cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minority report: the intestinal mycobiota in systemic infections

Compared to bacteria, fungi often exhibit a lower abundance and a higher temporal volatility in the intestinal microbiota. Analysis of fungi in the microbiota (mycobiota) faces technical limitations with tools that were originally developed for analyzing bacteria. Dysbiotic states of the intestinal mycobiota, often associated with disruption of the healthy bacterial microbiota, are characterized by overgrowth (domination) of specific fungal taxa and loss of diversity. Intestinal domination by Candida species has been shown to be a major source of Candida bloodstream infections. Fungal dysbiosis is also linked to the development and treatment response in non-fungal infections, for example Clostridioides difficile colitis and HIV. Further research is needed to define the contribution of intestinal mycobiota to human fungal and non-fungal infections.
Systems thinking in the context of road safety: Can systems tools help us realize a true "Safe Systems" approach?

Road traffic injuries are one of the leading causes of death in the USA and globally. We introduce the Safe Systems approach as a promising paradigm for road safety practice and describe how systems thinking tools can help bridge the gap between the current status quo and a Safe Systems approach. Systems thinking tools can help us align with a Safe Systems approach by identifying latent risks in the transportation system, examining factors that coalesce to produce high travel speeds and kinetic energy transfer and supporting safety prioritization through goal alignment. The Safe Systems approach represents a significant change in the way we have historically designed transportation systems; it puts safety at the forefront and calls for designing a system that accounts for human fallibility. Operationalizing holistic Safe Systems concepts may be difficult, but systems thinking tools can help. Systems thinking tools provide a common language for individuals from diverse disciplines and sectors to express their unique understanding of the interconnected factors shaping road safety problems and support discussions about potential solutions that align with a Safe Systems approach.
Minimally Invasive Surgery prior to Radiation Therapy for Metastatic Spine Disease: Decision Making and Technique

Abstract Spinal metastatic disease is a challenging but increasingly common occurrence in oncology patients. Novel radiation techniques and minimally invasive surgical techniques have changed treatment paradigms over the past two decades. Spinal decompression may be indicated with or without concomitant stabilization. In the absence of spinal cord compression, prophylactic stabilization may be considered depending on the host bone quality, tumor location, and planned radiation. Minimally invasive surgery has decreased the need for open, morbid approaches to achieve spinal decompression and stabilization.
EMPIRICS OF CHINA'S OUTWARD DIRECT INVESTMENT

Abstract. We investigate the empirical determinants of China's outward direct investment (ODI). It is found that China's investments in developed and developing countries are driven by different sets of factors. Subject to the differences between developed and developing countries, there is evidence that: (i) both market-seeking and resource-seeking motives drive China's ODI; (ii) Chinese exports to developing countries induce China's ODI; (iii) China's international reserves promote its ODI; and (iv) Chinese capital tends to agglomerate among developed economies but diversify among developing economies. Similar results are obtained using alternative ODI data. We do not find substantial evidence that China invests in African and oil-producing countries mainly for their natural resources.
Sexual Health Experiences Among High School Students With Disabilities

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the sexual experiences of adolescents with and without disabilities. Methods Data were from the 2015 and 2017 Oregon Healthy Teens survey, a state-wide representative sample of 11th grade students. We compared teens with and without disabilities on whether or not they had ever had sexual intercourse (N = 20,812). Among those who had ever had intercourse (N = 8,311), we used multivariable Poisson regression to measure the association between disability status and the prevalence of five sexual experiences. Results After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, the prevalence of ever having had intercourse was 25% higher among teens with disabilities than among those without (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20–1.30). Among students who had had intercourse, the prevalence of having had intercourse before the age of 15 years (aPR 1.25, 95% CI: 1.14–1.47), having ≥ 2 lifetime sexual partners (aPR 1.13, 95% CI 1.07–1.19), having ≥ 2 sexual partners in the previous three months (aPR 1.23, 95% CI: 1.00–1.52), having used alcohol and/or drugs at the last intercourse (aPR 1.28, 95% CI: 1.10–1.48), and having condomless sex at the last intercourse (aPR 1.17, 95% CI: 1.08–1.27) was higher among students with disabilities than among students without disabilities. After accounting for sexual abuse, each of these associations was attenuated and most were no longer significant. Conclusions Youth with disabilities are sexually active. Findings highlight the need for increased attention to sexual abuse prevention, sexual health promotion, and risk reduction efforts for this population.
The Impact of Regulatory Growth on Operating Costs

We investigate the effect of recent regulatory growth on operating costs per unit of output across a variety of US industries. Using an Augmented Mean Group estimator approach, we find that regulations in the current year and four to five years prior have statistically significant upward effects on operating costs per unit of output. This suggests that the most pronounced effects of regulations occur when a regulation is passed and when compliance dates arrive. Our results imply that the average level of annual regulatory growth (3.55 percent) increases operating costs per unit of output by 3.3 percentage points per year relative to a baseline of no regulatory growth.
Effect of Sub-Clinical Manifestations of Bovine Paratuberculosis in Beef Cattle

Bovine paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is a chronic, debilitating disease of cattle. Although widely known in the dairy industry, the effect of the disease in extensive ranch operations is unknown. Currently, testing techniques for bovine para tuberculosis in beef cattle are few, costly and somewhat inaccurate.We conducted the study of a beef herd located in Texas with the objective of evaluating the effect of subclinical manifestations of bovine paratuberculosis in beef cattle.
Working Remotely, Working Effectively: Improving Collection Access During a Global Pandemic

This article looks at how one college archive responded to the shutdown of its campus in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Archivist and Associate Archivist worked together to develop work ass...
Different Economic Approaches in Forest Management

The management of forests is directly related to the landowner’s objective, and to some extent, the type of economic system employed by the landowner. The system used to manage government forests is typically different than that used by industrial landowners. Likewise, the system used by large estate owners may differ from that used by industry. Therefore, the management of forests is directly affected by the individual’s attitude toward money.
Less Is More: Finding the Right Dose

Different models are used to explain the relationship between dose of a drug and its effect. The nonlinear or biphasic curve has been of particular relevance to homeopathy and arose from the work of Arndt and Schulz, who proposed that low doses could stimulate and high doses could inhibit. Schulz used homeopathic dilutions in many of his studies, although he did not consider himself to be a homeopath, while Arndt was better known as a psychiatrist. This did not prevent the two men from being linked to homeopathy, and their work on the relation between dose and response thus became controversial, although much recent science validates their core finding. This chapter describes the background and achievements of Arndt and Schulz and the scientific community’s response to their work. It then discusses other perspectives on dose and possible mechanisms of action of homeopathic remedies. Concepts of hormesis, sensitization, ultramolecular dilution, and nanopharmacology are all discussed.
Inhibition of DNA Methyltransferase 1 Promotes Proliferation and Alters Gene Expression in Mouse Embryonic Cardiomyocytes

Introduction: Our previous research demonstrated that in utero caffeine exposure from embryonic day (E) 6.5-10.5 down-regulates the expression of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) and enhances cardiac gene expression in embryonic ventricles. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that inhibition or down-regulation of Dnmts promotes proliferation and differentiation of embryonic cardiomyocytes. Method: Ventricles were dissociated from mouse E13.5 embryos and treated with 0.5-1 mM 5-azacytidine, a non-specific DNMT inhibitor, or Dnmt1 siRNA. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to identify cardiomyocytes and illustrate morphological changes. Total RNA was isolated and used for quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Results: Knock down of Dnmt1 significantly decreased global DNA methylation in cultured cells. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the percentage of α-actinin and connexin 43 positive cells was increased in cultures treated with Dnmt1 siRNA compared to control. Dnmt1 knocked down cardiomyocytes formed larg...
Some Metamathematical Problems Concerning Elementary Hyperbolic Geometry

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses how the solutions of the metamathematical problems can be obtained by means of a familiar algorithm and the end-calculus of Hilbert. There is an illustration of a new geometrical algorithm, the hyperbolic calculus of segments, which can provide a convenient apparatus for a new solution of the same problems. The results so obtained have interesting implications for some related geometrical systems– namely, for elementary absolute geometry and for non-elementary hyperbolic geometry. Furthermore, the chapter discusses these implications. In context to Hilbert-Szasz Spaces, Hilbert essentially gives an outline of the end-calculus and defines in its terms the coordinates of straight lines and points, and establishes an analytic condition for a point to lie on a straight line. However, Szasz modifies Hilbert's construction and establishes an analytic formula for the distance between two points.
Shape and Color as Dimensions of a Visual Redundant Code

Studies have been conducted which indicate that redundant coding is effective in facilitating the locating of a target among other objects. This study examines that hypothesis for a range of the shape and color variables. All possible combinations of four shapes and four colors were used as targets in the experiment. The times to locate six each of the targets among 36 background objects for 16 displays in each of three coding conditions of the experiment were determined for 24 subjects. The targets could be differentiated from the background objects on the basis of color only, shape only, and redundant color/shape. The results indicate a difference among the coding conditions, the colors, and the shapes, and in the code-by-shape and code-by-color interactions. An important finding is that the redundant code and the color code conditions did not differ. The data are examined for possible explanations of this result and some implications are suggested.
A method for determination of evidential weighting factors in a medical expert system

The necessity of dealing with uncertainty in expert systems has been recognized since the time of the first development of these systems. Initially, ad hoc techniques were incorporated to deal with these problems. At the same time, approximate reasoning technology was developing as a separate field. It is only recently that techniques from these two fields have been combined. EMERGE, a medical expert system developed by the authors, has been modified by replacing the original ad hoc approach to reasoning with uncertainty with techniques from approximate reasoning based on work by Yager. In this paper, a method is presented for obtaining values for evidential weighting factors.
Role of Inspiratory Pacemaker Neurons in Mediating the Hypoxic Response of the Respiratory Network In Vitro

In severe hypoxia the breathing frequency is modulated in a biphasic manner: an initial increase (augmentation) is followed by a depression and cessation of breathing (apnea). Using a mouse slice preparation that contains the functional respiratory network, we aimed at identifying the neurons responsible for this frequency modulation. Whole-cell patch recordings revealed that expiratory neurons become tonically active during anoxia, indicating that these neurons cannot be responsible for the respiratory frequency modulation. Inspiratory neurons tended to depolarize (by 6.9 mV; n = 9), and the frequency of rhythmic activity was significantly increased during anoxia (from 0.16 to 0.4 Hz; n = 9). After the blockade of network activity with 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2, 3-dione, most inspiratory neurons became tonically active (72%; n = 25, non-pacemaker). In anoxia, the membrane potential of these non-pacemaker neurons did not change (-0.26 mV; n = 6), and their tonic activity ceased. Only a subpopulation of inspiratory neurons remained rhythmically active in the absence of network activity (pacemaker neurons, 28%, 7 of 25 inspiratory neurons). In anoxia two subgroups of pacemaker neurons were differentiated; one group showed a transient increase in the bursting activity, followed by a decrease and cessation of rhythmic activity. These neurons tended to depolarize (by 10.3 mV) during anoxia. The second group remained rhythmic during the entire anoxic exposure and exhibited no depolarization. The time course of the frequency modulation in all pacemaker neurons resembled that of the intact network. We conclude that pacemaker neurons are primarily responsible for the frequency modulation in anoxia and that in the respiratory network there is a strict separation between rhythm- and pattern-generating mechanisms.
Modeling Toxicity in Methane Fermentation Systems

Wastewater treatment using anaerobic methane fermentation offers several significant advantages over aerobic methods, but is considered unreliable when treating wastewaters containing toxicants. Three models describing toxicity phenomena are given to help engineers develop more rational design and operational strategies. The first model describes the recovery pattern of methane fermentation systems from slug addition of toxicants as a function of toxicant type and concentration, and time. This model allows for prediction of periods of zero gas production and threshold toxicant concentrations. The second two models incorporate the effect of toxicity on the fundamental Monod-type expressions. Unsteady-state behavior is effectively described by both models and the importance of providing proper biological solids retention time is emphasized. The primary effect of toxicant addition is to alter process kinetics by temporarily or permanently increasing bacterial washout time. Therefore, to minimize the severity of both transient and chronic toxicity, a sufficiently large solids retention time is required.
Improving speech intelligibility with a constant-beamwidth, wide-bandwidth loudspeaker array

This dissertation covers the topic of improving speech intelligibility with a constant-beamwidth, wide-bandwidth (CBWB) loudspeaker array. The concept is examined through computer simulation, array implementation, and field tests. A review of speech, speech intelligibility, and the methods used to evaluate speech intelligibility are presented. The concepts of reverberation and RT60 are presented along with a discussion of the direct-to-reverberant ratio (D/R) and how it is affected by the source’s Q. The first part of this work was conducted via computer simulations. The CATT-Acoustic software package was used to simulate the rooms used in this study and to determine the optimum beam pattern for the array. The simulations compare the performance of the array to the performance of a typical PA source and show that the array decreases the D/R and improves speech intelligibility. Array theory is presented and the concept of a CBWB array is developed. First, basic array theory is reviewed for an N-element broadside array. Next, the concept of array element superposition is discussed. The filter weighting functions for the CBWB array are developed and analyzed. Finally, the directivity function for a crossed array is examined. A thorough discussion of the array’s design is given along with justification of the design procedure. An overview of the physical construction is given and a modeled version of the array is introduced. The linear-phase, FIR digital filters are developed from theory for each band of interest and the implemented filters are compared with their theoretical counterparts. Finally, the field test results are presented and compared with the simulation. The model array was tested in the anechoic chamber to verify the design. The results are compared to the design parameters and the design is confirmed. Next, the full array was tested in two locations and compared with a typical PA source. As predicted, the array increases the speech intelligibility in the rooms and increases the D/R.
ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

Book reviewed in this article: Probleme der Vor-Volker-Forschung: Grundzuge Einer Ethnologischen Urgeschichte. Fritz Haensell Theorie der kulturellen Ahnlichkeit. Wilhelm Milke
Culture in Clinical Care: Strategies for Competence, by Bette Bonder and Laura Martin

Culture in Clinical Care is a text that addresses cultural diversity in health settings. As you read the text, it becomes evident that the authors have a deep concern about the way in which profess...
Some concepts and new methods for molecular mapping in plants

The use of molecular markers is based on naturally occurring polymorphism whose magnitude has only recently been appreciated. Understanding the nature of naturally occurring polymorphism is a basis for designing strategies to exploit it for applied genetic practices. The purpose of this chapter is to express a personal view a on few key concepts and to draw attention to new technology.
On a theorem of Picard

We extend Picard's theorem on the existence of elliptic solutions of the second kind of linear homogeneous nth_order scalar ordinary differential equations with coefficients being elliptic functions (associated with a common period lattice) to linear homogeneous first-order n x n systems. In particular, the qualitative Floquet-type structure of fundamental systems of solutions in terms of elliptic and exponential functions, polynomials, and Weierstrass zeta functions of the independent variable is determinod. Connections with completely integrable systems are mentioned. In order to set the stage for our extension of Picard's theorem on the existence of elliptic solutions of the second kind of nth_order scalar ordinary differential equations with elliptic coefficients (with a common period lattice) to first-order n x n systems and an explicit description of the corresponding Floquet-type structure of fundamental systems of solutions, we briefly review Floquet theory for singly periodic n x n systems. Denote by M(n), n E N, the set of n x n matrices with entries in C, define GL(n) {A E M(n) I det(A) 7 0}, and consider the linear homogeneous system (1) @'I(z) Q(z)'J'(z), z E C, where @(z) E GL(n), Q(z) E M(n), with Q(z) a continuous periodic matrix of period Q E C\{0}, that is, (2) Q(z+Q) = Q(z), z E C. Concerning (continuously differentiable) fundamental matrices 4>(z) of solutions of (1), one has the following basic Floquet theorem (see, e.g., [5], Ch. 3, [20], Ch. 4, [30], Ch. 5). Theorem 1. Let Q(z) E M(n) with Q(z) a continuous periodic matrix of period Q E C\{0}. Then (1) admits a fundamental matrix 4?(z) E GL(n) of the type (3) 4(z) = P(z) exp (zK), z E C, where P(z) E GL(n), K E M(n), and P(z) is continuously differentiable and periodic of period Q, (4) P(z+Q) = P(z), z E C. Received by the editors September 23, 1996. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 33E05, 34C25; Secondary 58F07. The research was based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DMS-9623121. (g)1998 American Mathematical Society
Quantum mechanical single-gold-nanocluster electroluminescent light source at room temperature.

Electrically contacted gold-nanocluster arrays formed within electromigration-induced break junctions exhibit bright, field-dependent electroluminescence in the near infrared (650--800 nm). Intensity autocorrelation of spatially isolated individual nanocluster emission driven at high electrical frequency (${f}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}}=\ensuremath{\sim}200\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{M}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}$) reveals antibunched electroluminescence at room temperature. These results demonstrate the single quantum nature of several-atom gold molecules and suggest their use as room-temperature electrically driven single-photon sources.
Does Anselm beg the question

Saint Anselm’s ontological argument for the existence of God, formulated nearly a millennium ago, continues to bedevil philosophers. There is no consensus about what, if anything, is wrong with it. Some philosophers insist that the argument is invalid. Others concede its validity but insist that it is unsound. A third group of philosophers maintain that Anselm begs the question. It has been argued, for example, that Anselm’s use of the name “God” in a premise assumes (or presupposes) precisely what has to be proved, namely, that God exists. Another tack is to argue that the premise that God is possible implies or presupposes the conclusion that God exists, or perhaps that, in order to know that God is possible, one must know that God exists. Just as no consensus has emerged about what, if anything, is wrong with Anselm’s argument, no consensus has emerged about whether the argument begs the question. In this essay, I focus on the second type of claim made by the third group of philosophers—the claim that Anselm’s argument begs the question by assuming, as a premise, that God is possible. In particular, I focus on the argument of the contemporary analytic philosopher William Rowe, who has claimed, since at least 1975, that Anselm’s ontological argument begs the question. I argue that Rowe’s argument fails.
Articulation of social and organizational considerations in states' emergency management information sharing

The Emergency Preparedness and Response (EP&R) community has embraced a wide array of information and communications technologies (ICTs) to support information sharing and communication among participating agencies. Yet many existing and proposed technological solutions remain inadequate to support the unpredictable and frequently changing information sharing needs that arise during emergencies. Participants turn away from emergency ICTs when social and organizational concerns supersede available technological support. This paper highlights the articulation process through which emergency managers attempt to reconcile intersecting organizational, social and technological concerns during emergency incidents. Illustrative examples from observations of operational exercises and interviews with emergency response personnel in several U.S. states inform our discussion of the resulting system design challenges. We conclude the paper by presenting three design principles for information sharing systems which support adaptive social and organizational aspects of emergency management.
Ideality of pressure-sensitive paint. II. Effect of annealing on the temperature dependence of the luminescence

This article reports the effect of annealing on a pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) consisting of platinum tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphine (PtTFPP) in a fluoroacrylic polymer called FIB (Puklin, E.; Carlson, W. B.; Gouin, S.; Costin, C.; Green, E.; Ponomarev, S.; Tanji, H.; Gouterman, M. J Appl Polym Sci 2000, 77, 2795). Samples annealed at 150°C, 75°C, annealed by a heat gun, and dried at room temperature are compared to nonannealed samples. Temperature dependences of luminescence intensity and lifetime are studied as a function and pressure and temperature and fit with Arrhenius and Stern–Volmer equations. We find that heating above Tg is more important than drying at room temperature in lowering the temperature dependence and obtaining ideal PSP, ideal meaning independent effect of pressure and temperature on luminescence properties of the paint. Ideality is achieved by lowering the activation energy for oxygen diffusion, presumably by relaxation of the polymer network. It is shown that ideal behavior occurs only over a limited temperature region. This range is more useful for PtTFPP in FIB than for ruthenium bathophenanthroline in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), another common PSP formulation. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 2805–2814, 2000
Role of the interdomain linker in distance determination for remote cleavage by homing endonuclease I-TevI.

Abstract I-TevI is a modular intron-encoded endonuclease, consisting of an N-terminal catalytic domain and a C-terminal DNA-binding domain, joined by a 75 amino acid linker. This linker can be divided into three regions, starting at the N terminus: the deletion-intolerant (DI) region; the deletion-tolerant (DT) region; and a zinc finger, which acts as a distance determinant for cleavage. To further explore linker function, we generated deletion and substitution mutants that were tested for their preference to cleave at a particular distance or at the correct sequence. Our results demonstrate that the I-TevI linker is multi-functional, a property that sets it apart from junction sequences in most other proteins. First, the linker DI region has a role in I-TevI cleavage activity. Second, the DT linker region participates in distance determination, as evident from DT mutants that display a phenotype similar to that of the zinc-finger mutants in their selection of a cleavage site. Finally, NMR analysis of a freestanding 56 residue linker segment showed an unstructured stretch corresponding to the DI region and a portion of the DT region, followed by a β-strand corresponding to the remainder of the DT region and containing a key distance-determining arginine, R129. Mutation of this arginine to alanine abolished distance determination and disrupted the β-strand, indicating that the structure of the DT linker region has a role in cleavage at a fixed distance.
Multi-view 3D reconstruction with volumetric registration in a freehand ultrasound imaging system

In this paper, we describe a new freehand ultrasound imaging system for reconstructing the left ventricle from 2D echocardiography slices. An important contribution of the proposed system is its ability to reconstruct from multiple standard views. The multi-view reconstruction procedure results in significant reduction in reconstruction error over single view reconstructions. The system uses object-based 3D volumetric registration, allowing for arbitrary rigid object movements in inter-view acquisition. Furthermore, a new segmentation procedure that combines level set methods with gradient vector flow(GVF) is used for automatically segmenting the 2D ultrasound images, in which low level of contrast, high level of speckle noise, and weak boundaries are common. The new segmentation approach is shown to be robust to these artifacts and is found to converge to the boundary from a wider range of initial conditions than competitive methods. The proposed system has been validated on a physical, 3D ultrasound calibration phantom and evaluated on one actual cardiac echocardiography data set. In the phantom experiment, two calibrated volumetric egg-shape objects were scanned from the top and side windows and reconstructed using the new method. The volume error was measured to be less than 4%. In a real heart data set experiment, qualitative results of 3D surface reconstruction from parasternal and apical views appear significantly improved over single view reconstructions. The estimated volumes from the 3D reconstructions were also found to be in agreement with the manual clinical measurements from 2D slices. Further extension of this work is to compare the quantitative results with more accuracy MRI data.
Selenium Supplementation and Cancer Prevention

The essential trace element selenium has been shown to have cancer preventive potential by a converging body of epidemiologic and preclinical studies. Although randomized controlled trials suggest a benefit against liver cancer, results at other sites are not as consistent. The Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial provided evidence that selenium-enriched yeast can protect against total cancer incidence and the incidence of prostate, lung, and colorectal cancer. In contrast, in the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT), selenomethionine provided no protection against prostate, lung, or colorectal cancer. Results from these trials suggest that the cancer protective effects of selenium probably depend on the baseline selenium status of the individual, chemical form of selenium utilized, gender, and genetic polymorphisms in selenoproteins or in cancer-related processes.
Identification of foreign material in lung by energy dispersive x-ray analysis. A new approach to silicosis.

Conventional methods for the detection of foreign material in the Sungs are not only difficult but make it impossible to study any relationship between the material and the surrounding tissue. The present study employs energy dispersive x-ray analysis and scanning electron microscopy as the basis of a rapid and accurate method for determining the amount of silicon in the lungs of normal subjects and subjects with silicosis. A statistical evaluation of the data suggests that a silicon/sulfur ratio below 0.2 may be considered normal, whereas, a ratio above 0.3 may be considered to indicate silicosis.
ON THE FACTORIZATION OF THE TRINOMIALS xn + cxn-1 + d

In this paper we investigate the factorization of trinomials of the form xn + cxn-1 + d ∈ ℤ[x]. We then use these results about trinomials to prove results about the factorization of polynomials of the form xn + c(xn-1 +⋯+ x + 1) ∈ ℤ[x].
Longitudinal variations in the equatorial vertical drift in the topside ionosphere

[1] The vertical ion drift is important for understanding and modeling the electrodynamics at low latitudes. Measurements from the ion drift meter on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F15 are used to examine longitudinal variations in the vertical ion drift at the dip equator in the topside ionosphere. Local time was restricted to 0930 and the data were organized by month for 2001 and 2002. Two features were found contributing to the longitudinal variations in the electrodynamics. Meridional winds contribute to the equatorial vertical ion drift at the 830 km magnetic apex due to their dynamo action at the foot points of the magnetic field lines in the F region at magnetic latitudes near 15°. Electric fields producing a downward perturbation drift at 0930 are produced by hemispheric differences in the dynamo current due primarily to the different orientation of the magnetic meridian relative to the terminator. This produces the seasonally dependent variation as a function of longitude that is observed. A wavenumber-4 longitudinal variation also appears to be present throughout the year but is more influential during equinox conditions. This variation also shows a seasonal cycle, shifting east during northern summer and west during northern winter. Further analysis would be required to isolate the characteristics of a wavenumber-4 driver from the wavenumber-4 component of the Fourier series used here to fit the data.
Cenozoic paleosols San Diego area, California

Abstract Ancient weathering profiles provide mute evidence of the major climatic regimes that operated in the southern California area during the Cenozoic Era. A tropical climate during part of the Paleocene and Early Eocene caused severe weathering of Jurassic andesitic rocks, Cretaceous granitic rocks and Late Cretaceous and Early Eocene terrigenous rocks. Erosional remnants of this paleosol exist as buried soils up to 30 meters thick and as exhumed soils on some modern hills. The main weathering horizon is overwhelmingly composed of kaolinite with residual quartz grains and minor amounts of iron oxides. This tropical climate was in effect at 35° to 40° north latitude. Late Eocene sedimentary rocks were deposited under a semi-arid climate with 50 to 60 cm of annual rainfall that was concentrated during one season. This interpretation is based on: 1) the dominance of conglomerate and immature sandstone in the Upper Eocene section compared to the relative scarcity of claystone, 2) the immaturity of the clay mineral suite which is dominated by smectite and vermiculite, 3) the presence of fractured clasts presumably split by growth and differential expansion of salts, 4) the multiple caliche beds that individually are up to one meter thick, and 5) the paleohydrology of the fluvial deposits which transported rhyolite gravels over 300 km distance from an eastern bedrock source about 4,000 m high in a river of 1.3 sinuosity with 100 year flood discharges up to 30,000 m3/sec. The extensive marine terraces in San Diego are mantled by relict soils that record composite weathering characteristics from glacial and interglacial climates from Late Pliocene to present. Maximal development of the paleosol includes an ironstone concretion layer (Bir horizon) above an illuvial clay layer (Bt horizon) which rests on an iron- and silicacemented hardpan (Cm horizon).
The Diagnostic Names Task Naturalistic Phonics Assessment

Increasingly, the field of reading instruction is calling for “authentic”, “meaningful”, or “naturalistic” assessment practices. At the same time, considerable research supports explicit instruction and assessment of decoding skills in reading, especially for low-achieving students. There is obvious need for a naturalistic test of decoding skills that is also valid and reliable, yet no such test yet exists. This study examined some technical qualities of a Diagnostic Names Task which promises to help fill this need. An instrumentation study was conducted with a group of 25 elementary grade disabled readers to answer questions about subtest reliability, sensitivity to change due to instruction, meaningful clustering of subskills, and criterion-related validity. Results were generally encouraging, despite a few sampling and design problems. A large-sample study is recommended next to help further improve subtest reliability.
Neurologic injuries in baseball players.

In baseball pitchers, injuries to the throwing arm are common due to the extreme stresses placed on the elbow and shoulder joints. These result in peripheral nerve syndromes including ulnar neuropathy at the elbow and suprascapular neuropathy at the shoulder. Recurrent trauma to the axillary artery causing aneurysm and thrombus formation may lead to distal ischemia and stroke. Careful evaluation is required to identify musculoskeletal, neurologic, and vascular causes of upper extremity symptoms in the throwing athlete. Language: en
Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assays for the Identification of the Potato Cyst and Tobacco Cyst Nematodes

TaqMan primer-probe sets were developed for the detection and identification of potato cyst nematodes (PCNs) Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis using two-tube, multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). One tube contained a primer-probe set specific for G. pallida (pale potato cyst nematode) multiplexed with another primer-probe set specific for G. rostochiensis (golden potato cyst nematode). A second tube consisted of the G. pallida-specific primer-probe set multiplexed with a primer-probe set specific for G. tabacum (the morphologically similar tobacco cyst nematode). This internal transcribed spacer rDNA-based system was specific for the Globodera spp. of interest and successfully identified several populations of PCN. This rapid, sensitive, and specific quantitative PCR assay presents a useful tool for PCN regulatory response and management programs.
Gravitational enrichment of 84Kr/36Ar ratios in polar ice caps : A measure of firn thickness and accumulation temperature

Measurements of ^(84)Kr/^(36)Ar ratios in Greenland ice show that gravitational separation in the firn layer is responsible for the enrichments relative to atmospheric ratios. The ^(84)Kr/^(36)Ar ratio is enriched by 12.8 per mil and is 24 times the ^(18)O/^(16)O enrichment in trapped O_2, as predicted for gravitational fractionation. Because gravitational enrichment depends on firn thickness, which in turn depends on annual mean temperature, noble gas ratios provide a method for determining paleotemperatures and ancient firn thicknesses in polar ice caps. The gravitational effects are modulated by about 10 to 15 percent by atmospheric concentration changes caused by temperature effects on oceanic gas solubilities. The availability of five noble gases should make it possible to deconvolute the solubility and gravitational enrichments for calibration of ^(18)O paleotemperatures throughout the polar ice sheets.
Call for Submissions: Public Relations and Nonprofit Organizations

The Journal of Public Relations Research seeks scholarly articles for a Special Issue on Nonprofit Public Relations. Nonprofit and advocacy organizations make an important contribution to the socia...
Synaptogenesis in the intermediate gray region of the lumbar spinal cord in the postnatal rat

Abstract Mid-thoracic spinal cord transection produces dramatically different behavioral results depending upon a rat's age at the time of surgery. The present study was initiated to determine whether the synaptic development in the gray matter of the normal, developing spinal cord differs before and after the period when maximal behavioral recovery occurs. The L6 segments from 10 groups of animals, 0–30 days of age, taken at 3 day intervals (4 animals/group) were studied by light microscopy. Areal measurements of the gray matter were made using an integrating x-y tablet interfaced to a computer. Cell size, cell density and area of neuropil were evaluated in the lateral portions of the intermediate gray matter, laminae VI and VII. Electron microscopic analyses of synaptogenesis were performed on material from the same region in animals 3, 12, 15, 21 and 30 days old using similar morphometric methods while taking note of vesicle, junctional, and mitochondrial morphology. A 60% increase in area of neuropil paralleled a linear increase, of comparable magnitude, in area of the gray matter until 15 days of age when both curves reached a plateau. Neuronal perikaryal size remained constant (≌ 200 sq. μm in plane of nucleolus) throughout development and so could not have contributed to the increase in area of gray matter. Areal measurements of the size and counts of the number of vesicle containing profiles demonstrated a 50% increase in density of axon terminals between 3 and 12 days of age and a steady decline thereafter. The size of vesicle-containing profiles in laminae VI and VII remained constant at a small value (≌ 0.35 sq. μm) until 12 days of age, showed rapid growth to 0.54 sq. μm between 12 and 15 days of age, followed by a more moderate increase in sectional area after 15 days. These results suggest that during the period when recovery of function follows spinal injury, synaptogenesis in the intermediate gray region of the lumbar spinal cord proceeds rapidly, while at stages when little recovery of function follows spinal transection, synaptogenesis is essentially complete.
Observation of sectored structure in the outer solar corona - Correlation with interplanetary magnetic field

Review of the daily images of the white light corona between 3 and 10 solar radii recorded by a coronagraph aboard the OSO-7 unmanned satellite since October 3, 1971. The observed sectored structure in the outer solar corona is discussed and correlated with the interplanetary magnetic field. The correlations support the observation of Hansen et al. (1973).
Objective and Subjective Status Inconsistency: a Search for Empirical Correspondence

The relationship between objective (researcher) and subjective (respondent) definitions of status inconsistency is examined with data from a survey study of Gary, Indiana. The analysis of a variety of measures of income-occupation inconsistency indicated a moderately high correlation between “normatively” defined and objectively defined inconsistency but otherwise very little relationship between subjective and objective measures. The overall pattern of correlations among the particular measures employed suggests that researchers and subjects share a common mode of status evaluations up to, but not including, the concept of status inconsistency.
In search of the worst-case meteorology and receptor in short-term multiple point sources modeling

Abstract The technique of mathematical optimization is applied to determine the hypothetical worst-case meteorology and receptor location in short-term dispersion modeling for multiple point sources. Meteorological conditions and receptor location coordinates are treated as random variables rather than input parameters in the search procedure. A test problem and search results are provided along with the listing of a compact computer code.
Millikan "oil drop" stabilized by growth.

A diffusion cloud chamber has been used to qualitatively study some dynamic properties of liquid drops by suspending them in an electric field at the plane of saturation (p/p s = 1, where p is the actual partial pressure of the vapor at a given elevation and p s is the equilibrium pressure at that temperature characteristic of that elevation). By varying the strength of the electric field, it is possible to change the size of the suspended droplets and even, if desired, to isolate a single drop.
GaAs/AlGaAs multiple-wavelength vertical-cavity laser arrays on p substrates with periodic wavelength variations

Summary form only given. We demonstrate GaAs-AlGaAs multiple wavelength (MW)-VCSEL arrays on p substrates with periodic wavelength variations for the first time. We achieved cw lasing wavelength span of 24 nm, threshold current 3 mW. With further design and growth optimization, these MW-VCSEL arrays will have practical use in cost-effective WDM LAN applications.
Major General Henry Douglas VC RAMC: his military and non-military accomplishments

Major General Henry Edward Manning Douglas had a distinguished military career in the Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC). In addition, during an eventful leave of absence from his army duties in 1908–1909, he played an important role, and made several noteworthy contributions, as a member of a
Laboratory Evaluation on Resilient Modulus and Rate Dependencies of RAP Used as Unbound Base Material

Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the resilient modulus and rate dependencies of unbound reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), crushed limestone, and crushed gravel prepared with the same gradation and equivalent compaction work. Resilient modulus, permanent deformation, and strain energy loss were studied through repeated triaxial and creep testing at different temperatures. The results from this study indicated that RAP tended to have higher resilient modulus when tested as unbound aggregates. However, the permanent deformation of RAP tended to be higher than the crushed stones at ambient temperature. Due to viscoelasticity, the strain (load) rate and temperature dependency of unbound RAP base material was significantly higher than those of crushed limestone and gravel. The temperature dependency of unbound RAP base could significantly affect the performance of asphalt pavements.
Making a Case: Nanofabrication Techniques in Encapsulated Cell Therapy for People with Diabetes

A nanoporous immunoisolative case/capsule that encases/encapsulates insulin-secreting cells vastly expands the source of therapeutic cells available for grafting in people with diabetes, including cells from animal sources, stem cells, and genetically engineered cells. These encapsulated cellular grafts potentially provide an endogenous, renewable, and long-term source of insulin without the need for pharmacological immunosuppression. Micro- and nanofabrication techniques used principally in the semiconductor industry can play a positive role in encapsulated cell therapy. Many of these techniques do not have direct applicability in cell encapsulation, but can be leveraged to develop processes suitable for this application. This commentary highlights the salient features of an effective cell encapsulation system, enumerates limitations of existing encapsulation schemes, and touches upon progress in key areas of encapsulation technology; one example of how micro- and nanofabrication technology may be used to develop a more effective platform for cell encapsulation is presented. This commentary urges further exploration and expansion of techniques used traditionally in electronics and optics for cell-based therapy in people with diabetes.
Some correlates of item repetition in free-recall learning

The variables in six free-recall studies were the frequency of occurrence of a word within a single presentation of a long list of words, and the schedule of occurrences, either massed (MP) or distributed (DP). Recall of the DP words was much higher than that of the MP words. This was shown not to be due to rehearsal of other words during MP presentation. Degree of spacing of DP words had little influence on recall. The MP-DP difference also occurred in recognition memory. MP words presented with exactly the same frequency as DP words were judged to have occurred with far less frequency than the DP words, and it was concluded that the MP-DP difference was due to reception failure under MP which produced learning comparable to a lower actual frequency of presentation.
Why not color physicalism without color absolutism

We make three points. First, the concept of productance value that the authors propose in their defense of color physicalism fails to do the work for which it is intended. Second, the authors fail to offer an adequate physicalist account of what they call the hue-magnitudes. Third, their answer to the problem of individual differences faces serious difficulties.
Formation of antigen specific foci as a complement independent assay for individual antibody-secreting cells

Antibody-forming cells (AFC) could be demonstrated by the binding of antigen to secreted antibody localized around the AFC. Using sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as antigen, this antigen binding was detected as foci of erythrocytes surrounding individual lymphocytes. Focus formation was antigen specific and involved the active secretion of antibody. AFC specific for antigens resistant to lysis, such as human red blood cells were also demonstrable with this assay. The focus assay provides a complement independent method for enumerating antibody-forming cells.
Hsp70 in cancer: back to the future

Mechanistic studies from cell culture and animal models have revealed critical roles for the heat shock protein Hsp70 in cancer initiation and progression. Surprisingly, many effects of Hsp70 on cancer have not been related to its chaperone activity, but rather to its role(s) in regulating cell signaling. A major factor that directs Hsp70 signaling activity appears to be the co-chaperone Bag3. Here, we review these recent breakthroughs, and how these discoveries drive drug development efforts.