cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potentiation of morphine analgesia by the cholecystokinin antagonist proglumide

Recent evidence has suggested that cholecystokinin (CCK) may act as a physiological opiate antagonist. Both the overlap of CCK and opiate systems within the central nervous system and the fact that exogenous CCK can antagonize opiate analgesia suggest that endogenous CCK systems interact with opiate-mediated pain inhibitory systems. In the present series of experiments, we examined the effect of the CCK receptor antagonist proglumide on various forms of morphine analgesia. We have observed that proglumide can potentiate morphine analgesia following systemic, intrathecal or intracerebral administration of these drugs. Endogenous CCK systems do not appear to be tonically active since neither systemic, intrathecal nor intracerebral proglumide typically produced measurable analgesia in the absence of morphine. These data suggest that CCK may be released in response to opiate administration and acts to return the organism toward its basal level of pain sensitivity. If such a hypothesis is in fact true, then CCK blockade may be of clinical value in the treatment of pain.
Transactions section: Preprint of corresponding pages from the current annual AIEE transactions volume: Correction for saturation

IT is generally agreed that the virtual or air-gap voltage of a salient-pole synchronous machine determines the saturation in the magnetic circuit. Studies have indicated that the major portion of the saturation occurs in the poles of such machines. Consequently, it is logical to apply a correction as a linear addition to the nominal or excitation voltage vector of the two-reaction diagram drawn with unsaturated constants, in order to ascertain the actual per-unit excitation necessary under load conditions which produce a certain air-gap voltage. It is the purpose of this paper to present an analytical method for determining the necessary correction.
Cost-efficiencies, profitability, and strategic behavior: evidence from Japanese commercial banks

Purpose – To examine whether Japanese commercial banks exhibited economies of scale and economies of density at the time when the mega‐merger wave in Japanese banking began in the late 1990s. Since this merger wave has not yielded efficiencies, this analysis aims to shed light on whether banks, at the start of the wave, had reason to believe that larger banks would be more efficient.Design/methodology/approach – Using a modified version of the translog cost function, the analysis estimates economies of scale and economies of density for Japanese city banks, trust banks, and regional banks. Then, the relationship between size and economies of scale/density and that between profitability and scale/density are explored using regression analysis.Findings – Results suggest that larger banks (as measured by value of assets/loans/ deposits/investments, and number of employees/branches) were more likely to be in the decreasing/constant returns to scale/density region than smaller banks, The finding was statistica...
Cytogenetic and molecular genetic analysis of abnormal cells in Hodgkin's disease

Abstract Eleven tumors from ten patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) were characterized by histologic, cytogenetic, immunophenotypic, and genotypic studies. Cell surface markers for lymphocyte antigens did not show clonal excess. Five tumors showed the presence of karyotypically abnormal cells, but no common abnormalities were found. The remaining six tumors showed normal karyotypes. Ten tumors were analyzed for gene rearrangements with probes for IgJH, IgCκ, IgCλ, and TCR-beta genes. The IgJH probe detected a minor clonal population (about 5%) in one tumor with abnormal karyotype; three tumors with abnormal karyotypes showed germline genotype. In contrast, four of the six tumors with normal karyotypes showed rearrangements in IgJH (one tumor) and in C-lambda (three tumors) genes. The pattern of gene rearrangements observed in these tumors did not obey the hierarchy described in B-cell differentiation. These results suggest that B-cell lineage cannot be attributed unequivocally to the clonal populations in HD.
Photonuclear interactions of high-energy muons

A calculation of the photonuclear energy-loss coefficient ${b}_{n}$ is made by extrapolating recent SLAC inelastic muon scattering data to the ${10}^{12}$-eV energy region. Previous methods of calculation are discussed, and attention is drawn to the ${q}^{2}$ dependence of the inelastic cross section. It is also noted that ${b}_{n}$ should be $A$ dependent. This is predicted from vector dominance and indicated by the SLAC data on photoproduction off complex nuclei. The value of ${b}_{n}$ obtained is 0.21\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ ${\mathrm{g}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The relationship of ${b}_{n}$ to observed cosmic-ray muon intensities is discussed, along with the implications of higher ${b}_{n}$ values than are predicted here.
SIGCSE computer science education awards

SIGCSE has a tradition of recognizing individuals who have made outstanding contributions to computer science education. The first SIGCSE Award for Outstanding Contribution to Computer Science Education was given to William Atchison in 1981 for chairing the committee that produced the curriculum '68 report. Last year the award was given to Mark Allen Weiss recognizing Mark for authoring textbooks that have had a profound impact on students. The first SIGCSE Award for Lifetime Service to the Computer Science Education Community was given to Dick Austing in 1997. Last year we honored Frank Young for over 40 years of service to the computer science education community.
Next Generation Civil Transport Aircraft Design Considerations for Improving Vehicle and System-Level Efficiency

The future of aviation will benefit from research in aircraft design and air transportation management aimed at improving efficiency and reducing environmental impacts. This paper presents civil transport aircraft design trends and opportunities for improving vehicle and system-level efficiency. Aircraft design concepts and the emerging technologies critical to reducing thrust specific fuel consumption, reducing weight, and increasing lift to drag ratio currently being developed by NASA are discussed. Advancements in the air transportation system aimed towards system-level efficiency are discussed as well. Finally, the paper describes the relationship between the air transportation system, aircraft, and efficiency. This relationship is characterized by operational constraints imposed by the air transportation system that influence aircraft design, and operational capabilities inherent to an aircraft design that impact the air transportation system.
The cyanogen flame as a spectrochemical source (Summary)

The flame, which has been in use as a spectrochemical source since it was first used by David Alter in 1854, has found increasingly useful application in flame spectroscopy. The development of flame photometers has further popularized its use. The high analytical precision obtainable makes it an attractive instrumental device. The suitability of flames in spectrochemistry has been limited by virtue of their energy characteristics. The highest temperatures— of the order of 3200°K—have been obtained with the hydrogen-oxygen or oxygen-acetylene flames. Under these circumstances, it has been difficult to determine elements other than the alkali metals and the alkaline earths with high sensitivity. In searching for a new and more energetic flame source, we have adapted the cyanogen-oxygen flame for the elements of the first transitional group and other elements not readily excited by the above-mentioned sources. Qualitatively, the sensitivity of detection is excellent. Precision and reproducibility are high for quantitative analysis. The mechanism of excitation and the results of this work will be discussed.
Correlation of fluctuations of ionospheric absorption and atmospheric planetary scale waves

Abstract The values of ƒ- min reported by 12 ionosonde stations between 40° and 60° north geographic latitude, for the 5 hr centered on local noon, during the period 1 November 1964 - 30 April 1965, were subjected to zonal Fourier analysis. The first two zonal harmonics, zonal wave-numbers 1 and 2, were correlated with the corresponding harmonics of the atmospheric pressure fields for the stratosphere. The fluctuations of the f-min harmonic of wave-number 1 are shown to be in phase with approximately simultaneous fluctuations of the same harmonic of the height of the 50 and 10 millibar constant pressure surfaces and the thickness of the 50 - 10 millibar layer. The observed relationship is tentatively explained as due to approximately vertical planetary-scale disturbances of the temperature field which are associated with the fluctuations of the planetary scale waves in the constant pressure surfaces.
Predicting the extent and location of coronary artery disease during the early postinfarction period by quantitative thallium-201 scintigraphy

Abstract The ability of quantitative thallium-201 scintigraphy to predict the extent and location of coronary artery disease before hospital discharge after acute myocardial infarction was evaluated in 52 patients. All patients underwent coronary angiography and serial thallium-201 imaging either at rest (10 patients) or after submaximal exercise stress (42 patients; target heart rate 120 beats/min). Two or three vessel disease was designated if abnormal thallium-201 uptake or washout patterns, or both, were seen in two or three vascular segments, respectively. Of 156 vessels analyzed in the 52 patients, 91 stenoses of 70 percent or greater were found by angiography. Seventy-four (81 percent) of these were predicted by scintigraphy. The specificity of scintigraphy for identifying vessel stenoses was 92 percent. Sensitivity for detecting and localizing stenoses supplying an infarct zone was 96 percent compared with 62 percent for stenoses supplying myocardium remote from the acute infarct. Perfusion abnormalities were more frequently seen in the distribution of vessels with severe (90 percent or greater) stenoses than in those with moderate (70 to 90 percent) stenoses (87 versus 53 percent, p In the 42 patients who underwent submaximal exercise testing, multivariate analysis of 23 clinical and laboratory variables identified multiple thallium-201 defects as the best predictor of multivessel disease. The predictive accuracy of exercise-induced S-T segment depression was only 45 percent compared with 88 percent (p
Simplified tunable single-sideband CO2 laser spectrometer: absorption measurements of ozone

There is a major interest in monitoring the fate of the earth’s ozone layer. A heterodyne spectrometer for the remote sensing of the vertical, integrated stratospheric ozone number density profile has been developed. A local oscillator ~LO! based on the tunable single-sideband CO2 laser with an external modulator capable of providing a sideband tuning range of 68 to 18 GHz on either side of the laser carrier.
Extremal problems for a class of symmetric functions

Since then, many extremal problems for the class ~ and related classes have been considered ([1], [2], [4] to [9]). In many of these extremal problems, the extremal function is symmetric with respect to the real axis; or if an extremal function is not unique, there exists a symmetric extremal function [7]. This leads us to consider the compact subclass of functions whose image is symmetric with respect to the real axis:
Input-output systems robust nonlinear fault diagnosis

Describes a fault diagnosis algorithm for a class of nonlinear dynamic systems with modeling uncertainties when not all states of the system are measurable. The main idea behind this approach is to monitor the plant for any off-nominal system behavior due to faults utilizing a nonlinear online approximator with adjustable parameters. A nonlinear estimation model and learning algorithm are described so that the online approximator provides an estimate of the fault. The robustness, sensitivity, stability and performance properties of the nonlinear fault diagnosis scheme are rigorously established under certain assumptions on the failure type.
Transformational leadership and emotional intelligence: a potential pathway for an increased understanding of interpersonal influence

Non-cognitive emotional intelligence could potentially contribute to a more holistic understanding of interpersonal influence and leadership; however, significant issues of definition, psychometric independence, and measurement must be conclusively resolved. Possible relationships between emotional intelligence, transformational leadership, and individual/organizational outcomes are described and further investigation is encouraged. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parasite transmission in the intertidal zone: Vertical migrations, infective stages, and snail trails

Abstract Ilyanassa obsoleta (Say) (Gastropoda), when infected by Gynaecotyla adunca (Linton) (Trematoda), repeatedly migrate to the higher intertidal zone. The parasite's next hosts are semiterrestrial crustaceans, which are infected by cercariae from snails. Previous papers suggested that host snail migrations are parasite-induced to favor cercarial transmission to semiterrestrial hosts. Two main questions were posed to address this possibiligy using G. adunca -infected snails on Cape Henlopen, Delaware, USA. When and where are cercariae released during snail migrations; and what schedule do these migrations follow? Few cercariae were released by infected snails when confined in jars, or caged, in the intertidal zone during high tide. However, abundant cercariae were found in the mucus trails made by migrating host snails when they are left aerially exposed by ebbing tides. Mid-day trails lacked cercariae, but they were often abundant in nighttime trails. Cercariae are thus deployed in the exposed, nighttime intertidal zone. There, contact with land-based, nocturnal crustacean hosts is possible. Migratory behavior occurs from late June through mid-September. Data show that most G. adunca -infected snails migrate upward when future transmission of cercariae can occur, i.e. on flood tides that precede nighttime low tides. The temporal occurrence of these flood tides during summer, and possible cues for responding to them, are considered.
Employment Concentrations in Los Angeles, 1980–2000:

Are contemporary metropolitan regions becoming more dispersed? There are theoretical arguments for both concentration and dispersal. The purpose of our research is to establish an empirical base that can help us to understand the evolution of metropolitan spatial structure. Using data for the Los Angeles region from 1980, 1990, and 2000, we identify employment centers and describe spatial trends in the pattern of employment inside and outside these centers. We find: (1) a remarkable degree of stability in the system of centers; (2) an increase in the average distance of jobs from the traditional core; (3) the emergence and growth of employment centers; (4) the rapid growth of dispersed employment in outer suburbs. These trends appear to defy simple models of urban evolution and call for a more nuanced portrayal of contemporary regions and the dynamics underlying spatial organization.
K + -nucleon hard core radii in complex nuclei

${K}^{+}$-nucleus cross sections are consistently above those computed using free-space ${K}^{+}$-nucleon interactions. Many influences of the nucleon medium have been invoked to explain this, but the present analysis uses ${K}^{+}$-nuclear data to infer the size of the repulsive hard core radius between the ${K}^{+}$ and nucleons within nuclei by altering a single parameter, the average S-wave phase shift. The resulting hard core radii, larger than seen in free space, increase with nuclear densities.
Psychiatric Comorbidity in Hospitalized Adolescent Substance Abusers

ABSTRACT Objective Co-occurrence of psychiatric disorders was investigated among 52 adolescent substance abusers and 23 non-substance-abusing adolescents with conduct and/or oppositional defiant disorders, admitted to the same inpatient facility. Method During independent face-to-face interviews with parent(s) or caretaker(s) and subjects, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Epidemiologic Version was administered to collect data on substance abuse, psychopathology, and sociodemographic characteristics, such as age, gender, home situation, and psychosocial stressors. A semistructured interview was used to identify the presence of substance abuse and other psychopathology among first-degree family members. Substance abuse was diagnosed according to both DSM-III-R and Halikas criteria. Results Excluding conduct and oppositional defiant disorders, 85% of the substance abusers versus 65% of the non-substance abusers demonstrated psychiatric comorbidity. Substance abusers had a higher incidence of dysthymia, major depression, social phobia, and “other” diagnoses than did the comparison group ( p p = .022) and conduct disorder among male substance abusers ( p Conclusions These data indicate that adolescent substance abusers are at high risk for comorbid psychopathology and need to be carefully evaluated for psychiatric comorbidity to provide them with a comprehensive treatment plan.
Stochastic stability properties of jump linear systems

Jump linear systems are defined as a family of linear systems with randomly jumping parameters (usually governed by a Markov jump process) and are used to model systems subject to failures or changes in structure. The authors study stochastic stability properties in jump linear systems and the relationship among various moment and sample path stability properties. It is shown that all second moment stability properties are equivalent and are sufficient for almost sure sample path stability, and a testable necessary and sufficient condition for second moment stability is derived. The Lyapunov exponent method for the study of almost sure sample stability is discussed, and a theorem which characterizes the Lyapunov exponents of jump linear systems is presented. Finally, for one-dimensional jump linear system, it is proved that the region for delta -moment stability is monotonically converging to the region for almost sure stability at delta down arrow 0/sup +/. >
Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Modifications in Sedation

Obstructive sleep apnea is a common problem affecting all ages, particularly in conjunction with other pre-existing conditions. Compounding the disorder with the added insult of surgery, anesthesia, analgesia, and sedation requires the medical team continuously to re-evaluate this particular patient population. Physicians and nurses have recognized an increase in morbidity and mortality in patients with obstructive sleep apnea when they are administered anesthesia in conjunction with sedation. There are few reports of sedation alone and obstructive sleep apnea; most studies have been in relation to anesthesia, surgery, patient-controlled analgesia, and sleep-disordered breathing.
Therapeutic Decision Making and Planning in Veterinary Dentistry and Oral Surgery

Veterinary dentistry is an exacting science, in which decisions are made not only for an individual patient, but also for individual teeth, which may vary in severity of disease. Multiple therapeutic decisions and treatment plans may be necessary for a single patient. Veterinary dental patients must be anesthetized to receive thorough treatment, which results in additional decisions that may not be necessary for human dental patients. This article discusses considerations and approaches toward therapeutic decision making and treatment planning in veterinary dentistry and oral surgery.
Madelung's deformity and dyschondrosteosis

Madelung's deformity may be a manifestation of a hereditable autosomal dominant mesomelia known as dyschondrosteosis. All male patients with Madelung's deformity have been noted to have the complete syndrome. We present a case of Madelung's deformity, dyschondrosteosis, and ligamentous laxity in a Negro male, and stress the importance of the complete evaluation and genetic counseling of such patients.
Wakes of Innovation in Project Networks: The Case of Digital 3-D Representations in Architecture, Engineering, and Construction

Changes in the technologies of representation in a heterogeneous, distributed sociotechnical system, such as a large construction project, can instigate a complex pattern of innovations in technologies, practices, structures, and strategies. We studied the adoption of digital three-dimensional (3-D) representations in the building projects of the architect Frank O. Gehry, and observed that multiple, heterogeneous firms in those projects produced diverse innovations, each of which created a wake of innovation. Together, these multiple wakes of innovation produce a complex landscape of innovations with unpredictable peaks and valleys. Gehry's adoption of digital 3-D representations disturbed the ecology of interactions and stimulated innovations in his project networks by: providing path-creating innovation trajectories in separate communities of practice, creating trading zones where communities could create knowledge about diverse innovations, and offering a means for intercalating innovations across heterogeneous communities. Our study suggests that changes in digital representations that are central to the functioning of a distributed system can engender multiple innovations in technologies, work practices, and knowledge across multiple communities, each of which is following its own distinctive tempo and trajectory.
U.S. Diurnal Temperature Range Variability and Regional Causal Mechanisms, 1901–2002

AbstractLong-term (1901–2002) diurnal temperature range (DTR) data are evaluated to examine their spatial and temporal variability across the United States; the early century origin of the DTR declines; and the relative regional contributions to DTR variability among cloud cover, precipitation, soil moisture, and atmosphere/ocean teleconnections. Rotated principal component analysis (RPCA) of the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) Time Series (TS) 2.1 dataset identifies five regions of unique spatial U.S. DTR variability. RPCA creates regional orthogonal indices of cloud cover, soil moisture, precipitation, and the teleconnections used subsequently in stepwise multiple linear regression to examine their regional impact on DTR, maximum temperature (Tmax), and minimum temperature (Tmin).The southwestern United States has the smallest DTR and cloud cover trends as both Tmax and Tmin increase over the century. The Tmin increases are the primary influence on DTR trend in other regions, except in the south-central Un...
Some Neglected Factors in the English Industrial Revolution

The economic differences between the Europeans on the eve of industrialization and the currently less developed peoples has assumed a certain degree of importance in the recent literature. It has been argued that West Europeans had significantly higher per capita incomes than do most of the peoples of the world today and that the levels of living of many people fell off during the process of early industrialization. Obviously, the argument is important in that the levels of living found in most of today's less developed peoples could not decline significantly widiout the risk of disaster.
Sedentary Activities, Peer Behavior, and Delinquency Among American Youth

Delinquent behavior of one’s peers is one of the most robust predictors of adolescent delinquency. However, no study to date has explored the role of this relationship among those who engage in high rates of nonproductive sedentary activities (e.g., video gaming, TV viewing, and watching movies); a growing public health concern. Here, this issue is explored using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Findings support a direct relationship between certain sedentary behaviors and most types of delinquency. Furthermore, results indicate that the impact of peer delinquency on adolescent delinquency is partially confounded by above-average participation in computer gaming. Implications for research on sedentary behavior and delinquency (regarding both policy and theory development) are discussed in the context of cultural evolution into the digital age.
Optimizing high speed serial communication using Honeywell Rad Hard SerDes

A SerDes (Serializer/Deserializer) is a key component for high speed serial communication. Networks architectures and point to point communication links are vital building blocks for space-based high-speed communications and sensor data access. Honeywell has enabled optimized space communication systems with both its SerDes standard parts and its SerDes macro-cells that are part of the HX5000 Rad-Hard 150nm Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) design platform. Communication networks that are developed with high speed SerDes embedded in an ASIC achieve significantly lower power, higher data throughput and more efficient area and weight usage than traditional parallel approaches for high-throughput backplanes and box-to-box network cabling systems. The addition of a programmable IO interface and user selectable transmission protocols to the SerDes function allows the optimization of performance and power for each interface channel and provides the system capability to compensate for the effects of media performance shifts due to power supply and environment shifts, component ageing and other developing impairments. In addition, the ability to switch protocols adds an additional dimension of adaption in heterogeneous networks.1,2
Dilation after fundoplication: Timing, frequency, indications, and outcome

Abstract Background: Dysphagia frequently develops shortly after fundoplication but is usually self-limited. This is an evaluation of the timing, frequency, indications, and outcome of dilation after fundoplication. Methods: Two hundred thirty-three consecutive patients who underwent fundoplication were included. Preoperative motility, postoperative symptoms, endoscopic and radiographic data, timing and number of dilations, and caliber of the dilator used were evaluated in patients who required dilation. Results: Twenty-nine of 233 (12.4%) patients underwent dilation(s). The mean time to dilation after surgery was 72 days (range 3 to 330 days). Ten of 29 (34.5%) required more than 1 dilation (mean 1.5, range 1 to 5). The mean diameter to which the fundoplication was dilated was 18.6 mm (range 15-20 mm). There were no complications. The indication for dilation was dysphagia in 20, chest pain 4, epigastric pain 1, globus 1, gas bloat 1, belching 1, and vomiting in 1 patient. Two patients were lost to follow-up. Dysphagia resolved with dilation in 12 of 18 (67%) patients. Of the 6 patients whose symptoms did not improve after dilation, 3 noted improvement after further surgery. Two patients with tight fundoplications still require periodic dilation. One patient had a stricture before surgery that persisted after surgery. Symptoms did not improve in any patient who underwent dilation for an indication other than dysphagia. Conclusions: Dilation after fundoplication was required in 12.4% of patients and was successful in most with dysphagia. Dilation shortly after surgery was safe and only a single dilation was required for most patients. Symptoms other than dysphagia did not respond to dilation. (Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:219-23.)
Fractal interrelationships between topography and structure

Fractal interrelationships between topography and structure are investigated in two areas of the North American central Appalachian Mountains: one in the intensely deformed Valley and Ridge province and the other in the relatively undeformed foreland area of the Appalachian Plateau province. In the Valley and Ridge province the fractal dimensions of topographic and structural relief vary systematically along the strike of major folds following a second-order polynominal trend. Cross-correlation of the fractal dimensions of topography to structure indicates that there is a significant positive correlation between the two. Fractal analysis of topography in the relatively undeformed foreland area of the Appalachian Plateau revealed no significant variation in the fractal characteristics of topography across the study area, consistent with the lack of near-surface structure. However, fractal analysis of deeper structures beneath the Plateau area undertaken using reflection seismic data revealed step-wise increases in fractal dimension from the deeply buried Precambrian basement to the near-surface. These vertical changes in fractal dimension can be related to the tectonic history of the area. Taken together, these studies indicate that fractal analysis provides a means to quantify and compare the influence of near-surface structure on topographic development and lateral and vertical structural variability. Fractal analysis provides a means to characterize the systematic changes in the complex patterns formed by topography and structure and the interrelationships between them. Similarity in their fractal characteristics implies similarity in the relative amplitude and abundance of different wavelength features in the topographic or structural profile. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using sink mobility to increase wireless sensor networks lifetime

A critical issue for data gathering in wireless sensor networks is the formation of energy holes near the sinks. Sensors near the sinks have to participate in relaying data on behalf of other sensors and thus will deplete their energy very quickly, resulting in network partitioning and limitation of the network lifetime. The solution that we propose in this paper is to use mobile sinks that change their location when the nearby sensorspsila energy becomes low. In this way the sensors located near sinks change over time. In deciding a new location, a sink searches for zones with richer sensor energy. First, we study the improvement in network lifetime when sinks move on a predetermined path, along the perimeter of a hexagonal tiling. Two cases are considered for data gathering when sinks stop in the hexagonpsilas corners and when the sinks stop on multiple locations on the hexagon perimeter. This study shows an improvement of up to 4.86 times in network lifetime. Second, we design a distributed and localized algorithm used by the sinks to decide their next movement location such that the virtual backbone formed by the sinks remains interconnected at all times. Simulation results are presented to verify our approaches.
Quantitative evaluation of GPS performance under forest canopies

There is an increasing demand for use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) to navigate or track objects in the forest. However, objects near a GPS receiver antenna, such as tree leaves and branches, can reflect GPS signals and result in large position errors. Canopies in the forest will also block satellite signals and cause the GPS receiver to stop updating data. This is of practical significance for evaluating the performance of GPS in the forest environment. A field test was conducted to understand how large the position errors are and how long the position updates may be deferred under different levels of canopy densities. A digital camera was used to record the canopies over the test site. Image processing techniques, especially Otsu's algorithm, were used and the canopy density was classified into three levels. The ANOVA was used to analyze the effect of canopy density on the GPS position errors. The result shows that the GPS position errors are significantly different under different canopy density levels. The GPS data-update frequency was also analyzed, and the result indicates that the scheduled position update intervals are lengthened due to the existence of forest canopies.
Guignardia citricarpa a Cause of Black Spot on Mango Foliage in Florida1

A strain of Guignardia citricarpa Kiely was isolated from infected mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves. The morphological and physiological characteristics of perithecia and ascospores were identical with those described for G. citricarpa. Inoculated leaves developed lesions 7 to 10 days after ascospore germination. Young lesions appeared as minute, sunken, blackish depressions on upper and lower leaf surfaces. Mature lesions were roughly circular ranging from 1 to 2 mm in diameter. The fungus was consistently reisolated from the lesions which appeared on the leaves, arising from inoculation. Benomyl at 1.7 g/l provided control of black spot.
Reggeization of Gauge Vector Mesons and Unified Theories

An arbitrary, renormalizable non-Abelian gauge theory with gauge group $\mathfrak{g}$, and arbitrary scalar and fermion representation structure is considered. It is shown that all the gauge vector mesons of the theory lie on a Regge trajectory if and only if $\mathfrak{g}$ is semisimple, i.e., Abelian subgroups are excluded. Implications for unified and grand unified theories of the weak and electromagnetic interactions are discussed. The photon, which does not Reggeize in the Weinberg-Salam theory, will lie on a Regge trajectory in a grand unified theory. If the Higgs-meson mass of the electroweak theory is large (\ensuremath{\gtrsim} 300 GeV, say), then Regge recurrences of the intermediate vector bosons should occur at energies of the order of 2-4 TeV. If the Higgs boson of the unified theory is light ( 100 GeV), then Regge recurrences of the gauge mesons are not expected for energies below the grand-unification mass of order ${{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{W}}^{2}$ $\mathrm{exp}(\frac{1}{{g}^{2}})$.
Loss of contrast enhancement of the inferior rectus muscle on magnetic resonance imaging in acute fulminant invasive fungal sinusitis.

Importance: This report describes a new magnetic resonance finding in acute fulminant invasive fungal sinusitis that may aid in the diagnosis of orbital involvement. Observations: The charts of two patients who presented with diabetic ketoacidosis and suspected acute fulminant invasive fungal sinusitis were retrospectively examined. Medical and surgical records, imaging studies, and histopathology specimens were reviewed. The two patients, a 58-year old female and 54-year-old male each had a contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance of the paranasal sinuses and orbits. Acute fulminant invasive fungal sinusitis with suspected orbital involvement was associated with focal loss of contrast enhancement of the inferior rectus muscle and adjacent orbital tissues. Fungal involvement of the inferior rectus muscle was confirmed on pathologic evaluation in both patients after exenteration. Conclusions and relevance: The finding of loss of contrast enhancement of an extraocular muscle on magnetic resonance may increase diagnostic confidence of orbital involvement in the setting of acute fulminant invasive fungal sinusitis and help guide surgical planning.
Oligodeoxynucleotides: Antisense Inhibitors of Gene Expression

Publisher Summary A new type of drug molecule synthesized with a specific base sequence designed to interact with a target nucleic acid containing the complementary sequence are being developed. In the earliest and most developed example of this approach, oligodeoxynucleotides and their analogs have been applied as antisense inhibitors of gene expression to bring about translation arrest. This chapter discusses the use of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides as a therapeutic approach. Once this approach is recognized in principle, other examples can be seen to fit a pattern, such as the use of oligodeoxynucleotides to form a triple-strand helix with duplex DNA. However, with a different base triplet code to arrest transcription, the opening of duplex DNA is not considered facile enough to allow the access of an oligo to interact with one of the strands. The development of synthetic oligoribonucleotides as ribozymes is another example in which the information for the selectivity is encoded in the portions of the oligomer flanking the catalytic site. Another example is the use of oligodeoxynucleotides to bind to protein sites that recognize specific sequences of bases, thus, inhibiting polymerase action or bringing about transcription arrest by sequestering specific transcription cofactors. Thus, a new area of pharmacology is developing that is differentiated by the purposeful inclusion of information in the form of nucleic-acid bases in a putative oligonucleotide drug molecule.
A fuzzy logic based approach to direct load control

Power system demand side management programs are strategies designed to alter the shape of the load curve. In order to successfully implement such a strategy, customer acceptance of the program is vital. It is thus desirable to design a model for direct load control which may accommodate customer preferences. This paper presents a methodology for optimizing both customer satisfaction and electric utility unit commitment savings, based on a fuzzy load model for the direct load control of appliances.
LEARNED ATTENTION IN ADULT LANGUAGE ACQUISITION A Replication and Generalization Study and Meta-Analysis

This study investigates associative learning explanations of the limited attainment of adult compared to child language acquisition in terms of learned attention to cues. It replicates and extends Ellis and Sagarra ( 2010 ) in demonstrating short- and long-term learned attention in the acquisition of temporal reference in Latin. In Experiment 1, salient adverbs were better learned than less salient verb infl ections, early experience of adverbial cues blocked the acquisition of verbal morphology, and, contrariwise—but to a lesser degree—early experience of tense reduced later learning of adverbs. Experiment 2 demonstrated long-term transfer: Native speakers of Chinese (no tense morphology) were less able than native speakers of Spanish or Russian (rich morphology) to acquire infl ectional cues from the same language experience where adverbial and verbal cues were equally available. Learned attention to tense morphology in Latin was continuous rather than discrete, ordered with regard to filanguage: Chinese
Adipose tissue triglyceride fatty acids and atherosclerosis in Alaska Natives and non-Natives

Abstract Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the ω-3 family are believed to protect against cardiovascular disease. A rich source of ω-3 PUFA is found in fish and marine mammals (seal, walrus, whale), which are a large part of the traditional diet of Alaska Natives (Eskimo, American Indians, Aleuts), a group that has been reported to have a lower mortality rate from cardiovascular disease than non-Natives. An autopsy study using standardized methods to evaluate the extent of atherosclerosis and its risk factors, and analyses of stored triglyceride fatty acids was conducted in a sample of Alaska Native subjects and non-Native subjects living in Alaska. Findings indicate that Alaska Natives had less advanced atherosclerosis in coronary arteries, along with higher proportions of ω-3 and lower proportions of ω-6 PUFA in adipose tissue, than did non-Natives. We conclude that high dietary intake of ω-3 PUFA may account for the lower extent of coronary artery atherosclerosis, contributing to the reported lower heart disease mortality among Alaska Natives.
Treatment of Fermi resonance effects on transition moments in vibrational perturbation theory

An algebraic expression for the vibrational transition moment of fundamental transitions within the context of second-order vibrational perturbation theory (VPT2) has been modified to account for cases in which the fundamental interacts through a Fermi resonance with close-lying two-quantum levels. This procedure is applied to the formaldehyde molecule, and it is shown that explicit treatment of the 5 1 ≈ 21 61 ≈ 3161 resonance is necessary to give intensities of the ν5 transitions that agree qualitatively with that seen experimentally. In addition, use of the Almlof–Taylor atomic natural orbital basis sets results in an extremely close correspondence between predicted and observed level positions; the largest difference found for the 23 one- and two-quantum transitions for which experimental assignments have been made is 15 cm−1. This is a remarkable result, especially when one considers that seven of these levels are involved in relatively strong resonances.
Measuring and Reporting Quality of Health Care for Children: CHIPRA and Beyond

Abstract Background and Purpose The coming years could be a watershed period for children and health care as the nation implements the most significant federal health care legislation in 50 years: the Accountable Care Act (ACA). A year earlier, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) set up a framework and road map for the eventual universal adoption of health information technology in its Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) provisions, and the Children’s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act (CHIPRA) legislation articulated a new and compelling vision for quality measurement in child health services. Each of these landmark advances in federal health policy contains relevant provisions for the measurement and improvement of the performance of the health system. Less clear is the extent to which the child specific framework articulated in CHIPRA will be preserved and built upon. Here, we set forth recommendations for ensuring that measurement and reporting efforts under CHIPRA, ARRA, and ACA are aligned for children. Policy Themes and Recommendations Our findings around problems and recommendations are grouped into 2 broad areas: those that deal with helping states report and use current measures, and those that deal with expanding the current measures. Recommendations include 5 aimed at focusing efforts on measure reporting and use: 1) help states build a measurement infrastructure; 2) provide specific technical assistance and support to states on how to collect, report, and use measures; 3) establish a national office for quality monitoring; 4) make available nationally data from states; and 5) ensure specific focus on child health in HITECH initiatives. Recommendations also include 3 aimed at extending what is being measured: 1) continue emphasis on insurance stability; 2) ensure that disparities can be measured and monitored; and 3) build measures that focus on system accountability and outcomes. Conclusions National health care reform provides the opportunity to extend coverage and dramatically restructure systems of care. It will be important to ensure that focus on health care quality for children be maintained and that the advances made under CHIPRA reinforce and are not diluted or overtaken by broader reform efforts.
Spiral wave clustering using normalized compression distance

Cardiac fibrillatory dynamics are identified with spiral waves in mathematical modeling of cardiac electrical propagation. Automatic identification of spiral wave dynamics is essential for patient specific cardiac modeling.
Impact on the number of floors of a reinforced concrete building subjected to sudden column removal

Abstract In recent decades, there have been many reports of buildings collapsing due to incidents such as gas explosions, terrorist attacks, and vehicle accidents. The goal of this paper is to present the findings of a study of the how the number of stories of a reinforced concrete (R.C.) structure impacts the building when a first-story column is removed instantaneously. Three R.C. buildings were studied, all of the same plan, but with varying numbers of floors (3, 5, and 7 floors). The criteria established for comparing the behavior of the buildings when sudden column removal occurs are (1) performance level of the beams, (2) gravity stiffness of the buildings, and (3) variations of applied axial forces to the columns. The Column Sensitivity Index (β) was utilized to compare the condition of neighboring columns before and after the column removal. The results of the study showed that the β increases when the number of floors increases, which means that the neighboring columns are more vulnerable to damage. On the other hand, when the number of floors increases, the performance level of the beams improves, and the number of created moment plastic hinges in the beams decreases. The Displacement Sensitivity Index (λ) was generated to compare the gravity stiffness of the structures at the top node of the removed column before and after column removal. The results showed that the reduction rate of the gravity stiffness decreased when the number of floors increased.
Monitors and blame assignment for higher-order session types

Session types provide a means to prescribe the communication behavior between concurrent message-passing processes. However, in a distributed setting, some processes may be written in languages that do not support static typing of sessions or may be compromised by a malicious intruder, violating invariants of the session types. In such a setting, dynamically monitoring communication between processes becomes a necessity for identifying undesirable actions. In this paper, we show how to dynamically monitor communication to enforce adherence to session types in a higher-order setting. We present a system of blame assignment in the case when the monitor detects an undesirable action and an alarm is raised. We prove that dynamic monitoring does not change system behavior for welltyped processes, and that one of an indicated set of possible culprits must have been compromised in case of an alarm.
Using Game Theory to Understand Screening for Domestic Violence Under the TANF Family Violence Option

Universal screening for domestic violence in the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program is required by most states, but its implementation is questionable. This paper employs game theory to conceptualize interactions between TANF applicants and frontline eligibility caseworkers. The intended outcomes of universal screening for intimate partner violence (IPV) – granting of a good cause waiver to IPV victims – are valid only by the assumption that caseworkers perform their roles. To grant a good cause waiver, TANF applicants and caseworkers should exchange two types of information: 1) disclosure of abuse by IPV victims and 2) notification of the availability of good cause waivers by caseworkers. This paper illuminates that intended outcomes of universal screening for IPV are difficult to achieve and discusses the applicability and limitations of game theory for policy evaluation.
Hippocampal Volume and Memory Deficits with Perinatal Stroke

Investigators from University of California and Rody Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, measured the volume of the hippocampus in 27 children with perinatal stroke and 19 controls, and measured their performance on standardized verbal and non-verbal memory tests.
Extraterritoriality and Discovery

This article examines doctrines governing extraterritorial jurisdiction and their evolution in response to the forces of globalization. These doctrines were shaped in this century first by the shift from private law to public power that attended the rise of the regulatory state, and then by a particular concern with the rise of American power. The emergence of a globalized economy poses a new set of challenges and temptations likely to require a rethinking of the fundamental bases of extraterritorial jurisdiction. This article does not undertake that task, but examines the current state of US law on extraterritorial jurisdiction and discovery with an eye to future trends. It proposes that a number of current judicial decisions are best analyzed not as definitive assertions of government power but rather as interim efforts to ascertain the nature and intensity of a foreign government s preferences. Further, it examines the temptation to use courts as tools of foreign policy, insisting on the need to distinguish between unilateral foreign policy objectives and cooperative or coordinated transnational legal solutions to global problems. Finally, it argues that globalization poses a problem of deciding when national actors can legitimately escape national regulatory obligations by moving offshore. Efforts to address this issue may portend a synthesis of the doctrinal tests applicable to ascertain the scope of regulatory jurisdiction with respect both to foreign entities acting in or with an effect on national territory and domestic entities acting abroad.