cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of an intracavity-doubled diode-pumped Q-switched Nd:YAG laser producing more than 100 W of power at 0.532 microm.

A diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser was frequency doubled to 0.532 µm with an intracavity KTiOPO4 crystal in a V-cavity arrangement, achieving an output power of 140??W. Acousto-optic Q??switching was employed at repetition rates of 10–30??kHz, and the beam quality was assessed at M2?50. It was deduced on the basis of our model that the strength of the nonlinear frequency conversion is the main parameter determining the pulse width.
Steric aspects of adrenergic drugs XXI. Drug-induced release of (-)- and (+)- 14 C-norepinephrine from the isolated superfused rat vas deferens.

Monoamine oxidase- and catechol-Omethyl transferase-inhibited superfused (60 min) rat vasa deferentia were preincubated with either (−)- or (+)-14C-norepinephrine (200 ng/ml, 30 min). As compared to that in the control tissue, the radioactivity from the reserpine-pretreated tissue disappeared at a faster rate. The rates of disappearance of the total radioactivity from the tissues either preincubated with (−)-14C-norepinephrine or (+)-14C-norepinephrine were identical. In the reserpine-pretreated tissues, phenoxybenzamine enhanced the disappearance of the radioactivity. Tyramine produced equal contractions in the normal vasa deferentia preincubated with either (−)- or (+)-14C-norepinephrine, but released 25–50% more radioactivity from the tissue pre-incubated with the(+)-isomer than that released from the tissue incubated with the (−)-isomer. In vasa deferentia obtained from reserpine-pretreated rats, tyramine released equal amounts of radioactivity when tissues were either preincubated with (−)- or (+)-isomer. However, the response of vasa deferentia preincubated with the (−)-isomer was approximately 7-fold greater than of those preincubated with the (+)-isomer. The results are discussed in relation to the drug-induced release of the isomers.
Planetary brightness temperature measurements at 8.6 mm and 3.1 mm wavelengths

New measurements of the sun, moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn at 3.1- and 8.6-mm wavelengths are given. The temperatures reported for the planets at 3.1-mm wavelength are higher than previous measurements in this wavelength range and change the interpretation of some planetary spectra. For Mercury, it is found that the mean brightness temperature is independent of wavelength and that a temperature-dependent thermal conductivity is not required to match the observations. In the case of Mars, the spectrum is shown to rise in the millimeter region, as simple models predict. For Jupiter, the need to recalculate the spectrum with recent models is demonstrated. The flux density scale proposed by Dent (1972) has been revised according to a more accurate determination of the millimeter brightness temperature of Jupiter.
Response of docosapentaenoic acids of rat heart phospholipids to dietary fat.

Groups of male Holtzman strain rats were fed from weanling one of the following diets: 20% hydrogenated soybean fat (20% HF), and 20% HF plus 2%, 3% and 4% corn oil, respectively, for 20 weeks. The animals were killed, and the heart phospholipid fractions isolated by chromatographic procedures. The levels and distribution of the docosapolyenoic acids, especially 22∶5ω3, were compared among the animals fed the corn oil supplemented and nonsupplemented diets. Although dietary linolenate (18∶3ω3) level was very low in the nonsupplemented diet, 22∶5ω3 accounted for 8.4% of the total fatty acids of heart total phospholipids when this diet was fed-half the level of total eicosatetraenoic acids. The amounts of 22∶5ω3 were decreased by corn oil supplementation of the diet and got down to the “normal” range of 2.0–2.5% at corn oil supplementation levels greater than 2%. The docosapolyenoic acids were confined largely to the phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine classes of phospholipids. These findings are discussed from the standpoint of the structural role of the phospholipids in the heart subcellular fractions.
Influence Strategies, Success, and War

This article studies the effectiveness of influence strategies in serious dyadic disputes. Influence strategies are classified according to four types: bullying, reciprocating, appeasing, and trial-and-error. The study employs events data from twenty serious disputes occurring in the twentieth century. The findings support the central hypothesis that a reciprocating strategy is the most effective means of avoiding a diplomatic defeat without going to war, especially when it is employed against a bullying opponent. A closer look at the individual cases suggests that this is related to the face-saving properties of this approach, as well as the universal norm of reciprocity in international affairs.
Hemin deprivation in culture stages of the hemoflagellate, Leishmania tarentolae

Abstract 1. Intact iron porphyrins appear to be necessary for culture of promastigote stages of Leishmania tarentolae grown in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI). The iron porphyrins catalase and peroxidase could substitute for hemin in BHI whereas cytochrome c could not. 2. Both cytochrome c and protoporphyrin IX inhibited the growth of L. tarentolae in BHI containing hemin. 3. Cells grown in hemin-free BHI grew poorly, exhibited increased length, showed higher respiratory rates and lost a major electrophoretic protein band. 4. It was not possible to grow the organism for more than one subculture in hemin deficient BHI. δ-Amino-levulinic acid (ALA), a key intermediate in porphyrin biosynthesis, could not substitute for hemin. This was not due to a permeability barrier since 3 H-ALA was taken up by L. tarentolae . 5. Label from incorporated 3 H-ALA was found in hemin and porphyrin fractions of cell extracts although the counts were very low. 6. Free porphyrins were found in cell extracts of L. tarentolae separated by thin layer chromatography; one of these showed an R f value similar to that of uroporphyrin.
Novel Mechanisms for Defect Formation and Surface Molecular Processes in Virus Crystallization

The in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigation reveals the sources of disorder in crystals of an icosahedral plant virus, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). It is here demonstrated that CMV viri...
An infraconsonant nonconsonant completely regular space

Abstract Let R denote the real numbers. We construct in ZFC a countable space X such that X has exactly one non-isolated point, X is infraconsonant, and X is not consonant. We conclude that X is a completely regular space such that Isbell topology on C ( X , R ) is a group topology that coincides with the natural (finest splitting) topology on C ( X , R ) , but the Isbell and compact-open topologies on C ( X , R ) do not coincide. The example answers two open problems in the literature.
Making the Most of What You've Got: Managerial Ability as a Source of Resource Value Creation

The current study investigates a central premise of the resource-based view of the firm-that managers are a potential source of value creation for the firm. Using data from professional sports teams, we test theory regarding the effects of managerial ability, human resource stocks, and managers' actions on resource value creation. While results indicate managerial ability affects resource productivity, this effect is less pronounced with increases in the quality of firm resources. Further, we investigate the extent to which managerial actions that synchronize resource bundles account for the influence of managerial ability and resource context on a firm's performance advantage. These results contribute to our understanding of resource management and provide empirical evidence for the importance of managerial ability in the resource-based view.
The effects of discourse force on the comprehension of fables, parables, and folktales

The experiment examined the effects of discourse force (whether the function of a passage is to entertain, provide literary-aesthetic pleasure, instruct, or inform) on memory and comprehension for information from fables, folktales, and parables. Discourse force was manipulated while the passage content was held constant. Results showed that discourse force affected some evaluative judgments about a passage but had no effects on memory.
Improving automotive dimensional quality by using principal component analysis

Dimensional quality is a measure of conformance of the actual geometry of products with the designed geometry. In the automotive body assembly process, maintaining good dimensional quality is very difficult and critical to the product. In this paper, a dimensional quality analysis and diagnostic tool is developed based on principal component analysis (PCA). In quality analysis, the quality loss due to dimensional variation can be partitioned into a mean deviation and piece-to-piece variation. By using PCA, the piece-to-piece variation can be further decomposed into a set of independent geometrical variation modes. The features of these major variation modes help in identifying the underlying causes of dimensional variation in order to reduce the variation. The variation mode chart developed in this paper provides the explicit and exact geometrical interpretation of variation modes, making PCA easily understood. A case study using an automotive body assembly dimensional quality analysis will illustrate the value and power of this methodology in solving actual engineering problems in a practical manner.
Endocytosis of nerve growth factor by PC12 cells studied by quantitative ultrastructural autoradiography

The endocytosis of [125I]nerve growth factor (NGF) by cultured rat pheochromocytoma cells, the PC12 line, was studied by ultrastructural quantitative autoradiography. Cells previously grown in the absence of NGF were incubated at 37 degrees C with [125I]NGF for periods of up to 26 h. Under these conditions, PC12 cells have not yet shown outgrowth of neurites. Heavy labeling of the plasma membrane was observed at 2 h. At 6 and 26 h, lower but significant levels of labeling of the plasma membrane were still noted. After 2, 6 and 26 h, endocytosis of [125I]NGF was detected. Low breakdown of [125I]NGF was observed only after 26 h. At 26 h, grain density distributions of [125I]NGF showed significant labeling of lysosomes, while nuclei and rough endoplasmic reticulum showed the lowest levels of labeling. Significant apparent labeling of vesicles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and of various cytoplasmic components, including cytoskeletal elements, was also observed. These findings indicate that [125I]NGF undergoes endocytosis quite slowly. During the initial phase of the interaction between NGF and PC12 cells, plasma membrane moieties are constantly labeled while lysosomes show progressively increasing uptake of NGF. The pathway of endocytosis of [125I]NGF included vesicles of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum but the Golgi apparatus was not unequivocally labeled. The findings do not support the hypothesis that NGF is transported to the nucleus for the initiation of transcriptional events. Our morphologic observations are consistent with the hypothesis that NGF constantly occupies sites on or adjacent to the plasma membrane, and that it slowly undergoes endocytosis into lysosomes.
Interferons in the treatment of human papillomavirus diseases

A variety of epithelioproliferative benign neoplasms, both trivial and life-threatening, are caused by subtypes of human papillomaviruses. Interferons objectively regress HPV-induced warty disease and affect the regrowth of the transformed epithelium. Interferons effectively control the most serious and potentially life-threatening papillomavirus associated diseases, respiratory papillomatosis and genital warts, but not without the anticipated side effects associated with this potent biological weapon. It is entirely possible and even likely that individual species of interferons act preferentially on certain cells, tissues or organs in response to particular viruses. Combined therapies, such as surgery in combination with interferon, or podophyllin in conjunction with interferon alfa-nl, may prove most efficacious.
Escherichia coli 23S ribosomal RNA truncated at its 5' terminus.

Abstract In a strain of E. coli deficient in RNase III (ABL1), 23S rRNA has been shown to be present in incompletely processed form with extra nucleotides at both the 5' and 3' ends (King et al., 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 81, 185-188). RNA molecules with four different termini at the 5' end are observed in vivo, and are all found in polysomes. The shortest of these ("C3") is four nucleotides shorter than the accepted mature terminus. In growing cells of both wild-type and mutant strains up to 10% of the 23S rRNA chains contain the 5' C3 terminus. In stationary phase cells, the proportion of C3 termini remains the same in the wild-type cells; but C3 becomes the dominant terminus in the mutant. Species C3 is also one of the 5' termini of 23S rRNA generated in vitro from larger precursors by the action of purified RNase III. We therefore suggest that some form of RNase III may still exist in the mutant; and since no cleavage is detectable at any other RNase III-specific site, the remaining enzyme would have a particular affinity for the C3 cleavage site, especially in stationary phase cells. We raise the question whether the C3 terminus has a special role in cellular metabolism.
The Sustainability of Comprehensive School Reform Models in Changing District and State Contexts

This article addresses the sustainability of comprehensive school reform(CSR) models in the face of turbulent district and state contexts. It draws on qualitative data gathered in a longitudinal case study of six CSR models implemented in 13 schools in one urban district. Why do reforms sustain in some schools and not in others? How do changing state and district contexts influence reform sustainability in schools? After 3 years, reform efforts ceased in 6 of the 13 schools studied; two other schools were still implementing reforms but at very low levels. Only 5 of the 13 schools continued to implement their CSR models with moderate to high levels of intensity. Findings show that changing district and state contexts affected the sustainability of CSR models in schools differently depending on each school's strategy for dealing with the changes, as well as their local conditions, experiences with reform, and capacity.
Toward Artificial Magnetism Using Terahertz Split Ring Resonator Metamaterials

Split ring resonator arrays have been fabricated to demonstrate magnetic resonance in the terahertz regime. Spectroscopic transmission measurements as a function of oblique angle enable quantitative values of the permeability to be calculated
Blind prediction of SAMPL4 cucurbit[7]uril binding affinities with the mining minima method.

Accurate methods for predicting protein–ligand binding affinities are of central interest to computer-aided drug design for hit identification and lead optimization. Here, we used the mining minima (M2) method to predict cucurbit[7]uril binding affinities from the SAMPL4 blind prediction challenge. We tested two different energy models, an empirical classical force field, CHARMm with VCharge charges, and the Poisson–Boltzmann surface area solvation model; and a semiempirical quantum mechanical (QM) Hamiltonian, PM6-DH+, coupled with the COSMO solvation model and a surface area term for nonpolar solvation free energy. Binding affinities based on the classical force field correlated strongly with the experiments with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.74. On the other hand, binding affinities based on the QM energy model correlated poorly with experiments (R2 = 0.24), due largely to two major outliers. As we used extensive conformational search methods, these results point to possible inaccuracies in the PM6-DH+ energy model or the COSMO solvation model. Furthermore, the different binding free energy components, solute energy, solvation free energy, and configurational entropy showed significant deviations between the classical M2 and quantum M2 calculations. Comparison of different classical M2 free energy components to experiments show that the change in the total energy, i.e. the solute energy plus the solvation free energy, is the key driving force for binding, with a reasonable correlation to experiment (R2 = 0.56); however, accounting for configurational entropy further improves the correlation.
Competing Constraints: The Operational Mismatch between Business Logistics and Humanitarian Effectiveness

Decades of research have been committed to developing effective business logistics systems. In contrast, the important design principles for effective humanitarian logistics systems remains poorly understood. Current research focuses largely on applying business models to humanitarian logistics, However, there remains a fundamental mismatch between business logistics models, and humanitarian logistics ways of operating. Specifically, business logistics systems are utility-centered, constrained by economic outcomes and designed to meet market demand, create dependency, and eliminate uncertainty. Alternatively, humanitarian logistics systems are meanscentered,constrained by a shared moral code prioritizing the way work is conducted and designed to meet nondiscretionary necessities, facilitate independence and manage uncertainty. Thus, we argue that business logistics models and tools designed for precision and control cannot merely be re-engineered for a humanitarian context that calls for approximation and balance. Instead of adapting logistics systems designed for maximizing business effectiveness, we believe academics could better contribute to the science of humanitarian logistics by avoiding market-based designs which inhibit humanitarian effectiveness, and pursuing new designs supporting the goals and constraints driven by humanitarian values.
Characterization of somatostatin specific binding in plasma cell membranes of human placenta.

Summary: Somatostatin is a known inhibitor of hormone secretion and of nutrient transport. Because somatostatin-like immunoreactivity has been detected in amniotic fluid and the placenta has both hormone secretory and nutrient transport functions, we investigated the possible existence of somatostatin receptors on placenta cell membranes. Binding of 125I-Tyr1-and125I-Tyr11-somatostatin (5-21%) to solubilized placenta cell membranes was observed. Binding was time-, temperature-, and pH-dependent and occurred maximally with incubation at concentrations of 25 μg of membrane protein. Displacement of binding of 125I-Tyr1 and Tyr11 somatostatin by cold cyclic and linear somatostatin and somatostatin analogs Ala-5, Ala-8, and Ala-11 was observed. Scatchard analysis of data revealed high capacity of (Ro 0.44 mol/μg × 10−12) but low affinity (Kd 1.8 M × 10−7) binding sites similar to that reported in other tissues. Binding was not reversible under our experimental conditions. The significance of this low affinity binding of somatostatin to placenta cell membranes remains to be determined.
Thymic Cyst Presenting as an Acute Mediastinal Mass

A 64-year-old farmer developed acute cardiorespiratory distress. Physical examination and laboratory and roentgenographic evaluation suggested acute cardiac tamponade. However, angiographic studies and thoracic exploration revealed the presence of an acutely inflamed thymic cyst Excision relieved the symptoms. Acute enlargement of a thymic cyst should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute mediastinal enlargement.
Abstract 4484: Uracil DNA glycosylase expression determines human lung cancer cell sensitivity to pemetrexed.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Uracil misincorporation into DNA is a consequence of pemetrexed inhibition of thymidylate synthetase (TS). The DNA base excision repair (BER) enzyme, uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG) is the major glycosylase responsible for removal of misincorporated uracil. We previously illustrated hypersensitivity to pemetrexed in UNG-/- human colon cancer cells (DLD1) and proposed that cytotoxic uracil accumulation leads to collapsed replication forks, double strand breaks and cell death. Here, we examined the relationship between cellular capability to remove uracil-DNA and pemetrexed sensitivity in human lung cancer cells. Viral siRNA and shRNA knockdown of UNG enhanced pemetrexed sensitivity in A549 and H1975 cells, respectively. We further evaluated induction of UNG as a mechanism of pemetrexed resistance. Exposure of H1299 cells to step-wise increasing concentrations of pemetrexed established drug resistant sublines: H1299PR-1 and H1299PR-2. Significant induction of UNG protein was observed in both sublines. Importantly, co-treatment with the BER inhibitor, methoxyamine (MX), overcame pemetrexed resistance in H1299PR-1/2 underscoring the utility of BER directed therapeutics to offset acquired pemetrexed resistance. Lastly, differential expression of UNG in cell lines and primary lung cancer tissues was associated with pemetrexed sensitivity. Cell lines derived from squamous and small cell carcinoma, known to be clinically resistant to pemetrexed, had the highest levels of UNG expression in a panel of eight lung cancer cell lines. Analysis of cDNA microarrays derived from primary human lung cancer tissues also indicated high UNG expression in pemetrexed-resistant histological subtypes. Thus, we propose that UNG is a major determinant of pemetrexed sensitivity in human lung cancer. Citation Format: Lachelle D. Weeks, Pingfu Fu, Lili Liu, Stanton L. Gerson. Uracil DNA glycosylase expression determines human lung cancer cell sensitivity to pemetrexed. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4484. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4484
Effect of cyclic overload on the crack growth behavior during hold period at elevated temperature

Effect of tensile overload on elevated temperature crack growth behavior during the subsequent load hold period has been studied by numerical and experimental methods. Finite element analysis of compact specimens shows that when the tensile overload precedes the load hold period, Ct during the hold period is significantly smaller (i.e. retarded) compared to the case without the overload. This is due to crack tip stress relaxation associated with large crack tip plasticity generated by the overload. A modified Ct estimation scheme is proposed by introducing a new equation for tpl. Using this scheme, the retardation behavior of Ct due to the overload is successfully modeled.
Study of a quasi-optical electron cyclotron maser with output coupling mirrors

Research on a 28 GHz quasi-optical electron cyclotron maser is summarized. This research involves various schemes for coupling microwave power out from one side of an open resonator configuration. Numerical studies are used to calculate the field profiles and associated energy losses of the dominant resonator modes. Using these profiles, the non-linear efficiency of energy coupling from an electron beam is estimated using the standard quasi-optical gyrotron orbit equations. Experimental data are presented and analysed with respect to the device efficiency. The conclusions of the study lead to current experimental work on a Cassegrain output scheme.
Compounds Related to Juvenile Hormone. II

We recently reported (Braun et al. 1968) 2 convenient synthetic pathways leading to methyl 10,11-epoxy-7-ethyl- 3,11-dimethyl-2,6-tridecadienoate (I) (see Fig. 1), the insect juvenile hormone isolated by Roller et al. (1967) from adult male cecropia moths, Hyalophora cecropia (L.), and later identified by the same group (Dahm et al. 1967). Even though compound I, I-a, when it is prepared by our methods, is presumably a mixture of all 16 possible isomers, it displayed very high juvenile hormone activity when it was assayed with pupae of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L., by the method of Bowers and Thompson (1963). Compound I-a was about ⅓ as active as the natural juvenile hormone (Roller et al. 1965) and twice as active as methyl 10,11-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6- dodecadienoate (II) (Bowers et al. 1965), one of the most active synthetic compounds to date. Subsequent preparation of additional quantities of I by reaction scheme B outlined in our earlier publication (Braun et al. 1968) and the more convenient epoxidation procedure using m -chloroperbenzoic acid led to a product (I-b) with activity about ⅓ that of our product (I-a), which was prepared using the epoxidation method of van Tamelen and Sharpless (1967). This loss of activity is not surprising, since peracid epoxidation is known to be much less selective (leading to a mixture of 10,11 and 6,7 epoxides) than the van Tamelen procedure, which yields terminal epoxides almost exclusively.
Suggested in vivo irreversible metabolism of labeled cortisol during distribution: effects on kinetic measurements and role of modes and sites of administration.

Radioactively labeled cortisol and cortisone were combined, administered iv to human subjects, and 3α,17,21-trihydroxy-5β-pregnane-11, 20-dione (THE) and 3α,1 10,17,21-tetrahydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one (THF) were determined from the total urinary radioactive metabolites. The presence of 10–60% more of the cortisone-isotope than the cortisol-isotope in THE than in THF suggested that a large portion of the labeled cortisone was reduced to metabolites without entering the cortisol pool. 14C-cortisol and 3H-cortisone combined were injected into a right antecubital vein over 30 sec and urine was collected each 15 min. THE had high initial 3H/14C values 260% above the value at equilibrium confirming significant formation of labeled THE prior to essentially complete interconversion of labeled cortisone and cortisol. In contrast, 3H/14C of THF was essentially constant from the outset indicating almost complete interconversion before significant labeled THF formed. Thus, it is postulated that a portion of labeled cor...
Rapid estimation of chloramphenicol clearance in infants and children.

A method is presented by which chloramphenicol clearance (Cl) can be estimated from a single serum sample obtained 6 hours after the initial intravenous dose. The method was evaluated prospectively in 20 infants and children who received intravenous chloramphenicol sodium succinate. Agreement between predicted and observed clearance was excellent (r = 0.914, p < 0.001). The equation of the observed regression line was: observed = 0.886x predicted + 0.019. The method appears to provide reasonably accurate estimates of clearance which can be used for rapid clinical adjustment of dose.
Conditional measure and flip invariance of Bowen-Margulis and harmonic measures on manifolds of negative curvature

Kifer and Ledrappier have asked whether the harmonic measures {νx} on manifolds of negative curvature are equivalent to the conditional measures of the harmonic measure v of the geodesic flow associated with the fibration {SxM}x∈M. We settle this question with a rigidity result. We also clear up the same problem concerning the Patterson-Sullivan measure and the Bowen–Margulis measure.
Design of new photodiode standards for use in the MISR in-flight calibrator

The Multi-Angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) is to be launched in 1998 as part of NASA's Earth Observing System. The 3% (1/spl sigma/) absolute radiometric calibration requirement for this instrument is considered challenging, particularly since it must be maintained through the five-year mission life. To meet this specification MISR will rely on detector-based calibration techniques, which are primarily founded on High Quantum Efficiency (HQE) detector technology. Filtered HQE photodiodes will be used to characterize solar-reflected light from a diffuse calibration target during the mission. In addition, radiation-hard photodiodes, which have an extended lifetime over the HQE detectors, will be utilized as part of the on-board calibrator. To date, flight photodiodes and filters have been fabricated, along with components of the photodiode flight package, and the photodiodes have undergone performance and stability testing. This paper gives a status report on these new in-flight photodiode standards, with primary emphasis on the photodiode performance measurements taken to date. >
Plasma-Discharge Stabilization of Jet Diffusion Flames

The authors examine three different types of plasma discharges in their ability to stabilize a lifted jet diffusion flame in coflow. The three discharges include a single-electrode corona discharge, an asymmetric dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD), and a repetitive ultrashort-pulsed discharge. The degree of nonequilibrium of this pulsed discharge is found to be higher than that for the DBD. Furthermore, this pulsed discharge causes the most significant improvement in the flame stability. The optimal placement of the discharge electrodes is investigated, and it is found that there is a close relation between this placement and the emission spectra, suggesting use of the emission spectra as a possible indicator of fuel/air mixture fraction. The optimal placement is mapped into mixture-fraction space by use of a fully premixed flame experiment of known mixture fraction. The result shows that the mixture fraction, which corresponds to the optimal placement, is much leaner than that of a conventional lifted jet flame
The OCF Security Concept

Security is a central issue with smart cards. Security protocols protect access to data on the smart card through secure messaging. Additionally, they allow the off-card application to use cryptographic algorithms and keys stored on the smart card for digitally signing data and signature verification. Implementing a smart card security concept requires dealing with environmental and legal constraints as well as with smart card specifics.
Mid-infrared optical parametric amplifier using silicon nanophotonic waveguides

By taking advantage of the absorption reduction at wavelengths approaching the two-photon absorption bandedge of 2,200 nm, scientists demonstrate a mid-infrared silicon optical parametric amplifier that exhibits broadband gain as large as 25.4 dB and a net off-chip amplification of 13 dB using only an ultra-compact 4-mm silicon chip.
Spatial variation and density-dependent dispersal in competitive coexistence

It is well known that dispersal from localities favourable to a species' growth and reproduction (sources) can prevent competitive exclusion in unfavourable localities (sinks). What is perhaps less well known is that too much emigration can undermine the viability of sources and cause regional competitive exclusion. Here, I investigate two biological mechanisms that reduce the cost of dispersal to source communities. The first involves increasing the spatial variation in the strength of competition such that sources can withstand high rates of emigration; the second involves reducing emigration from sources via density-dependent dispersal. I compare how different forms of spatial variation and modes of dispersal influence source viability, and hence source-sink coexistence, under dominance and pre-emptive competition. A key finding is that, while spatial variation substantially reduces dispersal costs under both types of competition, density-dependent dispersal does so only under dominance competition. For instance, when spatial variation in the strength of competition is high, coexistence is possible (regardless of the type of competition) even when sources experience high emigration rates; when spatial variation is low, coexistence is restricted even under low emigration rates. Under dominance competition, density-dependent dispersal has a strong effect on coexistence. For instance, when the emigration rate increases with density at an accelerating rate (Type III density-dependent dispersal), coexistence is possible even when spatial variation is quite low; when the emigration rate increases with density at a decelerating rate (Type II density-dependent dispersal), coexistence is restricted even when spatial variation is quite high. Under pre-emptive competition, density-dependent dispersal has only a marginal effect on coexistence. Thus, the diversity-reducing effects of high dispersal rates persist under pre-emptive competition even when dispersal is density dependent, but can be significantly mitigated under dominance competition if density-dependent dispersal is Type III rather than Type II. These results lead to testable predictions about source-sink coexistence under different regimes of competition, spatial variation and dispersal. They identify situations in which density-independent dispersal provides a reasonable approximation to species' dispersal patterns, and those under which consideration of density-dependent dispersal is crucial to predicting long-term coexistence.
Structures and stabilities of carbon cluster ions

A new method for identifying and characterizing cluster ion isomers is presented. Results indicate that most carbon clusters have more than one stable form, with 29 ≤ n ≤ 45 indicating 3 or 4 different structures. Fullerenes first appear at C30+ and begin to dominate above C45+. From small to large the isomeric progression is from linear to rings to fullerenes. Preliminary results on some theoretically calculated carbon cluster structures and their simulated mobilities are presented.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Luteotrophic and Luteolytic Responses to Prolactin in Hypophysectomized Rats1

Daily prolactin treatment was initiated at various times after the ovulatory injection of LH in hypophysectomized rats. In order to consistently produce a strong luteo-trophic response in the newly formed corpora lutea, prolactin injections had to be initiated within 56 hr after LH. Prolactin treatment initiated 80 or more hr after LH consistently caused structural luteolysis of the newly formed corpora lutea. When prolactin administration was initiated at 64 or 72 hr after LH, the response varied between trials. Prolactin was luteo-lytic in 2 trials, luteotrophic in 1 trial, and possibly intermediate in 2 trials. The classification of a response to prolactin as intermediate cannot be proven since the response may have been slightly luteotrophic but not sufficiently so to support a trauma-induced uterine deciduoma. (Endocrinology 84: 1224, 1969)
Reviving the Socialist Calculation Debate: A Defense of Hayek Against Lange

The socialist calculation debate is a debate about whether rational economic decisions can be made without markets, or without markets in production goods. Though this debate has been simmering in economics for over 65 years, most philosophers have ignored it. This may be because they are unaware of the debate, or perhaps it is because they have absorbed the conventional view that one side decisively won. This is the side represented by economists such as Oskar Lange and Fred Taylor who, in opposition to free-market economists like Fredrich Hayek, allegedly showed that their version of market socialism is, in principle, as efficient as capitalism.
Cognitive and functional recovery at 6 and 12 months post-TBI

Outcome studies examining recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI) often fail to provide a clear understanding of the time course of cognitive, emotional, and behavioural recovery. The present study represents an effort to prospectively study individuals with TBI at fixed intervals, specifically 6 and 12 months post-injury with a window of +/- 1 month. Seventy-two individuals with new-onset TBI underwent neuropsychological evaluation and clinical interview at 6 and 12 months post-injury. Results revealed significant improvements in cognitive abilities, including memory, processing speed, language abilities, and constructional skills. There were significant gains in community integration and involvement in productive activities, but limitations in driving activities remained. Although individuals with mild-moderate TBI performed better than individuals with severe TBI, both groups demonstrated equivalent rates of recovery across domains. The results of this study provide important information regarding the time course of TBI recovery.
African rainfall and its relation to the upper air circulation

The rainfall distribution over Africa analysed for the period 1951–1975 shows a downward trend at 15°N not present at other latitudes. A widespread reduction in rainfall is observed during the drought years 1972 and 1973. Upper air analyses have been used to construct mean monthly vertical motion patterns and water vapour budgets but the results are not sufficiently precise to examine year-to-year differences. Changes in the August flow patterns show that low rainfall in the Sahel is associated with the virtual disappearance of the 850-mb trough near 8°N and weakening of the easterly jet above it. an empirical orthogonal function analysis of the 850-, 500- and 200-mb temperatures from 150 stations shows that these changes are global in extent. the downward trend in the Sahel rainfall has evidently been paralleled by a weakening of the northern hemisphere circulation. These results suggest that local modification of surface conditions is not the principal cause of the decline in Sahel rainfall over the last two decades.
Heavy aluminum wire bonding-a state of the art assessment

Ultrasonic wire bonding of Al wire from 0.005" to 0.020" in diameter is being increasingly used for devices where high currents and high heat dissipation are required. Most of this type of bonding is done on an Orthodyne 360 bonder, which offers unique capabilities and constraints. This paper analyzes the bond process and demonstrates how good bonds are made, what their characteristics are, and discusses their impact on design considerations. Sound design rules are explained and demonstrated.
Exposure to potentially traumatic life events in children with special needs.

A series of studies of potentially-traumatic life-events (PTLE) in children and youth with special needs (CSN) was conducted after parents of 102 CSN from interdisciplinary pediatric clinics listed PTLE at significantly higher rates on the Pediatric Emotional Distress Scale (PEDS) compared to parents 58 students with no diagnoses. Subsequent studies replicated this disparity in 213 5–15 year-olds sampled through school-distributed parent PTLE checklists instead of PEDS. Results from school samples suggested significantly more PTLE in CSN, t (211) = −3.39, p < .001. In both studies some of PTLE reported significantly more in CSN were potentially related to the special needs of the child (e.g., hospitalizations, school problems) but others were not (e.g., traumatic events such as vehicular accidents and disasters). Children exposed to more PTLE were rated as having significantly more behavior problems across measures. Suggested cost-effective screening for PTLE may enable clinicians to enhance differential diagnosis, medical management, and psychosocial interventions for CSN by taking into account PTLE and symptoms related to recent disruptive events.
The errors of first and second kinds in welch-aspln's solution of the behrens-fisher problem

Welch's test for the Behrens-Fisher problem, which tests the equality of means of two normal populations with unknown (possibly unequal) variances, is considered in this paper. The tables of critical regions for Welch's test are of an approximate nature. The errors of the first and second kinds are calculated on computer for this test, using the Gauss-Laguerre quadrature formula. The effects of the discretization and round-off errors in the computation have been eliminated- The values of α and β, the two kinds of errors for Welch's test are tabulated. These tables give a broad picture of the behaviour of Welch's test for different values of the parameters involved.
Fruit and vegetable intake and their pesticide residues in relation to semen quality among men from a fertility clinic

main results and the role of chance: Total fruit and vegetable intake was unrelated to semen quality parameters. High pesticide residue fruit and vegetable intake, however, was associated with poorer semen quality. On average, men in highest quartile of high pesticide residue fruit and vegetable intake (≥1.5 servings/day) had 49% (95% confidence interval (CI): 31%, 63%) lower total sperm count and 32% (95% CI: 7%, 58%) lower percentage of morphologically normal sperm than men in the lowest quartile of intake (,0.5 servings/day) (P, trend ¼ 0.003 and 0.02, respectively). Low-to-moderate pesticide residue fruit and vegetable intake was associated with a higher percentage of morphologically normal sperm (P, trend ¼ 0.04). limitations,reasonsforcaution: Surveillance data, rather than individual pesticide assessment, was used to assess the pesticide residue status of fruits and vegetables. CASA is a useful method for clinical evaluation but may be considered less favorable for accurate semen analysis in the research setting. Owing to the observational nature of the study, confirmation is required by interventional studies as well. wider implications of the findings: To our knowledge, this is the first report on the consumption of fruits and vegetables with high levels of pesticide residue in relation to semen quality. Further confirmation of these findings is warranted.
Trace Levels of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Bioactivity Are Concealed in a Mucosal Niche during Pulmonary Inflammation

Pathogen and cellular by-products released during infection or trauma are critical for initiating mucosal inflammation. The localization of these factors, their bioactivity and natural countermeasures remain unclear. This concept was studied in mice undergoing pulmonary inflammation after Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) inhalation. Highly purified bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) fractions obtained by sequential chromatography were screened for bioactivity and subjected to mass spectrometry. The Inflammatory and inhibitory potentials of the identified proteins were measured using T cells assays. A potent pro-inflammatory factor was detected in BALF, and we hypothesized SEA could be recovered with its biological activity. Highly purified BALF fractions with bioactivity were subjected to mass spectrometry. SEA was the only identified protein with known inflammatory potential, and unexpectedly, it co-purified with immunosuppressive proteins. Among them was lactoferrin, which inhibited SEA and anti-CD3/-CD28 stimulation by promoting T cell death and reducing TNF synthesis. Higher doses of lactoferrin were required to inhibit effector compared to resting T cells. Inhibition relied on the continual presence of lactoferrin rather than a programming event. The data show a fraction of bioactive SEA resided in a mucosal niche within BALF even after the initiation of inflammation. These results may have clinical value in human diagnostic since traces levels of SEA can be detected using a sensitive bioassay, and may help pinpoint potential mediators of lung inflammation when molecular approaches fail.
The Impact Of Forecast Errors On Staffing Decisions For Service Centers

Providing the right staffing levels is of paramount importance in most service centers. Excess capacity is costly, yet a lack of sufficient capacity leads to unacceptably low service levels which may be even costlier. When determining staffing levels for a service center it is, therefore, essential to develop forecasting for the expected load on the system. Although in practice these forecasts are not perfect, they are often taken to be so. In this paper we explore the impact of ignoring forecast uncertainty, and develop an approach that explicitly incorporates the effects of forecast errors. We model the service center as a queuing system in which the arrival rate is a random variable with known distribution. The manager sets the number of servers to minimize a cost function that includes a variety of terms related to the performance of the system. We show that both the optimal number of servers and the optimal value of the cost function are quite sensitive to the variance of the arrival rate, so the performance of the service center could be significantly suboptimal if a manager ignores forecast uncertainty. In addition we show that the decision and the optimal value of the cost function are quite insensitive to uncertainty in other parameters such as the waiting and reneging costs. Although the optimal value of the cost function is also quite sensitive to the shape of the prior distribution for the arrival rate, a manager can make a near-optimal staffing decision knowing only the first two moments of the distribution of forecast errors.
National Security and Presidential Power: Judicial Deference and Establishing Constitutional Boundaries in World War Two and the Korean War

In times of national crisis and war, democracies can rise to the occasion and meet the threat without violating the civil liberties of some to save the whole. In other times a democracy can fall prey to its base instincts and make critical mistakes. But can the rule of law and its muse, the Judiciary, be depended upon to assist in meeting the better parts of our angles, or is Madison correct that no Bill of Rights will “be regarded when opposed to the decided sense of the public?” From 1941-1944 the United States interned Japanese, Italian, and German citizens due to the outbreak of World War Two. In 1952 President Truman seized the American steel industry to prevent a national strike which, he determined, would adversely affect the efforts in the Korean War. The Supreme Court ruled the internment constitutional and the seizure of the steel industry unconstitutional. Both cases involved assertions of presidential power in times of war. Both historical events will be reviewed as case studies demonstrating how the Judiciary both ratified and overruled Truman’s overreach of presidential power in the face of assertions of national security necessity.
Industry Transformation: Testing Best-Value and Leadership in Non-Construction Industries

The Performance Based Studies Research Group (PBSRG) in the Del E. Webb School of Construction at Arizona State University has conducted research in the development and application of best-value and leadership based process models in construction for the past 14 years. Despite significant success in terms of construction performance, the concepts and ideas of the best-value/leadership process models have met consistent resistance. Due to the construction industry’s characteristics, fragmented system, and inability to change easily, documenting industry impact has been difficult. The PBSRG has embarked on an effort to test their research concepts of best-value/leadership process models in industries outside of construction, with a less fragmented system, but with similar characteristics. In this way, the authors hope to gain a better understanding of the research models’ impact on an industry. This paper presents the initial testing of the bestvalue/ leadership process model in the area of dining services, specifically on a $300+ million contract for one of the largest campuses in the United States, Arizona State University. The initial results show a significant increase in guaranteed money, performance, and risk minimization. The expanse of the effort seeks to create an industry transformation model to be first tested in dining services and then brought back to the construction industry as an example to drive change in the future.