cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deterministic Phonon Transport Predictions of Thermal Conductivity in Uranium Dioxide with Xenon Impurities

We present a method for solving the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) for phonons by modifying the neutron transport code Rattlesnake which provides a numerically efficient method for solving the BTE in its Self-Adjoint Angular Flux form. Using this approach, we have computed the reduction in thermal conductivity of uranium dioxide (UO$_2$) due to the presence of a nanoscale xenon bubble across a range of temperatures. For these simulations, the values of group velocity and phonon mean free path in the UO$_2$ were determined from a combination of experimental heat conduction data and first principles calculations. The same properties for the Xe under the high pressure conditions in the nanoscale bubble were computed using classical molecular dynamics. We compare our approach to the other modern phonon transport calculations, and discuss the benefits of this multiscale approach for thermal conductivity in nuclear fuels under irradiation.
High-Efficiency Lithium Metal Batteries with Fire-Retardant Electrolytes

Summary Rechargeable lithium metal batteries are regarded as the "holy grail" of energy storage systems, but their practical applications have long been hindered by poor cyclability and severe safety concerns. In this work, we report a fire-retardant localized high-concentration electrolyte consisting of 1.2 M lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide in a mixture of flame-retardant triethyl phosphate/bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether (1:3 by mol) for 4-V class lithium metal batteries. This electrolyte enables stable, dendrite-free cycling of lithium metal anodes with high Coulombic efficiency of up to 99.2%. Moreover, it exhibits excellent anodic stability even up to 5.0 V and greatly enhances the cycling performance of lithium metal batteries. A Li||LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 battery using this electrolyte can retain >97% capacity after 600 cycles at 1 C rate (ca. 1.6 mA cm−2), corresponding to a negligible capacity decay of
Randomness and Synchrony in the Generation of the Electroencephalogram

The question whether the EEG is dependent upon subcortical inputs or control has never been completely clarified. Burns (1950, 1951) demonstrated that cortical slabs which have been completely undercut are devoid of spontaneous activity and respond to direct shocks only by brief bursts of activity. However, there have also been conflicting experiments in which some residual activity appeared to have remained in undercut cortex (Kristiansen and Courtois 1949, Echlin et al. 1952, Henry and Scoville 1952, Ingvar 1955), although the possibility that this residual activity may be in the nature of injury discharge cannot be ignored. Essentially the same considerations apply to recordings from the frog brain. Gerard was able to record slow potential activity from small fragments of the olfactory bulb of the frog (Gerard 1936, Gerard and Libet 1940). Such potentials can indeed be recorded but, whereas the amplitude of EEG recorded from the intact frog brain even under the best of conditions does not appear to exceed 20–30, μV, the potentials recorded from small fragments of the brain are of the order of 200 μV and very significantly differ in their appearance from the normal EEG of the frog. (Indeed this seizure-like appearance is evident in the original records published by Gerard.) Thus the potentials recorded from the isolated olfactory lobe in the frog unquestionably represent bioelectric activity, but it seems much more dubious that these potentials may legitimately be identified as “EEG”.
Present and future options for treatment of infrainguinal deep vein disease.

Abstract Objective Management of chronic deep vein disease focuses on the alleviation of reflux and obstruction. For the suprainguinal veins, the main underlying pathologic process is obstruction, which has been recognized as a significant contributor to chronic venous insufficiency. This is currently being addressed with venous stenting and the development of dedicated stents designed for this segment of the venous system. Treatment of the femoropopliteal vein (FPV) is far more challenging because of the idiosyncratic anatomy, the hemodynamic physiology, and the technical aspects of size mismatch and valve flow dynamics in managing deep venous reflux. This review article discusses traditional and emerging technologies to treat infrainguinal disease. Methods Previous and current articles addressing this issue were reviewed. Emphasis was placed on emerging techniques and technologies. Results Significant bench work, in vitro and in vivo studies, have been conducted over the last 40 years addressing the issue of infrainguinal reflux and obstruction. Historically, open procedures to address FPV reflux and obstruction have had variable success in a few centers around the world. The significant increase of emerging endovascular therapies may allow more appropriate, reproducible, widespread treatment of infrainguinal deep venous disease. Conclusions Adequate and durable therapies for infrainguinal venous disease represent one of the greatest challenges for a vein specialist. Recently, a cluster of interest and techniques/technologies have been developed. The endovascular management of arterial disease is mature. The endovenous management of infrainguinal disease is on the cusp of meaningful innovation. The purpose of this evidence summary is to describe the options for the management of chronic FPV disease, with emphasis on emerging technologies and techniques.
Analyses of two parasitoids with convergent foraging strategies

We compared the foraging strategies of two key braconid endoparasitoids of the tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens Fab.), Cardiochiles nigriceps Vier. and Microplitis croceipes Cresson, that differ in host and habitat range but otherwise share comparable, overlapping niches. The most important host-location cues by far for both species were materials associated with damaged plants. Both species demonstrated a significant preference for volatiles released from plants damaged by H. virescens larvae over those released from undamaged tobacco and cotton plants. In choice experiments with damaged tobacco versus cotton, M. croceipes showed a significant preference for cotton plants. In contrast, C. nigriceps preferred damaged tobacco plants. Plant compounds provoked a strong response even when released from systemically induced plants (from which damaged leaves, host, and host by-products were removed). C. nigriceps appears to have a much keener ability to locate hosts over long distances than M. croceipes. This observation may be related to the highly specialized nature of this parasitoid. The possible adaptive significance of the foraging behaviors of these two parasitoids is discussed.
Man's role in a remote orbital servicing system

The Remote Orbital Servicing System (ROSS), a focal point for NASA research in automation and robotics, is discussed in terms of the role of man in such a system. In the supervisory control mode, the ROSS operator inputs high-level goals to a strategic (nonreal-time) planner which then passes the plan or series of actions to a tactical (real-time) planner which executes the plan. Using directed control, man makes more specific commands to perform strategic planning with or without the use of the automated strategic planner. Shared computer/manual control will require a multifunction interactive display. At the teleoperator control level, a hand controller is used to command the ROSS manipulator and end effectors.
Problem Statement and Necessary Conditions for an Extremum

This chapter is devoted to a discussion of the so-called “simplest problem with fixed endpoints.” Loosely speaking it is the problem of extremizing—that is, minimizing or maximizing—the value of an integral which depends on the choice of a function in a given class of functions, in particular, functions whose values at the endpoints of a given interval are prescribed. We shall begin by making these notions more precise. The remainder of the chapter is concerned with a condition that must be satisfied by a function that extremizes the value of an integral.
Habermas, Nietzsche, and Cognitive Perspective

Jurgen Habermas has long been concerned with cognitive objectivity, although not under that name. His philosophical roots lie in the Frankfurt School form of neo-Marxism,1 also known as critical theory. Critical theory should be understood in opposition to traditional theory, which is exemplified in the Cartesian approach that dominates the modern discussion.2
Epigenetics of Psychopathology

Researchers studying mechanisms of learning, behavior, and psychopathology have embraced the field of epigenetics because of its potential to provide insight into mechanisms of pathophysiology, clinical biomarkers, and treatment. This chapter will provide an overview of fundamental concepts in epigenetics including histone modifications, DNA methylation, and microRNA. Because of the association between prenatal or early life stress and varying psychopathologies, it will introduce the concept of epigenetic programming during developmentally sensitive periods with particular emphasis on the role of the glucocorticoid receptor in neuroendocrine stress response. Finally, examples from recent epigenetic studies in mood, anxiety, psychotic, and substance abuse disorders will be used to highlight progress in the field as well as specific challenges in study design and interpretation.
Counting an Invisible Class of Citizens: The LGBT Population and the U.S. Census

Due to past discrimination, recent U.S. Supreme Court cases and federal legislation have expanded the legal rights of LGBT citizens in marriage equality (Obergefell v. Hodges, 576_US 2015; U.S. v. ...
The centenary of 'The Old Humanities and the New Science,' the last public address of Sir William Osler (1849-1919).

On 16 May 1919, Sir William Osler (1849–1919) gave what would be his last public address, ‘The Old Humanities and the New Science,’ to the Classical Association of which he was president. British e...
Aortic Insufficiency During Contemporary Left Ventricular Assist Device Support: Analysis of the INTERMACS Registry

Abstract Objectives This study sought to evaluate the impact of moderate to severe aortic insufficiency (AI) on outcomes in patients with continuous flow left ventricular assist devices (CF-LVADs). Background Development of worsening AI is a common complication of prolonged CF-LVAD support and portends poor prognosis in single-center studies. Predictors of worsening AI and its impact on clinical outcomes have not been examined in a large cohort. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with CF-LVAD in the INTERMACS (Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support) study. Development of significant AI was defined as the first instance of at least moderate AI. Primary outcomes of interest were survival after development of significant AI and time to adverse events, including device complications and rehospitalizations. Results Among 10,603 eligible patients, 1,399 patients on CF-LVAD support developed moderate to severe AI. Prevalence of significant AI progressively increased over time. Predictors of worsening AI included older age, female sex, smaller body mass index, mild pre-implantation AI, and destination therapy strategy. Moderate to severe AI was associated with significantly higher left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, reduced cardiac output, and higher levels of brain natriuretic peptide. Significant AI was associated with higher rates of rehospitalization (32.1% vs. 26.6%, respectively, at 2 years; p = 0.015) and mortality (77.2% vs. 71.4%, respectively, at 2 years; p = 0.005), conditional upon survival to 1 year. Conclusions Development of moderate to severe AI has a negative impact on hemodynamics, hospitalizations, and survival on CF-LVAD support. Pre- and post-implantation management strategies should be developed to prevent and treat this complication.
Nanoindentation of monolayer Tin+1CnTx MXenes via atomistic simulations: The role of composition and defects on strength

Abstract Since their discovery in 2011, interest in MXenes, two-dimensional transition metal carbides and/or nitrides, has greatly expanded due to their promising functional properties and facile synthesis methods, and their development for emerging technologies is propitiously progressing. Despite promising advancements, there still remains a lack of understanding with regards to their fundamental mechanical properties. Here, nanoindentation of the Tin+1CnTx MXenes was studied via atomistic simulations utilizing a parametrization of the ReaxFF interatomic potential, to understand the influence of point defects. From force-displacement curves, the Young’s moduli of pristine Ti3C2O2 and Ti2CO2 were calculated to be 466 GPa and 983 GPa, respectively. The influence of both titanium and carbon vacancies (VTi and VC) on Ti3C2O2 were also quantified using simulated nanoindentation of a set of samples containing both 1% VTi and 10% VC, resulting in a reduction of the calculated Young’s modulus to 386 ± 31 GPa. Of particular importance, is that these results mirror recent experimental findings indicating the fundamental role of defects in the mechanical behavior of MXenes. The calculated modulus in this work for the defect-containing Ti3C2O2 surpasses that of graphene oxide, establishing it as a new benchmark in strength for solution-processed, 2D materials. Results here also indicate improvements can be made in current MXene processing methods to better approach the theoretical strength of pristine 2D materials.
CHAPTER 8 – Conformational States in Crystal and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Structures

This chapter reveals that conformational differences in crystal and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) structures are difficult to determine. It highlights that data must be acquired and analyzed under conditions for both conformational states. To obtain information about conformational changes, atomic coordinates for the two states must be carefully compared for which; the coordinates should be close to superimposed. Two ways to establish conformational changes through the use of protein crystallography are described: (1) visual, and (2) mathematical. Both methods can also be used to study homologous proteins. The chapter states the example of the cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin and makes a comparison of the two conformational states. The oxygenation of hemoglobin where two crystal conformations occur is also discussed. Conformational states in other crystallographic are then analyzed. The most studied example is the cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin. The molecular structures of the oxy and deoxy forms (abbreviated HbO and deoxy-Hb, respectively) from several species have been studied. The transition from HbO to deoxy-Hb is a very complicated change in state. By studying the two conformations of Hb, it is possible to describe the most probable linkage of conformational changes that tie the binding of a small ligand to surface atoms to a subsequent rearrangement of subunits.
A Global Analysis of Water-Related Terrorism, 1970–2016

Terrorist organizations destabilize governments through violent and coercive acts that include the use of water resources as a target. Scholars in security studies recognize water as a strategic re...
Pointing to success: Caregivers’ beliefs about intelligence matter in their interactions with children1

Q (1) Does a brief intervention aimed at increasing parents’ use of gesture result in (a) increased parent use of gesture, (b) increased child use of gesture, and (c) increased child vocabulary siz...
Immediate Reconstruction of Oncologic Spinal Wounds Is Cost-Effective Compared with Conventional Primary Wound Closure.

Background Several studies have demonstrated a reduced wound complication rate when immediate soft-tissue reconstruction is performed after complex spine instrumentations in high-risk patients; however, the cost-effectiveness of this technique is not known. The authors hypothesized that immediate soft-tissue reconstruction of oncologic spine wounds would be a cost-effective strategy compared with the standard of care (i.e., oncologic spine surgery with conventional primary wound closure). Methods The authors used a decision tree model to evaluate the cost-utility, from the perspective of a hospital/insurer, of immediate reconstruction relative to the standard of care after oncologic spine surgery. A systematic review of the literature on oncologic spine surgery and immediate and delayed spinal wound reconstruction was performed to estimate health state probabilities. Overall expected cost and quality-adjusted life-years were assessed using a Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analyses. Results Immediate soft-tissue reconstruction after oncologic spine surgery had an expected cost of $81,458.90 and an expected average of 24.19 quality-adjusted life-years, whereas primary wound closure (no reconstruction) had an expected cost of $83,434.34 and an expected average of 24.17 quality-adjusted life-years, making immediate reconstruction the dominant, most cost-effective strategy. Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis demonstrated that immediate reconstruction was the preferred and most cost-effective option in the majority of simulations. Even when the willingness-to-pay threshold varied from $0 to $100,000 per quality-adjusted life-year, immediate reconstruction remained the dominant strategy across all iterations. Conclusion This cost-utility analysis suggests that immediate soft-tissue reconstruction after oncologic spine surgery is more cost-effective than primary closure alone.
Viewpoint: Hunger as a weapon of war: Hitler's Hunger Plan, Native American resettlement and starvation in Yemen

Abstract This article will consider the Nazi Hunger Plan as an instrument of annihilation and tool of war, its retrospective reliance on the American example of resettlement of indigenous peoples, and how these policies prefigured the use of starvation against the people of Yemen by Saudi Arabia, aided and abetted by US and British foreign policy. It is part of a growing literature on state-induced famines.
Chapter 3 – Logical measures

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces the various branches of mathematics that are useful to transduce patterns into a format that is amenable to neurological processing, namely statistics, probability, information theory, and vector algebra. It also reviews the initial definitions of the logical operators as idealized patterns in these mathematical domains. The measure functions are homomorphisms which can preserve an empirical relation in an arithmetical relation. The visualization of a lattice can be accomplished by drawing its Hasse diagram, which is a graph whose vertices are the elements of L and whose edges represent the binary relations of L. Each set highlighted in the lattice on the left maps to its cardinality on the scale on the right. A signed measure can be visualized by extending the scale of the right side, of an unsigned measure mapped from an ‘unsigned’ lattice, down from 0 to negative numbers. The sets that map to the negative half of the measure replicate the sets that map to the positive half with the only difference being that the negative half of the measure is prefixed with the negative sign.
Automatic needle tracking using Mask R-CNN for MRI-guided percutaneous interventions

Accurate needle tracking provides essential information for MRI-guided percutaneous interventions. Passive needle tracking using MR images is challenged by variations of the needle-induced signal void feature in different situations. This work aimed to develop an automatic needle tracking algorithm for MRI-guided interventions based on the Mask Region Proposal-Based Convolutional Neural Network (R-CNN). Mask R-CNN was adapted and trained to segment the needle feature using 250 intra-procedural images from 85 MRI-guided prostate biopsy cases and 180 real-time images from MRI-guided needle insertion in ex vivo tissue. The segmentation masks were passed into the needle feature localization algorithm to extract the needle feature tip location and axis orientation. The proposed algorithm was tested using 208 intra-procedural images from 40 MRI-guided prostate biopsy cases, and 3 real-time MRI datasets in ex vivo tissue. The algorithm results were compared with human-annotated references. In prostate datasets, the proposed algorithm achieved needle feature tip localization error with median Euclidean distance (dxy) of 0.71 mm and median difference in axis orientation angle (dθ) of 1.28°, respectively. In 3 real-time MRI datasets, the proposed algorithm achieved consistent dynamic needle feature tracking performance with processing time of 75 ms/image: (a) median dxy = 0.90 mm, median dθ = 1.53°; (b) median dxy = 1.31 mm, median dθ = 1.9°; (c) median dxy = 1.09 mm, median dθ = 0.91°. The proposed algorithm using Mask R-CNN can accurately track the needle feature tip and axis on MR images from in vivo intra-procedural prostate biopsy cases and ex vivo real-time MRI experiments with a range of different conditions. The algorithm achieved pixel-level tracking accuracy in real time and has potential to assist MRI-guided percutaneous interventions.
The Rule of Law Crisis in Afghanistan

The most indispensable requirement of the rule of law is the enforcement of legal constraints on government power. To that end, Afghanistan’s 2004 constitution, while beset by serious flaws, established a rudimentary system of checks and balances among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the state. After almost sixteen years of democratic experiment, the constitution’s nebulous system of separation of powers is in disarray — a predicament engendered, in key part, by the government’s increasingly authoritarian tilt. Relentless executive encroachment on legislative prerogatives and judicial independence has dealt debilitating blows to the rule of law in the fledgling democracy. Constitutional amendments and other bold measures are needed to avert a free fall into Afghanistan’s dark, despotic past.
Low-temperature atomic-layer-deposited high-Κ dielectric for p-channel In0.7Ga0.3As/GaAs0.35Sb 0.65 heterojunction tunneling field-effect transistor

The interface quality of a low temperature atomic-layer-deposited (ALD) HfO2/Al2O3 bilayer high-κ gate dielectric on a GaAs0.35Sb0.65 channel for heterojunction p-channel tunneling FETs is investigated. Lowering the ALD temperature from 250 to 110 °C results in improved capacitance–voltage characteristics and lower interface trap density in metal–oxide–semiconductor capacitor structures. Using the low-temperature ALD high-κ dielectric, a GaAs0.35Sb0.65/In0.7Ga0.3As heterojunction p-channel tunneling FET is demonstrated with an improved switching slope and higher on–off current ratio. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is performed to investigate the effect of the deposition temperature on the chemical composition of the high-κ/GaAs0.35Sb0.65 interface.
Effect of phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia on nuclear rna polymerase activity of the mouse spleen.

The DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of nuclei from lymphoid-rich and erythroid-rich mouse spleens was compared in regard to requirements and conditions of the reactions. The inhibition by either actinomycin D or pancreatic DNase indicated that a DNA template was required for the observed reactions. Following the induction of a hemolytic anemia by the administration of phenylhydrazine, there was a tenfold increase in the nuclear polymerase activity per milligram nuclear DNA of the developing erythropoietic spleen when the assays were done at low ionic strength and more than a threefold increase at high ionic strength. The peak rise in polymerase activity precedes the maximal development of the erythropoietic spleen by 3 days.
Detection of herpes simplex virus tumor-associated antigen in uterine cervical cancer tissue: Five case studies

Abstract Biopsies from five gynecologic cancer patients were examined for the presence of herpes simplex virus tumor-associated antigen (HSV-TAA) using the highly sensitive peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. The results demonstrate that two of three patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix that were serologically positive for HSV-TAA, determined by complement fixation, contained HSV-TAA in the cytoplasm of the malignant cells of the biopsy. Tissue from one squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix patient, as well as tissue from an adenoacanthoma patient, was negative for tissue HSV-TAA. However, both of these patients were also serologically negative for HSV-TAA. All patients, regardless of cancer type, had serum antibodies to herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. These studies continue to suggest a role for HSV in certain gynecologic cancers.
Space-time estimation of grid-cell hourly ozone levels for assessment of a deterministic model

We present an approach to estimate hourly grid-cell surface ozone concentrations based on observations from point monitoring sites in space, for comparison with grid-based results from the SARMAP photochemical air-quality model for a region of northern California. Statistical estimation is carried out on a transformed (square root) scale, followed by back-transforming to the original scale of ozone in parts per billion, adjusting for bias and variance. We estimate a spatially-varying diurnal mean structure and a non-separable space-time correlation structure on the transformed scale. Temporal pre-whitening is followed by modelling of a spatially non-stationary, diurnally-varying spatial correlation structure using a spatial deformation approach. Comparisons of SARMAP model results with the estimated grid-cell ozone levels are presented.
Extending the Hong-Kung Model to Memory Hierarchies

The speed of CPUs is accelerating rapidly, outstripping that of peripheral storage devices and making it increasingly difficult to keep CPUs busy. Consequently multi-level memory hierarchies, scaled to simulate single-level memories, are increasing in importance. In this paper we introduce the Memory Hierarchy Game, a multi-level pebble game that simulates data movement in memory hierarchies in terms of which we study space-time tradeoffs.
Metabolism of adipose tissue in experimental obesity

The sections in this article are: 1 Introduction: Regulatory and Metabolic Obesities 2 Characteristics of Adipose Tissue of Obese Mice 3 Metabolism of Glucose 4 Metabolism of Pyruvate and Acetate 5 Effect of Age 6 Effect of Diet 7 Uptake of Glucose by Insulin-Stimulated Adipose Tissue 8 Metabolism of Specifically Labeled Glucose in Insulin-Stimulated Adipose Tissue 9 Fat Mobilization 10 Lipase Activity 11 Glycerokinase Activity 12 Conclusion
Effect of Carotid Body Chemoreceptor Inhibition on Cardiac Baroreflex Sensitivity in Resting Humans

Activation or inhibition of the carotid body chemoreceptors (CBCs) may impact cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (cBRS). The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that inhibition of the CBCs will elicit a change in cBRS when compared to normal resting conditions. Young, healthy subjects (n=16, 31±2, 6 women) were given IV saline and a range of IV dopamine (DA) (1-4 µg/kg/min) for 15 minutes prior to and throughout five hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) tests. Subjects were initially infused with IV saline. After each HVR, the DA infusion rate was increased by 1 µg/kg/min. A 3-lead EKG and beat-by-beat blood pressure (NexFin) were used to determine cBRS. Data were analyzed from the 5 minutes prior to the HVR associated with the DA dose that elicited the greatest attenuation of the HVR when compared to saline. Heart rate was not significantly different during saline vs. DA (62±3 vs. 65±3, p=0.25). Diastolic blood pressure (77±2 vs. 72±1 mmHg), mean arterial pressure (98±2 vs. 92±2 mmHg), and cBRS “u...
Technical Tips: Verification of Accurate Placement and Labeling of 10–10 Scalp Electrodes and Intracranial Grid/Strip Electrodes Using Documentation Tools

ABSTRACT.In some instances, evaluation of seizure activity may require the addition of 10–10 scalp electrodes or the placement of intracranial grids and strips. At any given time, different technologists may be responsible for placement, addition, and the care of electrodes for the same patient. The presence of extra surface electrodes or extensive coverage of brain with intracranial electrodes increases the risk of incorrect placement and labeling which can cause treatment errors based on inaccurate reading of EEG recordings. Procedures should be put into place with documentation tools to correctly place, label, and hook-up extra 10–10 scalp and intracranial electrodes without errors. By using written processes and documentation tools, staff are more capable of acquiring safe and accurate patient data which increase good patient outcomes. The processes for placement and hook up of 10–10 scalp electrodes and intracranial grid and strip electrodes are different and require separate procedures and documenta...
Flattening the Volatility Smile: A Test of Option Pricing Models

By using an over-identified Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation procedure with careful consideration for data biases existing in the previous literature, we estimate parameters for a stochastic volatility jump diffusion (SVJ) model. The estimated parameters indicate a statistically significant highly negative infrequent jump process in the underlying security return distribution consistent with market crashes. When comparing to a stochastic volatility (SV) option pricing model, the SVJ is more robust but not always the superior model. The robustness of the models is further gauged by evaluating the performance up to a year beyond the estimation data. Again, the SVJ model generally (but not always) performs better. stochastic volatility, jump diffusion
The Relationship between the Biblical Prophet and Roman Orator: The Limits of Preaching and Prudence

This article argues that the biblical prophet and Roman orator represent two distinct types of rhetoric: the prophet represents a “rhetoric of purity,” or truthful speech uncompromised by practical concerns; the orator, a “rhetoric of prudence,” in which speech is accommodated to context. These two rhetorical paths point to the particular characters of these speakers' two societies. Because the religious character of Hebraic society dictated that wisdom is ultimately based on divine revelation, biblical prophets did not subordinate their speech or action to earthly wisdom or prudence. The Romans, in turn, were committed to human wisdom and practical, this-worldly ends, which impelled ancient orators to comport themselves with decorum and prudence. The contrasting approaches to speech adopted by prophet and orator yield diverse political results, with advantages and disadvantages to each. In their imprudence, the biblical prophets spoke forthrightly and uncompromisingly but rarely succeeded in persuading their kings or people to change their hearts or actions. Roman orators affected policy decision making primarily by moving the public with their words, but political necessity pressed the orators to strike a bargain between truth and deception, principle and expediency.
Application of phase change materials for thermal energy storage in concentrated solar thermal power plants: A review to recent developments

Abstract The objective of this paper is to review the recent technologies of thermal energy storage (TES) using phase change materials (PCM) for various applications, particularly concentrated solar thermal power (CSP) generation systems. Five issues of the technology will be discussed based on a survey to the state-of-the-art development and understandings. The first part is about various phase change materials (PCM) in thermal storage applications and recent development of PCM encapsulation technologies. The second is the current status of research and application of latent heat storage systems in CSP plants. The third is the mathematical modeling and numerical simulations to the phenomenon of latent heat thermal storage. The fourth is about the issues of integration of a PCM-based TES unit into a power generation system and the operation. The last part is a discussion about the cost issues and comparison between sensible and latent heat TES systems. The surveyed information will be very helpful to researchers and engineers in energy storage industry and particularly solar thermal power industry.
Nuclear Polarization in Deformed Nuclei

The analysis of muonic X-ray spectra in heavy deformed nuclei has been carried out in the past by diagonalizing the electric quadrupole interaction HQ between the muonic spin doublets (2P3/2,2P1/2), (3d5/2,3d3/2) and the ground state rotational band of the nucleus. To take into account the muonic and nuclear states not included in the diagonalization, we introduce the effective quadrupole interaction Heff by virtual excitations into those states, as shown in the following diagram.
Dose-dependent effect of insulin on plasma free fatty acid turnover and oxidation in humans

Methodology for measuring plasma free fatty acid (FFA) turnover/oxidation with [1–14C]palmitate was tested in normal subjects. In study 1, two different approaches (720-min tracer infusion without ...
In vitro evaluation of a series of sympathomimetic amines and the beta-adrenergic blocking properties of cyclopentamine.

A series of sympathomimetic amines of varying structure was studied on the isolated rabbit ileum and uterus in the presence of phentolamine. Norepinephrine was the most potent and cyclopentamine the least potent of the drugs giving responses. The structure required for high activity was discussed. It was demonstrated that cyclopentamine was a very weak alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulant and a weak beta-adrenergic receptor blocker. This drug also potentiated the auto-inhibition produced by high doses of isoproterenol and the effect lasted as long as the autoinhibition persisted. It was suggested that the blockade by both drugs was the result of a direct action on the beta receptors. Isoproterenol also produced an auto-inhibition of its own responses on rabbit intestine which was gradually reversible with time.
Death Education: Help or Hurt?

A first grade teacher reads a story about a pet that died. As a result, one of her students vividly describes seeing his dog die after being hit by a car. The student continues talking about his pet and becomes more and more upset until he begins to sob uncontrollably. The teacher, not prepared for such a reaction, does not know what to say or to do. An eighth grade teacher shows a filmstrip about death and dying. After class, a student seeks out the teacher and discusses her mother's terminal
Subcellular alteration of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in Alzheimer's disease fibroblasts

The regulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has been implicated both in age-related neurodegenerative disease and in apoptosis. Previous in vitro studies suggest an interaction between GAPDH and the beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP), a protein directly involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). New studies indicate that GAPDH is a multidimensional protein with diverse membrane, cytoplasmic, and nuclear functions; each is distinct from its role in glycolysis. The nuclear functions of GAPDH include a role in apoptosis that requires its translocation to the nucleus. Accordingly, beta-APP-GAPDH interactions, altering GAPDH structure in vivo, may affect energy generation, inducing hypometabolism, a characteristic AD phenotype. Because GAPDH is a multifunctional protein, pleiotropic effects may also occur in a variety of fundamental cellular pathways in AD cells. This may include unique GAPDH-RNA interactions. We report here the identification of a high-molecular-weight (HMW) GAPDH species present exclusively in the postnuclear fraction of AD cells. The latter is characterized by reduced GAPDH activity. The HMW GAPDH species was not detected in postnuclear age-matched control (AMC) fractions nor in AD whole-cell preparations. Each is characterized by normal GAPDH activity. By definition, the preparation of whole-cell extracts entails the destruction of subcellular structure. The latter findings indicate that the dissociation of the GAPDH protein from the HMW species restores its enzymatic activity. Thus, these results reveal a new, unique intracellular phenotype in AD cells. The functional consequences of subcellular alteration in GAPDH structure in AD cells are considered.
The Sequence of Outcomes and ESP: More Evidence for a Primacy Effect

Subjects with three different beliefs regarding ESP experienced an ascending, descending, or random sequence of outcomes at an ESP task. Subjects in the descending condition recalled more past success and predicted greater future success for themselves than did those in the ascending or random condition. Believers in ESP attributed outcomes more to sender's effort and ability and less to luck than those skeptical about ESP. Results were discussed in terms of the relative - salience of cues used for performance estimates and attributions of causality.
Polar and neutral lipids of pig gingiva.

Abstract The lipid content of pig gingiva was found to be 1.85 per cent of the wet weight. DNA, RNA, collagen and total protein were also measured. No significant differences in these components were found among six different gingival regions. The neutral and polar lipid classes of pig gingival lipids were isolated and quantitatively determined, together with their fatty acid composition. The most striking findings were the high concentration of free fatty acids (21 per cent) and of esterified cholesterol ( 2 3 of the total cholesterol). The fatty acid composition of each of the classes of gingival lipids was distinctive, in agreement with such analyses in other tissues.
The effect of dynamic compression on the response of articular cartilage to insulin-like growth factor-I

Articular cartilage is routinely subjected to mechanical forces and to cell-regulatory molecules. Previous studies have shown that mechanical stimuli can influence articular chondrocyte metabolic activity, and biochemical studies have shown that growth factors and cytokines control many of the same cell functions. Little is known, however, of the relationships or interplay, if any, between these two key components of the articular environment. This study investigated the comparative and interactive effects of low amplitude, sinusoidal, dynamic compression and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), a polypeptide in synovial fluid that is anabolic for cartilage. In bovine patellofemoral cartilage explants, IGF-I increased protein and proteoglycan synthesis 90% and 120%, respectively while dynamic compression increased protein and proteoglycan synthesis 40% and 90%, respectively. Stimulation by IGF-I was significantly greater than by dynamic compression for both protein and proteoglycan synthesis. When applied together, the two stimuli enhanced protein and proteoglycan synthesis by 180% and 290%, respectively, a degree greater than that achieved by either stimulus alone. IGF-I augmented protein synthesis with a time constant of 12.2 h. Dynamic compression increased protein synthesis with a time constant of 2.9 h, a rate significantly faster than that of IGF-I, suggesting that these signals act via distinct cell activation pathways. When used together, dynamic compression and IGF-I acted with a time constant of 5.6 h. Thus, dynamic compression accelerated the biosynthetic response to IGF-I and increased transport of IGF-I into the articular cartilage matrix, suggesting that, in addition to independently stimulating articular chondrocytes, cyclic compression may improve the access of soluble growth factors to these relatively isolated cells.
Mating Behaviour in Laevicaudatan Clam Shrimp (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) and Functional Morphology of Male Claspers in a Phylogenetic Context: A Video-Based Analysis

Clam shrimps are freshwater branchiopod crustaceans which often present complicated breeding systems including asexual reproduction (parthenogenesis) and mixed mating systems (in androdioecious species both selfing and outcrossing occurs due to the co-presence of hermaphrodites and males). Reproductive patterns of Spinicaudata, which contains most clam shrimp species, have received much attention. Another group of clam shrimps, Laevicaudata, which holds a key position in branchiopod phylogeny, has practically not been studied. As a part of the mating process, males clasp to the carapace margin of the females with a pair (or two pairs) of anterior trunk limbs modified as claspers. Previous studies have shown that clasper morphology is important in a phylogenetic context, and that some parts of the claspers in Spinicaudata and Laevicaudata may have undergone a remarkable parallel evolution. Here we have used video microscopy to study aspects of the mating behaviour, egg extrusion, and fertilization in Lynceus brachyurus (Laevicaudata). It is shown that fertilization is likely to be external and that the peculiar tri-lobed lateral lamellae of female's hind body assist in guiding the egg mass to the exopodal egg carriers where they are collected by their distal setation. The functional morphology of the male claspers was studied in detail by close-up video recordings. The movable “finger” of the clasper bends around the female's carapace edge and serves to hold the female during mating. The larger palp grasps around the female carapace margin in a way very similar to the movable “finger”, possibly indirectly providing sensory input on the “finger” position. A brief comparative study of the claspers of a spinicaudatan clam shrimp showed both similarities and differences to the laevicaudatan claspers. The presence of two pairs of claspers in Spinicaudata seems to give males a better hold of the female which may play a role during extended mate guarding.
7S nerve growth factor protein in the golden hamster.

– Levels of 7S nerve growth factor in various tissues of the Golden Hamster were measured using a new assay procedure. The assay consisted of labelling native 7S nerve growth factor by allowing an 125I-labelled subunit ([125I]-α) of 7S nerve growth factor to compete with the native a subunit. The presence of 7S nerve growth factor was noted in a wide variety of non-neuronal and neuronal tissues. Levels of 7S nerve growth factor in the CNS decreased as the distance from the metencephalon increased both rostrally and caudally.
Amniotic fluid phospholipid analysis in the fetus with congenital diaphragmatic hernia

The substantial morbidity and mortality of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is attributed to the pulmonary hypoplasia caused by the presence of abdominal viscera in the chest during intrauterine life. Recent experimental studies suggest that surfactant deficiency may also contribute to CDH pathophysiology. Clinically, the amniocentesis-derived lecithin to sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) data are used to assess fetal lung maturity. We have performed amniotic fluid phospholipid analyses at 33 to 38 weeks' gestation in 18 fetuses with prenatally diagnosed CDH to assess fetal lung maturity, plan optimal timing for delivery, and selectively employ prenatal glucocorticoid or postnatal surfactant therapy. Compared with published control values from uncomplicated pregnancies, there was no difference in the L/S ratio or PG in the CDH fetus. Based on amniotic fluid phospholipid data, the human CDH fetus is not surfactant-deficient.
Implementation and benefits of advanced process control for lithography CD and overlay

Due to the rapidly reduced imaging process windows and increasingly stingent device overlay requirements, sub-130 nm lithography processes are more severely impacted than ever by systamic fault. Limits on critical dimensions (CD) and overlay capability further challenge the operational effectiveness of a mix-and-match environment using multiple lithography tools, as such mode additionally consumes the available error budgets. Therefore, a focus on advanced process control (APC) methodologies is key to gaining control in the lithographic modules for critical device levels, which in turn translates to accelerated yield learning, achieving time-to-market lead, and ultimately a higher return on investment. This paper describes the implementation and unique challenges of a closed-loop CD and overlay control solution in high voume manufacturing of leading edge devices. A particular emphasis has been placed on developing a flexible APC application capable of managing a wide range of control aspects such as process and tool drifts, single and multiple lot excursions, referential overlay control, 'special lot' handling, advanced model hierarchy, and automatic model seeding. Specific integration cases, including the multiple-reticle complementary phase shift lithography process, are discussed. A continuous improvement in the overlay and CD Cpk performance as well as the rework rate has been observed through the implementation of this system, and the results are studied.
Experimental and analytical investigation of the modified wyoming shear-test fixture

The interaction between the isopescu shear-test specimen and the modified Wyoming shear-test fixture was investigated. This involved three areas of study. First, strip strain gages were applied to the specimen contact surfaces to measure strains induced by the fixture. While it has generally been assumed that the fixture induces an asymmetric load into the specimen, the measured strains indicated a nonasymmetric loading. Second, the effect of an out-of-plane moment, externally applied to the fixture, on gage section shear strains was observed. The shear strains observed were small leading to the conclusion that the fixture is very resistant to out-of-plane moments. Finally, the effect of fixture misalignment on the observed shear modulus was determined. The results indicate that the observed shear modulus increased significantly for slight amounts of misalignment. Therefore, experimental techniques should be modified to include a check for misalignment. Beyond this, it is suggested that the fixture design be modified to prevent misalignment and to achieve an asymmetric loading of the specimen.
Relativized Worlds with an Infinite Hierarchy

We introduce the "Book Trick" as a method for using results about random oracles to create relativized worlds with an infinite polynomial-time hierarchy. We use it to show, for example, a single relativized world where - One can find satisfying assignments to satisfiable formulae with only nonadaptive queries to an NP oracle, and - the counting class SPP strictly contains the polynomial-time hierarchy, and - the polynomial-time hierarchy is infinite.
Democracy and the Recasting of Caste in India

The three books under review offer a fascinating account of how the processes of democracy and the practices of the modern Indian state have refashioned caste as an important feature of social stratification and self-definition. But the implication of the recasting of caste varies in the three accounts. According to Zoya Hasan, caste is an important marker of socio-economic backwardness and the policies of affirmative action that are based on this disadvantage should be extended to minorities. For Lucia Michelutti, electoral politics has refashioned caste into ethnic groups. The ethnicization of caste is premised on the horizontal solidarities of fictive kin groups. For Anupama Rao, the politics of dalit emacipation from caste atrocities has paradoxically exposed dalits to further acts of violence. Together, these books offer a compelling account of the formation of political subjects in modern India.