cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crime and Gender

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by K. Heimer, S. De Coster, volume 5, pp. 2918–2921, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Transforming Environmental Health Protection

We propose a shift from primarily in vivo animal studies to in vitro assays, in vivo assays with lower organisms, and computational modeling for toxicity assessments.
The significance of isolation of saprophytic molds from the lower respiratory tract in patients with cancer

BACKGROUND Invasive infections caused by molds other than Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Zygomycetes have been reported sporadically in patients with leukemia and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). However, the significance of lower respiratory tract cultures that are positive for these saprophytic molds in an unselected population of patients with cancer remains unclear. METHODS The authors evaluated the significance of respiratory specimens positive for saprophytic molds in patients with cancer using the criteria set by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)/Mycoses Study Group (MSG). They included the diagnostic category of indeterminate pulmonary invasive mold infection (IMI) for cases that met the criteria for probable IMI but had other pathogens concomitantly isolated from the respiratory tract. RESULTS Eighty-five cases with at least 1 positive culture were identified in 79 patients. Two cases were proven IMI, 29 were indeterminate IMI, 5 were possible IMI, and 49 were no IMI. All 38 cases from patients with solid tumors represented colonization compared with only 11 of the 47 cases (23%) from high-risk patients (P < 0.0001). The positive predictive value (PPV) of cultures was 0% in patients with solid tumors and ranged from 4.3% to 76.6%, depending on the analytic model used, in high-risk patients with leukemia and recipients of BMT. Cultures positive for Scedosporium spp. had a higher PPV (9.1–100%) than did cultures positive for non- Scedosporium spp. (2.8– 69.4%). CONCLUSIONS Adjustments of the EORTC/MSG criteria may be required for the diagnosis of invasive infections caused by saprophytic molds, especially non-Scedosporium spp., in patients with cancer. Cancer 2004;100:165–72. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Recent Developments in California's Last Clear Chance Doctrine

RECENT CASES indicate that California's Last Clear Chance doctrine is undergoing a modification that makes it available in an increasingly large number of negligence cases. These recent developments make desirable a brief re-examination of the entire doctrine, in order that the new developments can be viewed in proper perspective. The doctrine should also be compared with its principal alternative, Comparative Negligence.
Microsatellite instability testing and its role in the management of colorectal cancer.

TNM stage remains the key determinant of patient prognosis after surgical resection of colorectal cancer (CRC), and informs treatment decisions. However, there is considerable stage-independent variability in clinical outcome that is likely due to molecular heterogeneity. This variability underscores the need for robust prognostic and predictive biomarkers to guide therapeutic decision-making including the use of adjuvant chemotherapy. Although the majority of CRCs develop via a chromosomal instability pathway, approximately 12–15 % have deficient DNA mismatch repair (dMMR) which is characterized in the tumor by microsatellite instability (MSI). Tumors with the dMMR/MSI develop from a germline mutation in an MMR gene (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2), i.e., Lynch syndrome, or more commonly from epigenetic inactivation of MLH1 MMR gene. CRCs with dMMR/MSI status have a distinct phenotype that includes predilection for the proximal colon, poor differentiation, and abundant tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Consistent data indicate that these tumors have a better stage-adjusted survival compared to proficient MMR or microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors and may respond differently to 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy. To increase the identification of dMMR/MSI patients in clinical practice that includes those with Lynch syndrome, it is recommended that all resected CRCs to be analyzed for MMR status. Available data indicate that patients with stage II dMMR CRCs have an excellent prognosis and do not benefit from 5-fluorouracil (FU)-based adjuvant chemotherapy which supports their recommended management by surgery alone. In contrast, the benefit of standard adjuvant chemotherapy with the FOLFOX regiment in stage III dMMR CRC patients awaits further study and therefore, all patients should be treated with standard adjuvant FOLFOX.
Accurate reading comprehension rate as an indicator of broad reading in students in first, second, and third grades

The relationship between reading comprehension rate measures and broad reading skill development was examined using data from approximately 1425 students (grades 1-3). Students read 3 passages, from a pool of 30, and answered open-ended comprehension questions. Accurate reading comprehension rate (ARCR) was calculated by dividing the percentage of questions answered correctly (%QC) by seconds required to read the passage. Across all 30 passages, ARCR and its two components, %QC correct and time spent reading (1/seconds spent reading the passage), were significantly correlated with broad reading scores, with %QC resulting in the lowest correlations. Two sequential regressions supported previous findings which suggest that ARCR measures consistently produced meaningful incremental increases beyond %QC in the amount of variance explained in broad reading skill; however, ARCR produced small or no incremental increases beyond reading time. Discussion focuses on the importance of the measure of reading time embedded in brief accurate reading rate measures and directions for future research.
Ethics and Religion: Two Kantian Arguments

This paper describes and defends two arguments connecting ethics and religion that Kant makes in Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason. The first argument is that the moral demand is too high for us in our natural capacities, and God's assistance is required to bridge the resulting moral gap. The second argument is that because humans desire to be happy as well as to be morally good, morality will be rationally unstable without belief in a God who can bring happiness and virtue together. The paper states and replies to three objections to each argument.
CALL in the L2 Classroom: Possibilities and Limitations

The number of possibilities that computers and computer-assisted technology have opened up for second language (L2) learners over the years is intriguing. However, one must bear in mind that even though computer-assisted language learning (CALL) does create situations for computermediated interaction, can it really replace face-to-face interaction or just be an alternative resource? In larger numbers, with shrinking budgets, many universities are formulating online options for students in which one professor lectures to thousands of students online, and graduate assistants grade their assignments. While such an approach may be suitable for some content areas such as an Introduction to Psychology course, I think it could have different effects (though perhaps limited ones) in an L2 classroom, simply because face-to-face interaction is so vital. To date, some SLA researchers have argued for the importance of interaction in the learners L2 development. In his Interaction Hypothesis, Long (1983) advocated a critical role for interaction. He asserted that learners will make conversational adjustments during face-to-face interaction, which will in turn facilitate L2 learning. Mackey, Gass, and McDonough (2000) further argue that “through interaction, some aspects of their attention may become focused on the parts of their language that deviate from target language norms” (p. 473). So in relating CALL to the existing body of interaction research in SLA, one question stands out: Will CALL provide the same opportunities for learners as face-to-face interaction? Bhatia and Ritchie’s (2009) claim that “[technology] is a basic necessity of any teaching” (p. 549). At best, one needs to have a better and more nuanced understanding of the role, if any, of technology in the L2 classroom. In order to fully exploit the opportunities that technology offers us in the classroom, further research needs to be conducted for the purpose of understanding how technology can enhance certain aspects of the learning experience. First, knowing that human attention is a decidedly limited resource, how can we make sure that technology serves to enhance learning rather than serve as a distraction? Secondly, further research should delve into the question of which areas of language can be effectively taught utilizing computer technology and which areas are less amenable to its effects. Lastly, developmental readiness (Pienemann, 1989) is a major concern in language learning. How can we make sure that learners are developmentally ready to receive instruction that is technologically mediated? At present, L2 professionals are confronted with a vast array of products aimed at enhancing the language learning experience, and educational materials developers and publishers are constantly coming out with new innovations. However, much more research needs to be done to measure the effects of technology in the classroom, and when to use it effectively.
The Roles of Individual, Kin, and Group Selection in the Evolution of Sociality

The main intent of this chapter is to develop a general framework in which to answer the question: What are the roles of individual, kin, and group selection in the evolution of social behavior? Evolution occurs when the gene frequencies in a population or species change. Natural selection in response to environmental conditions is the primary source of genetic change in most populations. But what is the unit of selection? Classically, the differential survival and reproduction of individuals, or individual selection, are regarded as the major cause of genie evolution. More recently, units larger than the individual have been proposed. The feasibility of the differential survival and reproduction of groups such as families, demes, trait groups, populations, and species has been examined qualitatively and quantitatively in theory, but few field data exist yet that prove the occurrence of these selection processes in nature.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Nocardia Species

Abstract Variations of inoculum, pH, and composition of the agar assay media each influenced the in vitro susceptibility of Nocardia organisms (30 strains of N. asteroides and 6 strains of N. brasiliensis) to one or more antimicrobial agents incorporated in solid agar and incubated at 37 C for 48 h. Among newer antimicrobial agents, doxycycline, minocycline, and 7-halogenated lincomycin analogues exhibited the most consistent in vitro inhibitory activity; among older agents, viomycin, erythromycin, and streptomycin exhibited more selective in vitro inhibitory activity, but against a significant percentage of strains tested. N. brasiliensis was conspicuously more susceptible to erythromycin and gentamicin and more resistant to viomycin and capreomycin than was N. asteroides. Cycloserine demonstrated no significant in vitro inhibitory activity when assayed in appropriately augmented alanine-free medium. The outstanding feature of this in vitro survey was the marked variation in susceptibility among individual strains of N. asteroides, which variation deserves more careful consideration in future clinical or experimental therapeutic trials.
Use of Baffles to Suppress Energy Dissipation in Liquid-Filled Precessing Cavities

NERGY dissipation rates caused by introducing baffles of various sizes into a liquid-filled, precessing, spherical cavity are presented. It is shown that energy dissipation can be significantly reduced by adding fine mesh baffles into the cavity. A contrary effect can be achieved by using relatively large mesh baffles such that the nonspherical cells induce turbulence and larger energy dissipation rates than for the smooth walled spherical cavity.
Early Pennsylvanian Deposits West of the Nemaha Granite Ridge, Kansas

Several deep wells west of the granite ridge in east-central Kansas have penetrated red beds and a thick chert zone near the base of the Pennsylvanian section. Study of the materials indicates that the chert, red clay, and other debris are derived from deeply weathered rocks along the granite ridge. Since these coarse deposits overlie fine clay shale of early Pennsylvanian age, it appears that a moderately strong uplift of the ridge occurred in early Pennsylvanian, perhaps late Cherokee time--long after the first uplift of the ridge.
A new transference theorem in the geometry of numbers and new bounds for Ajtai's connection factor

We prove a new transference theorem in the geometry of numbers, giving optimal bounds relating the successive minima of a lattice with the minimal length of generating vectors of its dual. It generalizes the transference theorem due to Banaszczyk. We also prove a stronger bound for the special class of lattices possessing ne-unique shortest lattice vectors. The theorem imply consequent improvement of the Ajtai connection factors in the connection of average-case to worst-case complexity of the shortest lattice vector problem. Our proofs are non-constructive, based on discrete Fourier transform.
Finite element approximation of stationary interior viscous flow problems

Abstract Existence and uniqueness as well as finite element error bounds are obtained for the solution of the stationary Navier-Stokes equations at low Reynolds number, where the boundary conditions on a part of the boundary are natural boundary conditions of the variational form used in the finite element approximation.
Three-dimensional analysis of a hybrid photonic crystal-conventional waveguide 90° bend

We present a three-dimensional (3D) analysis of a hybrid photonic crystal-conventional waveguide 90° bend proposed previously [Opt. Express10, 1334 (2002)] as an ultracompact component for large-scale planar lightwave circuit integration. Both rigorous 3D finite-difference time-domain modeling and a simple perfect mirror model analysis were carried out for different Si post heights in the photonic crystal region. Results show that the bend efficiency increases rapidly with Si post height. For a post height of 6.5 μm, this structure yields a bend efficiency of 97.3% at a wavelength of 1.55 μm for 90° bends in 2 μm × 2 μm square channel conventional waveguides with a refractive index contrast of 3.55%, which is very close to the bend efficiency of 98.2% for the corresponding two-dimensional problem. Our 3D analysis permits the examination of issues such as out-of-plane scattering loss and the effects of finite Si post height that are not considered in two dimensions.
Structure and mechanism of bacterial periplasmic transport systems.

Bacterial periplasmic transport systems are complex, multicomponent permeases, present in Gram-negative bacteria. Many such permeases have been analyzed to various levels of detail. A generalized picture has emerged indicating that their overall structure consists of four proteins, one of which is a soluble periplasmic protein that binds the substrate and the other three are membrane bound. The liganded periplasmic protein interacts with the membrane components, which presumably form a complex, and which by a series of conformational changes allow the formation of an entry pathway for the substrate. The two extreme alternatives for such pathway involve either the formation of a nonspecific hydrophilic pore or the development of a ligand-binding site(s) on the membrane-bound complex. One of the membrane-bound components from each system constitutes a family of highly homologous proteins containing sequence domains characteristic of nucleotide-binding sites. Indeed, in several cases, they have been shown to bind ATP, which is thus postulated to be involved in the energy-coupling mechanism. Interestingly, eukaryotic proteins homologous to this family of proteins have been identified (mammalianmdr genes and Drosophilawhite locus), thus indicating that they perform a universal function, presumably related to energy coupling in membrane-related processes. The mechanism of energy coupling in periplasmic permeases is discussed.
Creating a Computerized Assessment of Cognitive Flexibility with a User-Friendly Participant and Experimenter Interface

Researchers are often faced with practical hurdles to data collection stemming from poorly designed research tools. In this set of studies, we utilized an iterative design process to develop a new assessment of individual differences in cognitive flexibility. The development cycle began with paper prototypes of the cognitive flexibility assessment and ended with a computerized prototype research tool. Here we outline our development process, report results from user testing, and demonstrate how human factors methodology, often used in product design, can also be successfully utilized to test and improve the user friendliness of psychology assessment tools.
Longitudinal precision of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in a multicenter study

Reproducibility is a key issue in both clinical and research applications of bone mineral density (BMD) measurements. To examine the longitudinal precision of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) for the measurement of mineral density in vivo and in vitro, the performance of a group of instruments in the course of a multicenter longitudinal clinical trial was monitored. Measures were performed on eight identical machines (Hologic QDR1000) and analyzed using the same automated software program. Short-term precision was good in vitro, [anthropomorphic spine phantoms; mean intrasite coefficient of variation (CV) 0.42 +/- 0.1% (SD)] and in vivo (lumbar spine; CV 1.1 +/- 0.5%). Intersite measures of a single spine phantom (specified mineral content -57.8 g) revealed a range of 57.3-58.4 g (CV 0.7%). In two subjects intersite CV in vivo were 3.7 and 2.1% (spine) and 1.8 and 3.2% (femoral neck). At five sites frequent phantom measures were performed over a 1 year period (mean number of measures 196) and revealed a mean all-point CV of 0.43% (range 0.35-0.53%). Longitudinal precision in vivo was somewhat less (mean CV of spinal measures 1.1%, femoral neck 1.2%, trochanter 1.3%, and Ward's area 2.4%). At one additional site large variations in phantom measures heralded repeated mechanical failures that eventually required machine replacement. In summary, DEXA demonstrates good in vitro and in vivo longitudinal precision, providing the basis for expanded clinical and research usefulness. Nevertheless, stringent quality assurance measures are required to detect and respond to system malfunctions.
Suicide Inactivation in Rhodobacter Sphaeroides Cytochrome c Oxidase Lacking Subunit III Coincides with Release of CuB and Major Conformational Changes in Subunit I

Cytochrome c oxidase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides shares homology with the three subunit core of the mitochondrial form. Subunits I (SI) and II contain the redox centers (CuA, heme a, and the binuclear center oxygen binding site, heme a3 and CuB) of the enzyme. Subunit III (SIII) functions to inhibit turnover induced suicide inactivation by maintaining proton uptake into the D pathway and by stabilizing the heme a3-CuB active site. Metal analysis of I/II oxidase, as determined by ICP-OES, shows that suicide inactivation leads to the release of one copper; EPR spectroscopy indicates that the missing copper is CuB. Limited proteolysis of wild-type and I/II oxidase using α-chymotrypsin showed no differences in the pattern of proteolytic digestion, however, SI of I/II oxidase was digested at a faster rate. MALDI-TOF and protein sequencing showed that the cleavage sites are localized to the N and C-termini of SI. Suicide-inactivated I/II oxidase exhibits a completely different digestion pattern, including the release of a peptide (AA 237-258 in SI; identified by MS-MS) that is located in a region above CuB in the enzyme. In an attempt to identify the oxidative reaction which leads to suicide inactivation, the two-electron reduced PM and three-electron reduced F intermediates were generated chemically in I/II oxidase. After incubation, the I/II oxidase was assayed for O2 reduction activity and no inactivation was observed, suggesting that build up of strongly oxidizing chemical intermediates at the active site does not lead to suicide inactivation. These results suggest that suicide inactivation in I/II oxidase is triggered by a mechanism leading to CuB loss with concomitant conformation changes in SI.
On the distribution and biological significance of the nucleoside phosphotransferases.

Abstract Nucleoside phosphotransferases were found in a large variety of plant and animal tissues. In plants and bacteria, only 5′-nucleotides are formed, while in animals small amounts of the 3′-isomers are also produced. The rates of phosphate transfer from phenylphosphate and 5′-inosinic acid are of the same order of magnitude in plants, bacteria and protozoa, but in the mammals transfer from the nucllotide is much slower. The enzyme is unevenly distributed in the organs of the rat, with the highest activities in liver, spleen and kidney, and the lowest in muscle. The bulk of the enzymic activity is localized in the cytoplasmic particles. Considerable increases in the activity of the enzyme occur during germination of wheat, regeneration of rabbit muscle, and bacterial growth. The results point to an active role of the nucleoside phosphotransferases in nucleotide biosynthesis.
Safety of voriconazole and sirolimus coadministration after allogeneic hematopoietic SCT

Antifungal prophylaxis with azoles is considered standard in allogeneic hematopoietic SCT (allo-HSCT). Although sirolimus is being used increasingly for the prevention of GVHD, it is a substrate of CYP3A4, which is inhibited by voriconazole, and concurrent administration can lead to significantly increased exposure to sirolimus. We identified 67 patients with hematologic malignancies who underwent allo-HSCT with sirolimus, tacrolimus and low-dose MTX and received concomitant voriconazole prophylaxis from April 2008 to June 2011. All patients underwent a non-myeloablative or reduced-intensity conditioned allo-HSCT. Patients received sirolimus and voriconazole concurrently for a median of 113 days. The median daily dose reduction of sirolimus at the start of coadministration was 90%. The median serum sirolimus trough levels before and at steady state of coadministration were 5.8 ng/mL (range: 0–47.6) and 6.1 ng/mL (range: 1–14.2) (P=0.45), respectively. One patient with an average sirolimus level of 6 ng/mL developed sirolimus-related thrombotic microangiopathy that resolved after sirolimus discontinuation. No sinusoidal obstructive syndrome was reported. Seventeen patients (25%) prematurely discontinued voriconazole because of the adverse events. Only two patients (3%) presented with possible invasive fungal infections at day 100. We demonstrate that sirolimus and voriconazole coadministration with an empiric 90% sirolimus dose reduction and close monitoring of sirolimus trough levels is safe and well tolerated.
Quantitative analysis of peptides with NMR spectroscopy

The determination of peptide concentration with 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy using an internal standard or an external standard in a sealed glass capillary was investigated for three tyrosine-containing tripeptides. Trimethylsilylpropionic acid (TSP) and maleic acid were tested as external standards for quantitation by proton NMR. Although comparable results were obtained for either standard, the performance of maleic acid was found to be superior because of its better long-term stability in the sealed capillary. Loss of TSP from solution occurred over time due to adsorption onto the walls of the capillary, necessitating frequent recalibration against the primary standard, potassium acid phthalate (KHP). The peptide contents of solid peptides determined with 1H NMR are compared with those obtained from ultraviolet (UV) absorbance measurements of the tyrosine chromophore. The versatility of NMR for the quantitative analysis of peptides that do not contain an appropriate UV chromophore make it well-suited for the determination of peptide concentration in aggregation studies or for the preparation of solutions for high-throughput screening of biological activity.
Development of a Measure of Drinking and Driving Expectancies for Youth

The present study constructs and provides initial validation for a measure of positive expectancies for drinking and driving for use with adolescents and young adults (PEDD-Y). In Study 1, items were generated through open-ended responses from high school- and college-age youth. Data collected from a 2nd sample of college students (n = 404) identified a 29 item, 4 factor questionnaire. Two of the PEDD-Y factors (Convenience, Avoiding Consequences) explained additional variance in drinking and driving behavior above and beyond other cognitions about drinking and driving. Study 2 extended these results to a high school sample (n = 185). Study 3 demonstrated test-retest reliability of the PEDD-Y in college-age youth (n = 165). These results provide initial evidence for the utility of the PEDD-Y in assessing drinking and driving risk in adolescents and college students.
A nondestructive method for the determination of forward-biased safe-operating-area limits for power transistors

It is proposed that the limit of thermal instability replace the traditional limit of second breakdown for the safe-operating-area limits of power transistors. A nondestructive method for measuring the limit of thermal instability is described. The relationships between thermal instability, stable hot spots, and second breakdown are reviewed and it is shown that stable hotspot operating conditions can exist within the traditional safe operating area based upon second breakdown. The proposed safe-operating-area limit is shown to exclude these hot-spot operating conditions. The effect of thermal resistance on the thermal instability limit is briefly discussed.
Monolayer bimetallic surfaces: Experimental and theoretical studies of trends in electronic and chemical properties

The current review focuses on the general trends in the electronic and chemical properties of monolayer bimetallic surfaces (MBS). The MBS is defined in this review as a monolayer of admetal deposited on a single crystal metal substrate. Depending on the deposition temperature and reaction environment, the admetal in MBS can be in one of the three structures: occupying the topmost surface sites to produce the surface monolayer, diffusing into the subsurface region to form the subsurface monolayer, and alloying with surface to produce intermixed bimetallic surfaces. The review will summarize recent experimental and theoretical studies of the surface monolayer, subsurface monolayer, and inter-mixed bimetallic structures to demonstrate their unique electronic and chemical properties. In the current review we will use one the most thoroughly studied bimetallic systems, surface and subsurface Ni monolayer on Pt(111), as a model system to introduce the synthesis, characterization, and DFT modeling of MBS structures. We will then utilize the adsorption of atomic hydrogen, atomic oxygen, and CO to demonstrate the correlation between the surface d-band center and the binding energies of both atomic and molecular adsorbates for various bimetallic surfaces. We will also address the issue of stability of the subsurface and surface MBS structures in vacuum, and in the presence of adsorbed hydrogen and oxygen. We will then use the hydrogenation of alkenes on subsurface MBS structures, and the reforming of oxygenates on surface MBS structures, to illustrate the trend between binding energies of adsorbates and chemical activities.
Tunable 105 ns optical delay for 80 Gb/s RZ-DQPSK, 40 Gb/s RZ-DPSK, and 40 Gb/s RZ-OOK signals using wavelength conversion and chromatic dispersion.

We demonstrate a variable, optical-delay element using tunable wavelength conversion in a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide, dispersion-compensating fiber and intrachannel dispersion compensation. A delay of up to 105 ns is demonstrated using 80 Gb/s return-to-zero differential-quadrature phase-shift keying, 40 Gb/s return-to-zero differential phase-shift keying, and 40 Gb/s return-to-zero on-off keying modulation formats. Bit-error rates <10−9 are demonstrated for each waveform at various delay settings.
Differential survival of fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, as affected by copper exposure, prior population stress, and allozyme genotypes

Two populations of fathead minnows (F{sub 1}, offspring of survivors of an acute fluoranthene exposure; N{sub 1}, naive hatchery fish born in outdoor ponds) were concurrently exposed to approximately 850 {micro}g/L of copper for 132 h. During the exposure, 49% of the F{sub 1} and 85% of the N{sup 1} minnows died. A curled operculum deformity, detected in 54% of the F{sub 1} population, was significantly related to mortality. A failure time regression model, combining both the F{sup 1} and N{sub 1} populations together, was fit to examine the relationship between population type (F{sub 1} or N{sub 1}), body condition (weight/length{sup 3}), presence of an operculum deformity, and different allozymes on time to death (TTD). The model indicated that type of population, body condition, the presence of an operculum deformity, and three loci (GPI-I{sup *}, IDHP-1{sup *}, and MDH-2{sup *}) were significantly related to TTD. The F{sub 1} minnows had a higher survival rate and longer average TTD compared to N{sub 1} minnows. In comparison to the N{sub 1} population, the F{sub 1} population possessed a higher frequency of genotypes associated with increased survivorship at the IDHP-1{sup *} and MDH-2{sup *} loci. Weight (and body condition) was negatively correlated withmore » survivorship. Minnows with a severe operculum deformity, believed to be a result of parental exposure to fluoranthene, had a 100% mortality rate and exhibited a considerably reduced TTD compared to nondeformed minnows. Multilocus heterozygosity was not related to TTD for either population. This study indicates that genetic factors may exhibit stronger effects on survivorship than other factors (e.g., weight/body condition) commonly associated with fitness.« less
A Teleseismic Study of the 2002 Denali Fault, Alaska, Earthquake and Implications for Rapid Strong-Motion Estimation

Slip histories for the 2002 M7.9 Denali fault, Alaska, earthquake are derived rapidly from global teleseismic waveform data. In phases, three models improve matching waveform data and recovery of rupture details. In the first model (Phase I), analogous to an automated solution, a simple fault plane is fixed based on the preliminary Harvard Centroid Moment Tensor mechanism and the epicenter provided by the Preliminary Determination of Epicenters. This model is then updated (Phase II) by implementing a more realistic fault geometry inferred from Digital Elevation Model topography and further (Phase III) by using the calibrated P-wave and SH-wave arrival times derived from modeling of the nearby 2002 M6.7 Nenana Mountain earthquake. These models are used to predict the peak ground velocity and the shaking intensity field in the fault vicinity. The procedure to estimate local strong motion could be automated and used for global real-time earthquake shaking and damage assessment. [DOI: 10.1193/1.1778388]
Aliphatic hydroxylamines as lipid antioxidants.

It was previously noted that N,N-dioctylhydroxylamine is formed from the oxidation of trioctylamine in oxidizing fats and that N,N-dioctyl- and N,N-diethylhydroxylamine preparations have antioxidant activity. In this paper we summarize some additional observations with these and some other N-substituted hydroxylamines. ESR spectra indicate that nitroxides are present in oxidized preparations of hydroxylamines. Since some stable nitroxides have been shown to be exceptionally effective antioxidants, we hypothesize that the antioxidant effectiveness of the hydroxylamines is accounted for by their conversion to nitroxides during the inital stages of oxidation.
Productivity and subordinate species response to dominant grass species and seed source during restoration.

Abstract Grasses can be important regulators of species diversityand ecosystem processes in prairie systems. Although C 4 grasses are usually assumed to be ecologically similarbecausetheyareinthesamefunctionalgroup,theremaybe important differences among species or between seedsources that could impact restorations. I tested whetherC 4 grass species identity, seed source, or grass speciesrichness scales to inﬂuence aboveground net primaryproductivity (ANPP), resistance to weed invasion, orestablishment of subordinate prairie species during res-toration. Plots in western Iowa, United States, wereplanted with equal-sized transplants of one of ﬁve com-mon grass species (Panicum virgatum L., Sorghastrumnutans (L.) Nash, Andropogon gerardii Vitman, Schiza-chyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash, andBouteloua curti-pendula(Michx.) Torrey) either from local seed or fromcultivar seed sources. These plots were compared toplots containing all ﬁve species in mixture and to non-planted plots. Differences in ANPP were foundamong species but not between cultivars and nonculti-vars or between monocultures and mixtures. Panicumvirgatum, S. nutans,andS. scoparium were more pro-ductive than A. gerardii and B. curtipendula.Weedinvasion was much higher when plots were not plantedwith grasses. Schizachyrium scoparium allowed greaterestablishment of subordinant prairie species than allother focal grass species. There were two separate mech-anisms by which grasses suppressed prairie species estab-lishment either (1) by growing tall and capturing lightor (2) by quickly ﬁlling in bare space by spreading hori-zontally through rhizome growth in short species. Theseresults suggest that high ANPP can be found with non-cultivar plantings during the ﬁrst 2 years after plantingand that subordinate species establishment is most likelywhen shorter bunchgrasses such as S. scoparium aredominant.Key words: biodiversity-ecosystem functioning, biofuels,C
Spectroscopy of Mg in hydrogenic matrices

Abstract The ultraviolet spectrum of magnesium-doped hydrogenic (H 2 , D 2 , HD) matrices is reported. The matrix-induced shift in, and bandwidth of, the Mg (3s 2 ) 1 S 0 → (3p) 1 P 0 free atom transition is discussed and compared to previous reports for Mg in rare gas matrices. The variation of the shift across the hydrogen series is interpreted using a Lennard-Jones model.
A Comparison of Narratives Told by Younger and Older Adults

The few studies that have examined verbal discourse in both young and older adults have yielded inconsistent results with respect to talkativeness and story quality. The disparity may arise from methodological differences. In this study the authors examined word count, irrelevant utterances, and ratings of quality of stories told by 24 young (mean age = 19.21) and 24 old (mean age = 72.13) adults. The authors found minimal age differences. A separate sample of 10 young and 10 older adults of ages similar to those of the storytellers read and rated all the stories. Raters were highly variable in their subjective evaluations of story quality, although satisfactory generalizability coefficients can be achieved with a sufficiently large number of raters. Most studies of discourse quality, however, use few raters, which produces unreliable measurement that can contribute to the inconsistent results reported in the literature.
Rock Stars in Anti-Drug-Abuse Commercials: An Experimental Study of Adolescents' Reactions1

Two studies examined adolescents' perceptions and effectiveness of rock stars in antidrug-abuse public-service announcements (PSAs). In the pilot study (N= 24 teenagers), adolescents expected rock musicians, and in particular heavy metal musicians, to be drug users. In our experimental study (N= 78 high school students aged 15 to 16 years), one group was shown 4 PSAs produced by Rock Against Drugs, using rock stars Jon Bon Jovi, Aimee Mann, Gene Simmons, and Belinda Carlysle as spokespersons. The comparison group was shown 4 equivalent PSAs that were created using unknown actors selected for their similarity to the rock stars in terms of age, ethnicity, and gender, but without any reference to rock music. PSA ratings were taken on 4 scales: attractiveness, expertness, trustworthiness, and overall PSA rating. Pretest and posttest measures of drug attitudes supported our hypotheses that countermessages from rock stars denormalize the connection between rock music and drugs, and that adolescents respond more positively to PSAs with rock stars than to PSAs without rock stars.
Ethical issues involving the Internet

During the 90's, the “Information Superhighway” has received widespread publicity. Many campuses have participated in this drive to an information based society by becoming participating nodes on the Internet. As an information provider, the Internet has the potential to change the college experience in many ways, both good and bad. It also poses a number of problems for college students in areas such as privacy, access, and honesty. It provides professors with a dynamic information storage and retrieval tool that offers the opportunity to modernize both curriculum experiences and pedagogical approaches. On some campuses, Internet access and capability has become so important that course modules and whole courses are being built. The panelists will each discuss a different issue involved with making the Internet more integral to the collegiate environment.The first panelist will consider risks and threats that an institution of higher learning must consider as it approaches Internet use will be presented. The steps an institution took to build policies and deal with “inevitable incidents” that will occur as the Internet is opened to full use by both students and faculty.The second panelist will present four computer ethics modules. Each module uses the abundance and dynamism of Internet information to provide challenging “Ethics in the Computer Workplace” experiences that could not easily be done by traditional means.The third panelist will discuss a course module that explores both the positive and negative potential of the Internet. The costs and ease of Internet access, as well as normally available Internet tools, are also presented. This module has been used in a course called “Ethical and Social Issues in Computer Science” and will be used in a general-education course to be offered beginning in 1994–95.
Loca1 and Remote Forcing of ENSO Ocean Waveguide Response

Abstract Several experiments using an ocean general circulation model have been carried out in order to explore the degree to which the oceanic waveguide response during the 1982–83 ENSO event was 1ocally and remotely forced. Experiments in which the chosen monthly mean surface stress field was imposed only within three degrees of the equator (3°N/S) and within seven degrees of the equator (7°N/S) reveal that the 7°N/S winds reproduce the equatorial results of the full winds case to within differences small compared to the variability of interest The 3°N/S winds case reproduce equatorial dynamic height acceptably, but introduces errors in SST and upper-ocean currents that approach the ENSO signal. A 7°N–S experiment in which the meridional stress is set to zero (NOYST) snows that meridional stress plays a nontrivial, but not dominant role, in the 1982–83 model behavior; errors generally are comparable to those of the 3°N/S case. A final experiment, in which the 1982–83 winds were imposed west of the datel...
An Analysis of Flash-Induced Electrical Transients of a BLM Containing Chloroplast Lamella Extracts

The electrical transients produced by chloroplast bilayer lipid membranes (Chl-BLM) from flash excitation are seen to result from three photocurrents and a discharge current. Each of the three photo-initiated charge transports in Chl-BLM (designated as Components A, B and C) exhibits an action spectrum similar to chlorophyll absorption spectra. The fast components (A and B), which are induced by electron acceptors such as Fe+3, have rise-times of ∼3 μsec and ∼20 msec, and occur in TLM (thin lipid membranes, i.e., colored membranes up to ∼1 μ thick) as well as in BLM. Component C is induced by a transmembrane pH difference or applied voltage, has a rise-time of ∼1 sec, and occurs only in BLM. Component C is associated with exciton dissociation and proton transport. The mobility of the Component A current carriers in TLM is estimated to be about 1×10−2 cm2/volt sec, and are, hence,electronic. The photovoltage waveforms are described by equations developed, which consider Component A as being caused by a direct charge separation proportional to the illumination intensity (within ≳0.5 μsec), and Components B and C being caused by two types of exciton processes which cause charge transport after the illumination period.
Models of Acculturation for Intra‐organizational Cultural Diversity

Abstract The globalization of business and demographic trends of many nations of the world are creating markets and workforces that are increasingly culturally diverse. Therefore a key to effectiveness for organizations of the 1990s is proper handling of cultural differences of the various groups represented in their workforces and markets. Previous literature in the fields of sociology and psychology, and the organizational literature on mergers and acquisitions, has emphasized acculturation processes as central to understanding cross-cultural relations. However this knowledge has not been applied to explicate cultural dynamics within organizations. This paper builds on this previous literature to develop a theoretical model of acculturation dynamics for culturally diverse organizations. Factors which are expected to determine modes of acculturation are identified, and a series of theoretical propositions are offered, which specify the conditions under which each of the modes of acculturation will be manifested. Resume La globalisation des tendances commerciales et demographiques de bon nombre de pays cree des marches et des forces de travail d'une diversite culturelle sans cesse croissante. Ainsi, la cle du succes des entreprises des annees 1990 reside dans l'art de traiter les differences culturelles des divers groupes representes dans leurs marches et leurs forces de travail. La litterature specialisee dans les domaines de la sociologie, de la psychologie et de l'administration, et notamment dans des articles sur les fusions et les acquisitions, ont deja mis l'accent sur l'importance du phenomene d'acculturation pour comprendre les relations interculturelles. Or, cette connaissance n'a pas ete appliquee pour expliquer la dynamique culturelle au sein des organisations. Le present article se fonde sur cette litterature anterieure pour develop-per un modele theorique de dynamique d'acculturation pour les entreprises de cultures diverses. Il definit les facteurs susceptibles de determiner les modes d'acculturation et presente une serie de propositions theoriques qui precisent les conditions dans lesquelles chacun des modes d'acculturation se manifestera.
Mowing Effects on Root Production, Growth, and Mortality of Creeping Bentgrass

Understanding the response of root growth for creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds. [= A. stolonifera var. palustris (Huds.) Farw.]) to different mowing regimes will help develop effective management practices to maintain high quality turf. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of mowing height on root elongation, production, and mortality for two creeping bentgrass cultivars throughout the growing season, particularly during summer months. 'Crenshaw' and 'Penncross' grown in a USGA-specification putting green were mowed daily at two mowing heights: 3 and 4 mm. In comparison with mowing at 4 mm, mowing at 3 mm reduced cumulative new root length (CNRL), total root length (TRL), and maximum rooting depth (RD), but increased dead root length (CDRL), root turnover rate in both length and number, and root mortality at 3- and 9-cm soil depths in both cultivars. The decline in new root production and increase in root mortality occurred earlier in the season and were more pronounced at the 3-cm soil depth than at the 9-cm depth for both cultivars. The effects of low mowing on root growth were more pronounced during summer months than in the spring. Lowering mowing height during summer would be more detrimental for root growth than maintaining a higher mowing height, which could lead to turf quality decline of creeping bentgrass.
Recursive computations of kinematic and dynamic equations for mechanical manipulators

Computational kinematics and dynamics of robot manipulators are dealt with. A recursive method based on the vector form of Rodrigues' equation is presented for the computation of the associated coordinate transformations. The method allows for forward, backward, and two-way recursions and is applied to the computations of the Jacobian matrices and dynamic equations for mechanical manipulators. The computational complexities of the resulting equations are also evaluated and compared to some of the existing methods in each case. It is shown that the algorithms presented have certain computational advantages over most of the existing methods.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Polyampholyte−Polyelectrolyte Complexes in Solutions

We have studied how the charge distribution along a polyampholyte backbone influences aggregation of polyampholyte and polyelectrolyte chains in dilute and semidilute solutions. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we have shown that the complexation between polyampholyte and polyelectrolyte chains is due to polarization-induced attractive interactions between molecules. A polyampholyte chain binds to a polyelectrolyte in such a way to maximize the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ionic groups and minimize the electrostatic repulsion between similarly charged ones. The charge sequence along the polyampholyte backbone has a profound effect on the complex structure. In dilute solutions, a diblock polyampholyte could form a three-arm starlike complex in which the longest branches of the star are formed either by two sections of the polyelectrolyte chain or by a negatively charged block of the polyampholyte and by a section of the polyelectrolyte chain. There are no such complexes in solutions of random polyampholytes and polyampholytes with short blocky charge sequences. In dilute solutions of moderate polymer concentration polyampholytes with long blocky charge sequences form mixed micellar aggregates containing both polyampholyte and polyelectrolyte chains. In semidilute solutions diblock polyampholytes form a network of micelles spanning the entire system. On the contrary, the structure of multichain aggregates formed by random polyampholytes and polyelectrolytes resembles that of branched polymers with polyampholyte chains cross-linking polyelectrolytes together. The osmotic coefficients of polyampholyte polyelectrolyte mixtures show no dependence on the charge sequence along the polymer backbone, confirming the leading contribution of small ions to osmotic pressure of ionic systems.