cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Capital in the Blogosphere: A Case Study

Social networks are typically constructed around an explicit and well-defined relationship among individuals. In this paper, we describe another class of social networks, known as Implicit Affinity Networks (IANs), where links are implicit in the patterns of natural affinities among individuals. Preliminary results with two Web communities, one focused on people's interests and one focused on people's blogs, exhibit rich dynamics and show interesting patterns of community evolution.
Conjugacy limits of the diagonal cartan subgroup in $${\varvec{SL}}_\mathbf{3 }({\varvec{\mathbb {R}}})$$

A conjugacy limit group is the limit of a sequence of conjugates of the positive diagonal Cartan subgroup, $$C \le SL _3(\mathbb {R}).$$ We prove a variant of a theorem of Haettel, and show that up to conjugacy, C has five possible conjugacy limit groups. Each conjugacy limit group is determined by a nonstandard triangle. We give a criterion for a sequence of conjugates of C to converge to each of the five conjugacy limit groups.
Orientation of cortical microtubules correlates with cell shape and division direction

Cortical microtubules in the epidermis of regeneratingGraptopetalum plants were examined by in situ immunofluorescence. Paradermal slices of tissue were prepared by a method that preserves microtubule arrays and also maintains cell junctions. To test the hypothesis that cortical microtubule arrays align perpendicular to the direction of organ growth, arrays were visualized and their orientation quantified. A majority of microtubules are in transverse orientation with respect to the organ axis early in shoot development when the growth habit is uniform. Later in development, when growth habit is non-uniform and the tissue is contoured, cortical microtubules are increasingly longitudinal and oblique in orientation. Microtubules show only a minor change in orientation at the site of greatest curvature, the transition zone of a developing leaf. To assess the role of the division plane on orientation of arrays, the pattern of microtubules was examined in individual cells of common shape. Cells derived from transverse divisions have predominately transverse cortical arrays, whereas cells derived from oblique and longitudinal divisions have non-transverse arrays. The results show that, regardless of the stage of development, microtubules orient with respect to cell shape and plane of division. The results suggest that cytoskeletal function is best considered in small domains of growth within an organ.
Facultative Deposition of an Oviposition-Deterring Pheromone by Hylemya

Hylemya Sp. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) have been shown to oviposit on two species in the Polemoniaceae, Polemonium foliosissimum and Ipomopsis aggregata . Developing seeds of both species are utilized as a larval food. Previous work has demonstrated that an oviposition-deterring pheromone is deposited when an egg is laid on P. foliossissimum but that no such pheromone is secreted on I. aggregata . Reciprocal egg transplants were performed in the present study, and individual Hylemya females were demonstrated to be able to facultatively release an ovipositiondeterring pheromone. Egg mortality is greater on I. aggregata than on P. foliosissimum , making it unlikely that more than one larva will develop per I. aggregata flower. Pheromone is released only on P. foliosissimum , suggesting that females expend energy on pheromone release only in situations where competition for larval food is expected to be high.
Effects of Injecting Pregnancy-Urine Extracts in Hypophysectomized Rats. II. The Female.

The injection of pregnancy urine (P.U.) in normal young rats causes an increase of the interstitial cells of the testes, an enlargement of the accessories and occasional injury to the tubules (Engle1). Collip et al.2 reported that injections of placental extracts (which he considers physiologically similar to P.U.) in hypophysec-tomized male rats caused a hypertrophy of the interstitial tissue of the testes, prevented atrophy of the accessories, but did not prevent a loss in weight of the testes or degeneration of the tubules. Freud3 reported that P.U. increased the size of the testes in hypophysectomized rats but gave no structural details.We have injected several series of hypophysectomized male rats with Antuitrin S (P.U. extract) starting either immediately after hypophysectomy or after a 20-75 day post-operative period. For controls, either one testis was removed before injections were started or littermates were autopsied at that time. Untreated operated littermates were also autopsied at the end of...
Alzheimer's disease: An acquired neurodegenerative laminopathy

The nucleus is typically depicted as a sphere encircled by a smooth surface of nuclear envelope. For most cell types, this depiction is accurate. In other cell types and in some pathological conditions, however, the smooth nuclear exterior is interrupted by tubular invaginations of the nuclear envelope, often referred to as a "nucleoplasmic reticulum," into the deep nuclear interior. We have recently reported a significant expansion of the nucleoplasmic reticulum in postmortem human Alzheimer's disease brain tissue. We found that dysfunction of the nucleoskeleton, a lamin-rich meshwork that coats the inner nuclear membrane and associated invaginations, is causal for Alzheimer's disease-related neurodegeneration in vivo. Additionally, we demonstrated that proper function of the nucleoskeleton is required for survival of adult neurons and maintaining genomic architecture. Here, we elaborate on the significance of these findings in regard to pathological states and physiological aging, and discuss cellular causes and consequences of nuclear envelope invagination.
An exploration of the fungal assemblage in each life history stage of the butterfly, Lycaeides melissa (Lycaenidae), as well as its host plant Astragalus canadensis (Fabaceae)

Abstract Understanding the ecological role of symbiotic microbes is an area of increasing interest. With regard to mediating plant–insect interactions, it has become apparent that symbiotic microbes are of fundamental importance. However, elucidation of the roles of symbiotic microbes in these systems has been hampered by a lack of knowledge regarding microbial community structure; with fungi, in particular, being understudied components of symbiont assemblages. Here, we present one of the first studies to characterize fungi associated with each life history stage of a lepidopteran herbivore (egg, larva, pupa, and adult) and the leaves of its host plant. We used a culture-independent approach and explored the possibility that plant-associated fungi may colonize butterflies. The fungal assemblage recovered from each butterfly life history stage was a subset of the fungi that occurred on host plant leaves. The most diverse fungal assemblage recovered from a butterfly life history stage was associated with eggs of wild-caught females. Because fungi recovered from all butterfly life history stages were also found on host plant tissues, our study raises the possibility that butterflies could disperse fungi between individual plants. Additionally, we observed a marked reduction in fungal diversity during pupation. As one of the first studies examining the fungal microbiome of a holometabolous insect throughout its life history, our results highlight the diversity of fungi associated with insect herbivores and their hosts and suggest possibilities for further work examining plant–insect–fungal interactions.
Impact of the liver on peritoneal transport

Previously, we developed a distributed model of plasma-peritoneal small solute diffusion for specific tissues surrounding the peritoneal cavity and related the transport coefficients to the mass tr...
Determining Dimensionality of Exercise Readiness Using Exploratory Factor Analysis

Assessment of "exercise readiness" is a central component to the flexible non-linear periodization (FNLP) method of organizing training workloads, but the underlying factor structure of this construct has not been empirically determined. The purpose of this study was to assess construct dimensionality of exercise readiness using exploratory factor analysis. The result of which serve as initial steps of developing a brief measure of exercise readiness. Participants consisted of students recruited from undergraduate Kinesiology courses at a racially diverse, southern University. Independent, anonymous online survey data were collected across three stages: 1) generation of item pool (n = 290), 2) assessment of face validity and refinement of item pool (n = 168), and 3) exploratory factor analysis (n = 684). A principal axis factor analysis was conducted with 41 items using oblique rotation (promax). Four statistically significant factors, as determined through parallel analysis, explained 61.5% of the variance in exercise readiness. Factor 1 contained items that represented vitality (e.g., lively, revived). Factor 2 items related to physical fatigue (e.g. tired, drained). Factors 3 and 4 were descriptive of, discomfort (e.g. pain, sick) and health (i.e. healthy, fit), respectively. This inductive approach indicates that exercise readiness is comprised of four dimensions: vitality, physical fatigue, discomfort, and health. This finding supports readiness assessment techniques currently recommended for practitioners according to the FNLP model. These results serve as a theoretical foundation upon which to further develop and refine a brief survey instrument to measure exercise readiness. Key pointsAssessment of exercise readiness is a key component in implementing an exercise program based on flexible nonlinear periodization, but the dimensionality of this concept has not been empirically determined.Based on a series of surveys and a robust exploratory factor analysis, exercise readiness appears to be supported by 4 dimensions: vitality, physical fatigue, discomfort, and health.These findings prove a theoretical basis to construct a brief, multidimensional measure of exercise readiness.
Effects of Task Probability on Integral and Separable Task Performance

Relative to bar displays, object displays have repeatedly elicited superior performance for tasks involving information integration. This has been attributed to the emergent feature that is present in such displays; however, the attentional strategy used by the subjects may also play a role. Most previous research has had subjects perform the information integration task much more frequently than the separable tasks. Therefore, subjects may have learned to attend to the information integration task more, and thus they performed it better than they did the separable tasks. The present experiment manipulates the probability of the occurrence of the information integration and separable tasks. As the probability of the integral task increased, absolute error increased for the separable task but remained constant for the integral task
Integrating high resolution soil data into federal crop insurance policy: Implications for policy and conservation

Abstract Well-designed and executed policies are critical for aligning sustainability incentives and enabling future agricultural productivity growth. In the U.S., government-administered crop insurance is the primary direct mechanism through which agriculture is subsidized and represents over $100 billion in liabilities annually. Despite the importance of soil properties in determining crop yield formation and risk, the Government does not consider any soil information in generating premium rates under the Federal Crop Insurance Program. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of integrating high-resolution soil data into modeling of field-level insurance rates in large-scale applications. Here, using the actual distribution of soil quality across crop fields in a high production region, models are developed to incorporate soil data into insurance rates and then evaluated to investigate the magnitude of risk differentials across different soil qualities. These soil-conditioned results were then compared to rates that would have been generated by the Government’s current soil-naive methodology. This study indicates that the degree to which soils vary within a county is highly significant, leading to rating errors of 200% or greater. Implications of ignoring soil information and operational considerations of modifying this cornerstone program are discussed.
Community hierarchy of needs and policing models: toward a new theory of police organizational behavior

This study explains the influences of environmental variables on the emergence of varying policing models. It empirically tests a new perspective on the influences of community variations to police...
Contentment: Perceived completeness across cultures and traditions.

Over the past 2 decades, a major focus in psychological research has been on pursuing happiness, positivity, and optimal human flourishing. Interestingly, little attention has been paid to contentm...
Dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) social structure characterized by social fluidity and preferred companions

Many coastal delphinids exhibit social structures with a high degree of fission-fusion dynamics. However, little is known about fission-fusion dynamics in semipelagic delphinids such as dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus). We analyzed dusky dolphin social structure in a winter foraging habitat in New Zealand. We examined the population-level societal attributes of preferred/avoided companions, behaviorally specific preferred/avoided companions, and simple ratio (SR) association index strength and distribution and the dyad-level societal attribute of temporal patterning of associations. We identified 741 individuals; 99 met inclusion criteria for analysis. Long-term and short-term preferred/avoided companions were present in the pooled (6 yr) and annual samples. Individuals were observed to form long-term but not short-term preferred/avoided companions during all behavioral states. Mean and maximum SRs were 0.03 ± 0.01 SD and 0.40 ± 0.20 SD, respectively. Temporal analysis indicated that individuals associated preferentially throughout the study period. Dusky dolphins exhibited high social fluidity, as indicated by many weak and few strong associations. However, there was stability as individuals were observed to form behaviorally specific preferred/avoided companions and associate preferentially throughout the 6 yr period. Dusky dolphins thus display a dynamic social structure where overall low levels of bonding are juxtaposed against a subset of the population that forms strong bonds.
Trafficking Kinesin Binding Protein Is Essential for Human Erythropoiesis

Abstract 683 Mitochondrial specialization in erythroblasts is important for efficient heme synthesis, with defects or reduced expression of several mitochondrial proteins causing anemia. Trafficking kinesin binding 2 (TRAK2) is known to participate in mitochondrial movement along microtubule by interacting with kinesin motor protein and making a complex with Miro that is localized on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Transcriptome data suggest that TRAK2 is highly and specifically expressed in early erythroid cells. Here the role of TRAK2 was studied among human CD34+ cells that were grown in ex vivo serum-free cultures supplemented with erythropoietin (EPO, total culture period 21 days). Quantitative PCR studies indicated that TRAK2 expression is highly regulated during erythropoiesis. Its expression pattern was nearly identical to aminolevulinate synthase 2, the erythroid specific enzyme for the committed step of the heme biosynthetic pathway, and mitoferrin 1, the erythroid specific mitochondrial iron transporter. Western analyses revealed that TRAK2 protein is detected as a doublet band with molecular weights of 130kD and 105kD. Mitochondrial co-localization of TRAK2 was verified by confocal microscopy in TRAK2-overexpressing K562 cells. To study a potential role of TRAK2 in erythropoiesis, TRAK2 expression was reduced in cultured human erythroid cells using lentiviral shRNA transduction. TRAK2 knockdown (TRAK2-KD) was confirmed by Western analysis in K562 cells. In primary erythroblasts, TRAK2-KD caused slight reduction of CD36+ immature erythroblasts at culture day 7 prior to the addition of EPO (CD36+ population 58% in control vs 40% in TRAK2-KD). After the addition of erythropoietin to the culture medium, TRAK2-KD severely restricted erythroblast proliferation (5.0 million cells/ml in control vs 0.25 million cells/ml in TRAK2-KD on culture day 18). Flow cytometric analyses showed that 90% in control cultures. Annexin-V staining indicated that more than 90% of cells had undergone apoptosis by day 14. These data suggest that TRAK2 expression is required for erythroid differentiation. As such, defects in TRAK2 expression should be considered in cases of unexplained anemia. The data also support the notion that mitochondrial location or mobility within erythroblasts may be important for iron trafficking or heme synthesis. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Effects of increasing space allowance by removing a pig or gate adjustment on finishing pig growth performance

A total of 256 pigs (initially 55.9 ± 4.88 kg) were used in a 71-d study to determine the effects of increasing space allowance and pig removal on pig growth performance. Pens of pigs were blocked by body weight (BW) and allotted to 1 of 4 space allowance treatments, initially with 8 pigs per pen and 8 pens per treatment. First 2 treatments included pens with 0.91 m2 per pig or 0.63 m2 per pig for the entire study; two additional treatments initially provided 0.63 m2 per pig, but either a gate was adjusted on days 28, 45, and 62 or the heaviest pig in the pen was removed from the pen on days 28 and 45 to provide more space and keep pigs in accordance with their predicted minimum space requirement [(m2) = 0.0336 × (BW, kg)0.67]. From days 0 to 14 (56 to 69 kg), there was no effect of stocking density observed for average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain:feed (G:F). From days 14 to 28 (69 to 83 kg), pigs provided 0.91 m2 had increased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F compared with those allowed 0.63 m2. Pigs provided 0.91 m2 were marginally heavier (P = 0.081) on day 28 and had greater ADFI (P = 0.025) during days 28 to 45 than those provided 0.63 m2 or those that had the heaviest pig removed. From days 45 to 62 (98 to 116 kg), pigs provided 0.91 m2 were heavier (P < 0.01) than all others, wheras pigs provided 0.63 m2 had reduced ADFI compared with other treatments. From days 62 to 71 (116 to 124 kg), pigs provided 0.91 m2 and those with space adjustment treatments had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI than those provided 0.63 m2. Overall (56 to 124 kg), pigs provided 0.91 m2 had increased (P = 0.001) ADG compared with those allowed 0.63 m2 with pigs provided space adjustments intermediate. In summary, pigs with 0.91 m2 grew faster and consumed more feed than pigs restricted in space. As pigs reached the critical k value, gate adjustments and pig removals affected growth similarly. As pigs grew to the predicted space requirement and were subsequently allowed more space, performance was greater than those provided 0.63 m2 but less than those allowed 0.91 m2. It appears that the industry accepted critical k value, 0.0336, may not be adequate for optimal pig performance across multiple BW ranges.
PAD: programming third-party web advertisement censorship

In the current online advertisement delivery, an ad slot on a publisher's website may go through multiple layers of bidding and reselling until the final ad content is delivered. The publishers have little control on the ads being displayed on their web pages. As a result, website visitors may suffer from unwanted ads such as malvertising, intrusive ads, and information disclosure ads. Unfortunately, the visitors often blame the publisher for their unpleasant experience and switch to competitor websites. In this paper, we propose a novel programming support system for ad delivery, called PAD, for publisher programmers, who specify their policies on regulating third-party ads shown on their websites. PAD features an expressive specification language and a novel persistent policy enforcement runtime that can self-install and self-protect throughout the entire ad delegation chain. It also provides an ad-specific memory protection scheme that prevents malvertising by corrupting malicious payloads. Our experiments show that PAD has negligible runtime overhead. It effectively suppresses a set of malvertising cases and unwanted ad behaviors reported in the real world, without affecting normal functionalities and regular ads.
Cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling of the urokinase mRNA binding protein regulates message stability.

Treatment of small airway epithelial (SAEC) cells or lung epithelial (Beas2B) cells with TNF-α or PMA induces urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) expression. Treatment of these cells with TNF-α, PMA or cycloheximide but not TGF-β increased steady-state expression of uPA mRNA. TNF-α, PMA or cycloheximide caused 8–10 fold extensions of the uPA mRNA half-life in SAEC or Beas2B cells treated with DRB, a transcriptional inhibitor. These findings suggest that uPA gene expression involves a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism. Using gel mobility shift and UV cross-linking assays, we identified a 30 kDa uPA mRNA binding protein (uPA mRNABp) that selectively binds to a 66 nt protein binding fragment of uPA mRNA containing regulatory information for message stabilization [1]. Binding of cytoplasmic uPA mRNABp to uPA mRNA was abolished after treatment with TNF-α but not TGF-β. In addition, we found the accumulation of 30 kDa uPA mRNABp in the nuclear extracts of TNF-α but not TGF-β treated cells. The uPA mRNABp starts moving to the nucleus from the cytoplasmic compartment as early as three hours after TNF-α treatment. Complete translocation is achieved between 12–24 h, which coincides with the maximal expression of uPA protein effected by cytokine stimulation. Treatment of Beas2B cells with NaF inhibited TNF-α-mediated translocation of uPA mRNABp from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and concomitant inhibition of uPA expression. TNF-α stabilizes uPA mRNA by translocating the uPA mRNABp from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Our results demonstrate a novel mechanism governing uPA mRNA stability through shuttling of uPA mRNABp between the nucleus and cytoplasm. This newly identified pathway may have evolved to regulate uPA-mediated functions of the lung epithelium in inflamation or neoplasia.
The theory of risk classification

Risk Classification is the avenue through which insurance companies compete in order to reduce the cost of providing insurance contracts. While the underwriting incentives leading insurers to categorize customers according to risk status are straightforward, the social value of such activities is less clear. This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on risk classification, which demonstrates that the efficiency of permitting categorical discrimination in insurance contracting depends on the informational structure of the environment, and on whether insurance applicants become informed by the classification signal.
Farmers and Land Loss: A Historical Perspective of the Systematic Loss of African American Farms from the Nineteenth Century to the Present

This encyclopedia article analyzes the history of sharecropping and cooperative farming arrangements in which African-American farmers engaged in the United States since the Civil War. It traces the oppression that they suffered at the hands of Jim Crow laws, USDA policies, unfair white landowners, and depressing economic times, as well as the benefits they realized from organization, the development of self-sufficiency strategies, the Farm Security Administration, and the civil rights movement.
7 – TAKING SIDES*

Publisher Summary A partisan takes one side of a conflict and acts as an informer, adviser, advocate, ally, or surrogate of a principal party. Partisans commonly believe their commitments reflect the merits of each adversary—who is right or wrong. Even so, their location in social space predicts whose side they choose. Partisanship may determine how conflicts are waged and won. This chapter discusses partisan and nonpartisan behavior from one case to another and to outline scenarios of partisanship in diverse settings. The effects of social distance on partisan behavior are primarily addressed. It discusses several scenarios of partisan and nonpartisan behavior: strong partisanship, weak partisanship, cold nonpartisanship, and warm nonpartisanship. Each has its own social structure and tends to exhibit a distinctive pattern of conflict. Conflicts normally have two adversaries and possibly also third parties—anyone else with knowledge of them. Each adversary effectively creates a gravitational field that attracts third parties with strength proportional to their nearness to them and their distance from the opponent. Intimates attract each other, for example, and are less likely than strangers to take opposite sides of a conflict. Third parties remote from both adversaries tend to be little attracted to either, those close to both tend to be drawn to both but strongly partisan to neither, while those close to one and remote from the other tend unequivocally toward partisanship.
Intersection of motor volumes predicts the outcome of predator-prey interactions

Abstract In predator-prey interactions, the escape maneuvers of prey animals is a key determinant of their likelihood of survival. Therefore, these maneuvers and the neural circuits subserving them are under intense selection pressure. Our current understanding suggests that a number of escape parameters contribute to survival, including response latency, escape speed, and direction. However, existing studies present contradictory evidence about the impact of these parameters on escape success. Specifically, the value of rapid responses and fast speeds in producing successful escapes has been disputed, even while many animals have specialized circuits devoted to producing the shortest latency and fastest escapes. These contradictions obscure an understanding of the selection pressure on escape maneuvers and the functional benefit of specialized escape circuits. To clarify these issues, we have investigated the determinants of successful escape maneuvers by studying the responses of larval zebrafish to the ballistic attacks of a natural predator, the dragonfly nymph. We found that the strongest predictor of the outcome was the time needed for the nymph to reach the fish after the fish had initiated an escape. We show how this result is a consequence of the intersection of the volume containing all possible escape trajectories of the fish and the swept volume of the nymph’s attack. By analyzing the interaction of these volumes, we estimated the survival benefit conferred to larval zebrafish by recruiting the Mauthner cell, the giant neuron in fish devoted to producing escapes. Our approach provides a new perspective on the selection pressure on movements during predation by presenting a general framework that unifies the influence of many escape parameters in shaping the motor volumes of predator and prey.
A Loaf for Learning: Teaching the Study of Religion with Food

Cooking and eating in the Religious Studies classroom is a challenging and valuable pedagogical practice which turns upside down students' individualist ideas of religion as belief inside people's heads, drawing them out into the complexity of lived religion, and in so doing breaks open the modernist study of religion itself. Teaching with food upsets gendered stereotypes about whose religion counts, and it brings students into direct confrontation with the boundaries, borders, taboos and pleasures that are at the heart of religions and the religious. Cooking and eating with students reminds them that religion is not actually a category separate from the other aspects of human life and culture; it's connected! With food, the classroom becomes a different place, where students move beyond religion as intellectual interiority into the complexity of everyday religion as lived.
Monte Carlo simulation of nanoscale material focused ion beam gas-assisted etching: Ga+ and Ne+ etching of SiO2 in the presence of a XeF2 precursor gas

Elucidating energetic particle-precursor gas–solid interactions is critical to many atomic and nanoscale synthesis approaches. Focused ion beam sputtering and gas-assisted etching are among the more commonly used direct-write nanomachining techniques that have been developed. Here, we demonstrate a method to simulate gas-assisted focused ion beam (FIB) induced etching for editing/machining materials at the nanoscale. The method consists of an ion–solid Monte Carlo simulation, to which we have added additional routines to emulate detailed gas precursor–solid interactions, including the gas flux, adsorption, and desorption. Furthermore, for the reactive etching component, a model is presented by which energetic ions/target atoms, and secondary electrons, transfer energy to adsorbed gas molecules. The simulation is described in detail, and is validated using analytical and experimental data for surface gas adsorption, and etching yields. The method is used to study XeF2 assisted FIB induced etching of nanoscale vias, using both a 35 keV Ga+, and a 10 keV Ne+ beam. Remarkable agreement between experimental and simulated nanoscale vias is demonstrated over a range of experimental conditions. Importantly, we demonstrate that the resolution depends strongly on the XeF2 gas flux, with optimal resolution obtained for either pure sputtering, or saturated gas coverage; saturated gas coverage has the clear advantage of lower overall dose, and thus lower implant damage, and much faster processing.
Accurate cell tracking and lineage construction in live-cell imaging experiments with deep learning

Live-cell imaging experiments have opened an exciting window into the behavior of living systems. While these experiments can produce rich data, the computational analysis of these datasets is challenging. Single-cell analysis requires that cells be accurately identified in each image and subsequently tracked over time. Increasingly, deep learning is being used to interpret microscopy image with single cell resolution. In this work, we apply deep learning to the problem of tracking single cells in live-cell imaging data. Using crowdsourcing and a human-in-the-loop approach to data annotation, we constructed a dataset of over 11,000 trajectories of cell nuclei that includes lineage information. Using this dataset, we successfully trained a deep learning model to perform cell tracking within a linear programming framework. Benchmarking tests demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance on the task of cell tracking with respect to multiple accuracy metrics. Further, we show that our deep learning-based method generalizes to perform cell tracking for both fluorescent and brightfield images of the cell cytoplasm, despite having never been trained those data types. This enables analysis of live-cell imaging data collected across imaging modalities. A persistent cloud deployment of our cell tracker is available at http://www.deepcell.org.
Triplet Shelving in Fluorescein and Its Derivatives Provides Delayed, Background-Free Fluorescence Detection.

Fluorescence from the xanthene dyes rose bengal, erythrosine B, eosin Y, and fluorescein is modulated by reversibly optically populating and depopulating their long-lived triplet states through coi...
Bilateral vs Single Internal Mammary Artery Grafts for Coronary Artery Bypass in the United States.

Background The use of the bilateral internal mammary artery (BIMA) in coronary artery bypass grafting remains controversial. The objective of this study was to investigate the long-term outcomes using the BIMA vs the single internal mammary artery (SIMA) in the United States. Methods Medicare beneficiaries who underwent primary isolated coronary artery bypass surgery using the SIMA or BIMA from 1999 to 2010 were included in this retrospective study, with follow-up through 2014. Greedy matching algorithms were used for 1:4 matching on propensity score based on age, gender, year of surgery, and comorbidities. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were performed. The primary outcome was death from any cause. Results A total of 1,156,339 and 25,005 patients who were 72 ± 7.6 years of age and 70.3 ± 7.9 years of age underwent primary isolated coronary artery bypass surgery using SIMA and BIMA, respectively. Matching created comparable groups with 95,780 SIMA and 24,160 BIMA patients. Matched median survival using SIMA vs BIMA was 11.8 vs 12.4 years (P Conclusions Primary isolated coronary artery bypass surgery using the BIMA rather than the SIMA was associated with improved long-term survival. This survival advantage was independent of aortocoronary bypass grafts or patient diabetes status.
PhyloWGA: chromosome-aware phylogenetic interrogation of whole genome alignments.

Summary Here, we present PhyloWGA, an open source R package for conducting phylogenetic analysis and investigation of whole genome data. Availabilityand implementation Available at Github (https://github.com/radamsRHA/PhyloWGA). Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Study on the Feasibility of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Simple Nephrotic Syndrome Instead of Hormone Treatment in Children

Objective To investigate the feasibility of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) on simple nephrotic syndrome (NS) instead of hormone treatment in children. Methods From February 2002 to February 2008, a total of 80 children who were diagnosed as simple nephrotic syndrome were divided into treatment group (TCM group, n=40) and control group (hormone group, n=40). The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Board of Investigation in Human Being of Pengpai Memorial Hospital of Haifeng County. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. There had no significant difference on age, gender, disease course and condition between two groups (P>0.05). Both groups were given conventional anti-inflammatory, diuresis, edema reduction, acid-base balance to correct electrolyte imbalance, and water and electrolyte disturbance. Treatment group were treated with conventional method plus oral TCM preparation for 10 months. Oral TCM preparation included placenta hominis 500 g, heterophylly falsestarwort root 500 g, salvia miltiorrhiza 500 g, yam 500 g, astragalus mongholicus 500 g, glycyrrhiza uralensis 500 g, gold theragran 500 g. Control group were treated with conventional method plus prednisone orally [2 mg/(kg·d)] for 10 months. When protein was negative for 2 weeks, prednisone reduced from three times a day to once a day. The following signs were observed: edema reduction, urine volume, negative situation of urine protein, serum protein, cholesterol, and urine protein quantitation. Results During the first 10 days of treatment, urine volume increased significantly in treatment group than that of control group, but edema reduction and disappearance of urine protein in treatment group were worse than those of control group (P<0.05). After 8-week treatment, there had no significant difference of serum protein, cholesterol, urine protein quantitation between two groups. Side effects and relapse in treatment group were significantly better than those of control group (P<0.01). Conclusion The curative effects of TCM on simple nephrotic syndrome instead of hormone treatment in children is effective with fewer side effects and relapse frequency. Key words: traditional Chinese medicine (TCM); hormone therapy; simple nephrotic syndrome(NS); feasibility; child
Impact of Channel Dredging and Straightening in an Atlantic White Cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides L. (B.S.P.)) Freshwater Tidal Wetland

Stotts, S.; Callahan, J., and Gulledge, O., 2021. Impact of channel dredging and straightening in an Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides L. (B.S.P.)) freshwater tidal wetland. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(5), 973–986. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Once prominent up the eastern coast of the United States, freshwater wetlands with Atlantic white cedar (AWC; Chamaecyparis thyoides L. (B.S.P.)) are now vanishing due to saltwater intrusion and anthropogenic landscape alterations. This study utilizes a historic, anthropogenic disturbance to provide insight into the AWC response to salinization. A major straightening and dredging project in the 1920s, including 16 oxbow cuts, allowed brackish water to move upstream in the St. Jones River in Dover, Delaware, leading to the die-off of an AWC swamp. The sampled AWC experienced climate change, storms, hydrologic alterations, and sea-level rise. Annual ring width and suppression event chronologies were developed from dead AWC and were compared to groupings of climate variables in the predisturbance (1895–1920) and postdisturbance (1928–1958) periods. Results of the dendrochronological analysis indicate that the AWC in this study died at an average age of 49.3 years, earlier than typically expected for such species. After the straightening and dredging, the AWC experienced changes in growth response to temperature while suppression events became positively correlated with elevated temperature (p = 0.024) and high precipitation (p = 0.019). The system also showed signs of becoming more sensitive to storm events in the postdisturbance period.
Lessons from Harvey: Improving traditional damage estimates with social media sourced damage estimates

Abstract Social media systems and crowdsourced data sites were incredibly active during disasters. Residents, first responders, and officials all turn to these systems to impart information and make calls for assistance. These systems will likely continue to hold a central informational and communication role in future disasters. Analyzing the trends and information that come from these sources in real-time aids the recovery process and help public agencies, first responders and researchers more quickly assess damages during and immediately after a disaster. Traditional sources, such as the initial FEMA damage estimates can miss areas of heavy impact and are often time delayed by several weeks. Using Harris County, Texas in the Houston region and the 2017 Hurricane Harvey flooding, the study provides a novel use-case in crisis informatics. The study leverages calls for help during the flooding event to mine address-level information to proxy damage estimates at the parcel-level. The study finds 36- to 53% of Twitter-sourced damage estimates are not captured in the FEMA estimates, significantly augmenting initial estimates with new data – feasibly within hours after the information is first tweeted. Empirically, the study evaluates how parcel-level FEMA damage estimates and Twitter-sourced damage estimates complement each other to proxy damaged structures.
Ethnic news and its effects on presidential approval among Chinese Americans during the Covid-19 pandemic

Ethnic media play important roles in constructing or reconstructing ethnic identity, facilitating the acculturation process, and encouraging political participation among ethnic groups. The current study investigated the moderation effects of ethnic news use on the relationships between political ideology and presidential approval among Chinese Americans during the Covid-19 pandemic when the virus was called the ‘Chinese virus' by some news media and the former U.S. President Donald Trump. Relying on a survey of Chinese Americans conducted between October and December 2020, the study showed that while conservative Chinese Americans were more likely than liberals to approve of the former president Trump, the effects of political ideology on the presidential evaluations were diminishing for people who used ethnic media more frequently to get news. © 2021 Journal of International Communication.
Cocrystal Transition Points: Role of Cocrystal Solubility, Drug Solubility, and Solubilizing Agents

In this manuscript we bring together concepts that are relevant to the solubilization and thermodynamic stability of cocrystals in the presence of drug solubilizing agents. Simple equations are derived that allow calculation of cocrystal solubilization and transition point solubility. Analysis of 10 cocrystals in 6 different solubilizing agents shows that cocrystal solubilization is quantitatively predicted from drug solubilization. Drug solubilizing agents such as surfactants and lipid-based media are also shown to induce cocrystal transition points, where drug and cocrystal solubilities are equal, and above which the cocrystal solubility advantage over drug is eliminated. We have discovered that cocrystal solubility at the transition point (S*) is independent of solubilizing agent, and can be predicted from knowledge of only the aqueous solubilities of drug and cocrystal. For 1:1 cocrystals, S* = (Scocrystal,aq)(2)/Sdrug,aq. S* is a key indicator of cocrystal thermodynamic stability and establishes the upper solubility limit below which cocrystal is more soluble than the constituent drug. These findings have important implications to tailor cocrystal solubility and stability in pharmaceutical formulations from commonly available drug solubility descriptors.
Understanding the robustness of SSDS under power fault

Modern storage technology (SSDs, No-SQL databases, commoditized RAID hardware, etc.) bring new reliability challenges to the already complicated storage stack. Among other things, the behavior of these new components during power faults--which happen relatively frequently in data centers--is an important yet mostly ignored issue in this dependability-critical area. Understanding how new storage components behave under power fault is the first step towards designing new robust storage systems.In this paper, we propose a new methodology to expose reliability issues in block devices under power faults. Our framework includes specially-designed hardware to inject power faults directly to devices, workloads to stress storage components, and techniques to detect various types of failures. Applying our testing framework, we test fifteen commodity SSDs from five different vendors using more than three thousand fault injection cycles in total. Our experimental results reveal that thirteen out of the fifteen tested SSD devices exhibit surprising failure behaviors under power faults, including bit corruption, shorn writes, unserializable writes, metadata corruption, and total device failure.
Dynamic Software Updates for Accelerating Scientific Discovery

Distributed parallel applications often run for hours or even days before arriving to a result. In the case of such long-running programs, the initial requirements could change after the program has started executing. To shorten the time it takes to arrive to a result when running a distributed computationally-intensive application, this paper proposes leveraging the power and flexibility of dynamic software updates. In particular, to enable flexible dynamic software updates, we introduce a novel binary rewriting approach that is more efficient than the existing techniques. While ensuring greater flexibility in enhancing a running program for new requirements, our binary rewriting technique incurs only negligible performance overhead. We validate our approach via a case study of dynamically changing a parallel scientific simulation.
Poster abstract: Low-complexity multicarrier physical layer for wireless real-time control networks

Motivation. Careful design of application protocols in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) typically ensures satisfactory operation provided the network is able to deliver the packets with high probability within certain deadlines. On the other hand, the limited amount of the available radio frequency spectrum and the widespread usage of battery-powered components introduce additional performance constraints.
An optimal PWM algorithm implementation in a high performance 125 kVA inverter

A three-phase pulsewidth modulation algorithm is presented which is optimal in the following ways: it produces the maximum line-to-line output voltage for a given DC bus voltage without overmodulation; it allows full output voltage control from 0 to 100%; and it maximizes the theoretical lowest order harmonic frequency while minimizing the number of switchings per fundamental cycle. The optimal algorithm is compared with two currently used PWM methods. Experimental results for various load conditions on a 125 kVA inverter are presented. >
Molecular cloning of a cyclic GMP-stimulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase cDNA : identification and distribution of isozyme variants

We have cloned a 4.2-kilobase pair (kb) cDNA that encodes the cyclic GMP-stimulated phosphodiesterase (cGS PDE) from a bovine adrenal cortex library. The 921-residue polypeptide deduced from the cDNA nucleotide sequence is nearly identical with the complete amino acid sequence of the cGS PDE purified from a soluble bovine heart extract. Moreover, PPD-S49 cells transfected with the cGS PDE cDNA express a soluble cAMP hydrolytic activity that is enhanced by cGMP. Total RNA isolated from several bovine tissues were screened for cGS PDE transcript by Northern blot analysis. The cGS PDE cDNA appears to hybridize to a single 4.5-4.6-kb mRNA species. Although the cGS PDE mRNA is most abundant in the adrenal cortex, it is also concentrated in the adrenal medulla and heart and in anatomically distinct regions of the brain and kidney. A mRNA species encoding a putative variant cGS PDE isoform was detected by RNase protection. Total RNA isolated from adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, liver, kidney, trachea, lung, spleen, and T-lymphocytes completely protected a 452-base riboprobe encoding 100 residues of the adrenal cortex cGS PDE amino terminus. In contrast, RNAs isolated from brain (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and basal ganglia) protected only 268 bases of this riboprobe. The RNase protection pattern of this same probe using heart RNA showed major bands at both 268 and 452 bases, suggesting that two different cGS PDE mRNA species are expressed. These results indicate that the cGS PDE is widely expressed in a variety of tissues. Moreover, these studies suggest that at least one different cGS PDE isoform having a structurally distinct amino-terminal domain is expressed in brain and heart.
Perturbations in Beam Dynamics

The study of beam dynamics under ideal conditions is the first basic step toward the design of a beam transport system. In the previous sections we have followed this path and have allowed only the particle energy to deviate from its ideal value. In a real particle beam line or accelerator we may, however, not assume ideal and linear conditions. More sophisticated beam transport systems require the incorporation of nonlinear sextupole fields to correct for chromatic aberrations. Deviations from the desired field configurations can be caused by transverse or longitudinal misplacements of magnets with respect to the ideal beam path. Of similar concern are errors in the magnetic field strength, undesirable field effects caused in the field configurations at magnet ends, or higher order multipole fields resulting from design, construction, and assembly tolerances. Still other sources of errors may be beam-beam perturbations, insertion devices in beam transport systems or accelerating sections which are not part of the magnetic lattice configurations. Such systems may be magnetic detectors for high energy physics experiments, wiggler and undulator magnets for the production of synchrotron radiation, a gas jet or immaterial field sources like that of a free electron laser interacting with the particle beam to name just a few examples. The impact of such errors is magnified in strong focusing beam transport systems as has been recognized soon after the invention of the strong focusing principle. Early overviews and references can be found for example in [7.1– 12].