cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetics of atrial fibrillation: Rare mutations, common polymorphisms, and clinical relevance

The limited success in therapy of AF is likely the result of heterogeneity of the underlying electrical substrate and incomplete understanding of fundamental mechanisms in disease pathogenesis. In addition, there is increasing evidence of a heritable component to some forms of AF, and in particular to idiopathic or lone AF. Recent data also suggests that AF in the setting of underlying disease may also be under genetic control. These findings suggest that there may be an inherited intrinsic threshold for vulnerability to the arrhythmia. Ultimately, the identification of genetic loci for AF may provide insight into the pathogenesis of AF and eventually may lead to improved, patient-specific rhythm control strategies to treat this common and morbid condition.
Parent-focused change to prevent obesity in preschoolers: results from the KAN-DO study.

Abstract Objective The study presents the immediate post-intervention results of Kids and Adults Now — Defeat Obesity!, a randomized controlled trial to enhance healthy lifestyle behaviors in mother–preschooler (2–5 years old) dyads in North Carolina (2007–2011). The outcomes include change from baseline in the child's diet, physical activity and weight, and in the mother's parenting behaviors, diet, physical activity, and weight. Method The intervention targeted parenting through maternal emotion regulation, home environment, feeding practices, and modeling of healthy behaviors. 400 mother-child dyads were randomized. Results Mothers in the intervention arm, compared to the control arm, reduced instrumental feeding (− 0.24 vs. 0.01, p Conclusion KAN-DO, designed to maximize the capacity of mothers as agents of change, improved several channels of maternal influence. There were no group differences in the primary outcomes, but differences were observed in the parenting and maternal outcomes and there were trends toward improvement in the preschoolers' diets. Long-term follow-up will address whether these short-term trends ultimately improve weight status.
Racial differences in potassium disposal

Racial differences in potassium disposal. Background African Americans appear relatively potassium (K + )-deficient compared with Caucasian Americans whether on unregulated diets or on diets controlled for K + content. Methods To determine whether extrarenal K + disposal was affected by race, KCl (0.5 mEq/kg in 0.9% saline) was infused over 48 minutes to 12 African American and 12 Caucasian American normotensive, healthy subjects. Identical infusions were administered before and after 10 days of fixed electrolyte intake. In addition to serum K + , glucose, insulin, renin, and aldosterone were measured in blood, and K + and sodium (Na + ) in urine voided spontaneously during the infusions. Data were analyzed using a two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures. Results Basal serum K + did not differ between races (African American 3.97 ± 0.06 mEq/L and Caucasian American 3.98 ± 0.05, P = NS). The rise in serum K + during the infusion and the area under the curve of serum K + over the 3.5 hours of observation were both greater in African American (African American +0.82 ± 0.07 mEq/L and Caucasian American +0.61 ± 0.06, P = 0.001; and African American 6.9 ± 0.5 units and Caucasian American 5.1 ± 0.6, P = 0.0012). The 10-day period of controlled intake did not abolish these differences. Aldosterone at baseline was lower and insulin was higher in African Americans at the end of the infusion. Urinary K + , plasma glucose, and renin levels did not differ between African Americans and Caucasian Americans. Conclusion Disposal of an intravenous (iv) K + load is decreased in African Americans compared with Caucasian Americans, which may reflect decreased Na + ,K + -ATPase activity in African Americans in vivo.
Dyspnea and reversibility of antiplatelet agents: ticagrelor, elinogrel, cangrelor, and beyond.

Context: Oral reversible platelet P2Y12 receptor inhibitors (ticagrelor and elinogrel) cause double-digit rates of dyspnea, while irreversible oral antiplatelet d
A molecular and genetic approach to understanding the mechanisms by which fractionated X-irradiation induces leukemia in mice

Abstract Our laboratory's approach to try to shed light on the question of a viral etiology for radiation-induced leukemia has focused on defining, localizing and understanding the mode of action of genes involved in susceptibility to FXI-induced disease. These studies have indicated that multiple genes control the process of leukemogenesis. In addition not every mouse strain which shows some susceptibility to FXI-induced leukemia carries the susceptible gene at each of the multiple loci involved in the disease process. Thus, it is plausible to conclude that more than one mechanism of leukemogenesis can be triggered by FXI. Our studies have focused on the mode of action of one such locus Ril-1 . Several reagents have been developed to help us clone and characterize this locus. Currently chromosomal “walking” and “hopping” techniques are being used in conjunction with an RFLP molecular probe which is adjacent to Ril-1 . In addition a cDNA library has been prepared from a radiation-induced thymoma and substraction hybridization analysis is being used in the search for Ril-1 .
A combined joint diagonalization-MUSIC algorithm for subsurface targets localization

This paper presents a combined joint diagonalization (JD) and multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm for estimating subsurface objects locations from electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor data, without solving ill-posed inverse-scattering problems. JD is a numerical technique that finds the common eigenvectors that diagonalize a set of multistatic response (MSR) matrices measured by a time-domain EMI sensor. Eigenvalues from targets of interest (TOI) can be then distinguished automatically from noise-related eigenvalues. Filtering is also carried out in JD to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the data. The MUSIC algorithm utilizes the orthogonality between the signal and noise subspaces in the MSR matrix, which can be separated with information provided by JD. An array of theoreticallycalculated Green’s functions are then projected onto the noise subspace, and the location of the target is estimated by the minimum of the projection owing to the orthogonality. This combined method is applied to data from the Time-Domain Electromagnetic Multisensor Towed Array Detection System (TEMTADS). Examples of TEMTADS test stand data and field data collected at Spencer Range, Tennessee are analyzed and presented. Results indicate that due to its noniterative mechanism, the method can be executed fast enough to provide real-time estimation of objects’ locations in the field.
Pressure dependence of the fluorescence spectra of the Sm: doped YAG to 73 GPa

Abstract The pressure dependence of the fluorescence spectra of the Sm-doped YAG optical pressure sensor is studied against the ruby in the diamond anvil cell up to 73 GPa. The Y2 band fluorescence excited by a 514.5 nm laser shows a linear pressure dependence of 0.32 ± 0.01 nm/GPa to 73 GPa. The relative intensity of the Y2 sub-band compared to the Y1 shows a significant increase with increasing pressure. At high pressures, the overall integrated intensity of the Y band increases by an order of magnitude which is in contrast to the ruby R1 line whose intensity decreases under identical conditions. X-ray diffraction studies show that the cubic phase of the YAG crystal is stable to 69 GPa and the volume compression is 17.9%. The increase in the fluorescence intensity of the Sm:YAG with increasing pressure has practical applications in the ultra high pressure/high temperature research.
PRESENT DISTRIBUTION AND HABITATS OF THE CONIFERS AND TAXADS

The distribution of conifers and taxads has long been known to have a striking association with the Pacific basin (Engler, 1926; Buchholz, 1948). The majority of the relic, endemic or disjunct genera concentrate on lands bordering both the east and west of the Pacific, in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Among the polytypic and wide-spread genera, in practically all cases, the number of species is larger in regions bordering the Pacific than elsewhere. In order to seek an explanation of this striking phenomenon in plant geography, it seems desirable to study the correlation of the ranges of these genera with their habitats.
Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Simulation of the Flow and Tracer Transport in a Multichambered Ozone Contactor

AbstractThis paper reports on results from steady-state Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulation (RANSS) of the flow and passive nonreactive tracer transport inside a multichambered, laboratory-scale ozone contactor using a structured, collocated, finite-volume discretization. Simulations are posed following a physical laboratory experiment. Simulations performed on different grids lead to varying degrees of short-circuiting and dispersion, which ultimately leads to differences in the residence time distribution (RTD) of the tracer (released at the inflow as a pulse) and in particular t10 index. The predicted t10 index depends on grid density and RANS turbulence model. For fine grids that resolve the viscous sublayer, a model with proper behavior within this sublayer has to be applied for accurate prediction of t10. Simulations on all considered grids with proper turbulence model yield cumulative RTD and associated t10 index in good agreement with the experimental data despite the underresolution of the...
Hopf algebras over number rings

Sweedler [7, p. 891 first mentioned that the antipodes of Hopf algebras over fields may have any even order or infinite order. The examples he gave are infinite dimensional. Radford [S] proved later that the order of the antipode of a finite dimensional Hopf algebra over a field must be finite. A sequence of papers published by Taft, Wilson, and Radford [6,9, lo], showed that it is possible to construct finite dimensional Hopf algebras over any field with antipodes of any given even order. Waterhouse [ 111 generalized the finiteness of antipodal order to finitely generated projective Hopf algebras over any commutative ring. So, there is a natural question of whether we could construct Hopf algebras whose antipodal orders are arbitrary even integers at the level of commutative rings. In this paper we give positive answers for number rings Z [ l/n]. Originally, Taft [S] introduced examples of finite dimensional Hopf algebras with antipodes of arbitrary even order 2n over any field that contains a primitive nth root of unity. For fields of characteristic 0 or p not dividing n this restriction was dropped later in a joint work by him, Radford, and Wilson [6]. (Note: for general fields, see [lo].) The main ideas there are using a finite Galois extension of the base field to recover all primitive nth roots, constructing one copy of the Hopf algebra for each root, tensoring these together, defining a group of semilinear automorphisms with respect to the Galois group, taking the set of fixed elements, and obtaining the required Hopf algebra as a form. These two results are restated in Section 2. In Section 2 we present basic notations and conventions used in later discussion. Some elementary results following from these notions are quickly pointed out.
On the variational equilibrium as a refinement of the generalized Nash equilibrium

We are concerned with a class of games in which the players' strategy sets are coupled by a shared constraint. A widely employed solution concept for such generalized Nash games is the generalized Nash equilibrium (GNE). The variational equilibrium (VE) (Facchinei & Kanzow, 2007) is a specific kind of GNE characterized by the solution of the variational inequality formed from the common constraint and the mapping of the gradients of player objectives. Our contribution is a theory that provides sufficient conditions for ensuring that the existence of a GNE implies the existence of a VE; in such an instance, the VE is said to be a refinement of the GNE. For certain games, these conditions are shown to be necessary. This theory rests on a result showing the equality of the Brouwer degree of two suitably defined functions, whose zeros are the GNE and VE, respectively. This theory has a natural extension to the primal-dual space of strategies and Lagrange multipliers corresponding to the shared constraint. Our results unify some known results pertaining to such equilibria and provide mathematical substantiation for ideas that were known to be appealing to economic intuition.
Cancer in the excluded rectum following surgery for inflammatory bowel disease

The procedure of choice in the emergency surgical management of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's colitis is often subtotal colectomy and ileostomy. Further surgery of the retained rectum may be delayed, sometimes for many years. The risk of malignant change in ulcerative colitis is well documented; the cancer risk seems to be much less in Crohn's disease. Five cases are reported where carcinoma developed in the out-of-circuit rectal stump after subtotal colectomy, three cases of ulcerative colitis, and two of Crohn's disease. The importance of regular surveillance or removal of an excluded rectum is emphasized.
The activation of chymotrypsinogen-A by a protease from Streptomyces griseus.

Abstract The activation of chymotrypsinogen-A by a protease from Streptomyces griseus is demonstrated. The rate and extent of activation are comparable to tryptic activation of the zymogen. Studies of the N-terminal amino acid groups suggest that, during rapid activation, δ-chymotrypsin is the main product found.
Oral health in children: a pediatric health priority.

W e all know what constitutes good health. In 1948, the World Health Organization defined health as ‘‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.’’ In the United States, Healthy People 2010 is the paradigm of our collective vision of specific national health objectives, with the overarching goals of increasing quality and years of healthy life and eliminating health disparities. The pediatric community understands what child health is all about, and we all know that child health includes oral health. As former US Surgeon General C. Everett Koop said, ‘‘You’re not healthy without good oral health.’’ Indeed, Healthy People 2010 includes many indicators specific to children’s oral health. This issue of Academic Pediatrics is devoted entirely to children’s oral health. The importance of oral health must be understood; oral disease, primarily dental caries, is the most common pediatric disease and can lead to physical and psychological disabilities as well as significant morbidity in adulthood. Parents are concerned about their children’s oral health. Dr David Satcher’s landmark report, Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General, released in May 2000, highlighted the state of oral health for children and adults in the United States and offered strategies to improve oral health outcomes in this country. In March 2002, Ambulatory Pediatrics published a supplement documenting the state of children’s oral health, with review articles prepared for the Surgeon General’s Workshop and Conference on Children and Oral Health, The Face of a Child. The current issue of Academic Pediatrics represents a ‘‘midterm examination’’ of how far this nation has come since the 2000 Surgeon General’s Report in meeting the Healthy People 2010 oral health objectives set for children and related goals, and also includes many papers from the American Academy of Pediatrics’ National Summit on Children’s Oral Health: A New Era of Collaboration. This retrospective also constitutes a powerful call to arms for taking the necessary steps to achieve well-defined oral health targets.
Becoming Trauma Informed, by Nancy Poole and Lorraine Greaves (Eds.)

There has long been awareness that trauma is pervasive among individuals who suffer from mental and substance use disorders. However, only recently has the behavioral health field begun to systemat...
Stereoselective total synthesis and stereochemistry confirmation of photo-mycolactones

Abstract With use of the LiTMP-induced Hodgson cyclopropanation of an epoxide-olefin to a bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanol as the key step, a stereoselective total synthesis of photo-mycolactones was achieved. Each of the four diastereomeric epoxide-olefins, selectively prepared from (R)- and (S)-glycidols, yielded the corresponding unique bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanol. Four bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanols 16, dia-16, 19, and dia-19 were converted into four primary alcohols 17, dia-17, 20, and dia-20, the intermediates used in the previous work on photo-mycolactones. This synthesis confirmed the stereochemistry previously proposed for photo-mycolactones.
Recent Progress in Micro-Holographic Storage

Advances in micro-holographic materials and systems are presented. New materials show improved index change (10x) and sensitivity (100x) at >3x lower intensity vs. previously reported. Experimental results supporting single-sided optical drive concept is presented.
Characterization of phosphatidylethanolamine as a lithiated adduct by triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization.

Structural characterization of the glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE) molecule as a lithiated adduct ion by collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization is described. Abundant fragment ions reflecting polar head group and fatty acid constituents were observed in the product ion spectrum of GPE, which permits an unambiguous structural determination, including the regiospecificity of fatty acyl substituents. The pathways leading to the formation of fragment ions are proposed. The suggested mechanisms are supported by the tandem mass spectra of various deuterated analogs and source CAD of GPE followed by CAD tandem mass spectrometry. Identification of GPE molecular species and specific GPE subclasses in a biological mixture by tandem mass spectrometry with various constant neutral loss scannings is also described. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Angiography in the Planning of Aneurysm Surgery

Standard planning for intracranial aneurysm surgery relies on the surgeon's intellectual reconstruction of the three-dimensional (3D) surgical field on the basis of a two-dimensional (2D) imaging modality, biplanar cerebral angiography. This method is relatively imprecise, and it relies on previous experience for optimal results. We describe a stereotactic magnetic resonance angiographic (MRA)-guided method based on computer segmentation techniques for the planning of aneurysm surgery that has the potential of bringing a 3D perspective to the lesion. The method has been evaluated retrospectively on 20 surgical patients in whom the aneurysm orientation and relationship to parent vessels were shown to match presurgical 3D stereotactic display. When it is adapted to frameless interactive surgical navigation, this method may become a useful adjunct in the surgical obliteration of these life-threatening lesions.
Amino acid sequences common to rapidly degraded proteins: the PEST hypothesis

The amino acid sequences of ten proteins with intracellular half-lives less than 2 hours contain one or more regions rich in proline (P), glutamic acid (E), serine (S), and threonine (T). These PEST regions are generally, but not always, flanked by clusters containing several positively charged amino acids. Similar inspection of 35 proteins with intracellular half-lives between 20 and 220 hours revealed that only three contain a PEST region. On the basis of this information, it was anticipated that caseins, which contain several PEST sequences, would be rapidly degraded within eukaryotic cells. This expectation was confirmed by red blood cell-mediated microinjection of 125I-labeled caseins into HeLa cells where they exhibited half-lives of less than 2 hours. The rapid degradation of injected alpha- and beta-casein as well as the inverse correlation of PEST regions with intracellular stability indicate that the presence of these regions can result in the rapid intracellular degradation of the proteins containing them.
Opportunity versus disposition as predictors of infants’ and mothers’ verbal and action imitation

Abstract Intrapersonal versus interpersonal factors were examined as predictors of verbal and action imitation during free play interactions by 20 mothers and their infants at ages 10, 13, 17, and 21 months. Participants’ conversational utterances and object play indicated their intrapersonal dispositions to engage in those behaviors spontaneously and provided measures of interpersonal opportunities for partner imitation. Analyses of predictive relations, including partial correlations controlling for the influence of partner modeling of imitation as well as the factors of disposition and opportunity alternately, yielded relative consistency across verbal and action domains, but distinctive patterns by partner. Infants’ imitation was more strongly predicted by disposition than by opportunity. In contrast, mothers’ imitation was more strongly predicted by opportunity, although mothers’ disposition also predicted their verbal imitation late in the second year. These results highlight the need to consider both dispositional and interpersonal influences on children's and mothers’ imitation.
Rincón de la Vieja volcano, Guanacaste province, Costa Rica: geology of the southwestern flank and hazards implications

Abstract Acid rain and ongoing eruptive activity at Rincon de la Vieja volcano in northwestern Costa Rica have created a triangular, deeply eroded “dead zone” west-southwest of the Active Crater. The barren, steep-walled canyons in this area expose one of the best internal stratigraphic profiles of any active or dormant volcano in Costa Rica. Geologic mapping along the southwestern flank of the volcano reveals over 300 m of prehistoric volcanic stratigraphy, dominated by tephra deposits and two-pyroxene andesite lavas. Dense tropical forests and poor access preclude mapping elsewhere on the volcano. In the “dead zone” four stratigraphic groups are distinguished by their relative proportions of lava and tephra. In general, early volcanism was dominated by voluminous lava emissions, with explosive plinian eruptions becoming increasingly more dominant with time. Numerous phreatic eruptions have occurred in historic times, all emanating from the Active Crater. The stratigraphic sequence is capped by the Rio Blanco tephra deposit, erupted at approximately 3500 yr B.P. Approximately 0.25 km 3 (0.1 km 3 DRE) of tephra was deposited in a highly asymmetrical dispersal pattern west-southwest of the source vent, indicating strong prevailing winds from the east and east-northeast at the time of the eruption. Grain-size studies of the deposit reveal that the eruption was subplinian, attaining an estimated column height of 16 km. A qualitative hazards assessment at Rincon de la Vieja indicates that future eruptions are likely to be explosive in style, with the zone of greatest hazard extending several kilometers north from the Active Crater.
Glucose and sulfate conjugations of phenol, β-naphthol and 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene by the American lobster (Homarus americanus)

Abstract Little is known of the potential for conjugation of phenolic compounds by lobsters. Studies were designed to determine the ability of American lobster tissues to conjugate the phenolic compounds phenol, β-naphthol and 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OH BaP). Aryl sulfotransferase (ST) activity was present in the cytosolic fraction of the antennal gland (AG), but not hepatopancreas (HP), whereas UDP-glucosyltransferase (UDPGT) activity was found in musomal fractions of both AG and HP. We observed differences between male and female lobsters in their ability to conjugate phenols. For example, in males the apparent Km for PAPS of AG β-naphthol ST was 9.0 ± 4.2 μM (mean ± SD, n = 5) and Vmax was 77 ± 7 pmol/min/mg protein, whereas in females Km was 62 ± 3 μM (n = 3) and Vmax was 254 ± 92 pmol/min/mg protein (P
Biodiesel processing and production

Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel that is produced from vegetable oils and animal fats. It consists of the monoalkyl esters formed by a catalyzed reaction of the triglycerides in the oil or fat with a simple monohydric alcohol. The reaction conditions generally involve a trade-off between reaction time and temperature as reaction completeness is the most critical fuel quality parameter. Much of the process complexity originates from contaminants in the feedstock, such as water and free fatty acids, or impurities in the final product, such as methanol, free glycerol, and soap. Processes have been developed to produce biodiesel from high free fatty acid feedstocks, such as recycled restaurant grease, animal fats, and soapstock.
Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Head and Neck

Diffusion weighting (DW) represents a magnetic resonance imaging contrast distinct from T1 and T2 in terms of imaging physics and its relationship to underlying physiology and pathophysiology. DW imaging has become a sine qua non of neuroimaging because of its exquisite sensitivity to the molecular motion of water that is altered in many pathologic conditions including acute ischemia. This article reviews the physical principles of DW imaging in the head and neck and describes how it can help to solve this and several other related problems.
Combined radiant and convective heat transfer to laminar steam flow between gray parallel plates with uniform heat flux

Abstract The non-linear integro-differential equations descrining combined radiation and convection heat transfer to non-gray non-isothermal steam in laminar flow between gray parallel plates are developed and solved numerically. The results are discussed and compared with a gray, linear, analytical solution and with available experimental data.
Transverse Image Reconstruction in Tl-201 Myocardial Scans

A commercially available tomographic imaging system has been interfaced to a digital computer in our laboratory. This enables the computer to collect list-mode data which can be reconstructed by backprojection to yield longitudinal and transverse digital tomographic planes. A phantom was scanned and both longitudinal and transverse digital images are shown. A patient study using the myocardial imaging agent Tl-201 was performed, yielding both longitudinal and transverse images of the heart. The problems associated with transverse reconstruction by backprojection are discussed.
Low-intensity laser-electron scattering in the Thomson limit

Within the context of laser-electron scattering for low intensities of the incoming photon beam, we present a discussion of the leading multiphoton reaction, two-photon absorption by a free electron in a Compton-like process. The two-photon angular distribution is calculated in quantum electrodynamics and compared with existing classical and semiclassical calculations in the Thomson limit. We find that for incident linearly polarized beams all such calculations agree in this limit. Furthermore, the present approach allows us to study the possible effect of the quantum-mechanical correlation of pairs of coincident photons, i.e., the degree of second-order coherence.
Sindicalismo docente renascido

This paper discusses how teachers unions have been singled out for attack because throughout the world they are the most significant barriers to this project of education reform that has been implemented in the last four decades. Teachers unions globally have experienced an astoundingly well-orchestrated, well-financed attack, and resistance elsewhere in the world has been forceful and persistent. This article presents the policies of the major teacher unions in the USA - NEA and AFT - demonstrating the efforts of an emergent resistance of activists who have questioned political actions of both national unions in the teachers battles. At last, the author defends that emergent group of activists must occupy unions in order to change their way of fighting in defense of teachers and public education.
Central abundance ratios in the Perseus cluster: not resonant scattering but SN Ia enrichment

The measurements of abundances of iron and other elements are key data used in constraining models of the formation and evolution of the ICM. An important assumption in determining abundances is that the plasma is optically thin. However, resonance scattering in the Fe Kα line could be significant in the cores of clusters (Gilfanov et al. 1987). The simplest test for resonant scattering in the Fe Kα line is to compare the line flux with that from the Fe Kβ line. If the Fe Kβ/Fe Kα ratio is anomalously high then resonant scattering must be taken into account. Such anomalous ratios have been observed in data on several clusters using ASCA (Akimoto et al. 1997) and of the Perseus cluster using BeppoSAX (Molendi et al. 1998). Molendi et al. show that the Fe Kβ/Fe Kα ratio is high for the inner 6 arcmin of the Perseus cluster and outside that radius decreases to the expected value for an optically thin plasma. However, the Fe Kβ line is confused with the Ni Kα line so a measurement of the Fe Kβ/Fe Kα ratio requires assuming a flux in the Ni Kα line. The results reported above assumed that the ratio of the Ni and Fe abundances is similar to the Solar value.
Production of organic compounds in plasmas: a comparison among electric sparks, laser-induced plasmas, and UV light.

In order to ascertain the features of organic compound-production in planetary atmospheres under the effects of plasmas and shocks, various mixtures of N2, CH4, and H2 modeling the atmosphere of Titan were subjected to discrete sparks, laser-induced plasmas, and UV radiation. The experimental results obtained suggest that UV photolysis from the plasma is an important organic compound synthesis process, as confirmed by the photolysis of gas samples that were exposed to the light but not to the shock waves emitted by the sparks. The thermodynamic equilibrium theory is therefore incomplete in the absence of photolysis.
Shortest two-tailed confidence intervals

A numerical procedure is developed that minimizes the width of the two-sided conference interval of an unknown fixed parameter given the density function of a point estimator. A computational algorithm for the equal-tails two-sided interval is developed as a simple byproduct. The method is applied to two examples: the Pearson correlation and the squared multiple correlation.
GSR magnitude and judgments of shock as a function of physical intensity of shock intensity

Observation of GSR and judgments of shock intensity were obtained from nine Ss who received 10 presentations of each of seven shock intensities. Both GSR and judgments were significantly influenced by physical shock intensity. With physical intensity constant (statistically) the correlation between GSR and judgments was significantly positive for two Ss and significantly negative for one S.
Scintillation index of a stochastic electromagnetic beam propagating in random media

We study the behavior of the scintillation index (the normalized variance of fluctuating intensity) of a wide-sense statistically stationary, quasi-monochromatic, electromagnetic beam propagating in a homogeneous isotropic medium. In particular, we show that in the case when the beam is treated electromagnetically apart from the correlation properties of the medium in which the beam travels not only its degree of coherence but also its degree of polarization in the source plane can affect the values of the scintillation index along the propagation path. We find that, generally, beams generated by unpolarized sources have reduced level of scintillation, compared with beams generated by fully polarized sources, provided they have the same intensity distribution and the same state of coherence in the source plane. An example illustrating the theory is considered which examines how the scintillation index of an electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model beam propagates in the turbulent atmosphere. These results may find applications in optical communications through random media and in remote sensing.
Effects of the Pauli principle on the scattering of high-energy electrons by atoms

Abstract Some consequences of the Pauli principle for the elastic scattering of electrons by atoms are studied. The contributions both from the exchange integrals and from the Hartree-Fock condition that the scattered wave be orthogonal to the bound-state wave functions are expressed in a simple approximate form. For high-energy electrons these corrections are very small.
Coral Adaptation and Acclimatization: A Most Ingenious Paradox

SYNOPSIS. Reef corals and the communities they form evidently possess effective mechanisms of adaptation and acclimation that have ensured their survival and recurrence over geologic time. Current reef degradation suggests that these mechanisms are being taxed beyond their limits; understanding of the problem is hampered by serious inadequacies in our understanding of physiological stress responses, the range and implications of reproductive strategies, and the mechanisms of calcification and algal symbiosis. Reef community and population responses to environmental change appear substantially different on different time scales, and a combination of short-term perspectives and definitional confusion complicates interpretation and prediction of reef responses. Calcium carbonate saturation state is now recognized as a potentially important control of reef calcification, which means that rising atmospheric CO2 represents a direct threat to reef ecosystems on a global scale.
The role of radical wall quenching in flame stability and wall heat flux: hydrogen-air mixtures

The role of wall quenching of radicals in ignition, extinction and autothermal behaviour of premixed H2–air flames impinging on a flat surface was studied using numerical bifurcation techniques, with detailed gas-phase chemistry and surface radical recombination reactions. Quenching out of radicals was found to retard the system at ignition due solely to the kinetics of the surface reactions. While kinetically extinction is also retarded, the thermal feedback from the wall recombination of radicals can render the flame more stable and lead to a higher wall heat flux as a function of wall temperature compared to an inert surface under some conditions. It is also shown that the combined kinetic and thermal effects of wall radical quenching can expand the autothermal regime. Implications for estimating flammability limits near reactive surfaces of tubes are finally discussed. M This article features multimedia enhancements available from the abstract page in the online journal; see http://www.iop.org.
Repair of intervalvular fibrous body rupture during aortic valve replacement.

The intervalvular fibrosa, the structure that connects the mitral and the aortic valves, can be injured during aortic valve replacement. Although this complication is rare, it may require complex and extensive repair. Herein, we describe management of a damaged aortic-mitral curtain and fibrous body during tissue aortic valve replacement in a patient with mixed connective tissue disorder. A “U” suture repair combining an external and internal reinforcement repair technique via the aorta, without explanting the prosthetic valve technique, is described. The purpose of using the “externalized” buttressed U-stitch was to obliterate any residual cavity and to assure control of hemorrhage externally. Repair of damaged fibrous body during aortic valve replacement (AVR) is challenging. We managed this difficult situation in a satisfactory surgical approach without explanting the aortic prosthesis. (J Card Surg 2011;26:372-374)
A pilot study of group interpersonal psychotherapy for depression in substance-abusing female prisoners

Despite the high rates of depression among substance-abusing female prisoners, no study has tested the efficacy of treatment for this underserved population with complex treatment needs to date. This feasibility study tested group interpersonal psychotherapy for depression adapted for women in prison substance use treatment programs. Twenty-six female prisoners with current diagnoses of major depression and/or dysthymic disorder plus at least one substance use disorder participated in this uncontrolled pilot study. Six consecutive groups met 24 times over 8 weeks. Of the 25 study participants who began the treatment groups, 18 (72%) no longer met the criteria for any depressive disorder by the end of treatment. Depressive symptoms and perceived social support improved significantly by the end of treatment. These pilot results suggest that addressing depressive symptoms via interpersonal concerns is feasible for women in a prison substance use treatment program despite multiple Axes I and II comorbidities.
Recent advances in the low voltage mass spectrometric analysis of fossil fuel distillates

Mise en œuvre de la spectrometrie de masse basse tension et de la chromatographie en phase gazeuse afin de determiner les points d'ebullition empiriques de melanges d'hydrocarbures. L'utilisation comparative de la basse et de la haute tension permet de differencier les olefines des naphtenes
New membranes for old

Cell Membranes and Viral Envelopes. Edited by H. A. Blough and J. Tiffany. 2 volumes, pp.848. (Academic: 1980.) Both volumes £40, $92.
Inorganic constituents in American lignites

Abstract Both the discrete mineral phases and the ion-exchangeable inorganic constituents of lignites from Texas, Montana, and North Dakota have been studied. The ion-exchangeable cations and the carboxyl groups with which they are associated were characterized by ion exchange methods utilizing ammonium acetate and barium acetate respectively. Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba were found to be present in all three coals, but significant variations in the relative and absolute concentrations of all the cations were observed. It was found that Ca and Mg were the most abundant cations and that 40–60% of the carboxyl groups in the raw coals were exchanged with cations. The discrete mineral phases in these lignites were studied by semi-quantitative X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. The importance of the cations in this analysis was shown when the mineralogical analyses of the low-temperature ash (LTA) of the coals with the cations removed and the raw coals were compared. Results show that up to 50% of the LTA of these raw coals can be attributed to the existence of metal cations and that fixation of sulphur, carbon, and oxygen to form carbonates and sulphates is the major reason for this contribution.
A Survey of Depressive Symptoms in a Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Population: Interview Data

Abstract One hundred and two of 210 children referred to UCLA-Neuropsychiatric Institute Child Division who completed the Short Children's Depression Inventory (SCDI) were, in addition to their parents, systematically interviewed by one of us (GAC) who was blind to CDI results. Children were diagnosed according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) and DSM III diagnostic categories. From their SCDI scores 50% of children were considered moderately depressed; almost 25% were rated at least moderately depressed at interview; and 28 had an affective disorder diagnosis. The SCDI score of these affective disorder children (14.1 ± 7.7) was almost twice that of nonaffective disorder children (8.0 ± 6.3). The greater number of children who appeared depressed on the basis of SCDI scores compared to those with diagnosed affective disorder is accounted for by children who are miserable secondary to other psychosocial difficulties but who do not meet rigid criteria for affective disorder.
Long-term follow up of enteric bladder augmentations: the risk for malignancy.

Abstract Objective To determine the risk of bladder cancer following enteric bladder augmentation. Materials and methods Patients followed for care after an enteric bladder augmentation have been entered into a registry; individuals followed for a minimum of 10 years were evaluated. Results The study criteria were met by 153 patients. Indications for bladder augmentation were neurogenic bladder in 97, exstrophy in 38 and posterior urethral valves in 18. There was a median follow-up interval of 27 years (range 10–53). A total of seven cases of malignancy developed. Median time to tumor development following augmentation was 32 years (range 22–52). Two patients with neurogenic bladder developed transitional cell carcinoma; both were heavy smokers (>50 pack per year history). Two patients with a history of posterior urethral valves and renal transplantation developed adenocarcinoma of the enteric augment. Three patients with bladder exstrophy developed multifocal adenocarcinoma of the augmented bladder. Two patients remain alive, 5 and 6 years following radical cystoprostatectomy; five died of cancer-specific causes. Conclusions Malignancy following enteric bladder augmentation arose in 4.5% (7/153) of our patients and was associated with coexisting carcinogenic stimuli (prolonged tobacco/chronic immunosuppressive exposure), or alternatively with the inherent risk of malignancy existing with bladder exstrophy.
Codeletion of the genes for p16INK4, methylthioadenosine phosphorylase, interferon-α1, interferon-β1, and other 9p21 markers in human malignant cell lines

Abstract In this study, 27 malignant cell lines, including leukemias, gliomas, and lung and bladder carcinomas were screened for homozygous deletions of the putative tumor suppressor gene p16 (MTS1/CDK4I/CDKN2) and other markers within the chromosome 9p21 region; these include the genes for interferon-α 1 ( IFNA1 ), interferon-β 1 ( IFNB1 ), methylthioadenosine phosphorylase ( MTAP ), and two microsatellite markers, D9S171 and D9S169 . The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of codeletion of these markers. Screening for homozygous deletions was carried out using direct polymerase chain reaction of genomic DNA, or, in the case of MTAP , a functional enzyme assay. Of these cell lines, 14 (52%) were found to have homozygous deletions of the p16 gene. Two of the 14 p16 -negative cell lines (14%) were found to have homozygous deletions within the p16 domain but no other 9p21 marker. MTAP was codeleted in 12 of the 14 p16 -negative cell lines (86%), whereas IFNA1 was codeleted with p16 in eight of these lines (57%); IFNB1 was codeleted in five (36%) of the p16 -deleted cell lines. The D9S171 marker, which may lie greater than 3 cM centromeric to p16 , is codeleted in three cell lines (21%); the D9S169 marker, which maps even further toward the centromere, was codeleted in only one cell line (7%). Loss of any 9p21 marker, e.g., MTAP or IFNA1 , were invariable predictors of the loss of the p16 gene. In addition, loss of IFNA1 always predicted a loss of MTAP (eight of eight cell lines), although loss of MTAP did not always predict a loss of IFNA1 (four of 12 MTAP -deleted cell lines did not have homozygous deletions of IFNA1 ). Thus loss of nearby genes occurs in a high percentage of cell lines that bear homozygous deletions of the p16 locus. Codeletion of MTAP or IFN in p16 -negative malignant cells is of interest, as loss of these genes may influence the biologic behavior of these cells and render them susceptible to certain therapeutic approaches.
Nonmonotonic behavior of a contact angle on approaching critical end points

We study the behavior of the contact angle of a middle-phase pendant drop at an oil-water interface in an amphiphilic system. A Landau theory with a one-component order parameter is employed. We find that as a weak amphiphilic system departs from its balanced state, the contact angle decreases monotonically to zero at a wetting transition as a critical end point is approached. In a stronger system, the angle initially increases with this departure before ultimately falling to zero. For a very strong system, the angle can increase to 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} before falling to zero. In such a case, three wetting transitions would be encountered.
Response of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system to a sudden southward turning of interplanetary magnetic field

[1] A sudden southward turning of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is simulated by the University of Michigan's BATS-R-US model. The main goal of this study is to determine the time delay as well as physical processes between when an IMF discontinuity reaches the bow shock, when reconnection is initiated at the magnetopause, and when the ionosphere starts to react. While observations or empirical models might give an estimate of the time delay for the propagation of the discontinuity from the bow shock to the magnetopause, the global MHD simulation provides a more comprehensive insight of responses of the magnetosphere-ionosphere system. An idealized north-to-south IMF transition is modeled, using a solar wind velocity of 400 km/s. After the southward IMF encounters the bow shock, it takes about 6 min for the north-to-south IMF transition front to arrive at the subsolar geomagnetic field. The ionospheric response to this sudden southward IMF turning is delayed by another ∼4 min, during which the magnetosphere undergoes a conversion from cusp reconnection to subsolar reconnection and the Alfven wave propagation to the ionosphere takes place. Thereafter, changes in the ionosphere and ground magnetic perturbations associated with the southward IMF are observed. These responses appear to be globally onset as described in many other studies. The time it takes from the encounter of the IMF transition with the bow shock to when the ionospheric reaction takes place varies with the solar wind speed, ranging from nearly 15 min for a solar wind speed of 300 km/s to just over 6 min for solar wind speeds of 600 km/s.
Radial matrix cracking and interphase failure in transversely loaded fiber composites

Abstract Radial matrix cracking and interphase failure for transverse loading of a hexagonal array fiber composite are investigated by: (1) modeling the interphase by a layer of radial and circumferential spring elements, (2) adopting a tensile stress criterion for initiation of matrix cracking, and (3) employing a strain-energy density criterion for interphase failure. The mechanical behavior of the composite is defined in terms of geometrical, stiffness and strength parameters. Stresses on the microlevel have been calculated. Under the assumption that the failure mechanisms follow the periodicity of the composite, two scenarios related to different values of the strength parameters have been investigated. In the first scenario matrix cracking occurs first, followed by interphase failure. In the second scenario interphase failure is followed by matrix cracking. Typical results are displayed graphically.
Political ecology as ethical practice

Abstract Pedagogy is not an issue generally addressed in discussions of ethics in political ecology. These discussions commonly focus upon research agendas and methodology and do not consider teaching and learning political ecology as ethical and political practice. This paper argues that public scholarship can make political ecology's approach more concrete for students, because it focuses upon problems of inequality and resource access in their own communities and can foster ethically informed research projects useful to state and nongovernmental organizations while opening new research venues for students, teachers and community members. The paper's argument consists of three parts. In the first, I provide an overview of ethics in geography. Next I discuss the relevance of radical pedagogy to critical human geography and to political ecology and rework radical pedagogy's definition to include a consideration of public scholarship. Finally, I demonstrate how political ecology as an approach to public scholarship may spark and sustain student activism and value-driven forms of learning and teaching in an undergraduate classroom.