cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
'Volunteering' to Arbitrate Through Pre-Dispute Arbitration Clauses: The Average Consumer’s Experience

Over the past several decades, the profile of arbitration has changed dramatically. Arbitration is no longer the province of sophisticated participants. Consumers who enter into contracts that substitute binding arbitration for the public court system may be required to arbitrate disputes that arise in the course of their relationships with service or product providers. The merits of this consumer arbitration jurisprudence have been debated heatedly by members of the judiciary, legal commentators, commercial interests, and public advocacy groups. Perhaps most central to the debate are concerns that consumers do not fully understand the terms of these agreements, and that, even if they did, they cannot negotiate those terms, which are offered on a "take-it-or-leave-it" basis. In accordance with the current arbitration jurisprudence, however, consumers are bound by the terms of these contracts unless their terms are deemed unconscionable or otherwise faulty under general principles of contract law. The purpose of this Article is to help build the empirical foundation necessary for an informed debate regarding arbitration clauses in consumer contracts by providing preliminary insight into how businesses' use of these clauses affects consumers' ability to pursue their legal rights. To this end, the Article reports the results of a study investigating, in a wide variety of consumer purchases, the frequency with which the average consumer encounters arbitration clauses, the key provisions of these clauses, and the implications of these clauses for consumers who subsequently have disputes with the businesses they patronize.
Arterial pulse wave velocity: a limited index of systemic vascular resistance during normotensive anesthesia in dogs.

We investigated the relationship between systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and arterial pulse wave velocity (PWV) to determine if PWV might provide an index of SVR during anesthesia. A wide range ot SVR measurements was obtained pharmacologically in 8 dogs during halothane anesthesia at each of three mean blood pressure (BP) ranges: low (40 to 60 mm Hg), medium (90 to 110 mm Hg), and high (140 to 160 mm Hg). For pooled data the SVR-PWV linear correlation coefficient at the low BP range was 0.44; at the medium BP range it was 0.75; in both casesp was < 0.001. At the high BP range the correlation coefficient was -0.06 and was not significant. We conclude that only directional trends in SVR during normotensive anesthesia (medium BP range) can be estimated using arterial PWV measurements. Thus, on the basis of this study. PWV measurement cannot be used as a direct substitute for SVR measurement. Further study of SVR-PWV relationships is needed to determine if noninvasively measured PWV might provide a more accurate estimate of SVR.
Students Propose Genetic Solutions to Societal Problems

In the Foundations of Biology sequence for entering biological sciences majors at the University of Minnesota, inquiry-based learning is woven throughout the classroom and laboratory. During the first semester lecture and discussion, students work in teams on a Genetic Engineering Proposal in which they propose a gene-based solution to a societal problem of their own choosing. Instructors coach the teams throughout the semester on experimental design and resources, as well as on data analysis, presentation strategies, team work, and research ethics. On the basis of outcomes from the nearly 3000 students who have taken the course over the past 6 years, the project has succeeded in engaging students in the intellectual work of biologists and the experience of science as creative inquiry.
Intergovernmental relations in physician education and health planning: state adoption decisions and the impact of federal programs.

Abstract This study seeks to explain states' adoptions of programs in health planning and in physician education. It also seeks to further understanding of the impact of federal health planning and education programs on the states. Several theories and models are employed in analyzing the actions of state decision-makers. These include incremental theory, models of the diffusion of innovations, economic resources theory, and a theory of competitive partisanship. The data utilized in this research were principally derived from intensive interviews with “key” state actors and from historical, documentary materials. Only minimal federal impact appears on states' goals in physician education and health planning. Rather, there is evidence of considerable innovativeness among the states prior to Federal program initiatives. A problem-generated search for solutions seems to be a major source of this innovation. Finally, federal program implementation requirements appear to be a major source of federal-state conflict and opposition.
Fluid control of localized mineral domains in limestone pressure solution structures

Grain-to-grain and stylolitic solution structures in two central Appalachian Siluro–Devonian limestone macroscale folds contain one of four distinct mineral assemblages that are characterized by the dominant iron-phase mineral present: (1) chloriteGilliteGpyriteGcalciteG quartzGTiO2Ggoethite, (2) chloriteGilliteGpyrite altered to iron oxide/hydroxideGcalcite GquartzGTiO2, (3) chloriteGilliteG magnetiteGcalciteGquartz, and (4) chloriteGilliteGgoethiteGcalciteGquartzGTiO2. Optical reflectance microscopy and SEM–EDS was used to characterize the mineralogy and mineral morphology of these structures. Geochemical modeling was used to constrain the conditions of formation and preservation. The primary control on solution structure mineral assemblage was the redox conditions present in the solution structures during burial and deformation. The redox conditions on the microscale may have been controlled by the local fluid chemistry and the presence–absence of hydrocarbons and organic acids within the formation fluids, and the influx of externally derived fluids by fracture formation during the folding process. The wide variation in mineralogy of the solution structures shows that they were ‘chemical factories’ where a variety of chemical reactions took place during rock dissolution. In particular, the formation of authigenic magnetite in solution structures has significant implications for paleomagnetic applications, and use of anisotropy of anhysteretic remanent magnetization and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility fabrics. q 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A Proposal for a Cold Fusion Study in the Ti/D System

AbstractTo enhance the cold fusion process in the Ti/D system, a special experimental procedure is proposed that includes electrolysis in nonaqueous solutions at low temperature (about −70°C), surface pretreatment by depositing nickel film on titanium electrodes, and a unique triggering method based on passing current axially through the electrode wire.
Review of the Genus Spintherophyta (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in North America North of Mexico

The genus Spintherophyta Dejean, 1837 is revised for North America north of Mexico. A key to the 4 included species is presented. S. exigua , n. sp., is described from southwestern Texas. S. arizonensis , n. sp., is described from Arizona. Colaspoides violaceipennis Horn is transferred to Spintherophyta . Characters used for the 1st time in a diagnosis of Spintherophyta include the size of the male mandibles and the emargination of the clypeus. Male genitalia are also figured for the 1st time.
Distribution of prolactin and growth hormone in rat and guinea pig adenohypophyses.

Abstract Prolactin and GH levels in various regions of female rat and guinea pig AP were estimated by disc electrophoresis and densitometry. In vitro secretory capacity of different regions of rat AP was also determined. The AP from both species showed a homogenious distribution of both hormones. The secretory capacities of the different regions of rat AP were also identical. The results indicate that prolactin and GH in these species are not concentrated into a particular region of their AP.
Stereochemistry of the bacterial orhithine, lysine, and arginine decarboxylase reactions

Abstract The stereochemistry of the bacterial lysine, ornithine, and arginine decarboxylase reactions is determined by 1 H-NMR analysis.
The boron—carbon triple bond (B̄C): Some theoretical predictions

Abstract The structures of the organoboron anions HBCH and HBCBH2 have been determined using ab initio methods that include the effects of dynamical electron correlation. Optimized geometries, electric dipole moments and harmonic vibrational frequencies are presented and discussed at the various levels of theory employed. The dependence of these molecular properties on the inclusion of diffuse functions in the basis set is investigated. The BC bond lengths predicted at the highest consistent theoretical level, CISD/TZ2P, are 1.319 A for HBCH and 1.338 and 1.467 A for HBCBH2. It may be argued that the prototypical HBCH anion contains a formal BC triple bond, while the larger HBCBH2 anion incorporates a weaker BC triple bond and a very strong CB single bond. It is postulated that the partial bonding character in the diboro anion may be understood in terms of resonance structures and hyperconjugate interactions involving orbital overlap.
Healthcare system factors and colorectal cancer screening.

Abstract Background: Developing effective programs to promote colorectal cancer (CRC) screening requires understanding of the effect of healthcare system factors on access to screening and adherence to guidelines. Methods: This study assessed the role of insurance status, type of plan, the frequency of preventive health visits, and provider recommendation on utilization of CRC screening tests using a cross-sectional, random-digit-dial survey of 1002 Massachusetts residents aged ≥50. Results: A broad definition of CRC screening status included colonoscopy or barium enema (screening or diagnostic) within 10 years, flexible sigmoidoscopy (FSIG) within 5 years, and fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) in the past year as options; 51.7% of subjects aged 50 to 64 and 61.5% of older subjects were current. The uninsured had the lowest current testing rate. Among insured participants, type of insurance had little impact on CRC testing; older subjects enrolled in HMOs had marginally higher rates, although not statistically significant. Increased frequency of preventive health visits and ever receiving a physician’s recommendation for FSIG or ever receiving FOBT cards were associated with higher rates of CRC screening among both age groups. Conclusions: Even when broad criteria are used to define current CRC screening status, a substantial proportion of the age-eligible population remains underscreened. Obtaining regular preventive care and receiving a physician’s recommendation for screening appear to be potent facilitators of screening that should be considered in designing promotional efforts.
The Coding of Temperature in the Drosophila Brain

Thermosensation is an indispensable sensory modality. Here, we study temperature coding in Drosophila, and show that temperature is represented by a spatial map of activity in the brain. First, we identify TRP channels that function in the fly antenna to mediate the detection of cold stimuli. Next, we identify the hot-sensing neurons and show that hot and cold antennal receptors project onto distinct, but adjacent glomeruli in the Proximal-Antennal-Protocerebrum (PAP) forming a thermotopic map in the brain. We use two-photon imaging to reveal the functional segregation of hot and cold responses in the PAP, and show that silencing the hot- or cold-sensing neurons produces animals with distinct and discrete deficits in their behavioral responses to thermal stimuli. Together, these results demonstrate that dedicated populations of cells orchestrate behavioral responses to different temperature stimuli, and reveal a labeled-line logic for the coding of temperature information in the brain.
High Power Millimeter And Submillimeter Wave Lasers And Gyrotrons

High power millimeter and submillimeter wave lasers and gyrotronsR.J. Temkin, D.R. Cohn, B.G. Danly, K.E. Kreischer and P. WoskoboinikowPlasma Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139AbstractHigh power sources of coherent radiation in the millimeter and submillimeter wavelengthrange are useful in a number of applications, including plasma heating, plasma diagnostics,radar and communications. Two of the most important sources in this wavelength range arethe optically pumped laser and the gyrotron. Major recent advances in both laser andgyrotron research are described. Possible techniques for improving the efficiency andoperating characteristics of these devices are also reviewed.
Determination During Early Embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

Ligation of developing embryos of Drosophila melanogaster was performed at three different stages of nuclear multiplication and at the cellular blastoderm stage. Egg fragments of variable sizes are able to continue development up to the hatching stage. Partial embryos differentiate larval structures, anterior fragments forming larval head and posterior fragments larval abdominal structures. These fragments differentiate a variable number of the twelve larval cuticular bands formed by intact embryos. We found that ligation at cellular blastoderm can lead to anterior and posterior fragments which differentiate together all the twelve bands, indicating that at this stage the embryo develops these patterns in a mosaic fashion. Ligation of younger embryos prevents the differentiation of some intermediate larval cuticular bands, while the terminal ones are consistently differentiated. The number and position of the deleted bands is correlated with the time and position of ligation. This indicates that the mosaic pattern present in the egg at blastoderm is not fully formed at earlier stages in development.
Chemoenzymatic synthesis of N-trifluoroacetyl doxorubicin-14-valerate (Valrubicin)

An efficient two-step, chemoenzymatic synthesis of N-trifluoroacetyl doxorubicin-14-valerate (Valrubicin) from doxorubicin hydrochloride salt is reported. The key step is a lipase-catalyzed regioselective esterification of N-trifluoroacetyl doxorubicin using commercially available valeric acid as the acyl donor. The overall yield for the process is 79%.
“For the Many”: The Vicarious-Representative Heart of Joseph Ratzinger’s Theology

The concept of vicarious representation (Stellvertretung) is central to Joseph Ratzinger’s thought. He uses it, with its correlative concept of pro-existence, to develop a theology in which “the fe...
The stereochemistry of amino acids in the Murchison meteorite

Abstract The questions of how, where and when life originated in our solar system remain largely unanswered. Some advances have been made with respect to abiotic synthesis of the key molecules deemed essential for the construction of a living cell. In particular, a variety of plausible mechanisms have been suggested for the synthesis of amino acids, the building blocks of peptides and proteins. Laboratory simulation experiments result in the synthesis of racemic amino acids. However, life as we know it is based almost exclusively on l -enantiomers rather than racemic mixtures of d - and l -enantiomers. A partial solution to this problem may be that the l -enantiomer excess essential for life's origin on Earth was introduced from elsewhere in the solar system. For the past 20 years we have investigated the stereochemistry of amino acids in stones of the Murchison meteorite. Many of the common protein amino acids in Murchison are not racemic ( l -enantiomer excess) and, based on their overall distribution and respective stable isotope compositions, do not appear to be artifacts of terrestrial contaminants (i.e. l -amino acids) introduced subsequent to impact. We hypothesize that comet and meteorite impacts during the early stages of Earth's formation provided at least some of the essential components with the correct stereochemistry for the origin of life.
Assessment of the impact of a bleached kraft mill effluent on a south-central USA river

We initiated a multifaceted, integrated investigation of the general health of the aquatic environment near a bleached kraft pulp and paper mill. This southcentral U.S. mill discharges about 125,000 cubic meters of treated effluent per day into an adjacent river. The sampling sites for this study were 1.8 km upstream from the mill's discharge, 0.25 km below the mill's outlet, and 5 km downstream from the discharge area. No toxicity was observed using Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas in aqueous phase tests or with Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans in sediment phase tests. Field examinations of two small fish species and sediment macroinvertebrate communities from each sampling site revealed no significant adverse effects. Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) were exposed for 35 days to site sediments and were evaluated for ethoxyresorufin O-dethylase (EROD) activity, cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) content, DNA strand breaks, condition index, organ indices, gross pathology, and immune responses. No significant adverse effects were observed in sediments immediately below the mill's effluent outlet, though detoxification enzyme activity was elevated in liver tissue of bluegill sunfish exposed to site 3 sediment. Embryos of mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) were evaluated for developmental and reproductive abnormalities following a static laboratory exposure of gravid females to sediments from the three study sites for 56 days. The embryos showed no significant effects on a suite of reproductive parameters among the three sites. We concluded that there was no significant evidence of adverse impacts on the receiving river or its biota attributable to treated bleached kraft mill effluent based on a comprehensive suite of bioindicators of exposure and effects. ©2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 15: 28–39, 2000
Effects of acetabular abduction on cup wear rates in total hip arthroplasty

This study was designed to determine the effect of acetabular abduction on the polyethylene wear rates of the acetabular component. The hypothesis of this study is that acetabular placement, in particular abduction, effects contact forces and therefore polyethylene wear. A total of 364 total hip arthroplasties that were performed between 1974 and 1976 were included in this study. The cemented all-polyethylene acetabular components were the same for each case and came from a single supplier. The polyethylene wear rates were calculated by measuring the shortest radius from the center of the prosthetic femoral head to a point on the outer surface of the acetabular cup. An immediate postoperative radiograph was compared with a follow-up radiograph at least 9.5 years later. A standardized radiograph was used to prevent differences due to magnification. The abduction or inclination of the acetabular cups was measured in all of the patients. The amount of acetabular cup abduction was measured relative to the ischial tuberosity line. The mean abduction was 44.1 degrees with a standard deviation of 9.2 degrees and a median of 44 degrees. The range of abduction was from 0 degrees to 85 degrees. This analysis failed to show a correlation between the amount of acetabular abduction and polyethylene wear rates (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.0679; P = .20). With a sample size of 364, there is over a 95% change (statistical power) of detecting an underlying true correlation between wear and abduction that is greater than or equal to 0.20. We were unable to demonstrate a difference in wear that would correlate with the differing degrees of abduction of the acetabular socket. We felt that the radiographic measurements of wear were quite accurate. This method of determining acetabular abduction has also been documented and supported in previous literature and has allowed us to accurately determine acetabular abduction. The results of our study demonstrate that within the normal ranges described by our study, polyethylene wear did not significantly increase with increased abduction of the acetabular component.
Symmetry principles for S-linear homogeneous and nonhomogeneous equations

On presente des principes generaux qui demontre que des equations multiparametres homogenes et non homogenes sont symetriques par rapport a l'existence de branches de solutions
Beta-adrenergic and peptide N-terminal histidine and C-terminal isoleucine stimulation of N-acetyl-transferase activity and melatonin production in the cultured rat pineal gland.

The purpose of this investigation was to compare the effect of peptide N-terminal histidine and C-terminal isoleucine (PHI) with that of the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (ISO) on N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity and melatonin production in the cultured rat pineal gland. Pineal glands were removed and placed in organ culture containing PHI, ISO, or PHI plus ISO at different dosages, and subsequent changes in NAT activity and melatonin levels were measured. PHI stimulated these parameters in both a time- and dose-dependent manner. Combined treatment with PHI (10(-6) M) and high doses of ISO (either 10(-7) or 10(-8) M) did not potentiate the effect of the peptide in terms of either NAT activity or melatonin levels in the pineal gland. However, at a lower concentration, ISO (10(-9) M) had additive effects to those of PHI in both cultured pineals and medium. The results suggest that PHI modulates melatonin synthesis in the rat pineal gland. Furthermore, stimulation of the pineal with both PHI and IS...
Phosphatase activity in corn and soybean roots: Conditions for assay and effects of metals

Studies with sterile root materials showed that the optimum pH values of phosphatase activity in three varieties of each of corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max. L.) were 4 and 5, respectively. The activity on either side of the optimum pH fell sharply, and there was no activity at pH 9. Thus, these roots contain acid but no alkaline phosphatase activity. Acid phosphatase activity was not uniformly distributed in roots and root hairs. Studies with 20 metals showed that their effectiveness in inhibiting acid phosphatase activity of roots varied with the type of plant used. When the metals were compared at 250 μM (1.25 μmole. 5 mg−1 of homogenized roots), the inhibition of acid phosphatase of corn and soybean roots showed that Ag(I), Fe(III), Se(IV), V(IV), As(V) and Mo(VI) were the most effective inhibitors of this enzyme in corn roots, with percentage inhibition ≥30%. In addition to these metals, Sn(II), Hg(II), and W(VI) inhibited acid phosphatase in soybean roots by >30%. Other metals and one non-metallic element that inhibited acid phosphatase activity in corn and soybean roots were: Cu(I), Cu(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), Fe(II), Pb(II), Ba(II), Co(II), Mn(II), Zn(II), B(III), As(III), Cr(III), and Al(III); their degrees of effectiveness varied with type of roots used. Generally, the inhibitory effect of the metals was much less when their concentration was decreased by 10-fold. In addition to the effect of these elements, phosphate ion inhibited acid phosphatase activity of corn and soybean roots. Related anions such as NO 2 − , NO 3 − , Cl−, and SO 4 2− were not inhibitory.
Vascular System Defects and Impaired Cell Chemokinesis as a Result of Gα13 Deficiency

Heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) participate in cellular signaling and regulate a variety of physiological processes. Disruption of the gene encoding the G protein subunit alpha13 (Galpha13) in mice impaired the ability of endothelial cells to develop into an organized vascular system, resulting in intrauterine death. In addition, Galpha13 (-/-) embryonic fibroblasts showed greatly impaired migratory responses to thrombin. These results demonstrate that Galpha13 participates in the regulation of cell movement in response to specific ligands, as well as in developmental angiogenesis.
Selective hydrogenation with copper catalysts: V. Kinetics and mechanism at high pressure

The mechanism of hydrogenation at 900~950 psi with copper-chromite catalyst was investigated with pure methyl esters as well as their mixtures. A comparison of double bond distribution intrans-monoenes formed during hydrogenation of linoleate and alkali-conjugated linoleate revealed that 85~95% of the double bonds in linoleate conjugated prior to hydrogenation. The mode of hydrogen addition to conjugated triene and diene at high pressure is similar to that at low pressure but positional and geometric isomerizations of unreduced conjugated esters were less at high pressure. Geometric isomerization of methyl linoleate and linolenate was considerable at high pressure whereas it was negligible at low pressure. The absence of conjugated products during hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acid esters resulted from their high reactivity. Conjugated dienes are 12 times more reactive than the triene, methyl linolenate, and 31 times more reactive than the diene, methyl linoleate. The products of methyl linolenate hydrogenation were the same as those predicted by the conjugation mechanism.
Resilience: Have We Not Gone Far Enough? A Response to Larry E. Davis

Resilience: Have We Not Gone Far Enough? A Response to Larry Davis By: Valerie B. Shapiro Citation: Shapiro, V.B. (2015). Resilience: Have we not gone far enough? A response to Larry Davis. Social Work Research, 39(1): 7-10.
Studies on synthetic chromatins containing poly(dA-dT)·poly(dA-dT) and poly(dG-dC)·poly(dG-dC)

Abstract Core histones, (H2A,H2B,H3,H4) 2 , were reconstituted with the synthethic polynucleotides poly(dA-dT)·poly(dA-dT) and poly(dG-dC)·poly(dG-dC) to yield synthetic chromatins containing 200 basepairs per octamer. These synthetic chromatins displayed a 36% decrease in the circular dichroism (CD) peak ellipticity from the value of the polynucleotide free in solution; the poly(dA-dT)·poly(dA-dT)/chromatin showed an increase in the complexity of the thermal denaturation profile compared to that of the polynucleotide. Both the temperature of maximum d h d T for each transition ( T m ) and the relative amount of poly(dA-dT)·poly(dA-dT) in the synthetic chromatin melting in each of the four thermal transitions is a function of the ionic strength over the 0–5 mM sodium phosphate range (0.25 mM EDTA, pH 7.0); a shift of material toward higher melting transitions was observed with increasing ionic strength. The CD peak ellipticity value for both synthetic chromatins was ionic strength-independent over the 0–5 mM sodium phosphate range. These results are in contrast to those observed with H 1 H 5 stripped chicken erythrocyte chromatin (Fulmer, A. and Fasman, G.D. (1979) Biopolymers 18, 2875–2891), where an ionic strength dependence was found. Differences in the CD spectra between poly(dA-dT)·poly(dA-dT)/chromatin, poly(dG-dC)·poly(dG-dC)/chromatin and H 1 H 5 stripped chicken erythrocyte chromatin suggest subtle differences in assembly. Finally, the temperature dependence of the CD spectra of poly(dA-dT)·poly(dA-dT)-containing synthetic chromatin, which is similar to that for the polynucleotide, suggests the core histone bound polynucleotide has a large degree of conformational flexibility allowing it to undergo the premelt transition.
Assessment of bladder sensation in mice with a novel device

Objective To develop and test the efficacy of an implantable bladder electrode device that can be used with the Neurometer electrodiagnostic stimulator to assess fiber-specific afferent bladder sensation in the mouse. Methods We constructed a ball-tipped platinum electrode and surgically implanted it into the mouse bladder. The Neurometer was connected to the electrode to apply selective nerve fiber stimuli (250 Hz for Aδ fibers and 5 Hz for C fibers) of increasing intensities to the bladder mucosa in the mouse to determine bladder sensory threshold (BST) values. Using 58 female C57BL/6J mice, we measured the temporal and interobserver consistency of BST measurements, the effects of intravesical administration of lidocaine and resiniferatoxin on the BST, and the effects of our device on voiding behavior and bladder mucosal integrity. Results BST values at 250 and 5 Hz did not vary significantly when measured 2, 4, and 6 days after device implantation, or when obtained by 2 blinded independent observers. Intravesical lidocaine yielded a transient increase in BST values at both 250 Hz and 5 Hz, whereas resiniferatoxin yielded a significant increase only at the 5 Hz stimulus frequency after 24 hours. Moderately increased micturition frequency and decreased volume per void were observed 4 and 6 days after device implantation. Histology revealed mild inflammatory changes in the area of the bladder adjacent to the implanted BST device. Conclusion Assessment of neuroselective bladder sensation in mice is feasible with our device, which provides reproducible BST values for autonomic bladder afferent nerve fibers.
The therapeutic potential of mitochondrial channels in cancer, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and neurodegeneration

Abstract Mitochondria communicate with the rest of the cell through channels located in their inner and outer membranes. Most of the time, the message is encoded by the flow of anions and cations e.g., through VDAC and PTP, respectively. However, proteins are also both imported and exported across the mitochondrial membranes e.g., through TOM and MAC, respectively. Transport through mitochondrial channels is exquisitely regulated and controls a myriad of processes; from energy production to cell death. Here, we examine the role of some of the mitochondrial channels involved in neurodegeneration, ischemia–reperfusion injury and cancer in the context of their potential as therapeutic targets.
Particle-In-Cell Simulation Analysis of a Multicavity W-Band Sheet Beam Klystron

A W-band sheet beam klystron is being developed as a portable coherent radiation source for active denial system application. The interaction circuit design employs eight stagger-tuned cavities (multigap structure) and a 12:1-aspect-ratio sheet electron beam (74 kV and 3.6 A) to produce 50-kW peak power (2.5 kW average) and 40-dB gain with 200-MHz instantaneous bandwidth. The output cavity is designed to have a quasi-optical (QO) external coupler utilizing optical wave superposition. The circuit design has been optimized by using a 1-D disk-model code and a 3-D particle-in-cell (PIC) solver. The iterative simulation analysis predicts that a five-gap configuration is the optimum structure for a QO-output cavity because it provides sufficient output power and stable single frequency operation without mode competition. The 3-D PIC simulation predicts that the designed circuit produces stable 50-kW output power from a 4-W input driving signal, with 40-dB gain, at 94.5 GHz. The frequency sweep predicts a 3-dB bandwidth of 150 MHz in 2π-mode operation. The numerical simulation results agree well with the small-signal analysis, thereby providing confidence in the predicted output performance of the QO klystron amplifier module.
Toxicological Studies of Zinc Phosphide

An investigation has been made to determine some of the acute and chronic effects of zinc phosphide, a rodenticide. Sublethal administration of this compound to domesticated albino rats produces damage to liver and lungs without visible effects on other organs. Evidence is presented to support the assumption that the acute and chronic symptoms of zinc phosphide intoxication are due to phosphine released by gastric acid. Dogs and cats seemed, in general, less susceptible to zinc phosphide than rats, rabbits, and fowls.
The fixed-point property for deformations of uniquely arcwise connected continua

Abstract Let M be an arcwise connected continuum that does not contain a simple closed curve. We prove that every deformation of M has a fixed point.
Ultracold Atoms in Optical Lattices

We cool a two spin-component gas of 6Li atoms to quantum degeneracy and confine them in optical lattices. We obtain the phase diagram for a spin-imbalanced gas in 1D and search for antiferromagnetism in 3D.
Institutional Ethos: Replicating the Student Experience.

A common criticism of IBCs is that they cannot recreate the student culture of the home campus. While this is true, some IBCs have gone to great lengths not only to create a comparable culture for their students, but also to integrate their students into the culture of the home campus.
Scoring and Modeling Psychological Measures in the Presence of Multidimensionality

Confirmatory factor analytic studies of psychological measures showing item responses to be multidimensional do not provide sufficient guidance for applied work. Demonstrating that item response data are multifactorial in this way does not necessarily (a) mean that a total scale score is an inadequate indicator of the intended construct, (b) demand creating and scoring subscales, or (c) require specifying a multidimensional measurement model in research using structural equation modeling (SEM). To better inform these important decisions, more fine-grained psychometric analyses are necessary. We describe 3 established, but seldom used, psychometric approaches that address 4 distinct questions: (a) To what degree do total scale scores reflect reliable variation on a single construct? (b) Is the scoring and reporting of subscale scores justified? (c) If justified, how much reliable variance do subscale scores provide after controlling for a general factor? and (d) Can multidimensional item response data be r...
The control of contextual extinction effects during a fear-incubation procedure.

Abstract The role of contextual (apparatus) cues upon baseline control groups in a fear-incubation procedure was examined. Using a suppression-of-licking measure, it was determined that infrahuman demonstrations of fear incubation have not clearly demonstrated an enhanced fear response (fear incubation) following brief unreinforced CS exposures. Adequate control for background apparatus exposures for the baseline-control group indicated that a facilitation of extinction for the no-CS-exposure group may, in fact, account for group differences. Results were interpreted within the context of existing theoretical models of fear extinction and incubation.
A component analysis of stress inoculation: Review and prospectus

Research concerning the process and effect of stress inoculation (SI)is reviewed. The SI package is conceived of having three phases. Each phase in turn consists (or can consist)of more specific components. An educational rationale component is seen to be composed of two parts: the rationale for understanding stress and looking at stress in a series of stages. A rehearsal component consists of the use of physical coping skills, cognitive restructuring, and cognitive strategies programming. An application phase is influenced by whether the practice stressor is real or imagined, the amount of exposure to stress, the use of coping imagery, and the use of the client teaching the SI skills to others. The literature review concludes that current research on SI is marked by great procedural variation. A procedural model of SI that may better accommodate the possible variations is suggested in order to enhance procedural specification while maintaining clinical flexibility.
The Chameleonic Nature of Electron Transport through π-Stacked Systems

We investigate the electron transport properties of π-stacked benzene rings and show that when the symmetry of the system is reduced, by the addition of substituents to bind to metallic electrodes, fully eclipsed structures are not necessarily optimal and dislocated structures may show enhanced transport. Conversely, we show the transport through an infinite chain of π-stacked benzene rings reflects the full 6-fold symmetry of the system and is maximized in the fully eclipsed stack. When utilizing π-stacked systems for electron transport, the nature of the mechanism for charge injection must be considered to account for these differences in performance.
The jurisprudence of therapeutic jurisprudence.

In less than a decade, therapeutic jurisprudence, which began as a scholarly approach to mental health law, has emerged as a mental health approach to law generally. In this essay, one of the founders of this new field offers a further elaboration of the theory of therapeutic jurisprudence and a response to the key issues raised by commentators and critics. This essay discusses the relationship between therapeutic jurisprudence and other schools of jurisprudence and analyzes the approach's normative focus and its limits. It also addresses how “therapeutic” should be defined, whether the approach is paternalistic, whether the limits of social science methodology doom the enterprise, how therapeutic and other potentially conflicting values can be reconciled, and how the law should respond when such conflicts persist. Finally, the essay charts the path of therapeutic jurisprudence and analyzes new developments in the field.
Thick-Film Phenomenon in High-Heat-Flux Evaporation From Cylindrical Pores

A physical and mathematical model of the evaporating thick liquid film, attached to the liquid-vapor meniscus in a circular micropore, has been developed. The liquid flow has been coupled with the vapor flow along the liquid-vapor interface. The model includes quasi-one-dimensional compressible steady-state momentum conservation for the vapor and also a simplified description of the microfilm at the end of the thick film. The numerical results, obtained for water, demonstrate that formation of extended thick liquid films in micropores can take place due to high-velocity vapor flow under high rates of vaporization. The model has also predicted that the available capillary pressure significantly changes with the wall-vapor superheat and other operational conditions.
The efficacy of exercise as an aid for smoking cessation in women: a randomized controlled trial.

Background Smoking prevalence rates among women are declining at a slower rate than among men. Objective To determine if exercise, a healthful alternative to smoking, enhances the achievement and maintenance of smoking cessation. Methods Two hundred eighty-one healthy, sedentary female smokers were randomly assigned to either a cognitive-behavioral smoking cessation program with vigorous exercise (exercise) or to the same program with equal staff contact time (control). Subjects participated in a 12-session, group-based smoking cessation program. Additionally, exercise subjects were required to attend 3 supervised exercise sessions per week and control subjects were required to participate in 3 supervised health education lectures per week. Abstinence from smoking was based on self-report, was verified by saliva cotinine level, and was measured at 1 week after quit day (week 5), end of treatment (week 12), and 3 and 12 months later (20 and 60 weeks after quit day, respectively). Results Compared with control subjects (n=147), exercise subjects (n=134) achieved significantly higher levels of continuous abstinence at the end of treatment (19.4% vs 10.2%, P =.03) and 3 months (16.4% vs 8.2%, P =.03) and 12 months (11.9% vs 5.4%, P =.05) following treatment. Exercise subjects had significantly increased functional capacity (estimated VO 2 peak, 25±6 to 28±6, P P =.03). Conclusions Vigorous exercise facilitates short- and longer-term smoking cessation in women when combined with a cognitive-behavioral smoking cessation program. Vigorous exercise improves exercise capacity and delays weight gain following smoking cessation.
Upper extremity thromboembolism caused by occlusion of axillofemoral grafts

Background The axiflofemoral bypass graft (AxFG) is increasingly accepted as treatment for lower extremity ischemia caused by aortoiliac occlusive disease in high-risk patients. The incidence of upper extremity (UE) thromboembolism caused by occlusion of an AxFG and the results of treatment form the basis for this report. Methods From 1984 to the present, all patients undergoing axillofemoral bypass grafting were followed up in a vascular registry. A standardized operative technique, using an externally supported 8-mm polytetrafluoroethylene graft, was used in performing 202 AxFGs in 182 patients. UE thromboembolism caused by occlusion of an AxFG was identified by retrospective patient record review. Results Occlusion of an AxFG occurred in 20 patients. Fifteen patients (75%) underwent immediate revision of the occluded graft. Two patients (10%) developed UE thromboembolism simultaneous with graft occlusion. One of these patients had immediate revision of the graft, and 1 had brachial embolectomy only. This patient and 4 others (25%) had the occluded AxFG left in place. Four of these 5 patients (80%) developed UE thromboembolism at 26 days, 2 years, 5 years, and 7 years, respectively, after occlusion. Overall, six UE thromboembolic complications occurred in 5 patients. Conclusions UE thromboembolism represents a significant and specific complication of occluded AxFGs in our series (2.7% of patients, 25% of occluded grafts). It may be prudent to prophylactically detach the axillary portion of the graft and repair the axillary artery in patients who do not require immediate revision of an occluded AxFG.
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes in reticuloendotheliosis virus-infected chickens

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes were functionally demonstrated in spleen cells from chickens 7 days post inoculation with reticuloendotheliosis virus using a Cr-release assay. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted cytotoxicity was demonstrated using effector and target cells from two different strains of chickens of known avian MHC haplotype. Anti-viral specificity was shown and in vivo generation of MHC-restricted cytotoxicity was evaluated. Cytotoxic T cells were distinguished from macrophages and natural killer cells. Their cytotoxicity was not antibody dependent. Higher levels of cytolysis were found with cytotoxic T cells from embryonally bursectomized vs. intact chickens over a large range of effector to target cell ratios. Using monoclonal antibodies, cytotoxic T cells were further defined as Ia+ T cells by immunofluorescence, antibody plus complement-mediated lysis of effector cells and blocking of cytolysis in the Cr-release assay.
Good and bad news about Ebola.

© 2015 A. Townsend Peterson. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Engaging Students in Reading: Implications for Research and Practice

This issue of Educational Psychology Review represents a qualitatively different type of compilation. It consists of papers by leading researchers whose work over the years has focused on questions related to student interest and engagement. In this issue, each of these authors overviews their own findings and the theories and research on which they draw, to discuss the implications of their research for practice and future research. Student interest and engagement have consistently been found to be associated with or to influence various aspects of literacy, including: (a) situational interest, or the likelihood that students’ interest for text can be triggered (Hidi and Baird, 1986; Hidi and Berndorff, 1998), (b) student attention to important content (Garner et al., 1989; Wade, 1992; Wade et al., 1999), (c) student memory for concrete text (Sadoski et al., 2000), (d) student perceptions of text coherence (Schraw, 1998), (e) student understanding (Beck and McKeown, 1988), (f) students’ background knowledge (Alexander, 1997; Alexander and Jetton, 1996), (g) students’ depth of processing (Schiefele and Krapp, 1996), (h) individual differences in comprehension (Renninger et al., in press), and (i) the design of learning environments that engage readers (Gutherie and Cox, 1998). However, none of these findings answer all of the questions educators may have about student interest and engagement. For example, what should teachers do if students pay attention to information in a text that they consider interesting when it differs from that which is important to an assigned task? How can teachers engage students in learning the core curricula, when they differ so greatly in their individual interests? How can teachers help
Experimental, cultural, and neural evidence of deliberate prosociality

A recent PNAS paper proposed that prosocial choice might be due to mistakes that disappear with learning. The authors’ method for comparing preferences and mistakes might prove useful in other species. However, human evidence from various treatments, cultures, and the brain support the idea that humans are prosocial rather than mistaken.
SOUND RADIATION FROM THE BOUNDARY IN A CIRCULAR LINED DUCT WITH FLOW

A mathematical model for the sound radiation from a moving boundary of a lined circular duct with uniform flow is presented. This formulation can be used to model discontinuities in liners such as embedded actuators used in active noise control, the scattering effects of liner splices near the fan, and so forth. The model is based on finding a new closed form solution for the Green’s functions for a soft wall duct in the presence of a convective axial flow. Using the Divergence Theorem, this closed form solution allows to find expressions for the sound field generated by a rectangular shaped piston source with uniform velocity. By properly selecting the piston velocity or strength, the discontinuities in the liner can be modeled. Application examples of the formulation are described that demonstrate the potential of this technique. Nomenclature
Surface Analysis of Wool Fibers and Fiber Coatings by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy:

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to detect coatings and chemical changes on the surface of wool fibers. Organic coatings containing fluorine, phosphorus, and silicon were detected on the surface of fibers by measuring the binding energy of core electrons ejected from the surface by x-rays. Changes in the concentration of these coatings on the surface of fibers were estimated from the area under the core electron binding-energy curve. Changes taking place on the surface of wool fibers subjected to oxidation in an electrical discharge were studied. Sulfur atoms on the surface , of the fiber were found to be oxidized to the plus six oxidation state by these treatments. The general application of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for the surface analysis of coatings and fibers is discussed.
Super flexible sensor skin using liquid metal as interconnect

Robust, flexible sensor skins have long been expected in robotic control. However, most flexible sensor skins are simply fabricated on flexible substrates with the sensor elements and electrical interconnects made from solid materials, which limits the flexibility of sensor skins. Here, we successfully incorporated liquid metal as interconnect to develop a super flexible sensor skin, which senses temperature and force simultaneously. The sensing element is PDMS elastomer mixed with 10% weight ratio multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT). A eutectic liquid metal alloy (Galinstan: 68.5% Ga, 21.5% In, 10% Sn) material filled in microchannels as electrical interconnects. Thus, this skin can be bent dramatically without worrying about failure, which is a big issue for solid metal interconnects. The temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) reaches 0.4%/degC, comparable to commercial resistance temperature detectors. The resistance change versus applied force was around 0.3%/KG.