cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cadmium telluride (CdTe) and cadmium selenide (CdSe) leaching behavior and surface chemistry in response to pH and O2

Cadmium telluride (CdTe) and cadmium selenide (CdSe) are increasingly being applied in photovoltaic solar cells and electronic components. A major concern is the public health and ecological risks associated with the potential release of toxic cadmium, tellurium, and/or selenium species. In this study, different tests were applied to investigate the leaching behavior of CdTe and CdSe in solutions simulating landfill leachate. CdTe showed a comparatively high leaching potential. In the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and Waste Extraction Test (WET), the concentrations of cadmium released from CdTe were about 1500 and 260 times higher than the regulatory limit (1 mg/L). In contrast, CdSe was relatively stable and dissolved selenium in both leaching tests was below the regulatory limit (1 mg/L). Nonetheless, the regulatory limit for cadmium was exceeded by 5- to 6- fold in both tests. Experiments performed under different pH and redox conditions confirmed a marked enhancement in CdTe and CdSe dissolution both at acidic pH and under aerobic conditions. These findings are in agreement with thermodynamic predictions. Taken as a whole, the results indicate that recycling of decommissioned CdTe-containing devices is desirable to prevent the potential environmental release of toxic cadmium and tellurium in municipal landfills.
Introduction to the symposium on high‐dose cytosine arabinoside

Cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) was first introduced into clinical trial in 1963. Twenty years later the optimum dosage and schedule are still being sought. High dose regimens promise to improve upon the already impressive effectiveness of this antimetabolite against acute leukemia, and to increase its range of indications to include lymphomas and certain carcinomas. Pharmacological monitoring will play a key role in future clinical evaluations of high dose Ara-C.
STRESS-WAVE-INDUCED DAMAGE IN ALUMINA

On etudie les mecanismes et la cinetique de la fragmentation de l'alumine sous des conditions d'impact. On a conduit les essais dans un canon a gaz, les disques d'alumine etant confines dans des capsules de cuivre et d'aluminium, afin de produire des contraintes de compression et de compression plus traction dans l'alumine
Novel nucleoside inhibitors of guanosine metabolism as antitumor agents.

Abstract A detailed study of the inhibition of DR And TR in the SkLu-1 line of human lung adenocarcinoma has shown that TR significantly inhibits this tumor line, probably via inhibition of IMP dehydrogenase by the corresponding TAD analog of NAD. DR exhibiteda similar degree of inhibition in this cell line. In a system devised to detect the inhibition of cloning efficiency of the SkLu cells, DR showed a 50% inhibition at 4 × 10 −3 m and TR at 1 × 10 −4 m . When DR and TR were used in combination, the ID50 was decreased to 3 × 10 −5 m . The study of DR in a number of human carcinoma cell lines revealed that de novo purine biosynthesis was significantly inhibited; however, in the SkLu-1 lung carcinoma cells this inhibition was not observed. The synergism observed in this cell line is presently viewed as potentially due to both agents acting on IMP dehydrogenase at different sites.
Enhanced Image Generation Abilities in Deaf Signers: A Right Hemisphere Effect

Deaf subjects who use American Sign Language as their primary language generated visual mental images faster than hearing nonsigning subjects when stimuli were initially presented to the right hemisphere. Deaf subjects exhibited a strong right hemisphere advantage for image generation using either categorical or coordinate spatial relations representations. In contrast, hearing subjects showed evidence of left hemisphere processing for categorical spatial relations representations, and no hemispheric asymmetry for coordinate spatial relations representations. The enhanced right hemisphere image generation abilities observed in deaf singers may be linked to a stronger right hemisphere involvement in processing imageable signs and linguistically encoded spatial relations.
The Rise of a Market for Industrial Securities, 1887-1902

The performance of industrial securities in the depression of 1893-97 went far toward ridding the financial community of the idea that such securities generally lacked investment quality. This ship in investing sentiment was a factor of major significance in accelerating the merger movement, the promoters of which, in turn, broadened the market for industrials still further. This they accomplished by offering wide participations in promising ventures, by sweetening those participations through extensive recourse to preferred stocks, and by employing promotional techniques new to the field of industrial security marketing. The creation of a broad market for industrial stocks, hitherto highly inflexible administrative tools, meant vastly increased fluidity of ownership. By the turn of the century the transition was well under way from closely held, “inside” ownership of American business to semipublic, “outside” hands.
Global Dimension of Transitive Square-Free Rings

Abstract Each transitive square-free ring R has a canonical poset. In this paper we investigate connections between the structure of this poset and the projective dimensions of the simple R-modules. We then use these results to characterize the posets of transitive square-free rings with global dimension less than 3.
Superconducting thin-film technology and applications

In the past two years or so, significant gains have been made in cryogenic array technology and also in the necessary support areas. This survey reviews the problems peculiar to array fabrication, cites experimental evidence of recent progress, and attempts to project the likelihood of the emergence of various cryoelectronic data-processing systems. The approach is through a review of basic characteristics of superconductive devices for logic and storage functions and their implications with respect to fabrication methods.
Temporal synthesis of mitochondrial proteins from mouse epididymal spermatozoa

Mitochondria from ejaculated bovine spermatozoa contain a group of polypeptides ranging in molecular weights from 13,000 to 35,000 not found in other bovine or murine testicular mitochondria [Hecht and Bradley, 1981]. These proteins are present in the mitochondria isolated from both epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa. To establish when during epididymal transport, spermiogenesis, and/or meiosis these proteins are synthesized, the synthesis intervals for the mitochondrial proteins from cauda epididymal spermatozoa were established following intratesticular injection of (35S)methionine. Mice were killed every third day over a 33-day period and cauda epididymal spermatozoa were fractionated into mitochondrial and head components. Radioactivity in each fraction was monitored by liquid scintillation counting. Maximal incorporation was observed during spermiogenesis, although substantial amounts of protein were synthesized during meiosis. Analysis of the mitochondrial polypeptides by gel electrophoresis revealed that many polypeptides such as the cysteine-rich structural protein of the mitochondrial capsule were synthesized over prolonged intervals of spermiogenesis and meiosis rather than in a brief specific time period. These results suggest that spermatozoal mitochondria are produced by a sequential substitution of new proteins into the differentiating mitochondria rather than the abrupt appearance of a new class of mitochondria during spermatogenesis.
Surface diffusion in liquid‐filled pores

Surface diffusivities of benzaldehyde in liquid-filled pores of Amberlite particles (polystyrene) were measured at 25°C using water as a solvent. For particles of different surface areas but chemically similar pore surfaces, the intrinsic surface diffusivity Ds' was about the same, but the relative importance of surface to pore-volume diffusion increased with surface area. For a single type of particle, the adsorption capacity was decreased about twenty-fold by adding up to 19 mole % methanol to the solvent. This was accompanied by an increase in Ds' from 1.2 × 10−8 to 1.2 × 10−7 cm2/s. These results were interpreted in terms of a two-step theory for surface migration: (1) formation of a vacant site on the adsorbent surface followed by (2) movement of the adsorbate molecule into the site by breaking the surface-adsorbate bond. The theory predicts that surface transport will be large when the surface area is high and that the Ds' will be large when the heat of adsorption is low, and when the bond between solvent molecules and the surface is weak. In our studies the surface contribution to intraparticle transport was as much as 20 times the contribution due to pore-volume diffusion. This ratio increases as the concentration of adsorbate in the liquid decreases.
Influence of total vs. visceral fat on insulin action and secretion in African American and white children.

GORAN, MICHAEL I., RICHARD N. BERGMAN, AND BARBARA A. GOWER. Influence of total vs. visceral fat on insulin action and secretion in African American and white children. Obes Res. 2001;9:423‐ 431. Objective: To examine whether total body fat (FAT) in general or visceral fat (VFAT) in particular is associated with greater metabolic risk in white and African American children. Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 68 white and 51 African American children had measures of insulin sensitivity (Si) and acute insulin response (AIR) by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test, total body fat by DXA and abdominal fat distribution (visceral vs. subcutaneous) by computed tomography. The influence of FAT and VFAT on insulin parameters were examined by comparing subgroups of children with high or low FAT vs. high or low VFAT and by multiple regression analysis. Results: In whites, fasting insulin, Si, and AIR were significantly influenced by FAT, but not VFAT (e.g., for Si, 9.8 6 0.8 in low FAT vs. 4.6 6 0.7 3 10 24 /min/[mIU/mL[ in high FAT, p , 0.05; 6.8 6 0.7 in low VFAT vs. 7.5 6 0.8 3 10 24 /min/[mIU/mL] in high VFAT, p . 0.1). In African Americans, fasting insulin and Si were also primarily influenced by FAT (e.g., for Si, 4.9 6 0.4 in low FAT vs. 2.8 6 0.5 3 10 24 /min/[mIU/mL] in high FAT, p , 0.05) but not by VFAT, and there were no significant effects of either fat compartment on AIR. In multiple regression analysis, Si was significantly influenced by FAT (negative effect), ethnicity (lower in African Americans), and gender (lower in females), whereas fasting insulin was significantly influenced by VFAT (positive effect), ethnicity (higher in African Americans), and fat free mass (positive effect). Discussion: Body fat in general is the predominant factor influencing Si, but VFAT may have additional effects on fasting insulin. The lack of major effects of VFAT on Si in children may be explained by lower levels of VFAT or because VFAT affects aspects of whole body insulin action that are not measured by the minimal model.
Family support for persons with dual disorders

Families are critically important sources of housing, financial support, and direct care for persons with dual disorders.
Activation of mouse metallothionein I promoter by cadmium in human neuroblastoma cells

Metallothioneins (MTs) are cysteine-rich proteins that bind metal ions with high affinity. In all cell types that have been examined, mouse MT-I (mMT-I) and MT-II are up-regulated by zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), as well as pro-oxidants (i.e. tert-butyl-hydroquione, tBHQ). The 5’-flanking region of the mMT-I gene contains multiple cis-acting elements that bind the trans-acting factors Sp1, MRE-binding transcription factor-1 (MTF-1) and upstream stimulatory factor (USF). The promoter also includes an antioxidant responsive element (ARE) which overlaps the USF binding site. Transcriptional activation of mMT-I has been extensively studied, however there is little data on regulation of the mMT-I promoter in neuronal cells. Truncations of the mMT-I promoter were inserted into a luciferase (luc) reporter construct. IMR-32 cells were cotransfected with the mMT-I luciferase constructs and a RSV-galactosidase constitutive reporter, and treated with tBHQ (10 μM), Cd (0.5 μM), and Zn (100 μM). The —250 mMT-I-luc, —150 mMT-I-luc, —150 mMT-IΔUSF/ARE-luc (USF/ARE deleted) and MREd5-luc were activated by Cd. Remarkably, these same constructs were not activated by Zn or tBHQ. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays suggest that a functional MTF-1 is not present in the IMR-32 cells. Thus, the absence of MTF-1 could account for the lack of a Zn response. To test this hypothesis, IMR-32 cells were cotransfected with increasing concentrations of a mammalian expression vector for mouse MTF-1 (CMV-mMTF-1) and the -250 mMT-I-luc reporter construct. These conditions regenerated a Zn-mediated induction of the mMT-I reporter gene. Notably, activation this construct by Cd was unaffected by overexpression of mMTF-1. These data suggest that Cd activates the MRE by a MTF-1-independent mechanism in human IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells.
Grafting of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) onto nylon and polystyrene surfaces by atmospheric plasma treatment followed with free radical graft copolymerization

Stimuli-responsive polymer materials (SRPs) have potential uses in drug delivery, tissue engineering, bioreactors, and cell-surface adhesion control. Temperature-responsive surfaces were fabricated by grafting poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) onto nylon and polystyrene surfaces via a new procedure, i.e., He atmospheric plasma treatment followed by free radical graft copolymerization. The atmospheric plasma exhibits the activation capability to initiate graft copolymerization. The procedure is suitable for integration into a continuous manufacturing process. To reduce homopolymerization and enhance graft yield, Mohr's salt was added. The graft of PNIPAM was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Dramatic water contact angle increase was found for PNIPAM-grafted polymers at about 32°C, indicating the temperature sensitivity of the grafted surface, i.e., the change of surface from hydrophilic to hydrophobic when temperature increases above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The addition of Mohr's salt enhances the grafting reaction and the magnitude of temperature sensitivity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 3614–3621, 2007
POPULATION AND RACE IN MISSISSIPPI, 1940–1960

ABSTRACT The plural society of Mississippi, working through time, has produced two population geographies, with race the distinguisher. Whites and Negroes have significantly different distributions and trends of change at regional, local, and intermediate levels, and the geography of the total population is not closely representative of either race.
Quantitative Prediction of Repaglinide-Rifampicin Complex Drug Interactions Using Dynamic and Static Mechanistic Models: Delineating Differential CYP3A4 Induction and OATP1B1 Inhibition Potential of Rifampicin

Repaglinide is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2C8 and CYP3A4, and it is also a substrate to a hepatic uptake transporter, organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1. The purpose of this study is to predict the dosing time-dependent pharmacokinetic interactions of repaglinide with rifampicin, using mechanistic models. In vitro hepatic transport of repaglinide, characterized using sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes, and intrinsic metabolic parameters were used to build a dynamic whole-body physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. The PBPK model adequately described repaglinide plasma concentration-time profiles and successfully predicted area under the plasma concentration-time curve ratios of repaglinide (within ± 25% error), dosed (staggered 0-24 hours) after rifampicin treatment when primarily considering induction of CYP3A4 and reversible inhibition of OATP1B1 by rifampicin. Further, a static mechanistic "extended net-effect" model incorporating transport and metabolic disposition parameters of repaglinide and interaction potency of rifampicin was devised. Predictions based on the static model are similar to those observed in the clinic (average error ∼19%) and to those based on the PBPK model. Both the models suggested that the combined effect of increased gut extraction and decreased hepatic uptake caused minimal repaglinide systemic exposure change when repaglinide is dosed simultaneously or 1 hour after the rifampicin dose. On the other hand, isolated induction effect as a result of temporal separation of the two drugs translated to an approximate 5-fold reduction in repaglinide systemic exposure. In conclusion, both dynamic and static mechanistic models are instrumental in delineating the quantitative contribution of transport and metabolism in the dosing time-dependent repaglinide-rifampicin interactions.
Impact of Physician Reminders on the Use of Influenza Vaccinations: A Randomized Trial

Chan L, MacLehose RF, Houck PM. Impact of physician reminders on the use of influenza vaccinations: a randomized trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002;83:371-5. Objective: To analyze the impact of mailed physician re- minders to immunize their patients. Design: Randomized trial involving Washington State physiatrists participating in the Medicare program. In 1997, all physiatrists in the state were separated into solo or group practice. Solo physicians and group practices were then sepa- rately randomized to receive 4 monthly reminders to have their patients immunized. In 1998, the intervention and control groups were switched. Setting: The state of Washington. Patients: A total of 4300 Medicare outpatients seen in Washington State in 1997 and 4025 patients in 1998. Intervention: Repeated mailer. Main Outcome Measure: By using multivariate analysis, Medicare billing data was analyzed to determine the impact of the physician reminders on influenza vaccination rates. Results: Among solo practitioners, patients whose physia- trist received the reminder letters in 1998 were 34% more likely (adjusted relative risk (RR) 1.34; 95% confidence interval (CI), .96 -1.88) to have a vaccination billing. Among group practitioners, those patients whose physiatrist received the reminder letters in 1997 were 26% more likely (RR 1.26; 95% CI, .98 -1.60) to have a vaccination billing. These differ- ences, however, were not statistically significant. The adjusted RRs for the remaining intervention groups, solo practitioners in 1997 (RR .89; 95% CI, .63-1.26), and group practitioners in 1998 (RR 1.00; 95% CI, .73-1.36), revealed no increase in vaccination billings for patients whose physiatrist received the intervention. Conclusions: Repeated physician reminders did not increase the vaccination rate of Washington State Medicare patients who were seen by physiatrists in 1997 and 1998. These results were consistent whether the physiatrists were in solo or group practice. Other methods should be considered to improve the
Is imaging at intermediate doses necessary during dobutamine stress magnetic resonance imaging

To determine if visualization of left ventricular contraction throughout the course of a pharmacologic stress test performed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (rather than solely at baseline and peak stress) is necessary, we retrospectively reviewed dobutamine MRI results in 469 consecutively referred patients for diagnosis of inducible ischemia. At each stage of pharmacologic stress, six image planes of the heart were viewed and left ventricular wall motion was scored as normal, hypokinetic, akinetic, or dyskinetic. Inducible ischemia was identified in 102 patients; in 39 patients (38%), evidence of ischemia occurred before receiving high doses of dobutamine. During testing, 103 patients developed chest discomfort consistent with angina, but only 26 of the 103 patients (25%) developed new wall motion abnormalities indicative of ischemia. Continuous image acquisition and review during dobutamine MRI pharmacologic stress testing provides a mechanism to detect ischemia and avoid premature test termination during the early stages of the procedure. Compared with protocols that image only at baseline and at peak stress, continuous acquisition and review may enhance the safety and improve the diagnostic accuracy of pharmacologic stress testing during dobutamine MRI.
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by melanotic macules, intestinal polyps, and an increased cancer risk. It is caused by mutations in the serine/threonine kinase 11 gene (LKB1, STK11). About 1 in 100,000 individuals have PJS. If the diagnosis is unclear, all pathological material should be re-evaluated by an expert gastrointestinal pathologist. The PJS discussion email list-serve (patient managed) and the peutz-jeghers.com, geneclinics.org websites are useful resources for patients. Cancer surveillance is accepted as a method to increase survival for PJS patients, thus all PJS patients should be prescribed an individualized surveillance plan based on personal and family history as well as available health care resources while taking into consideration the preferences of the patient. Several recent incremental improvements in PJS care have been made including the use of magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) and double balloon endoscopy (DBE). MRE combines cancer and small intestinal polyp surveillance, which previously had required two or more separate tests. How and when to perform pancreatic cancer surveillance continues to be an unclear area in the management of PJS patients. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is probably the most sensitive investigation for pancreatic cancer detection at an early stage when cure may be possible.
Visualization of atypical hatching of a human blastocyst in vitro forming two identical embryos

A 34-year-old woman was referred to our IVF unit for her fourth IVF cycle. Six of eight oocytes retrieved were successfully fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). On day 3, four eight-cell embryos were transferred, leading to a singleton pregnancy and the delivery of a healthy female newborn at 36 weeks. The remaining two seven-cell embryos were left in culture for cryopreservation at the blastocyst stage.
More Techniques of Integration

Given that integration by substitution is in Sect. 6.5, a short review of substitution for integration is probably appropriate. Some of the substitutions here will be less obvious than those considered in the first semester of calculus. In addition, it is shown how the notation used for separable differential equations follows from integration by substitution.
A pilot study of the effect of spironolactone therapy on exercise capacity and endothelial dysfunction in pulmonary arterial hypertension: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a rare disorder associated with poor survival. Endothelial dysfunction plays a central role in the pathogenesis and progression of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Inflammation appears to drive this dysfunctional endothelial phenotype, propagating cycles of injury and repair in genetically susceptible patients with idiopathic and disease-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension. Therapy targeting pulmonary vascular inflammation to interrupt cycles of injury and repair and thereby delay or prevent right ventricular failure and death has not been tested. Spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid and androgen receptor antagonist, has been shown to improve endothelial function and reduce inflammation. Current management of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and symptoms of right heart failure includes use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists for their diuretic and natriuretic effects. We hypothesize that initiating spironolactone therapy at an earlier stage of disease in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension could provide additional benefits through anti-inflammatory effects and improvements in pulmonary vascular function. Seventy patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension without clinical evidence of right ventricular failure will be enrolled in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial to investigate the effect of early treatment with spironolactone on exercise capacity, clinical worsening and vascular inflammation in vivo. Our primary endpoint is change in placebo-corrected 6-minute walk distance at 24 weeks and the incidence of clinical worsening in the spironolactone group compared to placebo. At a two-sided alpha level of 0.05, we will have at least 84% power to detect an effect size (group mean difference divided by standard deviation) of 0.9 for the difference in the change of 6-minute walk distance from baseline between the two groups. Secondary endpoints include the effect of spironolactone on the change in placebo-corrected maximal oxygen consumption; plasma markers of vascular inflammation and peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression profiles; sympathetic nervous system activation, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation and sex hormone metabolism; and right ventricular structure and function using echocardiography and novel high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging-based techniques. Safety and tolerability of spironolactone will be assessed with periodic monitoring for hyperkalemia and renal insufficiency as well as the incidence of drug discontinuation for untoward effects. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01712620
Psd-95 and Sap97 Exhibit Distinct Mechanisms for Regulating K+ Channel Surface Expression and Clustering

Mechanisms of ion channel clustering by cytoplasmic membrane-associated guanylate kinases such as postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) and synapse-associated protein 97 (SAP97) are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the interaction of PSD-95 and SAP97 with voltage-gated or Kv K+ channels. Using Kv channels with different surface expression properties, we found that clustering by PSD-95 depended on channel cell surface expression. Moreover, PSD-95–induced clusters of Kv1 K+ channels were present on the cell surface. This was most dramatically demonstrated for Kv1.2 K+ channels, where surface expression and clustering by PSD-95 were coincidentally promoted by coexpression with cytoplasmic Kvβ subunits. Consistent with a mechanism of plasma membrane channel–PSD-95 binding, coexpression with PSD-95 did not affect the intrinsic surface expression characteristics of the different Kv channels. In contrast, the interaction of Kv1 channels with SAP97 was independent of Kv1 surface expression, occurred intracellularly, and prevented further biosynthetic trafficking of Kv1 channels. As such, SAP97 binding caused an intracellular accumulation of each Kv1 channel tested, through the accretion of SAP97 channel clusters in large (3–5 μm) ER-derived intracellular membrane vesicles. Together, these data show that ion channel clustering by PSD-95 and SAP97 occurs by distinct mechanisms, and suggests that these channel-clustering proteins may play diverse roles in regulating the abundance and distribution of channels at synapses and other neuronal membrane specializations.
The Passage of the Souls to Purgatory in the Divina Commedia

As the second canto of the Purgatorio opens, Dante's attention is attracted by a light which, swiftly approaching, discloses the form of wings. ‘Fa, fa che le ginnochia cali: ecco l' angel di Dio: piega le mani: omai vedrai di si fatti officiali. Vedi che sdegna li argomenti umani, si che remo non vuol ne altro velo che l' ali sue tra liti si lontani. Vedi come l' ha dritte verso il cielo, trattando l' aere con l' etterne penne, che non si mutan come mortal pelo.’
Synthesizable RAM-alternative to low configuration compiler memory for die area reduction

This paper introduces the concept of using synthesizable RTL blocks as ASIC memories and presents them as an alternative to compiler (hard-macro type) memories that are not optimized for implementation at lower-end configurations. The main advantages of these synthesizable memories are reduced area, reduced development cycle time and increased design flexibility in terms of meeting target performance and obtaining the desired physical configuration. Experimental results show that replacing lower end compiler macros with their synthesized counterpart can lead to a memory area reduction of up to 37% in a 800 K gates ASIC design, while meeting all the timing requirements for the design.
Characterization of laser-induced damage by picosecond pulses on multi-layer dielectric coatings for petawatt-class lasers

We investigate the optical damage performance of multi-layer dielectric (MLD) coatings suitable for use in high energy, large-aperture petawatt-class lasers. We employ small-area damage test methodologies to evaluate the damage resistance of various coatings as a function of deposition methods and coating materials under simulated use conditions. In addition, we demonstrate that damage initiation by raster scanning at lower fluences and growth threshold testing are required to estimate large-aperture optics’ performance.
Peak capacity in gradient reversed-phase liquid chromatography of biopolymers Theoretical and practical implications for the separation of oligonucleotides

Reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography was used for biopolymer separations in isocratic and gradient mode. The gradient elution mode was employed to estimate the optimal mobile phase flow rate to obtain the best column efficiency and the peak capacity for three classes of analytes: peptides, oligonucleotides and proteins. The results indicate that the flow rate of the Van Deemter optimum for 2.1 mm I.D. columns packed with a porous 1.7 microm C18 sorbent is below 0.2 mL/min for our analytes. However, the maximum peak capacity is achieved at flow rates between 0.15 and 1.0 mL/min, depending on the molecular weight of the analyte. The isocratic separation mode was utilized to measure the dependence of the retention factor on the mobile phase composition. Constants derived from isocratic experiments were utilized in a mathematical model based on gradient theory. Column peak capacity was predicted as a function of flow rate, gradient slope and column length. Predicted peak capacity trends were compared to experimental results.
Undergraduate Research Mentoring: Obstacles and Opportunities

Researchers and policy-makers in higher education increasingly espouse the view that undergraduate students should have the opportunity to learn about scholarship and research in the context of faculty-mentored research experiences. There is mounting consensus that mentored undergraduate research should be standard pedagogical practice in all undergraduate disciplines. Although high-impact, mentored undergraduate research, scholarship, and creative work (URSCW) requires significant resources, with faculty time and energy foremost among them. This article addresses the current gap between aspiration and effective execution of well-mentored URSCW, including the most prevalent obstacles (e.g. institutional, departmental, individual) to undergraduate mentoring. This article is written for academic leaders and institutional officers. It concludes with several specific recommendations for increasing the frequency of mentored URSCW experiences for undergraduates.
MATHEMATICAL GATEWAY TO COMPLEMENTARY HIDDEN VARIABLES IN MACROPHYSICS

It is shown that even physically meaningful and experimentally confirmed formulas of physics and mathematics can be extended by enabling some previously unrecognized (or considered as just fixed) parameters to either vary independently and thus reveal them as previously hidden variables or to turn them into fixed exposure functions whose cumulative impact varies along yet another formerly hidden variable. Uncovering of hidden variables requires (new) synthetic approach to mathematics. The need for revealing hidden variables is prompted mainly by unanticipated experimental results, whose more precise outcomes apparently challenge the previously espoused paradigms upon which those simpler former formulas had been established. Operational rules of calculus can reveal the hidden variables that could extend the laws of classical physics whose predictions disagree with new experimental evidence. Presence of such variables has already been confirmed in several experiments.
A Framework to Analyze the Performance of Thinly Traded Agricultural Commodity Markets

Thinly traded agricultural commodity markets are a concern for farmers and policy markers due to the belief that prices in these settings will be highly volatile, subject to manipulation, and incapable of efficiently allocating resources. Analysis of thin agricultural markets has to date been impeded by lack of an appropriate analytical framework from which to study their behavior. In this paper we propose the modern agricultural markets (MAM) framework as an appropriate paradigm through which to view and evaluate thin markets. We argue that thinly traded markets that meet key conditions required for a MAM will generate maximum economic surplus and enable farmers to earn at least a competitive return on their investments. In the absence of these conditions, however, the concerns known as the “thin market problem” have validity. We set forth the MAM framework, interpret it in a thin‐market context, and conduct several brief case studies of thin markets to illustrate use of the approach and draw some key inferences about these markets' behavior. The analysis indicates that appropriate government policies directed to thin markets are those that facilitate their convergence to MAM status, but in reality key policies under recent consideration would have the opposite effect.
Addendum to "Analytic perturbation theory for screened Coulomb potentials: Nonrelativistic case"

An analytic expression is given for screened continuum radial wave functions which extends our previous results to the case of arbitrary energy shift.
Carl Woese in Schenectady: the forgotten years.

Many of the authors of these short pieces (who were invited to contribute by Robin Gutell) have already written or spoken about Carl Woese since he died at the end of December 2012. My own thoughts were published in PNAS on February 26, 2013. Still saddened by Carl’s death, I re-read what I wrote at that moment. The article was OK, although it was not strong enough for what Carl taught us: he deserved better. I’d like us to admire what Carl did over 50 years (which is a given), and to admire even more the way he did it. While Carl’s accomplishments were huge, his intense dedication to the ideas that consumed him was even more impressive.
The Transcriptome that Mediates Increased Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Signaling in Prkar1a Defects and Other Settings

ABSTRACT Objective: To review current knowledge on the involvement of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and interacting signaling pathways in predisposition to tumor formation in primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD), a type of bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (BAH) related to the multiple endocrine neoplasia Carney complex, and also in isolated PPNAD and other BAHs. Methods: We review the pertinent literature and discuss genetic defects associated with various endocrine and nonendocrine tumors. Results: A decade ago, we discovered that PPNAD and the Carney complex are caused by PRKAR1A mutations. PRKAR1A encodes the protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunit type IA, an important regulator of cAMP signaling in most cells. Recently, we described PKA or PRKAR1A abnormalities in a variety of other BAHs; in some of these cases, mutations in additional genes of the cAMP signaling pathway, the phosphodiesterases, were identified. Transcriptomic analyses of human lesions or animal models showed that abnormal cAMP/PKA signaling in the adrenal glands, and also in other tissues such as bone, leads to proliferation of tissue-specific pluripotential cells through activation of Wnt signaling. Conclusion: Recent findings indicate the relevance of cAMP signaling in the pathogenesis of adrenocorti-cal disease and point to the Wnt signaling pathway as a potential important mediator of tumorigenesis related to increased cAMP or PKA signaling (or both). (Endocr Pract. 2011;17[Suppl 3]:2-7) Abbreviations: BAH = bilateral adrenal hyperplasia; C = catalytic subunit of PKA; cAMP = cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CNC = Carney complex; CREB = cAMP response element-binding protein; iMAH = isolated micronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia; iPPNAD = isolated primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease; MEN = multiple endocrine neoplasia; PDEs = phosphodiesterases; PKA = protein kinase A; PPNAD = primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease; R = regulatory subunit of PKA
Results of Health Surveillance on Public Articles in Public Places in Fengrun District of Tangshan City

[Objective]To understand the health condition of public articles in public places in Fengrun district of Tangshan city,provide the scientific basis for supervision and management. [Methods]According to the Rules of health monitoring for public places(GB/T 17220-1998),and the microbiological detection was conducted on public articles and air samples from four types of public places in Fengrun district. [Results]1 635 of 1 804 samples were qualified,and the qualified rate was 90.63%.The qualified rate in hotels was the highest,and that in public bathrooms was the lowest,which bathtubs and slippers were the worst.The air quality of hotels was the best,followed by hairdressing stores,public bathrooms and entertainment places in sequence. [Conclusion]The hygiene condition of air in entertainment places and public articles in bathing business was poor in Fengrun district,and the health management of public places should be strengthened.
Light Scattering using Colloidal Microscopy

Colloidal Microscopy is a new microscopy, invented by whoever shortened the title. Paul Chaikin, the world's greatest physicist, will explain it in his talk. This talk will cover any details that Paul does not cover.
Big Data Analytics, Tourism Design and Smart Tourism

In this final chapter we conclude the book by arguing that big data analytics in inherently connected with the recent emergence of tourism design and smart destinations, which is a logical result of the advancements of IT and its wide adoption in both consumer market and the industry over the last 20 years. And while big data analytics serves as a new toolbox for smart tourism development, the general framework of Design Science in Tourism (DST) provides the foundation for us to design and implement smart places/destinations. We further conclude that big data analytics not only enables us to better understand the consumer market, but also propels collaboration, open innovation and value co-creation in the tourism industry.
Reid on the Autonomy of Ethics: From Active Power to Moral Nonnaturalism

Thomas Reid has the unusual distinction of arriving at a metaethical position very much like G. E. Moore's via a route very similar to that employed by the Kantians. That is, Reid embraces a version of nonnaturalist moral realism by appeal not to open question-style considerations but to a particular account of agency. In this essay, we reconstruct Reid's agency-centered argument for his constitutivist version of moral nonnaturalism, highlighting its commitments. Having presented Reid's argument, we close by considering a prominent contemporary Kantian view, namely, Christine Korsgaard's, and identifying where, despite their common commitments, Reid and Korsgaard part company. The comparison, we suggest, is instructive because it allows us to see more clearly why the link between agency-centered approaches to ethical theorizing and nonrealist, constitutivist views of morality, such as Korsgaard's, is deeply contingent.
Evaluating simulation as a teaching tool in neurosurgery.

With the advancement of simulation technology and more accurate assessment of competency, simulators will prove beneficial for training neurosurgeons.
Cell Surface Ionic Phenomena in Transmembrane Signaling to Intracellular Enzyme Systems

Many important biological concepts follow from the ordering of biological space into intracellular and extracellular compartments as the plasma membrane is more than a structural boundary to contain the materials required for internal functions. On its outer surface the membrane bears molecules which receive a multitude of signals from the extracellular space. Laced through its phospholipid structure are other molecules which carry signals initiated by specific binding at receptor sites, and penetrating the membrane there are channel-forming molecules, some of which permit selective ion movement. Facing the cytoplasm, the inner leaflet is no less significant as it holds molecules which are the first participants in the steps which regulate cell biochemical functions via the second messenger systems.
Induction of oxidative stress by redox active flavonoids.

Flavonoids have been reported to possess widespread biological activities including antihelminthic (McClure 1975), antimicrobial (McClure 1975; Kuhnau 1976; Middleton 1984; Havsteen 1983), antimalarial (Iwu et al 1986; Khalid et al 1986), antineoplastic (Mabry and Ulebelen 1980; Middleton and Kandaswami 1994), cytotoxic (McClure 1975; Kuhnau 1976; Havsteen 1983; Middleton and Kandaswami 1994; Kupchan et al 1965; MacGregor 1984; Harborne et al 1975), mutagenic (Middleton 1984; Brown 1980), carcinogenic (Brown 1980), anti-carcinogenic (McClure 1975; DeCross 1982), and anti-oxidant (McClure 1975; Middleton 1984; Havsten 1983; Middleton and Kandaswami 1994; Brown 1980; Salah et al 1995) action. The flavonoids are especially reactive towards redox-active enzymes including inhibition of mitochondrial succinoxidase (Hodnick et al 1986) and NADH-oxidase activities (Hodnick et al 1998), arachidonate metabolism (Middleton 1984), neutrophil NADPH-oxidase (Tauber et al 1984), aldose reductase (Brown 1980), xanthine oxidase (Hayashi et al 1988; Chang et al 1993; Iio et al 1986), DT-diaphorase (Liu et al 1990), mouse brain NADPH-diaphorase (Tamura et al 1994) and glutathione reductase (Elliot et al 1992). The isoflavonoid derivative rotenone is a potent inhibitor of NADH-CoQ reductase and has become a standard inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration (Figure 1).
Blue/UV-A Light Signaling in Moss

Seed plants contain four identified photoreceptors and at least one unidentified photoreceptor for blue/UV-A light. Cryptochromes (CRY1 and CRY2) modulate growth while phototrophins (PHOT1 and PHOT2) modulate trophic responses to light. Flavins are the chromophores and absorb in the blue and UV-A range. Considerable information is known about the structure and mode of action of these photoreceptors. The moss Physcomitrella patens contains two identified cryptochromes (CRY1a and CRY1b) which modulate side branch formation and auxin metabolism. While moss responds in a phototrophic manner to blue/UV-A light, published reports identifying and characterizing phototropins have not yet appeared in the literature. Transduction of the blue/UV-A stimulus does involve calcium signaling in moss cells.
CATHODOLUMINESCENCE STUDIES OF SiO2- Na,Cl,Ge,Cu,Au AND OXYGEN VACANCY RESULTS

ABSTRACT Cathodoluminescence provides an analytical tool for studying thin films and bulk silicon dioxide. The major problems with the technique are the difficulty in obtaining quantitative data and the fact that few of the luminescence bands have been firmly identified. This paper discusses some of the problems involved and presents data on doping and processing effects on both bulk and MOS thin film SiO2. Sodium doping has been found to increase the luminescence band at 625 nm but not to affect the 290 nm band tentatively associated with the oxygen vacancy.(1) The 290 nm band is increased in HC1 growth of SiO2 films. Impurity doping has shown bands at 435 nm and 510 nm associated with Ge in crystalline quartz, Cu in thin films gives bands at 425 nm and 525 nm, and Au in thin films gives bands at 365 nm and 520 nm. Defect profiles can be estimated by varying the excitation beam voltage. Reduction in CO increases the 290 nm bands front surface concentration. Both the 290 nm band and the 450 nm band show peaked concentrations at the Si-SiO2 interface.
Dynamic population coding and its relationship to working memory.

For over 45 years, neuroscientists have conducted experiments aimed at understanding the neural basis of working memory. Early results examining individual neurons highlighted that information is s...
Reagglomeration phenomena in fine dry grinding of coal

Investigations were performed on fine grinding of bituminous coal in a laboratory-scale pulverizer. The results indicated that the breakage behavior at relatively coarse sizes (i.e., greater than about 20 µm) is essentially “normal.” However, at fine sizes (i.e., less than about 10 µm), there is clear evidence of reagglomeration. A simplified population-balance model for simultaneous growth and breakage is formulated. Breakage rates and breakage distributions were assumed to follow the patterns typically observed in simple grinding systems. It is recognized, however, that solid particles and agglomerates may exhibit different breakage behaviors. Agglomeration rates are assumed to be determined by contact probability, i.e., by the relative numbers of interacting particles. Based on comparisons between model simulations and experimental data, it appears that agglomerate rebreakage rates and fragment size distributions are quite different from those for solid particles. The result is that product size passes through a minimum and then increases with time as agglomeration begins to dominate.
Do Credit Ratings Matter? Evidence from S&P's 2013 Methodology Revision

Exploiting exogenous variation introduced by a significant change in S&P’s methodology, we show that credit ratings have a first-order causal impact on capital structure and investment decisions. Quantifying debt capacity within a firm’s credit rating (Ratings Capacity) using precise metrics, we show that capital structure is highly sensitive to changes in Ratings Capacity. Credit ratings explain more variation in capital structure changes than other firm-specific determinants. Firms with low adjustment costs and attractive investment opportunities are more responsive to Ratings Capacity. Increased Ratings Capacity causes significant expansion in investment and reductions in share repurchases, suggesting wide impacts on financial policy.