cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Profound Hyperkalemia Without Electrocardiographic Manifestations

Although the electrocardiogram (ECG) is not considered a reliable indicator of mild to moderate hyperkalemia, profound elevations of serum potassium concentration generally produce classic ECG manifestations. We report two cases of severe hyperkalemia (> 9.0 mEq/L) in which the ECGs did not reveal the expected manifestations of hyperkalemia. Thus, even with profound serum potassium elevations, the ECG cannot reliably be used to exclude the presence of hyperkalemia or to monitor therapy designed to lower the serum potassium concentration.
Towards validation of DEVS-FIRE wildfire simulation model

DEVS-FIRE is a model for discrete event simulation of wildfire spread, where fire spread is modeled as a contagion process in a cellular space of forest cells. In this paper, DEVS-FIRE is validated using FARSITE, a widely used fire spread model. Both graphical and statistical approaches are used and the results show that the output of DEVS-FIRE is comparable to that of FARSITE under a wide range of input conditions.
Methods of Projecting Long-Term Relative Efficacy of Products Exhibiting Small Short-Term Efficacy

There is ample evidence that caries can develop well into the middle-aged years, and for many subjects, for most of their adult lives. The kinds of benefits to expect for adults in the longer term for
Protein delivery into live cells by incubation with an endosomolytic agent

We report that a tetramethylrhodamine-labeled dimer of the cell-penetrating peptide TAT, dfTAT, penetrates live cells by escaping from endosomes with high efficiency. By mediating endosomal leakage, dfTAT also delivers proteins into cultured cells after a simple co-incubation procedure. We achieved cytosolic delivery in several cell lines and primary cells and observed that only a relatively small amount of material remained trapped inside endosomes. Delivery did not require a binding interaction between dfTAT and a protein, multiple molecules could be delivered simultaneously, and delivery could be repeated. dfTAT-mediated delivery did not noticeably affect cell viability, cell proliferation or gene expression. dfTAT-based intracellular delivery should be useful for cell-based assays, cellular imaging applications and the ex vivo manipulation of cells.
Low Temperature Spin Diffusion in the One-Dimensional Quantum O ( 3 ) Nonlinear σ Model

An effective, low temperature, classical model for spin transport in the one-dimensional, gapped, quantum $\mathrm{O}(3)$ nonlinear $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model is developed. Its correlators are obtained by a mapping to a model solved earlier by Jepsen. We obtain universal functions for the ballistic-to-diffusive crossover and the value of the spin diffusion constant, and these are claimed to be exact at low temperatures. Implications for experiments on one-dimensional insulators with a spin gap are noted.
Integrins α1β1 and α2β1 are receptors for the rotavirus enterotoxin

Rotavirus NSP4 is a viral enterotoxin capable of causing diarrhea in neonatal mice. This process is initiated by the binding of extracellular NSP4 to target molecule(s) on the cell surface that triggers a signaling cascade leading to diarrhea. We now report that the integrins α1β1 and α2β1 are receptors for NSP4. NSP4 specifically binds to the α1 and α2 I domains with apparent Kd = 1–2.7 μM. Binding is mediated by the I domain metal ion-dependent adhesion site motif, requires Mg2+ or Mn2+, is abolished with EDTA, and an NSP4 point mutant, E120A, fails to bind α2 integrin I domain. NSP4 has two distinct integrin interaction domains. NSP4 amino acids 114–130 are essential for binding to the I domain, and NSP4 peptide 114–135 blocks binding of the natural ligand, collagen I, to integrin α2. NSP4 amino acids 131–140 are not associated with the initial binding to the I domain, but elicit signaling that leads to the spreading of attached C2C12-α2 cells, mouse myoblast cells stably expressing the human α2 integrin. NSP4 colocalizes with integrin α2 on the basolateral surface of rotavirus-infected polarized intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells as well as surrounding noninfected cells. NSP4 mutants that fail to bind or signal through integrin α2 were attenuated in diarrhea induction in neonatal mice. These results indicate that NSP4 interaction with integrin α1 and α2 is an important component of enterotoxin function and rotavirus pathogenesis, further distinguishing this viral virulence factor from other microbial enterotoxins.
Improvements to a layered analytical irradiance model for application to coastal waters with depth-dependent water constituents, various bottom types, and variable water depths

This paper compares homogeneous analytical two-flow equation solutions to an improved iterative solution technique of the same differential equations that describe the transfer of irradiance in a layered medium such as water with depth dependent water constituents. The layered model is developed to be used in oceanic or atmospheric models in order to provide a detailed mechanism for the influence of irradiant energy in the heating rate of the medium. The layered model is designed to generate synthetic water surface reflectance signatures in the presence of depth dependent water constituents, various bottom types, and variable water depths. In addition, the model allows one to compute the influences of submerged targets or layers with unique reflectance signatures or unique absorption and backscatter characteristics.
Neutropenia in high-risk neonates

To determine the usefulness of neutrophil values in diagnosing neonatal sepsis among infants at risk of neutropenia, we evaluated the pattern of sequential absolute total and immature neutrophil counts and the immature to total neutrophil (I:T) proportion over the first 5 days of life in infants with sepsis ( n =13), asphyxia neonatorum ( n =12), or delivered of mothers with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) ( n =20), comparing values to references ranges previously reported by us. Neutropenia was initially present in 67% and 50% of infants with asphyxia and those whose mothers had PIH, respectively, and persisted through the first 3 postnatal days. In contrast, infants with sepsis were less likely to be neutropenic initially (38%), and neutropenia did not persist after 36 hours of age. Elevated values for the total immature neutrophil count and I:T proportion were much more likely to occur in infants with sepsis (46% and 61%, respectively) than in infants of mothers with PIH (4% and 12%) or those with asphyxia (13% and 22%). The importance of considering the perinatal history as well as the differential neutrophil count in the evaluation of neonatal neutropenia is demonstrated.
Styletogenesis in nemertean worms: The ultrastructure of organelles involved in intracellular calcification.

The ultrastructure of cellular organelles involved in stylet formation is examined in six species of nemertean worms by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Stylets are nail-shaped structures containing calcium phosphate that are assembled intracellularly in large uninucleate cells, called styletocytes. Each stylet develops within a membrane-bound vacuole in the styletocyte cytoplasm. Well developed arrays of Golgi bodies are typically found in the vicinity of developing stylet vacuoles, and fully formed vacuoles are filled with PAS+ material that appears to be derived from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. At the onset of styletogenesis, a conical sliver of organic material differentiates on the inner surface of the vacuolar membrane. This material displays a species-specific banding pattern in decalcified sections, and apparently acts as a template during calcification of the stylet shaft. After the organic core of the shaft is formed, mitochondria aggregate around the stylet vacuole and presumably help accumulate the calcium used in mineralization of the stylet. A knob-shaped proximal piece is subsequently assembled on the base of the shaft. The proximal piece contains a nonbanded matrix and has electron-dense material at its surface that may help in correctly orienting this region toward the basis during replacement of the central stylet.
Appropriateness criteria for bariatric surgery: beyond the NIH guidelines.

Careful selection of bariatric patients is critical for successful outcomes. In 1991, the NIH first established patient selection guidelines; however, some surgeons operate on individuals outside of these criteria, i.e., extreme age groups. We developed appropriateness criteria for the spectrum of patient characteristics including age, BMI, and severity of eight obesity-related comorbidities. Candidate criteria were developed using combinations of patient characteristics including BMI: > or =40 kg/m(2), 35-39, 32-34, 30-31, or =40 kg/m(2) or BMI = 35-39 kg/m(2) in intermediate age groups were found to be appropriate for surgery. In contrast, patients in the extreme age categories were considered appropriate surgical candidates under fewer conditions, primarily the more severe comorbidities, such as diabetes and hypertension. For patients with a BMI of 32-34, only the most severe category of diabetes (Hgb A1c >9, on maximal medical therapy), is an appropriate criterion for those aged 19-64, whereas many mild to moderate severity comorbidity categories are "inappropriate." There is overwhelming agreement among the panelists that the current evidence does not support performing bariatric surgery in lower BMI individuals (BMI <32). This is the first development of appropriateness criteria for bariatric surgery that includes severity categories of comorbidities. Only for the most severe degrees of comorbidities were adolescent and elderly patients deemed appropriate for surgery. Patient selection for bariatric procedures should include consideration of both patient age and comorbidity severity.
Spin-lattice models for the solid 3He magnet

A model for 3He near its magnetic ordering temperature proposed by Papoular is discussed. Using the transfer integral formalism, we calculate the thermodynamic properties and in particular the temperature dependence of the entropy. These are compared with the properties calculated from a Schrodinger-like equation approximation to the transfer integral equation. The relation between the entropy and the potential energy which drives the order parameter is examined. Modifications to the potential necessary to give the experimentally observed entropy are described.
Perceived qualitative benefits of cochlear implants in children with multi-handicaps.

Summary Objective: To determine families’ perceived benefits of cochlear implants in children with multiple-handicaps. Methods: Parents/guardians of a child with a cochlear implant for at least 3 months, under the age of 18 years and had least one additional disability were recruited for participation through rehabilitation therapists. Families who did not have a child enrolled in therapy at the study center were contacted by mail. Families were asked a number of open-ended and close-ended questions. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed, with answers to open-ended questions coded by themes. Results: We interviewed 19 families of 20 children and included 15 families of 16 children who had had at least 6 months of cochlear implant experience for this study. The mean time between implantation and study was 3 years (S.D. ± 2.2) with a range of 0.5–8 years. Children were highly compliant in wearing their device. Sixty-eight percent (11/16) of the children were enrolled in additional therapies beyond speech and aural rehabilitation therapies. Fifty percent of families (8/16) indicated they had no obstacles to accessing therapies. Insurance was the most common barrier to accessing therapies (18% of respondents). All children made communication progress post-implant as described by their families. All families felt that the cochlear implant team provided enough information prior to receiving the implant to help families make the appropriate decision about implanting their child. All families said that if they were to make the decision again, they would choose to have their child implanted. Conclusion: More children with multiple-handicaps are receiving cochlear implants. Very young children may undergo cochlear implantation only to be subsequently diagnosed with an additional impairment or disability at later ages. As a result, it is important to understand the specific needs of this population and the parental perceptions of benefit in order to provide the best services and opportunities for success with a cochlear implant. Although not all of the children gained gold standard speech and language outcomes, all children broadened their communication skills. In motivated families of children with additional disabilities, it is appropriate to provide them with the same opportunity to access audition and expand their communication abilities as any other child with a hearing impairment.
Effect of aging on mixed-mode I/III fracture toughness of 2034 aluminum alloys

Abstract The effect of aging on the mixed-mode I/III fracture toughness was evaluated for two 2034 Al type alloys with different Mn content. The effect of aging was found to be significantly different in the two alloys. Alloy 1 which had
Helicobacter pylori and gastrointestinal tract adenocarcinomas

Although gastric adenocarcinoma is associated with the presence of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach, only a small fraction of colonized individuals develop this common malignancy. H. pylori strain and host genotypes probably influence the risk of carcinogenesis by differentially affecting host inflammatory responses and epithelial-cell physiology. Understanding the host-microbial interactions that lead to neoplasia will improve cancer-targeted therapeutics and diagnostics, and provide mechanistic insights into other malignancies that arise within the context of microbially initiated inflammatory states.
A Research Agenda for Enhancing Appropriate Opioid Prescribing in Primary Care

The challenges facing patients and providers in managing ongoing opioid analgesic therapy for chronic pain are complex. Benefit of long-term opioid therapy, for which there are scant data, must be balanced against myriad potential undesired outcomes, including safety problems, ranging from mild toxicities to overdose and death; inadequate efficacy, which may mean continued patient suffering and unwarranted exposure to toxicities; and misuse of these potent medications. To help patients and providers navigate these challenges and optimize therapy, we present a research agenda in which we first characterize appropriate ongoing opioid prescribing and then describe three areas where quality improvement work is needed: 1) developing brief validated measures of patient-reported safety, efficacy, and misuse that improve outcomes; 2) designing evidence-based algorithms to guide changes in therapy when issues related to safety, efficacy or misuse are identified; and 3) promoting use of patient-centered, multi-modal treatment plans.
Conductivity and geminate ion recombination in irradiated hydrocarbons: Model calculations

Abstract A simple stochastic model is described which explains the difference between dc conductivity and microwave conductivity in pulse-irradiated systems with predominantly geminate ion recombination. Monte Carlo calculations can predict the experimental conductivity signal, which approaches the free ion limit faster than the microwave conductivity.
The influence of Gomphosphaeria aponina on the growth of Gymnodinium breve and the effect of aponin on the ichthyotoxicity of Gymnodinium breve.

Abstract Cells of the marine blue-green alga Gomphosphaeria aponina survive in mixed culture with the marine dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium breve (the Florida red tide organism), but G. breve cells lysed within 4–7 days. It has been established that the cytolytic effect of G. aponina , not nutrient competition, is responsible for the decrease in number of cells. The material elaborated by G. aponina has been termed aponin and has been extracted from the cells. The effect of aponin on the ichthyotoxicity of G. breve cultures was measured using Poecilia sphenops , adapted to sea water, as the assay organism. Aponin is not ichthyotoxic toward P. sphenops , though this material, when incubated with G. breve cultures does destroy the cells and increases the ichthyotoxicity of the cultures. At certain concentrations of aponin, the ichthyotoxicity of G. breve cultures appeared to be mitigated.
Coda-Q before and after the 1986 Andreanof Islands earthquake

Coda-Q values before and after the May 7, 1986 Andreanof Islands earthquake in the central Aleutian subduction zone were calculated from microearthquake seismograms on the basis of Aki's single backscattering model. Digital waveforms from 329 microeathquakes in 5.4 years before the mainshock and 40 aftershocks recorded by 11 stations of the Central Aleutians Seismic Network were utilized. Before the mainshock, coda-Q in the rupture zone west of the mainshock epicenter was 15% higher than theQ outside the rupture zone to the west. A lowQ in the region east of the mainshock epicenter is inferred, but lacks solid evidence. The highQ region accords with the part of the rupture zone where most seismic moment was released. During approximately two months after the mainshock, coda-Q in the rupture zone decreased about 10%. PrecursoryQ changes were not found in the 5.4 years before the mainshock. It is deduced that a coda-Q precursor, if it existed, was of small magnitude (<10%), or its duration was either shorter than one year or longer than four years.
Hyperthyroidism and Thyrotoxicosis

Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis are hypermetabolic conditions that cause significant morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis can be difficult because symptoms can mimic many other disease states leading to inaccurate or untimely diagnoses and management. Thyroid storm is the most severe form of thyrotoxicosis, hallmarked by altered sensorium, and, if untreated, is associated with significant mortality. Thyroid storm should be considered in the differential of any patient presenting with altered mental status. The emergency medicine physician who can rapidly recognize thyrotoxicosis, identify the precipitating event, appropriately and comprehensively begin medical management, and facilitate disposition will undoubtedly save a life.
Elevated pre-operative serum peptides for collagen I and III synthesis result in post-surgical atrial fibrillation.

Objectives: This study sought to determine if serum markers for collagen I and III synthesis, the carboxyl terminal peptide from pro-collagen I (PICP) and the amino terminal peptide from pro-collag...
Effects of VMAT2 inhibitors lobeline and GZ-793A on methamphetamine-induced changes in dopamine release, metabolism and synthesis in vivo

Vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) inhibitors reduce methamphetamine (METH) reward in rats. The current study determined the effects of VMAT2 inhibitors lobeline (LOB; 1 or 3 mg/kg) and N-(1,2R-dihydroxylpropyl)-2,6-cis-di(4-methoxyphenethyl)piperidine hydrochloride (GZ-793A; 15 or 30 mg/kg) on METH-induced (0.5 mg/kg, SC) changes in extracellular dopamine (DA) and its metabolite dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the reward-relevant nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell using in vivo microdialysis. The effect of GZ-793A (15 mg/kg) on DA synthesis in tissue also was investigated in NAc, striatum, medial prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex. In NAc shell, METH produced a time-dependent increase in extracellular DA and decrease in DOPAC. Neither LOB nor GZ-793A alone altered extracellular DA; however, both drugs increased extracellular DOPAC. In combination with METH, LOB did not alter the effects of METH on DA; however, GZ-793A, which has greater selectivity than LOB for inhibiting VMAT2, reduced the duration of the METH-induced increase in extracellular DA. Both LOB and GZ-793A enhanced the duration of the METH-induced decrease in extracellular DOPAC. METH also increased tissue DA synthesis in NAc and striatum, whereas GZ-793A decreased synthesis; no effect of METH or GZ-793A on DA synthesis was found in medial prefrontal cortex or orbitofrontal cortex. These results suggest that selective inhibition of VMAT2 produces a time-dependent decrease in DA release in NAc shell as a result of alterations in tyrosine hydroxylase activity, which may play a role in the ability of GZ-793A to decrease METH reward. We determined if inhibition of the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) alters METH-induced changes in dopamine (DA) release, metabolism, and synthesis in vivo. Our results suggest that selective inhibition of VMAT2 produces a time-dependent decrease in DA release as a result of alterations in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity, which may play a role in the ability of the VMAT2 inhibitor GZ-793A to decrease METH reward.
Flight Test Results of an Axisymmetric Channeled Center Body Supersonic Inlet at Off-Design Conditions

Flight-testing of a channeled center-body axisymmetric supersonic inlet design concept was conducted at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Dryden Flight Research Center in collaboration with the NASA Glenn Research Center (Cleveland, Ohio) and TechLand Research, Inc. (North Olmsted, Ohio). This testing utilized the Propulsion Flight Test Fixture, flown on the NASA F-15B research test bed airplane (NASA tail number 836) at local experiment Mach numbers up to 1.50. The translating channeled center-body inlet was designed by TechLand Research, Inc. (U.S. Patent No. 6,276,632 B1) to allow for a novel method of off-design flow matching, with original test planning conducted under a NASA Small Business Innovative Research study. Data were collected in flight at various off-design Mach numbers for fixed-geometry representations of both the channeled center-body design and an equivalent area smooth center-body design for direct comparison of total pressure recovery and limited distortion measurements.
Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine) in the Male Reproductive Tract of the Spiny Dogfish

IN elasmobranch fishes, in which fertilization is internal, the caudal portion of the pelvic fin of the male is prolonged to form a stout rod-like copulatory organ or ‘clasper’. The clasper is rolled up in a scroll-like fashion, enclosing on its medial side the so-called clasper groove or tube, along which at copulation the spermatozoa pass from the urogenital papilla of the male to the oviducts of the female. The clasper groove communicates with an accessory organ, located under the skin of the abdomen, which in the shark and dogfish usually takes the form of a muscular sac, the so-called clasper siphon, whereas in the skate it assumes the form of a solid glandular organ, the so-called clasper gland. Leigh-Sharpe1, who studied in detail the comparative anatomy of secondary sexual characters of elasmobranch fishes, came to the conclusion that the clasper siphon of the Selachii acts as a “reservoir of sea-water” which is emptied at copulation by muscular contractions of the siphon wall, and in this way helps to pump the spermatozoa from the clasper groove into the oviducts. Gilbert and Heath2, on the other hand, expressed the opinion that the siphons may actually have some secretory function, and contribute a, part of the seminal plasma.
Analysis of temporal and spatial phytoplankton variability in a Long Island salt marsh

A study of phytoplankton and related variables in a Long Island salt marsh was designed to incorporate three major sources of variation in the sampling regime: spatial, short-term temporal, and long-term temporal. The combination of multivariate (MANOVA and factor analysis) and univariate (ANOVA) data analyses was used to examine the relative importance of each source of variation in 11 variables and to aid in the ecological interpretation of the data. MANOVA confirmed that all three sources of variation were significant with temporal variation (weekly sampling and at different times of the day) more important than spatial variation (sampling at different stations). The analyses also indicated that sampling a dynamic, tidally-driven system, such as a small salt marsh, cannot be carried out on a once-per-day basis; tidal flushing and diurnal changes in primary production induce a large amount of variation into the concentrations of phytoplankton and related variables within the salt marsh.
Pressure effects on survival of mice with transplantable leukaemia.

EXTERNALLY applied pressures have been shown to inhibit cell division in vitro1–6 and to inhibit the growth of transplanted and spontaneous solid tumours in mice7,8. It has been proposed that animal cells have internal pressure gradients which are susceptible to external pressures9. The experiments reported in this paper were designed to study the effects of a range of pressures at varying O2 tensions on the growth of a transplanted mouse leukaemia.
Glass Foreign Body in the Spinal Canal of a Child: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Retained foreign bodies pose a risk to the patient from the perspective of potential morbidity. We describe a previously healthy 8-year-old boy with head and back trauma from a glass picture frame that fell off the wall. He sustained a closed head injury and a back laceration several centimeters lateral to the spine. A persistent drainage from the back laceration contained glucose and protein levels consistent with cerebral spinal fluid. A foreign body was easily visible on subsequent plain radiograph. The glass foreign body was removed by neurosurgeons after computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging clarified the exact location of the glass fragment. Physicians should have a low threshold for obtaining plain radiographs in patients with glass foreign bodies and consider that projectiles may rest some distance from the laceration site.
A METHOD FOR THE THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF ANALGESIC DRUGS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS IN NON-AQUEOUS SYSTEMS.

Abstract A thin-layer chronmatographic procedure is described which is applicable to natural and synthetic alkoidal drugs. Neutral organic solvents are used to develop silica gel plates in an atmosphere of ammonia vapor. Identical results are given upon development of the plate when either the free base or a salt form is spotted for chromatography. The procedure is shown to offer more convenience and versality than an existing method in which alkaline silica gel layers are used.
Crystal structure of d(GCGCGCG) with 5'-overhang G residues.

The crystal structure of the DNA heptamer d(GCGCGCG) has been solved at 1.65 A resolution by the molecular replacement method and refined to an R-value of 0.184 for 3598 reflections. The heptamer forms a Z-DNA d(CGCGCG)2 with 5'-overhang G residues instead of an A-DNA d(GCGCGC)2 with 3'-overhang G residues. The overhang G residues from parallel strands of two adjacent duplexes form a trans reverse Hoogsteen G x G basepair that stacks on the six Z-DNA basepairs to produce a pseudocontinuous helix. The reverse Hoogsteen G x G basepair is unusual in that the displacement of one G base relative to the other allows them to participate in a bifurcated (G1)N2 . . . N7(G8) and an enhanced (G8)C8-H . . . O6(G1) hydrogen bond, in addition to the two usual hydrogen bonds. The 5'-overhang G residues are anti and C2'-endo while the 3'-terminal G residues are syn and C2'-endo. The conformations of both G residues are different from the syn/C3'-endo for the guanosine in a standard Z-DNA. The two cobalt hexammine ions bind to the phosphate groups in both GpC and CpG steps in Z(I) and Z(II) conformations. The water structure motif is similar to the other Z-DNA structures.
Proteolysis inside the membrane is a rate-governed reaction not driven by substrate affinity.

Summary Enzymatic cleavage of transmembrane anchors to release proteins from the membrane controls diverse signaling pathways and is implicated in more than a dozen diseases. How catalysis works within the viscous, water-excluding, two-dimensional membrane is unknown. We developed an inducible reconstitution system to interrogate rhomboid proteolysis quantitatively within the membrane in real time. Remarkably, rhomboid proteases displayed no physiological affinity for substrates (K d ∼190 μM/0.1 mol%). Instead, ∼10,000-fold differences in proteolytic efficiency with substrate mutants and diverse rhomboid proteases were reflected in k cat values alone. Analysis of gate-open mutant and solvent isotope effects revealed that substrate gating, not hydrolysis, is rate limiting. Ultimately, a single proteolytic event within the membrane normally takes minutes. Rhomboid intramembrane proteolysis is thus a slow, kinetically controlled reaction not driven by transmembrane protein-protein affinity. These properties are unlike those of other studied proteases or membrane proteins but are strikingly reminiscent of one subset of DNA-repair enzymes, raising important mechanistic and drug-design implications.
Luminescent chemical and biological sensors based on the structural integration of an OLED excitation source with a sensing component

A new platform for luminescent chemical and biological sensors, integrating the excitation source, an OLED, with the sensing component, is described. The utility of the platform is demonstrated for an oxygen sensor and its potential is demonstrated for antibody-antigen immunoassays. The oxygen sensor is operable in two modes, i.e., photoluminescence (PL) intensity mode and lifetime mode, where changes in the PL intensity and lifetime, respectively, are correlated with the oxygen level. In the lifetime mode, the need for sensor calibration, which remains a challenge in real-world sensing applications, is eliminated. Attributes and issues related to sensor performance, including design and stability, are discussed.
Musculoskeletal: what's different in children? Left arm pain after fall during skateboarding.

This 16-year-old male was skateboarding and having a good time when he sustained a fall and braced himself with his left arm. He then got up and continued to skate, but his left arm started to hurt and he went home. When he arrived home his parents were concerned and took him to an Emergency Room (ER). He was examined and radiographs were obtained, but no abnormalities were detected. The pain continued for the next week, and because he still was in pain his parents wanted him to be seen again and brought him to their pediatrician. Upon arrival to the pediatrician’s office, the patient was in good health but did complain of pain in the left upper extremity. On physical examination, there was a good range of movement, and there was minimal tenderness over the left forearm, from the wrist to the elbow. There was no swelling or redness. The patient had no other complaints, and repeat radiographs of the left upper extremity with comparative views of the right were obtained (Fig. 1). Do you see a fracture?
Mechanism design with possibilistic beliefs

Abstract We study mechanism design in non-Bayesian settings of incomplete information, when the designer has no information about the players, and the players have arbitrary, heterogeneous, first-order, and possibilistic beliefs about their opponents' payoff types. Using such beliefs, in auctions of a single good, we • define a revenue benchmark at least as high as the second-highest valuation, and sometimes much higher; • prove that it is not meaningfully achievable via traditional notions of implementation; and • prove that it is achievable via a notion of implementation based only on mutual belief of rationality.
An Approximate Method for Curved Shear Layers

Steady, incompressible two-dimensional laminar boundary layers on curved surfaces with spanwise rotation are investigated using an approximate method. A fourth-degree polynomial is assumed for the velocity profiles and they are found to constitute a three-parameter family of curves characterized by a pressure factor, a curvature parameter and a rotational parameter. The results obtained for constant surface velocity flow with/without rotation on plane/curved surfaces are found to be consistent with those reported in the literature.
Regulation of 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase in Brevibacterium flavum

6PG dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44), partially purified from Brevibacterium flavum, was specific to NADP+, stabilized by KC1, and had an optimum pH of 7.5 to 8.0. Its activity was inhibited by FBP, PRPP, GAP, oxaloacetate, E4P, acetyl-CoA, Ru5P, and NADPH, among which, FBP showed the'strongest inhibition. The concentrations of the latter giving 50 and 100% inhibition were 0.07 and 1.0 mm, respectively. Inhibition by FBP, PRPP, and E4P was competitive to 6PG but not to NADP +. Homotropic interaction of 6PG was observed in the presence of FBP and the Hill coefficient was estimated to be 1.6. Inhibition by the reaction products, Ru5P and NADPH, was mixed and noncompetitive to 6PG and noncompetitive and mixed to NADP+, respectively. Combination of acetyl-CoA with FBP or PRPP inhibited the enzyme synergistically and that of acetyl-CoA with GAP or Ru5P did cumulatively. The sensitivities of the enzyme to the FBP, PRPP, acetyl-CoA, oxaloacetate, and E4P inhibitions were lost with ammonium sulfate treatment. The enzy...
LINKING LAND USE AND TRANSPORTATION IN A RAPIDLY URBANIZING CONTEXT: A STUDY IN DELHI, INDIA

Cities in developing countries like India are facing some of the same concerns that North American cities are: congestion and urban growth. However, there is a sense of urgency in cities like Delhi, India in that this growth is far more rapid as both urbanization and motorization are ongoing processes that have not yet peaked. In this paper, we examine land use change and its relationship with transportation infrastructure and other planning related variables in a spatial context. We estimate land use change models at two different scales from separate data. Cellular automation and Markov models were used to understand change at the regional scale and discrete choice models to predict change at the local level. The results suggest that land use in the Delhi metropolitan area is rapidly intensifying while losing variety. These changes are affected by industrial, commercial and infrastructure location and planners and policy-makers need to better understand the implications of location decisions. We also examine these results in the context of a policy framework for data-based planning that links land use and transportation models for Delhi.
History and Structure of Sub-Saharan Populations of Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is an important model organism in evolutionary genetics, yet little is known about the population structure and the demographic history of this species within sub-Saharan Africa, which is thought to contain its ancestral range. We surveyed nucleotide variation at four 1-kb fragments in 240 individual lines representing 21 sub-Saharan and 4 Palearctic population samples of D. melanogaster. In agreement with recent studies, we find a small but significant level of genetic differentiation within sub-Saharan Africa. A clear geographic pattern is observed, with eastern and western African populations composing two genetically distinct groups. This pattern may have resulted from a relatively recent establishment of D. melanogaster in western Africa. Eastern populations show greater evidence for long-term stability, consistent with the hypothesis that eastern Africa contains the ancestral range of the species. Three sub-Saharan populations show evidence for cosmopolitan introgression. Apart from those cases, the closest relationships between Palearctic and sub-Saharan populations involve a sample from the rift zone (Uganda), suggesting that the progenitors of Palearctic D. melanogaster might have come from this region. Finally, we find a large excess of singleton polymorphisms in the full data set, which is best explained by a combination of population growth and purifying selection.
A qualitative comparative analysis of neighborhood recovery following Hurricane Katrina

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to examine why communities facing the same disaster recover differentially and determine pathways to successful disaster recovery in the research setting of New Orleans neighborhoods affected by Hurricane Katrina. While previous studies suggest that there are a variety of pathways to recovery, a broader cross-case comparison is necessary to generalize these pathways into a recovery framework. Specifically, this study seeks to determine what pre-disaster and post-disaster causal factors, alone or in combination, were important to recovery following Hurricane Katrina. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents a cross-case comparative study of neighborhood-level recovery. Based on prior work, which used the Delphi method to determine hypothesized causal factors and indicators of recovery, data was collected through publically available sources, including the US Census, the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center and previously completed studies for 18 damag...
A New Urban Dispositif? Governing Life in an Age of Climate Change:

In an interview in 1977 Michel Foucault proposed the term dispositif for a heterogeneous set of discourses, practices, architectural forms, regulations, laws, and knowledges connected together into an apparatus of government. Drawing upon later articulations of the concept by Gilles Deleuze and Giorgio Agamben, and exploring a range of innovations in the �management� of urban life, this paper reworks Foucault�s concept as a means for understanding�and potentially contesting�new modes of government that have emerged in response to the crisis of climate change. Against understandings of �government� in terms of a totalizing plan from which new practices and technologies usher forth, this paper emphasizes the ad hoc, and ex post facto nature of �government� as a set of diverse and loosely connected efforts to introduce �economy� into existing relations in response to a perceived �crisis�. The paper concludes by exploring Agamben�s notion of �profanation� as an adequate political response to the dispositif of resilient urbanism.
Convergence of a strengths perspective and youth development: Toward youth promotion practice

In recent years, increased attention has been paid to the development and application of the strengths perspective and positive youth development. This paper develops youth promotion practice as a convergence of a strengths perspective and youth development principles. Historical and contemporary contexts of a problem-focused perspective in social work with adolescents are reviewed and a critique developed with emphasis on the evolution of strengths-focused practices. The importance and possibility of combining the strengths perspective and youth development toward youth promotion practice are addressed. Youth promotion is defined as a process of enhancing youth strengths and resources to promote positive outcomes and help young people be healthy adults. Complementary aspects of the two perspectives are expected to support and supplement the strengths and weaknesses of each perspective in synergistic ways. Several advantages of youth promotion practice are discussed as well as its implications for improved social work practices with adolescents.
Comparison of efficacy of several delivery methods using Yersinia ruckeri bacterin on rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson

Abstract. The comparative efficacy of several methods of vaccinating rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, with Yersinia ruckeri bacterins was evaluated. In general, the protective immunity was best by intraperitoneal injection followed by direct immersion, shower and spray, respectively. The bacterin was effective by all methods when diluted 1:20 or less, but there was a trend towards less efficacy with higher dilutions and shorter exposure time.
SEXNET: A Neural Network Identifies Sex From Human Faces

Sex identification in animals has biological importance. Humans are good at making this determination visually, but machines have not matched this ability. A neural network was trained to discriminate sex in human faces, and performed as well as humans on a set of 90 exemplars. Images sampled at 30×30 were compressed using a 900×40×900 fully-connected back-propagation network; activities of hidden units served as input to a back-propagation "SexNet" trained to produce values of 1 for male and 0 for female faces. The network's average error rate of 8.1% compared favorably to humans, who averaged 11.6%. Some SexNet errors mimicked those of humans.
Vitamin A Deficiency and Clinical Disease: An Historical Overview

Vitamin A deficiency has a plethora of clinical manifestations, ranging from xerophthalmia (practically pathognomonic) to disturbances in growth and susceptibility to severe infection (far more protean). Like other classical vitamin deficiency states (scurvy, rickets), some of the signs and symptoms of xerophthalmia were recognized long ago. Reports related to vitamin A and/or manifestations of deficiency might conveniently be divided into "ancient" accounts; eighteenth to nineteenth century clinical descriptions (and their purported etiologic associations); early twentieth century laboratory animal experiments and clinical and epidemiologic observations that identified the existence of this unique nutrient and manifestations of its deficiency; and, most recently, a flowering of carefully conducted clinical studies and field-based randomized trials that documented the full extent and impact of deficiency among the poor of low- and middle-income countries, which in turn changed global health policy.
Why California retailers stop selling tobacco products, and what their customers and employees think about it when they do: case studies

Background: In California, some 40, 000 retailers sell tobacco products. Tobacco’s ubiquitousness in retail settings normalizes use and cues smoking urges among former smokers and those attempting cessation. Thus, limiting the number of retailers is regarded as key to ending the tobacco epidemic. In the past decade, independent pharmacies and local grocery chains in California and elsewhere have voluntarily abandoned tobacco sales. No previous studies have examined the reasons for this emerging phenomenon. We sought to learn what motivated retailers to discontinue tobacco sales and what employees and customers thought about their decision. Methods: We conducted case studies of seven California retailers (three grocery stores, four pharmacies) that had voluntarily ceased tobacco sales within the past 7 years. We interviewed owners, managers, and employees, conducted consumer focus groups, unobtrusively observed businesses and the surrounding environment, and examined any media coverage of each retailer’s decision. We analyzed data using qualitative content analysis. Results: For independent pharmacies, the only reason given for the decision to end tobacco sales was that tobacco caused disease and death. Grocers listed health among several factors, including regulatory pressures and wanting to be seen as “making a difference.” Media coverage of stores’ new policies was limited, and only three retailers alerted customers. Management reported few or no customer complaints and supportive or indifferent employees. Pharmacy employees were pleased to no longer be selling a deadly product. Grocery store management saw the decision to end tobacco sales as enhancing the stores’ image and consistent with their inventory of healthy foods. Focus group participants (smokers and nonsmokers) were largely unaware that retailers had stopped selling tobacco; however, almost all supported the decision, viewing it as promoting public health. Many said knowing this made them more likely to shop at the store. Most thought that advertising the store’s policy was essential to generate good public relations and tobacco norm changes. Conclusions: Voluntary retailer abandonment of tobacco sales both reflects and extends social norm changes that have problematized tobacco in California. Our findings suggest that such voluntary initiatives by retailers are welcomed by consumers and should be publicized, enhancing public health efforts.
Computation, connectionism and modelling the mind

Abstract Any analysis of the concept of computation as it occurs in the context of a discussion of the computational model of the mind must be consonant with the philosophic burden traditionally carried by that concept as providing a bridge between a physical and a psychological description of an agent. With this analysis in hand, one may ask the question: are connectionist‐based systems consistent with the computational model of the mind? The answer depends upon which of several versions of connectionism one presupposes: non‐learning connectionist‐based systems as simulated on digital computers are consistent with the computational model of the mind, whereas connectionist‐based systems (/dynamical systems) qua analog systems are not.
A Price Discrimination Theory of Coupons

The objective of this paper is to analyze the consumer's decision in electing to use cents-off coupons distributed by manufacturers of consumer products. Arguing that the decision to use coupons is based on the tradeoff between costs of using coupons and the savings obtained, it is shown that coupons can serve as a price discrimination device to provide a lower price to a particular segment of consumers. Based on a price theoretic model, it is shown that the users of coupons are more price elastic than nonusers of coupons and that the opportunity cost of time and other household resource variables are determinant factors in consumers' decisions. Implications derived from the model are tested using diary panel data.
Analysis of fourth order manipulator kinematics using conic sections

A technique for analyzing robots with fourth-order inverse kinematic solutions is introduced. The solution of the inverse kinematics problem is restated as a pencil of conics. In this representation, the order of the solution reduces when one of the conics in the pencil becomes degenerate and noncentral. Properties of conics are exploited to define and develop special manipulator geometries. The method is illustrated by a detailed examination of all revolute (R) robots which have a three-axis wrist (i.e. 3R regional manipulators). All criteria for reduction of the inverse kinematics of this type of robot are determined, resulting in some new robot designs. These designs constitute all regional robots with kinematics that require the solution of only quadratic equations. >
Recombinant Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Enhances the Effects of Antibiotics against Mycobacterium avium Complex Infection in the Beige Mouse Model

Previous studies have shown that recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulates human and murine macrophages to inhibit growth and kill intracellularly. This study shows the effect of GM-CSF on Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection in vivo using a C57BL/6 beige mouse model of disseminated MAC infection. Furthermore, it examined the activity of the combination of GM-CSF and amikacin or azithromycin, two antimicrobials active against MAC, on the survival of MAC within macrophages in vitro and in the mouse model of disseminated infection. Although GM-CSF (25 mg/kg) induced mycobactericidal and mycobacteriostatic activity in macrophages in vitro and in vivo, the combination of GM-CSF and amikacin (50 mg/kg) or azithromycin (250 mg/kg) was associated with a significant increase in killing of MAC both within cultured macrophages and in the beige mouse model. Therefore, a significant reduction in the number of viable bacteria was observed in blood, liver, and spleen of mice treated with a combination of GM-CSF and azithromycin or amikacin compared with control mice and those treated with GM-CSF or antimicrobials alone.