cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of ethanol on the tumorigenicity of urethane (ethyl carbamate) in B6C3F1 mice

Urethane is a carcinogen to which there is widespread exposure through the consumption of fermented foods and alcoholic beverages. In this study, we have assessed the carcinogenicity of urethane in combination with ethanol. Male and female B6C3F(1) mice (48 mice per sex per group) were exposed to 0, 10, 30, or 90 ppm urethane in the presence of 0%, 2.5%, or 5% ethanol in drinking water ad libitum for two years, at which time the extent of tumorigenesis was assessed. Additional mice (four per sex per group) received the same doses for four weeks to assess serum levels of urethane and ethanol, DNA adduct formation, and the induction of microsomal cytochromes P450, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Urethane decreased cell replication in the livers of female, but not male, mice, decreased cell replication in the lungs of both sexes, and induced cytochrome P450 2E1 in the livers of female mice. Hepatic levels of the DNA adduct 1,N(6)-ethenodeoxyadenosine were increased by exposure to urethane and decreased by treatment with ethanol. Animal weights and survival were not affected by ethanol; in contrast, urethane administration decreased body weights and survival. Urethane caused dose-dependent increases in liver, lung, and harderian gland adenoma or carcinoma and hemangiosarcoma of the liver and heart in both sexes, mammary gland and ovarian tumors in females, and squamous cell papilloma or carcinoma of the skin and forestomach in males. The increase in hepatocellular tumors occurred in a relatively linear manner and was attributed to the formation of 1,N(6)-ethenodeoxyadenosine in hepatic DNA coupled with an increase in cell replication. Hemangiosarcomas were observed only at the 90 ppm urethane dose and were probably a result of high-dose urethane-induced toxicity. Lung alveolar/bronchiolar and harderian gland adenoma or carcinoma increased in a relatively linear manner, suggestive of a genotoxic mechanism for tumor induction. Ethanol induced a dose-dependent trend in hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma in male mice, with the incidence being marginally increased at the highest dose. In female mice administered 10 ppm and 90 ppm urethane, ethanol caused dose-related increases in alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma and hemangiosarcoma of the heart, respectively. This may be due to ethanol decreasing the first-pass clearance of urethane, thus, increasing systemic distribution. In male mice a different relationship was observed: ethanol caused a dose-related decrease in alveolar/bronchiolar and harderian gland adenoma or carcinoma in mice administered 30 ppm urethane.
Fourier analysis of polar cap electric field and current distributions

A theoretical study of high-latitude electric fields and currents, using analytic Fourier analysis methods, is conducted. A two-dimensional planar model of the ionosphere with an enhanced conductivity auroral belt and field-aligned currents at the edges is employed. Two separate topics are treated. A field-aligned current element near the cusp region of the polar cap is included to investigate the modifications to the convection pattern by the east-west component of the interplanetary magnetic field. It is shown that a sizable one-cell structure is induced near the cusp which diverts equipotential contours to the dawnside or duskside, depending on the sign of the cusp current. This produces characteristic dawn-dusk asymmetries to the electric field that have been previously observed over the polar cap. The second topic is concerned with the electric field configuration obtained in the limit of perfect shielding, where the field is totally excluded equatorward of the auroral oval. When realistic field-aligned current distributions are used, the result is to produce severely distorted, crescent-shaped equipotential contours over the cap. Exact, analytic formulae applicable to this case are also provided.
Regulation of Cytokine Secretion and Amyloid Precursor Protein Processing by Proinflammatory Amyloid Beta (Aβ)

Neurodegenerative processes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are thought to be driven, in part, by the deposition of amyloid beta (A beta), a 39-43-aminoacid peptide product resulting from an alternative cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP). In addition to its neurotoxic properties, A beta may influence neuropathology by stimulating glial cell cytokine and acute phase protein secretion in affected areas of the brain (e.g., cortex, hippocampus). Using an in vitro human astrocyte model (U-373 MG astrocytoma cells), the effects of A beta treatment on acute phase protein (APP and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin [alpha 1-ACT]) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were examined. U-373 MG cells secreted increased levels of alpha 1-ACT and neurotrophic/neuroprotective alpha-cleaved APP (alpha APP) after exposure to interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) for 24 hours. A beta treatment resulted in a similar, but modest increase in alpha 1-ACT secretion, a two- to threefold stimulation of IL-8 production, and, conversely, a profound reduction in the levels of secreted alpha APPs. A beta inhibited alpha APP secretion by U-373 MG cells in a concentration- and conformation-dependent manner. Moreover, the reduction in alpha APP secretion was accompanied by an increase in cell-associated APP. Another proinflammatory amyloidogenic peptide, human amylin, similarly affected APP processing in U-373 astrocytoma cells. These data suggest that A beta may contribute to Alzheimer's-associated neuropathology by lowering the production of neuroprotective/neurotrophic alpha APPs. Moreover, the concomitant increase in cell-associated APP may provide increased substrate for the generation of amyloidogenic peptides within astrocytes.
Modeling and analysis of check-in procedure by simulation

This paper presents an automatic airport check-in KIOSK system. This work is done collaboratively by four subsystems, which are Airline Reservation, Credit Card Verification, KIOSK and Customer Command Input, in an action interactive manner. To reduce the risks or issues that often occur in complicated systems, a Four Subsystems in Parallel (FSIP) method has been proposed. Customers can benefit generality and extensibility from this structure, for new functions of actions can be added or removed to modify and configure the network system with little or no need to change the control structure of this KIOSK. From simulation results, we can obtain the time having been used by each stage during the whole system implementation. Without doubt, these details of time intervals are important and significant on system optimization. For this paper, the creative invention is that FSIP method has the potential to be a standard of self-service KIOSK structure design in future. The great success of this design is, for such a complicated system structure, we can avoid any risk warning in any simulation experiment.
Detection of the nematophagous fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis in California sugarbeet fields

Abstract The nematophagous fungus, Hirsutella rhossiliensis, was detected in 10 of 21 sugarbeet fields in California. Fewer than four parasitized nematodes per 100 cm3 soil were found in any field, and all parasitized specimens were the cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii. Detection of the fungus was enhanced if soil samples were periodically inoculated with large numbers of healthy juveniles of H. schachtii prior to assay for the fungus. Detection efficiency was measured by assaying soil seeded with known numbers of parasitized H. schachtii. Detection was largely unaffected by soil type but declined from 63% at Time 0 to 17% after 2 days at 22°C. Thus, the failure to detect H. rhossiliensis in 11 fields could reflect the absence of the fungus or limitations of the assay. The results suggest that a one-time release of H. rhossiliensis with the intention of establishing the fungus in sugarbeet fields is not a viable alternative for implementation of biological control of H. schachtii.
Synthesis and characterization of the open-framework cobalt borophosphate: (C4N2H12)Co[B2P3O12(OH)]

A high yield hydrothermal synthesis of the open-framework cobalt borophosphate (C4N2H12)Co[B2P3O12(OH)], has been developed. The compound was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods, thermogravimetric analysis, vibrational (IR and Raman) spectroscopy and magnetic measurements. In the structure Co(II)O6 octahedra, BO4 and PO4 tetrahedra form nine-member rings which in turn are linked to form CoBPO layers parallel to the bc plane. The layers are joined together by another set of PO4 tetrahedra and the (piperazinium)2+ cations occupy the channels running along [1 0 0]. The structure is compared with that of (C2N2H10)Co[B2P3O12(OH)].
Effects of computerized automation and robotics on safety performance of a manufacturing plant

Abstract Karwowski, W., Rahimi, M. and Mihaly, T., 1988. Effects of computerized automation and robotics on safety performance of a manufacturing plant. Journal of Occupational Accidents, 10: 217–233. Safety performance of a Kentucky-based appliance manufacturer was compared before and after computer automation of the assembly process. Specifically, incidence rates were calculated for one-year pre- and post-automation periods for each of the following ANSI classifications: nature of injury, part of body, source of injury, accident type, hazardous condition, and unsafe act. After automation, incidence rates increased for employees working on the main assembly line. Operators of automated equipment had the greatest percentage of dispensary visits, possibly as a result of their efforts to meet production requirements. The post-automation plant environment created new hazards to maintenance personnel. However, the plant modifications improved the material handling procedures: the number of employees exposed to debris was reduced and fewer accidents related to materials handling occurred. This study points out that timely and accurate analysis of workplace accidents and injuries is essential for identifying and preventing industrial accidents. Furthermore, the present investigation reinforces the need for an efficient and thorough record-keeping system that includes categories for non-traditional equipment such as robots.
Label-Free Comparative Analysis of Proteomics Mixtures Using Chromatographic Alignment of High-Resolution μLC−MS Data

Label-free relative quantitative proteomics is a powerful tool for the survey of protein level changes between two biological samples. We have developed and applied an algorithm using chromatographic alignment of μLC−MS runs to improve the detection of differences between complex protein mixtures. We demonstrate the performance of our software by finding differences in E. coli protein abundance upon induction of the lac operon genes using isopropyl β-d-thiogalactopyranoside. The use of our alignment gave a 4-fold decrease in mean relative retention time error and a 6-fold increase in the number of statistically significant differences between samples. Using a conservative threshold, we have identified 5290 total μLC−MS regions that have a different abundance between these samples. Of the detected difference regions, only 23% were mapped to MS/MS peptide identifications. We detected 74 proteins that had a greater relative abundance in the induced sample and 21 with a greater abundance in the uninduced samp...
Achilles or Christ? Porphyry and Didymus in Debate over Allegorical Interpretation

Porphyry of Tyre, the disciple of Plotinus who composed his massive work Against the Christians under Diocletian, has attracted much attention in recent years as perhaps the most formidable intellectual opponent of the early church. Modern scholars continue to be impressed by Porphyry's knowledge, resourcefulness, and the evident respect shown him by such figures as Jerome and Augustine. Because his literary remains are both fragmentary and disputed, moreover, any new information about Porphyry's views is of considerable importance. Just such a discovery provides the occasion for this essay. Among the papyrus codices found in an ammunition dump near Toura, Egypt, during World War II, were several previously unknown works of Origen and Didymus the Blind.
Reactivity of Surface Peroxo Species: Oxidation of HCN on Pt(111)

Abstract Surface peroxo species were produced by adsorption of O 2 on a Pt(111) surface at 87 K. The reactivity of the peroxo species has been studied through the oxidation reaction of HCN using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) in the temperature range from 87 to 1100 K. The results show that the surface peroxo species is highly reactive for the HCN oxidation. Compared to oxidation by adatomic oxygen, the oxidation of HCN by the peroxo species exhibits different reaction channels with lower activation energies. The reactivity of surface peroxo may be analogous to the reactivity of metal-dioxygen complexes.
Approaches, assaults, attractions, affairs: Policy implications of the sexualization of the workplace

This article is an analysis of the relationship between, on the one hand, empirical findings and theoretical perspectives on the sexualization of the workplace and, on the other, changes in public policy intended to prevent and eliminate sexual harassment as a problem for employed women. The sexualization on the workplace is conceptualized as all consensual and coerced sexual interactions at work, that is, both sexual harassment and sexual relationships. A summary of the evidence regarding both types of behaviors reveals that sexual harassment is experienced quite often by women workers; occasionally, women engage in sexual relationships with persons met at work. Harassment has significant negative consequences for the economic, emotional and physical condition of women, delimiting further an economic position for women which has already been affected severely by occupational segregation and employment discrimination. In assessing the impact of guidelines of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission defining sexual harassment as sexual discrimination, issues are raised concerning the use and effectiveness of the guidelines by women workers, courts, and employers. It is argued that public policy on harassment is necessary and progressive but limited in its impact; the bulk of the problem, especially with regard to co-worker behavior, and the structural context of inequality are left relatively untouched.
Concrete Plastic Shrinkage-Reduction Potential of Synergy Fibers

The contribution of synergy fibers to plastic shrinkage reduction of concrete was studied using cement-rich concrete, and the experimental results are reported. The fiber dosages were 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 vol% of concrete. Three different batches of concrete were made, and 15 slabs were tested. The tests were conducted using slabs 51 mm (2.0 in.) thick, 1 m (3 ft) long, and 0.6 m (2 ft) wide. The crack development was enhanced by using fans that can produce a wind velocity of 22 km/h. The performance of these fibers was compared using the crack areas of control slabs with no fibers and fiber-reinforced slabs. The results indicate that synergy fibers, at the specified dosages, tremendously reduced the plastic shrinkage in concrete. The crack-area reduction varied from 100 to 92 percent of the plain concrete. There was absolutely no cracking when a fiber dosage of 2.0 vol% of concrete was used. There was 98 percent and 92 percent reduction of plastic shrinkage cracking when the fiber dosages were 1.0 percent a...
Orogenic bending around a rigid Proterozoic magmatic rift beneath the Central Appalachian Mountains

Abstract The transition zone between the modern northern and southern Appalachian Mountains is located in Pennsylvania, where the structural orientation of the fold-and-thrust belt changes from north–south to east–west, and the orogeny narrows significantly. Vintage studies of wide-angle reflection and temporary broadband seismic data suggest that the crust beneath the ∼ 8 km of foreland basin sequences was thickened and heavily intruded around the margins of and beneath a failed Neoproterozoic rift. We use receiver function analysis of broadband seismic data recorded by additional and permanent stations, along with forward and inverse modeling of Bouguer gravity data to constrain the geometry and depth extent of mafic intrusion and underplating in the rift, as well as the role of this Proterozoic heterogeneity on the location and geometry of the curvature of the Appalachian orogen. The receiver function analyses suggest that the crust is ∼47–49 km thick beneath the ancient rift, about 5–7 km thicker than the surrounding area. Inverse models of gravity data indicate that the ∼300 km-long zone of thickened, high density crust is bounded on both the NW and SE sides by steep contacts; its shorter NE and SW margins are also steep contacts interpreted as crustal-scale faults. Forward modeling of the gravity data, constrained by the receiver function crustal thickness estimates, sparse seismic reflection data and Euler deconvolution solutions, implies that the Proterozoic rift has been heavily intruded as well as thickened by a 7–10 km mafic underplate. Its margins appear to have been sheared along NE-striking fault zones that parallel Appalachian thrust sheet transport directions. These combined results suggest that the mid- and lower-crust of the Proterozoic rift was enriched with pyroxene, which strengthened the crust locally and localized compressional strain along its margins during the North American–African collision. Compressional strain in the pre-Appalachian crystalline crust to the southwest and northeast of the Proterozoic rift may have been more distributed, leading to the formation of oblique-slip faults orthogonal to the axes of folds, and leading to the curvature in the Pennsylvania salient. Additionally, the thrust sheets are stacked most thickly in front of the rift, suggesting that the rift served as a backstop during collision.
An algorithm for 3D numerical integration that scales linearly with the size of the molecule

Abstract The cost of numerical integration in density-functional theory scales as the cube of the size of the molecule: it is proportional to the number of grid points and to the square of the number of basis functions. We describe a scheme that makes this cost independent of the number of basis functions, thus yielding an algorithm that scales linearly with the size of the molecule. The error introduced by the present scheme can be made as small as desired by lowering a threshold T. The method can be applied to any quadrature rule and local basis set.
Temperature effects on ACTH-stimulated adrenocortical secretion and carbohydrate metabolism in the lizard (Dipsosaurus dorsalis)

Desert iguanas (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) were maintained at 10, 20, 30 or 40°C for one week. Animals were autopsied at zero time, and 30 and 90 minutes after a single injection of ACTH. Basal plasma corticosterone (B) level was similar in all lizards regardless of environmental temperature. Both blood glucose and liver glycogen levels showed highly significant correlations with environmental temperature. Injection of ACTH increased plasma B level in all temperature groups but the rate and magnitude of the response were temperature dependent. Liver glycogen was increased after ACTH injection at 20°C and plasma glucose response to ACTH was significantly correlated with temperature.
Histochemical Studies of the Myocardium and Conduction System in Acquired Iron-Storage Disease

The myocardium, all parts of the conduction system, and the S-A node contained iron in six patients with acquired iron-storage disease. The nerve fibers and ganglia contained negligible amounts. No correlation was demonstrated between the amount of histochemically demonstrated iron in the myocardium and conduction system, or the amount of transfused iron, or the amount of quantitatively analyzed myocardial iron and the presence of antemortem arrhythmias and conduction disturbances. The degree of scarring in the S-A node, A-V node, and bundle of His did not parallel the density of iron deposits in these structures. These observations support the theory that factors other than iron alone are responsible for the cardiac rhythm and conduction abnormalities associated with iron-storage disease.
Exposure to hyperbaric oxygen not beneficial for murine tetanus.

The effect of exposure to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on murine tetanus was evaluated by use of two model infections: (1) implantation of mice with small disks of agar containing washed Clostridium tetani spores, and (2) intramuscular inoculation of spores. Five schedules of exposure to HBO (each 90 min at three atmospheres absolute pressure) were tested. Six exposures over a 48-hr period, begun immediately or delayed by 24 hr to coincide with the appearance of tetanus symptoms, did not reduce mortality. Although the immediate HBO schedule initially decreased symptoms, the survival time of these HBO-exposed mice was significantly reduced. Three intermittent exposures, begun immediately or delayed, also decreased survival time, but the differences were not statistically significant. A single exposure to HBO often elicited symptoms of oxygen toxicity and reduced the survival time of mice with advanced tetanus. Tetanus intoxi-
Cell surface expression of the metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1α is regulated by the C‐terminal tail

The cell surface expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 splice variants has been studied using cell surface biotinylation. Co-expression of the last 86 residues of the C-terminal tail of mGluR1α (F2-protein) with mGluR1α caused a significant reduction of the amount of the cell surface receptor when compared to that in cells transfected with mGlur1α alone, and this was accompanied by a reduction in the production of inositol following agonist stimulation of the cells. In contrast, cell surface expression of mGluR1β was unaltered by co-expression with the F2-protein. These results suggest that the C-terminal tail of mGluR1α regulates cell surface expression of the receptor.
The Crisis in Creativity Research Stems From Too Little Fragmentation, Not Too Much

A B S T R A C T Glaveanu is right that there is a crisis in creativity research, but his prescription would make things worse, not better. It is the attempt to build grand, domain-transcending, all- encompassing theories that has crippled creativity research and led to a field in which it is the norm for research results to contradict each other. Creativity is more like expertise (where every domain has its own definition and understand- ing of what constitutes expertise) than intelligence (where g reigns, albeit not without critics). The skills, traits, and moti- vations that lead to creative performance in physics, poetry, and painting are not fungible: one's intrinsic motivation to write poetry cannot be transmuted into a love of painting, one's openness to experience in art does not make one more open to new ideas in physics, and one's physics- related divergent-thinking skill will not lead to more creative poems. Intrinsic motivation, openness to experience, and divergent thinking may promote creativity in many (but prob- ably not all) domains, but they are different in each domain, as will be their effects. Treating them as domain-general skills or attributes invites confusion. We need more fragmen- tation, in the sense of more domain-specific theories, if we want to make progress in understanding creativity.
i-MAC - a MAC that learns

Traffic patterns in manufacturing machines exhibit strong temporal correlations due to the underlying repetitive nature of their operations. A MAC protocol can potentially learn these patterns and leverage them to efficiently schedule nodes' transmissions. Recently, with the advent of low power MEM based sensors, wireless sensing in these machines has gained prominence. Communication in control loops must cater to extremely low hard real-time latencies while embracing low-power design principles. In this paper, we present a novel MAC, i-MAC, a wireless MAC protocol that learns to expect and plan for traffic bursts and consequently coordinate node transmissions efficiently.
On phase equilibrium at the gas‐liquid interface during absorption

That phase equilibrium exists at the gas-liquid interface during gas absorption is usually assumed in the analysis and design of absorption equipment, but the validity of this assumption has been in doubt since Higbie's pioneering gas-absorption studies. Accurate measurements are reported herein of the absorption rates at 25°C. of carbon dioxide into short water jets in which the liquid was in laminar flow. The jets issued from circular nozzles of about 1.5-mm. diam., flowed intact downward through an atmosphere of carbon dioxide at average velocities of from 75 to 550 cm./sec. over distances of 1 to 15 cm., and were collected in a receiver slightly larger in diameter than the nozzles. The measured absorption rates are in excellent agreement with predictions based on unsteady state diffusion theory, when one assumes interfacial equilibrium. It is concluded from these results and those of other investigators that equilibrium prevails at a freshly formed, relatively clean, carbon dioxide–water interface and that the same statement probably applies to the absorption of other slightly soluble gases in water. Evidence is discussed which indicates that an accumulation of minute quantitities of surface-active materials may seriously reduce the rate of gas absorption, either by affecting the hydrodynamic characteristics of the system or perhaps by offering resistance to the transfer of solute molecules across the interface.
The Effects Of Leader Impression Management On Group Perceptions Of Cohesion, Consensus, And Communication

The primary purpose of the current study was to extend previous research by examining actual leaders in a small group setting to empirically assess the efficacy of using leader impression management (LIM) as a predictor of group satisfaction. Specifically, the current study explored LIM as a predictor of group cohesion, consensus, and communication using a sample of 105 undergraduate business students from a midwestern university. Results indicated that the impression management (IM) tactic of exemplification was predictive of group cohesion, feelings regarding group member relationships and decision processes, and feelings regarding group decision outcomes. The IM tactic of ingratiation was positively related to group cohesion. Helplessness was negatively related to feelings regarding group member relationships and decision processes. No IM tactics were predictive of feelings regarding individual effectiveness. Implications for the research findings as they relate to management education and small group ...
Intra-class correlation in random-effects models for binary data

W e review the concept of intra-class correlation in random-effects mod- els for binary outcomes as estimated by Statas xtprobit, xtlogit ,a ndxtclog. We consider the usual measures of correlation based on a latent variable formu- lation of these models and note corrections to the last two procedures. We also discuss alternative measures of association based on manifest variables or actual outcomes and introduce a new command xtrho for computing these measures for all three type so fm odels. We also consider alternative measures of intra-class correlation based on manifest rather than latent variables. The possible outcomes for two observations on the same group or individual may be viewed as a two by two contingency table, and we consider measures of association based on Pearsons correlation coefficient and measures based on the odds-ratio such as Yules Q coefficient. We describe the calculation of these mea- sures for probit, logit, and complementary log-log models, using numerical integration procedures for the last two. Finally, we introduce a new command, xtrho ,t hatc anb e used to compute these measures.
Language and Class in Minority Education

The effect of linguistic and cultural diversity on the educational achievement of working-class and minority students remains a question of great interest and controversy. This article addresses that question by reappraising the deficit/difference controversy of the 1960s and 1970s and examining how class and politics shape both cultural-linguistic difference and school-based assumptions about language and literacy. A case study of early literacy is presented which illustrates the general points by combining microanalysis of discourse and macroanalysis of institutional practice.
Performance of a 1/4 VGA Format Long-Wavelength Infrared Antimonides-Based Superlattice Focal Plane Array

Long-wavelength complementary barrier infrared detector (CBIRD) based on III-V material is hybridized to recently designed and fabricated 320 × 256 pixel format two-color read-out integrated circuit. The n-type CBIRD is characterized in terms of performance and thermal stability. This paper reports on the measured dark current density, noise equivalent difference temperature, quantum efficiency, responsivity, minimum resolvable difference temperature, and modulation transfer function.
Design considerations for space-based radar phased arrays

Space based radar (SBR) is being considered as a means to provide persistent global surveillance. In order to be effective, the SBR system must be capable of high area coverage rates, low minimum detectable velocities (MDV), accurate geolocation, high range resolution, and robustness against electronic interference. These objectives will impose challenging requirements on the antenna array, including wide-angle electronic scanning, wide instantaneous bandwidth, large power-aperture product, low sidelobe radiation patterns, lightweight deployable structures, multiple array phase centers, and adaptive pattern synthesis. This paper discusses key enabling technologies for low earth orbit (LEO) SBR arrays including high efficiency transmit/receive modules and multilayer tile architectures, and the parametric influence of array design variables on the SBR system.
Quantifying and Adjusting for Disease Misclassification Due to Loss to Follow-Up in Historical Cohort Mortality Studies

The purpose of this analysis was to quantify and adjust for disease misclassification from loss to follow-up in a historical cohort mortality study of workers where exposure was categorized as a multi-level variable. Disease classification parameters were defined using 2008 mortality data for the New Zealand population and the proportions of known deaths observed for the cohort. The probability distributions for each classification parameter were constructed to account for potential differences in mortality due to exposure status, gender, and ethnicity. Probabilistic uncertainty analysis (bias analysis), which uses Monte Carlo techniques, was then used to sample each parameter distribution 50,000 times, calculating adjusted odds ratios (ORDM-LTF) that compared the mortality of workers with the highest cumulative exposure to those that were considered never-exposed. The geometric mean ORDM-LTF ranged between 1.65 (certainty interval (CI): 0.50-3.88) and 3.33 (CI: 1.21-10.48), and the geometric mean of the disease-misclassification error factor (eDM-LTF), which is the ratio of the observed odds ratio to the adjusted odds ratio, had a range of 0.91 (CI: 0.29-2.52) to 1.85 (CI: 0.78-6.07). Only when workers in the highest exposure category were more likely than those never-exposed to be misclassified as non-cases did the ORDM-LTF frequency distributions shift further away from the null. The application of uncertainty analysis to historical cohort mortality studies with multi-level exposures can provide valuable insight into the magnitude and direction of study error resulting from losses to follow-up.
THE WILL AS REASON

I hope here to defend an account of the will as practical reason—or, using Kant’s phrase, as “reason in its practical employment”—as against a view according to which practical reason issues in judgments, and the will, as a capacity in addition to reason, executes those judgments in action. The opposing view gains credibility largely because certain commonplaces (such as so-called “Buridan’s ass” cases and certain cases of weakness of the will) show distance between judgment and action; they thus seem to reveal the need for a capacity, in addition to reason, by which we execute judgment in action. However, another ordinary fact pushes in the other direction: the activities of the will are activities for which the person is answerable in a very distinctive sort of way. This answerability is hard to understand unless willing is itself an activity of our capacity for reasoning. I will suggest that we can accommodate the troublesome commonplaces while understanding willing as an exercise of our capacity to reason if we abandon the
Progressive versus Nonprogressive Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: Characteristics and Outcomes.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A minority of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas progress with time. We sought to determine features that predict progression and define outcomes of patients with progressive dural arteriovenous fistulas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective imaging and clinical record review of patients with intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula evaluated at our hospital. RESULTS: Of 579 patients with intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas, 545 had 1 fistula (mean age, 45 ± 23 years) and 34 (5.9%) had enlarging, de novo, multiple, or recurrent fistulas (mean age, 53 ± 20 years; P = .11). Among these 34 patients, 19 had progressive dural arteriovenous fistulas with de novo fistulas or fistula enlargement with time (mean age, 36 ± 25 years; progressive group) and 15 had multiple or recurrent but nonprogressive fistulas (mean age, 57 ± 13 years; P = .0059, nonprogressive group). Whereas all 6 children had fistula progression, only 13/28 adults ( P = .020) progressed. Angioarchitectural correlates to chronically elevated intracranial venous pressures, including venous sinus dilation (41% versus 7%, P = .045) and pseudophlebitic cortical venous pattern ( P = .048), were more common in patients with progressive disease than in those without progression. Patients with progressive disease received more treatments than those without progression (median, 5 versus 3; P = .0068), but as a group, they did not demonstrate worse clinical outcomes (median mRS, 1 and 1; P = .39). However, 3 young patients died from intracranial venous hypertension and intracranial hemorrhage related to progression of their fistulas despite extensive endovascular, surgical, and radiosurgical treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Few patients with dural arteriovenous fistulas follow an aggressive, progressive clinical course despite treatment. Younger age at initial presentation and angioarchitectural correlates to venous hypertension may help identify these patients prospectively.
Multiobjective Optimization for the Stochastic Physical Search Problem

We model an intelligence collection activity as multiobjective optimization on a binary stochastic physical search problem, providing formal definitions of the problem space and nondominated solution sets. We present the Iterative Domination Solver as an approximate method for generating solution sets that can be used by a human decision maker to meet the goals of a mission. We show that our approximate algorithm performs well across a range of uncertainty parameters, with orders of magnitude less execution time than existing solutions on randomly generated instances.
Acidophylic CI- and K+ Channels of the Gastric Parietal Cell: A New Model of Regulated HCI Secretion

The gastric parietal cell is responsible for HC1 production. Primary active transport of H+ occurs through the action of the Mg2+-dependent H+/K+ ATPase, which catalyses the ATP-dependent inward movement of one extracytosolic K+ for each H+ produced. Pathways for the movement of K+ and CI− are also required for continued action of the H+ pump, to provide luminal K+ and equivalents of CI− for HCl production. KCl flux across the apical membrane is under regulation (Sachs et al, 1976; Malinowska et al, 1983). The gastric parietal cell also undergoes a morphological reorganization upon stimulation of HCl secretion, whereupon intracellular vesicles containing the H+/K+ ATPase (tubulovesicles) disappear, and elaborate into the apical membrane. Since HCl concentrations in the primary gastric secretion exceed 0.15 M, the H+/K+ ATPase and any other proteins (such as ion channels) required for HC1 secretion must function in this harsh environment.
Supramolecular Self-assembly of Chlorins in an Aerosolized Droplet to Synthesize Biomimetic Antennas

Natural light harvesting organisms have evolved to harvest sunlight efficiently. Green sulfur bacteria, which contain chlorosomes, can survive in extremely low light conditions mainly because of efficient light absorption and transfer of energy, facilitated by the assembled dye molecules. Due to these reasons, chlorosomes have been used in dye sensitized solar cells to improve the light absorption and performance. The chlorosome absorption spectrum is fixed and their size is dependent on the organism. Various solution-based techniques have been developed for synthesizing mimics by supramolecular self-assembly. However, controlling the size of agglomerates and their subsequent deposition on surfaces to fabricate a device is difficult. In this work, a one-step aerosol-based self-assembly technique has been developed for the first time, to assemble and deposit chlorin (Bacteria chlorophyll mimics) agglomerates. A shift in absorption spectra of 79 nm which is comparable to the natural system was obtained. The analysis shows that kinetics of nucleation play an important role in assembly.
Innovation, Disruption, and Partnering: Changing the DNA of Posts from the Inside Out

The global postal industry finds itself in the midst of a disruptive transformation: one that was born of globalization, liberalization, and corporatization, was fueled by technological substitution, and is now being accelerated by the growth and proliferation of other new technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), social media, and cognitive computing.
Electron microscopy of the chorioallantoic placenta of the rabbit

The ultrastructure of the placental labyrinth of the rabbit was investigated from the 11th day of gestation until term and in experimentally prolonged pregnancy. The cytotrophoblast as well as the syncytial trophoblast persisted until term; the placenta of the rabbit, therefore, remains hemochorial in type. The trophoblast disappeared in places in placentae from rabbits with experimentally prolonged pregnancy, but even in such cases the basement membrane of the trophoblast persisted. The syncytiotrophoblast is not a true syncytium in the latter part of the pregnancy, but consists of overlapping cytoplasmic sheets enclosed by cell membranes and connected with desmosomes. These sheets resemble syncytial rather than cellular trophoblast in their fine structure. The cell membranes of the multinucleated cells of the “intermediate zone” are connected with each other and with the cell membrane of the syncytial trophoblast with desmosomes. This finding, together with their ultrastructural appearance, suggests that these cells are fetal in origin.
Definitions of taxa.

In Points of View (Syst. Zool., 16, 1967: 174-175), James S. Farris objected to our use of a fixed set of characters in the solution to Gregg's Paradox that we proposed (Roger Buck and David L. Hull, "The Logical Structure of the Linnaean Hierarchy," Syst. Zool., 15, 1966:97-111). We agree with Farris that definitions of the names of many taxa in terms of single, fixed sets of characters is impossible. The exposition in the main body of our paper was couched in such traditional terms for the sake of simplicity (but see pages 106-107 of our paper). Instead, some form of definition by cluster analysis is necessary (see David L. Hull, "The Effect of Essentialism on Taxonomy," The Brit. Jour. Phil. Sci., 15, 1965:314-326 and 16, 1965:1-18). Farris's suggested use of the nomenclatural type as a focus for an overall similarity relation r is one possible variation of definition by cluster analysis (see Douglas Gasking, "Clusters," Australasian Review of Philosophy, 38, 1960:1-36). Farris also says that any difference in the definitions of the name of a higher taxon and its single included monotypic taxon "would necessarily be conjectural." It is true that differences in the clusters could be only partially specified in advance, but it is our understanding that the purpose of monotypic classification in evolutionary taxonomy is to indicate extreme divergence where there has been no diversification. If so, then to the extent that monotypic classification is justified in the first place, to that extent the appropriate definitions can be given. The rational basis for our proposed solution to Gregg's Paradox is precisely that upon which monotypic classification rests. DAVID L. HULL ROGER BUCK Philosophy Department, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Expanding Markov-Recapture Models to Incorporate Multiple Observations

Markov-recapture models obtain estimates of insect population size by concurrent operation of traps and self-marking bait stations, with capture probabilities obtained from a Markov-process model of movement into the trap. Estimates are readily improved by repeating observations over time. However, a sequence of observations may reveal violated assumptions in ways not possible for a single observation, and it may not be possible to discern those violations from a fit of data. This article uses simulation to examine the effect of the following 5 types of violations : (1) using the estimate in an open population, (2) individuals are not uniformly catchable, (3) marking and trapping rates vary over time, (4) unequal response to marking stations and traps, and (5) behavior changes after marking. Individual catchability and behavior changes caused small biases, and were generally missed by a test of fit. All others could cause large biases. Among these, variation over time was easily discriminated by a test of fit. An open population may or may not be discerned by a test of fit, and should be accepted or rejected on the basis of independent data. Finally, the rate violation is rarely picked up by a test of fit. It is suggested that it may be possible to estimate the parameters for the rate violation from the experimental data, and adjust the population estimate and confidence limits accordingly.
Impact of nanocrystal spray deposition on inorganic solar cells.

Solution-synthesized inorganic cadmium telluride nanocrystals (∼4 nm; 1.45 eV band gap) are attractive elements for the fabrication of thin-film-based low-cost photovoltaic (PV) devices. Their encapsulating organic ligand shell enables them to be easily dissolved in organic solvents, and the resulting solutions can be spray-cast onto indium–tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass under ambient conditions to produce photoactive thin films of CdTe. Following annealing at 380 °C in the presence of CdCl2(s) and evaporation of metal electrode contacts (glass/ITO/CdTe/Ca/Al), Schottky-junction PV devices were tested under simulated 1 sun conditions. An improved PV performance was found to be directly tied to control over the film morphology obtained by the adjustment of spray parameters such as the solution concentration, delivery pressure, substrate distance, and surface temperature. Higher spray pressures produced thinner layers (<60 nm) with lower surface roughness (<200 nm), leading to devices with improved open-circu...
Field Cage Evaluation of Predators for Control of Lygus hesperus Knight on Cotton

Predator efficiency of Lygus hesperus Knight was evaluated in a series of 5 treatments: (1) Geocoris pallens (Stal), (2) Nabis americoferus Carayon, (3) Chrysopa carnea Stephens, (4) the naturally occurring predator complex, and (5) Control or check. Geocoris pallens was very effective on egg-nymph or nymph populations of lygus bugs. Nabis americoferus was effective as a predator on the egg-nymph stages when confined to sleeve cages, but ineffective in large (183 cm × 183 cm × 366 em) field cages. Chrysopa carnea was ineffective. The natural predator complex provided 53–76% control of lygus bugs in the egg-nymph state.
Parasitism of the Palestriped Flea Beetle (Chrysomelidae) by an Allantonematid Nematode Howardula sp.: Effect of Parasitism on Adult Longevity and Sugarbeet Foliage Consumption

Parasitism of female palestriped flea beetles, Systena blanda Say, by Howardula sp. nematodes (Nematoda: Allantonematidae) causes a significant reduction of longevity and a slight, but statistically non-significant reduction of sugarbeet foliage consumption. In 1977 and 1978 ca. 30% of the female beetles were parasitized by nematodes. In 1978, Microctonus epitricis Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) also parasitized female beetles, causing a significant reduction in foliage consumption. The reproductive female nematode is illustrated.
Sequential biosynthesis of ribonucleic acids during germination of teliospores of Ustilago maydis.

During germination, teliospores of Ustilago maydis synthesized RNA and protein. The three common RNA species were synthesized in the following order: rRNA, tRNA, and material corresponding to mRNA.2 The synthesis of mRNA was indicated by the formation of polyribosomes which appeared relatively late as a fast-moving peak that sedimented before the monosome peak in a sucrose density gradient centrifugation. These polysomes contained nucleic acids and protein, and were hydrolyzed by RNase so that only monosomes could be detected. Protein synthesis also appeared late and was correlated with the time that the polyribosomes could first be detected.
Abstract 993: Enhanced EGFR activity of prostate cancer cells by low pH, low glucose environment

Background: Hypoxia, lack of nutrients and high aerobic glycolysis creates a microenvironment of high lactate, low glucose and low pH conditions within a solid tumor. The purpose of the current research is to study how the cancer cells adapt to a microenvironment with low pH, low glucose and high lactate levels with selective growth advantages. Methods: We simulated solid tumor microenvironment conditions by making DMEM media with low glucose (2mM), high lactate (10mM) and low pH (6.5). To study the growth advantages of this microenvironment, we determined the effect of low pH, low glucose and lactate medium on EGFR activation. Prostate cancer (PC3) cells were grown in six-well plates in 10% serum containing DMEM and serum starved overnight before they were changed to experimental medium. Control cells were grown in normal DMEM. We treated PC3 cells growing in normal DMEM and experimental medium with EGF at 1ng/ml. Protein samples were collected at different time intervals and subjected to western blotting to observe the activation of EGFR by using phospho EGFR antibody. EGFR and actin antibodies were used as control and loading controls, respectively. Results: Robust and sustained phosphorylation of EGFR for longer time was observed with EGF treatment when the cells were grown in low pH, low glucose and high lactate medium when compared with the cells grown in normal DMEM medium. Conclusion: The robust activation of EGFR with low pH, low glucose and high lactate medium suggest that the microenvironment containing high lactate provides growth or survival advantages to the cancer cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 993. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-993