cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radio Astronomical Detection of Helium

WE report the detection of three radio lines arising from transitions between highly excited states of neutral helium (4He). The observations were made with the 60-ft. telescope of Harvard University during the months February–April 1966. The observed helium lines result from transitions of the n + 1 → n type between states 160 and 159, 159 and 158, and 157 and 156. Conforming to the notation suggested in our recent work1 on excited hydrogen, we shall call these transitions ‘He 156α’, ‘He 158α’ and ‘He 159α’, respectively. Their respective rest frequencies are 1716.372 Mc/s, 1652.214 Mc/s and 1621.332 Mc/s. (Adopting a more recent value of the Rydberg constant R∞ (ref. 2), the rest frequencies of the lines reported in our previous reports (refs. 1, 3) are slightly modified. The frequencies for H 156α, H 158α and H 166α are 1715.673 Mc/s, 1651.541 Mc/s and 1424.734 Mc/s, respectively.)
Miscibility and Hydrogen Bonding in Blends of Poly(ethylene oxide) and Kraft Lignin

Polymer blending is a convenient method to develop products with desirable properties. Through specific intermolecular interactions favorable polymer blending can occur, and composite materials with desirable properties can be produced. In this study we have prepared poly(ethylene oxide)−lignin blends using thermal mixing. Miscible blends were observed over the entire blend ratio. A melting point depression, comparable to results obtained from phenoxy/PEO blends, and a negative deviation of Tg from the weight-average values was observed. The effect of the binary interaction parameter, χ, on Tg was analyzed. Satisfactory prediction of the Tg−composition curve was obtained, in which specific intermolecular interactions exist. FT-IR analyses revealed a strong hydrogen bond between the aromatic hydroxyl proton and the ether oxygen in PEO.
A Field Survey of Ranch Egg Quality

Abstract WIDE differences in quality of eggs obtained from different ranches have often been observed. Such differences have been ascribed variously to a number of different factors. Poultrymen usually prefer to attribute their egg quality problems to feeding practices, to seasonal factors, or to the region or location of the ranch. These possible sources of influence and others, such as genetic factors, bird age, and egg environment, have also been studied under laboratory conditions. Between the carefully controlled conditions of laboratory experiment and the necessities of commercial ranch operation lies a wide gulf, and in this is the source of much confusion and discordant conclusions. The present survey was undertaken in an attempt to bridge this gulf, to evaluate the influence of some of the factors described, either by casual report or from the laboratory, on the interior quality of commercially produced eggs. The results of this survey thus are not . . .
Intergenerational Education and Service Programming: A Model for Selection and Evaluation of Activities.

The intergenerational approach is a proven method for education and service programming with older adults, children, and youth. However, the broad scope of intergenerational programming inherently makes it difficult to create general decision‐making processes or models for the selection of appropriate activities for diverse participants. We present a model for decision making in intergenerational programs that is adaptable to a wide variety of participant groups, sponsoring agencies, and program goals. The model emerged as we developed and conducted an intergenerational training program for caregivers of children and the frail elderly. It stresses the importance of involving all constituent groups in planning, delineates five program categories, and establishes four criterion levels for decision‐making regarding appropriate activities. The model will be useful to those planning and implementing intergenerational programs in a vareity of settings.
Association of necrotizing enterocolitis with anemia and packed red blood cell transfusions in preterm infants

To determine association of anemia and red blood cell (RBC) transfusions with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants. A total of 111 preterm infants with NEC ⩾stage 2a were compared with 222 matched controls. In all, 28 clinical variables, including hematocrit (Hct) and RBC transfusions were recorded. Propensity scores and multivariate logistic regression models were created to examine effects on the risk of NEC. Controlling for other factors, lower Hct was associated with increased odds of NEC (odds ratio (OR)=1.10, P=0.01). RBC transfusion has a temporal relationship with NEC onset. Transfusion within 24 h (OR=7.60, P=0.001) and 48 h (OR=5.55, P=0.001) has a higher odds of developing NEC but this association is not significant by 96 h (OR=2.13, P=0.07), post-transfusion. Anemia may increase the risk of developing NEC in preterm infants. RBC transfusions are temporally related to NEC. Prospective studies are needed to better evaluate the potential influence of transfusions on the development of NEC.
Multiphase Rayleigh fractionation

When olivine crystallizes by itself from a mafic magma, it rapidly fractionates Mg/Fe on its own binary loop, depleting Mg and enriching Fe with fractionation progress F. Pure fractionation on such a loop is easily calculated with the standard Rayleigh distillation equation. The crystallization process also rejects all other components until another phase, for example plagioclase, saturates the liquid. Such cotectic fractionation has no direct effect on the mafic olivine loop, but it operates strongly to diminish F, and hence the fractionation progress of Mg/Fe is damped. The binary component of the liquid evolves more slowly when non-participating solid phases separate from the melt. This effect is also easily calculated with the Rayleigh equation, simply by multiplying the Rayleigh exponent by the fraction of the binary solution phase in question relative to all other crystallizing phases that do not fractionate Mg/Fe. Similar principles apply to fractional melting. Calculations of both melting and crystallization by stepwise iteration are simplified by the use of linear partitioning equations with constant or variable intercepts. Such formulations operate on the mole or weight fraction, and all partition coefficients are limited to less than unity. Calculations that ignore this multiphase damping effect have led to erroneous results in the literature. Proof of the multiphase effect is easily shown with a ternary phase diagram. When the results are applied to cumulates in layered mafic intrusions they help to clarify the principles by which these rocks crystallized and solidified. The effect of trapped liquid on a minor binary solution in a cumulate is to mimic the fractionation of the pure phase in some degree, whereas the frequent recharge of unmodified magma tends to mimic an over-abundance of the passive, non-participating phase.
The effects of reticence on group interaction

Research regarding the effects of reticence on group interaction reveals that reticence does not necessarily impede the group process; however, reticent individuals are seen as less effective participators due to their limited vocal activity, and they are less likely to emerge as the group's leader. Research on the effects of reticence on group interaction is reviewed and suggestions are made to instructors of the small groups course regarding helping reticent students participate in the small group.
Million-Line Failure Distributions for Narrow Interconnects

The authors examine the distribution of failure times in a simple and computationally efficient, yet reasonably authentic, model of interconnect reliability that allows consideration of statistically significant samples. The model includes an approximate description of the distribution of grain sizes and texture in narrow interconnects, an effective treatment of stress evolution associated with mass transport along grain boundaries, and local relaxation of stresses due to void formation. Failure time distributions for populations of idealized structures are analyzed to aid in interpretation of model behavior.
The Rhetoric of Care: Preservice Teacher Discourses that Depoliticize, Deflect, and Deceive

How teachers “care” for students is a well-established line of inquiry in educational research, but the ways such “care” may function as symbolic violence have received scant attention. In this ethnographic investigation of classroom disciplinary interactions, the characteristics and functions of preservice teachers’ care discourses are examined. By translating deficit discourses into expressions of praise for students’ nonacademic talents, the participants’ rhetoric of care effectively shifts blame for failure from teacher to student. The preservice teachers’ expressions of care also function to veil the power being produced in such rhetoric, to frame the teacher as victim when said care is rejected, and to reverse the carer/cared-for dynamic when teachers’ attempts to inspire academic progress are unsuccessful. Implications for teacher education and teacher development are provided as are suggestions for how to recognize and implement more authentic forms of care.
Emerging and future applications of diagnostic endosonography

There have been many recent advances in the improvement of the diagnostic imaging capabilities of endoscopic ultrasound. Two such developments are attempts at 3-dimensional endoscopic ultrasonography imaging and use of contrast agents for the enhancement of endoscopic ultrasonography images. Although the data with this technique are limited, this article reviews the basics of these techniques and discusses some potential applications for the future.
Combined chi(3) microscopy of the peripheral nervous tissue

We report an application of the combined third order microscopy techniques to reveal structure and morphology of the peripheral nerve in mice. The resonant Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) and third harmonic generation (THG) techniques have been applied to visualize structure of the myelinated peripheral axon. While CARS was quite efficient in selective imaging of the cladding layer via characteristic Raman active vibrations of dense lipid structures constituting the layers, the THG microscopy helped to clearly reveal the degree of optical and nonlinear optical inhomogeneity of the axon core (that may have further important implications).
Is Mediation of Sweating Cholinergic, Adrenergic, or Both? A Comment on the Literature

Research on SNS mediation of human eccrine and apocrine sweating was examined. Both types of sweat glands in humans are innervated primarily by cholinergic fibers and, at least sparsely, by adrenergic fibers. Both types of sweat glands are also stimulated by circulating catecholamines, but the mechanism for this action has not been unequivocally established. Recent research developments in the physiology of the sweat glands are discussed as they bear on persistent problems in psycho physiological research.
Unleashing hydrogenase activity in carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase and pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase.

These results demonstrate that two well-studied metalloenzymes, carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase (CODH/ACS) and pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR), can reduce protons to H2 and, at much lower rates, oxidize H2 to protons and electrons. To our knowledge, this if the first time that PFOR has been shown to have hydrogenase activity. CODH/ACS and PFOR evolved H2 at maximum rates when CO and pyruvate were the electron donors, respectively, and when electron acceptors are absent; dithionite was a very poor substitute. PFOR, when purified to greater than 99% homogeneity, exhibited a specific activity for pyruvate-dependent H2 production of 135 nmol min-1 mg-1. The H2 evolution activity divided by the H2 uptake activity was 282:1; the highest ratio previously reported (22:1) was with the membrane-bound hydrogenase from Rhodospirillum rubrum [Fox, J. D., Kerby, R. L., Roberts, G. P., & Ludden, P. W. (1996) J. Bacteriol. 178, 1515−1524]. Highly purified samples of CODH/ACS (>99% homogeneity)...
Linking morphodynamics and directional persistence of T lymphocyte migration

T cells play a central role in the adaptive immune response, and their directed migration is essential for homing to sites of antigen presentation. Like neutrophils, T lymphocytes are rapidly moving cells that exhibit amoeboid movement, characterized by a definitive polarity with F-actin concentrated at the front and myosin II elsewhere. In this study, we used total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy to monitor the cells' areas of contact with a surface presenting adhesive ICAM-1 and the chemokine, CXCL12/SDF-1. Our analysis reveals that T-cell migration and reorientation are achieved by bifurcation and lateral separation of protrusions along the leading membrane edge, followed by cessation of one of the protrusions, which acts as a pivot for cell turning. We show that the distribution of bifurcation frequencies exhibits characteristics of a random, spontaneous process; yet, the waiting time between bifurcation events depends on whether or not the pivot point remains on the same side of the migration axis. Our analysis further suggests that switching of the dominant protrusion between the two sides of the migration axis is associated with persistent migration, whereas the opposite is true of cell turning. To help explain the bifurcation phenomenon and how distinct migration behaviours might arise, a spatio-temporal, stochastic model describing F-actin dynamics is offered.
Studying the surface of soft materials (live cells) at high resolution by scanning probe microscopy: challenges faced

Abstract The formation of transmembrane protein channels in the cells of multicellular organisms is not well understood. These transmembrane channels play important roles in cell signal transduction and, in the case of gap junctions, (J.-P. Revel, J.H. Hoh, S.A. John, D.W. Laird, K. Puranam, S.B. Yancey, Cell Biol. 3 (1992) 21) intercellular communication. Obtaining high resolution images (less than 1 nm) of the surface of living cells (the plasma membrane) would contribute valuable information towards understanding the formation of these channels. At present, atomic or scanning force microscopy (AFM or SFM) shows the greatest potential for reaching this goal. AFM is able to obtain high resolution on the surfaces of hard materials immersed in a solution. Thus, it is possible to image cells with AFM in an aqueous solution which mimics physiological conditions, so they can remain alive. We have taken up this challenge and have found that interpreting data from imaging a cell surface at the nanoscale is difficult due to its soft material properties (when compared to the cantilever and probe materials). Therefore, a better understanding of the resolution achievable by AFM on soft materials is needed. The probe apex structure directly affects the resolution of AFM, so it is important to characterize it accurately (J.A. DeRose, J.-P. Revel, Microsc. Microanal. 3 (1997) 203). In addition, one needs to better understand the probe-sample interaction for AFM to image highly deformable materials, such as cells, with reliable high resolution. We have studied AFM probe structure before and after use for imaging and the results have elucidated some information on the probe-sample interaction.
Ignition Delay Time Measurements of Normal Alkanes and Simple Oxygenates

Ignition delay time data for higher n-alkanes are required for the development and refinement of jet fuel surrogate mechanisms; similar data for oxygen-carrying species are also required for the development of oxygenate fuel mechanisms. To fill this need, ignition delay times were measured using pressure and OH * emission diagnostics behind reflected shock waves for a series of higher n-alkanes and for several simple oxygenates. Reflected shock conditions covered temperatures of 1150―1550 K and pressures of 1―4 atm (0.1―0.4 MPa). Fuel mixtures tested include the four n-alkanes: n-pentane, n-hexane, n-octane, and n-nonane; and the four oxygenates: acetone, n-butanal, methyl butanoate, and 3-pentanone. All fuels were tested in oxygen/argon mixtures with equivalence ratios of 0.5 to 2.0. The ignition data were compared with current models and a new n-butanal reaction mechanism, based on previous studies, was used to model the n-butanal and methyl butanoate data.
Logistic Regression Function for Detection of Suspicious Performance During Baseline Evaluations Using Concussion Vital Signs

This study utilized logistic regression to determine whether performance patterns on Concussion Vital Signs (CVS) could differentiate known groups with either genuine or feigned performance. For the embedded measure development group (n = 174), clinical patients and undergraduate students categorized as feigning obtained significantly lower scores on the overall test battery mean for the CVS, Shipley-2 composite score, and California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition subtests than did genuinely performing individuals. The final full model of 3 predictor variables (Verbal Memory immediate hits, Verbal Memory immediate correct passes, and Stroop Test complex reaction time correct) was significant and correctly classified individuals in their known group 83% of the time (sensitivity = .65; specificity = .97) in a mixed sample of young-adult clinical cases and simulators. The CVS logistic regression function was applied to a separate undergraduate college group (n = 378) that was asked to perform genuinely ...
Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy Induces Rapid Cytoskeletal Disruption

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), an established enzyme-biomarker for prostate cancer, has attracted considerable attention as a target for imaging and therapeutic applications. We aimed to determine the effects of PSMA-targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT) on cytoskeletal networks in prostate cancer cells. PSMA-targeted PDT resulted in rapid disruption of microtubules (α-/β-tubulin), microfilaments (actin), and intermediate filaments (cytokeratin 8/18) in the cytoplasm of LNCaP cells. The collapse of cytoplasmic microtubules and the later nuclear translocation of α-/β-tubulin were the most dramatic alternation. It is likely that these early changes of cytoskeletal networks are partly involved in the initiation of cell death.
Rabies virus-based vaccines elicit neutralizing antibodies, poly-functional CD8+ T cell, and protect rhesus macaques from AIDS-like disease after SIVmac251 challenge

Abstract Highly attenuated rabies virus (RV) vaccine vectors were evaluated for their ability to protect against highly pathogenic SIV mac251 challenge. Mamu-A*01 negative rhesus macaques were immunized in groups of four with either: RV expressing SIV mac239 -GagPol, a combination of RV expressing SIV mac239 -Env and RV expressing SIV mac239 -GagPol, or with empty RV vectors. Eight weeks later animals received a booster immunization with a heterologous RV expressing the same antigens. At 12 weeks post-boost, all animals were challenged intravenously with 100 TCID 50 of pathogenic SIV mac251-CX . Immunized macaques in both vaccine groups had 1.3–1.6-log-fold decrease in viral set point compared to control animals. The GagPol/Env immunized animals also had a significantly lower peak viral load. When compared to control animals following challenge, vaccinated macaques had a more rapid induction of SIV mac251 neutralizing antibodies and of CD8 + T cell responses to various SIV epitopes. Moreover, vaccinated macaques better maintained peripheral memory CD4 + T cells and were able to mount a poly-functional CD8 + T cell response in the mucosa. These findings indicate promise for RV-based vectors and have important implications for the development of an efficacious HIV vaccine.
A wireless respiration failure detection system.

Respiratory failure for as little as 2 min can cause permanent brain damage or death by suffocation. Infants, small children or comatose adults who have had tracheal tubes surgically implanted are vulnerable to this problem, and therefore require continuous surveillance. An apnea monitor consisting of a transmitter, an f.m. receiver and an alarm control unit has been developed that provides continuous, automatic monitoring of a patient's respiration. In the event that respiration fails completely or falls below preset, limits, the system actuates an alarm so that immediate corrective action can be taken.
Coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass versus off-pump cardiopulmonary bypass grafting: does eliminating the pump reduce morbidity and cost?

Abstract Background . Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may contribute to the complications and cost of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Off-pump CABG (OPCAB) allows coronary revascularization without CPB. We hypothesized that OPCAB provides satisfactory graft patency while reducing complications and cost compared with CABG with CPB. Methods . We prospectively followed 80 patients undergoing CABG: 40 patients undergoing OPCAB and 40 patients undergoing CABG with CPB. OPCAB patients underwent angiography within 48 hours of surgery to determine early graft patency. Incidence of complications, length of stay, and costs were recorded for each patient. The influence of the number of vessels bypassed was analyzed. Results . OPCAB patients (n = 40) underwent grafting of 2.7 ± 0.7 vessels per patient compared with 3.6 ± 0.8 vessels per patient in the CABG with CPB group (n = 40) ( p Conclusions . While OPCAB provided satisfactory early graft patency, there was no significant difference between OPCAB and CABG with CPB with regard to cost, length of stay, or incidence of complications. In this study, eliminating CPB did not reduce morbidity or cost after CABG.
MRI of fast-relaxing spins

MR imaging of extremely fast-relaxing spins is currently a topic of much interest due to recent technical innovations and groundbreaking studies demonstrating its utility in biomedical research applications. From a technical perspective, this article examines the different classes of pulse sequences currently available to image spins with ultra-short transverse relaxation times (T2 and T2*), with particular attention focused on the newest member of the class, sweep imaging with Fourier transformation (SWIFT).
Acquired mirror-image cerebellopontine angle arachnoid cysts: case report.

Abstract Arachnoid cysts are neurosurgical entities that have long been considered to be congenital in origin. Many examples in the literature suggest that there is a subgroup of arachnoid cysts that are required. The authors present the clinical history of a 17-month-old girl who developed two cerebellopontine angle arachnoid cysts after posterior fossa surgery for a brain tumor. After surgical excision of the tumor the child developed a left cerebellopontine angle cyst. This was treated through a suboccipital craniectomy by evacuating the cyst and excising the cyst wall. Two months later the child developed a second right-sided cerebellopontine angle cyst. It was treated by inserting a cystoperitoneal shunt. This article presents the case with radiological evidence of the acquired nature of the cysts. It also includes a brief review of the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, radiological evaluation, and surgical treatment of arachnoid cysts with emphasis on those occurring in the posterior fossa.
Behavioral management and task performance in organizations: Conceptual background, meta-analysis, and test of alternative models.

In this study, we provide the conceptual background, meta-analyze available behavioral management studies (N= 72) in organizational settings, and examine whether combined reinforcement effects on task performance are additive (sum of individual effects), redundant (combined effects are less than the additive effects), or synergistic (combined effects are greater than the sum of the individual effects). We found a significant overall average effect size of (d.) = .47 (16% improvement in performance; 63% probability of success), and a significant within-group heterogeneity of effect sizes. To account for this variation, we conducted a theory-driven moderator analysis, which indicated that money, feedback, and social recognition each had a significant impact on task performance. However, when these 3 reinforcers were used in combination, they produced the strongest (synergistic) effect on task performance. Based on our findings, we offer directions for future research, and suggestions for effective application of behavioral management at work.
The impact of survey attrition on health insurance coverage estimates in a National Longitudinal Health Care Survey

Timely, accurate and reliable estimates of the population’s health insurance status are essential inputs to policymakers to inform assessments of the population’s access to medical care and analyses of associated health care expenditures. Alternative criteria that have been used to produce annual estimates of the uninsured include the following specifications: those uninsured for a full-year, those ever uninsured during a year, and those uninsured at a specific point in time. The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), one of the core health care surveys in the United States, supports all three types of estimates. In this paper, a summary is provided of the survey operations, informational materials, the interviewer training and experience of the field force, and the refusal conversion techniques employed in the MEPS to maintain respondent cooperation for five rounds of interviewing, to help minimize sample attrition. The impact of nonresponse attributable to survey attrition is also assessed with respect to the national health insurance coverage estimates derived from the MEPS. The study includes an examination of the quality of the nonresponse adjustments employed to adjust for potential nonresponse bias attributable to survey attrition. The overlapping panel design of the MEPS survey is particularly well suited to inform these studies. The presentation concludes with a discussion of strategies under consideration that may yield additional improvements in the accuracy for these critical policy relevant survey estimates.
Kinetic description of intense nonneutral beam propagation through a periodic focusing field

Abstract This article makes use of the nonlinear Vlasov–Poisson equations to investigate intense nonneutral beam propagation through a periodic solenoidal focusing field B sol ( x )=B z (s) e z −( 1 2 )B z ′(s)(x e x +y e y ) , where B z ( s + S )= B z ( s ), and S the axial length periodicity is a constant. The analysis is carried out for a thin beam with characteristic beam radius r b ⪡ S , and the transverse momentum components and axial momentum spread of the beam particles are assumed to be small in comparison with the directed axial momentum γ b mβ b c . The general formalism is applied to a periodically focused Vlasov equilibrium with step-function radial density profile and average azimuthal motion of the beam corresponding to a rigid rotation (in the Larmor frame) about the axis of symmetry. A variety of beam equilibrium properties are presented, such as the average flow velocity, and the transverse temperature profile.
Induction of chronic epileptiform activity in the rat by an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis, U18666A

Earlier work in our and other laboratories suggest that alteration of brain lipids, primarily sterols, could be a precondition for the development of epileptiform activity. The present study further tests this hypothesis by attempting to produce chronic epileptiform activity in the rat by a drug which impairs biosynthesis of cerebral cholesterol. Starting one day after birth, weekly injection of the rat with U18666A, 3-beta(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one hydrochloride (10 mg/kg, s.c.), produced a reduced seizure threshold to flurothyl ether and a recurrent, spontaneous seizure state by the sixth and tenth weeks of life, respectively. These conditions were not seen if treatment was delayed until rats were about 4 weeks old. The seizure pattern, as seen by continuous ECoG and EMG recordings, consisted of a 3--5 sec burst of high voltage spiking and corresponding increases in muscle activity. However, major motor seizures were not produced. The total episode lasted 10--15 sec. Seizure frequency ranged from 5 to 21 per day. U18666A decreases cholesterolsynthesis, presumably by inhibiting enzymatic reduction of desmosterol to cholesterol. After the first two weeks of treatment, cerebral cortical cholesterol levels decreased to about 50% of control cortical levels. However, the concentration of cerebral total sterols did not change because desmosterol levels reciprocally increased. In spite of continued drug dosage, cholesterol and desmosterol levels of treated rats approached those of controls by 8 weeks of age. These observations, plus finding that a seizure-prone state did not develop in rats when the onset of drug treatment was postponed until about 4 weeks of age, suggest that alterations of brain sterols early in development of the mammalian brain can result in development of a chronic, epileptiform condition later in life.
Electron precipitation near L=4: Longitudinal variation

Observations of penetrating electron precipitation at two L of about 4 stations in the southern hemisphere, Kerguelen and Siple Station, Antarctica, are summarized. The nearly complete absence of precipitation at Kerguelen and its frequent occurrence at Siple Station is explained in terms of their location with respect to the center of the South Atlantic geomagnetic anomaly at L of about 4. Conclusions which result from this explanation are discussed along with questions which remain concerning penetrating electron precipitation.
Fuming method for micropatterning structures on Langmuir-Blodgett films.

Lipid monolayers of L-α-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) are used to pattern substrates using the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique. Lipid monolayers are deposited onto a freshly cleaved mica surface or glass capillary under conditions that lead to distinct patterns in the film. Exposure of the supported monolayer to ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate fumes leads to preferential polymerization in the more hydrated regions of the patterned monolayer. This method enables surfaces to be micropatterned where the lateral features are controlled by the structure present in the underlying LB film and the vertical feature size is controlled by the length of the fuming process. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements confirm that the original structure in the LB film is preserved following fuming and that the lateral and vertical feature sizes can be controlled from nanometers to microns. This method, therefore, provides a rapid and versatile approach for micropatterning both flat and curved surfaces on a variety of substrates.
Crystal chemistry of nanotubes lattices

Abstract X-ray diffraction profiles of pristine and hypothetical “intercalated” crystalline bundles of single-wall carbon nanotubes are computed and compared with experiment. The pristine case is complicated by finite size effects, tube diameter dispersion and the cylindrical form factor for uncorrelated tube rotations. Experimental profiles of “doped” samples are not in agreement with simulations based on 2-D ordered sublattices except at very low doping levels.
Computing mean first passage times for a Markov chain

We present an interesting new procedure for computing the mean first passage times #opMFPTs#cp in an irreducible, N#pl1 state Markov chain. To compute the MFPTs to a given state we embed the submatrix of transition probabilities for the Nremaining states in an augmented matrix. We perform successive repetitions of matrix reduction to reduce the augmented matrix to a column vector of Nelements which represent the MFPTs. The new procedure has a higher operation count than Gaussian elimination. We use matrix reduction to solve a numerical example problem for the MFPTs in a four‐state Markov chain.
Infant dumping syndrome: reversal of symptoms by feeding uncooked starch.

Two infants with dumping syndrome after Nissen's fundoplication were bolus-fed with regular cows' milk formula and with test meals containing either cooked or uncooked starch. Cows' milk formula and test meals made with cooked starch provoded dumping symptoms, hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia. Dumping symptoms vanished and normoglycaemia was established when meals contained uncooked starch as the sole carbohydrate. The findings suggest that uncooked starch has a place in the dietary control of dumping syndrome in infants and possibly in adults.
Sexualizing the Self What College Women and Men Think About and Do to Be “Sexy”

Self-sexualization refers to intentionally engaging in activities expressly to appear more sexually appealing. The purpose of our studies was to examine gender similarities and differences in how women and men conceptualize self-sexualization as well as introduce measures appropriate for large-scale data collection. In a qualitative study, we first established the existence of self-sexualization among women, although we were unable to document a similar construct among men. The Self-Sexualization Behavior Questionnaire for Women (SSBQ–W), developed over the course of three studies using samples from two small liberal arts colleges, demonstrated adequate internal consistency, stability, and construct validity. Discriminant validity for the SSBQ–W was demonstrated with the Surveillance subscale of the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale, the Sexualizing Behavior Scale, and the Enjoyment of Sexualization Scale. The SSBQ–W may especially be useful in addressing debates about the relationship of self-sexualiz...
Sexually dimorphic effects of morphine and MK-801: sex steroid-dependent and -independent mechanisms

Rats show gender differences in responses to morphine and theN-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist dizocilpine (MK-801); the role of sex steroids in mediating these differences is unclear. We te...
Design and evaluation of a 5 GHz HBT strobed comparator

A strobed comparator-latch designed for reproducible manufacturing has been fabricated in a development GaAs heterojunction bipolar technology (HBT) for operation to 5 Gsample/s with moderate power consumption. A conservative design approach which operates the devices well below the maximum current resulted in good circuit yield of 64% and repeatable operation at DC and at high frequency. Good agreement between measured and predicted performance was obtained, indicating that the design environment adequately represents the process. >
Sustained attention and positive formal thought disorder in schizophrenia

Deficits in sustained attention and formal thought disorder (FTD) are two characteristics of schizophrenia that might be expressions of a common pathology. This study examined whether a measure of enduring (post-treatment, stabilized) deficits in sustained attention, the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) could predict FTD. In addition, a comparison was made of CPT performance between subjects with schizophrenia (n = 41) and healthy controls (n = 28). Results replicated previous findings of significantly poorer performance by individuals with schizophrenia compared to normal controls. Within the schizophrenia group, significant correlations were found between FTD and CPT measures. In order to assess predictability of FTD, a hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used. CPT errors and gender both significantly predicted FTD. The most robust prediction was of residual FTD (post-treatment, stabilized) by CPT commission errors. These results lend support to the proposition that a subsyndrome within schizophrenia exists that is characterized by deficits in sustained attention and positive formal thought disorder. Furthermore, this subsyndrome might be more common in males than females.
An Integrated Approach to the Hierarchical Order of the Cognitive and Affective Domains.

The purpose of this study was to determine the hierarchical relationships between behaviors in the cognitive and affective domains that lead to the mastery of a given terminal goal, defined for this study as teachers' voluntary acceptance of Individually Guided Education (IGE). Ordering theory, a method for determining linear and nonlinear hierarchies among all intertask pairs, was used to validate the hypothesized ordering. The results indicated that cognitive skills and attitudes were integrally related and built on each other, leading to mastery of the terminal goal. Therefore, when analyzing learning tasks, it is necessary to analyze both the cognitive and affective components and the relationships between them. The relationship between cognition and affect has been widely discussed and generally accepted by researchers both inside and outside the field of education (Bloom, 1956; Gagne, 1977; Krathwohl, Bloom, & Masia,
On the two distinct effects of thermal activation on plasticity: Application to nickel†

The effects of temperature and strain rate on dislocation glide at constant structure in nickel and nickel alloys are summarized in terms of their dependence on structure, making expanded use of a diagram introduced by Haasen. New results on the temperature and strain-rate dependence of the rate of strain hardening in pure nickel polycrystals are presented and analyzed in terms of thermally activated dynamic recovery, as also introduced by Haasen; in place of the starting stress for stage III strain hardening, a general scaling stress has been proposed.
AML1A and AML1B can transactivate the human IL-3 promoter

The AML1 gene encodes several transcription factors, including AML1A and AML1B, which bind to DNA via a TGT/cGGT consensus sequence that is found in several promoters, including the human IL-3 promoter. We performed cotransfection experiments in T cells, and demonstrated that although AML1A lacks a putative transactivation domain, it can transactivate the IL-3 promoter nearly as effectively as AML1B, a known activator. A consensus AML1 binding site (TGTGGT), located in the previously identified DNase I footprint region A of the human IL-3 promoter (extending from bp -165 to -128), and a sequence similar to the consensus binding site (TGTGGG), located in footprint region B (bp -55 to -42), specifically bind AML1 proteins in gel shift assays. The affinity for the TGTGGG sequence was much less than that for the TGTGGT sequence, and mutating the TGTGGG sequence did not alter the IL-3 promoter activity, whereas mutation of the consensus binding site decreased the basal promoter activity and nearly eliminated transactivation by AML1A and AML1B. The AML1/ETO fusion protein, generated by the t(8;21) translocation, repressed IL-3 promoter activity, although the AML1 portion of AML1/ETO (amino acids 1-177) lacked transcriptional regulatory activity and did not bind to DNA in vitro. The 60- to 177-amino acid portion of AML1 readily bound DNA, suggesting that the first 59 amino acids may function as an inhibitory domain for DNA binding. Demonstration of the transactivation by AML1A and localization of a putative inhibitory binding domain suggest additional complexity within this family of transcription factors.
Moderate level sedation during endoscopy: a prospective study using low-dose propofol, meperidine/fentanyl, and midazolam

Abstract Background Propofol provides several benefits over benzodiazepine and narcotic agents as a sedative medication for endoscopic procedures, including faster recovery and improved patient satisfaction. However, its use generally has been limited to anesthesiologists because of the risks associated with deep sedation. Methods One hundred patients undergoing colonoscopy or EGD were sedated with low-dose propofol, midazolam, and fentanyl (or meperidine). Depth of sedation was assessed at 2-minute intervals by an independent observer by using the American Society of Anesthesiologists criteria. Recovery time was determined by using paired neuropsychometric tests. A post-procedure satisfaction survey and 24-hour follow-up questionnaires were administered. Results For colonoscopy and EGD, respectively, the mean propofol dose was 98 mg and 79 mg, the mean midazolam dose was 0.9 mg and 0.8 mg, the mean fentanyl dose was 69 mcg and 63 mcg, and the mean meperidine dose was 42 mg (for both procedures). There were 628 assessments of the level of sedation performed during 74 colonoscopies and 101 assessments during 26 EGDs. The level of sedation was minimal in 77%, moderate in 21%, and deep in 2% of assessments. Nine of the 13 episodes of deep sedation were recorded during colonoscopy and 4 during EGD. In no instance was more than a single assessment of deep sedation recorded during one procedure. Ninety-eight percent of patients were satisfied with the sedation, and 71% returned to their usual activities within 2 hours of discharge. There was no serious adverse event. Conclusions Endoscopic sedation with low-dose propofol, a narcotic agent, and midazolam produces a moderate level of sedation. The quality of sedation and measures of recovery are comparable with the results reported with standard-dose propofol.
Revascularization Versus Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators to Prevent Sudden Death in Patients With Severe Left Ventricular Dysfunction

Sudden death remains a dreaded consequence of coronary artery disease, and efforts to predict its incidence and to prevent its occurrence remain a major concern. A number of the challenges in management are highlighted in the article by Veenhuyzen et al1 in the present issue of Circulation . In their study, mortality and modes of death were assessed in 5410 patients with ischemic left ventricular function who were enrolled in the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) study.2 There were 1870 patients who had had prior coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and 3540 who had not had prior CABG. The SOLVD trial database is a good source for these data, both because it is large and because the cause of death (ie, whether cardiac and whether sudden or not) was established. See p 1489 The key findings of Veenhuyzen et al1 are that CABG was associated with a 25% reduction in the risk of death (from 24.3% to 18.4%) and a 46% reduction in the risk of sudden death (from 7.5% to 4.1%). These findings are independent of ejection fraction, severity of heart failure symptoms, age, and other clinical variables. In a stratified analysis by severity of left ventricular dysfunction, there was some evidence for interaction, but similar results were noted overall. Prior CABG was not associated with an alteration in the risk of death from progressive heart failure. The results were applied to a group of patients with left ventricular dysfunction from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study Registry who had not undergone surgery, offering a predicted annual rate of death of 8.2% and sudden death …
Learned recognition of novel predator odour by convict cichlid embryos

Predation exerts tremendous selection pressure on all organisms. In this study, we exposed embryos of convict cichlids (Amatitlania siquia) twice daily to one of the following: (1) chemical alarm cues of damaged conspecifics + odour of a novel predator (Polypterus endlicheri), (2) chemical alarm cues of damaged conspecifics + water or (3) blank water. No chemical cues were presented after the eggs hatched. When the larvae were 9 days old (mean total length = 5.7 mm), they were exposed to either predator odour or water. Those larvae that had been conditioned as embryos on alarm cues + predator odour showed a significant reduction in activity (i.e. anti-predator behavioural response) to predator odour relative to the other treatments. This is the first demonstration of acquired predator recognition by fish embryos.
Self-Regulatory Depletion Enhances Neural Responses to Rewards and Impairs Top-Down Control

To be successful at self-regulation, individuals must be able to resist impulses and desires. The strength model of self-regulation suggests that when self-regulatory capacity is depleted, self-control deficits result from a failure to engage top-down control mechanisms. Using functional neuroimaging, we examined changes in brain activity in response to viewing desirable foods among 31 chronic dieters, half of whom completed a task known to result in self-regulatory depletion. Compared with nondepleted dieters, depleted dieters exhibited greater food-cue-related activity in the orbitofrontal cortex, a brain area associated with coding the reward value and liking aspects of desirable foods; they also showed decreased functional connectivity between this area and the inferior frontal gyrus, a region commonly implicated in self-control. These findings suggest that self-regulatory depletion provokes self-control failure by reducing connectivity between brain regions that are involved in cognitive control and ...
Gender and racial differences in endothelial oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease

Background We compared (1) cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, inflammation, and apoptosis of cultured endothelial cells treated with sera and (2) circulating inflammatory measures, antioxidant capacity, vascular biomarkers, and calf muscle hemoglobin oxygen saturation (StO 2 ) in men and women with peripheral artery disease (PAD). A secondary aim was to compare exercise performance and daily ambulatory activity between men and women. We hypothesized that women would have more impaired endothelial cellular ROS, inflammation, and apoptosis than men as well as worse systemic inflammation, antioxidant capacity, vascular biomarkers, calf muscle StO 2 , exercise performance, and daily ambulatory activity. Methods The 148 symptomatic men and women with PAD were characterized on the endothelial effects of circulating factors present in the sera by a cell culture-based bioassay on primary human arterial endothelial cells. Patients were further evaluated by circulating inflammatory and vascular biomarkers, physical examination and medical history, exercise performance, and calf muscle StO 2 during exercise, and ambulatory activity was monitored during 1 week. Results Cellular ROS production was higher in African American women than in men ( P = .021), but there was no gender difference in white individuals ( P = .537). Men and women were not significantly different on endothelial cell apoptosis ( P = .833) and nuclear factor κB activity ( P = .465). For circulating factors, additional gender differences were found when comparisons were made within each race. In African Americans, women had higher intercellular adhesion molecule 1 ( P = .022) and leptin ( P P = .047), higher vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 ( P = .047), and lower hepatocyte growth factor ( P = .046). Overall, women had higher apolipoprotein CIII ( P = .035), lower pain-free distance ( P = .048) and total distance ( P 2 to reach the minimum value during exercise ( P = .027), and slower average cadence ( P = .004) during daily ambulation. Conclusions African American women with symptomatic PAD have a heightened oxidative status, likely resulting in increased endothelial oxidative stress, compared with men. Furthermore, women exhibit a more pronounced proinflammatory profile of circulating biomarkers as well as more limited peripheral microcirculation, exercise performance, and ambulatory activity than men do. The clinical significance is that women with symptomatic PAD are in greater need than men of clinical intervention to improve oxidative stress, inflammation, and microcirculation, which may in turn have a favorable impact on their lower exercise performance and daily activity.