cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Split-tray impression technique for immediate upper dentures

Abstract A split-tray impression technique for making an immediate maxillary complete denture was described. With this two-step impression technique, an accurate impression of edentulous regions, with better control of the labial peripheral tissues, can be made. When an irreversible hydrocolloid impression is made in the usual custom tray, the control of borders and thickness is very difficult. With this splittray technique, the borders are more easily controlled.
Simply folded band chaos in a VHF microstrip oscillator

We present experimental observations of a microstrip circuit that produces Rossler-like chaos with center frequency of 175 MHz. A simply folded band chaotic attractor is created through a period doubling route. The circuit provides an experimental realization of a chaotic neutral delay differential equation, a largely unexplored type of nonlinear dynamical system.
Black hole entropy, log corrections and quantum ergosphere

Abstract Quantum gravity corrections to the probability of emission of a particle from a black hole in the Parikh–Wilczek tunneling framework are studied. We consider the effects of zero-point quantum fluctuations of the metric on the emission probability for a tunneling shell. Quantum properties of the geometry are responsible for the formation of a “quantum ergosphere” whose effects on the emission probability can be related to the emergence of a logarithmic correction to the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy–area formula.
Cyclic pentapeptides as models for reverse turns: determination of the equilibrium distribution between type I and type II conformations of Pro-Asn and Pro-Ala β-turns

Cyclic pentapeptides are excellent models for reverse turns and have been used extensively in our laboratory to explore the influence of different amino acid sequences on turn preference. This paper is divided into two parts: In the first, we review our previous studies of cyclic pentapeptides. We summarize work that demonstrates the range of conformations possible within the cyclic pentapeptide backbone, the importance of sequence chirality in determining the backbone fold, and the utility of these cyclic pentapeptides as models for various turns. In the second, we present new results on two cyclic pentapeptides that contain beta-turns with Pro-Ala or Pro-Asn sequences in the i + 1 and i + 2 positions. By stereochemical criteria, a type I beta-turn is expected to be preferred by such L-L sequences. On the other hand, in proteins Asn occurs frequently in the i + 2 position of type II turns. We asked whether the same propensity would be manifest in an isolated model peptide, and if so, what the interactions were that influenced the relative stability of the type I and type II turns. To address these questions we have compared the conformational behavior of two peptides: cyclo(Gly-Pro-Ala-D-Phe-Pro) and cyclo(D-Ala-Pro-Asn-Gly-Pro). From previous studies, we anticipated that both peptides would contain an inverse gamma-turn and a beta-turn which consisted of either Gly-Pro-Ala-D-Phe or D-Ala-Pro-Asn-Gly in positions i to i + 3, respectively. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis confirms this overall backbone conformation. Furthermore, quantitative nuclear Overhauser effect measurements in combination with molecular dynamics simulations and torsionally-forced energy minimizations have enabled us to determine that both type I and type II beta-turns are present in equilibrium in these peptides. The introduction of Asn in position i + 2 shifts this equilibrium significantly towards type II. We have done preliminary assessment of the possible side-chain/backbone conformations that contribute to the shift in populations.
Stochastic Modeling and Simultaneous Regulation of Surface Roughness and Porosity in Thin Film Deposition

This work focuses on stochastic modeling and simultaneous regulation of surface roughness and porosity for a porous thin film deposition process modeled via kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulation on a triangular lattice. The microscopic model of the thin film growth process includes adsorption and migration processes. Vacancies and overhangs are allowed inside the film for the purpose of modeling thin film porosity. The definition of the surface height profile is first introduced for a porous thin film deposition taking place in a triangular lattice. The dynamics of surface height of the thin film are described by an Edwards-Wilkinson (EW) type equation, which is a second-order linear stochastic partial differential equation (PDE). The root-mean-square (RMS) surface roughness is chosen as one of the controlled variables. Subsequently, an appropriate definition of film site occupancy ratio (SOR) is introduced to represent the extent of porosity inside the film and is chosen as the second to-be-controlled var...
Adaptation to Emotional Conflict: Evidence from a Novel Face Emotion Paradigm

The preponderance of research on trial-by-trial recruitment of affective control (e.g., conflict adaptation) relies on stimuli wherein lexical word information conflicts with facial affective stimulus properties (e.g., the face-Stroop paradigm where an emotional word is overlaid on a facial expression). Several studies, however, indicate different neural time course and properties for processing of affective lexical stimuli versus affective facial stimuli. The current investigation used a novel task to examine control processes implemented following conflicting emotional stimuli with conflict-inducing affective face stimuli in the absence of affective words. Forty-one individuals completed a task wherein the affective-valence of the eyes and mouth were either congruent (happy eyes, happy mouth) or incongruent (happy eyes, angry mouth) while high-density event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. There was a significant congruency effect and significant conflict adaptation effects for error rates. Although response times (RTs) showed a significant congruency effect, the effect of previous-trial congruency on current-trial RTs was only present for current congruent trials. Temporospatial principal components analysis showed a P3-like ERP source localized using FieldTrip software to the medial cingulate gyrus that was smaller on incongruent than congruent trials and was significantly influenced by the recruitment of control processes following previous-trial emotional conflict (i.e., there was significant conflict adaptation in the ERPs). Results show that a face-only paradigm may be sufficient to elicit emotional conflict and suggest a system for rapidly detecting conflicting emotional stimuli and subsequently adjusting control resources, similar to cognitive conflict detection processes, when using conflicting facial expressions without words.
Alzheimer's disease and symptom-seeking

Descriptive analyses of qualitative data revealed that adult children of parents with Alzheimer's disease (AD) engage in symptom-seeking behavior regarding their own health. Responses of two groups...
COST OPTIMAL DEMAND FORECASTING FOR A MULTI‐LABEL INVENTORY ENVIRONMENT

A decision problem associated with the production of the same goods under several labels is anticipating how much to produce under each label. In some settings a portion of the goods is left unlabeled so that subsequent excess demand can be filled by labeling these goods held in “bright storage”. This adds another decision variable to the problem and introduces some new alternatives. Attached to these alternatives facing the decision maker are several different kinds of costs depending upon the nature of the errors made in forecasting the demand for each of the labels. These costs, when associated with discrete probability distributions for the demand variables, lead to an optimization problem with nonnegative variables with objective of minimizing the decision maker's expected cost. Minor restrictions on the costs make this objective function, convex. By introducing new variables the entire problem can be reformulated as a linear program. If the demand variables can take only integer values, then there is an integer, optimal solution to the bright storage problem.
Male Coach/Female Coach: a Theoretical Analysis of the Female Sport Experience

A model based on tenets of Social Exchange Theory (Blau, Homans) and Expectancy Value Theory (Rotter) was developed to examine the effects of a gender-homogeneous (female-only) vs. a moderately gender-heterogeneous (female athletes with male coach) sport environment on the female athlete. Based on the theoretical framework and review of the literature it was argued that in the gender-homogeneous environment, relatively high expectancy values are associated with the presence of female role models, the sense of career potential, the opportunity to exercise instrumentalism, the sharing and reinforcing of values, the richness of affiliative interaction, and the perceived personal value to the group. In the gender-heterogenous environ ment, suggested variables with high expectancy value included the potential for competitive success, the opportunity for visibility and recognition, and the attractiveness of male authority figures.
La détoxication des pesticides

Comment traiter a moindre cout la pollution par les pesticides agricoles ? Certains microorganismes degradent naturellement ces produits, mais avec un faible rendement. D'ou le recours au genie genetique pour fabriquer des ≪super-biocatalyseurs>, a partir d' E. coli et autres Pseudomonas .
Effect of phenothiazine on the red cells of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria.

Summary. A phenothiazine derivative (chlorpromazine hydrochloride) was investigated as a possible means of reducing the transfusion requirement of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. Results of in-vitro studies have indicated that the drug has both beneficial and detrimental effects on the PNH red cell. Thus, while the osmotic haemolysis time is increased and the degree of acid haemolysis (Ham's test) is decreased, the osmotic fragility is increased on incubation. An in-vivo survival study of ficin-treated rabbit red cells showed no beneficial effect when the rabbits were primed with phenothiazine. It is therefore suggested that whenever drugs of the phenothiazine family are used, it should be with an awareness of potential haemolytic side effects in PNH and possibly in other haemolytic disorders.
Kinetics of continuous hydrolysis of tallow in a multi‐layered flat‐plate immobilized‐lipase reactor

To investigate the feasibility of industrial hydrolysis of tallow in an immobilized-lipase bioreactor, a pilot plant was operated continuously at one gram/min for more than one year. A new thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method was employed for analysis of the composition of the product. Data were reduced by averaging, categorizing, and averaging again. The reduced data were used to calculate rates of the three individual reactions: hydrolysis of triacylglycerol (TG) to diacylglycerol (DG) and free fatty acid (FFA), hydrolysis of DG to monoacylglycerol (MG) and FFA, and hydrolysis of MG to glycerol and FFA. It was concluded that separation of mono- and diacylglycerol from FFA and triacylglycerol would be required to achieve a high concentration of FFA in the product.
Multi-slice perfusion-based functional MRI using the FAIR technique: comparison of CBF and BOLD effects

Perfusion-weighted imaging techniques employing blood water protons as an endogenous tracer have poor temporal resolution because each image should be acquired with an adequate spin ‘tagging’ time. Thus, perfusion-based functional magnetic resonance imaging studies are typically performed on a single slice. To alleviate this problem, a multi-slice flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery technique has been developed. Following a single inversion pulse and a delay time, multi-slice echo-planar images are acquired sequentially without any additional inter-image delay. Thus, the temporal resolution of multi-slice FAIR is almost identical to that of single slice techniques. The theoretical background for multi-slice FAIR is described in detail. The multislice FAIR technique has been successfully applied to obtain three-slice cerebral blood flow based functional images during motor tasks. The relative CBF change in the contralateral motor/sensory area during unilateral thumb‐digit opposition is 45.0 ± 12.2% (n = 9), while the blood oxygenation level dependent signal change is 1.5 ± 0.4 SD%. Relative changes of the oxygen consumption rate can be estimated from CBF and BOLD changes using FAIR. The BOLD signal change is not correlated with the relative CBF increase, and thus caution should be exercised when interpreting the BOLD change as a quantitative index of the CBF change, especially in intersubject comparisons. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tracheal chondrosarcoma with an overview of other tumors of the trachea

Abstract Chondrosarcomas of the trachea are extraordinarily rare tumors, with only four cases documented in the English literature. An additional case is reported with conventional and computed tomography correlation. Because primary tumors of the trachea aresuch rare neoplasms, a review of the subject is presented to put chondrosarcomas of the trachea into perspective. Malignant tumors are slightly more common than benign tumors of the trachea and occur more frequently in adults. The most common tumor involving the trachea is carcinoma, accounting for 80 to 90% of all cases. This, however, represents only 0.2% of all malignancies of the respiratory tract.
Effects of an anabolic steroid (Norbolethone) on the function of the isolated perfused rat liver.

Abstract The effect of the anabolic steroid, Norbolethone, on the function of the isolated, perfused rat liver was evaluated by monitoring the disappearance of sulfo-bromophthalein and indocyanine green from the perfusate, the excretion of these dyes in the bile and the rate of bile flow. The drug was dissolved in ethanol and administered in a concentration of 20, 66 and 100 μmoles/I. The results indicate that Norbolethone impaired the ability to excrete the foreign dyes and to secrete bile. Analysis of the data suggested that the adverse effect was at the excretory level. The isolated, perfused rat liver appears a useful model for the evaluation of the effect of alkylated anabolic steroids on hepatic functions after a brief exposure of the liver to the drug.
Thyroid hormone interacts with PPARα and PGC-1 during mitochondrial maturation in sheep heart

Thyroid hormone (TH) promotes cardiac mitochondrial maturation and substrate metabolism after birth. This regulation involves ligand-dependent binding of nuclear TH receptors to target gene element...
Influence of cortisone on the ketogenic response to oxycel corticotropin.

Cortisone inhibits fasting and certain other types of ketosis while oxycel corticotropin stimulates ketosis in both the fasted and fed rat, presumably by an extra-adrenal mechanism. Pretreatment of rats with 5 mg. of cortisone acetate daily for two or five days prevented the ketosis observed with a subsequent 24-hour fast as well as that following 3½ hours of Nembutal anesthesia, but did not modify the ketosis consequent to an injection of oxycel cortico-tropin. Since the cortisone treated animals presumably had ample liver glycogen stores it is concluded that the ketogenic action of corticotropin must be fundamental to either ketone production or utilization rather than secondary to some primary alteration in carbohydrate metabolism.
Integration and leisure education for older adults with developmental disabilities.

Summary As the population of older adults with developmental disabilities increases, these individuals experience a variety of changes and transitions. Maintaining a high quality of life during these changes and transitions is a critical issue for older adults with developmental disabilities, their families, and service providers. The purpose of this paper is to describe a model for integrating older adults with disabilities into community recreation and leisure opportunities. Recreation integration efforts may be difficult without accompanying leisure education, therefore, leisure education models, materials, and related programs useful in designing leisure education programs for older adults with developmental disabilities will be reviewed.
Compressive Light Field Imaging Using Joint Spatio-Angular Modulation

In contrast with previous compressive light field imagers, we propose an optical architecture that jointly encodes both angular and spatial structure using a 2D random mask. This joint modulation is shown to outperform other compressive LF cameras.
Escape probability, mean residence time and geophysical fluid particle dynamics

Abstract Stochastic dynamical systems arise as models for fluid particle motion in geophysical flows with random velocity fields. Escape probability (from a fluid domain) and mean residence time (in a fluid domain) quantify fluid transport between flow regimes of different characteristic motion. We consider a quasigeostrophic meandering jet model with random perturbations. This jet is parameterized by the parameter β=(2 Ω /r) cos (θ) , where Ω is the rotation rate of the earth, r the earth’s radius and θ the latitude. Note that Ω and r are fixed, so β is a monotonic decreasing function of the latitude. The unperturbed jet (for 0
Prevalence, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in Treated Cytomegalovirus Retinitis

Seventeen patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome and cytomegalovirus retinitis were treated with the antiviral drug ganciclovir (9-[1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl]-guanine, DHPG). Eight eyes of five patients developed rhegmatogenous retinal detachment after initiation of treatment. Multiple breaks in areas of peripheral, healed, atrophic retina accounted for the detachments. All seven eyes that underwent surgery had extensive retinal detachments that were reattached with vitrectomy and silicone oil. Retinotomy and retinal tacks were necessary in two cases that were complicated by severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy. In the fellow eye of one patient, laser treatment was used prophylactically to wall off a peripheral patch of healed retinitis. Endoretinal biopsies and culture were taken in five eyes; evidence of persistent cytomegalovirus was seen in two cases despite concurrent and clinically effective antiviral therapy.
An Experimental and Numerical Study of the Behavior of the Thin Glass Edge Under Ball Drop Impact

Glass is widely used as cover glass to protect the smartphones, tablets, PCs, and TVs from everyday wear and tear nowadays. There has been an increasing effort to understand the global behavior of glass substrate under impact, but the behavior of the edge for the thin glass has rarely been touched. In this study, the dynamic response of the glass edge when impacted with 1.75-inch steel ball from different heights (different potential energy) and different angles is studied. High-speed camera is applied for the direct visualization of the whole impact process. The Digital Image Correlation (DIC) method enables to obtain displacements (in-plane displacement and out-of-plane displacement) of the glass during the impact process. The failure mode for the edge impact is found to be predominantly buckling. The tape used in this study decreases wave propagation from the impact location. In addition, the FEA model of edge impact test is developed in ANSYS/LS-DYNA™.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
SIMULATION TEST OF A NOVEL DISPLAY TO MINIMIZE THE RISK OF SPATIAL DISORIENTATION

Spatial disorientation (SD) in flight remains a major source of attrition. Some aircraft accidents in which SD is implicated might be amenable to improved instrument displays. This paper describes an assessment of a novel flight instrument display in a UH-60 helicopter flight simulator. Sixteen male aviators flew a simulated instrument flight profile and recovered from unusual attitudes using the standard flight instruments and the novel display. The two display formats were tested both with and without a secondary task. Both control of flight parameters and recovery from unusual attitudes were significantly improved when using the novel display, and cognitive workload was reduced.
Integrative wellness in rehabilitation: social and behavioral aspects of health care and clinical applications.

Purpose: Social and clinical research has demonstrated the importance psychosocial and health behaviors contribute to both the etiology of illness conditions and the success of treatment in the rehabilitation setting. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief review of the social and behavioral factors in illness, recovery and prevention of impairments, and to provide clinical applications of such findings. Design/Methods: The content of this paper draws on both a literature search as well as the case study of programs and strategies currently being utilized at Madonna Rehabilitation Hospital located in the American Midwest. Findings: Authors present an integrative medical framework with respect to incorporating a preventive approach to rehabilitation. Conclusions: Rehabilitation clinicians and nurses may draw on this research in the formation of an integrative approach to care. Clinical Relevance: An integrative rehabilitation nursing model, such as the personal wellness plan outlined in this article, incorporates psychosocial and health behavior change as a method of wellness promotion, adaptation to functional limitations (temporary or permanent), and illness prevention.
Encapsulation, Stabilization, and Catalytic Properties of Flexible Metal Porphyrin Complexes in MCM-41 with Minimal Electronic Perturbation by the Environment

meso-Tetrakis(5-trimethylammoniopentyl)porphyrin (TMAP) was incorporated in MCM-41 directly during a hydrothermal synthesis or by a surfactant ↔ porphyrin ion-exchange reaction with as-synthesized ...
Formation of trehalose from glucose in the renal cortex.

Abstract Trehalose-14C was found when rabbit renal cortical slices were incubated with glucose-U-14C. This finding is consistent with our working hypothesis that trehalose is an intermediate in the reabsorption of glucose by the kidney.
Long-term results of hyperfractionated radiation and high-dose intraarterial cisplatin for unresectable oropharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND In this report, the authors present the results from a study of patients with unresectable oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas who were treated on a protocol of hyperfractionated radiation and high-dose intraarterial cisplatin (HYPERRADPLAT) at the University of Kentucky. METHODS The study was designed as a prospective, single-armed case series that was conducted in the setting of a single, academic, tertiary referral center. The patient cohort consisted of 24 previously untreated patients who were diagnosed with unresectable oropharyngeal carcinoma and were treated on the HYPERRADPLAT regimen, which included hyperfractionated external beam radiotherapy (1.2 grays [Gy] twice daily) was given for 5 weeks (60 Gy) followed by high-dose intraarterial cisplatin (150 mg/m2) and sodium thiosulfate. Shrinking “large-field” portals were started on Week 6 and finished on Week 7 with a cumulative dose of 76.8–81.6 Gy. The main outcome measures of the study were the primary and neck response rates, the 2-year and 5-year overall survival and disease-specific survival rates, and acute and late treatment morbidity. RESULTS The median follow-up was 77 months. Complete response rates at the primary and regional lymph nodes were both 88%. The 2-year overall survival and disease-specific survival rates were 57% and 68%, respectively; whereas the 5-year overall survival and disease-specific survival rates were 33% and 42%, respectively. Two patients had Grade 4 mucosal toxicity, and no patient experienced neurologic or significant hematologic toxicities. Within 1 year of treatment, 58% of patients had used a feeding tube. CONCLUSIONS The HYPERRADPLAT regimen produced excellent response rates and overall survival rates comparable to those achieved by patients who had unresectable oropharyngeal carcinomas. Tolerance of the therapy was good, and further studies using HYPERRADPLAT with induction therapy may improve outcomes further in this subset of patients with unfavorable disease. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Combined treatment of traumatic aortic transection and Kommerell diverticulum.

We present the case of a 41-year-old male trauma patient admitted to the emergency department after being struck in a pedestrian versus a motor vehicle accident. Computed tomography revealed a trau...
Automatic identification and normalization of dosage forms in drug monographs

Each day, millions of health consumers seek drug-related information on the Web. Despite some efforts in linking related resources, drug information is largely scattered in a wide variety of websites of different quality and credibility. As a step toward providing users with integrated access to multiple trustworthy drug resources, we aim to develop a method capable of identifying drug's dosage form information in addition to drug name recognition. We developed rules and patterns for identifying dosage forms from different sections of full-text drug monographs, and subsequently normalized them to standardized RxNorm dosage forms. Our method represents a significant improvement compared with a baseline lookup approach, achieving overall macro-averaged Precision of 80%, Recall of 98%, and F-Measure of 85%. We successfully developed an automatic approach for drug dosage form identification, which is critical for building links between different drug-related resources.
REDUCING THE SYMPTOMS OF INFANT COLIC BY INTRODUCTION OF A VIBRATION/SOUND BASED INTERVENTION

REDUCING THE SYMPTOMS OF INFANT COLIC BY INTRODUCTION OF A VIBRATION/SOUND BASED INTERVENTION
Toward a theory of verification and validation: Artifacts

This article uses the notion of artifacts to generate a theory for the verification and validation of intelligent systems. This theory has a number of applications. First, it provides a language and a way of thinking about verification and validation. Second, it suggests that we examine not the processes used in the design and development of systems, but instead the tangible artifacts generated by those processes. Third, it broadens the base of the set of artifacts encompassed by the typical verification and validation processes to include more than just specifications and prototypes. Fourth, the use of artifacts leads to a redefinition of verification and validation in terms of artifacts. Fifth, verification and validation tests are tied to artifacts, so that the choice of a set of artifacts can be used as a means of generating a portfolio of tests to investigate each artifact and the interaction of artifacts. Sixth, relationships between artifacts can be defined as “operators” which can be isolated and investigated for their individual quality. Seventh, standards can be generated for specific artifacts and operators rather than for entire development processes. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Loss of Perivascular Adipose Tissue on Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor-γ Deletion in Smooth Muscle Cells Impairs Intravascular Thermoregulation and Enhances Atherosclerosis

Background—Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) surrounds most vessels and shares common features with brown adipose tissue (BAT). Although adaptive thermogenesis in BAT increases energy expenditure and is beneficial for metabolic diseases, little is known about the role of PVAT in vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. We hypothesize that the thermogenic function of PVAT regulates intravascular temperature and reduces atherosclerosis. Methods and Results—PVAT shares similar structural and proteomics with BAT. We demonstrated that PVAT has thermogenic properties similar to BAT in response to cold stimuli in vivo. Proteomics analysis of the PVAT from mice housed in a cold environment identified differential expression in proteins highly related to cellular metabolic processes. In a mouse model deficient in peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ in smooth muscle cells (SMPG KO mice), we uncovered a complete absence of PVAT surrounding the vasculature, likely caused by peroxisome proliferator–activat...
Case report 819

An exceptionally rare case of periosteal Ewing's sarcoma involving the mid shaft of the right tibia was reported. In this case, MRI was the technique that confirmed the integrity of the bone marrow. The clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic features of Ewing's sarcoma have been discussed, as has the differential diagnosis of the periosteal type of this tumor.
Effects of Gizzard Shad and Threadfin Shad on Zooplankton and Young-of-Year White Crappie Production

Abstract We examined the effects of gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum and threadfin shad Dorosoma petenense on zooplankton abundance and on reproduction by white crappie Pomoxis annularis in a March–July 1986 Texas pond experiment of factorial design. We used four treatment combinations: no shad, gizzard shad, threadfin shad, and gizzard shad + threadfin shad. Densities of cyclopoid copepodids and Daphnia sp. were suppressed in the presence of threadfin shad but not gizzard shad. The presence of gizzard shad or threadfin shad was associated with decreased total number and biomass of young-of-year white crappies, a shift in white crappie size distributions toward larger individuals, and increased mean weight of white crappies in some size-classes. The biomass of young-of-year gizzard shad decreased in the presence of threadfin shad. Our study suggests that gizzard shad and threadfin shad may decrease the density and biomass of young-of-year white crappies, but increase their mean size.
Scarification and gap size have interacting effects on northern temperate seedling establishment

After decades focused on promoting economically valuable species, management of northern temperate forests has increasingly become focused on promoting tree species diversity. Unfortunately, many formerly common species that could contribute to diversity including yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton.), paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis L.), and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) are now uncommon in the seedling layer, raising concerns about our ability to use these species to increase diversity. In this study, two related seed addition experiments conducted in 45 variably-sized harvest gaps (107–3234 m 2 ) and four unharvested areas in Emmet County, Michigan, USA were used to investigate mechanisms potentially limiting seedling recruitment. The first experiment examined the influence of light (i.e. harvest gap size), competing vegetation, and deer browsing on seedling survival for three years in a 2 � 2 factorial, where subplots were unfenced or fenced to exclude deer, unclipped or clipped to control competing vegetation, and located across the gradient of gap sizes. The second experiment explored the influence of scarification, light, and competing vegetation on germination and subsequent survival for 2 years in a 2 � 2 factorial, in subplots that were unscarified or scarified to remove litter, unclipped or clipped to control competing vegetation, and located across the gradient of gap sizes. Eastern hemlock, paper birch, and yellow birch, all smaller-seeded species, were 12, 17, and 95 times more abundant in scarified plots compared to unscarified plots. In contrast, white pine, the largestseeded species, was unaffected by scarification and had low overall germination. Shade tolerant hemlock and shade intolerant paper birch germinated at higher densities in lower light, smaller harvest gap environments, while both mid-tolerant species, white pine and yellow birch, were unaffected by light. Increasing light availability had a positive influence on each species’ first year survival except white pine, and also improved second year survival for paper birch and eastern hemlock. Paper birch and hemlock third year survival also increased with increasing light. By the end of the third growing season, only paper birch survival was negatively impacted by competition from vegetation and no species were affected by exposure to deer browse pressure. At the conclusion of the study, large group selection gaps (24–50 m diameter) contained the highest density of each species except white pine, suggesting that large group selection gaps may provide the best opportunity for reestablishing this particular group of species in the seedling layer.
The induction of at least two distinct types of interferon in mouse spleen cell cultures by Corynebacterium parvum.

Abstract Stimulation of dissociated C57B1/6 mouse spleen cells with Corynebacterium parvum resulted in the production of interferon (IFN) activity that was only partially neutralized by separate treatment with anti-L-cell IFN (anli-IFN- α β ) or anti-γ IFN (anti-IFN-γ) antisera. Treatment of the IFN preparation simultaneously with the two antisera resulted in complete neutralization of antiviral activity, thus C. parvum induced both IFN - α β and IFN-γ in spleen cells. The total number of units of antiviral activity in untreated cultures was greater than the sum of the titers of the individual IFNs. This is consistent with the phenomenon of “potentiation”, where mixtures of IFN - α β and IFN-γ have been shown to exhibit increased antiviral activity. Kinetic studies showed that IFN - α β activity in cultures peaked at 12 to 24 hr, while IFN-γ peaked at 48 to 72 hr. The different IFNs induced by C. parvum were separated by gel filtration chromatography, with IFN - α β exhibiting a molecular weight of about 25,000 daltons and IFN-γ a molecular weight of 35,000 to 40,000 daltons. Separation of the spleen cells into plastic-adherent and nonadherent populations showed that nonadherent cells were the major producers of both IFN - α β and IFN-γ following slimulalion with C. parvum . Treatment of spleen cell cultures with monoclonal anti-Thy 1.2 antibody and complement greatly reduced the production of IFN-γ but had little or no effect on the production of IFN - α β . These data suggest that T lymphocytes are the producers of IFN-γ, and that IFN - α β is produced by a nonadherenl, non-T cell. Preliminary data suggest that the IFNs may play a role in C. parvum -induced immunosuppression.
SH2-B Is Required for Growth Hormone-induced Actin Reorganization

The Src homology-2 (SH2) domain-containing protein SH2-Bbeta is a substrate of the growth hormone (GH) receptor-associated tyrosine kinase JAK2. Here we tested whether SH2-Bbeta is involved in GH regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Based on cell fractionation and confocal microscopy, we find SH2-Bbeta present at the plasma membrane and in the cytosol. SH2-Bbeta colocalized with filamentous actin in GH and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced membrane ruffles. To test if SH2-Bbeta is required for actin reorganization, we transiently overexpressed wild-type or mutant SH2-Bbeta in 3T3-F442A cells and assayed for GH- and PDGF-induced membrane ruffling and fluid phase pinocytosis. Overexpression of wild-type SH2-Bbeta enhanced ruffling and pinocytosis produced by submaximal GH but not submaximal PDGF. Point mutant SH2-Bbeta (R555E) and truncation mutant DeltaC555, both lacking a functional SH2 domain, inhibited membrane ruffling and pinocytosis induced by GH and PDGF. Mutant DeltaN504, which possesses a functional SH2 domain and enhances JAK2 kinase activity in overexpression systems, also inhibited GH-stimulated membrane ruffling. DeltaN504 failed to inhibit GH-induced nuclear localization of Stat5B, indicating JAK2 is active in these cells. Taken together, these results show that SH2-Bbeta is required for GH-induced actin reorganization by a mechanism discrete from the action of SH2-Bbeta as a stimulator of JAK2 kinase activity.
Genotoxicity of polar fractions from a herbicide‐contaminated soil does not correspond to parent contaminants

Fractionation with biological and chemical analysis has been proposed to characterize the risk associated with complex samples. Thus, we have employed hot pressurized water for fractionating a herbicide-contaminated soil. Genotoxicity was found in polar and midpolarity fractions extracted from a historically herbicide-contaminated soil. However, the parent herbicides as well as organic solvent extracts (consisting of herbicides) were not genotoxic. Thus, polar organics formed by natural degradation of herbicides may be responsible for the genotoxic response. For correct assessment of the toxicity of complex matrices such as soils, both contaminated and uncontaminated samples need to be studied for their toxicological impact.
Approximation of points of the convex hull of a sum of sets by points of the sum: An elementary approach☆

The Shapley-Folkman theorem and its corollaries [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 81 provide strong bounds on the distance between the sum of a family of nonconvex sets and the convex hull of the sum. Proofs of the theorem are nonconstructive, and require moderately advanced analysis. The proof developed below is based on elementary considerations. It provides an approximation sequentially with the successive addition of sets to the sum. The approximation is not so close as that provided by the Shapley-Folkman theorem, but for any given point of the convex hull we will find a specific point in the sum within a previously determined bound on the distance between the two. Particular virtues of the bounds associated with the Shapley-Folkman theorem are the relatively tight approximation developed and its behavior as the number of summands becomes large. The bounded distance between the sum and its convex hull depends not on the number of sets summed (denoted m) as this number becomes large, but rather on the dimensionality of the space (denoted N). Thus as the number of summands becomes large, the average discrepancy between the sum and its convex hull converges to 0 as l/m. The bounds developed below, on the contrary, vary as m”* so that the average discrepancy converges to 0 as l/m”*. The virtue of the results here is their comparative ease of proof and the sequential construction making it relatively easy to find a point of the sum nearby to any chosen point of the convex hull. For S CR”‘. S compact, we define several measures of size and nonconvexity. con S denotes the convex hull of 5’.
Bone Distribution in a Semi-arid Riverine Habitat in Eastern Zaire: Implications for the Interpretation of Faunal Assemblages at Early Archaeological Sites

Abstract A taphonomic study of bone distribution on the modern landsurface was undertaken along the Ishasha River in a semi-arid region of the Virunga National Park, eastern Zaire. This habitat is a useful environmental analogue for many of the riverine settings in which early archaeological sites in East Africa were preserved. Bone assemblages were surveyed on transects sampling gallery forest and grassland habitats along the eastern bank of the Ishasha River. Taxonomic representation broadly reflected the abundance of large mammals in the local community. Bones were found to occur at relatively high densities compared to other East African study areas, with a higher representation of limb elements than has been found in other riparian landscape taphonomic studies in East Africa. The unique patterns of the Ishasha surface bone assemblage are probably due to both the physiognomic structure and biotic diversity of the habitat, and to the intensive sampling methods employed in the study.
Tractable risk sensitive control based on approximate expected utility

Abstract This paper presents a tractable method of risk sensitive optimal control based on approximate Neumann-Morgenstern expected utility. The technique is to first write any expected loss function (defined as the negative of expected utility) exactly in terms of all relevant moments of the additive shocks, and then to approximate expected loss with an expression quadratic in the first moment but also involving all relevant higher moments. Then the atandard quadratic linear control technique can be used to obtain risk sensitive closed loop policy decisions. Requirements for preference revelation by the policy maker are minimal.
On buckling of crosswise rigid elastic cantilever plates

The classical two-dimensional equations for the buckling of thin elastic anisotropic plates are reduced, on the basis of an assumption of crosswise rigidity, to a system of one-dimensional equations. The reduction pre-supposes that the crosswise dimension of the plate is small compared to it's spanwise dimension and leads, effectively, to a system of beam buckling equations which automatically associates a warping stiffness effect with the classical beam bending and twisting stiffness effects. In the event that inertia load terms are to be considered the system is of the eight order with respect to the spanwise space coordinate. In the absence of such load terms the system can be reduced to the sixth order, with further reductions possible for suitably specialized load conditions.
Assessment of cutaneous wound healing using optical coherence tomography

We show that OCT can monitor the cutaneous wound healing process in diabetic and normal mouse models. The migration of the epithelial layer and the formation of the EpidermalDermal junction can be clearly seen.
Uptake of indium-111-labeled leukocytes by brain metastasis

Uptake of indium-labeled leukocytes was seen in two cases of histologically proven brain metastasis. In one, this led to misdiagnosis of the lesion as an abscess. On histological evaluation, a large number of white blood cells or macrophages was seen at the neoplastic sites. Reasons for leukocyte accumulation around metastatic brain neoplasms are discussed. In contrast to the current reports that indium-labeled leukocyte scans can differentiate intracranial infection from tumor, these cases demonstrate their lack of specificity in the detection of brain abscess.
Passive microwave remote sensing of soil moisture: results from HAPEX, FIFE and MONSOON 90

HAPEX (Hydrologic Atmospheric Pilot Experiment), FIFE (First ISLSCP Field Experiment) and MONSOON 90 which used an imaging microwave radiometer operating at a frequency of 1.42 GHz are reported. For FIFE and MONSOON 90, a wide range of moisture conditions were present and it was possible to observe the drydown of the soil following heavy rain and to map its spatial variation. The quantitative agreement of microwave observations and ground measurements was very good. In HAPEX there were no significant rains and conditions were generally rather dry, however, moisture variations due to irrigation were observed.
PHARO (Palomar high-angular-resolution observer): a dedicated NIR camera for the Palomar adaptive optics system

We describe Corneirs NIR camera system for the Hale 200” telescope adaptive optics system at Palomar Observatory. The instrument is under construction at this time, and we expect first light at the telescope in December 1997. Here we summarize the camera’s design as well as its expected performance.
Appearance of shortened Bcl-2 and Bax proteins and lack of evidence for apoptosis in rat forebrain after severe experimental traumatic brain injury.

To investigate whether apoptosis plays a role in traumatic brain injury (TBI), we examined the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins and the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c in rat brains using Western blot analysis. Bcl-2 at the predicted 26 kDa was not detected in controls and TBI groups. However, at 1 h post-TBI, a shortened Bcl-2 protein with a molecular size of approximately 14.5 kDa was detected in the injured hemisphere (R). At 4 and 12 h post TBI, an additional bcl-2 band ( approximately 10 kDa) was detected in R. Both bands disappeared at 14 days post-injury. The predicted 21-kDa band of Bax was detected in both controls and TBI animals. In addition, two shortened Bax proteins ( approximately 18 kDa) were detected after TBI. The time course of appearance was similar to that of Bcl-2 described above. In the present study, neither cytochrome c release from mitochondria nor DNA fragmentation was detected in the forebrains of sham and TBI groups. Treatment of animals with an antioxidant N-acetylcysteine administered ip greatly diminished the levels of shortened Bcl-2 and Bax proteins. These findings suggest that the induction of shortened Bcl-2 and Bax proteins in rat brains may be associated with reactive oxygen species generated after TBI.
A macroscopic theory for the dielectric properties of lead magnesium niobate

Lead magnesium niobate (Pb3MgNb2O9) is a cubic perovskite-type crystal which shows strong relaxation behaviour in the dielectric properties. Based on recent electron diffraction studies which show ordering of the Mg and Nb ions in this structure, and suggest a lamellar superlattice 'domain' structure, a particularly simple model is proposed to account for the electrical behavior. Based on this model a comparison is made with dielectric, structural, and electro-optic properties.
Effects of photopic annulus luminance level on reaction time and on the latency of evoked cortical potential responses to target flashes

Correlated experiments on visual reaction time (RT) and visual evoked cortical potentials (VECP’s) were performed to assess the effects of illumination level of steady annulus surrounds on the latency of response to centrally presented target flashes (1 and 3° in diameter) over a wide range of retinal illuminances. The latencies of the electrophysiological (VECP) responses are more variable than those of the psychophysical RT responses. For both classes of response, the visual latency for a given target flash luminance is systematically increased (inhibited) by a spatially contiguous annulus with a retinal illuminance that equals or exceeds that of the target. The inhibitory effect of a given annulus increases progressively as the target retinal illuminance is lowered below that of the annulus. The corresponding RT and VECP curves have the same shape, thus suggesting that the motor component of the RT responses is not differentially influenced by variations in target illumination. The inhibitory effects are characteristically greater for the 3° target than for the 1° target. Lateral neural inhibition and stray-light models for these data are considered.
We hold these principles to be self-evident

Principles of Development By Lewis Wolpert, Cheryll Tickle Oxford University Press (2011) 656 pages ISBN 978-0-19-954907-8 £36.99 (paperback) ![Figure][1] What is to be taught in an undergraduate course on developmental biology? As in all branches of biology, there is far too much known
Socrates and Gorgias at Delphi and Olympia: Phaedrus 235d6–236b4

It is a commonplace of modern criticism that every text is to be located within a complex network of cultural practices and material. Students of the ancient world may sometimes feel at a disadvantage; we simply do not have as much information as we would like in order to contextualize thoroughly. This has been especially true in the study of Platonic dialogues. The meagre remains of the writings of the sophists against whom Plato measured himself and of the art to which he refers (to mention only two areas) entail that analysis of Plato is often confined to the structure of his philosophy. Of course, the requirements of Plato's arguments must always be assigned primary importance; the relative lack of information about Plato's cultural context has not prevented detailed exposition of his method and achievements. Occasionally, however, a kindly fate allows us to set a dialogue, or part of it, in its appropriate material and ideological context and to create an interface between literary, philosophical, and archaeological evidence. Such evidence may not alter our evaluation of Plato's arguments on the analytic level, but it can enrich our appreciation of his literary artistry and recapture for us some of the resonance that his work would have had for a contemporary audience.