cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-beam antennas using planar lenses fed with focal plane arrays

Summary form only given. Over the past few decades, a significant amount of research has been conducted in the area of microwave and millimeter-wave lenses. Such lenses are used in a wide range of applications including imaging, radar systems, and high-gain phased array antennas. Many types of microwave lenses have been presented in the literature. These include dielectric lenses, which were among the first microwave lenses investigated. Such lenses are generally heavy and bulky and suffer from internal reflection losses. Planar microwave lenses have addressed many of the shortcomings of the traditional dielectric lenses at low RF and microwave frequencies. Traditional planar lenses composed of arrays of transmitting and receiving antennas were among the first planar lenses studied. However, these lenses generally suffer from poor scanning performance due to large element spacing. Another major problem with conventional planar lenses is the large spacing between the feed point and the lens aperture. This may not be desired in applications where the lens is to be illuminated with a feed antenna to achieve a high gain aperture. In such cases, the large spacing between the feed antenna and the lens' aperture can result in a large overall profile of the antenna, which is not desirable. Therefore, a new feeding technique that does not need a large separation between the lens and its associated feed network is desired. In this presentation, we report a multi-beam zoned microwave lens fed with a planar feed network to achieve a multi-beam, low-profile, high gain antenna aperture. The proposed structure has a low profile with an overall thickness of 1.5λ0 including planar feed network and achieves a scanning performance in a field view of ±45 when it used in a beam-scanning antenna system. Furthermore, a novel method for design and optimization of these planar lenses is proposed. The proposed technique relies on using the effective medium approach to characterize the response of each of the lens' spatial phase shifter. Detailed design process as well as measurement and simulation results of the proposed antenna will be presented and discussed at the symposium.
THE VIOLENT WEST REEXAMINED: A RESEARCH NOTE ON REGIONAL HOMICIDE RATES*

Studies by O'Carroll and Mercy and by Kowalski and Petee challenge the long-held view that the South leads the nation in homicide rates. Specifically, O'Carroll and Mercy find that when killings by state are disaggregated by race, the West has the highest levels of homicide for whites, blacks, and other races. Kowalski and Petee conclude that homicide rates in the South and the West have converged. We extend their research by examining the effect, on levels of killing, of metropolitan concentration of black and white populations within states and of the percentage of the white population of Hispanic origin within SMSAs. Results of these analyses show that the homicide rate for non-Hispanic whites remains highest in the South; no clear regional pattern exists for blacks.
Condylar reconstruction: treatment planning.

Abstract The treatment planning of a patient with false ankylosis, severe malocclusion, and a bird-face appearance is presented. The fabrication of the condylar head prosthesis was facilitated by the use of tomograms. The principles of tomography and its clinical application are discussed. The condylar head prostheses cast in ticonium with the shanks coated with porous Proplast material provided and have maintained the position of the mandible in an acceptable occlusion and improved facial appearance.
Glycolytic enzyme levels in synaptosomes.

Abstract 1. 1. The specific activities of glucosephosphate isomerase, aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphoglycerate mutase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase were all higher in the synaptoplasmic fraction from rat brain than in 100,000 g supernatant fraction of rat brain homogenates when the supernatants were prepared in high ionic strength solutions. 2. 2. Four enzymes in synaptosomes and two enzymes in homogenates were associated with particulate fractions as indicated by the large increase in specific activity of the enzymes when samples were treated with 0.3 M KCl before centrifugation. 3. 3. Glucosephosphate isomerase, aldolase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase were the enzymes that showed a large increase in specific activity following salt treatment of isolated, synaptosomal membrane while aldolase and pyruvate kinase were the two enzymes which showed a large increase in specific activity in the high speed supernatant fractions. 4. 4. Because the specific activities of many enzymes are found to be elevated not only in synaptosomes but in synaptosomal membrane fractions it is suggested that these enzymes may provide the potential for significantly enhanced glycolysis at these locations.
Three-dimensional topological phases in a layered honeycomb spin-orbital model

We present an exactly solvable spin-orbital model based on the Gamma-matrix generalization of a Kitaev-type Hamiltonian. In the presence of small magnetic fields, the model exhibits a critical phase with a spectrum characterized by topologically protected Fermi points. Upon increasing the magnetic field, Fermi points carrying opposite topological charges move toward each other and annihilate at a critical field, signaling a phase transition into a gapped phase with trivial topology in three dimensions. On the other hand, by subjecting the system to a staggered magnetic field, an effective time-reversal symmetry essential to the existence of three-dimensional topological insulators is restored in the auxiliary free fermion problem. The nontrivial topology of the gapped ground state is characterized by an integer winding number and manifests itself through the appearance of gapless Majorana fermions confined to the two-dimensional surface of a finite system.
Epigenetic Control of Lactate Dehydrogenase Subunit Assembly

Fish lactate dehydrogenase differs from the mammalian enzyme by virtue of tissue-specific non-random tetramerization of its two subunits, which can be random in vitro. The primary structures of the subunits are therefore not the sole determinants of the quaternary structure of the completed molecule.
Image-based force and moment measurement in hypersonic facilities

This article addresses the problem of force and moment measurement in short-duration hypersonic facilities. An image-based technique is described in which the motion of a free-flying model is tracked over a sequence of high-speed digital images. Force components are derived from the calculated trajectory by assuming constant acceleration during the test time. A linear version of the technique, appropriate for simple model geometries, is first outlined and the technique’s precision is estimated. A nonlinear version, suitable for more generalised body shapes, is then described in the context of a series of experiments to determine the aerodynamic characteristics of the NASA Orion vehicle in the T5 hypervelocity shock tunnel. The accuracy of these measurements was adversely affected by both the choice of light source and test-gas luminosity, but these experiments nevertheless show image-based measurements to be, at the very least, a promising supplement to standard accelerometer-based techniques.
Linear arrays of craters on the ranger photographs

Abstract Series of photographs taken by Rangers VIII and IX are used to test statistically for crater alignments as a function of (a) topography and (b) size of crater. An alternative to a previously used method of testing for crater alignments is now used: this does not suffer to the same extent from edge effects. It is shown that a certain proportion of both large and small lunar craters are very probably of internal origin.
HVCM topology enhancements to support a power upgrade required by a second target station (STS) at SNS

This paper discusses the topology used in the HVCMs at SNS to process power for both the cold and warm linac sections of the klystron gallery in support of extended operations at the megawatt level. In anticipation of a second target station and higher anticipated power levels, an enhancement to the present topology is being investigated. SPICE circuit simulations and preliminary experimental data will be presented.
Dye‐sensitized photoinitiated cationic polymerization. The system: Perylene–triarylsulfonium salts

Perylene has been found to photosensitize the photolysis of triarylsulfonium salts at wavelengths from 390 to 475 nm. Using perylene in combination with various triarylsulfonium salt photoinitiators, the photoinduced cationic polymerizations of cyclohexene oxide and 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether have been demonstrated using light of these wavelengths.
Cytoskeleton-dependent membrane domain segregation during neutrophil polarization.

On treatment with chemoattractant, the neutrophil plasma membrane becomes organized into detergent-resistant membrane domains (DRMs), the distribution of which is intimately correlated with cell polarization. Plasma membrane at the front of polarized cells is susceptible to extraction by cold Triton X-100, whereas membrane at the rear is resistant to extraction. After cold Triton X-100 extraction, DRM components, including the transmembrane proteins CD44 and CD43, the GPI-linked CD16, and the lipid analog, DiIC16, are retained within uropods and cell bodies. Furthermore, CD44 and CD43 interact concomitantly with DRMs and with the F-actin cytoskeleton, suggesting a mechanism for the formation and stabilization of DRMs. By tracking the distribution of DRMs during polarization, we demonstrate that DRMs progress from a uniform distribution in unstimulated cells to small, discrete patches immediately after activation. Within 1 min, DRMs form a large cap comprising the cell body and uropod. This process is dependent on myosin in that an inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase can arrest DRM reorganization and cell polarization. Colabeling DRMs and F-actin revealed a correlation between DRM distribution and F-actin remodeling, suggesting that plasma membrane organization may orient signaling events that control cytoskeletal rearrangements and, consequently, cell polarity.
Could Land Plant Evolution Have Fed the Marine Revolution

Abstract. The advent of flowering plants on land has been suggested previously as a potential trigger for Cretaceous innovations in the marine realm by providing a greater energetic base for marine ecosystems through a more nutrient-rich terrestrial runoff. The scope of the angiosperm radiation certainly was unprecedented—flowering plants came to represent the large majority of species in all terrestrial floras in a geologically short span of time—and angiosperms possess much higher photosynthetic and hydraulic capacities than all other plants. Angiosperm evolution could have affected both the organic and inorganic content of terrestrial runoff, but the magnitude of these changes is in question. Angiosperms are more productive than other plants, suggesting an increase in organic matter runoff, but that quantity is small in comparison to native marine photosynthesis even in the modern angiosperm-dominated world. Changing the inorganic nutrient content of terrestrial runoff requires changing weathering rate...
The SRI speech understanding system

This paper describes the structure of the second version of the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) speech understanding system and presents the data gathered on its performance. The system is distinctive in the way that knowledge from various sources is coordinated by a "best-first" parser to predict the sequence of words in an utterance, and in the use of word functions-programs that represent the acoustic characteristics of a word-to test the predictions.
The antibody-drug conjugate: an enabling modality for natural product-based cancer therapeutics.

Covering: up to the end of 2012 The Antibody Drug Conjugate (ADC) is a therapeutic modality consisting of a monoclonal antibody attached to a cytotoxic, small-molecule payload. The antibody portion of the ADC serves as a transport vehicle that recognizes and binds to a protein antigen expressed in tumor tissues. The localized delivery and release of the payload within or near malignant cells allows for targeted delivery of a potent cytotoxic agent to diseased tissue, while reducing damage to antigen-negative, normal tissues. Recent years have witnessed an explosive increase in ADC-based therapies, due mainly to clinical reports of activity in both hematologic and epithelial cancers. Accompanying this upsurge in ADC development is a renewed interest in natural product cytotoxins, which are typically highly potent cell-killing agents, but suffer from poor drug-like properties and narrow safety margins when systemically administered as conventional chemotherapeutics. In this review, we discuss recent advances related to the construction of ADCs, the optimization of ADC safety and efficacy, and the increasingly pivotal roles of natural product payloads in the current and future landscape of ADC therapy.
Monetary Unions and the Problem of Sovereignty

Different types of monetary sovereignty are issues in exchange rate agreements monetary unions. Policy sovereignty refers to independence in making exchange rate and monetary policy, legal sovereignty to a country's ability to make its own laws with respect to the unit of contract and medium of exchange. This article traces the history of the concepts and their applications in the history of political philosophy and monetary policies. The first section relates the concepts of legal and policy sovereignty as they emerged in Roman law into the Europe of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. The second part discusses the implication of the sovereignty issue for choice along the road to the European Monetary Union.
Improved SPRT detection using localization with application to radiation sources

We consider the problem of detecting a source with a scalar intensity inside a two-dimensional monitoring area using intensity sensor measurements in presence of a background process. The sensor measurements may be random due to the underlying nature of the source and background as well as due to sensor errors. The Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT) can be used to infer detections from measurements at the individual sensors. When a network of sensors is available, these detection results may be combined using a fusion rule such as majority rule. We propose a detection method that first utilizes a robust localization method to estimate the source parameters and then employs an adaptive SPRT based on estimates to infer detection. Under Lipschitz conditions on the source and background parameters and minimum size of the packing number of state-space, we show that this method provides better performance compared to: (a) any SPRTbased single sensor detection with fixed threshold, and (b) majority and certain general fusers of SPRT-based single sensor detectors. We analyze the performance of this method for the case of detecting point radiation sources, and present simulation and testbed results.
Effect of visualization on the decision maker when using analytic hierarchy process

The objective of this research work was to investigate the effect of the inclusion of visual cues in the decision making process when using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). An important aspect of this research was to investigate the sensitivity of consistency as measured by AHP when visual cues were incorporated. An experiment was designed in the application area of Speech Pathology. The research design included the development of a hierarchical representation of the factors; stress, rate, intonation and articulation; involved in the problem of evaluating the intelligibility of speakers and a multimedia application based on the devised hierarchy to support the decision making process. The control group used audio alone while the experimental group used both audio and full motion video to judge the speakers. The statistical analysis of the results show that the inclusion of visual cues significantly improve the consistency of the decision maker for the research problem selected. >
High throughput assembly of spatially controlled 3D cell clusters on a micro/nanoplatform

Guided assembly of microscale tissue subunits (i.e. 3D cell clusters/aggregates) has found applications in cell therapy/tissue engineering, cell and developmental biology, and drug discovery. As cluster size and geometry are known to influence cellular responses, the ability to spatially control cluster formation in a high throughput manner could be advantageous for many biomedical applications. In this work, a micro- and nanofabricated platform was developed for this purpose, consisting of a soft-lithographically fabricated array of through-thickness microwells structurally bonded to a sheet of electrospun fibers. The microwells and fibers were manufactured from several polymers of biomedical interest. Human hepatocytes were used as model cells to demonstrate the ability of the platform to allow controlled cluster formation. In addition, the ability of the device to support studies on semi-controlled heterotypic interactions was demonstrated by co-culturing hepatocytes and fibroblasts. Preliminary experiments with other cells of interest (pancreatic cells, embryonic stem cells, and cardiomyocytes) were also conducted. Our platform possesses several advantages over previously developed microwell arrays: a more in vivo-like topographical stimulation of cells; better nutrient/waste exchange through the underlying nanofiber mat; and easy integration into standard two-chamber cell culture well systems.
Are We There Yet? A Roadmap to Understanding National Park Service Rulemaking

The preproposal stage of the rulemaking process is notoriously understudied, but enormously important in determining regulatory outputs. Recently, Rinfret (2011c) analyzed the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) rulemaking process and developed a frame analysis model to interpret stakeholder influence during the preproposal stage. Rinfret argues that stakeholders use three frames to influence agency rulemaking, including an expertise, a fiscal feasibility, and an information frame. This article tests this model to determine whether it is applicable to other federal agencies such as the National Park Service (NPS). Through an analysis of stakeholder framing within the 2012 NPS Yellowstone Winter Use Rule, this research confirms that Rinfret's model is indeed applicable to the NPS process. Therefore, this research suggests that this theoretical model examining stakeholder influence is applicable to other public land agencies, and arguably can be applied across the bureaucracy.
Bioimpedance Measurement of Extracellular Water

To the Editor : The paper by Matthie and others ([1][1]) purports to demonstrate the superiority of the Xitron multifrequency bioimpedance analyzer over single-frequency bioimpedance for measurement of extracellular water (ECW). The paper uses the same eight human subjects and data, which this group
Hybrid image segmentation for Earth remote sensing data analysis

Image segmentation is a partitioning of an image into constituent parts using image attributes such as pixel intensity, spectral values, and/or textural properties. Image segmentation produces an image representation in terms of edges and regions of various shapes and interrelationships. It is a key step in several approaches to image compression and image analysis. The author has devised a hybrid image segmentation approach that combines region growing and boundary detection. The core of this image segmentation approach is an iterative parallel region growing algorithm that the author has developed over the past several years. The question of where to stop the region growing process is solved by not allowing the region growing process to grow regions past boundaries defined by a boundary detection algorithm. The author has found an edge detector based on an optimal difference recursive filter to be most suitable for this boundary detection. This edge detector provides highly localized edge boundaries and is relatively insensitive to noise. It also provides a convenient threshold parameter through which an application appropriate edge density can be selected.
Corn Meal-Sunflower Meal Extrudates and Their Physicochemical Properties

Extrudates of corn meal (CM), sunflower meal (SM), and CM-SM blends at 15 (CM-SM15) and 20% (CM-SM20) protein were produced using a Wenger TX-52 twin screw extruder. Protein, starch, fiber, lipid, chlorogenic acid (CGA) and ash in CM, SM, CM-SM extrudates were the same as in unextruded material. Expansion ratios of CM, SM, and CM-SM20 were lower and that of CM-SM15 extrudate was not different from that of CM (P < 0.05). Bulk densities and shear strength of SM, CM-SM15 and 20 were higher (P < 0.05) than those of CM extrudates. Total color differences (ΔE) were observed in SM and CM-SM blended extrudates (P < 0.05). Sensory evaluation showed that crispness of SM, CM-SM15, and CM-SM20 was different from CM (P < 0.05).
Lesions of Perirhinal and Parahippocampal Cortex That Spare the Amygdala and Hippocampal Formation Produce Severe Memory Impairment

In monkeys, bilateral damage to the medial temporal region produces severe memory impairment. This lesion, which includes the hippocampal formation, amygdala, and adjacent cortex, including the parahippocampal gyrus (the H+A+ lesion), appears to constitute an animal model of human medial temporal lobe amnesia. Reexamination of histological material from previously studied monkeys with H+A+ lesions indicated that the perirhinal cortex had also sustained significant damage. Furthermore, recent neuroanatomical studies show that the perirhinal cortex and the closely associated parahippocampal cortex provide the major source of cortical input to the hippocampal formation. Based on these 2 findings, we evaluated the severity of memory impairment in a group of monkeys that received bilateral lesions limited to the perirhinal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus (the PRPH lesion). The performance of the PRPH group was compared with that of monkeys with H+A+ lesions, who had been studied previously, and with a group of normal monkeys. Monkeys with PRPH lesions were severely impaired on 3 amnesia-sensitive tasks: delayed nonmatching to sample, object retention, and 8-pair concurrent discrimination. On pattern discrimination, a task analogous to ones that amnesic patients perform well, monkeys in the PRPH group performed normally. Overall, monkeys with PRPH lesions were as impaired or more impaired than the comparison group of monkeys with H+A+ lesions. These and other recent findings (Zola-Morgan et al., 1989b) suggest that the severe memory impairment in monkeys and humans associated with bilateral medial temporal lesions results from damage to the hippocampal formation and adjacent, anatomically related cortex, not from conjoint hippocampus-amygdala damage.
The ARL “LibQUAL+” Pilot Project: An Update

LibQUAL+ est un instrument de mesure de la qualite du service dans les bibliotheques de recherche, developpe par l'ARL (Association of Research Libraries) et Texas A & M a partir du modele SERVQUAL modifie. L'article rappelle les etapes de la conception de LibQUAL+ et la mise en place de la premiere phase pilote d'application de LibQUAL+ au sein d'une douzaine d'institutions participantes. L'adaptation au contexte des bibliotheques de recherche a rendu necessaire l'ajout d'un certain nombre de questions et de dimensions par rapport a l'instrument d'enquete original. Cet outil d'evaluation, solidement ancre en theorie et rigoureusement administre, permet de repondre aux demandes de responsabilite et de sensibilite accrues face aux besoins des utilisateurs dans les bibliotheques des colleges et des universites.
Comparison of Wipe Materials and Wetting Agents for Pesticide Residue Collection from Hard Surfaces

Different wipe materials and wetting agents have been used to collect pesticide residues from surfaces, but little is known about their comparability. To inform the selection of a wipe for the National Children’s Study, the analytical feasibility, collection efficiency, and precision of Twillwipes wetted with isopropanol (TI), Ghost Wipes (GW), and Twillwipes wetted with water (TW), and were evaluated. Wipe samples were collected from stainless steel surfaces spiked with high and low concentrations of 27 insecticides, including organochlorines, organophosphates, and pyrethroids. Samples were analyzed by GC/MS/SIM. No analytical interferences were observed for any of the wipes. The mean percent collection efficiencies across all pesticides for the TI, GW, and TW were 69.3%, 31.1%, and 10.3% at the high concentration, respectively, and 55.6%, 22.5%, and 6.9% at the low concentration, respectively. The collection efficiencies of the TI were significantly greater than that of GW or TW (p<0.0001). Collection efficiency also differed significantly by pesticide (p<0.0001) and spike concentration (p<0.0001). The pooled coefficients of variation (CVs) of the collection efficiencies for the TI, GW, and TW at high concentration were 0.08, 0.17, and 0.24, respectively. The pooled CV of the collection efficiencies for the TI, GW, and TW at low concentration were 0.15, 0.19, and 0.36, respectively. The TI had significantly lower CVs than either of the other two wipes (p=0.0008). Though the TI was superior in terms of both accuracy and precision, it requires multiple preparation steps, which could lead to operational challenges in a large-scale study.
Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in raw menhaden fish oil using fluorescence spectroscopy: Method development

Raw menhaden fish oil was developed for biomonitoring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using fluorescence spectroscopy. Menhaden (Genus Brevoortia) were collected in 2010 and/or 2011 from Delaware Bay, New Jersey, USA; James River, Virginia, USA; Vermillion Bay, Louisiana, USA (VBLA); and Barataria Bay, Louisiana, USA (BBLA). Barataria Bay, Louisiana received heavy oiling from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Method development included determining optimal wavelengths for PAH detection, fish oil matrix interferences, and influence of solvent concentration on extraction. Results showed that some fish oils contained high molecular weight PAH-like compounds in addition to other fluorescent compounds such as albumin and vitamin A and vitamin E. None of these naturally occurring compounds interfered with detection of high molecular weight PAHs. However, data suggested that the lipid component of fish oil was altering fluorescence spectra by supporting the formation of PAH excimers. For example, the most intense excitation wavelength for hydroxypyrene shifted from Ex285/Em430 to Ex340/Em430. Comparison of Deepwater Horizon crude oil and fish oil spectra indicated that some fish oils contained crude oil-like PAHs. Using wavelengths of Ex360/Em430, fish oil concentrations were calculated as 3.92 μg/g, 0.61 μg/g, and 0.14 μg/g for a Delaware Bay sample, BBLA 2011, and VBLA 2011, respectively. Overall, these results supported using menhaden fish oil to track PAH exposures spatially and temporally.
French Paleolithic Collections in the Logan Museum of Anthropology, edited by Randall White and L.B. Breitborde. Logan Museum Bulletin (new series) 1(2), 1992

The bulk of this generous volume is detailed studies of the French Paleolithic collection made for the Logan Museum of Beloit College between 1 924 and 1 927. Equally important are the accounts of the acquisition of the collection, a major chapter in the history of archaeological research. Happily for the historian, the editors of the volume have been as concerned to present and illustrate this as they have the artifacts.
Real-time three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography enables preoperative pulmonary valvulopathy assessment

A 60-year-old male with carcinoid syndrome was referred for the evaluation of carcinoid heart disease. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) demonstrated thickened, fixed, and retracted leaflets of the tricuspid valve (TV) with severe tricuspid regurgitation ( Panels A and B ). The pulmonic valve (PV) was not well seen on TTE. Surgical valve replacement to preserve right ventricular function …
Modeling regionalized volumetric differences in protein-ligand binding cavities

Identifying elements of protein structures that create differences in protein-ligand binding specificity is an essential method for explaining the molecular mechanisms underlying preferential binding. In some cases, influential mechanisms can be visually identified by experts in structural biology, but subtler mechanisms, whose significance may only be apparent from the analysis of many structures, are harder to find. To assist this process, we present a geometric algorithm and two statistical models for identifying significant structural differences in protein-ligand binding cavities. We demonstrate these methods in an analysis of sequentially nonredundant structural representatives of the canonical serine proteases and the enolase superfamily. Here, we observed that statistically significant structural variations identified experimentally established determinants of specificity. We also observed that an analysis of individual regions inside cavities can reveal areas where small differences in shape can correspond to differences in specificity.
Effect of regional precursor emission controls on long-range ozone transport – Part 1: Short-term changes in ozone air quality

Abstract. Observations and models demonstrate that ozone and its precursors can be transported between continents and across oceans. We model the influences of 10% reductions in anthropogenic nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from each of nine world regions on surface ozone air quality in that region and all other regions. In doing so, we quantify the relative importance of long-range transport between all source-receptor pairs, for direct short-term ozone changes. We find that for population-weighted concentrations during the three-month "ozone-season", the strongest inter-regional influences are from Europe to the Former Soviet Union, East Asia to Southeast Asia, and Europe to Africa. The largest influences per unit of NOx reduced, however, are seen for source regions in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere, which we attribute mainly to greater sensitivity to changes in NOx in the lower troposphere, and secondarily to increased vertical convection to the free troposphere in tropical regions, allowing pollutants to be transported further. Results show, for example, that NOx reductions in North America are ~20% as effective per unit NOx in reducing ozone in Europe during summer, as NOx reductions from Europe itself. Reducing anthropogenic emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and carbon monoxide (CO) by 10% in selected regions, can have as large an impact on long-range ozone transport as NOx reductions, depending on the source region. We find that for many source-receptor pairs, the season of greatest long-range influence does not coincide with the season when ozone is highest in the receptor region. Reducing NOx emissions in most source regions causes a larger decrease in export of ozone from the source region than in ozone production outside of the source region.
Enhanced functions of cells on polymers with nanostructured surfaces

Polymers currently utilized for tissue engineering applications do not possess surfaces with nano-structured features. In contrast, the tissue that the polymers will regenerate is composed of proteins that have nanometer dimensions. Undoubtedly, the presence of proteins in natural tissue provide for surface roughness values in the nanometer regime. For this reason, the objective of the present study was to design, synthesize, and evaluate (using in vitro cellular models) poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) for use as the next generation of more efficient tissue engineered materials. Results provided the first evidence that osteoblasts (bone-forming cells), chondrocytes (cartilage synthesizing cells), aortic smooth muscle cells, and bladder smooth muscle cells adhered and proliferated more on nanostructured compared to conventionally structured PLGA substrates. For this reason, the present results suggest that to enhance tissue regeneration, PLGA should incorporate a high degree of nano-structured surface features.
Effects of Temperature, Fish Length, and Exercise on Swimming Performance of Age-0 Flannelmouth Sucker

Abstract The flannelmouth sucker Catostomus latipinnis is one of the few native fish that persists in the lower Colorado River basin. Little is known about the effects of hypolimnetic releases of cold, swift water from Colorado River dams on flannelmouth sucker populations. We conducted fatigue velocity tests on age-0 flannelmouth suckers in the laboratory to evaluate the effects of water temperature and fish size on swimming ability. Fish of 25-114 mm total length (TL) were subjected to incremental increases in water velocity until the upper limit of their swimming ability was reached. Swimming tests were conducted at 10, 14, and 20°C. Swimming ability increased with fish length and was directly related to water temperature at all fish sizes. A decrease in water temperature from 20°C to 10°C resulted in an average decrease in swimming ability of 40%. Mean swimming ability of wild-caught flannelmouth suckers was 7 cm/s higher than that of captive-reared flannelmouth suckers of similar size at 20°C and 14°...
The effect of laser speed-measuring devices on speed limit law enforcement in Charleston, South Carolina☆

Drivers exceeding the speed limit by more than 10 mph were identified and ticketed by the Charleston County, South Carolina police using two types of speed measuring devices: conventional police radar and a new laser device. The two types of enforcement were used alternately on the same roads at similar times. Under the laser enforcement condition, the police issued 534 tickets (54%) compared with 457 (46%) under radar enforcement. The increase in tickets issued under laser enforcement was observed at three of the four study sites, and the number of tickets per traffic volume increased at two of the three sites for which traffic volumes were available. Speeders ticketed under the laser enforcement condition were four times as likely to have radar detectors as those ticketed under the radar enforcement condition. Most of the additional speeders caught by the laser were using radar detectors. These data indicate that some speeders with radar detectors are avoiding detection when the police enforce the limit with radar.
Recent Advances from Application of Doubly Labeled Water to Measurement of Human Energy Expenditure

The doubly labeled water (DLW) method was developed 50 years ago, but nearly 40 years passed before it became a major tool for human nutrition research. Its use has grown dramatically, however, since the first human applications. The DLW method is now the preferred method for determining energy requirements of healthy and clinical populations. The method has been applied extensively to the study of the growing problem of obesity in order to determine the role of energy expenditure and physical activity in weight control. Finally, DLW has provided a new means of validating methods for assessing dietary intake. The accuracy and noninvasive nature of the DLW method makes it ideal for the study of human energy metabolism.
A truncated least squares approach to the detection of specular highlights in color images

One of the most difficult aspects of dealing with illumination effects in computer vision is accounting for specularity in the images of real objects. The specular regions in an image are often saturated - which creates problem for all image processing algorithms that use decision thresholds. Such algorithms include those for edge detection, region segmentation, etc. Detecting specularity and whenever possible compensating for it are obviously advantageous. Along these lines, this paper represents a new specularity detection and compensation method which is based on the notion of truncated least-squares approximation to the function that maps the color distribution between two images of an object under different illumination conditions. We also present a protocol for the evaluation of the current method for specularity detection. Our protocol as currently formulated uses human subjects to grade the specularity detection method.
Multiple wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) crystal structure of rusticyanin: a highly oxidizing cupredoxin with extreme acid stability.

Abstract The X-ray crystal structure of the oxidized form of the extremely stable and highly oxidizing cupredoxin rusticyanin from Thiobacillus ferrooxidans has been determined by the method of multiwavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) and refined to 1.9 A resolution. Like other cupredoxins, rusticyanin is a copper-containing metalloprotein, which is composed of a core β-sandwich fold. In rusticyanin the β-sandwich is composed of a six- and a seven-stranded β-sheet. Also like other cupredoxins, the copper ion is coordinated by a cluster of four conserved residues (His85, Cys138, His143, Met148) arranged in a distorted tetrahedron. Rusticyanin has a redox potential of 680 mV, roughly twice that of any other cupredoxin, and it is optimally active at pH values ≤2. By comparison with other cupredoxins, the three-dimensional structure of rusticyanin reveals several possible sources of the chemical differences, including more ordered secondary structure and more intersheet connectivity than other cupredoxins. The acid stability and redox potential of rusticyanin may also be enhanced over other cupredoxins by a more extensive internal hydrogen bonding network and by more extensive hydrophobic interactions surrounding the copper binding site. Finally, reduction in the number of charged residues surrounding the active site may also make a major contribution to acid stability. We propose that the resulting rigid copper binding site, which is constrained by the surrounding hydrophobic environment, structurally and electronically favours Cu(I). We propose that the two extreme chemical properties of rusticyanin are interrelated; the same unique structural features that enhance acid stability also lead to elevated redox potential.
Effects of alignment on the roll-over shapes of prosthetic feet

Recent work suggests that a prosthetic ankle-foot component’s roll-over shape – the effective rocker it conforms to between initial contact and opposite initial contact (the ‘roll-over’ interval of walking) – is closely linked to its final alignment in the prosthesis (as determined by a skilled prosthetist using heuristic techniques). If true, this information may help to determine the appropriate alignment for a lower limb prosthesis before it is built, or a priori. Knowledge is needed for future models that will incorporate the roll-over shape including the relative effect of alignment on the roll-over shape’s radius of curvature and arc length. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hypotheses that: (i) Changes in prosthesis alignment alter the position and orientation of a foot’s roll-over shape in prosthesis-based coordinates, and (ii) these changes occur without changing the radius of curvature or arc length of the roll-over shape. To examine the hypotheses, this study examined the effects of nine alignment settings on the roll-over shapes of two prosthetic feet. The idea that alignment changes move and rotate roll-over shapes of prosthetic feet in prosthesis coordinates is supported by this work, but the hypothesis that the radius of curvature and arc length do not change for different alignments is not strongly supported by the data. A revised approach is presented that explains some of the changes to the roll-over shape parameters due to changes in rotational alignment.
Nilpotent Matrices and the Jordan Canonical Form

In this section, we derive the Jordan canonical form for an arbitrary Cn x n ) real or complex matrix A. The Jordan canonical form of A is simply the matrix of the linear transformation\({}_{A}\hat{T}:{{C}^{n}} \to\) C n with respect to a special basis for C n . We saw in §9 that if the distinct eigenvalues of A are F (λ1),…, λ s , with respective generalized eigenspaces F(λ1),…, F(λ s ), and if z i is a basis for F(λ i ), 1 ⩽ i ⩽ s then the matrix of A with respect to the ordered basis z1 U cial form Uz s for C n takes the special form $$B = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{A}_{1}}} \hfill & 0 \hfill & \cdot \hfill & \cdot \hfill & \cdot \hfill \\ 0 \hfill & {{{A}_{2}}} \hfill & \cdot \hfill & \cdot \hfill & \cdot \hfill \\ \cdot \hfill & 0 \hfill & \cdot \hfill & \cdot \hfill & \cdot \hfill \\ \cdot \hfill & \cdot \hfill & \cdot \hfill & {{{A}_{{s - 1}}}} \hfill & \cdot \hfill \\ \cdot \hfill & \cdot \hfill & \cdot \hfill & 0 \hfill & {{{A}_{s}}} \hfill \\ \end{array} } \right],$$ (*) where each Ai is an (r i × r i ) matrix (r i is the algebraic multiplicity of the eigenvalue λ i ) which satisfies (Ai-λ i Ir i ) ri = 0.
Congenital metatarsus adductus: the results of treatment.

The mild, passively correctable metatarsus adductus deformity tends to improve or correct itself spontaneously. Of the 379 patients with metatarsus adductus examined in the State Service for Crippled Childrens of Iowa, only forty-four patients (11.6 per cent) were treated with corrective plaster cas
Emotion culture as a resource of sensemaking: Transforming an arson case of a Korean national heritage to citizens’ responsibility

Abstract This study examines the importance of culture in developing public understanding of social problems. To do so, I analyzed narrative structures of news contents connected to an arson case involving a Korean national heritage, Sungnyemun, in 2008. Scholars have highlighted a character arrangement in a binary opposition (e.g., victim/villain and good/bad) as a common narrative structure when dealing with conflicts. My findings suggest the conventional binary structure does not translate into the case at hand. Instead, the arson case narrative developed through what I conceptualize as binary character convergence. Combining the victim and villain character, news media created a shameful victim character and assigned it to citizens as a whole. As a result, the arson case was transformed into citizens’ collective responsibility. This study shows that cultural particularities of Korean society mediated this process, specifically regarding a conflict resolution practice and shame/apology rituals which are deeply oriented to the value of group harmony. By taking an approach sensitive to cultural contexts, this study contributes to the study of social problem construction, particularly in the examination of a link between a narrative, emotions, and an event.
Teaching and Learning in an Introductory Undergraduate Programming Class: A Reflective Autoethnography (Abstract Only)

In scholarship of teaching and learning studies (SoTL), computer science (CS) educators have investigated the effectiveness of their teaching methods on students, but they have rarely investigated their own professional development. Some educators do examine their own practices through a process of reflection, but these informal self-reflection efforts have lacked scholarly rigor. A more rigorous study could be provided through the use of autoethnography. This poster presents an autoethnographic study by the author on the teaching of introductory computer programming courses. Through this study, which used five years of data, the author arrived at three main conclusions. First, the author found that students were able to learn new programming languages because the author emphasized self-learning and life-long learning in the classroom. Second, the author found that peer learning, in which one student explains ideas to another, benefits both students. Third, the author found that when educators mentor, support, and guide students, the students' motivation, engagement, and retention increase. Although these findings about effective practices confirm the results of previous studies, the autoethnographic method provides a new, credible way for educators to reflect and inform their practices.
Be an Expert: Take Action with Evidence-Based Practice.

The Pediatric Endocrinology Nursing Society (PENS) is committed to the development and advancement of nurses in the art and science of pediatric endocrinology nursing and to improve the care of all children Evidence-based practice (EBP) is a problem-solving approach to clinical decision-making that integrates the best available evidence with one’s own clinical expertise. As well, it incorporates patient values and preferences to improve health outcomes (Melnyk, Fineout-Overholt, Gallagher-Ford, & Kaplan, 2012). The Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Evidence-Based Medicine (2009) set a goal that by the year 2020, 90% of clinical decisions will be supported by accurate, timely, and up-to-date clinical information, reflecting the best available evidence. Melnyk et al. (2014) established nursing competencies for EBP, highlighting the importance of EBP skills for practicing nurses. Despite these directives, the use of EBP remains inconsistent in the practice setting. Significant obstacles to EBP include lack of time, lack of knowledge and skills, the inability to access research evidence, and the lack of support from colleagues and administration (Dogherty, Harrison, Graham, Vandyk, & Keeping-Burke, 2013). Many nurses, however, wish to learn and refine their EBP skills to optimize health care for their patients (Melnyk et al., 2012). This column focuses on four essential EBP skills: 1) asking a practice question using the PICO method, 2) retrieving evidence from the literature, 3) appraising the evidence, and 4) synthesizing the evidence. Although there are several models of EBP in the literature (Schaffer, Sandau, & Diedrick, 2013), the Johns Hopkins Nursing EBP (JHNEBP) model offers a practical guide to the EBP process. The JHNEBP textbook by Dearholt and Dang
Effects of visual and olfactory stimulation on parotid secretion rate in the human.

SummaryExperiments were conducted to test the effect of cutting, squeezing and smelling lemons on the rate of parotid gland function.Viewing the cutting and squeezing of lemons did not significantly alter parotid flow. No effect on secretion rate was observed even when the subjects performed the cutting and squeezing.Smelling freshly cut lemons invariably produced significant elevations in parotid flow.These results authenticate the existence of a direct olfactory-salivary reflex and dispute the widely held concept that the thought and sight of food induces spontaneous salivary secretion.
Macroscopic Screening Urinalysis

The effectiveness of a macroscopic screening urinalysis, consisting of an assessment of turbidity and testing with a multiparameter dipstick, was evaluated as a basis for deciding whether to examine the urine sediment microscopically. The population studied consisted of 1,385 specimens collected over a 9-day sampling period that included inpatients and outpatients at a large municipal hospital. When the screening macroscopic urinalysis is negative, the microscopic examination of the sediment produces an extremely low yield and maybe omitted. The macroscopic screening urinalysis allows the labor-intensive microscopic examination of the urine sediment to be used selectively without adversely affecting patient care.