cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive atlas of stress trajectory patterns and stress magnitudes around cylindrical holes in rock bodies for geoscientific and geotechnical applications

Abstract This study presents a comprehensive atlas comprising maps and graphs which quantify the wide range of possible stress states around circular cylindrical cavities when subjected to the full range of far-field stress conditions and internal net-pressures. A greater understanding of the principal stress trajectories and related stress magnitudes around stressed cylindrical holes in rock formations significantly aids the design of safer and more stable wellbores, advances our capacities in hydraulic fracturing, and provides additional insights into the nature and stability of volcanic dikes, salt domes, and caverns used for hydrocarbon and other fluid storage. The algorithms used in our study systematically non-dimensionalize the analytical Kirsch equations using two critical parameters to scale the variable boundary conditions: (1) the Bi-axial Stress Scalar, χ, describes the far-field stresses at all depths and for each of the formations penetrated by a cylindrical borehole or natural liquid-filled pipe by describing the anisotropy of the two far-field principal stresses, and (2) the Frac Number, F, specifies the net pressure on the cylindrical hole as it relates to the natural background stress in the host rock and the pressure in the penetrated formation at each depth. Manipulation of these two governing parameters (χ, F) enables us to view and monitor the stress trajectories in the host rock around a cylindrical hole at any given depth. Additionally, the neutral point locations and their effects on the principal stress orientations near the cylindrical hole have been more thoroughly investigated than in earlier studies. The neutral points form the boundaries for the “stress cage” in overbalanced cylindrical cavities and for the complimentary “fracture cage” in underbalanced cavities. The understanding of stresses induced around cylindrical holes in a rock formation is paramount in geotechnical analyses and stability appraisals of manmade cylindrical holes as well as for the geoscientific interpretation of piercing by cylindrical, fluid-filled pipes. Our stress atlas aims to provide fundamental insight and practical support for such analyses.
Transmission Mechanism of Monetary Influences on Income

This chapter discusses the transmission mechanism of monetary influences on income. Monetary shocks are unexpected changes in the growth rate of the money supply. As they are unexpected, the public is likely to delay reacting to them. The cash balances people hold fulfill a shock-absorber function. Hence, people at first ignore random increases and decreases in their cash holdings, but once they realize that the changes imposed by the authorities are permanent, they will attempt to bring their cash holdings into line with amounts they want to have. Thus, the public will change the rate at which it purchases goods and services or securities. The result is a change in the growth rate of nominal income. In the case of a positive monetary shock, the income growth rate accelerates until it hits a new equilibrium rate. A negative shock leads to a deceleration of the income growth rate. Monetary shocks have direct and indirect effects upon aggregate demand. The direct effects occur when the public exchanges excess money for goods and services. Indirect effects occur when the monetary shocks cause banks and the public to alter their supplies and demands for securities. The resulting changes in interest rates lead to changes in asset prices and to changes in the demand for durable physical assets. The shifts in the demand for durable assets stimulate changes in production and shifts in the demands for labor and other factors of production.
Microbial Endemism and Biogeography

The topic of microbial biogeography is almost 100 years old, however, when confronted with questions about the existence and extent of endemism in the microbial world, many microbiologists respond with opinions and theoretical arguments rather than examples of well-conducted studies. This chapter begins with an overview of this debate as it applies to free-living prokaryotes in part because there are relatively few good microbial biogeography studies. Furthermore, the arguments for microbial endemism and microbial cosmopolitanism help to frame microbial biogeography in the larger context of biodiversity in that if endemism is common, then many more species exist. The chapter discusses some studies on microbial biogeography, which seem to suggest that Finlay's view may be correct on a certain taxonomic level—the protist morphospecies or the prokaryotic genus—but that some microbes have meaningful biogeographies below that level.
Recognition of teaching excellence through the use of teaching awards : a faculty perspective.

Teaching as a faculty activity is often undereinphasized in medical faculty reward systems for a variety of reasons. One method of recognizing teaching excellence has been through annual teaching awards offered by many departments and colleges. The authors surveyed department of psychiatry faculty regarding teaching awards, particularly questioning whether such awards influence teaching behavior or serve a motivational function. The results suggest such awards serve an important recognition function, but a lesser motivational function in academic psychiatry.
Group projects in software engineering education

Software engineering is a very important course in computer science program. In our software engineering education, we have adopted group-based projects as an approach to improve students' learning experience. The group-based collaborative projects will not only enhance student problem solving and critical thinking skills, but also will increase student motivation, confidence and resilience. This paper discusses our small-group-based approach in our software engineering course.
More about C(G) and H(G)

It is commonly prove in courses of advanced calculus that compact sets in \( \mathbb{R} \) (or more generally \( {\mathbb{R}^n} \)) are characterized by being closed and bounded. In a general topological vector space only one implication is correct. Here and in the future we will assume that our topological vector spaces are Hausdorff.
Comparative genomics, infectivity and cytopathogenicity of Zika viruses produced by acutely and persistently infected human hematopoietic cell lines.

Zika virus (ZIKV), an arthropod-borne virus, has emerged as a major human pathogen. Prolonged or persistent ZIKV infection of human cells and tissues may serve as a reservoir for the virus and present serious challenges to the safety of public health. Human hematopoietic cell lines with different developmental properties revealed differences in susceptibility and outcomes to ZIKV infection. In three separate studies involving the prototypic MR 766 ZIKV strain and the human monocytic leukemia U937 cell line, ZIKV initially developed only a low-grade infection at a slow rate. After continuous culture for several months, persistently ZIKV-infected cell lines were observed with most, if not all, cells testing positive for ZIKV antigen. The infected cultures produced ZIKV RNA (v-RNA) and infectious ZIKVs persistently (“persistent ZIKVs”) with distinct infectivity and pathogenicity when tested using various kinds of host cells. When the genomes of ZIKVs from the three persistently infected cell lines were compared with the genome of the prototypic MR 766 ZIKV strain, distinct sets of mutations specific to each cell line were found. Significantly, all three “persistent ZIKVs” were capable of infecting fresh U937 cells with high efficiency at rapid rates, resulting in the development of a new set of persistently ZIKV-infected U937 cell lines. The genomes of ZIKVs from the new set of persistently ZIKV-infected U937 cell lines were further analyzed for their different mutations. The 2nd generation of persistent ZIKVs continued to possess most of the distinct sets of mutations specific to the respective 1st generation of persistent ZIKVs. We anticipate that the study will contribute to the understanding of the fundamental biology of adaptive mutations and selection during viral persistence. The persistently ZIKV-infected human cell lines that we developed will also be useful to investigate critical molecular pathways of ZIKV persistence and to study drugs or countermeasures against ZIKV infections and transmission.
Role of αKlotho and FGF23 in regulation of type II Na-dependent phosphate co-transporters

Alpha-Klotho is a member of the Klotho family consisting of two other single-pass transmembrane proteins: βKlotho and γKlotho; αKlotho has been shown to circulate in the blood. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)23 is a member of the FGF superfamily of 22 genes/proteins. αKlotho serves as a co-receptor with FGF receptors (FGFRs) to provide a receptacle for physiological FGF23 signaling including regulation of phosphate metabolism. The extracellular domain of transmembrane αKlotho is shed by secretases and released into blood circulation (soluble αKlotho). Soluble αKlotho has both FGF23-independent and FGF23-dependent roles in phosphate homeostasis by modulating intestinal phosphate absorption, urinary phosphate excretion, and phosphate distribution into bone in concerted interaction with other calciophosphotropic hormones such as PTH and 1,25-(OH)2D. The direct role of αKlotho and FGF23 in the maintenance of phosphate homeostasis is partly mediated by modulation of type II Na+-dependent phosphate co-transporters in target organs. αKlotho and FGF23 are principal phosphotropic hormones, and the manipulation of the αKlotho-FGF23 axis is a novel therapeutic strategy for genetic and acquired phosphate disorders and for conditions with FGF23 excess and αKlotho deficiency such as chronic kidney disease.
Assessment of Right Ventricular-Pulmonary Arterial Coupling in Chronic Pulmonary Regurgitation.

Abstract Background We hypothesized that noninvasively measured right ventricular (RV) to pulmonary arterial (RV-PA) coupling would be abnormal in chronic pulmonary regurgitation (PR) even in the setting of normal RV ejection fraction, and that RV-PA coupling indices would have a better correlation with peak oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) compared with RV systolic indices alone. Methods This was a retrospective study of 129 adults (repaired tetralogy of Fallot [TOF] n = 84 and valvular pulmonic stenosis [VPS] with previous intervention n = 45) with ≥ moderate native PR and RV ejection fraction > 50%. The 84 TOF patients were propensity matched with 84 patients with normal echocardiogram (control); age 28 ± 7 years and male sex n = 39 (46%). RV-PA coupling was measured according to fractional area change (FAC)/RV systolic pressure (RVSP) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE)/RVSP. Results RV systolic function indices were similar between TOF and control groups (FAC 43 ± 6% vs 41 ± 5% [ P = 0.164] and TAPSE 22 ± 5 mm vs 24 ± 6 mm [ P = 0.263]). However, RV-PA coupling was lower in the TOF group (FAC/RVSP 1.10 ± 0.29 vs 1.48 ± 0.22 [ P P P = 0.012]). FAC/RVSP ( r = 0.61; P r = 0.69; P 2 especially in the patients with impaired exercise capacity whereas FAC and TAPSE were independent of peak VO 2 . Similar comparisons between VPS and control groups showed no difference in TAPSE and FAC between groups, but lower FAC/RVSP and TAPSE/RVSP in the VPS group. Conclusions There is abnormal RV-PA coupling in chronic PR, and noninvasively measured RV-PA coupling might potentially be prognostic because of its correlation with exercise capacity.
Patient perspectives on inferior vena cava filter retrieval.

Abstract Objective Inferior vena cava (IVC) filter retrieval rates remain low. Previous literature identified provider and system factors to enhance retrieval, but patients' perspectives have not been studied. This study compared the attitudes of men and women with retained filters to identify patient factors that would increase compliance and facilitate retrieval when indicated. Methods A retrospective single-center review of all patients undergoing IVC filter placement between 2009 and 2011 was performed. The electronic medical records were reviewed to identify patients with retained filters who were potential candidates for removal. Patients' demographics, comorbidities, and indication for filter placement were noted. A telephone survey inquiring about the patient's awareness of IVC filters and risks of leaving them permanently in place was conducted. Additional questions addressed patient-physician relations, preferences in communication, and attitudes toward television commercials on IVC filter lawsuits. Patients' characteristics and survey responses were compared between men and women. Results There were 604 patients who underwent IVC filter placement. The overall retrieval rate was 30%. Telephone survey was conducted for 42 patients with retained filters who were identified as possible candidates for retrieval. There was no difference between the men and women in terms of demographics and comorbidities. The survey demonstrated that 12% of patients were not aware of having an IVC filter, and only 23% knew that it can be removed. Women were significantly more likely than men to know the risks and benefits of IVC filter placement (42.8% vs 14.2%; P Conclusions In this era of modern medicine, vascular specialists must educate the patient and family about IVC filters and long-term effects to optimize the patient's compliance. Electronic communication for follow-up may help capture patients who relocate and change phone numbers and seems to be particularly attractive to women.
Fossil evidence of elytra reduction in ship-timber beetles

Beetles (Coleoptera) comprise about one quarter of all described animal species. One of the main contributors to their evolutionary success is the elytra, or hardened forewings, which have protective functions while maintaining their ability to fly. Unlike other beetles, some ship-timber beetles (Lymexylidae) have extremely small elytra and largely exposed functional hindwings. There is little fossil evidence illuminating the evolutionary history of short elytra in lymexylids. Here, I report five well-preserved lymexylid fossils in mid-Cretaceous and Cenozoic ambers from Myanmar (ca. 99 million years ago [Mya]), Russia (ca. 44 Mya), and the Dominican Republic (ca. 16 Mya). Three Cretaceous fossils have strongly reduced, shortened elytra, with unexpected variation in elytral size and shape, whereas very small, modified elytra are found only in much younger Dominican amber. These morphologically diverse extinct lymexylids shed new light on the early origin and evolutionary history of elytra reduction and its diverse variation in the ship-timber beetles. Based on the striking morphological similarities with extant lymexylids, these extinct taxa might have had the same, or similar, ecological, behavioural, and flight modes as the extant ship-timber beetles.
Trends in the Geospatial Distribution of Inpatient Adult Surgical Services across the United States.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to define trends in the geographic distribution of surgical services in the United States to assess possible geographic barriers and disparities in access to surgical care. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Despite the increased need and utilization of surgical procedures, Americans often face challenges in gaining access to health care that may be exacerbated by the closure and consolidation of hospitals. Although access to surgical care has been evaluated relative to the role of insurance, race, and health literacy/education, the relationship of geography and travel distance to access has not been well studied. METHODS The 2005 and 2015 American Hospital Association annual survey was used to identify hospitals with surgical capacity; the data were merged with 2010 Census Bureau data to identify the distribution of the US population relative to hospital location, and geospatial analysis tools were used to examine a service area of real driving time surrounding each hospital. RESULTS Although the number of hospitals that provided surgical services slightly decreased over the time periods examined (2005, n = 3791; 2015, n = 3391; P<0.001), the number of major surgery hospitals increased from 2005 (n = 539) to 2015 (n = 749) (P<0.001). The geographic location of hospitals that provided surgical services changed over time. Specifically, although in 2005 852 hospitals were located in a rural area, that number had decreased to 679 by 2015 (P<0.001). Of particular note, from 2005 to 2015 there was an 82% increase in the number of people who lived further than 60 minutes from any hospital (P<0.001). However, the number of people who lived further than 60 minutes from a major surgery hospital decreased (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Although the number of rural hospitals decreased over the last decade, the number of large, academic medical centers has increased; in turn, there has been an almost doubling in the number of people who live outside a 60-minute driving range to a hospital capable of performing surgery.
CAPS — pathogenesis, presentation and treatment of an autoinflammatory disease

The cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) is a severity spectrum of rare diseases. CAPS comprises the three conditions previously described as familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS), Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS), and neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disorder (NOMID), also known as chronic infantile neurologic, cutaneous, and articular (CINCA) syndrome. The clinical phenotype of CAPS is characterized by systemic inflammation. General symptoms are fatigue and fever. Local manifestations affect multiple tissues such as skin, joints, muscles, eyes, and the central nervous system. Distinct clinical features are characteristic for each subphenotype. In FCAS, these are cold-induced urticaria and fever, in MWS systemic amyloidosis and hearing loss and in NOMID/CINCA central nervous system inflammation and bone deformities. CAPS is caused by single heterozygous germline or somatic gain of function mutations in the NLRP3 gene encoding the protein cryopyrin. Cryopyrin nucleates an NLRP3 inflammasome, which regulates the activation and cleavage of caspase-1 that cleaves the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-18. IL-1β plays the key role in the induction of inflammation in CAPS. This has been confirmed by the application of IL-1 blocking agents, which lead not only to a rapid and sustained reversal of daily symptoms but also to some extent of long-term disease sequelae. To prevent CAPS-induced organ damage, early diagnosis and swift initiation of effective treatment are mandatory.
New BCR-ABL inhibitors in chronic myeloid leukemia

Abstract Despite outstanding progress achieved from the development of 3 generations of ATP-competitive TKIs with increasing BCR-ABL inhibitory potency, some unmet needs remain in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). First, resistance to therapy and less frequently progression of the disease still occur despite the increasing use of 2nd generation TKIs upfront instead of imatinib and the salvage potential of 2nd or 3rd generation TKIs in refractory CML. Second, none of the currently available TKIs is absolutely safe and the widespread prescription of 2nd or 3rd generation TKIs is tempered by their toxicity, especially in fragile patients or those with comorbid illnesses. Third, at most 30 to 50% of patients obtain a sustained deep molecular response of the MR4.5 type after 5 years when given the 2nd generation TKIs dasatinib or nilotinib upfront and only half of them achieve a state called treatment-free remission (TFR). New agents are currently under development, among which 3 ATP-competitive TKIs and 1 allosteric inhibitor. PF-114, HQP1351 and K0706 are 3rd generation ATP-competitive TKIs capable to target native and mutated BCR-ABL including the T315I gatekeeper mutation like ponatinib. Asciminib (formerly ABL001), an allosteric BCR-ABL inhibitor, is the first compound of a totally new therapeutic class to be evaluated in humans in the setting of phase 1, 2 and 3 trials. During this lecture, preliminary results derived from ongoing studies will be presented, emerging advantages and disadvantages of each compound will be discussed as well as whether current treatment landscape and CML management may be modified by these emerging therapies in the near future.
Analysis of Black Hole Router Attack in Network-on-Chip

Network-on-Chip (NoC) is the communication platform of the data among the processing cores in Multiprocessors System-on-Chip (MPSoC). NoC has become a target to security attacks and by outsourcing design, it can be infected with a malicious Hardware Trojan (HT) to degrades the system performance or leaves a back door for sensitive information leaking. In this paper, we proposed a HT model that applies a denial of service attack by deliberately discarding the data packets that are passing through the infected node creating a black hole in the NoC. It is known as Black Hole Router (BHR) attack. We studied the effect of the BHR attack on the NoC. The power and area overhead of the BHR are analyzed. We studied the effect of the locations of BHRs and their distribution in the network as well. The malicious nodes has very small area and power overhead, 1.98% and 0.74% respectively, with a very strong violent attack.
ACUTE, SEVERE AORTIC REGURGITATION FROM PANNUS OBSTRUCTION: A SHORT WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY

Acute mechanical AVR obstruction from pannus is an unusual and potentially catastrophic complication. Prompt diagnosis is required for a life-saving procedure. A 69-year old lady with AFib and bicuspid AV stenosis status-post tilting-disc AVR 23 years ago, presented with chest pain, wide pulse-
Extending the Discussion: Intonation Pedagogy for Bowed Stringed Instruments, Part 2:

There are many factors that influence the ability to play with accurate intonation, and this extending-the-discussion article provides contextual information and suggested teaching strategies for h...
Religious Coping in Cancer: A quantitative analysis of expressive writing samples from patients with renal cell carcinoma

Abstract Context Past religiosity/spirituality (R/S) research has mainly relied on self-report instruments, which may result in self-presentation and defensive biases. Objectives To address these limitations, we reviewed the writing samples that were generated as part of an expressive writing (EW) trial, coded the samples for R/S content, and examined cross-sectional and prospective associations between R/S content and symptom and psychosocial outcomes. Methods Participants diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma who were randomized to the EW arm completed a standard writing protocol. Before randomization, they completed validated measures of R/S, depressive symptoms, social support, fatigue, and sleep disturbances and one, four, and 10 months after completing the intervention. Writing samples were coded for positive and negative religious coping (RC), and personal (e.g., private prayer) and collective (e.g., church attendance) religious engagement (RE). Results Of the 138 patients, 117 provided at least one writing sample, and 89% of participants made at least one R/S reference with 70% including at least one positive RC statement, and 45.3% revealed personal and 42.3% collective RE. Negative RC was rare (8%). Although positive RC and RE were significantly associated with the R/S Index (P Conclusion Behavioral coding of EW samples supported the literature suggesting that positive RC is common among patients with cancer. Although negative RC may be relatively rare, it may be associated with psychological distress.
Analysis of experimental detection results of hemolytic disease of the newborn caused by irregular antibody

目的 探讨不规则抗体致新生儿溶血病的实验室检测结果，总结临床输血策略。 方法 选取本院收治的3 560例新生儿溶血病患者作为研究对象，采集患儿的静脉血标本，进行不规则抗体筛选及特异性鉴定，回顾性分析检测结果。 结果 3 560例新生儿溶血病患儿中有20例的不规则抗体为阳性，检出率为0.56%。抗体特异性鉴定结果显示：Rh血型系统16例（80.00%）、MNS系统2例（10.00%）、Kidd系统1例（5.00%）、Duff系统1例（5.00%）。Rh血型系统中，抗-D最多，其次为抗-E、抗-cE，另外还有抗-Ce、抗-c、抗-M、抗-Fyb、抗-JKa。20例新生儿溶血病患儿母亲中有18例有妊娠史，占90.00%，8例有输血史，占40.00%。12例患儿接受了换血治疗，所有患儿经治疗后全部好转出院。 结论 不规则抗体引起的新生儿溶血病多为Rh血型系统，临床应结合抗体检测、直抗试验、放散试验、游离试验结果综合判定，以降低漏检风险。
Social Work in a Time of Social Distance.

At the children’s hospital where I work, we palliative social workers are having something of an identity crisis during the COVID-19 pandemic.As palliative social workers, we’re usually not as invo...
Development of a Sterile Personal Protective Equipment Donning and Doffing Procedure to Protect Surgical Teams from SARS-CoV-2 Exposure during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become an increasingly challenging problem throughout the world. Because of the numerous potential modes of transmission, surgeons and all procedural staff represent a unique population that requires standardized procedures to protect themselves and their patients. Although several protocols have been implemented during other infectious disease outbreaks, such as Ebola virus, no standardized protocol has been published in regard to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A multidisciplinary team of two surgeons, an anesthesiologist, and an infection preventionist was assembled to create a process with sterile attire adapted from the National Emerging Special Pathogen Training and Education Center (NETEC) donning and doffing process. After editing, a donning procedure and doffing procedure was created and made into checklists. The procedures were simulated in an empty operating room (OR) with simulation of all personnel roles. A "dofficer" role was established to ensure real-time adherence to the procedures. Results: The donning and doffing procedures were printed as one-page documents for easy posting in ORs and procedural areas. Pictures from the simulation were also obtained and made into flow chart-style diagrams that were also posted in the ORs. Conclusions: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a quickly evolving pandemic that has spread all over the globe. With the rapid increase of infections and the increasing number of severely ill individuals, healthcare providers need easy-to-follow guidelines to keep themselves and patients as safe as possible. The processes for donning and doffing personal protective equipment (PPE) presented here provide an added measure of safety to surgeons and support staff to provide quality surgical care to positive and suspected COVID-19-positive patients.
Effect of Stent-Graft Active Fixation and Oversizing on Aortic Neck Dilation After Endovascular Aneurysm Exclusion For Infrarenal Aortic Aneurysm.

Abstract Introduction Aortic neck dilation post endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) has been implicated in the long-term development of endoleak and the subsequent re-intervention. Optimal endograft sizing is a vital aspect to successful repair. This study looked at percentage of graft oversizing as well as type of fixation on aortic neck dilation. Methods We retrospectively evaluated all EVARs completed at Loyola's University from 2006-2015 after IRB approval. Patients without follow-up scans within a year were excluded. We collected demographics, comorbidities, graft type, size, aortic neck diameter, maximum sac size diameters from the pre-operative and follow-up scans. We reviewed and collected data on 432 patients but analyzed 154. We measured the largest aortic diameter on axial images 1 cm above and 1 cm below the lowest renal artery. Change in supra and infrarenal aortic measurements were evaluated by calculating the mm difference from each scan compared to the pre-operative scan. Linear mixed effects models were used to estimate patients’ mean differences over time. Results We compared three groups of neck fixation grafts. Those with active suprarenal fixation had a significant change in suprarenal aortic diameter at four-year follow-up (1.86mm, CI:0.65-3.06), compared to those with active infrarenal (0.22mm, CI: -0.67-1.11) or passive suprarenal fixation (1.52mm, CI: -0.11-3.15) (Fig 1). Those with active suprarenal fixation were the only ones to have significant increase in suprarenal aortic diameter (p=0.0026). Degree of oversizing was also divided into three groups. Oversizing by 15% oversizing at 4 years (0.41mm, CI: -0.31-1.14 vs 3.26mm, CI: 1.63-4.88, p 15% oversizing at four years, respectively. Conclusion Stent-grafts with active fixation below the renal arteries as well as oversizing by
Shifting Definitions of Hazardous Wastes

This paper addresses the emergence of concern with hazardous wastes and the legal liabilities attached to them long before the first federal legislation in the U.S. explicitly using the term; a simultaneous search for marketable by-products during the first three quarters of the twentieth century as a means to decrease the volume of wastes while also diminishing the perceived threat; and the eventual adoption of a legal tactic that asserted absence of liability before formal federal definitions of hazardous wastes. Based on a review of industry and waste management literature, it exposes deliberate efforts on the part of major industry trade organizations to dampen public calls for litigation by making the case that wastes were manageable, recoverable, and non-threatening. These steps sought to offset potential disruptions to their operations by imposing additional costs on waste treatment. When federal legislation became a reality in the 1970s, defenders of industrial practices that created hundreds of hazardous waste sites made the arguments that hazardous properties of wastes were unknown at the time of their disposal. The litigation that swirled around the federal laws proved disruptive and reflect a issue delayed not eliminated.
Number line estimation and standardized test performance: The left digit effect does not predict SAT math score.

Introduction Recent work reveals a new source of error in number line estimation (NLE), the left digit effect (Lai, Zax, et al., 2018), whereby numerals with different leftmost digits but similar magnitudes (e.g., 399, 401) are placed farther apart on a number line (e.g., 0 to 1,000) than is warranted. The goals of the present study were to: (1) replicate the left digit effect, and (2) assess whether it is related to mathematical achievement. Method Participants were all individuals (adult college students) who completed the NLE task in the laboratory between 2014 and 2019 for whom SAT scores were available (n = 227). Results We replicated the left digit effect but found its size was not correlated with SAT math score, although it was negatively correlated with SAT verbal score for one NLE task version. Conclusions These findings provide further evidence that individual digits strongly influence estimation performance and suggest that this effect may have different cognitive contributors, and predict different complex skills, than overall NLE accuracy.
Assessing Linkages Between Small Impoundments and Long-term Trajectories of Prairie Stream Fish Assemblages

Most stream fish communities have changed over time in response to common anthropogenic disturbances. Impoundments are a widespread anthropogenic stressor that can negatively impact stream fishes as they alter flow regimes, block movements, and act as fountainheads for the introduction and spread of invasive species. Recent studies, however, have reported the occurrence and reproduction of native fishes in impoundments, suggesting they might benefit some native fishes. Our primary objective was to evaluate whether impoundment construction has led to changes in fish community structure in prairie streams. To accomplish this, we compared fish occupancy in small impoundments (,5 ha) to temporal trends in stream occupancy among species to test whether species' increases in stream occupancy were related to their occupancy in impoundments. We examined stream fish communities in the Upper Cottonwood River basin, Kansas, from 1948–2018, and sampled small impoundments in 2016 and 2017. A third (32%) of fish communities in impoundments were similar to stream assemblages, whereas most impoundments (68%) were dominated by sport or bait fishes. In streams, six species showed increases in occupancy and four species showed decreases since small impoundment construction. Of the species that exhibited increased stream occupancy, five showed a positive, logistical relationship between a species' impoundment occupancy and its increase in stream occupancy. Species declining in stream occupancy experienced continued linear declines and may still be declining. Our research suggests stream fish communities have changed since impoundment construction, and are associated with locally-invasive, native species reaching a new stable state in streams accompanied by declines in other native stream fish species.
Cognitive Limits and Preferences for Information

The structure of uncertainty underlying certain decision problems may be so complex as to elude decision-makers’ full understanding, curtailing their willingness to pay for payoff-relevant information — a puzzle manifesting itself in, for instance, low stock-market participation rates. I present a decision-theoretic method that enables an analyst to identify decision-makers’ information-processing abilities from observing their preferences for information. A decision-maker who is capable of understanding only those events that either almost always or almost never happen fails to attach instrumental value to any information source. On the other hand, non-trivial preferences for information allow perfect identification of the decision-maker’s mental capacity.
P-058 Target ultrasoft and nano coils for the treatment of small brain aneurysms

Purpose The ULTRA Registry is an multicenter, national, prospective study designed to assess aneurysm occlusion rates and safety profile of the Target® Ultrasoft and Nano coils (Stryker Neurovascular, Fremont, CA, USA) in the treatment of small intracranial aneurysms. Methods The ULTRA Registry is a prospective database of patients with small ( Results 100 patients (75% female; mean age 57.1 [SD 11.7]; 48 ruptured) were treated from December 2013 to January 2019. Stent and balloon assistance was used in 21 and 19 cases, respectively. No flow diverting stents were used. Mean aneurysm size was 3.5 x 3.0 x 2.8 mm (SD 0.9 x 1 x 0.9 mm, respectively), and mean neck size was 2 mm (SD 0.7 mm). Mean number of coils placed in each aneurysm was 2.9 (SD 1.6), and mean packing density was 34.3% (SD 16.6). First follow up imaging was MRA in 50 cases and DSA in 28 cases (mean 5.7 months [SD 2.4]), and second follow up imaging was DSA in 60 cases and MRA in 2 cases (mean 14.7 months [SD 5.6]). Residual aneurysm on the Raymond Roy Scale per investigator and core lab reporting was present at baseline post-coiling, 1st imaging follow up, and 2nd imaging follow up in 3% and 8%, 9% and 12.8%, and 11.3% and 12.9%, respectively . Aneurysm recurrence by investigator report and core lab report was 12.8% and 14.3%, respectively, on first follow up and 17.7% and 21%, respectively, on second follow up. Aneurysms requiring retreatment by investigator report and core lab report were 10.3% and 10.4%, respectively, on first follow up and 9.7% and 11.3%, respectively, on second follow up. Of 9 retreated aneurysms, 8 presented as a rupture. Including both retreated aneurysms as well as those deemed as requiring retreatment, retreatment and/or need for retreatment at final imaging follow up was 18.8% per investigator report and 20.3% per core lab report. There were worse occlusion grades, higher rates of recurrence, greater need for retreatment, and more serious adverse events in ruptured vs unruptured aneurysms at 1st and 2nd follow up. There were 0 coil related complications, 0 intraoperative aneurysm ruptures, and 0 known post-operative aneurysm ruptures. There were 7 procedural related adverse events: ischemic stroke (n=3), intracranial hemorrhage from wire perforation of the anterior cerebral artery distant to and not involved by aneurysm (n=1), cellulitis (n=1), groin hematoma (n=1), lip numbness (n=1). Conclusions The ULTRA Registry demonstrates excellent safety and efficacy profiles of Target® Ultrasoft and Nano coils in the treatment of ruptured and unruptued small intracranial aneurysms with no coil related complications in the study. Disclosures G. Jindal: 1; C; Microvention, Stryker Neurovascular. R. Almardawi: None. D. Gandhi: 1; C; Microvention, InsightTech. T. Miller: 1; C; Vesalio, Microvention. S. Satti: 2; C; Cerenovus, Balt, Cerenovus, Medtronic, Stryker, Terumo, Penumbra, Q’Apel. F. Hui: None.
Heterodigital Flaps: The Littler Flap

Originally described in 1956 by Dr. Littler, the Littler flap is a heterodigital flap (from another digit) that can provide coverage for soft tissue defects of the fingers, especially the thumb. The Littler flap is a sensate, vascularized flap that originates from the ulnar volar aspect of the middle finger or the radial aspect of the ring finger. It is an easy to harvest flap and can be performed under local anesthesia in selected patients. Significant donor site morbidity includes painful neuromas, scar contractures, and altered hand anatomy. When a Moberg flap (Chap. 9) or FDMA flap (Chap. 10) is not an option, we use the Littler flap to provide sensate reconstruction of the tip of the thumb. This has the added benefit of thumb length preservation. Healing by secondary intention with dressing changes is not an option when there is exposure of bone and/or tendons.
H-Y antigen and sex determination

The primary development of a male rather than a female gonad in mammals is determined by the presence of a Y chromosome. The other property unique to the Y chromosome is the occurrence of a cell-surface antigen (designated H-Y) which distinguishes male from female. Thus it was determined that male grafts were rejected by otherwise histocompatible females of the same inbred strain and later that H-Y-specific cytolytic T cells were produced by these grafted mice. When it was determined that females grafted with male skin produced antibody defining a serologically detectable male antigen (which may or may not be the same as H-Y), further immunogenetic analysis of this antigenic system became possible in terms of humoral and cellular factors. By using this assay it was demonstrated that the antigen was phylogenetically conserved and that it was expressed in the male mouse embryo as early as the 8-cell stage of development. The notion that H-Y was a single molecular species responsible for triggering the indifferent gonad to differentiate into the testis became a widely accepted hypothesis. In this report the H-Y antigenic system is traced historically from its original description to the role played in testis development. Data are presented which suggest that although H-Y is a male-specific factor and may play a role in male sex determination, it is unlikely that it is the primary inducer of testis differentiation.
Replication of viral ribonucleic acid: IX. Properties of double-stranded RNA from Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage MS2

The double-stranded, MS2-specifie RNA formed in Escherichia coli after infection with bacteriophage MS2 has been purified on a large scale by a method involving extensive treatment with ribonuclease. The product consists solely of double-stranded, virus-specific RNA. It has a sedimentation coefficient of 8 to 9·5 s and is somewhat degraded from its native size. Its double-stranded character has been demonstrated by studies of its thermal hyperchromicity, its susceptibility to ribonuclease as a function of temperature and its chromatographic behavior. Re-annealing of the separated strands occurs rapidly and exchange of the strands of the duplex with labeled MS2 RNA has been demonstrated.
Improving the Performance of Graph Coloring Algorithms through Backtracking

Graph coloring is used to identify independent objects in a set and has applications in a wide variety of scientific and engineering problems. Optimal coloring of graphs is an NP-complete problem. Therefore there exist many heuristics that attempt to obtain a near-optimal number of colors. In this paper we introduce a backtracking correction algorithm which dynamically rearranges the colors assigned by a top level heuristic to a more favorable permutation thereby improving the performance of the coloring algorithm. Our results obtained by applying the backtracking heuristic on graphs from molecular dynamics and DNA-electrophoresis show that the backtracking algorithm succeeds in lowering the number of colors by as much as 23%. Variations of backtracking algorithm can be as much as 66% faster than standard correction algorithms, like Culberson's Iterated Greedy method, while producing a comparable number of colors.
NuMED covered cheatham-platinum stent™ for the treatment or prevention of right ventricular outflow tract conduit disruption during transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement

Objective Retrospectively assess the frequency of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) conduit disruption during transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (TPVR) and the effectiveness and safety of NuMED Covered Cheatham-Platinum Stents™ (CCPS) for its prevention or treatment. Background There have been no published reports to date describing the safety and effectiveness of covered stents to prevent or treat RVOT conduit disruption during TPVR. Methods Data regarding 251 TPVR procedures performed at multiple US investigational sites were retrospectively reviewed to explore the incidence and potential predictors of conduit disruption. In addition, data on the use of 69 CCPS implanted in 50 patients during TPVR was reviewed. Results The overall incidence of conduit disruption requiring intervention was 6%. The only predictor identified was a very elevated RVOT conduit systolic pressure gradient. A pre-existing conduit tear was present in nine, while 31 developed tears after conduit dilation and three, after TPVR. The CCPS was used prophylactically in seven. Conduit tears were prevented or repaired in 49/50 patients. No CCPS-related acute complications were reported. At 6-month follow-up, no patient had more than mild pulmonary regurgitation and the mean Doppler RVOT gradient (12.7 ± 5.8 mm Hg) comparing favorably with that reported in the Melody TPV® IDE trial (20.0 ± 8.6 mm Hg). Conclusion CCPS implantation can successfully treat RVOT conduit disruption without negative impact on the TPV function. This retrospective analysis suggests high RVOT conduit systolic pressure gradient is a risk factor for conduit tears during TPVR. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multivariate varying coefficient models for DTI tract statistics

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is important for characterizing the structure of white matter fiber bundles as well as detailed tissue properties along these fiber bundles in vivo. There has been extensive interest in the analysis of diffusion properties measured along fiber tracts as a function of age, diagnostic status, and gender, while controlling for other clinical variables. However, the existing methods have several limitations including the independent analysis of diffusion properties, a lack of method for accounting for multiple covariates, and a lack of formal statistical inference, such as estimation theory and hypothesis testing. This paper presents a statistical framework, called VCMTS, to specifically address these limitations. The VCMTS framework consists of four integrated components: a varying coefficient model for characterizing the association between fiber bundle diffusion properties and a set of covariates, the local polynomial kernel method for estimating smoothed multiple diffusion properties along individual fiber bundles, global and local test statistics for testing hypotheses of interest along fiber tracts, and a resampling method for approximating the p-value of the global test statistic. The proposed methodology is applied to characterizing the development of four diffusion properties along the splenium and genu of the corpus callosum tract in a study of neurodevelopment in healthy rhesus monkeys. Significant time effects on the four diffusion properties were found.
SoftPower: fine-grain power estimations using performance counters

We present and evaluate a surrogate model, based on hardware performance counter measurements, to estimate computer system power consumption. Power and energy are especially important in the design and operation of large data centers and of clusters used for scientific computing. Tradeoffs are made between performance and power consumption, this needs to be dynamic because activity varies over time. While it is possible to instrument systems for fine-grain power monitoring, such instrumentation is costly and not commonly available. Furthermore, the latency and sampling periods of hardware power monitors can be large compared to time scales at which workloads can change and dynamic power controls can operate. Given these limitations, we argue that surrogate models of the kind we present here can provide low-cost and accurate estimates of power consumption to drive on-line dynamic control mechanisms and for use in off-line tuning.In this brief paper, we discuss a general approach to building system power estimation models based on hardware performance counters. Using this technique, we then present a model for an Intel Core i7 system that has an absolute estimation error of 5.32 percent (median) and acceptable data collection overheads on varying workloads, CPU power states (frequency and voltage), and number of active cores. Since this method is based on event sampling of hardware counters, one can make a tradeoff between estimation accuracy and data-collection overhead.
Blood homocysteine, folate and vitamin B-12 concentrations in patients with epilepsy receiving lamotrigine or sodium valproate for initial monotherapy.

To evaluate whether the administration of lamotrigine (LTG) or valproate (VPA) changes concentrations of plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), plasma and red-cell folate and plasma Vitamin B-12, we measured these indices in a total of 20 patients with epilepsy before and after a 32-week period of monotherapy of LTG or VPA. We found that the 32-week administration of a mean daily dose of 250 mg LTG had no significant effect on any of the blood indices. On the other hand, the administration of a mean daily dose of 2070 mg of VPA resulted in a 57% increase in plasma Vitamin B-12 concentrations over the baseline value and a 27% decline in plasma tHcy concentrations, although the mechanisms of such changes are unknown. Our data indicate that hyperhomocysteinemia may not be a serious clinical problem among patients with epilepsy, who receive either LTG or VPA.
Measurements of spatial variations in response of ionization chambers

Measurements of the spatial variations in the response of three ionization chamber (IC) designs were tested as a function of chamber bias voltage, incident X-ray flux and fill gas. Two components of spatial variation are seen. When the ionization chambers are near saturation, spatial variations exist that are tied to the chamber geometry. While the response of some chambers is relatively flat, others show significant variation across the IC. These variations appear to be inherent in the response of each IC at saturation. When the chamber is far from saturation, large spatial variations in response are present when N2 is used as a fill gas, but not when ambient air is used as a fill gas. These appear to be tied to space charge effects.
International online marketing of foods to US consumers

Examines US consumers’ reactions to 20 domestic and international Internet sites marketing specialty food products. Analyses respondents’ ratings of site characteristics and use of descriptive adjectives and determines that international sites were viewed significantly lower than domestic sites on virtually all measures. Those differences were correlated with a lower likelihood of purchase. Determines that international companies hoping to market their products to US customers via the Internet should expect to have online consumers apply a more stringent standard of site design and quality. However, those companies which meet these standards can expect to be competitive with US companies. Outlines recommendations for international companies.