cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 13 – Design of Membrane-Separation Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the use of membrane separation systems for environmental applications. Membrane processes have gained a growing level of applicability in industry due to their several advantages. In addition to their high selectivity which can provide concentrations as low as parts per billion, low energy consumption, and moderate cost, they are compact and modular and can be readily added to existing plants. Reverse osmosis is used for several objectives such as water purification and demineralization as well as environmental applications. The first step in designing the system is to understand the operating principles and modeling of RO modules. When two solutions with different solute (pollutant) concentrations are separated by a semipermeable membrane, a chemical-potential difference arises across the membrane. This difference causes the carrier (typically water) to permeate through the membrane from the low-concentration (high-chemical potential) side to the high-concentration (low-chemical potential) side, which is referred to as the osmotic flow. This flow continues until the pressure difference across the membrane balances the difference in the chemical potential across the membrane, resulting in equilibrium. The pressure head at equilibrium is termed osmotic pressure. RO systems are preceded by pretreatment units to remove suspended solids/colloidal matter and add chemicals that control biological growth and reduce scaling and fouling. Membranes are typically made of synthetic polymers coated on a backing.
Early patient satisfaction following orthopaedic surgery.

Abstract Background The healthcare industry is shifting its focus from traditional clinical outcome measures to patient satisfaction metrics. This change has caused orthopaedic surgeons to become increasingly interested in factors influencing patient satisfaction, which would allow them to potentially modify these factors in an effort to increase postoperative satisfaction. The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with patient satisfaction two weeks following extremity orthopaedic surgery. Methods Patients completed questionnaires preoperatively to assess demographics, activity, pain, expectations, and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) computer adaptive testing for Physical Function, Pain Interference, Social Satisfaction, Depression, Anxiety, and Fatigue. Two weeks after their operation, patients completed the same questionnaires in addition to an Improvement Survey and Met Expectations. Satisfaction was assessed with the Surgical Satisfaction Questionnaire. Results Greater surgical satisfaction two weeks following orthopaedic surgery was associated with higher education, alcohol use, better scores on all PROMIS domains at baseline and two weeks, greater activity levels at baseline and two weeks, less bodily pain at baseline and two weeks, less pain in the surgical site at two weeks, greater met expectations, and greater improvement (p Conclusion This study provides important information about patient satisfaction two weeks after orthopaedic surgery.
Medical Waste Proper Disposal and Techniques - A Review of Multiple Devices

Every year municipal solid waste continues to grow as the US population expands. Municipal solid waste includes substances that pose a harmful risk for the environment such as medical waste or pharmaceutical agents. Health-care related waste increases annually by 15% and thus concerns for proper disposal of hazardous agents such as medical waste or pharmaceutical agents increases. It is important that these agents are disposed of properly to mitigate the chances of toxins and hazardous materials from tampering with the environment, and ultimately the US’s water supply. Additionally, medical waste can contribute to illicit drug abuse and potential overdoses. Methods such as flushing and disposing of these wastes in regular garbage are most common. However, medical waste disposal devices have been marketed to help reduce the risk of potential toxicities to the environment. These medical devices can be broken up into three categories: storage, sequestering agents, and immediate destruction devices. Sequestering agents are the most common devices within this review. The objective of this review is to highlight these different devices as well as describe what each can or cannot do.
Surface ionization of metastable calcium atoms

We report on an experimental study of surface ionization of metastable calcium atoms on a hot polycrystalline tungsten surface in vacuum. We implemented a hollow-cathode discharge to excite a fraction of calcium atoms in an atomic beam to metastable states and collected the resulting calcium ions. We observed that metastable calcium atoms are ionized with a significantly greater efficiency than ground-state atoms, and the results suggest that virtually every metastable atom impacting the hot surface is ionized. These results demonstrate the potential of metastable atom surface ionization as a means of enriching calcium isotopes for applications in medicine, metrology, and fundamental science.
Should Perfusion CT and CTA Be Performed in All Patients With Suspected Stroke? Point—Yes, for Fast and Accurate Stroke Triage and Treatment

This article does not include an abstract. Please see the accompanying Counterpoint by Linda J. Bagley and Laurie A. Loevner.
Collective Memory and Planning The Continuing Legacy of Urban Renewal in Asheville, NC

Urban renewal may be the most universally vilified program in planning history, remembered primarily for its destruction of established, central, urban neighborhoods along with the construction of ...
The Success and Struggles of Physical Education Teachers While Teaching Online During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The purpose of this study was to investigate physical education teachers' perceptions of implementing online physical education during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as to explore their needs with regard to support for future teaching experiences. A total of 4,302 teachers completed four open-ended questions as part of a larger survey. Deductive and inductive qualitative analysis led to three themes: (a) Teachers' Proud Moments, (b) Help! So Many Obstacles, and (c) Future Challenges. Teachers stated many successes and challenges that they experienced through the COVID-19 pandemic. Many items specifically focused on use and access to technology, student participation, and meeting students' needs in various ways. Results can provide guidance for how to address the essential components of physical education in the online environment. In addition, results may provide insight to those who educate, train, and prepare teachers to teach in a virtual and/or physically distanced environment.
The Power of American Governors: Winning on Budgets and Losing on Policy

With limited authority over state lawmaking, but ultimate responsibility for the performance of government, how effective are governors in moving their programs through the legislature? This book advances a new theory about what makes chief executives most successful and explores this theory through original data. Thad Kousser and Justin H. Phillips argue that negotiations over the budget, on the one hand, and policy bills on the other are driven by fundamentally different dynamics. They capture these dynamics in models informed by interviews with gubernatorial advisors, cabinet members, press secretaries and governors themselves. Through a series of novel empirical analyses and rich case studies, the authors demonstrate that governors can be powerful actors in the lawmaking process, but that what they're bargaining over – the budget or policy – shapes both how they play the game and how often they can win it.
Microtubule polarity determination based on conditions for tubulin assembly in vitro.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a convenient method for the visualization of the polarity of cellular microtubules. The method uses conditions for the assembly of brain microtubule protein in vitro by which the walls of the cytoplasmic microtubules become decorated with curved, protofilament appendages called “hooks.” The cell or tissue whose microtubules are to be assayed for polarity orientation is lysed and incubated in an in vitro microtubule assembly mixture. During the incubation, hooks assemble onto the walls of the cellular microtubules. The material is then fixed, embedded, and thin sectioned for electron microscopy by standard methods. However, special precautions with respect to the orientation of the material must be taken during sample processing to interpret the handedness of hooks. The polarity of cellular microtubules is determined from the handedness of hooks as seen in cross sections of microtubules in electron micrographs.
Ambient light emission from hydrothermal vents on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge

[1] A spectral imaging camera was used to observe light emission from high-temperature, deep-sea vents at three hydrothermal sites on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR): Logatchev, Snake Pit, and Lucky Strike. Ambient light measured at these sites is similar to that observed at sites along the East Pacific Rise and the Juan de Fuca Ridge, with components from both thermal and non-thermal sources. The shrimp species Rimicaris exoculata, which is found on the MAR but not in the Eastern Pacific, possesses a unique photoreceptor capable of detecting low light levels. It is not yet known if R. exoculata “sees” vent light. However, since the characteristics of vent light appear to be unrelated to geographical location, the exclusion of R. exoculata from the Eastern Pacific is probably unrelated to differences in ambient light conditions.
Film Analysis Systems and Applications

Quantitative film analysis systems are being used successfully in high technology applications, including earth’s surface mapping, aerial reconnaissance, and high energy physics particle tracking. The intense interest in these types of images has led to the development of sophisticated techniques for recording and extracting high quality information from local and remote sensing systems. The transfer of this technology to medicine awaited the development of lower cost simpler systems. Such devices are now available, and being utilized for radiological image analysis.
Chromosomal instability portends superior response of rectal adenocarcinoma to chemoradiation therapy

BACKGROUND: Persistent chromosome segregation errors represent a conspicuous feature of human neoplasms. It is widely accepted that this chromosomal instability is associated with poor prognosis; however, its effect on therapeutic response is a matter of conjecture. METHODS: Here, the role of chromosome segregation errors in the response of patients with rectal adenocarcinoma to chemoradiation therapy (CRT) was examined. Pretreatment samples from 62 patients were surveyed for evidence of chromosome mis-segregation and mis-segregation frequency was correlated to the pathological response to CRT as determined by the tumor regression grade after surgical resection of irradiated tumors. RESULTS: Surprisingly, it was found that errors in chromosome segregation predicted enhanced pathological response of rectal adenocarcinoma to CRT (odds ratio, 3.9; P 5.02). Furthermore, tumor response inversely correlated with the frequency of cells that exhibited segregation errors during anaphase (correlation coefficient, 0.94; P <.05). Strikingly, elevated chromosome mis-segregation combined with decreased levels of the DNA damage repair protein Mre11 portended a markedly enhanced response (odds ratio, 54.0; P 5.008). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study demonstrate that chromosomal instability is a favorable predictor of response to CRT in patients with locally invasive rectal adenocarcinoma. Therefore, the authors propose that downstream structural damage to chromosomes resulting from segregation errors potentiates the effect of DNA-damaging therapies and synergizes with deficiencies in the DNA repair machinery. This work identifies a novel mechanistic marker that foretells treatment response to CRT and suggests that concomitant targeting of whole-chromosome segregation and DNA repair may constitute an effective therapeutic strategy. Cancer 2014;120:1733–42. V C 2014 American Cancer Society.
Evaluation of Community Acquired Pneumonia Guidelines

Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a serious illness, in which the etiology of disease cannot be determined in 50% of the patients. The American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) have independently developed treatment guidelines for CAP. These guidelines, however, differ in their approaches. The differences can be attributed to their unique approaches. ATS favors the application of empiric methodology verse IDSA, which recommends a definitive clinical approach. Presently, a widely accepted, standardized guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of CAP is unavailable. This contributes to the large variation in admission rates, use of institutional resources, and quality of care given to CAP patients.
Comparative biochemical studies: II. Amino acid composition and some properties of human cytochrome C

The amino acid composition of human cytochrome c is: Lys 18 , His 3 , Arg 2 , Try 1 , Asp 8 , Thr 7 , Ser 2 , Glu 10 , Pro 4 , Gly 13 , Ala 6 , 1/2Cys 2 , Val 3 , Met 3 , Ileu 8 , Leu 6 , Tyr 5 , Phe 3 , and NH 3–7 . Some other physicochemical properties are reported.
The Numerical Study of Quantum Chromodynamics

A powerful stochastic method is presented for the numerical evaluation of path integrals in quantum mechanics. The method is directly applicable for the detailed numerical study of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) with lattice regularization. Important results on non-perturbative physical quantities, like the confining force between a heavy quark-antiquark pair, the critical temperature of thermal quark liberation, or the mass gap for glue-ball excitations are reviewed first, within the pure gauge sector of the theory. The stochastic treatment of the complete fermionic problem is also described.
How Do You Hit A Moving Target? Addressing The Dynamics Of Students’ Thinking

From the standpoint both of research and instruction, the variable and dynamic nature of students’ thought processes poses a significant challenge to PER. It is difficult merely to assess and characterize the diverse phases of students’ thinking as they gain and express understanding of a concept. (We might call this the “kinematics” of students’ thought processes.) Much harder still is uncovering the various factors (instructional method, student characteristics, etc.) that influence and determine the trajectory of students’ thinking. (We could call this the “dynamics” of students’ thinking.) The task of deciphering the mutual interaction of these factors adds to the challenge. I will outline some of the initial work that has been done along these lines by various researchers, and I will identify some directions for future research that I think might be fruitful for workers in PER.
Modification of Chromosomal Aberration Yield by Postirradiation Treatment.

In Tradescantia microspores, postirradiation treatments can modify the numbers of chromosome exchanges induced by x rays. The postirradiation inibition of respiration by anoxia or carbon monoxide in the xam dark prevents the rejoining of breaks and consequently allows breaks to remain open and capable of forming exchanges with breaks induced later. The results with Tradescantia are qualitatively similar to the results ob tained with Vicia in that irradiation in the presence of oxygen produces inore breaks than does anoxic irradiation and that for rejoining cellular respiration (the production of ATP) is required. (auth)
Attenuiconus marileeae, a new species of cone (Gastropoda: Conidae: Puncticulinae) from Curacao

Attenuiconus marileeae new species is described from deep reefs off southeastern Curacao. It resembles A. attenuatus, A. honkeri, and A. aureonimbosus in size and general proportion of the shell, but is readily distinguished on the basis of its distinc- tive color pattern, which consists of a vivid orange-red base color with three bands of irregular, white flammules. Attenuiconus marileeae was collected at substantially greater depths than any of its Caribbean congeners. Only A. aureonimbosus ,f rom the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, inhabits comparable depths. Like all species of Attenuiconus, nearly all specimens A. marileeae have one or more major repaired breaks indicative of unsuccess- ful attacks by crustaceans.
Definition and validation of "favorable high-risk prostate cancer": Implications for personalizing treatment of radiation-managed patients

Purpose To define and validate a classification of favorable high-risk prostate cancer that could be used to personalize therapy, given that consensus guidelines recommend similar treatments for all radiation-managed patients with high-risk disease. Methods and Materials We studied 3618 patients with cT1-T3aN0M0 high-risk or unfavorable intermediate-risk prostate adenocarcinoma treated with radiation at a single institution between 1997 and 2013. Favorable high-risk was defined as T1c disease with either Gleason 4 + 4 = 8 and prostate-specific antigen 20 ng/mL. Competing risks regression was used to determine differences in the risk of prostate cancer–specific mortality (PCSM) after controlling for baseline factors and treatment. Our results were validated in a cohort of 13,275 patients using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare linked database. Results Patients with favorable high-risk disease had significantly better PCSM than other men with high-risk disease (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] 0.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.18-0.996, P =.049) and similar PCSM as men with unfavorable intermediate-risk disease (AHR 1.17, 95% CI 0.50-2.75, P =.710). We observed very similar results within the SEER-Medicare cohort (favorable high-risk vs other high-risk: AHR 0.21, 95% CI 0.11-0.41, P P =.268). Conclusions Patients with favorable high-risk prostate cancer have significantly better PCSM than other patients with high-risk disease and similar PCSM as those with unfavorable intermediate-risk disease, who are typically treated with shorter-course androgen deprivation therapy. This new classification system may allow for personalization of treatment within high-risk disease, such as consideration of shorter-course androgen deprivation therapy for favorable high-risk disease.
What explains the distress risk puzzle: death or glory?

Campbell, Hilscher, and Szilagyi (2008) show that firms with a high probability of default have significantly low average future returns. We show that there is a large overlap between stocks classified as high default risk, and those that are likely to produce extremely high returns over the next year (‘glory’ stocks). Predicted glory and predicted distress are highly correlated, with over 50% of firms in the top distress risk quintile also in the top quintile of predicted glory. Stocks with high predicted probabilities for glory also earn abnormally low average returns. We find evidence that low returns to high glory firms are also present in firms with zero leverage, where financial distress is unlikely, and that the low returns to high distress risk firms are large and significant in ‘speculative’ firms (with high sales growth and market-to-book ratios) that have high predicted glory; subsequent returns are small and statistically insignificant in ‘traditionally distressed’ firms. Thus, we show that, on average, firms which have a high potential for death (default) also tend to have a high potential for glory; where the two factors can be separated, the results suggest that it is glory, rather than distress, which is responsible for the low expected returns in securities.
Impact of deregulation on point-to-point demand in the USA

Abstract The authors describe a methodology designed to evaluate the impact of deregulation on point-to-point demand in the USA. They briefly review the rationale for regulation and the likely impacts of deregulation. After summarizing previous approaches to the demand for long-distance calls, they present preliminary results of a new study of the demand for toll messages. They conclude that the approach provides a first step towards determining the impact of new (competitive) services on existing point-to-point suppliers.
Cell phone-based biometric identification

Mobile devices are becoming increasingly sophisticated and now incorporate many diverse and powerful sensors. The latest generation of smart phones is especially laden with sensors, including GPS sensors, vision sensors (cameras), audio sensors (microphones), light sensors, temperature sensors, direction sensors (compasses), and acceleration sensors. In this paper we describe and evaluate a system that uses phone-based acceleration sensors, called accelerometers, to identify and authenticate cell phone users. This form of behavioral biometrie identification is possible because a person's movements form a unique signature and this is reflected in the accelerometer data that they generate. To implement our system we collected accelerometer data from thirty-six users as they performed normal daily activities such as walking, jogging, and climbing stairs, aggregated this time series data into examples, and then applied standard classification algorithms to the resulting data to generate predictive models. These models either predict the identity of the individual from the set of thirty-six users, a task we call user identification, or predict whether (or not) the user is a specific user, a task we call user authentication. This work is notable because it enables identification and authentication to occur unobtrusively, without the users taking any extra actions-all they need to do is carry their cell phones. There are many uses for this work. For example, in environments where sharing may take place, our work can be used to automatically customize a mobile device to a user. It can also be used to provide device security by enabling usage for only specific users and can provide an extra level of identity verification.
Solar connections of geoeffective magnetic structures

Abstract Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and high-speed solar wind streams (HSS) are two solar phenomena that produce large-scale structures in the interplanetary (IP) medium. CMEs evolve into interplanetary CMEs (ICMEs) and the HSS result in corotating interaction regions (CIRs) when they interact with preceding slow solar wind. This paper summarizes the properties of these structures and describes their geoeffectiveness. The primary focus is on the intense storms of solar cycle 23 because this is the first solar cycle during which simultaneous, extensive, and uniform data on solar, IP, and geospace phenomena exist. After presenting illustrative examples of coronal holes and CMEs, I discuss the internal structure of ICMEs, in particular the magnetic clouds (MCs). I then discuss how the magnetic field and speed correlate in the sheath and cloud portions of ICMEs. CME speed measured near the Sun also has significant correlations with the speed and magnetic field strengths measured at 1 AU. The dependence of storm intensity on MC, sheath, and CME properties is discussed pointing to the close connection between solar and IP phenomena. I compare the delay time between MC arrival at 1 AU and the peak time of storms for the cloud and sheath portions and show that the internal structure of MCs leads to the variations in the observed delay times. Finally, we examine the variation of solar-source latitudes of IP structures as a function of the solar cycle and find that they have to be very close to the disk center.
Experimental Violation of a Non-local Leggett-garg Inequality Using Non-local Weak Measurements

We experimentally demonstrate the violation of a non-local Leggett-Garg inequality using non-local weak measurements on polarization entangled biphotons. Due to measurement degeneracy, multiple strange weak values are required to infer violation of the Leggett-Garg inequality.
Dawn-dusk asymmetry of the tail region of the magnetosphere of Saturn and the interplanetary magnetic field

In connection with the findings of the Voyager 1 mission, it appears that the tail lobe of Saturn is very different from that of earth and Jupiter, in that the latter are devoid of energetic particles, and magnetic field lines in this region are thought to be open and interconnecting with the interplanetary magnetic field at large distances in the antisolar direction. The present investigation is concerned with a possible explanation of these observations, taking into account a model of Saturn's magnetosphere. It is shown that the Voyager 1 spacecraft remained in the closed region of the magnetotail during its entire tail traversal and did not have an opportunity to penetrate into the high latitude lobe. It is concluded that Saturn probably has a tail lobe just like earth and Jupiter. However, this tail lobe was not traversed by Voyager.
Rapid treatment of persistent vomiting in a 14-year-old female by shaping and time-out

Abstract This case history reports the successful treatment of persistent vomiting in a 14-yr-old female. The treatment applied social, monetary and activity reinforcers contingent on food retention combined with a time-out contingency for vomiting. Vomiting ceased on the first day of treatment and has not recurred at a one-year follow-up.
An introduction to chromatic sums

We introduce the new concept of the chromatic sum of a graph G, the smallest possible total among all proper colorings of G using natural numbers. We show that computing the chromatic sum for arbitrary graphs is an NP-complete problem. Indeed, a polynomial algorithm for the chromatic sum would be easily modified to compute the chromatic number. Even for trees the chromatic sum is far from trivial. We construct a family of trees to demonstrate that for each k, some trees need k colors to achieve the minimum sum. In fact, we prove that our family gives the smallest trees with this property. Moreover, we show that asymptotically, for each value of k, almost all trees require more than k colors. Finally, we present a linear algorithm for computing the chromatic sum of an arbitrary tree.
Comparative toxicity studies on ten antibiotics in current use.

The acute toxicities of ten currently used antibiotics have been compared on two strains of mouse by four different routes.
En-monoidal categories and their group completions

An En-monoidal structure on a category A is a coherently associative and commutative multiplication on A with respect to which the classifying space BA has an n-fold delooping. When n = 1, 2 or ∞ an En-monoidal structure is, upto equivalence, a strict monoidal, braided tensor or permutative strucuture respectively. Theconstruction of deloopings requires a careful analysis of higher homotopy commutativity for En- monoidal categories A. There results a category W A such that BWA is an n-fold delooping of BA. We also construct an n-fold delooping of A as a sequence of 1-fold deloopings.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE FOR MULTIPLE MOLECULAR FORMS OF CRYSTALLINE GLUTAMIC DEHYDROGENASE.

Crystalline glutamic dehydrogenase from bovine liver is a macromolecular system in rapid monomer-polymer equilibrium. Previous studies have indicated that an alanine dehydrogenase reaction is stimulated when dissociation is brought about by diethylstilbestrol or other regulator substances, whereas aggregation favors glutamic dehydrogenase activity. The present immunochemical studies show that the enzyme is composed of three immunologically distinct forms (a, b and c) which differ from one another in both their antigenic and catalytic properties. Antigenic component a demonstrates primarily glutamic dehydrogenase activity, c catalyses predominantly the alanine dehydrogenase reaction, and b has both enzyme activities. Denaturation of the enzyme with sodium dodecyl sulfate produces enzymically inactive “subunits” which are immunologically identical with c.
Second language research using magnetoencephalography: a review

In this review we show how magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a constructive tool for language research and review MEG findings in second language (L2) research. MEG is the magnetic analog of electroencephalography (EEG), and its primary advantage over other cross-sectional (e.g. magnetic resonance imaging, or positron emission tomography) functional imaging methods is the superior temporal resolution it affords. After an overview of MEG technology, research exploring visual language processing in L2, nonnative phonemic contrasts and syntactic processing in L2 are reviewed. We also review MEG investigations of the advantages of bilingualism and of language lateralization differences across languages with different characteristics.
Accelerated turnover of taste bud cells in mice deficient for the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1

Mammalian taste buds contain several specialized cell types that coordinately respond to tastants and communicate with sensory nerves. While it has long been appreciated that these cells undergo continual turnover, little is known concerning how adequate numbers of cells are generated and maintained. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 has been shown to influence cell number in several developing tissues, by coordinating cell cycle exit during cell differentiation. Here, we investigated its involvement in the control of taste cell replacement by examining adult mice with targeted ablation of the p27 Kip1 gene. Histological and morphometric analyses of fungiform and circumvallate taste buds reveal no structural differences between wild-type and p27 Kip1 -null mice. However, when examined in functional assays, mutants show substantial proliferative changes. In BrdU incorporation experiments, more S-phase-labeled precursors appear within circumvallate taste buds at 1 day post-injection, the earliest time point examined. After 1 week, twice as many labeled intragemmal cells are present, but numbers return to wild-type levels by 2 weeks. Mutant taste buds also contain more TUNEL-labeled cells and 50% more apoptotic bodies than wild-type controls. In normal mice, p27 Kip1 is evident in a subset of receptor and presynaptic taste cells beginning about 3 days post-injection, correlating with the onset of taste cell maturation. Loss of gene function, however, does not alter the proportions of distinct immunohistochemically-identified cell types. p27Kip1 participates in taste cell replacement by regulating the number of precursor cells available for entry into taste buds. This is consistent with a role for the protein in timing cell cycle withdrawal in progenitor cells. The equivalence of mutant and wild-type taste buds with regard to cell number, cell types and general structure contrasts with the hyperplasia and tissue disruption seen in certain developing p27 Kip1 -null sensory organs, and may reflect a compensatory capability inherent in the regenerative taste system.
An Examination of the Fibrogram

The theory of the fibrogram has been derived based on the probability of randomly catching and holding a fiber. The amount axis has been shown to be proportional to the relative mass when related to the original specimen. Tangential equations are used to show that theoretically, for a length l or longer, the proportional mass, the mean length by number, the relative number, and the mean length by mass of fibers in the sample can be obtained from the fibrogram, as well as the number and mass arrays. Finally, the theoretical percentage of fiber by number or by mass extending a length l or longer from a clamped random sliver of the sample is obtainable from the fibrogram.
Qualification of independent spent fuel storage installation

This paper describes the qualification process of a typical independent spent fuel storage installation (ISFSI). It provides background information regarding the licensing and history of ISFSIs. It discusses the process for obtaining a general ISFSI license. A typical ISFSI with its dry cask storage system (DCSS) is described. A description is presented of a typical confirmatory action taken on a DCSS to assure adequate qualification and full compliance of the system with Federal regulations.
Secondary structure of detergent-solubilized phospholamban, a phosphorylatable, oligomeric protein of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum

The structure of phospholamban, a 30-kDa oligomeric protein integral to cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum, was probed using ultraviolet absorbance and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Purified phospholamban was examined in three detergents: octyl glucoside, n-dodecyloctaethylene glycol monoether (C12E8) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Ultraviolet absorption spectra of phospholamban reflected its aromatic amino acid content: absorption peaks at 275–277 nm and 253, 259, 265 and 268 nm were attributed to phospholamban's one tyrosine and two phenylalanines, respectively. Phospholamban phosphorylated at serine 16 by the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase exhibited no absorbance changes when examined in C12E8 or SDS. Circular dichroism spectroscopy at 250–190 nm demonstrated that phospholamban possesses a very high content of α-helix in all three detergents and is unusually resistant to denaturation. Dissociation of phospholamban subunits by boiling in SDS increased the helical content, suggesting that the highly ordered structure is not dependent upon oligomeric interactions. The purified COOH-terminal tryptic fragment of phospholamban, containing residues 26–52 and comprising the hydrophobic, putative membrane-spanning domain, also exhibited a circular dichroism spectrum characteristic of α-helix. Circular dichroism spectra of phosphorylated and dephosphorylated phospholamban were very similar, indicating that phosphorylation does not alter phospholamban secondary structure significantly. The results are consistent with a two-domain model of phospholamban in which each domain contains a helix and phosphorylation may act to rotate one domain relative to the other.
Spontaneous pregnancy and birth of a normal female from a woman with Turner syndrome and elevated gonadotropins.

Objective To provide data for pregnancies in girls with Turner syndrome. Only 5%–10% of TS girls undergo spontaneous puberty and have menses. Spontaneous pregnancy occurs in 2%–7% of TS girls and is associated with a high rate of miscarriages, stillbirths, malformations, and chromosomal aberrations. Besides fetal problems, pregnancy in TS girls is of high risk for the mothers as well. Design Case report. Setting Academic unit. Patient(s) One patient, now aged 28 years, was referred for short stature at age 13 years after an operation for coarctation of the aorta. The karyotype was 88% 45X, 5% 46XX, 5% 47XXX, 2% XO+Fr. The gonadotropin values at presentation and on follow-up ranged from high normal to high levels. Pubertal development and menses occurred spontaneously. At the age of 20 and 21 years, dominant follicles of 14 and 17 mm, respectively, were found on sonography. She conceived spontaneously at the age of 26 years and had an uneventful pregnancy, giving birth to a normal girl with normal chromosome constitution and birth weight of 2,800 g. Intervention(s) None. Main outcome measure(s) Pregnancy outcome. Result(s) Successful spontaneous pregnancy. Conclusion(s) Bearing in mind the serious problems of fertility and pregnancy outcome encountered in TS girls, we considered such a rare escape from the expected course of biological events to be worth reporting.
Lissencephaly: A Human Brain Malformation Associated With Deletion of the LIS1 Gene Located at Chromosome 17p13

Objective. —We review the clinical phenotype, pathological changes, and results of cytogenetic and molecular genetic studies in 90 probands with lissencephaly (smooth brain) with emphasis on patients with the classical form (type I). We also describe the recent discovery of the lissencephaly gene ( LIS1 ), deletions of which have been implicated as the cause of this disorder in many patients. Data Sources. —We have performed clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular genetic studies of 25 probands with Miller-Dieker syndrome and 65 probands with isolated lissencephaly sequence (ILS). We have further subdivided patients with ILS into those with classical lissencephaly and those with lissencephaly variants. Study Selection. —We consider primarily our own published and unpublished data, but include references to studies of other series of patients with lissencephaly. Data Synthesis. —Visible cytogenetic deletions of 17p13.3 were detected in 14 of 25 Miller-Dieker syndrome probands, and either visible cytogenetic or submicroscopic deletions in 23 (92%) of 25. Submicroscopic deletions were detected in eight of 45 patients with all types of ILS. If only ILS patients with the classical form are considered, we detected deletions in eight (38%) of 21. Conclusions. —Deletions of the lissencephaly critical region in chromosome 17p13.3, including LIS1 , appear to be the most frequent cause of classical lissencephaly. Molecular cytogenetic studies, particularly fluorescence in situ hybridization, should be performed in all such patients. LIS1 shows homology to genes involved in signal transduction, which may be its function in development of the telencephalon. Other genetic causes of classical lissencephaly and genetic and nongenetic causes of other types of lissencephaly exist and are under study. ( JAMA . 1993;270:2838-2842)
Errors in Variables and Seasonal Adjustment Procedures

Abstract Seasonal adjustment procedures attempt to estimate the sample realizations of an unobservable economic time series in the presence of both seasonal and irregular factors. In this article, we consider a factor that has not been considered explicitly in previous treatments of seasonal adjustment: measurement error. Because of the sample design used in the Current Population Survey, measurement error will not be a white-noise process, but instead it will be characterized by serial correlation of a known form. We first consider what effect the serially correlated measurement error has on estimation of the nonseasonal component in seasonal adjustment models. We also consider the effect of measurement error on the widely used seasonal adjustment process X-11. Estimated unobserved-components models are used to estimate the precision (root mean squared error) of the official and optimal seasonally adjusted data.
Ecclesiastical Legislation on Education, A. D. 300-1200

The story of learning in the Middle Ages has been patiently reconstructed from a great many sources, and one of its principal themes has rightly been the preeminent service of the Christian Church in the preservation of classical writings, the stimulation of thought, and the instruction of its members. The distinction is not always carefully drawn, however, between the enthusiasm felt by clerical individuals and the institutional policies of the Church. A detailed enumeration and analysis of its official pronouncements about education may qualify the general impression and, by eliminating certain misconceptions, leave a clearer path for tracing the rise of schools after the barbarian invasions. The legislation will not reveal the whole attitude of the ecclesiastics, since the Middle Ages were less likely to define their institutions than we are, but it provides an indication that should not be minimized.
Homophobia and Sexism: The Pros and Cons to an Integrative Approach

Madureira’s (Integr Psych Behav, 42(23), 2007) article on the cultural barriers of homophobia articulates the need for an integrative approach to the study of homophobia and sexism. This comment focuses on critically examining the similarities and differences between homophobia and sexism. Sexism and homophobia are related concepts – both likely stem from a patriarchic social structure with specific expectations for the proper roles of men and women—but they are also distinct in important ways. The potential benefits of integrated research on racism and homophobia are also discussed.
Satisfying the fluctuation theorem in free-energy calculations with Hamiltonian replica exchange

An error measure, referred to as the hysteresis error, is developed from the Crooks fluctuation theorem to evaluate the sampling quality in free-energy calculations. Theory and the numerical free energy of hydration calculations are used to show that Hamiltonian replica exchange provides a direct route for minimizing the hysteresis error. Replica exchange swap probabilities yield the rate at which the hysteresis error falls with the simulation length, and this result can be used to decrease bias and statistical errors associated with free-energy calculations based on multicanonical simulations.
Simulations of the TJNAF 10 kW free electron laser

The TJNAF Free Electron Laser (FEL) will be upgraded to operate at 10 kW average power in the near future. Multimode simulations are used to analyze the operation describing the evolution of short optical pulses in the far infrared wavelength regime. In an FEL that recirculates the electron beam, performance can depend on the electron beam distribution exiting the undulator. The effects of varying the undulator field strength and Rayleigh length of the resonator are explored, as well as the possibility of using an optical klystron. The simulations indicate that the FEL output power can reach the design goal of 10 kW. r 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 41.60Cr
On the use of a risk ladder: Linking public perception of risks associated with indoor air with cognitive elements and attitudes toward risk reduction

Abstract In recent years a number of building managers have invested small amounts of money to measure indoor air quality in offices and other non-industrial buildings. Their objective is to reduce the number of occupant complaints, and not necessarily to reduce the risk associated with such complaints. Clearly, reduction of the risk would require greater investment of funds and effort. This paper focuses on individuals and the amount of money they are willing to invest in order to reduce risks associated with indoor air pollution in their home. Psychologists assert that lay judgement of risks are influenced by cognitive biases and attitudes. This study investigates the possibility that cognitive elements and general attitudes influence not only the perceived risk associated with exposures to indoor air pollutants, but also the willingness of individuals to invest in order to reduce the risk. A three-stage study was performed to determine some of the factors that influence public decisions to control the quality of the air inside their home. The study is focused on the design of a risk ladder, and the survey of 400 randomly selected individuals in the Chicago metropolitan area. The survey was designed to determine if demographics, smoking, education, or income influence the desire of individuals to invest in order to reduce indoor air pollution. The following conclusions were reached: (i) public awareness of indoor air pollution is high; (ii) media campaigns on indoor air pollution affect the determination of the specific pollutant the public perceives as important, but do not influence the public's desire to invest larger amounts of money to reduce risks from exposures to air pollutants in the residential environment; (iii) the public is not willing to spend large amounts of money to reduce indoor residential air pollution; (iv) education does not affect the level of awareness regarding indoor air pollution, but it increases the willingness to invest in an effort to reduce indoor air pollution; and (v) smoking status does not affect any of the above.
Reduced Expression of GINS Complex Members Induces Hallmarks of Pre-malignancy in Primary Untransformed Human Cells

In cancer cells ablation of the GINS complex member Psf2 elicits chromosome mis-segregation yet the precise role of Psf2 in mitosis is unknown. We investigated the putative mitotic role of the GINS complex using synchronized cultures of untransformed Human Dermal Fibroblasts (HDF). Metaphase spreads from Psf1/Psf2-depleted HDF were normal and mitotic exit of Psf1/Psf2-depleted cells was only slightly delayed, suggesting no direct role for the GINS complex in mitosis of untransformed cells. Because the GINS complex is required for initiation and elongation events during DNA replication we hypothesized that the mitotic delay of Psf1/Psf2-deficient cells resulted indirectly from defective DNA synthesis during a prior S-phase. Therefore, we investigated the effects of Psf1/Psf2-depletion on DNA replication. Recruitment of Mcm7 to chromatin during G(1) was unaffected by Psf1/Psf2-ablation, indicating that replication licensing does not require GINS. However, chromatin-binding of Cdc45 and PCNA, onset of DNA synthesis and accumulation of G(2)/M markers were delayed in Psf1/Psf2-ablated cells. The cell cycle delay of Psf1/Psf2-depleted HDF was associated with several hallmarks of pre-malignancy including gammaH2AX, Thr 68-phosphorylated Chk2, and increased numbers of aberrant fragmented nuclei. Ectopic expression of catalytically-inactive Chk2 promoted S-phase and G(2)/M progression in Psf1/Psf2-depleted cells, as evidenced by modestly-increased rates of DNA synthesis and increased dephosphorylation of Cdc2. Therefore, S-phase progression of untransformed cells containing sub-optimal levels of Psf1/2 is associated with replication stress and acquisition of DNA damage. The ensuing Chk2-mediated DNA damage signaling likely contributes to maintenance of chromosomal integrity.
Peroxidase‐mediated conjugation of glutathione to unsaturated phenylpropanoids. Evidence against glutathione S‐transferase involvement

A number of plant species are thought to possess a glutathione S-transferase enzyme (GST: EC 2.5.1.18) that will conjugate glutathione (GSH) to trans-cinnamic acid (CA) and para-coumaric acid (4-CA). However, we present evidence that this activity is mediated by peroxidase enzymes and not GSTs. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the GSH-conjugating enzyme purified from etiolated corn shoots exhibited a strong degree of homology to cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase enzymes (APX: EC 1.11.1.11) from a number of plant species. The GSH-conjugating and APX activities of corn could not be separated during chromatography on hydrophobic-interaction. anion-exchange, and gel filtration columns. Spectral analysis of the enzyme revealed that the protein had a Soret band at 405 nm. When the enzyme was reduced with dithionite, the peak was shifted to 423 nm with an additional peak at 554 nm. The spectrum of the dithionite-reduced enzyme in the presence of 0.1 mM KCN exhibited peaks at 430, 534 and 563 nm. These spectra are consistent with the presence of a heme moiety. The GSH-conjugating and APX activities of the enzyme were both inhibited by KCN. NaN3, p-chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB), and iodoacetate. The APX specific activity of the enzyme was 1.5-fold greater than the GSH-conjugating specific activity with 4-CA. In addition to the corn enzyme, a pea recombinant APX (rAPX) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP; EC 1.11.1.7) were also able to conjugate GSH to CA and 4-CA. The peroxidase enzymes may generate thiyl free radicals of GSH that react with the alkyl double bond of CA and 4-CA resulting in the formation of a GSH conjugate.
Purification of polybrominated biphenyl congener 2

Purification du pentabromo-2,3',4,4',5 biphenyle isole a partir de l'hexabromo-2,2',4,4',5,5' biphenyle (congenere 4 de PBB)