cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative electrospray ionization mass spectrometric studies of ternary complexes of amino acids with Cu2+ and phenanthroline

Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra of ternary complexes of Cu(2+) and 1,10-phenanthroline with the 20 essential amino acids (AA) were investigated quantitatively. Non-basic amino acids formed singly charged complexes of the [Cu(AA - H)phen](+) type. Lysine (Lys) and arginine (Arg) formed doubly charged complexes of the [Cu(HAA - H)phen](2+) type. Detection limits were determined for the complexes of phenylalanine (Phe), glutamic acid (Glu) and Arg, which were at low micromolar or submicromolar concentrations under routine conditions. Detection limits of low nanomolar concentrations are possible for amino acids with hydrophobic side-chains (Phe, Tyr, Trp, Leu, Ile) as determined for Phe. The efficiencies for the formation by ESI of gaseous [Cu(AA - H)phen](+) ions were determined and correlated with the acid-base properties of the amino acids, ternary complex stability constants and amino acid hydrophobicities expressed as the Bull-Breese indices (DeltaF). A weak correlation was found between DeltaF and the ESI efficiencies for the formation of gaseous [Cu(AA - H)phen](+) [Cu(HAA - H]phen](2+) and [AA + H](+) ions that showed that amino acids with hydrophobic side-chains were ionized more efficiently. In the ESI of binary and ternary amino acid mixtures, the formation of gas-phase Cu-phen complexes of amino acids with hydrophobic side-chains was enhanced in the presence of complexes of amino acids with polar or basic side-chains. An interesting enhancement of the ESI formation of [Cu(Glu - H)phen](+) was observed in mixtures. The effect is explained by ion-cluster formation at the droplet interface that results in enhanced desorption of the glutamic acid complex.
Animal Model Reveals Potential Waterborne Transmission of Helicobacter pylori Infection

Background Helicobacter pylori infection has been consistently associated with lack of access to clean water and proper sanitation, but no studies have demonstrated that the transmission of H. pylori can occur from drinking contaminated water. In this study, we used a laboratory mouse model to test whether waterborne H. pylori could cause gastric infection. Materials and Methods Groups of immunocompetent C57/BL6 Helicobacter-free mice were exposed to static concentrations (1.29 × 105, 106, 107, 108, and 109 CFU/L) of H. pylori in their drinking water for 4 weeks. One group of Helicobacter-free mice was exposed to uncontaminated water as a negative control. H. pylori morphology changes in water were examined using microscopy Live/Dead staining. Following exposure, H. pylori infection and inflammation status in the stomach were evaluated using quantitative culture, PCR, the rapid urease test, and histology. Results None of the mice in the negative control or 105 groups were infected. One of 20 cages (one of 40 mice) of the 106 group, three of 19 cages (four of 38 mice) of the 107 CFU/L group, 19 of 20 cages (33 of 40 mice) of the 108 group, and 20 of 20 cages (39 of 40 mice) of the 109 CFU/L group were infected. Infected mice had significantly higher gastric inflammation than uninfected mice (27.86% higher inflammation, p < .0001). Conclusions We offer proof that H. pylori in water is infectious in mice, suggesting that humans drinking contaminated water may be at risk of contracting H. pylori infection. Much work needs to be performed to better understand the risk of infection from drinking H. pylori-contaminated water.
Are the Kids Alright? Rawls, Adoption, and Gay Parents

Scholars have extensively debated the family’s place within liberalism, generally, and specific attention and critique has been given to the family in Rawls’ work. What has received less focus are the requirements of parents in a Rawlsian polity and, further, what those requirements might imply for the one case where states explicitly regulate the process of becoming parents: adoption. This paper seeks to discover what might be required of parents, adoptive or otherwise, in a Rawlsian social contract state. Second, it considers adoptive parent selection in light of these requirements as well as Rawls’ arguments regarding merit and fair equality of opportunity. Finally, it considers what such a merit-based selection of adoptive parents implies for the disputed rights of same-sex couples to adopt children. Further, because the question of merit in this case will hinge upon what it means to be a “fit parent,” it also draws upon relevant empirical social science studies regarding gay and lesbian parents. The paper, then, evaluates both the theoretical and empirical validity of generalized claims that same-sex couples are less fit to be parents than are heterosexual couples.
PERCS: the IBM power7-IH high-performance computing system

In 2001, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency called for the creation of commercially viable computing systems that would not only perform at very high levels but also be highly productive. The forthcoming POWER7®-IH system known as Productive, Easy-to-use, Reliable Computing System (PERCS) was IBM's response to this challenge. Compared with state-of-the-art high-performance computing systems in existence today, PERCS has very high performance and productivity goals and achieves them through tight integration of computing, networking, storage, and software. This paper describes the PERCS hardware and software, along with many of the design decisions that went into its creation.
Parathyroid Secretion: Discovery of a Major Calcium-Dependent Protein

Bovine parathyroid tissue incubated in vitro secretes a protein that is distinct from both parathyroid hormone and proparathyroid hormone and comprises about 50 percent of the total secreted protein. This protein appears to be an aggregate consisting of two or more subunits of molecular weight 70,000 as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Although the function of this protein is unknown, the secretion rates of both the protein and parathyroid hormone respond in parallel to changes in the concentration of calcium in the medium.
Purification and properties of 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and delta-5-3-ketosteroid isomerase from bovine corpora lutea.

Abstract 1. 1. Properties and kinetics of 3β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and Δ 5 -3- ketosteroid isomerase from the bovine ovary have been examined. The enzymes were purified from the microsomal fraction utilizing sonication, (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, dialysis, and column chromatography. With DPN+ as cofactor, the purified dehydrogenase oxidizes the 3β- hydroxy position of C19 and C20 steroids of the Δ 4 , Δ 5 , and 5α series. It was inactive with 3α-, 11β-, 17β- and 21- hydroxy positions as well as the 3β- position of cholesterol and did not utilize TPN+ as cofactor. 2. 2. With a Δ 5 -3β- hydroxy compound as substrate there was no significant formation of the Δ 4 -3β- hydroxy compound during incubation without nucleotide cofactor. Thus, the reactions leading to Δ 4 -3- ketones appear to be ordered, with oxidation of Δ 5 -3β- hydroxy compounds to Δ 5 -3- ketones preceding isomerization to Δ 4 -3- ketones . 3. 3. Behaviour during purification indicated that failure to obtain complete solubilization is responsible for lack of success in complete separation of dehydrogenase and isomerase activities. However, non-identity of the sites effecting dehydrogenation and isomerization is indicated by variation of activity ratios during purification, different inactivation rates and different pH curves. 4. 4. The presence of a single dehydrogenase site for C19 and C21 substrates and a single isomerase site for C19 and C20 substrate is indicated by the relative constancy in activity ratios during purification, the kinetics of equimolar mixtures, the competitive activation by alternate substrates, and the similarities of inactivation rates.
The Local Delay in Poisson Networks

Communication between two neighboring nodes is a very basic operation in wireless networks. Yet very little research has focused on the local delay in networks with randomly placed nodes, defined as the mean time it takes a node to connect to its nearest neighbor. We study this problem for Poisson networks, first considering interference only, then noise only, and finally and briefly, interference plus noise. In the noiseless case, we analyze four different types of nearest-neighbor communication and compare the extreme cases of high mobility, where a new Poisson process is drawn in each time slot, and no mobility, where only a single realization exists and nodes stay put forever. It turns out that the local delay behaves rather differently in the two cases. We also provide the low- and high-rate asymptotic behavior of the minimum achievable delay in each case. In the cases with noise, power control is essential to keep the delay finite, and randomized power control can drastically reduce the required (mean) power for finite local delay.
Types of inter-theoretic reduction

The history of scientific theorising presents us with a number of notable accomplishments conveniently grouped together by methodologists as cases of 'the reduction of one theory to another'. The members of this family are, however, by no means identical twins. That is, despite similarities among all the various cases of reduction, a number of distinctive subtypes, whose members all resemble each other far more than they do any members of other sub-types, can be discerned. My aim is to provide the beginnings of a 'taxonomy' of inter-theoretical reductions. This will, of necessity, involve the examination of a number of extant theories of reduction, and, in some cases, their rejection or modification. The philosopher's interest in reduction in the natural sciences is often motivated to a large extent by the hope that a sufficient understanding of reductions of this sort will provide insight into traditionally philosophical problems, such as the mind-body problem and the complex of issues concerning phenomenalism. I shall avoid concerning myself with these philosophical issues as much as possible, only allowing myself a few remarks on the possible relevance of the results obtained in the body of the paper to current philosophical speculation at the end of my more-or-less 'descriptive' methodological survey. I also wish to avoid the complex of issues in the foundations of mathematics often labelled problems of reduction. Whatever is meant by the claim that arithmetic is reducible to logic, or more conservatively to settheory, it is not that arithmetic is related to the more fundamental theory in anything like the way in which a physical theory is related to a theory to which it reduces.1
The electron-transfer kinetics of spinach ferredoxin with strong reductants

Abstract The reduction of spinach ferredoxin by V(II)-EDTA, Eu(II)-DPTA and propylene viologen was monitored electrochemically. The rates of these reactions were found to be 3.0 · 10 4 , 3.2 · 10 5 and 1.2 · 10 5 M −1 · s −1 , respectively, by the use of chronoamperometry, pulse polarography, differential pulse polarography and rotating-disk voltammetry. These reaction rates were analyzed by tunneling theory for electron transfers, and the comparisons between the theoretical and experimental values were quite good. The tunneling theory also worked quite well with other ferredoxin electron-transfer rates that are available in the literature. In addition to that, the activation enthalpy and entropy compared well with the tunneling theory.
Cold exposure: Effects on hepatic tryptophan oxygenase and tyrosine aminotransferase, plasma tryptophan and tyrosine, and brain monoamines

L'exposition des souris a une basse temp'erature a abouti a la production rapide de tryptophane oxygenase et de tyrosine aminotransferase. Malgre l'augmentation de l'activite enzymatique, les niveaux plasmatiques de tryptophane et de tyrosine furent augmentes d'une maniere significative pendant le temps de l'exposition. Les niveaux de norepinephrine et de serotonine du cerveau n'en ont cependant pas ete affectes.
Mechanical characterization of grain boundaries using nanoindentation

Abstract Grain boundaries and other mesoscale interfaces play an important role in controlling macroscale mechanical properties of various hierarchical materials needed for advanced technologies. Recent enhancements in both instrumentation and data analyses protocols have demonstrated the tremendous potential of nanoindentation as a high-throughput technique for robust and quantitative assessment of the mechanical role of these mesoscale interfaces. These new protocols are geared to address some of the most critical gaps impeding the efforts aimed at the accelerated and cost-effective design and development of new and improved materials. This review summarizes recent advances and identifies specific research directions that are likely to produce the maximum benefit and impact in these pursuits.
Regional cerebral blood flow effects of nicotine in overnight abstinent smokers.

Abstract Background: Most people agree that dependence to tobacco is mediated by the effects of nicotine on the central nervous system, albeit the neural pathways involved are not clearly delineated. We investigated the effect of nasal nicotine spray on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in a sample of habitual smokers, with H 2 15 O and positron emission tomography (PET). Methods: Eighteen volunteer smokers were studied after 12 hours of smoking deprivation. Regional cerebral blood flow measures were obtained with PET and 50 mCi H 2 15 O in six consecutive scans. Nicotine spray and a placebo spray were administered in a single-blind design, preceded and followed by baseline studies. Images were coregistered and anatomically standardized. Square (9-mm side) regions of interest were placed in 10 preselected brain regions, bilaterally. The effects of the experimental condition and gender were tested with two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance in each of the regions studied. Results: Nicotine reduced rCBF in the left anterior temporal cortex and in the right amygdala. Increases were noted in the right anterior thalamus. Conclusions: In habitual smokers after overnight abstinence, nicotine induced differing effects on regional blood flow relative to whole brain blood flow. Increases were observed in the thalamus, a region rich in nicotinic receptors, and reductions in limbic and paralimbic (amygdala, anterior temporal cortex) regions.
Protists: Key Ecosystem Regulators

abundance and production directly correlate to those of phytoplankton during the winter, spring, and summer. Ciliate predation on flagellates is a major regulatory mechanism, particularly during summer and among more productive lakes. The rapid generation rates of protists belie the modest instantaneous biomass of their communities. Flagellate growth rates are much greater than those of ciliates. In addition, flagellate densities are greater by a factor of approximately 1000 in comparison with ciliates (Wetzel 2001). As a result, heterotrophic flagellate production equals or exceeds that of ciliates in both planktonic and benthic habitats. The “microbial loop,” a model of pathways of organic carbon and nutrient cycling through the microbial communities, indicates many direct links among algae, bacteria, and heterotrophic protists. Protistan bacterivores can function largely as decomposers and efficient nutrient remineralizers. Some of the fixed organic carbon can be converted into larger microorganisms that may be consumed by larger metazoans and zooplankton. Under many conditions, however, the microbial loop functions as both a carbon and nutrient sink by which organic matter is respired. This appreciable organic matter is not directly available to higher animals and the nutrients are recycled without ever entering a metazoan gut. The bottom line is that in addition to their significant contributions to biodiversity, the protists are major decomposers and mediators of nutrient recycling in ecosystems. It is apparent that more than 90% of organic carbon mineralization and nutrient recycling is effected by microorganisms under 100 µm in size, largely protists. Yet less than 10% of our exploration of heterotrophic metabolism and regulation of material and energy fluxes has focused in this area. What a fantastic opportunity for young biologists to make significant contributions to our understanding of the operation of ecosystems! Were I starting over, I would devote my career to this area, to help fill one of the most important voids in contemporary understanding of the biosphere.
Toolpath optimization for minimizing airtime during machining

Abstract This paper describes an algorithm for minimizing the non-productive time or ‘airtime’ for milling by optimally connecting different toolpath segments. This problem is formulated as a generalized traveling salesman problem with precedence constraints and is solved using a heuristic method. The performance of the heuristic algorithm and the amount of improvement obtained for different problem sizes is also presented. This algorithm has been implemented in an automated process planning system and can be applied easily to other areas of path planning optimization like fused deposition modeling and laser cutting.
Sound Production by Nearctic Wolf Spiders: A Substratum-Coupled Stridulatory Mechanism

High-speed films of sound-producing male Lycosa and Schizocosa spp. show that their palps are not "drummed." as previously assumed. but rapidly oscillate at the tibio-tarsal joint. A new type of sp...
MHD STABILITY OF INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM PHASE TRANSITION LAYERS. I. MAGNETIC FIELD ORTHOGONAL TO FRONT

We consider the scenario of a magnetic field orthogonal to a front separating two media of different temperatures and densities, such as cold and warm neutral interstellar gas, in a two-dimensional plane-parallel geometry. A linear stability analysis is performed to assess the behavior of both evaporation and condensation fronts when subject to incompressible, corrugational perturbations with wavelengths larger than the thickness of the front. We discuss the behavior of fronts in both super-Alfvenic and sub-Alfvenic flows. Since the propagation speed of fronts is slow in the interstellar medium (ISM), it is the sub-Alfvenic regime that is relevant, and magnetic fields are a significant influence on front dynamics. In this case, we find that evaporation fronts, which are unstable in the hydrodynamic regime, are stabilized. Condensation fronts are unstable, but for parameters typical of the neutral ISM the growth rates are so slow that steady-state fronts are effectively stable. However, the instability may become important if condensation proceeds at a sufficiently fast rate. This paper is the first in a series exploring the linear and nonlinear effects of magnetic field strength and orientation on the corrugational instability, with the ultimate goal of addressing outstanding questions about small-scale ISM structure.
Investigation of Spreading and Traction of Human Osteosarcoma Cells on Microgrooved Polydimethylsilaxone Surfaces

The paper presents the recent results of the spreading and traction of human osteosarcoma cells on soft polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microgrooved surfaces. The results show that the cell tractions resulted in significant deformation of the microgrooves. The tractions were calculated, and found to be in good agreement with the results from other studies. The results suggest that the cell spreading-induced soft substrate deformation needs to be considered in the design of implantable bioMEMS structures.
High Phase Order Induction Motors - Part I-Description and Theoretical Considerations

The characteristics of induction motors having more than three phases are presented. The sequence sets of the symmetrical component method are used to determine the inductances with time harmonics in the source waveform such as for inverter sources. The effect of stator coil pitch on these inductances is explained. It is shown that some of these harmonics cannot induce rotor currents in motors having many phases, thereby reducing the torque pulsations and rotor I2R loss below the values for three-phase motors. Other advantages are lower current per phase and the ability of the motor to start and run with one phase open. Six and nine-phase motors are found to be especially attractive.
Lead tetrakis(imidazolyl)borate solids: anion exchange, solvent intercalation, and self assembly of an organic anion.

The coordination polymer Pb[B(Im)4](NO3)(xH2O), constructed by using sodium tetrakis(imidazolyl)borate and lead(II) nitrate solutions, is a layered material with the metal centers facing the interlayer spacing. As in naturally occurring layered minerals, this compound can readily undergo anion exchange and reversible intercalation of solvent water in the solid state with retention of crystallinity. We observed changes in solvent intercalation by 207Pb solid state NMR (SSNMR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Stoichiometric exchange of 15N nitrate for nitrate and iodide for nitrate is monitored by 15N and 207Pb SSNMR, and single crystals of the iodide-exchanged material Pb[B(Im)4]I were isolated. While the iodide compound can be obtained through facile exchange from the nitrate parent compound, the organic anion benzoate is placed in the interlayer spacing for nitrate under self-assembly conditions and forms an alternating monolayer in Pb[B(Im)4](C6H5COO)(0.5H2O). The ion exchange versus self-assembly ...
Equilibrium formation of class action suits

Abstract In large class litigation, courts often award judgments or make important decisions on the basis of the aggregate merit of the entire class and not upon the individual merit of each member. This so-called damage averaging practice provides different incentives to victims with different stakes to join a class action. When the defendant has complete information about each plaintiff's case, adverse selection, much like Akerlof's ‘lemons’ problem, arises in that low-stakes plaintiffs join the class action and high-stakes plaintiffs opt out. However, when the defendant does not have complete information the signaling effect associated with a plaintiff's membership decision matters; in particular, a low-stakes plaintiff may opt out for fear that joining the class may be interpreted by the defendant as evidence of a weak case. Thus, pure adverse selection never occurs in equilibrium. In equilibrium, a large fraction of high-stakes plaintiffs may join a class action, and low-stakes paintiffs may opt out.
An Explicit Estimation of the Prevalence of Commitment to a Training School, to Age 18, by Race and by Sex

Abstract Estimates of the race and sex specific prevalence to age 18 of commitment to a training school are derived. The obtained relative prevalence rates are found to be similar to another set for a different criterion, a different time, and a different, smaller jurisdiction. It is concluded that differences in relative rates of three to one make it impossible to interpret differences in absolute rates without taking into account the racial composition of the population. This viewpoint is in direct opposition to current proposals to suppress the use of racial and other ethnic identifications in the collection of social data.
Effect of Chlorine and Chlorine/Bromine Biocide Treatments on the Number and Activity of Biofilm Bacteria and on Carbon Steel Corrosion

Abstract The efficacy of NaOCl and a mixture of NaOCl and NaBr as biocides at reducing the numbers and metabolic activity of sessile bacteria on carbon steel in a moderately alkaline test medium we...
The neurology of hepatic osmoregulation and its implications for studies of ingestive behavior

Abstract Recently, evidence has accumulated to support an osmoregulatory mechanism utilizing hepatic receptors as indicators of extracellular fluid concentration. The vagus nerve is the centripetal trunk carrying this information to the brain and the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from hypothalamic nuclei is one regulatory response to the hepatic stimulus. Although this general mechanism is now accepted, the specific details of the connections between the vagal sensory system and the hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells responsible for ADH release have, until recently, been unclear. By utilizing physiological methods which allow the specific activation of hepatic sodium and osmoreceptors, single-neuron recording methods and sensitive retrograde anatomical tracing techniques, a pathway between the nucleus of the solitary tract and the supraoptic nucleus has been established which may be responsible for this hepato-neuroendocrine reflex. The application of these same methods of experimentation may lead to an improved understanding of other visceral afferent functions such as those related to feeding and drinking behavior.
Nearly-Free-Electron Approach to the Theory of Metallic Glass Alloys

A nearly-free-electron model for explaining the relative stability of some metallic alloys against crystallization is proposed. Arguments are presented which show that in an alloy the maximum stability corresponds to the composition for which the Fermi level lies at a minimum of the density of states. In this case any small enough perturbation around this configuration will increase the total electron energy. This approach predicts the correct composition range of metal glasses.
A Hot Inner Disk during the Quiescent State of Soft X-Ray Transients?

ABSTRACT We examine a simple model to account for the observations during quiescence of the soft X‐ray transients within the context of the standard accretion disk limit cycle. In our model the cooling front is not able to propagate completely to the inner edge of the accretion disk, so that a portion of the inner disk is always in the high state. The outer edge \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $r_{\mathrm{crit}\,}$ \end{document} of this hot, ionized disk determines the rate of accretion and maximum temperature in...
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Egg Wounds Inflicted by a Trichogramma Wasp

Species of Trichogramma , minute parasitic wasps used as biological control agents (Girault 1906, Evans 1930, Knipling and McGuire 1968), deposit their eggs in eggs of other insects. Since the ovipositor is thrust through the egg shell, vitelline membrane, and into the cytoplasmic-yolk, we wondered what factor, if any, prevents and/or inhibits desiccation of parasitized eggs.
Building multidisciplinary public health

From its status as a medical specialty, public health is struggling to reinvent itself in order to broaden its base and gain acceptance as a multidisciplinary function that embraces a wide range of...
Phronima energetics: is there a bonus to the barrel?

Virtually all species of Hyperiidea have a symbiotic relationship with gelatinous zooplankton. It has been theorized that hyperiid amphipods are descendants of benthic crustaceans that have developed a unique benthic-like existence on the pelagic substratum provided by gelatinous zooplankton. But does this strategy have hidden metabolic costs? Metabolism, in the form of both direct respiration and enzyme activities, and proximate composition of Phronima were compared to pelagic and benthic crustaceans. Although less energy is needed to remain in the water column since the gelatinous zooplankton makes the Phronima more buoyant than just Phronima alone, metabolicrates of Phronima are not lower than those of other pelagic crustaceans, possibly due to the energy needed to propel the barrel. However, Phronima have lower protein concentrations, indicating less energy is allocated to muscle production. The ratio of LDH (L-lactate dehydrogenase) activity to CS (citrate synthase) activity was >1, indicating that burst swimming is important in Phronima's metabolism. The symbiotic relationship provides the Phronima with food and a substrate for the brooding of young, but does not give them an energetic advantage over other pelagic crustaceans. Pratiquement toutes les especes d'Hyperiidea ont une association symbiotique avec du zooplancton gelatineux. Une theorie propose que les amphipodes hyperiides descendent de crustaces benthiques ayant developpe un mode de vie unique, proche d'une existence benthique, en utilisant le substrat pelagique constitue par le zooplancton gelatineux. Mais cette strategie a-t-elle des couts metaboliques caches? Le metabolisme de Phronima, evalue par l'ensemble respiration et activites enzymatiques et la composition du corps de cet amphipode ont ete compares a ceux de crustaces pelagiques et benthiques. Bien que moins d'energie soit necessaire pour rester dans la colonne d'eau puisque le zooplancton gelatineux augmente la flottabilite de Phronima, par comparaison avec des individus isoles, les taux metaboliques de Phronima ne sont pas inferieurs a ceux d'autres crustaces pelagiques, peut-etre a cause de l'energie necessaire a la propulsion du tonneau. Cependant Phronima a une plus faible concentration proteique ce qui montre que moins d'energie est alloue a la production de muscle. Le rapport entre l'activite de la LDH (L-lactate deshydrogenase) et l'activite de la CS (citrate synthase) etait >1, indiquant l'importance de la nage brusque dans le metabolisme de Phronima. L'association symbiotique fournit a Phronima de la nourriture et un substrat pour l'incubation des jeunes, mais il ne leur confere pas d'avantage energetique par rapport a d'autres crustaces pelagiques.
The Cutler-Beard clamp for lid reconstruction

Abstract Purpose To analyze the use of the Cutler-Beard transmarginal rotation entropion clamp (Karl Ilg & Co., St. Charles, IL) in patients undergoing the Cutler-Beard procedure for repair of eyelid defects after tumor excision or trauma. Design Prospective, noncomparative case series. Participants Twenty-five patients undergoing the Cutler-Beard procedure. Results The Cutler-Beard clamp (Karl Ilg & Co., St. Charles, IL) helps avoid the problems of a commonly used chalazion clamp. The clamp allows a skin orbicularis muscle incision to be combined with a conjunctival tarsal incision without the need to remove the clamp. It is also helpful in creating each of these incisions 4 mm from the eyelid margin to spare the marginal artery, which, if injured, could lead to loss of the eyelid margin. The clamp blades have multiple teeth to stabilize the eyelid and avoid slippage of the clamp. Main outcome measures The incidence of intraoperative or postoperative complications. Conclusions The transmarginal rotation clamp or Cutler-Beard clamp allows for the creation of a precise incision 4 mm from the eyelid margin with a high probability of avoiding injury to the marginal artery and is superior to traditional chalazion clamps.
The propagation of a Gaussian pulse in sea water and its applicaiton to remote sensing

The propagation of a single Gaussian pulse in sea water and of a Gaussian pulse as an envelope for a low-frequency burst are analyzed and their anomalous behavior determined. The use of such a pulse to locate a metal cylinder submerged in the sea is studied quantitatively for two pulse widths. It is concluded that detection of the cylinder by means of its backscattered field should be possible. >
Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in the diagnosis and treatment of sleep-disordered breathing in children.

Abstract Objective Although racial/ethnic and socioeconomic healthcare disparities in pediatric primary care are widely documented, little is known regarding health disparities for common otolaryngic conditions. Pediatric sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is highly prevalent, associated with significant physical and neurocognitive sequelae, and a common reason for pediatric otolaryngology referral. We sought to synthesize information from published findings related to racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in children with SDB. Methods Qualitative systematic review of MEDLINE database for articles reporting on racial/ethnic or socioeconomic differences in prevalence, diagnosis or surgical treatment of SDB in children over 30 years. Results Of 210 abstracts identified, 33 met inclusion criteria. 24 articles directly addressed differences in race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status, and 10 had findings which identified a disparity. Differences were identified in prevalence, sleep patterns, and sequelae of pediatric SDB (24/33) and in access to care and utilization of adenotonsillectomy (10/33). Black children (12/33) and children with socioeconomic deprivation (17/33) were the most common minority groups studied. Although conclusions were broad, common study findings showed: (1) children in racial/ethnic and socioeconomic minorities may have higher prevalence and greater risk for SDB, and (2) In the U.S., white children or children with private insurance are more likely to undergo adenotonsillectomy. Conclusions Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities are prevalent among children with SDB. Disparities in multiracial populations and disparities in access to care, treatment, and utilization of services for pediatric SDB require more detailed investigation. Given the potential negative impact of SDB in children, as well as its economic consequences, the evaluation of disparities should be prioritized in health policy research.
Effects of Instructions Given to Reactors and Nonreactors to Produce Visual Imagery Sequences following an Imagined Pleasant Scene

15 Visual Imagery Reactors and 15 Nonreactors were instructed to produce Visual Imagery Sequences using as a point of departure a pleasant scene imagined by themselves. Despite these instructions, Reactors developed significantly less pleasant scene materials, more High and Low Affect/Conflict, less Neutral Content, and briefer sequences preceding all Affect/Conflict. Four Reactors and no Nonreactors expressed difficulty in visualizing pleasant scenes. Reactors made more interruptions when attempting to continue imagery of the pleasant scene. Several additional scores occurred almost exclusively within a subgroup of Reactors. These results are consistent with previous studies using different test stimuli and are congruent with previously advanced theoretical formulations.
Graphene based nanomaterials for VLSI interconnect and energy-storage applications

As IC feature sizes continue to be scaled below 45 nanometer, copper wires exhibit significant "size effects" resulting in a sharp rise in their resistivity, which, in turn, has adverse impact both on their performance as well as reliability--in the form of current carrying capacity. This limitation of copper interconnects has been highlighted by leading semiconductor companies around the world as well as in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS), and threatens to slow down or even stall the traditional growth of the semiconductor and related industries.Graphene (carbon) based nanomaterials: nanotubes (single, double or multi-walled) and nanoribbons, are known to have amazing electrical, thermal and mechanical properties, and can potentially address the challenges faced by copper and thereby extend the lifetime of "electrical interconnects". Most of these outstanding properties arise from their ultra-strong sp2 hybridized bonds and "low-dimensionality"--they are essentially 1-dimensional structures. This panel talk will provide a brief overview of these nanomaterials and discuss their prospects as interconnects and passives and how they can be efficiently integrated into the VLSI process to address the dire need for faster, low-power and more reliable on-chip wiring, and also open new opportunities in integrated energy-storage as well as in off-chip wiring and packaging and emerging 3-dimensional integrated circuits.
Effectiveness of iterative solution strategies for the high frequency response of fluid-loaded structures

The effectiveness of iterative solution strategies for the three-dimensional high frequency response of fluid-loaded structures formulated by the finite element method is investigated. Element-by-element sparse matrix storage was implemented and combined with the QMR iterative algorithm to solve the computationally intensive complex linear equations. To remedy the ill-conditioning caused by the fine mesh and vastly different spatial scales of the structures and fluid medium, two different preconditioning techniques are studied. The numerical experiments show that the SSOR preconditioner is the most cost efficient strategy though the ILU factorization is generally more effective in reducing the iteration counts. Also, the simple ILU(0) preconditioner is shown to be more efficient and reliable than recently developed ILUT(p, τ) preconditioner.
Malignant angioendotheliomatosis (intravascular lymphomatosis) clinically simulating primary angiitis of the central nervous system

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) and malignant angioendotheliomatosis (MAE) are two unrelated and lethal diseases that frequently affect the brain. Both are uncommon and both require histologic documentation of their characteristic lesions for a definitive diagnosis. Because brain biopsies are not routinely included in the diagnostic workup of non-neoplastic CNS diseases, a number of unconfirmed nonvasculitic conditions may mimic PACNS. To my knowledge, MAE simulating PACNS clinically and angiographically has not been previously reported, and 3 such cases are described herein.
Constructing membership functions using interpolation and measurement theory

Imprecision is well suited for representing uncertainty in choice during an engineering design process, and in particular for computer-aided engineering design and analysis tools. To propagate imprecise understanding through engineering tools, however, first the membership functions must be constructed based on the understandings of the design engineer. For this purpose, measurement theory offers an axiomatically based, easy to use method. For any given variable, the best and worst values are determined, and the remaining values are assigned a degree of membership by comparison with the best and the worst. On real variables, however, this would require an infinite number of questions. Instead, a continuity assumption can be made, and the remaining membership values determined through interpolation. Traditional interpolation schemes, however, fail to satisfy the restrictions of a membership function. The [0,1] boundedness condition and the fuzzy-convex property in particular present difficulty. A simple and efficient constrained interpolation scheme is developed for fitting a membership function to a finite number of known membership values. Thus, a simple method enabling design engineers to construct membership functions is presented.
Use of a triage pain protocol in the ED

Abstract Purposes This study was designed to evaluate the ability of a triage pain protocol to improve frequency and time to delivery of analgesia for musculoskeletal injuries in the emergency department (ED). Basic Procedures Frequency and time to analgesic administration were measured before and after use of a triage pain protocol. The protocol allowed analgesic medications to be given at the time of triage. Main Findings Time to medication administration was 76 minutes (95% confidence interval [CI], 68-84 minutes) before and 40 minutes (95% CI, 32-47 minutes) after the protocol. Five hundred fifty-nine (70%) of 800 patients received analgesics using the protocol compared with 212 of 471 (45%) patients prior. Principal Conclusions Use of a triage pain protocol increased the number of patients with musculoskeletal injury who received pain medication in the ED. Use of the protocol also resulted in a decrease in the time to analgesic medication administration.
A characterization and equations for minimal shape-preserving projections

Let X denote a (real) Banach space and V an n-dimensional subspace. We denote by B=B(X, V) the space of all bounded linear operators from X into V; let P(X, V) be the set of all projections in B. For a given cones S ⊂ X, we denote by P=PS(X, V) the set of operators P ∈ P such that PS ⊂ S. When PS ≠ O, we characterize those P ∈ PS for which ||P|| is minimal. This characterization is then utilized in several applications and examples.
ENU-induced phenovariance in mice: inferences from 587 mutations

We present a compendium of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced mouse mutations, identified in our laboratory over a period of 10 years either on the basis of phenotype or whole genome and/or whole exome sequencing, and archived in the Mutagenetix database. Our purpose is threefold: 1) to formally describe many point mutations, including those that were not previously disclosed in peer-reviewed publications; 2) to assess the characteristics of these mutations; and 3) to estimate the likelihood that a missense mutation induced by ENU will create a detectable phenotype. In the context of an ENU mutagenesis program for C57BL/6J mice, a total of 185 phenotypes were tracked to mutations in 129 genes. In addition, 402 incidental mutations were identified and predicted to affect 390 genes. As previously reported, ENU shows strand asymmetry in its induction of mutations, particularly favoring T to A rather than A to T in the sense strand of coding regions and splice junctions. Some amino acid substitutions are far more likely to be damaging than others, and some are far more likely to be observed. Indeed, from among a total of 494 non-synonymous coding mutations, ENU was observed to create only 114 of the 182 possible amino acid substitutions that single base changes can achieve. Based on differences in overt null allele frequencies observed in phenotypic vs. non-phenotypic mutation sets, we infer that ENU-induced missense mutations create detectable phenotype only about 1 in 4.7 times. While the remaining mutations may not be functionally neutral, they are, on average, beneath the limits of detection of the phenotypic assays we applied. Collectively, these mutations add to our understanding of the chemical specificity of ENU, the types of amino acid substitutions it creates, and its efficiency in causing phenovariance. Our data support the validity of computational algorithms for the prediction of damage caused by amino acid substitutions, and may lead to refined predictions as to whether specific amino acid changes are responsible for observed phenotypes. These data form the basis for closer in silico estimations of the number of genes mutated to a state of phenovariance by ENU within a population of G3 mice.
Recognition denial, need for autonomy, and youth violence.

Some adolescents develop an especially strong need for autonomy, desiring to be"their own boss"and determined to follow their own rules. Previous research indicates that an exaggerated need for autonomy is associated with aggression and other problem behaviors. Yet little is known about the origins of such"me-first"attitudes. Why do some young people develop a stubborn need for autonomy in the first place?This article focuses on the role of adolescent autonomy needs in the development of youth violence, drawing on the insights of recognition theory and suggesting that the origins of an exaggerated need for autonomy can be found in the experience of recognition denial. Data from a large sample of male adolescents are used to test this hypothesis. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis, showing that perceived recognition denial (including the perception that one is treated as an inferior) contributes to a strong need for autonomy. Both are associated with elevated levels of violent behavior. The author closes with a discussion of the findings and their implications for violence prevention. Language: en
The genera Uroglena, Uroglenopsis, and Eusphaerella (Chrysophyceae)

Distinctive features that support the retention of Lemmermann's genus Uroglenopsis and distinguish it from Ehrenberg's Uroglena are presented. In Uroglena, the cells are united by a branching syste...
Influence of EUS training and pathology interpretation on accuracy of EUS-guided fine needle aspiration of pancreatic masses

Abstract Background: Identification, staging, and fine needle aspiration of pancreatic mass lesions are probably the most technically demanding EUS skills. This study evaluated the effect of formal training on the diagnostic accuracy of EUS-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) of pancreatic masses and the source of the variability in diagnostic accuracy between initial and later procedures. Methods: Sixty-five patients with pancreatic masses underwent EUS-FNA between April 1998 (introduction of EUS-FNA) and August 1999, 20 of whom were examined by 3 endosonographers without prior experience with EUS-FNA. The initial experience of these 3 endosonographers (April to December 1998; group A patients), which included a formal training period of 2 months, and their later experience (January to August 1999; group B patients) were evaluated. Final diagnoses were determined by surgical pathology or clinical follow-up. All EUS-FNA samples were reviewed by 4 blinded pathologists to determine the contribution of pathologist interpretation to varying EUS-FNA accuracy. Results: After a short training period, there was a significant improvement in EUS-FNA accuracy (33% vs. 91%; p = 0.004). After pathology review, good agreement was identified between original FNA interpretation and that on review (kappa = 0.78; 95% CI [0.5, 1.0]). There were differences between the mean cellularity score (2.8 vs. 1.8, p = 0.01) and mean number of passes (5.1 vs. 2.8, not significant) for correct versus incorrect FNA specimens. Conclusion: Significant improvements in EUS-FNA accuracy can be achieved with a short period of mentored training. EUS-FNA errors during the initial learning phase are primarily due to inadequate specimens. Interpretation of pancreatic EUS-FNA specimens remained consistent before and after training. (Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:669-73.)
Studies on the Mechanism of Stem Growth Inhibition by Visible Radiation.

Applied gibberellic acid specifically reverses the light inhibition of etiolated stem growth in certain species (4, 5). It therefore appears reasonable to suggest that light regulates stem elongation in these plants through some effect (or effects) on the gibberellin metabolism of the plant. Results presented in the present paper provide further support for this hypothesis. The effect of light on the gibberellin metabolism might be mediated through 1 of 3 general mechanisms. First, light may decrease the synthesis of endogenous gibberellin; or, second, it may cause the destruction (or diversion) of the natural gibberellin. Finally, light might make the tissue less responsive to a given amount of gibberellin. The results presented in the present paper make possible a partial resolution of these alternatives.