cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Closure of partial mastectomy

A longstanding controversy surrounds whether to close breast parenchyma at the completion of a partial mastectomy for breast cancer. Modification of a technique described 80 years ago finds the middle ground between various opinions and simultaneously addresses 2 issues: (1) approximation of the deep and superficial surfaces of the parenchyma, without sutures within the parenchyma, minimizes "dents;" and (2) a radial suture line preserves the distance from the nipple to the periphery of the breast which minimizes traction on the nipple.
Villous adenoma of the appendix: Report of a case

A case of noninvasive villous adenoma of the appendix in a 62-year-old man with 26 months of follow-up is reported. Of the known 37 patients with noninvasive appendiceal villous adenoma, 19 had symptoms referable to the appendix and acute appendicitis microscopically. The other 18 lesions were found in incidental appendectomies. There was generalized mucosal involvement of the appendix in seven patients. The lesion extended to the resection line in four, but was not found in the cecum of the three who underwent partial cecectomy or right hemicolectomy. Appendectomy is adequate for noninvasive villous adenoma that does not reach the resection line. For those cases attaining the resection line, cecectomy is advisable, but right hemicolectomy appears to be too aggressive for a noninvasive lesion.
Adaptive model predictive control in the IPA-SQP framework

In this paper, we propose an approach and a specific algorithm to integrate a parameter estimation with the receding horizon model predictive control. We derive this adaptive MPC algorithm based on the integrated perturbation analysis and sequential quadratic programming (IPA-SQP) framework. Previously this approach was exploited for repeated constrained optimization in MPC when the initial conditions change. It is now shown that a similar algorithm can be derived to perform MPC updates when model parameters change. The detailed algorithm derivation is presented, along with discussions on the performance and implementation. An example based on the nonlinear dynamics of an inverted pendulum on a cart is included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
In vitro uptake of labeled androgens by prostate tissue in the presence of dieldrin.

These studies demonstrate that the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide, dieldrin, can inhibit thein vitro incorporation of labeled androgens by the rat prostate. These data are in substantial agreement with the work of THOMAS AND LLOYD (1973) who showed that the invivo incorporation of labeled androgens by mouse prostate tissue is significantly impaired when the animals axe previously exposed to dieldrin. The findings of WAKELING et al. (1972) demonstrate that dieldrin can inhibit thein vitro binding of 5 α-dihydrotestosterone to its specific receptor protein(s) in rat prostate cytosol and are in agreement with the findings in this present study.
Alkaline phosphatase in cell cultures of human origin.

IN an attempt to define some of the changes which cells undergo in adaptation to growth in vitro, work has been carried out on the metabolic and enzymatic activities of a variety of established cell cultures, mainly of human origin. For this work, cells were cultured in several media, including Eagle's medium1 and M1992 containing 10 or 15 per cent undialysed human serum, or in a nutrient medium described by Marcus et al. 3 containing 20 per cent undialysed human serum. Cells were grown for 6–8 days on glass surfaces at 37° C. in an atmosphere of 5 per cent carbon dioxide in air, and dispersed with 0.05 per cent trypsin in saline. They were collected by centrifugation at 500g, washed and resuspended in 0.25 M sucrose, and disrupted with a 10-kc./s. Raytheon sonic oscillator for 1–5 min. Cell protein was measured by the procedure of Lowry et al. 4.
Electrical characterization of organic/inorganic hybrid solar cells based on silicon nanopillars-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(styrenesulfonate)

Organic/inorganic hybrid Schottky solar cells based on p-type conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (sty renesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) in conjunction with n-type silicon substrates offer the merits of simple fabrication process and potential for lower cost. Here, we report an efficient organic/inorganic hybrid photovoltaic (PV) device based on silicon nanopillar arrays and PEDOT:PSS. The described device was fabricated by spin coating the organic polymer PEDOT:PSS on a silicon nanopillar (SiNP) array textured surface. The fabricated devices were characterized by collecting the current density-voltage and capacitance-voltage measurements. For the optimized geometry of the device, a promising power conversion efficiency (PCE) in excess of 10.50% has been achieved. The described device paves a promising way for developing low-cost, relatively high efficiency PV device in the future.
Mutations inmotBSuppressible by Changes in Stator or Rotor Components of the Bacterial Flagellar Motor

Abstract Five proteins (MotA, MotB, FliG, FliM and FliN) may be involved in energizing flagellar rotation in Escherichia coli . To study interactions between the Mot proteins, and between them and the three Fli proteins of the switch-motor complex, we have isolated extragenic suppressors of dominant and partially dominant motB missense mutations. Four of the 13 motB mutations yielded partially allele-specific suppressors. Of the suppressing mutations, 57 are in the motA gene, eight are in fliG , and one is in fliM ; no suppressor was identified in fliN . The prevalence of suppressors in fliG suggests that FliG interacts rather directly with the Mot proteins. The behaviour of cells in tethering and swarm assays indicates that the motA suppressors are more efficient than the fliG or fliM suppressors. Some of the suppressing mutations themselves confer distinctive phenotypes in motB + cells. We propose a model in which mutations affecting residues in or near the putative peptidoglucan-binding region of MotB misalign the stator relative to the rotor. We suggest that most of the suppressors restore motility by introducing compensatory realignments in MotA or FliG.
Chemical energy usage and myosin light chain phosphorylation in mammalian skeletal muscle

The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain of myosin plays a role in modulating the rate of chemical energy usage in mammalian skeletal muscle. There was no change in the average rate of chemical energy usage with duration of isometric stimulation in the rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL), even though the degree of light chain phosphorylation increased from 5% at rest to above 60% after 7 s of stimulation. When the initial degree of phosphorylation was increased to 73% by prestimulation of the muscle, there was still no change in the chemical energy usage under isometric conditions. In contrast, under the conditions used, the mouse EDL showed changes in the average rate of energy usage that depended upon both tetanus duration and stimulation history. However, there was no consistent relationship between phosphorylation of the light chain and average rate of chemical energy usage. These results suggest that while there are factors which can change crossbridge cycling rate in mammalian skeletal muscle, phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain of myosin is neither necessary nor sufficient to cause such changes.
Strategies for enhancing social support networks in sport: A brainstorming experience

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to explore strategies coaches and sport psychologists could implement to affect the type and level of social support provided student-athletes. A brainstorming activity with a group of coaches and sport psychologists was utilized to generate suggested methods. These strategies are summarized, consolidated and presented within the framework of a descriptive model of the social support network of student-athletes as suggested by Rosenfeld, Richman, and Hardy (1989).
Treating hypertension in older adults: safety considerations.

This article discusses the efficacy, use and adverse effects of antihypertensive drug therapy in older adults. Numerous double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies have demonstrated that antihypertensive drug therapy reduces cardiovascular events in older adults. All antihypertensive drugs may predispose older patients to the development of symptomatic orthostatic hypotension and postprandial hypotension, and syncope or falls. Adverse effects of diuretics, β-adrenergic receptor antagonists, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor antagonists, calcium channel antagonists, α-adrenergic receptor antagonists, centrally acting drugs and direct vasodilators are discussed. The adverse effects depend on the antihypertensive drugs used, the doses used, the co-morbidities present in older patients taking these drugs and drug-drug interactions.
General electrical transport properties of polycrystalline multi-layered metallic thin films

We have derived, following the recent theoretical calculation of the electrical conductivity of multi-layered metallic thin films, a general solution of the electrical conductivity for those films with grain structures, since those structures give important contributions to the electrical transport properties of polycrystalline thin film. The temperature coefficients of resistivity have also been obtained.
Formation of quasiperiodic patterns within a simple two-dimensional model system

We present a simple two-dimensional model system which tends to organize itself in the form of a quasiperiodic state. The system is composed of one sort of particles only, with mutual interactions that strongly deviate from the standard Lennard-Jones-type of potentials at intermediate distances. The dynamics of this system are simulated by using standard molecular dynamics methods for classical systems.
Experiments on Fluid Mechanics in Flip-Chip Solder Connections

This experimental research studies the formation of void bubbles within molten solder bumps in flip-chip connections. A theory based on thermocapillary flow reveals that the direction of heating influences void formation. Twelve chip-bump substrate assemblies were investigated using different heating profiles. A database on sizes and locations of voids in solder bumps was constructed. The observation on cases with melting direction from bottom to top supports the numerical study based on thermocapillary theory. The results show that a single big void is near the bump center with a few small voids near the edge when the melting direction is from bottom to top during solder reflow. When the melting direction was reversed, many small voids appear near the bottom edge with big voids in the middle of the bump. This experimental finding does not completely agree with the interpretation on the formation of voids by thermocapillary theory. However, the results do show that heat flux direction plays significant role in the formation and distribution of void bubbles in molten solder.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Women and minorities in physics and optics – over 25 years of personal observations

ETOP Co-Chair Barry Shoop asked me to give a talk on my perspectives, successes and recommendations in attracting and retaining women and underrepresented minorities in optics and photonics. Additionally, I have been asked to give my perspective on these issues in light of my recent term as 2002 President of the Optical Society of America.
College students' drinking motives and social-contextual factors: comparing associations across levels of analysis

Prior investigations have established between-person associations between drinking motives and both levels of alcohol use and social-contextual factors surrounding that use, but these relations have yet to be examined at the within-person level of analysis. Moreover, exploring previously posited subtypes of coping motives (i.e., coping with depression, anxiety, and anger) may shed light on the within-person processes underlying drinking to cope. In this daily diary study of college student drinking (N = 722; 54% female), students reported each day how many drinks they consumed the previous evening in both social and nonsocial settings along with their motives for each drinking episode. Additionally, they reported whether they attended a party the evening before, the number of people they were with, the gender makeup of that group, and their perceptions of their companions' drinking prevalence and quantity. External reasons for drinking-social and conformity motives-showed patterns largely consistent across levels of analysis and in agreement with motivational models. However, internal reasons for drinking-enhancement and coping motives-demonstrated divergent associations that suggest different processes across levels of analysis. Finally, coping subtypes showed differing associations with drinking levels and social-contextual factors dependent on the predisposing emotion and the level of analysis. These results suggest that internal drinking motives have unique state and trait components, which could have important implications for the application of motivational models to prevention and treatment efforts. We recommend including drinking motives (including coping subtypes) as within-person measures in future microlongitudinal studies. (PsycINFO Database Record
The Theoretical Bandwidth Frequency of a Three-Way Hydromechanical Valve

In this paper, the dynamic characteristics of the three-way hydromechanical valve are studied using numerical and analytical techniques. The full nonlinear model for this valve is derived by taking into consideration the capacitance of the downstream load chamber and the fluid momentum effects acting on the valve. Using non-dimensional analysis it is shown that the higher order dynamics of the valve itself are negligible compared to other forces acting on the valve, and that the transient flow-forces are also of negligible size. Using this information, a reduced order model is developed for studying the bandwidth frequency in closed form and for employing perturbation techniques to identify the relative impact of various design changes for the valve. In conclusion it is shown that the most significant design change that can be made for increasing the bandwidth frequency of the valve is to reduce the load capacitance by either shrinking the load-chamber volume or increasing the fluid bulk modulus. The impact of other design perturbations is also discussed including the effect of increasing the overall valve size, the supply pressure to the valve, and the mechanical spring rate.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Progress and promise: the last decade of international marketing research

Abstract In light of the rapid growth of international marketing studies, we thought it timely to investigate recent patterns and developments in the literature. We performed a content analysis of nearly 600 articles published from 1990 to 2000 in the leading academic journals. It became clear that major progress has been made in terms of a broadened research agenda and greater technical rigor. However, opportunities were identified to address overlooked research topics, increase cross-national collaboration, strengthen the complexity and comprehensiveness of theories, as well as diversify research methods beyond surveys. Based on these findings, we outlined several directions for advancement of international marketing knowledge.
Real-time soil water dynamics using multisensor capacitance probes : Laboratory calibration

There is a continued need for better methods to perform accurate, real-time, nearly continuous soil water measurements at specific depth intervals, with minimal soil disturbance, and covering field-scale areas. The objectives of this research were to assess the characteristics of a newly developed multisensor capacitance probe and to calibrate the sensors against a Mattapex silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludult) soil. The soil was uniformly packed in small increments, with the aid of a large hydraulic press, in a wooden box (35.5 by 35.5 cm, 40.5 cm deep). Probe installation in the boxed soil mimicked that required for correct field installation. A highly significant (r2 = 0.992 for n = 15, and RMSE = 0.009 cm 3 cm -3 water), nonlinear (θ r = 0.490 SF 2.1674 ) relationship was found between the soil volumetric water content (0 v , cm 3 cm -3 ) and the scaled frequency |SF = (F a - F s )(F a -F w ) -1 ]. The SF represents the ratio of individual sensor's frequency (inside PVC pipe) response in soil (F,) compared with sensor responses in air (F,) and in nonsaline water (F w ) at room temperature ( 22°C). Axial and radial sensitivity studies showed that these capacitance sensors give integrated readings over a primary depth interval of 10 cm and a radial capacitance fringe within 10 cm of the wall of the access pipe. Temperature effects of air and water were measured, and the calculated effects on assessment of θ ν were less than the RMSE for a temperature range of 10 to 30°C. Our calibration studies indicate that these multisensor capacitance probes can be used to accurately measure volumetric soil water contents in a soil water monitoring system.
Health-Risk Behaviors in Teens Investigated by U.S. Child Welfare Agencies

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to examine prevalence and correlates of health-risk behaviors in 12- to 17.5-year-olds investigated by child welfare and compare risk-taking over time and with a national school-based sample. Methods Data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW II) were analyzed to examine substance use, sexual activity, conduct behaviors, and suicidality. In a weighted sample of 815 adolescents aged 12–17.5 years, prevalence and correlates for each health-risk behavior were calculated using bivariate analyses. Comparisons to data from NSCAW I and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey were made for each health-risk behavior. Results Overall, 65.6% of teens reported at least one health-risk behavior with significantly more teens in the 15- to 17.5-year age group reporting such behaviors (81.2% vs. 54.4%; p ≤ .001). Almost 75% of teens with a prior out-of-home placement and 77% of teens with child behavior checklist scores ≥64 reported at least one health-risk behavior. The prevalence of smoking was lower than in NSCAW I (10.5% vs. 23.2%; p ≤ .05) as was that of sexual activity (18.0% vs. 28.8%; p ≤ .05). Prevalence of health-risk behaviors was lower among older teens in the NSCAW II sample (n = 358) compared with those of the 2011 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System high school-based sample with the exception of suicidality, which was approximately 1.5 times higher (11.3% [95% confidence interval, 6.5–19.0] vs. 7.8% [95% confidence interval, 7.1–8.5]). Conclusions Health-risk behaviors in this population of vulnerable teens are highly prevalent. Early efforts for screening and interventions should be part of routine child welfare services monitoring.
Inflammatory cells in ischemic acute renal failure.

Inflammatory cells in ischemic acute renal failure. Ischemic acute renal failure (ARF) is increasingly recognized as involving a complex cascade of mechanisms with both acute and chronic consequences. Attention to nontraditional mediators of ARF such as inflammatory pathways and microvascular events has yielded new paradigms and avenues of research. The initiation phase of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury damage involves microvascular hemodynamic changes characterized by red blood cell sludging with platelets and leukocytes. Blocking leukocyte-endothelial interactions has yielded significant protection from renal I/R injury in experimental models. However, experiments focusing on the role of the neutrophil have led to a modest expectation of its role in ARF. Recent studies have found that T cells directly mediate renal injury in experimental I/R injury. The CD4+ T cell, working both via interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and costimulatory molecules appears to be an important modulator of ARF. The B cell has recently been implicated in ARF. Little is known about the role for the macrophage. Finally, resident kidney cells likely contribute to the inflammatory pathogenesis of I/R damage and protection/repair, but how, and to what extent they are involved is not known. New tools to modulate inflammatory cells, particularly mononuclear leukocytes, hold promise for clinical trials in ARF.
The Darboux Transformation of Some Manakov Systems

The Darboux transformation is explicitly constructed for a coupled system of an arbitrary number of focusing or defocusing nonlinear Schrodinger fields with cubic nonlinearity (i.e., a Manakov system with an arbitrary number of fields). An immediate consequence is an explicit formula for an auto-Backlund transformation for the Manakov system.
Reducing the cost of branches

Pipelining is the major organizational technique that computers use to reach higher single-processor performance. A fundamental disadvantage of pipelining is the loss incurred due to branches that require stalling or flushing the pipeline. Both hardware solutions and architectural changes have been proposed to overcome these problems. This paper examines a range of schemes for reducing branch cost focusing on both static (compile-time) and dynamic (hardware-assisted) prediction of branches. These schemes are investigated from quantitative performance and implementation viewpoints.1
Ethical robots: the future can heed us

Bill Joy’s deep pessimism is now famous. “Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us,” his defense of that pessimism, has been read by, it seems, everyone—and many of these readers, apparently, have been converted to the dark side, or rather more accurately, to the future-is-dark side. Fortunately (for us; unfortunately for Joy), the defense, at least the part of it that pertains to AI and robotics, fails. Ours may be a dark future, but we cannot know that on the basis of Joy’s reasoning. On the other hand, we ought to fear a good deal more than fear itself: we ought to fear not robots, but what some of us may do with robots.
Regiocontrolled Synthesis of Poly((3-hexylthiophene-ylene)ethynylenes): Their Characterization and Photoluminescent Properties

A systematically regiocontrolled synthesis of poly((3-hexylthiophene-ylene)ethynylenes) (P3HTEs) is reported. The polymer structures are characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The UV−vis absorption λmax for P3HTE of a head-to-tail chain sequence (5) is slightly higher (about 4 nm) than that of P3HTE 10 with a head-to-head chain sequence. The fluorescence intensity for 5 in the film state, however, is about 10 times stronger than 10 under identical experimental conditions. Both 5 and 10 in solutions exhibit similar structured emissions of high- and low-energy bands. As the conjugation length of the molecule increases, however, the structured emission characteristic appears to be less prominent. The quantum efficiency of P3HTE increases sharply with the conjugation length when the chain length is shorter than the tetramer. Further extending the conjugation length beyond the tetramer appears to shift the fluorescence emission band to a longer wavelength, but to have little effect on the quantum effici...
The effects of therapeutically oriented instructions and of the pairing of anxiety imagery and relaxation in systematic desensitization

In an attempt to examine counterconditioning and expectancy factors in systematic desensitization, four groups of seven subjects each were given therapeutically or nontherapeutically oriented instructions and anxiety imagery paired or unpaired with relaxation. A 2×2 randomized blocks factorial design was employed. It was found that both therapeutically oriented instructions and the pairing of anxiety imagery and relaxation contributed to decreases in rat phobic avoidance behavior. Results were taken to indicate evidence for both counterconditioning and expectancy factors within the systematic desensitization technique. The possibility is discussed that the pairing procedure may produce increased patient expectancy of improvement.
Some function algebras with common spectrum

Let U be a function algebra on a compact Hausdorff space X which is also the spectrum of U. If B is an algebra such that U ⊆ B ⊆ C(X), then it is known that X will also be the spectrum of B if B consists of U-holomorphic functions on X. An example due to S. Sidney is described showing that this need not be the case if elements of B are only required to be U-holomorphic off the Silov boundary for U. On the other hand, it is proved that X is the spectrum of B if its elements are U-holomorphic off the strong boundary.
DNA Replication: Making Two Forks from One Prereplication Complex

The copying of chromosomal DNA initiates from a single nucleoprotein assembly called the prereplication complex. New findings in a recent issue of Molecular Cell (Yardimci et al., 2010) reveal that this complex dissolves into two independent replisomes that move away from each other as DNA synthesis ensues.
Enhancing Short-Term Traffic Forecasting with Traffic Condition Information

One of the key functions of traffic management systems is to monitor traffic conditions and detect the presence of conditions that are abnormal or may not be expected. As archiving of traffic data becomes less costly and more commonplace, generation of short-term forecasts of traffic conditions in real-time conditions is also becoming increasingly possible. Use of condition monitoring information can enhance the performance of short-term traffic forecasting procedures. In this study, one of the most studied approaches to forecasting, the nearest neighbor form of nonparametric regression, is coupled with a condition monitoring method that characterizes the extent to which current traffic conditions deviate from those that may be expected based on historical data. When the normalcy-based approach to traffic condition monitoring was used in the selection of observations from a traffic data archive and in the determination of the nearness of those observations to the current condition, the mean absolute percentage errors for two of the four nearest neighbor forecasting procedures were reduced.
HLA-B57-Restricted Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Activity in a Single Infected Subject toward Two Optimal Epitopes, One of Which Is Entirely Contained within the Other

Viral peptides are recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) as a complex with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, but the extent to which a single HLA allele can accommodate epitope peptides of different length and sequence is not well characterized. Here we report the identification of clonal CTL responses from the same donor that independently recognize one of two HLA-B57-restricted epitopes, KAFSPEVIPMF (KF11; p24Gag residues 30 to 40) and KAFSPEVI (KF8; p24Gag residues 30 to 37). Although lysis studies indicated that the KF11 peptide stabilized the HLA-B57-peptide complex more efficiently than the KI8 peptide, strong clonal responses were directed at each epitope. In samples from a second donor, the same phenomenon was observed, in which distinct CTL clones recognized peptide epitopes presented by the same HLA class I allele (in this case, HLA-A3) which were entirely overlapping. These data are relevant to the accurate characterization of CTL responses, which is fundamental to a detailed understanding of MHC class I-restricted immunity. In addition, these studies demonstrate marked differences in the length of peptides presented by HLA-B57, an allele which is associated with nonprogressive human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Wife Abuse and Marital Rape Among Women Who Seek Help

This article reports on an empirical investigation of marital rape and wife abuse among seventy-eight women who sought psychosocial intervention for difficulties in their relationships with their male partners. Comparative analyses were conducted between the group of women who had ever been physically, emotionally, or sexually abused by a male partner and the group who had not been so abused in relation to selected social and historical variables. The results showed that a key factor in determining current abusive relationships was the male partner's history of any type of family violence.
Listening for women's voices: Revisioning courses in American public address

Traditional American public address courses lack the broad range of rhetorical texts necessary to a full understanding of how humans use symbols. Employing seventeenth and eighteenth century American women's rhetoric as a case study, the author argues that the rhetoric of muted groups can and should be included in American public address courses. The author draws on theories of social history and literary criticism to illustrate how women's texts might be introduced into the classroom.
Leucocyte esterase in the rapid diagnosis of paediatric septic arthritis

Abstract Septic arthritis may affect any age group but is more common in the paediatric population. Infection is generally bacterial in nature. Prompt diagnosis is crucial, as delayed treatment is associated with lifelong joint dysfunction. A clinical history and application of Kocher’s criteria may indicate that there is a septic arthritis. However, definitive diagnosis is made on culture of septic synovial fluid. The culture process can take over 24 h for the initial culture to yield bacterial colonies. Leucocyte esterase is released by leucocytes at the site of an infection. We hypothesise that leucocyte esterase can be utilized in the rapid diagnosis of septic arthritis and shorten the time to decisive treatment whilst simultaneously decreasing unnecessary treatment of non-septic joints.
Chaetopterus tubes: Ultrastructural architecture

The wall of the tube 'house' constructed by the polychaetc, Chaelopterus variopedatus, was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and polarizing and phase-contrast light microscopy. The tube wall consists of alternating plies of aligned protein fibres imbedded in an unstructured matrix. The protein fibres range in diameter from 50-400 mmu and have an axial periodicity of about 641 A. The relative proportion of fibres to matrix, the total number of plies, and the number of fibres per ply vary throughout the tube.
A first step toward understanding membrane fusion induced by herpes simplex virus.

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Carfi et al. present the X-ray structure of the N-terminal domains of HveA, a TNF receptor family member, in complex with herpes simplex virus gD, providing a first step to understanding the herpesvirus mode of membrane fusion.
Hypothesis: Angiogenesis cytokines in high altitude cerebral oedema

ed from Severinghaus J W. Hypothetic roles of angiogenesis, osmotic swelling and ischemia in high altitude cerebral edema. J Appl Physiol 1995: (in press).
Cluster of Clusters: Structural Rules for Vertex-Sharing Icosahedral Supraclusters

Structural rules for supraclusters based on vertex-sharing icosahedra are developed. These simple rules are useful in elucidating the structural relationships of these clusters of clusters.
Bibliometry and nanotechnology: A meta-analysis

Abstract As in other fields of science, bibliometry has become the primary method of gaging progress in nanotechnology. In the United States in the late 1990s, a period when policy makers were preparing the groundwork for what would become the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), bibliometry largely replaced expert interviews, then the standard method of assessing nanotechnology. However, such analyses of this sector have tended not to account for productivity. We hope to correct this oversight by integrating economic input and output measurements calculating academic publications divided by the number of researchers, and accounting for government investment in nanotechnology. When nanotechnology journal publication is measured in these ways, the U.S. is not the leader, as has been widely assumed. Rather, it lags behind Germany, the United Kingdom, and France.
A study of approximating the moments of the job completion time in PERT networks

Abstract The importance of proper management of projects has not gone unrecognized in industry and academia. Consequently, tools like the Critical Path Method (CPM) and the Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) for project planning have been the focus of attention of both practitioners and researchers. Determination of the Time to Complete the Job (TCJ) in PERT networks is important for planning and bidding purposes. The complexity involved in accurately determining the TCJ has led to the development of many approximating procedures. Most of them ignore the dependence between paths in the network. We propose an approximation to determine the TCJ which explicitly recognizes this dependency. Dependency in networks arises due to commonality of activities among various paths in the network. We develop an approximation which is simple to use and makes use of readily available tables. Also, the approximation employs the traditional concept of the critical path which is easy to understand and to operationalize. The activities on the critical paths are divided into an independent portion and a dependent portion. The dependent portion comprises activities common to various critical paths. Order statistics are used in computing the time for the dependent portion of the critical path. We present the theoretical underpinnings of our approach and illustrate its application via an example. In the absence of other measures, we use simulation results as a proxy for the TCJ and as a benchmark to measure the accuracy of our approximation. Empirical results are obtained for a variety of networks in the literature. We show that the distribution of the TCJ is better approximated by a mixture of distributions. Comparison with other approaches from the literature indicates that our approximation yields estimates for the TCJ which are closer to the simulation results.
On direct methods in water-wave theory

Model equations for three-dimensional, inviscid flow between two arbitrary, time-varying material surfaces are derived using a ‘direct’ or variational approach due to Kantorovich. This approach results in a hierarchy of approximate theories, each of a higher level of spatial approximation and complexity. It can be shown that the equations are equivalent in substance to ‘the theory of directed fluid sheets’ of Green & Naghdi (1974, 1976).The theory can be used to study the propagation of long waves in water of finite depth and, as such, competes with theories derived using the classical Rayleigh–Boussinesq perturbation methods. In order to demonstrate that there is an advantage to the present approach, we compare predictions for steady, two-dimensional waves over a horizontal bottom. Numerical solutions indicate that the direct theory converges more rapidly than the perturbation theories. Also, the equations of the higher-order direct theories contain singularities related to waves of limiting height, and indeed such waves can be predicted with relative accuracy. Finally, the range of applicability of the direct theory is far greater: waves as short as three times the water depth can be modelled. This is essentially a deep-water condition, well beyond the range of convergence of the Rayleigh–Boussinesq approach.
A Molecular-Level Investigation of the Effect of Sodium Ions on the Binding of Opioid Ligands to their Receptors

The ability of sodium ions to increase the binding of antagonists and decrease the binding of agonists was first suggested for opioid receptors (ORs) in the '70s, and subsequently extended to other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These early conclusions derived from saturation analyses of ligand binding, using brain tissue homogenates with or without sodium. Further studies in tissues suggested differential regulation by sodium ions, with kappa sites being less sensitive to sodium than mu- and delta-opioid receptor sites. Our latest experiments in stable transfected cell lines demonstrate that a) agonist binding to mu, delta and kappa1 receptors is equally sensitive to sodium ions, and b) sodium ions tend to stabilize the antagonist conformation of the receptor. To provide a molecular-level understanding of these findings, we carried out microsecond-scale, all-atom standard molecular dynamics simulations of recent high-resolution crystal structures of ORs in an explicit 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC)-water environment at high sodium concentration. In spite of significant differences in sodium ion density around unique negatively charged residues in the extracellular region of kappa receptors, these simulations reveal similar rapid permeation of a sodium ion from the receptor extracellular sides, and its stable binding to the highly conserved residue D2.50. Notably, very high-resolution, crystal structures of GPCRs have recently provided direct evidence for sodium binding to an equivalent site involving residue D2.50. Although a second sodium ion is found to bind quite stably to a unique glutamic acid in the extracellular portion of transmembrane helix 6 of the kappa receptor (a lysine in mu and a tryptophan in delta), principal component analyses of our simulations suggest a similarly stabilized conformation of ORs by sodium.
Constructing end-to-end models using ECOPATH data

Abstract The wide availability of ECOPATH data sets provides a valuable resource for the comparative analysis of marine ecosystems. We show how to derive a bottom–up transform from the top–down ECOPATH; couple this to a simple microbial web with physical forcing; and use the end-to-end model (E2E) for scenario construction. This steady state format also provides a framework and initial conditions for different dynamic simulations. This model can be applied to shelf ecosystems with a wide range of physical forcing, coupled benthic/pelagic food webs, and nutrient recycling. We illustrate the general application and the specific problems by transforming an ECOPATH model for the Northern California Current (NCC). We adapt results on the upwelling regime to provide estimates of physical fluxes and use these to show the consequences of different upwelling rates combined with variable retention mechanism for plankton, for the productivity of fish and other top predators; and for the resilience of the ecosystem. Finally we show how the effects of inter-annual to decadal variations in upwelling on fishery yields can be studied using dynamic simulations with different prey–predator relations. The general conclusion is that the nature of the physical regimes for shelf ecosystems cannot be ignored in comparing end-to-end representations of these food webs.
The Heighway Dragon Revisited

We prove that the Heighway dragon is a countable union of closed geometrically similar disk-like planar sets which intersect each other in a linear order: any two of them intersect at no more than one cut point and for any three disks there exist at least two with an empty intersection. Consequently, the interior of the Heighway dragon is a countable union of disjoint open disk-like planar sets. We determine all the cut points of the dragon and show that each disk-like subset between two cut points is a graph self-similar set defined by a graph-directed iterated function system consisting of four seed sets. Our results describe a fairly complete picture of the topological and geometric structure of the Heighway dragon.
Energy Efficiency of Laser Driven, Structure Based Accelerators

The acceleration efficiency of a laser driven linear accelerator is analyzed. The laser power, loss factor, and impedances determine the maximum charge that can be accelerated and the efficiency of that acceleration. The accelerator structure can be incorporated into a laser cavity. The equation for the resultant laser pulse is derived and analyzed. A specific example is presented, and the steady-state laser pulse shapes, acceleration efficiency, and average unloaded gradient are calculated.
Probing interfacial dynamics and mechanics using submerged particle microrheology. I. Theory

Microrheology relies on tracking the thermal or driven motion of microscopic particles in a soft material. It is well suited to the study of materials that have no three-dimensional realization, which makes them difficult to study using a macroscopic rheometer. For this reason, microrheology is becoming an important rheological probe of Langmuir monolayers and membranes. Interfacial microrheology, however, has been difficult to reconcile quantitatively with more traditional macroscopic approaches. We suggest that uncertainties in accounting for the mechanical coupling of the tracer particle to the interface or membrane are responsible for these discrepancies. To resolve them, we propose a new non-contact approach to interfacial microrheology that uses particles submerged in the subphase a known distance below the interface. In this first of two papers, we present calculations of the response function (and thus the equilibrium fluctuation spectrum) of a spherical particle submerged below a viscoelastic surface that has a finite surface tension and/or bending modulus. In the second paper, we compare these results to submerged particle microrheology in a few example systems, showing quantitative agreement.
Using data mining to enable integration of wind resources on the power grid

As renewable resources, such as wind, start providing an increasingly larger percentage of our energy needs, we need to improve our understanding of these resources, so we can manage them better. The intermittent nature of the power generation makes it challenging for control room operators to schedule wind energy while balancing the load on the grid. Forecasts of the energy to be generated by a wind farm in the hours ahead tend to be inaccurate, even under normal conditions. The problem is exacerbated during ramp events, where the generation changes by a large amount in a small time. In this paper, we analyze historical data to determine ways in which data mining techniques can enable the integration of wind energy into the grid. Our results indicate that we can use feature selection methods to identify important weather variables associated with ramp events and inaccurate forecasts, thus reducing the number of data streams an operator must monitor. In addition, we can use ensembles of decision trees to predict days likely to have ramp events or inaccurate forecasts, thus providing grid operators additional information they can use to make well-informed decisions on scheduling wind energy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining, 2012 © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aharonov-Bohm oscillations due to quantum interference between parallel quantum wells

Abstract This paper examines theoretically several novel double quantum well structures that could exhibit interference between currents flowing in two parallel channels. This is a new effect with potential applications in switching devices, as a “quantum interference transistor”, requiring extremely low drain and gate voltages.
Computer simulation of collision cascades in monazite

Collision cascades in the monoclinic mineral monazite have been studied with a modified version of the computer-simulation program MARLOWE. Most of the calculations were made for the irradiation of polycrystalline CeP${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ by normally incident 50-eV to 100-keV Ar atoms. A few calculations were made for 1-keV Cu atoms recoiling from lattice sites in a hypothetical form of Cu with the monazite structure. Although there are many fewer replacements and substantially more channeling in the mineral, collision cascades in monazite are generally similar to those in metals in size and shape. The dimensions of the calculated cascades suggest that the amorphization of monazite by Ar-ion irradiation probably commences when collision cascades begin to overlap. The calculations give a detailed view of the structure of the cascades in monazite that should be useful in interpreting radiation effects in proposed nuclear-waste isolation media.
An overview of poxviruses

The poxvirus family is a diverse and interesting group of viruses that affect both humans and animals. Poxviruses are epitheliotropic and therefore are of interest to the dermatologist. The genera of poxviruses known to affect humans are Orthopoxvirus, Parapoxvirus, Molluscipoxvirus, and Yatapoxvirus. The different poxviruses are reviewed, including their history, incidence, clinical presentation, and treatment.
Reptation Dynamics of Asymmetric Diblock Copolymer Melts via the Dynamic Random Phase Approximation

A calculation of the intermediate scattering function of an entangled melt of asymmetric diblock copolymers is presented. On the basis of the reptation model of polymer dynamics and the dynamic ran...
Vine and Oak: Wives and Husbands Cope with the Finanacial Panic of 1857

Exploring Washington Irving's vine and oak metaphor regarding gendered responses to financial failure, this case study analyzes couples' strategies to cope with the financial panic of 1857 in Nininger City, Minnesota, a boom-town that went bust. Just as Irving's fictional couple in "The Wife" dealt with the husband's financial failure in culturally defined, gender appropriate ways, Nininger families attempted to withstand business failures and mortgage foreclosures even as they strove to display a middle-class lifestyle. Evidence from letters, diaries, court records, and census data demonstrates that some husbands left Nininger seeking new opportunities to preserve their property and support their families, while wives attempted to represent the family's financial stability by staying in the town and keeping up appearances. Women did this through their insistence on a comfortable house to protect the family not only from harsh winters but also from those judging the family's precarious financial circumstances. In some marriages, gendered responses were transgressed by wives adopting husband's strategies temporarily, as in the case of Katherine and Ignatius Donnelly, or by divorce proceedings resulting from husbands' improper use of wives' property; the latter in particular challenged the mutual dependence of the husband/oak and wife/vine in weathering the financial crisis.
Singular Perturbation Series in Quantum Mechanics

Abstract This is the first in a series of articles on singular perturbation series in quantum mechanics. In these papers we will compute transition amplitudes non-perturbatively for several simple quantum mechanical systems. This paper treats the behavior of a harmonic oscillator as a function of the spring constant. All the systems to be considered exhibit the same phenomenon: there is, in general, no power series expansion, even of an asymptotic nature, in powers of the perturbation parameter. For reasonable initial and final states there are, however, expansions of a more complicated type. In the case of the harmonic oscillator there is a log-power series expansion. This example is sufficiently simple and explicit that one can see how the logarithmic terms arise mathematically. How they arise physically is rather more mysterious. One point however is clear; the standard techniques of perturbation theory, whether expressed in terms of Dyson series, Feynman diagrams, successive approximation, or path integrals, are all structured so as to produce only power series and thus fail to detect logarithmic terms.