cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of fluorine analogs of norepinephrine on stimulation of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′- monophosphate and binding to β-adrenergic receptors in intact pinealocytes

Abstract Alterations in β-adrenergic agonist activity resulting from fluorine substitution on the 2-, 5- or 6-position of the aromatic ring of norepinephrine were investigated, using dispersed neonatal rat pinealocytes. Increases in cyclic AMP in these cells are known to be governed entirely by β-adrenergically coupled adenylate cyclase. Norepinephrine (NE), 2-fluoronorepinephrine (2F-NE), 5-fluoronorepine-phrine (5F-NE), and 6-fluoronorepinephrine (6F-NE) were tested for their effects on cyclic AMP. In parallel studies, the inhibition of [ 125 I]iodohydroxybenzylpindolol (IHYP) binding to pineal β-adrenergic receptors by these compounds was studied. All of the agonists inhibited IHYP binding and elevated intracellular cyclic AMP in a dose-dependent fashion. The relative potencies of norepinephrine and its fluorine derivatives in both studies were found to be 5F-NE > NE > 2F-NE > 6F-NE. Increases in cyclic AMP were stereospecifically blocked by (−)-propanolol. From these studies it appears that fluorine substitution on NE at the 5-position enhances, and at the 2- and 6-position reduces, the ability to elevate cyclic AMP, as compared to that of norepinephrine, by altering agonist affinity for the β receptor. Additionally, subtle differences in the effects of the different fluorinated analogs on pinealocytes in the presence of weak antagonists were detected. In studies of antagonist action on agonist-induced cyclic AMP accumulation, substitution at the 5- or 6-position resulted in derivatives which, when compared with NE and 2F-NE, appeared less affected by the weak β-adrenergic antagonist (+)-propanolol and more affected by the α-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine.
Racial Differences in Obesity Measures and Risk of Colorectal Adenomas in a Large Screening Population

Obesity is an important risk factor for colorectal neoplasia; however, little research exists on racial differences in obesity measures [body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-hip-ratio (WHR)] associated with adenoma. We used data from the Diet and Health Studies, Phases III–V to examine differences in the contribution of obesity measures to adenoma risk by race. The sample consisted of 2184 patients (1806 white, 378 African American) undergoing outpatient colonoscopy for average risk screening. Covariates included demographics, health history, and validated measures of diet and physical activity. Among whites, BMI [overweight: odds ratio (OR) = 1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.00–1.71; obese: OR = 1.89, 95% CI, 1.41–2.56), WC (OR = 1.47, 95% CI, 1.09–1.99), and WHR (OR = 1.60, 95% CI, 1.24–2.06) were associated with adenomas. BMI was not associated with adenomas in African Americans. Although the CIs were wide, the point estimates for WHR (OR = 1.07, 95% CI, 0.51–2.22) and WC (OR...
Self-similar hierarchical honeycombs

Hierarchical structures are observed in nature, and can be shown to offer superior efficiency. However, the potential advantages of structural hierarchy are not well understood. We extensively explored a bending-dominated model material (i.e. transversely loaded hexagonal honeycomb) which is susceptible to improvement by simple iterative refinement that replaces each three-edge structural node with a smaller hexagon. Using a blend of analytical and numerical techniques, both elastic and plastic properties were explored over a range of loadings and iteration parameters. A wide variety of specific stiffness and specific strengths (up to fourfold increase) were achieved. The results offer insights into the potential value of iterative structural refinement for creating low-density materials with desired properties and function.
The Placebo in Psychosocial Outcome Evaluations

While the study of placebo effects can be of aid in understanding and facilitating therapeutic change, the routine use of placebo control groups in outcome evaluations is of doubtful merit. Placebos are generally unstable, poorly specified, and of questionable ethical viability. Additionally, careful scrutiny of our analytical models suggests that placebo control groups fail to isolate specific treatment effects in the manner commonly assumed. Recommendations include (a) use of aggregate data from metaanalyses to provide normative estimates of expected minimal treatment effects, (b) empirical testing ofputative causal models, and (c) increased utilization of more precise experimental designs. It is suggested that aggregate estimates from existing literature of typical magnitudes of placebo effects provide potentially useful "benchmarks" against which to judge the performance of psychotherapy.
NAD+ kinase: molecular weight determination by low-angle laser-light scattering

Abstract Low-angle laser-light scattering (LALLS) was employed to measure the absolute molecular weight of chicken liver NAD+ kinase (NADK). The weight-average molecular weight ( M w,) was found to be 275000 ± 15000. The corresponding value for the second virial coefficient was −1.65 × 10−3 ml·mol·g2. The value for Mw is in close accord with estimates reported for pigeon liver (270000) and C. utilis (260000) NADK. If the active enzyme is a dimer, the weight difference between pigeon/chicken liver and rabbit liver (136000) NADK would indicate that the latter enzyme is an active monomer unit.
Osteopontin dysregulation and lytic bone lesions in multiple myeloma.

Osteopontin (OPN), a secreted phosphoprotein involved in immune regulation and bone homeostasis, is a major component of bone, the natural habitat of long-lived plasma cells and multiple myeloma (MM). We show that only some MM cell lines and primary patient samples express OPN at high levels. High OPN expression inversely correlates with bone disease. When we subdivide MM into molecular subtypes, OPN is significantly upregulated in patients with maf translocations, particularly in the fraction lacking bone disease. OPN is produced in osteolytic lesions: we propose that MM-derived OPN plays a critical role in bone disease by protecting bone from destruction. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pericardial effusion mistaken for cardiac enlargement in severe anemia.

Anemia is sometimes the sole cause of enlargement of the so-called cardiac silhouette. Successful treatment of the anemia may then restore the silhouette to normal. The enlargement has been attributed to cardiac dilatation. Because of the recognized difficulty in distinguishing pericardial effusion from cardiac dilatation, direct puncture was attempted in two instances of anemia with the silhouette enlarged presumably due to dilatation. In each instance, the enlargement was demonstrated to be due almost exclusively to pericardial effusion.
Approaches to the use of iconography in historical reconstruction, and the curious case of Renaissance Welsh harp technique

Successful research into historical performance practice often relies on the integration of information from many kinds of textual and iconographical sources. However, artists frequently take liberties in depicting their subjects, and it is seldom a straightforward task to distinguish which aspects of a work are indicative of actual historical performance practice and which are the result of artistic licence. One way to address this issue is through so-called ' inferential statistical analysis ' , by which the data gleaned from a representative sample of interest are compared against the mathematically derived probability that the same results could have occurred by chance. In this paper, the basic ideas and techniques of inferential statistical analysis are applied 332 early music may 2007 to the study of harp technique in late medieval and early Renaissance Wales. The results reinforce the conclusions drawn from textual and archaeological studies, and offer direction for modern players interested in playing early Welsh repertory in a historically informed way. More important, however, is the possibility that the empirical approach used in this study may be of use to scholars in any number of fi elds fascinated by questions of historical practice and reality. The use of inferential statistics offers the researcher an escape from the fallacy of pretending that the puzzle is comprised only of the pieces in sight. Rather, he or she can assess the quantity and quality of what they have learned, and make an informed decision about the path to pursue while remaining open to the very real possibility that things may be otherwise. The framework of historical awareness and quantitative savvy highlights the importance of the individual mind in the construction of history, and gives it a clear view of the problems and pitfalls it must overcome.
On Harwood’s Plural Voting System

Critique du systeme electoral pluriel defendu par R. Harwood a partir du modele de J.S. Mill, auquel il ajoute l'idee de vote obligatoire et l'etend a l'ensemble de la population sans difference d'education. Examinant ses consequences negatives au niveau de la perspicacite politique, de l'inegalite de la prise de decision, du parti-pris conservateur, et de la perte d'estime de soi des electeurs, l'A. propose un autre systeme ou le pouvoir du vote est proportionnel a la culture politique de l'electeur.
Kinetic studies of carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate over Cu+X zeolite catalyst

Abstract Direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate offers prospects for a “green chemistry” replacement of phosgene use for polymer production and other processes. The carbonylation of methanol to produce dimethyl carbonate over a Cu + X zeolite prepared by solid-state ion exchange has been investigated in a flow system at temperatures between 100 and 140 °C and a total pressure of 1 atm. Formation rates of dimethyl carbonate, methylal, and methyl formate are well described by a Langmuirian reaction mechanism, with quasi-equilibrated adsorption of methanol and oxidation of surface methanol to form methoxide, rate-limiting carbon monoxide insertion into the methoxide to form a carbomethoxide, and reaction of carbomethoxide with methoxide to form dimethyl carbonate. The by-products (methylal and methyl formate) are products of partial oxidation of the methoxide to formaldehyde. In situ FTIR experiments show the surface species present on the catalyst under reaction conditions and the effect of water on the system.
The surface chemistry of chlorinated hydrocarbon lubrication additives

Chlorinated hydrocarbons are commonly added to the base lubricating fluid when the lubricant is used under extreme pressure (EP) conditions. It has been shown that the interfacial temperature in the EP regime varies linearly with the applied load in a pin and V-block testing apparatus and that temperatures in excess of ~1000 K can be attained. Thermally decomposing chlorinated hydrocarbon vapors on iron heated to these temperatures shows that a film consisting of an iron halide which incorporates small carbon particles (~50 A) is formed. Careful measurement of the film growth and removal rates successfully rationalizes the observed tribological data of seizure load versus additive concentration and shows that a lubricating layer consisting of FeCl2 prevents seizure and acts as a solid lubricant. Thermodynamic calculations show that iron carbides become thermodynamically favored at higher decomposition temperatures and analysis of films formed from the thermal decomposition of CCl4 at ~ 1000 K using Mossbauer spectroscopy reveals that iron carbide is indeed formed in this case. Tribological measurements indicate that this indeed forms the anti-seizure interface at high applied load (and interfacial temperatures) when CCl4 and high concentrations of CHCl3 are used as additives.
The shape of self-assembled InAs islands grown by molecular beam epitaxy

We have determined the shape of InAs quantum dots using reflection high energy electron diffraction. Our results indicate that self-assembled InAs islands possess a pyramidal shape with {136} bounding facets. This shape is characterized by C2v symmetry and a parallelogram base, which is elongated along the \([1\bar 10]\) direction. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy images taken along the [110] and \([1\bar 10]\) directions as well as atomic force microscopy images strongly support the {136} shape. Furthermore, polarization-resolved photoluminescence spectra show strong in-plane anisotropy, with emission predominantly polarized along the \([1\bar 10]\) direction, consistent with the proposed quantum dot shape.
Surface Phase Behavior of Poly(tert-butyl methacrylate)−Fatty Acid Glyceride Binary Mixtures as Monolayers at the Air−Water Interface

Mixtures of poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) (PtBMA) and the lipids monoolein, diolein, and triolein spread as monolayers at the air−water interface have been used as models to examine the surface phase behavior of lipid−polymer mixtures as a function of lipid structure, polymer molecular weight (17K to 3400K), and mixture composition. A measure of miscibility and polymer−lipid interactions was obtained through analysis of surface pressure−area isotherms and by direct observation with fluorescence microscopy. At all molecular weights of PtBMA, for the polymer alone and in mixtures, identical surface pressure−area isotherms were obtained when area was expressed on a per monomer basis, indicating that all monomer segments were located at the interface and equally accessible to the lipid molecules. Through thermodynamic analysis, it was found that monoolein, with two hydroxyl groups, formed nonideal miscible mixed monolayers with PtBMA under what appear to be good solvent conditions. Diolein, with one hydroxyl ...
Dynamic covalent chemistry: Catalysing dynamic libraries

The composition of dynamic small-molecule libraries can be biased by the addition of a target compound — such as a protein — that binds selectively to one of the components in the mixture. The chemistry of the library must, however, be compatible with the target and it has now been shown that aniline-catalysed exchange of acylhydrazones fits the bill.
Cell density influences the effect of celecoxib in two carcinoma cell lines

It has been reported that when ovarian carcinoma cell lines are exposed to various concentrations of celecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, cell growth is decreased in a dose dependant manner. To examine further the effect of celecoxib, different cell densities of two carcinoma cell lines were exposed to various concentrations of celecoxib. LNCAP prostate and CAOV3 ovarian carcinoma cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection and maintained in Rosewell Park Memorial Institute 1640 and Dulbeceo's modified Eagle's medium, respectively. Each cell line was supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, and antibiotic-antimycotic solution, and placed in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2 at 37° C. After each cell line reached a confluency of 70–80%, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, 7000 and 10,000 cells/well were seeded in 96 well plates in 100 µl medium/per well for 24 h. Each cell line was exposed to the same concentrations of celecoxib (10–100 µM) at each cell density for 72 h. Cell grow...
NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES AND GROWTH HORMONE CONCENTRATION IN HELIANTHUS AND NICOTIANA

THE RELATION of mineral nutrients to the production of growth hormone in plants pertains directly to the problem of plant development. Shoot tips are the main centers of growth in higher plants; they are also the main centers of hormone production. The continuous initiation and subsequent expansion of new organs in such regions depends upon the successful mobilization of the raw materials needed for growth; likewise, the continued production of hormone depends upon the presence of the proper raw materials. Studies on the growth hormone content of Helianthus and Nicotiana (Avery, Burkholder, and Creighton, 1936) have shown (1) that the hormone is scarcely detectable in the absence of supplied nitrogen; (2) that, within certain limits, hormone concentration is in proportion to the amount of nitrate supplied to plants grown in sand culture; (3) that shoot tips of Nicotiana grown in field experimental fertilizer plots exhibit no relationship between miiieral deficiencies and hormone content. From the latter it was concluded that the degree of deficiency observable in field-grown material was not sufficient to decrease the content of growth promoting substances in shoot tips. Before further studies on this subject were undertaken, the necessity became clear for establishing the relationship between mineral nutrition and growth hormone production with plants grown under controlled conditions in sand cultures. INVESTIGATION.-Growth hormone concentration in relation to varied proportions of nutrient ions.-The relationship of growth hormone concentration to varied nutrient ion proportions was studied in Helianthus annunts L. grown in sand cultures. In this work, a nine-salt solution was employed so that it was possible to vary in any single series of solutions the concentration of any cation or anion over a wide range without extensively altering the relation of the concentrations of the ions of opposite charge to each other (Beckenbach, Wadleigh and Shive, 1936). A list of the salts employed and the amounts used for making up the different culture solutions may be found in table 1. The nine salts containing the essential elements-nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur-were used in amounts appropriate to yield nutrient solutions with five of the ions in arbitrary standard concentration for each series of solutions, and one selected ion was varied so as to give relative concentrations as follows: 4 times the standard, 1 (standard), 0.1, 0.02, 0.01 times the standard, and none. For example, the "4" nitrogen culture solution contained 4 times as much
Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes Mellitus

To the Editor: I would like to extend the comments of Sattar et al1 on the metabolic syndrome and its relationship to diabetes mellitus. In data presented at the American Academy of Family Physicians Annual Scientific Assembly (1999) and at the 2001 Drugs Affecting Lipid Metabolism symposium, I noted that the incidence of diabetes in patients with combined low HDL cholesterol and elevated triglycerides (TG) was 45% and the incidence of impaired glucose tolerance was 18%. (The data presented were a proposed classification of lipid disorders based on LDL and HDL cholesterol, stratified by TG). This group contained the highest number of patients with impaired glucose tolerance/diabetes of any of the possible LDL, HDL, and TG combinations—ie, high LDL, normal HDL, and low TG versus normal LDL, normal HDL, and …
COMPARISON OF FAST SPIN‐ECHO AND CONVENTIONAL SPIN‐ECHO MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPINAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES IN FOUR NORMAL DOGS

Various magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques have been used to assess lumbar spinal abnormalities in people. Four, young adult, clinically normal dogs were used to compare images of the spinal cord acquired using conventional spin-echo and rapid acquisition relaxation-enhanced (RARE), commonly called fast spin-echo (FSE), magnetic resonance imaging techniques. Lateral myelograms were made as an anatomic control. The T2-weighted FSE technique was characterized by better image quality than the T2-weighted conventional spin-echo technique. The short acquisition time with the FSE technique allowed increases in the matrix size and number of excitations, thus improving resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. In canine lumbar spinal MR imaging, use of a FSE technique is recommended to reduce the overall time for imaging and to improve image quality.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells The Past, the Present, the Future

In the summer of 1964, I took a graduate pathology course for non-MDs given by Professor Guido Mino at Harvard Medical School. Dr Jerry Gross gave a 2-hour lecture in that course which went from the chemistry and structure of collagen up through the collagenase-mediated destruction of collagen during tadpole tail resorption and metamorphosis. This lecture changed my life forever and set the tone of my thinking and research by demonstrating the continuum of molecules through the control of biological phenomena as seen through the eyes of a biochemist and developmental biologist. In 1967, I started a postdoctoral fellowship with Nathan O. Kaplan, PhD, at Brandeis University where I met and joined the lab of Edgar Zwilling, PhD. Professor Zwilling was a renowned embryologist and developmental biologist1,2 who taught me about these subjects as I started studying the differentiation capacity of undifferentiated embryonic chick limb mesodermal cells in culture.3 These cells were mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that have the capabilities to differentiate in vitro into a number of mesodermal phenotypes by controlling the initial seeding density in culture and the medium additives and conditions.4-6 Thus, I was able to study the molecular control of embryonic chick limb cell differentiation and limb development7 in ways complementary to those described by Dr Gross 5 years earlier. This was the start of my MSC journey and experimental exploits.
Baryon-Baryon Interactions and the Eightfold Way

The deuteron is shown to belong to a ten-dimensional irreducible representation of the group $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ in the symmetry scheme called the eightfold way. The baryon-baryon states, which together with the deuteron comprise this supermultiplet, are studied. Data are discussed which favor the existence of some of these states, and the masses of the remaining states are estimated.
Homing Ability and Home Range of Yellow-Phase American Eels in a Tidally Dominated Estuary

Yellow-phase American eels, Anguilla rostrata, were displaced 10–17 km between tidal fresh water and salinity-stratified water and followed to determine the degree of home site fidelity, swiftness of homing and whether environmental factors affect orientation or homing behaviour. Twenty-one eels were tracked continuously (eight eels displaced up the estuary, eight down the estuary and five controls) in the Penobscot Estuary, Maine, USA for 4–80 h each, while recording position every 20 min. Nine of the 16 displaced eels (56%) returned to their capture site either during the track or shortly afterwards. Three of the remaining seven eels made substantial progress towards their capture site within the time observed. Eels homed with equal frequency whether displaced up or down the estuary in an average of 220 h ±87 (SE). After release, no eel moved farther away from its capture site. The eels were active mostly at night but used only the appropriate tidal currents rather than directed swimming to move about their home range and to home. Control tracks provided a home-range estimate in this habitat of 6.7 ±1.6 km of estuary or 325 ±64 ha. Lunar phase or position of the moon did not appear to influence either homing behaviour or activity patterns. This study shows that orientation and homing to a specific site in eels occurs relatively quickly and with no initial errors in orientation.
Weak interfacial water ordering on isostructural hematite and corundum (0 0 1) surfaces

Abstract Ordering of interfacial water at the hematite and corundum (0 0 1)–water interfaces has been characterized using in situ high resolution specular X-ray reflectivity measurements. The hematite (0 0 1) surface was prepared through an annealing process to produce a surface isostructural with corundum (0 0 1), facilitating direct comparison. Interfacial water was found to display a similar structure on this pair of isostructural surfaces. A single layer of adsorbed water having a large vibrational amplitude was present on each surface and additional ordering of water extended at least 1 nm into the bulk fluid, with the degree of ordering decreasing with increasing distance from the surfaces. Consistent with prior studies of the (0 1 2) and (1 1 0) surfaces of hematite and corundum, the configuration of water above the (0 0 1) surfaces is primarily controlled by the surface structure, specifically the arrangement of surface functional groups. However, interfacial water at the (0 0 1) surfaces displayed significantly larger vibrational amplitudes throughout the interfacial region than at other isostructural sets of hematite and corundum surfaces, indicating weaker ordering. Comparison of the vibrational amplitudes of adsorbed water on a series of oxide, silicate, and phosphate mineral surfaces suggests that the presence or absence of a substantial interfacial electrostatic field is the primary control on water ordering and not the surface structure itself. On surfaces for which charge originates dominantly through protonation–deprotonation reactions the controlling factor appears to be whether conditions exist where most functional groups are uncharged as opposed to the net surface charge. The doubly coordinated functional groups on hematite and corundum (0 0 1) surfaces are largely uncharged under slightly acidic to circumneutral pH conditions, leading to weak ordering, whereas singly coordinated groups on (0 1 2) and (1 1 0) surfaces of these phases are always charged, even when the net surface charge is zero, and induce strong water ordering. Surfaces lacking structural charge can thus be divided into two distinct classes that induce either strong or weak ordering of interfacial water. Surface functional group coordination is the ultimate control on this division as it determines the charge state of such groups under different protonation configurations. Ion adsorption and electron transfer processes may differ between these classes of surfaces because of the effect of water ordering strength on interfacial capacitances and hydrogen bonding.
STEEL BRIDGES WITH DOUBLE-COMPOSITE ACTION: INNOVATIVE DESIGN

Bridge engineers are continually faced with the challenge of providing efficient and cost-effective structures. In particular, the Florida Department of Transportation has recognized the need to develop economical bridge configurations in the medium-span range of 200- to 400-ft (60.96-to 121.92-m) spans and authorized a research project at the University of South Florida to identify and develop innovative design concepts within this span range. The study identified the concept of a steel bridge with double-composite action as an innovative bridge concept with the potential for significant cost savings compared with conventional modes of construction. This bridge type has been used with good success in Europe, but to the authors' knowledge it has not been used in the United States. In addition to a composite concrete top slab, the double-composite bridge concept utilizes a composite concrete bottom slab in the negative moment regions. The result is provision of a design meeting compact requirements through...
Molecular Scale Electronics

This paper reports on some of the recent advances in the development and testing of molecular-scale electronic devices, devices that may ultimately be the basis of a molecular-based computer. These advances include: the synthesis of molecules which will perform specific electronic functions, self-assembled monolayer formation of rigid-rod conjugated oligomers, novel methodologies for the design and testing of molecular electronic devices, and the observance of negative differential resistance (NDR) through a molecule.
Head-to-tail polymerization of microtubules in vitro.

Abstract The kinetics of microtubule polymerization to steady-state and the ability of tubulin subunits to exchange with polymer at steady-state were examined to determine the applicability of the head-to-tail polymerization mechanism (Wegner, 1976) to microtubule assembly in vitro. Under conditions where self-nucleation was a rare event, tubulin was induced to polymerize by the addition of short microtubule fragments, and the kinetics of elongation were analyzed as a pseudofirst-order reaction. At steady-state, a trace amount of [3H]tubulin, prepared by labeling in vivo of chick brain protein, was added to polymerized microtubules and the kinetics of label uptake into polymer were monitored by a rapid centrifugal assay. The isotope exchange kinetics were analyzed according to a theoretical model previously applied to actin polymerization (Wegner, 1976) and extended for the case of microtubule polymerization. The rate of head-to-tail polymerization, expressed as the steady-state subunit flux, was 27·6 ± 7·6 per second at 37 °C. The head-to-tail parameter s, a measure of the efficiency of subunit flux, was 0·26 ± 0·07, indicating that four association and four dissociation events resulted in the flux of one subunit through the polymer at steady-state. The role of GTP in this mechanism of microtubule polymerization was examined by replacement of the nucleotide occupying the exchangeable binding site of tubulin with the non-hydrolyzable GTP analog guanosine 5′-(β,γ-methylene)triphosphate. It was found that the rate of steady-state flux was reduced by two orders of magnitude compared to tubulin polymerized with GTP. The head-to-tail parameter approached its limiting value of zero, indicating greatly reduced efficiency of subunit flux through the polymer in the presence of this analog. In summary, this study demonstrates that microtubules exhibit significant headto-tail polymerization in the presence of GTP and, in keeping with theoretical considerations, provides evidence that nucleotide hydrolysis is required for subunit flux through the polymer.
Postaxial Acrofacial Dysostosis Syndrome

Three patients with a postaxial acrofacial dysostosis syndrome are presented; the features of these and three other previously described examples are set forth. The facies can be strikingly similar to that of the Treacher Collins syndrome. The limb deficiencies are postaxial, with absence or incomplete development of the fifth digital rays in both the upper and lower limbs. Accessory nipples have been found in most of the patients. The nature of the limb deficiencies and the accessory nipples help to distinguish this condition from Nager AFD. All of the children have normal intelligence and development; most show normal growth. All of the six cases have occurred sporadically.
Extending the process model of collective corruption

Abstract Organizational wrongdoing consists of behavior perpetrated by organizational officials (i.e., directors, managers, and/or employees) in the course of fulfilling their organizational roles that is judged by social control agents (i.e., prosecutors, regulatory agency officials, judges, journalists, etc.) to be illegal, unethical, or socially irresponsible. Collective organizational wrongdoing involves the sustained coordination of multiple organizational participants. We review the dominant explanation of collective organizational wrongdoing, delve into its two main variants, and provide illustrations of each. We then provide an overview of an alternative explanation of collective wrongdoing, the process model of collective corruption. This sets the stage for our main contribution—a five part extension of the process model of collective corruption. Our investigation proceeds through a series of analyses, each of which begins with an elaboration of existing ideas about collective organizational wrongdoing, proceeds to an extension of these ideas, and concludes with an illustration of the extension. Our illustrations are drawn from case studies that include thick descriptions of organizational wrongdoing, which provide detailed information about the actions, thoughts, and emotions of wrongdoers as they become involved in wrongdoing. We conclude by considering the theoretical and policy implications of the alternative perspective on collective wrongdoing.
Lesion effects on cholinergically elicited drinking in the rat

Abstract Small unilateral lesions were made at positive cholinergic drinking loci in the lateral hypothalamus, anterior thalamus or septal region of the rat. Lesions of the thalamus or septum had no affect on cholinergic drinking elicited at other limbic system sites. Hypothalamic lesions, however, did suppress drinking-to-carbachol elicited at other limbic system or hypothalamic sites as early as 30 min and as late as 12 days following lesioning. The hypothalamic lesion did not have to be centered at a positive cholinergic drinking site to be effective; nor did it have to produce an inhibition of food and water ingestion (the lateral hypothalamic syndrome). Atropine injection into the lesioned sites was still effective in blocking carbachol drinking, even though lesioning was not. These data suggest that atropine does not act as a functional lesion of an excitatory cholinergic drinking system.
Test-retest reliability of the test of nonverbal intelligence (TONI)

Abstract Test-retest reliability of the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (TONI) was investigated. Fifty students randomly selected from first and second grades were administered Form A and Form B of the TONI on two occasions 3 weeks apart. Test-retest correlation coefficients were calculated for all 50 subjects. The results showed high test-retest reliability: Correlation coefficients were .89 (Form A) and .83 (Form B). Parallel form reliability was also high: Form A correlated with Form B .88 on the first administration and .86 on the second administration.
Developing pre-service teachers' pedagogical content knowledge for teaching spatial thinking through geography

Twenty-four pre-service teachers participated in a workshop designed to provide explicit opportunities to learn what spatial thinking is and how to incorporate it into teaching practice. The objectives of this paper are to: (1) examine the educational effect of the workshop on pre-service teachers' pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) and (2) provide geographers who prepare teachers in higher education with insights into effective ways to address PCK to teach spatial thinking in teacher preparation programs. The findings of this study indicate that explicit instruction in teaching spatial thinking is necessary and effective to develop pre-service teachers' PCK.
Regulation of insulin-like growth factor system components by osteogenic protein-1 in human bone cells.

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have the unique ability to convert mesenchymal cells into matrix-producing osteoblasts. To understand the mechanism(s) by which a BMP produces a multitude of effects on bone cells, we examined the effects of recombinant human osteogenic protein (OP)-1 (referred to as BMP-7) on the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) regulatory system, an important growth factor system in bone. After 48 h of treatment, OP-1 increased the level of IGF-II (3- and 2-fold, respectively, at 100 ng/ml) in the conditioned medium (CM) of SaOS-2 and TE85 human osteosarcoma cells with osteoblastic characteristics, whereas IGF-I levels were low to undetectable in the CM of either cell type. OP-1 treatment had no significant effect on the messenger RNA (mRNA) level for type 1 and type 2 IGF receptors. In TE85 and SaOS-2 cells, 100 ng/ml OP-1 increased the level of IGF binding protein (BP)-3 more than 10-fold, decreased the IGFBP-4 level by 50%, and increased the level of the 29-32.5 kDa IGFBP-5 3-fold in the CM as determined by analysis with Western ligand blot, Western immunoblot, and RIA. The effect of OP-1 on IGFBP production was time and dose dependent. The OP-1 induced changes in the levels of IGFBPs were associated with decreased IGFBP-3 and -5 protease activity (29% and 71%, respectively) and proportional changes in IGFBP mRNA levels. OP-1 increased the level of IGFBP-3 mRNA (2- and 10-fold, respectively, after 4 and 24 h of treatment at 100 ng/ml) and of IGFBP-5 mRNA (more than 5-fold after 24 h of treatment) but decreased the level of IGFBP-4 mRNA (> 50% after 24 h at 100 ng/ml). OP-1 treatment had no effect on IGFBP-4 protease activity. These results collectively demonstrate that OP-1 can act locally by modulating the IGF regulatory system, suggesting that the mitogenic/differentiative effect of OP-1 on human bone cells may in part be mediated via IGF-II by increasing its secretion, and by regulating the balance between the stimulatory (e.g. IGFBP-5) and inhibitory (e.g. IGFBP-4) classes of IGFBPs both at the level of production (mRNA) and at the level of degradation but not by up-regulating the IGF receptor.
Gunite compositions for the firebox screen of steam boilers

Aluminophosphate-bonded or aluminochromophosphate-bonded silicon carbide compositions with additions of close to 5% refractory clay can be recommended for lining the pivot screens of the fireboxes of steam boilers. The composition should consist preferably of silicon carbide Nos. 80, 40, and 4 in the proportion 40/30/30. The density and strength of the lining are improved by a heat treatment preceded by resting for 24 h at 20–25°C.
Acetylation stoichiometry of Escherichia coli pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

Summary [1- 14 C]Acetyl-pyruvate dehydrogenase complex can be isolated either by gel filtration or by phenol extraction upon reaction of the complex with [2- 14 C]pyruvate in the absence of coenzyme A and NAD. Acetylation by [2- 14 C]pyruvate is thiamine pyrophosphate dependent, all of the radioactivity is covalently bonded to the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase component, and all of the [1- 14 C]acetyl groups are removed by coenzyme A. The radioactivity incorporated corresponds to 9.6 to 10.1 n·mol of acetyl groups per mg dry weight of complex, about four times the number of FAD molecules. Based on a particle molecular weight of 4.6 to 4.8 × 10 6 , this stoichiometry corresponds to 48 acetyl-group binding sites and 12 molecules of FAD per particle of complex.
Antibody Response in Rabbits to Antigenic Stimulation During Amantadine Treatment.

SummaryRabbits were treated with dextrose, amantadine hydrochloride, or 6-mercaptopurine and simultaneously injected with Influenza A2/Jap/305/57 and bovine serum albumin. Amantadine administered by different routes and in several doses had no effect on the rate or titer of antibody synthesis of these two antigens. A definite immunosuppressive effect was observed in rabbits treated with 6-MP, but this effect was only observed in anti-BSA synthesis. No effect was observed using influenza virus as antigen.
Cerebral speech lateralization in the native American Navajo.

Abstract Thirty pairs of dichotically presented CV syllables were administered to matched samples of Native American Navajo and Anglo subjects. While sex was not a significant factor, significant differences were evidenced in the performance of the Native American Navajo and Anglo subjects. As predicted, the Navajo subjects demonstrated a left ear advantage compared to the traditional right ear effect found in the Anglo subjects. These results are discussed as they relate to linguistic processing and neuropsychological theory.
View independent recognition of human-vehicle interactions using 3-D models

Recognition of human-vehicle interactions is a challenging problem. The occlusion by vehicles and motion of humans contribute to the difficulty. In this paper, we present a novel approach for the view independent recognition of human-vehicle interactions. The shape based matching of synthetic 3-D vehicle models is used for accurate localization of vehicles and for the specification of regions-of-interest (e.g. doors). In the proposed method, the system transforms the optical flow field based on the position of doors and the direction of a vehicle. This enables the system to extract view-independent features. Histogram of oriented optical flow (HOOF) and histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) characterize the optical flow and gradient, respectively. A support vector machine (SVM) classifier is trained for these view-independent features. Consequently, the system recognizes the interactions of a person entering a vehicle and getting out of a vehicle. Our method is applied to a dataset of human-vehicle interactions taken from 8 different viewpoints, composed of 120 video clips. The experimental results show that the system recognizes sequences of complex human-vehicle interactions with a high recognition rate of 86 %.
Increasing the Participation of Under-represented Minority Student Groups in Computer Science and Engineering: An REU Site Experience

Statistics indicate that under-represented minority student groups continue to experience high dropout rates, low graduation rates, low enrollment in graduate programs and low participation in Computer Science and Engineering (CS&E). At the same time, trends indicate that these groups will constitute an important part of the population of the United States by year 2050. Given these facts, it is crucial to help these minority groups become an integral part of the economic fabric of the United States. It has been shown that undergraduate research is one of the best vehicles to address several of these important issues. This paper describes our experience running a NSF-sponsored Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) Site in CS&E for under-represented minority student groups. We describe the most important aspects that need to be included in these programs and some strategies for running them successfully. Finally, we include the results of our evaluation and show the effectiveness of the program.
Have PTCA failures requiring emergent bypass operation changed

From 1980 through 1990, 9,145 patients had balloon angioplasty with failure of the procedure requiring emergent surgical revascularization within 24 hours occurring in 253 patients (2.8%). Patients were divided into two cohorts based on the date of the percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA): 1980 to 1985 (n = 109) and 1986 to 1990 (n = 144). The incidence of PTCA failure was 3.8% during 1980 to 1985 (109/2,903) and decreased to 2.3% (144/6,242) for 1986 to 1990. Comparison of pre-PTCA patient characteristics between the two periods showed that only a history of a previous PTCA and class III or class IV symptoms were more common in the recent years ( p p = not significant). This trend toward increased mortality appeared to be related to an increased number of patients who underwent operation in a state of severe hemodynamic compromise in the more recent period. The in-hospital mortality rate for patients in shock or undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation was 28.3% (13/46) compared with 1.4% (3/207) for patients with less severe hemodynamic derangement ( p p
Dry Powder Inhaler Device Influence on Carrier Particle Performance

Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are distinguished from one another by their unique device geometries, reflecting their distinct drug detachment mechanisms, which can be broadly classified into either aerodynamic or mechanical-based detachment forces. Accordingly, pow- der particles experience different aerodynamic and mechanical forces depending on the in- haler. However, the influence of carrier particle physical properties on the performance of DPIs with different dispersion mechanisms remains largely unexplored. Carrier particle trajectories through two commercial DPIs were modeled with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the results were compared with in vitro aerosol studies to assess the role of carrier particle size and shape on inhaler performance. Two percent (w/w) binary blends of budesonide with anhydrous and granulated lactose carriers ranging up to 300 :m were dispersed from both an Aerolizer R and Handihaler R through a cascade impactor at 60 L min −1 . For the simulations, car- rier particles were modeled as spherical monodisperse populations with small (32 :m), medium (108 :m), and large (275 :m) particle diameters. CFD simulations revealed the average number of carrier particle-inhaler collisions increased with carrier particle size (2.3-4.0) in the Aerolizer R , reflecting the improved performance observed in vitro. Collisions within the
Many-objective de Novo water supply portfolio planning under deep uncertainty

This paper proposes and demonstrates a new interactive framework for sensitivity-informed de Novo planning to confront the deep uncertainty within water management problems. The framework couples global sensitivity analysis using Sobol' variance decomposition with multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) to generate planning alternatives and test their robustness to new modeling assumptions and scenarios. We explore these issues within the context of a risk-based water supply management problem, where a city seeks the most efficient use of a water market. The case study examines a single city's water supply in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) in Texas, using a suite of 6-objective problem formulations that have increasing decision complexity for both a 10-year planning horizon and an extreme single-year drought scenario. The de Novo planning framework demonstrated illustrates how to adaptively improve the value and robustness of our problem formulations by evolving our definition of optimality while discovering key tradeoffs.
Comparison of Perirectal versus Rectal Swabs for Detection of Asymptomatic Carriers of Toxigenic Clostridium difficile

For long-term care and spinal cord injury patients, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of perirectal versus rectal cultures for detection of asymptomatic carriers of Clostridium difficile were 95%, 100%, 100%, and 97%, respectively. Perirectal cultures provide an accurate method to detect asymptomatic carriers of C. difficile.
Characterization of the Surface Glycoproteins of Rat Spermatozoa

The present study investigates the macromolecular composition of a membrance fraction isolated from rat spermatozoa and uses specific biochemical probes to study the externally oriented plasma membrane glycoproteins of caput and cauda epididymal spermatozoa. A highly purified membrane fraction was isolated from rat cauda epididymal spermatozoa using sonication and differential centrifugation. SDS polyacrylamide gels of the isolated membrane fraction revealed a large number of Coomassie Blue staining bands (>25) and 5 PAS positive bands. The galactose oxidase-[3HI sodium borohydnide technique was employed on intact spermatozoa to radioactively label externally oriented plasma membrane glycoproteins possessing terminal galactose or galactosamine residues on their oligosaccharide chains. Cauda epididymal spermatozoa possess a 37,000 dalton glycoprotein on the cell surface which is labelled by this technique, but no such component is detected on caput epididymal spermatozoa. Similarly, radioactive labelling of surface sialo-glycoproteins by sequential treatment of spermatozoa with sodium metaperiodate and [3 HI sodium borohydride revealed that the 37,000 dalton glycoprotein could be labeled on cauda epididymal spermatozoa, but is not detected on caput epididymal spermatozoa. The significance of these results with respect to maturation of spermatozoa in the epididymis is discussed.
Postflame reaction chemistry of dichloromethane: variations in equivalence ratio and temperature

We report on the destruction pathways and byproduct formation of dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) in conditions typical of incinerator postflame regions (injection temperature = 900–1200 K; equivalence ratio = 0.6, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1; residence time = 0.28–0.35 s). This is the first study to independently vary equivalence ratio and temperature, and evaluate their impacts on byproduct yield and destruction efficiency. We inject 750 ppm CH2Cl2 into postflame combustion products and measure byproducts with extractive FTIR spectroscopy. We use a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism and reaction rate analysis to predict the changes in reaction pathways as a function of equivalence ratio. The predictions for major products and several intermediate species compare well with experiments; the largest disparities are an underprediction of phosgene (CCl2O) and an overprediction of methyl chloride (CH3Cl). Both the experiment and the numerical predictions show increased destruction at lower equivalence ratios. However, the experiments reveal increased levels of stable chlorinated organics at lower equivalence ratios, opposite to the numerical prediction. We discuss reasons for this discrepancy and implications of these results for designing control strategies to promote full conversion to HCl and to reduce chlorinated byproduct emissions.