cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A mathematical model of field population dynamics of the southern pine beetle, dendroctonus frontalis

Abstract The southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, is a major insect pest of pines in the southern U.S.A. A population dynamic model of D. frontalis within an infestation was developed. The model is based on the integration of several component submodels that describe individual life stage processes of the beetle. The inclusion of variable forest stand density and microclimate conditions results in a model response which closely follows actual field responses. A sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate effects of weather conditions and the importance of the spatial patterns within the forest.
Research on deception in marketing communications: its relevance to the study of nonverbal behavior

Marketing researchers have used a variety of approaches in studies of deception and related subjects. This literature is selectively reviewed here, with emphasis on findings relevant to the study of nonverbal behavior. Topics covered include: (a) deception-detection experiments involving advertising, bargaining, and selling; (b) ways of deceiving by implication, while avoiding literal falsehoods; (c) cues conveying the impression of truthfulness, as predicted by attribution and economic theories; (d) circumstances under which lower credibility may be associated with stronger persuasion; (e) individual differences in disbelief in marketing communications; and (f) corporate analogies to individual nonverbal behavior.
Glutamate and GABA: A Painful Combination

Regulation of release of inhibitory neurotransmitter is a key element of plasticity in dorsal horn function. In this issue of Neuron, Kerchner et al. report that neurotransmitter release from inhibitory dorsal horn neurons is affected by activation of presynaptic kainate-type glutamate receptors.
Educational Quality, Access, and Tuition Policy at State Universities.

eral missions. The best state universities rank among the most prestigious institutions of higher education in the world and pride themselves on the quality of their academic programs. Other state universities strive to emulate the best. In this respect, state universities are similar to private universities of similar size. In contrast to most private universities, however, state universities have a special obligation to make their academic programs accessible to a wide cross section of the state population, in particular, to undergraduate students from low-income and minority families in the state. We use the terms "educational quality" and "access" to describe these two missions.' Educational quality and access may conflict when state universities formulate tuition policies. If a state university requires additional revenue to maintain the quality of its undergraduate programs, the attractiveness of a tuition increase depends, among other considerations, on the extent to which the higher tuition will discourage applications by
The differentiation of methyl guanosine isomers by laser ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry

Laser ionization of guanosines containing methyl substitutions in the 1-, N2-, 3'-O-, O6- and 7-positions generated two characteristic negative ions: loss of hydrogen to generate [M - H]- and elimination of the sugar ring to form the nucleic base ion. The ions generated by elimination of the sugar ring provided the information necessary to determine whether the methyl group was on the nucleic base or sugar ring. Fourier transform mass spectrometry was used to isolate and collisionally dissociate selected negative ions from these nucleosides. The collisional dissociation spectra indicated daughter ions which were sufficient to differentiate all the isomers with methyl substitution of the nucleic bases. In addition, accurate mass measurement and sequential collisional dissociation experiments were employed to investigate fragmentation mechanisms.
Uncertainty and Technological Change in Medicine

�� At the heart of Kenneth Arrow’s landmark article on the economics of medical care is the pervasive influence of uncertainty, both in regard to the occurrence of disease and to the efficacy of treatment. These uncertainties, as Arrow contends, have led to the following distortions in the operation of health care: (1) health insurance schemes that have insulated patients and physicians from the financial implications of their medical decisions (i.e., the moral hazard argument), and (2) delegation of medical care decisions from patients to physicians because of the extreme information asymmetry between the two parties (the principal agent theory). These arguments are made with little reference to technology or technological change, issues that Arrow explores in numerous other works (1962, 1969). Yet these issues of moral hazard and agency provide a significant thrust behind technological development in medicine. In the past forty years, physicians have faced strong clinical, economic, and social incentives to adopt and use new technologies in management of disease. The insulation of patients from true medical costs through insurance has compounded these effects. The growth of insurance has led to strong, positive feedback to the R&D sector, which fueled such rapid technological change that both the quality and costs of U.S. health care bear little resemblance to those prevailing at the time of Arrow’s writing. This essay explores the dynamics of technological change in medicine
In situ determination of the magnetic properties of soft magnetic materials using an automated magnetic measuring system

Abstract An automated magnetic measuring system has been developed to measure the magnetic properties of soft magnetic materials. This has found wide applications in the indirect assessment of mechanical properties of materials. Previous investigations have shown that the magnetic properties of soft magnetic materials are dependent on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the material. The development of this instrument has made it possible to monitor the condition of materials on location via their magnetic properties.
The digital code of DNA

The discovery of the structure of DNA transformed biology profoundly, catalysing the sequencing of the human genome and engendering a new view of biology as an information science. Two features of DNA structure account for much of its remarkable impact on science: its digital nature and its complementarity, whereby one strand of the helix binds perfectly with its partner. DNA has two types of digital information--the genes that encode proteins, which are the molecular machines of life, and the gene regulatory networks that specify the behaviour of the genes.
Evaluation of transducers for obtaining intraoperative short-latency auditory evoked potentials.

Abstract Operative monitoring of short-latency auditory evoked potentials during poserior fossa surgery requires audio transducers of small physical size so as to not interfere with the operative field. There are many relatively inexpensive transducers in the commercial audio hifi market of appropriate size. Some produce suitable biological responses and tolerate long term use without failure. The authors describe factors to consider and methods used in testing such transducers.
Weak invariance of the multidimensional rank statistic for nonstationary absolutely regular processes

Abstract In this paper, we study the weak invariance of the multidimensional rank statistic when the underlying random variables are nonstationary absolutely regular.
Drug efflux transport properties of 2', 7'-Bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester (BCECF-AM) and its fluorescent free acid, BCECF

2',7'-Bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) is a fluorescent probe used to examine multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) transporter activity in cells. BCECF is introduced into the cell as the nonfluorescent membrane permeable acetoxymethyl ester, BCECF-AM, where it is hydrolyzed to the membrane impermeable BCECF. The lipophilic nature of BCECF-AM suggests it may be a substrate for other drug efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). To assess the drug efflux transporter interactions of BCECF-AM and BCECF, accumulation studies were examined in various drug efflux-expressing cells. Inhibition of P-gp, BCRP, and/or MRP produced distinct changes in the time-dependent accumulation of BCECF in the cells. Treatment with GF120918 produced an immediate and sustained effect throughout the entire time course examined. Fumitremorgin C only affected BCECF accumulation at the early time points, whereas the impact of indomethacin on BCECF accumulation was observed only at the latter time points. Permeability studies in bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells indicated an increased basolateral-to-apical transport of BCECF, which could be reduced in the presence of either indomethacin or GF120918. These results indicate that the intracellular accumulation and transcellular permeability of BCECF are sensitive to a variety of drug efflux interactions. These results likely reflect an interaction of the ester form with P-gp and BCRP during the initial accumulation process, and an interaction of the free acid form with MRP after hydrolysis in the cell.
The use of long-duration current pulses to assess nerve survival

This study investigated the usefulness of long-duration current pulses in assessing the status of the auditory nerve in ears with various degrees of retrograde neural degeneration. Guinea pigs were deafened with aminoglycosides prior to acute implantation of the cochlea and collection of electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses (EABRs). Analysis of wave I evoked with long-duration current pulses suggests that this evoked response is sensitive to degeneration of the peripheral processes of the auditory nerve. Correlations with spiral ganglion cell density show that EABR measures obtained with long-duration pulses are comparable to those previously established for estimating nerve survival. Further analysis indicates that this measure may provide unique information about the degenerative state of the nerve. Threshold EABR measures using long-duration pulses are evidently more place-specific than other measures. Also, results suggest that long-duration pulses may be sensitive to two phases of the degenerative process: degradation of the peripheral processes and subsequent degeneration of neural processes central to the spiral ganglion.
Disaster Vulnerability and Evacuation Readiness: Coastal Mobile Home Residents in Florida

This article examines disaster preparedness in a highly vulnerable population, mobile home park residents in hurricane-prone areas. The vulnerabilities of this population mandate evacuation as the only viable disaster response strategy, but this does not always happen. In order to explore evacuation decision making, interviews were conducted with 75 mobile home park residents in Ruskin, Florida. Descriptive results build on a conceptualization of physical, structural, socio-economic, and “residual” disaster vulnerability; the latter is defined as a combination of experiences, perceptions, and preparations that inhibit the willingness and abilities of respondents to protect themselves. While residents generally prepared for disasters, evacuation plans were troubling. Barriers to evacuation based on measured vulnerabilities remained unclear, and analysis of responses failed to explain respondents’ varying evacuation preparations. Future research needs to address differential evacuation behaviors among mobile home park residents. We further conclude that disaster preparation and education need to address the special risks of this and other vulnerable populations better.
On the anomalous A1–A2 splittings in the ν2-ν4 manifold of PH3

Abstract The anomalous k dependence of the A 1 – A 2 splittings in the ν 2 - ν 4 manifold of PH 3 has been reported in several papers. We have studied this anomaly by taking into account the strong vibration-rotation mixings between various levels with k − l ≡ 0 (mod. 3). The anomalous k dependence is caused because usual perturbation treatment can not be applied to the manifold due to the near degeneracy of ν 2 and ν 4 . We treat the problem by solving a 4 × 4 matrix which involves | ν 4 , J , k = 1, l = 1〉, | ν 4 , J , k = 2, l = −1〉, | ν 2 , J , k = 3, l = 0〉, and | ν 4 , J , k = 4, l = 1〉. A least-squares fitting of the observed A 1 – A 2 splittings gives the splitting parameters for the ν 4 state to be Δ ( k =1, l =1) = 5268.48(40) − 9.57(12) J ( J + 1) + 0.0377(21) J 2 ( J + 1) 2 MHz, Δ ( k =2, l =−1) = 553(65) kHz, and Δ ( k =4, l =1) = 1(2) Hz, and for the ν 2 state to be Δ ( k =3, l =0) = 291(38)Hz.
Planning-stage estimation of highway project duration on the basis of anticipated project cost, project type, and contract type

Abstract At the planning phase of project development, highway agencies seek to estimate the time duration of project implementation for purposes such as construction planning, contract administration, and workzone impact assessments. This paper investigates the estimation of highway project duration on the basis of variables known at the planning phase such as planned cost and project type, and contract type. Project types are pavement construction, rehabilitation, maintenance, traffic facility installation, and bridge construction. The contract types considered are fixed-duration and fixed-deadline contracts. Using a variety of model specifications, the paper presents mathematical relationships between highway project duration and the magnitude of the planned cost and project type, and contract type. The paper shows that all other factors remaining the same, the duration of fixed-date deadline contracts generally exceed that of fixed-duration contracts; and higher levels of planned cost translate non-linearly into greater project duration. The developed models can help project administrators provide improved estimates of project duration and thus could help reduce project time delays. Also, the models are useful in forecasting workzone durations, a key aspect of workzone user cost estimation.
Song learning: the interface between behaviour and neuroethology.

The high degree of developmental plasticity displayed by the songs of oscine birds makes them appropriate subjects for research on the ethology and neurobiology of vocal learning. Strong individual differences and learned local dialects are common. The readiness to acquire new songs appears to persist throughout life in some species and is restricted to relatively short sensitive periods in others. Learning can occur with remarkably few exposures to song. Mimicry of other species occurs but, given a choice, there is a tendency to favour conspecific songs. Evidence is presented for two kinds of vocal learning, one \`memory-based', the other \`action-based.' Subsong and `plastic song' phases of motor development appear to be obligatory steps in the ontogeny of learned songs. A case is made that acquisition and production should be viewed as distinct phenomena with different physiological correlates. Research on behavioural development is closely associated with studies of the physiology of development. The two are mutually synergistic, and the synergism is well displayed in research on song learning in birds. This review of some of the characteristics of avian vocal learning as derived from behavioural studies, indicates lacunae in our knowledge about the ethology of song learning, and suggests how the comparative study of vocal development can pave the way for new insights into the underlying neurobiology.
Synthesis and stability of new hexaazamacrocyclic dinuclear cobalt complexes and its oxidation reactions

Abstract Homodinuclear cobalt complexes with a new 26-membered unsymmetric macrocyclic ligand: 3,6,10,18,22,25,-hexaaza-31,32-dihydroxy-14,29-dimethyl-tricyclo[25,3,1,111,17] dotriaconta-l(30),12,14,16(32),27,28-hexaene (L or BTBP), have been synthesized and characterized with elemental analysis, FAB-MS and X-ray. The ligand maintains preorganized dinuclear integrity for cobalt(II) complexes, while facilitating the formation of non-bridged dicobalt centers. Potentiometric equilibrium studies indicate that a variety of protonated, mononuclear and dinuclear complexes are formed with Co(II) from pH 2 through 12 in aq. solution. The stability constants and species distribution as a function of pH of the 1:1 and 1:2 [ligand: Co(II)] complexes were determined in KCI supporting electrolyte (μ=0.100 M) at 25 °C. Dinuclear cobalt(II) complex could form a μ-peroxo adduct at 1 atm oxygen atmosphere with the oxygenation constant log KO2=3.19. The neutral homodinuclear complexes: [Co2C28H44N6O2(NO3)2]·12H2O has been synthesized and its crystal structure has been reported with triclinic system, a=8.3376(5), b=9.4501(6), c=14.1028(9) A, α=73.9100(2), β=73.4940(2), γ=87.7310(2)° and Z=1. Each cobalt(II) ion is complexed by half of the coordination sites of the dinucleating macrocycle, and the anionic nitrate enters into the coordination sphere and completes a six-coordinated octahedron.
KAFRA: A Context-Aware Framework of Knowledge Management in Global Diversity

Multiple case studies in India, The Gambia, and Nigeria are the background for an empirically grounded framework of knowledge management (KM). Cultural diversity and gaps in the provision of infrastructure make managing knowledge challenging but necessary in developing countries. These cultural and infrastructural issues are also related to governmental, educational, political, social, and economic factors. These environmental factors interact with organizational variables and information technology to enable or constrain knowledge management processes in the creation and protection of knowledge resources. The framework can help organizations to prepare their KM projects, to reveal problems during the project, and to assess its outcomes.
Finite strain elastodynamics of intracranial saccular aneurysms

Abstract Various investigators suggest that intracranial saccular aneurysms are dynamically unstable, that they resonate in response to pulsatile blood flow. This hypothesis is based on linearized analyses or experiments on rubber “models”, however, and there is a need for a more critical examination. Toward this end, we (a) derive a new nonlinear equation of motion for a pulsating spherical aneurysm that is surrounded by cerebral spinal fluid and whose behavior is described by a Fung-type pseudostrain-energy function that fits data on human lesions, and (b) use methods of nonlinear dynamics to examine the stability of such lesions against perturbations to both in vivo and in vitro conditions. The numerical results suggest that this sub-class of lesions is dynamically stable. Moreover, with the exception of transients associated with initial perturbations, inertial effects appear to be insignificant for fundamental forcing frequencies less than 10 Hz and hence for typical physiologic and laboratory conditions. We submit, therefore, that further study of the mechanics of saccular aneurysms should be focused on quasi-static stress analyses that investigate the roles of lesion geometry and material properties, including growth and remodeling.
Effect of pH and chloride on nitrite-induced lethality in bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus).

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the combined effects of hydrogen ion and chloride concentrations on nitrite toxicity in bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Our working hypotheses proposed (1) no chloride amelioration of nitrite toxicity at low pH, (2) significant toxicity reduction at high pH and (3) increased nitrite toxicity in all groups at low pH relative to neutral pH.
Purification of guanosine 5′-diphosphate d-mannose oxidoreductase from Phaseolus vulgaris

An enzyme characterized as GDP-d-mannose oxidoreductase has been extracted from seedlings of Phaseolus vulgaris and purified to apparent homogeneity by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and chromatography on columns of DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-100 and hydroxylapatite. Only one protein band could be detected upon sedimentation velocity ultracentrifugation or disc gel electrophoresis of the enzyme preparation. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated at 120 000 by sedimentation equilibrium analysis. No requirement for a pyridine nucleotide or any other cofactor could be demonstrated in the reaction catalyzed by the purified enzyme.
Studies on experimental malocclusion in rabbits. 1. Method of induction of malocclusion and its effects on the temporomandibular joint

Abstract A method for the induction of lateral malocclusion in rabbits has been described. The effects of lateral malocclusion on the temporomandibular joint of the rabbit are reported. It was found that animals with a mild degree of malocclusion did not show noticeable changes in the temporomandibular joint, even after an experimental period of 20 weeks. Animals with moderate to severe treatment showed marked changes. The changes were different in character, depending upon the length of time the treatment had been in force at the time of the animal's death. Prominent changes included osteoclasia and chondroclasia, principally in the condyle. Extension of the duration of lateral malocclusion permitted completion of adaptive changes in the temporomandibular joint and formation of new condylar bone and cartilage.
Three-dimensional dynamic range reduction techniques

A significant limitation of the application of 3D structured light systems has been the large dynamic range of reflectivity of typical parts such as machined parts. The advent of digital cameras have helped this problem to some extent by providing a larger dynamic range of detection, but often parts must still be coated with white paint or powder to get a good enough return for 3D measurement techniques such as structured light. This paper will present an overview of methods that have been used to minimize the range of light reflections from many parts including polarization, multiple exposure, multiple viewing and masking techniques. Also presented will be methods of analysis such as phase analysis techniques which can provide improved robustness. Finally, we will discuss the pros and cons of these options as applied to the application of 3D structured light techniques to machined metal parts.
Extinction phenomena: a biologic perspective on how and why psychoanalysis works.

This article presents the view that much of the success of classical psychoanalysis is centrally predicated on its biological potency; focusing not on neuropsychology, but on the biology of conditioning. The argument suggests that features of classic psychoanalytic technique – the couch, meetings several times per week with both parties present, and free association – uniquely facilitate intense transferences of various sorts, and that these in turn constitute the multiple and diverse extinction trials necessary to best approximate extinction.
Synthesis and electrochemical properties of layered LiNi2/3Sb1/3O2

Abstract LiNi 2/3 Sb 1/3 O 2 has been prepared by ion-exchange from NaNi 2/3 Sb 1/3 O 2 . Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and single crystal electron diffraction by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the material indicate that it is isostructural with α-NaFeO 2 . Electrochemical test shows that the reversible capacity for Li intercalation and deintercalation drops rapidly with the number of times cycled. Both experimental evidences and first principles calculations point to the migration of nickel as the reason for the poor capacity retention.
Postganglionic sudomotor denervation in patients with multiple system atrophy

Objective: To evaluate postganglionic autonomic involvement in multiple system atrophy (MSA). Methods: We quantified sudomotor innervation in skin biopsy of 29 patients with MSA (19 male and 10 female; age 60.0 ± 7.7 years) and 29 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. Samples were obtained from thigh and leg and, in 20 out of the 29 cases, also from fingertip. Dysautonomic complaints were evaluated by SCOPA-AUT, a self-administered questionnaire. Sudomotor function was evaluated in a subgroup of patients by the silastic imprint test. Skin samples were processed by indirect immunofluorescence using pan-neuronal and selective cholinergic markers. Total length of sudomotor nerves was measured on digital confocal images using a semiautomated morphometric approach. Results: Measurements of sudomotor nerve density (total length of nerve per volume of glandular tissue) favorably correlated to values obtained using a stereologic unbiased method. Sudomotor nerve density was lower in patients compared to controls in all the examined sites (0.9 ± 0.2 vs 1.9 ± 0.4 nm/μm 3 , p 3 , p 3 , p Conclusions: Our data support the hypothesis that postganglionic impairment occurs in MSA and may contribute with the coexisting degeneration of central structures to the development of dysautonomic disorders in this condition.
Hydrotreatment activities of supported molybdenum nitrides and carbides

The growing need for alternative sources of transportation fuels encourages the development of new hydrotreatment catalysts. These catalysts must be active and more hydrogen efficient than the current commercial hydrotreatment catalysts. Molybdenum nitrides and carbides are attractive candidate materials possessing properties that are comparable or superior to those of commercial sulfide catalysts. This research investigated the catalytic properties of γ-Al2O3-supported molybdenum nitrides and carbides. These catalysts were synthesized via temperature-programmed reaction of supported molybdenum oxides with ammonia or methane/hydrogen mixtures. Phase constituents and compositions were determined by X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, and neutron activation analysis. Oxygen chemisorption was used to probe the surface properties of the catalysts. Specific activities of the molybdenum nitrides and carbides were competitive with those of a commercial sulfide catalyst for hydrodenitrogenation (HDN), hydrodes...
A Case Study of a Proposed Monitor for Industrial Process Fouling

Fouling of a piping system refers to the formation of deposits on pipe walls, which can severely impede fluid flow. The food, dairy, and chemical processing industries usually combat the fouling of piping systems through extensive cleaning or complete replacement of the systems, usually on an emergency basis. This paper describes the development of a model which permits real time monitoring of the overall fouling in a piping system and provides insight into the behavior and response trends of piping system fouling to changes in process operating parameters. It facilitates the prediction of both the rate of fouling and the useful life of the piping system, thereby avoiding emergency shutdowns. This paper also describes the implementation of the model in an existing industrial process plant where it was found to accurately monitor actual fouling behavior. The results of the model demonstrate the influence of Reynolds number upon the fouling of this industrial process piping system. This paper also presents a summary of previous fouling research.
Addition-rearrangement reactions of N-(arylsulphonyloxy)amines and 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran

A series of N-alkyl-O-(arylsulphonyl)hydroxylamines (NSA) was treated with 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (DHP). Acid-catalysed addition to the double bond followed by cationic rearrangement gave cyclic imidates from hydride migration (major) and ring expansion (minor), which were reduced to amino alcohols for analysis. The results indicate that NSA function as nucleophiles which capture the oxonium ion produced by protonation of DHP, and give new NSA derivatives that rearrange to the observed products.
A comparative study of the spectroscopy and oxidative spectroelectrochemistry of a series of homo- and heterobimetallic Ru(II) and Os(II) polypyridine complexes

A spectroscopic and spectroelectrochemical comparison is made among homo- and heterobimetallic complexes of the form [(bpy)2Ru(BL)Os(byp)2]4+, [(bpy)2Ru(BL)Ru(bpy)2]4+ and [(bpy)2Os(BL)Os(bpy)2]4+ (BL = 2,3,-bis(2′-pyridyl)pyrazzine(dpp),2,3-bis(2′-pyridyl)quinoxaline(dpq) or 2,3-bis(2′-pyridyl)benzoquinoxaline(dpb); bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine). It has been postulated that the spectroscopy of the mixed-metal bimetallic complexes bridged by polyazine bridging ligands can be assigned by comparison to those of the homobimetallic analogs. We have in hand a unique series of complexes where such a postulate can be tested. Utilizing the visible spectra of the homobimetallic Os,Os and Ru,Ru systems, we have been able to generate the spectra of the mixed-metal complexes. Some differences have been seen, particularly in the energy of the Os → dpp 3MLCT. Oxidative spectroelectrochemistry studies on the homobimetallic ruthenium or osmium based systems indicate that upon complete oxidation of both metal centers, transitions in the visible are lost. Hence, partial oxidation of the ruthenium based homobimetallics and Os, Ru mixed-metal bimetallics allows for the direct comparison of the spectroscopic character of the one remaining ruthenium chromophore within these mixed-valence systems. Oxidation to form the Os(III)/Ru(II) species and the Ru(III)/Ru(II) species resulted in similar spectra. This establishes further that the visible spectroscopy of mixed-metal systems of this nature can be accurately interpreted by comparison to the homobimetallic analogs.
Functional adaptation skills training (FAST): a randomized trial of a psychosocial intervention for middle-aged and older patients with chronic psychotic disorders.

Abstract Objective Behavioral interventions designed to improve functioning of older patients with schizophrenia and other chronic psychotic disorders have the potential to significantly increase patients' independence and quality of life. This study evaluated a psychosocial intervention designed to improve everyday living skills of middle-aged and older outpatients with chronic psychotic disorders. Methods A total of 240 patients with a DSM-IV-based chart diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder participated in a 24-week, randomized controlled trial comparing a behavioral group intervention called “Functional Adaptations and Skills Training” (FAST; n = 124) to a time-equivalent attention-control (AC; n = 116) group focused on improving functional skills. Results Compared to participants randomized to AC, those in the FAST intervention demonstrated significant improvement in everyday living skills ( p = .046) and social skills ( p = .003), but not medication management skills ( p = .268). Conclusions Results suggest that middle-aged and older patients with psychotic disorders may benefit from participation in interventions designed specifically to improve functional skills.
A model of the low-level jet with variable eddy viscosity

The model of the low-level jet over sloping terrain formulated by Holton (1967) is extended to assess the effects of the diurnal variation of eddy viscosity and of higher harmonics of the thermal driving mechanism. A perturbation expansion leads to analytic solutions which are compared to observations in the south central United States. It is suggested that numerical integration of the fully nonlinear equations is necessary to simulate the virtually simultaneous development of the jet throughout the depth of the planetary boundary layer. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974.tb01633.x
The mechanical behaviour of thin polyimide films on a silicon substrate under point loading

A technique has been developed to measure submicrometre displacements of a stylus into a thin polymeric film bonded to a rigid structure under point loading. The technique was utilized to study the point-loading behaviour of a thin polyimide film (20μm thick) spun cast on to a silicon wafer as a function of applied load. The displacement against time behaviour, along with the microscopic evidence, indicates that the deformation behaviour follows three regimes. The microscopic evidence suggests that below a contact stress of 0.1 G Pa the material responds in a reversible manner. Progressive increase in the contact stress causes the material to deform in an elasto-plastic fashion. At high contact stresses material flow is exhibited along with crack formation at the boundary of the stylus. At contact stresses greater than 1.29 GPa, failure of the film is observed
Reflections on Munich after 60 years

(1999). Reflections on Munich after 60 years. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 10, The Munich Crisis, 1938 Prelude to World War II, pp. 1-12.
A Computational Investigation of the Insertion of Carbon Dioxide into Four- and Five-Coordinate Iridium Hydrides

Recently, it has been demonstrated that the insertion of CO2 into iridium hydrides is a crucial step in the catalytic conversion of CO2 and H2 into formic acid. We and others have elucidated the mechanism by which CO2 inserts into six-coordinate iridium(III) trihydrides supported by pincer ligands; these complexes are very active catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation. However, it has also been demonstrated that five-coordinate iridium(III) dihydrides can react with CO2 and catalyze both thermal and electrochemical CO2 hydrogenation. In this work, we study the mechanism of CO2 insertion into pincer-supported five-coordinate iridium(III) dihydrides and four-coordinate iridium(I) hydrides using density functional theory. The mechanisms differ slightly between the two cases. Insertion into the five-coordinate species is a multistep process involving initial CO2 precoordination, whereas insertion into the four-coordinate species proceeds via a single step with no prior CO2 coordination. Both of these mechanisms are different from the pathway that was recently proposed for CO2 insertion into six-coordinate iridium(III) trihydrides. In addition, a complete pathway for catalytic CO2 hydrogenation using a five-coordinate iridium(III) dihydride has been calculated.
At what level of hyperkalemia or creatinine elevation should ACE inhibitor therapy be stopped or not started

These drugs are a double-edged sword: they slow the decline in renal function in many patients, yet reduce renal function in some.
Mutations at four active site residues of biotin carboxylase abolish substrate-induced synergism by biotin.

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of long-chain fatty acids. The Escherichia coli form of the enzyme consists of a biotin carboxylase protein, a biotin carboxyl carrier protein, and a carboxyltransferase protein. In this report a system for site-directed mutagenesis of the biotin carboxylase component is described. The wild-type copy of the enzyme, derived from the chromosomal gene, is separated from the mutant form of the enzyme which is coded on a plasmid. Separation of the two forms is accomplished using a histidine-tag attached to the amino terminus of the mutant form of the enzyme and nickel affinity chromatography. This system was used to mutate four active site residues, E211, E288, N290, and R292, to alanine followed by their characterization with respect to several different reactions catalyzed by biotin carboxylase. In comparison to wild-type biotin carboxylase, all four mutant enzymes gave very similar results in all the different assays, suggesting t...
The growth of buffered GaAs mesfet structures by LPE

Layers of LPE GaAs have been grown with background carrier levels in the low 1014 cm−3 range by systematic bakeouts of the Ga melts together with between-run loading in a dry N2 environment. High resistivity layers in the range 103-104Ω cm have been grown by making use of the compensation of free carriers by the out diffusion of Cr from the substrate. Intentional Cr-doping from the melt resulted in layers with poor surface morphologies. Buffered MESFET structures have been grown which show near ideal carrier concentration profiles and which do not exhibit interfacial space charge effects.
Case of multivertebral anomalies, cloacal dysgenesis, and other anomalies presenting prenatally as cystic kidneys

We describe a newborn boy on whom prenatal ultrasonography demonstrated intrauterine growth retardation, multiple vertebral anomalies, cystic kidneys, and oligohydramnios. Autopsy findings included multiple vertebral anomalies, cloacal dysgenesis (imperforate anus, vesicorectal fistula, and bilateral renal dysplasia), sacral absence, single umbilical artery, pulmonary hypoplasia, scoliosis, and hexadactyly of the left thumb. Although our case resembles a previously described case, a definitive diagnosis could not be made. The differential diagnosis included a variant of spondylocostal dysostosis and the VATER association.
The prophylactic clinical trial as an epidemiologic resource

We encourage investigators to use data collected in a clinical trial of a prophylactic agent or procedure to study the epidemiology of the disease or event the prophylactic was meant to prevent. Making additional use of previously collected data is economically attractive. Problems can arise, however, if the sample is not representative of the universe of all people at risk of the disorder, the data set is not adequate to the task, or the prophylactic and/or its correlates influence the risk of the disorder. Investigators should consider modifying data collection procedures in future prophylactic trials so that they are suitable for an epidemiologic study. They and readers of their reports, however, are advised to be cautious in drawing inferences from epidemiologic studies extracted from prophylactic trials.
Examining thermal transport through a frequency-domain representation of time-domain thermoreflectance data

Laser-based time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) and frequency-domain thermoreflectance (FDTR) techniques are widely used for investigating thermal transport at micro- and nano-scales. We demonstrate that data obtained in TDTR measurements can be represented in a frequency-domain form equivalent to FDTR, i.e., in the form of a surface temperature amplitude and phase response to time-harmonic heating. Such a representation is made possible by using a large TDTR delay time window covering the entire pulse repetition interval. We demonstrate the extraction of frequency-domain data up to 1 GHz from TDTR measurements on a sapphire sample coated with a thin layer of aluminum, and show that the frequency dependencies of both the amplitude and phase responses agree well with theory. The proposed method not only allows a direct comparison of TDTR and FDTR data, but also enables measurements at high frequencies currently not accessible to FDTR. The frequency-domain representation helps uncover aspects of the measurement physics which remain obscured in a traditional TDTR measurement, such as the importance of modeling the details of the heat transport in the metal transducer film for analyzing high frequency responses.
Changes in Child Mortality Over Time Across the Wealth Gradient in Less-Developed Countries

BACKGROUND: It is unknown whether inequalities in under-5 mortality by wealth in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are growing or declining. METHODS: All Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 2002 and 2012 were used to measure under-5 mortality trends in 3 wealth tertiles. Two approaches were used to estimate changes in under-5 mortality: within-survey changes from all 54 countries, and between-survey changes for 29 countries with repeated survey waves. The principal outcome measures include annual decline in mortality, and the ratio of mortality between the poorest and least-poor wealth tertiles. RESULTS: Mortality information in 85 surveys from 929 224 households and 1 267 167 women living in 54 countries was used. In the subset of 29 countries with repeat surveys, mortality declined annually by 4.36, 3.36, and 2.06 deaths per 1000 live births among the poorest, middle, and least-poor tertiles, respectively ( P = .031 for difference). The mortality ratio declined from 1.68 to 1.48 during the study period ( P = .006 for trend). In the complete set of 85 surveys, the mortality ratio declined in 64 surveys (from 2.11 to 1.55), and increased in 21 surveys (from 1.58 to 1.88). Multivariate analyses suggest that convergence was associated with good governance ( P ≤ .03 for 4 governance indicators: government effectiveness, rule of law, regulatory quality, and control of corruption). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, under-5 mortality in low- and middle-income countries has decreased faster among the poorest compared with the least poor between 1995 and 2012, but progress in some countries has lagged, especially with poor governance.
29Si NMR spectra of metal carbonyl silanes by the selective population transfer method

Abstract Utilization of the novel Selective Population Transfer (SPT) technique for the first NMR observation of 29Si nuclei directly bound to transition metals is reported. Four metal carbonyl trimethylsilanes ((CH3)3SiMn(CO)5, (CH3)3SiRe(CO)5, (CH3)3SiCo(CO)4, and (CH3)3SiFe(CO)2(C5H5)) have been studied and their chemical shifts and coupling constants obtained. These data are compared with existing 29Si NMR spectra of more conventional (CH3)3SiX compounds and 119Sn NMR spectra of homologous (CH3)3Snmetal complexes.
A2E‐Mediated Photochemical Modification to Fibronectin and its Implications to Age‐Related Changes in Bruch's Membrane

Lipofuscin accumulates normally with age and is more pronounced in retinal dystrophies such as age-related macular degeneration. The major bis-retinoid component of lipofuscin is A2E. In addition to cell damage effects by A2E, we have previously demonstrated that blue-light–mediated A2E leads to modifications in the basement membrane protein laminin. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to advance the understanding of A2E photooxidation effects on fibronectin, the major glycoprotein of Bruch's membrane. In this study, A2E was irradiated with blue light in the presence of a fibronectin peptide consisting of amino acids from the integrin binding region. The modification sites were identified via LC/MS. Our research indicated that blue light irradiation caused cleavage throughout the A2E molecule closest to the pyridinium ring, and attached to the fibronectin peptide preferentially at lysine and arginine residues. All of these reactions are similar to the Maillard reaction. Altogether this study suggests that blue-light–irradiated A2E modifies peptides and forms advance glycation endproducts. Furthermore, these results can be used to identify modifications that occur in Bruch's membrane in vivo.
Polymer and invert emulsifying oil effects upon droplet size spectra of sprays

Abstract A series of wind tunnel atomization studies were carried out to investigate the effects of polymer and invert suspension oil “drift control adjuvants” upon the droplet size distribution spectra produced by nozzles typically used in aerial and ground based spraying of pesticides. A D8–46 disc and core was used as a typical aerial application nozzle, and an 8003 fan nozzle was used for the ground based sprayers simulation. The droplet size spectra were evaluated in a wind tunnel using a Malvern 2600 laser particle size analyzer immediately upon mixing and at 15 minutes after re‐circulation through a pumping system. The addition of the polymer‐based adjuvants significantly increased the droplet size spectra parameters of the spray cloud, but all the polymer products showed signs of breakdown of their molecular arrangements in the liquid medium, as a result of agitation. The invert suspension oil adjuvant did not change the droplet size spectra markedly, nor did it show signs of breakdown of the inte...
Age of Tertiary extension in the Bitterroot metamorphic core complex, Montana and Idaho

The age of the Bitterroot metamorphic core complex, situated along the Montana-Idaho border, has been debated for many years. Some researchers assign a Late Cretaceous age to extension in the area, relating unroofing of the metamorphic core to gravitational sliding off the Idaho batholith, whereas others believe that the extension was a Cenozoic phenomenon. One of the largest and most important extensional structures in the Bitterroot complex is the Bitterroot mylonite zone. An undeformed rhyolitic dike that transects mylonitic fabrics in the southern part of the zone yields a 40 Ar/ 39 Ar K-feldspar age of 46.4 ± 0.8 Ma, establishing a minimum age for the structure. Previously published U-Pb data for deformed granitoids from other parts of the shear zone suggest that the maximum age of mylonitization is 48 ± 1 Ma. Documentation of 46-48 Ma extension in the Bitterroot complex suggests simultaneous deformation in the Rocky Mountains Basin and Range and Omineca extensional provinces and reinforces the idea that the Lewis and Clark fault system may have acted as an extensional transfer zone in middle Eocene time.
Survey of Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) Utilization of Temperate Forests

Both native and invasive subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), including the Formosan subterranean termite, are well known pests of urban areas, but little is known about their distribution or impact in forest ecosystems of the southeastern United States. Recently harvested timber stumps were mechanically inspected for the presence of subterranean termites in multiple locations across southern Mississippi and eastern Louisiana. A systematic line plot cruise with 100 x 200m spacing and1/20 th ha plots was implemented, and all stumps with a diameter greater than 7.6cm were inspected. In total, 7,413 stumps were inspected for the presence of subterranean termites, and 406 of those contained native subterranean termite ( Reticulitermes spp) infestations. Light traps were also placed at 8 sites to detect the presence of subterranean termite alates. While no invasive Formosan subterranean termites were found during mechanical inspection of tree stumps, alates were captured in light traps at three sites. The proportion of stumps infested with subterranean termites was negatively correlated with the number of stumps in each plot. Although 6.27% of pine stumps and 1.86% of hardwood stumps were infested, no correlation was found between subterranean termite presence and type of stump (pine or hardwood). Infestations of stumps by subterranean termites ranged from 0.94% to 14.97% depending on site.
High Anxiety: New Venues, New Audiences, and the Fear of the Popular in Late Imperial Russian Musical Life

Abstract Russia9s social and economic transformation at the beginning of the twentieth century was accompanied by profound cultural and artistic transformation. In particular, Russian cultural elites struggled to control and contain what they saw as threats to Russia9s national culture. At the same time, however, they sought ways to bring the working classes into a closer cultural accord with educated society. Although these efforts continued a long process of intelligentsia efforts to shape Russian society by controlling the development of “the people,” industrialization and urbanization had already begun to fundamentally restructure the relationship between the educated and popular classes. In musical life, the intelligentsia struggled with two somewhat contradictory impulses: first, to simultaneously protect musical and song traditions from the threat of contamination by new urban genres; and second, to develop “rational recreations” that would appeal to the peasantry and the urban working classes. To those ends, they created, among other activities, accessible (obshchedostupnyi) concerts, temperance choirs, and singing classes in a wide variety of locations across the Russian Empire. These musical projects were part of a much larger, somewhat utopian effort by educated society to create an ideal Russia by eliminating its supposed social, cultural, economic, and political backwardness relative to Western Europe. Nevertheless, the consequences for Russian musical life proved significant. Not only did these efforts lay the moral and intellectual foundation for Soviet-era interventionist and utopian cultural policies, but they also in the short term significantly diversified and democratized musical life in the last decades of tsarist rule.