cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of constituency groups in policy formulation: items for a health services research agenda.

The Veterans Administration medical care system functions within a larger VA services program that has as its direct constituency many organized veterans' groups The VA system is viewed from the larger perspective of consumer representation in its direction through three effective functions of consumer representation: ownership, control, and oversight. In the VA the Congress and the veterans' groups perform these functions with varying levels of impact on the system. While veterans feel a measure of ownership of the medical care system, they have little voice in its actual operation. Research is needed to describe more fully the actual role of the veteran-client in the system and to explore the possibility that aspects of the system may be adopted outside.
TRANSCRIPTIONAL SIGNATURES OF CHILDHOOD ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA IN HIPSC-DERIVED NPCS AND NEURONS ARE CONCORDANT WITH SIGNATURES FROM POST MORTEM ADULT BRAINS

Background Large-scale Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) revealed that Schizophrenia (SZ) risk reflects both rare and common variants. Whereas highly penetrant rare variants have proven well-suited to human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-based models, the power of hiPSC-based studies to resolve the much smaller effects of common variants within the size of cohorts that can be realistically assembled remains uncertain. Childhood-Onset-SZ (COS) patients have both a higher rate of rare SZ-associated Copy Number Variations (CNVs), and also stronger common SZ polygenic risk scores. Methods We developed a case/control hiPSC cohort (12 individuals with COS and 10 controls) with which to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of global gene expression in hiPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and neurons. Results Although we identified many sources of variation across our 94 RNAseq samples, this was partially addressed by establishing a rigorous series of bioinformatic practices to reduce and assess the variance inherent in this approach. We report that the donor-specific signal is enriched for post- mortem brain Expression Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTLs), but also that there is a significant correlation between the case/control differential expression observed in our hiPSC-derived COS neurons and the CommonMind Consortium post-mortem study. While the issue of small sample size is shared between post-mortem and hiPSC-based studies, and may be exacerbated in hiPSC-based experiments through the variability that arises as a result of the reprogramming and neural differentiation processes, we find that the common variation effects predicted in GWAS and detected in much larger post-mortem analyses are reflected in hiPSC-neurons. Discussion We predict a growing convergence of common variation findings between hiPSC and post-mortem studies as both approaches expand to larger cohort sizes.
Effects of chronic dietary inorganic arsenic in dogs

Thirty female beagle dogs, 7 to 8 months old, were assigned to 5 groups. Control, low dosage, medium dosage, high dosage, and pair fed groups were offered 0, 1, 2, 4, and 0 mg of sodium arsenite per kg of body weight per day (mg/kg/day) respectively in their feed. On day 59 the dosage was doubled for the rest of the experiment which ended on day 183. Feed consumption was measured daily and the body weight weekly. The pair fed group was offered the amount of feed that the high dosage group consumed. High dosage and pair fed groups were terminated in week 17 when the high dosage group had lost a cumulative average of 20 percent of their original body weight. Nominal dosages of 4 and 8 mg/kg/day caused significant decrease in feed consumption. Initial decreased feed consumption was followed by increased intake over time. Dogs offered 8 mg/kg/day did not fully compensate the lost feed intake. Nominal dosages of 4 and 8 mg/kg/day caused a significant decrease in body weight. The linear regression of pair fed group body weight over time was not significantly different than that of high dosage group. This study shows that dietary sodium arsenite causes a dose dependent decrease of feed consumption and body weight. Weight loss is caused by decreased feed consumption not by direct effect of the sodium arsenite.
Digital Literacy Enhancement Status in Kenya’s Competency-Based Curriculum

Digital literacy (DL) is a one of the competency recommended for educators to be embedded in the Kenyan Competency Based Curriculum (CBC) in preparation for learners for the 21st century skills. The Ministry of Education deployed devices to lower primary at a ratio of 1 to 1. The aim of the research was to determine the level and frequency of embedding the digital literacy abilities after the teachers and school leaders in a 3-day preparation and 8 weeks of implementation with virtual support through Communities of learning.
Hysteresis loss reduction and magnetocaloric effect improvement in the Ni-Co-Mn-In alloys

In this work the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) and hysteresis losses of Ni45Co5Mn(37-x)In(13+x) alloy (x= 0, 0.4) are studied. Also we propose a new approach in calculating the average entropy change to eliminate the overestimation of the magnetic entropy change calculation using Maxwell’s relations which is commonly seen in the indirect MCE calculation in the literature. The attributes of magnetostructural coupling have an important role in the magnetic behavior of these magnetofunctional alloys. This work exhibits that a strong magnetostructural coupling can be achieved over a wide temperature range in this alloy family which results in a higher MCE and relative cooling power (RCP) compared to other Ni-Mn-In based Heusler alloys. It’s shown that by increasing the applied field the peak of the entropy change curves shifts to lower temperatures. Additionally, a small variation in the stoichiometry composition broadens the magnetic entropy change curve and shifts the critical temperatures by about 36 K to around room temperature. Furthermore, due to the enhancement in ferromagnetic exchange interactions in austenite, the magnetization change accompanying the martensitic transformation is greatly improved, resulting in a large magnetic entropy change of 31 Jkg-1K-1 under 5T field. The broadened and higher peak of the entropy change curves produced a significantly high relative cooling power in Ni45Co5Mn36.6In13.4 (488 JKg-1) and Ni45Co5Mn37In13 (317 JKg-1) under 5T field. These results are especially promising in finding low-cost, high-performance magnetocaloric material for magnetic refrigeration systems.In this work the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) and hysteresis losses of Ni45Co5Mn(37-x)In(13+x) alloy (x= 0, 0.4) are studied. Also we propose a new approach in calculating the average entropy change to eliminate the overestimation of the magnetic entropy change calculation using Maxwell’s relations which is commonly seen in the indirect MCE calculation in the literature. The attributes of magnetostructural coupling have an important role in the magnetic behavior of these magnetofunctional alloys. This work exhibits that a strong magnetostructural coupling can be achieved over a wide temperature range in this alloy family which results in a higher MCE and relative cooling power (RCP) compared to other Ni-Mn-In based Heusler alloys. It’s shown that by increasing the applied field the peak of the entropy change curves shifts to lower temperatures. Additionally, a small variation in the stoichiometry composition broadens the magnetic entropy change curve and shifts the critical temperatures by about 36 K to ar...
Mechanics of salt systems: state of the field in numerical methods, Part II

Thematic collection: This article is part of the Mechanics of salt systems: state of the field in numerical methods collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/mechanics-of-salt-systems
New Developments in the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux

To examine recent key developments in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Newer research has suggested cytokine-mediated inflammation may play a role in the physiology of GERD, implying that the underlying mechanism may not be entirely related to chemical damage due to acid. Aided by novel technologies, diagnostic testing is also moving toward elucidating individual mechanisms and better defining specific GERD phenotypes with the goal of providing directed therapy. This is especially important in current times given the increase in coverage of adverse events reportedly linked to long-term proton pump inhibitor use. As patients are looking for potential alternatives, we highlight the key recent updates in pathophysiology and understanding of GERD and current medical and endoscopic/surgical options and explore the exciting treatments in the pipeline.
Pathological Interpretation of Renal Mass Biopsies

Renal tumors are predominantly of epithelial, mesenchymal, or mixed-cell origin. Each category can be subclassified as benign or malignant. Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs; malignant epithelial tumors) encompass a large heterogeneous group of cancers derived mostly from renal cortical cells, accounting for more than 90% of malignancies detected in the kidney. Thus far, more than ten molecular and histopathological distinct subtypes have been described in the literature, and the classification system periodically undergoes revision. The most common RCCs are clear cell renal cell carcinoma and papillary renal cell carcinoma. Non-epithelial tumors include angiomyolipoma and neoplasms of smooth muscle origin (i.e., leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma). Lastly, mixed epithelial and stromal tumor (MEST) is the hallmark of a biphasic tumor originating in the kidney. Percutaneous renal core biopsies and fine needle aspiration have evolved in regard to technical procedures and diagnostic accuracy, demonstrating excellent rates of sensitivity and specificity. This chapter will describe the most common renal neoplasms, highlighting their main morphologic features and diagnostic immunohistochemical properties.
Correlation of tumor blood flow to tumor regression after hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) photodynamic therapy to transplantable bladder tumors.

Hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) photodynamic therapy (PDT) has proved effective in the treatment of selected neoplasms (1). The effectiveness of this form of therapy rests on the retention of the systemically administered HPD in neoplastic tissue and its photoactivation with visible light resulting in ‘photodynamic’ tumor destruction. Although it is generally agreed that singlet oxygen liberated during HPD-photodynamic therapy is responsible for the biologic damage created by PDT, the mechanisms of cell death have not been clearly defined (2). Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated a rapid and sustained decrease in tumor blood flow after HPD-photodynamic therapy (3,4). The present study was undertaken to correlate changes in tumor blood flow with tumor regression after HPD-PDT.
Autofluorescence Lifetimes Measured with Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Ophthalmoscopy (FLIO) Are Affected by Age, but Not by Pigmentation or Gender.

Purpose Fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy (FLIO) is a novel modality to investigate the human retina. This study aims to characterize the effects of age, pigmentation, and gender in FLIO. Methods A total of 97 eyes from 97 healthy subjects (mean age 37 ± 18 years, range 9-85 years) were investigated in this study. This study included 47 (49%) females and 50 males. The pigmentation analysis was a substudy including 64 subjects aged 18 to 40 years (mean age 29 ± 6 years). These were categorized in groups A (darkly pigmented, 8), B (medium pigmented, 20), and C (lightly pigmented, 36). Subjects received Heidelberg Engineering FLIO and optical coherence tomography imaging. Retinal autofluorescence lifetimes were detected in two spectral channels (short spectral channel [SSC]: 498-560 nm; long spectral channel [LSC]: 560-720 nm), and amplitude-weighted mean fluorescence lifetimes (τm) were calculated. Additionally, autofluorescence lifetimes of melanin were measured in a cuvette. Results Age significantly affected FLIO lifetimes, and age-related FLIO changes in the SSC start at approximately age 35 years, whereas the LSC shows a consistent prolongation with age from childhood. There were no gender- or pigmentation-specific significant differences of autofluorescence lifetimes. Conclusions This study confirms age-effects in FLIO but shows that the two channels are affected differently. The LSC appears to show the lifelong accumulation of lipofuscin. Furthermore, it is important to know that neither gender nor pigmentation significantly affect FLIO lifetimes. Translational Relevance This study helps to understand the FLIO technology better, which will aid in conducting future clinical studies.
Developing Expertise and Expert Performance

How can we facilitate the development of expertise and expert performance through instructional design and technology? This chapter’s focal question is addressed by describing theories and methods from the science of expertise that teachers, trainers, and instructional designers can use to create expertise training. The deliberate practice framework, popularized as the 10,000-Hour Rule (i.e., 10 years or 10,000 hours of deliberate practice to become an expert), and the expert-performance approach are translated from the chess, music, and sports domains in which they were developed to a much broader range of professional domains, such as health care and education.
Graph Construction and Visual Analysis: A Comparison of Curriculum-based Measurement Vendors

Curriculum-based measurement (CBM) represents a critical strategy for data-based decisionmaking within educational settings. Visual analysis is frequently used to analyze CBM data; thus, CBM vendors often automatically generate graphs based on student data to facilitate analysis. Differences in graph formatting are apparent across CBM vendors, and currently, the extent to which these differences may influence rater interpretation of data is unknown. As such, the current study sought to evaluate whether there were differences in rater evaluation of presence and magnitude of an intervention effect when identical data were plotted on graphs of four CBM vendors: AIMSweb, FastBridge Learning, easyCBM, and DIBELS Next. Results of the study indicated that visual analysts rated. Results of the study found that probability of identifying the presence of a treatment effect was similar across vendors. However, differences emerged with respect to ratings of magnitude of effect, with raters indicating the greatest magnitude of intervention effect for easyCBM and DIBELS Next graphs. As data graphs generated by CBM vendors may be utilized by school personnel to make decisions regarding the continuation, discontinuation, or alteration of intervention procedures, the results of the study indicate the need for increased consideration in the manner in which data are presented visually such that accurate decisions are made regarding student progress and response to intervention.
Perioperative Opioid Use in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Patients.

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is one of the most commonly performed outpatient orthopaedic procedures, yet there is little data about perioperative opioid prescribing practices. The purposes of this study were to quantify the perioperative opioid prescriptions filled by patients who underwent ACLR and to identify factors associated with greater postoperative opioid use. Patients who underwent ACLR at a single institution between June 2015 and May 2017 were studied using a regional prescription monitoring database to identify all preoperative and postoperative outpatient opioid prescriptions up to 2 years postoperatively. The number of morphine milligram equivalents of each opioid was calculated to determine total morphine milligram equivalents (TMEs) filled preoperatively, at discharge, and refilled postoperatively. Patients who refilled an opioid prescription postoperatively were compared with those who did not. Ninety-nine of 269 (36.8%) total patients refilled an opioid prescription postoperatively. Thirty-three patients (12.3%) required a refill after 2 weeks postoperatively, and no patients refilled after 21 months postoperatively. Fifty-seven patients (21%) received an opioid prescription in the 2 years following surgery that was unrelated to their ACL reconstruction. Increased age, higher body mass index (BMI), government insurance, current or prior tobacco use history, preoperative opioid use, and greater number of medical comorbidities were significantly associated with refilling a prescription opioid. Higher BMI and government insurance were independent predictors of refilling. Higher preoperative TMEs and surgeon were independent predictor of greater refill TMEs. In the opioid-naive subgroup of 177 patients, only higher BMI was a predictor of refilling, and only greater comorbidities was a predictor of greater refill TMEs. The results demonstrate that preoperative opioid use was associated with postoperative opioid refills and higher refill TMEs in a dose-dependent fashion. A higher percentage of patients received an opioid prescription for reasons unrelated to the ACL reconstruction than refilled a prescription after the first 2 weeks postoperatively.
Joseph Sonnabend and the AIDS Epidemic: Pioneering and Its Discontents.

Joseph Sonnabend, a pioneering figure in the early effort to confront the multiple dimensions of the AIDS epidemic in the United States, died January 24, 2021, at the age of 88. A lengthy and admiring obituary published in the New York Times said of him that he was "one of the most important figures in the fight against AIDS, if also one of the most unheralded."1(pD6) In the current moment, when the language of heroism is routinely employed in describing the work of medical workers struggling to control COVID-19, it is sometimes difficult to recall that the life and work of those regarded as AIDS pioneers were all too often tinged by recrimination and bitter controversy. Such was the career of Sonnabend, someone who saw himself and was viewed by others as a devoted clinician and a combative iconoclast. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print June 10, 2021: e1-e3. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306291).
Stepping In or Turning Back: Ring Lardner and Authorial Resistance

This chapter highlights Ring Lardner, a widely popular writer in his day who cared little for literary pretension, evidenced by his satirical prefaces for How to Write Short Stories (with Samples) (1924) and The Love Nest and Other Stories (1926) for Charles Scribner’s Sons. Both pieces complicate the intended function of the preface by commenting indirectly on the business of literature through comedic misdirection. Lardner and his work for Maxwell Perkins at Scribner’s provide a sterling example of authorial resistance in the face of expected evolution. Ring Lardner altered the preface from a place of serious textual positioning into a space of textual resistance, resulting in biting commentaries on the “literary game” from the only perspective he knew: his own.
Forecasting New Products and the Impact of Competition: An Overview of Part II

In telecommunications, as in other industries, the forecasting role is of prime importance to good planning and decision-making. Local area or wire center forecasts are used as input to the engineers as they design and plan the network and revenue forecasts provide budgeting information to finance groups. Similarly, product managers and marketers forecast product revenues and costs to ensure product profitability. Indeed, it is hard to conceive of a firm functioning without the use of formal or informal forecasts (For a general discussion of the importance of forecasting, see Loomis and Cox (1999).)
The distinction between juvenile and adult-onset primary open-angle glaucoma.

Because of the significant differences between the juvenile and adult forms of open-angle glaucoma, especially with regard to inheritance, prevalence, severity, and age of onset, we read with interest the recent publication by Morissette et al., describing a pedigree with a phenotype that overlaps the distinctive features of juvenile-onset open-angle glaucoma (JOAG) and adult-onset primary open-angle glaucoma (usually abbreviated as POAG or COAG). These authors conclude that a gene mapped to human chromosome 1q21-q31 (GLC1A) can be responsible for both juvenile and adult forms of open-angle glaucoma. The implications of such a result could be extremely important, in light of the high prevalence of the adult form of the disease. However, while the data presented in this report suggest that variable expressivity of the GLC1A gene may lead to a broader range of onset for this form of juvenile glaucoma, these data do not identify the GLC1A gene as an important cause of POAG. To prevent misleading interpretations of this and similar studies, we wish to clarify the distinction between the juvenile and adult forms of open-angle glaucoma. 8 refs.
Developing Population-Specific Predictive Regression Equations for Body Segment Parameters

With an increase in the older adult population aged 65 and over in the United States, there has also been an increase in the incidence of injury amongst this age group. In 2003, injury was the sixth leading cause of death in adults aged 65–74 and seventh in adults aged 75–84 [1,2]. Additionally, the cost of non-fatal injuries doubled from ages 65–74 to ages 75–84, showing not only a potential for increased injury risk in older adults, but also an increase in economic burden with age [1,3]. However, age is just one factor contributing to the increased injury risk. Obesity has also been shown to impact injury risk [4,5]. Research has shown that overweight adults over the age of 65 have a greater risk for impaired physical function and injury [4,5].Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The "Other" Treaties: Comments on Deloria and DeMallie's Documents of American Indian Diplomacy

Abstract Professor Nancy Carol Carter has illuminated the need for law librarians to become more aware of materials relating to American Indians, and for them to formulate additions to their collections that will facilitate more complete investigations of this “third sovereign.” The publication of Deloria and DeMallie's Documents of American Indian Diplomacy: Treaties, Agreements, and Conventions, 1775-1979 has added a considerable resource to her suggested materials. This article assesses their chapter entitled “Chronological List of Ratified or Valid and Operable Treaties,” and examines their proposed additions to the list of recognized treaties between the federal government and the Indian Nations.
ESR and Molecular Motions in Liquid Crystals: Motional Narrowing

Theoretical and experimental aspects of spin relaxation in liquid crystals are considered here, with primary emphasis on the motional narrowing regime. ESR studies of translational motion in mesophases are also described.
The Role of the Health Educator in Development of Self-Esteem

Self-esteem is a major factor in developing a fully functional, healthy individual. Components of self-esteem are identified as a sense of worth, belonging, competence, and power (Seamand, 1984). A...
The Gill-Arch Musculature of Protanguilla, the Morphologically Most Primitive Eel (Teleostei: Anguilliformes), Compared with That of Other Putatively Primitive Extant Eels and Other Elopomorphs

The gill-arch musculature and associated aspects of the skeleton of the anguilliforms Protanguilla, Conger, Anguilla, and the synaphobranchids Synaphobranchus and Simenchelys are described, illustrated, and compared. We identify nine anguilliform synapomorphies, seven myological and two osteological and all but two reported for the first time. We also describe one myological and one osteological synapomorphy of the Anguilliformes minus Protanguilla. Our study strongly corroborates the monophyly of the Anguilliformes, which has never been seriously challenged by morphological evidence, and is also supported by molecular analyses. Furthermore, it offers additional morphological support for placing Protanguilla as the sister group of all other eels. The condition of many gill-arch skeletal and muscular features are also treated in other elopomorphs and, occasionally, osteoglossomorphs and more primitive actinopterygians. For comparison, we also include the description of the gill-arch muscles of a specialize...
Role of glycemic control and protein restriction in clinical management of diabetic kidney disease.

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the role of control of blood glucose levels and restriction of dietary protein in the management of diabetic nephropathy. Methods We summarize the results of pertinent published studies of glycemic control and modification of protein intake to provide information about strategies that potentially could benefit patients with diabetes and renal dysfunction. Results Considerable evidence is available to support the contention that improved glycemic control may have beneficial effects on the development and progression of diabetic renal disease. Maximal benefits of improved glycemia occur when instituted before the onset of macroalbuminuria. Once overt diabetic nephropathy is established, improved glycemic control may not be beneficial. Current evidence indicates that a glycosylated hemoglobin level of less than 8.1% should be the glycemic goal. At this level, the risk of developing microalbuminuria is substantially reduced, and the risk of hypoglycemia is minimized. Most studies have been conducted in type I diabetes, and the results have been extrapolated to type II diabetes. Whether improved glycemic control will be equally beneficial in the nephropathy of type II diabetes has yet to be determined. Although some scientific evidence supports dietary protein restriction in patients with diabetic nephropathy, the extent of restriction needed for optimal benefits and minimal side effects remains to be determined. On the basis of current information, patients with both types of diabetes who have evidence of nephropathy should have protein limited to the recommended dietary allowance for adults (0.8 g/kg of body weight per day or approximately 10% of total daily caloric intake), and protein should be derived primarily from vegetable and lean animal sources. Conclusion End-stage renal disease is not inevitable in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Normalization of glucose levels and modification of protein intake can favorably influence the course of diabetes-related kidney disease. (Endocr Pract. 1996; 2:220-226)
On using charge as an additional unknown in the EFIE-hd to improve mesh stability

It has been recently observed that a new electric field integral equation (EFIE) based formulation that relies on the Helmholtz decomposition (HD) (EFIE-hd) of the current can overcome the low frequency breakdown problem of the EFIE. It has been demonstrated that the EFIE-hd is frequency stable and provides accurate solutions for the electric and magnetic fields at high and low frequencies. While the resulting EFIE-hd is frequency stable, it is not stable with respect to mesh refinement. The purpose of this work is to obtain an improved formulation that is also stable with mesh refinement by augmenting the original EFIE-hd with the continuity equation (referred to as EFIE-hdc) and including charge as additional set of unknowns with appropriate diagonal scaling.
A Numerical Simulation of the Mei-Yu Front and the Associated Low Level Jet

Abstract A two-dimensional frontal model was used to study the structure and behavior of the Mei-Yu front over East Asia. The Mei-Yu front is characterized by mixed midlatitude-baroclinic and tropical-convective properties, with frequent occurrence of a low-level jet (LLJ) that is highly correlated with heavy convective rainfall. The quasi-steady state responses to a large-scale stretching deformation forcing were obtained by integrating the perturbation equations from an initial state of seasonal-mean zonal flow. Two major sets of experiments were conducted to simulate different midlatitude and subtropical conditions. The midlatitude front extends deeply into the upper troposphere with a strong poleward tilt, whereas the subtropical front is confined to the lower troposphere with less tilt, in good agreement with observations. Along the sloping front, slantwise updrafts develop with a multiband structure. This updraft is more evident in the subtropical cases and in the more moist midlatitude cases. For t...
On the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer integral equation in the theory of superconductivity

The Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer integral equation with a positive kernel is studied in full generality. It is shown that, there exists a unique finite transition temperature, T c so that, if T<T c ,the equation possesses a positive solution, representing the onset of the superconducting phase, while if T>T c ,the only solution of the equation is the trivial one, indicating the occurrence of the normal phase. Moreover, it is demonstrated that such a positive solution may be approximated by a sequence of solutions of the equation restricted on bounded domains. This latter result provides a useful computational scheme for the problem.
Scaffolding Novice Instructional Designers' Problem-Solving Processes Using Question Prompts in a Web-Based Learning Environment

The present study investigated the effects of question prompts in scaffolding novice instructional designers solving ill-structured, instructional design problems in a Web-based learning environmen...
Evaluation of Cerebral Vascular Disease With Radionuclide Angiography

Experience with radionuclide angiography (RA) utilizing radiosodium pertechnetate and the scintillation camera as a practical means of evaluating cerebral vascular disease (CVD) is presented. The normal RA patterns were established in more than 500 patients without clinical evidence of CVD. Detailed study of the arterial and venous perfusion patterns in cases of CVD showed that certain discrete changes can be classified. The RA patterns were evaluated in 143 patients with strokes and in 120 patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIA) and correlated with symptomatology, clinical hospital course and cerebral angiograms. Although static brain scanning in patients with strokes is reportedly positive in approximately 42%, such scans are rarely positive (3%) in patients with TIA. However, by using the RA in combination with static camera imaging, in those patients wth documented stroke, positive studies were obtained in more than 80%, a twofold increase compared to previous experience. In patients with TIA, a tenfold (33%) increase in positive studies was found related to CVD and, in addition, another 7% were positive as mass lesions. The data presented stress the importance of establishing specific criteria for analysis of RA as well as the greatly enhanced sensitivity of this combined approach in detecting CVD.
Men's Desire for Children carrying their genes and sexual jealousy : A test of paternity uncertainty as an explanation of male sexual jealousy

In a classic study, Buss, Larson, Westen, and Semmelroth found that men were more distressed by the thought of a partner's sexual infidelity (labeled sexual jealousy) and women were more distressed by the thought of a partner's emotional infidelity (labeled emotional jealousy). Buss and his associates explained the results by suggesting that men are concerned about uncertainty of paternity, that is, the possibility of raising another man's child while believing that the child is their own. To test this explanation, the Desire for Children Scale was created. Its internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities were .86 and .89, respectively. Scores correlate with stated Number of Children Desired (convergent validity) but none of the Big-Five traits (divergent validity). It was hypothesized that for men scores on this scale would correlate positively with scores on sexual jealousy. The Desire for Children Scale and the two Sexual vs Emotional Jealousy items of Buss and his associates were given to 49 men and 55 women college students enrolled in psychology courses. Their average age was 19.9 yr. (SD= 3.7), and average year in school was 2.0 (SD= 1.2). Subjects volunteered to participate in the study in exchange for course credit. The hypothesis was confirmed and gives support to the uncertainty of paternity explanation.
Nitrogen isotopic analysis using low-energy protons

Abstract The proton-capture reactions 14 N(p, γ ) 15 O and N(p, α 1 γ ) 12 C have been studied to determine their applicability to the analysis of materials for their 15 N enrichment. The system has been calibrated by measuring the gamma-ray yield from the 14 N(p, γ ) 15 O reaction and comparing it to the gamma-ray yield from the 15 N(p, α 1 γ ) 12 C reaction as a function of known 15 N enrichment. Using this empirically determined calibration, other materials can be assayed. The technique is applicable to the analysis of samples with 15 N enrichments between 0.01 and 10.0%.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A=150

Abstract The A=150 evaluation of 76Ba18 has been revised to include data appearing up to January 1986. Summaries of the experimental data, level schemes, adopted level and ψ-ray properties and references are given.
Identidade coletiva negra e escolha eleitoral no Brasil

A number of scholars do not examine racial group identity among Afro-Brazilians because of Brazil's history as a racially mixed nation. Given the growing strength of the black movements and the enactment of racial policies such as affirmative action that presume the existence of racial groups it is necessary to examine if racial group identity is salient. Using original survey data collected in 2006 in Salvador and Sao Paulo, Brazil, there is evidence that an overwhelming majority of Afro-Brazilians in identify as a racial group. Furthermore, there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between identifying as a racial group and voting for black politicians in Salvador but not in Sao Paulo.
Two swinging-bucket ultracentrifugal filters for receptor-binding assays

Abstract Centrifugal filters for SW 25.1 and 50.1 swinging-bucket ultracentrifuge rotors have been tested up to the maximum speeds allowed, 90,000 and 300,000 g , respectively. The filters are 1 and 0.5 in. in diameter and accept standard 25-mm polycarbonate filter membranes. The filter membranes are both cup-shaped to prevent loss of particulates to the support materials of the filters. The filter for the SW 25.1 rotor can take 0.75 ml and that of the 50.1 head 0.5 ml. The fluid retained after centrifuging consists of the fluid on the filter membrane and in its pores and that retained by the material filtered. The calculated volume of the pores of the 0.2-μm filter was 0.46 μl. Total liquid retentions of about 0.8 μl have been achieved with both filters using a particulate concentration of 0.5 mg/ml.
From Cancer to Diarrhea: The Moving Target of Public Concern about Environmental Health Risks

Public concern about the environment can be unpredictable because it is influenced by numerous factors. Environmental health issues often emerge as important because the public is worried about their health especially when it comes to cancer. Public fear of cancer from environmental exposures is reinforced by many of the US regulations that set pollutant limits based on reducing the risk of cancers rather than other health outcomes. While fear of cancer will never dissipate, recent foodborne outbreaks are contributing to raising public awareness of the health effects from microbes. This paper adds to the dialogue about the challenges of enhancing public understanding of environmental health issues. Internal factors, such as worry, that contribute to public outrage are sometimes more important than external factors such as the media. In addition, relying on the media to inform the public about imminent public health risks may be an ineffective approach to enhancing understanding. In the end, scientists and risk communicators are forced to compete with politicians who are often very effective at manipulating public understanding of risk.
Variations in tropical cyclone-related discharge in four watersheds near Houston, Texas

Abstract We examined a 60-year record of daily precipitation and river discharge related to tropical cyclones (TCs) in four watersheds undergoing land use and land cover change near Houston, Texas. Results show that TCs are responsible for ∼20% of the annual maximum discharge events in the four selected watersheds. Although there are no trends in TC precipitation, increasing trends were observed in daily extreme discharge and TC-related discharge. The more developed watersheds (Whiteoak Bayou and Brays Bayou), tend to have higher extreme discharge and steeper trends in extreme discharge than the less developed watersheds (Cypress Creek). Increases in TC-related extreme discharges correspond with increases in developed land and decreases in vegetated land between 1980 and 2006. Therefore, changes in land cover/use in watersheds near Houston are a major cause of the increased flooding risk in recent years.
Picosecond surface-restricted grating studies of n-GaAs (100) surfaces: direct optical detection of surface states

The surface restricted transient grating technique has been found to be sensitive to the Fermi levelpinning surface states at the atomic interface of the native oxide layer of (100) GaAs. The sensitivity to these states is better than io of a monolayer. The high sensitivity arises from a surface enhancement effect that is attributedto the delocalized two dimensional character of the electronic state at the surface. The surface enhancement is eliminatedby photoinduced removal of the oxide layer and hole transfer to Se2 ions adsorbed to the surface. These resultssupport the assignment of the signal to electronic factors associated with surface state species. The coulombic bindingenergy of the minority hole carrier, into a 2-d hydrogenic state centered around these negatively charged surfacestates, is .16 eV. This coulombic trapping must be the first step in the surface state trappingprocess and rationalizes the picosecond surface state trapping dynamics observed at GaAs surfaces. In addition, the in-situ studies of hole transfer to Se2 at liquid junctions found the hole transfer time to be less than 30 psec. Relative to the thermalization time scale of space charge accelerated hole carriers, this result demonstrates that hot hole transfer contributes at least a fewpercent. to this surface reaction mechanism.
Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (2+1) of the\(\tilde B\) and\(\tilde C'\) states of ammonia

Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) of the\(\tilde B\) and\(\tilde C'\) states of NH3 in a pulsed supersonic molecular beam was observed at 304–340 nm, using the multiphoton-ionization mass-spectrometer system described herein. The observed features are the result of a 2+1 MPI process and correspond quite well with the reported 3+1 MPI of NH3 in the literature from the ground state of opposite parity.
Combining probabilistic and possibilistic aspects of background risk

Investment models with background risk are usually treated by probability theory. In this paper two mixed models are studied: the investment risk is a fuzzy number (a random variable, respectively) and the background risk is a random variable (a fuzzy number, respectively). Optimization problems are formulated, the existence and computation of optimal solutions and the way they are influenced by the investor's risk aversion are studied.
Turbulent thermal convection in rotating and stratified fluids

Abstract During the past two decades, numerous laboratory experiments have been performed to understand the influence of rotation and stratification on turbulence induced by thermal convection. A brief overview of these studies and their geophysical implications are presented and some potential future research areas are identified. Some preliminary observations of laboratory studies in progress on entrainment and mixing in rotating and stratified fluids are also outlined.
The spectrum of clinical features in CHARGE syndrome

Fifteen patients with CHARGE syndrome are described, nine sporadic and six familial. A recognizable pattern of malformations is present which appears to constitute a syndrome rather than a non-random association. In addition to acronymic features of Coloboma, ifeart disease, Atresia of the choanae,.Retarded growth and development, Genital hypoplasia, and Ear anomalies, other important diagnostic features include facial paralysis and feeding problems suggestive of velopharyngeal incompetency. A square facial appearance with asymmetry and malar flattening is characteristic, and long philtrum or prominent nasal columella may be present. Characteristic external ear anomalies and a ‘wedge’-shaped audiogram may be unique to this syndrome. Short stature and hypogonadism with genital hypoplasia is pituitary or possibly hypothalamic in origin. Each feature varies from normal to severe involvement including mental function, and no single feature appears to be necessary for diagnosis.
cis-Flupentixol antagonism of the rat prefrontal cortex neuronal response to apomorphine and ventral tegmental area input.

Abstract This study was designed to characterize the response of a select population of prefrontal cortex neurons to exogenous and endogenous dopaminergic influences. Of particular interest were neurons with efferent projections to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) which are part of a reciprocal innervation between the prefrontal cortex and the VTA. Extracellular single unit recording techniques were used to determine the response of cortical neurons to electrical stimulation of the VTA in chloral hydrate anesthetized rats. The neurons were selected on the basis of their electrophysiological characteristics (large amplitude with positive initial deflection) and were classified as to whether or not they were antidromically activated from the VTA. Apomorphine (25 μg/kg, IV) significantly reduced the spontaneous activity of both the antidromically identified and the unidentified prefrontal cortex neurons. The apomorphine (25 μg/kg, IV) response was antagonized by cis-flupentixol (1.0 mg/kg, IV) in both antidromically identified and unidentified cortical neurons. Stimulation of the VTA also induced a synaptically mediated inhibition of the cortical neuron spontaneous activity. The orthodromic VTA stimulus-evoked inhibition was antagonized by cis-flupentixol (1.0 mg/kg, IV) for both the antidromically identified and the unidentified neurons (63 and 71% of the neurons respectively). The results indicate that a select population of prefrontal cortex neurons respond specifically to exogenous and endogenous dopaminergic influences and that the response is independent of efferent projections to the VTA.
Feline Leukemia Virus Variants in Experimentally Induced Thymic Lymphosarcomas

Abstract This study was initiated to evaluate thein vivoinfectivity and pathogenicity of a group of recombinant feline leukemia viruses (rFeLVs) previously generated byin vitroforced recombination between a FeLV subgroup A virus (FeLV-A) and an endogenous FeLV (enFeLV) envelope (env) element (Sheetset al.,1992,Virology190, 849–855). To determine infectivity of rFeLVs, neonatal cats were inoculated with rFeLVs alone or in combination with FeLV-A. The recombinant viruses were able to replicate efficientlyin vivoonly when administered along with FeLV-A. Of six co-infected cats, three developed thymic lymphosarcomas, one severe aplastic anemia, and two cachexia and depression; all were viremic and seroconverted shortly after inoculation. While both virus types were detected in virtually all tissues examined from these tumor-bearing cats, there was a particularly noteworthy sequence reversion in the rFeLVs. It is known that exogenous FeLV isolates carry a conserved neutralizing MGPNL epitope in the middle of the surface glycoprotein domain of theenvgene. In contrast, the parental recombinant viruses used to inoculate these cats harbored the enFeLV-derived MGPNP sequence at this position. However, allin vivo-propagated recombinants displayed the MGPNL sequence, while theenv-encoded backbone flanking the MGPNL sequence was that of the parental recombinant virus. These results suggest that viruses with the MGPNL epitope have anin vivoproliferative advantage. The data also provide an explanation for the conservation of this epitope in exogenous FeLVs despite the existence of variant forms in enFeLV proviral elements with which they can recombine.
Theory of spin beatings in the Faraday rotation of semiconductors.

We show from first principles that the coherent excitation of the Zeeman-split exciton spin states, leading to quantum beatings, is entirely due to correlation between two excitons of opposite spin, and is, thus, beyond the phase-space filling and the mean-field effects between excitons. This explains the ultrafast terahertz oscillations in the delay time between the pump and probe pulses in the presence of a magnetic field observed by the recent time-integrated measurements of the optically induced Faraday rotation in diluted magnetic semiconductor quantum wells.
Cholesterol, But Not Cigarette Smoke, Decreases Rabbit Carotid Artery Relaxation

molar norepinephrine (NE) while the experimental ring was contracted to 50% of maximum. Relaxation of the rings was achieved by adding incremental doses of acetylcholine. Our results showed that endothelial dysfunction, as measured by acetylcholine-mediated vasorelaxation, occurs in the rabbit carotid artery when exposed to high dietary cholesterol. Cigarette exposure alone in this particular vessel did not result in significant alteration in acetylcholine-mediated vasorelaxation.
The Chemistry of Trichlorosilyl Enolates. 2. Highly-Selective Asymmetric Aldol Additions of Ketone Enolates

Despite consider-able success to date, these efforts have identified the samesolution to the problem, namely, the invention/discovery of asuitable chiral Lewis acid catalyst to effect the reaction betweenan enoxysilane derivative and an aldehyde, Scheme 1 (X ) Me).In a recent Communication we have described a conceptuallydistinct approach which employs chiral Lewis bases (phos-phoramides) in combination with trichlorosilyl enolates, Scheme1(X)Cl).
Impact of Single pMOSFET Dielectric Degradation on NAND Circuit Performance.

Degradation of CMOS NAND logic circuits resulting from dielectric degradation of a single pMOSFET using constant voltage stress has been examined by means of a switch matrix technique. As a result, the NAND gate rise time increases by greater than 65%, which may lead to timing errors in high frequency digital circuits. In addition, the NAND gate DC switching point voltage shifts by nearly 11% which may be of consequence for analog or mixed signal applications. Experimental results for the degraded pMOSFET reveal a decrease in drive current by approximately 43%. There is also an increase in threshold voltage by 23%, a decrease in source-to-drain conductance of 30%, and an increase in channel resistance of about 44%. A linear relationship between the degradation of the pMOSFET channel resistance and the increase in NAND gate rise time is demonstrated, thereby providing experimental evidence of the impact of a single degraded pMOSFET on NAND circuit performance.