cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of exogenous estradiol and progesterone upon lipase activity and spontaneous lipolysis in bovine milk.

Abstract Three of six lactating Jersey cows received estradiol–17 β and progesterone (.10 and .25mg/kg body weight per day subcutaneously for 7 consecutive days. Lipase activity and acid degree were determined for morning milk samples stored 24h at 4°C. Whole milk lipase activity did not increase over control milk samples; however, lipase activity of cream fraction and percent whole milk lipase activity in cream fraction increased 200 and 100%. Increases in acid degree occurred also and were closely correlated (.8 to .9) with lipase activity of cream fraction and percent whole milk lipase activity in cream fraction. Cooling was not required to effect association of lipase with cream fraction. Two treated cows developed mastitis-like symptoms after elevation in lipase activity of cream fraction and acid degree. Estradiol alone evoked similar responses.
The Freedom to Teach

Maintaining that academic freedom is necessary if schools are to function effectively, Dr. Dahl presents lucid arguments to support his position.
Variations in rates of nucleation and growth of biotite porphyroblasts

Differences in rates of nucleation and diffusion-limited growth for biotite porphyroblasts in adjacent centimetre-scale layers of a garnet-biotite schist from the Picuris Mountains of New Mexico are revealed by variations in crystal size and abundance between two layers with strong compositional similarity. Relationships between fabrics recorded by inclusion patterns in biotite and garnet porphyroblasts are interpreted to reflect garnet growth following biotite growth, without substantial alteration of the biotite sizes. Sizes and locations of biotite crystals, obtained via high-resolution X-ray computed tomography, document that of the two adjacent layers, one has a larger mean crystal volume (9.5 × 10−4v. 2.4 × 10−4 cm3), fewer biotite crystals per unit volume (232 v. 576 crystals cm−3), and a higher volume fraction of biotite (23%v. 14%). The two layers have similar mineral assemblages and mineral chemistry. Both layers show evidence for diffusional control of nucleation and growth. Pseudosection analysis suggests that the large-biotite layer began to crystallize biotite at a temperature ∼67 °C greater than the small-biotite layer. Diffusion rates differed between layers, because of their different temperature ranges of crystallization, but this effect can be quantified. The bulk compositional difference between the layers, manifested in different modal amounts of biotite, has an effect on the biotite sizes that is also quantifiable and insufficient to account for the difference in biotite size. After these other possible causes of variation in crystal sizes have been eliminated, variability in nucleation and diffusion rates remain as the dominant factors responsible for the difference in porphyroblastic textures. Numerical simulations suggest that relative to the small-biotite layer, the large-biotite layer experienced elevated diffusion rates because of the higher crystallization temperature, as well as increased nucleation rates in order to achieve the observed size and number density of crystals. The simulations can replicate the observed textures only by invoking unreasonably large values for the thermal dependence of nucleation rates (activation energies), strongly suggesting that the observed textural differences arise from variations between layers in the abundance and energetics of potential nucleation sites.
Use of a developmental model of language acquisition: Applications to children using AAC systems

This paper addresses the use of a normal language developmental model for clinical intervention with children using augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems. Possible applications of the model are described. The specific dilemmas and unique concerns faced in adapting a developmental model for children with AAC systems are considered. Two areas of normal language development, individual style and displaced talk, are explored and illustrations of the use of this information for generating intervention programs are offered.
Thermal Compensation of a Cw-Pumped Nd:YAG Laser.

Thermally induced lensing and birefringence modify the transverse laser profile and may eliminate any global polarization state in systems utilizing Nd:YAG as a gain medium. This creates fundamental difficulties in obtaining a high-power, polarized output beam. Although abundant literature exists regarding thermal lensing, only one birefringence compensation scheme is prevalent in the literature. A modification of this scheme is given that eliminates residual birefringence. Experimental data verify the model’s validity. A theoretical model is then presented that modifies the birefringence-compensated amplifier as a single power-dependent lens. After showing that solutions exist for a power-independent resonator consisting of a power-dependent lens between two flat mirrors, this amplifier is inserted into the resonator solution to produce, to first order, a resonator that is insensitive to thermally induced fluctuations in the rod focal length.
X-ray photoemission studies of the valence bands of nine IV-VI compounds

Valence-band spectra have been obtained by means of x-ray photoemission spectroscopy for the group IV-VI compounds GeS, GeSe, GeTe, SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe, and PbTe. These spectra, taken under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions with unmonochromatized Mg x rays, are presented and discussed in terms of previously reported valence-band spectra and band-structure calculations. It is observed that the valence bands of the orthorhombic structured compounds (GeS, GeSe, SnS, and SnSe) which have not been previously reported and for which no band-structure calculations have been published are closely related to those of the NaCl-structured compounds despite the two-dimensional character of the orthorhombic structure.
Measurement of the Subjective Effects of Methylphenidate in 11- to 15-Year-Old Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Objective: This study examined subjective and other behavioral effects of methylphenidate (MPH) among adolescents. Methods: Standard abuse liability assessment methods that have been used in adult ...
Two types of target cells for transformation with avian myelocytomatosis virus

Abstract By clone purification of avian myelocytomatosis virus MC29, a virus strain, MCV-B, was isolated which was found to belong to subgroup B of avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses. It contained a nontransforming virus in excess of a transforming virus defective for reproduction. MCV-B retained the capacity to transform hematopoietic chicken tissues at a high efficiency. It was also capable of inducing two types of foci and agar suspension colonies in cell cultures derived from 11-day-old chicken embryos. These alterations were shown to be due to a morphological transformation of two different types of target cells designated s and l . Several lines of evidence indicate that a single agent is able to transform both types of target cells. Pure cultures of s -type cells were obtained by cloning of uninfected chicken cells. They were highly susceptible to transformation with Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) but resistant to transformation with avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) and myeloblastosis associated virus (MAV). Efforts to clone-purify uninfected l -type cells have failed so far. It is suggested that this type of cell is derived from the hematopoietic system and is the in vitro target cell for transformation with AMV.
Cyclic nucleotide responses and radiation-induced mitotic delay in Physarum polycephalum

The response of the plasmodial levels of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in Physarum polycephalum to several putative phosphodiesterase inhibitors and to ionizing radiation has been measured. Isobutylmethylxanthine (2 mM) induces a rapid transient threefold elevation of cyclic AMP alone, with maximum response in about 10 min and return to the base line in about 30 min. Theophylline (2 mM) induces a rapid, sustained twofold elevation of cyclic GMP only. Caffeine (2 mM) and Ro-20-1724 (18 microM) both elicit a rapid transient rise in cyclic AMP, resembling the isobutylmethylxanthine response, and a slow transient elevation of the cyclic GMP level. Of particular interest is the rapid threefold transient elevation of the cyclic AMP, but not of the cyclic GMP, level by gamma radiation. These results (1) emphasize the organism and agent specificity of cyclic nucleotide responses, (2) indicate that the kinetics and apparent refractory response are compatible with the function of previously identified membrane receptor systems, i.e., a blue light receptor and a choleragen receptor mediating cyclic AMP responses, and (3) suggest a relationship between the agent-specific cyclic nucleotide responses and the modification of gamma-radiation-induced delay of mitosis by the same agents, i.e., a decrease in the delay by those which elevate cyclic GMP levels and an increase in the delay by those which elevate only cyclic AMP levels.
The Shape of Axisymmetric Rotating Fluid

Abstract The equations for axisymmetric self-gravitating rotating fluid have been studied extensively since Poincare. The model derives its primary interest from celestial mechanics, where it can be used to study the geometry of stars and planets. Existence of a solution for both the compressible and the incompressible cases is known. The smoothness of the boundary of the fluid is studied, and, in particular, it is proved that the rotating fluid has at most a finite number of rings.
Théâtre Du Soleil: Dramatic Response to the Global Refugee Crisis

n our new century, human displacement has become one of our most urgent concerns. "One out of every 200 people worldwide is displaced and without a home," according to The Carr Foundation in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In fact, there are more refugees today than ever before and their plight is ever more harrowing. Photographs and media coverage of uprooted peoples in detention camps around the world, waiting hopefully for resettlement, stare out at us daily from the pages of our newspapers and television screens. It is a global crisis that begs to be addressed on all fronts. Certainly the theatre should be an arena where such social and political issues can be heard. But can the-
Falsifying laboratory results through field tests: A time-series methodology and some results

Abstract It is often assumed that laboratory research on causal sequences among consumer behavior variables also extends to real-world field processes. However, field tests of such causal sequences have been unsatisfactory, because of limitations in the analytic methods typically used to test for temporal precedence in quasi-experimental field data. It is suggested that statistically powerful time-series techniques might offer a useful way to test for such effects in field data, and thus make possible “intervention falsification” tests that ought to follow “theory falsification” laboratory research as part of a comprehensive “research system.” In an illustrative application, this methodology is applied to a publicly available database from a controlled field experiment, using measures of the cognitive, affective, and conative effects of repeated magazine advertising.
The Superficial Margin of the Skin-Sparing Mastectomy for Breast Carcinoma: Factors Predicting Involvement and Efficacy of Additional Margin Sampling

Background No study has systematically evaluated the significance of involvement of the superficial specimen margin in skin-sparing mastectomies (SSMs).
Computer-managed instruction in Naval technical training

Based on the success reported by the behaviorally oriented programmed instruction movement in the 1960s, the Navy in the late 1960s and early 1970s began to individualize and self-pace a number of their high student throughput apprentice training courses. To facilitate self-pacing the Navy set up a centralized computer-managed instruction (CMI) system to manage self-paced courses. This paper describes the evolution of that CMI system, reviews a number of studies done on the system over 10 years (many of which were published as internal technical reports with restricted distribution), describes the demise of the system, and discusses future directions of self-paced and individualized instruction.
de Haas—van Alphen Effect and Electronic Band Structure of Nickel

We present here a de Haas-van Alphen (DHVA) investigation of nickel utilizing low-frequency field-modulation techniques in magnetic fields extending to 38 kG and at temperatures down to 0.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Two distinct sets of DHVA-frequency branches were obtained with the magnetic field in either the ($1\overline{1}0$) or the (100) crystallographic symmetry plane. The assignment of these to sheets of the nickel Fermi surface is discussed in terms of the general features of band-structure models recently proposed for ferromagnetic nickel. The low-frequency branches are assigned to the [111]-directed necks of the spin-$\ensuremath{\uparrow}$ $s$-band electron sheet. The high-frequency branches are shown to arise from a $d$-band hole pocket derived from a pure ${X}_{5}$ level in the spin-$\ensuremath{\downarrow}$ band. No evidence was obtained for $d$-band hole pockets derived from the ${X}_{2}\ensuremath{\downarrow}$ and ${L}_{3}\ensuremath{\downarrow}$ levels. Since the singal-to-noise ratio for detecting the high-frequency branches was large, the fact that we did not observe any DHVA oscillations assignable to either the ${X}_{2}\ensuremath{\downarrow}$ or ${L}_{3}\ensuremath{\downarrow}$ pockets makes their existence doubtful.
Physical modelling of the atmospheric surface layer

Abstract Wind effects on low-rise buildings and dispersion of pollutants from low-level sources result from wind in the lowest region of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) - the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) which has a thickness of approximately 100 m. Turbulent shear stress in thermally neutral and unstable flows decreases by only 5 to 10% of the surface shear stress across the ASL. The results of research to physically model deep layers of flow in a boundary-layer wind tunnel having this property are presented herein. Boundary-layer flows have been developed that model properties of the ASL over a layer 0.5 m in thickness. Flow properties of the modelled ASL are compared to micrometeorological measurements taken on a 48.8-m high tower at the Texas Tech University (TTU) field site.
Visualizing plastic change in a large model of somatosensory cortex using an adaptive coordinates algorithm

Abstract The neuronal empiricism hypothesis proposes that cortical neurons learn their receptive field properties and organization from statistical regularities in the stream of information that they receive. We computationally examine this hypothesis using Kohonen's self-organizing map algorithm with simulated input from the hand. By using a new adaptive coordinate algorithm we show that the map, once formed, remains stable despite inherent plasticity as long as the statistics of the sensory data do not change. If they do change, our method reveals the presence of powerful attractor regions in the map governing its plastic response.
On liquids of high dispersive power

(1870). On liquids of high dispersive power. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 40, No. 266, pp. 229-231.
Perinatal Substance Use Patterns in Obstetrics-Gynecology

Abstract Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug abuse (ATODA) prevalence and use patterns were examined in a university-based ambulatory clinic. Anonymous and confidential questionnaires, interviews, and medical record reviews were conducted with a sample of 139 women. Participants tended to be young (average age was 23 years old), unemployed (93%), and never married (55%). The average participant was 20 weeks pregnant and had sought care at 14.9 weeks. Thirty-eight percent were smokers, with 21.3 and 8.8% reporting use of alcohol or other drugs during pregnancy, respectively. Less than a quarter recalled being asked by their physicians or the clinic staff about alcohol and other drug use. Slightly more recalled being asked about tobacco (25.7%) and nutritional habits (31.6%). Assessment of ATODA issues is difficult with this population, where fear of prosecution may augment the standard barriers of denial and stigmatization. Nevertheless, it is clear that perinatal substance abuse requires more effective educa...
The transport of condensible vapors through a microporous vycor glass membrane

Abstract The flow of condensible vapors through microporous Vycor glass was investigated experimentally as well as theoretically. In porous materials, adsorbable gases frequently exhibit higher permeability than predicted from the flow of nonadsorbable gases. This enhanced flow has been attributed to the surface diffusion of adsorbed molecules along the surface of the porous media or to the viscous flow of capillary condensate at high relative pressures. In the present investigation, a new flow model of condensible vapors through microporous material was developed by considering the blocking effect of the adsorbed phase on the basis of a cylindrical capillary structure. Six different flow modes were considered depending on the pressure distribution and the film thickness of the adsorbed layer. Experimental measurements were also conducted on the transport of condensible vapors (Freon-113 and water) through microporous Vycor glass at steady state in the entire range of relative pressure. The maximum peak and scattering phenomena of permeabilities were observed. The estimated values of permeability from the developed model were compared with the experimental results. Also, it was attempted to explain the maximum peak and scattering phenomena of the experimentally observed permeabilities.
Brain stimulation and species-typical behaviour: activities evoked by electrical stimulation of the brains of chickens (Gallus gallus).

Abstract Responses to electrical stimulation of 1500 brain loci in eighty-seven birds were analysed for: types of motor patterns elicited, ability of single loci to evoke more than one pattern, dependence of evoked responses on external stimuli, and anatomical location of points yielding various motor patterns. Frequencies of occurrence of motor responses are tabulated and the points plotted on drawings of frontal sections. Frequencies of joint occurrence of two patterns at the same site are analysed. The archistriatum and its efferent tract were frequent sites for several components of agonistic behaviour. Complex sequences other than fighting and threat were not elicited, but many elements of such sequences were readily elicited. These were markedly influenced by external cues.
Analysis of the Hypertriton in Terms of Hard-Core Potentials

The variation method was used to set upper bounds on the strength of the average $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-nucleon potential in the hypertriton ($_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{H}^{3}$) required to reproduce the observed binding energy of that system for assumed hard-core radii of 0.2 F, 0.4 F, and 0.6 F. Only two-body A-nucleon potentials were considered. Although the well-depth parameter of the required potential increases as the assumed hard-core radius is increased, it seems unlikely that even the largest of the hard-core radii considered here would imply a bound state for the hyperdeuteron ($_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{H}^{2}$). The possibility that the scattering length and the effective range of the required potential may be insensitive to the value of the hard-core radius is discussed.
Hydrolysis of VX on Concrete: Rate of Degradation by Direct Surface Interrogation using an Ion Trap Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer

The nerve agent VX (O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate) is lethal at very low levels of exposure, which can occur by dermal contact with contaminated surfaces. Hence, behavior of VX in contact with common urban or industrial surfaces is a subject of acute interest. In the present study, VX was found to undergo complete degradation when in contact with concrete surfaces. The degradation was directly interrogated at submonolayer concentrations by periodically performing secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analyses after exposure of the concrete to VX. The abundance of the [VX + H]+ ion in the SIMS spectra was observed to decrease in an exponential fashion, consistent with first-order or pseudo-first-order behavior. This phenomenon enabled the rate constant to be determined at 0.005 min-1 at 25 °C, which corresponds to a half-life of about 3 h on the concrete surface. The decrease in [VX + H]+ was accompanied by an increase in the abundance of the principal degradation product diiso...
Intestinal epithelial cells exposed to heat shock stress release a soluble compound that activates the virulence of P. aeruginosa

Introduction. Although there is a significant body of evidence that bacteria activate a variety of pro-inflammatory signals following their interaction with human epithelial cells, there is virtually no information on signaling in the opposite direction. In this study we sought to determine whether host cell factors released by intestinal epithelial cells subjected to stress could signal the opportunistic pathogen, P. aeruginosa, to express a key virulence related protein, the PA-I lectin. Methods. Human intestinal epithelia (Caco-2bbe) were grown to confluence in HDMEM media. To expose cells to a clinically relevant stress, hyperthermic conditions were created by immersing sealed culture dishes in a 42°C water bath for 23 min, followed by 2 h of recovery at 37°C and 5% CO2. Control cells were maintained in 37°C at 5% CO2.. Media were then filtered through a 0.22-μm filter before serial centrifugal membrane filtration using 100, 50, 30, 10, and 3 kDa filters and resuspended in HDMEM. GFP reporter strains of P. aeruginosa carrying a fusion construct for the PA-I lectin were then exposed to the epithelial cell derived filtrates from heat shock stressed Caco-2 cells. Dynamic fluorimetry was used to measure fluorescence (i.e. PA-I activity) over time. To determine if inducing compounds were proteins, fractions capable of activating PA-I were then heat inactivated by heating to 70°C for 30 min and tested against active fractions by the same method. Results. A 30- to 50-kDa media fraction from heat-stressed cells induced a 10-fold increase in PA-I promoter activity over controls, as measured by fluorescence (1082 ± 216%, P < 0.01), while all other fractions showed no effect. Heat inactivation completely eliminated this effect (−156% of control ± 293%, P = NS). Conclusion. Human intestinal epithelial cells release a soluble 30- to 50-kDa compound(s) that can activate a key virulence protein in P. aeruginosa. We speculate that the molecular dialogue between a pathogen and the intestinal epithelium is bidirectional and can be initiated by host stress conditions such as hyperthermia.
Evaluation of flow mixing in an ARID-HV algal raceway using statistics of temporal and spatial distribution of fluid particles

Abstract This paper analyzes and evaluates the flow mixing in an open channel algal raceway for biofuel production. The flow mixing governs the frequency of how algae cells are exposed to sunlight, due to the fluid movement between the surface and the bottom of the algal raceway, thereby affecting algal growth rate. In this work, we investigated the flow mixing performance in a table-sized model of the High Velocity Algae Raceway Integrated Design (ARID-HV). Various geometries of the raceway channels and dams were considered in both the CFD analysis and experimental flow visualization. In the CFD simulation, the pathlines of fluid particles were analyzed to obtain the distribution of the number of times that particles passed across a critical water depth, Dc, defined as a cycle count. In addition, the distribution of the time period fraction that the fluid particles stayed in the zones above and below Dc was recorded. Such information was used to evaluate the flow mixing in the raceway. The CFD evaluation of the flow mixing was validated using experimental flow visualization, which showed a good qualitative agreement with the numerical results. In conclusion, this CFD-based evaluation methodology is recommended for flow field optimization for open channel algal raceways, as well as for other engineering applications in which flow mixing is an important concern.
Technical section: Interpretive OpenGL for computer graphics

OpenGL is the industry-leading, cross-platform graphics application programming interface (API), and the only major API with support for virtually all operating systems. Many languages, such as Fortran, Java, Tcl/Tk, and Python, have OpenGL bindings to take advantage of OpenGL visualization power. In this article, we present Ch OpenGL Toolkit, a truly platform-independent Ch binding to OpenGL for computer graphics. Ch is an embeddable C/C++ interpreter for cross-platform scripting, shell programming, numerical computing, and embedded scripting. Ch extends C with salient numerical and plotting features. Like some mathematical software packages, such as MATLAB, Ch has built-in support for two and three-dimensional graphical plotting, computational arrays for vector and matrix computation, and linear system analysis with advanced numerical analysis functions based on LAPACK. Ch OpenGL Toolkit allows OpenGL application developers to write applications in a cross-platform environment, and all of the OpenGL application source code can readily run on different platforms without compilation and linking processes. In addition, the syntax of Ch OpenGL Toolkit is identical to C interface to OpenGL. Ch OpenGL Toolkit saves OpenGL programmers' energies for solving problems without struggling with mastering new language syntax. Ch OpenGL Toolkit is embeddable. Embedded Ch OpenGL graphics engine enables graphical application developers or users to dynamically generate and manipulate graphics at run-time. The truly platform independent, scriptable, and embeddable features of Ch OpenGL Toolkit make it a good candidate for rapid prototyping, mobile graphics applications, Web-based applications, and classroom interactive presentation. The design issues of Ch OpenGL Toolkit and its potential applications are presented in the article. A methodology that can be used to implement a Web-based visualization system based on Ch OpenGL and Ch CGI is also introduced. The method described in the article can be easily followed to create a Web-based visualization system at low cost and with minimal effort. The software packages Ch and Ch CGI Toolkit are freely available and can be downloaded from the Internet.
Shell corrections in stopping powers

One of the theories of the electronic stopping power S for fast light ions was derived by Bethe. The algorithm currently used for the calculation of S includes terms known as the mean excitation energy I, the shell correction, the Barkas correction, and the Bloch correction. These terms are described here. For the calculation of the shell corrections an atomic model is used, which is more realistic than the hydrogenic approximation used so far. A comparison is made with similar calculations in which the local plasma approximation is utilized. Close agreement with the experimental data for protons with energies from 0.3 to 10 MeV traversing Al and Si is found without the need for adjustable parameters for the shell corrections.
Enoxaparin treatment in high-risk trauma patients limits the utility of surveillance venous duplex scanning.

Abstract Objective: The value of surveillance venous duplex scanning for detecting unsuspected deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in trauma patients who are receiving enoxaparin prophylaxis is open to question. This study was undertaken to determine whether enoxaparin reduced the clinical utility of surveillance scanning and whether management of these patients was altered by findings of the scans. Methods: The medical records of trauma patients who met defined criteria for high DVT risk, admitted during 30 consecutive months, were reviewed. These patients received enoxaparin 30 mg every 12 hours for the duration of their admissions. Per protocol, surveillance lower extremity venous duplex scans were performed within 72 hours of enoxaparin administration and then weekly until patients were discharged from the hospital. The records were reviewed for thromboembolic events (DVT or pulmonary embolism [PE]), patient location and ambulatory status, therapeutic interventions (systemic anticoagulation, vena cava filter), and complications of enoxaparin therapy. Results: A total 241 patients underwent 513 venous duplex examinations (1-13 per patient). Eight patients had DVT on the initial scan; seven of these patients were asymptomatic. Five were treated with anticoagulation and/or vena cava filter placement. Of the 233 patients with initially negative duplex scan results, five patients (2%) developed clinically unsuspected lower extremity DVT while hospitalized. All of these five patients were in an intensive care unit. Three of the five patients had no change in treatment. Two of the five underwent anticoagulation, and one vena cava filter was placed. PE occurred in two hospitalized patients, one of whom was ambulatory, with negative duplex scan results. After hospital discharge, six other patients had symptomatic DVT or PE despite in-hospital scans with negative results. Complications associated with enoxaparin included hemorrhage (2) and thrombocytopenia (8). Conclusions: After initial negative scan results, repeat surveillance duplex scanning during hospitalization detected a low incidence (2%) of DVT in high-risk patients. Furthermore, the detection of unsuspected DVT altered the clinical management of less than 1% of the patients tested. Thus, after a venous duplex scan with negative results and initiation of enoxaparin prophylaxis, subsequent surveillance duplex examinations are not warranted in asymptomatic trauma patients. (J Vasc Surg 2001;34:447-52.)
The effects of tetraphenylboron on neuromuscular transmission in the frog.

Abstract 1 The effect of tetraphenylboron (TPB) were studied on the frog sciatic nerve-sartorius muscle preparation. 2 TPB (0.01-1 mM) blocked indirectly elicited twitches of the preparation. 3 TPB (0.01-0.1 mM) produced no depolarization but lowered membrane resistance. TPB increased miniature endplate potential (m.e.p.p.) frequency, the rate of rise of the endplate potential (e.p.p.), and slowed the rate of rise and rate of fall of the muscle action potential. 4 In Mg2+ solutions the quantal content of e.p.ps was initially increased by TPB (0.01 mM). This was followed by a decrease of e.p.p. and m.e.p.p. amplitudes, accompanied by a lack of e.p.p. failures. 5 Larger concentrations of TPB (0.1 mM) produced an increase in e.p.p. amplitude followed by the sudden abolition of e.p.ps. This effect was associated with abolition of the nerve terminal spike. 6 TPB (0.1 mM) exhibited no postjunctional blocking action. 7 The results indicate that TPB acts prejunctionally, initially causing an increased release of acetylcholine. Subsequently, transmitter output is reduced by a reduction of quantal size.
Chemokine-like Receptor 1 (CMKLR1) and Chemokine (C-C motif) Receptor-like 2 (CCRL2); Two Multifunctional Receptors with Unusual Properties

Chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), also known as ChemR23, and chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-like 2 (CCRL2) are 7-transmembrane receptors that were cloned in the late 1990s based on their homology to known G-protein-coupled receptors. They were previously orphan receptors without any known biological roles; however, recent studies identified ligands for these receptors and their functions have begun to be unveiled. The plasma protein-derived chemoattractant chemerin is a ligand for CMKLR1 and activation of CMKLR1 with chemerin induces the migration of macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro, suggesting a proinflammatory role. However, in vivo studies using CMKLR-deficient mice suggest an anti-inflammatory role for this receptor, possibly due to the recruitment of tolerogenic plasmacytoid DCs. Chemerin/CMKLR1 interaction also promotes adipogenesis and angiogenesis. The anti-inflammatory lipid mediator, resolving E1, is another CMKLR1 ligand and it inhibits leukocyte infiltration and proinflammatory gene expression. These divergent results suggest that CMKLR1 is a multifunctional receptor. The chemokine CCL5 and CCL19 are reported to bind to CCRL2. Like Duffy antigen for chemokine receptor (DARC), D6 and CCX-CKR, CCRL2 does not signal, but it constitutively recycles, potentially reducing local concentration of CCL5 and CCL19 and subsequent immune responses. Surprisingly, chemerin, a ligand for CMKLR1, is a ligand for CCRL2. CCRL2 binds chemerin and increases local chemerin concentration to efficiently present it to CMKLR1 on nearby cells, providing a link between CCRL2 and CMKLR1. Although these findings suggest an anti-inflammatory role, a recent study using CCRL2-deficient mice indicates a proinflammatory role; thus, CCRL2 may also be multifunctional. Further studies using CMKLR1- or CCRL2-deficient mice are needed to further define the role of these receptors in immune responses and other cellular processes.
DNA microarray technology in toxicogenomics of aquatic models: Methods and applications

Toxicogenomics represents the merging of toxicology with genomics and bioinformatics to investigate biological functions of genome in response to environmental contaminants. Aquatic species have traditionally been used as models in toxicology to characterize the actions of environmental stresses. Recent completion of the DNA sequencing for several fish species has spurred the development of DNA microarrays allowing investigators access to toxicogenomic approaches. However, since microarray technology is thus far limited to only a few aquatic species and derivation of biological meaning from microarray data is highly dependent on statistical arguments, the full potential of microarray in aquatic species research has yet to be realized. Herein we review some of the issues related to construction, probe design, statistical and bioinformatical data analyses, and current applications of DNA microarrays. As a model a recently developed medaka (Oryzias latipes) oligonucleotide microarray was described to highlight some of the issues related to array technology and its application in aquatic species exposed to hypoxia. Although there are known non-biological variations present in microarray data, it remains unquestionable that array technology will have a great impact on aquatic toxicology. Microarray applications in aquatic toxicogenomics will range from the discovery of diagnostic biomarkers, to establishment of stress-specific signatures and molecular pathways hallmarking the adaptation to new environmental conditions.
Alzheimer β protein mediated oxidative damage of mitochondrial DNA: Prevention by melatonin

Most contemporary progress in Alzheimer's disease (AD) stems from the study of a 42 43 amino acid peptide. called the amyloid beta protein (Abeta), as the main neuropathologic marker of the disorder. It has been demonstrated that Abeta has neurotoxic properties and that such effects are mediated by free-radicals. Exposure of neuronal cells to Abeta results in a spectrum of oxidative lesions that are profoundly harmful to neuronal homeostasis. We had previously shown that Abeta25-35 induces oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and that this modality of injury is prevented by melatonin. Because Abeta25 35 does not occur in AD and because the mode of toxicity by Abeta25-35 may be different from that of Abeta1-42 (the physiologically relevant form of Abeta), we extended our initial observations to determine whether oxidative damage to mtDNA could also be induced by Abeta1-42 and whether this type of injury is prevented by melatonin. Exposure of human neuroblastoma cells to Abeta1-42 resulted in marked oxidative damage to mtDNA as determined by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction method. Addition of melatonin to cell cultures along with Abeta completely prevented the damage. This study supports previous findings with Abeta25-35, including a causative role for Abeta in the mitochondrial oxidative lesions present in AD brains. Most important, the data confirms the neuroprotective role of melatonin in Abeta-mediated oxidative injury. Because melatonin also inhibits amyloid aggregation, lacks toxicity, and efficiently crosses the blood-brain barrier, this hormone appears superior to other available antioxidants as a candidate for pharmacologic intervention in AD.
Continuity of an unknown error function

Abstract Certain behavior of the error function involved in interpolation of a continuous function has been studied in the broader context of numerical analysis.
Localized fibrous tumors of pleura: a light and electron microscopic study.

Light and electron microscopic studies of two localized fibrous tumors of pleura are presented. The tumors showed microscopically a purely fibrous character without preformed slit-like spaces, or papillary or tubular structures. The neoplasms were encapsulated, pedunculated, and projected freely into the pleural cavity. Fine structural studies showed fibroblasts with prominent rough endoplasmic reticulum, intracytoplasmic bundles of fibrils, and elongated cytoplasmic processes. Desmosomes, microvilli, or basement membrane-like material was not observed. Although fibrous tumors of pleura are generally regarded as mesotheliomas, there are those in which the cell components are purely fibroblastic in nature, without light microscopic or ultrastructural resemblance to mesothelial cells. They derive probably from fibroblasts normally present underneath the visceral pleura, as suggested by the presence of a fibrous capsule covered by an intact mesothelial cell lining. It is proposed to name those neoplasms “localized fibrous tumors of pleura,” without implying their mesothelial origin unless mesothelial cells are demonstrated within the tumor tissue. Encapsulated fibrous tumor of pleura are usually benign and adequately treated by local excision.
Role of diet in cancer etiology

Current evidence for the involvement of diet in cancer etiology is based on indirect relationships between the consumption of selected food constituents and incidence, dietary studies, and laboratory data. The indirect evidence most often referred to is the suggested correlation between the complex of fats-meat-egg-animal protein and the risk for cancer of the colon. Such observations are, however, hampered by the fact that human diet does not consist of isolated food components. Case control studies implicate a higher intake of starchy foods in gastric cancer, a lower intake of fiber in colon cancer, and possibly coffee in renal cancer. Carcinogenic agents identified include food additives, plant toxicants, aflatoxins, polycyclic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, and certain normal major food constituents. The experimental evidence is augmented by studies indicating an inter-relationship between dietary constituents, intestinal flora, and bile acid metabolism. A synergistic action of ingested or metabolized carcinogens and a co-carcinogenic function of certain dietary components are suggested.
Control of Translocation through the Sec61 Translocon by Nascent Polypeptide Structure within the Ribosome

During polytopic protein biogenesis, multiple transmembrane segments (TMs) must pass through the ribosome exit tunnel and into the Sec61 translocon prior to insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. To investigate how movement of a newly synthesized TM along this integration pathway might be influenced by synthesis of a second TM, we used photocross-linking probes to detect the proximity of ribosome-bound nascent polypeptides to Sec61α. Probes were inserted at sequential sites within TM2 of the aquaporin-1 water channel by in vitro translation of truncated mRNAs. TM2 first contacted Sec61α when the probe was positioned ∼38 residues from the ribosome peptidyltransferase center, and TM2-Sec61α photoadducts decreased markedly when the probe was >80 residues from the peptidyltransferase center. Unexpectedly, as nascent chain length was gradually extended, photocross-linking at multiple sites within TM2 abruptly and transiently decreased, indicating that TM2 initially entered, withdrew, and then re-entered Sec61α. This brief reduction in TM2 photocross-linking coincided with TM3 synthesis. Replacement of TM3 with a secretory reporter domain or introduction of proline residues into TM3 changed the TM2 cross-linking profile and this biphasic behavior. These findings demonstrate that the primary and likely secondary structure of the nascent polypeptide within the ribosome exit tunnel can influence the timing with which topogenic determinants contact, enter, and pass through the translocon.
Psychophysical judgment: electro-cortical and heart rate correlates of accuracy and uncertainty.

Abstract The relationship between perceptual accuracy and physiological response amplitude was investigated in an auditory pitch discrimination experiment. Confidence ratings were obtained from all subjects following each trial. The stimulus set consisted of three tones of different frequencies spaced in a manner to provide both easy and difficult discriminations. Heart rate, EEG and vertical eye movement were recorded throughout the experiment. The results of the experiment indicated that the largest evoked cardiac rate response was elicited by the stimulus which produced the fewest errors in judgment; larger auditory evoked potentials, particularly the late positive component ( P 300 ), were associated with the ‘easy’ stimulus; greater cortical negativity was associated with the difficult stimuli. eye activity was found to covary with judgmental accuracy; cortical slow wave activity was particularly sensitive to the confidence, or ‘uncertainty’ parameter. A ‘decision tree’ model was hypothesized to decribe the processing mechanism involved in solving the discrimination problem.
Multi-core aware applications in CMS

One of the significant trends of recent years has been the move towards multicore CPU's with ever increasing numbers of cores. CMS has been preparing multicore aware applications that rely on multi-processing, namely the sharing of memory between processes forked from a single parent process. First experience with deploying these applications for production will be presented, as well as results from detailed profiling done to understand the limits of scaling with increasing numbers of cores.
Longitudinal study of keratoconus progression

To determine if differences in topographic progression between unaffected keratoconus relatives and normal controls can predict factors associated with the development of keratoconus in a longitudinal study. We recruited 369 unaffected keratoconus relatives and 119 normal controls in Los Angeles. Both eyes of subjects were examined at baseline clinically and by quantitative videokeratography and at a period ranging from 1 year to 8 years. Progression to keratoconus was evaluated by quantitative videokeratography variables. Unaffected relatives had higher Central K (CK), I-S and KISA values and were younger than normal controls (CK: 44.70 vs 44.01, P or = 47.2 and I-S> or =1.2 or KISA> or = 60) and low risk (age>30 and Central K<47.2 and I-S<1.2 and KISA< 60), relatives in the high risk group had a greater increase in CK and I-S values than those in the low risk group (CK: P=0.009; I-S: P<0.001), which indicated that there were significantly different rates of progression between two groups. Unaffected relatives had higher videokeratography indices than normal controls, but overall they did not progress to keratoconus quicker than normal controls. However, relatives in the high risk group may have a greater risk of progression to keratoconus.
Characterization and diagenesis of strong-acid carboxyl groups in humic substances

Abstract A small fraction of carboxylic acid functional groups in humic substances are exceptionally acidic with pKa values as low as 0.5. A review of acid-group theory eliminated most models and explanations for these exceptionally acidic carboxyl groups. These acidic carboxyl groups in Suwannee River fulvic acid were enriched by a 2-stage fractionation process and the fractions were characterized by elemental, molecular-weight, and titrimetric analyses, and by infrared and 13C- and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. An average structural model of the most acidic fraction derived from the characterization data indicated a high density of carboxyl groups clustered on oxygen-heterocycle alicyclic rings. Intramolecular H-bonding between adjacent carboxyl groups in these ring structures enhanced stabilization of the carboxylate anion which results in low pKa1 values. The standard, tetrahydrofuran tetracarboxylic acid, was shown to have similar acidity characteristics to the highly acidic fulvic acid fraction. The end products of 3 known diagenetic pathways for the formation of humic substances were shown to result in carboxyl groups clustered on oxygen-heterocycle alicyclic rings.
Nineteenth-Century Women Writers and the Classical Inheritance: Introduction

It was not entirely out of devotion to her future husband that she wished to know Latin and Greek. Those provinces of masculine knowledge seemed to her a standing-ground from which all truth could ...
Multiple forms of L1210 dihydrofolate reductase differing in affinity for methotrexate.

Abstract Dihydrofolate reductase, purified from a Methotrexate-resistant subline (R6) of L1210 mouse leukemia cells, consists of two forms (designated 1 and 2 ) differing in affinity for the drug. Form 1 is more sensitive to inhibition by Methotrexate. Form 2 is more heat-labile, but it can be stabilized by bovine serum albumin or NADPH. Isoelectric focusing resolves 1 and 2 ; pI values are 7.4 and 8.2. Forms 1 and 2 comprise about 10 and 90% of the total protein, but 1 has at least a 2-fold higher specific activity. Binding measurements with [ 3 H]Methotrexate provide K D values of ca. 1 and 27 mM for 1 and 2 .
Digital bit stream jitter testing using jitter expansion

This paper presents a time-domain jitter expansion technique for high-speed digital bit sequence jitter testing. While jitter expansion has been applied to phase noise measurements of sinusoidal signals before, its applicability to random clock jitter testing and data-dependent jitter testing have not been explored. The latter problems have wide application and necessitate new analysis procedures given in this paper. Since low phase noise sinusoids can be generated relatively easily as compared to low jitter digital clocks, the proposed technique utilizes a low-frequency sine wave as a reference signal which can be fed to the device under test with less concern for reference signal noise. A special circuit called a jitter-sensor is used for jitter extraction and produces a low-speed output signal with higher jitter values that track the jitter of the high-speed digital test signal. Thus, conventional narrow-bandwidth testers are able to analyze the sensor output. This allows high resolution jitter testing for high-speed digital signals possible at low cost.