cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic locus half baked is necessary for morphogenesis of the ectoderm

The zebrafish epiboly mutants partially block epiboly, the vegetalward movement of the blastoderm around the giant yolk cell. Here, we show that the epiboly mutations are located near the centromere of Linkage Group 7 in a single locus, termed the half baked locus. Nevertheless, except for the similar mutants lawine and avalanche, we find the epiboly traits of each of the alleles to be distinguishable, forming an allelic series. Using in situ analysis, we show that the specification and the formation of the germ layers is unaffected. However, during early gastrulation, convergence movements are slowed in homozygous and zygotic maternal dominant (ZMD) heterozygous mutants, especially in the epiblast layer of the blastoderm. Using triple-mutant analysis with squint and cyclops, we show that ablating involution and hypoblast formation in hab has no effect on the epiboly phenotype on the ventral and lateral sides of the embryo, suggesting that the hypoblast has no role in epiboly. Moreover, the triple mutant enhances the depletion of cells on the dorsal side of the embryo, consistent with the idea that convergence movements are defective. Double-mutant analysis with one-eyed pinhead reveals that hab is necessary in the ectodermal portion of the hatching gland. In ZMD heterozygotes, in addition to the slowing of epiboly, morphogenesis of the neural tube is abnormal, with gaps forming in the midline during segmentation stages; later, ectopic rows of neurons form in the widened spinal cord and hindbrain. Cell transplantation reveals that half baked acts both autonomously and nonautonomously in interactions among cells of the forming neural tube. Together, these results suggest that half baked is necessary within the epiblast for morphogenesis during both epiboly and neurulation and suggest that the mechanisms that drive epiboly possess common elements with those that underlie convergence and extension.
The unsteady form of the Bernoulli equation for estimating pressure drop in the airways

Previous investigators have used the steady Bernoulli equation to correct the underestimation of alveolar pressure by airway pressure observed during unsteady flow conditions. Using a simple idealized geometry, we demonstrate a method of including the unsteady term of the Bernoulli equation. Our approach was to determine the axial velocity distribution from the wave equation and employ this solution with the unsteady Bernoulli equation. In addition, we estimate the importance of inertia and viscosity and show that these effects can be quantified by the Womersley number.
Prolonged Bleeding Times and Hypofibrinogenemia in Dogs After Infusion of Hydroxyethyl Starch and Dextran

Dogs bled 25 ml/kg were infused intravenously with 25 ml/kg of 6% solutions of hydroxyethyl starch (HES), medium molecular weight (75,000) dextran, or Tyrode's saline solution. Bleeding times from ear punctures with BD Microlances were significantly prolonged to a similar extent after HES and dextran infusion during periods of observation of up to 10 hours; the increment in bleeding times was less after saline infusion. Paw puncture bleeding times also increased after HES and dextran, but decreased after administration of saline. Ratios of fibrinogen to total plasma protein concentrations decreased to 93 ± S.E. 4% of preinfusion ratios after HES, but decreased more significantly to 81 ± 4% and 78 ± 4% after dextran and Tyrode's saline infusion.
The Blocked Capillary Method for Determining Melting Pressures: The Melting Curve of Helium from 1.5° to 4°K

The blocked capillary technique has been used to check previous piston displacement values for the helium melting pressure curve in the range from 1.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. In the course of these experiments, details of which are given, it was shown that melting pressure as given by the capillary blocking method are completely reliable, and can be very accurate. Variations of the capillary size or pressure difference across the capillary had no evident effect.The behavior of the helium melting curve in the vicinity of the upper "triple point" is discussed in some detail. An analysis of the data indicates that it is in qualitative agreement with the assumption that the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$-transformation is of the second order.
Molecular dynamics simulation of tri-n-butyl-phosphate liquid: a force field comparative study.

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to compare the performance of four force fields in predicting thermophysical properties of tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TBP) in the liquid phase. The intramolecular force parameters used were from the Assisted Model Building with Energy Refinement (AMBER) force field model. The van der Waals parameters were based on either the AMBER or the Optimized Potential for Liquid Simulation (OPLS) force fields. The atomic partial charges were either assigned by performing quantum chemistry calculations or utilized previously published data, and were scaled to approximate the average experimental value of the electric dipole moment. Canonical ensemble computations based on the aforementioned parameters were performed near atmospheric pressure and temperature to obtain the electric dipole moment, mass density, and self-diffusion coefficient. In addition, the microscopic structure of the liquid was characterized via pair correlation functions between selected atoms. It has ...
Direct injection HPLC method for the determination of selected benzodiazepines in plasma using a Hisep column

A direct plasma injection HPLC method has been developed for the determination of selected benzodiazepines (nitrazepam, clobazam, oxazepam, lorazepam). The method uses an analytical hydrophobic shielded phase (Hisep) column equipped with a Hisep guard column, are easy to perform and requires 20 ul of a filtered plasma sample. The chromatographic run time is less than 15 min using a mobile phase of 15:85 v/v acetonitrile-0.18 M ammonium acetate pH 2.5. The method is good for 175 injections before replacement of the guard column. The method was linear in the range 0.5-18 ug ml(-1) (r>0.99, n=6) for the analytes with R.S.D. less than 10.82%. Interday and intraday variability were found to be less than 14%. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.16 (s/n>3) and 0.5 ug ml(-1) (s/n>10), respectively, for each of the four benzodiazepines.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF INFLATION UNCERTAINTY TO THE VARIABLE IMPACTS OF MONEY ON STOCK PRICES

This paper examines the effects of inflation uncertainty on the lag structure between money growth and stock prices. Using a varying parameter model and the Livingston survey data1 as a proxy for inflation uncertainty, the results suggest that only current money growth influences stock prices. However, a large percentage of this positive impact can be expected to be offset by inflation uncertainty prevailing at the time.
Statistical Significance Testing: Useful Tool or Bone-Headedly Misguided Procedure? Review of What If There Were No Significance Tests? by Lisa L. Harlow, Stanley A. Mulaik, and James H. Steiger (Eds.)

Abstract Lisa L. Harlow is Professor of Psychology and director of the experimental Psychology Graduate Program at the University of Rhode Island. She received a Ph. D. in Psychology with an emphasis in Psychometrics and measurement from UCLA in 1985. What If There Were No Significance Tests ? is the first book in an Erlbaum series on Multivariate Applications, which she edits. She is a co-author (with Laura Whitmire, Kathryn Quina, and Patricia Morokoff) of Childhood Trauma and HIV: Women at Risk (Taylor and Francis, 1999). She serves on the executive committees of the Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology and the Evaluation, Measurement, and Statistics Division (Div 5) of the American Psychological Association. Stanley A. Mulaik is Professor of Psychology at the Georgia Institute of Technology. A recipient of a Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from the University of Utah in 1963, he is the author of The Foundations of Factor Analysis (McGraw–Hill, 1972) and co-author (with L. R. James and M. M Brett) of Causal Analysis: Assumptions, Models and Data (Sage Publications, 1982). His published work includes articles on factor analysis, structural equation modeling and the philosophy and history of multivariate statistics. James H. Steiger is Professor of Psychology at the University of British Columbia. His Ph.D. in Quantitative Psychology was received from Purdue University in 1976. He is the recipient of the Raymond B. Cattell Award and the Killam Research Prize for his work in multivariate statistics. A former editor of Multivariate Behavioral Research , he has authored several commercial and academic computer programs for multivariate analysis, including SEPATH (a Structural Equations and PATH modeling program that is part of Statistica for Windows) and Statistical Power Analysis (a general program for power analysis, sample size calculations, and confidence interval estimation). The reviewer, Raymond S. Nickerson is an experimental psychologist and a former senior vice president of Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc, from which he is retired. He is the Editor of the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied and is currently affiliated with Tufts University, from which he received a Ph.D. in experimental psychology in 1965. He is the author of Using Computers: Human Factors in Information Systems (MIT Press, 1986), Reflections on Reasoning (Erlbaum, 1986), Looking Ahead: Human Factors in a Changing World (Erlbaum, 1992), and co-author (with David N. Perkins and Edward E. Smith) of The Teaching of Thinking (Erlbaum, 1985).
Isolation and Partial Characterization of a Virulent Bacteriophage IHQ1 Specific for Aeromonas punctata from Stream Water

Aeromonas punctata is the causative agent of septicemia, diarrhea, wound infections, meningitis, peritonitis, and infections of the joints, bones and eyes. Bacteriophages are often considered alternative agents for controlling bacterial infection and contamination. In this study, we described the isolation and preliminary characterization of bacteriophage IHQ1 (family Myoviridae) active against the Gram-negative bacterial strain A. punctata. This virulent bacteriophage was isolated from stream water sample. Genome analysis indicated that phage IHQ1 was a double-stranded DNA virus with an approximate genome size of 25–28 kb. The initial characterization of this newly isolated phage showed that it has a narrow host range and infects only A. punctata as it failed to infect seven other clinically isolated pathogenic strains, i.e., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 6403, MRSA 17644, Acinetobacter 33408, Acinetobacter 1172, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 22250, P. aeruginosa 11219, and Escherichia coli. Proteomic pattern of phage IHQ1, generated by SDS-PAGE using purified phage particles, showed three major and three minor protein bands with molecular weights ranging from 25 to 70 kDa. The adsorption rate of phage IHQ1 to the host bacterium was also determined, which was significantly enhanced by the addition of 10 mM CaCl2. From the single-step growth experiment, it was inferred that the latent time period of phage IHQ1 was 24 min and a burst size of 626 phages per cell. Moreover, the pH and thermal stability of phage IHQ1 were also investigated. The maximum stability of the phage was observed at optimal pH 7.0, and it was totally unstable at extreme acidic pH 3; however, it was comparatively stable at alkaline pH 11.0. At 37°C the phage showed maximum number of plaques, and the viability was almost 100%. The existence of Aeromonas bacteriophage is very promising for the eradication of this opportunistic pathogen and also for future applications such as the design of new detection and phage typing (diagnosis) methods. The specificity of the bacteriophage for A. punctata makes it an attractive candidate for phage therapy of A. punctata infections.
Exploring the design space of IMA system architectures

In systems such as integrated modular avionics (IMA), there is a substantial benefit from maintaining significant portions of a product family's architecture unchanged from one system to the next. When there are tight constraints on resources such as bandwidth and processor capacity, however, certain seemingly small changes in a few components have the potential to create a cascade of timing problems. The ability to rapidly analyze and quantify the impact of these changes prior to implementation and system integration provides the engineering team with early validation of the changes, which can prevent substantially increased costs for design, integration, and verification, as well as delays in the development schedule. However, detailed early evaluation of architecture performance involves analysis of many complex interrelated variables and is therefore challenging. Consider the case of moving a task from a processor's IMA partition to another processor's partition. The tasks sets need to be updated. The I/O and network traffic must be rerouted. The schedulability equations of processor, I/O and network need to be recreated, and the analysis needs to be propagated end to end. Last but not least, all the architecture specification documents have to be updated. In order to reduce the detailed architecture evaluation effort, we have automated the performance analysis process with a system integration tool prototype called ASIIST (Application-Specific I/O Integration Support Tool). To move a task, we can now use a graphical interface to drag and drop a task from one processor's IMA partition to another. All the steps described above are done automatically, including the updating of the architecture specification in AADL (Architecture Analysis and Description Language). In this paper, we show how to use this tool to explore the design space of an IMA system architecture, so as to derive designs with specified performance properties.
A comparison of four depth-migration methods

Summary A Common Basis Though relatively expensive compared to ray-based migration methods, the methods based on wavefield extrapolation are more accurate in seismic imaging of complex geologic structures. This paper describes implementations of four such related one-way methods for depth migration of prestack and poststack data: phaseshift-plus-interpolation, split-step Fourier, implicit w-x finite-difference, and Fourier finite-difference. All the algorithms work in the frequency domain, resulting in natural and similar parallelization of the codes. These straightforward implementations of one-way methods yield accurate imaging in complicated structures such as the Marmousi model, where most ray-based methods require complicated ray-tracing efforts to image the target-zone. With the advance of computer technology, we expect the above migration methods to play a more important role in the near future, even in the imaging of 3-D prestack data. Let’s start with the 2-D acoustic wave equation. Given a homogeneous velocity structure, in the frequencywavenumber domain we have
Spatially resolved absolute spectrophotometry of Saturn: 3390 to 8080 Å

A series of spatially resolved absolute spectrophotometric measurements of Saturn was conducted for the expressed purpose of calibrating the data obtained with the Imaging Photopolarimeter (IPP) on Pioneer 11 during its recent encounter with Saturn. All observations reported were made at the Mt. Wilson 1.5-m telescope, using a 1-m Ebert-Fastie scanning spectrometer. Spatial resolution was 1.92 arcsec. Photometric errors are considered, taking into account the fixed error, the variable error, and the composite error. The results are compared with earlier observations, as well as with synthetic spectra derived from preliminary physical models, giving attention to the equatorial region and the South Temperate Zone.
Inhalation toxicity of a coloured smoke and the mutagenicity of its constituent dyes, solvent yellow 33 (CI 47,000) and disperse orange 11 (CI 60,700)

Abstract The repeated dose toxicity of a smoke containing Solvent Yellow 33 and Disperse Orange 11 was studied in three species of small laboratory animal. Exce
Studying the Sweet Stuff

Nicolson, Susan W., Massimo Nepi, and Ettore Pacini, editors. Nectaries and nectar. Springer, New York. xvii + 395 p. $239.00, ISBN: 978-1-4020-5936-0 (acid-free paper).
Use of urea as a nitrogen fertilizer in bioreclamation of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil.

Recently there has been increased concern over the spillage and underground leakage of refined petroleum hydrocarbons into soils. Deposition of these petroleum products may occur as a result of storage tank and pipeline leakage, and transport accidents. As a means to clean up such a spill, soil biochemists have recommended bioclamation with amendments consisting of fertilizers, in particular nitrogen and phosphorus. Petroleum hydrocarbons are highly carbonaceous in nature and often lack the necessary nutrients (N and P) to promote biodegradation. Hydrocarbon-oxidizing organisms require nitrogen and phosphorus to degrade hydrocarbons at a ratio of approximately equal to their cellular tissue. This investigation focuses on a particular nitrogen fertilizer, urea, which can be used as a bioamendment in reclamation of oil spills. It should be kept in mind that upon contamination, a readily available nitrogen source should be accessible to the microorganisms in degrading the contaminant. This study revels that urea, although having a high nitrogen content, may not be the best choice to optimize biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons.
Soft error aware pipelined architecture: Leveraging automatic repeat request protocol

Reliability is a crucial factor in modern processors, which are designed in deep sub-micron (DSM) technologies and perform numerous tasks at high speed in less time. Modern DSM technologies are even more vulnerable to soft errors, which can propagate in pipeline processors and may lead to malfunctioning. Contemporary soft error mitigation techniques introduce redundancy in intermediate registers alone [6], [8], which addresses soft error occurrence in hardware registers only. However, in modern DSM technologies soft error can equally affect combinational circuits in the data path[1], hence in pipeline processors data paths also requires soft error mitigation. In this paper we propose a soft error mitigation technique in pipelined processors that addresses soft error in data paths. We utilized temporal redundancy in data path along with automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol in all pipeline stages. Our novel ARQ based technique detects soft errors in the data path to process the reliable data to the successive stages of the pipeline. Our synthesis results show that our implementation is 50% better in terms of latency and requires 1.53 times lesser area overhead compared to contemporary state-of-art techniques [6], [7], [8].
Anterior versus posterior walkers: a gait analysis study

Eight children, who needed walkers to ambulate and who were able to use either anterior or posterior walkers, were selected for a comparative study of both types of walker. Data for gait analysis, using high-speed cinematography, were collected to determine stride length, time in double support and velocity. Trunk, hip and knee angles were also measured during four phases of the gait cycle. The results demonstrated significant improvements in both postural alignment and gait characteristics with the posterior walker.
Evidence for New Transcriptional Units Encoded at the 3′ End of the Mouse Hepatitis Virus Genome

Abstract Prior studies have demonstrated that the mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) genome is divided into at least seven coding regions each transcribed into a distinct mRNA. The majority of these mRNAs are synthesized from a highly conserved intergenic start site (UCU/CAAAC), contain a 65-72 nt leader RNA at their 5′ end and form a 3′ co-terminal nested set. In this study, we have used radiolabeling experiments to demonstrate the presence of a small ∼900 nt mRNA and its corresponding RF RNA in MHV-infected cells. Surprisingly, PCR amplification and sequence analysis revealed the presence of not one, but two small leader-containing RNAs that initiate from highly conserved intergenic start sites (UCCAAAC and UCUAAAU) which are located within the 3′-most nucleocapsid gene sequence. These studies provide evidence suggesting that one or two additional small mRNAs are encoded from the 3′ end of the MHV genome.
Changes in visual search patterns of pathology residents as they gain experience

The goal of this study was to examine and characterize changes in the ways that pathology residents examine digital or "virtual" slides as they gain more experience. A series of 20 digitized breast biopsy virtual slides (half benign and half malignant) were shown to 6 pathology residents at three points in time - at the beginning of their first year of residency, at the beginning of the second year, and at the beginning of the third year. Their task was to examine each image and select three areas that they would most want to zoom on in order to view the diagnostic detail at higher resolution. Eye position was recorded as they scanned each image. The data indicate that with each successive year of experience, the residents' search patterns do change. Overall it takes significantly less time to view an individual slide and decide where to zoom, significantly fewer fixations are generated overall, and there is less examination of non-diagnostic areas. Essentially, the residents' search becomes much more efficient and after only one year closely resembles that of an expert pathologist. These findings are similar to those in radiology, and support the theory that an important aspect of the development of expertise is improved pattern recognition (taking in more information during the initial Gestalt or gist view) as well as improved allocation of attention and visual processing resources.
A NOTE ON DIFFERENTIAL INFORMATION LOSS IN MULTI-SCALE EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT

Using the notion of differential information loss, this research note provides a theoretical explanation to the phenomenon of the exasperatingly slow convergence of the EM algorithm when it is applied to a multi-scale IRT model used in a large-scale national assessment in the United States. The result should be meaningful to researchers who work on international large-scale examinations with multiple-choice questions.
Know your Surroundings with an Interactive Map

The advancement of mobile technology inspired research communities to achieve centimeter level accuracy in indoor positioning systems [2]. But to get the best out of it, we need assisting navigation applications that will not only help us to reach the destination quickly but will also make us familiar with the surroundings. To address this concern, we propose a two stage approach which can help pedestrians navigate in an indoor location and simultaneously enhance their spatial awareness. In the first stage, we will conduct a behavioral user study to identify the prominent behavioral patterns during different navigational challenges. Once the behavioral state model is prepared, we need to analyze the sensor data in multiple dimensions and build a dynamic sensor state model. This model will enable us to map the behavioral state model to the sensor states and draw a direct one to one relation between the two.
A hypothesis for the superior sensitivity of wheat germ agglutinin as a neuroanatomical probe.

Abstract We have shown that a conjugate of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), is more sensitive than native HRP as a probe of neuroanatomic connections involving the retrograde transport of the lectin. It has also been shown in our laboratory that WGA-HRP remains at the site of injection twice as long as HRP. The purpose of the present morphometric study was to investigate the basis for the higher sensitivity of WGA-HRP over HRP as a retrogradely transported tracer molecule. To do this, we modified the experiment of Heuser and Reese which utilized the tracing of HRP in the frog neuromuscular junction (Heuser, J.E. and Reese, T.S., J. Cell Biol. , 57 (1973) 315–344). Instead of using HRP alone, we examined, in double labeling experiments, fluid and adsorptive endocytosis with free HRP and WGA coupled to ferritin (WGA-ferritin) respectively. Immediately after nerve stimulation, both markers are taken up simultaneously into cisternae, and in tubular structures strikingly similar to the described compartment of uncoupling of receptor from ligand (CURL). Frequently, cisternae were connected with putative CURL. This early double labeling of cisternae and putative CURL was followed by the appearance of synaptic vesicles labeled with WGA-ferritin only (72–79%), HRP only (6–11%), and both labels (13–16%). In contrast to the labeling pattern of synaptic vesicles, the majority of cisternae and putative CURL had both labels throughout the duration of the experiments (77–80%). The results of this study indicate that most of WGA-ferritin and HRP are co-localized in cisternae and putative CURL, compartments involved in endocytosis and surface receptor recycling. Therefore, the superior sensitivity of WGA over HRP as a marker of retrograde transport cannot be attributed to a differential distribution of these two tracer molecules within the intracellular compartment involved in the endocytosis of ligands. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that in the nerve ending, as in the cell body, there is a compartment involved in the recycling of surface receptors. Such receptors may include molecules with terminal sialic acid and N-acetylglucosamine to which WGA binds. This compartment may be involved in numerous cycles of endocytosis of WGA bound to the surface of the nerve ending until the surface bound and extracellular pool of the lectin is exhausted. It remains to be proven whether in the frog presynaptic terminal the compartment identified in this study as ‘putative CURL’ is indeed involved in the recycling of cell surface receptors.
On computing nearest singular hankel matrices

We explore the problem of computing a nearest singular matrix to a given regular Hankel matrix while preserving the structure of the matrix. Nearness is measured in a matrix norm, or a componentwise norm. A recent result for structured condition numbers leads to an efficient algorithm in the spectral norm. We devise a parametrization of singular Hankel matrices, to discuss other norms.
Technique for calcium hydroxylapatite injection for correction of nasolabial fold depressions

Background Injectable calcium hydroxylapatite is a soft-tissue augmentation material that is used off-label for facial augmentation, including repletion of depressed nasolabial folds. Objective We sought to assess the safety of calcium hydroxylapatite injection for correction of nasolabial fold depressions. Specifically, we sought to obtain a quantitative assessment of injection-related adverse events using a reproducible placement technique with long-term follow-up. Methods We conducted an open-label, single-center prospective study using reproducible technique with 1- to 1.5-year follow-up. All patients were treated with infraorbital nerve blocks. Then, parallel linear threading technique using 27-gauge/1.25-in needles was used to place 1 to 2 mL of injectant at the dermal subcutaneous junction into each pair of depressed folds. A triangular array of injectant was deposited under the melonasal junction. At follow-up at 2 to 3 weeks and at 1 to 1.5 years, respectively, patients were asked to report and characterize injection-related redness, swelling, bruising, nodule or granuloma formation, asymmetric correction, textural change, hypersensitivity reactions, degree of correction remaining, and overall satisfaction. In addition, patients who had received other injectable soft-tissue materials were asked to compare these with calcium hydroxylapatite in terms of risk profile and longevity of effect. Results In all, 22 patients were treated and complete follow-up data were obtained from 18. Of the 18 patients, all reported at least mild postinjection redness and swelling, which abated within 1 to 5 days. Bruising was reported by fewer than half, and resolved within 4 to 10 days. Palpable but not visible nodules were reported by 2 of 18 patients; these resolved within 3 months of injection. Asymmetric correction, textural change, granulomas, and hypersensitivity reactions were not reported. In all, 14 of 18 patients reported that cosmetically significant correction lasted longer than 1 year. Two thirds of injected patients who had received other fillers for nasolabial fold correction preferred calcium hydroxylapatite, with the primary reason being increased longevity of effect. Limitations There was a lack of objective outcomes measures. Conclusions When a consistent, defined injection technique is used, injectable calcium hydroxylapatite appears to be a well-tolerated soft-tissue augmentation material for correction of nasolabial fold depressions. A long duration of effect may make this material particularly desirable for some patients.
Dense 3D point-cloud model using optical flow for a monocular reconstruction system

In this paper, we present an enhanced 3D reconstruction algorithm designed to support an autonomously navigated unmanned ground vehicle. An unmanned system can use the technique to construct a point cloud model of its unknown surroundings. The algorithm presented focuses on the 3D reconstruction of a scene using image sequences captured by only a single moving camera. The original reconstruction process, resulting with a point cloud, was computed utilizing extracted and matched Speeded Up Robust Feature (SURF) points from subsequent video frames. Using depth triangulation analysis, we were able to compute the depth of each feature point within the scene. We concluded that although SURF points are accurate and extremely distinctive, the number of points extracted and matched was not sufficient for our applications. A sparse point cloud model hinders the ability to do further processing for the autonomous system such as object recognition or self-positioning. We present an enhanced version of the algorithm which increases the number of points within the model while maintaining the near real-time computational speeds and accuracy of the original sparse reconstruction. We do so by generating points using both global image characteristics and local SURF feature neighborhood information. Specifically, we generate optical flow disparities using the Horn-Schunck optical flow estimation technique and evaluate the quality of these features for disparity calculations using the SURF keypoint detection method. Areas of the image that locate within SURF feature neighborhoods are tracked using optical flow and used to compute an extremely dense model. The enhanced model contains the high frequency details of the scene that allow for 3D object recognition. The main contribution of the newly added preprocessing steps is measured by evaluating the density and accuracy of the reconstructed point cloud model in relation to real-world measurements.
Two-state expansion and collapse of a polypeptide.

The initial phase of folding for many proteins is presumed to be the collapse of the polypeptide chain from expanded to compact, but still denatured, conformations. Theory and simulations suggest that this collapse may be a two-state transition, characterized by barrier-crossing kinetics, while the collapse of homopolymers is continuous and multi-phasic. We have used a laser temperature-jump with fluorescence spectroscopy to measure the complete time-course of the collapse of denatured cytochrome c with nanosecond time resolution. We find the process to be exponential in time and thermally activated, with an apparent activation energy ∼9 kBT (after correction for solvent viscosity). These results indicate that polypeptide collapse is kinetically a two-state transition. Because of the observed free energy barrier, the time scale of polypeptide collapse is dramatically slower than is predicted by Langevin models for homopolymer collapse.
A review of the development and validation of the national institutes of health chronic prostatitis symptom index

Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis or chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) causes morbidity, both through symptoms and associated impairment in health-related quality of life, both of which illustrate the importance of patient-centered outcomes. Despite preliminary work by several investigators, research and clinical efforts to provide help for men afflicted with CPPS have been hampered by the absence of a widely accepted, reliable, and valid instrument to measure symptoms and quality-of-life impact. Investigators from the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network (CPCRN) sought to remedy this problem by developing a psychometrically valid index of symptoms and quality-of-life impact in men with chronic prostatitis. This instrument, now validated in English, Spanish, German, and Korean, is known as the NIH Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI). It contains 13 items that are scored in 3 discrete domains: pain, urinary symptoms, and quality-of-life impact. In early studies, the NIH-CPSI has been shown to be reliable, valid, and responsive to change. Further work is needed to determine whether it performs as well in minority populations, men seeking care in nonreferral centers, and other diverse populations.
Haemophilus influenzae Infections The Impact of Resistance on the Use of Aminopenicillins and Other Antimicrobials in Outpatient Therapy

The clinical manifestations of Haemophilus influenzae infections and the growing problem of ampicillin-resistant strains are reviewed. Despite the fact that approximately 25 percent of H.influenzae are resistant to penicillin and ampicillin, oral aminopenicillins (ampicillin, amoxicillin, bacampicillin, and cyclacillin) are commonly used for the outpatient management of these infections. The characteristics of these drugs and the rationale for their use are discussed and compared with alternative approaches to therapy. This subject requires periodic review in consideration of the increasing prevalence of ampicillin and multiple antibiotic resistance among H. influenzae isolates.
Excess Carrier Phenomenon in Semiconductors

The generation of excess carriers in a semiconductor may be accomplished by either electrical or optical means. For example, electron-hole pairs are created in a semiconductor when photons with energies exceeding the bandgap energy of the semiconductor are absorbed. Similarly, minority carrier injection can be achieved by applying a forward bias voltage across a p-n junction diode or a bipolar junction transistor. The inverse process to the generation of excess carriers in a semiconductor is recombination. The annihilation of excess carriers generated by optical or electrical means in a semiconductor may take place via different recombination mechanisms. Depending on the ways in which the energy of an excess carrier is removed during a recombination process, there are three basic recombination mechanisms which are responsible for carrier annihilation in a semiconductor. These include: (1) nonradiative recombination (i.e., the multiphonon process), (2) band-to-band radiative recombination, and (3) Auger band-to-band recombination. The first recombination mechanism, known as the nonradiative or multiphonon recombination process, is usually the predominant recombination process for indirect bandgap semiconductors such as silicon and germanium. In this process, recombination is accomplished via a deep-level recombination center in the forbidden gap, and the energy of the excess carriers is released via phonon emission. The second recombination mechanism, band-to-band radiative recombination, is usually the predominant process occurring in direct bandgap semiconductors such as GaAs and InP. In this case, band-to-band recombination of electron-hole pairs is accompanied by the emission of a photon.
A Preliminary Study of the Self‐Directed Photography of Middle‐Class, Homeless, and Mobility‐Impaired Children*

Understanding the ways in which children with different life experiences come to terms with day-to-day contexts and constraints has become an important topic of social science research. This study applies the technique of auto-photography to the study of children-environment transactions. How children apprehend their environments is described through a leitmotif analysis and an interpretation of photographs taken by children from middle-class families, homeless children, and children whose mobility is impaired by cerebral palsy. We speculate upon the social and physical contexts of these children based upon the images that they selected to photograph. Although impressionistic, our findings suggest the importance of auto-photography as a method for uncovering children-environment transactions.
Communities of Memory: On Witness, Identity, and Justice

Communities of Memory: On Witness, Identity, and Justice. By W. James Booth. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006. 264p. $42.50. W. James Booth has written a profound book about memory in relation to identity and justice in politics. On the one hand, he analyzes the central place of memory in the constitution of identity: A sense of continuity over time, the basis and sign of personal or collective identity, depends on memory. On the other hand, he explores the central place of memory in doing justice: Justice requires “a subject of attribution” who can take responsibility or be held accountable for conduct over time, who also can remember injury and demand redress. But investment in the past and memory of injustice, Booth shows, also run against the grain of core elements in democratic life. Partly, emphasis on the constitutive weight of the past seems in tension with democratic norms deriving identity from will or consent, not inheritance or descent. Partly, any “thick” collective identity, forged by a particularizing past, seems in tension with democratic aspirations to universality, and with the globalizing reality of pluralized and hybridized attachment. Moreover, efforts to redress past injustices seem impossible to separate from resentment, binding people to the past and its wounds. Booth's book is important, then, because it eloquently explores the necessity and value—but also the costs and dangers—of memory and identity in politics, especially around the issue of justice. The book is profound because it evocatively dramatizes tensions it does not resolve.
Increasing and detecting memory address congruence

A static memory reference exhibits a unique property when its dynamic memory addresses are congruent with respect to some non-trivial modulus. Extraction of this congruence information at compile-time enables new classes of program optimization. In this paper, we present methods for forcing congruence among the dynamic addresses of a memory reference. We also introduce a compiler algorithm for detecting this property. Our transformations do not require interprocedural analysis and introduce almost no overhead. As a result, they can be incorporated into real compilation systems. On average, our transformations are able to achieve a five-fold increase in the number of congruent memory operations. We are then able to detect 95% of these references. This success is invaluable in providing performance gains in a variety of areas. When congruence information is incorporated into a vectorizing compiler we can increase the performance of a G4 AltiVec processor up to a factor of two. Using the same methods, we are able to reduce energy consumption in a data cache by as much as 35%.
A multi-agent system architecture for active networks

Recent research in the area of active networking has demonstrated strong potential and promise for this new technology. Nodes in the active networking model differ from their passive counterparts in their ability to provide intermediate processing to the packets flowing through them, and hence offering these packets more services than the traditional store-and-forward services found in current routers. Our work is concerned with the problem of mapping application sessions that require intermediate processing to available network resources that fulfill these requirements through the use of Multi-Agent Systems.
Maximizing Burst Erasure-Correction Capability of MDS Codes

In general, an (n,k) maximum distance separable (MDS) code over GF(pm) can not correct all burst erasures of length (n-k)m over GF(p). In this letter, we constructively show that such a linear MDS code over GF(pm) can be modified to correct all burst erasures of length up to (n-k)m over GF(p), while maintaining its MDS property over GF(pm)
Multibody Systems Modeling and Optimization Problems of Lower Limb Prostheses

To study the effect of prosthesis design on the kinematic, dynamic, energetic and other characteristics of an amputee’s locomotion and to improve and create new efficient lower limb prostheses it is expendient to use mathematical modeling of a human walk process and dynamic optimization techniques. There are a number of mathematical models of the biped walk, having different degrees of adequacy [1–8]. In addition, different experimental methods have been used for solving these problems [9–11].
Chromogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae): A New Species from the Eastern Atlantic

Abstract A new species of Chromogobius is described based on material collected from the Canary Islands (eastern Atlantic). Chromogobius britoi n. sp. differs from the other species in the genus in possessing all ctenoid scales on the trunk, fewer scales in the lateral series, a reduced number of sensory papillae in the vertical rows under the eye (rows 1–5), and a generally deeper depth preference. The cheek myology of gobioid fishes includes characters of possible phylogenetic significance and is generally overlooked in systematic studies; it is included here along with a discussion of possible relationships.
On Nonlinear Optimal Control Problems

Some of the first papers which consciously used a singular perturbations approach in optimal control were about nonlinear regulators (cf. Kokotovic and Sannuti (1968) and Sannuti and Kokotovic (1969)). They showed how such problems can be reduced to nonlinear two-point singularly perturbed boundary value problems for the states and costates, constrained by an optimality condition. Even without such constraints, however, a general theory for such nonlinear systems of ordinary differential equations is not available (cf. O’Malley (1980)). Limited success has been achieved, but largely for quasilinear problems (cf.,e.g.,Hadlock (1973), O’Malley (1974), Sannuti (1975), Freedman and Granoff (1976), and Freedman and Kaplan (1976) and (1977)). Efficient numerical methods are now becoming available for such boundary value problems (cf., e.g., Flaherty and O’Malley (1982), Weiss (1982), and Ascher and Weiss (1982)). For more nonlinear problems, interior shocks and transition layers can be expected in addition to endpoint boundary layers (cf. Howes (1978) for a treatment of second order scalar equations and O’Malley (1982) concerning some special vector systems). One must anticipate that such theories will become important in various control contexts. “In addition, the associated mathematics may become increasingly geometrical (cf. Lavin and Levinson (1954), Fenichel (1979), Sastry, Desoer, and Varaiya (1980), and Kurland (1981)). One would hope that the underlying Hamiltonian structure of control problems might ultimately allow a special development of the necessary asymptotic analysis. Our approach will largely follow McIntyre (1977) (see O’Malley (1978)).
Evolution in Yoderimyinae (Eomyidae: Rodentia), with new material from the White River Formation (Chadronian) at Flagstaff Rim, Wyoming

Three species of Yoderimyinae (Eomyidae: Rodentia) are recognized from the lower part of the White River Formation (early to medial Chadronian) in the Flagstaff Rim area, Wyoming. The new material allows an improved diagnosis for the subfamily. The enamel microstructure of Yoderimyinae supports its inclusion in the Eomyidae.A new genus, Zemiodontomys, is established for Yoderimys burkei Black, and new material, including upper dentition, is referred to this species. This genus differs from Yoderimys in having higher crowned and more lophodont teeth and in lacking P3. A second new genus, Litoyoderimys, is established for Yoderimys lustrorum Wood, and a new species, L. auogoleus, is referred to the genus. This genus has lower crowned, more cuspate teeth than Yoderimys.Through early and medial Chadronian time, evolution in yoderimyines includes the following morphologic transformations: increase in size; increase in crown height and lophodonty of cheek teeth; reduction of P3 (from double-rooted, to single-rooted, to absent); increase in relative size of P4 and p4; and increased longitudinal torsion of the mandible.
Too much of a good thing: Sustained type 1 interferon signaling limits humoral responses to secondary viral infection.

The induction of a pan-immunosuppressive state is a central feature of persistent viral infections. Over the past decade, multiple pathways have been identified that contribute to immune suppression. Recently, it was revealed that aberrant or sustained type 1 interferon (IFN-I) production or signaling is a central contributor to immune suppression elicited during persistent viral infection. In this issue, Honke et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2016. 46: 372-380] identify that IFN-I signaling promotes an immune suppressive state during persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection by inhibiting enforced virus replication in CD169(+) macrophages. The authors demonstrate that mice infected with a persistent strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus have blunted humoral immune responses to a superinfecting vesicular stomatitis virus infection. The absence of virus replication in CD169(+) macrophages was not due to antiviral CD8(+) T cell-mediated killing of CD169(+) macrophages, but required sustained IFN-I responses. In turn, reduction in vesicular stomatitis virus replication in CD169(+) macrophages resulted in a reduction in antigen production, which is necessary for generating optimal humoral responses. This study highlights a novel mechanism by which IFN-I signaling promotes an immune suppressive state during persistent viral infection.
Relative Runoff by Curve Number Nomograph

In many drainage analyses, the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number (CN) runoff volume estimate may serve as initial basis for design of engineering structures. While there are often a variety of runoff-estimation techniques available having a sounder basis in theory than the CN procedure, these methods are more often appropriate for subsequent, data-intensive studies. Relative increase in runoff is a paramount technical issue in urbanizing areas where land use changes are only allowed if increased runoff can be retained. It is suggested that while more theoretical or statistical methods should generally be used to estimate the time-dependent magnitude of discharge, CN analysis may be used to explore the relative dependency of this magnitude on watershed condition.
Thuemenella and Sarawakus

The anamorph of Thuemenella cubispora is shown to be a species of Nodulisporium, and T. cubispora is referred to the Xylariales, Xylariaceae. The remaining species of Thuemenella are reevaluated and considered congeneric with Sarawakus lycogaloides. Sarawakus is recognized for members of the Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae, having Hypocrea-like stromata and eight, unicellular, warted or tuberculate, green, pale yellow or rarely colorless ascospores. The following are placed in Sarawakus: Thuemenella brittanica, T.fragilis, T. hexaspora, T. izawae, T. sordida, Hypocrea subtrachycarpa, and H. trachycarpa. The new species Sarawakus roseus is described and illustrated.