cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maintaining Recursive Views of Regions and Connectivity in Networks

The data management community has recently begun to consider declarative network routing and distributed acquisition: e.g., sensor networks that execute queries about contiguous regions, declarative networks that maintain shortest paths, and distributed and peer-to-peer stream systems that detect transitive relationships among data at the distributed sources. In each case, the fundamental operation is to maintain a view over dynamic network state. This view is typically distributed, recursive, and may contain aggregation, e.g., describing shortest paths or least costly paths. Surprisingly, solutions to computing such views are often domain-specific, expensive, and incomplete. We recast the problem as incremental recursive view maintenance given distributed streams of updates to tuples: new stream data becomes insert operations and tuple expirations become deletions. We develop techniques to maintain compact information about tuple derivability or data provenance. We complement this with techniques to reduce communication: aggregate selections to prune irrelevant aggregation tuples, provenance-aware operators that determine when tuples are no longer derivable and remove them from the view, and shipping operators that reduce the information being propagated while still maintaining correct answers. We validate our work in a distributed setting with sensor and network router queries, showing significant gains in communication overhead without sacrificing performance.
A Preclinical Model of Inflammatory Breast Cancer to Study the Involvement of CXCR4 and ACKR3 in the Metastatic Process

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is an aggressive and invasive tumor, accounting for 2.5% of all breast cancer cases, and characterized by rapid progression, regional and distant metastases, younger age of onset, and lower overall survival. Presently, there are no effective therapies against IBC and a paucity of model systems. Our aim was to develop a clinically relevant IBC model that would allow investigations on the role of chemokine receptors in IBC metastasis. Primary cultures of tumor cells were isolated from pleural exudates of an IBC patient and grown as spheres or monolayers. We developed a human xenograft model where patient-derived IBC cells, stably transduced with lentiviral vectors expressing fluorescent and bioluminescent markers, were inoculated directly into the left ventricle of mice. Our in vivo data show that these IBC cells (FC-IBC02A) are able to seed and proliferate into various organs, including brain, lungs, lymph nodes, and bone, closely replicating the metastatic spread observed in IBC patients. Moreover, cells were able to generate tumors when grafted in the mammary fat pad of mice. RT-PCR and microscopy studies revealed expression of both CXCR4 and ACKR3 receptors in FC-IBC02A cells. Furthermore, CXCL12 (the endogenous chemokine ligand of these receptors) induced transendothelial migration of these cells and stimulated signaling pathways involved in cell survival and migration - an effect reduced by CXCR4 or ACKR3 antagonists. This new model can be used to develop chemokine-based pharmacological approaches against the IBC metastatic process. This work also provides the first evidence of ACKR3 expression in IBC cells.
The glycolytic enzyme, phosphoglycerate mutase, has critical roles in stomatal movement, vegetative growth, and pollen production in Arabidopsis thaliana

Stomatal movements require massive changes in guard cell osmotic content, and both stomatal opening and stomatal closure have been shown to be energy-requiring processes. A possible role for glycolysis in contributing to the energetic, reducing requirements, or signalling processes regulating stomatal movements has not been investigated previously. Glycolysis, oxidization of glucose to pyruvate, is a central metabolic pathway and yields a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. 2,3-biphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase (iPGAM) is a key enzymatic activity in glycolysis and catalyses the reversible interconversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate. To investigate functions of iPGAMs and glycolysis in stomatal function and plant growth, Arabidopsis insertional mutants in At1g09780 and At3g08590, both of which have been annotated as iPGAMs on the basis of sequence homology, were identified and characterized. While single mutants were indistinguishable from the wild type in all plant phenotypes assayed, double mutants had no detectable iPGAM activity and showed defects in blue light-, abscisic acid-, and low CO(2)-regulated stomatal movements. Vegetative plant growth was severely impaired in the double mutants and pollen was not produced. The data demonstrate that iPGAMs and glycolytic activity are critical for guard cell function and fertility in Arabidopsis.
U.N. Definition of 'Aggression' - Law and Illusion in the Context of Collective Security

This article examines the definition of "aggression," - a definition framing "aggression" as a delictual and juridical term to be used to identify a wrongdoer in international law - formulated by the United Nations in General Assembly Resolution 3314. The term "aggression" is consistently at the center of debate concerning coercive confrontations between States, and the goal of those seeking a definition of "aggression" has been to establish a legal standard for distinguishing legitimate from illegitimate action in such confrontations, as well as in more serious situations when war or peace is the immediate issue. This article argues that the U.N. definition of "aggression" is essentially misconceived and, as a consequence, is incompatible with the effective operation of the United Nations. In essence, the definition, as an a priori classification in the context of a legal structure designed to achieve collective security, undermines rather than promotes the greater ordering of international behavior through law. The critical shortcoming of the definition is its failure to accommodate the common interest of the membership of the Security Council in achieving relative stability in a world in which nuclear apocalypse is the final stage of instability. Through a priori definition a term that offers little potential for effective application to contemporary politico-military realities has become a ready vehicle for undermining negotiation and conciliation. The article asserts that instead of seeking to achieve collective security by rulemaking through definition, the focus should be upon the processes of international decision and their development through the structures and procedures of pacification.
Reviewer's response

The letter to the editor by Crea et al. is well-written and addresses an important topic. I am sure that this fieldwill receive more attention in the near future. The group by Crea et al. has recently reported an interesting case story on septal pacing in a patient with RBBB and CHF. The patient had a dramatic decrease in QRS width from pacing as well as immediate clinical improvement. The question is which pacing-therapy, if any,may be themost appropriate for patients with RBBB and as proposed byCrea et al. septal pacingmay be one. If so, the effect would not be related to LV resynchronization unless the patient has a concomitant LAFB but rather optimization of the AV-delay hereby improving the left ventricular pre-load conditions. This has previously been proposed but the evidence is sparse. The use of device-based algorithms as proposed by Crea et al. can become an enormous benefit in the clinical setting. At this point, however, it is unclear whether patients really benefit from VV-optimization and even whether AV-optimization beyond a default setting benefits the patients. From our experiences cautionmust be takenwhen using several of the current device-based algorithms in particular for CRT and in particular with regard to default settings which often need to be individualized. More evidence with longer follow-up will hopefully elucidate this eventually. I look forward to hear more from Crea et al. regarding this topic.
Diverse Molecular Recognition Properties of Blood Group A Binding Monoclonal Antibodies

Information about specificity and affinity is critical for use of carbohydrate-binding antibodies. Herein, we evaluated eight monoclonal antibodies to the blood group A (BG-A) antigen. Antibodies 87-G, 9A, HE-10, HE-24, HE-193, HE-195, T36 and Z2A were profiled on a glycan microarray to assess specificity, relative affinity and the influence of glycan density on recognition. Our studies highlight several noteworthy recognition properties. First, most antibodies bound GalNAcα1-3Gal and the BG-A trisaccharide nearly as well as larger BG-A oligosaccharides. Second, several antibodies only bound the BG-A trisaccharide when displayed on certain glycan chains. These first two points indicate that the carrier glycan chains primarily influence selectivity, rather than binding strength. Third, binding of some antibodies was highly dependent on glycan density, illustrating the importance of glycan presentation for recognition. Fourth, some antibodies recognized the tumor-associated Tn antigen, and one antibody only bound the variant composed of a GalNAc-alpha-linked to a serine residue. Collectively, these results provide new insights into the recognition properties of anti-BG-A antibodies.
Projections of the shifting envelope of Water cycle variability

The time of departure of water cycle variables from historical climatic conditions is quantified from multi-model suites of climate change simulations. Two thresholds are examined: the historical (1860–2005) mean and the range of variability during that same period. The metric is the year when the future range of variability in RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 moves permanently above or below the historical mean for seasonal average values of precipitation, runoff and surface soil moisture. There is a large range of inter-model variability, so both multi-model means of the year of departure and the fraction of models exceeding thresholds by the end of the 21st century are calculated. There is a strong tendency for transition to wetter winter conditions at high northern latitudes for precipitation, but a predominance of dry departures in JJA, with a slight tendency for positive departures in precipitation when considered globally across the year. For runoff there are approximately equal areas of permanently wetter and drier conditions, but runoff is the most sensitive term with the largest areas of departure early in the 21st century, and the greatest propensity to move outside the historical range of variability. Soil moisture trends are predominantly negative with large regions shifting to permanently drier conditions. For all three variables there is a clear increase over time in the total area becoming permanently wetter or drier than the historical mean. The termination of many models’ simulations at 2100, often before permanent transitions are reached, affects the calculations, leading to earlier transition dates than if simulations are extended.
Clinical Assessment of Manipulation and Mobilization of the Lumbar Spine A Critical Review of the Literature

The widespread use of manual therapy techniques suggests some degree of success in their application. In this article, I review the applied clinical research on the effectiveness of using manipulation or mobilization of the lumbar spine. The literature reviewed indicates highly equivocal results when the goal of therapy was to decrease pain and increase motion. Because of a high incidence of spontaneous recovery from low back syndromes, performance measures may appear to improve significantly when proper controls are not used. Evaluation of the therapeutic effects of manual therapy is complicated by potentially confounding variables when used with other physical therapy procedures. I discuss the need for further, well-designed studies.
ANALYSIS OF THE EXPRESSION OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR DURING MAXCILLOFACIAL BLAST INJURY BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY

Objective To determine the expression and the changes of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) and it's acceptor Flt 1 during maxillofacial blast injury at early stage, and to evaluate the effect of VEGF on traumatic wound healing.Methods The rabbit model of maxillofacial blast injury was made by KTY 04 blasting cap. The expression of VEGF and Flt 1 in wound tissue was determined by ABC immunohistochemistry after injury 6h,1d,2d,3d,5d and 7d. Also, the results were compared with preinjury groups.Results In the wound tissue of maxillofacial blast injury, the expression of VEGF was rising steadily at the first week after injury. Comparing with normal tissue, it showed different from the first day after injury, and showed very different from the third day( P 0.01). It reached the peak at the seventh day after injury. The expression of Flt 1 showed no difference within 3 days after injury comparing with normal tissue. After injury 5d-7d, the protein expressed strengthly.Conclusion The stage of the VEGF expression at maxillofacial blast injury is similar to the angiopoietic stage during wound healing, and the Flt 1 expression is also occurring at that period. It illustrates that VEGF take part in angiogenic cascades of traumatic wound healing and product auxo action to the regeneration of blood vessel.
Alabama Water Law

This book chapter sets forth a succinct but comprehensive review of Alabama Water Law, including a brief exploration of water pollution and habitat degradation in Alabama. The chapter concludes with a rather thorough discussion of the “water war” between Georgia, Florida, and Alabama over the waters of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) River basin and the dispute between Georgia and Alabama over the waters of the Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa (ACT) River system.
Comparison of dental hygienists and dentists: clinical and teledentistry identification of dental caries in children

Rationale for Study Teledentistry is an effective and efficient means of increasing access to care for screening, referral and treatment. Practice restrictions and the undocumented concern that dental hygienists do not have the skill or knowledge to identify or diagnose a carious lesion impede access to care. Purpose This study compared the identification of dental caries by both dental hygienists and dentists and by both clinical and teledentistry methods. Methods A sample of 82 children 4–7 years of age attending an elementary school in Memphis, Tennessee, was selected for the study. Two clinical examiners, a dental hygienist and dentist, independently examined and charted dental caries and existing restorations separately on the children. Two teledentistry examiners, a dental hygienist and dentist, independently reviewed and charted dental caries and restorations from photographs obtained with the iPhone 4S. Dental charts for each child were converted to a decayed filled surface (DFS) score resulting in four scores for analyses. Results Seventy-eight children met the inclusion criteria. The clinical dentist's and clinical dental hygienist's DFS scores resulted in Spearman's correlation of r = 0.99. Friedman's analysis of the four examiners' DFS scores found no significant difference (P > 0.10) between the teledentistry dental hygienist's and the clinical dentist's scores. Conclusions A dental hygienist can identify dental caries in children 4–7 years of age from photographs as accurately as a dentist in the clinical setting.
Nucleotide specificity of Escherichia coli succinic thiokinase. Succinyl coenzyme A-stimulated nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity of the enzyme

Abstract The nucleoside triphosphate specificity of Escherichia coli succinic thiokinase (succinate:coenzyme A ligase (ADP), EC 6.2.1.5) was studied. The results showed that ATP, GTP and ITP (in decreasing order of effectiveness) were good substrates, while UTP and CTP were relatively ineffective. A nucleoside triphosphate ⇄ Pi exchange reaction stimulated by succinate and CoA was observed with each nucleoside triphosphate tested. A nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity of the enzyme was observed and found to be different from the ubiquitous nucleoside diphosphate kinase (ATP:nucleoside diphosphate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.4.6) in its substrate specificity and its marked tendency to be stimulated by succinyl-CoA. Thus, with ATP as the phosphoryl group donor, GDP and IDP were good acceptors, UDP was a relatively poor acceptor, and CDP exhibited almost negligible activity in this respect. The nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity of succinic thiokinase was inhibited at ATP concentrations in excess of 0.5 mm. A comparison of the NDP-kinase to thiokinase activity ratio has revealed that the NDP-kinase activity does not represent a minor catalytic capability of the enzyme.
Peripheral Administration of GSK-3β Antisense Oligonucleotide Improves Learning and Memory in SAMP8 and Tg2576 Mouse Models of Alzheimer’s Disease

Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β is a multifunctional protein that has been implicated in the pathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including the heightened levels of neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid-beta (Aβ), and neurodegeneration. We have previously shown that an antisense oligonucleotide directed at the Tyr 216 site on GSK-3β (GAO) when injected centrally can decrease GSK-3β levels, improve learning and memory, and decrease oxidative stress. In addition, we showed that GAO can cross the blood-brain barrier. Herein the impact of peripherally administered GAO in both the non-transgenic SAMP8 and transgenic Tg2576 (APPswe) models of AD were examined respective to learning and memory. Brain tissues were then evaluated for expression changes in the phosphorylated-Tyr 216 residue, which leads to GSK-3β activation, and the phosphorylated-Ser9 residue, which reduces GSK-3β activity. SAMP8 GAO-treated mice showed improved acquisition and retention using aversive T-maze, and improved declarative memory as measured by the novel object recognition (NOR) test. Expression of the phosphorylated-Tyr 216 was decreased and the phosphorylated-Ser9 was increased in GAO-treated SAMP8 mice. Tg2576 GAO-treated mice improved acquisition and retention in both the T-maze and NOR tests, with an increased phosphorylated-Ser9 GSK-3β expression. Results demonstrate that peripheral administration of GAO improves learning and memory, corresponding with alterations in GSK-3β phosphorylation state. This study supports peripherally administered GAO as a viable means to mediate GSK-3β activity within the brain and a possible treatment for AD.
The Impact of Corporate Communication on Company Evaluation: Examining the Message Effects of CSR, Corporate Ability, and Hybrid Strategies

ABSTRACTThis experiment examines how three corporate communication strategies (i.e., corporate ability (CA) strategy, corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy, and hybrid strategy) positively affect consumers’ evaluation of a company. It also tests whether consumers’ involvement with the company’s products moderates these effects. Additionally, in the context of hybrid strategy, the order effect of receiving CA and CSR messages is discussed. Results of the experiment support the value of all three strategies in cultivating positive company evaluation. Findings pertaining to hybrid strategy scenarios generally show that a single CSR message performs as well as hybrid strategies because of the transferring effect of CSR. In addition, CSR was found to have an additive effect on CA when CA is the first message. However, the positive effect of CSR is discounted when CSR is the first message. Meanwhile, the moderating effect of product involvement is not supported. This study contributes to current strate...
Preparing engineering students for the global sourcing environment

Rapid changes in modern product development and realization and the move towards globalization are creating gaps in engineering education systems around the world. The global economy has changed the way that engineering firms design, develop, and produce their products. The new global business realities mandate that all firms should evaluate many options available worldwide, not just locally. The current trends are only likely to continue as the world economy becomes more competitive, interdependent, and characterized by global relationships among supply chain partners. This paper presents a plan for preparing engineering students for the new global sourcing environments and product realization processes.
Nonobstructive Coronary Artery Disease by Coronary CT Angiography Improves Risk Stratification and Allocation of Statin Therapy

Abstract Objectives This study sought to determine prognostic value of nonobstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events and to determine whether incorporation of this information into the pooled cohort equation reclassifies recommendations for statin therapy as defined by the 2013 guidelines for cholesterol management of the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association (ACC/AHA). Background Detection of nonobstructive CAD by coronary computed tomography angiography may improve risk stratification and permit individualized and more appropriate allocation of statin therapy. Methods This study determined the pooled hazard ratio of nonobstructive CAD for ASCVD events from published studies and incorporated this information into the ACC/AHA pooled cohort equation. The study calculated revised sex- and ethnicity-based 10-year ASCVD risk and determined boundaries corresponding to the original 7.5% risk for ASCVD events. It also assessed reclassification for statin eligibility by incorporating the results from meta-analysis to individual patients from a separate cohort. Results This study included 2 studies (2,295 subjects; 66% male; prevalence of nonobstructive CAD, 47%; median follow-up, 49 months; 67 ASCVD events). The hazard ratio of nonobstructive CAD for ASCVD events was 3.2 (95% confidence interval: 1.5 to 6.7). Incorporation of this information into the pooled cohort equation resulted in reclassification toward statin eligibility in individuals with nonobstructive CAD, with an original ASCVD score of 3.0% and 5.9% or higher in African-American women and men and a score of 4.4% and 4.6% or higher in Caucasian women and men, respectively. The absence of nonobstructive CAD resulted in reclassification toward statin ineligibility if the original ASCVD score was as 10.0% and 17.9% or lower in African-American women and men and 13.7% and 14.3% or lower in Caucasian women and men, respectively. Reclassification is observed in 14% of patients. Conclusions Detection of nonobstructive CAD by coronary computed tomography angiography improves risk stratification and permits individualized and more appropriate allocation of statin therapy across sex and ethnicity groups.
Assessing Occupational Disability Following Trauma and Impairment

Rehabilitation professionals have come to recognize the importance of comprehensive assessment in evaluating the employability of individuals who may have acquired occupational disability secondary to trauma. Disability evaluation and rehabilitation professionals do not always agree on nomenclature and specific methodologies, and as a result, both the meaning and practice of assessing occupational disability vary. For many years, however, occupational disability assessment and vocational rehabilitation following trauma have been considered comprehensive, intradisciplinary processes of evaluating an individual's physical, mental, and emotional abilities; limitations from identifiable medical impairment; and residual functional capacities to help the injured person experience optimal restoration (Power, 1991).
Low- and moderate-income families’ avenues to mobility: Overcoming threats to asset accumulation and remaining in undesirable neighborhoods

abstract Research on social mobility of low and moderate income families often uses objective measures and economic indicators of social mobility and quantitative research methods. In this paper we use a qualitative approach to understand how social mobility in terms of homeownership and desired neighborhood is pursued by 194 working families who received more than $1,000 in Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). Specifically, we use cumulative advantage and disadvantage theory to explore the pathways and threats families encounter in their attempts to achieve homeownership and residence in desired neighborhoods. We find that families use different strategies to achieve social mobility and that the most successful families follow multiple strategies that involve pathways used by more affluent families like savings and help from family and friends as well as using social and governmental program and rent-to-own agreements. We discuss the implication for families, social organizations, and policymakers.
Organic Brain Syndrome: Differential Diagnosis and Investigative Procedures in Adults

The potential causes of organic brain syndrome are extensive and varied. The investigative procedures described will help the clinician determine whether organic encephalopathy is present and aid in pinpointing its etiology.
The Influence of Recruitment Websites on Job-Seeker Perceptions of Organization and Job Fit

This article describes how the uses of websites to recruit and communicate with job-seekers is a well-established practice that has been increasing in frequency. How the website functions can influ...
Benign monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis--a benign variant of CLL: clinical, immunologic, phenotypic, and cytogenetic studies in 20 patients

From 1951 through 1978, we have seen 20 cases of stage O chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) without disease progression for 6.5-24 years. The cohort included 7 males and 13 females, aged 48-77 years at the time of diagnosis. None presented with anemia, thrombocytopenia, or neutropenia nor developed cytopenias during follow-up. Mean total lymphocyte count in these patients was 20,100/microL, with ranges from 10,000 to 43,700 at the time of diagnosis, and was 20,600, with ranges from 1,000 to 47,200, at last follow-up. Of 12 patients studied, 8 and 4 were phenotyped as heavy chain mu delta- and mu-type, respectively, with 7 kappa- and 4 gamma-type (no light chain was detectable in one patient). Of 13 patients studied, one had a slightly elevated IgG level and two had slightly depressed serum IgA and IgM levels. All patients had positive delayed hypersensitivity responses to at least one of five skin test antigens. Each of seven patients studied for an in vitro leukocyte thymidine uptake had a low level of [3H]thymidine incorporation. Nine of 12 patients studied had elevated total T cells, and the remaining 3 had normal T cell counts. In vitro unseparated lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin showed normal kinetics of DNA synthesis, with a peak response on day 3 or 4 of culture in 4 and slightly or moderately depressed and/or delayed kinetics in 8 patients studied. Cytogenetic analyses by Q- or G-banding techniques of polyclonal B cell mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes in all six patients studied showed normal karyotypes. These data are consistent with a previously undescribed syndrome involving a monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis, a prolonged asymptomatic or benign clinical course, and essentially normal humoral and cellular immunity and normal karyotype. Our observations indicate that these 20 patients with stage O CLL have a benign clinical course and that they may also be designated as benign monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis ( BMBL ), a benign variant of CLL.
Evaluation of Genetic Risks

Measuring the impact of an increased mutation rate on future human generations is a two-fold problem: First one must assess the damage to the genetic material itself, and second, one must determine the likely effect of such damage on the welfare of future generations.
Reflections on the Etiology of Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

So-called benign prostatic hypertrophy is a fibromuscular glandular hyperplasia of the prostate that occurs in the prostate of the human male as he ages. Although other aging animals such as the dog exhibit a diffuse hyperplasia of the prostate, the characteristic nodular hypertrophy of man is unique. Histological studies indicate that benign prostatic hypertrophy usually begins in the inner or suburethral prostatic glands. Either stromal or epithelial changes may initiate or predominate in this process(1,2). Although atrophic changes in the peripheral prostatic glands may accompany the proliferation of the periurethral elements, weight(3) and volume(4) studies indicate that the overall size of the prostate of man increases with aging. Histological evidence of benign prostatic hypertrophy is present in most, not all, men over 60 years of age(5).
Excitations in Superfluid Helium

The elementary excitation spectrum of liquid helium has been the subject of intensive theoretical interest following the pioneering work of Landau in 1947 [1]. In order to explain the observed superfluid and thermodynamic properties of helium at very low temperatures, Landau proposed that the excitation spectrum of the liquid consists of phonon excitations at small momenta, free particle excitations at very large momenta, and roton excitations with an energy minimum Δ0 at intermediate momenta. The roton dispersion may be expressed in the form $$ E\left( k \right) = {\Delta _{0}} + \frac{{{{\left( {k - {k_{0}}} \right)}^{2}}}}{{2\mu }};\;k \cong {k_{0}} $$ (1.1) and the effective mass y, as well as the energy gap Δ0 and momentum k 0 may be obtained accurately from recent neutron scattering data. The existence of a roton energy gap is essential to understand the thermodynamic properties in the superfluid state. Furthermore, the possible frictionless flow of liquid helium at low velocities may be understood in terms of the excitation spectrum as suggested by Landau [1]. For example, the critical velocity v c = minE(k)/k, which is the upper limit for superfluid flow, corresponds to the kinematically allowed creation of an excitation in the superfluid.
Organs, Organisms and Disease: Human Ontology and Medical Practice

At the end of his fine essay, “The Diseases of Civilization,” Rene Dubos writes The disorders of the body and the mind are to a very large extent the consequences of inadequate responses to the environment. They involve not only a particular organ but the organism as a whole. For this reason, the practice of medicine demands of the physician a holistic attitude that goes beyond that of the experimental scientist.1
The forgotten lipids: Triglycerides, remnant cholesterol, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a well-established mediator of atherosclerosis and a key target for intervention for the primary and secondary prevention of ASCVD. However, despite substantial reduction in LDL-C, patients continue to have recurrent ASCVD events. Hypertriglyceridemia may be an important contributor of this residual risk. Observational and genetic epidemiological data strongly support a causal role of triglycerides (TGs) and the cholesterol content within triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRLs) and/or remnant cholesterol (RC) in the development of ASCVD. TGRLs are composed of hepatically derived very low-density lipoprotein and intestinally derived chylomicrons. RC is the cholesterol content of all TGRLs and plasma TGs serve as a surrogate measure of TGRLs and RC. Although lifestyle modification remains the cornerstone for management of hypertriglyceridemia, many novel drugs are in development and have shown impressive efficacy in lowering TG levels. Several ongoing, randomized controlled trials are underway to examine the impact of these novel agents on ASCVD outcomes. In this comprehensive review, we provide an overview of the biology, epidemiology, and genetics of TGs and ASCVD; we discuss current and novel TG-lowering therapies under development.
Effect of long term cold storage and microwave extraction time on the physical and chemical properties of citrus pectin

Abstract Pectin, acid-extracted by microwave heating under pressure from orange and lime albedo, was cold (−20 °C) stored for 14 years and the physical and chemical properties were compared to the properties of the original microwave-extracted pectin prior to cold storage. The pectin physical and chemical properties were measured by using multi-detector high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), atomic force microscopy (AFM), amino acid, monosaccharide and degree of esterification compositional analysis following cold storage. The weight average molar mass (Mw), intrinsic viscosity (ηw) and radius of gyration (Rgz) changed following cold storage depending on the time of microwave extraction, but all three parameters decreased with extraction time for both orange and lime pectin, regardless of whether they were analyzed before or after cold storage. All pectin samples had little or no appreciable difference in galacturonic acid content following cold storage, yet the degree of esterification decreased by approximately 50% and total sugar content increased following cold storage for both orange and lime pectin. Homogalacturonan (HG) was the major cold-stored pectin component with lower amounts of rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I) containing arabinogalactan side chains present in pectins extracted for shorter times. Amino acid analysis indicated that protein associated with pectin was enriched in aspartic acid/asparagine, glutamic acid/asparagine, leucine and lysine with UV absorbing phenylalanine and tyrosine also present in cold-stored pectin. UV detection in HPSEC chromatograms for both orange and lime pectins following cold storage, revealed that more protein was associated with higher molar mass pectin at 2.5 min of extraction time. By 10 min of extraction time, there was a larger breakdown of high molar mass pectin and protein shifted to a lower molar mass distribution weight fraction. AFM images showed that small spherical molecules, segmented rods and kinked rods were present in both orange and lime pectin following cold storage.
Abstract 38: Racial Differences in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Risk: The REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study (REGARDS)

Introduction: Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) risk is higher in blacks vs whites in the U.S. especially at younger ages. We used the REGARDS study to determine what prospectively assessed factors ma...
A Rare Case of Ovarian Serous Borderline Tumor with Brain Metastasis

Background. Serous borderline tumor represents a group of noninvasive tumor of the ovary bridging between benign serous cystadenoma and serous carcinoma. They are commonly seen in younger women and usually have an excellent outcome but seldom show local recurrence (J. F. Leake et al. 1991). Metastasis to the lymph nodes has rarely been reported (M. D. Chamberlin et al., 2001; M. B. Verbruggen et al., 2006). Moreover, the brain is exceptionally a rare metastatic site for ovarian tumor. There is one case of an advanced staged SBT with micropapillary pattern metastasis to the brain recently and by far it is the most distant metastasis reported (M. D. Martin et al., 2017). However, to the best of our knowledge, no report has been documented for a recurrent stage 1 typical SBT metastasizing to the brain.
Life Satisfaction and Symptoms of Mental Disorder Among Older African American Public Housing Residents

This study examines life satisfaction and symptoms of mental disorder in a sample of 831 older African American residents of urban public housing developments. Symptoms of mental disorder included measures of emotional distress, alcohol-related problems, and cognitive impairment. Subjects reporting less life satisfaction had significantly greater emotional distress. Neither lifetime alcohol-related problems nor cognitive impairment were significantly related to life satisfaction. Stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that emotional distress subscales accounted for most of the explained variance in life satisfaction. Social dysfunction was the strongest predictor of life satisfaction, accounting for 17% of the variance. Having a confidant, instrumental social support, religious support, or being female also contributed to the explained variance in life satisfaction.
On the Reconstruction of a Class of Signals Bandlimited to a Disc

Signal reconstruction is one of the most important problems in signal processing and sampling theorems are one of the main tools used for such reconstructions. There is a vast literature on sampling in one and higher dimensions of bandlimited signals. Because the sampling formulas and points depend on the geometry of the domain on which the signals are confined, explicit representations of the reconstruction formulas exist mainly for domains that are geometrically simple, such as intervals or parallelepiped symmetric about the origin.In this talk we derive sampling theorem for the reconstruction of signals that are bandlimited to a disc centered at the origin. This will be done for a more general class of signals than those that are bandlimited in the Fourier transform domain. The sampling points are related to the zeros of the Bessel function.
Order Flow Cases: Jurisdiction, Preemption and Securities Laws; Outside Counsel

Primary jurisdiction and preemption issues arise in securities class action litigation when alleged violations of state law arise from conduct that is either explicitly or implicitly regulated by the federal securities laws. These are two distinct theories: one is a matter of administrative law and judicial economy (primary jurisdiction); the other is a matter of constitutional law involving the Supremacy Clause (preemption). To date, there has not been extensive case law involving preemption and the federal securities laws (other than in the blue sky and tender offer areas) and there has been almost no case law on primary jurisdiction and the federal securities laws. This article discusses these issues in the context of the order flow cases. In the eight ongoing order flow cases pending in state courts in Illinois, Massachusetts, Minnesota and New York, the plaintiffs have challenged the practice of certain broker-dealers that make monetary and non-monetary payments to retail brokers, particularly discount brokers, for the purpose of inducing the retail brokers to send orders to the defendants for execution. The order flow cases provide a good way to examine the preemption and primary jurisdiction issues because they have begun to generate a body of case law. The practice of paying for order flow started in the over-the-counter market with payments made by market makers (i.e., dealers in OTC securities) to their regional correspondent brokerage firms. Market maker firms later began to make payments for order flow to other retail brokers until the practice of paying for order flow became common in the OTC market. While payment for order flow in the OTC market has a long standing history, it is only in the past seven years that it has spread to listed securities, starting with payments by third market makers and then by some regional specialists. The Securities and Exchange Commission believes that some integrated broker-dealer firms may now be paying for order flow. The amount paid per share for an order is relatively small, one or two cents per share, although the aggregate amounts can be high as between 15 percent and 20 percent of the order flow in listed stock is routed pursuant to cash payment arrangements. Payment for order flow has been the subject of extensive study by the SEC, NASD and other self-regulatory organizations, the Congress and legal and financial academics. A series of alleged problems involving the structure of the securities markets, state agency law and the federal securities laws have been identified by these commentators. The result has been the recent promulgation by the SEC of new disclosure standards for payments for order flow. The SEC decided to mandate a three tier approach to disclosure. In a companion release to the one promulgating the new rules and amendments, the SEC proposed rules to further broaden the amount of disclosure.
Interrogating LeftTube: ContraPoints and the Possibilities of Critical Media Praxis on YouTube:

For the past several years, media commentary and cultural analysis has grown increasingly fixated on YouTube as a radicalization hub, particularly around extremist, alt-right content. However, a gr...
Correlates of end-of-life treatment preferences among young adults and older adults

The purpose of this study was to investigate correlates of end-of-life treatment preferences. Young adults (n = 117) and older adults (n = 305) completed an interview survey. Compared to older adul...
Science detractors and their discontents

Within the past several years, in yards all across the United States, signs have appeared declaring "Science Is Real," "Love Is Love," and "Black Lives Matter." Although the signs suggest a coherent political position, scientific norms, human values, and a priori assumptions have, throughout history, often been in tension. Andrew Jewett9s Science Under Fire explores these tensions by tracing 20th-century challenges to scientific authority from the 1925 Scopes Trial to the "science wars" of the 1990s.
Physiologic and molecular characterization of a novel murine model of metastatic head and neck cancer cachexia.

BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is a metabolic disorder characterized by the progressive loss of fat and lean mass that results in significant wasting, ultimately leading to reduced quality of life and increased mortality. Effective therapies for cachexia are lacking, potentially owing to the mismatch in clinically relevant models of cachexia. Specifically, cachexia observed in a clinical setting is commonly associated with advanced or late-stage cancers that are metastatic, yet pre-clinical metastatic models of cachexia are limited. Furthermore, the prevalence of cachexia in head and neck cancer patients is high, yet few pre-clinical models of head and neck cancer cachexia exist. In addition to these shortcomings, cachexia is also heterogeneous among any given cancer, whereas patients with similar disease burden may experience significantly different degrees of cachexia symptoms. In order to address these issues, we characterize a metastatic model of human papilloma virus (HPV) positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma that recapitulates the cardinal clinical and molecular features of cancer cachexia. METHODS Male and female C57BL/6 mice were implanted subcutaneously with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells stably transformed with HPV16 E6 and E7 together with hRas and luciferase (mEERL) that metastasizes to the lungs (MLM). We then robustly characterize the physiologic, behavioural, and molecular signatures during tumour development in two MLM subclones. RESULTS Mice injected with MLM tumour cells rapidly developed primary tumours and eventual metastatic lesions to the lungs. MLM3, but not MLM5, engrafted mice progressively lost fat and lean mass during tumour development despite the absence of anorexia (P < 0.05). Behaviourally, MLM3-implanted mice displayed decreased locomotor behaviours and impaired nest building (P < 0.05). Muscle catabolism programmes associated with cachexia, including E3 ubiquitin ligase and autophagy up-regulation, along with progressive adipose wasting and accompanying browning gene signatures, were observed. Tumour progression also corresponded with hypothalamic and peripheral organ inflammation, as well as an elevation in neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (P < 0.05). Finally, we characterize the fat and lean mass sparing effects of voluntary wheel running on MLM3 cachexia (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This syngeneic MLM3 allograft model of metastatic cancer cachexia is reliable, consistent, and readily recapitulates key clinical and molecular features and heterogeneity of cancer cachexia. Because few metastatic models of cachexia exist-even though cachexia often accompanies metastatic progression-we believe this model more accurately captures cancer cachexia observed in a clinical setting and thus is well suited for future mechanistic studies and pre-clinical therapy development for this crippling metabolic disorder.
Nonneoplastic Renal Parenchymal Changes in Renal Cell Carcinoma With Tumor Thrombus.

INTRODUCTION Renal cell carcinoma may extend into the inferior vena cava (IVC) by the tumour thrombus (TT). Renal cell carcinoma with tumour thrombus (RCC/TT) could be associated with multiple collaterals making the surgery in cases of venous involvement very complex and challenging. The pathologic findings of non-neoplastic parenchymal changes in radical nephrectomy specimens of RCC/TT have not been well described. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of 200 nephrectomies for RCC/TT during eight years. We only included 22 patients who had a full histopathological examination of the resected nephrectomies, including the non-neoplastic parenchymal tissues. RESULTS Median tumour thrombus level was III (range: II-IV), and median tumour diameter was 9.3 (range: 4-17) cm. Clear cell RCC was the most common tumour diagnosis in this cohort. Non-neoplastic renal pathologies included: (1) Global Glomerulosclerosis (GGS) in 90.9% (1-9% GGS in 15, 10-30% GGS in 4, >30% GGS in 1); (2) Interstitial fibrosis in 90.9% (mild in nine, moderate in nine, severe in 2); (3) Acute tubular injury in 14 (63.6%) patients; (4) Chronic inflammation in 77.3% (5-25% in 10, 26-50% in 7); (5) Arteriolosclerosis in all patients (mild, moderate and severe in 12, 9 and 1 patients, respectively); (6) Arteriolosclerosis: as none in 12, mild in six, moderate in four patients; (7) Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis in one patient. Our findings suggest that non-neoplastic parenchymal changes occur in the presence of RCC/TT. Neither tumour extension (via T-stage) nor tumour thrombus level were associated with the degree of any of these non-neoplastic parenchymal changes. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of the existence of these non-neoplastic parenchymal changes in addition to determining the tumour margin(s) will be important in caring for and early determining whether any specific medical intervention(s) to help preserve renal function in the remaining contralateral kidney becomes warranted.
SALES MANAGEMENT STUDENTS COACHING SALES STUDENTS: AN EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING PROJECT USED TO TEACH COACHING SKILLS AND IMPROVE SALES PRESENTATIONS

With an increased demand for educators to improve student engagement and knowledge retentions, this paper proposes an experiential learning project for students to receive and conduct one-on-one pe...
Urea (ammonia) toxicosis in cattle

A review on the nature of urea ammonia toxicosis in cattle including results from studies on cattle losses under field conditions and from experimental work. It is concluded that toxic amounts of urea for cattle are 0.3-0.5 g/kg body weight. However, it is stressed that, although it can produce toxicosis, ammonia is a specific, essential metabolite in the degradation and synthesis of proteins.
Pathologic sequelae of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia sheds light on potential targets for intervention

Abstract Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is one of the leading causes of dementia along with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and, importantly, VCID often manifests as a comorbidity of AD(Vemuri and Knopman 2016; Schneider and Bennett 2010)(Vemuri and Knopman 2016; Schneider and Bennett 2010). Despite its common clinical manifestation, the mechanisms underlying VCID disease progression remains elusive. In this review, existing knowledge is used to propose a novel hypothesis linking well-established risk factors of VCID with the distinct neurodegenerative cascades of neuroinflammation and chronic hypoperfusion. It is hypothesized that these two synergistic signaling cascades coalesce to initiate aberrant angiogenesis and induce blood brain barrier breakdown trough a mechanism mediated by vascular growth factors and matrix metalloproteinases respectively. Finally, this review concludes by highlighting several potential therapeutic interventions along this neurodegenerative sequalae providing diverse opportunities for future translational study.