cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching Science Through the Language of Students in Technology-Enhanced Instruction

This study examines whether and how tapping into students’ everyday language in a web-based learning environment can improve all students’ science learning in linguistically heterogeneous classrooms. A total of 220 fifth-grade English Language Learners (ELLs) and their non-ELL peers were assigned to either an everyday English approach condition or a textbook approach condition, and completed technology-enhanced instruction focusing on respiration and photosynthesis. Students in the everyday English approach condition were taught the concepts in everyday, conversational English before content-specific scientific terms were introduced, while students in the textbook approach condition were taught the same concepts and vocabulary simultaneously. The results show that the everyday English approach was significantly more effective in helping both ELLs and non-ELL students develop a coherent understanding of abstract concepts related to photosynthesis and respiration. Students in the everyday English approach condition were also better able to link content-specific terms to their understanding of the concepts. These findings show the potential advantage of using students’ everyday English as a resource to make science more accessible to linguistically diverse students in mainstream classrooms. By integrating students’ everyday language in science instruction, it is possible for all students including ELLs to acquire both the content and language of science.
Dopant-Segregated Schottky Source/Drain Double-Gate MOSFET Design in the Direct Source-to-Drain Tunneling Regime

The effect of direct source-to-drain tunneling (DSDT) on dopant-segregated Schottky (DSS) source/drain double-gate MOSFET design is investigated. In the DSDT regime, graded source/drain doping profiles offer improved device performance due to increased DSDT barrier width. Non-zero Schottky barrier heights also offer some performance improvement for the same reason, but high-k gate-sidewall spacers are a much better alternative. Ultimately, DSDT and short channel effects will limit the scaling of the (off -state) electrical channel length, which is determined by the source-to-drain contact spacing and fringing field effects such as gate sidewall coupling and silicide gating. Although the physical gate length can be scaled below 3 nm with little DSDT-induced performance degradation, the lower limit for source-to-drain contact spacing is projected to be ~ 11 nm.
Effect of Coherency Strains on Phase Separation in the AlN‐Al2OC Pseudobinary System

AlN and Al[sub 2]OC, both of 2H structure, form a homogeneous solid solution at elevated temperatures. Annealing at lower temperatures leads to the formation of two solid solutions, one AlN-rich and the other Al[sub 2]OC-rich. Samples of near equimolar composition form disk-shaped precipitates upon annealing at temperatures below [approximately]1900 C. In the present work, samples of several compositions were fabricated by hot-pressing mixtures of AlN, Al[sub 4]C[sub 3] and Al[sub 2]O[sub 3]. Lattice parameters of the resulting solid solutions were measured by X-ray diffraction. Samples of an equimolar composition were annealed at 1500 C for various periods of time up to a maximum of 512 h. Disk-shaped precipitates with their axes along the [0001] direction were initially coherent. In the coherent stage, the a lattice parameters of the precipitate and the matrix were identical because of coherent fitting of lattice planes. The shape of the precipitates and their orientation were in accord with predictions and their orientation were in accord with predictions based on theoretical calculations of coherency strain energy. Using the experimentally measured values of the aspect ratios, the precipitate/matrix interfacial energy for coherent precipitates was estimated to be on the order of a few mJ/m[sup 2]. Long-term annealingmore » led to the loss of coherency as manifested by the formation of interface dislocations.« less
Mixed signal design and test education for high quality packaging development

As designers are pushing the limits of digital systems to achieve high-speed implementations, the need to combine digital and analog systems is becoming a high. priority. Mixed signal devices are becoming more wide spread in the area of telecommunication, where analog and digital components are combined on a single package to reduce product size and increase density. A mixed signal design for test approach needs to be maintained to insure the quality and reliability of these devices as they become more complex. This presentation will outline the development of an online course that addresses the area of mixed signal design and test through a review of the test protocols outlined with the IEEE 1149.4 standard, a description of the implementation of these approaches, and provide a preview of what is to come in the realm of mixed signal design and test.
Land 3D-seismic data: Preprocessing quality control utilizing survey design specifications, noise properties, normal moveout, first breaks, and offset

The recent proliferation of the 3D reflection seismic method into the near-surface area of geophysical applications, especially in response to the emergence of the need to comprehensively characterize and monitor near-surface carbon dioxide sequestration in shallow saline aquifers around the world, justifies the emphasis on cost-effective and robust quality control and assurance (QC/QA) workflow of 3D seismic data preprocessing that is suitable for near-surface applications. The main purpose of our seismic data preprocessing QC is to enable the use of appropriate header information, data that are free of noise-dominated traces, and/or flawed vertical stacking in subsequent processing steps. In this article, I provide an account of utilizing survey design specifications, noise properties, first breaks, and normal moveout for rapid and thorough graphical QC/QA diagnostics, which are easy to apply and efficient in the diagnosis of inconsistencies. A correlated vibroseis time-lapse 3D-seismic data set from a CO2-flood monitoring survey is used for demonstrating QC diagnostics. An important by-product of the QC workflow is establishing the number of layers for a refraction statics model in a data-driven graphical manner that capitalizes on the spatial coverage of the 3D seismic data.
RNA-protein distance patterns in ribosomes reveal the mechanism of translational attenuation

Elucidating protein translational regulation is crucial for understanding cellular function and drug development. A key molecule in protein translation is ribosome, which is a super-molecular complex extensively studied for more than a half century. The structure and dynamics of ribosome complexes were resolved recently thanks to the development of X-ray crystallography, Cryo-EM, and single molecule biophysics. Current studies of the ribosome have shown multiple functional states, each with a unique conformation. In this study, we analyzed the RNA-protein distances of ribosome (2.5 MDa) complexes and compared these changes among different ribosome complexes. We found that the RNA-protein distance is significantly correlated with the ribosomal functional state. Thus, the analysis of RNA-protein binding distances at important functional sites can distinguish ribosomal functional states and help understand ribosome functions. In particular, the mechanism of translational attenuation by nascent peptides and antibiotics was revealed by the conformational changes of local functional sites.
Steady state technique for measuring fluxes and diffusivities in binary liquid systems

A steady state experimental technique for measuring fluxes of the components and diffusivities in binary liquid systems has been developed. Steady state diffusion is established through a sintered glass diaphragm of ultrafine porosity with a known concentration difference across the diaphragm. The concentrations are maintained by a flow of solution on one side of the diaphragm and an infinite sink on the other side. The fluxes and diffusivities are calculated from the measured flows and compositions. A syringe pump capable of delivering extremely small flow rates with good reproducibility is used to pump the solution past the sintered glass diaphragm. The diffusion cell design permits an accurate control of pressure drop across the diaphragm so that fluxes can be measured both with and without pressure gradients. The diffusion cell was calibrated by using the hydrochloric acid-water system. Three binary systems, ethanol-benzene, aniline-benzene, and aniline-carbon tetrachloride were chosen for diffusion studies. Diffusivity-composition data for these systems at 25°C. were used to test the existing correlations for the concentration dependence of binary diffusivity. Of these, the empirical correlation of Vignes (11) represents the data satisfactorily. In addition, experimental molar diffusion flux ratio data for the above systems at 25°C. with no pressure gradients are reported and found to be essentially equal to the ratio of molar volumes of the components.
Reduction of transpiration and altered nutrient allocation contribute to nutrient decline of crops grown in elevated CO2 concentrations

Plants grown in elevated [CO(2) ] have lower protein and mineral concentrations compared with plants grown in ambient [CO(2) ]. Dilution by enhanced production of carbohydrates is a likely cause, but it cannot explain all of the reductions. Two proposed, but untested, hypotheses are that (1) reduced canopy transpiration reduces mass flow of nutrients to the roots thus reducing nutrient uptake and (2) changes in metabolite or enzyme concentrations caused by physiological changes alter requirements for minerals as protein cofactors or in other organic complexes, shifting allocation between tissues and possibly altering uptake. Here, we use the meta-analysis of previous studies in crops to test these hypotheses. Nutrients acquired mostly by mass flow were decreased significantly more by elevated [CO(2) ] than nutrients acquired by diffusion to the roots through the soil, supporting the first hypothesis. Similarly, Mg showed large concentration declines in leaves and wheat stems, but smaller decreases in other tissues. Because chlorophyll requires a large fraction of total plant Mg, and chlorophyll concentration is reduced by growth in elevated [CO(2) ], this supports the second hypothesis. Understanding these mechanisms may guide efforts to improve nutrient content, and allow modeling of nutrient changes and health impacts under future climate change scenarios.
The Toxoplasma Pseudokinase ROP5 Forms Complexes with ROP18 and ROP17 Kinases that Synergize to Control Acute Virulence in Mice

Polymorphic rhoptry-secreted kinases (ROPs) are essential virulence factors of Toxoplasma gondii. In particular, the pseudokinase ROP5 is the major determinant of acute virulence in mice, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We developed a tandem affinity protein tagging and purification approach in T. gondii and used it to show that ROP5 complexes with the active kinases ROP18 and ROP17. Biochemical analyses indicate that ROP18 and ROP17 have evolved to target adjacent and essential threonine residues in switch region I of immunity-related guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) (IRGs), a family of host defense molecules that function to control intracellular pathogens. The combined activities of ROP17 and ROP18 contribute to avoidance of IRG recruitment to the intracellular T. gondii-containing vacuole, thus protecting the parasite from clearance in interferon-activated macrophages. These studies reveal an intricate, multilayered parasite survival strategy involving pseudokinases that regulate multiple active kinase complexes to synergistically thwart innate immunity.
Amphibian diversity: Decimation by disease

Disease emergence and biodiversity loss are among the most pervasive environmental problems confronting science and society. Widespread and dramatic losses of amphibian populations and species represent the deadly intersection between these issues (1), as illustrated by the work of Lips et al. (2) in this issue of PNAS. Amphibians are one of the most imperiled groups of vertebrates, with nearly half of all species in decline and >100 species extinct or nearly so (3). Although a number of these declines can be linked to habitat loss and land-use changes (4), many of the most rapidly declining species (nearly 50%) occur in areas without obvious environmental changes. Even more disturbing is that affected populations show few signs of recovery, and analyses across species and time confirm the unusual and unidirectional downward trend (5).
Sensitivity Analysis of a Dynamic Fleet Management Model Using Approximate Dynamic Programming

We present tractable algorithms to assess the sensitivity of a stochastic dynamic fleet management model to fleet size and load availability. In particular, we show how to compute the change in the objective function value in response to an additional vehicle or an additional load introduced into the system. The novel aspect of our approach is that it does not require multiple simulations with different values of the model parameters, and in this respect it differs from trial-and-error-based “what-if” analyses. Numerical experiments show that the proposed methods are accurate and computationally attractive.
Clinical utility of molecular probes in lymphoproliferative disorders

The use of molecular probes to diagnose and evaluate human malignancies has been most prominent in the disease category of malignant lymphoma. While this technology is daunting, it has gained rapid entry into the laboratories of both academic and community hospitals. This is because the molecular analysis of genetic changes in human disease, especially the human lymphomas, contributes to many facets of care including aiding the diagnosis, providing prognosis and helping to monitor the disease process. This review aims to highlight both the current routinely available technology and its practical applications in human lymphoma.
Comments on Skinner's grammar

The strong tradition of “school room” grammars may have had a negative influence on the reception given a functional analysis of verbal behavior, both within and without the field of behavior analysis. Some of the failings of those traditional grammars, and their largely prescriptive nature were outlined through reference to other critics, and conflicting views. Skinner’s own treatment of grammatical issues was presented, emphasizing his view of a functional unit and his use of the autoclitic and intraverbal functions to describe alternatives to a formal or structural analysis. Finally, the relevance of stimulus control variables to some recurring questions about verbal behavior and, specifically grammar, were mentioned.
Botany of the 1841 Frémont–Geyer Expedition to the Des Moines River1

Abstract In June and July 1841, Lt. John Charles Fremont of the United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers led a survey of the lower Des Moines River in the territory of Iowa and the state of Missouri, accompanied by botanist Karl Andreas Geyer. The resulting publication was the earliest to report on the flora of Iowa in any sort of scientific fashion. Fremont described the major plant communities encountered, in the process mentioning 30 species: 24 trees and shrubs of the forest and six herbs of the prairie. Seven herbaceous species not mentioned in the report are documented by specimens in the herbarium of Missouri Botanical Garden.
Chronic alcoholism and bone remodeling processes: Caveats and considerations for the forensic anthropologist

Clinical literature provides substantial information on the effects of chronic alcohol abuse on bone remodeling and related skeletal disease processes. This biomedical information is seldom considered in detail by forensic anthropologists, who often rely on normative macroscopic models of bone remodeling and traditional macroscopic age estimation methods in the creation of biological profiles. The case study presented here considers the ways that alcoholism disrupts normal bone remodeling processes, thus skewing estimations of age-at-death. Alcoholism affects bone macroscopically, resulting in a porous appearance and an older estimation of age, while simultaneously inhibiting osteoblastic activity and resulting in a younger microscopic appearance. Forensic anthropologists must also be cognizant of pathological remodeling stemming from alcoholism in cases where trauma analysis is critical to the reconstruction of events leading up to death, as fracture healing rates can be affected. Beyond the case study, we also consider how forensic anthropologists and practitioners can recognize and account for osteological signatures of alcoholism in medico-legal contexts. In order to best estimate age at death, a combined macroscopic and microscopic approach should be employed whenever possible alcohol and drug abuse is known or suspected.
Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Platinum compounds provide the foundation for the treatment of patients with advanced NSCLC. Treatments with such regimens offer patients with an improvement in good performance status, in quality of life and prolonged survival, compared to BSC. Carboplatin very likely offers similar efficacy outcomes compared to cisplatin in this setting, and with less toxicity. Treatment with a platinum-based doublet incorporating a newer, third-generation cytotoxic agent is the recommended therapy for good-performance-status patients with advanced NSCLC, yielding an approximate response rate of 30%, median survival of 8–12 months, 1-year survival of 30%, and 2-year survival of 10%. No single regimen is recommended as superior; selection of the regimen can be flexible, contingent upon the patient’s comorbidities, treatment cost, and administration schedule. Adding a third cytotoxic agent is only likely to exacerbate toxicity, without improving efficacy. Treatment should be limited to four cycles in patients with stable disease, and possibly a maximum of six cycles, as tolerated, in responding patients. Age alone should not preclude consideration for treatment with a platinum doublet, although prospective data using platinum agents in studies restricted to elderly patients are lacking. Finally, research continues into the identification of platinum-sensitive patients based upon pharmacoge-nomic parameters, and the development of newer platinum compounds.
Special Track on Affective Computing

This special track will serve as a forum to unite researchers from the interdisciplinary arena that encompasses computer science, engineering, HCI, psychology, and education to exchange ideas, frameworks, methods, and tools relating to affective computing. Although the last decade has been ripe with theory and applications relevant to AC, these advances are accompanied by a new set of challenges. By providing a framework to discuss and evaluate novel research, we hope to leverage recent advances to speed-up future research in this area.
Human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in tissue culture.

SummaryA cell line has been established from a nodule of human giant and spindle cell carcinoma of the thyroid metastatic to a kidney. The culture has been maintained through more than 24 passages over a period of 1 1/2 years. Its identity as a cancer cell line was established by its growth on hetero-transplantation into immunologically tolerant rats with reproduction of the histologic appearance of the original tumor. Chromosomal studies showed a high degree of aneuploidy and polyploidy with numerous abnormalities of chromosomal form.
Paraneoplastic encephalopathy: an unusual presenting feature of bladder cancer metastasis

A 73-year-old woman with a history of localised transitional cell cancer (TCC) of the bladder, resected 22 years prior, presented with tremor, gait unsteadiness and cognitive deficits. Basic neurological workup was negative and CT of the abdomen revealed recurrent TCC with a solitary pelvic metastasis. She was treated with surgical resection of her tumour and immunosuppression. Her symptoms resolved, and it was felt her presentation was consistent with paraneoplastic encephalopathy in the setting of bladder cancer metastasis. She has remained disease and symptom free over 5 years of follow-up. This case report reviews the mechanism, clinical features and treatment of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, and discusses briefly the management of oligometastatic recurrent bladder cancer.
Synthesis and Assembly of Novel Poly(organophosphazene) Structures Based on Noncovalent “Host–Guest” Inclusion Complexation

The design and assembly of new organophosphazene polymeric materials based on supramolecular “host–guest” interactions was accomplished by linkage of supramolecular coupling units to either the main-chain terminus or the side-chains of the parent phosphazene polymer. Noncovalent interactions at the main chain terminus were used to produce amphiphilic palm-tree like pseudoblock copolymers via host–guest interactions between an adamantane end-functionalized polyphosphazene and a 4-armed β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) initiated poly[poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacylate] branched-star type polymer. Moreover, noncovalent interactions involving polymer side-chains were achieved between polyphosphazenes with β-CD pendant units and other polyphosphazene molecules with adamantyl moieties on the side-chains. These new organo–phosphazene structures based on noncovalent “host–guest” interactions generate new opportunities for the macromolecular modification of polyphosphazenes. The resultant materials demonstrated u...
Laboratory screening prior to ECT.

Introduction Screening for occult disease using laboratory testing prior to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a common practice with little empirical support. Method In a pre-ECT and post-ECT sample of 73 and 562 (respectively) patients evaluated for ECT, the utility of the electrocardiogram, serum sodium, serum potassium, serum creatinine, chest radiograph, hemoglobin level, and white blood cell count was examined. Results and discussion Reviewing the electrocardiogram and measuring sodium and potassium levels prior to the administration of ECT appear to be useful screening tests because they detect correctable unexpected conditions that are relevant to the risk of the procedure. Hemoglobin and white blood cell count abnormalities did not influence the administration of ECT or predict ECT complications. An abnormal creatinine level or abnormal chest radiograph prior to the administration of ECT predicted a poor medical prognosis that appeared largely unrelated to the administration of ECT.
Study of SiH4-based PECVD Low-k Carbon-doped Silicon Oxide

In previous studies, low-k carbon-doped silicon oxide (SiOC) films were deposited using organosilicon precursor: (CH3)xSiH4−x. In this paper, we present the properties of PECVD low-k SiOC films produced by using conventional SiH4 based gas precursors. The SiH4 based SiOC films have similar gross physical and electrical characteristics to those of (CH3)xSiH4−x based SiOC. Since the precursors are inexpensive, commercially available and convenient to operate for existing tools, the process should not require additional cost as compared with that of PECVD silicon dioxide. We demonstrate the feasibility of integrating Cu with SiOC on damascene interconnection. The evaluation on electrical performance of the Cu/SiOC based damascene structure will be discussed.
Pesticide Screening Test for the Southern Chinch Bug

A field cage technique for pesticide screening was developed for Blissus insularis Barber in St. Augustinegrass, Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze, in Texas. The method provides reliable results even when large natural populations are not available.
Design Patent’s Non-Patent Origins

Design patent protection is the oldest American form of intellectual property protection for ornamental designs, but still the most enigmatic. Congress passed the first design patent legislation in 1842, operating on the assumption that existing rules for utility patents could be incorporated en masse to protect designs. This Article questions that assumption. Drawing on new archival research and historical analysis, this Article demonstrates for the first time how the design patent system originated. We analyze the international trade aspects of the first design patent legislation, linking the legislation with a brief burst of protectionist measures associated with the Whig party. We also examine technological innovations that ushered in the first major era of American industrial design in key antebellum industries, and we analyze lobbying efforts on behalf of those industries that led to proposals for early design protection, proposals that did not assume the incorporation of patent rules. We also prove for the first time how the American design patent system originated as a knock-off of British copyright and registered design legislation, and why the American system was likely forced into a patent rubric. Finally, we conclude by offering concrete suggestions for the courts and Congress to ease the design patent system back to its non-patent roots.
Design and Study of SP-25-Type Crop Straw Extruder

A small crop straw extruder was designed in method of theory and test. Diameter of screw and die orifice were counted. The performance test of the extruder was carried out, the machine satisfy demands of design.
An Assessment of Human Resources Allocation Status and Equity of Health Education Institutions in Zhejiang Province

Objective To describe the human resources allocation status and equity of health education institutions in Zhejiang Province,in order to provide scientific basis for making health education programming.Methods Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the basic information of full-time health education personnel for Zhejiang Province in 2011.Lorenz curve,Gini coefficient and Theil index were used to assess the equity of human resources allocation.Results The major educational backgrounds of full-time health education personnel were undergraduate and junior college education;the major professional titles were primary and medium-grade;the proportion of full-time health education personnel decreased from province to country.The Gini coefficients of full-time health education personnel and total health education personnel were 0.2496 and 0.2092 based on population distribution,while the coefficients of those based on geographical area were 0.4124 and 0.3534,respectively.The Theil indexes of full-time health education personnel based on population and geography distribution were 0.1271 and 0.2993,respectively.Conclusion The equity of health education human resource allocation in Zhejiang is relatively good,and the equity of personnel allocation is better than regional allocation.More human resources of health education are needed and the construction of personnel educational background should be optimized.
Microspectrophotometric determination of desoxyribosenucleic acid in megaloblasts of pernicious anemia.

Abstract 1. In 9 patients with various types of megaloblastic anemia responding to treatment with vitamin B12, folic acid or liver extract, no significant deviations from the normal amounts of total or polymerized DNA were observed in the nuclei of red blood cells in marrow smears. 2. During the maturation of megaloblasts in the bone marrow there is a gradual loss of nuclear DNA. 3. This pattern is quantitatively and qualitatively similar for normal marrow and for that of pernicious anemia in relapse and after treatment.
Merging Policy Initiatives and Developmental Perspectives in Early Intervention

The provision of early intervention services for vulnerable children and their families is now both accepted and expected by the international community. This article considers the importance of a developmental perspective as an essential guide to early intervention service systems. Emphasized in this framework are three critical features: relationship formation, the continuity of interventions, and the comprehensiveness of interventions. Guidance to early intervention systems design with respect to structural and values principles is also discussed. Future advances in early intervention may well depend upon the merging of these perspectives to create policy initiatives to enhance early intervention systems.
The Survival of Hereditary Monarchy and the End of Indefeasible Right

We know with the benefit of hindsight that the dissolution of the Oxford Parliament marked an important watershed in the political fortunes of Charles II’s monarchy. For the remaining four years of his life and reign the king would survive comfortably without summoning another parliament, even to the point of flouting the 1667 Triennial Act. Yet unlike his father Charles II had not intended an indefinite personal rule. Quite to the contrary, royal policy from 1681 to 1685 focused on an electoral strategy that would ensure a tractable House of Commons the next time a parliament was called. Charles did not live to reap the benefits of that policy, but second only to the throne itself it was his most valuable legacy to his brother. When James H met his first and only parliament in the spring of 1685 it was immediately clear that the electoral strategy had been a success. Of the 272 members elected to the Commons for the first time, ninety-five percent could be counted as Tory loyalists.1
Green’s Functions

The focus of this chapter is a detailed analysis of two specific positive definite functions, each one defined in a fixed finite interval, centered at x = 0. Rationale: The examples serve to make explicit some of the many connections between our general theme (locally defined p.d. functions and their extensions), on the one hand; and probability theory and stochastic processes on the other.
Physical activity and skeletal muscle aging

many challenges are associated with maintaining the health of an older population that is increasing in number and expected life span. Although the extension of life span has been a medical and public health success, there has not been an equal extension in health span, thus the period spent with
Lecture 1: Global Observations Of Atmospheric Co2

The global carbon cycle consists of the geochemical reservoirs that store carbon on the earth and the pathways that transport carbon between them. With respect to annual through decadal time scales to be discussed here, the principal reservoirs of interest are the atmosphere, the oceans, and three land compartments consisting of land plants, their detritus, and soils, and called collectively the terrestrial biosphere. Rivers, lakes, and animals are of only marginal importance to the global carbon inventory, but they provide some of the pathways linking the terrestrial biosphere to the oceans and the atmosphere.
Learning Disabilities in Tourette’s Syndrome & ADHD

The psychosocial, psychoeducational, and neuropsychological data from 65 unmedicated, school-aged children with Tourette’s syndrome (some with TS only and others with TS & ADHD) and 27 comparison children were analysed at the Kennedy Krieger Institute and School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
Genetic Loss of Immunoglobulin A Does Not Influence Development of Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in Mice.

Background Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with intestinal dysbiosis and bacterial translocation. Translocated commensal bacteria contribute to alcoholic liver disease. Secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the intestine binds bacteria and prevents bacterial translocation. Methods To investigate the functional role of IgA in ethanol (EtOH)-induced liver disease in mice, we subjected wild type (WT) and IgA-deficient littermate mice to Lieber–DeCarli models of chronic EtOH administration and the model of chronic and binge EtOH feeding (the NIAAA model). Results Chronic EtOH feeding increased systemic levels of IgA, while fecal IgA was reduced in C57BL/6 WT mice. WT and Iga−/− littermate mice showed similar liver injury, steatosis, and inflammation following 4 weeks of EtOH feeding or chronic and binge EtOH feeding. IgA deficiency did not affect intestinal absorption or hepatic metabolism of EtOH. Pretreatment with ampicillin elevated intestinal IgA in WT littermate mice. Despite increased intestinal IgA, WT littermate mice exhibited a similar degree of liver disease compared with Iga−/− mice after 7 weeks of EtOH feeding. Interestingly, bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes was increased in Iga−/− mice fed an isocaloric diet, but was the same after EtOH feeding relative to WT littermate mice. The absence of intestinal IgA was associated with increased intestinal and plasma IgM in Iga−/− mice after EtOH feeding. Conclusions Our findings indicate that absence of IgA does not affect the development of alcoholic liver disease in mice. Loss of intestinal IgA is compensated by increased levels of intestinal IgM, which likely limits bacterial translocation after chronic EtOH administration.
The role of GATA2 in lethal prostate cancer aggressiveness

The endothelial transcription factor GATA2 has been reported to have a key role in driving prostate cancer aggressiveness. GATA2 overexpression in prostate cancer increases cellular motility and invasiveness, proliferation, tumorigenicity, and resistance to standard therapies. Thus, GATA2 is a highly attractive target for the development of novel treatments against lethal prostate cancer. Advanced prostate cancer is a classic example of the intractability and consequent lethality that characterizes metastatic carcinomas. Novel treatments have improved the survival of men with prostate cancer; however, advanced prostate cancer invariably becomes resistant to these therapies and ultimately progresses to a lethal metastatic stage. Consequently, detailed knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that control prostate cancer cell survival and progression towards this lethal stage of disease will benefit the development of new therapeutics. The transcription factor endothelial transcription factor GATA-2 (GATA2) has been reported to have a key role in driving prostate cancer aggressiveness. In addition to being a pioneer transcription factor that increases androgen receptor (AR) binding and activity, GATA2 regulates a core subset of clinically relevant genes in an AR-independent manner. Functionally, GATA2 overexpression in prostate cancer increases cellular motility and invasiveness, proliferation, tumorigenicity, and resistance to standard therapies. Thus, GATA2 has a multifaceted function in prostate cancer aggressiveness and is a highly attractive target in the development of novel treatments against lethal prostate cancer.
Principles and Practices of Modern Meat Technology

Technological advances offer considerable potential for the meat industry, and many of these advances may directly influence the microbiological characteristics of meat and meat products. Current and potential industry practices are summarized in light of their impact on not only the microbiological and sensory qualitites of meat and meat products, but also processing efficiencies. Microbiological implications of various technologies are emphasized in an effort to indicate some criticial control points that should be understood if the industry is to realize the full potential of those technologies.
Walking the Talk: Collaborative Preparation of Bilingual and Special Educators to Serve English Learners Who Need Academic or Behavioral Supports

This article describes a Collaborative Intervention Project designed to prepare preservice teachers to develop, implement, monitor, and evaluate interventions for English learners (ELs) in need of academic and/or behavioral supports. Faculty from two departments, one preparing bilingual education (BE) elementary school teachers and the other preparing special education (SE) teachers for prekindergarten through 21 generic certifications, developed a process to enhance preservice teachers' preparation to collaboratively address the cultural and linguistic characteristics and educational needs of ELs. The authors describe the process through which faculty designed and implemented the project, share resources for project replication, and discuss faculty and student responses.
Using multiple representations to simultaneously learn Computational Thinking and middle school science

Computational Thinking (CT) is considered a core competency in problem formulation and problem solving. We have developed the Computational Thinking using Simulation and Modeling (CTSiM) learning environment to help middle school students learn science and CT concepts simultaneously. In this paper, we present an approach that leverages multiple linked representations to help students learn by constructing and analyzing computational models of science topics. Results from a recent study show that students successfully use the linked representations to become better modelers and learners.
Aggregate Supply and Demand Shocks and Asset Prices

We explore one potential reason for the insignificant observed premium on CAPM risk: the observed covariance matrix is not drawn from the return space the model addresses. The CAPM is a pure exchange model that asks how investors on the demand side of the asset market would price an exogenously-determined return space. Returns in the model are variable because asset supply produces uncertain outcomes, but the returns researchers observe reflect variability in both supply outcomes and investor demand. We use separate instruments for aggregate demand and supply shocks, and obtain the following results. First, aggregate supply shocks and aggregate demand shocks both carry an economically and statistically significant positive risk premium. Second, assets' sensitivities to these aggregate shocks are correlated with commonly studied firm characteristics. High book-to-market firms are more sensitive to aggregate supply shocks, while return-momentum and high earnings-growth firms are more sensitive to aggregate demand shocks. This provides a clue as to why those factors are priced. Third, firms' sensitivities to supply and demand shocks are negatively correlated, with partially offsetting effects on single-beta risk estimates, thereby providing one potential explanation of the small risk premium reported in the literature. These results suggest that the supply-side risk addressed by the CAPM is priced, but single-beta estimation suffers from an identification problem.
The MgcRacGAP SxIP motif tethers Centralspindlin to microtubule plus ends in Xenopus laevis

Centralspindlin, a complex of the kinesin-6-family member MKLP1 and MgcRacGAP (also known as Kif23 and Racgap1, respectively), is required for cytokinesis and cell-cell junctions. During anaphase, Centralspindlin accumulates at overlapping central spindle microtubules and directs contractile ring formation by recruiting the GEF Ect2 to the cell equator to activate RhoA. We found that MgcRacGAP localized to the plus ends of equatorial astral microtubules during cytokinesis in Xenopus laevis embryos. How MgcRacGAP is stabilized at microtubule plus ends is unknown. We identified an SxIP motif in X. laevis MgcRacGAP that is conserved with other proteins that bind to EB1 (also known as Mapre1), a microtubule plus-end tracking protein. Mutation of the SxIP motif in MgcRacGAP resulted in loss of MgcRacGAP tracking with EB3 (also known as Mapre3) on growing microtubule plus ends, abnormal astral microtubule organization, redistribution of MgcRacGAP from the contractile ring to the polar cell cortex, and mislocalization of RhoA and its downstream targets, which together contributed to severe cytokinesis defects. Furthermore, mutation of the MgcRacGAP SxIP motif perturbed adherens junctions. We propose that the MgcRacGAP SxIP motif is functionally important both for its role in regulating adherens junction structure during interphase and for regulating Rho GTPase activity during cytokinesis.
The Development and Evaluation of a Peer-Driven Engagement Intervention to Reach Older Veterans with Depression

ABSTRACTThe authors developed and evaluated a peer-driven engagement intervention to reach older veterans, veteran spouses, and widowed veteran-spouses with an evidence-based depression management program called the Program to Encourage Active, Rewarding Lives (PEARLS). The authors interviewed key informants in veteran service organizations to design the intervention and trained former PEARLS veterans/spouses/widowed veteran-spouses as peer educators (“champions”). The authors interviewed champions to identify facilitators and barriers to implementing the intervention. Facilitators included enjoying and finding honor in their role and using personal experiences to describe PEARLS. Barriers included competing priorities, difficulty addressing barriers raised by peers, and complicated materials. Findings can inform future efforts to engage older veterans in depression treatment.
Early-Onset Bipolar Disorder: Characteristics and Outcomes in the Clinic

Abstract Objective: To assess patient characteristics and clinician-rated outcomes for children diagnosed with early-onset bipolar disorder in comparison to a depressive disorders cohort from a single clinic site. To assess predictors of bipolar treatment response. Methods: Medical records from 714 consecutive pediatric patients evaluated and treated at an academic tertiary child and adolescent psychiatry clinic between 2006 and 2012 were reviewed. Charts of bipolar children (n = 49) and children with depressive disorders (n = 58) meeting study inclusion/exclusion criteria were compared on variables assessing clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes. Outcomes were assessed by using pre– and post–Clinical Global Impressions (CGI)-Severity and Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) scores, and a CGI-Improvement score ≤2 at final visit determined responder status. Bipolar outcome predictors were assessed by using multiple linear regression. Results: Clinic prevalence rates were 6.9% for early-on...
The kids are alright: working women, schedule flexibility and childcare

This paper tests the effects of children and childcare on women’s employment and entrepreneurial outcomes at the county level for the United States. Given that policies and economic development str...
Life cycle prediction of Sealed Lead Acid batteries based on a Weibull model

Abstract The performance and life cycle of Sealed Lead Acid (SLA) batteries for Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) application is considered in this paper. Cyclic test and thermal accelerated aging test is performed to analyze the aging mechanism resulting in gradual loss of performance and finally to battery's end of service life. The objective of this study is to confirm design concepts, find the life characteristic and develop standard information on failure rates and mechanisms. Reliability assessment of the SLA is evaluated using different parametric distribution analysis models and best fit distribution is selected based on Anderson–Darling adjustment value. Shape parameter (β), scale parameter (α) and threshold parameter (λ) of the selected Weibull distribution is computed from experimental cycle life test data. Thermally accelerated aging test of SLA is performed and analyzed. Failure times are extrapolated to predict the lifetimes at the desired operational field temperature.
Overview of the Third Social Media Mining for Health (SMM4H) Shared Tasks at EMNLP 2018

The goals of the SMM4H shared tasks are to release annotated social media based health related datasets to the research community, and to compare the performances of natural language processing and machine learning systems on tasks involving these datasets. The third execution of the SMM4H shared tasks, co-hosted with EMNLP-2018, comprised of four subtasks. These subtasks involve annotated user posts from Twitter (tweets) and focus on the (i) automatic classification of tweets mentioning a drug name, (ii) automatic classification of tweets containing reports of first-person medication intake, (iii) automatic classification of tweets presenting self-reports of adverse drug reaction (ADR) detection, and (iv) automatic classification of vaccine behavior mentions in tweets. A total of 14 teams participated and 78 system runs were submitted (23 for task 1, 20 for task 2, 18 for task 3, 17 for task 4).
“Who Is Doing My Surgery?” Patient Preferences Regarding Trainee Involvement in Surgical Care

Purpose There are no uniform standards to inform patients to what extent trainees are involved in their care. This may lead to inequities in sharing the potential risks associated with receiving care in an academic setting. This study was designed to determine patients' level of knowledge of the medical education system, their preferences regarding who provides treatment, and how strongly they would react if they found certain members of the care team were involved without their consent. Design This study is a prospective, nonrandomized, and observational survey of a convenience sample. Methods Consecutive patients referred for a cataract surgery evaluation to the Veteran's Affairs Ophthalmology Department in Lexington, KY between 2015 and 2017 were recruited. Results Ninety-six of 113 eligible patients (response rate 85%) completed the survey. About 33, 69, 33, and 49% of respondents recognized an intern, resident, fellow, and attending as a doctor, respectively. Three quarters (76.1%) felt it was important to be asked permission in advance of a resident assisting or performing surgery, and 21% indicated they would go elsewhere if they found that a resident would assist in, or perform their surgery. About 21, 21, and 58% of respondents would be upset or very upset if a resident was in the operating room, assisted in, or performed surgery without their permission, respectively. Conclusion This survey demonstrates an overall willingness of this specific, largely confined patient population to receive supervised care from training physicians provided they are fully informed and educated on the role of those involved in their care.
Total Synthesis of Isomalabaricane Triterpenoids.

The first total syntheses of (±)-rhabdastrellic acid A and (±)-stelletin E, highly cytotoxic isomalabaricane triterpenoids, have been accomplished in a linear sequence of 14 steps from commercial g...
Beyond mapping: a case for geospatial analytics in humanitarian health

The humanitarian sector is increasingly adopting geospatial data to support operations. However, the utilization of these data in the humanitarian health arena is predominantly in thematic map format, thereby limiting the full insight and utility of geospatial information. Geospatial analytics, in contrast, including pattern analysis, interpolation, and predictive modeling, have tremendous potential within the field of humanitarian health. This paper explores a variety of historical and contemporary geospatial applications in the public health and humanitarian fields and argues for greater integration of geospatial analysis into humanitarian health research and programming. From remote sensing to create sampling frames, to spatial interpolation for environmental exposure analysis, and multi-objective optimization algorithms for humanitarian logistics, spatial analysis has transformed epistemological paradigms, research methods and programming landscapes across diverse disciplines. The field of humanitarian health, which is inextricably bounded by geography and resource limitations, should leverage the unique capacities of spatial methods and strategically integrate geospatial analytics into research and programming not only to fortify the academic legitimacy and professionalization of the field but also to improve operational efficiency and mitigation strategies.