cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PROGRESSIVE PSEUDOHYPERTROPHIC MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY

From the data presented we feel justified in reaching the following definite conclusions. 1. Progressive pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy is a more common syndrome than is commonly appreciated, having an incidence of approximately six per 100,000 total population in the New England states. 2. The disease is wide-spread, occurring throughout the civilized world. 3. The recently acquired knowledge of the double enervation of skeletal muscles has opened up a new conception of the pathology and pathogenesis of the disease. 4. Contrary to the original conception that the disease is primarily of the muscle substance, there is evidence to believe that there is a primary lesion of the mid-brain, affecting the autonomic nervous system. 5. The endocrine disturbances frequently reported are not an essential part of the disease, but are due to derangement of the autonomic enervation of these glands. 6. The endocrine dysfunctions are seen most commonly in the less typical cases. 7. The complicating central nervous system disorders are due to a more extensive involvement in the primary lesion. 8. In some cases there is suggestive evidence that the primary lesion may be caused by an acute infection. In the majority of cases, however, there is no direct evidence of this. 9. The natural course of the disease is fairly constant,—with onset of symptoms appearing between the ages of two and four, and progressing to inability to walk at between eight and twelve. In four to six years more the use of the arms is lost, and death from an intercurrent infection occurs after another two to three years, at an age of from fifteen to twenty. 10. Previous therapeutic measures have been almost uniformly without effect. 11. Hyperdermic injections of adrenalin and pilocarpin have been of symptomatic temporary benefit in every case. 12. In the extremely advanced cases this improvement has been of more scientific interest than of practical value. 13. In hopelessly bed-ridden cases definite increase of independence by the improved use of the arms has been obtained. 14. In a comparatively early case a symptomatic and functional recovery has been obtained. 15. No claim can be made for the permanency of the improvement. It is our purpose to keep the cases under observation, and report subsequently on their ultimate outcome.
The Birth, Care, and Feeding of Cat States in Circuit QED: Quantum Jumps of Photon Parity

I will describe recent experiments where we store quantum information in Schrodinger cat states of a microwave cavity, and perform the first continuous observation of a quantum error syndrome, based on the photon number parity.
Sonic Armatures: Constructing an Acoustic Regime in Renaissance Florence

This article traces the construction of an acoustic regime in Renaissance Florence that was based on the casting, placement, and ringing of civic bells. In confronting the formidable but mute power of the defensive towers that dominated the city's skyline in the late middle ages, successive republican governments regulated these private towers with legislative restrictions while transforming them into a speaking architecture. The new civic bell towers played a crucial, if hitherto neglected role in the struggle to create the Florentine republic, which was the political ground upon which the cultural phenomenon of the Renaissance was founded. In contrast to the more antagonistic urbanistic policies that Florentine governments used to combat their enemies, however, the ringing of civic bells exploited the unifying power of religious bells—a power embedded in their role in uniting people into spiritual communities—to integrate its ideals, laws, and institutions into the soundscape of the city. As a r...
Development of invasive adenocarcinoma in a long-standing kock continent ileostomy: Report of a case

The first case of adenocarcinoma developing in a continent ileostomy is reported. A healthy, 39-year-old man with a continent ileostomy for 17 years developed subacute obstructive symptoms and was found on endoscopy to have a large adenocarcinoma involving the intussusception valve. At operation, he was found to have a large tumor originating in the valve, extending through the reservoir, and involving the afferent ileal limb. A number of metastatic lymph nodes were identified in the mesentery of the small bowel. He underwent excision of the pouch and formation of an end ileostomy. He is currently undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy. Biochemical and morphologic changes in the ileal pouch, both in the pelvis and the continent ileostomy, are discussed. The implications of this apparent de novo cancer arising in an ileal pouch are discussed.
Alternative method for determining the original drop volume of bloodstains on knit fabrics.

Abstract Bloodstains are often observed at violent crime scenes and on the skin and clothing of persons involved. The diameters of the blood drops that created these stains are related to the force or energy that caused these drops to become airborne. This has resulted in several attempts to determine the diameter of the original drops, beginning with the methods reported in the pioneering work of Henry Lee [6] . However, his methods destroyed the bloodstain during the measurement. Other methods described in the literature cannot be applied to bloodstains on textiles. A new, rapid, reliable, non-destructive method for determining the diameter of the original drop of blood that results in a stain has been developed for bloodstains on cotton single jersey knit (tee-shirt) fabrics, which is one of the most common fabrics analyzed for BPA both at crime scenes and in forensic laboratories. In this method, a drop of known volume of an appropriate artificial blood substitute is applied to a region similar to the stained region but in an area away from any stains/areas of interest. The areas of the original stain and the artificial blood substitute stain are determined, from which the original drop diameter can be calculated. Errors in the drop diameters, the Reynolds numbers and the Weber numbers resulting from this procedure are less than approximately 6%. This procedure has only been verified on cotton single jersey knit fabrics with 30 μL ≤ drop volume ≤ 80 μL. It should not be applied to other materials.
Human action prediction for human robot interaction

Coordination can achieve higher performance when the actors are aware of each others action plans. While such action plan coordination is straightforward between robotic agents, because each robot has its plan in a digital form that is easily communicable, it is more challenging in human-robot interactions. One challenge is making the robots aware of the human action plan, which is challenging because the human action plans are not in a convenient form for communications and humans translating their plans into such a form is not time-efficient. Challenges related to human action prediction include the fact that the underlying human planning model and its properties are not known; although it may be reasonable to presume that the human actors are performing some (sub)optimal reasoning process based on the their knowledge of the state of the system. This paper studies the use of the behavioral systems modeling approach for the human action prediction problem.
Transactional processes in the development of adult personality disorder symptoms

The development of adult personality disorder symptoms, including transactional processes of relationship representational and behavioral experience from infancy to early adolescence, was examined using longitudinal data from a risk sample (N = 162). Significant preliminary correlations were found between early caregiving experience and adult personality disorder symptoms and between representational and behavioral indices across time and adult symptomatology. Significant correlations were also found among diverse representational assessments (e.g., interview, drawing, and projective narrative) and between concurrent representational and observational measures of relationship functioning. Path models were analyzed to investigate the combined relations of caregiving experience in infancy; relationship representation and experience in early childhood, middle childhood, and early adolescence; and personality disorder symptoms in adulthood. The hypothesized model representing interactive contributions of representational and behavioral experience represented the data significantly better than competing models representing noninteractive contributions. Representational and behavioral indicators mediated the link between early caregiving quality and personality disorder symptoms. The findings extend previous studies of normative development and support an organizational developmental view that early relationship experiences contribute to socioemotional maladaptation as well as adaptation through the progressive transaction of mutually informing expectations and experience.
Developing discrete event simulations from rigorous process definitions

A process modeling language that is easy to learn and use while grounded in rigorous semantics to facilitate execution and simulation has always been a big challenge for researchers. In this paper, we describe Little-JIL, a visual process modeling language and its runtime-infrastructure, Juliette, that is capable of driving a process with the help of participating human or computing agents. We then introduce JSim, a discrete-event simulation environment with flexible artifact management and intricate resource management capability built on top of the Little-JIL and Juliette framework. The factored architecture and rich modeling mechanism for both the process description as well as the resource specification has allowed us to simulate some dynamic and complex real-life systems in details.
Molecular Testing for Herpes Viruses

Abstract This chapter highlights the diverse and expanding clinical applications of molecular diagnostics in the diagnosis and management of herpes viruses, with an emphasis on the immunocompromised host. Advances in molecular diagnostics have been critical to the determination and risk stratification of active disease, assessment of therapeutic response, preemptive treatment strategies, and genotypic antiviral resistance testing. In many instances, the utility of molecular diagnostics in the diagnosis and management of herpes virus infections warrants further exploration and study. This chapter describes each human herpesvirus in turn and highlights the utility of molecular diagnostics for specific clinical syndromes and the novel applications of molecular diagnostics in disease management that can be anticipated as the field expands.
Compensation methods for cycles in message passing decoders

It is well established that cycles in the Tanner graphs associated with error correction codes introduces biases into message passing decoding and result in poor performance as the number of cycles in the graph increases. The decoder in this paper addresses the problem of cycles by two methods: (1) Computing exact probabilities by marginalizing the exact probability obtained using clique potential functions and Clifford-Hammersley theorem, followed by pushing these probabilities as messages on adjacent to the graph; and (2) finding a set of random embedded subgraphs as minimal spanning trees, then passing messages along these. Modest probability of error improvements are obtained on very short codes.
What if the Screens Went Black? The Coming of Software Agents

Trading screens are not supposed to be black. In fact, when we see them on trading floors, on TV, or in media centres, they attract us with catching colours and blinking information. They project urgency, speed, and power – the power of big money, the power of winning and losing. When we are near them, we feel their heat. We want to give in to their considerable attraction. We want to be players of the game and part of the action.
Salmonella Presence in Mandibular, Mesenteric, and Subiliac Lymph Nodes Collected from Sheep and Goats in the United States

ABSTRACT Even though often underappreciated in the United States, meat derived from goats and lambs is a valuable global commodity. Although extensive studies have been conducted examining pathogen prevalence in beef, pork, and poultry species, less research is available about pathogen presence in small ruminants. Understanding the presence of Salmonella in small ruminants can influence processing method improvements for these species to minimize food safety risks. The objective of this study was to establish the Salmonella presence in lymph nodes from sheep (n = 311) and goats (n =357) in the United States. Mandibular, mesenteric, and subiliac lymph nodes were collected from animals at abattoirs located in California, New Mexico, and Texas over a 14-month period. Lymph nodes were analyzed for Salmonella presence by using standard isolation methods, and presumptive isolates were confirmed with latex agglutination. Salmonella was detected in 3.15% of mandibular lymph nodes (n = 222), 5.83% of mesenteric ly...
IMPURITY EFFECTS ON HIGH TEMPERATURE HEALING OF CRACKLIKE FLAWS IN SAPPHIRE

Controlled-geometry voids were introduced into undoped, Mg-, Ca-and Ti-doped sapphire bicrystal interfaces using microfabrication techniques, ion implantation, ion beam etching, and hot pressing, and their morphological evolution at 1700° was studied. The healing behavior of defects in the various doped samples differed significantly from one another and from that characterizing unimplanted sapphire. The observed healing behavior is presented and discussed in terms of the dopant effects on relative surface energies and surface diffusion rates in sapphire.
Addressing the brain drain: A partial cosmopolitanism approach

This paper joins the thorny debates on the “brain drain”. It first examines some of the core issues and debates around international migration and the asymmetry in the arguments that defend the rig...
Design In The Wild: Lessons From Researcher Participation In Design Of Emerging Technology

We describe a pilot study of designing and evaluating a digital checklist for medical emergencies based on participation of medical-expert researchers who used the checklist during actual trauma resuscitations. The participation of the researchers revealed challenges and insights for designing in the wild, as well as next steps for using our emerging technology in real scenarios.
SEMANTIC CATEGORIES IN ACQUISITION

Both universal and language-specific meanings play a role as children map semantic categories onto linguistic forms in a first language. What sources do they draw from as they do this mapping? To what extent are their semantic categories informed by universal conceptual categories, and to what extent by the conventions of the language community? In this chapter, I consider some of the contributions of cognitive and social factors in children’s construction of semantic categories.
Effects of parasitic inductance on performance of 600-V GaN devices

This paper presents a comparison of two identical gallium nitride (GaN) cascode transistors with different TO-220 packaging configurations. The transistors were analyzed using a precision frequency domain impedance analyzer; and lumped, per-terminal estimates were developed for the parasitic package inductance of each device. It was found that the devices have different per-terminal lead inductances, despite the fact that the dies are manufactured using similar processes. To assess the impact of the different package configurations, the devices were subjected to double pulse tests (DPT), and switching loss measurements were taken. The devices were also modeled using SaberRD (Synopsys) and simulated in the same DPT experimentally implemented. The results show good agreement between the models' predicted behavior and measured behavior. These validated models can be used to further predict the impact of each parasitic inductance on the device's transient performance. This is particularly essential for GaN-based power electronics, where the parasitic inductance can significantly affect device performance and reliability.
Judicial review of administrative action in the United States

In this article, the authors explain and evaluate the judicial review of administrative action under the United States Constitution. After discussing the birth of the administrative state, the authors introduce and analyze the forms of judicial review of administrative action as well as the origins and variable degree of judicial deference to administrative action. The authors close with a discussion on the future of judicial review of administrative action in the United States.
Plant Respiration Responses to Elevated CO 2 : An Overview from Cellular Processes to Global Impacts

Earth is currently going through a period of unprecedented, exponential change. As a result, the world’s flora are experiencing novel environmental conditions. One of the most steady, ongoing global changes is the rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Atmospheric CO2 levels are the highest they’ve been in 650,000 years and are continuing to increase. The rate at which land plants take up and release CO2 through photosynthesis and respiration, respectively, will significantly influence the trajectory of atmospheric CO2 change in the future. This chapter explores the physiological mechanisms underlying the response of plant CO2 release (i.e., respiration) to changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Both short- (seconds to minutes) and long- (weeks to years) term responses are discussed. Over relatively short timescales, CO2 can alter respiratory physiology, but counterbalancing responses may result in no change in gross respiration. Longer-term responses of respiration to CO2 are likely to be determined by changes in the supply of respiratory substrates and demand for respiratory products. Additionally, the interaction between respiration responses to CO2 and other global change factors, such as temperature, precipitation, and nitrogen, are considered. In many cases, results from experiments examining these interactions indicate weaker responses than theory might suggest. Finally, the representation of plant respiration in the large-scale models used to project climate change is examined. This section highlights the simplicity of current model representations, which do not explicitly include direct responses of plant respiration to elevated CO2 . Recommendations for model improvement are suggested. It is essential that plant physiologists and modelers work together to improve the representation of these processes in large-scale models in order to increase confidence and reduce uncertainty in projections of future biosphere-atmosphere CO2 feedbacks.
AFM Imaging of Water, Cells and Tissues

This paper presents the results of several AFM case studies of water, tumor cells, pit cells, and type-I collagen samples. The AFM imaging procedures, surface structural characterization capabilities such as contact mode, tapping mode, and friction mode are discussed. The difference in surface morphology between the pit cell submerged in liquid and the cell in air was observed. The AFM tapping mode phase imaging technique was used to study the crosslinks in the type-I collagen. The calibration method for accurately measuring the AFM cantilever spring constant with the help of a nanoindenter is also presented.
Descriptive Epidemiologic Measures

Suppose you were responsible for drafting legislation for a new state-wide public health initiative aimed at preventing unnecessary death from cancer of the uterine cervix. How would you present evidence to show this is a problem? Suppose you were charged with evaluating a new health service provided by a health care system. How would you represent the magnitude of the health problem now and over time during the course of your program? In either scenario, your first step would be to measure the frequency of health events in the population for which services, programs, or policies are planned. In addition, the relationship of the health event to factors that might account for its occurrence and distribution should be described. This chapter presents common descriptive epidemiologic measures and sources of information concerning these. It also discusses how the measures are constructed and interpreted as well as how they are applied in the delivery of health care services.
Optical Mapping of Arrhythmias

Optical mapping of voltage dependent fluorescence in cardiac tissue allows for the simultaneous measurement of membrane potential from many locations on the surface of the heart. The development of this technology has revolutionized the field of cardiac electrophysiology and has provided new insights into the mechanisms of initiation and maintenance of cardiac arrhythmias (1–4). Recently, we have adopted this technology to image electrical activation in the hearts of normal and transgenic mice (5–7). By combining these novel technologies we hope to learn more about the roles of specific gene products in the development of cardiac arrhythmias.
Enactments of a Minor Inquiry

In this article, we map conditions and enactments for a new plane of inquiry, what Mazzei named a minor inquiry. Informed by our collective thinking with Deleuze and Guattari’s discussion of a mino...
Leveraging Citation Management Software (CMS) for Broad Library Impact

Librarians recognized an opportunity to grow the number of RefWorks users on campus and launched an initiative to more aggressively market the software. Barriers to growth were recognized, staff training was undertaken, and targeted services and programming were infused with more content centered on the citation management software (CMS). After a year and a half, the library assessed the popularity and impact of the program. While RefWorks is now much more widely used on campus, it has also led to additional instructional classes, workshops, and reference transactions. These additional and unanticipated benefits have greatly enhanced the reputation of the software among librarians. In addition, students, faculty, and university administrators have all responded positively to the results of the initiative, enhancing the reputation of the library on campus. Other academic libraries may benefit from a similar campaign based on their own subscription CMS.
ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED CATHETER-DIRECTED THROMBOLYSIS: THE EXPERIENCE OF A TERTIARY CARE MEDICAL CENTER

Ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis (USAT) is an emerging therapy for the treatment of submassive pulmonary embolism (PE). We assessed the hypothesis that while USAT is typically delivered safely, older patients with multiple comorbidities may not be selected for therapy despite
Rapid and noninvasive diagnostics of Huanglongbing and nutrient deficits on citrus trees with a handheld Raman spectrometer.

Huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening is a devastating disease of citrus trees that is caused by the gram-negative Candidatus Liberibacter spp. bacteria. The bacteria are phloem limited and transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, and the African citrus psyllid, Trioza erytreae, which allows for a wider dissemination of HLB. Infected trees exhibit yellowing of leaves, premature leaf and fruit drop, and ultimately the death of the entire plant. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and antibody-based assays (ELISA and/or immunoblot) are commonly used methods for HLB diagnostics. However, they are costly, time-consuming, and destructive to the sample and often not sensitive enough to detect the pathogen very early in the infection stage. Raman spectroscopy (RS) is a noninvasive, nondestructive, analytical technique which provides insight into the chemical structures of a specimen. In this study, by using a handheld Raman system in combination with chemometric analyses, we can readily distinguish between healthy and HLB (early and late stage)-infected citrus trees, as well as plants suffering from nutrient deficits. The detection rate of Raman-based diagnostics of healthy vs HLB infected vs nutrient deficit is ~ 98% for grapefruit and ~ 87% for orange trees, whereas the accuracy of early- vs late-stage HLB infected is 100% for grapefruits and ~94% for oranges. This analysis is portable and sample agnostic, suggesting that it could be utilized for other crops and conducted autonomously.
Taking Score on the Success of Blockchain, So Far

Presents the views of five experts who examine distributed ledger technology and blockchain, discussing their status in terms of adoption and success.
International Study on Artemia XXII: Nutrition in Aquatic Toxicology—Diet Quality of Geographical Strains of the Brine Shrimp, Artemia

A reference and four geographical strains of brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) nauplii were evaluated as diets for the larvae of a marine fish, the Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia). The survival of fish fed the various strains was significantly different and ranged from 82 to 57 percent. Previous related studies had evaluated five other geographical strains fed to both fishes and invertebrates utilized in toxicological studies at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency laboratory in Narragansett, R.I. Significant differences in survival and growth, related to diet, were also found in these species. The effects on survival and growth of M. menidia are related to the size of the nauplii. Use of a standard geographical strain of Artemia is recommended for the diet of aquatic animals utilized in toxicological studies.
Deporting Chevron: Why the Attorney General’s Immigration Decisions Should not Receive Chevron Deference

The Trump Administration has transformed the landscape of immigration law. One of the most far-reaching — but least visible — tools it has used is the Attorney General’s power to refer immigration decisions to itself for decision. The Attorney General can use this decision-making power to issue precedent that is binding on all immigration courts and immigration officers, to set policy, and to interpret immigration statutes and regulations in ways that impact the millions of non-citizens present in the United States. While sparingly used in prior administrations, recent Attorneys General have exercised the referral power at a skyrocketing rate, and have issued decisions curtailing the rights of asylum-seekers, forcing more non-citizens into detention, and limiting the power of non-partisan immigration judges to enable non-citizens to decide cases in an even-handed way. Despite possessing such expansive power, the Attorney General receives only limited judicial oversight, as courts afford Chevron deference to the Attorney General’s interpretations of immigration law. Under that standard, a court will uphold an agency’s interpretation of an ambiguous statute as long as the interpretation is reasonable. This can be a difference-maker, as agencies are highly likely to win in court when courts apply Chevron deference. Yet, in recent years, various Supreme Court Justices have expressed concerns about Chevron and have signaled an openness to revisiting it. While some scholars have addressed whether Chevron should apply to discrete areas of immigration law, no one has addressed whether Chevron should apply to Attorney General immigration decisions. This article argues that Chevron deference should not apply because none of the three primary justifications for Chevron deference — procedural formality, specialized expertise, or democratic accountability — are present in Attorney General immigration decisions. Rather, when courts review the Attorney General’s interpretation of a statute, they should apply Skidmore deference, a much lower degree of deference than Chevron. A framework of more robust judicial review will ensure that the Attorney General’s unilateral power to issue immigration decisions is not unchecked.
Abnormal Neural Responses During Reflexive Blinking in Blepharospasm: An Event-Related Functional MRI Study.

Background The neurophysiological disruptions underlying blepharospasm, a disabling movement disorder characterized by increased blinking and involuntary muscle spasms of the eyelid, remain poorly understood. Objective To investigate the neural substrates underlying reflexive blinking in blepharospasm patients compared to healthy controls using simultaneous functional MRI and surface electromyography. Methods Fifteen blepharospasm patients and 15 healthy controls were recruited. Randomly timed air puffs to the left eye were used to induce reflexive eye blinks during two 8-minute functional MRI scans. Continuous surface electromyography and video recordings were used to monitor blink responses. Imaging data were analyzed using an event-related design. Results Fourteen blepharospasm patients (10 female; 61.6 ± 8.0 years) and 15 controls (11 female; 60.9 ± 5.5 years) were included in the final analysis. Reflexive eye blinks in controls were associated with activation of the right hippocampus and in patients with activation of the left caudate nucleus. Reflexive blinks in blepharospasm patients showed increased activation in the right postcentral gyrus and precuneus, left precentral gyrus, and left occipital cortex compared to controls. Dystonia severity negatively correlated with activity in the left occipital cortex, and disease duration negatively correlated with reflexive-blink activity in the cerebellum. Conclusions Reflexive blinking in blepharospasm is associated with increased activation in the caudate nucleus and sensorimotor cortices, suggesting a loss of inhibition within the sensorimotor corticobasal ganglia network. The association between decreasing neural response during reflexive blinking in the cerebellum with disease duration suggests an adaptive role. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
FlexSA: Flexible Systolic Array Architecture for Efficient Pruned DNN Model Training

Modern deep learning models have high memory and computation cost. To make them fast and memory-cost efficient, structured model pruning is commonly used. We find that pruning a model using a common training accelerator with large systolic arrays is extremely performance-inefficient. To make a systolic array efficient for pruning and training, we propose FlexSA, a flexible systolic array architecture. FlexSA dynamically reconfigures the systolic array structure and offers multiple sub-systolic operating modes, which are designed for energy- and memory bandwidth-efficient processing of tensors with different sizes and shapes. We also present a compilation heuristic for tiling matrix-multiplication-and-accumulation operations in a training workload to best utilize the resources of FlexSA. Based on our evaluation, FlexSA with the proposed compilation heuristic improves compute resource utilization of pruning and training modern CNN models by 37% compared to a conventional training accelerator with a large systolic array. FlexSA also improves on-chip data reuse by 1.7X saving 28% energy compared to naive systolic array splitting.
Money, Mandates, and Water Management: Foreshadowing A Florida Disaster

Repeated failures to properly regulate, manage and maintain water resources and infrastructure creates enormous risks and consequences, across the US. and beyond. Applying those lessons, this study offacts, data, and law foreshadows a water management disaster in Florida. At the South Florida Water Management District, a critical regional agency, budget and staffing are now below 1996 levels. Regulatory scrutiny and enforcement have declined. Infrastructure is inadequately maintained. Rainy day reserve funds are kept at bare minimums. Important new laws are merely unfunded mandates. Florida officials must recognize the magnitude of the problems, offer meaningful leadership to restore water management finances and capabilities, and protect the public before the next flood, harmful algal bloom, or other disaster comes.
A Poincare’s inequality with non-uniformly degenerating gradient

In homogeneous space ( $$\mathbb {R}^N, d, \mu $$ ) we explore Poincare’s type inequality $$\begin{aligned} \Vert f-\overline{f}_{\Omega , v}\Vert _{q, v}\le C \Vert \nabla _\lambda f \Vert _{p}, \,\,\,\, q \ge p\ge 1 \end{aligned}$$ on estimation of weighted Lebesgue norm of a Lipschitz continuous function $$f: \Omega \rightarrow \mathbb {R}$$ over the bounded convex domain $$\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^N$$ via such a norm of its non-uniformly degenerating gradient $$\nabla _\lambda f=\left\{ \lambda _1\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_1}, \lambda _2 \frac{\partial f}{\partial x_2}, \dots , \lambda _N \frac{\partial f}{\partial x_N} \right\} $$ where $$\lambda _i/\lambda _j, \, i,j=1,2,\dots N$$ may approach to zero and infinity when x varies in domain. For that, it is assumed that $$\lambda _i=\omega _i^{1/p}$$ and $$\omega _i\in A_p \, (i=1,2,\dots N)$$ -Muckenhoupt’s class and some compatibility condition is satisfied for the pares $$(\omega _i,\, v), \, i=1,2,\dots N.$$ Using this general result, useful inequalities is asserted for study the equations having in its part Grushin’s type operator.
Minimizing clearance issues with prone breast patients on Varian linear accelerators through isocenter placement.

Abstract The prone position is frequently used for breast irradiation in an effort to minimize dose to normal tissue and reduce skin toxicities. Immobilization required for prone breast irradiation can cause collision issues with the linear accelerator, disrupting treatment and negatively affecting the patient experience. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine if an isocenter location guideline could be developed to prevent collisions with the prone breast immobilization device and gantry head, while still creating a clinically acceptable treatment plan. Clearance isocenter guidelines were established by measuring clearance between the Civco Horizon breast board and Varian linear accelerator. Fourteen patients with known clearance issues at a single institution were selected for this study and re-planned using clearance isocenter guidelines. Collision plans were compared to clearance plans created within the established clearance threshold through the institutions breast treatment guidelines based on arm II of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 1005 recommendations. Researchers in this study demonstrated clinical relevance by establishing that a clearance isocenter location guideline can be developed to prevent collisions with the prone breast immobilization and gantry head, while still creating a clinically acceptable treatment plan.
Defining Return to Sport: A Systematic Review.

Background:Return to sport (RTS) commonly serves as a measure for assessment of clinical outcomes in orthopaedic sports medicine surgery. Unfortunately, while RTS is commonly utilized in research f...
No One Size Fits All: A Qualitative Study of Clerkship Medical Students' Perceptions of Ideal Supervisor Responses to Microaggressions.

PURPOSE This study explores medical students' perspectives on the key features of ideal supervisor responses to microaggressions targeting clerkship medical students. METHOD This single-institution, qualitative focus group study, based in an interpretivist paradigm, explored clerkship medical students' perceptions in the United States, 2020. During semistructured focus groups, participants discussed 4 microaggression scenarios. The authors employed the framework method of thematic analysis to identify considerations and characteristics of ideal supervisor responses and explored differences in ideal response across microaggression types. RESULTS Thirty-nine students participated in 7 focus groups, lasting 80 to 92 minutes per group. Overall, students felt that supervisors' responsibility began before a microaggression occurred, through anticipatory discussions ("pre-brief") with all students to identify preferences. Students felt that effective bystander responses should acknowledge student preferences, patient context, interpersonal dynamics in the room, and the microaggression itself. Microassaults necessitated an immediate response. After a microaggression, students preferred a brief one-on-one check-in with the supervisor to discuss the most supportive next steps including whether further group discussion would be helpful. CONCLUSIONS Students described that an ideal supervisor bystander response incorporates both student preferences and the microaggression context, which are best revealed through advanced discussion. The authors created the Bystander Microaggression Intervention Guide as a visual representation of the preferred bystander microaggression response based on students' discussions. Effective interventions promote educational safety and shift power dynamics to empower the student target.
Factors that govern the electric permittivity of carbon materials in the graphite allotrope family

Abstract Through comparing carbons in the graphite allotrope family, namely isotropic graphite (IG), exfoliated-graphite-based flexible graphite (FG), graphite-flake thick film (not sintered), carbon fibers (PAN, pitch) and highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), all differing in the microstructure, this work addresses for the first time the factors (including the structure-property relationship) that govern the electric permittivity (kHz frequency) of carbons. The permittivity is more sensitive to the microstructural heterogeneities than the resistivity, which only slightly influences the permittivity. Smaller crystallite dimensions promote the permittivity. PAN-based carbon fibers exhibit higher permittivity than pitch-based carbon fibers, IG, FG or HOPG. The crystallographic preferred orientation is not influential to the permittivity, though it influences the resistivity. Interfaces (e.g., the grain boundaries in IG and the interface between the carbon layer ribbons in a fiber) promote the permittivity, being sites for the carrier-atom interaction that enables the polarization. A large number of sites is more important than a large site size for promoting the permittivity. The fiber diameter is not influential to both permittivity and resistivity. The thick film exhibits the highest relative permittivity (5 × 105), due to its low electrical connectivity. IG (grain size 12 μm) gives the lowest relative permittivity (5 × 102), due to its coarse microstructure.
Vulvar Aphthous Ulcer Following Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine - A Case Report.

Background- In this case report, we describe a potential association between the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and development of a vulvar aphthous ulcer in a virginal 14-year-old girl. Case- A 14-year-old patient reported vulvar pain and visible lesion. Exam findings were consistent with vulvar aphthous ulcers. Two days prior to the onset of her symptoms she received her second Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. The evening of vaccine administration, she experienced several hours duration of fatigue, muscle aching and insomnia but had otherwise been recently healthy and testing for common viral associations of vulvar ulcers was negative. Summary and conclusion- Vaccination, in general, has been associated with mucosal side-effects and oral ulceration has been reported in subjects who received Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. It is reasonable to hypothesize that vulvar ulceration may be caused by a similar mechanism and should be considered a rare side effect of this vaccine.
A Functional Prototypic Instrument for the Ultrasonic Measurement of Formability (R-Bar, Delta-R on Steel and Textural Weights W400, W420, W440 on Aluminum)

This paper describes the prototype of a new, state-of-the-art, ultrasonic instrument which has been designed to assess the formability of sheet metals, in particular those properties crucial in deep drawing operations. This instrument was designed and built under the support of the Center for Advanced Technology Development (CATD) of Iowa State University (ISU) through the cooperative efforts of the Center for Nondestructive Evaluation (CNDE) and Ames Laboratory Instrumentation Services Group and Magnasonics Inc. of Albuquerque, New Mexico.
The US v. The Red Cross: Customary International Humanitarian Law & Universal Jurisdiction

In this article I examine the US Government response to the International Committee of the Red Cross’s (ICRC) comprehensive study on Customary International Humanitarian Law. My examination seeks to assess the accuracy of the US’s critique of the ICRC’s approach to establishing customary law. In doing so, I both develop an argument about the appropriate methodology for establishing customary law as well as examine one case study, on universal jurisdiction, in close detail. Narrowly, the question I seek to answer is whether, and to what extent, the US Government’s response to the ICRC’s study is valid in light of proper approaches to the formation of customary international law? More broadly, I am asking whether global superpower and/or a minority of the world’s most powerful states can shape customary international law by affording extraordinary weight to practice, and, relatedly, to the doctrine of specially affected states. I argue that the modern approach to custom is more appropriate as concerns human rights and humanitarian law because of the unreliability of operational state practice, as well as the fact that the community of nations is not an aggregate of its many parts but rather a collective whole. I note, however, that this does not discount the tangible and heavy-handed impact of the behavior of powerful states upon the formation of custom. In my conclusion I assert that whereas the International Court of Justice in the North Sea found that custom cannot be established in the face of protest by a specially affected state in regard to a specific right, I suggest that global superpower, by virtue of its status, is always specially affected by a supranational law.
Automatic Updates of Interactive Information Visualization User Interfaces through Database Triggers

In client-server based interactive information visualization, user interfaces data sets of many types are made accessible by a server. On the server side, these data sets can, e.g., be stored in a file system. As soon as a user requests the data set, it will be transmitted from the server to the requesting client. A different approach is to dynamically construct a data set at request time on the server side for visualization on the client side. Another approach for database driven information visualization is to request actual data out of a running information visualization application on the client side. Both visualization methods have in common that changes in the underlying data cannot be automatically reflected in changes of the client’s information visualization state and context. A solution for this problem is the use of database triggers which today are often implemented in existing database management systems (DBMS). Database triggers are a mechanism used to define a set of operations which are to be executed by the DBMS as soon as a given part of the data in the database changes. Using triggers to update an information visualization client has the advantage of eliminating unnecessary database requests. Moreover, the delay in updating the information visualization on the client side is only dependent on the time it takes to send a message from the server to the client. This paper describes a conceptual model for such a trigger mechanism and evaluates some upcoming problems. Furthermore, the paper describes a prototypical proof-of-concept implementation based on commonly used technologies and systems.
Advances in the continuous culture of planktonic copepods

1. Construction modifications which improve the efficiency and broaden the versatility of a recirculating culture system for planktonic copepods are described. 2. Folin protein, dissolved organic carbon and particle content have been measured to determine relative efficiencies of two foam towers under different conditions. 3. A combined settling and filtration tank has been designed to facilitate flow-through adaptation of the culture system.
Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase. 3. Further studies on the relation of catalytic activity to polymeric state.

Abstract Catalytic activity of the filamentous polymeric form of avian liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase, (s20,w = 45 to 47 S) undergoes first-order decay in assay reaction mixture (t½ ∼ 10 min at 2°), which is rapidly reversed (l10 s) by addition of tricarboxylic acid activator, i.e. citrate or isocitrate. As previously shown by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, extended exposure to assay reaction mixture leads to the formation of a catalytically inactive 13 to 15 S protomeric species of the enzyme. If avidin, the biotin-binding protein from egg white, is added following this decay, reactivation by citrate is blocked completely. However, when citrate is present in the assay reaction mixture, thereby maintaining the enzyme in the polymeric state, inactivation by avidin is prevented. The presence of avidin in the assay reaction mixture does not alter the t½ for activity decay, although reactivation is no longer possible upon addition of citrate. Only that fraction of carboxylase activity remaining can be protected by citrate from further erosion of activity and inactivation by avidin. Thus, the characteristics and kinetics of the decay of catalytic activity are compatible with a transition from an avidin-insensitive, active polymeric species to an avidin-sensitive, catalytically inactive form. Consistent with a polymer (intrinsic viscosity, 83) to protomer (intrinsic viscosity, 11.5) transition, the decay of enzyme activity is tightly coupled to an apparent first order (t½ = 10 min) decline in viscosity, t½ (activity) = t½ (viscosity). Citrate addition results in the rapid restoration of carboxylase activity and an abrupt rise in viscosity, equivalent to the percentage of reactivation. Tight coupling of reversible loss of enzyme activity to depolymerization is further supported by the observation that Mg2+ ATP and HCO3-, which carboxylate the enzyme, promote a rapid loss of catalytic activity (t½ = ½ min), the formation of the avidin-sensitive species, as well as, a rapid decrease in viscosity. The presence of carboxyl acceptor (acetyl-CoA), which retards activity decay (t½ = 7½ min), and susceptibility to avidin, also delays the fall in viscosity. It is proposed that the loss of catalytic activity and formation of the avidin-sensitive species reflects a polymer to protomer transition.
Murine Dendritic Cells Pulsed with an Anti-Idiotype Antibody Induce Antigen-specific Protective Antitumor Immunity

In this study, using the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-expressing C15 murine colon carcinoma system in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, we have evaluated the efficacy of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with the murine anti-idiotype antibody 3H1 as a tumor vaccine. Anti-idiotype 3H1 mimics a distinct and specific epitope of CEA and can generate anti-CEA immunity in mice, rabbits, monkeys, and humans when used with a conventional immune adjuvant. Our goal was to determine whether the use of DC as direct antigen-presenting cells would improve the potency of 3H1 as vaccine. Bone marrow-DC pulsed with 3H1 and injected into naive mice induced both humoral and cellular anti-3H1, as well as anti-CEA immunity. Specific killing of C15 cells in in vitro antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity has been observed by immune sera. Immune-splenic lymphocytes when stimulated in vitro with 3H1 or CEA, showed increased proliferative CD4(+) Th1 type T-cell response and secreted significantly high levels of Th1 cytokines [IFN-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2] and low levels of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-10). This vaccine also induced MHC class I antigen-restricted CD8(+) T-cell responses. The up-regulation of activation markers CD69 and CD25 on CD8(+) CTLs correlated with antigen-specific strong CTL responses in vitro. The immunity induced in mice resulted in a complete rejection of CEA-expressing C15 tumor cells in 100% of experimental mice, whereas no protection was observed when 3H1-pulsed DC-vaccinated mice were challenged with CEA-negative MC-38 cells. The tumor rejection in 3H1-pulsed DC-treated mice was associated with the induction of a memory response that helped those mice to survive a second challenge with a lethal dose of C15 cells.