cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leg stiffness and stride frequency in human running

When humans and other mammals run, the body's complex system of muscle, tendon and ligament springs behaves like a single linear spring ('leg spring'). A simple spring-mass model, consisting of a single linear leg spring and a mass equivalent to the animal's mass, has been shown to describe the mechanics of running remarkably well. Force platform measurements from running animals, including humans, have shown that the stiffness of the leg spring remains nearly the same at all speeds and that the spring-mass system is adjusted for higher speeds by increasing the angle swept by the leg spring. The goal of the present study is to determine the relative importance of changes to the leg spring stiffness and the angle swept by the leg spring when humans alter their stride frequency at a given running speed. Human subjects ran on treadmill-mounted force platform at 2.5ms-1 while using a range of stride frequencies from 26% below to 36% above the preferred stride frequency. Force platform measurements revealed that the stiffness of the leg spring increased by 2.3-fold from 7.0 to 16.3 kNm-1 between the lowest and highest stride frequencies. The angle swept by the leg spring decreased at higher stride frequencies, partially offsetting the effect of the increased leg spring stiffness on the mechanical behavior of the spring-mass system. We conclude that the most important adjustment to the body's spring system to accommodate higher stride frequencies is that leg spring becomes stiffer.
Embodiment of compact and high performance HVIC process

A new, 700 V, HVIC (high voltage integrated circuits) process with compact size and high performance was developed . This process has a low sheet resistance of high side island by adopting EPI and n-type buried layer. It also has much smaller isolation width of 16 um than 150 um of conventional process, which makes it possible to integrate isolated devices into the high side island region
QTL MAPPING AND QUANTITATIVE DISEASE RESISTANCE IN PLANTS

Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping is a highly effective approach for studying genetically complex forms of plant disease resistance. With QTL mapping, the roles of specific resistance loci can be described, race-specificity of partial resistance genes can be assessed, and interactions between resistance genes, plant development, and the environment can be analyzed. Outstanding examples include: quantitative resistance to the rice blast fungus, late blight of potato, gray leaf spot of maize, bacterial wilt of tomato, and the soybean cyst nematode. These studies provide insights into the number of quantitative resistance loci involved in complex disease resistance, epistatic and environmental interactions, race-specificity of partial resistance loci, interactions between pathogen biology, plant development and biochemistry, and the relationship between qualitative and quantitative loci. QTL mapping also provides a framework for marker-assisted selection of complex disease resistance characters and the positional cloning of partial resistance genes.
Monolithic, Ultra-Thin GaInP/GaAs/GaInAs Tandem Solar Cells

We present here a new approach to tandem cell design that offers near-optimum subcell bandgaps, as well as other special advantages related to cell fabrication, operation, and cost reduction. Monolithic, ultra-thin GaInP/GaAs/GaInAs triple-bandgap tandem solar cells use this new approach, which involves inverted epitaxial growth, handle mounting, and parent substrate removal. The optimal ~1-eV bottom subcell in the tandem affords an ~300 mV increase in the tandem voltage output when compared to conventional Ge-based, triple-junction tandem cells, leading to a potential relative performance improvement of 10-12% over the current state of the art. Recent performance results and advanced design options are discussed.
MobileCopy: Resisting correlated node failures to enhance data availability in DTNs

Motivated by the growing popularity of mobile devices and their increasing capacities, file sharing in disruption tolerant networks (DTNs) has attracted significant attention recently. Since nodes are sparsely distributed in separated areas and are intermittently disconnected in DTNs, it is difficult to achieve high data availability in file sharing. Many previous methods enhance file availability in DTNs through file replication. However, there has been no file replication method that tries to reduce data loss in correlated node failures, which however are common in wireless networks. In this paper, we propose a distributed file replication method (called MobileCopy) in DTNs, which aims to achieve low probability of totally losing a file at the expense of having a high number of impacted files in an individual large-scale correlated node failure. MobileCopy is designed for community-based file sharing systems. It has two main components: i) data loss resistant and popularity aware file replication, and ii) distributed hash table (DHT)-based file replica indexing. MobileCopy considers file popularity to determine the number of replicas of a file in each community. Through limiting the possible combination of candidate replica holders, MobileCopy greatly reduces the probability of node failures that will lead to data loss, i.e., losing all replicas of a file. Moreover, MobileCopy enables nodes to efficiently store and fetch the placement information of file replicas for efficient file searching. Extensive trace-driven experiments show that MobileCopy is robust against correlated node failures and efficient in file sharing in comparison with previous methods.
Molecular classification and prognostication of 300 node-negative breast cancer cases: A tertiary care experience.

Background: The proportion of node-negative breast cancer patients has been increasing with improvement of diagnostic modalities and early detection. However, there is a 20-30% recurrence in node-negative breast cancers. Determining who should receive adjuvant therapy is challenging, as the majority are cured by surgery alone. Hence, it requires further stratification using additional prognostic and predictive factors. Subjects and Methods: Ours is a single institution retrospective study, on 300 node-negative breast cancer cases, who underwent primary surgery over a period of 7 years (2005-2011). We excluded all cases who took NACT. Prognostic factors of age, size, lymphovascular emboli, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2neu Ki-67, grade and molecular classification were analyzed with respect to those with and without early events (recurrence, metastases or second malignancy, death) using-Pearson Chi-square method and logistic regression method for statistical analysis. Results: Majority belonged to the age group of 50-70 years. On univariate analysis, size >5 cm ( P = 0.03) and ER negativity had significant association ( P = 0.05) for early failures; PR negativity and lymphovascular emboli (LVE) had borderline significance ( P = 0.07). Multivariate analysis showed size >5 cm to be significant ( P = 0.04) and LVE positivity showed borderline significant association ( P = 0.07) with early failures. About 62% belonged to luminal category followed by basal-like (25%) in molecular classification. Conclusions: ER negativity, PR negativity, LVE/lymphovascular invasion positivity and size >5 cm (T3 and T4) are associated with poor prognosis in node-negative breast cancers.
The Relationship between School-Wide Implementation of Positive Behavior Intervention and Supports and Student Discipline Outcomes.

School-Wide Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS) is a systems approach to supporting the social and emotional needs of all children utilized by more than 21,000 schools across the ...
Kinematic matrix theory and universalities in self-propellers and active swimmers.

We describe an efficient and parsimonious matrix-based theory for studying the ensemble behavior of self-propellers and active swimmers, such as nanomotors or motile bacteria, that are typically studied by differential-equation-based Langevin or Fokker-Planck formalisms. The kinematic effects for elementary processes of motion are incorporated into a matrix, called the ``kinematrix,'' from which we immediately obtain correlators and the mean and variance of angular and position variables (and thus effective diffusivity) by simple matrix algebra. The kinematrix formalism enables us recast the behaviors of a diverse range of self-propellers into a unified form, revealing universalities in their ensemble behavior in terms of new emergent time scales. Active fluctuations and hydrodynamic interactions can be expressed as an additive composition of separate self-propellers.
Nifedipine and periodontal membrane hyperplasy

Objective:To study the effect on periodontal membrane hyperplasy of Nifedipine. Methods:The expression of collagen-Ⅰwas examined by immunehistochemical dyeing and analyzed with photodensitometry according to different groups. Results:The expression of collagen-Ⅰincreased after using Nifedipine, but there was not statistically significant exist among different groups. Conclusion:Nifedipine can not induce periodontal membrane hyperplasy obviously.
Epidemic trend of syphilis in Baoji City from 2004-2010

[Objective]To analyze the epidemic trends and characteristics of syphilis in Baoji City,and provide a scientific basis for developing control strategies.[Methods]The syphilis incidence data collected in Baoji City in recent years were analyzed with descriptive epidemiology,[Results]A total of 1 407 cases of syphilis were reported from 2004-2010,with the annual incidence of 5.3/100 000,showing a rising trend in the proportion of infectious disease spectrum,and the difference of annual incidence between years was significant(P0.01),the ratio of male to female was 1.04∶1,with significant difference(P0.05);The top 3 occupations of syphilis cases were farmers(49.18%),retirees(14.07%),workers(10.16%),63.18% of cases were people aged 20-50 years old,and a relatively high incidence appeared in 65 years age group.Most cases were latent syphilis,followed by primary and secondary syphilis.[Conclusion]The epidemic of syphilis rises rapidly in this city,showing the tendency of spreading from high-risk group to general population,with obvious peak incidence in occupation and age group(young adults),its prevention and control situation is very serious.Therefore,it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring,to scale up of health promotion and health education,to implement integrated intervention measures,to strengthen the supervision on medical institutions,to effectively control the iatrogenic infection,to standardize the treatment of syphilis cases,and to prevent the epidemic missing report and false alarms.
Allergen Survey on Asthmatic Children in Suzhou

Objective To understand the allergen in asthmatic children in Suzhou.Methods To-tal 688 patients who suffer from asthma and come from Suzhou ware engaged in this survey.The skin prick test(SPT) specific IgE(d1),phadiotop and fx5E were also measured by Unicap 100.Results Air-borne allergens: the positivity rate are:(SPT method) D.p.76.9%,D.f 74.4%,mugwort 30.9%,dog dander 25.3%,Food allergens: the positivity rate are: milk 8.4%.Conclusion More than 90% asthmat-ic children in Suzhou suffer from allergic asthma.The most common allergen was house dust mite.Food allergens are not majar allergen in asthmatic children.The most food allergen was milk.SPT is a sim-ple,cheap,reliable method in testing allergen.
Large Sized Left Inferior Phrenic Artery and Parahiatal Type of Diaphragmatic Hernia Generating Confusion During Robotic Surgical Repair.

Abstract Introduction: As an advanced minimally invasive surgical procedure, the repair of the diaphragmatic hernia may sometimes be very challenging especially when the anatomy is unclear. Materials and Methods: We are presenting a rare case of a parahiatal hernia defect repair where the understanding of the anatomy was complicated by the presence of an unusual large sized left inferior phrenic artery. The Da Vinci surgical platform was used to perform the entire procedure. Hernia sac dissection, identification of the crura, primary closure of the defect, and use of biologic mesh reinforcement were the main steps performed in the usual manner for hernia repair. In addition, the use of intraoperative ultrasound was of great utility to clarify the vascular anatomy. Results: The additional time required for the intraoperative ultrasound and identification of the vascular anatomy has increased the duration of the procedure that otherwise was uneventful. The accurate identification of the anatomy allowed for ...
Assessing the Effects of Different Process Parameters on the Pyrolysis Behaviors and Thermal Dynamics of Corncob Fractions

The influence of heating rate, gas flow, and biomass particle size on the pyrolysis and thermal dynamics of corncobs (CC) was investigated experimentally using the quantitative method of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), and the obtained results were compared in depth. For the examined heating rates of 5, 10, and 20 °C/min, the CC pyrolysis at higher heating rates resulted in a more complete decomposition. The initial pyrolysis temperature decreased when gas flow was increased from 30 to 90 mL/min, whereas the weight loss increased. Particle sizes (d ≤ 74 μm, 74 μm < d ≤ 154 μm, 154 μm < d ≤ 280 μm, and 280 μm < d ≤ 450 μm) had pronounced effects on the thermal decomposition and bio-syngas compounds (CO, CO2, CH4, and H2) distribution. The emission intensities of most the gaseous products increased at the elevated heating rate, while they decreased with increasing gas flow. In sum, the pyrolysis of CC particles of 154 μm < d ≤ 280 μm under 20 °C/min and in a gas flow of 30 to 60 mL/min was the most appropriate for bio-syngas production in industrial applications.
Population Projection Methodology Based on Stochastic Population Processes

Models of maternity histories in female birth cohorts, although interesting in their own right, are only one facet of the dynamics of human populations. In order to gain insights into the implication of these models from the standpoint of the evolutionary development of human populations, they need to be linked, primarily through cohort fertility density functions, to a methodology for making population projections. The primary purpose of this chapter is to provide such a linkage to a population projection methodology based on a class of stochastic processes in discrete time with either time homogeneous or time inhomogeneous laws of evolution.
Countermeasures to Loss of Muscle and Bone During Spaceflight

Bone and muscle loss is currently one of the major concerns for long duration spaceflights and will become especially important in exploratory missions [1, 2]. Extended stays on planetary bodies such as asteroids, the Moon and Mars will also encounter this problem for their gravity is only a fraction of that on Earth (1/6 and 1/3 respectively). Prevention of this loss of bone and muscle, especially bone, has been a major effort of NASA’s life science. Currently it is being given special attention as an essential part of future exploratory missions. However, a comment by a leading investigator in this area made some years ago is even more pertinent with the release of a summary of exercise countermeasures during the first decade of ISS. “It is remarkable that so little progress has been made in understanding and alleviating this important problem [3].” It took less than half that time from Goddard’s first successful rockets for man to reach the Moon. In addition to time and effort, hundreds of millions of dollars have been spent on this problem both on Earth and in space to date (Fig. 7.1).
How Should the Epidemiology of Acute Hepatitis C and Opioid Use Affect Health Policy Decision-Making?

An editorial is presented which addresses the author's views about the potential impact that the epidemiology of acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) and opioid use might have on health policy decision-making in America as of 2018, and it mentions the article "Estimating Future Hepatitis C Morbidity, Mortality, and Costs in the United States" by J.B. Wong and others which appears in a 2000 issue of the journal. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and HCV treatment are assessed.
A Strategy for the Convergent and Stereoselective Assembly of Polycyclic Molecules

The stereoselective oxidative coupling of cyclic ketones via silyl bis-enol ethers followed by ring-closing metathesis is shown to be a general and powerful reaction sequence for the preparation of diverse polycyclic scaffolds from simple precursors. The modular strategy successfully constructs substructures prevalent in numerous bioactive natural product families, varying in substitution and carbocyclic composition. Several of the prepared compounds were shown to possess potent cytotoxic activity against a panel of tumor cell lines. The utility of this strategy was further demonstrated by a concise and highly convergent 17-step formal synthesis of the complex antimalarial marine diterpene, (+)-7,20-diisocyanoadociane.
Hierarchical competition models with the Allee effect III: multispecies

A general notion of the Allee effect for higher dimensional triangular maps is proposed. A global dynamics theory is established. The theory is applied to multi-species hierarchical models. Then we provide a detailed study of the global dynamics of three-species Ricker competition models with the Allee effect. Regions of extinction, exclusion and coexistence are identified.
Caesarean section to prevent transmission of hepatitis B: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) occurs in up to 10% to 20% of births.
Basic Concepts of Computation

The importance of computation in engineering, communication, finance, and everyday life needs no elaboration. Numerical analysis is the branch of mathematics dealing with computation. But one might question the need for such a specialized field. Computation is easy and we all know how to perform it.
Defective Glycosylation and Muscular Dystrophies

A number of forms of congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) have now been identified that involve defects in the glycosylation of dystroglycan with O-mannosyl-linked glycans. Unlike many neurologic disorders, altered glycosylation in CMDs does not cause aberrant protein aggregation or loss of expression. Instead, defects in glycosylation inhibit the binding of extracellular matrix proteins such as laminin to dystroglycan on neuronal and muscle cell membranes, thereby causing cellular pathology. Overexpression of one gene implicated in CMD, LARGE, can increase dystroglycan glycosylation and restore its function in cells taken from CMD patients. Thus, stimulating protein glycosylation may also be an avenue to treatment of these disorders.
Let Your Students Write a Book.

A BOOK on matrix algebra authored by able studejits in grades 10-12 was the result of a teaching-learning experiment in an NSF Summer Institute in Mathe matics for High School Teachers. The ex periment might serve as a model for class room and/or laboratory activities at any grade level and with different ability groups. The students were to meet for fifteen one-hour sessions during the summer. At our first formal meeting I proposed that we write a book on matrices for other stu dents and suggested the title An Introduc tion to Matrices for our book. There were a few signs of some acquaintance with the topic and general acceptance of the task. The rest of the first session was spent in agreeing on certain ground rules, includ ing general procedural plans. We had to decide on the overall outline of the con tents of the book, the expected readers, the writing assignments, and the final edi torial responsibility. I appointed myself editor-in-chief, an action I felt necessary since we were to have only fifteen formal meetings together. We discussed the usual outline of any textbook, deciding that we would need an introduction in which they would tell what the book contained, the audience for whom it was written, and why they were writing it. The next thing we decided was that they would write it so that average students in the tenth grade could understand most of it. They were agreed that there would be both theory and application in the book. There would also be problems. The University libraries were open to these students for reference material on the subject of matrices. No bibliography was given to them. One of the most revealing sidelights of this ex periment was the books that they used. The gap between the sophisticated level of some of their references and the antici pated readers was considerable. The dis cipline needed to keep them aware of their intended readers was valuable.
Socially Optimal Contracting between a Regional Blood Bank and Hospitals

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Paul, A., Rajapakshe, T. and Mallik, S. (2019), Socially Optimal Contracting between a Regional Blood Bank and Hospitals. Prod Oper Manag, 28: 908-932. https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.12960, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.12960. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions. This article may not be enhanced, enriched or otherwise transformed into a derivative work, without express permission from Wiley or by statutory rights under applicable legislation. Copyright notices must not be removed, obscured or modified. The article must be linked to Wiley’s version of record on Wiley Online Library and any embedding, framing or otherwise making available the article or pages thereof by third parties from platforms, services and websites other than Wiley Online Library must be prohibited.
Reprint of: F-18Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography studies of the schizophrenia spectrum: The legacy of Monte S. Buchsbaum, M.D.

Abstract This is a selective review of the work of Buchsbaum and colleagues. It revisits and pays tribute to four decades of publications employing positron emission tomography (PET) with F-18fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to examine the neurobiology of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (including schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) and schizophrenia). Beginning with a landmark FDG-PET study in 1982 reporting hypofrontality in unmedicated schizophrenia patients, Buchsbaum and colleagues published high-impact work on regional glucose metabolic rate (GMR) abnormalities in the spectrum. Several key discoveries were made, including the delineation of schizophrenia-spectrum abnormalities in frontal and temporal lobe, cingulate, thalamus, and striatal regions using three-dimensional mapping with coregistered MRI and PET. These findings indicated that SPD patients have less marked frontal lobe and striatal dysfunction compared with schizophrenia patients, possibly mitigating frank psychosis. Additionally, these investigations were among the first to conduct early seed-based functional connectivity analyses with FDG-PET, showing aberrant cortical-subcortical circuitry and, in particular, revealing a thalamocortical circuitry abnormality in schizophrenia. Finally, pioneering work employing the first double-blind randomized antipsychotic (haloperidol) vs. placebo FDG-PET study design in schizophrenia indicated that GMR in the striatum, more than in any other region, was related to clinical response.
The PO13 crystal structure of ROY

A novel polymorph of ROY was found by thermal methods. The crystal structure was solved by matching calculated powder X-ray diffraction patterns from a previously published crystal structure prediction to the experimental data. The structure was further refined by the Rietveld method. The new polymorph is pumpkin-orange in color and was therefore designated as PO13. At room temperature PO13 is less stable than form Y. After 5 years, a sample of 99% pure form PO13 converted to a mixture of 45% PO13/55% form Y.
A Review of the Role of Breast Arterial Calcification for Cardiovascular Risk Stratification in Women.

Cardiovascular disease continues to be the leading cause of death among women in the United States. One of the barriers to improving cardiovascular disease outcomes in women is the lack of reliable...
Interior immigration enforcement policy and the subjective well-being of US residents: evidence from secure communities

There were increased efforts to enhance interior enforcement of immigration laws in the United States in recent years. Considering that more interior immigration enforcement measures are going to b...
Abstract 4267: mTORC1-dependent tumors have innate vulnerability to autophagic cell death by HDAC inhibitors

mTORC1 plays a significant role in the development and progression of many different types of cancers. Although mTORC1 inhibitors, such as Rapamycin, have anti-tumor effects on some specific cancers, their efficacy is still largely limited to anti-proliferative effects. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been proven to be effective in cancer treatment including some solid cancers. We have previously established a vascular tumor cell line, Tsc1Δ EC, which was derived from Tsc1 deletion in mouse endothelial cells leading to constitutive activation of mTORC1. Here, we found that a pan-HDAC inhibitor, SAHA, caused Tsc1Δ EC cell death and growth arrest in vitro and in vivo. Our data showed that a selective Class I HDAC inhibitor CI994 treatment also caused Tsc1Δ EC cell death. Unlike mTORC1 inhibitors, the anti-tumor activity of SAHA was dependent on mTORC1 activation but it had little effect on mTORC1 activity in mTORC1 activated tumor cells. We found that Z-VAD-FMK, a pan-caspase inhibitor, had no inhibitory effect on SAHA treatment. Cell death pathway array analysis revealed that SAHA treatment in Tsc1ΔEC upregulated autophagy-related genes. Further experiments revealed that both autophagy gene Fip200 deletion and autophagy inhibition by spautin-1 in Tsc1Δ EC impaired tumor cell death by SAHA treatment. We further found that SAHA could play a role by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) via autophagy. Fip200 deletion caused Nrf2 activation through p62 accumulation, which can lead to antioxidation effect through p62-Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. We showed that inhibition of p62 expression re-sensitized Fip200 deleted Tsc1Δ EC to SAHA treatment. Taken together, HDAC inhibitors treatment provides an alternative promising therapeutic strategy for mTORC1-dependent cancers. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Fuchun Yang, Chenran Wang, Shaogang Sun, Michael Haas, Syn Yeo, Jun-Lin Guan. mTORC1-dependent tumors have innate vulnerability to autophagic cell death by HDAC inhibitors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4267.
The Lethality of [Pazopanib + HDAC Inhibitors] Is Enhanced by Neratinib

Sarcomas are a diverse set of malignancies. For soft tissue sarcomas, the kinase and chaperone inhibitor pazopanib is a standard of care therapeutic. Previously, we demonstrated that HDAC inhibitors enhanced pazopanib lethality against sarcoma and other tumor cell types in vitro and in vivo. The present studies defined mechanisms of drug-combination resistance. Exposure of sarcoma and PDX ovarian carcinoma cells to [pazopanib + entinostat] caused a prolonged activation of ERBB1 and transient/prolonged activations of ERBB2, c-KIT, and c-MET, in a cell-specific fashion. The activities of mTORC1, mTORC2, GRP78, HSP90, and HSP70 were reduced, expression of Beclin1 and ATG5 enhanced, and the ATM-AMPK-ULK1-ATG13-Beclin1/ATG5 pathway activated. Inhibition of ERBB1/2/4 using neratinib or of c-MET using crizotinib significantly enhanced [pazopanib + entinostat] lethality. For neratinib with [pazopanib + entinostat], this effect correlated with reduced phosphorylation and expression of ERBB1, ERBB2, c-KIT, and c-MET and reduced expression, regardless of mutational status, of N-RAS and K-RAS. [Pazopanib + entinostat + neratinib] reduced the phosphorylation of the Hippo pathway proteins MST1/3/4 and MOB1 whereas this treatment increased the phosphorylation of LATS1, YAP, and TAZ. The activation of ATM, ULK-1, and eIF2α was further enhanced by [pazopanib + entinostat + neratinib] as was the expression of ATG5 and Beclin1. Compared to other manipulations, knock down of eIF2α or over-expression of BCL-XL significantly reduced killing by the three-drug interaction. In vivo, pazopanib and entinostat, and also neratinib and entinostat, both combined to significantly suppress the growth of sarcoma tumors.
Across the Great Divide: The Sent-down Youth Movement in Mao's China, 1968–1980

The sent-down youth movement, a Maoist project that relocated urban youth to remote rural areas for 're-education', is often viewed as a defining feature of China's Cultural Revolution and emblematic of the intense suffering and hardship of the period. Drawing on rich archival research focused on Shanghai's youth in village settlements in remote regions, this history of the movement pays particular attention to how it was informed by and affected the critical issue of urban-rural relations in the People's Republic of China. It highlights divisions, as well as connections, created by the movement, particularly the conflicts and collaborations between urban and rural officials. Instead of chronicling a story of victims of a monolithic state, Honig and Zhao show how participants in the movement - the sent-down youth, their parents, and local government officials - disregarded, circumvented, and manipulated state policy, ultimately undermining a decade-long Maoist project.
Data Ordering Patterns for Neural Machine Translation: An Empirical Study.

Recent works show that ordering of the training data affects the model performance for Neural Machine Translation. Several approaches involving dynamic data ordering and data sharding based on curriculum learning have been analysed for the their performance gains and faster convergence. In this work we propose to empirically study several ordering approaches for the training data based on different metrics and evaluate their impact on the model performance. Results from our study show that pre-fixing the ordering of the training data based on perplexity scores from a pre-trained model performs the best and outperforms the default approach of randomly shuffling the training data every epoch.
The gender dimension in Industrial Technology faculty

evaluations of social groups are determined by reactions to an imagined group representative. So the respondent's mental representation or picture of the "typical" group representative of the stereotype might shape stands taken on many issues. The same factors that occasionally reduce stereotyping in personal perceptions are also those that account for reliance on stereotypes in many social settings. As expected, stereotyping is most likely when the information available is complex, task demands are high and sub categorization of individuals is available. Under these conditions, reliance on stereotype consistent information is facilitated. In social settings, such
Frequency-Dependent P Wave Polarization and Its Subwavelength Near-Surface Depth Sensitivity

Near‐surface structure is crucial to assessing seismic hazards and understanding earthquakes and surface processes yet is a major challenge to robustly image. Recently, an approach based on body‐wave polarization was introduced for constraining shallow seismic structure, but the depth sensitivity of the polarization measurement has remained unclear. Using waveform simulations based on a layer over a half space, we find that the depth sensitivity of P wave polarization peaks at the surface and decreases abruptly over a depth range shorter than its wavelength. A strong frequency dependence provides constraints on local 1‐D structure, with frequencies between 0.1 and 10 Hz illuminating structure at depths of 10 m to several kilometers. Applying these results to teleseismic recordings in Japan provides constraints on structure at about 120 to 750 m, including a distinctive weak zone along the Median Tectonic Line in the Kii peninsula and Awaji Island.
Diversity education and early childhood teachers’ motivation to remain in teaching: an exploration

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how preparation for teaching culturally and linguistically diverse children influences early childhood teachers’ motivation to remain in teaching. This s...
Technological Tethereds: Potential Impact of Untrustworthy Artificial Intelligence in Criminal Justice Risk Assessment Instruments

Issues of racial inequality and violence are front and center in today’s society, as are issues surrounding artificial intelligence (AI). This Article, written by a law professor who is also a computer scientist, takes a deep dive into understanding how and why hacked and rogue AI creates unlawful and unfair outcomes, particularly for persons of color. Black Americans are disproportionally featured in criminal justice, and their stories are obfuscated. The seemingly endless back-to-back murders of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and Ahmaud Arbery, and heartbreakingly countless others have finally shaken the United States from its slumbering journey towards intentional criminal justice reform. Myths about Black crime and criminals are embedded in the data collected by AI and do not tell the truth of race and crime. However, the number of Black people harmed by hacked and rogue AI will dwarf all historical records, and the gravity of harm is incomprehensible. The lack of technical transparency and legal accountability leaves wrongfully convicted defendants without legal remedies if they are unlawfully detained based on a cyberattack, faulty or hacked data, or rogue AI. Scholars and engineers acknowledge that the artificial intelligence that is giving recommendations to law enforcement, prosecutors, judges, and parole boards lacks the common sense of an 18-month-old child. This Article reviews the ways AI is used in the legal system and the courts’ response to this use. It outlines the design schemes of proprietary risk assessment instruments used in the criminal justice system, outlines potential legal theories for victims, and provides recommendations for legal and technical remedies to victims of hacked data in criminal justice risk assessment instruments. It concludes that, with proper oversight, AI can increase fairness in the criminal justice system, but without this oversight, AI-based products will further exacerbate the extinguishment of liberty interests enshrined in the Constitution. According to anti-lynching advocate Ida B. Wells-Barnett, “The way to right wrongs is to turn the light of truth upon them.” Thus, transparency is vital to safeguarding equity through AI design and must be the first step. The Article seeks ways to provide that transparency, for the benefit of all America, but particularly persons of color who are far more likely to be impacted by AI deficiencies. It also suggests legal reforms that will help plaintiffs recover when AI goes rogue.
LIDS: Mobile System to Monitor Type and Volume of Liquid Intake

Fluid intake tracking is crucial in providing interventions that assist individuals to stay hydrated by maintaining an adequate amount of fluid. It also helps to manage calorie intake by accounting for the amount of calorie consumed from beverages. While staying hydrated and controlling calorie intake is critical in both physical wellness and cognitive health, existing technologies do not provide a solution for monitoring both fluid type and fluid volume. To address this limitation, we present the design, implementation, and validation of Liquid Intake Detection System (LIDS) for real-time tracking of fluid intake type and volume. The system devises a sensing module that is composed of ultrasonic, RGB color, temperature, and accelerometer sensors as well as a computational framework for machine-learning-based fluid intake type classification, volume estimation, and bottle-state-recognition. The developed sensing unit is small and light-weight that can be mounted, from inside, on the lid of a drinking bottle. We conduct extensive experiments to collect data in a variety of bottles and environmental settings. The results show that the accuracy of fluid type detection ranges from 74.93% to 94.98% while trying to detect the fluid of an unseen bottle. Our results for volume estimation show that the regression-based volume estimation supports a root-relative-squared-error that ranges from 1.12% to 13.36%.
Hardware Deployment of HBONext using NXP Bluebox 2.0

Deep learning models require a lot of computation and memory, so they can only be run on high-performance computing platforms such as CPUs or GPUs. However, due to resource, energy, and real-time constraints, they often fail to meet portable requirements. As a result, there is an increasing interest in real-time object recognition solutions based on CNNs, which are typically implemented on embedded systems with limited resources and energy consumption. Recently, hardware accelerators have been developed to provide the computing power needed by AI and machine learning tools. These edge accelerators deliver high-performance hardware while maintaining the needed accuracy for the task at hand. This paper takes a step forward by suggesting a design approach for porting CNNs to low-resource embedded systems, bridging the gap between deep learning models and embedded edge systems. To complete our task, we employ closer computing approaches to minimize the computational load and memory consumption of the computer while maintaining impressive deployment performance. HBONext is one of those models that was designed to be easily deployable on embedded and mobile devices. We demonstrate how to use NXP BlueBox 2.0 to introduce a real-time HBONext image classifier in this work. Incorporating this concept into this hardware has been a huge success due to its limited architectural scale of 3 MB. This model was trained and validated using the CIFAR10 data set, which performed exceptionally well due to its smaller size and higher accuracy.
1 Network Control

Control over global communications networks is central to world leadership, but much remains unclear about the relationship between the two. During the late nineteenth century, when Britain's dominance in the international system seemed to be at its apex, both the high seas and the global submarine cable network were widely perceived to be under British control. This perception was strengthened by the reported cooperative relationship between the British government and the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies, the cable monopolist headquartered in Britain. Communications superiority and naval superiority reinforced each other: cable communications allowed the Royal Navy to direct its forces, and naval power protected the cable links.
Identify hemodynamic factors implicated in differentiation of stem cells into endothelial cells

The effects of physical environmental forces on tissue genesis and cell differentiation are largely unknown. Using microtluidic device, researchers found that fluid forces similar to blood flow may influence the differentiation of stem/progenitor cells into endothelial cells (ECs). However, current used microfluidic systems can not accurately resemble the hemodynamics of in vivo microvascular environment. Recently, we have developed a synthetic microvascular network (SMM) on a chip which accurately represents the size and vascular geometry of in vivo microvascular networks, and can mimic the flow conditions in capillary networks. In this study, we have successfully identified the hemodynamic factors implicated in differentiation of adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into ECs using the SMNs.
Searching Biological Databases Using Biolinguistic Methods

Existing methods based on homology rely on current research in genome analysis using n-grams (i.e. breaking the genome up into “words or “syllables”), protein motifs, and other bio-linguistic techniques have shown promise. In particular, as new protein structures and functions are identified, these bio-linguistic approaches can reach across multiple genomes to identify similar genes, elucidating their functions. Likewise new genes or disease gene variations identified through sequencing of individuals can be compared to known genes for identification of changes to their “normal” functions. In this review, we describe algorithms for searching biological databases using the n-gram analysis. Our results demonstrate that these algorithms are more sensitive than those currently available for both genomics and proteomics analysis, allowing a more accurate portrayal of similarity of gene function. The algorithm's capabilities extend to the comparison of biological sequences using phylogenetic and bio-chemical properties that enable the results to be significant from perspective of structure and function of genomic and proteomic data analysis. Recent years have seen an explosive growth in the speed and capacity of data collection and storage devices. The biological databases are experiencing an unprecedented growth where they are doubling every fifteen months. The algorithms described are amenable to parallelization with effective domain database partitioning. This makes them an attractive alternative for searching protein databases by developing high-speed functionally partitioned searches.
Nutrition Support Protocols and Their Influence on the Delivery of Enteral Nutrition: A Systematic Review

Background Malnutrition remains prevalent in critically ill adults and is associated with poor outcomes and increased cost of hospitalization. Aim To (a) determine whether implementation of a nutrition support protocol improves delivery of nutrients in critically ill patients, and (b) evaluate whether patients receiving nutrition support based on a protocol have better outcomes than those who do not. Methods CINHAL and PUBMED databases were searched utilizing keywords “model,” “nutrition,” intensive care,” “algorithm,” “critical care,” “protocol,” and “feeding guidelines.” Selection criteria included original studies published in English with publication date between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2010; a critically ill adult population; and level 1 or 2 studies. Studies were collected and reviewed by a single reviewer. Data extraction and quality assessment were assured utilizing a standardized form. A narrative description of results was provided due to variability in methods and outcome measures of included studies. Results Ninety-nine studies emerged and 22 studies were considered for inclusion. Four studies were selected. Use of a nutrition support protocol was found to lead to increased efficacy in the delivery of nutrients via the enteral route. Linking Evidence to Action The use of a nutrition support protocol appears to increase the efficacy of enteral nutrition delivery. Further research is needed to determine the effect of increased enteral nutrition adequacy on patient outcomes. The use of an evidenced-based protocol is recommended to improve protein and energy delivery in the critically ill.
3D Non-rigid Surface Matching and Registration Based on Holomorphic Differentials

3D surface matching is fundamental for shape registration, deformable 3D non-rigid tracking, recognition and classification. In this paper we describe a novel approach for generating an efficient and optimal combined matching from multiple boundary-constrained conformal parameterizations for multiply connected domains (i.e., genus zero open surface with multiple boundaries), which always come from imperfect 3D data acquisition (holes, partial occlusions, change of pose and non-rigid deformation between scans). This optimality criterion is also used to assess how consistent each boundary is, and thus decide to enforce or relax boundary constraints across the two surfaces to be matched. The linear boundary-constrained conformal parameterization is based on the holomorphic differential forms, which map a surface with n boundaries conformally to a planar rectangle with (n - 2) horizontal slits, other two boundaries as constraints. The mapping is a diffeomorphism and intrinsic to the geometry, handles an open surface with arbitrary number of boundaries, and can be implemented as a linear system. Experimental results are given for real facial surface matching, deformable cloth non-rigid tracking, which demonstrate the efficiency of our method, especially for 3D non-rigid surfaces with significantly inconsistent boundaries.
sai-1 Mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Characteristics of Inhibition by S-Adenosylmethionine and S-Adenosylhomocysteine and Protection by Methionine

The relationship of methionine to the inhibition caused by S -adenosylmethionine and S -adenosylhomocysteine in strains containing the sai-1 mutation has been investigated and shown to affect indirectly the survival of the mutants. The ability of the mutants to take up both inhibitors is similar to that of the wild-type cells. The mutant also retains the ability to hydrolyze S -adenosylhomocysteine and incorporate the hydrolytic products into the various cellular fractions. Maximal inhibition of the sai-1 mutants occurs at an extracellular concentration of 0.005 mm S -adenosylmethionine and 0.025 to 0.05 mm S -adenosylhomocysteine when the cellular concentration is 0.05 mg (dry weight) per ml. The results suggest that the sai-1 mutation affects reaction(s) either not associated with methionine biosynthesis, or methionine synthesis and at least one other critical cellular function.
Strontium-90 and intrauterine development in the rat.

It is well known that the developing mammalian embryo is sensitive to irradiation from external sources, causing developmental anomalies and lethal effects, and that this sensitivity can vary with stage of development (Hicks, 1953; Levy et al. 1953; Fraser, Kalter, Walker & Fainstat, 1954; Russell & Russell, 1954; Warkany, 1954; Wilson, 1954; Rugh, 1963). Irradiation of the embryo prior to implantation causes a high incidence of lethal effects with occasional developmental defects in surviving embryos. Irradiation of the embryo during the period of organogenesis produces various types of localized defects in specific organ systems including small or malformed parts or complete absence of parts. Exposure during late fetal life may produce functional or behavioral changes, but no gross anatomical defects, and little if any increase in intrauterine mortality is observed. However, much less is known about the embryological effects of internally deposited radioactive isotopes.
Outcomes of coronary artery interventions: comparing coronary artery bypass surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with unprotected left main stenosis.

Purpose The purpose of this integrative review is to examine the existing literature comparing short- and long-term outcomes of both coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with unprotected left main coronary artery (ULMCA) stenosis. CABG has long been considered the standard of treatment for ULMCA stenosis; however, advancements in the use of PCI have made it a viable alternative treatment option. Data sources Sixteen articles were selected from a literature search using the PubMed database, with at least 1 year of follow-up and adjustment for established risk factors. Conclusions The majority of studies found CABG and PCI with stenting to be comparable and equally safe treatment strategies for patients with ULMCA stenosis. Some studies found that PCI had a significantly lower risk for adverse events and mortality compared to CABG. However, a large number of studies found that PCI had a higher rate of target vessel restenosis. Implications for practice Advanced practice nurses have become a prominent and influential part of the healthcare delivery system. As such, advanced practice nurses should be educated on the current research about coronary artery interventions so that they may better screen, treat, and manage this patient population.