cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using an automated cell counter to simplify gene expression studies: siRNA knockdown of IL-4 dependent gene expression in Namalwa cells.

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression. siRNA studies are being conducted not only to study the effects of downregulating single genes, but also to interrogate signaling pathways and other complex interaction networks. These pathway analyses require both the use of relevant cellular models and methods that cause less perturbation to the cellular physiology. Electroporation is increasingly being used as an effective way to introduce siRNA and other nucleic acids into difficult to transfect cell lines and primary cells without altering the signaling pathway under investigation. There are multiple critical steps to a successful siRNA experiment, and there are ways to simplify the work while improving the data quality at several experimental stages. To help you get started with your siRNA mediated gene knockdown project, we will demonstrate how to perform a pathway study complete from collecting and counting the cells prior to electroporation through post transfection real-time PCR gene expression analysis. The following study investigates the role of the transcriptional activator STAT6 in IL-4 dependent gene expression of CCL17 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Namalwa). The techniques demonstrated are useful for a wide range of siRNA-based experiments on both adherent and suspension cells. We will also show how to streamline cell counting with the TC10 automated cell counter, how to electroporate multiple samples simultaneously using the MXcell electroporation system, and how to simultaneously assess RNA quality and quantity with the Experion automated electrophoresis system.
Approximate high-dimensional nearest neighbor queries using R-forests

Highly efficient query processing on high-dimensional data, while important, is still a challenge nowadays -- as the curse of dimensionality makes efficient solution very difficult. On the other hand, there have been suggestions that it is better off if one can return a solution quickly, that is close enough, to be sufficient. In this paper we will introduce the concept R-Forest, comprised of a set of disjoint R-trees built over the domain of the search space. Each R-tree will store a sub-set of points in a non-overlapping space, which is maintained throughout the life of the forest. Also included are several new features, Median point used for ordering and searching a pruning parameter, as well as restricted access. When all of these are combined together they can be used to answer Approximate Nearest Neighbor queries, returning a result that is an improvement over alternative methods, such as Locality Sensitive Hashing B-Tree (LSB-tree) with the same amount of IO. With our approach to this difficult problem, we are able to handle different data distribution, even taking advantage of the distribution without any additional parameter tuning, scales with increasing dimensionality and most importantly provides the user with some feedback, in terms of lower bound as to the quality of the results.
High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of phenylpyrroles produced by Pseudomonas cepacia

Pyrrolnitrin (III, Fig. l), 3-chloro-4-(2-nitro-3-chlorophenyl)pyrrole, is a potent antifungal compound first isolated from Pseudomonas pyrrociniu’. It was subsequently found that a number of Pseudomonads form pyrrolnitrin as a product of tryptophan metabolism 2. Other less active phenylpyrroles were also produced by this metabolic pathway; these include aminopyrrolnitrin (11)3, 2-chloropyrrolnitrin 03, isopyrrolnitrin [2,3-dichloro-4-(2-nitrophenyl)pyrrole14, and oxypyrrolnitrin [3chloro-4-(2-nitro-3-chloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrole]5. Gas chromatographi@ and thin-layer chromatographic (TLC)2 techniques have been used to analyze for these phenylpyrroles from Pseudomonads.
Do symptoms and cognitive problems affect the use and efficacy of a web-based decision support system for smokers with serious mental illness?

Objective: People with severe mental illnesses are more likely to have nicotine dependence than the general population and do not use effective cessation treatment when they try to quit. Previous research has shown that a web-based motivational decision support system tailored for this population is associated with increased use of evidence-based cessation treatment. This study examines how user characteristics, including cognitive functioning and psychiatric symptoms, impact use and outcomes of this website. Methods: One hundred twenty-eight smokers with severe mental illnesses were assessed at baseline for demographics, smoking characteristics, symptoms, cognition, and reading ability. They used the decision support system within 2 weeks of the baseline interview. Two months after use of the decision support system, researchers assessed participants’ smoking behaviors, use of evidence-based cessation treatment, clinician contact, and other quitting behaviors. Analyses modeled the relationship of partici...
Augmented GMRES‐type methods

GMRES is a popular iterative method for the solution of large linear systems of equations with a square non-symmetric matrix. The method generates a Krylov subspace in which an approximate solution is determined. We present modifications of the GMRES and the closely related RRGMRES methods that allow augmentation of the Krylov subspaces generated by these methods by a user-supplied subspace. We choose this subspace to enable the representation of certain known non-smooth features of the desired solution, such as jumps, or to make it possible to represent certain smooth functions, such as constants or linear functions. The latter choice of augmenting subspace appears to be new. Applications to the solution of both well-posed and ill-posed problems are presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Work on the Benefits of Environmental Regulation: Discussion

The first paper, by John Horowitz, models decision making within the context of response to contingent valuation surveys. Horowitz defines CV as "surveying of members of the public about their preferences for environmental amenities." In fact, CV does not actually ask respondents about their preferences for environmental commodities. Instead CV asks respondents what they are willing to pay for a specified commodity, and it is only by assumption that this willingness to pay is preference revealing. Indeed, even standard CV practice acknowledges that some WTP responses do not reveal preferences. For example, it is now standard CV practice to identify and adapt protest zero bids which do not reveal respondents' preferences, but instead may be indicate that respondents should not have to pay for the commodity described in the study. Similarly, the so-called "good cause" effect or symbolic bias are widely recognized phenomenon where bids do not reveal preferences for the specific commodity described in the survey. Thus, I think that we should avoid assuming by definition that CV identifies preferences for the specific commodity described. I am surprised that Horowitz uses this definition since the major focus of his paper is on developing a model of decision making where responses to CV questions do not wholly reveal preferences. In Horowitz's model, CV responses are derived from a form of Bayesian updating, whereby respondents combine their subjective prior estimate of value with a signal of the value that they receive from the survey. This formulation could model importance bias, for example, whereby the respondent infers that the commodity addressed by the survey must be important, otherwise the government wouldn't be expending so much effort to evaluate the commodity. Horowitz suggests use of a project comparisons meth d as one means of avoiding problems that arise from signaling the value of projects. That is, if respondents are presented with alternat ve projects, and are required to choose among or rank projects, there could be less signaling han if individuals were asked to express willingness to pay for one project in isolation or a number of projects in a particular sequence. One criticism Horowitz makes is that this approach cannot be used to calculate monetary values for
The hydrophilic nature of a clean gold surface

Abstract Since 1934, 26 (or more) attempts have been made to establish the hydrophilic or hydrophobic nature of clean gold surfaces. Eighteen (including theoretical studies) concluded clean gold is hydrophobic (θH2O ∼ 65°), whereas eight concluded clean gold is hydrophilic. In all of these studies direct evidence as to surface cleanliness was lacking. In this report direct evidence as to surface cleanliness is given in the form of Auger electron spectrograms measured prior to and after the water contact angle measurement in a UHV system (in clean argon). For gold surfaces with very small contamination with carbon or oxygen, water wets. Less than a monolayer of carbonaceous contamination renders the surface hydrophobic (θH2O ∼ 50°). Clean gold is hydrophilic.
A common neural code for frequency- and amplitude-modulated sounds

Most naturally occurring sounds are modulated in amplitude or frequency; important examples include animal vocalizations and species-specific communication signals in mammals, insects, reptiles, birds and amphibians. Deciphering the information from amplitude-modulated (AM) sounds is a well-understood process, requiring a phase locking of primary auditory afferents to the modulation envelopes. The mechanism for decoding frequency modulation (FM) is not as clear because the FM envelope is flat (Fig. 1). One biological solution is to monitor amplitude fluctuations in frequency-tuned cochlear filters as the instantaneous frequency of the FM sweeps through the passband of these filters. This view postulates an FM-to-AM transduction whereby a change in frequency is transmitted as a change in amplitude. This is an appealing idea because, if such transduction occurs early in the auditory pathway, it provides a neurally economical solution to how the auditory system encodes these important sounds. Here we illustrate that an FM and AM sound must be transformed into a common neural code in the brain stem. Observers can accurately determine if the phase of an FM presented to one ear is leading or lagging, by only a fraction of a millisecond, the phase of an AM presented to the other ear. A single intracranial image is perceived, the spatial position of which is a function of this phase difference.
Sonographic signs of breast implant rupture.

This study evaluated sonography as a screening test for breast implant rupture and developed diagnostic criteria for implant rupture.Women contemplating implant removal were evaluated prospectively with sonography. Implants were classified as normal, indeterminate, or ruptured. Individual sonographic signs were analyzed for their statistic association with implant rupture. To measure the degree of interobserver variation, static images were evaluated by two different observers.Of 236 implants evaluated, surgical confirmation was available in 78, 22 of which were ruptured and 56, intact. Echogenic noise, multiple discontinuous parallel linear echoes, and echodense aggregates in the implant lumen were statistically associated with rupture. Based on sonographic findings, we classified 34 implants as intact (at surgery: 31 intact, 3 ruptured). We classified 19 as ruptured (at surgery: 11 ruptured, 8 intact). Of the 25 implants we classified as indeterminate, 17 were intact and 8 were ruptured at surgery. Ther...
Optimum decoding based smoothing algorithm for dynamic systems with interference

Abstract This paper presents a new smoothing algorithm for discrete models with arbitrary random interference. For the disturbance noise, observation noise and interference, only independency is required. Moreover, the motion and observation models are not restricted to be linear functions of the disturbance noise and interference. This algorithm estimates the states by reducing the smoothing problem to a multiple composite hypothesis testing problem, and then using the Viterbi decoding algorithm. Simulation results have shown that the new algorithm performs very well.
The direct observation of structural development during vanadium pentoxide gelation

The sequence of structural evolution in the gelation of vanadic acid to form vanadium pentoxide gels was studied using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Small whiskers form from initially homogeneous solutions, and then grow into crystalline ribbon-like colloidal particles. It is proposed that the whiskers form from polymerization of dioxovanadium cations. The ribbons then grow by continued addition of dioxovanadium cations which are supplied by the decomposition of decavanadate ions. In solution, the ribbon-like particles have dimensions of approximately 25 nm × 3 nm × over 1 μm. These ribbons are flexible perpendicular to the plane of the ribbon. Upon drying, a flat rigid mass of ribbon-like particles is formed. The ribbons examined by STM showed striations 3 nm wide, a value that corresponds with the width of the unit cell proposed by J. Legendre and J. Livage [J. Colloid. and Interf. Sci. 94, 75 (1983)].
Reaction Sequences in Simulated Neutralized Current Acid Waste Slurry During Processing with Formic Acid

The Hanford Waste Vitrification Plant (HWVP) is being designed for the Department of Energy to immobilize high-level and transuranic wastes as glass for permanent disposal. Pacific Northwest Laboratory is supporting the HWVP design activities by conducting laboratory-scale studies using a HWVP simulated waste slurry. Conditions which affect the slurry processing chemistry were evaluated in terms of offgas composition and peak generation rate and changes in slurry composition. A standard offgas profile defined in terms of three reaction phases, decomposition of H{sub 2}CO{sub 3}, destruction of NO{sub 2}{sup {minus}}, and production of H{sub 2} and NH{sub 3} was used as a baseline against which changes were evaluated. The test variables include nitrite concentration, acid neutralization capacity, temperature, and formic acid addition rate. Results to date indicate that pH is an important parameter influencing the N{sub 2}O/NO{sub x} generation ratio; nitrite can both inhibit and activate rhodium as a catalyst for formic acid decomposition to CO{sub 2} and H{sub 2}; and a separate reduced metal phase forms in the reducing environment. These data are being compiled to provide a basis for predicting the HWVP feed processing chemistry as a function of feed composition and operation variables, recommending criteria for chemical adjustments, andmore » providing guidelines with respect to important control parameters to consider during routine and upset plant operation.« less
Exceptional Convergence on the Macroevolutionary Landscape in Island Lizard Radiations

G. G. Simpson, one of the chief architects of evolutionary biology’s modern synthesis, proposed that diversification occurs on a macroevolutionary adaptive landscape, but landscape models are seldom used to study adaptive divergence in large radiations. We show that for Caribbean Anolis lizards, diversification on similar Simpsonian landscapes leads to striking convergence of entire faunas on four islands. Parallel radiations unfolding at large temporal scales shed light on the process of adaptive diversification, indicating that the adaptive landscape may give rise to predictable evolutionary patterns in nature, that adaptive peaks may be stable over macroevolutionary time, and that available geographic area influences the ability of lineages to discover new adaptive peaks.
Maternal programming of the fetal brain dictates the response of juvenile Siberian hamsters to photoperiod: dissecting the information transfer system.

Development of neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating reproduction results from the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. For the developing fetus, the environment includes the maternal system. Our work with Siberian hamsters examines mechanisms by which prenatal photoperiods influence neuroendocrine functions regulating postnatal reproductive development. The maternal system has two effects on the young: (1) to program a reproductive growth pattern in the young and (2) to influence the ability of the young to respond to photoperiods encountered after weaning. Three paradigms have been used to study the role of the pineal hormone melatonin in this process. Injection of pregnant females with melatonin or removing melatonin has demonstrated that the maternal pineal is required for the transference of photo-periodic information to fetuses. However, when pregnant females receive continuous release implants of melatonin the effects of melatonin on fetuses are dependent on gestational photoperiod, suggesting that while melatonin is necessary it is not the only component in the mechanism for the transference of photoperiodic information to fetuses.
The occupations of regulators influence occupational regulation: evidence from the US private security industry

Licensing requirements for US private security firms and guards differ substantially from state to state. State regulatory institutions for this industry also vary considerably. Some states have specialized regulatory boards with industry personnel (guards, firm owners) and/or public police as board members, while others rely on non-specialized regulators such as Departments of Commerce, State, Professional Regulation, or Consumer Affairs. These cross-state variations in licensing requirements and regulatory institutions provide an opportunity to explore relationships between the two. Private security regulation is of particular interest in this context because previous empirical research implies that allocating more resources to private security reduces crime, and that relatively stringent licensing requirements limit entry, thereby increasing crime. A panel of 1991–2010 state data is employed to see if particular regulatory institutions are associated with particular licensing requirements. Empirical results suggest that requirements for entry into this market tend to be relatively strict when active private security personnel are in control of licensing, and that different patterns of regulation generally apply when police or non-specialized agencies control licensing. Therefore, both public-interest and private-interest explanations for the observed relationships between the structure of regulatory institutions and resulting licensing requirements are discussed.
The promise of faith‐based social services: Perception versus reality

Abstract This article explores the tenets that support the history of faith‐based social services in the United States and highlights the role of faith‐based organizations, which have a long and respected tradition in service provision. These tenets are rooted in the religious and secular precepts of duty, obligation, charity, responsibility, participation, community, and justice. As basic as these concepts are, the 2001 political debate about extending public support of faith‐based services has proven to be divisive rather than unifying. The concepts and practice of, and experience with, faith‐based services provide an important perspective by which to view and assess the 2001 Bush initiative to expand the use of faith‐based groups in the provision of social services. There is an inherent danger in raising expectations about the ability of faith‐based groups to meet social service needs and to do so “better” than other nonprofit or government agencies. Based on this review of the purposes, history, and c...
Characterization and modeling of enhanced voltage RF MESFETs on 45nm CMOS for RF applications

Enhanced voltage silicon metal-semiconductor-field-effect-transistors (MESFETs) have been fabricated on a 45nm SOI CMOS technology with no process changes. MESFETs scaled to L g = 184nm were fabricated and show a peak f T of 35GHz, current drive of 112mA/mm and breakdown voltages exceeding 4.5V whereas the nominal CMOS voltage was less than 1V on the same process. The devices were characterized from DC to 40GHz and an industry standard TOM3 model has been developed describing their operation. A board level Class AB power amplifier operating at 433MHz was designed, fabricated and measured to have a peak output power of 17dBm and peak PAE of 42.5%. The supply voltage of the PA was more than twice the breakdown voltage of corresponding CMOS on the same semiconductor process. The measured PA results were used to validate the model across different bias and input power level conditions.
A second-order space and time nodal method for the one-dimensional convection-diffusion equation

Abstract We present a nodal integral method for the one-dimensional convection-diffusion equation. The development is carried out in the nodal spirit, and results in a method that is second order both in space and time variables. Extension of this method, which is characterized by inherent upwinding, to multi-dimensional problems is straightforward. The nodal method's ability to yield accurate results on rather coarse mesh sizes when coupled with node interior reconstruction of the solution results in a rather powerful scheme that can accurately resolve the solution—even in regions with sharp gradients—with relatively large node sizes. Three widely used problems are solved numerically to demonstrate the properties of the nodal method developed here.
Effects of topical antimicrobial agents on the human neutrophil respiratory burst

• The neutrophil oxidative burst plays an important role in killing intracellular microorganisms. We studied the effects of topical antimicrobial agents on the N -formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine–stimulated oxidative burst of human peripheral blood neutrophils, using a flow cytometric assay. Mafenide acetate, sulfadiazine silver, gentamicin sulfate, neomycin sulfate–polymyxin B sulfate (Neosporin GU Irrigant), acetic acid, amphotericin B, and povidone-iodine inhibited the neutrophil oxidative burst at or below clinical concentrations, while 0.25% modified diluted sodium hypochlorite (Dakin's) solution caused cell death. Bacitracin–polymyxin B sulfate (Polysporin) greatly augmented the respiratory burst; this effect was due to the bacitracin component. Diluted gentamicin and acetic acid also augmented intracellular hydrogen peroxide production, but to a lesser extent than Polysporin. Inhibition of the respiratory burst of neutrophils might be considered when these agents are used for topical wound care, although clinical correlates of these effects have not been determined. ( Arch Surg. 1991;126:603-608)
Penpoints, Gunpoints, and Dreams: Towards a Critical Theory of the Arts and the State in Africa

Preface Introduction 1. Art War with the State: Writers and Guardians of a Postcolonial Society 2. Penpoints, Gunpoints, and Dreams: The Conflict Between the Crafts of Art and the State 3. Enacting Power: The Politics of the Performance State 4. Voicing Silence: Language, Democracy, and a New World Order 5. Renaissance or Orature: Freeing Creativity from the Literary Colonisation of Orality Conclusion
Preliminary observations on the effect of acupuncture on immune responses in sensitized rabbits and guinea pigs.

A preliminary report is presented on the possible effect of acupuncture on immune responses in rabbits injected with sheep RBC and in guninea pigs with an encephalitogenic antigen prepartion. Results from acupuncturing experimental animals at four loci-Ta-Cu, Tsu San-Li, Ch'u-Ch'ih and Chih-Shih - strongly suggest that acupuncture has an effect on the immune response. If these observations can be substaintiated by more refined methods in subsequent experiments, a new avenue will be opened for acupuncture research.
Kinetics of the Hydrogen Electrode Reaction

It is well recognized that the standard Butler–Volmer equation is lacking in an adequate description of the kinetics of the hydrogen electrode reaction over the complete range of potentials for the alkaline as well as the acid electrolytes. Further, it is unable to explain the asymmetry in current vs potential observed in the hydrogen evolution reaction HER vs the hydrogen oxidation reaction HOR. In fact, even kinetic descriptions via two-step mechanisms Volmer–Heyrovsky, Volmer–Tafel, or Heyrovsky– Tafel are individually applicable only in limited potential ranges. We present an approach that provides explicit rate expressions involving kinetics of all the three steps Tafel–Volmer–Heyrovsky simultaneously, as well as more limiting rate expressions based on two-step pathways. The analysis is based on our recently developed graph–theoretic approach that provides accurate rate laws by exploiting the electrical analogy of the reaction network. The accuracy of the resulting rate expressions, as well as their asymmetric potential dependence, for both HOR and HER is illustrated here based on step kinetics provided in the literature for Pt catalyst in 0.5 M NaOH solution.
Packing analysis of carbohydrates and polysaccharides. V. Crystal structures of two polymorphs of pachyman triacetate.

The crystal structures of two polymorphic forms of pachyman triacetate, the fully acetylated derivative of a naturally occuring β-(1 3)-D-glucan, were determined by a combination of stereochemical and x-ray diffraction analysis. The two polymorphs could be obtained depending on the temperature and the degree of stretching of film specimens of the substance: polymorph I resulted from stretching 25–50% at 125°C and polymorph II resulted from further stretching to 300% at 215°C. Both polymorphs had previously been shown to have sixfold helical chain conformations, but of unequal pitch. Subsequent detailed structure refinement performed with bond lengths, bond angles, conformational angles, and helix-packing parameters as refinement variables, and the simultaneous minimization of packing and conformational energy and the crystallographic R-factor as refinement criteria, resulted in a complete determination of the two crystal structures. Pachyman triacetate I was found to be a right-handed helix packing with antiparallel polarity and space group P212121 symmetry (unit-cell parameters a = 11.0, b = 19.0, c (fiber repeat) = 22.38 A). The acetate groups were nearly planar and the O(2) and O(4) acetates were oriented in such a fashion that the carbonyl double-bond nearly eclipsed the corresponding C—H bond of the ring. The O(6) was in the tg position and its acetate was oriented in such a fashion that the bond sequence C(6)—O(6)—C(6C)—C(6M) was nearly trans-planar, with the carbonyl double-bond bisecting the tetrahedral angle formed by C(6) and its two hydrogens. The final R = 0.221. Pachyman triacetate II was similarly found to be a right-handed helix, but packing as a 50:50 mixture of parallel and antiparallel polarities (unit-cell parameters a = 11.49, b = 20.13, c (fiber repeat) = 18.6 A). The acetate positions in pachyman triacetate II were substantially the same as in pachyman triacetate I. The final R for the 50:50 mixture was 0.234. Probable reasons for the change in packing polarities are discussed, as are the difficulties encountered in the structure refinement of acetate derivatives.
Motor neuron destruction in guinea pigs immunized with bovine spinal cord ventral horn homogenate : experimental autoimmune gray matter disease

Guinea pigs immunized with bovine spinal cord ventral horn homogenate develop muscle weakness with electromyographic and morphologic evidence of denervation. Pathological examination demonstrates a loss of motoneurons and scattered inflammatory foci primarily localized to the spinal cord. Immunohistochemical techniques document the presence of immunoglobulin G at the motor end plate and around the external membrane and within the cytoplasm of motoneurons. This syndrome of experimental autoimmune gray matter disease (EAGMD) differs from experimental autoimmune motor neuron disease induced by inoculation with purified motoneurons and also differs from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The existence of two different forms of immune-mediated motoneuron destruction suggests that a number of cytoplasmic and membrane antigens may give rise to an immunologically based attack on the motor system.
THE REACTION OF 3-METHYL INDOLE WITH para-ETHYLBENZENE SULFONIC ACID: FUEL INCOMPATIBILTY REACTIONS

ABSTRACT Polar Heteroatomic species have been correlated with incompatibility reactions in middle distillate fuels. Instability is defined as the formation of filterable sediments and fuel insoluble gums. Heteroatoms (oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur) have been found to be greatly enriched in such sediments. Trace levels of certain organo-sulfur compounds, especially sulfonic acids in model fuel systems, have been found to significantly increase deposit formation. The effectiveness of organic amines as additives suggests that acid/base chemistry is also involved in the formation of deposits. This paper reports on a study of p-ethylbenzene sulfonic acid reacting with 3-methyl indole in model systems. A possible reaction mechanism and a proposed structure for the product is reported. The results of the model system are contrasted to results from previous actual fuel systems.
The incidence of ureteral obstruction and the value of intraoperative cystoscopy during vaginal surgery for pelvic organ prolapse.

Objective The objective of the study was to determine the incidence of ureteral obstruction during vaginal surgery for pelvic organ prolapse and the accuracy and efficacy of intraoperative cystoscopy. Study design The study was a retrospective review of 700 consecutive patients who underwent vaginal surgery for anterior and/or apical pelvic organ prolapse with universal intraoperative cystoscopy. Results Thirty-seven patients (5.3%) had no spillage of dye from 1 or both ureters intraoperatively. The false-positive and negative cystoscopy rates were 0.4% and 0.3%, respectively. Thus, the true incidence of intraoperative ureteral obstruction was 5.1%. Intraoperative cystoscopy was accurate in 99.3% of cases, with a sensitivity and specificity of 94.4% and 99.5%, respectively. Suture removal relieved ureteral obstruction in 88% of cases. Six subjects (0.9%) had true ureteral injuries. Conclusion Vaginal surgery for anterior and/or apical pelvic organ prolapse is associated with an intraoperative ureteral obstruction rate of 5.1%. Intraoperative cystoscopy accurately detects ureteral obstruction and allows for relief of obstruction in the majority of cases.
Ischemia induces different levels of hypoxia inducible factor-1α protein expression in interneurons and pyramidal neurons

Pyramidal (glutamatergic) neurons and interneurons are morphologically and functionally well defined in the central nervous system. Although it is known that glutamatergic neurons undergo immediate cell death whereas interneurons are insensitive or survive longer during cerebral ischemia, the protection mechanisms responsible for this interneuronal survival are not well understood. Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) plays an important role in protecting neurons from hypoxic/ischemic insults. Here, we studied the expression of HIF-1α, the regulatable subunit of HIF-1, in the different neuronal phenotypes under in vitro and in vivo ischemia. In a primary cortical culture, HIF-1α expression was observed in neuronal somata after hypoxia (1% oxygen) in the presence of 5 or 25 mM glucose but not under normoxia (21% oxygen). Interestingly, only certain MAP2-positive neurons containing round somata (interneuron-like morphology) co-localized with HIF-1α staining. Other neurons such as pyramidal-like neurons showed no expression of HIF-1α under either normoxia or hypoxia. The HIF-1α positive neurons were GAD65/67 positive, confirming that they were interneuron-type cells. The HIF-1α expressing GAD65/67-positive neurons also possessed high levels of glutathione. We further demonstrated that ischemia induced significant HIF-1α expression in interneurons but not in pyramidal neurons in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. These results suggest that HIF-1α protein expression induced by ischemia is neuron-type specific and that this specificity may be related to the intracellular level of glutathione (GSH).
Population Variance under Interval Uncertainty: A New Algorithm

In statistical analysis of measurement results, it is often beneficial to compute the range V of the population variance \(v=\frac{1}{2}\cdot\sum^{n}_{i=1}(x_{i}-E)^{2}\,(where E=\frac{1}{n}\sum^{n}_{i=1}x_{i})\) when we only know the intervals \([{\tilde x}_{i}-\Delta_{i},{\tilde x}_{i}+\Delta_{i}]\) of possible values of the xi. In general, this problem is NP-hard; a polynomialtime algorithm is known for the case when the measurements are sufficiently accurate, i.e., when \(|{\tilde x}_{i}-{\tilde x}_{j}|\geq\frac{\Delta_{i}}{n}+\frac{\Delta_{j}}{n}\) for all \(i\neq j.\) In this paper, we show that we can efficiently compute V under a weaker (and more general) condition \(|{\tilde x}_{i}-{\tilde x}_{j}|\geq\frac{|\Delta_{i}-\Delta_{j}|}{n}\).
Immunohistochemical analysis of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) induced by interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) in the rat.

Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) was induced in rats by immunization with bovine interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) and studied by immunohistochemistry. In general, the IRBP induction of inflammatory cellular components and expression of immune-related antigens on various non-lymphoid cells resembled those provoked by S-antigen (S-Ag). However, differences were found between the two diseases, including: 1) The increase in T suppressor/cytotoxic cells occurred in IRBP EAU more rapidly than in S-Ag EAU. 2) Fewer numbers of non-lymphoid cells expressed major histocompatibility complex class II surface antigens in IRBP EAU than in S-Ag EAU. The immunopathogenic mechanisms of EAU induced by these two retinal antigens are discussed.
Left ventricular perforation during cooled-tip radiofrequency ablation for ischemic ventricular tachycardia.

A 69-year-old man with a history of ischemic cardiomyopathy who had multiple implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks for sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (Vt) despite antiarrhythmic therapy underwent Vt ablation. Because of the patient's severe peripheral vascular disease, left ventricular (LV) access was obtained via transseptal access using a Brockenbrough needle (BRK, St Jude Medical, Minnetonka, MN) over a medium curve, 8.5F Agilis sheath (St Jude Medical) under fluoroscopy and intracardiac ultrasound (ICE) guidance (AcuNav, Siemens, Mountainview, CA). Systemic heparin was given with the activated clotting time ranging from 250 to 340 seconds. A 7.5F bidirectional, deflectable, 3.5-mm-tip, external-irrigated ablation catheter (EZ STEER ThermoCool, Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA) was advanced into the LV, and an electroanatomic map was created using the CARTO 3 mapping system (Biosense Webster). A large endocardial inferobasal scar was seen on the voltage map. Programmed electric stimulation and burst pacing were performed from several right ventricular and LV sites with 3 drive train cycle lengths and up to triple extrastimuli with a minimal coupling interval of 200 ms. During programmed electric stimulation, Vt was induced with a right bundle-branch block morphology, right superior axis, and a tachycardia cycle length of 537 ms, matching the leadless electrogram morphology of the clinical Vt. Pace mapping at the lateral edge of the inferobasal scar showed a 12/12 pm correlation with the clinical Vt …
Modification of wild-type and batrachotoxin-resistant muscle µ1 Na + channels by veratridine

Biochemical evidence indicates that veratridine (VTD) and batrachotoxin (BTX) share a common binding site in Na+ channels. Under whole-cell voltage-clamp conditions, we examined this single receptor hypothesis by studying the VTD phenotype in BTX-resistant muscle Na+ channels, µ1-I433K, N434K, L437K, F1579K, and N1584K. Derived from point mutations at segments D1–S6 and D4–S6, these mutant Na+ channels are resistant to 5 µM BTX when expressed in human embryonic kidney cells. In contrast to the wild-type phenotype, VTD at 200 µM elicits little or no maintained current during a test pulse at +50 mV, and little or no "tail" current after the test pulse in all BTX-resistant mutant channels. Paradoxically, VTD retains its ability to inhibit the peak Na+ current in BTX-resistant mutant Na+ channels. To explain these mutant phenotypes, we propose a two-step binding reaction scheme. An initial VTD-binding interaction with the Na+ channel results in the inhibition of peak current amplitude, and a second binding reaction results in the trapping of VTD within the D1–S6 and D4–S6 domain interface. The failure of BTX-resistant mutant Na+ channels to trap VTD suggests that segments of D1–S6 and D4–S6 form a common receptor for VTD and BTX.
Identification of pyrazine-based TrkA inhibitors: design, synthesis, evaluation, and computational modeling studies

Trk receptors play a key role in the development and maintenance of neuronal networks. Recent evidence suggests that the Trk family, specifically TrkA, is an important driver for tumour growth, inflammatory and neuropathic pain, and chemoresistance. Through a computational screen, a novel Trk active pharmacophore was identified and a series of pyrazine-based inhibitors were developed, which potently inhibited TrkA. Inhibitors displayed the highest activity on TrkA when screened against a small, tyrosine kinase panel and also exhibited a non-linear SAR. Predicted binding modes of the inhibitors were examined, which identified exploitable regions for future development of more advanced inhibitors.
Group differences and personnel decisions: Validity, fairness, and affirmative action

Recent developments in research and theory pertaining to fair employment concerns are reviewed for the period 1991–1996, with particular emphasis on Black/White issues. The period was marked by the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1991, the publication ofThe Bell Curve,renewed debate over the meaning of general cognitive ability, publication of the revised four-volumeHandbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology,and intense political and scientific interest in affirmative action. Fundamental issues were raised with regard to the substantive nature ofg, the interpretation of group differences in cognitive ability, the effect of group differences on personnel decision making, and the efficacy of affirmative action. Each of these issues is examined in an attempt to identify the main points of consensus and disagreement and to identify how they are interrelated. Suggestions for additional research are incorporated within the text.
A modified Bahl algorithm for recursive systematic convolutional codes on Rayleigh fading channels

The Bahl algorithm (1974) is a maximum a posteriori (MAP) decoding method for linear codes which minimizes the bit error probability by estimating the a posteriori probabilities (APP) of the states and transitions of a Markov source observed through a discrete memoryless channel. A modified version of the Bahl algorithm was presented by Berrou, Glavieux and Thitimajshima (1993) for iteratively decoding turbo codes for the additive white Gaussian noise channel. In this paper we consider MAP decoding of turbo codes using the Bahl algorithm for a memoryless Rayleigh fading channel.
Contraception in Patients With Heart Failure

Case Presentation: A 21-year-old woman presented for evaluation and management of heart failure resulting from a familial nondilated cardiomyopathy. A screening echocardiogram demonstrated a left ventricular ejection fraction of 30% to 35% with normal wall thicknesses, chamber sizes, and valvular function. On stress testing, she had good exertional tolerance and contractile reserve, but frequent premature atrial contractions and premature ventricular contractions. She was placed on carvedilol and lisinopril and has not required a diuretic. She was grava 0/para 0, using an etonogestrol/estradiol vaginal ring for contraception, and relayed to us that the nurse practitioner providing her general care questioned the safety of this for her. In healthy women, although the health risks of pregnancy have decreased over the past century, contraception still remains safer than pregnancy.1 In making recommendations for contraception in patients with heart failure (HF), we must consider the risks of pregnancy or termination as well as the relative risks and efficacy of the available contraceptive methods. Further, the issue of genetic transmission to the fetus must also be addressed and may be as high as 25% in familial forms of dilated cardiomyopathy and 50% in autosomal dominant conditions such as Marfan syndrome or familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.2 In women with a dilated cardiomyopathy (specifically a left ventricular ejection fraction <45%), ≈40% will experience at least 1 cardiac event during pregnancy, including pulmonary edema, arrhythmia, or stroke.3 Furthermore, up to 20% will experience an adverse fetal or neonatal outcome, including intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth, or delivery of baby that is small for gestational age.3 Patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy after a previous pregnancy present a unique risk associated with future pregnancies. Approximately 50% of patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy will recover their left ventricular (LV) function within 2 to 6 months after their diagnosis.4 In …
Acidic Nucleoplasmic DNA-binding Protein (And-1) Controls Chromosome Congression by Regulating the Assembly of Centromere Protein A (CENP-A) at Centromeres

The centromere is an epigenetically designated chromatin domain that is essential for the accurate segregation of chromosomes during mitosis. The incorporation of centromere protein A (CENP-A) into chromatin is fundamental in defining the centromeric loci. Newly synthesized CENP-A is loaded at centromeres in early G1 phase by the CENP-A-specific histone chaperone Holliday junction recognition protein (HJURP) coupled with other chromatin assembly factors. However, it is unknown whether there are additional HJURP-interacting factor(s) involving in this process. Here we identify acidic nucleoplasmic DNA-binding protein 1 (And-1) as a new factor that is required for the assembly of CENP-A nucleosomes. And-1 interacts with both CENP-A and HJURP in a prenucleosomal complex, and the association of And-1 with CENP-A is increased during the cell cycle transition from mitosis to G1 phase. And-1 down-regulation significantly compromises chromosome congression and the deposition of HJURP-CENP-A complexes at centromeres. Consistently, overexpression of And-1 enhances the assembly of CENP-A at centromeres. We conclude that And-1 is an important factor that functions together with HJURP to facilitate the cell cycle-specific recruitment of CENP-A to centromeres. Background: The incorporation of CENP-A at centromeres is important for chromosome segregation during mitosis. Results: And-1 together with HJURP regulates the assembly of new CENP-A onto centromeres. Conclusion: And-1 facilitates the recruitment of CENP-A to centromeres. Significance: These studies reveal a novel role of And-1 in the regulation of chromosome congression during mitosis.
Continuous heliox breathing and the extent of anatomic zone of noreflow and necrosis following ischemia/reperfusion in the rabbit heart.

Background: Nitrogen may contribute to reperfusion injury. Some studies have shown that helium as a replacement for nitrogen in breathing gas (heliox) reduces cell necrosis after ischemia/reperfusion when used in a preconditioning fashion (intermittent heliox exposure). Our aim was to test whether heliox, breathed continuously throughout the ischemic and reperfusion periods, reduced necrosis and a marker of reperfusion injury, the no-reflow phenomenon. Methods and Results: Anesthetized, open-chest rabbits received 30 min coronary artery occlusion/3 hrs reperfusion. Before CAO rabbits were randomized to heliox (30% oxygen + 70% helium, n=8) or air supplemented with oxygen to achieve blood gas values within physiologic range (n = 8). Rabbits received the appropriate mix during ischemic and reperfusion periods. Infarct size (% risk zone) and no-reflow defect were measured at the end of the reperfusion period. The ischemic risk zone was similar in both groups (28% of left ventricle in heliox and 29% in control). Heliox breathing did not reduce necrosis; infarct size, expressed as a percentage of the risk region was 44±4% in the heliox group and 49±5% in controls, p = 0.68. The extent of the no-reflow defect was not altered by heliox, either expressed as a percent of the risk region (29±4% in heliox and 28±3% in control) or as a percent of the necrotic zone (65±5% in heliox and 59±8% in control).Heliox treatment had no effect on hemodynamic parameters or arterial blood gas values. Conclusion: Continuous heliox breathing does not appear to be cardioprotective in the setting of acute myocardial infarction in the rabbit model. Heliox respiration administered during 30 minutes of ischemia and 180 minutes of reperfusion did not alter infarct size or the extent of no-reflow.
Microfluidic device to perform impedometric detection of Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time of blood

The Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) test is performed on a large scale, in laboratories to monitor the functioning of intrinsic and common pathways of blood coagulation cascade and the concentration of anticoagulants such as Heparin among patients. A PDMS based microfluidic device has been fabricated and tested to perform APTT as a point-of-care device using whole blood samples by detecting the change in electrical impedance of blood during coagulation. The two chambered PDMS device integrated with microelectrodes is pre-coated with APTT reagent and heparin respectively for better repeatability. The results indicate a repeatable pattern of change in whole blood impedance during coagulation and confirm the theoretical explanation by Hartert [1]. The devices were also tested for their sensitivity to different concentrations of heparin and found to exhibit a favorable increase in coagulation time for increasing heparin concentration.
Added critical flashover voltage by fiberglass distribution line pole

This paper presents the results of a study of the critical flashover (CFO) voltage of fiberglass distribution line poles, polymer crossarms and insulators with fiberglass poles and polymer crossarms. Special attention was made to evaluate the added CFO voltage by the fiberglass pole and the polymer crossarm with the insulators in the distribution line pole structure. A discussion of the results follows the data obtained. For composite distribution line insulation, a comparison of the CFO and added CFO voltages by the fiberglass distribution line poles and the polymer crossarm with the wood pole and the wood crossarm is presented. The tests were conducted in the High Voltage Laboratory at Mississippi State University.
Helminthic Parasites from Willets, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae), from Texas, U.S.A., with Descriptions of Kowalewskiella catoptrophori sp. n. and Kowalewskiella macrospina sp. n. (Cestoda: Dilepididae)

Abstract During a survey of endohelminths from willets Catoptrophorus semipalmatus from the Texas Gulf coast, U.S.A., 22 species were found, including 1 acanthocephalan, 3 cestodes, 3 nematodes, and 15 trematodes. Two new species of cestodes, Kowalewskiella catoptrophori sp. n. and Kowalewskiella macrospina sp. n. (Dilepididae Railliet and Henry, 1909), are described. Willets represent new host records for 3 nematodes (Capillaria sp., Skrjabinoclava sp., and Skrjabinocara sp.) and 6 trematodes (Levinseniella hunteri, Lyperosomum sp., Probolocorpha glandulosa, Prosthogonimus ovatus, Renicola glandoloboides, and Stephanoprora sp.). A key to species of Kowalewskiella is included.