cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parkinson's--Divergent Causes, Convergent Mechanisms

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder in which there is loss of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway. Both genetic and environmental causes have been implicated. In their Perspective, [Greenamyre and Hastings][1] discuss the different possible causes of PD in light of new work identifying mutations in the putative mitochondrial protein kinase PINK1 as a cause of familial PD ([ Valente et al .][2]). [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/304/5674/1120 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/304/5674/1158
Mutational analysis demonstrates different functional roles for the two ATP-binding sites in ClpAP protease from Escherichia coli.

Abstract ClpA, the regulatory subunit of Clp protease from Escherichia coli, has two ATP-binding sites in non-homologous regions of the protein, referred to as domain I and domain II. We have mutated the invariant lysine in the ATP-binding sites of domain I and domain II and studied the enzymatic properties of the purified mutant ClpA proteins. The domain I mutant, ClpA-K220Q, was unable to form a hexamer in the presence of nucleotide, but the comparable domain II mutant, ClpA-K501Q, associated into a hexamer in the presence of ATP, indicating that nucleotide binding to domain I favors a conformation required to stabilize the quaternary structure of ClpA. ClpA-K220Q was defective in ATPase activity and in the ability to activate protein and peptide degradation by ClpP, but the defects could be partially overcome by formation of hybrid hexamers with wild-type ClpA. Another domain I mutant, ClpA-K220R, readily formed hexamers in the presence of ATP and retained > or = 60% of the wild-type ATPase activity and ability to activate ClpP. These results indicate that hexamer formation is a prerequisite for expression of enzymatic activity. Domain II mutants ClpA-K501Q and ClpA-K501R had very low ATPase activity (< 10% of wild-type) and a severe defect in activation of protein degradation, which requires ATP hydrolysis. Domain II mutants were able to activate ClpP to degrade a peptide whose degradation required nucleotide binding but not hydrolysis. Nucleotide binding to domain II of ClpA is important to form a productive complex with ClpP, and domain II appears to be primarily responsible for an energy-requiring step in the catalytic cycle unique to the degradation of large proteins.
Commensal Bacteria, Microbial Ecosystems, and Horizontal Gene Transmission: Adjusting Our Focus for Strategic Breakthroughs against Antibiotic Resistance

This chapter describes the molecular mechanisms and major routes in the dissemination and persistence of foreign genes in microbial ecosystems. Emphasis is placed on commensal bacteria with respect to the emergence, circulation, and enrichment of antibiotic resistance (AR) in the natural environment, the food chain, and the animal or human host. For the microbial consortium, AR is nothing more than another trait offering a survival advantage in adverse environments. Therefore, improved understanding of the basic molecular mechanisms and critical control steps involved in horizontal gene transmission (HGT) in microbial ecosystems will shed light on the development of strategies for control of AR dissemination. Increasing evidence from recent ecological analyses indicates that certain bacteria might play more important roles than others in HGT in microbial ecosystems. Probiotics as a business has grown rapidly in the last couple of decades based on the belief that consumption of certain lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria is beneficial for the maintenance of a healthy gut microflora. Expanded coverage, particularly the quantitative assessment of the AR gene pools in commensal bacteria, could provide a more precise picture of the AR status in the environmental, food, animal, and human microbial ecosystems, enabling prediction of the forthcoming risks associated with AR in targeted pathogens.
Utility accrual real-time scheduling under variable cost functions

We present a real-time scheduling algorithm called VCUA, for tasks whose execution times are functions of their starting times. We model such variable execution times with variable cost functions (or VCFs). The algorithm considers application activities that are subject to time/utility function time constraints, VCFs, and the scheduling objective of assuring that the maximum interval between any two consecutive successful completions of jobs of a task must not exceed a specified bound, and maximizing the system's total utility. We establish that VCUA achieves optimal timeliness during under-loads, and identify the conditions under which timeliness assurances hold. Our simulation experiments illustrate VCUA's effectiveness and superiority.
Employment Among Methamphetamine-Involved Clients

The purpose of this study was to determine variables that are significant predictors of employment status among persons who report methamphetamine use. A sample was derived from the 2006 and 2007 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Using a chi-square analysis, associations between the independent variables and employment status were identified. Variables with significant associations were retained for the stepwise logistic regression analysis. Results indicated that serious psychological distress was a significant predictor of employment status among persons who report methamphetamine use. The results were used to develop treatment implications for case managers to improve employment among this population.
Advances in interpretation of subsurface processes with time-lapse electrical imaging

Electrical geophysical methods, including electrical resistivity, time-domain induced polarization, and complex resistivity, have become commonly used to image the near subsurface. Here, we outline their utility for time-lapse imaging of hydrological, geochemical, and biogeochemical processes, focusing on new instrumentation, processing, and analysis techniques specific to monitoring. We review data collection procedures, parameters measured, and petrophysical relationships and then outline the state of the science with respect to inversion methodologies, including coupled inversion. We conclude by highlighting recent research focused on innovative applications of time-lapse imaging in hydrology, biology, ecology, and geochemistry, among other areas of interest. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple Laboratory Comparison of the Doubly Labeled Water Technique

A double-blind study was conducted to determine between-laboratory variability in the doubly labeled water method for measurement of total energy expenditure in humans, and to compare the accuracy and precision of three widely-used procedures for calculating rates of carbon dioxide production from the original isotope data. Eighteen laboratories from five countries participated in the study. All laboratories were provided with five water standards containing varying amounts of 2H and 18O, and in addition 11 laboratories were provided with urine and dose specimens from one (six laboratories) or two (five laboratories) healthy elderly subjects of normal height and weight undergoing a calorimetric validation of the doubly labeled water method. The data from the five water standards were analyzed to predict between-laboratory variability in the doubly labeled water technique in all laboratories. In addition, data from the subjects were analyzed using the "slope-intercept", "2-point" and "modified" methods of calculation. The results confirm that the doubly labeled water method can be an accurate technique for the measurement of energy expenditure in adult human subjects in some laboratories. However, there was substantial between-laboratory variability in the results and some laboratories returned physiologically impossible results. There was no significant effect of calculation procedure on the accuracy of the technique in this limited comparison, although the slope-intercept procedure appeared to be more susceptible to analytical error than the other procedures. The isotope standards analyzed by participants in this study will be made available to other investigators on request.
Association of Gender Norms, Relationship and Intrapersonal Variables, and Acculturation With Sexual Communication Among Young Adult Latinos

Sexual communication is an important strategy in promoting safer sex behavior, but few investigators have explored sexual communication among young adult Latinos. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the role of traditional gender norms, relationship factors (relationship characteristics and relationship power), intrapersonal factors (attitudes and subjective norms), and acculturation as statistical predictors of three different types of sexual communication (sexual health, pleasure discussions, and physical sexual communication) in Latino women and men. The sample was 220 Latinos (111 women and 109 men) ages 18-30 years who were sexually active in heterosexual relationships. In multiple regression, after controlling for relationship power, intrapersonal factors, and acculturation, traditional gender norms did not predict sexual communication for either women or men. For both women and men, pleasure-focused communication (pleasure discussions and physical sexual communication) increased with acculturation. For women, the strongest predictor of all types of sexual communication was their attitudes toward sexual communication. Greater relationship power and lower acculturation were associated with women's sexual health communication. For men, no variables explained sexual health communication or physical sexual communication, and acculturation and attitude toward pleasure discussions predicted pleasure communication. Women who believed they had power in their relationships and had positive attitudes toward pleasure discussions and a high level of acculturation reported more physical sexual communication. Findings suggest the importance of relationship power, attitudes, and acculturation in young adult Latinos' sexual communication. Sexual risk prevention strategies among young adult Latinos should include encouraging sexual communication by supporting positive attitudes toward pleasure-focused communication. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nonphysical self forces in some electromagnetic plasma-simulation algorithms

Abstract : The paper describes a simple algorithm for removing nonphysical self forces from two popular electromagnetic plasma simulation models. This algorithm also has two additional features; it considerably reduces short-wavelength noise and unwanted numerical fluctuations, and permits faster integration of the particle orbit equations by roughly a factor of two.
THE INOTROPIC EFFECT OF PROSTAGLANDIN (PG) E1 AND PGD 2 IN THE NEWBORN RABBIT HEART

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of PGE1 and PGD2 on mechanical function in the developing heart. The study was performed in the isolated, arterially perfused heart preparation of the newborn (NB) (N=34) and adult (A) (n=27) rabbits. Parameters of mechanical function [developed tension, maximal rate of contraction (+dT/dt), and relaxation (-dT/dt), and half relaxation time (1/2RT)] were recorded continuously. Positive inotropic effect was observed after PGE1 or PGD2 infusion in both NB and A. The effects of these drugs on +dT/dt (% of control) were: In NB, the relaxation parameters (1/2 RT and the ratio of +dT/dt to -dT/dt) decreased to 80% of control after PGE1 infusion but not after PGD2 infusion. In A, relaxation parameters were not different from control. These data indicate that 1) the positive inotropic effects of PGE1 and PGD2 in NB are greater than in A, and 2) PGE1, not PGD2 enhances myocardial relaxation only in the NB.
Dust & magnet: multivariate information visualization using a magnet metaphor

The use of multivariate information visualization techniques is intrinsically difficult because the multidimensional nature of data cannot be effectively presented and understood on real-world displays, which have limited dimensionalities. However, the necessity to use these techniques in daily life is increasing as the amount and complexity of data grows explosively in the information age. Thus, multivariate information visualization techniques that are easier to understand and more accessible are needed for the general population. In order to meet this need, the present paper proposes Dust & Magnet, a multivariate information visualization technique using a magnet metaphor and various interactive techniques. The intuitive magnet metaphor and subsequent interactions facilitate the ease of learning this multivariate information visualization technique. A visualization tool such as Dust & Magnet has the potential to increase the acceptance of and utility for multivariate information by a broader population of users who are not necessarily knowledgeable about multivariate information visualization techniques.
Mass resolution : The effects of resolving aperture and beam width on beam current and energetic contamination

Abstract Mass resolution is a common and fairly easy-to-measure quantity in ion implantation. The interpretation of mass spectra and the calculated mass resolution ( M /Δ M ), however, is not always straightforward. The effect of mass resolution on important equipment and process issues such as AMU (mass) tuning, beam current and energetic (implanted) contamination can also be complicated and sometimes counterintuitive. The contributions of isotopic content, mass resolving aperture width, and beam width at the resolving aperture to measured mass resolution are explored analytically. The interactions between these parameters and their effects on AMU tuning, beam current, and energetic contamination are modeled for several useful and interesting cases. Methods are described for measuring the important quantities in mass resolution.
Production of strange particles in hadronization processes

Abstract Strange particles provide an important tool for the study of the color confinement mechanisms involved in hadronization processes. We review data on inclusive strange-particle production and on correlations between strange particles in high-energy reactions, and discuss phenomenological models for parton fragmentation.
Requirements of an integrated formal method for intelligent swarms

The use of swarm technologies has become prevalent in a variety of application domains: medical, bioinformatics, military/defense, surveillance, even internet television broadcasting. Future NASA missions will exploit such technologies to enable spacecraft to be sent where heretofore it was impossible, to ensure greater protection of space assets, and to increase the likelihood of mission success. We describe some of the basic concepts of swarms, and discuss the requirements of a formal method suitable for use with swarm-based systems. We also present some findings of our FAST (Formal Approaches to Swarm Technologies) project, which is attempting to identify a suitable integrated formal method for this task.
Urine amino and organic acids analysis in developmental delay or intellectual disability

Objectives: To determine the proportion of urine amino and organic acids screening tests (UMS) undertaken for patients referred with developmental delay or intellectual disability (DD/ID), and within the group with DD/ID, to determine the diagnostic yield, the proportion of diagnoses with a therapy and the associated recurrence risks. Methods: A retrospective review of request forms and results of UMS, in individuals older than 28 days, referred to the Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, between 1 January 1992 and 31 December 1998 was carried out. Urine was analysed by ion exchange chromatography (amino acids), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (organic acids), colorimetric assay (orotic acid) and stable isotope−dilution mass spectrometry (trimethylamine). Results: A total of 3316 samples were received, 1447 being from patients with DD/ID. A diagnosis was determined for 1.8% of all referrals. For patients with DD/ID, the diagnostic yield was 1.1%, with a similar yield for isolated DD/ID and DD/ID with other features (9/828 vs 7/619; χ2 = 0.006; P = 0.93). Specific therapies were available for 69% of diagnoses associated with DD/ID and 87.5% had known Mendelian or mitochondrial inheritance. Conclusion: Urine metabolic screening is an important part of the evaluation of children with DD/ID as it can enable families to make reproductive decisions and children to receive appropriate therapy early.
Ab initio elastic properties and tensile strength of crystalline hydroxyapatite.

Abstract We report elastic constant calculation and a “theoretical” tensile experiment on stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystal using an ab initio technique. These results compare favorably with a variety of measured data. Theoretical tensile experiments are performed on the orthorhombic cell of HAP for both uniaxial and biaxial loading. The results show considerable anisotropy in the stress–strain behavior. It is shown that the failure behavior of the perfect HAP crystal is brittle for tension along the z -axis with a maximum stress of 9.6 GPa at 10% strain. Biaxial failure envelopes from six “theoretical” loading tests show a highly anisotropic pattern. Structural analysis of the crystal under various stages of tensile strain reveals that the deformation behavior manifests itself mainly in the rotation of the PO 4 tetrahedron with concomitant movements of both the columnar and axial Ca ions. These results are discussed in the context of mechanical properties of bioceramic composites relevant to mineralized tissues.
Characterization of plastic flow and resulting microtextures in a friction stir weld

In friction stir welding (FSW), a rotating threaded pin tool is inserted into a weld seam and literally stirs the edges of the seam together. The dynamically recrystallized zone (DXZ) of a polished and etched FSW cross section exhibits contrasting bands (the “onion-ring” structure), the origins of which are unclear. An orientation image mapping (OIM) study suggests that the bands may correspond, respectively, to a “straight-through” current of metal bypassing the pin tool in a single rotation or less and a “maelstrom” current rotating a number of times around the pin tool.
The merchants of Buenos Aires, 1778-1810 : family and commerce

1. The merchant population 2. Women, marriage and kinship 3. Commerce and investment 4. Life style 5. Religious participation 6. Political and social awareness 7. Gaspar de Santa Coloma, merchant of Buenos Aires.
Electromagnetic interference to radar receivers due to in-band OFDM communications systems

Radar and communication system interoperability is an ongoing problem that is increasing due to acute spectral crowding. This paper will focus on examining the performance degradation to radar system receivers from OFDM communication signals such as WiMAX and LTE. Specifically, a simulated S-Band long range weather radar will be subjected to OFDM interference and the performance degradation measured. Notional radar systems using both incoherent and coherent radar processing techniques will be examined. The effectiveness of first order interference mitigation techniques, such as notch filtering, will be measured and compared. These types of measurements can aid design engineers and system operators as the OFDM interference becomes more prevalent.
Skillful Striving: Holism and the Cultivation of Excellence in Sports and Performative Endeavors

Skillful Striving investigates the nature of the cultivation of excellence, the conditions that render it possible, and its potential for inspiration from the perspective of enactive wisdom—one that by enacting lays down a way or path. Performative endeavors whose telos centrally involves physical performance—sports, martial and performing arts, crafts–—are the focus of this inquiry. These are privileged ways for a holistic cultivation of our talents and limitations. The main philosophical thrust can be summarized as a “thick holism” where naturalism and normativity combine. Skillful Striving is concerned with an integrative bodymind and its ways of knowing and experiencing that issue forth from active engagements with the world, and whose goal is defined by certain standards of qualitative performance that ultimately aim at excellence. The process of cultivation relies on a rich epistemic landscape where skills are coupled to virtues in pragmatic contexts. These contexts are ecologically broad in the sen...
Size Distribution of Diesel Particulate Matter From a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine During FTP Transient Cycle

Researchers concerned both with diesel exhaust health effects and with mechanisms of particulate matter (PM) formation have an interest in gaining understanding of PM size distributions from heavy-duty on-road diesel engines. Prior research has been done on particulate size measurement but the results fall short in understanding PM size distributions because of the response time or size range of the instruments used. This study reports the transient size distributions of PM from a 1992 Detroit Diesel Series 60 on an engine dynamometer from a full flow dilution tunnel for a FTP Transient Cycle using a Cambustion ® Differential Mobility spectrometer (DMS 500). The size bins selected for this study for the nucleation and accumulation modes were 20nm and 60nm bins, respectively. The accumulation mode during the accelerations and the nucleation mode during the decelerations were clearly observed from the distributions with respect to time. Distributions were also observed during the test cycle showing the transition between the two modes. From the results obtained from the analysis, no strong correlation between the 60nm particles and engine speed was observed even though higher counts of accumulation particles were observed at the same time that the vehicle activity occurred. Similarly, there was no correlation between the accumulation mode particles and power. When the distributions of nucleation and accumulation mode particles were plotted against each other, there was no correlation or anti-correlation. The average size distributions were also analyzed during the four periods of the FTP Transient cycle and the highest counts were observed during the Los Angeles Freeway (LAF) period. Also, higher counts at the second New York Non Freeway (NYNF) were observed during the cycle.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Simplified theory of X-ray edge in metals

Abstract The Mahan singularity may be derived in a simple way by using the Fermi-Watson-Aizu theorem from scattering theory. This derives a new formula which is useful for frequency dependent phase shifts.
Computational methods in metabolic engineering for strain design

Metabolic engineering uses genetic approaches to control microbial metabolism to produce desired compounds. Computational tools can identify new biological routes to chemicals and the changes needed in host metabolism to improve chemical production. Recent computational efforts have focused on exploring what compounds can be made biologically using native, heterologous, and/or enzymes with broad specificity. Additionally, computational methods have been developed to suggest different types of genetic modifications (e.g. gene deletion/addition or up/down regulation), as well as suggest strategies meeting different criteria (e.g. high yield, high productivity, or substrate co-utilization). Strategies to improve the runtime performances have also been developed, which allow for more complex metabolic engineering strategies to be identified. Future incorporation of kinetic considerations will further improve strain design algorithms.
Choosing Academia Versus Private Practice: Factors Affecting Oral Maxillofacial Surgery Residents' Career Choices

Purpose This study explored how residents who intend to enter private practice versus academic careers differ in their background and educational characteristics, engagement in different professional activities, professional values, and satisfaction. Materials and Methods Survey data were collected from 257 residents in oral and maxillofacial surgery programs in the United States. The responses of the respondents who planned a career in private practice (65%) and who considered academia (35%) were compared with χ 2 and independent-sample t tests. Results Residents who considered academia were more likely to be women (29% vs 8%; P P = .006), were less likely to be married (43% vs 71%; P P Conclusions These findings showed, first, that the characteristics at the beginning of residency programs that are likely to indicate an increased interest in academic careers are being a woman, from a non-European American background, and having an interest in research. Second, once residents are admitted, different types of surgeries and different types of professional activities tend to appeal to residents who want to practice in private practice settings versus work in academia. Third, residents interested in academia have a relatively lower level of satisfaction compared with residents interested in practicing outside of academia.
Evaluation of Chlorpyrifos-Methyl and Chlorpyrifos-Methyl plus Methoprene as Protectants of Stored Corn: Small Bin Tests

Chlorpyrifos-methyl applied at 6 ppm and a combination of 6 ppm chlorpyrifos-methyl + 1 ppm methoprene were evaluated as protectants of stored corn ( Zea mays L.) against a standard malathion application of 8 ppm and an untreated control. Corn was treated in October 1987, placed in 10-, 19-, and 76-bu bins, and infested at selected intervals with red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); flat grain beetle, Cryptolestes pusillus (Schonherr); maize weevil. Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky; and Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hiibner). Indianmeal moths did not establish populations on treated or untreated corn. Beetle populations in untreated controls were not abundant until June 1988 (8 mo after application). After 12 mo, red flour beetle and flat grain beetle populations were significantly greater in corn treated with malathion than in corn treated with either chlorpyrifos-methyl or chlorpyrifos-methyl + methoprene. Maize weevil populations were not significantly different among the three chemical treatments. Moisture content was not significantly different between treated and untreated corn or among the chemical treatments. Dockage and weight loss were significantly greater in untreated than in treated corn after 8 mo. After 12 mo, weight loss was significantly greater in malathion-treated corn than in corn treated with either chlorpyrifos-methyl or chlorpyrifos-methyl + methoprene. Insect population levels or insect damage did not differ significantly between the latter two treatments.
The submembranous fibrils of human blood platelets.

Among several functions attributed to blood platelets is a contractile one which is believed to play a significant role in hemostasis. In addition, platelets are known to take up a large variety of substances which are transported interiorly by means of surface-connected channels (1) . Since propulsion of substances through this canalicular system is known to be energy dependent (13, 14), it has also been suggested that contractile mechanisms are operative here. Moreover, during clot formation or in vitro aggregation following treatment of platelets with thrombin or adenosine diphosphate (ADP), the canaliculi move toward the center of the cell where they appear to fuse (18, 20). Lastly, an actomyosin-like protein, thrombosthenin, has been isolated from human (2, 3) and porcine (6) platelets, and examination of partially purified thrombosthenin by electron microscopy has disclosed an abundance of microfibrils (21) . This has raised the question whether the microfibrils seen in the cytoplasm of platelets represent the contractile protein . In intact platelets, microfibrils run in parallel bundles within pseudopods, and under certain conditions the entire cytoplasm can be shown replete with these organelles (20) . However, even the assumption that microfibrils consist of thrombosthenin would not explain how these randomly oriented structures could be instrumental in displacing the plasma membrane or in moving the canaliculi through their various formations . Therefore, specimens used in previous studies (20) were reviewed and additional experiments were conducted to determine whether microfibrils are also attached to platelet membranes. The observation that
Association between adherence to physical activity guidelines and health-related quality of life among individuals with physician-diagnosed arthritis

Purpose To examine the association between adherence to physical activity guidelines and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among individuals with arthritis.
49, XXXXY patient with hemifacial microsomia.

An infant with the phenotype of hemifacial microsomia is presented. He was also found to have the karyotype of a sex chromosome abnormality.
How Reliable Are Assessments of Clinical Teaching?: A Review of the Published Instruments

BACKGROUND: Learner feedback is the primary method for evaluating clinical faculty, despite few existing standards for measuring learner assessments. OBJECTIVE: To review the published literature on instruments for evaluating clinical teachers and to summarize themes that will aid in developing universally appealing tools. DESIGN: Searching 5 electronic databases revealed over 330 articles. Excluded were reviews, editorials, and qualitative studies. Twenty-one articles describing instruments designed for evaluating clinical faculty by learners were found. Three investigators studied these papers and tabulated characteristics of the learning environments and validation methods. Salient themes among the evaluation studies were determined. MAIN RESULTS: Many studies combined evaluations from both outpatient and inpatient settings and some authors combined evaluations from different learner levels. Wide ranges in numbers of teachers, evaluators, evaluations, and scale items were observed. The most frequently encountered statistical methods were factor analysis and determining internal consistency reliability with Cronbach’s α. Less common methods were the use of test-retest reliability, interrater reliability, and convergent validity between validated instruments. Fourteen domains of teaching were identified and the most frequently studied domains were interpersonal and clinical-teaching skills. CONCLUSIONS: Characteristics of teacher evaluations vary between educational settings and between different learner levels, indicating that future studies should utilize more narrowly defined study populations. A variety of validation methods including temporal stability, interrater reliability, and convergent validity should be considered. Finally, existing data support the validation of instruments comprised solely of interpersonal and clinical-teaching domains.
Efficient dependency tracking for relevant events in concurrent systems

In a concurrent system with N processes, vector clocks of size N are used for tracking dependencies between the events. Using vectors of size N leads to scalability problems. Moreover, association of components with processes makes vector clocks cumbersome and inefficient for systems with a dynamic number of processes. We present a class of logical clock algorithms, called chain clock, for tracking dependencies between relevant events based on generalizing a process to any chain in the computation poset. Chain clocks are generally able to track dependencies using fewer than N components and also adapt automatically to systems with dynamic number of processes. We compared the performance of Dynamic Chain Clock (DCC) with vector clock for multithreaded programs in Java. With 1% of total events being relevant events, DCC requires 10 times fewer components than vector clock and the timestamp traces are smaller by a factor of 100. For the same case, although DCC requires shared data structures, it is still 10 times faster than vector clock in our experiments. We also study the class of chain clocks which perform optimally for posets of small width and show that a single algorithm cannot perform optimally for posets of small width as well as large width.
The Political Economy of Urban Reclassification in Post-Socialist Hungary

Kulcsar L. J. and Brown D. L. The political economy of urban reclassification in post-socialist Hungary, Regional Studies. Urban reclassification is usually a statistical exercise, acknowledging that places have met certain development criteria. In some countries, though, it is also an important political game. Local leaders believe that the urban title is the key to future development, while national politicians perceive reclassification as a tool to increase political capital. This study examines the political economy of urban reclassification in Hungary in a historical perspective, discussing the pro-urban development legacy and reclassification dynamics. Contemporary political and development motives are also examined. Statistical analysis investigates the impact of reclassification on urbanization trends. Kulcsar L. J. et Brown D. L. L'economie politique du reclassement urbain dans la Hongrie des annees postsocialistes, Regional Studies. D'habitude, le reclassement urbain s'avere une exercice statist...
Determination of Trace Elements in Trimethylaluminum by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry

A method was developed for the analysis of trimethylaluminum (TMA) by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). TMA was decomposed with 95% ethanol, and the aqueous solution of the decomposition product was used for the determination of six trace elements (Cu, Fe, Ga, Mg, Si, and Zn). Aluminum also was determined after dilution of the aqueous solution. The reproducibility of the overall decomposition and measurement procedures was <15%. Except for gallium, the limits of detection were <0.5 μg/g of TMA.
Hydrated clearance of gadolinium-DTPA as a measurement of glomerular filtration rate.

Hydrated clearance of gadolinium-DTPA as a measurement of glomerular filtration rate. Technetium ( 99m Tc)-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) hydrated clearance studies are accurate for determining GFR but require special facilities for handling and measuring samples. We investigated the potential of a non-radioactive paramagnetic analog, Gadolinium (Gd)-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), an approved NMR contrast agent, as a glomerular filtration marker. Instead of relying on the radioactivity of technetium, this test is based on the fact that gadolinium induces alterations in the NMR Tl relaxation times in blood and urine samples. Ninety patients underwent simultaneous determinations of GFR using 1 mCi of Tc-DTPA and 0.05 mmol/kg Gd-DTPA (Berlex Labs) IV. The patients were hydrated with oral and intravenous fluid. Following a one hour equilibrium period, three or four consecutive urine collections were obtained; plasma samples were acquired at the beginning and end of each approximately 20-minute interval. 99m Tc-DTPA radioactivity was determined with a scintillation counter. Tl relaxation times were measured on a 10 MHz NMR spectrometer. These were converted to Gd-DTPA concentration by comparison with standard solutions. The Gd-DTPA derived GFR closely approximated the 99m Tc-DTPA derived GFR which ranged from 15 to 147 ml/min. The equation and correlation coefficient of the regression line is y=1.04 × -2.2, r=0.94. Thus, Gd-DTPA is a safe, non-radioactive indicator of GFR that may provide an alternative renal clearance method for clinical studies of progressive renal disease and nephrotoxicity.
Devaluation of Pavlovian conditioning in the 10-day-old rat

This experiment established that for the infant rat, 10 days postpartum, a preference conditioned to an olfactory stimulus (conditioned stimulus) could be substantially-decreased-by subsequently lowering the value of the unconditioned stimulus (heat). This devaluation effect disappeared when a sufficiently long interval elapsed between the devaluation treatment and the test, despite maintained retention of the original conditioned preference over this same interval. This suggests that devaluation in infant rats does not permanently change the animal’s original representation of the unconditioned stimulus, but instead may replace it temporarily with a conflicting representation.
An aerodynamic analysis of turbine cascade by using a second-order closure of turbulence

Numerical predictions of cascade flows within an axial turbine stage are analyzed in this paper. A second-order Reynolds stress turbulence closure model was employed, which was formulated using the body-fitted curvilinear coordinates. The fractional step method of a finite difference scheme was employed for the numerical computations. The computations of the pressure, heat transfer, and turbulence stresses are presented in both stator and rotor flow regions. Comparisons are made between the Reynolds stress model and the k - e model and demonstrated the superiority of the Reynolds stress model.
How Do Alcoholic Patients Feel on Sunday in a State Hospital

Abbott, et al. (1969) found a negative relation berween positive or exciting anitudes of alcoholic patients toward Sunday and depression. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that normal Ss were affected by weekends, expressing a lower level of emotional activation for Monday than for Friday, when direct and indirect methods of semantical scales were applied (Hoffmann, 1962). The present study investigated the emotional status of alcoholic patients on Sunday, because it might be hypothesized that fewer activities within the hospital set (for example, fewer programs for patients, absence of staff personnel) make the patients feel dissatisfied, bored, and depressed. Ss were 61 inpatient male alcoholics who were hospitalized in Willmar State Hospital for a period of more than 2 wk. Their ages ranged from 20 to 65 yr., with a median of 48 yr. A set of 52 mood items (Clyde, 1963) was administered in the form of five-step rating scales with the categories "not at all" (one) to "extremely" (five). Ss were asked to judge how they felt this day. The rating was done on a Friday and repeated on the next Sunday afternoon. For the statistical analysis t tests for differences in mean selfdescriptions were computed between Friday (MF) and Sunday (Ms) . Patients judged themselves on Sunday as feeling less "tense" (Ma = 2.08, MS = 1.72; t = 2.05, p < .01), less "weary" (MF = 1.93, MS = 1.66; t = 2.7, p < .01), less "nervous" (Ma = 2.13, Ms = 1.88; t = 2.05, 9 < .05) , less "jittery" (MP = 1.86, MS = 1.56; t = 3.0, p < .Ol), and less "sorry for thing done" (Ma = 2.74, MB = 2.34; r = 2.0, p < .05) than on Friday. But patients rated their moods for Sunday as being more "relaxed" (MF = 2.84, MS = 3.08; t = 2.04, p < .05) and more "able to concentrate" (Mr = 3.28, Ms = 3.51; t = 2.30, p < .05). Because only 7 out of 52 scales were significantly different, ir has to be remembered that three could be expected by chance. Nevertheless, a slight shift of emotional self-description in the direction of a lower and less excited level of internal activity or tension reduction seems indicated. Items connected with depression, such as "sad," "downhearted," "unhappy," and "depressed" do not show any mean differences on the two occasions. It might be concluded that weekends have no over-all depressive effects on patients but to a certain extent lower the level of activation.
Nonlinear subcyclotron resonance as a formationmechanism for gaps in banded chorus

An interesting characteristic of magnetospheric chorus is the presence of a frequency gap at ω ≃ 0.5Ωe, where Ωe is the electron cyclotron angular frequency. Recent chorus observations sometimes show additional gaps near 0.3Ωe and 0.6Ωe. Here we present a novel nonlinear mechanism for the formation of these gaps using Hamiltonian theory and test particle simulations in a homogeneous, magnetized, collisionless plasma. We find that an oblique whistler wave with frequency at a fraction of the electron cyclotron frequency can resonate with electrons, leading to effective energy exchange between the wave and particles.
Spectroscopic Combustion Temperature Measurements: Effect Of Optical Depth In Black Liquor Recovery Boilers

Results of a study directed toward using observed spectroscopic features for the measurement of temperature in the combustion zone of recovery boilers are described. Emissions of the potassium doublets at 404 and 766 nanometers (nm) have been observed in recovery boilers and temperature and self absorption effects on lines shapes have been modeled. Predicted emission line shapes are strongly dependent upon predicted concentration values of potassium. Proper selection of concentration ranges results in good qualitative agreement of predicted line shapes with those observed in boilers and laboratory flame experiments. These results indicate that the temperature dependence of potassium emissions is complicated by self-absorption effects which limit the optical pathlength over which emissions are practically observable. Temperature measurement may be feasible using pattern recognition methods coupled with algorithms based on an emission model and realistic estimates of the emitting species concentration.
Application of electrochemical theory to the behaviour of copper in cupric and cuprous solutions

Abstract The electrochemical behaviour of copper, both in cupric and cuprous solutions, is described as a consequence of two simultaneous reactions taking place at the electrode. Considering the interplay of the two reactions and the mass balance at the electrode/solution interface, formulae giving the apparent valency of copper are deduced, and some features of the overtension vs current-density curves are discussed for solutions having equilibrium or non-equilibrium composition. Equations valid for an electrode formed by two surfaces exhibiting different kinetic behaviour are derived. The consequences of assuming either one of the electrode reactions as rate-determining are reviewed. By introducing particular equations for the electric-tension/current-density relationship, valid for activation overtensions and for crystallization overtensions, formulae applicable to copper electrodes are obtained. Some connexions between the expressions of electrode kinetics relative to copper single crystals and those describing the kinematics of crystal growth and dissolution are indicated.
Extragenital Mycoplasma hominis infections in adults

Abstract purpose: To heighten awareness of the role of Mycoplasma hominis as an extragenital pathogen in adults. patients and methods and results: Patients ranged in age from 14 to 76 years. Thirteen patients were immunosuppressed, including nine organ transplant recipients; three were receiving steroids, and two had an underlying malignancy. The remainder were immunocompetent. Thirteen patients had prior surgery at or near the site of infection. M. hominis was isolated from normally sterile sites such as blood or cerebrospinal, pleural, abdominal and joint fluids, and bone. Non-sterile sites of isolation included surgical wounds and pulmonary secretions. The organism was detected in anaerobic cultures of clinical specimens sent to the laboratory for routine bacteriologic culture. Gram stains of fluids or wound drainage revealed neutrophils but no bacteria. Anti-mycoplasmal therapy was effective in eradicating the organism in 13 of 15 patients who were treated. Of those in whom treatment failed, one patient had an antibiotic-resistant isolate and the other had M. hominis isolated from the lung at postmortem after just 2 days of therapy. conclusion: Our experience suggests that significant infections due to M. hominis , although uncommon, are not rare, and methods to isolate and identify this organism should be available for general adult medical and surgical populations.
66.4: Invited Paper: Challenges and Opportunities in Scaling Up OLED Lighting Devices

In this paper we discuss the challenges involved in scaling from small size pixels to large area OLED lighting panels, with specific focus on panel luminance uniformity, resistive loss and lifetime. We also discuss panel design and report results for a 15 cm × 15 cm phosphorescent OLED (PHOLED) lighting panel.
Food hoarding in muroid rodents.

The hoarding of food pellets was studied in 72 adult male muroid rodents of ten species; Mesocricetus auratus, Microtus ochrogaster, Microtus pennsylvanicus, Microtus montanus, Peromyscus californicus, P. eremicus, P. gossypinus, P. leucopus, Sigmodon hispidus, and Meriones unguiculatus. Seven Oryzomys palutris were also studied. Microtus and hamsters were the only species to show any appreciable hoarding. Six species were tested for the hoarding of sunflower seeds and corn kernels. Data were consistent with those on the hoarding of food pellets. Although information is incomplete, the ease of eliciting hoarding behavior in the laboratory appears roughly correlated with the tendency to hoard in the natural habitat. No other ecological correlates were apparent.
Constant Frequency for Uninterruptable Systems

Critical loads are becoming more common and requirements are more exacting. The "CF" systems described here give complete isolation of the load from power line or power plant transients, failures, or deteriorations. These and other features are discussed herein. 1 - Complete load voltage and frequency isolation. 2 - Prime movers used for auxiliary power can be started using normal means; battery, air, hydraulic, etc., and allowed to accelerate to rated speed normally. 3 - Most power failures can be isolated from load without starting prime mover. 4 - Systems can be installed to operate from existing auxiliary or secondary power sources. 5 - Complicated, high-speed, power failure detection systems are not required.
IGF-1R peptide vaccines/mimics inhibit the growth of BxPC3 and JIMT-1 cancer cells and exhibit synergistic antitumor effects with HER-1 and HER-2 peptides.

The insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) plays a crucial role in cellular growth, proliferation, transformation, and inhibition of apoptosis. A myriad of human cancer types have been shown to overexpress IGF-1R, including breast and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. IGF-1R signaling interferes with numerous receptor pathways, rendering tumor cells resistant to chemotherapy, anti-hormonal therapy, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, also known as HER-1) and v-erb-b2 avian erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2, (ERBB2, best known as HER-2) -targeted therapies. Targeting the IGF:IGF-1R axis with innovative peptide inhibitors and vaccine antibodies thus represents a promising therapeutic strategy to overcome drug resistance and to provide new avenues for individualized and combinatorial treatment strategies. In this study, we designed, synthesized, and characterized several B-cell epitopes from the IGF-1:IGF-1R axis. The chimeric peptide epitopes were highly immunogenic in outbred rabbits, eliciting high levels of peptide vaccine antibodies. The IGF-1R peptide antibodies and peptide mimics inhibited cell proliferation and receptor phosphorylation, induced apoptosis and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and significantly inhibited tumor growth in the transplantable BxPC-3 pancreatic and JIMT-1 breast cancer models. Our results showed that the peptides and antibodies targeting residues 56–81 and 233–251 are potential therapeutic and vaccine candidates for the treatment of IGF-1R-expressing cancers, including those that are resistant to the HER-2-targeted antibody, trastuzumab. Additionally, we found additive antitumor effects for the combination treatment of the IGF-1R 56-81 epitope with HER-1-418 and HER-2-597 epitopes. Treatment with the IGF-1R/HER-1 or IGF-1R/HER-2 combination inhibited proliferation, invasion, and receptor phosphorylation, and induced apoptosis and ADCC, to a greater degree than single agents.