cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Number of Childbearing Partners, Status, and the Fertility of Men and Women in the U.S.

Theory from evolutionary biology suggests that status and access to resources will influence the number of mating partners somewhat differently for men and women, yet little previous research has examined the relationship between status and number of child bearing partners for men and women in the U.S. This paper uses newly available data on a large probability sample of the U.S. population (the Study of Income and Program Participation) to evaluate the relationship between number of child bearing partners, socioeconomic status, and subsequent fertility for men and women in the U.S. Results show that education (net of income and net worth) is always negatively related to the number of child bearing unions and fertility for both men and women. For men, personal income and personal net worth are positive predictors of both number of child bearing partners and fertility, while for women personal income and personal net worth are negative predictors of number of child bearing partners and fertility. For men, the positive effect of income on number of child bearing partners is because low income men are more likely to have no child bearing partners at all and not because high income men are more likely to have multiple partners. Men with higher net worth do have more child bearing partners than other men, all else being equal. Both men and women who have a larger number of child bearing partners do have more children, all else being equal, although this effect is stronger for men than for women. Of those with multiple child bearing unions, men and women with both very high and very low incomes have more children than those with middle incomes.
Due Process and Homicide: A Cross-National Analysis:

As democracy advances in many regions throughout the world, it is often accompanied by increasing violence. Most cross-national analyses find that an inverted U-shaped relationship exists between h...
Runtime Support for Maximizing Performance on Multicore Systems

Since multicore systems offer greater performance via parallelism, future computing is progressing towards use of machines with large number of cores. However, due to the complex interaction among characteristics of multithreaded applications, operating system policies, and architectural characteristics of multicore systems, delivering high performance on multicore systems is a challenging task. This dissertation addresses the above challenge by developing runtime techniques to achieve high performance when running a single multithreaded application as well as high system utilization and fairness when running multiple multithreaded applications. The runtime techniques are based on a simple monitoring system that captures important application characteristics and relevant architectural factors with negligible overhead. To develop runtime techniques for achieving high performance when running a single multithreaded program on a multicore system, important performance limiting factors that impact the scalability of performance are identified. These factors include the threads configuration (i.e., the number of threads for a multithreaded program that provide the best speedup) and the thread scheduling and memory allocation polices employed. This dissertation presents two runtime techniques Thread Reinforcer, for dynamically determining appropriate threads configuration and Thread Tranquilizer , for dynamically selecting appropriate scheduling and memory allocation policies. By dynamically determining the appropriate threads configuration, scheduling policy, and memory allocation policy the performance of applications is maximized. Lock contention is an important performance limiting factor for multithreaded programs on a multicore system. The dissertation presents two techniques Thread Shuffling and FaithFul Scheduling to limit the performance impact due to locks. Thread Shuffling reduces high lock acquisition latencies, resulting from the NUMA nature of a multicore system, via inter-CPU thread migrations. FaithFul Scheduling reduces the durations for which threads hold locks by minimizing lock holder thread preemptions through adaptive time-quanta allocations. These techniques significantly enhance the performance of applications in the presence of high lock contention. Finally, this dissertation presents a coscheduling technique called ADAPT for achieving high system utilization and fairness when running multiple multithreaded applications on multicore systems. ADAPT uses supervised learning techniques for predicting the effects of interference between programs on their performance and adaptively schedules together programs that interfere with each other's performance minimally. It achieves high throughput, high system utilization, and fairness when running multiple multithreaded applications.
JHU System Description for the MADAR Arabic Dialect Identification Shared Task.

Our submission to the MADAR shared task on Arabic dialect identification employed a language modeling technique called Prediction by Partial Matching, an ensemble of neural architectures, and sources of additional data for training word embeddings and auxiliary language models. We found several of these techniques provided small boosts in performance, though a simple character-level language model was a strong baseline, and a lower-order LM achieved best performance on Subtask 2. Interestingly, word embeddings provided no consistent benefit, and ensembling struggled to outperform the best component submodel. This suggests the variety of architectures are learning redundant information, and future work may focus on encouraging decorrelated learning.
Peace Through Superior Puzzling: An Asymmetric Sybil Defense

A common tool to defend against Sybil attacks is proof-of-work, whereby computational puzzles are used to limit the number of Sybil participants. Unfortunately, current Sybil defenses require significant computational effort to offset an attack. In particular, good participants must spend computationally at a rate that is proportional to the spending rate of an attacker. In this paper, we present the first Sybil defense algorithm which is asymmetric in the sense that good participants spend at a rate that is asymptotically less than an attacker. In particular, if T is the rate of the attacker's spending, and J is the rate of joining good participants, then our algorithm spends at a rate of O(sqrt(TJ) + J). We provide empirical evidence that our algorithm can be significantly more efficient than previous defenses under various attack scenarios. Additionally, we prove a lower bound showing that our algorithm's spending rate is asymptotically optimal among a large family of algorithms.
Fun with Reverse Ejusdem Generis

In the canon of statutory construction canons, perhaps no canon is more canonical than the canon known as ejusdem generis. This canon, which translates as “of the same kind,” states that when a statute includes a list of terms and a catch-all phrase, the set of items covered by the catch-all phrase is limited to the same kind or type of items that are in the list. The canon of ejusdem generis has a long and storied history in the law, has been used by judges in countless cases, and has been the subject of a large body of scholarly commentary over the years. Unlike its more famous cousin, the canon of statutory construction known as “reverse ejusdem generis” is far less well known and understood. This canon states that when a statute includes a list of terms and a catch-all phrase, the terms in the list are limited to those that are consistent with the catch-all phrase. Unlike ejusdem generis, the canon of reverse ejusdem generis has not been the subject of an enormous body of scholarly commentary over the years. Indeed, it has been the subject of absolutely no scholarly commentary at all. Until now. For the first time in the history of the world, this Article provides a description of the canon, providing historical examples from cases involving such disparate topics as piracy, intoxicating beverages, and hazardous sludge. The Article then analyzes the canon, explaining the linguistic variables that make the canon more or less relevant in any given case. In particular, the Article argues that the more precise the catch-all term in a statute, the more likely the canon should apply to guide the statute’s interpretation. Finally, the Article looks in-depth at the landmark greenhouse gas decision of the Supreme Court in Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency, which posed a reverse ejusdem generis issue even though no party or judge identified it as such. The Article argues that the failure to recognize that the statute posed a recurring interpretive problem rendered the treatment of the relevant statutory provision unsatisfying and unpersuasive. The Article concludes by arguing that courts, scholars, and litigants should recognize the existence of the reverse ejusdem generis canon and indeed call it by that name to ensure that future courts struggling with similar interpretive issues can more easily learn from earlier efforts and reach more informed conclusions.
Clinging to power, clinging to life: Rightwing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and attitudes toward life extension.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between political ideology and attitudes toward life extension among college students (N = 484). Older age and male gender were associa...
Relationships between an ADHD Diagnosis and Future School Behaviors among Children with Mild Behavioral Problems

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common behavioral disorder among U.S. children. ADHD diagnoses have risen among children with both severe and mild behavioral problems, p...
Menarche increases relapse risk in pediatric multiple sclerosis.

Background:Multiple sclerosis (MS) predominantly affects women with a sex ratio of 3:1 in contrast with a 1:1 sex ratio seen in pre-pubertal onset. Thus, puberty may influence MS risk differentially in males and females. How puberty may be associated with MS clinical features and disease course remains unknown.Objective:The objective of this paper is to determine the association of menarche with disease course in girls with MS.Methods:This is a longitudinal retrospective study from the UCSF Regional Pediatric MS Center database. We categorized patients by time of disease onset: pre-menarche, peri-menarche and post-menarche. Poisson regression models were used for within-subject relapse analyses offset by follow-up time.Results:Seventy-six girls were included (pre-menarche onset = 17; peri-menarche onset = 9; post-menarche onset = 50). Age of menarche was similar in all groups (Kruskal-Wallis p = 0.19). Relapse rate was the same in all three groups during the first two years of follow-up. In girls with fol...
Ideology and Social Cognition: The Challenge of Theorizing ‘Speciesism’

In this essay I explore whether Sally Haslanger’s model of ideology can handle ‘speciesism’ (assuming, for the sake of argument, that some version of the animal rights position is correct). The fir...
Oxygen vacancy induced site-selective Mott transition in LaNiO 3

While defects such as oxygen vacancies in correlated materials can modify their electronic properties dramatically, understanding the microscopic origin of electronic correlations in materials with defects has been elusive. Lanthanum nickelate with oxygen vacancies, ${\mathrm{LaNiO}}_{3\ensuremath{-}x}$, exhibits the metal-to-insulator transition as the oxygen vacancy level $x$ increases from the stoichiometric ${\mathrm{LaNiO}}_{3}$. In particular, ${\mathrm{LaNiO}}_{2.5}$ exhibits a paramagnetic insulating phase, also stabilizing an antiferromagnetic state below ${T}_{N}\ensuremath{\simeq}152\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Here, we study the electronic structure and energetics of ${\mathrm{LaNiO}}_{3\ensuremath{-}x}$ using first principles. We find that ${\mathrm{LaNiO}}_{2.5}$ exhibits a ``site-selective'' paramagnetic Mott insulating state at $T\ensuremath{\simeq}290\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ as obtained using density functional theory plus dynamical mean field theory ($\mathrm{DFT}+\mathrm{DMFT}$). The Ni octahedron site develops a Mott insulating state with strong correlations as the Ni ${e}_{g}$ orbital is half-filled while the Ni square-planar site with apical oxygen vacancies becomes a band insulator. Our oxygen vacancy results cannot be explained by the pure change of the Ni oxidation state alone within the rigid band-shift approximation. Our $\mathrm{DFT}+\mathrm{DMFT}$ density of states explains that the peak splitting of unoccupied states in ${\mathrm{LaNiO}}_{3\ensuremath{-}x}$ measured by the experimental x-ray absorption spectra originates from two nonequivalent Ni ions in the vacancy-ordered structure.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Second- and Third-Generation Antiepileptic Drugs.

Context.— Therapeutic drug monitoring has traditionally been widely used for first-generation antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) such as carbamazepine and phenytoin. The last 2 decades have seen the introduction of second- and third-generation AEDs (eg, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, and topiramate) into clinical practice. Objective.— To use data from the College of American Pathologists Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Extended proficiency testing survey to determine the performance of assays used for therapeutic drug monitoring of newer AEDs, including comparison of enzyme immunoassay and chromatographic techniques. Design.— Six years of proficiency testing surveys were reviewed (2013-2018). Results.— Steady growth was seen in participant volumes for newer AEDs. The analytical performance of automated enzyme immunoassays for lamotrigine, levetiracetam, and topiramate was similar to that of chromatographic methods, consistent with published literature using patient samples for comparisons. The majority of participating laboratories now use enzyme immunoassays to measure levetiracetam. Conclusions.— Survey results reflect steadily growing interest in therapeutic drug monitoring of newer AEDs. The increasing availability of robust immunoassays for new AEDs should facilitate their clinical utility, especially for clinical laboratories that do not perform chromatographic assays for therapeutic drug monitoring.
Dust in the Wind:1 Regulation as an Essential Component of a Sustainable and Robust Wind Program

The promise of alternative energy has not yet reached its full potential, in part due to a lack of political will as well as a failure to dedicate regulatory resources. Individual and community efforts to maximize alternative fuel sources have resulted in equal parts under-realized promise and unreasonable critiques. As the impending threat of climate change looms, activists and politicians alike realize the increasing urgency to reduce America’s use of fossil fuels. Yet, any energy solution aiming to find an alternative in wind, solar, biomass, and hydropower will be handicapped by the lack of the very infrastructure and regulation that supports traditional energy. A prime example of this is the wind energy industry. Over the past twenty years, utility-scale wind energy emerged in a regulatory vacuum. Wind farms emerged on the Kansas, Texas, and Oklahoma plains, and in the California hills. Despite the beauty of the spinning turbines on the High Plains, known as the Llano Estacado , these turbines nonetheless create ecological impacts. Operating in a regulatory vacuum, renewable energy visionaries, businesspeople, and developers forged ahead to refine the technology, leaving wildlife, tribes, and nearby residents alone to absorb the unintended consequences alone. As a result, “green on green” lawsuits have begun, as environmental activists and industry opponents begin to question the value of this alternative energy source. This Article takes the position that wind energy is desirable and an important part of a diversified energy portfolio. An increased level of regulation is necessary to prevent the drawbacks of wind energy from undermining the growth in the sector. Indeed, regulation is necessary to have a sustainable wind program, and to support growth in the renewable energy sector.
Vitamin D Status and Seasonal Variation: A Retrospective Single Institution Database Study of Patients Pursuing Metabolic/Bariatric Surgery

Summary Background Obesity is associated with suboptimal levels in vitamin D, a nutrient important for bone health and immune function. Seasonal variation in vitamin D may exacerbate this deficiency in persons with obesity, as exposure to ultraviolet B rays in sunlight is necessary for the conversion of vitamin D to its active form in the body. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between season and vitamin D levels in persons with obesity pursuing bariatric surgery. Materials and Methods This retrospective cohort study from a single academic medical center investigated adult patients undergoing either primary sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) over a 20-year period. Demographics and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels were collected from the first presenting visit to the bariatrics center. Continuous vitamin D3 levels were compared across seasons using a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Vitamin D3 categories were examined across seasons using a Chi square test of independence. Results 1,256 persons pursuing bariatric surgery (SG: N=697, RYGB: N=559) met the inclusion criteria. Baseline Vitamin D values were available in 1,071 of the eligible patients. Overall, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels showed a significant variation across the seasons of the year (P Conclusions This study demonstrates marked seasonal variation in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in patients with obesity presenting for bariatric surgery. These results emphasize the importance of utilizing tailored supplementation during the spring and winter months to prevent potential deficiency.
Extended antibody-framework-to-antigen distance observed exclusively with broad HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies recognizing glycan-dense surfaces.

Antibody-Framework-to-Antigen Distance (AFAD) – the distance between the body of an antibody and a protein antigen – is an important parameter governing antibody recognition. Here, we quantify AFAD for ~2,000 non-redundant antibody-protein-antigen complexes in the Protein Data Bank. AFADs showed a gaussian distribution with mean of 16.3 A and standard deviation (σ) of 2.4 A. Notably, antibody-antigen complexes with extended AFADs (>3σ) were exclusively human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1)-neutralizing antibodies. High correlation (R2 = 0.8110) was observed between AFADs and glycan coverage, as assessed by molecular dynamics simulations of the HIV-1-envelope trimer. Especially long AFADs were observed for antibodies targeting the glycosylated trimer apex, and we tested the impact of introducing an apex-glycan hole (N160K); the cryo-EM structure of the glycan hole-targeting HIV-1-neutralizing antibody 2909 in complex with an N160K-envelope trimer revealed a substantially shorter AFAD. Overall, extended AFADs exclusively recognized densely glycosylated surfaces, with the introduction of a glycan hole enabling closer recognition. Here, the authors analyse the distance between the body of an antibody and a protein antigen denoted as the Antibody-Framework-to-Antigen Distance (AFAD) for about 2000 non-redundant antibody-protein antigen complexes in the Protein Data Bank. They observe that antibodies with exceptionally long AFADs were all broad HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies that targeted densely glycosylated regions on the HIV-1-envelope trimer. The connection between long AFAD and dense glycan was further validated by the cryo-EM structure of antibody 2909 recognizing a glycan hole and by glycan shielding analyses based on molecular dynamics simulations.
Glycemic Control in Hospitalized Stroke Patients: A Review

Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to discuss clinical trials involving glycemic control in hospitalized stroke patients and to review oral medications used in glycemic control. GLP-1 agonists, which have some preliminary studies in ischemic stroke, will also be reviewed. Recent findings Until recently, glycemic control targets in hospitalized stroke patients remained unclear. The SHINE (Stroke Hyperglycemia Insulin Network Effort) trial demonstrated no significant difference between aggressive versus standard of care glycemic control in the acute ischemic stroke patient. Although SHINE demonstrated a lack of statistical difference in glycemic control targets, many questions remain including glycemic control in patients with other stroke types (SAH, ICH). The role of non-insulin-based medications in glycemic control for hospitalized stroke patients remains unclear and presents an opportunity for further research. Finally, GLP-1 agonists present an interesting area of research for acute ischemic stroke.
Science, Technology, and Society (S/T/S)

During the late 1970s, educators suggested that one purpose of science teaching is for students to understand the societal impact of science on society and, to a lesser extent, the impact of society on science. Gallagher (1971) and Ziman (1980) are often cited as the founders of this new “society” focus in science instruction.
Health of California's Loop Detector System

The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) freeway sensor network is comprised of: 1) a sensor system of vehicle detector stations (VDS) which measure vehicle occupancy and volume, and, 2) a communication network which transports the data to the Traffic Management Centers (TMCs) in each District. The sensor network is the only source of data used by a District TMC to make freeway operational decisions. Because of its poor reliability, the value of the data from the sensor network is greatly reduced, and this degrades the quality of traffic operations and planning decisions. In an attempt to improve reliability, Caltrans initiated the Detector Fitness Program (DFP). This report presents a study of the reliability of the Caltrans sensor network and the effectiveness of the DFP. The study proposes three sensor network performance metrics: 1) productivity, which measures reliability of the sensor system; 2) stability, which measures reliability of the communication network; and, 3) lifetime and fixing time, which are the number of consecutive days that sensors are continuously working or have failed. The metrics are used to evaluate the differences in system performance in Districts 4, 7, and 11, as well as the effectiveness of the DFP.
Theory of Terahertz Generation due to Quantum Beats in Quantum Wells

A theory for terahertz generation from bulk and quantum-well semiconductors is discussed based on a second-order nonlinear optical mechanism. For a bulk semiconductor, terahertz generation due to optical rectification is presented. For a coupled quantum-well structure, a three-level model showing contributions from both optical rectification and quantum beat is discussed. The interband and intersubband dipole moments play important roles in the terahertz generation.
Acoustic Shielding by Cavitation Bubbles in Shock Wave Lithotripsy (SWL)

Lithotripter pulses (∼7–10 μs) initiate the growth of cavitation bubbles, which collapse hundreds of microseconds later. Since the bubble growth‐collapse cycle trails passage of the pulse, and is ∼1000 times shorter than the pulse interval at clinically relevant firing rates, it is not expected that cavitation will affect pulse propagation. However, pressure measurements with a fiber‐optic hydrophone (FOPH‐500) indicate that bubbles generated by a pulse can, indeed, shield the propagation of the negative tail. Shielding was detected within 1 μs of arrival of the negative wave, contemporaneous with the first observation of expanding bubbles by high‐speed camera. Reduced negative pressure was observed at 2 Hz compared to 0.5 Hz firing rate, and in water with a higher content of dissolved gas. We propose that shielding of the negative tail can be attributed to loss of acoustic energy into the expansion of cavitation bubbles.
A Synergistic Approach to Planning and Control Using a Stakeholder Based Strategy

No tool embodies the key role of management accounting in the activities of planning, organizing and control as the budgeting function. Yet, a dissonance between strategy and budgets handicaps organizations when responding to the changing environment (e.g., Gray 1986; Hope and Fraser 2003) and particularly the needs of stakeholders. Increasingly, management accounting has found a role in supporting the implementation of operational management techniques and strategy, particularly with the emergence of the BSC and developments in information technology. This paper integrates strategic mapping with ABC and EVA to provide an alternative to the traditional budgets for planning and control using stakeholder management as a sensory system to monitor and adapt to changes in the environment. Specifically, principles underlying stakeholder theory of management combined with the management accounting tools results in a synergy that complements the features of the tools while addressing the weakness of discrete application, thus supporting strategy in an evolving environment. This generalized representation of an integration approach can be more responsive to the changing environment that is consistent with the literature in management accounting developments. The paper illustrates this approach using a case study where a stakeholder engagement approach enables the firm to monitor and adapt to the environment and changing needs of stakeholders. The integrated approach complemented with the stakeholder feedback enables the firm to overcome some limitations of the applying the techniques individually; for example, for example, the “Cause-effect relationships in the BSC is more effectively managed with appropriate stakeholder feedback. Additionally, it enables the optimal use of information technology.
Ultraviolet Observations of Stellar Populations in Globular Clusters and Galaxies

We review some of the contributions made by vacuum ultraviolet observations to our understanding of stellar populations, with emphasis on recent results from the HST and the Astro-1 mission.
A Short Guide to Writing About Law (Contents and Preface)

This book fills a gap: It teaches non-lawyers and non-law students how to write about law. Law is a complex professional discourse that has begun to enter into undergraduate courses in a variety of disciplines, including not only prelaw, but also political science, criminal justice, sociology, and interdisciplinary fields such as law and literature. Here, students will find an accessible introduction to the rhetoric of law, legal opinions, and statutes, as well as to wide-access online search engines for conducting legal research. The book includes guidance for producing a variety of pre-professional and scholarly legal genres, including research papers, as well as ways to share this research with the wider community via conference presentations and scholarly publishing.
INHERITANCE OF ADRENAL PHENYLETHANOLAMINE N -METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY IN THE RAT

Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) is the enzyme that catalyzes the S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent methylation of (-)norepinephrine to (-)epinephrine in the adrenal medulla. Adrenal PNMT activity is markedly different in two highly inbred rat strains; enzyme activity in the F344 strain is more than fivefold greater than that in the Buf strain. Initial characterization of the enzyme in the two inbred strains reveals evidence for catalytic and structural differences, as reflected in dissimilar Km values for the cosubstrate (S-adenosyl-l-methionine) and prominent differences in thermal inactivation curves. To assess adrenal PNMT activity in an F344 x Buf pedigree, we employed a statistical procedure to test for one- and two-locus hypotheses in the presence of within-class correlations due to cage or litter effects. The PNMT data in the pedigree are best accounted for by segregation at a simple major locus superimposed upon a polygenic background; data obtained from the biochemical studies suggest that the major locus is a structural gene locus.
Modification of the oxygen-isotope record in deep-sea cores by Pleistocene dissolution cycles

The glacial–interglacial amplitude (GIA) of oxygen-isotope curves in sediment cores from the Atlantic Ocean is much higher than the amplitude in the Pacific. This difference is explained by nonsynchronous CaCO3 dissolution cycles during the Upper Pleistocene that amplify the GIA in the Atlantic and reduce the GIA in the Pacific. Efforts to assess palaeotemperatures in the Pleistocene using the stable isotope technique must consider the effects of dissolution.
Eimeria scriptae n. sp. (Sporozoa: Eimeriidae) from the red-eared turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans.

SYNOPSIS. A new species of Eimeria is described from the redeared turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans. The sporulated oocysts are ovoid to broadly ellipsoid, averaging 24.2 by 13.7 μ. A micropyle is present, rising slightly above the normal curvature of the wall. An oocyst residuum and polar body are absent. The sporocyst residuum is a compact mass of granules varying in number and size; less frequently the granules are loosely scattered in the central portion of the sporocyst. Rarely. the residuum appears bound by a thin membrane. The sporocysts are 11 by 5.9 μ.
Effect of the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Nasopharyngeal Colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae—Alaska, 2008–2012

BACKGROUND In 2010, a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) replaced a 7-valent vaccine (PCV7) that contained all PCV7 serotypes plus 6 additional serotypes (PCV6+). We conducted annual surveys from 2008 to 2012 to determine the effect of PCV13 on colonization by pneumococcal serotypes. METHODS We obtained nasopharyngeal swabs for pneumococcal identification and serotyping from residents of all ages at 8 rural villages and children age <60 months at 2 urban clinics. We conducted interviews/medical records review for all participants. RESULTS A total of 18 207 nasopharyngeal swabs (rural = 16 098; urban = 2109) were collected. From 2008 to 2012, 84% of rural and 90% of urban children age <5 years were age-appropriately vaccinated with a PCV. Overall pneumococcal colonization prevalence remained stable among rural (66%) and urban (35%) children age <5 years, and adults age ≥18 years (14%). Colonization by PCV6+ serotypes declined significantly among rural children age <5 years, urban children age <5, and adults age ≥18 over the course of the study (25%-5%, 22%-9%, 22%-6%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS PCV13 was rapidly introduced into the Alaska childhood immunization schedule and reduced colonization by PCV6+ serotypes among children. Unvaccinated adults also experienced comparable reductions in vaccine serotype colonization indicating substantial indirect protection from PCV13.
Somatic response to stress, physical symptoms and health service use: The role of current stress

Abstract The study examined physical symptoms and health service utilization of subjects high or low on a measure of the tendency to experience stress somatically and high or low on a measure of current stress. High somatic responders reported greater numbers of symptoms than low somatic responders regardless of stress level. However, high somatic responders who were experiencing high levels of current stress reported significantly more symptoms than high somatic responders who were experiencing low levels of stress. These findings indicate that somatic response to stress reflects both a general tendency to focus on physical symptoms, and a specific tendency to focus more on physical symptoms when under stress. Analysis of health service records indicated that high somatic responders had more visits prompted by symptoms than low somatic responders, but did not differ in frequency of health service visits designed to maintain health. The findings further clarify the relationship between somatic response to stress, physical symptoms and health service use.
A Differential Anemometer for Measuring the Turning Tendency of Insects in Stationary Flight

A pair of thermistors forming part of a direct current bridge circuit was mounted in the wake of a moth in stationary flight. Differential changes in the thermistors' resistance provided a sensitive index of changes in the direction of the airstream as the insect made attempts to turn away from a source of ultrasonic pulses.
Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer arrays as tunable acoustic metamaterials

Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (CMUTs) operating in immersion support dispersive evanescent waves due to the subwavelength periodic structure of electrostatically actuated membranes in the array. Evanescent wave characteristics also depend on the membrane resonance which is modified by the externally applied bias voltage, offering a mechanism to tune the CMUT array as an acoustic metamaterial. The dispersion and tunability characteristics are examined using a computationally efficient, mutual radiation impedance based approach to model a finite-size array and realistic parameters of variation. The simulations are verified, and tunability is demonstrated by experiments on a linear CMUT array operating in 2-12 MHz range.
New Insight into Cation Relocations within the Pores of Zeolite Rho: In Situ Synchrotron X-Ray and Neutron Powder Diffraction Studies of Pb- and Cd-Exchanged Rho

Upon heating, certain cations exchanged into zeolite RHO undergo large shifts in their positions within the pores. In several of these materials, negative thermal expansion is observed in conjunction with these cation relocations. Rather than being the purely temperature-driven effects presumed in previous reports, a combination of in situ time-resolved synchrotron X-ray and neutron powder diffraction studies indicates that the cation relocations and framework distortions observed in Pb- and Cd-exchanged zeolite rho are mediated by the presence of water in specific sites in the pores of RHO. Rietveld refinements using these data reveal that the initial unit cell contraction (50 °C ≤ T ≤ 100 °C) is due to the loss of unbound water in the α-cages of rho. Water molecules in the double eight-ring (D8R) building units persist after this step, bound to the extraframework cations. The framework then contracts as water molecules are gradually removed (200 °C ≤ T ≤ 400 °C). During this period, the extraframework c...
Characterization of the virtual point detector effect for coaxial HPGe detectors using Monte Carlo simulation

The scaling of detector efficiency with source distance is generally a complex function of the detector shape and measurement geometry. The concept of a virtual point detector has been developed and validated in the past for Ge (Li) and HPGe detectors to deal with this problem. Characterizing the virtual point detector effect has traditionally involved tedious and time-consuming measurements at multiple energies and source distances. The situation is therefore well suited to a Monte Carlo approach. In this paper, the results of using Monte Carlo simulation to characterize the virtual point detector effect for large-volume coaxial HPGe detectors are presented.
A Shared Interface to Improve Oncologist-Patient Communication

Patients recently diagnosed with cancer require information from their oncologist to further educate themselves about their disease, their course of action, side effects, and possible treatment plans and options. However, disagreements on the information discussed in these meetings indicate that patients and physicians leave with different ideas of the content of their discussions, leading to confusion on the part of the patient, and potentially leading to future problems in the course of treatment. With the increasing use of pervasive technologies in the medical environment, there is great potential to augment communication strategies in facilitating better care. In this paper, we propose a solution utilizing a shared mobile device to supplement patientphysician communication during cancer discussions. In particular, we present an application that personalizes the content presented on the device to the patient’s diagnosis in a easy-tounderstand language, rather than hard-to-understand medical terminology, and encourages patient-physician interaction on the main topical areas of a patient’s diagnosis.
Categorizing light output degradation failures in LEDs using the relationship between defect revealing mechanisms responsible for electroluminescence (EL), cathodoluminescence (CL), EBIC, and reverse bias photoemission (RP)

This paper describes a methodology for the analysis of dark spot defects (DSDs) that accompany optical output intensity degradation (-/spl Delta/I/sub v/) in light emitting diodes (LEDs). There are many mechanisms that result in premature -/spl Delta/I/sub v/ failures. A methodology which has evolved from many years of failure analysis experience with LEDs allows -/spl Delta/I/sub v/ failures to first be separated into uniform or non-uniform degradation categories. Those with DSD symptoms can be further characterized utilizing the correspondence, or lack of it, between defect locations found by electroluminescence microscopy (EL), reverse bias photoemission microscopy (RP), electron beam induced current contrast imaging (EBIC), and cathodoluminescence imaging(CL). This approach has had good success in separating assembly and handling failures from faulty wafer fabrication and epitaxial growth failures. Using the location revealed by these techniques as a guide for cross section location, high resolution secondary electron imaging (SEI) or microchemical analysis, we have been successful in revealing the unique attributes at the defect location.
Network hyperexcitability in hippocampal slices from Mecp2 mutant mice revealed by voltage-sensitive dye imaging

Dysfunctions of neuronal and network excitability have emerged as common features in disorders associated with intellectual disabilities, autism, and seizure activity, all common clinical manifestations of Rett syndrome (RTT), a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the transcriptional regulator methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2). Here, we evaluated the consequences of Mecp2 mutation on hippocampal network excitability, as well as synapse structure and function using a combination of imaging and electrophysiological approaches in acute slices. Imaging the amplitude and spatiotemporal spread of neuronal depolarizations with voltage-sensitive dyes (VSD) revealed that the CA1 and CA3 regions of hippocampal slices from symptomatic male Mecp2 mutant mice are highly hyperexcitable. However, only the density of docked synaptic vesicles and the rate of release from the readily releasable pool are impaired in Mecp2 mutant mice, while synapse density and morphology are unaffected. The differences in network excitability were not observed in surgically isolated CA1 minislices, and blockade of GABAergic inhibition enhanced VSD signals to the same extent in Mecp2 mutant and wild-type mice, suggesting that network excitability originates in area CA3. Indeed, extracellular multiunit recordings revealed a higher level of spontaneous firing of CA3 pyramidal neurons in slices from symptomatic Mecp2 mutant mice. The neuromodulator adenosine reduced the amplitude and spatiotemporal spread of VSD signals evoked in CA1 of Mecp2 mutant slices to wild-type levels, suggesting its potential use as an anticonvulsant in RTT individuals. The present results suggest that hyperactive CA3 pyramidal neurons contribute to hippocampal dysfunction and possibly to limbic seizures observed in Mecp2 mutant mice and RTT individuals.
Existence of the Gravitomagnetic Interaction

The point of view expressed in the literature that gravitomagnetism has not yet been observed or measured is not entirely correct. Observations of gravitational phenomena are reviewed in which the gravitomagnetic interaction—a post-Newtonian gravitational force between moving matter—has participated and which has been measured to 1 part in 1000. Gravitomagnetism is shown to be ubiquitous in gravitational phenomena and is a necessary ingredient in the equations of motion, without which the most basic gravitational dynamical effects (including Newtonian gravity) could not be consistently calculated by different inertial observers.
Note Concerning the Nature of the Large-Scale Eddies in the Atmosphere

The rate of generation of kinetic energy of mean zonal motions by the large-scale horizontal eddies in the atmosphere is computed from three independent sets of hemispheric wind data. The results are larger than certain analogous dissipation estimates would require. Meteorological implications of the material are discussed. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1953.tb01079.x
Parabiotic intoxication in germ-free mice.

Germ-free parabionts show greater shifts in erythrocyte mass between partners than do conventional parabionts. The germ-free condition also permits longer survival of both partners. This raises important questions as to the role of bacteria and viruses in the pathogenesis of parabiosis intoxication.
Fabricating a New Stabilized Lipid-Based Platform for Handling and Presenting GPCRs

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are members of large family of signaling molecules. They have a key function in neuronal biology and play a critical rule in transmitting extracellular signals in eukaryotic cells. GPCRs include receptors for many neurotransmitters like serotonin. The serotonin receptor 5HT1A has an important role in mental disorders like anxiety, and is the target of some anti anxiety drugs. Here we constructed a novel biomimetic lipid membrane-based platform to be used for screening molecules that interact with GPCRs. Since fragility and short life time limit the applicability of liposomes that are normally used to present membrane proteins, we have developed a platform based on nanoscale liposomes with enhanced longevity and stability. We developed two approaches to make stable liposomes: liposomes containing a UV-initiated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel and conjugated hydrogel liposomes made from lipids covalently anchored to the hydrogel network. Stability of nanoscale liposomes was confirmed by addition of high concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to the liposome suspension. The liposome/detergent micelle mixture was passed over a size exclusion chromatography (SEC) column, separating intact liposomes from micelles. Using dynamic light scattering (DLS), we could confirm the existence of intact 160 nm liposomes. This result was in good agreement with the SEC result for polymerized liposomes without detergent. Since our goal is making GPCR-bearing liposomes, serotonin receptor 5HT1A was incorporated into liposomes using a detergent-mediated method. GPCR incorporation was confirmed by binding labeled HTR1A antibody to liposomes containing biotinylated lipids and subsequently separating them from bulk with streptavidin-coated magnetic beads. We are currently undertaking further studies on antibody-liposome binding by fluorescence anisotropy to validate our approach.
Clade survey: 2003-2008

Now in its sixth year, Challenges of Large Applications in Distributed Environments (CLADE) has sought to encourage innovation in addressing the complex issues that arise in large-scale applications of distributed computation. Focus areas have included scheduling and mapping, data management and workflows as well as applications and infrastructure. This talk will highlight developments presented at CLADE through the years.
The use of inert artificial commercial food sources as replacements of traditional live food items in the culture of larval shrimp, Farfantepenaeus aztecus

Replacement of live feeds with alternate food sources is of major importance in commercial shrimp hatcheries. In this study, partial and complete replacement of live microalgae and Artemia nauplii with microalgae pastes and inert feeds is reported in the larval rearing of the brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus. Five different experimental feeds were used for each live food replacement study. Partial replacement of live microalgae using Chaetoceros 1000 “Premium Fresh” Instant Algae™ paste and Liqualife™ liquid larval feed showed survival rates similar to a control feed, however, postlarvae mean dry weight and length were significantly less than the control. Use of other replacement feeds, Epifeed™ liquid larval feed, Zeigler™ E-Z Larvae liquid feed, and Zeigler™ Z-Plus feed, yielded inferior results compared to the control feed. Statistical analysis of results from the live Artemia nauplii replacement study indicated that larval shrimp fed a control feed had significantly greater survival, mean PL length, and mean PL dry weight. The only exception was the partial replacement of Artemia nauplii using Liqualife™ in which there was no significant difference in survival between the control and this treatment. Results indicated that although Liqualife™, Epifeed™, Zeigler™ E-Z Larvae, Zeigler™ Z-Plus and Zeigler™ E-Z Artemia feeds could serve as partial replacement of newly hatched Artemia nauplii in production of F. aztecus postlarvae. Significantly improved results can be expected when larvae are fed newly hatched Artemia nauplii (control diet) with no supplement.
Transfer of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins to deficient cells after erythrocyte transfusion in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.

In paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), an acquired mutation of the PIGA gene results in the absence of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)–anchored cell surface membrane proteins in affected hematopoietic cells. Absence of GPI-anchored proteins on erythrocytes is responsible for their increased sensitivity to complement-mediated lysis, resulting in hemolytic anemia. Cell-to-cell transfer of CD55 and CD59, 2 GPI-anchored proteins, by red cell microvesicles has been demonstrated in vitro, with retention of their function. Because red cell units stored for transfusion contain many erythrocyte microvesicles, transfused blood could potentially serve as a source of CD55 and CD59. We examined whether GPI-anchored proteins could be transferred in vivo to deficient cells following transfusions given to 6 patients with PNH. All patients were group A1 blood type. Each was given transfusions of 3 U of compatible, washed group O blood. Patient group A1 cells were distinguished from the transfused group O cells by flow cytometry and staining with a labeled lectin, Dolichos biflorus, which specifically binds to group A1 erythrocytes. Increased surface CD59 was measured on recipient red cells and granulocytes 1, 3, and 7 days following transfusion in all 6 patients. Our data suggest a potential therapeutic role for GPI-anchored protein transfer for severe PNH.
Carbon and Phosphorus Losses from Decomposing Crop Residues in No‐Till and Conventional Till Agroecosystems

An increased knowledge of crop residue decomposition characteristics is a critical component for nutrient cycling studies in agroecosystems. Carbon and P losses from shoot residues of maize (Zea mays L.), wheat [Triticum estivum (L.), emend. Thell], soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and shoot and root residues of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were compared in no-till and conventional till systems. Grain crop residues were generally collected from senescent plants following harvest and placed in fiberglass mesh litter bags. Soybean leaf residues, however, were sampled following preharvest abscission, while crimson clover residues were collected at spring anthesis and buried only in a conventional till system. Generally, the changes in C and P content of residues were best described by exponential and/or logarithmic functions [...]