cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corporate Political Strategy and Legislative Decision Making: A Review and Contingency Approach

This paper attempts to provide a theoretical basis for determining effective corporate political strategies. The strategies considered are the five most commonly used by politically active firms: constituency building, political action committee contributions, advocacy advertising, lobbying, and coalition building. Relevant literature is reviewed and an exchange model of legislative decision making is developed. A contingency approach to the selection of appropriate strategies is derived from the model and a typology of legislative decision situations.
Light-cone superspace and the ultraviolet finiteness of the N=4 model

Abstract Superspace in the light-cone frame takes a simple form. No auxiliary fields are necessary, and application to extended supersymmetries is straightforward. It is shown that the N =4 model, in a certain form of the light-cone gauge, is completely free of ultraviolet divergences in any order of perturbation theory. It follows that the β-function vanishes in any gauge, to all orders of perturbation theory. Our method differs from the conventional method in that we use only half the number of θ's as there are supersymmetry operators. All fields are unconstrained and independent of the θ ' s .
Variable response to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea of human glioma cells sorted according to DNA content.

Malignant gliomas, especially glioblastoma multiforme, are composed of a considerable number of cells undergoing DNA synthesis and cells that contain various amounts of DNA. We have characterized cells dissociated from biopsy specimens of such tumors by sorting vital cell populations on the basis of DNA content and have determined the sensitivity of sorted cells to BCNU. Cultured human glioma cells from seven malignant gliomas were stained with Hoechst 33342 dye; the colony-forming efficiency (CFE) of stained tumor cells ranged from 2–50%. Stained cells were sorted on a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FAGS-III). The surviving fraction of each population was determined after exposure to graded doses (2.5–10 μg/ ml × 2 h) of BCNU. Sorted populations of cells from 5 tumors had dose-response curves that were similar, although differences in cell kill of up to a half-log were commonly found between cells from different DNA peaks treated with the same BCNU dose. For two tumors, cells from the first peak (smallest DNA content) had distinct BCNU sensitivity compared to cells from the second and third peaks (largest DNA content); compared to other tumors in the series, cell kill differences were significant and greater than 1 log in magnitude for one anaplastic astrocytoma. This lack of uniformity in the response of cells within a tumor demonstrates the problem imposed by heterogeneity with regard to the interpretation of chemosensitivity testing of all cells within a single tumor.
Solving the platform selection problem using an evolutionary algorithm

Contemporary manufacturing is characterised by fierce competition on price, quality and features offered. Successful manufacturers avoid developing products individually and base their products on a platform, using it as the starting point and then adding or removing components to create the desired variety. In this paper, we select the optimal platform for the production of a product family while minimising the overall production cost. The problem is formulated as an optimisation problem, minimising the production cost. Both an optimal formulation and an evolutionary strategy based on genetic algorithm are presented. The approach is illustrated with an industrial example.
Effect of Antihistamines on Mitochondrial Swelling and Liver Injury

Gallagher, Gupta, Judah and Rees1 showed that thioacetamide, a liver carcinogen, would cause liver necrosis in rats and that a variety of antihistamines would afford protection. It was concluded that thioacetamide acted at the cell surface, but its mode of action was obscure, especially as no in vitro effect could be obtained. It has now proved possible to show an in vitro action of this compound. Liver slices, cut in the conventional manner from the livers of normal rats of the Wistar strain, show a gradual loss of certain dehydrogenases when suspended in saline solutions. Thioacetamide greatly increases this loss. Malic dehydrogenase was chosen as a suitable test system. The loss of this enzyme is shown in Table 1, which illustrates a typical experiment in the untreated slice. The effect of thioacetamide at a concentration of 0.02 M is shown and it can also be shown at concentrations of 5×10−3 M. These concentrations are in reasonable accord with the doses employed by Gallagher et al. 1, that is, 200 mgm./kgm., when it is remembered that extracellular water is of the order of 16 per cent and assuming uniform distribution of the drug.
Data mining with cellular automata

A cellular automaton is a discrete, dynamical system composed of very simple, uniformly interconnected cells. Cellular automata may be seen as an extreme form of simple, localized, distributed machines. Many researchers are familiar with cellular automata through Conway's Game of Life. Researchers have long been interested in the theoretical aspects of cellular automata. This article explores the use of cellular automata for data mining, specifically for classification tasks. We demonstrate that reasonable generalization behavior can be achieved as an emergent property of these simple automata.
Fiber-mesh photonic molecule

Abstract Analogous to the photonic crystal, we introduce the concept of a fiber-mesh photonic molecule made up of optical fibers and study its transmission characteristics. We consider a specific example of a photonic molecule, inspired by the well-known C 60 molecule, with the arms of the molecule formed out of single-moded optical fibers. The transmittance consists of sharp peaks determined by the pole structure of the scattering matrix in the complex energy plane. A molecule can be designed to control the positions and the widths of the transmission peaks, opening up the possibility of building new photonic devices such as high quality band-pass filters.
Coastal lithosome preservation: Evidence from the shoreface and inner continental shelf off Bogue Banks, North Carolina

Abstract Seismic and vibracore data from the continental shelf as well as borehole data from an adjacent barrier island indicate that the migrating shoreface, responding to rising sea level, has nearly completely removed the entire coastal sedimentary record in northern Onslow Bay, North Carolina. This process was active throughout the Quaternary and even the late Tertiary as middle Tertiary sediments and rocks directly crop out on the sea floor in vast areas of this shelf sector. Seaward of Bogue Banks (a Holocene barrier island located along northern Onslow Bay) seismic sequences have been truncated by the modern shoreface which extends to about 12 m depth. Correlations with borehole data on the island indicate that these sequences are Pleistocene and Holocene in age. The Holocene sequences contain numerous channels which are interpreted to be relict tidal inlets. However, none extends vertically lower than the shoreface indicating that landward translation of the shoreface would remove most of even the deepest Holocene coastal lithosomes, parts of the Pleistocene and even a portion of the Tertiary. The middle and inner portions of the continental shelf have been incised by numerous channels. Channel facies are an important component of shelf sedimentary and stratigraphic sequences and comprise about one-third of northern Onslow Bay. Similar seismic infilling facies and vibracore data as well as the poor preservation potential of the tidal inlet throats indicate that the channels were lower coastal plain streams. The infilling sediments are mostly muds with some sands and shells. Dates from shells via the amino acid racemization technique are Pleistocene in age. These channels, with some having multiple infilling events, assume greater importance when one recognizes that essentially they alone hold the vast majority of the Quaternary record of numerous sea-level fluctuations.
Membranes based on "Keplerate"-type polyoxometalates: slow, passive cation transportation and creation of water microenvironment.

We report a novel type of inorganic membranelike structure formed by the self-assembly of hydrophilic polyoxometalate macroanions. Such nanoscaled, water-soluble macroions tend to form stable, uniform, single-layer “blackberry” structures (20−1000 nm in size) in dilute solutions via noncovalent bond interactions. Two interesting features of “Keplerate” {Mo72Fe30} blackberries are found from fluorescence studies: (1) They create a microscaled, relatively isolated water environment (containing over 3 million water molecules) which possesses different properties from the bulk water. (2) The blackberry membrane is permeable to small cations, but not to anions. The passive transport of cations across the blackberry membrane is relatively slow but does not need any carrier or additional energy.
The Doppler response to gravitational waves from a binary star source

The equations are developed for spacecraft Doppler detection of periodic gravitational waves from a single binary star source. Graphical examples are included to indicate the great variety of Doppler signals which can be generated by these systems.
Mechanism of Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

We studied the mechanism(s) of resistance to ciprofloxacin arising in a clinical strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and in a laboratory-derived isolate of that strain. Higher concentrations of ciprofloxacin were required to interfere with DNA synthesis in resistant isolates compared with the parent strain, a finding indicating a relative insensitivity of DNA gyrase to ciprofloxacin. Reduced uptake of ciprofloxacin was seen in one isolate and may have contributed to its ciprofloxacin resistance but was not associated with alterations in outer or cytoplasmic membrane proteins, a result suggesting that such changes are not required to decrease uptake of fluoroquinolones into cells. No evidence for plasmidmediated resistance was found, and no ciprofloxacin-inactivating activity was detected in sonic extracts of resistant organisms. In these isolates, resistance to ciprofloxacin was likely the result of more than one mutation, because single-step mutations conferring such high-level resistance were not found in the parent strain.
Approximately maximizing efficiency and revenue in polyhedral environments

We consider a resource allocation game in polyhedral environments. Polyhedral environments model a wide range of problems, including bandwidth sharing, some models of Adwords auctions and general resource allocation. We extend the fair sharing mechanism for such resource allocation games. We show that our mechanism simultaneously creates approximately efficient allocations andallapproximately maximizes revenue. We also develop a new approach for analyzing games of these types. At the core of this approach is the relation between the condition for Nash equilibriums of the game and the dual of a certain linear program.
Effect of Blood Viscosity on Thrombosis Potential Near a Step Wall Transition

Thrombosis and hemolysis are two problems encountered when processing blood in artificial organs. Physical factors of blood flow alone can influence the interaction of proteins and cells with the vessel wall, induce platelet aggregation and influence coagulation factors responsible for the formation of thrombus, even in the absence of chemical factors in the blood. These physical factors are related to the magnitude of the shear rate/stress, the duration of the applied force and the local geometry. Specifically, high blood shear rates (or stress) lead to damage (hemolysis, platelet activation), while low shear rates lead to stagnation and thrombosis [1].Copyright © 2009 by ASME
For the hell of it : the life and times of Abbie Hoffman

List of Illustrations Persons Interviewed Foreword by Eric Foner Preface: "I'm Abbie Hoffman" 1. Bad Behavior 2. A Thousand Faces 3. Civil Rights and Wrongs 4. White Mischief, Black Power 5. Death of a Salesman, Birth of a Hippie 6. The Mythic Revolutionary 7. The Apotheosis of Abbie Hoffman 8. Busy Being Born, Busy Dying 9. Fire in a Crowded Courtroom 10. American Armageddon 11. The Longest Good-bye: 1974-1989 Epilogue: A Cautionary Note Bibliolographic Essay and Acknowledgements Bibliography Index
p27kip1 expression distinguishes papillary hyperplasia in Graves' disease from papillary thyroid carcinoma.

In most cases, the histopathologic and cytologic distinction between Graves' disease and papillary thyroid carcinoma is relatively easy, but on occasion Graves' disease may simulate a thyroid papillary carcinoma. For example, papillary fronds with fibrovascular cores may be present in both Graves' disease and papillary carcinoma. p27kip1 (p27) is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory protein that has been shown to be an independent prognostic factor in a variety of human tumors. Our previous studies of p27 expression in hyperplastic and neoplastic endocrine lesions showed that the level of p27 was quite different in these two conditions. To determine if this distinction could also be made between Graves' disease and papillary carcinoma, we analyzed expression of p27 and other cell cycle proteins in a series of cases of Graves' disease with papillary hyperplasia and a series of papillary thyroid carcinomas. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 61 randomly selected patients with thyroid disease, including 29 cases of Graves' disease with papillary architectural features and 32 cases of papillary carcinoma, were analyzed for expression of p27, Ki-67, and DNA topoisomerase II alpha (topo II alpha) by immunostaining. The distribution of immunoreactivity was analyzed by quantifying the percentage of positive nuclei that was expressed as the labeling index (LI) plus or minus the standard error of the mean. The papillary hyperplasia of Graves' disease had a p27 LI of 68.2 +/- 3.1 (range, 24 to 88), whereas papillary carcinomas had a LI of 25.6 +/- 2.5 (range, 12 to 70) (P < .0001). No significant differences in Ki-67 or topo II alpha expression were identified between papillary hyperplasia in Graves' disease and papillary carcinoma. These results indicate that p27 protein expression is significantly higher in papillary hyperplasia of Graves' disease compared to papillary carcinoma, which may be diagnostically useful in difficult cases.
Epithelial cell-substrate adhesion in the cornea of actin, talin, integrin, and fibronectin

During corneal wound healing, epithelial cells migrate and spread over a basement membrane to cover the denuded area. We have initiated studies on the proteins involved in this cell-substrate interaction. In the present report, we show the distribution of actin, talin, integrin and fibronectin in the unwounded chicken corneal epithelium. Rhodamine-phalloidin and antibodies against talin, the β-subunit of integrin, and fibronectin were used to fluorescently label semi-thin cryosections of chicken cornea. Phalloidin labeling indicated the presence of f-actin around the boundaries of all epithelial cells. Antitalin labeled the most basal aspect of the basal cells. Diffuse cytoplasmic labeling of the basal cells was also seen. Integrin was detected by the polyclonal anti-CSAT and monoclonal 30B6 antibodies. With both antibodies, the basal cells were outlined by label. These cells were similarly labeled by antifibronectin. Less distinct labeling of fibronectin was present around the boundaries of the outer epithelial cells. Our results indicate that many of the proteins associated with cell-substrate adherens junctions in other systems are also present in cell-substrate adhesion of the corneal epithelium. Details of the distribution of some of the proteins appear to be somewhat unusual, however.
Activity of Interferon-α and Isotretinoin in Patients with Advanced, Refractory Lymphoid Malignancies

BACKGROUND Interferon-α (IFN-α) and retinoids have shown nonoverlapping toxicity and each has shown antitumor activity in patients with lymphoma. The aim of the current study was to assess the toxicity, safety, and efficacy of IFN-α combined with isotretinoin in patients with advanced, refractory lymphoid malignancies. METHODS Adults with biopsy-proven advanced lymphoid malignancy were treated. Patients with compromised bone marrow function (platelet counts as low as 30 × 109/L) were eligible. Treatment was comprised of IFN-α at a starting daily dose of 3 mega units subcutaneously and isotretinoin orally starting at a dose of 1 mg/kg daily in 2 divided doses. RESULTS Forty-four patients were evaluable. Their median age was 57 years (range, 18–82 years). Eighteen patients had advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, 6 patients had peripheral T-cell lymphoma, 14 patients had Hodgkin disease, and 6 patients had a variety of other lymphoid malignancies. Patients with Hodgkin disease had received a median of 6 previous therapies (range, 3–12 therapies) and patients with other lymphoid malignancies had received a median of 4 previous therapies (range, 1–9 therapies). The median duration of treatment was 4 months (range, 0.25–38 months). The overall response rate was 38.6% (complete response in 5 patients [11.3%] and partial response in 12 patients [27.3%]). The median response duration was 3 months (range, 1–95+ months). The most common toxicities were low-grade fever, flu-like symptoms, and fatigue (IFN-α effects); dry mouth and skin and hypertriglyceridemia (cis-retinoic acid effects); and thrombocytopenia (which generally occurred in patients with low baseline platelet counts). CONCLUSIONS IFN-α and isotretinoin combination therapy had antitumor activity and was well tolerated in heavily pretreated patients with lymphoid malignancies. Cancer 2004. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Real‐time aspiration‐biopsy transducer

In vitro and in vivo experience with a real-time aspiration-biopsy transducer indicates that the advantage of this instrument is that it permits the examiner to monitor the movement of the structure being aspirated or biopsied, as well as the movements of adjacent organs, while the needle tip is being inserted into the structure. When the needle tip is inserted into the skin, a strong acoustic shadow is produced along the path of the needle, indicating the optimum position for aspiration and biopsy. Within fluid-filled areas the needle tip is imaged consistently. For solid-organ biopsies, the movement of the structure of interest as well as the acoustic-shadow path of the needle can be consistently observed, but the needle tip is recorded with more difficulty.
Significant or Not Significant

(1963). Significant or Not Significant. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 239-242.
Regeneration of Renal Proximal Tubule Cells in Primary Culture Following Toxicant Injury: Response to Growth Factors

Growth factors may play an important role in the repair of the renal proximal tubule epithelium following toxic injury. This study investigated the regeneration of rabbit renal proximal tubule cell (RPTC) monolayers following exposure to the nephrotoxicants tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP) and 1,2-dichlorovinyl-L-cysteine (DCVC), and the effect of exogenous growth factors on the regeneration process. Confluent monolayers exposed to TBHP or DCVC for 1.5-2 hr were 23 and 43% confluent, respectively, after 24 hr. Confluency increased to 63 and 80% 4 days after TBHP or DCVC exposure, but decreased to 29 and 24% after 8 days. Monolayer DNA content did not increase after TBHP or DCVC exposure; however, monolayer protein/DNA ratio increased above control values after DCVC exposure. Recovery of confluency was not sensitive to RGD-containing peptides that inhibit the binding of integrins to extracellular matrix. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) treatment resulted in complete recovery of confluency, and protein and DNA contents 4-6 days after injury. Unlike EGF, IGF-1 or insulin treatment produced a small increase in confluency following TBHP exposure. These results suggest that hypertrophy following DCVC exposure and migration/spreading after TBHP and DCVC exposure play a partial and temporary role in the regeneration of RPTC monolayers, that in the absence of exogenous growth factors proliferation and complete regeneration of the monolayer does not occur, that toxicants may alter the production of mitogenic factors, and that EGF is a potent and efficacious growth factor in promoting regeneration.
Beliefs in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Several types of beliefs have been hypothesized to be associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), including responsibility for harm, need to control thoughts, overestimates of threat, intolerance of uncertainty, and beliefs about the consequences of anxiety and capacity to cope. The present study compared 62 subjects with OCD, 45 with other anxiety disorders (AD) and 34 controls, using 3 measures of OCD-related beliefs. OCD subjects scored higher than AD and control samples on 2 general belief measures. A closer analysis of specific belief domains indicated that OCD subjects scored higher than AD and control subjects on all 6 specific belief domains (responsibility, control, estimation of threat, tolerance of uncertainty, beliefs about the consequences of anxiety, and the capacity to cope). Four of the 6 domains showed reasonable convergent and discriminant validity with measures of OCD symptoms compared to other psychopathology; anxiety and coping beliefs were the exceptions. In regression analyses, cognitive measures contributed significant explanatory power beyond mood state and worry with uncertainty predicting severity of OCD symptoms above all other belief domains. Further research on OCD-relevant belief domains in etiology, maintenance and treatment is warranted.
New frontiers in insulin receptor substrate signaling.

Abstract Although most tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors directly bind Src homology 2 (SH2) proteins, the insulin receptor, and a select group of other hormone receptors—including an emerging group of cytokine receptors—phosphorylate intracellular insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins, which subsequently bind SH2 proteins. There are currently two members of the IRS family (IRS-1 and IRS-2); these IRS proteins contain elements of substantial similarity, but may also play divergent roles in mammalian physiology. The engagement of IRS proteins by other receptors suggests that IRS proteins mediate diverse biological signals.
Processes on the surface of ICE

Abstract Several reported experiments (viz. cohesion of ice spheres, sintering between ice spheres, evaporation from the edge of snow crystals, advancing layers across a growing ice surface, surface electrical conduction in deposited snow) are critically compared and correlated. The temperature dependence of these data below −7°C, analysed with Arrhenius' law, are attributed to thickening of a surface film and migration within that film. The fundamental activation energies are found to be 0.3 eV (release) and 0.4 eV (mobility) on the freshly crystallized basal plane, and 0.6 eV (release) and 0.3 eV (mobility) on annealed surfaces. The energies of sublimation on the basal and prism faces differ markedly.
Phosphorus in a model pond study:II. Sediment fertility and water concentrations

Two surfaces soils with contrasting physical and chemical characteristics were placed in model ponds to provide a sediment phosphate (P) source. Water samples were obtained weekly or biweekly and analyzed for total, total soluble, and soluble reactive P. Fertilizer P additions which exceeded sediment P absorption capacity occasionally tended to produce significantly higher P concentrations. Smaller P additions had no influence on pond P concentrations and no relationship between pond P concentrations and sediment EPC values was found. Soluble reactive P concentrations in most of the ponds were similar and seldom > 5 µg/1.
Genetics of the Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

The myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are clonal disorders of hematopoiesis characterized by the production of mature appearing cells within the blood stream. The MPNs were initially grouped together by William Dameshek in 1951, who noted the pathogenetic and clinical similarity of the different MPN [1]. However, it was not until the last 5 years that researchers have begun to elucidate the genetic basis for this group of diseases. Beginning with the 2005 discovery of the JAK2-V617F mutation, different MPNs have been the source of multiple gene discovery efforts [2–5]. This has led to the exciting discovery of a series of mutations in patients with MPN in known genes as well as in novel genes not previously known to be involved in pathogenesis of human disease.
Media Research: a graduate student's primer

The purpose of this paper is to trace the historical emphasis and development of media-related research. The positive and negative aspects of this research are reviewed. Early research with its inherent methodological problems is followed by more recent studies involving aptitude treatment interaction. Recommendations by practitioners and researchers alike, as well as trends for future research, are presented. This paper should provide the novice media researcher with an introduction, review and current thinking on media-related research activities.
Soil-skin adherence from carpet: Use of a mechanical chamber to control contact parameters

A computer-controlled mechanical chamber was used to control the contact between carpet samples laden with soil, and human cadaver skin and cotton sheet samples for the measurement of mass soil transfer. Mass soil transfers were converted to adherence factors (mg/cm2) for use in models that estimate dermal exposure to contaminants found in soil media. The contact parameters of pressure (10 to 50 kPa) and time (10 to 50 sec) were varied for 369 experiments of mass soil transfer, where two soil types (play sand and lawn soil) and two soil sizes (< 139.7 μm and ≥139.7 < 381) were used. Chamber probes were used to record temperature and humidity. Log transformation of the sand/soil transfers was performed to normalize the distribution. Estimated adjusted means for experimental conditions were exponentiated in order to express them in the original units. Mean soil mass transfer to cadaver skin (0.74 mg/cm2) was higher than to cotton sheets (0.21 mg/cm2). Higher pressure (p < 0.0001), and larger particle size (...
Influence of different coil geometries on the spatial distribution of the plasma density in planar inductively coupled plasmas

The radial distributions of the electron density and the relative atomic argon excited state density have been investigated by means of Langmuir probes and optical emission spectroscopy, respectively, in planar inductively coupled plasmas. The plasma source is a modified Gaseous Electronics Conference RF Reference Cell [P. J. Hargis et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 65, 140 (1994)]. Two different planar coil geometries, a five-turn spiral coil and a one-turn circular coil, were investigated for a variety of plasma parameters. Additionally, we investigated the effect of different powering configurations of the spiral coil and an electrostatic shield between the coil and the plasma. We found that the coil geometry and power configuration of the coil influences the radial distribution of the electron density in the region close to the coil only, while in the region close to the lower electrode the radial distribution is dominated by diffusion.
Pyogenic granuloma in children.

: Pyogenic granuloma, also known as lobular capillary hemangioma, is a common, benign, acquired, vascular neoplasm of the skin and mucous membranes characterized by an erythematous, dome-shaped papule that bleeds easily. This is a retrospective study of 128 children with pyogenic granuloma treated at the Johns Hopkins pediatric dermatology clinic between 1991 and 2001. This study was undertaken to analyze the clinical characteristics, natural history, treatment options, recurrence risk, and outcome of this entity in children. The majority of the patients had uncomplicated pyogenic granuloma and were treated with a single shave excision and electrocautery, with no recurrences and good cosmetic results.
True Metabolizable Energy Values of Corn and Different Varieties of Wheat and Barley Using Normal and Dwarf Single Comb White Leghorn Roosters

Abstract An experiment with four trials was conducted to measure the true metabolizable energy value of corn and different varieties of wheat and barley using normal and dwarf Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) roosters. Maxigene, Purple, Red, and Yamhill wheats and corn were assayed for TME using normal sized and dwarf roosters in Trials 1 and 2, respectively. Hannchen, No. 2 Western, Lady Godiva, and Hiproly barleys were assayed using normal sized and dwarf SCWL roosters in Trials 3 and 4, respectively. The pooled results indicated that normal sized roosters gave (P
Daycare quality and regulation: A queuing-theoretic approach

Abstract Establishing national quality standards has become a central issue in the national debate about child care. Advocates of expanded regulation argue in favor of lower child–staff ratios, higher educational standards for caregivers, and smaller group sizes, but these tighter standards do not come without costs. We develop a formal model of the child care environment, concentrating on the impact that child–staff ratios, group size, and caregiver ability have on the amount of time children spend on-task and the intensity of caregiver–child interactions. The model clarifies the role of these variables and provides guidance concerning the potential costs and benefits of regulation. A major policy implication of this research is that regulation of child–staff ratios, group sizes and caregiver qualifications is too blunt an instrument for improving the overall quality level of child care. The model presented in this paper has wide application to other educational and related human services, since new technology makes it more economical to provide these services with individualized components. [ JEL J13, J18, I21]
Infarction of the left hepatic lobe in a neonate on serial CTs: Evolution of a pseudomass to atrophy

We report a case of “hepatic mass” in a neonate caused by infarction of the left hepatic lobe with later atrophy. It is hoped that serial imaging can lead to recognition of this entity with avoidance of angiography and laparotomy.
L'animal-machine

Quantitative Ethology: The State Space Approach. By David McFarland and Alasdair Houston. Pp.204. ISBN 0-273-08417-8. (Pitman: 1981.) ?17.50, $24.95.
Implicit transient finite element structural computations on MIMD systems - FETI vs. direct solvers

A domain decomposition method for implicit schemes that require significantly less storage and is several times faster than factorization algorithms is proposed. The transient domain decomposition method is an extension of the finite element tearing and interconnecting (FETI) method for the solution of static problems. Serial and parallel performance results obtained using the CRAY Y-MP/8 and the iPSC-860/128 systems demonstrate that the FETI method is superior to both serial and parallel direct methods.
Isolation of genes involved in nodulation competitiveness from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii T24

Abstract Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii T24 produces a potent anti-rhizobial compound, trifolitoxin, and exclusively nodulates clover roots when in mixed inoculum with trifolitoxin-sensitive strains of R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii [Schwinghamer, E. A. & Belkengren R. P. (1968) Arch. Mikrobiol. 64, 130-145]. In the present study, the isolation of trifolitoxin production and resistance genes is described. A cosmid genomic library of T24 was prepared in pLAFR3. No trifolitoxin expression was observed in the resulting Escherichia coli cosmid clones. One cosmid clone was identified that restored trifolitoxin production and nodulation competitiveness in three nonproducing mutants of T24. The recombinant plasmid from this cosmid clone, pTFX1, also conferred trifolitoxin production and resistance when transferred to symbiotically effective strains of R. leguminosarum bvs. trifolii, phaseoli, and viceae. Cosmid pTFX1 also conferred expression of trifolitoxin production when present in strains of Rhizobium meliloti and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. No trifolitoxin expression was observed in strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum or Rhizobium sp. (cowpea) with pTFX1. Southern blot analysis with a biotinylated pTFX1 probe did not suggest that these genes were plasmid-borne. Transfer of pTFX1 to T24 or its derivatives resulted in 6- to 10-fold higher level of trifolitoxin production than wild-type T24.
Structure and Function of ELIC Bound with the Antagonist Acetylcholine

The bacterium Erwinia chrysanthemi ligand gated ion channel (ELIC) is a prototype for Cys-loop receptors, including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). We co-crystallized ELIC with acetylcholine, an endogenous agonist of nAChRs, and solved the crystal structure to a resolution of 2.9 A. Acetylcholine binds to the orthosteric agonist site for Cys-loop receptors. Upon acetylcholine binding, loop C exhibits a substantial contraction with a profound reduction in flexibility. Conformational changes in nearby regions of the ligand-binding domain are also observed. However, no substantial reorganization in the pore region was identified except for subtle side chain reorientation of the pore constriction residue F247. Functional measurements on Xenopus oocytes expressing ELIC channels indicate that acetylcholine antagonizes the ELIC currents elicited by primary amines. Our high-resolution structure provides an atomic-level detailed picture of how ligand binding renders gating-related conformational changes in different domains of Cys-loop receptors. It also represents a valuable template for rational drug development. (Supported by NIH grants R01GM066358, R01GM056257, R37GM049202, and T32GM075770)
The complex relation between genotype and phenotype in motor neuron disease

The success in mapping genetic loci and identifying mutant genes in familial neurodegenerative disease has outpaced our ability to understand the linkage between genotype and phenotype of disease. The results have led to a backlog of genetic information with limited clarification of underlying disease mechanisms. A major dilemma is how mutations in widely expressed proteins lead to degeneration or dysfunction of small subsets of neurons. The problem raises fundamental questions as to the nature and interrelation of pathways that maintain the homeostasis of differentiated neurons. The issue also bears on the pathogenesis of sporadic forms of disease and prospective efficacy of therapeutic applications. This review examines the problem as it relates to motor neuron disease.
Hemodynamic profiles in heart failure: Reply

We appreciate Dr. Pressman's interest in our study regarding the bedside evaluation of hemodynamic profiles in patients hospitalized with a new or prior diagnosis of heart failure [(1)][1]. Hemodynamic data are available for only 3 of 16 patients at the time of “profile L” (cold-dry) assessment
Sex offenders and criminal recidivism: an exploratory trajectory analysis using a Virginia sample

Several polices have been implemented in an effort to prevent sex offenders from recidivating. Many of these policies apply equally to all sex offenders, assuming that sex offenders are a homogenous group. Research has approached the study of sex offender recidivism rates similarly; not considering the possibility that sex offenders are comprised of distinct groups who have different risks of reoffending. The current study examines trajectories for a sample of sex offenders (N = 500) in Virginia and assesses the recidivism rates for each group. The results indicate three groups of offending paths exist. Subsequent analysis also revealed that sex offenders who follow a consistent path of sex offending are more likely to recidivate and commit violent, property, and drug offenses. A discussion of the implications of these findings is also presented.
Tyrosinaemia and Tyrosyluria in Infancy

SUMMARY The finding of transient tyrosinaemia in 49 children in a community screening survey is described and suggestions made concerning the nature of the temporary biochemical disturbance. In one case the abnormality, which was associated with appreciable tyrosyluria, lasted for at least 93 days without any major clinical disturbance. RESUME Tyrosinemie et tyrosylurie chez l'enfant Au cours d'une inspection selective d'une communaute on a decele une tyrosinemie passageere chez 49 enfants et on suggere certaines explications de la nature de ce desordre biochimique temporaire. Dans un cas, l'anomalie, qui etait associee a une appreciable tyrosylurie, a dure pendant un minimum de 93 jours sans aucun desordre clinique important. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Tyrosinamie und Tyrosilurie im Sauglingsalter Verubergehende Tyrosinamie die bei 49 Kindern in einer Gemeinschafts-Untersuchung entdeckt wurde wird beschrieben und es werden Vorschlage betreffs der zeitbedingten biochemischen Storung vorgebracht. Ein Fall, in dem die Abnormitat mit offensichtlicher Tyrosilurie verbunden war, dauerte ein Minimum von 93 Tagen ohne irgendwelche bedeutende klinische Storung im Gefolge zu haben. RESUMEN Tirosinemia y tirosiluria en lactantes Se describe corao se hallo tirosinemia transitoria en 49 lactantes durante investigaciones de una comunidad, y se sugiere cual podria ser el caracter del disturbio bioquimico temporario. En un caso la anomalia, asociada con una tirosiluria perceptible, persistio por lo menos 93 dias sin disturbio clinico importante.
A new method for the detection of hydroxyl radical production by phagocytic cells

Benzoic acid, a specific scavenger of hydroxyl radical (OH.) is known to be oxidized as the result of a reaction with OH.. We have determined that the decarboxylation of benzoic acid can be used to detect OH. generated in cell-free systems and human granulocytes. Benzoic acid is oxidized by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase enzyme system. This system is known to generate O2-, H2O2 and OH.. This oxidation is inhibited by superoxide dismutase, catalase and mannitol. Therefore, the oxidation of benzoic acid occurs by a mechanism similar to that reported for the oxidation of methional to ethylene and involves OH.. Resting granulocytes do not oxidize benzoic acid. However, marked oxidation of this substrate occurs during the phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan particles, indicating the production of OH. by these cells. The reaction can be inhibited by superoxide dismutase, catalase, azide and mannitol. Therefore, the production of OH. in the cell may be similar to that observed in the cell-free system. The granulocytes of a patient with known chronic granulomatous disease did not oxidase benzoic acid, indicating a defect in the generation of OH. by these cells.
Independent control of nutritional and shunt circulation.

Abstract The thesis I should like to present incorporates several concepts. First, that the circulation in the higher organisms is confined in a system of continuous “closed tubes”. How impervious these tubes really are varies with respect to the solute and vessel under consideration. According to our thesis, blood may flow from the arterial to the venous side of the circulation via alternative pathways across the walls of which the several solutes may move with greater or lesser freedom. Second, the varied exchange characteristics of the several components of the terminal vascular bed are adaptations to serve specific functions. Besides nourishing the tissue, the circulation must also perform special functions required by the organism as a whole. Finally, to carry through these disparate functions efficiently, there must be a direct, independent, physiologic mechanism for control of vascular smooth muscle governing each part of the system. We hope to examine the information which appears to support the various aspects of this thesis.
Synthesis and structure proof of a new ring system from the reaction of diironnonacarbonyl and naphtho[b]-cyclopropene

Abstract The reaction of naphtho [ b ] cyclopropene with Fe 2 (CO) 9 in CH 2 Cl 2 at 25°C yields at yellow crystalline product, I, in 27% yield. The identity and structure of I were ascertained by spectroscopic, and especially X-ray crystallographic means. The product can be formally regarded as resulting from the addition of an FeC bond of Fe(CO) 5 across one edge of the three-membered ring of naphtho [ b ]-cyclopropene. Thus, the iron atom is coordinated in distorted octahedral fashion by four CO groups, the carbon atom of a carbonyl group at the 2 position of naphthalene and the carbon atom of a methylene group at the 3 position of naphthalene. The product, (C 12 H 8 O)Fe(CO) 4 , crystallizes in space group P 2 1 / n . The unit cell contains four molecules and has the dimensions a = 9.446(3), b = 6.383(2), c = 23.464(4) A, β = 91.58(2)°. Using a total of 1731 reflections for which ¦ F 0 ¦ 2 exceeded 3 times the standard deviation of ¦ F 0 ¦ 2 the structure was solved and refined to convergence using anisotropic temperature factors for all atoms to give discrepency indices of R 1 = 0.064 and R 2 = 0.081. The CC distances in the naphthalene moeity agree very well with known values for naphthalene itself. The four FeCO distances are 1.815, 1.823, 1.831 and 1.844 A, the FeCH 2 distance is 2.112(7) A and the FeC(O) ring distance is 2.035(5) A.
Hope springs eternal: learning and the stability of cooperation in short horizon repeated games

Abstract This paper considers learning rates in finitely repeated prisoners’ dilemmas. If players think their opponents might be relatively cooperative (e.g., tit-for-tat or grim types), they will cooperate in finitely repeated prisoners’ dilemmas (see Kreps et al., J. Econom. Theory 27 (1982) 245). However, if there are actually no cooperative types, players will eventually learn this and cooperation will break down. This paper shows that this learning is extremely slow, so it will take an extremely long time for cooperation to break down. Thus, suppose the world is either “good” or “bad.” The probability of a grim type is δ>0 if the world is good, and zero if the world is bad. Successive generations pair up to play finitely repeated prisoners’ dilemmas. Players observe play in previous generations and use Bayes’ rule to update their prior, π, that the world is good. We show that, if the world is really bad, then π falls O(δ 2 log (1/δ)) per generation on average. Thus, if δ is small, there is less cooperation if the world is good, but cooperation may become more stable. For a representative 19 period repeated prisoners’ dilemma, beliefs fall one percentage point on average after a thousand generations. To derive these learning rates, we must refine existing results on the sensitivity of repeated games to Kreps et al. (1982) type perturbations. Specifically, we show cooperation is possible in perturbed prisoners’ dilemmas repeated O(log(1/δ)) times. This improves significantly on the O(1/δ) results in previous work. The paper thus provides two new reasons why cooperation tends to be stable, even in short horizon repeated games.
Personality and posttraumatic stress disorder among directly exposed survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing.

Abstract Background Few disaster studies have specifically examined personality in association with exposure to disaster and development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A study of survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing examined PTSD and personality measured after the disaster. Methods In a random sample of 255 survivors from a bombing survivor registry, 151 (59%) completed both full PTSD and personality assessments using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule and the Temperament and Character Inventory, respectively. Results Postbombing PTSD was associated with low self-directedness and low cooperativeness, and also with high self-transcendence and harm avoidance in most configurations. Disorganized (schizotypal) character and explosive (borderline) temperament configurations were associated with PTSD; creative and autocratic character configurations were negatively associated with PTSD. Conclusions Clinicians should be vigilant for PTSD among individuals with personality disorders and also be aware that personality disorders are likely to be overrepresented among people with PTSD. Treatment of PTSD may need to take into account comorbid personality disorders and personality features.
A spectral simulation approach to evaluate probabilistic measurement precision of a reactor coolant pump torsional vibration shaft crack monitoring system

Abstract A prototype torsional vibration monitoring system has been installed on two reactor coolant pumps at Tennessee Valley Authority Sequoyah Power Plant Unit 1 nuclear reactor for shaft crack monitoring. The system uses a change in torsional natural frequencies as a diagnostic feature since as a crack grows the shaft line torsional dynamics change commensurately. For effective diagnostic monitoring, it is critical to know the inherent feature variation resulting from the instrumentation and data processing. The integrated nature of the prototype hardware/software system and the inaccessibility of the equipment inside the reactor containment building make it impossible to evaluate the measurement capability in a traditional instrumentation chain approach. Hence, a simulation-based evaluation was performed to determine the cumulative effect of the measurement system on the uncertainty in the torsional natural frequency estimation. The identification algorithm operates on the measured torsional spectrum to estimate a natural frequency. All of the inherent measurement and data processing uncertainties ultimately affect the spectrum in some manner. Therefore, if the characteristics of the reactor coolant pump torsional spectrum can be replicated via a model; it can be used to assess the overall prototype system measurement uncertainty. The underlying premise is that the line shaft dynamics remain constant, in the absence of a fault, and hence any natural frequency variation is due strictly to the measurement system uncertainty. To this end, a single degree of freedom simulation model was first developed which matched the natural frequency and damping of a crack sensitive torsional mode in the reactor coolant pump. The model input was carefully selected such that the averaged spectral amplitude and variance from the ensembles matched the measured reactor coolant pump torsional vibration. The model was then used to create one hundred sample responses that replicated pump spectral response in a statistical sense. The same data processing routines used in the prototype system were applied to the simulation data thus creating sample populations of the natural frequency and damping. Statistical tolerance limits containing 99.9% of the sample population with a 99.9% probability were used to quantify the system's measurement uncertainty. The limits for the crack sensitive mode 3 of the reactor coolant pump were (1) natural frequency: ±0.04740 Hz and (2) damping ratio: ±0.00036.
Multi-Image Edge Detection for SST Images

Abstract This paper presents an approach based on the analysis of an image sequence to detect temperature fronts in a sea surface temperature image. The multi-image edge detection algorithm starts by applying a single-image edge detection algorithm to the sequence of images under study. Next, fronts or portions of fronts, which were detected in neighboring images by the single-image algorithm and which match features in the current image, are identified as persistent. The coordinates of these persistent fronts are then passed to the single-image edge detection algorithm so that additional fronts can be detected. The performance of the multi-image edge detection algorithm, of various single-image algorithms, and of a human expert are evaluated on a set of 98 images. For that purpose, the location of the fronts obtained by applying various methods to the SST images is compared to the in situ measures of the Gulf Stream position. With respect to both quality and the number of detected edges, the multi-image ...