cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New generation architectures

There is a pattern to developments in new generation architectures; an application need or requirement drives an architectural definition which in turn drives technology which may or may not be able to support the requirement. Sometimes the technology provides an opportunity to realize some functionality, previously unobtainable, in the abstract application and thus drives the architecture. It can be a chicken-and-egg scenario. The underlying goal is to close, or at last, narrow the semantic gap. The paper examines various classes of new generation architectures. This division of classes is solely based on answering a fundamental question, what do we perceive as the application level for the system in question?. >
H-NS REGULATES DNA REPAIR IN SHIGELLA

We report a new role for H-NS in Shigella spp.: suppression of repair of DNA damage after UV irradiation. H-NS-mediated suppression of virulence gene expression is thermoregulated in Shigella, being functional at 30°C and nonfunctional at 37 to 40°C. We find that H-NS-mediated suppression of DNA repair after UV irradiation is also thermoregulated. Thus, Shigella flexneri M90T, incubated at 37 or 40°C postirradiation, shows up to 30-fold higher survival than when incubated at 30°C postirradiation. The hns mutants BS189 and BS208, both of which lack functional H-NS, show a high rate of survival (no repression) whether incubated at 30 or 40°C postirradiation. Suppression of DNA repair by H-NS is not mediated through genes on the invasion plasmid of S. flexneri M90T, since BS176, cured of plasmid, behaves identically to the parental M90T. Thus, in Shigella the nonfunctionality of H-NS permits enhanced DNA repair at temperatures encountered in the human host. However, pathogenic Escherichia coli strains (enteroinvasive and enterohemorrhagic E. coli) show low survival whether incubated at 30 or 40°C postirradiation. E. coli K-12 shows markedly different behavior; high survival postirradiation at both 30 and 40°C. These K-12 strains were originally selected from E. coli organisms subjected to both UV and X irradiation. Therefore, our data suggest that repair processes, extensively described for laboratory strains of E. coli, require experimental verification in pathogenic strains which were not adapted to irradiation.
Treatment response to standard of care for severe anemia in pregnant women and effect of multivitamins and enhanced anthelminthics.

Background: Severe anemia (hemoglobin ,70 g/L) in pregnancy may increase the risk of maternal and perinatal mortality. Objectives: We assessed response to standard treatment with highdose iron–folic acid for 90 d and single-dose (500 mg) mebendazole among severely anemic pregnant women in periurban Karachi, Pakistan. In addition, we evaluated the efficacy of 2 enhanced treatment regimens. Design: We screened pregnant women (n ¼ 6288) for severe anemia and provided them all with the standard treatment. To test the efficacy of 2 additional treatments, women were randomly assigned to standard treatment alone (control) or with 100 mg mebendazole twice daily for 3 d or 90 d of daily multivitamins or both using a 2 3 2 factorial design. Results: Prevalence of severe anemia was high (10.5%) during pregnancy. Prevalence of geohelminths and malaria was low. Treatment response was defined as hemoglobin .100 g/L at the 90-d or � 25 g/L at the 60-d follow-up visit. The standard-of-care treatment resulted in a response rate of 49% at follow-up, although an adherence of � 85% elicited a higher response (67%). The effect of the additional treatments was weak. Although response was higher in the enhanced groups than for the standard treatment at the final assessment, the differences were not statistically significant. However, hemoglobin concentration increased significantly in all groups and was higher in the enhanced mebendazole group compared with the standard group (P , 0.05). Conclusions: Iron deficiency was high in this population, and the standard-of-care treatment resulted in a treatment response of 50%, although better treatment adherence showed a higher response. Multivitamins and the enhanced mebendazole regimen had a modest benefit over and above the standard treatment. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:853–61.
The Variable Markov Oracle: Algorithms for Human Gesture Applications

This article introduces the Variable Markov Oracle (VMO) data structure for multivariate time series indexing. VMO can identify repetitive fragments and find sequential similarities between observations. VMO can also be viewed as a combination of online clustering algorithms with variable-order Markov constraints. The authors use VMO for gesture query-by-content and gesture following. A probabilistic interpretation of the VMO query-matching algorithm is proposed to find an analogy to the inference problem in a hidden Markov model (HMM). This probabilistic interpretation extends VMO to be not only a data structure but also a model for time series. Query-by-content experiments were conducted on a gesture database that was recorded using a Kinect 3D camera, showing state-of-the-art performance. The query-by-content experiments' results are compared to previous works using HMM and dynamic time warping. Gesture following is described in the context of an interactive dance environment that aims to integrate human movements with computer-generated graphics to create an augmented reality performance.
Sonographic twinkling artifact in a renal graft with prolene mesh.

onography is a widely used modality for the evaluation of transplanted kidneys. It is portable, fast, and noninvasive, and the superficial location of the renal transplant in the iliac fossa is ideal for sonographic imaging. Sonography can be used to evaluate the renal parenchyma, collecting system, and peritransplant regions as well as to guide percutaneous drainage and biopsy procedures. Additionally, color Doppler sonography enhances the diagnostic capabilities of renal sonography and can be used to assess the transplant vasculature, which is critical in the evaluation of renal graft dysfunction. 1,2 Prolene mesh (Vicryl; Ethicon, Inc, Somerville, NJ) may be wrapped around a transplant kidney to prevent bleeding in cases of cortical tears, renal graft rupture, or lack of a capsule. 3 Importantly, the mesh will appear echogenic on sonography and can be easily mistaken for air around the capsule or perinephric fat. We present a case of renal graft evaluation using color Doppler sonography, which revealed a twinkling artifact caused by mesh surrounding the graft. To the best of our knowledge, this finding has not been previously reported in the literature.
Predicting Risk for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Selection Criteria for Clinical Trials

Early identification of neonates in whom bronchopulmonary dysplasia is most likely to develop permits appropriate enrollment into clinical trials testing early intervention therapies for the prevention or treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Analysis of 160 neonatal intensive care unit survivors to 28 days revealed that supplemental oxygen requirement at 28 days could be predicted by a logistic regression including (1) birth weight, gestational age, 5-minute Apgar score, and peak inspiratory pressure at 12 hours for 12-hour-old neonates and (2) birth weight, gestational age, peak inspiratory pressure at 12 hours, and mean airway pressure at 10 days for 10-day-old neonates. These two regression analyses were applied prospectively to three new data sets totaling 238 neonates to test their predictive ability. Neonates were classified into low-, moderate-, or high-risk groups on the basis of their predicted probability of requiring oxygen supplementation at 28 days; low = probability of less than 25%, moderate = probability of 25% to 75%, and high = probability greater than 75%. Although these populations were demographically distinct from the original group, the regression analyses performed well. The regression analysis for 12 hours of age classified 125 neonates at low risk of whom 9% required supplemental oxygen at 28 days, and the regression analysis for 10 days classified 141 neonates at low risk of whom 7% required supplemental oxygen. The 12-hour regression analysis classified 80 neonates at moderate risk of whom 33% required supplemental oxygen at 28 days and the 10-day regression analysis classified 49 neonates at moderate risk of whom 24% required supplemental oxygen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Inflow of Long-Term Capital and the Canadian Business Cycle 1950–1960

Canada's recent return to a pegged exchange rate marks the end of a highly interesting experiment in international economic policy and the end of an era in the history of the Canadian balance of payments. It is now appropriate, therefore, to look backwards and to examine the effects of changes in the balance of payments on the Canadian economy during the period in which the value of the Canadian dollar was allowed to fluctuate freely. Only a very narrow aspect of the problem is examined in this paper, namely, the effect of the large long-term capital inflow of the 1950s on the Canadian business cycle. This problem is interesting not only for its own sake, but also because the cyclical effect of a capital inflow is extremely important in determining whether the borrowing country achieves its potential or required growth rate. If, for our purposes, we define the potential supply of goods and services available to an economy as domestic production at full employment plus imports minus exports, a capital inflow increases that supply by bidding up the value of the Canadian dollar until sufficient upward pressure on imports and downward pressure on exports is imposed to transfer the capital inflow in real terms. This increase in supply implies that planned aggregate expenditures in Canada can increase without exerting inflationary pressures on the economy. A capital inflow allows a higher level of investment expenditure and this raises the potential rate of growth of the productive capacity of the economy.
Operator theoretic framework for optimal placement of sensors and actuators for control of nonequilibrium dynamics

Abstract In this paper, we present a novel operator theoretic framework for optimal placement of actuators and sensors in nonlinear systems. The problem is motivated by its application to control of nonequilibrium dynamics in the form of temperature in building systems and control of oil spill in oceanographic flow. The controlled evolution of a passive scalar field, modeling the temperature distribution or density of oil dispersant, is governed by a linear advection partial differential equation (PDE) with spatially located actuators and sensors. Spatial locations of actuators and sensors are optimized to maximize the controllability and observability regions of the linear advection PDE. Linear transfer Perron–Frobenius and Koopman operators, associated with the advective velocity field, are used to provide an analytical characterization for the controllable and observable spaces of the advection PDE. Set-oriented numerical methods are proposed for the finite dimensional approximation of the linear transfer operators. The finite dimensional approximation is shown to introduce weaker notion of controllability and observability, referred to as coarse controllability and observability. The finite dimensional approximation is used to formulate the optimization problem for the optimal placement of sensors and actuators. The optimal placement problem is a combinatorial optimization problem. However, the positivity property of the linear transfer operator is exploited to provide an exact solution to the optimal placement problem using greedy algorithm. Application of the framework is demonstrated for the placement of sensors in a building system for the detection of contaminants and for optimal release of dispersant location for control of contaminant in a Double Gyre velocity field. Simulation results reveal interesting connections between the optimal location of actuators and sensors, maximizing the controllability and observability regions respectively, and the coherent structures in the fluid flow.
Urobilinogen Excretion After Hemoglobin Infusions in Patients with Normal Hematologic and Hepatic Findings.

SummaryIn 6 adult patients without hematologic or hepatic abnormality the efficiency of conversion of bilirubin to colorimetrically measurable fecal urobilinogen, assuming a daily catabolism of 6.25 g of hemoglobin, averaged only 26%. However, the efficiency of conversion of from 8.3 to 11.75 g of hemoglobin subsequently given by slow intravenous infusion averaged 96%. It is suggested that some physiological, biochemical or artifactual process normally diverts a more or less constant amount of bilirubin from conversion to fecal urobilinogen measurable by Ehrlich's aldehyde reagent in collected stools even when the bilirubin to be converted is significantly augmented.
X-Ray Line Broadening Analysis of Ybacuo Superconducting Thin Films

Thin films of YBaCuO were prepared on MgO and SrTi03/Al2 03 substrates by rf magnetron sputtering. The SrTi03 was deposited onto AI2O3 by flash evaporation. The as‐deposited films on both substrates had an (001) orientation and were superconductors. Annealing the films in O 2 improved their crystal 1inity and raised their critical temperatures (T c ). A detailed X‐ray diffraction study of the YBaCuO films was carried out. Values for the particle sizes and nonuniform strains along the c axis were obtained from broadened diffraction lines by using an integral breadth method. It was found that the broadening was mainly caused by nonuniform strain. It was also observed that nonuniform strain decreased as the films were annealed at various temperatures. The T c 's of the films were very sensitive to changes in nonuniform strain.
Is there a need for new therapies for rheumatoid arthritis

Although traditional disease modifying and biological response modifying agents are very useful in controlling disease activity, limiting disease progression, and improving function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), very few patients achieve full remission from treatment with these medications either when given alone or in combination. The combination of methotrexate (MTX) and the biologic agents appears to provide the highest level of response that is presently achievable. A contributory factor to the limited benefit from such regimens in some patients is that patients are unable to continue these medications, either because of lack of efficacy or adverse events. As even the most effective currently available interventions are not ideal in all patients, the search for new therapies -- which may be able to improve on the best possible clinical effect achievable to date -- is therefore necessary, desirable, and justified. One approach to new treatment paradigms for RA is to evaluate the role of B cells in RA and the effect of targeted B cell therapy on clinical outcome, based on a sound rationale and encouraging emerging clinical evidence. This approach will be examined in this and the following articles.
American Sociology’s Racial Ontology: Remembering Slavery, Deconstructing Modernity, and Charting the Future of Global Historical Sociology:

Standard American disciplinary history holds that the ‘founding fathers’, inspired by ‘great men theorizing European modernity’, created a sister discipline in Europe’s image. This article proposes an alternative history, which locates the founding of American sociology in the writings of ‘pro-slavery imperialists’ Henry Hughes and George Fitzhugh. A methodologically nationalistic sociology of ‘race relations’, which isolates the study of race from issues of ‘general’ sociological concern, has substituted for sustained engagement with sociology’s colonialist and imperialist past. Racism has been made an anachronistic survivor in tradition, rather than a constitutive part of modernity. Rehabilitating this lost history is therefore vital for creating a new, global historical sociology, as is questioning the conceptual matrix that isolates the study of race and racism from issues of general sociological concern.
Reflections and Innovations on the Assessment and Evaluation System of International Characteristic Course

Beijing Youth Politics College cooperative education focuses on one of the topics is how to regulate the international characteristics of the course appraisal. Sino-Canadian cooperation in hospital for three professional education curriculum conditions and appraisal analysis of the situation,adapt to the international character of the proposed curriculum,should use diversification,flexibility assessment methods,course certificate fusion appraisal methods,items strengthening assessment process management,assessment content focuses practical application ability,establish school-enterprise cooperation evaluation system.
EU-Latin American Interregionalism

The European Union and Latin America walked into the twenty-first century through different doors. In Europe, the 2004 and 2007 enlargements transformed the composition of the European Union, the Treaty of Lisbon sparked a turbulent debate about the scope of the integration process, and the prolonged economic crisis forced painful structural transformations in the Eurozone. In Latin America, the benefits of the democratic reforms and the free market policies raised the expectations of the population, producing a spectrum of decision makers ranging from socialists of the twenty-first century to devoted neoliberals. In the light of the historical moment that both regions are experiencing, this chapter aims to explore the feasibility of a fruitful interregional dialogue between Europe and Latin America. To provide some elements of analysis, this chapter reviews the main concepts surrounding the processes of regionalism and integration, examines the moment of regionalism in Europe and Latin America, and studies the analytical framework for the study of the interregionalism between the two.
Altered electrical potential profile of human reabsorptive sweat duct cells in cystic fibrosis.

The electrophysiological properties of reabsorptive sweat duct (RSD) cells from normal and cystic fibrosis (CF) subjects were studied using intracellular microelectrodes. The apical membrane potent...
Abstract 116: Characterization of a Sodium Responsive Human Sodium Bicarbonate Transporter NBCe2 in Human Proximal Tubule

The electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter (NBCe2) is encoded by SLC4A5, variants of which have been associated with salt sensitivity of blood pressure (BP), which affects 25% of the adult population. NBCe2 is thought to mediate sodium bicarbonate cotransport primarily in the renal collecting duct, but NBCe2 mRNA is also found in the rodent renal proximal tubule (RPT), another site of bicarbonate transport. The protein expression or function of NBCe2 has not been demonstrated in the human RPT. We validated an NBCe2 antibody by siRNA and Western blot, as well as overexpression of an epitope-tagged NBCe2 construct in both RPT cells (RPTCs) and HEK293 cells. We immune-localized (peptide pre-absorbable) NBCe2 protein in the RPT of fresh and frozen human kidney slices, RPTCs isolated from human urine, and in isolated RPTC apical membrane. NBCe2 was primarily found in the Golgi while NBCe1, another electrogenic member of the same family, was primarily found at the basolateral membrane, under basal conditions. Following a short-term increase in intracellular sodium, NBCe2 expression increased at the apical membrane in cultured slices of human kidney (1.75±0.15 fold increase over basal, N=3, p<0.05) and polarized, immortalized RPTCs (0.08±0.015 vs 0.03±0.006 control, NBCe2/CD13 RFU, N=3, p<0.05), while the basolateral localization of NBCe1 was decreased (30.7±5.4% over basal, N=3, p<0.05). DIDS (electrogenic sodium bicarbonate inhibitor, 500 μM, 10 min) inhibitable bicarbonate dependent pH recovery in the presence of EIPA (NHE inhibitor,100 nM, 10 min) after ammonium chloride prepulse (20 mM, 5 min) was higher in the cells cultured under high salt conditions (26.7±7.2% over basal, N=3, p<0.05). Thus, NBCe2 appears to be important in apical sodium and bicarbonate cotransport under high salt conditions. Future studies will examine the role of NBCe2 in mediating increased renal sodium transport in human salt sensitivity of BP.
Human NK cell development requires CD56-mediated motility and formation of the developmental synapse

While distinct stages of natural killer (NK) cell development have been defined, the molecular interactions that shape human NK cell maturation are poorly understood. Here we define intercellular interactions between developing NK cells and stromal cells which, through contact-dependent mechanisms, promote the generation of mature, functional human NK cells from CD34(+) precursors. We show that developing NK cells undergo unique, developmental stage-specific sustained and transient interactions with developmentally supportive stromal cells, and that the relative motility of NK cells increases as they move through development in vitro and ex vivo. These interactions include the formation of a synapse between developing NK cells and stromal cells, which we term the developmental synapse. Finally, we identify a role for CD56 in developmental synapse structure, NK cell motility and NK cell development. Thus, we define the developmental synapse leading to human NK cell functional maturation.
The Murine T Cell Receptor

In the past two years, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted receptor for antigen on T cells has been identified by several laboratories through the use of clone-specific antibodies which recognize idiotypic determinants on T cell antigen receptors. Studies with these antibodies, summarized in a recent review (1) have established that the antigen/MHC recognition structures on T cells (a) are idiotypic molecules as indicated by the highly specific nature of their binding to the anti-receptor antibodies; (b) can be functionally inhibited or stimulated through interaction with clone-specific antibodies, suggesting that the specific recognition of antigen and MHC involves a single binding site; (c) are 85–90,000 dalton glycoproteins consisting of two heterodimeric disulfide-linked subunits; and (d) contain variable and constant peptide regions in both the alpha and the beta chains. The biochemical characterization of the receptor with the clone-specific antibodies has since been confirmed and extended by recent reports on the genomic organization of the receptor β chain (2–6).
On the Problem of Determining which (n, k)-Star Graphs are Cayley Graphs

In this paper we work to classify which of the (n, k)-star graphs, denoted by $$S_{n,k}$$Sn,k, are Cayley graphs. Although the complete classification is left open, we derive infinite and non-trivial classes of both Cayley and non-Cayley graphs. We give a complete classification of the case when $$k=2$$k=2, showing that $$S_{n,2}$$Sn,2 is Cayley if and only if n is a prime power. We also give a sufficient condition for $$S_{n,3}$$Sn,3 to be Cayley and study other structural properties, such as demonstrating that $$S_{n,k}$$Sn,k always has a uniform shortest path routing.
An economic study of some determinants of agricultural investment in Egypt.

Agriculture Investments play important role in agriculture sector, It contributes about 15.4 of total GDP for the period (1995 / 1996 - 2013 / 2014). The research problem was the decrease in the contribution of the agricultural investment in the total investment and this has lead to a decrease in the contribution of the agriculture sector in the Egyptian Gross demostic products (GDP). The results showed that agricultural sector contributes with about 5.6% of the total investments between different economic sectors. The study showed that there was an efficiency in the agricultural private investment and in total agricultural investment while there was unefficiency in the agricultural public investment. The study showed that the most important determinants of agricultural investment in Egypt were agricultural gross domestic product, GDP, the agricultural income, reclaimed area, interest rate of agricultural loans and agricultural labor. The agricultural investment value is inversely proportional to both of the interest rates of agricultural loans and the volume of agricultural labor, where by decreasing both of the interest rates of agricultural loans and size of agricultural labor by about 1% leads to an increase in agricultural investments with about 0.17, 1.88 billion pounds respectively, the reason of decline in the agricultural employment size was to expand in using the technology in the agricultural sector. From the estimated model indicators that increasing both of the agricultural gross domestic product and GDP and agricultural income with about 1% leads to increase agricultural investments with about 0.413 , 40, 30 million pounds, respectively, and by increasing the reclaimed area with about 1% the investment increased with about 3.2 million pounds. The study showed that ARIMA model was the most suitable model for forecasting public, private and total agricultural investment. The forecasted figures for public investment were about 3.4, 3.01, 3.04 billion pounds for the years 2014/2015, 2015/2016, 2016/2017, respectively while forecasting for the private agricultural investment were about 6.14, 3.99, 2.65 billion pounds, respectively for the same years. While forecasting for total agricultural investment will be about 10.04, 7.64, and 5.79 billion pounds during the forecasted years. Finally the study recommended some important and topical recommendations for raising the agricultural investment such as: 1. Unify the agencies responsible for data source of investments to design a correct and clear investment map. 2. Stimulate agricultural investment projects by reducing the taxes through designing good tax and investment policies. 3. To Integrate the young graduates and small farmers in great cooperation for land reclamation and other agricultural projects by the help and stimulation of Agricultural Development And Credit Bank.
A novel soft-switching modulation scheme for isolated DC-to-three-phase-AC matrix-based converter using SiC device

This paper presents a novel unipolar SPWM-oriented modulation for the isolated bi-directional DC-to-three-phase-AC converter with high-frequency-link (HFL) using SiC MOSFETs. The converter consists of a full bridge (FB) stage and a single-to-three-phase matrix converter with high frequency transformer isolation. Under the proposed modulation, zero voltage switching (ZVS) is realized for the full bridge and zero voltage zero current switching (ZVZCS) is realized for the switches operating in the selected modes in the matrix converter for all load range. Synchronous Rectification (SR) is implemented for switches operating in the complimentary and synchronous modes. The proposed modulation technique takes advantages of the manifest merits of SiC devices such as the low turn-on resistance and ultra-fast reverse recovery characteristic. Moreover, the voltage spike induced by the transformer leakage inductance is mitigated with the proposed modulation technique without additional snubber circuits or components. The simulation results provided well validate the functionality and effectiveness of soft-switching of the proposed modulation. For the experimental results, the proposed modulation with SiC devices is implemented to improve the efficiency from 88.0% to 94.1% at 1.3kW compared to traditional modulation in matrix converter.
Sustainable engineering: A sequence of courses at Carnegie Mellon

A new sequence of courses at Carnegie Mellon University exposes students to concepts in the emerging discipline of Sustainable Engineering and prepares them to play leadership roles in the years ahead. This sequence includes four half-semester courses: (1) Introduction to Sustainable Engineering; (2) Industrial Ecology and Sustainable Engineering Design; (3) Life Cycle Assessment, and (4) Case Studies in Sustainable Engineering. Students successfully completing this sequence have an appreciation for the myriad ways in which engineering decisions can affect the environment and for the responsibilities of engineers in helping society cope with future challenges.
Decisions of First Time Expectant Mothers in Central Texas Compared to Women in Great Britain and Spain: Testing Hakim’s Preference Theory

INTRODUCTIONWomen receive mixed messages regarding their appropriate roles. Some argue that women are entitled to have both careers and children, just like men are, and that fathers should be equally involved in raising children. Others argue that a good mother will stay at home with her children in order to provide them the attention and nurturing they need to be healthy, while good fathers are good providers by earning an adequate income. Ongoing gender inequity indicates that the former argument has not been realized despite increased participation of mothers in the paid labor force.The purpose of this study was to explore the factors affecting mothers' decision-making processes in relation to work and family life. Both the social contexts of the decision-making processes and the mothers' preferences were explored in order to assess their influences. External context factors have been considered the most important in previous research, but Hakim (2003a; 2003b; 2003c) contends that women's personal preferences guide decisions more than external constraints. Finally, the implications of the decisions made by the mothers for gender inequity were explored.GENDER INEQUITY AND WOMEN'S WORK AND FAMILY LIFE DECISIONSGender inequity is still very evident in the United States. Men hold a disproportionate number of the power positions in business, government, and religion. Consequently, decisions from the type of contraception available to the public to the amount of impact of passenger airbags are made give males' the advantage (Carbonara, 1998). Other evidence of gender inequality is revealed by the fact that women make, on average, 78 percent of what comparably employed men make (DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, & Smith, 2008). While much attention has been paid to discrimination in the workplace, much of the difference in pay can be attributed to decisions being made in the home (Stratton, 2001; Waldfogel, 1997). Key factors related to the earning disparity between women and men are that women on average are responsible for twice as much childcare and housework as their husbands, even when wives are working full time (Institute for Social Research, 2002; Stanley-Stevens & Seward, 2007). Women are also usually the ones who will change or adjust their schedules in order to provide care for their families (Feldmann& Nash, 1984; Kalleberg & Rosenfeld, 1990,Lamanna R Hakim, 2003a; Klerman & Leibowit/, 1995). Many women stay in the labor force believing that they can have just as good of relationships with their children as non-employed mothers (Bianchi, Robinson, & MiMe, 2007; Glass, 1996). In fact, several studies report that employed mothers spend almost as much time in direct interaction with their children and in visiting their children's schools as non-employed mothers (Bianchi, et al. …
Towards the robust trace detection of radiocarbon via linear absorption spectroscopy

Reported here is the optical detection of radiocarbon below contemporary levels using cavity ring-down spectroscopy in the linear absorption regime. Petrogenic and biogenic samples of CO 2 are readily distinguished by repeated optical measurements.
The Impact of Aneurysm Location on Incidence and Etiology of Hyponatremia Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) and cerebral salt wasting (CSW) are the most common etiologies. Whether or not the location of the ruptured aneurysm is associated with the etiology of hyponatremia is unknown. We sought to determine whether or not the incidence of SIADH and CSW after aSAH differed based on aneurysm location. Methods Retrospective analysis of 335 consecutive patients who presented with aSAH at a single institution was performed. Patients were included if they developed hyponatremia before postbleed day 14. Electronic health records were reviewed to obtain data regarding aneurysm location, treatment, etiology of hyponatremia, and modified Rankin Scale score at hospital discharge. Results Inclusion criteria were met by 114 patients. There were 67 (59%) anterior circulation aneurysms and 47 (41%) posterior circulation aneurysms. Of patients, 85 (75%) had hyponatremia owing to SIADH, 14 (12%) had CSW, and 15 (13%) did not fit either etiology. SIADH was more common than CSW in anterior circulation aneurysms (90%) compared with posterior circulation aneurysms (75%). This trended toward, but did not reach, statistical significance (P = 0.08). More severe Hunt and Hess grades were associated with the development of CSW rather than SIADH (P = 0.002). Conclusions SIADH is much more common than CSW in patients with aSAH. Anterior circulation aneurysms may be associated with a higher rate of SIADH than posterior circulation aneurysms.
Clinical Guidance to Tattooing and Piercing Among Youth

Abstract Tattoos, piercing, and scarification are increasingly common among young people. This paper reviews the first clinical report from the American Academy of Pediatrics which provides information for clinicians about these types of body modifications. The new report notes that complications are not common and that body modifications differ from non-suicidal self-injury. Additional references and information are provided to help clinicians can talk about these topics with patients and their families.
Fraise: A framework for predicting peak postprandial blood glucose using personalized data-driven modeling

Big data has been revolutionizing individualized medicine, improving the results of diagnostic imaging, genetic testing, and by providing frameworks for electronic health record sharing and analysis. In this paper we present a nextstep in personalized data-driven health by demonstrating the capability of predictive individualized models to model peak postprandial plasma glucose concentrations. Past research has shown that postprandial plasma glucose concentrations are highly predictive of both the development of type 2 diabetes, β-cell damage in the pancreas due to glucose toxicity, and a wide range of cardiovascular complications. We present a framework for individualized data collection, model parameterization, and prediction which allows for ongoing estimation of postprandial glucose after short training windows to aid in determining when an individual may be at risk for developing pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes, or complications due to high peak postprandial blood glucose.
Esophageal Mucosal Impedance Patterns Discriminate Patients With Eosinophilic Esophagitis From Patients With GERD.

Background & Aims It is a challenge to make a diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) because its symptoms and histologic features overlap with those of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). A minimally invasive device was recently developed to detect mucosal impedance (MI) that measures epithelial integrity during upper endoscopy. We aimed to quantify MI along the esophagus and identify patterns that differentiated patients with and without GERD from those with EoE, and determine whether MI values and patterns are sufficient to identify patients with EoE using histologic findings as a reference. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 91 patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms referred for diagnostic testing for GERD and EoE from 2012 through 2014 (discovery set). During the first endoscopy, MI measurements were obtained at 2, 5, and 10 cm from the squamocolumnar junction. GERD was confirmed by ambulatory pH tests, and histologic analyses of biopsies were used to confirm EoE. We then used statistical modeling to identify MI patterns along the esophagus (at 10 cm, 5 cm, and 2 cm) that associated with GERD vs EoE. We validated our findings in a prospective cohort of 49 patients undergoing elective upper endoscopy for dysphagia, from 2015 through 2016, testing the ability of MI patterns to identify patients with vs. without EoE. Results We found patients with EoE to have a unique MI pattern, with low values along the esophageal axis. MI measurements at 5 cm could discern patients with normal vs abnormal mucosa with 83% sensitivity and 79% specificity, and patients with EoE vs GERD with 84% sensitivity and 70% specificity; these measurements differentiated the patient populations with the highest level of accuracy of any of the 6 measurements tested. In the validation study, a rater using the esophageal MI pattern identified patients with EoE with 100% sensitivity and 96% specificity. Conclusion We identified and validated a pattern of MI along the esophagus that can identify patients with EoE vs normal mucosa or GERD with high levels of sensitivity.
Palliative and stereotactic radiation therapy, patient-centered care, genetic biomarkers, and pain.

In keeping with prior recent practices of the journal (1), Annals of Palliative Medicine remains committed to expedited publication times following manuscript acceptances, thus allow timely research to be dissemination as quickly as possible to readers. Therefore, we are featuring another extra issue of Annals of Palliative Medicine in December 2017 that is an extensive issue with 26 total articles, including 14 original research manuscripts, our most published in a single issue to date.
Tutorial: Novel properties of defects in semiconductors revealed by their vibrational spectra

This is an introductory survey of the vibrational spectroscopy of defects in semiconductors that contain light-mass elements. The capabilities of vibrational spectroscopy for the identification of defects, the determination of their microscopic structures, and their dynamics are illustrated by a few examples. Several additional examples are discussed, with a focus on defects with properties not obviously accessible by vibrational spectroscopy, such as the diffusivity of an impurity, the negative U ordering of electronic levels, and the time constant for a nuclear-spin flip. These novel properties have, nonetheless, been revealed by vibrational spectra and their interpretation by theory.
Estimating Uncertainties for Geophysical Tomography

We present statistical and interval techniques for evaluating the uncertainties associated with geophysical tomographic inversion problems, including estimation of data errors, model errors, and total solution uncertainties. These techniques are applied to the inversion of traveltime data collected in a cross well seismic experiment. The inversion method uses the conjugate gradient technique, incorporating expert knowledge of data and model uncertainty to stabilize the solution. The technique produced smaller uncertainty than previous tomographic inversion of the data.
DdTRAP: A method for sensitive and precise quantification of telomerase activity

Telomerase is a cellular RNA template-dependent reverse transcriptase that adds telomere repeats to the 3' ends of chromosomes. Telomerase is expressed almost universally in tumor cells (>85%) to maintain telomere length, thus providing the ability of tumor cells to avoid senescence and to have unlimited replication ability, one of the key hallmarks of cancer. ddTRAP (droplet digital Telomere Repeat Amplification Protocol) is a two-step assay with whole cell lysates that utilizes a telomerase-mediated primer extension followed by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) detection of extended products. The adoptation of the TRAP assay to ddPCR has resulted in improved throughput, increased sensitivity and better repeatability of the TRAP assay. The protocol described below details our procedures for ddTRAP.
Shallow-Water Waves at Ursell Numbers of Order Unity

In a variety of engineering problems involving free-surface flow, certain combinations of initial and boundary conditions give rise to long waves of moderate amplitude, which are not accurately described by the zero-order shallow-water equations. Although these are predominantly nonlinear waves, the pressure distribution in the vertical is not hydrostatic and significant wave dispersion is manifested by oscillations of the free surface. Since such waves are often observed in the transition from a constant state to that of nonlinear nondispersive waves, as in the case of the sudden opening of a sluice gate in a channel, the proper formulation and efficient solution of the associated flow conditions is of great interest.
Matsushita and the Role of Economists with Regard to Proof of Conspiracy

Now that Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp.1 has had twenty years to mature, it is apparent that economists have an important role to play in providing testimony on issues relating to the presence or absence of concerted action. That role, however, is not without significant limitations, which must be carefully observed if the economic testimony is to have value, relevance, and admissibility as “having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.”2 Monsanto Co. v. Spray-Rite Service Corp.3 teaches that to make a submissible case, “the antitrust plaintiff should present direct or circumstantial evidence that reasonably tends to prove that the . . . [defendants] ‘had a conscious commitment to a common scheme designed to achieve an unlawful objective.’” In addition, “[t]here must be evidence that tends to exclude the possibility that the . . . [defendants] were acting independently.”4 Matsushita proceeds from these premises to add two further principles. First, “conduct as consistent with permissible competition as with illegal conspiracy does not, standing alone, support an inference of antitrust conspiracy.”5 In other words, in antitrust, the tie goes to the fielder, not the runner. Second, “if the factual context renders respondents’ claim implausible—if the claim is one that simply makes no economic sense—respondents must come forward with more persuasive evidence to support their claim than would otherwise be necessary.”6
Concise Guide for 2-Year Course of Type A Intervention

The course during the first year will consist, at the beginning, of eight weekly sessions of 90 minutes each, followed by biweekly sessions for the rest of the year. During the second year, monthly sessions will be given. At least 12, and preferably 15, participants should comprise a group. The counseling procedures to be given at each session of the 2 years follows. Prior to opening session, all participants will be subjected to the VCE.
Evolving Paths to Justice: Assessing the EU Directive on Mediation

This paper examines the current status of a mediation directive (Directive) and assesses the developing legal culture that it is creating. The Directive's confidentiality provisions prevent mediators and any person involved in the administration of mediation services from disclosing evidence from the mediation session in civil judicial proceedings. This prohibition does not extend however, to parties or other participants in mediation. At the time the Directive was issued, England had been through an extensive process of civil justice reform as a result of which mediation became part of the court system. The paper discusses the effects of the Directive. It concludes with a discussion on the future of mediation in Europe. Keywords:European Union (EU) directive; Justice; mediation
Braces and taping.

Many different types of knee supports are available. Some aid the patient to obtain an early full range of motion and normal strength after injury. Others aid in preventing reinjury. Still others provide the patient with comfort and a feeling of support and serve merely as a reminder to exert caution in sports activity. It is the physician’s responsibility to learn the capabilities and limitations of these various devices so that they can be used effectively in his or her practice.
The Evoked Response as a Measure of Cerebral Dysfunction

It has been scarcely a generation since Dawson (1947,1954) described and developed the technique for summing and averaging the brain’s electrical response to repeated stimuli. Since then, there has been an avalanche of research including many aspects of behavior in species ranging from worms to man. What was first thought to be a fairly simple response has cone to be seen as a complex pattern of as many as 15 identifiable wave components or reproducible patterns of polarity, amplitude and duration that lasts for hundreds of milliseconds. Recently great strides have been made in understanding the neurogenesis of these components, thereby strengthening both the clinical and research applications of the technique.
Exponentiality of the Local Time at Hitting Times for Reflecting Diffusions and an Application

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the exponentiality of the local time at hitting times for reflecting diffusions and an application. It discusses a sequence of gambling problem and presents a continuous time analog to the gambling problem. The continuous time analog suggested is as following. . Let {X(t) : t ≥ 0} be a reflecting Brownian motion (reflecting at the origin) and with X(0) = 0. For the process X, let L(t) denote the local time at 0 and for a > 0, Ta the hitting time of level a. Let X(t) be the position of the gambler at time t whose goal is to reach a. Suppose that each time the gambler's position reaches zero, an infinitesimal penalty is charged to continue the game. Then, the local time at the origin, L(t), could be viewed as the penalty charged during [0,t].
TAKING PHYSICAL PROBABILITY SERIOUSLY

Arthur W. Burks has been prominent among those who have taken seriously the inadequacies of narrowly empiricist construals of causal relations and who have gone on to propose an alternative approach based upon the idea of causal necessity. At the same time, Burks has expressed dissatisfaction with another important component of various empiricist views, the frequency interpretation of physical probability — i.e., the kind of probability that figures in physical laws —, and has advocated a dispositional analysis of physical probability statements.1 I find myself in agreement with Burks’ positions thus abstractly described, but I would like to explore here a disagreement over the kind of dispositional analysis to be given of physical probability statements. (I have a corresponding disagreement with Burks over the kind of necessitarian analysis to be given of causation, but will not explore that here.) In taking issue with Burks on the question of physical probability, I will also be taking issue with a range of views recently discussed by Brian Skyrms, David Lewis, and others who, like Burks, have investigated analyzing physical probability in terms of epistemic probability.2
Minimally Invasive Feeding Tube and Esophageal Stent Placement

Nutritional support for patients with esophageal cancer remains a difficult challenge but has been demonstrated to improve surgical and quality of life outcomes along with better tolerance of chemoradiation therapy. Advances in minimally invasive procedures have increased treatment options for patients. These options include esophageal stenting, percutaneous enteral access, and laparoscopic enteral access. Each option has risks and benefits that must be discussed among a multidisciplinary team oncology team. Overall, several good options are available for nutritional support of patients with esophageal cancer.