cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modifying the physical properties of butter using high-intensity ultrasound.

ABSTRACT The physical qualities of butter are affected by the physical properties of the cream used to make it. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of high-intensity ultrasound (HIU) on the physical properties of cream and butter. High-intensity ultrasound (frequency: 20 kHz, amplitude: 108 µm), often called sonication, was applied for 0, 10, 30, 60, and 90 s using a 1.27-cm-diameter tip to heavy cream (40% fat; 300 g) that was aged at 7.5°C with low agitation (40 rpm) for 90 min. Sonicated cream was churned at 7.5°C until butter grains were formed. The solid fat content (SFC), melting behavior, and average fat droplet size of cream were measured after HIU treatment. Butter was characterized by SFC and melting behavior immediately after production and was tested for SFC, melting behavior, and hardness after storage for 24 h at 5°C. High-intensity ultrasound did not affect the average fat droplet size of cream. Sonicating cream for 30, 60, and 90 s slightly decreased SFC due to the temperature increase (2–6°C) that occurred during HIU application. Two melting peaks were observed at approximately 17 and 33°C in all the cream samples. A significantly lower peak temperature was observed in cream sonicated for 10 s compared with creams sonicated for 30 and 60 s. A relatively shorter churning time of sonicated cream compared with nonsonicated cream was observed, possibly because HIU weakens the fat globule membrane. Two melting peaks were observed in all butter samples at approximately 16 and 33°C. Treatment with HIU for 10 to 60 s significantly increased the hardness of butter. When HIU was applied to cream for 10 s, the hardest butter was obtained, with the lowest onset temperatures and highest enthalpy values for both melting peaks. Treatment with HIU for 10 s promoted crystallization of low-melting-point triacylglycerols (TAG) during churning, which resulted in a harder material. Significantly lower enthalpy values for the high-melting-fraction TAG were observed in butters treated with HIU for 60 and 90 s compared with non-HIU-treated butter, which suggests that a longer duration of HIU promotes melting of high-melting-point TAG. The hardness of butter was correlated with the enthalpy values of the low-melting fraction and with total enthalpy values of fresh butter. However, further crystallization occurred in the butter during 24 h of storage at 5°C, and all differences in enthalpy values disappeared. In conclusion, exposure of cream to HIU can be used to modify the physical properties of butter, and the effects of HIU depend on the length of HIU treatment.
Demographic Change, Threat, and Presidential Voting: Evidence from U.S. Electoral Precincts, 2012 to 2016

Immigration and demographic change have become highly salient in American politics, partly because of the 2016 campaign of Donald Trump. Previous research indicates that local influxes of immigrants or unfamiliar ethnic groups can generate threatened responses, but has either focused on non-electoral outcomes or has analyzed elections in large geographic units such as counties. Here, we examine whether demographic changes at low levels of aggregation were associated with vote shifts toward an anti-immigration presidential candidate between 2012 and 2016. To do so, we compile a novel, precinct-level data set of election results and demographic measures for more than 26,000 precincts in Florida, Georgia, Michigan, Nevada, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. We employ regression analyses varying model specifications and measures of demographic change. Our estimates uncover little evidence that influxes of Hispanics or non-citizen immigrants benefitted Trump relative to past Republicans, and in fact suggest that these changes helped his opponent, Hillary Clinton.
Conclusions: the Contribution of Singapore’s Park System to the Debate on Post-Independence and Post-Colonial Constructions of Nation

Singaporean government policies were formulated to respond to the challenges that high-density urban development posed, by balancing economic imperatives with social,cultural and ecological demands. The park system planning reflects each of the changes in policy direction and parks have been used as instruments of sustainable urban development and the definition of a Singaporean identity. Some characteristics are critical in understanding the future of park development and the models/lessons that can be transferred.
Revisiting the use of electrolyte additives in Li–S batteries: the role of porosity of sulfur host materials

In this work, we demonstrate the important role of porosity of the sulfur host material in the efficient functioning of the biphenyl-4,4′-dithiol (BPD) electrolyte additive in Li–S batteries. We compare the electrochemical performance of Li–S cells fabricated using non-porous (CNFs), micro-porous (mi-CNFs), and micro-mesoporous carbon nanofibers (me-CNFs) as sulfur hosts. me-CNFs/S cathodes exhibit a stable specific capacity with 83% capacity retention at C/2 after 200 cycles and 90% retention at C/5 after 150 cycles, whereas mi-CNFs/S and CNFs/S cathodes retain close to only 30% capacity after 200 cycles. We investigate the role of porosity using two approaches – Li+ diffusion coefficient and shuttle-current measurements. The me-CNFs/S cathodes show a relatively higher Li+ ion diffusion coefficient during reduction and oxidation processes thus indicating a low concentration of BPD–Sx2− species in the electrolyte. Furthermore, the me-CNFs/S cathodes indicate a relatively lower shuttle effect compared to the other two cathodes, further validating the presence of a lower concentration of polysulfides in the electrolyte. Based on the size of the BPD–Sx2− complex, we infer that the use of mesoporous CNFs is essential for achieving long-term cycling. Our results show that the integration of suitable porous host materials with functional electrolyte additives presents a promising approach for developing high-performance Li–S batteries.
Associations among interpretation bias, craving, and abstinence self-efficacy in adults with substance use disorders

Abstract Objective Interpretation bias is a crucial therapeutic target in emotional disorders. However, few studies have examined the role of interpretation bias in substance use disorders (SUDs). Our specific aims were: (1) to examine whether interpretation bias was associated with craving and abstinence self-efficacy, and (2) explore potential moderators of these associations, including anxiety severity, sex, and substance type. Methods Adults attending an inpatient SUD treatment program (N = 224; mean age = 38.95; 67% male/33% female; 68% primary alcohol use disorder/29% primary opioid use disorder) completed the Word-Sentence Association Paradigm (WSAP) with ambiguous situations related to general anxiety domains (e.g., daily stress, health, relationships), as well as measures of craving (Craving Scale), abstinence self-efficacy (Brief Situational Confidence Scale), and anxiety symptoms (Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale [OASIS] and Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3). Results Negative interpretation bias was modestly associated with more craving (r = .23, p = .001) and less confidence to resist using substances (r = -0.23, p = .001). In multiple linear regression models that included the anxiety measures, interpretation bias was the most robust predictor of craving and abstinence self-efficacy. Sex (N = 224) and substance type (opioid vs. alcohol; n = 219) did not moderate these relationships. Conclusions These findings suggest that interpretation bias might be an important individual difference within SUD populations.
Effect of Phone Interface Modality on Drivers’ Task Load Index in Conventional and Semi-Automated Vehicles

This study tested how two different interaction modalities with a smartphone (manual texting and vocal replies) affected task loads perceived by drivers places in various driving scenarios. The study employed human-in-the-loop simulation, and involved both a city environment (driven in conventional manual mode) and a highway environment (driven first in automated mode and then requiring takeover from the driver). The interface was tested in relation to following GPS instructions while being prompted to reply to texts at specific times in the simulation. The results compare the overall mental load scores of the manual texting condition for both city and highway scenarios to the vocal reply condition. Unweighted NASA TLX data shows that the vocal interface led to lower scores; however, statistical significance was shown only for the city scenarios for physical load and effort calculations.
MENGENALKAN HURUF PADA ANAK KELOMPOK A TK BUNGA HARAPAN KABUPATEN TAPIN MELALUI MODEL TALKING STICK

Upaya mengenalkan huruf kepada anak usia dini sering kali mendapatkan berbagai hambatan. Metode yang digunakan sering kali membosankan anak didik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas guru, aktivitas anak, dan hasil belajar melalui model kooperatif talking stick untuk peningkatan hasil belajar aspek pengembangan berbahasa anak khususnya dalam mengenal huruf di kelompok A TK Bunga Harapan Kabupaten Tapin. Setting penelitiannya adalah TK Bunga Harapan Kabupaten Tapin dengan subjek penelitian seluruh anak kelompok A berjumlah 12 orang yang terdiri dari 7 laki-laki dan 5 perempuan pada semester II tahun 2012/2013. Metodologi penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian deskriptif kealitatif dengan menggambarkan keadaan sebenarnya dalam pembelajaran mengenal huruf di kelompok A TK Bunga Harapan Kabupaten Tapin. Cara pengambilan data pada penelitian ini menggunakan wawancara, observasi, dan angket. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas guru Sangat Baik, Aktivitas anak Sangat Aktif, Hasil Kemampuan Belajar Anak dikategorikan Berhasil dengan prosentasi keberhasilan sebesar 83,33% secara klasikal. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa hasil kemampuan belajar anak di kelompok A TK Bunga Harapan Kabupaten Tapin dengan materi pokok mengenal huruf melalui model pembelajaran talking stick dapat meningkat. Bagi guru disarankan hendaknya dapat mencoba untuk menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe talking stick sebagai salah satu alternatif dalam meningkatkan kemampuan berbahasa dalam dalam mengenalkan huruf. Kata Kunci : Mengenal huruf, Kooperatif, Talking Stick
InSight: Monitoring the State of the Driver in Low-Light Using Smartphones

Road safety is a major public health issue across the globe and over two-thirds of the road accidents occur at nighttime under low-light conditions or darkness. The state of the driver and her/his actions are the key factors impacting road safety. How can we monitor these in a cost-effective manner and in low-light conditions? RGB cameras present in smartphones perform poorly in low-lighting conditions due to lack of information captured. Hence, existing monitoring solutions rely upon specialized hardware such as infrared cameras or thermal cameras in low-light conditions, but are limited to only high-end vehicles owing to the cost of the hardware. We present InSight, a windshield-mounted smartphone-based system that can be retrofitted to the vehicle to monitor the state of the driver, specifically driver fatigue (based on frequent yawning and eye closure) and driver distraction (based on their direction of gaze). Challenges arise from designing an accurate, yet low-cost and non-intrusive system to continuously monitor the state of the driver. In this paper, we present two novel and practical approaches for continuous driver monitoring in low-light conditions: (i) Image synthesis: enabling monitoring in low-light conditions using just the smartphone RGB camera by synthesizing a thermal image from RGB with a Generative Adversarial Network, and (ii) Near-IR LED: using a low-cost near-IR (NIR) LED attachment to the smartphone, where the NIR LED acts as a light source to illuminate the driver's face, which is not visible to the human eyes, but can be captured by standard smartphone cameras without any specialized hardware. We show that the proposed techniques can capture the driver's face accurately in low-lighting conditions to monitor driver's state. Further, since NIR and thermal imagery is significantly different than RGB images, we present a systematic approach to generate labelled data, which is used to train existing computer vision models. We present an extensive evaluation of both the approaches with data collected from 15 drivers in controlled basement area and on real roads in low-light conditions. The proposed NIR LED setup has an accuracy (Fl-score) of 85% and 93.8% in detecting driver fatigue and distraction, respectively in low-light.
MAGNETIC MULTIPOLE PROPERTIES OF $sup 38$Cl AND $sup 40$K.

The effects of weak particle-hole admixtures on magnetic multipole properties of $^{38}\mathrm{Cl}$ and $^{40}\mathrm{K}$ are investigated and the results are compared with experiment, with particular emphasis on $M1$ transitions between members of the lower quartet of states in each nucleus. In $^{40}\mathrm{K}$, the admixtures tend to decrease the differences between theoretical and experimental values except for the magnetic moment. However, the same procedure leads to larger discrepancies with experiment in $^{38}\mathrm{Cl}$. In addition, in the latter nucleus the abnormally large $M1$ transition strength from the second ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ level to the first ${4}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ state cannot be understood if only weak-configuration mixing is assumed. On the other hand, one can account for the experimentally observed strongly inhibited $M3$ transition between the ${5}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ states of $^{38}\mathrm{Cl}$. Our prime interest is in exhibiting the effects of the separate particle-hole admixtures in order to isolate the source of the discrepancies.
Impact of Preoperative Platelet Count on Bleeding Risk and Allogeneic Transfusion in Multilevel Spine Surgery.

Study design This was an observational cohort study of patients receiving multilevel thoracic and lumbar spine surgery. Objective The aim of this study was to identify which patients are at high risk for allogeneic transfusion which may allow for better preoperative planning and employment of specific blood management strategies. Summary of background data Multilevel posterior spine surgery is associated with a significant risk for major blood loss, and allogeneic blood transfusion is common in spine surgery. Methods A univariate logistic regression model was used to identify variables that were significantly associated with intraoperative allogeneic transfusion. A multivariate forward stepwise logistic regression model was then used to measure the adjusted association of these variables with intraoperative transfusion. Results Multilevel thoracic and lumbar spine surgery was performed in 921 patients. When stratifying patients by preoperative platelet count, patients with pre-operative thrombocytopenia and severe thrombocytopenia had a significantly higher rate of transfusion than those who were not thrombocytopenic. Furthermore, those with severe thrombocytopenia had a higher rate of red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, and platelet transfusion than those with higher platelet counts. Multivariate logistic regression found that preoperative platelet count was the most significant contributor to transfusion, with a platelet count ≤100 having an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of transfusion of 4.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.58-15.02, P = 0.006). Similarly, a platelet count between 101and 150 also doubled the risk of transfusion with an adjusted OR of 2.02 (95% CI 1.01-4.04, P = 0.047). The American Society of Anesthesiologists classification score increased the OR of transfusion by 2.5 times (OR = 2.52, 95% CI 1.54-4.13), whereas preoperative prothrombin time and age minimally increased the risk. Conclusion Preoperative thrombocytopenia significantly contributes to intraoperative transfusion in multilevel thoracic lumbar spine surgery. Identifying factors that may increase the risk for transfusion could be of great benefit in better preoperative counseling of patients and in reducing overall cost and postoperative complications by implementing strategies and techniques to reduce blood loss and blood transfusions. Level of evidence 2.
An Adjunct to Repair: You Know in Speech Production and Understanding Difficulties

The English-language particle you know is frequently associated with speech production and understanding difficulties. The present study combines sequential and distributional analyses to explicate...
Examining lexical features and academic vocabulary use in adolescent L2 students’ text-based analytical essays

Abstract Having rich and complex vocabulary is a crucial component that contributes to the quality of writing for academic purposes. However, use of academic vocabulary can be challenging for adolescent L2 writers who are developing their academic language proficiency. Thus, understanding lexical needs of adolescent L2 students in composing academic essays is pivotal in supporting this population in their endeavor to become proficient academic writers. This study investigates the lexical features of adolescent L2 students’ text-based analytical essays and analyzes the extent to which lexical density, lexical diversity, and lexical sophistication predict the quality of their writing. Computational tools Coh-Metrix and VocabProfiler were used to obtain quantitative measures of lexical density, diversity, and sophistication. The results of the study indicate that the essays (n = 70), on average, have (1) low lexical density, (2) more repetition of words indicating less diversity compared to grade-level estimates, and (3) a higher percentage of basic words and lower percentage of academic words. 44 % of the AWL words in the essays come from the source text and prompt. The results of multiple hierarchical regression indicate that the use of academic vocabulary is a predictor of writing quality. The study has important pedagogical implications for classroom practice at secondary school.
An Analysis of Repressed Inflation in Two Transition Economies

We construct a simple model that tests for repressed inflation by estimating a "true" rate of inflation that explains behavior of observed money demand. We estimate the model using quarterly data for Czechoslovakia and Poland. Although our results should be viewed as preliminary, given the imperfect nature of our data, we do have strong evidence that, prior to 1991, there was considerable repressed inflation in Poland, while there was essentially no repressed inflation in Czechoslovakia.
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Programming and Troubleshooting

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) may improve survival, heart function, and improve quality of life in patients suffering from heart failure if implanted and programmed optimally. However, there are many components involved to deliver effective CRT, and if not performed correctly, may easily lead to CRT non-response. The goal of this chapter is to discuss optimal CRT programming and how to troubleshoot CRT non-response.
Two Tales, Contending Perspectives, and Contested Terrain

This chapter explores the evolution of comparative and international education. A catch-all for disconnected research about education outside the United States? A coherent field of study, with its own theory and methods? Border crossers, transcending disciplinary boundaries? Two parallel stories capture contending perspectives and academic roles. Rooted in notions of development, one highlights the links between research and foreign aid. The other wrestles with poverty, power, and liberation as it challenges that relationship. Comparative and international education becomes contested terrain, where not only findings but also approaches and methods are at issue, where review and validation require attention to power and authority, and where self-critical scholarship is essential.
Surgical Resection of Gastro-Pleural-Bronchial Fistula after Prolonged Endoscopic Treatments

Sleeve gastrectomy is the most commonly performed bariatric surgery in the United States. While complication rates are typically low, some studies have reported leaks in up to 2.4-5.3% of cases. Here, we examine such a case with subsequent failure of numerous endoscopic interventions ultimately necessitating formal resection of a gastro-Pleural-bronchial fistula.
Identification of serine 473 as a major phosphorylation site in the neurofilament polypeptide NF-L

Neurofilaments are composed of 3 polypeptides designated NF-H, NF-M, and NF-L, all of which are subject to posttranslational phosphorylation. It has been suggested that phosphorylation of the NF-L polypeptide can influence the assembly of NF-L into filaments, but the sites at which NF-L is phosphorylated are unknown. To locate these phosphorylation sites, we have identified phosphopeptides of NF-L by labeling them with 32P both in vitro and in cultured neurons and also by observing their change in chromatographic behavior after they have been treated with phosphatase. We report here that serine 473, in the carboxy-terminal tail domain of NF-L, is a major substrate in vitro for protein kinases endogenous to a crude cytoskeleton-containing fraction. Moreover, serine 473 is a major phosphorylation site in vivo; in neurofilaments isolated from rat spinal cord, approximately 73% of serine 473 was phosphorylated, and accounted for at least one-third of the total phosphate associated with NF-L. The identification of this phosphorylation site in NF-L provides a criterion for identifying the protein kinase that phosphorylates NF-L and raises the question of its function.
Is the Nexus of Corporate and Public Financial Management Institutionalized in Special Purpose Entities

A novel integration of public and corporate financial theory is used to model capital structure in special purpose organizations. The expectation is that considering the similarities to corporate structure and managerial objectives these organizations will display evidence of an intergovernmental modified pecking order approach to capital structure. The censored probit method suggests that special purpose entities follow an intergovernmental modified pecking order of capital structure, with correct classification in excess of eighty-nine percent. The results support a direct link between intergovernmental revenue and the capital structure of the organization, providing insight into the tie between managerial costs and benefits.
Diffraction-limited propagation and high gain in optically dense sodium vapor at low pump intensity

Summary form only given. Using coherent population trapping and nondegenerate four-wave mixing, we show that it is possible to simultaneously achieve high gain and diffraction-limited propagation of a weak probe, even though the sodium vapor is opaque to the probe in the absence of the pump beams. This distortion-free propagation is to be compared with what can be achieved using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), but the required pump intensity is orders of magnitude smaller, since it is not necessary to saturate the entire inhomogeneous absorption line. This has important implications for low intensity, high gain aberration correction, image correlation, and generation of squeezed light via four wave mixing (FWM), as well as for frequency upconversion.
Beyond calories and fat grams: Am I deserving of successful weight loss?

into” the silent pleas for help from their overweight patients. Providers might be unaware of their powerful influence in helping patients with weight management. The purpose of this article is to present two case studies as examples of partnership in long-term weight management. The cases of Betty and Sonja demonstrate the power of partnership between providers and their patients. Providers can show that they believe in their patients and will not abandon them through the successes and failures of weight management.
Production of Botrytis cinerea for potential introduction into a vineyard

Botrytis cinerea was produced in solid-phase fermentation, liquid fermentation and on potato dextrose agar. Stored products were evaluated for grape colonization in grape bioassays and in field trials, and for B. cinerea density using colony forming unit analyses and a nucleic-acid-based method. B. cinerea colony forming unit density was significantly correlated to the probability of successful grape colonization in grape bioassays (p-value=0.0002). Solid fermentation products could be stored longer than liquid fermentation and potato dextrose agar products. There was little difference in the rate of grape colonization in laboratory bioassays among solid-phase fermentation, liquid fermentation and plate culture products. Although the initial B. cinerea colonization rate of field grapes was slightly greater on vines treated with solid-phase fermentation and plate culture products compared to vines treated with product from liquid fermentation, there was no significant difference in final colonization between vines treated with solid-phase fermentation, liquid fermentation and plate culture products and untreated vines.
Computer‐mediated support groups: An examination of relationships among social support, perceived stress, and coping strategies

This study examined social support, perceived stress, and coping strategies among participants (N = 148) within twenty‐four computer‐mediated support groups. The results indicated that the amount of time a person reported spending communicating with others in on‐line support groups was positively related to the size of his or her support group network and satisfaction with the support he or she received in online support groups. Satisfaction with both on‐line supportive relationships and face‐to‐face supportive relationships was correlated with degree of reduction in perceived life stress. Satisfaction with on‐line social support was predictive of the types of coping strategies used by participants.
Intraosseous infusion of ice cold saline is less efficacious than intravenous infusion for induction of mild therapeutic hypothermia in a swine model of cardiac arrest

Background Intravenous (IV) infusion of ice cold saline is an effective method to initiate induction of mild therapeutic hypothermia (MTH) following resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OOHCA). Intraosseous (IO) infusion of cold saline may be an alternative method to induce MTH.
Circadian rhythm of preferred temperature in the bowfin Amia calva, a primitive holostean fish

Abstract 1. 1. In an electronic thermoregulatory shuttlebox, the bowfin exhibits an endogenous circadian rhythm of preferred temperature, with a peak of 32.0°C during the day and a minimum of 28.8°C at night. 2. 2. The 24-hr mean preferred temperature (final preferendum) is 30.5°C; the diurnal mean is 31.3°C and the nocturnal mean is 29.6°C 3. 3. There is no clear rhythm of locomotor activity evident in this species; diurnal and nocturnal activity do not significantly differ as measured by two independent methods.
Living Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization in Aqueous Media Catalyzed by Well-Defined Ruthenium Carbene Complexes

In aqueous media, two well-defined ruthenium carbene complexes [(Cy3P)2Cl2RuCHCHCPh2 (1) and (Cy3P)2Cl2RuCHPh (2), Cy = cyclohexyl] catalyzed living ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of functionalized norbornenes and 7-oxanorbornenes. Monomers were dispersed in water using a cationic surfactant, and polymerization was initiated by injection of a catalyst solution to yield a polymer latex. The polymerization of hydrophilic 7-oxanorbornene monomer and a hydrophobic norbornene monomer displayed similar behavior in aqueous media, with the resultant polymers having lower molecular weights relative to polymerization in anhydrous organic solution on a similar time scale. The polydispersity indices (PDIs) of polymers prepared from the hydrophilic monomer using catalyst 1 in the presence of water (PDI = 1.20) were narrower than those obtained by solution polymerization (PDI = 2.11), while PDIs for polymers prepared using catalyst 2 remained low in both the presence of water and in anhydrous solution (P...
The Social Marketability of Self: Toward a New Theory of Social Deviance

Abstract Deviance theory has problems in accounting for. (a) the form deviance takes within and between social groups, and (b) why individuals continue or discontinue deviant careers and responses. This paper deals with these problems by providing a new conceptualization of social deviance. Essentially, the theory is a combination of two ideas. First, we can all be thought of as social commodities; our commodity value (marketability) is based on the qualities we possess that others desire. Second, we all desire certain identities (ideas of who we are or would like to be) validated by others through their actions. Deviance is viewed as a response to strains involving this marketability-identity nexus that is in a continuous process of change.
Mission CaMKIIγ: shuttle calmodulin from membrane to nucleus.

Neuronal plasticity depends on plasma membrane Ca 2+ influx, resulting in activity-dependent gene transcription. Calmodulin (CaM) activated by Ca 2+ initiates the nuclear events, but how CaM makes its way to the nucleus has remained elusive. Ma et al. now show that CaMKIIγ transports CaM from cell surface Ca 2+ channels to the nucleus.
Genetic basis of acanthosis nigricans in Mexican Americans and its association with phenotypes related to type 2 diabetes

Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is a skin condition associated with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance and has been shown to be a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. The influence of genetic factors on AN and the basis of its association with type 2 diabetes and its risk factors are unknown. Using data from 397 participants from two Mexican American family studies, we investigated the heritability of AN and its genetic correlation with other diabetes risk factors. AN was examined as both a continuous trait and a dichotomous trait by means of a previously described validated scale. The results indicated that the heritability (h2) for AN, when examined as a continuous trait, was high (0.58±0.10) and statistically significant (P<0.001). The h2 for AN as a dichotomous trait was estimated to be moderate (0.23±0.05) and was also significant (P=0.018). The additive genetic correlations between AN (either as a continuous trait or a dichotomous trait) and type 2 diabetes and its risk factors, including body mass index and fasting insulin, were high or moderately high and statistically significant. The random environmental correlations, by contrast, were low and statistically insignificant. These data suggest that genes that influence AN have pleiotropic effects on diabetes and its risk factors.
Unanswered Questions Regarding the Effect of Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer on Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Black Men

Prostate cancer is the most common visceral malignancy affecting men in the United States. Patient tailored therapy is based on risk group categories. In recent years, androgen deprivation therapy has played a greater role in the treatment of prostate cancer. However, androgen suppression can lead to changes in the metabolic profile that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in men. Evidence is emerging that hormonal therapy increases the risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality. This finding is of particular concern for black men. Compared with other racial and ethnic groups, black men in the United States have the highest prevalence of both prostate cancer and cardiovascular mortality. Due to increased utilization of hormone therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer, and high prevalence of prostate cancer in blacks, the risk of cardiac disease following androgen deprivation therapy in black men needs to be determined.
Efficient checking of power delivery integrity for power gating

Multi-core architecture has emerged as the primary architectural choice to achieve power-efficient computing in microprocessors and SoCs. Power gating is indispensable for system power and thermal management and well suited for multi-core architectures. However, checking the power integrity (such as electromigration and voltage drop) of large gated power delivery networks (PDNs) presents a significant challenge due to the sheer die-package network complexity and the existence of an extremely large number of possible gating and operation configurations. We propose a simulation-based checking methodology that encompasses a comprehensive set of essential checking tasks. We tackle the challenges brought by the large checking space by developing strategies that efficiently identify top-ranked worst-case operating conditions, which are sequentially analyzed through a well-controlled number of full simulations for fidelity. We demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed approach on large power gating checking problems that are completely intractable to brute-force methods.
Conformational dynamics and the rotational isomeric state model

Abstract The dynamics of diffusion of a system described by a one-dimensional periodic potential is examined as a function of the parameters of the potential. The same system is analyzed employing the rotational isomeric site model. It is found that the site model does not describe the actual system behavior at short times. If the barriers are of the order kT or less, the site model is inadequate for times up to the order of the system relaxation time. Good agreement is found for long times providing the infinite time asymptotes are made to agree by employing only the site model orientations in the computation of the mean dipole moment. This systematic error in the calculation of a static property increases as the barriers decrease.
Group choice: competition, travel, and the ideal free distribution.

If a group of foragers distributes among resource patches according to the ideal free distribution, the relative number of foragers in each patch should match the relative amount of resource obtained there, unless deviations arise from factors such as incomplete information or interforager interference. In analogy to individual choice, such effects may produce undermatching—group distribution falling short of resource distribution—or overmatching—group distribution overshooting resource distribution. In the present experiments, a flock of about 30 pigeons distributed between two patches with continuous inputs of green peas. Competition was varied by changing the size or extent of the patches. When the patches were areas or troughs, some undermatching occurred. When the patches were small bowls, strong undermatching occurred. When travel was required to switch patches, undermatching decreased slightly. A visual barrier that prevented pigeons from seeing one patch from the other had no effect. Overall rate of food delivery, varied over a wide range, had no effect. It appeared that the mechanism of flock distribution depended on comparisons between patches that were successive rather than simultaneous. Although most pigeons participated in the experiments, and different pigeons participated to different extents, individual pigeons tended to be consistent in the extent of participation from session to session, suggesting the possibility that participation might reflect competitive ability. Examination of the preferences and switching of individual pigeons revealed no consistency within or across individuals. It appeared that the flock's distribution was a truly emergent phenomenon, in the sense that results at the level of the flock in no way paralleled behavior at the level of the individual.
Quantitative ultrasound: use in screening for susceptibility to stress fractures in female army recruits.

QUS measurements were made on 4139 female Army recruits at the beginning of basic training (BT). QUS predicted stress fracture in female recruits as well as it predicts hip fracture in elderly women. Recruits with low QUS values and a history of smoking and not exercising had an extremely high risk of stress fracture. Introduction: Stress fractures during basic military training (BT) cause morbidity for the recruits and expense for the Military Services. Females have a higher incidence than males. If recruits at high risk for stress fracture could be accurately identified before they began BT, the military might find it advantageous to provide adaptive training programs for them. Currently no accurate methods of risk identification are available. We measured quantitative ultrasound (QUS) in a population sample of female Army recruits to determine if QUS is a useful tool for determining soldiers at high risk of stress fracture during BT. Materials and Methods: We recruited 93% of the population of female recruits entering BT at Fort Leonard Wood, MO, during a 10-month period. We measured calcaneal QUS and administered a risk factor questionnaire at baseline and ascertained stress fractures during the 8 weeks of BT. Logistic regression was used to calculate relative risk (RR) of stress fracture. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was also analyzed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of speed of sound (SOS) in predicting stress fracture. Results: The incidence of stress fracture was 4.7%. SOS was significantly related to the risk of stress fracture. (p < 0.000) The area under the ROC curve was 0.70. The relative risk (RR) of fracture of those in the lowest quintile (Q1) of SOS was 6.7. The highest risk of stress fracture was found in the subgroup of white women in Q1 of SOS who smoked and didn't exercise (RR, 14.4). Over 16% of the fractures occurred in this subgroup, which indicates that about six of these women would need to be assigned to an alternate BT regimen to prevent one stress fracture. Conclusions: The combination of QUS measurements with evaluation of individual risk factors can identify recruits who are at the very highest risk of stress fracture. The military may find these data helpful to determine the cost-effectiveness of alternate BT regimens.
Interferon, Interleukin-2, and Other Cytokines

Cytokines are a diverse group of signaling molecules with immunomodulatory activity. This article reviews the application of cytokine therapy in melanoma with a focus on interferon-α and interleukin-2. In addition, it addresses the clinical considerations of these therapies including patient selection, reduction in toxicity, and combination regimens.
Blood sugar in newborn infants

Summary Blood sugar readings on fifty-one normal newborn infants were made onduplicate samples of blood by means of a modification of Somogyi's method during the first six days of life. The technical error, measured as the standard deviation, estimated from the 306 differences between the duplicates, was 4.4 mg. per 100 c.c. (7.2 per cent of the mean). The average value for blood sugar as determined by the Folin-Wu method was significantly higher than the mean value for blood sugar as determined by the micromethod. For the entire group of 612 determinations the mean was 61.0±0.63 mg. per 100 c.c. and the standard deviation was 15.6 mg. The corrected intraindividual variability for these babies was 13.8 mg. per 100 c.c. (22.6 per cent of the mean) and the interindividual variability was from 7.0 mg. per 100 c.c. (11.5 per cent of the mean). The range of the determinations was 15.0 to 120.0 mg. per 100 c.c. When the low values were obtained no signs of hypoglycemia were observed. The blood sugar determinations made on samples of blood drawn in the morning were higher than those made on blood drawn in the evening, but not by an amount that is statistically significant, although perhaps a larger sample would have rendered it so. When the blood sugar was examined in relation to age, an average increase of 2.8 mg. per 100 c.c. per day during the first six days of life was found. There was no evidence of stabilization of the blood sugar during this period.
Targeting of cell-surface β-amyloid precursor protein to lysosomes: alternative processing into amyloid-bearing fragments

Progressive cerebral deposition of the amyloid beta-peptide is an early and invariant feature of Alzheimer's disease. The beta-peptide is released by proteolytic cleavages from the beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta APP), a membrane-spanning glycoprotein expressed in most mammalian cells. Normal secretion of beta APP involves a cleavage in the beta-peptide region, releasing the soluble extramembranous portion and retaining a 10K C-terminal fragment in the membrane. Because this secretory pathway precludes beta-amyloid formation, we searched for an alternative proteolytic processing pathway that can generate beta-peptide-bearing fragments from full-length beta APP. Incubation of living human endothelial cells with a beta APP antibody revealed reinternalization of mature beta APP from the cell surface and its targeting to endosomes/lysosomes. After cell-surface biotinylation, full-length biotinylated beta APP was recovered inside the cells. Purification of lysosomes directly demonstrated the presence of mature beta APP and an extensive array of beta-peptide-containing proteolytic products. Our results define a second processing pathway for beta APP and suggest that it may be responsible for generating amyloid-bearing fragments in Alzheimer's disease.
Tiagabine affects the subjective responses to cocaine in humans

In preclinical studies, medications which increase the synaptic GABA levels have been shown to block cocaine reinforcement. In this study, we examined the interaction between a GABA enhancing medication, tiagabine, and cocaine in cocaine users. A total of 7 subjects, 5 male and 2 female cocaine users had 2 experimental sessions. Before each session, subjects received either two oral doses of 4 mg of tiagabine or placebo. Starting 2 h after the second dose of medication treatment, subjects received an injection of saline followed by 2 escalating cocaine doses (0.15 and 0.3 mg/kg) intravenously. Tiagabine treatment did not affect the cocaine-induced blood pressure and heart rate changes. Tiagabine treatment attenuated the subjective ratings of "stimulated" and "crave cocaine" in response to cocaine administration. These results suggest that tiagabine treatment attenuates some of the subjective effects of cocaine without affecting its cardiovascular effects. GABA medications, including tiagabine, are currently being evaluated in controlled clinical trials for the treatment of cocaine dependence.
Frequency Generation in Shock Wave Parametric Mixers

Frequency generation in heterogeneous mixers is described. In contrast to conventional, pulse-driven frequency generation, shock-wave parametric interaction leads to high-count combs that can be seeded by low-power, continuous-wave laser. Physics, device design and applications are addressed in this overview. Article not available.
The inclusion of a correlation function in the calculation of the ZFS of benzene

Abstract We calculated the one-center atomic integral of the spin—spin interaction with respect to Slater orbitals where we have included a two-electron correlation function that we used previously to calculate the hyperfine splitting of the 23P state of He. The ZFS of the benzene molecule was calculated from this value of the one-center integral and by using the Mulliken approximation combined with a previously introduced approximation for extimating the other integrals. The calculation was performed for two different non-hexagonal configurations I and II, the results are D1 = 0.132 cm−1 and DII = 0.143 cm−1. The experimental value is D = 0.158 cm−1.
Property, Sales, Income Taxes, and Urban Spatial Structure:

A hybrid approach combining theoretical and numerical strategies is utilized in determining the effect that government activity has upon urban land values and structure. A theoretical model of the interaction of households and a local government is used to structure the salient relationships. A numerical analysis is subsequently performed on the analytic system to qualitatively evaluate both the implications and the reasonableness of the system. A hybrid investigation lends credence to abstract analyses and supports the use of theoretical constructs in the development of empirical formulations.
Another tie that binds the MTA family to breast cancer.

Abstract In this issue of Cell , Fujita et al. (2003) demonstrate that MTA3 is an estrogen-dependent component of the NuRD complex and identify the Snail gene as its direct target. ER signaling upregulates MTA3 levels to negatively modulate Snail-mediated repression of E-cadherin. These findings may explain how ER status controls epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human breast tumors.
Serotonin 5-HT2 receptor activation induces a long-lasting amplification of spinal reflex actions in the rat

1. C-fibre activation induces a long-term potentiation (LTP) in the spinal flexion reflex in mammals, presumably to provide enhanced reflexive protection of damaged tissue from further injury. Descending monoaminergic pathways are thought to depress sensory input but may also amplify spinal reflexes; the mechanisms of this modulation within the spinal cord remain to be elucidated. 2. We used electrical stimulation of primary afferents and recordings of motor output, in the rat lumbar spinal cord maintained in vitro, to demonstrate that serotonin is capable of inducing a long-lasting increase in reflex strength at all ages examined (postnatal days 2-12). 3. Pharmacological analyses indicated an essential requirement for activation of 5-HT(2C) receptors while 5-HT(1A/1B), 5-HT(7) and 5-HT(2A) receptor activation was not required. In addition, primary afferent-evoked synaptic potentials recorded in a subpopulation of laminae III-VI spinal neurons were similarly facilitated by 5-HT. Thus, serotonin receptor-evoked facilitatory actions are complex, and may involve alterations in neuronal properties at both motoneuronal and pre-motoneuronal levels. 4. This study provides the first demonstration of a descending transmitter producing a long-lasting amplification in reflex strength, accomplished by activating a specific serotonin receptor subtype. It is suggested that brain modulatory systems regulate reflex pathways to function within an appropriate range of sensori-motor gain, facilitating reflexes in behavioural situations requiring increased sensory responsiveness.
A linguistic analysis of oral and written style

(1962). A linguistic analysis of oral and written style. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 419-422.
Reliability of spot urine samples in assessing arsenic exposure

Urinary arsenic concentration is often used as a biomarker of arsenic exposure. First morning void (FMV) and spot urine samples from 131 participants in southeastern Michigan were analyzed using an HPLC-IC-PMS system for six different arsenic species: arsenobetaine (AsB), arsenite (As[III]), arsenate (As[V]), methylarsonous acid MMA[III], methylarsenic acid MMA[V], and dimethylarsenic DMA[V]. Bland-Altman plots, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and Pearson correlation procedures were used to evaluate the relationship between the arsenic species in FMV and spot urine collections after normalizing the samples by specific gravity. DMA[III] and MMA[III] were not detected in any of the samples. The sum of As[III], As[V], MMA[V], and DMA[V] was designated SumAs. The ICC between SumAs in FMV and SumAs in spot samples was 0.90. The ICC showed that 90% of variation comes from between individuals and not within individuals. A significant correlation (r=0.80 p<0.001) was observed between FMV and spot samples for SumAs. The spot sample were a good predictor of the MMA[V] (r=0.83 p<0.0001), and DMA[V] (r=0.77 p<0.0001) in the FMV sample. These associations suggest that either FMV or spot samples can be used as an adequate bioindicator of arsenic metabolites in human urine. The benefit of using spot urine samples, instead of 24-h or FMV urine samples, is the potential reduction in budgetary and logistic requirements in epidemiological studies.