cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quality Improvement and Safety in US Pharmacy Schools

Objective. To catalog the methods in which quality improvement (QI) and safety are taught in schools and colleges of pharmacy in the United States and showcase exemplar QI programs. Methods. This descriptive, multi-phase study included an online questionnaire, syllabi review, and phone interviews. The study was approved by the University of Arizona Institutional Review Board (IRB). One representative from each US pharmacy school accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) was invited to participate. Participants indicated the type of QI education their school provided via online questionnaire. Following questionnaire completion, syllabi were requested from the schools and phone interviews were scheduled with a school representative to obtain additional information. From the data, exemplars were chosen using a predetermined, evidenced-based rubric. Results. Of the 136 schools contacted, 56 (41.2%) completed the survey. Of the responding schools reporting their QI and safety offerings, 41 (73.2%) had a required session/module; 24 (42.9%) had a required course; 21 (37.5%) had an elective course; 21 (37.5%) had an introductory pharmacy practice experience (IPPE), advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE), or internship; 17 (30.4%) had a required project; 17 (30.4%) had interprofessional education integrated into their course; 15 (26.8%) had an error laboratory; and 11 (19.6%) offered postgraduate training. Conclusion. Many of the responding US schools of pharmacy expose students to some aspect of QI and/or safety, most often via class session or module. The exemplar programs serve as examples of how QI can be further integrated into pharmacy curricula.
‘The Swarm Principle’: A Sub-National Spatial Analysis of Aid Targeting and Donor Coordination in Sub-Saharan Africa

Do bilateral and multilateral foreign aid donors target poverty? To answer that question, we present a framework for assessing the quality of aid targeting sub-nationally. If donors cluster aid in areas with concentrated poverty, or spread out aid in areas of diffuse poverty, then we conclude that donors are targeting aid well. Furthermore, because co-financing may be a mechanism that improves coordination and information-sharing among donors, we examine whether the frequency of donor co-financing increases the quality of aid targeting. Recently released sub-national georeferenced foreign aid data for all bilateral and multilateral donors are available in five sub-Saharan African countries, making it possible to map the placement of foreign aid along with sub-national poverty levels. Results indicate that foreign donors target poverty in some countries but not others, and higher co-financing is associated with lower quality targeting across all cases.
A Holistic View of Mammalian (Vertebrate) Cellular Iron Uptake

Cell iron uptake in mammals is commonly distinguished by whether the iron is presented to the cell as transferrin-bound or not: TBI or NTBI. This generic perspective conflates TBI with canonical transferrin receptor, endosomal iron uptake, and NTBI with uptake supported by a plasma membrane-localized divalent metal ion transporter, most often identified as DMT1. In fact, iron uptake by mammalian cells is far more nuanced than this somewhat proscribed view suggests. This view fails to accommodate the substantial role that ZIP8 and ZIP14 play in iron uptake, while adhering to the traditional premise that a relatively high endosomal [H+] is thermodynamically required for release of iron from holo-Tf. The canonical view of iron uptake also does not encompass the fact that plasma membrane electron transport - PMET - has long been linked to cell iron uptake. In fact, the known mammalian metallo-reductases - Dcytb and the STEAP proteins - are members of this cohort of cytochrome-dependent oxido-reductases that shuttle reducing equivalents across the plasma membrane. A not commonly appreciated fact is the reduction potential of ferric iron in holo-Tf is accessible to cytoplasmic reducing equivalents - reduced pyridine and flavin mono- and di-nucleotides and dihydroascorbic acid. This allows for the reductive release of Fe2+ at the extracellular surface of the PM and subsequent transport into the cytoplasm by a neutral pH transporter - a ZIP protein. What this perspective emphasizes is that there are two TfR-dependent uptake pathways, one which does and one which does not involve clathrin-dependent, endolysosomal trafficking. This raises the question as to the selective advantage of having two Tf, TfR-dependent routes of iron accumulation. This review of canonical and non-canonical iron uptake uses cerebral iron trafficking as a point of discussion, a focus that encourages inclusion also of the importance of ferritin as a circulating 'chaperone' of ferric iron.
Infrared properties of high-purity silicon

High-purity silicon is a readily available material of utility in realizing a variety of long-wavelength optical and guided wave components. The transmittance of uncompensated for silicon is measured in the far- and mid-infrared regimes at room and cryogenic temperatures. The experimental and analysis techniques used to extract the refractive index from 100-1000cm-1 (100-10 µm) are presented, and the results are compared to the literature. An average refractive index below 300cm-1, n^(300K)=3.417+i8.9×10-5, which transitions in cooling to n^(10K)=3.389+i4.9×10-6, is observed.
Draft genome sequence of an extensively drug-resistant neonatal Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate harbouring multiple plasmids contributing to antibiotic resistance

Abstract Objectives Klebsiella pneumoniae is a notorious nosocomial pathogen that has become a significant cause of neonatal infections causing morbidity and mortality. A multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae isolate (K184) was isolated from a 5-day-old infant admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of a local hospital in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Whole-genome analysis of the isolated strain was performed to gain a better understanding of the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinants. Methods K. pneumoniae isolate K184 was sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. The genome was assembled using SPAdes with 30× coverage and was annotated using the NCBI Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline (PGAP) v.4.3. Characterisation of the strain was performed using MLST 2.0 server. Plasmids, antimicrobial resistance determinants and virulence factors were identified using PlasmidFinder v.2.0, the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) and Virulence Factors Database (VFDB), respectively. Results Neonatal K. pneumoniae isolate K184 has a considerably large genome with a size of 6,686,067 bp and a GC content of 55.6%. The isolate possesses three plasmids actively contributing to antimicrobial resistance, which classifies it as heavily loaded genome, along with three prophage regions. With 15 antimicrobial resistance determinants and various virulence factors, the neonatal isolate belongs to ST2096. Conclusion The genome of neonatal isolate K184 studied here provides an insight into antibiotic resistance and virulence determinants. This draft genome can be used to compare antimicrobial-resistant K. pneumoniae strains isolated from the neonatal population.
Polymer–Ceramic Composite Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: A Comparison between the Single-Ion-Conducting Polymer Matrix and Its Counterpart

Single-ion-conducting polymer electrolytes are attractive to use in lithium batteries as the transference number of the lithium cation approaches unity. This helps prevent concentration gradients a...
One Hundred Years of African American Economists: Difficulties and Prospects for Black Political Economy in the 21st Century:

The challenge set before Black economists in 1967 by Harold Cruse in his seminal work The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual: A Historical Analysis of the Failure of Black Leadership, to create new e...
Accelerated right heart failure due to lung resection in the setting of chronic respiratory failure

Abstract A 68-year-old woman with a past medical history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with recent right upper and middle lobectomy was admitted for dyspnea and volume overload. She was diagnosed with right-sided heart failure (RHF) through clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic means. In the setting of chronic respiratory failure, the recent right lung lobectomy was deemed to be the inciting factor of the RHF. The mechanism by which RHF occurs in this situation is multifactorial, and it is essential to undergo pre-operative risk stratification and post-operative monitoring to avoid emergent events.
Growth of Aspergillus oryzae in irradiated sucrose-nitrate medium.

The nature of the growth medium is an important factor in determining the death of fungi by radiation. The effect of irradiated media on growth and spore germination of A. oryzae was investigated. Sucrose-nitrate medium in the dry or liquid form was exposed to 5.6-Mev electrons at doses up to 3.92 Mrad and inoculated with spores. Radiation changed the medium in such a manner as to stimulate (at 3.92 Mrad in dry form) or retard (3.92 Mrad in broth) the growth of A. oryzae. Growth was also retarded when A. oryzae was grown in sucrose-nitrate broth previously irradiated at doses of 0.436 to 3.05 Mrad. The growth on the nonirradiated control was not significantiy different from growth at doses of 0.087 to 3.05 Mrad on the dry irradiated sucrose-nitrate medium. The results of the spore germination tests indrcated that there was no significant difference between the germination of the spores of A. oryzae in the nonirradiated control medium and the broth which was radiated at a dose of 3.92 Mrad. All doses used here were in the range needed to preserve foods. In evaluating fungal growth on foods or other substrates which might be treated with radiation to prevent microbialmore » growth, it is important to consider the effect of radiation upon the food and the direct effect of ionizing radiations upon the fungus. The present results emphasize the importance of changes in the medium on the growth variations of fungi. Although no stimulation of growth was indicated here at lower doses, other studies have indicated that low doses are stimulatory to fungal growth. (H.H.D.)« less
Lettuce wars: ten years of work and struggle in the fields of California

Lettuce Wars is Bruce Neuburger’s memoir of the 10 years he spent working in the lettuce and vegetable fields of California’s central coast. But Lettuce Wars does not delve into the type of self-co...
Literacy skills in children and adolescents with Down syndrome

Research has found that many children andadolescents with Down syndrome acquire somelevel of reading ability. Studies to date havedocumented that cognition, language, andphonological awareness contribute tovariability observed in performance onconventional literacy measures for thispopulation, although the extent of relativecontributions varies among studies. Less isknown about the relationship of early literacyskills to conventional reading, or howrelationships among variables that supportliteracy acquisition are similar or differentfrom those observed in typically developingchildren. In this project, cognition,language, early literacy, phonologicalawareness and reading skills were examined in agroup of children and adolescents with Downsyndrome (aged 5;06 to 17;03) and a group oftypically developing children (aged 3;06 to5;03) matched for nonverbal cognition. Resultsrevealed broad variability in performance onearly literacy and reading measures in personswith Down syndrome. Comparisons with mental age-matchedchildren indicated differences in the relativecontribution of language and cognition toreading ability, with language being a strongerpredictor in the group with Down syndrome.
Mass transfer mechanisms in CoO

In order to identify the diffusing species and to establish the diffusion mechanisms, the growth kinetics of grain boundary grooves have been investigated in high purity cobalt oxide over a temperature range from 1084° to 1408°C. The rate of mass transfer was determined interferometrically from a specimen annealed in air for various times. The controlling mechanism of mass transport was deduced from the morphological change of the groove profiles. At temperatures below 1100°C, surface diffusion was the controlling mass transport mechanism, and at temperatures above 1140°C, volume diffusion was the dominant mechanism. The mass transfer volume diffusion coefficient,Dm, is given byDm=Do exp(−Q/RT) whereDo=3.94×10−3 sq cm per sec andQ=38,420±2110 cal per mole. TheDo value is based on an estimated value for the surface free energy of 500 ergs per sq cm. The measured activation energy is in good agreement with the activation energy for cation self-diffusion determined recently by Chen, Peterson, and Reeves using tracer-sectioning techniques. TheDo value agrees with their results within a factor of two, depending on the surface free energy value that is chosen. Reducing the oxygen partial pressure results in a decrease inDm, similar to the decrease in the cobalt self-diffusion coefficient at 1309°C.
Wastewater and Biosolids as Sources of Airborne Microorganisms

History of Aeromicrobiology and Wastewater Aerosols Originating from Wastewater Treatment Plants Bioaerosols Associated with Sprinkler Irrigation Using Wastewater Bioaerosols Associated with Land Placement of Biosolids Miscellaneous Sources of Wastewater Aerosols Keywords: aerosols; airborne microorganisms; bioaerosols; bioaerosols in wastewater treatment plants; biosolids; sludge; wastewater treatment
Secularization, Modernization, or Population Change: Explaining the Decline of Prohibition in the United States†

Objective While previous cross-sectional research has suggested a relationship between the prohibition of alcohol sales and the presence of distinctive patterns of religious adherence, the relationship between policy adoption and social change is best evaluated through longitudinal analysis. We assess the extent to which a policy decision by a county to shift away from or toward a policy of prohibition is related to underlying changes in the composition of the countywide population. Methods Multinomial logistic regression analyses are used to describe the relationship between county-level demographic and cultural variables and changes in a county's prohibition policy status from dry to wet and wet to dry between 1970 and 2008. Results The results demonstrate that certain kinds of social change are associated with changes in a county's public policy with respect to prohibition. By far, the strongest factor explaining shifts from dry status to wet status is an increase in a county's religious diversity. Conversely, there is also a relationship between a county's religious character and movement from wet status to dry status, specifically, the strongest factor associated with movement from wet status to dry status is an increasing rate of Evangelical adherence in the county. Conclusions There is a relationship between the religious character of a county and the preference for this particular policy option. While religious change is most important in explaining public policy on prohibition, changes in the religious milieu are one element of a broader process of modernization and other social change that involves such demographic variables as income, education, and urbanization.
Antiguos documentos de medicina maya

El libro de medicinas (1751), es una fuente inedita muy importante para el conocimiento de la medicina tradicional yucateca, por tanto su fecha temprana reflejar una sintesis entre remedios puramente indigenas con los de procedencia europea. Tambien permite establecer interesantes puntos de comparacion con otras fuentes medicinales yucatecas tales como El libro del judio, Los Libros de Chilam Balam de Chan Cah, Na, Kaua, Ixil, Etcetera y algunas paginas del ritual de Los Bacabes, saliendo a relucir tanto similitudes como divergencias.
Analysis of the ε-Expansion in Turbulence Theory: Approximate Renormalization Group for Diffusion of a Passive Scalar in a Random Velocity Field

The validity of the e-expansion in the turbulence problem is discussed using the example of diffusion of a passive scalar in a random velocity field. A generalization of Wilson's rule for calculating a diagram of arbitrary order is introduced. The resulting perturbation series, while having zero radius of convergence, is summed exactly yielding amplitudes which differ from those obtained to lowest order in the e-expansion by only a few percent. The properties of the expansion are analyzed in detail and it is shown that various subsets of diagrams, while differing by an infinite number of terms, give close results in the vicinity of the fixed point. This indicates nontrivial compensation of high-order interactions in turbulence. The irrelevance of high-order couplings is demonstrated for arbitrary values of e. The quality the approximation is tested by comparison with numerical experiments on diffusion of a passive scalar in a band-limited random velocity field in the limit of infinite Peclet number.
Direct Detection of Dark Matter and Grand Unification

Gravity mediated supergravity grand unified models with R-parity invariance make predictions of what may be expected in future experiments in both accelerator and non-accelerator physics. We review here what parameters of the theory control the relic density of dark matter neutralinos and their direct detection cross section for local (Milky Way) dark matter, and show that this cross section is expected to have a maximum at a neutralino mass of about 60 GeV. Theoretical predictions are compared with the preliminary DAMA data of an annual modulation effect, and it is shown that the theory is consistent with this data for both universal and non-universal soft breaking for tan β ≲ 6–8. The effect of the DAMA data, were it to be confined, on accelerator Predictions at the Tevatron Run II and LHC are discussed.
Data-driven differential dynamic programming using Gaussian processes

We present a Bayesian nonparametric trajectory optimization framework for systems with unknown dynamics using Gaussian Processes (GPs), called Gaussian Process Differential Dynamic Programming (GPDDP). Rooted in the Dynamic Programming principle and second-order local approximations of the value function, GPDDP learns time-varying optimal control policies from sampled data. Based on this framework, we propose two algorithms for implementations. We demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed framework using three numerical examples.
A Binocular, Foveated Active Vision System

This report documents the design and implementation of a binocular, foveated active vision system as part of the Cog project at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. The active vision system features a three degree of freedom mechanical platform that supports four color cameras, a motion control system, and a parallel network of digital signal processors for image processing. To demonstrate the capabilities of the system, we present results from four sample visual-motor tasks.
Economics of Renewable Energy Production

Renewable energy (RE) includes a diverse set of technologies that produce useful energy from nondepleting resources, emit little pollution, and involve no fuel costs. While RE comprises only about an eighth of world energy supply, it is growing quickly and could become a much larger share without approaching resource supply constraints. Valuation of the costs and benefits of RE has improved as studies have become more comprehensive in scope and more precise. Still valuation remains complicated and subject to wide bands of uncertainty for several reasons: heterogeneity among RE technologies; accounting for externalities, such as pollution, that are not always traded in markets; and benefits that depend on counterfactuals that vary substantially by time and location. Costs have to account for intermittency, which depends on many factors such as how thin a reserve margin to maintain, as well as technology dynamics, which over the long term may reduce costs. Experience with substantial shares of RE generation in real commercial settings has provided data and opportunities to analyze the integration of RE with the surrounding energy market. A key research challenge is to use this fuller accounting of costs and benefits to produce general insights about energy markets, without being limited by the technological, location, and temporal idiosyncrasies, which so far appear dominant. Future research questions revolve around whether costs are increasing or decreasing in deployment and include considerations of resource availability, temporal correlation in production across space and technologies, technological change in RE and complementary technologies, and emergent properties at large scale. Keywords: technological change; climate change; pollution externalities; knowledge externalities; grid integration; wind; solar
Does it Matter Who Trades? Broker Identities and the Information Content of Stock Trades

This paper shows that the market reaction to a trade depends on the identity of the broker initiating the trade, controlling for the known determinants of the permanent price impact. I combine microstructure data with investor trading records to reconstruct brokers' customer bases and to examine broker heterogeneity. I find that informed traders are more likely to trade through certain types of brokers and that the market uses all trade characteristics jointly to make inferences about the probability that a trade originates from an informed trader. The permanent price impact of a trade is decreasing in the household-intensity of a broker, indicating that the market perceives households to be trading less frequently on private information. Trade characteristics also matter when they deviate from the historical norm: an unusual trade from a retail broker generates a higher price impact than what it would generate if the trade originated from an institutional broker.
Differentiation and characterization of human pluripotent stem cell-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical component of the central nervous system (CNS) that regulates the flux of material between the blood and the brain. Because of its barrier properties, the BBB creates a bottleneck to CNS drug delivery. Human in vitro BBB models offer a potential tool to screen pharmaceutical libraries for CNS penetration as well as for BBB modulators in development and disease, yet primary and immortalized models respectively lack scalability and robust phenotypes. Recently, in vitro BBB models derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have helped overcome these challenges by providing a scalable and renewable source of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). We have demonstrated that hPSC-derived BMECs exhibit robust structural and functional characteristics reminiscent of the in vivo BBB. Here, we provide a detailed description of the methods required to differentiate and functionally characterize hPSC-derived BMECs to facilitate their widespread use in downstream applications.
Control of the soil water balance by sagebrush and three perennial grasses in a cold‐desert environment

Abstract This study compared the capacity of monocultural stands of crested wheatgrass, giant wildrye, streambank wheatgrass, and Wyoming big sagebrush to deplete water from a clay‐loam soil. Soil water balance of a natural sagebrush steppe was used as a reference point. Transplanted crested wheatgrass plants extracted 243 mm of water from the soil during the first growing season, using most of the plant‐available water. The other species extracted less water, but evapotranspiration from all stands was well over the average annual precipitation for the study area (224 mm). In the second year, all four species extracted water from the entire 2.2‐m profile and used most of the available water. The native community removed essentially all of the available soil moisture in each of the three years. Despite phenological and morphological differences among species, patterns of water depletion were generally similar. Seasonal evapotranspiration varied little among species but was correlated with the soil water av...
Sputum neutrophil counts are associated with more severe asthma phenotypes using cluster analysis

Background Clinical cluster analysis from the Severe Asthma Research Program (SARP) identified 5 asthma subphenotypes that represent the severity spectrum of early-onset allergic asthma, late-onset severe asthma, and severe asthma with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characteristics. Analysis of induced sputum from a subset of SARP subjects showed 4 sputum inflammatory cellular patterns. Subjects with concurrent increases in eosinophil (≥2%) and neutrophil (≥40%) percentages had characteristics of very severe asthma. Objective To better understand interactions between inflammation and clinical subphenotypes, we integrated inflammatory cellular measures and clinical variables in a new cluster analysis. Methods Participants in SARP who underwent sputum induction at 3 clinical sites were included in this analysis (n = 423). Fifteen variables, including clinical characteristics and blood and sputum inflammatory cell assessments, were selected using factor analysis for unsupervised cluster analysis. Results Four phenotypic clusters were identified. Cluster A (n = 132) and B (n = 127) subjects had mild-to-moderate early-onset allergic asthma with paucigranulocytic or eosinophilic sputum inflammatory cell patterns. In contrast, these inflammatory patterns were present in only 7% of cluster C (n = 117) and D (n = 47) subjects who had moderate-to-severe asthma with frequent health care use despite treatment with high doses of inhaled or oral corticosteroids and, in cluster D, reduced lung function. The majority of these subjects (>83%) had sputum neutrophilia either alone or with concurrent sputum eosinophilia. Baseline lung function and sputum neutrophil percentages were the most important variables determining cluster assignment. Conclusion This multivariate approach identified 4 asthma subphenotypes representing the severity spectrum from mild-to-moderate allergic asthma with minimal or eosinophil-predominant sputum inflammation to moderate-to-severe asthma with neutrophil-predominant or mixed granulocytic inflammation.
A paradigm shift in myocardial stunning.

The study by Burnes et al. [(1)][1]in a recent issue of JACC was presented to show the close correlation of reconstructed and measured electrograms in and out of ventricular tachycardia, in a chronic (four-day-old) infarction model. The investigators make the additional observation that a large
Wavefront Topology System & finite element method applied to orthogonal mesh structures

The Wavefront Topology System (WTS) is a novel algorithm which produces 3D grids in various coordinate systems. The mathematical procedure is identical for all coordinate geometries. The geometrical boundaries constrain the node insertion process for mesh topologies. In conjunction with local and global indexes, coordinates are simultaneously generated for arbitrary geometrical domains. This unique technique will demonstrate compatibility with existing finite element methods. Due to a universal approach for various coordinate systems and geometrical structures, the technique is useful in EMC modeling. For the exposition of EMC, the Laplace equation will provide a natural choice for analysis. The sparsity pattern will prove the efficiency of the algorithm. The computational complexity is also comparable to existing methods. The results will demonstrate an effective implementation of the algorithm.
DNA sequence mapping using electron microscopy.

DNA sequences can be mapped on chromosomes at high resolution in the electron microscope after hybridization with a nonisotopically labeled probe followed by detection with a two-step antibody reaction employing a colloidal gold tag. Hybridization probes can be modified with biotin-dUTP, digoxigenin-dUTP, dinitrophenyl-dUTP, or N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF). The availability of different sizes of colloidal gold particles permits the simultaneous detection of several sequences. In addition, low signals can be amplified either with an antibody sandwich scheme or by silver intensification. This technology is applicable both to TEM and SEM preparations of chromosomes, and we have used it to map a number of highly and moderately repeated sequences on whole mount meta-phase chromosomes.
A reliable approach to the solution of Navier–Stokes equations

Abstract In this paper we will demonstrate an affective approach of solving Navier–Stokes equations by using a very reliable transformation method known as the Cole–Hopf transformation, which reduces the problem from nonlinear into a linear differential equation which, in turn, can be solved effectively.
Renal Complications of Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Renal failure following cardiopulmonary bypass is an infrequent complication. Many patients who succumb in the early postoperative period, however, show evidence of multiple organ failure. As a result, the actual incidence of renal failure is difficult to assess. It has been reported as ranging between 2 and 10 per cent of cases.1-4 Once renal failure is established following cardiopulmonary bypass, the mortality is high.4 Following intracardiac surgery, hyperkalemia appears earlier and progresses rapidly in comparison with renal failure from other causes.5 Renal compensatory mechanisms required for acid-base balance are depressed and a series of interrelated cardio-renal-respiratory abnormalities is initiated which can terminate in death.#{176} In general, renal failure is defined by the onset of the inability of the kidneys to vary urine content and volume appropriately in response to homeostatic needs. Following bypass, these needs are maximal. In any setting, renal failure is classified into two major types: (1) functional, which is precipitated by extra-renal factors and is immediately reversible by arresting or correcting the renal action of these factors, and (2) organic, which is not immediately reversible by arresting or correcting the action of extra-renal precipitating factors. Functional renal failure accompanies nearly every cardiopulmonary bypass procedure and, if prolonged, can lead to organic failure with tubulorrhexis associated with bloodless capillaries, extravascular protein, heme pigment, and casts within nephron
Dental development and the evolution of life history in hominidae

Development of the dentition is critically integrated into the life cycle in living mammals. Recent work on dental development has given rise to three separate lines of evidence on the evolution of human growth and aging; these three, based on several independent studies, are reviewed and inte- grated here. First, comparative study of living primate species demonstrates that measures of development (e.g., age of emergence of the first permanent molar) are highly correlated with the morphological attributes brain and body weight (as highly as r = 0.98, N = 21 species). These data predict that small-bodied, small-brained Australopithecus erupted M, at 3-3.5 years and possessed a life span comparable to that of a chimpanzee. Second, chronologi- cal age at death for three australopithecines who died at or near emergence of MI is now estimated as -3.25 years based on incremental lines in teeth; this differs substantially from expectations based on human growth schedules (5.5-6 years). Third, developmental sequences (assessed by the coefficient of variation of human dental age) observed in gracile Australopithecus and great apes diverge from those of humans to a comparable degree; sequences become more like modern humans after the appearance of the genus Homo. These three lines of evidence agree that the unique rate and pattern of human life history did not exist at the australopithecine stage of human evolution. It is proposed that the life history of early Homo matched no living model precisely and that growth and aging evolved substantially in the Hominidae during the last 2 million years.
SU‐GG‐J‐33: Localizing a Moving Tumor Using MV‐CBCT

Purpose: To evaluate mega‐voltage cone‐beam computed tomography (MV‐CBCT) imaging of moving tumors.Method and Materials: Five patients treated for early stage non‐small cell lungcancer using stereotactic body radiation therapy(SBRT) were analyzed. Simulation images were obtained with a Siemens Sensation Open 4D‐CT scanner. The Internal Target Volume (ITV) comprised of the tumor in each phase and on the free‐breathing CT was created. Daily localization was performed with MV‐CBCT on a Siemens Artiste linear accelerator with the in‐line kView system, using a 4.2 MeV electron beam incident on a carbon target without flattening filter to increase the yield of low energy photons. The tumor was contoured on each daily CB image. The size of the ITV contours on the planning CT and MV‐CBCT was compared in the anterior‐posterior (AP), left‐right (LR) and superior‐inferior (SI) directions. Results: In the majority of cases the standard deviation of the MV‐CBCT contour size from day to day was less than 2 mm. The average difference between the planning CT and MV‐CBCT contours varies widely from patient to patient. The largest difference (10.1 mm) was seen in the SI direction for a patient for whom breathing motion was large (18 mm), and the contrast between the tumor and its surroundings in the expected tumor position during the full‐inhale phase was reduced. The second largest difference (7.2 mm) was seen in the SI direction in a patient for whom the proximity of the tumor to a large blood vessel also reduced the contrast. Conclusion: There is a possibility of inaccurate registration between the planning CT and MV‐CBCT and less effective localization when the contrast is adversely affected because of large tumor motion or proximity to other structures. This should be taken into account in the Planning Target Volume margin. Research partially supported by Siemens Medical Solutions.
The Empirical and Content Validity of Assessment Centers vs. Traditional Methods for Predicting Managerial Success

Criteria of managerial success and their use in empirical and content validation are discussed. Validities of assessment centers and traditional methods are compared. Assessment centers can be used with content rather than empirical validation, but work should continue on improved criteria and comparison with other methods.
Accumulation and distribution of α-synuclein and ubiquitin in the CNS of Gaucher disease mouse models

Gaucher disease, a prevalent lysosomal storage disease, is caused by insufficient activity of acid β-glucosidase (GCase) and resultant glucosylceramide accumulation. Recently in Parkinson disease (PD) patients, heterozygous mutations in GCase have been associated with earlier onset and more progressive PD. To understand the pathogenic relationships between GCase variants and Parkinsonism, α-synuclein and ubiquitin distributions and levels in the brains of several mouse models containing GCase variants were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Progressive α-synuclein and ubiquitin aggregate accumulations were observed in the cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, brainstem, and some cerebellar regions between 4 and 24 weeks in mice that were homozygous for GCase [D409H (9H) or V394L (4L)] variants and also had a prosaposin hypomorphic (PS-NA) transgene. In 4L/PS-NA and 9H/PS-NA mice, this was coincident with progressive neurological manifestations and brain glucosylceramide accumulation. Ultrastructural studies showed electron dense inclusion bodies in neurons and axons of 9H/PS-NA brains. α-synuclein aggregates were also observed in ventricular, brainstem, and cerebellar regions of older mice (>42-weeks) with the GCase variant (D409H/D409H) without overt neurological disease. In a chemically induced GCase deficiency, α-synuclein aggregates and glucosylceramide accumulation also occurred. These studies demonstrate a relationship between glucosylceramide accumulation and α-synuclein aggregates, and implicate glucosylceramide accumulation as risk factor for the α-synucleinopathies.
Localization of vibrations by structural irregularity

An investigation of the localization phenomenon is presented for disrodered structural systems consisting of weakly coupled component systems. Emphasis is placed on the development of a perturbation method that allows one to obtain the localized modes of vibration of the disordered system from the modes of the individual subsystems. The principal feature of this perturbation method is that it not only considers the variations of the parameters as perturbations, but it also treats the small coupling between subsystems as a perturbation. Such a perturbation analysis is cost effective as compared to a global eigenvalue analysis of the entire system, and proves to be very accurate. Moreover, it provides physical insight into the localization phenomenon, and allows one to formulate a criterion that predicts the occurrence of strongly localized modes. Results are obtained for a chain of single-degree-of-freedom coupled oscillators, but these can be readilt generalized to deal with chains of multi-degree-of-freedom component systems.
CCT chaperonin complex is required for efficient delivery of anthrax toxin into the cytosol of host cells

Bacterial toxins have evolved successful strategies for coopting host proteins to access the cytosol of host cells. Anthrax lethal factor (LF) enters the cytosol through pores in the endosomal membrane formed by anthrax protective antigen. Although in vitro models using planar lipid bilayers have shown that translocation can occur in the absence of cellular factors, recent studies using intact endosomes indicate that host factors are required for translocation in the cellular environment. In this study, we describe a high-throughput shRNA screen to identify host factors required for anthrax lethal toxin-induced cell death. The cytosolic chaperonin complex chaperonin containing t-complex protein 1 (CCT) was identified, and subsequent studies showed that CCT is required for efficient delivery of LF and related fusion proteins into the cytosol. We further show that knockdown of CCT inhibits the acid-induced delivery of LF and the fusion protein LFN-Bla (N terminal domain of LF fused to β-lactamase) across the plasma membrane of intact cells. Together, these results suggest that CCT is required for efficient delivery of enzymatically active toxin to the cytosol and are consistent with a direct role for CCT in translocation of LF through the protective antigen pore.
THE HISTORIAN AS PUBLIC MORALIST: THE CASE OF CHRISTOPHER LASCH

When I entered graduate school in the fall of 1966, planning to study American intellectual history and perhaps intellectuals specifically, all the talk among the more advanced graduate students was a recently published book, The New Radicalism in America, 1889–1963: The Intellectual as a Social Type (1965), by Christopher Lasch. I read it eagerly, but I was not sure what to make of it. The author, Christopher Lasch, offered a very complex analysis of intellectuals’ lives and their social location—or lack of it. It gave as much space to their psychological needs as to their ideas. That seemed to diminish them. Just what did he intend? I wondered.
Looking beyond gender: The effects of racial differences on tokenism perceptions of women

This study looks beyond gender to explore the impact of the social status of race and of token difference defined by race. In a 2 × 4 design, 53 African American women and 76 white women undergraduates rated a woman target, of the same race as themselves, who was described as being of the same race and gender as the dominant members of her work group or as a token defined by her gender alone, race alone, or both her race and gender. White women tokens were perceived to experience better social relations, more supportive colleagues, and lower stress than African American targets. Across African American and white raters/targets, token representation, defined by any ascribed status, was associated with expected negative tokenism outcomes relative to those projected for dominants. The omnirelevance of race toward understanding tokenism processes is discussed.
Effect of v-rasH on sensitivity of NCI-H82 human small cell lung cancer cells to cisplatin, etoposide, and camptothecin

Expression of v-ras(H) in NCI-H82 human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells results in a line (NCI-H82ras(H)) with a non-small cell phenotype (Mabry et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 6523-6527, 1988). This v-ras(H) -associated phenotypic change is prevented by treatment with trans-retinoic acid (tRA) (Kalemkarian et al., Cell Growth Differ 5: 55-60, 1994). The present studies were performed to examine changes in drug sensitivity that accompanied these phenotypic changes. v-ras(H) expression was associated with increased metallothionein-IIa (MT-IIa) mRNA and decreased levels of nonprotein sulfhydryls in NCI-H82ras(H) cells compared with -H82 cells. These changes were accompanied by the development of CdCl2 resistance without any change in cisplatin sensitivity. In contrast, growth of parental NCI-H82 cells in 1 microM tRa resulted in increased MT-IIa mRNA without any change in nonprotein sulfhydryls. In these cells, a 3.3-fold increase in cisplatin IC50 was observed. Examination of the action of topoisomerase (topo) poisons revealed that NCI-H82 and -H82ras(H) cells had indistinguishable levels of topo II polypeptides and indistinguishable sensitivities to etoposide, an agent that is often combined with cisplatin clinically. On the other hand, v-ras(H) expression was accompanied by a 2-fold increase in topo I activity and a 1.7-fold decrease in IC50 for the topo I-directed agent camptothecin. These changes resulted in 30-fold lower survival of NCI-H82ras(H) cells compared with -H82 cells at camptothecin concentrations as low as 10 nM. In summary, these studies demonstrate that chronic tRA treatment is accompanied by decreased cisplatin sensitivity in NCI-H82 human SCLC cells. In contrast, v-ras(H) expression is not associated with any change in cisplatin or etoposide sensitivity, but is accompanied by increased camptothecin sensitivity.
Regulation of NMDA Receptor mRNA During Visual Map Formation and After Receptor Blockade

The topographic refinement of the rat retinocollicular projection is dependent on normal NMDA receptor function. Here we examined the expression of NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptor mRNA in the rat superior colliculus (SC) during this postnatal refinement period. The temporal expression pattern of mRNA coding for the NMDA receptor subunit NR1 in the superficial SC followed the time course of collicular synaptogenesis. A pronounced increase of NR1 mRNA levels occurred during the late stages of retinocollicular map refinement. In cortex, the time course of the expression of NR1 mRNA in cortex was found to be similar to that observed in SC, with low levels during the first postnatal week, a maximum at P19, and a decrease thereafter. In SC, but not in cortex, there was a change in the ratio of the two NR1 transcripts during the second postnatal week that parallels a previously demonstrated developmental change in the mean open time of NMDA channels in collicular neurons. In contrast, the mRNA expression pattern of the non-NMDA receptor subunit GluR2 in the developing SC was not closely correlated with synaptic changes. Chronic treatment of the SC with the NMDA receptor antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) for 12 or 19 days, which disrupts retinocollicular map formation, appears to block the developmental rise in NR1 mRNA levels. These findings support a specific role for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors in the control of synaptogenesis and developmental plasticity in the SC.
Book review: Beef in China: Agribusiness opportunities and challenges

Longworth, J.W., Brown, C.G., & Waldron, S.A. Beef in China: Agribusiness Opportunities and Challenges, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia: University of Queensland Press. 2001; xix+412 pp; $39.95; hardcover.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome postoperative onset due to levodopa withdrawal

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a potentially fatal disorder that may develop in the perioperative period. A case is described in which discontinuation of chronic levodopa therapy precipitated the postoperative development of this syndrome. The differential diagnosis and management principles are reviewed.
Fatal fulminant autoimmune haemolytic anaemia associated with tolmetin use and gastric carcinoma. Case report and literature review.

Presented is a case report of an 80-year-old man with dyspnoea and jaundice who died from autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) within 12 hours of arrival at the emergency department. The patient had been taking tolmetin for Osteoarthritis. On autopsy he was found to have a superficial gastric adenocarcinoma. A brief presentation on AIHA includes primary (idiopathic) and secondary types. Factors associated with AIHA include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and gastric carcinoma, although a direct cause cannot be demonstrated. After a discussion of the autoimmune mechanism of drug-associated haemolysis of which methyldopa is the prototype, a review of NSAIDs associated with AIHA is presented. All (18) NSAID cases of immune haemolysis were reviewed to determine which were more likely due to an autoimmune mechanism. These included 3 cases with tolmetin use: one probable and one possibly having an autoimmune basis for haemolysis, while with the third case immune haemolysis was by the drug adsorption mechanism. A review of gastric carcinoma associated with AIHA reveals only 2 previously reported cases. The associations of tolmetin use, as well as gastric carcinoma with AIHA, both rare, are noteworthy but cannot be proven as causative factors with our current level of knowledge and technology.