patterns of temporal and spatial activity were studied for three parasitic species, Apanteles fumiferanae Viereck, A. morrisi (Mason), and Glypta fumiferanae (Viereck), of jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus Freeman, in jack pine stands in Michigan's lower peninsula. Adult A. morrisi emerged slightly earlier than adult A. fumiferanae , both of which were followed by G. fumiferanae . Malaise traps were used to monitor the flight activity of adult parasites. The seasonal activity pattern of adult female A. morrisi , as measured by Malaise trap catch, exhibited two peaks, one at 375 degree-days (DD) (base 8.9°C) and another at 800 DD. Peak activity of A. fumiferanae and G. fumiferanae occurred at ca. 1,200 DD. Diurnal activity patterns of female A. fumiferanae and female G. fumiferanae were cyclical and influenced by temperature. Activity of both species was greatest in the upper crowns of jack pine trees at a height of ca. 8.5 m; above and below this height catch of females of both species declined. Catch of male G. fumiferanae continued to increase at heights above 8.5 m.
Carcinoid heart disease: medical and surgical considerations.

Carcinoid tumors are rare, arising in 1.2-2.1 per 100,000 people in the general population per year.1 In 20%-30% of patients, the initial presentation occurs as a result of peptide production, ie, carcinoid syndrome. The malignant carcinoid syndrome consists of flushing, gastrointestinal hypermotility (secretory diarrhea), bronchospasm, and carcinoid heart disease. The syndrome is caused by the release of the vasoactive substances 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), 5-hydroxytryptophan, histamine, bradykinins, tachykinins, and prostaglandins. The diagnosis of carcinoid syndrome is usually suspected by clinical features and confirmed by elevation of the byproduct of serotonin metabolism, 5hydroxy indole acetic acid (5HIAA). The urinary 5-HIAA (24hour collection) is a specific and reproducible test that provides a reliable biological marker for the assessment of tumor activity and the response to intervention.2 Measurement of circulating plasma chromogranin A, a protein produced by neuroendocrine cells, has also become a useful marker for carcinoid tumor diagnosis and follow-up.3,4
Escalation of intravenous self‐administration of methylone and mephedrone under extended access conditions

The recreational use of substituted cathinones continues to grow as a public health concern in the United States. Studies have shown that extended access to intravenous (i.v.) self-administration of stimulants, such as cocaine and methamphetamine, results in escalation of drug intake relative to shorter access; however, little is known about the impact of extended access on self-administration of entactogen class stimulants such as methylone and 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone). Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to short-access (ShA, 2- h) and long-access (LgA, 6- h) groups and trained to self-administer methylone or mephedrone (0.5 mg/kg/infusion) using a fixed-ratio 1 response contingency. The methylone-trained groups were evaluated on a progressive-ratio (PR) procedure incorporating dose-substitution of methylone (0.125-2.5 mg/kg/infusion), mephedrone (0.125-2.5 mg/kg/infusion) or methamphetamine (MA; 0.01-0.5 mg/kg/infusion). Mephedrone-trained rats were similarly evaluated on a PR with mephedrone and MA. Rats trained with LgA to methylone and mephedrone earned more infusions during acquisition compared with ShA groups. Mephedrone-trained LgA rats reached significantly higher breakpoints than all other groups in mephedrone and MA PR tests. Methylone-trained LgA rats exhibited a rightward shift of the peak effective dose but no overall efficacy change compared with methylone-trained ShA rats. These findings show that the self-administration of mephedrone escalates under LgA conditions in a manner similar to traditional stimulants whereas escalation of 6 h intakes of methylone is not accompanied by differences in PR performance. Thus mephedrone represents the greater risk for dysregulated drug consumption.
Analysis on avoiding injuries and deaths of fireman in the hazmat rescue process

The typical cases of injuries and deaths of fireman in the hazmat rescue process in recent years were listed,and its main reasons were analyzed.Some strategies on avoiding injuries and deaths of fireman in the hazmat rescue were proposed based on the statistically analysis.
Observations on the synonymy of Caligus coryphaenae Stp. & Lutk

(1962). Observations on the synonymy of Caligus coryphaenae Stp. & Lutk. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 5, No. 57, pp. 513-522.
Laser applications in ossicular surgery.

Laser energy is the best tool to use when performing middle ear ossicular surgery. Laser surgery is safe, atraumatic, and easy to perform. There have been no complications during or following surgery related to the use of laser energy.
Fictional worlds as the key to adaptation: The Blade Runner video game case study.

La narratologia tradicional se centra a descriure estructures basades en models linguistics que compliquen entendre la narrativa en mitjans interactius. No obstant aixo, basant-nos en teories mes recents, com les proposades per Herman a Story Logic (2002), el qual es refereix als storyworlds (mons-historia) com l'element central de les narratives, podem ver com els mons de ficcio ens serveix tant per entendre les narratives en mitjans interactius com en el proces de translacio entre ells. Per aixo, farem servir com a exemple el videojoc Blade Runner (1997) i la seva relacio amb els textos en els quals esta basat, la novel·la Blade Runner. Els andoides somnien xais electrics? de Philip K. Dick i la pel·licula Blade Runner de Ridley Scott. Per mitja d'una analisi comparativa de textos, podem apreciar com el joc fa servir els textos originals per recrear el seu mon de ficcio, fent servir els pilars que segons Herman defineixen el mon-historia, que son els estats, esdeveniments i accions que el caracteritzen. Aquests pilars es veuen reflectits en l'attrezzo, que serveix per donar peu a les accions del jugador, aixi com les micronarratives que invoquen esdeveniments que es narren en els textos en els quals s'inspira el joc. El joc tambe reprodueix la ambiguitat ontologica caracteristica dels mons de Philip K. Dick per mitja del seu disseny, tot recreant un dels estats dominants del mon de ficcio.
Evaluating human gaze patterns during grasping tasks: robot versus human hand

Perception and gaze are an integral part of determining where and how to grasp an object. In this study we analyze how gaze patterns differ when participants are asked to manipulate a robotic hand to perform a grasping task when compared with using their own. We have three findings. First, while gaze patterns for the object are similar in both conditions, participants spent substantially more time gazing at the robotic hand then their own, particularly the wrist and finger positions. Second, We provide evidence that for complex objects (eg, a toy airplane) participants essentially treated the object as a collection of sub-objects. Third, we performed a follow-up study that shows that choosing camera angles that clearly display the features participants spend time gazing at are more effective for determining the effectiveness of a grasp from images. Our findings are relevant both for automated algorithms (where visual cues are important for analyzing objects for potential grasps) and for designing tele-operation interfaces (how best to present the visual data to the remote operator).
Coherent Raman Scattering Microscopy in Dermatological Imaging

Coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopies are noninvasive imaging modalities that provide label-free, chemical-specific, depth-resolved information of tissue with subcellular image resolution. CRS has been applied in various dermatological applications and has provided helpful insights for clinical diagnosis as well as basic laboratory research. CRS microscopy employs two ultrafast (picosecond or femtosecond) pulsed laser beams, and the frequency difference between the two beams is tuned to target different molecules or chemical components. This is unique in the sense that CRS can provide not only the morphological/structural information of the skin, but also the chemical and molecular information. This feature has enabled clinical dermatological diagnosis, skin disease evaluation, and drug delivery monitoring, as well as the evaluation of therapeutic effects. In addition to the basic principles of CRS techniques, this chapter will also discuss the broad applications of CRS in the field of dermatological imaging, both in basic research and clinical settings.
The Core Principles of Physiology

This chapter summarizes the core principles of human physiology. It begins with the definition of human physiology as “the integrated study of the normal function of the human body”. It discusses reductionism, the explanation of a system on the basis of its parts, and contrasts this to holism, in which behavior of the parts are altered by their context within the whole. The core principles include: (1) cells are the functional unit of life; (2) physiological systems seek homeostasis; (3) causal mechanisms within the body obey physical and chemical laws; (4) our bodies are the product of evolution of prior forms; (5) our bodies transform matter and energy into body materials and physiological work; (6) the function of body parts follow their form; (7) coordinated control of body systems requires signaling at all levels of organization; (8) control systems use negative feedback, anticipatory or feed-forward control, or developmental or threshold control; (9) physiology is quantitative.
Reporting Gleason grade/score in synoptic reports of radical prostatectomies

Context: The format of a synoptic report can significantly affect the accuracy, speed, and preference with which a reader can retrieve information. Objective: The objective of this study is to compare different formats of Gleason grading/score in synoptic reports of radical prostatectomies. Methods: The performance of 16 nonpathologists (cancer registrars, MDs, medical non-MDs, and nonmedical) at identifying specific information in various formatted synoptic reports using a computerized quiz that measured both accuracy and speed. Results: Compared to the standard format (primary, secondary, tertiary grades, and total score on separate lines), omitting tertiary grade when Not applicable reduced accuracy (72 vs. 97%, P total score) were associated with increased speed of data extraction (18 and 24%, respectively, P < 0.001). The single line format was more accurate (100% vs. 97%, P = 0.02). No user preferred the biopsy format, and only 7/16 users preferred the single line format. Conclusions : Different report formats for Gleason grading significantly affect users speed, accuracy, and preference; users do not always prefer either speed or accuracy.
Site Scale Analyses

In this and the next chapter, we examine evidence from the Sitkalidak Archaeological Survey project that addresses predictions of the “four act” model in Chapter 6. To do this, we need to reorganize the predictions into data-specific groupings. The lines of evidence available to test these predictions, controlled for time, addressed in this chapter include: component frequencies as a measure of changing settlement density; site size measures of population aggregation (site area and number of houses per site); measures of site function variability (spatial and geographical parameters and artifact assemblage character); and settlement patterns. In Chapter 9, we examine social inequality and trends in demography by means of: house attributes as a measure of social variability; and two methods of population estimation (the house/site area method, and the carbon-date frequency method). Predictions specific to each data category will be presented at the beginning of each analytical section and the findings summarized at the end of each section. Chapter 10 assembles all predictions and their results by time period, enabling a comprehensive view of the relative success of the model.
Joint mechanical asymmetries during low- and high-demand mobility tasks: Comparison between total knee arthroplasty and healthy-matched peers

Chronic inter-limb joint mechanical asymmetry has been reported following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) during low-demand mobility tasks such as level walking. However, no study has compared the inter-limb asymmetry during a high-demand mobility task such as decline walking. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to compare inter-limb asymmetry differences during both level and decline walking tasks at six months following TKA compared to asymmetry present in an age, gender, body mass index and activity level matched healthy cohort. Kinetic and kinematic gait analysis was conducted on 42 patients with TKA and 15 healthy-matched peers. Our inter-limb asymmetry results demonstrated significantly (p<0.05) greater combined limb support moment (MS) (mean differences [MD]=0.17; 95% CI=0.07, 0.22), knee extensor moment (MK) (MD=0.05; 95% CI=0.02, 0.09) and vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) (MD=0.03; 95% CI=0.01, 0.08) differences during decline walking compared to level walking in patients with TKA. Greater MS (MD=0.24; 95% CI=0.13, 0.35), MK (MD=0.08; 95% CI=0.03, 0.18), vGRF (MD=0.04; 95% CI=0.01, 0.08) and knee joint angle (MD=2.4; 95% CI=0.37, 3.80) differences were present in patients with TKA compared to healthy-matched peers during decline walking. Greater MS (MD=0.13; 95% CI=0.05, 0.20) and plantarflexor moment (MD=0.06; 95% CI=0.04, 0.16) differences were present in patients with TKA compared to healthy-matched peers during level walking. Post-TKA inter-limb asymmetry during level walking worsens as the physical demands of the task are increased. Thus, even patients with good self-reported outcomes after TKA exhibit substantial deficits in their mobility reserves that could limit their independence and community mobility as they age.
Animalqueer/Queeranimal: Scatterings

Aneil Rallin also pushes us to consider the boundaries of the human, and thereby the formation of the human through education, and to do so through “excavating” or “reframing” ideological apparatuses. Engaging work currently being undertaken in queer theory and critical animal studies, and using “experimental” form (a queer form?), Rallin makes “scattered speculations” that (a) point to collisions and disjunctures between animal studies/lives and queer theory/lives, (b) explore what political and rhetorical responsibility means in the here and now, and (c) make a case for the urgency of both excavating/reframing the ideological apparatus motivating dominant constructions of “animal,” human, and nonhuman and sustaining conditions that allow for animal/queer (lives) to flourish.
Neonatal Macroglossia: Demographics, Cost of Care, and Associated Comorbidities.

Objectives:To examine the birth prevalence of congenital macroglossia and identify demographic variables and comorbidities that may influence length of stay and cost of care.Study Design:Retrospect...
The Impact of ESR1 Mutations on the Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer.

After nearly 20 years of research, it is now established that mutations within the estrogen receptor (ER) gene, ESR1, frequently occur in metastatic breast cancer and influence response to hormone therapy. Though early studies presented differing results, sensitive sequencing techniques now show that ESR1 mutations occur at a frequency between 20 and 40% depending on the assay method. Recent studies have focused on several “hot spot mutations,” a cluster of mutations found in the hormone-binding domain of the ESR1 gene. Throughout the course of treatment, tumor evolution can occur, and ESR1 mutations emerge and become enriched in the metastatic setting. Sensitive techniques to continually monitor mutant burden in vivo are needed to effectively treat patients with mutant ESR1. The full impact of these mutations on tumor response to different therapies remains to be determined. However, recent studies indicate that mutant-bearing tumors may be less responsive to specific hormonal therapies, and suggest that aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy may select for the emergence of ESR1 mutations. Additionally, different mutations may respond discretely to targeted therapies. The need for more preclinical mechanistic studies on ESR1 mutations and the development of better agents to target these mutations are urgently needed. In the future, sequential monitoring of ESR1 mutational status will likely direct personalized therapeutic regimens appropriate to each tumor’s unique mutational landscape.
Keynote: google maps and browser support for rich web applications

Lars designed and built the original prototype of Google Maps, which launched this January as a Google Labs experiment. He will discuss why his team chose a javascript-heavy approach, the challenges of doing so, and how browsers might develop in the future to better support rich web applications such as Google Maps.
The Role of Woman's Explanations for Refusal on Men's Ability to Discriminate Unwanted Sexual Behavior in a Date Rape Scenario

This study examined the impact of types of women's verbal refusals, and the timing of her refusal, on men's discrimination of when a female wants her partner to stop making sexual advances. Male students were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 conditions (Explanations × Intimacy Levels). Before listening to an audiotape of a date rape, participants were told they would be listening to an interaction between a man and a woman who had just returned from a date. They were instructed to indicate when the woman wanted the man to stop making sexual advances by pressing a switch that synchronously stopped a timer (yielding the measure of latency). In the vignette, the woman provided an explanation for not engaging in sexual intercourse on the date either during kissing or when the man attempted to touch her breasts. She offered one of three reasons for refusing his sexual advances; fear of pregnancy, waiting until marriage, too early in the relationship. Results revealed an interaction in which participants in the “too early in the relationship explanation at the level of breast contact” condition displayed significantly longer latencies than individuals in the other groups. The implications of the findings are discussed.
ADVENT AND PRESENT-DAY STATUS OF LIGAND METHODS

Biological methods have been crucial in pharmacological studies since the earliest days of quantitation. Disciplined use of bioassay allowed the discovery and quantitation of such endogenous compounds as acetylcholine and noradrenaline long before chemical assay became possible. In contrast, little was done in attempts to measure exogenous compounds introduced into the body until key developments in chemical analysis took place, notably with the Bratton-Mar shall reaction, absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy and, more recently, GC and HPLC. Specificity in chemical drug assays became a rigorous aim, often hinging on both work-up procedures and detection modes.
Gene-for-gene interaction in the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis

The gene-for-gene hypothesis of plant-pathogen interaction as proposed by H.H. Flor states that for each resistance gene in the host there is a specific, complementary gene conditioning pathogenicity in the parasite. Numerous examples of this type of plant-pathogen interaction have been elucidated in the past 40 years. This model of plant-microbe interaction also provides a simple framework in which to view symbiotic plant-microbe interactions. We have identified 10 instances in the literature in which interaction between plants in the family Leguminosae and bacterial symbionts in the genera Rhizobium or Bradyrhizobium appear to function in a gene-for-gene fashion. In addition, we describe two further instances of apparent gene-for-gene interaction in the soybean-B. japonicum symbiosis. These last examples were identified in our laboratory as a result of an intensive search for soybean germplasm that would restrict or resist nodulation by highly competitive, but relatively poor nitrogen fixing strains of B. japonicum that are indigenous to soybean production areas of the U.S.A. The practical goal of this work is firstly, the development of a soybean genotype with genetic factors conferring ‘resistance’ to a broad spectrum of ineffective indigenous bradyrhizobia and secondly, the construction of a highly effective inoculant strain possessing the complementary genes necessary to optimally nodulate such a soybean genotype. This dual approach to develop both partners in the legume-rhizobial symbiosis represents a new application of the gene-for-gene system.
Quality-Driven Resource Allocation for Wireless Video Transmissions Under Energy Efficiency and Delay Constraints

In this paper, wireless video transmissions are studied under total bandwidth and energy efficiency (EE) constraints. In order to provide the desired performance levels to the end-users in real-time video transmissions, quality of service requirements such as statistical delay constraints are also considered. Effective capacity is used as the throughput metric in the presence of such statistical delay constraints since deterministic delay bounds are difficult to guarantee due to the time-varying nature of wireless fading channels. A multiuser setup where different users have different delay guarantees is addressed. Following characterizations from the rate-distortion theory, a logarithmic model of the quality-rate relation is used for predicting the quality of the reconstructed video in terms of the peak signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver side. The optimal bandwidth allocation and the optimal power allocation/power control policies that maximize the sum video quality subject to total bandwidth and minimum EE constraints are derived. Five different resource allocation strategies are investigated, and simulation results show that the joint optimization of the bandwidth allocation and power control provides the best performance. The tradeoff between EE and video quality is also demonstrated since higher EE results in lower quality of received video sequence.
Global estimates of changes in shortwave low-cloud albedo and fluxes due to variations in cloud droplet number concentration derived from CERES-MODIS satellite sensors.

Fifteen years of Aqua Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy Systems (CERES) and MOderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations are combined to derive nearly global maps of shortwave albedo (A) and flux (F) response to changes in cloud droplet number concentration (N(sub d)). Absolute (S(sub a) = ∂A/∂N(sub d)) and relative (S(sub r) = ∂A/∂In(N(sub d)) albedo susceptibilities are computed by exploiting the linear relationship between A and ln (N(sub d)) for shallow liquid clouds. Subtropical stratiform clouds over the eastern Pacific, eastern Atlantic, and off the coast of eastern Asia yield the highest S(sub r), followed by the extratropical oceans during their hemispheric summer. When S(sub r) is cast in terms of F, the eastern Pacific clouds dominate S(sub r). S(sub a) is mainly governed by N(sub d), with offshore clouds producing high S(sub a). While both S(sub a) and S(sub r) are advantageous for understanding radiative aspects of the aerosol indirect effect, S(sub r) is more suitable for calculating changes in A and F due to the linearity of the A‐ln (N(sub d)) relationship.
Crohn's disease of the duodenum (transmural duodenitis): clinical manifestations. Report of 11 cases.

Data from 11 patients with Crohn's disease of the duodenum (transmural duodenitis), seen from 1965–1970, are reported. For all, duodenal involvement predominated with a) symptoms of duodenal obstruction (6 patients); b) symptoms of duodenal ulceration (3 patients); c) or both (2 patients). Six had previous histories of transmural enteritis or colitis; for 5, duodenal involvement was the first manifestation of transmural enteritis. All subsequently had other involvement by transmural enteritis: 8 ileal, 5 colonic, 3 cutaneous fistulae and 3 perirectal abscesses. Ten had operations for duodenal disease and had bypass procedures; no vagotomy was done. Eight have done well and only 1 required further operations. Transmural duodenitis should be suspected for patients with symptoms of duodenal ulceration or obstruction and known transmural enteritis or colitis; duodenal involvement may be the first manifestation of transmural enteritis.
Factors Associated With Adverse Outcomes After Repair of Anomalous Coronary From Pulmonary Artery.

Background Successful repair of anomalous origin of coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ACAPA) is generally associated with a good prognosis. However, risk factors for poor postoperative outcomes have not been well characterized. This study used a multicenter data set to determine predictors of mortality after ACAPA repair. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed using The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database’s Participant User File. After identification of all patients with ACAPA who underwent repair from 2007 to 2016, demographics, preoperative and intraoperative variables, and postoperative complications were compared between survivors and nonsurvivors. The primary outcomes included (1) in-hospital mortality and (2) the need for postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine preoperative and intraoperative risk factors for these outcomes. Results Of the 703 patients who underwent ACAPA repair, 20 (2.8%) died during the same hospitalization. The odds of mortality were increased if preoperative shock was present (odds ratio [OR], 4.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4 to 15.1; P = .01) and if postoperative ECMO was required (OR, 11.8; 95% CI, 3.6 to 38.4; P Conclusions Lower weight, preoperative shock, and postoperative ECMO use were identified as risk factors for in-hospital mortality in patients undergoing ACAPA repair. These important perioperative factors likely reflect the clinical severity of presentation and suggest a role for early consideration of postoperative mechanical circulatory support to improve outcomes.
Teaching through Diagrams: Galileo’s Dialogo and Discorsi and his Pisan Readers

This contribution examines the role of diagrams in early modern pedagogy. It begins with an analysis of images from the 1632 Dialogo and 1638 Discorsi. I claim that Galileo often employed images in a pedagogical context, illustrating to readers through his dialogue how he may have used images in his own teaching. Building on the work of previous historians, I argue that a classification of Galileo’s images should include not only heuristic images and images used for virtual witnessing, but also pedagogical images designed to illustrate to the reader (or student) how to reach conclusions about a given question. I then turn to the way Galileo’s readers at the University of Pisa employed Galileo’s images in their own teaching. I argue that Galileo’s readers employed his images in their own works in ways which reflected their training and the genre in which they wrote and taught.
Fair decision making using privacy-protected data

Data collected about individuals is regularly used to make decisions that impact those same individuals. We consider settings where sensitive personal data is used to decide who will receive resources or benefits. While it is well known that there is a trade-off between protecting privacy and the accuracy of decisions, we initiate a first-of-its-kind study into the impact of formally private mechanisms (based on differential privacy) on fair and equitable decision-making. We empirically investigate novel tradeoffs on two real-world decisions made using U.S. Census data (allocation of federal funds and assignment of voting rights benefits) as well as a classic apportionment problem. Our results show that if decisions are made using an ∈-differentially private version of the data, under strict privacy constraints (smaller ∈), the noise added to achieve privacy may disproportionately impact some groups over others. We propose novel measures of fairness in the context of randomized differentially private algorithms and identify a range of causes of outcome disparities. We also explore improved algorithms to remedy the unfairness observed.
Who Holds the Keys? Identifying Female Administrators at Shahr-i Sokhta

In recent years scholars who study ancient economies have sharpened their focus on the role of women within these networks and on use of seals in their administration. Yet, until recently, little a...
Trait integration and functional differentiation among co-existing plant species

PREMISE Determining which traits characterize strategies of coexisting species is important to developing trait-based models of plant communities. First, global dimensions may not exist locally. Second, the degree to which traits and trait spectra constitute independent dimensions of functional variation at various scales continues to be refined. Finally, traits may be associated with existing categorical groupings. METHODS We assessed trait integration and differentiation across 57 forest understory plant species in Douglas-fir forests of western Oregon, United States. We combined measurements for a range of traits with literature-based estimates of seed mass and species groupings. We used network analysis and nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination (NMS) to determine the degree of integration. RESULTS We observed a strong leaf economics spectrum (LES) integrated with stem but not root traits. However, stem traits and intrinsic water-use efficiency integrated LES and root traits. Network analyses indicated a modest grouping of a priori trait dimensions. NMS indicated that multivariate differences among species were related primarily to (1) rooting depth and plant height vs. specific root length, (2) the LES, and (3) leaf size vs. seed mass. These differences were related to species groupings associated with growth and life form, leaf lifespan and seed dispersal mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS The strategies of coexisting understory plant species could not be reduced to a single dimension. Yet, species can be characterized efficiently and effectively for trait-based studies of plant communities by measuring four common traits: plant height, specific leaf area, leaf size, and seed mass.
Discovery of potent charge-reducing molecules for native ion mobility mass spectrometry studies

There is growing interest in the characterization of protein complexes and their interactions with ligands using native ion mobility mass spectrometry. A particular challenge, especially for membrane proteins, is preserving noncovalent interactions and maintaining native-like structures. Different approaches have been developed to minimize activation of protein complexes by manipulating charge on protein complexes in solution and the gas-phase. Here, we report the utility of polyamines that have exceptionally high charge-reducing potencies with some molecules requiring 5-fold less than trimethylamine oxide to elicit the same effect. The charge-reducing molecules do not adduct to membrane protein complexes and are also compatible with ion-mobility mass spectrometry, paving the way for improved methods of charge reduction.
Teaching General Chemistry (I) Online during COVID-19. Process, Outcomes, and Lessons Learned: A Reflection

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted teaching and learning worldwide during the Spring 2020 semester. Students and teachers had to shift to online teaching and learning in short order. With little time to prepare and inadequate training, faculty and students were thrust into a fluid situation, receiving training while teaching and learning. This essay is a reflection on experiences and lessons learned while teaching a trailer General Chemistry (I) course online to 278 undergraduate students. Challenges, successes, positive lessons learned, and plans for the future are discussed.
Preflight Ground Test Analyses of the Boundary Layer Transition (BOLT) Flight Geometry

Wind-tunnel experiments were performed to quantify boundary-layer instabilities both on and off the surface of a 33% scale model of the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory/U.S. Air Force Office of S...
Exhuming the Nahualli: Shapeshifting, Idolatry, and Orthodoxy in Colonial Mexico

This article examines the relationship between ritual specialists, nanahualtin or nahualistas (pl.) and nahualli or nahual (sing.), and healing practices, adding context to the social roles they fulfilled and the range of feats they performed. The cases examined here reveal that nanahualtin operated as intellectuals in their communities because of their ability to control animals, prognosticate, and heal or harm individuals at will. Some nanahualtin shapeshifted from humans to animals while others possessed animal companions. The elevated status of nanahualtin led commoners to seek their advice, which conflicted with the established orthodoxy of the Catholic Church. Because clergymen championed the sacraments as the best way to access the divine, non-orthodox rituals performed in mountains, rivers, and caves were derided as idolatrous devil worship. The 11 criminal and Mexican Inquisition cases examined here range from 1599 to 1801. Two seventeenth-century cases (1678 and 1685) and one eighteenth-century case (1701) contain Nahuatl phrases and testimonies from Chiapas and Tlaxcala, respectively. The cases from Chiapas demonstrate the use of Nahuatl as a vehicular language outside the central valley of Mexico. This article examines the gender of the animals into which ritual specialists transformed as an emergent category from trial records, which provides insight into Catholic officials’ understanding of the nahualli. Last, this study notes social divisions between rural and urban clergy regarding the power of nanahualtin and the efficacy of their magic.
'Don't Come Around Here No More': Narrowing Personal Jurisdiction Over Non-Resident Corporations in Illinois

Beginning in 2011, the U.S. Supreme Court began to raise the bar on personal jurisdiction. In this series of cases, the Court has articulated a much more limited view of general personal jurisdiction over corporations, making it more difficult for plaintiffs to obtain jurisdiction over non-resident corporations. Applying and building upon this precedent, the Illinois Supreme Court interpreted Illinois law relating to personal jurisdiction and, in so doing, further narrowed the situations in which a non-resident corporate defendant may be subjected to in person general jurisdiction in Illinois. In order to establish the foundation for understanding the scope, significance, and implications of these decisions limiting personal jurisdiction over non-resident corporations — particularly in mass tort litigation — this article reviews relevant aspects of the U.S. Supreme Court's personal jurisdiction jurisprudence, including specific jurisdiction and the expansion and contraction of general jurisdiction. Then, this article analyzes the Illinois Supreme Court's opinion regarding general jurisdiction in Aspen American Insurance Co. v. Interstate Warehousing, Inc. and discusses some of the implications for mass tort litigants in Illinois and elsewhere.
Sustainable Webs of Interests: Property in an Interconnected Environment

With the aim of contributing to anthropological debates about ownership and appropriation, this chapter proposes several related ideas. Drawing on the anthropological canon, and on recent ethnographic research, the chapter explores such alternate ways of owning. It describes that they constitute a range of counter-claims to exclusive legal constructions of water ownership, and suggests that such claims enable democratic involvement in political processes. Thus, the materiality of land ownership remains the most certain way of holding water, insofar as local ecosystems continue to provide supplies. Australia's regional and larger catchment management groups were established partly to reconcile these divergent interests and to balance public and private control over land and water resources through co-management. The research on which this chapter is based suggests that the persistence of these notions is partly because water itself defies imaginative compartmentalization and containment. Keywords:Australia; catchment management; counter-claims; water ownership
Nonlinear Electrodynamics in Cytoskeletal Protein Lattices

Nonlinear electrodynamic theories predict dynamic organization of biomolecular activities at all cellular levels: DNA, membranes, extracelluular glycoproteins, and the interconnecting cytoskeletal lattice. 1–5 Cytoskeletal lattice proteins including microtubules are particularly involved in dynamic regulation of intracellular movements and activities.6, 7This paper considers possibilities and implications of biological information processing due to coupling of Davydov solitons, Frohlich coherent oscillations and other nonlinear electrodynamic phenomena to conformational states of the grid-like polymer subunits of cytoskeletal microtubules.
Abstract 20484: Enah/Vasp-Like Protein is a Critical Component in S1P-Mediated Endothelial Lamellipodia Formation

Ena/VASP like protein, or EVL, is an actin-binding protein that regulates cancer cell lamellipodia protrusive activity and cell motility via an actomyosin contractility-dependent mechanism. The function of EVL in human lung endothelial cell (EC) barrier regulation, especially by the endogenous bioactive lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), is largely unknown. In this current study, we demonstrated that EVL is an active component in S1P-mediated EC barrier enhancement and lamellipodia formation. Compared to other focal adhesion (FA) proteins such as paxillin, EVL protein expression is very low in human pulmonary endothelial cells (ECs). S1P (1 μM) challenge stimulates translocation of cytosolic EVL to FAs in ECs, which was attenuated by EVL knockdown (KD) by its selective siRNA. S1P also promoted significant EVL translocation to lamellipodia, further confirmed by tracking translocation of EVL-GFP fusion protein upon S1P stimulation in a time-dependent manner. In addition, S1P-mediated cortical act...
Experimental investigations of positron differential elastic scattering

A review of recent elastic differential cross section (DCS) measurements for positronatom scattering is presented. Most of the earlier measurements are relative DCS determinations which only enable the shapes of DCS curves (versus angle at a given energy) to be compared with theory, while the most recent efforts in Bielefeld and Detroit are directed toward determining absolute DCS values such that magnitudes as well as shapes can be compared with theory. For positron-argon scattering, reasonable agreement has been found between experiment and theory at 300 eV and below 9 eV, while between these energies, significant differences exist, which raises interesting questions concerning possible cross-channel-coupling effects where other scattering channels (e.g. positronium formation and/or ionization) may be having appreciable effects on the elastic scattering channel.
The Brain and Obesity Lectures Series – the beginning of a new field?

It is a great pleasure to introduce the Brain and Obesity Lecture Series in this issue of Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. These lectures were initiated in 2006 when the Intramural Center for Obesity was about to open at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center, a state-of-the art facility that includes a 21-bed inpatient facility and three metabolic chambers and other equipment for studies on phenotyping subjects with obesity. An interdisciplinary group of clinical investigators was recruited that included endocrinologists, nutritionists, geneticists, exercise physiologists, and neuropsychologists. The fact that the Intramural Center for Obesity was part of the NIH Clinical Center, a 240-bed facility completely devoted to clinical research, offered a valuable opportunity for collaboration and cross-fertilization within clinical research and with translational and basic research. We shared with other colleagues, mostly in the field of neurosciences, the conviction that the brain plays a pivotal role in obesity. This notion, largely accepted today, was quite controversial at the time. Rather, it was thought that obesity was a problem of eating too much and exercising too little. Without challenging this obvious tenet—derived from the law of thermodynamics—we thought that there was much more to it. Another commonly held notion was that “a calorie, is a calorie, is a calorie,” a notion that has now been revisited. The Brain and Obesity Lecture Series started us on a journey of exploration, a search for ongoing work based on the idea that the brain had something to do with the development of obesity. In the following five years, there were a total of 16 lectures (Table 1). On March 22, 2012, ten of the original speakers, or members of their respective teams, returned to the NIH Clinical Center for a final round of talks and discussions. What is summarized below is the distillate of those lectures. Table 1 Brain and Obesity Lecture series hosted by the NIH Clinical Center between 2007 and 2012