cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnosing Performance Variations in HPC Applications Using Machine Learning

With the growing complexity and scale of high performance computing (HPC) systems, application performance variation has become a significant challenge in efficient and resilient system management. Application performance variation can be caused by resource contention as well as software- and firmware-related problems, and can lead to premature job termination, reduced performance, and wasted compute platform resources. To effectively alleviate this problem, system administrators must detect and identify the anomalies that are responsible for performance variation and take preventive actions. However, diagnosing anomalies is often a difficult task given the vast amount of noisy and high-dimensional data being collected via a variety of system monitoring infrastructures.
Viewing Multipoint Codes as Subcodes of One-Point Codes

We consider ways in which multipoint algebraic geometry codes may be viewed as subcodes of the more traditionally studied one-point codes. Examples are provided to illustrate the impact of choices made on this embedding.
Visually enhanced education and immunization perceptions in low-income parents.

Objective Despite immunizations being an effective health promotion intervention, about 28% of children are not up-to-date on the combined seven-vaccine series by 35 months of age in the United States. Identifying innovative techniques to increase immunization literacy is crucial to the health and well-being of children. Design and Sample Based on the theory of multimedia learning, this study examined whether the use of visually enhanced education (VEE) positively impacted parental perception of immunization effectiveness, perceived knowledge of disease, comfort with immunization decision making, and satisfaction with the provider. Forty parents of infants 4–14 days old that could read English. Intervention Parents completed a questionnaire with 12 items in four categories during the initial visit (4–14 days old) before VEE and at the second visit (17–37 days later) after the second VEE session had been completed. Results A paired sample t test revealed a significant increase in two of the four categories (i.e., perceived knowledge of the disease [t(37) = 8.73, p = .000] and satisfaction with the provider [t(37) = 2.68, p = .011]. Cohen's effect size value suggested high practical significance in one of the four categories (i.e., perceived knowledge of disease d = 1.31, d = 1.42, d = 1.18, d = 1.05, d = 1.12). Cronbach's alpha for the 12 items was 0.852. Conclusions VEE may be an innovative technique for improving parental immunization health literacy and increasing parent-professional communication about immunizations.
Problematizing vulnerability: Unpacking gender, intersectionality, and the normative disaster paradigm

Abstract In crises, social exclusions thwart both access to resources and options out of vulnerability. Thus, sociocultural systems that privilege certain groups over others before a disaster ultimately produce the postdisaster vulnerability of those excluded groups. Yet, gender inequality and other forms of domination and exclusion have remained largely unexamined in US disaster research and interventions; which is often more concerned with technology and the rebuilding of physical infrastructure, than strengthening the social infrastructure. Dependence upon an essentialized depiction of vulnerability and “disaster victims,” while ignoring the predisaster social factors that engender and perpetuate inequality, exclusion, and lack of access to resources, serves to exacerbate the problem of postdisaster vulnerability. Thus, in order to address gendered and intersectional vulnerability in disasters, all of the complex factors contributing to vulnerability and inequality would need to be collectively assessed. But this would require analysis in disaster preparedness, recovery, and reconstruction that is far more specific than current aggregated groupings of sex, gender, and race/ethnicity. The complexity of gendered vulnerability through more complete data collection would provide a means to disaggregate gender via a series of criteria that include income, age, ethnicity, marriage status, sexual orientation, as well as other specific criteria, such as education, religion, disability and HIV-status. A response and recovery emphasis on strengthening local capacity of the most vulnerable in any group is essential. This chapter examines the intersections of gender, race, class, and other marginalized groups in the creation of postdisaster vulnerability in New Orleans. While pre-Katrina gendered vulnerability was stark, the lack of focus on the reduction of disparities provides important lessons for other contexts.
Radiation Therapy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

The distinct natural history of triple-negative breast cancer and predilection for recurrence make this disease challenging to manage from a multimodality standpoint. Radiation therapy remains an integral part of the management of TNBC that results in improved outcomes. The available data regarding radiation therapy in the setting of TNBC is reviewed. There is insufficient data to allow for tailoring of the locoregional management decisions based on subtype alone. These authors advocate for the use of radiation along traditional pathways, with caution to be employed before considering treatment strategies that are more novel.
Sub-10 nm diameter InGaAs vertical nanowire MOSFETs

We present the first sub-10 nm diameter vertical nanowire transistors of any kind in any semiconductor system. These devices are InGaAs MOSFETs fabricated by a top-down approach using reactive ion etching, alcohol-based digital etch and Ni alloyed contacts. A record Ion of 350 μA/μm at Ioff = 100 nA/μm and Vdd = 0.5 V is obtained in a 7 nm diameter device. The same device exhibits a peak transconductance (gm, pk) of 1.7 mS/μm and minimal subthreshold swing (S) of 90 mV/dec at Vds = 0.5 V, achieving the highest quality factor (defined as the ratio gm, pk/S) of 19 reported in vertical nanowire transistors. Excellent scaling behavior is observed with gm, pk and Ion increasing as the diameter is shrunk down to 7 nm.
External Appeal, Internal Dominance: How Party Leaders Contribute to Successful Party Building

Many successful political parties depend for their initial popularity and cohesion, and even for their long-term brand strength, on a leader. Nevertheless, literature on successful party building downplays the role of leaders. Thus, the question, what type of leader is good for party building?, remains undertheorized. This article presents and provides initial evidence for a leadership-centered theory of successful party building. It argues that externally appealing, internally dominant leaders facilitate party building by lifting new parties to electoral prominence and helping to prevent debilitating schisms. The article provides evidence for this argument through a most similar cases comparison of three new left parties in Latin America: two that took root (Brazil’s Workers’ Party, Mexico’s Party of the Democratic Revolution), and one that collapsed (Peru’s United Left).
Validation of an automated counting procedure for phthalate-induced testicular multinucleated germ cells

Abstract In utero exposure to certain phthalate esters results in testicular toxicity, characterized at the tissue level by induction of multinucleated germ cells (MNGs) in rat, mouse, and human fetal testis. Phthalate exposures also result in a decrease in testicular testosterone in rats. The anti-androgenic effects of phthalates have been more thoroughly quantified than testicular pathology due to the significant time requirement associated with manual counting of MNGs on histological sections. An automated counting method was developed in ImageJ to quantify MNGs in digital images of hematoxylin-stained rat fetal testis tissue sections. Timed pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were exposed by daily oral gavage from gestation day 17 to 21 with one of eight phthalate test compounds or corn oil vehicle. Both the manual counting method and the automated image analysis method identified di-n-butyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, dipentyl phthalate, and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate as positive for induction of MNGs. Dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, the brominated phthalate di-(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate, and dioctyl terephthalate were negative. The correlation between automated and manual scoring metrics was high (r = 0.923). Results of MNG analysis were consistent with these compounds’ anti-androgenic activities, which were confirmed in an ex vivo testosterone production assay. In conclusion, we have developed a reliable image analysis method that can be used to facilitate dose-response studies for the reproducible induction of MNGs by in utero phthalate exposure.
Protecting the Shifting Quilt

If there is one point on which the holist and the individualist can agree, it is that humans have exerted an unprecedented intensity and variety of stress on ecological systems. This is regrettable because it jeopardizes ecosystem services, threatens the quality of human life, and ultimately influences the number of humans our planet can support. It has also pushed numerous non-human species to and past the brink of extinction. Anthropogenic stress has intensified in the past century, even as we have struggled to understand these things we call ecosystems. Our recognition of ecological crisis – late in the game, perhaps, but in earnest – has generated questions of ecosystem status and performance. In the United States and around the world certain aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems have been placed under various levels of protection from human encroachment and development. But protection often seems inadequate. Protection will not immediately negate a history of degradation, nor will it necessarily reverse current anthropogenic stress. And so we feel compelled to act. What can we do to define and achieve recovery in degraded ecosystems?
THE CASE FOR STRENGTHENED MOTOR CARRIER HOURS OF SERVICE REGULATIONS

This study suggests that the May 2000 government proposal to reduce the hours of service for motor carriers and redesign many of the related work rules from the levels set in essence in 1937 was rejected on the basis on an incorrect calculation of its costs and benefits. The case for making the changes is stronger than originally thought and would bring the U.S. into closer compliance with standards in other parts of the developed world. The reasons new rules are needed are: market failures which have failed to create a supportable free labor market; the political landscape which is polarized because benefits and costs do not fall equally on all parties required to agree to the proposal; and an underestimating of benefits accrued from increased driver health and safety and an overestimating of the social costs of compliance, often among drivers themselves. The study also suggests various policy options to strengthen existing rules and address the widespread pattern of violations.
Synthesis of β‐Nicotinamide Riboside Using an Efficient Two‐Step Methodology

A two-step chemical method for the synthesis of β-nicotinamide riboside (NR) is described. NR has achieved wide use as an NAD+ precursor (vitamin B3) and can significantly increase central metabolite NAD+ concentrations in mammalian cells. β-NR can be prepared with an efficient two-step procedure. The synthesis is initiated via coupling of commercially available 1,2,3,5-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-ribofuranose with ethyl nicotinate in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf). 1 H NMR showed that the product was formed with complete stereoselectivity to produce only the β-isomer in high yield (>90% versus starting sugar). The clean stereochemical result suggests that the coupling proceeds via a cationic cis-1,2-acyloxonium-sugar intermediate, which controls addition by nucleophiles to generate predominantly β-stereochemistry. The subsequent deprotection of esters in methanolic ammonia generates the desired product in 85% overall yield versus sugar. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A randomized, controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of intra-articular, autologous adipose tissue injections for the treatment of mild-to-moderate knee osteoarthritis compared to hyaluronic acid: a study protocol

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly debilitating joint disease that causes progressive, irreversible damage to articular cartilage. OA takes a massive toll on society that has grown in recent decades, but no therapy has been shown to halt or reverse the progression of the disease. The critical need for better treatments and increased interest cellular therapies has spawned a new generation of “minimally manipulated” cell treatments. Autologous adipose tissue injections are among the most controversial of these new treatments. Despite a lack of clinical evidence, adipose tissue injections are often marketed as “stem cell” injections with wide-ranging regenerative benefits. The purpose of this study is to estimate the effect size of the treatment by comparing the efficacy of autologous fat to hyaluronic acid (HA). As a secondary aim, we will test for preliminary evidence of efficacy of autologous fat vs. HA. This is a prospective, single-center, parallel-group, randomized, controlled trial. Participants (n = 54) will receive either a single intra-articular, ultrasound-guided injection of autologous adipose tissue or a single intra-articular, ultrasound-guided injection of HA (1:1 ratio). Outcome data will be obtained at baseline, week-6 and month-6. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain domain (WOMAC-A) will be used as the primary outcome measure. Secondary clinical outcome measures include WOMAC (full), clinical anchors (pain, function, and stiffness), and the 29-point Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) profile. We will also take synovial fluid samples and assess sway velocity using a force plate, as well as analyze excess/discard adipose tissue to gain a better understanding of how intra-articular adipose tissue injections influence the biochemical environment of the joint. Given the widespread use of intra-articular fat injections in the United States, it is critical that randomized, controlled human studies evaluating efficacy and biological activity be performed. This study is the first step in addressing this unmet need, but it is not without limitations. The most notable limitations of this study are its small size and lack of blinding, which predisposes the study to both investigator and participant bias. NCT03242707 // HS-17-00365 // Registration Date (First Posted): August 8, 2018.
Chaplains Caught in the Middle: The Military's 'Absolute' Penitent-Clergy Privilege Meets State 'Mandatory' Child Abuse Reporting Laws

The morale of our military's men and women is the backbone of a successful fighting force. The Chaplain Corps is an invaluable asset, crucial to maintaining and gauging morale, as chaplains tend to the needs of service members stationed throughout the world. Chaplains provide a rare conduit for military service members to discuss their deepest problems regarding military, personal, emotional, financial, or family issues. All branches of the Armed Forces regard the penitent-clergy privilege as "absolute" both in-court and out-of-court. Within the military court setting, Military Rule of Evidence 503 (MRE 503) prohibits a chaplain or a chaplain's assistant from divulging a privileged communication without the consent of the penitent. Furthermore, military regulations have expanded upon the theory behind MRE 503 and also bar the chaplain from disclosing these privileged communications in out-of-court contexts as well. In sharp contrast to the military's treatment of the penitent-clergy privilege, an increasing number of states are overriding their respective penitent-clergy privileges by requiring clergy to be mandated reporters in cases of child abuse and molestation. In these states, it is a misdemeanor criminal offense for clergy who fail to report such cases. The possible conflict between the military's "absolute" penitent-clergy privilege and various states' "mandatory" reporting laws begs the question: When a military service member confesses to a chaplain that he or she has abused or molested a child, what does the chaplain do? This Note aims to accomplish several goals as it answers this question. First, it provides a thorough and informative background and history regarding the penitent-clergy privilege in the civilian community as well as the military's privilege currently embodied by military regulations and MRE 503. Second, it identifies the competing legal, moral, and ethical considerations that confront the chaplain when faced with possibly conflicting state child abuse mandatory reporting laws. Third, this Note provides a framework for chaplains and judge advocates that may help them identify when a conflict exists and suggests possible methods to settle this conflict. Finally, this Note's answer to the question facing the chaplain establishes: (1) military chaplains have a legal obligation to maintain the confidentiality of privileged communications under all circumstances, civilian or military, in-court or out-of-court; and (2) military chaplains will likely prevail in dismissing an attempt by a state to prosecute under state child abuse mandatory reporting laws. This last question is subject to debate with credible arguments favoring both sides; furthermore, arriving at the answer necessarily involves an interesting and unexpectedly tedious analysis of jurisdictional and federal supremacy clause issues.
Automatic Program Synthesis and Reuse

Given a requirements specification, the goal of automatic program synthesis is to derive, or synthesize, an executable program whose functionalities meet the specification. If we are willing to sacrifice performance, a requirements specification may already be executable. For example a requirements specification in first-order logic can be proved by a theorem prover given a standard set of axioms of mathematics, where the proof procedure essentially constructs a program. However this process could be very inefficient. Automatic program synthesis with reasonable efficiency has been the core of software engineering for a long time.1,2 Unfortunately most of the approaches proposed are restrictive because they work only for small examples. The major difficulty of program synthesis lies in the fact that it has to derive the control structure of a program—hopefully efficient—a task that is difficult even for a programmer.
Electronic dephasing in the quantum hall regime

By means of degenerate four-wave mixing (FWM), we investigate the quantum coherence of electron-hole pairs in the presence of a two-dimensional electron gas in modulation-doped GaAs-AlGaAs quantum wells in the quantum Hall effect regime. With increasing magnetic field, we observe a crossover from Markovian to non-Markovian behavior, as well as large jumps in the decay time of the FWM signal at even Landau level filling factors. The main observations can be qualitatively reproduced by a model which takes into account scattering by the collective excitations of the two-dimensional electron gas. (c) 1999 The American Physical Society.
Feeling Good About Your Smile: Implementation and Evaluation of an Oral Health Intervention for People With Intellectual Disability

Abstract To address the need to improve oral health among people with intellectual disability (ID), the Kansas Disability and Health Program provided workshops to groups of adults with ID as a prev...
Trends in Pediatric Malpractice Claims 1987–2015: Results From the Periodic Survey of Fellows

BACKGROUND: Pediatricians are less frequently sued than other physicians. When suits are successful, however, the average payout is higher. Little is known about changes in the risk of litigation over time. We sought to characterize malpractice lawsuit trends for pediatricians over time. METHODS: The Periodic Survey is a national random sample survey of American Academy of Pediatrics members. Seven surveys between 1987 and 2015 asked questions regarding malpractice (n = 5731). Bivariate and multivariable analyses examined trends and factors associated with risk and outcome of malpractice claims and lawsuits. Descriptive analyses examined potential change in indemnity amount over time. RESULTS: In 2015, 21% of pediatricians reported ever having been the subject of any claim or lawsuit, down from a peak of 33% in 1990. Report of successful outcomes in the most-recent suit trended upward between 1987 and 2015, greatest in 2015 at 58%. Median indemnity was unchanged, averaging $128 000 in 2018 dollars. In multivariate analysis, male sex, hospital-based subspecialty (neonatology, pediatric critical care, pediatric emergency medicine, and hospital medicine), longer career, and more work hours were associated with a greater risk of malpractice claim. CONCLUSIONS: From 1987 to 2015, the proportion of pediatricians sued has decreased and median indemnity has remained unchanged. Male pediatricians and hospital-based subspecialists were more likely to have been sued. Greater knowledge of the epidemiology of malpractice claims against pediatricians is valuable because it can impact practice arrangements, advise risk-management decisions, influence quality and safety projects, and provide data to guide advocacy for appropriate tort reform and future research.
A latent class analysis of alcohol and posttraumatic stress symptoms among offspring of parents with and without alcohol use disorder

The co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) is widely known, yet few studies have examined whether and how AUD symptoms co-occur with PTSD symptom clusters of hypervigilance, avoidance/numbing, and re-experiencing. The purpose of this study was to examine potential overlap between AUD and posttraumatic stress symptomatology, and to characterize the resultant latent classes in terms of demographics, drinking behaviors, parental AUD, and specific traumas experienced (physical violence, sexual violence, and non-assaultive trauma). We hypothesized that classes would be differentiated by type and severity of AUD and PTS symptoms. Drawing from a sample of white and Black participants from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA), we examined young adults between the ages of 18-35 who had experienced trauma (N = 2478). A series of LCA models based on the type of trauma experienced, posttraumatic stress symptoms and problematic alcohol use were then fitted to the data. A four-class solution provided the best fit, consisting of a low symptom class (N = 1134), moderate alcohol/low PTS severity (N = 623), mild alcohol/high PTS severity (N = 544), and high symptom severity (N = 177). Higher prevalence of sexual assault was associated with membership in high PTS severity classes, and parent AUD was associated with membership in each class, particularly when the mother or both parents had the disorder. Using person-centered methods such as LCA is a commonsense approach to understanding the heterogeneity of symptoms, trauma types, and individual-level characteristics associated with trauma-exposed individuals and comorbid AUD-PTSD, and our study is one of relatively few to empirically ascertain the co-occurrence of alcohol and PTS symptoms in a high-risk family sample.
An Ensemble Approach to Predict the Pathogenicity of Synonymous Variants

Single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) are a major form of genetic variation in the human genome that contribute to various disorders. There are two types of SNVs, namely non-synonymous (missense) variants (nsSNVs) and synonymous variants (sSNVs), predominantly involved in RNA processing or gene regulation. sSNVs, unlike missense or nsSNVs, do not alter the amino acid sequences, thereby making challenging candidates for downstream functional studies. Numerous computational methods have been developed to evaluate the clinical impact of nsSNVs, but very few methods are available for understanding the effects of sSNVs. For this analysis, we have downloaded sSNVs from the ClinVar database with various features such as conservation, DNA-RNA, and splicing properties. We performed feature selection and implemented an ensemble random forest (RF) classification algorithm to build a classifier to predict the pathogenicity of the sSNVs. We demonstrate that the ensemble predictor with selected features (20 features) enhances the classification of sSNVs into two categories, pathogenic and benign, with high accuracy (87%), precision (79%), and recall (91%). Furthermore, we used this prediction model to reclassify sSNVs with unknown clinical significance. Finally, the method is very robust and can be used to predict the effect of other unknown sSNVs.
Field Comparisons of Incentive-Compatible Preference Elicitation Techniques

Knowledge of consumer demand is important for firms, policy-makers, and economists. One common tool for incentive-compatible demand elicitation, the Becker-DeGroot- Marschak (BDM) mechanism, has been widely used in laboratory settings but rarely evaluated for reliability at large scale in the field. In two field experiments (for a new agricultural information service and rainfall index insurance) we compare demand curves estimated from BDM implementations with demand curves estimated from choices at individually randomized fixed prices. In the test (for an agricultural information service) we obtain demand curves from BDM and fixed prices that align closely and are unable to reject equivalence of the demand curves. For the second test (of rainfall index insurance) the results are mixed, with the distributions lining up well at certain points of the demand curve and deviating at others. Overall, we find no evidence for systematic bias. Our evidence suggests that a ‘reframed’ version of BDM that uses discrete prices may minimize non-standard bidding behavior and is well suited to future experimental work in low-literacy environments.
Identity development among pre-service teacher candidates

This case study examined teacher identity development among four pre-service teacher candidates during their student teaching experience. Guided by three complementary theoretical frameworks for investigating teacher professional identities (e.g., Gee, 20002001; Beijaard, Meijer, & Verloop; 2004; Moje & Luke, 2009), the study focused on two closely related research questions: (a) What factors contribute to or hinder the identity formation of these four pre-service teacher candidates?; (b) How do their professional identities develop or evolve as revealed through the student teaching experience? Four pre-service teacher candidates participated in this study. Participants were recruited from a large group of pre-service teacher candidates completing an undergraduate teacher education program at a small Midwestern liberal arts college. The data sources included interviews with the four teacher candidates, complementary interviews with their teacher mentors or supervisors, and case record artifacts and work samples. Grounded analysis of multiple data types was conducted to identify themes related to the two research questions. Results demonstrated that multiple factors affected pre-service teachers’ self-identity as a teacher, and also complexities were involved in the course of identity formation during the practicum. An examination of the data obtained revealed a total of eight themes, which can be tied directly to students’ past world experiences, experiences and connections with teachers and mentors, student recognition of their own identities, student knowledge of subject matter, teaching pedagogy, teacher dispositions, classroom management, and differing tensions. Analyses of these themes highlight the various factors which contributed to these students’ identity development and the sources of influence for their developing
The Model Rules of Professional Conduct and Serving the Non-Legal Needs of Clients: Professional Regulation in a Time of Change

The practice of law is changing. Lawyers who act solely as advocates and zealous representatives of clients in legal matters still represent the core of what lawyers do and of how many lawyers see their work, but other trends are filtering into "on the ground" practice. Increasing numbers of lawyers are mediating, consulting on traditionally non-legal issues, and approaching clients' needs "holistically" by associating with and integrating other professional services. These trends cut across virtually all segments of the profession, from prosecutors and criminal defense lawyers, to lawyers whose practices involve, among other things, public interest work, personal injury, family law, and business law. All indications -- sociological, legal, and economic -- suggest that these transformations of what lawyers do will continue.The purpose of this Article is to offer a bird's eye view of an evolving profession, a kind of "Practice 2000" examination of where the profession has been and where it appears to be going. The goal is not to examine in depth individual movements and practices and the specific ethics issues implicated by each-as noted below, scholars and practitioners have done this already in many instances -- but rather to survey the terrain and note linkages and connections among seemingly discrete practices performed in widely disparate practice areas. In this regard, a key thesis of this Article is that these trends interlock and represent shifts in what it means to be a lawyer.The Article will approach this topic at a number of levels. It will first address the traditional notions of practice undergirding the Model Rules of Professional Conduct and, more generally, how lawyers traditionally conceived what they do. The Article will next summarize trends that demonstrate how increasing numbers of lawyers are moving away from this paradigm. Third, while the existing regulatory framework under which lawyers practice largely retains traditional norms, the seeds for reconceptualizing the practice of law have been planted in amendments to and interpretations of the Model Rules. Finally, the Article will explore the degree to which regulatory changes are necessary to reflect and facilitate these developments.
UPS MULTIFUEL STRATIFIED CHARGE ENGINE DEVELOPMENT--PROGRESS REPORT

Initial development of the United Parcel Service stratified charge engine (UPS 292 SC) began in 1978, and by the fall of 1980 the first full track test of the engine was completed with an installation in a UPS delivery van. The engine now is in production for the purpose of a 500-vehicle, nationwide test of the engine under actual package delivery operating conditions. Vehicles powered by the UPS 292 SC will be based for test purposes in locations offering varied conditions of temperature and terrain to determine whether any defects in design or components remain to be corrected. At present some 125 of the engines are being run in UPS operations, and some 175 of the engines are in transit or awaiting installation around the country. An engine development program is an unusual venture for a transportation company that lacks experienced personnel facilities for such a project. This report will note, particularly, the exceptional cooperation of American automotive component suppliers, without whose contributions this work could not have been completed. This report will trace the genesis of the engine and focus in detail on the engineering problems encountered and the solutions that evolved. In addition to engineering detail, a cursory assessment of the engine in the context of national petroleum supplies will be offered as well as some insights into potential improvements that may add to the value of this promising development.
The application of stable, high power, twin frequency, optically pumped far-infrared lasers to fusion plasma diagnostics

Summary form only given, as follows. There is presently considerable worldwide interest in the study of high temperature plasmas. Much of this interest is driven by the goal of achieving controlled thermonuclear fusion, which involves the release of net nuclear energy from the fusion of light nuclei such as deuteneum and mtuim. In order to understand many of the issues and problems relating to the physics of magnetically confined plasmas, there is a need for accurate, high resolution and flexible diagnostic systems. The far-infrared spectral region (100-1OOO pm) is ideally suited to a number of fusion plasma diagnostic techniques such as collective Thomson scattering, multichannel interferometry and polarimetry. The only practical radiation source currently available is *e optically pumped far-infrared (FIR) laser. This paper describes the development of a high power, stable, twin frequency FIR laser for diagnosis of fusion plasmas. The use of buffer gases, temperature optimization and operation of the laser in both ring and linear cavities will be described. In addition, diagnostic measurements on the TEXT device will be presented to demonsuate the flexibility and importance of FIR diagnostics in the fusion program.
Exploiting syntactic structure for natural language modeling

The thesis presents an attempt at using the syntactic structure in natural language for improved language models for speech recognition. The structured language model merges techniques in automatic parsing and language modeling using an original probabilistic parameterization of a shift-reduce parser. A maximum likelihood reestimation procedure belonging to the class of expectation-maximization algorithms is employed for training the model. Experiments on the Wall Street Journal, Switchboard and Broadcast News corpora show improvement in both perplexity and word error rate - word lattice rescoring - over the standard 3-gram language model. The significance of the thesis lies in presenting an original approach to language modeling that uses the hierarchical - syntactic - structure in natural language to improve on current 3-gram modeling techniques for large vocabulary speech recognition.
Sponges of the Middle Cambrian Marjum Limestone from the House Range and Drum Mountains of western Millard County, Utah

New collections include excellent, nearly complete, examples of Leptomitus metta n. sp., Hamptonia bowerbanki Walcott, 1920, Choia carteri Walcott, 1920, Choia utahensis Walcott, 1920, Choia hindei (Dawson, 1896), Hazelia palmata Walcott, 1920, Diagoniella cyathiformis (Dawson and Hinde, 1889), Diagoniella hindei Walcott, 1920, Diagoniella sp., Valospongia gigantis n. gen. and n. sp., Testiipongia venula n. gen. and n. sp., and Protospongia(?) elongata n. sp. Most of the earlier described species have been known previously only from western Canada or from the underlying Wheeler Formation. Many of the sponges show primitive thin walls and a tubular or high conical form. An additional specimen of Hintzespongia bilamina Rigby and Gutschick (1976) confirms that the genus has a double-layered wall.--Modified journal abstract.
Biologic basis of serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant-associated female sexual dysfunction: A novel signaling perspective

Depression, which affects women twice as often as it does men, is rapidly becoming the second major cause of disability worldwide. This is true despite evidence that 80% to 90% of major depressive disorder patients respond to the first or second agent prescribed, and they can prevent relapse with continuing medication. Although “improved” serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant agents advance treatment, most patients do not continue their prescribed medication for extended periods, resulting in premature treatment withdrawal rates approaching 68% in the first 3 months of treatment. This makes rates of relapse and recurrence three to four times higher. The principal reasons for premature withdrawal are side effects—mainly sexual dysfunction, which is under-recognized, occurs early in treatment, is dose related, is reversible, and rarely remits spontaneously. Assessment requires comprehensive evaluation of sexual function, pre-existing depression, depression associated with antidepressant treatment, and other related factors (eg, concurrent medical conditions, treatments, lifestyle risk factors, and response to treatments). Research on treatments for sexual dysfunction caused by serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants relied on open label reports and clinical wisdom but lacked supporting double-blind placebo-controlled studies. This resulted in random pharmacology being given to patients. Advances in novel signal transduction and the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors offer new opportunities for the development of evidence-based treatments for sexual dysfunction and for improving depression management outcomes. However, although evidence for PDE5 inhibitor effectiveness is extensive, it has predominantly focused on erectile dysfunction in men. Considerations for using PDE5 inhibitors to treat sexual dysfunction in women have begun to emerge and suggest potential treatment options for female sexual arousal disorder associated with the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
Slacks and congestion: a comment

Abstract In this paper, we provide some comments on Cooper, Seiford and Zhu (this issue). We focus on clarifying the distinction between our approach to modeling technology and measuring congestion, differentiating between weak disposability and the law of variable proportions. We also show that whereas our congestion measure identifies congestion only if associated strongly disposable technology solution has nonzero slacks, the converse is not true.
Trauma exposure and sleep: using a rodent model to understand sleep function in PTSD.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by intrusive memories of a traumatic event, avoidance behavior related to cues of the trauma, emotional numbing, and hyper-arousal. Sleep abnormalities and nightmares are core symptoms of this disorder. In this review, we propose a model which implicates abnormal activity in the locus coeruleus (LC), an important modifier of sleep–wake regulation, as the source of sleep abnormalities and memory abnormalities seen in PTSD. Abnormal LC activity may be playing a key role in symptom formation in PTSD via sleep dysregulation and suppression of hippocampal bidirectional plasticity.
Negative ions mass spectra of some boron hydrides

Abstract The negative ion mass spectra of decaborane-14, pentaborane-9 and diborane-6 was observed under a variety of conditions. The spectra vary greatly with source conditions. The parent molecules undergo several resonance electron captures at different electron energies and then decompose to simpler species.
Relativistic many-body calculations of dielectronic satellite spectra created by autoionizing 1s2l2l′ states in Li-like ions

Relativistic many-body perturbation theory, including the Breit interaction, is used to evaluate energy levels, radiative matrix elements and autoionization rates for 1s2l2l' states of lithium-like Mo39 +, Pr56 +, W71 + and Hg77 +. Radiative and non-radiative data are combined to obtain branching ratios, intensities and effective emission rate coefficients of dielectronic satellite lines. Relative intensity factors are shown graphically for the 1s2l'2l''?1s22l radiative transitions in lithium-like ions with nuclear charges Z ranging from 6 to 100; however, our emphasis here is on dielectronic recombination rates in the four lithium-like ions listed above. Such data, for high-Z ions in particular, are relevant to spectroscopic diagnostics of very high-temperature plasmas including future experiments at the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor.
Structure of the Intermediate State in Superconducting Lead

The Faraday effect in a cerous nitrate-gl\ifmmode \grave{}\else \`{}\fi{}ycerol mixture has been employed to study the structure of the intermediate state. A lead alloy containing antimony and tin was used as a specimen, and behavior characteristic of the hard superconductors was observed. Photographs were taken showing the distribution of normal and superconducting material at various magnetic fields. The configurations observed are briefly discussed in terms of current theories of the intermediate state.
Random walks of partons in SU(N(c)) and classical representations of color charges in QCD at small x

The effective action for wee partons in large nuclei includes a sum over static color sources distributed in a wide range of representations of the $\mathrm{S}\mathrm{U}({N}_{c})$ color group. The problem can be formulated as a random walk of partons in the ${N}_{c}\ensuremath{-}1$ dimensional space of the Casimir operators of $\mathrm{S}\mathrm{U}({N}_{c})$. For a large number of sources, $k\ensuremath{\gg}1$, we show explicitly that the most likely representation is a classical representation of order $O(\sqrt{k})$. The quantum sum over representations is well approximated by a path integral over classical sources with an exponential weight whose argument is the quadratic Casimir operator of the group. The contributions of the higher ${N}_{c}\ensuremath{-}2$ Casimir operators are suppressed by powers of $k$. Other applications of the techniques developed here are discussed briefly.
Practical object recognition in autonomous driving and beyond

This paper is meant as an overview of the recent object recognition work done on Stanford’s autonomous vehicle and the primary challenges along this particular path. The eventual goal is to provide practical object recognition systems that will enable new robotic applications such as autonomous taxis that recognize hailing pedestrians, personal robots that can learn about specific objects in your home, and automated farming equipment that is trained on-site to recognize the plants and materials that it must interact with. Recent work has made some progress towards object recognition that could fulfill these goals, but advances in modelfree segmentation and tracking algorithms are required for applicability beyond scenarios like driving in which model-free segmentation is often available. Additionally, online learning may be required to make use of the large amounts of labeled data made available by tracking-based semi-supervised learning.
Corticotropin releasing factor modulates interleukin-1-induced prostaglandin synthesis in fibroblasts : receptor binding and effects of antagonists

Abstract Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is a predominant regulator of the neuroendocrine, autonomic and behavioral responses to stress. In addition, numerous studies support autocrine/paracrine roles for this peptide at peripheral sites. CRF and CRF binding sites have been identified in different regions of the central nervous system as well as in the heart, spleen, adrenal and testis, and high levels of CRF were detected in inflamed fibroblasts. However, the precise physiological or pathophysiological role of peripheral CRF cannot yet be discerned. Here we show that CRF, through interaction with specific membrane receptors, blocks the interleukin-1α (IL-1α)-stimulated prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in fibroblasts. Binding of [ 125 I]-labeled CRF in fibroblasts was saturable and fitted a two sites model. K D for the higher-affinity class of receptors was 20±2.2 pM, and B max 1.95±0.22 fmol/mg protein. For the lower-affinity class of receptors K D was 160±17 nM, and B max 2.38±0.27 fmol/mg protein. CRF blocked the effect of IL-1α on PGE 2 synthesis, and this was antagonised by d -PheCRF 12–41 . In addition, the CRF receptor antagonists α helical CRF 9–41 and d -PheCRF 12–41 at high concentrations inhibited the IL-1α-induced PG synthesis similarly to CRF, suggesting partial agonistic action. Taken together, these results suggest a modulatory role of CRF in inflammation.
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE OF THE ICL(-)VK-CENTER.

Abstract The electron spin resonance of the ICl- Vk-center has been observed in KCl: I:Pb below 35°K. By reorientating the centers with polarized light, the ESR spectrum was greatly simplified. The parameters of the spin Hamiltonian have been calculated and are consistent with the proposed model of Vk-centers.
Testing supersymmetry interpretations of anomalous missing-pT events observed at the CERN pp-bar collider.

We compare predictions of three supersymmetry scenarios [(A) ${m}_{g\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}$g${m}_{q\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}$ \ensuremath{\simeq}50 GeV, (B) ${m}_{q\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}$g${m}_{g\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}$ \ensuremath{\simeq}50 GeV, and (C) ${m}_{q\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}$ \ensuremath{\simeq}100 GeV, ${m}_{g\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}$ \ensuremath{\simeq}3 GeV] proposed to explain large-missing-${p}_{T}$ events at the CERN pp\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} collider in terms of scalar-quark or gluino decays to a light photino. We evaluate fusion cross sections for monojets and multijets and present distributions in missing ${p}_{T}$, jet ${E}_{T}$, jet pseudorapidity, jet invariant mass, and cluster transverse mass. Scenarios A and B give about equal one-jet and two-jet event rates, soft missing-${p}_{T}$ and jet-${E}_{T}$ distributions and occasional prompt leptons; scenario B gives large jet invariant masses, even for monojets. Scenario C yields monojet dominance and Jacobian peaks in missing ${p}_{T}$ and jet ${E}_{T}$; the present UA1 data favor this latter description.
Behavioral programmes and patient management for first year nursing students

Nursing in Australia has traditionally emphasised acute medical care of patients to the exclusion of most other matters. It has fostered the belief that knowledge of medical technology is the ultimate goal of nursing. In the past non-medical oriented training, as seen in psychiatric nursing for example, has frequently been devalued by the main stream of nursing because of its emphasis on social and personal factors in illness. More recently there has been a growing awareness amongst health professionals that medical technology itself cannot cure all the nation’s health problems. It is now appreciated that living conditions, life styles and personal behaviour have much to do with incidence of illness and standards of health in the community. At the institutional level patient behaviour is now seen as an important component of the health care continuum. Training that was once found mostly in psychiatric areas is now in demand in general nursing. This new awareness of how social and behavioural factors affect health is reflected in syllabus changes in nursing schools in Australia. Social and behavioural sciences now constitute a significant part of the total nursing syllabus at most schools. Role expansion of nursing into newer areas is also evident. These trends can be seen in the literature, with new texts such as those of Berni (1973) and LeBow (1973) being written. Although role expansion of nurses into social science fields at the expense of their legitimate physical care role would be of concern, some skill development in the behavioural science fields, on the part of nurses, appears necessary. Nurses must still cope with everyday patient management problems, after all. Up to the present, behavioural sciences have been introduced into Australian nursing schools largely as an intellectual exercise. Student nurses have been taught a little psychology and the like but are expected to conform to the conventional medical/nursing model. The present study was undertaken in order to examine this problem. It focussed on the direct involvement of first year student nurses in patient management while they were being introduced to ward work. It reversed the normal nurse training procedure in as