cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impervious surface mapping with Quickbird imagery

This research selects two study areas with different urban developments, sizes and spatial patterns to explore suitable methods for mapping impervious surface distribution using Quickbird imagery. The selected methods include per-pixel based supervised classification, segmentation-based classification and a hybrid method. A comparative analysis of the results indicates that per-pixel based supervised classification produces a large number of 'salt-and-pepper' pixels, and segmentation-based methods can significantly reduce this problem. However, neither method can effectively solve the spectral confusion of impervious surfaces with water/wetland and bare soils and the impacts of shadows. To accurately map impervious surface distribution from Quickbird images, manual editing is necessary and may be the only way to extract impervious surfaces from the confused land covers and the shadow problem. This research indicates that the hybrid method consisting of thresholding techniques, unsupervised classification and limited manual editing provides the best performance.
Ozone in ambient air as a source of adventitious oxidation. A mass spectrometric study.

This paper reports on an oxidation of biomolecules that can occur during sample preparation for analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). In measurements performed over several years, the oxidation artifacts were detected on methionine and tryptophan side chains in peptides containing these residues, as well as at the carbon−carbon double bonds of unsaturated phospholipids. A distinct hallmark of the artifacts is their seasonal nature: the highest levels of oxidation are typically seen in samples prepared for MALDI analysis during daytime hours and warmer months. The artifacts appear strongest when samples are allowed to air-dry in the absence of MALDI matrix and can be minimized when sample preparation is carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere or under vacuum. It is proposed that ambient ozone (originating from outdoor air taken into the laboratory through the air handling system) is acting during the obligate MALDI sample dry-down and matrix crystallization ste...
Angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphism in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death

Abstract We determined the distribution frequency of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) polymorphism in 100 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and 106 of their unaffected siblings and offspring. The distribution of ACE genotypes was different in the two groups: allele D frequency of 0·69 in patients and 0·57 in relatives (p=0·021). The frequency of allele D was also higher in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy families with a high incidence of sudden cardiac death than those with a low incidence (0·74 vs 0·55, p=0·011). In 25 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with a strong family history of sudden cardiac the frequency of allele D was 0·82 (p=0·001 vs normals). Lancet 1993; 342: 1085–86
On the possibility of a unified approach to the analysis of different cases of radiative heat transfer between bodies

Three cases of radiative heat transfer are considered: between surfaces, between a surface and a volume, and between volumes. It is shown that all three cases can be described by means of the notion of a generalized mutual surface.
On the Glimm-Jaffe linear lower bound in P(φ)2 field theories

Let H(g) = H0 + HI(g) be the Hamiltonian of a :P(φ):2 quantum field theory with spatial cutoff, g. For g ⩾ 0, with ∝¦x − y ¦ ⩽ 1¦g(y)¦2 dy ⩽ C independent of x, we discuss the Glimm-Jaffe linear lower bound, H(g) ⩾ −D [size of supp g]. We show that it is a fairly elementary consequence of the localizability of the interaction and the lower bound for H(g).
Displaced Antarctic diatoms in the Amirante Passage

Abstract Displaced Antarctic-source diatoms are found in surface sediments below 4100 in the Amirante Passage area but not above this depth. Their distribution tends to support the conclusion that a sharp velocity gradient exists within the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) in this region. Below about 4100 m flow velocities are sufficient to resuspend and transport sediment while above this level the AABW is incapable of transporting sediment in suspension.
Low-flow vascular malformations in the head and neck: Safety and feasibility of MR imaging-guided percutaneous sclerotherapy - Preliminary experience with 14 procedures in three patients

Fourteen percutaneous sclerotherapy procedures with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging guidance were performed in three patients with low-flow vascular malformations. All targeted vascular malformation compartments were filled with sclerosing agent without complications in a mean procedural time of 29 minutes. Follow-up imaging demonstrated reduction in size of the treated portions in all patients. In conclusion, sclerotherapy with MR imaging guidance can be performed safely and allows monitoring of injection.
Duration discrimination in listeners with cochlear hearing loss: effects of stimulus type and frequency.

This study examined the effects of cochlear hearing loss on the ability to discriminate increments in the duration of a stimulus under conditions where the frequency and/or amplitude of the stimulu...
Simple image analysis/synthesis technique and its application in image coding

ABSTRACT In this paper, a simple image analysis/synthesis technique is proposed which provides exact reconstruction of an image from a set of subimages with the overall number of samples of all subimages being equal to the number of samples of the original image and each subimage extract-ing a context-dependent feature. The technique has been developed in terms of nonoverlappingdivisions of an image followed by nonsingular linear transformations of the individual blocks. The Hadamard transform is an example of a typical linear transformation that can be used in the proposed technique. The above technique appears attractive in image processing, in partic-ular, in image coding. Basically there are two fundamental coding techniques: predictive coding and transform coding. The proposed analysis/synthesis technique could be used for subbandcoding of images using any of these two coding techniques. By making use of the correlation between the subimages and setting samples of subimages to zero when their variances are less
The interrelationships of potato discoloration, polyphenol oxidase activity, and nitrogen content of potatoes

The relationship of tuber macerate discoloration to polyphenol oxidase activity and nitrogen content of potatoes was studied. Two varieties of potatoes, Ontario which is susceptible to pre-cooking discoloration and Pontiac which exhibits little discoloration were studied. Ontario potatoes discolored more than Pontiac potatoes and were higher in polyphenol oxidase activity. Upon storage, however, the greater percentage loss in polyphenol oxidase activity occurred in Ontario potatoes. The tendency of the tuber to discolor was significantly correlated with the loss of polyphenol oxidase activity. More discoloration occurred in the Ontario variety which also showed the greater loss in polyphenol oxidase activity. Total nitrogen content of both varieties increased with storage duration. The non-protein nitrogen decreased during storage, indicating that protein synthesis occurred. More protein synthesis occurred in Ontario than in Pontiac potatoes. Discoloration of potato macerates was not correlated with protein synthesis.
A model of globalization and firm-worker matching: How good is good enough?

Abstract More able workers are more productive than less able workers, but their outside opportunities also allow them to command a higher wage. As a result, it is not clear which workers firms will prefer to hire. Moreover, with worker heterogeneity and labor market frictions, firms may not always get their first choice of worker. We investigate circumstances under which the second best is good enough, and show how globalization can either narrow or broaden the conditions under which second best is acceptable.
Serotonergic interhemispheric asymmetry: gender difference in the orbital cortex.

The asymmetry of tritiated imipramine (IMI) binding sites (which are associated with serotonergic mechanisms) were investigated in the orbital frontal cortex in 6 women and men who died of natural causes, and who did not have a history of mental disorders. There was significant interhemispheric asymmetry in both sexes, higher Bmax on the right side compared with the left. The Bmax values of IMI binding in the right orbital cortex in women were significantly higher than in men. Our preliminary findings--gender difference of serotonergic mechanisms in some area of the human brain--are in accordance with the observed gender differences in a variety of serotonin-regulated behaviors (sexual behavior, aggression and impulse control), and serotonergic mental disorders (eating disorders, suicidal behavior, anxiety disorders and depression). Language: en
Polarization selective optical heterodyne detection for dramatically improved sensitivity in laser spectroscopy

The noise characteristic of available laser sources limits the sensitivity of many types of nonlinear spectroscopy. We show how to maximize the sensitivity by optimizing the strength of a local oscillator wave in a heterodyne detection scheme without altering the amplitude of the wave being detected. The intensity profile of the optimum local oscillator closely matches that of the incident probe wave, but the optimum intensity is much less than that of the probe under realistic conditions. A general signal-to-noise analysis applicable to all nonlinear spectroscopy techniques is presented along with specific applications to coherent Raman spectroscopy, two-photon absorption, saturation spectroscopy, and optical coherent transient techniques. A simple optimization procedure employing polarization selection rules is described. Detailed calculations are performed for the case of TEM00 waves interacting via a third-order nonlinear susceptibility and for the case where the sample is simultaneously probed at many different frequency combinations.
Entrainment and Detrainment in Cumulus Clouds

Abstract Vertical redistribution of air and its properties inside convective clouds can be studied by standard thermodynamic analyses (Paluch and saturation point diagrams) if the clouds are nonprecipitating and ice free. It is shown from such analysis that the linear patterns often seen in these diagrams can result from continued “lateral” entrainment. The observations are consistent with the hypothesis that buoyancy sorting is an important factor in determining cloud composition. This yields a simple, graphical means for estimating the thermodynamic properties of in-cloud air at any pressure. Field observations of detrained fluxes near cumulus clouds reveal the existence of rather thin detrainment layers which can occur anywhere over the cloud layer. These observations are shown to be consistent with the conclusion of Bretherton and Smolarkiewicz that detrainment is governed by vertical gradients of cloud buoyancy. This allows prediction of detrainment regions from cloud base temperature and pressure an...
Sentence production in Parkinson disease: Effects of conceptual and task complexity

Experimental studies of sentence production in Parkinson disease (PD) are rare. This study examined the relationship between cognitive abilities and performance on two sentence production tasks, sentence repetition, and sentence generation, in which complexity was manipulated. Thirty-eight older adults aged 60 to 85, half with PD, completed the two language tasks plus a cognitive battery. Participants with PD performed more poorly in the repetition task overall, especially in fluency, but differences were no longer significant once cognitive ability was controlled. In contrast, on the sentence generation task the PD group was significantly impaired on all language dimensions and overall performance. Although cognitive ability accounted for significant variance in all measures of sentence generation, the PD group remained significantly impaired when these factors were controlled. These findings suggest that, although language production is influenced by cognitive abilities, it can be significantly impaired in PD over and above the effects of differences in cognitive abilities.
Effects of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in infant rats on neuronal growth and synaptogenesis.

Abstract The growth of neocortical pyramidal cell dendrites and the number of ethanolic-phosphotungstic acid-stained synapses in the rat brain was studied at various times following survival from experimentally produced neonatal Haemophilus influenzae meningitis with bacteremia. The mean number of dendrites and the branching complexity of 30 neurons in rats 7, 20, 40 and 67 days of age following intranasal inoculation of bacteria on day 5 was less than age-matched controls. The mean number of synapses was reduced in three postmeningitic and three control rats at 40 and 67 days of age. This data suggests that reduced neuronal connectivity resulting from neonatal meningitis with bacteremia may be an anatomic correlate of the postmeningitic learning disorders.
The immunogenicity of L1210 lymphoma clones correlates with their ability to function as antigen-presenting cells

Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) antigen expression is directly correlated with immunogenicity, and inversely correlated with tumorigenicity, in clones of the L1210 murine B lymphoma. Moreover, loss of MHCII expression on human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is associated with dramatic decreases in patient survival. Thus, the role that MHCII antigens play in the progression of B-cell lymphomas is clinically important. In this study, we investigated the basis for the immunogenicity of MHCII(+) L1210 clones. Immunogenic, but not tumorigenic L1210 clones stimulated the proliferation of naive T cells and their interleukin (IL)-2 production, which indicates that the immunogenic clones can function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs). However, subclonal variants of the immunogenic L1210 clones, which form tumours slowly in mice, could not activate T cells. The costimulatory molecules B7-1, B7-2 and CD40 were expressed on the immunogenic L1210 clones, but not the tumorigenic clones. Importantly, the tumour-forming subclonal variants expressed MHCII and B7-1, but lacked B7-2 and CD40. These results suggest that MHCII and B7-1 expression on L1210 cells is insufficient to activate naive T cells, and, furthermore, loss of B7-2 and/or CD40 expression contributes to the decreased immunogenicity of L1210 subclones. Blocking B7-1 or B7-2 function on immunogenic L1210 cells reduced their capacity to activate naive T cells. Furthermore, incubation of immunogenic L1210 cells with CD40 antibodies significantly enhanced APC function. Therefore, the immunogenicity of L1210 cells directly correlates (i) with their ability to stimulate naive T cells, and (ii) with the concomitant expression of MHCII, B7-1, B7-2, and CD40.
Spontaneous degradation of insect myosin during metamorphic cell death. Conditions for proteolysis

Abstract Department of Biology, Molloy College, Rockville Centre, NY 11570, U.S.A. The intersegmental muscles of the Sphingiid moth, Manduca sexta , degenerate completely within 48 hr after the emergence of the adult. Although lysosomal proteases are present in the tissue, the mechanisms for initiation and control of lysis are not known. Conditions for in vitro proteolysis were therefore investigated. A 70,000 dalton fragment of myosin, seen in spontaneously-degenerating muscle, was generated occasionally in vitro , at pH 6.5. M. sexta intersegmental muscle myosin, with an initial subunit size of 220,000 daltons, was shown to degrade spontaneously in vitro to 170,000 daltons, at pH 6.5 and to 127,000 daltons, at pH 8.5. Exogenous addition of Ca 2+ or ATP did not affect these results. Cathepsins B and D were present in high quantities during times of active lysis and were likewise unaffected by Ca 2+ . Native or iodinated (Bolton-Hunter) insect myosin was cleaved to 130,000 daltons by rat liver cathepsin B and to 145,000 daltons by rat liver cathepsin D. Our interpretation is that a protease or proteases acting at or near neutral pH initiates the degradation of myosin, and that in vitro and potentially in vivo , lysosomal cathepsins terminate the digestion.
The Nature of the Sound Codes Accessed by Visual Language

Abstract The nature of the sound codes accessed by visual words was explored in four experiments. Experiments 1 and 2 employed a homophony judgment task and Experiments 3 and 4 employed a lexical decision task. Experiments 1 and 3 compared phonetic pseudohomophones (phonetic PHs) such as nootle to various controls including phonemic PHs such as speek. Phonemic PHs were more easily judged as sounding like words than phonetic PHs, but other comparisons indicated that both phonetic and phonemic codes were involved in homophony judgments. In contrast, only phonetic codes were clearly implicated in the lexical decision task. Experiments 2 and 4 compared PHs whose morphemic complexity mismatched the baseword (e.g., counce ) to PHs whose morphemic complexity matched the baseword (e.g., discloaz ). There was a clear effect of morphemic mismatching in the homophony judgment task, but little or no effect of morphemic mismatching in the lexical decision task. These data suggested that morphological structure is part of phonemic coding but not part of phonetic coding.
Synthesis of vertex-differentiated icosahedral closo-boranes: polyfunctional scaffolds for targeted drug delivery.

We report methods for the synthesis of vertex-differentiated icosahedral closo-boranes. A single B–OH vertex of the icosahedral borane [closo-B12(OH)12]2– was derivatized to prepare [closo-B12(OR)(OH)11]2– using optimized alkylation conditions and purification procedures. Several representative vertex-differentiated icosahedral closo-boranes were prepared utilizing carbonate ester and azide–alkyne click chemistries on the surface of the closo-B122– core.
Wet sulfate and nitrate deposition patterns in eastern North America

Abstract Four year (1982–1985) averaged acid deposition (sulfate and nitrate ion) data obtained at 77 stations of the Acid Deposition System in Eastern North America (ENA) are analyzed for seasonal and spatial variations. Average sulfate concentrations over most of ENA range from 1.5–3 mgl−1. Highest sulfate depositions (>35kg ha−1y−1) occur over west Pennsylvania, the Virginias, east Michigan, and southern Ontario between Lakes Huron and Erie. Sulfate isopleths generally stretch along a SW-NE axis. In the northeast quadrant of ENA, 65–70% of the annual sulfate depositions occur in the April–September half year; some regions in southern Canada experience as much as 75% in that period. Average nitrate concentrations range from 1–2mgl−1 throughout much of ENA. Peak nitrate depositions (>20kg ha−1 y−1) fall between Lakes Michigan and Ontario; 15 kg ha−1y−1 or more cover most of the Midwest, New York, New England and south Ontario. Nitrate depositions are more evenly distributed throughout the year, with 55–65% occurring in the April-September half year. The average annual molar ratio of SO42− to NO3− varies from 0.8–1.5 over ENA. The ratio is highest at south-central receptors and lower at northern latitudes. Implications of these findings on strategies to mitigate acid deposition are discussed.
A simple interval timer for non-clockwatchers

An inexpensive and easily constructed device to indicate set intervals of time with an unobtrusive light and auditory signal is described that allows experimenters the opportunity to devote their undivided attention to the object of their research.
Normal hydrocarbons tumble rapidly in a deep, water-soluble cavitand

A deep, water-soluble cavitand extracts n-alkanes and other water-insoluble species into its cavity via hydrophobic forces: alkanes bind in a helical manner, and tumble rapidly on the NMR timescale inside the binding pocket.
Cognition and agoraphobia: Bias in the interpretation of threat.

Foa and Kozak (1985, 1986) have proposed that agoraphobics are characterized by a fear structure in which information about physiological arousal is associated in memory with information about danger. Accordingly, agoraphobics should be more likely than normals to interpret ambiguous bodily stimuli as threatening. They are also expected to exaggerate the probability and cost of unpleasant events related to arousal more than of events unrelated to arousal. Three groups — untreated and treated agoraphobics, and normals — were administered three questionnaires designed to test these conjectures. Agoraphobics, but not normals, manifested the hypothesized cognitive biases. Moreover, these biases were greatly diminished in agoraphobics who had undergone cognitive-behavior therapy.
DNA Damage Response and Growth Factor Signaling Pathways in Gliomagenesis and Therapeutic Resistance

The dismal prognosis of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is mainly due to the poor response of GBM patients to any therapeutic modalities, which include ionizing radiation and DNA-alkylating agents. In the last few years, the important role of the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway in tumor formation and modulation of therapeutic response has been appreciated. Interestingly, several of the genetic alterations commonly found in GBMs (such as epidermal growth factor receptor amplification and PTEN inactivation) have also recently been shown to regulate the activity of the DNA repair machinery and, consequently, the response to DNA-damaging agents used routinely in the clinic. In this review, we focus on some of these findings that suggest that at least some of the pathways driving GBM formation could be directly responsible for the therapy resistance of this tumor type. Possible therapeutic approaches exist that may either overcome or take advantage of these GBM genetic alterations to improve the response of these tumors to DNA-damaging therapy.
How is a statistical link established between a human outcome and a genetic variant

The objective of this article is to provide a nontechnical and intuitive introduction to the basic concepts and techniques that are used to establish statistical connections between genetic variants and human phenotypes. Depressive symptoms and delinquent behaviors that are of interest to sociologists are a subset of such human phenotypes. This article focuses on basic linkage analysis and association studies, the essential ideas behind the methods, and a very limited amount of molecular genetics needed for understanding the ideas. The article is written with those social scientists in mind who are interested in the topic but not yet ready to engage the vast and rapidly developing primary literature (journal articles).
Monte Carlo simulation of PLM-curves and collection functions.

A description is given of the two computer programs developed at Argonne National Laboratory for the simulation of the curves describing the fraction of mitoses labeled as a function of time after a single injection of tritiated thymidine (“PLM-curves”). This work was mentioned in two previous papers (Trucco and Brockwell,J. Theoret. Biol.,20, 321–337, 1968; Brockwell and Trucco,J. Theoret. Biol.,26, 149–169, 1970) which also contain the theory of the PLM-process. Computer-generated collection functions may be obtained in a similar manner. Examples of simulated PLM-curves and collection functions are provided, and additional work in this field is briefly outlined.
Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide attenuates in vivo expression of c-fos in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus of the rat brain ☆

The proto-oncogene, c-fos, is expressed in neurons in response to stimulation by growth factors, neurotransmitters, and immunocytokines. In order to determine whether interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta)-induced Fos protein expression in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) can be reduced or eliminated by a c-fos antisense oligodeoxynucleotide, rats were injected with c-fos antisense and Fos expression was examined immunocytochemically. Our results indicate that c-fos antisense oligodeoxynucleotide treatment decreases the density of Fos immuno-labeled nuclei in the PVN following IL-1 beta administration. These data suggest that, with the use of antisense technology, it may be possible to determine the role of proto-oncogene proteins in specific brain areas.
Microvoid formation during deformation of high-impact polystyrene

Small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) has been used to study the formation of microvoids in polymers which craze or stress-whiten extensively. Specimens are subjected to a stepwise uniaxial strain, with scattering curves being obtained at each step. The increase in scattering intensity upon crazing is attributed to the formation of microvoids, and the relative size, shape, and concentration of the scattering elements are determined by a Porod analysis of the SAXS curves. The major portion of our work has been on high-impact polystyrene which shows a large increase in SAXS intensity as crazing occurs. We are able to follow the changes in void size and concentration during craze initiation and growth. Effects of temperature, molecular orientation, and matrix molecular weight have also been studied. The results add to the information on craze growth and microstructure known from electron microscopy and dilatometry. In addition, a qualitative physical model for microvoid nucleation is proposed, and the implications for toughness are discussed.
Spaces of Immigrant Advocacy and Liberal Democratic Citizenship

Challenging representations of immigrants as victims of the biopolitical power of the state, and of citizenship as reinforcing such repression, this article interrogates how immigrant advocacy has ...
The Early Spectra of Eta Carinae 1892 to 1941 and the Onset of its High Excitation Emission Spectrum

The observed behavior of η Car from 1860 to 1940 has not been considered in most recent accounts, nor has it been explained in any quantitative model. We have used modern digital processing techniques to examine Harvard objective-prism spectra made from 1892 to 1941. Relatively high excitation He I λ4471 and [Fe III] λ4658 emission, conspicuous today, were weak and perhaps absent throughout those years. Feast et al. noted this qualitative fact for other pre-1920 spectra, but we quantify it and extend it to a time only three years before Gaviola's first observations of the high-excitation features. Evidently the supply of helium-ionizing photons (λ < 504 A) grew rapidly between 1941 and 1944. The apparent scarcity of such far-UV radiation before 1944 is difficult to explain in models that employ a hot massive secondary star, because no feasible dense wind or obscuration by dust would have hidden the photoionization caused by the proposed companion during most of its orbital period. We also discuss the qualitative near-constancy of the spectrum from 1900 to 1940, and η Car's photometric and spectroscopic transition between 1940 and 1953.
The incidence of HIV-1 and HHV-6 in corneal buttons

Twenty pairs of corneas from asymptomatic carriers of HIV-1 and seven pairs from AIDS patients were analyzed for the presence of HIV-1 and HHV-6 antigens, viral transcripts, DNA sequences, and intact and infectious particles. Although serum from all donors was positive for both HIV-1 and HHV-6 antibody by Western blot analysis, only one cornea from an asymptomatic carrier of HIV-1 was positive for HIV-1 and HHV-6. The cornea was positive when tested by tissue culture, PCR, in situ hybridization, and electron microscopy. There was no tear film contamination. These results suggest that HIV-1 and HHV-6 may be capable of invading corneal tissue.
Estimates of body fat in children by Hologic QDR-2000 and QDR-4500A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometers compared with deuterium dilution.

ABSTRACTWe evaluated the accuracy with which the Hologic QDR-4500A and QDR-2000 densitometers measure fat mass (FM) in 95 children. FM was derived from total body water measured by deuterium dilution (DD) in all children, by QDR-4500A in 50, and by QDR-2000 in 45 children. Compared with DD, both ins
Trade Liberalization and Productivity Growth in Latin American Manufacturing, 1970-98

We examine the relationship between trade liberalization and manufacturing labor productivity growth for 27 industries in seven Latin American countries from 1970 to 1998. Our trade variables are export and import growth and a commercial reform index, which capture the various channels through which productivity and trade liberalization may be related. Using the Arellano-Bond GMM estimator, we find a significant positive correlation between all three variables and productivity growth. US productivity growth and distance behind best-practice technology are also significantly correlated with productivity growth. These results have to be understood in the context of sweeping economic reforms and continuing economic difficulties in the countries under investigation.
Nonreflecting Boundary Conditions for Nonlinear Hyperbolic Systems

Consider a nonlinear hyperbolic system ..nu../sub t/+A (..nu..) ..nu../sub chi/=0 for chi>0 and t>0. Suppose that the boundary chi=0 has been introduced only in order to limit the size of a computational problem. Suppose also that on physical grounds we know that no waves cross the boundary from the region chi>0. We need a boundary condition at chi=0 which expresses this fact. If our problem has no strong outgoing shocks, we may use the condition that at chi=0 the solution upsilon lies in the manifold generated by the Riemann invariants of the outgoing characteristics. For the equations of gas dynamics with an outflow boundary at chi=0 this condition may be written c/sub upsilon/..gamma..arho/sub t/+cupsilon..gamma..rho/sub t/+arhoS/sub t/=0, where a is the sound speed.
Thermal diffusion of lanthanide chlorides

The molar entropy (or heat) of transport of aqueous rare earth chlorides at 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1N have been measured by the potentiometric method using the silver, silver chloride thermocell at a mean temperature of 25°C. Our results indicate that the entropy of transport of rare earth chlorides exhibits a two-series, step function type of dependence on ionic radii. Although this is not the usual S-shaped dependence on ionic radii observed in many thermodynamic and transport properties, the Soret data do seem to show that hydration of the heavier rare earth ions may be rather different from the lighter rare earth ions. The concentration dependence of the entropy of transport have also been investigated for LaCl3, SmCl3, and YbCl3. In all cases the experimental limiting slopes agree well with that predicted by theory based on the electrostatic model.
Magnitude of the Moon Illusion as a Function of the Age of the Observer

The diminution in the apparent size of an object when viewed overhead as compared with its apparent size in the horizontal plane is greater for children than for adults. This relationship, of which the well-known moon illusion is a special case, is interpreted to be a consequence of the normal development of size constancy.
A May American Economic Review Papers Seminar and an Analytic Project for Advanced Undergraduates.

The author describes two learning activities for teaching economics at the advanced undergraduate level: a May American Economic Review (AER) papers seminar and an analytic project. Both activities help students learn to "do economics." The May AER papers seminar promotes in-depth synthesis and interpretation on the basis of printed session papers of the American Economics Association's annual meetings. The seminar relies on four structured components: a session-choice process, an advance question and answer exercise, a seminar discourse strategy, and a critical impact paper. The analytic project requires independent formulation and solution of a problem. Components include a procedure to write the project report, an oral class presentation, a listener-response exercise, and feedback in two phases.
Seasonal inorganic nitrogen distributions and dynamics in the southeastern Bering Sea

Abstract The annual cycle of the distribution of nitrate and ammonium concentrations in the PROBES area of the southeastern Bering Sea was highly interactive with the physical and biological processes. Nitrate concentrations were replenished over the shelf during the autumn and winter at a very uniform rate until the spring bloom commenced. In the middle shelf after nitrate concentrations were depleted in the upper mixed layer during the spring bloom, large quantities of ammonium were produced in the bottom layer. Cross-shelf diffusion, vertical diffusion, vertical mixing by storms, benthic release, and possibly nitrification interacted to supply nitrogen utilized by primary production. Nitrogen uptake by photosynthetic processes as estimated by nitrate depletion and nitrogen isotope measurements agreed with primary production estimates made by radiocarbon uptake rate measurements and ∑CO 2 budgets.
Philosophical conceptions of rationality and psychiatric notions of competency

Psychiatrists are frequently called upon to make assessments of the rationality or irrationality of persons for a variety of medical-legal purposes. A key category is that of evaluations of a patient's capacity to grant informed consent for a medical procedure. A diagnosis of mental illness is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for a finding of incompetence. The notion of competency to grant consent, which is a mixed psychiatric-legal concept, shares some features with philosophical conceptions of rationality, but differs from them in a number of important respects. This article describes the actual practice of psychiatrists when making such judgments, along with the standards of competency they employ. A comparison is made between those notions of competency and predominant philosophical conceptions of rationality.
The magnetic characteristics of returned lunar samples and their implications for regolith processes

Magnetic observations yield information about the amount and nature of the magnetic phases present in a sample. They reveal that the predominant magnetic phase in the lunar samples is metallic iron which is sometimes alloyed with nickel and cobalt. In the mare basalts less than 0.1% of metallic iron is present, whereas in the non-mare crystalline rocks several percent of iron has been found in some samples. The soils have approximately 0.5% of iron, which is fine grain, rather pure iron occurring in impact glass. In the recrystallized breccias and the igneous rocks the iron is coarser.
Irrelevant operators and equivalent field theories

Abstract The model described by the Lagrangian L = ψ (iσ·∂ + g O σ) *psi; + 1 2 (∂ μ σ) 2 − 1 2 μ 2 O σ 2 + ∑ n=4,6…,∞ g on n! σ n is studied in 1 + 1 dimensions. Wilson's renormalization prescription is adopted and a non-trivial infrared stable fixed point is obtained in the mean-field approximation. We demonstrate that at the fixed point the operators σ∂2σ and g0nσn for n = 4, 6, … ∞ become irrelevant and the theory becomes equivalent to the Gross-Neveu model L = ψ (iγ · ∂) ψ + 1 2 ƒ 0 ( ψ ψ) 2 . The equivalence is independent of the values of the dimensionless bare couplings of the original model (universality). Similar results are obtained in the case of other models in 3 + 1 dimensions.
The association between selected risk factors for pancreatic cancer and the expression of p53 and K-ras codon 12 mutations.

Pancreatic cancer is a major contributor to cancer mortality. Studies suggest that a few risk factors, including cigarette smoking, body mass index, having a relative with pancreatic cancer, and diabetes may be related to pancreatic cancer risk. We conducted a case–control study in southeastern Michigan to examine the relation between the abovementioned risk factors and mutations of the K-ras oncogene and p53 tumor suppressor gene. Two hundred forty-five patients with newly diagnosed pancreatic cancer and 420 general population controls were enrolled in the study. For this analysis, all case subjects were restricted to the pancreatic cancer patients that had tissue blocks available for study (n = 51). In-person interviews were conducted to ascertain information on demographic and lifestyle factors. Adjusted logistic regression analyses were conducted to compare various subject characteristics of pancreatic cancer patients with K-ras and p53 mutations and their subtypes to the characteristics of the general population controls. Smoking (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.0; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] = 0.9–4.3) and diabetes diagnosed 5 or more years before interview (aOR = 3.4; 95%CI = 1.3–8.8) were associated with pancreatic cancer patients positive for K-ras codon 12 mutations, but not with pancreatic cancer patients negative for K-ras codon 12 mutations. On the other hand, none of the examined risk factors were meaningfully related to patients with p53 mutations. This study suggests that some recognized risk factors for pancreatic cancer may also be associated with K-ras codon 12 mutations. However, further large-scale studies are warranted.
Bioactive hydrogels: Lighting the way.

Advances in photochemistry have profoundly impacted the way in which biology is studied. Now, a photoactivated enzymatic patterning method that offers spatiotemporal control over the presentation of bioactive proteins to direct cells in three-dimensional culture significantly expands the available chemical toolbox.
Weathering of almandine garnet: influence of secondary minerals on the rate-determining step, and implications for regolith-scale al mobilization

Secondary surface layers form by replacement of almandine garnet during chemical weathering. This study tested the hypothesis that the kinetic role of almandine’s weathering products, and the consequent relationships of primary-mineral surface texture and specific assemblages of secondary minerals, both vary with the solid-solution-controlled variations in Fe and Al contents of the specific almandine experiencing weathering. Surface layers are protective (PSL) when the volume of the products formed by replacement is greater than or equal to the volume of the reactants replaced. Under such circumstances, reaction kinetics at the interface between the garnet and the replacing mineral are transport controlled and either transport of solvents or other reactants to, or products from, the dissolving mineral is rate limiting. Beneath PSLs, almandine garnet surfaces are smooth, rounded, and featureless. Surface layers are unprotective (USL) when the volume of the products formed by replacement is less than the volume of the reactants replaced. Under such circumstances, reaction kinetics at the interface between the garnet and the replacing mineral are interface controlled and the detachment of ions or molecules from the mineral surface is rate limiting. Almandine garnet surfaces beneath USLs exhibit crystallographically oriented etch pits. However, contrary to expectations, etch pits occur on almandine garnet grains beneath some layers consisting of mineral assemblages consistent with PSLs. Based on the Pilling-Bedworth criterion, surface layers are more likely to be protective over a broad range of reactant-mineral compositions when they contain goethite, kaolinite, and pyrolusite. However, this combination requires specific ranges of Fe and Al content of the natural reacting almandine garnet. To form a PSL of goethite and kaolinite, an almandine garnet must have a minimum Al stoichiometric coefficient of ~3.75 a.p.f.u., and a minimum Fe stoichiometric coefficient of ~2.7 a.p.f.u. Product minerals also influence the mobility of the least-mobile major rock-forming elements. A PSL consisting of goethite, gibbsite, and kaolinite yields excess Al for export during almandine garnet weathering. As the quantity of kaolinite present in the PSL decreases, the amounts of Al available for export increases.
On the stereochemistry of acetylide additions to highly functionalized biphenylcarbaldehydes and multi-component cyclization of 1,n-diynes. Syntheses of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans

Bis-2,2′-propargyl-1,1′-biphenyls undergo regio- and stereoselective bis-metallative cyclizations mediated by a [BSn] reagent, 1-trimethylstannyl-2,5-dimethyl-2,5-diazaborolidine, under Pd-catalysis. The cyclization yields axially chiral 1,2-bis-alkylidenes, whose configuration is controlled both by the resident chirality of the biphenyl moiety and a propargylic center that may be present in the tether. The propargylic center is installed by addition of lithium acetylides to 2′-substituted biphenyl-2-carbaldehydes. The stereoselectivity of this addition reaction depends on the nature of the 2′- and 6′-substituents. With an alkyl substituent or poorly coordinating groups (no coordination to the metal of the acetylide) at the 2′-position and a methoxy group at the 6′-position, a single product is formed via a metal chelate that involves the aldehyde oxygen and the methoxy group. Likewise, in biphenyl-2-carbaldehydes with a 2′-(1-oxazolinyl) and a 6′-methoxy substituents, the metal coordination to the oxazolinyl nitrogen and the aldehyde carbonyl controls the selectivity, and a highly selective reaction ensues. X-Ray crystallography reveals an extended pseudo-chair conformation for the 7,8-bis-alkylidenedibenzocyclooctadiene. Simple models based on steric arguments can be used to rationalize the stereochemical outcomes in successful cyclizations. Such models also explain why some substrates fail to cyclize. Among the various diastereomers of 2,2′-[1-(1-alkoxy-2-propynyl)biphenyls, only the diastereomer with (Sa*,Sc*,Sc*) configuration (Sc: configuration of the propargylic center) undergoes the cyclization. The products of the cyclization reactions are potentially useful for the synthesis of highly functionalized dibenzocyclooctadienes, an important class of natural products with wide-ranging biological activities.
PROGRAMMING DECISION MAKING IN POPULAR MUSIC RADIO

Popular music as heard on the radio is seen as the product of social organization. The question asked is: Which social organization—the local community or the national industry? The decision making of an album-oriented rock radio station was studied for approximately nine months. Both qualitative observational data and statistical analyses of the processes and criteria of programming decision making support the conclusion that the decision makers were far more sensitive to national, industry-wide criteria than to local contingencies.
Misunderstandings as Accounts

This article introduces the misunderstanding account as a verbal device that is used to normalize a variety of troublesome social situations. Through such accounts social interactors are able to handle the untoward or problematic actions of one another while avoiding individual attributions of responsibility and providing a satisfactory context for the construction of future cooperative acts. A classification of the types of situations that elicit misunderstanding accounts and the implications of such accounts for social identity are discussed.
Assessing patient perceptions of hospitalist communication skills using the Communication Assessment Tool (CAT).

BACKGROUND: Hospitalists care for an increasing percentage of hospitalized patients, yet evaluations of patient perceptions of hospitalists' communication skills are lacking. OBJECTIVE: Assess hospitalist communication skills using the Communication Assessment Tool (CAT). METHODS: A cross-sectional study of patients, age 18 or older, admitted to the hospital medicine service at an urban, academic medical center with 873 beds. Thirty-five hospitalists assigned to both direct care and teaching service were assessed. MEASUREMENTS: Hospitalist communication was measured with the CAT. The 14-item survey, written at a fourth grade level, measures responses along a 5-point scale (“poor” to “excellent”). Scores are reported as a percentage of “excellent” responses. RESULTS: We analyzed 700 patient surveys (20 for each of 35 hospitalists). The proportion of excellent ratings for each hospitalist ranged from 38.5% to 73.5%, with an average of 59.1% excellent (SD=9.5). Highest ratings on individual CAT items were for treating the patient with respect, letting the patient talk without interruptions, and talking in terms the patient can understand. Lowest ratings were for involving the patient in decisions as much as he or she wanted, encouraging the patient to ask questions, and greeting the patient in a way that made him or her feel comfortable. Overall scale reliability was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.97). CONCLUSIONS: The CAT can be used to gauge patient perceptions of hospitalist communication skills. Many hospitalists may benefit from targeted training to improve communication skills, particularly in the areas of encouraging questions and involving patients in decision making. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Association between nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis and hypoxigenic pulmonary diseases

Observation of patients with nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) in the setting of hypoxia from various lung diseases raised the question of a possible pathogenetic relationship between hypoxia and the development of NBTE. We reviewed 50 autopsied patients with NBTE and compared them with 50 age/race/gender-matched control patients without NBTE. We noted the lung weight and graded the histopathological severity of lung involvement by disease, clinical respiratory compromise, and the extent of any cancer present. Patients with NBTE had heavier lungs (P 0.5). When patients with cancer were excluded from the group of NBTE cases, there was still a statistically significant preponderance in the mean lung injury and clinical compromise scores of the NBTE patients (both P 0.05). The study suggests that, in some patients, hypoxia may lead to NBTE, possibly through altered coagulation states.
Constrained detectors for hyperspectral remote sensing applications: theory versus practice

The ability to detect man-made materials with known spectral signatures in hyperspectral images has many important applications. In this paper, we present and compare two, linear mixing model-based, algorithms for the detection of low probability of occurrence targets with known spectral signatures. One involves the estimation of the target abundance in each pixel, a form of spectral unmixing, and the other binary hypothesis testing using the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT). In an effort to improve detection, we investigate the effects of placing the Sum-to-One (STO) constraint on the abundances of the materials present in each pixel. Both theoretical and experimental results will be presented such that the benefits of the STO constraint can be directly compared. We shall demonstrate that, in theory, the enforcement of STO constraint improves detection performance. For abundance estimation based detectors, the constraint reduces the variance of the estimate. For GLRT detectors, the STO constraint increases the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR). Unfortunately, we do not see the same improvements with real data. In fact, enforcing the constraint leads to a performance degradation, in most cases we have investigated. It turns out that the abundance estimation based detector moves the full pixels, subpixels, and background pixels closer to each other; which makes reliable detection more difficult. With regard to the constrained GLRT detector, there is an introduction of bias to the background pixels, which naturally results to a deterioration in detection performance.