cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Guidelines for treatment of bipolar disorder

Medication guidelines are being incorporated into psychiatric care, and may serve multiple functions, including ensuring consistent quality care, minimizing or managing costs, integration of new treatments, and providing clinicians with information necessary to make informed clinical decisions. Methods of guideline development and the published guidelines for the medication treatment of bipolar disorder are briefly reviewed. Despite limited research on the clinical efficacy of using guidelines, they serve other useful functions such as prioritizing multiple treatment options and providing a framework for treatment. The future role of treatment algorithms in psychiatric practice will be determined, in part, by results of studies evaluating the clinical impact of their use.
Posthypercapnic myocardial potassium movements.

SummaryOur experiments demonstrate a diphasic K+ movement in the myocardium in the immediate posthypercapnic period. Changes in heart rate, aortic pressure, peak LVP or coronary blood flow do not appear to explain the increased uptake of K+ following the switch from hypercapnic gas mixture to posthypercapnic gas mixture.We express appreciation to Carol Patton for her capable assistance.
Maternal pre-pregnancy weight and gestational weight gain and their association with birthweight with a focus on racial differences

Our objectives were to examine the interaction between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) and their association with birthweight, with a focus on racial differences. We used birth certificate data from live singleton births of South Carolina resident mothers, who self-reported their race as non-Hispanic white (NHW, n = 140, 128) or non-Hispanic black (NHB, n = 82,492) and who delivered at 34–44 weeks of gestation between 2004 and 2008 to conduct a cross-sectional study. Linear regression was used to examine the relationship between our exposures (i.e., race, BMI and GWG) and our outcome birthweight. Based on 2009 Institute of Medicine guidelines, the prevalence of adequate, inadequate and excessive GWG was 27.1, 24.2 and 48.7%, respectively, in NHW women and 24.2, 34.8 and 41.0%, respectively, in NHB women. Adjusting for infant sex, gestational age, maternal age, tobacco use, education, prenatal care, and Medicaid, the difference in birthweight between excessive and adequate GWG at a maternal BMI of 30 kg/m2 was 118 g (95% CI: 109, 127) in NHW women and 101 g (95% CI: 91, 111) in NHB women. Moreover, excessive versus adequate GWG conveyed similar protection from having a small for gestational age infant in NHW [OR = 0.64 (95% CI 0.61, 0.67)] and NHB women [OR = 0.68 (95% CI: 0.65, 0.72)]. In conclusion, we report a strong association between excessive GWG and higher infant birthweight across maternal BMI classes in NHW and NHB women. Given the high prevalence of excessive GWG even a small increase in birthweight may have considerable implications at the population level.
Contrasting phylogeographic histories between broadly sympatric topminnows in the Fundulus notatus species complex

Sympatrically distributed closely related species provide opportunities for studying evolutionary patterns of diversification. Such studies must account for historical contingencies in interpreting contemporary patterns of variation. Topminnows in the Fundulus notatus species complex are distributed sympatrically across much of the southern and Midwestern United States. Throughout most of their ranges F. olivaceus is often found in headwater stream habitats, and F. notatus is more typically distributed along the margins of larger river habitats. However, in some drainages, ecological associations of the respective species are reversed, with F. notatus populations isolated in headwater streams and F. olivaceus in downstream river habitats. Phylogeographic analyses of AFLP marker and multi-locus sequence data detected historical isolation in F. notatus consistent with pre-Pleistocene drainage patterns. Four F. notatus clades corresponded to (i) the Western Gulf Slope, (ii) the southwestern Ouachita Highlands, (iii) the Mobile Basin, and (iv) central Coastal Plain and Mississippi River Basin. In contrast, a relative lack of range-wide geographic structure in F. olivaceus is consistent with recent range expansion over much of the same geographic area. The southwestern Ouachita Highlands and Mobile Basin F. notatus clades corresponded to regions where ecological associations between the two species are reversed, providing evidence of the independent evolution of variation in contemporary habitat associations. Fundulus olivaceus from several drainages demonstrated introgression of mitochondrial DNA from F. notatus, but none of the sites in this study included individuals with hybrid ancestry in their nuclear genome. Phylogenetic analyses that included only nuclear loci supported the reciprocal monophyly of F. notatus, F. olivaceus and a third narrowly endemic species, Fundulus euryzonus, and supported a sister relationship between F. olivaceus and F. euryzonus.
Sepsis Related C5a Peptide Causes Calcium Overload in Adult Cardiac Myocytes

Septic cardiomyopathy is an acute cardiac syndrome that occurs after the onset of sepsis due to infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses and fungi. During septic cardiomyopathy cardiac output falls due to waning contractile function of the heart. However, very little is known about the precise cause of cardiac failure in cases of sepsis. One factor induced during sepsis is the complement activation product C5a. C5a is a peptide that acts through a G-protein coupled receptor (C5aR) and affects cardiac myocyte contractility by unknown mechanisms. Here we have tested the effect of C5a peptide on single adult cardiac myocyte calcium homeostasis. Cardiac myocytes were isolated from healthy rats and intracellular calcium transients were monitored (fluo-4AM) before and after C5a peptide treatment. Intracellular calcium was monitored by two different methods: 1) using a conventional photomultiplier tube and, 2) using a high speed digital CCD camera (200frames/s) to image whole cell calcium transients and waves. Recombinant C5a was applied to cardiac myocytes during electrical pacing (0.5Hz, 40V). After application of C5a (82ng/mL) intracellular calcium concentrations and calcium transient amplitudes initially rose (from F/Fo=1.43±0.12 to 1.86±0.4, n=4). Calcium transient duration was also prolonged after C5a addition (half width=260.2±29.0 ms to 318.7±47.1ms) and spontaneous calcium transients and waves were observed in the diastolic period between electrical stimuli. Consequently the amplitude of calcium transients and contractions varied from stimulated beat to beat after C5a addition. Paradoxically at higher pacing frequencies (3Hz) calcium transient amplitude was smaller after C5a application (F/Fo=1.46±0.2 vs. 1.32±0.04, n=4) and prolonged (half width=127.0±1.15 vs. 167.0±15.6 ms). Spontaneous calcium transients were also observed in the absence of electrical stimulation following C5a treatment. These data suggest that C5a peptide acts through its receptor C5aR to cause cardiac myocyte intracellular calcium overload.
Cycloadditions of difluoromethylenecyclopropanes

Abstract The isomeric difluoromethylenecyclopropanes, 1 + 2 were allowed to react with various alkene and diene reagents in order to test the reactivity of these two species toward (2+2) and (2+4) cycloadditions. Reactions with 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene, butadiene, cyclopentadiene, furan and diphenylisobenzofuran were attempted. 1 was much more reactive in (2+2) reactions, while 2 was more reactive in (2+4) cycloadditions. The only (2+4) reaction undergone by 1 was with diphenylisobenzofuran while the only (2+2) reaction of 2 was with 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene. No dimerizations of 1 or 2 were able to be observed. These results will be put in perspective with other fluoroolefin cycloaddition and methylenecyclopropane cycloaddition results.
Do People with Hoarding Disorder Under-Report Their Symptoms?

Previous research indicates that people with hoarding sometimes under- or over-report the severity of their symptoms. This article examines the results of two separate studies that evaluate severity ratings made by participants with hoarding disorder (HD) in comparison to ratings by family members or independent evaluators. In Study 1, HD participants’ ratings of the severity of the clutter in their home and their hoarding behaviors were less severe than those made by their friends or family members. This result may be accounted for by family members’ rejecting attitudes towards the participant. In Study 2, HD participants appeared to under-report specific hoarding symptoms while over-reporting their overall global impression of hoarding severity. A three-pronged assessment approach is recommended in which ratings of hoarding severity are made by the HD participant, their family member, and an independent observer or clinician. Such an approach would better inform future research, and also clinical treatment.
Pigment inhomogeneity and void formation in organic coatings

Abstract The conventional theory of organic coatings assumes that the volume density of pigment particles is uniform throughout the sample. The coating is then described in terms of the pigment volume concentration Π, which equals the volume of pigment divided by the volume of pigment and polymer. Voids form in the coating when the pigment particles are randomly dense-packed, which implies that Π exceeds the critical pigment volume concentration (Φ c or that Λ=Π/Φ c > 1. Due to fluctuations in the local density of pigment however, some regions in the coating may become randomly dense-packed even below Φ c . Hence, voids may form in the densely-packed islands even when Λ N o is the smallest number of pigment particles in a densely-packed cluster that may contain a void; C q is the coarseness of the polymer space-filling in the volume of the sample not occupied by pigment. When C q =0 and Π > 1, the polymer completely fills the interstitial volume and the void concentration vanishes. But when C q > 0, voids may form in the densely-packed regions of the coating even below Φ c . The coarseness parameter C q , depends on the sample preparation, on the properties of the pigment and polymer, and on the pigment volume concentration Π. For any nonzero C q we conclude that optical measurements will systematically underestimate Φ c . On the other hand, since the density of polymer is less than half the density of pigment, the peak in the mass density p (Π) of the coating will overestimate Φ c . Unless C q is abnormally large, the void percolation threshold value Φ v is larger than Φ c and is a decreasing function of the coarseness C q . The predictions of this simple model are in good agreement with experiment, and are relevant to the general class of random concentrated composites which include organic coatings, ceramic polymer slips, composite solid polymer electrodes and some forms of battery separators.
Fires and explosions associated with aluminum dust from finishing operations

Abstract Aluminum dust produced by finishing operations is an explosive dust which can burn or explode if not properly controlled. This report reviews a number of fires and explosions occurring in New Hampshire that involved aluminum dust produced by grinding, polishing and buffing. Improper design of dust collection systems, performing maintenance activities while the system is on, and processing dissimilar metals contributed to these losses. The hazards of collection of these dusts through ventilation systems, various standards and general methods used to control these risks are discussed.
Characterization of the top component of the "T" strain of mosquito iridescent virus.

Abstract The molecular weight of the top component of TMIV was found to be 1.94 × 10 9 . The particles contain between 5.0 and 5.7% DNA, 4.3% lipid, and 87.1% protein. The antigenicity and electrophoretic mobility of top component differ from those of TMIV, although the number and molecular weight of top component proteins as determined in polyacrylamide gels appear identical to those of the virus. Top component particles are neither infectious nor do they affect the infectivity of virus suspensions.
Bariatric surgery: the role of dexmedetomidine

Bariatric surgery has become a popular treatment for morbid obesity. The type of surgery could be either a gastric resection with Roux-en-Y construction or an adjustable gastric banding. Although still performed as an open procedure, bariatric surgery is now usually performed laparoscopically. The pathophysiology of morbid obesity puts the patient at risk for major respiratory and cardiovascular adverse events. To ameliorate these risks, the α 2 -adrenoreceptor agonist dexmedetomidine was introduced for the anesthetic and postoperative management of these patients. In one center, over 2000 bariatric procedures have now been performed safely using the perioperative administration of dexmedetomidine. Dexmedetomidine has little effect on ventilation is cardioprotective and neuroprotective and allows for a hemodynamically very stable course, while reducing the need for opioids and inhalational agents. This results in less respiratory depression and airway compromise, less nausea and vomiting, better intestinal function, and potentially, a day surgery (less than 24 hour admission) procedure.
Size distribution of spherical vesicles

Abstract We show that mean, gaussian, and spontaneous curvature constants κ, κ , and c s κ of spherical vesicles change with temperature by −[ T 8π ]α log N , where N is the number of molecules and α takes the values 3, − 10 3 , −1, in three cases. For bilipid vesicles, κ, κ , and c s have two sources, the area elasticity of monolayers and the liquid crystal orientational bending energy. If π e[0,1] denotes the elastic fraction in κ, we find the size distrition P(N) ∝ N 7ϱ 2 −6ϱ+ 4 3 e − const ×N such that for pure liquid crystal bending P(N) ∝ N 4 3 e − const ×N .
Rheology and microrheology of semiflexible polymer solutions : Actin filament networks

We report a systematic study of the linear rheology of solutions of model semiflexible polymers, actin filaments (F-actin), using mechanical rheometry, diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS), and video-based single-particle tracking microrheology. For pure actin at c = 24 μM and after full polymerization, the elastic and loss moduli still increase with time as G‘(t) ∝ t0.25±0.02 and G‘‘(t) ∝ t0.15±0.03, when measured at 1 rad/s, during network formation and reach a plateau after 12 h. At equilibrium, the linear small-frequency elastic modulus has a small magnitude, G‘p = 14 ± 3 dynes/cm2. The magnitude of G‘p depends weakly on concentration as G‘p(c) ∝ c1.2±0.2, with an exponent much smaller than for flexible polymers. At large concentrations, F-actin network becomes a liquid crystal and G‘p is independent of concentration. Using the large bandwidth of DWS, we show that the high-frequency viscoelastic modulus of F-actin solutions varies with the shear frequency as |G*(ω)| ∝ ω0.78±0.10 for both the isotropic ph...
Edge-lit reflection holograms

A three dimensional image has been reconstructed from a reflection hologram using edge illumination. This hologram is laminated on a 0.25" thick acrylic substrate and illuminated with white light through the edge of the substrate. In this paper, experimental schemes of recording and illuminating of an edge-lit reflection hologram are presented. The quality of the reconstructed images is evaluated as well.
Cerebellar degeneration due to chronic phenytoin therapy

Five patients developed cerebellar degeneration while being treated with phenytoin. All had high plasma levels of the drug, and none was having seizures of a type that could have caused systemic hypoxia at the time the cerebellar syndrome appeared. Cerebellar degeneration was confirmed by the finding of atrophy on CT scan and by persistence of cerebellar signs when plasma phenytoin levels were decreased. We suggest that chronic phenytoin therapy can cause cerebellar degeneration. The question of whether phenytoin or the cumulative effect of hypoxia from repeated convulsions causes cerebellar degeneration should not be posed as one of exclusive alternatives, since hypoxia is a well-known cause of cerebellar atrophy. Instead, the question should be whether or not phenytoin can also be responsible. The cases reported here suggest that it can.
Localization of mouse lumican (keratan sulfate proteoglycan) to distal chromosome 10.

Lumican, a member of the small interstitial proteoglycan gene (SIPG) family, is a keratan sulfate proteoglycan present in large quantities in the corneal stroma and in interstitial collagenous matrices of the heart, aorta, skeletal muscle (Hassell et al. 1993), skin (Chakravarti et al. submitted), and intervertebral discs (B. Johnstone, personal communication). Like decorin, another SIPG member, lumican also interacts with collagen and limits growth of fibrils in diameter (Rada et al. 1993; Scott 1988). In the cornea, lumican not only interacts with collagen molecules to limit fibril growth, but by virtue of its keratan sulfate-containing glycosaminoglycan side chains plays a crucial role in the regular spacing of fibrils and acquisition of corneal transparency (Scott 1991). The primary structure of lumican, derived from cDNA sequencing of chicken, bovine, and human clones, shows all the characteristic features of the SIPG family, namely, four and two cysteines in the Nand C-terminal globular domains, I and III, and a central, cysteine-free domain l_I, with 9 ~ sheet-forming leucine motifs (Blochberger et al. 1992; Funderburgh et al. 1993; Chakravarti et al. submitted). In the human, lumican localizes to Chromosome (Chr) 12q21.3-22 (Chakravarti et al. submitted). We report localization of the mouse lumican gene to distal Chr 10 by segregation analysis of restriction fragment length variants (RFLV) in recombinant inbred (RI) strains of mice. This study further extends the conservation of synteny between human Chr 12q21.3-22 and distal mouse Chr 10. We used a lumican coding sequence, PCR amplified from a mouse lumican genomic clone in Southern analyses for chromosome localization. Mouse genomic clones for lumican were obtained by screening a 129/Sv genomic DNA library (Stratagene) with a human lumican cDNA probe. The mouse lumican coding sequence was amplified from one of these genomic clones, with oligonucleotide primers that amplify nucleotides 263-681 from human lumican cDNA. PCR amplification yielded a product of expected size (primer pairs, upper 5'AGTGTACCAATGGTGCCTCCTG3' and lower 5 'CAGTCTGGCTATCTGATTGAAGCTC3'; PCR conditions: hold at 94~ 5 rain, cycle program 94~ 1 rain, 50~ anneal, extend at 72~ The nucleotide sequence of this PCR product (data not shown) yielded the derived amino acid sequence of 108 amino acids from the highly conserved central domain II of lumican sharing 96% identity with bovine, 93% identity with human, and 77% identity with chicken at the amino acid level (Funderburgh et al. 1993; Chakravarti et al. submitted; Blochberger et al. 1992). The mouse coding sequence was used to identify lumican
Pseudocoarctation of Aorta Associated with Aneurysm Formation

We report a patient with a large, thin-walled saccular aneurysm below the kinked area of the aorta. This was successfully resected. Review of the literature discloses a similar case that ruptured. Pseudocoarctation of the aorta cannot, therefore, be regarded as entirely benign: it may produce hemodynamic conditions for development of aneurysm. Careful follow-up and appropriate surgical treatment is recommended for all cases.
Solar aureole instrumentation and inversion techniques for aerosol studies: Part 2, data acquisition and inversion

A camera has been developed to image the sun and the solar aureole for use in aerosol studies. The design and calibration of the system are presented in a companion paper. The camera has eight spectral channels in the wavelength range from 310 nm to 1045 nm. The spectral bands and data collection procedure are chosen to allow retrieval of the atmospheric aerosol size distribution, index of refraction, and scattering phase function. In addition, the camera provides data for the retrieval of the atmospheric water vapor and ozone. The aerosol size distribution retrieval is based on the combined inversion of solar extinction and solar aureole data. The real part of the aerosol refractive index is determined using scattering measurements in the near-backward direction, while diffuse-to-global measurements provide the imaginary part. The performance of the inversion schemes is illustrated for in-flight satellite signal predictions over both bright and dark targets.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Super-speed centrifugation at sea using a gimballed platform

Abstract The use of a super-speed centrifuge at sea for the recovery of suspended solids or interstitial pore fluids requires a stabilizing platform. In this report, we describe a simple platform gimball and magnetic rotor stabilizer that have been fitted to a Sorvall model SS−3 super-speed centrifuge. In principle, any centrifuge of comparable weight (86 kg) could be easily adapted for use at sea with gimbals of similar design. The magnetic rotor coupler is designed to eliminate rotor precession when the centrifuge is operated at sea. This attachment is particularly useful when the Sorvall SS−3 (equipped with a conventional rotor) is used to recover interstitial pore fluids.
Bladder Augmentation Can be Problematic With Renal Failure and Transplantation

Ten consecutive patients with failure of urinary bladder augmentation (UBA) performed either prior to or after reaching end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were studied. Seven patients developed increased hydroureteronephrosis, infectious complications, and advanced to ESRD after UBA. The mean time to development of ESRD in patients who had UBA performed with moderate chronic renal failure (CRF) was 1.8 years. The UBAs in all seven patients were taken down prior to transplantation. Subsequently, five of these UBA-takedown patients have received kidney grafts and all have stable, good renal function. Three patients had their UBA performed after they reached ESRD, in preparation for renal transplantation. All three of these patients experienced recurrent urosepsis following transplantation, resulting in death in one patient and loss of graft in another. The third patient will undergo takedown of the UBA. This study suggests that UBA may possibly not be the best option for patients with moderate CRF and those awaiting transplantation.
Ratings of life and death and suicide intent.

Summary.-154 Ss rated the concepts life and death with the semantic differential. Ratings of life and life minus dearh significantly discriminated between suicidal and non-suicidal Ss and between more and less suicidal Ss. Changes in evaluation of Life were significantly associated with changes in selfraced suicide intent. Evaluation of life was more sensitive than other life factor scores to suicide behavior and suicide intent. Neuringer (4) reported ratings of life and death concepts with the semantic differential by chree groups of 15 male Ss each, suicide attempters, psychosomatic controls and normal controls. All three groups rated life positively and death negatively. Despite a trend for suicidal Ss to be more positive about life and more negative about death, no significant group differences were found on ratings for life or for death. When the ratings of death were subtracted from those of life, the suicidal Ss were significantly more divergent than Ss in either of the other two control groups. Neuringer and Lettieri (5) reported ratings by 30 suicidal female Ss (divided into chree equal-sized groups ranked by suicide risk) and 10 control female Ss. All Ss rated 10 concepts, including life and death, daily for a period of 21 days. The high-risk group evaluated life and death concepts differently from other Ss. They consistently rated life negatively and on all but 3 days rated dearh positively. Group differences were significant for the life concept and for the difference scores (life minus death) but fell short of significance for ratings of the death concept. Changes in attitudes toward life and death correlated with changes in self-rated suicide risks. These two studies agreed that suicidal Ss show significant divergence between ratings of life and deach compared to other Ss. They differ on how suicidal subjects rate the concepts of life and death. This study sought to determine how suicidal Ss rate life and death and to see if suicidal Ss are significantly more divergent in their ratings than non-suicidal Ss. The design differs from the prior work by including Ss of both sexes and by using one repeated measurement of attitudes toward life and death.
Active control of supersonic impingement tones using steady and pulsed microjets

In recent years, it has been demonstrated that direct microjet injection into the shear layer of the main jet disrupts the feedback loop inherent in high speed impinging jet flows, thereby significantly reducing the adverse effects. The amount of noise reduced by microjet actuation is known to be dependent on nozzle operating conditions. In this paper, two active control strategies using microjets are suggested to maintain a uniform, reliable, and optimal reduction of these tones over the entire range of operating conditions. In the first method, a quasi-closed loop control strategy is proposed using steady microjet injection and the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) algorithm. The most energetic spatial mode of the unsteady pressure along the nozzle diameter is captured using the POD, which in turn is used to determine the distribution of microjet intensity along the nozzle exit. Preliminary experimental results from a STOVL supersonic jet facility at Mach 1.5 show that the quasi-closed loop control strategy, in some cases, provides an additional 8–10 dB reduction compared to axisymmetric injection at the desired operating conditions. The second method consists of a pulsed microjet injection, motivated by the need to further improve the noise suppression. It was observed that the pulsed microjet was able to bring about the same noise reduction as steady injection using approximately 40% of the corresponding mass flow rate of the steady microjet case. Moreover, as the duty cycle increased, the performance of pulsed injection was further enhanced and was observed to completely eliminate the impinging tones at all operating conditions.
Second thoughts on parallel processing

Abstract A variety of advanced, high-throughput “parallel” and “associative” computer architectures are discussed. In comparing the architectures we argue that it is useful to view them simply as alternative ways of increasing the amount of processing hardware relative to the amount of memory hardware. Another useful criterion is the duty cycle of the processing hardware, i.e. the proportion of the total amount of arithmetic and logical activity that is meaningful. Digital signal processing is considered as an example application. We conclude that cellular-logic-in-memory arrays are inappropriate for signal processing.
Precursor-Directed Generation of Amidine Containing Ammosamide Analogs: Ammosamides E-P.

Ammosamides E–F (1–2), are amidine analogs of the ammosamide family of alkaloids isolated from a marine-derived Streptomyces variabilis. Further studies with S. variabilis revealed a variety of aryl and alkyl amines added into the fermentation media could be efficiently incorporated into the ammosamide framework to generate a library of precursor-directed amidine analogs, ammosamides G–P (9–18). We demonstrate that the amines are introduced via non-enzymatic addition to the iminium ion of ammosamide C. Biological evaluation of the amidine analogs against quinone reductase 2 (QR2) showed low nM potency for a number of analogs. When tested for in vivo activity against a panel of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell-lines there was a clear increase in potency by incorporation of lipophilic alkylamines, with the most potent compounds having sub μM IC50 values (0.4 to 0.8 μM).
Ten Years of World Bank Action in Transport: Evaluation

Throughout the past decade transport projects have played a pivotal role in support of economic development and poverty alleviation. This evaluation, using objectives-based methodology, assesses the World Bank’s activities in the transport sector during the past 10 years together with its preparedness to meet emerging challenges. It concludes that although past performance has been well managed and effective, especially for intercity highway construction and rehabilitation, transport must also give more focus on vital issues such as traffic congestion, air pollution, safety, and affordability which will have to be given greater priority. This will necessitate more innovative multisectoral approaches to resolve the complex global concerns confronting us in the future.
DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PREVALENCE OF ANTIBODY TO SIN NOMBRE VIRUS IN DEER MICE IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES

We used long-term data collected for up to 10 yr (1994-2004) at 23 trapping arrays (i.e., webs and grids) in Arizona, Colorado, Montana, and New Mexico to examine demographic factors known or suspected to be associated with risk of infection with Sin Nombre virus (SNV) in its natural host, the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus). Gender, age (mass), wounds or scars, season, and local relative population densities were statistically associated with the period prevalence of antibody (used as a marker of infection) to SNV in host populations. Nevertheless, antibody prevalence and some of the risk factors associated with antibody prevalence, such as relative population density, gender bias, and prevalence of wounding, varied significantly among sites and even between nearby trapping arrays at a single site. This suggests that local microsite- specific differences play an important role in determining relative risk of infection by SNV in rodents and, consequently, in humans. Deer mouse relative population density varied among sites and was positively and statistically associated with infection prevalence, an association that researchers conducting shorter-term studies failed to demonstrate. Both wounding and antibody prevalence increased with mass class in both males and females; this increase was much more pronounced in males than in females and wounding was more frequent in adult males than in adult females. Prevalence of wounding was greatest among seropositive deer mice, regardless of mass class, but many deer mice without detectable wounds or scars eventually became infected. Many of these patterns, which will be useful in the development of predictive models of disease risk to humans, were only detected through the application of data collected over a long (10-yr) period and with abundant replication.
Identification of G2/M targets for the MAP kinase pathway by functional proteomics

Although the importance of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in regulating the transition from G1 to S has been extensively studied, its role during the G2/M transition is less well understood. Previous reports have shown that inhibition of the ERK pathway in mammalian cells delays entry as well as progression through mitosis, suggesting the existence of molecular targets of this pathway in M phase. In this report we employed 2-DE and MS to survey proteins and PTMs in the presence versus absence of MKK1/2 inhibitor. Targets of the ERK pathway in G2/M were identified as elongation factor 2 (EF2) and nuclear matrix protein, 55 kDa (Nmt55). Phosphorylation of each protein increased under conditions of ERK pathway inhibition, suggesting indirect control of these targets; regulation of EF2 was ascribed to phosphorylation and inactivation of upstream EF2 kinase, whereas regulation of Nmt55 was ascribed to a delay in normal mitotic phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. 2-DE Western blots probed using anti-phospho-Thr-Pro antibody demonstrated that the effect of ERK inhibition is not to delay the onset of phosphorylation controlled by cdc2 and other mitotic kinases, but rather to regulate a small subset of targets in M phase in a nonoverlapping manner with cdc2.
X-ray experiment electronic instrumentation for high altitude balloon and rocket flights

Abstract An electronic instrumentation system, developed for use in X-ray experiments to be flown on high-altitude balloons and rockets, is described. The system selects and analyzes output pulses from X-ray detector proportional counters and scintillating crystals, arranges the desired data in a PCM format and feeds this digital data at a 50 kHz to 100 kHz bit rate to the telemetry transmitter. The system is designed to minimize power drain, weight and volume, while maintaining a high degree of reliability. The system has operated successfully in a 1968 rocket flight. Additional rocket and balloon flights, making use of variations of this system, are planned for the near future.
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Management From Prenatal Counseling to Postdischarge Follow-up Care: Results of a National Survey

Objective: The goal of this study was to assess the current status of neonatal abstinence syndrome management from prenatal counseling to postdischarge follow-up care. Methods: An anonymous electronic survey of 26 questions was sent to the medical directors or charge nurses at 383 NICUs. Contact information was obtained by using the American Medical Association’s FREIDA online database and the 2011 American Hospital Association Guide Book. Responses were gathered by using the SurveyMonkey online portal, which was designed to grant responders 1-time access. Results: There were 179 responses (47%), and 0.6%, 16.2%, and 83.2% identified themselves as level I, level II, and level III units, respectively. Prenatal counseling for at-risk mothers is offered by 56.5% of responders. Written protocols for neonatal abstinence syndrome management were reported by 72.5%. All but 3 institutions used toxicology screening in cases of suspected in utero drug exposure. Formalized scoring is used by 98.7%. Breastfeeding is recommended by 74.1%. Morphine (56.1%), methadone (24.8%), and tincture of opium (12.7%) are the most common first-line agents reported in opiate withdrawal, whereas morphine (51.0%), methadone (19.7%), and phenobarbital (13.6%) are used in polydrug withdrawal. Less than 20% of NICUs use clonidine. Home treatment programs are offered by 34.0% of responders, and long-term developmental follow-up is offered by 71.3%. Conclusions: There is considerable diversity in the management of neonatal abstinence syndrome. Alternative management strategies, including prenatal counseling and home treatment programs, need to be explored to improve overall patient care.
Fast Community Detection Algorithm with GPUs and Multicore Architectures

In this paper, we present the design of a novel scalable parallel algorithm for community detection optimized for multi-core and GPU architectures. Our algorithm is based on label propagation, which works solely on local information, thus giving it the scalability advantage over conventional approaches. We also show that weighted label propagation can overcome typical quality issues in communities detected with label propagation. Experimental results on well known massive scale graphs such as Wikipedia (100M edges) and also on RMAT graphs with 10M - 40M edges, demonstrate the superior performance and scalability of our algorithm compared to the well known approaches for community detection. On the \textit{hep-th} graph ($352$K edges) and the \textit{wikipedia} graph ($100$M edges), using Power 6 architecture with $32$ cores, our algorithm achieves one to two orders of magnitude better performance compared to the best known prior results on parallel architectures with similar number of CPUs. Further, our GPGPU based algorithm achieves $8\times$ improvement over the Power 6 performance on $40$M edge R-MAT graph. Alongside, we achieve high quality (modularity) of communities detected, with experimental evidence from well-known graphs such as Zachary karate club, Dolphin network and Football club, where we achieve modularity that is close to the best known alternatives. To the best of our knowledge these are best known results for community detection on massive graphs ($100$M edges) in terms of performance and also quality vs. performance trade-off. This is also a unique work on community detection on GPGPUs with scalable performance.
Four unique genes required for β tubulin expression in vertebrates

We have isolated the four separate segments of chicken DNA which contain sequence homology to beta tubulin. With the exception of a fifth region of DNA which appears to contain only a 5' fragment of a beta gene, these four cloned sequences represent all of the beta tubulin encoding DNA in the chicken. Each gene is very similar in structure, containing three or four small intervening sequences clustered in the 5' portion of the coding region. Using RNAs prepared from a variety of cell lines and tissues, we have found five different mRNAs which carry beta tubulin sequences, two of which are encoded by the same gene. Three of these mRNAs are unexpectedly long (between 3500 and 4000 bases). However, these large mRNAs do give authentic beta tubulin translation products. Overall, we conclude that each of the four beta tubulin genes is a functional gene which is expressed in a specific program during differentiation. These data strongly suggest that four beta tubulins are necessary for proper microtubule function in vertebrates.
Peritraumatic reactions associated with the World Trade Center disaster.

OBJECTIVE: The World Trade Center disaster was of unprecedented magnitude and impact in U.S. history. The authors conducted a pilot survey investigating these effects. METHOD: A questionnaire regarding the disaster was sent to responders to an advertisement. It included demographic and disaster-exposure questions and three scales applied to “during and shortly after” the disaster. RESULTS: Despite widely ranging exposure, scores for distress (Peritraumatic Distress Inventory), dissociation (Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire), and posttraumatic stress (Impact of Event Scale—Revised) were markedly elevated (N=75). After covariance for exposure, the distress factor of loss of control most strongly predicted both early dissociation and posttraumatic stress. Life threat specifically contributed to arousal. Dissociation did not contribute beyond distress to posttraumatic stress, with the exception of re-experiencing. CONCLUSIONS: This survey of reactions to the World Trade Center disaster rev...
Reporting for State and Local Government Pension Plans: A Critical Analysis

Financial reporting for state and local government pension plans needs to be improved. Although these governmental agencies in recent years have required greater contributions by employees toward their pensions along with increasing the retirement age and service years, reducing cost-of-living benefits, and reducing overtime allowances, investment losses and declining tax revenues stemming from the recession have aggravated the underfunding of their pension plans. Financial reporting of these plans could be enhanced by reflecting more realistic measures of the underlying obligation and the expected long-term rates of return on plan assets. The Government Accounting Standards Board is finalizing a standard to require such information in order to enhance the transparency of reporting on these plans.
Shear deformation of indium solder joints

Indium solder joint deformation was investigated under conditions of shear loading and stress relaxation at room temperature. The deformation behavior was characterized as a function of strain, strain rate, joint thickness, and hold time. Work hardening during loading was found to increase with strain rate in the range of 10/sup -4/ to 10/sup -2/ s/sup -1/ and decrease with joint thickness in the range of 200-600 mu m. The latter suggests that a thick layer of indium will reduce thermal stresses in die attachment applications. The work hardening behavior was also dependent on the amount of recovery that occurred in the prior stress relaxation cycle. For relaxation times of 2 to 13 h, nearly complete recovery occurs if the plastic strain is less than about 0.02. For shorter relaxation times of larger strains, the material was left in a work hardened state. The stress-strain rate characteristics during relaxation were found to be a function of the initial strain level and the spring constant of the assembly. It was demonstrated how a material constitutive relation can be used with the assembly spring constant to calculate stress reduction with time. This procedure can be applied to any electronic assembly which undergoes stress relaxation during a constant temperature hold. >
Video coding and multimedia communications standards for Internet

In this paper, we report recent development in video coding and multimedia communications for Internet applications. In the coding aspect, emphasis is given to a number of emerging standards, including H.263 Version 2, H.26L, MPEG-4, and MPEG-7. In the communication aspect, H.323, an ITU-T standard developed for multimedia communications over non-QoS networks, is discussed.
Clock tree synthesis for multi-chip modules

While designing interconnect for MCM's, one must take into consideration the distributed RLC effects, due to which signals may display nonmonotonic behavior and substantial ringing. This paper considers the problem of designing clock trees for MCM's. A fully distributed RLC model is utilized for AWE-based analysis and synthesis, and appropriate measures are taken to ensure adequate signal damping and for buffer insertion to satisfy constraints on the clock signal slew rate. Experimental results, verified by SPICE simulations, show that this method can be used to build clock trees with near-zero skews.
Antigen‐presenting function of mouse CD 1: one molecule with two different kinds of antigenic ligands

Mouse CD1 (mCD1) is an antigen-presenting molecule that is constitutively expressed by most bone marrow-derived cells. Peptides with a hydrophobic binding motif can bind to mCD1, and the peptide-CD1 complex is recognized by CD8+ cytolytic T cells. In contrast, NK1.1+ T cells, which are CD8-, are autoreactive for mCD1 molecules. This autoreactivity, along with the ability of NK T cells to rapidly produce large amounts of cytokine, has led to the suggestion that these cells may be immunoregulatory. We have shown that the mCD1-autoreactive T cells can distinguish between different cell types that express similar levels of mCD1, suggesting that mCD1-bound autologous ligands may be critical for T-cell stimulation. Consistent with this, some of these mCD1-restricted T cells can recognize the glycolipid alpha-galactosylceramide presented by mCD1, while others do not respond. The mCD1 crystal structure reveals a deep and narrow hydrophobic antigen-binding site which can more easily bind lipid antigens than the long hydrophobic peptides that we have defined as mCD1 antigens. The ability of mCD1 to bind and present two different types of ligands raises the question as to how mCD1 can accommodate both types of antigens.
Human Capital Formation, Returns and Policies: Analytical Approaches and Research Questions

Better understanding would be valuable, for sub-Saharan Africa, of: (i) determinants of human resource investments; (ii) their returns; and (iii) policy implications. Such understanding can be obtained from behavioural data only by integrated modelling, data and estimation. Simple analytical frameworks are considered for investigating: private behaviours that determine human resource investments and their returns; economic rationale for policies; implications of endogenous policies for policy evaluation; alternative means of human resource related service delivery; and larger environments in which human resource investments are made and returns realized. Research areas are noted for which gains are likely to be greatest.
Dental perspectives in fibrous dysplasia and McCune-Albright syndrome

McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) is a rare multisystem disorder characterized by the triad of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (FD), endocrine disorders, and cafe-au-lait skin pigmentation. Ninety percent of MAS patients have FD lesions in the craniofacial area, resulting in significant orofacial deformity, dental disorders, bone pain, and compromised oral health. Maxillomandibular FD is also associated with dental developmental disorders, malocclusion, and high caries index. There are limited data on the outcomes of dental treatments in maxillomandibular FD/MAS patients, because clinicians and researchers have limited access to patients, and there are concerns that dental surgery may activate quiescent jaw FD lesions to grow aggressively. This report highlights current perspectives on dental management issues associated with maxillomandibular FD within the context of MAS.
Physical Characteristics of Titania Nanofibers Synthesized by Sol-Gel and Electrospinning Techniques:

Titania nanofibers were successfully synthesized by sol-gel coating of electrospun polymer nanofibers followed by calcining to form either the pure anatase or rutile phases. Characterization of these materials was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV-vis spectroscopy techniques. The average diameter of these ceramic nanofibers was observed to be around 200 nm for both the rutile and anatase forms. The valence band structure and optical absorption thresholds differ, however, indicating that nanofibrous mats of titania can be selectively developed for different applications in catalysis and
Effects of freezing profile parameters on the survival of cryopreserved rat embryonic neural cells

The ability to successfully cryopreserve neural cells would represent an important advance with benefits to neural tissue engineering, neural transplantation, and neuroscience research. We have examined key factors responsible for damage to rat embryonic neural cells during cryopreservation using a two-step temperature profile, with an emphasis on the effects of cooling rate and plunge temperature. Our results indicate that the initial addition of 8% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and seeding of extracellular ice do not significantly decrease viable cell yield. However, subsequent freezing resulted in significant cell losses for all profile parameter combinations examined. A maximum post-thaw survival of 56% (compared to unfrozen controls) was observed after cooling at 2°C/min to -80°C followed by direct immersion in liquid nitrogen. Single-step removal of DMSO after thawing was associated with an additional 40-70% loss of viable cells, and the number of viable cells was further reduced by approximately 70% after 2 days of cell culture (resulting in a net viable cell yield of 9.6±0.4%). Nonetheless, the cryopreserved neurons that did survive displayed a normal morphology, including formation of neurites. Trends in neuronal viability conformed with predictions of existing theoretical models of cell freezing, with reduced survival for rapid cooling rates or high plunge temperatures (attributable to intracellular ice formation), and decreasing viability with increasing profile duration (consistent with the known effects of cell dehydration at suboptimal cooling rates). These observations suggest that neural cells are good candidates for further refinement of freezing profile design using a physics-based approach to parameter optimization.