cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economics of Community Health

Different risk and benefit factors are involved in the development of health profiles of populations according to health inequalities influenced by socioeconomic factors. This chapter examines the econometric approaches to sustainable community health systems. The chapter considers the current econometric approaches for enacting policies that benefit the most vulnerable populations, including racial diversity, old age, gender, and disability. It considers how to apply multivariate econometric statistical procedures on epidemiological community data and community data to examine the health economics of community populations, taking into account their socio-ecologies. The chapter proposes that there exist significant cultural and political influences on health policies that aim to improve community population health outcomes, while reducing health inequities. It makes the proposition that econometric approaches provide a viable basis for policy discussions and trade-offs in the effort to improve community wellbeing in the long term.
Reforming Military Juries in the Wake of Ramos v. Louisiana

Juries in the military are smaller than civilian practice and may convict by less than unanimous verdicts. Although empirical research has shown larger, unanimous juries perform better by virtually every measure, military courts have not adopted them. They claim that it is inapplicable because the research was conducted on civilians. This Article explains the science supporting large, unanimous juries, courts’ resistance to the science, and addresses the objections courts have raised to jury reforms. It concludes that there is no worthwhile reason to maintain the status quo for military juries.
Minimally Invasive Mastectomy Could Achieve Non-inferior Oncological Outcome in Appropriately Selected Patients: Propensity Matched Analysis of the National Cancer Database.

BACKGROUND Minimally invasive mastectomy (MIM) was emerged as an approach to decrease morbidity and increase patient satisfaction through improved cosmetic results; however, there is a paucity of data regarding the long-term oncologic outcomes of these minimally invasive approaches. METHODS Patients who underwent mastectomy procedures were identified in the National Cancer Database (2010-2016). Patients were categorized as MIM or open mastectomy. A 1:1 propensity match was performed to balance the bias on reconstruction, nipple sparing, lymph node procedures, and other confounding factors between the cohorts. Short- and long-term outcomes were compared. RESULTS A total of 328 811 patients met the criteria: 327 643 (99.6%) received open mastectomy and 1168 (.4%) received MIM. Propensity match identified 384 "pairs" of MIM and open mastectomy patients. Among them, MIM was associated with shorter length of stay (LOS) (mean 1.3 vs. 1.06 days, P = .003). No differences were observed in the rates of positive margins, unplanned readmissions, or 90-day mortality between the 2 operative approaches. Overall survival (OS) was equivalent between MIM and open mastectomy patients. Cox proportional hazard regression showed no effect of the procedure performed on OS. DISCUSSION MIM is associated with shorter LOS, and it is non-inferior to open mastectomy in terms of other short-term outcomes and long-term oncologic survival outcomes. These data suggest that MIM may be considered in appropriately selected breast cancer patients as an additional approach to the community.
Situation-specific shyness among Chinese adolescents: Measurement and associations with adjustment

Abstract We systematically examined situation-specific shyness in adolescence and inspected the relations between situation-specific shyness and multiple aspects of adjustment. Adolescents (N = 492) from an urban school in China participated in the study during 7th (T1) and 8th (T2) grades. Adolescents self-reported their situation-specific shyness using a new measure of hypothetical scenarios, and their general shyness and internalizing problems. Peers reported adolescents' peer acceptance and rejection. The school provided the adolescents' academic records. Factor analyses supported a three-factor structure of situation-specific shyness: shyness with familiar peers, shyness with unfamiliar peers, and shyness in formal situations. Shyness with familiar peers predicted maladjustment in multiple domains, especially academic and peer difficulties. Shyness with unfamiliar peers and shyness in formal situations, by contrast, primarily were associated with internalizing problems, and occasionally were related to positive adjustment. Our findings supported the importance of considering the situation in which shyness occurs when developing intervention programs.
Longitudinal associations of trauma exposure with disordered eating: Lessons from the Great Smoky Mountains Study.

Disordered eating is prevalent among trauma survivors, yet little is known about mechanisms underlying this relation. We explored cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of trauma exposure an...
Parabolic Equation Techniques for Seismology, Seismo-Acoustics, and Arctic Acoustics

After the parabolic equation method was initially applied to scalar wave propagation problems in ocean acoustics and seismology, it took more than a decade before there was any substantial progress...
Measuring the impact of a library-hosted showcase event

Abstract In 2015, an academic library at a R1 institution initiated an annual showcase event, to acknowledge the significant achievements of university faculty. The event honors faculty who authored a book, participated in a major performance or exhibition, commercialized new technologies and inventions, or received a major research grant during the previous calendar year. The event intends to cultivate collaboration among the honorees while also increasing the visibility of the university libraries and their services. The authors used a series of surveys to elicit feedback from honored faculty and their administrators who attended the events. Analysis of the data indicates that the event is valuable to attendees and it increases their awareness and use of specific library resources.
RAID-S Technical Overview: Raid 4 and 5-Compliant Hardware and Software Functionality Improves Data Availability Through Use of XOR-Capable Disks in an Integrated Cached Disk Array

The purpose of this paper is to provide a technical description of redundant array of independent disks - Symmetrix (RAID-S). It is intended to give the reader an understanding of how RAID-S is architected and implemented in the EMC Symmetrix 3000/5000 series integrated cached disk array. Topics include RAID-S taxonomy, configuration considerations, operational characteristics, performance, and implementation guidelines.
Genetic analysis of Pitx2 function in zebrafish development

Pitx2 is a homeodomain transcription factor that is highly conserved in vertebrates. Mutations in Pitx2 cause autosomal dominant Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS), characterized by eye and tooth malfo...
A Faith-Based Perspective on Tort Causation

Difficult issues of tort causation are explored from the basis of a Judeo-Christian worldview.
Factors Influencing the Composition and Quantity of Passenger Car Refueling Emissions — Part I

This paper describes the results of a study to examine the effects of various experimental variables on the quantity and composition of emissions associated with motor vehicle refueling. Problems related to accurate laboratory simulation of vehicle refueling are discussed. Preliminary results include emission rates for total hydrocarbons, benzene and 82 other hydrocarbon compounds for a single test vehicle under a variety of temperature and test conditions.
Modeling of Plated Through‐Hole Processes I. Current Distribution

A theoretical model which utilized a modified Hagen-Poiseuille velocity distribution was developed to simulate plated through-hole processes. An analysis was carried out to illustrate the effect of geometric, charge-transfer, mass-transfer, and ohmic parameters on the current distribution. An experimental investigation was conducted, and the results compared satisfactorily with theoretical prediction.
Follow-Up Study of the Use of Refrigerated Homogenous Bone Transplants in Orthopaedic Operations

Philip Duncan Wilson was born in Columbus, Ohio. His father was a family physician who held the Chair of Obstetrics in the Sterling Medical School [1]. The young Philip graduated from Harvard College in 1909 and then served as President of his graduating class at Harvard Medical School. He spent two years as a surgical intern at MGH, after which he returned to Columbus to practice. During WWI he was invited back to Boston to join the Harvard Unit under Harvey Cushing, and served with that unit when it was housed in the Lycee Pasteur. (The members of that unit included Marius Smith-Petersen, who also spent many years at the Massachusetts General Hospital and also became AAOS President.) He rejoined MGH on the staff in 1919. In 1925 he published an influential monograph with W.A. Cochrane (formerly of the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary), entitled, “Fractures and Dislocations” [5].
Economic Development and Democracy: Does Industrialization Lead to Universal Suffrage?

Economic development is widely believed to stimulate the development of democratic institutions. This paper supports that argument, but suggests that the connec- tion between industrialization and democracy is quite indirect. JEL Classification D72, D74, H11 The first half of the paper uses rational choice models to demonstrate that econ- omic development does not necessarily induce major changes in a nation's suffrage laws. Changes in the magnitude an d distribution of wealth only induce institutional reforms if they also change the constitutional interests of those controlling the government. This is not necessarily the case, even in parliamen- tary systems whose members are chosen in competitive elections. Both the me- dian member of parliament and the median person eligible to vote tend to be well served by the existing institutional arrangements. However, in favorable circumstances industrialization can induce major re- forms in suffrage law. The second half of the paper explores mechanisms through which industrialization can lead to democratization. One neglected consequence of industrialization is that the cost of organizing political interest groups is reduced by the same technological changes that increase the efficient scale of manufacturing and distribution, while the demand for such organizations is increased. This paper demonstrates that industrialization can generate major suffrage reform when it empowers the "right" economic and ideological interest groups. The experience of nineteenth century northern Europe is used to illustrate the relevance of the analysis.
The Industrial Organization of Bond Underwriting Market with Bank Entry: Evidence from Underwriting Fees

This paper constructs a measure of niche reputation arising from the comparative advantages of different types of underwriters. The relation between niche reputation and fees is used to gauge the impact of commercial bank entry on the market structure of bond underwriting. During 1991-1996, incumbent investment banks charged higher fees for their niche reputation, which suggests an oligopolistic market structure. During 1997-2000, such rents were competed away as bank entry became prominent. As entrants, commercial banks always charge lower fees for their niche reputation - better services and lower fees to attract new customers - which indicates that bond underwriting market was difficult to penetrate. Besides, both types of underwriters selectively, rather than universally, reduced fees in the industries where competition was stronger and imminent.
A Critical Evaluation of Insider Trading

In light of the Martha Stewart saga, I look at the law of insider trading critically. The paper explains the three theories of how one could be liable for securities fraud under the 1934 Securities and Exchange Act. Surprisingly, I find that even if all of the government's allegations were true, Martha Stewart was not guilty of securities fraud as currently defined under the law. I also offer a critique of the law of securities fraud in general, evaluating the economic and philosophical implications of section 10 (b).
Extractive scintillating resin for 99Tc quantification in aqueous solutions

A method utilizing extractive scintillating resin for 99Tcmonitoring in aqueous solutions is presented. These extractive scintillatorscombine analyte selective uptake and scintillating properties to produce dualfunctionality analytical resins. These resins were produced by (1) co-locatedextraction chromatographic resin and plastic scintillating beads, (2) immobilizingfluors in macroporous polystyrene supports to which chains of monomethylatedpolyethylene glycol have been grafted and (3) co-immobilizing organic scintillatingfluors and a quaternary ammonium extractant (Aliquat-336) within macroporousacrylic and polystyrene supports. The first and third resins selectively extractpertechnetate ions from dilute acid whereas the second resin selectively extractspertechnetate ions from high ionic strength solutions. These resins were utilizedin ~0.20 ml pore volume columns while 99Tc was continually monitoredwith commercially available scintillation detection systems. Manual and automatedmicrofluidics were used to deliver sample and reagent solution for loadingand elution of the 99Tc. The detection efficiencies were determinedto be 45 and 70% for acrylic and polystyrene based resins, respectively, andindependent of extractant. Minimum detectable 99Tc concentrationusing the Aliquat-336/acrylic-based resin was 6.2 Bq . l –1 for a 50-mlsample and 30-minute count time. The new methodology was applied towards analysisof contaminated groundwater samples and nuclear waste simulants.
Intramolecular C2 Domain-Mediated Autoinhibition of Protein Kinase C βII.

The signaling output of protein kinase C (PKC) is exquisitely controlled, with its disruption resulting in pathophysiologies. Identifying the structural basis for autoinhibition is central to developing effective therapies for cancer, where PKC activity needs to be enhanced, or neurodegenerative diseases, where PKC activity should be inhibited. Here, we reinterpret a previously reported crystal structure of PKCβII and use docking and functional analysis to propose an alternative structure that is consistent with previous literature on PKC regulation. Mutagenesis of predicted contact residues establishes that the Ca(2+)-sensing C2 domain interacts intramolecularly with the kinase domain and the carboxyl-terminal tail, locking PKC in an inactive conformation. Ca(2+)-dependent bridging of the C2 domain to membranes provides the first step in activating PKC via conformational selection. Although the placement of the C1 domains remains to be determined, elucidation of the structural basis for autoinhibition of PKCβII unveils a unique direction for therapeutically targeting PKC.
Transpiration cooling in a magneto-hydrodynamic stagnation-point flow

An analysis has been made to determine the reduction in stagnation point heat transfer when blowing and a magnetic field act simultaneously. It is found that in the presence of blowing, the magnetic field may be considerably more effective in reducing heat transfer than in the no-blowing case. The results show that the heat transfer reduction due to the simultaneous action of blowing and magnetic field is greater than that attained by multiplying together the separate reductions due to blowing alone and magnetic field alone. This favourable interaction diminishes as the Prandtl number diminishes and thus may be of lesser importance for highly ionized gases for which the Prandtl number is low. The analysis is carried through for both two- and three-dimensional stagnation points, and results are reported for Prandtl numbers of 0.01, 0.1, 0.7, 1, and 10.
Biomimetic ultrathin whitening by capillary-force-induced random clustering of hydrogel micropillar arrays.

Capillary-force-induced collapse of high-aspect-ratio microstructures has often been considered a failure mechanism in device fabrication. Here, we study capillary-force-induced clustering behavior of highly ordered hydrogel micropillar arrays from 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) and explore their utility as ultrathin whitening layers (less than 9 μm thick). When exposed to water, followed by drying in an air stream, the micropillars were softened, bent, and randomly clustered together because of competition between the capillary force and elastic restoring force of the pillars. By varying the relative composition of the water-swellable PHEMA and glassy PMMA, we modulated the elastic modulus of the pillars in the wet state spanning over 3 orders of magnitude. By minimizing the sum of the capillary meniscus interaction energy and the elastic bending energy of the pillars for a cluster, we estimated the average cluster size as a function of the elastic modulus of the pillars...
Does morbid obesity change outcomes after laparoscopic surgery for inflammatory bowel disease? Review of 626 consecutive cases.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the impact of obesity on morbidity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who are undergoing laparoscopic resections. The aim of this study was to evaluate outcomes in a consecutive series of normal weight (NW), overweight (OW), and obese (OB) patients undergoing elective laparoscopic colorectal surgery for IBD. STUDY DESIGN: This study is a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected, Institutional Review Boardapproved IBD database. RESULTS: Laparoscopic colorectal resection was performed in 626 patients (335 NW, 206 OW, and 85 OB) between August 2002 and December 2011. Operative time and blood loss were significantly higher in the OW and OB groups compared with the NW group (p ¼ 0.001 and p < 0.001). No differences were observed in terms of intraoperative blood trans- fusions (p ¼ 0.738) or complications (p ¼ 0.196). The OW and OB groups had a signifi- cantly higher conversion rate (p ¼ 0.049 and p ¼ 0.037) and a longer incision compared with the NW group (p ¼ 0.002 and p < 0.001). Obesity was an independent predictor of conversion to open surgery. No significant differences between groups were observed in terms of overall 30-day postoperative morbidity (p ¼ 0.294) and mortality (p ¼ 0.796). Long-term complications occurred in 6.3% NW, 7.3% OW, and 4.7% OB patients (p ¼ 0.676). Incisional hernias were more common in the OB group compared with the NW group (p ¼ 0.020). On multivariate analysis, obesity was not an independent risk factor for either early or late postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity increases the complexity of laparoscopic resections in IBD with higher blood loss, operative time, and conversion rates, without worsening outcomes. (J Am Coll Surg 2013;216:986e996. � 2013 by the American College of Surgeons)
Conflicts of Interest in Health Care: Who Guards the Guardians?

Conflicts of interest are rife in all areas of human endeavor, including medicine. Dealing with them is often difficult, because various disclosure remedies are sometimes too weak, while explicit prohibitions against participation in certain forms of research could block the needed synergies between scientists who work in universities, government, and industry. The situation is made still more difficult, because any effort to control one set of conflicts will necessarily generate another in its stead, as is well captured in Juvenal's famous question, "Who will guard the guardians?" That problem is more acute today, because many of our social watchdogs are in fact complex organizations that are rife with their own internal conflicts of interest. The problem is acute for the FDA, for example, which so fears the release of harmful drugs that it often keeps beneficial ones off the market. The problem can also arise in connection with the review of medical research by major journals, which is well illustrated by the recent effort of the New England Journal of Medicine to attack a Vioxx study it published in order to protect its own reputation.
Sommerfeld constant and superconducting gaps determined in a two-band model: application to La2−xSrxCuO4

Abstract Specific heat and superconducting gaps near Tc in La2−xSrxCuO4 are studied in a two-band model. It is shown that the basic Sommerfeld constant will be enhanced by a factor of 2.3 as the result of interband interaction, and the ratio of two superconducting gaps is about 3.5 at T = 0 K and Tc. Some experimental data are discussed in this model.
Free-carrier absorption from Fibonacci sequences of delta -doped layers in silicon.

Theoretical results are reported for the dynamical resistivity and free-carrier absorption from Fibonacci sequences of \ensuremath{\delta}-doped layers in silicon. Distinct peaks develop, with increasing generation number, in the region of plasmon excitations and the spectra show self-similarity properties. Numerical results are presented for sequences with generation numbers 5, 10, and 15, corresponding to a total number of layers approximately equal to 10, 100, and 1000, respectively.
Integral-Equation Solutions for Time-Dependent Free-Surface Problems

Two methods are in common use for solving the numerical problem of a body oscillating in the presence of a free surface : (1) a multipole-expansion method and (2) an integral equation method. The latter generally breaks down at and near a set of discrete frequencies, namely, the eigenfrequencies of the complementary, hypothetical problem for the flow inside the body. Ohmatsu (1975) has shown how to avoid this difficulty by modifying the interior problem. In the present paper, an even simpler procedure is presented for accomplishing the same result. A minor change is made in the Green function, in such a way that the interior problem never has an eigenfrequency near the frequency under consideration. Any existing computer program based on the approach of Frank (1967) can be modified easily to incorporate the change of Green function. The modification is based on a procedure suggested by Ursell (1953).
Relationship between Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Organic Carbon in Sediment and Porewater

Chlorinated hydrocarbons (PCBs and chlorinated pesticides) and organic carbon were measured in the bulk sediment, very fine, low density, sediment particles, porewater, and Hexagenia naiads of Lake Superior sediment to examine the distribution of the hydrophobic organic compounds and how this distribution is influenced by organic carbon. The porewater was divided into filtered and unfiltered fractions. The sediment fractions did not behave the same in their affinity to bind the chlorinated hydrocarbons, nor were all of the chlorinated hydrocarbons bound to the same extent. The affinity for most of the chlorinated hydrocarbons to the solids were in the order: larvae > fine particles > bulk sediment. The filtered porewater organic carbon (dissolved and/or colloidal) was about 1/2 to 2/3 as efficient as the bulk sediment organic carbon at binding these hydrophobic compounds. A three-phase (solid, porewater organic carbon, dissolved) competitive model estimates that < 10% of the chlorinated hydrocarbons in the porewater are dissolved. The remaining fraction is associated with the organic porewater colloids.
Nocturnal oxygen therapy does not improve snorers' intelligence.

Study Objective: To determine whether nasal oxygen therapy at 2 L/min would (1) reverse nocturnal hypoxemia and (2) improve neuropsychologic function in men who snore heavily. Design: To select heavy-snoring subjects for a treatment protocol, volunteers were screened for one night, breathing air the first half and oxygen the second half of the night. If nocturnal oxygen desaturation occurred in the first half and was improved in the second half of the night, the subject entered a two-month treatment program. In random order, either nocturnal air or nocturnal oxygen was administered for one month each at 2 L/min in a double-blind crossover design. Neuropsychologic testing was done before and after each month. Setting: Oxygen concentrators were modified to produce either greater than 96 percent oxygen or air at 2 L/min. Machines were delivered to the home of the subject and the machines were used each night, administering inspirate by nasal cannula. Participants: Seventeen asymptomatic men who snored heavily and volunteered for minimal payment of $75. Interventions: Air was administered for one month, and oxygen was administered for one month. Measurements and Results: On the screening night, oxygen administration did not improve obstructive sleep apnea, but did improve oxygenation. After one month of oxygen therapy at night, there was no significant benefit to multiple measures of neuropsychologic function. Conclusion: In this study, oxygen therapy at night had no effect on neuropsychologic function in men who snore heavily. (Chest 1989; 95:274-78) SPT = sleep period time; TST = total sleep time; WMS = Wechsler Memory Scale
Rheb binds tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) and promotes S6 kinase activation in a rapamycin- and farnesylation-dependent manner

Recently the tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) tumor suppressor gene product has been identified as a negative regulator of protein synthesis upstream of the mTOR and ribosomal S6 kinases. Because of the homology of TSC2 with GTPase-activating proteins for Rap1, we examined whether a Ras/Rap-related GTPase might be involved in this process. TSC2 was found to bind to Rheb-GTP in vitro and to reduce Rheb GTP levels in vivo. Over-expression of Rheb but not Rap1 promoted the activation of S6 kinase in a rapamycin-dependent manner, suggesting that Rheb acts upstream of mTOR. The ability of Rheb to induce S6 phosphorylation was also inhibited by a farnesyl transferase inhibitor, suggesting that Rheb may be responsible for the Ras-independent anti-neoplastic properties of this drug.
Reactions of phenylacetylene with nickel POCOP-pincer hydride complexes resulting in different outcomes from their palladium analogues.

Nickel POCOP-pincer hydride complexes [2,6-(R2PO)2C6H3]NiH (R = iPr, 4a; R = cPe = cyclopentyl, 4b) react with phenylacetylene to generate [2,6-(R2PO)2C6H3]NiC(Ph)CH2 (5a–b) as the major product and (E)-[2,6-(R2PO)2C6H3]NiCHCHPh (6a–b) as the minor product. The 2,1-insertion is more favorable than the 1,2-insertion and both pathways involve cis addition of Ni–H across the CC bond. Unlike the palladium case, alkynyl complexes [2,6-(R2PO)2C6H3]NiCCPh (7a–b) and H2 are not produced in the nickel system. The more bulky hydride complex [2,6-(tBu2PO)2C6H3]NiH (4c) shows no reactivity towards phenylacetylene. Catalytic hydrogenation of phenylacetylene with 4a–b takes place at an elevated temperature (70–100 °C) and proves to be heterogeneous. The structures of 5b, 6a, 7a and 7b have been studied by X-ray crystallography.
“Very carefully managed”: advice and suggestions in post-observation meetings

Abstract This study examined the discourse of teacher supervision/mentoring, specifically within the context of the post-observation meeting. The analysis of six transcripts of post-observation meetings from one semester in a small university Intensive English Program revealed a variety of politeness strategies employed by supervisors in the delivery of suggestions and advice to teaching assistants. A characterization of the post-observation meeting as a “globally face-threatening” activity is supported by participants’ commentary in questionnaires and interviews. Moreover, primary and secondary data suggest that the combination of several different positive and negative politeness strategies used by mentors may have resulted in the subsequent impression of teaching assistants that they received no suggestions, advice, or “constructive criticism” during the meetings.
Effects of brefeldin a on cleavage of invariant chain to p21 and p10 and the appearance of Ii-freed class II MHC dimers

Abstract Intracellular cleavage of class II MHC-associated Ii to p21 and p10 and the appearance of Ii-freed α, β dimers were concurrent events lasting from 1 to 6 hr after synthesis of α, β, Ii trimers, possibly related to charging of foreign peptides to the class II MHC antigen-binding site. Sequential immunoprecipitations of pulse-chase radiolabeled cells were made four times with anti-Ii monoclonal antibody to remove Ii and α, β, Ii trimers and then with anti-class II antibody to detect the time-dependent appearance of Iifreed α, β dimers. The cleavage of Ii to p21 and plO was revealed in leupeptin-treated cells. Cell treatment with Brefeldin A (BFA) was associated with a decrease in Ii-freed α, β dimers, with inhibition of leupeptin-revealed cleavage of Ii to p21 and plO, and with persistence of endoglycosidase H susceptibility of Ii and class II α, β chains. We conclude that in untreated cells, cleavage and release of Ii from class II MHC α and β chains occur after those complexes traverse a BFA-sensitive step in the Golgi apparatus.
Accuracy-preserving boundary flux quadrature for finite-volume discretization on unstructured grids

In this paper, we derive a general accuracy-preserving boundary flux quadrature formula for the second- and third-order node-centered edge-based finite-volume discretizations on triangular and tetrahedral grids. It is demonstrated that the general formula reduces to some well-known formulas for the second-order scheme in the case of linear fluxes. Some special boundary grids are also examined. In particular, a simple one-point quadrature formula, which is typically used for quadrilateral grids, is shown to be exact for quadratic fluxes on triangular grids with uniformly spaced straight boundaries. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the general formula, and accuracy deterioration caused by incompatible boundary flux quadrature formulas. In general, the third-order accuracy is lost everywhere in the domain unless the third-order accuracy is maintained at boundary nodes. It is also demonstrated that the third-order scheme does not require high-order curved elements for curved boundaries but requires accurate surface normal vectors defined, which can be estimated by a quadratic interpolation from a given grid, to deliver the designed third-order accuracy. A boundary quadrature formula is derived for third-order finite-volume scheme.Third-order scheme becomes second-order with incompatible boundary flux formulas.Curved elements are not required to achieve third-order accuracy.
Test of a towed line array suitable for geoacoustic inversion

Small line arrays towed by ships may give a unique, cost effective approach for acoustic reconnaissance of seabed characteristics in littoral seas. A 16 element, 1 m spaced, towed line array was designed and developed at ARL:UT for the purpose of ship-towed statistical inference of the seabed. The towed array was tested at the ARL:UT Lake Travis Test Station under a variety of conditions to study array performance. Additional non-acoustic sensors provided information about array shape, stability, and drag as a function of speed, depth, and tail termination. Acoustic data were collected during the test and processed with an adaptive beamformer yielding high SNR, well-localized signals from a fixed 500 Hz source as well as the received signals from small boats of opportunity. The acoustic data are analyzed with a statistical inference approach to estimate the geoacoustic properties of the lake bottom. [Work supported by the ARL:UT internal research and development program.]
Pathway of activation by magnesium ions of substrates for the catalytic subunit of RNase P from Escherichia coli

The pathway is described for activation by Mg2+ of substrates for M1 RNA, the catalytic subunit of the RNase P from Escherichia coli. The dissociation constants are reported for binding of Mg2+ to the substrate and for the binding of the metal ion-substrate complex to the enzyme. The enzyme binds the substrate with the same affinity whether or not Mg2+ is already bound to the substate. However, only substrates with bound Mg2+ can make a productive ternary complex when combined with the enzyme. The presence of certain 2'-hydroxyl groups in the substrate is required to stabilize the binding of Mg2+ and, thereby, to increase the lifetime of the ternary complex. An energy profile for the reaction of M1 RNA with a small model substrate is presented and the role of Mg2+ bound to the substrate is discussed.
Residues of the cytoplasmic domain of MotA essential for torque generation in the bacterial flagellar motor

The MotA protein of Escherichia coli is a component of the flagellum that functions, together with MotB, in transmembrane proton conduction. MotA and MotB are believed to form the stator of the flagellar motor. They are integral membrane proteins; MotA has a large (ca 22 kDa) domain in the cytoplasm, and MotB a much smaller one (ca 3 kDa). Recent work suggests that cytoplasmically located parts of MotA and/or MotB might be present at the active site for torque generation in the motor. To test the proposal that the cytoplasmic domain of MotA functions in torque generation, and to identify the amino acid residues most important for function, we have carried out a mutational analysis of this domain. Using random mutagenesis, many mutations of cytoplasmic residues of MotA were isolated, which either abolish or impair torque generation. In most cases the residues affected are not conserved, and many of the replacements involve loss or gain of a proline residue, which suggests that these mutations disrupt function by altering the protein conformation rather than by directly affecting residues of an active site. Using site-directed mutagenesis, the conserved residues in the cytoplasmic domain of MotA were replaced, either singly or, in the case of charged residues, in various combinations. The results identify four residues of MotA that are important for motor function. These are Arg90 and Glu98, located in the cytoplasmic domain, and Pro173 and Pro222, located at the interface between the cytoplasmic domain and the membrane-spanning domain. Possible roles for these residues in torque generation are discussed.
Lorentz covariance and the Kerr-Newman geometry

It has been shown that the full Einstein field equations may be linearized and written in Lorentz-covariant form if the metric is of the Kerr-Schild form. It is here remarked that the Maxwell and Hamilton-Jacobi equations and also a restricted form of the Dirac equation have similar properties.
Effect of morphine on the excitability of rabbit hippocampus

Abstract The effects of morphine with respect to the excitability of hippocampal pyramidal cells were studied in acutely prepared rabbits. Microelectrode techniques were used for stimulation, recording, and iontophoresis of morphine and naloxone. Field potential responses were recorded before, during, and after drug delivery in different hippocampal layers. The data indicate that morphine administration results in a naloxone-reversible enhancement in pyramidal cell excitability. “Supersensitivity” was seen with repeated, but short-term, administration of morphine.
Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization of atomic hydrogen

We have measured the resonance-enhanced four-photon ionization of atomic hydrogen. The degenerate four-photon process occurs via a three-photon resonance between the 1s and the 2p levels, with subsequent one-photon ionization near threshold. We have studied the highly asymmetric resonance-enhanced profile, i.e., the photoion yield as a function of laser detuning from three-photon resonance between the 1s and 2p levels. In particular, we have determined the width, shift, peak, and asymmetry of the profile as a function of laser intensity. The experimental results are compared to theoretical models. These models involve both the properties of the atom in an intense near-resonant radiative field, and a detailed model for the multimode laser field, particularly the field fluctuations due to mode beating. The asymmetric resonance-enhanced photoionization profile is well reproduced by both a random-phase and a chaotic-light model.
12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and 13(S)-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid regulation of protein kinase C-α in melanoma cells: Role of receptor- mediated hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids

Abstract Protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes are essential components of cell signaling. In this study, we investigated the regulation of PKC-alpha in murine B16 amelanotic melanoma (B16a) cells by the monohydroxy fatty acids 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid [12(S)-HETE] and 13(S)-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid [13(S)-HODE]. 12(S)-HETE induced a translocation of PKC-alpha to the plasma membrane and focal adhesion plaques, leading to enhanced adhesion of B16a cells to the matrix protein fibronectin. However, 13(S)-HODE inhibited these 12(S)-HETE effects on PKC-alpha. A receptor-mediated mechanism of action for 12(S)-HETE and 13(S)-HODE is supported by the following findings. First, 12(S)-HETE triggered a rapid increase in cellular levels of diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate in B16a cells. 13(S)-HODE blocked the 12(S)-HETE-induced bursts of both second messengers. Second, the 12(S)-HETE-increased adhesion of B16a cells to fibronectin was sensitive to inhibition by a phospholipase C inhibitor and pertussis toxin. Finally, a high-affinity binding site (Kd = 1 nM) for 12(S)-HETE was detected in B16a cells, and binding of 12(S)-HETE to B16a cells was effectively inhibited by 13(S)-HODE (IC50 = 4 nM). In summary, our data provide evidence that regulation of PKC-alpha by 12(S)-HETE and 13(S)-HODE may be through a guanine nucleotide-binding protein-linked receptor-mediated hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids.
Purification and immunochemical studies of the protein-bound J substance from cattle serum.

Abstract J active substance associated with protein was purified from cattle J cs serum extracted with lipid solvents. Serum residue, after extraction, was deproteinized first by heat coagulation and then by extraction with Genetron. Fractionation of the resulting deproteinized J active material was performed on DEAE-Sephadex, and the most active fraction eluted from this column with 0.15 M NaCl, was finally purified by preparative polycrylamide gel electrophoresis. Purified J active material exhibited a single band on analytical polyacrylamide gel, and was composed of protein, carbohydrate, long-chain base, phosphorus, glycerol and fatty acid. This purified protein-associated J substance is eight fold less active than the previously described J lipid when tested by hemolysis-inhibition assay with the J system. The decrease in activity parallels the decrease in phosphosphingoglycolipid content in the protein-associated J substance. The capacity to inhibit hemolysis (J system) was lost when the substance was subjected to mild alkaline methanolysis, periodate-oxidation or action by phospholipase C. Enzymatic desialytion did not affect the activity of the protein-bound J substance. Neither the J active lipid nor the protein-associated substance inhibited agglutination in the human A system.
Serum antibody titers in urethritis and chronic bacterial prostatitis

Abstract Serum antibody titers were measured by direct bacterial agglutination technique against various strains of Escherichia coli found in the fecal flora of a control group of men who had no history of genitourinary tract infection, against the strains of E. coli responsible for urethral infection in 7 men with urethritis, and against the strains of E. coli responsible for prostatic infection in 25 men with chronic prostatitis. Low serum titers were found in both the control group (median titer of 1:20) and in the urethritis group (median titer of 1:10). Excluding 3 men who had selfagglutinating strains, 18 of 22 (82 per cent) in the prostatitis group had serum titers of 1:320 or greater (median titer of 1:640). Measurement of serum antibody titers by this technique can be a valuable adjunct to diagnosis in cases of chronic prostatitis due to strains of E. coli.
Selective neurotoxic lesions of basolateral and central nuclei of the amygdala produce differential effects on fear conditioning

In the fear conditioning literature, it is generally hypothesized that neurons in the basolateral amygdalar complex (BLA) (lateral and basal nuclei) support the formation of conditioned fear memory and project to neurons in the central nucleus (CeA) for the expression of conditioned fear responses. According to this serial processing-transmission view, damage to either BLA or CeA would comparably disrupt the expression of a variety of conditioned fear responses. In the present study, we further investigated the roles of BLA and CeA in fear conditioning by concurrently assessing freezing and 22 kHz ultrasonic vocalization (USV) as dependent measures of fear in rats. Selective neurotoxins, NMDA for the BLA and ibotenic acid for the CeA, were used to destroy intrinsic neurons [evidenced by thionin dye and NeuN (neuronal nuclei) antibody stainings] without damaging the fibers of passage (confirmed by myelin staining). During the 10 tone-footshock paired training, postshock freezing and USV responses were significantly impaired in BLA-lesioned animals, whereas CeA-lesioned animals exhibited only mild deficits. Similarly, conditioned fear responses assessed 24 hr after training were severely reduced in BLA-lesioned animals but not in CeA-lesioned animals. In contrast to ibotenic lesions of the CeA, small electrolytic lesions of the CeA strongly affected both postshock and conditioned freezing and USV. Together, these results do not support the currently espoused BLA-to-CeA serial processing-transmission view of fear conditioning. Instead, the expression of conditioned fear appears to primarily involve BLA projections that course through the CeA en route to downstream fear response structures.
How specific are specific phobias

Abstract To study the generality of fears among specific phobic individuals and controls, 31 individuals with a DSM-IV diagnosis of specific phobia (natural environmental type: n = 13; blood-injection-injury type: n = 10; and situational type: n = 8) and 33 never mentally ill control subjects participated in an interview and questionnaire study. Based on subjects' fear ratings on the Fear Survey Schedule, subjects were classified as either positive or negative with regard to fear categories that correspond to the five diagnostic subtypes of specific phobia. Phobics showed overall a more generalized form of fear than controls. Furthermore, situational fears were more common among specific phobics who did not meet criteria for specific phobia, situational type, than among controls. These results add to the literature on the functional relationship among different fears and suggest that specific phobias are not as “specific” as is implied by the current diagnostic system.
ALPHA Glycolytic Vasculogenesis Better Correlates With MRI and CT Imaging Techniques Than the Traditional Oxygen Vasculogenesis Theory

OBJECTIVE. Traditional vasculogenesis has many contradictions related to treatment and imaging. This occurs because cancer also uses glycolysis, which does not need oxygen or arteries. Glycolytic lactate supports many procancer processes but high levels of it inhibit glycolysis. CONCLUSION. To avoid this, lactate induces vascular growth factors that initiate glycolytic vasculogenesis ALPHA (acidic lactate sequentially induces first lymphangiogenesis, phlebogenesis, and then arteriogenesis). The sequence of vessel development is lymphatics, veins, and then arteries. Modern contrast imaging depends more on veins than arteries, which is more consistent with ALPHA than the traditional theory.
Short-Time Scale Dynamics in the Responses to Multiple Stimuli in Visual Cortex

Many previous studies have used the presentation of multiple stimuli in the receptive fields (RFs) of visual cortical neurons to explore how neurons might operate on multiple inputs. Most of these experiments have used two fixed stimulus locations within the RF of each neuron. Here the effects of using different positions within the RF of a neuron were explored. The stimuli were presented singly at one of six locations, and also at 15 pair-wise combinations, for 24 V2 cortical neurons in two macaque monkeys. There was considerable variability in how pairs of stimuli interacted within the receptive field of any given neuron: changing the position of the stimuli could result in enhancement, winner-take-all, or suppression relative to the strongest response to a stimulus presented by itself. Across the population of neurons there was no correlation between response strength and response latency. However, for many stimulus pairs the response latency was tightly locked to the shortest response latency of any single stimulus presented by itself independent of changes in response magnitude. In other words, a stimulus that by itself elicited a relatively long latency response, could affect the magnitude of the response to a pair of stimuli, but could not change the latency. A model is proposed whereby changes in response magnitude that do not result in changes in response latency reflect rapid feed-forward processing mechanisms, and these rapid mechanisms can suppress slower, longer time-constant processing mechanisms. These results may provide constraints on the development of models of cortical information processing.
Reduced standard modules and cohomology

First cohomology groups of finite groups with nontrivial irreducible coefficients have been useful in several geometric and arithmetic contexts, including Wiles's famous paper (1995). Internal to group theory, 1-cohomology plays a role in the general theory of maximal subgroups of finite groups, as developed by Aschbacher and Scott (1985).One can pass to the case where the group acts faithfully and the underlying module is absolutely irreducible. In this case, R. Guralnick (1986) conjectured that there is a universal constant bounding all of the dimensions of these cohomology groups. This paper provides the first general positive results on this conjecture, proving that the generic 1-cohomology H 1 gen (G,L) := lim H 1 (G(q), L) (see Cline, Parshall, Scott, and van der Kallen) (1977) of a finite group G(q) of Lie type, with absolutely irreducible coefficients L (in the defining characteristic of G), is bounded by a constant depending only on the root system. In all cases, we are able to improve this result to a bound on H 1 (G(q),L) itself, still depending only on the root system. The generic H 1 result, and related results for Ext 1 , emerge here as a consequence of a general study, of interest in its own right, of the homological properties of certain rational modules Δ red (λ),∇ red (λ), indexed by dominant weights λ, for a reductive group G. The modules Δ red (λ) and ∇ red (λ) arise naturally from irreducible representations of the quantum enveloping algebra U ζ (of the same type as G) at a pth root of unity, where p > 0 is the characteristic of the defining field for G. Finally, we apply our Ext 1 -bounds, results of Bendel, Nakano, and Pillen (2006), as well as results of Sin (1993), (1992), (1994) on the Ree and Suzuki groups to obtain the (non-generic) bounds on H 1 (G(q),L).
Optical-Model Analysis of Proton Elastic Scattering in the Range of 9 to 22 MeV

For incident proton energies between 9 to 22 Mev, 35 elastic scattering angular distributions were analyzed with the optical model using a least-square criteria over the complete angular range of the data. The observed increase of the real well depth as a function of mass number is explained by the presence of a nuclear symmetry term in the potential and by the momentum dependence of the potential. The polarization and reaction cross-section data are in good agreement with the calculations. The effect of core excitations on the parameters of the optical model are studied, and the relative importance of volume and surface imaginary potentials is discussed. Formulas are given to obtain the value of the parameters of the optical model as a function of mass number and energy. (auth)