cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 5 Defining Cultural and Artistic Goods

Abstract This essay addresses the definition of artistic and cultural goods by the commonsense and pragmatic assertion that they are respectively goods that carry artistic and cultural (non-economic) values. However, these categories of non-economic value are themselves highly contested and require clarification for the definitions to be viable. The essay suggests an interpretation of the distinction of economic and non-economic values, and of non-economic cultural value, by drawing on the ideas of Nozick. For artistic value, the essay argues that creativity is a central concept, and explores the learning on creativity to be found in cognitive science. Cognitive science sees creativity as requiring both novelty and appropriateness to a particular cultural community. These insights underline some of the characteristics of markets for creative goods, including artistic goods, that cultural economists have stressed in their work independently of cognitive science. For artistic goods in particular, consumers join in the creativity of the artists, and this joint creativity enables us once again to invoke Nozick's concepts of intrinsic value and identify artistic value as a particular instance of non-economic value. The definitions are defended as coherent in the light of their consistency with economic thinking on stimulus goods and learning-by-consuming. Intellectual property is seen as overlapping but not necessary to artistic and cultural goods. Nothing in this essay should be taken as final, but, rather, as a possible starting point for a substantive discussion of non-economic values in these fields.
Medical records data analysis tools for the Vanderbilt Pain Clinic

Describes the analysis tools written to warehouse and analyze patient medical records in the Vanderbilt Pain Clinic. Included is a break down of the analysis tools used and the applications that they have to teaching and studying chronic pain treatment.
NEONATAL MENINGITIS A Clinical and Pathological Study of 29 Cases

The case histories of 29 infants in whom purulent meningitis developed during the first month of life were reviewed. There was a high incidence of maternal perinatal infections, and identical organisms were frequently isolated from both the mother and offspring. Gram-negative intestinal organisms were the most frequent etiologic agents. Because signs suggesting meningeal and nervous system involvement developed only late in the course of the illness, the diagnosis was frequently not made until the spinal fluid was examined. The course of the illness was usually fulminant; death occurred within 4 days from the onset of symptoms in the majority of infants. Of the five infants who recovered from the meningitis, four died from neurologic complications within a few months. Postmortem examinations were performed on 25 infants. Although the inflammatory reaction was essentially limited to the spinal fluid pathways and their contents, a wide-spread, at times devastating, non-infectious encephalopathy occurred in every case. Our observations emphasize the paucity and subtlety of the clinical manifestations of meningitis in the neonate and the remarkably high mortality that seems to be little influenced by standard methods of therapy. The pathological features of a meningitis in the newborn are similar to those in the more mature individuals, except for the sparsity of lymphocytes in the subacute stage of the meningeal reaction, the prominence of bacteria in the meningeal exudate long after appropriate antibiotics have been employed, and the high frequency of sequelae in the survivors. The sparsity and delay in appearance of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the inflammatory response may be an important factor in the inadequate defense of the newborn to this infection.
Describing function analysis of uncertain nonlinear systems using the Kharitonov approach

The describing function method is used to predict the existence of limit cycles in a system with a separable nonlinearity. The results are obtained graphically or analytically by determining the intersection of the frequency for the linear subsystem and the describing function. Here, the authors combine well known Kharitonov theorems with the describing function to test the stability of uncertain systems. An example is provided to illustrate the new method.
Rates of triolein absorption in suckling and adult rats

To determine the extent to which suckling animals differ from adults in their capacity to absorb fat, we compared the rate of absorption of orally administered [14C]triolein in 11- to 12-day-old suckling rats with that of 10-wk-old adults by three distinct methods. In the first, the rate of [14C]triolein disappearance was determined by quantitating substrate remaining in the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. In the second, 14CO2 expiration in breath was measured continuously for 6 h after an identical feeding. In the third, intestinal triglyceride output was estimated by the lipoprotein lipase inhibitor, Triton WR-1339. Triolein disappearance, 14CO2 excretion, and intestinal triglyceride output were two- to threefold higher in suckling rats compared with adults (P less than 0.01, P less than 0.0001, and P less than 0.01, respectively). There was also a highly significant linear relationship between 14CO2 excretion and both triolein disappearance and intestinal triglyceride output for both age groups (P less than 0.0001 and P less than 0.003, respectively). These data show that consistent with its high dietary intake, the suckling rat can absorb triolein at rates significantly higher than the adult.
A survey of gallium arsenide technology and fault characterization in basic gates

GaAs technology is reviewed from a testing-engineer point of view, and the fault behavior of GaAs transistor is examined. Timing faults are shown to be the most serious faults in GaAs. Timing algebra is presented to propagate and detect timing faults in the gate-level simulation. Simulation results for the same type of faults in a DCFL (direct-coupled FET logic) inverter are shown using the modified SPICE3 MESFET model and they were compared with the corresponding results for high-electron-mobility transistor simulation model. Standards for fault behavior study are listed to assist in drawing useful comparisons among different GaAs technologies. Finally, it is suggested that it might be possible to make use of existing CMOS fault models to detect both timing and traditional stuck-at faults in GaAs. >
The Future of Three-Dimensional Imaging and Museum Applications

Abstract Is it time for all museums to initiate large-scale 3D digitization programs? We don’t yet know how 3D is going to change, replace, or integrate into current museum experience. Yet the possibilities are being actualized right now. What does 3D mean for museums? Digitizing museum objects in 3D (or the museums themselves, for that matter) with incredible accuracy and realism; examining the inside of a mummy; modeling collections in 3D; retaining virtual copies of vulnerable objects; all these and more already exist in the fast-changing realm of 3D applications.
Orientation and bonding of ethylene and ethylidyne on Pt(111) by means of near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy

Abstract Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra have been measured for ethylene chemisorbed on Pt(111) at 90 and 300 K. From the polarization dependence of the spectra at 90 K, ethylene is found to lie down with a π bond to the surface. The spectra collected at 300 K indicate a CC bond normal to the surface in ethylidyne, and a SCF Xα calculation was carried out to assign the K-edge transitions in this species. The ethylidyne carboncarbon bond (which is nominally a single bond) appears to be shorter (≈0.03 A) than that for chemisorbed ethylene.
Estimation of entropy of a binary variable: Satisfying a reliability criterion

Entropy of a binary variable X can be estimated from frequencies calculated on the basis of N observations. The paper considers a reliability criterion of the form Prob(¦H−HN¦<ɛ)≧1−δ where H and HN are the true and estimated entropies respectively, and ɛ and δ define the reliability criterion. A procedure is suggested in which N is incremented until the probability is at least 1−δ but less than 1−δ/2, satisfying the criterion but avoiding a needlessly extravagent number of observations.
Theoretical aspects of oxidation of composite materials

Relationships between the high-temperature oxidation behavior and the composite architecture (shape, size, volume fraction, and orientation of the reinforcement phase) are proposed.
Modelling the anisotropic seismic properties of partially molten rocks found at mid-ocean ridges

Abstract The problem of modelling the seismic properties of mid-ocean ridge rocks of the axial magma chamber (AMC) and the low-velocity triangle (LVT) immediately below it has been addressed using two samples from Oman ophiolite as examples. The specimens are a layered gabbro from the lower oceanic crustal sequence and a harzburgite from the upper most mantle section at the palaeo ridge axis. The seismic properties have been simulated at a temperature of 1200°C and pressure of 200 MPa so that the basalt melt is above its solidus. Various effective medium methods are discussed in the perspective of modelling rocks that have a strong background elastic anisotropy due to crystal preferred orientation (CPO) and an introduced anisotropy due to oriented melt filled inclusions. Calculations using various methods show a wide range of predicted melt fractions for a given seismic velocity. The self-consistent scheme (SCS) and differential effective medium (DEM) are compared in some detail. A tensorial model was developed using a poro-elastic method of Gassman at low seismic frequency and a standard DEM with isolated basalt inclusions at high frequency. At low frequency the basalt pore fluid is considered to be everywhere connected and the pressure uniform, whereas at high frequency basalt inclusions are isolated. Assuming the medium to be a standard linear solid the low and high frequency velocities were used to calculate the anisotropy of attenuation. Calculations with spherical basalt inclusions show that the seismic velocities decrease and attenuation increase with increasing melt fraction. The symmetry of the background anisotropy due to CPO is preserved, but gradually reduced with increasing melt fraction. For the seismic velocities observed for the axial magma chamber (AMC) with Vp of 3.5 to 4.7 km/s the model predicts 50–70% melt. For the low-velocity triangle (LVT) below the AMC with Vp of 4.8–5.6 km/s the model predicts 35–50% melt. Predictions from the observed attenuations (Q−1) at the AMC of 0.05-0.02 and in the LVT of 0.02-0.01 are around 60% and 45% melt respectively. Seismic anisotropy has been modelled with ellipsoidal basalt ‘pancake’ shaped inclusions with their circular sections in the (XY) foliation plane. Only a 2–3% of ellipsoidal basalt inclusions are required to over print the anisotropy of the background medium. There is a rapid decrease in Vp and increase of Q−1 for propagation normal to the foliation (Z) with increasing axial ratio of the inclusions. With increasing axial ratio the model predicts decreasing amounts of melt for given velocity Vp in the Z direction. For the LVT only 15–25% melt is predicted for a 10:1 inclusion instead of the 35–50% of the spherical inclusion.
Maximum and mean droplet sizes in annular two-phase flow

Abstract The initial drop size in an annular flow which is determined in terms of the mechanism of droplet generation by shearing off of roll-wave crests by gas flow can be larger than the maximum stable droplet size in forced convection pipe flow. In this case the droplet size is further determined by droplet disintegration mechanism. Disintegration of droplets in a gas stream has been studied by a number of researchers. Several disruptive mechanisms of droplet break-up have been suggested. Each of these controlling mechanisms was evaluated as applied to the annular flow. It was concluded that in a case of partial entrainment the maximum size of a fluid particle was mainly controlled by the action of the dynamic force a fluid particle experiences in a relative motion. Based on this dynamic force and the stabilizing effect of surface tension, a detailed method for predicting the maximum droplet size in annular flow was presented. The correlations for the representative droplet mean diameters as well as the size distribution were then developed. A comparison with experimental data covering a wide range of fluid and flow variables indicated that indeed the postulated droplet disintegration mechanism was the dominant factor in determining the drop size.
Driving point impedance characteristics of the head.

The mechanical impedance of the human and monkeytMoc~crc.o ~nulurtu I head u a\ determined over the frequency range 30-1X)00 Hz Miniature accelerometers and pressure transducers were placed in the brain to measure its response to vibration at constant g-levels and variable frequency. The maximum acceleration studied was 20 g's, /rl rirro experiments on a fresh human cadaver and irk uico and it? ci?ro experiment> on monkeys were performed. The effect of varying blood pressure was investigated as well as the contribution to the mechanical impedance of the scalp. skull and brain. A linear two-degree-of-freedom model that summarizes the result, with acceptable accuracy is presented. Certain non-linear responses were observed for various input accelerations. No significant effect on impedance due to time after death was found for times up to five hours. The implantable accelerometer and pressure transducer experiments indicated that the brain is very nearly critically damped. Raising the blood pressure was shown to stiffen the hram. causing the resonance frequency of the head to increase.
Comparison of tympanic membrane and deep body temperatures in man

Abstract Recordings of steady state tympanic membrane and rectal temperature were made on three subjects in ambient environments of 10, 16, 22, 28, 34, 39, and 44 C. Rectal temperature was independent of ambient temperature over this ambient range. Temperature at the tympanic membrane was related to ambient temperature and was consistently lower than rectal temperature in the cold and higher than rectal temperature in the heat. This relation was attributed to a skin temperature component of the tympanic membrane.
Integrated Residency Training Pathways of the Future: Diagnostic Radiology, Nuclear Radiology, Nuclear Medicine, and Molecular Imaging

Following up on the recommendations of the ACR/SNM Task Force on Nuclear Medicine Training, the respective leaderships convened Task Force II. Its charge is to develop realistic residency training pathways integrating diagnostic radiology, nuclear radiology, nuclear medicine, and molecular imaging. The diagnostic radiology participants offer these "pathways of the future" that are built on a foundation of training in diagnostic radiology. It is hoped that these pathways will ensure that the traditional and emerging clinical, educational, and research domains of nuclear radiology, nuclear medicine, and molecular imaging will be sustained and will indeed flourish in the decades to come.
Dynamic publication model for neurophysiology databases

We have implemented a pair of database projects, one serving cortical electrophysiology and the other invertebrate neurones and recordings. The design for each combines aspects of two proven schemes for information interchange. The journal article metaphor determined the type, scope, organization and quantity of data to comprise each submission. Sequence databases encouraged intuitive tools for data viewing, capture, and direct submission by authors. Neurophysiology required transcending these models with new datatypes. Time–series, histogram and bivariate datatypes, including illustration–like wrappers, were selected by their utility to the community of investigators. As interpretation of neurophysiological recordings depends on context supplied by metadata attributes, searches are via visual interfaces to sets of controlled–vocabulary metadata trees. Neurones, for example, can be specified by metadata describing functional and anatomical characteristics. Permanence is advanced by data model and data formats largely independent of contemporary technology or implementation, including Java and the XML standard. All user tools, including dynamic data viewers that serve as a virtual oscilloscope, are Java–based, free, multiplatform, and distributed by our application servers to any contemporary networked computer. Copyright is retained by submitters; viewer displays are dynamic and do not violate copyright of related journal figures. Panels of neurophysiologists view and test schemas and tools, enhancing community support.
Photoacoustic detection of induced melanoma in vitro using a mouse model

Metastasis is a life threatening complex physiological phenomenon that involves the movement of cancer cells from one organ to another by means of blood and lymph. An understanding about metastasis is extremely important to device diagnostic systems to detect and monitor its spread within the body. For the first time we report rapid photoacoustic detection of the induced metastatic melanoma in mice in vitro using photoacoustic flowmetry. A new photoacoustic flow system is developed, that employs photoacoustic excitation coupled with an ultrasound transducer capable of determining the presence of individual, induced mouse melanoma cells (B16/F10) within the circulating system in vitro. Tumor was induced in mice by injecting mouse melanoma cells through tail vein into the C57BL/6 mice. A luciferase based in vivo bioluminescence imaging is performed to confirm the tumor load and multiple metastases in the tumor-induced mice. 1ml of blood obtained through cardiac puncture of the induced metastasized mice was treated to lyse the red blood cells (RBC) and enriched, leaving the induced melanoma in the peripheral blood mononuclear suspension (PBMC). A photoacoustic flowsystem coupled with an ultrasound transducer is used to detect the individual circulating metastatic melanoma cells from the enriched cell suspension.
Control and stability of ligand receptor interaction in the presence of a competitive compound.

Abstract The law of mass action is almost universally applied to both endogenous ligands and drugs that interact with specific cellular receptors. The concentration, and hence the receptor binding, of a foreign drug molecule will depend on its pharmacokinetic properties, whereas an endogenous ligand subject to intrinsic control since the concentration (z) remains within limits around an equilibrium level. We have previously examined this control for ligand-receptor interactions proceedings according to mass action in which the ligand is produced (rate F), eliminated expotentially (rate constant E) and controlled by a feedback function of receptor occupancy, ф(y), where y is the bound concentration. The current study examines the control of an endogenous ligand in the presence of a second compound (agonist or antagonist) that interacts with the same receptor. From a computer solution of the set of differential equations, illustrated in both time-plots and phase plane (y-z) plots, it is shown that if the second agent is a pure competitive antagonist the bound concentration of the endogenous agonist ligand may not decrease appreciably, even for large doses of the antogonist. Instead the level of binding dependes on certain parameters of the control function. Further, the computer simulation shows how these parameters affect the time course of released ligand resulting from administration of an antagonist and the suppression of such release when the second compound is an agonist.
Nuclear acceptor sites for estrogen-receptor complexes in the liver of the turtle, Chrysemys picta. I. Sexual differences, species specificity and hormonal dependency☆

Hepatic estrogen receptors (ERs) of the female turtle, Chrysemys picta, when complexed with [3H]estradiol ([3H]E2), were shown to bind specifically to liver chromatin isolated from the same species. The binding of the [3H]E2 receptor complex to chromatin requires both the steroid ligand and the receptor protein. Maximal binding occurred within 60-70 min of incubation at 4 degrees C in a Tris buffer containing 0.1 M KCl. The binding of the [3H]E2 receptor complex to intact chromatin was saturable, whereas the binding to turtle or calf thymus DNA remained linear. Scatchard analyses revealed more estrogen receptor binding sites on hepatic chromatin isolated from female turtles than that prepared from the males (binding capacities: female chromatin = 67.9 +/- 6.8 fmol/mg DNA equivalent; male chromatin = 28.5 +/- 2.5 fmol/mg DNA equivalent). Furthermore, the [3H]E2 receptor complex was bound with a higher affinity to female chromatin than to male chromatin (association constants: female chromatin = 11.7 +/- 2.7 X 10(10) M-1; male chromatin = 2.5 +/- 0.7 X 10(10) M-1). In contrast to turtle hepatic [3H]E2 receptors, ERs in rat liver or mouse uterine cytosol exhibited little binding affinity for hepatic chromatin isolated from the turtle. Tissue specificity was demonstrated in the interaction of the [3H]E2 receptor complex and chromatin; high affinity, saturable binding of the [3H]E2 receptor complex was only observed on chromatin isolated from the liver but not on those prepared from the heart, kidney and muscle. A 3- to 4-fold increase in the number of hepatic chromatin [3H]E2 receptor binding sites was observed in 21-day ovariectomized or hypophysectomized female (capacities = 209.3 +/- 6.1 and 270 +/- 10.1 fmol/mg DNA equivalent, respectively). It is postulated that [3H]E2 receptor binding sites on the chromatin of intact females are partially 'masked', and removal of a gonadal and/or pituitary factor(s) unveils additional binding sites on the female chromatin. This paper is first to report the presence of high affinity, species- and tissue-specific acceptor sites on the liver chromatin of a reptilian species. The fact that the levels and properties of these acceptor sites are dependent on the sex and hormonal state of the animal suggests that they may play a role in the regulation of hepatic estrogen responsiveness and vitellogenesis in this species.
Time-resolved pH jump study of photochemical cleavage and release of carboxylic acids from α-keto amides

Abstract Time-resolved pH jump experiments, using laser flash photolysis and bromocresol green as an indicator, showed that photochemical cleavage and release of carboxylic acids from various α-keto amides derivatives in aqueous media occurs on the microsecond timescale (18–136 μs), depending on carboxylate leaving group ability.
Mentoring relationships of eldercare staff in Australia: Influence on service motives, sense of community, and caregiver experiences

Employees (76 women, 15 men; mean age = 44.61 years old; SD = 10.84) of a nonprofit eldercare program completed measures of public service motives, community self-efficacy, sense of community with coworkers, and caregiver satisfaction and stress. Participants also identified whether they had a mentor in their life, someone with more experience who provided support and guidance to them. Employees with mentors (n = 47) compared to those without a mentor (n = 44) indicated (controlling for social desirability) (1) significantly stronger motives to help others as boosting self-esteem, understanding of social problems, and reflection of one's values; (2) significantly stronger beliefs in a common mission and a desire to be supportive of peers; and (3) less caregiver stress in helping older adults. Limitations and implications are discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 33: 245–252, 2005.
AAAIn Vitro Release Evaluation of Hydrocortisone Liquisolid Tablets

The potential of liquisolid systems to improve the dissolution properties of water-insoluble agents was investigated using hydrocortisone as the model medication. The in vitro release patterns of this very slightly water-soluble corticosteroid, formulated in directly compressed tablets and liquisolid compacts, were studied at different dissolution conditions. The new formulation technique of liquisolid compacts was used to convert liquid medications such as solutions or suspensions of hydrocortisone in propylene glycol, a nonvolatile liquid vehicle, into acceptably flowing and compressible powders by blending with selective powder excipients. Several liquisolid tablet formulations were prepared using a new mathematical model to calculate the appropriate quantities of powder and liquid ingredients required to produce acceptably flowing and compressible admixtures. Due to their increased wetting properties and surface of drug available for dissolution, liquisolid compacts demonstrated significantly higher drug release rates than those of conventionally made, directly compressed tablets containing micronized hydrocortisone. The in vitro drug dissolution rates of liquisolid tablets were found to be consistent and independent of the volume of dissolution medium used, in contrast to the plain tablets which exhibited declining drug release patterns with decreasing dissolution volumes. It has been also shown that the fraction of molecularly dispersed drug in the liquid medication of liquisolid systems is directly proportional to their hydrocortisone dissolution rates.
Saturation of rod pools in cat

Abstract The sensitivities of ganglion cells in the cat's retina to small, brief flashes were measured in darkness and against small and large backgrounds at a range of illuminations up to those that saturated the rods. Over the whole scotopic range the increment-threshold was found to depend primarily not upon background illumination but, within limits, upon the product of background illumination and size. Since backgrounds that are large saturate the rod system when equiluminous backgrounds that are small (but larger than the test flash) do not, the saturation observed with large backgrounds cannot reflect the independent saturation of individual rods. In a second experiment the incrementthreshold was measured using test flashes of different sizes. Over the whole range of the incrementthreshold curve (including saturation) thresholds for the different flashes were in the ratio of test-flash areas. This could not have occurred had saturation depended upon the quantum catch in individual rods. These experiments suggest that rod signals are pooled at the level of the rods themselves.
Robot-assisted laparoscopic bladder diverticulectomy

Robot-assisted laparoscopic bladder diverticulectomy (RALBD) has been increasingly reported in recent years. We review the technique of RALBD and the perioperative outcomes. We searched online databases to identify original articles related to RALBD. In the Method section, we describe our technique and reviewe several techniques for identification and robotic management of bladder diverticula. We identified 13 retrospective studies that met our criteria, with a total of 44 patients. The mean diverticulum size was 8.3 ± 3.6 cm, mean operative time was 186 ± 68 min, mean estimated blood loss was 86 ± 64 ml, and mean length of stay was 2.4 ± 1.7 days. In the majority of cases, patients with acquired diverticula underwent urethral catheter removal between 7 and 14 postoperative days while in the pediatric population with congenital bladder diverticula, Foley catheter removal usually occurred on postoperative day one. We conclude that a robotic technique is a feasible minimally invasive approach for bladder diverticulectomy. Potential benefits may include precise dissection of adjacent structures, as well as easier intracorporeal suturing. Further studies are needed to compare outcomes and costs versus other existing procedures.
Amplification of RNA and DNA specific for erb B in unbalanced 1;7 chromosomal translocation associated with myelodysplastic syndrome

Previous work has established the presence of an unbalanced chromosome abnormality [+der(1),t(1;7)(p11;p11)] in some therapy-associated myelodysplastic disorders. Recently the EGF receptor has been found to reside at 7p11. Using a probe specific for erb B oncogene, which encodes a truncated form of the EGF receptor, we examined RNA and DNA derived from bone marrow and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from three patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and one with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), all bearing an abnormal clone in their bone marrow with a similar unbalanced 1;7 translocation. DNA-excess slot blot hybridization to 5'-32p-labeled cellular RNA revealed from ten- to thirtyfold enhancement in accumulation of mRNA specific for erb B in both peripheral blood and bone marrow cells of the three MDS patients when compared to normal controls. In addition, enhancement of H-ras mRNA accumulation was detected in some, though expression of other genes such as actin, N-ras, myc, src, B-lym, and 20 other genes was not found to be enhanced. Increased erb B expression was not apparent in mononuclear cells from patients with other hematologic disorders such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, or lymphoma. Southern blot analysis of restriction-enzyme-cleaved DNA from three MDS patients with an unbalanced 1;7 translocation revealed that erb B gene was amplified at least twentyfold in peripheral blood white blood cells, while levels of actin hybridization were comparable to those of the controls. No such amplification was evident in the ALL patient. Our data suggest that +der(1),t(1;7)(p11;p11) chromosomal anomalies can be specifically associated with amplification of erb B DNA and RNA sequences.
Lipid analyses of isolated surface membranes ofLeishmania Donovani promastigotes

Constituent lipids of surface membranes (SM) isolated fromLeishmania donovani promastigotes were analyzed and compared with those obtained from whole cells and an isolated kinetoplast-mitochondrion fraction (KM). On a dry weight basis, the total extractable lipids constituted ≈47%, 12% and 24% of the SM, cells and KM, respectively. The total lipids of SM, cells and KM all were composed of ≈70% phospholipids (PL), 20–25% neutral lipids and 5–10% glycolipids. Sterols and diglycerides composed 60% and 30%, respectively, of the various neutral lipid fractions. Several mannose- and galactose-containing glycolipids were fractionated but not identified. The glycolipid fractions from cells and SM had demonstrable antigenic activities with rabbit anti-SM sera. Striking quantitative differences were apparent between the PL profiles of the 3 cellular components examined. The PL of SM, whole cells and KM, respectively, were composed of: 15%, 51% and 24% phosphatidylcholine; 37%, 13% and 11% phosphatidylethanolamine (PE); 18%, 10% and 14% phosphatidylinositol; 10%, 1% and 4% phosphatidylserine and traces of cardiolipin, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidic acid. An unknown PL containing sphingosine, choline and vicinal hydroxyl groups but no free amino moieties made up ≈19% of the PL of SM and whole cells, but it constituted ≈27% of the PL of KM. The PL side chain constituents of whole cells and SM were composed mainly of longchain fatty acids (C18–20). Further, over 50% of the PE of SM was in the alkyl and alK-1-enyl ether forms. These SM properties might contribute to the organism's resistance to digestion in the hydrolytic environs of both its insect vector and mammalian hosts.
Spectral properties and relative quantum yields of new fluorescent stains

Excitation and emission spectra were obtained for thirty-two new fluorescent stains that resist fading when exposed to light. Quantum yields were determined for the fourteen stains that showed the greatest fluorescent intensity. Optimal microscopic excitatory and barrier filters, determined by the experimental results, were used to examine tissues stained with some of these dyes. Cellular detail was evident and there was no fading after several hours of examination.
Biodegradation of the cyclic nitramine explosives RDX, HMX, and CL-20.

Cyclic nitramine explosives are synthesized globally mainly as military munitions, and their use has resulted in environmental contamination. Several biodegradation pathways have been proposed, and these are based mainly on end-product characterization because many of the metabolic intermediates are hypothetical and unstable in water. Biodegradation mechanisms for cyclic nitramines include (a) formation of a nitramine free radical and loss of nitro functional groups, (b) reduction of nitro functional groups, (c) direct enzymatic cleavage, (d) α-hydroxylation, or (e) hydride ion transfer. Pathway intermediates spontaneously decompose in water producing nitrite, nitrous oxide, formaldehyde, or formic acid as common end-products. In vitro enzyme and functional gene expression studies have implicated a limited number of enzymes/genes involved in cyclic nitramine catabolism. Advances in molecular biology methods such as high-throughput DNA sequencing, microarray analysis, and nucleic acid sample preparation are providing access to biochemical and genetic information on cultivable and uncultivable microorganisms. This information can provide the knowledge base for rational engineering of bioremediation strategies, biosensor development, environmental monitoring, and green biosynthesis of explosives. This paper reviews recent developments on the biodegradation of cyclic nitramines and the potential of genomics to identify novel functional genes of explosive metabolism.
Transmission electron microscopy study of the deformation behavior of Cu/Nb and Cu/Ni nanoscale multilayers during nanoindentation

Nanoscale metallic multilayers, comprising two sets of materials—Cu/Nb and Cu/Ni—were deposited in two different layer thicknesses—nominally 20 and 5 nm. These multilayer samples were indented, and the microstructural changes under the indent tips were studied by extracting samples from underneath the indents using the focused ion beam (FIB) technique and by examining them under a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The deformation behavior underneath the indents, manifested in the bending of layers, reduction in layer thickness, shear band formation, dislocation crossing of interfaces, and orientation change of grains, has been characterized and interpreted in terms of the known deformation mechanisms of nanoscale multilayers.
Detection, Quantification, and Vegetative Compatibility of Verticillium dahliae in Potato and Mint Production Soils in the Columbia Basin of Oregon and Washington

Soil samples from 87 fields intended for potato production in the Columbia Basin of Washington and Oregon and 51 fields intended for mint production in Washington were assayed on a semiselective medium to quantify populations of Verticillium dahliae. The pathogen was isolated from 77 (89%) of the fields intended for potato production and 41 (80%) of the fields intended for mint production. Population densities ranged from 0 to 169 propagules/g of air-dried soil in fields intended for potato production and 0 to 75 propagules/g of air-dried soil in fields intended for mint production. Isolates of V. dahliae were recovered from soil assay plates and pure cultures were prepared to provide a collection of isolates for vegetative compatibility analysis. Among fields intended for potato production from which isolates of the fungus were assigned to a vegetative compatibility group (VCG), 93% of the fields were found to contain one or more isolates assigned to VCG 4A, nine (23%) contained one or more isolates assigned to VCG4B, and only one (3%) contained any isolates assigned to VCG 2B. In the case of fields planned for mint production in 1999 from which isolates of the fungus were assigned to a VCG, 13 fields (81%) were found to contain one or more isolates assigned to VCG 4A, 7 (44%) contained one or more isolates assigned to VCG 4B, and 5 (31%) contained one or more isolates assigned to VCG 2B. VCG 4A isolates of V. dahliae are widespread and numerous, particularly following potato production, but cause only mild to moderate symptoms in mint; therefore, this pathotype is unlikely to seriously endanger subsequent plantings of mint. However, planting potato in a field recently used to produce mint may pose a significant risk to the potato crop if high populations of the VCG4A pathotype (highly aggressive to potato) predominate. Preplant assessment of soil populations of V. dahliae without regard for the relative populations of various pathotypes present in a particular sample may lead to information not fully useful in integrated pest management systems.
Comparison of the Kurtkze expanded disability status scale and the functional independence measure: measures of multiple sclerosis-related disability.

AbstractBackground: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease which has a variable clinical presentation followed by a variable clinical course. Therefore, accuracy of clinical rating scales to measure disability at initial clinical presentation and during follow-up visits is essential to accurately capture the variability inherent in this disease. This is particularly vital when attempting to identify the efficacy of interventions. Objective: This observational study in veterans with MS compared the Kurtkze Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the Total Functional Independence Measure (TFIM) scale as measures of MS-related disability. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the electronic charts of 76 veterans with MS who are regularly followed in our VA MS clinic. Local Institutional Review Board approval was obtained for the protocol. Data were analyzed using SAS (SAS System for Windows, version 9.2, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used to assess categorical va...
Hispanic Women in Texas: An Increasing Portion of the Underclass:

This research analyzes datafrom the 1980and 1990 CurrentPopulation Surveyfiles and attempts to determine whether human capital or cultural explanations provide a viable frameworkfor understanding the experience of Hispanic women in Texas. The authors' results suggest that the low income and high rates ofpoverty experienced by these women result from structural changes in the family and in the labor market rather than from individual deficiencies (lack of "human capital") or any value system associated with Hispanic culture.
(221) Percutaneous Vertebroplasty: Minimally Invasive Procedure for Vertebral Fracture

Objective: Vertebral fracture is a common health problem. Percutaneous Vertebroplasty (PVP) is a minimally invasive procedure done to provide pain relief and stabilization. This study examined the results of a case series of persons with vertebral fractures. Method: Eighteen cases (16 women, 2 men; 53–89 year old: mean age 74.68 years) with mid and low back pain were evaluated and vertebral fractures were confirmed with MR Imaging. Seventeen patients had osteoporotic and one patient had metastatic fracture. PVPs using polymethylmethacrylate were performed under fluoroscopic guidance by transpedicular approach between April 1999 to October 2000 at an outpatient surgery center. A semi-structured evaluation of response to PVP was conducted immediately, at 3 days and after 3 weeks. Results: PVP were done for 27 vertebral levels (17 Thoracic and 10 Lumber). Prior to procedure pain levels on numeric scale (0–10) ranged from 5 to 10 with a mean of 9.15. On short term follow up at 3rd post-procedure day, four patients has less then 50% pain relief while 14 patients reported 50% to 100% relief with mean of 78%. On long term follow up 15 patients reported 50% to 100% pain relief with mean of 72.66%. No complications were reported during intra as well as post-operative period. Conclusion: PVP is a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of vertebral fracture with promising results. It provides significant pain relief with the potential for improving functional outcome.
Preservation of Texas's Public Records, a Vital Work in Progress

Management of state and local records has a long history in the United States and in Texas, where interest in the varieties of information embedded in government documents became a matter of public investigation and funding in the 1920s. This article, written in honor of David B. Gracy II, one of the most ardent advocates of the intrinsic value of such records, describes efforts to preserve local government documents and enumerates the ways in which their uses have intensified since the mid-twentieth century.
IV. Water resource modelling using remote sensing and object‐oriented simulation

Remote sensing technology has matured significantly over the past decade. Operational satellites provide reliable, periodic coverage for all areas of the Earth. Data from these satellites are in a digital format that provides enhanced flexibility in hydrological modelling. Considerable advances in acquiring hydrological data from airborne and in situ sensors have also been achieved. Additionally, data from non-traditional remote sources such as weather radar from which spatial and temporal rainfall rates may be estimated are widely available. These new data acquisition capabilities have been paralleled by equal advancements in digital array processing and geographic information systems, which allow the effective extraction of both temporal and spatial information. This paper examines the use of object-oriented programming techniques to create dynamic hydrological models, and explores their potential to receive real and near real-time data from remote sensors as input to improve hydrological forecasting. In particular, the COE SSARR model is used to illustrate how an established hydrological model may be adapted to create a dynamic object model.
Isolation and characterization of multiple forms of prunasin hydrolase from black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh) seeds

Abstract Three forms of prunasin hydrolase (PH I, PH IIa, and PH IIb), which catalyze the hydrolysis of (R)-prunasin to mandelonitrile and d -glucose, have been purified from homogenates of mature black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) seeds. Hydroxyapatite chromatography completely resolved PH I from PH IIa and PH IIb. PH IIa and IIb, which coeluted on hydroxyapatite, were resolved by gel filtration. PH IIa was a dimer with a native molecular weight of 140,000. Both PH I and PH IIb were monomeric with molecular weights of 68,000. The isozymes appeared to be glycoproteins based on their binding to concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B with subsequent elution by α-methyl- d -glucoside. When presented several potential glycosidic substrates, these enzymes exhibited a narrow specificity towards (R)-prunasin. Km values for (R)-prunasin for PH I, PH IIa, and PH IIb were 1.73, 2.3, and 1.35 m m , respectively. PH I and PH IIb possessed fivefold greater V max K m values than PH IIa. Ortho- and para-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucosides were hydrolyzed at the same active site. All forms had a pH optimum of 5.0 in citratephosphate buffer. PH I and PH IIb were competitively inhibited by castanospermine with Ki values of 0.19 and 0.09 m m , respectively. PH activity was not stimulated by any metal ion tested and was unaffected by diethyldithiocarbamate, o-phenanthroline, 2,2′-dipyridyl, and EDTA.
Exploring eidetic imagery among the Kamba of central Kenya.

(1965). Exploring Eidetic Imagery Among the Kamba of Central Kenya. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 67, No. 1, pp. 3-22.
The potential of structural analysis from gas transport studies

Abstract A statistical mechanical analysis of the nature of the transport of non-reactive gases, such as He, in glass can be the source of information about local and long-range structural features. Analysis of the structure of vitreous silica indicates a log-normal distribution of interstitial sizes in the random-network structure. Analysis of binary silicates allows phase separation to be monitored. The future emphasis in this research should include refinements in experimental design and the correlation of results with structural models.
The metallurgy of Roman medical instruments

Abstract A metallographic study was conducted to characterize the composition and manufacturing techniques of two Roman medical instruments. The instruments, one, the typical form of an ear speculum or “scoop”, and the other, a spatula, are part of a set of nine Roman medical instruments. The exact provenance of the instruments is unclear, but they are stylistically similar to Roman medical instruments dating from the 2nd to 4th century AD. The present results are compared with the findings from a previous examination of one Roman medical olivary probe. This analysis illustrates the variety of manufacturing techniques that ancient Roman metallurgists implemented in medical instrument fabrication.
Stability of the Nielsen-Olesen vortex

It is shown that the Nielsen-Olesen vortex solution in the SO(3) ''Georgi-Glashow'' model with only one Higgs field multiplet is unstable against small field fluctuations.
Urinary ketosteroids in the rhesus monkey.

Abstract The excretion of individual 11-deoxy- and 11-oxo-17-keto-steroids in the adult rhesus monkey was measured by gas-liquid chromatography. The total 11-deoxy-17-KS excretion was 112 and 116 μg per 24 hr in two males and between 8 and 42 μg per 24 hr in six females. Androsterone excretion was 5 to 7 times that of etiocholanolone in the two males. The sum of the 11-oxo-17-KS excretion was 227 and 297 μg per 24 hr in the males and ranged from 62 to 89 μg per 24 hr in the females. The Zimmermann chromogens were 20 to 50 times the sum of the individual keto-steroids, suggesting the presence of a non-steroidal Zimmermann chromogen in the urine of the adult rhesus monkey.
The effective molecular polarizability and local electric field in molecular crystals

Abstract The problem of calculating the effective molecular polarizabilities and the local electric fields in molecular crystals is considered. It is shown that in a crystal with two or more anisotropic molecules per unit cell, these quantities cannot be found from the crystal structure and the dielectric tensor alone.
Factors Relating to Pitch-Matching Skills of Elementary Education Majors.

This study is an examination of the relationship between accuracy in singing the starting pitch of a song and four variables: (a) perception of tonal center, (b) ability to maintain a consistent key while singing a song, (c) self-selected pitch level, and (d) previous music experience. The subjects, 42 elementary education majors, sang “Row, Row, Row Your Boat ”at the pitch level of their choice. They were then asked to sing the song in the keys of B, C, and D with the keys established by (a) a single tonic pitch played on a piano, (b) a I-V7-I cadence played on a piano, and (c) a I-V7-I cadence played on an Autoharp. A multiple-regression analysis was performed to determine the extent to which the variables predicted initial pitch accuracy scores. Analyses of variance were conducted to determine the effects of (a) subjects' self-selected pitch level and target pitch level on initial pitch accuracy and (b) method of establishing the target key on initial pitch accuracy.
A curiously short history of game art

Starting in the late mid-1990s, a group of artists in Europe, Australia and the United States began exploring the use of videogame technologies and cultural tropes to create Game Art, or more clearly stated, art made from videogames. Works like Bernstrup and Torsson's 1995 Museum Meltdown, JODI's 1999 SOD and Arcangel's 2002 Super Mario Clouds pushed on the conventions of both what constituted a videogame play experience and what was expected from a computer-based work of art. Fast-forward roughly fifteen years, and the phenomenon is largely over. This paper will explore the short history of Game Art and consider reasons for its short life and relative lack of critical success.