cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weight-Loss Pharmacotherapy: A Brief Review

IN BRIEF The medical treatment of obesity is aimed at decreasing appetite, alterating absorption of calories, and increasing thermogenesis. Two agents are available for the long-term treatment of obesity: sibutramine, a centrally acting anorectic agent, and orlistat, which blocks the absorption of fat by inhibiting the enzyme lipase. Agents approved for short-term treatment include the central anorectic agents phentermine and diethylpropion. Other agents, including endocannabinoid system antagonists, anti-epileptic agents, and combination therapies, are under investigation.
Solving Lattice QCD systems of equations using mixed precision solvers on GPUs

Abstract Modern graphics hardware is designed for highly parallel numerical tasks and promises significant cost and performance benefits for many scientific applications. One such application is lattice quantum chromodynamics (lattice QCD), where the main computational challenge is to efficiently solve the discretized Dirac equation in the presence of an SU ( 3 ) gauge field. Using NVIDIA's CUDA platform we have implemented a Wilson–Dirac sparse matrix–vector product that performs at up to 40, 135 and 212 Gflops for double, single and half precision respectively on NVIDIA's GeForce GTX 280 GPU. We have developed a new mixed precision approach for Krylov solvers using reliable updates which allows for full double precision accuracy while using only single or half precision arithmetic for the bulk of the computation. The resulting BiCGstab and CG solvers run in excess of 100 Gflops and, in terms of iterations until convergence, perform better than the usual defect-correction approach for mixed precision.
SOS4, A Pyridoxal Kinase Gene, Is Required for Root Hair Development in Arabidopsis

Root hair development in plants is controlled by many genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. A number of genes have been shown to be important for root hair formation. Arabidopsis salt overly sensitive 4 mutants were originally identified by screening for NaCl-hypersensitive growth. The SOS4 (Salt Overly Sensitive 4) gene was recently isolated by map-based cloning and shown to encode a pyridoxal (PL) kinase involved in the production of PL-5-phosphate, which is an important cofactor for various enzymes and a ligand for certain ion transporters. The root growth of sos4 mutants is slower than that of the wild type. Microscopic observations revealed that sos4 mutants do not have root hairs in the maturation zone. The sos4 mutations block the initiation of most root hairs, and impair the tip growth of those that are initiated. The root hairless phenotype of sos4 mutants was complemented by the wild-type SOS4 gene. SOS4 promoter-β-glucuronidase analysis showed that SOS4 is expressed in the root hair and other hair-like structures. Consistent with SOS4 function as a PL kinase, in vitro application of pyridoxine and pyridoxamine, but not PL, partially rescued the root hair defect in sos4 mutants. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid treatments promoted root hair formation in both wild-type and sos4 plants, indicating that genetically SOS4 functions upstream of ethylene and auxin in root hair development. The possible role of SOS4 in ethylene and auxin biosynthesis is discussed.
The emerging role of educational neuroscience in education reform

In the early 90s a movement began in education called “brain-based learning” that attempted to link neuroscience and education. However, many in both science and education felt it was untenable to make this leap. While early attempts to bridge the fields sparked controversy, it can now be argued that neuroscience does have a role to play in education reform. This paper explores suggestions for the appropriate training of the Educational Neuroscientist, broad interventions based on Educational Neuroscience that could reform curriculum, and emerging ways the Educational Neuroscientist can inform professional development of educators.
Liouville Theorems for Generalized Harmonic Functions

Each nonzero solution of the stationary Schrodinger equation Δu(x)−c(r)u(x)=0 in R n with a nonnegative radial potential c(r) must have certain minimal growth at infinity. If r 2 c(r)=O(1), r→∞, then a solution having power growth at infinity, is a generalized harmonic polynomial.
Detecting Malicious Activities in ZigBee Networks using Cognitive Radio

ZigBee is a low power, low data wireless protocol that is used for low rate short range (PAN type) networks due to simplicity and ease of use. Different attempts have been proposed to secure the ZigBee networks by proposing a stack modification. Our approach, however, does not require any changes to the protocol stack or to the ZigBee device, and therefore has potential for further application. This approach, as summarized in this paper, is by detecting malicious activities in ZigBee network and denying access. To test the approach we have built a testbed and have experimented with the most likely scenarios of attack for ZigBee sensor networks. It was discovered that the Network Discovery process is the key in all attack scenarios. The idea of adding an intrusion detection system eliminates the threats that are presented by the stack pitfalls and requires no particular change to the existing stack or network. It was observed that the system has successfully secured this process without interrupting or adding traffic to the ZigBee network.
Survival and Detection of Shigella flexneri in Vegetables and Commercially Prepared Salads

The normal bacterial microflora of 4 commercially prepared salads (coleslaw, crab salad, carrot salad, and potato salad) and 3 vegetables (green pepper, onion, and cabbage) were evaluated. Twenty-eight species of bacteria, including potential pathogens, were isolated. The foods were artificially inoculated with an avirulent mutant strain of Shigella flexneri 5 (pHS1059) to develop a method for the rapid detection of Shigella spp. Bacteria were separated from insoluble and particulate salad ingredients by filtration through shark skin filter paper and by low speed centrifugation. S. flexneri survived at 4 degrees C in all salads for at least 11 days and up to 20 days in crab salad. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using primers for amplification of a 118-base pair DNA fragment from the virulence-associated spa region, present in all Shigella spp., was used to detect S. flexneri in filtrates from salads inoculated with S. flexneri 5 (pHS1059). DNA was amplified from all of the artificially contaminated salads and vegetables except green pepper. After 3-5 days of storage, the PCR also amplified S. flexneri DNA from salads that had been enriched with nutrients to increase the number of bacteria. Green peppers contained a PCR inhibitory substance that was attenuated by dilution and enrichment before the PCR. No amplification of DNA was observed in foods to which S. flexneri had not been added.
Bringing genome tests into clinical practice.

Objective To provide a review of recent progress in the use of genomic data in clinical contexts. Method Survey of key articles selected from the previous year (2012). Result Two major themes emerged as areas of focus in 2012: (1) integration of genomic data into electronic health records; and (2) determining the clinical utility of genomic tests. Conclusion Significant advances are being made towards the integration of genomic data such that they may useful for clinical decision making. While the short term advances will likely still be seen in clinically valid genotype-phenotype research, there have been promising advances towards developing genomic tests that may be of clinical utility in the near future.
Implementation of the maximum entropy method for analytic continuation

Abstract We present Maxent , a tool for performing analytic continuation of spectral functions using the maximum entropy method. The code operates on discrete imaginary axis datasets (values with uncertainties) and transforms this input to the real axis. The code works for imaginary time and Matsubara frequency data and implements the ‘Legendre’ representation of finite temperature Green’s functions. It implements a variety of kernels, default models, and grids for continuing bosonic, fermionic, anomalous, and other data. Our implementation is licensed under GPLv3 and extensively documented. This paper shows the use of the programs in detail. Program summary Program Title: maxent Program Files doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/rf3p4psdhs.1 Licensing provisions: GPLv3 Programming language: C++ Nature of problem: The analytic continuation of imaginary axis correlation functions to real frequency/time variables is an ill-posed problem which has an infinite number of solutions. Solution method: The maximum entropy method obtains a possible solution that maximizes entropy, enforces sum rules, and otherwise produces ‘smooth’ curves. Our implementation allows for input in Matsubara frequencies, imaginary time, or a Legendre expansion. It implements a range of bosonic, fermionic and generalized kernels for normal and anomalous Green’s functions, self-energies , and two-particle response functions. External routines/libraries: ALPSCore [1][2], GSL, HDF5 [1] B. Bauer, et al., The ALPS project release 2.0: open source software for strongly correlated systems, J. Stat. Mech. Theor. Exp. 2011 (05) (2011) P05001. arXiv:1101.2646, doi:10.1088/17425468/2011/ 05/P05001. [2] A. Gaenko, E. Gull, A.E. Antipov, L. Gamper, G. Carcassi, J. Paki, R. Levy, M. Dolfi, J. Greitemann, J.P.F. LeBlanc, Alpscore: Version 0.5.4doi: 10.5281/zenodo.50203.
Abstract 5088: ACVRIB-dependent regulation of extracellular matrix protein in squamous cell carcinoma progression

Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the head and neck and esophagus pose a substantial public health risk globally. As SCC is often diagnosed in late stage, therapeutic options are limited. A more thorough understanding of the mechanisms involved their progression is needed. One potential mode by which SCCs progress is via Activin A signaling. The downstream effects of Activin A signaling have been primarily characterized as growth inhibiting and anti-angiogenic. However, Activin A is commonly overexpressed in SCC. Therefore, we hypothesized that SCC become insensitive to Activin A stimulation through the dysregulation of the signaling pathway. To model this dysregulation we utilized CRISPR-mediated regulation of ACVRIB (ACVRIB-kd), the necessary type IB receptor to transduce Activin A signaling in three SCC cell lines. Downregulation of ACVRIB enhanced invasiveness in the OSC19 SCC three-dimensional organotypic cultures. Additionally, ACVRIB-kd cells showed significant changes in protein expression, when compared to control. In particular, the correlative markers of SCC aggressiveness and putative downstream Activin A targets, podoplanin and fibronectin, were substantially altered in ACVRIB-kd cells. Integrin expression, particularly integrins β3, α5, and αv, was markedly changed in ACVRIB-kd cells, indicating additional ACVRIB-mediated effects to ECM proteins. We are currently analyzing ACVRIB-kd SCC tumor growth and metastasis in vivo using tongue orthotopic xenografts and subcutaneous flank injections. In conclusion, SCC-specific disruption of Activin A signaling promotes an aggressive phenotype. Re-activation of the canonical Activin A pathway may provide a novel therapeutic strategy to combat SCC. Citation Format: Holli A. Loomans, Laura L. Quast, Claudia A. Andl. ACVRIB-dependent regulation of extracellular matrix protein in squamous cell carcinoma progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 5088.
Patents and Licenses

The intellectual property behind biotechnologies has value and it must be protected. The legal system has provisions for protecting such ideas and inventions. This chapter will focus upon the process from having an idea to obtaining patent protection, then finally the licensure of the idea. This introduction to business and law and how they pertain to biotechnology should help to round out the student’s first exposure to the exciting world of biotechnology, and will hopefully prepare them for further pursuits with open eyes.
Assessing the similarity of ligand binding conformations with the Contact Mode Score

Display Omitted A novel method to measure the similarity of ligand binding conformations is proposed.The Contact Mode Score (CMS) is less dependent on the ligand size than the RMSD.The analysis of ligand binding conformations includes the protein environment.The extended CMS (XCMS) can be used to compare non-identical protein-ligand complexes. Structural and computational biologists often need to measure the similarity of ligand binding conformations. The commonly used root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) is not only ligand-size dependent, but also may fail to capture biologically meaningful binding features. To address these issues, we developed the Contact Mode Score (CMS), a new metric to assess the conformational similarity based on intermolecular protein-ligand contacts. The CMS is less dependent on the ligand size and has the ability to include flexible receptors. In order to effectively compare binding poses of non-identical ligands bound to different proteins, we further developed the eXtended Contact Mode Score (XCMS). We believe that CMS and XCMS provide a meaningful assessment of the similarity of ligand binding conformations. CMS and XCMS are freely available at http://brylinski.cct.lsu.edu/content/contact-mode-score and http://geaux-computational-bio.github.io/contact-mode-score/.
Glioblastoma Mimicking Meningioma: Report of 2 Cases.

Background Glioblastoma can mimic various pathologies, including arteriovenous malformation, hemorrhage from ischemic stroke, cerebral contusion, metastatic disease, lymphoma, and infection. The literature is limited regarding diagnostic confusion with meningioma. Herein, we present 2 patients that exhibited imaging, including cerebral angiography during preoperative embolization, which was consistent with meningioma, but where final surgical diagnosis revealed glioblastoma. Case Description Case 1 was a 57-year-old woman presenting with headache, ataxia, and memory lapses for the past month. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a heterogeneous-enhancing right temporoparietal mass with broad contact along the right tentorium, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cleft sign, and dural tail sign—consistent with meningioma. Patient underwent angiography with successful polyvinyl alcohol foam (PVA) particle embolization of the petrosquamosal branch of the right middle meningeal artery (MMA) and meningeal branch of the right occipital artery, resulting in significant devascularization of the tumor blush. Subsequently, the patient underwent tumor resection, where pathology revealed glioblastoma. Case 2 was a 60-year-old man presenting with right hemiparesis. Brain MRI demonstrated a left parasagittal, heterogeneous-enhancing mass abutting the falx with a dural tail sign—consistent with meningioma. Patient underwent angiography with successful PVA particle embolization of the left MMA, resulting in significant devascularization of the tumor blush. Patient underwent a tumor resection where pathology revealed glioblastoma. Conclusions Glioblastoma can mimic meningioma on MRI with dural tail sign, CSF cleft sign, and broad dural contact. Moreover, cerebral angiography can reveal tumor feeders commonly associated with meningioma. These features can contribute to diagnostic confusion. Based on these 2 cases, preoperative embolization of tumor feeders is possible with glioblastoma.
Effect of uncorrected patient movement in conventional and stationary SPECT

The effects of abrupt patient motion during a cardiac SPECT scan were studied with computer simulations. Using the NCAT heart model with respiratory and cardiac motions included, various small rigid motions were simulated. Both conventional SPECT and a novel stationary detector SPECT system were simulated. The stationary detector system had the capability to collect all angular information in two-second intervals. The reconstructed images showed that the stationary SPECT system produced motion artifacts as simple superimposed images due only to motion blur whereas the conventional system manifested potentially severe limited-angle tomography artifacts. A short study on using raw measurements to track the center-of-mass over time was included with discussions on the applicability to motion correction techniques
The G protein-coupled receptor GPR31 promotes membrane association of KRAS

The product of the KRAS oncogene, KRAS4B, promotes tumor growth when associated with the plasma membrane (PM). PM association is mediated, in part, by farnesylation of KRAS4B, but trafficking of nascent KRAS4B to the PM is incompletely understood. We performed a genome-wide screen to identify genes required for KRAS4B membrane association and identified a G protein-coupled receptor, GPR31. GPR31 associated with KRAS4B on cellular membranes in a farnesylation-dependent fashion, and retention of GPR31 on the endoplasmic reticulum inhibited delivery of KRAS4B to the PM. Silencing of GPR31 expression partially mislocalized KRAS4B, slowed the growth of KRAS-dependent tumor cells, and blocked KRAS-stimulated macropinocytosis. Our data suggest that GPR31 acts as a secretory pathway chaperone for KRAS4B.
Magnitude of Potentially Inappropriate Thrombophilia Testing in the Inpatient Hospital Setting

Laboratory costs of thrombophilia testing exceed an estimated $650 million (in US dollars) annually. Quantifying the prevalence and financial impact of potentially inappropriate testing in the inpatient hospital setting represents an integral component of the effort to reduce healthcare expenditures. We conducted a retrospective analysis of our electronic medical record to evaluate 2 years' worth of inpatient thrombophilia testing measured against preformulated appropriateness criteria. Cost data were obtained from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 2016 Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule. Of the 1817 orders analyzed, 777 (42.7%) were potentially inappropriate, with an associated cost of $40,422. The tests most frequently inappropriately ordered were Factor V Leiden, prothrombin gene mutation, protein C and S activity levels, antithrombin activity levels, and the lupus anticoagulant. Potentially inappropriate thrombophilia testing is common and costly. These data demonstrate a need for institution-wide changes in order to reduce unnecessary expenditures and improve patient care.
Insights from Cognitive Science on Mathematical Learning

Abstract Research in the cognitive sciences has yielded unique and critical insights into how the human mind represents, processes, and learns mathematical concepts and procedures. The chapters throughout this volume illustrate these insights for complex arithmetic, rational numbers, algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. In this chapter, we review and discuss several basic themes, such as the importance of prior knowledge for learning that cut across most or all of the other chapters, and highlight several challenges to translating these findings into instructional approaches and policies.
Future for Natural Products

A host of plant, animal, fungal, and bacterially derived chemicals, often known as natural products, are involved in many aspects of human existence. These natural products may be used as purified compounds or as components of complex mixtures which serve as medicines, pesticides, flavorings, herbicides, dyestuffs, tanning agents, rubber, food preservatives, detergents, perfumes, resins, gums, etc., as well as such esoteric uses as arrow poisons or piscicides. Some are the active components of masticatories such as tobacco, khat, and betel; others provide the stimulating effects of beverages; some provide sweetness, while yet others are basic components of the foods we eat. Natural products produced by fungi are frequent food contaminants. Man has even used some natural products to poison other human beings. What is the future of man’s usage of these compounds?
Influence of Alloying Elements and Effect of Stress on Anisotropic Hydrogen Diffusion in Zr-Based Alloys Predicted by Accelerated Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulations

The presence of hydrogen (H) can detrimentally affect the mechanical properties of many metals and alloys. To mitigate these detrimental effects requires fundamental understanding of the thermodynamics and kinetics governing H pickup and hydride formation. In this work, we focus on H diffusion in Zr-based alloys by studying the effects of alloying elements and stress, factors that have been shown to strongly affect H pickup and hydride formation in nuclear fuel claddings. A recently developed accelerated kinetic Monte Carlo method is used for the study. It is found that for the alloys considered here, H diffusivity depends weakly on composition, with negligible effect at high temperatures in the range of 600–1200 K. Therefore, the small variation in H diffusivity caused by variations in compositions of these alloys is likely not a major cause of the very different H pickup rates. In contrast, stress strongly affects H diffusivity. This effect needs to be considered for studying hydride formation and delayed hydride cracking.
Limb Synovial Joint Development From the Hips Down: Implications for Articular Cartilage Repair and Regeneration

Abstract Synovial joints permit the distinct movement and functioning of the different skeletal elements in the limbs but share essential structural features, including articular cartilage, intra/perijoint ligaments, synovial lining, and lubricating fluids. Here, we review most recent advances in the developmental biology of synovial joints, paying particular attention to the following: the origin and diversification of joint progenitor cells; roles of signaling proteins in joint genesis and morphogenesis, including GDF5; mechanisms by which articular cartilage acquires its mature postnatal multizone organization; and defects in pediatric congenital joint conditions such as symphalangism. We include novel data on hip joint development that surprisingly has been understudied. At variance with their developmental prowess and dynamism, joint tissues have a frustratingly poor capacity to self-repair and regenerate after trauma or chronic disease. Thus, we discuss implications and insights from developmental studies that could suggest ways to design more effective bioengineered strategies for tissue repair and could also lead to means by which the regenerative activities of resident embryonic-lineage progenitors recently identified in adult joint tissues could be boosted.
Les aspects économiques de la protection de la société

In this paper, the author describes some views that economists have of the problems of criminology together with the means accessible to them by which they attempt to answer certain interesting questions. Sketches of the economic arguments which are challenging a dominant view of the theory of criminal law and challenging as well the concept of "rehabilitation" are presented. The author proposes to review, briefly, the arguments for a systems approach and to outline new "industry" approaches to criminology problems. Finally, he tries to demonstrate why many traditional criminology studies are obsolete and he indicates in passing, the reason why the displacing of crime in time is a social benefit.
Urolithiasis in Pre-Term Neonates Associated with Furosemide Therapy

AbstractThe administration of furosemide to pre-term neonates has been associated with urolithiasis. We report 1 of 2 such cases that we have managed. The etiology of these stones appears to be related to furosemide-induced hypercalciuria. Nonsurgical management with thiazide diuretics can be successful in this high risk group of patients.
Methane beneath Greenland’s ice sheet is being released

Methane produced in sediments beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet is released to the atmosphere by meltwater in the summer. This suggests that glacial melt could be an important global source of this greenhouse gas. Glacial melt is a source of atmospheric methane.
“Hidden” Governance or Counterfactual Case? The US Failure to Pass a National Education Act, 1870–1940

In the 1870s and 1880s, the USA came the closest it has ever come to establishing a national education system. Congress considered twenty bills that would have provided federal funding and oversight of education. Despite a major campaign, the effort failed. Meanwhile, other countries successfully adopted comparable national acts. What were the causes and consequences of the failure to do so in the USA? This chapter analyzes the failure to pass a national education act in relation to interregional partisan politics and economic interests in the post-Civil War USA. It argues that though the imperative of national integration may have been common to the USA and other countries, the choice of means was not. That decision had consequences that are still being realized.
Formation of X-ray Amorphous and Crystalline Aluminium Hydroxides1

Summary. Various crystalline and X-ray amorphous forms of aluminium hydroxide prepared from sulphate and chloride solutions by varying the mole ratio of NaOH to A1 a+ have been characterized by chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction. When the NaOH/A1 ratio is 3 or 3.3, crystalline Al(OH)a in the form of bayerite, nordstrandite, gibbsite, or mixtures is obtained in several hours. When the ratio is 2.75 or below, no AI(OH)a is evident and the products are X-ray amorphous and remain so even after ageing for six months. Chemical analysis indicates that the amorphous precipitates are basic aluminium sulphates or chlorides. In the 0 to 2.1 range of NaOH/A1, the composition of the products is constant, being approximately AI(OH)~.~X0. s. In the 2.1 to 2.75 range, a continuous series of basic salts, of composition ranging from AI(OH)~.2X0. s to Al(OIt)~.TsX0.25, is obtained. The following hypothesis is proposed to account for the occurrence of X-ray amorphous versus crystalline forms: When NaOH is added to an aluminium salt solution, the initial reaction yields AI(OH) + ions, which polymerize into stable 6-membered ring units of composition Als(OH)~ + or multiples thereof (double and triple rings of composition Al~0(OI-I) s+ and AI~s(OH)~ +), all with H20 molecules on the surface. At NaOH/A1 ~ 2 or nearly so, the inclusion of A1 a+ in the basic ring units is complete; still further OH- then transforms these ring units to larger polymers, giving rise to a continuous series of species. At NaOH/A1 ~ 2.75 and below, the positively charged hydroxy-ahminium polymers repel one another unless joined together by the counter-anions to form basic aluminium salts, which are usually X-ray amorphous because of their highly hydrated state. At NaOH/A1 ~ 3, the net positive charge per aluminium disappears and consequently the repulsion among polymers as well as their water of hydration becomes negligible ; therefore, all the polymers cluster together and form crystalline AI(OH)a in a matter of hours or days, depending on the conditions of crystal growth.
Geostatistical analysis of historical contingency and land use footprints in the prehistoric settlement dynamics of the South Carolina Piedmont, North America

Abstract We present a high-resolution geostatistical analysis of prehistoric archaeological site locations and land use footprints for the South Carolina Piedmont of North America using archaeological survey data, multivariate logistic regression techniques, and fuzzy set theory. Our analysis uses archaeological site locations and generalizations about prehistoric economic systems to quantitatively model land use footprints and to test hypotheses derived from the archaeology of human-environment interactions. Specifically, we test the differential influence of landscape suitability and historical contingency as factors differentially influencing site location in immediate and delayed return economies. Our results highlight temporal variability in the influence of material factors (landforms and the residuum of previous occupations) on the selection of settlement and land use locations over the long term. We argue that our results indicate high potential for land use legacies beginning with the introduction of ceramic technologies. These landscape legacies were likely positive for human populations in that they improved the quality of ecosystems services and the reliability of provisioning.
Sb and Se Substitution in CsBi4Te6: The Semiconductors CsM4Q6 (M: Bi, Sb; Q: Te, Se), Cs2Bi10Q15, and CsBi5Q8.

Solid solutions CsBi4-xSbxTe6 (x ≤ 2.0) and CsBi4Te6-ySey (y ≤ 3.0) are synthesized by direct reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of Cs and the precursors Bi2-aSbaTe3 (a = 0.1—0.5), and Bi2Te3-bSeb (b = 0.1—1.5), resp.
[Related factors for early-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus of rural adults in Yuhuan County of Zhejiang Province in 2012].

Objective To explore related factors for early-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus( EOD) in rural Chinese adults. Methods Totally, 1695 newly diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus( T2DM) were recruited from baseline survey of Yuhuan Rural Adults Cohort for Diabetes during June to December 2012 in Yuhuan County, Zhejiang Province, China, and divided into EOD or late-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus( LOD) with their diagnosis age at ≤ 40 or > 40 years, respectively. Diagnosis age was compared among different characteristics. Logistic regression was used to analyze related factors in EOD. Results Among 1695 new T2 DM cases, near half( 47. 3%) were men and 85( 5. 0%) were grouped into EOD. Their mean age at diagnosis of T2 DM was( 60. 39 ±12. 49) years overall. Men or those with more than 9 education years, family average personal income ≥2000 Yuan per month, less occupational physical activities, smoking, drinking, overweight and family history of T2 DM had lower average age at diagnosis than women or those without them, while those with regular physical exercise had higher that than those without that. After the adjustment for other covariates, multiple logistic regression showed that more than 9 education years( OR = 6. 62, 95% CI 3. 87-11. 32), family average personal income ≥2000 Yuan per month( OR = 6. 60, 95% CI 3. 32-13. 12), and regular physical exercise( OR = 0. 37, 95% CI 0. 17-0. 80) were independently correlated to EOD. Conclusion Education level, income, and regular exercise are significantly correlated to EOD in rural Chinese adults.
Stakeholder perspectives in anticipation of sharing physicians’ notes with parents of hospitalized children

Abstract Objective Elicit stakeholder perspectives on the anticipated benefits and challenges of sharing hospital physicians’ admission and daily progress notes with parents at the bedside during their child's hospitalization and identify strategies to aid implementation of inpatient note sharing. Methods Five semistructured focus groups were conducted with 34 stakeholders (8 parents, 8 nurses, 5 residents, 7 hospitalists, 6 administrators) at a tertiary children's hospital from October to November 2018 to identify anticipated benefits, challenges, and implementation strategies prior to sharing inpatient physicians’ notes. A facilitator guide elicited participants’ perspectives about the idea of sharing notes with parents during their child's hospitalization. Three researchers used content analysis to analyze qualitative data inductively. Results Anticipated benefits of sharing inpatient notes included: Reinforcement of information, improved parental knowledge and empowerment, enhanced parent communication and partnership with providers, and increased provider accountability and documentation quality. Expected challenges included: Increased provider workload, heightened parental confusion, distress or anxiety, impaired parent relationship with providers, and compromised note quality and purpose. Suggested implementation strategies included: Setting staff and parent expectations upfront, providing tools to support parent education, and limiting shared note content and family eligibility. Conclusions Stakeholders anticipated multiple benefits and drawbacks of sharing notes with parents during their child's hospital stay and made practical suggestions for ways to implement inpatient note sharing to promote these benefits and mitigate challenges. Findings will inform the design and implementation of an intervention to share notes using an inpatient portal and evaluation of its effect on child, parent, and healthcare team outcomes.
Two shifts for crop mapping: Leveraging aggregate crop statistics to improve satellite-based maps in new regions

Abstract Crop type mapping at the field level is critical for a variety of applications in agricultural monitoring, and satellite imagery is becoming an increasingly abundant and useful raw input from which to create crop type maps. Still, in many regions crop type mapping with satellite data remains constrained by a scarcity of field-level crop labels for training supervised classification models. When training data is not available in one region, classifiers trained in similar regions can be transferred, but shifts in the distribution of crop types as well as transformations of the features between regions lead to reduced classification accuracy. We present a methodology that uses aggregate-level crop statistics to correct the classifier by accounting for these two types of shifts. To adjust for shifts in the crop type composition we present a scheme for properly reweighting the posterior probabilities of each class that are output by the classifier. To adjust for shifts in features we propose a method to estimate and remove linear shifts in the mean feature vector. We demonstrate that this methodology leads to substantial improvements in overall classification accuracy when using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) to map crop types in Occitanie, France and in Western Province, Kenya. When using LDA as our base classifier, we found that in France our methodology led to percent reductions in misclassifications ranging from 2.8% to 42.2% (mean = 21.9%) over eleven different training departments, and in Kenya the percent reductions in misclassification were 6.6%, 28.4%, and 42.7% for three training regions. While our methodology was statistically motivated by the LDA classifier, it can be applied to any type of classifier. As an example, we demonstrate its successful application to improve a Random Forest classifier.
'Is Keir Starmer a Neoliberal?': A Note on Keir Starmer's Political Rhetoric

This paper examines the cliams of Keir Starmer's election to the Labour Party leadership as a Blairite and neoliberal "restoration" by way of an examination of two of Starmer's key statements, namely his ten pledges in the party's February 2020 leadership contest, and his February 2021 "New Chapter for Britain" speech. This paper concludes that while in the earlier pledges there was a definite leftward movement as compared with the neoliberal line the party took under Blair, Starmer subsequently proved less consistent in this departure, as shown in the "New Chapter" speech--ultimately stronger on rhetorical evocation of Old Labour's "spirit" than its approach to problems, to go by his prescriptions.
Damping and incremental energy in thyristor switching circuits

Thyristor controlled reactors provide controllable inductances in utility power lines and are increasingly used for static var control and flexible AC transmission. The size of a perturbation from a nominal periodic steady state can be measured by its incremental energy. This paper shows that incremental energy of a small perturbation increases when a thyristor switches on and decreases when a thyristor switches off. This observation aids in understanding how perturbations are damped by thyristor switchings and highlights some problems with representing the small signal dynamics of thyristor controlled reactors with impedances.
Support Vector Machines and Fuzzy Systems

Fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic provide tools for handling uncertainties in data mining tasks. To design a fuzzy rule-based classification system (fuzzy classifier) with good generalization ability in a high dimensional feature space has been an active research topic for a long time. As a powerful machine learning approach for data mining and pattern recognition problems, support vector machine (SVM) is known to have good generalization ability. More importantly, an SVM can work very well on a high (or even infinite) dimensional feature space. This chapter presents a survey of the connection between fuzzy classifiers and kernel machines. A significant portion of the chapter is built upon material from articles we have written, in particular (Chen and Wang, 2003a,Chen and Wang, 2003b).
In the Core of the Night-Effects of Intermittent Mixing on a Horizontally Heterogeneous Surface

Intermittent breakdowns that accompany wind gusts at the surface are responsible for a large fraction of the turbulent exchange between the surface and the upper boundary layer in the core of clear nights. Vertical and horizontal structure of the breakdowns are investigated using data from a network of 26 stations in an area of 30 km × 30 km. Surface heterogeneity in the area includes complex terrain with different types of land cover. We treat the fine-scale landscape structure near sensors (‘sheltering’) as a separate component of heterogeneity. These features have important consequences on the spatial distribution of mean variables and surface fluxes. We found that breakdowns connect the surface layer to a higher level (level HC). Weak wind gusts below a threshold (approximately 1.5 m s-1) mix the air down to the colder ground, cooling the surface layer. On the other hand, wind gusts above this threshold promote mixing with upper levels, warming the surface layer. The spatial maximum of surface temperature over the network can be used as an estimate of the temperature at HC, allowing vertical gradients and stability to be approximated. Minimum temperature is a function of topography and sheltering. Appreciable surface fluxes at night occur primarily at high, open locations, and can be large enough there to influencearea-averaged values. Surface-fluxparameterizations currently used in mesoscale models were tested first by estimating fluxes at each station and aggregating, and then by formingarea-averages before estimating fluxes. Results show that these formulations underestimate the average surface fluxes over a region for most of the nights.
Temporal Observations of the λ 5303 Emission Line Profile during the 74 Minute Totality from the Concorde SST at the 30 June 1973 Total Solar Eclipse: Preliminary Intensity Variations Above an Active Region

(Nature). Apparatus was flown aboard the French-British Concorde SST to obtain high resolution emission line intensity profiles during the 30 June 1973 total solar eclipse. A prime objective was to obtain profiles that could be used to determine the presence in the FeXIV coronal emission line, 530.3 nm, of the 300 s periodicity such as is observed in the photosphere and chromosphere. The long totality duration of 74 min on the French Concorde 001 provided a unique opportunity for this study. At the 55000 ft cruise altitude weather influences are negligible, scattered light background reduced and seeing conditions excellent. The instrumentation included a high resolution pressure scanned Fabry-Perot interferometer and high resolution recordind. This instrumentation was perfected in earlier Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory solar eclipse flights since 1965 (Liebenberg, 1965, 1967; Hoffman et al., 1970). A 12 cm aperture window and 7.7 cm aperture f/13 telescope were designed to optimize the use of the available space as shown in Figure 1.
Test of The Bargaining Set and Kernel Models in Three-Person Games

Twelve groups of undergraduate subjects participated in computer-controlled experiments designed to test the bargaining set and kernel models for n-person games in characteristic function form. Each group played four iterations each of 5 three-person games in which v(A) = v(B) = v(C) = v(ABC) = 0, and v(AB) > v(AC) > v(BC) > 0. The effects of (i) the communication rules governing the negotiations, (ii) the differences among the payoffs assigned to each coalition, and (iii) learning were systematically investigated.
Chapter 3Modelling late devonian extinction hypotheses

Abstract Modelling the conditions of extinction hypotheses can lead to the discernment of the critical observations that must be made in order to definitively test those hypotheses. Models considered here are based upon the beginning ning assumption that the end-Frasnian biodiversity crisis was triggered in large part by pulses of global cooling. Both classes of models are catastrophic: large-igneous-province volcanism and asteroid or comet impact. A single impact model can be ruled out, as its predicted effects do not match those of the extinction pulses seen in the Late Fransian. An episodic global-winter model would, but those effects can be produced by both the catastrophic volcanism and multiple impacts models. Alternative models suggest that both catastrophic volcanism and multiple impacts may trigger a global greenhouse-induced temperature increase, a predicted effect that does not match the empirical data. However, if both of those mechanisms are shifted back in time to produce lag-time models of short-term global temperature increase and then rapid temperature drops as the anomalous greenhouse interval collapsed, then both produce effects that do match the empirical data. To definitively choose among the several model predictions two critical data are needed: (1) an accurate radiometric date on the Frasnian/Famennian (F/F) boundary, and (2) an accurate Late Devonian global temperature curve. Recent research results suggesting a 376 Ma age for the F/F boundary would indicate that several known impact craters post-date the F/F extinctions, and make the impact-induced extinction models less likely. High-research priority should thus be given to obtaining a biostratigraphic date or an accurate radiometric date on the Viluy Traps, as a test to corroborate the volcanic-induced extinction models.
Tumor-Derived α-Fetoprotein Impairs the Differentiation and T Cell Stimulatory Activity of Human Dendritic Cells

Several tumor-derived factors have been implicated in dendritic cell (DC) dysfunction in cancer patients. α-fetoprotein (AFP) is an oncofetal Ag that is highly expressed in abnormalities of prenatal development and several epithelial cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In HCC patients exhibiting high levels of serum AFP, we observed a lower ratio of myeloid/plasmacytoid circulating DCs compared with patients with low serum AFP levels and healthy donors. To test the effect of AFP on DC differentiation in vitro, peripheral blood monocytes from healthy donors were cultured in the presence of cord blood-derived normal AFP (nAFP) or HCC tumor-derived AFP (tAFP), and DC phenotype and function were assessed. Although the nAFP and tAFP isoforms only differ at one carbohydrate group, low (physiological) levels of tAFP, but not nAFP, significantly inhibited DC differentiation. tAFP-conditioned DCs expressed diminished levels of DC maturation markers, retained a monocyte-like morphology, exhibited limited production of inflammatory mediators, and failed to induce robust T cell proliferative responses. Mechanistic studies revealed that the suppressive activity of tAFP is dependent on the presence of low molecular mass (LMM) species that copurify with tAFP and function equivalently to the LMM fractions of both tumor and nontumor cell lysates. These data reveal the unique ability of tAFP to serve as a chaperone protein for LMM molecules, both endogenous and ubiquitous in nature, which function cooperatively to impair DC differentiation and function. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches that antagonize the regulatory properties of tAFP will be critical to enhance immunity and improve clinical outcomes.
Science and Struggle: Emerging Forms of Race and Activism in the Genomic Era

Analysis of the activism of experts has ignored the way that scientists form their own overt field-based political struggles to effect change on issues such as race. This article analyzes genomic activism around race, drawing on in-depth interviews with thirty-six leading genomic scientists and discourse analysis of 732 scientific articles. I demonstrate how science activists can fashion themselves as social advocates, by using tactics common to popular politics. These tactics can diverge and detract from popular activism and reify deterministic notions of race. I discuss important theoretical and practical implications for science, social movements, and professions.
Situations and interactions: digital café squatting and participatory design

This study begins an exploration into the temporary nesting or squatting experience of people using cafes as physical workspaces. I argue that the way people appropriate--and thereby design--temporary work environments in public places, will be of interest to both interior and interactive designers. The focus on what I call 'squatting' is one that takes into account the fact that we physically navigate urban environments; stopping to do digitally mediated activities along the way. While this activity is often solitary in nature it is done in collaboration with the sounds and activities of others. This is an important premise for using participatory research methods that can lead to, and follow participatory design.
Core-shell nanostructured nanoparticle films as chemically sensitive interfaces.

This paper reports the results of an investigation of vapor molecule sorption at different types of nanostructured nanoparticle films. Core−shell nanoparticles of two different core sizes, Au2-nm and Au5-nm, and molecular linkers of two different binding properties, 1,9-nonanedithiol and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid, are utilized as building blocks for constructing chemically sensitive interfaces. The work couples measurements of two different transducers, interdigitated microelectrodes and quartz crystal microbalance, to determine the correlation of the electronic resistance change and the mass loading with vapor sorption. The responses to vapor sorption at these nanostructured interfaces are demonstrated to be dependent on the core size of nanoparticles and the chemical nature of linking molecules. The difference of molecular interactions of vapor molecules at the nanostructured interface is shown to have a significant impact on the response profile and sensitivity. For the tested vapor molecules, while t...
Differential Cation & Anion Absorption as Affected by Climate.

Culture solutions in which barley had been grown outside the greenhouse, were more acid than similar solutions in which barley plants had been grown inside the greenhouse. This phenomenon was associated with temperature differences and not with variations in light intensity. Analyses of culture solutions showed both cation and anion absorption to decrease with a lowering of temperature, as the result of a general reduction in the metabolic activity of the plants. Absorption of NO/sub 3//sup -/, however, was affected much more by temperature changes than other ions; almost no NO/sub 3//sup -/ absorption occurred at 13 C. The decrease in NO/sub 3//sup -/ - absorption at the lower temperature was so much greater than that observed for any other ion that a secondary mechanism is suggested as the limiting factor in NO/sub 3//sup -/ absorption: the reductase enzyme system which is essential to the reduction of nitrate and the synthesis of organic nitrogen compounds, is temperature-dependent and reacts very slowly at 13 C. This may interfere with the assimilation of nitrate, and the accumulation of nitrate in the tissues reduces its further absorption. 13 references, 5 figures, 2 tables.