cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WE‐C‐WAB‐01: Intratumor Correlations of FDG, FLT, and Cu‐ATSM PET in Canine Tumors: Implications for Dose Painting

Purpose: In dose painting, it is uncertain which of a tumor's biological properties should be targeted, and if plans for different tumor histologies are equally sensitive to the choice of biological target. This study characterizes the relationships between three potential biological targets ‐ glucose metabolism, proliferation, and hypoxia — in two different tumor histologies using PET/CT imaging. Methods: Twenty canine patients with sinonasal tumors (7 sarcomas and 13 carcinomas) were imaged using FDG, FLT, and Cu‐ATSM PET/CT on three consecutive days. Patients were immobilized and precisely positioned, and resulting images were rigidly registered. Within each tumor volume, voxel SUV distributions from different tracers were compared and inter‐tracer correlations were evaluated using voxel‐based Spearman correlation coefficients. Correlation coefficients were then Fisher‐transformed, and a two‐sided t‐test was applied to determine if sarcoma and carcinoma populations differed significantly in inter‐tracer correlations. SUV measures such as SUVmax, SUVpeak, and SUVmean were also compared between sarcomas and carcinomas using Mann‐Whitney U‐tests. Results: Significant differences in inter‐tracer correlations were observed between sarcoma and carcinoma tumors. Population‐averaged Spearman correlation coefficients were significantly higher for carcinoma tumors than sarcoma tumors in comparisons of FLT:Cu‐ATSM (0.83 vs. 0.38; p<0.0001), FDG:FLT (0.80 vs. 0.61; p=0.02), and FDG:Cu‐ATSM (0.82 vs. 0.69; p=0.04). Tracer distributions generally overlapped in carcinomas; in sarcomas, however, different tracers clustered in different tumor regions. Carcinomas also had significantly higher average FDG SUVmax (11.1 vs. 5.0; p=0.01) and higher Cu‐ATSM SUVmean (2.6 vs. 1.2; p=0.02) than sarcoma tumors. Conclusion: Carcinoma tumors, with high spatial correlations between tumor metabolism, proliferation, and hypoxia, are robust targets for therapies that target a single biological property. Sarcomas may not be well‐suited for such therapies. Histology‐specific robustness in biological target definition has large implications for dose painting strategies, as well as for other biologically targeted therapies.
Exponential distributions on semigroups

Three fundamental characterizations of the standard exponential distribution on [0, ∞) are the remaining life, memoryless and constant failure properties. Analogs of these properties are studied for distributions on a class of semigroups in which the semigroup operation replaces addition, a compatible partial order replaces the ordinary order, and a left-invariant measure replaces Lebesgue measure. Partial characterizations of exponential distributions on such semigroups are obtained and the semigroup formulation provides new characterizations of certain aging properties studied in reliability-increasing failure rate, new better than used, and increasing failure rate average.
Cholinesterase and self-reported pesticide exposure among pregnant women.

Ascertainment of exposure to cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides in pregnant subjects is complicated by altered enzyme activity that results from metabolic changes associated with pregnancy. Nevertheless, this study found a high correlation (Pearson chi-square = 13.67, p = .008) between classification of pesticide exposure using self-reported interview information and plasma cholinesterase activity for 203 pregnant women for whom three trimester cholinesterase values were available. All plasma cholinesterase activity values were referenced, by trimester, to a larger sample of 1,050 plasma cholinesterase values from 535 pregnant women. Subjects who lived nearest to agricultural land and who reported that they worked with pesticides in agricultural and other occupations tended to have lower plasma cholinesterase activity than those who reported use of household pesticides only.
Migration of Peptide-immunoreactive Local Circuit Neurons to Rat Cingulate Cortex

The times of origin of neurons immunoreactive for somatostatin (SRIF), cholecystokinin (CCK), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were determined using a combined immunohistochemical-autoradiographic technique. 3H-thymidine (3H-dT) was injected into pregnant rats on gestational day 13 (G13), G15, G17, G19, or G21. Animals were killed on postnatal day 30, that is, after the completion of neuronal migration. Sections of the brain including posterior cingulate cortex (area 29), visual cortex (area 17), and somatosensory cortex (area 3) were processed serially for peptide immunoreactivity and autoradiographically for labeling with 3H-dT. SRIF- and CCK-immunoreactive neurons were cogenerated and comigrated according to an inside-to-outside sequence. Accordingly, neurons in layer VI were born on G13, neurons in intermediate layers were born on G15-G17, and neurons in layer II/III were born on G19-G21. In contrast, VIP-positive neurons did not follow such a sequence. Neurons in all layers of cortex were generated at relatively constant rates between G13 and G21. VIP-immunoreactive neurons were the only known subpopulation of neurons that did not migrate into cortex by an inside-to-outside sequence. Thus, the migration of local circuit neurons to cingulate cortex follows patterns that are similar to those discerned in more differentiated cortical areas.
Escalation patterns of varying periods of heroin access.

The prevalence of opioid abuse and dependence has been on the rise in just the past few years. Animal studies indicate that extended access to heroin produces escalation of intake over time, whereas stable intake is observed under limited-access conditions. Escalation of drug intake has been suggested to model the transition from controlled drug use to compulsive drug seeking and taking. Here, we directly compared the pattern of heroin intake in animals with varying periods of heroin access. Food intake was also monitored over the course of escalation. Rats were allowed to lever press on a fixed-ratio 1 schedule of reinforcement to receive intravenous infusions of heroin for 1, 6, 12, or 23 h per day for 14 sessions. The results showed that heroin intake in the 12 and 23 h groups markedly increased over time, whereas heroin intake in the 1 h group was stable. The 6 h group showed a significant but modest escalation of intake. Total heroin intake was similar in the 12 and 23 h groups, but the rate of heroin self-administration was two-fold higher in the 12 h group compared with the 23 h group. Food intake decreased over sessions only in the 12 h group. The 12 and 23 h groups showed marked physical signs of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. These findings suggest that 12 h heroin access per day may be the optimal access time for producing escalation of heroin intake. The advantages of this model and the potential relevance for studying drug addiction are discussed.
Effects of spinal cord injury on the rat estrous cycle

Approximately 3000 women of childbearing age are afflicted with spinal cord injuries each year and many experience temporary amenorrhea immediately following injury. In the present study, the effect of mid-thoracic spinal contusions on the rat estrous cycle was examined. The sixteen rats used for this study all had 4-day cycles (proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus), as determined during the 2 weeks prior to injury. Following contusion at the T8 spinal level (made using the Infinite Horizon impactor device), seven of the animals (44%) experienced a temporary interruption in the progression of the estrous cycle (mean of 9.4 days delay), which was not correlated with impact force or total damage at the lesion epicenter. The presence of a delay was, however, correlated with damage/sparing of ventromedial white matter at the lesion epicenter. The results indicate that the rat's hormonal status is an experimental variable that is present during the acute phase following spinal cord injury. The temporary nature of the cycle delay may reflect compensatory mechanisms related to the dual innervation (spinal and vagal nerve supply) of the ovaries.
Loop analysis for pathogens: niche partitioning in the transmission graph for pathogens of the North American tick Ixodes scapularis

In population biology, loop analysis is a method of decomposing a life cycle graph into life history pathways so as to compare the relative contributions of pathways to the population growth rate across species and populations. We apply loop analysis to the transmission graph of five pathogens known to infect the black-legged tick, Ixodes scapularis. In this context loops represent repeating chains of transmission that could maintain the pathogen. They hence represent completions of the life cycle, in much the same way as loops in a life cycle graph do for plants and animals. The loop analysis suggests the five pathogens fall into two distinct groups. Borellia burgdorferi, Babesia microti and Anaplasma phagocytophilum rely almost exclusively on a single loop representing transmission to susceptible larvae feeding on vertebrate hosts that were infected by nymphs. Borellia miyamotoi, in contrast, circulates among a separate set of host types and utilizes loops that are a mix of vertical transmission and horizontal transmission. For B. miyamotoi the main loop is from vertebrate hosts to susceptible nymphs, where the vertebrate hosts were infected by larvae that were infected from birth. The results for Powassan virus are similar to B. miyamotoi. The predicted impacts of the known variation in tick phenology between populations of I. scapularis in the Midwest and Northeast of the United States are hence markedly different for the two groups. All of these pathogens benefit, though, from synchronous activity of larvae and nymphs.
Subclonal heterogeneity of the multidrug resistance phenotype in a cell line expressing antisense MDR1 RNA

A multidrug resistant (MDR) cell line was transfected with an antisense MDR1 expression vector and transfectant clones were analyzed for reversion of the MDR phenotype. Only one of 10 antisense-expressing transfectants showed a reduction in drug resistance, MDR1 mRNA and P-glycoprotein. Observations made using rhodamine-123, a fluorescent substrate for P-glycoprotein, revealed that dye retention in individual cells was highly variable within this antisense-expressing clone. Subpopulations were established from the original clone based on differences in rhodamine-123 retention. Rhodamine-123 retention varied inversely with levels of P-glycoprotein and MDR1 mRNA. All subpopulations expressed similar levels of antisense MDR1 RNA yet had dramatic differences in MDR1 mRNA levels. Analysis of vector integration site restriction fragment length polymorphisms confirmed that all populations originated from the same transfectant clone. Nuclear run-on analysis indicated that themdr1 gene is transcribed at the same rate in all populations, suggesting that the reduction in MDR1 mRNA is mediated posttranscriptionally. Cells with the greatest reduction in MDR1 mRNA accumulate distinct antisense RNA transcripts in the nuclear RNA fraction, suggesting that antisense effectiveness in this system is associated with a nuclear event or process. These results reveal that antisense RNA activity is not necessarily distributed equally within a clonal populations.
Low temperature Kohn anomaly in metastable FCC lanthanum

Abstract Inelastic neutron scattering experiments on a single crystal of the metastable fcc phase of lanthanum metal revealed a pronounced temperature dependent anomaly in the transverse [111] branch of the phonon dispersion curves. A first-principles band structure calculation, in which the 4f states were excluded, yields a Fermi surface with a nesting feature along the [111] direction, which results in a peak in the bare susceptibility at the wave vector of the observed phonon anomaly.
Effective Mass of Electrons in Gallium Arsenide

The effective mass of electrons in a sample of $n$-type gallium arsenide has been measured by determining the reflectivity in the infrared. The value obtained, $(0.043\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005){m}_{0}$, supports the hypothesis that the minimum of the conduction band is at the center of the Brillouin zone.
EFFECTS OF ACTINOMYCIN D ON RNA METABOLISM IN THE GROWING HAIR FOLICLES OF THE MOUSE

During the hair cycle of adult male Walter Reed Swiss mice, autoradiographic studies of RNA metabolism were made in conjunction with actinomycin D, an inhibitor of DNA-directed RNA synthesis. In control animals, the synthesis of RNA reaches its maximum in mid-anagen, and decreases after the 17th day to nil on the 18th and 19th day of the hair cycle. Subsequently, there is a sharp rise in RNA synthesis at the end of Catagen without a corresponding increase in DNA synthesis. When administered in early anagen, actinomycin D has the greatest inhibitory effect upon RNA synthesis. In mid-anagen, the effect is less and it is least when given after the induction of catagen. Although actinomycin D blocks keratinization of hair in early anagen, it does not block the formation at the catagen follicle with its encapsulated club hair, club hair formation occurs in the hypodermis as the upward movement of the catagen follicle is suppressed. These findings suggest that the production of hair in mid-anagen and club hair formation in catagen. Short-lived m-RNA molecules appear to be responsible for the upward movement of the catagen follicle. Furthermore, RNA molecules responsible for the downward growth of the follicles appear to be produced around the 3rd day. The long-lived mRNA molecules responsible for keratinization in mid anagen appear to be produced between the fifth and 8th day after plucking while those responsible for club hair formation in catagen appear to be produced around the 16th day of the hair cycle. Long lived m-4NA molecules are produced in the residual bub matrix cells of the catagen follicle between the 17th and 18th day of the hair cycle. It is suggested that these molecules remain in the residual bulb matrix cells of the telogen follicle throughout its quiescence, and may be responsible for hair growth induction in the subsequent wave. The final outcome, growth or cessation of growth, is preprogrammed in the follicle prior to telogen.
Advice for My Younger Colleagues

When I was asked to write this article, I thought I finally reached the age at which you are asked to step aside and just give advice. Maybe I am told that I cannot hunt anymore and should philosophize. Reevaluating, I thought that perhaps some of the wisdom one accumulates with the years may become useful to younger colleagues. My father, a materials scientist of sorts (a jeweler, to be more precise), gave me advice which still guides my life. I distinctly remember deciding to become a physicist at age 11, when one of my aunts asked me: “So little boy, what do you want to be when you grow up?”. I even remember the corner in my home town Cluj, Rumania, where I said this. What drove me to say this, escapes me: the recently launched Sputnik, some strange curiosity, the way pulleys work, the transistor radio I built, discussions with my childhood friends (two of whom are condensed matter physicists), bravado, . . . who knows. Since then the desire to become a good physicist has been a driving force much of my life, slowly becoming a passion. In fact, as the time went on my father’s advice to “do what you like, but above all like what you do” became something that kept me excited even during the times when I had to deal with extremely boring reports, equipment breaking, rejection of papers, scientific fights, negative results, etc. I firmly believe that the most important thing is to enjoy the process of doing science; like painting. I imagine that Picasso woke up every morning, anxious to go to his atelier to paint. Physics is like painting and if you want to do this you must have the “lust for physics”. It is not a job, it is a passion!
Cellularity of adipose tissue in cold-exposed rats and the calorigenic effect of norepinephrine.

Adipose tissue in rats maintained at normal ambient temperature grows by a mixture of hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the early growth stage of the rat. In the mature rat, the tissue grows primarily by hypertrophy. When the rat is acclimated to 5 C, growth of adipose tissue occurs primarily by hyperplasia throughout the body weight ranged studied. As a consequence adipose tissue from rats maintained in the cold has a much larger number of fat cells which are much smaller in size. In order to achieve the adaptation which permits hyperplasia to continue throughout the adult stage the animal must be exposed to cold at an early age, and it requires that the animal remain in the cold to continue. These changes in adipose tissue fat cell size and number are discussed in relation to the increased calorigenic and lipolytic effect of norepinephrine in cold-acclimated rats.
Nanoporous metallic glass with high surface area

The synthesis of uniformly distributed nanoscale pores within a Cu47Ti33Zr11Ni8Si1 metallic glass is described. The porous metallic glass was obtained by extruding layered Cu-based metallic glass + Cu composite powders followed dissolution of the Cu in a HNO3 solution. The porous metallic glass has a specific surface area of 23.5 m2/g.
Parallel optical conversion preprocessing for fast digital multiplication using a content-addressable logic array

Abstract To increase the speed of binary multiplication an efficient method is the Booth multiplication algorithm. In this paper, for a fast Booth multiplication, a number of parallel optical conversion techniques are introduced. Based on an optical content-addressable logic processor, an optical number converter architecture is presented. With the proposed architecture, numerical examples are described.
ENDOTHELIN-1 LEVELS IN PULMONARY HYPERTENSION: A COMPARISON BETWEEN PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND DIASTOLIC HEART FAILURE-INDUCED PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor, is elevated in heart failure states as well as in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Additionally, ET-1 receptor blockade is a mainstay of PAH treatment. Diastolic heart failure (DHF) is a common cause of secondary pulmonary hypertension (D-PH), and
Codling moth, red-banded leaf roller, apple aphid, European red mite, and two-spotted spider mite control on apple trees.

In 1967 and 1968 thirty insecticide treatments were evaluated in orchard experiments for effectiveness on the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.); the redbanded leaf roller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker); the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch); the two-spotted spider mite, Tetarnychus urticae Koch; and the apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer. Azinphosmethyl, applied at the recommended Pennsylvania dosage of 0.5 Ib/acre, served as a standard for comparison. The treatments varied in effectiveness on these pests to a degree which indicates that some of the treatments may warrant further testing to determine if they would be useful in some integrated chemical and biological control programs in apple orchards.
Age-dependent changes in rat liver microsomal NADPH cytochrome C (P-450) reductase: A kinetic analysis

Rat liver microsomal NADPH cytochrome c (P-450) reductase (EC 1.6.2.4) exhibits several marked age-dependent changes, including a decline in specific activity, reduced inducibility and enhanced thermostability, which are indicative of an alteration in the quality of this enzyme. The present study examined the kinetic profile of the microsomal-bound enzyme in an effort to further define the effects of aging on the hepatic mixed function oxidase system. Intact microsomes isolated from young adult (3 months), mature (16 months) and senescent (27 months) rats were subjected to an extensive double reciprocal kinetic analysis employing NADPH and cytochrome c as substrates. The Km values obtained with the initial substrate (NADPH) remained unchanged with animal age, whereas there was a decline in this parameter for the artificial acceptor substrate, cytochrome c. The Vmax values for both substrates were reduced as a function of increasing age, perhaps reflecting a concomitant decline in the relative amount(s) of efficient reductase in the microsomes.
Single-Tube Simulation of a Semi-Intermittent Pressure-Gain Combustor

This work is aimed to investigate the fundamental combustion and reignition process in semi-intermittent pressure-gain combustors for gas turbine applications. A combustion-torch ignition method is used to simulate reignition in one tube of a pressure-gain combustor by employing burned gas produced in a pre-chamber combustor. Numerical flow and combustion simulations are performed to understand and guide preliminary experimental results. The computational fluid dynamics code StarCD® is used to predict internal flow and combustion upon attempted ignition by a hot gas jet. This study provides improved understanding of the complex, sub-millisecond processes involved: transient supersonic jet mixing, ignition, highly turbulent flame propagation, and shock-flame interaction in near-wall region. The results are useful for successful design of rotary pressure gain combustors or internal combustion wave rotors under various operating conditions.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Dialectics of the African Diaspora: The glocality of race and resistance in the Brazilian economy of violence:

This article looks at the dialectics of race, space and death in the structuring of black urban life and in the making of the African Diaspora. It argues the African diaspora should be understood not only within the perspectives of the historical trauma of racial terror but also through the spatial agency developed by people of African descent as a way to reconstitute the self and forge a political community. Based on fieldwork with black youth in a shantytown in the city of Sao Paulo, the article aims to investigate the political subjectivities created through the state’s (morbid) interpellation of black youth in the global city. In order to answer this question, it pays attention to the spatial praxis developed by the direct victims of state violence to reclaim their right to a city divided along racial lines. Finally, it suggests that the global and local articulations of race and racism also convey a transnational explosive black political identity of which black youth spatially grounded strategies of...
Numerical Method for Incompressible Vortical Flows with Two Unbounded Directions

A new, efficient, and accurate method has been developed for computing unsteady, incompressible, viscous flows in a domain where two dimensions are unbounded, the third dimension is periodic and the vorticity is rapidly decaying in the unbounded directions. We use the term unbounded to mean doubly infinite (no boundaries of any kind). This is an extension of the methods described by others for flows with two periodic and one unbounded direction, where the irrotational velocities outside the vortical domain are treated analytically. The new method is shown to be both accurate and efficient. The method presented here has finite, but arbitrarily high order, formal accuracy, and incurs substantial additional cost for a given mesh. However, this increased cost is more than offset by the reduction in the number of mesh points required for a given accuracy. The result is that for accurate computations, the present method can be orders of magnitude more efficient than others currently in use. This paper presents the method, discusses implementation issues, validates its accuracy, and presents sample calculations.
Genome trees and the tree of life

Abstract Genome comparisons indicate that horizontal gene transfer and differential gene loss are major evolutionary phenomena that, at least in prokaryotes, involve a large fraction, if not the majority, of genes. The extent of these events casts doubt on the feasibility of constructing a ‘Tree of Life', because the trees for different genes often tell different stories. However, alternative approaches to tree construction that attempt to determine tree topology on the basis of comparisons of complete gene sets seem to reveal a phylogenetic signal that supports the three-domain evolutionary scenario and suggests the possibility of delineation of previously undetected major clades of prokaryotes. If the validity of these whole-genome approaches to tree building is confirmed by analyses of numerous new genomes, which are currently being sequenced at an increasing rate, it would seem that the concept of a universal ‘species' tree is still appropriate. However, this tree should be reinterpreted as a prevailing trend in the evolution of genome-scale gene sets rather than as a complete picture of evolution.
Controlling light propagation with nanowires

We study the interaction of electromagnetic waves (EM) with metallic nanowire systems for frequencies not far from the surface plasma frequency (polaritonic range). We employ calculation and simulation to show that when excited at one end with axially polarized EM waves, nanowires can function as efficient waveguides of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). From the Fabry-Perot resonances of standing SPP waves, we study their dispersion relation and show that for a vanishing SPP wavelength it is identical to that for a planar metallic surface. Nanowire systems can be employed in various nanophotonic applications, and we assess this potential by studying propagation characteristics of these nano-waveguides and their interactions.
The electrochemistry of β-MnO2 and γ-MnO2 in alkaline electrolyte☆

Abstract The electrochemical reactions of β-MnO2 and γ-MnO2 in 7 M KOH have been studied using low-rate linear sweep voltammetry (≈25 μV/s) in conjunction with X-ray analysis of the reaction products. The reduction of β-MnO2 differs from γ-MnO2 in that there is no dilation of the β-MnO2 crystal lattice and Mn3O4 (hausmannite) is formed. The irreversibility of γ-MnO2 electrodes is related to the formation of Mn(OH)2. Manganese hydroxide is oxidized to δ-MnO2 and δ-MnO2 forms Mn3O4 on reduction. Hausmannite resists electrochemical oxidation. Poorly crystallized γ-MnOOH is formed as an intermediate in the oxidation of Mn(OH)2 to δ-MnO2. The formation of Mn3O4 is discussed in terms of the potential-pH diagram for manganese oxides and the thermodynamic properties of MnOOH.
Pulmonary artery--bronchial fistula: a new complication of Swan-Ganz catheterization.

A patient with a Swan-Ganz catheter developed massive hemoptysis. Injection of radiographic contrast media through the catheter revealed rapid filling of the tracheobronchial tree, consistent with direct pulmonary artery-bronchial communication. Development of hemoptysis in a patient with a Swan-Ganz catheter should alert the clinician to this possibility.
"The Homosexual" as Problem Patron

Summary Libraries host a range of human activity, some of which is overtly and unabashedly sexual. What's a librarian to do about public displays of affection? Cruising? Public sex? First, naturally, we read up on the issue. Unfortunately, problem patron library literature is spotted with vivid illustrations of irrational bias against gay men, male-to-female transgender women, and men-cruising-men. It also discounts the private nature of most consensual sex in public places. This article discusses sex and gender biases in library literature, arguing that gender equitable, privacy-respecting practices will better serve librarians administering public space.
Who Wants to Pass Chemistry II Laboratory

A PowerPoint presentation that functions as a review quiz for students in second-semester freshman chemistry laboratory, in the format of the television game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire is described. My students and I have “played” the quiz during laboratory recitation periods in the week before final examinations for the past two academic years. The quiz has sustained several modifications and upgrades in that time and exists now in an entertaining yet academically beneficial form. The PowerPoint file may be downloaded at http://www.emporia.edu/~roachjim or at The Chemical Educator’s Web site.
Do Suicide Survivors Report Near-Death Experiences?.

Interviews with thirty-six persons who had been close to death as a result of a suicide attempt were conducted to determine whether such persons report Moody-type near-death experiences. Seventeen ...
On-line identification of non-linear hysteretic structural systems using a variable trace approach

In this paper, an adaptive on-line parametric identification algorithm based on the variable trace approach is presented for the identification of non-linear hysteretic structures. At each time step, this recursive least-square-based algorithm upgrades the diagonal elements of the adaptation gain matrix by comparing the values of estimated parameters between two consecutive time steps. Such an approach will enforce a smooth convergence of the parameter values, a fast tracking of the parameter changes and will remain adaptive as time progresses. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm is shown by considering the effects of excitation amplitude, of the measurement units, of larger sampling time interval and of measurement noise. The cases of exact-, under-, over-parameterization of the structural model have been analysed. The proposed algorithm is also quite effective in identifying time-varying structural parameters to simulate cumulative damage in structural systems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Going Green at West Point: Is It Economically Beneficial? A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Installing a Wind Farm at the United States Military Academy

Abstract:In 2007, BQ Energy communicated an idea to the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, NY, about the construction of a 12.5 MW wind farm for electricity production on the western edge of its property in the training grounds near Camp Buckner. Such a project would bring educational, strategic, and potentially economic benefits to USMA, in addition to the obvious environmental benefits that would be realized by the Hudson Valley region. This article describes a quantitative approach to answer why it is financially beneficial for West Point to allow the installation of a wind farm on its property.
Memory Spot: A Labeling Technology

The initial findings from user trials convinced us that a fully integrated solution on a smart phone platform is the ultimate design objective. A smart phone is a perfect I/O and capture device for applications we're targeting. We estimate that the reader/writer will share 80 percent of a wireless local-area-network (WLAN) system, so the silicon real estate increase would be minimal when implementing our reader/writer. More than IS times faster than existing RFID technologies, the batteryless Memory Spot system supports reading, writing, and appending of megabytes of digital content.
The transcription of tone in the IPA

Prior to the 1989 convention in Kiel the principal symbols for tones recommended by the IPA were a set of “horizontal and oblique accents” which were intended ‘by their shapes and positions” to “give some indication of their musical values” (quotations are from Principles of the IPA 1949, p. 18.). Thus, level tones were to be indicated by horizontal bars, rising tones by marks that slope up from left to right, falling tones by marks that slope down from left to right, and so on. The height of a tone could be indicated by vertical position of these marks relative to the symbols for the segmental material concerned. The marks could be placed either “over or under the vowels, … or at the beginnings of syllables”. A possible set of transcriptions is illustrated in table 1.
Inlet centerline turbulence effects on reattachment length in axisymmetric sudden-expansion flows

The important parameters that affect the reattachment length in an axisymmetric sudden-expansion flow are examined. It is found that inlet centerline turbulence stands out as the most important; namely increased inlet centerline turbulence causes the reattachment length to decrease.
Chronic but not acute virus infection induces sustained expansion of myeloid suppressor cell numbers that inhibit viral-specific T cell immunity

Summary Resolution of acute and chronic viral infections requires activation of innate cells to initiate and maintain adaptive immune responses. Here we report that infection with acute Armstrong (ARM) or chronic Clone 13 (C13) strains of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) led to two distinct phases of innate immune response. During the first 72 hr of infection, dendritic cells upregulated activation markers and stimulated antiviral CD8 + T cells, independent of viral strain. Seven days after infection, there was an increase in Ly6C hi monocytic and Gr-1 hi neutrophilic cells in lymphoid organs and blood. This expansion in cell numbers was enhanced and sustained in C13 infection, whereas it occurred only transiently with ARM infection. These cells resembled myeloid-derived suppressor cells and potently suppressed T cell proliferation. The reduction of monocytic cells in Ccr2 −/− mice or after Gr-1 antibody depletion enhanced antiviral T cell function. Thus, innate cells have an important immunomodulatory role throughout chronic infection.
Frequency- and wave-vector-dependent dielectric function of waterlike fluids.

The frequency- and wave-vector-dependent dielectric function of a waterlike fluid is expressed in terms of the self-correlation part of the dipole-dipole correlation function and a static, wave-vector-dependent local-field factor. The self-correlation function is calculated in a number-conserving relaxation-time approximation which correctly interpolates between diffusive behavior at low frequency and long wavelength and free-particle behavior at high frequency and short wavelength. The local-field factor is obtained by matching the static limit of the dielectric function to the one obtained by the reference-hypernetted-chain approximation
A potential enzyme-encapsulating, ultrafine fiber for phenol detection

Abstract Ultrafine composite fibers of silicate–polymer matrix structure were synthesized by the combination of sol–gel chemistry and electrospinning to immobilize a tyrosinase enzyme for the purpose of continuous and/or reusable operations. These ultrafine enzyme-carrying fibers with average diameters of less than one micron were studied by their incorporation into a small-scale, flow-through micro-reactor to demonstrate the feasibility of phenol detection with simultaneous remediation through biocatalysis. Biocatalytic activity of the electrospun enzyme (tyrosinase) was confirmed and evaluated using the integrated form of the Michaelis–Menten equation, having the advantage of requiring fewer experimental runs than other approaches. Micro-Raman spectral analysis was also used to demonstrate biocatalysis and the possible biocomposite nature of the enzyme-carrying fibers. Biocatalytic activity of the electrospun enzyme was retained at phenol concentrations of 0.12–5 mM, typical of contaminated waters. This research demonstrates the potential of this cost-effective fibrous material for biocatalysis and detection applicable in environmental and industrial analysis and remediation.
Valid inequalities and separation for mixed 0-1 constraints with variable upper bounds

The polyhedral structure of the convex hull of regions is investigated defined by a single mixed 0-1 row along with variable upper bound constraints on the continuous variables. A family of facet-defining valid inequalities is introduced for this problem formulation. A dual-based heuristic is presented to solve the separation problem related to these inequalities. Computational results show that a cutting plane algorithm based on this class of valid inequalities and on the separation heuristic provides an efficient tool to improve the formulation of mixed integer programs defined over these regions.
Resonance capture in certain nearly Hamiltonian systems

The difFerentia1 equation fi = F(t, 8, e), in which 0 is an angular variable and F is small and periodic with period 2rr in t and 0, represents a material body spinning about a fixed axis subject to a small, periodic, not necessarily conservative torque. Mathematically the equation is a paradigm case of non. . linear oscillations. The equation 19 = 0, of which it is a perturbation, is formally linear but exhibits the characteristic behavior of a nonlinear integrable Hamiltonian system because Q is an angular variable, The solutions e=wt+e,, where w and 0, are initial conditions, are geometrically periodic with period 297/w, and dependence of the period upon the amplitude or initial conditions, as seen in the unperturbed Duffing equation 1+ cw: + /5’S = 0, is the chief property of nonlinear oscillations. When 0 == 0 is perturbed to a nonintegrable Hamiltonian system, the results of Poincare-Birkhoe and Kolmogorov-Arnol’d-Moser apply and a complicated global picture results, which however has the simple consequence that the angular velocity w = 8 is not subject to very much “drift” along any orbit. This is due to the presence of invariant curves surrounding the cylindrical phase space of the variables (0, w) near circles w = constant for which w is “badly irrational..” At the other extreme, when the perturbation contains substantial friction, all orbits may tend to a single limit cycle on the cylinder, with cu fluctuating around a single final value. The cases studied in this paper lie between these two extremes, when the perturbation consists of a small Hamiltonian part and a still smaller friction. The problem is then to determine the possible “final values” of w (in a sense to be made precise later), and show how their number increases as the friction goes to zero. The delicacy of the problem is seen in the fact that the result depends upon the higher harmonics of 0 present in F, and that no matter how rapidly the coefficients of these harmonics decay, their presence will be felt when the friction is small enough. The application motivating this work is to planetary spin resonance, in
Socioecological stressor areas and black-white blood pressure: Detroit

Abstract 1. 1. Blood pressure does appear to vary with ‘socioecological niches’ or combinations of sex, race and residence, which reflect social class position as well as degree of social stressor conditions. Black High Stress males had higher adjusted levels than Black Low Stress males, while White High Stress females had higher adjusted pressures than White Low Stress females. Black High Stress females had significantly higher observed levels than Black Low Stress females. 2. 2. Black High Stress males had a significantly higher per cent of Borderline and Hypertensive blood pressure than other male race-area groups; White Low Stress females had the lowest of all eight sex-race-stress area groups. 3. 3. For Black males, the younger, overweight High Stress residents had significantly higher Borderline and Hypertensive levels than did a similar Black Low Stress subgroup. Further, for both groups, being raised in Detroit and not migrating from elsewhere was related to higher readings. Tests for age-stress area interaction, however, were not significant.
Synthesis and characterization of multiferroic BiFeO3 nanotubes.

Multiferroic bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) nanotubes have been synthesized using a modified template methodology and characterized by a number of techniques, including XRD, SEM, TEM, HRTEM as well as EDX and SAED.
Endonucleolytic cleavage of murine leukemia virus 35S RNA by microsome-associated nuclease.

Moloney murine leukemia virus 35S RNA (molecular weight 3 to 3.4 × 106) is cleaved by nuclease activity present in microsomal fractions from MLV infected or uninfected mouse embryo cells to two RNA species of approximate molecular weights 1.8 × 106 and 1.5 × 106. Microsomal fractions from MLV infected and uninfected cells also contained nucleolytic activity that solubilized [3H]poly(A)·poly(U) but not [3H]poly(C) or [3H]poly(U); the cleavage of poly(A)·poly(U) was inhibited by ethidium bromide. The cleavage of MLV RNA was also inhibited by ethidium bromide, suggesting double stranded regions in 35S RNA as the site of cleavage.
The Growth of the Head Capsule of the Japanese Beetle Larva

The fact that the width of the head capsule of an insect larva is more or less constant for any instar of a species was first demonstrated by Dyar (1890) in his study of lepidopterous larva. This characterization of an instar by head measurements has recently been extended to a large number of species belonging to many orders of insects. The Japanese beetle passes through three instars in its larval development. In the present paper, an analysis is made of a large number of measurements of both the width and the length of the head capsule of the larva at different stages of development to determine if these measurements are characteristic of each instar and can be used to separate random samples of larvae into the three instars. This separation is possible only if there is no overlapping of measurements made on larvae of successive instars.
Form-finding of compressive structures using Prescriptive Dynamic Relaxation

This paper presents an adaptation of the Dynamic Relaxation method for the form-finding of small-strain compressive structures that can be used to achieve project-specific requirements such as prescribed element lengths. Novel truss and triangle elements are developed to permit large strains in the form-finding model while anticipating the small-strain behavior of the realized structure. Forcing functions are formulated to permit element length prescription using a new iterative technique termed Prescriptive Dynamic Relaxation (PDR). Case studies of a segmental concrete shell and a pedestrian steel bridge illustrate the potential for using PDR to achieve economic and environmentally considerate structural solutions.
Budget Deficits Expected Inflation and Short-Term Real Interest Rates: Evidence for the U.S.

This paper examines a number of issues concerning the determination of short-term real interest rates. We include actual inflation and several measures of expected inflation in order to determine whether empirical results are sensitive to the choice of the inflation variable. The results strongly suggest that the estimated coefficients are unaffected by the choice of the interest rate variable and, implicitly, the inflation variable. Deficits are not found to have a positive effect on all measures of the dependent variable, while increases in the real money supply and the inflation variables depress real interest rates. [311]
The effect of factor VIII deficiencies and replacement and bypass therapies on thrombus formation under venous flow conditions in microfluidic and computational models.

Clinical evidence suggests that individuals with factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency (hemophilia A) are protected against venous thrombosis, but treatment with recombinant proteins can increase their risk for thrombosis. In this study we examined the dynamics of thrombus formation in individuals with hemophilia A and their response to replacement and bypass therapies under venous flow conditions. Fibrin and platelet accumulation were measured in microfluidic flow assays on a TF-rich surface at a shear rate of 100 s−1. Thrombin generation was calculated with a computational spatial-temporal model of thrombus formation. Mild FVIII deficiencies (5–30% normal levels) could support fibrin fiber formation, while severe ( 1 nM), but too low to support fibrin formation (<10 nM). In the absence of platelets, fibrin formation was not supported even at normal FVIII levels, suggesting platelet adhesion is necessary for fibrin formation. Individuals treated by replacement therapy, recombinant FVIII, showed normalized fibrin formation. Individuals treated with bypass therapy, recombinant FVIIa, had a reduced lag time in fibrin formation, as well as elevated fibrin accumulation compared to healthy controls. Treatment of rFVIIa, but not rFVIII, resulted in significant changes in fibrin dynamics that could lead to a prothrombotic state.
A new look at the Maori wars of the sixties

(1966). A new look at the Maori wars of the sixties. Historical Studies: Australia and New Zealand: Vol. 12, No. 46, pp. 230-247.
Studies of the Relationship between Megasonics, Surface Etching, and Particle Removal in SC-1 Solutions

Wafer cleaning studies have been performed so as to understand the influence of acoustic (megasonic) energy on particle removal in dilute SC-1 solutions. Surface etching alone (up to 60A) has been found to be insufficient to completely remove silicon nitride surface particles from native oxide surfaces in the absence of megasonics. For megasonic cleaning processes the minimum surface etching required for complete nitride particle removal is significantly lower (between 3–12A) than for a non-megasonic process. The exact ‘threshold’ for surface etching will depend on the chemical nature of the particle/surface and the megasonics power. Megasonics energy does not appear to enhance chemical etching of the substrate, at least for silicon oxide substrates, however, it significantly improves particle removal. This data suggests that the particle removal process can benefit from both a thermally activated component (etching) as well as an acoustic component (cavitation/ acoustic streaming).
Plant biotechnology comes of age - again

Just fifteen years ago the community of plant biology was all abuzz with the discoveries of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and cloning of the first plant genes. Expectations were high as biotechnology industries sprang up everywhere, and the idea of engineering enhanced nutritional value into foodstuffs, altering disease resistance traits and even the capacity for nitrogen fixation into cereal crops were discussed. Some of those early expectations were too grand, and others not grand enough. Nonetheless, plant biotechnology has had a tremendous impact on industries worldwide and scientists continue to develop extremely imaginative and innovative applications. As part of an effort to recognize the commercial emergence of plant biotechnology as its first products are making their way into the marketplace, the Tobacco and Health Research Institute and the University of Kentucky hosted an international symposium entitled ‘Engineering Plants for Commercial Products and Applications’, October 1-4, 1995, in Lexington, Kentucky. The goal of the meeting was to assess the status of the commercialization and development of plant-based products and to look into the crystal ball for future applications. Glenn B. Collins and Robert Shepherd, the co-organizers for the meeting, coordinated an international organizational team which reflected industrial and academic interests in five topic areas: Jean Kridl (Calgene, Davis, CA), Food Applications; Roger Beachy (The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA), Human and Animal Health; Lothar Willmitzer (Max Planck Institute, Berlin, Germany), Industrial Uses; Simon Bright (Zeneca, Jeallot’s Hill, England), Ecological and Environmental Applications; Robert Fraley (Ceregen, a unit of Monsanto Corp., St. Louis, MO), Commercialization of the Technology; plus Chris Somerville (Carnegie Institute of Washington, Stanford, CA) and Charles Arntzen (Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY) who helped establish the tone for the meeting by making keynote addresses. Sessions were arranged such that the organizer of each session provided an overview of the topic area and addressed how their own work had contributed to the area, followed by four or five additional presentations from other scientific experts in the field. A meeting review such as this can never hope to address all the issues and topics raised, and this review is only intended to capture the spirit of this timely and exciting symposium.