cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aqueous Infrared Pharmaceutical Analysis of Two Choline Compounds by Flow Injection Analysis Using the CIRCLE Cell

The advent of the cylindrical internal reflectance (CIRCLE) cell has solved the difficult problem of quantitation of solutes in aqueous solutions by infrared spectroscopy. By a combination of flow injection analysis (FIA) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy with the CIRCLE cell, a fast, reproducible technique suited for the determination of two choline compounds of pharmaceutical interest—succinylcholine chloride and bethanechol chloride—was developed. Quantitation was carried out with the use of either the ester band at 1075 cm−1 for bethanechol or the trimethyl quaternary ammonium band at 953 cm−1 for succinylcholine. Linearity of standard solutions was achieved from about 0.5 to at least 50 ppt for both compounds, and detection limits of 0.02% w/v were possible. A sample throughput of 60 samples/h was estimated. Analysis of pharmaceutical preparations was performed after minor sample clean-up, which was necessary only in the case of the bethanechol chloride tablets.
A rejection threshold in justice evaluations : Effects on judgment and decision-making

Abstract This research examined the process through which justice evaluations are formed. Using image theory's screening process we hypothesized that a rejection threshold exists with regard to violations of just treatment (e.g., laying off an employee without notice). If the number of violations exceeds the decision-maker's threshold, a negative justice evaluation results. Nonviolations (e.g., providing laid-off employees with a generous severance package) were hypothesized to only influence justice evaluations when violations do not exceed the threshold. Three studies compared the impact of justice violations and nonviolations on fairness evaluations. We also examined differences in fairness evaluations operationalized as judgments vs decisions. Results indicated that when making judgments about fairness, both violations and nonviolations are equally important. However, when one has to decide on a course of action based on considerations of fairness, nonviolations are only considered if fewer than three violations have been encountered. These results identify important distinctions between judgment and decisions and have implication for research examining outcomes of justice evaluations.
Electron spin resonance in the nearly one-dimensional magnetic system CuCl2 · 2H2O

Abstract The line shape of electron spin resonance in CuCl 2 · 2H 2 O exhibits one-dimensional character for θ =0° where θ is the angle between the axis of the crystal and the magnetic field. The line shapes for θ =54° and 90° are lorentzian.
Integrity and its applications

Integrity is a recently proposed concept used for measuring robustness of computer systems under the attack of costconscious adversaries. It considers both the cost of compromising components and the benefit of remaining components. This paper studies several integrity related problems and extends integrity to the general adversary structure model. Computation complexity of these problems is discussed.
“May You Live in Interesting Times”: Moral Philosophy and Empirical Psychology

The Moral Psychology Handbook is a contribution to a relatively new genre of philosophical writing, the “handbook.” In the first section, I comment on an expectation about handbooks, namely that handbooks contain works representative of a field, and raise concerns about The Moral Psychology Handbook in this regard. In the rest of the article I comment in detail on two Handbook articles, “Moral Motivation” by Timothy Schroeder, Adina Roskies, and Shaun Nichols, and “Character” by Maria W. Merritt, John M. Doris, and Gilbert Harman. Both articles illustrate the perils as well as the promise of reliance on empirical studies for philosophers who work in moral psychology.
An Experimental Test of the Capacity of Food Web Interactions (Fish Epiphytes Seagrasses) to Offset the Negative Consequences of Eutrophication on Seagrass Communities

Abstract A mechanism of competition between epiphytes and seagrasses potentially modulated by grazers was studied in a high-nutrient Thalassia testudinum meadow in the Indian River Lagoon (Florida, U.S.A.). The effects of fish grazing on epiphytes, and likely enhancing T. testudinum growth, was tested through an exclusion experiment. Twelve (2×2m) independent experimental plots were selected within a shallow monospecific bed to which three randomized treatments (exclusion fences, open fences and controls) with four replicates each were assigned. The epiphyte load was monitored on T. testudinum leaves inside the plots from January 1995 to March 1996. Treatment effects occurred during a chlorophyte bloom in March 1995, when the epiphyte biomass was significantly higher inside the exclusion cages than in either of the controls. The composition of the epiphytic community in March 1995 was dominated by sheet-like Enteromorpha and filamentous algae such as Cladophora , which are less resistant to herbivory than the coarsely-branched forms of red algae (e.g. Hypnea , Chondria and Acanthophora ) that bloomed subsequently. These results suggest that herbivory change seasonally depending on the availability of different prey species to fish-grazers, which preferentially utilize the fleshy green algae typical of bloom conditions over the thicker coarsely-branched red algae. In the nutrient-rich lagoon the role of top-down interactions in enhancing T. testudinum growth is limited to the reduction of shading by green macroalgae.
Summarizing the incidence of adverse events using volcano plots and time intervals.

BackgroundAdverse event incidence analyses are a critical component for describing the safety profile of any new intervention. The results typically are presented in lengthy summary tables. For therapeutic areas where patients have frequent adverse events, analysis and interpretation are made more difficult by the sheer number and variety of events that occur. Understanding the risk in these instances becomes even more crucial.PurposeWe describe a space-saving graphical summary that overcomes the limitations of traditional presentations of adverse events and improves interpretability of the safety profile.MethodsWe present incidence analyses of adverse events graphically using volcano plots to highlight treatment differences. Data from a clinical trial of patients experiencing an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage are used for illustration. Adjustments for multiplicity are illustrated.ResultsColor is used to indicate the treatment with higher incidence; bubble size represents the total number of events th...
SIMPLE METHODS OF EXAMINATION IN PARAPLEGIA: I. THE SPOON TEST.

The convexity of a teaspoon is used in order to determine the segmental level of skin moisture in patients with spinal cord lesions.
Metropolitan area labour market changes: Determinants and comparisons by industry

Kleiner M. M. (1985) Metropolitan area labour market changes: determinants and comparisons by industry, Reg. Studies 19, 131–138. This study tests the extent to which individuals, who are employed in export-oriented and locally-oriented sectors within metropolitan areas, respond in a homogeneous manner to the same economic and contextual variables. Using a neoclassical approach, a metropolitan labour market model is specified that is used to comare employed persons in detailed industries on specific aspects of change in the labour market. Using data from the 10% Continuous Work History Sample, the results showed some significant differences in the determinants of labour market change across the two major industry groups in the analysis. The estimates suggest that the relative responsiveness of employed persons to changes in the structure of locally-oriented industries was greater than for persons in export-oriented ones. The study supports the further study of local labour market changes by sector that in...
Long-term Plasmapheresis in Conjunction With Thalidomide and Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Cutaneous Ulcers and Neovascular Glaucoma in Recalcitrant Type I Cryoglobulinemia

Importance Cryoglobulins are cold-precipitating immunoglobulins that occur secondary to lymphoproliferative disorders, chronic viral infections, and autoimmune disorders. The treatment of cryoglobulinemia should target the underlying disorder; however, such an approach may be difficult, and therapeutic options remain limited for type I cryoglobulinemia. Observations We report a case of recalcitrant type I cryoglobulinemia treated successfully with long-term plasmapheresis in conjunction with thalidomide and dexamethasone. A woman in her 50s with cryoglobulinemia and bilateral lower extremity ulcers of 1 year’s duration developed acute angle-closure glaucoma following the appearance of new macules on her upper extremities. An initial short course of 5 plasmapheresis treatments improved the patient’s cutaneous lesions as well as the glaucoma. Three weekly doses of rituximab were not associated with any evidence of clinical improvement, so thalidomide and dexamethasone were administered as replacement therapy. Because of the increasing pain and persistence of the woman’s ulcers, intensive plasmapheresis was resumed and continued 3 to 4 times per week for approximately 4 months, after which a slow tapering regimen was initiated. This therapy was associated with progressive, rapid healing of the ulcers, stabilization of the skin lesions, and control of the patient’s intraocular pressure. Conclusions and Relevance The long-term use of plasmapheresis may be a well-tolerated treatment option for therapeutically challenging cases of cryoglobulinemia.
Microlithography of high-temperature superconducting films: laser ablation vs. wet etching

Narrow lines and microbridge structures have been etched in sputtered superconducting films of Y-Ba-Cu-O by variations of two methods. The first uses standard photolithography followed by wet etching in weak acid. The second uses a maskless process involving focused pulsed YAG (yttrium-aluminium-garnet) laser together with a computer-controlled x-y stage to produce local ablation of the superconducting film. Issues relating to limits of resolution, annealing of films, and degradation of superconducting properties are critically discussed for the two approaches. >
Acculturative Stress, Violence, and Resilience in the lives of Mexican-American Youth

This article explores how Mexican-American youth experience stress and trauma in a variety of arenas. Such youth utilize their energy, creativity, and resilience in order to cope with cultural tensions that arise from acculturative processes, role conflicts with family and peers, school challenges, and identity formation processes. Violence, in the form of internalized colonialism, external oppression, and actual violent acts (e.g., gang fights, suicides, and physical and/or sexual abuse), can be a major risk factor for negative outcomes such as substance abuse. However, this ethnographic study demonstrates that many Mexican-American adolescents navigate stressors and traumas in such a way that transforms the potentially distressing events into life-affirming rites of passage. This article explores these issues through qualitative data analyses from a study of Mexican-American youth in a Southwestern city.
The Transition Lynchpin: The Voices of Individuals with Disabilities Who Attended a Community College Transition Program

Nearly 60% of students with disabilities who attend postsecondary institutions attend community colleges. Individuals with disabilities paralleling their peers without disabilities need the postsecondary education opportunity to develop vocational skills, the time to mature, and the experience of living with others. A transition program, a K–12 and community college partnership, was developed to support students in this mission. A narrative inquiry methodology was utilized to understand the community college experience of students with disabilities in a transition program. Findings indicate that the program benefited the individuals. It did this by supporting completion of a vocational program leading to gainful employment and as a transition into adult roles and status. The program also provided opportunities that enhanced the individuals' self-esteem, and it facilitated the individuals becoming more independent and responsible.
Differentiating instruction in co-taught classrooms for students with emotional/behaviour difficulties

Students with emotional and behavioural difficulties (EBD) are increasingly receiving more of their instruction in the general education classroom where they have access to a rigorous curriculum and a highly qualified teacher. In some cases, a co-taught classroom (one in which a general educator and a special service provider equally co-plan, co-teach, and co-assess) can provide many benefits to students with EBD, especially if co-teachers differentiate their instruction. This article provides an overview of co-teaching and illustrates how co-teachers can differentiate instruction for students with EBD in co-taught classrooms for students ages 9–18.
Fourth IPPNW European regional symposium, 1988: ‘Europe, our common home’

A brief report is given of the 4th IPPNW European Regional Symposium, which took place on two boats and in four cities on the Rhine.
Block Copolymer Synthesis via a Combination of ATRP and RAFT Using Click Chemistry

Block copolymer synthesis via a combination of ATRP and RAFT using click chemistry is reported for the first time. A RAFT agent with a terminal propargyl group (PTTC) was synthesized and was used to polymerize butyl acrylate and gave quantitative monomer conversion. Azide-terminated p(tbA) was obtained by ATRP followed by reaction with sodium azide. Later, using CuBr-PMDETA as catalyst via click chemistry, p(tBA)(ATRP) and p(BA)(RAFT) were reacted to get a block copolymer of p(tBA)(ATRP)-b-p(BA)(RAFT). Further, a total of 24 block copolymers were made by reacting four azido functional polymers with six propargyl functional polymers to obtain block copolymers via click chemistry.
Some electrophysiological aspects of muscular dystrophy.

Abstract 1. 1. Using a microelectrode technique, it was found that following prolonged strong contraction, muscles of patients with progressive muscular dystrophy showed electrical activity at rest. 2. 2. This post-contraction activity was almost certainly due to discharge of one or more muscle fibers rather than of whole motor units. 3. 3. Some examples of this activity could not be distinguished from fibrillatory activity resulting from denervation, and other examples were also identical with recordings of activity during myotonia. 4. 4. It is concluded that, when selective recording techniques are used, there may be few differences electrophysiologically between clinically and pathologically dissimilar diseases of nerve and muscle.
Inhibition of purine biosynthesis de novo in sarcoma 180 ascites cells by mercapto and seleno purine analogs.

Abstract 6-Methylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside (MeMPR) is the most potent inhibitor known of PRPP amidotransferase, the first step in purine biosynthesis de novo. We have examined other 6-methylmercapto- and 6-methylselenopurine ribonucleosides for their ability to act as feedback inhibitors of this pathway as well as for their ability to form analog nucleotides. Methylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside (MeMPR), methylselenopurine ribonucleoside (MeSePR), and methylmercaptopyrazolo pyrimidine ribonucleoside (MeMPPR) were potent inhibitors (90 per cent), methylselenopyrazolo pyrimidine ribonucleoside (MeSePPR) was less potent (75 per cent), and methylselenoguanosine (MeSeGR) did not significantly inhibit this pathway. Large amounts of the corresponding 5'-monophosphate nucleosides were formed from MeMPR and MeMPPR, lesser amounts from MeSePPR and MeSePR and none from MeSeGR. The ability of 6-selenoguanine, its ribonucleoside and the α- and β-anomers of the deoxyribonucleoside were also examined as possible inhibitors of purine synthesis de novo. Further investigation is needed to determine if these compounds have significant activity as antineoplastic agents, but in any case they may lead to structural modifications which will produce active compounds.
A preliminary climatology of aerosol blackness

Abstract We formulate a working hypothesis that the blackness, or ability of an aerosol to absorb visible light, is proportional to the loss of reflection measured from the face of a filter after this aerosol is drawn through it. Laboratory experiments show that this loss of reflection is proportional to the area of particles collected on the filter. Field experiments indicate that the particles which cause blackening of filters are predominantly in the size range below 0.1 μm diameter. There is no diurnal variation of black particle concentration but a rather large synoptic variation. The mean concentration of these particles is approximately one tenth of the mean Aitken particle concentration at several sites where measurements have been made.
Cytology in fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Comparison of bronchial brushing, washing and post-bronchoscopy sputum.

Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was used to study 103 patients with suspected pulmonary neoplasm. Material for cytologic examination was obtained from bronchial brushing, bronchial washing and post-bronchoscopy sputum. In 87 patients, a definite diagnosis was made. The bronchial brush material was positive in 41 of the 46 patients with carcinoma. Bronchial washing plus post-bronchoscopy sputum examination identified only one additional neoplasm. Of the 17 patients with hemoptysis and a normal chest roentgenogram a diagnosis was achieved in 14, but no carcinomas were found. It may be preferable to repeat the bronchial brushing rather than rely on bronchial washing or post-bronchoscopy sputum when the initial brushing is not diagnostic.
Thermo-fluid Exploratory Design Analysis for ITER FW/Shield Module 7

This paper describes the thermo-fluid analysis for the preliminary designs of the first wall (FW) panel and shield block (SB) for ITER shield module 7. This effort forms a part of the conceptual design activity for US ITER components. The key approach used here is design by analysis, whereby various exploratory designs undergo rigorous thermo-fluid analysis to ascertain that the design allows for an adequate coolant distribution under the existing surface and volumetric heating environment, so that the maximum temperatures are under the design limit. The principal code being used for the thermo-fluid analysis is CFdesign, which is a finite element code with a direct interface to the CAD program CATIA. Several enhancements to the code allow an export of temperatures, pressures and convective heat transfer coefficients to other finite element programs for stress analysis. The temperature and flow distribution as well as the pressure drop information of near exact CATIA fabrication models has been obtained from the various analyses. The effect of special design features like radial flow drivers in the shield block coolant tubes and tee vanes in the coolant headers, in enhancing the overall cooling of the shield block is emphasized.
Research issues for multi-level lot sizing in MRP systems

Abstract What lot size model(s) to use in a Material Requirements Planning (MRP) system is an unresolved and often debated issue. The concept of dependent demand, the complex network defined by the product structure, the dynamics of an operating MRP-based system, and the subsequent use of the planned order release schedule by other company subsystems represent a totally new environment for making and managing lot size decisions. The purpose of this paper is to identify and briefly examine ten research issues related to lot sizing in a dependent demand product structure. These ten issues expand the solution space for lot sizing in an MRP-based system compared to a reorder point based system. Areas for further research are suggested.
Pediatric Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: Critical Care Case Studies

The care of the critically ill infant or child often is complicated further by disruptions in fluid or electrolyte balance. Prompt recognition of these disruptions is essential to the care of these patients. This article provides an overview of the principles of fluid and electrolyte balance in the critically ill infant and child. Imbalances in fluid homeostasis and imbalances in sodium, potassium, and calcium homeostasis are presented in a case study format.
Mean stress effects in fatigue of welded steel joints

Mean stress effects in steel weldments were examined under both constant and random narrowband amplitude fatigue loadings. The purpose of these tests was to provide experimental data with which to substantiate the use of analytical expressions to account for mean stress effects. Fatigue tests were performed under both tensile and compressive mean stress levels. Test results indicate agreement with the modified Goodman equation to be favorable in accounting for the effect of tensile mean stresses on fatigue life. However, test results from high fatigue loadings (maximum stresses nominally above half ultimate) were found to possess better agreement with the Gerber formulation than with the modified Goodman one. Behavior under compressive mean stresses indicated a linear correction relationship was required, which was less conservative than any of the relationships considered. Test results obtained under random amplitude fatigue loadings exhibited trends similar to those observed under constant amplitude loadings. This finding, along with supporting analysis, indicates that the same correction relationship can be used in the same manner for both constant amplitude and random (narrowband) amplitude loadings.
Application of SMA Wire for an Active Steerable Cannula

In this article we present the feasibility of using the shape memory alloy (SMA) wires, namely Nitinol, as an actuator for a steerable surgical cannula. A 3D finite element (FE) model of the actuated steerable cannula was then developed in ANSYS to show deflection of the surgical cannula under the actuation force. The behavior of SMAs was simulated by defining the isothermal stress-strain curves using the multi-elasticity capability of ANSYS. The transformation temperatures of the Nitinol wire at different levels of stress were gathered to form the transformation diagram. Using the one-dimensional Brinson model, the isothermal stress-strain response of the wire was obtained. The thermomechanical characteristics of SMAs were also studied completely by a series of experiments performed on the wires. Birth and death method was used in the solution procedure to have the prestrain condition on Nitinol wire prior to the actuation step. A prototype of the actuated steerable cannula was also developed to validate the numerical simulation. Finally a study was done on design parameters affecting the deflection such as Young’s modulus of cannula, SMA diameter and its offset from the neutral axis of the cannula which can be useful in design optimization.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Internal gravity waves in Titan's atmosphere observed by Voyager radio occultation

The radio scintillations caused by scattering from small-scale irregularities in Titan's neutral atmosphere during a radio occultation of Voyager 1 by Titan are investigated. Intensity and frequency fluctuations occurred on time scales from about 0.1 to 1.0 sec at 3.6 and 13 cm wavelengths whenever the radio path passed within 90 km of the surface, indicating the presence of variations in refractivity on length scales from a few hundred meters to a few kilometers. Above 25 km, the altitude profile of intensity scintillations closely agrees with the predictions of a simple theory based on the characteristics of internal gravity waves propagating with little or no attenuation through the vertical stratification in Titan's atmosphere. These observations support a hypothesis of stratospheric gravity waves, possibly driven by a cloud-free convective region in the lowest few kilometers of the stratosphere.
Lonafarnib in cancer therapy

Farnesyl transferase inhibitors (FTIs) are anticancer agents that were designed to block the post-translational attachment of the prenyl moiety to C-terminal cysteine residue of Ras and thus inactivate it. Because Ras plays an important role in tumour progression and the ras mutation is one of the most frequent aberrations in cancer, FTIs have been expected to exert excellent therapeutic activities. Phase I and II clinical trials confirmed relevant antitumour activity and low toxicity; however, no improvement in overall survival has been reported in Phase III trials. The exact mechanism of action of this class of agents is currently unknown. Increasing lines of evidence indicate that the cytotoxic actions of FTIs are not due to the inhibition of Ras proteins exclusively, but to the modulation of other targets, including RhoB, the centromere-binding proteins and other proteins that have not yet been identified. This review describes the pharmacological and clinical data as well as mechanisms of action of FTIs, especially lonafarnib (SCH-66336), a non-peptidomimetic inhibitor that has shown anticancer activity.
The role of privacy in families created through assisted reproductive technology: Examining existing literature using Communication Privacy Management theory.

The number of families created through the use of assisted reproductive technology (ART) has grown throughout the past decade. Families created through ART face many unique communication challenges both within the immediate family and with others outside the family, such as issues with privacy and disclosure. Whether parents choose to disclose genetic information to the child, to other immediate family members, or to others outside the family are issues that parents who use ART commonly face. This article applies communication privacy management theory to analyze the existing literature on families created through assisted reproductive technology. In doing so, the article highlights the communication and privacy issues these families face.
Survey of Air/Ground and Human/Automation Functional Allocation for Separation Assurance

*Separation assurance is a fundamental requirement for safe operations of air traffic. New paradigms of separation assurance will be required to accommodate the anticipated increase of air traffic in the future. This paper defines a taxonomy for the allocation of separation assurance functions along the air/ground and human/automation axes, and then builds a knowledge base from a comprehensive survey of separation assurance studies conduced over the past 12 years with an emphasis on high-fidelity human-in-the-loop simulations and operational evaluations. The goal of this effort is to identify trends and gaps in the current knowledge base of functional allocation for separation assurance, so that it may serve as a guide for planning future work. One finding is that limited delegation for arrival merging/spacing has been developed to a relatively high level of maturity. Another finding is that various aspects of automated concepts for ground-based and airborne separation assurance have been well studied; the key challenge going forward is system level integration and evaluation.
CheY3 of Borrelia burgdorferi Is the Key Response Regulator Essential for Chemotaxis and Forms a Long-Lived Phosphorylated Intermediate

Spirochetes have a unique cell structure: These bacteria have internal periplasmic flagella subterminally attached at each cell end. How spirochetes coordinate the rotation of the periplasmic flagella for chemotaxis is poorly understood. In other bacteria, modulation of flagellar rotation is essential for chemotaxis, and phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of the response regulator CheY plays a key role in regulating this rotary motion. The genome of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi contains multiple homologues of chemotaxis genes, including three copies of cheY, referred to as cheY1, cheY2, and cheY3. To investigate the function of these genes, we targeted them separately or in combination by allelic exchange mutagenesis. Whereas wild-type cells ran, paused (flexed), and reversed, cells of all single, double, and triple mutants that contained an inactivated cheY3 gene constantly ran. Capillary tube chemotaxis assays indicated that only those strains with a mutation in cheY3 were deficient in chemotaxis, and cheY3 complementation restored chemotactic ability. In vitro phosphorylation assays indicated that CheY3 was more efficiently phosphorylated by CheA2 than by CheA1, and the CheY3-P intermediate generated was considerably more stable than the CheY-P proteins found in most other bacteria. The results point toward CheY3 being the key response regulator essential for chemotaxis in B. burgdorferi. In addition, the stability of CheY3-P may be critical for coordination of the rotation of the periplasmic flagella.
Using Reverse Veil Piercing to Vindicate the Free Exercise Rights of Incorporated Employers

Reverse veil piercing (RVP) is a corporate law doctrine pursuant to which a court disregards the corporation’s separate legal personality, allowing the shareholder to claim benefits otherwise available only to individuals. The thesis of this article is that RVP provides the correct analytical framework for vindicating certain constitutional rights.Assume that sole proprietors with religious objections to abortion or contraception are protected by the free exercise clause of the First Amendment and the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) from being obliged to comply with the government mandate that employers provide employees with health care plans that cover sterilizations, contraceptives and abortion-inducing drugs. Further assume that incorporated employers are not so protected. This article analyzes whether the shareholders of such employers can invoke RVP so as to vindicate their rights.At least one court has recognized the potential for using RVP in the mandate cases, opining that these cases “pose difficult questions of first impression, including whether it is “possible to ‘pierce the veil’ and disregard the corporate form in this context.” The court further opined that that question, among others, merited “more deliberate investigation.” This article undertakes precisely that investigation.Invoking RVP in the mandate cases would not be outcome determinative. Instead, it would simply provide a coherent doctrinal framework for determining whether the corporation is so intertwined with the religious beliefs of its shareholders that the corporation should be allowed standing to bring the case. Whatever demerits RVP may have, it provides a better solution than the courts’ current practice of deciding the issue by mere fiat.
Roles of polarity determinants in ovule development.

Summary Ovules are the female reproductive structures that develop into seeds. Angiosperm ovules include one, or more commonly two, integuments that cover the nucellus and female gametophyte. Mutations in Arabidopsis KANADI (KAN) and YABBY polarity genes result in amorphous or arrested integument growth, suggesting that polarity determinants play key roles in ovule development. We show that the Class III Homeodomain Leucine-Zipper (HD-ZIPIII) genes CORONA (CNA), PHABULOSA (PHB), and PHAVOLUTA (PHV) are expressed adaxially in the inner integument during ovule development, independent of ABERRANT TESTA SHAPE (ATS, also known as KANADI4) activity. Loss of function of these genes leads to aberrant integument growth. Additionally, over-expression of PHB or PHV in ovules is not sufficient to repress ATS expression, and can produce phenotypes similar to those of the HD-ZIPIII loss of function lines. The absence of evidence of mutual negative regulation by KAN and HD-ZIPIII transcription factors is in contrast to known mechanisms in leaves. Loss of HD-ZIPIII activity can partially compensate for loss of ATS activity in the ats cna phb phv quadruple mutant, demonstrating that CNA/PHB/PHV act in concert with ATS to control integument morphogenesis. In a parallel pathway, ATS acts with REVOLUTA (REV) to restrict INNER NO OUTER (INO) expression and outer integument growth. Based on these expression and genetic studies we propose a model in which a balance between the relative levels of adaxial/abaxial activities, rather than the maintenance of boundaries of expression domains, is necessary to support laminar growth of the two integuments.
Assessing Satisfaction with Victim Services: The Development and Use of the Victim Satisfaction with Offender Dialogue Scale (VSODS)

There is an increasing need for restorative justice programs to evaluate program outcomes. Victim satisfaction is one of the essential components of program evaluation. Evaluation of victim satisfa...
School-Based Bilingual Special Education Teacher Assistance Teams

This article discusses the establishment of school-based bilingual special education teams in one, primarily hispanic, school district located in an urban southwest city. the discussion is based on field notes, transcripts of unstructured interviews and conference presentations, and documents produced by team members. the issues discussed relate to the following areas: perceptions of team members' roles in the school, problems in assuming an active classroom consultation role, problems in supporting the maintenance of school-based teams, and differences in perceptions of the consultant's status with respect to these school-based teams.
Suitability of amfonelic acid-induced locomotor stimulation in mice as a model for the evaluation of classical and atypical antipsychotics

Abstract The potential usefulness of amfonelic acid (AFA), a selective dopamine (DA)-releasing agent, in quantitatively assessing the antidopaminergic and antipsychotic potencies of drugs, was evaluated. The procedure consisted of determining the ED50s of a number of neuroleptics in inhibiting the locomotorstimulant effect of amfonelic acid in mice. These results were compared with the published data on the relative potencies of the neuroleptics to induce catalepsy in rats, to block drug-induced stereotypy and to alleviate psychotic symptoms clinically. It was observed that the amfonelic acid model was as good as, but not superior to, the other three procedures in identifying the potencies of classical antipsychotics. This model, however, was able to predict the clinical effectiveness of two atypical antipsychotics, thioridazine and clozapine, much more accurately than could be achieved by the other methods. Certain other atypical antipsychotics such as, mezilamine, RMI 81, 582, sulpiride and sultopride also produced a dose-related blockade of the amfonelic acid induced locomotor stimulation in mice. The antagonism to amfonelic acid exhibited by mezilamine was weaker, and that of RMI 81,582 was stronger than that of chlorpromazine. Only large doses of the two benzamides were effective in blocking the effect of amfonelic acid, sultopride being about 3 times more effective than sulpiride in this regard. Another analogue of benzamide, YM-09151-2, known to have the profile of a classical antipsychotic. was more effective than haloperidol in blocking the stimulant effect of amfonelic acid. Trebenzomine, which is considered to have the properties of an atypical antipsychotic, although this was proved otherwise when tested clinically, actually potentiated the response of mice to amfonelic acid. Apomorphine antagonized the stimulant effect of amfonelic acid, which could be attributed to its agonist activity at presynaptic DA receptors. Apomorphine has been reported to have clinical antipsychotic effects. Certain non-antipsychotic drugs such as prazosin (but not phenoxybenzamine), promethazine, methysergide, diazepam, as well as the gamm-aminobutyric acid agonists, muscimol and THIP, also inhibited the amfonelic acid-induced locomotor stimulation. In spite of this drawback, the present procedure should prove to be a useful animal model for the evaluation of the antipsychotic potencies of drugs. Its ability to identify the potential usefulness of atypical antipsychotics is noteworthy.
Speaker identification based on vector quantization with adaptive discriminative techniques

In this work, speaker identification (SI) approach which is based on vector quantization (VQ) is presented. The method employs adaptive techniques to select the optimal parameters of the discriminative function. The proposed adaptive discriminative VQ based SI (ADVQSI) technique considers the interspeaker variation between each speaker and all speakers in the SI group in order to enlarge the speakers' template differences. For each speaker, the speech feature vector space is divided into subspaces. Different discriminative weights are given to different subspaces. Subspaces with larger discriminative weights play a more important role in the SI decision. The performance of ADVQSI is analyzed and tested experimentally. The experimental results confirm the performance improvement employing the proposed technique in comparison with the existing VQ technique for SI (VQSI) and recently reported discriminative VQ techniques for SI (DVQSI).
Improved imaging of carotid artery bifurcation using helical computed tomographic angiography.

Although duplex scan and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) provide reliable and non-invasive tests for detecting extracranial carotid artery disease, they sometimes fail to differentiate between high-grade stenosis and total carotid occlusion. Helical computed tomographic angiography (CTA) is a safe, noninvasive technique that allows the rapid acquisition of data that can be reconstructed into two- and three-dimensional images. Axial images can be magnified and provide a cross-sectional view of the carotid vessel and the atherosclerotic plaque. Maximal intensity projection technique allows data to be reconstructed into images that closely resemble conventional arteriograms. Helical CTA has previously been shown to have a diagnostic accuracy approaching 90%. We present two case reports demonstrating the utility of helical CTA in carotid artery imaging when duplex scan and MRA results are ambiguous. These cases illustrate improved carotid imaging with helical CTA. Duplex scan results are unreliable in the presence of thick calcified plaques, and severe stenoses can be misread as occlusion by duplex and MRA due to low blood flow. Thus, helical CT angiography should be considered as a confirmatory test, before arteriography, when duplex scan or MRA results are equivocal.
Meteoroids, Meteors, and the Near-Earth Object Impact Hazard

In considering the modern-day hazard from infalling near-Earth asteroids and comets, the focus has shifted toward the smallest, most frequent impacts that can do damage on the ground, like the 1908 Tunguska aerial burst. There is considerable uncertainty about the potential for damage by objects in the range 20 to 100 m diameter. Since smaller, less dangerous, meter-sized meteoroids are part of a continuum of small interplanetary bodies, derived by a collisional cascade and Yarkovsky spin-up, research on such phenomena by meteor scientists can shed light on a vital question that will soon have great practical relevance as new telescopic searches for near-Earth asteroids come on line: what is the threshold size between harmless high-altitude airbursts and impacts that can cause lethal damage on the ground?
Risk Factors for Forced Migrant Flight

An important type of medical study seeks to establish the risk factors for contracting various diseases. A similar, but very small, vein of research exists in peace and conflict studies, and we seek to contribute to it. Our study evaluates whether variables shown to explain variance in numbers of forced migrants can serve as risk factors that might aid contingency planning for such humanitarian crises. We study a cross-national sample of cases over the period from 1985 through 1994. Our findings indicate that annual, country-level indicators of civil war, a forced migrant episode, and human rights violations are candidate risk factors for forced migration in the following year. Interestingly, when using country-years as the unit of observation genocide is not a useful risk factor for forced migration.
Lithium intoxication. A case study

This study reports a fatal ingestion of lithium carbonate and its distribution in tissues and biological fluids.
Multifactor Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction in Medically Underserved, High-Risk Patients

Few data exist on the effectiveness of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk-reduction programs in patients with limited access to health care. The objective of this project was to evaluate a disease management approach to multifactor CVD risk reduction in patients with limited or no health insurance and low family income. Patients (n = 148) were recruited from not-for-profit or free clinics and hospitals and randomized to usual care or usual care plus team case management. Mean age was 59.3 years, 57% were women, 50% had less than a high school education, 57% were Hispanic, and 64% had no health insurance. All had ≥1 increased risk factor for CVD, and 24.5% had documented coronary artery disease. Follow-up measurements were obtained at 6 and 12 months. Primary outcomes were low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and systolic blood pressure. The disease management program was supervised by a physician, delivered by nurses and dietitians, and included comprehensive lifestyle changes and medications. Data were collected on 91% of patients at 12 months. Disease management produced clinically important decreases in selected risk factors compared with usual care, including systolic blood pressure (p
Race for Sale: Narratives of Possession in Two "Ethnic" Museums

Have the Museum for African Art and the National Museum of the American Indian, both in New York City, been able to “move the center” from Euro-America to Africa, the African diaspora, or Native America?
Asymptotic decay rates from the growth properties of Liapunov functions near singular attractors

The rate at which the solutions of x = G(x) converge to a singular attractor x∗ can sometimes be inferred from the growth properties of an associated Liapunov function F with a singular minimizer at x∗. Rate estimates of this kind are established in Rn for nonconvex C4 functions that grow like ∥ x − x∗∥4 and satisfy the condition 〈▽F(x), G(x) 〉 ⩽ −c∥▽F(x)∥m for some c > 0 and m > 34, and allx near x∗. Similar estimates are valid in infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces when the Hessian ▽2F(x∗) is positive-definite on its range.
Case-repair in three genera of caddisflies (Trichoptera)

Case-building is energetically expensive and case-repair may be a viable alternative to rebuilding for caddisflies when the case is damaged. In this study, we damaged the larval cases of 3 Trichoptera genera: Lepidostoma spp.; Neophylax rickeri Milne, 1935; and Onocosmoecus unicolor (Banks, 1897). We manually damaged the anterior, middle, or posterior portions of the larval case. We measured case lengths before damage, immediately after damage, and after allowing 2 days for repair. Overall, 74.2% of Lepidostoma spp. (n=31), 23.5% of N. rickeri (n=34), and 50.0% of O. unicolor (n=44) repaired their cases. Lepidostoma spp. had the highest odds of repair (2.88:1), followed by O. unicolor (1:1). Neophylax rickeri (0.308:1) was unlikely to repair its case after damage. For all genera, the percentage of the damaged portion repaired by location was not statistically significant. In Lepidostoma spp., at all locations, the average percentage of the damaged portion repaired was greater than 100% (larvae repaired the damage fully and continued to add material to the anterior end of the case). The occurrence of repair across the 3 genera at all damage locations suggests that the behavior may be beneficial for protection and more energetically favorable than entirely rebuilding the case, however life history may influence the likelihood of repair.
Cellular Processes Concerned with Vasopressin Biosynthesis, Storage and Release

The mammalian hypothalamo-neurohypophysial complex6 contains a group of well defined neurons whose cell bodies lie in the anterior hypothalamus and whose axons extend into the neurohypophysis; they are responsible for the elaboration of the polypeptide hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin. These neurons fulfill the morphological and functional criteria of neurosecretory cells. The most distinguishing morphological features of these neuron sare that their axon endings (in the neural lobe) about on blood vessel s rather than on other nerve cells, and that their axoplasm usually abounds with dense granules about O.1 to O.3 [i in diameter. These granules were presumed to contain the polypeptide hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin and therefore were termed “neurosecretory granules” (NSG) by morphologists. Since these NSG appeared to move in a proximo-distal direction, it was postulated that the synthesis of the hormones takes place in the perikaryon within the NSG, which then move in a protoplasmic flow along the axon to the region of the nerve endings. It is in this region that, in response to appropriate stimuli, the release of the NSG, or their contents, into the blood stream is thought to occur (2). The rudimentary features of this “neurosecretory process” are represented schematically in Fig. 1. Studies in our own and other laboratories have begun to outline some of the cellular mechanisms involved in the intermediate neurosecretory stages. In this manuscript, we report on some of our recent findings on the biosynthesis, storage, and release of vasopressin.
Using Professional Organization Policy Statements to Guide Hospital Policies and Bedside Recommendations.

Many clinical ethicists and ethics committee members assist in developing hospital policies and provide case consultation to clinicians at the bedside. In both of these important roles, the ethicis...
II. Disorders of enteric neuronal development: insights from transgenic mice*

Understanding the development of congenital defects of the enteric nervous system, such as Hirschsprung’s disease, was, until recently, an intractable problem. The analysis of transgenic mice, howe...
Coaching Stressors in a Division II Historically Black University

Recently, studies have addressed the stressful nature of the coaching profession, identifying a multitude of stressors among coaches for Division I, national, and international programs (Durand-Bush, Collins, & McNeill, 2012; Frey, 2007; Levy, Nicholls, Marchant, & Polman, 2009; Olusoga, Butt, Hays, & Maynard, 2009). The purpose of this study was to further the research by studying coaches at a Historically Black College/University (HBCU) and Division II (DII) athletic program. Participants included seven head and five assistant coaches across seven sports. All coaches were interviewed, based on a preexisting interview guide (Olusoga et al., 2009). Data were content analyzed using previously agreed upon procedures and submitted in NVivo for further examination (Cote, Salmela, Baria, & Russell, 1993). Three higher order themes termed Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, and Contextual Stressors emerged and were composed of 16 lower order themes. The most commonly cited interpersonal stressors included athletes, e...
Gas-Phase Reactions of Microsolvated Fluoride Ions: An Investigation of Different Solvents

The gas-phase reactions of F–(DMSO), F–(CH3CN), and F–(C6H6) with t-butyl halides were investigated. Reaction rate constants, kinetic isotope effects, and product ion branching ratios were measured using the flowing afterglow selected ion flow tube technique (FA-SIFT). Additionally, the structure of F–(DMSO) was investigated both computationally and experimentally, and two stable isomers were identified. The reactions generally proceed by elimination mechanisms; however, the reaction of F–(C6H6) with t-butyl chloride occurs by a switching mechanism. These reactions are compared to previous studies of microsolvated reactions of t-butyl halides where the solvent molecules were polar, protic molecules.