cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adriamycin inhibits PTH-mediated but not PGE2-mediated stimulation of cyclic AMP formation in isolated bone cells.

We have examined the effect of adriamycin, an anthracycline antibiotic which modifies plasma membrane functions, on the cyclic AMP response to PTH and PGE2 in isolated osteoblastlike cells. Adriamycin blunted the increment in bone cell cyclic AMP caused by exposure to PTH. This effect appeared rapidly (within 3 min after bone cells were exposed to adriamycin) and disappeared soon after exposure of adriamycin-treated cells to adriamycin-free incubation medium. Inhibition was evident over the entire time course of PTH action, at low as well as high PTH concentrations, and was one-half maximal at 31 µM adriamycin. It could not be attributed to alterations in cyclic AMP exodus, degradation or interference with the cyclic AMP assay, nor to impaired cell viability. Adriamycin also reduced the stimulatory effect of PTH on adenylate cyclase activity in a crude plasma membrane preparation. By contrast, adriamycin failed to modify the effects of PGE2 on cyclic AMP generation in intact bone cells, and on adenylate cyclase activity in broken cells. Moreover, concentrations of adriamycin that blunted the effect of PTH on adenylate cyclase activity did not inhibit the stimulatory effects of sodium fluoride or of GppNHp. These results suggest that adriamycin selectively alters the interaction between PTH and its receptor or impairs the transmission of information from hormone-receptor complex to adenylate cyclase (or both), perhaps by binding to specific lipid domains in the plasma membrane. Structural analogues of adriamycin, which vary in their lipophilic properties, also varied in their capacity to perturb the cyclic AMP response. One such analogue in fact inhibited the response to PGE2, and several appeared to augment the PGE2 effect. These substances may well be useful in probing the membrane properties required for selectivity in hormone action.
TREATMENT OF CHILDHOOD COMBINED EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS/CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION WITH ORAL BOVINE TRANSFER FACTOR

An illness lasting for two years, with recurrent fever, rash, abdominal pain, and arthralgia, developed in a four year old boy. He was found to have a combined Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. His symptoms, CMV in his urine, and an absent in vitro lymphocyte response to CMV antigen persisted for two years. After treatment with orally administered bovine transfer factor clinical symptoms and viruria disappeared and specific immunity to CMV developed. Evaluation of this treatment in chronic virus infections is warranted.
Morphometric study of megakaryocyte size and prognosis in adults with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia

Abstract Morphometric analysis of megakaryocyte cellular and nuclear size in bone marrow biopsies of 28 cases of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia at diagnosis and 15 controls was performed. Median megakaryocyte cell diameter, median area, and perimeter were less than 95% control range ( 3 yr. Measurements of megakaryocyte size may be useful in predicting induction failure and possibly the likelihood of prolonged complete remission in adults.
White Coats, Black Specialists? Racial Divides in the Medical Profession

This study assesses whether racialized patterns of medical specialization persist among a recent cohort of U.S. medical students. Data from the Association of American Medical College's 2004 Graduation Questionnaire (GQ), an annual survey of all graduating U.S. medical students, are employed to explore how factors internal and external to medical education influence specialization patterns among black and white medical school graduates. The data suggest that a degree of racial division in medical specialization endures, but that division does not neatly map onto specialty prestige and is deeply gendered. Black graduates are more likely to enter high-prestige surgical residency programs than their white colleagues, but this finding holds only for male medical school graduates. That the surgery effect emerges only with the inclusion of social factors inside and outside medicine suggests these have distinct impact across race. We conclude by suggesting directions for future studies of stratification in medicine.
Fatigue Lives of Short Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics Parts

The fatigue lives of two different parts (made of short glass fiber reinforced Copolyamide) were investigated. The first one was a 150 mm by 10 mm by 4 mm coupon with a 2 mm hole at the center. The second one was an automotive gear shift link. The fiber orientations and the stresses inside these parts were calculated, respectively, by the commercial softwares C-Mold and by ABAQUS. The fatigue lives under different cyclic loads were measured; they were also estimated by a model based on the Generalized Miner’s Rule, the results of C-Mold and ABAQUS, and the S-N data generated as part of this study [1,2]. Comparisons between the measured and estimated (by the model) fatigue lives are in reasonable agreement, indicating that the procedure employed is a useful tool for estimating the fatigue lives of parts made of short fiber reinforced thermoplastics.
FLAW LOCATION ERRORS IN EXTRUDED STAINLESS STEEL PIPING

Abstract Refracted shear waves in extruded stainless steel pipes were found to change their velocity and direction (beam skewing) as they propagated through the pipe thickness. These variations in refracted angles and velocities result in flaw location errors during ultrasonic examination. Two techniques, one using refracted shear waves in pitch-catch mode and the other refracted longitudinal waves in pulse-echo mode, are discussed as to their feasibility in determining the flaw location accurately in these pipes. The result of the work was that a two-scan approach using refracted shear waves in pulse-echo for flaw detection and refracted longitudinal waves in pulse-echo for flaw location was recommended.
Electron-Beam-Induced Damage of Alkanethiolate Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs): Dependence on Monolayer Structure and Substrate Conductivity

We report the first studies of the relative importance of substrate conductivity and monolayer structure on the electron-beam-induced damage of alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) adsorbed on Au and GaAs(001) using time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry. The results clearly show that the extent of damage observed is strongly dependent on the electrical conductivity of the substrate; at a given electron dose, the amount of degradation is greatest for SAMs adsorbed on the least conductive substrate, semi-insulating GaAs(001). This is because there is a buildup of static charge at the substrate/SAM interface, whereas for an electrically conductive substrate, electrons can be conducted away from the surface, leading to less electron-beam-induced damage. The monolayer structure also greatly affects the amount of electron beam damage. Disordered SAMs, such as nonanethiol adsorbed on Au, undergo more degradation at a given electron dose than ordered SAMs, such as octadecanethiol (ODT) adsorbe...
Biliary stent replacement cytology.

Using fluoroscopic guidance, polyethylene biliary stents are replaced endoscopically or percutaneously when bile duct stenosis recurs. To improve the sensitivity of conventional biliary cytology, we examined cells recovered from removed stents. Biliary stents removed endoscopically from each of 11 patients were rinsed with saline; next, the rinse was centrifuged and the sediment smeared and Papanicolaou stained. Three patients with choledocholithiasis had biliary stent replacement cytology (BSRC) to exclude a neoplastic etiology. Eight patients with clinicoradiologic evidence of hepatobiliary or pancreatic carcinoma had BSRCs performed for pathologic documentation of carcinoma. BSRC from six of eight patients with clinicoradiologically malignant biliary strictures contained malignant cells, predominantly in loose clusters, but also singly (sensitivity 75%, specificity 100%; positive predictive value 75%, negative predictive value 60%). Reparative epithelial atypia was also present in all cases. BSRC from two patients with clinicoradiological evidence of carcinoma of the biliary region and from three with choledocholithiasis contained only bile pigment, leukocytes, and benign epithelial cells. The sampling of cells which have accumulated on, or in biliary stents, improves the sensitivity of biliary cytology. This is most applicable when 1) a patient is inoperable, 2) tissue biopsy is neither feasible nor diagnostic, 3) prior brush, suction, percutaneous, or endoscopic needle aspiration cytology is inconclusive, and 4) permanent metal stent is needed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 61:233–237, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of Problem Solving Therapy on Mental Health Outcomes in Family Caregivers of Persons with a New Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment or Early Dementia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective Interventions directed at the mental health of family dementia caregivers may have limited impact when focused on caregivers who have provided care for years and report high burden levels. We sought to evaluate the mental health effects of problem-solving therapy (PST), designed for caregivers of individuals with a recent diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or early dementia. Method Seventy-three (43 MCI and 30 early dementia) family caregivers were randomly assigned to receive PST or a comparison condition (nutritional education). Depression, anxiety, and problem-solving orientation were assessed at baseline and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post intervention. Results In general, the PST caregiver intervention was feasible and acceptable to family caregivers of older adults with a new cognitive diagnosis. Relative to nutritional education, PST led to significantly reduced depression symptoms, particularly among early dementia caregivers. PST also lowered caregivers' anxiety levels, and led to lessening of negative problem orientation. Discussion Enhanced problem-solving skills, learned early after a loved one's cognitive diagnosis (especially dementia), results in positive mental health outcomes among new family caregivers.
Millennia1 Expectations: Creating a New Service Agenda in Higher Education

In his 1995 NAPEHE keynote address, the late Ernest Boyer laid out a new vision of scholarship—one that allows for a much more powerful and effective academic-civic dialogue. Since then, the service movement that began gathering momentum in the early 1990s has only continued to grow. Sponsoring both faculty professional service and student-mediated efforts, academic institutions across the country are finding new value in community engagement. That engagement, in turn, has highlighted many important questions about the way in which academics go about their work. Nowhere would the fit between the emerging service agenda and disciplinary interests seem to be more natural than in the area of physical educatio
An Information-Based Approach to Compute Similarity Between Engineering Changes

Utilizing past Engineering Change (EC) knowledge to predict the impact of a proposed EC effect requires an approach for computing similarity between ECs. This paper presents an approach for computing the similarity between ECs each defined by a set of disparate attributes. Since the available information is probabilistic, measures of information are used for defining measures to compute similarity between two attribute values or ECs. The semantics associated with attribute values are used to compute similarity between them. The similarities between attribute values are aggregated to compute the similarity between ECs in the context of overall goal. An example EC knowledge-base is used for evaluating our approach against a statistical approach and two state-of-the-art approaches, namely, metric space and probability-based. The evaluation is done from two perspectives: precision in retrieving similar ECs and success in predicting the impact. The results show that there is a statistically significant improvement in precision and success rate using our approach as compared to those using other approaches. In addition, based on the results, it can be inferred with 90% confidence that for a large number of changes (N >; 100) the success in predicting impact using our approach shall be greater than that obtained using the two state-of-the-art approaches.
Comments on Graduate Education in the Management Sciences

Comments on graduate education in management sciences reflecting opinions at the University of Massachusetts.
A multi-center assessment of the temporal trends in myocardial perfusion imaging.

Recent literature suggests that the frequency of abnormal SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) has decreased over the past two decades despite an increase in the prevalence of many cardiac risk factors. This study examined the trends in the prevalence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) by abnormal and ischemic MPI and invasive angiography. We analyzed all patients who underwent stress MPI or invasive angiography at two academic centers between January 1996 and December 2012, for their demographic data and study results. A total of 108,654 MPI studies were performed. Over time, the percentage of patients with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and a history of smoking increased. There was a decline in the prevalence of abnormal MPI studies in all patients as well as in those with and without known CAD (from 47.2%, 71.8%, and 31.4% in 1996 to 33.9%, 64.8%, and 18.8% in 2012, respectively, all P < .0001). Similarly, there was a decline in the prevalence of ischemic MPI studies in all patients as well as in those with and without known CAD. A total of 142,924 invasive angiograms were performed. There was a decline in the prevalence of one-vessel and multi-vessel coronary disease (from 29.1% and 53.6% in 1996 to 22.4% and 35.9% in 2012, respectively, all P < .0001). There has been a temporal decline in the prevalence of abnormal and ischemic MPI studies as well as the frequency and extent of obstructive CAD on angiography. However, this decline was not to the same extent as previously reported, and the overall 34% abnormal MPI rate, with 19% in patients with no known CAD and 65% in patients with known CAD, remains a clinically relevant percentage of patients tested.
Simultaneous Inverse Identification of Transient Thermal Properties and Heat Sources Using Sparse Sensor Information

A study is presented herein on the simultaneous inverse identification of transient internal heat generation, transient thermal diffusivity, and constant convection coefficients. The formulations of the direct and inverse problems are presented in the context of finite-element analysis and nonlinear optimization, respectively. A real-coded genetic algorithm was used to solve the inverse problem because of the global convergence properties of this optimization technique. It was found through numerical studies that heat generation and thermal conductivity as functions of time can be simultaneously and consistently estimated from sparse sensor information, as long as convection coefficients are known. However, treating convection coefficients as unknown may significantly affect the accuracy of the estimated thermal diffusivity function and to a lesser extent, the accuracy of the heat generation function. The numerical experiments showed, however, that the Biot number can be accurately estimated when the convection coefficients are not well known. These results can have wide and important implications in problems related to monitoring and quality control of structures.
Benefits of migration as a personal strategy in Nazare, Portugal.

This article analyzes the causes patterns and results of involvement in international wage labor migration for Nazare a Portuguese fishing village and tourist resort. Some migrate permanently others return to invest locally and yet others only work abroad part of each year. Data indicate that international migration is a successful strategy for coping with a restrictive local opportunity structure. International migrants have more income savings capital goods consumer goods and automobiles than non-migrants or those who only migrate within Portugal. (EXCERPT)
Using focus groups to plan worksite nutrition programs

Abstract We examined the utility of focus groups to identify approaches for worksite health promotion programs. A nutritionist led six groups of four to six employees who discussed program structure as well as health and nutrition topics of interest to employees at each worksite. We recommend use of this method as a preliminary step in the planning rocess to help tailor programs to specific needs of the worksite.
Tidal volume in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia supported with conventional mechanical ventilation.

Objective This study aims to test the hypothesis that the tidal volume (V T ) required for maintaining eucapnia in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is not reduced to the same degree as their lung mass. Study Design Records of infants with CDH admitted to our hospital from 1997 to 2009 managed with conventional ventilation were reviewed. Demographics, ventilator settings, observed V T , respiratory rate (RR), and blood gas values pre- and postsurgery were recorded. Minute ventilation (MV) was calculated as a product of RR × V T . Only V T values with corresponding Pa co 2 between 35 and 60 mm Hg were included. Mean V T /kg and MV/kg were calculated for each patient. Forty term/late preterm infants ventilated for lung disease other than CDH or pulmonary hypoplasia served as controls. Results Birth weights of the 19 patients with CDH and 40 control infants were similar (3,360 ± 480 g and 3,300 ± 640 g). Mean gestational age was 38.5 ± 2 and 37.4 ± 1.5 week, p = 0.02. Infants with CDH required similar V T and MV as controls to maintain equal Pa co 2 . Conclusions Infants with CDH require similar V T to clear their CO 2 production compared with infants of similar size without pulmonary hypoplasia. These are the first reference values to guide selection of V T in infants with CDH.
The last word on being red and blue all over

into. The sin is speaking of "sentence" when "statement" is intended, of talking of "signs" when "words" are meant. In pursuing this "careful way of speaking" with such mad consistency, philosophers are led into rampant neologism, into clear misuse of language, which, as usual, betrays fundamental confusions. Often combined with this is a way of treating what is essentially an unformalizable language (invariably called "L") as if it were formalized. Within formalized languages, I doubt that anyone would ever worry whether two expressions are synonymous. Finally, I suggest, as a useful rule of thumb-not as a theorem about "meaning"-that philosophers would do well, when puzzled about words, to ask: "Where and how is it used?" (This rule of thumb, like all others, must be used with discretion and care.) Applying the rule of thumb to the present case, we should, I am sure, discover numerous examples of pairs of words which are sometimes used synonymously and sometimes are not.
Metabolic engineering of Chinese hamster ovary cells: Towards a bioengineered heparin

Heparin is the most widely used pharmaceutical to control blood coagulation in modern medicine. A health crisis that took place in 2008 led to a demand for production of heparin from non-animal sources. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, commonly used mammalian host cells for production of foreign pharmaceutical proteins in the biopharmaceutical industry, are capable of producing heparan sulfate (HS), a related polysaccharide naturally. Since heparin and HS share the same biosynthetic pathway, we hypothesized that heparin could be produced in CHO cells by metabolic engineering. Based on the expression of endogenous enzymes in the HS/heparin pathways of CHO-S cells, human N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (NDST2) and mouse heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase 1 (Hs3st1) genes were transfected sequentially into CHO host cells growing in suspension culture. Transfectants were screened using quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting. Out of 120 clones expressing NDST2 and Hs3st1, 2 clones, Dual-3 and Dual-29, were selected for further analysis. An antithrombin III (ATIII) binding assay using flow cytometry, designed to recognize a key sugar structure characteristic of heparin, indicated that Hs3st1 transfection was capable of increasing ATIII binding. An anti-factor Xa assay, which affords a measure of anticoagulant activity, showed a significant increase in activity in the dual-expressing cell lines. Disaccharide analysis of the engineered HS showed a substantial increase in N-sulfo groups, but did not show a pattern consistent with pharmacological heparin, suggesting that further balancing the expression of transgenes with the expression levels of endogenous enzymes involved in HS/heparin biosynthesis might be necessary.
Simple criterion for nonclassical two-mode states

A sufficient condition for nonclassical two-mode states in terms of three probabilities, (n2+1)p(n1-1, n2+1)2n1p(n1, n2)+(n1+1)p(n1+1, n2-1)2n2p(n1, n2)<1, is established as a new type II criterion. This criterion is applied to the two-mode coherent state, the two-mode squeezed vacuum state, and the pair coherent state to show how easily it can be used. It is also applied to the photon-added two-mode thermal state and the mixing of two two-photon states by a symmetric beam splitter to show that the type II criterion is superior to its type I counterpart in at least these two examples.
Disruption of the ASXL1 gene is frequent in primary, post-essential thrombocytosis and post-polycythemia vera myelofibrosis, but not essential thrombocytosis or polycythemia vera: analysis of molecular genetics and clinical phenotypes

Background The myeloproliferative neoplasms, essential thrombocytosis, polycythemia vera and primary myelofibrosis, share the same acquired genetic lesion, but the concept of JAK2 V617F serving as the sole lesion responsible for these neoplasms is under question, and there has been interest in identifying additional mutations that may contribute to disease pathogenesis. Because ASXL1 lesions have been increasingly identified in myeloid neoplasms, we examined the relationships of ASXL1 mutation or deletion to both clinical phenotype and associated molecular features in 166 patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms.Design and Methods Exon 12 of ASXL1 was amplified from neutrophil genomic DNA and bidirectionally sequenced in 77 patients with myelofibrosis (including patients with primary and post-essential thrombocytosis or post-polycythemia myelofibrosis), 42 patients with polycythemia vera, 41 with essential thrombocytosis and 6 with post-myelofibrosis acute myeloid leukemia. Pyrosequencing assays were designed to determine the allele percentages of JAK2 V617F (G5073770T), ASXL1 2475dupA, and ASXL1 2846_2847del in neutrophil genomic DNA samples. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with wild-type and ASXL1 mutations were then compared.Results We identified nonsense mutations or hemizygous deletion of ASXL1 in 36% of the patients with myelofibrosis, but very rarely among those with polycythemia vera or essential thrombocytosis. Among the patients with myelofibrosis, those with ASXL1 lesions were not distinguished from their wild-type counterparts with regard to JAK2 V617F status, exposure to chemotherapy or evolution to leukemia. Myelofibrosis patients with ASXL1 lesions were more likely to have received anemia-directed therapy compared to those without lesions [15/26 (58%) versus 11/39 (23%); P=0.02]. Using serial banked samples and quantitative ASXL1 mutant allele burden assays, we observed the acquisition and accumulation of ASXL1 mutations over time in two patients with post-essential thrombocytosis myelofibrosis.Conclusions ASXL1 haploinsufficiency is associated with a myelofibrosis phenotype in the context of other known and unknown lesions, and disruption of ASXL1 function may contribute to the disease pathogenesis of myelofibrosis.
Equine keratomycoses in California from 1987 to 2010 (47 cases)

Summary Reasons for performing study: Equine keratomycosis in the western USA has received little study, probably owing to its low prevalence. Objectives: To determine clinical features, predominant fungal isolates, treatment modalities and outcomes of horses with keratomycosis in California and compare these with results from different geographic regions. Methods: Records of horses presented to the University of California-Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (UCD-VMTH) with confirmed keratomycosis between 1987 and 2010 were reviewed for this retrospective study. Information retrieved from the record included background, ophthalmic examination findings, treatment prior to and following presentation, visual outcome, and ocular survival. Results: A total of 48 eyes in 47 horses met the inclusion criteria and comprised 2% of cases presented to the UCD-VMTH ophthalmology service. Prior to presentation, 20 horses (43%) received at least one topically administered anti-inflammatory medication. Keratomycosis was confirmed by fungal culture in 38 horses (81%), by histopathology in 2 horses (4%) and by cytology in 7 horses (15%). Forty-four isolates were identified in the 38 horses cultured; Aspergillus was the most common isolate (64%) and a novel isolate, Papulospora, was identified in 2 horses. Treatment consisted of medication only (73%), medical and surgical treatment (25%), or immediate enucleation (2%). Globe retention was 77% and vision retention was 53%. Corneal perforation was significantly associated with loss of vision (P<0.001). Conclusions: Keratomycosis is relatively uncommon in horses presented for ophthalmic conditions at UCD-VMTH. Corneal perforation was a negative prognostic indicator for vision in this population of northern Californian horses.
P- and S-Wave Receiver Function Images of Crustal Imbrication beneath the Cheyenne Belt in Southeast Wyoming

We extend the receiver function deconvolution methodology of Bostock (2004) to S-wave receiver functions and develop a method of source function spec- trum estimation to constrain the crustal structure across the Archean-Proterozoic Cheyenne belt suture in southeast Wyoming using data from a dense deployment of seismic stations. S-wave receiver functions are particularly useful because free- surface reverberations do not contaminated the direct Sdp arrivals, and the S-wave receiver function image is able to validate our P-wave receiver function image. P- and S-wave receiver function images and a teleseismic P-wave tomogram find a structure consistent with the imbrication of Proterozoic lower crust across the Chey- enne belt. Both P and S-wave receiver function images delineate a double Moho north of the Cheyenne belt: the Archean Moho is imaged at 41-43 km depth with a deeper velocity step at 60-62 km depth. South of the Cheyenne belt, the P-wave receiver function image finds the Proterozoic Moho dipping ∼7° northwest consistent with observed back-azimuth dependent Pms amplitudes. Given the lateral continuity with the northwest dipping Proterozoic Moho, the deeper velocity step of the double Moho is interpreted as the imbricated Proterozoic Moho. Modeling of P-wave re- ceiver function amplitudes suggests a 6:4-7:4 km=sec velocity step across the shal- lower Archean Moho and a 7:4-7:9 km=sec velocity step across the deeper imbricated Proterozoic Moho. We speculate that imbrication of the Proterozoic lower crust was contemporaneous with the 1.76 Ga uplift and deformation of the 50 km-wide Palmer Canyon block immediately north of the Cheyenne belt exposed in the Laramie Mountains.
Patient response to symptoms.

‘Poor devils,’ (the physician) said as he sank down in a worn easy chair. ‘So scared and so stupid—no sense. Had a painful case this evening. Woman who ought to have come to me a year ago. If she'd come then, she might have been operated on successfully. Now it's too late, makes me mad. The truth is people are an extraordinary mixture of heroism and cowardice. She's been suffering agony and borne it without a word, just because she was too scared to come and find out that what she feared might be true. At the other end of the scale are the people who come and waste my time because they've got a dangerous swelling causing them agony on their little finger which they think may be cancer and which turns out to be a common or garden chilblain.’ (1)
Antibodies Immobilized as Arrays to Profile Protein Post-translational Modifications in Mammalian Cells

Previously, we demonstrated that antibodies printed on a solid support were able to detect protein-protein interaction in mammalian cells. Here we further developed the antibody array system for detecting proteins with various post-translational modifications in mammalian cells. In this novel approach, immunoprecipitated proteins were labeled with fluorescent dye followed by incubation over antibody arrays. Targeted proteins, captured by the antibodies immobilized on PVDF membrane or glass slide, were detected by means of near infrared fluorescent scanner or fluorescent microscopy. To demonstrate the application of the antibody arrays in protein post-translational modifications, we profiled protein tyrosine phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and acetylation in mammalian cells under different conditions. Our results indicate that antibody array technology can provide a powerful means of profiling a large number of proteins with different post-translational modifications in cells.
Sensitization of bacteria to danofloxacin by temperate prophages.

Danofloxacin (CP-76,136) is in a class of agents that inhibit DNA gyrase and trigger induction of the SOS response and temperate bacteriophages. Killing studies against the bovine pathogen Pasteurella haemolytica demonstrated that danofloxacin exhibits particularly rapid killing kinetics. Here, lysogenic Escherichia coli bearing lambda is found to be more sensitive to danofloxacin than nonlysogenicE. coli. Danofloxacin exposure also induced a prophage inP. haemolytica. The potency of danofloxacin against lysogens is likely enhanced by this prophage induction. The SOS response is one of the principal means by which bacteria deal with DNA damage (6). In the SOS response, the LexAprotein,therepressorofanumberofDNArepairgenes, becomes proteolytically inactivated, leading to induced expression of DNA repair functions. A consequence of the SOS response is the induction of temperate phages (13) such as phage lambda of Escherichia coli. In the lysogenic state, the phage lytic genes are turned off by a phage-encoded repressor, which is structurally similar to LexA, and also becomes proteolytically inactivated following DNA-damaging treatments. This repressor cleavage leads to induction of the lytic genes of the lambda prophage, resulting in phage production and cell lysis and death. Prophages and the SOS response are induced by a wide range of types of DNA damage, caused by agents ranging from UV irradiation to mitomycin. Certain inhibitors of DNA gyrase, such as nalidixic acid and a variety of quinolones, also cause DNA damage and induction (10, 11).
A ‘turbulent spot’ in an axisymmetric free shear layer. Part 2

The mechanics of a spark-induced coherent structure (called a ‘spot’) in the turbulent mixing layer of a 12.7 cm diameter incompressible air jet has been investigated through phase-locked measurements at three streamwise stations. Phase averages have been obtained from 200 realizations of X-wire (time-series) data after these are optimally time-aligned with respect to one another through an iterative process of maximization of cross-correlation of individual realizations with the ensemble average. Realizations that are grossly out of alignment owing to turbulence-induced distortions have been rejected; the rejection ratio increases with increasing radial position. Data include phase-average time series of background turbulence intensities, coherent and background Reynolds stresses, vorticity and intermittency at different transverse positions. Spatial distributions of these properties over the extent of the spot have been presented as contour maps. The computed pseudo-stream-functions have been compared with the phase-average streamlines inferred from the measured distributions of the velocity vector. Comparison with the phase-average intermittency contours show that the pseudo-stream-functions are reliable and, even though the integration involved produces smoothed-out stream functions, are most useful in deducing the structure dynamics and its convection velocity.The spark-induced spot is an elongated large-scale coherent vortical structure spanning the entire thickness of the mixing layer, which moves downstream at a convection velocity of about 0.68Ue. The dynamics of the turbulent mixing layer spot, whose signature is buried in the large-amplitude background fluctuations, is much more complicated than that of the boundary-layer spot. The spot transports jet-core fluid outwards at its front and entrains ambient fluid primarily at its back; the outward-momentum transport dominates the inward transport. The Reynolds stress contribution by the spot structure is noticeably larger than that due to the background turbulence. The coherent structure vorticity is significantly modified by the structure-induced organization of the background Reynolds stress at the locations of ‘saddle points’ of the latter's distribution. The vorticity, intermittency and other turbulence measures, zone averaged over the extent of the spot, compare well with the time-average values, thus suggesting that the spark-induced ‘spot’ is probably not different from a naturally occurring large-scale coherent structure.
Monolithically integrated junction FETS and NEMS

We present the monolithic integration of junction FETS and NEMS for enhanced signal transduction and signal processing. Monolithic integration is preferred to hybrid integration due to reduce parasitics and mismatches. In this paper, the JFET is integrated directly into SOI MEMS cantilever to form an extra-tight integration between sensing and electronic integration. When a cantilever connected to the JFET is electrostatically actuated; its motion directly affects the current in the JFET. The devices were realized in 2um thick SOI cross-wire beams, with a novel MoSi 2 contact metallization for stress minimization and ohmic contact. The pull-in voltage for the NEMS cantilever was 21V and the pinch-off voltage of the JFET was −19V.
Use of Natural 35 S to Trace Sulphate Cycling in Small Lakes, Flattops Wilderness Area, Colorado, U.S.A.

Measurements of the cosmogenically-produced 35S, a radioisotope of sulphur (t1/2 = 87 days), are reported for the Ned Wilson Lake watershed in Colorado. The watershed contains two small lakes and a flowing spring presumed to be representative of local ground water. The watershed is located in the Flattops Wilderness Area and the waters in the system have low alkalinity, making them sensitive to increases in acid and sulphate deposition. Time series of 35S measurements were made during the summers of 1995 and 1996 (July–September) at all three sites. The system is dominated by melting snow and an initial concentration of 16–20 mBq L-1 was estimated for snowmelt based on a series of snow samples collected in the Rocky Mountains. The two lakes had large initial 35S concentrations in July, indicating that a large fraction of the lake water and sulphate was introduced by meltwater from that year's snowpack. In 1995 and 1996, 35S concentrations decreased more rapidly than could be accounted for by decay, indicating that other processes were affecting 35S concentrations. The most likely explanation is that exchange with sediments or the biota was removing 35S from the lake and replacing it with older sulphate devoid of 35S. In September of 1995 and 1996, 35S concentrations increased, suggesting that atmospheric deposition is important in the sulphate flux of these lakes in late summer. Sulphur-35 concentrations in the spring water were highly variable but never higher than 3.6 mBq L-1 and averaged 2 mBq L-1. Using a simple mixing model, it was estimated that 75% of the spring water was derived from precipitation of previous years.
Stochastic learning algorithms for optimal design of wireless networks

We introduce algorithms to optimize wireless networks in the presence of fading. Central to the problem considered is the need to learn the fading's probability distribution while determining optimal operating points. A stochastic subgradient descent algorithm in the dual domain is developed to accomplish this task. Even though the optimization problems considered are not convex, convergence of the proposed algorithms is claimed. Numerical results using adaptive modulation over an interference limited physical layer corroborate theoretical results.
Interrupt Triggered Software Prefetching for Embedded CPU Instruction Cache

In embedded systems, handling time-critical real-time tasks is a challenge. The software may not only multi-task to improve response time, but also support events and interrupts, forcing the system to balance multiple priorities. Further, pre-emptive task switching hampers efficient interrupt processing, leading to instruction cache misses. This research provides a methodology for using software prefetch instructions in the interrupt handler to improve efficiency, thus making instruction caches more attractive in a real-time environment. The benefits of this technique are illustrated on an ARM processor running application benchmarks with different cache configurations and interrupt arrival patterns.
Language, Music, and Mind

Taking a novel approach to a longstanding problem in the philosophy of art, Diana Raffman provides a cognitivist theory of the nature of ineffable, or verbally inexpressible, musical knowledge. In the process she also sheds light on central issues in the theory of mind. Raffman invokes recent theory in linguistics and cognitive psychology to provide an account of the content and etiology of musical knowledge that "cannot be put into words". Within the framework of Lerdahl and Jackendoff's generative theory of music perception, she isolates three kinds of ineffability attending our conscious knowledge of music - access, feeling, and nuance ineffability - and shows how these arise. Raffman makes a detailed comparison of linguistic and musical understanding, culminating in an attack on the traditional idea that human emotions constitute the meaning or semantic content of music. She compares her account of musical ineffability to several traditional approaches to the problem, particularly those of Nelson Goodman and Stanley Cavell. In the concluding chapter, Raffman explores a significant obstacle that her theory poses to Daniel Dennett's propositional theory of consciousness.
Surfactant dynamics and rectified diffusion of microbubbles

Surfactant transport dynamics and the consequences for rectified diffusion of microbubbles are treated for bubbles undergoing arbitrarily large-amplitude periodic radial oscillations. A perturbation technique is used to reveal averaged equations for the slow convection-enhanced diffusive transport of surfactant molecules. These equations have a readily obtained asymptotic limit in the form of a single nonlinear integral equation - this may be interpreted as a dynamic equilibrium adsorption isotherm. For a lightly populated interface, an explicit solution for the surface excess population of surfactants may be obtained. Bubble oscillations are shown to drive an increased number of surfactant molecules to the interface, if it is lightly populated, but to reduce the maximum possible population of surfactants on the interface. These effects have important consequences for rectified diffusion, in which the interfacial resistance to gas transfer of a surfactant monolayer is a strong function of the surface excess population.
Temperament and personality.

Recent efforts to integrate psychometric and neurobiological data about personality have stimulated diverse interdisciplinary applications. The dissociation of major brain systems linked to procedural and propositional memory and learning has clarified the clinical distinction between two components of personality: temperament and character. Temperament can be defined in terms of individual differences in percept-based habits and skills (i.e. related to procedural memory and learning), which are regulated by the amygdala, hypothalamus, striatum, and other parts of the limbic system. In contrast, character can be defined in terms of individual differences in concept-based goals and values (i.e. related to propositional memory and learning), which are encoded by the hippocampal formation and cerebral neocortex. Recent descriptive, developmental, genetic, and neurobehavioral studies indicate that at least four dimensions of temperament and three dimensions of character can be uniquely described and functionally dissociated.
Experimental study of biporous wicks for high heat flux applications

Abstract Biporous wicks are wicks with two distinguished characteristic pore sizes while monoporous wicks are wicks with a single characteristic pore size. In this work three monoporous and 19 biporous wicks were tested. Thermophysical properties for the biporous wicks were measured. Thin biporous wicks distinguish from thick biporous wick by mechanism of heat transfer that occurs inside the wick. Thin biporous wicks remove heat similar to monoporous wicks by evaporation from menisci formed inside pores at liquid–vapor–solid interfaces. Thin biporous wicks were found to reach higher critical heat flux (CHF) than monoporous wicks because they develop evaporating menisci not only on top surface of the wick but also inside the wick. Thick biporous wicks were found to reach even higher CHF than thin biporous wicks because they continue to operate although the vapor blanket (film boiling) exists on the heated surface. This is possible because the top layer of the wick continues to supply liquid to the evaporating menisci above the vapor blanket region and vapor jets form between large pores of the wick and vent the vapor out of the wick. It was also found that for thick biporous wicks operating at very high heat fluxes, the heat conducts radially into the wick. The best monoporous wick tested had CHF at 300 W/cm 2 (21 °C superheat), the best thin biporous wick tested had CHF at 520 W/cm 2 (50 °C superheat), and the best thick biporous wick tested had CHF at 990 W/cm 2 (147 °C superheat). Thick biporous wicks can be used for 600–1000 W/cm 2 applications where high superheats and heat spreading into the wick are acceptable. For applications below 600 W/cm 2 are recommended thin biporous wicks and for applications below 300 W/cm 2 are recommended monoporous wicks.
A geometric approach for inference on graphical models

We formulate a novel approach to infer conditional independence models or Markov structure of a multivariate distribution. Specifically, our objective is to place informative prior distributions over graphs (decomposable and unrestricted) and sample efficiently from the induced posterior distribution. We also explore the idea of factorizing according to complete sets of a graph; which implies working with a hypergraph that cannot be retrieved from the graph alone. The key idea we develop in this thesis is a parametrization of hypergraphs using the geometry of points in Rm . This induces informative priors on graphs from specified priors on finite sets of points. Constructing hypergraphs from finite point sets has been well studied in the fields of computational topology and random geometric graphs. We develop the framework underlying this idea and illustrate its efficacy using simulations.
Functional Basis of Sinus Bradycardia in Congenital Heart Block

Congenital heart block (CHB) is a conduction abnormality characterized by complete atrioventricular (AV) block. CHB affects fetuses and/or newborn of mothers with autoantibodies reactive with ribonucleoproteins 48-kDa SSB/La, 52-kDa SSA/Ro, and 60-kDa SSA/Ro. We recently established animal models of CHB and reported, for the first time, significant sinus bradycardia preceding AV block. This unexpected observation implies that the spectrum of conduction abnormalities extends beyond the AV node to also affect the SA node. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the functional basis of this sinus bradycardia by characterizing the effects of antibodies from mothers with CHB children (positive IgG) on ionic currents that are known to significantly contribute to spontaneous pacing in SA node cells. We recorded L- (I(Ca.L)) and T- (I(Ca.T)) type Ca2+, delayed rectifier K+ (I(K)), hyperpolarization-activated (I(f)) currents, and action potentials (APs) from young rabbit SA node cells. We demonstrated that positive IgG significantly inhibited both I(Ca.T) and I(Ca.L) and induced sinus bradycardia but did not affect I(f) and I(K). Normal IgG from mothers with healthy children did not affect all the currents studied and APs. These results establish that IgG from mothers with CHB children causes substantial inhibition of I(Ca.T) and I(Ca.L), two important pacemaker currents in rabbit SA node cells and point to both I(Ca.T) and I(Ca.L) as major players in the ionic mechanism by which maternal antibodies induce sinus bradycardia in CHB. These novel findings have important clinical significance and suggest that sinus bradycardia may be a potential marker in the detection and prevention of CHB. The full text of this article is available online at http://circres.ahajournals.org
The Connections of Mental Health Problems, Violent Life Experiences, and the Social Milieu of the “Stroll” with the HIV Risk Behaviors of Female Street Sex Workers

Abstract This paper examines the connections of mental health, victimization, and sexual risk behaviors among a sample of 278 street-based female sex workers in Miami. Using targeted sampling strategies, drug-using sex workers were recruited into an HIV prevention research program. Data were collected by trained interviewers, and focused on drug use and sexual risk for HIV, childhood abuse, recent victimization, and mental health. More than half of the participants reported histories of physical (51.1%) or sexual (53.1%) abuse as children, 37.4% were classified with moderate or severe anxiety symptoms, and 52.9% had symptoms of moderate or severe depression. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated significant associations between mental health issues and engagement in recent unprotected vaginal and oral sex. The program development and policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Conjugal Transfer of Lactose-Fermenting Ability Among Streptococcus cremoris and Streptococcus lactis Strains.

Abstract Streptococcus cremoris C3 was found to transfer lactose-fermenting ability to LM2301, a Streptococcus lactis C2 lactose-negative streptomycin-resistant (Lac− Strr) derivative which is devoid of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); to LM3302, a Lac− erythromycin-resistant (Eryr) derivative of S. lactis ML3; and to BC102, an S. cremoris B1 Lac− Eryr derivative which is devoid of plasmid DNA. S. cremoris strains R1, EB7, and Z8 were able to transfer lactose-fermenting ability to LM3302 in solid-surface matings. Transduction and transformation were ruled out as mechanisms of genetic transfer. Chloroform treatment of donor cells prevented the appearance of recombinant clones, indicating that viable cell-to-cell contact was responsible for genetic transfer. Transfer of plasmid DNA was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Transconjugants recovered from EB7 and Z8 matings with LM3302 exhibited plasmid sizes not observed in the donor strains. Transconjugants recovered from R1, EB7, and Z8 matings with LM3302 were able to donate lactose-fermenting ability at a high frequency to LM2301. In S. cremoris R1, EB7, and Z8 matings with LM2301, streptomycin resistance was transferred from LM2301 to the S. cremoris strains. The results confirm genetic transfer resembling conjugation between S. cremoris and S. lactis strains and present presumptive evidence for plasmid linkage of lactose metabolism in S. cremoris.