cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Gender Role Orientation on Same- and Cross-Sex Friendship Formation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of gender role orientation on factors related to same- and cross-sex friendship formation. Participants (N = 278) completed a version of the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Each participant listed their closest friends, the sex of each friend, and the closeness level of each relationship. They also indicated whether they prefer same- or cross-sex friendship. The results suggest that gender role orientation affects inclination for cross-sex friendship, particularly the relative frequency of cross-sex friendship. Feminine men had a significantly higher proportion of cross-sex friendships than did masculine men, and masculine women had a significantly higher proportion of cross-sex friendships than did feminine women. A significant number of participants indicated that they did not prefer one sex or the other for friendship. Gender role orientation had no impact on levels of closeness in either same- or cross-sex friendship.
The use and extended lifetimes of microfurnaces for thermogravimetry: Part II. Repair of broken furnace stems

Abstract A procedure is described for the repair of mullite stems which support the wound furnace-mandrel used in microfurnaces which are employed internally in the furnace tube of the TG system. Three different degrees and variations of furnace damage are noted and their repair described. Materials used for the furnace-stem repair are described so that the reader may also employ the repair procedure.
Effects of experimental varicocele require neither adrenal contribution nor venous reflux.

Abstract Experimental left varicocele (ELV) is known to induce bilateral changes in the rat testis that, where comparisons are possible, are similar to the changes induced by unilateral varicocele in the human. In the present study, we have determined whether or not left adrenal products are important to the changes induced by ELV and whether or not reflux of left renal vein content occurs in the ELV rat. In the first study, testicular blood flow and temperature were studied in control animals and those with ELV, left adrenalectomy (LAX), or ELV + LAX. Control left and right testicular blood flow (33.6 ± 0.8 and 33.6 ± 1.5 ml./min./100 gm. tissue respectively) was significantly elevated by ELV (to 39.9 ± 0.9 and 41.2 ± 2.7 ml./min./100 gm. tissue, respectively) and the difference between abdominal and testicular temperatures (AT) was significantly reduced. Control ΔT’s for right and left testes were 3.2 ± 0.2C and 3.2 ± 0.2C, respectively, and right and left ΔT’s for ELV animals were 2.0 ± 0.3°C and 2.0 ± 0.3C, respectively. These blood flow and temperature changes also occurred when ELV animals were subjected to simultaneous LAX. Additionally, when 85 Sr-labelled microspheres were infused into the left renal vein, they did not appear in either left or right testes of ELV animals. We conclude that there is no evidence for reflux down the spermatic vein in ELV in rats and adrenal products do not reach the testis via this route after being secreted into the renal vein. We raise the suggestion that the same may be true in the human. ( J. Urol., 142: 1372–1375, 1989 )
The JINA Reaclib Project

One of JINA's main goals is to advance nuclear astrophysics by creating and enhancing the connections between nuclear physics and astrophysics. The JINA REACLIB project is a central element in this effort. It enables astrophysicists to access and use the latest evaluated nuclear reaction data for use in their models, ensuring advances on the nuclear physics side translate into astrophysical discoveries. It facilitates astrophysical model comparisons as the nuclear physics used in a particular calculation can be conveniently documented. It also serves as a resource for nuclear physicists to view the current state of the nuclear physics used in astrophysical model calculations. The figures to the left show the JINA REACLIB front page, the rate details page for one reaction and a nuclide chart search result for forward reactions in the database.
Computer simulation for a solar heating system

Abstract In this paper a simulation model for a basic solar heating system which is suitable for control and optimization studies is developed. A model for flat plate solar collectors using fluids for the heat transfer which allows the analysis of operation in great detail is presented. The simulation model for the solar collectors has also the characteristic that its inputs and outputs are quantities which are easily measurable in the real world. The effect of temperature stratification in the heat storage device model is considered by simulating two storage chambers of variable volume. The heat storage model requires relatively small time increments, a requirement which is not as stringent as that for the solar collectors. The tank's model primary variables are the easily measurable quantities of temperature and flow rates with the addition of volume as an internal variable. Weather, load and control modeling is also presented. The gradient search method is then applied to study optimal sizing of solar heating components of The University of Toledo solar house.
Vehicle fuel consumption minimization in routing over-dimensioned and overweight trucks in capacitated transportation networks

Pollutants such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and particulates (black soot) are released from vehicle exhaust, affecting the quality of the air and contributing to another environmental problem known as the greenhouse effect. Fuel consumption and pollution effects increase with travel distances and account for a large portion of transportation costs. State Departments of Transportation must issue permits to allow trucking companies to use their highway networks for their over-sized vehicles and must provide a safe route in just a few minutes. Highway networks in a state include roads of varying widths, turns that may be infeasible for large or long vehicles, bridges with insufficient weight carrying capacities for very heavy trucks, and underpasses that limit the height of tall trucks. This article proposes a procedure for finding a maximum-capacity path subject to a length constraint that excludes routes that may be exceedingly long to be considered environment-friendly and cost-effective. Traditional procedures to find a route do not have the capability to identify constrained paths. The paper formulates a linear-integer programming model and uses an arc-elimination procedure to identify the optimal route with maximal capacity while satisfying the length constraint. Constrained maximum-capacity paths are identified by iteratively using a revised shortest-path algorithm. Different types of capacities such as weight, width, and height restrictions are explicitly considered in the proposed methodology. To address the turn restriction, a transformation approach is designed to convert the original network with penalty turns into an equivalent one without such penalties. After that, an arc-elimination procedure is applied on the transformed network for optimizing the problem. The proposed approach is found to be efficient when tested using the Tennessee highway network. The case study shows insights on choosing the routes considering the different types of capacities and balancing route capacity and lengths.
Computer simulation of neuronal circuit models of rhythmic behavior in the electroencephalogram

A computer program for modeling some features of the electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded by scalp electrodes in terms of the time- and space-dependent interactions of populations of neurons in different hypothetical brain configurations was developed. The input of the model consists of: (1) geometric and anatomic data characterizing the brain configuration; (2) physiologic features characterizing neurons; and (3) functions describing the time-dependent afferent impulses to the brain configuration under study. The output of the model consists of plots of selected intracellular and extracellular potentials as a function of time. In application of the model to various brain configurations, some configurations were sufficiently compact spatially that propagation times of action potentials between elements were either taken to be constant or were nearly independent of distance within the accuracy of the calculations. Other configurations represented cerebral cortex alone or a combined thalamocortical system in which many elements interacted via global interconnections. The basic requirement for rhythmic behavior is the existence of circuits containing inhibitory neurons. The characteristic frequencies of rhythmic oscillations are primarily determined by the local circuit parameters and are relatively independent of global circuit parameters.
EST-SSR markers for gerbera (Gerbera hybrida)

Gerbera (Gerbera hybrida) is one of the most important cut and pot flowers marketed worldwide. Few molecular markers and no SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers were available for gerbera breeding and genetic studies. Through in silico analysis of 8,670 unigene sequences assembled from 16,998 gerbera expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in the GenBank, we identified 893 SSR loci, corresponding to 10.3% of the gerbera unigene sequences or one SSR in every 5.16 kb of the ESTs in the gerbera transcriptome. The majority of SSR loci contain dinucleotide (42.8%) or trinucleotide (25.6%) repeats, while fewer contain tetranucleotide (6.4%), pentanucleotide (9.1%) and hexanucleotide (16.1%) repeats. AG (37%) and AAT (7.3%) were the most abundant motifs identified. Out of 115 primer pairs designed, 99 (86.1%) amplified discrete PCR products of the expected sizes, while 67 (67.7%) detected polymorphism among seven gerbera cultivars representing three plant types (cut flower, pot, and garden) propagated by two methods (seed or tissue culture). The number of alleles at these SSR loci ranged from 2 to 6, with an average of 2.7 alleles per locus. The PIC value of 67 polymorphic SSR markers was 0.13–0.80, with an average of 0.51. Sixty-eight ESTs targeted by the 115 SSR markers have putative gene functions, and two marker loci may have potential to be associated with disease resistance or flowering time. The availability of these gerbera EST-SSR markers should facilitate the use of molecular markers in gerbera breeding and genetic studies.
NG2 cell response in the CNP-EGFP mouse after contusive spinal cord injury.

NG2+ cells in the adult CNS are a heterogeneous population. The extent to which the subpopulation of NG2+ cells that function as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) respond to spinal cord injury (SCI) and recapitulate their normal developmental progression remains unclear. We used the CNP-EGFP mouse, in which oligodendrocyte lineage cells express EGFP, to study NG2+ cells in the normal and injured spinal cord. In white matter of uninjured mice, bipolar EGFP+NG2+ cells and multipolar EGFPnegNG2+ cells were identified. After SCI, EGFP+NG2+ cell proliferation in residual white matter peaked at 3 days post injury (DPI) rostral to the epicenter, while EGFPnegNG2+ cell proliferation peaked at 7 DPI at the epicenter. The expression of transcription factors Olig2, Sox10 and Sox17, and the basic electrophysiological membrane parameters and potassium current phenotype of the EGFP+NG2+ population after injury were consistent with those of proliferative OPCs during development. EGFPnegNG2+ cells did not express transcription factors involved in oligodendrogenesis. EGFP+CC1+ oligodendrocytes at 6 weeks included cells that incorporated BrdU during the peak of EGFP+NG2+ cell proliferation. EGFPnegCC1+ oligodendrocytes were never observed. Treatment with glial growth factor 2 and fibroblast growth factor 2 enhanced oligodendrogenesis and increased the number of EGFPnegNG2+ cells. Therefore, based on EGFP and transcription factor expression, spatio-temporal proliferation patterns, and response to growth factors, two populations of NG2+ cells can be identified that react to SCI. The EGFP+NG2+ cells undergo cellular and physiological changes in response to SCI that are similar to those that occur in early postnatal NG2+ cells during developmental oligodendrogenesis.
On Removing Isolated Zeroes of Vector Fields By Perturbation.

On considere un systeme d'equations differentielles de la forme dx/dt=f(x) ou f=(f 1 ,...,f n ):R n →R n est C k . On suppose que f(0)=0 et pour tout x¬=0 dans B 1 n (0), f(x)¬=0. Soit e>0 donne. On cherche s'il existe une application C k :e=(e 1 ,...,e n ):R n →R n telle que l'on ait: a) (f+e)(x)¬=0 ∀x∈B 1 n (0); b) e(x)=0 ∀x∈B 1 n (0), et c) ∥e∥ R <e
Benthic foraminifera from a relict flood tidal delta along the Virginia/North Carolina Outer Banks

Examination of benthic foraminifera from six vibracores collected from a relict flood tidal delta near the Virginia/North Carolina border documents the assemblages associated with a former inlet and provides geologic evidence of this former inlet that once defined the boundary between Virginia and North Carolina along the Outer Banks. Three distinct foraminiferal assemblages were identified. The oldest assemblage contained abundant and diverse forms, dominated by Elphidium excavatum and several other calcareous species typical of shallow nearshore areas. Sediment immediately below and above this diverse calcareous assemblage was barren or nearly barren of foraminifera. A medium-salinity agglutinated marsh assemblage characterized mainly by Trochammina inflata with fewer Tiphotrocha comprimata overlies the uppermost barren unit. The core top assemblage was dominated by low-salinity marsh species Jadammina macrescens , Miliammina petila and Miliammina fusca . A comparison of these vertically-stacked assemblages with the modern geographic distribution of assemblages in the Outer Banks estuarine system and on the nearby continental shelf reveals a succession of depositional environments proceeding from estuarine and flood tidal delta to medium salinity marsh to lower salinity marsh. These changes in depositional environments reflect a rapid and dramatic increase in salinity caused by the opening of an inlet followed by a gradual decrease in salinity due to inlet shoaling and eventual marsh colonization of the flood tidal delta. These changes cannot be determined through sedimentological studies alone; micropaleonto-logical analysis is required. We conclude this distinctive trend of changing depositional environments constitutes paleontological evidence of the origin and evolution of Old Currituck Inlet that breached the barrier spit prior to 1585AD, actively built a flood tidal delta for more than 145 years, and then closed in 1731AD allowing the flood tidal delta to become colonized by marsh species.
The kinetics and mechanism of the shock induced gas phase decomposition of ethylsilane

The decomposition kinetics of ethylsilane under shock tube conditions (PT ca. 3100 torr, T ≃ 1080–1245 K), both in the absence and presence of silylene trapping agents (butadiene and acetylene) are reported. Arrhenius parameters under maximum butadiene inhibition are: log k(C2H5SiH3) = 15.14-64,769 ± 1433 cal/2.303 RT; log k(C2H5SiD3) = 15.29-66,206 ± 1414/2.303 RT. The uninhibited reaction is subject to silylene induced decomposition (63% lowest T -- 24% highest T). Major reaction products are ethylene and hydrogen, consistent with two dominant primary dissociation reactions: C2H5SiD3 C2H5SiD + D2, ϕ ≃ 0.66; C2H5SiD3 CH3CH = SiD2 + HD, ϕ ≃ 0.30. Minor products suggest several other less important primary processes: alkane elimination, ϕ ≃0.02, and free-radical production via simple bond fission, ϕ ≃0.02. An upper limit for the activation energy of the decomposition, C2H5SiH C2H4 + SiH2, of E < 30 ± 4 kcal is established, and speculations on the mechanism of this decomposition (concerted or stepwise) with conclusions in favor of the stepwise path are made. Computer modeling studies for the reaction both in the absence and presence of butadiene are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental observations.
Temperature Dependence of Protein Dynamics Simulated with Three Different Water Models

The effect of variation of the water model on the temperature dependence of protein and hydration water dynamics is examined by performing molecular dynamics simulations of myoglobin with the TIP3P, TIP4P, and TIP5P water models and the CHARMM protein force field at temperatures between 20 and 300 K. The atomic mean-square displacements, solvent reorientational relaxation times, pair angular correlations between surface water molecules, and time-averaged structures of the protein are all found to be similar, and the protein dynamical transition is described almost indistinguishably for the three water potentials. The results provide evidence that for some purposes changing the water model in protein simulations without a loss of accuracy may be possible.
Coherent light visibility imaging

This paper describes a technique for imaging coherently illuminated objects using visibility measurements averaged over a set of speckle realizations of the pupil plane field. A technique for removing the effects of receiver position and external phase errors is also discussed. Computer simulation results which illustrate these concepts are given for the case of a simple one-dimensional object.
Performance Characteristics of Perfluoroalkylpolyether Synthetic Lubricants

An extensive test program was conducted to determine the performance characteristics (friction, wear, temperature) of a linear high temperature perfluoroalkylpolyether (PFPE) and two branched PFPE lubricants under normal and severe operating conditions. These include temperatures up to 200° C and Hertzian pressures as high as 2.8 GPa. A four-ball wear tester was used to measure wear scar and a two-disk machine was used to measure friction. The linear perfluoroalkylpolyether lubricant demonstrated low friction and wear at elevated temperatures under the test conditions considered. A bearing testing apparatus was used to measure friction and temperature of tapered roller bearings under various operating conditions for a branched PFPE and the results are reported. Presented at the 48th Annual Meeting in Calgary, Alberta, Canada May 17–20, 1993
Mending cracks in the nuclear establishment

How Safe is Nuclear Energy? By Alan Cottrell. Pp.124. ISBN 0-435-54175-7. (Heinemann Educational: 1981.) £2.50, $6.
Studies on the biosynthesis of pulmonary surfactant. The role of the methylation pathway of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in primate and non-primate lung.

Abstract The relative importance of the choline incorporation and methylation pathways of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis was studied in the rat, rabbit, rhesus monkey and human lung. In vitro studies showed that phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase activity in the lungs of all species was only a fraction of that in rat liver. In vivo experiments were carried out to study the incorporation of an intravenously administered equimolar mixture of l -[methyl-14C]-methionine and [methyl-3H] choline into lipid in the lung and liver of the rabbit and monkey. Over 90% of the total radioactivity incorporated into lipid was found m phosphatidylcholine. In the liver, methionine incorporation was 40–71% of that of choline in the rabbit and 99–120% in the monkey while in the lungs of both species it was less than 3%. On a weight basis, choline incorporation in the lung was 2–4 times that in the liver. These findings suggest that the methylation pathway is of little quantitative significance in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine in primate and non-primate lung.
Olfactory processing: maps, time and codes

Abstract Natural odors are complex, multidimensional stimuli. Yet, they are learned and recognized by the brain with a great deal of specificity and accuracy. This implies that central olfactory circuits are optimized to encode these complex chemical patterns and to store and recognize their neural representations. What shape this optimization takes remains somewhat mysterious. Recent results from studies focusing on odor representation in the first olfactory relay (i.e. one synapse downstream ofthe receptor neurons) suggest a great deal of order and precision in the spatial and temporal features of odor representation. Whether these spatio-temporal features of neural activity are an essential part of the code for odors (i.e. whether these features are essential for the downstream decoding circuits) remains a central issue.
Parametric sensitivity comparison of the BET and Dubinin-Radushkevich models for determining char surface area by CO2 adsorption

Abstract The formulation and performance of two adsorption models, the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) and the Dubinin and Radushkevich (DR), are compared. Surface areas of several carbonaceous samples (coals and chars) were determined by applying both the BET and DR models to data obtained when adsorbing carbon dioxide at 273 K. Sensitivity analyses indicate that the DR model should have less propagation of error from experimental measurements. However, the ‘goodness of fit’ of the experimental data tested indicated that the BET model correlated the data better. Both adsorption models correlated the experimental data well ( r 2 > 0.9), although the BET model consistently gave a better fit to the data.
Septal lesions and the acquisition and maintenance of a discrete-trial DRL task.

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the hypothesis that septal lesions disrupt free operant DRL performance by interfering with an animals ability to utilize proprioceptive cues to establish efficient collateral behavior. Rats were tested for postoperative acquisition and retention of a modified DRL task in which exteroceptive stimuli signaled the onset of the timing period. Contrary to expectation, the discrete-trial modification produced little improvement over the free operant task. Alternative mechanisms by which septal lesions may disrupt DRL performance are discussed.
Dependent indefinites and their post-suppositions

This paper presents an analysis of a new scope puzzle that arises through the interaction of two lesser-studied constructions, dependent indefinites and verbal pluractionality. The result is a novel account of dependent indefinites that correctly predicts their grammaticality with pluractionals by recognizing two ways of establishing the covariation they require: (i) true distributive quantifiers, and (ii) pluractional operators that structure thematic dependencies. The core insight is that both routes, while compositionally different, lead to similar output structures in Dynamic Plural Logic (DPlL) (van den Berg 1996) or its closely related alternatives (Brasoveanu 2008, Nouwen 2003), which is what dependent indefinites constrain. The analysis not only permits a better understanding of dependent indefinites in Kaqchikel, an endangered and understudied Mayan language of highland Guatemala, but it clarifies their place in a crosslinguistic typology of similar expressions (e.g., Balusu 2006, Choe 1987, Farkas 1997a, 2002, Yanovich 2005). Along the way we produce the first description and analysis of these phenomena in Kaqchikel. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/sp.7.6 BibTeX info
Secondary uranium in phosphorites and its relation to groundwater in Egypt

The stratiform phosphorite deposits of Egypt, which are found in an east-west band between 24° and 27° north latitude, contain from 25 to 100 ppm uranium, a significant portion of which can be shown to have been secondarily adsorbed from groundwater. This fraction is readily leachable in 0.2 N K2CO3 and in the Red Sea area has the same 234U/238U activity ratio, 1.3, as the U dissolved in the associated groundwater. Both the excess of 234U and the deficiency of 230Th relative to 238U shows that the leachable U was adsorbed within the last 250 ky. Secondary U with the same 234U/238U activity ratio also occurs in the Western Desert phosphorite, indicating that it too has been adsorbed relatively recently, even though the groundwater table today is well below the phosphatic strata. On the other hand, the leachable U in the intervening Nile Valley deposits has an activity ratio near 1.0, suggesting that those strata have been above the groundwater table for the last million years. The adsorption of U may not be entirely associated with the principal phosphate mineral, carbonate-fluorapatite (francolite), Ca5(PO4, CO3)(F, OH). Iron, organic and clay phases are also present in the phosphorite ore.
Explaining Unexplained Dyspnea The Ever “Holesome” Heart

Information about a real patient is presented in stages (boldface type) to expert clinicians (Drs. Bhatt, Aragam, and Maron), who respond to the information, sharing reasoning with the reader (regular type). A discussion by the authors follows. A 63-year-old man was evaluated in consultation for unexplained dyspnea. At the time of the initial clinical encounter at our institution, the patient endorsed a 10-year history of progressive exertional dyspnea, which had become debilitating over the preceding 3 months and was characterized by shortness of breath accompanying subtle physical activities such as tying shoelaces. The patient underwent multiple hospital admissions reportedly for the treatment of congestive heart failure ascribed to impaired left ventricular (LV) diastolic function. Review of systems identified postural dizziness and history of near syncope, possible nocturnal dyspnea, and peripheral neuropathy, but not cardiac angina, orthopnea, nocturia, edema, cough, palpitations, syncope, claudication, or other cardiopulmonary symptoms. He related that he was first noted to have a cardiac murmur detected 4 decades previously during a military service physical examination but that the murmur was not characterized further and that he served in the Vietnam conflict without functional limitation. The patient’s relevant medical history included rate-controlled atrial fibrillation, 90 pack-year tobacco use (3 packs daily between 21 and 51 years of age), dyslipidemia, systemic hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obstructive sleep apnea not currently treated, and gastrointestinal bleed caused by colon cancer treated with hemicolectomy 11 years earlier. There was no illicit drug use, but a remote history of heavy alcohol consumption was reported. Family history was unremarkable except that his father died at 55 years of age of myocardial infarction. Medications included aspirin 81 mg daily, warfarin 2 mg daily, losartan 50 mg daily, metoprolol tartrate 25 mg twice daily, simvastatin 10 mg daily, fenofibrate 48 …
Gauss’s law and gauge-invariant operators and states in QCD

In this work, we prove a previously published conjecture that a prescription we gave for constructing states that implement Gauss's law for ``pure glue'' QCD is correct. We also construct a unitary transformation that extends this prescription so that it produces additional states that implement Gauss's law for QCD with quarks as well as gluons. Furthermore, we use the mathematical apparatus developed in the course of this work to construct gauge-invariant spinor (quark) and gauge (gluon) field operators. We adapt this SU(3) construction for the SU(2) Yang-Mills case, and we consider the dynamical implications of these developments.
Reimaging a nation: South Africa and the 2010 FIFA World Cup

A nation's image is an important component of a successful tourism policy and since 1994 South Africa (SA) has embarked on a strategy of hosting major sport events to achieve various national goals, including projecting images of the ‘new SA’. This study investigated the role media coverage of the 2010 FIFA World Cup played in changing images associated with SA among a sample of US college students. Seventy-nine students participated in a one group pre-test post-test experiment. Two months before the World Cup, images of SA were found to be associated with sport, racial issues, parks and wildlife, Third World, and Nelson Mandela. Perceived risk (crime, disease, instability, etc.) as part of these images was moderately low. Six weeks after the World Cup, the significance of sport to SA's image had increased, images of Nelson Mandela, parks and wildlife, and Third World were stable, and racial images had decreased. Perceptions of SA as modern also increased. The number of matches watched had no effect on th...
Climatic geomorphology and fully developed slopes

Summary Climatic factors, particularly precipitation and temperature, directly and indirectly influence kinds of weathering, pedogenesis, and geomorphic processes and, in turn, the kinds of soils and landforms that evolve from those processes. These views are inherent in a number of concepts that formulate geomorphic doctrine, and these beliefs are also the basis for recognition of morphogenetic regions. However, the “fully developed slope”, expounded by WOOD and KING, seems to evolve subaerially in all regions regardless of climatic impact. Somehow this fact has become buried as attention has become focused on more erudite matters such as “climatic geomorphology” and the views of “dynamic equilibrium”. Field examples are presented that occur on different materials in regions as climatically diverse as hot and dry to hot and wet. As described mathematically by a family of curves, the fully developed slopes are alike in kind and only differ in detail of expression.
Comparative analysis of protein interaction networks reveals that conserved pathways are susceptible to HIV-1 interception

Human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) is the major pathogen that causes the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). With the availability of large-scale protein-protein interaction (PPI) measurements, comparative network analysis can provide a promising way to study the host-virus interactions and their functional significance in the pathogenesis of AIDS. Until now, there have been a large number of HIV studies based on various animal models. In this paper, we present a novel framework for studying the host-HIV interactions through comparative network analysis across different species. Based on the proposed framework, we test our hypothesis that HIV-1 attacks essential biological pathways that are conserved across species. We selected the Homo sapiens and Mus musculus PPI networks with the largest coverage among the PPI networks that are available from public databases. By using a local network alignment algorithm based on hidden Markov models (HMMs), we first identified the pathways that are conserved in both networks. Next, we analyzed the HIV-1 susceptibility of these pathways, in comparison with random pathways in the human PPI network. Our analysis shows that the conserved pathways have a significantly higher probability of being intercepted by HIV-1. Furthermore, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis shows that most of the enriched GO terms are related to signal transduction, which has been conjectured to be one of the major mechanisms targeted by HIV-1 for the takeover of the host cell. This proof-of-concept study clearly shows that the comparative analysis of PPI networks across different species can provide important insights into the host-HIV interactions and the detailed mechanisms of HIV-1. We expect that comparative multiple network analysis of various species that have different levels of susceptibility to similar lentiviruses may provide a very effective framework for generating novel, and experimentally verifiable hypotheses on the mechanisms of HIV-1. We believe that the proposed framework has the potential to expedite the elucidation of the important mechanisms of HIV-1, and ultimately, the discovery of novel anti-HIV drugs.
Circadian oscillators of Drosophila and mammals.

Animals, plants, fungi and even some prokaryotic organisms display daily rhythms in behavior, physiology, metabolic activity and gene expression. These rhythms are not passively driven by environmental cycles (e.g. light and temperature) but are controlled by endogenous circadian clocks that keep
Semistructured messages are surprisingly useful for computer-supported coordination

This paper argues that using a set of semistructured message templates is surprisingly helpful in designing a variety of computer-based communication and coordination systems. Semistructured messages can help provide automatic aids for (1) composing messages to be sent, (2) selecting, sorting, and prioritizing messages that are received, (3) responding automatically to some messages, and (4) suggesting likely responses to other messages. The use of these capabilities is illustrated in a range of applications including electronic mail, computer conferencing, calendar management, and task tracking. The applications show how ideas from artificial intelligence (such as inheritance and production rules) and ideas from user interface design (such as interactive graphical editors) can be combined in novel ways for dealing with semistructured messages. The final part of the paper discusses how communities can evolve a useful set of message type definitions.
Long‐term response and recovery to nutrient addition of a partitioned arctic lake

SUMMARY 1. To study the bottom-up linkages in arctic lakes, we treated one side of a partitioned lake with inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus for a 6-week period each summer for 6 years starting in the summer of 1985. We took a variety of weekly measurements to determine the impact of the nutrient loading on the lake and continued weekly measurements for 2– 6 years after the cessation of nutrient loading to observe the recovery of the treated side. The loading rates (2.91 mmol N m )2 day )1 and 0.23 mmol P m )2 day )1 ) were five times the calculated loading rates for Toolik Lake, located nearby. 2. In all 6 years of nutrient addition, phytoplankton biomass and productivity were greater in the treated sector than the reference sector. In the first 4 years of nutrient addition there was no flux of phosphorus from the mineral-rich sediments. This changed in the last 2 years of nutrient addition as phosphorus was released to the lake. 3. The response of the animal community to increased plant production was mixed. One of the four macro-zooplankton species (Daphnia longiremis) increased in number by about twofold in the first 5 years. However, the copepod Cyclops scutifer showed no response during the treatment phase of the study. The benthic invertebrate response was also mixed. After a 2-year lag time the snail Lymnaea elodes increased in the treated lake sector but chironomids did not. 4. Ecosystem response to fertilisation was not controlled solely by nutrient addition because phosphorus was not recycled from the sediments until the last 2 years of nutrient addition. Phytoplankton still showed the effects of nutrient addition in the recovery period and the hypolimnion of the treated sector was still anaerobic starting at 6 m in 1996.
Further study of the nonparticipation problems in a morbidity survey involving clinical examination

Abstract An investigation of acceptance and refusal of clinical examination in the course of a field study of arthritis has been presented. The subjects for study were subdivided into those who accepted the examination and indicated a willingness to come again, those who refused the examination and would refuse again, and those who vacillated. The vacillators are surprisingly numerous and of particular interest for they are persons who seem to display ambivalence in their attitudes toward medical personnel and institutions. This suggestion of ambivalence clearly needs to be investigated further, for the evidence presented is largely that of negative attitudes. The confirmed nonparticipants are notable for their minimal use of medical care and their belief that they are in good health. The principal reason given for refusing to participate is “prefer my own doctor.” This indicates the importance of having the unqualified backing of the practicing physicians in the community so that the personal physician of each person who refused for this reason can be asked to urge his patient to participate. Most of the persons interviewed do not consider that offering to pay people for participation would be helpful. However, only a very few believe it would scare people away. The importance of personal relationships, adequate communication, and third-party selling is brought out. We suggest that further research is needed. A study of this problem should be incorporated into the plans for every survey in which clinical examinations are to be performed.
Twisted product of cocycles and factorization of semi-regular relative difference sets

In this article, we introduce what we call twisted Kronecker products of cocycles of finite groups and show that the twisted Kronecker product of two cocycles is a Hadamard cocycle if and only if the two cocycles themselves are Hadamard cocycles. This enables us to generalize some known results concerning products and factorizations of central semi-regular relative difference sets. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 16: 431–441, 2008
Multilayer monochromators and supermirrors for neutron protein crystallography using a quasi Laue technique

The major problem in neutron protein crystallography is the low flux of present neutron sources. The collection of a data set using a conventional rotation technique and a 2D detector takes many weeks. One way to increase the flux at the sample is to increase the wavelength bandwidth. The conventional technique using a standard monochromator like Cu or Be has a typical bandwidth of 1%. A multilayer monochromator can however be tailored to give bandwidth up to 25% or even larger and have an angular acceptance angle of approximately .3%. This can be achieved by a multiple spacing multilayer. In this case the diffraction geometry is such that the reflection in diffraction condition is 'scanned' by the (Delta) (lambda) and not by rotating the reciprocal lattice point through the Ewald sphere. Wavelength bandwidth of 10% satisfy this condition. It is important to tailor the bandwidth to the size needed by the extend of the reciprocal lattice 'point' to minimize background. The intensity of the reflection is proportional to the (Delta) (lambda) r that just covers the width of the reciprocal 'point' while the background is proportional to the full wavelength spread (Delta) (lambda) that hits the crystal. The conventional Laue technique is not suitable since it increases the background by the ratio of (Delta) (lambda) /(Delta) (lambda) r, a ratio that can easily reach multiples of 10.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Assessment of insomnia

Abstract The conceptual and practical aspects of the assessment of insomnia are described. A rationale is presented for the categorization of case material into a schema of predisposing conditions, precipitating circumstances and perpetuating factors. The application of this method is illustrated with an ‘expectable’ case. Following the discussion of the case, the features of a patient's history most likely to result in the greatest diagnostic yield are described and indications for specialized polysomnographic recording are reviewed. Finally, the common insomnia disorders are described employing the Association of Sleep Disorders Centers Nosology.
Room temperature molecular resolution nanopatterning of cyclopentene monolayers on Si(100) via feedback controlled lithography

Molecularly precise nanopatterning is demonstrated for a saturated organic monolayer on the Si(100) surface using room temperature ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy. In particular, feedback controlled lithography enables the clean desorption of individual molecules from a highly-ordered cyclopentene monolayer at moderate negative sample bias, resulting in the exposure of isolated silicon dimers on an otherwise organically passivated surface. The quality and uniformity of the cyclopentene passivation layer is also quantified with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy following exposure to ambient conditions, revealing that complete formation of the native oxide on silicon is suppressed for time scales exceeding 100 days.
Notes Toward the Role of Materiality in Composing, Reviewing, and Assessing Multimodal Texts

Abstract In a discussion of validity in writing assessment, Pamela Moss and colleagues call for attention to ethical “IDAs” that constitute assessment: interpretations, decisions, and actions. Our purpose in this article is to engage such a hermeneutical conversation—that is, an exploration, analysis, and interpretation—focused not on how we assess material and multimodal texts, but instead on the preliminary question of how we encounter and interpret them. Here we focus on two genres—the scrapbook and the student ePortfolio—the first emphasizing materiality and the second multiple approaches to multimodality and multimedia. In this article, our goal is to understand more and better the practices teachers and scholars engage in as they encounter these two kinds of texts, believing that situating this inquiry through materiality and multimodality will help us understand each and assist us in moving toward an ethical and informed assessment practice of them. Ultimately, our argument is that such an approach may be very useful in helping teachers and scholars design both a language and an assessment process for multimodal texts.
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Fertilization of a Coastal Plain Cotton–Peanut Rotation

Abstract A cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)–peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) rotation is widely practiced in the southern coastal plain following the reemergence of cotton as a major crop in the 1990s. Very few plant nutrition studies have been conducted in the coastal plain (CP) with modern cotton varieties and none with the cotton–peanut rotation. Experiments with varying rates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were conducted to determine if the recommendations from soil tests provide adequate nutrition for maximizing profit when yield goals are Georgia state averages, due to other conditions. From 1996 through 1998, N, P, and K experiments were conducted in cotton crops, and P and K experiments were conducted in peanut crops on Tifton loamy sand. Initial Mehlich‐1 P was 2 to 3 mg/kg (“low”) and Mehlich‐1 K was 50 to 64 mg/kg (“medium” for cotton and “high” for peanut). Each crop was grown each year. State average yields of cotton and peanuts were produced. There was no response in cotton yield ...
Fine-Tuning Silencing

Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) modifies chromatin to silence many embryonic patterning genes, restricting their expression to the appropriate cell populations. Two reports in Cell by Peng et al. (2009) and Shen et al. (2009) identify Jarid2/Jumonji, a new component of PRC2, which inhibits PRC2 enzymatic activity to fine-tune silencing.
An extension of Yamamoto's theorem on the eigenvalues and singular values of a matrix

We extend, in the context of real semisimple Lie group, a result of T. Yamamoto which asserts that lim m → ∞ [ s i ( X m ) ] 1 / m = | λ i ( X ) | , i = 1 , … , n , where s 1 ( X ) ≥ ⋯ ≥ s n ( X ) are the singular values, and λ 1 ( X ) , … , λ n ( X ) are the eigenvalues of the n × n matrix X , in which | λ 1 ( X ) | ≥ ⋯ ≥ | λ n ( X ) | .
Guest Editors' Introduction: Managing Uncertainty through Postfabrication Calibration and Repair

This special issue presents six articles that highlight challenges, and approaches toward improving, design yield and reliability through postsilicon optimizations. The articles cover postsilicon adaptation and repair issues in a wide range of areas including analog circuits, embedded memories, and multicore systems.
Plastic deformation and Lüders band propagation in α-brass

Abstract Three methods are used to study the dislocation dynamics in α-brass. These are stress relaxation, double strain rate cycling and Luders band propagation. All three methods yield similar values, 4 ± 1, for the dislocation velocity-stress exponent. In the four alloys studied, the internal stress accounts for 90–95% of the applied stress. The effective stress does not vary appreciably with strain suggesting that work hardening is mainly due to the increase of internal stress. For a given grain size and strain, the internal stress increases rapidly near 15% Zn, consistent with a change of dislocation arrangement at that composition.
In vitro radiosensitization by gold nanoparticles during continuous low-dose-rate gamma irradiation with I-125 brachytherapy seeds

Abstract This communication reports the first experimental evidence of gold nanoparticle (AuNP) radiosensitization during continuous low-dose-rate (LDR) gamma irradiation with low-energy brachytherapy sources. HeLa cell cultures incubated with and without AuNP were irradiated with an I-125 seed plaque designed to produce a relatively homogeneous dose distribution in the plane of the cell culture slide. Four sets of irradiation experiments were conducted at low-dose rates ranging from 2.1 to 4.5 cGy/h. Residual γH2AX was measured 24 h after irradiation and used to compare radiation damage to the cells with and without AuNP. The data demonstrate that the biological effect when irradiating in the presence of 0.2 mg/ml concentration of AuNP is about 70%–130% greater than without AuNP. Meanwhile, without radiation, the AuNP showed minimal effect on the cancer cells. These findings provide in vitro evidence that AuNP may be employed as radiosensitizers during continuous LDR brachytherapy. From the Clinical Editor In this basic science paper, the application of gold nanoparticles as radiosensitizing agents for low dose rate gamma radiation therapy is discussed, demonstrating efficacy in cell culture models.
Analysis of the electron‐beam‐induced current of a polycrystalline p‐n junction when the diffusion lengths of the material on either side of a grain boundary differ

The short circuit current generated by the electron beam of a scanning electron microscope in p-n junctions is reduced by enhanced recombination at grain boundaries in polycrystalline material. Frequently, grain boundaries separate the semiconductor into regions possessing different minority carrier life times. This markedly affects the short circuit current I(sc) as a function of scanning distance from the grain boundary. It will be shown theoretically that (1) the minimum of the I(sc) in crossing the grain boundary with the scanning electron beam is shifted away from the grain boundary toward the region with smaller life time (shorter diffusion length), (2) the magnitude of the minimum differs markedly from those calculated under the assumption of equal diffusion lengths on either side of the grain boundary, and (3) the minimum disappears altogether for small surface recombination velocities (s less than 10,000 cm/s). These effects become negligible, however, for large recombination velocities s at grain boundaries. For p-type silicon this happens for s not less than 100,000 cm/s.