cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A value for games with n players and r alternatives

We study value theory for a class of games called games withn players andr alternatives. In these games, each of then players must choose one and only one of ther alternatives. A linear, efficient value is obtained using three characterizations, two of which are axiomatic. This value yields an a priori evaluation for each player relative to each alternative.
Fostering Dynamic Innovation, Development and Trade: Intellectual Property as a Case Study in Global Administrative Law

International intellectual property law furnishes a case study on the need for norms of global governance. In an earlier era, multilateral intellectual property instruments recognized the dynamic nature of information production; under their terms, nations could balance the interests of producers in earning a return from their intellectual investments against the interests of users in accessing new knowledge for both consumptive and productive purposes. Now that IP is part of the WTO trade regime, information streams have been intensely commodified and an emphasis has been placed on raising IP protection to ever-higher levels. While there are traders in the North and in some emerging economies that are reaping rewards from this system, the TRIPS Agreement is operating as a tax on the South and is chilling innovation is the North. Ostensibly, TRIPS permits nations to strike the appropriate local balance between proprietary and access interests. However, because the drafters of TRIPS incompletely theorized the function of exclusive right regimes, WTO adjudicators have had difficulty evaluating challenges to public-regarding legislation and nations have little guidance for enacting TRIPS-compatible law. But TRIPS does include two potential saving graces. It contemplates close cooperation with WIPO, which now administers upward of 20 intellectual property instruments. Furthermore, the Agreement sets up a Council to oversee compliance. The combined expertise of these two entities could be exploited to rectify the deficits in TRIPS. This paper explores the institutional design issues that must be resolved for these institutions to function effectively. These include mechanisms for incorporating WIPO's expertise into the interpretive process, for insuring that WIPO and the Council operate within the scope of authority delegated by WTO members, for controlling forum shopping, and ensuring transparency, competence, and participation. It ends with suggestions for substantive reform to supplement these administrative devices.
Discrete-time dynamics of coupled quasi-periodic and chaotic neural network oscillators

An analytical and computational study of the collective behavior of coupled discrete-time neural network oscillators is presented, with special emphasis on the oscillators being quasi-periodic and chaotic through the Hopf bifurcation and period-doubling bifurcations as the neuron gain is varied. The effects of various coupling structures on the dynamic features like frequency locking, amplitude death, and spatiotemporal chaos, which are interesting to neural information processing such as stimulus-dependent synchronization and pattern formation, are investigated. >
B Cells Are Not Essential for Lactobacillus-Mediated Protection against Lethal Pneumovirus Infection

We have shown previously that priming of respiratory mucosa with live Lactobacillus species promotes robust and prolonged survival from an otherwise lethal infection with pneumonia virus of mice, a property known as heterologous immunity. Lactobacillus priming results in a moderate reduction in virus recovery and a dramatic reduction in virus-induced proinflammatory cytokine production; the precise mechanisms underlying these findings remain to be elucidated. Because B cells have been shown to promote heterologous immunity against respiratory virus pathogens under similar conditions, in this study we explore the role of B cells in Lactobacillus -mediated protection against acute pneumovirus infection. We found that Lactobacillus -primed mice feature elevated levels of airway Igs IgG, IgA, and IgM and lung tissues with dense, B cell (B220 + )–enriched peribronchial and perivascular infiltrates with germinal centers consistent with descriptions of BALT. No B cells were detected in lung tissue of Lactobacillus -primed B cell deficient μMT mice or Jh mice, and Lactobacillus -primed μMT mice had no characteristic infiltrates or airway Igs. Nonetheless, we observed diminished virus recovery and profound suppression of virus-induced proinflammatory cytokines CCL2, IFN-γ, and CXCL10 in both wild-type and Lactobacillus -primed μMT mice. Furthermore, Lactobacillus plantarum –primed, B cell–deficient μMT and Jh mice were fully protected from an otherwise lethal pneumonia virus of mice infection, as were their respective wild-types. We conclude that B cells are dispensable for Lactobacillus- mediated heterologous immunity and were not crucial for promoting survival in response to an otherwise lethal pneumovirus infection.
SIRT1 and endocrine signaling

Sirtuins (Sir2-related enzymes) are a recently discovered class of NAD + -dependent protein deacetylases that regulate gene expression in a variety of organisms by deacetylation of modified lysine residues on histones, transcription factors and other proteins. Conservation of sirtuin regulation of the insulin–insulin-like growth factor I signaling pathway has been observed for Caenorhabditis elegans and mammals, indicating an ancient role for sirtuins in the modulation of organism adaptations to nutritional intake. The human sirtuin SIRT1 regulates a number of transcription factors that modulate endocrine signaling, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α, forkhead-box transcription factors and p53.
Time-dependent geometrical optics

The basic relations of geometrical optics for the case of an isotropic, time-dependent medium are derived from Fermat’s principle. The time-dependent theory is applied by discussing the Debye-Sears effect and the frequency fluctuations in a plane light wave induced by atmospheric turbulence and a steady cross wind. In the former case it is shown that the Brillouin scattering relation Δω = VΔk holds in the geometrical optics limit where V is the sound velocity, while in the latter case we find, using a method due to Tatarski, that the fluctuations in frequency are of the order of a few kilohertz under the most extreme conditions of turbulence, wind speed, and range. The intensity law of geometrical optics, Iσ = constant, is generalized to read Iσ/ν2 = constant, where ν is the frequency of the light wave.
Terrain Characterization Using Modified RANSAC Analysis of Human Gait Data

One of the many lasting side effects of a stroke can be foot drop, or an inability to dorsiflex the foot. In order to remedy this, many people wear an ankle-foot orthotic (AFO) post-stroke. One of the many troubles these individuals face is in dealing with obstacles such as stairs and ramps, because the AFO limits the plantarflexion that is natural in navigating these obstacles [1,2]. The end goal of this research is to create an active AFO that adapts to changing ground terrain, providing a more natural gait pattern.This paper presents the first part of this work: a means for identifying terrain in order to control an AFO. This has been accomplished using an infrared (IR) range sensor attached to the lower leg, used to measure the surface profile of the ground just ahead of a test subject. Using a modified RANSAC technique to fit experimental gait data, standardized gait profiles for different terrain have been quantified and shown to be reproducible, indicating the utility of the technique for terrain identification and AFO control.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Echocardiographic features of the normal and malfunctioning porcine xenograft valve.

Abstract Echocardiograms were performed on 33 prosthetic porcine valves. Satisfactory tracings of the valve were obtained in 23 (70 per cent). The characteristic appearance of the porcine aortic prosthesis consisted of two lines parallel to each other within the aortic root, which had the same pattern of motion as the aortic root. These lines probably represented the stent of the porcine valve. The valve cusps had a characteristic boxlike appearance in systole similar to that of the normal aortic valve. A single echo was seen in diastole. The distance between the cusps in systole in patients who were clinically improved after valve replacement ranged from 1.1 cm. to 1.5 cm. with a mean of 1.2 cm. This distance is less than that observed in a group of normal subjects studied in our laboratory: range, 1.5 to 2.4 cm.; mean, 1.8 cm. Two patients developed clinically significant valvular dysfunction. The first patient had dense echoes on the anterior cusp and the stent and reduced intercusp distance. He died ten days later and extensive thrombus formation on the porcine valve was noted. The second patient developed infective endocarditis of the porcine valve and a mycotic aneurysm of the aorta. Multiple diastolic echoes were seen in the region of the porcine valve, and marked enlargement of the aortic root (6.3 cm.) when compared with the preoperative record (3.7 cm.) was noted. The stent of the porcine mitral valve was represented by two parallel echoes in the left ventricular cavity. The valve cusps had a box-like configuration in diastole similar to the normal aortic valve. The distance between the cusps ranged from 1.2 cm. to 1.5 cm.; mean was 1.3 cm. Unlike the normal mitral valve, motion of the valve in diastole was flat and the characteristic M-shaped complex was not present. In summary, echocardiography may prove to be a useful tool in the assessment of the normal and malfunctioning prosthetic porcine xenograft valves.
Nature-based tourism's impact on environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behavior: a review and analysis of the literature and potential future research

Although nature-based tourism is often promoted as benefiting local destinations through income generation, employment, and direct conservation support, it is also believed to influence tourists’ environmentally friendly attitudes, knowledge, and ultimately their behavior. Yet, few studies have empirically documented these outcomes, and those that do are inconsistent in the variables measured and the time frame analyzed. This paper examines the empirical research on nature-based tourism's ability to foster long-term stewardship behavior among travelers by conducting a systematic review of peer-reviewed tourism research published between 1995 and 2013. This search, focused on literature addressing changes in tourists’ environmentally related knowledge, attitudes, intentions, and actual behaviors, yielded just 30 empirical studies. Outcomes related to new environmental knowledge were commonly reported in these studies, but findings related to environmental attitudes and behaviors were inconsistent. Few stud...
New Method to Single-Crystal Micrometer-Sized Ultra-Thin Silver Nanosheets: Synthesis and Characterization

We reported a new method, which uses Cu+ as the efficient and clean reducing agent, to synthesize micrometer-sized ultra-thin silver (Ag) nanosheets in organic solvent containing oleylamine (OAm). The as-synthesized Ag nanosheets are single-crystal, with regular triangular, truncated triangular, hexagonal, and dodecahedral (truncated hexagonal) shapes, with 3−8 μm edge length and 25 ± 15 nm thickness, which are in contrast to the previous reported micrometer-sized metal nanosheets with thickness above 40 nm. Analysis is performed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV−vis-NIR absorption and transmittance spectroscopy, and optical microscopy, indicating that single-crystal Ag nanosheets are of high quality with a large in-plane size, ultra-thin thickness, and top and bottom enclosed by {111} facets. The present study provides a simple and extendable m...
Language and fluency in child language disorders: Changes over time☆

In a previous study of the relationship between language and fluency involving 60 preschool children with language disorders, 10 children exhibited an association between increased disfluencies and dyssynchrony in language development. The current study presents follow-up fluency and language data on nine of the 10 children. Comparisons between data points indicate improvement in fluency correlated with more synchronous language development. The data, when examined by individual subject, reveal diferring patterns among fluency characteristics and language profiles, and speculations are offered regarding the roles fluency may play in identifying dyssynchonies in language development and differentiating language impairments.
International Medical Graduates in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Adaptation, Training, and Contributions

This article reviews, consolidates, and enhances current knowledge about the issues and problems child and adolescent psychiatry international medical graduates face. Their training, work force issues, and establishment and advancement of professional identity are presented. Acculturation and immigration dynamics include facing prejudice and discrimination, social mirroring, and difficulties with language. Treatment issues are discussed with a special focus on therapeutic alliance, resistance, transference, countertransference, and child rearing practices. Recommendations for training and future goals are considered.
Peri-operative myocardial infarction and high sensitive cardiac troponin: A start but by no means a finish

The diagnosis of perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI) was confounded for years because creatinine kinase (CK)-MB is found to a variable extent in skeletal muscle.1 Attempts to improve the specificity of diagnosis with approaches such as the relative index (the ratio of CKMB to total CK), improved specificity but reduced sensitivity.2 This is not surprising since this metric was developed to distinguish skeletal muscle injury alone from cardiac injury alone. After the original documentation of the benefit of cardiac troponin (cTn) in detecting PMI,2 the field remained nascent until the landmark paper by Landesberg et al .3 They showed that even minor elevations above the 99th% upper reference limit (URL) in cTn were prognostic for adverse events, both short and long term. They also provided a rationale for such elevations by documenting that the majority had ischaemia that could be documented with continuous 12-lead Holter monitoring most often due to supply-demand abnormalities either intraoperatively or postoperatively.4 These data led to trials attempting to predict which patients would suffer postoperative myocardial necrosis,5 and whether there were preventive strategies to prevent PMI.6 ,7 The vast majority of these studies were unsuccessful, be they related to stress evaluations,5 drug6 or invasive therapy preoperatively.7 It was further demonstrated that most PMIs were not associated with symptoms or ECG changes.6 Although most events appeared to be due to supply-demand imbalance, the subset that was more often associated with mortality seemed to be related to plaque rupture events.8 Now, Alcock et al 9 extend the information available about this issue by evaluating how high-sensitivity cTn values impact on …
Antimicrobial and Healing Efficacy of Sustained Release Nitric Oxide Nanoparticles Against Staphylococcus Aureus Skin Infection

Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a leading cause of both superficial and invasive infections in community and hospital settings, frequently resulting in chronic refractory disease. It is imperative that innovative therapeutics to which the bacteria are unlikely to evolve resistance be developed to curtail associated morbidity and mortality and ultimately improve our capacity to treat these infections. In this study, a previously unreported nitric oxide (NO)-releasing nanoparticle technology is applied to the treatment of methicillin-resistant SA (MRSA) wound infections. The results show that the nanoparticles exert antimicrobial activity against MRSA in a murine wound model. Acceleration of infected wound closure in NO-treated groups was clinically shown compared with controls. The histology of wounds revealed that NO nanoparticle treatment decreased suppurative inflammation, minimal bacterial burden, and less collagen degradation, providing potential mechanisms for biological activity. Together, these data suggest that these NO-releasing nanoparticles have the potential to serve as a novel class of topically applied antimicrobials for the treatment of cutaneous infections and wounds.
Measurement of small elastic strains in silicon using electron channeling patterns

A silicon single-crystal slab 0.15 mm in thickness was bent to produce small, nonuniform surface strains of the order of 0.2%. The electron channeling patterns were observed in a JSM 840 SEM (scanning electron microscope) at an accelerating voltage close to 25 kV. Proper choice of the triangles formed by intersecting channeling lines of zero-order and of higher-order Laue zones allows one to measure the changes in their dimensions caused by imposed strain. It was estimated that the lower limit of detectable elastic strain is close to 0.1%. The possibilities of using this method for estimation of the average elastic strains in thin epitaxial layers are discussed.
Developmental Trends in the Nature of Child Homicide

Child homicide is a frequent cause of death in children under 6 years of age. However, compared to other, less prevalent causes of death, it is poorly understood. There is a need to identify a coherent pattern or set of patterns among cases of child homicide. Child age may be a useful explanatory variable. This study differentiated among neonatal, early, and middle childhood deaths. Neonatal deaths were not related to child behavior, child physiological abnormality, or maternal parity or marital status; they were related to maternal isolation during the birth. Homicidal deaths of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers (early childhood) were usually the result of parental attempts to control child behavior. These deaths appeared to be unintended and related to the physical vulnerability of the child who is smaller than the attacking adult. Deaths of school-age children (middle childhood) resulted most often from gunshot wounds. Few children of any age were unsupervised or killed by strangers. The data suggest...
Metal ion chemical ionization. Part II. The gas phase chemistry of Co+ with thiols, butanone, 3-butenone, carboxylic acids, substituted butanones, and substituted carboxylic acids☆

Abstract The ion/molecule reactions of Co+ with thiols, butanone, butenone, and carboxylic acids are reported. Primarily, Co+ reacts with thiols via the metal insertion/β-H atom shift/competitive ligand loss mechanism that has been used previously to explain the chemistry of gaseous transition metal ions with organic molecules containing other functional groups. With ketones, Co+ initially complexes with the carbonyl oxygen from which insertion into either CCO bond may then occur, followed by alkyl or β-H atom shifts. In carboxylic acids, the reaction products are indicative of metal insertion into either the CCO or the COH bond as the first step, with insertion into the COH bond predominating. Also investigated was the ability to predict reaction products of bifunctional organic compounds based on the known chemistry of each functional group. The ability to predict products varied from 0% for 2-bromopropanoic acid to 100% for other substituted acids and butanones. From the branching ratios -COOH > -Br > -Cl > -SH > -OH > CO > -H is suggested as the trend for site of attack by Co+.
The Social Organization of Knowledge and Practice: A Symposium: Introduction: Situationally Specific Practice

In a discussion of closely related research, the authors of this symposium examine evidence for the situationally specific character of problem-solving practices. They document situational variation in what constitutes a problem, in the procedures used, in the distribution of knowledge among people and settings, and in success at problemsolving by the same people in different contexts. These findings provoke speculation about relations among social contexts, knowledge, and activity, and about relations between school-learned problemsolving techniques and those learned and used in other settings. Arithmetic practices observed in Liberian classrooms, among grocery shoppers and novice dieters, and in product assembly tasks among commercial dairy workers provide the empirical basis for the discussion.
Adjustments in competitive substrate utilization in stunned myocardium during early reperfusion.

The purpose of this precis is to state and support a personal viewpoint concerning intermediary metabolism and substrate utilization in stunned and reperfused myocardium following an interval of nonnecrotizing myocardial ischemia. The data in support of this viewpoint were derived from an intact, working pig heart preparation which includes extracorporeal control of regional coronary perfusion, and which has been used in our laboratory for almost two decades. Metabolism was characterized using steady-state labeling of myocardium with tracer isotopes including [U-14C]palmitate, [9,10-3H]palmitate, [6-14C] glucose, [5-3H]glucose, [2-14C]pyruvate, [14C]lactate, and [1-14C]acetate either singly or in combination. Myocardium was rendered mild to moderately ischemic for 30 – 40 min in separate protocols and then aerobically reperfused for 40 – 60 min. Rates of substrate utilization and/or oxidation were routinely measured during the preischemic period, the ischemic interval, and as emphasized in this overview the subsequent period of metabolic adjustments during aerobic reperfusion. The composite data compiled from these experiments indicate that in stunned myocardium metabolism is in rapid transition with greater restoration of aerobic oxidation than mechanical function, a hierarchical shift in preferred substrate relationships back toward aerobic utilization with beneficial washout of noxious amphiphiles, and an overshoot in fatty acid oxidation, presumably due to persistent alterations in regulatory mechanisms affected by the preceding ischemic stress.
Different Educational Purposes: Different Sport Values

This paper outlines which values attributed to sport would be more compatible with differing educational purposes. The basic criterion used for determining which values deserve priority is that those values that are most compatible with a particular purpose deserve priority. Jewett and Bain's five curriculum value orientations are used to establish five different educational purposes. Sport values particularly relevant to each of these purposes are identified, and some emphases in the organization of sport to enhance those values are identified.
A Comparison of Flow Cytometry and Other Techniques Used for Diagnosing Mycoplasma Infections

Abstract Mycoplasma isolates from chickens are usually identified by a fluorescent antibody (FA) technique that requires 7 to 10 days from sampling to the completion of identification. The FA procedure uses Mycoplasma-positive antibodies conjugated with fluoroisothiocyanate (FITC) to identify the colonies of the organism on agar. This paper describes a flow cytometric procedure that uses the same antibody-FITC conjugate and can be completed in 3 or 4 days. Broilers and egg-type hens inoculated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae were swabbed from the choanal cleft and cultures were grown in broth. Broth aliquots were briefly incubated with polyclonal antisera to M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae conjugated with FITC, the same reagents routinely used in the FA technique. The sample was then analyzed by flow cytometry for the association of the fluorescent label and the organism. Samples from inoculated chickens incubated with the homologous antibody-FITC had greater fluorescent intensity than did those incubated with the heterologous antibody-FITC. Diagnosis by flow cytometry was consistent with that by the FA technique except that in one trial one sample was incorrectly identified by flow cytometry as positive for M. gallisepticum, although it was not inoculated with M. gallisepticum. Also, flow cytometry did not correctly identify M. synoviae organisms as readily when broilers were inoculated with both M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae.
Peculiarities of ferroelectric emission from photorefractive z-cut LiNbO 3

We report ferroelectric electron emission (FEE) from LiNbO3 crystal under laser radiation. The FEE is detected through electric pulses sequence of 1-10 msec depending on laser intensity. A preliminary analysis of the data indicates on very low, if any threshold of laser radiation required for light conversion into the FEE.
A critique of methods in the quantification of risks, costs and benefits in the societal choice of energy options

Abstract There is a fundamental difference in the scope of conceptual factors in the assessment of the societal effects of energy options as to whether: (i) the effects are to be assessed quantitatively or qualitatively; and (ii) the assessment is performed in the framework of an estimating process or one of forecasting. This paper draws upon the anecdotal experience of nuclear power-plant licensing as a basis for critiquing the efficacy of quantitative methods variously employed in the assessment of the risks, costs and benefits of proposed nuclear power plants and their alternatives. A number of issues are addressed including: the critical role of information adequacy and simplifying assumptions; the social cost of information; the quantification of subjective values; and the advantages and weaknesses of various quantitative methods such as statistical and probability theory, engineering or scientific estimation, and the modeling of ecological, economic and social effects resulting from developmental options of alternative energy sources for generating electricity.
Bootstrapping the Empirical Distribution Function of a Spatial Process

In this article, we consider a stationary α-mixing random field in IR d. Under a large-sample scheme that is a mixture of the so-called “infill” and “increasing domain” asymptotics, we establish a functional central limit theorem for the empirical processes of this random field. Further, we apply a blockwise bootstrap to the samples. Under the condition that the side length of the block $${\lambda_l = {\cal O}(\lambda_n^{\beta})}$$ for some 0 < β < 1, where λ n is the growth rate in the increasing domain asymptotics, we show that the bootstrapped empirical process converges weakly to the same limiting Gaussian process almost surely. Extension to multivariate random fields and application to differentiable statistical functionals are also given. A spatial version of the Bernstein’s inequality is developed, which may be of some independent interest.
American Education and Vocational-ism: A Documentary History 1870–1970 edited by Marvin Lazerson and W. Norton Grubb. Columbia: Teachers College Press, 1974. 176 pp

(1975). American Education and Vocational-ism: A Documentary History 1870–1970 edited by Marvin Lazerson and W. Norton Grubb. Columbia: Teachers College Press, 1974. 176 pp. The Educational Forum: Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 497-499.
Effect of guanidine on the squid giant synapse

Effects of guanidine on pre- and postsynaptic activities in the untreated or tetrodotoxin-treated squid giant synapses were examined by externally perfusing with various concentrations (423 mM, 42 mM, 21 mM, and 4.2 mM), or by iontophoretic injection of guanidine into the presynaptic terminal. In 423 mM guanidine (Na-free), the pre- and postsynaptic spikes together with PSP were completely abolished. In concentrations of 42 mM or lower of guanidine media the following changes related to the concentration used were observed: reduction of delayed rectification of both axon membranes without significant alteration of resting membrane resistances; a few millivolts decrease in the resting membrane potentials; small decrease in amplitude of pre- and post-synaptic spikes without marked increase of spike duration; enhancement of synaptic activity as manifested by increases in the amplitude and duration of the PSP. Iontophoretically injected guanidine also reduced delayed rectification of the presynaptic membrane. Input-output relation was modified in a way similar to externally applied guanidine and an “Off-PSP” was demonstrated shortly after application of an inside positive presynaptic polarization. Thus, a comparison of the augmentation of synaptic transmission by the extracellular and intracellularly applied guanidine demonstrates that the primary effect is at the presynaptic terminal.
Effects of energy deprivation on Wallerian degeneration in isolated segments of rat peripheral nerve.

Abstract An acceleration in the progression of Wallerian degeneration was demonstrated in isolated segments of rat peripheral nerve following incubation under energy-deprivational conditions. The additions of1m M cyanide, azide or dinitrophenol to Ringer's incubational solutions brought about granular disintegrative axoplasmic changes, varicosity formation and linear fragmentation of the myelinated nerve fibers within 2–4 h of incubation at 37°C. Incubations in Ringer's solutions without glucose or with the addition of1m M iodoacetate led to identical Wallerian-like degenerative changes of myelinated fibers during the 8–12 h incubational interval. In contrast, the myelinated nerve fibers remained well-preserved following 16 h of incubation in glucose-enriched Ringer's solutions. The progressions of degenerative changes under energy-deprivational conditions were calcium-dependent as evidenced by their failure to occur in calcium-free media. Accordingly, it is believed that an influx of calcium ions into axoplasm is a critical event in bringing about accelerated as well as the natural degradative changes within isolated nerve fibers. It would follow that the maintenance of axolemmal integrity, especially the calcium-excluding mechanism(s), is an active process which utilizes energy and is vulnerable to energy-deprivational conditions.
A general approach for generating reduced-order models for large multi-zone buildings

Many approaches for reducing model complexities have been suggested for characterizing the dynamic behaviour of buildings. However, previous work has focused on buildings that have a relatively small number of zones and there have been very limited comparisons with experimental data or with the predictions and computational requirements of validated simulation models that are widely used. In particular, the applicability to large multi-zone buildings has not been addressed. This is an important application, where the cost to generate a reduced-order model (ROM) can be significant, but the benefits of ROM for analysis and design for building system can be tremendous. This paper presents a general and computationally efficient approach for generating a ROM from a detailed representation of the dynamics of commercial sized multi-zone buildings and provides comparisons of predictions and computational requirements with a commercial building simulation tool.
Tests of the Wannier Expressions for Diffusion Coefficients of Gaseous Ions in Electric Fields

All of the published experimental values of longitudinal and transverse diffusion coefficients of gaseous ions in electric fields, except those cases dominated by resonant charge transfer, are compared with the predictions of Wannier's theory. The products of the measured coefficients and the gas number density appear to vary as ${v}_{d}^{{}^{3}}{(\frac{E}{N})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, where ${v}_{d}$ is the ionic drift velocity, in agreement with Wannier's predictions. Here $\frac{E}{N}$ is the ratio of the electric drift field intensity to the gas number density. In addition, the absolute agreement between experiment and theory is quite satisfactory.
When Consumers Oppose Consumer Protection: The Politics of Regulatory Backlash

This article examines a neglected phenomenon in the existing literature on social regulation, namely political opposition to regulation that comes not from business but from consumers. It examines four cases of successful grass-roots consumer opposition to government health and safety regulations in the United States. Two involve rules issued by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, a 1974 requirement that all new automobiles be equipped with an engine-interlock system, and a 1967 rule that denied federal highway funds to states that did not require motorcyclists to wear a helmet. In 1977, Congress overturned the Food and Drug Administration's ban on the artificial sweetener, saccharin. Beginning in 1987, the FDA began to yield to pressures from the gay community by agreeing to streamline its procedures for the testing and approval of new drugs designed to fight AIDS and other fatal diseases. The article identifies what these regulations have in common and examines their significance for our understanding the politics of social regulation in the United States and other industrial nations.
Studying atmospheric exposure risks during oil spills using a localized computational model

This paper has investigated the risk of atmospheric exposure during oil spills. Air levels of volatile components (VCs) arising from oil spills under some hypothetical scenarios have been studied using a computational model. The computational results indicate that overexposure to benzene may exist under general conditions. A table summarizing the exposure risks under various conditions is presented which may be useful in exposure risk analysis during oil spill response. The exposure to other volatile hydrocarbon components is negligible. Exposure to sulphur components occurs, but the duration is very short.
Role of microtubules in random cell migration : stabilization of cell polarity

The role of microtubules in random cell migration was investigated using time-lapse videomicroscopy to record in vitro the shape and motile behavior of guinea pig alveolar macrophages before and after disrupting microtubules with colcemid. Cell migration was quantified in terms of directional persistence time and speed. Motility was also correlated with morphological polarity: cells having a single lamellipodal region (monopolar cells) migrated, whereas those lacking a lamellipod (apolar cells) or with opposing lamellipodal regions (bipolar cells) did not migrate. Within 2 hours, colcemid caused a shift in polarity from 80% monopolar cells to 40% monopolar and 40% bipolar cells and a corresponding decrease from 80% to 40% in the fraction of migrating cells. Mean persistence time and speed decreased only slightly (approximately 20%) for those cells (still monopolar) which continued to migrate in the presence of colcemid. Persistence time and speed actually increased for many individual cells, indicating that random migration did not require intact microtubules. We conclude that colcemid treatment destabilizes monopolarity, leading to the gradual loss of monopolarity and consequent inhibition of migration. While a cell remains monopolar, it will continue to migrate even in the absence of intact microtubules, but microtubules are required for the long-term maintenance of cellular monopolarity and, thus, for continued motility. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Transverse Momenta and Overlap Functions in Multiperipheral Models

The multi-Regge model is studied, with particular emphasis on the predicted slope of the elastic diffraction peak, and the average transverse momentum of the produced particles. The slope of the diffraction peak is proportional to the mean-square impact parameter, and in the multi-Regge model the total impact parameter is built up in a random walk, with each link in the multiperipheral chaln corresponding to a step in the walk. A simple Chew- Pignotti model is incapable of fitting the inclusive production data at high energies: It predicts too slow an increase in the multiplicity of produced pions, and too rapid a shrinkage of the diffraction peak. To cure this problem, one must introduce clustering'' effects such as to reduve the over-all spread in impact parameter, and increase the density of produced pions in longitudinal- momentum space. Such effects were to be expected, in fact, because of resonance formation. A multiperipheral cluster model is introduced, in which ihe dewy of the clusters is described via the statistical bootstrap model of Hagedom and Frautschi. A crude fit to the high-energy data, in which all the clusters are given a common mass, shows that the average cluster mass is at least a couplemore » of GeV, a surprisingly large figure. This provides some a posteriori justification for Hagedom's thermodynamic model. The calculations are carried out using both approximate analytical methods and a Monte Carlo numerical program. (auth)« less
Late relapse from complete remission in nodular and diffuse histiocytic lymphoma

Twelve patients with unfavorable prognosis lymphomas (diffuse histiocytic lymphoma, 11; nodular histiocytic lymphoma, 1) treated predominantly with radiation therapy, are described in whom relapse of disease occurred late (greater than 2.5 years, 2.8-26 years; median, 6.25 years) after achieving a complete remission. Although relapse probably represented regrowth of clinically quiescent tumor, it is also possible that these were second malignancies, perhaps occurring in a predisposed host. Continued long-term analysis of clinical trials is important to document this uncommon occurrence.
Positron annihilation studies on molybdenum irradiated with neutrons at temperatures from 350° C to 1000° C

We performed measurements of positron lifetimes and the lineshape parameter on molybdenum samples irradiated with neutrons at temperatures from 350° to 1000° C. The results show that the correlation between swelling and positron characteristics depends strongly on irradiation temperature. From 350° to 500° C, ΔS, and notI 2, correlates with sweelling; from 500° to 800° C, both ΔS andI 2 correlate with swelling; and at higher temperatures, none of them correlates with swelling.
In-Scene-Based Atmospheric Correction of Uncalibrated VISible-SWIR (VIS-SWIR) Hyper- and Multispectral Imagery

The QUAC (Quick Atmospheric Correction) algorithm for in-scene-based atmospheric correction of VIS-SWIR (VISible-Short Wave InfraRed) Multi- and Hyperspectral Imagery (MSI and HSI) is reviewed and applied to radiometrically uncalibrated data. Quite good agreement was previously demonstrated for the retrieved pixel spectral reflectances between QUAC and the physics-based atmospheric correction code FLAASH (Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes) for a variety of HSI and MSI data cubes. In these code-to-code comparisons, all the data cubes were obtained with well-calibrated sensors. However, many sensors operate in an uncalibrated manner, precluding the use of physics-based codes to retrieve surface reflectance. The ability to retrieve absolute spectral reflectances from such sensors would significantly increase the utility of their data. We apply QUAC to calibrated and uncalibrated versions of the same Landsat MSI data cube, and demonstrate nearly identical retrieved spectral reflectances for the two data sets.
Simulating alternative policies for implementing the Massachusetts scenic and recreational rivers act: The North River demonstration project

Abstract The State of Massachusetts has passed a law providing for the designation and management of Scenic and Recreational Rivers. A work program to implement this act has been developed by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management (MASS DEM) and the North River has been chosen as the pilot project area. The North River watershed is also in the study area for the NSF/RANN supported research program at the Harvard Graduate School of Design. The question which is the basis for this study has been posed by MASS DEM as follows: “What will be the impacts of alternative implementation policy scenarios on new development, and thus on the visual qualities of the scenic and recreational rivers using the North River as a pilot study?” The MASS DEM team has outlined 11 regulatory policy scenarios for managing the future protection of the river. Examples of the components of these scenarios include: conservation purchase within 100 yards (91.44 m) of the river, building density restrictions within 100 yards of the river, tree-cutting constraints within 100 yards of the river, building density restriction within the area seen from the river, and others. Working with the MASS DEM participants, the GSD research team has taken the regulation scenarios and translated them into appropriate model constraints. It has operated the Housing Model to test the effects of these added constraints on housing development (which will account for the great majority of change in the North River watershed), and has tested visual impacts of that new change on the scenic corridor via the Visual Quality Model. The policy implications of the results have been analysed by the author while MASS DEM has had all the responsibility for the incorporation of such findings into actual public policy. This paper summarizes the study process, findings, and conclusions. This paper presents a summary of what was a much more complex and detailed study, particularly as related to the results associated with each regulatory scenario. These were presented in a report: Steinitz, C. “Simulating Alternative Policies for Implementing the Massachusetts Scenic and Recreational Rivers Act: the North River Demonstration Project”. Landscape Architecture Research Office, Graduate School of Design, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A., January, 1978. Given the availability of the research system, this entire study was conducted and completed within a period of 4 weeks.
Dietary α-tocopherol and neuromuscular health: Search for optimal dose and molecular mechanisms continues!

Rodents fed alpha-tocopherol (alphaT)-depleted diets develop neuromuscular deficits. Unequivocal role of alphaT in the prevention of these deficits is confounded by possible neurotoxic oxidant products generated, ex vivo in alphaT-depleted diets. The discovery that large doses of alphaT could ameliorate neuromuscular deficits, attributed to very low serum alphaT caused by mutations in either the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein or the alphaT-transfer protein (alphaTTP), underscores the necessity of alphaT for neuromuscular health in humans. The discovery of human alphaTTP provided physiological relevance to biochemical data from rodents documenting alphaT-binding transfer protein, expressed exclusively in liver. The cloning of alphaTTP gene and the creation of alphaTTP-knockout mice allowed to achieve severe systemic alphaT deficiency in brain and muscles, possibly at birth, eliminating the possible confounding effects of ex vivo-generated oxidant products in vitamin E-stripped diets. alphaTTP-knockout mice have proven useful models to discover alphaT-regulated phenotypes and molecular actions of alphaT in vivo. The results suggest that antioxidant and non-antioxidant actions of alphaT in vivo may not be mutually exclusive. These studies also suggest that low levels of dietary alphaT can achieve in excess of nanomolar alphaT levels in tissues and maintain normal neuromuscular functions. This is consistent with biochemical and crystallographic data of alpha-TTP and of other alphaT-binding proteins that have dissociation constants in nanomolar range. Molecular mechanisms that cause a long delay for the development of deficiency symptoms remain enigmatic. It is likely that alphaT is metabolically stable in post-mitotic neurons and myocytes and, if it undergoes redox-cycling in vivo, a large repertoire of alphaT-regenerating systems maintains its biological activity before it is totally depleted.
GMW sequences (Corresp.)

The difference set design of Gordon, Mills, and Welch (GMW) is adapted for use as a pseudorandom number generator. Statistical properties of the generated binary sequences, including periodic correlation, linear span, and k -tuple statistics, are derived. One mechanization of a GMW sequence generator is suggested, and the number of sequences that can be generated with a fixed number of shift-register stages and read-only memory (ROM) size is evaluated.
Norm-referenced test interpretation in the diagnostic process

This study examines the extent to which norm-referenced tests can assist in addressing two independent clinical questions within the diagnostic process. "Is there a language impairment?" and "What ...
Sources of nitrate in stratocumulus cloud water: Airborne measurements during the 2011 E-PEACE and 2013 NiCE studies

This study examines the sources of NO_3^− in stratocumulus clouds over the eastern Pacific Ocean off the California coast using airborne and surface measurement data from the Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment (E-PEACE; 2011) and Nucleation in California Experiment (NiCE; 2013). Average NO_3^− air-equivalent concentrations in cloud water samples categorized as having been influenced by ship exhaust (2.5 μg m^(−3)), strong marine emissions (2.5 μg m^(−3)) and fires (2.0 μg m^(−3)) were more than twice that in the background cloud water (0.9 μg m^(−3)). During periods when biomass burning plumes resided above cloud top, 16 of 29 cloud water samples were impacted due to instability in the entrainment interface layer with NO_3^− levels reaching as high as 9.0 μg m^(−3). Nucleation scavenging of chloride depleted sea-salt is a source of cloud water NO^3^−, with the lowest Cl^−:Na^+ ratio (1.5) observed in ship-influenced samples. Surface aerosol measurements show that NO_3^− concentrations peak in the particle diameter range of 1.0–5.6 μm, similar to Na, Cl^− and Si, suggesting that drop activation of crustal particles and sea salt could be an important source of NO_3^− in cloud water. The contrasting behavior of NO_3^− and SO_4^(2−) is emphasized by the NO_3^−:SO_4^(2−) mass concentration ratio which is highest in cloud water (by more than a factor of two) followed by above cloud aerosol, droplet residual particles, and below cloud aerosol. Trends of a decreasing NO_3^−:SO_4^(2−) ratio with altitude in clouds are confirmed by parcel model studies due to the higher rate of in-cloud sulfate formation as compared to HNO_3 uptake by droplets.