cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence that the Early Loss of Membrane Protein Kinase C Is a Necessary Step in the Excitatory Amino Acid‐Induced Death of Primary Cortical Neurons

A rapid loss of protein kinase C (PKC) activity is a prognostic feature of the lethal damage inflicted on neurons by cerebral ischemia in vivo and by hypoxic and excitotoxic insults in vitro. However, it is not known if this inactivation of PKC is incidental or is an essential part of the neurodegenerative process driven by such insults. To address this issue, the effects of glutamate on PKC activity and neurotoxicity were studied in immature [8 days in vitro (DIV)] and mature (15-20 DIV) embryonic day 18 rat cortical neuronal cultures. Exposing 16 DIV neurons to as little as 20-50 microM glutamate for 15 min was neurotoxic and induced a rapid (approximately 1-2 h) Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation of membrane PKC. By contrast, neurons 8 DIV were resistant to > 800 microM glutamate, and no evidence of PKC inactivation was observed. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of NMDA and AMPA receptor subtypes and fluorometric intracellular Ca2- concentration measurements of the effects of NMDA, AMPA, kainate, and metabotropic glutamate receptor activation demonstrated that this striking difference in vulnerability was not due to an absence of functional glutamate receptors on neurons 8 DIV. However, 8 DIV neurons became highly vulnerable to low (< 20 microM) concentrations of glutamate when PKC activity was inhibited by 50 nM staurosporine, 1 microM calphostin C, 5 microM chelerythrine, or chronic exposure to 100 nM PMA. A 15-min coapplication of 50 nM staurosporine with glutamate, NMDA, AMPA, or kainate killed between 50 and 80% of 8 DIV cells within the ensuing 24 h. Moreover, cell death was observed in these cells even when PKC inactivation was delayed up to 4 h after glutamate removal. The evidence indicates that a loss of PKC activity is an essential element of the excitotoxic death of neurons 8 DIV and that cellular event(s) responsible for linking glutamate-mediated Ca2+ influx to PKC inactivation in vulnerable neurons 16 DIV are undeveloped in resistant cells 8 DIV. These results also suggest that the loss of neuronal PKC activity observed in cerebral ischemia may indeed be an important part of the neurodegenerative process. The 8 DIV/16 DIV cortical cell model may prove to be valuable in discerning those intracellular signaling events critical to glutamate-mediated neuronal death.
Propagating, Optical-Pumping Wave Fronts

We have discovered a novel, spatially propagating wave front which is generated by laser pumping of an optically thick medium to a state of complete transparency. The wave front consists of a moving band of fluorescent light which marks the location of atoms which are being pumped. The wave-front velocity $v$, the photon flux ${I}_{0}$, the atomic number density $N$, and the number $n$ of photons absorbed per atom are related by $v={I}_{0}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{(\mathrm{Nn})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Preventing Gastroepiploic Artery Spasm: Papaverine vs Calcium Channel Blockade

The gastroepiploic artery (GEA) is a highly vasoactive artery gaining wider acceptance as a conduit for coronary artery bypass surgery. A variety of agents are used to dilate the GEA prior to grafting; however, little is known about the duration of their effect in the immediate postoperative period. This study evaluated three calcium channel blockers and papaverine in preventing graft spasm. Methods: Porcine GEA segments (10-12 cm in length) were connected to a computer-controlled perfusion system with a constant in-flow pressure and distal resistance to simulate bypass flow (80-100 ml/min). Norepinephrine (NE; 10 -9 to 10 -5 M) was given in incremental doses at baseline before the vasodilator, immediately after (0 hr), and again at 2 hr after the vasodilator. Changes in flow and ED 50 were recorded. Group INT (N = 25) received papaverine (PAP), diltiazem, nifedipine (NFP), or verapamil (VPL) intraluminally, while group EXT (N = 25) received the same dilators externally. Results: All arteries showed dose-dependent vasoconstriction to NE prior to treatment. Immediately after receiving the vasodilator, arteries in both groups (INT and EXT) showed initial protection against NE-induced spasm with the exception of arteries receiving NFD externally. However, at 2 hr, for group INT, only VPL and NFD prevented NE-induced graft spasm (VPL: 40.4 ± 6.8 ml/min vs 17.9 ± 3.3 ml/min and NFD: 27.0 ± 6.5 ml/min vs 13.1 ± 0.9 ml/ min, P < 0.02). In group EXT, after 2 hr, only VPL- and PAP-treated grafts showed resistance to NE-induced vasospasm (VPL: 35.6 ± 7.3 ml/min vs 15.0 ± 6.9 ml/min and PAP: 47.4 ± 15.1 ml/min vs 8.0 ± 2.0 ml/min, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Papaverine, a lipophilic vasodilator, when given externally on the perivascular fat of the GEA, prevented graft spasm for up to 2 hr. In contrast, intraluminally applied papaverine did not show graft protection against NE-induced spasm. Nifedipine prevented NE-induced spasm only when given intraluminally. Verapamil proved to be the most potent and versatile vasodilator with effective graft protection of up to 2 hr whether applied externally or internally and was the preferred agent for protecting against GEA spasm.
Aerodynamic Characteristics of Standing Corn Stubble

Maintenance of crop residues on the soil surface is promoted as a management practice for reducing soil erosion by wind and water. Crop residue on the soil surface, however, also influences turbulent exchange processes that affect surface water and energy balances. At present, there are very limited data on the aerodynamic properties of residue-covered surfaces. The objective of this research was to derive estimates of the aerodynamic properties (momentum roughness length z 0 , zero-plane displacement d, and drag coefficient C d ) of fields with standing corn (Zea mays L.) stubble. Wind speed and air temperature measurements were made at six heights above two no-tillage fields near Ames, IA, in the spring and fall of 1994 and in the spring of 1995. Both sites had standing corn stubble approximately 0.3 m tall at a density of greater than 60 000 stalks ha -1 and nearly 95% residue cover. An iterative, least-squares linear regression technique was applied to wind profiles obtained under neutral atmospheric conditions to determine z 0 , d, and the friction velocity (u*). Mean values of z 0 and d for each of the three measurement periods varied from 11.8 to 24.3 and 119 to 169 mm, respectively. The ratios z 0 /h s and d/h s , where h s is the mean stubble height, averaged 0.058 and 0.53, respectively, for all profiles. The magnitude of z 0 and d and their weak dependence on wind speed are consistent with turbulent flow over a surface with sparse, rigid roughness elements. The z 0 and C d were higher for the fall measurement period, suggesting that the loose, fresh residue presented a comparatively rough surface that was then smoothed by weathering and compaction beneath snow.
Mechanisms of Autoignition of Finely Divided Steel

Autoignition of direct reduced iron (DRI) that leads to severe warming or even to uncontrollable metal fires has always been linked with the presence of moisture, being particularly severe in the presence of sea water. This is of considerable concern in view of the regular transportation of DRI across the oceans. In spite of the very high specific surface area and high reactivity of DRI, oxidation reactions cannot alone proceed to autoignition in the absence of water. Reactions involved in aqueous corrosion appear to be a necessary precursor for autoignition. But there has been no satisfactory explanation of how aqueous corrosion reactions that must terminate at 100°C, can initiate high temperature oxidation reactions. It has also been reported that, although most DRI cargos and piles show some warming, autoignition to an uncontrollable situation or a metal fire is observed only in case of relatively large or deep piles. The present work suggests that while thermal insulation is necessary, the size of the...
The Effect of Glycerol and Dilution on the Release of Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase from Chicken Spermatozoa

Abstract Glycerol was added to washed chicken spermatozoa to determine its effect on the release of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT). The addition of up to 2.191 M glycerol did not cause a release of GOT when it was added as part of the diluent. GOT was released, however, following rapid decreases in the glycerol concentration of a diluent. The amount of GOT released was related to the rate of change in molarity of glycerol.
Cognition, Aging, and Disabilities: Conceptual Issues

This article reviews normative changes in cognition that are observed across the adult life span and considers how specific disabilities may interact with aging processes to increase functional decline in later life. Disabling conditions that directly affect the brain are contrasted with those that do not. The goal is twofold: to create a framework for thinking about how cognitive changes, aging, and disability may interact to help explain individual differences in coping, and to promote the inclusion of cognition in a comprehensive approach to assessment and care.
Radiolucent defects within renal pelvis.

Abstract Radiolucent filling defects within the renal pelvis are common findings in diagnostic urography, and because of their myriad causes the diagnostician is often faced with a challenging problem. Several of the more unusual causes of renal pelvic filling defects are described and their diagnosis, pathophysiology, and therapy discussed.
An Essay on the Alleged Death of Socialism

Recent events in Eastern Europe are the framework within which the Marxian theory of history is discussed – what Marx meant by “revolution” and “socialism”. As with “capitalism” they should not be confused with the essence. The collapse of Soviet‐style regimes is not a refutation of Marxism.
Surgical outcomes using wide suboccipital decompression for adult Chiari I malformation with and without syringomyelia

Posterior fossa decompression with or without duraplasty is the most common surgical technique employed to treat Chiari-1 malformation (CM). There is considerable debate as to whether large versus small craniectomy leads to better outcomes. The aim of this study was to report our technique and outcomes using a wide suboccipital craniectomy with arachnoid sparing duraplasty. A retrospective review of medical records for symptomatic CM patients with and without syringomyelia was conducted. Follow-up results were obtained via telephone interviews and medical records. Favorable outcome was defined as improvement in self-rated overall status and/or improvement in Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) score. Poor outcome was defined as worsening of either self-rated overall status or GOS score postoperatively. Mean age of 28 female and 2 male patients was 36.6 years (range 20-67). Seven (23%) patients had syringomyelia, one (3%) had hydrocephalus, and two (7%) had prior surgery. Mean follow-up was 27.5 months (range 5-72). Favorable, acceptable, and poor outcomes were achieved in 90%, 3%, and 7% respectively. 87% of respondents indicated they would choose surgery if they had to make a decision again. The most common complication was pseudomeningocele (23%) followed by CSF leak (10%) and meningitis (7%). One transient (3%) neurologic complication occurred. Surgical technique of wide bony decompression of posterior fossa with arachnoid sparing pericranial duraplasty demonstrates favorable outcomes with an acceptable complication rate for patients with symptomatic CM. Prior CM decompression and non-autologous dural graft were associated with poor outcome. Further study is needed to determine the optimal extent of bony decompression.
The training of United States rheumatologists, 1927-1976. Description and evaluation of the training experience.

A questionnaire completed in 1977 by 940 United States rheumatologists concerning the duration, content, and quality of their subspecialty training experience has been analyzed. The effect of quantitative changes in program content on the evaluation of such programs was elucidated by means of linear regression analysis. Respondents provided a rating scale for the content of future training programs. Stratification of responses by academic and nonacademic clinicians provides further insights into past and future training programs for rheumatologists in the United States.
Penalty technique for a min-max control problem

Using relaxed controls, optimality conditions are derived for a control problem where the cost ess supG(x,u,t) is minimized. In reformulating the problem, we impose a unilateral constraint, which we deal with by a penalty method. Associated with the unilateral constraint, we obtain a multiplier μ which is related to a measuredp. This measure is a positive Radon measure ifG is continuous in all its arguments and is a finitely additive positive Radon measure ifG is only measurable in thet-variable. We have indicated how the results of Girsanov follow from our results and how our results are related to Holmaker's.
Coping with Loneliness: Adolescent Online and Offline Behavior

This study looked at the similarities between the way adolescents cope with loneliness both online and offline. There were 429 participants, ranging from 14 to 23 years old, who answered a questionnaire posted on the Internet. There was a strong relationship between avoidant coping strategies offline and Entertainment Internet use. In addition, adolescents who considered Communication as the most important use of the Internet also coped with loneliness through Emotion Expression and Social coping. Results suggest that online and offline coping behaviors are strongly related especially if they are avoidant.
High-temperature emissivity of silica, zirconia and samaria from ab initio simulations: role of defects and disorder

Understanding and eventually controlling the high-temperature spectral emissivity of ceramic materials is important for a range of applications, including thermal barrier coatings. In this paper, we use ab initio density functional theory simulations to predict the emissivity of silica, zirconia and rare-earth oxides. High-temperature emissivity is dominated by processes with energies lower than the band gap of these materials and we focus on how dynamic and static features in the atomic structure of these materials (including defects, glasses and thermal fluctuations) enable transitions with desired energies. We find that neutral oxygen vacancies contribute significantly to the high emissivity of ZrO2. On the other hand, neutral point defects in α and amorphous silica fail to provide transitions with energies significantly below the band gap, explaining the low emissivity of this material. In the case of Sm2O3, we find that transitions between localized f-electron states as well as point defects contribute to its high emissivity. Interestingly, dynamical changes in electronic structure in samples taken from molecular dynamics simulations of molten materials lead to a significant increase in their emissivity.
Acute tuberculous pneumonia.

A case of acute tuberculous pneumonia diagnosed by transbronchial biopsy Is presented. We postulate that the unusually rapid progression was due to an exudative hypersensitivity reaction to aspirated tuberculoprotein.
Some morphological effects of alkylating agents

Abstract The hypothesis that cytotoxic effects of alkylating agents result from attack on the 7-position of guanine moieties, with cross-linking of deoxyribonucleic acid strands, is considered in light of evidence for alkylation of ribonucleic acid and protein in vivo and for some cross-linking of deoxyribonucleic acid molecules with the other two. Preferential breakage sites in chromosomes and certain similarities in cytological effects of alkylating agents and of nitrogenous base analogues are also discussed.
Powers of simple complete ideals in two-dimensional regular local rings

A simple m-primary complete ideal in a two-dimensional regular local ring (R, m) is associated to a unique prime divisor of R and to a unique point infinitely near to R. It also has a unique complete ideal of R which is adjacent to it from above. This latter uniqueness can be extended to ideals which are products of more than one distinct simple complete ideals in certain cases. It is also known that there are infinitely many complete ideals adjacent to any power of a simple complete ideal. In this paper we extend the uniqueness as well as the existence of infinitely many complete ideals adjacent to certain ideals which are products of more than one distinct simple complete ideals such that at least one of them has exponent greater than one in the unique factorization.
The use of thermostable Vero cell-adapted rinderpest vaccine as a heterologous vaccine against peste des petits ruminants

The thermostable Vero cell-adapted rinderpest vaccine was evaluated in terms of immunogenicity as a heterologous vaccine against peste des petits ruminants. A titration to establish the minimum immunising dose was performed in American mixed breed goats by vaccinating test subjects with dilutions of Vero cell-adapted rinderpest vaccine and then challenging 26 days later with virulent peste des petits ruminants virus. All animals were followed for virus neutralising antibodies against both rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants virus after vaccination and challenge. The antibody response to vaccination was primarily against rinderpest virus with very low levels of cross-reactivity to peste des petits ruminants virus. Following challenge, animals which possessed anti-rinderpest neutralising antibodies remained clinically normal but mounted strong anti-peste des petits ruminants virus neutralising antibody responses indicating that replication of challenge virus took place without the induction of illness. The 50 per cent minimum goat immunising dose was 3 tissue culture infectious doses 50 per cent (TCID50) as established by serological response and protection against challenge. The thermostable Vero cell-adapted rinderpest vaccine is a suitable immunogen for the protection of goats against peste des petits ruminants.
A neutron diffraction study of a single crystal of YBa2Cu3O7-δ

Abstract A single crystal neutron diffraction study of a superconducting sample (Tc=∼90K) of YBa2Cu3O7-δ was performed at 295K. Despite complications due to the small sample size (∼0.3×0.2×0.1mm3, about 10-2 of optimal) and twinning, a satisfactory refinement of the structure has been carried out based on an orthorhombic unit cell (a=3.810, b=3.883, c =11.674 A ). The structure parameters are similar to those found for ceramic powders, indicating that well-annealed, oxygen-site ordered single crystals can be prepared. Anisotropic Debye-Waller factors (U11 =U22 ≠U33) for all atoms are derived for the first time and compared with isotropic values found in previous studies. The results are not consistent with an alternative structure recently proposed by Reller, Bednorz, and Muller.
Comparison of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella and Campylobacter isolated from turkeys in the Midwest USA

Abstract The current study was carried out to determine the antimicrobial resistance profiles and evaluate some molecular characteristics of a set of Salmonella and Campylobacter isolates recovered from production line turkeys in the Midwest region of the United States. A total of 94 birds identified as being positive for both Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. were selected for study. All Salmonella isolates were examined for antimicrobial resistance using the methods employed in the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS). Campylobacter isolates were subjected to similar analysis using the Etest ® . In addition, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out to determine the presence of the antimicrobial resistance associated genes, integrase ( int1 ), class 1 integrons ( Salmonella and Campylobacter ) and a multidrug efflux pump ( Campylobacter spp.). Results from the study showed that the Salmonella and Campylobacter isolates examined displayed resistance to a number of antimicrobials, with Salmonella and Campylobacter isolates being resistant to at least three antimicrobials while some isolates showed resistances to 6 or 8 different antimicrobials. In addition, 68.1% of the Salmonella isolates tested were found to be positive for the class I integrase gene ( int1 ), 28.7% possessed a 1000 bp gene cassette and 17% possessed an 800 bp gene cassette. All Campylobacter isolates were negative for int1 , but 36.2% tested positive for the Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump (CmeB). A considerable number of Salmonella and Campylobacter isolates tested displayed varying degrees of antimicrobial resistance as well as the presence of some factors associated with the carriage and persistence of antimicrobial resistance. Similarities in the types of antimicrobial resistance observed in Campylobacter and Salmonella strains was evident. The results of this study suggest that prescribing practice at the farm level may be a factor in promoting antimicrobial resistance in more than one species of organism. Such practices may, therefore, contribute to the potential health risk for consumers should micro-organisms carrying multiple antimicrobial resistances enter the food chain. This study may be one of the first to report on the incidence of the multidrug efflux pump (CmeB) in Campylobacters recovered from processed turkeys. The antimicrobial resistance and molecular characteristics of Salmonella and Campylobacter is discussed.
The Logic of Counterpart Theory with Actuality

It has been claimed that counterpart theory cannot support a theory of actuality without rendering obviously invalid formulas valid or obviously valid formulas invalid. We argue that these claims are not based on logical flaws of counterpart theory itself, but point to the lack of appropriate devices in first-order logic for “remembering” the values of variables. We formulate a mildly dynamic version of first-order logic with appropriate memory devices and show how to base a version of counterpart theory with actuality on this. This theory is, in special cases, equivalent to modal first-order logic with actuality, and apparently does not suffer from the logical flaws that have been mentioned in the literature.
Persistence of the 500 mb Height Field during Northern Hemisphere Winter

Abstract The persistence of the planetary-scale circulation during the Northern Hemisphere winters from 1965/66 to 1981/82 is documented. National Meteorological Center analyses of 500 mb geopotential height for the Northern Hemisphere poleward of 20°N are used. Instead of constructing auto-correlation maps based on lime series at grid points, time series are constructed that show the pattern correlations between daily hemispheric maps. These time series provide information on the day-to-day changes in persistence of the winter circulation and allow comparisons of the intraseasonal and interannual variability of persistence. The hemispheric circulation is usually quite persistent from day-to-day; correlations between successive maps usually fall within the range 0.7 to 0.9. As the time between the maps is increased the correlations between these maps decreases at a rate faster than that expected of an autoregressive (red-noise) process. The hemispheric circulation rarely resembles closely the circulation ...
Genomic analysis suggests that mRNA destabilization by the microprocessor is specialized for the auto-regulation of Dgcr8.

Background The Microprocessor, containing the RNA binding protein Dgcr8 and RNase III enzyme Drosha, is responsible for processing primary microRNAs to precursor microRNAs. The Microprocessor regulates its own levels by cleaving hairpins in the 5′UTR and coding region of the Dgcr8 mRNA, thereby destabilizing the mature transcript.
Evaluation of Grip Force Exertions in Dynamic Manual Work

An obstacle to the development of guidelines for reducing forceful hand movements is that manual force is not easily measured or estimated at the worksite, especially during highly dynamic activities. Grip force requirements during manual work are dependent not only on object weight, but also on the surface characteristics of the object and the task dynamics. In theory, it is possible to predict grip force requirements for manual tasks using Newtonian laws of physics; however few researchers have attempted to measure grip force during dynamic work, much less to compare actual grip force values to predicted levels. Therefore, a laboratory experiment was conducted to examine grip force exertions during two simulated industrial tasks. In each task, participants repetitively grasped and moved aluminum handles against varying levels of weight or resistance. Grip force was measured using a strain gauge mounted inside the handles. Results indicate that grip force varied continuously throughout each work cycle in...
Rhetoric and psychiatry: A Szaszian perspective on a political case study

The study of rhetoric and the assumption that rhetors generate the grounding for persuasion have been at the root of Thomas Szasz’s psychiatric critiques for almost two generations. His corpus has consistently pointed to a psychiatric rhetoric which creates, rather than discovers, “mental illnesses,” a metaphorical pseudo-medical labeling which, when accepted, confounds the attribution of adult responsibility and substitutes instead an infantilizing dependency.
A case for assisted partial timing support using precision timing protocol packet synchronization for LTE-A

North American service providers are in the process of upgrading their radio access networks with next generation LTE equipment. They are finalizing a 4G rollout that involves highly stringent timing requirements, but in many cases they are relying on sole-source synchronization by using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Natural occurring disturbances, as well as unintentional radio frequency jamming, intentional jamming, and spoofing, make GNSS vulnerable to interference. This article presents a novel approach for addressing the issue of GNSS vulnerability by introducing a standard means of providing a redundant packet-based synchronization source for LTE base stations. It also describes how this new approach can mitigate noise caused by asymmetry and transit delay variation in packet networks.
Association of CSF Biomarkers and Secondary Insults Following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Background Management of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) focuses on mitigating secondary insults. There are a number of biomarkers that are thought to play a part in secondary injury following severe TBI. Two of these, S100β and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), have been extensively studied in the setting of neurological injury. This pilot study was undertaken to investigate the relationship of S100β and NSE to clinical markers of severity and poor outcome: intracranial hypertension (ICH), and cerebral hypoperfusion (CH).
Study of broadband polarization conversion with metallic surface-relief gratings by rigorous coupled-wave analysis

The conical rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) is employed to calculate the polarization conversion through the excitation of surface plasmons on metallic gratings. Various examples are examined with this numerical scheme. Our calculated results are consistent with those obtained from experiment and from other numerical methods. Three types of subwavelength surface-relief gratings are studied for the capability of broadband polarization conversion in the visible region. For wide-angle applications, various incident angles are studied and high polarization conversion efficiency is achieved.
Thermal diffusion of bound water in wood

There are few references in the wood science literature to nonisothermal moisture movement. Some experiments by Voight, Babbitt, and Choong indicate that thermal diffusion in wood may be very significant. Three equations are presented to represent nonisothermal moisture movement through wood in the transverse direction. The first, described in detail in a previous paper, is based upon two driving forces: Soret potential which results in thermal diffusion and chemical potential which results from a gradient of equilibrium relative humidity. All three equations include the same term for Soret potential and, in the second two equations, the thermal-diffusion term was derived by the application of activation theory. The isothermal term in these two equations utilizes moisture content gradient as the driving force and therefore a knowledge of the sorption isotherm is not necessary. The third equation contains an additional term for moisture-content activation to account for the increase in flux with an increased moisture content. All three equations give approximately the same result with the same input data at low moisture contents. The results diverge at high moisture contents and experimental data are required to determine which equation is most representative of the physical phenomenon of nonisothermal moisture movement.
A review of satellite, observations of atmospheric ozone

Abstract Since the first satellite ozone measurements in 1960, basically three methods have been developed: backscattered solar ultraviolet, infrared emission, and occultation. In a review article by Krueger et al. (1980, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A296 , 191), the authors examine the above satellite methods and data covering the period up to about 1980. Our purpose is to review the development of the satellite ozone methodology since about 1980 with particular emphasis on the relationship of satellite data to the continued need for ground-based observations. Finally, we look toward the future to the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite , to be launched in about 1991, and the view that this is to be a collective experiment, not a series of independent measurements, focusing on the photochemistry and dynamics of the stratosphere.
Spectral Variations within the Koronis Family: Possible Implications for the Surface Colors of Asteroid 243 Ida

Abstract Asteroid 243 Ida, a flyby target for the Galileo spacecraft, is a member of the Koronis family which likely formed from the collisional disruption of a single larger parent body. We investigate the visual spectra of eight of these physically related Koronis family members, including Ida. All are S-class asteroids, but show a range of pyroxene band depths (and band center positions) that may have some correlation with location within the family. If the diversity is attributable to compositional variation, rather than particle size effects, these family members may sample different stratigraphic units from within the parent body's interior. Translated to the 7560- and 9860-A Galileo filters, the observed spectral diversity corresponds to color variations of about ±5% with respect to Ida's mean color. Such variations may be imaged on Ida if it is a single intact fragment which samples across stratigraphic units or if it is a conglomerate object composed of samples from multiple units.
Subunit structure of the hemocyanins of some of the Muricidae and Fasciolariidae families: Chicoreus florifer dilectus (A. Adams), Muricanthus fulvescens (Sowerby), Urosalpinx cinerea (Say), Fascilaria lilium hunteria (Perry), and Pleuroploca gigantea (Kiener).

Abstract 1. 1. The hemocyanins of the Muricidae and Fasciolariidae families of marine gastropods: Chicoreus florifer dilectus, Muricanthus fulvescens, Urosalpinx cinerea, Fasciolaria lilium hunteria , and Pleuroploca gigantea were investigated by sedimentation velocity, scanning transmission electron microscopy, light-scattering, and other physical techniques. 2. 2. The hemocyanins of these species are characterized by sedimentation coefficients close to 100 S and molecular weights of 8.2 × 10 6 –9.0 × 10 6 . 3. 3. The hemocyanins have di-decameric structures, with tail-to-tail arrangement of the decameric halves of the cylindrical particles. Only the hemocyanin of U. cinerea was found to contain about 30% higher, tri-, and tetra-decameric particles, with one or two decameric units added in a tail-to-head manner to a central di-decameric particle of the Mellema and Klug tail-to-tail arrangement. 4. 4. The influence of pH, and the urea and Hofmeister salt series of reagents on the subunit structure and denaturation of P. gigantea hemocyanin were also investigated.
Experimental and theoretical band-structure studies of refractory metal silicides

The electronic structures of bulk refractory metal disilicides V${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$, Ta${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$, and Mo${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ have been examined using photoelectron spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation. Photoelectron energy distribution curves measured for $9\ensuremath{\le}\mathrm{hv}\ensuremath{\le}140$ eV show occupied bands (full width $\ensuremath{\simeq}12$ eV) dominated by metal $d$-derived states within 3-4 eV of ${E}_{F}$ and by $\mathrm{Si}3s$- and $3p$-derived features at higher binding energies. The $\mathrm{V}3p$, $\mathrm{Mo}4p$, $\mathrm{Ta}5p$, $\mathrm{Ta}4f$, and $\mathrm{Si}2p$ coreemission features are also shown. Self-consistent band calculations for a series of cubic silicides $M{\mathrm{Si}}_{3}$, $M\mathrm{Si}$, and ${M}_{3}\mathrm{Si}$ ($M$ denotes V or Mo) predict dominant metal $d$ character within 5 eV of ${E}_{F}$, $\mathrm{Si}s$ states centered at about - 10 eV, $\mathrm{Si}p$ states centered near - 5 eV, and substantial $M\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}$ hybridization, in agreement with experiment.
Electrodeposition of sacrificial tin–manganese alloy coatings

Abstract Sn–Mn coatings have been electrodeposited on steel substrates from simple ammonium sulfate baths, with or without the addition of citrate, tartrate, EDTA or gluconate additives. The effect of current density and additives on the coating composition, microstructure, crystallography and corrosion resistance of Sn–Mn deposits has been investigated. It is found that ammonium sulfate brings Sn2+ and Mn2+ discharging potentials closer, allowing codeposition of manganese with tin. Sn–Mn coatings obtained from simple ammonium sulfate baths at low current density contain a large amount of oxygen and are microstructurally heterogeneous, while at high current density amorphous, bright and homogenous Sn–Mn coatings can be obtained. The addition of tartrate, EDTA or gluconate can improve coating quality at low current density and suppress Mn2+ reduction, with a corresponding decrease of Mn content in the alloy. Sn–Mn coatings show an anodic potentiodynamic behavior intermediate between that of pure manganese and pure tin, and their electrochemical characteristics can be adjusted by varying alloy composition and structure. Coatings with a high percentage of the intermetallic Mn1.77Sn phase show good sacrificial protection for steel.
Adolescents' Perceptions of Institutional Fairness: Relations with Moral Reasoning, Emotions, and Behavior.

This article addresses how low-income urban adolescents view the fairness of different aspects of American society, including how wealth is distributed, the nature of legal constraints, and overall social opportunities and legitimacy. This research emerged from efforts to understand the moral and emotional nature of some adolescents' aggressive tendencies. Recently it has become clearer that aggression can serve many purposes and that, for some adolescents, aggression is a coherent though problematic response to larger familial, neighborhood, and institutional forces. Consequently, the authors focus on the connections between low-income adolescents' perceptions of institutional and interpersonal fairness, certain aggressive tendencies, and related emotion judgments. At the same time, relatively little is known about how low-income adolescents as a group perceive the fairness of wealth distribution and other broad aspects of American society. Consequently, a second important goal is to examine these adolescents' normative beliefs about institutional fairness at a time of growing financial and educational inequalities in the United States.
Estradiol Regulation of Follistatin and Inhibin α- and βB-Subunit mRNA in Avian Granulosa Cells

Estradiol modulation of granulosa cell growth and regulation of follistatin and inhibin α- and βB-subunit mRNA were investigated in cultured chicken granulosa cells. Granulosa cells were isolated and pooled according to size from the F4 + F5, small yellow (SYF), and large white (LWF) follicles. Isolated and dispersed granulosa cells were then cultured in the absence or presence of 1 × 10−5 M 17 β-estradiol. In Experiment 1 (n = 4 replications) the effect of estradiol on the growth of granulosa cells from the different-sized follicles was examined at 24 and 48 h of culture. Untreated and treated granulosa cells from all three follicle sizes proliferated during culture, and cell viability for all cultures was over 95% throughout the experiment. After 48 h the untreated cultures for all follicle types had 1.6 to 2.2 times (P < 0.05) more cells than the estradiol-treated cultures. In Experiment 2 (n = 3 replications), the cultures were terminated at 4 and 24 h after plating. Follistatin mRNA levels were higher in estradiol-treated cells at 24 h in F4 + F5 follicles, at 4 and 24 h in the SYF, and at 4 h in the LWF. βB-subunit mRNA levels were also increased by estradiol at 4 h in F4 + F5 cells and at 4 and 24 h in the LWF. Steady state mRNA levels for the α-subunit were higher (P < 0.05) in estradiol-treated cultures at 4 and 24 h in F4 + F5 follicles and at 24 h in the SYF. Immunoreactive α-subunit protein, however, was not increased by estradiol treatment. Thus, whereas estradiol inhibited granulosa cell growth, it exerted a generally stimulatory effect on the expression of FS and the inhibin α- and βB-subunit mRNA.
Endoscopic diagnosis of multiple benign gastric ulcers

In a group of 88 patients with benign peptic ulcer disease of the stomach on careful fiberoptic endoscopic examination, 31.8% found to have 2 or more ulcers simultaneously present. No factors were recognized which might predispose the patient to multiple ulceration or which might indicate a pathogenesis different from that of single ulcer. The fiberoptic endoscope has been found capable of detecting the true frequency of almost all ulcerated lesions of the stomach.
Nationalist mobilization and the collapse of the Soviet State

1. From the impossible to the inevitable 2. The tide and the mobilizational cycle 3. Structuring nationalism 4. 'Thickened' history and the mobilization of identity 5. Tides and the failure of nationalist mobilization 6. Violence and tides of nationalism 7. The transcendence of regimes of repression 8. Russian mobilization and the accumulating 'inevitability' of Soviet collapse 9. Conclusion: nationhood and event.
MOSFET low frequency noise prediction and control

Low frequency noise is an important figure of merit in electron devices. For MOSFET, the most important electron device, the study of low frequency noise is most comprehensive. However, the best one can do is model the trend. Due to the lack of a quantitative understanding, the common practice to reduce noise is through empirical optimization. As scaling continues, low frequency noise becomes a new limiting factor. The need for better understanding and therefore better control of low frequency noise becomes paramount. In this paper, our recent breakthrough in this decades old challenge is summarized.
Nurturing next-generation computer scientists

The origin of the University of Florida's Digital Arts and Sciences (DAS) curriculum is steeped in myth and adventure. Through DAS, CISE seeks to produce the next-generation computer scientist. To justify this statement, we need look no further than recent computing history and how this trend in fast hardware and immersive environments will transform foundational computer science in areas such as program and data structures, software engineering, machine organization, database methodology, and discrete mathematical structures. We are experiencing a fundamental branching of computer science into areas that more closely examine the relationship between humans and their computing hardware. While human computer interaction has always focused on these areas, a plethora of new areas have opened to us. Ubiquitous, tangible, pervasive, and human-centered computing add new dimensions to virtual and augmented reality.
Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus ODV-E56 is a per os infectivity factor, but is not essential for binding and fusion of occlusion-derived virus to the host midgut

article The Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) occlusion-derived virus (ODV) envelope protein ODV-E56 is essential for oral infection of larvae of Heliothis virescens. Bioassays with recombinant clones of AcMNPV lacking a functional odv-e56 gene showed that ODV-E56 was required for infectivity of both polyhedra and to a lesser extent, purified ODV. However, binding and fusion assays showed that ODV lacking ODV-E56 bound and fused to midgut cells at levels similar to ODV of wild-type virus. Fluorescence microscopy of midguts from larvae inoculated with ODV-E56-positive and -negative viruses that express GFP indicated that ODV-E56 was required for infection of the midgut epithelium. Purified ODV-E56 bound to several proteins in midgut-derived brush border membrane vesicles, but failed to rescue infectivity of ODV-E56-negative viruses in trans. These results indicate that ODV-E56 is a per os infectivity factor (pif-5) required for primary midgut infection at a point before or after virion binding and fusion.
Investigation of Temperature Dependent Multi-Walled Nanotube G and D Doublet Using Pseudo-Voigt Functions

A pseudo-Voigt (PV) function is used as a representation of the Stoke's phonon frequency distributions for a multi-walled nanotube (MWNT) composite G and D doublet. Variable peak assignments with the PV function have been shown to enhance the resolution of these bands commonly used for characterization of carbon nanotube (CNT) composites. The peak assignment study was applied to an in-situ temperature experiment where the addition of new sub-bands in the G and D doublet was determined to reduce the uncertainty of the Raman characteristics. Fitting the spectrum with five pseudo-Voigt bands was concluded to give the most consistent results, producing the lowest uncertainty values for G-peak position (νG) and D/G intensity ratio.
Measurement of the time development of particle showers in a uranium scintillator calorimeter

Abstract We report on the time evolution of particle showers, as measured in modules of the uranium-scintillator barrel calorimeter of the ZEUS detector. The time development of hadronic showers differs significantly from that of electromagnetic showers, with about 40% of the response to hadronic showers arising from energy depositions which occur late in the shower development. The degree of compensation and the hadronic energy resolution were measured as a function of integration time, giving a value of e π = 1.02 ± 0.01 for a gate width of 100 ns. The possibilities for electron-hadron separation based on the time structure of the shower were studied, with pion rejection factors in excess of 100 being achieved for electron efficiencies greater than 60%. The custom electronics used to perform these measurements samples the calorimeter signal at close to 60 MHz, stores all samples for a period of over 4 μs using analog switched capacitor pipelines, and digitizes the samples for triggered events with 12-bit ADCs.
Toxocara canis: T lymphocyte function in murine visceral larva migrans and eosinophilia onset

Abstract The second larval stage of Toxocara canis , the major cause of visceral larva migrans syndrome in humans and also the common intestinal roundworm of the dog, elicits an eosinophil-rich granulomatous response in nondefinitive hosts such as man and mice. During murine infection a population of T lymphocytes was identified which responded to a preparation of T. canis larval antigens in a migration inhibition test (MIT). It was further shown that mice infected with T. canis have a substantial eosinophilia which reaches its peak approximately 2 weeks after infection. When mice are depleted of their functional T lymphocytes by use of antilymphocytic antisera, the eosinophil response of infected mice is significantly reduced. These findings are consistent with the findings of others that helminthic parasites can elicit cell-mediated immune responses and the resultant eosinophilia is but one manifestation of this response.
IMPROVEMENT OF PARANEOPLASTIC OPSOCLONUS-MYOCLONUS AFTER PROTEIN A COLUMN THERAPY

To the Editor: Some patients with cancer have a paraneoplastic syndrome of opsoclonus-myoclonus (``dancing eyes-dancing feet''), which may be caused by antibodies directed against antigens shared b...
A Refinement of the Concept of Household: Families, Co-residence, and Domestic Functions1

The concepts of “household” and “family” have been given a greater degree of precision in recent years by those scholars who have pointed out that the former is a residence group that carries out domestic functions while the latter is a kinship group. The concept of “household,” having been analytically distinguished from that of “family,” is still burdened by the inclusion of two social phenomena that are logically distinct and vary somewhat independently: co-residence and domestic functions. Social groups based on affinal and consanguineal relationships, co-residence, and domestic functions—often thought of as aspects of a single social phenomenon labeled by the term “family”—are in fact semi-independent variables.
Nucleation and growth phases in the polymerization of coat and scaffolding subunits into icosahedral procapsid shells

The polymerization of protein subunits into precursor shells empty of DNA is a critical process in the assembly of double-stranded DNA viruses. For the well-characterized icosahedral procapsid of phage P22, coat and scaffolding protein subunits do not assemble separately but, upon mixing, copolymerize into double-shelled procapsids in vitro. The polymerization reaction displays the characteristics of a nucleation limited reaction: a paucity of intermediate assembly states, a critical concentration, and kinetics displaying a lag phase. Partially formed shell intermediates were directly visualized during the growth phase by electron microscopy of the reaction mixture. The morphology of these intermediates suggests that assembly is a highly directed process. The initial rate of this reaction depends on the fifth power of the coat subunit concentration and the second or third power of the scaffolding concentration, suggesting that pentamer of coat protein and dimers or trimers of scaffolding protein, respectively, participate in the rate-limiting step.
A model for estimating power dissipation in a class of DSP VLSI chips

A high-level power dissipation model for filter- and transform-type digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms implemented using linearly connected multiply-add-based processing elements is presented. Exploration of alternative algorithms, architectures, and design styles for a given signal processing task in terms of high-level parameters is possible using this model. It is shown that there is often an optimal selection of the number and type of time-shared processing elements for VLSI implementation that minimizes the overall power dissipation. A major application of the proposed model is to make quantitative evaluations for exploration of alternative DSP algorithms and architectures. When combined with previously developed area-time metrics, the proposed power dissipation model permits a more realistic evaluation of new and existing circuit solutions to DSP tasks. >