cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indian Muslim refugees in the politics of Pakistan

(1974). Indian Muslim refugees in the politics of Pakistan. The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 189-205.
Treatment of experimental colitis in mice with LMP-420, an inhibitor of TNF transcription

LMP-420 is a boronic acid-containing purine nucleoside analogue that transcriptionally inhibits TNF production but is non-cytotoxic to TNF-producing cells. This study investigated the efficacy of LMP-420 as an anti-inflammatory agent in acute and chronic colitis induced by oral administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to mice and in chronic colitis following piroxicam administration to IL-10-deficient mice. The severity of colon inflammation was assessed histologically. TNF levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay. Administration of DSS for 7 days resulted in severe acute colitis that was associated with a marked increase in stool and colon tissue TNF levels. Initiation of therapy with intraperitoneal (i.p.) LMP-420 on day 4 of DSS exposure decreased colonic TNF to near normal levels on day 7. However, neither i.p. nor oral treatment with LMP-420 affected the development or severity of acute DSS colitis. Initiation of LMP-420 therapy after 3 cycles of DSS administration to establish chronic colitis also had no effect on the severity of chronic colitis. Analysis of colonic TNF combined with longitudinal analysis of TNF and TNF receptor (TNF-RII) levels in stool during the development of chronic DSS colitis demonstrated that the initially elevated colonic TNF levels returned to normal despite intense on-going inflammation in mice with chronic colitis. RAG-2-/- mice deficient in T and B cells also developed severe ongoing colitis in response to 3 cycles of DSS, but showed marked differences vs. wild type mice in stool TNF and TNF-RII in response to DSS exposure. Systemic and oral LMP-420 treatment for 16 days decreased colonic TNF levels in IL-10-deficient mice with chronic colitis, with a trend to decreased histologic inflammation for oral LMP-420. These studies demonstrate that short-term treatment with a transcriptional inhibitor of TNF production can decrease systemic and local colonic levels of TNF but may not decrease the histologic severity of colitis. Longer term studies using colitis models that are more dependent on TNF elevation should be performed to more accurately assess the potential of LMP-420 for therapy of inflammatory bowel disease.
Proteomic analysis of human norepinephrine transporter complexes reveals associations with protein phosphatase 2A anchoring subunit and 14-3-3 proteins

The norepinephrine transporter (NET) terminates noradrenergic signals by clearing released NE at synapses. NET regulation by receptors and intracellular signaling pathways is supported by a growing list of associated proteins including syntaxin1A, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) catalytic subunit (PP2A-C), PICK1, and Hic-5. In the present study, we sought evidence for additional partnerships by mass spectrometry-based analysis of proteins co-immunoprecipitated with human NET (hNET) stably expressed in a mouse noradrenergic neuroblastoma cell line. Our initial proteomic analyses reveal multiple peptides derived from hNET, peptides arising from the mouse PP2A anchoring subunit (PP2A-Ar) and peptides derived from 14-3-3 proteins. We verified physical association of NET with PP2A-Ar via co-immunoprecipitation studies using mouse vas deferens extracts and with 14-3-3 via a fusion pull-down approach, implicating specifically the hNET NH2-terminus for interactions. The transporter complexes described likely support mechanisms regulating transporter activity, localization, and trafficking.
Studies of pesticides by collision-induced dissociation, postsource-decay, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry.

The use of collision-induced dissociation, postsource decay (CID-PSD) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of small organic molecules is demonstrated. Three pesticides: paraquat, diquat, and difenzoquat were chosen for this study. The matrices 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (α-CHCA), and sinapinic acid (SA) were selected to investigate the effect of the matrix on the CID-PSD MALDI spectra of these molecules. α-CHCA and DHB were found to be appropriate matrices for the pesticides studied. Spectra for a given pesticide obtained from different matrices were compared with each other, and the differences between them are discussed. A comparison of CID-PSD MALDI with fast-atom bombardment MS/MS spectra is presented; the agreement of pesticide fragmentation patterns between the two methods indicates that CID-PSD MALDI MS is a reliable and efficient technique for structural elucidation of small molecules.
Performance of wellhead chokes during sub-critical flow of gas condensates

Field data from three key wells producing from a gas condensate reservoir located in the Middle East were implemented to test a new plotting technique to describe the sub-critical flow behavior of gas condensates through wellhead chokes. Empirical correlations were developed for eight different choke sizes between 24/64 in. and 128/64 in. These correlations can be applied to predict gas flow rates under wide range of flow conditions usually encountered during the flow of gas condensates through wellhead chokes. Using the proposed plotting technique, all ninety seven data points were found to follow a clear trend which can accurately predict the observed gas flow rates under the specified range of parameters involved in this study. In an attempt to develop a general correlation which includes the choke size as a variable, the same data points were used in a non-linear regression analysis. Based on five statistical measures, the results of gas flow rates calculated by the general formula were compared with those calculated by the individual choke size formulae, and the latter were found superior. This paper presents a simple, yet accurate, method of predicting gas flow rates for a specified choke size under sub-critical flow conditions through chokes. It can also be used to select the choke size necessary to achieve a required gas flow rate. The results of this work are very important in the design and implementation of deliverability tests, pressure transient tests, well control, and long-term well production of gas condensates.
Astrocyte-specific expression patterns associated with the PDGF-induced glioma microenvironment.

Background The tumor microenvironment contains normal, non-neoplastic cells that may contribute to tumor growth and maintenance. Within PDGF-driven murine gliomas, tumor-associated astrocytes (TAAs) are a large component of the tumor microenvironment. The function of non-neoplastic astrocytes in the glioma microenvironment has not been fully elucidated; moreover, the differences between these astrocytes and normal astrocytes are unknown. We therefore sought to identify genes and pathways that are increased in TAAs relative to normal astrocytes and also to determine whether expression of these genes correlates with glioma behavior. Methodology/Principal Findings We compared the gene expression profiles of TAAs to normal astrocytes and found the Antigen Presentation Pathway to be significantly increased in TAAs. We then identified a gene signature for glioblastoma (GBM) TAAs and validated the expression of some of those genes within the tumor. We also show that TAAs are derived from the non-tumor, stromal environment, in contrast to the Olig2+ tumor cells that constitute the neoplastic elements in our model. Finally, we validate this GBM TAA signature in patients and show that a TAA-derived gene signature predicts survival specifically in the human proneural subtype of glioma. Conclusions/Significance Our data identifies unique gene expression patterns between populations of TAAs and suggests potential roles for stromal astrocytes within the glioma microenvironment. We show that certain stromal astrocytes in the tumor microenvironment express a GBM-specific gene signature and that the majority of these stromal astrocyte genes can predict survival in the human disease.
Tinkering and Turnarounds: Understanding The Contemporary Campaign To Improve Low-Performing Schools

An unprecedented amount of attention in recent years has been focused on turning around low-performing schools. Drawing on insights from Tyack and Cuban's (1995) Tinkering Toward Utopia, the article analyzes the forces behind the school turnaround phenomenon and how they have evolved since passage of the No Child Left Behind Act. The article concludes by considering whether turnaround efforts represent the kind of reforms that Tyack and Cuban characterized as tinkering.
Should symptoms be scaled for intensity, frequency, or both?

Objective: This study evaluated the comparability of two 5-point symptom self-report rating scales: Intensity (from “not at all” to “very much”) and Frequency (from “none of the time” to “all of the time”). Questions from the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT)-Fatigue 13-item scale was examined.Methods: Data from 161 patients (60 cancer, 51 stroke, 50 HIV) were calibrated separately to fit an item response theory-based rating scale model (RSM). The RSM specifies intersection parameters (step thresholds) between two adjacent response categories and the item location parameter that reflects the probability that a problem will be endorsed. Along with patient fatigue scores (“measures”), the spread of the step thresholds and between-threshold ranges were examined. The item locations were also examined for differential item functioning.Results: There was no mean raw score difference between intensity and frequency rating scales (37.2 vs. 36.4, p = n.s.). The high correlation (r = .86, p < .001) between the intensity versus frequency scores indicated their essential equivalence. However, frequency step thresholds covered more of the fatigue measurement continuum and were more equidistant, and therefore reduced floor and ceiling effects.Significance of results: These two scaling methods produce essentially equivalent fatigue estimates; it is difficult to justify assessing both. The frequency response scaling may be preferable in that it provides fuller coverage of the fatigue continuum, including slightly better differentiation of people with relatively little fatigue, and a small group of the most fatigued patients. Intensity response scaling offers slightly more precision among the patients with significant fatigue.
A solution to the stereochemical problems posed by amaryllidaceae constituents using a highly syn-selective arylcuprate conjugate addition to γ-amino and γ-carbamato-α,β-enoates

Various substituted arylcuprates undergo stereocontrolled additions to L-serine-derived γamino- and γ-carbamato-α,β-enoates with high syn-selectivities. The stereochemical outcome of these reactions is fully consistent with the reductive elimination-based model proposed previously. This method is well suited for the preparation of a broad range of biologically active amaryllidaceae constituents and their aromatic analogues.
A computational study of 4-alkyl equatorial tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-1-oxides (tetrahydrothiopyran-1-oxides, thiacyclohexane-1-oxides, thiane-1-oxides)

Abstract Ab initio theory and density functional theory (B3LYP) have been used to calculate the geometry optimized structures, configurational isomer energy differences (Δ E ), and the configurational enthalpies (Δ H 0 ), entropies (Δ S 0 ), and free energies (Δ G 0 ) of 4-alkyl equatorial tetrahydro-2 H -thiopyran-1-oxides (tetrahydrothiopyran-1-oxides, thiacyclohexane-1-oxides, thiane-1-oxides (Me, Et, neo -Pent, i -Pr, tert -Bu) and 4-trimethylsilyl equatorial tetrahydro-2 H -thiopyran-1-oxide. The calculated structural data indicate that repulsive steric interactions between the axial alkyl group and the ring atoms are the major contributors to the equatorial preference. The configurational isomer energy differences (Δ E ), configurational enthalpies (Δ H 0 ) and free energies (Δ G 0 ) of the 4-alkyl equatorial tetrahydro-2 H -thiopyran-1-oxides have been compared with the reported experimental conformational enthalpies (Δ H 0 ) and free energies (Δ G 0 ) of the corresponding alkylcyclohexanes and 4-alkyltetrahydro-2 H -thiopyrans. The use of the configurational isomer energy differences (Δ E ) and/or configurational free energies (Δ G 0 ) of 4-alkyl equatorial tetrahydro-2 H -thiopyran-1-oxides as possible models for assigning the difference in the steric requirements of an alkyl substituent in axial and equatorial positions is also discussed.
World peace through intercultural research: From a research culture of war to a research culture of peace

Abstract Nowadays, “world peace” has become a jaded expression. Rather than responding with utter cynicism or calling it a utopian dream, I would like to point out how intercultural researchers might contribute to making the world a better place. Intercultural researchers may hold a naive presumption that just because we are in the business of understanding “the Other,” we are doing something good for humanity. Naive scientism, which has believed in neutrality of describing the “other” culture chosen as a “field research,” has been heavily criticized. What had been praised as scholarly contributions have been shown to reveal hidden desires of domination. This shift in perception has created a crisis of cognition with regard to ways of understanding the “Other” This paper focuses on five different research trends that view the binary relation with “the Other” as camouflage for killing or ingesting the “Other”: (1) collectivism as the absence of individualism, rejecting the “Other,” (2) assimilating the Other to the self in acculturation literature, which reflects annihilation anxiety, (3) hidden ethnocentrism in theories, signifying that one is not open to the Other's experiences, (4) focusing on comparisons between culture-typed individuals rather than bi- or multi-cultural individuals, thereby implying a binary opposition between the self and the Other, (5) Host Communication Competence research, pressuring others to become similar to oneself. All this suggests the position of a “Research Culture of War”, seeking to define, dominate and absorb the Other. One's relationship with the Other is better as difference than as sameness. The very possibility of love arises from the existence of an Other that cannot be reduced to oneself or digested into sameness. I appeal for adopting the perspective of “Thou Shalt not Kill” in our intercultural research, welcoming the Other rather than trying to manage or dissolve it.
Los Angeles and the anti-tradition of the suburban city

Abstract An anti-urban image of Los Angeles that projected the city as a sprawling suburban expanse of automobile freeways and smog without a downtown skyline was broadcast in the national press after the First World War, climaxing in 1960. The national emotional response to the lack of urban order in Los Angeles was triggered by the night view from the Hollywood Hills and realized in the imagery of Los Angeles as “Six suburbs in search of a city”. In fact, the night view of the Los Angeles Basin defined the emergent urban axis of Wilshire Boulevard, expanding west from the downtown district along the elite corridor to Beverly Hills and the Pacific shore. The result of the continued development of both Wilshire Boulevard and the downtown district was a revision of the anti-urban imagery, signaled by high-rise construction and increasing urban density after 1960. Recent critical imagery of Los Angeles appears to be based on deep-rooted notions of traditional urban density and Old World pre-industrial city structure. The result is a continuing evaluation of Los Angeles in the national press as a terrae incognitae when compared with New York City as the traditional city prototype of the oikoumene .
Risk taking, frame of reference, and characterization of victim groups in AIDS treatment decisions

Abstract Subjects' frame of reference was manipulated in a hypothetical medical decision-making task patterned after Tversky and Kahneman's (1981) “Asian disease task”. Subjects in the positive framing condition received an option of definitely saving one-third of the lives of potential victims of a new outbreak of AIDS and an option with a one-third probability of saving all lives and a two-thirds probability of saving no lives. Equivalent options in the negative framing condition were one where two-thirds would die and one where there is one-third probability no one would die and two-thirds probability that all would die. Characteristics of the potential groups of victims were also manipulated. Results for the more desirable victim group, hemophiliacs, displayed the usual preference reversal with changing frame of reference: risk-averse choices when considering “lives saved” and risk-seeking choices when considering “lives lost”. This was not the case for the less desirable groups, e.g., intravenous drug users. These results were replicated in a forced-choice variant of the task. Analogous results were obtained when comparing risk-taking for “ingroup” and “outgroup” members. Results were discussed in terms of differences in the subjective value functions for “lives saved” and “lives lost” for the different groups. An independent scaling procedure supported the hypothesized differences in value functions.
Crack-tip plasticity in bulk metallic glasses

Abstract The fracture and plastic deformation mechanisms of a Zr–Ti–Ni–Cu–Be bulk metallic glass are reviewed. In particular, the effects of stress state and local heating on the development of shear bands are discussed. The temperature increase at the crack tip during fracture was measured and was found to be consistent with predictions of the dissipation of plastic work as heat. In order to examine the effect of stress state on failure, tensile bars with notches of varying severity were used to superimpose a tensile mean stress. A constant mean stress was found to provide an accurate correlation with the onset of strain localization and failure.
Two Algorithms for Mass Normalizing Mode Shapes From Impact Excited Continuous-Scan Laser Doppler Vibrometry

Continuous-scan laser Doppler vibrometry (CSLDV), a concept where a vibrometer measures the motion of a structure as the laser measurement point sweeps over the structure, has proven to be an effective method for rapidly obtaining mode shape measurements with very high spatial detail using a completely non-contact approach. Existing CSLDV methods obtain only the operating shapes or arbitrarily scaled modes of a structure, but the mass-normalized modes are sought in many applications; for example, when the experimental modal model is to be used for substructuring predictions or to predict the effect of structural modifications. This paper extends an approach based on impact excitation and CSLDV, presenting a new least squares algorithm that can be used to estimate the mass-normalized modes of a structure from CSLDV measurements. Two formulations are derived: one based on real-modes that is appropriate when the structure is proportionally damped and a second that accommodates a complex-mode description. The latter approach also gives the algorithm further latitude to accommodate time-synchronization errors in the data acquisition system. The method is demonstrated on a free-free beam, where both CSLDV and a conventional test using an accelerometer and a roving-hammer are used to find its first seven mass normalized modes. The scale factors produced by both methods are found to agree with a tuned analytical model for the beam to within about ten percent. The results are further verified by attaching a small mass to the beam and using the model to predict the change in the structure’s natural frequencies and mode shapes due to the added mass.
Initial experience with upfront arterial and perfusion imaging among ischemic stroke patients presenting within the 4.5-hour time window

Background Although perfusion imaging is being evaluated as a tool to select acute ischemic stroke patients who are most likely to benefit from reperfusion therapies beyond the standard time windows, there are limited data on the utility of perfusion imaging within the intravenous (IV) thrombolytic time window. Methods A new stroke imaging protocol was initiated at Emory University Hospital including computed tomographic angiography (CTA) and computed tomographic perfusion (CTP). All patients presenting within 4.5 hours from last known normal time with suspected stroke were prospectively identified. Impact of CTA and CTP on the clinical management was recorded prospectively by stroke team members. Results During the study period, 87 patients met eligibility criteria for the CTA/CTP protocol, of which 83 (95%) underwent this upfront comprehensive imaging protocol and 30 (34%) received IV thrombolytics. Overall, stroke team members reported that CTA and/or CTP aided their clinical management in 39 (47%) cases, including aiding in identification of a nonstroke diagnosis (n = 18), triage to the neurologic intensive care unit (n = 9), early triage to endovascular therapy (n = 4), and initiation of IV thrombolytic for low National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score with large vessel occlusion (n = 3). Door to needle time ≤60 minutes was achieved in only 18% of patients receiving IV thrombolysis during the study period, but had improved to 44% in the subsequent 6-month period. Conclusions An upfront CTA/CTP protocol aided stroke team decision-making in nearly half of cases. Implementation of a CTA/CTP protocol was associated with a learning curve of 6 months before door to needle time ≤60 minutes returned to similar rates as the pre-CTA/CTP protocol.
The Supermaxim of Conversation

Summary The Gricean maxims of conversation are regulated by a supermaxim which determines what is relevant or not for a particular conversation. This maxim, involving a pragmatical knowledge, imposes specific restrictions on conversational strategy. It is called the “maxim of conversation topology” because it fixes the topos of a conversation. Resume Dans cet article nous demontrons que les maximes de la conversation, etablies par H.P. Grice, sont dominees par une supermaxime qui determine ce qui est pertinent et ce qui n'est pas pertinent pour une certaine conversation. Cette maxime, qui implique une connaissance ?on;ordre pragmatique, impose des restrictions specifiques sur la strategie de conversation. Cette supermaxime, axiomatiquement premiere, est appelee ici la maxime de la topologie de la conversation, puisque c'est elle qui fixe le topos?on;une conversation. Zusammenfassung Die Maximen, die Grice fur die Durchfuhrung einer Konversation aufstellt, werden ihrerseits durch eine Obermaxime geregelt, die bestimmt, was fur eine gegebene Konversation relevant ist oder nicht. Die Maxime involviert pralctisches Wissen und legt der angewendeten Strategie spezifi-sche Einschrankungen auf. Sie wird die Maxime der Konversationstopologie genannt, weil sie den Topos einer Konversation festlegt.
Non‐linear adaptive control of induction motors

Given measurements of rotor position, rotor velocity, and stator currents, we design an adaptive control scheme that is free of singularities, does not require rotor flux measurements, and provides for simultaneous asymptotic rotor position/rotor flux tracking despite the uncertainty associated with the mechanical subsystem parameters and the rotor resistance parameter. For the case when the rotor resistance parameter is known exactly, we modify the structure of the controller to achieve global asymptotic rotor position/rotor flux tracking while accommodating for parameter uncertainty associated with the mechanical subsystem parameters and the stator electrical subsystem parameters. Experimental results are presented to illustrate the performance of the control structure. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shall I Google it or ask the competent villain down the hall? The moderating role of information need in information source selection

Previous studies have found that both (a) the characteristics (e.g., quality and accessibility) (e.g., Fidel & Green, 2004) and (b) the types of sources (e.g., relational and nonrelational sources) (e.g., Zimmer, Henry, & Butler, 2007) influence information source selection. Different from earlier studies that have prioritized one source attribute over the other, this research uses information need as a contingency factor to examine information seekers' simultaneous consideration of different attributes. An empirical test from 149 employees' evaluations of eight information sources revealed that (a) low‐and high‐information‐need individuals favored information source quality over accessibility while medium‐information‐need individuals favored accessibility over quality; and (b) individuals are more likely to choose relational over nonrelational sources as information need increases. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Invariant gauge automorphisms of homogeneous principal bundles

The inner and outer automorphism groups of a Lie group are generalized by considering automorphisms in the category of homogeneous principal bundles. These automorphisms are then used to produce certain invariant gauge transformations of such bundles. Some aspects of the resulting action on the space of invariant connections are also described.
Conscious and Unconscious Use of Self: The Evolution of a Process

Recent emphasis has been placed on the central role of the therapeutic relationship in successful treatment. One aspect of the development of an effective relationship is the clinical social worker's use of self. We argue that the use of self happens both consciously and unconsciously and is a dynamic and evolving process in psychotherapy. This evolution can result in the clinical social worker shifting from a stance of doing to being. Drawing from a Japanese tradition of learning, three stages of learning provide a framework for understanding how therapists may transition from a state of doing to being in the therapy. Through this process, the conscious use of self may develop into unconscious use of self. Two case examples demonstrate how expanding and using one's self-awareness and the new knowledge through meaningful learning experiences can shift a clinical social worker's ability to develop and enhance his or her use of self, inviting therapeutic presence and depth.
Mechanisms for Precipitation Variability of the Eastern Brazil/SACZ Convective Margin

The present study examines the mechanisms for the connection between the precipitation variability in eastern Brazil and the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ) convective margin (eastern Brazil/SACZ convective margin) and the variability of low-level inflow on interannual time scales during austral summer. Theauthors’methodologyisbasedontheanalysisofobservationaldatasetsandsimulationsby theUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) coupled to the Simplified Simple Biosphere Model. It is demonstrated that the inflow variability is associated with the leading mode of wind variability over subtropicalSouth America,andtheconnection isestablishedthroughthemechanismofananalyticprototype for convective margin shifts proposed in previous studies. Over the eastern Brazil/SACZ convective margin, the weaker (stronger) convection tends to occur together with stronger (weaker) low-level inflows in reference to the mean easterly trades. By changing the ‘‘ventilation’’ effect, stronger (weaker) inflows with low moist static energy from the Atlantic Ocean suppress (promote) convection. The causal relationship is verified by AGCM mechanism-testing experiments performed in perpetual-February mode, in which low-level, nondivergent wind perturbations are imposed in a region overlapping eastern Brazil and the western Atlantic Ocean. With solely the imposed-wind perturbations acting on the moisture advection in the model equation, the AGCM can reproduce the precipitation variability in the eastern Brazil/SACZ convective margin. The capability of the AGCM in capturing such precipitation sensitivity to the low-level inflow variability also suggests that the mechanism can be applied to other regions of convective margins or to other time scales.
Influence of environmental saturation and electric field on growth and evaporation of epitaxial ice crystals

Abstract Experimental studies of ice grown epitaxially from the vapor phase on covellite (CuS) and AgI substrates in air shows that growth sometimes occurs as thin crystals whose thickness can be measured by their interference color when viewed under vertical white illumination. Some crystals fail to thicken while growing laterally. Their growth rate is twice as fast on AgI as on CuS under identical conditions. Non-thickening crystals can be induced to thicken by increase of excess vapor density; a few crystals fail to thicken by water saturation. Lateral growth rate is enhanced and non-thickening crystals are also induced to thicken by application of a dc electric field. Results are interpreted in terms of a reduced growth rate caused by strain at the ice-substrate interface leading to an increase of crystal vapor pressure. This is consistent with a smaller misfit and lower strain for AgI substrates compared with CuS. Electric field gives rise to local ionization and mass flow towards the growing crystal, giving an effectively larger excess vapor density. This interpretation is consistent with the enhanced evaporation rates observed in the presence of an electric field. Ice crystal growth habit dependence on environmental conditions is examined in light of these results.
Small molecule photoelectron spectroscopy: Recoil effects, stoichiometric surprises, and double-core-hole ionization

Abstract Three features of small-molecule photoelectron spectroscopy are considered (1) the atom from which a photoelectron is emitted must have a recoil momentum equal to that of the emitted electron. This is shared among the various modes of motion of the ion, leading to rotational and vibrational excitation. Furthermore, any initial velocity of the atom (due to either translational, rotational, or vibrational motion) will lead to Doppler broadening. These effects are observable and can, in general, be accounted for by simple models. In some cases, however, the simple models fail and a deeper insight is necessary. (2) Inner-shell photoionization is essentially an atomic process, and it is expected that the intensity for emission of a photoelectron from the core of an atom in a molecule will be independent of its chemical environment. Recent measurements on the carbon 1s photoelectron spectra of three chloroethanes show that this is not the case. At energies not far above the ionization threshold there are strong oscillations of the intensity ratio (C Cl /C H ) with increasing photon energy. These are similar to those seen in EXAFS and can be accounted for by considering backscattering of the photoelectrons from the chlorine atoms. Moreover, even at high energies the cross section for ionization has been found to depend on the chemical environment of the atom. These results have important consequences for the use of inner-shell electron spectroscopy for quantitative analysis. (3) Single-core-hole ionization energies have long been used as a tool for investigating chemical phenomena. Double-core-hole ionization energies provide additional chemical information. By combining the single-hole and double-hole ionization energies it is possible to determine the effects of the initial-state charge distribution and final-state charge rearrangement on the chemical shifts and on other chemical properties. Until recently double-core-hole ionization energies have not been experimentally accessible for first-row elements. New experimental techniques have, however, made it possible to measure these not only for single sites in a molecule, but also for two different sites in the same molecule. The chemical information that can be obtained from such measurements is discussed.
The Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta: Odonata) of the Upper Rockcastle River System, Kentucky, U.S.A

Abstract A survey of the adult dragonfly and damselfly (Odonata) fauna of streams in the upper Rockcastle River system, Kentucky, was conducted during 2002–2003. Twenty-seven species were collected, resulting in 31 new county records for Jackson, Laurel, and Rockcastle counties and the extension of the Kentucky flight season for six species. The 27 species collected during this study represent 18 percent of the odonate species currently known from Kentucky.
Plasmon-Induced Transparency in Metamaterials

A plasmonic "molecule" consisting of a radiative element coupled with a subradiant (dark) element is theoretically investigated. The plasmonic molecule shows electromagnetic response that closely resembles the electromagnetically induced transparency in an atomic system. Because of its subwavelength dimension, this electromagnetically induced transparency-like molecule can be used as a building block to construct a "slow light" plasmonic metamaterial.
Comparison of histamine release effects of ionic and non-ionic radiographic contrast media

Abstract Histamine release may underline the side effects (particularly anaphylactoid) of radiographic contrast media. To study the histamine-releasing properties of radiographic contrast media, this study measured the in vitro release of histamine from human basophils incubated with diatrizoate, a standard ionic radiographic contrast agent, and with iopamidol, a newly developed non-ionic contrast agent. The basophils were separated from blood obtained from 16 patients scheduled for coronary angiography. For both diatrizoate and iopamidol, the concentration of histamine released varied as the concentration of radiographic contrast agent was increased from 0.075 M to 0.50 M . At the higher concentrations tested, the percent of histamine released by iopamidol was about half that released by diatrizoate (p
Current Treatment of Locoregional Recurrence of Melanoma

Surgical resection is the mainstay of therapy for locoregional recurrence of melanoma and the best chance for long-term cure in patients with locoregional recurrence of melanoma. In addition to true local recurrence at the site of the primary lesion, locoregional relapse can occur as regional nodal disease or as satellite or in-transit metastases, which may be unresectable and can present significant treatment challenges. Options for unresectable locoregional recurrence include regional hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion or isolated limb infusion, topical therapies, intralesional injection therapies, laser ablation, radiation therapy, and systemic therapy. Given the risk of further relapse and the negative impact on prognosis and overall survival after locoregional recurrence of melanoma, most patients should be considered for aggressive locoregional therapy.
Actions of insulin and hydrocortisone on macromolecular synthesis in primary epithelial cell cultures from mouse mammary glands.

Monolayer cultures of mammary gland epithelial cells were prepared from the abdominal glands of midpregnancy mice. After collagenase digestion of mammary tissue and separation by differential centrifugation, the isolated epithelial cells were cultured in Eagle's Minimal Essential Medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and insulin (6 μ/ml). Six days later, when the cultures were in log growth and nearly confluent, the effects of insulin and/or hydrocortisone on the rates of RNA, DNA, and protein synthesis were determined in a serum-free medium. At physiological concentrations, insulin enhanced the rates of uptake and incorporation of [3H]uridine into RNA, of [3H]thymidine into DNA, and of [3H]leucine into protein. Hydrocortisone was shown to be biphasic with regard to concentration in attenuating or augmenting insulin's effects on macromolecular synthesis.
Photopolarimetry of planets and stars

Abstract This is a review, completed by April 1971, of the wide range in polarization-wavelength dependence that is found in astronomy. Polarimetry allows the determination of a dusty surface texture for objects without an atmosphere, of the optical thickness and aerosol characteristics for thick atmospheres, and of particle parameters for interstellar grains. The observed phenomena of Quasar 3 C 345 and of Pulsar NP 0532 are similar, except for time-scale, which appears to support Morrison's suggestion that these are similar objects, except in size.
John Playfair and his books

Summary John Playfair left a library of over 1,400 volumes at his death. Analysing these augments our understanding of his mind, particularly with regard to geology. Two questions of special import are why this teacher of mathematics was interested in geology at all, and why, having written his Illustrations of the Huttonian theory of the Earth (Edinburgh, 1802) he never completed the proposed second edition of this famous and influential work.
Factors that Influence Retention and Professional Development of Social Workers

The profession of social work is becoming increasingly involved in empowerment for its members as employers become more invested in promoting employee satisfaction. This is occurring at a crucial time in which predictions are that the profession will be heading into a shortage of workers (NASW Center for Workforce Studies, 2006; U.S. Department of Labor Profession Report 2008-09). The experiences of the social work staff at Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center in Richmond, Virginia, illustrate the process as efforts combine to create new paths to career development for “frontline” clinicians. The work of the Retention Committee in the Department of Care Coordination began due to staff members' dissatisfaction with opportunity for advancement, pay disparity, and inequitable distribution of workload. This article will present the history, efforts, and outcome of the Social Work Retention Committee at VCU Medical Center.
Environmental Valuation Techniques in Water Resource Decision Making

Economic valuation of environmental uses of water resources has the potential to bring a more balanced perspective to the allocation and management of water resources. Environmental valuation allows water resource benefits received by nontraditional water users in society to be included in benefit-cost analyses. This allows for a more formal consideration in the decision-making process that is on par with historic uses of water. Some environmental valuation methods follow traditional economic approaches such as estimating the demand curve for recreation as a function of water flow or water quality. Other environmental valuation approaches utilize surveys to create simulated markets for public uses of water resources. These valuation methods are capable of monetizing the economic values of instream flow and water-based recreation as well as the value of preserving habitat for endangered species. Government-agency use of these environmental values and techniques in their resource analyses is presented. Seve...
Effects of hypnotic drugs on memory.

Abstract An original design and new task procedures were used to evaluate the effects of morning recall of flunitrazepam 2 mg and secobarbital 100 mg taken at bedtime the previous night. Both flunitrazepam and secobarbital produced anterograde amnesia on the morning following the first drug night; with flunitrazepam, this effect was still evident on the third drug night, but did not appear to be related to plasma drug concentrations. These results suggest that when patients ingest certain benzodiazepine hypnotics before or at bedtime, there may be a decrement in memory retrieval of information acquired before sleep onset or during nocturnal awakenings. Further studies are needed to determine whether the anterograde amnesia produced by benzodiazepine drugs is an aspect of state-dependent learning.
Addendum to Wheeler, Stout, and Miller (2004)

In reviewing our notes, we have found that an idea that we presented in Wheeler, Stout, and Miller (2004) was not properly attributed. Specifically, on p. 346 we state that super-latent inhibition in a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) preparation can be viewed as an instance of spontaneous recovery from counterconditioning. In a CTA preparation, all CS exposures are technically reinforced because water can serve as an effective US for a thirsty rat. Thus, latent inhibition may be viewed as a counterconditioning situation in which the taste CS is initially paired with fluid, and later paired with illness. Following this logic, superlatent inhibition may be explained as spontaneous recovery of appetitively conditioned responding when a long retention interval is interposed after aversive counterconditioning. Although we did cite Garcia (1989), who has suggested that liquid CSs are USs in a CTA preparation, and Bouton and Peck (1992), who found spontaneous recovery after counterconditioning), we failed to cite a personal communication from Gonzalo De la Casa (October 17, 2002) that integrated these two ideas to explain super-latent inhibition in a CTA preparation.
Rhabdomyosarcoma of the oral cavity: Report of four cases

Clinical and pathologic findings of four cases of rhabdomyosarcoma of the oral soft tissues are described that include findings from immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Three cases occurred in children under 16 years of age and one in a 22-year-old. Included is a brief discussion on reported gene abnormalities that may contribute to neoplastic development.
Women Law Students’ Descriptions of Self and the Ideal Lawyer:

This study employed the Adjective Check List to assess descriptions of self and ideal lawyer among women law students in terms of sex-trait stereotypes and need structures. When compared to a sample of female undergraduates, the law students exhibited more self-confidence and autonomy. However, the law students perceived the ideal lawyer to be more rational and less emotional than themselves. While the female law students and female undergraduates had theoretically feminine self-descriptions, the law students’ perception of the ideal lawyer was relatively quite masculine. It was proposed that the perception of the legal profession as requiring primarily masculine traits may affect the self-selection of women into the field and may limit the occupational aspirations of women within the profession.
Influence Tactics as Signals of Fit and Precursors of Turnover

A major premise of this paper is that organizational values are likely to be expressed in the type of influence tactics successful individuals employ. The purpose of this study is to explore the notion that individuals can gauge their fit with the organization according to their perception of the influence tactics they think are important for success. Specifically, this research is premised upon the assumption that individuals, over time, acquire a sense ofthe influence tactics they believe are important, and gauge their fit with the organization accordingly. This study is longitudinal in nature, and includes a measurement of turnover, permitting further exploration of the individual’s perception of fit with the organization. This study is unique in that no research to date has explored the relationship between turnover and individuals’ perceptions of those tactics they think are important for success.
The phylogeny of Prochloron

Abstract Prochloron, a unicellular alga that combines some features of cyanophytes with others of chlorophytes, is a phylogenetic enigma. Mounting evidence from electron microscopy, comparative biochemistry and molecular biology now suggests that prochlorophytes probably arose from blue-green algal ancestors, perhaps less than 103 years ago.
Vapor—liquid equilibrium measurements for the n-pentane—methanol system at 372.7, 397.7 and 422.6 K

Abstract P-x-y measurements have been obtained for the n-pentane—methanol system along the 372.7, 397.7 and 422.6 K isotherms. For these isotherms, this system exhibited maximum pressure azeotropic behavior. No other isothermal vapor—liquid equilibrium information exists in the literature for this sytem. The experimental data were correlated with the four-suffix Margules equation. The temperature dependence of the three parameters of this Margules equation was established for temperatures ranging from 372.7 to 422.6 K. However, attempts to extrapolate these relationships to lower temperatures, using excess enthalpy data available in the literature, proved inadequate for the prediction of the isobaric vapor—liquid equilibrium measurements of Tenn and Missen (1963) . Auxiliary expressions have been developed relating azeotropic pressure and composition to temperature. These expressions are valid for temperatures ranging from 303.25 to 422.6 K.
Dynamic edge warping: an experimental system for recovering disparity maps in weakly constrained systems

Dynamic edge warping (DEW), a technique for recovering reasonably accurate disparity maps from uncalibrated stereo image pairs, is presented. No precise knowledge of the epipolar camera geometry is assumed. The technique is embedded in a system including structural stereopsis on the front end and robust estimation in digital photogrammetry on the other for the purpose of self-calibrating stereo image pairs. Once the relative camera orientation is known, the epipolar geometry is computed and the system can use this information to refine its representation of the object space. Such a system will find application in the autonomous extraction of terrain maps from stereo aerial photographs, for which camera position and orientation are unknown a priori, and for online autonomous calibration maintenance for robotic vision applications, in which the cameras are subject to vibration and other physical disturbances after calibration. This work thus forms a component of an intelligent system that begins with a pair of images and, having only vague knowledge of the conditions under which they were acquired, produces an accurate, dense, relative depth map. The resulting disparity map can also be used directly in some high-level applications involving qualitative scene analysis, spatial reasoning, and perceptual organization of the object space. The system as a whole substitutes high-level information and constraints for precise geometric knowledge in driving and constraining the early correspondence process. >
Neuronal activity in the nucleus accumbens is necessary for performance-related increases in cortical acetylcholine release

In vivo microdialysis was used to determine the necessity of neuronal activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) for task-induced increases in cortical acetylcholine (ACh) efflux. Rats were trained in a behavioral task in which they were required to perform a defined number of licks of a citric acid solution in order to gain access to a palatable, cheese-flavored food. Upon reaching a consistent level of performance, rats were implanted with microdialysis cannula in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and either the ipsilateral shell of the NAC or in the dorsal striatum (STR; control site). Dialysis samples from the mPFC were analyzed for ACh concentrations and samples from the NAC were analyzed for dopamine (DA) concentrations. Performance in the task was associated with increases in both ACh efflux in the cortex (150-200%) and DA efflux in the NAC (50-75%). These increases were blocked by administration of tetrodotoxin (TTX; 1.0 microM) via reverse dialysis into the NAC. Administration of TTX into the dorsal STR control site was ineffective in blocking performance-associated increases in cortical ACh. The D2 antagonist sulpiride (10 or 100 microM) administered into the NAC via reverse dialysis was ineffective in blocking increases in cortical ACh efflux. The present data reveal that neuronal activity in the NAC is necessary for behaviorally induced increases in cortical ACh efflux and that this activation does not require increases in D2 receptor activity.