cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sudden death behind the wheel from natural disease in drivers of four-wheeled motorized vehicles

The heart was studied in 30 persons who died suddenly from natural causes in the driver's seat of an automobile, truck or bus. Twenty had cardiac arrest while driving and the other 10 while sitting in the driver's seat of a parked vehicle. Of the 20 drivers, 16 died from atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD): 12 (75%) had minor collisions and 4 did not. Of the 16 with fatal CAD, an average of 2.3 +/- 0.8 of the 4 major coronary arteries were narrowed greater than 75% in cross-sectional area (CSA) by plaque; of 668 five-mm segments of the 4 major (right, left main, left anterior descending, left circumflex) coronary arteries in 13 of these 16 cases, 27 (4%) were narrowed 96 to 100% and 127 (19%) were narrowed 76 to 95% in CSA by plaque. The remaining 4 drivers died from noncoronary conditions: aortic rupture associated with the Marfan syndrome in 1; cardiac sarcoidosis in 1; thoracic aortic dissection in 1; and severe mitral regurgitation from infective endocarditis, which had healed in 1. The other 10 persons were found dead in the driver's seat of a parked vehicle and 8 of them had fatal CAD. Of the 8 CAD victims, an average of 2.5 +/- 1.2 of the 4 major coronary arteries was narrowed greater than 75% by plaque; of the 283 five-mm segments of coronary arteries in 7 of the 8 cases, 44 (16%) were narrowed 96 to 100% and 69 (24%) were narrowed 76 to 95% in CSA by plaque.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adiponectin is associated with favorable lipoprotein profile, independent of BMI and insulin resistance, in adolescents.

Adiponectin levels in adolescents are inversely associated with an atherogenic panel of lipoprotein subclass particles, independent of body mass index and insulin resistance.
Periodate oxidation studies in the elucidation of the structures of sialic acid containing oligosaccharides

The structures of sialo-oligosaccharide alditols as determined by 1H-NMR spectrometry together with methylation analysis did not correspond with those derived previously from quantitative periodate oxidation data alone. Possible causes of the discrepancy were explored in the periodate oxidation methodology. No free sialic acid was released by the acidity of the periodate in the course of oxidation at pH 4.5. The anionic properties of the sialic acid residues were therefore utilized to separate the periodate oxidation products and thereby establish the position of the sialic acid in the oligosaccharide chain.
Droplets walking in a rotating frame: from quantized orbits to multimodal statistics

We present the results of an experimental investigation of a droplet walking on the surface of a vibrating rotating fluid bath. Particular attention is given to demonstrating that the stable quantized orbits reported by Fort et al. (Proc. Natl Acad. Sci., vol. 107, 2010, pp. 17515–17520) arise only for a finite range of vibrational forcing, above which complex trajectories with multimodal statistics arise. We first present a detailed characterization of the emergence of orbital quantization, and then examine the system behaviour at higher driving amplitudes. As the vibrational forcing is increased progressively, stable circular orbits are succeeded by wobbling orbits with, in turn, stationary and drifting orbital centres. Subsequently, there is a transition to wobble-and-leap dynamics, in which wobbling of increasing amplitude about a stationary centre is punctuated by the orbital centre leaping approximately half a Faraday wavelength. Finally, in the limit of high vibrational forcing, irregular trajectories emerge, characterized by a multimodal probability distribution that reflects the persistent dynamic influence of the unstable orbital states.
Time-gated optical imaging to detect positive prostate cancer margins

Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) has revolutionized the surgical treatment of prostate cancer. This procedure permits complete removal of the prostate and seminal vesicles while minimizing pain and recovery time. However, the laparoscopic approach greatly limits the surgeon's tactile sensation during the procedure. This is particularly true with robot-assisted LRP where no tactile feedback is available forcing the surgeon to rely solely on visual cues. The surgeon and pathologist perform intraoperative frozen section pathologic analysis of a few select tissue fragments, but this is time consuming and costly. Concrete conclusions based on such samples are unreliable as they do not reflect the entire surgical margin status. In this case a conservative approach might dictate removal of more marginal material than necessary, thereby compromising the important nerve-sparing aspects of the procedure. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of using multi-modal time-gated optical imaging, i.e. time-resolved light reflectance and auto-fluorescence life-time imaging performed by an ICCD (Intensified Charge-Coupled Device) imaging system to enable clinicians to detect positive tumor margins with high sensitivity and specificity over the prostate. Results from animal experiments present the potential of identifying differences in optical signals between prostate cancer and control tissues. Results also show that the use of classification algorithms can identify cancerous regions with high sensitivity and specificity.
Population-Based Comparison of Biomarker Concentrations for Chemicals of Concern Among Latino-American and Non-Hispanic White Children

Differences in cultural and economic status may place ethnic subgroups of children at higher risk for exposure, leading to heightened health risks, and health inequities. Although Latino-Americans represent 22% of all children in the United States, few studies have explored within-group differences in their exposure to toxicants. Using socio-demographic and biomarker data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2008, we characterized determinants of health and estimated geometric means of environmental contaminant biomarkers (blood concentrations of lead and mercury, serum concentrations of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [p,p'-DDE] and cotinine, and urinary metabolites of organophosphate [OP] pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs]) among 4,257 Mexican American (MA), 677 Other Latino-American (OL), and 3,370 Non-Hispanic White (NHW) children. MAs had the lowest levels of health insurance coverage and regular access to health care, and largest household size compared to NHWs and OLs. MAs had higher levels of p,p'-DDE, lead, and cadmium while OLs had higher estimates of mercury relative to other groups. MAs had higher urinary metabolite concentrations of 2-hydroxynaphthalene; otherwise MAs and OLs had lower concentrations of PAHs. NHWs had higher levels of cotinine and dimethylthiophosphate. For other OP metabolites, differences among groups were less clear. Lead and p,p'-DDE exposure differences likely reflect later and less regulatory control of these chemicals in Latin America. Additionally, poor quality housing with lead paint is more common in economically disadvantaged subpopulations. Dietary habits are possible sources of differential cadmium, mercury, and organophosphate exposure. Cotinine exposure differences by income and U.S.- vs. foreign-born may represent increased acculturation. These results, coupled with additional research on exposure sources may contribute to refinement of environmental health promotion programs for the fast-growing Latino-American population.
Kinetics of tumor necrosis factor production by photodynamic-therapy-activated macrophages

The ability of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to activate macrophages and produce cytokines, specifically tumor necrosis factor (TNF), is unknown. Three day thioglycolate elicited macrophages were incubated with 25 ug/mi Photofrin II (P11) for 2 hour, after which they were subjected to 630 nm light with fluences of 0-1800 J/m. The amount of TNF produced in the system as well as macrophage viability was measured 1, 3, 6, and 18 hours after POT. The level of TNF produced by the macrophages was significantly elevated over control levels 6 hours after POT and the absolute level of tumor necrosis factor production was influenced by the treatment energy and the resulting macrophage cytotoxicity. These data suggest that POT therapy induced cytotoxicity in vivo may be amplified by macrophage stimulation to secrete cytokines and these cytokines may also participate in other direct/indirect photodynamic therapy effects, i.e. immunosuppression, vascular effects.
Justifying patient risks associated with medical education.

IN THE TRADITIONAL VIEW OF THE PATIENT-PHYSICIAN RElationship, physicians are obligated to act in the best medical interests of their individual patients and should not compromise their patients’ care for the sake of third parties (persons outside this relationship). In truth, it is doubtful that physicians have ever fully upheld this uncompromising standard, and more recently some have advocated a balance between concern for the individual patient and concern for the greater good in contexts such as clinical research and cost containment. But the traditional, exclusively patient-centered ethic continues to exert a powerful hold on physicians’ self-conceptions and patients’ expectations, perhaps in part because the medical profession so far has failed to articulate an alternative principle to guide how physicians should weigh the claims of patients and third parties. Although potential conflicts between patient and public interests have been explored in the literature on clinical research and cost containment, less attention has been paid to similar conflicts in medical education. Medical students and residents, as well as fully credentialed physicians learning new techniques, attain proficiency in skills by practicing them in the course of patient care. For example, any physician who routinely performs an invasive procedure such as lumbar puncture or central venous catheterization must have, at some point, performed it on a patient for the first time. Although everyone benefits from the skills cultivated by practicing on patients, few would wish to be that first patient. The overall care available to patients in teaching hospitals is in some cases generally superior to that available in nonteaching institutions, in terms of greater access to cutting-edge interventions and the round-the-clock availability of house staff. Nonetheless, when a trainee performs a procedure even though a more experienced physician is also available, this decision is not guided solely by concern for the individual patient. Like clinical research, medical education may expose patients to risks that are not offset by the prospect of benefits to those individual patients but instead by the prospect of benefits to other individuals. Such conflicts in clinical research and cost containment reflect ethical dilemmas raised by the special circumstances of high-technology 21stcentury medicine. By contrast, the conflicts that arise in medical education are not specific to any time or place but instead are intrinsic to medicine as a learned profession and must be faced by every physician in the course of his or her training.
A coherent mechanical submillimeter frequency shifter

Highly correlated transmit and local oscillator signals for use in a narrowband heterodyne system are derived from a single submillimeter source. One component is Doppler shifted in frequency by a mechanically rotating device before transmission. The frequency translation does not lead to significant spectral deterioration. Under the condition of only a small differential delay between transmit and local oscillator paths, most phase and frequency instabilities of the submillimeter source are eliminated at the intermediate frequency. The paper describes the frequency shifter's mode of operation and a practical 637GHz design. Based on this design we simulate the effect of various imperfections in the frequency translation process on the output spectrum. Preliminary measurements at 140GHz are included.
Peptide Nucleic Acids with a Flexible Secondary Amine in the Backbone Maintain Oligonucleotide Binding Affinity

Replacing a secondary amide in a peptide nucleic acid backbone with a more flexible secondary amine affords an oligomer that surprisingly maintains the same binding affinity to complementary oligonucleotides as the unmodified polyamide oligomer.
Verification (Bewährung) in Martin Buber

Abstract The work of Martin Buber oscillates between talk in which transcendence is experienced and talk in which transcendence is merely postulated. In order to show and mend this incoherence in Buber’s thought, this essay attends to the rhetoric of verification (Bewahrung), primarily but not solely in I and Thou (1923), both in order to show how it is a symptom of this incoherence, and also to show a broad pragmatic strain in Buber’s thought. Given this pragmatic strain, the essay argues that a weak notion of Buberian verification, in which taking a dialogic stance with reference to others evinces the right to talk of the real possibility of transcendence (a You-world, or God as the “eternal You”), is all that is necessary to combat despair. Strong notions of encounter are unnecessary, and also sink Buber in a morass of theodicy, in which he interprets historical misfortune and destruction as evidence of history’s meaning.
A charging study of the ACTS satellite using NASCAP

The results of a charging study conducted with the NASA Charging Analyzer Program (NASCAP) using a model of the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) are presented. The electrostatic discharge mechanisms are described including the field and potential threshold values that were monitored during the NASCAP simulation. Particular attention is given to the charging behavior of the ACTS inclined antennas. The data obtained indicate that the possibility of a discharge occurring in the immediate vicinity of the antennas is minimal when the semiconducting paint layer on the antenna's front surface has sufficient surface conductivity. It is shown that the metallized multilayer insulating blanket ACTS design provides good electrostatic discharge control.
Japan's Ise Shrine and its Thirteen-Hundred-Year-Old Reconstruction Tradition

Abstract Japan's Ise Shrine is famous for its thirteen-hundred-year-old reconstruction tradition, the Shikinen sengu, in which the most sacred structures are completely rebuilt every twenty years. The construction process incorporates not only the usual elements of planning, materials procurement, and installation, but also integrates some thirty Shinto rituals that mark important milestones in the construction process. This renewal is remarkable because it preserves an ancient architectural style that is extremely susceptible to decay as well as the ancient construction technologies needed to build it. Because each cycle is very closely modeled on its predecessor, the most recent reconstruction, completed in 1993, provides a window through which we can examine ancient construction attitudes and technologies.
Occurrence of synaptonemal complexes and recombination nodules in a meiotic race of Meloidogyne hapla and their absence in a mitotic race

The early prophase of the first maturation division of oocytes is compared in two races of Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood. Light microscopic analysis suggested that chromatin of both Race A (meiotic parthenogenetic; n=17) and Race B (mitotic parthenogenetic; 3n=45) behaves similarly during early stages of maturation of oocytes (Triantaphyllou, 1966). Electron microscopic analysis shows that synaptonemal complexes and recombination nodules are observed at pachytene in Race A, but are absent in corresponding oocytes of Race B. Cylindrical granular complexes present in the cytoplasm at prepachytene stages are intimately associated with the nucleus at pachytene in Race A, but are absent in Race B.
Quantification and minimization of magnetic susceptibility artifacts on GRE images

Purpose The purpose of this work was to determine the optimal imaging parameters for minimization of metallic susceptibility artifacts during gradient echo (GRE) imaging. Method We performed GRE imaging of titanium screws in a nickel-doped agarose gel phantom, systematically varying several parameters to characterize and quantify susceptibility artifacts. Results The greatest reduction in artifact size came from using a short TE; increasing the frequency matrix and decreasing the slice thickness also contributed substantially to reducing the artifact size. Whenever possible, implanted prostheses should be aligned with the main magnetic field to minimize artifact size. Parameters with negligible effect on artifact size included bandwidth, phase encode matrix, and field of view. Conclusion Radiologists can easily adjust the above parameters in their imaging protocols to improve GRE image quality in patients with implanted metallic devices.
Dual lower critical solution temperature polymer networks based on block, laminate, and interpenetrating network structures composed of N‐alkylacrylamides and N,N‐dialkylaminoethyl methacrylates

Novel materials that display two lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs) were developed by forming block copolymers, laminate structures, and interpenetrating networks of crosslinked polymer systems that displayed temperature sensitivity independently. A number of LCST polymers and copolymers were investigated, including those based on N-isopropylacrylamide, N,N-diethylacrylamide, N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, and N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate. The polymer structure was found to profoundly influence the thermal sensitivity, as polymer formulation techniques led to materials with varying degrees of temperature sensitivity. Random and block copolymerization, along with interpenetrating networks and laminate systems, were studied, with only the structures having the greatest physical separation between pendent chains of different types having the ability to separate temperature transitions. Experiments were conducted to characterize the equilibrium swelling behavior and thermal transitions in the polymer systems. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 2974–2981, 2003
The Learning Library: A Case Study of the Evolution From Information Commons to Learning Commons at Kent State University Libraries

This article outlines the development, and describes each component, of the original information commons at Kent State University's main library. The addition of services and facilities that transitioned the library to a learning commons over the ensuing six years, as well as the impact of the learning commons service philosophy on everything from the library's instructional program to locally-developed research tools, is also discussed.
Skin cancer screening in primary care: Prevalence and barriers

Background: Skin cancer incidence is increasing, but whether primary care providers routinely screen for skin cancer is not known. Objective: We assessed whether primary care practitioners are performing skin cancer screening within the context of primary care and whether barriers exist that might act as impediments to the implementation of this practice. Methods: A total of 465 primary care providers belonging to their respective county medical societies in either New Haven County, Connecticut, or Miami-Dade County, Florida were randomly selected and surveyed by mailed questionnaire regarding their skin cancer screening practices. Results: Only 31% of responding physicians reported performing skin cancer screening on all of their adult patients. Of those not performing skin cancer screening on all adult patients, only 31% report performing screening on high-risk patients. Almost half of physicians reported that they do not perform skin cancer screening. We found that physicians' lack of confidence in identifying suspect lesions was a common barrier. Fear of patient embarrassment, inadequate lighting, or lack of studies demonstrating mortality benefits were not frequent deterrents. Furthermore, there was no statistical difference in screening rates between the more northern latitude and the more southern latitude. Conclusion: Skin cancer screening is not being performed within the context of primary care visits. Barriers exist that may impede skin cancer screening.
EFFECT OF EGG YOLK AND PHOSPHATIDES ON ANTHRAX INFECTION OF RATS AND GUINEA PIGS.

Abstract : Suspension of anthrax spores or vegetative cells in phosphatidyl ethanolamine, or the related phosphatides, phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol, markedly reduced the intraperitoneal median lethal dose for guinea pigs and Sprague-Dawley rats, thus duplicating the effect of whole chicken egg yolk. Quantitative considerations indicated that the amount of phosphatidyl ethanolamine present in yolk could account for the effect of yolk. Lecithin, the other major phosphatide of yolk, was ineffective. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine appeared to influence the initial phases of host-bacterium interaction.
Solvophobic interactions in liquid chromatography with nonpolar stationary phases

Abstract Solute interaction with nonpolar stationary phases in liquid chromatography is examined on the basis of the solvophobic theory. The chromatographic process is viewed as a reversible association of the solute with the hydrocarbonaceous ligands of bonded phases. A detailed analysis of the effect of the solvent on this process yields an expression for the capacity factor with essentially no adjustable constants. The theory satisfactorily accounts for the factors affecting solute retention under a wide range of experimental conditions. It makes possible the characterization of the solvophobic (eluent) strength of mixed solvents having different composition and the evaluation of the various solvophobic forces representing incremental values of the logarithm of the capacity factor. The wide applicability of nonpolar stationary phases (reversed phases) in liquid chromatography is demonstrated by the rapid separation of biogenic acids and bases on octadecylsilica columns with neat aqueous elements.
Selective Peroxidation and Externalization of Phosphatidylserine in Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes During Oxidative Stress Induced by Cumene Hydroperoxide

Reactive oxygen species not only modulate important signal transduction pathways, but also induce DNA damage and cytotoxicity in keratinocytes. Hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides are particularly important as these chemicals are widely used in dermally applied cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, and also represent endogenous metabolic intermediates. Lipid peroxidation is of fundamental interest in the cellular response to peroxides, as lipids are extremely sensitive to oxidation and lipid-based signaling systems have been implicated in a number of cellular processes, including apoptosis. Oxidation of specific phospholipid classes was measured in normal human epidermal keratinocytes exposed to cumene hydroperoxide after metabolic incorporation of the fluorescent oxidation-sensitive fatty acid, cis-parinaric acid, using a fluorescence high-performance liquid chromatography assay. In addition, lipid oxidation was correlated with changes in membrane phospholipid asymmetry and other markers of apoptosis. Although cumene hydroperoxide produced significant oxidation of cis-parinaric acid in all phospholipid classes, one phospholipid, phosphatidylserine, appeared to be preferentially oxidized above all other species. Using fluorescamine derivatization and annexin V binding it was observed that specific oxidation of phosphatidylserine was accompanied by phosphatidylserine translocation from the inner to the outer plasma membrane surface where it may serve as a recognition signal for interaction with phagocytic macrophages. These effects occurred much earlier than any detectable changes in other apoptotic markers such as caspase-3 activation, DNA fragmentation, or changes in nuclear morphology. Thus, normal human epidermal keratinocytes undergo profound lipid oxidation with preference for phosphatidylserine followed by phosphatidylserine externalization upon exposure to cumene hydroperoxide. It is therefore likely that normal human epidermal keratinocytes exposed to similar oxidative stress in vivo would under go phosphatidylserine oxidation/translocation. This would make them targets for macrophage recognition and phagocytosis, and thus limit their potential to invoke inflammation or give rise to neoplastic transformations.
Near-conservative behavior of 129I in the orange county aquifer system, California

Abstract Iodine is a biophilic element, with one stable isotope, 127 I, and one long-lived radioisotope, 129 I. Radioiodine originates in the surface environment almost entirely from anthropogenic activities such as nuclear fuel reprocessing in Europe and thus provides a unique point source tracer. Very few studies have evaluated the geochemical behavior of I isotopes in the subsurface. In this study, the concentrations of 129 I and 127 I were measured in wells fed by a series of artificial recharge ponds in the Forebay Area of the Orange County ground water basin (California, USA) to evaluate their potential use as hydrological tracers. To substantiate interpretation of 129 I and 127 I concentration data, the aquifer system was evaluated using the literature values of aquifer water mass age based on 3 H/ 3 He, Xe and δ 18 O tracer data. The aquifer data demonstrate the nearly conservative behavior of 129 I with 129 I/ 127 I ratios likely reflecting variations in source functions as well as climatic conditions, and with inferred particle-water partition coefficients ( K d ) of 0.1 cm 3 g −1 or less.
Violent conflict and population health in the Middle East.

The United Nations estimates that 2135 Afghan civilians were killed in the first nine months of 2010; 350 of those deaths were a result of attacks by US, NATO and Afghan forces, while the remainder...
Enhancement of light extraction efficiency of InGaN quantum wells light-emitting diodes using TiO2 microsphere arrays

ABSTRACT The enhancement of light extraction effi ciency of InGaN quantum well (QW) light emitting diodes (LEDs) was achieved by employing the refractive index matched TiO 2 microsphere arrays. The optimization studies of the dipping method and rapid convective deposition (RCD) method were carried out for the deposition of TiO 2 microsphere arrays onto LEDs. The 2-dimensional relatively close-packed and close-packed TiO 2 microsphere arrays were deposited by the using optimized conditions of the dipping method and RCD method, respectively. The light extraction efficiencies of LEDs under electrical injection were enhanced by 1.83 times by utilizing 520-nm diameter TiO 2 microspheres. This enhancement is primarily attributed to increase in the effective photon escape cone due to the matched index and spherical shape of TiO 2 microstructures arrays. Keywords : InGaN quantum wells, light emitting diodes, light extraction efficiency, matched refractive index, TiO 2 microspheres. 1. INTRODUCTION
Scattering of body waves by an inclined surface-breaking crack

Abstract Parametrical studies are presented which display the variation of the scattered displacement field with angles of incidence and observation, angle of inclination and the frequency of the incident wave, for scattering of elastic body waves by a surface-breaking crack which is inclined under an arbitrary angle with the free surface of an elastic half-space. By using the elastodynamic representation integral for the scattered displacement field, a system of (traction) boundary integral equations for the crack-opening displacement has been obtained. These boundary integral equations are hyper singular, and their solution, therefore, requires a special numerical procedure which was recently developed by the authors. Numerical results for the scattered far field are displayed in several figures. Both back scattering and forward scattering have been investigated. The results suggest the optimal choices of angles of incidence and observation for a maximum response in an ultrasonic test to detect and characterize surface-breaking cracks.
Electrons and photons trapped in bags of abnormal QED vacuum

The five narrow states of masses 1\char21{}2 MeV/${c}^{2}$ recently observed in low-energy heavy-ion collisions are interpreted as the $^{1}\mathrm{S}_{0}$ and the four P states of an ${e}^{+}$${e}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ pair trapped in bags of abnormal QED vacuum. Masses and properties of trapped states of two, three, and many electrons in the bag are discussed. Possible electronless states and electronic states with photons add to the rich spectroscopy of abnormal QED, reminiscent of hadron spectroscopy.
Sonographic appearance of ruptured ovarian cyst in the neonatal period

Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center and Stritch School of Medicine,2160 S. First Ave., Maywood, IL 60153Received 20 October 2006; accepted 27 February 2007ABSTRACT: Rupture is a rare complication of ovariancysts diagnosed during the prenatal period. We pres-ent a case that focuses on the postnatal sonographicappearance of rupture of an ovarian cyst after vaginaldelivery. Histopathologic correlation is provided. Themain sonographic features include complicated asci-tes and a collapsed cystic structure in the abdomen.Ruptured ovarian cyst should be included in the dif-ferential diagnosis of unexplained ascites in a new-born girl.
Enhancing the Benefits of Written Emotional Disclosure Through Response Training

Abstract Writing about a personal stressful event has been found to have psychological and physical health benefits, especially when physiological response increases during writing. Response training was developed to amplify appropriate physiological reactivity in imagery exposure. The present study examined whether response training enhances the benefits of written emotional disclosure. Participants were assigned to either a written emotional disclosure condition ( n = 113) or a neutral writing condition ( n = 133). Participants in each condition wrote for 20 minutes on 3 occasions and received response training ( n = 79), stimulus training ( n = 84) or no training ( n = 83). Heart rate and skin conductance were recorded throughout a 10-minute baseline, 20-minute writing, and a 10-minute recovery period. Self-reported emotion was assessed in each session. One month after completing the sessions, participants completed follow-up assessments of psychological and physical health outcomes. Emotional disclosure elicited greater physiological reactivity and self-reported emotion than neutral writing. Response training amplified physiological reactivity to emotional disclosure. Greater heart rate during emotional disclosure was associated with the greatest reductions in event-related distress, depression, and physical illness symptoms at follow-up, especially among response trained participants. Results support an exposure explanation of emotional disclosure effects and are the first to demonstrate that response training facilitates emotional processing and may be a beneficial adjunct to written emotional disclosure.
A facile synthesis of Ag nanoparticles for mercury ion detection with high sensitivity and selectivity

A facile one-step synthesis of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) with particle sizes less than 5 nm is presented. The average size, size distribution and morphology of the NPs were determined using a number of techniques, including UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and a particle size analyzer (PSA). Furthermore, the resulting Ag NPs, without extra treatment, could be used as a probe to detect Hg(II) ions in aqueous media. The response in absorbance was linearly proportional to the concentration of mercury ions in the range 0.2–3 nM. Unlike some recent reports, this absorbance-based detection scheme does not require surface modification of the NPs or oligonucleotides as targeting elements, or complicated detection systems. The method is very simple yet highly sensitive, with an observed detection limit down to 0.2 nM. Most other common ions, at 100-fold higher concentrations, have little interfering effect on the mercury ion detection.
On Detecting Long-Term Changes in Atmospheric Moisture

Long-term temperature changes are expected to give rise to changes in the water vapor content of the atmosphere, which in turn would accentuate the temperature change. It is thus important to monitor water vapor in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. This paper reviews existing data for such an endeavor and the prospects for improvement in monitoring.
COPII-mediated traffic in plants

The secretory pathway encloses functionally interlinked organelles for the synthesis and deposition of most of the building blocks of eukaryotic cells, such as lipids, proteins and sugars. The coat protein complex II (COPII) is a specialized protein complex for the transport between secretory organelles, specifically from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus. This review focuses on the developments on COPII research in the plant system. Here, we address the most recent advances in the distribution and regulation of ER-to-Golgi protein transport intermediates and functional analyses of COPII isoforms. New studies support that such isoforms might not be functionally redundant and that they might have unanticipated roles in maintaining the integrity of the ER.
Effects of voluntary physical exercise on high‐fat diet‐promoted pancreatic carcinogenesis in the hamster model

Abstract We examined the effect of voluntary physical exercise (running wheels) on pancreatic carcinogenicity of N‐nitrosobis‐(2‐oxopropyl)amine (BOP) in groups of female Syrian hamsters fed a high‐fat (HF) diet in which corn oil was 24.6% of the diet or a low‐fat (LF) diet in which corn oil was 4.5% of the diet. Each group was divided into an exercising (EX) group (LF‐EX and HF‐EX) anda sedentary (S) group (LF‐S and HF‐S). All hamsters were treated with BOP (20 mg/kg body wt) weekly for two weeks beginning four weeks after the experimental diets, which were fed from weaning. A modified glucose tolerance test was performed before the BOP injections and then again at 20 and 40 weeks, and the levels of glucose, insulin‐like growth factor I, and insulin were determined in the plasma samples. At the end of the experiment, serum levels of lipid metabolites were also examined in six hamsters from each group. The experiment was terminated 44 weeks after the BOP treatment. Pancreatic ductallductular adenocarcinom...
Sensitivity of Pseudoperonospora humuli (the Causal Agent of Hop Downy Mildew) from Oregon, Idaho, and Washington to Fosetyl-Al (Aliette)

Abstract Failures of fosetyl-Al (Aliette) to control hop (Humulus lupulus) downy mildew, caused by Pseudoperonospora humuli, have recently occurred in northern Idaho and Oregon. To determine if res...
The subunit composition and pharmacology of α-Conotoxin MII-binding nicotinic acetylcholine receptors studied by a novel membrane-binding assay

The subunit composition and pharmacology of alpha-Conotoxin MII-binding (alpha-CtxMII) nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) was studied by an improved [(125)I]-alpha-CtxMII membrane binding method. This binding method facilitates pharmacological studies that have been difficult to accomplish with [(125)I]-alpha-CtxMII autoradiography or alpha-CtxMII inhibition of [(125)I]-epibatidine binding. Binding densities and K(d)-values obtained by this [(125)I]-alpha-CtxMII membrane binding were similar to the values obtained by autoradiography or alpha-CtxMII inhibition of [(125)I]-epibatidine binding, verifying that each of these approaches measures the same nAChR population. Binding results with nAChR subunit-null mutant mice confirm and extend observations from earlier studies: [(125)I]-alpha-CtxMII binding measures two sets of alpha6beta2* nAChR (alpha4alpha6beta2beta3 or alpha6beta2beta3). Most nicotinic agonists and antagonists show monophasic inhibition of [(125)I]-alpha-CtxMII binding, indicating that alpha4alpha6beta2beta3 and alpha6beta2beta3 have similar binding properties. Comparison of the binding and activation profiles of alpha6beta2* nAChR to those of other nAChR subtypes (alpha4beta2* and beta4*) indicates that these receptors have distinctly different pharmacology indicating that it may be possible to target alpha6beta2* nAChR selectively to develop compounds that might be therapeutically useful.
Basin development and syntectonic sedimentation associated with kinematically coupled strike-slip and detachment faulting, southern Nevada

A previously unrecognized, 12-10 Ma clastic sequence is distributed widely south of the Las Vegas Valley shear zone and north of Lake Mead in southern Nevada. Structural and stratigraphic evidence from these sedimentary and associated volcanic rocks suggests that basin development was kinematically related to movement along the Las Vegas Valley shear zone. Major movement along the nearby Saddle Island detachment also occurred within this time interval. We suggest that spatially and temporally related basin development, sedimentation, and stratal tilting reflect kinematically coupled movement along a combined Las Vegas Valley shear-zone-Saddle Island detachment-fault system.
A human engineering approach to the enhancement of operational systems

The practicing human factors engineer is often called upon to help in improving a system which has already been designed, built and placed into operation. The authors' organization has recently completed a major program to develop guidelines for enhancing nuclear power plant control rooms. On the basis of this and other experiences, an outline for the process of enhancing a system has been developed. This paper will discuss elements of this process which lead to a comprehensive and systematic approach to improvement. Language: en
Periodic Linear Programming with applications to real-time scheduling

In this paper we introduce a new mathematical modelling technique called Periodic Linear Programming; the periodic properties of Periodic Linear Programs (PLPs) permit the specification of inter-period constraints in embedded systems, in a straightforward and natural manner. We analyse PLPs in which the relationship between program variables is restricted to the class of difference constraints. Our analysis establishes that such PLPs can be reduced to simple linear programs, and hence decided in polynomial time. The class of difference constraints is extremely important from the perspective of embedded systems design, in that it permits the specification of complex timing constraints in real-time specification languages. A PLP can be thought of as a finite-description tool that represents infinite-state systems; although we use this tool purely for the purpose of modelling real-time scheduling problems, PLPs also find applications in other areas, such as concurrency design. In studying this programming paradigm, we develop novel techniques that, to the best of our knowledge, are not part of the literature. We build on the PLP structure to introduce a generalisation called Periodic Quantified Linear Programming; this programming paradigm permits the specification and analysis of uncertainty in the parameters of a PLP. Consequently, a Periodic Quantified Linear Program (PQLP) is the natural modelling tool to capture the requirements of periodic, embedded systems that are characterised by uncertainty in the execution times of processes, periodicity and relative timing constraints. In this paper, we use the PQLP structure to model and solve the periodic version of the zero-clairvoyant scheduling problem. Modelling uncertainty in the problem description is a typical technique used to incorporate a measure of fault-tolerance in the specification.
Equity markets in economies in transition

Abstract The transition from a state controlled economy to a market economy necessitates the development of an appropriate financial infrastructure. Privatized firms will need funds for modernization and expansion and de novo firms will certainly need more funds than the entrepreneurs can supply by themselves. Because firms will need equity as well as debt funds, a market for equity is absolutely essential. In market economies the availability of true equity prices is important for the establishment of appropriate hurdle rates for capital expenditures and to provide investors with the confidence that they are not being cheated. In economies in transition, the sooner sound equity markets can be established, the sooner there will be sound benchmarks for evaluating enterprises to be privatized. If equity markets are not to become casinos, there must be an appropriate accounting, legal, and regulatory framework. Regulation, however, should be confined to prudential and behavioral matters. Price regulation should be avoided. Market centers should not be operated by self-regulatory organizations. Among the prerequisites of a viable equity market are: an efficient clearing and settlement system, a stable currency, and adequate custodial facilities, in other words, a sound banking system. The new markets should be organized as screen based order-driven systems rather than quote-driven systems. Most of the objections to order-driven systems are myths. Among other things, in a order-driven system the supply of capital available for providing immediacy is greatly enhanced and this is especially important in new markets where firms are not used to making markets.
Factor Structure of the Counselor Rating Form-Short.

The relative goodness of fit of four competing factor models of the Counselor Rating FormShort was examined across client (N = 191) and nonclient (N = 111) samples by confirmatory factor analysis. The four models tested were (a) the single, general, positive-evaluation factor, (b) the three orthogonal factors (expertness, trustworthiness, and attractiveness); (c) the three oblique factors; and (d) a two-step hierarchical-factor model consisting of the three independent firstorder factors and an independent second-order general factor. Results of the confirmatory factor analyses supported the validity of the two-step hierarchical-factor model for both the client and nonclient samples. The factor structure of this two-step hierarchical-factor model was found to be invariant across the two samples.
Modular implementation of presentations

The presentation of an application program specifies how the data and operations provided by an application are presented to users. Most traditional techniques for implementing presentations lead to unstructured, unmodular implementations that are hard to construct and change. We present a model of presentation that identifies the dependencies between the presentation and functionality portions of an application. Based on this model, we show how several implementation techniques can be used to construct presentations in a modular way.
Thrust of an Air-Augmented Water jet with a Converging-Diverging Nozzle

This study is concerned with predicting the performance of an air-augmented waterjet with a converging-diverging nozzle. The device under study is one in which compressed air is injected into the high-pressure water stream leaving the water pump. A mixture of water and finely dispersed air bubbles is generated in a constant-area mixing chamber, which joins the water-pump outlet. The two-phase bubbly mixture enters the coverging-diverging thrust nozzle and expands under the action of a negative pressure gradient. The two-phase nozzle flow is analyzed through application of the conservation laws for a single air bubble and an incremental control volume over a nozzle section. Three different models which describe the heat transfer between the air bubbles and the water are considered. Results indicate that thrust augmentation is most effective for low pump-outlet pressures and for high mass flow ratios in the range permitting bubbly fow. The solution of the nozzle flow was accomplished by specifying the velocity distribution in the nozzle and calculating the nozzle geometry. Several expressions were used to calculate sonic velocity and it is shown that discrepancies exist between the computed results of the different expressions. Also none of the expressions place the sonic velocity at the throat. Thus, it is shown that further work is needed in determining sonic speed in two-phase compressible mixtures.
A STUDY OF THYROTROPIC HORMONE IN CLINICAL STATES1

IN 1927 SMITH (I) showed that the presence of the pituitary was necessary for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland in the rat. Since that time numerous workers have shown that suitable extracts of the anterior pituitary can produce hyperplasia of the thyroids in various laboratory animals: the guinea pig (2, 3), the dog (4, 5), the pigeon (6), the hen (7) the chick (8), the duck (9), the rat (10). To date the only definite source of thyrotropic hormone has been the hypophysis, and the isolation of a thyrotropic substance from urine, plasma, or other tissues awaits proof. There have been numerous reports of the finding of thyrotropic substance in the urine of myxedematous patients (11, 12, 13, 14), and in hyperthyroid patients (15); in menopausal patients (16); and in normal urine and serum (11, 13) but other workers have been unable to confirm these findings (17,18,19, 20).
Review of an Internal Charging Code, NUMIT

An internal charging code, which is called NUMerical InTegration, has been used on many occasions to study the charging and discharging characteristics of dielectrics in space. The capabilities and limitations of the code are reviewed in this paper. In particular, the basic assumptions of the model are briefly discussed, and an example for the internal charging in the Juno environment is presented.
Some Studies of the Effect of Thyroid Hormone on the RNA Synthesis of the Anterior Pituitary Gland of Rats

The effect of thyroid activity on the rat anterior pituitary gland (APG) RNA synthesis was studied by measuring the incorporation of 3H-uridine into RNA. The incorporation of 3H-uridine both in vivo and in vitro into the RNA of APG was enhanced in thyroidectomized (THX) rats and depressed after administration of triiodothyronine (T3) to the THX animal. The thyroidectomy-enhanced in vitro uridine incorporation could be observed one week after the operation and the T3 inhibition on 3H-uridine incorporation was evident 4 hr after administration of 10 μg/100 g body weight of the hormone. Under the same experimental conditions, the effects of thyroidectomy and of T3 on liver RNA synthesis were the opposite of those found in the APG; thyroidectomy decreased and T3 increased the RNA synthesis in the liver. The incorporation of 3H-uridine into brain RNA was not altered under the different thyroid states. Adrenalectomy, castration or administration of hydrocortisone or testosterone to THX rats had no effect on 3H-...
A visual representation for knowledge structures

Knowledge-based systems often represent their knowledge as a network of interrelated units. Such networks are commonly presented to the user as a diagram of nodes connected by lines. These diagrams have provided a powerful visual metaphor for knowledge representation. However, their complexity can easily become unmanageable as the knowledge base (KB) grows.This paper describes an alternate visual representation for navigating knowledge structures, based on a virtual museum metaphor. This representation uses nested boxes rather than linked nodes to represent relations. The intricate structure of the knowledge base is conveyed by a combination of position, size, color, and font cues, MUE (Museum Unit Editor) was implemented using this representation to provide a graphic front end for the Cyc knowledge base.