cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Site Investigation for Construction Excavation

Excavations are often made as a part of construction projects. The hazards and degree of difficulty involved in excavation can have a significant effect on the costs and, ultimately, on the feasibility of a construction project. To better assess the overall feasibility and to develop design criteria for a construction project, the proposed excavation should be evaluated as part of the geotechnical site investigation process. Use of the tools of engineering geology is important in the site investigation process. In this paper we will look at the role of engineering geology in the site investigation. That is, the function of the engineering geologist as a member of the geotechnical design team, and the benefits of a greater utilization of engineering geology to both design and construction.
Evaluation of Uncertainty in Determining Fluoride in Urine by Ion Selective Electrode Method

[Objective]To perform uncertainty evaluation in determining fluoride in urine by ion selective electrode method. [Methods]Based on the general analysis process of ion selective electrode method,the determination results of fluoride in urine are subjected to uncertainty evaluation as required by JJF1059-1999 technical specifications. [Results]The detection method had excellent linearity,the correlation coefficient r=0.999 95,and the uncertainty was(0.97)±0.051 mg/L with k= 2 in report. [Conclusion]The uncertainty generated by fitting curve of least square method and repeated measurement has the maximal effect on total uncertainty.
Sea-air interaction

Planet Earth owes its unique appearance to processes that occur in three dynamic realms — the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the biosphere. Ultimately, all the processes within these realms are powered by the Sun. Its radiant energy drives the transport of heat, water, gases and other substances, and sets in motion mechanical processes and chemical and biological transformations. Some of these rhythmic cycles and processes are unchanging; others invariably occur under certain conditions. By their combined actions they ensure the existence of all living things and create the diverse climates and landscapes on the globe as we know them.
POPC Bilayers Supported on Nanoporous Substrates: Specific Effects of Silica-Type Surface Hydroxylation and Charge Density

Recent advances in nanotechnology bring to the forefront a new class of extrinsic constraints for remodeling lipid bilayers. In this next-generation technology, membranes are supported over nanoporous substrates. The nanometer-sized pores in the substrate are too small for bilayers to follow the substrate topology; consequently, the bilayers hang over the pores. Experiments demonstrate that nanoporous substrates remodel lipid bilayers differently from continuous substrates. The underlying molecular mechanisms, however, remain largely undetermined. Here we use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to probe the effects of silica-type hydroxylation and charge densities on adsorbed palmitoyl-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) bilayers. We find that a 50% porous substrate decorated with a surface density of 4.6 hydroxyls/nm2 adsorbs a POPC bilayer at a distance of 4.5 A, a result consistent with neutron reflectivity experiments conducted on topologically similar silica constructs under highly acidic conditions. Al...
Standard IEEE Test Access Methods

A different DFT method than the scan of the previous chapter is boundary scan that primarily targets the boundary of a CUT, instead of the scan whose focus is on the inside of chip or a core. Boundary scan that has become an IEEE standard (IEEE std.1149.1) does not interfere in the design of a core, and its main purpose is to isolate the core being tested from other devices on a board or chip. This chapter discusses architecture, application, and operation of this IEEE standard. We use BS-1149.1 to refer to this standard.
Deterministic Systems Theory

This chapter presents the fundamentals of deterministic systems theory that we use in the analysis and synthesis of aerospace navigation and guidance systems. The emphasis is on linear, time varying dynamic systems. This emphasis is justified in Section 2.1, where it is shown that when the trajectory of a nonlinear system undergoes a small perturbation, the time history of that perturbation can be approximated using a linear system. Thus, this linear approach is appropriate when the navigation and guidance errors are small. This, of course, implicitly assumes that we use successful navigation and guidance laws to ensure small errors. In addition to system linearization, Section 2.1 surveys properties of linear dynamic systems: the state transition matrix and its features, various notions of stability and their criteria, the variation of constants formula, and the impulse response. Section 2.2 studies observability, which is a central concept in navigation. Section 2.3 considers the particular case of linear, time invariant dynamic systems. Section 2.4 presents the method of adjoints, which is invaluable in terminal guidance because it yields the miss distance due to a perturbation of the trajectory as a function of the time at which the perturbation is applied. Finally, Section 2.5 discusses controllability and the duality between controllability and observability. Sections 2.6, 2.7, and 2.8 present a summary of the key results in the chapter, bibliographic notes for further reading, and homework problems, respectively.
Enhanced concentrations of reactive nitrogen species in wildfire smoke

Abstract During the summer of 2012 the Hewlett Gulch and High Park wildfires burned an area of 400 km2 northwest of Fort Collins, Colorado. These fires both came within 20 km of the Department of Atmospheric Science at Colorado State University, allowing for extensive measurements of smoke-impacted air masses over the course of several weeks. In total, smoke plumes were observed at the measurement site for approximately 125 h. During this time, measurements were made of multiple reactive nitrogen compounds, including gas phase species NH3, NOx, and HNO3, and particle phase species NO3− and NH4+, plus an additional, unspeciated reactive nitrogen component that is measured by high temperature conversion over a catalyst to NO. Concurrent measurements of CO, levoglucosan and PM2.5 served to confirm the presence of smoke at the monitoring site. Significant enhancements were observed for all of the reactive nitrogen species measured in the plumes, except for NH4+ which did not show enhancements, likely due to the fresh nature of the plume, the presence of sufficient regional ammonia to have already neutralized upwind sulfate, and the warm conditions of the summer measurement period which tend to limit ammonium nitrate formation. Excess mixing ratios for NH3 and NOx relative to excess mixing ratios of CO in the smoke plumes, ΔNH3/ΔCO (ppb/ppb) and ΔNOx/ΔCO (ppb/ppb), were determined to be 0.027 ± 0.002 and 0.0057 ± 0.0007, respectively. These ratios suggest that smoldering combustion was the dominant source of smoke during our plume interceptions. Observations from prior relevant laboratory and field measurements of reactive nitrogen species are also briefly summarized to help create a more comprehensive picture of reactive nitrogen and fire.
Building a Better Native Advertising Disclosure

Past research has shown that consumers' ability to identify sponsored news articles as advertising is low. This study utilized two experiments to identify characteristics of native advertising disc...
Rapid switching kVp dual energy CT: Value of reconstructed dual energy CT images and organ dose assessment in multiphasic liver CT exams.

Abstract Purpose Clinical applications of dual energy computed tomography (DECT) have been widely reported; however, the importance of the different image reconstructions and radiation organ dose remains a relevant area of investigation, particularly considering the different commercially available DECT equipment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the image reliability and compare the information content between several image reconstructions in a rapid-switching DECT (rsDECT), and assess radiation organ dose between rsDECT and conventional single-energy computed tomography (SECT) exams. Materials and methods This Institutional Review Board-approved retrospective study included 98 consecutive patients who had a history of liver cancer and underwent multiphasic liver CT exams with rsDECT applied during the late arterial phase between June 2015 and December 2015. Virtual monochromatic 70 keV, material density images (MDI) iodine (-water) and virtual unenhanced (VUE) images were generated. Radiation dose analysis was performed in a subset of 44 patients who had also undergone a multiphasic SECT examination within 6 months of the rsDECT. Four board-certified abdominal radiologists reviewed 24–25 patients each, and a fifth radiologist re-evaluated all the scans to reach a consensus. The following imaging aspects were assessed by the radiologists: (a) attenuation measurements were made in the liver and spleen in VUE and true unenhanced (TUE) images; (b) subjective evaluation for lesion detection and conspicuity on MDI iodine (-water)/VUE images compared with the virtual monochromatic images/TUE images; and (c) overall image quality using a five-point Likert scale. The radiation dose analyses were evaluated in the subset of 44 patients regarding the following parameters: CTDIvol, dose length product, patient’s effective diameter and organ dose using a Monte Carlo-based software, VirtualDose™ (Virtual Phantoms, Inc.) to 21 organs. Results On average, image noise on the TUE images was 49% higher within the liver (p Conclusion VUE images in the population had lower image noise than TUE images; however, a few small and hyperdense findings were not characterized on VUE images. Delineation of vascular anatomy was considered better in around a quarter of patients on MDI iodine (-water) images. Finally, radiation dose, particularly organ dose, was found to be lower with rsDECT, especially in smaller patients.
Teaching Deduction Using Athena and Related Tools: (Abstract Only)

"Logic for Computer Science" courses have traditionally emphasized algorithmic approaches: Resolution, Semantic Tableau, and Sequent Systems. The Athena System, described in a new book ("Fundamental Proof Methods in Computer Science" by Konstantine Arkoudas and David Musser, MIT Press, 2017), emphasizes Natural Deduction. Natural Deduction has the well-known advantage of matching human intuition. Athena is a language that combines computation and deduction, and is a system to aid the development of natural deduction proofs. The central insight realized in Athena is that the development of a proof is similar to the development of programs using stepwise refinement. Athena is not a theorem prover, but is integrated with theorem provers and SMT solvers. Athena users can make use of these integrated tools without having to learn details of the usage of these tools, as Athena provides seamless integration with these tools, and a convenient interface to these tools for Athena users. While Athena uses these tools to aid the development of natural deduction proofs, I have found that a combined use of Athena with theorem provers, SMT solvers and model builders can help impart to students a more well-rounded introduction to deduction.
The Fractal Nature of Planetary Landforms and Implications to Geologic Mapping

The primary product of planetary geologic and geomorphologic mapping is a group of lines and polygons that parameterize planetary surfaces and landforms. Many different research fields use those shapes to conduct their own analyses, and some of those analyses require measurement of the shape's perimeter or line length, sometimes relative to a surface area. There is a general lack of discussion in the relevant literature of the fact that perimeters of many planetary landforms are not easily parameterized by a simple aggregation of lines or even curves, but they instead display complexity across a large range of scale lengths; in fewer words, many planetary landforms are fractals. Because of their fractal nature, instead of morphometric properties converging on a single value, those properties will change based on the scale used to measure them. Therefore, derived properties can change-in some cases, by an order of magnitude or more-just when the measuring length scale is altered. This can result in significantly different interpretations of the features. Conversely, instead of a problem, analysis of the fractal properties of some landforms has led to diagnostic criteria that other remote sensing data cannot easily provide. This paper outlines the basic issue of the fractal nature of planetary landforms, gives case studies where the effects become important, and provides the recommendation that geologic mappers consider characterizing the fractal dimension of their mapped units via a relatively simple, straightforward calculation.
Exploring the Consequences on Memory of Students Who Know They Have Access to Recorded Lectures.

Objective. To elucidate how students’ knowledge of future access to recorded lectures impacts their ability to immediately recall, to delay recall, and to restudy information.Methods. Seventy-eight...
Evaluating the effect of increased pitch, iterative reconstruction and dual source CT on dose reduction and image quality

Objective:To compare radiation dose and image quality of thoracoabdominal scans obtained with a high-pitch protocol (pitch 3.2) and iterative reconstruction (Sinogram Affirmed Iterative Reconstruction) in comparison to standard pitch reconstructed with filtered back projection (FBP) using dual source CT.Methods:114 CT scans (Somatom Definition Flash, Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany), 39 thoracic scans, 54 thoracoabdominal scans and 21 abdominal scans were performed. Analysis of three protocols was undertaken; pitch of 1 reconstructed with FBP, pitch of 3.2 reconstructed with SAFIRE, pitch of 3.2 with stellar detectors reconstructed with SAFIRE. Objective and subjective image analysis were performed. Dose differences of the protocols used were compared.Results:Dose was reduced when comparing scans with a pitch of 1 reconstructed with FBP to high-pitch scans with a pitch of 3.2 reconstructed with SAFIRE with a reduction of volume CT dose index of 75% for thoracic scans, 64% for thoracoabdominal scan...
Automatic cleaning robot system for live-line suspension insulator strings

To prevent an insulator failure, a new cleaning robot system is presented for suspension insulator strings. This robot autonomously moves along the insulator string using clamps, cleaning the insulators by using a dry cleaning method. To install the robot on the suspension insulator string, its two wings can be opened or closed by a wing connection mechanism. In addition, a mechanized brush bristles set and a voltage-balancing contactor are devised to increase cleaning efficiency and to prevent arc generation under live-line conditions, respectively. Moreover, a manual tool for its installation and removal is presented. We confirmed its effectiveness through experiments.
FACTORS AFFECTING IN VITRO PHAGOCYTOSIS BY HEMOCYTES OF THE AMERICAN OYSTER

ABSTRACT: Proposed herein is a new method for assaying phagocytosis of polystyrene beads by hemocytes of Crassostrea virginica involving flow cytometry. In addition, it has been demonstrated that low temperature and cytochalasin B inhibit internalization. Anaerobic conditions did not inhibit bead phagocytosis.
Automatic Determination of Anatomical Correspondences for Multimodal Field of View Correction

In spite of a huge body of work in medical image registration, there seems to be very little effort in Field of View (FOV) correction or anatomical overlap estimation especially for multi-modal studies. This is a key step for most registration algorithms to work on image volumes of different coverages. In this work, we consider the FOV correction problem between Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) image volumes for the same patient. A novel algorithm composed of a cascade of (a) symmetry based gross rotation/translation correction (b) multi-modal feature descriptor and (c) matching scheme using dynamic programming is presented. The above combination deals with the challenges of multi-modal studies namely intensity differences, in-homogeneity, and gross patient movement. Validation and comparisons of the proposed algorithm is quantitatively shown on \(\mathbf {73}\) CT-MRI pairs and has yielded promising results.
Error-Discovery Learning Boosts Student Engagement and Performance, while Reducing Student Attrition in a Bioinformatics Course.

A strategy for helping students discover and fix blind spots in their conceptual understanding using a Web-based platform for open-response concept testing was tested. This approach dramatically in...
Advances and highlights in primary immunodeficiencies in 2017.

This manuscript reviews selected topics in primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDDs) published in 2017. These include (1) the role of follicular T cells in the differentiation of B cells and development of optimal antibody responses; (2) impaired nuclear factor κB subunit 1 signaling in the pathogenesis of common variable immunodeficiency, revealing an association between impaired B-cell maturation and development of inflammatory conditions; (3) autoimmune and inflammatory manifestations in patients with PIDDs in T- and B-cell deficiencies, as well as in neutrophil disorders; (4) newly described gene defects causing PIDDs, including exostosin-like 3 (EXTL3), TNF-α–induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3 [A20]), actin-related protein 2/3 complex-subunit 1B (ARPC1B), v-Rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (RELA), hypoxia upregulated 1 (HYOU1), BTB domain and CNC homolog 2 (BACH2), CD70, and CD55; (5) use of rapamycin and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor leniolisib to reduce autoimmunity and regulate B-cell function in the activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ syndrome; (6) improved outcomes in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) in the last decade, with an overall 2-year survival of 90% in part caused by early diagnosis through implementation of universal newborn screening; (7) demonstration of the efficacy of lentiviral vector–mediated gene therapy for patients with adenosine deaminase–deficient SCID; (8) the promise of gene editing for PIDDs using CRISPR/Cas9 and zinc finger nuclease technology for SCID and chronic granulomatous disease; and (9) the efficacy of thymus transplantation in Europe, although associated with an unexpected high incidence of autoimmunity. The remarkable progress in the understanding and management of PIDDs reflects the current interest in this area and continues to improve the care of immunodeficient patients.
Necrotizing Mucormycosis of Wounds Following Combat Injuries, Natural Disasters, Burns, and Other Trauma

Necrotizing mucormycosis is a devastating complication of wounds incurred in the setting of military (combat) injuries, natural disasters, burns, or other civilian trauma. Apophysomyces species, Saksenaea species and Lichtheimia (formerly Absidia) species, although uncommon as causes of sinopulmonary mucormycosis, are relatively frequent agents of trauma-related mucormycosis. The pathogenesis of these infections likely involves a complex interaction among organism, impaired innate host defenses, and biofilms related to traumatically implanted foreign materials. Effective management depends upon timely diagnosis, thorough surgical debridement, and early initiation of antifungal therapy.
Gene Expression in Yeasts During Wine Fermentation

The analysis of gene regulation and changes in transcript profiles for important model organisms in their natural environments provides critical insights into their biology and genome evolution. Such research allows the processes of adaptation to stressors present in changing environments to be delineated and the physiology of various non-proliferative states to be defined. In the context of the wine yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where there is extensive biodiversity among wild strains, changes in gene expression can be correlated with phenotypes that are important to survival and dominance in natural environments. Research in this area is leading to a comprehensive understanding of the changing physiology of yeast during the conversion of grape juice to wine. Transcript analysis is also being used to define the factors underlying complex phenotypes in wine yeast. These phenotypes are under the control of multiple independently segregating genes. Such analyses have underscored the central role that alterations in gene expression and regulation play in phenotypic expression and the development of novel phenotypes. The degree of plasticity or conservation of the regulation of metabolic pathways and cellular processes provides a basis for the elucidation of strain evolution and environmental selection.
Soil fatigue hazard screening analyses framework for spacio-temporally clustered induced seismicity with examples of damage potential due to liquefaction

Current studies that focus solely on the cause of the increase in seismicity neglect to include considerations for effects of small magnitude cluster events on federal infrastructure. These effects can be almost undetectable at first, but if left unchecked can evolve into a larger issue. The need to reassess and potentially modify the established risk assessment practices for evaluations of federal infrastructure needs to be reviewed to ensure the continued ability of the structure to function as intended. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is responsible for hydroelectric power, flood protection, recreational areas, navigational channels and water supply along the waterways that were either constructed prior to seismic design requirements or designed to a lower seismic level than current seismic activity. The need to establish revised evaluation methods of critical infrastructure has become very apparent to ensure that risk assessments include the stability of these systems and the safety of those that depend on them.
Association Between Positive Results on the Primary Care-Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Screen and Suicide Mortality Among US Veterans.

Importance Suicide rates are higher among veterans compared with nonveterans, and the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is higher among veterans compared with the general adult population in the US. To date, no study has examined the association between PTSD screening results and suicide mortality among veterans. Objective To examine whether veterans receiving care in the US Veterans Health Administration (VHA) health system who had positive results on the Primary Care–Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Screen (PC-PTSD) had a greater risk of suicide mortality compared with those who had negative results and to assess whether such risk decreased over time. Design, Setting, and Participants Multivariable proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate suicide mortality risk through December 31, 2016, among a cohort of veterans who received the PC-PTSD in the VHA health system. The VHA administers the PC-PTSD to patients nationwide, and screening results are routinely documented in the VHA Corporate Data Warehouse. The PC-PTSD includes 4 questions regarding PTSD symptoms, to which patients respond with either a positive (yes) or negative (no) answer. All patients who completed the PC-PTSD in 2014 and who did not have a diagnosis of PTSD in the year before screening were included in the analysis. A score of 3 or 4 on the PC-PTSD indicated a positive result, and a score of 0, 1, or 2 indicated a negative result. Data collection and analyses were performed from November 13, 2018, to June 18, 2019. Exposures Primary Care–Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Screen (PC-PTSD). Main Outcomes and Measures Suicide mortality risk, as assessed through data obtained from the US Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense Mortality Data Repository. Results A total of 1 693 449 PC-PTSDs were completed by 1 552 581 individual veteran patients in 2014. Most of the patients were White (73.9%), married (52.2%), male (91.1%), 55 years or older (62.5%), and had completed only 1 PC-PTSD (92.1%). In multivariable analyses, positive PC-PTSD results (ie, total scores of 3 or 4) were associated with a 58% increase in the risk of suicide mortality at 1 day after screening (hazard ratio [HR], 1.58; 95% CI, 1.19-2.10) and a 26% increase in the risk of suicide mortality at 1 year after screening (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.07-1.48). A positive response on item 4 (“felt numb or detached from others, activities, or your surroundings”) of the PC-PTSD was associated with a 70% increase in suicide mortality risk at 1 day after screening (HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.27-2.28). Conclusions and Relevance Positive PC-PTSD results, and specifically reports of feeling numb or detached, were associated with increases in the risk of suicide mortality. These associations decreased over time. The findings of this study can inform interpretation of PC-PTSD responses and suggest the importance of recent improvements made to the VHA suicide risk assessment.
Advanced material modulation of nutritional and phytohormone status alleviates damage from soybean sudden death syndrome.

Customized Cu3(PO4)2 and CuO nanosheets and commercial CuO nanoparticles were investigated for micronutrient delivery and suppression of soybean sudden death syndrome. An ab initio thermodynamics approach modelled how material morphology and matrix effects control the nutrient release. Infection reduced the biomass and photosynthesis by 70.3 and 60%, respectively; the foliar application of nanoscale Cu reversed this damage. Disease-induced changes in the antioxidant enzyme activity and fatty acid profile were also alleviated by Cu amendment. The transcription of two dozen defence- and health-related genes correlates a nanoscale Cu-enhanced innate disease response to reduced pathogenicity and increased growth. Cu-based nanosheets exhibited a greater disease suppression than that of CuO nanoparticles due to a greater leaf surface affinity and Cu dissolution, as determined computationally and experimentally. The findings highlight the importance and tunability of nanomaterial properties, such as morphology, composition and dissolution. The early seedling foliar application of nanoscale Cu to modulate nutrition and enhance immunity offers a great potential for sustainable agriculture. Foliar application of different forms of nanoscale copper to plant seedlings induces material-specific biochemical and molecular changes in root tissue that stimulate plant defence against soybean sudden death syndrome.
Evidence-Based Strategies for Improving Occupational Safety and Health Among Teleworkers During and After the Coronavirus Pandemic.

ObjectiveTo review practical, evidence-based strategies that may be implemented to promote teleworker safety, health, and well-being during and after the coronavirus pandemic of 2019 (COVID-19).Bac...
An updated protocol for the cost-effective and weekend-free culture of human induced pluripotent stem cells.

Summary The protocol provided here describes methodologies for making a highly cost-effective, chemically defined medium for culturing hiPSCs we call B8 medium. The typical cost of B8 medium is US$10 per liter, which with modifications included here is more affordable than standard media. We provide simple protocols for making B8 supplement aliquots, making the basal media DMEM/F12, Matrigel-coated plates, thawing, passaging, culturing, and cryopreserving hiPSCs. We show typical differentiation results and provide a comprehensive troubleshooting guide. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Kuo et al. (2020) .
Invasive and noninvasive ventilation strategies for acute respiratory failure in children with coronavirus disease 2019.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 presents as symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease in susceptible patients. Severe pediatric COVID-19 disease is rare, limiting potential data accumulation on associated respiratory failure in children. Pediatric intensivists and pulmonologists managing COVID-19 patients look to adult guidelines and pediatric-specific consensus statements to guide management. The purpose of this article is to review the current literature and recommended strategies for the escalation of noninvasive and invasive respiratory support for acute respiratory failure associated with COVID-19 disease in children. RECENT FINDINGS: There are no prospective studies comparing COVID-19 treatment strategies in children. Adult and pediatric ventilation management interim guidance is based on evidence-based guidelines in non-COVID acute respiratory distress syndrome, with considerations of (1) noninvasive positive pressure ventilation versus high-flow nasal cannula and (2) high versus lower positive end expiratory pressure strategies related to lung compliance and potential lung recruitability. SUMMARY: Management of acute respiratory failure from COVID-19 requires individualized titration of noninvasive and invasive ventilation modalities with consideration of preserved or compromised pulmonary compliance. Research regarding best practices in the management of pediatric severe COVID-19 with respiratory failure is lacking and is acutely needed as the pandemic surges and vaccination of the pediatric population will be delayed compared to adults.
Jewish-Americans and Alcohol

One overriding reason has been given to examine the drinking patterns and attitudes of Jews: they present low rates of alcoholism and alcohol abuse. Although Jewish populations evidence a high percentage of adult drinkers (Riley & Marder, 1947; Mulford, 1964; Cahalan & Cisin, 1968; HEW, 1972; Levy, 1973), they have low alcoholism and alcohol problem rates (Snyder [1958], 1978; King, 1961; Chafetz & Demone, 1962; Roberts & Myers, 1967; Room, 1968; HEW, 1972; Lowenthal, Wald, & Klein, 1975; Schmidt & Popham, 1976; Greeley & McCready, 1978; Glassner & Berg, 1980). The usual statistic given in recent years is that more than 7% of the adult United States population are alcoholics, but less than 1% of the adult Jewish population is so classified (Unkovic, Adler, & Miller, 1975, 1977). Some researchers argue for a similarly low rate of alcohol abuse in Israel (King, 1961), and historical analysis suggests that alcohol problems have been rare in Jewish communities for the last 2,500 years (Keller, 1970).
TU‐CD‐204‐01: CT Noise Power Sectrum for Filtered Backprojection and Iterative Reconstruction

For practicing medical physicists, CT image quality assessment is, in general, limited to the ones required by ACR and based on the axial images, such as CT number uniformity, image noise, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and high contrast resolution. However, with more advanced technologies introduced by CT vendors, just assessing these basic image quality metrics may not be enough. Noise power spectrum (NPS), characterizing the signal noise component at each spatial frequency, is a powerful tool to predict the CT performance related to lesion detectability and noise texture. The quality of coronal and sagittal reformatted images is, in a large part, determined by the slice profile. How to accurately assess the slice profile is important for clinical medical physicists but not well recognized. Automatic tube current modulation (ATCM) has been adopted by major CT manufacturers, to maintain image quality across the scan range. The way how ATMC works varies significantly among vendors. A “standard” method is needed to evaluate the performance of this critical dose-saving and image quality improvement technique. As dual energy CT becomes more readily available for routine clinical use, the need of image quality assessment metrics unique to the dual energy CT mode is becoming urgent. The session will facilitate the discussion of NPS and its application in the evaluation of FBP and iterative reconstruction. This session will also present the methods to measure the slice profile and characterize the performance of ATCM. The last part of this session will focus on the physics of CT dual energy mode, as well as unique image quality metrics to evaluate the performance of the dual energy mode. Learning Objectives: 1. Be familiar with procedures on how to correctly compute CT noise power spectrum 2. Understand why basic image quality metrics used for FBP may not be sufficient to characterize the performance of advanced iterative reconstruction 3. Understand CT slice profile and how to accurately measure it 4. Be familiar with ATCM from major CT vendors and how to evaluate its performance 5. Understand different hardware approaches for dual energy CT 6. Be familiar with image quality metrics relevant to dual energy mode Schmidt: Employee of Siemens Healthcare Fan: Employee of GE Healthcare
Gesner, Conrad (Konrad)

1516–1565 Swiss physician, naturalist and philologist whose publications were among the first to emphasize plant and animal structures as keys to classification and provide extensive bibliographies. Keywords: natural history; medicine; philology
Consumer product design

The paper describes a new course titled "Consumer Product Design" whose primary emphasis is on innovation. The course is aimed at instilling sharp observation skills and creative thinking in students. The course structure blends theory and practice in the form of a series of design challenges. The lectures dwell into the product design methodology and case studies. The studio work primarily involves the design challenge. The paper describes the motivation for the course, its objectives and the design approach. The design approach consists of three distinct stages-Understand market and/or the current products, Synthesize effective designs and model the product designs. The paper describes activities in each of these stages with a design case study. The course ties human psychology, business issues and ethics into the course. It enables them to appreciate good design and also, create new innovative products.
Economics and Ethics

The links between ethics and economics are multifarious, and run in both directions. Much of economics is a sort of applied ethics, and is founded on ethical theories. Conversely, economists have contributed to the development of ethical thinking. Preference-based utilitarianism, which was developed by economists, has proved influential in utilitarian thinking generally. Tools from economics that have proved useful in ethics include utility theory, game theory, and social choice theory. Economists and moral philosophers share an interest in many particular topics, including the value of human life and the value of equality.
Adolescents and Their Parents Differ on Descriptions of a Reproductive Health Study.

Abstract Study Objective To understand how adolescents and parents describe a sexually transmitted infection prevention study to a friend. Design Adolescents and parents participating in a study about willingness to participate in a hypothetical microbicide clinical trial were interviewed separately and asked to describe the clinical trial to a friend. Qualitative responses were written down verbatim and coded using a thematic framework analysis. Setting Adolescent medicine clinics in New York City. Participants The participants consisted of adolescents, 14-17 years old, and a parent (n = 301 dyads) who spoke English or Spanish. Most adolescents (72%) identified as Hispanic and 65% reported minimal sexual experience (ie, nothing more than kissing). Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures Qualitative responses were content coded for: (1) overall approach; (2) opinion rendered; and (3) details mentioned using thematic framework. The relationship of demographic characteristics, sexual history, and recruitment method to how adolescents and/or parents described the study was evaluated. Results Adolescents (n = 293) differed from parents (n = 298) in their overall approach to describing the study ( P P P P Conclusion Adolescents in this sample were more focused on the details of the study. Parents were focused on their impression of the study. Adolescents and parents might need to be approached differently about reproductive health studies.
Derivation of the correct waveform of the human electrocardiogram by Willem Einthoven, 1890-1895

In the period 1890 to 1895, Willem Einthoven greatly improved the quality of tracings that could be directly obtained with the capillary electrometer. He then introduced an ingenious correction for the poor frequency response of these instruments, using differential equations. This method allowed him to predict the correct form of the human electrocardiogram, as subsequently revealed by the new string galvanometer that he introduced in 1902. For Einthoven, who won the Nobel Prize for the development of the electrocardiogram in 1924, one of the most rewarding aspects of the high fidelity recording of the human electrocardiogram was its validation of his earlier theoretical predictions regarding the electrical activity of the heart.
Design of Albumin-Coated Microbubbles Loaded With Polylactide Nanoparticles.

Objectives A protocol was designed to produce albumin-coated microbubbles (MBs) loaded with functionalized polylactide (PLA) nanoparticles (NPs) for future drug delivery studies.
Daily propranolol prevents prolonged mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells in a rat model of lung contusion, hemorrhagic shock, and chronic stress

Introduction Propranolol has been shown previously to decrease the mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) after acute injury in rodent models; however, this acute injury model does not reflect the prolonged period of critical illness after severe trauma. Using our novel lung contusion/hemorrhagic shock/chronic restraint stress model, we hypothesize that daily administration of propranolol will decrease prolonged mobilization of HPCs without worsening lung healing. Methods Male Sprague–Dawley rats underwent 6 days of restraint stress after undergoing lung contusion or lung contusion/hemorrhagic shock. Restraint stress consisted of a daily 2-hour period of restraint interrupted every 30 minutes by alarms and repositioning. Each day after the period of restraint stress, the rats received intraperitoneal propranolol (10 mg/kg). On day 7, peripheral blood was analyzed for granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and stromal cell-derived factor 1 via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and for mobilization of HPCs using c-kit and CD71 flow cytometry. The lungs were examined histologically to grade injury. Results Seven days after lung contusion and lung contusion/hemorrhagic shock, the addition of chronic restraint stress significantly increased the mobilization of HPC, which was associated with persistently increased levels of G-CSF and increased lung injury scores. The addition of propranolol to lung contusion/chronic restraint stress and lung contusion/hemorrhagic shock/chronic restraint stress models greatly decreased HPC mobilization and restored G-CSF levels to that of naive animals without worsening lung injury scores. Conclusion The daily administration of propranolol after both lung contusion and lung contusion/hemorrhagic shock subjected to chronic restraint stress decreased the prolonged mobilization of HPC from the bone marrow and decreased plasma G-CSF levels. Despite the decrease in mobilization of HPC, lung healing did not worsen. Alleviating chronic stress with propranolol may be a future therapeutic target to improve healing after severe injury.
Efficient Closed-Form Green's Functions for Layered Stripline Structures

In this article, simple and efficient closed-form Green's function representations for various inhomogeneously-filled (layered) stripline structures are derived in terms of cylindrical and spherical waves for a horizontal electric dipole source. The method is based on a two-level approximation of the spectral-domain Green's function. After using a fast pole-location method to extract the surface-wave modes that are guided by the dielectric slabs and the parallel-plate modes that are trapped by the two ground planes, we first use a method that is similar to the first step in the traditional two-level discrete complex image method (DCIM). This step provides a good approximation to the spectral-domain Green's function for large values of the spectral variable , thus accounting for the fields at near and intermediate distances from the source. The remainder (smaller values of ) of the spectral-domain Green's function is approximated using a few poles and residues by using the total least squares algorithm, which requires much less computational resources as compared to the vector fitting method or DCIM. This portion of the Green's function accounts well for the fields that are further away from the source. Our proposed method provides an efficient and accurate means for representing Green's functions in layered stripline structures both near and far from the source. The results are verified by comparing with those obtained using the traditional two-level DCIM as well as direct numerical integration of the spectral-domain Green's function. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:2261–2265, 2013
Memory Management Support for Multi-Programmed Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) Systems

Current operating systems offer basic support for network interface controllers (NICs) supporting remote direct memory access (RDMA). Such support typically consists of a device driver responsible for configuring communication channels between the device and user-level processes but not involved in data transfer. Unlike standard NICs, RDMA-capable devices incorporate significant memory resources for address translation purposes. In a multi-programmed operating system (OS) environment, these memory resources must be efficiently shareable by multiple processes. For such sharing to occur in a fair manner, the OS and the device must cooperate to arbitrate access to NIC memory, similar to the way CPUs and OSes cooperate to arbitrate access to translation lookaside buffers (TLBs) or physical memory. A problem with this approach is that today's RDMA NICs are not integrated into the functions provided by OS memory management systems. As a result, RDMA NIC hardware resources are often monopolized by a single application. In this paper, I propose two practical mechanisms to address this problem: (a) Use of RDMA only in kernel-resident I/O subsystems, transparent to user-level software; (b) An extended registration API and a kernel upcall mechanism delivering NIC TLB entry replacement notifications to user-level libraries. Both options are designed to re-instate the multiprogramming principles that are violated in early commercial RDMA systems
Interaction of calcium nutrition and physical activity on bone mass in young women

We have examined the relationships among calcium intake, mechanical stress (activity) and axial (lumbar) and peripheral (midradius) bone mass in a population of 60 young normal, healthy eumenorrheic women (age 25-34 years), selected on the basis of weight for height (within 20% of expected). In this population, vertebral bone mineral density was significantly related (r = 0.41, p less than 0.005) to activity pattern but not to calcium intake. Elimination of the effects of activity, however, disclosed a significant correlation between total calcium intake and vertebral bone mass (r = 0.36, p less than 0.02). Closer examination of this relationship suggested that vertebral bone mineral density did not appear to increase with calcium intakes above 800-1000 mg/day, implying a threshold effect and vertebral density was better expressed as a function of the logarithm of calcium intake (r = p less than 0.01). Radial mineral content was not related to activity (which was mostly walking and running), but it was significantly affected by calcium intake. These data suggest that skeletal status in the vertebrae in young women may be influenced by modulation of mechanical stress. However, bone mineral density is probably also dependent on nutritional status such that the optimum calcium intake for this effect is 800-1000 mg/day. If such effects, observed here cross-sectionally, can be substantiated in longitudinal studies and persist into the aging postmenopausal population, then the average age of onset of osteoporotic fractures would be expected to be delayed approximately 10 years, by relatively simple modifications of diet and activity.
A Novel and Practical Method for Network Security Situation Prediction

The real-time prediction of network security situation can significantly improve the monitoring and emergency response capability of the network. However, in practice, if there are a large amount of false predictions, the network administrators should become insensitive and will finally ignore all prediction results. In this paper, we try to solve this issue and propose a novel False Positive Adaptive (FPA) method for network security situation prediction. The main idea of our method is using extra information to reduce the number of false positives in prediction. In the model training step, we take advantage of host and network information to eliminate meaningless alerts produced by security tools such as Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and firewall, thus assuring the accuracy of the training samples. In the prediction step, we utilize the detection information from security tools to confirm the prediction results automatically. If the previous predictions are not detected, they will be considered as false positives and the prediction model will be retrained by incremental learning. In our work, the model training and incremental learning is accomplished efficiently by neural network and boosting algorithm.
Actualizing Innovation Effort: The Impact of Market Knowledge Diffusion in a Dynamic System of Competition

Abstract This study focuses on the dynamic process that governs the impact of market knowledge diffusion on innovation effort and its subsequent effect on firm performance. First, the author proposes that three aspects of market knowledge (knowledge level, knowledge change, and extent of shared knowledge about customers and competitors) influence innovation effort. In so doing, she explicitly models the dynamic process of competition, including heterogeneity in interdependence of innovation across competitors, firm-specific inertial tendency in innovation, and feedback effects reflected in satisfaction with past performance. Second, within a partial adjustment model of performance, the author studies the role of shared market knowledge and firm size in the translation of innovation effort into firm performance over time. She tests the conceptual framework with longitudinal quasi field experiments based on a Markstrat simulation exercise, including a main experiment and three validation studies. The result...
Hypoxia switches episodic breathing to singlet breathing in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta) via a tropisetron-sensitive mechanism

Abstract Hypoxia-induced changes in the chelonian breathing pattern are poorly understood. Thus, breathing was measured in freely swimming adult red-eared slider turtles breathing air prior to breathing nitrogen for 4 h. Ventilation increased 10-fold within 10 min due to increased breath frequency and tidal volume. Breaths/episode decreased by ∼50% within after 1 h of hypoxia while the number of singlet breaths increased from 3.1 ± 1.6 singlets/h to a maximum of 66.1 ± 23.5 singlets/h. Expiratory and inspiratory duration increased during hypoxia. For doublet and triplet breaths, expiratory duration increased during the first breath only, while inspiratory duration increased for all breaths. Tropisetron (5-HT3 receptor antagonist, 5 mg/kg) administration prior to hypoxia attenuated the hypoxia-induced increase in singlet breath frequency. Along with results from previous in vitro studies, this study suggests that 5-HT3 receptor activation may be required for the hypoxia-induced increase in singlet breathing pattern in red-eared slider turtles.