cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterizing modes of action and interaction for multicomponent osmolyte solutions on Jurkat cells

This study examined the post-thaw recovery of Jurkat cells cryopreserved in three combinations of five osmolytes including trehalose, sucrose, glycerol, mannitol, and creatine. Cellular response was characterized using low-temperature Raman spectroscopy, and variation of post-thaw recovery was analyzed using statistical modeling. Combinations of osmolytes displayed distinct trends of post-thaw recovery, and a nonlinear relationship between compositions and post-thaw recovery was observed, suggesting interactions not only between different solutes but also between solutes and cells. The post-thaw recovery for optimized cryoprotectants in different combinations of osmolytes at a cooling rate of 1°C/min was comparable to that measured with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide. Statistical modeling was used to understand the importance of individual osmolytes as well as interactions between osmolytes on post-thaw recovery. Both higher concentrations of glycerol and certain interactions between sugars and glycerol were found to typically increase the post-thaw recovery. Raman images showed the influence of osmolytes and combinations of osmolytes on ice crystal shape, which reflected the interactions between osmolytes and water. Differences in the composition also influenced the presence or absence of intracellular ice formation, which could also be detected by Raman. These studies help us understand the modes of action for cryoprotective agents in these osmolyte solutions.
Training a CNN to robustly segment the human body parts in range image sequences

Range sensors have drawn much interest for human activity related research since they provide explicit 3D information about the shape that is invariant to clothing, skin color and illumination changes. However, triangulationbased systems like structured-light sensors generate occlusions in the image when parts of the scene cannot be seen by both the projector and the camera. Those occlusions, as well as missing data points and measurement noise, depend on the structured-light system design. These artifacts add a level of difficulty to the task of human body segmentation that is typically not addressed in the literature. In this work, we design a segmentation model that is able to reason about 3D spatial information, to identify the different body parts in motion and is robust to artifacts inherent to the structured-light system, such as triangulation occlusions, noise and missing data. First, we build the first realistic sensor-specific training set by closely simulating the actual acquisition scenario with the same intrinsic parameters as our sensor and the artifacts it generates. Second, we adapt a state-of-the-art fully convolutional network to range images of the human body in order for it to transfer its learning toward 3D spatial information instead of light intensities. Third, we quantitatively demonstrate the importance of simulating sensor-specific artifacts in the training set to improve the robustness of the segmentation of actual range images. Finally, we show the capability of the model to accurately segment human body parts on real range image sequences acquired by our structured light sensor, with high inter-frame consistency and in real-time.
Hyaluronan as a potential thermogenic rheostat.

Obesity is a manifestation of a positive energy balance in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, thus often leading to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. A new study provides evidence that pharmacological inhibition of hyaluronan, an extracellular-matrix glycosaminoglycan, increases energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity by activating thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue.
Diagnosis of lymphoma using fine-needle aspiration biopsy and core-needle biopsy: A single-institution experience

Objective The objective is to study the efficacy of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and core-needle biopsy (CNB) in the diagnosis of lymphoma in a single institution. Study design We retrospectively reviewed 635 FNAB/CNB cases performed in our institution to rule out lymphoma during a 4-year period and collected the relevant clinical and pathological information for statistical analysis. Results and conclusions This cohort comprised 275 males and 360 females, with a median age of 57 years. Among the 593 cases with adequate diagnostic materials for lymphoma work-up, 226 were positive for lymphoma, 286 were negative for lymphoma, and 81 were nondiagnostic. Each case had an FNAB, and 191 cases also underwent a CNB. The subclassification rate according to the WHO (2008) was 67% overall, 81% for the FNAB with CNB group, and 40% for the FNAB group. In the FNAB with CNB group, the subclassification rates for cases with and without a history of lymphoma were not significantly different. A definitive diagnosis of lymphoma relied on ancillary studies, but was not affected by location, or the needle gauge of CNB. Follow-up data revealed a high diagnostic accuracy of FNAB with CNB. In conclusion, the use of FNAB and CNB with ancillary studies is effective in providing a definitive diagnosis of lymphoma in our experience at the Northwell Health System.
High-temperature extensional rheology of linear, branched, and hyper-branched polycarbonates

The high-temperature extensional viscosity of three commercially available linear, branched and hyper-branched polycarbonates (PCs) were measured using a high-temperature capillary breakup extensional rheometer (CaBER) in both air and nitrogen. The experiments were performed at temperatures ranging from T = 250 to 370 °C to a maximum Hencky strain of ten. At lower end of the temperature range, no significant degradation of the linear and branched PC was observed either in the shear or extensional measurements. Beyond, T > 300 °C degradation of the three different PCs was observed. Changes to the molecular structure of the PC were observed which resulted in a dramatic increase in the extensional viscosity. The rate of growth in the extensional viscosity was found to increase with temperature, time at temperature, and, in the case of the linear and branched PC, the presence of air. For the hyper-branched case, changes to the molecular structure of the PC were found to occur more quickly under nitrogen. At these high temperatures, the increase in extensional viscosity was found to grow large enough to stop the breakup of the fluid filament all together, essentially stopping all capillary drainage. This temperature-induced cross-linking and increase in the extensional viscosity of the PC can improve the anti-dripping properties of the polycarbonate by slowing and even restricting dripping from polymeric components near high heat surges. Through these experiments, we have demonstrated measurement of the extensional viscosity to be several orders of magnitude more sensitive to temperature-induced changes to the molecular structure than measurements of shear rheology.
Chemical probes for spatially resolved measurement of active enzymes in single cells

Ongoing advances in chemical proteomic methods have facilitated detection and quantification of enzymatic activity, a highly informative parameter that is not captured in protein abundance measurements. However, some biological questions remain unanswered, since current gel- or LC-MS/MS-based detection methods suffer from limitations stemming from sample homogenization, signal-averaging, and an inherent bias toward abundant proteins. To address these shortcomings, we recently developed an activity-based proximity ligation (ADPL) platform to capture and quantify enzyme activity on the level of single cells, with high intra- and intercellular spatial resolution. In this chapter, we briefly discuss the rationale behind the ADPL platform, the design transition from the initial "sandwich-complex" workflow to the optimized, "direct conjugate" ADPL method, and conclude with detailed protocols for each. We also describe our novel use of the homo-bifunctional linker, disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS), to conjugate proteins and oligonucleotides, thus generating the necessary antibody-oligonucleotide recognition reagents for ADPL. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of ADPL to characterize enzyme activity from cytosol to nucleus, and specifically detect enzyme activity using "direct conjugate" ADPL.
Grouping Behaviors of Dolphins and Other Toothed Whales

Social structures and grouping behaviors of odontocetes are under strong evolutionary pressures, as they influence mating opportunities, calf survival, predation, and foraging efficiency. The fission-fusion nature of most odontocete groups facilitates fine-scale spatial and temporal variability and establishes relationship complexity at the core of odontocete social structure. Different communities of the same species vary in social structure, as do different individuals within the same community. The same individuals can also display different social structures in different conditions. Advances in field techniques and data analyses have improved our ability to tease out nuances of social structure. Future work is essential for understanding evolutionary bases of odontocete social grouping, to focus more on interactions as well as associations, incorporate long-range acoustic communication and multivariate analyses of social and ecological variables, and move to agent-based analysis, where each individual (or collection of individuals) can act autonomously and independently. Social structural plasticity is key to the success of odontocetes and may also play an important role in speciation.
Modulation of Amyloid-β42 Conformation by Small Molecules Through Nonspecific Binding.

Aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides is a crucial step in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Identifying aggregation inhibitors against AD has been a great challenge. We report an atomi...
The MINDBODYSTRONG Intervention for New Nurse Residents: 6-Month Effects on Mental Health Outcomes, Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors, and Job Satisfaction.

Background In 2017, the National Academy of Medicine convened its Action Collaborative for Clinician Well-being and Resilience in an effort to stem the epidemic levels of burnout, depression, and suicide among healthcare clinicians. Nurses report higher rates of substance abuse, depression, and suicide than the national average. Newly licensed registered nurses (NLRNs) report high levels of burnout and stress. Suboptimal health in nurses is linked to medical errors. Few studies address the mental health and lifestyle behaviors of NLRNs or provide evidence-based solutions to improve these outcomes. Aims This study evaluated the 6-month effects of the MINDBODYSTRONG for Healthcare Professionals program on the mental health, healthy lifestyle behaviors, and job satisfaction of NLRNs participating in a nurse residency program. Methods A two-group randomized controlled trial was conducted with 89 NLRNs at a large, Midwestern academic medical center. The intervention group received eight 30- to 35-min weekly sessions as part of the MINDBODYSTRONG program, a cognitive behavioral skill-building program incorporating strategies to improve mental and physical health. The control group acted as the attention control group receiving eight weekly 30- to 35-min debriefing sessions as part of the normal nurse residency program. Results Data were collected at baseline, immediately postintervention, 3 months postintervention, and 6 months postintervention. The intervention group scored better on mental health outcomes, healthy lifestyle behaviors, and job satisfaction at 6 months postintervention than the control group. Significant improvements were found for depressive symptoms and job satisfaction; there were moderate to large positive effects for the MINDBODYSTRONG program on all variables. Linking evidence to action The MINDBODYSTRONG program sustained its positive effects across time and has excellent potential as an evidence-based intervention for improving the mental health, healthy lifestyle behaviors, and job satisfaction in NLRNs.
Astrophysics: Extreme emission seen from $\gamma$-ray bursts

Cosmic explosions called $\gamma$-ray bursts are the most energetic bursting events in the universe. Observations of extremely high-energy emission from two $\gamma$-ray bursts provide a new way to study these gigantic explosions.
Sex-dependent associations of maternal androgen levels with offspring BMI and weight trajectory from birth to early childhood.

In preclinical studies, high androgen levels during pregnancy are associated with low birth weight and rapid postnatal weight gain in the offspring. However, human data linking prenatal androgens with birth weight and early life weight gain in the offspring are scarce. We evaluated 516 mother–child pairs enrolled in the New England birth cohorts of the Collaborative Perinatal Project (1959–1966). We assayed androgen bioactivity in maternal sera during third-trimester using a receptor-mediated luciferase expression bioassay. Age and sex-specific BMI Z-scores (BMIz), defined using established standards, were assessed at birth, 4 months, 1 year, 4 years, and 7 years. We used linear mixed models to evaluate the relation of maternal androgens with childhood BMIz overall and by sex. We examined the association of maternal androgens with fetal growth restriction. The association of weight trajectories with maternal androgens was examined using multinomial logistic regression. Higher maternal androgen levels associated with lower BMIz at birth (β = − 0.39, 95% CI: − 0.73, − 0.06); this relation was sex-dependent, such that maternal androgens significantly associated with BMIz at birth in girls alone (β = − 0.72, 95% CI: − 1.40, − 0.04). The relation of maternal androgens with fetal growth restriction revealed dose threshold effects that differed by sex. There was no significant association between maternal androgens and weight trajectory overall. However, we found a significant sex interaction (p = 0.01); higher maternal androgen levels associated with accelerated catch-up growth in boys (aOR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.14, 4.03). Our findings provide evidence that maternal androgens may have differential effects on the programming of intrauterine growth and postnatal weight gain depending on fetal sex.
Natural Language Processing of Serum Protein Electrophoresis Reports in the Veterans Affairs Health Care System.

PURPOSESerum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) is a clinical tool used to screen for monoclonal gammopathy, thus it is a critical tool in the evaluation of patients with multiple myeloma. However, SPE...
Glutactin, a novel Drosophila basement membrane‐related glycoprotein with sequence similarity to serine esterases.

Glutactin, a new acidic sulfated glycoprotein, was isolated from Drosophila Kc cell culture media. Immunofluorescence microscopy located it to embryonic basement membranes, particularly to the sequentially invaginated envelope of the central nervous system, muscle apodemes and dorsal median cell processes. Its chromosome locus is 29D. The nucleic acid sequence coding for the 1023 residue long polypeptide contains one intron and was confirmed by partial amino acid sequencing. Glutactin has a signal peptide and an amino domain of greater than 500 residues that strongly resembles acetylcholine esterases and other serine esterases, but lacks the catalytically critical serine residue. The amino and carboxyl domains of glutactin are separated by 13 contiguous threonine residues. Glutamine and glutamic acid make up 44% of glutactin's very acidic carboxyl domain. Glutactin preferentially binds Ca2+ in the presence of excess Mg2+ and four of its tyrosines are O-sulfated. Several similarities with mammalian entactin caused our previous, preliminary mention of glutactin as a putative Drosophila entactin, but sequence comparison now shows them to be different proteins.
Storygraph: Telling Stories from Spatio-temporal Data

A major task of spatio-temporal data analysis is to discover relationships and patterns among spatially and temporally scattered events. A most common analytic method is to plot them on a 3D chart with latitude, longitude and time being the three dimensions. The first drawback of this technique is that it fails to scale well when there are thousands of concentrated events since they suffer from cluttering, occlusion and other limitations of 3D plots. Second, it is hard to track the time component if the events are clustered in a region. To overcome these, we present a novel 2D visualization technique called Storygraph that provides an integrated view of location and time. Based on Storygraph, we also present storylines which show the movement of the characters over time. Finally, we present two case studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of the Storygraph.
Catholic–Buddhist Relations Since the Close of the Second Vatican Council

The promulgation of Nostra Aetate in 1965 constitutes a milestone in Buddhist–Christian relations. By any measure, the Declaration has had a lasting impact on the work of the Catholic Church. In fact, Nostra Aetate may be said to have inaugurated what is today recognized as a new ministry in the church: the work of interreligious dialogue. The aim of this essay is to reflect on the reception of Nostra Aetate by the Catholic Church in selected parts of the world and to assay the impact of the Declaration on Buddhist–Christian relations. The reception of Nostra Aetate and its impact on Buddhist–Christian relations has been shaped by political, economic, social, theological, and cultural circumstances. I propose to reflect on only three issues: (1) the shift from Nostra Aetate’s emphasis on the similarities that religions have in common with Christian faith to our new appreciation of the value of religious differences for Christian theological reflection; (2) the unavoidable political implications of the Declaration and the non-reception of Nostra Aetate in Mainland China; and (3) the problems attending the embrace of Buddhist meditation methods by Christians responding to Nostra Aetate’s invitation to engage in dialogue with Buddhists.
Study on Fracture of Fiber-Reinforced Polymeric Composites Using Spiral Notch Torsion Test

Fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites have been widely applied in various areas due to their excellent mechanical properties. In this study, carbon fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites and glass fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites failure tests under quasi static torsion have been demonstrated by using spiral notch torsion test methodology. Three types of cylindrical specimens with different fiber orientations were prepared and tested. For both composites, after increase stage, A type exhibited limited stress variations before the sudden failure, whereas B type showed gradual failure with torque drops. Displacement contours, stress contours and energy release rates were acquired using the anisotropic elastic finite element models. Microscopic characterization exhibited that the failure of A type occurred along interfaces between fibers and matrices, whereas circular cracks in B type propagated alternatively between polymeric matrices and interfaces. Type C failure is similar to type A whereas with a curvature observed on the fracture surface.
Evolving Software to be ML-Driven Utilizing Real-World A/B Testing: Experiences, Insights, Challenges

ML-driven software is heralded as the next majoradvancement in software engineering; existing software todaycan benefit from being evolved to be ML-driven. In this paper, we contribute practical knowledge about evolving software tobe ML-driven, utilizing real-world A/B testing. We draw onexperiences evolving two software features from the Windowsoperating system to be ML-driven, with more than ten real-world A/B tests on millions of PCs over more than two years.We discuss practical reasons for using A/B testing to engineerML-driven software, insights for success, as well as on-going real-world challenges. This knowledge may help practitioners, as wellas help direct future research and innovations.
One-to-one coupling higher order modes in a fiber to higher order modes in silicon waveguide

We demonstrate experimentally a mode converter between a silicon waveguide and a few-mode fiber compatible with mode-division multiplexing. We convert 4 TE modes of a silicon waveguide to the LP 01,x , LP 01,y , LP 11a,x , LP11a,y modes of the fiber.
Single Center Experience with Isolated Spinal Cord Neurosarcoidosis.

Introduction Isolated spinal cord neurosarcoidosis is extremely rare. The potential implications of long-term immunosuppressant therapy make correct diagnosis imperative. However, there are challenges inherent in isolated spinal cord involvement that require a multidisciplinary approach. Here we present the largest series of definite and possible isolated spinal neurosarcoidosis and discuss our institutional experience in managing this rare but morbid condition. Methods A retrospective review was performed to identify all neurosarcoidosis cases starting from 2002 to 2020 at our institution. Patients were screened for cases of isolated spinal neurosarcoidosis. A descriptive analysis was performed for each case. Results A total of 64 cases of neurosarcoidosis were identified. The spine was involved in 26 (40.6%) patients. Only 4 (6.3%) cases had isolated spinal cord involvement. A full medical and imaging workup was performed in determining isolated spinal cord involvement. Three patients subsequently underwent surgical biopsy, and 1 did not undergo biopsy because of patient preference. One of the patients who underwent biopsy had an initial nondiagnostic biopsy and had a repeat biopsy. Corticosteroids were employed in all cases with additional immunosuppressive agents for maintenance therapy and refractory cases. All showed radiographic improvement and were clinically stable to improved. Conclusion Isolated spinal cord involvement of neurosarcoidosis is rare and can present challenges in diagnosis. A biopsy can be performed when necessary. However, a biopsy of the spinal cord carries inherent risks and may not always be possible or result in a nondiagnostic sample. In the setting of high clinical suspicion, maximal medical therapy is still employed.
Review article : Effort fluctuations in a harvest model with random prices

Abstract The effect of a single increase in the unit price of biomass on the optimal harvest policy for an exploited population is studied numerically. The price of a unit is assumed constant until a random time, when the price increases by a given amount. The optimal policy coresponding to the expect return is computed from the Bellman equation of dynamic programming. The results are compared with a model in which prices remain constant as well as a “well-timed” model in which the price increses at the expected increase time of the random case. Both optimal expected return and optimal policy computed from the deterministic models may differ substantially from that calculated from the random model, particularly if marginal costs are large. The emphasis is on numerical computation.
From Silent Film to YouTube™: Tracing the Historical Roots of Motion Picture Technologies in Education

This article traces the historical roots of YouTube™ and online video to examine it within the context of educational motion picture history. The current state of online video is discussed first followed by a thematic analysis of the history of educational motion pictures from silent film to YouTube. The historical literature reveals recurring themes and issues, which include: (1) the intrinsic advantages of motion picture technologies, (2) differing opinions about the benefits of film and video, and (3) access and equipment issues. Previous historical accounts fall short of addressing how these themes connect to online video. The potential future of online video is discussed in the conclusion.
Sharing, Trading, Creating Culture

Remix . Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy. By Lawrence Lessig . Penguin Press, New York, 2008. 351 pp. $25.95, C$28.50. ISBN 9781594201721. Arguing that current copyright law harms most everyone who creates, sells, or enjoys art (very broadly defined), Lessig presents an alternative approach, "read-write" culture.
Public health perspective on newborn screening for hemoglobinopathies.

The information presented during this conference has more than adequately demonstrated that the early identification of newborns with sickle cell disease, the administration of comprehensive care to newborns, including penicillin prophylaxis, and public education about the disease can greatly reduce infant and childhood morbidity and mortality. Screening for the hemoglobinopathies has been a controversial topic for two decades. Many states, including Massachusetts, responded to the political pressures of the civil rights movement of the 1960s and the identification of sickle cell anemia as the "neglected disease" by hastily passing sickle cell testing legislation, which, unfortunately, resulted in the establishment of many poorly planned sickle cell screening programs. This situation was confirmed by the 1983 President9s Commission Report on Screening and Counseling for Genetic Conditions, in which serious problems with many of the existing sickle cell disease and carrier screening programs were pointed out, including unclear program objectives, poorly chosen target populations, lack of confidentiality of results leading to discrimination and stigmatization, and inadequate incorporation of genetic counseling and public education into the programs. Although we now know that the appropriate time to screen is the newborn period, and we have available an effective treatment for the complications of sickle cell disease, concerns still remain. From a state health department perspective, sickle cell screening programs that include all babies born (universal) are more appropriate than those that target babies of certain ethnic backgrounds. Because it is often difficult to determine ethnic background, especially in the newborn period, targeted screening would inevitably mean missing some babies at risk and affected babies.
Problems of Gaseous Motion Around Stars

A distinction is drawn between radial and tangential modes of ejection from stars, and the possible flow patterns are described. They are: expanding streams, falling streams, jet streams, circulatory streams, and gaseous envelopes. Motion around Be stars is discussed at some length, as a preliminary to studying more complicated flow in binary systems. The rotational velocity of the Be star is insufficient to form the ring. It appears likely that radial instability is temperature sensitive. Rings and disks in binary systems are discussed from the point of view of periodic orbits for particles within the gravitational field of such a system. The formation of these rings is discussed. The expected relation between rotational velocity of the ring and the orbital period is discussed. The relation of circumstellar streams to period changes is mentioned. Finally, the influence of magnetic fields on the circumstellar material and the system is discussed.
Generalized Gohberg-Semencul Formulas for Matrix Inversion

We give a constructive and elementary proof of the Gohberg-Semencul formula for the inverse of a Toeplitz matrix. Our approach suggests a natural generalization of the formula to matrices with displacement structure.
Physical activity and stress in adult Hispanics

AbstractPurpose:Physical inactivity and obesity are major U.S. health concerns. Hispanics have higher rates of obesity and lower incidence of meeting physical activity (PA) recommendations, however most studies on PA focus on non-Hispanic Whites. This study examined type and amount of physical activ
Nanometer X-ray microscopy of labeled live biological organisms with a nanosecond laser-plasma source

Summary from only given. We demonstrate, the use of nanoparticle Au-labeling techniques in XRM using single, nanosecond, laser-plasma X-ray illumination of the specimen. In this case the specimen is in its natural state, and a high-resolution (-30 nm) X-ray radiograph is obtained in a time shorter than that required for any X-ray induced structural changes to the organism to be manifested on the image. Moreover we demonstrate, a technique in which combined labeled images of specific sites in the organism are obtained through both XRM and LSCM.
Industrial life insurance, public health campaigns, and public communication of science, 1908-1951

During the first half of the twentieth century, private life insurance companies in the United States provided an important locus for the public communication of science, through their support of public health campaigns. This paper provides a history of how and why three companies (the Metropolitan, the Prudential, and the John Hancock life insurance companies) drew on their strength in `industrial' life insurance (sold to the lower classes at low, weekly rates) to engage in public health reforms. Only the Metropolitan and the Hancock, however, became active in public communication of health information. The paper suggests that four key factors provided the context for the companies' activities: (1) legislative and social pressure for reform; (2) increases in profits associated with healthier (and therefore longer-lived) customers; (3) ideals of social reform held by individuals in positions of bureaucratic power within the insurance organizations; and (4) organized machinery for weekly contact with and d...
Childhood predictors and age 48 outcomes of self-reports and official records of offending.

Background The key question is: are self-reports and official records equally valid indicators of criminal offending? Aims We examine the correspondence between self-reports and official records of offending, the similarity of childhood and adolescent individual and contextual predictors of both measures of offending, and the similarity of age 48 correlates of both measures of offending. Methods Men (N = 436) from the Columbia County Longitudinal Study, a sample of all 3rd graders in Columbia County, New York, in 1959–60, participated. The youth, their peers and their parents were interviewed when the youth were age 8; the youth were later interviewed at ages 19, 30 and 48. Results We found moderate to high correspondence between self-reports of having been in trouble with the law and official arrest records. Lifetime self-reports and official records of offending were generally predicted by the same childhood and adolescent variables, and were correlated with many of the same adult outcome measures. By age 48, life-course non-offenders defined by either self-reports or official records had better outcomes than offenders. Conclusions The results validate the use of adolescent and adult self-reports of offending, and the early identification of individuals at risk for adult criminal behaviour through childhood parent and peer reports and adolescent self and peer reports. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Digital computer analysis of the human EEG in psychiatric research

Summary While the central role of brain function in normal and abnormal behavior is accepted as a basis for psychiatric therapies, difficulties in the definition and measurement of brain function have been a barrier to research. The EEG has frequently been studied, but its definition has depended on visual means alone or on unreliable and unsatisfactory analog devices. The application of digital computer methods to the EEG has provided unusually facile methods of elassification. Four programs of analysis has been studied in two laboratories equipped with conventional EEG amplifiers and IBM-1710 or IBM-1800 digital computer systems. The comparability and some advantages and limitations of period, power spectral density, amplitude and pattern analyses have been studied, with the conclusion that period analysis provides a most efficient analysis model for psychiatric and psychopharmacologic studies in man. These analytic programs have been applied to various problems, including the characterization of the pentothal response, classification of different stages of sleep, the discrimination of threshold doses of centrally active drugs, and the classification of psychoactivity drugs. The usefulness and feasibility of a general purpose digital computer for psychiatric research has been demonstrated and the initial utility programs developed.
Nitric Oxide Mediates Fas-induced Apoptosis in RAW 264.7 Cells • 46

In response to inflammatory mediators or specific pathogens, macrophages as well as neutrophils produce nitric oxide and express the high output cytokine-inducible form of the nitric oxide-producing enzyme nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS2). Nitric oxide is important in diverse cellular processes including vasodilation, neurotransmission, regulation of cell proliferation, tumor cell cytostasis and non-specific host defense. Recent studies suggest that nitric oxide may also regulate apoptosis. In the present studies we show that nitric oxide mediates apoptosis induced by Fas, a cell surface receptor involved in regulating tissue function and homeostasis. Using the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7, we have found that treatment of the cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Salmonella enteritidis (100 nM) in conjunction with anti-Fas antibodies resulted in apoptosis. This process was blocked by the NOS inhibitors n-monomethyl-L-arginine (1 mM) and aminoguanidine (0.1 mM). Stimulation of RAW cells with LPS enhanced binding of FITC-labeled Fas ligand to its receptor, expression of NOS2 and nitric oxide production. Nitric oxide production was also inhibited by the NOS inhibitors. These data suggest that nitric oxide is an important mediator of Fas-induced apoptosis in RAW 264.7 cells. We speculate that during the resolution of inflammation, prolonged exposure to LPS induces expression of Fas receptors on macrophages rendering them susceptible to apoptosis. Diminished nitric oxide production may impair this process and prolong the inflammatory response ultimately resulting in tissue injury.
Target localization in a multi-static passive radar system through convex optimization

Abstract We propose efficient target localization methods for a passive radar system using time-of-arrival (TOA) information of the signals received from multiple illuminators, where the position of the receiver is subject to random errors. Since the maximum likelihood (ML) formulation of this target localization problem is a non-convex optimization problem, semi-definite relaxation (SDR)-based optimization methods in general do not provide satisfactory performance. As a result, approximated ML optimization problems are proposed and solved with SDR plus bisection methods. For the case without position error, it is shown that the relaxation guarantees a rank-one solution. The optimization problem for the case with position error involves only a relaxation of a scalar quadratic term. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms outperform existing methods and provide root mean-square error performance very close to the Cramer–Rao lower bound.
Imagery of Lynching: Black Men, White Women and the Mob – Dora Apel

The lynching of an African American was an attack not just on an individual, but on an entire race. In this quest to instill terror, representations and reminders were often as powerful as the lync...
The group of units in a compact ring

Abstract If A is a ring with identity and G is the group of units of A , then G acts naturally on the additive group A + of A by left multiplication (the regular action) and by conjugation (the conjugate action). If X is the set of nonzero, nonunits of A , then X is invariant under both actions. It is shown that if A is a compact ring with identity and X is the union of finitely many orbits by the regular action or the conjugate action, then A is finite. Moreover, a characterization of those compact rings with identity for which either action is transitive on X is given. In a compact ring A with identity, the structure of A is reflected by that of the group of units of A . It is shown that if 2 is a unit in A , then A is finite if and only if G is finite and A is commutative if and only if G is abelian. Moreover, if the conjugate action on X is trivial, then A is a commutative ring.
The force-interval relationship in human myocardium.

Abstract The force-interval relationship is an important modulator of contractility in mammalian myocardium. In a number of mammalian species, increasing the frequency of stimulation results in an increase in force of contraction. Over the last 10 years, the effects of atrial pacing have been closely examined in normal human subjects and in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, and the effects of the stimulation frequency have been investigated in isolated preparations from nonfailing and failing human hearts. An abnormal force—interval relationship in vivo and in vitro has been a consistent finding in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, whereby an increase in stimulation frequency fails to increase the contractile response. The force-interval relationship of cardiac muscle has been shown to reflect intracellular calcium cycling and sarcoplasmic reticulum function. Therefore, agents that affect excitation—contraction coupling, in particular intracellular calcium mobilization and sarcoplasmic reticulum function, modulate the response of contraction force to stimulation frequency.
Boomerang Seamount: the active expression of the Amsterdam-St. Paul hotspot, Southeast Indian Ridge

Abstract During a survey of the axis of the Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR), we discovered a 1100 m tall, volcanically active submarine volcano, Boomerang Seamount, near the spreading center on the Amsterdam–St. Paul (ASP) Plateau. The summit of the volcano is 650 m below sea level and has a 200-m-deep, 2-km-wide circular caldera. Samples of very fresh volcanic glass, dated by the 210Po–210Pb technique at ∼5 months old, were collected from the floor of the caldera in March 1996. The volcano is 18 km northeast of Amsterdam Island near the intersection of a long spreading segment and the Boomerang Transform Fault. It is built on the stationary Antarctic Plate, where widely scattered volcanic activity thickens the crust, continuing to build the plateau. Water column profiles reveal a 1.7°C temperature anomaly and a 0.3 V stepped nephelometer (water column turbidity) anomaly within the caldera, nearly an order of magnitude larger than other hydrothermal plume anomalies we measured. These anomalies suggest hydrothermal activity within the caldera. Volcanic glass compositions at two sample sites on the volcano summit are similar to each other and to Amsterdam and St. Paul Island basalts, but have some important differences as well. K2O/TiO2 ratios in Boomerang Seamount glasses are similar to St. Paul Island samples, but differ significantly from Amsterdam Island samples. Rare earth element patterns in lavas from Boomerang, Amsterdam, and St. Paul are similar. Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope ratios in samples from the Boomerang Caldera floor are similar to samples from Amsterdam Island. However, another sample from Boomerang Seamount deviates from a SEIR–St. Paul–Amsterdam mixing trend and shows evidence of mixing with a Kerguelen-like source component. The geochemical complexity of these three closely spaced volcanic edifices on the ASP Plateau suggests that the Boomerang Seamount source is heterogeneous on a very small scale.
EXPRESSIVE APHASIA IN CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME

Language disorders in children with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) have usually been associated with autism, deafness or mental retardation, or to some combination of these. The present report concerns a child with CRS and expressive aphasia not attributable to the three named causes. This now 12 year old girl was born in Sept. 1964 to a mother who was exposed to and had symptoms consistent with rubella near the time of conception. Pregnancy lasted 42 weeks; birth wt. was 2380 gm (older sibs were 3600 and 4500 gm). No abnormalities were noted then or later. She could drink fluids without difficulty; she choked frequently on solids. There was drooling and “snorting” throughout childhood. Development was age-appropriate except for speech. She said “mama” at age 16 mos. but never progressed further. At age 4 a neurologist suggested an isolated bulbar palsy as the cause of the speech disorder. EEG was normal. Hearing is entirely normal. She is in an age-appropriate grade in public school, communicating with the aid of the sign language of the deaf, which has been taught to her by volunteers. She is aphasic with severe motor involvement of the lips and tongue. Performance is good on non-verbal developmental tests. In the evaluation of language disorders in children with CRS isolated neuromuscular disease such as shown by this patient should be considered.
Syntheses and vibrational spectra of chlorofluoramines

Abstract The chlorofluoramines NFCl 2 and NF 2 Cl were prepared by fluorination of an NH 4 Cl-NaCl mixture and characterized by vibrational spectroscopy. For NF 2 Cl, two fundamental vibrations were reassigned.
Organosilane polymer chemistry: A review

Organosilane chemistry is a rapidly growing field. Over 1000 papers are published every year and the literature includes over 20.000 research papers and patents. Besides the synthetic aspects, organosilicon chemistry has become a major tool in the preparation of silylated compounds as reactive intermediates in organic synthesis and for an ever-increasing number of technical applications. This review article discusses the origin of organosilicon chemistry, the differences between carbon chemistry and silicon chemistry, and the application of silicon carbon chemistry in the field of polymers.
Reactions of bis[diphenyl-3-(4-methoxyphenylsydnonyl)]phosphine palladium chloride and amines and crystal analysis of its amine adducts

Abstract Reactions of bis[diphenyl-3-(4-methoxyphenylsydnonyl)]phosphine palladium chloride and amines yielded trans-amminedichloropalladium complexes, which were characterized by spectroscopic techniques (compounds 5–9) and X-ray diffraction (compounds 5 and 7). Bond lengths of PC(10), P-(16) decrease more than that of P-(1) after the complex is formed, suggesting that the phenyl rings are able to contribute more electron density to phosphorus for binding with Pd(II) than the sydnone ring. The equilibrium constants and rate constants for the reaction between complex 4 and amines depend not only on the basicity but also on the steric size of amines used.
Non-LTE Ionization and Energy Balance in High- Z Laser Plasmas Including Two-Electron Transitions

We describe a new non-LTE average-atom-kinetics model of plasmas in which the two-electron transitions of autoionization and its inverse, resonant capture, play a dominant role in establishing ionization and energy balance. We show that, compared with a familiar collisional-radiative-equilibrium model for laser-produced gold plasmas: (1) the two-electron transitions force recombination of the plasma with decreasing density, and (2) the two-electron transitions nevertheless further act to greatly increase the radiative emissivity of the plasma.
Regional variation in mRNA transcript abundance within the ventricular wall

Previous studies have shown that regional variation in ion channel gene expression contributes to electrical heterogeneity within the walls of the cardiac ventricles. To map the extent of regional variation in gene expression in the ventricular walls and to begin to understand its genesis we have performed a microarray analysis of gene expression in the epicardial and endocardial tissues of the rat adult left ventricle. While the vast majority of the genes are expressed at uniform levels across the ventricular wall, a total of 36 transcripts (representing less than 0.1% of the genes expressed in the ventricle) are expressed more abundantly in either epicardium or endocardium. One of these differentially expressed genes is the sodium channel gene Scn5a, which is expressed at higher levels in the endocardium than in the epicardium of rat heart. The transcription factor genes Irx3, Irx5 and Etv1 were found to be expressed in transmural gradients across the ventricular wall of rat heart and also of canine heart. The Irx3 and Irx5 genes were expressed in an inverse pattern to that of the Kcnd2 (Kv4.2) gene in rat heart, suggesting that these transcription factors may act as negative regulators of Kcnd2 expression in vivo.
A leaders' guide to the swamp of continuing education planning

Cervero RM, Wilson AL. Working the Planning Table: Negotiating Democratically for Adult, Continuing Workplace Education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass 2006.
Comparison of Various Dietary Antibiotics for Turkey Poults

Abstract McGINNIS et al. (1958) called attention to the fact that obtaining a small growth response from the early antibiotics in use when antibiotic feeding began did not necessarily mean that larger responses were not obtainable from other antibiotics. Data were shown indicating that oleandomycin and erythromycin produced marked responses for turkey poults while responses to penicillin, streptomycin, and terramycin were considerably smaller. PROCEDURE Broad Breasted Bronze turkey poults were maintained in conventional electrically heated starting batteries containing raised wire mesh floors in four-week growth studies. At three weeks of age the heating elements were removed to allow the turkeys more space. The room temperature was 72–76°F. Two experiments were conducted, each utilizing duplicate groups of seven males and seven females. The average results of both experiments are presented in Table 1. The percentage composition of the experimental diet follows: ground yellow corn, 33; soybean oil meal (dehulled), 46; bleachable …
Clinical and differential diagnostic aspects of treatment-resistant depression

This study investigated treatment-resistant depressed patients. A sample of 49 patients was selected from a review of 302 patients who had been consecutively evaluated at a tertiary care facility. Clinical records of these 49 patients revealed frequent misdiagnosis of depression subtype, relatively infrequent treatment with electroconvulsive therapy, and pharmacotherapy trials which often were too brief or characterized by inadequate dosing to be effective. A group of non-treatment resistant patients was matched for age, gender, and depressive subtype with 26 treatment-resistant patients. Treatment-resistant patients were less "atypical" and were more likely to have made a suicide attempt than the comparison patients. Although depression rating scales showed similar mean ratings for both groups, the TPQ revealed higher mean ratings for harm avoidance and lower mean ratings for novelty seeking for treatment-resistant patients. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Crack kinking under nonsymmetric loading

Abstract This paper considers an asymmetrically kinked, semi-infinite crack in a two-dimensional solid under mixed-mode loading and a stress acting parallel to the main crack, the latter providing the non-singular stress term, T, in the Irwin-Williams expansion of the crack tip field. The aim of the study is twofold: First, to obtain an almost closed-form solution for the stress intensity factors at the tip of the kink with a view to explaining a curious result observed by many authors that under predominantly Mode I loading the first order solution in small kink angle is accurate for considerably large kink angles and, second, to study the effect of the in-plane tensile stress on the stability of crack growth. Where possible, the results are compared with those available in the literature.