cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiation doses for pediatric nuclear medicine studies: comparing the North American consensus guidelines and the pediatric dosage card of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine

Estimated radiation dose is important for assessing and communicating the risks and benefits of pediatric nuclear medicine studies. Radiation dose depends on the radiopharmaceutical, the administered activity, and patient factors such as age and size. Most radiation dose estimates for pediatric nuclear medicine have not been based on administered activities of radiopharmaceuticals recommended by established practice guidelines. The dosage card of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) and the North American consensus guidelines each provide recommendations of administered activities of radiopharmaceuticals in children, but there are substantial differences between these two guidelines. For 12 commonly performed pediatric nuclear medicine studies, two established pediatric radiopharmaceutical administration guidelines were used to calculate updated radiation dose estimates and to compare the radiation exposure resulting from the recommendations of each of the guidelines. Estimated radiation doses were calculated for 12 common procedures in pediatric nuclear medicine using administered activities recommended by the dosage card of the EANM (version 1.5.2008) and the 2010 North American consensus guidelines for radiopharmaceutical administered activities in pediatrics. Based on standard models and nominal age-based weights, radiation dose was estimated for typical patients at ages 1, 5, 10 and 15 years and adult. The resulting effective doses were compared, with differences greater than 20% considered significant. Following either the EANM dosage card or the 2010 North American guidelines, the highest effective doses occur with radiopharmaceuticals labeled with fluorine-18 and iodine-123. In 24% of cases, following the North American consensus guidelines would result in a substantially higher radiation dose. The guidelines of the EANM dosage card would lead to a substantially higher radiation dose in 39% of all cases, and in 62% of cases in which patients were age 5 years or younger. For 12 commonly performed pediatric nuclear medicine studies, updated radiation dose estimates can guide efforts to reduce radiation exposure and provide current information for discussing radiation exposure and risk with referring physicians, patients and families. There can be substantial differences in radiation exposure for the same procedure, depending upon which of these two guidelines is followed. This discordance identifies opportunities for harmonization of the guidelines, which may lead to further reduction in nuclear medicine radiation doses in children.
Metabolism of Acetivibrio cellulolyticus during optimized growth on glucose, cellobiose and cellulose

The growth of Acetivibrio cellulolyticus in 2.5 l batch cultures was optimized by controlling the growth pH at 6.7, the dissolved inorganic sulphide concentration at 0.4–0.6 mM, and by constant removal of hydrogen from the cultures by sparging with N2/CO2 or N2 gas. An initial ethanol concentration of 0.15% (w/v) in cellobiose media resulted in specific growth rates which were reduced by about 75% compared to growth rates of 0.17 h−1 in control cultures. Acetivibrio cellulolyticus had to be adapted for growth on glucose and 14C-radiotracer studies indicated that glucose was metabolized by the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. The specific growth rate (μ=0.03h−1) and molar growth yield (Yglucose=21.5) were considerably lower than those obtained (μ=0.17 h−1, Ycellobiose=68.9) in cellobiose media. A YATP of 12.8 was obtained during growth on cellobiose. The mol product formed per mol Avicel cellulose fermented (on anhydroglucose equivalent basis) were 3.70 H2, 2.64 CO2, 0.73 acetate, 0.39 ethanol and 0.03 total soluble sugars on glucose basis. Maximum cellulase activity was observed in cellulose-grown cultures.
Language and the quest for liberation in Africa: The legacy of Frantz Fanon

(1993). Language and the quest for liberation in Africa: The legacy of Frantz Fanon. Third World Quarterly: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 351-363.
Sequence of centromere separation differential replication of pericentric heterochromatin in multicentric chromosomes

The dicentric and multicentric chromosomes in L cells and a brain tumor cell line of mouse display only one site of kinetochore formation associated with the ‘active’ centromere. The accessory or ‘inactive’ centromeres show premature separation. These cell lines were treated with 10−6 M 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) followed by anti-BrdUrd antibody to study the pattern of replication of pericentric heterochromatin flanking the active vs inactive centromeres. Regardless of its quantity, heterochromatin around the inactive centromere replicates earlier than that associated with the active centromere. There appears to be a relationship between the timing of separation of a centromere and the timing of replication of pericentric heterochromatin. The premature replication of heterochromatin associated with an inactive centromere may be responsible for its premature separation and, hence, inactivity.
Calculations on the origin of hyperporphyrin spectra in sequentially protonated meso-(dimethylaminophenyl) porphyrins

The spectra of porphyrins meso-substituted by 4-dimethylaminophenyl groups and protonated at the central pyrrole nitrogens show strong new bands in the visible (450–600 nm) and far-red (700–780 nm). On complete protonation the observed spectra are essentially normal except for enhanced intensity in the farthest red band at ∼ 650 nm. The new bands observed with partial protonation have been qualitatively interpreted as hyperporphyrin spectra due to transitions from 'the filled π orbitals on the amino nitrogen atoms… to the porphyrin LUMOs' [Ojadi ECA, Linschitz M, Gouterman M, Walter RI, Lindsey JS, Wagner RW,]. We now report spectra calculated using the CAChe computer program package. The best structures are determined by energy minimization using a semi-empiral AM1 algorithm; a semi-empirical INDO/CI calculation is then used to obtained the excited state transition energies and intensities. The calculated spectra, although generally blue-shifted compared to experiment, reproduce the hyperporphyrin spectr...
Cutaneous and periodontal inputs to the cerebellum of the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber)

The naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) is a small fossorial rodent with specialized dentition that is reflected by the large cortical area dedicated to representation of the prominent incisors. Due to naked mole-rats’ behavioral reliance on the incisors for digging and for manipulating objects, as well as their ability to move the lower incisors independently, we hypothesized that expanded somatosensory representations of the incisors would be present within the cerebellum in order to accommodate a greater degree of proprioceptive, cutaneous, and periodontal input. Multiunit electrophysiological recordings targeting the ansiform lobule were used to investigate tactile inputs from receptive fields on the entire body with a focus on the incisors. Similar to other rodents, a fractured somatotopy appeared to be present with discrete representations of the same receptive fields repeated within each folium of the cerebellum. These findings confirm the presence of somatosensory inputs to a large area of the naked mole-rat cerebellum with particularly extensive representations of the lower incisors and mystacial vibrissae. We speculate that these extensive inputs facilitate processing of tactile cues as part of a sensorimotor integration network that optimizes how sensory stimuli are acquired through active exploration and in turn adjusts motor outputs (such as independent movement of the lower incisors). These results highlight the diverse sensory specializations and corresponding brain organizational schemes that have evolved in different mammals to facilitate exploration of and interaction with their environment.
Attitudes toward marriage in northern Vietnam: what qualitative data reveal about variations across gender, generation, and geography

Set in Southeast Asia in a context where marriage postponement and avoidance have made headlines in both academic and popular press outlets, this research was designed to elicit attitudes about the value of marriage and marriage alternatives among rural and urban Vietnamese men and women. The data come from 16 focus group interviews, eight of which were conducted in Hanoi and eight of which took place in rural communities in surrounding districts. The research identifies themes from each set of interviews and draws comparisons according to gender, generation, and rural or urban residence. There is widespread agreement across groups that marriage remains extremely important in Vietnam. Attitudes regarding the acceptability of non-marital cohabitation are much more mixed.
Software in the CARMA heterogeneous millimeter-wave array

The Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA) is a 15 element heterogeneous millimeterwave array developed and operated by a university consortium that will be expanded to 23 elements in 2008. Commissioning began in August 2005 after completion of the relocation of antennas from the Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO) and the Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association (BIMA) arrays to a new high site and initial scientific operations began in April 2006. The array operates in the 3-mm and 1-mm bands and has a maximum resolution of 0.15 arc seconds. Most of the software and computing infrastructure for the array is new, allowing modern technology to be introduced and to provide a common interface for the disparate antenna types. The new system is proving to be both easy to use for routine observations and yet capable enough for the development of new observing techniques by the experienced astronomer. Some of the details of the computing and software are described here, with emphasis on the control system.
Separation of hepatic and gastrointestinal signals from the common "hepatic" branch of the vagus.

Anatomic studies show that the common hepatic branch (CHB) of the vagus contains afferent fibers that innervate sites outside the hepatoportal region, primarily in the gastrointestinal tract. In th...
LXXI. Fluorescence and Lambert's law

(1906). LXXI. Fluorescence and Lambert's law. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 11, No. 66, pp. 782-788.
Reduced Memory and Low Power Architectures for CORDIC-based FFT Processors

This paper presents a pipelined, reduced memory and low power CORDIC-based architecture for fast Fourier transform implementation. The proposed algorithm utilizes a new addressing scheme and the associated angle generator logic in order to remove any ROM usage for storing twiddle factors. As a case study, the radix-2 and radix-4 FFT algorithms have been implemented on FPGA hardware. The synthesis results match the theoretical analysis and it can be observed that more than 20% reduction can be achieved in total memory logic. In addition, the dynamic power consumption can be reduced by as much as 15% by reducing memory accesses.
Lifestyle and Coronary Heart Disease Prevention

The American Heart Association estimates that over 70 million Americans suffer from some form of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Primary care physicians are suited to reduce the incidence of CVD by helping patients address modifiable risk factors in their lives. This article focuses on three modifiable lifestyle risk factors for CVD: smoking, sedentary behavior, and poor diet. Literature on interventions targeting these risk factors is reviewed, and practical strategies that can be used to address these risk factors and promote behavior change among patients in a primary care setting are presented.
Impact of State-Level Tax and Expenditure Limits (TELs) on Government Revenues and Aid to Local Governments:

This article investigates the impact of state-level tax and expenditure limits (TELs) on state government revenues and aid to local governments. Using an instrumental variable approach to control f...
Nonattended home automated continuous positive airway pressure titration: comparison with polysomnography.

OBJECTIVE: Automatic adjusting nasal continuous positive airway pressure titration (APAP) has been introduced as an alternative method of establishing pressures for patients with sleep apnea. The performance and accuracy of APAP in nonattended home environment are controversial. This study assessed APAP polysomnographic outcomes and accuracy in a nonattended home environment.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We conducted a retrospective consecutive case series of 24 consecutive patients who had nonattended APAP and simultaneous full polysomnography (PSG).RESULTS: APAP was tolerated and reduced obstructive Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) to < 10 events/h in all patients. Mean AHI decreased from 38.4 (21.2) to 5.9 (6.6) events/h. Central apneas worsened in one patient. A therapeutic pressure was determined in 91% of patients. Autoset accurately measured residual AHI compared with PSG (R = 0.77, P < 0.001). APAP overestimated the AHI by 1.4 events/h.CONCLUSIONS: Nonattended APAP is successful in many patients in determin...
Cytogenetic and Mutational Analyses of Melanocytic Tumors

Analyses of genetic and genomic alterations of melanocytic tumors have not only led to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of melanocytic tumors but also created new opportunities for improvements in diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing nevus from melanoma, and more effective treatments for patients affected by melanoma. Cytogenetic tests have emerged as a promising ancillary method for the workup of diagnostically problematic melanocytic tumors with ambiguous light microscopic features. Mutation analysis not only is important in treatment decision making but also can be used for improved diagnostic accuracy, staging, and prognosis.
Facilitating Adolescent Optimal Development Training Considerations for Counseling Psychologists

Competencies and training models for working with adolescents have not been well defined. The literature related to adolescents has focused on at-risk populations, with little attention to healthy and optimal development. Numerous and as yet primarily untapped opportunities are available for counseling psychologists to facilitate adolescent optimal development. This article proposes a training model that incorporates competencies for working with adolescents with the goal of helping them thrive. Information is presented concerning changes in service delivery, current training practices, and methods to infuse information about adolescent optimal development into the curriculum.
Dynamic System Analysis and Generalized Optimal Code Assignment of OVSF-CDMA Systems

OVSF-CDMA systems reallocate user codes when new calls arrive. To reduce code blocking due to new user codes, Generalized Optimal Right First Dynamic Code Assignment (GRFDCA) is brought up. GRFDCA keeps OVSF code trees in optimal right first (RF) states with respect to the number- topology (NT) count. Dynamic model of OVSF-CDMA systems is established. Tests of hypothesis about the Markovity of arrival processes are set up. Based on the Markovity assumption, continuous time Markov model of OVSF-CDMA systems is presented. By introducing absorbing states, phase type (PH) model is applied. Dynamic properties of OVSF-CDMA systems are analyzed based on PH model. Simulations and further discussions based on the dynamic model are presented.
An Adaptive Time, Frequency and Code Allocation for MC-CDMA Systems

In this paper, we propose an adaptive time, frequency and code allocation algorithm to guarantee heterogeneous quality of service (QoS) of users in multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) systems. It is separated into two stages. First, time slots and frequency bands are allocated based on the proposed signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold which reflects channel information and the QoS requirements of each user. Next, we propose a cost function which represents sum delay of users and then the codes are allocated by minimizing the cost function while guaranteeing the required bit error rate (BER) of users. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm yields lower outage probability and higher throughput compared with the existing algorithms.
Smoothed perturbation analysis algorithm for a G/G/1 routing problem

The smoothed perturbation analysis (SPA) algorithm is proposed for estimating the derivative of the mean delay with respect to the routing probability for a routing problem in data-communication networks. The algorithm requires minimum knowledge about the system and is very suitable for on-line optimization of clata-conimunication networks. It is shown that the SPA algorithm is unbiased.
On the Asymptotic Behavior of Solutions of Quasilinear Elliptic Equations.

The asymptotic behavior of solutions of second-order quasilinear elliptic and nonhyperbolic partial differential equations defined on unbounded domains inR n contained in $$\{ x_1 ,...,x_n :\left| {x_n } \right|< \lambda \sqrt {x_1^2 + ...x_{n - 1}^2 } $$ for certain sublinear functions λ is investigated when such solutions satisfy Dirichlet boundary conditions and the Dirichlet boundary data has appropriate asymptotic behavior at infinity. We prove Phragmen-Lindelof theorems for large classes of nonhyperbolic operators, without «lower order terms”, including uniformly elliptic operators and operators with well-definedgenre, using special barrier functions which are constructed by considering an operator associated to our original operator. We also estimate the rate at which a solution converges to its limiting function at infinity in terms of properties of the top order coefficienta nn of the operator and the rate at which the boundary values converge to their limiting function; these results are proven using appropriate barrier functions which depend on the behavior of the coefficients of the operator and the rate of convergence of boundary values.
The annual cycle of persistence in the El Nño/Southern Oscillation

A spring ‘predictability barrier’ exists in both data and models of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. In statistical analyses this barrier manifests itself as a drop-off in monthly persistence (lagged correlation) while in coupled ocean-atmosphere models it appears as a decrease in forecast skill. The ‘persistence barrier’ for ENSO indices is investigated using historical sea surface temperature and sealevel pressure data. Simple statistical models are used to show that the persistence barrier occurs because the boreal spring is the transition time from one climate state to another, when the ‘signal-to-noise’ of the system is lowest and the system is most susceptible to perturbations. The strength of the persistence barrier is shown to depend on the degree of phase locking of the ENSO to the annual cycle. The phase locking of the ENSO to the annual cycle, as well as the ENSO variance, is shown to vary on interdecadal time-scales. During 1871–1920 and 1960–90 the ENSO variance was high, while during 1920–50 it was low. Using wavelet analysis, this interdecadal variability in ENSO is shown to be correlated with changes in Indian summer monsoon strength. Finally, the change in persistence-barrier strength between 1960–79 and 1980–95 is related to changes in the phase locking of ENSO to the annual cycle. These changes in persistence and phase locking appear to be related to the increased forecast skill seen from recent coupled ocean-atmosphere models.
Pre-operative factors affecting resectability of giant intracranial meningiomas

Objectif: La resection des grosses tumeurs intracrâniennes necessite un temps operatoire prolonge et peut etre associee a une augmentation des complications perioperatoires. Il existe peu d'articles decrivant l'experience acquise dans la resection de gros meningiomes de 5 cm ou plus situes dans differents endroits. On ne sait pas encore vraiment si ce type de lesion relativement rare est traitable par resection radicale et quels sont les facteurs qui influencent leur resecabilite. Methodes: Nous avons revise les dossiers de 67 patients qui ont subi la resection d'un gros meningiome intracrânien ≥ 5 cm dans sa plus grande dimension) entre 1998 et 2004. La chirurgie a ete effectuee dans une seule institution (UCSF). Les elements qui predisaient la resecabilite ont ete evalues par analyse de regression logistique multivariee. Resultats: Trente-neuf (58%) des patients ont subi une resection totale fruste (RTF) (Simpson grades I/II), sans mortalite perioperatoire. Au dernier suivi, les symptomes s'etaient ameliores chez 39 patients (58%) ; ils etaient inchanges chez 20 (30%) et s'etaient aggraves chez 8 (12%). A l'analyse multivariee incluant tous les gros meningiomes, l'âge inferieur a 45 ans (RC 0,127 et IC a 95% de 0,026 a 0,616 ; p = 0,01) et l'atteinte du sinus sagittal superieur (RC 0,160 et IC a 95% de 0,026 a 0,976 ; p = 0,05) predisaient negativement une RTF alors qu'il existait une association positive entre l'embolisation preoperatoire et la RTF (RC 8,087 et IC a 95% de 1,719 a 38,044 ; p = 0,008). Quant aux meningiomes supratentoriels, l'atteinte du sinus sagittal superieur (RC 0,077 et IC a 95% de 0,010 a 0,571 ; p = 0,01) et l'embolisation preoperatoire (RC 10, 492 et IC a 95% de 1,961 a 56,135 ; p = 0,006) etaient associees de facon independante a la RTF. Conclusions: Cette etude a evalue un sous-groupe de gros meningiomes intracrâniens de 5 cm ou plus. Les resultats indiquent que la RTF peut etre effectuee dans la majorite des cas et comporte une morbidite et une mortalite limitees. Les symptomes s'ameliorent et les recidives sont rares. Cette etude peut fournir des renseignements utiles pour les patients qui subissent une chirurgie pour un gros meningiome intracrânien.
False-Positive hCG Assay Results Leading to Unnecessary Surgery and Chemotherapy and Needless Occurrences of Diabetes and Coma

Much concern has been raised by the unraveling at the hCG Reference Service of six cases of persistent phantom human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). These are false-positive hCG results, which are likely attributable to human anti-mouse IgG or to heterophilic antibodies (1)(2)(3). The hCG Reference Service, started in January 1998 to aid with the interpretation of irregular or discordant hCG immunoassay results, requests parallel serum and urine samples. Each is tested in four separate two-step microtiter plate ELISAs (assay 1 detects intact hCG, assay 2 detects nonnicked or bioactive hCG only, assay 3 detects the hCG free β-subunit only, and assay 4 detects the hCG β-core fragment only) at three different concentrations (undiluted, a 1:2 dilution, and a 1:5 dilution). From the data, inferences are made about the nature (nonnicked or nicked hCG, free β-subunit, and β-core fragment) and likely source (trophoblast disease, pituitary hCG, cancer, or phantom hCG) of the hCG immunoreactivity. …
Date Rape Its Relationship to Trauma Symptoms and Sexual Self-Esteem

This study extends previous research on date rape by assessing trauma symptoms and sexual self-esteem in a college population of 41 women who had been date raped and 125 women who had not been raped. Measures used included the Trauma Symptom Inventory (Bierce, 1995) and the Sexual Self-Esteem Inventory—Women (Zeanah and Schwartz, 1996). College women who had been date raped indicated significantly more trauma symptoms and lower sexual self-esteem in several areas than did college women who had not been raped. The results suggest that date rape has significant consequences for women, with implications for clinical treatment of women who have been date raped.
Sequence-Length Requirements for Phylogenetic Methods

We study the sequence lengths required by neighbor-joining, greedy parsimony, and a phylogenetic reconstruction method (DCMNJ+MP) based on disk-covering and the maximum parsimony criterion. We use extensive simulations based on random birth-death trees, with controlled deviations from ultrametricity, to collect data on the scaling of sequence-length requirements for each of the three methods as a function of the number of taxa, the rate of evolution on the tree, and the deviation from ultrametricity. Our experiments show that DCMNJ+MP has consistently lower sequence-length requirements than the other two methods when trees of high topological accuracy are desired, although all methods require much longer sequences as the deviation from ultrametricity or the height of the tree grows. Our study has significant implications for large-scale phylogenetic reconstruction (where sequencelength requirements are a crucial factor), but also for future performance analyses in phylogenetics (since deviations from ultrametricity are proving pivotal).
Five-Factor Model of Personality and Career Exploration.

This study investigates whether the dimensions of the five-factor model (FFM) of personality are related to specific career exploration variables. Based on the FFM, predictions were made about the relevance of particular traits to career exploration variables. Results from a canonical correlation analysis showed that variable loadings on three roots were generally consistent with predictions. One source of covariation involved association between conscientiousness/extraversion/low neuroticism and career search self-efficacy/career information seeking. A second source involved association between openness and a lack of career information seeking. The third source involved association between neuroticism/openness and self-exploration. Results are discussed relative to the FFM and implications for career counseling and assessment.
Two Methyl Jasmonate-Insensitive Mutants Show Altered Expression of AtVsp in Response to Methyl Jasmonate and Wounding

Jasmonates are plant signal molecules that are derived from lipids through the action of lipoxygenase. Jasmonates regulate gene expression during plant development and in response to water deficit, wounding, and pathogen elicitors. The signal transduction chain that mediates jasmonate action was investigated by isolating and studying two methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-insensitive mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. The recessive mutants, jin1 and jin4, are nonallelic and neither corresponds to coi1, a previously identified MeJA-insensitive mutant. Both mutants showed reduced sensitivity to MeJA-mediated root growth inhibition as well as reduced MeJA induction of AtVsp in leaves. Expression of AtVsp in flowers was not altered in the mutants. Furthermore, MeJA modulation of the jasmonate-responsive lipoxygenase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase genes was not altered in the mutants. jin4 plants exhibited increased sensitivity to abscisic acid in seed germination assays, whereas jin1 plants showed wild-type sensitivity. Neither mutant showed altered sensitivity to ethylene in hypocotyl growth inhibition assays. jin1 and jin4 identify genes that modulate the response of AtVsp to MeJA in leaves of A. thaliana.
Using the binomial distribution to assess effort: forced-choice testing in neuropsychological settings.

The binomial distribution is often, but prematurely, rejectedas a tool for assessing effort. This study extended previ-ousresearchusingpublished clinicalandcomputer-generatedpseudo subject data for the Test of Memory Malingering(TOMM). The efﬁciencies of eight cut points based upon in-verse binomial distributionfunctions were compared withthecut point recommended in the test manual for making correctclassiﬁcations, and a new statistic, the total number of errors,was also compared with the test manual cut point. Repeatedmeasures, multivariate, and univariate ANOVAs, Bonferroni-correctedpost-hoc t-tests,and normalcurvedensity functionswere employed to assess the homogeneity of groups withinexperimentalconditions. Basedupontheseanalyses,changeswere recommended in the decision rules for the TOMM, andstrategies for improving the norms for the TOMM and forneuropsychological assessment instruments, generally, werediscussed.Keywords: Malingering, effort, motivation, neuropsycholog-ical, assessment, TOMM, binomial
Intrathecal therapy for cancer pain management

Abstract Acute and chronic pain is highly prevalent in cancer patients. Inadequate assessment and treatment of pain and other distressing symptoms may interfere with antitumor therapy and markedly affect the quality of life. While a strong focus on pain control is important regardless of disease stage, it is a special priority in patients with advanced disease who are no longer candidates for potentially curative therapy. Although rarely eliminated, pain can be controlled in the vast majority of patients, with the implementation of aggressive comprehensive medical management. In the small but significant proportion of patients whose pain is not readily controlled with non-invasive analgesics, a variety of alternative invasive and non-invasive measures, when selected carefully, are also associated with a high degree of success. To this end, it is very reassuring to conclude that at this point, we have the appropriate tools to adequately treat cancer related pain in close to 100% of the patients.
Mechanisms of the meridional heat transport in the Southern Ocean

The Southern Ocean (SO) transports heat towards Antarctica and plays an important role in determining the heat budget of the Antarctic climate system. A global ocean data synthesis product at eddy-permitting resolution from the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean, Phase II (ECCO2) project is used to estimate the meridional heat transport (MHT) in the SO and to analyze its mechanisms. Despite the intense eddy activity, we demonstrate that most of the poleward MHT in the SO is due to the time-mean fields of the meridional velocity, V, and potential temperature, θ. This is because the mean circulation in the SO is not strictly zonal. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current carries warm waters from the region south of the Agulhas Retroflection to the lower latitudes of the Drake Passage and the Malvinas Current carries cold waters northward along the Argentinian shelf. Correlations between the time-varying fields of V and θ (defined as transient processes) significantly contribute to the horizontal-gyre heat transport, but not the overturning heat transport. In the highly energetic regions of the Agulhas Retroflection and the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence the contribution of the horizontal transient processes to the total MHT exceeds the contribution of the mean horizontal flow. We show that the southward total MHT is mainly maintained by the meridional excursion of the mean geostrophic horizontal shear flow (i.e., deviation from the zonal average) associated with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that balances the equatorward MHT due to the Ekman transport and provides a net poleward MHT in the SO. The Indian sector of the SO serves as the main pathway for the poleward MHT.
Device design and manufacturing issues for 10 nm-scale MOSFETs: a computational study

Abstract The ITRS high performance NMOS device for the year 2016 (LG=9 nm) has been investigated using a 2D quantum simulator, NanoMOS-2.5. A device design methodology is introduced that gives the maximum on-current for a specified off-current, subject to a set of process conditions. Simulation results suggest that most of the targets can be met, but the on-current target will be challenging. In order to meet the on-current target while keeping the supply voltage at 0.4 V, enhancement of the source/drain contacts and the channel mobility are necessary at the same time. On the other hand, either by increasing the power supply to 0.5 V or by using a hi-k gate dielectric with EOT of 5 A, the on-current target should be achievable. Several design challenges have been identified such as a process tolerance requirement within 10% of the body thickness and an extremely sharp doping profile with a doping gradient of 1 nm/decade.
Imaging of the Thoracic and Thoracoabdominal Aorta

Surgical and endovascular treatment of aortic diseases greatly depends on accurate preoperative imaging. Furthermore, intraoperative assessment of endovascular device placement requires exact delineation of the aortic pathology and landmarks on which surgical strategies are based. This article describes the technical considerations of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance angiography, and spinal computed tomography angiography as well as the clinical implementation.
The effects of negative affect conditions and concept involvement on language redundancy.

Summary Subjects provided free responses to six concepts representing varying degrees of involvement. Responses were obtained from each subject under normal and negative affect conditions. Group data were used. Under negative affect conditions, significant correlations were found between concept involvement and type/token ratio (TTR), tokens per type, response variation index (RVI), and total types. Correlations were in the direction of increased redundancy as involvement decreased and, conversely, increased response variation as involvement increased. These relationships held only under negative affect conditions. Implications were discussed for the problems of communication under negative affect conditions and the assessment of individuals’ internal states from verbal behavior. Finally, a sociolinguistic view of the “language community” concept was offered.
Sitagliptin-induced pancreatitis - a longer road than expected.

Key Clinical Message Sitagliptin-induced pancreatitis can occur at any time after the initiation of therapy, even after several years. Patients taking sitagliptin who present with signs and symptoms of mild or severe pancreatitis should immediately discontinue sitagliptin and use an alternate medication regimen for control of type 2 diabetes.
Kleene Algebra and Bytecode Verification

Most standard approaches to the static analysis of programs, such as the popular worklist method, are first-order methods that inductively annotate program points with abstract values. In [6] we introduced a second-order approach based on Kleene algebra. In this approach, the primary objects of interest are not the abstract data values, but the transfer functions that manipulate them. These elements form a left-handed Kleene algebra. The dataflow labeling is not achieved by inductively labeling the program with abstract values, but rather by computing the star (Kleene closure) of a matrix of transfer functions. In this paper we show how this general framework applies to the problem of Java bytecode verification. We show how to specify transfer functions arising in Java bytecode verification in such a way that the Kleene algebra operations (join, composition, star) can be computed efficiently. We also give a hybrid dataflow analysis algorithm that computes the closure of a matrix on a cutset of the control flow graph, thereby avoiding the recalculation of dataflow information when there are cycles in the graph. This method could potentially improve the performance over the standard worklist algorithm when a small cutset can be found.
Purely cubic complex function fields with small units

We investigate several infinite families of purely cubic complex congruence function fields with small fundamental units. Specifically, we compute the fundamental units of fields K of unit rank 1 and characteristic not equal to 3 where the generator of K over Fq(t) is a cube root of D = (M3 − F )/E3 with E3 dividing M3 − F and F dividing M2. We also characterize all purely cubic complex function fields with regulator 1.
Heartbreak and Physical Pain Linked in Brain

Edited by Jacquelyn H. Flaskerud RN, PhD, FAANUniversity of California—Los Angeles, School of Nursing, Los Angeles, California, USAHow similar are emotional and physical pain? In the US and in cult...
Carboxypeptidase Inhibitor from Potatoes, Properties and Amino Acid Sequence

The initial report [1] of the existence of a naturally occurring carboxypeptidase inhibitor in potatoes originated from the observation that crystalline preparations of potato inhibitor I possessed inhibitory activity against carboxypeptidase B. Subsequently, it was discovered, that the carboxypeptidase inhibitor activity was an impurity in the crystals [2]. The inhibitor, herein called CP-I4, eluted from Sephadex G-75 with an apparent molecular weight of about 4000. It was also found to inhibit carboxypeptidase A even more potently than carboxypeptidase B [3], but did not inhibit the endopeptidases chymotrypsin and trypsin.
THE ECONOMICS OF AIR TRAVEL GRAVITY MODELS

SUMMARY Starting with the aggregate demand model of economics, a model of demand for intercity air travel is developed which contains the gravity model as a less general submodel. The more general model is referred to as the alternative opportunities model since it takes account of alternative destinations open to travelers, not just origin and destination as does the gravity model. The demand model approach has the virtue of providing a theoretical basis for understanding and analyzing the gravity model. The gains from treating alternative locations and demand motivation variables are a substantial increase in explanatory power over that yielded by the gravity model, the identification of statistically significant determinants of air travel, and better measurement of the coefficients of population and distance by taking account of these other variables and somewhat better forecasts. A shortcoming of procedures used here is aggregation of air trips with different purposes and thus lack of clear specification of the size of effects of different variables on different types of travel. Overcoming this difficulty must await origin-destination data listed by trip purpose.
Seasonal Variation in Parental Care Drives Sex-Specific Foraging by a Monomorphic Seabird

Evidence of sex-specific foraging in monomorphic seabirds is increasing though the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We investigate differential parental care as a mechanism for sex-specific foraging in monomorphic Common Murres (Uria aalge), where the male parent alone provisions the chick after colony departure. Using a combination of geolocation-immersion loggers and stable isotopes, we assess two hypotheses: the reproductive role specialization hypothesis and the energetic constraint hypothesis. We compare the foraging behavior of females (n = 15) and males (n = 9) during bi-parental at the colony, post-fledging male-only parental care and winter when parental care is absent. As predicted by the reproductive role specialization hypothesis, we found evidence of sex-specific foraging during post-fledging only, the stage with the greatest divergence in parental care roles. Single-parenting males spent almost twice as much time diving per day and foraged at lower quality prey patches relative to independent females. This implies a potential energetic constraint for males during the estimated 62.8 ± 8.9 days of offspring dependence at sea. Contrary to the predictions of the energetic constraint hypothesis, we found no evidence of sex-specific foraging during biparental care, suggesting that male parents did not forage for their own benefit before colony departure in anticipation of post-fledging energy constraints. We hypothesize that unpredictable prey conditions at Newfoundland colonies in recent years may limit male parental ability to allocate additional time and energy to self-feeding during biparental care, without compromising chick survival. Our findings support differential parental care as a mechanism for sex-specific foraging in monomorphic murres, and highlight the need to consider ecological context in the interpretation of sex-specific foraging behavior.
Syntheses of Nitrogenous Materials by RF Plasmas

Radiofrequency (rf) plasmas of argon, nitrogen or air have been used to make cotton more absorbent of either oil or water1. Free radical sites created on the substrate by the plasma picked up oxygen from moisture or air to chemiluminesce and the electron spin resonance (ESR) signal intensity was inversely related to the chemiluminescence (CL). The free radicals could initiate polymerization some time after plasma irradiation was stopped.2 Irradiation of cotton with any of the aforementioned plasmas resulted in addition of nitrogen to the cotton. The nitrogen was readily detected by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), but was not detected by multiple internal reflectance spectroscopy (MIR). Except for hydrogen produced by plasma effects on cotton or derived from water adsorbed on the walls of the reactor, there was none in those plasma systems.
Material and Energy Flows in the Production of Cathode and Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries

The Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions and Energy use in Transportation (GREET) model has been expanded to include four new cathode materials that can be used in the analysis of battery-powered vehicles: lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (LiNi0.4Co0.2Mn0.4O2 [NMC]), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4 [LFP]), lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2 [LCO]), and an advanced lithium cathode (0.5Li2MnO3∙0.5LiNi0.44Co0.25Mn0.31O2 [LMR-NMC]). In GREET, these cathode materials are incorporated into batteries with graphite anodes. In the case of the LMR-NMC cathode, the anode is either graphite or a graphite-silicon blend. Lithium metal is also an emerging anode material. This report documents the material and energy flows of producing each of these cathode and anode materials from raw material extraction through the preparation stage. For some cathode materials, we considered solid state and hydrothermal preparation methods. Further, we used Argonne National Laboratory’s Battery Performance and Cost (BatPaC) model to determine battery composition (e.g., masses of cathode, anode, electrolyte, housing materials) when different cathode materials were used in the battery. Our analysis concluded that cobalt- and nickel-containing compounds are the most energy intensive to produce.
A Transnational Asset Accumulation Framework for Researching Latin American Migration

This chapter outlines a framework of transnational asset accumulation and assesses its relevance for research with Latin American migrants in Europe. The framework differentiates between a transnational asset index as a conceptual approach for the diagnosis of the assets of migrants, and transnational asset accumulation policy as an operational tool for designing and implementing sustainable transnational asset accumulation interventions. The chapter draws on earlier work on asset accumulation policy (see Moser 2007, 2008, 2010), as well as asset-focused transnational migration studies (Orozco 2007; Cordero-Guzman and Quiroz-Becerra 2007; Gammage 2007) and adapts these to create a framework specifically relevant to transnational migrants. It focuses on both well-known tangible assets such as human, financial, natural, and productive capital as well as intangible assets such as household and community social capital, as well as civic and political capital relating to such issues as citizens’ rights, democratic development, and institutional accountability.
Teaching Strategy for Choosing a Contraceptive

(2001). Teaching Strategy for Choosing a Contraceptive. American Journal of Health Education: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 246-247.
Biology of Anaphes ovijentatus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) and its host, Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae), at low and high temperatures

The mymarid wasp, Anaphes ovijentatus (Crosby and Leonard), developed from egg to adult in Lygus hesperus Knight eggs at a constant temperature of 12.8°C and at variable regimes based on conditions in January, February, and June with means of 10.6 (range, 3.3-19.4), 12.8 (range, 5.6-22.2), and 32.8°C(range, 23.3-45.0°C), respectively. The 32.8°C regime was based on an especially hot week in June. An average of 26 progeny per female was produced at the variable 12.8 and 10.6°C regimes and only a few progeny were produced at a constant 12.8°C. The wasps died in 24 h and produced no progeny at the variable 32.8°C regime. L. hesperus eggs hatched at all four temperature regimes, but nymphs survived to adulthood only at the variable regimes of 12.8 and 10.6°C. Total egg-to-egg periods at the variable 12.8°C regime were approximately 103 d for L. hesperus and 54 d for A. ovijentatus . At constant temperatures, thermal requirements averaged 210.6, 128.8, and 252.9 degree-d for development of A. ovijentatus from egg to adult, and for L. hesperus eggs and nymphs, respectively. These results demonstrate the adaptation of the parasite and its host for development and reproduction under conditions in January and February. The extreme summer conditions were more detrimental to A. ovijentatus adults and L. hesperus nymphs than to L. hesperus eggs or the immature stages of the wasp.
Phosphorus Enrichment as a New Composition in the Solid Electrolyte Interphase of High-Voltage Cathodes and Its Effects on Battery Cycling

Immersion of a solid into liquid often leads to the modification of both the structure and chemistry of surface of the solid, which subsequently affects the chemical and physical properties of the system. For the case of the rechargeable lithium ion battery, consquence of such a surface modification is termed as solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, which has been perceived to play a critical role in the stable operation of the batteries. However, the structure and chemical composition of the SEI layer and its spatial distribution and dependence on the battery operating conditions remain unclear. Using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, coupled with ultrahigh-sensitivity energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, we probed the structure and chemistry of the SEI layer on several high-voltage cathodes. We show that layer-structured cathodes, when cycled at a high cut-off voltage, can form a Phosphorus-rich SEI layer on their surface, which is a direct evidence of Li-salt (LiPF6) ...