cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semantic memory retrieval: analysis by speed accuracy tradeoff functions.

Semantic memory retrieval for verifying category–-example associations was tested by a speed accuracy tradeoff method: present the category for 2 s, present a correct or incorrect example followed, after a variable lag (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 2, or 3 s), by a signal to make a “yes-no” response in about 0.2 s. Although the strength of the category–-example association is higher for high dominance examples of a category, retrieval dynamics did not vary with dominance level. Recognition for category–-example associations appears to be a direct-access (parallel) retrieval process. Priming a category by repeated testing of the same category over three consecutive trials had no effect on either asymptotic strength or retrieval dynamics. Partitioning into short, medium, and long latency responses at each lag produced microtradeoff functions which did not lie on the same macrotradeoff function. Retrieval dynamics were invariant with long-term practice.
An investigation of document structures

Abstract The presence of clustering structure in a document collection and the influence of the presence of clustering structure on the success of cluster-based retrieval are investigated as a function of term-weight and similarity thresholds. The term-weight threshold selects a particular level of indexing exhaustivity for the document representation, and the similarity threshold selects a specific level of the associated single-link hierarchy. Results show clear evidence for clustering structure in the most exhaustive and the least exhaustive subject representations. Results also show that observed values of cluster-based retrieval effectiveness at all exhaustivity levels can be explained by assuming that the pairwise associations responsible for the structure imposed on the document collection are generated randomly. The results suggest that the structure imposed on a small document collection by an automatically produced subject representation is unrelated to the structure imposed on the documents by relevance relationships.
Professionals with Delivery Skills: Backbone of the Health System and Key to Reaching the Maternal Health Millennium Development Goal

The attainment of the fifth Millennium Development Goal requires ad equate national reserves of skilled birth attendants. Nurses, midwives, and their equivalents form the frontline of the formal health system are a critical element of global efforts to reduce ill-health and poverty in the poorest areas of the world. Planning and policies supporting these cadres of workers must be placed high on the development agenda and championed by key international and national players. This article first sets forth an argument for the equity and efficiency of nurses, midwives, and their equivalents as the cadre largely responsible for maternal health. Second, it traces the root causes of neglect of this critical cadre, including a vacuum in political will in the context of poverty, lack of protections for frontline workers, the historical political position of the field of midwifery, lack of a pipeline of secondary school graduates, and gender inequity. Investment in the largely female cadre that cares for the majority of the world’s poorer women has simply not been a high enough priority. Five key policy recommendations include harnessing political will and adequate metrics, protection of frontline workers’ safety and livelihoods, ensuring an adequate pipeline with a focus on girls’ education, donor support for training and professional organizations, and a rapid scale-up of a robust cadre of delivery care professionals. Finally, a call for unified international support of rapid scale-up of cadres of delivery care workers is put forth.
A new class of chaotic circuit

A new class of chaotic electrical circuit using only resistors, capacitors, diodes, and inverting operational amplifiers is {
The formation of secondary organic aerosol from the isoprene + OH reaction in the absence of NO x

Abstract. The reaction of isoprene (C5H8) with hydroxyl radicals has been studied in the absence of nitrogen oxides (NOx) to determine physical and chemical characteristics of the secondary organic aerosol formed. Experiments were conducted using a smog chamber operated in a steady-state mode permitting measurements of moderately low aerosol levels. GC-MS analysis was conducted to measure methyl butenediols in the gas phase and polyols in the aerosol phase. Analyses were made to obtain several bulk aerosol parameters from the reaction including values for the organic mass to organic carbon ratio, the effective enthalpy of vaporization (ΔHvapeff), organic peroxide fraction, and the aerosol yield. The gas phase analysis showed the presence of methacrolein, methyl vinyl ketone, and four isomers of the methyl butenediols. These gas-phase compounds may serve as precursors for one or more of several compounds detected in the aerosol phase including 2-methylglyceric acid, three 2-methyl alkenetriols, and two 2-methyl tetrols. In contrast to most previous studies, the 2-methyl tetrols (and the 2-methyl alkenetriols) were found to form in the absence of acidic sulfate aerosol. However, reaction conditions did not favor the production of HO2 radicals, thus allowing RO2+RO2 reactions to proceed more readily than if higher HO2 levels had been generated. SOA/SOC (i.e. OM/OC) was found to average 1.9 in the absence of NOx. The effective enthalpy of vaporization was measured as 38.6 kJ mol−1, consistent with values used previously in modeling studies. The yields in this work (using an independent technique than used previously) are lower than those of Kroll et al. (2006) for similar aerosol masses. SOC yields reported in this work range from 0.5–1.4% for carbon masses between 17 and 49 μgC m−3.
Longitudinal Course of Behavioral Problems During Alzheimer's Disease Linear Versus Curvilinear Patterns of Decline

Background. Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) are commonly assumed to experience a linear decline in behavioral functioning that parallels progressive cognitive decline. However, some researchers have suggested that specific behavioral problems either decline at different rates or improve in late dementia. Methods. The present analyses examined 150 AD patients at an initial assessment, 61 of whom were also evaluated annually on two additional occasions. Measures of cognitive impairment and behavioral problems were obtained. Results. Cross-sectional results indicated curvilinear associations between dementia severity and certain behavioral problems (forgetful behaviors, and emotional and impulsive behaviors). Longitudinal analyses further indicated trends for curvilinear rates of behavioral disturbance across time, with some problem areas showing improvement as AD progresses through the most severe stages. Conclusions. Even though Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive dementia characterized by increasing cognitive deterioration, it appears to be inaccurate to expect behavioral functioning to show the same linear decline across time.
The Integration of Disability Content into Social Work Education: An Examination of Infused and Dedicated Models

Disability content has been slowly integrated into social work curricula despite the large proportion of social workers supporting people with disabilities and its requirement in social work education by the Council on Social Work Education Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards. Schools of social work offer disability content to their students in three ways: infused, dedicated (specialization), or a combination of both. A content analysis of 1620 course titles and descriptions from the top schools of social work was conducted to assess the integration of disability content into social work curricula. Eighty percent of the schools included disability content in their curriculum. Disability content was more likely to be integrated using the infused rather than the dedicated model.
Ab Initio Study of the Surface Properties and Nanoscale Effects of LiMnPO4

Using first-principles calculations, we investigate the surface energies, equilibrium morphology, and surface redox potentials for LiMnPO 4 in the olivine structure. Low-energy surfaces are found in the [100], [010], [011], [101], [201], and [301] directions of the orthorhombic structure. With the calculated surface energies, we provide the thermodynamic equilibrium shape for the LiMnPO 4 crystal through a Wulff construction. The dominating surfaces in the Wulff shape are (010), (011), and (201). Most of the surfaces in the Wulff shape have lower Li extraction potentials than the bulk, except for the (100) and (011) surfaces.
Comparing results of residents and attending surgeons to determine whether laparoscopic colectomy is safe.

Abstract Background This study was undertaken to compare the technical success and outcomes of laparoscopic colectomy performed by resident surgeons (RS) and attending surgeons (AS). Methods A review of 451 consecutive laparoscopic colectomies performed by 2 surgeons either with or without a general surgery resident. Data reviewed included demographics, diagnoses, operative data, and outcomes. Comparison was made between patients operated on by RS under attending surgeon supervision, and patients operated on by AS alone. Results Of 451 patients, 324 were operated on by RS and 127 by AS. The mean age and preoperative diagnoses were similar between groups. Operative time was significantly longer in the RS group (155 minutes vs. 128 minutes, P P = .31). The incidence of conversion to an open procedure, postoperative complications, and length of stay were similar between groups. Conclusions Supervised RS can safely perform laparoscopic colectomy with results similar to AS. RS take longer to perform the procedure than AS.
Control of stochastic master equation models of genetic regulatory networks by approximating their average behavior

Stochastic master equation (SME) models can provide detailed representation of genetic regulatory system but their use is restricted by the large data requirements for parameter inference and inherent computational complexity involved in its simulation. In this paper, we approximate the expected value of the output distribution of the SME by the output of a deterministic Differential Equation (DE) model. The mapping provides a technique to simulate the average behavior of the system in a computationally inexpensive manner and enables us to use existing tools for DE models to control the system. The effectiveness of the mapping and the subsequent intervention policy design was evaluated through a biological example.
Synergistic increase risk of death and myocardial infarction at one year in patients with concomitant diabetes mellitus and renal failure

Abstract Aims We tested the hypothesis that in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), concomitant diabetes mellitus (DM) and renal failure (RF) increases the short- and long-term risk compared to DM or RF alone. Materials and methods This registry included consecutive patients with AMI treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) who completed 1-year follow-up. The primary outcome included the rate of all causes of death, AMI, and target vessel revascularization (TVR). Results A total of 858 patients were studied in 4 groups: DM and RF, 112 (13.1%); DM alone, 145 (16.9%); RF alone, 134 (15.6%); and no DM or RF, 467 (54.4%). The DM and RF group had more cardiogenic shock, lower ejection fraction, longer hospital stay, and higher peak troponin (all p p p = 0.02), and major adverse cardiac events (HR 1.97, CI 1.23–3.13; p Conclusion The combination of DM and RF is the strongest independent predictor of death and AMI, but not a predictor of TVR. These findings should be evaluated in large prospective studies.
Human Resources Underutilized: The Plight of Women on Campus!.

Legal, cultural, and ethical considerations impact decisions of organizations and those of the individuals who aspire to assume their rightful role in them as students enrolled at universities or as aspiring employees in business firms. An ongoing question emerges, however, concerning the barriers and cultural attitudes toward women (and minorities) versus men. The specific area of study undertaken examined the relationship between several categories of data and the persistence of men and women students in completing their self-selected college major as preparation for employed life after graduation. Implications and challenges of career choices for women wishing to pursue careers in science & math or business management are discussed.
Modeling the seismic response of sedimentary basins

We compare displacements, due to incident SH waves, on the surface of a polyurethane foam model of a two-dimensional semi-cylindrical basin with theoretical results based upon an analytic solution by Trifunac (1971) and obtain excellent agreement. Observations indicate that the SV response is similar to the SH response, except that the SV -induced resonances are of somewhat shorter period. Further measurements are made on a foam model of an idealized alluvial fan. SH responses observed in cross profiles across the mouth and head of the fan indicate that the resonance observed on the deeper foam, at the mouth of the fan, is of longer period than the resonance observed at the head on shallower foam. Finally, the amplitudes on the fan are observed to be somewhat larger for SH and SV waves traveling downdip, than for such waves traveling updip, given the same source-receiver distance and source amplitude. The agreement between theory and experiment for the two-dimensional semicylindrical basin geometry indicates that polyurethane foam with different densities and rigidities can successfully model the seismic responses of piecewise homogeneous linear elastic media in configurations with arbitrarily complicated three-dimensional geometries. Once constructed, such models provide inexpensively the response to various kinds of input motion incident at arbitrary angles. The applicability of foam models to real-earth structures depends upon the validity of assuming linear elastic behavior and piecewise homogeneity.
Abstract W P130: Recovery of "Cortical Deficits" after Thalamic Stroke Related to Changes in Functional Connectivity in Cortex

Background: Thalamic stroke can cause various “higher cortical” deficits, including impaired naming after left thalamic stroke and impaired emotional empathy after right thalamic stroke. Impaired naming is also associated with left inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) lesions, and impaired empathy with right ITG lesions. Deficits after thalamic stroke may be due to diaschisis, or dysfunction of cortex due to impaired input from thalamus. Changes in cortical function can be explored using resting state functional connectivity MRI (rsfcMRI). We tested the hypotheses that in patients with acute ischemic stroke restricted to left or right thalamus with naming/empathy impairment but no motor impairment, connectivity between left and right ITG (but not between left and right precentral gyrus; PrG) is (1) significantly different from that of controls within 3 days of stroke, and (2) normalizes over time with recovery of the naming/empathy impairment. Methods: We evaluated 7 patients with ischemic strokes restricted to the thalamus within 3 days of onset and 7 age-matched controls with rsfcMRI, structural and perfusion MRI, and testing of naming and empathy. Three patients had repeat imaging and cognitive testing. Results: Stroke patients showed significantly higher connectivity between left and right ITG at onset compared to controls (z score= 2.21 vs. 1.42; p=0.04), but showed no difference in connectivity between left and right PrG (z score= 1.87 vs. 1.70; p=0.53). Three patients who showed recovery of naming/empathy showed change in homologous connectivity toward more normal values in ITG, but less change (or change toward less normal values) in PrG from Time 1 to Time 2 (see Figure). Conclusion: In patients with thalamic infarcts, recovery of naming or empathy is associated with “normalization” of homologous connectivity in cortical regions thought to be critical for those cortical functions (e.g. ITG), consistent with recovery from diaschisis.
How social interactions affect emotional memory accuracy: Evidence from collaborative retrieval and social contagion paradigms.

In daily life, emotional events are often discussed with others. The influence of these social interactions on the veracity of emotional memories has rarely been investigated. The authors (Choi, Kensinger, & Rajaram Memory and Cognition, 41, 403–415, 2013) previously demonstrated that when the categorical relatedness of information is controlled, emotional items are more accurately remembered than neutral items. The present study examined whether emotion would continue to improve the accuracy of memory when individuals discussed the emotional and neutral events with others. Two different paradigms involving social influences were used to investigate this question and compare evidence. In both paradigms, participants studied stimuli that were grouped into conceptual categories of positive (e.g., celebration), negative (e.g., funeral), or neutral (e.g., astronomy) valence. After a 48-hour delay, recognition memory was tested for studied items and categorically related lures. In the first paradigm, recognition accuracy was compared when memory was tested individually or in a collaborative triad. In the second paradigm, recognition accuracy was compared when a prior retrieval session had occurred individually or with a confederate who supplied categorically related lures. In both of these paradigms, emotional stimuli were remembered more accurately than were neutral stimuli, and this pattern was preserved when social interaction occurred. In fact, in the first paradigm, there was a trend for collaboration to increase the beneficial effect of emotion on memory accuracy, and in the second paradigm, emotional lures were significantly less susceptible to the “social contagion” effect. Together, these results demonstrate that emotional memories can be more accurate than nonemotional ones even when events are discussed with others (Experiment 1) and even when that discussion introduces misinformation (Experiment 2).
A hydrodynamic theory for the propagation of gaseous detonations through charges of finite width.

elastic media with variable properties subjected to cyclic loading," J. Appl. Mech. 32, 611-619 (1965). 4 Crandall, S. H. and Mark, W. Dv Random Vibrations in Mechanical Systems (Academic Press Inc., New York, 1963). 5 Fung, Y. C., An Introduction to the Theory of Aeroelasticity (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1955), p. 291. 6 Jones, J. W., Fitzgerald, J. E., and Francis, E., "Thermal stress investigation of solid propellant grains," Lockheed Propulsion Co., Redlands, Calif., Rept. 578-F-l, Vol. 1 (May 1963). 7 Jones, J. W. and Cantey, D. E., "Investigations of propellant dynamic response, viscoelastic linearity, and thermorheological behavior," Bulletin of the 3rd Meeting, Inter agency Chemical Rocket Propulsion Group Working Group on Mechanical Behavior (Chemical Propulsion Information Agency, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Silver Spring, Md., 1964), Vol. 1. 8 Williams, M. L., Blatz, P. J., and Schapery, R. A., "Fundamental studies relating to the systems analysis of solid propellants," Graduate Aeronautics Labs., California Institute of Technology, GALCIT SM 61-5 (February 1961).
Funding Loyalty: The Economics of the Communist Party. By Eugenia Belova and Valery Lazarev. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012. Pp. xi, 209. $33.00.)

Did the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) function as a collective ruler of the Soviet Union with residual claims on national income? Did it function as an economic agent, whose primary pu...
A Novel Phenomenological Ligament Modeling Approach Utilizing Robotic Calibration

While total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a successful procedure to mitigate joint pain, there remain improvement opportunities with respect to restoring natural joint feeling and function [1]. It has been shown that prosthesis geometry and the retention of ligaments can have an influence on patient perception of how normal a TKA feels [2]. Numerical knee modeling offers the possibility to improve outcomes of feel and function by comparing the predicted behavior of TKAs using various designs and surgical variables with the behavior of intact knees. The TKA development process also benefits as these analyses and resulting optimizations can be performed in an early design stage.© 2012 ASME
Study of the changes of immune status in children with HFMD caused by EV71 virus

Objective To study the changes of immune status in children with HFMD caused by EV71 virus. Methods HFMD patients were divided into three groups, called the common type, the severe type and critical type,respectively,according to the clinical diagnosis and classification standards, meanwhile, healthy children were taken as a control group. Peripheral blood samples were collected from the case groups and control group, and the concentions of interleukin-13(IL-13) and interferon-γ(IFN-γ) were tested by the chemiluminescence assay, immunoglobulin(IgG, IgA, and IgM) were also tested by the immunoturbidimetric assay, as well as, the relative contents of T cell subsets, B cells and NK cells were tested by Flow cytometry. Results Compared the detected results of three types of HFMD with those of the control group, the levels of IgG, IgA, IgM, IL-13 and IFN-γ were significantly increased, all the differences were statistically significant(P0.01), except the difference of IgG, and IgA between the ordinary type and the control group. Moreover, compared with the three types of HFMD, the concentrations of five indicators were also increased as the disease becoming worsen, all the differences were statistically significant(P0.01). Compared the common type group with the control group, the percentage of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+were slightly increased, but the differences were not statistically significant(P0.05). Meanwhile, the percentage of CD16+56+and CD19+were dramatically increased, the differences were statistically significant(P0.01). Compared the other two types with the control group, the percentage of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+and CD16+56+were significantly decreased, but CD19+was significantly increased, and all the differences were statistically significant(P0.01). However, the ratio of CD4+/CD8+did not change drastically, and there were no differences among all the groups(P0.05). Compared the three types of HFMD with each other, the percentage of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+and CD16+56+were decreased continuously as the disease becoming worsen, while the CD19+were increased constantly, all the differences were statistically significant(P0.01). Conclusion The children with HFMD caused by EV71 infection exist functional disorders of cell immunity, humoral immunity and innate immune, and related with severity of the disease.
Multiple Imputation When Rate of Change Is The Outcome of Interest

Little research has been devoted to multiple imputation (MI) of derived variables. This study investigates various MI approaches for the outcome, rate of change, when the analysis model is a two-stage linear regression. Simulations showed that competitive approaches depended on the missing data mechanism and presence of auxiliary terms.
Structural Change in Competitive Balance in Big-Time College Football

Competitive balance is an important element of fan preferences in sports industries. We analyze the time series behavior of competitive balance measures over the entire histories of each of the current US. “Power 5” football conferences. Competitive balance has been remarkably stable. All series are stationary by unit root tests. None of the very few structural break points that we do find coincide with economy-wide shocks (wars and the Great Depression) or with any particular college-football-wide policy alteration. This has important implications for sports researchers and for policy in the “big-time” college football industry.
A single institution's experience and journey with over 1000 laparoscopic fundoplications for gastroesophageal reflux disease.

There have been great advances in laparoscopic surgery for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), including laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) surgery. This study details our experience with over 1000 patients undergoing fundoplication for GERD and the journey therein. A total of 1078 patients have been prospectively followed after fundoplication. Patients scored the frequency/severity of symptoms using a Likert scale (0 = never/not bothersome to 10 = always/very bothersome). We compared the outcomes of the first and last 100 patients. Median data are reported. Of 1078 patients, 943 underwent conventional laparoscopic fundoplication and 135, most recently, underwent LESS fundoplication. Before fundoplication, patients noted frequent/severe symptoms (e.g., heartburn: frequency = 8, severity = 8). Fundoplication ameliorated frequency/severity of symptoms (e.g., heartburn: frequency = 2, severity = 0; less than preoperatively, P < 0.05). Relative to our first 100 patients, patients after LESS surgery had similar symptom control (e.g., heartburn: frequency = eight to two vs eight to zero, severity = eight to one vs six to one) but had shorter hospital stays (2 vs 1 day, P < 0.05) and had no apparent scars. Laparoscopic fundoplication provides durable and efficacious treatment for GERD; long-term symptom resolution and patient satisfaction support its continued application. The advent of LESS surgery advances surgeons' abilities to provide safe and salutary care while promoting cosmesis.
Metabolic alterations following continent urinary diversion through colonic segments.

AbstractThis study examined acid-base metabolism in patients with continent colonic urinary diversions and compared them to a control population. Diverted patients demonstrated mild acidosis and a urinary acidification defect. Ammonium chloride loading failed to demonstrate any major differences in the ability of these patients to handle an acute acid challenge. Continent colonic urinary diversions do not appear to create significant acid-base changes in patients with normal hepatic and renal function.
Garden: a mixed reality experience

Garden is a mixed reality (MR) experience on the Project Tango mounted with the Durovis Dive headset. It allows the player to walk around freely in large spaces and avoid obstacles, while immersed in the virtual world. It achieves this using real-time 3d reconstruction to bring the real world into virtual space. The real world is represented using minecraft-style voxels for easy rendering and texturing. We spawn game elements on tables and on the floors using the scanned geometry to recognize flat features. We also allow users to interact with these objects using just their hands and feet. With these features combined, we enable users to intuitively explore and interact with an alternate, virtual space as they do in the real world.
John Foxe and the Earliest Readers of William Tyndale's The Practyse of Prelates (1530) [with illustrations]

AbstractBible translator and reformer William Tyndale's The Practyse of Prelates (1530) has languished in obscurity or enjoyed a largely unfavorable reputation among most critics who have commented on it. Contemporary readers viewed this book differently. Tyndale adapted the fable of the Oak and the Briar from classical, Continental, and biblical sources as an allegory of the abuse of papal authority. When the martyrologist John Foxe adopted this specific allegory from Tyndale as partial basis for his revision of Acts and Monuments in its expanded, second edition (1570), he substantially amplified the reach of Tyndale's ideas. Handwritten marginalia located in surviving, sixteenth‐century copies of Tyndale's book supply evidence that Tyndale's earliest readers engaged Tyndale's thought in a manner which supports Foxe's use of Tyndale's arguments.
CHAPTER 133 – Sodium/Calcium Exchange

Early measurements suggested that the cardiac and neuronal exchangers both had coupling ratios of 3 Na + : 1 Ca 2+ , and that these two ion species were the only ones translocated by the exchanger. Subsequently, a Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger was identified in the PM of photoreceptor cells. The photoreceptor exchanger was also dependent upon k + and appeared to have a coupling ratio of 4Na + :(1Ca 2+ +1K + ). This latter exchanger is therefore designated as the Na/(Ca,K) exchanger or NCKX. The plasma membrane (PM) Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger (NCX) is one of the critical mechanisms involved in Ca 2+ homeostasis and the regulation of Ca 2+ signaling in most cells. The PM NCX was discovered about 35 years ago in mammalian cardiac muscle and squid neurons. It uses energy from the Na + electrochemical gradient, and not directly from ATP, to transport Ca 2+ . Therefore, as we shall see, a critical aspect of the exchanger's function is that it may either export or import Ca 2+ , depending upon the NCX coupling ratio and the prevailing membrane potential and Na + concentration gradient. The Na + gradient and membrane potential are maintained by the ATP-dependent, ouabainsensitive Na + pump (Na + , K + -ATPase). A mitochondrial membrane Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger has also been identified but has been less well characterized than the PM NCX. Recent, more extensive reviews of NCX structure and function should be consulted for details.
Utility of iron oxide nanoparticles in the radiographic diagnosis of CNS lymphoma and inflammatory diseases.

2077 Background: Ferumoxytol, an ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (USPIO), is approved for intravenous treatment of iron deficiency in chronic renal failure. The package insert warns of potential alterations of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our initial animal studies provided evidence of USPIO uptake by macrophages and lymphoreticular cells suggesting its potential in CNS lymphoma (CNSL), post transplant lymphoproliferative disease, or CNS inflammation (i.e. multiple sclerosis). The mechanism of USPIO enhancement differs from gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA), which optimally image areas of increased vascular permeability. Methods: USPIO was administered as an MRI contrast agent to 20 patients with presumptive or de facto diagnosis of CNSL or CNS inflammation. Seventeen of 20 patients underwent both USPIO- and gadolinium-based MRI. Three patients received only USPIO due to risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) with GBCA exposure. In the pilot phase of the study, patient...
Emerging treatment using tubulin inhibitors in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Tubulin inhibitors including taxanes and vinca alkaloids are important components of chemotherapy regimens used in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Despite a treatment paradigm shift due to molecularly-targeted therapies and immunotherapy, a majority of patients will receive chemotherapy during their treatment course. Either used alone or in combination, tubulin inhibitors have demonstrated clinical benefits in different settings of lung cancer management.Areas covered: This review first discusses FDA-approved tubulin inhibitors for NSCLC, such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, vinorelbine, and nab-paclitaxel. The article then provides a summary of novel tubulin inhibitors, including cabazitaxel, eribulin, ixabepilone, patupilone, plinabulin, new colchicine analogues and others. It also discusses new tubulin inhibitor combinations with immunotherapy (PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors) and molecularly-targeted therapies (e.g. anti-angiogenic agents, mTOR inhibitors, heat shock protein 90 inhi...
Community Engagement with Free and Open Source Software

A common refrain from Senior Exit Surveys and Alumni Surveys is the desire to work on "real-world," "practical" and "hands-on" projects using industry-ready tools and development environments. To assuage this, institutions have moved towards adopting Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) as an avenue to provide meaningful, applied learning interventions to students. Through these experiences, students benefit from engagement with various communities including: the community of contributors to the FOSS project; the community of local software developers; the community of citizens who reside in the local area; the community of students at their institution and others; and, the community of people impacted by the FOSS project. These engagements motivate students, enhance their communication and technical skills, allow them to grow and become more confident, help them form professional networks, and provide the "real-world" projects they seek. In this panel, we will discuss our experiences in engaging students with five different types of communities as part of incorporating FOSS into our courses, focusing on how other educators can provide the same benefits to their students as well. In order to satisfy the time constraints of the panel, the last two authors will present together.
Who Is Responsible for the Gender Gap? The Dynamics of Men’s and Women’s Democratic Macropartisanship, 1950–2012:

I argue the gender gap is a function of men and women changing their partisanship as they seek the best representation of their gendered social identity from the political parties. Specifically, sh...
Kirin Meteorite: Temperature Gradient Produced During Atmospheric Passage

Thermoluminescence (TL) is used to determine the temperature gradient produced in the Kirin, China meteorite by heating during atmospheric passage. The experimentally determined gradient of ∼51 °C/mm is more than twice as large as previously published values for other meteorites and agrees more closely with the theoretical predictions of a steady-state continuous ablation model. The normalized TL measured in the interior of the fragment is nearly constant over a distance of two centimeters.
How Job Pressure Affects R&D Productivity

(1977). How Job Pressure Affects R&D Productivity. Research Management: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 35-37.
Effects of Die-Attach Voids on the Thermal Impedance of Power Electronic Packages

Thermal runaway is among the major failure mechanisms of power semiconductor packages. Thermal dissipation of power electronics depends on the quality of the solder die-attach, any defects such as voids, and delamination-impede heat dissipation that results in hot spots that can cause thermal runaway and/or a premature device failure. Therefore, investigation of thermal impact due to die-attach defects is indispensable for improved device performance and reliability. In this paper, transient dual interface measurement is used to characterize the thermal path of a power electronic package consisting of an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) and copack diode. The die-attach defects were identified by X-ray imaging. The impact of voids on thermal dissipation was quantified by junction-to-case thermal resistance and structure function analysis. The junction-to-case thermal resistance (IGBT) values were found to be increasing with the increase in void%. The largest void% instead of the total void% has a greater impact on the thermal dissipation of the devices. However, die-attach voids under the IGBT die have no impact on junction-to-case thermal resistance (diode), suggesting that the copack diode heat path is independent of the IGBT heat path.
Toward the Hybridization of Value: Firm Value Orientations and Collective Stakeholder Outcomes

Despite burgeoning research on how firm financial performance is affected by a broader orientation toward social value, we know much less about how an orientation toward financial value or social v...
Pediatric ACL Reconstruction and Return to the Operating Room: Revision Is Less Than Half of the Story.

Background Although there are several causes of unplanned return to the operating room (RTOR) following pediatric anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR), prior outcomes studies focus primarily on the risk of graft failure. We sought to comprehensively describe indications for RTOR in pediatric primary ACLR patients, estimate associated rates of RTOR, and assess the impact of concomitant meniscal procedures on these rates. Methods This retrospective cohort study considered patients who underwent primary ACLR at an urban, pediatric tertiary care hospital between 2013 and 2015. Cohorts were defined based on the presence or absence of a concomitant surgical meniscal procedure with the index ACLR. The primary outcome was RTOR for an indication pertaining to ACLR or a potential predilection for knee injury. Cases of RTOR were cataloged and classified according to indication. Survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier estimation and competing-risks regression. Comparisons of any-cause RTOR rates were done using log-rank tests. Results After exclusion criteria were applied, 419 subjects were analyzed. RTOR indications were organized into 5 categories. The overall rate for any RTOR by 3 years after surgery was 16.5%. Graft failure and contralateral ACL tear were the most common indications for RTOR, with predicted rates of 10.3% and 7.1%, respectively. ACL graft failure accounted for less than half of RTOR cases cataloged. Patients who had a concomitant meniscus procedure had lower rates of RTOR. Conclusions Approximately 1 in 6 pediatric ACLR patients underwent ≥1 repeat surgery within 3 postoperative years for indications ranging from wound breakdown to contralateral ACL rupture. While previous studies revealed high rates of complication after pediatric ACLR due primarily to graft failure, we found that re-tear is responsible for less than half of the 3-year RTOR risk. As almost half of re-tears in our sample occurred before clearance to return to full activities, we suspect that the high rate of complication is largely attributable to pediatric patients' high activity levels and difficulties adhering to postoperative restrictions. Early treatment of meniscus pathology may reduce rates of RTOR. Level of evidence Level III-therapeutic.
Fire and Floods: The Recovery of Headwater Stream Systems Following High-Severity Wildfire

This study examined the recovery of both physical and biotic characteristics of small (<0.1 m3 sec−1) headwater stream systems impacted by the Dude Fire, which occurred in central Arizona, USA, in 1990. Data collected prior to the fire from 1986 to1988 was compared to similar data collected at various points after the fire though 2011 in order to assess changes in the geomorphology and macroinvertebrate communities over the 21-year time period. Additionally, several environmental parameters of the impacted streams were compared to neighboring unburned headwater streams in order to determine recovery status. The study hypothesized that the headwater aquatic ecosystems impacted by the Dude Fire have yet to recover to unburned reference conditions. Results show that flooding, which occurred following the fire, resulted in incision in excess of 0.5 m across some stream transects and is continuing to cause shifts in dominant substrate particle size. Macroinvertebrate richness, diversity, and abundance were altered from prefire conditions up to a decade after the fire. Streamside canopy cover across burned streams remained 28 % lower on average. Lower concentrations of key stream nutrients, including nitrate (NO3 −) and phosphate (PO4 3−), within impacted streams are still evident. Increases in summer stream temperatures due to the loss of streamside canopy cover continue to have an adverse affect on salmonid habitat. Thus, the process of recovery is closely tied to streamside vegetation and hydrologic disturbance patterns following the fire event, and will extend beyond the 21-year time period of this study.
Microarrays in the Brain: Can They Be Used for Brain–Machine Interface Control?

No one today doubts that the functions of our minds are derived from the operations of our brains. A separate issue is whether we understand our brains well enough to transition from the passive measurement/observation of the scientist to the active manipulation/control of an engineer. If we consider the capacity of motor control, every movement we make begins and ends as some evolving pattern of neuronal spiking activity in a distributed motor circuit that controls body motion via the spinal cord. When someone suffers from neurological impairment, the link between this neural circuit and the body is disrupted leading to debilitating movement deficits. Do we know enough about the motor system to intervene in such cases and extract the movement intention right out of the brain, using it to drive an artificial device? Are brain–machine interfaces currently feasible? This chapter discusses the state of the art of this provocative neurotechnology.
Quantitative Arterial Tortuosity Suggests Arteriopathy in Children With Cryptogenic Stroke.

Background and Purpose— Quantitative arterial tortuosity (QAT) is a ratio of vessel length between 2 points to the shortest linear distance between same points. QAT has been reported as an imaging biomarker of arteriopathy in pediatric arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) because of dissection and transient cerebral arteriopathy. We sought to determine whether QAT abnormalities are present in other subtypes of pediatric AIS. Methods— Children with AIS-absent conventional biomarkers of arteriopathy and case–controls who underwent magnetic resonance angiography were classified by stroke mechanism. The primary study population consisted of cryptogenic AIS cases. AIS with bow hunter physiology and cardiogenic emboli were also evaluated. AIS because of nontraumatic dissection served as positive controls. Patients without vascular risk factors served as negative controls. Segmental QAT of cervicocerebral arteries were measured using automated image processing and differences between groups analyzed. Results— In negative controls, QAT showed significant age-related variability for most arterial segments. Positive controls showed significantly increased QAT of the distal extracranial vertebral arteries (VAs) and decreased QAT of the intracranial VA relative to negative controls. Cryptogenic stroke and bow hunter physiology cases were similar to positive controls showing increased QAT of the distal extracranial VA and decreased QAT of the intracranial VA relative to negative controls. Cardioembolic stroke cases were similar to negative controls showing decreased QAT of the distal extracranial VA and increased QAT of the intracranial VA relative to positive controls. Conclusions— Pediatric cryptogenic stroke is frequently associated with cervicocerebral arteriopathies expressing altered QAT. QAT may be a diagnostic biomarker of arteriopathy in pediatric AIS.
Influence of End-Block Dynamics on Deformation Behavior of Thermoresponsive Elastin-like Polypeptide Hydrogels

End-block association dynamics are known to influence deformation behavior in block copolymer systems. The ability to obtain precisely sequence controlled systems can help inform this deformation behavior, which is often influenced by dispersity in sequence and molar mass. Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are a class of protein that consists of a sequence of five amino acids (XPGVG) that thermoresponsively aggregate in solution. These ELPs can be used as end-blocks in triblock fusion proteins with coiled-coil associating midblock domains to result in dual-associating, network-forming materials. By modifying the standard glycine-containing ELP sequence (XPGVG) to instead contain alanine in the third position of the repeat sequence (XPAVG), it is possible to improve the properties of the material in both shear and extension. In extension at 50 °C, the alanine-containing triblock (A10P4A10) and the glycine-containing triblock (G10P4G10) have similar Young’s moduli. However, while G10P4G10 yields and breaks w...
A Causal Calculus for Statistical Research

A calculus is proposed that admits two conditioning operators: ordinary Bayes conditioning, P (y|X = x), and causal conditioning, P (y|set(X = x)), that is, conditioning P (y) on holding X constant (at x) by external intervention. This distinction, which will be supported by three rules of inference, will permit us to derive probability expressions for the combined effect of observations and interventions. The resulting calculus yields simple solutions to a number of interesting problems in causal inference and should allow rank-and-file researchers to tackle practical problems that are generally considered too hard, or impossible. Examples are: 1. Deciding whether the information available in a given observational study is sufficient for obtaining consistent estimates of causal effects. 2. Deriving algebraic expressions for causal effect estimands. 3. Selecting measurements that would render randomized experiments unnecessary. 4. Selecting a set of indirect (randomized) experiments to replace direct experiments that are either infeasible or too expensive. 5. Predicting (or bounding) the efficacy of treatments from randomized trials with imperfect compliance. Starting with nonparametric specification of structural equations, the paper establishes the semantics necessary for a theory of interventions, presents the three rules of inference, and proposes an operational definition of structural equations.
Posttraumatic Enophthalmos and Three-Dimensional Imaging

Enophthalmos following trauma occurs secondary to an increase in orbital volume although traumatic atrophy of soft tissue may play a role [1]. Whether presenting in the acute or chronic phase, such cases can be challenging to evaluate and manage. Patients will report abnormalities in blink, ocular discomfort, visible deformity, or diplopia. Globe projection asymmetry of 2 mm or greater is typically cosmetically noticeable [2, 3]. In this chapter, we review the relevant anatomy of the orbit, the pathophysiology of enophthalmos, mechanisms of injury, evaluation, and management. Other masqueraders of traumatic enophthalmos will be discussed. The use of modern three-dimensional imaging techniques and its role in reconstruction will also be examined.
Sex Differences in the Educational and Occupational Goals of Black College Students

One of the events that has characterized the era under consideration is the ongoing, often lively discussion on the theory of a black matriarchy. This chapter will look at the history of this discussion through the era and then present data that should be relevant to testing the viability of one aspect of the theory.
Multidisciplinary Treatment Reduces Pain and Increases Function in Children With Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders.

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are common in children and adolescents, frequently resulting in extensive testing, school absenteeism, disability, and poor quality of life.1-3 FGIDs result from a complex interplay between genetic predisposition, biological triggers, and psychosocial triggers, and are best explained by the biopsychosocial model.1 Although this implies the necessity of multidisciplinary treatment, studies showing the efficacy of such an intervention are lacking. We describe the outcome of children with severe FGIDs treated in a multidisciplinary program.