cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultraviolet COM.BUSTION of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen Compounds in Lake WATERS1

Ultraviolet combustion of lake waters combined with sensitive spectrophotometric NO, + NO,-N and NH,-N analyses offers a loo-fold increase in sensitivity over the micro-Kjeldahl method for total dissolved organic nitrogen. The procedure permits quantification of two organic nitrogen fractions in lake waters based on the relative rate and amounts of labile NH4-N and refractory NOa + NO,-N released. Combustions of water from six 1,akes under uniform conditions disclosed widely different amounts of the two fractions and increased amounts of the refractory fraction with increased depth in one lake. Duration of combustion, pII, and adequate oxygen affected ultraviolet combustions of Ircshwater samples and must be controlled to achieve uniform results. A recommended procedure for freshwaters consists of 1.5-3 hr of combustion with continuous oxygenation at pH 4.0 buffered with boric acid. Additions of organic carbon as glucose and glycine or tryptophanc to standard solutions and natural lake samples demonstrated that the rate of nitrogen release and the final combustion product expression were a function of: 1) the molecular nature of the dissolved organic nitrogen compound ( DONC), 2) the concentration of total dissolved organic carbon ( TDOC ) , and 3 ) the inorganic s,alt concentration. Use of this procedure in comparing lakes of different trophic status should
Impulsively Started Flow in a Submarine Canyon: Comparison of Results from Laboratory and Numerical Models*

Abstract Intercomparisons have been made of results from laboratory experiments and a numerical model for the flow in the vicinity of an idealized submarine canyon located along an otherwise continuous shelf. Motion in the rotating and continuously stratified fluid was impulsively generated by suddenly changing the period of rotation, so that the resulting flow occurred with the coastline either on the left (upwelling favorable) or right (downwelling favorable) when facing downstream. A principal purpose of the study was to further develop the notion that laboratory experiments can be effectively utilized to provide datasets to benchmark the development of numerical models. Laboratory data are of two types: velocity fields on three horizontal planes at numerous times, and time series of isopycnal movement in the canyon area. Comparison of numerical and laboratory results shows that values for bottom friction and interior mixing in the numerical model are crucial. Once those friction/mixing parameters are ...
Rat intestinal angiotensin-converting enzyme: purification, properties, expression, and function

Angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE (peptidyl-dipeptidase A, EC 3.4.15.1)] was purified from a total cell membrane fraction of rat intestinal mucosa. A 4,500-fold purification was achieved after affinity chromatography with lisinopril-Sepharose and gel filtration. The final preparation was judged to be homogenous by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with an apparent molecular weight of 160,000. The purified protein is a glycoenzyme containing 12% N-linked carbohydrate. Purified ACE had a specific activity of 65 U/mg protein with benzoyl-Gly-His-Leu as substrate. A kinetic analysis showed that the enzyme had the maximal velocity with substrates containing proline at the COOH-terminal end. Inhibitor studies indicated that the enzyme is a metalloprotein. Along the proximal-distal axis of the small intestine, ACE activity is most predominant in the proximal to middle portions, decreasing toward the distal end. This pattern was also observed for ACE mRNA and protein, suggesting that ACE expression is controlled at the level of mRNA. Perfusion of benzoyl-Gly-His-Leu in vivo through a segment of intestinal jejunum demonstrated that ACE is an important intestinal dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase, participating in the digestion and assimilation of dietary peptides.
Molecular genetics of Mus musculus: point mutagenesis and millimorgans.

HE world of genetics resembles an intellectual T food chain. Approaches and attitudes developed in phage genetics are used in turn to study yeasts, slime molds, nematodes, plants, Drosophila or mammals. Only rarely does this chain circularize, since investigators nowadays most commonly move from the simpler to the more complex organisms. I vividly recall one exception, a talk at a Cold Spring Harbor phage meeting in which the presenter spoke of “sacrificing” phage-infected bacterial cultures for an enzyme analysis. From rat liver to phage, I thought. This month’s column traces the movement of molecular genetics into mouse genetics along a chain in which phage, yeast and Drosophila genetics provide successive nourishment. Natural variants with heterozygous phenotypes:
Defending against wormhole attacks in mobile ad hoc networks: Research Articles

In ad hoc networks, malicious nodes can deploy wormhole attacks to fabricate a false scenario on the proximity relationship among mobile nodes. A classification of the attacks according to the format of the wormholes is proposed. This forms a basis to identify the detection capability of various approaches. An analysis shows that earlier approaches focus on the prevention of wormholes among neighbors that trust each other. As a more generic approach, we present an end-to-end scheme that can detect wormholes on a multi-hop route. Only the trust between the source and the destination is assumed. The mechanism uses geographic information to detect anomalies in neighbor relations and node movements. To reduce the computation and storage overhead, we present a scheme called cell-based open tunnel avoidance (COTA) to manage the information. COTA requires a constant space for every node on the path and the computation overhead increases linearly to the number of detection packets. We prove that the savings do not deteriorate the detection capability. Various schemes to control communication overhead are studied. The simulation and experiments on real devices show that the proposed mechanism can be combined with existent routing protocols to defend against wormhole attacks. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organizing the Comanche Program (B)

This case, a follow-up to the A case (UVA-OB-0432), describes Don Kelly's attempts to organize and implement a startup plan using concurrent engineering.
Use of High-Definition Audiovisual Technology in a Gross Anatomy Laboratory: Effect on Dental Students' Learning Outcomes and Satisfaction

Laboratory cadaver dissection is essential for three-dimensional understanding of anatomical structures and variability, but there are many challenges to teaching gross anatomy in medical and dental schools, including a lack of available space and qualified anatomy faculty. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of high-definition audiovisual educational technology in the gross anatomy laboratory in improving dental students' learning outcomes and satisfaction. Exam scores were compared for two classes of first-year students at one U.S. dental school: 2012-13 (no audiovisual technology) and 2013-14 (audiovisual technology), and section exams were used to compare differences between semesters. Additionally, an online survey was used to assess the satisfaction of students who used the technology. All 284 first-year students in the two years (2012-13 N=144; 2013-14 N=140) participated in the exams. Of the 140 students in the 2013-14 class, 63 completed the survey (45% response rate). The results showed that those students who used the technology had higher scores on the laboratory exams than those who did not use it, and students in the winter semester scored higher (90.17±0.56) than in the fall semester (82.10±0.68). More than 87% of those surveyed strongly agreed or agreed that the audiovisual devices represented anatomical structures clearly in the gross anatomy laboratory. These students reported an improved experience in learning and understanding anatomical structures, found the laboratory to be less overwhelming, and said they were better able to follow dissection instructions and understand details of anatomical structures with the new technology. Based on these results, the study concluded that the ability to provide the students a clear view of anatomical structures and high-quality imaging had improved their learning experience.
The Value Equation: Enhancing Patient Outcomes While Constraining Costs

INTRODUCTION The United States healthcare system continues to struggle with extremely high cost and variable quality of care. This year alone, the United States is projected to spend $2.8 trillion on healthcare, comprising approximately 18% of the entire U.S. gross domestic product. This is more than that of Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and the United Kingdom combined gross domestic product. This growth in cost is completely unsustainable and is threatening all aspects of the U.S. economy, as there is less to invest in infrastructure, education and other public programs. In the words of Donald Berwick, former Administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Service (CMS) “what healthcare takes, others lose.” For individual families, healthcare premiums have doubled in the past 10 years, reducing income gains for average families and for the providers that treat them. Despite these great costs, health outcomes are no better in the United States compared to other less costly countries, including ongoing preventable morbidity and mortality. Owing to the scope, breadth and effect of the problem to U.S. citizens, the public focus on the issue is understandably growing with great intensity. What providers, patients, employers and the public alike are all yearning for is to understand, be able to measure and enhance the value of U.S. healthcare, all of which have a vested interest in improving quality and lowering cost. Healthcare value defines and measures both the quality and the actual cost of healthcare provided. The future success of the U.S. healthcare system and the U.S. economy as a whole are completely dependent on our ability to measure and improve healthcare value. Although this concept seems quite simple, understanding and measuring both quality and cost are quite complicated. This article reviews the definition of healthcare value, the types of quality outcomes currently being measured (and should be measured), how cost is currently being measured (and should be measured), programmatic attempts to improve value to date and a framework for improving value within the U.S. healthcare system.
Schizophrenia clinical symptom differences in women vs. men with and without a history of childhood physical abuse.

Background Childhood abuse has been implicated as an environmental factor that increases the risk for developing schizophrenia. A recent large population-based case–control study found that abuse may be a risk factor for schizophrenia in women, but not men. Given the sex differences in onset and clinical course of schizophrenia, we hypothesized that childhood abuse may cause phenotypic differences in the disorder between men and women.
An Expository Development of a Mathematical Model of the Electoral Process

The fundamental process of politics is the aggregation of citizens' preferences into a collective—a social—choice. We develop, interpret, and explain non-technically in this expository essay the definitions, assumptions, and theorems of a mathematical model of one aggregative mechanism—the electoral process. This mechanism is conceptualized here as a multidimensional model of spatial competition in which competition consists of candidates affecting turnout and the electorate's perception of each candidate's positions, and in which the social choice is a policy package which the victorious candidate advocates.This approach, inaugurated by Downs's An Economic Theory of Democracy, and falling under the general rubric “spatial models of party competition,” has been scrutinized, criticized, and reformulated. To clarify the accomplishments of this formulation we identify and discuss in section 2 the general democratic problem of ascertaining a social preference. We review critically in section 3 the definitions and assumptions of our model. We consider in sections 4 and 5 the logic of a competitive electoral equilibrium. We assume in section 4 that the electorate's preferences can be summarized and represented by a single function; the analysis in section 5 pertains to competition between two organizational structures or two opposed ideologies (i.e., when two functions are required to summarize and represent the electorate's preference). Finally, we suggest in section 6 a conceptualization of electoral processes which facilitates extending and empirically testing our model.
“They've Done Taken My Blues and Gone”

Over fifty years ago, Langston Hughes wrote his famous poem that started with the words: 'They've done taken my blues and gone." It was a poem that expressed his anger and frustration at the realization that his culture and his history, his passion and his poetry, indeed, even the magic, music, spirit and soul of his people, were being recorded, interpreted, and, too often, defined by someone else, usually someone who knew very little about that culture and more often than not would dismiss its importance or deny its existence. Langston Hughes ended that poem with what inevitably became a promise he made to himself and ultimately a challenge for all those who were to follow. If that situation was ever going to change, it would be only as a result of black artists seizing control of their own stories, restoring their own histories, and in the process, determining their own future.
The perduring Maya: New archaeology on early Colonial transitions

The impact of the Spanish conquest and colonisation of Maya territories between 1520 and the 1700s is often regarded as a homogeneous process. Archaeological research conducted over the last 16 years shows this to be far from true. A much more nuanced understanding of the complexities and relationships between Indigenous peoples and the new colonial forces can be achieved by comparing colonised, semi-conquered and unconquered zones within the Maya area. Such an understanding allows Maya archaeology to transcend the simplistic and limiting framework of conquest and collapse that has traditionally typified the narrative of colonial interaction.
Marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood: developmental trajectories and their outcomes

Background The study assesses the degree to which individuals in different trajectories of marijuana use are similar or different in terms of unconventional behavior, sensation seeking, emotional dysregulation, nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence/abuse, children living at home, and spouse/partner marijuana use at age 43.
Vibratory onset and offset times in children: A laryngeal imaging study

Abstract Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate the differences in vibratory onset and offset times across age (adult males, adult females, and children) and waveform types (total glottal area waveform, left glottal area waveform, and right glottal area waveform) using high-speed videoendoscopy. Methods In this prospective study, vibratory onset and offset times were evaluated in a total of 86 participants. Forty-three children (23 girls, 18 boys) between 5 and 11 years and 43 gender matched vocally normal young adults (23 females and 18 males) in the age range (21–45 years) were recruited. Vibratory onset and offset times were calculated in milliseconds from the total, left, and right Glottal Area Waveform (GAW). A two-factor analysis of variance was used to compare the means among the subject groups (children, adult male, and adult female) and waveform type (total GAW, left GAW, right GAW) for onset and offset variables. Post hoc analyses were performed using the Fishers Least Significant Different test with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Results Children exhibited significantly shorter vibratory onset and offset times compared to adult males and females. Differences in vibratory onset and offset times were not statistically significant between adult males and females. Across all waveform types (i.e. total GAW, left GAW, and right GAW), no statistical significance was observed among the subject groups. Conclusion This is the first study reporting vibratory onset and offset times in the pediatric population. The study findings lay the foundation for the development of a large age- and gender-based database of the pediatric population to aid the study of the effects of maturation of vocal fold vibration in adulthood. The findings from this study may also provide the basis for evaluating the impact of numerous lesions on tissue pliability, and thereby has potential utility for the clinical differentiation of various lesions.
On the Minimax Optimal Control Problem and Its Variations

This paper considers some analytical properties of the minimax optimal control problem and the closely related problems. In particular, some recent development in necessary conditions is reviewed. The properties of controls, including continuity, singularity and switching are discussed. Examples are presented to signify the discussions.
Measurement Techniques for Energy Expenditure

Accurate measurement and determination of energy expenditure are critical in understanding the energy metabolism status and capacity of an individual. This chapter presents some primary analytical procedures used in the laboratory and the field to determine expenditure at rest and during physical activity: direct calorimetry, indirect calorimetry by measuring respiratory gas exchange (oxygen uptake using O 2 and CO 2 concentration; specifically, O 2 and CO 2 analysis by infrared absorption spectroscopy, refractometry, and mass spectrometry), the doubly labeled water technique for isotopes in the laboratory, and calculation formulas and questionnaires in the field. Heart rate monitors and motion sensors (pedometers and accelerometers) are also reviewed. The strengths and limitations of the various methods are discussed.
Mycorrhizal Fungi Influence Soil Structure

A series of closely related processes is presented, by which arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi contribute to the formation of relatively stable aggregate structures. Fibrous roots and AM fungal hyphae can be viewed as a “sticky-string bag” that contributes to the entanglement and enmeshment of soil particles to form macroaggregates, a basic building block of soil structure. Furthermore, AM fungi produce a glycoprotein, glomalin, that is deposited on their outer hyphal walls and on adjacent soil particles. Glomalin appears to be a rather stable hydrophobic glue that might reduce macroaggregate disruption during wetting and drying events by retarding water movement into the pores within the aggregate structure. Examples from various soil types are used to demonstrate the contributions of AM fungi to soil aggregation and its subsequent stabilization. Over a wide range of soil types, these contributions depend largely on broad textural characteristics and whether the soil’s structure is hierarchical in construction, among other factors.
Congenital Nemaline Myopathy

A female neonate with a rapidly fatal course of nemaline myopathy is reported from the University of Siena, Italy.
Twin Higgs model with T parity

In twin Higgs models, a discrete ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ symmetry between the standard model Higgs and the twin Higgs is introduced to address the hierarchy problem. In this work, we propose another discrete symmetry in twin Higgs: the $T$ parity, which maps the twin Higgs quadruplet into its mirror copy. The $T$ parity brings us a whole group of $T$-odd particles, and leads to a promising dark matter candidate. We present one realization of the $T$-parity twin Higgs scenario by implementing the $SU(2{)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}SU(2{)}_{R}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1{)}_{1}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1{)}_{2}$ gauge symmetry in the left-right twin Higgs model. In this specific setup, the $T$-odd $U(1)$ gauge boson could be the dark matter candidate, and the $T$-odd particles have very distinct and interesting phenomenology.
The Savant and the Engineer: Exploration Personnel in the Narbrough and Anson Voyage Accounts

Recent reassessments of the history of exploration have reflected on the terms “exploration” and “explorer.” While scholars identify the explorer as a nineteenth-century cultural phenomenon shaped in part by the production process of books and serialized media, this article argues that the discussion as to who was qualified to serve on long distance expeditions has earlier roots. Via case studies of two South Seas travel accounts, it shows how the publication of Pacific voyage accounts shifted and gave rise to savants and engineers emerging as two ideal types of exploration personnel.
Some notes on the effect of the forest on water availability - A German experiment.

During a study tour of Northern Germany last May I had an opportunity of inspecting a rather unique rainfall experiment. It was concerned mainly with the effect of the forest on water conservation in a catchment area. Due to clear fellings by the occupation forces after the last war a situation developed, (normally contrary to all the dictates of German silviculturists) in which an entire valley was completely denuded of timber...
Early active learning via robust representation and structured sparsity

Labeling training data is quite time-consuming but essential for supervised learning models. To solve this problem, the active learning has been studied and applied to select the informative and representative data points for labeling. However, during the early stage of experiments, only a small number (or none) of labeled data points exist, thus the most representative samples should be selected first. In this paper, we propose a novel robust active learning method to handle the early stage experimental design problem and select the most representative data points. Selecting the representative samples is an NP-hard problem, thus we employ the structured sparsity-inducing norm to relax the objective to an efficient convex formulation. Meanwhile, the robust sparse representation loss function is utilized to reduce the effect of outliers. A new efficient optimization algorithm is introduced to solve our non-smooth objective with low computational cost and proved global convergence. Empirical results on both single-label and multi-label classification benchmark data sets show the promising results of our method.
Anterior Spinal Column Augmentation Techniques

With the aging population, osteoporotic compression fractures have become increasingly common throughout the United States. Many of these patients are not suitable for open surgery, but suffer from substantial pain. It has been found that through the injection of polymethylmethacrylate cement into these fracture sites (vertebroplasty), pain can be alleviated quickly and easily with little recovery time by the patient and low rates of complications. Since the development of vertebroplasty, many other augmentation techniques, including balloon-assisted peek implant-assisted techniques, have been invented. Along with new techniques, new indications for augmentation have come about both in tumor and trauma domains. In this chapter, the expanded indications and techniques involved in vertebral augmentation will be described.
Translocator protein (TSPO) and stress cascades in mouse models of psychosis with inflammatory disturbances

Changes in inflammatory cascades have been implicated in the underlying pathophysiology of psychosis. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) has been used to assess neuroinflammatory processes in psychotic disorders. Nonetheless, it is unclear whether TSPO, a mitochondrial protein, can be interpreted as a general marker for inflammation in diseases involving psychosis. To address this question, we investigated TSPO signaling in representative mouse models for psychosis with inflammatory disturbances. The maternal immune activation and cuprizone short-term exposure models show different TSPO signaling. Furthermore, we observed similarities and differences in their respective stress pathways including stress hormone signaling and oxidative stress that are functionally interconnected with the inflammatory responses. We propose that more careful studies of TSPO distribution in neuroinflammation and other stress cascades associated with psychotic symptoms will allow us to understand the biological mechanisms underlying psychosis-related behaviors.
Mitotic cells generate protrusive extracellular forces to divide in three-dimensional microenvironments

During mitosis, or cell division, mammalian cells undergo extensive morphological changes, including elongation along the mitotic axis, which is perpendicular to the plane that bisects the two divided cells. Although much is known about the intracellular dynamics of mitosis, it is unclear how cells are able to divide in tissues, where the changes required for mitosis are mechanically constrained by surrounding cells and extracellular matrix. Here, by confining cells three dimensionally in hydrogels, we show that dividing cells generate substantial protrusive forces that deform their surroundings along the mitotic axis, clearing space for mitotic elongation. When forces are insufficient to create space for mitotic elongation, mitosis fails. We identify one source of protrusive force as the elongation of the interpolar spindle, an assembly of microtubules aligned with the mitotic axis. Another source of protrusive force is shown to be contraction of the cytokinetic ring, the polymeric structure that cleaves a dividing cell at its equator, which drives expansion along the mitotic axis. These findings reveal key functions for the interpolar spindle and cytokinetic ring in protrusive extracellular force generation, and explain how dividing cells overcome mechanical constraints in confining microenvironments, including some types of tumour. Little is known about how a cell’s surroundings within tissue influence the mechanics of its division. Experiments on constrained dividing cells reveal that they create protrusive forces in order to undergo the shape changes required for division.
Integration in higher dimensions

Let P be a rectangular parallelopiped in ℝk, with edges along the Cartesian coordinate axes. We call such a figure a Cartesian rectangle. The figure shows a Cartesian rectangle in ℝ2. Let the edges of P have lengths dx1,dx2,...,dxk. then its k-dimensional volume, denoted Vol(P), is be definition $$ {\rm{Vol(P) = d}}{{\rm{x}}_{\rm{1}}}{\rm{ d}}{{\rm{x}}_{\rm{2}}}{\rm{ }}...{\rm{ d}}{{\rm{x}}_{\rm{k}}}{\rm{ ,}} $$ (1) Open image in new window the product of its edge lengths. Let T be a k-by-k matrix. We may apply T to each vector lying in P and in this way transform P to another figure T(P), which typically will no longer be a Cartesian rectangle, nor even rectangular. To calculate the volume Vol(T(P)) of T(P) we use the theorem on the geometric meaning of the determinant which states, in the present notation, that $$ \frac{{{\rm{Vol(T(P))}}}}{{{\rm{Vol(P)}}}}{\rm{ }} = {\rm{ |T| ,}} $$ (2) where |T| is the standard notation for the determinant of T.(1) Putting this together with (1) we have $$ {\rm{Vol(T(P)) = |T|d}}{{\rm{x}}_{\rm{1}}}{\rm{d}}{{\rm{x}}_{\rm{2}}}...{\rm{d}}{{\rm{x}}_{\rm{k}}}. $$ (3)
The System Dynamics National Model: Macrobehavior from Microstructure

The System Dynamics National Model was undertaken to show how local policies governing decentralized decisions in an economy create observed overall economic behavior. I feel we have succeeded well beyond our original expectations. The model, endogenously, without any external driving time series, generates the major observed modes of economic behavior: business cycles inflation stagflation the economic long wave and growth.
Resveratrol Preconditioning Induces Genomic and Metabolic Adaptations within the Long-Term Window of Cerebral Ischemic Tolerance Leading to Bioenergetic Efficiency

Neuroprotective agents administered post-cerebral ischemia have failed so far in the clinic to promote significant recovery. Thus, numerous efforts were redirected toward prophylactic approaches such as preconditioning as an alternative therapeutic strategy. Our laboratory has revealed a novel long-term window of cerebral ischemic tolerance mediated by resveratrol preconditioning (RPC) that lasts for 2 weeks in mice. To identify its mediators, we conducted an RNA-seq experiment on the cortex of mice 2 weeks post-RPC, which revealed 136 differentially expressed genes. The majority of genes (116/136) were downregulated upon RPC and clustered into biological processes involved in transcription, synaptic signaling, and neurotransmission. The downregulation in these processes was reminiscent of metabolic depression, an adaptation used by hibernating animals to survive severe ischemic states by downregulating energy-consuming pathways. Thus, to assess metabolism, we used a neuronal-astrocytic co-culture model and measured the cellular respiration rate at the long-term window post-RPC. Remarkably, we observed an increase in glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration efficiency upon RPC. We also observed an increase in the expression of genes involved in pyruvate uptake, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, all of which indicated an increased reliance on energy-producing pathways. We then revealed that these nuclear and mitochondrial adaptations, which reduce the reliance on energy-consuming pathways and increase the reliance on energy-producing pathways, are epigenetically coupled through acetyl-CoA metabolism and ultimately increase baseline ATP levels. This increase in ATP would then allow the brain, a highly metabolic organ, to endure prolonged durations of energy deprivation encountered during cerebral ischemia.
Ten-year Outcomes of Cervical Disc Replacement With the BRYAN Cervical Disc: Results From a Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial

Study Design.A prospective, randomized multicenter IDE trial between May 2002 and October 2004.Objective.The aim of this study was to report on the 10-year safety and efficacy of BRYAN cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA).Summary of Background Data.Cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) is a potential alterna
Rethinking Early Elementary Grade Retention: Examining Long-Term Academic and Psychosocial Outcomes.

Grade retention, the practice of requiring a student to remain in the same grade the following year, disproportionately affects students with sociodemographic risk and facing academic challenges. E...
The nature of catastrophic OLED lighting panel failure

Catastrophic failure due to electrical shorting is currently one of the key reliability challenges for commercial organic light emitting diode (OLED) solid-state lighting panels. Here, we explore the origin of panel-killing shorts through the use of a temperature-selective electroluminescence imaging technique that allows us to locate them early in their life cycle and study their growth over time. We identify two general classes of panel defect, termed bright spots and hot spots, which respectively originate from indium-tin-oxide agglomerations and microscale organic semiconductor dust particles on the substrate. The former are largely benign, whereas the latter can lead to local shunts that grow over time and cause catastrophic failure. We understand the growth process as a self-reinforcing cycle, where shunt-induced heating volatilizes the surrounding organic semiconductor, which in turn expands the shunt and leads to even more heating. Based on these results, we identify several practical strategies to arrest the growth of early-stage shorts or prevent them entirely, which could reduce the cost and improve the reliability of OLED lighting.
Some Aspects of Quantitative Surface Analysis by Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis

Application of surface-sensitive spectroscopic techniques to quantitative surface analysis requires consideration of the distribution of species on the surface, as well as the characteristics of the technique. For electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), these problems are considered for the following situations: material adsorbed on a surface at less than monolayer coverage, a thin film of surface species overlaying the bulk, a sample distributed throughout the bulk in an inhomogeneous fashion, and a multilayered system. Escape depth of photoelectrons becomes a particularly important parameter when comparing results of ESCA with those obtained by other techniques, such as Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Different atomic ratios can be obtained from the same sample depending on the energies of electrons used. ESCA can be used for trace analysis by preconcentrating metal ions on surface. The effectiveness of this technique depends on the equilibrium between the surface and solution. The form of the calibration curve obtained is influenced by "saturation" effects. The kinetics of the surface-solution equilibrium are also important.
Schwannoma-Like Pleomorphic Adenoma: Two Cases and a Review of the Literature

Schwannoma-like pleomorphic adenoma is a rare variant of the common benign salivary neoplasm, pleomorphic adenoma. This entity's cytomorphology closely mimics a schwannoma, potentially making a diagnosis of cytologic preparations or of surgical specimens a challenge. To the best of our knowledge, there are only six previous reports of schwannoma-like pleomorphic adenoma with eight total cases in the English language literature prior to the addition of the two cases detailed in this report. Our report includes what we believe to be the first documented case of this entity occurring in the submandibular gland. One of our cases occurred in the submandibular gland of a 90-year-old woman and the other occurred in the left parotid gland of a 40-year-old woman. We also examine the diagnostic considerations used to differentiate these two entities.
The Challenges of Global Population Growth:Theories, Policies, and the Case of Egypt

Many developing countries are experiencing rapid population growth, and this phenomenon has the potential to cause various economic, social, and environmental problems in such countries. Accordingly, this paper will explore the issue of expanding populations and their affect on a country's socioeconomic status by examining various population growth theories and applying them to a specific country. First, we will consider global population growth in detail, followed by a summary of the various views as to whether larger populations affect economic development positively or negatively. Next, we will observe the case of Egypt, a highly populated country whose rapid growth has been a focus of government policy for the last six decades. Finally, given Egypt's example, we will reach a conclusion as to how other developing countries might best solve their own population growth problems and consequently better develop economically as well as socially.
Studying the Impact of Mood on Identifying Smartphone Users.

This paper explores the identification of smartphone users when certain samples collected while the subject felt happy, upset or stressed were absent or present. We employ data from 19 subjects using the StudentLife dataset, a dataset collected by researchers at Dartmouth College that was originally collected to correlate behaviors characterized by smartphone usage patterns with changes in stress and academic performance. Although many previous works on behavioral biometrics have implied that mood is a source of intra-person variation which may impact biometric performance, our results contradict this assumption. Our findings show that performance worsens when removing samples that were generated when subjects may be happy, upset, or stressed. Thus, there is no indication that mood negatively impacts performance. However, we do find that changes existing in smartphone usage patterns may correlate with mood, including changes in locking, audio, location, calling, homescreen, and e-mail habits. Thus, we show that while mood is a source of intra-person variation, it may be an inaccurate assumption that biometric systems (particularly, mobile biometrics) are likely influenced by mood.
Preservation of pelvic perfusion with iliac branch devices does not decrease ischemic colitis compared with hypogastric embolization in endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Abstract Objective Ischemic colitis is a rare but devastating complication of endovascular repair of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms. Although it is rare (0.9%) in standard endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), the incidence increases to 2% to 3% in EVAR with hypogastric artery embolization (HAE). This study investigated whether preservation of pelvic perfusion with iliac branch devices (IBDs) decreases the incidence of ischemic colitis. Methods We used the targeted EVAR module in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database to identify patients undergoing EVAR of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm from 2012 to 2017. The cohort was further stratified into average-risk and high-risk groups. Average-risk patients were those who underwent elective repair for sizes of the aneurysms, whereas high-risk patients were repaired emergently for indications other than asymptomatic aneurysms. Within these groups, we examined the 30-day outcomes of standard EVARs, EVAR with HAE, and EVAR with IBDs. The primary outcome was the incidence of ischemic colitis. Secondary outcomes included mortality, major organ dysfunction, thromboembolism, length of stay, and return to the operating room. The χ2 test, Fisher exact test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and multivariate regression models were used for data analysis. Results There were 11,137 patients who had infrarenal EVAR identified. We designated this the all-risk cohort, which included 9263 EVAR, 531 EVAR-HAE, and 1343 EVAR-IBD procedures. These were further stratified into 9016 cases with average-risk patients and 2121 cases with high-risk patients. In the average-risk group, 7482 had EVAR, 411 had EVAR-HAE, and 1123 had EVAR-IBD. In the high-risk group, 1781 had EVAR, 120 had EVAR-HAE, and 220 had EVAR-IBD. There was no significant difference in 30-day outcomes (including ischemic colitis) between EVAR, EVAR-HAE, and EVAR-IBD in the all-risk and high-risk groups. In the average-risk cohort, EVAR-HAE was associated with a higher mortality rate than EVAR (2.2% vs 1.0%; adjusted odds ratio, 2.58; P = .01). Although EVAR-IBD was not superior to EVAR-HAE in 30-day mortality, major organ dysfunction, or ischemic colitis in this average-risk cohort, EVAR-IBD exhibited a trend toward lower mortality compared with EVAR-HAE in this cohort, but it was not statistically significant (1.0% vs 2.2%; adjusted odds ratio, 0.42; P = .07). Conclusions Ischemic colitis is a rare complication of EVAR. HAE does not appear to increase the risk of ischemic colitis, and preservation of pelvic perfusion with IBDs does not decrease its incidence. Although HAE is associated with significantly higher mortality than standard EVAR in average-risk patients, the preservation of pelvic perfusion with IBDs does not appear to improve mortality over HAE.
Textile-Based Stretchable and Flexible Glove Sensor for Monitoring Upper Extremity Prosthesis Functions

To detect various signals and motions from the human body, textile substrates having the compatibility with human skin and high electrical/mechanical properties are strongly required in wearable healthcare sensors. However, there is still limitation in forming electrical materials directly on fabric substrates due to inherent fabric properties such as porousness and roughness of surface. In this study, by using stretchable and flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films as both interface/ planarization and passivation layers, we demonstrate a textile-based AgNW sensor with high conductivity (434.7 S/cm) on polyester-based spandex fabric substrate. In addition, in order to detect hand motions, we designed a full-sized glove-type sensor by integrating five strain sensor units, showing stable responsibility to each finger motions individually. Furthermore, to expand the possibilities of the textile-based glove sensor in prosthesis monitoring applications, the glove sensor was applied to a 3D-printed prosthetic hand to detect hand motion or gestures and showed stable corresponding responses to different grasps (against normal and small-sized balls). From successful results in practical 3D-printed prosthetic application, we believe that the textile-based sensor developed in this study is appropriate for human motion monitoring and potential candidates for integrated prosthetic hands and medical robotic hand.
School Security and Disruption

One may wish to gauge disruptive behavior for more than one reason. A first reason to measure disruption, victimization, vandalism, and the like is to assess damage. For example, one may wish to assess the cost of these activities in terms of dollars lost. A second reason to measure disruptive behavior is an interest in the moral and social status of the population in question.
Circadian Rhythm Light Watch

The proposed biological clock is a mechanism that is designed to help adapt to environments embedded in our genes cycling from sleepiness to alertness close to a 24-hour period. Majority of the clocks used daily display time in units of days, hours, and seconds, omitting the periodic cycle of our biological clock. Performing routines with respect to the circadian rhythm has shown to be beneficial to the metabolism, and overall health. The lighting system shall keep time and provide circadian rhythm lighting output. An Arduino programmed watch using a periodic function given circadian rhythm parameters is displayed through a neopixel L.E.D. lighting system displaying it as a function of time over a 24-hour period. Red, blue, and purple colors are used to represent the different levels of alertness throughout the day to measure and verify the body's circadian rhythm. The effectiveness of the system against system requirements is presented and future modifications are suggested.
Comparison of Clinical Psychologist and Physician Beliefs and Practices Concerning Malingering: Results from a Mixed Methods Study

Malingering, or intentional feigning of impairment for an external incentive, has been the topic of extensive psychological research in recent decades. The emphasis on symptom validity assessment in training, practice, and research in clinical psychology is not echoed across other health professions. While past surveys of clinical psychologists revealed positive beliefs and attitudes toward validity assessment, much less is known about physicians in this area, particularly in regard to how they identify suspected malingering. To address this gap, we surveyed a sample of demographically similar clinical psychologists (n = 57) and physicians (n = 54) regarding their beliefs and practices about malingering. Unique to this study was the use of a mixed survey and mixed methods approach to analyzing quantitative and qualitative data. Broadly, survey findings indicated that more clinical psychologists reported documenting malingering in their careers compared with physicians (65.0% vs. 33.0%). Consistently, more clinical psychologists endorsed “always” or “often” being able to recognize malingering compared with physicians (73.7% vs. 22.2%). Clinical psychologists indicated that they ask patients or evaluees about potential external incentives (e.g., current involvement in litigation) much more often than physicians (70.0% vs. 16.0%). On average, clinical psychologists estimated higher base rates of malingering in six high-risk malingering diagnostic categories compared with physicians, with greatest estimation difference noted for mild traumatic brain injury (19.9% vs. 5.9%). Qualitative examination of respondent data generally converged with quantitative findings and provided additional insights to how conceptualizations of malingering differ across healthcare disciplines. Implications for practice and study limitations are discussed.
A Revised Adaptation of the Smart-Seq2 Protocol for Single-Nematode RNA-Seq

The advancement of transcriptomic studies in plant parasitic nematodes will greatly benefit from the development of single-nematode RNA-seq methods. Since many plant parasitic nematodes are obligate parasites, it is often difficult to efficiently obtain sufficient amounts of nematodes for transcriptomic studies. Here we have adapted SMART-Seq2 for single-nematode RNA-seq requiring only an individual nematode for a sample replicate. This protocol provides a detailed step-by-step procedure of the RNA-seq workflow starting from lysis of the nematode to quantification of transcripts using a user-friendly online platform.
Electrophysiology Issues and Heart Failure in Congenital Heart Disease

There are two major causes of morbidity and mortality in children with heart failure: arrhythmia and pump failure.1, 2, 3, 4 Even in patients receiving treatment for their heart failure, pre-transplant mortality has been shown to be between 12% and 25%, with 25% of deaths secondary to an arrhythmia. The pediatric electrophysiologist can now offer therapies that address both causes of mortality, and potentially improve both quality of life and functional capacity.
Day to Day Consistency and Inter-subject Variability of Neuromuscular Responses and Performance Fatigability as the Result of Maximal, Bilateral, Dynamic Leg Extensions

The purpose of the present study was to examine the day-to-day consistency and inter-subject variability of composite and individual, neuromuscular and torque patterns of responses as a result of a fatiguing bout of maximal, bilateral, isokinetic leg extension muscle actions. Ten men (Mean ± SD = 21.6 ± 2.5 years) completed two testing visits consisting of pretest and posttest maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) as well as 25 maximal, bilateral, isokinetic (180°/s), leg extension muscle actions. Electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG) signals were collected from the vastus lateralis and normalized to the MVIC. Performance fatigability was defined as the percent decline in torque between the average of repetitions 1, 2, and 3 and repetitions 23, 24, and 25. Polynomial regression was used to examine the individual and composite relationships between EMG amplitude (AMP), EMG mean power frequency (MPF), MMG AMP, MMG MPF, and torque versus repetitions. There was no significant difference (d = 0.80; P = 0.17) in the performance fatigability between Day 1 (19.3% ± 7.1%) and Day 2 (26.9% ± 11.3%). Polynomial regression indicated substantial inter-subject variability, but high day-to-day consistency. The composite EMG AMP, MMG AMP, and MMG MPF patterns of responses demonstrated consistency across days. The composite EMG MPF patterns of responses, however, were not consistent between Day 1 and Day 2. In addition, based on the high inter-subject variability, future studies should present both composite patterns of neuromuscular responses and the patterns of responses on a subject-by-subject basis to make inferences regarding fatigue-induced changes in motor unit activation strategies.