cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A description and study of intermediate student programmer errors

To date there has been considerable investigation into the study of novice programmer errors. The research has analyzed both syntactic and semantic errors. However, the next level of programmers, who make more sophisticated errors, the internmediate level programmers, have been somewhat neglected. In this paper, we focus on the nature of the errors which intermediate level programmers make. The basis of our study is the semantic approach. Here, we the study problems which require more difficult program constructs such as nested loops, arrays, recursion, and functions.
Wave Energy Development Roadmap: Design to commercialization

In order to promote and support development of the wave energy industry, Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) has developed a Wave Energy Development Roadmap. The Wave Energy Development Roadmap outlines the pathway from initial design to commercialization for Wave Energy Converter (WEC) technologies. Commercialization of a wave energy technology is embodied in the deployment of an array of WEC's, a WEC Farm. The development process is related to the commonly used metric of Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs). The roadmap incorporates modeling and experimental expectations at corresponding TRLs which provide a guide for the industry to pursue successful design optimizations, prototype deployments, and utility scale commercialization. The roadmap serves the additional purpose of pinpointing research gaps in the development process.
Putting a Human Face on Crimes: A Qualitative Study on Restorative Justice Processes for Youths

Restorative justice conferences including Victim Offender Mediation (VOM) are rapidly increasing. Due to a lack of participants’ accounts on their experiences, gaining knowledge on how restorative justice works from their perspective is critical, especially to further development of justice policy and practice. In this exploratory qualitative study we interviewed 37 participants in a VOM operating in a mid-sized Midwestern city in the United States. In this article, we examine some youths’ experiences in their VOM to deepen our understanding of how and why restorative discourses work. Findings suggest that meeting their victims through VOM helped the youths realize the extent of the consequences of their actions by being able to personalize their victims and their victimized experiences. In conclusion we highlight the importance of appreciating the unseen effects of the crimes. Lastly, we make some recommendations for practitioners to assist their developing better programs in dealing with youths in restorative justice contexts.
Contending masculinities: the gendered (re) negotiation of colonial hierarchy in the United Nations debates on decolonization

The emergence of legal decolonization in the mid-twentieth century, as evidenced by the 1960 United Nations Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, is often understood through the lens of race and the disruption of racial hierarchy. If we take seriously the transnational feminist contention that the colonial racial order was also gendered, however, how might this perspective shift our understanding of decolonization? In this article, I explore the debates on decolonization that take place in the UN General Assembly from 1946–1960 that lead to the 1960 Declaration from a transnational feminist perspective to answer this question. Specifically, I use comparative historical and discourse methods of analysis to explore how colonialists and anti-colonialists negotiate the onset of legal decolonization, focusing especially on how colonialist hierarchies of race, culture, and gender are addressed in these debates. I argue that, on the one hand, colonialists rely on a paternalist masculinity to legitimate their rule (i.e., our dependencies require our rule the way a child requires a father). In response, anti-colonialists reply with a resistance masculinity (i.e., “colonialism is emasculating;” “decolonization is necessary for a return of masculine dignity”). I argue that decolonization in the United Nations transpires via contentions among differentially racialized masculinities. Ultimately, a transnational feminist perspective that centers the intersection of race and gender offers a richer analysis than a perspective that examines race alone.
Effects of communicating family ownership and organisational size on an applicant's attraction to a firm: An empirical examination in the USA and China

Abstract In recent years, family business owners have indicated that attracting and retaining qualified non-family applicants is one of the greatest challenge that firms face. Although there is some empirical research that explores why family firms face this challenge, most of this work has focused on understanding the role that human resource practices play in the success of recruitment practices in the family firm. This article explores the effects of information provided in initial recruitment messages on perceptions about attributes of the organisation (i.e., job security, advancement, compensation, and prestige) and how these perceptions influence attractiveness to a firm. Over 300 respondents from the USA ( N = 177) and China ( N = 127) read one of four organisational descriptions created by manipulating information about organisational size (50 vs. 500 employees) and family ownership (explicit vs. absent). The results indicate that explicitly communicating information about family ownership did not affect perceptions or attractiveness to a firm, while explicit information about organisational size did. Additionally, participants from China and the USA differed in terms of how information about family ownership influenced their perceptions about advancement opportunities. The implications of these results for family business recruitment strategies are discussed.
Investigation of Heavy Metal Hyperaccumulation at the Cellular Level: Development and Characterization of Thlaspi caerulescens Suspension Cell Lines

The ability of Thlaspi caerulescens, a zinc (Zn)/cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator, to accumulate extremely high foliar concentrations of toxic heavy metals requires coordination of uptake, transport, and sequestration to avoid damage to the photosynthetic machinery. The study of these metal hyperaccumulation processes at the cellular level in T. caerulescens has been hampered by the lack of a cellular system that mimics the whole plant, is easily transformable, and competent for longer term studies. Therefore, to better understand the contribution of the cellular physiology and molecular biology to Zn/Cd hyperaccumulation in the intact plant, T. caerulescens suspension cell lines were developed. Differences in cellular metal tolerance and accumulation between the cell lines of T. caerulescens and the related nonhyperaccumulator, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), were examined. A number of Zn/Cd transport-related differences between T. caerulescens and Arabidopsis cell lines were identified that also are seen in the whole plant. T. caerulescens suspension cell lines exhibited: (1) higher growth requirements for Zn; (2) much greater Zn and Cd tolerance; (3) enhanced expression of specific metal transport-related genes; and (4) significant differences in metal fluxes compared with Arabidopsis. One interesting feature exhibited by the T. caerulescens cell lines was that they accumulated less Zn and Cd than the Arabidopsis cell lines, most likely due to a greater metal efflux. This finding suggests that the T. caerulescens suspension cells represent cells of the Zn/Cd transport pathway between the root epidermis and leaf. We also show it is possible to stably transform T. caerulescens suspension cells, which will allow us to alter the expression of candidate hyperaccumulation genes and thus dissect the molecular and physiological processes underlying metal hyperaccumulation in T. caerulescens.
Physical Properties of Yogurt Made from Milk Treated with Proteolytic Enzymes

Abstract Milk used in the manufacture of yogurt is often subjected to storage times and temperatures that permit protein degradation catalyzed by bacterial or native proteases. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of proteolysis of milk on the physical properties of yogurt. Milk was treated with either crude extracts of bacterial protease or purified plasmin. Treated milk was immediately made into yogurt, which was stored at 7°C and analyzed after 1, 8, and 15 d. Yogurt made from milk pretreated with microbial protease had higher firmness, syneresis, and apparent viscosity than the untreated product. Yogurt made from milk treated with plasmin had significantly lower firmness and apparent viscosity, and after 8 d, lower syneresis as compared with the control. Yogurt made from milk treated with either protease had lower water-holding capacity and protein hydration than untreated controls. Proteolysis of milk did not produce consistent effects on yogurt culture levels, although fermentation was more rapid in the treated milks. Results indicate that proteolysis of milk results in yogurt of substantially different physical properties and that the effects of proteases from psychrotrophic bacteria on the properties of yogurt differ from the effects of plasmin.
Hotel Security and the Routine Activities Approach

This article describes a project to examine hotel security from the routine activities perspective of Cohen and Felson (1979). The dominant focus is on the extent to which many patrons lack capable...
Rethinking Transnational Counterterrorism: Beyond a National Framework

Many offensive strategies that the United States currently relies on, such as sanctions or deterrence, that might be successful against national terrorist organizations are not as useful against transnational terrorists. They could actually make the problem worse.
Alcohol-Water Interactions on Montmorillonite Surfaces. I. Ethanol

Infrared spectroscopic, X-ray diffraction and gravimetric techniques were used so study the vapor phase adsorption of ethanol on homoionic Cu-, Al-, Ca,, Na-, and NH4-montmorillonite films. Equilibration of these films with ethanol vapor at a relative pressure of unity reduced the water content to less than 0.7% (300°C). As dehydration proceeded, the infrared absorption bands of the residual water were observed. Apparent differences between different cation saturations are reconciled by a consideration of the different types of ion-dipole interactions involved. Adsorption isotherms and X-ray diffraction results substantiated the interpretations of the infrared data. Prolonged evacuation did not remove all of the adsorbed ethanol as shown by spectroscopic and gravimetric techniques. Cu-, Al- and Ca-montmorillonite retained 4.5, 7.9, and 4.5 molecules per ion, respectively, while Na- and NH4-clays retained less than one molecule per cation. Ethanol loss occurred rapidly at 40% relative humidity except in the Cu-system where 70 hr were required for complete replacement. These differences indicate that the adsorption and retention of alcohol by montmorillonite is affected by the saturating cation and that alcohol and water compete for the same adsorption sites. Ion-dipole type interactions should thus be considered in adsorption mechanisms of alcohol on montmorillonite.
Effects of Sterics and Electronic Delocalization on the Photophysical, Structural, and Electrochemical Properties of 2,9-Disubstituted 1,10-Phenanthroline Copper(I) Complexes.

The syntheses, crystal structures, electronic absorption spectra, electrochemical properties, and photophysical properties of a series of copper(I) bis(phenanthroline) complexes are reported. The phenanthroline ligands that have been prepared and investigated are the following: dop (2,9-di-(2-methylphenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline), xop (2-(2-methylphenyl)-9-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline), dpep (2,9-diphenylethynyl-1,10-phenanthroline), and dmesp (2,9-dimesityl-1,10-phenanthroline). The complex [Cu(dop)2](PF6)·Et2O crystallizes in space group P1with a = 11.854(3) A, b = 14.705(3) A, c = 15.866(4) A, α = 107.81(2)°, β = 106.72(2)°, γ = 97.56(2)°, V = 2447.6(10) A3, and Z = 2. For 5739 unique data with F > 4.0σ(F), R = 7.52%. The complex [Cu(xop)2](PF6)·3/2CH3OH crystallizes in space group C2/c with a = 23.096(6) A, b = 23.387(6) A, c = 17.873(7) A, β = 100.08(3)°, V = 9505(5) A3, and Z = 8. For 5631 unique data with F > 4.0σ(F), R = 6.02%. The complex [Cu(dpep)2](PF6) crystallizes in space group P1...
Diversity in lay perceptions of the sources of human traits: genes, environments, and personal behaviors.

Abstract Individual beliefs about the origins of illness and disease contribute to personal behavior to gain or maintain health and well-being. Both perceptions of the efficacy of recommended actions and the confidence individuals have in their ability to carry out prevention and detection practices may be associated with beliefs about illness causation. This study explored the perceptions of African American and European American men and women ages 18–45 years regarding the respective roles of inherited genes, social factors, personal behavior, and ecological environment on disease as compared to other human attributes, including height, weight, mental abilities, and talents. Results from focus group (N=16) data indicated that participants’ (N=77) assignment of influence to various causative factors varied non-systematically by gender, race, education, economic class, and type of characteristic.
General Relativistic Theory of Gravitation Exhibiting Complete Group Covariance

The geometry of the group manifold is generalized to allow the construction of a general relativistic theory exhibiting all the degrees of freedom of the group in its dynamical variables. The theory has features of a multidimensional Kaluza-Klein theory with noncommuting Killing vectors. The resulting fields suggest, however, a teleparallelistic formulation. The geometry and gauge invariance of the theory are discussed.
A case of biliopleural fistula in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma

This article considers the case of a 66-year-old white man who presented with a productive cough and pleuritic chest pain on his right side 6 months after undergoing transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. The patient was diagnosed with a biliopleural fistula, and this Case Study explores the diagnosis and management of this patient. Background. A 66-year-old white man with a history of cryptogenic cirrhosis complicated by hepatocellular carcinoma, ascites and hepatic encephalopathy presented with a productive cough and pleuritic chest pain on his right side. He underwent transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma 6 months before presentation. The patient had a history of coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Investigations. Medical history and physical examination, laboratory investigations, diagnostic thoracentesis, bacterial culture and Gram staining studies, abdominal MRI with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, infused chest CT and examination of the thorax during open thoracotomy. Diagnosis. Biliopleural fistula with connections between the right pleural space and a branch of the right intrahepatic biliary tree. Management. antibiotics, placement and removal of a chest tube, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography to guide biliary sphincterotomy with placement and removal of a hepatic-duct stent, open thoracotomy with decortication, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and placement of a catheter.
Aberration averaging using point spread function for scanning projection systems

Scanning projection system plays a leading part in current DUV optical lithography. It is frequently pointed out that the mechanically induced distortion and field curvature degrade image quality after scanning. On the other hand, the aberration of the projection lens is averaged along the scanning direction. This averaging effect reduces the residual aberration significantly. The aberration averaging based on the point spread function and phase retrieval technique in order to estimate the effective wavefront aberration after scanning is described in this paper. Our averaging method is tested using specified wavefront aberration, and its accuracy is discussed based on the measured wavefront aberration of recent Nikon projection lens.
"The Effects of CEO Career Horizon, Power and Education on R&D Spending: Software Industry Evidence"

In high-technology industries, the allocation of firm resources to research and development is a key strategic decision. While a number of past researchers have tried to systematically examine how ...
Developmentally regulated expression of temporally distinct β-glucosidase isozymes in Dictyostelium discoideum☆

Abstract During development of Dictyostelium discoideum, the cellular specific activity of β-glucosidase increases before aggregation, declines to low levels during pseudoplasmodium formation, and increases rapidly during culmination. In addition, two electrophoretically distinct isozymes of β-glucosidase are present at different times of development. Using enzyme-specific monoclonal antibodies, we have shown that changes in the level of enzyme specific activity are closely paralleled by changes in the relative rate of β-glucosidase synthesis in vivo and by corresponding changes in the relative cellular concentration of functional β-glucosidase mRNA. Thus, the developmental synthesis of β-glucosidase is controlled at a pretranslational level. Furthermore, our experiments have demonstrated that both β-glucosidase isozymes consist of a single subunit of identical molecular weight. This result is consistent with the previous finding that both isozymes are encoded by the same gene and suggests that the isozymes differ solely with respect to post-translational modification.
Fetal cardiac bypass using an in-line axial flow pump to minimize extracorporeal surface and avoid priming volume.

Background. Progressive metabolic acidosis, hypoxia, and hypercarbia develop rapidly after fetal cardiac bypass mainly as a result of an increase in placental vascular resistance and a decrease in placental blood flow. A number of factors including fetal stress, priming substances, and extracorporeal surfaces have been identified as possible stimuli causing this placental dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of avoiding priming volume and minimizing extracorporeal surface area on placental hemodynamics and function. Methods. Fetal sheep (n = 16) at 118 to 122 days of gestation were subjected to cardiac bypass for 30 minutes using either an in-line axial-flow pump (Hemopump group: n=8, no prime) or a roller pump with a venous reservoir (control group: n=8, priming volume=150 mL). After bypass, the fetuses were observed for 90 minutes. Placental blood flow and combined ventricular output were continuously measured with ultrasonic flow probes, and fetal blood gases were measured at specific intervals. Results. Three fetuses in the control group died during the study, whereas all 8 fetuses in the Hemopump group remained in stable condition throughout the study period. During and after bypass, placental blood flow was significantly higher ( p p p p = 0.0002) in the Hemopump group than in the control group. Conclusions. Reducing the extracorporeal surface area and avoiding external priming substances preserves placental hemodynamics after fetal cardiac bypass. An inline axial-flow pump is useful in miniaturizing the bypass circuits for potential use in fetal cardiac surgery.
Optimization model for long range planning in the chemical industry

Abstract In this paper a multiperiod MILP model is presented for the optimal selection and expansion of processes given time varying forecasts for the demands and prices of chemicals over a long range horizon. To reduce the computational expense of solving this long range planning problem, several strategies are investigated, including branch and bound, the use of integer cuts, strong cutting planes, Benders decomposition and heuristics. These procedures, which have been implemented in the program MULPLAN, are illustrated with several example problems. As is shown, the proposed model is especially useful for the study of a variety of different scenarios.
The need for long-term surveillance for patients treated with curative radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease: University of Minnesota experience

Abstract Purpose: To examine the long-term outcome of Stage I, II, and III patients treated with curative radiotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease at the University of Minnesota Hospital, with particular focus on long-term treatment-related complications and the need for long-term surveillance after treatment. Methods and Materials: A total of 210 Stage I, II, and III patients (98 female, 112 male) treated at the University of Minnesota since 1970 were included in this study. All patients were laparotomy staged. Between 1970 and 1974, 35 high-risk patients (i.e., patients with large mediastinal mass, and/or hilar disease, and/or splenic involvement) and 40 low-risk patients were treated with standard field radiotherapy. From 1975 on, 67 high-risk patients received radical radiotherapy because of poor outcomes with standard radiotherapy, and 68 low-risk patients received standard radiotherapy. Salvage chemotherapy was given to 62 patients who recurred. Median follow-up for all patients was 15.6 years (range 0.35–26.5 years). Long-term complications after treatment were assessed using standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and mortality ratios (SMR), with particular focus on cardiac complications and secondary malignancies. Results: By study end, 70% of the patients are alive and 70% had never recurred. Complications included 33 second malignancies and 75 cardiovascular events. Patients treated for Hodgkin’s disease had about 7 times the risk of dying from cardiac problems (SMR = 7.2) and 10 times the risk of dying from a second malignancy (SMR = 10.3) compared to the general population. In terms of absolute risk, Hodgkin’s disease would cause seven additional deaths from secondary malignancies per year among 1000 patients and four additional deaths from cardiac problems. Conclusion: Hodgkin’s disease patients treated successfully with radiotherapy are at an increased risk for developing long-term treatment-related cardiac disease and/or second malignancies. Careful monitoring of these patients is essential to manage morbidity and minimize mortality from these complications. Suggestions for the establishment of worldwide surveillance programs for these patients are proposed.
A neutron diffraction search for a charge density wave in potassium metal

Overhauser's charge-density-wave (CDW) electronic ground state in the alkali metals should be most directly observed by the detection of satellite reflections in the diffraction process. We have carried out neutron single-crystal experiments on potassium metal at 4.2° K which indicate this effect to be less than 15 per cent of the predicted value, provided that a single-Q CDW state was achieved by the 19 kG field in our crystal.
ON THE NUMERICAL MODELLING OF INTERIOR SOUND FIELDS BY THE MODAL FUNCTION EXPANSION APPROACH

Much attention has been paid to sound absorption by active or semi-active means in recent years. Such absorbing treatments are usually applied at the boundaries of the controlled acoustic domain. A study of the impedance at the vibrating boundaries of an actively controlled interior sound field may shed some light on the design of semi-active absorption systems. A popular approach to modelling the interior sound field is to use a Green's function in terms of the acoustic eigenfunctions for the rigid enclosure. It is known that the pressure distribution obtained by this approach is accurate in the interior of the domain, and is inaccurate for modelling impedance on the vibrating boundary. This paper studies this inaccuracy quantitatively and its effect on the optimal control of the interior sound field, and also describes a particular solution approach for determining the interior pressure when a model of the sound field is used.
The effect of 5-fluorouracil on the development of tail vertebrae of mice in organ culture.

After five days in organ culture, untreated fifteen-day fetal mouse tails showed a gradient of decreasing developmental maturity from proximal to distal. Segments of the tail treated with 10 μg/ml 5-fluorouracil (FU) for periods of one to eight hours showed a gradient of drug susceptibility increasing from proximal to distal. The extreme sensitivity of the distal third of the tail was illustrated by the fact that it was even affected by 1 minute exposure to the drug. Exogenous uracil (20 or 40 μg/ml) had no protective effect against the action of FU when administered with, before, or after FU.
Influence of surface tension on adsorbate molecular rotation at liquid/liquid interfaces

Molecular dynamics computer simulations of a series of liquid/liquid interfaces with variable surface tension and fixed bulk viscosity are used to study the effect of the liquid surface on the rotational correlation time of a molecular solute adsorbed at the interface. We observe a remarkable attenuating effect on the rotational dynamics as the surface tension is reduced and show that the origin of the effect is a local density gap. This gives rise to a local effective viscosity, which increases as the surface tension is decreased.
Truncated Poisson Distributions

Abstract This paper gives a method of estimating the parameter of a Poisson distribution which has been truncated at the lower end. Application is made to a number of actual examples.
Quantitation of Some DNA Precursor Data

THE work of Kornberg on DNA repair and synthesis1,2 implicates deoxyribonucleoside 5′-triphosphate as a direct precursor of DNA synthesis. This relationship was questioned by the possibility of alternative replication schemes3,4. Werner5 studied the flux of thymine and thymidine into Escherichia coli DNA to determine the in vivo precursors of replicating DNA. Werner studied the incorporation of 3H labelled thymine into DNA and intracellular nucleotide pools under steady state conditions, in which thymine is converted into thymidine, thymidine monophosphate (TMP), thymidine diphosphate (TDP) and thymidine triphosphate (TTP). Werner measured separately the activities of labelled TMP, TDP, TTP and DNA at various times after E. coli cells had been exposed to a 3H-thymine synthetic medium. From a qualitative consideration of his results, Werner concluded that both TDP and TTP—but not TMP—were possible direct precursors of DNA replication.
Type-I Error and Power of a Test Involving a Satterthwaite's Approximate F-Statistic

In certain types of statistical analysis, it is often desirable to test the general hypothesis that the relation CliO + ' * + CmOm = Cm+l0m+i + * * * + c,A, holds among the variances or variance components Oi , where the c, are known real numbers. These components of variances have independent mean square estimates v, based on ni degrees of freedom, such that nivi/O, has a chi-square, x2, distribution. Specific examples of such tests are the F-test for equality of two variances, Bartlett's test of homogeneity of variances, the two-tailed Behrens-Fisher problem, and testing variance components in some ANOVA with random effects. Also Welch (1936) shows the usefulness of being able to test such relations, and Comstock and Robinson (1948) showed that such relations occur in certain types of genetic experiments. The exact distributions of linear combinations of independent x2 distributed random variables have been derived by several authors, e.g. see Hsu (1938), Robbins and Pittman (1949), Box (1954), Ruben (1963) and Wang (1967). However, such distributions are too complicated for practical usage. When considering the problem of testing the relation
The Influence of Online Teaching on Faculty Productivity.

Ten faculty members with experience teaching online were interviewed about their motivation for teaching online and the effect of teaching online on their teaching and research productivity. They represented nine different states and 13 different fields, and all were tenured or tenure-track at master’s or doctoral institutions. All ten mentioned personal motivations for teaching online; eight mentioned professional motivations. Based on analysis of the interviews, several professors felt their teaching productivity had increased as a result of design choices and an increase in workload. Several had freed up time which was spent on service or research although this was modified by the stage of the faculty member’s career.
The Search for Brown Dwarfs with Infrared Surveys

I compute the maximum number of observable brown dwarfs lor various infrared surveys by combining the maximum possible Oort limit (0.1 “missing” M⊙pc-3 with all possible brown dwarf mass and age distributions. This approach shows what limits will be placed on the contribution of brown dwarfs to any possible “missing mass” if no brown dwarfs are observed. I consider brown dwarfs with masses of 0.01—0.08 M⊙ and ages of 109—1010 years.
MIMO radar exploiting narrowband frequency-hopping waveforms

Accurate estimation and tracking of the position of moving targets is an important task in urban sensing operations. Dual-frequency radar, which estimates the range of a target based on the phase difference between two closely spaced frequencies, has been shown to be a cost-effective method to accomplish range-to-motion estimation and tracking. Target positioning can be achieved by using multiple dual-frequency radar antennas, either coherently or noncoherenly processed. The dual-frequency radar concept has been extended to develop narrowband (NB) frequency-hopping (FH) radar which, while inherits the advantages of dual-frequency radars, spreads the power over a bandwidth and thereby reduces the signal visibility, probability of intercept, and interference to/from other systems. In this paper, we consider MIMO radar systems that use NB-FH signals to achieve effective positioning of moving/vibrating targets with a small array aperture.
A principled approach to operating system construction in Haskell

We describe a monadic interface to low-level hardware features that is a suitable basis for building operating systems in Haskell. The interface includes primitives for controlling memory management hardware, user-mode process execution, and low-level device I/O. The interface enforces memory safety in nearly all circumstances. Its behavior is specified in part by formal assertions written in a programming logic called P-Logic. The interface has been implemented on bare IA32 hardware using the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC) runtime system. We show how a variety of simple O/S kernels can be constructed on top of the interface, including a simple separation kernel and a demonstration system in which the kernel, window system, and all device drivers are written in Haskell.
Corrected QT interval in relation to the severity of diabetic autonomic neuropathy

The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent the existence of objective signs of diabetic autonomic neuropathy affects the corrected QT interval (QTc) in diabetic subjects. A total of 105 diabetic subjects (type 1, n = 53; type 2, n = 52) as well as 40 matched (by age and sex) control subjects were studied. All subjects underwent the battery of five Ewing tests. Autonomic neuropathy was diagnosed if two of the five tests were abnormal. In addition, the result of each test was considered as normal (grade = 0), borderline (grade = 1) or abnormal (grade = 2), and on the basis of the sum of the scores we calculated a total score for autonomic neuropathy. The QTc interval was measured at rest, and a value > 440 ms was considered abnormal. The QTc interval was significantly more prolonged in diabetic persons with autonomic neuropathy than in those without neutopathy and in control subjects: 408.4 +/- 24.2 ms vs. 394.6 +/- 27.9 ms and 393.6 +/- 25.5 ms respectively (P = 0.001). Furthermore, multivariate analysis controlling for age, sex, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), smoking, type and duration of diabetes, type of treatment, HBA1c and total score of autonomic neuropathy eliminated the role of all these factors as potential confounders except for the total score of autonomic neuropathy, which was found to affect QTc interval independently and significantly (P = 0.012). In summary, the present study confirmed the well-known relation between autonomic neuropathy and QTc interval; in addition, it showed that QTc prolongation is associated with major degrees of autonomic neuropathy.
The Effect of Team-Building on Team Process and Performance

This article reports the effects of a team-building intervention on team process and team performance of hospitality student teams, compared to a control group. Effects on process were positive and significant on all criteria. Effects on performance were all positive, though not all differences were significant. Implications for hospitality teams and team-building are discussed.
Characterization of an A-Kinase Anchoring Protein in Human Ciliary Axonemes

Although protein kinase A (PKA) activation is known to increase ciliary beat frequency in humans the molecular mechanisms involved are unknown. We demonstrate that PKA is associated with ciliary axonemes where it specifically phosphorylates a 23-kDa protein. Because PKA is often localized to subcellular compartments in proximity to its substrate(s) via interactions with A-kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs), we investigated whether an AKAP was also associated with ciliary axonemes. This study has identified a novel 28 kDa AKAP (AKAP28)that is highly enriched in airway axonemes. The mRNA for AKAP28 is up-regulated as primary airway cells differentiate and is specifically expressed in tissues containing cilia and/or flagella. Additionally, both Western blot and immunostaining data show that AKAP28 is enriched in airway cilia. These data demonstrate that we have identified the first human axonemal AKAP, a protein that likely plays a role in the signaling necessary for efficient modulation of ciliary beat frequency.
A vortex in an infinite viscous fluid

A solution is given for a viscous vortex in an infinite liquid. Similarity arguments lead to a reduction of the equations of motion to a set of ordinary differential equations. These are integrated numerically. A uniform feature is the constant circulation K outside the vortex core, which is also a viscous boundary layer. The circulation decreases monotonically towards the axis. The axial velocity profiles and the radial velocity profiles have several characteristic shapes, depending on the value of the non-dimensional momentum transfer M. The solution has a singular point on the axis of the vortex. The radius of the core increases linearly with distance along the axis from the singularity, and, at a given distance, is proportional to the coefficient of viscosity and inversely proportional to K.Finally, a discussion is given to indicate that intense vortices above a plate, like the confined experimental vortex, or above the ground, like the atmospheric tornado and dust whirl, will not resemble the theoretical vortex except, possibly, far above the plate.
Compressed sensing MRI with multichannel data using multicore processors

Compressed sensing (CS) is a promising method to speed up MRI. Because most clinical MRI scanners are equipped with multichannel receive systems, integrating CS with multichannel systems may not only shorten the scan time but also provide improved image quality. However, significant computation time is required to perform CS reconstruction, whose complexity is scaled by the number of channels. In this article, we propose a reconstruction procedure that uses ubiquitously available multicore central processing unit to accelerate CS reconstruction from multiple channel data. The experimental results show that the reconstruction efficiency benefits significantly from parallelizing the CS reconstructions and pipelining multichannel data into multicore processors. In our experiments, an additional speedup factor of 1.6-2.0 was achieved using the proposed method on a quad-core central processing unit. The proposed method provides a straightforward way to accelerate CS reconstruction with multichannel data for parallel computation.
Fools Suffer Gladly: The Use of Economic Sanctions in International Crises

A number of recent international situations have raised again questions regarding the usefulness of economic sanctions as an instrument of foreign policy. Sanctions continue to be applied in a variety of contexts, yet we have not developed a sufficient understanding of the processes involved to determine when, or even if, sanctions can "work." While a great deal has been written on the subject, there have been neither attempts to subject the theoretical arguments to empirical testing nor efforts to provide systematic theoretical explanations for the empirical results that have been produced. In this article, we attempt to address this shortcoming in the literature. We propose a theory of sanctions effectiveness that is based on the spatial model of bargaining in international crises and use this theory to derive a number of hypotheses regarding when sanctions should produce favorable policy outcomes. We then subject some of the derived hypotheses to an empirical test based on a large number of international disputes. The model suggests that while sanctions will not work in many cases, they can have a slight effect on the distribution of expected outcomes if the costs of the sanctions are sufficiently high relative to the values at stake. The available evidence appears to support these expectations.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION : XX. THE BIOASSAY OF RENIN

A simple, rapid method for the bioassay of renin has been presented. Reliable and consistent results are obtained by this method whereby an arbitrary dog unit of renin has been established. The response of normal unanesthetized dogs to renin is independent of the body weight of dogs weighing between 10 and 25 kilos. An estimate of potency of renin per kilo of body weight of the test animals is therefore not only unnecessary but misleading. A dog unit of renin has been defined as that amount which raises the blood pressure at least 30 and not more than 35 mm. Hg within 3 minutes in at least three unanesthetized dogs. The potency is expressed as dog units of renin per cubic centimeter. The determination of the amount of renal substance represented by a cubic centimeter of extract and the number of dog units per cubic centimeter give an estimate of the yield of renin which can be expressed as dog units of renin per gram of original renal tissue. By determination of the number of dog units per cubic centimeter and the amount of nitrogen in milligrams per cubic centimeter in any renal extract the purity of the renin can be determined and expressed as dog units of renin per milligram N. The establishment of a standard method for the bioassay of renin is considered highly desirable and the method outlined in this paper is suggested for this purpose.
Particulate-matter emission estimates from agricultural spring-tillage operations using LIDAR and inverse modeling

Particulate-matter (PM) emissions from a typical spring agricultural tillage sequence and a strip–till conservation tillage sequence in California’s San Joaquin Valley were estimated to calculate the emissions control efficiency (η) of the strip–till conservation management practice (CMP). Filter-based PM samplers, PM-calibrated optical particle counters (OPCs), and a PM-calibrated light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system were used to monitored upwind and downwind PM concentrations during May and June 2008. Emission rates were estimated through inverse modeling coupled with the filter and OPC measurements and through applying a mass balance to the PM concentrations derived from LIDAR data. Sampling irregularities and errors prevented the estimation of emissions from 42% of the sample periods based on filter samples. OPC and LIDAR datasets were sufficiently complete to estimate emissions and the strip–till CMP η, which were ∼90% for all size fractions in both datasets. Tillage time was also reduced by 84%. Calculated emissions for some operations were within the range of values found in published studies, while other estimates were significantly higher than literature values. The results demonstrate that both PM emissions and tillage time may be reduced by an order of magnitude through the use of a strip–till conservation tillage CMP when compared to spring tillage activities.
Classifying Two-Year Colleges: Purposes, Possibilities, and Pitfalls.

A credible and reliable classification system for two-year colleges will advance our understanding of this important sector of higher education. But developing such a system involves a number of challenges and may lead to unintended and largely unforseeable consequences.
Psychological Symptoms of Family Members of High-Risk Intensive Care Unit Patients

BACKGROUND Family members of patients in intensive care are at increased risk for psychological symptoms. OBJECTIVES To compare levels of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression during and 3 months after the intensive care experience in family members of patients at high risk for dying and to determine if differences were related to the patient's final disposition. METHODS Longitudinal descriptive study of 41 family members in 3 tertiary care intensive care units. RESULTS By repeated-measures analysis of variance, family members' levels of posttraumatic stress disorder were significantly lower (P = .01) at 3 months after (mean score, 1.27; SD, 0.86) than during (mean, 1.61; SD, 0.81) the experience. Mean anxiety and depression scores were significantly lower (P < .001) after (anxiety: 7.35; SD, 3.91; depression: 5.63; SD, 4.58) than during (anxiety: 11.5; SD, 4.88; depression: 9.51; SD, 4.31) the experience. Scores for posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression did not differ significantly between family members of patients who died and family members of patients who survived. Yet, all 13 family members of deceased patients and 42% of the total sample of 41 had traumatic stress scores of 1.5 or greater. Among the total sample, 44% had significant anxiety, and 27% were depressed. CONCLUSION Family members' symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression significantly decreased 3 months after the intensive care experience and did not differ according to the patients' final disposition. However, many family members still had significant risk for posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline anxiety and depression at 3 months.
A Large Manganese-doped Polyoxotitanate Nanocluster: Ti14MnO14(OH)2(OEt)28

A large manganese-doped polyoxotitanate nanocluster, Ti14MnO14(OH)2(OEt)28, has been synthesized under solvothermal conditions. Its structure is similar to previously reported Ti17O24(O i Pr)20, but lacks 5-fold coordinated Ti atoms which are potential binding sites for photosensitizer molecules. The Mn atom is located at the center of the Keggin structure with Ti-O bond length indicative of Mn 2+ , a conclusion confirmed by NEXAFS measurements. Solid-state band gap measurements of the complex show a significant decrease compared with undoped polyoxotitanate nanoclusters and anatase, indicating the potential of Mn-doping for visible light photocatalysis.
Population dynamics of immature Amblyomma maculatum (Acari : Ixodidae) and other ectoparasites on meadowlarks and northern bobwhite quail resident to the coastal prairie of Texas

A survey of ectoparasites from 219 meadowlarks conducted during 2 consecutive fall-winter periods in a coastal prairie found immature Amblyomma maculatum Koch to be the most abundant parasite. Peak larval infestations occurred in December with 80-100% of collected birds infested and with a monthly mean of up to 34 larvae per bird. Peak nymphal infestations occurred in February or March with 95-100% of birds infested and with a monthly mean of up to 11 nymphs per bird. Seasonal dynamics of these stages offered possible insight into the persistence of A. maculatum in an area long infested with the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren. Four other species of ticks also were collected but in substantially lower numbers; Amblyomma cajennense (F.), Amblyomma inornatum (Banks), Haemaphysalis chordeilus (Packard), and Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard). This appears to be the 1st host record of A. cajennense from meadowlarks. A collection of 17 northern bobwhite quail indicated that most of these birds were infested with A. maculatum but at a lower level than meadowlarks. The collections of 2 species of Mallophaga from meadowlarks and 4 species from the northern bobwhite quail are discussed.
Health assessment of commercial drivers: a meta-narrative systematic review

Background Motor vehicle accidents associated with commercial driving are an important cause of occupational death and impact public safety. Objectives We summarise the evidence regarding the type, prevalence and impact of medical conditions discovered during health assessment of commercial drivers. Evidence review We conducted a systematic review of multiple electronic databases and made a manual search for relevant studies that enrolled commercial drivers in any country and reported the outcomes of health assessment carried out in the context of commercial driving through November 2012. Data were extracted by a pair of independent reviewers and synthesised using a metanarrative approach. Results We identified 32 studies of moderate methodological quality enrolling 151 644 commercial drivers (98% men). The prevalence of multiple health conditions was high (sleep disorders 19%, diabetes 33%, hypertension 23% and obesity 45%). Some conditions, such as sleep disorders and obesity, were linked to increased risk of crashes. Evidence on several other highly relevant medical conditions was lacking. Cost-effectiveness data were sparse. Conclusions Several medical conditions are highly prevalent in commercial drivers and can be associated with increased risk of crashes, thus providing a rationale for health assessment of commercial drivers.
On the adaptive pattern of "Ramapithecus".

A reconstruction of the adaptive pattern of the Miocene hominoid “Ramapithecus,” supported by comparative data and morphological comparisons, is presented. It is based upon the completely known dentition, inferior portion of the face, and on the paleoecology and geographic distribution of “Ramapithecus” bearing deposits. The known adaptive and morphological patterns of the “Ramapithecus” species are almost indistinguishable from those of the contemporary species of Sivapithecus, which has taxonomic priority. The “Ramapithecus” species are therefore referred to Sivapithecus, a dryopithecine genus which apparently radiated throughout Eurasia and Africa during the Middle Miocene.
PLANAR UPWARD TREE DRAWINGS WITH OPTIMAL AREA

Rooted trees are usually drawn planar and upward, i.e., without crossings and with-out any parent placed below its child. In this paper we investigate the area requirement of planar upward drawings of rooted trees. We give tight upper and lower bounds on the area of various types of drawings, and provide linear-time algorithms for constructing optimal area drawings. Let T be a bounded-degree rooted tree with N nodes. Our results are summarized as follows: • We show that T admits a planar polyline upward grid drawing with area O(N), and with width O(Nα) for any prespecified constant a such that 0<α<1. • If T is a binary tree, we show that T admits a planar orthogonal upward grid drawing with area O (N log log N). • We show that if T is ordered, it admits an O(N log N)-area planar upward grid drawing that preserves the left-to-right ordering of the children of each node. • We show that all of the above area bounds are asymptotically optimal in the worst case. • We present O(N)-time algorithms for constructing each of the above types of drawings of T with asymptotically optimal area. • We report on the experimentation of our algorithm for constructing planar polyline upward grid drawings, performed on trees with up to 24 million nodes.