cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing methods for weighting decision criteria

Abstract Several metbods have been proposed to weight decision criteria. In this field study a decision group, like that used by public agencies, was formed to establish project priorities. The decision group used a variety of criteria weighting methods to study how these methods influence the magnitude of the weights assigned by members of the decision group. Direct criteria weighting methods (scaling, rank-weight, point assignment and odds procedures) and an indirect approach (weights derived from hypothetical projects) were considered. The study compared the methods in terms of the magnitude of the weights assigned, the variance in weights among members of the decision group, and the similarity of the decisions based on weights assigned by each method. The time to apply each method and the preferences of the decision makers were also determined. The linear rating scale that defined the meaning of scale increments, called an ‘anchored ratin scale’, was found to be favorably received and efficient and led to the most defensible decisions.
Rethinking the Teaching Portfolio in a Learning-Outcomes Climate

The teaching portfolio (Seldin, 2004) has gained increasing acceptance beyond the United States as a means of documenting college teaching performance. For examples, see Tenhula (1993; Finland), the Centre for Excellence in Learning and Teaching (2002; Ireland), and Cosser (2002; South Africa). Hutchings and Schulman (1999) added "learning" to the phrase "teaching portfolio" to emphasize the outcomes of teaching in addition to the traditional display of an educator's achievements covered by Boyer's (1990) concepts in the scholarship of teaching. In the United States, the importance of learning outcomes to higher education was brought to the attention of the public through the Spellings Report (U.S. Department of Education, 2006). As a faculty member returning to the classroom after more than two decades of service as an academic administrator, I am well aware of how extensive the accountability shift from a focus on teaching to a focus on learning has been, without needing to read the Spellings Report. …
Sensitivity versus target backings for elemental analysis by alpha excited X-ray emission

Abstract The sensitivity of elemental analysis by charged-particle induced X-ray fluorescence is examined by measuring characteristic X-ray cross sections for K α , K β , L α , L β , L γ , and M transitions for many elements and bremsstrahlung backgrounds from thin mylar, kapton, and teflon films between 0.7 and 8 mg/cm 2 thickness. Sensitivities are given as a function of target atomic number, backing thickness, incident beam charge, energy and flux, and detector configuration. An evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of charged-particle induced X-ray emission for elemental analysis is included.
Stable Sensors with Tunable Sensitivities Based on Class II Xerogels

We report on the analytical figures of merit for O2-responsive sensor arrays and films formed by sequestering tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) within class II organically modified silicates that are composed of tetramethoxysilane or tetraethoxysilane and monoalkylsiloxanes of the form (CnH2n+1)-Si-(OR)3 (n = 1−12, R = Me or Et). These sensors exhibit a reasonably linear response to gaseous and dissolved O2 (r2 > 0.99), and the sensor responses are stable for over 2 years. Sensor sensitivity can be tuned continuously by adjusting n. For gas-phase O2 detection, changes in the sensor sensitivity depend primarily on the O2 diffusion coefficient within the xerogel phase. The O2 solubility coefficient within the xerogel phase is also a factor but to a lesser degree. For dissolved O2 detection, changes in the sensor sensitivity depend on the O2 diffusion coefficient and the O2 solubility coefficient within the xerogel phase. A linear correlation also exists between the sensor sensitivity and t...
Developing Systems Engineering Ontologies

Systems engineering ontologies are required to assist interested parties in understanding the systems engineering discipline's broad and multi-faceted nature. This paper discusses the need for and general benefits of an ontology. The authors discuss the use of the domain knowledge acquisition process ontology modeling technique and its application to capture a systems engineering functional domain ontology. A preliminary systems engineering functional domain ontology generated using the ontology development methodology is presented. This systems engineering ontology will continue to be refined over time. This paper discusses plans to develop a system of systems engineering ontology using the developed systems engineering ontology.
Ocean dumping of seafood wastes in the United States

Abstract In the United States fish wastes can be ocean dumped without an Ocean Dumping Permit if the wastes contain no additives (flocculating or preserving agents, etc.). Fish wastes are currently ocean dumped off American Samoa, Louisiana and Puerto Rico. Fish wastes are characteristically high in proteins, fats, dissolved and suspended organic materials. Water quality parameters affected by these wastes are biochemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, oil and grease, pH, and turbidity. Other key factors include organic and nutrient enrichment, the attractant of undesirable predator species (i.e. sharks) and the natural oxygen regeneration processes.
Leaching-bed reactor for producing stabilised plant growing media from dairy manure

Recovering dairy manure fibre for use as a higher value plant growing media offers an economically attractive manure management alternative. Market realisation can occur only if physical properties are altered to be more in line with the peat moss industry standard as, and pathogens along with indices for pathogen growth, such as nutrients and readily biodegradable volatile solids, are removed. However, available technologies for reducing pathogen counts, such as composting, require considerable reaction time and energy inputs. In this study a two-step leaching-bed system was developed to process raw fibrous dairy solids to produce a fibre product with higher quality that could readily be used as plant growing media. The effects of leaching temperature and flow rate were studied at 100 litre reactor scale. The leaching process was also optimised to reduce water usage and improve process efficiency. The optimal operating conditions obtained include (1) a leaching temperature of 50 °C at a leaching rate of 4 l h −1 per kg dry solids using a 50/50 ratio of recycled and fresh water; (2) first step washing time of 1 h with recycled water, and second step washing time of 3 h with fresh water. Under the optimal conditions, indicator coliform bacteria were reduced by 1.6 log units, and the physical properties of the fibre product were positively altered to be similar to those of peat moss. Subsequent growth trials demonstrated the potential of this process and the performance of the developed product for use as a plant-growing medium.
Recent advances in photodynamic therapy

Clinical results of photodynamic therapy continue to show promise for the treatment of various solid malignancies. This paper briefly summarizes the advantages/disadvantages of various so-called ‘second-generation’ photosensitizers and other medical applications of porphyrin-based analogs.
Optical Pulse Polarization of the Crab Pulsar

The strong optical emission of the Crab pulsar allows us to study the polarization properties in detail. Optical pulsed emission can best be understood as synchrotron radiation of relativistic electron-positron pairs in the outer magnetosphere. We calculate the polarization properties of the optical pulses based on the outer gap model, which has explained much of the observed properties of this pulsar. We find that the calculated polarization profiles exhibit the same qualitative behaviors as the observations for a large range in parameter space. It seems that the optical polarizations do not constrain strongly on the Crab pulsar{close_quote}s emission geometry. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Astronomical Society.}
JONES POLYNOMIAL AS A POTTS MODEL PARTITION FUNCTION

It is shown that the Jones polynomial occurring in the theory of links as a knot invariant is expressible directly as the partition function of a vertex model and a q2-state Potts model. This formulation of the Jones polynomial, which makes use of the solution of the Yang-Baxter equation of a q-state vertex model considered previously by Perk and Wu, does not require the use of the writhe of the link as needed in previous statistical mechanical considerations.
Total duodenectomy: Effect on canine gastrointestinal motility☆

Motor activity of the upper gastrointestinal tract undergoes a cyclic pattern during fasting called the migrating motor complex (MMC). The role of the duodenum in controlling this cyclic activity was studied in the dog. Five dogs served as controls. In four other dogs, the entire duodenum and the proximal 20 cm of jejunum were resected. The ostia of the bile duct and pancreatic duct were preserved as "mucosal buttons" and reimplanted in situ into the jejunum after gastrojejunostomy. All dogs had manometry catheters placed into the stomach and serosal electrodes implanted onto the small intestine to monitor gastrointestinal motility. All control dogs showed the characteristic MMC in the stomach and small intestine, the period being 112 +/- 16 min (mean +/- SEM). After total duodenectomy, an irregular, noncyclic pattern of contractions occurred in the stomach in two of the four dogs during fasting. The other two dogs had a cyclic pattern of gastric motility; however, the overall characteristics of these cyclic patterns of gastric motility differed from that of controls. A variable proportion of the phases of cyclic gastric activity did not fit the criterion for temporal coordination with the jejunum as defined from study of control dogs. In contrast, jejunal motility in all four dogs after total duodenectomy continued to exhibit the characteristic MMC, but the period of the cycle (58 +/- 7 min) was shorter than in controls (P less than 0.05). "Ectopic" jejunal activity fronts with no preceding gastric contractions were frequent. After total duodenectomy, plasma concentration of motilin remained lower than normal and showed no cyclic variation with the jejunal MMC. After total duodenectomy, feeding interrupted the fasting motor pattern of the stomach as in controls, but did not disrupt the MMC in the jejunum. We concluded that the duodenum has an important role in initiating cyclic gastric motor activity and in coordinating motor activity between the stomach and the small intestine.
Irreversible Electroporation: a Novel Option for Treatment of Hepatic Metastases

Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has shown promise for ablation of lesions in proximity to vital structures in the preclinical and now clinical setting. Studies of patients undergoing IRE for treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer to the liver were reviewed for patient and tumor characteristics, treatment-related complications, and local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) for ablated lesions. LRFS was calculated according to the Kaplan–Meier method, with secondary analyses stratified by procedural approach (laparotomy, laparoscopy, percutaneous) and tumor histological characteristics. Initial IRE success has been achieved in 95 % of treatments. The LRFS rates at 3, 6, and 12 months were 97.4 %, 94.6 %, and 59.5 %. There was a trend toward higher recurrence rates for tumors larger than 4 cm (hazard ratio 3.236, 95 % confidence interval 0.585-17.891; p = 0.178). IRE is a safe and effective treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer to the liver near vital structures. Continued evaluation is needed to determine optimal probe design and techniques.
Mode splitting in side emission from vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

We present side-emission (luminescence) data from vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers which show cavity-induced effects on the emission spectrum. In particular, the heavy-hole luminescence spectrum contains two peaks when pumped in such a way as to excite electron-hole pairs well inside the cavity region, where coupling to free-space modes is minimized, and only one peak when pumped near the edge of the cavity (near a cleaved facet), where coupling to free-space modes is maximized. This splitting can be distinguished as a cavity-induced effect with little ambiguity from other factors present in semiconductor quantum-well radiation, such as the light- and heavy-hole splitting. A fit to the data using Lorentzian line shapes gives a vacuum-field Rabi splitting of roughly 34 meV, which is consistent with theoretical calculations and with other reports on this phenomenon. We therefore conclude that the two peaks in the spectrum are due to Rabi oscillation in the cavity, and that they represent an actual change in the energy configuration of the quantum well. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Remarks on calculation of positron flux from galactic dark matter

Energetic positrons produced in annihilation or decay of dark matter particles in the Milky Way can serve as an important indirect signature of dark matter. Computing the positron flux expected in a given dark matter model involves solving transport equations, which account for interaction of positrons with matter and galactic magnetic fields. Existing calculations solve the equations inside the diffusion zone, where galactic magnetic fields confine positrons, and assume vanishing positron density on the boundaries of this zone. However, in many models, a substantial fraction of the dark matter halo lies outside the diffusion zone. Positrons produced there can then enter the diffusion zone and get trapped, potentially reaching the Earth and increasing the expected flux. We calculate this enhancement for a variety of models. We also evaluate the expected enhancement of the flux of energetic photons produced by the inverse Compton scattering of the extra positrons on starlight and cosmic microwave background. We find maximal flux enhancements of order 20% in both cases.
Brain network disturbance related to posttraumatic stress and traumatic brain injury in veterans.

Abstract Background Understanding the neural causes and consequences of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a high research priority, given the high rates of associated disability and suicide. Despite remarkable progress in elucidating the brain mechanisms of PTSD and mTBI, a comprehensive understanding of these conditions at the level of brain networks has yet to be achieved. The present study sought to identify functional brain networks and topological properties (measures of network organization and function) related to current PTSD severity and mTBI. Methods Graph theoretic tools were used to analyze resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 208 veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation New Dawn, all of whom had experienced a traumatic event qualifying for PTSD criterion A. Analyses identified brain networks and topological network properties linked to current PTSD symptom severity, mTBI, and the interaction between PTSD and mTBI. Results Two brain networks were identified in which weaker connectivity was linked to higher PTSD re-experiencing symptoms, one of which was present only in veterans with comorbid mTBI. Re-experiencing was also linked to worse functional segregation (necessary for specialized processing) and diminished influence of key regions on the network, including the hippocampus. Conclusions Findings of this study demonstrate that PTSD re-experiencing symptoms are linked to weakened connectivity in a network involved in providing contextual information. A similar relationship was found in a separate network typically engaged in the gating of working memory, but only in veterans with mTBI.
The Role of Evolution in Ethnocentric Conflict and Its Management

Although ethnocentric conflict is perhaps the most intractable political problem of our times, we understand it very incompletely. A useful explanation must be evolutionarily informed, but it must go beyond inclusive fitness theory, the heart of sociobiology. Culturally evolved predispositions for human sociality and social identity are also critical for explaining the intransigence of ethnocentric conflicts, and they could have evolved independently of, and even at odds with, biological evolution. Sociobiological theory produces either resignation or inefficacious action proposals to manage ethnic conflicts, and it ignores the peacemaking relevance of culturally evolved predispositions, which can help ethnic groups to manage conflict in constructive ways.
Magnetic boundaries of the outer planets: A review

The static and dynamic characteristics of the magnetopauses of the outer planets, as well as their estimated large scale shapes, are reviewed and compared to each other and to those of the earth. Various unique features will be stressed. For example, because of the severe asymmetric nature of the main magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune (due to significantly displaced and tilted magnetic dipole sources), their magnetospheres are (rapidly) rotating obstacles to solar wind flow, and their magnetopauses respond to that large, rapid variation. Waves or wavelike features on Uranus' boundary, and evidence for boundary layer plasmas at all of the outer planets, is reviewed. Unexpectedly, Voyager 2 encountered a magnetospheric cusp as it entered Neptune's magnetosphere. Observations of that region will be discussed, especially with regard to its structure and the apparent boundary layer plasmas around that complex boundary. Waves on the magnetopause of Saturn with periods of 5 to 30 min have been observed (as at earth). Comparisons of the estimated thicknesses of the observed magnetopauses will be made, including that of earth.
Physics education research as a guide for improving the teaching and learning of physics: an example from optics

The Physics Education Group at the University of Washington has been investigating student understanding of geometrical and physical optics. The results of this research have guided the design of two curricula. Examples will be given of serious student difficulties and how they are addressed through these research-based curricula.
Solution Scattering and FRET Studies on Nucleosomes Reveal DNA Unwrapping Effects of H3 and H4 Tail Removal

Using a combination of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements we have determined the role of the H3 and H4 histone tails, independently, in stabilizing the nucleosome DNA terminal ends from unwrapping from the nucleosome core. We have performed solution scattering experiments on recombinant wild-type, H3 and H4 tail-removed mutants and fit all scattering data with predictions from PDB models and compared these experiments to complementary DNA-end FRET experiments. Based on these combined SAXS and FRET studies, we find that while all nucleosomes exhibited DNA unwrapping, the extent of this unwrapping is increased for nucleosomes with the H3 tails removed but, surprisingly, decreased in nucleosomes with the H4 tails removed. Studies of salt concentration effects show a minimum amount of DNA unwrapping for all complexes around 50-100mM of monovalent ions. These data exhibit opposite roles for the positively-charged nucleosome tails, with the ability to decrease access (in the case of the H3 histone) or increase access (in the case of the H4 histone) to the DNA surrounding the nucleosome. In the range of salt concentrations studied (0-200mM KCl), the data point to the H4 tail-removed mutant at physiological (50-100mM) monovalent salt concentration as the mononucleosome with the least amount of DNA unwrapping.
Arizona Ground-Water Reform: Innovations in State Water Policya

The development of Arizona ground-water policy has been evolutionary. Courts and the State legislature have responded to particular problems, but until recently have stopped short of a comprehensive framework for such policy. This paper identifies and describes the major political forces of change responsible for reform of ground-water law in Arizona. Historical developments surrounding the development of such policy are examined to interpret these forces of change. A detailed historical account of the development of Arizona ground-water policy provides a useful perspective from whichto examine the principal forces of change driving the reform of this portion of State water policy. Arizona ground-water policy has evolved from a previous policy of nonmanagement to “after the fact” management currently embodied in the 1980 Groundwater Management Act. Changing social attitudes and political challenges have continued to alter the institutional framework of the water policy-making process ultimately shifting the arena from the judicial to the legislature. After nearly half a century of political conflict, judicial decision and legislative response, Arizona enacted a comprehensive ground-water code. Political forces characterized by repeated Federal threat affecting a major reclamation project and special interest group pressures resulting from a 1976 judicial decision combined with the physical realities of ground-water exploitation to force reform in the State ground-water policy. Due to high decision costs, such reform was achieved through structural decisions delegating the more difficult allocative decisions to special interests directly affected by the ultimate policy. In turn and out of political necessity, a far-reaching, progressive legislative proposal for ground-water policy became the product of a delicately negotiated compromise among competing water interests achieved through the process of agreement. After the major decision costs had been incurred through such negotiations, the reform initiative was then ratified by the State legislature as the 1980 Arizona Groundwater Management Act, absent the tremendous political costs otherwise inevitable to the legislative process.
Antibodies to OspB prevent infection of C3H mice challenged with Borrelia burgdorferi isolates expressing truncated OspB antigens.

Abstract Truncation of outer surface protein B (OspB) of the Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi , may allow the organism to excape immunological destruction and render an OspB-based vaccine ineffective. To investigate this possibility, we have identified two isolates, 297 and CA4, which predominantly express a truncated form of the OspB antigen. In each case, nucleic acid sequencing revealed that truncation of the OspB antigen resulted from a nonsense mutation within the 3′ end of the ospB gene. Growth inhibition and protection studies demonstrated that both isolates were neutralized by an anti-OspB serum. Our results indicate that truncated forms of the OspB antigen possess epitopes that may represent important targets for neutralizing antibodies and thus, support the inclusion of OspB as a component of a subunit vaccine.
Bacterial infections in hemodialysis patients: Pathogenesis and prevention

eradicating the infection with medical therapy alone. Given his history of multiple thrombosed AVGs, and that the implanted catheter might have been his last option for satisfactory dialysis access, the decision was made not to remove the catheter and for him to receive an 8-week course of dual antibiotic therapy. The patient then did well until 13 months later, when erosion of the skin over the arterial port of the LifeSite ® catheter required surgical relocation of the port and skin closure. Seventeen months later, he presented with fever and abdominal pain one day following a dialysis session. Blood cultures from a peripheral vein and from the dialysis catheter grew coagulase-negative staphylococcus species. An abdominal CT scan revealed pneumatosis and air tracking in the superior mesenteric and splenic veins consistent with ischemic bowel disease. Broadspectrum antibiotics were initiated and he was given intravenous fluids prior to undergoing an emergent exploratory surgery. Laparotomy revealed a gangrenous small bowel from the ligament of Treitz to the ileo-cecal valve. Intraoperative Doppler studies revealed no pulse in the arcade of the mesentery of the small intestine. Because of these findings and the overall poor prognosis, no intestinal resection was attempted, and the abdominal surgical wound was closed. As expected, the patient continued to deteriorate clinically and died due to this devastating complication and overwhelming staphylococcal sepsis. No autopsy was performed.
HIGHER RANDOM-PHASE APPROXIMATIONS IN THE MANY-BODY PROBLEM

The usual random-phase approximation combined with an equations-of- motion technique for the many-electron problem is extended, yielding many of the kown results of series summation methods in a straight-forward manner. The method should apply to other types of many-body problems as well. (auth)
A Prolegomena to Critical Historiography

Abstract Over the last decades we have witnessed the increased intellectualization of architecture. What was first a largely autodidactic interest in Heidegger, Bachelard, and Joyce, is now the topic of textbooks, anthologies, seminar papers, with the committed student having to be familiar with the likes of Merleau-Ponty, Foucault, Barthes, Jameson, Gramsci, Derrida, Lacan, and now Deleuze. Though the architectural “take” on these philosophers is often inconsistent and spurious, the enterprise as a whole has to be understood within a system that is now almost a century old. Whether it was Le Corbusler's readings of Friedrich Nietzsche or Eric Mendelsohn's of Martin Buber, architects often turned to other disciplines, including psychology, Gestalt psychology in particular, to help position themselves within the intellectual determinants of modernity. The “history of theory” is thus more than just a specialized problem of the avant-garde. It is equivalent with the history of modernity. And yet, despite the...
Adherence to pharmacological interventions: Current trends and future directions

The complexity of adherence to pharmacological interventions is frequently underestimated. Consequently, little research has been done to understand, improve, or evaluate the effects of adherence to drug protocols. While efforts to better measure and increase adherence require dedicated resources, improved adherence in existing clinical research can potentially cut costs in trial size and length. This paper outlines strategies to facilitate research on adherence to pharmacological interventions including: reporting of adherence data, changing how we conceptualize adherence to pharmaceuticals, understanding issues unique to older adults' pill-taking behavior, and creating standardized methodologies to measure adherence. Further, we describe some promising research areas that may lead to effective interventions: adherence "typologies" and modality matching. Control Clin Trials 2000;21:218S-225S
Inhibition of central GABAA receptors enhances hepatic glucose production and peripheral glucose uptake

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of bicuculline methiodide (BMI), a gamma-amkrobutyric acid receptor antagonist, increases plasma glucose concentrations. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the hyperglycemic response was due to an increased rate of hepatic glucose production (HGP) or a change in the rate of glucose utilization. In vivo glucose flux was assessed in catheterized, conscious overnight fasted rats using [3- 3 H]glucose. ICV injection of BMI (10 nmol) increased glucose levels 60% after 30 min. This hyperglycemia resulted from a rapid increase in HGP that exceeded an increased rate of glucose utilization. No alteration in the glucose metabolic clearance rate, an index of the avidity of the body's tissues for glucose, was detected in BMI-Injected rats. BMI enhanced both hepatic gluconeogermals and glycogenolysis, since the reduction in War glycogen (19 μmol/g liver) could not totally account for all of the increased HGP. These metabolic alterations were associated with sustained increases in circulating concentrations of corticosterone, giucagon and catecholamines. Prior adrenalectomy completely abolished the BMI-induced increase in glucose flux and the reduction in tissue glycogen, despite the persistent hyperglucagonemia. These data indicate that, in the fasted condition, the hyperglycemia produced by central administration of BMI results from an increased rate of HGP (both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis) and not a reduction in the ability of tissues to use glucose. The concomitant elevation in glucose disposal was the result of an increased mass action effect. The enhanced glucose metabolic response to BMI appears mediated exclusively by an increased secretion of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla.
An experimental test of diaschisis.

The diaschisis theory of recovery of function was directly tested for the first time. Using the dentate gyrus in adult rats as the model system, extracellular field potentials elicited by commissural stimulation were monitored in both acute and chronic animal preparations before and from 0.5 hr to 11 days following the lesion. The lesion resulted in the loss of the commissurally elicited long-latency potential but did not disrupt the short-latency monosynaptic potential. No changes in latency, amplitude, form, or stimulus threshold in the monosynaptic potential could be detected.
Aspects of Silicification in Wall Morphogenesis of Diatoms

The siliceous cell wall of diatoms is formed in a silica deposition vesicle that is delimited by a membrane, the silicalemma. Once the siliceous wall matures, it is expelled and a new plasmalemma is formed underneath. Underlying wall formation is a multitude of events and processes, some of which are now known. A comparative study on wall morphogenesis in seven centric diatoms leads to the following conclusions: (1) the silica deposition vesicle is formed by the coalescence of small vesicles; (2) the silicalemma becomes part of the organic casing of the mature siliceous wall; (3) at least four morphological forms of deposited silica can be seen during the development of wall components; (4) microtubules, serving as cytoskeletons, are associated with the formation of certain wall components initiated from a cytoplasmic protrusion. These events are discussed in detail.
A large landslide on the urban fringe of metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona

A granitic rock avalanche, one of the largest Quaternary landslides in Arizona outside the Grand Canyon with a volume of approximately 5.25 M m3 and a width a little under 0.5 km, ran ∼1 km from the eastern McDowell Mountains. With lateral levees and pressure ridges, the rock avalanche deposit displays many features found on classic sturzstroms. Failure occurred along a major joint plane paralleling the slope with a dip of 44°, when a major base level lowering event in the Salt River system would have undermined the base of the failed slope, and probably during a period of more moisture than normally available in the present-day arid climate. Failure at the subsurface weathering front highlights the importance of the dramatic permeability change between grussified regolith and relatively fresh bedrock. Rock varnish microlaminations (VMLs) dating, in concert with other geomorphic evidence, suggests that the rock avalanche deposit is slightly older than ∼500 ka. The rock vanish results also have important implications for sampling strategies designed to use cosmogenic nuclide to date Quaternary landslide deposits. Discovery of a large landslide in close proximity to the extending urban fringe of metropolitan Phoenix argues for a more careful analysis of landslide hazards in the region, especially where rapid development excavates bedrock at the base of steep mountain slopes and where the subsurface weathering front is near the surface.
High-energy x-ray response of photographic films: models and measurement

A detailed characterization has been established for the new, high-sensitivity double-emulsion Kodak Direct Exposure Film (DEF). The experimental data base consisted of density-versus-exposure measurements that were duplicated at several laboratories for x radiations in the 1000–10,000-eV region. The absorption and geometric properties of the film were determined, which, along with the density-exposure data, permitted the application of a relatively simple analytical model description for the optical density, D, as a function of the intensity, I (photons/μm2), the photon energy, E (eV), and the angle of incidence, θ, of the exposing radiation. A detailed table is presented for the I values corresponding to optical densities in the 0.2–2.0 range and to photon energies, E (eV), in the 1000–10,000-eV region. Experimentally derived conversion relations have been obtained that allow the density values to be expressed as either diffuse or specular. Also presented here is a similar characterization of the complementary, single-emulsion x-ray film, Kodak SB-5 (or 392). For the 1000–10,000-eV region this x-ray film is appreciably less sensitive but has higher resolution.
Transport Behavior and Thermal Conductivity Reduction in the Composite System PbTe-Pb-Sb

We report the synthesis of nanostructured composite PbTe with excess Pb and Sb metal inclusions. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy reveal these inclusions in both the nano- and macroscales. The electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient dependence on temperature show unusual trends which depend on the inclusion Pb/Sb ratio. Several ratios showed marked enhancements in power factor at 700 K. The thermal conductivity of these composites is reported.
Bounds on the Benefit of Network Coding: Throughput and Energy Saving in Wireless Networks

In this paper we establish fundamental limitations to the benefit of network coding in terms of energy and throughput in multihop wireless networks. Thereby we adopt two well accepted scenarios in the field: single multicast session and multiple unicast sessions. Most of our results apply to arbitrary wireless network and are, in particular, not asymptotic in kind. In terms of throughput and energy saving we prove that the gain of network coding of a single multicast session is at most a constant factor. Also, we present a lower bound on the expected number of transmissions of multiple unicast sessions under an arbitrary network coding. We identify scenarios for which the network coding gain for energy saving becomes surprisingly close to 1, in some cases even exactly 1, corresponding to no benefit at all. Interestingly, we prove that the gain of network coding in terms of transport capacity is bounded by a constant factor pi in any arbitrary wireless network and for all traditional channel models. This shows that the traditional bounds on the transport capacity [1]-[4] do not change more than constant factor pi if we employ network coding. As a corollary, we find that the gain of network coding on the throughput of large scale homogeneous wireless networks is asymptotically bounded by a constant. Note that our result is more general than the previous work [5] and it is obtained by a different technique. In conclusion, we show that in contrast to wired networks, the network coding gain in wireless networks is constraint by fundamental limitations.
Woman in the Crested Kimono : The Life of Shibue Io and Her Family Drawn from Mori Ogai's Shibue Chusai

"The life of Shibue Io and her family, a kind of Japanese Buddenbrooks, may be unknown in the West, but her rich and engaging story marks the intersection of a remarkable woman with a fascinating time in history."-Arthur Golden, author of Memoirs of a Geisha "It stands clichEs about traditional Japan on their heads. . . .Together with the people she knew, Io lives on in this literary album of old family pictures. It is well worth looking at."-Ian Buruma, New York Times Book Review "A most engaging book. Seeing Shibue Io through the various lenses of her husband, her son, Tamotsu (from whom much information is gleaned), the novelist Ogai, and the biographer McClellan is an interesting, moving, disarming experience."-Donald Richie, Japan Times "McClellan. . . has created a lively world, populated by women of various classes, samurai, doctors, poets, merchants, juvenile delinquents, and old eccentrics. The various incidents in which these people become involved provide a vivid picture of late Tokugawa society. This is a remarkable accomplishment."-Nakai Yoshiyuki, Monumenta Nipponica "An engrossing, informative, and extremely useful book. . . . Woman in the Crested Kimono is not simply the account of one unusual Tokugawa woman. It is an evocation of a family, and through a family the entire samurai class, going from the comparative affluence of the late Tokugawa period through the turmoils of the restoration and beyond."-Susan Napier, Journal of Asian Studies Daughter of a merchant family in nineteenth-century Japan and wife of a distinguished scholar-doctor of the samurai class, Shibue Io was a woman remarkable in her own right for her exceptionally keen mind and fearless spirit. Edwin McClellan now draws on the biography of her husband, written by Mori Ogai, to tell the story of Shibue Io, her society, and her times.
Identifying Statistical Concepts Associated with High and Low Levels of Self-Efficacy to Teach Statistics in Middle Grades.

Previous mathematics and science education research indicates that knowledge and beliefs, including teaching efficacy, affect teachers' actions and effectiveness in a classroom. Our middle grades and high school Self-Efficacy to Teach Statistics (SETS) instruments, aligned with the statistical concepts in national and state guidelines such as the GAISE Pre-K-12 Report and the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CCSSM), were developed for use in teacher education research. This study focuses on the middle grades SETS instrument, which measures pre-service teachers' self-efficacy to teach topics at GAISE levels A and B as well as K–8 CCSSM statistics topics. The items ask teachers to rate their self-efficacy to teach a particular concept on a Likert scale from 1 (“not confident at all”) to 6 (“completely confident”). Data were collected at four public institutions of higher education in the United States. Rasch modeling was used to order the items by difficulty of endorsement to gain knowledge rega...
Tip-of-the-Tongue and Word Retrieval Deficits in Dyslexia

Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) responses on a picture-naming task were used to test the hypothesis that dyslexia involves phonological, but not semantic, processing deficits. Participants included 16 children with dyslexia and 31 control children between 8 and 10 years of age who did not differ in receptive vocabulary. As hypothesized, children with dyslexia demonstrated more TOTs and proportionally more errors in the phonological, but not semantic, step of word retrieval. Longer and low-frequency words also prompted more TOTs. The groups did not differ in phonological errors on a follow-up recognition task. The results provide evidence of text-independent, on-line phonological processing deficits in readers with dyslexia.
Deficits in the initiation of eye movements in the absence of a visual target in adolescents with high functioning autism.

Background: We used ocular motor paradigms to examine whether or not saccades are impaired in individuals with high functioning autism (HFA). Methods: We recorded eye movements in patients with HFA (n=11), and in normal adolescents (n=11) on anti-saccade, memory-guided saccade (MGS), predictive saccade and gap/overlap tasks. Results: Compared with the normal subjects, patients with HFA had (1) a significantly higher percentage of directional errors on the anti-saccade task (63.2% versus 26.6%), (2) a significantly higher percentage of response suppression errors on a MGS task (60.3% versus 29.5%) and (3) a significantly lower percentage of predictive eye movements on a predictive saccade task. They also showed longer latencies on a MGS task and for all conditions tested on a gap/null/overlap task (fixation target extinguished before, simultaneously, or after the new peripheral target appeared). When the latencies during the gap condition were subtracted from the latencies in the overlap condition, there was no difference between patients and normals. Conclusions: Abnormalities in ocular motor function in patients with HFA provide preliminary evidence for involvement of a number of brain regions in HFA including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and the frontal eye fields (FEFs) and possibly the basal ganglia and parietal lobes.
First-Time Violent Juvenile Offenders: Probation, Placement, and Recidivism

Rising costs, inefficient systems, and high recidivism rates have recently challenged the social and economic value of secure confinement for juvenile offenders; however, current empirical evidence isinconclusiveconcerningthe value ofplacingviolent youthoffenders insecure settings to deter them from future involvement in crime. Using propensity score matching and survival analysis, this study examined the risk of recidivism for first-time violent juvenile offenders assigned to one of three judicial dispositions in Los Angeles County: in-home probation, group-home placement, or probation camp (a secure setting). Approximately half (48%) of first-time violent offenders experienced a subsequent arrest, and the risk of reoffending varied by disposition. Compared with in-home probation, the likelihood of recidivism was 2.12 times greater for youths assigned to probation campsand 1.28 times greater for youths assigned to group homes. African American adolescents, Hispanic adolescents, and adolescents with an open child welfare case were also at an increased risk of recidivism. The findings from this study indicate that in-home probation is a more sensible and effective approach to interrupting criminal trajectories of first-time violent offenders as compared with out-of-home placements. Implications for research, system collaboration, and the training of social work professionals are discussed.
Observations on the Urine Metabolic Profile of Codeine in Pain Patients

This retrospective data analysis explored the relationship between codeine and its metabolites morphine, hydrocodone and hydromorphone. The objectives were: (i) to determine urine concentrations and mole fractions of codeine and metabolites and (ii) to examine the effect of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 inhibition on metabolite mole fractions. De-identified urine specimens were collected between September 2010 and July 2011 and analyzed using LC-MS-MS to determine codeine, morphine, hydrocodone and hydromorphone concentrations. Geometric mean urine concentrations were 0.833, 0.085 and 0.055 for morphine, hydrocodone and hydromorphone, respectively. Mole fractions were 0.23, 0.025 and 0.014 for morphine, hydrocodone and hydromorphone, respectively. The fraction of excreted codeine in the urine increased (slope = 0.06 ± .01, R² = 0.02) with total moles. As the total amount of codeine and metabolites increased, the fraction of codeine increased, while the fraction of active metabolites decreased. CYP2D6 inhibition with paroxetine, fluoxetine, bupropion and methadone significantly decreased the fraction of morphine excreted. The prevalence of codeine metabolism to morphine was considerably higher than codeine to hydrocodone. The urine concentration of codeine excreted was the greatest, followed by morphine and hydrocodone. Subjects should be monitored during concomitant use of codeine and CYP2D6 inhibitors as this affects the amount of morphine metabolite formation.
Theory for magnetotelluric observations on the surface of a layered anisotropic half space

The conductivities for the magnetotelluric model described are taken to be constant vertically in each of a large number of horizontal layers. The conductivities and the associated magnetic, electric, and current vector fields are considered to be laterally homogeneous within a vertical cylinder centered about the observation site. The electromagnetic fields are, therefore, only functions of the vertical coordinate. A relatively simple algorithm is presented for calculation of the magnetotelluric complex impedance tensor.
Vectorcardiographic and electrocardiographic differentiation between cor pulmonale and anterior wall myocardial infarction.

Abstract The vectorcardiographic differentiation between anterior wall myocardial infarction (MI) subjects (35 patients selected from detailed autopsy data) and 52 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) was considerably improved by multivariate statistical analysis. Thirty-six scalar items, all measured manually, were analyzed. The combination of only four items, Rx + Rz, 25 msec. z component, QRS duration, and Sx(Sx + Rx), resulted in correct identification of 88 per cent of patients with COLD and 91 per cent of patients with MI. Multivariate analysis of conventional ECG items differentiated between the two groups equally well, somewhat superior for MI with correct identification of 97 per cent of cases for combination of four items, and somewhat inferior for COLD with correct identification of 81 per cent of instances with a combination of two items (RV 6 + SV 1 , plus QRS interval).
No Fixed Nucleotide Difference Between Africans and Non-Africans at the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase E1 α-Subunit Locus

THE genetic diversity within and between human populations has been a topic of intense research for the past three decades because of its relevance to human genetics and evolution ([Cavalli-Sforza 1969][1]; [Nei and Roychoudhury 1972][2]). Of particular interest is the degree of genetic
Quantifying Drug-Induced Nanomechanics and Mechanical Effects to Single Cardiomyocytes for Optimal Drug Administration To Minimize Cardiotoxicity

Contrary to the well-studied dynamics and mechanics at organ and tissue levels, there is still a lack of good understanding for single cell dynamics and mechanics. Single cell dynamics and mechanics may act as an interface to provide unique information reflecting activities at the organ and tissue levels. This research was aimed at quantifying doxorubicin- and dexrazoxane-induced nanomechanics and mechanical effects to single cardiomyocytes, to reveal the therapeutic effectiveness of drugs at the single cell level and to optimize drug administration for reducing cardiotoxicity. This work employed a nanoinstrumentation platform, including a digital holographic microscope combined with an atomic force microscope, which can characterize cell stiffness and beating dynamics in response to drug exposures in real time and obtain time-dose-dependent effects of cardiotoxicity and protection. Through this research, an acute increase and a delayed decrease of surface beating force induced by doxorubicin was characte...