cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cosmic microwave background anisotropies from plausible double inflation

We study the anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) arising in certain inflationary models containing two scalar fields: one inflaton and one dilaton. New features of the power spectrum can significantly alter the angular correlation function of CMBR anisotropies. In particular, a non-scale-invariant spectrum on the horizon or/and larger amplitudes on large scales can reduce small-scale CMBR anisotropies significantly, while maintaining observational bounds.
Wide-field hard x-ray survey telescope: ProtoEXIST1

We report our progress on the development of pixellated imaging CZT detector arrays for our first-generation balloon-borne wide-field hard X-ray (20 - 600 keV) telescope, ProtoEXIST1 . Our ProtoEXIST program is a pathfinder for the High Energy Telescope (HET) on the Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey telescope ( EXIST ), a proposed implementation of the Black Hole Finder Probe. ProtoEXIST1 consists of four independent coded-aperture telescopes with close-tiled (~0.4 mm gaps) CZT detectors that preserve their 2.5mm pixel pitch. Multiple shielding/field-of-view configurations are planned to identify optimal geometry for the HET in EXIST . The primary technical challenge in ProtoEXIST is the development of large area, close-tiled modules of imaging CZT detectors (1000 cm 2 for ProtoEXIST1 ), with all readout and control systems for the ASIC readout vertically stacked. We describe the overall telescope configuration of ProtoEXIST1 and review the current development status of the CZT detectors, from individual detector crystal units (DCUs) to a full detector module (DM). We have built the first units of each component for the detector plane and have completed a few Rev2 DCUs (2x2 cm 2 ), which are under a series of tests. Bare DCUs (pre-crystal bonding) show high, uniform ASIC yield (~70%) and ~30% reduction in electronics noise compared to the Rev1 equivalent. A Rev1 DCU already achieved ~1.2% FWHM at 662 keV, and preliminary analysis of the initial radiation tests on a Rev2 DCU shows ~ 4 keV FWHM at 60 keV (vs. 4.7 keV for Rev1). We therefore expect about ≤1% FWHM at 662 keV with the Rev2 detectors.
Metabolic features of inflammatory bowel disease in a remission phase of the disease activity

Capristo E, Mingrone G, Addolorato G, Greco AV, Gasbarrini G (Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy). Metabolic features of inflammatory bowel disease in a remission phase of the disease activity. J Intern Med 1998; 243: 339–47. Objectives To evaluate the anthropometric and metabolic characteristics of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), comparing both groups with healthy volunteers. Design A cross-sectional study. Setting The Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University Hospital, Rome, Italy. Subjects Thirty-four patients with biopsy-proven inflammatory bowel disease (18 CD; 16 UC) in clinical remission (SCDAI <3 and Powell–Tuck index <4) not receiving steroid therapy. Interventions All patients had a clinical examination. Main outcome measures Blood indicators of inflammation and nutritional status. Body composition was assessed by both anthropometry and bioimpedance and metabolic variables were measured by indirect calorimetry over a 60–90 min period. Results CD had a lower body weight than both controls (58.1 kg, range 41.5–71.0 vs. 66.4 kg, range 57.0–76.0; P < 0.001) and UC) 58.1 kg, range 41.5–71.0 vs. 69.6 kg, range 50.5–94.0; P < 0.001). Fat-free mass (FFM) did not differ between the groups, whilst fat mass was significantly lower in CD than in UC (P < 0.05) and controls (P < 0.001). Normalizing the basal metabolic rate by FFM, a higher value was found in CD compared with UC (143 kJ kg−1 d–−1, range 97.5–179 vs. 133 kJ kg−1 d−1, range 123–148; P < 0.05) and control subject 143 kJ kg−1 d−1, range 97.5–179 vs. 134 kJ kg−1 d−1, range 122–162; P < 0.05). The nonprotein respiratory quotient was significantly lower in CD compared to UC 0.80, range 0.73–0.84 vs. 0.84, range 0.79–0.91; P < 0.01) and controls (0.80, range 0.73–0.84 vs. 0.83, range 0.81–0.87; P < 0.001), with a consequently higher lipid oxidation rate in CD. Conclusions CD subjects showed a decreased fat mass and enhanced utilization of lipids compared with UC and controls. These data could be explained by the larger intestinal involvement and considered as a contribution to lipid tissue wasting in CD.
Exclusive Handset Arrangements in the Wireless Industry: A Competitive Analysis

In many markets, a handset vendor and a service provider may enter into a tie-in for a handset to be available exclusively through the service provider. We examine when and why a service provider and a handset vendor may find this arrangement mutually profitable. We find that an exclusive handset arrangement EHA may serve a dual strategic purpose. By restricting its handsets to one service provider, a handset vendor may be able to induce a rival handset vendor to compete less aggressively. At the same time, the service provider may be able to essentially raise a rival service provider's handset costs by limiting the handsets available to the rival. Interestingly, the handset vendor's market share may be higher when its handset is sold exclusively than when it is not. Our results might explain why EHAs seem more attractive in some markets than in others, why some service providers have exclusive arrangements even for handset models that do not seem popular, and how some handset vendors enjoy high market shares despite having many exclusive models. Furthermore, an EHA may lower the handset vendor's incentives to improve handset quality, supporting concerns raised by proponents of wireless network neutrality.
Critical Behavior of Target Space Mean Field Theory

Recently, the free energy of the target space mean field (TSMF) matrix model has been calculated in the low temperature phase, order-by-order in a low temperature expansion. The TSMF model is a matrix model whose discrete target space has an infinite coordination number, and whose free energy assumes a universal form, corresponding to baby universes joined into a tree. Here the free energy is summed to all orders, and expressed through a transcendental algebraic equation, using which we analyze the critical phenomena that occur in the TSMF model. There are two critical curves, at which the matter and the geometry become critical, and for which the critical exponents are and , respectively. There is a bi-critical point where the curves meet, at which .
Line Emission from an Accretion Disk around a Rotating Black Hole: Toward a Measurement of Frame Dragging

Line emission from an accretion disk and a corotating hot spot about a rotating black hole are considered for possible signatures of the frame-dragging effect. We explicitly compare integrated line profiles from a geometrically thin disk about a Schwarzschild and an extreme Kerr black hole, and show that the line profile differences are small if the inner radius of the disk is near or above the Schwarzschild stable-orbit limit of radius 6GM/sq c. However, if the inner disk radius extends below this limit, as is Possible in the extreme Kerr spacetime, then differences can become significant, especially if the disk emissivity is stronger near the inner regions. We demonstrate that the first three moments of a line profile define a three-dimensional space in which the presence of material at small radii becomes quantitatively evident in broad classes of disk models. In the context of the simple, thin disk paradigm, this moment-mapping scheme suggests formally that the iron line detected by the Advanced Satellite,for Cosmology and Astrophysics mission from MCG --6-30-15 (Tanaka et al.) is approximately 3 times more likely to originate from a disk about a rotating black hole than from a Schwarzschild system. A statistically significant detection of black hole rotation in this way may be achieved after only modest improvements in the quality of data. We also consider light curves and frequency shifts in line emission as a function of time for corotating hot spots in extreme Kerr and Schwarzschild geometries. The frequency-shift profile is a valuable measure of orbital parameters and might possibly be used to detect frame dragging even at radii approaching 6GM/sq c if the inclination angle of the orbital plane is large. The light curve from a hot spot shows differences as well, although these too are pronounced only at large inclination angles.
Laboratory evaluation of a new contraceptive gel with trichomonadicidal and moniliastatic properties

Abstract 1. 1. A new contraceptive gel formulation was tested for its chemotherapeutic, toxicologic, and allergenic properties. 2. 2. The new gel was highly trichomonadicidal against Trichomonas vaginalis and T. gallinae by in vitro test methods. When hamsters were medicated with this gel intravaginally once daily for 5 days, they were completely cleared of T. gallinae which had been established experimentally in the vagina. 3. 3. The gel possessed fungistatic activity against Candida albicans. 4. 4. The gel was not irritating when topically applied to the abraded skin of rabbits. It produced no vaginal irritation or alteration in mucosal architecture or secretions when introduced into the vagina of monkeys three times weekly for 41 weeks. 5. 5. The gel was not allergenic in rabbits when animals were injected intradermally 2 weeks after the last of a series of “sensitizing” doses. 6. 6. Eleven volunteers who liberally applied the gel to penile surfaces for 8 hours or longer observed no irritation of any kind. 7. 7. The new gel combines in a highly effective spermatocidal formulation, antiseptic, surfactant, osmotic, and lytic properties with the barrier actions of conventional tragacanth, gel, and cream formulas.
Radiation produced by the modulated electron beam of a free electron laser

Abstract The electron beam in a free electron laser (FEL) becomes axially modulated at the optical wavelength of the FEL radiation. This electron beam passed through a gas may produce intense Cherenkov radiation. The effects of the radial and axial dimension of the electron bunches on the radiation are explored.
Low-rank approximations for computing observation impact in 4D-Var data assimilation

Abstract We present an efficient computational framework to quantify the impact of individual observations in four dimensional variational data assimilation. The proposed methodology uses first and second order adjoint sensitivity analysis, together with matrix-free algorithms to obtain low-rank approximations of observation impact matrix. This novel technique is illustrated in what follows on important applications such as data pruning and the identification of faulty sensors for a two dimensional shallow water test system.
The combinatorics of q -Charlier polynomials

Abstract We describe various aspects of the Al Salam-Carlitz q -Charlier polynomials. These include combinatorial descriptions of the moments, the orthogonality relation, and the linearization coefficients.
Aerodynamic Interference during Sabot Discard

Abstract : An experimental program has been conducted to investigate disturbances to the trajectories of gun-launched, fin-stabilized projectiles during the sabot discard process. Correlated near muzzle and down range measurements of sabot component and projectile motion are acquired using both orthogonal, flash X-rays and a ballistics range. Apparent anomalous yawing motion of projectiles correlates with asymmetries in the sabot discard geometry. The perturbations to the flow around the projectile due to these asymmetries are calculated and shown to be of sufficient magnitude to produce significant alterations in the desired trajectory. For the rounds tested, the impulse due to aerodynamic interaction during sabot discard is of the same magnitude as the transverse impulse imparted to the projectile during in-bore acceleration.
Implicit social cognition: from measures to mechanisms

Most human cognition occurs outside conscious awareness or conscious control. Some of these implicit processes influence social perception, judgment and action. The past 15 years of research in implicit social cognition can be characterized as the Age of Measurement because of a proliferation of measurement methods and research evidence demonstrating their practical value for predicting human behavior. Implicit measures assess constructs that are distinct, but related, to self-report assessments, and predict variation in behavior that is not accounted for by those explicit measures. The present state of knowledge provides a foundation for the next age of implicit social cognition: clarification of the mechanisms underlying implicit measurement and how the measured constructs influence behavior.
Charge and momentum transfer in supercooled melts: why should their relaxation times differ?

The steady-state values of the viscosity and the intrinsic ionic conductivity of quenched melts are computed, in terms of independently measurable quantities. The frequency dependence of the ac dielectric response is estimated. The discrepancy between the corresponding characteristic relaxation times is only apparent; it does not imply distinct mechanisms, but stems from the intrinsic barrier distribution for α-relaxation in supercooled fluids and glasses. This type of intrinsic “decoupling” is argued not to exceed four orders in magnitude for known glassformers. The origin of the discrepancy between the stretching exponent β, as extracted from e(ω) and the dielectric modulus data, is explained. The actual width of the barrier distribution always grows with lowering the temperature. The contrary is an artifact of the large contribution of the dc-conductivity component to the modulus data. The methodology allows one to single out other contributions to the conductivity, as in “superionic” liquids or when c...
X-Ray Afterglows from Gamma-Ray Bursts

We consider possible interpretations of the recently detected X-ray afterglow from the gamma-ray burst source GRB 970228. Cosmological and Galactic models of gamma-ray bursts predict different flux and spectral evolution of X-ray afterglows. We show that models based on adiabatic expansion of relativistic forward shocks require very efficient particle energization or postburst reacceleration during the expansion. Cooling neutron star models predict a very distinctive spectral and flux evolution that can be tested in current X-ray data.
Multiple Mechanistic Pathways for Zirconium-Catalyzed Carboalumination of Alkynes. Requirements for Cyclic Carbometalation Processes Involving C−H Activation

The reactions of internal and terminal alkynes with organoalanes containing Et, n-Pr, and i-Bu groups in the presence of Cp2ZrCl2 and MeZrCp2Cl were investigated with the goal of clarifying mechanistic details of some representative cases. Three fundamentally different processes, i.e., (i) C−M bond addition without C−H activation in the alkyl group, (ii) cyclic C−M bond addition via C−H activation, and (iii) hydrometalation, have been observed, and the courses of these reactions significantly depend on (i) the nature and number of alkyl groups in organoalanes, (ii) their amounts, and (iii) solvents. The reaction of alkynes with Et3Al in the presence of 0.1 equiv of Cp2ZrCl2 in nonpolar solvents, e.g., hexanes, proceeds via C−H activation to give the corresponding aluminacyclopentenes. Investigation of the reaction of 5-decyne with 1−3 equiv of Et3Al and 1 equiv of Cp2ZrCl2, which gave mono-, di-, or trideuterated (Z)-5-ethyl-5-decene as shown in Scheme 10, together with the previously reported structural ...
Structure of ionic interfaces from an absolutely convergent solution of the Madelung problem

Abstract The classic Madelung problem, i.e., the divergence associated with the r −1 term in the Coulomb potential of condensed ionic systems, was cast into an absolutely convergent form that is readily evaluated by direct lattice summation, revealing a net r −5 range of this potential. The realization that Coulomb interactions in condensed systems can actually be rather short-ranged (if the system is overall neutral) permits novel physical insights into their structure and energetics to be gained. As an example, we demonstrate that an understanding of the range and the nature of the convergence of the Coulomb potential leads naturally to the prediction, verified by computer simulations for rocksalt-structured surfaces, that all surfaces in predominantly ionic materials should be fundamentally reconstructed. The work also provides a conceptual framework for the theoretical treatment of polar surfaces and interfaces, as demonstrated for the case of the (111) stacking fault and of the (111) twin boundary in the rocksalt structure.
A localization argument for characters of reductive Lie groups

Abstract This article provides a geometric bridge between two entirely different character formulas for reductive Lie groups and answers the question posed by Schmid (in: Deformation Theory and Symplectic Geometry, Mathematical Physics Studies, Vol. 20, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1997, pp. 259–270). A corresponding problem in the compact group setting was solved by Berline et al. (Heat Kernels and Dirac Operators, Springer, Berlin, 1992) by an application of the theory of equivariant forms and particularly the fixed point integral localization formula. This article (besides its representation-theoretical significance) provides a whole family of examples where it is possible to localize integrals to fixed points with respect to an action of a noncompact group. Moreover, a localization argument given here is not specific to the particular setting considered in this article and can be extended to a more general situation. There is a broadly accessible article (Libine, A Localization Argument for Characters of Reductive Lie Groups: An Introduction and Examples, 2002, math.RT/0208024) which explains how the argument works in the SL(2, R ) case, where the key ideas are not obstructed by technical details and where it becomes clear how it extends to the general case.
Partisan Regimes in American Politics

Some scholars of American political development have used the phrase “partisan regimes” to refer to an important recurring pattern in American politics: a short, tumultuous period of partisan upheaval and political and policy change followed by extended stability. This article develops the concept of a partisan regime as an ideal type that can help scholars not only explain variations among historical cases, but identify the different elements that contribute to the rise of regimes and understand what these potent coalitions do once they secure power. The ideal type points to entrepreneurial leadership, political crises, and partisan narratives as the key contributors to the emergence of new governing orders. Furthermore, once a partisan regime achieves control, it only temporarily disrupts and remakes national policy, politics, and political debate. After achieving its core priorities, the regime primarily operates to preserve its gains. The concept of a partisan regime therefore offers only a limited explanation for many policy changes that occur during the long periods between regime upheavals.
Spatial data analysis of regional development in Greater Beijing, China, in a GIS environment*

. This study investigates spatial dependence and mechanisms of regional development in Greater Beijing, China by employing spatial statistical techniques. We have detected positive, strengthening global spatial autocorrelation from 1978 to 2001, and found such strengthening is the result of newly formed/extended clusters in the area. The local analysis recognizes local regimes of two-tier urban-rural spatial structure at the beginning of the reform period. While the urban-rural divide was lessening due to the reform, a north-south divide has emerged because of local natural conditions and development trajectories. Regarding mechanisms of regional development, ordinary least squares analysis is constrained by the existence of significant spatial autocorrelation among spatial units. Analytical results reveal that an error spatial regression model is a more appropriate alternative due to possible mismatch between boundaries of the underlying spatial process and the spatial units where data are organised. In 1995 and 2001, the signs of all the regression coefficients remained the same for both OLS and spatial models. However, their magnitude and significance change. Specifically, foreign direct investment and fixed-asset investment became less influential in the spatial model, while local government spending emerged as more influential. Abstract. Este estudio investiga la dependencia especial y los mecanismos de desarrollo regional en el Gran Beijing, China, empleando tecnicas estadisticas espaciales. Hemos detectado una autocorrelacion espacial global en aumento y positiva desde 1978 al 2001, y hallado que dicho aumento es el resultado de clusters formados/ampliados recientemente en el area. El analisis local reconoce regimenes locales de estructura espacial urbana-rural de dos niveles al inicio del periodo de reforma. Mientras que la separacion urbana-rural fue disminuyendo con la reforma, ha aparecido una separacion norte-sur por condiciones naturales locales y trayectorias de desarrollo. Respecto de los mecanismos de desarrollo regional, el analisis de minimos cuadrados ordinario (OLS) se ve restringido por la existencia de una autocorrelacion espacial significativa entre unidades espaciales. Los resultados de analisis revelan que un modelo de regresion del error espacial es una alternativa mas apropiada debido a una posible disparidad entre los limites del proceso espacial subyacente y las unidades espaciales donde estan organizados los datos. En 1995 y en 2001, los signos de todos los coeficientes de regresion permanecieron iguales para OLS y modelos espaciales. Sin embargo, su magnitud y significancia cambian. En particular, la inversion extranjera directa y la inversion en activos fijos pasaron a ser menos influyentes en el modelo espacial, mientras que el gasto del gobierno local aparecio mas influyente.
Characterization of DNA Primary Sequences Based on the Average Distances between Bases

We outline numerical characterization of DNA primary sequence based on calculation of the average distance between pairs of nucleic acid bases. This leads to a representation of DNA by a condensed 4 × 4 symmetrical matrix, the elements of which give the average separation between pair of bases X, Y in DNA (X, Y = A, C, G, T). As an invariant of choice we consider the leading eigenvalue of the derived 4 × 4 matrix. Additional structurally related invariants were obtained by constructing additional “higher order” 4 × 4 matrices derived from the initial 4 × 4 matrix by raising its elements to higher powers. Suitably normalized leading eigenvalue of these matrices offer a novel characterization of DNA primary sequences, referred to as “DNA profiles”. The approach is illustrated on exon 1 of human β-globin gene.
Hawking Radiation and Back-Reaction

Abstract The puzzles of black-hole evaporation can be studied in the simplified context of 1 + 1 dimensional gravity. The semi-classical equations of Callan et al. provide a consistent description of the evaporation process which we describe in detail. We consider the possibility that black-hole evolution leads to massive stable remnants. We show that such zero-temperature-remnant solutions exist but we also prove that a decaying black hole cannot evolve into one of them. Finally we consider the issue of loss of quantum information behind the global event horizon which develops in these geometries. An analogy with a well-known solvable system shows that there may be less to information than meets the eye.
Non-BPS D-branes in light-cone Green-Schwarz formalism

Non-BPS D-branes are difficult to describe covariantly in a manifestly supersymmetric formalism. For definiteness we concentrate on type-IIB string theory in flat background in light-cone Green-Schwarz formalism. We study both the boundary state and the boundary conformal field theory descriptions of these D-branes with manifest SO(8) covariance and go through various consistency checks. We analyze Sen's original construction of non-BPS D-branes given in terms of an orbifold boundary conformal field theory. We also directly study the relevant world-sheet theory by deriving the open string boundary condition from the covariant boundary state. Both these methods give the same open string spectrum which is consistent with the boundary state, as required by the world-sheet duality. The boundary condition found in the second method is given in terms of bi-local fields that are quadratic in Green-Schwarz fermions. We design a special ``doubling trick'' suitable to handle such boundary conditions and prescribe rules for computing all possible correlation functions without boundary insertions. This prescription has been tested by computing disk one-point functions of several classes of closed string states and comparing the results with the boundary state computation.
Facile Amide Formation via S-Nitrosothioacids

Here we report a novel amide bond formation strategy from simple thioacid and amine starting materials. The reaction is mediated by unstable but very reactive S-nitrosothioacid intermediates. This fast reaction under mild conditions should be useful in synthesis.
Investigation of Weibull Statistics in Fracture Analysis of Cast Aluminum

The fracture strengths of two large batches of A357-T6 cast aluminum coupon specimens were compared by using two-parameter Weibull analysis. The minimum number of these specimens necessary to find the fracture strength of the material was determined. The applicability of three-parameter Weibull analysis was also investigated. A design methodology based on the combination of elementary stress analysis and Weibull statistical analysis is advanced and applied to the design of a spherical pressure vessel shell. The results from this design methodology are compared with results from the applicable ASME pressure vessel code.
Landscape influence on recent rural migration in the U.S.

Abstract This study of recent rural (nonmetropolitan) migration in the U.S. finds that, consistent with research on landscape preferences, people have been most drawn to areas with a mix of forest and open land, water area, topographical variation, and relatively little cropland. A simultaneous equation model of 1990–2000 change in jobs and net migration indicates that landscape features influenced migration directly, not through effects on employment. An inordinate rise in housing values in the most highly scenic areas in 1990–2000 was associated with an exceptional slowing of migration to those areas in 2000–2005, an indication that housing supply constraints such as land use regulation may now be dampening the ties between landscape preferences and migration in rural areas. The study findings on current habitat selection are particularly interesting given the frequent conjecture that landscape preferences are adaptive, reflecting the most suitable habitats for early man.
The Dirichlet problem for a complex Monge–Ampère type equation on Hermitian manifolds

Abstract We are concerned with fully nonlinear elliptic equations on Hermitian manifolds and search for technical tools to overcome difficulties in deriving a priori estimates which arise due to the nontrivial torsion and general (non-pseudoconvex) boundary data. We present our methods, which work for more general equations, by considering a specific equation which resembles the complex Monge–Ampere equation in many ways but with crucial differences. Our work is motivated by recent increasing interests in fully nonlinear equations on complex manifolds from geometric problems.
Lehmer’s problem for compact Abelian groups

We formulate Lehmer's Problem concerning the Mahler measure of polynomials for general compact abelian groups, introducing a Lehmer constant for each such group. We show that all nontrivial connected compact groups have the same Lehmer constant and conjecture the value of the Lehmer constant for finite cyclic groups. We also show that if a group has infinitely many connected components, then its Lehmer constant vanishes.
Local bosonic versus HMC — a CPU cost comparison

Abstract We compare the CPU cost of HMC to various implementations of the Hermitean variant of Luscher's local bosonic algorithm (LBA) for 2D massive QED with two flavours of Wilson fermions. We carefully scan a 3-dimensional parameter subspace and find flat behaviour around the optimum. The gain factor of the LBA, as compared to HMC, is slightly smaller for the Re-weighting method than for the Metropolis variants and estimated to about 3.3 for the plaquette and 1.9 for the meson correlator.
Substrate specificity of the kinetic resolution of sulfides by enantioselective sulfoxide formation

Abstract The kinetic resolution of tazofelone ( 1 ) has been reported. The resolution of this sulfide was accomplished via enantioselective sulfoxide formation with tert -Bu hydroperoxide in the presence of a chiral tartrate/titanium complex. The resolution was performed on analogues of compound 1 in order to explore the substrate specificity of the kinetic resolution. These experiments have shown that the success of the enantioselective oxidation of this sulfide by tert -Bu hydroperoxide is greatly influenced by the nature of the neighboring amide functionality.
Development of a Cysteine-Catalyzed Enantioselective Rauhut−Currier Reaction

Herein, we report a full account of the development of an enantioselective Rauhut−Currier process that affords products in high yields and enantioselectivities using a cysteine-based catalyst. While traditional Morita−Baylis−Hillman catalysts were found to be essentially ineffective, various derivatives of protected cysteine were found to exhibit extraordinary reactivity and enantiotopic control. Extensive screening of reaction conditions led us to discover the enhanced effects of water as an additive and the chelating power of potassium in achieving higher enantiomer ratios. Mechanistic experiments also provided insight on the potential mechanism of the reaction in addition to possible transition states that provide the absolute stereochemistry formed in the observed products. Also included is a brief survey of the reaction scope involving different ring sizes as well as functionalized substrates.
A FIELD THEORETICAL MODEL IN NONCOMMUTATIVE MINKOWSKI SUPERSPACE

In this talk we present a field theoretical model constructed in Minkowski superspace with a deformed supercoordinate algebra. Our study is motivated in part by recent results from super-string theory, which show that in a particular scenario in Euclidean superspace the spinor coordinates θ do not anticommute. Field theoretical consequences of this deformation were studied in a number of articles. We present a way to extend the discussion to Minkowski space, by assuming non-vanishing anticommutators for both θ, and . We give a consistent supercoordinate algebra, and a star product that is real and preserves the (anti)chirality of a product of (anti)chiral superfields. We also give the Wess-Zumino Lagrangian that gains only Lorentz-invariant corrections due to non(anti)commutativity within our model. The Lagrangian in Minkowski superspace is also always manifestly Hermitian.
Selective Effects of a Morphine Conjugate Vaccine on Heroin and Metabolite Distribution and Heroin-Induced Behaviors in Rats

Morphine conjugate vaccines have effectively reduced behavioral effects of heroin in rodents and primates. To better understand how these effects are mediated, heroin and metabolite distribution studies were performed in rats in the presence and absence of vaccination. In non-vaccinated rats 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) was the predominant opioid in plasma and brain as early as 1 minute after i.v. administration of heroin and for up to 14 minutes. Vaccination with morphine conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (M-KLH) elicited high titers and concentrations of antibodies with high affinity for heroin, 6-MAM, and morphine. Four minutes after heroin administration vaccinated rats showed substantial retention of all three opioids in plasma compared to controls and reduced 6-MAM and morphine, but not heroin, distribution to brain. Administration of 6-MAM rather than heroin in M-KLH vaccinated rats showed a similar drug distribution pattern. Vaccination reduced heroin-induced analgesia and blocked heroin-induced locomotor activity throughout 2 weeks of repeated testing. Higher serum opioid-specific antibody concentrations were associated with higher plasma opioid concentrations, lower brain 6-MAM and morphine concentrations, and lower heroin-induced locomotor activity. Serum antibody concentrations over 0.2 mg/ml were associated with substantial effects on these measures. These data support a critical role for 6-MAM in mediating the early effects of i.v. heroin and suggest that reducing 6-MAM concentration in brain is essential to the efficacy of morphine conjugate vaccines.
Self-assembling of the porphyrin-linked acyclic penta- and heptapeptides in aqueous trifluoroethanol.

The conjugates of porphyrin with links to the acyclic penta- and heptapeptides were synthesized to mimic natural multiple porphyrin systems. The linear penta- and heptapeptide with hydrophilic/hydrophobic alternative sequences took a random structure in aqueous trifluoroethanol (TFE). However, these polypeptides took a beta-sheet structure in the same solvent when the N-terminal Cys linked to the porphyrin, suggesting that the conjugates self-assembled via the intermolecular hydrophobic interaction between the porphyrins. The circular dichroism (CD) spectra, UV/vis spectra, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and (1)H NMR spectroscopy supported the self-assembling. In the self-assembled structure of the pentapeptide linking porphyrin at the p-phenyl position (9), the porphyrins were involved in two porphyrin-porphyrin interactions, i.e., the side-by-side interaction between the neighboring polypeptide chains and the face-to-face interaction between the first and the third peptide chains. The CD spectra of 9 showed two sets of Cotton effects probably arising from these two interactions. The UV/vis spectra also supported the above interpretation, showing multiple absorptions in the longwave and shortwave shifted regions. The SEC analyses showed the assembled structure of the conjugates. The (1)H NMR signals of the porphyrin rings of 9 were hardly observed in D(2)O-CD(3)OD because of the shortened spin-spin relaxation time T(2)().
Rainfall variability, occupational choice, and welfare in rural Bangladesh

This study investigates the choice of occupational focus versus diversification between household members in rural Bangladesh as an autonomous and proactive adaptation strategy against ex ante local rainfall variability risks. The analysis combines nationally representative household level survey data with historical climate variability information at the Upazila level. The authors note that flood prone Upazilas may face reduced risks from local rainfall variability as compared with non-flood prone Upazilas. They find that two members of the same household are less likely to be self-employed in agriculture if they live in an area with high local rainfall variability. However, the occupational diversification strategy comes at a cost to households in terms of consumption welfare. The paper considers the effects of three policy actions, providing access to credit, safety net, and market. Access to market appears to be more effective in reducing the likelihood of costly within-household occupational diversification as an ex ante climate risk-reducing strategy as compared with access to credit and safety net.
Parametrized Positivity Preserving Flux Limiters for the High Order Finite Difference WENO Scheme Solving Compressible Euler Equations

In this paper, we develop parametrized positivity satisfying flux limiters for the high order finite difference Runge---Kutta weighted essentially non-oscillatory scheme solving compressible Euler equations to maintain positive density and pressure. Negative density and pressure, which often leads to simulation blow-ups or nonphysical solutions, emerges from many high resolution computations in some extreme cases. The methodology we propose in this paper is a nontrivial generalization of the parametrized maximum principle preserving flux limiters for high order finite difference schemes solving scalar hyperbolic conservation laws (Liang and Xu in J Sci Comput 58:41---60, 2014; Xiong et al. in J Comput Phys 252:310---331, 2013; Xu in Math Comput 83:2213---2238, 2014). To preserve the maximum principle, the high order flux is limited towards a first order monotone flux, where the limiting procedures are designed by decoupling linear maximum principle constraints. High order schemes with such flux limiters are shown to preserve the high order accuracy via local truncation error analysis and by extensive numerical experiments with mild CFL constraints. The parametrized flux limiting approach is generalized to the Euler system to preserve the positivity of density and pressure of numerical solutions via decoupling some nonlinear constraints. Compared with existing high order positivity preserving approaches (Zhang and Shu in Proc R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci 467:2752---2776, 2011; J Comput Phys 230:1238---1248, 2011; J Comput Phys 231:2245---2258, 2012), our proposed algorithm is positivity preserving by the design; it is computationally efficient and maintains high order spatial and temporal accuracy in our extensive numerical tests. Numerical tests are performed to demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed new algorithm.
Synthesis of hydrolytically stable porphyrin C- and S-glycoconjugates in high yields

Two C-glucosyl porphyrins are prepared using Ramberg–Backlund and Lindsey methods for the key conversions, and thiosugars are shown to react with perfluorophenylporphyrins.
Longitudinal impedance and stability thresholds of the AGS Booster

The various sources of longitudinal impedance in the AGS Booster are identified and the effects of the total impedance are estimated. In particular, the parasitic effects of the RF cavities during proton acceleration are explored. Dynamics are treated using a first order Vlasov analysis in the weak synchrotron coupling approximation. >
Kinetics and mechanism of hydrogen–oxygen difluoride reaction in magnesium

The kinetics of the H2-OF2 reaction was studied in the temperature range of 160°–310°C at 1 atm total pressure in a magnesium stirred-flow reactor. Initial concentration ranges were 1/2–1/2 mol·% OF2, 3/16–5 mol·% H2, and 1/4–5.0 mol·% O2; helium was used as the diluent. When the reactants were in a mole ratio of 3/2 (H2/OF2), the rate of disappearance of H2 was 1.5 times that of OF2, consistent with the previously reported stoichiometry. The rate of disappearance of OF2 was strongly influenced by OF2 concentration, weakly influenced by H2 concentration, and inhibited by the oxygen formed in the reaction. An increase in the surface area did not produce a significant change in the rate of reaction. These concentration dependencies led to a proposed ten-step mechanism from which was derived the following rate equation: where k0 is a complex combination of elementary rate constants and α and β are elementary rate constants. An Arrhenius treatment of k0 gave These experimental Arrhenius parameters are lower than those predicted from reported and estimated elementary rate constants. The possibility of heterogeneous contributions is discussed.
Basic Parameter Estimation of Binary Neutron Star Systems by the Advanced LIGO/Virgo Network

Within the next five years, it is expected that the Advanced LIGO/Virgo network will have reached a sensitivity sufficient to enable the routine detection of gravitational waves. Beyond the initial detection, the scientific promise of these instruments relies on the effectiveness of our physical parameter estimation capabilities. A major part of this effort has been toward the detection and characterization of gravitational waves from compact binary coalescence, e.g., the coalescence of binary neutron stars. While several previous studies have investigated the accuracy of parameter estimation with advanced detectors, the majority have relied on approximation techniques such as the Fisher Matrix which are insensitive to the non-Gaussian nature of the gravitational wave posterior distribution function. Here we report average statistical uncertainties that will be achievable for strong detection candidates (S/N = 20) over a comprehensive sample of source parameters. We use the Markov Chain Monte Carlo based parameter estimation software developed by the LIGO/Virgo Collaboration with the goal of updating the previously quoted Fisher Matrix bounds. We find the recovery of the individual masses to be fractionally within 9% (15%) at the 68% (95%) credible intervals for equal-mass systems, and within 1.9% (3.7%) for unequal-mass systems. We also find that the Advanced LIGO/Virgo network will constrain the locations of binary neutron star mergers to a median uncertainty of 5.1 deg^2 (13.5 deg^2) on the sky. This region is improved to 2.3 deg^2 (6 deg^2) with the addition of the proposed LIGO India detector to the network. We also report the average uncertainties on the luminosity distances and orbital inclinations of strong detections that can be achieved by different network configurations.
Intermolecular and intramolecular, platinum-catalyzed, acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling of hydrosilanes with aryl and aliphatic methyl C-H bonds.

Intermolecular acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling of silanes with arene C−H bonds and intramolecular coupling of silanes with aryl and alkyl C−H bonds occur in good yield in the presence of 5 mol % of TpMe2PtMe2H (TpMe2 = hydridotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate) and related platinum(IV) complexes. The intermolecular reactions of arenes occurred with both trialkyl and dialkylaryl silanes. Intramolecular reactions of dialkylsilylalkylarenes occurred at aryl C−H bonds, and reactions of tributylsilane or dibutylphenylsilane occurred intramolecularly at the aliphatic, primary C−H bond. The reactions of arenes occurred preferentially at the least sterically hindered C−H bonds and preferentially with more electron-poor arenes. Crossover experiments and the lack of reactivity of the arylsilanes with H2 imply that the dehydrogenative silylation of arenes can be irreversible, even in a closed reaction vessel.
Approximate computation and implicit regularization for very large-scale data analysis

Database theory and database practice are typically the domain of computer scientists who adopt what may be termed an algorithmic perspective on their data. This perspective is very different than the more statistical perspective adopted by statisticians, scientific computers, machine learners, and other who work on what may be broadly termed statistical data analysis. In this article, I will address fundamental aspects of this algorithmic-statistical disconnect, with an eye to bridging the gap between these two very different approaches. A concept that lies at the heart of this disconnect is that of statistical regularization, a notion that has to do with how robust is the output of an algorithm to the noise properties of the input data. Although it is nearly completely absent from computer science, which historically has taken the input data as given and modeled algorithms discretely, regularization in one form or another is central to nearly every application domain that applies algorithms to noisy data. By using several case studies, I will illustrate, both theoretically and empirically, the nonobvious fact that approximate computation, in and of itself, can implicitly lead to statistical regularization. This and other recent work suggests that, by exploiting in a more principled way the statistical properties implicit in worst-case algorithms, one can in many cases satisfy the bicriteria of having algorithms that are scalable to very large-scale databases and that also have good inferential or predictive properties.
Prognosis in nonconvulsive status epilepticus

Determining the prognosis in nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is complicated by several factors: under-recognition of NCSE with its spontaneous resolution (thus decreasing the "denominator" of total cases that will have a poor outcome); incorrect diagnosis of NCSE based on misinterpretation of EEG "epileptiform" activity; mis-classification of certain EEG patterns as NCSE (e.g. PLEDs; triphasic waves); and grouping of different populations that have markedly different co-morbidities (ambulatory patients with NCSE together with comatose patients with electrographic seizure activity on EEG). There are almost no prospective studies with premorbid neuropsychometric studies, and retrospective studies typically include isolated cases, or case series that include conditions in which the cause of NCSE itself causes cognitive morbidity. To summarize available data, absence status (ambulatory generalized non-convulsive status epilepticus) would appear to carry no lasting morbidity. Complex partial status epilepticus in ambulatory patients rarely results in measurable permanent neurologic deficit, although rarely, short or long-standing deficits may clearly occur. Because intensive treatment with intravenous anticonvulsants (e.g. benzodiazepines or phenytoin) can confer morbidity, the equation has not yet been made as to whether the morbidity of such intensive treatment for all cases of NCSE exceeds the morbidity of the disease itself. Larger, prospective studies will be needed to truly determine the prognosis in the different types of NCSE, stratified according to associated degrees of impairment (minimally impaired, moderately obtunded, comatose).
Power, programmability, and granularity: The challenges of ExaScale computing

Reaching an ExaScale computer by the end of the decade, and enabling the continued performance scaling of smaller systems requires signifcant research breakthroughs in three key areas: power effciency, programmability, and execution granularity. To build an ExaScale machine in a power budget of 20 MW requires a 200-fold improvement in energy per instruction: from 2 nJ to 10 pJ. Only 4x is expected from improved technology. The remaining 50x must come from improvements in architecture and circuits. To program a machine of this scale requires more productive parallel programming environments — that make parallel programming as easy as sequential programming is today. Finally, problem size and memory size constraints prevent the continued use of weak scaling, requiring these machines to extract parallelism at very fne granularity — down to the level of a few instructions. This talk discusses these challenges and current approaches to address them.
Copper-mediated regioselective allylation and propargylation of 2-(alkylthio)oxazoles

Copper-mediated regioselective allylation and propargylation of 2-(n-butylthio)oxazole at the C5-position provided 2,5-disubstituted oxazoles in moderate to good yields. Subsequent removal of the n-butylthio group with deactivated W2-Raney nickel gave 5-substituted oxazoles.
EXPERIMENTAL LIMITS ON NEW PHYSICS FROM CHARM DECAY

Recent measurements in the charm sector are reviewed, concentrating on results which are sensitive to New Physics effects. The scope of the presentation includes $D^0-{\bar D}^0$ mixing searches, a CPT/Lorentz invariance study, and a range of searches for rare and forbidden decays. Results from the BaBar, Belle, CDF, CLEO, and FOCUS collaborations are presented, including an important first observation.