cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reproductive counseling, contraception, and unplanned pregnancy in fertile women treated by gynecologic oncologists.

Abstract We sought to identify how gynecologic oncologists approach reproductive counseling for their fertile, reproductive age patients, and their experience with unplanned pregnancies. Members of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) were surveyed electronically regarding consistency of counseling patterns of contraception and fertility concerns, most and least common contraceptive methods utilized, referral patterns, and incidence of unplanned pregnancy. Of the 1424 SGO members identified, 261 participated in the questionnaire, yielding a response rate of 18%. Eighty-two percent of respondents agreed unplanned pregnancy is a potential problem, but only 57% believed their patients understood unplanned pregnancy is possible during treatment. Half of respondents report “always” in terms of frequency that contraception is addressed among their high-risk patients. After adjustment for gender, we found that the odds of reporting providing fertility counseling were nearly three times higher among attendings as compared to fellows [AOR = 2.72; 95% CI = (1.44, 5.12), three times higher in women as compared to men [AOR = 2.80; 95% CI = (1.46, 5.38)], as well as in individuals 50 + years as compared to those
Exploration of regression models for cancer noncoding mutation recurrence

Cancer initiation and progression are caused by"driver"mutations that are vastly outnumbered by the "passenger" mutations that accumulate due to cancer-associated genome instability. With genome-wide detection of somatic mutations now becoming commonplace for moderate-sized cancer studies, improvements in methods for discriminating driver from passenger mutations would significantly advance the field of cancer biology. In large-cohort studies, recurrence of mutations within a regulatory element can be used to identify probable driver mutations; but for small-cohort studies of new cancer types or subtypes, the recurrence approach by itself has limited statistical power. In such cases, bioinformatic approaches work well for functional assessment of somatic mutations within protein-coding genes, but how to functionally assess noncoding somatic mutations--using large-scale datasets of measurements and information about the local genomic context of the mutation--is a fundamental open problem in bioinformatics. Based on recent reports of specific noncoding mutations that drive cancer progression, we proposed and investigated a recurrence-based regression approach for quantifying the cancer-promoting potential of the local genomic and chromatin context of a somatic mutation. We integrated 29 genomic correlates (from sequence conservation, sequence GC content, distance to the nearest gene, and ENCODE project genome location datasets) within seven different regression models in three model classes (generalized linear models (GLMs), ensemble decision tree models, and neural network models). We trained and tested the models using a combined dataset of 4.5 million noncoding somatic mutations from 20 different types of cancer. We then characterized the models' accuracies and obtained relative importance scores for the features. We found that the Poisson regression model performs the best among the regression models and that a deep neural network structure is promising for predicting noncoding mutation recurrence.
Examples of Computation of Exact Moment Dynamics for Chemical Reaction Networks

The study of stochastic biomolecular networks is a key part of systems biology, as such networks play a central role in engineered synthetic biology constructs as well as in naturally occurring cells. This expository paper reviews in a unified way a pair of recent approaches to the finite computation of statistics for chemical reaction networks.
Laboratory and clinical effects of nortestosterone. II. The endometrial response.

The effects of norethindrone on the primed endometrium at 2.5 5 and 10 mg doses given over 7 and 14 day periods was studies by endometrial biopsy in 9 patients on the seventh and fourteenth days of norethindrone administration. There were variations in individual responses at each dose level. Atypicality in relation to the normal endometrial development was a consistent finding. The optimum replacement dose of norethindrone lies between 5 and 10 mg daily over a 14 day period. Merely increasing dosage over a short period of time has little effect on ripening the endometrium. A 2 week interval seems optimum for maturation.
Base-Controlled Completely Selective Linear or Branched Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed C−H ortho -Alkylation of Azines without Preactivation

A [RhI]/bisphosphine/base catalytic system for the ortho-selective C−H alkylation of azines by acrylates and acrylamides is reported. This catalytic system features an unprecedented complete linear or branched selectivity that is solely dependent on the catalytic base that is used. Complete branched selectivity is even achieved for ethyl methacrylate, which enables the introduction of a quaternary carbon center. Excellent functional group compatibility is demonstrated for both linear and branched alkylations. The operational simplicity and broad scope of this transformation allow for rapid access to functionalized azines of direct pharmaceutical and agrochemical relevance.
1 – SYNCHROTRON RADIATION SOURCES

Publisher Summary The chapter presents a study on synchrotron radiation sources. Synchrotron radiation is a very bright, broadband, polarized, and a pulsed source of light extending from the infrared to the x-ray region. It is an extremely important source of vacuum ultraviolet radiation. Synchrotron radiation covers the entire electromagnetic spectrum from the infrared region through the visible, ultraviolet, and into the x-ray region up to energies of many tens of kilovolts. In electron storage rings, there are the following three possible sources of synchrotron radiation: dipole (bending) magnets; wigglers, which act like a sequence of bending magnets with alternating polarities; and undulators, which are also multiperiod alternating magnet systems but in which the beam deflections are small, resulting in coherent interference of the emitted light. The theory describing synchrotron radiation emission is based on classical electrodynamics. The most important characteristic of accelerators built specifically as synchrotron radiation sources is that they have a magnetic focusing system, which is designed to concentrate the electrons into bunches of very small cross section and to keep the electron transverse velocities small. The chapter presents a discussion on the concept of fourth-generation sources, which have high brightness, and are based on multiparticle coherence. The chapter presents a phenomenological description in order to highlight the general concepts involved.
Implications for Neuroethology from Comparative Neurophysiology

Neuroethology is a new science. Most of those here witnessed its emergence. Of course, it has its roots. As with any science, the currently fashionable concepts, the bad words, the differing views about fruitful approaches are the products of its history. We do well, therefore, to consider the background and to ask how adequate is our present understanding of the confluence of traditions that led to the new term, neuroethology.
A finite-set model-based predictive battery thermal management in connected and automated hybrid electric vehicles

The connected and automated hybrid electric vehicles (CAHEVs) have the potential to improve safety by mitigating traffic accidents. A crucial problem of the CAHEVs is that the Lithium-ion batteries are highly temperature-sensitive and may be premature aging at high working temperatures. Consequently, an effective and efficient battery thermal management (BTM) system is required with the minimum possible cooling energy consumption. To achieve the multiple objectives, a finite-set model-based (FSMB) predictive control strategy for the BTM in a CAHEV is presented, in which an improved cost function is proposed for better performances. Based on the predictive model of battery temperatures, the optimum cooling approach is determined with consideration of the future road information and battery charge/discharge power. The hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test based on a Toyota Prius HEV model and the UDDS road cycle is conducted, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed BTM strategy in both temperature control and energy saving.
An adaptive simplex genetic algorithm

In this paper, based on our previous research on simplex genetic algorithm, we put forward an adaptive approach for the self-adaptation of the percentage of simplex. According to the average fitness of those individuals generated by simplex operator in a certain generation, a set of rules is designed to adaptively adjust the simplex percentage within a certain range. This helps the algorithm always run at a relative optimized simplex percentage. We test our approach on both testbed problems and a real metabolic modeling problem. The results are satisfactory.
Ultra Low Nonlinearity Pure Silica Core Fiber and its Application to Hybrid Transmission Lines

Hybrid transmission lines consisting of dispersion unshifted single mode fiber and dispersion compensating fiber has been explored. For the dispersion unshifted fiber, new designpure silica core fiber with an effective area over 110 μm2 and attenuation of 0.171 dB/km at 1.55 μm has been successfully developed. It exhibits ultra low nonlinearity and excellent bending loss performance. Optimum design of the hybrid line employing the new pure silica core fiber has also been examined by tailoring the characteristics of the dispersion compensating fiber. Hybrid transmission lines actually fabricated based on the optimized design exhibit a span loss of 0.205 dB/km, a span dispersion slope of 0.020 ps/nm2/km and low nonlinearity with the equivalent effective area of 60 μm2
Modeling of Subsurface Damage in Sandwich Composites Using Measured Localized Nonlinearities

Composite materials are being used more frequently in commercial and military aircraft structures. Many nondestructive techniques have been developed to inspect composite materials for subsurface damage; however, many of these existing inspection techniques aim to detect either linear changes in the material properties of the composite or geometrical changes in the material to determine the presence of damage. Subsurface damage in a sandwich composite panel is tested using a scanning laser vibrometer, and nonlinear vibration response properties are identified in the forced frequency response of the composite panel. The nonlinear behavior identified in the composite panel is applied to a homogeneous, isotropic beam model such that the forced frequency response of localized damage in the beam resembles the behavior measured in the sandwich composite panel. Stiffness and damping nonlinearities induced locally in the analytical model are used to show that multi-amplitude frequency response functions may be used as a means of detecting nonlinear behavior attributed to composite damage in a composite material. The results of the analytical model show that the nonlinear behavior due to damage displays a global behavior in an analysis of the frequency response of the system and is able to be identified locally when consideration of the linear system dynamics are taken into account.
Solvent- and Wavelength-Dependent Photoluminescence Relaxation Dynamics of Carbon Nanotube sp3 Defect States.

Photoluminescent sp3 defect states introduced to single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) through low-level covalent functionalization create new photophysical behaviors and functionality as a result of defect sites acting as exciton traps. Evaluation of relaxation dynamics in varying dielectric environments can aid in advancing a more complete description of defect-state relaxation pathways and electronic structure. Here, we exploit helical wrapping polymers as a route to suspending (6,5) SWCNTs covalently functionalized with 4-methoxybenzene in solvent systems including H2O, D2O, methanol, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, and toluene, spanning a range of dielectric constants from 80 to 3. Defect-state photoluminescence decays were measured as a function of emission wavelength and solvent environment. Emission decays are biexponential, with short lifetime components on the order of 65 ps and long components ranging from around 100 to 350 ps. Both short and long decay components increase as emission wavel...
Conservative therapeutic interventions for osteoarthritic finger joints: A systematic review.

Abstract Study Design Systematic review. Introduction Hand osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic and disabling disease causing pain and functional limitations in approximately 54%-67% of the adult population aged 55 years and older. Purpose of the Study The objective of the study is to evaluate the evidence supporting conservative therapeutic interventions for the treatment of OA finger joints. Methods Eighteen studies dated between 1979 and 2016 were identified meeting the inclusion criteria. They were analyzed based on Structured Effectiveness for Quality Evaluation of a Study, level of evidence, and effect size. Results and Conclusions The current evidence varies in quality and effect sizes but generally supports the use of active range of motion and resistive exercises, joint protection, electromagnetic therapy, paraffin wax, and balneotherapy (combined and/or not combined with mud packs and magnetotherapy), and distal interphalangeal orthoses as effective treatment interventions for individuals with OA finger joints.
Extreme scattering events from axisymmetric plasma lenses

Frequency-dependent brightness fluctuations of radio sources, the so-called extreme scattering events (ESEs), have been observed over the last three decades. They are caused by Galactic plasma structures whose geometry and origin are still poorly understood. In this paper, we construct axisymmentric two-dimensional (2D) column density profiles for the plasma lens and explore the resulting ESEs for both point-like and extended sources. A quantity that becomes relevant is the impact parameter $b$, namely the distance of the observer's path from the lens symmetry axis. We demonstrate its effects on the shape of ESE light curves and use it for a phenomenological classification of ESEs into four main types. Three of them are unique outcomes of the 2D model and do not show a characteristic U-shaped dip in the light curve, which has been traditionally used as an identification means of ESEs. We apply our model to five well-studied ESEs and show that elongated plasma tubes or quasi-spherical clouds are favoured over plasma sheets for four of them, while the remaining one is compatible with both lens geometries.
A preliminary framework to guide implementation of The Flipped Classroom Method in nursing education

Healthcare environments have increased in complexity over the last 30 years. However, educational methods to prepare nurses have remained virtually unchanged. To prepare nurses to practice in today's complex practice environment, there are calls for change and transformation in how nursing education is implemented. This transformation requires nurse educators to shift their epistemic beliefs about teaching and learning by considering theories that promote effective learning. An innovative method being used in nursing education is the Flipped Classroom Method (FCM). The FCM is a teaching strategy that encourages critical thinking and application of knowledge obtained outside of the classroom to real-world situations and problems within the classroom. This paper presents a preliminary framework synthesized from multiple theories including andragogy, constructivism, self-efficacy, and diffusion of innovations. The purpose of this preliminary framework is to support the nurse educator's reflections about the learner, their abilities to implement the FCM and to synthesize theoretical constructs to implement the FCM.
The concept of resilience: a bibliometric analysis of the emergency and disaster management literature

Resilience has become an important concept in the fields of emergency and disaster management. Despite the increased use of resilience in the academic and public policy arenas, the intellectual top...
Retention of a chromosomal inversion from an anadromous ancestor provides the genetic basis for alternative freshwater ecotypes in rainbow trout

Migratory behaviour patterns in animals are controlled by a complex genetic architecture. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a salmonid fish that spawns in streams but exhibits three primary life history pathways: stream-resident (fluvial), lake-migrant (adfluvial) and ocean-migrant (anadromous). Previous studies examining fluvial and anadromous O. mykiss have identified several genes associated with life history divergence including the presence of an inversion complex within chromosome 5 (Omy05) that appears to maintain a suite of linked genes controlling migratory behaviour. However, adfluvial trout are migratory without being anadromous, and the genetic basis for this life history has not been investigated from evolutionary perspectives. We sampled wild, native nonanadromous rainbow trout occupying connected stream and lake habitats in a southwest Alaskan watershed to determine whether these fish exhibit genetic divergence between fluvial and adfluvial ecotypes, and whether that divergence parallels that documented in fluvial and anadromous O. mykiss. Data from restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) sequencing revealed an association between frequencies of both the Omy05 inversion complex and other single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with habitat type (stream or lake), supporting the genetic divergence of fluvial and adfluvial individuals in sympatry. The presence of a genetic basis for migration into lakes, analogous to that documented for anadromy, indicates that the adfluvial ecotype must be recognized separately from the fluvial form of O. mykiss even though neither is anadromous. These results highlight the genetic architecture underlying migration and the importance of chromosomal inversions in promoting and sustaining intraspecific diversity.
Distressed Firms and Dividend Reductions

We are interested in the effects of dividend reduction decisions on the firms that make them. We compare financial ratios of distressed dividend-reducing firms to distressed firms that did not reduce dividends, of nondistressed dividend-reducing firms to nondistressed firms that did not reduce dividends, and ratios of distressed dividend- reducing firms to nondistressed dividend-reducing firms. Results indicate benefits of dividend reductions to both distressed and nondistressed firms. We find a cost to nondistressed firms, i.e., a drop in the market value of the firm in the year following the dividend reduction.
Furtado, Gustavo Procopio. Documentary Filmmaking in Contemporary Brazil: Cinematic Archives of the Present. Oxford UP, 2019

In Documentary Filmmaking in Contemporary Brazil: Cinematic Archives of the Present , film and media studies scholar Gustavo Procopio Furtado makes an impressive contribution to the study of documentary films in Brazil. Consisting of three interrelated sections with two chapters each, the book engages with the concepts of documentary and archive from a variety of perspectives—combining socio-political and theoretical discussion with close analysis of a well-chosen selection of contemporary documentaries.
Abstract 4465: The effect of insurance status on childhood and adolescent cancer survival using data from the National Cancer Database

Background Differences in access, delivery or utilization of health care may impact childhood and adolescent cancer survival. In this study, we evaluated the impact of insurance coverage on survival among children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer, and explored potential mechanisms. Methods We obtained data from 58,421 individuals diagnosed with any cancer type at ≤ 19 years old from 2004-2010 from the National Cancer Database. We examined associations between insurance status at diagnosis or initial treatment and stage at diagnosis, treatment received (any vs. none), and all-cause mortality using logistic regression, Cox proportional hazards regression, restricted mean survival time and mediation analyses for all cancers combined and by cancer type. We evaluated the moderation effect of age on cancer death in association with insurance status using the likelihood-ratio test. Results Children and adolescents with Medicaid, unknown insurance, and those who were uninsured were more likely to be non-White, from lower income counties, be diagnosed at an advanced stage, and less likely to receive any treatment than those with private insurance. Those with Medicaid, unknown insurance, and who were uninsured had a 27% (95%CI, 1.22 to 1.33), 39% (95%CI, 1.26 to 1.53), and 32% (95%CI, 1.20 to 1.46) higher hazard of death during 5 years of follow-up versus those with private insurance. Survival at 60 months was modestly lower for these groups than those who were privately insured at 1.73 months (95%CI, -2.07 to -1.38), 2.48 months (95%CI, -3.29 to -1.68), and 2.13 months (95%CI, -2.91 to -1.34). The higher mortality risk and lower survival months in non-privately insured cases were observed for most cancer types. In mediation analyses, for Medicaid and uninsured patients, earlier diagnosis for staged cancers was estimated to reduce the survival deficit by approximately one fourth and one half. Treatment did not account for the insurance associated survival difference. Conclusion Enhancing existing insurance coverage and ensuring equal and early diagnosis may help to improve survival overall for children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer. Future qualitative studies are needed to understand institutional and family level barriers to diagnosis and care of children with cancer and to further explain the underlying mechanisms for differences in childhood survival by insurance status. Citation Format: Xiaoyan Wang, Rohit P. Ojha, Kimberly J. Johnson. The effect of insurance status on childhood and adolescent cancer survival using data from the National Cancer Database [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4465.
Defining Dharma Yuddha: a Taxonomical Approach to Decolonizing Studies on Hindu War Ethics

Extant scholarship on Hindu war ethics uses the term dharma yuddha as a synonym of the term, just war, as conceptualized within Christian theo-ethical frameworks developed primarily in the Western academy. Dharma in the term dharma yuddha is presented as equivalent to the term just in just war, and an antonym of adharma or kuta, i.e., unjust. I track the documentary origins of the term dharma yuddha by surveying the usage of this and similar terms in ancient Hindu sources, including the Mahabharata, the Arthashastra, and selected Dharmasastras. I find that the usage of the term dharma yuddha in primary Hindu sources is markedly different from how it is used in contemporary scholarship: the texts mention a range of types of war that are closely related to, but not the same as, the concept of dharma yuddha; this taxonomical richness and complexity is not captured by a binary analytical framework of just versus unjust. In addition, the relationship between dharma and war remains under-explored and merits a more nuanced study than a one-to-one comparison with Christian just war ethics. I, hence, offer a taxonomical model for dharma yuddha, which places it as part of the yuddha family; the model presents attributes of dharma yuddha that are necessary and/or sufficient and which bear conceptual similarities with attributes of other members in the yuddha family. The model presents these attributes in a hierarchical fashion as is reflected in the texts surveyed. The paper makes two types of contributions: firstly, theoretically, it fills a lacuna in the scholarship on Hindu war ethics by presenting a taxonomical and constructive framework to study war that draws from a systematic survey of wars as presented in the Hindu canon; secondly, methodologically, it seeks to decolonize studies on Hindu ethics by studying the texts on their own terms, as opposed to seeing them through the eyes of Christian and, primarily, Western, analytical categories of war.
Counter-Storying Lives and Literacies: Narratives of Transformational Resistance

This article employs counterstorytelling to present a layered, nuanced rendering of two bilingual, bicultural Latinas’ school leaving. Data were taken from an ethnographic narrative inquiry into th...
Work-in-Progress—An Immersive Virtual Learning Environment for a Visual Arts Curriculum

Shadowglen: Global Art Studies in Virtual Reality is a work-in-progress curriculum. It is a fully scalable, immersive, artifact-based course of study designed to foster learner agency in the e-learning process. Students explore a visually contextualized virtual island and interact with virtual artifacts linked to a broad variety of online open educational resources. The course employs a range of both digital and virtual media and encourages metaliteracies commonly considered critical to success in the 21st century. The format can be readily adapted to any number of visual arts curricula
A Dutch book for CDT thirders

I give a Dutch book argument for CDT thirders in the context of a generalized Sleeping Beauty scenario. In combination with the Briggs (2010) Dutch book for EDT thirders, this amounts to a purely decision-theoretic argument for halfing in Sleeping Beauty. In combination with the Hitchcock (2004) Dutch book for CDT halfers, this amounts to a Dutch book argument against CDT. The combined Dutch book against CDT invites a plausible diagnosis of the reasons for CDT’s failure: CDT is incompatible with the Dutch book requirement because it allows the values of epistemically impossible outcomes influence one’s decision.
Covalent Adaptive Networks for Enhanced Adhesion: Exploiting Disulfide Dynamic Chemistry and Annealing during Application

During the curing process of traditional thermoset adhesives/sealants, it is impractical to avoid all non-ideal conditions, e.g., preassembly reactions, trapped voids, and polymerization induced sh...
Leveraging stakeholder networks with outside-in marketing

Abstract The theory of Outside-in marketing (OIM) emphasizes the importance of internal and external partners of a firm to drive strategies for value creation. OIM is based on four key tenets: market sensing and responses, segmentation and targeting, innovation, and employee's learning effort. With this commentary, we apply the theory of OIM to network analysis. By doing so, we identify key stakeholder networks as part of a firm's business ecosystem and discuss the value that can be extracted from different stakeholder networks. Most prior network research in marketing has mainly used customer or employee network data while neglecting other important stakeholder groups. We provide information about how network analysis of stakeholder data can fill gaps in the marketing literature and provide firms with essential knowledge, economic value, and influence over external partners, and improve the value generation process. We first describe each tenet and give examples of stakeholder networks that can be investigated within the realm of the tenet definitions. We then discuss different challenges that social network research can pose, and end with future research questions that can be explored for empirical research studies.
Two-Dimensional Nanoscale Imaging of Gadolinium Spins via Scanning Probe Relaxometry with a Single Spin in Diamond

Spin-labeling of molecules with paramagnetic ions is an important approach for determining molecular structure, however current ensemble techniques lack the sensitivity to detect few isolated spins. In this Letter, we demonstrate two-dimensional nanoscale imaging of paramagnetic gadolinium compounds using scanning relaxometry of a single nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond. Gadopentetate dimeglumine attached to an atomic force microscope tip is controllably interacted with and detected by the NV center, by virtue of the fact that the NV exhibits fast relaxation in the uctuating magnetic eld generated by electron spin ips in the gadolinium. Using this technique, we demonstrate a reduction in the T1 relaxation time of the NV center by over two orders of magnitude, probed with a spatial resolution of 20 nm. Our result exhibits the viability of the technique for imaging individual spins attached to complex nanostructures or biomolecules, along with studying the magnetic dynamics of isolated spins.
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a halogenated phenazine-erythromycin conjugate prodrug for antibacterial applications

There is a significant need for new antibacterial agents as pathogenic bacteria continue to threaten human health through the acquisition of resistance and tolerance towards existing antibiotics. Over the last several years, our group has been developing a novel series of halogenated phenazines that demonstrate potent antibacterial and biofilm eradication activities against critical Gram-positive pathogens, including: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecium. Here, we report the design, chemical synthesis and initial biological assessment of a halogenated phenazine-erythromycin conjugate prodrug 5 aimed at enhancing the translational potential for halogenated phenazines as a treatment of bacterial infections.
No effect of marine protected areas on managed reef fish species in the southeastern United States Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Marine protected areas (MPAs) have been recommended as an essential conservation tool for ecosystems and fisheries, with MPA coverage increasing four-fold globally since 2000. Despite the increased usage of MPAs, empirical results and scientists are divided on the effectiveness of MPAs to reach their conservation and management goals. In 2009, the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council established eight deep-water partially-protected MPAs off the southeast United States (SEUS) Atlantic coast with the goal of protecting long-lived, deep-water, reef-associated fishery species. Data collected during fish trapping from 2000 to 2018 as part of a fisheries-independent survey were used to evaluate the impacts of protection on a subset of fish species in three of these MPAs. There was a modest positive shift to larger fish observed in two of the MPAs and to older fish for one species, Pagrus pagrus (Linnaeus, 1758), in one of the MPAs relative to adjacent fished areas; however, there was either no change or a decrease in managed reef fish abundance in each MPA relative to adjacent fished areas. Based on these metrics, it does not appear that the SEUS MPAs have yet been effective at protecting managed reef fish species. Given that these MPAs have low enforcement, future assessments should examine compliance within the SEUS MPAs to determine if lack of success is due to illegal fishing, species examined, or MPA design before making a final determination if deep-water MPAs are an effective strategy for fisheries managers in the SEUS.
Covid, Capitol Insurrection, And (A Lack Of) Education—Time For E.D. Hirsch?

Two men say they’re Jesus—one of them must be wrong.from Dire Straits’ Industrial DiseaseIt goes without saying that 2020 will go down as the year of Covid. As detailed in the fall 2020 Covid speci...
A cannabis oracle? Delphi method not a substitute for randomized controlled trials of cannabinoids as therapeutics.

With millions of people using cannabinoids to treat a host of medical conditions, clinicians want guidance on how to utilize cannabinoids as pharmacotherapy in their practices. The Delphi method is a systematic, interactive forecasting method that aims to develop consensus best practices where guidelines are not available. A multidisciplinary group of global cannabinoid experts utilized a modified Delphi process to develop three protocols for the dosing and administration of cannabinoids to treat chronic pain. Two protocols recommend cannabidiol (CBD), for which there is limited evidence as an analgesic, starting well below doses required for other indications. Guidance on prescribing CBD for pain may demonstrate consensus recommendations based upon suboptimal evidence. Consensus processes like the Delphi method are well-meaning, but they are not a substitute for rigorous RCTs with large sample sizes, adequate duration, and standardized outcome measures.
Hormones and Oncogenes in Human Breast Cancer

Breast cancer occurs in 120,000 women in the United States annually (1). Thirty-five percent of these women will ultimately die of metastatic breast cancer. The majority of women who develop metastatic disease receive some form of hormonal therapy. Effective hormonal therapies include both estrogen withdrawal by oophorectomy or leuteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) analogues in premenopausal women or adrenalectomy, anti-estrogens, or aromatase inhibition in postmenopausal women; and addition of pharmacologic doses of estrogens, progestins, and androgens. Although 1/3 of those receiving these treatments will have regression of their disease, inevitably progession of the cancer will occur despite continued hormonal therapy. These facts dictate an intense study of the relationship between hormones and the growth and progression of breast cancer, and study of the mechanism by which breast cancers develop hormone independence or resistance.
Image Tubes in Nuclear Physics

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on two methods of seeing tracks of charged particles in scintillation material—both require electronic image intensifiers of high gain. The two schemes differ in the method used to get an image out of the scintillation material and on to the input of the image intensification system. Historically, the first system suggested was to use a solid block of scintillation material as the sensitive region and form an image of tracks on the input of the intensifier by the means of a fast optical system. In the second system, on which the work at Princeton is concentrated, the sensitive region is built up of small diameter fibers of scintillator plastic. To determine a gain requirement for the image intensifiers in a particle track imaging system, the light intensity at the end of the fibers must be estimated. At present, the primary problem in the development of a scintillation chamber is that of developing an image intensification system with the necessary gain and sufficiently low noise.
Numerical simulations of the sampling performance of a large particle inlet

Abstract The sampling performance characteristics of a funnel-shaped large particle inlet (LPI) were obtained experimentally using wind-tunnel measurements and the results compared against computational fluid dynamics (CFD) predictions. In the wind-tunnel, a moving injector system was used to inject polydisperse particles uniformly over the tunnel cross-section and a pair of Aerodynamic Particle Sizers were used to measure size-resolved sampling efficiencies of the inlet at 3 m s−1. The wind-tunnel results differed from earlier published CFD predictions, necessitating a numerical re-analysis of the inlet performance with a higher order turbulence model and a finer mesh grid appropriate for accurate particle turbulent dispersion modeling. The new simulations revealed non-uniformity in the spatial distribution of particles exiting the inlet. As particle measurements were only made from a sub-set of the inlet flow, the spatial distribution of particles needed to be considered for an accurate comparison with numerical simulations. Accounting for the spatial non-uniformity of particles exiting the inlet resulted in reasonably good comparison of simulations with experimental data. The simulation results suggest that the current LPI design results in an almost wind-speed independent sampling performance for particles smaller than 10 µm and a cut-size of ~20 µm for wind-speeds as large as 4.5 m s−1. The CFD results suggest that a simple redesign will result in effective sampling of larger particles but will increase the wind-speed dependence of the inlet's sampling efficiency. Further wind-tunnel testing is required to validate the predicted sampling efficiencies at larger sizes and higher wind-speeds.
Mild Hypothermia Improves Recovery of Cortical Extracellular Potassium Ion Activity and Excitability After Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in the Rat

Background and Purpose —Mild brain hypothermia significantly alleviates damage after focal ischemia, although the mechanism of this protection remains poorly defined. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that mild hypothermia would protect cortex from early deterioration of ion homeostasis and loss of excitability associated with reperfusion after focal ischemia. Methods —Cortical extracellular potassium ion activity ([K+]o) and the response of [K+]o to direct cortical stimulation was measured both in the ischemic core and in the ischemic penumbra of normothermic and mildly hypothermic (31.5°C to 32°C) rats after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion. Results —The response of [K+]o during MCAO was similar in normothermic and hypothermic animals. However, within 1 hour of reperfusion, [K+]o in the ischemic core region of normothermic animals showed incomplete recovery and was refractory to direct cortical stimulation. [K+]o in hypothermic animals returned to preischemic levels on reperfusion and continued to respond to direct cortical stimulation. Mild hypothermia prevented extensive infarction 24 hours after transient MCAO. Conclusions —The data suggest that transient focal ischemia is accompanied by early disturbances of potassium ion homeostasis during reperfusion, which are accompanied by loss of excitability and which may contribute ultimately to cortical infarction.
Optimal management of multiple renewable resource stocks: An application to Minke whales

Most bioeconomic models of efficient renewable resource management are constructed for a single harvesting ground. A bioeconomic model is developed in this paper to study the optimal management of renewable resources that are found in spatially distinct harvesting grounds. The model is applied to Minke whale management. Important inter-regional substitution effects are shown to exist. In addition, comparison with previous studies shows that multiple stock management is necessary for efficient management. Finally, the current Minke whale moratorium is shown to be inefficient unless significant nonmarket values exist.
Modification of calmodulin on Lys-75 by carbamoylating nitrosoureas.

Abstract This paper describes characterization of the reaction of calmodulin with a series of nitrosoureas which are capable of releasing amine-reactive isocyanates of varying hydrophobic character. The site of calcium-dependent carbamoylation on calmodulin by the antineoplastic agent 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (methyl CCNU) was determined to be Lys-75 as demonstrated using [ring-14C]methyl CCNU and sequence analysis of the sole labeled peptide obtained from tryptic digestion of reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-purified radiolabeled calmodulin. CCNU, the 4-desmethylcyclohexyl derivative of methyl CCNU, and its reactive hydrolysis product, cyclohexyl isocyanate, were also determined to modify calmodulin in a similar manner and at the same site, as demonstrated by specific blockade of modification by the calmodulin antagonist calmidazolium. Nitrosoureas which release the less hydrophobic 4-hydroxy- and 4-carboxycyclohexyl isocyanates are unable to modify calmodulin at 25-fold higher concentrations than those required for modification with methyl CCNU, CCNU, or cyclohexyl isocyanate. With this monomodified Lys-75 derivative, purified to homogeneity by HPLC, differential effects of modification on the activation of bovine brain 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (phosphodiesterase) and human erythrocyte Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase were observed. Compared to the amounts of native calmodulin needed, phosphodiesterase required 7-fold higher amounts of this derivative to reach maximal activation, whereas the activation of the ATPase was unaffected. Clearly, different regions of calmodulin are responsible for the activation of phosphodiesterase and the ATPase. We conclude that Lys-75 is not essential for the function of calmodulin but is in a region of the molecule involved in interaction with phosphodiesterase as well as the binding of certain hydrophobic calmodulin antagonists.
Separating Retribution from Proportionality: A Response to Stinneford

Professor John Stinneford follows his initial article concerning the original meaning of the Eighth Amendment with an excellent article in the Virginia Law Review, Rethinking Proportionality Under the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause. In this latest piece, Stinneford argues that the original meaning of the Eighth Amendment’s Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause includes not only a prohibition against barbaric punishments (defined as ones without “long usage”), but also against excessive or “disproportionate” punishments. Stinneford then advocates rethinking the Supreme Court’s Eighth Amendment evolving standards of decency jurisprudence to center the “cruel” inquiry on whether the punishment at issue is “proportionate,” in a retributive sense, in light of prior punishment practices.In this brief Response, I raise two possible objections to Stinneford’s analysis. First, Stinneford insists that proportionality must be solely a retributive concept for Eighth Amendment purposes, both as a matter of original interpretation and sound application. While retribution is certainly part of the “proportionality” analysis, I believe that utilitarian justifications of punishment are also relevant to the concept of proportionality. As explained below, this is true both as a matter of original interpretation and perhaps more importantly as a reasonable basis for the Court’s current application of the Eighth Amendment.Second, I question whether, if one adopts Stinneford’s model of Eighth Amendment retributive proportionality, application of the Eighth Amendment would achieve the purposes he advocates. Spe-cifically, I am not persuaded that limiting the application of the Eighth Amendment to the question of retributive proportionality would improve the much-criticized application of the Eighth Amendment in capital cases. Further, I am not convinced that the retributive model of proportionality Stinneford advocates would effectively bridge the gap between the two-tiered application of the Eighth Amendment in capital and non-capital cases.
Protein Kinase C‐α and ‐δ Are Required for FcαR (CD89) Trafficking to MHC Class II Compartments and FcαR‐Mediated Antigen Presentation

Studies have demonstrated that receptor-mediated signaling, receptor/antigen complex trafficking, and major histocompatibility complex class II compartments (MIIC) are critically related to antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells. In this study, we investigated the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in FcalphaR/gammagamma (CD89, human IgA receptor)-mediated internalization of immune complexes and subsequent antigen presentation. The classical and novel PKC inhibitor, Calphostin C, inhibits FcalphaR-mediated antigen presentation and interaction of MIIC and cargo vesicle (receptor and antigen). PKC-alpha, PKC-delta, and PKC-epsilon were recruited to lipid rafts following FcalphaR crosslinking, the extent of which was determined by the phenotype of the gamma chain. Mutant gamma chain with an FcgammaRIIA ITAM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif) insert was less able to recruit PKC and trigger antigen presentation. Both PKC isoform-specific peptide inhibitors and short interfering RNA (siRNA) showed that PKC-alpha and PKC-delta, but not PKC-epsilon, were required for association of cargo vesicle and MIIC and for FcalphaR-mediated and soluble antigen presentation. Inhibition of PKC (classical and novel) did not alter major histocompatibility class II biosynthesis, assembly, transport, or plasma membrane stability. PKC's role in facilitating interaction of cargo vesicle and MIIC is likely due to regulation of vesicle biology required for fusion of cargo vesicles to MIIC.
Metals and Related Minerals and Ores

Although there are 70 metallic chemical elements, only 8 (gold, copper, lead, iron, silver, tin, arsenic and mercury) were recognized and used in their metallic state before the eighteenth century ACE. Only two — gold and copper — were sufficiently available in their uncombined native state to be of importance to ancient societies. In the Old World, gold and copper metallurgy originated in the Near East more than 7000 years ago. The first uncontested use of metallic copper dates to the late eighth millennium BCE at an aceramic Neolithic site in southeastern Turkey where beads made of native copper have been found. In the last few decades, individuals and teams from many countries have begun to locate ancient mines of the Old World (e.g., Wagner et al. 1983, 1984; Gerwien 1984).
Differences in the Indonesian seaway in a coupled climate model and their relevance to Pliocene climate and El Niño

[1] A fully coupled general circulation model is used to investigate the hypothesis that during Pliocene times tectonic changes in the Indonesian seas modified the Indo-Pacific heat transport and thus increased the zonal sea surface temperature gradient in the equatorial Pacific to its large, current magnitude. We find that widening the Indonesian seaway by moving the northern tip of New Guinea south of the equator leads to an increased inflow of South Pacific waters into the Indian Ocean, but because of potential vorticity constraints on cross-equatorial flow it also leads to reductions in both the inflow of North Pacific waters and the total Indonesian throughflow transport. The reduced throughflow is matched by increased eastward transport of warm and fresh North Pacific surface waters along the equator to the central equatorial Pacific. As a result, the Intertropical Convergence Zone lies closer to the equator and the western Pacific Warm Pool expands farther east than for present-day conditions. This reduces the delayed oscillator component of El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and enhances the role of stochastic perturbations. Thus, with a more open Indonesian seaway, ENSO becomes weaker and more irregular.
Initial Pore Pressure from Vertical Surface Loads

In estimating the initial settlement of footings supported on saturated clay soils, it is necessary to evaluate the instantaneous excess pore pressure developed in the soil upon application of the load. In this study, an explicit formula is derived for the instantaneous excess pore pressure beneath a corner of a uniformly loaded rectangular area. The pressure at an arbitrary point within the soil, then, is obtained by simple superposition of the basic result.