cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NeuroModulation Modeling (NMM): Inferring the form of neuromodulation from fMRI tuning functions

Many cognitive neuroscience theories assume that changes in behavior arise from changes in the tuning properties of neurons (e.g., Dosher & Lu 1998, Ling, Liu, & Carrasco 2009). However, direct tests of these theories with electrophysiology are rarely feasible with humans. Non-invasive functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) produces voxel tuning, but each voxel aggregates hundreds of thousands of neurons, and voxel tuning modulation is a complex mixture of the underlying neural responses. We developed a pair of statistical tools to address this problem, which we refer to as NeuroModulation Modeling (NMM). NMM advances fMRI analysis methods, inferring the response of neural subpopulations by leveraging modulations at the voxel-level to differentiate between different forms of neuromodulation. One tool uses hierarchical Bayesian modeling and model comparison while the other tool uses a non-parametric slope analysis. We tested the validity of NMM by applying it to fMRI data collected from participants viewing orientation stimuli at high- and low-contrast, which is known from electrophysiology to cause multiplicative scaling of neural tuning (e.g., Sclar & Freeman 1982). In seeming contradiction to ground truth, increasing contrast appeared to cause an additive shift in orientation tuning of voxel-level fMRI data. However, NMM indicated multiplicative gain rather than an additive shift, in line with single-cell electrophysiology. Beyond orientation, this approach could be applied to determine the form of neuromodulation in any fMRI experiment, provided that the experiment tests multiple points along a stimulus dimension to which neurons are tuned (e.g., direction of motion, isoluminant hue, pitch, etc.). Significance StatementThe spatial resolution afforded by noninvasive neuroimaging in humans continues to improve, but the best available resolution is insufficient for testing theories in cognitive neuroscience; many theories are specified at the level of individual neurons, but magnetic resonance imaging aggregates over hundreds of thousands of neurons. With limited resolution, it is unclear how to test assumptions and predictions of these theories in humans. To bridge this gap, we developed a modeling framework that allows researchers to infer a key property of the neural code -- how stimulus features and cognitive states modulate neural tuning - given only noninvasive neuroimaging data. The framework is broadly applicable to constrain and test theories that link changes in behavior to changes in neural tuning.
Effects of Irrigation and Planting Geometry on Soybean (Glycine max L.) Seed Nutrition in Humid Climates

This study investigates the effect of irrigation (FI, all rows-irrigation; HI, alternate row irrigation; RF, rainfed) and planting geometry (PG) (SR, single-row; TR, twin-row) on soybean seed constituents. Results showed that most of these seed components were significantly affected by crop season due to contrasting precipitation and solar radiation patterns, particularly during July-August, coinciding with early reproductive and seed development stages. Both seed protein and oil levels responded positively to irrigation, while most of the amino acids were nonresponsive. The protein content ranged between 36.3 and 37.6% in 2018, while it was between 36.4 and 38.3% in 2019. Total seed oil content varied between 24.2 and 26.1% in 2018 and between 25.3 and 26.5% in 2019. Among amino acids, glycine, alanine, valine, and methionine levels were significantly higher in both FI and HI treatments. Among sugars, only sucrose was higher in response to the RF treatment, and irrigation did not affect both stachyose and raffinose. Oleic acid was higher in RF, while no significant differences were observed for linolenic and linoleic acids. Similarly, seasonal variation was significant for stearic acid content, but the 2019 season had relatively higher accumulation (stearic acid: between 4.1 and 4.5% in 2018 and from 4.6 to 4.9% in 2019). These results indicate that both irrigation and climate during seed development can alter some seed composition constituents and play critical roles in determining seed nutritional qualities.
A simple method for mitigating error in the fixed-offset of a double-crystal monochromator

In order to maintain a constant monochromatic synchrotron X-ray beam height for all energies, the separation between the crystals of a double-crystal monochromator is typically adjusted, via translation of the second crystal, while X-ray energy is varied, via rotation of the crystal pair. The ability to accurately translate the second crystal requires precise knowledge of the separation between the two crystals and, when present, crystal miscuts. Here, a simple method for calibrating the crystal gap from measured variation in the X-ray beam height that eliminates error in the fixed beam offset is provided.
Ethical Issues Associated with the Use of Interactive Technology in Learning Environments

AbstractThis article considers ethical and moral issues related to computers in education, with the intent of stimulating further discussion of ethical problems. First considered are general social, moral, and ethical issues connected with computers in education; second, ethical issues surrounding the development of learning materials are discussed, and lastly, the use of the computer as a medium for ethical and moral education is addressed.
Immunology in the post-genomic era.

Where is the small academic lab left in an era of big science and systems biology? Hypothesis-driven science is not dead, and new investigative structures will mate large with small science.
Testing the estimated hypothetical response of a major CME impact on Earth and its implications to space weather

The high-speed coronal mass ejection (CME), ejected on 23 July 2012, observed by STEREO-A on the same day as the leading edge of the CME arrived at 1AU was unique both in respect to the observed plasma and magnetic structure and the large solar energetic particle flux that dynamically regulated the shock front. Because of its great intensity, it has been hailed as “Carrington 2” by some, warning that, had that CME been heading toward the Earth, it might have caused a major space weather event. We used the Rice Artificial Neural Network algorithms with the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field parameters measured in situ by STEREO-A as inputs to infer what the “geoeffectiveness” of that storm might have been. We have also used an MHD model in Open Geospace General Circulation Model to understand the global magnetospheric process in time sequence. We presently show our neural network models of Kp and Dst on our real-time prediction site: http://mms.rice.edu/realtime/forecast.html. Running this event through our models showed that, in fact, this would have been an exceptional event. Our results show a prediction resulting in a Kp value of 8+, a Dst of nearly −250 nT, but when assumptions about maximum dipole angle tilt and density are made, predictions resulting in Kp of 11− and Dst dipping close to −700 nT are found. Finally, when solar energetic proton flux is included, the Kp and Dst predictions drop to 8− and ≈−625 nT, respectively.
Do pulmonary function tests improve risk stratification before cardiothoracic surgery

Abstract Objective To assess the added value of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and different classifications of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) risk model using a clinical definition of lung disease for predicting outcomes after cardiothoracic (CT) surgery. Methods We evaluated consecutive patients who underwent nonemergency cardiac surgery and underwent PFTs before CT surgery. We used the STS risk model 2.73 to estimate the postoperative risk for respiratory failure (RF; defined as the need for mechanical ventilation for ≥72 hours, or reintubation), prolonged postoperative stay (PPLS; defined as >14 days), and 30-day all-cause mortality. We plotted the receiver operating characteristics curve for STS score for each adverse event, and compared the resulting area under the curve (AUC) with the AUC after adding PFT parameters and COPD classifications. Results Of the 1412 patients with a calculated STS score, 751 underwent PFTs. The AUC of the STS score was 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55-0.74) for RF, 0.67 (95% CI, 0.6-0.74) for prolonged postoperative length of stay (PPLS), and 0.74 (95% CI, 0.6-0.87) for death. None of the PFT parameters or COPD classifications added to the predictive ability of STS for RF, PPLS, or 30-day mortality. Conclusions Adding individual PFT parameters or different COPD classifications to STS score calculated using clinically based classification of lung disease did not improve model discrimination. Thus, routine preoperative PFTS may have limited clinical utility in patients undergoing CT surgery when the STS score is readily available.
The Crystallizing Experience: A Study in Musical Precocity:

This study examines the nature of musical precocity and the mechanisms that mediate a “crystallizing experience.” Howard Gardner (1983) has made a cogent argument for the inclusion of musical intel...
Impacting verification closure using formal analysis

Formal Analysis has been living in its own world. Its impact on the mainstream simulation was limited. In particular the results and metrics generated by Formal could not be factored into the simulation flow. In IEV we include a mechanism to translate formal result into simulation results and therefore enable contributions from the Formal Analysis effort to be accounted for in the simulation flow. In the demonstration we show the effects of this translation and how it can help to improve simulation coverage.
Serum proteins of the partridge Alectoris graeca.

Abstract 1. 1. Fractionation of partridge serum by gel filtration indicated three major components: macroglobulins, globulins and albumins. 2. 2. Although the ratio of tyrosine to aromatic amino acids was constant for all the serum proteins, there was a relatively small proportion of aromatic amino acids to total amino acids in the albumin fraction. 3. 3. Partridge serum albumin was antigenically very similar to the serum albumin of other galliformes.
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS

1. Normal guinea pigs exposed to tuberculous cage mates infected intraperitoneally and with no cutaneous ulceration readily contract spontaneous tuberculosis. 2. The incidence of spontaneous tuberculosis increases with the intensity and with the duration of exposure. 3. Spontaneous tuberculosis acquired from infected cage mates has with few exceptions the characters of an infection which has entered by way of the digestive tract, disease of mesenteric and cervical lymph nodes being conspicuous. 4. Guinea pigs exposed to tuberculous animals in the same room but not in the same cage may acquire tuberculosis which has the characters of a bronchiogenic infection associated with lesions of the lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes.
Measuring the Size Dependence of Young's Modulus Using Force Modulation Atomic Force Microscopy†

The dependence of the local Young's modulus of organic thin films on the size of the domains at the nanometer scale is systematically investigated. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM) based imaging and lithography, nanostructures with designed size, shape, and functionality are preengineered, e.g., nanostructures of octadecanethiols inlaid in decanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). These nanostructures are characterized using AFM, followed by force modulation spectroscopy and microscopy measurements. Young's modulus is then extracted from these measurements using a continuum mechanics model. The apparent Young's modulus is found to decrease nonlinearly with the decreasing size of these nanostructures. This systematic study presents conclusive evidence of the size dependence of elasticity in the nanoregime. The approach utilized may be applied to study the size-dependent behavior of various materials and other mechanical properties.
A programming sequence for the liberal arts college

The computer science program in a liberal arts college must meet a number of diverse needs. When the curriculum allows for only four computer courses each course must serve several functions. For example, the introductory programming course often must satisfy the need for computer literacy as well as serve more advanced students who need to use the computer in their own discipline. The Hamilton College program which serves an academic community of 1600 students and about 130 faculty, has been evolving for four to five years. Currently five to six hundred students use the computer in some manner during the academic year, and almost one third of the student body enroll in a programming course before they graduate. We shall describe our two-course programming sequence and the success that we have had teaching it using a disciplined approach to programming.Our first course is taught to students whose primary motivation is general literacy and who do not bring to it much in the way of general quantitative or problem solving skills. We use, though, a programming methodology that differs little from that used by larger institutions for courses directed more toward the concentrator in computer science. We argue that structured programming is almost a necessity for this audience. The very limited background of the students requires both a systematic approach to problem solving and a disciplined style of programming.The second programming course must also solve some special problems. Since we only offer two advanced courses, we must include some of the material on data structures in the second course. With a careful selection of topics, we can lay the foundation for a discussion of file structures or data base organization in an advanced course.Our instructional goals for the sequence include the encouragement of general computer literacy, the teaching of programming techniques, the development of problem solving skills, and the coverage of selected advanced topics. We had to meet these goals without making excessive technical demands on the instructional staff.
Specific binding of prostaglandin F2α to membranes of rat corpora lutea

Abstract Prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ) binds specifically to a partially purified membrane preparation from rat corpora lutea. The high affinity, low capacity binding component has a K d = 4.7 nM and has a capacity of 0.38 pmol/mg protein. Binding kinetics were temperature-dependent with an association rate constant of 2.5 × 10 5 1/mole-sec and a dissociation rate constant of 4.3 × 10 −4 sec −1 at 22°C. Little competition for binding was shown by other prostaglandins and prostaglandin metabolites; the PGF 2α analogue ICI 81008 (16- m -trifluoromethylphenyl-prostaglandin F 2α ) showed a binding affinity similar to that of PGF 2α . The specific binding of PGF 2α to luteal cell membranes was confirmed by electron microscopy using a ferritin-PGF 2α conjugate. Ferritin-PGF 2α , was found predominantly on luteal cell surfaces; little binding occurred on other types of cells present. These data demonstrate specific binding of PGF 2α to rat luteal membranes. It is suggested that the luteolytic action of PGF 2α in the rat may be receptor-mediated.
Prediction of near-field shear dispersion in an emergent canopy with heterogeneous morphology

The evaluation of longitudinal dispersion in aquatic canopies is necessary to predict the behavior of dissolved species and suspended particles in marsh and wetland systems. Here we consider the influence of canopy morphology on longitudinal dispersion, focusing on transport before constituents have mixed over depth. Velocity and longitudinal dispersion were measured in a model canopy with vertically varying canopy density. The vertical variation in canopy morphology generates vertical variation in the mean velocity profile, which in turn creates mean-shear dispersion. We develop and verify a model that predicts the mean-shear dispersion in the near field from morphological characteristics of the canopy, such as stem diameter and frontal area. Close to the source, longitudinal dispersion is dominated by velocity heterogeneity at the scale of individual stems. However, within a distance of approximately 1 m, the shear dispersion associated with velocity heterogeneity over depth increases and eclipses this smaller-scale process.
Influence of clinical trial enrollment on the quality of care and outcomes for patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes.

Background Clinical trials provide evidence that is formulated into recommendations for practice guidelines, but it remains uncertain whether patients enrolled in trials are similar to those treated in routine practice and whether trial enrollment influences inhospital treatments and outcomes. Methods Using data from the CRUSADE quality improvement initiative, we evaluated predictors of trial enrollment, treatment patterns, and clinical outcomes among high-risk patients with non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE ACS) who were and were not enrolled in a clinical trial during hospitalization. Results Among 55172 high-risk patients presenting with NSTE ACS at 443 US hospitals, 1397 (2.5%) patients were enrolled in a clinical trial during index hospitalization. Significant predictors of trial enrollment included male sex, lack of renal insufficiency, and absence of congestive heart failure on presentation. Acute ( P P P Conclusions Patients with NSTE ACS participating in clinical trials are more likely to receive beneficial therapies and interventions throughout hospitalization, but preferential recruitment of patients with lower-risk features may limit the external validity of trial results.
Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents increase the risk of acute stroke in patients with chronic kidney disease

Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are effective in ameliorating anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD). A recent trial in diabetic patients with CKD, however, suggested a greater risk of stroke associated with full correction of anemia with ESAs. Using national Veterans Affairs data we performed a case–control study examining the association of incident ESA use with acute stroke in patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate 3 /min per 1.73m 2 and outpatient hemoglobin
Metabolic and antioxidant enzyme activities in the diaphragm: effects of acute exercise.

Disruption of cellular constituents including inhibition or "downregulation" of metabolic enzyme activity has been associated with free radical stress in locomotor muscle with acute, strenuous exercise. However, the effects of acute, strenuous exercise on important metabolic and antioxidant enzyme activity levels in the diaphragm are unknown. Twenty 4-month-old and twenty 24-month-old female Fischer-344 rats were divided at random into young exercised (YE; n = 10)/old exercised (OE; n = 10); young control (YC; n = 10)/old control (OC; n = 10) groups. Animals in both young and old exercise groups ran on a treadmill (10% uphill grade) for 40 min at approximately 75% of age group VO2 max. Immediately following the treadmill run, both exercise and control groups were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital. Costal (COD) and crural diaphragm (CRD) were quickly removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Lipid peroxidation was significantly increased (P 0.05) in both age groups. There was a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity with exercise (P < 0.05). Post-hocs revealed SOD activity was approximately 20% greater (P = 0.066) in YE CRD only. Activities of the metabolic enzymes phosphofructokinase (PFK), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and citrate synthase (CS) were not affected by acute exercise in YE or OE. Strenuous exercise resulted in a small trend towards a decrease in 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH) activity in YE COD (P = 0.115) and YE CRD (P = 0.082). We conclude that the employed bout of exercise induces some free radical stress, while metabolic enzymes are protected, in the diaphragm.
Water Data Resources

There exist numerous, web-based water portals that provide links to a variety of water data. We have developed a list of those sites highlighted by the papers in this special issue. Accessing and using water data is a metric of success. Further research needs to be conducted to determine what audiences are using these data and how “user-friendly” such sites are. This represents just a slice of the global water “data landscape.” Appendix 1 of Gallaher and Heikkila’s paper provides a table of a sample of water agencies examined in the U.S. that provide city, local, and regional state data.
New Mexican Locust and Parent Material: Influence on Availability of Soil Macronutrients

The effect of New Mexican locust (Robinia neomexicana Gray) on availability of soil N, P, K, and S in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) forests in central Arizona was studied in stands with either basalt or limestone parent material. Samples of the 0- to 15-cm layer of mineral soil were collected from seven pairs (with and without locust) of randomly located stands (sites), three on limestone and four on basalt. Availability of N, P, K, and S in these soils was determined in a greenhouse pot experiment with barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. gustoe) grown for 42 d. Supply of N and P also was measured in a similar test with ponderosa pine seedlings grown for 270 d. Dry mass yield of test plants was used as the expression of nutrient availability. Barley and pine tests yielded similar results. A significant locust x parent material interaction showed opposite responses to locust presence by soils derived from limestone (positive) and basalt (negative). A highly significant parent material x nutrient interaction reflected low availability of N in limestone soils and low availability of P in basaltic soils. Low supply of P in basaltic soils, probably the result of P fixation, largely explained the locust x parent material interaction.
Optical two-dimensional perfect shuffles based on a one-copy algorithm

We present an experimental implementation of optical perfect shuffles on a two-dimensional plane of 64 channels based on a light-efficient one-copy algorithm. A hologram containing four subholograms used as a light deflector to realize the shuffling operation. The system is free from holographic aberration but is limited by diffraction effects. The diffraction-effects analysis shows that two-dimensional shuffles for more than 128 × 128 channels are possible with the system.
SALT WASTING NEPHROPATHY OR “PSEUDOHYPOALDOSTERONISM” IN TWINS

At 1 month of age, dizygotic twins presented with failure to thrive, hyponatremic dehydration, and hyperkalemia. Renal function and glucocorticoid production were normal. Routine fluid and electrolyte replacement failed to correct the dehydration, and the administration of desoxycorticosterone gave no response. Urinary aldosterone levels were consistently elevated, and urinary excretion of sodium was disproportionately high. The patients responded to a daily supplementary intake of 3 g of sodium chloride, with correction of the hyponatremia and dehydration and return of serum potassium concentrations to normal. Salt supplementation was discontinued after 15 months. The twins continued to thrive on regular diet and maintained normal levels of serum sodium and potassium, yet their urinary and plasma aldosterone levels remained high. The observations suggest that the defect (1) may be familial and genetic, (2) may be caused by failure of the renal tubules to respond to aldosterone, and (3) is correctable by increased intake of sodium chloride.
A critical ethnography of democratic music listening

The purpose of this critical ethnography was to investigate how music educators can approach the development of students’ music listening abilities democratically in order to deepen students’ musical understandings and, by teaching through music, create pathways for student–teacher transactions that are inclusive, educative, ethical and transformative. Critical ethnographies utilise qualitative data collection methods (e.g. observations, journaling, interviews, audiotapes) for sociopolitical and ethical purposes. That is, critical ethnographies are ‘critical’ in two senses: (a) they are framed and carried out with a social-ethical sense of responsibility to critique and, if necessary, change the status quo of specific contexts they investigate and (b) they are grounded in ‘a self-referential form of reflexivity that aims to criticise the ethnographer's own production of an account’ (Schwandt, 2007, p. 51). One finding of this critical ethnography of my urban music classroom is that students are most apt to learn music listening effectively and enjoyably when afforded democratic and creative opportunities to express their beliefs about the natures and values of the musics they decide to select, experience and discuss critically. Another finding is that although democratic teaching and learning inevitably involves conflicts, participants can and do learn to manage and transform these conflicts constructively. One important implication of these findings is that music classrooms can be powerful contexts and means for students’ social-ethical development.
Composite phase-shifting algorithm for absolute phase measurement

Abstract This paper presents a method to recover absolute phase by using only four images: three phase-shifted patterns and one stair pattern. The stair pattern is designed in such a way that the stair changes are perfectly aligned with the phase jumps, and thus absolute phase can be recovered by referring to the stair pattern. Due to system noises and camera and/or projector blurring, a computational framework is also proposed. Because this technique only requires four fringe images for absolute phase recovery, it has the merit of measurement speed. And since the absolute phase is obtained, this technique is suitable for measuring step-height objects. We have developed a digital fringe projection system to verify the performance of the proposed technique.
Assessing convergence of Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations in hierarchical bayesian models for population pharmacokinetics

Advances in computer hardware and the associated computer-intensive algorithms made feasible by these advances [like Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) data analysis techniques] have made possible the application of hierarchical full Bayesian methods in analyzing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) data sets that are multivariate in nature. Pharmacokinetic data analysis in particular has been one area that has seized upon this technology to refine estimates of drug parameters from sparse data gathered in a large, highly variable population of patients. A drawback in this type of analysis is that it is difficult to quantitatively assess convergence of the Markov chains to a target distribution, and thus, it is sometimes difficult to assess the reliability of estimates gained from this procedure. Another complicating factor is that, although the application of MCMC methods to population PK-PD problems has been facilitated by new software designed for the PK-PD domain (specifically PKBUGS), experts in PK-PD may not have the necessary experience with MCMC methods to detect and understand problems with model convergence. The objective of this work is to provide an example of a set of diagnostics useful to investigators, by analyzing in detail three convergence criteria (namely the Raftery and Lewis, Geweke, and Heidelberger and Welch methods) on a simulated problem and with a rule of thumb of 10,000 chain elements in the Markov chain. We used two publicly available software packages to assess convergence of MCMC parameter estimates; the first performs Bayesian parameter estimation (PKBUGS/WinBUGS), and the second is focused on posterior analysis of estimates (BOA). The main message that seems to emerge is that accurately estimating confidence regions for the parameters of interest is more demanding than estimating the parameter means. Together, these tools provide numerical means by which an investigator can establish confidence in convergence and thus in the estimated parameters derived from hierarchical full Bayesian pharmacokinetic data analysis.
Influence of Dietary Calcium on Chlordecone-Induced Biochemical Changes in Serum of Rat

Male, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with different (1, 10, 50, and 100 ppm) concentrations of chlordecone (Cd) in calcium-sufficient (Ca-S) or calcium-deficient (Ca-D) diet for 15 days. No significant changes in serum total proteins were observed. However, serum nonprotein nitrogen compounds (urea, uric acid, and creatinine) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, creatine kinase, and alkaline phosphatase were significantly increased at 50 and 100 ppm of Cd. Chlordecone induced more increase in these serum components of rats fed with Ca-D as compared to Ca-S diet. Increased serum nonprotein nitrogen compounds and enzymes indicate Cd-altered glomerular and hepatic functions.
Quark-bag nontopological solitons with good four-momentum. II. Calculations of the soliton rest mass

In the preceding paper, how to construct soliton-bag-model states with good four-momentum was shown. Here these states are utilized in a model calculation of the soliton rest mass $M$. How to employ a variational procedure for evaluating the energy of the system is also demonstrated. The results are examined with respect to the parameters of the model. In a calculation of the rest mass of the ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ baryon we include phenomenological gluonic corrections.
Reaction of pentadienyliron tricarbonyl cations with hydride donors

Abstract A series of pentadienyliron tricarbonyl cations has been prepared and reacted with the hydride ion donors sodium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, and lithium triethylborohydride in order to determine steric and electronic effects in these reduction reactions. Sodium cyanoborohydride yields products of retained configuration whereas lithium triethylborohydride yields dieneiron tricarbonyl compounds of inverted configuration. Kinetic and thermodynamic considerations are used to account for these results.
The Homosexual Tendencies of King James: Should this Matter to Bible Readers Today?

The question whether King James, who commissioned the translation of the Bible into English in 1604, had homosexual tendencies has been under discussion in recent years. We review the arguments presented against this view and conclude that they are largely circular and ad hominem. We then consider the evidence presented by those who argue for this view, including the emotional distance between King James and his wife; his intense affection for three men in the course of his life; contemporary criticism of his public expressions of affection toward two of these men; and contemporary allegations that his reluctance to commit England to war was due to his “effeminate” nature. We discuss his family history and his relationship to one man in particular and conclude that the argument he had homosexual tendencies is compelling. We then take up the associations that his own contemporaries made between homosexual behavior, effeminacy, pacifism, and the scholar, and present our view that in authorizing the translation of the Bible into English, he provided a scholarly model for male cooperation that was inherently superior to the martial model of male enterprise advocated by his opponents. We also suggest that his authorization of a new translation of the Bible was psycho-dynamically related to his loss of his mother in infancy and to his guilt for having failed to come to her aid when she requested his help. Finally, we make a case in behalf of the King James Version of the Bible on the grounds that it functions as a cultural selfobject (Kohut), due mainly to its maternal associations; that King James’s favorite Bible verse was Matthew 5:9—“Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called the children of God”; and that James had homosexual tendencies.
A review of cleaning technologies for biomass-derived syngas

Syngas from gasification of carbonaceous feedstocks is used for power production and synthesis of fuels and commodity chemicals. Impurities in gasification feedstocks, especially sulfur, nitrogen, chlorine, and ash, often find their way into syngas and can interfere with downstream applications. Incomplete gasification can also produce undesirable products in the raw syngas in the form of tar and particulate char. This paper reviews the technologies for removing contaminants from raw syngas. These technologies are classified according to the gas temperature exiting the cleanup device: hot (T > 300 °C), cold (T < ∼100 °C), and warm gas cleaning regimes. Cold gas cleanup uses relatively mature techniques that are highly effective although they often generate waste water streams and may suffer from energy inefficiencies. The majority of these techniques are based on using wet scrubbers. Hot gas cleaning technologies are attractive because they avoid cooling and reheating the gas stream. Many of these are still under development given the technical difficulties caused by extreme environments. Warm gas cleaning technologies include traditional particulate removal devices along with new approaches for removing tar and chlorine.
States, regimes, and decisions: why Jews were expelled from Medieval England and France

This article explores the relation between the expulsion of Jews from medieval England and France and state building, geo-politics, regime styles, and taxation in these countries. Jews were evicted as a result of attempts by kings to manage royal insecurity, refashion relations between state and society, and build more durable systems of taxation within the territories they claimed as theirs. As they engaged in state building and extended their ties, often conflictual, to key societal and political actors, Jews became financially less important but more visible as outsiders, becoming a liability for the crown. Similar mechanisms were at work despite important differences distinguishing England's growing regime of rights and representation and France's emergent absolutist patrimonialism.
A radiometric method for the quantitation of experimental inflammation and anti-inflammatory activity.

Nach Einspritzung von 5-Hydroxy-tryptamin in den einen Fuss einer Maus und physiologischer Salzlosung in den anderen, wurde die Radioaktivitat beider Fusse verglichen. Mit radioaktivem Jod (I131) behandeltes Serumalbumin wurde dazu benutzt, den Umfang des Plasmaexsudates zu bestimmen. Das Ausmass der Hemmung der durch 5-HT induzierten Entzundung ist von der Dosis der physiologischen NaCl-Losung abhangig.
Critical mass flux for flaming ignition of wet wood

Abstract Wood is a common building material and can constitute the bulk of the fuel load in structures. Cellulosic, woody material is also the fuel in a wildland fire. Wood and forest fuels are porous and hygroscopic so their moisture content varies with the ambient temperature and relative humidity. A complete understanding of both structural and wildland fire thus involves understanding the effect of moisture content on ignition. The ignition criterion considered in this work is critical mass flux – that a sufficient amount of pyrolysis gases must be generated for a diffusion flame to establish above the surface. An apparatus was built to measure the critical mass flux for sustained flaming ignition of woody materials for varying environmental conditions (incident heat flux and airflow (oxidizer) velocity). This paper reports the variation of measured critical mass fluxes for poplar with externally applied incident radiant heat flux, airflow velocity, and moisture content. The critical mass flux is seen to increase with increasing levels of moisture content, incident heat flux, and airflow velocity. Future work will focus on modeling these experiments and exploring the changes in critical mass flux with species, thickness, and live fuels.
Distortion-rotor interaction noise produced by a drooped inlet

The 'drooped' inlet used on most wing mounted engines produces a wall static pressure distortion at the fan face of about plus or minus 2%. The interaction of the fan rotor with this fixed distortion pattern produces blade passing frequency and harmonic tone levels in flight which contribute to forward radiated engine noise spectra. Data from a wind tunnel test, using both a drooped inlet and an inlet with no droop, show large changes in forward radiated noise levels over a limited fan speed range. An analytical model of this fan noise mechanism is developed and is used to account for the major features of the measured results.
Simulation of CFSTR through development of a mathematical model for anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli cell population.

A computer model is described that simulates a population of Escherichia coli B/r-A cells growing under anaerobic conditions. This population model is an ensemble of single-cell models. The ability of the model of predict the dynamic response of a cell population in a CFSTR to a change in feed flowrates or concentrations was investigated. With glucose as the limiting nutrient the feed concentration of glucose was shifted from 1.0 to 1.88 g/L. With a fixed concentration of glucose (1.0 g/L) step changes in residence time (4.1–1.95 h) were examined. The predicted changes of cell size distribution, substrate concentration, RNA content, and cell dry weight during the transition period compared reasonably well to those observed experiementally. We believe this model is the only model currently available that can make such predictions on an a priori basis.
Expanding communication mechanisms: they're not just e-mailing anymore

Students are walking around with cell phones, making calls and text-messaging. For many, this has now become their main communication mechanism with friends and family. College faculty and staff still count on e-mail as the main communication tool, amongst themselves and with students. Student demand for e-mail accounts from new students before they even arrive on campus has increased exponentially in the past couple of years. Web pages are used to provide information to the outside community and internally, across campus. Web pages have often become the main mechanism for providing step-by-step documentation. Meanwhile, wikis, blogs and MySpace® have entered the online communication world. Students look at our web pages, but how often? They all have college-provided e-mail accounts, but do they use them? What is the best mechanism these days to get the word out, and what will be the mechanism in the future? This paper will explore the mechanisms and approaches that students, and others on campus, are using to communicate now, and will present thoughts on where we're going in the future and the impact that will have on user services.
Crystal Structure of the Pyocyanin Biosynthetic Protein PhzS.

The human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces pyocyanin, a blue-pigmented phenazine derivative, which is known to play a role in virulence. Pyocyanin is produced from chorismic acid via the phenazine pathway, nine proteins encoded by a gene cluster. Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, the initial phenazine formed, is converted to pyocyanin in two steps that are catalyzed by the enzymes PhzM and PhzS. PhzM is an adenosylmethionine dependent methyltransferase, and PhzS is a flavin dependent hydroxylase. It has been shown that PhzM is only active in the physical presence of PhzS, suggesting that a protein-protein interaction is involved in pyocyanin formation. Such a complex would prevent the release of 5-methyl-phenazine-1-carboxylate, the putative intermediate, and an apparently unstable compound. Here, we describe the three-dimensional structure of PhzS, solved by single anomalous dispersion, at a resolution of 2.4 A. The structure reveals that PhzS is a member of the family of aromatic hydroxylases characterized by p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase. The flavin cofactor of PhzS is in the solvent exposed out orientation typically seen in unliganded aromatic hydroxylases. The PhzS flavin, however, appears to be held in a strained conformation by a combination of stacking interactions and hydrogen bonds. The structure suggests that access to the active site is gained via a tunnel on the opposite side of the protein from where the flavin is exposed. The C-terminal 23 residues are disordered as no electron density is present for these atoms. The probable location of the C-terminus, near the substrate access tunnel, suggests that it may be involved in substrate binding as has been shown for another structural homologue, RebC. This region also may be an element of a PhzM-PhzS interface. Aromatic hydroxylases have been shown to catalyze electrophilic substitution reactions on activated substrates. The putative PhzS substrate, however, is electron deficient and unlikely to act as a nucleophile, suggesting that PhzS may use a different mechanism than its structural relatives.
Surface tension and density measurements for indium and uranium using a sessile-drop apparatus with glow discharge cleaning

Abstract The sessile-drop method is used to measure the surface tension and density of liquid indium and uranium under high vacuum. Measurements are made over the temperature range 156–500°C for In and at the melting point for U. Surface oxides are efficiently removed with a glow discharge system. Drop profiles are captured by photograph and processed using nonlinear regression to yield the surface tension and density. In this regression procedure, normal distances from calculated profiles to data points are minimized. For indium, the density and surface tension measurements yield ϱ mp = 7.05 × 10 3 kg/m 3 , dϱ/d T = −0.776kg/m 3 ·°C, and γ mp = 0.568N/m, dγ/d T = −9.45 × 10 −5 N/m·°C. The results for uranium at the melting point are ϱ mp = 17.47 × 10 3 kg/m 3 and γ mp = 1.653N/m.
Review of "Systems Engineering Models of Human-Machine Interaction by William B. Rouse", North Holland.

The author had three goals for the book: "to emphasize the current state of the art", "to provide a treatment of a highly mathematical topic while avoiding calculus, differential equations, Laplace and Fourier transforms, and so on", and, "to include basic tutorials on the modeling methodologies of interest and thus avoid requiring the reader to consult other basic sources." The book is based on the lecture notes of a graduate course in Industrial Engineering offerred at the University of Illinois to mostly engineering and psychology students. The author feels that the material in the book is "nicely complemented by having students pursue a series of small design projects in which they have to choose among the various available models, resolve measurement problems, and so on."
The BRAF Oncoprotein Functions through the Transcriptional Repressor MAFG to Mediate the CpG Island Methylator Phenotype

Most colorectal cancers (CRCs) containing activated BRAF (BRAF[V600E]) have a CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) characterized by aberrant hypermethylation of many genes, including the mismatch repair gene MLH1. MLH1 silencing results in microsatellite instability and a hypermutable phenotype. Through an RNAi screen, here we identify the transcriptional repressor MAFG as the pivotal factor required for MLH1 silencing and CIMP in CRCs containing BRAF(V600E). In BRAF-positive human CRC cell lines and tumors, MAFG is bound at the promoters of MLH1 and other CIMP genes, and recruits a corepressor complex that includes its heterodimeric partner BACH1, the chromatin remodeling factor CHD8, and the DNA methyltransferase DNMT3B, resulting in hypermethylation and transcriptional silencing. BRAF(V600E) increases BRAF/MEK/ERK signaling resulting in phosphorylation and elevated levels of MAFG, which drives DNA binding. Analysis of transcriptionally silenced CIMP genes in KRAS-positive CRCs indicates that different oncoproteins direct the assembly of distinct repressor complexes on common promoters.
Search processes for detecting repeated items in a visual display

Evidence for successive serial exhaustive searches was found in a task requiring detection of repeated letters in visually presented lists of varying length. The time per comparison was 25 msec. Important differences in processing appeared between instances of adjacent repeated letters and instances of nonadjacent repeated letters.
Calculations of the electrostatic potential adjacent to model phospholipid bilayers

We used the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation to calculate electrostatic potentials in the aqueous phase adjacent to model phospholipid bilayers containing mixtures of zwitterionic lipids (phosphatidylcholine) and acidic lipids (phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylglycerol). The aqueous phase (relative permittivity, epsilon r = 80) contains 0.1 M monovalent salt. When the bilayers contain 25% acidic lipid, the -25 mV equipotential profiles are essentially flat and agree well with the values calculated using Gouy-Chapman theory. When the bilayers contain 100% acidic lipid, all of the equipotential surfaces are flat and agree with Gouy-Chapman predictions (including the -100 mV surface, which is located only 1 A from the outermost atoms). Even our model bilayers are not simple systems: the charge on each lipid is distributed over several atoms, these partial charges are non-coplanar, there is a 2 A ion-exclusion region (epsilon r = 80) adjacent to the polar headgroups, and the molecular surface is rough. We investigated the effect of these four factors using smooth (or bumpy) epsilon r = 2 slabs with embedded point charges: these factors had only minor effects on the potential in the aqueous phase.
Kinetics and Product Study of the Reaction of CH3 Radicals with O(3P) Atoms Using Time Resolved Time-of-Flight Spectrometry

The kinetics and product distribution for the reaction of methyl radicals, CH3, with ground-state O(3P) oxygen atoms have been investigated. This reaction was studied with a newly constructed apparatus combining a tubular flow reactor and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS), using a hollow-cathode lamp for photoionization. The radicals are produced by an excimer laser pulse (λ = 193 nm) in the cophotolysis of acetone, CH3COCH3, or bromomethane, CH3Br, and sulfur dioxide, SO2, creating a homogeneous distribution of radicals along the axis of the flow reactor. A small fraction of the reaction mixture is sampled through a pinhole in the wall. Subsequent ionization and repeated extraction of ionized molecules into the TOFMS at a high repetition rate (≈20 kHz) allows the simultaneous observation of rapid changes in the concentration of multiple species in the flow reactor. In addition to the dominant product, formaldehyde (CH2O), carbon monoxide (CO) was detected as a product with a yield of 0.17 ± 0.11...
Bulk and surface calorimetric measurements at CO wavelengths.

Laser calorimetry was used to measure the optical absorption of several candidate window materials for application at CO laser wavelengths. These materials include KCl, CaF2, SrF2, and ZnSe. The long, thin bar technique was used to separate bulk and surface absorption contributions by means of their time dependencies. One sample of KCl, known to be low absorbing at 10.6 μm, exhibited no measurable absorption within the sensitivity of the calorimeter (βt < 2 × 10−6 cm−1). The absorption coefficients measured for two samples of CaF2 at 5.41 μm were higher than those measured by other investigators at 5.25 μm, but, when fitted to an exponential dependence on wavelength, compared favorably with currently measured values. To compare results from different laboratories, precise definition of the spectral power distribution is essential. The surface absorption was, in all cases, small relative to similar measurements at 10.6 μm; in several cases it was not separable from bulk absorption by the technique used.