cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An archaeology of structural violence: life in a twentieth-century coal town: by Michael P. Roller, Gainesville, University Press of Florida, 2018,254 pp., $80 (Hardcover), ISBN 13: 978081305608

Michael Roller’s study of the transformation of an East-Central Pennsylvania town from coal town to consumerist suburb insightfully integrates theory, ethnography, history, and archaeology to cast ...
Convergence Theorems for Finitely Additive Integrals

In a paper which appeared a number of years ago [2], dealing with the contrasting properties of arithmetic and asymptotic density for sets of positive integers, I showed that although the latter was not a measure-since the union of two sets with density need not have density-nevertheless one retained certain additivity properties if one worked modulo sets of zero density.
Weight change among breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: A retrospective analysis

19535 Background: Weight gain occurs in patients with early stage breast cancer receiving chemotherapy. The etiology is unknown. Most pre-menopausal patients receiving chemotherapy enter menopause ...
Vertical Loads on Multistory Buildings

The previous chapter dealt with issues related to the lateral loadings on building systems. In that chapter, we described how one can represent the global lateral loading as loads acting on the individual frames contained in the building system. We focus in this chapter on how one treats vertical loads such as gravity loads. Gravity loads applied to a floor slab are converted to distributed loads acting on the beams which support the slab. Since the floor slab loads involve both dead and live loads, one needs to investigate various floor slab loading patterns in order to establish the maximum values of the design parameters such as bending moment. We apply Muller-Breslau principle for this task. The last section of the chapter contains a case study which illustrates the process of combining lateral and vertical loading, and demonstrates the sensitivity of the structural design to the type of structural system.
WearUp: Wearable Smart Textiles for Telemedicine Intervention of Movement Disorders

Abstract While adoption of wearable technologies is increasing, there remain questions about applicability and clinical validity for their role in the improvement of medical interventions for chronic conditions. This chapter focuses primarily on wearable smart textiles which have potential to transform medical practices. Our overarching goal is to design wearable devices with clinical accuracy and ease of use. Patient-friendliness is important such that adoption into home-based telemedicine interventions of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is fast and easy. PD is a neurological progressive disorder characterized by movement symptoms including slowness of movement, stiffness, tremors at rest, and walking and standing instability. With this motivation, we present the design, development, and validation of WearUP, a smart glove made of smart textiles for PD. In particular, we have carefully designed experiments on WearUP to test their repeatability, precision, and sensitivity for quantifying the motor symptoms present in the finger tapping task. WearUP was tested using a robotic hand that was programmed to make precise finger tapping movements. Later, we conducted a pilot study on nine healthy human participants who wore the WearUP glove and performed finger tapping tasks. The repeatability test on the robotic hand showed the variance of finger tapping frequency which was less than 6.00 × 10 − 5 . WearUP also performed with a high degree of accuracy and precision in human participants. When tested on healthy human participants, the variance of the finger tapping frequency was in the range of 0.001–0.1. Our developments and promising experimental results open a new door for telemedicine to adopt smart textiles because they have potential to offer patient-friendliness without compromising clinical accuracy.
Blind Unitary Transform Learning for Inverse Problems in Light-Field Imaging

Light-field cameras have enabled a new class of digital post-processing techniques. Unfortunately, the sampling requirements needed to capture a 4D color light-field directly using a microlens array requires sacrificing spatial resolution and SNR in return for greater angular resolution. Because recovering the true light-field from focal-stack data is an ill-posed inverse problem, we propose using blind unitary transform learning (UTL) as a regularizer. UTL attempts to learn a set of filters that maximize the sparsity of the encoded representation. This paper investigates which dimensions of a light-field are most sparsifiable by UTL and lead to the best reconstruction performance. We apply the UTL regularizer to light-field inpainting and focal stack reconstruction problems and find it improves performance over traditional hand-crafted regularizers.
Travois Transport and Field Processing: the Role of Dogs in Intermountain and Plains Food Transport

Domesticated animals have been widely used for transport labor in many societies throughout the Holocene. Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) used in transporting goods with packs or simple drag-sleds called travois feature prominently in ethnographic and historic accounts of Native American communities in the Intermountain West and Great Plains. Dogs were used to transport shelter and household belongings, firewood, trade goods, and bison meat by Intermountain and Plains foragers. Forager mobility and investment in technology are strongly correlated with environmental unpredictability. The Field Processing Model reveals that travois transport was tenable for food only when processing costs were relatively low and many trips were necessary. These data indicate that dogs were not adapted for use as draft animals in the daily acquisition of food, but rather to facilitate the transport of shelter, equipment, and food reserves that could be used to offset the risk of resource shortfall.
How can pupils be re-engaged in a physical education setting?: Editor: Kirk E. Mathias

Physical education (PE) is a desired subject area for many students; however, some students lack interest and become disengaged. Pupil disengagement in physical education has been an ongoing concer...
Jones, T. Cole, Captives of Liberty: Prisoners of War and the Politics of Vengeance in the American Revolution: Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 336 pp., $39.95, ISBN 978-0-812-26169-2, Publication Date: October 2019

Every nation-state has a unique self-conception, often rooted in the founding mythology of that state. That ethos, in the United States, is often bound up in the narrative that holds that American ...
Impact of Pre-operative Multidisciplinary Evaluation on Laryngotracheal Reconstruction Outcomes.

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS Determine if diagnostic findings from pre-operative multidisciplinary evaluations are associated with single surgery or overall success rates in pediatric laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort. METHODS Retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing LTR at a tertiary care children's hospital between January 01, 2008 and December 31, 2017. Success is defined as decannulation rate if tracheostomy present, and resolution of symptoms if tracheostomy not present. Cohorts compared were those who did and did not receive pulmonary and gastrointestinal preoperative testing. Multivariate, logistic regression, and Kaplan Meier analyses performed. RESULTS About 165 children were included in the study. Median age was 3 years at the time of surgery; 73% of LTRs were double-stage procedures. Single surgery and overall success rates were 75% and 87%, respectively. After adjusting for severity of stenosis and surgical approach, performing esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and normal gross appearance on EGD were associated with increased single surgery (P = .01, .005) and overall success (P = .005, .0003). Performing pH probe and normal EGD biopsy results was associated with increased overall success (P = .03, .007). Asthma and musculoskeletal comorbidities, postoperative complications, and need for postoperative balloon dilation were associated with decreased success. No other comorbidities evaluated impacted success. CONCLUSIONS Aerodigestive comorbidities are common in children undergoing LTR, and preoperative multidisciplinary workup often results in changes in management. After adjusting for grade and level of stenosis and staged approach, performing EGD and pH/impedance probe as well as normal gross and microscopic EGD findings was independently associated with increased LTR surgical success. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 (retrospective cohort study) Laryngoscope, 131:E2356-E2362, 2021.
The more things change, the more they…: the changing faces of power 1979-2019

The summer of 2019 marked the 40th anniversary of the founding of what has become known as the ‘power group,’ more formally known as International Political Science Association (IPSA) Research Comm...
The Protein Biosynthetic Machinery of Mitochondria

Mitochondrial DNA encodes the information for the synthesis of a limited number of proteins most of which are essential subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation complexes. Mitochondrial mRNAs are translated in a specialized protein biosynthetic system which is related to the eubacterial system reflecting the endosymbiotic origin of this organelle. However, mitochondrial protein synthesis has a number of unique features distinguishing it from other translational systems. Further, mitochondria from plants, fungi, protists and metazoans all have individual features making these systems distinct from one another. Mutations in the components of this system often lead to severe deficiencies in energy production resulting in human diseases.
Enzymatic alkylenation of phospholipid fatty acid chains by extracts of Mycobacterium phlei.

Abstract The enzymatic synthesis of tuberculostearic acid (10-methylstearic acid) was catalyzed by extracts of Mycobacterium phlei. This process involved two reactions of the olefinic fatty acid chain of phospholipids. The chain was first alkylenated at the 10-carbon to give a methylene group, which was subsequently reduced to a methyl group. The first reaction could be measured by using S-adenosylmethionine-methyl-14C. The enzyme was found in the supernatant fraction when extracts of cells broken by sonic oscillation were subjected to centrifugation at 100,000 x g. S-Adenosyl-l-methionine was the only effective donor of the 1-carbon unit. Phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylethanolamine were substrates for the reaction, and both 16- and 18-carbon chains were alkylenated although only the Δ9-olefinic chains appeared to be converted. The enzyme acted upon chains at either position 1 or 2 of the glyceride molecule. Several detergents had little effect on the rate of the reaction.
Homogeneous condensation of gaseous mixtures of Si, Fe, O, N, and C in relative cosmic abundance and implications for astronomical condensation

The pressure versus temperature curves for homogeneous nucleation and condensation of two gaseous mixtures with nearly relative solar abundance of Si, Fe, O, N, and C in an excess of H were determined experimentally. Mixtures of CO, Fe(CO)5, H2, SiH4, and N2O in Ar were heated behind reflected shocks in a shock tube. The nucleation and condensation, which took place in the subsequent gas-dynamic expansion (cooling phase), was monitored by light scattering and turbidity. Grain morphologies and crystalline phases present in the condensates were determined by electron microscopy. These data cast doubt on the validity of both equilibrium and classical nucleation theoretical approaches to predict homogeneous condensation in a solar nebula or stellar atmosphere.
Quantifying sub-optimal transient growth using biorthogonal decomposition

Receptivity calculations are shown for physically-realizable, roughnessinduced disturbances. These calculations give the continuous-spectrum amplitude distribution for sub-optimal disturbances for both DNS and experimental data. A technique for computing the amplitude distribution with only streamwise data is shown, and gives the vortex behavior of transiently growing disturbances.
Potential Force Fields

This chapter will attempt to summarize the nature and explore the merits of some of the more common potential force field functions that have been proposed to describe the force relationships within molecules. The necessity for the selection of a suitable force field function as a precondition for vibrational analysis will become apparent in Chapter 7. Once a proper function is chosen for a molecule, the normal coordinate treatment of the molecule is theoretically possible. At the very least, the numerical values of force constants can be determined from the measured vibrational frequencies. For a more extensive presentation of potential functions, see Wilson et al. (1)
Models and algorithms to determine cerebral activation using near infrared spectroscopy

The specific aims of this dissertation were to develop: (1) Correlations between experimental protocols and oxygenated, deoxygenated, and total hemoglobin concentrations in the brain; (2) Mathematical models to associate blood flow and oxygen consumption rate of the activated brain regions with measured hemodynamic changes; (3) A phantom that models brain vasculature compliance to validate developed mathematical models in a controlled setup. The primary imaging modality used in the experimentation phase of this research was near infrared spectroscopy. Previously published multimodality measurements were also used to validate the mathematical models. The single compartment Windkessel model was extended to describe flow-volume dynamics during long duration stimulus and include oxygen transport to tissue. An inductive multi-compartment model was developed which enables the estimation of compartmentalized hemodynamic changes with the modeling of measured oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin changes based on a pseudo-Bayesian framework for multimodality data. In addition, a solution to the single and multi-compartment deductive neurovascular model was also developed. This model defines the relationship between the presented stimulus and the neural activity it elicits which in turn gives rise to the vascular changes. Finally a vascular phantom was developed in the laboratory to validate the flow - volume relationships using compliant vasculature.
Never Let a Crisis Go to Waste: Erasing Lines Between Faculty

Now that traditional approaches to legal education are under scrutiny, your law school may be open to curricular innovations in legal writing that would have been unthinkable a few years ago. Let’s take a cue from Rahm Emanuel’s exhortation to never let a serious crisis go to waste. Let’s think about experimenting with what we teach by erasing lines between legal writing, clinical, and pro bono programs. This very short piece argues that erasing lines between faculty can benefit law schools, students, and faculty. It summarizes just a few of the many current examples of how legal writing faculty are collaborating with non-profits, clinics, or government agencies, exposing students to real law practice, or exploring other ways to help our students become more "practice-ready."
THE TONGUE AND TASTE IN FAMILIAL DYSAUTONOMIA

The extreme paucity of subcutaneous sensory nerves in the small tongue of a 1-year-old child with familial dysautonomia was correlated with the absence of taste buds in the light of prior experimental evidence, indicating a trophic influence of nerves on taste bud development. Motor nerves in the tongue were normal. Reduced neuron populations were found in sensory and autonomic ganglia.
Depression and pesticide exposures among private pesticide applicators enrolled in the Agricultural Health Study.

BackgroundWe evaluated the relationship between diagnosed depression and pesticide exposure using information from private pesticide applicators enrolled in the Agricultural Health Study between 19...
The Asymptotics of Maximum Likelihood and Related Estimators Based on Type II Censored Data

Abstract Some simple procedures are provided for establishing the asymptotic normality and uniform strong convergence of a class of functions that arise in the context of estimating parameters from a Type II censored sample. These lead to an elementary yet rigorous treatment of the asymptotic properties of maximum likelihood estimators based on Type II censored data. Further applications include the treatment of asymptotics of some modified maximum likelihood (MML) estimators. In particular, conditions are provided for the consistency and limiting normality of the MML estimators of Mehrotra and Nanda, and the asymptotic efficiencies of these estimators are evaluated.
Improved dissection efficiency in the human gross anatomy laboratory by the integration of computers and modern technology

The need to increase the efficiency of dissection in the gross anatomy laboratory has been the driving force behind the technologic changes we have recently implemented. With the introduction of an integrated systems-based medical curriculum and a reduction in laboratory teaching hours, anatomy faculty at the University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC) developed a computer-based dissection manual to adjust to these curricular changes and time constraints. At each cadaver workstation, Apple iMac computers were added and a new dissection manual, running in a browser-based format, was installed. Within the text of the manual, anatomical structures required for dissection were linked to digital images from prosected materials; in addition, for each body system, the dissection manual included images from cross sections, radiographs, CT scans, and histology. Although we have placed a high priority on computerization of the anatomy laboratory, we remain strong advocates of the importance of cadaver dissection. It is our belief that the utilization of computers for dissection is a natural evolution of technology and fosters creative teaching strategies adapted for anatomy laboratories in the 21st century. Our strategy has significantly enhanced the independence and proficiency of our students, the efficiency of their dissection time, and the quality of laboratory instruction by the faculty.
Are managers from Mars and academicians from venus? Toward an understanding of the relationship between academic quality and practical relevance

In this paper, we propose a positive relationship between the academic quality and practical relevance of management research. The basis for this is the idea that academicians and practitioners both value research that is interesting and justified-meaning research that challenges and extends existing beliefs and research that offers compelling evidence for its conclusions. We acknowledge that there are likely to be many cases where academicians and practitioners disagree on what is interesting and justified. We argue, however, that there are also likely to be cases where the judgments of the two groups converge. Results from a stratified, random sample of 120 publications are consistent with this argument-showing a positive correlation between an objective measure of an article's academic quality and expert panel ratings of its practical relevance. The analysis also shows positive associations between panel members' global assessment of relevance and ratings of an article's interestingness and justification. These results lend support to the hypothesized overlap, but leave room for considerable difference in the way practitioners and academicians evaluate management research.
Capturing multimedia design knowledge using TYRO, the constraint-based designer's apprentice

TYRO is a visual programming environment that uses a case-based reasoning approach to capturing and reusing knowledge about the design of multimedia presentations. Case-based reasoning assumes that people solve problems by remembering relevant scenarios and modifying or adapting them to the situation at hand, then storing this new approach away for future reuse. In TYRO, the designer constructs a case library by demonstrating solutions of prototypical multimedia problems and defining constraining relations between object sequences. Adaptation and augmentation of the case library takes place as trial presentations reveal failure conditions. The designer constructs rule objects which are combinations of condition objects and actions objects. Condition objects trigger when the failure conditions is detected and action objects, or rules of thumb, fire and revise the constraint network, or revise the sequence of objects, etc. The resulting cases generated are stored and indexed for future use by the system.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Genotype-environment interactions in determining fitness in dense, artificial populations of Phlox drummondii

Survivorship and growth of individuals of the annual plant Phlox drummondii were examined in artificial, density-stressed populations composed of five genetically differentiated varieties sown in monocultures and in five pairwise mixtures. All experiments were replicated under two treatments of nutrient availability.Varieties differed significantly in competitive ability, and relative competitive success was shown to be highly habitat (treatment) dependent. In 19 of 20 mixed populations, the relative rankings of pairs of competitors were consistent with a priori expectations based on the morphological and/or historical differences between seed sources, but were not predictable from relative tolerances to density stress in monoculture.Estimated selection coefficients based on relative competitive abilities ranged from 0.04 to 0.94. Despite these large fitness differences among competing varieties, most of the variance in the absolute fitness of individuals resided within varieties. This variation may be mostly environmental.In the high nutrient treatment, where competition for light was most intense, variation in individual plant size was lower in mixed culture as compared to monocultures. Genetic variation for competitive ability may actually lead to greater size uniformity among survivors by promoting an early initiation of thinning, thereby reducing the density stress on survivors.
A new species of Julolaelaps berlese (Acari: Laelapidae)

ABSTRACT The female, male, deutonymph and protonymph of Julolaelaps moseri n. sp. (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) collected from an unidentified “giant millipede” (family Spirostreptidae) from Trinidad are described and illustrated. Comments and characteristics for Julolaelaps are given.
Leveraging speech-active regions towards active safety in vehicles

Since audio/speech based systems are gaining a lot of prominence in in-vehicular technology, it becomes very important to understand the effect of speech (i.e., speaking or listening) on drivers' cognitive workload and overall driving performance. Towards this goal, this study probes into the impact of speech on driver distraction, and proposes a method for detecting the active-speech regions to be utilized in driver distraction detection. It is shown that the fusion of speech and vehicle dynamics signals helps in better assessing the distraction level, thus more relevant corrective commands/warnings can be issued by the vehicle safety system. It is observed that while in-vehicle speech by itself does not necessarily cause distraction, it plays a significant role in increasing the distraction level of the driver if he is performing any secondary tasks, and is engaged in a conversation.
Modelling More Sustainable Aluminium (4 pp)

This case study describes the development and utilization of a global, quantitative model of current and projected aluminium and life cycle inventory mass flows. The model and key results were developed to be shared with global aluminium industry technical experts, executives, and external stakeholders to better understand potential paths to more global sustainable aluminium. The model is based on annual statistical data since 1950 provided by government agencies and regional aluminum associations and on the most recent life cycle inventory intensity data (year 2002) complied for the global industry by the International Aluminium Institute. Modeling of future aluminium and resource flows are based on literature and industry expert projections of future product shipment demand. The availability of recycle flows to meet these market demands are based on projected utilization, yield, and melt loss recovery rates, post-consumer recycling rates, and anticipated future product lifetimes. The model was developed with quantitative 'what-if' capability to determine the positive impact of enhanced recycling, lower resource intense production, and product usage scenarios. The model provides the first quantitative assessment of annual global aluminium and life cycle inventory flows. Results include a quantitative estimate by major market of global aluminium product inventory, system losses, recycle rates, and selected resource requirements and air emissions implications. Recommendation and Perspective. Model results and scenarios have been reviewed and shared with global aluminium technical leaders, executives and key external stakeholders in support of the International Aluminum Institute's new voluntary global objective to better monitor and enhance aluminium recycling and sustainable development initiative.
Optimization of a Supersonic Panel Subject to a Flutter Constraint-A Finite-Element Solution

[M] n : basic element aerodynamic matrix : system aerodynamic matrix : L/n — length of panel element = reference uniform panel stiffness, stiffness of ith element, Eq. (7) = nodal forces on rth element, Eq. (1) = aerodynamic damping coefficient, Eq. (3) = an eigenvalue, Eq. (2) = basic element stiffness matrix : system stiffness matrix = length of panel = uniform panel mass = structural mass, fixed (core) mass, Eq. (5) = mass of rth panel, Eq. (6) = basic element mass matrix = system mass matrix = number of elements = dynamic pressure = nondimensional nodal displacement vector of rth element = freestream velocity = total structural weight fraction, Eq. (11) = a dynamic pressure parameter = //« = an eigenvalue, Eq. (8) = an eigenvalues = k/42Qn structural mass fraction, Eq. (5) = dynamic pressure parameter = 2qL?/D(Mao — 1) -critical (flutter) value of A for uniform panel composed of n elements = ratio of structural mass of rth element to structural mass of uniform panel, Eq. (5) = reference natural frequency, Eq. (3) The element stiffness, mass, and aerodynamic matrices appear in Refs. 1 and 5. The time dependence of the displacements is taken to be e and k = 420n*6 = -4(M00-2)/(M00l)](L/(7)v-(mL//))v (2) or k=-gx(v/a)r)-(v/ajr) (3)
Prototype study on a miniaturized dual-modality imaging system for photoacoustic microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy

It is beneficial to study tumor angiogenesis and microenvironments by imaging the microvasculature and cells at the same time. Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is capable of sensitive three-dimensional mapping of microvasculature, while fluorescence microscopy may be applied to assessment of tissue pathology. In this work, a fiber-optic based PAM and confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) dual-modality imaging system was designed and built, serving as a prototype of a miniaturized dual-modality imaging probe for endoscopic applications. As for the design, we employed miniature components, including a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) scanner, a miniature objective lens, and a small size optical microring resonator as an acoustic detector. The system resolutions were calibrated as 8.8 μm in the lateral directions for both PAM and CFM, and 19 μm and 53 μm in the axial direction for PAM and CFM, respectively. Images of the animal bladders ex vivo were demonstrated to show the ability of the system in imaging not only microvasculature but also cellular structure.
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle-Stabilized and Manganese-Modified Rhodium Nanoparticles as Catalysts for Highly Selective Synthesis of Ethanol and Acetaldehyde from Syngas

Well-defined and monodispersed rhodium nanoparticles as small as approximately 2 nm were encapsulated in situ and stabilized in a mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) framework during the synthesis of the mesoporous material. Although both the activity and selectivity of MSN-encapsulated rhodium nanoparticles in CO hydrogenation could be improved by the addition of manganese oxide as expected, the carbon selectivity for C2 oxygenates (including ethanol and acetaldehyde) was unprecedentedly high at 74.5 % with a very small amount of methanol produced if rhodium nanoparticles were modified by manganese oxide with very close interaction.
A TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT-BASED INCENTIVE SYSTEM SUPPORTING TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION

Although there have been many cases of total quality management (TQM) success, embracing TQM does not always lead to performance improvements. Many companies resist the changes in organizational processes such as compensation and performance appraisal systems that are required to link TQM efforts to bottom-line performance. We present the basic structure of a TQM-based compensation system that can provide incentives based on a variety of performance measures, including an explicit incentive for the reduction of variability in product variables. As a result, this approach encourages the continuous improvement central to the TQM philosophy, rather than serving as a disincentive for such improvement as do many traditional compensation systems. The set of performance measures can be adjusted periodically to focus on those measures deemed most likely to yield significant increases in customer satisfaction, further supporting the core elements of TQM. The approach is described using examples from the paper manufacturing operation where it has been successfully implemented. A longitudinal analysis of several performance measures is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new compensation system.
Effect of empennage interference on single-engine afterbody/nozzle drag

An investigation has been conducted in the Langley 16-foot transonic tunnel to determine the effects of empennage surfaces on single-engine afterbody and nozzle drag at Mach numbers up to 1.20. Empennage interference drag was obtained by using experimental values of afterbody/nozzle drag and theoretical values of empennage drag. Three methods for minimizing adverse empennage interference effects were investigated. Results show that empennage interference effects were always detrimental but could be reduced by proper location of tail surfaces. Afterbody contouring and addition of 'contour' bumps were generally ineffective in reducing aft-end drag for Mach numbers less than 0.95.
Three-element phased arrays to enhance the spatial resolution and achieve depth discrimination in diffuse optical imaging

We present a phased-array approach to diffuse optical imaging that is based on collecting continuous wave (CW) data using multiple sources and/or multiple detectors. The optical signals corresponding to individual source-detector pairs are combined by post processing after assigning individual amplitude and phase factors. Here, we demonstrate the enhancement in spatial resolution and the depth discrimination afforded by three-element linear phased arrays, either as stand alone units or in a 2-D crossed configuration. In this particular example, the (amplitude, phase) factors associated with the three array elements are (1,0), (2,π), (1,0), respectively. Experimental results on tissue like phantoms demonstrate the potential of the proposed source/detector arrays to enhance the performance of diffuse optical imaging.
Planning, Plan-Influencing, and Market Fine-Tuning: Implications for Economies in Transition

Abstract When markets are introduced into a planned economy with plan adjustments and influence, market incentives and availability of resources from markets will change agents′ influence behavior. This paper treats plan-influencing as a noncooperative game and incorporates it into a general equilibrium framework. A general equilibrium with plan-influencing is shown to exist. The welfare implications, however, differ from earlier results for similar models. Market fine-tuning may or may not enhance social welfare, depending on the magnitudes of efficiency gains from free trade and losses in wasteful plan-influencing. The welfare analysis raises a question of compatibility of the plan and market mechanisms. J. Comp. Econom., March 1993, 17(3), pp. 561-580. Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5023.
Evaluation of the condensation aerosol generator for producing monodispersed aerosols

Abstract An improved version of the condensation aerosol generator previously described by Liu, Whitby and Yu has been designed and constructed and its performance has been evaluated on four liquid aerosol materials: di-2-ethyl-hexyl phthalate (DEP), oleic acid (OA), glycerin (GL), dioctyl phthalate (DOP), and two solid aerosol materials: stearic acid (SA) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP). DOP and TPP have been found to give the most monodisperse aerosols with geometrical standard deviation ranging from 1·06 to 1·12. The number median diameter of the aerosol ranged from 0·9 to 1·1 μm, depending on the aerosol material used, and the output aerosol concentration was on the order of 10 6 particles per cm 3 .
Keratin-like components of gland thread cells modulate the properties of mucus from hagfish (Eptatretus stouti).

The hagfishes (cyclostomes) are known to secrete copious amounts of mucus mainly by the holocrine mode from the slime glands. Stressed animals release two types of cells (gland thread cells, GTCs; gland mucous cells, GMCs) which rupture on contact with water and rapidly form a mass of viscous mucus. Herein we report some key sequential events of this process and document a novel role for cytoskeletal polymers. After electrostimulation of Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stouti), the exudate was collected in a stabilization buffer and GTCs segregated from GMC vesicles. Water was added progressively to mixtures of known quantities of these entities. The changing mucous composition and properties were monitored by light- and electron microscopy, viscometry and immunogold assay. Sequentially, the threads uncoil from GTCs, aggregate with the vesicles, the vesicles rupture and release mucin-like substances, at least some of which adhere to the thread. It was found that the intermediate filament (IF)-rich threads markedly facilitate hydration and modulate the viscoelastic and cohesive properties of the resultant mucus. It was speculated that the thread abets localization of mucus in an aqueous environment and promotes adhesion of mucus to surfaces such as the fish integument. As judged by immunostaining in situ, GTCs, as well as several cell-types in the epidermis, contain keratin-like components. The role of biopolymers on the properties of teleost and mammalian mucus is discussed.
Is barium column surface area a better predictor of primary achalasia disease severity than barium column height

Is barium column surface area a better predictor of primary achalasia disease severity than barium column height?
Primary and revision total hip arthroplasty for patients 90 years of age and older.

Objective To assess the reliability, durability, and safety of primary and revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients 90 years of age and older. Patients and Methods Between 1970 and 1997, 66 THAs, 48 primary and 18 revision, were done for 65 patients aged 90 to 104 years (mean, 92 years). The Harris hip score was used to assess hip pain and function. Results Patients were evaluated for pain, function, and satisfaction at a mean of 3.2 years after the THA. The Harris hip scores improved significantly ( P =.004) for both primary and revision groups: from preoperative mean scores of 39 and 45 points to follow-up scores of 80 and 75 points, respectively. Two patients died in the early postoperative period of causes related to the operation. Thirty-seven other patients were dead at last follow-up and had lived a mean ± SD of 6±2.2 years after the primary THA and 4.2±2.8 years after the revision THA. No hips required subsequent revision. Conclusion Total hip replacement was reliable, durable, and safe in this study group. Primary care physicians and surgeons should be aware that both primary and revision total hip replacement can be done safely and effectively in patients aged 90 years and older and can result in years of relief of pain and functional improvement.
Analysis of motion resisted by friction. I. Constant coulomb and linear/coulomb friction

ABSTRACT An exact method for analysis of the transient and steady-state response of harmonically excited frictional oscillators is presented. This method does not postulate antiperiodic type of motion. The method is used to analyze the motion of the constant Coulomb oscillator, under the following conditions: (a) transient conditions; (b) steady-state conditions in the region of multiple stops per cycle and in the presence of viscous damping, where it is shown that viscous damping tends to reduce the number of stops; and (c) at degenerate values of the ratio of driving frequency to natural frequency, where it is shown that unsymmetric motion with only one stop per cycle exists. Furtherfore, the method is applied in analysis of the motion of a linear/Coulomb oscillator, in the region of multiple stops per cycle.
A rational formulation of thermal circuit models for electrothermal simulation. II. Model reduction techniques [power electronic systems]

For pt. I see ibid., vol. 43, no. 9, p. 721-32 (1996). To increase the efficiency of the electrothermal simulation of power electronic circuits and devices, model reduction techniques are applied to develop reduced thermal circuit models of Si chips, thermal packages, and heat sinks. Both the Modal Superposition method and a Component Mode Synthesis method are presented together with a model error estimation and a Ritz vector method. An alternative method for substructuring is also included. The reduced thermal circuit models are verified and implemented in the SABER circuit simulator. The electrothermal model of a full-bridge converter is simulated employing the proposed approach, and the results discussed.
Vertical dimension increases in the adult rhesus monkey: A pilot study

Tooth impaction, increased muscle activity, and histologic changes in the bone of the temporomandibular joint have been reported following attempts to increase the vertical dimension of occlusion. The purpose of this research was to study the effects of increases in the vertical dimension of occlusion on bone density at five levels of the mandible in the adult rhesus monkey, and to assess dentoalveolar changes by lateral cephalometric radiographs and mounted diagnostic casts. Mandibular cobalt chromium splints measuring 3 mm in height at the first molar, providing even occlusal contact to the maxillary anterior and posterior teeth, were cemented in place on two monkeys. Five similar monkeys without splints were used as controls. Computed tomograms were completed to evaluate bone density bilaterally at five levels of the mandible after 3 months of splint wear. Pretreatment and posttreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs and mounted diagnostic casts were completed to assess tooth impaction. Periodontal ligament (PDL) thickening and mobility of molars and premolars were evaluated before splint placement and after splint removal. There was no statistically significant difference in the bone density levels of the animals with splints compared with the controls. Minimal dentoalveolar changes were observed.
Medium- and long-term outcome of laparoscopic redo fundoplication

For a small subset of patients, laparoscopic fundoplication fails, typically resulting in recurrent reflux or severe dysphagia. Although redo fundoplications can be performed laparoscopically, few studies have examined their long-term efficacy. Using a prospectively maintained database, the authors identified and contacted 41 patients who had undergone redo laparoscopic fundoplications at the University of Washington between 1996 and 2001. The median follow-up period was 50 months (range, 20–95 months). Current symptoms were compared with those acquired and entered into the authors’ database preoperatively. Patients also were asked to return for esophageal manometry and pH testing. All redo fundoplications were performed laparoscopically. There were no conversions. The most common indication for redo fundoplication was recurrent reflux. The most common anatomic abnormality was a herniated wrap. Heartburn improved in 61%, regurgitation in 69%, and dysphagia in 74% of the patients. Complete resolution of these symptoms was achieved, respectively, in 45%, 41% and 38% of these same patients. Overall, 68% of the patients rated the success of the procedure as either “excellent” or “good,” and 78% said they were happy they chose to have it. For those who underwent reoperation for gastroesophageal reflux disease, distal esophageal acid exposure according to 24-h pH monitoring decreased after redo fundoplication from 15.7% ± 18.1% to 3.4% ± 3.6% (p = 0.041). Although not as successful as primary fundoplication, a majority of patients can expect durable improvement in their symptoms with a laparoscopic redo fundoplication.
Direct limits and fixed point sets

Abstract For which groups G is it true that whenever one forms a direct limit of left G-sets, lim → i ∈ I X i , the set of its fixed points, ( lim → I X i ) G , can be obtained as the direct limit lim → I ( X i G ) of the fixed point sets of the given G-sets? An easy argument shows that this is the case if and only if G is finitely generated. If we replace “group G” by “monoid M,” the answer is the less familiar condition that the improper left congruence on M be finitely generated; equivalently, that M be finitely generated under multiplication and “right division.” Replacing our group or monoid with a small category E, the concept of a set on which G or M acts with that of a functor E → Set , and the fixed point set of an action with the limit of a functor, a criterion of a similar nature is proved. Specialized criteria are obtained in the cases where E has only finitely many objects and where E is a (generally infinite) partially ordered set. If one allows the codomain category Set to be replaced with other categories, and/or allows direct limits to be replaced with other classes of colimits, one enters a vast area open to further investigation.
Hypervirial theorems and symmetry

It is pointed out that to ensure that an optimal variational wave function Ψ having a certain symmetry satisfies the hypervirial theorem forW, it is sufficient thatiSWΨ, whereS is the projector onto the symmetry type in question, be a possible variation of Ψ. Application is made to the tensor hypervirial theorem for atoms.
Rational design and application of idiotope vaccines.

Current emphasis on risk factors associated with established vaccines and pressing needs for vaccines against certain viral transmitted diseases have stimulated the search for new conceptual and practical approaches to vaccine production. Among these developments, the idiotope vaccine method has produced promising results.In this review the basic and conceptual principles for idiotype vaccine design are discussed. A novel approach for identifying idiotopic structures in the three dimensional structure of internal idiotope antigens is developed. The method is based on the relationship of the immune response with the evolutionary variation and diversity of the immunoglobulin family. Idiotopic structures are found in specialized topographic regions on the surface of the immunoglobulin molecule. The knowledge of these idiotope domains will facilitate the synthesis of idiotope expressing peptides and the computer modeling of the three dimensional structure of internal idiotope antigens.Finally, the existing ev...
A computer model of family building based on expected values

A computerized probability model of family building is described. Called FERMOD, the model is designed to follow the changing distribution of children ever born and birth intervals of a large homogeneous population as it moves through the reproductive period. Use of the model presupposes assumptions about such factors as risks of fetal wastage, lengths of pregnancy, and postdelivery amenorrhea conditional to outcome of pregnancy, length of reproductive period, fecundability, desired family size, preferred birth spacing!, and effectiveness of contraception. Use of FERMOD is illustrated in a limited application to United States fertility. Relations to other models are briefly discussed.
Striatal dopamine and the interface between orienting and ingestive functions

Recent lesion experiments have implicated forebrain catecholaminergic projections in a unique switching mechanism that enables sensory orientation to occur during ongoing feeding behavior. Unit recording studies indicate that there is a population of neurons in the striatum that respond to tactile stimulation only while an animal is eating. These sensory-related cells may serve as part of a system that diverts attention away from ingestive behavior. In the present study, 6-hydroxydopamine was infused directly into the striatum in rats to eliminate the dopaminergic input specifically to this region. The animals were tested for their reactions to tactile stimulation of the vibrissae during or in the absence of eating. During noneating trials, orienting was rapid and reliable to stimuli presented on either side of the body midline. While eating, contralateral orienting never occurred, even when the stimulation was intense, whereas ipsilateral orienting was unaffected. It was suggested that the capacity to disengage from ingestive behavior may depend importantly on the integrity of dopaminergic input to the striatum.
CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PHOSPHOLIPASE D FROM RAT BRAIN

Abstract The regulation of phospholipase D cloned from rat brain (rPLD) was examined in vivo andin vitro. The enzyme was a shorter splice variant of human phospholipase D 1 (Hammond, S. M., Altshuller, Y. M., Sung, T.-C., Rudge, S. M., Rose, K., Engebrecht, J. A., Morris, A. J., and Frohman, M. A. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 29640–29643). Its expression in COS-7 cells led to increased phospholipase D (PLD) activity that was further stimulated by constitutively active V14RhoA. V14RhoA had no effect on the endogenous PLD of the COS-7 cells, but constitutively active L71ARF3 increased its activity. In contrast, L71ARF3 did not activate rPLD expressed in the cells. Addition of phorbol ester markedly increased the endogenous PLD activity of COS-7 cells, and there was a further increase in the cells expressing rPLD. In membranes from COS-7 cells expressing rPLD, addition of myristoylated ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) and RhoA in vitro stimulated PLD activity. The effect of ARF was greater than that of RhoA, although the concentrations for half-maximal stimulation (0.08–0.2 μm) were similar. Membranes isolated from cells expressing rPLD plus L71ARF3 and/or V14RhoA also showed higher PLD activity but no synergism between the two G proteins. Addition of phorbol ester and protein kinase C α (PKCα) also stimulated PLD activity in membranes from COS-7 cells expressing rPLD, but it had no effect on the activity in control (vector) membranes and did not enhance the effects of constitutively active ARF or Rho. The stimulation by PKCα did not require ATP and was not increased by addition of this nucleotide. No synergism between ARF and Rho and between these and PKCα on PLD activity was observed when these were added to membranes from cells expressing rPLD. Oleate inhibited the PLD activity of membranes from both control and rPLD-expressing cells. In summary, these results indicate that in vitro, rPLD is stimulated by ARF, RhoA, and PKCα and inhibited by oleate. However, in intact COS-7 cells, ARF activates endogenous PLD but not rPLD, whereas the reverse is true for RhoA. In addition, the effects of phorbol ester are much greater in the intact cells. It is concluded that the regulation of rPLD in intact COS-7 cells differs significantly from that seen in vitro; possible reasons for this are discussed.