cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ZAP-70 Expression in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Is Independent of Rai Stage: A Retrospective Review of 38 Patients (pts).

Abstract ZAP-70 is a tyrosine kinase protein involved in T cell signaling, overexpression of which is associated with a poor prognosis in CLL. Clinical information on 32 pts with CLL, and 6 pts with prolymphocytic transformation (PLT) followed at our institution was retrospectively reviewed for Rai stage, ZAP-70, CD38, FISH and response to treatment to determine the prognostic association among these factors. Ages ranged from 37 to 78 (median 59). 5/32 pts with CLL had received prior initial therapy, while 17/19 pts had not. They eventually were all treated with fludarabine based regimens either as salvage or upfront. The remaining 8/32 had not required therapy. Response to therapy was correlated with ZAP-70 expression as measured by immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody to ZAP-70 (clone 2F3.2).17/32 patients (53%) were ZAP-70 positive, as were 3/6 (50%) of the patients with PLT. Of the patients with CLL who were ZAP-70 positive, 5 (30%) were stage 0-II, and 12 (70%) were stage III/IV, while18% did not require therapy. Of the 13 who were treated there were 4 (31%) CR, and 5 (38%) PR. Of the patients who were ZAP-70 negative, 50% (7/14) had stages 0-II and 50% had stage III/IV disease. 5/14(36%) were not treated. Of the 9 who were treated there were 2 CR 22%, and 7 PR 78% (p=0.01). 3 PLT patients were previously treated for CLL with fludarabine-based combinations. When they required therapy for PLT, two achieved a CR (one to rituximab/fludarabine/cytoxan_ZAP-70 positive patient, and one to R-CHOP combination_ZAP-70 negative), and another a PR (to R-EPOCH combination_ZAP-70 negative patient). Of the previously untreated PLT patients, two ZAP-70 positive patients achieved a CR (one to rituximab/fludarabine/cyclophosphamide, and one to R-CHOP). One ZAP-70 negative patient was refractory to fludarabine/rituximab combination. Conclusion: ZAP-70 positive CLL is more likely to be refractory to treatment, while ZAP-70 negative pts achieved a higher ORR (p=0.01). Although pts who were ZAP-70 positive were more likely to have advanced stage, 30% of these pts had early stage disease. As such, ZAP-70 did not closely correlate with stage, and may be an independent prognostic factor in these pts. Response to treatment could also not be predicted by ZAP-70 expression. ZAP-70 Number of Pts Previous Treatment Number of Pts Response Positive 16 No 10 3CR, 4PR Yes 3 1CR, 1PR Negative 14 No 7 2CR, 5PR Yes 2 2PR
Three-dimensional analysis of hydrodynamic forces and power dissipation in shape-morphing cantilevers oscillating in viscous fluids

Abstract In this paper, we investigate flexural vibrations of a thin sharp-edged cantilever beam submerged in a quiescent, Newtonian, incompressible, viscous fluid. We study the three-dimensional fluid–structure interaction problem in the presence of shape-morphing deformation of the beam cross section, imposed by specifying a periodic chordwise maximum curvature along the axis of the structure, coupled with the flexural motion of the beam occurring along a structural mode. This actuation strategy, resulting into anticlastic curvature for the beam, is investigated as a possible means to actively control fluid–structure interaction mechanisms by modifying the hydrodynamic interactions in the vicinity of the submerged structure. We focus on the linear vibration problem for the beam, whereby the fluid flow is well described by three-dimensional unsteady Stokes hydrodynamics. Using the hypothesis of imposed harmonic motion for the submerged structure, we solve the linear hydrodynamics problem in the frequency domain by employing a semianalytical method based on oscillating Stokeslets. The resulting integral equations are solved via a boundary element technique and our results are validated against findings from the literature. The efficacy of the proposed shape-morphing strategy on the propulsion performance is assessed by studying thrust production, lift forces, and hydrodynamic power dissipation for a range of prescribed dynamic and geometric conditions, including vibration frequency, amplitude of imposed chordwise curvature, and beam aspect ratio. Our results indicate that thrust forces and power dissipation can be simultaneously modulated via the shape-morphing strategy. We theoretically predict and numerically confirm the existence of extremal points that result into an optimal compromise between thrust forces and power dissipation. Such optimal solutions are of direct interest to the design of cantilever-based underwater biomimetic propulsion systems, where it is crucial to control and modulate oscillation quality factors, hydrodynamic forces, and power losses.
Influence of task knowledge and display features on driver attention to cluttered navigation displays

Two experiments were conducted to assess the effect of display clutter on driver attention allocation for highand low-clutter in-vehicle navigation displays. Participants were asked to respond to n...
Treatment of Maternal Depression With In-Home Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Augmented by a Parenting Enhancement: A Case Report

Depression is prevalent among mothers who participate in home visitation programs. This case study describes In-Home Cognitive Behavior Therapy (IH-CBT), an empirically based treatment for depressed mothers that is strongly integrated with ongoing home visitation. The use of a Parenting Enhancement for Maternal Depression (PEMD) module was added to address parenting difficulties in a depressed mother. This case describes issues and challenges encountered in delivering treatment in the home with low-income, depressed mothers. Issues involving engagement, adaptation to the setting, responding to the unique needs of low-income mothers, and partnership with concurrent home visiting to optimize outcomes are considered. Long-term follow-up (18 months after the end of treatment) permits examination of sustainability of gains. Implications for treating this high-risk population are discussed.
Analysing the dynamics of crisis leadership in higher education: A study of racial incidents at the University of Missouri

The following article analyses the crisis involving racial tensions at the University of Missouri in 2015 that ultimately contributed to the departure of the university president and chancellor. This case amplifies the importance of organizational vulnerabilities from both an historical context and a national‐issue context. As supported through this analysis, crises that reflect these vulnerabilities of an organization can lead to increased scrutiny and may produce greater negative consequences. Drawing upon both the public messaging surrounding this crisis and the existing literature on crisis management and crisis leadership, university leaders should have been proactive in cultivating a more inclusive racial environment and should have more effectively used communication to improve relationships with an important constituency group, particularly given the institution's core values, the history of racial tensions at the university, and the rising racial tensions following incidents in nearby Ferguson, Missouri.
In situ quantitative single-molecule study of dynamic catalytic processes in nanoconfinement

Understanding the fundamental catalytic principles when the catalytic centre is confined in nanoscale space that is dimensionally comparable to the reactant molecule is crucial for designing high-performance catalysts. Theoretical studies with simplified model systems and ensemble experimental measurements have shown that chemical reactions in nanoconfined environments are largely different from those in bulk solution. Here, we design a well-defined platform with catalytic centres confined in the end of nanopores with controlled lengths to study the in situ dynamic behaviour of catalytic processes under nanoconfinement at the single-molecule and single-particle level. Variable single molecular mass transport behaviour reveals the heterogeneity of the confined environment in the nanopores. With the capability of decoupling mass transport factors from reaction kinetics in the well-defined platform, we quantitatively uncovered a confinement-induced enhancement in the activity of platinum nanoparticles inside the nanopores. The combination of the unique model catalyst and the single-molecule super-localization imaging technique paves the way to understanding nanoconfinement effects in catalysis. Nanoconfinement effects are crucial in any process that involves porous materials. Here, the authors present a nanoporous catalyst platform that enables these effects to be studied in situ at the single-molecule and single-particle level with turnover resolution.
Ethics: II. Views on Religion, Politics, and History

Kant sees the moral law as a categorical imperative not because we are rational beings but because we are sensible, biological beings who need practical reason to restrain natural desire. On the other hand, since it is human nature to pursue happiness and satisfy natural desires, it is also our duty to look after our own well-being. Practical reason does not demand from us that we cast happiness aside. The resolution of this contradiction is the gist of the Dialectic of Pure Practical Reason.
Damage Tolerance and NDE of Polymeric Composites

As composites are being used as primary load bearing members, the increased understanding of damage tolerance of the material is becoming important. When load is applied to a structure containing a crack or damage, a small area ahead of the crack undergoes very high stress. These stresses cause further damage in this small zone. Initially this damage is at the microlevel: in isotropic materials the microdamage is in the form of slippage and microcracks at grain boundary; in composites the microdamage constitutes of matrix microcracks, matrix-fiber interface cracks and fiber pull out. The size of this damage zone varies depending on the material type and the damage tolerance i.e. energy absorbed by the damage zone is directly proportional to the damage zone.
Some Computational Fluid Dynamics Applications on the Intel iPSC/2

Several fluid-dynamics codes have been ported to the Intel iPSC/2. In particular, Nekton* is a package for modelling the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Nekton is based on spectral elements and incorporates a conjugate-gradient solver. The elements are distributed over the nodes of the iPSC/2 and the solver uses a microcoded matrix-matrix product on each node to obtain performance of 10 MFlops per node. Passage* is a package for modelling the steady Navier-Stokes equations for internal flows such as ducts and turbines. It uses a block-structured finite-difference approach to domain decomposition which lends itself naturally to parallel implementation. FLO87* is a compressible Navier-Stokes code using finite-volume multigrid methods for fast convergence on steady flows. Its logically cubical computational domain is divided into blocks to be distributed over the iPSC. Each of these codes has a straight-forward parallel decomposition because of the regularity of its data structures and dependencies.
Host specificity, seasonality and bionomics of Leptinotarsa beetles

Chrysomelidae comprises one of the largest taxonomic group of phytophagous insects. One of the unique features of this family is that the majority of species are foliage feeders with a high degree of host affinity. The strategy of diet specialization, relatively small body size and ability to undergo a complete metamorphosis have undoubtedly contributed to the evolutionary success of this group, as is exemplified by the diversity of species. Chrysomelids provide important biotic resources for experimental analysis of insect/host plant relationships. Host records are known for about 29% of the 35000 described species (See Jolivet this volume).
Testfunctions for quantitative Korovkin theorems in Lp

Quantitative error estimates for the Lp approximation by positive linear operators can be given by using the so-called averaged modulus of smoothness or τ-modulus of first and second order. The approximation error for the three test function ei, ei(x)=xi, i=0,1,2 is hereby of special importance. In this paper it is shown that it is possible to give quantitative Lp error estimates where the monomials are replaced by other Tchebychev systems that have certain additional properties.
Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn and associated hypercalcemia: A systematic review of the literature

Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn is an uncommon disorder, and although usually benign, associated hypercalcemia can lead to complications such as failure to thrive and renal failure. Many sources suggest screening for hypercalcemia for 6 months following resolution of skin lesions, but little data are available to support this recommendation. This study examines existing published literature to better guide practitioners regarding screening evaluations of asymptomatic patients with subcutaneous fat necrosis. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using a PubMed English literature search. Data from case reports and case series were collected regarding the presence of hypercalcemia and associated complications, birth history, and age of onset/resolution of skin lesions and laboratory abnormalities. Approximately half (51%) of infants reported had hypercalcemia. Most (77%) developed detectable hypercalcemia within 30 days of skin lesion onset, and 95% developed detectable hypercalcemia within 60 days of skin lesion onset. Hypercalcemia was detected in only 4% of patients > 70 days following onset of skin lesions. Seventy-six percent had resolution of hypercalcemia within 4 weeks of detection. Hypercalcemia was more prevalent in full-term vs pre-term infants (P-value = 0.054), and higher birthweight was significantly associated with an increased risk of developing hypercalcemia (P-value = 0.022). Although gestational age trended toward significance, the only statistically significant clinical feature predicting the development of hypercalcemia was higher birthweight. Current recommendations for laboratory monitoring are not evidence-based, and this study provides interim data to guide practitioners until prospective, randomized controlled trials are conducted.
Assessing academic behavior: A behavioral approach.

School psychologists are often required to assess academic abilities of pupils referred for evaluation. Dissatisfaction with traditional norm-referenced measures in performing these assessments is ...
Characterization of quartz etched depth and optical density of opaque pattern for the wafer CD behavior on advanced mask

In this paper we perform a foundational study on the impact of quartz etched depth, and optical density (OD) of mask opaque area, the 3D effect in ArF immersion lithography at advanced process node. The after development inspection (ADI) critical dimension (CD) variation may be caused by these 2 mentioned factors on the photomask, even the mask CD value of the measurement point is the same. Different cleaners and etchers which fix the same cleaning and etching time, induce different OD of reticle opaque patterns and several quartz etched depths. The relations between OD of reticle opaque patterns / quartz etched depth and ADI CD are the significant subject for successful pilot run which may moderate pilot run time and reduce rework costs in the lithography process. The focus of this study is the characterization of the correlation between OD of reticle opaque patterns / etched quartz depths and ADI CD. We experimentally study the structures from the theoretical introduction on the mask 3D phenomena, all of results are obtained using a MoSi binary ArF blank. A comprehensive wafer CD measurement result will be demonstrated in different OD of reticle opaque patterns and etched quartz depth, both simulation and experimentally based. The effect of fabricating the photomask quartz trenches will also be studied as well as the impact on through pitch CD and exposure latitude. The goal of this study is the demonstration of the practical influence on mask OD and the etched quartz depth of leading edge photomasks.
Recurrent Mobility: Urban Conduits for Diffusion of Energy Efficiency

Recent advances in energy technologies, policies, and practices have accelerated the global rate of improvements in energy efficiency, bringing the energy targets identified in the 2030 United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Agenda within reach. However, Target 7.3 requires this rate to double by 2030, demanding a more substantial response to energy interventions. At present, energy interventions are failing to reach optimal levels of adoption in buildings, which are the largest urban energy consumers. This is due to a combination of direct and indirect effects generally referred to as the energy efficiency gap. Here, we compare over 18.8 million positional records of individuals against Greater London’s buildings energy consumption records over the course of one year. We demonstrate that indirect (i.e., spillover) effects, arising from recurrent mobility, govern the diffusion of urban buildings’ energy efficiency, far outpacing direct effects. This has been understood as a consequence of underlying spatiotemporal dependencies at the intersection of energy use and social interactions. We add to this the critical role of recurrent mobility (i.e., the mobility of those urban populations who repeatedly visit certain locations, such as home and work) as a diffusion conduit. These findings suggest that in order to improve the current levels of adoption, interventions must target times and locations that function as dense hubs of energy consumption and social interactions. Recurrent mobility thus provides a viable complement to existing targeted intervention approaches aimed at improving energy efficiency, supporting efforts to meet the UN’s 2030 energy targets.
How far is far enough? Requirements derivation for planetary mobility systems

Abstract The origination of duration and distance requirements on planetary mobility systems (generally, rovers) are reviewed in detail. It is found that a ‘clean’ flow down from scientific objectives to requirement to capability is rarely presented. Rather, the historical record shows that the capability of emerging designs has been adopted post-hoc as a requirement, simple comparative superiority to predecessor missions has been invoked in competitive situations, or the requirement has been driven by capability of other elements of a mission architecture, such as delivery precision or astronaut life support. These deviations from the idealized systems engineering process have nonetheless resulted in missions that have generally been considered highly successful.
SOOT MASS ESTIMATION FROM ELECTRICAL CAPACITANCE TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING FOR A DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTER

The Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) method has recently been adapted to obtain tomographic images of the cross section of a diesel particulate ﬁlter (DPF). However, a soot mass estimation algorithm is still needed to translate the ECT image pixel data to obtain soot load in the DPF. In this research, we propose an estimation method to quantify the soot load in a DPF through an inverse algorithm that uses the ECT images commonly generated by a back-projection algorithm. The grayscale pixel data generated from ECT is used in a matrix equation to estimate the permittivity distribution of the cross section of the DPF. Since these permittivity data has direct correlation with the soot mass present inside the DPF, a permittivity to soot mass distribution relationship is established ﬁrst. A numerical estimation algorithm is then developed to compute the soot mass accounting for the mass distribution across the cross-section of the DPF as well as the dimension of the DPF along the exhaust ﬂow direction. Firstly, ANSYS Electronic Desktop software is used to compute the capacitance matrix for diﬀerent amounts of soot ﬁlled in the DPF, furthermore it also analyzed diﬀerent soot distribution types applied to the DPF. The Analysis helped in constructing the sensitivity matrix which was used in the numerical estimation algorithm. Experimental data have been further used to verify the proposed soot estimation algorithm which compares the estimated values with the actual measured soot mass to validate the performance of the proposed algorithm.
The effect of lower-limb prosthetic alignment on muscle activity during sit-to-stand

Abstract People with a transtibial amputation (TTA) have altered motion during daily tasks, which may be influenced by prosthetic alignment. This study aimed to determine the effect of medial/lateral prosthetic alignment shifts on muscle activity, measured by integrated electromyography (iEMG), and to compare muscle activity between people with and without TTA during sit-to-stand. We quantified ground reaction forces and three-dimensional center-of-mass position to interpret muscle activity results. Compared to the prescribed alignment, the bilateral knee extensors had greater activity in the medial alignment (p
An Ensemble Machine Learning Approach for Prediction and Optimization of Modulus of Elasticity of Recycled Aggregate Concrete

Abstract This paper presents an ensemble machine learning (ML) model for prediction of modulus of elasticity (MOE) of concrete formulated using recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), in relation to features of its mixture design (e.g., physiochemical characteristics of RCA). The ensemble ML model’s prediction performance was compared with five commonly-used ML models. It is shown that the ensemble ML model unfailingly produces more accurate predictions compared to standalone models. To demonstrate the ability of the ensemble ML model to go beyond MOE predictions, the model was used to develop optimal mixture designs for RCA concretes that satisfy imposed target MOE.
Stem Cells in Osteonecrosis: Cons

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are progenitor cells from various tissues with the potential for self-renewal and differentiation into multiple cell lineages. The multipotency, paracrine effects, and immunomodulatory properties of these cells make them useful for the research of cell therapy modalities in bone and joint diseases, particularly osteonecrosis (ON). Over the past decade, several researchers have started to evaluate the role of MSCs in ON treatment. However, many questions are yet unanswered, and only limited information is available in the literature in terms of clinical trials and surgical techniques in humans using MSCs as adjunct therapies. This chapter will review literature related to MSC-utilizing surgical techniques and explore some of the limitations of using stem cell therapies in osteonecrosis.
The Association Between Substance Use and Violence: Results from a Nationally Representative Sample of High School Students in the United States

With over 52% of high school students reporting that they have tried alcohol or illicit drugs, 16% carrying a weapon, and 23% engaging in a physical fight, substance use and youth violence remain critical public health challenges in the United States. Using data from the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, study results revealed that youth who reported heavy use of either alcohol, marijuana, or illicit drugs were three to ten times more likely to report carrying a weapon or engaging in a physical fight. Similarly, youth with heavy substance use were one and half times to 14 times more likely to be a victim of violence or sexual or dating violence. The SEM analysis indicated that substance use had a significant effect on all aspects of violence. School-based behavioral health specialists and community-based pediatricians may need to develop targeted messages to address the potential for violence among youth who use alcohol and/or illicit drugs.
The impact of obesity on outcomes in patients receiving extracorporeal life support.

Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) has been increasingly utilized to manage cardiac and pulmonary dysfunction. The impact of obesity on outcomes of ECLS is poorly defined. The purpose of the study was to compare in-hospital mortality, resource use, complications, and readmissions in obese versus non-obese patients receiving ECLS. We performed a retrospective cohort study of all adult ECLS patients with and without an obesity diagnosis using the 2010-2016 Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD). Mortality, length of stay (LOS), hospital charges, complications, and readmissions were evaluated using multivariable logistic and linear regression. Of 23 876, patients who received ECLS, 1924 (8.1%) were obese. Obese patients received ECLS more frequently for respiratory failure (29.5% vs. 23.7%, P = .001). After adjustment for patient and hospital factors, obesity was not associated with increased odds of mortality (AOR = 1.06, P = .44) and was associated with decreased LOS (13.7 vs. 21.2 days, P .05). Respiratory support remains the most common indication for ECLS among obese patients. Among all patients, as well as by individual ECLS indication, obesity was not associated with increased odds of mortality. These findings suggest that obesity should not be considered a high-risk contraindication to ECLS.
An Introduction to Genetics

“Genetics” is derived from the Greek word “gennan”, meaning, “to produce.” Genetics is the study of genes, and genes are sections of the DNA molecule that code for, or ‘produce’, a specific protein. There are tens of thousands of genes in a molecule of human DNA. All of them code for specific proteins with unique functions, functions that are sometimes evident (e.g. eye color, height) and sometimes not. Normal variations in gene structure and expression between individuals produce differences in protein structure and function that are responsible for the natural diversity of our species. Abnormalities of gene structure (mutations) and expression can change protein function in ways that produce a wide variety of diseases. These are genetic diseases. Colorectal cancer is a genetic disease. A genetic disease can be inherited when a key mutation involved in its pathogenesis is transmitted from parent to child during conception, and some colorectal cancer syndromes arise like this.
Masked ERP repetition priming in deaf and hearing readers.

Abstract Deaf readers provide unique insights into how the reading circuit is modified by altered linguistic and sensory input. We investigated whether reading-matched deaf and hearing readers (n = 62) exhibit different ERP effects associated with orthographic to phonological mapping (N250) or lexico-semantic processes (N400). In a visual masked priming paradigm, participants performed a go/no-go categorization task; target words were preceded by repeated or unrelated primes. Prime duration and word frequency were manipulated. Hearing readers exhibited typical N250 and N400 priming effects with 50 ms primes (greater negativity for unrelated primes) and smaller effects with 100 ms primes. Deaf readers showed a surprising reversed priming effect with 50 ms primes (greater negativity for related primes), and more typical N250 and N400 effects with 100 ms primes. Correlation results suggested deaf readers with poorer phonological skills drove this effect. We suggest that weak phonological activation may create orthographic “repetition enhancement” or form/lexical competition in deaf readers.
A Remote Instructor Like Me: Student–Teacher Congruence in Online, High School Courses:

Students belonging to marginalized groups experience positive impacts when taught by a teacher of the same race, ethnicity, and gender. The unique nature of standardized, asynchronous online course...
Perspectives of patients with chronic pain about a pain science education video

Purpose: Patients have responded in variable ways to pain science education about the psychosocial correlates of pain. To improve the effectiveness of pain education approaches, this study qualitatively explored participants' perceptions of and responses to pain science education.Methods: We conducted a qualitative content analysis of interviews with fifteen, adult patients (73.3% female) who had recently attended a first visit to a chronic pain clinic and watched a pain science educational video.Results: Participants thought it was important to improve their and healthcare providers' understanding of their pain. They viewed the video favorably, learned information from it, and thought it could feasibly facilitate communication with their healthcare providers, but, for many participants, the video either did not answer their questions and/or raised more questions. Participants' responses to the video included negative and positive emotions and were influenced by their need for confirmation that their pain was real and personal relevance of the pain science content.Conclusion: Study results support the feasibility and value of delivering pain science education via video and increase our understanding of patients' perceptions of and responses to pain science education. The video's triggering of emotional responses warrants additional research.
Artificial Intelligence for Biology.

Despite efforts to integrate research across different subdisciplines of biology, the scale of integration remains limited. We hypothesize that future generations of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies specifically adapted for biological sciences will help enable the reintegration of biology. AI technologies will allow us not only to collect, connect and analyze data at unprecedented scales, but also to build comprehensive predictive models that span various subdisciplines. They will make possible both targeted (testing specific hypotheses) and untargeted discoveries. AI for biology will be the cross-cutting technology that will enhance our ability to do biological research at every scale. We expect AI to revolutionize biology in the 21st century much like statistics transformed biology in the 20th century. The difficulties, however, are many, including data curation and assembly, development of new science in the form of theories that connect the subdisciplines, and new predictive and interpretable AI models that are more suited to biology than existing machine learning and AI techniques. Development efforts will require strong collaborations between biological and computational scientists. This white paper provides a vision for AI for Biology and highlights some challenges.
Fact Finding in the English Court of Chancery: A Rebuttal

In a recent article in this Journal Harold Chesnin and Geoffrey Hazard presented a breathtaking thesis: The English Court of Chancery lacked the power to "decide fact issues itself . . . until some time after 1800, at least a decade after the effective date of the Seventh Amendment."1 By "fact issues" the authors mean "contested issues of fact."2 "The authors hypothesize that the office of the Lord Chancellor was not originally endowed with the power to decide questions of fact, though it assumed that power by the nineteenth century."3 This might mean that the Seventh Amendment requires a federal court sitting in equity to submit disputed questions of fact to a jury.4 Because their thesis is couched as an interpretation of the right to jury trial under the American Constitution, it has a potential for mischief in our courts and requires a swift rebuttal. Section I of this article shows that the historical sources contradict the authors' contentions. First, the Court of Chancery did indeed have and exercise fact finding power. Second, when the court delegated factual disputes for trial at law, the verdict was advisory and nonbinding. Section II points to the larger context of the relations between equity and law for an understanding of the Chancery's practice of referring issues of fact to common law trial.
Wyner's analog encryption scheme: results of a simulation

This paper presents the results of a simulation of an analog encryption scheme. The scheme, introduced in 1979 by Aaron Wyner of Bell Telephone Laboratories, provides secure, accurate scrambling of speech waveforms, while conforming to the bandlimitedness of a telephone channel. The simulation confirms the scheme's theoretical properties, based on numerical measures and on listening to encrypted and decrypted waveforms.
Thoughts on Politicization of Science Through Commercialization

Two genres of outcry in the US concerning the current state of science in public life need to be connected. One is politicization of science in regulatory and research agencies of the federal government; the other is commercialization of academic research. Since the 1990s, commercially funded think tanks have been the primary source for politically charged science policy. But continuing commercialization of academic research threatens to make universities and federal research institutions look similarly political. This development undermines public trust in science, which presents a fundamental challenge for democratic societies. Like the free press and the independent judiciary, trustworthy knowledge is fundamental to the responsible action of informed citizens and their legislators. Its preservation, however, cannot lie in any attempt to recover a strong divide between pure/academic and applied/industrial research. Commercialization is inevitable. To nevertheless mitigate the erosion of public trust, new institutions of evaluative oversight will be required, whether as academic/industrial collaborations or as federal agencies.
Annotated syntax graphs

Annotated syntax graphs are presented as a pedagogical tool in teaching compiler construction and as a design tool for developing semantic actions in writing a compiler. The tool is compared with attribute grammars. Using annotated syntax graphs generally leads to rather lucid semantic actions. Certain difficulties that exist when using attribute grammars can be avoided when annotated syntax graphs are used instead.
Graph construction and random graph generation for modeling protein structures

Researchers often model folded protein structures as graphs with amino acids as the vertices and edges representing contacts between amino acids. The vertices in these graphs are naturally ordered in the amino acid sequence order. There are many different graph construction methods and there is no consensus about what construction to use or what the major issues are with each construction in the literature. We investigate different constructions and examine their effect on various graph measures. We also consider the small-world network model for proteins, discuss its validity under the different constructions, and discuss random protein graph generation. We propose a new graph property for graphs with ordered vertices, the contact distribution, and propose a method of reciprocal attachment to merge neighborhoods for protein graphs. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 2013 DOI: 10.1002/sam.11203
A semantics-based decision theory region analyzer

The problem of breaking an image into meaningful regions is considered. Bayesian decision theory is seen to provide a mechanism for including problem dependent (semantic) information in a general system. Some results are presented which make the computation feasible. A programming system based on these ideas and their application to road scenes is described.
Delivering Dependable Telecommunication Services Using Off-the-Shelf System Components

For decades, traditional telecommunication systems have reliably delivered telephony services using expensive equipment and software. In spite of large R&D expenses, the end customer costs remained low due to the amortization of the equipment over a large population of users. With the advent of low cost and high performance computers, it has become conceivable to deliver similar and more powerful services using systems constructed with off-the-shelf components. The only obstacle remaining to make this a reality is the ability of system designers to provide rationable dependability of such systems. This paper illustrates one possible avenue for performing this task and identifies a condition that is necessary for the deployment of such systems, namely the components must in turn provide measures of survivability.
Projection Pursuit Methods for Data Analysis.

Multivariate analysis can be thought of as a methodology for detection, description and validation of structure in p-dimensional (p > 1) point clouds. Classical multivariate analysis relies on the assumption that the observations forming the point cloud(s) have a Gaussian distribution. All information about structure is then contained in the means and covariance matrices, and the well-known apparatus for estimation and inference in parametric families can be brought to bear. The uncomfortable ingredient in this approach is the Gaussianity assumption. The data may be Gaussian with occasional outliers or even the bulk of the data simply might not conform to a Gaussian distribution. Methods are discussed that do not involve any distributional assumptions. In this case, structure cannot be perceived by looking at a set of estimated parameters. An obvious remedy is to look at the data themselves, at the p-dimensional point cloud(s), and to base the description of structure on those views. As perception in more than three dimensions is difficult, the dimensionality of the data first has to be reduced, most simply by projection. Projection of the data generally implies loss of information. As a consequence, multivariate structure does not usually show up in all projections, and nomore » single projection might contain all the information. It is therefore important to judiciously choose the set of projections on which the model of the structure is to be based. This is the goal of projection pursuit procedures.« less
Museum website features, aesthetics, and visitors’ impressions: a case study of four museums

In an effort to extend previous work on developing general recommendations for design of art museum websites, we evaluated four museum websites (the Tate, the Dallas Museum of Art, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, and the Rijksmuseum) and examined the relationships between website features, virtual visitors’ impressions and estimates of repeat visits to the site. The study produced a comparative evaluation of the four museum websites and identified strengths and weaknesses in the sites’ navigation, design, and content features. The study found that website aesthetics was the strongest predictor of the visitor’s overall impressions. Ability to manipulate content (e.g., download, print, and zoom in and out) was also linked to the visitor’s inclination to make repeat visits to the site. This paper describes the methods and results of the study and proposes a set of recommendations for the development and evaluation of art museum websites.
Design of a Variable-Conductance Vacuum Insulation

This paper describes one approach to the design of a variable-conductance vacuum insulation. In this design, the vacuum insulation consists of a permanently sealed, thin sheet steel, evacuated envelope of whatever geometry is required for the application. The steel envelope is supported internally against the atmospheric pressure loads by an array of discrete, low-conductance, ceramic supports, and radiative heat transfer is blocked by layers of thin metal radiation shields. Thermal conductance through this insulation is controlled electronically by changing the temperature of a small metal hydride connected to the vacuum envelope. The hydride reversibly absorbs/desorbs hydrogen to produce a hydrogen pressure typically within the range from less than 10{sup {minus}6} to as much as 1 torr. Design calculations are compared with results from laboratory tests of bench scale samples, and some possible automotive applications for this variable-conductance vacuum insulation are suggested.
Role of acid sphingomyelinase bioactivity in human CD4 + T-cell activation and immune responses

Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), a lipid hydrolase enzyme, has the potential to modulate various cellular activation responses via the generation of ceramide and by interaction with cellular receptors. We have hypothesized that ASM modulates CD4+ T-cell receptor activation and impacts immune responses. We first observed interactions of ASM with the intracellular domains of both CD3 and CD28. ASM further mediates T-cell proliferation after anti-CD3/CD28 antibody stimulation and alters CD4+ T-cell activation signals by generating ceramide. We noted that various pharmacological inhibitors of ASM or knockdown of ASM using small hairpin RNA inhibit CD3/CD28-mediated CD4+ T-cell proliferation and activation. Furthermore, such blockade of ASM bioactivity by biochemical inhibitors and/or molecular-targeted knockdown of ASM broadly abrogate T-helper cell responses. In conclusion, we detail immune, pivotal roles of ASM in adaptive immune T-cell responses, and propose that these pathways might provide novel targets for the therapy of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
A practical filter for conflicting or subjective data

There are many real world applications of computational intelligence which need to process conflicting or subjective data. In particular, links between experts and routine users of intelligent virtual reality systems (IVRS) can be established by analyzing the reactions and opinions of the experts. The analysis should produce a mathematical realization of the expert's knowledge or judgment which can easily be incorporated into IVRS. Mechanisms suggested for approaching this problem are threefold: neural network clustering, fuzzy risk analysis for evaluation, and invoking programs which "memorize" an expert's analytic habits. For control applications, cloning an expert can initialize a process, tracking adherence to non stationary set points can monitor system state variable shifts, and fuzzy risk analysis can encourage tuning the system to approach sensible performance measures. Examples of analysis of olfactory neurons in the rat and health monitoring of a missile guidance system are presented to illustrate these suggestions. The use of subjectivity can be a strong modeling tool when it is properly labeled and invoked. To further the appropriate use of subjectivity in analysis, expert decisions and analytic techniques are being monitored by a "memorizing" program for future analysis and extensions into virtuality.
Conversion from external fixation to definitive fixation: periarticular injuries.

Extremity injuries sustained by uniformed service combatants pose a significant challenge to military orthopaedic surgeons. The wounding mechanisms in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom consist of blasts, penetrating injuries, and blunt injuries. The mortality of warriors has decreased overall because of the improvements in head, neck, and torso body armor. Consequently, the severity of extremity wounds has increased. Because of the far-forward surgical assets (surgeons and advanced equipment), these patients are stabilized rapidly and their injured extremities are treated early (ie, revascularized, debrided, stabilized). However, multiple challenges exist in the timing of definitive reconstructive efforts once these injured service members return to military medical centers in the continental United States.
Efficient Monte Carlo based incremental statistical timing analysis

Modeling and accuracy difficulties exist with traditional SSTA analysis and optimization methods. In this paper we describe methods to improve the efficiency of Monte Carlo-based statistical static timing analysis. We propose a Stratification + Hybrid Quasi Monte Carlo (SH-QMC) approach to reduce the number of samples required for Monte Carlo based SSTA. Our simulations on benchmark circuits up to 90K gates show that the proposed method requires 23.8X fewer samples on average to achieve comparable accuracy in timing estimation as a random sampling approach. Results on benchmark circuits also show that when SH-QMC is performed with multiple parallel threads on a quad core processor, the approach is faster than traditional SSTA with comparable accuracy. SH-QMC scales better than traditional SSTA with circuit size. We also propose an incremental approach to recompute a percentile delay metric after ECO. The results show that on average only 1.4% and 0.7% of original samples need to be evaluated for exact recomputation of the 95th percentile and 99th percentile delays, after sample size reduction using SH-QMC.
Egg transport in the rabbit oviduct: the roles of cilia and muscle

Ciliary ovum transport through the oviductal ampulla was investigated, in vivo, by blocking smooth muscle activity. Isoproterenol eliminated rapid muscle-induced egg movements, yet the egg and its surrounding cells reached the site of fertilization within normal time limits. The role of cilia in ovum transport thus seems more important than that of the smooth muscle.
Switches with double carrier confinement structures for multiple-valued logic applications

Two switching devices with different double carrier confinement structures were fabricated. One is a GaAs switch with double InGaP barriers, another with double GaAs-InGaAs delta-doped (-doped) quantum wells. In the characteristics of the former, because of the two-step barrier lowering induced by the processes of the carrier charging to the injection junction and carrier confinement in wells, a double S-shaped negative differential resistance (NDR) phenomenon is observed after the onsets of successive avalanche multiplications. However, only a single NDR performance is obtained in the characteristics of the latter due to one-step barrier lowering, even though successive avalanche multiplications also occur in the device operation.
MEDICAL PROBLEMS IN CORRECTION OF VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS.

Summary The medical problems in surgical correction of VSD begin with establishing the need for and feasibility of the operation. Consideration for surgery involves determining which of the 6 physiologic types is present in an individual case both from a clinical and hemodynamic standpoint and which of the 7 or more anatomic varieties the patient is likely to have. In addition, anomalies which pose as VSD must be eliminated by definitive study. Medical considerations further involve the preparation of the patient physiologically and psychically for the operation, familiarity with the progress of the actual surgical procedure and above all, intense involvement along with the surgeon and anesthesiologist in the care of the patient after his return to the recovery room, especially in the first 12 to 24 hours. The cardiologist is obligated to estimate the success of the VSD closure and the guide the patient toward full rehabilitation. He ultimately must release the patient from "medical bondage" once he is assured by postoperative physiologic studies that the altered dynamics have been corrected. Longitudinal follow-up examination to add to our knowledge is permissible and desirable but this investigative interest should be frankly explained to the patient to prevent any anxious misunderstanding about our motive for the examinations.
The Pathogenic Role of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibodies

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) are found in the sera of patients with systemic necrotizing vasculitis and glomerulonephritis. Their role in the pathogenesis of these diseases is not clearly understood; however, there is a growing body of data that supports a pathogenic function for these antibodies. In vitro they can activate neutrophils and monocytes to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), degranulate, and damage target cells. The antigens to which they are directed stimulate T lymphocytes from patients with these diseases. The ANCA directed against proteinase 3 (PR3) may also play a role in growth regulation of monocytes by inactivating the enzymatic function of its antigen. The proposed model of ANCA-induced disease takes into account both the in vitro data and the natural history of these diseases.