cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Structure and Evolution of Intermediate Filament Genes

Intermediate filaments (IF) are major cytoskeletal components of most eukaryotic cells (Lazarides, 1980; Steinert et al., 1984a). They have been classified into at least five distinct subclasses, each of which contains from 1 to 30 subunits encoded by separate genes (Lazarides, 1980; Fuchs and Hanakoglu, 1983). These genes are differentially expressed in different tissues and during different stages of differentiation (Lazarides, 1980; Steinert et al., 1984a; Fuchs and Hanukoglu, 1983; Moll et al., 1982; Eichner et al., 1984; Roop et al., 1984b). We have isolated and characterized cDNA clones corresponding to the major keratins synthesized in mouse epidermis (Roop et al., 1983, 1985b). Several lines of evidence are presented which suggest that the expression of subsets of keratin genes is coordinately regulated and dependent on the state of differentiation. Analysis of amino acid sequence data deduced for these keratin subunits (Steinert et al., 1983, 1984b, 1985a) has revealed fundamental differences in the primary sequences of keratin subunits that are expressed at different states of differentiation that may alter the properties and function of filaments containing these subunits (Steinert et al., 1985a). In addition, a comparison of these amino acid sequences with those of other IF subunits (Hanakoglu and Fuchs, 1982, 1983; Quax et al., 1983; Geisler and Weber, 1982; Lewis et al., 1984) has shown that all IF subunits possess a common secondary structure, consisting of a conserved central α-helical rod domain and non-α-helical end domains of variable size and sequence.
A Volumetric Survey of Cavities and Electrostatic Patterns in Protein-RNA Binding Sites

Surveys of cavities and electrostatics in protein structures have yielded significant insights into the role of shape and charge at binding sites on proteins and DNA. Due to the irregularities in the RNA backbone, similar studies have not been performed in RNA, to our knowledge. In particular, non-helical regions of RNA structure lack the frames of reference often used in the analysis of DNA, where the helical secondary structure is more common. To enable an exhaustive analysis of all regions of RNA structure, this paper observes that volumetric methods developed originally for the analysis of protein structures to provide the first survey of binding cavity geometry in every region of RNA structure. Volumetric methods also create an opportunity to examine electrostatic fields in the same binding regions. On a nonredundant representative subset of available protein-RNA structures, this paper reports the relationship between cavities and focused electrostatic fields in RNA structures, as well as their relationship to bound proteins, clarifying our understanding of protein-RNA recognition mechanisms.
Compared to non-drinkers, individuals who drink alcohol have a more favorable multisystem physiologic risk score as measured by allostatic load.

AIMS Alcohol use is associated with both positive and negative effects on individual cardiovascular risk factors, depending upon which risk factor is assessed. The present analysis uses a summative multisystem index of biologic risk, known as allostatic load (AL), to evaluate whether the overall balance of alcohol-associated positive and negative cardiovascular risk factors may be favorable or unfavorable. METHODS This analysis included 1255 adults from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) biomarker substudy. Participants, average age 54.5 (±11) years, were divided into 6 alcohol-use categories based on self-reported drinking habits. Current non-drinkers were classified as lifelong abstainers and former light drinkers, former moderate drinkers, or former heavy drinkers. Current alcohol users were classified as light, moderate, or heavy drinkers. A total AL score was calculated using 24 biomarkers grouped into 7 physiologic systems including cardiovascular, inflammation, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Mixed-effects regression models were fit to determine the relationship between alcohol use categories and AL with controls for covariates that may influence the relationship between alcohol use and AL. RESULTS 468 (37.6%) individuals were current non-drinkers while 776 (62.4%) were current drinkers. In adjusted mixed-effects regression models, all 3 groups of current drinkers had significantly lower average AL scores than the lifelong abstainer/former light drinker group (light: -0.23, 95% CI -0.40, -0.07, p < 0.01; moderate: -0.20, 95% CI -0.38, -0.02, p < 0.05; heavy: -0.30, 95% CI -0.57, -0.04, p < 0.05), while the average AL scores of former moderate and former heavy drinkers did not differ from the lifelong abstainer/former light drinker group. CONCLUSIONS Current alcohol use is associated cross-sectionally with a favorable multisystem physiologic score known to be associated with better long-term health outcomes, providing evidence in support of long-term health benefits related to alcohol consumption.
Correction: Cu-catalyzed C–C bond formation of vinylidene cyclopropanes with carbon nucleophiles

Correction for ‘Cu-catalyzed C–C bond formation of vinylidene cyclopropanes with carbon nucleophiles’ by Jichao Chen et al., Chem. Sci., 2019, 10, 10601–10606.
A Robust Faculty Development Program for Medical Educators: A Decade of Experience.

Objectives Faculty development programs (FDPs) foster learning communities and enhance professional identity formation for medical educators. Competency-based frameworks for faculty development drive skill development across clinical practice, teaching, and scholarship domains. The aims of this study are to outline the context, content, and evolution of a novel FDP; map the individual conferences that make up the FDP to established faculty development competencies; identify steps to implement similar programming; and demonstrate outcomes to date. Methods The FDP consists of four, 1-hour-long conferences held weekly on a rotating basis since 2007 at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine: Academy of Master Educators, Medical Education Research, Medical Education Journal Club, and Medical Education Research Methods and Innovative Design conference. Authors outline the relation of each of these four conferences to faculty development competencies and describe early outcomes for each conference over four consecutive academic years from 2014 to 2018. Participants include attendees and presenters in four consecutive academic years from 2014 to 2018. Results The well-attended FDP meets all established competencies for educator faculty. Presenters and attendees were diverse in terms of academic rank and represented a breadth of clinical and basic science specialties. Conclusions This integrated FDP fosters a community of medical educators and develops faculty skills across established medical educator competencies.
Perceived Impact of Urologic Surgery Training Program Modifications due to COVID-19 in the United States.

Abstract Objective To assess urology residency program modifications in the context of COVID-19, and perceptions of the impact on urology trainees. Methods A cross-sectional survey of program leadership and residents at accredited US urology residencies was administered between April 28, 2020 to March 11, 2020. Total cohort responses are reported, and subanalyses were preformed comparing responses between those in in high vs low COVID-19 geographic regions, and between program leaders vs residents. Results Program leaders from 43% of programs and residents from 18% of programs responded. Respondents reported decreased surgical volume (83%-100% varying by subspecialty), increased use of telehealth (99%), a transition to virtual educational platforms (95%) and decreased size of inpatient resident teams (90%). Most residents are participating in care of COVID-19 patients (83%) and 20% endorsed that urology residents have been re-deployed. Seventy nine percent of respondents perceive a negative impact of recent events on urology surgery training and anxiety regarding competency upon completion of residency training was more pronounced among respondents in high COVID-19 regions. Conclusion Major modifications to urology training programs were implemented in response to COVID-19. Attention must be paid to the downstream effects of the training disruption on urology residents.
I Can’t Let Him Starve: Artificial Nutrition in Patients with Advanced Dementia

Dementia is a progressive, terminal, neurodegenerative illness with oropharyngeal dysphagia and recurrent aspiration characteristic of advanced disease. This case higlights the importance of engaging family caregivers in discussions about patients' prognosis and the risks, benefits, and alternatives to artificial nutrition in end-stage dementia.
Dealing with data: strategies of preprocessing data

Abstract A machine learning model is only as good as the data it is given to work on. Data may have redundancies, missing values, artifactual outliers, irrelevant features (noise), and so on. In addition, the feature vectors that characterize data are usually of high dimension (each sample has a very large number of features or attributes). For a variety of technical reasons, this may also compromise performance. Direct observation of the data, in addition to cleaning up the data, may lead to removal of some of the unimportant or compromised features, thus reducing dimensionality as well. In addition, there are a number of mathematical techniques by which machine learning algorithms can reduce dimensionality in an automatic and unsupervised manner. These considerations are an important part of the armamentarium of every data scientist and machine learning specialist and must be understood by the pathologists partnering with them to ensure the clinical applicability and validity of the final result. Of equal importance is the need to avoid bias from contamination or limitations of the dataset. In addition to ethical and moral issues, such bias can lead to incorrect conclusions from that data.
(Invited) Electrochemical Fundamentals of Employing Li Metal Anode in the Next-Generation Battery Technologies

To significantly boost the cell-level energy of next-generation battery technologies, one of the most effective approaches is to replace graphite with Li metal which is ultralight but energy concentrated. However, the thermodynamic instability of Li metal leads to many well-known problems that prevent its implementation in realistic batteries. Although many approaches have been proposed to rescue Li metal anodes, most of the work are performed in small-scale coin cells and tested in conditions drastically different from the reality. A full knowledge of Li metal activities at the cell level is lacking but critical for the success of rechargeable Li metal batteries. This talk will discuss the electrochemical fundamentals underlying the formation of Li dendrites which is then correlated to the different Li metal failure mechanisms: cell short or electrolyte/Li depletion. A prototypic Li metal pouch cell with 350 Wh/kg energy has been demonstrated which shows more than 150 stable cycling. A series of fundamentally new insights will be discussed to inspire scientific innovations to take the real challenges of developing future battery technologies.
Depressive symptoms among stress-exposed youth: Relations with tonic and phasic indices of autonomic functioning.

Theoretical models of adolescent depression postulate that one possible individual vulnerability factor for the development of depressive symptoms is autonomic dysregulation. However, there is limited and mixed support for these models among ethnically diverse and higher risk stress-exposed youth. Therefore, this study investigated the relations between both tonic and phasic indices of parasympathetic autonomic functioning (i.e., resting high-frequency heart rate variability [HF-HRV] and root mean square of successive differences [RMSSD]; HF-HRV and RMSSD reactivity to a mental arithmetic stressor) and depressive symptoms among 80 severely stress-exposed youth (51% female; 11-17 years of age) from diverse backgrounds (61.3% ethnic minority; caregiver-reported median family income = $20,000-$49,999 per year). Results demonstrated that lower resting HF-HRV and RMSSD, but not HF-HRV and RMSSD reactivity, was associated with greater youth depressive symptoms. Our findings suggest that lower resting parasympathetic autonomic functioning may be a potential vulnerability factor of depressive symptoms among stress-exposed youth, instead of specific emotional responses to stressors. These findings will need to be replicated in larger samples of stress-exposed youth and youth at higher risk for or exhibiting clinical levels of depressive symptoms to better elucidate relations with autonomic functioning and depressive symptoms among adolescents.
Crackdowns in Hierarchies: Evidence from China's Environmental Inspections

We investigate how crackdowns on regulatory enforcement dynamically influence firm behavior by linking the timing of centralized dispatch of environmental inspectors to cities in China with high-frequency observations of air pollution at coal power plants. During weeks when inspection teams are located in a city, emissions of a major pollutant, sulfur dioxide (SO2), fall on average by 25-27%, but gradually return to prior levels after teams depart. In contrast to crackdowns that impose low but certain costs, we find that deterrence extends into the initial weeks of post-crackdown periods, and depends on a plant's accountability to central versus local regulators. Allowing citizens to file complaints against polluting plants during crackdowns does not increase long-run effectiveness: high pollution at baseline does not predict complaints, nor do complaints prolong pollution reduction. Our findings suggest that China's environmental inspections may have facilitated information transmission among the state hierarchy, firms, and citizenry without achieving permanent performance improvement.
Antecedents of Workplace Ostracism

Researchers have predominantly examined the outcomes of workplace ostracism. A smaller stream focuses on the antecedents of workplace ostracism. Understanding the potential antecedents of workplace ostracism is the first step to prevent and control this subtle yet detrimental workplace aggressive behavior. In this chapter, we followed a triadic social process to examine the antecedents of workplace ostracism from the actor, the victim, and the work context’s perspectives. We summarized the individual, the relational, and the contextual antecedents of workplace ostracism. First, we examined individual characteristics that predict the experience of workplace ostracism. This includes the victim’s big-five personality traits, positive and negative affects, dark personality traits of psychopathy, narcissism, and paranoia, approach and avoidance tendencies, warmth and competence, and social abilities and skills. Second, we examined relational factors that predict workplace ostracism. From the victim’s perspective, we examined workplace mistreatments such as incivility and interpersonal conflicts as possible antecedents of workplace ostracism. From the actor’s perspective, we concluded that others’ bad interpersonal and work behaviors elicit workplace ostracism. Third, we examined context factors that could incubate workplace ostracism, such as corporative versus competitive goal interdependence, social interactions based on interdependence theory and game-theoretic models, non-traditional work environments, and language barriers.
Regional Hydrological Impacts of Climate Changes and Adaptation Actions and Options

The impacts of climate change on water resources will vary between regions. Some areas are projected to get drier, whereas others will see little change in precipitation or may benefit from greater rainfall. Whereas climate models consistently predict higher temperatures in the future, there is much greater variation in both the direction and magnitude of projected local changes in precipitation. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) ensemble modeling results presented in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report most consistently project decreases in mean annual precipitation in the Mediterranean region, the southwestern United States, Central America, and southern Africa. The vulnerability of groundwater resources to climate change in some areas that have been flagged as climate change hot spots or otherwise have a high dependence on groundwater is examined. Adaptation options available and implemented to date are considered.
Degradation of SiC MOSFETs under High-Bias Switching Events

Evaluating the robustness of power semiconductor devices is key for their adoption into power electronics applications. Recent static acceleration tests have revealed that SiC MOSFETs can safely operate for thousands of hours at a blocking voltage higher than the rated voltage and near the avalanche boundary. This work evaluates the high-bias robustness of SiC MOSFETs under continuous, hard-switched, turn-off stresses with a dc-bias higher than the device rated voltage. Under this high-bias switching condition, SiC MOSFETs show degradation in merely tens of hours at 25°C and tens of minutes at 100°C. Two independent degradation and failure mechanisms are unveiled, one present in the gate-oxide and the other in the bulk-semiconductor regions, featured by the increase in gate leakage current and drain leakage current, respectively. The second degradation mechanism has not been previously reported in the literature; it is found to be related to the electron hopping along the defects in semiconductors generated in the switching tests. The comparison with the static acceleration tests reveals that both degradation mechanisms correlate to the high-bias switching transients rather than the high-bias blocking states. These results suggest the insufficient robustness of SiC MOSFETs under high-bias, hard switching conditions and the significance of using switching-based tests to evaluate the device robustness.
Reversing Post-Infectious Epigenetic-Mediated Immune Suppression

The immune response must balance the pro-inflammatory, cell-mediated cytotoxicity with the anti-inflammatory and wound repair response. Epigenetic mechanisms mediate this balance and limit host immunity from inducing exuberant collateral damage to host tissue after severe and chronic infections. However, following treatment for these infections, including sepsis, pneumonia, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, tuberculosis (TB) or schistosomiasis, detrimental epigenetic scars persist, and result in long-lasting immune suppression. This is hypothesized to be one of the contributing mechanisms explaining why survivors of infection have increased all-cause mortality and increased rates of unrelated secondary infections. The mechanisms that induce epigenetic-mediated immune suppression have been demonstrated in-vitro and in animal models. Modulation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) or nuclear receptor (NR4A) pathways is able to block or reverse the development of detrimental epigenetic scars. Similarly, drugs that directly modify epigenetic enzymes, such as those that inhibit histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitors, DNA hypomethylating agents or modifiers of the Nucleosome Remodeling and DNA methylation (NuRD) complex or Polycomb Repressive Complex (PRC) have demonstrated capacity to restore host immunity in the setting of cancer-, LCMV- or murine sepsis-induced epigenetic-mediated immune suppression. A third clinically feasible strategy for reversing detrimental epigenetic scars includes bioengineering approaches to either directly reverse the detrimental epigenetic marks or to modify the epigenetic enzymes or transcription factors that induce detrimental epigenetic scars. Each of these approaches, alone or in combination, have ablated or reversed detrimental epigenetic marks in in-vitro or in animal models; translational studies are now required to evaluate clinical applicability.
The influence of social media interactions on consumer-brand relationships: A three-country study of brand perceptions and marketing behaviors

Abstract Companies are increasingly allocating more of their marketing spending to social media programs. Yet there is little research about how social media use is associated with consumer–brand relationships. We conducted three studies to explore how individual and national differences influence the relationship between social media use and customer brand relationships. The first study surveyed customers in France, the U.K. and U.S. and compared those who engage with their favorite brands via social media with those who do not. The findings indicated that social media use was positively related with brand relationship quality and the effect was more pronounced with high anthropomorphism perceptions (the extent to which consumers' associate human characteristics with brands). Two subsequent experiments further validated these findings and confirmed that cultural differences, specifically uncertainty avoidance, moderated these results. We obtained robust and convergent results from survey and experimental data using both student and adult consumer samples and testing across three product categories (athletic shoes, notebook computers, and automobiles). The results offer cross-national support for the proposition that engaging customers via social media is associated with higher consumer–brand relationships and word of mouth communications when consumers anthropomorphize the brand and they avoid uncertainty.
Selecting the best linear regression model: A classical approach☆

In this paper, we apply the model selection approach based on Likelihood Ratio (LR) tests developed in Vuong (1985) to the problem of choosing between two normal linear regression models which are not nested in each other. First we compare our model selection procedure to other model selection criteria. Then we explicitly derive the procedure when the competing linear models are non-nested and neither one is correctly specified. Some simplifications are seen to arise when both models are contained in a larger correctly specified linear regression model, or when at least one competing linear model is correctly specified. A comparison of our model selection tests and previous non-nested hypothesis tests concludes the paper.
Incidence and prevalence of uveitis in Northern California: The Northern California Epidemiology of Uveitis Study

Abstract Purpose To determine the incidence and prevalence of uveitis in a large, well-defined population in Northern California. Design Cross-sectional study using retrospective database and medical record review. Participants A group of 2070 people within 6 Northern California medical center communities (N = 731 898) who had a potential diagnosis of uveitis. Methods The patient database of a large health maintenance organization (2 805 443 members at time of the study) was searched for all patients who, during a 12-month period, had the potential diagnosis of uveitis. Detailed quarterly gender- and age-stratified population data were available. Medical records of patients who potentially had uveitis and who were members of the 6 target communities were reviewed by 2 uveitis subspecialists to confirm the diagnosis of uveitis and to establish time of onset. Demographic and clinical data were gathered for patients meeting the clinical definition of uveitis. Incidence rates were calculated by using a dynamic population model. Prevalence rates were based on the mid–study period population. Main outcome measures Presence and date of onset of uveitis. Results At midstudy, the population for the 6 communities was 731 898. During the target period, 382 new cases of uveitis were diagnosed; 462 cases of uveitis were diagnosed before the target period. These data yielded an incidence of 52.4/100 000 person-years and a period prevalence of 115.3/100 000 persons. The incidence and prevalence of disease were lowest in pediatric age groups and were highest in patients 65 years or older ( P P P Conclusion In this largest population-based uveitis study in the United States to date, the incidence of uveitis was approximately 3 times that of previous U.S. estimates and increased with the increasing age of patients. Women had a higher prevalence of uveitis than men, and the largest differences were in older age groups.
Product Recalls, Category Effects and Competitor Response

Product recalls are ubiquitous in a variety of industries such as food, cosmetics, hi-tech and pharmaceuticals. However, recalls differ in their category level impact depending on the product category as well as the underlying reason for the recall. We focus on product categories where sales force effort is the main driver of sales and an individual firm's product recall may have negative consequences for the entire category. In such contexts, competitors in the category would have to respond to the recall through their sales effort. Often, this decision is complicated by the fact that the sales effort has to be allocated across a portfolio of products across categories not all of which are directly affected by the recall. We use some empirical evidence in the pharmaceutical industry to illustrate that the prevalent wisdom is to increase sales effort towards the product directly affected by the recall. We formulate a game-theoretic model to show that this might not always be the optimal strategy for the firm. We provide a prescriptive road map for firms facing this decision based on several factors such as the anticipated category level loss, relative prices across the categories, the carryover effect of prior sales effort and (dis)economies of scope in sales resource use across categories. We find that the interaction between relative price across categories and the carryover effect with the level of scope in sales resource use is of particular importance in the firm's eventual sales effort allocation.
Ion transport and respiratory control in vesicles formed from cytochrome oxidase and phospholipids.

Abstract Vesicles formed from cytochrome oxidase and phospholipids catalyzed the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c in a manner similar to that of intact mitochondria. A respiration-dependent release of protons and uptake of potassium ions were observed in the presence of valinomycin with reduced 1,4-naphthoquinone-2-sulfonate as reductant for cytochrome c. With ascorbate as reductant 3- to 5-fold stimulation of respiration was observed on addition of uncouplers or ionophorous agents.
A 16-YEAR-OLD MALE WITH A CEREBELLAR MASS

A 16-year-old male presented to an emergency room after falling on his head while inebriated. The patient had only a history of recent fatigue and demonstrated no focal neurological deficit. MRI revealed a cystic and solid, enhancing midline cerebellar lesion. A suboccipital craniotomy was performed. Histologically, the mass showed large bizarre cells arranged in sheets with admixed small lymphocytes. The pleomorphic population had ample glassy eosinophilic cytoplasm and intranuclear inclusions. An infiltrating component resembling diffuse astrocytoma could be found in areas. Rosenthal fibers were particularly abundant in the areas of infiltrating glioma. Mitotic activity was very low, and necrosis was absent. Reticulin fibers between individual cells were focally abundant. Glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin were strongly expressed in many cells, while synaptophysin and neurofilament protein were not. Ki-67 showed a very low proliferation index. The pathologic diagnosis was pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) of the cerebellum. PXA is a diagnosis typically regarded as a superficial meningocerebral neoplasm. This case is one of sixteen cerebellar PXAs reported in the literature.
RobustGeo: A Disruption-Tolerant Geo-Routing Protocol

While geo-routing is a promising routing algorithm in urban vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), there is still much work to be done for it to become truly usable for such environments. One of the biggest obstacles to this goal is the intermittent nature of VANETs due to mobility. Traditional geo-routing algorithms do not perform well in these conditions because they drop packets whenever they cannot find an immediate forwarder for the packet. In this paper, we propose RobustGeo, a routing protocol that combines the simplicity and efficiency of the greedy forwarding technique in geo-routing algorithms, with the robustness of delay tolerant networks in the face of disruptions in network connectivity. When there exists a good connection between the source and destination, RobustGeo can route the packet like the traditional geo-routing algorithms, and when the network faces disruptions, RobustGeo relies upon vehicle mobility and packet replication to explore multiple georoute paths and quickly recover the packet back to greedy forwarding. We show that for a highly intermittent scenario, RobustGeo has a delivery ratio of over 20% (compared to a pure geo-routing protocol's delivery ratio of 0), and it reduces delay by over 40% as compared to a more pure delay-tolerant routing solution.
Cheap talk, cooperation, and trust in global software engineering

In our studies of global software engineering (GSE) teams, we found that informal, non-work-related conversations are positively associated with trust. Seeking to use novel analytical techniques to more carefully investigate this phenomenon, we described these non-work-related conversations by adapting the economics literature concept of "cheap talk," and studied it using Evolutionary Game Theory (EGT). More specifically, we modified the classic Stag-hunt game and analyzed the dynamics in a fixed population setting (an abstraction of a GSE team). Doing so, we were able to demonstrate how cheap talk over the Internet (e-cheap talk) was powerful enough to facilitate the emergence of trust and improve the probability of cooperation where the punishment for uncooperative behavior is comparable to the cost of the cheap talk. To validate the results of our theoretical approach, we conducted two empirical case studies that analyzed the logged IRC development discussions of Apache Lucene (http://lucene.apache. org/) and Chromium OS (http://www.chromium.org/chromium-os) using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The results provide general support to the theoretical propositions. We discuss our findings and the theoretical and practical implications to GSE collaborations and research.
Hydrothermal Explosion Craters in Yellowstone National Park

Hydrothermal explosions are produced when water contained in near-surface rock at temperatures as high as perhaps 250°C flashes to steam and violently disrupts the confining rock. These explosions are due to the same instability and chain reaction mechanism as geyser eruptions but are so violent that a large proportion of solid debris is expelled along with water and steam. Hydrothermal explosions are not a type of volcanic eruption. Although the required energy probably comes from a deep igneous source, this energy is transferred to the surface by circulating meteoric water rather than by magma. The energy is stored as heat in hot water and rock within a few hundred feet of the surface. At least ten hydrothermal explosion craters, ranging in diameter from a few tens of feet to about 5000 ft, have been recognized in Yellowstone National Park. Eight of these craters are in hydrothermally cemented glacial deposits; two are in Pleistocene ash-flow tuff. Each is surrounded by a rim composed of debris derived from the crater. Juvenile volcanic ejecta are absent, and there is no evidence of impact. Geologic relations at the Pocket Basin crater establish that the explosion there took place during the waning stages of early Pinedale Glaciation. This association with ablating ice suggests that an ice-dammed lake existed over a hydrothermal system at the Pocket Basin site and that the hydrothermal explosion was triggered by the abrupt decrease in confining pressure consequent to sudden draining of the lake. Most of the other explosion craters in Yellowstone Park could have been triggered in the same manner. Calculations of energy available in Yellowstone hot-spring systems and of energy required to form craters indicate that the proposed mechanism is reasonable. The sizes of craters expected in various rock types correspond with those observed.
Imbalances emerge in cardiac autonomic cell signaling after neonatal exposure to terbutaline or chlorpyrifos, alone or in combination

During early neonatal development, the future reactivity of the heart to cardiac autonomic stimulation is programmed by the timing and intensity of the arrival of parasympathetic and sympathetic inputs. In neonatal rats, we examined the effects of exposure to terbutaline, a beta-adrenoceptor (betaAR) agonist used to arrest preterm labor, and chlorpyrifos (CPF), a widely used organophosphate pesticide that acts in part through inhibition of cholinesterase, using scenarios mimicking the likely developmental stages corresponding to peak human exposures: postnatal days (PN) 2-5 for terbutaline and PN11-14 for CPF. Terbutaline evoked a progressive deficit in cardiac betaAR binding but did not interfere with the ability of the receptors to stimulate adenylyl cyclase (AC). Terbutaline also reduced expression of m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and suppressed their ability to inhibit AC. Surprisingly, CPF produced similar actions, a decrement in betaAR and m2 muscarinic receptor binding and a loss of the cholinergic AC response, and also augmented the ability of betaARs to stimulate AC. The effects of CPF are thus unlikely to reside in cholinergic hyperstimulation resulting from cholinesterase inhibition but instead involve other actions converging on receptors and cell signaling. Exposure to both agents, terbutaline followed by CPF, produced a summation of the two individual effects. Our findings at the level of cell signaling thus indicate that neonatal exposure to terbutaline or CPF, or sequentially to both agents, results in an imbalance of cardiac autonomic inputs favoring increased excitability, an outcome that may have an impact on cardiovascular responses.
Permissive role of thyroxine in the ontogeny of jejunal sucrase.

The possibility that T4 triggers the appearance of jejunal sucrase in the suckling rat has been studied. When pups were made hypothyroid by administration of n-propylthiouracil (PTU), the timing of the appearance of sucrase was not delayed. However, the rate of the subsequent accumulation of the enzyme (from day 17-day 27) was markedly depressed as compared with euthyroid controls. The PTU regimen had an even greater effect on total weight of the jejunum, there being a complete cessation of growth from day 17 onwards. All reported effects of PTU were prevented by concurrent administration of T4 (0.1 μg/g BW/day) every second day from day 5 onwards. Neither short term (days 9–11) nor long term (days 5–11) periods of physiological hyperthyroidism (0.1 μg T4/g BW/day) caused precocious appearance of sucrase. In contrast, when pups were given hydrocortisone (50 μg/g BW) on day 9 and killed on day 11, they were found to have sucrase activity equivalent to normal 18- to 20-day-old pups. This response to hydroco...
Colonic surgery in patients with juvenile polyposis syndrome: a case series.

Juvenile polyposis syndrome is characterized by multiple hamartomatous polyps in the large intestine. When indicated, the surgical choices in symptomatic juvenile polyposis syndrome patients are colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis or proctocolectomy with pouch. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcomes of the surgical options in juvenile polyposis syndrome patients who present with symptomatic colonic polyps. The charts of all juvenile polyposis syndrome patients who had had at least one colonic operation since 1953 in our institution were reviewed. The following data were abstracted: demographics, the number and site of the polyps, symptoms, the intervals and types of the colonic operation, follow-up, and the patients’ current status. There were 13 patients (6 males) with a median age of 10 years (range, 1–50 years) at the time of diagnosis. Patients had colonic (n = 13), rectal (n = 12), and gastric (n = 6) polyps. Rectal bleeding (n = 11) was the most common presenting symptom. Three patients underwent proctectomy as the initial operation. Although a rectum-preserving operation was initially performed in ten patients, a subsequent proctectomy was required in five of them within a median of 9 years (range, 6–34 years). Therefore, eight patients had their rectum removed during the study period; five had an ileal pouch–anal anastomosis, one had a Koch pouch as a restorative surgery, and two had an end ileostomy. No relation was observed between the number of colonic and rectal polyps and the type of surgery or the need for proctectomy. Patients were followed up a median of 3 years (range, 2–24 years) after their ultimate operations. During this period, one patient (20 percent) who underwent restorative proctectomy and 4 patients (80 percent) whose rectums were preserved required multiple endoscopic polypectomies for recurrent polyps in the pouch (first patient) or their rectums (the other four patients). The patient who underwent the Koch procedure required surgery for recurrent polyps in her pouch. One-half of the patients who initially underwent rectal preservation required subsequent proctectomy. The number of colonic or rectal polyps does not influence the choice of the surgical procedure. Both restorative proctocolectomy and subtotal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis need endoscopic follow-up because of the high recurrence rates of juvenile polyps in the remnant rectum or pouch.
Swelling behavior of U-Pu-Zr fuel

Recent fast reactor driver fuel tests in the Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II) have demonstrated good performance of U-Pu-Zr fuel alloys to burnups >15 at. pct. Postirradiation examination of these tests has yielded a large amount of fuel-swelling data and metallographic information. These data show that prior to making contact with the cladding tube, metallic alloy fuel swells rapidly due to its high fission-enhanced creep rate and irradiation growth. Measurements of macroscopic fuel slug growth during the entire fuel pin lifetime can now be understood by properly taking into account the irradiation environment and microstructural changes for the various alloy compositions. It has been determined that fission rate, temperature, and plutonium concentrations influence the observed macroscopic swelling rate.
Mediastinal Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors: The Role of Combined Modality Therapy

Abstract Twelve male patients with mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors were treated with chemotherapy (with or without operation and radiation therapy) between 1963 and 1980. Eight patients, treated with only chemotherapy and radiotherapy, died with a median survival from diagnosis of 6 months (range, 3 to 12 months). The 4 survivors remain alive at 12, 15, 34, and 56 months from diagnosis; all are without evidence of disease. All surviving patients were treated with surgical resection of disease either before or after chemotherapy. A major problem in the management of mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors is the persistence of local disease, which may be overcome by vigorous cytoreductive intervention. Multicenter collaboration will be required to define the optimal combined-modality approach.
Visual discrimination of male and female faces by infant rhesus macaques

Recent studies have revealed that human infants process female faces differently from male faces. To test whether a similar preference for female faces exists in other primates, we presented nursery-reared infant rhesus macaques with photographs of macaque faces and human faces. At less than 1 month old, infant macaques preferentially oriented towards female macaque faces when faces were presented upright. No preference for female human faces was found. At 9 months old, infants failed to show a visual preference for female macaque faces or female human faces, although they showed significantly more lipsmacking responses at female human faces. Compared to human infants, macaques appear to have stronger predispositions early in life but this preference may nonetheless be amendable to experience. Understanding how innate predispositions and the social rearing environment shape infants’ understanding of faces remain important issues to be explored in order to understand facial processing abilities in humans and other primates.
TOWARD A POSITIVE THEORY OF EQUITY VALUATION

IN RECENT YEARS academic and business institutions have rapidly expanded their efforts to develop explanatory models of equity valuation. The principal approach has been to postulate theories centered around firm economic activity and then to test these theories by single-equation regression models estimated from financial data for historical firms. The basic conjecture of this dissertation is that such models of equity valuation would fail to meet reasonable statistical tests of reliability, so that any discussion of the implications of specific parameter estimates tends to be spurious. Specifically, it is conjectured that (1) the estimated parameters of the models would not prove consistently significant, (2) the parameters would not exhibit reasonable stability in different cross-section samples, and (3) the parameters would not exhibit stability for the same sample over time. Models selected for testing include formulations suggested by Durand, ModiglianiMiller, Barges, Benishay, and Gordon. These are five widely-known explanatory models that address themselves to various issues in equity valuation. The data used in the tests are financial statistics for firms in four sample groups during the four years, 1956-1959. The sample groups included both itdustry-type "risk class" samples and a multi-industry sample. The four years selected include different years in a significant stock-market cycle. As a result, the sixteen basic regressions and subsequent pooled regressions computed from these data comprise a tableau of estimated coefficients across groups and across years that provides more extensive results for each model than has heretofore been available. There are four principal findings:
Relationship between chronic painful physical condition and insomnia.

Abstract Background A chronic painful physical condition (CPPC) can be a major cause of sleep disturbances. Few community-based surveys examined the specific relationship between these two conditions. Methods Eighteen thousand, nine hundred and eighty participants aged 15 years or older from five European countries (the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain) and representative of approximately 206 millions Europeans were interviewed by telephone. The interview included questions about sleeping habits, health, sleep and mental disorders. Painful physical conditions were ascertained through questions about medical treatment, consultations and/or hospitalizations for medical reasons and a list of 42 diseases. A painful physical condition was considered chronic when it lasted at least six months. Insomnia symptoms were defined as difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or non-restorative sleep, present at least three nights per week, lasting at least one month, and accompanied by daytime consequences. Results (1) The point prevalence of at least one CPPC was set at 17.1% (95% CI: 16.5–17.6%) in the sample. (2) Difficulty initiating sleep was found in 5.1% (95% CI: 4.8–5.4%) of the sample, disrupted sleep in 7.5% (95% CI: 7.2–7.9%); early morning awakenings in 4.8% (95% CI: 7.2–7.9%) and non-restorative sleep in 4.5% (95% CI: 4.2–4.8%). (3) More than 40% of individuals with insomnia symptoms reported at least one CPPC. (4) CPPC was associated with more frequent difficulty or inability to resume sleep once awake and a shorter sleep duration. (5) In middle-aged subjects (45–64 years of age), CPPC was associated with longer insomnia duration. At any age, insomnia with CPPC was associated with a greater number of daytime consequences (average of four consequences) than in insomnia without CPPC (average of 2.3 consequences). (6) In multivariate models, CPPC, especially backaches and joint/articular diseases, were at least as importantly associated with insomnia than were mood disorders with odds ratios ranging from 4.1 to 5.0 for backaches and from 3.0 to 4.8 for joint/articular diseases. Conclusions CPPC is associated with a worsening of insomnia on several aspects: a greater number of insomnia symptoms, more severe daytime consequences and more chronic insomnia situation. CPPC plays a major role on insomnia. Its place as major contributive factor for insomnia is as much important as mood disorders.
Heat capacities and entropies from 8 to 1000 K of langbeinite (K2Mg2(SO4)3), anhydrite (CaSO4) and of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O)

Abstract Heat capacities of K 2 Mg 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (langbeinite) and CaSO 4 (anhydrite) were measured from approximately 8 to 1000 K by combined adiabatic shield calorimetry (8-365 K) and differential scanning calorimetry (350-1000 K). Heat capacities were also measured on natural crystals of gypsum (CaSO 4 · 2H 2 O) between 8.1 and 323.5 K. The molar entropies at 298.15 K, S m o (298.15 K), are 378.8 ± 0.6, 107.4 ± 0.2 and 193.8 ± 0.3 J K −1 mol −1 for langbeinite, anhydrite and gypsum, respectively. The heat capacity in J K −1 mol −1 of langbeinite can be represented by the equation C p,m o (K 2 Mg 2 (SO 4 ) 3 T ) = 535.9 + 0.11011 T -1.0200 × 10 6 / T 2 -4.909 × 10 −5 T 2 -4040.2/ T 0.5 between 300 and 1000 K with an average deviation of ± 0.4%. For anhydrite the heat capacity between 300 and 1000 K is given by C p,m o (CaSO 4 , T ) = 372.8 - 0.1574 T +1.695 × 10 6 / T 2 + 7.993 × 10 −5 T 2 - 4330.8/ T 0.5 with an average deviation of ±0.4%. Combining our heat-capacity and entropy data with the solution calorimetric results of Kelley et al. (U.S. Bur. Mines Tech. Paper, 625, 1941) yields an equilibrium temperature for the reaction gypsum → anhydrite + 2 water of 314.7 K (41.5 ° C). Our observations are in agreement with the conclusions of Speer and Salje (Phys. Chem. Miner., 13 (1986) 17); we see no evidence in our heat capacity measurements for the transformation of cubic langbeinite (P2 1 3) to a low temperature orthorhombic (P2 1 2 1 2 1 ) form as is seen in the isostructural Co, Zn, Ca, Mn and Cd langbeinites. Although Bond (Bell Sys. Tech. J., 22 (1943) 145) reported that langbeinite was piezoelectric at room temperature, we found no evidence in our C p o measurements for a Curie temperature above which langbeinite would no longer be piezoelectric.