cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study of robust stability for discrete-time systems

A theorem is established to study the robust stability of a set of specified rectangle polynomials. It is shown that, for the defined super rectangle, the stability of all of the vertex polynomials for a discrete-time system can ensure the stability of all of the polynomials inside the rectangle. This is a counterpart of Kharitonov's theorem (weak version) for discrete-time systems. For interval polynomials, a sufficient condition is presented to check the stability of the whole set of polynomials, which has shown to be better than that given in N.K. Bose and E. Zeheb (1988). >
Investigation of the Utility of the Audible Alert in Recent Generation Medtronic Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators.

BACKGROUND Medtronic implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs; Medtronic Inc., Mounds View, MN, USA) are equipped with Patient Alert™, a feature in which the ICD generator emits a series of audible tones to notify patients of possible system malfunction. A prior study of this issue revealed that only 50% of patients with older Medtronic devices were able to hear alerts. More recently, Medtronic has incorporated modifications to the alert. Therefore, we studied how frequently alert tones emitted by the current generation of Medtronic ICDs are audible by patients. METHODS A series of patients were evaluated in an outpatient ICD clinic. Alert tones were demonstrated using a device programmer in a quiet room and in the presence of low-level background noise. Patients reported whether they heard the tones, and they completed questionnaires regarding the tones. RESULTS The total sample size was 100 patients, 81 male, who ranged from 29 years to 94 years of age (mean age 72.1 ± 11.8). Among the study subjects, 46% were older than 75 years, 41% were between 55 years and 75 years, and 13% were younger than 55 years. In the absence of background noise, 94% of patients were able to hear both alerts, 1% heard only one alert, and 5% heard neither. In the presence of background noise, 88% of patients heard both the alerts, 7% heard only one alert, and 5% heard neither alerts. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that alert tones in recent generation Medtronic ICDs have improved audibility, compared to prior published data, among a large outpatient ICD population.
Widespread Distribution of Dehalococcoides mccartyi in the Houston Ship Channel and Galveston Bay, Texas, Sediments and the Potential for Reductive Dechlorination of PCDD/F in an Estuarine Environment

Sediments in the Houston Ship Channel and upper Galveston Bay, Texas, USA, are polluted with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/F; ≤46,000 ng/kg dry weight (wt.)) with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic congener, contributing >50 % of the total toxic equivalents (TEQ) at most locations. We measured PCDD/F concentrations in sediments and evaluated the potential for enhanced in situ biodegradation by surveying for Dehalococcoides mccartyi, an obligate organohalide respiring bacterium. Dehalococcoides spp. (98 % similar to D. mccartyi) and 22 other members of the class Dehalococcoidia were predominant 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) phylotypes. Dehalococcoides spp. were also present in the active fraction of the bacterial community. Presence/absence PCR screening detected D. mccartyi in sediment cores and sediment grab samples having at least 1 ng/kg dry wt. TEQ at salinities ranging from 0.6 to 19.5 PSU, indicating that they are widespread in the estuarine environment. Organic carbon-only and organic carbon + sulfate-amended sediment microcosm experiments resulted in ∼60 % reduction of ambient 2,3,7,8-TCDD in just 24 months leading to reductions in total TEQs by 38.4 and 45.0 %, respectively, indicating that 2,3,7,8-TCDD degradation is occurring at appreciable rates.
In type 1 diabetes, adding liraglutide to insulin increased hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia with ketosis

Source Citation Mathieu C, Zinman B, Hemmingsson JU, et al. Efficacy and safety of liraglutide added to insulin treatment in type 1 diabetes: The ADJUNCT ONE treat-to-target randomized trial. Diabe...
Visual methodologies for research with refugee youth

AbstractIn the current moment of social, political, economic and environmental disquiet, unprecedented numbers of children have been forced to leave their homes and settle in new communities. As schools worldwide receive increasing numbers of refugee youth, there is a pressing need for thoughtful educational research that inquires into the unique individual needs and experiences of displaced learners. Given that students’ journeys are shaped by movements across physical, cultural and linguistic spaces, we suggest that related scholarship might benefit from Third Space theory. Within this theoretical framework, neither language nor culture is static. Rather, both are continuously shaped through interactions – including those that are non-verbal. For students who may be learning in an unfamiliar language, visual methodologies offer a means and venue for communication. To explore how refugee youth might benefit from Third Space theory and visual methodologies, we first review scholarship that examines how ch...
Abstract 217: Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction is Associated With Increased Risk of Osteoporosis

Background A growing body of evidence links coronary artery atherosclerosis and calcification to osteoporosis in women. Coronary endothelial dysfunction (CED) is associated with adverse cardiovascular events. We aimed to study the association of CED and development of osteoporosis. Methods Coronary vascular reactivity was evaluated in 225 women, greater than age 50, with non-obstructive coronary arteries, by administration of intracoronary acetylcholine during diagnostic angiography. CED was defined as Results The average age of the cohort was 60 years. Of 225 women, 60% (135) had CED. 18.2% (41 of 225 women) developed osteoporosis during follow-up. Women with CED were twice more likely to develop osteoporosis vs. women without CED (23% vs. 11.1%, p=0.024). Women who developed osteoporosis compared to those who did not had a markedly lower response (% change) in CBF: median (IQR)-4.3 (-28.3, 51.7) vs. 39.9 (-8.2, 106.0), p=0.007. In univariate analysis, CED was significantly associated with development of osteoporosis (p=0.024, relative risk 2.07, 95% CI: 1.07, 4.00). Multivariate analysis indicated CED as an independent predictor of osteoporosis (p=0.04). Discussion Endothelial dysfunction may account for or share similar mechanisms with development of osteoporosis in cardiac patients.
The ABC(E1)s of Ribosome Recycling and Reinitiation

In a recent issue of Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, Heuer et al. (2017) present a 3.9-A cryo-EM structure of the 40S:ABCE1 post-splitting complex. This structure provides new insights into a dual role for ABCE1 in translation recycling and reinitiation and revisits the interpretation of Simonetti et al. (2016).
Uncertainty estimates of tracer gas dilution flow measurements in large-scale exhaust ducts.

Abstract Accurate measurements of volume or mass flow in large conduits can be difficult to achieve due to non-ideal flow characteristics such as asymmetry of the velocity profile and off-axis flow components due to swirl. The tracer gas dilution method is independent of these and other non-ideal flow characteristics, but relies on the conservation and uniform mixing of the tracer. This study demonstrates the application of the tracer gas dilution method to measure the volume flow in a large-scale exhaust duct used for flue gas venting. The estimated measurement uncertainty was less than ± 3.5% and considered contributions from instrumentation, degree of mixing, and repeatability of the method. This level of uncertainty demonstrates that the method can be applied as an independent comparison or quality check for other flow measurement methods in large exhaust ducts or flow conduits.
Misspecified Discrete Choice Models and Huber-White Standard Errors

I analyze properties of misspecified discrete choice models and the efficacy of Huber-White (sometimes called ‘robust’) standard errors. The Huber-White correction provides asymptotically correct standard errors for a consistent estimator from a misspecified model. There is little justification for using Huber-White standard errors in discrete choice models since misspecification usually leads to inconsistent estimators. I derive necessary and sufficient conditions for consistency of the maximum likelihood estimator of any potentially misspecified random utility model (e.g. conditional logit). I also derive (easily satisfied) sufficient conditions for consistent estimation of the sign of the data generating parameter. It follows the researcher can consistently test the sign (or nullity) of the parameter from the data generating process using the (possibly) misspecified conditional logit. I investigate small sample properties of the Huber-White estimator via a simulation study and find the correction provides little to no improvement for inferences.
The lifestyle influence: "do as I say, not as I do".

Physicians should be aware of the influence that their observable health and lifestyle habits have on patients. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
The ATF-1 and the WISTOR-U

Neither of the two large American stellarator experiments, namely the C stellarator at Princeton that went out of operation in 1968 and the high β Scyllac at Los Alamos that was terminated in 1977, were very successful. This was in part because of unawareness of the mathematical subtlety of the equilibrium and stability problems that arise in the design of such devices. Several sounder proposals for stellarator or torsatron experiments have recently been under consideration in the United States. In drawing up the new proposals use has been made of three-dimensional equilibrium and stability codes [3, 22, 43], and extensive calculations have been performed to trace magnetic field lines and particle orbits as well as to assess particle transport by Monte Carlo methods [20, 36]. Here and in Chapter 9 we shall describe some predictions about the proposed configurations that follow from an application of our equilibrium and stability code.
Hemingway’s Aging Heroes and the Concept of Phronesis

This article explores the concept of phronesis (“practical wisdom”) in four aging protagonists in Ernest Hemingway's works ranging from the short story “A Clean Well-Lighted Place” to the novella The Old Man and the Sea. Phronesis represents an understanding of the “ways of the world, an acute sensitivity to a critical logic of human existence that can be attained only through extensive experience and suffering.” The four aging protagonists are examples of Hemingway's definition of aging “productively and profitably by purchasing an inner peace that consists of an intuitive system of continuous adjustment to the exigencies of daily living.”
Coming to Know Ohio Hopewell Peoples Better: Topics for Future Research, Masters’ Theses, and Doctoral Dissertations

How does one come to know another? For archaeologists who are students of a past society, its people, and their culture, this is an essential question. Necessarily, understanding people in another culture and arriving at views that are faithful to theirs come from immersing oneself in the details of their lives, and the social, cultural, natural, and historical contexts in which their lives were lived out. Only by situating oneself in their world and developing an awareness of their ideas, actions, responses, and sensitivities in varying contexts can one hope to begin to experience their lives as they did – to gain insight into their motivations and preferences and limitations, and the choices in thought and deed that they made. For an archaeologist, this situating process can be done only by reconstructing the particulars of past people’s lives, which means fine-grained, contextualizing, and expansive exploration of archaeological data.
Adsorption model development for mass transport characteristics of MFEP structure by physisorption method

Abstract A novel heterogeneous contacting structure, microfibrous entrapped particles (MFEP) structure, was developed to intensify chemical processes including heterogeneous catalytic reactions and the gas–solid adsorption process. MFEP is characterized by its extremely high heat and mass transfer efficiency, which is critical for thermal and/or mass transfer limited reactions. To investigate the mass transport characteristics of MFEP, a physisorption (hexane adsorption onto activated carbon) was used as a probe process. A theoretical adsorption model was developed based on the linear driving force approximation and constant pattern behavior. Mass transfer mechanisms including external diffusion, intraparticle molecular diffusion, Knudsen diffusion, and surface diffusion, were considered in the model. This model was then used to analyze the experimental breakthrough data and calculate the mass transfer coefficient. The experimental results showed that for MFEP with a particle diameter of approximately 200 µm, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient is more than 10 times higher than that of a packed bed. Combining the experimental results and theoretical analysis, it was also found that in the particle diameter range of 2000 to 100 µm, the system’s mass transfer resistance is primarily the result of both the external and internal mass transfer resistances. This leads to the conclusion that decreasing the particles size can effectively increase the mass transfer rate. However, when the particle size is less than 100 µm, axial dispersion becomes the rate-limiting resistance, potentially reducing the residence time of the adsorbate in the adsorbent bed. The current study was aimed at understanding the mass transfer behavior in the MFEP structure, and optimizing of MFEP for specific heterogeneous contacting applications.
Automating material image analysis for material discovery

Advancements in temporal and spatial resolutions of microscopes promise to expand the frontiers of understanding in materials science. Imaging techniques produce images at a high-frame rate, streaming out a tremendous amount of data. Analysis of all these images is time-consuming and labor intensive, creating a bottleneck in material discovery that needs to be overcome. This paper summarizes recent progresses in machine learning and data science for expediting and automating material image analysis. The discussion covers both static image and dynamic image analyses, followed by remarks concerning ongoing efforts and future needs in automated image analysis that accelerates material discovery.
Effect of Mg dissolution on cyclic voltammetry and open circuit potentiometry of molten MgCl2–KCl–NaCl candidate heat transfer fluid for concentrating solar power

Abstract Molten chloride salts have recently gained attention for application to heat transfer and thermal energy storage in concentrating solar power (CSP) plants. In this study, we studied the electrochemical effect of addition of hydroxide ions and/or dissolved metals added to MgCl2–KCl–NaCl salt mixture. Open circuit potentiometry indicated that the salt's redox potential increased with addition of hydroxide ions and decreased with the addition of soluble magnesium metal. Cyclic voltammetry indicated that a reduction peak associated with hydroxides vanished with addition of Mg0. Hydrogen gas was evolved when a mixture of Mg metal and MgCl2–KCl–NaCl containing NaOH was heated to 650 °C. These results demonstrate the benefit and mechanism for redox potential control in this salt using dissolved Mg metal.
Sinners or Saints? Top Underwriters, Venture Capitalists, and IPO Underpricing

This paper examines strategic interactions between venture capitalists (VCs) and top underwriters in the IPO process. We test two contrasting hypotheses: certification and rent extraction. On the one hand, the joint involvement of VCs and top underwriters can amplify their certification effect, reducing IPO underpricing. On the other hand, the rent extraction incentives of VCs and top underwriters, particularly in a repeated dealing context, can increase underpricing. We test these contrasting effects on IPO underpricing in the cross-section and around two regulatory shocks. First, VC-backed IPOs, VC-backed deals with top underwriters, and deals with stronger VC-underwriter ties exhibit greater underpricing. The cross-sectional results continue to hold in two-stage least squares estimation with geographical instruments. Second, the 2012 JOBS Act decreased disclosures by issuers and increased informational asymmetry. We find that IPO underpricing increased among VC-backed IPOs involving top underwriters after the JOBS Act. Third, a 2003 NASD rule limited explicit rents that may be extracted from preferential allocations of new IPO issues. We find that VC-backed IPO underpricing declined after the shock, and the effect was concentrated among VC-backed deals involving top underwriters and VCs with ties to underwriters. Importantly, we find no effect of top underwriters alone unless a VC is also involved. The observed decline in IPO underpricing cannot be explained by analyst involvement or the passage of Regulation FD. Moreover, repeat dealing between large institutions and underwriters similarly increases underpricing, but the effect does not explain the role of VC-underwriter ties and does not decline after the 2003 shock. Overall, our results support rent extraction, shed new light on the effects of VC backing, underwriters, and institutions on IPO underpricing, and emphasize the role of strategic interactions between them in the post-dot-com period.
The Autoimmune Brain: A Five-Step Plan for Treating Chronic Pain, Depression, Anxiety, Fatigue, and Attention Disorders

This year, 2019 saw the publication of The Autoimmune Brain1 that explains the background and application of I-Cubed, shorthand for post-infectious immunity and autoimmunity that is closely associated with the causes of common and rare neuropsychiatric illnesses.
Reactive Astrocytes as Therapeutic Targets for Brain Degenerative Diseases: Roles Played by Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors

Astrocytes are well known to play critical roles in the development and maintenance of the central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, recent reports indicate that these cells are heterogeneous with respect to the molecules they express and the functions they exhibit in the quiescent or activated state. Because astrocytes also contribute to pathology, promising new results raise the possibility of manipulating specific astroglial populations for therapeutic roles. In this mini-review, we highlight the function of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), in particular mGluR3 and mGluR5, in reactive astrocytes and relate these to three degenerative CNS diseases: multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Previous studies demonstrate that effects of these receptors may be beneficial, but this varies depending on the subtype of receptor, the state of the astrocytes, and the specific disease to which they are exposed. Elucidating the role of mGluRs on astrocytes at specific times during development and disease will provide novel insights in understanding how to best use these to serve as therapeutic targets.
Validity of an expanded assessment of adverse childhood experiences: A replication study

Abstract Research has shown unequivocally that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are prevalent and consequential, but the field lacks consensus around how they should be measured. This replication study reexamined the construct and concurrent validity of the Childhood Experiences Survey (CES), an expanded assessment of 10 conventional ACEs and seven novel childhood adversities. The CES was administered to three samples of adults with children in a Midwest state: (1) caregivers whose children were the subject of a screened-in child protective services report (n = 1,087), (2) low-income women who voluntarily enrolled in a home visiting program (n = 659), and (3) a convenience sample from general population (n = 667). The prevalence of childhood adversities and their intercorrelations were assessed. Extending a previous exploratory analysis, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to examine the underlying structure of the CES, and tests of association were performed between the factors and adult mental health outcomes. Results confirmed that all 17 adversities were common and interrelated. For each sample, the 10 conventional ACEs fit a two-factor structure: child maltreatment and household dysfunction. The expanded assessment of 17 adversities fit a four-factor solution: direct victimization/household dysfunction, neglect, poverty, and family separation/loss. All factors were significantly associated (p
Mass Mortality of the Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica in the Western Mississippi Sound Following Unprecedented Mississippi River Flooding in 2019

Globally, precipitation is expected to increase along with the rise of temperatures due to climate change, increasing the likelihood of freshwater intrusion into coastal ecosystems. In the spring and summer of 2019, heavy rainfall and snowmelt in the midwestern United States caused historic flooding of the Mississippi River, warranting two openings of the Bonnet Carre Spillway (BCS) to reduce pressure on levees in New Orleans, LA. These openings released an unprecedented volume of freshwater into Lake Pontchartrain and subsequently into the Mississippi Sound. This study investigated the impacts of these freshwater releases on populations of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica and water quality in the western Mississippi Sound and the Bay of St. Louis. Platforms housing oysters and water quality sensors that measured dissolved oxygen, salinity, and temperature were deployed at oyster reef sites. At each reef, native oyster populations were assessed via dredge sampling to determine oyster survival. After 13 days, deployed oysters suffered 100% mortality at all sites except the Henderson Point Reef and Kittiwake Reef, the sites farthest east of the BCS. On September 27, 2019, 62 days following the BCS closing, dredge sampling revealed no live native adult oysters or spat, even at sites where living oysters were collected earlier in the summer. If BCS openings increase in frequency or duration because of elevated precipitation, oyster populations in Mississippi could remain unsustainable for harvesting unless future freshwater intrusions are incorporated into management planning.
Behavior Testing in Rodents: Highlighting Potential Confounds Affecting Variability and Reproducibility

Rodent models of brain disorders including neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative diseases are essential for increasing our understanding of underlying pathology and for preclinical testing of potential treatments. Some of the most important outcome measures in such studies are behavioral. Unfortunately, reports from different labs are often conflicting, and preclinical studies in rodent models are not often corroborated in human trials. There are many well-established tests for assessing various behavioral readouts, but subtle aspects can influence measurements. Features such as housing conditions, conditions of testing, and the sex and strain of the animals can all have effects on tests of behavior. In the conduct of behavior testing, it is important to keep these features in mind to ensure the reliability and reproducibility of results. In this review, we highlight factors that we and others have encountered that can influence behavioral measures. Our goal is to increase awareness of factors that can affect behavior in rodents and to emphasize the need for detailed reporting of methods.
Timor-Leste, Mozambique, & Ecuador: A Petroleum Investment Analysis

Thank you for taking time to read this analysis. It is assembled to examine the petroleum investment opportunities in three nations – Timor-Leste, Mozambique, and Ecuador – which represent countries in different phases of nation building and petroleum resource development. As such, the three nations present different petroleum investment opportunities.
Economic solution for low carbon process heat: A horizontal, compact high temperature gas reactor

Abstract In 2018, nuclear energy generated 55% of United States’ and one third of the world’s carbon free electricity, making nuclear energy a key tool in efforts to mitigate climate change before 2050. However, the current nuclear technology, light water reactors (LWRs), is limited to 300°C, so it cannot be used to decarbonize industrial process heat which accounts for 12% of US greenhouse gas emissions. High temperature gas reactors (HTGRs) can meet the high temperature demand with carbon free nuclear heat. The estimated cost of HTGRs, such as the Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP), are even higher than state-of-the-art LWRs. In this paper, we expanded our nuclear cost estimating tool to include HTGRs and find that the NGNP overnight capital costs were 32% higher than an advanced LWR per unit capacity. The higher cost will naturally result in larger risk to cost overrun as recently experienced by larger LWRs in western nations. With a design-to-build mindset to minimize cost and construction risk, we introduce the horizontal, compact HTGR (HC-HTGR). The reactor core and steam generator are mounted horizontally on rails and in-line with one another, decreasing the size of the reactor building relative to the power capacity four times when compared to traditional HTGRs. The HC-HTGR reduced overnight civil structure costs by 42%, indirect costs by 38%, and total capital costs by 20% from NGNP. We discussed the required engineering of new systems for the HC-HTGR including vessel supports, the reactor cavity cooling system, and steam generator design. Finally, we estimated the fuel and operations costs of the HC-HTGR, and a survey of low-carbon industrial process heat technology showed the HC-HTGR can deliver a highly competitive levelized cost of heat in the range of $6.13–12.48/GJ.
Does Board Diversity Promote Disruptive Innovation

This paper studies how corporate board diversity affects disruptive innovation. We find that director boards with diverse demographic and cognitive traits are positively related to not only the quantity of disruptive and novel patents invented by their firms but also to these patents’ technological and market impacts. We glean evidence on causality for this positive relationship using an instrumental variable approach. We shed light on the mechanisms that explain this relationship. Specifically, diverse boards tend to prioritize strategic alliances (e.g., joint R&D and technological licensing) and hiring executives with general skills, both of which reduce managerial concerns over the exploration risk.
Using Honeypots to Catch Adversarial Attacks on Neural Networks

Deep neural networks (DNN) are known to be vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Numerous efforts either try to patch weaknesses in trained models, or try to make it difficult or costly to compute adversarial examples that exploit them. In our work, we explore a new "honeypot'' approach to protect DNN models. We intentionally inject trapdoors, honeypot weaknesses in the classification manifold that attract attackers searching for adversarial examples. Attackers' optimization algorithms gravitate towards trapdoors, leading them to produce attacks similar to trapdoors in the feature space. Our defense then identifies attacks by comparing neuron activation signatures of inputs to those of trapdoors. In this paper, we introduce trapdoors and describe an implementation of a trapdoor-enabled defense. First, we analytically prove that trapdoors shape the computation of adversarial attacks so that attack inputs will have feature representations very similar to those of trapdoors. Second, we experimentally show that trapdoor-protected models can detect, with high accuracy, adversarial examples generated by state-of-the-art attacks (PGD, optimization-based CW, Elastic Net, BPDA), with negligible impact on normal classification. These results generalize across classification domains, including image, facial, and traffic-sign recognition. We also present significant results measuring trapdoors' robustness against customized adaptive attacks (countermeasures).
Pain and Painting: Frida Kahlo's Visual Autobiography

(1997). Pain and Painting: Frida Kahlo's Visual Autobiography. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 121-133.
Law on the Street: Legal Narrative and the Street Law Classroom

This Article argues that the failure of anti-discrimination law to address the problems of subordination reflects the hegemonic perspective in legal narratives. For the lawyer concerned with social change, it is imperative to identify these narratives and the ways in which they not only inhibit deep social change, but may perpetuate the conditions of subordination. Yet, law school polices against the consciousness necessary for the lawyer to identify the hegemonic narrative in the law, and often instills attitudes which are antithetical to the project of social change. In this context, Street Law - a practical law course taught by law students to high school students in inner city neighborhoods and juvenile facilities - is an arena for the development of counter-hegemonic consciousness in the lawyer and in subordinated communities.Literature on narrative from the legal and social science communities informs this analysis. Part I is the Introduction. Part II conceptualizes the classroom as a narrative moment in which legal text, interpretation and experience come together, and then establishes a framework for analyzing these elements. First, the Castlemont community in Oakland, California where the author taught Street Law is characterized as illustrating conditions of social marginalization and subordination. Next, the concept of narrative is defined in greater detail, and Ewick and Silbey's theory of hegemonic and counter-hegemonic narrative is introduced. Lastly, this Part analyzes the narrative of discrimination offered by anti-discrimination law as hegemonic.Part III explores how legal education thwarts development of the consciousness and skills a lawyer needs to work for social change. First, the conditions associated with counter-hegemonic consciousness are discussed. Next, this Part argues that the objective viewpoint of the law is hegemonic in nature. The manifestation of this viewpoint in law school hinders the development of counter-hegemonic consciousness in persons of the law, instills attitudes which thwart the project of social change, and leads to widespread alienation - particularly among students with viewpoints that are marginalized within law school.Finally, Part IV returns to the Street Law classroom, and the nature of the opportunity Street Law presents for a person of the law and her students. This Part suggests that Street Law is an opportunity to develop the consciousness and other qualities necessary for social justice lawyering. This Part also suggests that subjectivity is an appropriate methodology to employ in developing a pedagogy which encourages counter-hegemonic consciousness in the Street Law classroom.
THE PROPERTIES OF THYROGLOBULIN. X. THE EFFECT OF UREA.

Abstract The properties of bovine thyroglobulin in solutions of urea were examined by the techniques of velocity sedimentation, viscosity, optical rotation and ultraviolet difference spectrophotometry. Below 2 M urea, a limited dissociation into two equal subunits took place without change in molecular asymmetry. At higher concentrations of urea, progressive destruction of the secondary and tertiary properties of the protein occurred. In 9 M urea, two sedimenting components were present in approximately equal amounts. These two molecules appeared to be highly unfolded forms of the native molecule and its subunit. No time effects were found in any of the transitions observed. The properties of thyroglobulin in urea solutions can be understood if there is (a) a distribution of energy states amongst the protein molecules which governs the susceptibility to unfolding by urea, and (b) a large number of unfolded states in which each molecule of thyroglobulin can exist.
Cloning and characterization of a gene whose product is a trans-activator of anthrax toxin synthesis.

Abstract The 184-kb Bacillus anthracis plasmid pXO1, which is required for virulence, contains three genes encoding the protein components of anthrax toxin, cya (edema factor gene), lef (lethal factor gene), and pag (protective antigen gene). Expression of the three proteins is induced by bicarbonate or serum. Using a pag-lacZ transcriptional construct to measure pag promoter activity, we cloned in Bacillus subtilis a gene (atxA) whose product acts in trans to stimulate anthrax toxin expression. Deletion analysis located atxA on a 2.0-kb fragment between cya and pag. DNA sequencing identified one open reading frame encoding 476 amino acids with a predicted M(r) of 55,673, in good agreement with the value of 53 kDa obtained by in vitro transcription-translation analysis. The cloned atxA gene complemented previously characterized Tn917 insertion mutants UM23 tp29 and UM23 tp32 (J. M. Hornung and C. B. Thorne, Abstr. 91st Gen. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. 1991, abstr. D-121, p. 98), which are deficient in synthesis of all three toxin proteins. These results demonstrate that the atxA product activates not only transcription of pag but also that of cya and lef. beta-Galactosidase synthesis from the pag-lacZ transcriptional fusion construct introduced into an insertion mutant (UM23 tp62) which does not require bicarbonate for toxin synthesis indicated that additional regulatory genes other than atxA play a role in the induction of anthrax toxin gene expression by bicarbonate.
Conformation heterogeneity and mobility of surfactant molecules in intercalated clay minerals studied by solid-state NMR

The conformation heterogeneity and mobility of surfactant molecules in intercalated montmorillonite clay minerals have been investigated using variable-temperature solid-state 13C NMR and two-dimensional proton wide-line separation (2D WISE) 1H−13C NMR spectroscopy. Previous FTIR studies by Vaia et al. for the first time revealed the existence of a gauche conformation of surfactant molecules in clay minerals and further illustrated the transition from an ordered conformation, to a liquid crystalline state, to completely liquidlike behavior. The NMR study reported in this paper clearly demonstrates the coexistence of order and disordered chain conformations. Two main resonance peaks are resolved and associated with the backbone alkyl chains: the resonance at 33 ppm corresponds to the ordered conformation (all-trans), and the resonance at 30 ppm corresponds to the disordered conformation (mixture of trans and gauche). The NMR technique allows detailed characterization and quantification of the conformation...
A hybrid network IDS for protective digital relays in the power transmission grid

In this paper, we propose a novel use of network intrusion detection systems (NIDSs) tailored to detect attacks against networks that support hybrid controllers that implement power grid protection schemes. In our approach, we implement specification-based intrusion detection signatures based on the execution of the hybrid automata that specify the communication rules and physical limits that the system should obey. To validate our idea, we developed an experimental framework consisting of a simulation of the physical system and an emulation of the master controller, which serves as the digital relay that implements the protection mechanism. Our Hybrid Control NIDS (HC-NIDS) continuously monitors and analyzes the network traffic exchanged within the physical system. It identifies traffic that deviates from the expected communication pattern or physical limitations, which could place the system in an unsafe mode of operation. Our experimental analysis demonstrates that our approach is able to detect a diverse range of attack scenarios aimed at compromising the physical process by leveraging information about the physical part of the power system.
POLYCULTURE OF Tilapia aurea AND Macrobrachium rosenbergii IN TEXAS1

A study of polyculture was initiated at the Aquaculture Research Center, Texas A&M University, using Macrobrachium rosenbergii and monosex Tilapia aurea. These species were selected because of their current popularity in aquaculture and because their food preferences and patterns of behavior indicated no reason to expect serious competition. Shrimp were stocked at 11,000 per ha with or without fish (2000 per ha) for observation from June 1 to October 15. The effect of pre-treatment of ponds with inorganic fertilizer was also studied. Each pond was supplied with equal amounts of Experimental Marine Ration 25 (Ralston-Purina Co.). Mean survival of fish and shrimp was 96 and 95.7%, respectively. Fish grew to a mean weight of 182 g while shrimp in polyculture grew to 24.5 g and 27.5 g in monoculture. Average daily growth increments were 1.37 g for fish and 0.21 g for shrimp. Neither growth nor survival of fish or shrimp were influenced by pre-treatment of ponds with fertilizer in this study.
Determination of Doxepin by Electron-Capture Gas Chromatography

A method is described for the determination of low nanogram concentrations of doxepin, plus its primary active metabolite desmethyldoxepin, in small amounts of serum. The procedure employs a hexane extraction of the biologic specimen after salting out the drug from the biologic matrix with sodium carbonate/sodium bicarbonate powder. Doxepin and desmethyldoxepin are derivatized with 2',2',2',trichloroethylchloroformate to form a single product that is highly sensitive to the electron-capture detector. The recovery of doxepin and desmethylcloxepin from serum after derivatizetion with the polyhalogenated chloroformate reagent is 95 +-2.5%. Quantitation Is based upon the utilization of dothlepin, a compound that has a molecular structure similar to that of doxepln, as the Internal standard.
Shope fibroma virus assay based on enumeration of cells containing inclusion bodies

Inclusion bodies stainable by the May-Grunwald-Giemsa and fluorescent, antibody techniques are seen after infection of HeLa, human amnion, and rabbit kidney cells with Shope fibroma virus. At 20 hours after infection the number of inclusion bodies is linearly related to the dilution of virus and the volume of inoculum. These observations provide the basis for an assay. The inclusion-body count is fast, reproducible, and more sensitive than the plaque assay. There is a quantitative relationship between the amount of virus neutralized, measured by the inclusion-body count, and the dilution of added antibody.
Pedestal and peak structure in jet correlation

We study the correlation characteristics between particles in jets produced in heavy-ion collisions. In the framework of parton recombination we calculate the $\ensuremath{\eta}$ and $\ensuremath{\phi}$ distributions of a pion associated with a trigger particle. The origin of the pedestal in $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\eta}$ is related to the longitudinal expansion of the thermal partons that are enhanced by the energy loss of hard partons traversing the bulk medium. The peaks in $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\eta}$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\phi}$ are related to the same angular spread of the shower partons in a jet cone. No artificial short- or long-range correlations are put in by hand. A large part of the correlation between hadrons in jets is due to the correlation among the shower partons arising from momentum conservation. Recombination between thermal and shower partons dominates the correlation characterisitics in the intermediate-${p}_{T}$ region.
Equatorial circular orbits of some static gravitational fields with naked singularities

We investigate the equatorial circular orbits in the Weyl metrics with naked singularities. We find that in many Weyl fields, as well as in the Reissner-Nordstr\"om $egm$ metric, there are equatorial equilibrium regions corresponding to large gravitational red shifts at infinity. However, except in the Reissner-Nordstr\"om case, such regions are unstable. Thus these solutions might not be very realistic models of large-red-shift objects. On the other hand, it is likely that there may be gravitational-synchrotron-radiation orbits in the Weyl metrics. These and other properties of naked singularities indicate that they should be studied more closely for possible roles in exotic astrophysical phenomena.
Surgical Results of Arterial Switch Operation for Taussig-Bing Anomaly: Is Position of the Great Arteries a Risk Factor?

Background A variety of definitive operations have been used to manage patients with double-outlet right ventricle and subpulmonary ventricular septal defect (Taussig-Bing anomaly). This study identifies the impact of the position of the great arteries and use of a staged surgical approach on the outcome after the arterial switch operation in children with Taussig-Bing anomaly. Methods From 1986 through July 2005, 34 patients with Taussig-Bing anomaly underwent the arterial switch operation. The median age at operation was 21 days. Based on position of the great arteries, patients were divided into group I (side by side; n=16) and group II (anteroposterior; n=18). Aortic arch obstruction was present in 18 patients (53%), of whom 16 had prior repair with aortic arch reconstruction. Abnormal coronary artery patterns were present in 9 patients (27%). Results There were 4 early deaths and 1 late death (3 from group I and 2 from group II). The actuarial survival rate was 85% at 15 years (81% in group I and 89% in group II). Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (mean gradient, 46.0 ± 5.5 mm Hg) developed in 5 cases (2 from group I and 3 from group II). One patient underwent reoperation for residual aortic arch obstruction. Freedom from reoperation was 80% at 15 years, and thereafter 85% in group I and 75% in group II. Statistical analysis of potential risk factors revealed no significant identifiers for death or need for reoperation between groups. Conclusions The arterial switch operation remains our preferred choice of treatment for children with Taussig-Bing anomaly. The position of the great arteries has no effect on postoperative morbidity and mortality. In the presence of aortic arch obstruction, staged arch reconstruction followed soon thereafter by early intracardiac repair has yielded excellent outcomes in our experience.
National Defense Migration and the Transformations of American Urbanism, 1940–1942

This article examines how a shift toward decentralized and automobile-based patterns of American metropolitan development was a major aspect of the national defense buildup that took place just before Pearl Harbor. It suggests that the continuing and seemingly permanent clash between what are now standard contemporary suburban development practices and the ideas of architects about the design of cities and metropolitan areas can be traced back to that pivotal time.
Quality Comparison of Continuous Steam Sterilization Segmented-Flow Aseptic Processing versus Conventional Canning of Whole and Sliced Mushrooms

: This study was carried out to investigate segmented-flow aseptic processing of particle foods. A pilot-scale continuous steam sterilization unit capable of producing shelf stable aseptically processed whole and sliced mushrooms was developed. The system utilized pressurized steam as the heating medium to achieve high temperature-short time processing conditions with high and uniform heat transfer that will enable static temperature penetration studies for process development. Segmented-flow technology produced a narrower residence time distribution than pipe-flow aseptic processing; thus, whole and sliced mushrooms were processed only as long as needed to achieve the target Fo = 7.0 min and were not overcooked. Continuous steam sterilization segmented-flow aseptic processing produced shelf stable aseptically processed mushrooms of superior quality to conventionally canned mushrooms. When compared to conventionally canned mushrooms, aseptically processed yield (weight basis) increased 6.1% (SD = 2.9%) and 6.6% (SD = 2.2%), whiteness (L) improved 3.1% (SD = 1.9%) and 4.7% (SD = 0.7%), color difference (ΔE) improved 6.0% (SD = 1.3%) and 8.5% (SD = 1.5%), and texture improved 3.9% (SD = 1.7%) and 4.6% (SD = 4.2%), for whole and sliced mushrooms, respectively. Segmented-flow aseptic processing eliminated a separate blanching step, eliminated the unnecessary packaging of water and promoted the use of bag-in-box and other versatile aseptic packaging methods. Practical Application: Segmented-flow aseptic processing is capable of producing shelf stable aseptically processed particle foods of superior quality to a conventionally canned product. This unique continuous steam sterilization process eliminates the need for a separate blanching step, reduces or eliminates the need for a liquid carrier, and promotes the use of bag-in-box and other versatile aseptic packaging methods.
Knowledge of Results in Simultaneous and Successive Tasks: What Children Can Teach us

One goal of the present study was to re-examine how children perform on simultaneous and successive vigilance tasks. A previous study found that, unlike adults, children exhibit higher perceptual sensitivity on successive versus simultaneous vigilance tasks. A second goal was to examine how children respond to three different types of knowledge of results (KR to correct detections, false alarms, and irrelevant KR). Thirty children performed two tasks (simultaneous and successive) with 10 assigned to each KR condition. Their performance was measured with the nonparametric indices A′ and B″, as well as response times to correct detections. The results showed that children exhibited higher perceptual sensitivity on the successive as opposed to the simultaneous task. KR to correct detections resulted in the most liberal response criterion and the shortest response times. Collectively, the results suggest that children do not necessarily perform like adults on visual tasks and highlight the need for human fact...
Elastic spin-relaxation processes in semiconductor quantum dots

Electron-spin decoherence caused by elastic spin-phonon processes is investigated comprehensively in a zero-dimensional environment. Specifically, a theoretical treatment is developed for the processes associated with the fluctuations in the phonon potential as well as in the electron precession frequency through the spin-orbit and hyperfine interactions in the semiconductor quantum dots. The analysis identifies the conditions (magnetic field, temperature, etc.) in which the elastic spin-phonon processes can dominate over the inelastic counterparts with the electron spin-flip transitions. Particularly, the calculation results illustrate the potential significance of an elastic decoherence process originating from the intervalley transitions in semiconductor quantum dots with multiple equivalent energy minima (e.g., the $X$ valleys in SiGe). The role of lattice anharmonicity and phonon decay in spin relaxation, including the zero-point quantum effect, is examined along with that of the local effective-field fluctuations caused by the stochastic electronic transitions between the orbital states. Numerical estimations are provided for typical GaAs- and Si-based quantum dots.