cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of environmental factors on the distribution and density of invasive Centaurea stoebe across Northeastern USA

Centaurea stoebe is an emerging invader in northeast US, and is a major invasive plant in the northern Midwest and western USA. Although it has been present in New York State (NYS) for over 100 years, its apparent recent population increases and spread provide a rare opportunity to study a plant in the early stages of invasion. Using occurrence, density and change in density in species distribution models, we assessed the potential influence of environmental factors on the invasion of spotted knapweed in northeast US. Within different parts of C. stoebe‘s range, different factors explained its occurrence, density and change in density over 2 years. Across northeast US, climate and soil factors were the most influential predictors explaining C. stoebe‘s distribution, while within Long Island in southeastern NYS and the Adirondack Mountains in northern NYS, precipitation and disturbance respectively were the most important. Using density and change in density, we found that for both Long Island and the Adirondacks, tree cover, precipitation, and temperature were the most influential determinants. The comparatively minor influence of disturbance on C. stoebe density is likely because C. stoebe in the northeastern US is almost exclusively found in open disturbed sites, so this factor does not discriminate among densities. Our study is valuable for both basic ecological understanding and decision making, as control efforts may depend on whether management goals are to decrease the risk of spread to other locations, or decrease the density in locations in which invaders already occur.
Body as Material Culture

Viewing the body in ways that go beyond age, sex, stature, and presence or absence of nutritional deficiencies, disease, and trauma requires researcher to consider the life history of the individual. It is critical for researchers to remember that individuals assumed multiple identities throughout their lifetime and that they lived in dynamic and relational social environments that continually influenced their body. Ritual and ceremonial activities that involve the body and that can be seen on human remains include cultural modifications of the body, warfare, cannibalism, torture, and captivity.
The Battered Child Syndrome Paper: Influence on the Field of Child Neglect

This chapter considers how the seminal paper by Kempe and colleagues on “the battered child” may have influenced our thinking and practice regarding child neglect. While the paper focused on severe physical abuse, the authors were careful to describe a spectrum of maltreatment that included child neglect. Curiously, the paper makes no mention of emotional deprivation as a form of neglect, despite substantial earlier work on this topic.
Maxwell’s “Electric Science”

The development of modern physics, which I have tried to portray in outline in the last three chapters, reached a highpoint in the works of Maxwell. To his great contributions to modern physics I would like to devote the last chapter of this book. Yet, before doing so a few introductory remarks will be in order.
A CCD Image Archive Of Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp): Dust Expansion Velocities

An optical archive of comet Hale-Bopp was obtained over 28 nights from June 1996 to May 1997 covering a range of heliocentric distances of r = 4.12 − 0.91. The CCD images were obtained with the 0.8-m University of Washington Manastash Ridge Observatory and the 0.25-m Pennsylvania State University at Eriemobile observatory. The reduced images clearly document the evolution of features of the coma, which were dominated by radial jetsfrom r = 4.1 − 2.3 AU, curved fan-shaped jets from r = 1.2 − 1.0 AU, and arcs or shells for 0.9 < r < 1.0 AU. We present the images and derive an average dust expansion velocity of Vdust = 0.67 ± 0.07 km s−1 from measurements of the arc features. The images in thearchive will be made available to other researchers for further study.
Swift X-ray and UV observations of SDSS J141118.31+481257.6 during its first ever recorded superoutburst

SDSS J141118.31+481257.6 is an ultracompact white dwarf binary (or AM CVn system) with an orbital period of 46 min. We analyze ~23 ks of X-ray and UV data taken with the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory during its first ever recorded outbursts. The events took place 13 years after the system was discovered. We detected 3 events in our UV data, all with amplitudes of ~7 mags with respect to quiescence, the largests detected for an AM CVn system so far. The first 2 events correspond to a superoutburst and the third one to another detected outburst. The 3 episodes that we identified occurred in a period of 24 days, each one displaying very rapid brightness changes. At ~120 days since the detection of the superoutburst, the system remains 1 magnitude brighter in UV compared to the quiescence level. The X-ray observations suggest that the X-ray emission is not correlated with the UV.
A charge-separated diamondoid metal–organic framework

We report the synthesis, characterization, and gas adsorption analyses of a new charge-separated metal–organic framework (MOF), UNM-1 (C52H16BCuF16N4), possessing diamondoid structures, assembled from an anionic tetrahedral borate ligand and cationic Cu(I) metal ion. The resulting MOF structure displays four-fold interpenetration, resulting in high environmental stability, and at the same time possesses relatively large surface area (SABET = 621 m2 g−1) due to the absence of free ions. Gas adsorption measurements revealed temperature-dependent CO2 adsorption/desorption hysteresis and large CO2/N2 ideal selectivities up to ca. 99 at 313 K and 1 bar, suggesting potential applications of this type of charge-separated MOFs in flue gas treatment and CO2 sequestration.
Nanopackaging for Component Assembly and Embedded Power in Flexible Electronics: Heterogeneous Component Integration for Flexible Systems

The trends to high-density, ultrathin, and low-cost electronic systems are currently changing the face of the mobile, security, health-care, and automotive industries. Providing a flexible platform extends the applicability of these next-generation circuits to smart displays, conformal sensors, Internet of Things (IoT) tags, remote health-monitoring systems, radar and millimeter (mm)-wave electronics, among others. As a result, the total market for f lexible, organic, and printed electronics is projected to grow from close to US$30 billion in 2017 to approximately US$75 billion in 2027 [1]. Major applications that drive the field of flexible and printed electronics are illustrated in Figure 1.
Centering female agency while investigating contraceptive use: a case study in Agincourt, South Africa.

Rural areas of South Africa face persistently high teenage and premarital childbearing rates, reflecting a lack of or inconsistent use of modern contraception. In attempting to understand this behavior, much of the literature has denied agency to young women, portraying them solely as victims of their environments. This study moved beyond these approaches to understanding adolescent contraceptive use, to reframe the investigation to focus on the tension around exercising agency within specific structural constraints. Findings are based on a qualitative study in Agincourt, South Africa. Data were collected through six focus group discussions with 63 women aged 18–44. A grounded theory approach utilizing emergent coding was performed focusing on the decision-making processes around family planning. The focus group participants discussed attitudes and norms around: early first births, contraceptive use, unplanned pregnancy, abortion, and HIV testing. When possible, differences that emerged around these topics according to the age groups (18–24, 25–34, and 35–44) and/or nationality of village (South African or Mozambican) are highlighted. Participants of all focus groups agreed that early first birth were common and undesirable. Younger participants described pregnancy prevention as a key rationale for contraceptive usage, while older participants were more inclined to cite HIV prevention. Women of all focus groups discussed the importance of women taking the initiative with family planning. Participants expressed a range of opinions about the acceptability of abortion, and all focus groups discussed concerns about the safety of abortion. Finally, all of the focus group participants stressed the importance of HIV testing, both to protect themselves and to protect their families. This study found many locations of agency for young women in rural South Africa. The decision-making surrounding contraceptive use consists of a series of decision junctures at which women must assign values to certain factors and then select their behavior on the basis of those values. Young women weigh the costs and benefits of contraception and of pregnancy, while also taking into account the chances of actually becoming pregnant along with the costs and benefits of abortion. Furthermore, the women explicitly viewed contraception as within their own realm of decision-making and action (as opposed to within the realm of their male partners).
Action Learning--An Experiential Tool for Solving Organizational Issues.

Action Learning can be effectively used in both large and small businesses and organizations by employees, stakeholders, or volunteers through this "learning by doing" approach to evaluate an issue or issues of importance to the organization. First developed in the 1940s, Action Learning has increasingly been used as a method to explore questions that often go unanswered in day-to-day organizational life through the use of reflective listening and insightful questioning.
The relationship between patient experience with service quality and survival in pancreatic cancer.

e14697 Background: Despite the recognized relevance of symptom burden in pancreatic cancer, there has been limited exploration of whether an individual patient’s assessment of the overall quality-o...
Gain of function in somatic TP53 mutations is associated with immune-rich breast tumors and changes in tumor-associated macrophages.

Background Somatic mutations in TP53 are present in 20%-30% of all breast tumors. While there are numerous population-based analyses of TP53, yet none have examined the relationship between somatic mutations in TP53 and tumor invasive immune cells. Methods Clinical and genetic data from 601 women drawn from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were used to test the association between somatic TP53 mutation and immune-rich or immune-poor tumor status; determined using the CIBERSORT-based gene expression signature of 22 immune cell types. Our validation dataset, the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC), used a pathologist-determined measure of lymphocyte infiltration. Results Within TP53-mutated samples, a mutation at codon p.R175H was shown to be present at higher frequency in immune-rich tumors. In validation analysis, any somatic mutation in TP53 was associated with immune-rich status, and the mutation at p.R175H had a significant association with tumor-invasive lymphocytes. TCGA-only analysis of invasive immune cell type identified an increase in M0 macrophages associated with p.R175H. Conclusions These findings suggest that TP53 somatic mutations, particularly at codon p.R175H, are enriched in tumors with infiltrating immune cells. Our results confirm recent research showing inflammation-related gain of function in specific TP53 mutations.
What Predicts a Mayoral Official's Opinion about the Role of Stress in Health Disparities?

High stress is a public health issue in the United States (US), that disproportionately affects socially-marginalized group members, including racial and ethnic minorities and those of low socioeconomic status. While city governments have the potential to reduce stress exposure and health disparities through municipal policies, very little is known about factors that are associated with mayor officials’ beliefs about stress as a determinant of disparities. This information is important because it can inform the design of interventions to educate city policymakers about evidence related to stress and health disparities. Using data from a 2016 survey of 230 mayor officials (101 mayors, 129 senior staff), multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the extent to which respondents’ individual characteristics (e.g., ideology, highest level of education) and the characteristics of their city’s population (e.g., percentage of residents non-white) were associated with their identification of stress as a factor that has a “very strong effect” on health disparities. Forty-four percent of respondents identified stress as having a very strong effect on health disparities. In the fully adjusted model, every percentage point increase in the proportion of a respondent’s city population that was non-White increased the odds of identifying stress as having a very strong effect on health disparities by 2% [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.02; 95% CI = 1.00,1.04]. Interventions are needed to increase city policymakers’ knowledge about the role of stress in the production of health disparities, which could, in turn, help cultivate political will for city policies that reduce disparities.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus FcrX, a Fur‐controlled regulator that inhibits repression by Fur

Iron is an essential nutrient for most organisms, but its limited availability and inherent toxicity necessitate the strict regulation of iron homeostasis. In bacteria, iron starvation affects a broad range of phenotypes including virulence, motility and biofilm formation. For Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a marine bacterium and pathogen, iron limitation is a signal modulating swarmer cell differentiation. In this work, we show the iron regulation of swarming works through the ferric uptake regulator protein Fur. We identified a new Fur-controlled regulator that is upregulated upon iron starvation. FcrX is a 144-amino acid protein containing a domain of unknown function (DUF2753) with three tetratricopeptide repeats. We found that overexpressing fcrX+ was sufficient to induce swarming, luminescence and iron uptake gene expression in multiple Vibrio species; furthermore, ectopic expression increased the transcription of a Fur-controlled gene in Escherichia coli. FcrX production increased intracellular iron. Thus, the overexpression of fcrX+ phenocopied a fur mutant and may prove a generally useful tool to ectopically derepress the Fur regulon. Both V. parahaemolyticus and E. coli Fur interacted with FcrX, and this interaction was altered by iron availability. These data support a model in which this new regulator of iron homeostasis limits the repressive action of Fur.
State of Infection Prevention and Control in Home Healthcare Agencies

Background Home healthcare (HHC) is becoming a leading source of post-acute services. Currently, most HHC patients have multiple chronic conditions, thereby increasing their risk of infections and rehospitalizations. With a nationally-representative survey, we aimed to better understand the current state of infection prevention and control (IPC) at HHC agencies. Methods A national survey, directed at administrators and clinical managers, was conducted from October 2018 to November 2019. Agencies were recruited from a national HHC conference, and a national random sample of 1,505 agencies stratified by census region, ownership status and rural/urban location. Questions were asked about IPC staffing, IPC compliance and training, and current IPC policies and procedures. Descriptive statistics were computed using Stata 13. Results 575 HHC agencies (35% response rate) responded; 63% had for-profit ownership. At responding agencies, 35.4 % of staff members in charge of IPC had received no specific IPC training, and 5.6% reported that they currently did not have a staff member in charge of IPC. Over 60% of agencies provided staff training on IPC topics either annually or at new employee orientation. 82.3% reported measuring adherence to hand hygiene policies; policy adherence was measured by shadowing (84.9%) and knowledge assessments (71.8%). Most HHC agencies (87.6%) reported collecting and reviewing infection data to identify trends. Overall, only 31% of agencies required staff influenza vaccination; however, a majority (61.4%) offered free influenza vaccinations to their staff. During the past influenza season, 62.7% of agencies had 75% or more of their employees vaccinated for influenza, and 9% reported not tracking that data. Conclusions This national study examining the current state of IPC in HHC can be used as a benchmark for quality improvement initiatives. Particularly, we learned that staff training around IPC and policies and procedures related to staff vaccination are currently inadequate.
Can Solventless Reactions Sometimes Succeed When Solvent-Mediated Reactions Fail? A Second Case Study for Cu(I) and Ag(I) Complexes of Divergently Bridging Diimines without or with Fluorinated Azolates

This paper provides the fifth manifestation of a new tradition by which the editors of Comments on Inorganic Chemistry wish to lead by example, whereby we start publishing original research content...
The Effects of Judge Race and Sex on Pretrial Detention Decisions

The pretrial detention decision has critical implications for a defendant’s employment opportunities, family ties, likelihood of conviction, and length of prison sentence. While prior researchers h...
Chapter 27. Drug Receptors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses studies that focus on drug receptors. Adrenergic agonists act by catalyzing adenyl cyclase and any general theory seeking to explain their action at a molecular level must be compatible with visualization of the receptor as an integral part of this enzyme system. Some recent data suggests that cyclic GMP may be involved in cholinergic neurotransmission. Studies have revealed that neurotransmitters exert their effect on postsynaptic cells by interacting with specific sites or receptors on the excitable membrane. This interaction initiates and controls the permeability changes permitting ion movements and amplification of the electrical signal during propagation of nerve impulses. An important characteristic of drug–receptor interaction is that not all agonists are equally effective in causing this permeability change. Different drugs are capable of producing an equal biological response when occupying different fractions of the receptor pool, an observation that led to the concept of “intrinsic activity” or efficacy, itself purely an operational term. The methodology and technique of affinity labeling of protein active sites was reviewed in another study. The method is found to be potentially useful in the study of molecular properties of drug receptors.
Fractal Analysis of Interleukin Binding and Dissociation Kinetics on Biosensor Surfaces

Interleukin 5 (IL5) is a single chain major cytokine involved in the activation, proliferation, and maturation of eosinophils. In this chapter, an alternate analysis for the binding and dissociation of wild type IL5:IL5Ra complex in solution to sβ c immobilized on a Biacore 3000 optical biosensor surface is provided. Binding and dissociation rate coefficients, as well as fractal dimension values for the binding and the dissociation phases are provided wherever applicable. The fractal analysis as an alternate analysis is provided to help improve the understanding. The results of this test are discussed and displayed in the chapter. The fractal dimension value provides a quantitative measure of the degree of heterogeneity that exists on the sensor chip surface for the wtIL5:IL5R complex-soluble β c ectodomain interaction, and the degree of heterogeneity for the binding and the dissociation phases is, in general, different.
Orexin / hypocretin 1 receptor antagonist reduces heroin self-administration and cue-induced heroin seeking

The orexin/hypocretin system is involved in several addiction-related behaviors. In the present experiments, we examined the involvement of orexin in heroin reinforcement and relapse by administering the orexin 1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 prior to heroin self-administration or prior to cue-induced or heroin-induced reinstatement of extinguished heroin seeking in male Sprague Dawley rats. SB-334867 (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) reduced heroin intake during self-administration under fixed ratio-1 and progressive ratio schedules. SB-334867 also attenuated reinstatement of heroin seeking elicited by cues, but not reinstatement elicited by a heroin prime. These results indicate that orexin antagonism reduces heroin self-administration, and they support a role for orexin in cue-triggered drug relapse.
High efficiency phased array feed antennas for large radio telescopes and small satellite communications terminals

Aperture-type phased array antennas offer the capability to steer beams electronically, but cost far more per unit collecting area than a shaped metal dish. A compromise between these extremes can be achieved by using reflector antennas with phased array feeds. A key research issue for array feeds is that phased array feeds are typically less efficient than traditional horn fed reflector antennas. If the efficiency and noise performance of a phased array feed is suboptimal, the performance gain of electronic beam steering is outweighed by the degradation in signal to noise ratio relative to a traditional horn feed. This paper reports on recent work aimed at realizing ultrahigh efficiency phased array feeds for two applications with the most demanding possible efficiency requirements: astronomical imaging and satellite communications.
Some Recent Advances in Multigrid Methods

Publisher Summary Multigrid methods are fast iterative methods for the solution of large systems of algebraic equations. Most applications of multigrid and related methods involve the solving of sparse systems arising by the discretizations of partial differential equations. This chapter presents the basic form of the multigrid algorithm. It also presents methods based on the concept of decomposition of the space into a number of subspaces, where each subspace is the range of a prolongation mapping of a full rank from a lower dimensional space. The chapter also discusses multigrid in elasticity, multigrid for stokes equations, and eigenvalue problems. The application of multigrid principles to fluids as well as other multigrid developments is also represented in the chapter. There are several approaches to multigrid for nonlinear problems: multigrid iteration can be used as a linear solver for the linearized problem so that few multigrid iterations are made in each step of the multigrid method, or multigrid can be applied directly to the nonlinear problem so that the problems on all levels are nonlinear
Frequency-Domain Analysis of Flexible Spacecraft Dynamics

Dynamics of a generic rigid spacecraft with arbitrary elastic appendages is analyzed in the frequency domain. The usual modal expansions are avoided. An example is developed in detail: pitch/twist dynamics of Hermes. Exact frequency-domain results, when compared with truncated modal expansions, show that better simulation accuracy is possible if modes of the full spacecraft are used, rather than appendage modes. A key benefit of this approach is the ease with which a configuration containing discrete dampers is analyzed.
Interactions Between Modality of Working Memory Load and Perceptual Load in Distractor Processing

The present study investigated interactions between working memory load and perceptual load. The load theory (Lavie, Hirst, de Fockert, & Viding, 2004 ) claims that perceptual load decreases distractor interference, whereas working memory load increases interference. However, recent studies showed that effects of working memory might depend on the relationship between modalities of working memory and task stimuli. Here, we examined whether the relationship between working memory load and perceptual load would remain the same across modalities. The results of Experiment 1 showed that verbal working memory load did not affect a compatibility effect for low perceptual load, whereas it increased the compatibility effect for high perceptual load. In Experiment 2, the compatibility effect remained the same regardless of visual working memory load. These results suggest that the effects of working memory load and perceptual load depend on the relationship between the modalities of working memory and stimuli.
Purification and Regulatory Properties of the Biosynthetic l-Glycerol 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli

Abstract The l-glycerol-3-phosphate:NAD(P) oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.8), referred to as glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase, was purified from extracts of Escherichia coli by a combination of chromatographic procedures. The over-all purification was approximately 1000-fold and the yield was about 10%. The elution profile from the final DEAE-Sephadex column and zone electrophoresis indicated that the enzyme preparation was not homogenous. Kinetic studies showed that the enzyme was both stabilized and inhibited by 0.1 to 1.0 m salts, and that l-glycerol 3-phosphate specifically inhibited dihydroxyacetone phosphate reduction. The curve describing the degree of inhibition as a function of l-glycerol 3-phosphate concentration was sigmoid, with 35 µm glycerol 3-phosphate producing 50% inhibition. Michaelis-Menten type kinetics were found with glycerol 3-phosphate, acting as a substrate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, and TPNH. The calculated Km values were 210 µm, 170 µm, and 10 µm, respectively. Glycerol 3-phosphate was a competitive inhibitor with respect to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and an uncompetitive inhibitor with respect to TPNH. The addition of TPNH to the enzyme solution quenched the fluorescence of the protein at 340 mµ and enhanced the TPNH fluorescence at 450 mµ. Glycerol 3-phosphate further enhanced the fluorescence of the TPNH-enzyme complex in the 430 to 440 mµ region. The fluorimetric titration of the TPNH-enzyme complex with glycerol 3-phosphate gave a sigmoid curve with the same characteristics as the inhibition curve. The inhibition of the pyridine nucleotide-linked glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli, whose most likely function is to provide glycerol 3-phosphate for lipid syntheses, could act in the cell as an effective mechanism for the restriction of the pool size of glycerol phosphate.
Appendicitis and upper respiratory infection; a report of 18 cases at sea.

Excerpt A naval escort carrier was engaged in shuttle operations between mainland and Southwest Pacific ports, carrying passengers, and following the Great Circle Route in its crossings. Three epid...
Integral framework for acquiring and evolving situations in smart environments

Smart environments enhance user capabilities and comfort by providing new services and automated service execution based on sensed user activity. Though, when becoming really “smart”, such environments should not only provide some service automation, but further learn and adapt their behavior during use. This article motivates and investigates learning of situation models in a smart environment, covering knowledge acquisition from observation as well as evolving situation models during use. An integral framework for acquiring and evolving different layers of a situation model is detailed. Different learning methods are presented as part of this framework: role detection per entity, unsupervised extraction of situations from multimodal data, supervised learning of situation representations, and the evolution of a predefined situation model with feedback. The situation model serves as frame and support for the different methods, permitting to stay in an intuitive declarative framework. An implementation of the whole framework for a smart home environment is described, and the results of several evaluations are depicted.
First Asian record of a late Pleistocene reduncine (Artiodactyla, Bovidae, Reduncini), Sivacobus sankaliai, sp. nov., from Gopnath (Miliolite Formation) Gujarat, India, and a revision of the Asian genus Sivacobus Pilgrim, 1939

ABSTRACT The new species, Sivacobus sankaliai, from an assemblage dated <200 ka near Gopnath, northwestern India, constitutes the only record of the bovid tribe Reduncini (waterbuck and allies) outside Africa within ≤500 ka. The previous Asian reduncine record was assigned to at least six genera, with the latest known record from the Siwalik Pinjor Formation (India and Pakistan, ca. 2.7–0.6 Ma) and probably ≥1.7 Ma. Finding this unexpectedly late Asian reduncine prompted tests of two hypotheses: (1) the Gopnath form derives directly from an African lineage following immigration since 500 ka. (2) It is the last known survivor of an Asian monophyletic group. The evidence supports the second hypothesis. We find that Asian Plio—Pleistocene reduncines belong to only one genus, Sivacobus, of ≥3 Ma duration, and to only two species up to Pinjor times, S. palaeindicus and S. patulicornis, with now a third and later Pleistocene species added. We give a revised diagnosis of Sivacobus. There is a close, and probable...
THE FORMATION OF GLYCOCYAMINE IN ANIMAL TISSUES

It was shown in preceding communications that glycocyamine is converted into creatine by surviving liver slices (1). Our findings indicated that the methylating agent is methionine or a derivative of methionine. Liver slices can methylate glycocyamine rapidly enough to permit assignment to the liver alone, if necessary, of the task of making good the loss of creatine and creatinine in the urine. This holds for the livers of all mammals studied. We found no evidence of this methylating mechanism in any other tissues, except possibly slight activity in the kidney. In the pigeon the kidney is as effective in this respect as the liver.
Around 1987: outline of a lesson in geographic thought

This short commentary reflects on Philo's 1987 Area paper, ‘ “Not at our seaside”: community opposition to a nineteenth-century branch asylum’ by placing it in the context of currents of thought emerging or coalescing in that year as well as my own intellectual trajectory. These contexts include the emerging interest in Foucault, developments in cultural, social and historical geography and the long-standing interest in the significance of ‘outsiders’ and their role in the production of order. Most of all, perhaps, the paper prefigures Philo's own career with its consistent interest in (and sympathy for) outsiders, engagement with wider currents of theory (particularly Foucault) and insistence on the importance of history.
Down with multiple t-tests.

Abstract For studies with repeated measurements on each subject, computing t -tests at each time point or at each dose as the method of statistical analysis may lead to inconsistent and redundant results as well as increasing the chance of spurious significance. Analysis of a carefully chosen summary measure is a sensible alternative. Since the choice of a summary response measure may be somewhat arbitrary, it should be selected before the data are examined to avoid picking the one summary which gives a significant result. However, summary measures will usually be more stable than individual time points, and their analysis will usually increase the likelihood of detecting real differences.
APPL, the Drosophila Member of the APP-Family, Exhibits Differential Trafficking and Processing in CNS Neurons

The Drosophila Appl gene encodes a transmembrane protein that is expressed exclusively in neurons. Amino acid comparisons show that APPL protein is a member of the amyloid precursor protein (APP)-like family of proteins. Similar to mammalian APP-family proteins, APPL is synthesized as a transmembrane holoprotein and cleaved to release a large secreted amino-terminal domain. Using immunocytochemical methods, we have analyzed the distribution of APPL in the Drosophila CNS. Surprisingly, although APPL is present in all neuronal cell bodies, the neuropil shows stereotypic differential distribution. Double-labeling experiments with different neuronal markers were used to distinguish between APPL associated with neuronal processes or extracellular matrix. The distribution of APPL protein produced from transgenes encoding wild-type (APPL), secretion-defective (APPLsd), and constitutively secreted (APPLs) forms was analyzed in an Appl-deficient background to determine which APPL form is associated with different neuropil regions. We found that APPLsd protein is enriched where APPL immunoreactivity coincides with neuronal processes. In contrast, APPLs preferentially localizes to those parts of the neuropil that show a diffuse APPL signal that rarely colocalizes with processes, and thus seems to be a component of the extracellular matrix. These data indicate that proteolytic cleavage and trafficking of APPL is differentially regulated in different neuronal populations. Through metamorphosis, APPL is especially abundant in growing axons and in areas where synapses are forming. Interestingly, in adult brains, APPL protein is enriched in the mushroom bodies and to a lesser extent in the central complex, structures involved in learning and memory.
The Origins of Architecture, After De Chirico

Giorgio de Chirico’s haunting representations of classical architecture and abandoned piazzas are often seen as anticipating the emergence of modern urbanism. This essay proposes that the metaphysical paintings, informed by Nietzschean philosophy, are posited upon a provisional origin of architecture, not as shelter, but as bodily sacrifice, turning flesh into stone, the moment into eternity. In de Chirico’s metaphysical spaces, architectural history appears a dialogue between these forces, where origin and end circulate around the fatal origin of architecture as memory. This thesis is developed and supported by the theory and practice of ‘fragmentary writing’ utilizing the works of Nietzsche’s post–structuralist interpreters.
Prelude to the panel on what makes good research in modeling & simulation

Modeling and Simulation (M&S) is a unique field, which has been and continues to be influential in the development and growth of numerous science and engineering disciplines. From basic research and concept formulation to diffusion of innovations, M&S rests on fundamental strategies that not only provide guidance to scientists, but also provide explanations for the society and institutions that have stakes in the produced knowledge. We explore the essential components of the professional realm of M&S research to (1) gain better insight about the characteristics of successful and creative M&S research, (2) identify the major components of the M&S profession that need to be nurtured to enable growth and sustainment of its vitality, and (3) help facilitate explanation of the character of simulation discipline to other engineers and scientists at large.
Coping style as a mediator between pregnancy desire and child abuse potential: a brief report

Women with unwanted pregnancies may be at elevated child abuse risk, although ineffective coping styles are associated with both child abuse potential and unwanted pregnancy. The present study investigated whether coping style mediated the association between low desire for pregnancy and physical child abuse potential. A sample of 77 expectant mothers participated in an online parenting study. Findings indicated that passive coping styles, namely cognitive avoidance and emotional discharge, fully mediated the association between low pregnancy desire and greater child abuse potential. The implications of working with expectant mothers with unwanted pregnancies are discussed.
A Class Of Parallel/Pipelined Architectures For Real-Time Image Applications

This paper presents a unified methodology for partitioning multidi-mensional problems on a shuffle-exchange network and butterfly network. A rasterization theory plays a central role for this methodology. The theory provides certain necessary and sufficient conditions for transforming a multidimensional problem into a one-dimensional one. Then the transformed one-dimensional problem is mapped into a Parallel/Pipelined Partitionable architecture such that a uniform treatment of any dimensional problem is obtained.
Stromal Responses among Common Carcinomas Correlated with Clinicopathologic Features

Purpose: We have previously characterized a tumor stroma expression signature in a subset of breast tumors that correlates with better clinical outcome. The purpose of this study is to determine whether this stromal signature, termed the “DTF fibroblast” (desmoid-type fibromatosis) signature, is specific to breast cancer or is a common stromal response found in different types of cancer. Experimental Designs: The DTF fibroblast signature was applied to gene expression profiles from five ovarian, five lung, two colon, and three prostate cancer expression microarray datasets. In addition, two different tissue microarrays of 204 ovarian tumors and 140 colon tumors were examined for the expression of previously characterized protein markers of DTF fibroblast signature. The DTF fibroblast stromal response was then correlated with clinicopathologic features. Results: The DTF fibroblast signature is robustly present in ovarian, lung, and colon carcinomas. Both expression microarray data and immunohistochemistry show that the subset of ovarian tumors with strong DTF fibroblast signature expression has statistically significant, worse survival outcomes. No reproducible survival differences were found in either the lung or the colon cancers. The prostate cancers failed to show a DTF fibroblast signature. Multivariant analysis showed that DTF fibroblast signature was significantly more prognostic than the proliferation status in ovarian carcinomas. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the DTF fibroblast signature is a common tumor stroma signature in different types of cancer, including ovarian, lung, and colon carcinomas. Our findings provide further insight into the DTF fibroblast stromal responses across different types of carcinomas and their potential as prognostic and therapeutic targets. Clin Cancer Res; 19(18); 5127–35. ©2013 AACR .
Educating the Developing Mind: The View from Cognitive Psychology

Demetriou, Spanoudis, and Mouyi have provided a comprehensive view of the relation between a model of the mind and the process of education. The model they propose is based on cognitive theories of mental action, rather than neuroscientific evidence. I argue here that that is the correct approach, for a model of the information processing abilities of the mind is far more useful to educators than a model of the neural bases of cognitive processing. Demetriou, Spanoudis, and Mouyi's theoretical approach will be useful to the extent that it provides a framework for further, more specific models of specific situations.
Substitution of alanine for tyrosine-64 in the fingers subdomain of M-MuLV reverse transcriptase impairs strand displacement synthesis and blocks viral replication in vivo

A distinctive property of reverse transcriptase is the ability to carry out strand displacement synthesis in the absence of accessory proteins such as helicases or single-strand DNA binding proteins. Structure-function studies indicate that the fingers subdomain in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase contacts the template strand downstream of the primer terminus and is involved in strand displacement synthesis. Based on structural comparisons to the HIV-1 enzyme, we made single amino acid substitutions at the Tyr-64 and Leu-99 positions in the fingers subdomain of the M-MuLV reverse transcriptase to ask whether this subdomain has a similar role in displacement synthesis. In vitro assays comparing non-displacement versus displacement synthesis revealed that substitution of alanine at Tyr-64 generated a reverse transcriptase that was impaired in its capacity to carry out DNA and RNA displacement synthesis without affecting polymerase processivity or RNase H activity. However, substitution of Tyr-64 with phenylalanine and a variety of substitutions at position Leu-99 had no specific effect on displacement synthesis. The Y64A substitution prevented viral replication in vivo, and Y64A virus generated reduced levels of reverse transcription intermediates at all steps beyond the synthesis of minus strong stop DNA. The role of the fingers subdomain and in particular the possible contributions of the Tyr-64 residue in displacement synthesis are discussed.
Current Readings: The Role of Stenting in Tracheobronchial Disease

Airway stents have gained acceptance for palliation or treatment of tracheobronchial pathologies or both since the second half of the 20th century. However, minimal advances have been made in the last 3 decades with regard to innovations in stent technology. Following a health alert issued by the Food and Drug Administration in 2005, silicone stents are now mainly used for benign pathologies whereas self-expanding metal stents are reserved for use with malignant airway obstruction. In this article, we review 5 articles published between 2010 and 2013 addressing the roles of stents in the management of malignant, benign, and post–lung-transplantation-related tracheobronchial narrowing. We identified what were the largest or most clinically relevant series in each case, but with the understanding that all are retrospective reviews with patient selection bias.
Trematode Infections in Littorina littorea on the New Hampshire Coast

The prevalence of parasite infections in Littorina littorea (Common Periwinkle) was examined at 16 rocky intertidal sites along the New Hampshire coastline over three summers (2006 to 2008). We sampled over a relatively small spatial scale (21 km) and expected that the prevalence of infections in L. littorea would be similar between sites over this sampling area. In total, 1983 snails were collected from areas at mean low water during spring tides. Snail size (mm), gender, and type of parasitic infection were noted for all snails. Eleven percent of snails collected were infected with rediae and cercariae of the trematodes Cryptocotyle lingua or Cercaria parvicaudata; one snail had a double infection of both trematodes. The prevalence of infection at sites ranged from 1.9% to 30.1%. At all sites, female snails outnumbered male snails, and a greater proportion of females were infected than males. Large snails were more likely to be infected with trematodes at 3 sites, while a higher level of infection was found in small snails at 1 site. Snails at wave-protected sites were more likely to be infected than snails at wave-exposed sites. No relationship was found between the number of gulls at a site and the prevalence of infection. Although temporal variation in levels of prevalence in parasitic infections may explain some of our site-to-site differences, our data show large spatial variation of parasite prevalence in L. littorea over a minimum distance of 0.5 km and provide a foundation to test hypotheses concerning the susceptibility of female and immature (small) snails to infection.
Magnetoluminescent Agents for Dual MRI and Time‐Gated Fluorescence Imaging

The synthesis and properties of two luminescent iron oxide nanoparticles for dual imaging by MRI and time-gated confocal microscopy are presented. These magnetoplasmonic agents consist of macrocyclic terbium complexes conjugated onto magnetite nanoparticles by a polyethylene glycol linker. Two macrocyclic terbium complexes were investigated: Tb-DOTAm-(Phen)3 and Tb-DOTAm-(acetylene)3. Both complexes display the characteristic long luminescence lifetimes of lanthanides (0.8 ms and 1.3 ms, respectively), rendering them ideal for time-gated luminescence spectroscopy and confocal imaging – a feature currently unexplored in multimodal imaging agents. Additionally, the 5 ± 1 nm magnetite nanoparticles, with their permeable PEG coating and stable dopamide anchor, render the two constructs efficient MRI contrast agents with longitudinal (r1) and transverse (r2) relaxivities of 9.8 mM–1Fe s–1 and 98 mM–1Fe s–1 at 60 MHz and 37 °C.
Radar Backscatter Measurement Accuracies Using Digital Doppler Processors in Spaceborne Scatterometers

The normalized standard deviation, Kp, of radar backscatter measurements using digital Doppler processors in spaceborne scatterometers is derived. The Kp expression for analog Doppler filter processors, such as that used in the Seasat scatterometer [7] is shown to be a special case of the derived Kp expression. A connection to Welch's power spectrum estimation results [6] is also made. Tradeoff studies in digital filter design such as hardware complexity, computational speed, and system performance can be performed based on this Kp expression. We briefly discuss a current application in the design of the NASA scatterometer (NSCAT) to be flown in 1990. This derivation should be useful for system design and analysis of other radar remotesensing instruments.
Effect of eCG on the pregnancy rate of ewes transcervically inseminated with frozen-thawed semen outside the breeding season.

An experiment was conducted to determine whether factors affecting pregnancy rate out-of-season are associated more with transcervical artificial insemination (T-AI) procedures or with the reproductive state of the ewe. Twenty Finncross ewes were treated with progesterone sponges, and at sponge removal (0 h) 10 ewes were treated with eCG. Blood samples were collected for LH and progesterone analyses, and follicular development was monitored using ultrasonography. Ewes were inseminated from 48 to 52 h with 200 million motile frozen-thawed spermatozoa. The incidence of estrus, LH surges and ovulation was greater (P 5 mm was higher (P < 0.05) in eCG-treated than control ewes. Progesterone concentrations increased and remained elevated through Day 19 in 7 eCG-treated and in 1 control ewe, and these ewes were pregnant based upon ultrasonographic examination. The results demonstrate that the T-AI technique using frozen-thawed semen produces a relatively high (70%) pregnancy rate out-of-season. The pregnancy rate was found to reflect primarily the reproductive condition of the ewe.
The role of thiamine, leucine and CO2 in the biosynthesis of carotenes by the mold Phycomyces blakesleeanus

Abstract It has been demonstrated that the mold Phycomyces blakesleeanus can metabolize thiamine ([2-14C]thiazole) to 14CO2. In addition, the 14CO2 produced can be incorporated into mevalonic acid and β-carotene when the mold was incubated in the presence of non-radioactive leucine. The role of leucine in the fixation of 14CO2 has been implicated by a study of the labeling patterns of mevalonic acid and β-carotene; thus, mevalonic acid was labeled primarily in the C-1 carboxyl group, with the remaining 11 per cent of the total 14C in the C-5 carbon atom. This labeling pattern suggests that 14CO2 was fixed to β-methylcrotonyl CoA, a leucine metabolite, which could then give rise to [1-14C]β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl CoA. [1-14C]β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl CoA could then be reduced directly to [1-14C]mevalonic acid, the major reaction, or it could be split by the cleavage enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl CoA-acetonacetate lyase (4.1.3.4) to [1-14C]acetoacetate and acetyl CoA. These small molecules, by a process involving activation and condensation, could then randomize the 14C to give [5-14C]β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl CoA which would be reduced to [5-14C]mevalonic acid. The loss of the C-1 carbon of mevalonic acid at the formation of isopentenylpyrophosphate would account for the low incorporation of 14CO2 into β-carotene.
I. Definitions of Treason in an Elizabethan Proclamation

Note, the King by his proclamation, or other ways, cannot change any part of the common law, or statute law, or the customs of the realm … also the King cannot create any offence by his prohibition or proclamation, which was not an offence before, for that was to change the law, and to make an offence which was not; for ubi non est lex, ibi non est transgressio; ergo, that which cannot be punished without proclamation, cannot be punished with it…