cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemie und Biochemie der Pflanzenstoffe, XXV.Zur Synthese von Hydroxyflavanonglucosiden unter milden Bedingungen

Phloracetophenon-4-β-D-glucosid-tetraacetat (1a) ergibt mit methanol. Ammoniak ein dimeres Assoziat C28H39NO18ṁ2H2O (3). Die Struktur wird an Hand der IR-Spektren, der Elementaranalyse und der Papierchromatographie diskutiert. Unter milden Bedingungen werden aus 3 mit verschiedenen aromatischen Aldehyden die Titel-Verbindungen 4–9 dargestellt. Die katalytischen Effekte einiger Aminosauren auf den Reaktionsablauf werden ermittelt (Tab. 1) und der Einflus der Substituenten der Ausgangskomponenten auf die Flavanon-Bildung wird untersucht. Phloracetophenone-4-β-D-glucoside tetraacetate (1a) reacts with methanolic ammonia to give a dimeric associate C28H39NO18ṁ2H2O (3). The structure is discussed on the basis of i. r. spectra, elementary analysis and paper chromatography. Under mild conditions 3 reacts with various aromatic aldehydes to the title compounds 4–9. These catalytic effects of some amino acids are determined (table 1). The influence of substituents for the formation of the flavanones has been studied.
Linoleic Acid Versus Linolenic Acid: What Is Essential?

Pour les emulsions lipidiques en alimentation parenterale l'acide linoleique est confirme comme acide gras essentiel, la litterature et les donnees cliniques ne confirment pas l'essentialite de l'acide linolenique
Virial theorems for electromagnetic fields

The classical virial theorem of Clausius in mechanics expresses the time-average kinetic energy of a collection of particles in terms of the virial—a quantity dependent only on the forces on and positions of these particles. A generalization of the virial theorem is presented which expresses the virial of the Lorentz forces in terms of the energy and of the fields at points of non-uniformity in the medium. The theorem permits calculation of energy in many cases to be reduced to a boundary integral rather than one over an entire region of space.
Production Characteristics and Body Composition of Juvenile Cobia Fed Three Different Commercial Diets in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems

Abstract The effect of feeding three commercial diets on production characteristics and body composition of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum reared using recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs) was assessed in a 56-d growth trial. Juvenile cobia (mean weight ± SE, 29.2 ± 0.7 g) were stocked into three 8-m3 tanks in each of four RASs at an initial density of 1.2 kg/m3. After stocking, fish were fed one of three commercial diets: Hybrid Striped Bass diet (HSB; 44% protein, 12% lipid), Finfish Gold diet (GOLD; 42% protein, 16% lipid), or Marine Grower diet (MG; 50% protein, 15% lipid), all at a targeted feed rate of 3–5% of body weight per day. At 2-week intervals, 10% of the population of each tank was collected to determine mean weight, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), and biomass. At the end of the rearing trial, the entire population of each tank was harvested to determine production characteristics and survival. In addition, fish were sampled to determine wh...
The phase diagram of the system tellurium/arsenic

Thermal analysis, metallographic and X-ray procedures have been used to investigate the system tellurium/arsenic. As2Te3 is the only binary compound present. It melts at 381° C and forms a eutectic with tellurium at 18.5 wt % As/81.5 wt % Te and at a temperature of 363° C. The As2Te3 and As also produce a eutectic at 31.5 wt % As/68.5 wt % Te, with a melting point of 380°C. The solid solubilities at the As and Te ends of ths phase diagram are too small to detect by the methods used, and the compositional range of the As2Te3 is very restricted.
Optoacoustic signal profiles for monitoring glucose concentration in turbid media

Our research project is focused on theoretical and experimental studies into the possibility of in vivo monitoring of blood glucose concentration. Previous experiments demonstrated that the presence of glucose dissolved in aqueous solution of polystyrene microspheres increases the refractive index of this solution due to glucose hydrophilic properties. As a strong osmolyte glucose influences the scattering properties of any particles or fibers suspended in water or biological fluids. We measured profiles of absorbed laser energy distributions as a function of glucose concentration in aqueous solution of polystyrene microspheres colored with potassium chromate. Experiments were performed at the wavelength of the Nd:YAG laser third harmonic, (lambda) equals 355 nm. The results obtained demonstrated a 4.5% decrease in effective optical attenuation coefficient with a 100 mM increase in glucose concentration. These initial results demonstrated that the effect of glucose on optical attenuation of turbid aqueous solutions is small but reliably measurable with the use of the time-resolved optoacoustic technique.
Valvular heart disease in four patients with Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome.

BACKGROUND Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome is a lysosomal storage disease of mucopolysaccharide metabolism (MPS type VI) that may involve the mitral and aortic valves. Affected patients have other skeletal and oropharyngeal malformations that complicate anesthetic and surgical management. METHODS AND RESULTS The present report describes the clinical, echocardiographic, and pathological findings in four patients with Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome. Two of three siblings underwent successful double-valve replacement for aortic and mitral valve stenoses. The third sibling, whose aortic and mitral valves were thick and fibrotic, died from septicemia after hip surgery. A fourth, unrelated patient also had successful double-valve replacement. CONCLUSIONS Our experience emphasizes the potential difficulties in preoperative assessment and surgical treatment as well as the unique problems related to airway management in patients with this syndrome.
Neural Interfaces for Control of Upper Limb Prostheses: The State of the Art and Future Possibilities

Current treatment of upper limb amputation restores some degree of functional ability, but this ability falls far below the standard set by the natural arm. Although acceptance rates can be high when patients are highly motivated and receive proper training and care, current prostheses often fail to meet the daily needs of amputees and frequently are abandoned. Recent advancements in science and technology have led to promising methods of accessing neural information for communication or control. Researchers have explored invasive and noninvasive methods of connecting with muscles, nerves, or the brain to provide increased functionality for patients experiencing disease or injury, including amputation. These techniques offer hope of more natural and intuitive prosthesis control, and therefore increased quality of life for amputees. In this review, we discuss the current state of the art of neural interfaces, particularly those that may find application within the prosthetics field.
Novel Linkage of Individual and Geographic Data to Study Firearm Violence

Firearm violence is the end result of a causative web of individual-level and geographic risk factors. Few, if any, studies of firearm violence have been able to simultaneously determine the population-based relative risks that individuals experience as a result of what they were doing at a specific point in time and where they were, geographically, at a specific point in time. This paper describes the linkage of individual and geographic data that was undertaken as part of a population-based case-control study of firearm violence in Philadelphia. New methods and applications of these linked data relevant to researchers and policymakers interested in firearm violence are also discussed.
New Maximum-Likelihood Method for Reduction of Distribution-Coefficient Data

The sampling distributions for the activity coefficient γ and distribution ratio (or K-value) in binary fluid mixtures are derived from the assumptions that the pressure errors are negligible, and that the vapor and liquid composition measurements from which they are derived are normally distributed with known mean and variance. The distribution of K is shown to be not normal, with deviations from normality becoming particularly pronounced at the extremes of the composition range. The dispersion of this distribution is considerably greater than that predicted by the classic error-propagation formula. Deviation from normality invalidates the most important assumption implicit in the use of the least-squares criterion as the basis for parameter estimation from activity-coefficient data. This has important implications for the estimation of Henry's law constants for solutes in very dilute solutions, as well as for Raoult's law-based infinite-dilution activity coefficients. The use of the exact distributions of γ and K as the basis for a more rigorous maximum-likelihood method for parameter estimation in excess Gibbs energy models based on either Henry's law or Raoult's law standard states is demonstrated.
A necessary and sufficient condition for M-matrices and its relation to block LU factorization

Abstract We present a necessary and sufficient condition for M -matrices in terms of a special diagonal dominance. Then we use the new result to show that if the block comparison matrix of a block matrix A is an M -matrix, there exists a block permutation matrix P such that block LU factorization applied to A = P T A P is stable—i.e., the norms of the block multipliers − A ( k − 1) i , k A ( k − 1) k , k are bounded by 1. We also present a collection of tools in the literature related to the subject matter. We define incomplete M -matrices, prove a necessary and sufficient condition for such matrices, and present their implications for block LU factorization.
The scientific community perspective on research integrity.

(1993). The scientific community perspective on research integrity. Accountability in Research: Vol. 3, No. 2-3, pp. 117-122.
Human liver fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase: microsomal localization, purification, and biochemical characterization.

Abstract To better understand the genetic disorder Sjogren–Larsson syndrome which is caused by a deficiency of fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, we determined the subcellular localization of the enzyme and investigated its biochemical properties. Using density gradient centrifugation, we found that fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase activity was predominantly localized in the microsomal fraction in human liver. This fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase was solubilized from human liver microsomes and purified by chromatography on columns consisting of omega-aminohexyl-agarose and 5′-AMP-Sepharose 4B. The enzyme had an apparent subunit molecular weight of 54 000, required NAD+ as cofactor, had optimal activity at pH 9.8, and was thermolabile at 47°C. Fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase had high activity towards saturated and unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes ranging from 6 to 24 carbons in length, as well as dihydrophytal, a 20-carbon branched chain aldehyde. In contrast, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, benzaldehyde, and retinaldehyde were poor substrates. The enzyme was inhibited by disulfiram, iodoacetamide, α,p-dibromoacetophenone, and p-chloromercuribenzoate. These results indicate that microsomal fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase is a distinct human aldehyde dehydrogenase isozyme that acts on a variety of medium- and long-chain aliphatic substrates.
Quadratic Elements in Unipotent Linear Groups

Let G be a group, A be a commutative ring with unity, and M be a unitary (right) AG-module that possesses a composition series with respect to A. Assume that G acts faithfully on M. Let Q be the set of all nonidentity elements g of G such that M(g - 1)2 = 0; such elements will be called quadratic elements of G. For each g E Q, let d(g) be the composition length of M(g - 1) with respect to A. If Q is not empty, let d = min d(g), gEQ Qd = {gEQ I d(g) = d}. Recently [2], John Thompson has proved that G is a known group if G acts irreducibly on M, Q generates G, and A = Zp for some prime p greater than three. In the course of his proof, he shows that if two elements e and f of Qd generate a p-group, then this p-group has nil potence class at most two (Section 16). In this paper, we obtain an alternate proof of this result by examining only the group generated by e and f and using the fact that it is unipotent. We also obtain some other intermediate results of [2]. Our results are valid if A = Z3 or, in fact, if A is any field of characteristic other than two. Since no change in the proof is required, we have adopted a more general hypothesis.
Size homogeneity of plasma prolactin in the female rat following various natural, pharmacological and stressful stimuli☆

Gel filtration on Sephadex G-150 was performed on freshly drawn plasma from ovariectomized, estrogen-treated rats following 10 minutes of ether inhalation, intraperitoneal administration of TRH (1 μg/rat) or pimozide (500 μg/kg body weight) and at the peak of the estrogen-induced afternoon surge of prolactin (1700 h). Plasma from intact lactating rats 30 minutes after suckling was also subjected to gel filtration. For comparison, homogenates of fresh and frozen pituitaries from ovariectomized, estrogen-treated rats were chromatographed. Prolactin activity was determined by RIA in each fraction eluted between the void and total volumes of the column. Immunoreactive prolactin in plasma following all experimental procedures eluted as a single component with a Kav of approximately 0.6. Chromatography of the fresh pituitary homogenate showed prolactin immunoactivity at the void volume and at a Kav of 0.4 and 0.6. A homogenate of frozen pituitary contained a component with a Kav of 0.3 in addition to those seen in fresh pituitary. These studies demonstrate that although the rat pituitary contains multiple molecular forms of immuno-reactive prolactin, only one small component is found in plasma.
Residential Segregation and Minority Home Ownership

Abstract This paper analyzes the impact of residential segregation on the home ownership of Black, White, and Hispanic preretirement adults. By combining individual and household level data from the Health and Retirement Study with metropolitan level characteristics from the 1990 census, I am able to identify the unique effect of metropolitan residential segregation on minority home ownership. And, by considering the disparate impact of five dimensions of segregation on home ownership I illustrate the mechanisms through which this effect operates. Results clearly demonstrate the negative effect of segregation on minority home ownership, with key differences between Blacks and Hispanics and across dimensions of segregation that highlight the contextual nature of housing stratification and the importance of urban population dynamics to racial and ethnic housing inequality.
A Practical Approach to the Treatment of Low-Risk Childhood Fever

Fever is a common symptom of childhood infections that in itself does not require treatment. The UK’s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) advises home-based antipyretic treatment for low-risk feverish children only if the child appears distressed. The recommended antipyretics are ibuprofen or paracetamol (acetaminophen). They are equally recommended for the distressed, feverish child; therefore, healthcare professionals, parents and caregivers need to decide which of these agents to administer if the child is distressed. This narrative literature review examines recent data on ibuprofen and paracetamol in feverish children to determine any clinically relevant differences between these agents. The data suggest that these agents have similar safety profiles in this setting and in the absence of underlying health issues, ibuprofen seems to be more effective than paracetamol at reducing NICE’s treatment criterion, ‘distress’ (as assessed by discomfort levels, symptom relief, and general behavior).
Specificity of antisera to sex steroids I—the effect of substitution and stereochemistry

Abstract The data so far published on the antisera towards sex steroids is reviewed. There is a good correlation between the stereochemistry of steroid derivatives and the specificity of antisera produced. Steroid derivatives which maintain the coplanarity of the steroid molecule tend to give specific antisera.
The Importance of Production Frequency in Therapy for Childhood Apraxia of Speech

Purpose This study explores the importance of production frequency during speech therapy to determine whether more practice of speech targets leads to increased performance within a treatment sessi...
Multiple Marginality and Urban Education: Community and School Socialization Among Low-Income Mexican-Descent Youth

This article conceptualizes the crucial social and developmental features impacting Mexican-descent youth and adolescents in low-income communities in southern California. All youth in these neighborhoods must confront and come to grips with the many environmental, socioeconomic, racial, and cultural forces they confront. However, it is the poorest of the poor and most culturally conflicted individuals and groups that must command people's attention. It is these street-socialized youth who are most prone to being subjected to disconnection and becoming gang members. To date, the various school-based strategies that have been formulated, and are constantly being reformulated, often miss the street-socialized segment. Based on extensive anthropological and sociological research, this article pushes researchers to critically examine the education of low-income youth through a multiple marginality framework. It suggests a holistic understanding of street socialization that impacts all youth, from those that a...
Steady State Thermodynamics

A phenomenological framework corresponding to equilibrium thermodynamics is con­ structed for steady states. All the key concepts including entropy are operationally defined. If a system is strictly linear, the resultant Gibbs relation justifies the postulated form in the extended irreversible thermodynamics. The resultant Maxwell's relations and stability criteria give various le Chatelier-Braun type qualitative predictions. A phenomenological fluctuation theory around steady states is also formulated.
Injury and EGF mediate the expression of alpha6beta4 integrin subunits in corneal epithelium.

Our goal was to evaluate the role of epidermal growth factor and injury on the expression of integrin subunits alpha6(alpha6) and beta4(beta4). An in vitro wound model was used to evaluate corneal wound repair and cellular migration. Primary rabbit corneal epithelial cell cultures were serum-starved and injured in the presence or absence of EGF or tyrphostin AG1478, an inhibitor of EGF receptor kinase activity. Repair was monitored morphologically and expression was analyzed using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry accompanied by confocal microscopy. The addition of EGF to cell cultures induced a dose-dependent increase in beta4 mRNA expression but the constitutive expression of alpha6 was several fold greater. In the wounded cultures there was a rapid change in expression at the edge of the wound that was enhanced with EGF. In our model there was an increase in beta4 and alpha6 protein in migrating cells. Changes in integrin expression were accompanied by a transient increase in activation of the EGF receptor. The addition of tyrphostin inhibited migration of cells and wound repair, the activation of the EGF receptor and phosphorylation of beta4 in the cytoplasm. These data indicate that the activation of the EGF receptor plays a critical role in the regulation of integrin receptors and the mediation of cellular migration.
FOREWORD: EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (EGFR) INHIBITORS AND CANCER THERAPEUTICS

On June 14, 2002, the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG, www.rtog.org) held a symposium, “Epidermal Growth Factors Receptor (EGFR) Inhibitors & Cancer Therapeutics.” This symposium was timely in that the field of EGFR has been moving quite rapidly in areas of basic science, translational medicine, and clinical trials. We were fortunate that a number of leading experts and thought leaders were working closely with the RTOG and were able to participate. Topics covered included the following: the role of EGFR in normal and cancer biology, the biochemical basis for selectivity of EGFR inhibitors, the mechanism of action in tumor growth inhibition of selective EGFR inhibitors, the effects of EGFR inhibitors on preclinical tumor models alone and in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiation therapy, issues regarding clinical trial design using novel agents, and results of clinical trials using EGFR inhibitors alone or in combination with radiation or chemotherapy. Many of these are summarized in the proceedings of this supplement to The International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. I would also like to acknowledge the advice and support of Dr. Walter Curran, Jr., chairman of the RTOG; and Mr. Tom Wudarski and Ms. Sharon Hartson-Sine, who provided help with logistic support and visual materials. In addition, I would like to acknowledge the helpful feedback and counsel of members of the Translational Research Program, including Drs. Luka Milas and Paul Okunieff.
Socioeconomic status and the developing brain

Childhood socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with cognitive achievement throughout life. How does SES relate to brain development, and what are the mechanisms by which SES might exert its influence? We review studies in which behavioral, electrophysiological and neuroimaging methods have been used to characterize SES disparities in neurocognitive function. These studies indicate that SES is an important predictor of neurocognitive performance, particularly of language and executive function, and that SES differences are found in neural processing even when performance levels are equal. Implications for basic cognitive neuroscience and for understanding and ameliorating the problems related to childhood poverty are discussed.
Qualitative and quantitative differences in the induction and inhibition of hepatic benzo[a]pyrene metabolism in the rat and hamster.

Abstract The present study compared the induction and inhibition of the metabolism of the prototype polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), in rat and hamster liver microsomes. The production of total polar metabolites was quantitated by separating 3 H-metabolites from [ 3 H]-BaP using reverse-phase thin-layer chromatography. The rate of hepatic microsomal BaP metabolism was similar in the rat and hamster (0.81 vs 0.72 nmol/min/nmol cytochrome P-450 respectively). In the rat, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD; 5μg/kg, i.p.) and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC; 50 mg/kg, i.p., × 3 days) pretreatments doubled the rate of BaP metabolism, whereas phenobarbital pretreatment (PB; 80 mg/kg, i.p., × 3 days) had no effect. In contrast, hamster hepatic microsomal BaP metabolism was elevated 2.3-fold by PB pretreatment, whereas TCDD and 3-MC pretreatments had no effect. Isosafrole pretreatment (ISO; 150 mg/kg, i.p., × 3 days) elevated the rate by almost 2-fold in each species. Another cytochrome P-448-mediated activity, 7-ethoxyresorufin O -deethylase (EROD), was induced by the same compounds that induced BaP metabolism in the rat. In hamster liver microsomes, in contrast to BaP metabolism, EROD was induced by TCDD and 3-MC but not PB or ISO pretreatments. The results suggest differences in the substrate specificity of the cytochromes P-448-450 induced by TCDD, 3-MC and PB in these species. This was supported by the different selectivity of the in vitro inhibitors, metyrapone and 7,8-benzoflavone, towards BaP metabolism and EROD in hepatic microsomes from TCDD- or PB-pretreated rats and hamsters. Reverse-phase HPLC analysis indicated that, while 3-hydroxy-BaP was the major metabolite formed by the untreated rat, untreated hamster liver microsomes formed predominantly BaP-4,5-diol. Microsomes from TCDD-treated rats generated elevated levels of all BaP-diols, diones and 3-hydroxy-BaP, with the major metabolites being BaP-9,10-and BaP-7,8-diols. In contrast, the metabolite profile from TCDD-pretreated hamsters was unchanged from the control. PB-treated hamster microsomes produced elevated levels of BaP-diones and 3-hydroxy-BaP. However, the major hepatic metabolite formed by PB-pretreated hamsters was BaP-4,5-diol, while BaP-9,10- and BaP-7,8-diols were not detected. The results of the study indicate differences in the induced cytochrome P-450s and the generation of toxic BaP metabolites in the liver of the rat and hamster.
Development of an item bank for a computerised adaptive test of upper-extremity function

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine the psychometric characteristics of an upper-extremity item bank as a precursor to developing a computer adaptive patient reported outcome instrument. The Activity dimension of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) provided the conceptual framework for the items.Method. Factor and Rasch analyses were used to evaluate the psychometric properties of the item bank, including: monotonicity, local independence, dimensionality, item difficulty hierarchy and match between sample ability and item difficulty.Results. Monotonicity of the rating scale was supported. Nine item pairs were locally dependent, and thus one item from each pair was removed from subsequent analyses. There was evidence for two unidimensional constructs; gross upper-extremity and fine hand. Both constructs showed good internal consistency and person separation. In general, the order of item difficulty within each construct re...
Unemployment Through the Filter of Memory

This paper uses data from the annual Work Experience Survey to construct a new unemployment series based on respondents' recollection of unemployment over the previous year. It is argued that the ratio of this new series to the official series computed from the monthly Current Population Survey provides an index of the "salience" or painfulness of unemployment. Over the past two decades this ratio has declined secularly. About 30 percent of this decrease is due to shifts in the composition of unemployment toward demographic groups with low ratios of remembered to currently reported unemployment. The remainder is due to a secular decline in salience for younger and older people.
Educational Standards: Mapping Who We Are and Are to Become

(2004). Educational Standards: Mapping Who We Are and Are to Become. Journal of the Learning Sciences: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 243-256.
Stimulation of gastric secretion and enhanced gastric mucosal damage following central administration of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) in rats.

The present study was carried out to investigate the central effects of pancreatic polypeptide on gastric secretion and gastric ulcer formation in conscious rats. Intracisternal injection of rat pancreatic polypeptide (62.5, 250, and 1000 ng/rat) into pylorus-ligated rats resulted in a dose-dependent stimulation of gastric acid and pepsin secretion. In contrast, intraperitoneal injection of even higher doses of pancreatic polypeptide (250, 1000, and 2500 ng/rat) failed to increase gastric secretion. This stimulatory effect of centrally administered pancreatic polypeptide was completely blocked by vagotomy and by pretreatment with atropine. Intracisternal injection of PP (500–2000 ng/rat) dose-dependently increased the severity of gastric lesions induced by 2-deoxy-d-glucose or indomethacin. In contrast, intraperitoneal injection of PP failed to increase the severity of the gastric lesions induced by 2-deoxy-d-glucose or indomethacin. These results indicate that pancreatic polypeptide is capable of acting centrally in the brain to stimulate gastric acid and pepsin secretion through a vagal, muscarinic pathway and in so doing exerts an ulcerogenic action on the gastric mucosa.
Vortices, tunneling, and deconfinement in bilayer quantum Hall excitonic superfluid.

The physics of vortices, instantons, and deconfinement is studied for layered superfluids in connection to bilayer quantum Hall systems at filling fraction $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$. We develop an effective gauge theory taking into account both vortices and instantons induced by interlayer tunneling. The renormalization group flow of the gauge charge and the instanton fugacity shows that the coupling of the gauge field to vortex matter produces a continuous transition between the confining phase of free instantons and condensed vortices and a deconfined gapless superfluid where magnetic charges are bound into dipoles. The interlayer tunneling conductance and the layer-imbalance induced inhomogeneous exciton condensate are discussed in connection to experiments.
Amorphization reaction in thin films of elemental Cu and Y

Compositionally modulated thin films of Cu and Y were prepared in an ultrahigh-vacuum dc ion-beam deposition chamber. The amorphization reaction was monitored by in situ x-ray-diffraction measurements. Growth of amorphous Cu1-xYx is observed at room temperature with the initial formation of a Cu-rich amorphous phase. Further annealing in the presence of unreacted Y leads to Y enrichment of the amorphous phase. Growth of crystalline CuY is observed for T=469 K. Transmission-electron-microscopy measurements provide real-space imaging of the amorphous interlayer and growth morphology. Models are developed, incorporating metastable interfacial and bulk free-energy diagrams, for the early stage of the amorphization reaction.
Cell adhesion to a series of hydrophilic-hydrophobic copolymers studied with a spinning disc apparatus

Adhesion of cells to substrates strongly influences many of their functions and therefore plays an important role in a variety of processes, including growth, phagocytosis, hemostasis, and the response of tissue to implanted materials. In previous studies, the influence of substrate hydrophilicity on cell adhesion has not been separated from effects due to major differences in other properties of the substrate, such as charge, rigidity, and the specific chemical composition of the materials. In addition, very few careful studies of the force required for cell detachment from various substrates have been performed. In this study, 3T3 cell detachment from a chemically homologous series of copolymers based on hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and ethylmethacrylate (EMA) was measured with a spinning-disc apparatus. The spinning-disc technique allowed measurements of cell detachment over a wide range of applied shear stress on each sample. Cell detachment did not occur until a critical value of shear stress was exceeded. The critical shear stress of detachment decreased linearly with increasing HEMA content, from 18 dynes/cm2 on poly-EMA to 0 on the polymers containing 83% or more HEMA. "Plating efficiency," calculated as the fraction of cells initially applied which remained after dip rinsing the surfaces, did not vary significantly among most of the copolymers. Dip rinsing, however, exposes the cells to only one, relatively low shear stress (estimated to be somewhat less than 3 dynes/cm2). The existence of a critical shear stress for 3T3 cell detachment suggests that cell adhesion to surfaces cannot be fully understood with single shear stress methods because cells may attach with a wide range of strengths which are either all above or all below the applied shear stress. The influence of surface hydrophilicity on cell adhesion and the variety of forces which may contribute to this phenomenon are discussed.
Development of a radioimmunoassay for human platelet factor 4

Abstract Human platelet factor 4 (PF4), a secreted protein with antiheparin activity, was purified by affinity chromatography on heparinepsilon aminocaproic acid-SepharoseR and used to prepare antibodies in rabbits. The resulting antibodies reacted in immunodiffusion with purified PF4, platelet lysate, and serum and were monospecific by immunoelectrophoresis. Purified PF4 was radioiodinated with 125I by the chloramine-T method and used to develop a radioimmunoassay that was rapid, accurate, and sensitive enough to measure 0.73 ng of PF4. Normal values in platelet poor plasma collected into ethylene-diamine-tetraacetate (EDTA), dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3′5′ monophosphoric acid (db-cAMP), and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) were 4.7 ± 2.5 ng/ml (mean ± S.D.). Levels in serum from clotted whole blood were 13,200 ± 3,200 ng/ml. This assay should serve as a sensitive indicator of both in vivo and in vitro platelet release.
Sensitivity Analysis of Vehicle Design Attributes in Frequency Domain

SUMMARY This paper presents a procedure for determining the sensitivity matrices of a vehicle dynamic system in the frequency domain as derivatives of the transfer function matrix with respect to system parameters. First and second order logarithmic sensitivity functions which possess normalized coefficients have been introduced to enhance analysis. The sensitivity analysis of amplitude-frequency characteristics on changes of selected parameters of a 3 degree-of-freedom vehicle handling model has been performed. It has been demonstrated that the general sensitivity measure proposed can be used to determine the combined influence of system parameters divided into groups such as design, environmental, driver, kinematic, etc., on the multi-parameter system response, prior to determining their order of influence within the groups.
High-speed imaging of spray-guided DISI engine combustion with near-TDC injection of E85 for ultra-low NO and soot

Abstract Using E85 fuel, this work demonstrates the use of near-TDC injection and highly turbulent combustion to achieve ultra-low emissions of NO and soot from a DISI engine with a spray-guided, stratified-charge combustion system. Despite the low NO emissions, both combustion efficiency and stability remain relatively high. One striking aspect of engine operation with near-TDC injection is the need to initiate the spark prior to fuel injection. Using E85 fuel, such early spark timing leads to stable ignition. For gasoline, however, such early spark timing leads to misfire under the conditions studied, thereby preventing the use of near-TDC fuel injection to achieve low exhaust emissions of NO. High-speed imaging shows that the early spark timing for E85 allows the spark plasma to develop prior to interacting with one of the fuel jets adjacent to the spark plug, and this contributes to misfire-free operation. The spark-spray interactions generate a very fast spread of either weak or thin flames throughout a large fraction of the piston bowl prior to the main combustion event. The short delay between the near-TDC fuel injection and the combustion event are believed to enhance the mixing rates during the combustion compared to the use of earlier injection, which may contribute to the low NO emissions.
Chromatography of Food Dyes: A Simple Demonstration for Actively Engaging High School Students in the Chemistry of Foods

ABSTRACT: A simple demonstration of the chromatography of food dyes suitable for high school students is presented. Reversed phase mini-columns are utilized to separate dyes in grape and lime drinks. The exercise introduces chromatography and reinforces the concept of polarity. It has been successfully used to actively engage students for periods of 30 to 60 min.
A Presenilin-1 Mutation Identified in Familial Alzheimer Disease with Cotton Wool Plaques Causes a Nearly Complete Loss of γ-Secretase Activity

Mutations in presenilin-1 and presenilin-2 (PS1 and PS2) are the most common cause of familial Alzheimer disease. PS1 and PS2 are the presumptive catalytic components of the multisubunit γ-secretase complex, which proteolyzes a number of type I transmembrane proteins, including the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch. APP processing by γ-secretase produces β-amyloid peptides (Aβ40 and Aβ42) that accumulate in the Alzheimer disease brain. Here we identify a pathogenic L435F mutation in PS1 in two affected siblings with early-onset familial Alzheimer disease characterized by deposition of cerebral cotton wool plaques. The L435F mutation resides in a conserved C-terminal PAL sequence implicated in active site conformation and catalytic activity. The impact of PS1 mutations in and around the PAL motif on γ-secretase activity was assessed by expression of mutant PS1 in mouse embryo fibroblasts lacking endogenous PS1 and PS2. Surprisingly, the L435F mutation caused a nearly complete loss of γ-secretase activity, including >90% reductions in the generation of Aβ40, Aβ42, and the APP and Notch intracellular domains. Two nonpathogenic PS1 mutations, P433L and L435R, caused essentially complete loss of γ-secretase activity, whereas two previously identified pathogenic PS1 mutations, P436Q and P436S, caused partial loss of function with substantial reductions in production of Aβ40, Aβ42, and the APP and Notch intracellular domains. These results argue against overproduction of Aβ42 as an essential property of presenilin proteins bearing pathogenic mutations. Rather, our findings provide support for the hypothesis that pathogenic mutations cause a general loss of presenilin function.
Computer-based objective quantitative assessment of pulmonary parenchyma via X-ray CT

This paper is a review of our recent studies using a texture- based tissue characterization method called the Adaptive Multiple Feature Method. This computerized method is automated and performs tissue classification based upon the training acquired on a set of representative examples. The AMFM has been applied to several different discrimination tasks including normal subjects, subjects with interstitial lung disease, smokers, asbestos-exposed subjects, and subjects with cystic fibrosis. The AMFM has also been applied to data acquired using different scanners and scanning protocols. The AMFM has shown to be successful and better than other existing techniques in discriminating the tissues under consideration. We demonstrate that the AMFM is considerably more sensitive and specific in characterizing the lung, especially in the presence of mixed pathology, as compared to more commonly used methods. Evidence is presented suggesting that the AMFM is highly sensitive to some of the earliest disease processes.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Relationships between hyperglycemia and cognitive performance among adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE —Hyperglycemia is a common event among patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. While the cognitive-motor slowing associated with hypoglycemia is well documented, the acute effects of hyperglycemia have not been studied extensively, despite patients’ reports of negative effects. This study prospectively and objectively assessed the effects of hyperglycemia on cognitive-motor functioning in subjects’ natural environment. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —Study 1 investigated 105 adults with type 1 diabetes (mean age 37 years and mean duration of diabetes 20 years), study 2 investigated 36 adults with type 2 diabetes (mean age 50 years and mean duration of diabetes 10 years), and study 3 investigated 91 adults with type 1 diabetes (mean age 39 years and mean duration of diabetes 20 years). Subjects used a hand-held computer for 70 trials over 4 weeks, which required them to complete various cognitive-motor tasks and then measure and enter their current blood glucose reading. RESULTS —Hyperglycemia (blood glucose >15 mmol/l) was associated with slowing of all cognitive performance tests ( P < 0.02) and an increased number of mental subtraction errors for both type 1 and type 2 diabetic subjects. The effects of hyperglycemia were highly individualized, impacting ∼50% of the subjects. CONCLUSIONS —Acute hyperglycemia is not a benign event for many individuals with diabetes, but it is associated with mild cognitive dysfunction.
A proteomic analysis of green and white sturgeon larvae exposed to heat stress and selenium.

Abstract Temperature and selenium are two environmental parameters that potentially affect reproduction and stock recruitment of sturgeon in the San Francisco Bay/Delta Estuary. To identify proteins whose expression is modified by these environmental stressors, we performed a proteomic analysis on larval green and white sturgeons exposed to 18 or 26 °C and micro-injected with Seleno-L-Methionine to reach 8 µg g−1 selenium body burden, with L-Methionine as a control. Selenium and high temperature induced mortalities and abnormal morphologies in both species, with a higher mortality in green sturgeon. Larval proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and differential abundances were detected following spot quantitation and hierarchical cluster analysis. In green sturgeon, 34 of 551 protein spots detected on gels showed a variation in abundance whereas in white sturgeon only 9 of 580 protein spots were differentially expressed (P
Gradient flows and geometric active contour models

In this paper, we analyze the geometric active contour models discussed previously from a curve evolution point of view and propose some modifications based on gradient flows relative to certain new feature-based Riemannian metrics. This leads to a novel snake paradigm in which the feature of interest may be considered to lie at the bottom of a potential well. Thus the snake is attracted very naturally and efficiently to the desired feature. Moreover, we consider some 3-D active surface models based on these ideas. >
The Multi-Step CADIS Method for Shutdown Dose Rate Calculations and Uncertainty Propagation

Shutdown dose rate (SDDR) analysis requires (a) a neutron transport calculation to estimate neutron flux fields, (b) an activation calculation to compute radionuclide inventories and associated pho...
Bevatron local injector duoplasmatron ion source performance

Performance tests of the Bevatron local injector duoplasmatron ion source using singly charged particles of helium and deuterium are described. Initial measurements of the 8.4-keV/nucleon helium 1+ beam and deuterium 1+ beams indicated intensities of 12 particle mA and 8 particle mA, respectively. The low-energy beam transport line uses a tape-wound solenoid and an x-y dipole for matching into the 200-MHz RF quadrupole (RFQ) linac. A beam profile monitor and Faraday cup are located in the diagnostic box pumping manifold assembly. The computer control system, the AC distribution network, and pulsed gas control system are similar to those of the local injector PIG source in that they are housed in an insulated four bay rack in a room directly above the source. The source lifetime of 150 h is governed by the evaporation rate of the 1-mm diameter tantalum filament, and is increased to several months during operation with the directly heated lanthanum hexaboride filament. >
Methods for Simulating the Heavy Core Instability

Vortices have been proposed as the sites of planet formation, where dust col- lects and grows into planetesimals, the building blocks of planets. However, for very small dust particles that can be treated as a pressure-less fluid, we have recently discov- ered the "heavy core" instability, driven by the density gradient in the vortex. In order to understand the eventual outcome of this instability, we need to study its non-linear development. Here, we describe our ongoing work to develop highly accurate numerical models of a vortex with a density gradient embedded within a protoplanetary disk.
Complete Genome Sequence of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Strain Aw12879, a Restricted-Host-Range Citrus Canker-Causing Bacterium

ABSTRACT Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri causes citrus canker. The Asiatic strain has a broad host range, whereas the Wellington variant has a restricted host range. Here, we present the complete genome of X. citri subsp. citri strain AW12879. This study lays the foundation to further characterize the mechanisms for virulence and host range of X. citri.
Distance dependant amplification of molecular fluorescence via photonic crystal slabs

Theoretical and experimental verification of near-field fluorescence amplification from PC slabs is performed. Key results indicate absence of quenching at small resonator-molecule separations and ability to tune the interaction volume to accommodate various fluorescent assays.
Primary cardiac synovial sarcoma. A rare tumor with poor prognosis

Synovial sarcoma comprises approximately 10% of all soft tissue tumors. Primary cardiac synovial sarcoma is exceedingly rare and accounts for<1% of all primary cardiac tumors. These tumors are highly aggressive with survival<1 year, even with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation. We describe the case of a 45-year-old gentleman with primary cardiac synovial sarcoma of the heart, metastasizing to the lung. The tumor was resected, and the patient underwent chemotherapy with regression of the lung nodules.
Bringing together housing and aging services: the experiences of area agencies on aging.

Aging organizations generally do not consider housing issues as an important priority. Research suggests that lack of knowledge may be a significant barrier that prevents their involvement in housing-related activities. This article reports on a study that examined the extent and level of AAAs' involvement in housing-related activities with particular attention to instances of cooperation and collaboration between AAAs and housing agencies. It employed a national survey of Area Agencies on Aging (AAAs). Further, since the lack of knowledge about housing is a barrier to involvement, the study examined the role of a housing specialist in motivating higher levels of activity. Though there is no single overall indicator of activities to do with housing, the results indicate a range of activities pursued by AAAs. The presence of a housing specialist within the AAA generally served as a catalyst, motivating higher levels of this kind of activity. The importance of housing as a component of a comprehensive long-...
Agranulocytosis with deferiprone treatment of superficial siderosis

Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system is a rare neurological disorder caused by deposits of haemosiderin on subplial brain matter. Characterised by a thin dark layer surrounding the brain stem, cerebellum and cortical fissures on the T2-weighted MRI, symptoms include sensorineural hearing loss and progressive gait ataxia. A specific aetiology for the blood in the subarachnoid space is identified in less than 50% of cases. While identification of a specific vascular defect allows for vascular repair, treatment options are limited for idiopathic superficial siderosis. Recently, a pilot safety study demonstrated promising results using an iron chelator, deferiprone. While this approach is promising, we present a potential serious complication of this therapy—the first report of agranulocytosis in the treatment of superficial siderosis following deferiprone therapy.