cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Doctrine of Legal Writing - Book Review of Linda H. Edwards's Readings in Persuasion: Briefs that Changed the World

In legal education, the word “doctrinal” is most often used to refer to courses such as Contracts, Torts, Property, and Criminal Procedure. Doctrinal has long been used as a descriptive adjective, but also as a word of exclusion. We often hear that legal writing courses are not substantive and not as significant as doctrinal courses. Linda Edwards’s new book, Readings in Persuasion: Briefs that Changed the World, persuasively challenges this view.This paper evaluates what we mean when we use the term doctrinal in a legal education context and considers six powerful descriptors for the doctrine of legal writing, all extrapolated from Edwards’s book: (1) legal writing is founded upon a collective body of robust scholarship; (2) it relies upon principles of science to create legal meaning; (3) it embraces an artistic craft model for the production of legal meanings, emphasizing the creativity, autonomy, and discretion that form the core of a lawyer’s professional identity; (4) it involves critical introspection, opening up areas of thought traditionally obscured in legal education and ensuring that law students appreciate the power they will eventually wield in law practice; (5) it is substantive because legal writing is law making - we cannot separate the substance of the law from the words we use to forge legal meanings; and finally, (6) because it relies on real cases and context to teach students how to engage with the legal process, the doctrine of legal writing builds and improves upon law school’s classic case-method pedagogy.
Ensemble spread and its implication for the evaluation of temperature trends from multiple radiosondes and reanalyses products

[1] Based on the ensemble spread, a methodology of measuring uncertainty in weather forecasts, the temperature trend and spread have been estimated using five radiosonde data sets and seven reanalysis products beginning in 1989. The results show that the magnitude of warming or cooling depends on the data sources, atmospheric heights, and geophysical latitudes. Over low-middle latitudes, the cooling varies from −2.6 K/decade in NCEP-DOE to −0.8 K/decade in HADAT2 in the lower stratosphere. The warming weakly changes from 0.2 through 0.4 K/decade in the middle troposphere. Over Antarctica, there is a pronounced warming in the low-middle troposphere in the three NCEP reanalyses and the RATPAC radiosonde data sets, and cooling in the other eight products. Over the Arctic, the warming is observed from the lower troposphere to the lower stratosphere in all twelve data sets. Significant cooling is identified over the middle stratosphere (above 50 hPa) in all five radiosondes. For global mean temperature, the trend is approximately 0.2 K/decade in the troposphere and −0.8 K/decade in the stratosphere. The spread increases significantly with atmospheric height from approximately 0.1 K/decade at 850hPa to 0.8 K/decade at 30hPa. The spread in the reanalysis data sets is much larger than in the radiosondes in the stratosphere. In contrast, the spread in both the reanalysis and radiosondes data sets is very small and shows the trend in better agreement with each other in the troposphere.
Transport processes in the thermosphere.

The atmosphere is highly stratified, even to high levels, and hence important transport questions arise in which vertical transport alone constitutes a useful approximation. Thus, the thermosphere was first described in terms of molecular conduction transferring heat from higher levels to lower, which is required because of the lack of adequate energy emission mechanisms at the higher levels. Later, the importance of eddy conduction was recognized as a means of extending the treatment well down into the mesosphere, where finally radiative processes are powerful enough to dispose of the excess heat deposited at the higher levels. Transport problems also arise with regard to atmospheric constituents, and several studies have been made of this problem. These considerations have provided a conceptually complete description of the upper atmosphere in the approximation that horizontal transport can be neglected. Two different approaches have been undertaken to consider the horizontal transport by large-scale circulation. First and most direct, the horizontal wind field in the middle and upper thermosphere was calculated based on the pressure distributions derived from satellite orbital decay observations. Then continuity conditions were used to calculate the vertical motions. The second approach was to evaluate the energy deficits or surpluses as a function of altitude and latitude and to assume the presence of vertical motions sufficient to balance these deficits or surpluses by compressional heating or cooling. Then continuity conditions were used to derive horizontal winds. The results of the two approaches are compatible, and are largely complementary. Downward velocities are near 1 m s-1 at 300 km over the diurnal minimum and the winter polar region, and 1 cm s-1 at 100 km over the winter polar region.
Lipids and Fatty Acids of Sarcolemma, Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, and Mitochondria from Rat Skeletal Muscle

Abstract 1. The major classes of neutral lipids and the phospholipids were determined in sarcolemma, fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria of rat skeletal muscle. 2. The lipid composition of the sarcolemma is clearly different from that of sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The sarcolemma contains a high content of phosphatidylserine and sphingomyelin in the phospholipid as well as large amounts of cholesterol, cholesterol ester and fatty acids in the neutral lipid fraction. 3. The fatty acid content of the neutral lipids is high in 16:0 + 18:0 and is less unsaturated than that of mitochondria or fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum, which are very similar. Each of the cell fractions shows a distinct fatty acid pattern in the phospholipid fraction.
HCG binding to the testicular LH receptor is similar in fertile, subfertile, and infertile stallions.

Recent evidence in our laboratory suggests that the cause of idiopathic subfertility/infertility in breeding stallions may originate in the testes at the luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor or postreceptor level. The objective of this research was to determine if LH receptor binding activity is altered in subfertile and infertile stallions. Six fertile, three subfertile, and three infertile stallions, ages 11-23 years, were classified according to normal semen parameters and pregnancy rates and then castrated in the breeding season. Blood was collected prior to castration, and plasma was stored until analyzed for LH, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estrogen conjugates (EC), estradiol (E 2 ), testosterone (T), and inhibin (I) by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Testicular cell membranes were prepared and snap-frozen until analyzed for LH binding activity by radioreceptorassay (RRA) using increasing amounts of I 125 human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Luteinizing hormone receptor numbers and affinity constants were determined by Scatchard analysis. Plasma LH, FSH, EC, E 2 , and T levels did not differ between fertile and subfertile stallions, but LH and FSH were significantly higher (P 0.05) between fertile (R, = 9.44 x 10 -11 M, K a = 0.300 x 10 10 M -1 ), subfertile (R t = 13.02 x 10 11 M, K a = 0.194 x 10 10 M -1 ), and infertile (R t = 7.65 x 10 -11 M, K a = 0.380 x 10 10 M -1 ) stallions. In conclusion, these data suggest that an endocrine dysfunction in the testes of stallions with poor fertility may not be due to a LH receptor disorder but may be due to a postreceptor malfunction.
New Challenges for Defining Information Fusion Requirements

The changing geopolitical landscape in the world has been and will continue to be the driving framework within which requirements for new and adaptable capabilities in Information Fusion (IF) technology are defined. For major nation-states of the world, this changing landscape will, it is argued, generate new challenges that significantly broaden both the range and adaptive nature of the capability that future IF systems must have. Another dramatically changing landscape is that of information networking, and the integration and exploitation of such networking in military and defense operations have led to transformations in military thinking and culture, even to the consideration of radically new socio-organizational dynamics for Command and Control (C2). Further, the need to develop deeper insights into agile and creative adversarial behaviors imparts what is called here the need for a “multi-perspective” Information Fusion process that will require new ways to think about exploiting both traditional and novel Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) sources. Further, there is the impact of informational dimensionality via the need, similarly motivated, to fuse and exploit the “PMESII” (Political, Military, Economic, Social, Infrastructure, Information) spectrum of information. Lastly, there is the desire on the part of the military to focus on “Effects-based” operations; here too there is an impact of new requirements onto the Data Fusion process.
Cardiovascular disease in survivors of hematopoietic cell transplantation

Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is increasingly offered as a curative option for many patients with hematologic malignancies. Improvements in HCT strategies and supportive care have resulted in a growing number of long-term survivors. However, these survivors are at an increased risk of developing long-term debilitating chronic health conditions, including premature cardiovascular disease. These complications are more common than in the general population, and there are well-described associations between therapeutic exposures, traditional cardiovascular risk factors, and subsequent cardiovascular disease risk. The authors present herein an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding pathogenesis and risk factors for some of the more commonly occurring cardiovascular complications after HCT, highlighting existing surveillance recommendations and future directions for research to minimize cardiovascular morbidity in these survivors.
Breaking cycles and vertical constraints in Deutsch's new and more difficult channel-routing problems

In the past decade, D. Deutsch's (1976) difficult example has been used extensively as a benchmark to test various channel-routing algorithms. Since more and more channel routers are able to achieve an optimal or near-optimal solution for the original difficult example. Deutsch recently (1989) proposed two new and more difficult channel-routing problems to provide new challenges for researchers in this area. Due to off-grid terminal locations in the new examples, the number of vertical constraints are almost doubled, and many cycles are present in the vertical constraint graph. A gridless channel router which intelligently generates doglegs to break cycles and vertical constraints and successfully completes the routing of Deutsch's new and more difficult examples is presented. This gridless router is among the first routers to report results on these new benchmarks. >
Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing

PART I: WHAT ARE THE ORIGINS OF EXTRAORDINARY HUMAN EVIL? Introduction: A Place Called Mauthausen 1. The Nature of Extraordinary Human Evil "Nits Make Lice" 2. Killers of Conviction: Groups, Ideology, and Extraordinary Evil Dovey's Story 3. The "Mad Nazi": Psychopathology, Personality, and Extraordinary Evil The Massacre at Babi Yar 4. The Dead End of Demonization The Invasion of Dili PART II: BEYOND DEMONIZATION: HOW ORDINARY PEOPLE COMMIT EXTRAORDINARY EVIL A Model of Extraordinary Human Evil 5. What Is the Nature of Human Nature? Our Ancestral Shadow The Tonle Sap Massacre 6. Who Are the Killers? Identities of the Perpetrators Death of a Guatemalan Village 7. What is the Immediate Social Context? A Culture of Cruelty The Church at Ntamara 8. Who Is the "Other"? Social Death of the Victims The "Safe Area" of Srebrenica PART III: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED AND WHY DOES IT MATTER? 9. Conclusion: Can We Be Delivered from Extraordinary Evil?
Communication via gap junctions modulates bile secretion in the isolated perfused rat liver.

Abstract Background & Aims: Bile secretion is regulated in part by adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and cytosolic Ca 2+ (Ca 2+ i ). Hormone receptors that link to these second messengers are not uniformly distributed across the hepatic lobule, but both cAMP and Ca 2+ i cross gap junctions, so we tested whether gap junctional communication plays a role in changes in bile flow induced by the activation of these receptors. Methods: cAMP levels in isolated perfused rat livers were increased by using glucagon, because glucagon receptors are predominantly on pericentral hepatocytes, or by using dibutyryl cAMP, which acts on hepatocytes throughout the hepatic lobule. Ca 2+ i concentration was increased by using vasopressin, because V 1a receptors are most heavily expressed on pericentral hepatocytes, or by using 2,5-di( tert -butyl)-1,4-benzo-hydroquinone ( t -BuBHQ), which increases the Ca 2+ i concentration in hepatocytes throughout the hepatic lobule. We used 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid (αGA) to block gap junction conductance, which was assessed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Results: αGA blocked fluorescence recovery after photobleaching without altering the basal rate of bile flow. Glucagon and dibutyryl cAMP increased bile flow; αGA blocked the glucagon-induced increase but not that induced by dibutyryl cAMP. Vasopressin and t -BuBHQ decreased bile flow; αGA exacerbated the decrease induced by vasopressin but not by t -BuBHQ. Conclusions: Glucagon and vasopressin modulate bile flow in a manner that depends in part on gap junctional communication, even though the two hormones activate second messengers with opposing effects on bile flow. The organization of second messenger signals across the hepatic lobule may be an important component of hormonal regulation of bile secretion. GASTROENTEROLOGY 1999;116:1176-1183
New Opportunities in Riserless Ocean Drilling

The JOI Alliance is operating the riserless drill ing vessel contributed by the United States to the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP). Currently, the alliance, consisting of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions Inc. (JOI), and its partners, the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University (LDEO) and Texas A&M University (TAMU), is operating the drilling vessel JOIDES Resolution, widely known for her many years of service to the Ocean Drilling Program.
Crime and Cognition: Community Applications of Sociomoral Reasoning Development

The authors first summarize briefly the results of a recent meta-analysis of community-based interventions for delinquents, pointing to the generally low-order results of such efforts. The characte...
SOME CRITICAL QUESTIONS FOR ANTI-ESSENTIALISM

A so-called “going beyond” Marxism will be at worst only a return to pre-Marxism; at best, only the rediscovery of a thought already contained in the philosophy which one believes he has gone beyond. As for “revisionism,” this is either a truism or an absurdity. There is no need to readapt a living philosophy to the course of the world; it adapts itself by means of thousands of new efforts, thousands of particular pursuits, for the philosophy is one with the movement of society. —J.-P. Sartre, Search for a Method (1968: 7)
The formation of a stable o‐semidine rearrangement intermediate

Treatment of 5,6,11,12-tetrahydrodibenzo-[b, f][1,2] diazocine with dilute acids affords a spiro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline derivative which represents the first isolated stable o-semidine rearrangement intermediate.
Pyomyositis in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

Pyomyositis is a pyogenic infection of skeletal muscle that is endemic in the tropics and is being recognized with increasing frequency in temperate climates. We report two cases of nonendemic pyomyositis in patients with diabetes mellitus. A review of the literature suggests that diabetes mellitus may be an important risk factor for the development of pyomyositis. Possible mechanisms of this association are discussed.
Peptidyl transferase: ancient and exiguous

The finding that the universal ribosomal peptidyl transferase is an RNA enzyme casts new light on its ancient origins, on the use of transition state analogues for ribozymes, and on the role of selection-amplification in studies of molecular evolution.
Lower lethal temperature for adult male Diamesa mendotae Muttkowski (Diptera: Chironomidae), a winter-emerging aquatic insect

Abstract The supercooling point (SCP) and lower lethal temperature (LLT50) of male adult Diamesa mendotae Muttkowski (Diptera: Chironomidae) were determined from field-collected individuals. SCP determined using surface-contact thermometry did not differ statistically from previously reported values for a previous generation of this species. The LLT50 was determined by exposing individuals to −10, −15, −20, −25, and −30°C for one minute. Mean survivorship was 96.7, 91.2, and 71.2% for tests at −10, −15, and −20°C, respectively. Exposure to −25 and −30°C resulted in 100% mortality in all tests. Results show that males of D. mendotae are freeze-intolerant with a mean SCP of −21.6°C which is only 0.1°C lower than its linear interpolated estimated LLT50 of −21.5°C. Our results confirm that a low SCP, rather than freeze tolerance, is a mechanism that facilitates emergence and adult activity of this species during winter conditions. The implications of SCP and LLT50 with regard to life cycle dynamics are discussed.
Hepatitis C viral infection in patients with cirrhosis

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On unpredictability as a causal factor in “learned helplessness”

Abstract In two replications, two groups of dogs were exposed to a series of uncontrollable, electric shocks. For one group the shocks were preceded by a tone (i.e., Paired). For the other group the shocks were randomly related to the tones and hence unpredictable (i.e., Random). Each replication also included a third group; in the first it was exposed only to the series of tones (CS-only), while in the second, it was exposed only to a series of shocks (Shocks-only). Then, all dogs were required to learn a discriminative choice escape/avoidance task in which the required response was to lift the correct paw in the presence of each of two visual S D s to escape or avoid the shocks [( S 1 D −R 1 ) (S 2 D −R 2 )]. Dogs preexposed to random tones and shocks were least successful in learning the task relative to those groups which experienced either predicted shocks, only the tones, or only the shocks, which in turn did not differ from each other. These results permitted the inference that the proactive interference with choice behavior following random tone CSs and shocks was attributable to a learned irrelevance generalized with respect to CSs.
Hollow fiber solvent extraction of pharmaceutical products: A case study

Abstract Dispersion-free solvent extraction using Celgard® microporous hydrophobic hollow fibers and flat membranes has been utilized for extraction/purification of fermentation-based pharmaceutical products. Extraction as well as back extraction has been studied using a pH swing procedure. Problems of emulsion formation, inherent in current processes, have been avoided to obtain stable dispersion-free operation. Very high solute recoveries and mass transfer rates have been obtained in the hollow fiber devices. Modular plant design using a series-parallel arrangement of this type of extractors and cost of existing dispersion-based devices indicate that these novel devices can compete effectively with commercial extractors.
Time-Lag for Attainment of the Self-Preserving Particle Size Distribution by Coagulation

Abstract The time needed (time-lag) for aerosols and hydrosols to reach the self-preserving state by coagulation is investigated. A discretesectional model is used to calculate new, accurate, self-preserving distributions in the free-molecular and continuum regimes. Correlations for the corresponding time-lags for arbitrary broad, initially log-normal distributions are presented in dimensionless form and compared with literature data. Practical applications are given indicating that industrial aerosols rapidly attain the self-preserving state.
Social Media and Research Visibility

Assessing the value of scientific research output, an important component of academic promotion and tenure, is increasingly based on metrics such as the Impact Factor, H-index, and more recently Google Scholar, that attempt to numerically encapsulate an author's productivity and scholarly impact.
THEORY OF TWO-PHOTON ENTANGLEMENT FOR SPONTANEOUS PARAMETRIC DOWN-CONVERSION DRIVEN BY A NARROW PUMP PULSE

Spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) has been extensively studied for the case of a continuous wave pump. In this paper SPDC is studied for the case in which the pump is a pulse. The pump pulse acts like a clock with an uncertainty equal to its width. This makes it possible to distinguish pairs of photons born at sufficiently different depths inside the crystal with a consequent decrease in two-photon interference. We study this effect in detail for degenerate collinear type-II SPDC and degenerate type-I SPDC. It may be possible in the type-II case to eliminate the clock effect of the pump by judicious choice of materials and wavelengths.
Moving boundary vortices for a thin‐film limit in micromagnetics

We study the limiting behavior of solutions of the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation belonging to thin films of ferromagnetic materials. In the appropriate time scale and under reasonable conditions, there is a subsequence converging to a map that has vortices at two boundary points. The vortices move Holder-continuously in time, and the map satisfies a formal Euler-Lagrange equation away from the vortices. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Initiation and regulation mechanisms of ribosomal RNA transcription in the eukaryote Acanthamoeba castellanii.

Acanthamoeba rRNA transcription involves the binding of a transcription initiation factor (TIF) to the core promoter of rDNA to form the preinitiation complex. This complex is formed in the absence of RNA polymerase I, and persists for multiple rounds of initiation. Polymerase I next binds to form the initiation complex. This binding is DNA sequence-independent, and is directed by protein-protein contacts with TIF. DNA melting occurs in a separate step. In contrast to most prokaryotic transcription, melting occurs only following nucleotide addition and β-γ hydrolysis of ATP is not required as for polymerase II. Growth-dependent regulation of rRNA transcription is accomplished by modification of RNA polymerase I. The inactive form of polymerase (PolE) is unable to bind to the promoter and has altered heat stability. PolE is still active in elongation; thus, the modification affects the polymerase site involved in TIF contact. Modification of a polymerases I and III common subunit has been detected leading to the suggestion that transcription of stable RNAs of the ribosome might be co-regulated by this mechanism.
TIME- TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE AND PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL QUALITY TESTS FOR FROZEN RED HAKE

Frozen storage life of red hake fillet blocks was estimated by sensory evaluation to be 150 weeks at —20°F, 71 weeks at —5°F, 25 weeks at +5° F, 7.5 weeks at +10°F and 2.7 weeks at +20°F. Shelf life was limited by the development of a tough, fibrous texture and the reaction proceeded at a faster rate at temperatures above +5°F. Dimethylamine content, formaldehyde content and shear force measurement correlated very well with sensory texture score and thus, these objective tests could be useful for predicting textural quality. For product stored at temperatures above —5° F there was good correlation between extractable protein nitrogen and sensory texture score, but this correlation decreased with lower storage tempratures. Trimethylamine oxide content and pH diminished during the early phase of storage and then progressively increased during continued storage. Centrifuged drip as an objective quality test did not appear to be sufficiently sensitive or reliable for assessing textural quality.
The Rorschach Mutuality of Autonomy Scale in the Assessment of Black Father-Absent Male Children

This study examined the utility of the Rorschach Mutuality of Autonomy Scale (MOA, Urist, 1977) in the assessment of two groups of 40 father-absent Black male children (aged 6 to 12 years): those whose fathers had left voluntarily versus those whose fathers had left involuntarily. Children who had experienced involuntary father-absence reflected less adaptive object-relations attainment status as measured by the MOA, t(38) = 2.37, p = > .02, when compared to children whose fathers had negotiated their departure. Although the Rorschach MOA can be a useful measure of assessing psychological functioning in Black father-absent male children, a multimethod assessment of object-relations status for ethnic minority children is proposed.
Integrity Tests and Other Criterion‐Focused Occupational Personality Scales (COPS) Used in Personnel Selection

This article focuses on personality measures constructed for prediction of individual differences in particular work behaviors of interest (e.g., violence at work, employee theft, customer service). These scales can generically be referred to as criterion-focused occupational personality scales (COPS). Examples include integrity tests (which aim to predict dishonest behaviors at work), violence scales (which aim to predict violent behaviors at work), drug and alcohol avoidance scales (which aim to predict substance abuse at work), stress tolerance scales (which aim to predict handling work pressures well) and customer service scales (which aim to predict serving customers well). We first review the criterion-related validity, construct validity and incremental validity evidence for integrity tests, violence scales, stress tolerance scales, and customer service scales. Specifically, validities for counterproductive work behaviors and overall job performance are summarized as well as relations with the Big Five personality scales (conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness to experience, agreeableness and extraversion). Second, we compare the usefulness of COPS with traditional, general purpose, adult personality scales. We also highlight the theoretical and practical implications of these comparisons and suggest a research agenda in this area.
Crisis and Growth in the Advanced Economies: What We Know, What We Do not, and What We Can Learn from the 1930s

This paper addresses the question of whether the medium- and long-term growth potential of the advanced economies has been impaired by the global financial crisis. It evidence from the Great Despression of the 1930s to illuminate the prospects, concluding the following. First, the impact of weak bank balance sheets and heightened risk aversion made it harder for small firms. in particular, to fund investment projects. Second, there is little evidence that increased public debt or policy uncertainity had major effects in depressing investment. Third, structural unemployment dissolved quickly in the face of increased demand. Fourth and finally, the crisis was also an opportunity as firms used the downtime created by the Depression to reorganize and modernize their operations.
Viscoelastic Gel-Strip Model for the Simulation of Migrating Cells

Migrating tumor cells can exhibit both mesenchymal- and amoeboid-type behaviors. Recent studies have shown that both cellular and extracellular structural and mechanical variables control the transition of tumor cells from one mode to the other and provide them with morphological plasticity. The mesenchymal-mode migration is characterized by strong adhesion and proteolytic machinery to navigate through complex extracellular matrices. The amoeboid-mode migration is characterized by little or no adhesion and strong actomyosin contraction to squeeze through the matrices. While adhesion dependent migration has been computationally and experimentally studied in both 2D and 3D environments, quantitative models of amoeboid motion in native environments are lacking. In order to address this major gap in our understanding and to probe the mesenchymal to amoeboid transitions quantitatively and comprehensively, we have developed an axisymmetric viscoelastic gel-strip model of a single cell to investigate a cell migrating in native-like environments. In this model, cell migration and morphology are governed by internal stresses as well as external forces. The internal stresses are controlled by F-actin density distribution, protrusion strength, and contraction strength. The external forces are controlled by adhesion strength and steric resistance from the extracellular matrix. Our model predicts that the transition of the cell migration mode from mesenchymal- to amoeboid-type, and vice versa, is closely related to the loss of adhesion as well as increased contraction strength of the cells. Our results indicate that amoeboid migration is more suited for low-resistance environment while mesenchymal migration is preferred in high-resistance environment, which would explain the versatile behaviors of tumor cells in complex environments.
Analyses of the Longitudinal Dynamics of Launch Vehicles with Application to a 1/10- Scale Saturn V Model

Lumped parameter analysis of liquid filled shells with application to 1/10 scale Saturn 5 model
An immersed interface method for a 1D poroelasticity problem with discontinuous coefficients

We introduce an immersed interface method (IIM) based on a staggered grid for the 1D Biot's poroelasticity model when the coefficients have discontinuities along material interfaces. The IIM uses a standard finite difference method away from the interfaces and modifies the numerical schemes near or on the interfaces to treat the irregularities using the method of undetermined coefficients. A second-order accuracy in the infinity norm has been derived for both pressure and displacement regardless of the position of the interfaces. We present some numerical results to confirm the theoretical error estimates.
Large Laterally Ordered Nanochannel Arrays from DNA Combing and Imprinting

One-dimensional nanostructures such as nanochannels (and nanotubes) are characterized by extremely small transverse size and resultant high degree of spatial confinement that endow them a unique set of properties. When patterned laterally, these nanostructures are widely used as critical transport devices for a variety of applications such as sensing, nanomanipulation, and information processing.[1–8] While numerous fabrication techniques have been developed, few can generate large and highly ordered arrays of both nanochannels and nanowires with no defects and low-cost. The most notable high-resolution lithographic techniques include electron beam lithography (EBL) and focused ion beam milling (FIB),[9–13] but they are associated with either low throughput or high-cost. Another lithographic technique, nanoimprint lithography (NIL), is of high throughput and relatively low-cost, but it requires the use of highly specialized equipment and molds prepared typically by EBL.[14– 17] Many inexpensive techniques have been developed, but they are inadequate in terms of high precision, low defect rate, or large area fabrication of both nanochannels/tubes and nanowires/strands.[7,18–25] Moreover, these nanostructures need to be connected to the micro/macroscale structures, such as reservoirs and channels, to form functional devices. This is not a trivial task and the lack of a low-cost solution to this problem significantly limits the applicability of many nanoconstructs.
Noncatalytic reaction of isonitriles and carboxylic acids en route to amide-type linkages

This protocol describes the preparation of an N-methyl-asparagine-linked glycosyl amino acid, on the basis of a reaction between carboxylic acids and isonitriles. Under microwave/thermolysis, carboxylic acids can couple with isonitriles without an external catalyst to form N-formyl-amides, which may be further advanced to the corresponding amides, N-methyl amide and N-methyloyl amide. The example reaction of β-galactopyranosyl isonitrile (7) with a protected aspartic acid under microwave condition in 30 min stereoselectively leads to a β-galactopyranosyl-N-formyl-asparagine (9). Further chemical transformations readily convert 9 into β-galactopyranosyl-N-methyl-asparagine (11).
gastro-politics in Hindu South Asia

The general semiotic properties of food take particularly intense forms in the context of gastro-politics – where food is the medium, and sometimes the message, of conflict. In South Asia, where beliefs about food encode a complex set of social and moral propositions, food serves two diametrically opposed semiotic functions: it can either homogenize the actors who transact in it, or it can serve to heterogenize them. In the Tamil Brahmin community of South India, this underlying tension takes three particular forms in the arenas of the household, the marriage feast, and the temple. [food, symbolism, semiotics, politics, South India]
RNA-Seq quantification of the human small airway epithelium transcriptome

The small airway epithelium (SAE), the cell population that covers the human airway surface from the 6th generation of airway branching to the alveoli, is the major site of lung disease caused by smoking. The focus of this study is to provide quantitative assessment of the SAE transcriptome in the resting state and in response to chronic cigarette smoking using massive parallel mRNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). The data demonstrate that 48% of SAE expressed genes are ubiquitous, shared with many tissues, with 52% enriched in this cell population. The most highly expressed gene, SCGB1A1, is characteristic of Clara cells, the cell type unique to the human SAE. Among other genes expressed by the SAE are those related to Clara cell differentiation, secretory mucosal defense, and mucociliary differentiation. The high sensitivity of RNA-Seq permitted quantification of gene expression related to infrequent cell populations such as neuroendocrine cells and epithelial stem/progenitor cells. Quantification of the absolute smoking-induced changes in SAE gene expression revealed that, compared to ubiquitous genes, more SAE-enriched genes responded to smoking with up-regulation, and those with the highest basal expression levels showed most dramatic changes. Smoking had no effect on SAE gene splicing, but was associated with a shift in molecular pattern from Clara cell-associated towards the mucus-secreting cell differentiation pathway with multiple features of cancer-associated molecular phenotype. These observations provide insights into the unique biology of human SAE by providing quantit-ative assessment of the global transcriptome under physiological conditions and in response to the stress of chronic cigarette smoking.
Does oxygen regulate prostaglandin-induced relaxation in the lamb ductus arteriosus?

Abstract It has been speculated that hypoxia might cause vasodilation of the ductus arteriosus by enhancing the relaxing action of endogenous prostaglandins. Using isolated rings of lamb ductus arteriosus, we measured immunoreactive PGE 2 released into the bath solution. We found that after a period of stabilization following suspension of the rings in low PO 2 , only a negligible amount of PGE 2 was released by the rings (1.15 ± 0.52 pg PGE 2 /mg wet weight per 45 min, n14, ±SEM). When rings were exposed to a high PO 2 , significant amounts of PGE 2 were released (32.3 ± 12.6 pg PGE 2 /mg wet weight per 45 min). These observations were supported by our findings that indomethacin had a negligible contractile effect (0.11 ± 0.09 g/mm 2 , n=11) on rings equilibrated in a low PO 2 , but caused a significant contraction (0.55 ± 0.12 g/mm 2 , n=11) in rings incubated in a high PO 2 . These findings do not support the hypothesis that low PO 2 increases PGE 2 production by the lamb ductus arteriosus. They are consistent with the hypothesis that endogenous PGE 2 inhibits the ability of the vessel to contract in response to oxygen. In addition (if these in vitro results can be extrapolated to the in vivo situation), the demonstration that the ductus arteriosus needs an oxygen tension greater than that present in utero to produce effective amounts of PGE 2 , strengthens the hypothesis that circulating levels of PGE 2 may be important in the prenatal maintenance of ductal patency.
Side-Track Erasure Processes in Perpendicular Recording

In perpendicular recording, substantial erasure of the stored data patterns could occur during writing process. Among all those erasure processes, the sidetrack erasure (STE) is one of the critical erasure issues. To sort out the intrinsic characteristics of the STE process and deepen our understanding of the underlying physics in the erasure processes, in this work, we have experimentally investigated the general attributes of STE process in various situations and quantified some of its distinctive signatures as well as some of its origins. Particularly, some STE behaviors have been characterized thoroughly by employing both the amplitude and BER based STE measurement methods in combination with other unique characterization techniques, in order to unambiguously reveal some of inherent features of the STE processes.
Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy of fluorescent-labeled lysophospholipid and taurodeoxycholate aggregates

Previous work from this laboratory demonstrated that the environment-sensitive lysolipid N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)- monomyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (N-NBD-MPE), at concentrations below its critical micelle concentration (CMCN-NBD-MPE = 4 microM), reached maximum fluorescence yield upon the addition of taurodeoxycholate (TDC) at concentrations well below its CMC (CMCTDC = 2.5 mM). These data indicated the formation of micellar aggregates of the two amphiphiles at concentrations below both of their CMCs. In the present study, fluorescence lifetime and differential polarization measurements were made to determine the size of these aggregates. In the absence of TDC and at 0.5 mM TDC a single lifetime (tau) and rotational correlation time (phi) were measured for N-NBD-MPE at the submicellar concentration of 2 microM, indicating a lack of interaction between the two molecules at this concentration. Above 0.5 mM TDC, two discrete lifetimes were resolved. Based on these lifetimes, two distinct rotational correlation times were established through polarization measurements. The shorter phi(0.19–0.73 ns) was ascribed to local probe motions, whereas the longer phi was in a time range expected for global rotation of aggregates the size of simple bile salt micelles (3–6.5 ns). From the longer phi, molecular volume and hydrodynamic radii were calculated, ranging from approximately 15 A at 1 mM to approximately 18 A at 5 mM TDC. These data support the conclusion that monomeric lysolipids in solution seed the aggregation of numerous TDC molecules (aggregation number = 16 at 1 mM TDC) to form a TDC micelle with a lysolipid core at concentrations below which they both self-aggregate.
Two Sides of the Same Coin: The Theology of Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

Evaluative knowledge is a ubiquitous—and seemingly indispensable—human phenomenon. Yet, writers from multiple disciplines (e.g., psychology, theology) have proposed that evaluating, categorizing, and judging—made possible by both verbal and nonverbal language—can directly contribute to human suffering. For example, Dietrich Bonhoeffer—the 20th century German theologian—argued that knowledge of good and evil produces disunion with God and death, rather than union with God and life. Likewise, Steven Hayes—a prominent theorist of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)—explained that particular applications of evaluative knowledge increase human suffering. Thus, the purpose of this article is threefold: (a) to elucidate Dietrich Bonhoeffer's exegesis of the Genesis story involving the tree of knowledge of good and evil; (b) to introduce basic tenets of ACT; and (c) to explore how similarities between these theological and psychological perspectives offer ripe potential for an integrative approach for pastora...
Malic Dehydrogenase Heterogeneity in Malaria (Plasmodium lophurae and P. berghei)

SYNOPSIS. Molecular heterogeneity of malic dehydrogenase (MDH) in malaria was shown by zone electrophoresis in potato starch, starch gel, and by enzymatic activity with analogs of the coenzyme diphosphopyridine nucletide. A single anodal peak of MDH characterized the normal duck red blood cell whereas P. lophurae free of the host cell had a cathodal form of the enzyme. Infected duck erythrocytes had a combination of these electrophoretic forms. The isolated enzymes had different pH optima with oxaloacetate as substrate: pH 7.4 for the duck red cell and 6.4 for the plasmodial enzyme. The Km of each enzyme for oxaloacetate varied with the pH. The Km at pH 7.4 was 4.1 and 4.4 × 105 M for parasite and host, respectively, whereas at 6.4 it was 2.0 × 105 M for P. lophurae and 6.3 × 105M for the duck erythrocyte. At pH 7.4 both enzymes were inhibited by oxaloacetate concentrations greater than 10−4 M. P. berghei MDH also had a different electrophoretic character from that of the mouse red blood cell. Quantitatively, MDH activity increased with parasitization, and erythrocyte-free P. lophurae contained approximately twice the activity found in the uninfected duck erythrocyte. The quantity of MDH activity of the infected cell was ca. 50% less than the sum of the activities of the parasite and the uninfected cell. It is suggested that these properties of the parasite MDH may give it a physiologic advantage over the red cell under the conditions which prevail intraerythrocytically.
An inverse fire modeling methodology for the determination of fire size, fire location, and soot deposition in a compartment

Fire models are routinely used in life safety design projects and are being used more often in fire and arson investigations as well as reconstructions of firefighter line-of-duty deaths (LODDs) and injuries. In all of these applications, the fire heat release rate (HRR), location of a fire in a compartment, gas-phase soot concentration, and solid-phase soot accumulation are important parameters that govern the evolution of thermal conditions within the fire compartment. These input parameters can be a large source of uncertainty in fire models, especially in scenarios in which experimental data or detailed information on fire behavior are not available, such as fire investigations and LODD reconstructions. Various methods have been reported in literature to determine the size and location of a fire in a compartment using ceiling-mounted detectors [1–4]. A previous study by the authors developed an inverse fire modeling technique to determine the time-varying HRR of fire in a compartment using measured thermocouple data [5]. The work presented in this paper extends the inverse HRR methodology by developing a technique to determine the location of a fire using wall-mounted heat flux sensors or a surrogate such as degradation characteristics of enclosure boundaries that can be collected during post-fire assessments. Additionally, the presence of soot modifies the radiative transfer field in the hot gas layer (gas phase) as well as radiative heat transfer to surfaces (condensed phase). As a detailed history of compartment conditions becomes less available, there is a need for an inversion methodology to accurately recover governing input parameters such as fire size, fire location, and fire burning properties while maintaining an adequate level of accuracy. As an intermediate step using measured fire test data, we can begin to construct an approach to use rich data to invert for fire intensity, fire location, and fire properties such as the amount of soot produced by the fire.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Atom Interferometers with Scalable Enclosed Area

Bloch oscillations (i.e., coherent acceleration of matter waves by an optical lattice) and Bragg diffraction are integrated into light-pulse atom interferometers with large momentum splitting between the interferometer arms, and hence enhanced sensitivity. Simultaneous acceleration of both arms in the same internal states suppresses systematic effects, and simultaneously running a pair of interferometers suppresses the effect of vibrations. Ramsey-Bord\'e interferometers using four such Bloch-Bragg-Bloch beam splitters exhibit 15% contrast at $24\ensuremath{\hbar}k$ splitting, the largest so far ($\ensuremath{\hbar}k$ is the photon momentum); single beam splitters achieve $88\ensuremath{\hbar}k$. The prospects for reaching 100 s of $\ensuremath{\hbar}k$ and applications such as gravitational wave sensors are discussed.
A review of light-scattering techniques for the study of colloids in natural waters

Abstract In order to understand the movement of colloidal materials in natural waters, we first need to have a means of quantifying their physical characteristics. This paper reviews three techniques which utilize light-scattering phenomena to measure the translational diffusion coefficient, the rotational diffusion coefficient, and the electrophoretic mobility of colloids suspended in water. Primary emphasis is to provide sufficient theoretical detail so that hydrologists can evaluate the utility of photon correlation spectrometry, electrophoretic light scattering, and electric birefringence analysis.
Early Undernutrition and [3H]γ‐Aminobutyric Acid Binding in Rat Brain

The effect of early undernutrition and dietary rehabilitation on [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA) binding in rat brain cerebral cortex and hippocampus was examined. Undernourished animals were obtained by exposing their mothers to a protein-deficient diet during both gestation and lactation. Saturation analysis of [3H]GABA binding in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus revealed high- and low-affinity components in the undernourished group, whereas control animals possessed only a low-affinity site. The concentration of low-affinity binding sites was greater in the undernourished animals. Rehabilitation of undernourished animals completely abolished the binding site differences. Treatment of brain membranes with Triton X-100 yielded two binding components in both the undernourished and control animals, although the concentration of lower affinity sites was still greater in the undernourished group. Neither the efficacy nor the potency of GABA to activate benzodiazepine binding in cerebral cortex was modified by undernutrition. These data suggest that early undernourishment modifies the characteristics of [3H]GABA binding, perhaps by reducing the brain content of endogenous inhibitors of the higher affinity binding site. The lack of effect on GABA-activated benzodiazepine binding suggests the possibility that neither the high- nor the low-affinity GABA binding sites are coupled to this receptor component.