cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monitoring the Health of the Northeast Continental Shelf

Since 1978, the Ocean Pulse Program, and more recently the Northeast Monitoring Program, have been involved with measuring the levels, and trends in levels, of contaminants in various compartments of the marine ecosystem over the continental shelf between Cape Hatteras and the Canadian border. In addition to chemical measurements which are made monthly or quarterly, we have been attempting to determine how the biota is affected by various toxic substances. In some cases we have measured the body burdens of specific toxic substances in individual species. We have also measured benchmark responses for certain physiological and biochemical variables in waters known to be contaminated, as well as in relatively uncontaminated habitats. We have also collected specimens in polluted and unpolluted areas to determine the incidence of certain disease syndromes in marine finfish and shellfish, and have also attempted to establish the relationship between genetic change and ambient levels of pollution throughout the area of interest. To accomplish the foregoing, scientific personnel have participated in cruises which in some cases have occurred on a monthly basis and, in other instances, have occurred quarterly or semiannually. Since the programs are multidisciplinary in nature, a range of field and laboratory procedures have been applied. In most instances, samples have been collected within several temporal schemes and analyses have begun onboard the vessels. In other cases, samples must be returned to land-based facilities for final chemical analysis or for routine sorting and taxonomic workup. Our findings to date were recently summarized in the first annual report of the Northeast Monitoring Program. During the past year we have found that specimens of fish collected far from immediate sources of pollutants did show what are regarded as significant levels of substances such as PCB's and petroleum hydrocarbons. We have also determined the benchmark characteristics for the standing stocks of chlorophyll and for primary production over the entire continental shelf. Benthic community structure was defined for stations located throughout the area of interest, as well as at the offings of major estuarine systems. Progress was made in establishing various levels of physiological and biochemical responses to several ambient habitat conditions.
Crystallization near glass transition: transition from diffusion-controlled to diffusionless crystal growth studied with seven polymorphs.

A remarkable property of certain glass-forming liquids is that a fast mode of crystal growth is activated near the glass transition temperature Tg and continues in the glassy state. This growth mode, termed GC (glass-crystal), is so fast that it is not limited by molecular diffusion in the bulk liquid. We have studied the GC mode by growing seven polymorphs from the liquid of ROY, currently the top system for the number of coexisting polymorphs of known structures. Some polymorphs did not show GC growth, while others did, with the latter having higher density and more isotropic molecular packing. The polymorphs not showing GC growth grew as compact spherulites at all temperatures; their growth rates near Tg decreased smoothly with falling temperature. The polymorphs showing GC growth changed growth morphologies with temperature, from faceted single crystals near the melting points, to fiber-like crystals near Tg, and to compact spherulites in the GC mode; in the GC mode, they grew at rates 3−4 orders of m...
Rational, Emotive, Self-Instructional, and Behavioral Assertion Training: Facilitating maintenance

Sixty-three subassertive adults participated in four 90-minute sessions of group assertion training. The treatment components of challenging maladaptive cognitions and learning self-instructions were examined by comparing Rational-Emotive, Self-Instructional, and Behavioral Assertion Training. The first two treatment groups included behavior rehearsal. A delayed-treatment control group was also employed. The three training groups were not found to be significantly different at posttest on self-report and behavioral measures of assertiveness. Generalization of treatment gains was successfully demonstrated for all three training groups on role-played scenes not previously rehearsed. However, on an in vivo test of transfer of training at posttest, only the Rational-Emotive group evidenced significant generalization of treatment gains. Improvements in assertiveness were shown to be successfully maintained at 3-month follow-up for all three training groups. These findings were discussed in terms of the specific techniques employed to facilitate maintenance (e.g., use of personalized assertive scenes for role playing and self-monitoring during follow-up).
A stereocontrolled synthesis of the methyl ester of (±)-nonactic acid

Abstract Iodine-induced cyclization of a homoallylic phosphate and hydrogenation of a 2,3-dehydrononactic acid derivative are used to introduce the chiral centers selectively in a highly efficient synthesis of methyl nonactate.
A comparative study of colloidal silica spheres : Photonic crystals versus Bragg's law

A comparative study of colloidal crystals made of silica spheres using Bragg's law and a model including a photonic band gap (PBG) was demonstrated. Optical properties of the crystals annealed at various temperatures were characterized by a procedure similar to X-ray diffraction technique. Experimentally, the PBG obtained from the transmission spectra agrees with the model of the photonic bands using two parameters, sphere size and the effective index. This procedure gives a better description than the traditional way using just the Bragg's expression without a band gap, commonly referred to as Zone-folding.
Image Optimization During Endovascular Aneurysm Repair

OBJECTIVE. The purposes of this review are to examine various properties of the fluoroscopic imaging equipment used during endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) that can be modified to reduce radiation dose while optimizing image acquisition and display, to detail geometric aspects of EVAR intraprocedural imaging used to achieve consistently optimal EVAR results, and to describe acquisition parameters and strategies for minimizing contrast-induced nephropathy. CONCLUSION. The outcome of EVAR is strongly linked to image acquisition and interpretation, including the preprocedural, intraprocedural, and postprocedural display of relevant vascular anatomy, positions and configurations of the endograft components, and documentation of successful aneurysm exclusion. Operator familiarity with the imaging equipment, radiation and contrast dose reduction strategies, and image optimization techniques strongly influence the outcome of EVAR.
The effects of encoding distinctiveness on retrieval variability in children and adults

Abstract To what extent are developmental differences in encoding distinctiveness responsible for differences in retrieval variability? This study examined this question by comparing the effects of different kinds of encoding distinctiveness on the ability of children and adults to reinstate the input environment at retrieval. The critical manipulations involved the use of semantic orienting questions at both encoding and retrieval. Second and fourth (Experiment 1) or fifth (Experiment 2) graders and college adults were given moderately associated word pairs (Knife-Axe) at input. Encoding was free or constrained at input and retrieval. The retrieval questions biased the Same interpretation of the cue as at input (weapon), a uniquely Different interpretation (utensil), or an inappropriate Negative interpretation. Encoding distinctiveness was varied by crossing these manipulations with either picture or word input (Experiment 1) or general or distinctive orienting questions (Experiment 2). The results suggested that encoding distinctiveness and retrieval variability contribute independently to developmental differences in recall.
Biotherapy: enlisting the immune system in cancer treatment.

Biotherapy has emerged as the fourth modality for the treatment of cancer. Biologic response modifiers (BRMs) alter the host-tumor relationship through immunomodulation to affect a biologic response. Currently, two BRMs, alpha-interferon and interleukin-2, have had clinical success in treating cancer and have gained approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Toxicities associated with BRMs are complex and often involve multiple systems. Understanding these toxicities and their corresponding pathophysiologic manifestations aides nurses in their assessment and management of patients receiving BRMs.
I SPEAK FOR THE TREES

This article concentrates on the need for greater information resources management (IRM) education in public administration programs. The author argues that current management information systems training is much too limited in its approach, concentrating only on the technology of information transfers. A more comprehensive technique, emphasizing all of the issues of data handling from collection to distribution, is put forward. Because policy decisions are affected by critical information, public administrators must be keenly aware of their information resources. In concluding the article, the author offers a possible IRM curriculum that would prepare students of the discipline to be lucid practitioners.
Nucleotide conservation of endogenous ecotropic murine leukemia proviruses in inbred mice: Implications for viral origin and dispersal

Abstract Nucleotide sequence analysis of the ecotropic murine leukemia proviruses of AKR, BALB/c, and C57BL/6 mice indicated that these viral genomes differ from each other in less than 0.5% of their sequenced nucleotides, whereas they differ from the laboratory Moloney, Friend, or RadLV viruses or a partial ecotropic provirus found in wild mice by 8–22% of their sequenced nucleotides. The limited variation of endogenous ecotropic proviruses found in these common mouse strains indicates that few cycles of virus replication separated the introduction of the ecotropic endogenous retroviruses into the germlines of the progenitors of these now divergent mouse strains, and is consistent with the hypothesis that these common inbred strains were derived from a pool of very few mice, at least one of which was infected with an ecotropic murine leukemia virus. Ecotropic germline proviruses now found in common inbred mice most likely derive from germline reintegrations of the viral progeny of that initial single infection.
Fuel cell technology: Status and future prospects☆☆☆

Fuel cell generators are reviewed from the viewpoint of systems, markets, emissions, and cost-reduction. Their most attractive features are likely to be their unobtrusiveness, which includes very low emissions, combined with their availability in small sizes, allowing cogeneration at the widest range of sites. Unattended operation and very high availability will result in low O&M costs. System designs require rethinking with a view to cost reduction, to make them more attractive compared with competing technologies. This is being pursued by developers. The fuel cell promises to be an important energy conversion technology, which will help to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the next century. This review covers progress in the phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technologies for stationary applications. Although not exhaustive, it attempts to review the literature in a general manner from 1989, when the last overview (Ref. 6) was published. It more extensively reviews papers and presentations at symposia and conferences from 1991 to May 1995. A general review of engineering activity to August 1995 is included.
EFFECTS OF ASPIRIN ON SHOCK INDUCED DETERIORATION OF HAND STEADINESS.

Effects of aspirin on hand steadiness were studied as a function of shock intensity and of the temporal relation of shock to behavior. Aspirin had no direct effect on hand steadiness, but increased the disruptive effects of pain and of shock anticipation. Aspirin lacked evident analgesic effects and apparently potentiated Ss responses to anxiety evoking stimuli.
Dopamine transporter mutant mice in experimental neuropharmacology.

An opportunity to perform targeted genetic manipulations in mice has provided another dimension for modern pharmacological research. Genetically modified mice have become important tools to investigate functions of previously unexplored proteins, define mechanism of action of new and known pharmacological drugs, and validate novel targets for treatment of human disorders. One of the best examples of such use of genetic models in experimental pharmacology represents investigations in- volving mice deficient in the gene encoding the dopamine transporter (DAT). The dopamine transporter tightly regu- lates the extracellular dynamics of dopamine by recapturing released neurotransmitter into the presynaptic terminals, and genetic deletion of this protein results in profound alterations in both the presynaptic homeostasis and the extracellular dynamics of dopamine. By using this model of severe dopaminergic dysregulation, significant progress has been made in defining the major target of psychotropic drugs, understanding the mechanisms of their action, unraveling novel signaling events relevant for dopaminer- gic transmission, and mapping neuronal pathways involved in dopamine-related behaviors. Furthermore, DAT mutant mice provided an opportunity to model in vivo conditions of extreme dopaminergic dysfunction that could be relevant for human disorders such as ADHD, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease and, thus, could serve as test systems for developing novel treatments for these and related disorders.
Partial reversal of stress-induced behavioral sensitization to amphetamine following metyrapone treatment

Abstract Several studies indicate that blockade of stress-induced corticosterone secretion prevents the development of stress-induced sensitization to the behavioral effects of stimulants. The present study examined whether chronic blockade of corticosterone synthesis with metyrapone could reverse stress-induced amphetamine sensitization in rats. Restraint stress in cylindrical chambers, 2 times 30 min/day for 5 days over an 8-day schedule, was used as the stressor. Following completion of the stress protocol, animals were cannulated with microdialysis guide cannulae over the nucleus accumbens, and then treated with either metyrapone (50 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle (1 ml/kg) for 7 days. On the seventh day, animals were implanted with microdialysis probes in the nucleus accumbens, and on the following day, all animals were tested for their locomotor, stereotypy, and nucleus accumbens dopamine and DOPAC release responses to an injection of saline followed 60 min later by d -amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg, i.p.). Neither stress or metyrapone treatment had an effect on the behavioral or dopamine release response to saline. However, amphetamine-stimulated locomotion and stereotypy were strongly enhanced, while amphetamine-stimulated dopamine release response was slightly enhanced (significant only by drug×time interaction), in stressed animals. Metyrapone treatment reduced the stress-induced increase in the locomotor, but not stereotypy, response to amphetamine. In contrast, the dopamine release response to amphetamine was enhanced in metyrapone-treated animals, in both stressed and non-stressed groups, while DOPAC levels were unaffected by treatment group. This augmentation was particularly evident in the stressed-metyrapone-treated animals. Furthermore, non-stressed animals showed an increased locomotor and stereotypy response to amphetamine after treatment with metyrapone. These findings indicate that metyrapone treatment can reverse, or inhibit the expression of, stress-induced sensitization to the behavioral effects of amphetamine. However, the ability of metyrapone treatment to enhance the behavioral (in non-stressed animals) and dopamine release (in non-stressed and stressed animals) responses to amphetamine indicate that chronic metyrapone treatment will produce stimulant sensitization when given alone.
A histologic study of laser-induced transmyocardial channels

Carbon dioxide lasers are reported to provide ischemic myocardium direct access to blood within the ventricular cavity by inducing transmyocardial channels which maintain patency in long-term experiments. We have histologically examined the natural history of channels produced with this technique and compared them with transmyocardial channels created by needle puncture. Immediately after application of the laser, four concentric zones vaporization, carbonization, fixation, and transition could be distinguished along the transmyocardial path. Needle puncture channels were fully occluded within 48 hr, whereas laser-induced channels maintained partial patency for a 2-week period, after which they also became occluded. It appears likely that the instantaneous vaporization produced by the laser may delay the release of factors which mediate the healing process, but occlusion of channels was universal in this study. It remains to be determined whether or not variables such as wattage, beam diameter, or tissue temperature influence long-term channel patency.
A Mobile Retail POS: Design and Implementation

This paper presents an efficient mobile POS (point of sale) system-one that will not cripple an entire company that happens to the business. Another goal is to make an easy-to-understand user's interface (UI) and allow for improvements to be made easily based on the needs of the business owner. The former will be accomplished by creating a web-based POS, which means that the only thing limiting the system is the access of the internet. Outages and "down time" are virtually non-existent with proper management. The latter will be assessed in the actual formation, using a minimalistic format which can easily be tailored to the needs of the user. The benefits of using this sort of POS go far beyond simply improving the user experience and minimizing technical errors; businessmen that have to interact with clients on-the-go will be able to easily access the system all the same, allowing for some much needed flexibility in small businesses.
Robust Estimation in Finite Populations II: Stratification on a Size Variable

Abstract It has been established in Part I [3] that for estimating a finite population total, the estimators which are optimal under simple super-population models can be made insensitive to certain departures from the models by the choice of balanced samples. Here stratification on a size variable is considered as another technique for protecting against model failure. Together the two techniques, stratification and balanced sampling, are shown to provide more efficient protection than does balanced sampling alone. Questions of definition of strata and of allocation of sampling units among strata are also considered.
Quantum molecular dynamics simulations of transport properties in liquid and dense-plasma plutonium.

We have calculated the viscosity and self-diffusion coefficients of plutonium in the liquid phase using quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) and in the dense-plasma phase using orbital-free molecular dynamics (OFMD), as well as in the intermediate warm dense matter regime with both methods. Our liquid metal results for viscosity are about 40% lower than measured experimentally, whereas a previous calculation using an empirical interatomic potential (modified embedded-atom method) obtained results 3--4 times larger than the experiment. The QMD and OFMD results agree well at the intermediate temperatures. The calculations in the dense-plasma regime for temperatures from 50 to 5000 eV and densities about 1--5 times ambient are compared with the one-component plasma (OCP) model, using effective charges given by the average-atom code inferno. The inferno-OCP model results agree with the OFMD to within about a factor of 2, except for the viscosity at temperatures less than about 100 eV, where the disagreement is greater. A Stokes-Einstein relationship of the viscosities and diffusion coefficients is found to hold fairly well separately in both the liquid and dense-plasma regimes.
Do local energy prices and regulation affect the geographic concentration of employment

Abstract Manufacturing industries differ with respect to their energy intensity, labor-to-capital ratio and their pollution intensity. Across the United States, there is significant variation in electricity prices and labor and environmental regulation. This paper examines whether the basic logic of comparative advantage can explain the geographical clustering of U.S. manufacturing. We document that energy-intensive industries concentrate in low electricity price counties and labor-intensive industries avoid pro-union counties. We find mixed evidence that pollution-intensive industries locate in counties featuring relatively lax Clean Air Act regulation.
The magnetospheres of Jupiter and Earth

Abstract The magnetic fields of Earth and Jupiter carve cavities out of the solar wind, which in turn influences the dynamics and structure within the magnetospheres of these planets. From a knowledge of the factors which influence the terrestrial magnetosphere, expectations for the Jovian magnetosphere are deduced. The shape of the Jovian magnetosphere should be similar to that of Earth, with the size of the magnetosphere slightly larger relative to the size of the plan and the size of the auroral zone slightly smaller. The fraction of the incident solar wind energy injected into the magnetosphere should be comparable for Earth and Jupiter. Major dissimilarities may occur because of the following fundamental differences: 1. (1) The solar-wind-induced plasma flow should be smaller than the corotational flow essentially throughout the Jovian magnetosphere. 2. (2) The centrifugal and gravitational forces balance at a point well within the region of Jupiter's magnetosphere dominated by corotation. 3. (3) Drift periods for energetic particles trapped in the magnetosphere are generally smaller than the rotation period for Earth, but much much larger for Jupiter. 4. (4) In the polar-cap regions of Earth, energy deposition into the ionosphere from the solar wind and solar EUV radiation are comparable, but for Jupiter's polar cap ionosphere, the solar wind input shoul be clearly dominant.
Cavoatrial tumor thrombectomy using cardipulmonary bypass without circulatory arrest

Of 29 patients with inferior vena caval tumor thrombus, 14 with supradiaphragmatic extension were deemed suitable for operation. Patients (age, 7.5 to 70 years) had renal cell carcinoma (n = 8), Wilms' tumor (n = 2), transitional cell carcinoma (n = 1), and adrenal carcinoma (n = 3). Seven patients had stage III disease, and 7 patients had stage IV disease. Two patients (group A) had unresectable disease at exploratory celiotomy, 4 patients (group B) underwent tumor thrombectomy without cardiopulmonary bypass, and cardiopulmonary bypass was employed in 8 patients (group C). Three of 8 group C patients had Budd-Chiari syndrome at diagnosis. Cardiopulmonary bypass with moderate hypothermia, and inferior vena caval interruption (clip or filter), was employed in all patients. There were no perioperative deaths. Transient neurological impairment was observed postoperatively in 2 patients. Coagulopathy developed in 1 patient who had hepatic encephalopathy and Budd-Chiari syndrome preoperatively and in another patient in whom protamine could not be administered. No patient had acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis. Median survival is 41 and 17 months in groups B and C, respectively. Some authors have advocated profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest in these patients. We find that satisfactory visualization and excision can be performed with cardiopulmonary bypass and moderate hypothermia, avoiding potential renal, hepatic, neurological, and septic complications associated with circulatory arrest.
SociAL Sensor Analytics: Measuring phenomenology at scale

The objective of this paper is to present a system for interrogating immense social media streams through analytical methodologies that characterize topics and events critical to tactical and strategic planning. First, we propose a conceptual framework for interpreting social media as a sensor network. Time-series models and topic clustering algorithms are used to implement this concept into a functioning analytical system. Next, we address two scientific challenges: 1) to understand, quantify, and baseline phenomenology of social media at scale, and 2) to develop analytical methodologies to detect and investigate events of interest. This paper then documents computational methods and reports experimental findings that address these challenges. Ultimately, the ability to process billions of social media posts per week over a period of years enables the identification of patterns and predictors of tactical and strategic concerns at an unprecedented rate through SociAL Sensor Analytics (SALSA).
Engineering the composition of co-polyesters synthesized byAlcaligenes eutrophus

Co-polyesters of 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3-hydroxyvalerate were produced by Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 from valeric or propionic acid under both air and knallgas (80:20 H 2 :O 2 ) atmospheres. Selectivity for poly-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHV) synthesis over poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is favored under hydrogen, presumably because high NADH levels under knallgas inhibit breakdown of PHV monomer precursors to PHB precursors. Switching the atmosphere from knallgas to air and back again to knallgas was shown to change the bacterial metabolism back and forth, producing different monomer precursors for polymer synthesis. The experiments suggest that this metabolic switching may be used to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates with blocky regions within the polymer or polymer granules with shells of different polymer composition.
Teaching intelligence: Why, why it is hard and perhaps how to do it

Abstract In spite of the documented importance of intelligence, surprisingly few colleges and universities offer courses on the topic. Three reasons are given; lack of personal experience with the range of variation of intelligence in the society (cognitive segregation), association of intelligence with elitism, and a belief that the study of intelligence is associated with racism. The most important goal of a course on intelligence is to provide evidence of the importance of the trait in society, thus combating a lack of knowledge due to cognitive segregation. The course should examine biological and social causes of intelligence. Student participation is encouraged rather than total reliance on lectures. This can be done by forming virtual discussion groups. Examples are given of topics that could be discussed by these groups. Finally, it is argued that discussions of racial, ethnic, and international differences in intelligence should be postponed to a second course or seminar, after students have acquired a reasonably sophisticated understanding of the causes and effects of intelligence. The reason for doing this is that while the study of group differences is important, superficial discussions of these issues can generate heat while producing remarkably little light.
Synthesis of Mg–Al2O3 nanocomposites by mechanical alloying

Abstract Mg–Al 2 O 3 nanocomposite powders, with Al 2 O 3 particles of 50 nm size, were synthesized by mechanical alloying starting from a mixture of 70 vol.% pure Mg and 30 vol.% Al 2 O 3 powders. A steady-state condition was obtained on milling the powder mix for about 20 h, when the crystallite size of the Mg powder was about 10 nm. The structural evolution during milling was monitored using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction methods. The results showed that a mixture of Mg, Al 2 O 3 , and MgO phases were obtained on mechanical alloying. On annealing the milled powders at 600 °C for 30 min, a displacement reaction occurred between the Mg and Al 2 O 3 phases, when the formation of a mixture of pure Al and MgO phases was observed. Also, a reaction occurred between the initial Mg powder and Al formed as a result of the displacement reaction, leading to the formation of Mg 17 Al 12 , Al 0.58 Mg 0.42 , and Al 3 Mg 2 phases. Thus, the powder annealed after milling the Mg + Al 2 O 3 powder mix for 25 h consisted of Al, MgO and Al 3 Mg 2 phases.
Near-threshold K-shell photoionization of argon.

The K-shell photoionization cross section of argon near the threshold has been obtained with the multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock method for continuum wave functions. The electron correlation and the core-relaxation effects that are very important in this process have been taken into account in the calculation very accurately in the ab initio manner through the configuration-interaction procedure. The present results are compared with the experimental measurements and are found to be in excellent agreement. The two-electron resonances that have been observed immediately above the ionization threshold have been identified and assignments have been made to these based on accurate calculations.
Stochastic theory of nonlinear rate processes with multiple stationary states

Abstract A comparison has been made between the deterministic and stochastic (master equation) formulation of nonlinear chemical rate processes with multiple stationary states. We have shown, via two specific examples of chemical reaction schemes, that the master equations have quasi-stationary state solutions which agree with the various initial condition dependent equilibrium solutions of the deterministic equations. The presence of fluctuations in the stochastic formulation leads to true equilibrium solutions, i.e. solutions which are independent of initial conditions as t → ∞. We show that the stochastic formulation leads to two distinct time scales for relaxation. The mean time for the reaction system to reach the quasi-stationary states from any initial state is of O ( N 0 ) where N is a measure of the size of the reaction system. The mean time for relaxation from a quasi-stationary state to the true equilibrium state is O (e N ). The results obtained from the stochastic formulation as regards the number and location of the quasi-stationary states are in complete agreement with the deterministic results.
Risking publicity: masculinities and the racialization of public neighborhood space

In this paper I examine the relationship between masculinities, public space and race in the context of Duisburg-Marxloh, an immigrant neighborhood in Germany. I propose that young Turkish and Kurdish men enact masculinities in relation to young Turkish women, Turkish and Kurdish political groups, and German residents, which shapes public neighborhood space in ways that can be characterized as masculine and exclusionary. These masculinist public spaces are frequently racialized as ‘Turkish’ by local German residents, politicians, and the media. I argue that these portrayals of ‘Turkish’ space read gendered spatial practices as racial practices. I conclude that it is necessary to carefully unpack the ways that Kurdish and Turkish men's masculinities are articulated with race, public space, and non-migrants' masculinities in order to better understand the spatial politics of difference in immigrant-receiving societies.
Application of EPIC model to nitrogen cycling in irrigated processing tomatoes under different management systems.

Abstract Vegetable crops such as processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) are usually complex in terms of nitrogen (N) dynamics because of the large amounts absorbed by the crop, the short growing season and the use of irrigation. Complexity increases when N is supplied from an organic source. A crop simulation model could be very useful to improve N management in this crop. Processing tomatoes were grown on raised beds and furrow irrigated in 1994 and 1995 in the Sacramento Valley of California. Fertilizer N and/or purple vetch (Vicia sativa L.) as green manure and composted turkey manure were used as sources of N. The Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) model was calibrated with 1994 data and validated with 1995 data. Plant growth was accurately simulated in the conventional systems that used fertilizer N and in the low input system that used fertilizer N plus vetch. The model accurately simulated above-ground biomass in a system that used vetch and no synthetic fertilizer N, but it over-predicted Leaf Area Index (LAI). Nitrogen deficiency was observed in the plants in this system. The model simulated nitrogen deficiency mainly as a reduction in biomass production but in the real world the reduction of leaf area was the first effect of nitrogen deficiency in the vegetative phase. Yields were accurately predicted except when diseases affected plant growth. A simple reduction factor of nitrate movement in the bed adequately addressed the movement of nitrate. In general, the model accurately predicted the evolution of inorganic nitrogen in different soil layers during the crop season. However, simulated inorganic N in the upper 15 cm was underestimated in the last part of the crop season and consequently N uptake at harvest was slightly over-predicted in some cases. Nitrogen distribution and access of the roots to inorganic nitrogen are discussed as causes of this discrepancy between model simulated and observed values.
Osteopenia and osteoporosis in patients with end-stage liver disease caused by hepatitis C and alcoholic liver disease: Not just a cholestatic problem

Although best characterized in chronic cholestatic liver disease, osteopenic bone disease and fracturing are well-recognized complications of cirrhosis, particularly after liver transplantation. We sought to compare the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis, to assess the effect of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) on bone density, and to determine fracture rates before and after OLT in three groups of patients with advanced cirrhosis: patients with cirrhosis from hepatitis C virus (HCV) alone, from alcohol abuse (ALD), and from HCV in conjunction with alcohol abuse (HCV+ALD). Between 1991 and 2001, 207 consecutive patients who underwent OLT for HCV (68 patients), ALD (66), and HCV+ALD (73) were assessed clinically, biochemically, radiologically, and by bone densitometry. The baseline mean T score was lower in the HCV group than in the ALD group (−1.43 versus −0.87, P = .048) despite ALD patients having more advanced liver disease; patients with HCV+ALD had intermediate T scores. The pattern of significant bone loss at 4 months and 12 months was similar for all three groups. The baseline fracture rate was lowest in the HCV group and highest in the ALD group, despite the latter having the highest bone density. Fractures occurred in 17% of patients in the first year after transplantation, the majority being vertebral compression fractures. Patients with cirrhosis caused by HCV, ALD, or a combination of both should be screened for osteopenia, especially before OLT.
Falsely elevated human chorionic gonadotropin leading to unnecessary therapy.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Analysis of serum β-hCG aids diagnosis and treatment of intrauterine pregnancies, ectopic gestations, and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. β-hCG concentrations are specific for trophoblastic tissue, thus are rarely questioned. CASES: An 18-year-old nullipara had bleeding and a positive β-hCG. Ultrasound identified no pregnancy. She passed tissue and stopped bleeding. Serum β-hCG remained elevated despite uterine curettage and three courses of methotrexate. Results of urine β-hCG were negative, as was reference laboratory serum assay. A 31-year-old nullipara had a spontaneous abortion, but serum β-hCG remained elevated. Uterine curettage found secretory endometrium, yet elevated serum β-hCG persisted. Urine β-hCG was negative, as was reference laboratory serum assay. CONCLUSION: Patients with histories incongruent with serum β-hCG findings should have urine β-hCG analysis.
Vertical impulse measurements of mines buried in saturated sand

The ultimate aim of our overall task, of which the effort described in this paper is a part, is to be able to model the impulsive output of buried charges and the response of targets of interest. It is not practical or cost-effective to determine the response of all targets of interest to buried charges of all sizes by testing them. In order to have confidence in our models, however, they must be validated by a modest number of tests. A critical element in modelling the response of a target is the ability to model the loading function. The load a buried charge applies to a target above it when the charge detonates can be characterized in terms of the vertical impulse. The vertical impulse is a function of the size of the charge, its depth of burial, and the properties of the soil in which it is buried. The primary objective of the effort described in this paper is to determine the load a known charge places on a non-responding target so the data can be used to validate our models. For model validation, a ...
Human serum, liver, and kidney angiotensinases

Abstract Angiotensinases extracted from human liver and kidney migrated disparately in the α- and the β-γ-regions in starch gel electrophoresis blocks. Serum from the same patients similarly assayed by angiotensin II amide degradation and by α- l -aspartyl-β-naphthylamide hydrolysis showed enzyme activity only in the α- region. Starch gel electrophoresis of serum from normals and patients with cirrhosis also showed activity only in the α-zone. These studies fail to support the postulated release of serum angiotensinases from damaged liver or kidney cells.
Response to Sibling Birth in Juvenile Cotton-Top Tamarins (Saguinus Oedipus)

Juveniles' reaction to the birth of siblings was investigated in a cooperatively breeding primate, the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). Twelve captive juvenile cotton-top tamarins were observed from 8 weeks before until 12 weeks after the birth of their first set of younger siblings. The birth of younger siblings was an extremely disruptive event for juveniles, and was accompanied by large decreases in play, increases in proximity to the parents, and increases in overt conflict with the parents. However, these effects were relatively transient. There was little evidence that juveniles lost parental care following the birth, and their behavior appeared to be primarily directed at gaining access to the new infants. Carrying of infants by juveniles was best predicted by the number of other potential carriers in the social group, whereas juvenile age and sex were of little importance. The intense interest in infants displayed by juveniles of both sexes is not surprising in the context of a cooperative breeding system in which both sexes participate in caring for infants that are not their own and in which experience with infants improves later reproductive success.
Nonlinear variants of the TR/BDF2 method for thermal radiative diffusion

We apply the Trapezoidal/BDF2 (TR/BDF2) temporal discretization scheme to nonlinear grey radiative diffusion. This is a scheme that is not well-known within the radiation transport community, but we show that it offers many desirable characteristics relative to other second-order schemes. Several nonlinear variants of the TR/BDF2 scheme are defined and computationally compared with the Crank-Nicholson scheme. It is found for our test problems that the most accurate TR/BDF2 schemes are those that are fully iterated to nonlinear convergence, but the most efficient TR/BDF2 scheme is one based upon a single Newton iteration. It is also shown that neglecting the contributions to the Jacobian matrix from the cross-sections, which is often done due to a lack of smooth interpolations for tabular cross-section data, has a significant impact upon efficiency.
Load Rating versus Reliability Analysis

The most common approach to assess the safety of a bridge is load rating. However, this approach cannot quantify the bridge safety in probabilistic terms or fully quantify the structural risk to the bridge. Reliability methods have become an increasingly popular and gradually accepted approach to assess the safety of structures. These methods account for the randomness and correlation of all relevant variables and failure modes in the analysis. This study performs both a load rating analysis and a reliability analysis on the same highway bridge, compares the results, and discusses the strengths and limitations of each approach.
Nature—Half Lost or Half Saved?

Balmford offers a collection of success stories intended to infuse optimism into the science and practice of nature conservation
Obstructive sleep apnoea in children with craniofacial syndromes

Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is common in children. Craniofacial anomalies such as cleft palate are among the most common congenital conditions. Children with a variety of craniofacial conditions, including cleft palate, micrognathia, craniosynostosis, and midface hypoplasia are at increased risk for OSAS. Available evidence, which is largely limited to surgical case series and retrospective studies, suggests that OSAS can be successfully managed in these children through both surgical and non-surgical techniques. Prospective studies using larger cohorts of patients and including polysomnograms are needed to better understand the risk factors for this patient population and the efficacy of treatment options for OSAS and their underlying conditions.
Solvent Processable Tetraalkylammonium-Functionalized Polyethylene for Use as an Alkaline Anion Exchange Membrane

We report the synthesis of a solvent processable, tetraalkylammonium-functionalized polyethylene for use as an alkaline anion exchange membrane (AAEM). The membranes are insoluble in both pure water and aqueous methanol (50 vol % water) at 50 °C but exhibit excellent solubility in a variety of other aqueous alcohols (e.g., 5 wt % AAEM in aqueous n-propanol, 50 vol % water). These solubility characteristics extend the potential utility of this system for use as both an AAEM and ionomer electrode material from a single polymer composition. The AAEMs generated are mechanically strong and exhibit high hydroxide and carbonate conductivities.
Calcium- and membrane-induced changes in the structure and dynamics of three helical hairpins in annexin B12.

Annexins are a family of soluble proteins that can undergo reversible Ca 2 + -dependent interaction with the interfacial region of phospholipid membranes. The helical hairpins on the convex face of the crystal structure ofsoluble annexins are proposed to mediate binding to membranes, but the mechanism is not defined. For this study, we used a site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) experimental approach to investigate Ca 2 + and membrane-induced structural and dynamic changes that occurred in the helical hairpins encompassing three of the four D and E helices of annexin B12. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) parameters were analyzed for the soluble and Ca 2 + -dependent membrane-bound states of the following nitroxide scans of annexin B12: a continuous 24-residue scan of the D and E helices in the third repeat (residues 219-242) and short scans encompassing the D-E loop regions of the first repeat (residues 68-74) and the fourth repeat (300-305). EPR mobility and accessibility parameters of most sites were similar when the protein was in solution or in the membrane-bound state, and both sets of data were consistent with the crystal structure of the protein. However, membrane-induced changes in mobility and accessibility were observed in all three loop regions, with the most dramatic changes noted at sites corresponding to the highly conserved serine and glycine residues in the loops. EPR accessibility parameters clearly established that nitroxide side chains placed at these sites made direct contact with the bilayer. EPR mobility parameters showed that these sites were very mobile in solution, but immobilized on the EPR time scale in the membrane-bound state. Since the headgroup regions of bilayer phospholipids are relatively mobile in the absence of annexins, Ca 2 + -dependent binding of annexin B12 appears to form a complex in which the mobility of the D-E loop region of the protein and the headgroup region of the phospholipid are highly constrained. Possible biological consequences of annexin-induced restriction of membrane mobility are discussed.
‘An Alliance Forged in Blood’: The American Occupation of Korea, the Korean War, and the US–South Korean Alliance

Abstract The US occupation of Korea from 1945 to 1948 was not notable for its success. The volatile interaction between the occupiers and the occupied provided an important context for its relatively rapid conclusion and for Washington's ineffective employment of deterrence in the lead-up to the June 1950 North Korean attack on South Korea. This essay describes the volatile interaction between Americans and Koreans on the peninsula and the circumstantial, psychological, and cultural factors behind it. The essay concludes by analyzing the psychological impact of the Korean War on the relationship and how this and later cultural changes have made possible an enduring alliance between the United States and the Republic of Korea.
Oblivious Program Execution and Path-Sensitive Non-interference

Various cryptographic constructions allow an untrusted cloud server to compute over encrypted data, without decrypting the data. However, this prevents the cloud server from branching according to encrypted values. We study the constraints imposed by this important scenario by formulating and solving an equivalent information-flow problem, based on assuming an adversary could observe the control path. We develop a type system that prevents control-path information leaks, prove soundness, and compare with traditional implicit information-flow. Because simply preventing programs that leak information severely restricts the language, we define alternate (and easily implemented) semantics that execute multiple paths and combine the results using data operations. This produces a termination problem which we address with a more refined type system that characterizes a useful class of obliviously executable programs. We prove fundamental results about this language, semantics, and type system and conclude by comparing with traditional timing-based information-flow.
Cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome with stippled epiphysis and cystic fibrosis

We present a patient with cerebro-costomandibular syndrome who also had cystic fibrosis, hydrocephalus, and multiple ossification centers of the calcaneus.
The roles of the board examination1

Talk with radiology residents who have reached the end of their training. Ask them what single event during residency occupied their attention more than any other and contributed to their greatest sense of achievement. One overwhelming response emerges from the discussion: passing the American Board of Radiology’s oral examination (1). Many residents spend hundreds of hours preparing for the oral examination, in some cases rendering it the greatest single learning focus of their training. Because the board examination plays such a dominant role, it is vital that it be continually scrutinized and improved. An excellent board examination can make an important contribution to the future of the discipline, whereas a seriously flawed examination can spell disaster. Before we can fully weigh the board examination against the needs of radiology and the patients it serves, however, it is important to understand as fully as possible the roles it plays. Officially, the American Board of Radiology (ABR), and by extension its board examinations, serve a number of purposes (2). These are: