cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incentives for Improving Driving Behavior Ex Ante/Ex Post Considerations

Ever since the passage of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act in 1966, questions of the role of government in dealing with automobile safety have been debated in the newspapers as well as the professional journals. The issue surfaced in the headlines again in July 1984 when Transportation Secretary, Elizabeth H. Dole, required air bags or automatic seat belts on all new passenger automobiles sold in the United States by 1989 unless two thirds of the population became covered by mandatory seat belt laws through state legislatures. A month prior to this ruling New York passed a law imposing a fine up to $50 dollars for failure to wear seat belts. Illinois is expected to follow shortly.
Robust non-permanent magnet motors for vehicle propulsion

There has been growing interest in electrical machines that reduce or eliminate rare-earth material content. Traction applications are among the key applications where reducing cost and hence reduction or elimination of rare-earth materials is a key requirement. This paper will assess the potential of three non-permanent magnet options in the context of vehicle propulsion applications: 1) a conventional Switched Reluctance Machine (SRM), 2) a DC-biased Reluctance Machine (DCRM) and, 3) a Wound Field Flux Switching Machine (WFFSM). The three machines were designed to achieve the hybrid vehicle traction requirements of 55kW peak and 30kW continuous over a speed range going from 2800rpm to 14000rpm. Their performance will be compared and the key opportunities and challenges will be highlighted. Preliminary experimental results for the DCRM will be presented.
Seeking Synthesis: The Integrative Problem in Understanding Language and Its Evolution

We discuss two problems for a general scientific understanding of language, sequences and synergies: how language is an intricately sequenced behavior and how language is manifested as a multidimensionally structured behavior. Though both are central in our understanding, we observe that the former tends to be studied more than the latter. We consider very general conditions that hold in human brain evolution and its computational implications, and identify multimodal and multiscale organization as two key characteristics of emerging cognitive function in our species. This suggests that human brains, and cognitive function specifically, became more adept at integrating diverse information sources and operating at multiple levels for linguistic performance. We argue that framing language evolution, learning, and use in terms of synergies suggests new research questions, and it may be a fruitful direction for new developments in theory and modeling of language as an integrated system.
The Dimensions of Consequentialism: Reply to Schmidt, Brown, Howard-Snyder, Crisp, Andric and Tanyi, and Gertken

In this article I respond to comments and objections raised in the special issue on my book The Dimensions of Consequentialism. I defend my multi-dimensional consequentialist theory against a range of challenges articulated by Thomas Schmidt, Campbell Brown, Frances Howard-Snyder, Roger Crisp, Vuko Andric and Attila Tanyi, and Jan Gertken. My aim is to show that multi-dimensional consequentialism is, at least, a coherent and intuitively plausible alternative to one-dimensional theories such as utilitarianism, prioritarianism, and mainstream accounts of egalitarianism. I am very grateful to all contributors for reading my book so closely and for devoting time and intellectual energy to thinking about the pros and cons of multi-dimensional consequentialism.
Twenty Years After Bellah: Whatever Happened to American Civil Religion?

The year 1987 marked the twentieth anniversary of the publication of Robert N. Bellah's provocative essay "Civil Religion in America." Because of that anniversary and because we have read less about civil religion lately, an assessment of the status of American civil religion, especially during the 1980s, is in order. This article has three purposes. The first is a bibliographic review of the American civil religion literature, with emphasis upon the 1980s. The second is an argument for four phases in, or a periodicity of, discussion about American civil religion since 1967. The third purpose is a brief explanation for the waning of discussion and the current state of American civil religion. Thirteen years ago, Phillip Hammond attempted a "sociology of American civil
HUMMINGBIRD TONGUE TIPS TWIST TO TRAP NECTAR

![Figure][1] Few sights capture nature's elegance and inventiveness as keenly as a flitting hummingbird pausing momentarily in midair to feed on a flower's nectar. The stillness of the hovering itself demands awe, and the biomechanics of hummingbird flight have rightly been at the center of a
Optimal Timing of Umbilical Cord Clamping: Is the Debate Settled? Part 1 of 2: History, Rationale, Influencing Factors, and Concerns

In the middle of the 20th century, practices regarding the timing of umbilical cord clamping changed from delaying cord clamping to clamping the umbilical cord soon after delivery of the infant. In the last several years, interest in reviving delayed cord clamping has led to an abundance of literature on the subject. On the basis of recent research, many professional organizations in the fields of obstetrics, midwifery, and pediatrics have started to recommend the use of delayed cord clamping for at least a subset of infants. In part 1 of this 2-part review, we present the history of the delayed cord clamping debate, discuss the rationale behind the use of delayed cord clamping from a physiologic standpoint, detail the factors that affect transfusion volume during a delay in cord clamping, and examine the concerns that exist regarding the use of delayed cord clamping. In part 2, we present the evidence surrounding timing of cord clamping for the preterm and term infant and maternal outcomes. Finally, we discuss alternatives to delayed cord clamping and present a summary of unanswered questions on the subject.
Aerodynamic Simulation of Flows in a Highly Loaded Turbine

Aerodynamic simulations were performed using a Navier-Stokes code to study the flow at low Reynolds numbers. The blade used for this investigation was the highly mid-loaded L1M blade. The predicted data was compared to experimental results of a second high aft-loaded L1A blade. The study was performed in order to gain understanding of the performance of a mid-loaded blade versus that of an aft-loaded blade. Both designs have the same Zweifel loading coefficient of 1.34 and the same solidity. Two-dimensional unsteady simulations were performed at three different Reynolds numbers using quasi-laminar, transitional, and fully-turbulent flow models. The results provide separation, reattachment, and transition location predictions for each case as well as pressure loading.
Measuring Humor: A Pilot Study:

Since 1970, the standard procedure adopted by researchers to assess individual differences in sense of humor has been to administer cartoons to examinees and instruct them to create humorous captions. Unfortunately, the only two studies of this technique have shown the meihod to be of questionable validity (1, 2 ) . As the concept is of considerable importance, a new operational definition of humor ability is needed. Humor is so pervasive in contemporary American culture that aptirude for humor may be measured through "humor perception," defined here as "the capacity to absorb and retain humor from the environment." To quantify the construct, 18 fairly common jokes were selected and presented as sentence-completion test items, as the samples: 1 ) Take my wife, . (Answer: please); 2 ) 1 would never belong to a country club that would -. (Answer: have me for a member). As a check on validity, a Humor Achievement Test was also developed. This test measures knowledge of humor by requiting the linking of the names of humorists or comic characters with pertinent quotations. "Dangerfield," for example, is to be paired with "I g a no respect." Although this test does not measure recall of humor (knowledge of jokes), it is reasonable to predict a relation to perception of humor. The Humor Perceptiveness Test and the Humor Achievement Test were administered to 56 native American introductory psychology undergraduates. The former had a corrected split-half reliability of .75 (n = 56) and correlated .66 ( n = 45) with the latter: as not all the subjects completed the Humor Achievement Test correctly. The Humor Perceptiveness Test was not related to academic @ievement (self-reported GPA), T = -.24, N = 35. These two new tests appear to evaluate previously unexplored facets of humor, although more work on reliability and validiry is necessary before either can be said to measure a meaningful dimension.
Lidocaine and barium distinguish separate routes of transbasal K+ uptake in the posterior midgut of the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta)

The isolated posterior midgut of the tobacco hornworm maintains a vigorous transepithelial K + transport from the hemolymphal side to the lumen side at a rate accurately measured by its short-circuit current. Previous studies using the K + channel blocker Ba 2+ suggested that partial inhibition of the short-circuit current by hemolymphal Ba 2+ was due to blockage of one of at least two parallel transbasal entry routes for K + into the intracellular transport pool. The present studies show that the local anesthetic lidocaine, at a concentration of 5 mmoll −1 on the hemolymphal side, partly inhibits net transepithelial K + transport. The inhibition is accompanied by hyperpolarization of the basal membrane and an increase in transbasal resistance, suggestive of a block of transbasal K + conductance. The effects of lidocaine and Ba 2+ are additive, suggesting that the inhibitors distinguish separate, parallel K + uptake processes.
NMR & fluorescence studies on human and animal lenses.

Our laboratory has demonstrated the potential of non-invasive biophysical methods in studying cataractogenesis. Initially these studies involved in vitro spectroscopic assays (UV, fluorescence and phosphorescence) on excised lenses or lens matter. In addition, we performed NMR pulse relaxation studies on extracted lenses which demonstrated an age-related increase in the T1 and T2 values of the normal lens. The in vitro fluorescence and NMR data suggested potential parameters for monitoring human and animal lenses in vivo. We then developed in vivo lens fluorescence densitography utilizing the Scheimpflug camera and have recently employed our Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) method (using specially constructed small coils) to measure the moderately bound lens water compartment (T2) in vivo. Both of these in vivo methods correlate with our in vitro data and they demonstrate age-related changes in the normal lens; - i.e. - a progressive increase in fluorescence intensity and longer T2 values. Indices have been developed which permit us to detect abnormal lens fluorescence and changes in the moderately bound lens water (T2) compared with normal values for each specific age group by decade. These 2 non-invasive biophysical techniques can detect pre-cataractous changes in the living clear lens, months to years before any type of opacity becomes manifest with the conventional slit lamp method. The MRI technique can be performed in less than 20 minutes and the lens fluorescence method requires 4-6 minutes; thus they provide a rapid and objective in vivo measure of the status of the living lens as well as a method for evaluating anti-cataract drug efficacy.
Crossing the oceans

Almost from their beginnings as an independent people, Americans used the oceans not as a moat to protect themselves against the corruptions and armies of Europe but as a highway to reach the markets of Europe and Asia as well as the colonial settlements of West Africa. In the 1780s, as a century later, merchants were driven abroad by the exigencies of economic depression at home, as well as by the attraction of profits (and settlements) overseas. By the 1830s, colonizers of both the white and black races had, with the help of several presidential administrations, established an American settlement for freed African-American slaves in Liberia. A decade later, driven again in part by the economic bad times of 1837 to 1841, U.S. officials signed their first treaty with China. In the next decade of the 1850s they sent Matthew Perry to open Japan to U.S. interests, both secular and religious. After 1865, the United States rapidly became one of the six great powers fighting over the remains of China’s Manchu dynasty and, for a time, even was an unlikely participant in the great colonial struggle over Africa’s riches. Africa, Kasson, and African Americans Africa burst into American (and much of the world’s) attention in 1870 when the New York Herald sent Henry M. Stanley to find the supposedly lost missionary David Livingstone in the interior of Africa. Stanley’s alleged greeting, “Dr. Livingstone, I presume,” became famous, but Stanley’s discovery of the Congo’s rich mineral wealth received more attention at the time. In 1878 one of the great U.S. explorers, Rear Admiral Robert Shufeldt, sailed along the West African coast and into several of its rivers.
Have Justices Stevens and Kennedy Forged a New Doctrine of Substantive Due Process? An Examination of McDonald v. City of Chicago and United States v. Windsor

As issues such as the nature of the sexual, marital, and other relationships and claims—both personal and economic—continue to face Americans and America’s lawyers, the question of how we as a people distinguish fundamental from non-fundamental rights is one of first importance. In constitutional law, the Supreme Court has addressed this question through the doctrine of “Substantive Due Process.” In his lengthy dissent in McDonald v. Chicago—his final opinion as a Supreme Court Justice—Justice John Paul Stevens claimed that substantive due process is fundamentally a matter of how we interpret the meaning of the word “liberty.” The issue as to whether the right is specifically enumerated in the Amendments is irrelevant, Stevens argues, if the interest is naturally within the definition of “liberty.” Moreover, Justice Stevens’s argument in McDonald was approved by his liberal colleagues on the Court, which indicates that his theory of liberty may well become the baseline for determining what are, and what are not, fundamental rights. However, in the recent case of United States v. Windsor, the Court refused to employ the substantive due process doctrine, as traditionally understood, as the basis for striking down the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA). Instead, the Court employed rational basis review, finding that the legislative purpose and effect behind DOMA was “to disparage and to injure” those wishing to enter into same-sex marriages, and thus served “no legitimate purpose.” Still, Justice Kennedy clearly signals in his Windsor opinion that some formulation of the substantive due process doctrine remains alive and well as a constitutional basis for deciding Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment Due Process “liberty” interests such as same-sex marriage. Indeed, both Justices share a conceptual core in their understandings of what constitutes a constitutionally protected liberty interest.
Claiming horizontal space: women's religious rituals

En se basant sur les resultats des travaux de Mircea Eliade a propos du sacre, l'A. cherche a demontrer que la verticalite a predomine jusqu'a maintenant dans la theologie des rituels religieux et que cette verticalite est liee a la preponderance masculine dans la liturgie et la reflexion theologique. En vue d'un rituel religieux des femmes pour les femmes, l'A. revendique l'ouverture d'un espace horizontal en matiere de theologie et de reflexion liturgique. Cet article est l'illustration d'un renouveau de la liturgie lie au renouveau de la theologie feministe
Minimally invasive middle fossa craniotomy approach with endoscopic repair of superior canal dehiscence

Superior canal dehiscence (SCD) is a bony defect of the superior semicircular canal. SCD syndrome occurs when vestibular or auditory dysfunction accompanies SCD. Although not all patients with SCD are symptomatic, surgical repair is an option in patients with incapacitating symptoms and are unresponsive to conservative treatment. Traditionally, repair of SCD when involving the arcuate eminence can be achieved using a middle fossa craniotomy approach. However, approximately 30% of SCD cases have a medial arcuate eminence defect along a downsloping tegmen, making the defect difficult to visualize with the binocular microscope without a large craniotomy, extensive temporal lobe retraction, and drilling of the skull base. As complete visualization of an arcuate eminence defect is essential for successful repair, we describe an operative approach to visualize the SCD that combines a small middle fossa craniotomy and rigid endoscopy. The wide-field view and superior transillumination with skull base endoscopy can be achieved with a minimal access skin incision, small bony window, less dural dissection, and reduced brain retraction, resulting in unequivocal identification of the entire arcuate eminence defect.
Reirradiation of the spine with stereotactic radiosurgery: Efficacy and toxicity

Abstract Purpose To determine the potential benefits and adverse effects associated with reirradiating the spinal cord when at least 1 course of radiation therapy (RT) is stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Methods and materials This institutional review board–approved retrospective review included 162 patients (237 reirradiated spine lesions). All patients received SRS at our institution between 2001 and 2013. Electronic medical records were reviewed for clinical exams and radiologic tests (computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging). Primary endpoints were pain, neurological, radiographic responses, and the development of adverse effects. Results A total of 120 patients (74.1%) were deceased with a median survival of 13 months. Time between courses of RT was a median of 10.2 months. Median SRS dose was 16 Gy in 1 fraction, whereas the median conventional external beam radiation therapy (cEBRT) dose was 30 Gy in 10 fractions. The median tumor equivalent dose in 2-Gy fractions (EQD2) for SRS doses was 34.7 Gy, whereas the median tumor EQD2 for cEBRT was 32.5 Gy, providing a median total tumor EQD2 of 69.3 Gy (22-145.6 Gy). The median critical nervous tissue EQD2 for SRS and cEBRT was 56 Gy and 37.5 Gy, respectively, resulting in a median total critical nervous tissue EQD2 of 93.5 Gy. Overall pain, neurological, and radiographic response rates were 81%, 82%, and 71%, respectively. Adverse effects occurred in 11 (6.8%) patients. Seventy-seven vertebral compression fractures were observed, 22 (9.3%) of which may be attributed to RT. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that reirradiation achieves favorable response rates with minimal toxicity if recommended dose constraints to the spinal cord with SRS are carefully observed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest reported single-institution experience analyzing the efficacy and toxicity of reirradiation of the spine when at least 1 course of RT is stereotactic radiosurgery.
Inventing Our University: Student-Faculty Collaboration in Critical University Studies

In this article, Heather Steffen reflects on her recent participation in a student-faculty collaborative research project, All Worked Up: A Project about Student Labor, and her experience teaching critical university studies. She considers the questions: What does critical university studies offer to students? What can students contribute to critical university studies? And how might such exchanges lead us beyond scholarship, enable us to build solidarity, and empower us to invent a new university, our university, that serves students, scholar-teachers, and its diverse publics rather than the imperatives of neoliberal capital? Because critical university studies has both scholarly and social justice goals, Steffen argues, we must continually look for ways to connect our research and writing to collective action. Research collaborations involving students, faculty, staff, and community members are not only important sites for learning and teaching, but also for creating the personal relationships, networks, knowledge base, and skills required to build solidarity and enact change in higher education.
Glyburide treatment in gestational diabetes is associated with increased placental glucose transporter 1 expression and higher birth weight.

Abstract Use of glyburide in gestational diabetes (GDM) has raised concerns about fetal and neonatal side effects, including increased birth weight. Placental nutrient transport is a key determinant of fetal growth, however the effect of glyburide on placental nutrient transporters is largely unknown. We hypothesized that glyburide treatment in GDM pregnancies is associated with increased expression of nutrient transporters in the syncytiotrophoblast plasma membranes. We collected placentas from GDM pregnancies who delivered at term and were treated with either diet modification (n = 15) or glyburide (n = 8). Syncytiotrophoblast microvillous (MVM) and basal (BM) plasma membranes were isolated and expression of glucose (glucose transporter 1; GLUT1), amino acid (sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2; SNAT2 and L-type amino acid transporter 1; LAT1) and fatty acid (fatty acid translocase; FAT/CD36, fatty acid transporter 2 and 4; FATP2, FATP4) transporters was determined by Western blot. Additionally, we determined GLUT1 expression by confocal microscopy in cultured primary human trophoblasts (PHT) after exposure to glyburide. Birth weight was higher in the glyburide-treated group as compared to diet-treated GDM women (3764 ± 126 g vs . 3386 ± 75 g; p p p p = 0.01) and FATP2 (−65%; p = 0.02) protein expression was reduced in mothers treated with glyburide. Glyburide increased membrane expression of GLUT1 in a dose-dependent manner in cultured PHT. This data is the first to show that glyburide increases GLUT1 expression in syncytiotrophoblast MVM and BM in GDM pregnancies, and may promote transplacental glucose delivery contributing to fetal overgrowth.
Using Children's Literature to Strengthen Social and Emotional Learning.

The introductory article to this special edition of School Psychology International, “Using Children’s Literature to Strengthen Social and Emotional Learning,” describes the need for a broader base...
P-124 A review on how patients manage with their medication post discharge from saint francis hospice

Background Research suggests that approximately 5% of hospital admissions are medicines-related. There is an increased risk from errors or unintentional changes to a patient’s medicines when their care is transferred. This includes when the patient is discharged from a hospice. Aim(s) To identify whether patients are complying with their medicines and the types of medications related problems patients have post-discharge. To reconcile the medicines the patient is taking post-discharge against what had been prescribed on the inpatient unit. Methods Patients deemed as medically fit by the medical team were approached by the hospice pharmacist and audit was explained to them. Those that wished to participate were contacted using their preferred method approximately two weeks post-discharge from the hospice. The data were collected using an adapted version of the medicines use review form used by community pharmacists. Results A total of 20 patients were contacted 15% of patients had difficulties obtaining at least one of their prescribed medicines 5% of patients experienced at least one side effect from their medicines resulting in non-compliance 15% of patients chose to stop taking at least one of the prescribed medicine 10% of patients had medication changes made by the GP within two weeks post-discharge. Conclusions This audit highlights some of the difficulties experienced by patients with their medication. Medicines prescribed by the team on the inpatient unit can often be quite specialised and not kept as stock in the community pharmacy causing patients to miss doses of critical medicines such as analgesics. Patients should receive counselling about their medicines before they are discharged to include information on who they should contact if they have problems with their medicines. A drug review post discharge from the hospice could also be beneficial,
Quantum critical points - experiments

We review experiments on Li(Ho,Tb)pY1-pF4 which test ideas about quantum critical phenomena in the clean (ferromagnetic) and disordered (spin glass) limits. The outstanding problem of the ‘anti-glass’ discovered for p=0.045 is also described. Finally, we point out the ubiquity of quantum critical points in condensed matter physics.
Die Wahrnehmung von Bewegung

Frobes, J.: Lehrb. d. exper. Psychol. I2 , 395–416. Freiburg i. Br. 1923. — Hanselmann, H.: Uber optische Bewegungswahrnehmung. Zuricher Dissert. 1911, 75 S. (mit 236 Nummern im Literaturverzeichnis). — Kries, J. v.: Zusatz in Helmholtz’ Physiol. Optik III3 , 226 bis 233 (1910). — Witasek, ST.: Psychologie der Raumwahrnehmung des Auges, S. 325–338. Heidelberg 1910. — Zoth, O.: Augenbewegungen und Gesichtswahrnehmungen. Nagels Handb. d. Physiol. d. Menschen 3, 365–374 (1905). — Die neuere Literatur ist zusammen¬gefast berichtet in zwei Arbeiten von P. C. Squires : Psychologie. Bull. 23 (1926); 24 (1928).
The Effect of Drugs on Attention

It can be reasonably argued that one of the very first uses of drugs by man was for the purpose of modulating attention. The intoxicating properties of alcohol from fermented fruit were not lost on our primitive forebearers and the systematic production of beer is clearly described in writings from the tombs of ancient Egypt. Not far behind are nicotine and caffeine, which, together with alcohol, form the cornerstone of legitimate commerce in the modulation of attention that is no less evident in our daily lives today than it was centuries ago. If we include cocaine, the derivatives of opium (heroin, morphine etc.), marijuana and other illicit drugs we begin to grasp the enormity of the connection between human social development and the use or abuse of attention-altering drugs. In this chapter we will examine how these agents impact the molecular mechanism of attention.
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is caused by systemic effects of circulating exfoliative toxins released by phage II strains of S. aureus (MRSA or MSSA); the exfoliative toxins target desomoglein 1 (Dsg1) resulting in generalized superficial blister formation and desquamation.
WIP-Mediated Mechanisms of Recruitment, Activation and Degradation of WASP in T Cells.

WASP, the product of the gene mutated in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), plays a critical role in T cell activation and actin reorganization. WIP is a WASP-interacting protein that binds to EVH1 domain of WASP, and negatively regulates WASP functions. WASP-mediated actin polymerization and cytoskeletal remodeling are critical for immunological synapse (IS) formation between T cells and antigen presenting cells. To clarify the functions of WIP in T cells, we investigated WIP-mediated mechanisms of recruitment, activation and degradation of WASP following T cell receptor (TCR) ligation and IS formation. WASP translocates to lipid rafts following TCR ligation and localizes at the IS between T cells and B cells presenting superantigen. WASP recruitment is regulated by several TCR signaling pathways mediated by ZAP70-CrkL-WIP and ZAP70-SLP76-Nck complexes. After the recruitment of WASP, WIP is serine-phosphorylated by PKCtheta localized at the IS, and phosphorylated WIP dissociates from WASP, releasing WASP from WIP inhibition. A fraction of WASP is fragmented by Ca-dependent protease calpain and ubiquitinated by Cbl-b, then degraded by the proteasome following TCR ligation. Inhibition of PKCtheta-mediated dissociation of the WASP-WIP complex inhibits WASP degradation. Inhibition of proteasomal degradation results in the accumulation of WASP fragments and enhanced TCR-induced actin polymerization in normal T cells. We demonstrate that WASP protein, but not mRNA, levels are severely diminished in T cells from WIP-deficient mice, but are restored by calpain and proteasome inhibitors. These inhibitors restore WASP protein levels and correct the defect in actin polymerization in response to TCR ligation in T cells from a WAS patient with a missense mutation that disrupts WIP binding. The similarity of the functional defects in WASP- and WIP-deficient mice and the observation that most missense mutations in WAS patients are in the WIP binding EVH1 domain of WASP suggest that WIP may function as a chaperone that controls WASP levels in T cells. These results suggest that WIP is involved in the recruitment and activation of WASP and that degradation of WASP freed from WIP may down-regulate actin polymerization following TCR ligation. More importantly, WIP regulates WASP protein stability in T cells from WAS patients with WASP missense mutations in WIP-binding site and impaired WASP-WIP interaction.
A Global Examination of Peer-Reviewed, Scholarly Journal Outlets Devoted to School and Educational Psychology.

One proposed way to support internationalization is to enhance internationally representative and culturally informed scholarship within a respective discipline, and academic journals are a primary...
Estimating correlations among demographic parameters in population models.

Estimating correlations among demographic parameters is critical to understanding population dynamics and life-history evolution, where correlations among parameters can inform our understanding of life-history trade-offs, result in effective applied conservation actions, and shed light on evolutionary ecology. The most common approaches rely on the multivariate normal distribution, and its conjugate inverse Wishart prior distribution. However, the inverse Wishart prior for the covariance matrix of multivariate normal distributions has a strong influence on posterior distributions. As an alternative to the inverse Wishart distribution, we individually parameterize the covariance matrix of a multivariate normal distribution to accurately estimate variances (σ 2) of, and process correlations (ρ) between, demographic parameters. We evaluate this approach using simulated capture-mark-recapture data. We then use this method to examine process correlations between adult and juvenile survival of black brent geese marked on the Yukon-Kuskokwim River Delta, Alaska (1988-2014). Our parameterization consistently outperformed the conjugate inverse Wishart prior for simulated data, where the means of posterior distributions estimated using an inverse Wishart prior were substantially different from the values used to simulate the data. Brent adult and juvenile annual apparent survival rates were strongly positively correlated (ρ = 0.563, 95% CRI 0.181-0.823), suggesting that habitat conditions have significant effects on both adult and juvenile survival. We provide robust simulation tools, and our methods can readily be expanded for use in other capture-recapture or capture-recovery frameworks. Further, our work reveals limits on the utility of these approaches when study duration or sample sizes are small.
Pairwise Feedback for Data Programming.

The scalability of the labeling process and the attainable quality of labels have become limiting factors for many applications of machine learning. The programmatic creation of labeled datasets via the synthesis of noisy heuristics provides a promising avenue to address this problem. We propose to improve modeling of latent class variables in the programmatic creation of labeled datasets by incorporating pairwise feedback into the process. We discuss the ease with which such pairwise feedback can be obtained or generated in many application domains. Our experiments show that even a small number of sources of pairwise feedback can substantially improve the quality of the posterior estimate of the latent class variable.
Perceptions of safety on a shared road: Driving, cycling, or walking near an autonomous vehicle.

Abstract Introduction: While improved safety is a highly cited potential benefit of autonomous vehicles (AVs), at the same time a frequently cited concern is the new safety challenges that AVs introduce. The literature lacks a rigorous exploration of the safety perceptions of road users who will interact with AVs, including vulnerable road users. Addressing this gap is essential because the successful integration of AVs into transportation systems hinges on an understanding of how all road users will react to their presence. Methods: A stated preference survey of the Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan statistical area (Phoenix MSA) was conducted in July 2018. A series of ordered probit models was estimated to analyze the survey responses and identify differences between various population groups with respect to the perceived safety of driving, cycling, and walking near AVs. Results: Greater exposure to and awareness of AVs are not uniformly associated with increases in perceived safety. Various attitudinal factors, level of AV automation, and other intrinsic and extrinsic factors are related to safety perceptions of driving, walking, and cycling near AVs. Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, such as gender, age, income, employment, and automobile usage and ownership, have various relationships with perceived safety. Conclusions: Cycling near an AV was perceived as the least safe activity, followed by walking and then driving near an AV. Both similarities and differences were observed among the factors associated with the perceived safety of different travel alternatives. Practical Applications: Public perception will guide the development and adoption of AVs directly and indirectly. To help maintain control of public perception, transportation planners, decision makers, and other stakeholders should consider more deliberate and targeted messaging to address the concerns of different road users. In addition, more careful pilot testing and more direct attention to vulnerable road users may help avoid a backlash that could delay the rollout of this technology.
Cryogenic characterization of a ferroelectric field-effect-transistor

A ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FeFET) with scaled dimensions (170 nm and 24 nm of gate width and length, respectively) and a 10 nm thick Si doped HfO 2 ferroelectric in the gate oxide stack are characterized at cryogenic temperatures down to 6.9 K. We observe that a decrease in temperature leads to an increase in the memory window at the expense of an increased program/erase voltage. This is consistent with the increase in the ferroelectric coercive field due to the suppression of thermally activated domain wall creep motion at cryogenic temperatures. However, the observed insensitivity of the location of the memory window with respect to temperature cannot be explained by the current understanding of the device physics of FeFETs. Such temperature dependent studies of scaled FeFETs can lead to useful insights into their underlying device physics, while providing an assessment of the potential of this emerging technology for cryogenic memory applications.
Smoothened agonist sterosome immobilized hybrid scaffold for bone regeneration

Biomaterial delivery of bioactive agents and manipulation of stem cell fate are an attractive approach to promote tissue regeneration. Here, smoothened agonist sterosome is developed using small-molecule activators [20S-hydroxycholesterol (OHC) and purmorphamine (PUR)] of the smoothened protein in the hedgehog pathway as carrier and cargo. Sterosome presents inherent osteoinductive property even without drug loading. Sterosome is covalently immobilized onto three-dimensional scaffolds via a bioinspired polydopamine intermediate to fabricate a hybrid scaffold for bone regeneration. Sterosome-immobilized hybrid scaffold not only provides a favorable substrate for cell adhesion and proliferation but also delivers bioactive agents in a sustained and spatially targeted manner. Furthermore, this scaffold significantly improves osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stem cells through OHC/PUR-mediated synergistic activation of the hedgehog pathway and also enhances bone repair in a mouse calvarial defect model. This system serves as a versatile biomaterial platform for many applications, including therapeutic delivery and endogenous regenerative medicine.
Food Insecurity and Dietary Intake among College Students with Unlimited Meal Plans at a Large, Midwestern University.

Abstract Background Food insecurity, a state of not being able to consistently access nutritious food due to financial constraints, has been associated with poor dietary intake among college students. The extent to which campus food resources contribute to this association is unknown. Objectives This study examined the association between food insecurity and dietary intake in a sample of undergraduate students with unlimited meal plans and dining hall access at a large, public Midwestern university. Design The study design is cross-sectional. The data used are baseline data from a broader sugar-sweetened beverage intervention study that were collected using a Qualtrics survey prior to the intervention. Participants/setting The sample consisted of 1033 undergraduate students recruited from 3 dining halls. The data were collected in November 2018. Main outcome measures Food security was assessed using the 6-item Short Form Food Security Survey Module. Dietary intake was assessed using the National Cancer Institute 26-item Dietary Screener Questionnaire and the Beverage Intake Questionnaire-15. Statistical analyses performed Generalized linear regression models were used to examine differences in dietary intake by students’ food security status, adjusting for students’ sociodemographic characteristics. Results In the sample, 14% of students were food-insecure. After adjusting for sociodemographic variables, food-insecure students reported 9% lower intake of fruits (P = 0.02), 9% lower intake of vegetables (P Conclusions Despite having identical food resources within campus dining halls, there were significant differences in the diets of college students by food security status.
Kenneth Lewes (1943-2020).

Memorializes Kenneth Lewes (1943-2020). Lewes earned a PhD in Clinical Psychology from University of Michigan (1982). His PhD dissertation was published as a book, ThePsychoanalytic Theory of Male Homosexuality (1988), which has been republished several times and has never been out of print. While Lewes never officially trained to become a psychoanalyst, his scholarship, perseverance and originality played a significant role in bringing about needed change in the field. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Active Heading Control Platform for Instruments Flown on High Altitude Balloons

Experiments flown on high-altitude balloons are typically free to spin without any control or information collected on the payload orientation during flight, limiting the scope of experiments that can be performed. Projects that include targeting (i.e. imaging the 2017 solar eclipse) have at best a random chance of succeeding, while video footage is often hard to watch due to high pay- load rotation rates. While passive stabilization reduces the rotation rate, active pointing control is necessary for continuous target acquisition. Here we discuss a project built by students at Wright College called the Controlled Heading Automation Device (CHAD) that actively controls the heading of other instruments (i.e. cameras) and has been proven to work in flight. This project is open source, 3D printable, made from cheap DIY electronics, and has been made available online (http://physi.cz/chad) so the high-altitude ballooning community can create, use, and adapt it to their own projects. We show how to create an attitude and heading reference system (AHRS) that can be used to continuously record payload orientation, which can supplement experiments where pointing information is needed. We then show how to have CHAD use the AHRS to automatically control the heading of other instruments in real-time without any other inputs.
Robustness of Cascode GaN HEMTs in Unclamped Inductive Switching

Surge-energy robustness is essential for power devices in many applications. While Si and SiC MOSFETs can dissipate surge energy via avalanche, the GaN high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) has no avalanche capability. A comprehensive study into the surge-energy robustness of the cascode GaN HEMT, a composite device made of a GaN HEMT and a Si MOSFET, is still lacking. This work fills this gap by investigating the failure and degradation of cascode GaN HEMTs in single-event and repetitive unclamped inductive switching (UIS) tests. The cascode was found to withstand surge energy by the overvoltage capability of the GaN HEMT, accompanied by avalanche in the Si MOSFET. In single-event UIS tests, the cascode failed in the GaN HEMT at a peak overvoltage of 1.4~1.7 kV, which is statistically lower than the devices static breakdown voltage (1.8~2.2 kV). In repetitive UIS tests, the device failure boundary (~1.3 kV) is even lower. After 1 million cycles of 1.25-kV UIS stresses, devices show large but recoverable parametric shifts. All these failure and degradation behaviors can be explained by the buffer trapping in the GaN HEMT and the resulted change in its dynamic breakdown voltage. These results provide new insights into the robustness of cascode GaN HEMTs.
Verifying Switched System Stability With Logic.

Switched systems are known to exhibit subtle (in)stability behaviors requiring system designers to carefully analyze the stability of closed-loop systems that arise from their proposed switching control laws. This paper presents a formal approach for verifying switched system stability that blends classical ideas from the controls and verification literature using differential dynamic logic (dL), a logic for deductive verification of hybrid systems. From controls, we use standard stability notions for various classes of switching mechanisms and their corresponding Lyapunov function-based analysis techniques. From verification, we use dL's ability to verify quantified properties of hybrid systems and dL models of switched systems as looping hybrid programs whose stability can be formally specified and proven by finding appropriate loop invariants, i.e., properties that are preserved across each loop iteration. This blend of ideas enables a trustworthy implementation of switched system stability verification in the KeYmaera X prover based on dL. For standard classes of switching mechanisms, the implementation provides fully automated stability proofs, including searching for suitable Lyapunov functions. Moreover, the generality of the deductive approach also enables verification of switching control laws that require non-standard stability arguments through the design of loop invariants that suitably express specific intuitions behind those control laws. This flexibility is demonstrated on three case studies: a model for longitudinal flight control by Branicky, an automatic cruise controller, and Brockett's nonholonomic integrator.
Frequency-domain adaptive filtering: a set-membership approach

Frequency-domain adaptive filtering has been shown to have the advantage of low complexity compared to its time-domain counterpart In this paper, a frequency-domain Set-Membership Normalized Least-Mean-Square (F-SM-NLMS) algorithm is derived, and shown to have better performance (in terms of convergence and bit error rate (BER)) and less updates than frequency-domain Normalized Least-Mean-Square (F-NLMS) algorithm. We also propose an updator-sharing scheme to reduce filter complexity of frequency-domain adaptive filtering. The results show significant savings in complexity with little compromise of performance.
The Credit Boom in the EU New Member States: Bad Luck or Bad Policies?

In the past decade, most of the EU New Member States experienced a severe credit-boom bust cycle. This paper argues that the credit boom-bust cycle was to a large extent the result of factors external to the region (â€œbad luckâ€?). Rapid credit growth followed from a high liquidity in global markets and the particular attractiveness of â€œnew Europeâ€? for capital flows, while the end of the credit cycle was brought about by a global crisis. However, the fact that some countries managed to avoid most of the excesses, including asset price bubbles and foreign exchange lending, suggests that policies and policy failures (â€œbad policiesâ€?)â€”in particular overly expansionary macroeconomic settings and excessively optimistic views on prudential risksâ€”also have played a critical role.
To patent or not: Faculty decisions and institutional success at technology transfer

We draw on qualitative data derived from field work on two university campuses to develop an explanation for widely disparate rates of new invention disclosure. We argue that faculty decisions to disclose are shaped by their perceptions of the benefits of patent protection. These incentives to disclose are magnified or minimized by the perceived costs of interacting with technology transfer offices and licensing professionals. Finally, faculty considerations of the costs and benefits of disclosure are colored by institutional environments that are supportive or oppositional to the simultaneous pursuit of academic and commercial endeavors.
House Republicans Add Insult to Indian Injury

This article sets the record straight on the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) reauthorization.
Algorithms and inference for simultaneous-event multivariate point-process, with applicaitons to neural data

The formulation of multivariate point-process (MPP) models based on the Jacod likelihood does not allow for simultaneous occurrence of events at an arbitrarily small time resolution. In this thesis, we introduce two versatile representations of a simultaneous-event multivariate point-process (SEMPP) model to correct this important limitation. The first one maps an SEMPP into a higher-dimensional multivariate point-process with no simultaneities, and is accordingly termed the disjoint representation. The second one is a marked point-process representation of an SEMPP, which leads to new thinning and time-resealing algorithms for simulating an SEMPP stochastic process. Starting from the likelihood of a discrete-time form of the disjoint representation, we present derivations of the continuous likelihoods of the disjoint and MkPP representations of SEMPPs. For static inference, we propose a parametrization of the likelihood of the disjoint representation in discrete-time which gives a multinomial generalized linear model (mGLM) algorithm for model fitting. For dynamic: inference, we derive generalizations of point-process adaptive filters. The MPP time-resealing theorem can be used to assess model goodness-of-fit. We illustrate the features of our SEMPP model by simulating SEMPP data and by analyzing neural spiking activity from pairs of simultaneously-recorded rat thalamic neurons stimulated by periodic whisker deflections. The SEMPP model demonstrates a strong effect of whisker motion on simultaneous spiking activity at the one millisecond time scale. Together, the MkPP representation of the SEMPP model, the inGLM and the MPP time-resealing theorem offer a theoretically sound, practical tool for measuring joint spiking propensity in a neuronal ensemble. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)