cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utilization of calcium and phosphorus from hydrous and anhydrous dicalcium phosphates.

ROBERT B. RUCKER, HERBERT E. PARKER ANDJOHN C. ROGLERDepartments of Biochemistry and Animal Science, Purdue University,West Lafayette, IndianaABSTRACT Studies were conducted with chickens and turkeys to determine factors which affect the nutritional availability of phosphorus from dicalcium phosphates.Incorporation of orally administered 45Ca and 32Pfrom either Â«CaH32PO4or 45CaH32PO4-2HjO into bone was 25 to 50% greater from the hydrous form than from the anhydrousform in 1-week-old birds. For chickens the differences in incorporation of 45Ca and32Pfrom anhydrous and hydrous dicalcium phosphate decreased gradually, so that at5 weeks of age, equal amounts of 45Ca and 32Pwere incorporated into the femur whenchicks were fed either form of the phosphate. In turkeys, the incorporation of Â«Caand 3ZPwas greater when supplied in the hydrous form than in the anhydrous formthroughout the 5-week experimental period. Further studies were conducted with 1-week-old chicks and turkeys fed controlled amounts of feed and killed at 1, 2 and 4hours after oral dosing. Incorporation of 45Ca and 32Pinto the femur from anhydrousdicalcium phosphate was again less at each time interval than incorporation fromhydrous dicalcium phosphate. Measurement of the rate of solution for CaHPO4-2H2Oat pH 3 to 7 indicated that the differences in incorporation may be due in part todifferences in solution rates. The solution rate and the amounts of 45Ca and 32Pincorporated into the bone were both higher with hydrous dicalcium phosphate.
Partial Purification of a cis-trans-Isomerase of Zeatin from Immature Seed of Phaseolus vulgaris L

Investigation of the conversion of exogenous cis-zeatin to trans-zeatin in immature seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris L. led to the isolation of a cis-trans-isomerase from the endosperm. The enzyme was purified more than 2000-fold by chromatography on a series of fast protein liquid chromatography (anion exchange, gel filtration, and hydrophobic interaction) and concanavalin A columns. The enzymic reaction favors conversion from the cis to the trans form and requires flavin, light, and dithiothreitol. cis-Zeatin riboside is also a substrate for the enzyme. Retention on the concanavalin A column indicated that the enzyme is a glycoprotein. The enzyme was stable for at least 8 weeks when stored at -80[deg] C. The occurrence of cis-trans-isomerization suggests that cis-zeatin and cis-zeatin riboside formed by tRNA degradation could be precursors of biologically active cytokinins.
Formation and Innovation of Industrial Networks under the Transitional Economy: The Cases from Chinese Old Industrial Regions

The research about industrial networks need attend to the formation of industrial networks under the transition economy, which is not only the process of interaction of inter-organizations, but also the process of interaction between institution, organization and technology, which is the drive of evolution from the large SOEs to industrial networks. Industrial organization of networking, specialization and conglomeration will accelerate the transformation and renewing of old industrial regions. The paper analyzed the path and types of transformation from SOEs to industrial networks, used the method of double cases study, i.e. bearing industry in Wa Fangdian city and bicycle industry in Tian Jin city, which try to beyond the single cases study by classification and comparison. The empirical research tested the hypotheses of the formation of industrial networks in transitional countries or regions and supposed the recommendations for them.
Realization of the triple points of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 below 84 K at the National Research Council of Canada

In the temperature region from 13.8 K to 83.8 K, the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) defines a set of thermodynamic fixed points which are used to calibrate an interpolating instrument which then carries the scale for use in the laboratory. The NRC realization of this portion of the ITS-90 will be discussed, with particular attention paid to the cryostat design and the quality of the triple point measurements.
A framework genetic map of Muscadinia rotundifolia.

This study presents a framework linkage map based on microsatellite markers for Muscadinia rotundifolia (1n = 20). The mapping population consisted of 206 progeny generated from a cross of two M. rotundifolia varieties, ‘Fry’ and ‘Trayshed’. A total of 884 primers were tested for their ability to amplify markers: 686 amplified and 312 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs generated 322 polymorphic markers for either one or both parents. The map for the female parent ‘Fry’ consisted of 212 markers and covered 879 cM on 18 chromosomes. The average distance between the markers was 4.1 cM and chromosome 6 was not represented due to a lack of polymorphic markers. The map for the male parent ‘Trayshed’ consisted of 191 markers and covered 841 cM on 19 chromosomes. The consensus map consisted of 314 markers on 19 chromosomes with a total distance of 1,088 cM, which represented 66 % of the distance covered by the Vitis vinifera reference linkage map. Marker density varied greatly among chromosomes from 5 to 35 mapped markers. Relatively good synteny was observed across 19 chromosomes based on markers in common with the V. vinifera reference map. Extreme segregation distortion was observed for chromosome 8 and 14 on the female parent map, and 4 on the male parent map. The lack of mapping coverage for the 20th M. rotundifolia chromosome is discussed in relation to possible evolutionary events that led to the reduction in chromosome number from 21 to 19 in the ancestral genome.
Solid-matrix luminescence polarization of p-aminobenzoate adsorbed on sodium acetate and sodium acetate/sodium chloride mixtures

Luminescence polarization values for the anion of p-aminobenzoic acid adsorbed on sodium acetate were obtained over a wide temperature range. Also, luminescence polarization values were obtained for p-aminobenzoate on a variety of sodium acetate/NaCl mixtures at 296 and 93 K. For the anion of p-aminobenzoic acid adsorbed on sodium acetate, the fluorescence and phosphorescence polarization values were essentially constant with temperature. The phosphorescence polarization data indicated that the anion of p-aminobenzoic acid did not undergo rotational relaxation over the temperature range investigated; thus rotational processes did not contribute to nonradiative deactivation. Vibrational processes were primarily responsible for the decrease in phosphorescence quantum yields as the temperature increased. For the luminescence polarization data with the sodium acetate/NaCl mixtures, little change was observed for both the fluorescence polarization data and phosphorescence polarization data at the two different temperatures. These data indicated, along with earlier luminescence quantum yield data, that the three-dimensional bonding characteristics of the solid-matrix are very important in obtaining a high luminescence yield.
Evaluation of Poly-Mechanistic Antiangiogenic Combinations to Enhance Cytotoxic Therapy Response in Pancreatic Cancer

Gemcitabine (Gem) has limited clinical benefits in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The present study investigated combinations of gemcitabine with antiangiogenic agents of various mechanisms for PDAC, including bevacizumab (Bev), sunitinib (Su) and EMAP II. Cell proliferation and protein expression were analyzed by WST-1 assay and Western blotting. In vivo experiments were performed via murine xenografts. Inhibition of in vitro proliferation of AsPC-1 PDAC cells by gemcitabine (10 µM), bevacizumab (1 mg/ml), sunitinib (10 µM) and EMAP (10 µM) was 35, 22, 81 and 6 percent; combination of gemcitabine with bevacizumab, sunitinib or EMAP had no additive effects. In endothelial HUVECs, gemcitabine, bevacizumab, sunitinib and EMAP caused 70, 41, 86 and 67 percent inhibition, while combination of gemcitabine with bevacizumab, sunitinib or EMAP had additive effects. In WI-38 fibroblasts, gemcitabine, bevacizumab, sunitinib and EMAP caused 79, 58, 80 and 29 percent inhibition, with additive effects in combination as well. Net in vivo tumor growth inhibition in gemcitabine, bevacizumab, sunitinib and EMAP monotherapy was 43, 38, 94 and 46 percent; dual combinations of Gem+Bev, Gem+Su and Gem+EMAP led to 69, 99 and 64 percent inhibition. Combinations of more than one antiangiogenic agent with gemcitabine were generally more effective but not superior to Gem+Su. Intratumoral proliferation, apoptosis and microvessel density findings correlated with tumor growth inhibition data. Median animal survival was increased by gemcitabine (26 days) but not by bevacizumab, sunitinib or EMAP monotherapy compared to controls (19 days). Gemcitabine combinations with bevacizumab, sunitinib or EMAP improved survival to similar extent (36 or 37 days). Combinations of gemcitabine with Bev+EMAP (43 days) or with Bev+Su+EMAP (46 days) led to the maximum survival benefit observed. Combination of antiangiogenic agents improves gemcitabine response, with sunitinib inducing the strongest effect. These findings demonstrate advantages of combining multi-targeting agents with standard gemcitabine therapy for PDAC.
Soil, forage, and serum nutrient changes as affected by deposition of volcanic sediments in Northwestern Nicaragua

Abstract A study was carried out to determine the mineral status of grazing cattle as affected by the eruption of the Cerro Negro Volcano in northwestern Nicaragua. A total of 14 composite soil and forage samples and 30 blood samples were collected at each collection period, before (August 1991) and after (August 1992) the volcanic eruption. Higher soil levels of calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), manganese (Mn) (P<0.01), zinc (Zn) (P<0.05), and lower organic matter (OM) (P<0.01) were found after the volcanic eruption. Phosphorus (P) was the only macromineral found deficient with 93 and 71% of the samples below a critical level before and after volcanic eruption, respectively. Forage Ca, potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), P, Zn, copper (Cu), and selenium (Se) concentrations did not vary between collections. Forage crude protein (CP), in vitro organic matter digestibility [(IVOMD) P<0.05], cobalt (Co), Mn, and Na (P<0.01) were lower after the eruption. Iron (Fe) was the only mineral in forages that increased (P<0.01) ...
Cultural eutrophication of shallow coastal waters: Coupling changing anthropogenic nutrient inputs to regional management approaches

Abstract Coastal waters comprise only about 15% of the world's ocean area, yet account for nearly half of its primary and secondary production ( Wollast 1991). This disparity can in part be traced to anthropogenic nutrient, specifically nitrogen (N), loading. Regionally, N-sensitive coastal waters are experiencing unprecedented nutrient-driven eutophication, deteriorating water quality (i.e. hypoxia, anoxia, toxicity), habitat loss and declines in desirable fish stocks and yields. In most coastal regions externally-supplied “new” nutrient inputs are growing, diversifying and changing as a result of urbanization, industrial and agricultural development. In some cases (e.g. Eastern Europe), declining economic condition shave led to a reversal of this scenario. A need exists to identify key nutrient sources (and changes therein) supporting eutrophication and its socio-economic consequences. While we are addressing and managing terrestrial (i.e. point and non-point source runoff) “new” nutrient inputs, key “out of sight out of mind” anthropogenic nutrient sources and their effects on eutrophication remain poorly understood and managed. These include atmospheric deposition and groundwater, which can account for as much as half the “new” N entering North American (U.S. Atlantic East Coast) and European (Baltic Sea) coastal waters. Here, I will examine these emerging nutrient sources and their roles in shallow coastal biogeochemical and trophodynamics alterations. Technological and conceptual tools and approaches aimed at improving our functional understanding of these and other “new” nutrient-eutrophication interactions are discussed.
New Vistas in elliptic curve cryptography

The past 10 years have been witness to a sea change in the availability and distribution of high security cryptography for broad civilian applications. In this paper, we give a brief history of cryptography support in Windows and describe the upcoming architectural changes, including support for ECC, forthcoming in Windows Vista.
Human and porcine thyrotropins: a comparison of electrophoretic and immunological properties with the bovine hormone.

Abstract The electrophoretic and immunochemical properties of purified human and porcine thyrotropins (TSH) have been compared with those of the bovine hormone. Preparations from all three species show similar polymorphism in gel electrophoresis. Human TSH exhibits more electronegative character than either porcine or bovine TSH due to the presence of about 1.5% sialic acid whereas the bovine and porcine material are essentially free of sialic acid. Removal of the sialic acid by neuraminidase does not affect the hormonal activity or immunochemical properties of human TSH. Immunological cross reactivity was found in double diffusion between the TSH of all three species with antisera to any of the three. Anti-human TSH serum completely neutralized the biological activity of the bovine and porcine hormones. These studies also demonstrated the bovine and porcine hormones to be quite similar, a conclusion further supported by peptide maps. In addition, human TSH appears to be closely related immunologically to denatured bovine TSH when the two are compared against anti-bovine TSH serum. The separation of the closely related glycoprotein, luteinizing hormone (LH), from TSH has been studied by biological and immunochemical criteria. Rechromabovine tography of TSH on diethylaminoethyl cellulose yielded preparations whose LH content as assayed by depletion of ovarian ascorbic acid was about 2% by weight. Absorption by an anti-LH serum further reduced the LH activity to values representing less than 1% contamination by weight. Examination of immunodiffusion properties of LH and TSH with antisera to each hormone yielded no evidence of cross reactivity between either bovine or human TSH and the homologous luteinizing hormones.
Phototransformation of selected organophosphorus pesticides: Roles of hydroxyl and carbonate radicals

The phototransformation of two organophosphorus pesticides, parathion and chlorpyrifos, by hydroxyl radicals and carbonate radicals in aqueous solution were studied. Addition of hydrogen peroxide increased the UV degradation rates of both pesticides and data were simulated through kinetic modeling. The second-order rate constants of parathion and chlorpyrifos with hydroxyl radical were determined to be 9.7 +/- 0.5 x 10(9) and 4.9 +/- 0.1 x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1), respectively. The presence of bi/carbonate ions reduced the pesticide degradation rates via scavenging of hydroxyl radical but the formation of carbonate radical also contributed to the degradation of the pesticides with second-order reaction rate constants of 2.8 +/- 0.2 x 10(6) and 8.8 +/- 0.4 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1) for parathion and chlorpyrifos, respectively. The dual roles of bicarbonate ion in UV/H2O2 treatment systems, i.e., scavenging of hydroxyl radicals and formation of carbonate radicals, were examined and discussed using a simulative kinetic model. The transformation of pesticides by carbonate radicals at environmentally relevant bi/carbonate concentrations was shown to be a significant contributor to the environmental fate of the pesticides and it reshaped the general phototransformation kinetics of both pesticides in UV/H2O2 systems.
Effect of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) on metallothionein induction and trace element metabolism in rats fed different amounts of dietary zinc

Recent studies have suggested that the induction of metallothionein synthesis in kidneys of mice by the acute administration of bismuth and other trace elements might protect against cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) nephrotoxicity. The present study was designed to determine the effects of dietary zinc and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) on the induction of liver and kidney metallothionein and its subsequent effect on nephrotoxicity and trace element metabolism in rats. Male rats were fed diets containing 5, 20, 80, or 320 mg zinc/kg diet for 3 weeks. Each dietary group was subdivided into 3 groups. In one group, each rat received an i.p. injection of 7.5 mg cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II)/kg b.w. All other rats received saline. During the next three days a second group of rats was pair-fed to the cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) injected group. A third group received no treatment and was allowed to eat ad libitum. Results showed that when dietary zinc was increased from 5 mg/kg diet to higher amounts, kidney metallothionein concentration increased twofold. cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) treatment increased kidney metallothionein even further, but elevated metallothionein gave no protection from the toxic effects of the drug. Serum copper concentration and ceruloplasmin activity were significantly lower with higher concentrations of dietary zinc, which indicated that these rats were mildly copper-deficient. There was a small but significant depression of superoxide dismutase activity and a highly significant increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in kidneys of rats treated with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) compared to either pair-fed or ad libitum controls. This supports the hypothesis that part of the mechanism for cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II)-induced toxicity might be caused by free-radical generation. However, the data do not support the hypothesis that metallothionein induction protects the kidney from cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) toxicity.
Systematic screening of secondary diagnoses in Medicare administrative data to identify candidate risk factors for the principal diagnosis.

Abstract PURPOSE: Secondary diagnoses in Medicare hospital discharge claims may include risk factors for the principal diagnosis. However, risk ratios for the principal diagnosis as a function of secondary diagnoses cannot be calculated because no comparable data exist for beneficiaries who are not hospitalized. METHODS: Hospital discharge rates, as proxies for incidence rates, can be calculated by race and sex from Medicare claims and denominator files. If the prevalence of a risk factor is higher in one population group than another, that risk factor will be overrepresented among patients from the group at higher risk. RESULTS: This imbalance is reflected in what is termed the odds difference, OD = [( r + r ′)/ r ][ f 2 /(1− f 2 )− f 1 /(1− f 1 )], in which r is the background incidence rate, and r ′ is the additional risk conferred by a factor that is present in fractions f 1 and f 2 in the two groups. Unlike the risk ratio, the odds difference can be calculated from claims data. Given f 1 and f 2 , the odds difference is directly proportional to the risk ratio, RR = ( r + r ′)/ r . CONCLUSIONS: Ranking common secondary diagnoses by the magnitude of their odds difference between groups with disparate discharge rates for a given principal diagnosis may disclose secondary diagnoses that merit evaluation as candidate direct or indirect risk factors.
Summer dietary nitrogen availability as a potential bottom-up constraint on moose in south-central Alaska.

Recent studies suggest that the growth and fecundity of northern ungulates may be coupled to their summer nutrition. Here, we compare summer dietary nitrogen availability of the five major browse plants (comprising ;79% of the diet) of moose (Alces alces) in Denali National Park and Nelchina Basin, Alaska, USA. In recent years the productivity of Denali moose has been significantly higher than that of Nelchina moose, prompting this comparison. We examined the phenological progression of leaf nitrogen concentration, tannin-protein precipitation capacity, and digestible protein over three summers in both regions. We then modeled the potential nutritional consequences for a cow moose consuming representative diets on each range, predicting both net protein intake (NPI) and lean body mass accumulation each year. We found that leaf nitrogen and digestible protein decreased, while tannin-protein precipitation capacity increased throughout the summer for all forages. There was 23% more digestible protein in Denali leaves than Nelchina leaves on average, and this difference was significant in all three years. Tannins accounted for a large (mean ¼ 46%) reduction in protein availability, suggesting a key role of these secondary compounds in the nitrogen balance of moose in these regions. Finally, our NPI model predicted that Denali cows were in positive protein balance 17 days longer than Nelchina cows and accumulated 18 kg more lean body mass over the summer, on average. We conclude that summer dietary nitrogen availability may act as a nutritional constraint on moose and suggest that more emphasis be placed on elucidating its role in population dynamics and conservation of northern ungulates.
Effects of thermal environment on structural frequencies: Part I – A simulation study

Abstract Vibration based structural health monitoring methods often use the changes in the modal parameters to identify damage. However, the modal parameters are not only influenced by damage but also by environmental factors including thermal and humidity conditions. The environmental effects can be large enough to mask the changes caused by damage, especially in the bridge structures that are always exposed to environmental elements. In this paper, a simulation study is conducted to examine the variations in the modal frequencies of concrete box girder and T-beam bridge structures caused by the ambient temperature, solar irradiance and wind speed, utilizing the environmental data recorded at a site in North Carolina, USA. The study includes the effects of temperature dependent material modulus, thermal gradients and prestressing effects on the modal frequencies. Like the environmental temperature variations, the bridge temperatures and model frequencies variations have strong yearly (seasonal) and diurnal trends. The study provides temperature–frequency data at hourly intervals for each bridge structure for future studies and the companion paper where, recognizing the observed seasonal and diurnal trends, the models are proposed to estimate frequencies across seasons from the measured temperature values of a bridge structure.
Hierarchical Patch Dynamics Modeling of Near-Well Dynamics in Complex Regional Groundwater Systems

One of the challenges in groundwater modeling is the prediction of hydraulic head in close proximity to a pumping well using a regional-scale model. Typical applications of numerical models to field-scale problems generally require large grids that can seldom accommodate cells as small as the actual well diameter. In this paper, we apply a dynamically integrated “hierarchical patch dynamics paradigm (HPDP)” to model detailed near-well dynamics and interactions. The HPDP enables converting a large, complex problem into a network of hierarchically nested and dynamically coupled patch models that can be easily solved. The performance of the HPDP is verified against the analytical solution for a single well, against a superposition of analytical solutions for a wellfield, and against a numerical solution in a three-dimensional heterogeneous system. The results show that the HPDP is capable of providing an accurate and efficient representation of head in a wellfield in large-scale hydrogeologic systems.
Optimal routing of two rectangular blocks

The problem in LSI/VLSI layout design of routing nets interconnecting two rectangular blocks is considered. Properties that determine horizontal-track (H-track) sharing between nets are identified. It is shown that H-track sharing can essentially be treated as pad-position-independent. For any case of colinearity constraints and interaction between nets in certain edge sets, the number of H-tracks required for routing is at most one more than for the case in which there are no such constraints. A share-graph model that models the H-track sharing between edge sets is developed. H-track sharing between nets in edge sets whose direction of routing is uniquely determined is first considered. Then nets that have alternate paths but use the same number of H-tracks are added to the north and south share-graphs. Algorithms to operate on these share-graphs to provide optimal H-track sharing are developed. The vertical track (V-track) sharing problem is considered as a matching problem in which a net routed to the south of the minimum enclosing rectangle must be matched to a net routed to the north. >
Jerolmack receives 2010 Luna B. Leopold Young Scientist Award: Citation

[1] Douglas J. Jerolmack received the 2010 Luna B. Leopold Young Scientist Award at the 2010 AGU Fall Meeting, held 13–17 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes “a young scientist for making a significant and outstanding contribution that advances the field of Earth and planetary surface processes.”
Affirmative action and principles of justice

Preface Affirmative Action and Principles of Justice The Legislative History of Title VII Early Title VII Employment Discrimination Case Law The Affirmative Action Cases Affirmative Action, Policymaking, and Statutory Interpretation Conclusion Bibliography Index
Retaining Women Students in a Construction Engineering Undergraduate Program by Balancing Integration and Identity in Student Communities

A key to student retention and satisfaction is to provide mechanisms that integrate the students into a program or profession yet still preserve and develop key identity factors important to the students. Integration involves common values, shared goals, uniform curricula, and linkages to upperclass students, alumni, and industry partners. Identity is generally developed through involvement with extracurricular student groups, such as Women In Construction, Emerging Green Builders, and Society of Women Engineers. Providing a student experience that offers a balance between integration and identity will be effective in recruiting and retaining women students while maintaining rigorous academic and professional standards required by accrediting agencies and industry advisory boards. This article presents the results of a structured system of both curricular and extracurricular activities implemented at a large Midwestern university to retain women undergraduate students in a construction engineering program...
Resveratrol inhibits human squalene monooxygenase

Abstract Epidemiological studies have suggested that moderate consumption of red wine may protect against the development of cardiovascular diseases. Resveratrol (trans-3,4′,5-trihydroxystilbene) is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound found in a variety of sources, including red wine, that has been shown to have a number of beneficial effects on cardiovascular health, including prevention of oxidative damage, promotion of vasodilation, and prevention of platelet aggregation. Herein we report that resveratrol specifically inhibits purified human squalene monooxygenase, a rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, in a noncompetitive manner with respect to both squalene (K i = 35 μM) and FAD (K i = 69 μM). These data raise the possibility that the protective effect of resveratrol on the development of cardiovascular disease may be explained in part by the inhibition of endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis.
Constraints on the Affinity Term for Modeling Long-Term Glass Dissolution Rates

Predictions of long-term glass dissolution rates are highly dependent on the form of the affinity term in the rate expression. Analysis of the quantitative effect of saturation state on glass dissolution rate for CSG glass (a simple analog of SRL-165 glass), shows that a simple (1-Q/K) affinity term does not match experimental results. Our data at 100°C show that the data is better fit by an affinity term having the form $$\left( {1 - {{\left( {\frac{Q}{K}} \right)} {\frac{1}{\sigma }}}} \right)$$ where σ =10.
Improved large-signal quasistatic MESFET model

Improvements to the quasistatic modelling procedure which has been established by Rauscher and Willing (1978, 1979) are discussed. Specifically, a more accurate method of modelling the channel conductance and a technique for establishing the correct DC bias conditions within the MESFET model are provided. >
Inhibition of H2O2-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes by calorie restriction during aging.

Calorie restriction (CR) is known to delay the aging process in rodents and is postulated to act by decreasing free radical generation and increasing antioxidant enzyme activity. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of CR and age on oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and associated changes in the levels of TNF-α, and Bcl-2 in splenic T lymphocytes. Ad libitum (AL)- or CR-fed C57BL/6J mice were sacrificed either at 6 (young) or 18 (old) months and splenic lymphocytes were incubated with or without 25 μM H2O2 to induce apoptosis. Apoptosis increased with age in cells of AL-fed mice incubated with H2O2. CR prevented this rise in apoptosis in total splenic lymphocytes and in CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte subsets either with or without H2O2. Free radicals increased and mitochondrial membrane potential decreased in aged mice. CR prevented these changes and also prevented the age-associated increase in TNF-α and loss of Bcl-2 in total splenic lymphocytes and in CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte subsets. In summary, lymphocytes in aged AL-fed mice were much more susceptible to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis whereas CR normalized apoptosis by preventing the increase in TNF-α and the decrease in Bcl-2 associated with aging. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59:282–292, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Identification of Distinct Myocardin Splice Variants in the Bladder

Purpose: Although the importance of myocardin in smooth muscle development is well established, many tissue specific intricacies of smooth muscle differentiation remain to be determined. We characterized myocardin expression in the developing and adult bladder to identify potential tissue specific differences that may have a role in detrusor smooth muscle development.Materials and Methods: Reverse transcriptase and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were done to determine myocardin expression in the mouse and human bladder vs various other tissues. Sequence analysis was done to confirm the genomic location of the various polymerase chain reaction products.Results: Exonic profiling of the mouse myocardin gene identified a series of unique myocardin splice variants derived from a novel 305 bp exon between exons 2 and 3 of the previously identified myocardin gene. Each variant showed a differential pattern of expression in the mouse and primary protein sequences suggested a unique function for each myoca...
Simplified Method of Calculating Assembly Time

This paper presents a simplified method for functional evaluation of parts and subsequent combination and elimination of parts with redundant and unnecessary functions. The method uses a simple spreadsheet-based tool that has proven to be an effective aid during design review and brainstorming sessions. Also presented is a simple method of initial assessment of manual assembly times. The assessment is performed by taking into account basic factors influencing part recognition, handling, manual assembly workspace and putting the parts together. Usefulness of both tools has been initially tested on a wide range of assembly configurations, from a variety of simple consumer goods to aerospace components. Both tools can also be presented as checklists thus having a ready-to-use cookbook appearance, which was particularly valued by manufacturing engineers making quick on-the-floor assessments.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Warner–Bratzler shear evaluations of 40 bovine muscles

Forty muscles from each of 20 beef carcass sides were used to perform Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS) force determinations for within and among muscle effects. The M. triceps brachii differed (P 4.6 kg) were the M. extensor carpi radialis, M. trapezius, M. brachialis, M. pectoralis profundus, and M. flexor digitorum superficialis (hind limb). The diaphragm muscle was the most tender (WBS=2.03 kg), and the M. flexor digitorum superficialis was the toughest (WBS=7.74 kg). Tenderness, as measured by WBS, varied among and within bovine muscles, and knowledge of this variation allows for more appropriate use for specific purposes in the marketplace.
LACK OF AQUAPORIN-4 WATER TRANSPORT INHIBITION BY ANTIEPILEPTICS AND ARYLSULFONAMIDES

Inhibitors of brain glial water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) are of potential clinical utility, as they are predicted to modulate brain edema, neuroexcitation and glial scarring. Recently, Huber et al. (Bioorg. Med. Chem.2007, 17, 1270-1273; in press) reported that a series of arylsulfonamides, antiepileptics, and related small molecules strongly inhibited AQP4 water transport with IC(50)s down to 1 microM. We retested the compounds with greatest reported potencies, including acetylsulfanilamide, acetazolamide, 6-ethoxy-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide, topiramate, zonisamide, phenytoin, lamotrigine, and sumatriptan, in AQP4-transfected mammalian cells and primary cultures of brain glial cells, using several sensitive assays of osmotic water permeability. Contrary to the findings of Huber et al., in our studies we found no significant inhibition of AQP4 water permeability by any of the compounds at concentrations up to 100 microM.
Structure Determination of Unknown Organic Liquids Using NMR and IR Spectroscopy: A General Chemistry Laboratory

This experiment introduced general chemistry students to the basic concepts of organic structures and to the power of spectroscopic methods for structure determination. Students employed a combination of IR and NMR spectroscopy to perform de novo structure determination of unknown alcohols, without being provided with a list of possible structures. Students used IR spectra to identify functional groups present, then constructed trial structures and predicted the NMR spectrum, modifying the structure until agreement was obtained. The structure was confirmed by comparison of boiling point and density data, measured in triplicate, to literature values, and the precision and accuracy of student measurements was critically evaluated.
Perceptions of Sex-Role Deviations: An Attributional Analysis.

Perceptions of behavioral deviations from sex roles were examined in light of past research on attributions for in-role and out-of-role behavior. Male and female high school students read descriptions of in-role or out-of-role males and females and described the personality of the actor on a series of bipolar scales. As expected, subjects made corresponding inferences from the actor's behavior to his/her disposition as a consequence of out-of-role, not in-role, behavior. However, this predicted effect appeared only when subjects were making attributions toward a member of their own sex. Possible factors involved in this attributional process are considered.
Open Top Chambers and Infrared Lamps: A Comparison of Heating Efficacy and CO2/CH4 Dynamics in a Northern Michigan Peatland

Open top chambers (OTCs) and infrared (IR) lamps have been widely used for experimentally warming ecosystems, especially in high latitude and alpine regions. The efficacy of OTCs and IR lamps is variable, yet there has not been a direct, experimentally controlled comparison of these warming methods. We, therefore, implemented a factorial study in a northern Michigan peatland to test how warming and microtopography interacted to affect micrometeorological parameters and CO2 and CH4 flux rates. IR lamps significantly warmed the soil (5 cm depth; P < 0.05) by 1.4 and 1.9°C in 2009 and 2010, respectively, with the majority of warming occurring during nighttime hours. OTCs did not provide any long-term warming increase compared to control plots, which is contrary to OTC studies at high latitudes. By investigating diurnal heating patterns and micrometeorological variables, we determined that OTCs were not achieving strong daytime heating peaks and were often cooler than controls during nighttime hours. Temperate day-length, cloudy and humid conditions, and latent heat loss were factors that may have inhibited OTC warming. Warming treatments created mixed effects on gas flux components. Within drier, hummock plots, IR lamps significantly increased gross ecosystem production (GEP) but not ecosystem respiration (ER), whereas OTCs had no effect on GEP or ER in hummocks. In wetter, lawn plots, warming treatments had no effect on CO2 flux or CH4 flux. We show here that IR lamps are more effective than OTCs for studying how temperate peatlands may respond to increased temperatures.
Legal Loopholes and Underenforced Laws: Examining the Ethical Dimensions of Corporate Legal Strategy

SUMMARY: ... In discussing corporate legal strategies, the word "law" will typically be used in its strict formal sense, essentially equating law with the legal rules embodied in judicial precedents, statutes, regulations, and other formal legal texts together with the formal reasoning techniques needed to interpret those rules. ... The irony, of course, resides in the fact that adopting a compliance program appears consistent both with a strategy of compliance, where the firm seeks to maximize profits subject to law and with a strategy of breach and pay, where the firm intentionally violates law because the reduction of fines has rendered the law underenforced. ... Comparing the ethics in the two cases, note that for many commentators insider trading provides a classic example of malum prohibitum, that is, it is wrong only because the law says it is wrong. ... In the extreme, a court can order legal sanctions against both lawyer and client who press loopholes too far. ... When all parties are heard, lobbying approximates an adversarial setting with the various lobbyists playing the roles of competing advocates and the government officials playing the role of judges. ... This gives firms with acute interests a strategic opportunity to shape the law for their own private gain, with little or no reference to the common good. ... Both stockholders and executives have general ethical obligations to obey reasonably just laws, and this often means abiding by laws that are not effectively enforced, living up to ideal interpretations of the law even when self-serving interpretations are available, and exercising self-restraint in lobbying activities.
Perceived Personality Traits Associated with Classroom Seat Selection

This study examined the relationship between classroom seating location and student's personality characteristics. 110 women and 172 men were shown a diagram which divided a traditional classroom i...
The Effect of Hydroxyurea and Trichostatin A on Targeted Nucleotide Exchange in Yeast and Mammalian Cells

Abstract: Targeted nucleotide exchange (TNE) is a process by which a synthetic DNA oligonucleotide, partially complementary to a site in a chromosomal or an episomal gene directs the reversal of a single nucleotide at a specific site. To protect against nuclease digestion, the oligonucleotide is modified with derivative linkages among the terminal bases. We have termed these molecules modified single-stranded oligonucleotides (MSOs). Current models suggest that the reaction occurs in two steps. The first, DNA pairing, involves the alignment of the MSO with the target site and its assimilation into the target helix forming a D-loop. The second phase centers around the repair of a single base mismatch formed between the MSO and its complementary strand in the D-loop. Nucleotide exchange is promoted in all likelihood by the mismatch repair system. A critical feature of successful TNE is the accessibility of the target site for the MSO and the factors that increase the dynamic nature of the chromatin that will likely increase the frequency. Here, we report that two factors, trichostatin A and hydroxyurea, elevate gene repair of a mutant hygromycin gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a mutant eGFP gene in a mammalian cell line, MCF-10AT1 cells. Trichostatin A (TSA) acts by preventing the deacetylation of histones while hydroxyurea (HU) reduces the rate of replication. Both of these activities, by their very nature, create a more open configuration of the MSO into the target site.
The half-life of endogenous serum immunoreactive insulin in man

Abstract Estimates of the half-life of endogenous serum insulin were made following the end of prolonged glucose perfusions in normal subjects who achieved peak levels of glucose that ranged between 131 and 221 mg. per cent. The estimates were 16 minutes if pancreatic insulin production is assumed to cease following the end of the glucose infusion, or nine minutes if basal insulin secretion is assumed to continue following the end of the glucose infusion.
Subclinical Thyroid Disease

Subclinical thyroid disease, a term applied to patients with no or minimal thyroid-related symptoms with abnormal laboratory values, is diagnosed more frequently with the use of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) screening and newer high-sensitivity assays. These are laboratory diagnoses, with subclinical hypothyroidism defined as an elevated TSH with a normal free thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentration, and subclinical hyperthyroidism as a subnormal TSH with normal free thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels. Although studies defining which patients require treatment are few, decisions should be individualized based upon laboratory values and symptoms. This article reviews the etiologies, diagnoses, treatments and indications, and monitoring of patients with subclinical thyroid disease.
The labor exemptions to antitrust law: An overview

This description of the labor exemptions to antitrust law clearly does not do justice to the complexities courts face in attempting to reconcile labor and antitrust policies. Issues related to remedies, burdens of proof, and evidentiary standards that further com-plicate cases have not been addressed here. Also not discussed is the appropriate analy-sis to be applied if it is found that particular conduct falls outside both labor exemptions, i.e., whether conduct that does not merit immunity should be seen as per se illegal under antitrust law, subjected to the rule of reason, or analyzed under Apex’s “commercial competitionℍ test. This is a question to which both courts and commentators have pro-vided different answers and different rationales (for discussion of this issue, see, e.g., Areeda and Hovenkamp, 1997; Leslie, 1980).
Electron spin polarized tunneling study of ferromagnetic thin films

Abstract The development of spin-polarized electron tunneling is reviewed beginning with the spin properties of superconductors. Previous results on ferromagnetic films of the transition metals and the heavy rare earth metals are briefly summarized. Spin polarization results of the proximity effect in Ni and Fe films are given. Recent work on artificial tunnel barriers of amorphous Si and Al 2 O 3 is described and high quality spin-polarized tunneling curves are presented for Ni using an artificial Al 2 O 3 barrier. Application of the technique to resolving the spin densities of states of superconductors is presented. Ferromagnetic-ferromagnetic tunneling is discussed.
Strong interlayer coupling in CoO/NiO antiferromagnetic superlattices.

A strong interlayer-exchange interaction is observed in short-repeat-distance CoO/NiO superlattices. This was investigated by measuring the exchange-anisotropy properties of superlattice CoO/NiO/${\mathrm{Ni}}_{81}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{19}$ exchange couples and by examining NiO/CoO superlattices with neutron diffraction. Short-repeat-distance superlattices show a single ordering temperature which depends only on the [CoO]:[NiO] ratio. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the monoxide layers is strongly influenced by the interlayer coupling.
The development of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for medically inoperable early stage non-small cell lung cancer: an international phenomenon

Lung cancer is the most common malignancy worldwide. The standard of care for early stage lung cancer is surgical resection. Patients with this diagnosis frequently have co-morbidities making surgery not feasible. Limited resections result in inadequate disease control. Historic alternatives to surgery such as conventional radiotherapy provide poor outcomes and undue toxicity. Over the past decade, stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has emerged as a novel radiation modality with significant applications in the medically inoperable, early stage lung cancer population. A range of international retrospective and prospective reports has established SBRT’s feasibility, safety and efficacy in these patients using a variety of dose regimens and technologies. SBRT results consistently show excellent local control, little acute toxicity, and improved overall survival compared with historical controls of fractionated radiotherapy. Ongoing prospective trials are defining the optimal SBRT regimen in the inoperable population and starting to explore its role for the operable patient.
Reactions of divalent group 14 compounds containing an azide functionality: synthesis and characterization of [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]AgGe(N3)[(n-Pr)2ATI] and [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]AgSn(N3)[(n-Pr)2ATI]

Abstract A mixture of [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]Ag(η2-toluene) and [(n-Pr)2ATI]GeN3 or [(n-Pr)2ATI]SnN3 in CH2Cl2, rather than undergoing metathesis or nitrogen elimination or silver ion coordination to the nitrogen atoms of the azide moiety, formed 1:1 adducts [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]AgM(N3)[(n-Pr)2ATI] (1, M=Ge and 2, M=Sn) featuring unsupported silver–germanium and silver–tin bonds (where [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]=hydrotris(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolyl)borate; [(n-Pr)2ATI]=N-(n-propyl)-2-(n-propylamino)troponiminate). Compounds [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]AgGe(N3)[(n-Pr)2ATI] and [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]AgSn(N3)[(n-Pr)2ATI] were characterized by X-ray crystallography. The AgGe and AgSn bond distances of 1 and 2 are 2.4146(7) and 2.5943(6) A, respectively. The azide moieties are linear. The azide group of the germanium adduct adopts a trans orientation relative to the GeN2C7 ring system upon silver ion coordination whereas the azido moiety of the tin adduct occupies a site above the SnN2C7 ring (cis). IR spectra of 1 and 2 display νasym(N3) bands at 2083 and 2070 cm−1, respectively. The 119Sn NMR spectrum of 2 shows a broad signal at 90 ppm (1J(119Sn–107/109Ag)=4866 Hz). These adducts show unusually high thermal stability.
Identification of canine T-lymphocyte subsets with monoclonal antibodies

A panel of five murine monoclonal antibodies to canine T-lymphocytes were produced. Antibodies 4.78, 12.125 and 8.358 reacted with approximately 18%, 39% and 60% peripheral blood lymphocytes, respectively. Two color flow cytometric analysis showed that lymphocytes expressing 1.140, 4.78, 8.53 and 12.125 were subsets of lymphocytes expressing 8.358. The lymphocytes expressing 8.358 were negative for surface immunoglobulin. The subsets defined by 1.140, 4.78 or 8.53, 12.125 were mutually exclusive and together account for most cells expressing 8.358 in the peripheral blood, spleen, and lymph node. In the thymus, approximately 47% cells were positive for both 1.140/4.78 and 8.53/12.125. SDS-PAGE analysis of radiolabelled thymus cell lysates demonstrated that antibodies 1.140 and 4.78 immunoprecipitated a 32,35 kd heterodimer under reducing conditions and 12.125 immunoprecipitated a single 56 kd chain under reducing and non-reducing conditions. Antibodies 8.53/12.125 and 1.140/4.78 react with canine lymphocyte populations that occur in proportions similar to lymphocytes expressing CD4 and CD8 like molecules in several primate and non-primate species. The molecules recognized by 12.125 and 1.140/4.78 were similar in size and subunit composition to human CD4 and CD8.