cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Motivational Beliefs in Conceptual Change

The authors discuss the importance of considering students’ motivation when investigating conceptual change. They begin by presenting a general model of the direct and indirect relations of achievement goals to conceptual change. Next, two empirical studies examining college students’ changing understandings of projectile motion are presented. Study 1 investigated the direct and mediated effects of achievement goals, affect, and cognitive strategy use on students’ change in physics understanding (N=105). Results indicated that adopting mastery goals resulted in higher levels of conceptual change, especially for those students with low prior knowledge. Performance goals were unrelated to conceptual change. Neither affect nor cognitive strategy use mediated the relation of mastery goals to change in physics understanding. Study 2 (N=l 10) was designed to replicate Study 1 and further examine potential mediators of achievement goals to conceptual change. As in Study 1, mastery goals were positively related to a change in physics understanding; however, this did not vary based on prior knowledge. Furthermore, elaborative strategy use and negative affect partially mediated the relation between mastery goals and change in physics understanding.
Gestational Weight Gain during Pregnancy as an Important Factor Influencing a Successful Trial of Labor following Two Previous Cesareans

Objective We sought to identify factors associated with a successful trial of labor (TOL) following two cesarean deliveries (CDs) in a contemporary North American cohort. Study Design This is a retrospective cohort study of term, nonanomalous, singleton, vertex pregnancies attempting a vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) following a history of two previous CDs in the United States from 2012 to 2014. Maternal and intrapartum factors were analyzed using chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression. Results A total of 22,762 women met the inclusion criteria and underwent TOL. Of these, 12,192 (53.6%) had a VBAC. Using multivariate logistic regression, previous vaginal delivery and delivery at 40 to 41 weeks' gestation were associated with VBAC; maternal age, education, Medicaid insurance, non-Caucasian race/ethnicity, weight (overweight or obese), and gestational weight gain above the Institute of Medicine guidelines (adjusted odds ratio: 0.88; 95% confidence interval: 0.81–0.95) were associated with CD. Induction of labor did not affect the VBAC rate. Conclusion For those desiring a TOL after two previous CDs, prospective studies are needed to assess interventions that limit gestational weight gain as well as the safety and optimal timing of an induction of labor. The decision to attempt a TOL should be guided by counseling regarding the risks, benefits, and chances of a successful TOL.
Influence Propagation in Competitive Scenario: Winning with Least Amount of Investment in Separated Threshold Model

In a market environment, there often are multiple vendors offering similar products or services. It has been observed that individuals' decisions to adopt a product or service are influenced by the recommendations of their friends and acquaintances. Consequently, in the last few years there has been considerable interest in the research community to study the dynamics of influence propagation in social networks in competitive settings. The goal of these studies is often to identify the key individuals in a social network, whose recommendations have significant impact on adoption of a product or service by the members of that community. Using Separated Threshold Model (SepT) [1] of influence propagation, in this paper we study a problem of similar vein, where the goal of the two vendors (players) is to win the competition by having a market share that is larger than its competitor. In our model, the first player has already identified a set of key influencers when the second player enters the market. The goal of the second player is to have a larger market share, but wants to achieve the goal with least amount of investment, i.e., by incentivizing the fewest number of key individuals (influencers) in the social network. The problem is NP-hard. We provide an approximation algorithm with $O(log\ n)$ bound. Detailed experimentations have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of our algorithm. Moreover, we present an equivalent random process for the SepT model which facilitates analysis of competitive influence propagation under this model.
Reactions of thermally generated benzynes with six-membered N-heteroaromatics: pathway and product diversity

We report here various pathways by which six-membered N-heteroaromatic compounds react with benzynes that are generated by the HDDA reaction. The initially formed 1,3-zwitterionic species (a) can collapse intramolecularly to give novel 1 : 1 adducts of the heterocycle and benzyne; (b) can react with an externally added, electrophilic third-component to give functionalized heterocyclic products; or (c) can react with an external protic nucleophile to produce, following collapse of the ion pair resulting from protonation of the zwitterion, a variety of three-component assemblies. Mechanisms for formation of some of the 1 : 1 adducts are supported by DFT methods. The scope of the protic nucleophilic coupling was also expanded to a two-pot operation by using triflic acid as a protic “non-nucleophile”, followed by the addition of a suitably reactive nucleophile.
Symptom Clusters in Women With Breast Cancer During the First 18 Months of Adjuvant Therapy

Abstract Context Women with breast cancer treated with aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy experience multiple concurrent symptoms or symptom clusters. Understanding of the symptom experience and identifying symptom clusters before and during AI therapy are important for the development of interventions to improve clinical outcomes. Objectives The aim of this study was to identify symptom clusters experienced by women with breast cancer treated with AI therapy from pre–adjuvant therapy up to 18 months of adjuvant therapy using a broad scope of symptoms assessment. Methods Forty-seven symptoms were evaluated in postmenopausal women with breast cancer (N = 354) who received AI therapy or chemotherapy followed by AI therapy. Symptoms were assessed at four semiannual time points with the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial Symptom Checklist, Patient's Assessment of Own Functioning Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory-II, and Profile of Mood States Tension/Anxiety and Fatigue/Inertia subscales. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted at each time point to identify symptom clusters. Results Four stable symptom clusters (i.e., musculoskeletal, vasomotor, urinary, sexual) and three relatively stable symptom clusters (i.e., psychological, neurocognitive, weight) were identified across the 18-month follow-up period. The gastrointestinal symptom cluster only appeared at after six months of adjuvant therapy (postchemotherapy). Conclusion This study helps us to better understand the most common symptom clusters over the first 18 months of adjuvant therapy among postmenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer. It is critical for health care providers to know the symptom clusters commonly experienced by women receiving AI therapy with or without chemotherapy and manage them properly over time.
Authoritative Parenting Behaviors and Marijuana Use Based on Age Among a National Sample of Hispanic Adolescents

Although numerous prevention efforts have been implemented, marijuana remains the most commonly used illicit substance among Hispanic adolescents nationwide. We sought to determine the influence authoritative parenting behaviors have on lifetime, past year, and past month marijuana use among Hispanic adolescents overall, and then based on age (i.e., 12–13, 14–15, and 16–17 years). We conducted a secondary analysis of the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N = 3457). We performed a series of logistic regression analyses. Nearly one-fifth (19.5%) of Hispanic participants reported lifetime marijuana use, 14.5% reported past year use, and 7.5% reported past month use. Results indicated that Hispanic adolescents who are at significantly increased risk for reporting lifetime, past year, and past month marijuana use, were those who reported that their parents seldom or never performed the following behaviors: (1) checked if their homework was done, (2) helped them with their homework, (3) limited the amount of TV they watched, (4) told them they did a good job, and (5) told them they were proud of them. There were no relationships between adolescents’ lifetime, past year, or past month marijuana use and whether their parents made their youth do chores or limited their time out on a school night. Regarding age, while results indicated that most authoritative parenting behaviors have a significant effect against marijuana use, the protective effect diminished with age, with the exception of the relationship between adolescents’ past month marijuana use and whether their parents checked to see if their homework was done. Substance use prevention programs for this population should start in early adolescence and involve and educate parents on adopting authoritative parenting behaviors.
Population Survey Data Informing the Therapeutic Potential of Classic and Novel Phenethylamine, Tryptamine, and Lysergamide Psychedelics.

Introduction The majority of contemporary psychedelic research has focused on ayahuasca, lysergic acid diethylamide, and psilocybin, though there are hundreds of novel psychedelic compounds that may have clinical utility. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of classic and novel phenethylamine, tryptamine, and lysergamide psychedelics via a large, nationally representative population-based survey. Methods We tested the unique associations of lifetime classic and novel phenethylamine, tryptamine, and lysergamide psychedelics with past month psychological distress and past year suicidality among respondents pooled from years 2008-2017 of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (weighted N = 260,964,827). Results Lifetime classic tryptamine use was associated with a decreased odds of past month psychological distress [aOR = 0.76; (0.69-0.83)] and past year suicidal thinking [aOR = 0.79; (0.72-0.87)]. Lifetime novel phenethylamine use, on the other hand, was associated with an increased odds of past year suicidal thinking [aOR = 1.44; (1.06-1.95)] and past year suicidal planning [aOR = 1.60; (1.06-2.41)]. No other significant associations were found. Discussion and conclusions These findings, which may be driven by differences in pharmacodynamics, suggest that classic tryptamines may hold the greatest therapeutic potential of the psychedelics, whereas novel phenethylamines may pose risk for harm. The present findings thus support continued research on the clinical application of classic tryptamines. Though the current results caution against the clinical utility of novel phenethylamines, further study of these and other novel psychedelic substances is nonetheless warranted to better understand their potential application.
Immunophenotypic and molecular analysis of a B cell lymphoma with discordant light chain expression at different anatomic sites

B cell lymphomas with discordant immunoglobulin light chain expression in the same patient are rare. We report a case of a 75-year-old woman with a high-grade B cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 rearrangements (HGBCL) with discordant immunoglobulin light chain restriction between a lymph node and a pleural fluid involved by lymphoma. Cytogenetic studies by FISH showed MYC and BCL2 rearrangement in both specimens. Immunoglobulin heavy chain and kappa light chain analysis demonstrated similar rearranged clonal peaks in the two specimens. A review of the literature revealed eight cases of B cell lymphoma with discordant immunoglobulin light chain expression (including our case). The light chain discrepancy occurred during a relapse in five cases, whereas in three other cases, the discrepancy was concomitant and present at the time of initial diagnosis. In most cases with relapse, the kappa light chain restriction preceded lambda light chain restriction. The B cell neoplasms with discrepant light chain expression showed similar histomorphologic features in four cases, whereas four cases were dissimilar (B cell lymphoma and plasmacytoma, follicular lymphoma and HGBCL, and two cases involving chronic lymphocytic leukemia and DLBCL). Immunoglobulin gene PCR and comparative sequencing confirmed the clonal relatedness of these lymphomas in 3 of the 8 cases. We conclude that flow cytometric evaluation has an important role in identifying B cell lymphomas with discordant light chain expression. Cytogenetic and molecular studies are essential to investigate the relationship between the two lymphomas in order to rule out independent lymphomas in the same patient and, ultimately, guide therapy.
(Special) Education is Political; (Special) Education is Social Justice

Though treated as neutral and apolitical by schools, teachers, scholars, and administrators, special education is fraught with inequality and loaded language, and can function to segregate and disempower students. The debate over who is worthy of education–and what kind of education–is intimately tied to conceptions of dis/ability. Special education, despite all this, has potential as a site for social justice. The implementation of special education is political, considering the policies that teachers, schools, and parents must follow, skirt, and reproduce in order for dis/abled children to receive services. In this article, we discuss the history of special education, the social model of dis/ability and ableism in schools and beyond, and how these constructs permeate schools and the systems students operate within. We call for an intersectional approach, where the field of special education and its stakeholders reckon with the reality that special education is not neutral. We offer examples and recommendations for how educators can commit to transforming schools--and special education services--into sites of justice for all learners.
Formulation of Non-Linear Free Electron Laser Dynamics with Space Charge Effects and Spatially Varying Wiggler

The recent development of a class of lasers in which the active medium is a relativistic stream of electrons has the exciting possibility of becoming a new source of coherent, high power, continuously tunable radiation [1,2]. Furthermore, recent theoretical studies [3-8] have shown that efficiencies of the order of 20% and higher can be realized at optical frequencies. The free electron laser (FEL) is characterized by a pump field, for example a spatially periodic magnetic field, which scatters off a relativistic electron beam. In this paper we present a brief outline of the formulation of the non-linear equations which describes the FEL mechanism. These equations are written in normalized form and are applicable to both the low and high gain regimes of the FEL. They also include space charge effects and apply to variable period magnetic pump fields (wigglers).
A review on the synthesis of fully aromatic polyamide reverse osmosis membranes

Abstract Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes have been used for desalination for over 40 years. This review focuses on the lab-scale synthesis of fully aromatic polyamide layers used to create RO membranes using the interfacial polymerization (IP) process between an amine monomer, m-phenylenediamine (MPD), and an acyl chloride monomer, trimesoyl chloride (TMC). This review extensively covers the numerous lab-scale synthesis protocols used in research labs and proposed mechanisms and kinetics for synthesizing these fully aromatic polyamide layers using IP. Emphasis is placed on the support membrane used and the reaction conditions such as monomer concentration, solution volume, aqueous solution soaking time, reaction time, reaction temperature, and the use of non-reactive additives in the reaction solution. The effect of processing techniques for removing the aqueous solution and for post-reaction cross-linking are discussed. These variables are compared by investigating their effect on the membrane desalination performance. The numerous methods used to characterize the polyamide layers are reviewed. The synthesis of fully aromatic polyamide layers on hollow fiber membranes is briefly discussed. The goal of this review is to discuss the numerous synthesis parameters in reported lab-scale studies for control membranes, which may help researchers to synthesize and improve RO membranes more effectively.
Methodologies to Compare IC Engine Power Assembly Interface Materials

To meet the needs of higher power, lower weight and better emissions IC engines, component manufacturers develop new materials, coatings and surface technologies (e.g. surface texture). In this paper methodologies have been developed for comparing & ranking interface materials with custom-built rigs built in GE Global Research, Bangalore for large sized IC engines. This work will discuss the three methodologies developed using: i) Journal Bearing Rig ii) Piston-Liner Rig and the iii) Valve-seat rig. The Journal bearing Rig can be spun to engine linear speeds with lubricant heated to engine oil temperature. The loading is performed using a hydraulic system. Seizure, steady state wear and start stop tests can be performed on this rig. The piston liner rig can accommodate a section of the liner and ring from an actual engine. The combination of the pneumatic mechanism and the 2-axis load cell can load and measure the normal load & frictional load. The piston ring-liner simulates interface hot engine temperatures and contact pressures at TDC/BDC. Scuffing & wear tests can be performed with this test rig to compare scuffing limits and steady state wear rates. The valve-seat rig fixture is built within a MTS frame and can accommodate small sections of the actual engine valve and seat. Normal load and the fretting stroke is simulated using MTS hydraulic system A furnace is used around the fixture to simulate higher temperatures. Case studies comparing & ranking different coatings/repair coatings and oil additives etc. will be presented in this work to showcase the effectiveness of the methodology. Tests using this methodology can be typically performed in 10 % of time & cost of actual engine test.
A Cross-sectional Study of the Relationship between Age, Body Mass, Pain, and Walking Limitations in Women with Knee Osteoarthritis

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) causes significant physical disability in many people. While some research indicates that women with this disease suffer more than men, few studies have attempted to describe the severity and effect of this disease specifically among women with moderate knee osteoarthritis, as well as the relationships that exist between their perceived health status and well-known physical, emotional, and perceptual factors found in this disease. This exploratory research aimed to better understand the factors that influence how the condition is viewed, as well as to explain the level of pain and function in women with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis and how this affects the condition. The records of 20 women with the disease who had undergone several tests using standardised procedures and approved instruments were reviewed. The primary outcome measure was the perceived impact of the disease using the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale. Six-minute walking time, fastest walking velocity, self-reported discomfort, pain and functional self-efficacy, body mass index, and depression were all used as secondary outcome indicators. T-tests and correlational studies were conducted on the variables. Results demonstrated pain is the clinical factor most consistently impacting the disease experience, along with deficiencies in walking ability (p <0.05). Important mediating variables of ambulatory capacity were body mass and pain self-efficacy.
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Precise SNP Editing in Human iPSC Lines

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been extensively used in the fields of developmental biology and disease modeling. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in iPSC lines often has a low frequency, which hampers its application in precise allele editing of disease-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), especially those in the noncoding parts of the genome. Here, we present a unique workflow to engineer isogenic iPSC lines by SNP editing from heterozygous to homozygous for disease risk alleles or non-risk alleles using a transient and straightforward transfection-based protocol. This protocol enables us to simultaneously obtain pure and clonal isogenic lines of all three possible genotypes of a SNP site within about 4 to 5 weeks.
The successful impotent: Deconstructing Platonic Eros in Walter Siti’s Scuola di nudo

This article analyzes the development of the protagonist’s conception of desire in one of the most relevant works in the Italian queer canon – Walter Siti’s Scuola di nudo – in order to show how the Platonic erotic conception eventually yields to modern theories on social behavior in the context of power relations between individuals as formulated by Hegel, Kojeve, and Girard. Such a conclusion marks the paradoxical failure of the main character Walter, since it proves his intellectual defeat against the prevarication logic governing the contemporary world. From the close reading of the novel, it appears that the analysis of desire becomes the stage of Walter’s personal struggle, who at the end of the novel rejects intellectualized love and accepts abusive relationships as the only successful kind of relationship. An effective image to describe Walter’s inner development throughout the novel is the “katabasis”, since he moves from an extremely intellectualized to a utilitarian conception of love. Such a shift of perspective ensures Walter’s integration into society, but on the other hand confirms his intellectual ineptitude and inability to oppose an ideological system which he despises.
Selective Catalytic Reduction and No, Storage in Vehicle Emission Control

Selective Catalytic Reduction with non-vandia catalyst formulations has been studied for No x abatement using ammonia as the reductant. Laboratory testing has been carried out on both powder and monolithic catalysts using simulated vehicle exhaust. Performance as a function of temperature, NO:NO 2 ratio and space velocity has been monitored. Catalysts comprising transition metals supported on a titania-based substrate, in both powder and monolithic form, exhibit high NO x conwmion with minimal N 2 O production over a wide range of conditions, and have shown resistance to hydrothetmal ageing, low-level SO x ageing and residual hydrocarbons in the feed stream. In separate studies, the NO x storage-reduction properties of two representative formulations based on Pt/BaO/Al 2 O 3 , and the influence thereon of CO and CO 2 are discussed in detail, with particular mason to the uptake and release dynamics of NO x .
The Mechanism of Action of Ethanolamine Ammonia Lyase, a B12-dependent Enzyme X. A STUDY OF THE REACTION BY ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROMETRY

Abstract Ethanolamine ammonia lyase catalyzes the coenzyme B12-dependent conversion of ethanolamine to acetaldehyde and NH3. When the enzyme-coenzyme complex is frozen in liquid nitrogen during the act of catalysis, an electron spin resonance signal equivalent to about 0.04 spin per active site can be detected. By saturation experiments, the signal consists of two components, a broad derivative signal composed of two peaks (g = 2.34 and g = 2.08) assigned to the cobalt of B12r, and a narrow signal (g = 2.007) assigned to a free radical. With [1,1-D2]ethanolamine as substrate, the shape and position of the signal was unchanged, but its size was increased. In the absence of substrate, a signal was still observed, but the concentration of unpaired electrons was reduced. The broad metal signal was unchanged except for a decrease in size. The radical signal was narrower (10 gauss, compared with 18 gauss in the presence of substrate) and was shifted (g = 2.003) with respect to the substrate-dependent signal, suggesting that the radical in the absence of substrate may have been different from the substrate-dependent radical. These observations support the proposal that the mechanism of action of this coenzyme B12-dependent enzyme involves homolysis of the carbon-cobalt bond of the coenzyme.
Tree-based HB protocols for privacy-preserving authentication of RFID tags

An RFID reader must authenticate its designated tags in order to prevent tag forgery and counterfeiting. At the same time, due to privacy requirements of many applications, a tag should remain anonymous and untraceable to an adversary during the authentication process. In this paper, we propose an “HB-like” protocol for privacy-preserving authentication of RFID tags. Previous protocols for privacy-preserving authentication were based on PRF computations. Our protocol can instead be used on low-cost tags that may be incapable of computing traditional PRFs. Moreover, since the underlying computations in HB protocols are very efficient, our protocol also reduces reader-side load compared to PRF-based protocols. We suggest a tree-based approach that replaces the PRF-based authentication from prior work with a procedure such as HB+ or HB#. We optimize the tree-traversal stage through usage of a “light version” of the underlying protocol and shared random challenges across all levels of the tree. This provides significant reduction of the communication resources, resulting in a privacy-preserving protocol almost as efficient as the underlying HB+ or HB#. We also present analytical and simulation results comparing our method with prior proposals in terms of computation, communication and memory overheads.
A Novel Use of Direct Platelet Application During Surgery for Clopidogrel-Associated Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background Dual antiplatelet therapy is associated with increased rates of intracerebral hemorrhage, especially in the context of subarachnoid hemorrhage. We present a case of a spontaneous hemorrhage in a patient treated with a Pipeline stent for a ruptured dissecting vertebrobasilar aneurysm and the novel use of direct application of platelets during surgery to control bleeding. Case Description A 54-year-old previously healthy woman presented with an intradural right vertebral artery dissection with a ruptured 6-mm pseudoaneurysm. The patient was started on aspirin and clopidogrel and the vessel was reconstructed with 2 Pipeline Embolization Devices. On postbleed day number 14, she became obtunded with a blown right pupil; computed tomography of the head demonstrated a large right temporal intracerebral hematoma. The patient was taken emergently to the operating room for evacuation of the clot. Intraoperatively, satisfactory control of bleeding was not achieved despite transfusing several units of platelets intravenously. Ultimately, a mixture of Floseal and platelets applied directly to the hematoma wall allowed prompt hemostasis. At 3 months the patient was doing extremely well clinically and angiography demonstrated occlusion of the aneurysm. Conclusions This is the first reported description of direct application of platelets to achieve intraoperative hemostasis. Platelets are activated by thrombin and collagen and the use of Floseal (a bovine-derived, gelatin matrix and human-derived thrombin) further potentiated the effectiveness of this strategy. With the increased incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage associated with dual antiplatelet therapy, this technique may provide a useful tool in the neurosurgical armamentarium.
Optimum adaptive imaging through atmospheric turbulence

Recent results for the atmospheric mode decomposition are applied to an idealized imaging problem in which the receiver has a priori knowledge of the channel impulse response and mode decomposition. It is shown that a channel-matched filter receiver is essentially optimum and, on the average, achieves diffraction-limited performance. Furthermore, when the transmitting aperture lies within a single isoplanatic patch, this system may be realized without a priori channel knowledge by transmitted reference techniques.
Recognizing patterns in protein sequences using iteration-performing calculations in genetic programming

Uses genetic programming with automatically defined functions (ADFs) for the dynamic creation of a pattern-recognizing computer program consisting of initially-unknown detectors, an initially-unknown iterative calculation incorporating the as-yet-undiscovered detectors, and an initially-unspecified final calculation incorporating the results of the as-yet-unspecified iteration. The program's goal is to recognize a given protein segment as being a transmembrane domain or non-transmembrane area of the protein. Genetic programming with automatic function definition is given a training set of differently-sized mouse protein segments and their correct classification. Correlation is used as the fitness measure. Automatic function definition enables genetic programming to dynamically create subroutines (detectors). A restricted form of iteration is introduced to enable genetic programming to perform calculations on the values returned by the detectors. When cross-validated, the best genetically-evolved recognizer for transmembrane domains achieves an out-of-sample correlation of 0.968 and an out-of-sample error rate of 1.6%. This error rate is better than that recently reported for five other methods. >
Germination and development of the soma in Boschniakia hookeri (Orobanchaceae)

Germination of the holoparasitic angiosperm Boschniakia hookeri differs from the usual pattern among the Orobanchaceae. In most members of the family, the germinating seed develops a radix which establishes contact with the host root; in contrast, in B. hookeri the host root makes contact with the parasite seed, penetrates its testa, and association between host root and parasite embryo tissues is then established inside the testa. The germination and development of the perennial vegetative body, the soma, can be divided into ten stages, with characteristic changes from stage to stage. The first four stages range from the pre–germination through the germination proper, including physical contact between parasite and host root; formation of the soma, through development of the first stem bud, occurs in stages five to ten. The processes for the first six stages occur completely within the testa. The mature soma apparently produces flowers when it reaches a size around 15 mm in diameter and continues to grow. Maximum seems to be around 50–60 mm, where dense clusters of 10–12 inflorescences can occur.
Batching and scheduling jobs on batch and discrete processors

We consider a situation in which the manufacturing system is equipped with batch and discrete processors. Each batch processor can process a batch limited number of jobs simultaneously. Once the process begins, no job can be released from the batch processor until the entire batch is processed. In this paper, we analyze a class of two-machine batching and scheduling problems in which the batch processor plays an important role. Specifically, we consider two performance measures: the makespan and the sum of job completion times. We analyze the complexity of this class of problems, present polynomial procedures for some problems, propose a heuristic, and establish an upper bound on the worst case performance ratio of the heuristic for the NP-complete problem. In addition, we extend our analysis to the case of multiple families and to the case of three-machine batching.
Increasing sustainability and resiliency of cellular network infrastructure by harvesting renewable energy

The carbon footprint of cellular base stations is a source of concern not only because of their power consumption, which accounts for more than half of all of the cellular infrastructure, but also because of the large rate of growth in their deployment. This article discusses how the use of harvested renewable energy can contribute to solving this problem. The article also addresses the challenges associated with harvesting wind and solar energy, namely the variability in available energy and the large physical footprint of energy harvesters. This article explains that these challenges can be better addressed by jointly considering the harvested energy availability and the dynamic characteristics of base station power consumption. A realization of this approach is the recently introduced idea of a "sustainable wireless area" that integrates energy harvesters and a group of base stations in a microgrid architecture. This architecture enables an integrated harvested energy-cellular traffic management technique that shapes the traffic serviced by a base station based on the predicted availability of renewable energy. As a result, longer periods of operation powered from renewable energy are achieved while degradation of the users’ qualityof- experience (QoE) is minimal and occasional. This article also explains how harvested renewable energy also increases the resiliency of cellular networks because they do not depend on lifelines for operation.
Transfusion increases the risk for vasoplegia after cardiac operations

Background Perioperative vasoplegia is associated with increased morbidity. Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion increases plasma concentrations of inflammatory mediators, possibly contributing to the development of vasoplegia. We investigated the prevalence of mild and profound postoperative vasoplegia, identified factors associated with its development, and examined the role of RBC and component transfusion on the occurrence of postoperative vasoplegia. Methods Between January 1, 2000, and January 1, 2007, 25,960 patients underwent on-bypass cardiac surgical procedures. The incidence of vasoplegia was defined as (1) mild vasoplegia requiring norepinephrine infusion for blood pressure support on the day of operation and postoperative day 1, and (2) profound vasoplegia requiring vasopressin, with or without concomitant norepinephrine infusion, on the day of operation and postoperative day 1. Separate logistic regression models were used to model risk factors for development of mild and profound vasoplegia. Results RBC transfusion increased risk-adjusted odd ratios (ORs) of developing mild vasoplegia (1.07 [95% confidence limits (CL), 1.05, 1.10]; p p p p p p Conclusions Red blood cells, fresh-frozen plasma, and platelet transfusion increased the prevalence of vasoplegia. RBC transfusion exhibited a dose-dependent response for developing vasoplegia with each RBC unit transfused. Further investigation is necessary to determine whether prophylactic use of vasopressor support in the setting of transfusion can ameliorate risk and effect outcomes.
Wormholes in host defense: how helminths manipulate host tissues to survive and reproduce.

Over 1,000,000,000 people and innumerable other animals are currently infected with one or more helminths [1]. These highly prevalent infections contribute to significant illness and economic losses due to impaired worker productivity and livestock health. As such, it is tremendously important to vaccine and anthelminthic drug development efforts to understand the complex interactions between host and parasite, including helminth manipulation of host tissues. The extensive coevolution of helminths and their hosts often blurs the line between what is host-mediated and what is parasite-driven. However, we have drawn explicit examples from the literature to highlight five major themes of helminth manipulation of host tissues: disruption of epithelial barriers, reinforcement of epithelial barriers, alteration of lymphoid tissue, modulation of tissue vascularity, and tuning of granulomatous responses. Herein we focus on examples of direct molecular level effects on host tissue to highlight strategies common to numerous helminths in their efforts to survive and reproduce within their hosts.
Things are not so bad. Presidential address, American Pediatric Society, 1980 annual meeting, San Antonio, Texas.

Things Are Not So Bad. Presidential Address, American Pediatric Society, 1980 Annual Meeting, San Antonio, Texas
An effective quiescent medium for sound propagating through an inhomogeneous, moving fluid.

The idea of similarity between acoustic fields in a moving fluid and in a certain “effective” quiescent medium, first put forward by Lord Rayleigh, proved very helpful in understanding and modeling sound propagation in an atmosphere with winds and in an ocean with currents, as well as in other applications involving flows with small velocity compared to sound speed. Known as effective sound speed approximation, the idea is routinely utilized in the contexts of the ray theory, normal mode representation of the sound field, and the parabolic approximation. Despite the wide use of the concept of effective sound speed in acoustics of moving media, no theoretical justification of Rayleigh’s idea was published that would be independent of the chosen representation of the sound field and uniformly apply to distinct propagation regimes. In this paper, we present such a justification by reducing boundary conditions and a wave equation governing sound fields in the inhomogeneous moving fluid with a slow flow to boundary conditions and a wave equation in a quiescent fluid with effective sound speed and density. The derivation provides insight into validity conditions of the concept of effective quiescent fluid. Introduction of effective density in conjunction with effective sound speed is essential to ensure accurate reproduction of acoustic pressure amplitude in the effective medium. Effective parameters depend on sound speed, flow velocity, and density of the moving fluid as well as on sound propagation direction. Conditions are discussed under which the dependence on the propagation direction can be avoided or relaxed.
Psychosocial Factors and Health Behaviors Associated with Inadequate Fruit and Vegetable Intake among American-Indian and Alaska-Native Adolescents

Abstract The purpose of the study was to examine fruit and vegetable intake patterns among American Indian and Alaska Native adolescents and to assess psychosocial factors and health behaviors related to inadequate consumption. The study was conducted in nonurban schools from eight Indian Health Service Areas in the U.S.A total sample of 13,454 7th- through 12th-grade American-Indian and Alaska-Native youths living on or near reservations were given, in classroom settings, a revised version of the Minnesota Adolescent Health Survey.The health questionnaire assessed fruit and vegetable consumption patterns and psychosocial variables and health-related behaviors. The results indicated that fruit and vegetable consumption was below the recommended amounts. Less than daily consumption of vegetables was reported by 30% of adolescents and less than daily consumption of fruits was reported by 20% of youths. Psychosocial and health behavior risk associated with inadequate intake included being overweight, low family connectedness, poor school achievement, poor perceived health status, and tobacco use. Our study shows that fruit and vegetable consumption is low among American-Indian and Alaska-Native youths. More attention needs to be placed on developing culturally appropriate interventions to promote healthy eating patterns and addressing factors related to inadequate intake.
Vital pulp therapy with mineral trioxide aggregate

– The present case report describes the treatment of complicated crown fractures using mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). MTA was used as pulp-capping material after partial pulpotomy to preserve the vitality of the pulpal tissues in two cases. Follow-up examinations revealed that the treatment was successful in preserving pulpal vitality and continued development of the tooth.
Polyhydroxy complexes of rhenium(VII)

Abstract Perrhenate in concentrated alkali forms yellow complexes with a number of polyhydric compounds. With d -gluconolactone it was found that this color was due to a considerable broadening of the perrhenate band in the UV. The optical rotation of alkaline d -gluconate changes markedly on adding perrhenate, and increases almost linearly with increasing NaOH concentration from 2–16.8 M. A continuous variations analysis of this complex in 12M NaOH showed that it was a 1:1 compound of gluconate and perrhenate. Its formation constant was approximately 43 LM−1. Ligands which produced a yellow color with perrhenate in 12 M NaOH, and whose optical rotation changed significantly included d -mannitol, d -glucitol (sorbitol), perseitol, arabinitol and sodium d -xylonate. Ligands which did not react with perrhenate were: ethylene glycol, glycerol, ribitol, ribonolactone and d -allonolactone. It was concluded that vicinal OH-bearing carbon atoms with opposing configurations (D-L) are required to form these complexes, and that the distance between the centers of adjacent oxygen atoms in the ligand is critical in determining whether the perrhenate will form a complex. It was further concluded that ligands of this type stabilize some sort of meso-perrhenate anion. Pertechnetate does not form these complexes under the same conditions.
Bis[μ-bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphato-κ2O:O′]bis{[bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine-κ3N,N′,N′′′]copper(II)} diperchlorate acetonitrile hemisolvate

The title compound, [Cu2(bnpp)2(bpa)2](ClO4)2·0.5CH3CN [bpa is bis­(2-pyridylmeth­yl)amine (C12H13N3) and bnpp is bis­(4-nitro­phen­yl)phosphate (C12H8N2O8P)], contains two CuII ions, each coordinated in a distorted square-pyramidal geometry formed by the tridentate chelating ligand bpa and two O-atom donors from two bnpp ligands. Two bnpp anions bridge two CuII ions to form the dinuclear complex cation, one O-atom donor of each bnpp coordinating in a basal site and another coordinating in the apical position with a Jahn–Teller elongated bond of 2.189 (4) or 2.244 (3) A.
Four-dimensional imaging of filter-grown polarized epithelial cells.

Understanding how epithelial cells generate and maintain polarity and function requires live cell imaging. In order for cells to become fully polarized, it is necessary to grow them on a permeable membrane filter; however, the translucent filter obstructs the microscope light path required for quantitative live cell imaging. Alternatively, the membrane filter may be excised but this eliminates selective access to apical and basolateral surfaces. Conversely, epithelial cells cultured directly on glass exhibit different phenotypes and functions from filter grown cells. Here, we describe a new method for culturing polarized epithelial cells on a Transwell® filter insert that allows superior live cell imaging with spatial and temporal image resolution previously unachievable using conventional methods. Cells were cultured on the underside of a filter support. Epithelial cells grown in this inverted configuration exhibit a fully polarized architecture, including the presence of functional tight junctions. This new culturing system permits four-dimensional (three spatial dimension over time) imaging of endosome and Golgi apparatus dynamics, and permits selective manipulation of the apical and basolateral surfaces. This new technique has wide applicability for visualization and manipulation of polarized epithelial cells.
Different approaches to differential item functioning in health applications. Advantages, disadvantages and some neglected topics.

Background and objectives Reviewed in this article are topics related to the study of invariance and differential item functioning (DIF) that have received relatively little attention in the literature. Several factors influence DIF detection; these include (1) model fit, (2) model assumptions, (3) disability distributions, (4) purification, (5) cutoff values for magnitude measures, and (6) sample and scale size. Methods Approaches to DIF detection are discussed in terms of model assumptions, purification, magnitude and impact, and possible advantages and disadvantages of each method. Conclusions An integrated approach to the examination of measurement equivalence, invariance, and DIF is necessary for measurement in an increasingly multi-ethnic society. Ideally, qualitative analyses should be performed in an iterative fashion to inform about findings of DIF. However, if an already-developed measure is being evaluated, then the steps might be to focus first on dimensional invariance using factor analytic methods, followed by DIF analyses examining both significance and magnitude of DIF, accompanied by formal tests of the impact of DIF. The DIF analytic method selected in the second step might be determined based on the findings summarized in the table presented within this paper.
Enzyme induction in mammalian cells defective in 28S ribosomal RNA formation.

SYNTHESIS of ribosomal RNA and its transfer to the cytoplasm have been implicated repeatedly in the processing and transport of informational RNA and the regulation of enzyme activities1–4. We have studied the involvement of rRNA in the RNA synthesis-dependent induction of the microsomal enzyme, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase5; the activity of this mixed-function oxygenase in mammalian tissues and in cells in culture increases many-fold after a few hours exposure to a polycyclic hydrocarbon5–10. The induction process requires de novo protein synthesis and DNA-dependent RNA synthesis5,9,11 and can be influenced by post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms9,12.
Regulation of E2F1-induced Apoptosis by the Nucleolar Protein RRP1B

Regulation of the E2F family of transcription factors is important in control of cellular proliferation; dysregulation of the E2Fs is a hallmark of many cancers. One member of the E2F family, E2F1, also has the paradoxical ability to induce apoptosis; however, the mechanisms underlying this selectivity are not fully understood. We now identify a nucleolar protein, RRP1B, as an E2F1-specific transcriptional target. We characterize the RRP1B promoter and demonstrate its selective response to E2F1. Consistent with the activation of E2F1 activity upon DNA damage, RRP1B is induced by several DNA-damaging agents. Importantly, RRP1B is required for the expression of certain E2F1 proapoptotic target genes and the induction of apoptosis by DNA-damaging agents. This activity is mediated in part by complex formation between RRP1B and E2F1 on selective E2F1 target gene promoters. Interaction between RRP1B and E2F1 can be found inside the nucleolus and diffuse nucleoplasmic punctates. Thus, E2F1 makes use of its transcriptional target RRP1B to activate other genes directly involved in apoptosis. Our data also suggest an underappreciated role for nucleolar proteins in transcriptional regulation.
Selenium Power Rectifiers for A-C Aircraft Systems

Increasing electric-power requirements for large aircraft have brought about the introduction of a-c power systems. Two major systems have been developed. In the first power is generated at variable frequency and converted to direct current; in the second power is generated at substantially constant frequency, and both a-c and d-c power are used. In both systems selenium rectifiers can be used as converters. Rectifier units developed to supply 28.5-volt regulated d-c power, which include step-down transformers and voltage-regulating equipment, are described in this paper. Ratings vary from 100 to 800 amperes.
Identification of a Novel TGFβ/PKA Signaling Transduceome in Mediating Control of Cell Survival and Metastasis in Colon Cancer

Background Understanding drivers for metastasis in human cancer is important for potential development of therapies to treat metastases. The role of loss of TGFβ tumor suppressor activities in the metastatic process is essentially unknown.