cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diastereoselectivity enhancement in vinylcuprate addition to β-alkoxyaldehydes via a vinylsilane.

Abstract The presence of a removable 1-(trimethylsilyl) residue greatly increases the chelation-controlled diastereoselectivity in alkenylcuprate additions to chiral β-alkoxyaldehydes. Several methods for protiodesilylation of the resultant allylic alcohols [5 » 2b (R=Me3SiCH2CH2OCH2-, PhCH2OCH2-, and PhCH2-)] are compared.
The universal order one invariant of framed knots in most S 1 {bundles over orientable surfaces

It is well-known that self-linking is the only Z-valued Vassiliev invariant of framed knots in S 3 . However for most 3-manifolds, in partic- ular for the total spaces of S 1 -bundles over an orientable surface F 6 S 2 , the space of Z-valued order one invariants is innite dimensional. We give an explicit formula for the order one invariant I of framed knots in orientable total spaces of S 1 -bundles over an orientable not necessarily compact surface F 6 S 2 . We show that if F 6 S 2 ;S 1 S 1 ;then I is the universal order one invariant, i.e. it distinguishes every two framed knots that can be distinguished by order one invariants with values in an Abelian group. AMS Classication 57M27; 53D99
Pathophysiology of tinnitus

Tinnitus is not a single entity but a rather diverse group of disorders. Despite symptoms that indicate the ear is the site of the pathology, there is strong evidence that most forms of severe tinnitus are caused by functional changes in the central nervous system. The changes are induced through expression of neural plasticity, some of which may have been caused initially by abnormalities in the ear or the auditory nerve. The involvement of the nonclassical ascending auditory pathway with its subcortical connections to limbic structures (the amygdala) may explain some of the symptoms of some forms of tinnitus including hyperacusis and affective disorders, such as phonophobia and depression, which often accompany severe tinnitus.
Bachelier and his times: A conversation with Bernard Bru

Louis Bachelier defended his thesis "Theory of Speculation" in 1900. He used Brownian motion as a model for stock exchange performance. This con- versation with Bernard Bru illustrates the scientific climate of his times and the conditions under which Bachelier made his discoveries. It indicates that Bache- lier was indeed the right person at the right time. He was involved with the Paris stock exchange, was self-taught but also took courses in probability and on the theory of heat. Not being a part of the "scientific establishment," he had the opportunity to develop an area that was not of interest to the mathematicians of the period. He was the first to apply the trajectories of Brownian motion, and his theories prefigure modern mathematical finance. What follows is an edited and expanded version of the original conversation with Bernard Bru. Bernard Bru is the author, most recently, of Borel, L´ evy, Neyman, Pearson et
Highly Selective Methods for Synthesis of Internal (α-) Vinylboronates through Efficient NHC–Cu-Catalyzed Hydroboration of Terminal Alkynes. Utility in Chemical Synthesis and Mechanistic Basis for Selectivity

Cu-catalyzed methods for site-selective hydroboration of terminal alkynes, where the internal or α-vinylboronate is generated predominantly (up to >98%) are presented. Reactions are catalyzed by 1–5 mol % of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes of copper, easily prepared from N-aryl-substituted commercially available imidazolinium salts, and proceed in the presence of commercially available bis(pinacolato)diboron [B2(pin)2] and 1.1 equiv of MeOH at −50 to −15 °C in 3–24 h. Propargyl alcohol and amine and the derived benzyl, tert-butyl, or silyl ethers as well as various amides are particularly effective substrates; also suitable are a wide range of aryl-substituted terminal alkynes, where higher α-selectivity is achieved with substrates that bear an electron-withdrawing substituent. α-Selective Cu-catalyzed hydroborations are amenable to gram-scale procedures (1 mol % catalyst loading). Mechanistic studies are presented, indicating that α selectivity arises from the structural and electronic attributes ...
A novel environment for situated vision and behavior

We present a new environment for the development of active vision algorithms that are situated in a behavioral context. Our environment allows an unencumbered person to interact with a simulated graphical world which contains autonomous agents. Active vision techniques are used to observe the person and provide perceptual stimuli to the agents. An image of the person is composited together with the graphical world and projected onto a large video screen which the person can observe. The agents inhabiting the world are modeled as autonomous entities which have their own simulated sensors and goals and which can interpret the actions of the participant and react to them in real-time. The goals of these agents provide behavioral context for the execution of the low-level vision routines which observe the person. Several prototypical worlds have been implemented in this environment and tested on hundreds of users at a large-scale public installation.
Structure and assembly of filamentous bacterial viruses.

Filamentous bacterial viruses are flexible nucleoprotein rods, about 6 nm in diameter by 1000-2000 nm in length (depending on the virus strain). A protein shell encloses a central core of single-stranded circular DNA. The coat protein subunits forming the shell are largely $\alpha$ -helix, elongated in an axial direction, and also sloping radially, so as to overlap each other and give an arrangement of subunits reminiscent of scales on a fish. This arrangement of $\alpha$ -helices is rather like some models of myosin filaments. An early step in assembly of the virion is the formation of a complex between the viral DNA and an intracellular packaging protein that is not found in completed virions. Newly synthesized coat protein becomes associated with the plasma membrane of the cell. During the final steps of assembly, the packaging protein is displaced from the DNA and replaced by coat protein as the virion passes out through the plasma membrane of the host cell.
Bulk and interface imperfections in semiconductors

Abstract Charges trapped at imperfection centers can be detected by observing the slow time dependences of the high-frequency small-signal capacitance and the current of a space charge region which is depleted of carriers. Detection of as low as 1010 to 1011 trapped electron charges per cm3 in a volume of 10−3 cm × 10−3 cm2, or 105 to 10 electron charges, can be achieved. This technique has been used to study the temperature, electric field and photon energy dependences of the thermal, optical and Auger-impact emission and capture rates of electrons and holes at impurity and defect centers in depleted bulk and surface space charge regions in semiconductors, as well as the generation, annealing and diffusion kinetics of these centers. It has also been used to monitor the silicon integrated circuit fabrication processes. The principle of this technique is described and experimental examples are given to illustrate the applications of the technique.
Tensor Rank: Some Lower and Upper Bounds

The results of Strassen~\cite{strassen-tensor} and Raz~\cite{raz} show that good enough tensor rank lower bounds have implications for algebraic circuit/formula lower bounds. We explore tensor rank lower and upper bounds, focusing on explicit tensors. For odd d, we construct field-independent explicit 0/1 tensors T:[n]^d\to\mathbb{F} with rank at least 2n^{\lfloor d/2\rfloor}+n-\Theta(d\lg n). This improves the lower-order terms in known lower bounds for any odd d\ge 3. We also explore a generalization of permutation matrices, which we denote permutation tensors. We show, by applying known counting lower bounds, that there exist order-3 permutation tensors with super-linear rank as well as order-$d$ permutation tensors with high rank. We also explore a natural class of permutation tensors, which we call group tensors. For any group G, we define the group tensor T_G^d:G^d\to\mathbb{F}, by T_G^d(g_1,\ldots,g_d)=1$ iff $g_1\cdots g_d=1_G. We give two upper bounds for the rank of these tensors. The first uses representation theory and works over ``large'' fields $\mathbb{F}, showing (among other things) that \rank_\mathbb{F}(T_G^d)\le |G|^{d/2}. In the case that d=3, we are able to show that \rank_\mathbb{F}(T_G^3)\le O(|G|^{\omega/2})\le O(|G|^{1.19}), where $\omega$ is the exponent of matrix multiplication. The next upper bound uses interpolation and only works for abelian G, showing that over any field \mathbb{F}$ that $\rank_\mathbb{F}(T_G^d)\le O(|G|^{1+\lg d}\lg^{d-1}|G|). In either case, this shows that many permutation tensors have far from maximal rank, which is very different from the matrix case and thus eliminates many natural candidates for high tensor rank. We also explore monotone tensor rank. We give explicit 0/1 tensors T:[n]^d\to\mathbb{F} that have tensor rank at most $dn$ but have monotone tensor rank exactly n^{d-1}. This is a nearly optimal separation.
High‐Technology Intangibles and Analysts’ Forecasts

This study examines the association between firms’ intangible assets and properties of the information contained in analysts’ earnings forecasts. We hypothesize that analysts will supplement firms’ financial information by placing greater relative emphasis on their own private (or idiosyncratic) information when deriving their earnings forecasts for firms with significant intangible assets. Our evidence is consistent with this hypothesis. We find that the consensus in analysts’ forecasts, measured as the correlation in analysts’ forecast errors, is negatively associated with a firm’s level of intangible assets. This result is robust to controlling for analyst uncertainty about a firm’s future earnings, which we also find to be higher for firms with high levels of internally generated (and expensed) intangibles. Given that analyst uncertainty increases and analyst consensus decreases with the level of a firm’s intangible assets, we also expect and find that the degree to which the mean forecast aggregates private information and is more accurate than an individual analyst’s forecast increases with a firm’s intangible assets. Finally, additional analysis reveals that lower levels of analyst consensus are associated with high-technology manufacturing companies, and that this association is explained by the relatively high R&D expenditures made by these firms. Overall, our results are consistent with financial analysts augmenting the financial reporting systems of firms with higher levels of intangible assets (in terms of contributing to more accurate earnings expectations), particularly R&D-driven high-tech manufacturers.
Communication Through Jamming Over a Slotted ALOHA Channel

This correspondence derives bounds on the jamming capacity of a slotted ALOHA system. A system with n legitimate users, each with a Bernoulli arrival process is considered. Packets are temporarily stored at the corresponding user queues, and a slotted ALOHA strategy is used for packet transmissions over the shared channel. The scenario considered is that of a pair of illegitimate users that jam legitimate transmissions in order to communicate over the slotted ALOHA channel. Jamming leads to binary signaling between the illegitimate users, with packet collisions due to legitimate users treated as (multiplicative) noise in this channel. Further, the queueing dynamics at the legitimate users stochastically couples the jamming strategy used by the illegitimate users and the channel evolution. By considering various independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) jamming strategies, achievable jamming rates over the slotted ALOHA channel are derived. Further, an upper bound on the jamming capacity over the class of all ergodic jamming policies is derived. These bounds are shown to be tight in the limit where the offered system load approaches unity.
The Combined Effect of Wages and Firm Profit on Employee Effort

This study investigates whether paying higher wages motivates employees to provide higher effort and whether firm profit moderates this relation. Consistent with gift exchange (Akerlof 1982) and reciprocity (Rabin 1993) models, my experimental results show that workers provided more effort when they were paid higher wages even though there was no ex post financial reward for doing so. Moreover, firm profit influenced the relation between wages and effort. Workers provided higher effort when firm profit decreased compared to when it increased. This suggests that the degree of reciprocity is affected by firm profit. However, workers' responded asymmetrically to firm profit, in that they behaved as if they expected to share in firm profit increases but not decreases. Although firms were fairly adept at predicting the profit‐maximizing wage strategy, they apparently did not anticipate workers' reluctance to share in firm profit decreases.
On the Degrees-of-Freedom of the K-user Gaussian interference channel

The degrees-of-freedom of a K-user Gaussian interference channel (GIFC) has been defined to be the multiple of (1/2) log 2 P at which the maximum sum of achievable rates grows with increasing P. In this paper, we establish that the degrees-of-freedom of three or more user, real, scalar GIFCs, viewed as a function of the channel coefficients, is discontinuous at points where all of the coefficients are non-zero rational numbers. More specifically, for all K ≫ 2, we find a class of K-user GIFCs that is dense in the GIFC parameter space for which K/2 degrees-of-freedom are exactly achievable, and we show that the degrees-of-freedom for any GIFC with non-zero rational coefficients is strictly smaller than K/2. These results are proved using new connections with number theory and additive combinatorics.
Effects of Internet Commerce on Social Trust

As of the early 21st century, one of the most popular uses of the internet is for online shopping. In this study I examine how online purchasing affects levels of generalized social trust, a quality widely be- lieved to be central to the health and well-being of contemporary societies. Drawing on two original studies, including an experiment embedded in a representative national survey, and a hybrid laboratory/field experiment, I find consistent evidence that positive e-commerce experiences promote generalized social trust. I discuss the implications of these findings for the role of business in helping to maintain attitudes supportive of democracy. E-commerce has been expanding at an impressive rate; as of 2001 well over 100 million Americans had purchased a product online (Intermarket Group 2001). As of 2007, 51.1 percent of adult internet users reported that they bought products and services online (Direct Marketing Association 2007), and total online sales are expected to hit 259 billion dollars (Forrester Research 2007). At the same time, the increasing popularity of the internet has prompted concerns about the impact this new technology has on social life, and on levels of social trust in particular. In this study I hypothesize that participation in e-commerce stimulates higher levels of social trust. When people purchase goods from others who are not known in a face-to-face context, and those others turn out to be trustworthy, this raises people's baseline expectation about the trustworthiness of others. If people increasingly experience successful commercial interactions via internet with people in faraway places, then increasing e-commerce will have positive implications for generalized social trust.
Adaptive Asset Allocation Policies

This article proposes an asset allocation policy that adapts to market movements by taking into account changes in the outstanding market values of major asset classes. Such a policy considers important information, reduces or avoids contrarian behavior, and can be followed by a majority of investors.
Coexistence phenomenon in autoparametric excitation of two degree of freedom systems

Abstract Coexistence phenomenon refers to the absence of expected tongues of instability in parametrically excited systems. In this paper we obtain sufficient conditions for coexistence to occur in the generalized Ince equation ( 1 + a 1 cos t + a 2 cos 2 t ) v ¨ + ( b 1 sin t + b 2 sin 2 t ) v ˙ + ( δ + c 1 cos t + c 2 cos 2 t ) v = 0 . The results are applied to the stability of motion of a non-linear normal mode, the x-mode, in a class of conservative two degree of freedom systems.
C ? C Fragmentation: Origins and Recent Applications

It has been 60 years since Eschenmoser and Frey disclosed the archetypal CC fragmentation reaction. New fragmentations and several variants of the original quickly followed. Many of these variations, which include the Beckmann, Grob, Wharton, Marshall, and Eschenmoser-Tanabe fragmentations, have been reviewed over the intervening years. A close examination of the origins of fragmentation has not been described. Recently, useful new methods have flourished, particularly fragmentations that give alkynes and allenes, and such reactions have been applied to a range of complex motifs and natural products. This Review traces the origins of fragmentation reactions and provides a summary of the methods, applications, and new insights of heterolytic CC fragmentation reactions advanced over the last 20 years.
Government borrowing using bonds with randomly determined returns: Welfare improving randomization in the context of deficit finance

Abstract We study the problem of a government that wishes to share optimally the burden of deficit finance among agents with differential access to investment opportunities. In the presence of private information, it is Pareto efficient for the government to borrow in a way that amounts to non-linear taxation, and it must treat agents with access to the best investment opportunities preferentially to keep them in the bond market. In addition, with private information about access to assets, it is often desirable to randomize extraneously the return on the highest yielding government liabilities. The optimal government policy is shown to accord well with historical observations and provides insight into why explicit randomization is not often observed in private contracts.
Nighttime lights revisited : the use of nighttime lights data as a proxy for economic variables

The growing availability of free or inexpensive satellite imagery has inspired many researchers to investigate the use of earth observation data for monitoring economic activity around the world. One of the most popular earth observation data sets is the so-called nighttime lights from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program. Researchers have found positive correlations between nighttime lights and several economic variables. These correlations are based on data measured in levels, with a cross-section of observations within a single time period across countries or other geographic units. The findings suggest that nighttime lights could be used as a proxy for some economic variables, especially in areas or times where data are weak or unavailable. Yet, logic suggests that nighttime lights cannot serve as a good proxy for monitoring the within-in country growth rates all of these variables. Examples examined this paper include constant price gross domestic product, non-agricultural gross domestic product, manufacturing value added, and capital stocks, as well as electricity consumption, total population, and urban population. The study finds that the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program data are quite noisy and therefore the resulting growth elasticities of Defense Meteorological Satellite Program nighttime lights with respect to most of these socioeconomic variables are low, unstable over time, and generate little explanatory power. The one exception for which Defense Meteorological Satellite Program nighttime lights could serve as a proxy is electricity consumption, measured in 10-year intervals. It is hoped that improved data from the recently launched Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership satellite will help expand or improve these outcomes. Testing this should be an important next step.
Combining cycloisomerization with trienamine catalysis: a regiochemically flexible enantio- and diastereoselective synthesis of hexahydroindoles

The synthesis of polysubstituted hexahydroindoles through trienamine-organocatalyzed cycloadditions of pyrrolidinyl dienals, prepared by palladium-catalyzed cycloisomerization, is reported. The cycloadditions of this novel class of dienals proceed with excellent levels of enantio- and diastereoselectivity, with the regioselectivity of cycloaddition with respect to the tethering ring readily tuned through design of the cycloisomerization substrate. This work culminates in the first examples of double-stereodifferentiating trienamine catalysis, where catalyst stereocontrol dominates facial selectivity in the cycloaddition, affording azacyclic products that are specifically functionalized at every position.
Iron-Catalyzed Direct Diazidation for a Broad Range of Olefins.

Reported herein is a new iron-catalyzed diastereoselective olefin diazidation reaction which occurs at room temperature (1-5 mol% of catalysts and d.r. values of up to >20:1). This method tolerates a broad range of both unfunctionalized and highly functionalized olefins, including those that are incompatible with existing methods. It also provides a convenient approach to vicinal primary diamines as well as other synthetically valuable nitrogen-containing building blocks which are difficult to obtain with alternative methods. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction may proceed through a new mechanistic pathway in which both Lewis acid activation and iron-enabled redox-catalysis are crucial for selective azido-group transfer.
Block codes for the hard-square model

The hard-square model is a two-dimensional (2-D) constrained system consisting of all binary arrays on a rectangular grid in which 1's are isolated both horizontally and vertically. This paper proposes algorithms to search for single-state and finite-state block codes with rectangular codewords that satisfy the hard-square constraint. Although the codeword size is small, single-state block codes with coding rates larger than 0.5 can be designed. Letting the 2-D constrained sequences have finite memory increases the achievable coding rate. A method for designing low-complexity encoders and decoders is also presented. When the codeword size increases, the coding rate asymptotically approaches the capacity but with rapidly increasing complexity of the encoder and decoder.
ASTRID: Accurate Species TRees from Internode Distances

Incomplete lineage sorting (ILS), modelled by the multi-species coalescent (MSC), is known to create discordance between gene trees and species trees, and lead to inaccurate species tree estimations unless appropriate methods are used to estimate the species tree. While many statistically consistent methods have been developed to estimate the species tree in the presence of ILS, only ASTRAL-2 and NJst have been shown to have good accuracy on large datasets. Yet, NJst is generally slower and less accurate than ASTRAL-2, and cannot run on some datasets. We have redesigned NJst to enable it to run on all datasets, and we have expanded its design space so that it can be used with different distance-based tree estimation methods. The resultant method, ASTRID, is statistically consistent under the MSC model, and has accuracy that is competitive with ASTRAL-2. Furthermore, ASTRID is much faster than ASTRAL-2, completing in minutes on some datasets for which ASTRAL-2 used hours. ASTRID is a new coalescent-based method for species tree estimation that is competitive with the best current method in terms of accuracy, while being much faster. ASTRID is available in open source form on github.
Air Passivation of Chalcogen Vacancies in Two-Dimensional Semiconductors

Defects play important roles in semiconductors (SCs). Unlike those in bulk SCs, defects in two-dimensional (2D) SCs are exposed to the surrounding environment, which can potentially modify their properties/functions. Air is a common environment, yet its impact on the defects in 2D SCs still remains elusive. Here we study the interaction between air and chalcogen vacancies (V(X)), the most typical defects in 2D SCs. Although the interaction is weak for most molecules in air, O2 can be chemisorbed at V(X) with a barrier that correlates with the SC cohesive energy and can be overcome even at room temperature for certain SCs. Importantly, the chemisorbed O2 changes the V(X) from commonly believed harmful carrier-traps to electronically benign sites. This unusual behavior originates from the isovalence between O2 and X when bonded with metal. Based on these findings, a facile approach is proposed to improve the performance of 2D SCs by using air/O2 to passivate the defects.
Convex Modeling of Interactions With Strong Heredity

We consider the task of fitting a regression model involving interactions among a potentially large set of covariates, in which we wish to enforce strong heredity. We propose FAMILY, a very general framework for this task. Our proposal is a generalization of several existing methods, such as VANISH, hierNet, the all-pairs lasso, and the lasso using only main effects. It can be formulated as the solution to a convex optimization problem, which we solve using an efficient alternating directions method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm. This algorithm has guaranteed convergence to the global optimum, can be easily specialized to any convex penalty function of interest, and allows for a straightforward extension to the setting of generalized linear models. We derive an unbiased estimator of the degrees of freedom of FAMILY, and explore its performance in a simulation study and on an HIV sequence dataset. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Some Limitations of the Sum of Small-Bias Distributions

We exhibit "-biased distributions D on n bits and functions f :f0; 1g n ! f0; 1g such that the xor of two independent copies (D + D) does not fool f, for any of the following choices: 1. " = 2 ( n) and f is in P/poly; 2. " = 2 ( n= logn) and f is in NC 2 ; 3. " = n log (1) n and f is in AC 0 ; 4. " = n c and f is a one-way space O(c logn) algorithm, for any c; 5. " = n 0:029 and f is a mod 3 linear function.
Comparative Structural Connectivity Spectra Analysis (CoSCoSA) Models of Steroid Binding to the Corticosteroid Binding Globulin

A three-dimensional quantitative spectrometric data-activity relationship (3D-QSDAR) model was developed that is built by combining NMR spectral information with structural information in a 3D-connectivity matrix. The 3D-connectivity matrix is built by displaying all possible carbon-to-carbon connections with their assigned carbon NMR chemical shifts and distances between the carbons. Selected 2D 13C-13C COrrelation SpectroscopY (COSY) (through-bond nearest neighbors) and selected theoretical 2D 13C-13C distance connectivity spectral slices from the 3D-connectivity matrix to produce a relationship among the spectral patterns for 30 steroids binding to corticosteroid binding globulin. We call this technique a comparative structural connectivity spectra analysis (CoSCoSA) modeling. A CoSCoSA principal component linear regression model based on the combination of 13C-13C COSY and 13C-13C distance spectra principal components (PCs) had an r2 of 0.96 and a leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validation q2 of 0.92. A CoS...
Kinetics of Oxygen Surface Exchange on Epitaxial Ruddlesden–Popper Phases and Correlations to First-Principles Descriptors

Through alignment of theoretical modeling with experimental measurements of oxygen surface exchange kinetics on (001)-oriented La2–xSrxMO4+δ (M = Co, Ni, Cu) thin films, we demonstrate here the capability of the theoretical bulk O 2p-band centers to correlate with oxygen surface-exchange kinetics of the Ruddlesden–Popper oxide (RP214) (001)-oriented thin films. In addition, we demonstrate that the bulk O 2p-band centers can also correlate with the experimental activation energies for bulk oxygen transport and oxygen surface exchange of both the RP214 and the perovskite polycrystalline materials reported in the literature, indicating the effectiveness of the bulk O 2p-band centers in describing the associated energetics and kinetics. We propose that the opposite slopes of the bulk O 2p-band center correlations between the RP214 and the perovskite materials are due to the intrinsic mechanistic differences of their oxygen surface exchange kinetics and bulk anionic transport.
Masters of Illusion

Part I. National Security in the New Age: 1. A world wounded 2. Long-term economic realism Part II. American Public Culture and the World: 3. 'Smooth comforts false' - the illusions that confuse us 4. Towers of illusion: dysfunctional behaviors 5. Mythomaniacs: the sources of our illusions Part III. American Public Culture and Ourselves: 6. Champions of freedom or imperialists: how we're perceived 7. We're different now Part IV. The Reconfiguration of National Wealth and Power: 8. The economic roots of American power 9. Economic disparities amongst nations 10. Geopolitical aspirations of the nations Part V. Vortexes of Danger: 11. A Witch's brew of troubles: the next big wars 12. The Middle East Part VI. The American Response: 13. Strategic independence: an ounce of prevention 14. America as mature superpower Part VII. Leading Toward Peace: 15. The dangers of overreach 16. The transatlantic trap 17. The middle course Part VIII. American Presidential Leadership: 18. How public culture inhibits presidential leadership 19. Choosing a great president 20. Masters of illusions Endnotes.
Gender and highbrow cultural participation in the United States

Abstract Empirical analyses of cultural choice consistently report that gender is an essential determinant of cultural participation. In particular, women are significantly more likely than men to participate in high-status cultural activities. However, research on the determinants of the gender gap in high culture remains scarce. Using recent data on the United States (Survey of Public Participation in the Arts 2008), this research integrates several explanations of the gender gap in highbrow cultural participation. Specifically, the models explore the effect of (1) early socialization in the arts and socioeconomic status; (2) differential involvement by gender in the labor force; and (3) the influence of marriage on women's and men's cultural participation. A key result is that the gender gap in highbrow culture can be traced partly to differences in early socialization in the arts for women and men. Several employment-related variables also reinforce the gender gap in cultural participation.
Acousto-Optic Mode-locked Soliton Laser

We describe the operation of an acousto-optic modelocked soliton laser. Stabilized laser operation has been obtained with performance similar to that of the synchronously pumped soliton laser. This active modelocking technique eliminates the need for a modelocked pump laser.
Copper-catalyzed one-pot tandem synthesis of unsymmetrical diaryl chalcogenides from two different aryl iodides

Abstract Unsymmetrical diaryl chalcogenides were synthesized by a novel one-pot tandem process from two different aryl iodides. A symmetrical diaryl dichalcogenide (ArEEAr, E = Se or Te) was initially obtained by a Cu 2 O-cataylzed coupling reaction of ArI with elemental selenium or tellurium in the presence of KOH. Without purification, it was subsequently coupled with a different aryl iodide (Ar′I) to give the unsymmetrical diaryl chalcogenides (ArEAr′) in good yields.
Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation

Strategies and technology related to catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) continue to advance since its inception nearly 20 years ago. Broader selections of patients are now offered ablation with a similar level of procedural outcome and safety standards. It is hoped that improved understanding of the pathophysiologic processes of the initiation and maintenance of AF will refine target selection during ablation and improve long-term procedural efficacy, particularly in patients with persistent and long-standing persistent AF.
Two universal, probabilistic measures of competitive imbalance

ABSTRACTI propose two universal measures of competitive imbalance. The first is, like those in the existing literature, based on team season win–loss records. The second is based solely on the outcomes of the various series of individual matchups during a season. Both measures will on average equal (2p − 1)2, where p is the ‘typical’ probability that the stronger team will win any particular game. Both measures will average zero when a league is competitively balanced and will converge to 1 as the league approaches perfect imbalance. In addition, both measures are universal, in that they are on average independent of the number of teams in the league and the number of games played during the season.
The Ant and the Grasshopper: Understanding Personal Saving Orientation of Consumers

A low savings rate is a persistent social issue with significant present and future ramifications. As an alternative to conceptualizing saving money as goal-directed behavior, the present research examines the chronic tendencies of people to save money in a consistent and sustained manner through a personal saving orientation (PSO). Drawing upon theorizing on action control and research on forming and maintaining habits, the PSO emphasizes consistent, sustainable saving activities and incorporating them into one’s lifestyle. In a set of nine studies, the PSO scale is developed and its nomological, test-retest, discriminant, and predictive validities are established. The results also show that the PSO moderates the relationship between consumers’ financial knowledge and their accumulated savings. Additionally, low-PSO consumers are responsive to an intervention to help them save money. The PSO offers an effective method for understanding differences between consumers in their financial decision making and behaviors, and it can be used as a guide to encourage consistent and sustained saving practices.
The property suffix tree with dynamic properties

In the Property Indexing Problem the goal is to preprocess a text T of size n over a constant sized alphabet Σ and a set of intervals π over the text positions, such that given a query pattern P of size m we can report all of the occurrences of P in T which are completely contained within some interval from π. This type of matching is extremely helpful for scenarios in molecular biology where it has long been a practice to consider special areas in the genome by their structure. It is also helpful for solving pattern matching problems over weighted sequences.So far the focus has been on the static version of this problem where the intervals are given a priori and never changed. This paper focuses on several dynamic settings of π including an incremental version where new intervals are inserted into π, a decremental version where intervals are deleted from π, a fully dynamic version where intervals may be inserted into or deleted from π, and a batched insertions version where sets of intervals are inserted into π. In particular, the batched version provides a new (optimal) algorithm for the static case.
Biomedical Acupuncture for Sports and Trauma Rehabilitation: Dry Needling Techniques

1. Integrative Systemic Dry Needling or Dry Needling Acupuncture: A New Modality for Athletes 2. Homeostasis and Stress in Sports and Exercise 3. Human Brain Plasticity, Sports, and Sports Injuries 4. Musculoskeletal Systems and Human Movement 5. Overtraining Syndrome and the Use of Muscle in Exercise 6. Clinical Mechanisms of Integrative Systemic Dry Needling 7. Physiology of Acu-Reflex Points 8. Neuroanatomy of Acu-Reflex Points 9. Homeostatic Acu-Reflex Point System 10. Trigger Points and the Integrative Neuromuscular Acu-Reflex Point System 11. Visceral Pain and Visceral-Somatic Reflexes 12. Pathomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System and Acu-Reflex Points 13. Using Dry Needling Acupuncture for Preventing Injury and Enhancing Athletic Performance 14. General Principles of Treating Soft-Tissue Dysfunction in Sports Injuries 15. Preventive and Therapeutic Treatment of Injuries in Selected Sports 16. Safety Issues in Dry Needling Acupuncture Practice
The Value of Routine Preoperative Medical Testing before Cataract Surgery

Background Routine preoperative medical testing is commonly performed in patients scheduled to undergo cataract surgery, although the value of such testing is uncertain. We performed a study to determine whether routine testing helps reduce the incidence of intraoperative and postoperative medical complications. Methods We randomly assigned 19,557 elective cataract operations in 18,189 patients at nine centers to be preceded or not preceded by a standard battery of medical tests (electrocardiography, complete blood count, and measurement of serum levels of electrolytes, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and glucose), in addition to a history taking and physical examination. Adverse medical events and interventions on the day of surgery and during the seven days after surgery were recorded. Results Medical outcomes were assessed in 9408 patients who underwent 9626 cataract operations that were not preceded by routine testing and in 9411 patients who underwent 9624 operations that were preceded by routine testing....
Abrasion Resistance of Pre-Stressed and Stressed Rubber Vulcanizates

Abstract The abrasion resistance of carbon black-reinforced SBR-1500 vulcanizates has been shown to be drastically reduced by the application of tensile strain during the abrasion process. Pre-stressing of similar vulcanizates, however, has no effect upon the abrasion resistance.
Trisubstituted 2-trifluoromethyl pyrrolidines via catalytic asymmetric michael addition/reductive cyclization

The stereoselective synthesis of trisubstituted 2-trifluoromethyl pyrrolidines by asymmetric Michael addition/hydrogenative cyclization is described. The direct organocatalytic addition of 1,1,1-trifluoromethylketones to nitroolefins proceeds under mild reaction conditions and low catalyst loadings to provide Michael adducts in high yield with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivity. Catalytic hydrogenation of the Michael adducts stereoselectively generates 2-trifluoromethylated pyrrolidines bearing three contiguous stereocenters. A stereospecific route to epimeric 2-trifluoromethyl pyrrolidines from a common intermediate is described.
Oral History and Memory: A Personal Journey

Abstract: Autobiographical essay by Margaret Randall on her experience as a cultural and social activist who focused part of her work in Oral History. “How I got into doing oral history was simple. The way I went about it responded to my lack of formal training—I had no university degree, wasn’t an anthropologist or ethnographer. In line with my innate pragmatism, I wanted to know and so I asked.
Charles J. Pedersen: Innovator in macrocyclic chemistry and co-recipient of the 1987 Nobel Prize in chemistry

Charles J. Pedersen began life in Korea where his father was employed as an engineer at a gold mine in a remote region of that country. He received his primary and secondary school education in Japan and university training in the United States. He was employed as an organic research chemist at DuPont for 42 years. The signal accomplishment of this unusual individual was his serendipitous discovery of macrocyclic polyethers and of their selective complexation of alkali metal cations. This discovery sparked the development of a new field of chemistry and led to his sharing the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1987. An attempt is made to understand Pedersen as a person in this article.
Information optimal compressive x-ray threat detection

We present an information-theoretic approach to X-ray measurement design for threat detection in passenger bags. Unlike existing X-ray systems that rely of a large number of sequential tomographic projections for threat detection based on 3D reconstruction, our approach exploits the statistical priors on shape/material of items comprising the bag to optimize multiplexed measurements that can be used directly for threat detection without an intermediate 3D reconstruction. Simulation results show that the optimal multiplexed design achieves higher probability of detection for a given false alarm rate and lower probability of error for a range of exposure (photon) budgets, relative to the non-multiplexed measurements. For example, a 99% detection probability is achieved by optimal multiplexed design requiring 4x fewer measurements than non-multiplexed design.
Constraint-Based Inference in Probabilistic Logic Programs

Probabilistic Logic Programs (PLPs) generalize traditional logic programs and allow the encoding of models combining logical structure and uncertainty. In PLP, inference is performed by summarizing the possible worlds which entail the query in a suitable data structure, and using this data structure to compute the answer probability. Systems such as ProbLog, PITA, etc., use propositional data structures like explanation graphs, BDDs, SDDs, etc., to represent the possible worlds. While this approach saves inference time due to substructure sharing, there are a number of problems where a more compact data structure is possible. We propose a data structure called Ordered Symbolic Derivation Diagram (OSDD) which captures the possible worlds by means of constraint formulas. We describe a program transformation technique to construct OSDDs via query evaluation, and give procedures to perform exact and approximate inference over OSDDs. Our approach has two key properties. Firstly, the exact inference procedure is a generalization of traditional inference, and results in speedup over the latter in certain settings. Secondly, the approximate technique is a generalization of likelihood weighting in Bayesian Networks, and allows us to perform sampling-based inference with lower rejection rate and variance. We evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed techniques through experiments on several problems.
Genome-wide analysis of single non-templated nucleotides in plant endogenous siRNAs and miRNAs

Plant small RNAs are subject to various modifications. Previous reports revealed widespread 3' modifications (truncations and non-templated tailing) of plant miRNAs when the 2'-O-methyltransferase HEN1 is absent. However, non-templated nucleotides in plant heterochromatic siRNAs have not been deeply studied, especially in wild-type plants. We systematically studied non-templated nucleotide patterns in plant small RNAs by analyzing small RNA sequencing libraries from Arabidopsis, tomato, Medicago, rice, maize and Physcomitrella Elevated rates of non-templated nucleotides were observed at the 3' ends of both miRNAs and endogenous siRNAs from wild-type specimens of all species. 'Off-sized' small RNAs, such as 25 and 23 nt siRNAs arising from loci dominated by 24 nt siRNAs, often had very high rates of 3'-non-templated nucleotides. The same pattern was observed in all species that we studied. Further analysis of 24 nt siRNA clusters in Arabidopsis revealed distinct patterns of 3'-non-templated nucleotides of 23 nt siRNAs arising from heterochromatic siRNA loci. This pattern of non-templated 3' nucleotides on 23 nt siRNAs is not affected by loss of known small RNA 3'-end modifying enzymes, and may result from modifications added to longer heterochromatic siRNA precursors.
Characterization of E. coli Gene Regulatory Network and its Topological Enhancement by Edge Rewiring

The innate resilience of biological organisms have long inspired the design of robust systems. Gene regulatory network (GRN) is one such biological network which possesses a gamut of topological properties that contribute to its robustness. In this work, we study E. coli GRN as a three-tier topology to characterize such properties and explain why GRN is particularly vulnerable to failure of hub nodes. We also propose an edge rewiring mechanism on existing E. coli GRN topology to strengthen its robustness against hub failure. With extensive experiments on E. coli GRN, we show that its topological properties improve significantly after applying edge rewiring. Finally, we design wireless sensor networks using original and rewired E. coli GRN topologies. Simulation results indicate that rewired GRN has higher packet delivery and lower latency than original GRN.
A view of the fifth generation and its impact

In October 1981, .Japan announced a national project to develop highly innovative computer systems for the 199Os, with the title “Fifth Generation Computer Systems ” This paper is a personal view of that project, its significance, and reactions to it.
Analysis of polarizability measurements made with atom interferometry

We present revised measurements of the static electric dipole polarizabilities of K, Rb, and Cs based on atom interferometer experiments presented in [Phys. Rev. A 2015, 92, 052513] but now re-analyzed with new calibrations for the magnitude and geometry of the applied electric ﬁeld gradient. The resulting polarizability values did not change, but the uncertainties were signiﬁcantly reduced. Then, we interpret several measurements of alkali metal atomic polarizabilities in terms of atomic oscillator strengths fik, Einstein coefﬁcients Aik, state lifetimes τk, transition dipole matrix elements Dik, line strengths Sik, and van der Waals C6 coefﬁcients. Finally, we combine atom interferometer measurements of polarizabilities with independent measurements of lifetimes and C6 values in order to quantify the residual contribution to polarizability due to all atomic transitions other than the principal ns-npJ transitions for alkali metal atoms.
An optimal parallel algorithm for volume ray casting

Volume rendering by ray casting is a computationally expensive problem. For interactive volume visualization, rendering has to be done in real time (3D frames/sec). Since the typical 3D dataset size is at least 128/sup 3/, the use of parallel processing is imperative. We present an O(log n) EREW algorithm for volume rendering using O(n/sup 3/) processors which can be optimized to O(log/sup 3/ n) time using O(n/sup 3//log/sup 3/ n) processors. We have implemented our algorithm on MasPar MPl200. The implementation results show that a frame from 123/sup 3/ data size is generated in about 3 seconds using 4096 processors. >
Mitigation of the Effects of Common-Mode Current on the Operation of SCR-Based Rectifiers for AC Drives

Common-mode current generated by the pulse-width modulated (PWM) ac drive at low modulation index and higher switching frequency results in overheating of the precharge resistor of the silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR)-based rectifier. In this paper, two modifications are proposed for the operation of SCR-based rectifiers to significantly reduce the resistor overheating issue. The solution is cost and size effective when compared with alternative solutions. Experimental results are provided to show the reduction of common-mode current flow through the precharge resistor and the consequent reduction in its temperature.
Knight contra mundum

There is an element in Knight’s career that gives the impression he was against the world. He founded the Chicago school, but they subsequently took somewhat different paths. He had close affinities with the Austrian School, but had some serious points of difference. He shared some of the social concerns of Keynes, and yet despite even sharing some fundamental assumptions, Knight ended up diametrically opposed to his conclusions. While he had great interest in socialism and Marxism, going back to his early study visit to Germany, he was greatly opposed to such schools of thought. It seemed that it was indeed Knight the prophet contra mundum, or at least at odds with the world of intellectual economic endeavour. This chapter will look at these oppositions, except for Chicago which was examined briefly in the opening chapter, but let us first consider the Austrians.