cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The dilepton probe in heavy-ion collisions

Dileptons provide direct observables of the electromagnetic current–current correlator in the hot and/or dense medium formed in heavy-ion collisions. In this paper an overview is given about the status of the theoretical understanding of the dilepton phenomenology in heavy-ion collisions from studies of the in-medium properties of hadrons and partons within many-body theory and about connections to fundamental questions concerning the chiral phase transition.
Principles Determining the Voltages and Capacities of Electrochemical Cells

In the prior chapter it was shown that the fundamental driving force across an electrochemical cell is the virtual chemical reaction that would occur if the materials in the two electrodes were to react with each other. If the electrolyte is a perfect filter that allows the passage of ionic species, but not electrons, the cell voltage when no current is passing through the system is determined by the difference in the electrically neutral chemical compositions of the electrodes. The identity and properties of the electrolyte and the phenomena that occur at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces play no role. Likewise, it is the properties of the electrodes that determine the capacity of an electrochemical cell.
Apolipoprotein expression and cellular differentiation in Caco-2 intestinal cells

Caco-2 cells, cultured for 18 days on porous filter supports and conventional plastic culture dishes, were used to study the effects of cellular differentiation on the expression of apolipoprotein (apo) genes. Media of filter-grown cells accumulated more apo B as apo B-48 and contained three times the amount of edited apo B mRNA compared with plastic-grown cells. The accumulation of apo A-I by media of plastic-grown cells was higher than accumulation by filter-grown cells, despite similar concentrations of apo A-I mRNA. The apo A-IV was detectable in the culture media earlier with filter-grown cells compared with plastic-grown cells, despite similar apo A-IV mRNA concentrations. Plastic-grown cells contained more apo E mRNA, and their media accumulated more apo E than filter-grown cells. With the exception of apo A-I, apo gene expression changed with Caco-2 cell differentiation to resemble more closely the patterns seen in adult enterocytes. There were no effects or minimal effects of added retinoic acid, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], or thyroid hormone on apo accumulation in media of filter-grown cultures of Caco-2 cells. However, 1,25(OH)2D3 and thyroid hormone increased apo B, apo A-IV, and apo A-I mRNA concentrations, retinoic acid increased apo B mRNA concentrations alone, and all three reduced apo E mRNA concentrations. Ratios of edited to unedited apo B mRNA were unaffected. In conclusion, culture substratum importantly influences Caco-2 cell differentiation. Soluble factors that influence cellular differentiation may affect apo gene expression over and above effects mediated by the culture substratum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The effect of temperature on the performance of glass-fiber-reinforced high-density polyethylene composite railroad crossties

The effect of temperature on structural materials is a major concern in engineering applications. Thermoplastic composites are highly sensitive to temperature changes and recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) is no different in that respect. Temperature variations may alter the mechanical properties for even the best designed HDPE compositions. Thermoplastic materials usually experience a lower modulus of elasticity and higher ductility at elevated temperatures and a higher modulus of elasticity and lower ductility at low temperatures. Therefore, it is of vital importance to study and fully understand the nature and extent of this effect. This knowledge will enable the safe implementation of these materials in structural applications where low or elevated temperature exposure is expected. In this paper, an experimental testing program that aims to assess the effect of temperature variation on the performance of HDPE composite railroad crosstie is presented. It employs an AREMA-recommended flexural tes...
Mammary Gland Fatty Acids in Rats of Different Susceptibility to Mammary Carcinoma Induction

SummaryAlthough young female rats of the Sprague-Dawley and Osborne-Mendel strains are quite vulnerable to the induction of mammary cancer by intragastric instillation of 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene and rats of Fischer, Marshall, and Long-Evans strains are relatively resistant, the fatty acid composition of mammary glands from rats of these five strains were comparable. A sex difference was noted in three strains with males having a somewhat greater proportion of 18:2 (linoleic acid) and a lower proportion 16:1 (palmitoleic acid) than females. The phospholipid levels of the breasts tissue of both male and females in all five strains were quite low relative to the total lipid.
Patterns of International Involvement and International Violence

Although violence between and among nations is a common occurrence and a subject which has received wide attention among those writing in the field of international politics, we are just beginning to compile a body of empirical knowledge about the factors associated with the amount of conflict behavior that countries direct toward other nations (Pruitt and Snyder, 1969). In this article, I have isolated one factor which might influence a country's level of foreign conflict behavior-namely, its level of involvement in the international system. A crossnational analysis of some 75 countries seeks an answer to the following question: is the degree to which a country is involved in the international system related to its level of foreign conflict behavior?
Character of the Gaseous Distension in Mechanical Obstruction of the Small Intestine

SummaryThe average percentage composition of the different gases is as follows: (a) Nitrogen 70%; (b) carbon dioxide, 6–12%, approached that found in blood gases; (c) oxygen, 10–12%, with a decided drop after the 72 hour period; (d) combustible gases (methane and hydrogen), a very low percentage in only a few experiments; (e) hydrogen sulphide, 1–14%, with a marked increase after death; (f) volatile basic group (ammonia, methyl amine, etc.) 0.5–4.0%, with an increase with longer duration of the obstruction.In a quantitative determination of the origin of gases occurring in small bowel obstruction, about 68% of the gas was estimated to have arisen from swallowed air. The amount formed within the body was 32%, of this about 70% originated from diffusion from the blood into the bowel lumen, and the remaining 30% arose from decomposition of food material.McIver1 and his associates have shown that gaseous distension of the stomach after abdominal operations is largely due to swallowed air. In mechanical obstru...
Childhood Risk Factors and Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension: The Bogalusa Heart Study

BACKGROUND Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) causes increased risk of maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Identification of risk factors for PIH in early life is central to the development of prevention strategies. METHODS A cohort of 703 women aged 25.5-51.3 years from the Bogalusa Heart Study were included. PIH were defined as self-reported hypertension during pregnancy and a blood pressure level <140/90mm Hg without antihypertensive medication (n = 131) at the subsequent examinations. Body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides measured during childhood (4-17 years) were considered. General linear models were used to examine differences in childhood between those who did and those who did not develop PIH. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios for PIH associated with childhood risk factors. RESULTS Compared to women who did not develop PIH, those who developed PIH had higher BMI (20.2 vs. 19.2kg/m(2), P = 0.0002) and systolic blood pressure (104.1 vs. 103.3mm Hg, P = 0.008) in childhood. After adjustment for other variables, childhood BMI was the only risk factor associated with PIH, with each standard deviation increase in childhood BMI being associated with an odds ratio of 1.35 (95% confidence interval: 1.08-1.68) for PIH. The odds of PIH increased significantly as childhood BMI increased from the bottom quartile to the top quartile (P for trend = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Elevated childhood BMI is a significant risk factor for PIH in adulthood, which underscores the importance of body weight control in childhood for prevention of PIH.
Energetic basis for reduced contractile reserve in isolated rat hearts.

To study the relationship between myocardial energetics and contractile reserve, we acutely and selectively inhibited creatine kinase (CK) activity in isolated perfused rat hearts, using increasing...
Epidemiology of Essential Hypertension in Children: The Bogalusa Heart Study

Cardiovascular diseases including heart attack and stroke remain the leading causes of death and disability in the United States (1). However, the adult heart diseases begin decades earlier (2). Observations from many well-established epidemiologic studies in adults have implicated risk factors, for example, high blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity, along with lifestyles of poor diet, smoking, and sedentary behavior, as related to the development of clinical heart disease (3–5). Unfortunately, hypertension is a major public health problem involving over 30% of the adult African-American population (6). Furthermore, a strong relationship has been demonstrated between cardiovascular risk factors and underlying atherosclerotic, hypertensive vascular abnormalities at autopsy both in adults and in children and adolescents (3,4). The occurrence of anatomic changes at a young age is the most compelling evidence that the adverse effects of risk factors such as hypertension are not limited to adult heart disease but that hypertensive cardiovascular–renal diseases begin in childhood (7,8). Epidemiologic studies at a young age now provide considerable understanding of the early natural history of high blood pressure and the hypertensive disease leading to clinical events. In this chapter we will summarize key findings from the Bogalusa Heart Study and other important works.
Publication of the Evaluation

Often, the visiting committee chairperson is responsible for editing the individual reports and publishing a confidential committee report for the accrediting association during the on-site visitation or shortly thereafter. Since the committee chair usually has final authority for the content of the report, it is important for the educational institution to pay extra attention to the individual selected as the visiting committee chairperson. In addition to strong writing skills, the visiting team chair often has strong leadership and team management skills, and the ability to use information technology to produce an effective visitation report in a timely and accurate manner.
A comparative life history study of immature Amblyseius fallacis, Amblyseius andersoni, Typhlodromus occidentalis and Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) with a review of larval feeding patterns in the family

Survival, developmental time, activity, feeding rates, and other biological aspects of immatures of Amblyseius fallacis, Amblyseius andersoni, Typhlodromus occidentalis and Typhlodromus pyri were examined in the laboratory in small arenas (2×2 cm) with different egg densities (0, 5, 10, 20 per 12 h) of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch), at 25±1°C, ≈80% RH, and 16L: 8D photoperiod. Egg survival was high (86–100%) in all four species. Larval survival was similarly high except for T. occidentalis which all died in the absence of food. Survival rates of protonymphs and deutonymphs were also high except that up to 50% of A. andersoni died at 5 prey eggs per 1/2 day. Developmental time did not vary significantly with prey density and was similar for males and females in the oligophagous predators (A. fallacis and T. occidentalis), but was longer at lower prey densities and in females than males in the polyphagous predators (A. andersoni and T. pyri). In general, the time allocated to three active instars (=stases) decreased in the order: A. andersoni (81%), T. pyri (78%), A. fallacis (69%), and T. occidentalis (64%). The polyphagous predator species had a shorter larval stage and much longer deutonymphal stage than the oligophagous species. The proportion of time allocated to the protonymphal stage was the least variable among the four species. The interspecific differences in walking activities also appeared greater in larval and deutonymphal stages than in the protonymphal stage. The larvae of the two oligophagous predators (A. fallacis and T. occidentalis, walking activity averaging 36–49%) were more active than the two polyphagous predators (A. andersoni and T. pyri), which spent 80% or more time resting. In deutonymphs, walking activity increased in the order: T. occidentalis (14%), A. andersoni (27%), A. fallacis (43%) and T. pyri (59%). Larvae were more active during the first half of their life than the latter half. In general, most life history traits of immature A. andersoni, T. pyri, A. fallacis, and T. occidentalis are not associated with their phylogenetic relatedness or size, but with the feeding specialization of the predator species. Larval feeding patterns in Phytoseiidae are reviewed and a hypothesis about the evolution of larval feeding behavior in Phytoseiidae is proposed.
Mantle Cell Lymphoma: SAHA Blocks Akt/mTOR Pathway and Reduces Cyclin D1 Protein Levels by Affecting Translation.

Abstract Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. We have found that SAHA has profound antiproliferative activities against mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cell lines (ED50 ≅ 1 μM SAHA for 3 days), and this was associated with a rapid decrease of Cyclin D1 protein as seen by western blot. For example, eight hours treatment with SAHA (5 μM), reduced the Cyclin D1 levels by 80 % in three of 3 MCL cell lines (Jeko1, SP49, SP53). In contrast, other HDAC inhibitors including valproic acid and trichostatin A, were unable to reduce protein levels of Cyclin D1 as rapidly or as completely as SAHA in these MCL cell lines. Also, a myelogenous leukemia cell line, K562 expressed low levels of Cyclin D1 and exposure of these cells to SAHA (8 hrs) had almost no effect on protein levels of Cyclin D1, although SAHA had profound antiproliferative effect on these cells. A hallmark of MCL cells is the t(11; 14)(q13; q32) chromosomal change which rearranges the enhancer region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain to the regulatory region of the cyclin D1 gene inducing overexpression of Cyclin D1 mRNA, leading to high expression of Cyclin D1 protein. Levels of Cyclin D1 mRNA (Northern blot) remained elevated in these cell lines during an 8 hr exposure to SAHA (5 μM). Also, stability of Cyclin D1 protein in these MCL lines as measured by pulse-chase assay and cyclohexamide treatment minimally changed during the 8 hours of exposure to SAHA in the MCL cell lines. Taken together, we speculated that translation of the Cyclin D1 may be slowed after treatment of the cells with SAHA. Since translation of Cyclin D1 protein is regulated by eIF4E, the binding activity of eIF4E to the cap site of mRNA was analyzed by immunoprecipitation using 7 methyl-GTP sepharose beads. Binding activity decreased rapidly after the treatment with SAHA. Since hypophosphorylated eIF4EBP binds eIF4E and blocks the function of eIF4E, activity of eIF4E is regulated by eIF4EBP and its phosphorylation status. Furthermore, Akt phosphorylates and activates mTOR which then phosphorylates eIF4EBP and prevents eIF4EBP from binding to eIF4E. We found that eIF4EBP, mTOR, and Akt proteins are markedly phosphorylated resulting in an activated Akt/mTOR pathway in the MCL cell lines. Levels of phospho-eIF4EBP, phosph-mTOR and phospho-Akt decreased rapidly after treatment with SAHA. Also, PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, transiently decreased the level of Cyclin D1 protein. In summary, our data suggest that 1) Akt/mTOR pathway is activated in MCL cells; 2) Translation of Cyclin D1 is dependent on this pathway in these cells; 3) Blockade of this pathway reduces the protein levels of Cyclin D1 rapidly by decreasing its translation; 4) SAHA blocks this pathway through a mechanism other than HDAC inhibition. This discovery may encourage a reappraisal of the mechanism of action of this interesting therapeutic compound and also focus attention to developing additional inhibitors of this pathway in cancers associated with dysregulated Cyclin D1.
Preheating after multifield inflation with nonminimal couplings. II. Resonance structure

This is the second in a series of papers on preheating in inflationary models comprised of multiple scalar fields coupled nonminimally to gravity. In this paper, we work in the rigid-spacetime approximation and consider field trajectories within the single-field attractor, which is a generic feature of these models. We construct the Floquet charts to find regions of parameter space in which particle production is efficient for both the adiabatic and isocurvature modes, and analyze the resonance structure using analytic and semi-analytic techniques. Particle production in the adiabatic direction is characterized by the existence of an asymptotic scaling solution at large values of the nonminimal couplings, $\xi_I \gg 1$, in which the dominant instability band arises in the long-wavelength limit, for comoving wavenumbers $k \rightarrow 0$. However, the large-$\xi_I$ regime is not reached until $\xi_I \geq {\cal O} (100)$. In the intermediate regime, with $\xi_I \sim {\cal O}(1 - 10)$, the resonance structure depends strongly on wavenumber and couplings. The resonance structure for isocurvature perturbations is distinct and more complicated than its adiabatic counterpart. An intermediate regime, for $\xi_I \sim {\cal O} (1 - 10)$, is again evident. For large values of $\xi_I$, the Floquet chart consists of densely spaced, nearly parallel instability bands, suggesting a very efficient preheating behavior. The increased efficiency arises from features of the nontrivial field-space manifold in the Einstein frame, which itself arises from the fields' nonminimal couplings in the Jordan frame, and has no analogue in models with minimal couplings. Quantitatively, the approach to the large-$\xi_I$ asymptotic solution for isocurvature modes is slower than in the case of the adiabatic modes.
Intuition, Creativity, and Unconscious Aspects of Problem Solving

Creativity, insight, and intuition are just some forms of thought believed to rely heavily on the unconscious, giving these areas special status in psychology. Growing interest in creativity and problem solving has led to an influx of novel approaches in the empirical exploration of topics previously believed to be beyond our reach. This article reviews existing research and theory concerning the cognitive, behavioral, and neural components of the unconscious in creativity and problem solving. Of importance is understanding the field's past and conceptualizing its future.
Noncoding RNAs in Platelet Biology

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNA) account for the majority of the human cellular transcriptome. Advances in sequencing technologies and analytic approaches continue to identify novel ncRNAs. A large amount of research has investigated the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in megakaryopoiesis and platelet biology, whereas relatively little is known about other ncRNAs. miRNAs affect basic development and physiology by regulating protein translation, and in doing so miRNAs regulate hematopoiesis and megakaryopoiesis. To date, platelet miRNA studies have focused on their use as biomarkers and as tools for understanding basic mechanisms of megakaryocyte/platelet gene expression, but there is a rapidly expanding appreciation for miRNAs as mediators or modifiers of disease, the potential for platelet miRNAs to affect gene expression in other tissues, and as therapeutic targets.
General Acid-Type Catalysis in the Dehydrative Aromatization of Furans to Aromatics in H-[Al]-BEA, H-[Fe]-BEA, H-[Ga]-BEA, and H-[B]-BEA Zeolites

Al, Ga, Fe, and B metal substituents have been examined for their ability to change the Bronsted acid strength of BEA zeolite and inhibit undesired hydrolysis in the production of aromatics from furan, 2-methylfuran, and 2,5-dimethylfuran. We employed electronic structure calculations to examine this series of furans in H-[Al]-, H-[Fe]-, H-[Ga]-, and H-[B]-BEA zeolites. These calculations were used to parametrize a microkinetic model to make direct comparisons to experiments run with furan and DMF in the weakest and strongest acid zeolites, H-[B]-BEA and H-[Al]-BEA, respectively. Electronic structure calculations revealed that the Diels–Alder reaction remains unaffected by changes to the Bronsted acid strength of the zeolite, whereas the dehydration and hydrolysis reactions are affected in a fashion reminiscent of general acid catalysis. Interestingly, despite its significantly lower acid strength, H-[B]-BEA was experimentally shown to have an activity similar to that of H-[Al]-BEA for the production of b...
Broadleaves in Ireland: Can broadleaves give adequate financial returns?

The following paper describes briefly the existing stock of broadleaf forest in the Republic of Ireland, with particular emphasis on the area owned by the state, for which detailed information exists. It is shown that the nature of the broadleaf estate indicates that financial considerations were not paramount in the decision to plant broadleaves. The question of whether or not broadleaves can be grown at a profit is examined.
Development of sensors for direct detection of organophosphates.: Part II: sol–gel modified field effect transistor with immobilized organophosphate hydrolase

Abstract pH-sensitive field effect transistors (FET) were modified with organophosphate hydrolase (OPH) and used for direct detection of organophosphate compounds. OPH is the organophosphate degrading gene product isolated from Pseudomonas diminuta . OPH was selected as an alternative to acetylcholinesterase, which requires inhibition mode sensor operation, enzyme regeneration before reuse, long sample incubation times, and a constant source of acetylcholine substrate. OPH was covalently immobilized directly to the exposed silicon nitride gate insulator of the FET. Alternatively, silica microspheres of 20 or 200 nm were formed via a base catalyzed sol–gel process and were dip-coated onto the gate surface; enzyme was then covalently immobilized to this modified surface. All sensors were tested with paraoxon and displayed rapid response ( −6 molar. The 200 nm sol–gel gate modification enhanced the signal of enzyme-modified devices without effecting device pH sensitivity. Sensors were stored at 4°C in buffer and tested multiple times. Devices coated with 200 nm silica microspheres maintained significant enzymatic activity over a period of 10 weeks while uncoated devices lost all enzyme activity during the same period. The 20 nm sol–gel modification did not enhance device response or enzyme stability. Successful reuse of sensor chips was demonstrated after stripping inactive enzyme with an RF oxygen plasma system and reimmobilizing active enzyme.
What Institutional Websites Reveal About Diversity-Related Partnerships Between Academic and Student Affairs

Little is understood about how campus educators within Academic Affairs and Student Affairs use institutional websites to articulate what their institutional commitments to diversity, inclusion, and social justice are and how they are enacted. Through an exploratory content analysis using LePeau’s (2015) framework on pathways to partnership (i.e., complementary, coordinated, and pervasive) to address diversity, inclusion, and social justice aims, we examined 23 institutional websites to determine what types of Academic Affairs and Student Affairs partnerships institutions employed. Findings revealed predominantly complementary partnerships, which means maintaining the distinct cultures of Academic Affairs and Student Affairs in diversity, inclusion, and social justice efforts.
Indications and Results of Liver Transplantation for Primary and Metastatic Liver Cancer

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has become an established treatment for end-stage liver disease (ESLD), acute liver failure, and malignant tumors. Transplantation for hepatic malignancies is indicated in the setting of either unresectible lesion(s), or coexistent cirrhosis resulting in both inadequate hepatic reserve and prohibitive portal hypertension.
Post-traumatic stress disorder - are we doing all we can? A UK national-based survey

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a well-recognised complication in patients discharged from the ICU. ICU clinics have been recommended to treat physical and psychosocial problems post discharge, with guidelines issued by the Department of Health UK [1]. Recent evidence has advocated the use of patient diaries to reduce the incidence of new-onset PTSD [2]. Family support groups may also play a pivotal role [3]. We performed a national survey via the Intensive Care Society (ICS) to determine the provision of follow-up clinics, patient diary services and family support groups.
Future Directions in Basic and Clinical Science

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fibrotic interstitial pneumonia of unclear etiology, and there is wide variability in clinical phenotype and rate of disease progression among patients who meet criteria for this diagnosis. In this chapter, we highlight the remaining challenges posed to basic and clinical researchers and discuss how these challenges might be best addressed in order to ultimately direct future care that leads to improved patient outcomes. We begin by describing avenues of future research in terms of biologic pathogenesis and genetics. From the clinical standpoint, we emphasize pathways that may lead to better classification of distinct clinical phenotypes, studies that will define more accurate clinical endpoints for clinical research, and interventions (including potentially preventive measures) that may decrease the tempo of disease progression. Lastly, novel therapies, including monoclonal antibodies in early clinical trials and regenerative strategies, are discussed. In this way, we encompass what is on the horizon for IPF research and treatment.
The silk road and sources of chinese medicine expansion: Part 1 – Materia Medica

The Silk Road stretched over land and across seas connecting Europe, Africa, and Asia. The trade of medicine along these routes has had profound impacts on the populations and traditions they have come into contact with. Chinese Medicine is no exception as it has taken numerous nonnative products and incorporated them into the unique philosophical construct of systematic correspondences that govern its practice. By looking at the four categories of primary source materials and studying the history of medical exchange along the Silk Road, we can determine how and where this information is used in Chinese Medicine. The Materia Medica (ben cao 本草) texts are the first source of information for this study that will explore multiple sources to better understand the development of Chinese Medicine in relation to the rest of the world.
Data on the mechanobiological differences in the transcriptomes of human fetal and adult dermal fibroblasts in response to extracellular matrix rigidity

Fetal skin is known to proceed through the wound healing process without the formation of scar tissue but rather via regeneration. Fetal dermal fibroblasts have emerged as a significant driving force in this regenerative response due to their unique phenotypic characteristics including our recent finding of an attenuated contractile response to extracellular matrix (ECM) rigidity that normally contributes to myofibroblast differentiation and scar formation. We provide data here that these mechanobiological differences in fetal dermal fibroblasts also extend to their genetic profile in which we found 353 differentially expressed genes when compared to adult dermal fibroblasts. These data are related to the research article entitled "The altered mechanical phenotype of fetal fibroblasts hinders myofibroblast differentiation" [1].
Essentials of rational software architect: vendor presentation

Designers and developers get started with using Rational Software Architect (RSA). Gain experience with RSA as you get introduction to a number of features, supporting concepts, and integration with other tools. Learn the basics of model templates and using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagram types RSA supports. Also, learn about transformations and patterns and how to analyze the architectural structure of an application.
Keyhole clipping of a low-lying basilar apex aneurysm without posterior clinoidectomy utilizing endoscopic indocyanine green video angiography.

Background Basilar apex (BX) aneurysms are surgically challenging due to their anatomic location, need to traverse neurovascular structures, and proximity to multiple perforator arteries. Surgical approaches often require extensive bone resection and neurovascular manipulation. Visualization of low-lying BX aneurysms is typically obscured by the posterior clinoid and upper clivus and poses a unique challenge. Subtemporal or anterolateral approaches with a posterior clinoidectomy are often required to achieve adequate exposure, though these maneuvers can add invasiveness, risk, and morbidity to the procedure. Endoscopes and, more recently, fluoroscopic angiography capable endoscopes offer the possibility of providing improved visualization with less exposure allowing for minimally invasive clipping. Case Description We present the case of a 42-year-old female with incidentally found 5 mm middle cerebral artery and 5 mm BX aneurysms. She underwent a minimally invasive supraorbital keyhole craniotomy for the clipping of both aneurysms. While the posterior clinoid obstructed the necessary visualization for the BX aneurysm, use of endoscopy and endoscopic fluoroscopic angiography allowed for safe and successful clipping without the need for a posterior clinoidectomy. Conclusion This represents the first reported case of a BX aneurysm clipping through a minimally invasive keyhole craniotomy using endoscopic indocyanine green video angiography. Use of endoscopic indocyanine green angiography, combined with keyhole endoscopic approaches, allows for safe minimally invasive clipping of challenging posterior circulation aneurysms.
How We Think about Targeting RNA with Small Molecules

RNA offers nearly unlimited potential as a target for small molecule chemical probes and lead medicines. Many RNAs fold into structures that can be selectively targeted with small molecules. This Perspective discusses molecular recognition of RNA by small molecules and highlights key enabling technologies and properties of bioactive interactions. Sequence-based design of ligands targeting RNA has established rules for affecting RNA targets and provided a potentially general platform for the discovery of bioactive small molecules. The RNA targets that contain preferred small molecule binding sites can be identified from sequence, allowing identification of off-targets and prediction of bioactive interactions by nature of ligand recognition of functional sites. Small molecule targeted degradation of RNA targets (ribonuclease-targeted chimeras, RIBOTACs) and direct cleavage by small molecules have also been developed. These growing technologies suggest that the time is right to provide small molecule chemical probes to target functionally relevant RNAs throughout the human transcriptome.
AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH FOR THE BREAKDOWN DISTRIBUTION OF A THIN OXIDE

Dielectric breakdown in a thin oxide is presented in terms of an interacting particle system on a two-dimensional lattice. All edges in the system are initially assumed to be closed. An edge between two adjacent vertices will open according to an exponentially distributed random variable. Breakdown occurs at the time an open path connects the top layer of the lattice to the bottom layer. Using the extreme value theory, we show that the time until breakdown is asymptotically Weibull distributed.
Steroid receptor-associated and regulated protein is a biomarker in predicting the clinical outcome and treatment response in malignancies.

Background Steroid receptor-associated and regulated protein (SRARP) has recently been identified as a novel tumor suppressor in malignancies of multiple tissue origins. SRARP is located on chromosome 1p36.13 and is widely inactivated by deletions and epigenetic silencing in malignancies. Therefore, additional studies are required to explore SRARP as a potential cancer biomarker. Aim This study explores the application of SRARP as a novel biomarker in malignancies of multiple tissue origins using the analysis of large genomic datasets. Methods and results A comprehensive genomic analysis of large cancer datasets was carried out to examine the association of SRARP expression and copy-number with molecular and clinical features in malignancies of multiple tissue origins. This study demonstrated that SRARP under-expression and copy-number loss are strongly associated with the loss of other tumor suppressors such as TP53 and NF1 mutations and oncogenic gains, including N-MYC amplification and ERG rearrangement, suggesting that SRARP inactivation is associated with wider genomic instability in malignancies. Importantly, SRARP under-expression and copy-number loss are strong predictors of poor clinical and/or pathological features in breast, colorectal, lung, prostate, gastric, endometrial, cervical, brain, ovarian, bladder, thyroid, and hepatocellular cancers as well as neuroblastoma, uveal melanoma, and acute myeloid leukemia with highly significant odds ratios. Finally, higher SRARP expression and copy-number predict a better response to several cancer drugs. Conclusion This study suggests that the SRARP inactivation presents a robust biomarker in predicting molecular and clinicopathological features, and treatment response in malignancies.
Self-efficacy of Kindergarten Teachers’ Mathematical Instruction

In 2015 an urban school district reported that 84.6% of third graders did not demonstrate proficiency on the Math Standardized Test, which challenges students to solve problems and justify solutions. Since 2006 there has been a negative trend of proficiency levels on the New York State (NYS) Math Exam in third grade. I propose that students may be more academically successful if these skills needed for the NYS math exam begin in kindergarten and the teachers had high self-efficacy when teaching lessons that focus on justifying solutions. The purpose of this study was to explore kindergarten teachers’ level of self-efficacy in their instruction in mathematics that challenges students to justify solutions. Further, kindergarten teachers’ instructional strategies related to problem solving and justifying solutions were explored. The analysis of the data revealed a connection between self-efficacy and instructional strategies. The results of this study may be valuable for scholars and practitioners with interests in the instruction of mathematical principles in the early childhood educational environment.
The AHI: not all that it's cracked up to be.

Citation:Won CHJ. The AHI: not all that it’s cracked up to be. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16(11):1987–1988.
CRASH: A BLOCK-ADAPTIVE-MESH CODE FOR RADIATIVE SHOCK HYDRODYNAMICS—IMPLEMENTATION AND VERIFICATION

We describe the Center for Radiative Shock Hydrodynamics (CRASH) code, a block-adaptive-mesh code for multi-material radiation hydrodynamics. The implementation solves the radiation diffusion model with a gray or multi-group method and uses a flux-limited diffusion approximation to recover the free-streaming limit. Electrons and ions are allowed to have different temperatures and we include flux-limited electron heat conduction. The radiation hydrodynamic equations are solved in the Eulerian frame by means of a conservative finite-volume discretization in either one-, two-, or three-dimensional slab geometry or in two-dimensional cylindrical symmetry. An operator-split method is used to solve these equations in three substeps: (1) an explicit step of a shock-capturing hydrodynamic solver; (2) a linear advection of the radiation in frequency-logarithm space; and (3) an implicit solution of the stiff radiation diffusion, heat conduction, and energy exchange. We present a suite of verification test problems to demonstrate the accuracy and performance of the algorithms. The applications are for astrophysics and laboratory astrophysics. The CRASH code is an extension of the Block-Adaptive Tree Solarwind Roe Upwind Scheme (BATS-R-US) code with a new radiation transfer and heat conduction library and equation-of-state and multi-group opacity solvers. Both CRASH and BATS-R-US are part of the publicly available Space Weather Modeling Framework.
Leveraging COVID-19 to sustain regulatory flexibility in the treatment of opioid use disorder

The U.S. government declared the opioid epidemic as a national public health emergency in 2017, but regulatory frameworks that govern the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) through pharmaceutical interventions have remained inflexible. The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has effectively removed regulatory restrictions that experts in the field of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) have been proposing for decades and has expanded access to care. The regulatory flexibilities implemented to avoid unnecessary COVID-related death must be made permanent to ensure that improved access to evidence-based treatment remains available to vulnerable individuals with OUD who otherwise face formidable barriers to MOUD. We must seize this moment of COVOD-19 regulatory flexibilities to demonstrate the feasibility, acceptability, and safety of delivering treatment for OUD through a low-threshold approach.
Effects of Hybrid Susceptibility and Inoculation Timing on Goss's Bacterial Wilt and Leaf Blight Severity and Corn Yield.

Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight (Goss’s wilt) of corn is the most important corn disease in North Dakota (ND), and yield loss due to the disease has not been reliably quantified in northern c...
Multiplatform Computational Analysis of Mast Cells in Adrenocortical Carcinoma Tumor Microenvironment

IntroductionImmunotherapeutic response failure of adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) highlights a need for novel strategies. Recent studies have alluded to tumor mast cell (MC) infiltration and improved patient outcomes. In this study, we examine MC activity within the ACC microenvironment to offer new insights for novel therapeutic targets. MethodsCIBERSORTx immunogenomic deconvolution of ACC tumors (TCGA, N=79). estimated tumor immune infiltrating MCs. We evaluated MC signaling genes for their prognostic potential characterizing pro- and anti-tumor signatures and impact on overall (OS) and disease-free(DFS) survival in ACC. ResultsMC infiltration was strongly associated with favorable DFS in ACC patients. Anti-tumor (ALOX5, CCL2, CCL5, CXCL10, HDC, IL16, TNF, TPSAB1, VEGFD) and pro-tumor (CXCL1, CXCL3, CXCL8, IL4, IL13, PTGS3, TNSF4, VEGFD) expression signatures were compiled from genes with significantly prolonged and shortened prognosis (OS, DFS p<0.05). Anti-tumor MC signature emerged as the predominant phenotype associated with improved OS and DFS and notably downregulated in immunotherapy resistant cortisol-secreting ACC (CS-ACC). ConclusionIncreased mast cell infiltration in ACC microenvironment correlates with a favorable prognosis. Mast cells play complex mixed anti- and pro-tumor roles in ACC, with predominantly anti-tumor activity. Modulating tumor mast cell infiltration and activity may offer a potential target for novel synergistic immunotherapies for the treatment of CS-ACC.
Multi-potential electropurification of a reusable CaCl2-CaF2 eutectic salt for solar-grade Si electrorefining

Abstract Molten-salt electrorefining is a promising technique for energy-efficient production of ultrapure solar-grade Si. This work focuses on electropurification to remove impurities from an eutectic CaCl2-CaF2 molten salt for solar-grade Si. Both an as-received salt and a salt used for Si electrorefining have been electropurified by a field-enhanced process and the impurity concentrations before and after purification have been characterized by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry and cyclic voltammetry. More importantly, a new multi-potential electropurification process, enabled by the three-electrode electrolyzer, has been proposed and proven to be more effective in removing all the impurities in the molten salt than a single-potential process. The salt after Si electrorefining has been regenerated to its original purity level before Si electrorefining by the multi-potential process, demonstrating the feasibility of a reusable salt by electropurification.
Transforming Education: Upskilling for a Cloudy Tomorrow

Cloud computing deployment and demand has increased year over year during the prior decade and has only accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic. The rapid increase in cloud technology has also increased the need for higher education institutions to train students and re-skill or up-skill working professionals. This paper discusses the application of high impact training methodologies and their impact on student learning.
Toward an Inclusive Definition of College Student Development

Inclusive Post-Secondary Education Programs (IPSE) have emerged as opportunities for young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities to experience college life and prepare for independent living and integrated employment. However, to date there is no standard definition for what defines a successful IPSE experience. This manuscript will provide a framework on how programs can conceptualize success for their students, grounded in Student Development Theory and Social Role Valorization. Using this framework as a guide, IPSE stakeholders can ensure the experience is valuable for each participant to develop a unique identity and purpose, while establishing meaningful reciprocal relationships.
Circular RNAs in acute myeloid leukemia.

Although mechanistic studies clarifying the molecular underpinnings of AML have facilitated the development of several novel targeted therapeutics, most AML patients still relapse. Thus, overcoming the inherent and acquired resistance to current therapies remains an unsolved clinical problem. While current diagnostic modalities are primarily defined by gross morphology, cytogenetics, and to an extent, by deep targeted gene sequencing, there is an ongoing demand to identify newer diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic biomarkers for AML. Recent interest in exploring the role of circular RNA (circRNA) in elucidating AML biology and therapy resistance has been promising. This review discerns the circular RNAs’ evolving role on the same scientific premise and attempts to identify its potential in managing AML.
Common Operational Issues

All rheumatology departments operate in slightly different ways. The following questions (among others) arise with every medical staff changeover. Encouraging your departmental head to produce written guidelines will save incoming doctors having to find the answers to the same questions.
Broadcasting a Means to Disseminate Public Data in a Wireless Environment— Issues and Solutions

Abstract In today's heavily networked society, there is an increasing demand for fast and reliable access to information. It is believed that for many application domains, the information superhighway contains much of the needed information and is capable of delivering it at extremely high speeds. However, the information may not be available at the users' fingertips. In other words, we no longer need to question the availability of information; however, the information is not readily accessible. What needed are means to: • Locate the relevant information intelligently, efficiently, and transparently; • Extract, process, and integrate relevant information efficiently and securely; and • Interpret the processed information intelligently and efficiently. Within this infrastructure, two types of services are available to the user: on-demand base services and broadcast-based services. Private and shared data are usually subject of on-demand-based services, while public data can be most effectively disseminated using broadcasting. In the mobile computing environment, the characteristics of mobile devices and limitations of wireless communication technology pose challenges on broadcasting strategy as well as methods to retrieve data. Major issues of concern include reducing power consumption, reducing access latency, and disseminating relevant data of interest to the public user. User profiling, monitoring the access patterns, application of indexing, broadcasting over parallel channels, data distribution and replication strategy, conflict resolution, and scheduling of data retrieval are solutions to these issues that have advanced in the literature. This chapter is intended to review and analyze these solutions. Comprehensive simulation results to demonstrate the effectiveness of each solution based on performance metrics such as access time and power consumption are presented and analyzed.
Cutting and Impedance Model of Soil-Excavator Interaction

The present work considers a double wedge soil cutting model, suitable to describe the soil-tool interaction in automated digging processes. This one or a similar model will be the base to reach a set of equations by which to fit online typical soil and tool parameters, instead to fit these parameters by time consuming autoregressive methods. The final aim is to reach a predictor of soil-tool interaction to use in the trajectory control of automated digging machine..
STD and Abortion Prevalence in Adolescent Mothers With Histories of Childhood Protection Involvement.

CONTEXT Early sexual debut and unprotected sexual activity place adolescents at risk of adverse sexual health outcomes. Adolescents involved with child protective services (CPS) may be a particularly vulnerable population. METHODS California birth records for 86,946 adolescents who became first-time mothers in 2008–2010 were probabilistically linked to statewide CPS records from 1998 and later. The prevalence of STDs at birth and of abortion history were explored by preconception CPS involvement. Generalized linear models, adjusted for health, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, were used to assess correlates of current STDs and history of abortion. RESULTS At the time they gave birth, 1% of adolescents had a documented STD, and 5% reported a previous abortion. After adjustment for other characteristics, CPS involvement was associated with a significantly elevated prevalence both of STDs (relative risk, 1.2) and of previous abortion (1.4). Other characteristics also were associated with both outcomes, but not always in the same direction. For example, delaying prenatal care until after the first trimester or getting none at all was associated with an increased prevalence of STDs (1.3), but a reduced prevalence of abortion (0.8–0.9); having public insurance coverage for the birth was associated with a reduced STD prevalence (0.9) and an elevated abortion history prevalence (1.2). CONCLUSIONS To assess whether adolescents with a history of CPS involvement need targeted sexual health interventions, further research is needed on the mechanisms that underlie associations between CPS involvement and adverse sexual health outcomes.