cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of in situ light reduction on the growth of two subtropical seagrasses, Thalassia testudinum and Halodule wrightii

The effects of in situ light reductions on two species of subtropical seagrasses, Thalassia testudirum (reduced to 14% and 10% of surface irradiance; SI) and Halodule wrightii (reduced to 16% and 13% SI) were examined over a 10-mo period (October 1992-September 1993) in relation to leaf elongation rates, sediment pore-water ammonium, and blade chlorophyll concentrations. No significant changes in pore-water ammonium levels were noted among treatments with time, but blade chlorophyll concentrations in both species were higher in plants exposed to the darkest treatments (10% and 13% SI) relative to controls exposed to 50% SI. In all treatments, blade chlorophyll concentrations were highest and chlorophyll a:b ratios lowest during the warner months, coincident with higher water temperatures. Leaf elongation rates in T. testudinum plants decreased relative to unshaded controls after 1 mo of treatment in autumn, but no significant differences in leaf elongation were noted among treatments for H. wrightii in late autumn or winter when very low growth rates (<0.1 cm shoot−1 d−1) were recorded. There were no differences between treatments during the spring growth period for T. testudinum (no data are available for H. wrightii), suggesting that growth (ca. 1 cm shoot−1 d−1) was probably not related to available light but was supported by belowground reserves. After 10 mo of treatment, all H. wrightii plants at 13% SI (1,600 mol m−2 yr−1) and 16% SI (2,000 mol m−2 yr−1) disappeared from experimental plots; similarly, no T. testudinum plants exposed to 10% SI (1,300 mol m−2 yr−1) remained, although 4% of the plants at 14% SI (1,800 mol m−2 yr−1) survived nearly 12 mo of reduced irradiance. In neither species were leaf elongation rates, which showed little change among treatments, a reliable indicator of the underwater light environment.
Factors that Enhance the Potency of Streptococcal Group-Specific Antisera

It has been determined that Groups A and C streptococcal antisera should contain a minimum of 5 mg of group-specific antibody per ml if they are to be used in the capillary-precipitin test for the serologic recognition of streptococci. An antiserum of this potency gives an immediate heavy precipitate. Many unselectively bred rabbits that do not produce potent antisera after the first series of intravenous immunizations, do so after the second series. Sixty percent of 30 rabbits had antibody levels greater than 5 mg/ml after the first series with Group C vaccine; 9096 responded in this manner after the second series. Improvement of antisera with a second series was also observed when Group A vaccine was employed. Especially high levels of antibody were seen in offspring obtained by selectively breeding rabbits that showed a high titer of group-specific antibody after immunization. Eighteen out of 19 of these offspring had more than 5 mg of antibody/ml after the first immunization, and six had antibody levels between 36 and 62 mg/ml after the second series of immunizations. Preliminary studies suggest that this genetic approach will be useful also in enhancement of activity of Group A antisera.
A normative model of decision making in auditing

An audit is a collection of judgments made about various accounting subsystems. Ultimately these judgments must be combined in order to issue a final opinion. As businesses become more complex, the number and type of subsystems increase, and the job of the auditor becomes more complex. Coupled with an increase in auditor liability, systems which provide quantitative support for the audit process are needed. This research attempts to formalize the audit process by developing a normative model of the audit decision process. Such a model would provide the theoretical basis for building an expert support system for auditors.
P-94: A Novel Method to Eliminate Fringe Field Effects for Small Pixels on LCoS

A new LC mode which implements finger-on-plane (FOP) type common electrodes in a reflective light valve is proposed. The appropriate electrode geometry or shape design can overcome the problem of poor contrast ratio and low light efficiency in conventional LCoS. The simulation results indicate that the reflectance can reach above 80% even for the worst case in frame and column inversion driving schemes. We will also demonstrate that our device exhibit low dispersion in single cell gap configuration.
Computational algorithms for transient analysis: the burden of weight and consequences towards formalizing discrete numerically assigned [DNA] algorithmic markers: Wp-family

Abstract Different from the way we have been looking in the past at developments encompassing modal type and a wide class of step-by-step time stepping approaches for transient and dynamic field problems, and significantly different from the way these have been developed and described in standard text books over the years, this paper outlines the theoretical ideas and basis towards providing a generalized methodology and formulations leading to integral and a wide class of integration operators for the resulting solution of these transient equation systems. It is herein postulated that integral operators and a wide class of integration operators pertain to and emanate from the same family, with the burden which is being carried by a virtual field or weighted function field specifically introduced for the time discretization is strictly enacted in a mathematically consistent manner so as to first permit obtaining the adjoint operator of the original semi-discretized equation system. Subsequently, the selection or burden carried by the virtual or weighted function fields originally introduced to facilitate the time discretization process determines the formal development and outcome of ‘exact integral operators’, ‘approximate integral operators’, and a wide class of ‘integration operators’. Thus, the present developments not only serve as a prelude towards the formal developments for ‘exact integral operators’, but also demonstrate that the resulting ‘approximate integral operators’ and a wide class of ‘integration operators and known methods’ are simply subsets of the generalizations of a standardized W p -Family, and emanate from the principles presented herein. The burden of weight and the resulting consequences towards subsequently enabling a formal basis for the selection of discrete numerically assigned [DNA]-algorimmic markers to particularly identitfy a wide class of algorithms is described for transient field problems and dynamic field problems, respectively.
Rhetoric and the Engineering Approach: Three Axioms:

His knowledge of rhetorical principles enables the English teacher to criticize the content as well as the form of a technical report because the report is a verbal model of an object, process, or ...
ON A MOMENT-BASED DATA ANALYSIS METHOD FOR CANONICAL-DISSIPATIVE OSCILLATORY SYSTEMS

Canonical-dissipative oscillatory systems subjected to fluctuations are considered. It is shown how to estimate key parameters of such systems using the first and second moments of energy fluctuations and the short-time mean square displacement of velocity fluctuations. The key parameters describe the strength of the deterministic attractive forces that drive the oscillator dynamics towards a limit cycle and the strength of the random perturbations that drive the oscillator dynamics away from the limit cycle. A test statistics is proposed to assess the validity of the canonical-dissipative modeling approach.
Role of NAD(+) in the deacetylase activity of the SIR2-like proteins.

In this report we describe the role of NAD(+) in the deacetylation reaction catalyzed by the SIR2 family of enzymes. We first show that the products of the reaction detected by HPLC analysis are ADP-ribose, nicotinamide, and a deacetylated peptide substrate. These products are in a 1:1:1 molar ratio, indicating that deacetylation involves the hydrolysis of one NAD(+) to ADP-ribose and nicotinamide for each acetyl group removed. Three results suggest that deacetylation requires an enzyme-ADP-ribose intermediate. First, the enzyme can promote an NAD(+) if nicotinamide exchange reaction that depends on an acetylated substrate. Second, a non-hydrolyzable NAD(+) analog is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme, and, third, nicotinamide shows product inhibition of deacetylase activity.
Influence of culture conditions on growth of FL-74 cells and feline oncornavirus cell membrane associated antigen production

The FL-74 cell, a feline lymphoblastoid cell line derived from a tumor induced by leukemia virus, grows equally well in static suspension culture (plastic T-flask or silicone treated glass bottles) or in spinner culture. No growth was observed in unsiliconized glass bottles. Although feline leukemia virus production was nearly the same in FL-74 grown in each of the above types of vessel, the expression of the feline oncornavirus membrane associated antigen (FOCMA), as determined by membrane immunofluorescence, was more intense and more complete on cells grown in static suspension. Moreover, higher fluorescent antibody titer endpoints were observed with cells from static suspension cultures than with cells from spinner cultures. FL-74 cells grown in spinner culture, when subjected to partial synchrony by cold block or by deprivation of essential amino acids (arginine and/or isoleucine) for 12 hr, achieved a membrane fluorescent pattern for FOCMA similar to celsl grown in static suspension. It is proposed that the expression of FOCMA on the cell membrane surface is cell-cycle dependent, and that the rate at which a cell passes through the cell cycle determines the pattern and intensity of the fluorescence of the cell membrane.
Self biased heterojunction effect of ferroelectric thin film on silicon

Abstract Several ferroelectric thin films with n-type or p-type conductivity, including undoped and doped PZT (Lead-Zirconate Titanate), BaTiO3 (Barium Titanate), SBN (Strontium-Barium Niobate), KNbO3 (Potassium Niobate) as well as PBN (Lead Barium Niobate) were made on the silicon substrates by the sol-gel process Self biased heterojunction effects were observed. It has been observed that either p-n junction or n-p junction in the ferroelectric-semiconductor systems behave like a rectifying diode. A physical explaination has been constructed in explaining this effect.
Cholinergic control of the nocturnal prolactin surge in the pseudopregnant rat.

The possible involvement of cholinergic mechanisms in the control of rhythmic secretion of prolactin has been examined in the pseudopregnantrat. Baseline data were obtained in decapitated animals in which the diurnal surge was observed in the 1430-2030 h range and the nocturnal surge during the 2330-0530 h interval. Atrial cannulation permitted a faithful reproductionof the prolactin pattern seen in decapitated rats if at least 3 days elapsed between the cannulation operation and bleeding, while cardiac puncture, under light ether anesthesia, appeared to suppress the diurnal surge. This latter observation appeared to depend on the time of sampling in relation to the onset of the dark phase of the daily lighting cycle. Atropine (35 or 70 mg⁄100 g BW) was found to inhibit the nocturnal surge in animals bled by either the cardiac puncture or cannulation techniques effect which was reversed by pretreatment with eserine (50 or 100 µg⁄100 g BW). Nicotine (0.75 mg⁄100 g BW) was found to delay, but not completely...
Investigating Novice Programmers' Plan Composition Strategies

Problem solving through effective plan decomposition and composition continues to be exceedingly difficult for novice programmers. This is exacerbated by the fact that these strategies are usually implicit in instruction: students are left to figure out their own problem solving strategies. My research investigates ways to elicit and improve students' plan decomposition and composition strategies.
The effects of progestins on bone density and bone metabolism in postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the action of progestins on bone metabolism in early menopausal women. Study design One hundred thirty-two menopausal women were randomized into a 2-year double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. There were 6 treatment groups: micronized progesterone (P 4 ) 300 mg/day; medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) 10 mg/day; norethindrone (NET) 1 mg/day; micronized estradiol (E 2 ) 1 mg/day; E 2 1 mg/day+MPA 10 mg/day; and placebo. All subjects received 1000 mg of calcium and 400 IU of vitamin D/day. Primary outcome variables were bone mineral density (BMD) changes at the spine and hip. Secondary variables were bone turnover markers. Results With E 2 or E 2 +MPA treatment, BMD at L2-L4 increased by 2% to 4% over 2 years. Bone mineral density (BMD) at the spine followed a decreasing trend with MPA, P 4 , and placebo treatments. With NET treatment, BMD did not change from baseline. At the femoral neck site, BMD did not change significantly for any treatment group. Bone resorption and bone formation markers decreased with E 2 or E 2 +MPA treatment, and did not change appreciably with all 3 progestin-alone treatments. There were no vertebral or hip fractures observed during the trial. Conclusion Estrogen remains the primary bone active agent in hormone therapy, while progestins have significantly less activity. The selection of the appropriate progestin in hormone therapy should be based on criteria other than bone activity.
Biofuel production: an odyssey from metabolic engineering to fermentation scale-up.

Metabolic engineering has developed microbial cell factories that can convert renewable carbon sources into biofuels. Current molecular biology tools can efficiently alter enzyme levels to redirect carbon fluxes towards biofuel production, but low product yield and titer in large bioreactors prevent the fulfillment of cheap biofuels. There are three major roadblocks preventing economical biofuel production. First, carbon fluxes from the substrate dissipate into a complex metabolic network. Besides the desired product, microbial hosts direct carbon flux to synthesize biomass, overflow metabolites, and heterologous enzymes. Second, microbial hosts need to divert a large portion of the substrate to generate both ATP and NAD(P)H to power biofuel synthesis. High cell maintenance, triggered by the metabolic burdens from genetic modifications, may significantly affect the ATP supply. Thereby, fermentation of advanced biofuels (such as biodiesel and hydrocarbons) often requires aerobic respiration to resolve the ATP shortage. Third, mass transfer limitations in large bioreactors create heterogeneous growth conditions and micro-environmental fluctuations (such as suboptimal O2 level and pH) that induce metabolic stress and genetic instability. To overcome these limitations, fermentation engineering should merge with systems metabolic engineering. Modern fermentation engineers need to adopt new metabolic flux analysis tools that integrate kinetics, hydrodynamics and 13C-proteomics, to reveal the dynamic physiologies of the microbial host under large bioreactor conditions. Based on metabolic analyses, fermentation engineers may employ rational pathway modifications, synthetic biology circuits, and bioreactor control algorithms to optimize large-scale biofuel production.
Interracial roommate relationships: A mechanism for promoting sense of belonging at university and academic performance

Abstract The current study investigated whether intergroup contact through roommate assignment in college dormitories affects the academic well-being of minority and majority students at a predominantly White university. Participants were first-year students randomly assigned to either a majority or minority group roommate. During the beginning and end of their first semester at college, participants completed a questionnaire packet which included ratings of their sense of belonging and identification with their university. At the end of the school year, participants’ official grade point averages (GPA) were also recorded. In general, students randomly assigned to an interracial roommate relationship reported an increased sense of belonging at university at the end of the first semester at college. Specifically for minority students, those randomly assigned to a majority group roommate reported a stronger sense of belonging at university and received a higher GPA than minority students randomly assigned to a minority roommate. Analyses suggested that sense of belonging partially mediated the effect of room type on minority students’ GPA. Room type did not affect majority students’ GPA. These findings have implications for improving academic satisfaction, performance, and retention.
From compliance to creative rights in music education: rethinking intellectual property in the age of new media

This article examines one possible approach to teaching music in higher education with regards to creative rights and copyright. The author shares theoretical ideas underlying changes in content, creativity and culture brought about by the rise of new media and the Internet. Comparing examples of professional and student works, the author details increasingly prevalent creative practices. As these creative practices are intimately involved with new media, this brings increased attention to copyright in the classroom. The author reviews the predominant approach for teaching copyright, concluding that it favours compliance and centres on illegal downloading and digital infringement. A critique of the compliance approach finds four key weaknesses: first, that it ignores the norm/law gap; second, the inherent ambiguity in copyright makes compliance nearly impossible to achieve; third, a compliance approach is not in harmony with contemporary creative practices teachers should promote and; fourth, it has lead ...
Influence of nanoparticle addition on the properties of wormlike micellar solutions.

The addition of positively charged, 30 nm diameter silica nanoparticles to cationic wormlike micellar solutions of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and sodium nitrate is studied using a combination of rheology, small angle neutron scattering, dynamic light scattering, and cryo-transmission electron microscopy. The mixtures are single phase up to particle volume fractions of 1%. The addition of like-charged particles significantly increases the wormlike micelle (WLM) solution’s zero shear rate viscosity, longest relaxation time, and storage modulus. The changes are hypothesized to originate from a close association of the particles with the micellar mesh. Small angle neutron scattering measurements with contrast matching demonstrate associations between particles mitigated by the WLMs. The effective interparticle interactions measured by SANS can explain the observed phase behavior. Dynamic light scattering measurements confirm the dynamic coupling of the particles to the micellar mesh.
A handheld, cell phone-based electrochemical biodetector

We present a handheld, biomolecular detector based on a cell phone platform. This prototype integrates a conventional smart phone with a custom electrical circuit and a microfluidic chip, which enables a portable, lightweight biodetection system. An electrochemical detection scheme is utilized, allowing for rapid (<; 20 min), high sensitivity, analytical measurements. As proof of concept, Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) was detected in buffer solution, with a lower limit of detection of 16 ng/mL. Based on its compact size and high performance characteristics, this cell phone biodetector is highly suitable for use in remote locations for multiple applications including disease diagnosis, water quality monitoring and pathogen/toxin detection.
Organ heavy-metal accumulation during parenteral nutrition is associated with pathologic abnormalities in rats.

Abstract OBJECTIVES: Metabolic bone disease, hepatic abnormalities, splenic insufficiency, and nephropathy have been associated with long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN). We determined the heavy-metal contamination in TPN solutions and investigated whether it was associated with organ deposition and pathologic organ damage. METHODS: Five representative TPN solutions (two adult standard solutions, one renal solution, and one standard pediatric solution to reflect clinical practice) and 28 TPN components were analyzed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Twenty-six male Fisher 344 rats were assigned to two groups (chow/NaCl = 8 and TPN = 18). TPN or NaCl was infused at a rate of 50 mL/d. After 14 d, serum, femurs, spine, liver, kidneys, brain, spleen, and testes were analyzed for heavy-metal deposition by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Tissues were fixed in formalin, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid Schiff, and Masson’s trichrome stain. Kidneys were fixed in gluteraldehyde for ultrastructural examination with scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: The predominant sources of contaminants in TPN were amino acids (Al, As, Cr, Ge, Pb, Sn), dextrose (As, Ba, Cr, Sn), Ca gluconate (Al), K 2 PO4 (Al), lipid emulsion (As, Sn), and vitamins (As). Significant variations in the level of contamination depended on TPN formulation and brand of constituents. In the kidney, Pb, Cr, and Mn concentrations were greater than in controls, although there was no correlation with serum creatinine. Hepatic Cr and Pb concentrations were greater in TPN rats, although there was no correlation with serum aspartate aminotransferase or total bilirubin. Splenic Ba, Cr, Ge, Pb, Mn, and Sn concentrations were greater in TPN rats. Only serum Cr concentration was significantly correlated with splenic concentration ( r = 0.46, P = 0.04). Brain and serum Ba concentrations were significantly correlated ( r = 0.60, P = 0.007). No significant correlations were observed between any other metal in serum and that metal’s respective organ concentration. No increase in heavy-metal accumulation was seen in the femur, spine, or testis. There were no significant depositions of As, Cd, Hg, St, or V in any of the organs examined. Serum Al and Cr concentrations were significantly increased in TPN rats, although there was no correlation with tissue concentrations. No significant increases in heavy-metal concentrations in tissue or plasma were observed for any of the other metals measurable by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Histologically in the TPN group, 50% of the rats had mild to moderate hepatic steatosis and 33% to 50% developed renal morphologic abnormalties; brains and spleens remained histologically normal. CONCLUSIONS: We found significant heavy-metal contamination of TPN solutions, and this contamination can lead to organ deposition and subsequent histologic abnormalities.
Harvesting of Bending Waves in One-Dimensional Infinite Beams Using Resistive-Reactive Circuits

Vibration-to-electricity conversion has been heavily researched over the last decade with the ultimate goal of enabling self-powered small electronic components to use in wireless applications ranging from medical implants to structural health monitoring sensors. Regardless of the transduction mechanism used in transforming vibrational energy into electricity, the existing research efforts have mostly focused on deterministic or stochastic harvesting of direct vibrational energy available at a fixed location in space. Such an approach is convenient to design and employ linear and nonlinear vibration-based energy harvesters, such as base-excited cantilevers with piezoelectric laminates. Although the harvesting of local vibrations using linear and nonlinear devices has been well studied, there has been little effort to investigate power extraction from elastic waves propagating in host structures to gain a fundamental understanding of power flow and to best exploit not only standing but also traveling wave energy. This paper explores the problem of piezoelectric energy harvesting from one-dimensional bending waves involving propagating and evanescent components with a focus on infinitely long thin beams. A pair of electroded piezoelectric patches is implemented as the energy harvesting interface connected to a complex electrical load. An analytical modeling framework is given in order to relate the harvested power to incoming wave in the presence of a generalized resistive-reactive circuit. Effects of energy harvesting on the global wave dynamics as well as individual propagating and evanescent wave components are investigated with an emphasis on the wavelength matching concept. The electrical loading conditions for maximum power and efficiency are identified for several special cases in the low frequency range.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Accessibility in Calix[8]arene-Bound Gold Nanoparticles: Crucial Role of Induced-Fit Binding†

Metal nanoparticles bound with polymeric and oligomeric ligands are commonly employed in areas where accessibility to the underlying metal is critical, such as in catalysis. Developing a fundamental understanding of molecular-scale factors that control accessibility to the metal surface in these systems enables approaches for ligand design. Here, we implement a comparative synthetic approach to investigate the role of an induced-fit binding mechanism on accessibility, which reduces to elucidating the correlation between ligand flexibility and accessibility. Four nm gold nanoparticles are bound with a calix[8]arene phosphine ligand in the comparative series 3a−c, and ligand molecular footprints of ∼230 A2/calix[8]arene are measured on the gold surface using UV−vis spectroscopy of the surface plasmon resonance absorption band. Ligand flexibility in CDCl3 solution is characterized using variable-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy, and results demonstrate 3c to be the most rigid of all three ligands. This is fur...
A General Method to Calculate Harmonic Response of Teeth in Electric Machine

The harmonic components of electromagnetic force induce structure vibration and noise in electrical machines. There are many ways to calculate the harmonic force components. A general method is proposed to calculate the harmonic force components on teeth in this paper (it is available in ANSYS Maxwell v16). The period of data collection is based on rotating speed instead of the frequency of applied source. Discrete Fourier Transform (NDFT) with non-uniform time interval is applied to deal with the data transformation. Finally the calculated harmonic force spectrums are applied to the Harmonic Response to determine the vibration of the structure. Validation and calculation results are also showed.
Symmetric Basal Ganglia Lesion in a Diabetic Dialysis Patient: Recurrence and Pathogenesis

This paper describes a diabetic dialysis patient presenting two episodes of symmetric basal ganglia lesions occurring 18 months apart, and discusses the MR imaging findings and the pathogenesis of this condition.
Comparison of the ontogeny of protein gene product 9.5, chromogranin A and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in developing human lung

Pulmonary neuroendocrine cell products, especially bombesin-like peptides, are important modulators of fetal lung growth, morphogenesis and maturation. In the present study, we describe the ontogeny of protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) in 28 midtrimester human fetal lungs, in comparison to chromogranin A (CGA), a marker of differentiated neuroendocrine cells, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), which is expressed by actively dividing cells. PGP 9.5 immunostaining colocalized with CGA in many cells, although the peak abundance of PGP 9.5 preceded that of CGA by 4 to 6 weeks. In addition, a novel staining pattern was noted for PGP 9.5: diffuse cytoplasmic staining of undifferentiated epithelial cells, which was demonstrated by all of the airways before 15 weeks gestation. After gestational week 15, only the smallest airways demonstrated this pattern. PCNA immunostaining demonstrated age-dependent regional variation. All samples had approximately 25% epithelial cells immunopositive for PCNA. Between 11 and 14 weeks gestation over 50% of the mesenchymal cells were PCNA positive. This mesenchymal staining decreased after 14 weeks, and was rare by week 19. There was no definite correlation between the immunostaining for PGP 9.5 and that for PCNA, although PGP 9.5 positive cells were usually PCNA negative. These observations suggest that other growth factors produced by non-neuroendocrine epithelial cells also participate in lung development.
Ultrasonic measurements of sand particle erosion in gas dominant multiphase churn flow in vertical pipes

Abstract Solid particle erosion can result in major pipeline failures, economic losses and more importantly safety and environmental issues. Erosion in multiphase flow is not widely understood and previous work has mostly focused on cases where the carrier fluid is single phase. There are different multiphase flow regimes, and amid them, churn flow appears frequently in piping systems such as risers, jumpers and flow spools. Furthermore, elbows have broad applications in the oil and gas industry, and they are subject to sand particle erosion damage. Therefore, the study of erosion in elbows, while the superficial velocities of the carrier fluids are in the range so that the flow pattern is churn flow, is of utmost importance. Experimental tests were carried out in order to investigate sand particle erosion in a 76.2 mm ID standard vertical–horizontal (V–H) elbow. A novel non-intrusive ultrasonic device was implemented to attain erosion patterns under different flow conditions. The effects of superficial gas and liquid velocities, particle size and liquid viscosity on erosion rate were investigated. The results are compared to the available data of erosion rates in a horizontal–horizontal (H–H) elbow with the same size of the elbow employed here. The most striking outcome to emerge from the comparisons is that erosion rates in the V–H elbow are significantly higher than those in the H–H elbow.
California Current System response to late Holocene climate cooling in southern California

[1] New Holocene high-resolution planktonic foraminiferal assemblage data from Santa Barbara Basin, California documents variability in ocean circulation as the California Current System responded to millennial-scale climate change during late Holocene climatic cooling. Climatic variability increased at 4 ka when a series of extreme cool events (notably at 2.2, 1.5 and 0.8 ka) associated with glacial advance in the Pacific Northwest punctuated the predominantly warm Holocene. Simultaneously high subtropical species abundance suggests increased interannual variability (El Nino frequency/severity) or greater seasonality during the late Holocene. Planktonic foraminiferal assemblages indicate that the magnitudes of climatic shifts were greatest after 1.5 ka during an interval of extreme terrestrial hydrological variability in western North America and that the coolest interval of the Holocene in Santa Barbara Basin was coincident with the Little Ice Age.
Some implications of psychotic states

The above discussion has touched briefly upon some of the issues which lie below the surface-picture of every psychosis and about which the surface-picture can give us indications useful for our understanding, for therapy and for prognosis. Attention has been drawn to the conception of an individual with his psychic difficulties as having personality reactions with two appearances at different times. These may seem like health and psychosis, but are merely an obverse and a reverse indication of the same human problems. Some of the inferences, such as those derivable from data relative to the vigor and the satisfactoriness of the illness, have been outlined with a view to their use in forming a prognosis or in shaping our general envisagement of the psychiatric situation. It is believed that by giving heed not only to the psychosis itself but also to such implied significances, the psychiatrist is in a better position to understand, to treat and to predict concerning psychotic states.
Normative achievement assessment of gifted children: Comparing the K-ABC, WRAT, and CAT

The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) purports to assess fluid and crystallized intelligence via processing and achievement subtests, respectively. Eight K-ABC Mental Processing and five K-ABC Achievement subtests were administered to 41 gifted students. Scores were subsequently compared to concurrent achievement measures from the California Achievement Test (CAT), as well as previously obtained mental ability measures (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised [WISC-R], Stanford-Binet [SB], and Wide Range Achievement Test [WRAT] achievement scores). In general, K-ABC mental ability scores were lower than WISC-R and SB IQs. K-ABC achievement scores were consistent with K-ABC mental ability scores, but more highly related to SB and WISC-R VIQ (r = .42 and .40, respectively) than to WISC-R FSIQ (r = .16) and PIQ (r = .09), or to the K-ABC Mental Processing (Composite r = .17), Simultaneous Processing (r = .08), and Sequential Processing scores (r = .20). With the exception of WRAT Word Recognition, WRAT, K-ABC, and CAT achievement scores were similar. The patterns of intercorrelations suggest that the K-ABC achievement scores are more verbally loaded than are the CAT and WRAT achievement measures.
Star-block-Linear-block-Star Triblock (Pom-Pom) Polystyrene by Convergent Living Anionic Polymerization

Star-block-linear-block-star triblock polystyrene polymers with identical stars at each end of a linear block (pom-pom polymers) were synthesized by the convergent living anionic polymerization method. The sequential synthesis involved first the formation of a living anionic polystyrene star with a hyperbranched core via continuous addition of coupling agent, 4-(chlorodimethylsilyl)styrene, to living polystyrene chains. Subsequent addition of styrene monomer to the living polystyrene star anions produced star-block-linear diblock polystyrene anions that were then coupled with dichlorodimethylsilane to make the architectural triblock. The obtained pom-pom polymers were purified by fractionation. Gel permeation chromatography−multiangle laser light scattering characterization clearly showed the molecular weight changes due to the progression of polymerization. The star-block-linear-block-star triblock copolymers were characterized by NMR (1H and 29Si) spectroscopy and dilute solution viscometry. The archite...
A LAT mutation that inhibits T cell development yet induces lymphoproliferation.

Mice homozygous for a single tyrosine mutation in LAT (linker for activation of T cells) exhibited an early block in T cell maturation but later developed a polyclonal lymphoproliferative disorder and signs of autoimmune disease. T cell antigen receptor (TCR)–induced activation of phospholipase C–γ1 (PLC-γ1) and of nuclear factor of activated T cells, calcium influx, interleukin-2 production, and cell death were reduced or abrogated in T cells from LAT mutant mice. In contrast, TCR-induced Erk activation was intact. These results identify a critical role for integrated PLC-γ1 and Ras-Erk signaling through LAT in T cell development and homeostasis.
Learning from IKEA hacking: i'm not one to decoupage a tabletop and call it a day.

We present a qualitative study based on interviews with nine IKEA Hackers - people who go online to share the process of repurposing IKEA products to create personalized objects. Whether they were making a self-conscious artistic statement or simply modifying a towel rack to fit in a small bathroom, IKEA hackers illuminate an emergent practice that provides insights into contemporary changes in creativity. We discuss the motivations for IKEA hacking and explore the impact of information technology on do-it-yourself culture, design, and HCI.
Chemical induction of the unfolded protein response in the liver increases glucose production and is activated during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in rats.

Aims/hypothesis Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) can regulate insulin secretion, insulin action and in vitro hepatocyte glucose release. The aims of this study were to determine whether chemical agents that induce ER stress regulate glucose production in vivo and to identify a physiological setting in which this may be important.
International Agricultural Research Systems

Technical change and the research processes that so importantly underlie much such change have been under accelerating scrutiny by agricultural econ­ omists in recent years. Hardly an issue of the journal Agricultural Economics appears without featuring new reports of the endeavours of economists in fur­ thering understanding of the economics of agricultural research. This Special Issue brings together several papers that relate to the general theme of agricultural research, particularly its international dimensions but not to the neglect of national activities. The late 1980s are and the early 1990s surely will also be a period of active ferment concerning policies for investment in agricultural research. The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research ( CG IAR) is, for instance, in the process of considering its expansion to include a much wider set of activities than it has encompassed to date via its existing 13 International Agricultural Research Centres (IARCs) which have constituted a fairly stable system in recent years. It is thus an appropriate time to reconsider some of the many issues that policy makers must deal with in considering investment in agricultural research, whether of national or in­ ternational orientation. While donor-funded international agricultural research is surely tremen­ dously significant in itself and as a catalyst, and represents considerable on­ going investment of the order of about US$ 300 million annually, it is still small relative to the aggregate of investment in national agricultural research programs. It is thus appropriate to set the scene in this Special Issue by re­ viewing the recent and present structure of public support for agricultural re­ search in national systems. Pardey, Kang and Elliott draw on recently assem­ bled data of a relatively comparable nature to examine several features of a considerably sized sample of National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS ). Several hypotheses have been advanced about the organisation and structure of NARS, and these are examined in their cross-sectional tabulation of sum­ mary data about the size and importance of research expenditures in countries of diverse size and agro-ecological setting. While some countries are spending what seem to be considerable and in­ creasing amounts on research, many others languish with small and weak sys
The Effects of Alcohol on the Nonhuman Primate Brain: A Network Science Approach to Neuroimaging

Background Animal studies have long been an important tool for basic research as they offer a degree of control often lacking in clinical studies. Of particular value is the use of nonhuman primates (NHPs) for neuroimaging studies. Currently, studies have been published using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to understand the default-mode network in the NHP brain. Network science provides an alternative approach to neuroimaging allowing for evaluation of whole-brain connectivity. In this study, we used network science to build NHP brain networks from fMRI data to understand the basic functional organization of the NHP brain. We also explored how the brain network is affected following an acute ethanol (EtOH) pharmacological challenge. Methods Baseline resting-state fMRI was acquired in an adult male rhesus macaque (n = 1) and a cohort of vervet monkeys (n = 10). A follow-up scan was conducted in the rhesus macaque to assess network variability and to assess the effects of an acute EtOH challenge on the brain network. Results The most connected regions in the resting-state networks were similar across species and matched regions identified as the default-mode network in previous NHP fMRI studies. Under an acute EtOH challenge, the functional organization of the brain was significantly impacted. Conclusions Network science offers a great opportunity to understand the brain as a complex system and how pharmacological conditions can affect the system globally. These models are sensitive to changes in the brain and may prove to be a valuable tool in long-term studies on alcohol exposure.
Neural Network based Intrusion Detection System for critical infrastructures

Resiliency and security in control systems such as SCADA and Nuclear plant's in today's world of hackers and malware are a relevant concern. Computer systems used within critical infrastructures to control physical functions are not immune to the threat of cyber attacks and may be potentially vulnerable. Tailoring an intrusion detection system to the specifics of critical infrastructures can significantly improve the security of such systems. The IDS-NNM - Intrusion Detection System using Neural Network based Modeling, is presented in this paper. The main contributions of this work are: 1) the use and analyses of real network data (data recorded from an existing critical infrastructure); 2) the development of a specific window based feature extraction technique; 3) the construction of training dataset using randomly generated intrusion vectors; 4) the use of a combination of two neural network learning algorithms - the Error-Back Propagation and Levenberg-Marquardt, for normal behavior modeling. The presented algorithm was evaluated on previously unseen network data. The IDS-NNM algorithm proved to be capable of capturing all intrusion attempts presented in the network communication while not generating any false alerts.
Elevated postoperative blood glucose and preoperative hemoglobin A1C are associated with increased wound complications following total joint arthroplasty.

Background: Diabetes is an established risk factor for complications following total joint arthroplasty. However, the correlation between postoperative blood glucose and preoperative hemoglobin A1C levels with complications following total joint arthroplasty is not well described. Methods: All patients undergoing elective primary total joint arthroplasty at our institution from 2004 through 2011 with both postoperative blood glucose and preoperative hemoglobin A1C levels were identified in a retrospective review. From among 1702 patients, those with wound complications within thirty days after the index arthroplasty were identified. A control group matched for exact age, sex, procedure, tourniquet use, surgical approach, and use of antibiotic cement was also created. Thirty patients met the study group inclusion criteria. The mean patient age was seventy-two years (range, fifty-three to eighty-nine years); the majority (53%) of patients were female. Results: The odds ratio for developing a wound complication was 3.75 (95% confidence interval, 1.25 to 11.22; p = 0.02)inpatientswithameanpostoperativeglucoseof>200mg/dL,3.0(95%confidenceinterval,0.97to9.30;p=0.08) in patients with a maximum postoperative blood glucose of >260 mg/dL, and 9.0 (95% confidence interval, 1.14 to 71.20; p = 0.03) in patients with a preoperative hemoglobin A1C value of >6.7%. Conclusions: Patients with a mean postoperative blood glucose of >200 mg/dL or a preoperative hemoglobin A1C level of >6.7% are at increased risk for wound complications following elective primary total joint arthroplasty. These results show that poor preoperative and postoperative glucose control is independently associated with wound complications. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Short-Run Supply Responses in the U.S. Beef-Cattle Industry

This article investigates the response of beef‐cattle producers to changes in the price of cattle. Previous research has suggested that there may be a negative short‐run supply response to a permanent increase in the price of cattle. We build a dynamic, rational expectations model that separates the markets for fed and unfed beef. This separation generates predictions that the supply response is generally positive, even for permanent shocks in the short run, and nests the negative supply response as a special case for appropriately restricted demand shocks.
Economics of Avian Influenza Management and Control in a World with Competing Agendas

Abstract This article explores the economic and related institutional issues at macro and micro levels, in different production systems and in different countries that influence avian influenza (AI) management and control. It does this by examining three groups of stakeholders with different agendas and concerns. For the “international community,” the overriding driver has been and still is concern for human safety. This is reflected in the high level of contributions to emergency response programs, a strong focus on pandemic prevention and preparedness, and the pressure put on countries to develop prevention and control plans. For the most influential countries and companies in the global poultry sector, those that control the largest commercial poultry populations, trade growth and stability are major concerns. Private investment in biosecurity, reorganization of supply chains, and an increasing interest in compartments are all indications of a perceived need to secure the boundaries. Poor poultry-keepi...
The repeated pretest-posttest single-subject experiment: A new design for empirical clinical practice

The logic of a new design for empirical clinical practice, the repeated pretest-posttest experiment, is described. This design is readily applicable by individual practitioners in the human services, possesses high internal validity, and presents minimal intrusiveness into the delivery of service. A single-case study is used to illustrate the application of the repeated pretest-posttest experiment in clinical research.
Adaptive behavior in the respiratory chemoreflex response

The chemoreflex response is adaptively modified to optimize respiration relative to specific chemical and mechanical constraints. It is shown that there is a difference in the responses under inspiratory resistive loading between CO/sub 2/ and dead-space breathing. The difference in response suggests the existence of an adaptive behavior of the controller. Chemoreflex controls respiration, but it is not above being modified, or adapting, to different situations to produce more effective breathing. >
In the shadow of the ivory tower: An ethnographic study of neighborhood relations

Social workers have a historic commitment to neighborhood organizing and community planning. One place where social work expertise is needed are neighborhoods adjacent to a college or university campus. These neighborhoods are home to diverse groups of residents who share a common place, but not the same degree of attachment to that place or the same sense of community. Despite the increased interest in university-community relations, there is relatively little empirical research on intergroup relations in campus-adjacent neighborhoods. This year-long ethnographic study centered on a campus-adjacent neighborhood in a small Appalachian college town in the US that is home to a mid-size public university. The study included members of five stakeholder groups in order to understand intergroup neighborhood relations and their relationship to larger institutional dynamics. The research design included semi-structured interviews, a series of focus groups, and a small Photovoice project. Textual data were analyze...
Communications: Advanced microwave circuits: Computer-aided design and innovative physical configurations help increase performance and reduce costs

New developments in microwave circuitry and computer-aided design are expected to meet future systems requirements for increased RF power, higher frequencies, wider bandwidth, lower noise levels, and smaller high-density packaging at lower cost.