cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parameter sensitivity and identifiability for a biogeochemical model of hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico.

Abstract Local sensitivity analyses and identifiable parameter subsets were used to describe numerical constraints of a hypoxia model for bottom waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico. The sensitivity of state variables differed considerably with parameter changes, although most variables were responsive to changes in parameters that influenced planktonic growth rates and less sensitive to physical or chemical parameters. Variation in sensitivity had a direct correspondence with identifiability, such that only small subsets of the complete parameter set had unique effects on the model output. Selecting parameters by decreasing sensitivity demonstrated that only eight of 51 total parameters had a sufficiently unique effect on model output for accurate calibration. As a result, parameter selection heuristics were used to identify parameters for model calibration that depended on combined effects on output, relative sensitivity of each parameter, and ecological categories for the biogeochemical equations. The calibrated zero-dimensional (0-D) unit of the hypoxia model had improved fit to the observed data if sensitive phytoplankton parameters were included in an identifiable subset. Extension of results to a three-dimensional grid of the Gulf of Mexico showed that sensitive parameters for the (0-D) model translated to non-trivial changes in the areal estimates of hypoxia.
Introducing Asperitas: The Newest Cloud in the Sky

CHRISTOPHER SINGER/CLOUD APPRECIATION SOCIETYThere is a birthday coming up. On March 23, 2018, World Meteorological Day, asperitas will be one year old. On that date in 2017, the World Meteorologic...
Utility of endoscopy in the diagnosis of hiatus hernia and correlation with GERD

Endoscopy is a common diagnostic tool in the evaluation of patients with upper gastrointestinal pathology, specifically gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and hiatal hernia. The relationship between these two disease processes are relatively intertwined and have clinical significance given the fact patients with hiatal hernia may be more likely to have acid reflux and there is a close relationship with hiatal hernia size and incidence of reflux disease; knowing how to diagnose these patients is clinically important. Moreover, knowing how to use endoscopy as a tool in diagnosing hiatal hernias is vital for physicians who routinely care for patients with these disease processes. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the clinical features of hiatal hernias, its relationship with reflux disease, and the use of endoscopy in diagnosing hiatal hernias as well as postoperative complications following foregut surgery.
Wind/stress feedback to mesoscale ocean eddies

Ocean-surface turbulent fluxes (stress and latent heat) are generated by atmospheric instability caused both by wind shear (difference between wind and current) and buoyancy (vertical density stratification). Stress depends on the vector difference between wind and current. Using the unique capability of the scatterometer in measuring stress, we demonstrated that the effect of ocean surface stress associated with mesoscale eddies in spinning down the ocean eddies. The location of the stress centers is aligned with the temperature (buoyancy) centers at the surface. As we move away from the surface, other forces (pressure gradient) become increasingly important, and the wind centers are displaced from the surface stress centers, causing differences in wind and stress forcing of the ocean.
Leptoglossus clypealis Heidemann (Hemiptera: Coreidae): Eastward Spread in North America, New Host Records, and Evaluation of Host Range

Described in 1910 from California, Colorado, New Mexico, Oregon, and Utah, Leptoglossus clypealis Heidemann was known as far east as eastern Missouri by the early 1940s; it was recorded only recently east of the Mississippi River (Illinois). Based mainly on images posted on BugGuide, its eastern North American range can be extended in the United States to New Jersey, Virginia, and North Carolina; an Ontario record is the first for Canada. Additional new state records and new localities in previously recorded states are presented. The eastward spread of L. clypealis is compared with that of a congener, L. occidentalis Heidemann. As a strong flier, L. clypealis might have undergone a gradual eastward spread, but the extensive planting of eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) for shelterbelts in the Great Plains during the 1930s might have triggered increases in the coreid's population densities, enhancing the probability of further eastern spread. Long-distance dispersal aided by winds and transport via cargo and motor vehicles might also have been involved in its recent range expansion. Nymphs of L. clypealis were observed on five species of the coniferous genus Juniperus (54 sites), mainly on fruitbearing trees of J. scopulorum Sarg. and J. virginiana; adults were collected on two additional species of juniper at five sites. The coreid was found on a eudicot, the anacardiaceous shrub Rhus aromatica Aiton at three sites.
PRECISE FORMULA FOR VOLUME COMPUTATIONS USING CONTOURS METHOD

Except some special cases, commonly used volume computation methods are grids method, contours method and volume computations by utilizing TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network). In this study, to investigate the precisions of these techniques, a grid system is established in an undulating area and volume of the mound is determined by using these three volume computation methods. It is found out that contour method results were not as price as the other two methods. Thus, a precise formula for volume computations using contours method is proposed.
Body mass index as a moderator of the association between weight status misperception and disordered eating behaviors.

Weight status under-perception is protective against disordered eating behaviors and weight gain; however, it is unclear whether under-perception may confer protection across all weight classes. This work explored body mass index as a moderator of the association between weight status perception accuracy and disordered eating behaviors among adults with overweight or obesity. A total of 572 adults (58.7% female; age M = 39.50, SD = 11.57) with overweight or obesity (body mass index M = 31.50, SD = 6.24) completed a series of online questionnaires assessing uncontrolled, emotional, and restrained eating, eating disorder symptoms, weight status perception, and demographics. Controlling for race/ethnicity, age, and sex, linear and negative binomial regressions were used to test hypotheses. Compared to accurate weight status perception, under-perception was associated with less uncontrolled (p = .003) and restrained eating (p = .002). Under-perception was particularly protective against emotional eating (p = .022) and eating disorder symptoms (p = .017) for individuals of overweight or Class I obesity. In general, weight status under-perception was associated with fewer disordered eating behaviors. The protective effects of under-perception of weight status may be maximized for individuals of overweight or Class I obesity statuses.
External Transthoracic Pacing in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

In a crisis, placement of a temporary transvenous pacemaker can be difficult and time consuming even with skilled personnel under optimal conditions. Sterile conditions must be obtained, a vein cannulated, the catheter inserted into the vein and directed to the cardiac apex without perforating the ventricle. The problems encountered with placing a temporary transvenous pacemaker (1,2) together with advances in noninvasive pacing technology have resulted in a renewed interest in external transthoracic pacing (ETP). ETP is a method to secure cardiac pacing quickly and effectively until a transvenous pacemaker can be inserted or the condition necessitating pacing resolves. An ETP device can be applied rapidly and consists of a 12 inch by 8 inch by 6 inch box that contains the pulse generator, ECG viewing screen and single channel ECG recorder with a cable to two large pacing electrodes. ECG electrodes can also be applied to document capture while pacing or to sense in the demand mode. This chapter is designed to acquaint the practitioner with the current use of ETP for patients in the cardiac intensive care unit.
All part of the process? A qualitative examination of change in online child pornography behaviors

Over the past two decades, there has been increased attention on offending behaviors and motivations of child pornography offenders (CPOs). Although existing research has provided a knowledgeable f...
IDENTIFICATION OF FOLDED STRUCTURES IN IMMUNOGENIC PEPTIDES BY 2D NMR SPECTROSCOPY

ABSTRACT Using 2D NMR techniques, transient secondary structures have been detected in several immunogenic peptides in water solution. Two classes of secondary structure have been identified, reverse turns and nascent helix. The factors which stabilize the β-turn structure have been investigated by systematic substitution of amino acids at key positions. The observation of structure in linear peptides in water has important implications for both immunological recognition and protein folding.
Risk Assessment for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Nosocomial infections pose a significant threat to patients worldwide. A recent paper reported excess mortality of 4% for infections due to medical care and 23% mortality for postoperative septicemia (Zhan and Miller 2003). Antibiotic resistant bacteria cause the majority of these nosocomial infection-related deaths. European surveillance has documented that methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and multidrug-resistant gramnegative bacteria are rapidly increasing (Biedenbach et al. 2004).
Ease of Learning the Braille and Fishburne Alphabets

Subjects (N=72) studied the braille or Fishburne alphabet for eight minutes and were then tested for recall. More of the Fishburne than of the braille items were recalled, independent of the arrang...
The Parallel Structure of Mathematical Reasoning

This chapter defends an account of mathematical reasoning as comprised of two parallel structures. The argumentational structure is composed of arguments by means of which mathematicians seek to persuade each other of their results or, more generally, to achieve goals appropriate for whatever dialogue they are having. The inferential structure is composed of derivations which offer a formal counterpart to these arguments. The precise relationship between the two structures may be understood in terms of the range of argumentation schemes which may be instantiated by steps of the argumentational structure. Just as different views about the foundations of mathematics may be characterized in terms of the admissibility of steps in the inferential structure, different views about mathematical practice may be characterized in terms of the admissibility of steps in the argumentational structure.
Das Wesen der Darwinschen Revolution

Die Strase, auf der die Wissenschaft voranschreitet, ist keine sanft ansteigende Rampe; es gibt Perioden der Stagnation und solche des raschen Fortschritts. Wie einige Wissenschaftshistoriker vor kurzem betont haben, kommen zuweilen Durchbruche vor, wissenschaftliche Revolutionen (Kuhn, 1962), die aus einer recht drastischen Revision der vorher gultigen Annahmen und Vorstellungen bestehen. Doch was eigentlich das Wesen dieser Revolutionen ist, ist immer noch hochst umstritten (Toulmin, 1966). Wenn wir die am haufigsten genannten dieser wissenschaftlichen Revolutionen betrachten, so stellen wir fest, das sie mit den Namen Kopernikus, Newton, Lavoisier, Darwin, Planck, Einstein und Heisenberg verbunden sind; das heist, mit einer einzigen Ausnahme sind sie alle Revolutionen in der Physik.
Understanding What Information Is Valued By Research Participants, And Why.

There is growing public demand that research participants receive all of their results, regardless of whether clinical action is indicated. Instead of the standard practice of returning only action...
Effects of Student Response Systems on Participation and Learning of Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

This study investigated the use of a student response system (SRS) on the participation, classroom behavior, and academic achievement of students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD). The ...
Demonstration of ScroogeDB: getting more bang for the buck with deterministic approximation in the cloud

We demonstrate ScroogeDB which aims at minimizing monetary cost of processing aggregation queries in the Cloud. It runs on top of a Cloud database that offers pay-as-you-go query processing where users pay according to the number of bytes processed. ScroogeDB exploits deterministic approximate query processing (DAQ) to achieve monetary savings. That is, ScroogeDB provides deterministic bounds, i.e., bounds that contain the true value with a 100% probability. ScroogeDB creates small synopses of the database and uses these synopses to answer aggregation queries. By rewriting a query on base tables into a query on smaller synopses, we significantly reduce the amount of processed data. We do not pre-compute synopses in advance of an analysis session. Instead, we generate them on the fly, interleaving synopsis generation with query execution.In our demonstration, we show that our system realizes impressive monetary savings with little precision loss. We run our system on top of the Google BigQuery Cloud platform and provide users with a graphical interface that visualizes deterministic bounds. The graphical interface also provides information regarding the generated synopses and how they contribute to monetary savings.
Dual-Illumination Ultrasound/ Photoacoustic System for Cervical Cancer Imaging

Early stage cancer detection technologies can provide functional information and potentially decrease the mortality rate caused by cervical cancer. In our previous work, a miniaturized ultrasound and photoacoustic endoscopic system has been developed to image the cervical tissue through the cervical canal to fulfills the need for a safe, low-cost, and high-resolution functional diagnostic system. However, the miniaturized size of endoscope and American National Standards Institute safety limits cause constraints of using high-intensity illumination during imaging. In addition, the strong light scattering of tissues limits the light penetration depth. Fortunately, the cervix anatomy allows for the delivery of additional light from the ectocervix by using an external illumination system. Here we propose a dual, co-planar illumination system, which can provide adequate illumination to the cervical tissue via combined internal and external light delivery strategies. Therefore, an increase in the area of light-tissue interaction allows us to raise the laser light energy while keeping fluence under safety limits. Thus, a reliable PA imaging can be obtained for the whole cervical tissue thickness. The system performance was tested using a Monte Carlo simulation, and laser-light fluence was calculated and compared at different depths within a simulated cervical-tissue model. The results indicated a higher and more uniform fluence in the Monte Carlo simulations. In addition, the photoacoustic imaging of the proposed system was evaluated by two cervical tissue-mimicking phantoms with human blood and graphite rods as inclusions inside it. In accordance with the simulations, the phantom study revealed a more reliable photoacoustic signal for the entire depth of the phantoms with an improved contrast to noise ratio and signal to noise ratio, and a higher coverage ratio of the imaging field of view. In summary, the dual-mode illumination system can provide more realistic information of inclusions within the tissue while considering safety limits, which can lead to more accuracy in biomarker detection for cervical cancer diagnostics.
The Overlap of Collaboration and Planning Networks: A Post-Harvey Study:

This paper uses social network analysis to assess the overlap of organizations involved in hazard mitigation and planning networks in Houston, TX. We compare measures of network centrality and dens...
The Mid Atlantic Appalachian Orogen Traverse: A Comparison of Virtual and On-Location Field-Based Capstone Experiences

The Stratigraphy, Structure, Tectonics (SST) course at James Madison University incorporates a capstone project that traverses the Mid Atlantic region of the Appalachian Orogen and includes several all-day field trips. In the Fall 2020 semester, the SST field trips transitioned to a virtual format, due to restrictions from the COVID pandemic. The virtual field trip projects were developed in web-based Google Earth, along with other supplemental PowerPoint and PDF files. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the virtual field experiences in comparison with traditional on-location field trips, an online survey was sent to SST students that took the course virtually in Fall 2020 and to students that took the course in-person in previous years. Instructors and students alike recognized that some aspects of on-location field learning were not possible or effective with virtual field experiences. However, students recognized the value of virtual field experiences for reviewing and revisiting outcrops, as well as noting the improved access to virtual outcrops for students with disabilities, and the generally more inclusive experience of virtual field trips. Students highlighted the potential benefits for hybrid field experiences that incorporate both on-location outcrop investigations and virtual field trips, which is the preferred model for SST field experiences in Fall 2021 and into the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Solid Earth Discussions is the property of Copernicus Gesellschaft mbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
US-China Intellectual Property Trade Wars

More than two decades ago, the literature on the Chinese intellectual property system was filled with commentaries on the trade threats exchanged between the United States and China in relation to the inadequate protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights in the latter. At that time, China has not yet joined the World Trade Organization. In the past few years, we once again have been confronted with multiple rounds of trade threats—this time as part of a trade war, which has thus far involved tariffs on close to $750 billion worth of goods. Although the current U.S.-China trade war implicates many items ranging from agricultural produce to electronic goods to financial services, inadequate protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights in China remains one of the few oft-cited justifications. This chapter begins by recounting the trade threats exchanged between the two countries in the early 1990s in relation to the lack of intellectual property protection and enforcement in China. It then explores the United States' use of a new-found strategy in the mid-2000s: the WTO dispute settlement process. Noting the United States' mixed success with that process, this chapter turns to the ongoing U.S.-China trade war, which began during the Trump Administration but has continued into the Biden Administration. The current U.S. approach combines the coercive tactics used more than two decades ago with the newer strategy of WTO dispute settlement. The chapter concludes by identifying eight lessons that we can draw from trade threats, trade wars and more broadly the use of coercive tactics to strengthen intellectual property protection and enforcement in China.
Adoption of Web 2.0 by Canadian and US Governments

The goal of this chapter is to compare the adoption of Web 2.0 information and communication technologies (ICT) by government agencies in Canada and the United States and to explore their respective impact on e-government. Governments at all levels recognize the need to develop and enhance multimedia and multichannel communication strategies to communicate with citizens and provide services as well as enable interaction among employees and to cross agencies’ boundaries. Governments have discovered that Web 2.0 communication channels can have an unexpected reach, and occupy a new and quite possibly an essential space in electronic communications. Government agencies, needing to or requiring to communicate with the public, are finding that Web 2.0 technologies are an effective, efficient, timely, and valuable way to get the word out. This chapter shows that Web 2.0 use is creating entirely new online communities that defy traditional communication reach and organizational boundaries. Web 2.0 ICT can enable collaborative work with external stakeholders as well as within and among agencies. By examining specific examples of Web 2.0 use in Canadian and US governments, analyzing the insights gained, and reflecting on observations and recommendations, both public administrators and IT professionals are provided with a framework to evaluate the benefits and challenges of adopting these new ICT and applications. The fundamental questions are the following: What is Web 2.0? How have government agencies in Canada and the United States adopted these technologies to encourage interaction and collaborative work?
Line matching: solutions and unsolved problems

Matching sets of 3D lines is a basic tool in image registration, recognition, and other applications. In terms of line lengths, three basic cases arise in matching two sets of lines: (1) finite-finite; (2) finite-infinite; (3) infinite-infinite. Cases 1 and 2 have not been treated in the literature. We present a convergent, iterative algorithm that solves these two cases. Extensive tests show that the algorithm almost always converges to the best match, particularly when the hypothesized line correspondences are correct, or when noise does not substantially destroy the similarity of the two sets. Case 3 has been addressed by O.D. Faugeras and M. Hebert (see Int. J. Robotics Res., vol.5, no.3, p.27-52, 1986). They present an iterative technique that cannot be guaranteed to converge. To solve this case, we present a new method that converges. However, more importantly, we show that neither method is invariant to translation of the coordinate system. Therefore, a satisfactory solution for case 3 does not yet exist.
Ground station markup language

We describe our efforts to reduce the complexity in ground stations and increase multi-mission support of ground station installations. We are developing a method for flexible application support by ground stations that reduces overall station complexity. Taking advantage of software-defined systems, we use virtual machines to enable extreme user customization of ground station capabilities. To compliment this work, we are developing an informal reference model to capture core ground station capabilities. From this, we are building a command and control language built on an XML framework, called the ground station markup language (GSML). We are working with universities around the world to build a loose federation of globally distributed university ground stations, called the mercury ground station network, where GSML is the core messaging protocol.
Evolution and the End of a World

In Chap. 3, I illustrate Creationist students’ strong resistance toward evolution through interviews, and describe the cultural basis of this. Following Flyjverg’s (2006) program of “phronetic” social science, I examine what an extreme case or cases can teach us about the general. To do this, I start by presenting a student religious leader who heads a congregation of hundreds of students actively standing against evolution within the content of their campus faith programming. As I detail, Creationists have had their epistemology socially shaped against evolution, and are the least likely among their peers to recognize the sociality of these influences on their lives. I next illustrate how social learning against evolution, through the epistemological politics of their families and social networks, has allowed them to avoid difficult questions regarding science, their faith, and existence. As I demonstrate using a phenomenological analytic approach, Creationists experience existential anxiety when challenged to move past the absolutism of their religiously grounded epistemology during evolution education.
Lifecycle of a Lipoprotein from a Biophysical Perspective

The goal of our project was to understand how lipids and lipoproteins interact with cell membranes. This chapter will present the five major areas in which we have focused our attention on understanding how lipids and lipoproteins interact with cell membranes (Fig. 11.1): (1) triglycerides and vascular injury, (2) single lipoprotein analysis, (3) apolipoprotein E (apoE) conformation changes in the postprandial state, (4) triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRLs) and endothelial cell inflammation, and (5) TGRL lipolysis products and monocyte activation. For over a hundred years, Western civilization has questioned how the food we eat translates into disease, and specifically atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Although most information indicates that this basic pathophysiological process is mediated through consumption of excess saturated fats, much remains unknown. After humans eat a meal, there is an elevation of triglycerides in the blood in the postprandial state. In normal individuals, triglycerides can rise after a meal by 50 to 100%. This has been documented many times in the past, including a paper by Hyson et al, (1998) [1]. In that study, normal healthy individuals were given a 40%-fat meal. Plasma triglycerides, which were modestly elevated initially, rose about 60% higher three to four hours after ingestion of the meal. Subsequently plasma triglycerides fell to baseline levels six hours after the meal. Even in these healthy individuals, a significant elevation of triglycerides was noted after ingestion of a moder ately high-fat meal.
Quantized conductance in an AlAs two-dimensional electron system quantum point contact

We report experimental results on a quantum point contact (QPC) device formed in a wide AlAs quantum well where the two-dimensional electrons occupy two in-plane valleys with elliptical Fermi contours. To probe the closely-spaced, one-dimensional electric subbands, we fabricated a point contact device defined by shallow etching and a top gate that covers the entire device. The conductance versus top gate bias trace shows a series of weak plateaus at integer multiples of $2{e}^{2}∕h$, indicating a broken valley degeneracy in the QPC and implying the potential use of QPC as a simple ``valley filter'' device. A model is presented to describe the quantized energy levels and the role of the in-plane valleys in the transport. We also observe a well-developed conductance plateau near $0.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2{e}^{2}∕h$ which may reflect the strong electron-electron interaction in the system.
Discussion Addendum for:Synthesis of 4‐, 5‐, and 6‐Methyl‐2,2'‐Bipyridine by a Negishi Cross‐Coupling Strategy: 5‐Methyl‐2,2'‐Bipyridine

Negishi coupling is a powerful tool in the preparation of bipyridines due to its high yield, mild conditions and relatively low cost. 2,3 It shows good tolerance to various substituents and the corresponding pyridyl zinc halide precursors can efficiently couple with many halogen-substituted heterocycles in addition to pyridine. 4 In recent years, some other palladiumcatalyzed reactions, such as Stille and Suzuki coupling, have emerged to make pyridine derivatives. 5-7 Recent progress in palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions between pyridyl and other heterocycles will be discussed.
Estrogen receptor in dissociated and cultured human breast fibroadenoma epithelial cells

Estrogen binding was measured by a whole cell receptor assay in epithelial cells isolated from 20 premenopausal patients with breast fibroadenomas. A high affinity specific binding for estrogens was detected in the epithelial cells isolated from all 20 fibroadenomas. A relationship between estrogen binding and the phase in the menstrual cycle of the patient has been observed. Cell culture experiments using serum-free medium have also shown that estrogen binding can be augmented by cortisol.
Depolarization in liquid-crystal televisions

The depolarization of a TVT-6000 liquid-crystal television has been measured to vary between 2% and 9% as a function of bias voltage, angle of incidence, and incident polarization state.
Attitudes Toward Disability

The work of health rofessionals is directly influenced by somatopsychological attitudes. Expectations from the disabled person, from health professionals, and from society play an important part in adjustment to disability. Role theory has helped us look at the "sick role" versus the disabled role and we now realize that role confusion often interferes with the adjustment process. It is important that students be made aware of these different theories to help them get in touch with their own feelings about disability and develop an understanding of attitudes which will facilitate the adjustment process. An instrument measuring attitudes toward the disabled was administered to two successive junior occupational therapy classes, at the beginning and the end of the school year. Change in attitudes was analyzed and positive significant results were discussed in relation to implications for education and practice.
Assessment of a surgical pattern recognition examination.

Background Recent cognitive research in medicine has demonstrated that expert diagnosticians solve many clinical problems through “pattern recognition” rather than deductive reasoning strategies. Development of the ability to recognize and diagnose common surgical problems is a critical objective of undergraduate surgical education. A surgical pattern recognition examination (PAT) was developed to assess surgical diagnosis recognition in clerkship students. Methods Surgical faculty selected 18 diagnoses for 20 possible presenting complaints (eg, leg pain, soft tissue mass). A distinctive patient description was written for each diagnosis. An examination of 200 items was compiled covering 20 presenting complaints. Results The PAT was administered to clerkship students during the 1992–1993 academic year (n=77). PAT scores ranged from 33% to 90% with a mean of 65% (SD=12.7). PAT scores correlated highly with the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) Surgery Subject Examination (SSE) scores. The validity of the examination was assessed by a speeded administration of the exam to surgical house staff. Senior residents scored significantly higher than junior residents (mean 82% versus 63%, P = 0.004). Performance on the PAT was significantly affected by the order of the student rotation in the academic year ( P =0.02) while performance on the NBME SSE was not ( P =0.40), which is consistent with diagnostic ability improving with clinical experience. Conclusions The surgical PAT examination is a new, reliable, and valid method for assessing diagnostic ability in third-year students.
University Turbine Systems Research Program: An Innovative Approach to Graduate Education

Under the Gas Turbine Industrial Fellowship Program, students in Bachelor’s, Master’s and Ph. D. programs studying gas turbine-related technology spend 10 to 12 weeks employed at the facilities of turbine manufacturers or users of gas turbine equipment. The program is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. This paper describes the Fellowship program and its relationship to the DOE University Turbine Systems Research (UTSR) program.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Quinone Photoreactivity: An Undergraduate Experiment in Photochemistry

An experiment exploring the photochemical properties of quinones was developed. Their unique photochemistry and highly reactive nature make them an ideal class of compounds for examining structure−activity relationships. For several substituted quinones, photochemical reactivity was related to structure and ultimately to the Gibbs energy for electron transfer from water to the quinone. Following irradiation with monochromatic light from a laser pointer and quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, a linear relationship was observed for product formation versus calculated Gibbs energy values.
Solid state NMR detection of molecular mixing in bieutectic blends, d‐metal complexes, and phase‐separated copolymers

Micromixing in polymer blends that exhibit strong intermolecular association is investigated.
ALTERATION OF ACETYLCHOLINE PENETRATION INTO, AND EFFECTS ON, VENOM-TREATED SQUID AXONS BY PHYSOSTIGMINE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS.

Choline and neostigmine markedly antagonize the effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on the action potential of the venom-treated squid axon, although they themselves have no effect on conduction. Physostigmine also antagonizes the blocking action of ACh at a concentration well below that which has any effect on conduction. In contrast, d-tubocurarine (curare) increases the effect of ACh on the action potential. Choline, neostigmine, and physostigmine markedly decrease the penetration of C14-labeled ACh into the axoplasm of the squid axon. Curare, in contrast, increases the penetration of ACh, whereas dimethylcurare gives variable results. The results provide an explanation why physostigmine and neostigmine do not influence the action of ACh on axonal conduction in a way similar to that observed at the junction. The additive effect of curare and ACh on the action potential may be due either to the greater rate of penetration of ACh or to an additive effect of the two compounds on the receptor, or to a combination of both factors.
Radiometric Inference of Stratospheric Water Vapor

Abstract By varying the amount of water vapor as input to the radiative power transfer equation, assuming a constant carbon dioxide and varying ozone distribution, it is possible to infer stratospheric water vapor from broadband observations of downward irradiance. The procedure is iterative in that downward observed and calculated irradiances, at several levels for each of several radiometric soundings, are brought within the limits of a convergence criterion. This is accomplished by successively reducing an initial over-estimate of the stratospheric mixing ratio, defined by a power law, until the sum of the squared differences of observed and calculated irradiances is minimized. The sum includes all levels of the sounding. Results for a continental area during winter months indicate that the stratospheric water vapor content from 50 mb upward to 10 mb decreases from approximately 20 to 3 parts per million. For tropical Guam and Canton Island the corresponding magnitudes are larger, decreasing from 21 to...
Mutants of Pachysolen tannophilus that produce enhanced amounts of acetic acid from D-xylose and other sugars

Two mutants of Pachysolen tannophilus were isolated which produced considerably more acetic acid from several sugars than a wild type strain. Such mutants are of potential interest for the production of acetic acid rather than ethanol from lignocellulosic hydrolysates.
True Color Image Analysis For Determination Of Bone Growth In Fluorochromic Biopsies

A true color imaging technique has been developed for analysis of microscopic fluorochromic bone biopsy images to quantify new bone growth. The technique searches for specified colors in a medical image for quantification of areas of interest. Based on a user supplied training set, a multispectral classification of pixel values is performed and used for segmenting the image. Good results were obtained when compared to manual tracings of new bone growth performed by an orthopedic surgeon. At a 95% confidence level, the hypothesis that there is no difference between the two methods can be accepted. Work is in progress to test bone biopsies with different colored stains and further optimize the analysis process using three-dimensional spectral ordering techniques.
Chemiluminescence Detection of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins Using Tris-2,2′-Bipyridine Ruthenium (III)

Abstract The feasibility of using the tris-2-2′-bipyridine ruthenium (III) (Ru(bpy)3 3 +) chemiluminescent (CL) reaction for the detection of amino acids, peptides, and proteins has been studied. Detection limits of the amino acids as determined by flow injection analysis (FIA) ranged from 20 pmol of proline to 50 nmol of asparagine. In general, amino acids containing secondary amine groups yielded the strongest responses. A reaction mechanism for Ru (bpy)3 3 + chemiluminescence of aliphatic amines has been proposed. Studies of peptide molecules and poly-prolines showed that the peptide bond barely contributes to the detection signals. The separation of hydroxyproline and proline in synthetic collagen by HPLC with Ru (bpy)3 3 + chemiluminescence detection has been shown to be possible.
Multiple nonlinear statistical models for runoff simulation and prediction

Multiple nonlinear statistical equations for simulating rainfall-runoff relations are described, together with a proposed new method for parameter estimation. Thirteen examples are presented in this paper. The coefficients of determination between actual and simulated runoff for the calibration periods are typically higher than 0.90 and often as high as 0.96. Extrapolation over periods 3–4 times longer than the calibration have provided accurate predictions, with corresponding R2-values of 0.85 and higher.
Oral Presentations for Surgical Meetings

Abstract Each year the Association for Academic Surgery sponsors the “Fundamentals of Surgical Research” course which is established for residents who are beginning research training. A lecture outlining various aspects of effective scientific presentations, such as that delivered at a national or regional surgical meeting, is part of the course. Faculty from our institution have organized this lecture for several years. The lecture content has been revised each year to reflect the recommendations of the participating residents and faculty. Herein, we summarize the requirements for composing and delivering a scientific surgical presentation that is noted for its clarity, easily understood methods, interpretable data, and scientific and/or clinical implications.
The influence of catalytic activity on the gas phase ignition of boundary layer flows Part II. Oxygen atom measurements

Abstract The process of gas phase ignition in a fuel-air boundary layer overa heated catalytic surface has been investigated using two-photon laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) measurement of oxygen atoms. The boundary layer was formed by flowing fuel-air mixtures over hot catalytic (platinum) and noncatalytic (quartz) surfaces, and simulates the entrance region of a catalytically stabilized thermal (CST) combustor. A unique optical design was required in order to eliminate interference with the fluorescence signal caused by thermal radiation from the hot surface of the plate. The O atom concentration profile data demonstrate that the platinum catalyst acts to promote the formation of oxygen atoms in the region adjacent to the surface. This effect is most apparent at lean equivalence ratios (Φ
Possible Selves: Applications for Career Counseling

Possible selves is a future-oriented, personalized, affect-laden, motivating form of self-knowledge, which provides a link between one's self-concept and incentives for future behavior, an interpre...
Some readily quantifiable aspects of scramjet engine performance

Some aspects of scramjet engine performance are examined that can be treated quantitatively within the scope of a channel flow approximation including real-gas chemistry and reaction kinetics, in order to establish an accurate, traceable, maximum performance baseline for consideration of the more difficult technical issues such as mixing in the combustor, cooling, and the aerodynamics of the inlet and the nozzle. The analysis shows that if there is a lack of complete recombination in the nozzle, then there is a combustor inlet Mach number M4 that maximizes 7sp, for flight Mach numbers above about 10. The optimum M4 increases as the nozzle recombination decreases. A combustor pressure of about 1 atm is required for kinetics fast enough to ensure completion of the combustion in a length of the order of 3 ft and, with this constraint, operation at the optimum combustor inlet Mach number imposes a freestream dynamic pressure that may be unacceptably large at high flight Mach numbers. Reducing the dynamic pressure while maintaining the combustor pressure at 1 atm requires reducing M4, which, by increasing the combustor inlet temperature, degrades the specific impulse significantly from that for optimum combustor inlet Mach number. Considering all of these factors, a realistic upper limit for the vehicle mass accelerated to orbital speed from zero speed in a single-stage vehicle powered by the scramjet is about 0.25 of the initial mass. This value, which must include the structural weight of the vehicle plus the payload, would be reduced by the effects of incomplete mixing in the combustor, incomplete expansion of the exhaust nozzle, stratification of the flow in the combustor and in the nozzle, and perhaps by other effects, which the present analysis does not attempt to evaluate.
Eigenvalue tracking for PSS placement

This paper presents a new method for determining the site for power system stabilizer (PSS) installation. This method tracks the eigenvalues as they go from the interconnected power system to a decoupled system of single machine infinite buses (SMIB). The site for PSS installation is determined by observing to which machine the unstable eigenvalues from the interconnected system track to the decoupled system. This method is compared to the participation factor (PF) placement method for two different power system cases. The results show that the eigenvalue tracking and the PF placement method determined the same site for PSS installment in most cases. In the cases that they did not determine the same location, the eigenvalue tracking method determined the better site for PSS installment in a majority of cases. For completeness both the sites pointed out by the eigenvalue tracking method and the PF placement method should be investigated for PSS installment.
Thiolysis as an activation process in N-sulfenylated derivatives of methylcarbamate esters

Abstract An activation process involving thiolytic cleavage of the NS bond in several N -sulfenylated- N -methylcarbamates was shown to be a nonenzymatic reaction. Biological tissues, including subcellular fractions of mouse liver; heat-denatured microsomal enzyme, mouse blood, commercial protein, and housefly homogenate, as well as thiol reagents, readily effected the cleavage of the NS bond. The inhibitory effect of sulfhydryl inhibitors such as N -methylmaleimide and p -chloromercuribenzoate in the incubation system suggests that thiol residues in biological tissue are involved in this thiolytic reaction. Results from kinetic and product analysis also support this conclusion.
Subendocardial ischemia provoked by tachycardia in conscious dogs with coronary stenosis

We investigated the effect that mild coronary stenosis exerts on the ability of the coronary circulation to compensate for the increased extravascular compression that occurs in the subendocardium during tachycardia. An electromagnetic flowmeter transducer and balloon cuff occluder were implanted on the left circumflex coronary artery in seven dogs, and experiments were performed 1 week later with the dogs under sedation but conscious. Stenosis of the left circumflex artery was produced by partial inflation of the cuff occluder. We determined coronary blood flow distribution by the radioactive microsphere technique, injection 200,000 15mu spheres into the left ventricular cavity during (1) a control period, (2) stenosis of the left circumflex artery and a normal heart rate, and (3) stenosis of the left circumflex artery and tachycardia. When the heart rate was normal, the degree of stenosis used caused no change in myocardial microsphere distribution but eliminated postocclusion reactive hyperemia. Thus, reserve coronary vasodilation compensated for the stenosis. With the degree of stenosis kept constant, an increase in heart rate to 196 beats/min caused a marked transmural shift in distribution of microspheres from subendocardium into subepicardium within the region of the left ventricle supplied by the left circumflex artery. There was no significant transmural shift in the region supplied by the uninvolved left anterior descending coronary artery. Myocardial lactate extraction decreased. These results suggest that when reserve coronary vasodilation has already been utilized to compensate for coronary stenosis, the increased extravascular coronary compression from tachycardia causes subendocardial ischemia and hypoxia.
What Is the Optimal Treatment of Mood and Anxiety Disorders

In clinical psychiatry, the underlying assumption of using an integrated approach (pharmacotherapy + psychotherapy) is that of an additive model of interaction between pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, which could take place on the basis of specific changes to be induced by specific treatments. However, the simultaneous administration of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy is based on a cross-sectional, flat view of the disorders which ignores their longitudinal development. An alternative way of integrating pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy involves their sequential administration. In clinical psychiatry, administration of treatment in sequential order has been mainly limited to instances of treatment resistance and involved different types of drugs, such as in drug-refractory depression. This type of sequential approaches, however, was not targeted to the stages of illness or particularly to residual symptoms. In this paper we describe the development of a sequential strategy based on the use of pharmacotherapy in the acute phase of depression and cognitive therapy in its residual phase. The sequential model introduces a conceptual shift in therapeutic practice. It may also involve the use of pharmacotherapy after psychological treatment, the sequential use of two psychotherapeutic techniques, and two pharmacological strategies. We will discuss the implications of the sequential model and some related issues which have clinical value.
Residual stresses in plastically encapsulated microelectronic devices

The residual stresses in a model of a plastically encapsulated microelectronic device are determined photoelastically using birefringent transfer-molding compounds. The measured stresses are compared with a laminated-platetheory analysis and then used to guide a two-dimensional finite-element analysis of the device. Photoelasticity was also used to determine the effects of postcure on the residualstress distribution.
Analysis in vivo of translational mutants of the rIIB cistron of bacteriophage T4.

Abstract We have mapped the mutants isolated by Nelson et al. (1981) that reduce the amount of rIIB protein synthesized during bacteriophage T4 infection of Escherichia coli B and characterized their rIIB expression in vivo. These mutants fall into four distinct groups in terms of mapping and phenotype. We have located the probable site of each mutation on the DNA sequence. We have also analyzed a number of other mutations near the initiating AUG of rIIB with respect to their rIIB expression. In some of these mutants, ribosomal recognition of the wild-type initiating AUG is precluded and so initiation occurs at a different AUG, which, in some instances, we have identified.