cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EPR investigations of impurities in the lanthanide orthophosphates

Lanthanide orthophosphates formed from elements in the first half of the 4f transition series are analogs of the monoclinic mineral monazite. The known geologic properties of this mineral make the general class of lanthanide orthophosphate compounds attractive substances for long-term containment and disposal of ..cap alpha..-active actinide nuclear wastes. EPR spectroscopy has been used to investigate the structural properties and solid state chemical properties of impurities in these materials and to compare the characteristics of single crystals and polycrystalline bodies.
Estimating Populations of the Hessian Fly

Estimates of populations of Race B Mayetiola destructor (Say) produced by sampling 3 Indiana wheat fields during 1970–72 ranged from about 0.1–1.5 million pupae (flaxseeds) per acre. The spatial distribution of the counts of the flaxseed stage was determined to be consistent with the negative binomial distribution. The relative variability (RV) of the estimates of the flaxseeds and of plant culms per acre were below 10, well within a level of acceptable variability. As few as 15 and a maximum of 30 samples per field would be required to yield an estimate of absolute population density of the insect with an error of 10% or less of the mean. Costs and relative net precision were determined based on effort expended and the level of accuracy obtained.
The Marketing Structure of Venezuela

Venezuela has become the sixth largest market for United States exports. This article points out some of the important characteristics of the Venezuelan market, and the problems that U. S. firms en...
Familismo, Ethnic Identity, and Bicultural Stress as Predictors of Mexican American Adolescents' Positive Psychological Functioning

Abstracto Mediante el uso de la teoria cultural-ecologicatransaccional de resiliencia, el presente estudio buscadeterminar si los factores culturales de familismo y laidentidad etnica tienen un efecto protector y si elestres bicultural tiene un efecto de riesgo en el fun-cionamiento psicologico positivo de 191 adolescen-tes mexico-americanos. Dos regresiones linealesjerarquicas fueron preformadas para determinar elefecto directo y la interaccion de estos factores en lasatisfaccion de vida y autoestima. Los resultadosindican que familismo y la identidad etnica signiﬁ-cativamente tanto positivamente predijeron satisfac-cion de vida y autoestima. Adicionalmente, el estresbicultural signiﬁcativamente y negativamente predijola satisfaccion de vida y autoestima. Tambien huboun efecto de interaccion signiﬁcativa entre la identi-dad etnica y estres bicultural con la satisfaccion de lavida; sin embargo, la interaccion era contrario a lahipotesis de que la identidad etnica alta protegeriacontra el efecto de altos niveles de estres bicultural.Los resultados se discuten en el marco cultural-ecologico transaccional.
Tip Clearance Flow Control in a Linear Turbine Cascade using Plasma Actuation

This research examines the use of passive and active on-blade flow control to reduce the unwanted losses associated with the blade tip clearance flow in a stationary, rectilinear turbine cascade. A SDBD plasma actuator and a passive partial suction-side squealer were tested over a Reynolds number range from 5.3×10 4 to 1.03×10 5 at a fixed tip clearance of 2.18 percent of axial chord. The pla sma actuator was designed to mimic the beneficial effects of the suction-side squealer ti p, while removing the negative aspects of the passive squealer design, including blade degradation flow recircul ation or potential blade-wall contact. The flowfield was documented with five-hole-probe measurements at 1 axial chord downstream of the test blade and within the clearance using wall pressure taps located on the endwall opposite the blade tip. These tests allowed the loss associated with the flow and the change in this loss with a pplied flow control to be recorded. The plasma actuator caused an improvement in the downstream flow, with a reduction in the total pressure loss coefficient within the tip leakage vortex ranging between 2% to 12%, depending on Reynolds number, while the passive squealer showed a change of approximately 40%. On the endwall within the clearance, the plasma actuator generated a 19% peak increase in wall static pressure while the passive squealer caused a maximum increase of 52%. These results show that the plasma actuator was able to favorably mitigate the adverse effects of the tip clearance flow in a similar manner as the squealer tip, withou t the drawbacks of the passive squealer method. Although less effective than the squealer tip, the positive results of the plasma actuator show that this type of flow control is suitable as a means of reducing the tip clearan ce flow loss.
Qualitative Study on the Extra EPI Vaccine Covered by Social Medical Insurance in Shenzhen City

Objectives To understand the feasibility of the Shenzhen extra EPI vaccine covered by social medical insurance(SMI)and to analyze current problems in order to provide references for policy-making in Shenzhen. Methods A semi-structured interview was conducted among immune staffs from centers for disease control and prevention from municipal and county level and the community health service centers in Shenzhen.Results were analyzed in categories.Results 75%interview respondents thought the extra EPI vaccine should be covered by SMI in Shenzhen.All respondents thought the main problem for Shenzhen extra EPI vaccine to be covered by respondents was the source of funds for extra EPI vaccine.And 50%of the respondents thought the coverage span of population for this policy was also a problem.67%of the respondents suggested that extra EPI vaccine covered by SMI should be carried out based on the type of people's social insurance and step by step.They thought people with general medical insurance could get the extra EPI vaccine covered by SMI first,while people with medical insurance targeting inpatients,children and migrant workers could wait.Conclusions Extra EPI vaccine covered by SMI should be included in SMI stage by stage.Meanwhile,a reasonable operation system should be established based on exploration of the relationship between public health and SMI.
Structural Recommendations in Networks

The growth of various Web-enabled networks has enabled numerous models of recommendation. For example, the Web itself is a large and distributed repository of data, and a search engine such as Google can be considered a keyword-centric variation of the notion of recommendation. In fact, a major discourse in the recommendation literature is to distinguish between the notions of search and recommendations. While search technologies also recommend content to users, the results are often not personalized to the user at hand. This lack of personalization has traditionally been the case because of the historical difficulty in tracking large numbers of Web users. However, in recent years, many personalized notions of search have arisen, where the Web pages recommended to users are based on personal interests. Many search engine providers, such as Google, now provide the ability to determine personalized results. This problem is exactly equivalent to that of ranking nodes in networks with the use of personalized preferences.
Asymmetric Population Ageing, Open Economy, and Fiscal Policy

Abstract This paper examines the growth and welfare effects of population ageing in an open economy framework by considering ageing scenarios for developing countries. The results show that international capital mobility and endogenous fiscal policy may together reverse the effects of population ageing on economic growth and welfare as predicted by closed economy and exogenous fiscal policy models. The ageing scenarios show that even when the demographic shocks in developed and developing countries are the same in magnitude, their reactions depend on the timing of the shock. Overall, the early-ageing scenario yields more beneficial growth and welfare transitions for both country groups.
Wards of Government

Governments in the United States and in Canada have, since colonial times and continuing into the present, taken an active role in relation to the indigenous peoples on their frontiers and, eventually, within their borders. Frequently—though not consistently—these peoples have been treated as semi-sovereign nations, with which relations should be governed by negotiated treaties. Policy has wavered back and forth between seeking to assimilate Indians into the majority population, on an analogy with immigrants of various ethnic origins, and assuming that they would remain distinct and unassimilated. The conflict was faced clearly in 1873 when the then-Commissioner of Indian Affairs for the United States said that, while the Indians were claiming to be independent nations (as indeed the Constitution implied), they were actually only wards of white Americans. “The comparative weakness of the whites made it expedient in our early history to deal with the Indian tribes as with powers capable of self-protection and fulfilling treaty obligations, and so a kind of fiction and absurdity has come into all our Indian relations.”1
The British View: The Chaotic World of Southeastern Nigeria

Igbo social, political, religious, and economic practices baffled Britons, who saw in the heterarchical nature of their institutions and systems a manifestation of chaos and disorder. Their first instinct was to contrast Igbo ways with those of northern Nigerians, using gendered language to articulate the differences and to express the shortcomings, as Britons saw them, of southeastern Nigeria. Inevitably, Igbo and other southeastern Nigerian peoples took on the trappings of a messy, alien, ultimately dangerously sexualized femininity, as distinct from the ascetic, masculine order, control, and familiarity of the north. In British accounts of the colonization of Nigeria, we find unmistakable signs of the gendered meaning systems that informed the imperial enterprise and evidence of the profound gender and sexual anxieties their interactions with colonized peoples generated.
Digital Workflow for Fixed Implant Rehabilitation of an Extremely Atrophic Edentulous Mandible in Three Appointments.

Objective To present a rationale to reduce treatment complexity, number of surgeries, and overall treatment time for patients with extreme mandibular ridge deficiency. Clinical Considerations A 67-year-old fully edentulous male presented with a chief complaint of poor retention and stability of the mandibular complete denture with consequent discomfort and inability to chew. A novel 3-appointment protocol from guided implant placement to definitive prosthesis delivery was implemented. At the first appointment, a guided surgery protocol with the All-on-4 concept was used in the mandible. Implant placement was followed by immediate loading with a fixed provisional prosthesis providing the patient with immediate function. Final impression, cast verification and articulation, determination of VDO, and interocclusal records were obtained in the same appointment. In the second appointment, the framework try-in was performed and a pick-up impression was taken after a new CR record. The third appointment included the delivery of the final screw-retained, one-piece, full-arch prosthesis opposed by a maxillary complete denture. Conclusion This expedited protocol allows for implant placement with a surgical template generated from preoperative virtual planning of the implants and the CAD/CAM prosthodontic rehabilitation using a digital workflow. The patient was satisfied with the esthetic and functional outcome and was enrolled into a 6-month recall program. Clinical Significance This article describes an expedited protocol illustrating a digital workflow for full arch implant rehabilitation of the extremely atrophic mandible. Flapless implant placement with a surgical template generated from virtual planning was followed by immediate loading with a fixed prosthesis. Digital impression/digitization of the working cast and CAD/CAM technology were used to mill the definitive prosthesis. From guided surgery to the definitive rehabilitation only three appointments were necessary. This digital workflow can enhance patient acceptance and comfort and serve as an alternative treatment in the indicated clinical scenario. (J Esthet Restor Dent 29:178–188, 2017)
A US Clean Energy Transition and the Trump Administration

The Obama administration undertook several steps giving the US federal government a leadership role in a clean energy transition. Among other actions, the administration develop a Climate Action Plan, successfully negotiated higher fuel vehicle standards with car manufacturers, passed the Clean Power Plan, and signed the Paris Climate Agreement. Although the United States had been party to other international climate agreements and was a signatory to the Rio Declaration, other federal efforts were lax at best. During his election campaign, Donald Trump promised his supporters to eliminate the Clean Power Plan, withdraw from the Paris Agreement, curtail the Environmental Protection Agency, bring back coal jobs, promote fossil fuels, and reduce environmental restrictions among other efforts. All of these actions are significant and nullify a federal leadership role in a clean energy transition. Regardless of the significance of these actions and the withdrawal of federal leadership, a clean energy transition is and will continue to take place for two important and, at this time, irreversible reasons. First, private sector investments continue to be made, new utility business models are developing, and new energy technologies and new energy markets are opening. Second, state regulators play an active role in supporting private sector activities pushing forward with a clean energy transition. This paper will briefly discuss private sector initiatives and then address, in detail, the role that state regulators play encouraging investment in clean power and in nudging the development of new utility business models.
PROPOSED REACTOR RADIATION DAMAGE MONITOR

A method is described for determining the damage caused by fast neutrons incident on solids. Foils of the material in question are irradiated, and atoms ejected (or sputtered) from the foils by the neutrons are collected on collector foils. The number of atoms ejected may be determined by thermal neutron activation analysis of the collector foils. The application of this method to Cu is shown as an example. (T.F.H.)
Ly6G+ neutrophils and polymorphonuclear-myeloid derived suppressor cells promote the survival of tumor cells

Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a heterogeneous group of immature myeloid cells which suppress the immune system. Collectively a MDSC population is comprised of monocyte-like MDSC and polymorphonuclear MDSC (PMN-MDSC). The number of MDSC is increased with the presence of tumors. Our lab has previously shown that PMN-MDSC represent the majority of MDSC in tumor-bearing mice. We found that depletion of myeloid cells in vivo results in increased survival in a mouse model of multiple myeloma (MM). Direct co-culture of neutrophils (CD11b + Gr1 + cells from tumor-free mice) or PMN-MDSC (CD11b + Gr1 + cells from tumor-bearing mice) and MM cells increases the survival of the MM cells from chemotherapeutic-induced death. The protective effect is not due to cell-cell contact as neutrophil and PMN-MDSC supernatants also protect MM cells from cell death. This suggests that the factor protecting tumor cells is soluble. Results in the mouse were confirmed using human MM cells. Similar results have been replicated on breast cancer cells with neutrophils and PMN-MDSC. Several cytokines and growth factors, such as IL-6 and fibroblast growth factor, are implicated in chemoresistance. The role of these neutrophil and PMN-MDSC soluble factors and the identification of novel contributors to chemoresistance are under investigation.
Dependability evaluation of SISO control-theoretic power managers for processor architectures

Dynamic power managers are increasingly being deployed in modern embedded processors to meet performance/power requirements of new workloads. These computing systems are limited in their power dissipation, demanding a dependable power management scheme to guarantee the system's efficiency and dependability. Although several ad-hoc and heuristic power management approaches can be found in the literature, their main shortcoming is the lack of formal guarantees to ensure dependability of the processors. Control-theoretic approaches promise flexibility and robustness for power management strategies. However, the creation of a responsive yet stable controller requires the often neglected tasks of proper system identification and performance analysis for target applications. This paper presents dependability evaluation of Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) for power management on processor architectures. We also analyze the effect of frequent application phase changes on the responsiveness of controllers. We evaluate responsiveness of different class of applications to computer system control inputs such as DVFS. We illustrate the feasibility of hardware and software SISO controllers for power management using the Sniper simulator running SPLASH2 and microbenchmarks. Based on our observations, we provide guidelines for developing stable and robust SISO controllers for power management, show the scenarios where simple classic SISO controllers might not be effective, and identify early symptoms that may result in instability for power management controllers.
Prostate Magnetic Resonance Imaging Interpretation Varies Substantially Across Radiologists

Abstract Background Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) interpreted by experts is a powerful tool for diagnosing prostate cancer. However, the generalizability of published results across radiologists of varying expertise has not been verified. Objective To assess variability in mpMRI reporting and diagnostic accuracy across radiologists of varying experience in routine clinical care. Design, setting, and participants Men who underwent mpMRI and MR-fusion biopsy between 2014–2016. Each MRI scan was read by one of nine radiologists using the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PIRADS) and was not re-read before biopsy. Biopsy histopathology was the reference standard. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Outcomes were the PIRADS score distribution and diagnostic accuracy across nine radiologists. We evaluated the association between age, prostate-specific antigen, PIRADS score, and radiologist in predicting clinically significant cancer (Gleason ≥7) using multivariable logistic regression. We conducted sensitivity analyses for case volume and changes in accuracy over time. Results and limitations We analyzed data for 409 subjects with 503 MRI lesions. While the number of lesions (mean 1.2 lesions/patient) did not differ across radiologists, substantial variation existed in PIRADS distribution and cancer yield. The significant cancer detection rate was 3–27% for PIRADS 3 lesions, 23–65% for PIRADS 4, and 40–80% for PIRADS 5 across radiologists. Some 13–60% of men with a PIRADS score of p 0.0001) and radiologist ( p =0.042) were independently associated with cancer in multivariable analysis. Neither individual radiologist volume nor study period impacted the results. MRI scans were not retrospectively re-read by all radiologists, precluding measurement of inter-observer agreement. Conclusions We observed considerable variability in PIRADS score assignment and significant cancer yield across radiologists. We advise internal evaluation of mpMRI accuracy before widespread adoption. Patient summary We evaluated the interpretation of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate in routine clinical care. Diagnostic accuracy depends on the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System score and the radiologist.
China, the United States, and competition for resources that enable emerging technologies

Historically, resource conflicts have often centered on fuel minerals (particularly oil). Future resource conflicts may, however, focus more on competition for nonfuel minerals that enable emerging technologies. Whether it is rhenium in jet engines, indium in flat panel displays, or gallium in smart phones, obscure elements empower smarter, smaller, and faster technologies, and nations seek stable supplies of these and other nonfuel minerals for their industries. No nation has all of the resources it needs domestically. International trade may lead to international competition for these resources if supplies are deemed at risk or insufficient to satisfy growing demand, especially for minerals used in technologies important to economic development and national security. Here, we compare the net import reliance of China and the United States to inform mineral resource competition and foreign supply risk. Our analysis indicates that China relies on imports for over half of its consumption for 19 of 42 nonfuel minerals, compared with 24 for the United States—11 of which are common to both. It is for these 11 nonfuel minerals that competition between the United States and China may become the most contentious, especially for those with highly concentrated production that prove irreplaceable in pivotal emerging technologies.
Assessing the Readability of Web Search Results for Searchers with Dyslexia

Standards organizations, (e.g., the World Wide Web Consortium), are placing increased importance on the cognitive accessibility of online systems, including web search. Previous work has shown an association between query-document relevance judgments, and query-independent assessments of document readability. In this paper we study the lexical and aesthetic features of web documents that may underlie this relationship. Leveraging a data set consisting of relevance and readability judgments for 200 web pages as assessed by 174 adults with dyslexia and 172 adults without dyslexia, we answer the following research questions: (1) Which web page features are most associated with readability? (2) To what extent are these features also associated with relevance? And, (3) are any features associated with the differences in readability/relevance judgments observed between dyslexic and non-dyslexic populations? Our findings have implications for improving the cognitive accessibility of search systems and web documents.
COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF DELAYED-RELEASE DIMETHYL FUMARATE VERSUS FINGOLIMOD AND TERIFLUNOMIDE ON RISK OF RELAPSE (P6.375)

Objective: To compare risk of relapse after initiation of oral delayed-release dimethyl fumarate (DMF), fingolimod (FTY), or teriflunomide (TER) using real world data Background: Comparisons of the risk of relapse across all currently approved oral disease modifying therapies (DMTs) for multiple sclerosis (MS) in a real-world setting are limited. Design/Methods: Adult MS patients (18–64 years) who initiated an oral DMT between January 1, 2013, and September 30, 2015, were identified in MarketScan®, a US commercial insurance claims database. Patients were followed until disenrollment from the health plan or Sep 30, 2015. Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted to compare the risk of relapses over the follow-up period, and a Cox proportional hazard model was built to estimate the relative risk of relapses between patients initiating FTY or TER vs. DMF after adjusting for demographics, baseline comorbidities, MS symptoms, prior DMT use, and pre-index ARR. The analysis was conducted for all eligible patients and stratified by receipt of DMTs in the prior year. Results: A total of 5600, 1110, and 795 patients initiated DMF, FTY, and TER, respectively. Differences were observed in mean age at initiation, proportion receiving an alternate DMT in the prior year and average follow-up (years) after initiation. Among the overall study cohort, following initiation, no difference in risk of relapse was observed between FTY vs. DMF (HR: 0.995; p=0.94), whereas TER was associated with a 30% (HR: 1.302; p Conclusions: In this retrospective study, no difference in risk of relapse between FTY and DMF was evident. TER was associated with a significantly higher risk of relapse, relative to DMF. Results were consistent among newly-treated and switching patient subgroups. Study Supported by: This study is sponsored by Biogen. Disclosure: Dr. Nicholas has received research support from Biogen Idec, Novartis, PeerView CME, Genzyme, Teva, and Medtronic. Dr. Boster has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen, Mallinckrodt, Medtronic, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, and Teva for consulting or non-CME services. Dr. Wu has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec as an employee. Dr. Wu holds stock and/or stock options in Biogen Idec. Dr. Huang has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen as an employee. Dr. Huang holds stock and/or stock options in Biogen. Dr. Riester has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen as an employee. Dr. Riester holds stock and/or stock options in Biogen. Dr. Jhaveri has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen as an employee. Dr. Jhaveri has received research support from Biogen. Dr. Edwards has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen as an employee. Dr. Edwards holds stock and/or stock options with Biogen. Dr. Lee has received personal compensation for activities with Bigoen as an employee Dr. Lee holds stock and/or stock options in Biogen.
Lipid composition of the isolated rat intestinal microvillus membrane

1. Rat intestinal microvillus plasma membranes were prepared from previously isolated brush borders and the lipid composition was analysed. 2. The molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid was greatest in the membranes and closely resembled that reported for myelin. 3. Unesterified cholesterol was the major neutral lipid. However, 30% of the neutral lipid fraction was accounted for by glycerides and fatty acid. 4. Five phospholipid components were identified and measured, including phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidylcholine. Though phosphatidylethanolamine was the chief phospholipid, no plasmalogen was detected. 5. In contrast with other plasma membranes in the rat, the polar lipids of the microvillus membrane were rich in glycolipid. The cholesterol:polar lipid (phospholipid+glycolipid) ratio was about 1:3 for the microvillus membrane. Published data suggest that this ratio resembles that of the liver plasma membrane more closely than myelin or the erythrocyte membrane. 6. The fatty acid composition of membrane lipids was altered markedly by a single feeding of safflower oil. Membrane polar lipids did not contain significantly more saturated fatty acids than cellular polar lipids. Differences in the proportion of some fatty acids in membrane and cellular glycerides were noted. These differences may reflect the presence of specific membrane glycerides.
The Impact of Combination Therapy on the Health Behaviors of HIV+ Gay Men

This study describes changes in the health behaviors of HIV+ gay men subsequent to the initiation of combination therapy. Fifty-nine men participated in a semistructured interview that elicited information about their safer sex, alcohol, and drug practices. Participants were asked about changes they had made in these practices since starting combination therapy, as well as their reasons for change. The majority of participants reported increasing or maintaining safer sex practices and decreasing alcohol and drug use since the initiation of combination therapy. The most common reasons for change included hope for a healthier future and wanting to avoid the negative consequences of alcohol and/or drug use. Results suggest that the sexual and substance use practices of HIV+ gay men have been positively impacted by combination therapy.
Protection by Glutamine After Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) occurs in a wide range of clinical scenarios including trauma, shock, transplantation, stroke, myocardial infarction, coronary angioplasty, thrombolytic therapy, coronary revascularization, and autoimmune diseases. Ischemia can cause tissue and organ damage due to an insufficient oxygen and glucose, which are necessary for cellular metabolism, which subsequently results in tissue or organ dysfunction. Although reperfusion is necessary to attenuate injury of ischemic tissues, it can trigger a cascade of events leading to additional tissue injury and even remote organ injury. Therefore, I/R injury contributes to the pathophysiology of a wide range of clinical diseases and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality.
Alterations of the pulmonary immunity are independent of spontaneous pneumonia in an experimental model of ischemic stroke

Abstract Stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) is a major cause of mortality in patients who have suffered from severe ischemic stroke. Although multi-factorial in nature, stroke-induced immunosuppression plays a key role in the development of SAP. Previous studies of focal ischemic stroke induction, using a murine model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) have shown that severe brain damage results in massive apoptosis and functional defects of lymphocytes in the spleen, thymus, and peripheral blood. However, how immune alternations in remote tissues lead to a greater susceptibility to lung infections is not well-understood. Importantly, how ischemic stroke alters immune-cell fates, and the expression of cytokines and chemokines in the lungs that directly impact pulmonary immunity, has not been characterized. We report here that ischemic stroke increases the percentage of alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and CD11b+ dendritic cells (DCs), but reduces the percentage of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and eosinophils in the lungs. The depletion of immune cells in the lungs is not caused by apoptosis, cell infiltration to the brain, or spontaneous pneumonia following ischemic stroke as previously described, but correlates with a significant reduction in the levels of multiple chemokines in the lungs, including: CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL17, CCL20, CCL22, CXCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10. These findings suggest that ischemic stroke negatively impacts pulmonary immunity to become more susceptible for SAP development. Further investigation into the mechanisms that control pulmonary immune alternations following ischemic stroke may identify novel diagnostic or therapeutic targets for SAP.
A model incorporating the effects of flow type on fiber orientation for flows with mixed flow kinematics

Reliable predictions of the fiber orientation profile generated during processing are important for the improvement of mold design and processing conditions to optimize mechanical properties of the as-formed composites. To better reflect slower orientation evolution observed experimentally in shear flow dominated regions, various models were developed with a scalar strain-reduction factor (SRF). Normally, this scalar factor is obtained by fitting to orientation data in simple shear flow. However, during polymer processes such as injection molding, the flow types, including extensional, simple shear, rotational flow, and mixed flows, have a significant impact on fiber orientation kinematics. Nonlubricated squeeze flow (NLSF) is replicated through a rectangular channel, in order to simulate industrial polymer processing. This is accomplished because both shear and extensional flows are present. However, unlike industrial processes such as injection molding, the flow is well controlled, resulting in less fiber breakage and concentration variation. Therefore, an NLSF is ideal for investigating the effects of flow types on fiber orientation. In this study, we developed a model incorporating the effects of flow types on fiber orientation by using a variable SRF. Unlike the existing constant factor, this variable parameter can reflect the different degrees of less strain experienced by concentrated fibers in shear and extension (no strain reduction in extensional flow), respectively. The variable SRF is expressed as a function of a flow-type parameter, locally describing the relative magnitudes of shear and extension, which allows the fiber orientation speed to be dependent on local kinematics. The predicted orientation shows improved agreement with experimental data for the NLSF, because the use of a variable SRF can reflect the different rates at which fibers orient during different flow types.
Hierarchical storage management system evaluation

The Numerical Aerodynamic Simulation (NAS) Program at NASA Ames Research Center has been developing a hierarchical storage management system, NAStore, for some 6 years. This evaluation compares functionality, performance, reliability, and other factors of NAStore and three commercial alternatives. FileServ is found to be slightly better overall than NAStore and DMF. UniTree is found to be severely lacking in comparison.
The Physical Basis for Quantitative Surface Analysis by Auger Electron Spectroscopy and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

A review is given of the physical basis for quantitative surface analysis by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). The principal topics discussed are: the feasibility of surface analysis, approaches to surface analysis, description of models and data for surface analysis by AES and XPS, analytical methods, intensity measurements, practical considerations, applications, and reference materials.
Complete Genome Sequences of Seven EA Cluster Microbacteriophages, Bustleton, MillyPhilly, Riyhil, Phriends, Pherbot, PrincePhergus, and TinSulphur

Seven EA cluster microbacteriophages were isolated from soil collected around Philadelphia, PA, using the bacterial host Microbacterium foliorum All of these phages have a highly conserved genome with regions of diversity localized to the 3' end. In phage Phriends (EA1 cluster), this region contains an orpham gene with no known function.
The Use of Learning and Study Strategies Inventory (LASSI) to Investigate Differences Between Low vs High Academically Performing Medical Students

This study examines differences in the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory (LASSI) 10-subscale scores between low and high academically performing medical students relative to internal and external examinations. The LASSI instrument was administered to 180 medical students from three classes (2016, 2017, and 2018). To measure the strength of association between LASSI 10-subscale scores and performance on overall biomedical sciences and the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1, Pearson product-moment correlation analyses were performed. One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc analyses were performed to identify statistically significant differences on LASSI scores between students grouped by quartiles according to their performance on USMLE Step 1 examination (external performance measure) and by their average letter grade in the overall biomedical sciences (internal performance measure). Significant associations were observed between Anxiety, Motivation, and Test Strategies and students’ performance on both overall biomedical sciences and USMLE Step 1 examinations. Anxiety, Motivation, and Test Strategies were different between “A” and “C” students in the overall biomedical sciences. Anxiety, Information Processing, Motivation, Selecting Main Idea, and Test Strategies were significantly different between the upper and lower quartiles in USMLE Step 1 student performance. Anxiety, Motivation and Test Strategies are the main LASSI subscales that were significantly different between high-performing and low-performing students for internal and external examinations. Interestingly, the same LASSI subscales Anxiety, Motivation, and Test Strategies were correlated with students’ performance in internal and external examinations.
Surface-Normal Free-Space Beam Projection via Slow-Light Standing Wave Resonances in Extra-Large Near-Zero Index Grating Couplers

On-chip grating couplers directly connect photonic circuits to free-space light. The commonly used photonic gratings have been specialized for small areas, specific intensity profiles and non-vertical beam projection. This falls short of the precise and flexible wavefront control over large beam areas needed to empower emerging integrated miniaturized optical systems that leverage volumetric light matter interactions, including trapping, cooling, and interrogation of atoms, bio- and chemi- sensing and complex free-space interconnect. The large coupler size challenges general inverse design techniques, and solutions obtained by them are often difficult to physically understand and generalize. Here by posing the problem to a carefully constrained computational inverse design algorithm capable of large area structures, we discover a qualitatively new class of grating couplers. The numerically found solutions can be understood as coupling an incident photonic slab mode to a spatially extended slow-light (near-zero refractive index) region, backed by a Bragg reflector. The structure forms a spectrally broad standing wave resonance at the target wavelength, radiating vertically into free space. A reflection-less adiabatic transition critically couples the incident photonic mode to the resonance, and the numerically optimized lower cladding provides 70 $\%$ overall theoretical conversion efficiency. We have experimentally validated efficient surface normal collimated emission of $\approx$ 90 $\mu$m full width at half maximum Gaussian at the thermally tunable operating wavelength of $\approx$ 780 nm. The variable-mesh-deformation inverse design approach scales to extra-large photonic devices, while directly implementing the fabrication constraints. The deliberate choice of smooth parametrization resulted in a novel type of solution, which is both efficient and physically comprehensible.
Entertainment-Education, American Style: Informing and Studying Hollywood’s Portrayals of Social Issues

In this chapter, we tell the story of the emergence and evolution of a uniquely American form of EE. We discuss how the Hollywood, Health & Society (HH&S) approach differs from both traditional EE as practiced in the developing world and the strategies of advocacy groups in the US. We share several case studies from our outreach to the creative community and research on the content and impact of entertainment narratives. These stories are shared from the perspective of Kate Langrall Folb, an early pioneer in American EE and the director of HH&S since 2012, and Erica Rosenthal, a communication researcher who led HH&S research from 2011 to 2019 and now oversees the broader Lear Center research portfolio. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of lessons learned and best practices.
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: Influence of heterotaxy and venous obstruction on outcomes

Abstract Background Previous studies have demonstrated increased early mortality and pulmonary vein reintervention for patients with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) and heterotaxy syndrome (HTX+) compared with patients with TAPVC without heterotaxy syndrome (HTX-). We aimed to evaluate the longitudinal risk of pulmonary vein reintervention and mortality in HTX + patients. Methods A retrospective review was performed to identify longitudinal interventions in patients with TAPVC seen at a single center from 1995 to 2019. The mean cumulative interventions were described for all patients using the Nelson-Aalen estimator. Survival with TAPVC was described using Kaplan-Meier estimates. Results A total of 336 patients were identified with TAPVC, of whom 118 (35%) had heterotaxy syndrome. Functional single ventricles were identified in 106 of these 118 HTX + patients (90%) and in 14 of 218 HTX- patients (6%) (P Conclusions Among the 4 cohorts, HTX+ was associated with a higher rate of mortality, and HTX+/OBS+ was associated with a greater number of pulmonary vein interventions. This may be due in part to the high prevalence of single ventricle physiology in the HTX + cohort.
Introducing restorative practices into high schools’ multi-tiered systems of support: successes and challenges

We report findings from a recent field test assessing the feasibility of training teachers in implementing restorative practices within a multi-tiered approach to supporting student behavior. First...
Calculated properties of the active site complex of oxidized rubredoxins

In rubredoxins, the simplest class of iron-sulfur, electron-transport proteins, the center of biological activity is a single Fe atom which is surrounded by a distorted tetrahedral array of four cysteine sulfur atoms. In addition to its electron-transport characteristics, a number of physical properties of these proteins have been determined, all of which depend crucially on the conformation and electron distribution and energy of the active site complex. Thus, in this initial study, using a semi-empirical MO program called Iterative Extended Huckel Theory (IEHT), we have calculated the variation in electron distribution and energies of the Fe-S active site complex as a function of its conformation. Ten conformers were chosen which span a symmetry range from that determined by X-Ray crystal structure analysis to an idealized regular tetrahedral symmetry. The differences in electron distribution and electronic energies obtained for these 10 conformers are reflected in all observable properties of the protein calculation of these properties, using the results reported here, are the subject of our subsequent papers in this series.
Long-wavelength VCSELs: the case for all-epitaxial approaches

For about a decade viable vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) in the short wavelength 850-980 nm range have existed based upon the lattice matched InGaAs/AlGaAs/GaAs materials system. Reasonable devices extending into the visible (/spl sim/650 nm) have also been created more recently, generally using AlInGaP active layers. In most cases, devices are grown in a single epitaxial growth step, either by MBE or MOCVD approaches. In some cases, a top dielectric mirror has been employed, but the reliability of such approaches has not been fully verified. To date, all commercially successful devices have used all-epitaxial approaches. The paper reviews recent progress with the various approaches and focus in on the issues involved in the all-epitaxial approaches. From current progress, extrapolated levels of expected performance are also presented.
Is the Universe Made of Massive Neutrinos

The hypothesis that the mass density of the Universe is dominated by massive neutrinos leads to a relationship between the cosmological parameters Ω and H and the characteristic length scale of density fluctuations in the neutrino distribution at recombination. N-body simulations can be used to perform the mild nonlinear extrapolation required to compute a scale for the present neutrino distribution which can be compared directly with the clustering scale of galaxies. If nonlinear structures in the neutrino distribution formed significantly before the present day, the neutrino scale substantially exceeds that of the galaxies for any acceptable set of cosmological parameters. However, formation of structure before a redshift of 4 is required to account for high redshift quasars. The discrepancy is particularly marked in open universes and is exacerbated when it is recognised that in the standard picture galaxies form only from high density material within pancakes.
Cation impurity interactions in Hg1-xCdxTe

Cation impurity gettering in Hg1-xCdxTe is described in the context of kinetic process models which include the interactions of the impurities and the dominant native point defects. Experimental results are presented using SIMS profiles of Au distributions in Hg0.8Cd0.2Te following Hg anneals and ion mills, which are processes known to inject excess Hg interstitials. In either process, Au is shown to redistribute preferentially to high vacancy regions. The junction depth of the low to high Au transition is determined by SIMS. For Hg rich anneals of Au-doped, high vacancy concentration material, the Au junction behavior with respect to anneal temperature, time, and initial vacancy concentration is shown to follow that expected for type converted electrical junctions in vacancy-only material. For milled Au-doped material with a high vacancy concentration, the Au junction depths are found to be approximately proportional to the amount of material removed. Neither the Hg anneals nor the mills form Au junctions in starting material with a low background vacancy concentration.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Bending strength and stiffness of in-grade Douglas-fir and southern pine No. 2 2 × 4 lumber

Douglas-fir (Psuedotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) (DF) and southern pine (Pinus spp.) (SP) trees are increasingly grown on intensively managed plantation forests that yield excellent growth. Lumber cut from these trees often contains a large percentage of juvenile wood, which negatively impacts its strength and stiffness. Design values of lumber must accurately reflect the available forest resource, and because the design values were determined over 25 years ago, questions exist whether wood quality has declined. To help address this, 1488 samples of commercial-grade No. 2 2 × 4 DF and SP lumber were destructively tested in edgewise bending. Mean stiffness of DF and SP was 11.51 and 10.89 GPa, respectively, comparing favorably with the 11.02 GPa mean design values; however, variation for SP was higher than in previous studies. The nonparametric 5th percentile bending strengths for DF and SP were 8.30 and 9.06 MPa, respectively. Both DF and SP tested at less than their design values, 9.3 and 10.34 MPa, re...
Familial Erythroleukemia: A Distinct Clinical and Genetic Type of Familial Leukemias

A family with erythroleukemia is presented, in which father and son were diagnosed at the same age, but 20 years apart, with almost identical clinical and morphological features of the disease. No environmental factors were identified. The karyotypic abnormalities of the bone marrow blasts in the son demonstrated 2 major clones, involving chromosomes 5 and 7, as well as 8, 13, 16 and 21. Both patients demonstrated a poor response to chemotherapy. Previously described families with erythroleukemia are reviewed with available specific karyotypic aberrations.
Efficiently unifying parallel simulation techniques

This paper introduces a unifying technique that is able to combine the advantages of synchronous, conservative and optimistic simulations. The unifying framework is based on optimistic simulation. The optimized optimistic simulation exploits synchronous parallelism by modifying the definition of GVT (Global Virtual Time). Conservative parallelism is exploited by embedding lookahead computation into the optimistic simulation. In the unified framework, a logical process may execute in synchronous mode, conservative mode and optimistic mode. Synchronous mode and conservative mode executions have smaller overhead than optimistic mode execution. The Benchmark results on logic simulation show that the unified technique performs almost as good as the best case of synchronous simulation and performs better than both synchronous and optimistic simulation when the number of processors is large.