cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pheochromocytoma-induced cardiomyopathy

A34-year-old woman presented with recurrent 15-minute episodes of palpitations, lightheadedness, and chest tightness. ECGs obtained during these episodes revealed striking global T-wave inversions that resolved spontaneously 2 hours after each episode (Figure 1⇓). Echocardiography revealed severe left ventricular dysfunction with an estimated ejection fraction of 20%. Cardiac catheterization demonstrated angiographically normal coronary arteries. A 24-hour urine collection for catecholamines showed an epinephrine level of 227 μg (normal, 2 to …
Horizontal Transfer of the Gene Encoding Outer Membrane Protein P2 of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, in a Patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

An adult with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was monitored prospectively for 2 years. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae was isolated from sputum cultures at 22 of 23 monthly clinic visits. Analysis of the isolates, by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), revealed that the patient was colonized by 3 different strains during the 2-year period. The gene encoding outer-membrane protein (OMP) P2, ompP2, was amplified from sputum samples and selected strains obtained from this patient. Analysis of the ompP2 sequences, in combination with the PFGE patterns, indicated that ompP2 horizontal transfer between 2 strains occurred in the respiratory tract, between clinic visits 13 and 14. Observation of ompP2 horizontal transfer in the human respiratory tract has important implications for both the understanding of ompP2 diversity among strains and the future design of OMP P2-based vaccines.
Modeling geomorphic processes

Abstract The surface of the earth is largely molded by erosional and depositional processes, these processes yield complex structures but within the complexity there is order. The concept of fractals was first introduced in terms of the self-similarity of landforms and spectral studies of both topography and bathymetry often yield self-affine fractals. Drainage networks play an essential role in the evolution of landforms and drainage networks are a classic example of fractal trees. A number of models have recently been proposed for the evolution of drainage networks; a very simple approach that is quite realistic and reproduces observed statistics is based on diffusion limited aggregation. The erosion necessary to produce landforms is attributed to floods with the great floods doing most of the erosion. The statistics of floods and droughts is quite controversial with the applicability of Hurst exponents uncertain; an essential question is whether extreme floods obey fractal (power law) statistics or logarithmic statistics. A tremendous amount of data on paleoweather and climate resides in the sedimentary record; but there are always uncertainties with regard to the completeness of the sedimentary record. Modeling should be possible using the basic concepts of time series but the applicable time series are more likely to be log normal than Gaussian. The statistics of extreme events under such circumstances remain uncertain.
Tyrosine protein kinase expression in long‐term quiescent WI‐38 cells following growth factor simulation

We have used the WI-38 cell long-term quiescent model system to study the regulation of cell cycle progression at the molecular level. By modulating the length of time that WI-38 cells are density arrested, it is possible to proportionately alter the length of the prereplicative or G-1 phase which the cell traverses after growth factor stimulation in preparation for entry into DNA synthesis. Stimulation of long- and short-term density arrested WI-38 cells with different growth factors or higher concentrations of individual growth factors does not alter the time required by long-term cells to enter S after stimulation. However, the time during the prereplicative period for which these growth factors are needed is different. Long-term quiescent WI-38 cells require EGF to traverse the G-0/G-1 border but do not need and apparently cannot respond to IGF-1 during the first 10 h after EGF stimulation, the length of the prolongation of the prereplicative phase. This suggests that EGF stimulation of long-term quiescent WI-38 cells initiates a series of molecular events which make these cells "competent" to respond to the "progression" growth factor, IGF-1. In light of the well-established role of protein tyrosine kinases in signal transduction, we set out to identify, clone, and analyze the expression of receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases which potentially could play a role during the prolongation of the prereplicative phase in making the long-term quiescent WI-38 cells competent to respond to IGF-1. We obtained 49 clones representing 11 different receptor and non-receptor type protein tyrosine kinases. Analysis of expression of these clones revealed a variety of different patterns of expression. However, the most striking pattern was exhibited by IGF-1 receptor. Our results suggest that induction of IGF-1 receptor mRNA by EGF may be an important event in the establishment of competence by EGF in long-term density arrested WI-38 cells.
Time reversal detection in one-dimensional random media

In this paper, we study time reversal in the reflection of an acoustic wave in a one-dimensional random medium with an embedded reflector. The main result is that time reversal allows us to find the location of a reflector even in the absence of a coherent reflection. We carry out the analysis in the asymptotic regime of separation of scales, where the probing pulse is large compared to the medium inhomogeneities but small relative to the depth of the reflector. In the limit, the quantity of interest, namely the density of the time reversal refocusing kernel, is given as a solution to a deterministic system of transport equations, which is solved by using Monte Carlo simulations.
The generation of high-level structure for extended explanations

This paper analyzes the structural features of naturally-occurring extended explanations and argues that current generation methodologies are inadequate for determining high-level structure. It presents a computational model based on the hypothesis that high-level structure - composed of a unifying framework and its associated basic blocks - can be determined by bottom-up processes that attempt to satisfy speaker, listener, and compositional goals, after which top-down strategies can be used to organize the material about the selected framework.
HPLC PLASMA ADENOSINE ASSAY FOR USE IN CARDIAC STUDIES: 23

To optimize an HPLC assay for adenosine (Ado) in plasma every step in the procedure was examined. The presence in the plasma of several drugs used in the cardiac studies interferred with the usual isocratic HPLC assay of Ado and necessitated the use of a step-gradient. Sample preparation procedures routinely used in biomedical studies were evaluated to determine lability of adenosine prior to chromatographic analysis. Factors investigated included the use of EHNA (an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase), dipyridamole (an inhibitor of nucleoside transport) and EDTA (an inhibitor of ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase). Effects of deprotenization methods, time of analysis, minimum detectable limits and recovery of Ado from both whole blood and plasma were examined. Ado values in samples treated immediately with PCA were much lower than those in which the samples were collected in solutions of EHNA and dipyridamole. Moreover, the latter samples showed substantial intra- and inter-animal variability. However, if EDTA was added to the sample solution, along with the EHNA and dipyridamole, the concentrations of Ado in the plasma samples were similar to those obtained with the PCA. Precision studies showed marked improvement. Our results provide evidence that in the analysis of plasma for Ado, in vitro production as well as the catabolism of Ado must be stopped in order to obtain valid estimates of plasma Ado concentration.
ELECTRON SCATTERING BY AN INTENSE POLARIZED PHOTON FIELD

It was shown that one may expect to obtain on the order of several thousand collimated high-energy scattered pho-tons, and that these quanta retain the polarization of the original beam of optical photons by using existing laser systems and electron accelerators. The total number of scatterings were independent of the duration of the light pulse and depended upon the total light energy per unit area of the beam. (C.E.S.)
Understanding the substrate selectivity and the product regioselectivity of Orf2-catalyzed aromatic prenylations.

Orf2, a recently identified prenyltransferase of aromatic natural products, displays relaxed substrate selectivity and interesting product regioselectivity. This gives rise to the opportunity to engineer the active site to tune the functionality of terpenoids for therapeutic applications. The structural basis of substrate binding has been determined, but the source of the observed substrate selectivity and product regioselectivity cannot be completely understood on the basis of the static picture that the crystal structures of Orf2 and its complexes afford. The electron density and B-factors of the substrates, particularly those of 1,6-dihydroxynaphthalene, suggest significant conformational fluctuation in the Orf2 binding site. We thoroughly explored the binding of 1,6-dihydroxynaphthalene and quantitatively evaluated the relative free energies of three binding states that we identified in terms of a two-dimensional potential of mean force. The available experimental orientation, which gives the major pr...
A simulated annealing heuristic for the one-dimensional cutting stock problem

Abstract This paper presents a new simulated annealing approach to the solution of an integer linear programming formulation of the one-dimensional cutting stock problem. Design and implementation issues are discussed - including a thorough statistical analysis of the effects of various parameters on the efficiency and accuracy of solutions. The performance of the new algorithm is compared to that obtained using an existing simulated annealing based methodology, and results presented herein indicate that the new approach consistently generates more efficient solutions with respect to objective value and execution time.
Songbird response to green-tree retention prescriptions in clearcut forests

Abstract Green-tree retention prescriptions have been proposed as a silvicultural technique for reducing the negative impacts of clearcutting on mature forest-associated species, while still promoting habitat for early-successional species. We evaluated the effectiveness of green-tree retention for conserving mature forest-associated, generalist, and early-successional songbirds in aspen stands that were 1–15 years post-harvest. We compared species occupancy estimates at sites where green-tree retention levels were exceeded (>10% canopy cover), met (3–10%), or below (
Regulation of the Phosphoinositide Cascade by Polyamines in Brain

The endogenous polyamines spermidine and spermine enhanced guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP-gamma-S)-stimulated phosphoinositide turnover with EC50 values of 100 +/- 30 and 50 +/- 15 microM, respectively, whereas the synthetic polyamines N,N'-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine and -ethylenediamine inhibited GTP-gamma-S-stimulated phosphoinositide turnover, with maximal inhibition at 1 mM. Kinetic analysis of GTP-gamma-S-stimulated phosphoinositide turnover in the absence and presence of spermidine showed that the Km for GTP-gamma-S was not changed (1,303 +/- 270 and 1,069 +/- 214 nM, respectively), whereas the Vmax was increased by 206% (1,566 +/- 141 and 4,792 +/- 84 cpm, respectively), indicating that spermidine and GTP-gamma-S acted at different sites. Spermidine also enhanced Ca(2+)-stimulated phosphoinositide turnover in the absence of GTP-gamma-S by decreasing the Ca2+ requirement of the phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. Arcaine and agmatine, polyamine antagonists at the NMDA receptor complex, did not block the effects of spermidine on GTP-gamma-S- and Ca(2+)-induced phosphoinositide turnover, suggesting that the spermidine effects are not mediated through these specific polyamine sites. Furthermore, spermidine increased the level of [3H]phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (EC50 = 120 +/- 10 microM), without affecting significantly the levels of [3H]-phosphatidylinositol and [3H]phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bis-phosphate. Collectively these data indicate that the enhanced phosphoinositide turnover induced by spermidine in the presence of GTP-gamma-S or Ca2+ is mediated through multiple levels of the phosphoinositide turnover cascade.
Inhibition of Oxidation by ZDTP and Ashless Antioxidants in the Presence of Hydroperoxides at 160°C - Part I

Reactions of zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDTP) in the presence of hydroperoxides have been further investigated using a model n-hexadecane oxidation system at 160°C. Results obtained with selected primary and secondary alkyl ZDTP added alone and in combination with 2,6-di-tert butyl-4-methylphenol suggest that substantial differences exist between the reactions of these two types of ZDTP with regard to both hydroperoxide decomposition and radical trapping. The best overall oxidation control in the presence of excess hydroperoxides has been provided by i-C3ZDTP in combination with a radical trapping inhibitor. Presented at the 40th Annual Meeting in las Vegas, Nevada May 6–9, 1985
Influence of Friction on the Blow-Down Behavior of an Aramid Fiber Brush Seal

Aramid fiber brush seals are ultra-low leakage, compliant sealing elements for turbomachinery applications. Such seals are applicable in the Aviation, Energy, and Oil and Gas markets as either air-air seals or air-oil seals. In the present study, the influence of friction present between the front plate and upstream side of the bristle pack of an aramid fiber brush seal is experimentally investigated. With the bristle pack fully exposed on the upstream side of the seal, the bristles are shown to blow down and create a better seal compared to the same brush seal with a front plate installed.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Factors associated with depression treatment-response in an outpatient psychosomatic medicine practice: an exploratory retrospective study.

Background and Objective The author explored depression management outcomes in an outpatient psychosomatic medicine (PM) practice to identify factors associated with treatment response. Methods Medical records of 251 patients seen in the Mayo Clinic Rochester outpatient PM clinic who had Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores at the time of initial consultation and after consultation were reviewed. Comparisons of differences in pre- and post-consultation PHQ-9 scores were evaluated to identify patients with treatment response (score decreased > 50%). Results A total of 112 (44.6%) patients had initial PHQ-9 scores ≥ 5. Univariate comparisons revealed higher likelihood of response (25.9%) with lower average number of past antidepressant and antipsychotic trials, and reported good friend and family social support. After controlling for average number of medication trials, reported good friend support remained predictive of response (OR 3.4225, χ 2 4.6743, P=0.31); there was a trend for reported good family support to remain predictive (OR 2.7956; χ 2 2.5933, P=0.097). Conclusion Though exploratory and underpowered to adequately assess all potential contributors, retrospective examination of factors associated with depression treatment-response in this outpatient PM practice emphasizes the relevance of perception of social support as markers of prognosis and outcome.
Surgical Management of Localized Thoracic Infections in Immunosuppressed Patients

Abstract The increasing number of patients receiving concurrent steroid and immunosuppressive therapy in preparation for and following renal transplantation constitute a vulnerable population for saprophytic fungi. Six of 46 renal transplant patients at our institution have developed serious mycotic infections. Two died with pulmonary and disseminated aspergillosis prior to definitive diagnosis. A third patient died from pulmonary and disseminated cryptococcosis with central nervous system (CNS) involvement following an initial remission with amphotericin B therapy. Three patients have survived. The first patient, chronically febrile with an enlarging lesion in the left upper lung, recovered following removal of an abscess containing Corynebacterium equi . The second, also hyperpyrexic with seizures, recovered following resection of an active histoplasmoma of the right lung. The third patient, severely ill with hyperpyrexia for 21 days, recovered rapidly after resection of a large aspergilloma of the left upper lung. Currently reported conservative management of similar patients has not been successful. Early aggressive surgical extirpative therapy for localized pulmonary lesions is emphasized.
Pharmacology Review: Drug Therapy and Breastfeeding: Antibiotics, Analgesics, and Other Medications

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the transfer of various medications into human milk. 2. Describe the hazards, if any, of administering medications to breastfeeding mothers. 3. Describe the treatment of various syndromes with medications most suitable for breastfeeding mothers. Human milk not only is perfect nutrition for human infants, but it also provides an enormous array of growth factors and, most importantly, immunoglobulins that protect the infant from infectious disease during the first year after birth. Human milk is perfectly suited for the infant’s gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the numerous growth factors enhancing growth and maturation of a relatively permeable GI tract and the high concentration of immunoglobulins directly protecting the GI tract from infectious organisms. Ultimately, infectious disease and mortality are significantly reduced in breastfed infants. Although recent studies clearly have suggested that the number of women who choose to breastfeed is rising, the number of women who discontinue breastfeeding to take a medication because of advice from their clinicians is too high. Surveys in western countries indicate that 90% to 99% of women who breastfeed receive at least one medication during the first week postpartum. In at least one study, the use of medications was one of the major reasons that women discontinued breastfeeding. Generally, some medication penetrates the milk compartment and exposes most infants to some medication, albeit in low concentrations. The degree of risk almost always is a function of the type (and risks) of medication being used and the dose transferred to the infant. Fortunately, for most medications, the dose transferred to the infant and the subsequent risk is low to nil. However, the clinician always must evaluate individual cases with respect to the medication used, the dose of medication transferred, and the relative ability of the infant to maintain homeostasis while …
On the Constitution of Metallic Sodium

Previous developments in the theory of metals may be divided clearly into two parts: that based principally upon the hypothesis of free electrons and dealing with conductivity properties, and that based upon calculations of valence forces and dealing with the chemical properties. In the present article an intermediate point of view is adopted and the free-electron picture is employed in an investigation of chemical properties of metallic sodium. The assumption is made that in the metal the K and L shells of an atom are not altered from their form in the free atom. The properties of the wave functions of the electrons are discussed qualitatively, first of all, and it is concluded that the binding energy will be positive even when the Pauli principle is taken account of. This is followed by a quantitative investigation of the energy to be associated with the lowest state. First of all it is shown to what extent the present picture takes account of the interactions of electrons with both parallel and antiparallel spins, and to what extent remaining effects may be neglected. Next a Schroedinger equation is solved in order to determine the lowest energy level for various values of the lattice constant. To this a correction is made to account for the Pauli principle and from the result the lattice constant, binding energy and compressibility are calculated with favorable results.
Phase development in Si modified sol-gel-derived lead titanate

Sol-gel methods were used to prepare chemically modified lead titanate (PT) powders. A PT alkoxide solution was synthesized and doped with Si (2–12 mole%) or with equimolar amounts (2–12 mole%) of Si and Pb through the addition of Si and Pb–Si alkoxide solutions, respectively. PT alkoxide solutions were also prepared with excess Pb and Ti (7 and 10 mole%). Gels were prepared through controlled additions of water. Crystalline phase development of gel-derived powders with heat treatment (400–700 °C) was studied using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). While PT powders without added Si crystallized directly into a perovskite phase, Si modified materials crystallized first into a pyrochlore phase and at a higher temperature transformed into perovskite. The pyrochlore lattice parameter and the temperature for the transformation to perovskite increased with Si content. In all cases, the crystal structure of the final perovskite phase was not affected by the Si addition. The effect of Si on phase development and mechanisms of transformation is discussed.
Evidence for intracellular down-regulation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor during adenovirus infection by an EGF-independent mechanism.

Abstract We have reported previously that human group C adenoviruses down-regulate the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGF-R) (C. R. Carlin, A. E. Tollefson, H. A. Brady, B. L. Hoffman, and W. S. M. Wold, Cell 57:135-144, 1989). Expression of a 13.7-kDa protein encoded by a gene in the E3 transcription unit is necessary and sufficient for this effect (Carlin et al., Cell, 1989; B. L. Hoffman, A. Ullrich, W. S. M. Wold, and C. R. Carlin, Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:5521-5524, 1990). We show here that EGF-R down-regulation is accelerated in cells which overexpress the receptor when these cells are infected with virus mutants that overproduce the 13.7-kDa protein compared with wild-type virus. This is in contrast to EGF stimulation, for which others have shown that high concentrations of ligand are associated with low rates of receptor internalization in EGF-R-overexpressing cells (D. Kuppuswamy and L. J. Pike, J. Biol. Chem. 264:3357-3363, 1989; H. S. Wiley, J. Cell Biol. 107:801-810, 1988). We also show that the E3 protein is not present in media conditioned by infected cells and that it does not induce secretion of an EGF-like autocrine factor. Moreover, while mature membrane-bound EGF-R is down-regulated, the precursor of the membrane-bound form is not. Adenovirus infection also does not affect receptor-related molecules expressed in the secretory pathway. Interestingly, adenovirus-induced down-regulation is not regulated by concentrations of EGF associated with a slow rate of internalization in A431 cells. This suggests that 13.7-kDa protein expression triggers receptor entry by a novel ligand-independent pathway or, alternatively, that it compensates for a cellular factor that may be rate limiting during EGF-mediated endocytosis.
Compressive video sensors using multichannel imagers.

We explore the possibilities of obtaining compression in video through modifiliged sampling strategies using multichannel imaging systems. The redundancies in video streams are exploited through compressive sampling schemes to achieve low power and low complexity video sensors. The sampling strategies as well as the associated reconstruction algorithms are discussed. These compressive sampling schemes could be implemented in the focal plane readout hardware resulting in drastic reduction in data bandwidth and computational complexity.
Student Voice Use and Vocal Health during an All-State Chorus Event.

This field-based case study documented students’ (N = 256) voice use and voice health perceptions during a 3-day all-state high school chorus event through daily surveys, phonation duration data, a...
Employee Cynicism: An Examination Using a Contract Violation Framework

Employee cynicism is an attitude characterized by frustration, hopelessness, and disillusionment, as well as contempt toward and distrust of business organizations, executives, and/or other objects in the workplace. This paper uses theory on contract violation to help integrate the diverse literature on cynicism and develop plausible propositions concerning some of the predictors and moderators of employee cynicism. First, the pertinent theory and research on cynicism is reviewed. Four specific domains of research are discussed in terms of their relevance to cynicism in an organizational setting. Next, the literature on psychological and implied contracts and their violation is presented as a framework for the study of employee cynicism. Finally, hypothetical linkages between cynicism and specific characteristics of the contemporary workplace are explored, offering propositions for future research.
Ways of Coping and Involvement in Prison Violence

Prison violence generates serious problems in prisons across the United States. This study examined whether prisoners' ways of coping affected their involvement in violence. The study also examined traditional personal predictors of violence. The research used a mixed methods approach and included self-report surveys administered to a stratified random sample of 312 prisoners in medium and maximum security facilities, data from the prison system's database, and in-depth interviews conducted with 51 staff members and prisoners. In the full model with the control variables, three of the eight ways of coping studied were directly related to violence. Prisoners who elicited both emotional and instrumental support from loved ones, fellow prisoners, and staff were less likely to be violent. Those who coped through joking and bravado, and who took direct action in response to stressors were more likely to be involved in violence. The qualitative data uncovered evidence of prisoners' campaign for respect and impression management that could be used by prison administrators to help create initiatives and a prison environment that might result in less violence.
Safety of 125iodine and 192iridium implants to the canine carotid artery: preliminary report.

Thirty-nine healthy dogs underwent a simulated radical neck dissection followed by implantation of either /sup 125/Iodine or /sup 192/Iridium in various dose regimes randomized prospectively from 3,000 to 30,000 rad. Bilateral selective carotid angiography was performed immediately postoperatively and at six months and one year. No significant effects occurred to the animals who received 15,000 rad /sup 125/I or 6,000 rad /sup 192/Ir. In the higher dosed animals the /sup 125/I treated group fared better than the /sup 192/Ir treated group, probably due to the lower dose rate delivery. All surviving animals will be maintained an additional year to determine the late effects of brachytherapy irradiation to the carotid artery.
Functional p53 Signaling in Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Lymphomas: Implications for Therapy

The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8) is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) as well as primary effusion lymphomas (PEL). The expression of viral proteins capable of inactivating the p53 tumor suppressor protein has been implicated in KSHV oncogenesis. However, DNA-damaging drugs such as doxorubicin are clinically efficacious against PEL and KS, suggesting that p53 signaling remains intact despite the presence of KSHV. To investigate the functionality of p53 in PEL, we examined the response of a large number of PEL cell lines to doxorubicin. Two out of seven (29%) PEL cell lines harbored a mutant p53 allele (BCBL-1 and BCP-1) which led to doxorubicin resistance. In contrast, all other PEL containing wild-type p53 showed DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest, p53 phosphorylation, and p53 target gene activation. These data imply that p53-mediated DNA damage signaling was intact. Supporting this finding, chemical inhibition of p53 signaling in PEL led to doxorubicin resistance, and chemical activation of p53 by the Hdm2 antagonist Nutlin-3 led to unimpaired induction of p53 target genes as well as growth inhibition and apoptosis.
Polarographic determination of copperII, arsenicIII and arsenicV in copper arsenite

Abstract A method is proposed in which Cu II , As III and As v can be determined in copper arsenite without prior separation. It is based on the fact that Cu II and As III yield prominent, distinguishable, widely-separated cathodic polarographic waves in a 0.1 M LiCl-0.01 M EDTA—0.001 M LiOH solution using a dropping mercury electrode, whereas As v does not give a wave in this medium. The As v is determined by difference after reduction with sulphurous acid.
The Goalkeeper. Directed by S. Timoshenko, screenplay by Lev Kassil. USSR: Lenfilm, 1936

It is a Stalinist Roy of the Rovers; a Soviet Pride of the Yankees. Like so many Russian movies of the late 1930s, it is a fairy tale, bearing little resemblance to the messy realities of football ...
Old World Monkeys

Old World monkeys, or cercopithecoids, are a diverse and widespread group of primates found throughout Africa and Asia. They are characterised by their specialised molar teeth, quadrupedal running behaviour, often spending more time on the ground than other primates, as well as their often large and complex social groups. They survive in the widest range of habitats of any nonhuman primates, with some species restricted to humid tropical forests whereas others are found in mountains and deserts. There are two main groups: the cercopithecines, which have cheek-pouches and include macaques, baboons, mangabeys, vervets and guenons; and the colobines, characterised by complex stomach anatomy that allows them to digest leaves and which include langurs, proboscis monkeys, doucs and snub-nosed monkeys and colobus monkeys. Although they are termed ‘monkeys’ they are more closely related to apes and humans (hominoids) than they are to the monkeys of Central and South America. Key Concepts: As they are large, occur in large social groups, are often terrestrial and active during the day, Old World monkeys are some of the most thoroughly studied wild primates. Groups of closely related females, called matrilines, usually form the core of Old World monkey social groups because females remain in the same group as their mothers, whereas males generally transfer to a new group when they become adults. Old World monkeys are the most diverse group of primates in terms of environmental and geographic range, as well as number of species, but have achieved this diversity through relatively narrow morphological and behavioural adaptations that allow for ecological flexibility. Compared to other primate groups, Old World monkeys are a recent adaptive radiation, which may in part explain their relative lack of anatomical diversity, and they seem to have replaced the apes as the predominant primates in Africa and Eurasia as climatic change made environments more open and seasonal. Keywords: primates; diversity; Africa; Asia; mammals; monkeys; anthropoids
Fast Message Authentication Code for Multiple Messages with Provable Security

In this paper we consider authentication of multiple messages m1, m2, ?, mL where each message mi consists of s bits. We propose a scheme for the computation of a message authentication code (MAC) tag t, of m1, m2, ?, mL that takes constant time (time that is independent of L) and has a tag length that is constant or independent of L. The verification time of the proposed scheme is also constant. Current schemes result in tag computation and verification times proportional to L and are hence less efficient than the proposed scheme. The proposed scheme uses a modification of division by an irreducible polynomial over GF(2) in order to compress the L messages. The compressed result is then input to a pseudorandom function Fk(.) to obtain a secure tag t. We prove the security of the proposed MAC scheme. The proposed scheme has applications in sensor networks where many messages having one tag can reduce the number of bits being transmitted by a sensor node, thereby reducing the power consumption at a sensor node. Another application is in multimedia authentication, where a large multimedia data file can be split up into smaller segments whose MAC tag can be computed at high speed using the proposed scheme.
In-Situ, Time-Resolved Raman Spectro-Micro-Topography of an Operating Lithium Ion Battery

A Raman microscope has been coupled to a computer-controlled, two-dimensional linear translator attached to a custom-designed, sealed optical chamber to allow in situ acquisition of space-, and time-resolved spectra of an operating thin graphite/LiCoO2 Li-ion battery. This unique arrangement made it possible to collect continuously series of Raman spectra from a sharply defined edge of the battery exposing the anode (A), separator (S), and cathode (C), during charge and discharge, while the device was moved back and forth under the fixed focused laser beam along an axis normal to the layered A/S/C plane. Clear spectral evidence was obtained for changes in the amount of Li(+) within particles of graphite in the anode, and, to a lesser extent, of LiCoO2 in the cathode, during battery discharge both as a function of position and time. Analysis of time-resolved Raman spectro-micro-topography (SMT) measurements of the type described in this work are expected to open new prospects for assessing the validity of theoretical models aimed at simulating the flow of Li(+) within Li-ion batteries under operating conditions.
Role of human basophils and mast cells in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases.

The role of human basophils and mast cells in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases has been analyzed. Purified human basophils and mast cells release several known mediators of allergic reactions, including histamine, sulfidopeptide leukotrienes, kinin-forming enzymes, and, in the case of the mast cell, PGD2. These same mediators are released in vivo after experimental challenge in the upper airways with either allergen or cold, dry air, a stimulus used to simulate exercise-induced bronchospasm. The appearance of mast cell mediators in vivo after such challenges further implicates mast cells in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases of the airways that occur as a result of exposure to allergen or physical stimuli. During the LPR after experimental challenge of the upper airways, the pattern of mediators released (i.e., histamine, leukotrienes, and others, but no PGD2) suggests that basophils may contribute to the LPR. Antiallergic drugs that prevent mediator release in vitro, such as antihistamines, also prevent the appearance of mediators in vivo, strengthening both the validity of the in vitro test as a model of the disease and the hypothesis that mediator release is an essential element of the disease process. A model discussing the pathogenetic mechanism is presented.
Is gene flow the most important evolutionary force in plants

Although theory has demonstrated rather low levels of gene flow are sufficient to counteract opposing mutation, drift, and selection, widespread recognition of the evolutionary importance of gene flow has come slowly. The perceived role of gene flow as an evolutionary force has vacillated over the last century. In the last few decades, new methods and analyses have demonstrated that plant gene flow rates vary tremendously-from nil to very high-depending on the species and specific populations involved, and sometimes over time for individual populations. In many cases, the measured gene flow rates are evolutionarily significant at distances of hundreds and sometimes thousands of meters, occurring at levels sufficient to counteract drift, spread advantageous alleles, or thwart moderate levels of opposing local selection. Gene flow in plants is likely to often act as a cohesive force, uniting individual plant species into real evolutionary units. Also, gene flow can evolve under natural selection, decreasing or increasing. The fact of frequent, but variable, plant gene flow has important consequences for applied issues in which the presence or absence of gene flow might influence the outcome of a policy, regulatory, or management decision. Examples include the unintended spread of engineered genes, the evolution of invasiveness, and conservation. New data-rich genomic techniques allow closer scrutiny of the role of gene flow in plant evolution. Most plant evolutionists now recognize the importance of gene flow, and it is receiving increased recognition from other areas of plant biology as well.
Approaches to Privacy Preservation in Intelligent Transportation Systems and Vehicle–Infrastructure Integration Initiative

The goal of this paper is to explore rationales for mitigating privacy loss in intelligent transportation systems and to provide an overview of methods proposed to accomplish this mitigation. The limitations and potential benefits of both technological and policy-oriented approaches are examined, and potential approaches to merging the two are explored in relation to the proposed vehicle-infrastructure integration initiative program.
Downlink transmitter adaptation based on greedy SINR maximization

In this paper we present algorithms for transmitter adaptation in downlink wireless systems based on maximization of the Signal-to-Interference plus Noise-Ratio (SINR). We investigate their fixed-point properties in various scenarios and their relationship with optimal points in dual uplink scenarios.
ACE inhibitor and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist therapies in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus: are they underutilized?

Diabetes mellitus is highly prevalent in older adults in the industrialized world. These patients are at high risk of complications from diabetes, including diabetic kidney disease. ACE inhibitors and their newer cousins, angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists (angiotensin receptor blockers [ARBs]), are powerful medications for the prevention of progression of diabetic renal disease. Unfortunately, among the elderly, these medications have been underutilized. The reasons for this include physician concerns regarding patient age and limited life expectancy and potential complications of ACE inhibitor or ARB use, specifically an increase in creatinine levels and hyperkalaemia. As discussed in this article, there have been several studies that show that the effects of inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system can be beneficial for the treatment of cardiovascular disease and renal disease among elderly patients with diabetes and that the potential risks mentioned above are no greater in this group than in the general population. For these reasons, several professional societies recommend that elderly patients with diabetes and hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg) be treated with an ACE inhibitor or ARB (as is recommended for younger diabetics). Use of ACE inhibitors or ARBs is also recommended for those with cardiovascular disease or those who are at risk of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, in the management of diabetic kidney disease in elderly patients, treatment with ACE inhibitors or ARBs is also recommended to reduce the risk or slow the progression of nephropathy. Renal function and potassium levels should be monitored within the first 12 weeks of initiation of these medications, with each dose increase, and on a yearly basis thereafter. This article summarizes the current guidelines on the use of ACE inhibitors and ARBs in older adults with diabetes, reviews the evidence for their use in the elderly population, and suggests potential reasons for the observed underuse of these powerful drugs in this vulnerable population.
Parenchymal Brain Laceration as a Predictor of Abusive Head Trauma.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Accurate differentiation of abusive head trauma and accidental head injury in infants and young children is critical and impacts clinical care, patient prognosis, forensic investigations, and medicolegal proceedings. No specific finding seen on cross-sectional brain imaging has been reported to distinguish abusive head trauma from accidental injury. Our study investigated whether a specific imaging finding, parenchymal brain laceration, is unique to children diagnosed with abusive head trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively identified 137 patients with abusive head trauma and 28 patients who incurred moderate to severe accidental brain injury. Brain MR imaging represented the imaging standard for characterizing intracranial injuries. RESULTS: Among the abusive head trauma cohort, parenchymal brain lacerations were identified in 18 patients, while none were identified in any patients with accidental injury. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are in concurrence with the existing forensic, pathology, and imaging literature, which suggests that parenchymal brain lacerations may be related to abusive injury mechanisms.
Comment of the Global Antitrust Institute, George Mason University School of Law, on the National Development and Reform Commission’s Anti-Monopoly Guide on Abuse of Intellectual Property Rights

This comment is submitted to China's National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) by the Global Antitrust Institute (GAI) at George Mason University School of Law in response to the NDRC's Draft Abuse of Intellectual Property Rights Guideline. The GAI Competition Advocacy Program provides a wide-range of recommendations to facilitate adoption of economically sound competition policy, including how to analyze conduct involving standard-essential patents, as well as refusals to license, the essential facilities doctrine, discriminatory licensing, “unfairly high” pricing, bundling, cross-licensing, grantbacks, charging for expired patents, and the use of no-challenge clauses.
Visualization of Current and Mapping of Elements in Quantum Dot Solar Cells

The delicate influence of properties such as high surface state density and organic–inorganic boundaries on the individual quantum dot electronic structure complicates pursuits toward forming quantitative models of quantum dot thin films ab initio. This report describes the application of electron beam-induced current (EBIC) microscopy to depleted-heterojunction colloidal quantum dot photovoltaics (DH-CQD PVs), a technique which affords one a “map” of current production within the active layer of a PV device. The effects of QD sample size polydispersity as well as layer thickness in CQD active layers as they pertain to current production within these PVs are imaged and explained. The results from these experiments compare well with previous estimations, and confirm the ability of EBIC to function as a valuable empirical tool for the design and betterment of DH-CQD PVs. Lastly, extensive and unexpected PbS QD penetration into the mesoporous TiO2 layer is observed through imaging of device cross sections by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy combined with scanning transmission electron microscopy. The possible effects of this finding are discussed and corroborated with the EBIC studies on similar devices.
Oxygen transfer rates in shaken culture vessels from Fernbach flasks to microtiter plates.

By a sulfite oxidation method, oxygen transfer rates (OTRs) were determined in 11 types of culture vessels from 2.8-L Fernbach (FB) flasks to 96-, 48-, and 24-well square deepwell microtiter plates (MTPs). OTRs ranged from 140 mM/h in 250-mL Ultrayield™ flasks shaken at 300 rpm with a 50 mm diameter shaker throw to 5 mM/h in unbaffled FBs shaken at 200 rpm with a 25 mm throw. Baffles in FBs increased OTRs 6-12-fold under various shaking conditions, and up to five-fold in 250-mL flasks, depending on the type of baffles. Corner-baffling was superior to bottom-baffling in glass, 250-mL flasks. In MTPs, OTRs increased with increasing well size and decreasing fill volume. At 50 mm throw and 300 rpm, 24-well MTPs had OTRs comparable to corner-baffled, 250-mL flasks (∼100 mM/h). The OTRs in unbaffled flasks were relatively insensitive to shaking conditions, increasing less than two-fold between the most modest and the most vigorous conditions. There was no consistency across vessels as to whether the alternate incubation conditions of 70 mm throw and 250 rpm produced higher OTRs than the 50 mm throw and 300 rpm regimen. No increase in OTR was seen in any MTP when the cover hole diameter was increased beyond 4.5 mm. OTRs decreased as viscosity increased, falling smoothly in unbaffled flasks and 24-well MTPs, but 48-well and 96-well MTPs showed precipitous OTR drops as viscosity increased. Matching the OTRs of screening vessels to the oxygen uptake rates of microbial cultures can greatly reduce the number of false positive strains that are forwarded from microbial screens. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1729-1735. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reactive Cross-Talk between Adjacent Tension-Trapped Transition States

Tension along a polymer chain traps neighboring s-trans/s-trans-1,3-diradicals from the mechanically induced ring opening of gem-difluorocyclopropanes (gDFCs). The diradicals correspond to the transition states of the force-free thermal isomerization reactions of gDFCs, and the tension trapping allows a new disproportionation reaction between two simultaneously trapped diradicals to take place.
Public-Private Interests and Conflicts in Ports: A Content Analysis Approach

ABSTRACT Various levels of private sector involvement such as changes to incentives, capital utilization, flexible finance schemes, and the infrastructure investment has occurred as consequences of port devolution and reform processes. Our investigation uses a basic content analysis across both academic literature and maritime specialized media with research appropriate selected keywords to identify potential conflict within the changing institutional processes. Two major ports, New York/New Jersey (USA) and Santos (Brazil), with different characteristics in institutional background, are studied aiming to identify these conflicts. The results presented offer a contribution that enhances the academic debate and potentially enlightens solution formulation for those active in the port management.
Requiring Genetic Source Disclosure in the United States

Bioprospecting and biopiracy are an increasing problem, particularly for developing nations. Large companies, usually from developed nations, gather biological samples to use in research, and often patent the results without sharing profits with the nations from which the biological samples were taken. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) attempted to address these issues by stating that natural resources belong to the source nations, and entities wishing to use those resources should obtain prior informed consent before using them. The CBD, however, lacks an enforcement mechanism. Other nations and organizations have proposed amendments to Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and the Patent Cooperation Treaty to bring these laws more in line with the spirit of the CBD, but there has been little progress made on these proposals. This article provides a proposed genetic source and prior informed consent disclosure that the U.S. can implement that will not significantly upset the current patent regime, bring the U.S. into closer harmony with the CBD, and make the U.S. a model for other nations to implement similar legislation.
The special L-value of the winding quotient of square-free level

We give an explicit formula that expresses the algebraic part of the special L-value of the winding quotient of square-free level as a rational number, and interpret it in terms of the Birch–Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture.
Cause and regularity of wear and tear in air cylinder of internal combustion engine

This paper analyses the cause of wear and tear in the air cylinder of reciprocating piston internal combustion engine,concludes it's basic regularity of wear and tear,and gives some solutions on how to make a judgement on cylinder's wear and tear and to reduce it in practical use.