cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An empirical comparison of effective concentration estimators for evaluating aquatic toxicity test responses

Aquatic toxicity tests are statistically evaluated by either hypothesis testing procedures to derive a no-observed-effect concentration or by inverting regression models to calculate the concentration associated with a specific reduction from the control response. These latter methods can be described as potency estimation methods. Standard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) potency estimation methods are based on two different techniques. For continuous or count response data, a nominally nonparametric method that assumes monotonic decreasing responses and piecewise linear patterns between successive concentration groups is used. For quantal responses, a probit regression model with a linear dose term is fit. These techniques were compared with a recently developed parametric regression-based estimator, the relative inhibition estimator, RIp. This method is based on fitting generalized linear models, followed by estimation of the concentration associated with a particular decrement relative to control responses. These estimators, with levels of inhibition (p) of 25 and 50%, were applied to a series of chronic toxicity tests in a U.S. EPA region 9 database of reference toxicity tests. Biological responses evaluated in these toxicity tests included the number of young produced in three broods by the water flea (Ceriodaphnia dubia) and germination success and tube length data from the giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera). The greatest discrepancy between the RIp and standard U.S. EPA estimators was observed for C. dubia. The concentration–response pattern for this biological endpoint exhibited nonmonotonicity more frequently than for any of the other endpoint. Future work should consider optimal experimental designs to estimate these quantities, methods for constructing confidence intervals, and simulation studies to explore the behavior of these estimators under known conditions.
The role of the isolated 6s states in BiVO4 on the electronic and atomic structures

BiVO4 is one of the most promising photoanodes for water-splitting applications. Similar to many d10 materials, where the full-shell d electrons are not directly involved in the bonding, the Bi 6s electrons form isolated low-energy bands in BiVO4. By systematically altering the energy of the Bi 6s states, we find direct evidences that the isolated s states, through the s-p coupling, affect the BiVO4 properties, including valence band maximum position, charge density, and atomic structural distortion. We find that many good properties of BiVO4 for water splitting are related to the s-p coupling due to the existence of Bi 6s states. Based on this understanding, we propose that alloying Bi with Sb can enhance these properties, and hence improve the water-splitting efficiency.
The association between deep venous thrombosis and heterotopic ossification in patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury.

The association between deep venous thrombosis and heterotopic ossification in patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury
DYNAMIC REACTION PATHS AND RATES THROUGH IMPORTANCE-SAMPLED STOCHASTIC DYNAMICS

We extend a previously developed method, based on Wagner’s stochastic formulation of importance sampling, to the calculation of reaction rates and to a simple quantitative description of finite-temperature, average dynamic paths. Only the initial and final states are required as input—no information on transition state(s) is necessary. We demonstrate the method for a single particle moving on the two-dimensional Muller–Brown potential surface. Beyond computing the forward and reverse rates for this surface, we determine the average path, which exhibits “saddle point avoidance.” The method may be generalized to arbitrary numbers of degrees of freedom and to arbitrary types of stochastic dynamics.
Atmospheric correction algorithm for hyperspectral imagery

In December 1997, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) established a Center of Excellence (Hyperspectral- Multispectral Algorithm Research Center, HyMARC) for promoting the research and development of algorithms to exploit spectral imagery. This center is located at the DOE Remote Sensing Laboratory in Las Vegas, Nevada, and is operated for the DOE by Bechtel Nevada. This paper presents the results to date of a research project begun at the center during 1998 to investigate the correction of hyperspectral data for atmospheric aerosols. Results of a project conducted by the Rochester Institute of Technology to define, implement, and test procedures for absolute calibration and correction of hyperspectral data to absolute units of high spectral resolution imagery will be presented. Hybrid techniques for atmospheric correction using image or spectral scene data coupled through radiative propagation models will be specifically addressed. Results of this effort to analyze HYDICE sensor data will be included. Preliminary results based on studying the performance of standard routines, such as Atmospheric Pre-corrected Differential Absorption and Nonlinear Least Squares Spectral Fit, in retrieving reflectance spectra show overall reflectance retrieval errors of approximately one to two reflectance units in the 0.4- to 2.5-micron-wavelength region (outside of the absorption features). The results are based on HYDICE sensor data collected from the Southern Great Plains Atmospheric Radiation Measurement site during overflights conducted in July of 1997. Results of an upgrade made in the model-based atmospheric correction techniques, which take advantage of updates made to the moderate resolution atmospheric transmittance model (MODTRAN 4.0) software, will also be presented. Data will be shown to demonstrate how the reflectance retrievals in the shorter wavelengths of the blue-green region will be improved because of enhanced modeling of multiple scattering effects.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Identification of the disulfide bonds of lysyl oxidase

Proteolytic digestion of bovine aortic lysyl oxidase followed by tandem mass spectrometry has enabled assignment of all five disulfide bonds. The results indicate that the enzyme has a very stable central core containing three disulfide bonds, the lysyl tyrosyl quinone cross-link and the copper. This core is well isolated from solvent with the result that the oxidized (normal) form of the enzyme is remarkably resistant to proteolysis and is unusually stable at high temperatures and in the presence of denaturants.
Lattice statics applied to screw dislocations in cubic metals

Abstract In this paper we present an extension of the work of Maradudin (1958) designed to allow for general relaxations of the lattice rows about the cores of 〈111〉 and 〈110〉 dislocations in b.c.c. and f.c.c. metals respectively, assuming no dissociation of either core. Moderately long-range forces (up to fifth neighbours) are included, and we determine the lattice configuration within the harmonic approximation. Thus our results are directly comparable with those of linear elasticity. However, since we treat the lattice as a regular array of discrete atoms throughout, our results should be trustworthy everywhere except in the immediate region of the core.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Neuromuscular Recovery Scale

Abstract Objective To determine the test-retest reliability of the Neuromuscular Recovery Scale (NRS), a measure to classify lower extremity and trunk recovery of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) to typical preinjury performance of functional tasks without use of external and behavioral compensation. Design Multicenter observational study. Setting Five outpatient rehabilitation clinics. Participants Physical therapists (N=13), trained and competent in conducting NRS, rated outpatients with SCI (N=69) using the NRS. Testing occurred on 2 days, separated by 24 to 48 hours, on the same patient by the same therapist. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Spearman rank correlation coefficients to compare NRS results. The NRS scores of motor performance were based on normal, preinjury function on 11 items: 4 treadmill-based items (standing and stepping), 7 overground/mat items (sitting, sit-up, reverse sit-up, trunk extension, sit to stand, standing, walking). Results Test-retest reliability was very strong for the NRS items. Ten of the 11 items exhibited Spearman correlation coefficients ≥.92, and lower bounds of the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for these items met or exceeded .83. The exception was stand retraining (ρ=.84; 95% CI, .68–.96). The test-retest reliability of the measurement model-derived summary score was very strong (ρ=.99; 95% CI, .96–.99). Conclusions The NRS had excellent test-retest reliability when conducted by trained therapists in adults with chronic SCI across all levels of injury severity. All raters had undergone standardized training in use of the NRS. The minimal requirement of training to achieve test-retest reliability has not been established.
Dirichlet sets in Vilenkin groups

For the purposes of this paper, G win denote a compact, totally disconnected, abe]Jan, metric group, i.e. a Vilenkin group, and F will denote the Pontryagin dual of G. We set A(G) to be the algebra of absolutely convergent Fourier series on G and PM(G) the Banach space dual of A(G). Elements of PM(G) are called pseudomeasures. If S is a pseudomeasure, write S ( 7 ) = = (S, 7) where ( , } denotes the dual pairing of PM(G) and A(G). We call S a pseudofunction if S(7) ~ 0 as 7 ~ co in F. The collection of all pseudofunctions is called PF(G)o A pseudomeasure is said to be supported on a closed set E if it is suppor ted as a distribution with test functions from A(G). A closed set is called a U-set if it supports no nontrivial pseudofunction. The set E is called a strong U-set if ]Jm sup )S(7)I = sup 1~'(7)1 7---*o0 "yEF
Machi: Neighborhood and Small Town—The Foundation for Urban Transformation in Japan

The term machi, signifying both neighborhood and small town, is a key element for understanding Japanese urban form and city planning. After tracing the origins of the term, this article explores t...
Solid-State Energy-Dispersion Spectrometer for Electron-Microprobe X-ray Analysis

Improved lithium-drifted silicon solid-state detectors allow detection and energy dispersion of x-rays of about 3 to 30 kiloelectron volts in the electron-microprobe x-ray analyzer. Energy resolution is sufficient to separate peaks of characteristic x-rays of elements adjacent in the periodic system at atomic number 20 and higher. The detected x-ray spectrum emitted from an unknown sample can be recorded with a multichannel analyzer in approximately 60 seconds.
Downregulation of the Polyamine Regulator Spermidine/Spermine N1-Acetyltransferase by Epstein-Barr Virus in a Burkitt's Lymphoma Cell Line

Transition of Akata Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) from a malignant to nonmalignant phenotype upon loss of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is evidence for a viral contribution to tumorigenesis despite the tight restriction of EBV gene expression in BL. Examination of global cellular gene expression in Akata subclones that retained or lost EBV identified spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SAT1), an inducible enzyme whose catabolism of polyamines affects both apoptosis and cell growth, as one of a limited number of cellular genes downregulated by EBV. Re-infection of the EBV-negative Akata clone reduced SAT1 mRNA to a level comparable with the parental EBV-positive Akata. EBV-positive Akata cells demonstrated decreased SAT1 enzyme activity concomitant with altered intracellular polyamine constituents. Reduction of SAT1 in EBV-positive BL was a transcriptional effect. Forced expression of the viral BCL2 homologue, BHRF1, in an EBV-negative Akata clone reduced SAT1 mRNA. Thus, EBV repression of polyamine catabolism becomes a complementary alteration to dysregulated c-myc enhancement of polyamine synthesis in BL and favorable to BL lymphomagenesis.
Heart Rate Recovery and Impact of Myocardial Revascularization on Long-Term Mortality

Background— Although heart rate recovery (HRR) predicts mortality after exercise testing, its ability to identify patients likely to benefit after revascularization is unknown. We sought to determine whether HRR can identify patients likely to have improved survival after revascularization. Methods and Results— A total of 8861 patients undergoing treadmill nuclear or echocardiographic testing were divided into early revascularization (percutaneous coronary intervention or bypass surgery within 3 months) and non–early revascularization groups. Prespecified subgroup analysis was performed based on the presence or absence of ischemia, normal or impaired functional capacity, and normal or abnormal HRR. The primary end point was all-cause mortality. Early revascularization occurred in 552 patients. We propensity-matched 508 early revascularization patients to 508 non–early revascularization patients on the basis of 48 possible confounders. This constituted the present study cohort. During 8-year follow-up, 232...
Normal metallic states of interacting electrons: Luttinger liquid versus Fermi liquid

Abstract The unusual properties of high-Tc superconductors in their ‘normal’, i.e. nonsuperconducting phase have motivated intensive investigations of metallic non-Fermi liquid states in interacting electron systems. In one- dimensional systems the Fermi liquid phase is known to break down, and is substituted by another normal metallic phase, the Luttinger liquid, whose structure is now well understood. Two-dimensional systems have been suggested to be Luttinger liquids, too, but no general consensus has yet been reached on this issue. I will discuss the structure of Luttinger liquids as antagonists of Fermi liquids, and will review major arguments for and against non-Fermi liquid behavior in two-dimensional systems of interacting electrons.
Metastatic tumors of unknown origin

The clinical appearance of metastatic lesions without an obvious primary source for the tumor is a common event. Tumor Registry figures and epidemiologic data grossly understate the actual frequency of unknown primaries, because primary sites are often “assigned” to patients on a best-guess basis without positive proof of a tumor';s origin. In the majority of patients whose primary tumors have continued to elude detection, the extensive use of diagnostic imaging studies fails to produce information that alters the patients'; clinical course. Rare exceptions will be cited, but these exceptions prove the general rule. Imaging studies should therefore be targeted for selected patients with disseminated malignancies in whom identification of their primary tumors could benefit quality of life or length of survival.
Quantitative proteomic tools for analyzing histone modifications

Histones are small proteins that package DNA into chromosomes, and a large number of studies have showed that several single post-translational modification sites on the histones are associated with both gene activation and silencing. Nevertheless, what type of effect distinct combinations of simultaneously occuring histone modifications (Histone Codes or patterns) have upon cellular events is poorly understood. The main reason for this lack of knowledge is that robust high-throughput methods for quantitative characterization or even qualitative identification of combinatorial Histone Codes by any standard biological, immunological or physical technique do not exist. We plan to specifically address this deficiency by developing novel mass spectrometry based proteomic methods and accompanying bioinformatics to quantitatively characterize molecular level descriptions of combinatorial Histone Codes, and apply these methods to study how these dynamic Histone Codes influence gene expression under different biological conditions. Here we present initial proteomics data that describes: (i) high-throughput comparison of histone modifications from multiple cellular states (ii) developing mass spectrometry methods for quantitative tracking of combinatorial Histone Codes (iii) monitoring in vivo Histone Code dynamics, and (iv) investigating the role of Histone Code interpreting proteins in recognizing distinct Histone Codes. Ultimately, we will work towards the goal of taking any defined part of the genome and accurately quantifying the Histone Codes, detecting all the non-histone proteins that reside on these distinct pieces of chromatin, and then mapping this proteomic data back to specific genomic locations, therefore taking a proteomic snapshot of what that chromosome landscape looks like during any nuclear event. These studies in combination with biological experiments will help provide a systems biology outlook on gene expression that will lay down the basic scientific foundation to advance several applications, such as stem cell reprogramming and cancer progression.
In vitro tuberization of potato clones from different maturity groups

In vitro tuberization on shoot cultures of early, mid-season, late and very late potatoes was compared. Shoots were grown at 12, 16, or 20 h photoperiods; tuberization was then induced at 0, 8 or 16 h light. In the dark, shoots from early plants initially grown at 16 h consistently set tubers earlier than the other types, whereas the very late line tuberized later and produced significantly fewer tubers. Tuber setting of mid-season plants could not be distinguished from the late type. Tuberization of the very late line was significantly hastened by shortening the photoperiod from 20 h to 12 h during the shoot growth period. Light during tuber induction delayed tuberization. This system may be useful to screen callus-derived plants for maturity, and may also be suitable for in vitro study of the photoperiodic control of tuberization.
Matrix production and remodeling as therapeutic targets for uterine leiomyoma

Uterine leiomyoma, commonly known as fibroids, is a benign neoplasm of smooth muscle in women. The incidence of clinically symptomatic fibroids in reproductive-age women is approximately 20 %, with nearly 80 % of black women suffering from this condition. Symptoms include severe pain and hemorrhage; fibroids are also a major cause of infertility or sub-fertility in women. Uterine leiomyoma consist of hyperplastic smooth muscle cells and an excess deposition of extracellular matrix, specifically collagen, fibronectin, and sulfated proteoglycans. Extracellular matrix components interact and signal through integrin-β1 on the surface of uterine leiomyoma smooth muscle cells, provide growth factor storage, and act as co-receptors for growth factor-receptor binding. ECM and growth factor signaling through integrin-β1 and growth factor receptors significantly increases cell proliferation and ECM deposition in uterine leiomyoma. Growth factors TGF-β, IGF, PDGF, FGF and EGF are all shown to promote uterine leiomyoma progression and signal through multiple pathways to increase the expression of genes encoding matrix or matrix-modifying proteins. Decreasing integrin expression, reducing growth factor action and inhibiting ECM action on uterine leiomyoma smooth muscle cells are important opportunities to treat uterine leiomyoma without use of the current surgical procedures. Both natural compounds and chemicals are shown to decrease fibrosis and uterine leiomyoma progression, but further analysis is needed to make inroads in treating this common women’s health issue.
Influence of deformation on pressure-temperature paths of metamorphism

Pressure-temperature ( P - T ) paths in structural terranes dominated by folds and thrust faults can be complex and can vary widely within a single metamorphic belt. The complexity and variability of P - T paths result from the advection of heat by folding and thrusting, conductive heat transfer during and after deformation, and the relatively short times for thermal relaxation within folds and thrusts. In fold terranes, contrasting P - T paths are observed between anticlines and adjacent synclines. Cooling paths are observed within anticlines, whereas heating paths are observed within synclines. These different P - T paths result from the folding of isotherms during deformation and the subsequent relaxation of isotherms after deformation. In polydeformed fold terranes, noncoaxial folding results in complex P - T paths over small distances (less than 15 km) within a metamorphic belt because of the repetition of the process of folding and relaxation of isotherms during each folding event In structural terranes dominated by thrust faults, P - T paths differ between major thrust sheets because heat is transferred from the hotter overriding sheet to the cooler lower plate during deformation. Heat transfer during thrusting causes the upper plate to cool and the lower plate to heat. In terranes with multiple thrust sheets, P - T paths can be complex and will depend upon the relative timing of thrust development and the rate at which heat can be transferred from one thrust sheet to the next The P - T paths observed in both the fold and thrust terranes discussed here record relatively short time intervals of 10 5 or 10 6 yr. Because the mineral equilibria respond to small-scale thermal perturbations, there may be a wide variability in P - T paths over a small distance in a metamorphic belt Therefore, before P - T paths are used to reconstruct tectonic histories, both structural and petrologic investigations must be carried out.
Effect of quantum interference on the suppression of the ac Stark shifting of a multiphoton resonance

We report detailed experimental results in xenon that confirm theoretical predictions [Payne {ital et} {ital al}., Phys. Rev. A 48, 2334 (1993)] on the interference-based suppression of ac Stark shifting of even-photon resonances under circumstances where the shift is produced through strong coupling to a state that is also coupled back to the ground state. In the copropagating-beam configuration and in the pressure range of 0.5--250 Torr, the multiphoton ionization spectral line shape is unchanged regardless of the presence of the second laser field, i.e., the ac Stark shift introduced by the second laser is totally suppressed due to a complete destructive interference between two excitation pathways. In the counterpropagating-beam configuration, however, the ac Stark shift persists in the range of the pressure studied. By choosing a different set of energy levels where no four-wave-mixing field is permitted, we show that the very same ac Stark shift introduced by the second laser field persists even with copropagating-beam configuration, as predicted by theory.
Voluntary and involuntary childlessness in the United States, 1955-1973.

Abstract Since the early 1970s, considerable attention has been given to U. S. trends in childlessness. Studies have shown that childlessness rates have been increasing in recent years; many believe that the bulk of the increase has been due to increases in voluntary childlessness. However, there have been few methodological and empirical analyses of trends in voluntary and involuntary childlessness. This paper has two objectives: to develop two procedures for measuring voluntary and involuntary childlessness with fertility survey data; and to apply empirically these approaches to five fertility surveys conducted between 1955 and 1973.
Affinity chromatography of hepatitis B surface antigen from e-antigen-positive sera on insolubilized cross-linked albumin. Brief report.

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) from sera containing e-antigen (HBeAg) was purified 25 to 80-fold in a single step involving adsorption to polymerized human serum albumin linked to agarose and subsequent elution with 3m NaSCN.
ASM LabCap’s contributions to disease surveillance and the International Health Regulations (2005)

The revised International Health Regulations [IHR(2005)], which requires the Member States of the World Health Organization (WHO) to develop core capacities to detect, assess, report, and respond to public health threats, is bringing new challenges for national and international surveillance systems. As more countries move toward implementation and/or strengthening of their infectious disease surveillance programs, the strengthening of clinical microbiology laboratories becomes increasingly important because they serve as the first line responders to detect new and emerging microbial threats, re-emerging infectious diseases, the spread of antibiotic resistance, and the possibility of bioterrorism. In fact, IHR(2005) Core Capacity #8, “Laboratory”, requires that laboratory services be a part of every phase of alert and response.
Ex vivo elimination of neoplastic T-cells from human marrow using an anti-Mr 41,000 protein immunotoxin: potentiation by ASTA Z 7557.

ASTA Z 7557 potentiated the ex vivo efficiency of a T-cell directed immunotoxin containing pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP). We used an immunotoxin of pan-T monoclonal antibody 3-Al directed against p41 antigen expressed both on normal and leukemic T-cells. Treatment with 3Al-PAP in combination with ASTA Z 7557 produced 7–8 logs elimination of target lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Our data suggest that this new strategy shows potential for more effective ex vivo marrow purging in autologous marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary, How Do Your β-Cells Fail?

The dogma regarding the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes has evolved over the last decade to view the islet β-cell as the final determinant of whether glucose tolerance is normal or abnormal (1). While obesity and insulin resistance have reached epidemic proportions around the world, the presence of an appropriate compensation of insulin secretion (“healthy β-cells”) allows daylong glycemia to be indistinguishable from metabolically normal individuals (2). In turn, pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes result from progressive β-cell dysfunction (3). As such, an army of researchers worldwide is searching for the pathogenic basis of this β-cell dysfunction, along with strategies of when, and how, to intervene. What has resulted is a reasonably good mapping of the natural history of the β-cell dysfunction, plus a lengthy list of potential mechanisms. Most are based on animal studies; therefore, homing in on the operative mechanisms in humans remains a challenge. Still, there is high confidence within the β-cell research arena that we are on the right track to identifying the molecular details of β-cell compensation and failure. Figure 1 shows the proposed stages of β-cell dysfunction. It begins early, perhaps at birth, with β-cells that are programmed to be at risk to fail (“susceptible β-cells”). Indeed, the recent genome-wide scans have identified many susceptibility genes for type 2 diabetes that likely impact the development and ongoing homeostasis of the mass of β-cells, as well as insulin secretion and synthesis (4). Although direct evidence is lacking, many are betting that a lowered mass of normally functional β-cells, from genetics …
Superconducting RF cavities and a 1.9 K cooling system for a femtosecond light source

The proposed femto-second light source consists of a re-circulating linac that delivers an electron beam to an arc of superconducting undulator magnets that deliver very short pulses of X-rays to materials science experiments. Superconducting RF cavities accelerate the electrons through the re-circulating linac. The design acceleration gradient for the 1300 MHz RF cavity system is 25 MV per meter. TESLA cavities operating in CW mode can provide this level of acceleration. This report presents the parameters of the proposed femto-second light source superconducting linac. Each nine-cell cavity will generate 44 W of AC loss at 1.9 K. The AC loss is added to the other losses in the accelerator cavity system. The superconducting RF cavity losses and linac refrigeration requirements are summarized in this report.
Information flow and optimization in transcriptional regulation

In the simplest view of transcriptional regulation, the expression of a gene is turned on or off by changes in the concentration of a transcription factor (TF). We use recent data on noise levels in gene expression to show that it should be possible to transmit much more than just one regulatory bit. Realizing this optimal information capacity would require that the dynamic range of TF concentrations used by the cell, the input/output relation of the regulatory module, and the noise in gene expression satisfy certain matching relations, which we derive. These results provide parameter-free, quantitative predictions connecting independently measurable quantities. Although we have considered only the simplified problem of a single gene responding to a single TF, we find that these predictions are in surprisingly good agreement with recent experiments on the Bicoid/Hunchback system in the early Drosophila embryo and that this system achieves ∼90% of its theoretical maximum information transmission.
TCP onloading for data center servers

To meet the increasing networking needs of server workloads, servers are starting to offload packet processing to peripheral devices to achieve TCP/IP acceleration. Researchers at Intel Labs have experimented with alternative solutions that improve the server's ability to process TCP/IP packets efficiently and at very high rates.
A Directional CSMA/CA Protocol for mmWave Wireless PANs

In this paper, we investigate the problem of medium access control in mmWave wireless personal area networks (WPAN), within which directional antennas are used to combat the high path loss incurred in the 60GHz frequency band. The conventional CSMA/CA protocol does not work well with directional antennas due to impaired carrier sensing at the transmitters. We explain why existing directional MAC protocols do not work well at 60GHz and propose a novel directional CSMA/CA protocol designed specifically for 60GHz WPANs. Instead of relying on physical carrier sensing, the proposed protocol adopts virtual carrier sensing and relies on a central coordinator to distribute network allocation vector (NAV) information. Both performance analysis and simulation study show that the proposed mechanism incurs low overhead and has robust performance even when the network is heavily congested.
REGULATION OF THE FREE‐ADVERTISING AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT

The “new” line between communications that have full First Amendment protection and those that are subject to regulation is still in the process of being delineated by the Supreme Court; legal and mass a communication scholars are proposing a plethora of tests for future cases. Rather than proposing yet another test, this article starts from the premise that future advertising regulation cases will be based on legal philosophy and judicial “world view” as well as law and precedent. First Amendment law and advertising regulation concerns have historically been based on two different concerns and perspectives that have only recently been seen to interact. This article charts a perspective on the differences in the legal, philosophical and historical roots of these two areas, shows how and why they are now seen as interrelated and attempts to give some insight into possible future legal directions in this area.
Rethinking the Role of Political Information

Political information is a central variable for the study of mass behavior; numerous theories argue that voters with more information behave fundamentally differently from those with less. Nearly all of the empirical support for these theories, however, comes from cross-sec- tional data. As a result, these findings are typically biased, and system- atically overstate the effect of information on behavior. I demonstrate how to minimize these biases and more accurately estimate the effects of information using several different analytical techniques. These adjust- ments cause the estimated effect of information to shrink dramatically, often falling to one-half to one-quarter of its former size. I conclude by discussing the implications of my results for the study of political information and political behavior more generally.
Significant Effects of Application Site and Occlusion on the Pharmacokinetics of Cutaneous Penetration and Biotransformation of Parathion in Vivo in Swine

Increasing attention has been paid to the variables of application site and dosing method in quantitation of chemical percutaneous absorption. Following topical and intravenous application of [ring-U-14C]parathion (PA) in weanling pigs, we have determined, in a previous publication, the profiles of 14C and HPLC-separated paraoxon (PO), p-nitrophenol (PNP), and p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucuronide (PNP-G) in plasma, urine, tissues, and dosing device. The purpose of the present paper was to analyze these data further, focusing on a quantitation of the effects of application site (back versus abdomen) and dosing method (occluded versus nonoccluded) on in vivo disposition of both the parent PA and its sequential metabolites PO, PNP, and PNP-G. Cutaneous and systemic disposition parameters were determined using a numerical simulation modeling approach and moments analysis. Mean systemic bioavailability values of 8.9-9.2% for abdomen and 14.7-19.7% for back were determined. Under different dosing conditions, 1-35% of the topical dose was metabolized dermally, and 9-19% systemically. Radioactivity in plasma and urine was predominantly contributed by PNP-G and PNP. Site differences in 14C percutaneous absorption were governed by the differences in transport of PA, PO, and PNP from epidermis into blood, by local tissue distribution, and by the cutaneous metabolism to PNP. Systemic bioavailability of PA was higher from the back than from the abdomen. Occlusion not only increased the amount of 14C absorption and shortened the mean residence time in most compartments but also altered the systemic versus cutaneous biotransformation pattern.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Nanostructured Surfaces and Assemblies as SERS Media

Metallic nanostructures attract much interest as an efficient media for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Significant progress has been made on the synthesis of metal nanoparticles with various shapes, composition, and controlled plasmonic properties, all critical for an efficient SERS response. For practical applications, efficient strategies of assembling metal nanoparticles into organized nanostructures are paramount for the fabrication of reproducible, stable, and highly active SERS substrates. Recent progress in the synthesis of novel plasmonic nanoparticles, fabrication of highly ordered one-, two-, and three-dimensional SERS substrates, and some applications of corresponding SERS effects are discussed.
Operation "Just Missed": Lessons From Failed Coup Attempts

While many studies of coups are available, most focus on those that succeed in overthrowing one government and replacing it with another. In this article, the focus is on the numerous attempts that...
College Students' Lifestyles and Self-Protective Behaviors: Further Considerations of the Guardianship Concept in Routine Activity Theory

Routine activity theory has traditionally emphasized identifying victimization risks and suitable targets for crime. Assessments of the role of guardianship in criminal events are less emphasized. Explorations of who uses guardianship to attempt to reduce their chances for victimization have been developed only minimally, typically relying on demographics. This research goes further in assessing who uses self-protective strategies, considering lifestyles related to proximity to motivated offenders, the suitability of individuals as targets, and how these characteristics influence the use of self-protective devices. Results show the most influential lifestyle characteristics and behaviors on use of self-protective measures are exposure to potential offenders and neighborhood characteristics. Fear of crime, substance use, and individual demographics show only small relationships to guardianship.
Phenotypic and Functional Characteristics of NK Cells Associated with Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Reactivation after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HCT)

s / Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 20 (2014) S128eS150 S146 virus (EBV) is a gammaherpes virus that is reactivated from latent to lytic cycle and can cause aggressive lymphomas known as post transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) in immunocompromised hosts. We attempted to distinguish immune reconstitution profiles in double UCBT recipients who developed EBV viremia from those who did not. Thirty-one patients with hematologic malignancies received dUCBT with melphalan, fludarabine, ATG conditioning and tacrolimus plus sirolimus for GvHD prophylaxis. During the first 12 months after dUCBT, 14 of 31 (45%) patients developed EBV viremia and four (13%) developed PTLD. At one month after dUCBT, patients with EBV viremia displayed higher numbers of CD19+ B cells (p1⁄40.04) and CD4+CD25+ Treg cells (p1⁄40.03) compared with patients who never became viremic. Surprisingly, EBV viremia correlated with increased numbers of CD3+ (p1⁄40.04), CD4+ (p1⁄40.015) and CD8+ (p1⁄40.021) T cells, but this response was ineffective at controlling the virus. One explanation for this unexpected result might be skewing towards a late effector memory T cell phenotype, a stage in which T cells are incapable of mounting protective immune responses. We examined naive vs. memory T cell distribution and determined that patients who developed EBV reactivation had higher numbers of memory cell subsets (CD4+CD45RO+, p1⁄40.023; CD8+CD45RO+, p1⁄40.019) at two months after dUCBT. Analysis of repertoire diversity by deep-sequencing on PCR-amplified CDR3 regions of the TCRb gene using the ImmunoSEQ assay showed a more diverse TCR repertoire, as determined by higher entropy (p1⁄40.03) and lower clonality (p1⁄40.03), among patients who did not develop EBV reactivation. Assessment of SCF and IL-7, critical regulators of hematopoietic stem cell and naive T cell homeostasis, respectively, showed that patients without EBV viremia had higher levels of SCF (p1⁄40.0016) and IL-7 (p1⁄40.046) compared with patients who developed viremia and PTLD. Our findings suggest that control of EBV reactivation after dUCBT might be linked to the support of naive T cell homeostasis, which enables maintenance of a diverse TCR repertoire.
Hand Actuation Strength: A Preliminary Evaluation of Physical Demand in a Nontraditional Lawn Mowing Control System

Many jobs and tasks involve hand control requiring large forces, awkward positions and/or high repetition rates which may lead to upper limb injury or illness. The operation of commercial lawn mowing machines involves a combination of these factors for actuation of hand controls and therefore may pose a safety concern for the operators. A nontraditional control system currently implemented on a commercially-available lawn mower may reduce some of the precursors for upper limb illness or injury due to hand and body positioning. This preliminary study compared maximum grip strength in nine different orientations (combinations of 3 different grip spans and 3 different positions). The results showed that there was a difference between the three different grip spans (p < 0.0001) and a difference between positions (p < 0.0001). The position of the nontraditional control system and the smallest grip span (6.3cm) facilitated the highest grip forces. Further investigation is required to better understand the impac...
In Vitro Effects of High Temperatures on Avian Malarial Parasites.

Although much work has been done on the environmental modification of the periodicity of avian malaria by in vivo experiments, almost all of these attempts have involved the alteration of the environment or physiology of the avian host and have thus acted only indirectly on the malarial parasite. L. G. Taliaferro (1928), however, subjected strain 3H (the Hartman strain) of Plasmodium cathemerium to a temperature of 0.5 C in vitro. After inoculation into canaries the parasites were delayed in their asexual development in proportion to the time they had been subjected to the low temperature. The parasites shortened their reproductive cycle each day so that as the infections progressed they returned closer and closer to normal. In a short time the
Thermal energy enhances cell-mediated contraction of lax rat tail tendon fascicles following exercise.

Background the application of thermal energy (TE) has shown promise in the treatment of tendinopathy. However, the precise mechanism(s) of action of this therapy is unclear. The loss of tendon cell homeostatic tension, due to loading-induced laxity, produces catabolic changes associated with tendinopathy. This catabolic activity can be inhibited through the re-establishment of a normal tensile environment via a cellular contraction mechanism. We hypothesized that application of TE will enhance the contraction rate of lax rat tail tendon fascicles (RTTfs) in an in vitro model. Methods following loading, 10 lax RTTfs from each mature rat (n=5) were treated once daily for 7 days with TE by replacing the culture media at 37°C (control) with 42°C media. Using calibrated photographs, RTTf lengths were measured daily. Additional RTTfs were utilized to investigate any changes in material (n=12) and/or histological (n=12) properties with TE. Results TE significantly increased the contraction rate of RTTfs (p>0.001) without altering the material or histological properties. Conclusion these results demonstrate that TE significantly enhances the contraction rate of previously exercised tendons. The ability to more quickly re-establish a normal mechanobiological environment, thus minimizing any catabolic changes, may explain the beneficial effects reported with applied TE in tendinopathy treatment.
Renal and endocrine regulation of water and electrolyte balance

The kidneys have primary responsibility for regulating the body's water and solute balance. Of the 180 L per day that are filtered at the glomerulus, about 98 to 99 per cent is reabsorbed throughout the course of the renal tubule. The kidney can produce a concentrated urine or a dilute urine, depending on the needs of the body. Several hormones, notably aldosterone, ADH, PTH, and calcitonin, as well as vitamin D, are important in the regulation of water and solutes. This article has not discussed other important renal functions as noted in the introduction.
Impact of Total Vending Machine Restrictions on US Young Adult Smoking

INTRODUCTION In an analysis of smoking using a longitudinal sample of US young adults, we extend research on tobacco vending machine restrictions beyond its prior focus on minors by examining the influence of total vending machine restrictions, which apply to adult-only facilities and represents the only remaining vending machine exemption since the enactment of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. We identify whether the passage of a restriction influences an individual's smoking on repeated observations, and if the propensity is lower among those who live in locations with a restriction. METHODS Combining a repository of US tobacco policies at all geographic levels with the nationally-representative geocoded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 and Census data, we use multilevel logistic regression to examine the impact of total vending machine restrictions on any past 30-day smoking and past 30-day smoking of one pack per day among young adults (ages 19-31), while accounting for other tobacco control policy, community, and individual covariates. RESULTS We find that total vending machine restrictions decrease any recent smoking (OR = 0.451; p < .01), net of other covariates. Though the passage of a restriction does not alter an individual's smoking over time, living longer in an area that has a restriction lowers the propensity that an individual will smoke at all (OR = 0.442; p < .05). We find no effect of total vending machine restrictions on smoking a pack daily. CONCLUSIONS Total vending machine restrictions appear to be an effective, yet highly underutilized, means of tobacco control. IMPLICATIONS Past scientific inquiries examining vending machine restrictions have focused upon minor access, adolescent perceptions of availability, and subsequent smoking. The potential for total vending machine restrictions, which extend to adult-only facilities, to influence patterns of smoking among those of legal age, remains significant. Those who are subject to total vending machine restrictions for longer periods are less likely to have recently smoked, but individuals do not change their smoking behavior in response to the passage of a restriction. These restrictions do not affect heavy smokers. Such policies are an effective but underutilized policy mechanism to prevent smoking among young adults.
The potential and pitfalls of geocoding electronic health records.

Background Geocoding electronic health records (EHRs) provides novel insights for clinicians, but it is important to understand and address key issues, including privacy and protection of patient records, in order to realize potential benefits. Methods This paper discusses the issues surrounding geocoding and illustrates potential benefits through 3 case studies of no-shows to clinical appointments, patient analysis for a merged clinic site, and multi-clinic patient overlap. Conclusion Geocoding EHRs provides a new contextual understanding for clinicians to understand patients and provide targeted interventions that patients can implement. While geocoding EHRs presents a need for high data security, the benefits outweigh the risks when proper protections are observed.