cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive introgression enables evolutionary rescue from extreme environmental pollution

Radical environmental change that provokes population decline can impose constraints on the sources of genetic variation that may enable evolutionary rescue. Adaptive toxicant resistance has rapidly evolved in Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) that occupy polluted habitats. We show that resistance scales with pollution level and negatively correlates with inducibility of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling. Loci with the strongest signatures of recent selection harbor genes regulating AHR signaling. Two of these loci introgressed recently (18 to 34 generations ago) from Atlantic killifish (F. heteroclitus). One introgressed locus contains a deletion in AHR that confers a large adaptive advantage [selection coefficient (s) = 0.8]. Given the limited migration of killifish, recent adaptive introgression was likely mediated by human-assisted transport. We suggest that interspecies connectivity may be an important source of adaptive variation during extreme environmental change.
Sensitivity comparison of inertial to optical motion capture during gait: implications for tracking recovery

Wearable sensors provide a foundation for development of wearable robotic technology to be used in clinical applications. Inertial motion capture (IMC) has emerged as a viable alternative to more cumbersome, non-portable optical methods. Previous work has validated the accuracy of IMC for gait compared to optical motion capture (OMC). However, it is unclear how well IMC can measure the small changes in gait function needed to gauge recovery. In this study, we evaluate the sensitivity of IMC compared to OMC to small changes in gait on a cohort of unimpaired individuals during treadmill walking. Eight individuals walked on a split-belt treadmill in three-minute trials with five randomized conditions: right belt speed decrementing at 0.05 m/s from 1.0 m/s, all with left belt held at 1.0 m/s, simulating recovery of hemiparetic gait. We extracted the root mean square deviation (RMSD) of joint kinematics between limbs and within the limb with modulated gait speed as the main outcome measure. We used linear mixed models to identify differences in sensitivity to changes in gait asymmetry and gait speed. Based on these models, we estimated the minimal detectible interval in gait parameters. We found that IMC was capable of measuring a difference in gait speed of 0.08 m/s, roughly the equivalent of two weeks recovery progress. Statistically we could not conclude a difference of sensitivity between IMC and OMC, although there is a strong trend that IMC is more sensitive to changes in gait. We conclude that IMC is a valid tool to measure progress in gait kinematics over the course of recovery.
Observations of Sediment–laden Icebergs in Antarctic Waters: Implications to Glacial Erosion and Transport

Sediment-laden icebergs are rarely sighted in Antarctic waters. However, during the recent Deep Freeze 79-USCGC Glacier expedition to the George V Coast and the south-western Ross Sea, nine sediment-laden icebergs and several pieces of pack ice with surficial sediment layers were observed. These observations include basal debris zones, debris slumped on to glaciers and floating ice, and englacial debris believed to have been incorporated along shear zones. Sediment samples collected from icebergs were texturally and mineralogically variable. Some were unsorted mixtures consisting of a wide variety of angular minerals and rock fragments; others consisted primarily of slate clasts, quartz sand, and rock flour.
1, 2, 3, Action: Using Performance in Higher Education to Develop Teachers and Learners.

This paper explores the use of performance in a college-level course that teaches education majors how to use drama, dance, and music in their instruction. Students engage in drama activities such as improvisation and playbuilding in an effort to experience firsthand the benefits of such practices for their future classrooms. The essay shares some of the students’ experiences in this course. A common outcome shared is that the processes encouraged students to get out of their comfort zone, which they found beneficial to their learning. The essay examines how having students perform may help them develop as both a learner and a future teacher.
Will COVID-19 Cause a War? Understanding the Case of the U.S. and China

This study analyzes the possibility that COVID-19 will increase the risk of a military conflict between the United States and People's Republic of China The mechanism is that COVID-19 weakens American economic output, which undermines the U S capability to project force This enables China's efforts to revise the status quo Although a rapid collapse of American power due to COVID-19 would theoretically increase the likelihood of an armed conflict, this scenario is unlikely due to the centrality of the U S dollar in the global financial system I therefore argue that COVID-19 increases the short term risk of military crises, particularly in the South China Sea and Persian Gulf, but does not significantly increase the likelihood of a power transition and full scale war However, the long term depends on the ability of the U S to respond adequately to the COVID-19 crisis
Alzheimer's Disease Screening Tools for Asian Americans: A Scoping Review.

With growing numbers of aging Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders (AANHPIs), the availability of culturally and linguistically appropriate screening tools for Alzheimer’s disea...
The crystal structure of a cardiac calsequestrin filament reveals an atomic mechanism of calsequestrin-associated catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia

Author(s): Titus, Erron Wilcox | Advisor(s): Kao, Aimee | Abstract: Calcium homeostasis is essential to cardiac and skeletal muscle physiology, where contractile function requires tight but dynamic control of calcium levels across different cellular compartments. The major calcium storage protein in muscle tissues is calsequestrin, a highly acidic protein responsible for buffering up to 50 % of total sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium. Mutations in cardiac calsequestrin cause a highly lethal familial arrhythmia,catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), while mutations in skeletal muscle calsequestrin have been linked to myopathies. Calsequestrin’s high density calcium storage is facilitated by homomultimerization of the protein into filaments, but a compelling atomic-resolution structure of a calsequestrin filament is lacking. This gap in knowledge has limited our understanding of calsequestrin biochemistry, SR calcium storage, and molecular mechanisms of calseqestrin-associated diseases. We report here a crystal structure of a cardiac calsequestrin filament with supporting mutation analysis by an in vitro filamentation assay. We also report and characterize a novel disease-associated mutation, S173I, which localizes to the structure’s filament-forming interface. In addition, we show that a previously reported dominant calsequestrin-associated CPVT mutation, K180R, maps to the same multimerization surface. Both mutations disrupt filamentation in vitro, suggesting a model where dominant disease arises from mutations that disrupt multimer formation. Finally, a ytterbium-derivatized structure pinpoints multiple credible calcium sites at filament-forming interfaces, explaining the atomic basis of calsequestrin filamentation in the presence of calcium. This work advances our basic understanding of calsequestrin biochemistry and also provides a unifying structure-function molecular mechanism by which dominant-acting calsequestrin mutations provoke lethal arrhythmias.
CARJACKING, STREETLIFE AND OFFENDER MOTIVATION

For all of the media attention it has received in the United States, Europe and elsewhere, carjacking remains an under-researched and poorly understood crime. In this article, we explore the decision-making processes of active carjackers in real-life settings and circumstances, focusing on the subjective foreground conditions that move such offenders from an unmotivated state to one in which they are determined to act. Drawing from semi-structured ethnographic interviews with 28 active carjackers in St Louis, Missouri, we argue that while the decision to commit a carjacking stems most directly from a situated interaction between particular sorts of perceived opportunities and particular sorts of perceived needs and desires, this decision is activated, mediated, and shaped by participation in urban street culture. This article explores offender decision making in carjacking. How do would-be carjackers move from an unmotivated state to one in which they are committed to taking an occupied motor vehicle by force or threat of force? An adequate answer to this question can only be achieved by focusing on the phenomenological foreground of carjacking: the immediate context in which the decision to offend is made. Background conditions may help us to understand why some individuals enter situations more open than others to committing such crimes, but they cannot identify the factors that activate carjackings in the offending moment. As Katz (1988: 4) has observed: ‘Whatever the relevance of antecedent events and contemporaneous social conditions, something causally essential happens in the very moment in which a crime is committed.’ Katz maintains that this is a ‘magical’ process, whereby potential offenders are irresistibly drawn into crime by sensual and emotional dynamics. But the foreground of offending involves more than sensual and emotional states, and it is embedded in an ongoing socio-cultural context. With this in mind, we aim to provide a broad overview of offender decision making in carjacking, drawing on ethnographic interview data from a sample of currently active carjackers in St Louis, Missouri.
Pediatric clonidine and guanfacine poisoning: a single-center retrospective review

Clonidine and guanfacine are centrally acting sympatholytics (CAS). Poisoning with these agents is common in children, and management of this poisoning is controversial. We sought to characterize o...
Abstract P117: Comparison Between Routine Clinical And Research Blood Pressure Measurements

Background: Prior studies have found a large difference between blood pressure (BP) when measured routinely in the clinic compared with research studies. We aimed to compare routine clinic BP to re...
Gender and Say: a Model of Household Behaviour with Endogenously Determined Balance of Power*

The evidence that the same total income can lead a household to choose different consumption vectors, depending on who brings in how much of the income, has led to an effort to replace the standard unitary model of the household with the ‘collective model’, which recognizes that the husband and the wife may have different preferences and depending on the balance of power between them the household may choose differently. One weakness of this new literature is that it fails to recognize that the household’s choice could in turn influence the balance of power. Once this two-way relation between choice and power is recognized we are forced to confront some new questions concerning how to model the household. This paper tries to answer these by defining a ‘household equilibrium’, examining its game-theoretic properties and drawing out its testable implications. It is shown, for instance, that once we allow for dynamic interaction a household can exhibit inefficient behavior, and that (for a certain class of parameters) children will be less likely to work in a household where power is evenly balanced, than one in which all power is concentrated in the hands of either the father or the mother. The paper also draws out the implications for female labor supply.
Shining Light on Globalization: The Political Economy of Country-by-Country Reporting

The status of geographical information in corporate financial reporting is very low, with many of the largest multinationals publishing no breakdown of their activities by country. Since 2003 initiatives led by civil society organizations (CSOs), referred to as country-by-country reporting (CBCR), have called for a reform. The paper applies four complementary political economy perspectives (structuralist, realist, constructivist, and institutionalist) to the CBCR debate. It shows that until 2010 users of financial statements supporting CBCR, but suffering from a lack of a strong state-sponsor, encountered insurmountable opposition of preparers, accounting profession and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). The global financial crisis, however, destabilized the established power relationships in international accounting, renewing debate on the objectives of accounting, and questioning the legitimacy of the IASB and its standards. This prompted the US and the EU authorities to bypass the IASB and apply limited scope CBCR modeled after the Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative. While a milestone in the debate, the very limited application of CBCR highlights the remaining power of the US-EU regulatory condominium, and continued marginalization of the Global South, and users of financial statements, including investors and civil society, in the governance of international accounting.
Open Sphincteroplasty for Benign Ampullary Stricture After Pancreas Transplantation

Ampullary and proximal pancreatic duct strictures are well known to result in recurrent episodes of pancreatitis in the native pancreas, which when benign in origin can often be treated with sphincteroplasty (open or endoscopic) and stenting in the native pancreas. However, recurrent episodes of pancreatitis in a transplanted pancreas allograft can have multiple potential etiologies, and if the diagnosis of pancreatic duct stricture is made, treatment with preservation of the pancreatic allograft can be challenging. This is the first case report to describe the open sphincteroplasty of a short benign ampullary stricture in a transplant pancreas allograft.
Bridging link power asymmetry in mobile whitespace networks

We explore the use of TV White Space (TVWS) wireless networks for providing robust and long range connectivity to vehicles. A key distinctive requirement of TVWS networks is the power asymmetry — the static APs are allowed to transmit at up to 4 W, while the mobile clients in vehicles are limited to only 100 mW. Our measurements reveal that the power asymmetry not only causes severe uplink blackouts but also poses significant coexistence problems, as high-power fixed nodes can easily starve the low-power mobile ones due to carrier sensing loss. To tackle these unique challenges, we propose a cross-layer design of a Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) based system. We employ an adaptive DSSS mechanism that strategically configures the spreading code, so as to boost uplink coverage while maximizing throughput. We further design a traffic-aware code assignment algorithm for uplink packets to balance the requirement of throughput-intensive and latency-sensitive flows. We have implemented the design on a TVWS software-radio platform on a moving vehicle in an urban environment, and demonstrated that link asymmetry can be completely removed to support realistic application traffic, while the carrier sense loss rate at fixed nodes can be reduced by around 85%.
Global Social Acceptance of Plant Biotechnology

Plant scientists made remarkable strides during the 20th century. Now, biotechnology has the potential to significantly increase the quality and quantity of food and other needed products. This is particularly important given the increased demand for meat and poultry throughout much of Asia. Developing countries will benefit most from these new crop varieties designed to have enhanced nutrition, while minimising the impacts on the environment. However, the potential benefits of biotechnology will only be realised if society accepts the science and new products as safe, effective and ethical. As we have learned from the ‘GMO’ controversy in Europe, such acceptance is not guaranteed. Keywords: society; social; consumer; acceptance; controversies; labelling; food
Accountability and ethics: reconsidering the relationships

While a relationship between accountability and ethics has long been assumed and debated in Public Administration, the nature of that relationship has not been examined or clearly articulated. This article makes such an effort by positing four major forms of accountability (answerability, blameworthiness, liability and attributability) and focusing on the ethical strategies developed in response to each of these forms
An analysis of knowledge used for a structured selection problem

Many different problem solving domains, such as medical diagnosis or NDE methods selection, require not only a large amount of knowledge, but also a variety of types of knowledge. Such knowledge includes specific rules concerning the appropriateness of a selection in a given situation to a priori orderings of potential solutions. This paper presents an expert system, called the NDE-advisor, that must perform not only fuzzy, inexact, qualitatively-oriented reasoning, but must do so on very different types of knowledge in order to arrive at a solution. The NDE-advisor presents only one solution to the issue of comparing apples and oranges in an expert system, and much more work is needed in this area.
Linked bis(μ-phosphido) and related ligands for metallic clusters: IX. Heterogeneous hydrogenation of 1-octene using phosphidostabilized di- and triruthenium metal clusters on a silica support. A case for an intact supported cluster as a catalyst

Abstract The homogeneous and heterogeneous hydrogenation of 1-octene was studied using phosphido-stabilized ruthenium clusters as catalysts. All four phosphido-stabilized ruthenium clusters Ru2(CO)6[1,2-(μ-PPh)2C6H4] (1), Ru3(CO)6[1,2-(μ-PPh)2C6H4]2 (2), Ru2(CO)6[1,2-(μ-PtBu2C6H4] (3), and Ru3(CO)6[1,2-(μ-PtBu2C6H4]2 (4) were found to be active hydrogenation and isomerization catalyst precursors, but no hydrogenolysis was observed even at elevated temperatures. The polar environment of the Cab-o-sil (silica) support activated the triruthenium cluster 2 in comparison with the homogeneous hydrogenation of 1-octene. Addition of a Lewis acid (Et2O:BF3) to the homogeneous hydrogenation of 1-octene resulted in modestly higher catalytic activity of 2. Compound 2 was quantitatively recovered from the Cab-o-sil support intact after hydrogenating 1-octene at 140°C for several hours.
System Transparency, or How I Learned to Worry about Meaning and Love Provenance!

Web-based science analysis and processing tools allow users to access, analyze, and generate visualizations of data without requiring the user be an expert in data processing. These tools simplify science analysis for all science users by reducing the data processing overhead for the user. The benefits of these tools come with a cost, the increased need for transparency in data processing. By providing a clear explanation of the science concepts and processing performed by the science analysis tool we can increase user trust, understanding, and accountability and reduce misinterpretation or generation of inconsistent results.
Academic Salaries, Academic Corruption, and the Academic Career

If the academic profession does not maintain adequate income levels, academic performance throughout the system inevitably suffers. Academics must receive sufficient remuneration to live an appropriate middle-class lifestyle—not that they must be paid according to the highest international standards, local levels are generally adequate.
Synthesis of Cerebronic Acid from Lignoceric Acid by Rat Brain Preparation

SUMMARY The conversion of [I-Wllignoceric acid (tetracosanoic acid) into cerebronic acid (Z-hydroxytetracosanoic acid) by a cell-free preparation of rat brain was investigated. The a-hydroxylating enzyme required molecular oxygen, Mg++, pyridine nucleotides, and a heat stable water soluble cofactor. The activity had pH optimum of ‘7.8, and the K, value for lignoceric acid was found to be 4.2 pM. The presence of CO did not inhibit the activity. Except for Mgf+, all heavy divalent metal ions were strongly inhibitory. EDTA was also strongly inhibitory. The pyridine nucleotides DPNH and TPNH were equally effective in producing full enzyme activity; their oxidized forms were less effective. The product cerebronic acid was detected only as a component of ceramide or cerebroside and not as free acid or CoA ester. There was no detectable activity in rat brain during the first 6 days after birth, but a rapid increase was noted between the ages of 8 and 21 days. Activity in the brain attained a maximum in rats 21 to 28 days old and then gradually decreased until an age of 85 days was reached. The cerebellum was found to have the greatest activity. No ol-hydroxylating activity was detected in any of the extraneural tissues studied. 2-Hydroxy fatty acids, found in small amounts in certain yeasts, bacteria, and mammalian extraneural tissues (l), are uniquely abundant in the mammalian nervous system. The 2hpdroxy acids found in the nervous system consist mainly of both saturated or monounsaturated compounds with a chain length of 22 to 26 carbon atoms. They contain an unusually high concentration of odd-numbered carbon acids. They were detected exclusively in cerebrosides and sulfatides, which are considered characteristic myelin lipids. Their concentration in the brain increase very rapidly during the period of active myelination and more slowly during the later life of the animal (2).
Implications of the “Consensus Communication on Early Peanut Introduction in the Prevention of Peanut Allergy in High-Risk Infants” for Allergists, Primary Care Physicians, Patients, and Society

In a landmark collaborative action, 10 international medical professional organizations, 2 among them not being allergistimmunologist based (the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Society for Pediatric Dermatology), created a “Consensus communication” suggesting that the approaches taken in the Learning Early About Peanut (LEAP) trial 1 should be actualized for clinical care “in more diverse settings throughout the world.” 2-4 The Consensus communication is receiving widespread publication and media coverage. The purpose of this editorial is to bring attention to this Clinical communication for the readership, and to underscore a number of implications that were not discussed in the guidance. Briefly, the LEAP trial enrolled 640 infants between 4 and up to 11 months of age (average age almost 8 months) having severe eczema, egg allergy, or both. 1 The study enrollment procedures included skin testing to peanut. Infants with skin tests greater than 4 mm were excluded with the assumption that they were likely already allergic. Infants enrolled and randomized to ingest peanut did so initially under physician supervision, with a graded feeding for those with positive tests (overall, 7 of 319 reacted at the baseline feeding). The results after supervised feeding at 5 years of age showed that the rate of peanut allergy was 17% in those who were avoiding peanut compared with 3% in those who ate peanut early. Approximately 7 children would need to be treated for one to obtain this benefit. Compared with avoidance, randomization to eat peanut early was associated with an 86% relative risk reduction in peanut allergy among infants entering the study with negative peanut allergy tests and a 70% risk reduction among those with small positive peanut allergy tests. The Consensus communication 2-4 provides “interim guid
The amino acid sequence of chymopapain from Carica papaya.

Chymopapain is a polypeptide of 218 amino acid residues. It has considerable structural similarity with papain and papaya proteinase omega, including conservation of the catalytic site and of the disulphide bonding. Chymopapain is like papaya proteinase omega in carrying four extra residues between papain positions 168 and 169, but differs from both papaya proteinases in the composition of its S2 subsite, as well as in having a second thiol group, Cys-117. Some evidence for the amino acid sequence of chymopapain has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50153 (12 pages) at the British Library Document Supply Centre, Boston Spa., Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1990) 265, 5. The information comprises Supplement Tables 1-4, which contain, in order, amino acid compositions of peptides from tryptic, peptic, CNBr and mild acid cleavages, Supplement Fig. 1, showing re-fractionation of selected peaks from Fig. 2 of the main paper. Supplement Fig. 2, showing cation-exchange chromatography of the earliest-eluted peak of Fig. 3 of the main paper, Supplement Fig. 3, showing reverse-phase h.p.l.c. of the later-eluted peak from Fig. 3 of the main paper, and Supplement Fig. 4, showing the separation of peptides after mild acid hydrolysis of CNBr-cleavage fragment CB3.
Improvement in Left Ventricular Diastolic Filling by Septal Myectomy in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Abnormalities in left ventricular diastolic function or filling are considered to be responsible for some of the symptoms in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. To clarify whether the abnormalities in left ventricular diastolic filling are improved by septal myectomy,13 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and intracavitary pressure gradient were studied preoperatively and postoperatively by use of pulsed Doppler echocardiography. Peak early diastolic filling velocity (E), the ratio of peak early diastolic filling to peak atrial filling velocities (E/A ratio), and deceleration time were measured from the transmitral flow velocity pattern before and after septal myectomy. Although E and E/A ratio did not change after septal myectomy, deceleration time significantly shortened from 314 ± 72 to 271 ± 53 milliseconds ( n = 10; p p p
Survey of single-particle states in the mass region A>228

A deformed single-particle potential mode, with residual interactions, is applied to an analysis of states in odd-mass nuclides with $Ag228$, and configuration assignments are presented for many levels. The systematics of energy level spacings throughout the actinides are studied, and the values of the nuclear deformation parameters that are appropriate to these nuclides are discussed. Tables of occupation probabilities and single-particle matrix elements are provided to facilitate the comparison of future measurements with theoretical expectations.
SCOURING OF COHESIVE SOILS

This study evaluates the effect of some basic properties of clay-minerals mixed with cohesionless soil on scouring at the toe of a spillway. Scouring was analyzed by the concept of incipient motion of the soil particles. Experiment was performed to determine the influence of the clay-minerals (Kaolinites) and its compactness on the rate of volume of scouring. It was assumed that seepage does not exist at the toe of the spillway and the characteristics of the flow is submerged. Depth of the approaching flow at apron “a” and reference velocity “U” were kept constant throughout the experiment. The results show that factors affecting scouring of cohesive bed downstream of a spillway include: flow characteristics, soil properties, fluid properties and boundary conditions. Also when the rate of flow is finite, there is a limit to the extent of scour.
Marketing Ybor City: Race, Ethnicity, and Historic Preservation in the Sunbelt

YBOR CITY IS the historic Latin Quarter in Tampa, Florida. First established in 1886, this neighborhood was the site of Tampa's cigar factories and was populated by Cuban, Spanish, and Italian immigrants. After World War II, white flight and physical decay brought racial changes, and in the 1960s urban renewal demolished much of the residential section. In the 1970s, however, planners and developers launched an effort to revitalize Ybor City. In this article I examine Hie racial and ethnic politics surrounding Ybor City revitalization, focusing on historical patterns of interethnic relations and contemporary efforts to promote the cultural heritage of the neighborhood, [historic preservation, ethnicity, race, neighborhood, revitalization]
Optoelectronic applications of LTMBE III-V materials

A review of the application of semiconductor layers grown at low substrate temperatures to ultrafast optoelectronics is presented. The films, grown by molecular beam epitaxy primarily around 200 °C and subsequently annealed, are demonstrated to have high resistivity, high mobility, an ultrashort carrier lifetime, and a high dielectric breakdown. This combination of properties makes the low-temperature-grown materials perfectly suited for use in high-speed optoelectronic devices. A number of issues which influence the application of these materials, such as growth temperature, use of an annealing process, layer thickness, and optical wavelength, are considered. Examples of low-temperature-grown semiconductor optoelectronic devices, including ultra-high-bandwidth photoconductive detectors, high-sensitivity, highbandwidth MSM photodetectors, and optical temporal analyzers are demonstrated. While the discussion concentrates on low-temperature-grown GaAs, the lattice-mismatched ternary compound InxGa ~ _xAs/GaAs is also considered in the context of detection of the longer wavelengths used in optical communications.
Phase explosion and recoil-induced ejection in resonant-infrared laser ablation of polystyrene

We investigate the phenomenon of resonant-infrared laser ablation of polymers using polystyrene as a model material. Ablation is carried out using various mid-IR laser wavelengths that are resonant with vibrational modes of a polystyrene target. Time-resolved plume imaging coupled with etch-depth measurements and thermal calculations indicate that ablation begins after a superheated surface layer reaches a temperature of ∼1000°C and undergoes spinodal decomposition. The majority of the ablated material is then expelled by way of recoil-induced ejection as the pressure of the expanding vapor plume compresses a laser-melted area.
Structural characteristics of arabinoxylan in barley, malt, and beer

Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) content, partially water-soluble and high-molecular-weight polymers, are related to beer viscosity. Thus, arabinoxylan alone, or synergistically with β-glucan, may be involved in some of the undesirable effects in the brewing process, such as influencing the rate of wort separation. Three malting barley samples were studied to determine glycosyl linkage composition of highly substituted arabinoxylans by analysis of partially methylated alditol acetate (PMAA) sugar derivatives using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Arabinoxylan, total non-starch polysaccharide and β-glucan levels between all samples were not significantly different (P<0.05). The NSP fractions decreased significantly (P<0.05) during malting and brewing. No apparent differences in arabinoxylan structure were found between malt and beer samples. Structurally, four major glycosyl derivatives, t-Glu-p, 4-Xyl-p, 4-Glu-p, and 2,3,4-Xyl-p, were identified. Arabinoxylans appear to contain randomly branched regions, mostly consisting of an unsubstituted and a double arabinofuranosylated xylose residue. The number of xylose residues O-2,3 disubstituted, and O-2 and O-3 monosubstituted were similar in all varieties.
Voice onset and articulatory constriction requirements in a speech segment and their relation to the amount of stuttering adaptation

Abstract This study evaluated the hypothesis that the amount of stuttering adaptation increases as the number of requirements for the prompt onset of phonation and complete articulatory constriction across passages decreases. To test this prediction, three special reading passages were constructed. The number of requirements for the quick initiation of phonation and complete articulatory constriction decreased from passages I to II to III. Eleven stutterers read each passage five times. Of these individuals, seven exhibited the well-known adaptation effect on all three selections. However, adaptation increased significantly from passage I to II to III. Among the remaining four subjects, three failed to adapt on passage I which contained the greatest number of requirements for the prompt onset of phonation and complete articulatory constrictions. These results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis under test.
Fast, low-complexity mask design

In previous work, Cobb and Zakhor developed an automated mask design algorithm using optimization to produce masks which can print at smaller feature sizes. In this work, we build upon our previous approach with special regard to computational efficiency and mask manufacturability to produce an Optical Proximity Correction (OPC) algorithm which operates orders of magnitude faster and produces simpler optimized masks. The algorithm can be used for OPC of Manhattan geometry masks for which phase assignment has been previously completed. Therefore, the OPC problem is divorced from phase-mask design and the two tasks are performed independently. Our algorithm decomposes the mask features into edges and corners which can be moved from their original placements to improve the image characteristics. The resulting optimization algorithm inherently requires computation of O((rho) o3) where (rho) o is the density of edges and corners on the mask. A major feature of the algorithm is a new fast intensity computation technique which uses lookup tables to achieve single point intensity computation on the order of O(Na (DOT) Mr) where Na is the order of approximation to the optical system and Mr is the number of rectangles in the mask region description. The single point intensity computation time is typically around 300 microsecond(s) ec for fairly complicated masks on a HP 700 series workstation. The resulting algorithm optimized a 36 X 36 micrometers 2 test mask in 6 iterations at 11 seconds per iteration pass on the same machine. The new techniques make the described algorithm viable for a production environment with k1 as low as k1 equals 0.4.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Early postnatal exposure of mice to side-steam tobacco smoke increases neuropeptide Y in lung.

Our recent study showed that prenatal and early postnatal exposure of mice to side-steam tobacco smoke (SS), a surrogate to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), leads to increased airway responsiveness and sensory innervation later in life. However, the underlying mechanism initiated in early life that affects airway responses later in life remains undefined. The concomitant increase in nerve growth factor (NGF) after exposures suggests that NGF may be involved the regulation of airway innervation. Since NGF regulates sympathetic nerve responses, as well as sensory nerves, we extended previous studies by examining neuropeptide Y (NPY), a neuropeptide associated with sympathetic nerves. Different age groups of mice, postnatal day (PD) 2 and PD21, were exposed to either SS or filtered air (FA) for 10 consecutive days. The level of NPY protein in lung and the density of NPY nerve fibers in tracheal smooth muscle were significantly increased in the PD2–11SS exposure group compared with PD2–11FA exposure. At the same time, the level of NGF in lung tissue was significantly elevated in the PD2–11SS exposure groups. However, neither NPY (protein or nerves) nor NGF levels were significantly altered in PD21–30SS exposure group compared with the PD21–30FA exposure group. Furthermore, pretreatment with NGF antibody or K252a, which inhibits a key enzyme (tyrosine kinase) in the transduction pathway for NGF receptor binding, significantly diminished SS-enhanced NPY tracheal smooth muscle innervation and the increase in methacholine-induced airway resistance. These findings show that SS exposure in early life increases NPY tracheal innervation and alters pulmonary function and that these changes are mediated through the NGF.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Two-Incision Technique

The anterior cruciate ligament is the most frequently reconstructed ligament of the knee. Recently there has been increased focus on the importance of reproducing the anatomy of the femoral attachment to restore stability, along with increased concerns that drilling the femoral tunnel through the tibial tunnel more frequently results in a too vertical femoral tunnel. We present a description of our 2-incision operative technique for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft. This technique allows almost unlimited control of femoral tunnel position in the notch while drilling the femoral tunnel through a small (2 cm) lateral incision. With careful attention to detail in all phases of the operation and effective rehabilitation, complications are minimized and consistent outcomes can be expected.
Potential method for measurement of CO2 leakage from underground sequestration fields using radioactive tracers

Reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the environment may avert the effects of global warming. One method to control CO2 emissions is to sequester it underground. Leakage from storage must be minimized for long-term control. Detection of leaks decreases the amount of CO2 released from storage, so onsite monitoring must be performed over large areas. Spiking the injected CO2 with an isotopic tracer can improve ground leak detection using fewer sampling stations, with greater accuracy than CO2 sensors and no interference from radon gas. The relative merits of sorbent materials, isotopic tracers, detection methods and potential interferences will be discussed.
A componentwise index of service measurement in multi‐component systems

In this paper we present a componentwise delay measure for estimating and improving the expected delays experienced by customers in a multi-component inventory/assembly system. We show that this measure is easily computed. Further, in an environment where the performance of each of the item delays could be improved with investment, we present a solution that aims to minimize this measure and, in effect, minimizes the average waiting time experienced by customers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 50: 2003
Enhancement of depolarization-dependent release of norepinephrine by an inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine-dependent transmethylations.

Abstract Depolarization-dependent release of [3H]-norepinephrine was studied using the pheochromocytoma clone, PC12. Norepinephrine release in response to nicotinic receptor stimulation or elevated K+ was enhanced substantially by 3-deazaadenosine, a compound known to cause inhibition of S-adenosylmethionine-dependent transmethylations. The enhancement was evident at a 3-deazaadenosine concentration as low as 10−5 M and increased with concentration. Simultaneous addition of L-homocysteine thiolactone increased the effects of 3-deazaadenosine. These results suggest that either transmethylations play some role in stimulation/secretion or that inhibition of transmethylations can indirectly enhance secretion.
Foams from aqueous systems of polymerizable surfactants

Polymerization was made in aqueous foams stabilized by a combination of a polymerizable surfactant, sodium (ω)-acrylamidoundecanoate (NaAAU), and oleyl alcohol. The common two-phase foams stabilized by a monomolecular layer of surfactant were not sufficiently stable to allow polymerization in foamed form, nor were such foams obtained in the two-phase region of aqueous solution and the liquid crystalline phase of hexagonally packed cylinders. Sufficient foam stability was found first when the lamellar liquid crystal formed by the combination of oleyl alcohol, the NaAAU, and the water. These foams were polymerized and shown to retain the liquid crystalline structure after polymerization.
Recent developments in classical conditioning of the galvanic skin response: Implications for the acquisition of anxiety☆

Abstract Studies of galvanic skin response conditioning indicate that the conditioned response formed by paired presentations of the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus reaches a peak early (in 4 or 5 trials) and then becomes quickly attenuated. Extending the number of paired trials much beyond the peak results in both weak conditioning and weak resistance to extinction.
UV photochemical oxidation of aqueous sodium sulfide to produce hydrogen and sulfur

Abstract Sodium sulfide solutions were illuminated with ultraviolet light (λ=253.7 nm) to produce hydrogen and disulfide ion in equimolar amounts. The quantum efficiency for hydrogen production was as high as 27% for a 0.5 M Na2S solution in a batch reactor. While light intensity and sulfide concentration had a pronounced effect on reaction rate, the photochemical process was found to be pH independent within the range 8.5–13.3. A mechanism involving adsorption of bisulfide ion on the inner sleeve of the photoreactor is postulated. Elemental sulfur could be recovered from the disulfide solution via purging with H2S and then filtering. The resulting filtrate was also photoactive, suggesting the possibility of a continuous closed cycle photochemical operation for H2S decomposition into its constituent elements.
Assessing Long-Term Effects of Inquiry-Based Learning: A Case Study from College Mathematics

As student-centered approaches to teaching and learning are more widely applied, researchers must assess the outcomes of these interventions across a range of courses and institutions. As an example of such assessment, this study examined the impact of inquiry-based learning (IBL) in college mathematics on undergraduates’ subsequent grades and course selection at two institutions. Insight is gained upon disaggregating results by course type (IBL vs. non-IBL), by gender, and by prior mathematics achievement level. In particular, the impact of IBL on previously low-achieving students’ grades is sizable and persistent. The authors offer some methodological advice to guide future such studies.
A pathway for net-zero energy buildings: creating a case for zero cost increase

To have market relevance and gain widespread market adoption, zero energy buildings (ZEBs) will need to be designed and constructed cost-effectively, and preferably without additional costs. An approach was developed to create low-energy buildings without additional construction costs such that it yielded innovation in building technology and integration by the market. A case study of the implementation of this method is presented to provide a data point that ZEBs can be built with zero cost increase. Documenting cost-control best practices and packaging those strategies for adoption by the commercial building sector will help make the business case for ZEBs for mainstream construction and promote market uptake of the innovative technologies and design approaches needed. The holistic implementation of cost-control strategies will enable ZEBs to be designed and constructed on a typical budget. The current state of ZEB economics is evaluated and a path forward is proposed for greater market penetration of Z...
Flourishing After the End-Permian Mass Extinction

Two hundred and fifty-two million years ago, the Paleozoic Era came to a cataclysmic close with the end-Permian mass extinction, when as much as 85% of readily fossilizable marine species became extinct. It took 5 million years for the biosphere to begin to recover from the event. At least this has been the conventional view. However, on page 1118 of this issue, Brayard et al. ( 1 ) show that ceratitid ammonoids (see the figure, panel A) recovered much faster than did most other marine groups, attaining considerable diversity just 1 million years after the mass extinction. Moreover, these mollusks reached a peak in their diversity at the end of the Early Triassic, when the diversity and body size of most other groups (particularly bivalves and gastropods) was still depressed ( 2 ). What do these data tell us about the post-apocalyptic world of the Early Triassic, and about the cause of the end-Permian extinction event itself?
Pedagogic value in understanding computer architecture of implementing the marie computer from null and lobur in the logic emulation software, multimedia logic

In our computer architecture course, we ask students to design an instruction set for an eight- or sixteen-bit computer and then implement that design in an emulated computer using a logic emulation package. In Winter semester 2006 a team of three students decided to design and implement the "Marie" computer instruction set described in the book by Null and Lobur[2]. The project proved to be highly motivational for this team, and they produced an excellent result. This paper describes that design process, the resulting computer, and learning from the project.
Preferences for parent education programs among low socioeconomic status, culturally diverse parents

This study examined parent preferences, behaviors, and beliefs toward school-based parent education programs among 395 low income, culturally diverse parents. Parents of different socioeconomic levels reported similar preferences toward parent education events and perceptions of barriers to parent education programs. More differences were noted among parents regarding parenting beliefs and behaviors. Higher educational attainment was associated with more active involvement in parenting events and beliefs more consonant with the parenting programs likely to be offered at school (e.g., those with an Adlerian orientation). Few racial differences were noted after controlling for the differential effects of educational attainment. Implications for developing effective parenting programs are discussed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An arousal pattern in children with organic cerebral dysfunction

Abstract An unusual EEG rhythm, seen in the frontal regions during arousal from sleep, is described in 8 children ranging in age from 2 to 14 years. All had organic cerebral dysfunction, manifested as minimal cerebral dysfunction, or a seizure disorder. It is suggested that the arousal state deserves study in all children utilizing montages containing the frontal electrodes.
A Fraction Is Not a Piece of Pie: Assessing Exceptional Performance and Deep Understanding in Elementary School Mathematics:

The purpose of this study was to investigate how exceptional performance representing deep understanding of mathematical concepts might be assessed in the classroom or in larger scale assessment co...
Full-thickness intraperitoneal excision by transanal endoscopic microsurgery does not increase short-term complications

Abstract Purpose Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is a minimally invasive technique for full-thickness excision of benign and malignant rectal neoplasms located 4 to 24 cm above the anal verge. Entrance into the peritoneal cavity during TEM has been regarded as a complication that mandates conversion to open laparotomy for adequate repair of the defect. This study compares the rate of complications arising from TEM with and without intraperitoneal entry. Methods Patients undergoing peritoneal entry were compared to those who did not. Results No perioperative deaths occurred. There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative complications. No major complications occurred with peritoneal entry, and all peritoneal entries were closed transanally via endoscope. Conclusions Entry into the peritoneum during TEM is not associated with an increased incidence of complication. Entry into the peritoneum during TEM excision does not mandate conversion to open laparotomy but may be safely repaired endoscopically. Lesions likely to be above the peritoneal reflection and within reach of the endoscope (4 to 24 cm) should be considered for TEM excision.