cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
25 – Imperfect Competition

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on imperfect competition. Product differentiation occurs when a firm creates a real or perceived difference between its product and those of its competitors. Once this difference is established, the firm can exercise limited monopoly power—it is the sole producer of the different good. Price discrimination occurs when similar or identical goods are sold to different buyers at different prices. Selling for different prices instead of one market-clearing price allows a firm to increase total revenues without necessarily increasing costs. This causes rise in profits. Price discrimination is common in many markets, but it also has limits. Discriminating firms should be able to divide the market into groups of buyers with different demand characteristics and then prevent resale of the item between groups. A cartel is an organization of producers designed to limit competition and exercise monopoly power over a market. Cartels can be profitable but are not normally stable because of the individual gains to be had from cheating and exceeding the production specified by the cartel.
Surface Passivation and Positive Band-Edge Shift of p-Si(111) Surfaces Functionalized with Mixed Methyl/Trifluoromethylphenylacetylene Overlayers

Chemical functionalization of semiconductor surfaces can provide high-efficiency photoelectrochemical devices through molecular-level control of the energetics, surface dipole, surface electronic d...
Voxelwise and Patientwise Correlation of 18F-FDOPA PET, Relative Cerebral Blood Volume, and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient in Treatment-Naïve Diffuse Gliomas with Different Molecular Subtypes.

Purpose: To identify correlations of gliomas between 18F-fluorodihydroxyphenylalanine (FDOPA) uptake and physiological magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) with different molecular subtypes, and to evaluate their prognostic values. Methods: Sixty-eight treatment-naive glioma patients who underwent FDOPA positron emission tomography (PET) and physiological MRI were retrospectively selected (isocitrate dehydrogenase wild-type [IDHwt], 36; mutant 1p/19q non-codeleted [IDHm-non-codel], 16; mutant codeleted [IDHm-codel], 16). Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintense areas were segmented and used as regions-of-interest. For voxel-wise and patient-wise analyses, Pearson’s correlation coefficients (rvoxel-wise and rpatient-wise) between the normalized standardized uptake value (nSUV), rCBV, and ADC were evaluated. Cox regression analysis was performed to investigate the associations between the overall survival (OS) and rvoxel-wise, max/median nSUV, median CBV, or median ADC. Results: For IDHwt and IDHm-non-codel gliomas, nSUV demonstrated significant positive correlations with rCBV (rvoxel-wise = 0.25 and 0.31, and rpatient-wise = 0.50 and 0.70, respectively), and negative correlations with ADC (rvoxel-wise = −0.19 and −0.19, and rpatient-wise = −0.58 and −0.61, respectively) in both voxel-wise and patient-wise analyses. IDHm-codel gliomas only demonstrated a significant positive correlation between nSUV and ADC in voxel-wise analysis (rvoxel-wise = 0.18). In Cox regression analysis, only rvoxel-wise between nSUV and rCBV (hazard ratio [HR] = 28.82) or ADC (HR = 0.085) had significant associations with OS for IDHwt gliomas. Conclusion: IDHm-codel gliomas showed distinctive patterns of correlations between amino acid PET and physiological MRI. Stronger correlations of nSUV and rCBV or ADC may result in worse prognosis for IDHwt gliomas.
Using life tables for retirement planning

This study examines two methods for determining retirement accumulations. The first method assumes that the client will live to a very old age. This method may be appropriate for clients who are highly risk averse and/or want to self-insure the risk of outliving their savings. The second method employs life expectancy tables to weight retirement cash flows by survival probabilities. The target accumulation under this method is much lower and more easily attainable for clients than the first method. The primary drawback of the second method is that, from a statistical point of view, about 55% of clients will outlive their savings. Because of this, risk-sharing, perhaps through a deferred life annuity, would be advisable unless clients have other viable options available (e.g., family support) in the event that their savings are used up. We believe there is value in both methods and that some clients will prefer a higher, more ambitious target, whereas others will prefer a lower, more attainable target. TOPICS:Pension funds, retirement, risk management, social security, wealth management Key Findings • We present an alternative method of estimating retirement accumulation needs that uses life expectancy tables to weight retirement cash flows by survival probabilities. • We compare our estimation results with those of the common alternative method of just subjectively assuming that an individual will live to a very old age with 100% certainty. • The total estimated retirement needs are significantly lower under our method although these funds will likely only cover the retiree to life expectancy.
The Emotional Universe of Insecure Scholars in the Early Modern Ottoman Hierarchy of Learning

Life is tough for many in the increasing precarity of today's academy. Despite all the degrees received, courses taught, grants awarded, conferences attended, articles published, resumes polished, and networks established, many people aspiring to a thriving academic career are now denied the opportunity to prosper in a stable position and to secure a settled life. Given the shrinking academic job market worldwide, especially for humanities and social science disciplines, it is no wonder that over the last two decades quit-lit written by disillusioned members of the academy has grown to such an extent that it now comprises a particular genre. From personal social media accounts to newspapers and websites circulating recent news about academics’ life across and beyond the United States, a wide array of platforms daily reveals the gloomy perspectives and emotional reactions of nontenured academic laborers overwhelmed by the uncertainties and insecurities that mark their professional and private lives.
The Cable-Telco Cross-Ownership Prohibition: First Amendment Infringement Through Obsolescence

Amendment Infringement Through Obsolescence Michael G. Oxley(*) Introduction I. History of the Cable-Telephone Company Ownership Restrictions II. The Section 613 Ban as a Prior Restraint III. Section 613 as an Infringement on Commercial Expression IV. A More Rational and Contemporary Approach to the Regulation and Development of the Broadband Infrastructure V. The Benefits of an Open and Competitive Telecommunications Marketplace Conclusion
Einfluß der Erde

Wenn in einem Starkstromnetz eine Wechselstromleitung an irgendeinem Punkte Schlus gegen Erde bekommt, so kann durch die Erdschlusstelle ein erheblicher Strom zur Erde fliesen. Wenn ein zweiter Punkt des Netzes geerdet ist, zum Beispiel der Sternpunkt des Systems, so stromt der Strom vom Fehlerort zu dieser Erdelektrode. Wenn der Sternpunkt isoliert ist und kein weiterer Punkt geerdet ist, so kann sich in Gleichstromsystemen kein Erdstrom ausbilden. In Wechselstromanlagen kann jedoch der Erdstrom vom Fehlerort durch die Erdkapazitat der gesunden Leitungen zur Stromquelle zuruckfliesen und daher kann sich ein erheblicher Erdstrom entwickeln, auch wenn nur ein einziger Punkt im Gesamtsystem einen Erdschlus erhalt. Im praktischen Betriebe von Wechselstromanlagen treten solche einpoligen Erdschlusse haufig auf. Sie entstehen meist durch Reisen von Leitungen, durch Uberschlag oder Durchbruch der Isolation, durch Staub und Schmutz auf den Isolatoren, sowie durch Vogel, Aste und andere Fremdkorper, die in die Leitungen geraten. Bei Netzen mit groser Kapazitat, also vor allem in Kabelnetzen oder Hochspannungsanlagen, konnen die Erdschlusstrome bedeutende Grose erhalten. Sie breiten sich in den Leitungen selbst sowie in der Erde auf grose Entfernungen aus und konnen zu schweren Storungen Anlas geben. Zwischen den Leitungen und der Erde und auch zwischen Leitungen ungleicher Spannung schliesen sich diese Strome durch das Isoliermittel als Verschiebungsstrome und erfullen den ganzen Raum in der Umgebung der Wechselstromleitung mit ihrem Felde. Wir wollen im folgenden die Erscheinungen verfolgen, die in den Leitungen und in der Erde auftreten, wenn ein bestimmter Punkt des Netzes metallischen Erdschlus erhalt.
Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Techniques

Immunohistochemistry (IHC), clonality analysis, and other molecular techniques are indispensable tools in the diagnosis of cutaneous lymphomas. Without the ability to identify cell surface and intracellular markers and to assess if a population is clonal, it would be impossible to accurately diagnose most lymphomas. This chapter offers a brief introduction to the use of immunohistochemistry and other molecular techniques in diagnosing cutaneous lymphomas.
Defining and Operationalizing the Construct of Pragmatic Competence: Review and Recommendations

This review paper constitutes the first step within a larger research effort to develop an interactive pragmatics learning tool for second and foreign language (L2) learners and users of English. The tool will primarily endeavor to support pragmatics learning within the language use domain “workplace.” Given this superordinate objective, this paper is subdivided into 2 parts. In the first section, we provide a detailed overview of previous (empirical) research, theories, and frameworks of communicative competence to review the role of pragmatics as an essential component of L2 communicative language ability. A principled, systematic, and exhaustive literature search was conducted via key word searches, and the selected literature was categorized and coded using NVivo 10 software. Next, 12 distinct models of communicative language ability that contain components of pragmatic knowledge were identified and analyzed. The commonly identified constitutive components were then reconceptualized into a proposed construct of pragmatic competence. The challenges of operationalizing pragmatic competence in both instruction and assessment are discussed. The second part of the paper constitutes a domain analysis of pragmatics in the language use domain “workplace.” First, the literature is reviewed for communicative tasks and activities that feature prominently in different workplace settings across various English-speaking countries. Then, we suggest and exemplify different model task types that can be employed in the context of learning and assessment materials that aim to foster pragmatic-functional awareness in both English as a foreign language (EFL)/English as a second language (ESL) learners and first language (L1) speakers alike.
ANALYSIS OF 20TH CENTURY RAINFALL AND STREAMFLOW TO CHARACTERIZE DROUGHT AND WATER RESOURCES IN PUERTO RICO

During the period from 1990 to 1997, annual rainfall accumulation averaged 87% of normal at the 12 stations with the longest period of record in Puerto Rico, a Caribbean island with a 1999 population of 3.8 million. Streamflow in rivers supplying the La Plata and Loiza reservoirs, the principal water supply of the San Juan metropolitan area, was at or below the 10th flow percentile for 27% to 50% of the time between December 1993 and May 1996. Diminished reservoir levels in 1994 and 1995 affected more than 1 million people in the San Juan metropolitan area. Water rationing was implemented during this period and significant agricultural losses, valued at $165 million, were recorded in 1994. The public endured a year of mandatory water rationing in which sections of the city had their water-distribution networks shut off for 24 to 36 hours on alternate days. During the winter and spring of 1997–1998, water was rationed to more than 200,000 people in northwestern Puerto Rico because water level in the Guajat...
Probing the ultrathin limit of hyperbolic meta-material: Nonlocality induced topological transitions

Hyperbolic meta-materials based on ultrathin metal-dielectric multilayers have been studied by considering the nonlocal response of electrons in metal. We show that nonlocality will induce topological transitions of the iso-frequency surfaces and limit light-matter interactions.
The Clinical Spectrum of Necrotizing Autoimmune Myopathy: A Mixed Bag With Blurred Lines

17. Ruyssen-Witrand A, Rouanet S, Combe B, et al. Fcγ receptor type IIIA polymorphism influences treatment outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with rituximab. Ann RheumDis. 2012;71(6):875-877. 18. Nakashima I, Takahashi T, Cree BA, et al. Transient increases in anti-aquaporin-4 antibody titers following rituximab treatment in neuromyelitis optica, in association with elevated serum BAFF levels. J Clin Neurosci. 2011;18(7): 997-998.
Calmodulin supports the force-generating function in desensitized muscle fibers

Externally added calmodulin (CaM) restored Ca2+ regulation for the tension development by skeletal muscle fibers of hamster and rabbit desensitized by the troponin C (TnC) extraction treatment. CaM produced this action by combining with the TnC-denuded sites in the fiber. However, the binding properties differed strikingly from TnC: unlike TnC, CaM binding required the continued presence of Ca2+ and the bound portion was completely released with EGTA in the physiological milieu. The maximal uptake was 1.7 g of CaM/kg of muscle in the present study. The apparent Ca2+ sensitivity for force development with 200 micrograms/ml CaM in the solution was lower than in the native fiber or in the TnC-loaded fiber. The apparent association constant for CaM binding to the TnC-denuded sites was found as 4.9 x 10(5) M-1, and the extrapolated maximum force (Fmax) with CaM was close to PO. The intrinsic CaM level in intact muscle was also measured and was 18.6 mg/kg, amounting to about 1% of the total TnC or the CaM uptake by TnC-denuded fibers. The intrinsic CaM was not dislodged by EDTA treatment, indicating tight binding and suggesting that it exists in a separate pool from the vacated TnC sites adsorbing externally added CaM. The stringent Ca+ dependence of the CaM adsorption to TnC sites in the regulatory complex in the fiber supports the view that the evolutionary replacement of residues in the amino terminus helix portion of the "EF-hand" motif of site IV may be critical for the functional specialization by TnC.
A cloned DNA probe for Cowdria ruminantium hybridizes with eight heartwater strains and detects infected sheep.

Abstract The DNA probe pCS20, which was cloned from the DNA of the Crystal Springs heartwater strain from Zimbabwe, cross-reacted with DNAs of heartwater strains from all endemic areas, including four heartwater strains from Zimbabwe, two strains from South Africa, one strain from Nigeria, and the Gardel strain from the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe. By nucleic acid hybridization, the pCS20 DNA probe detected Cowdria ruminantium DNA in all DNA preparations made from plasma samples from infected sheep before and during the febrile reaction. Synthetic oligonucleotides were prepared for amplification of specific C. ruminantium DNA sequences by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amplification of two DNA products (181 and 279 bp) from pCS20 DNA and C. ruminantium genomic DNA of heartwater strains was demonstrated. In contrast, amplification of these products or any other products was not possible from genomic DNAs of Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Escherichia coli, and bovine endothelial cells. The cross-reactivities of the 32P-labeled PCR products with genomic DNAs from several heartwater strains were similar to those with the pCS20 DNA probe. A nucleic acid-based test that uses hybridization assays and PCR provides a sensitive method for the detection of heartwater in both animals and ticks and has applications in epidemiological studies for the disease, which may allow for improved disease control.
The Impact of Management Forecasts on Short-Term Stock Price Volatility

This paper examines the impact of management forecasts on short-term stock return volatility. Two measures of volatility are employed: excess intra-day price volatility and the standard deviation of returns. I find that the average management forecast is followed by heightened volatility in the fifteen-day period following the traditional announcement window. The magnitude and persistence of the heightened volatility are positively related to the forecast's information content and inversely related to the forecast's precision and pre-announcement trading volume. Moreover, I find that the increase in volatility after a management forecast is significantly greater than volatility generated by comparable economic news on an earnings announcement date. Consistent with risk-averse investors pricing an unexpected increase in volatility-related risk, ex post changes in volatility are negatively related to announcement period returns. The pricing of the change in volatility is shown to be stronger for firms issuing bad earnings news.
Short Maturity Options and Jump Memory An Empirical Analysis

We investigate "Jump Memory" using an extensive data base of short-term S&P 500 Index options. Jump memory refers to the attenuation of the jump intensity and magnitude parameters following a jump event. Behavioral and rational explanations for this phenomenon are posited. The pricing accuracy of the jump-diffusion model under parameter restrictions is also investigated. A restricted version of the model simplifies estimation, does not appear to degrade pricing accuracy, and permits clearer identification of components of jump memory. Further, a genetic algorithm is shown to be both robust and to produce parameter estimates that significantly improve pricing performance vis a' vis pricing performance when parameters are estimated by a gradient search technique.
Nucleosome positioning: occurrence, mechanisms, and functional consequences.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the salient features of chromatin structure involved in positioning, reviews examples of non-random location of nucleosomes, examines mechanisms that have been proposed for positioning and experimental tests of several of these, and discusses some recent efforts to ascertain whether positioning could and/or does have any effect on the function of DNA in chromatin. There is no experimental evidence for, and sound theoretical arguments against, positioning of nucleosomes for most of any eukaryotic genome. However, strong evidence is accumulating for positioning of some nucleosomes. Almost any mechanism that has been postulated for the positioning has found experimental support in some system. It seems clear that there will be hierarchies in the strength of positioning signals and mechanisms that may lead to variability in the location of nucleosomes in different cell types. However, a positioned nucleosome is located in a precise site relative to DNA sequence in all cells of a given population. In this situation, any particular DNA sequence in the region of the positioned nucleosome would always lie in the same relationship to histones-in the linker or in the core particle, in the central or the peripheral region of the core particle, etc.
Thrombospondin Forms Complexes with Single-chain and Two-chain Forms of Urokinase*

Thrombospondin (TSP), an adhesive glycoprotein found in platelets and extracellular matrix, has been shown previously to interact with plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activator, resulting in efficient plasmin generation. We now demonstrate specific complex formation of TSP with both the single-chain and two-chain forms of urokinase (scuPA and uPA). Binding of uPA and scuPA to immobilized TSP was detected and quantified using colorimetric immunoassays and a functional amidolytic assay. Binding was time and concentration dependent with apparent affinity constants of 40-50 nM. Binding was not affected by serine protease inhibitors, EDTA, or epsilon-aminocaproic acid. scUPA and uPA bound to TSP retained functional activity. Using a sensitive amidolytic assay we found that TSP. scuPA complexes were efficiently converted to TSP. uPA by catalytic plasmin concentrations. Additionally, TSP.uPA complexes were found to have plasminogen-activating activity equivalent to fluid-phase uPA and to be protected from inhibition by plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, the major plasma and matrix plasminogen activator inhibitor. Using immunohistochemical techniques, we also demonstrated co-distribution of TSP and uPA in normal and malignant breast tissue. Complex formation of TSP with uPA may serve to localize, concentrate, and protect these enzymes on cell surfaces and within the extracellular matrix, thereby providing a reservoir of plasminogen activator activity.
Optical Amplifier Applications

Optical amplifiers are beginning to find wide application in fiber optic communication systems. They are being used as power amplifiers in transmitters to increase power budget in point-to-point links, and to compensate for splitting loss in distribution networks. They are being used as preamplifiers in receivers to improve receiver sensitvity, and they are being used as linear intermediate repeaters in longdistance systems allowing the use ofa common amplifier for multiple wavelength-divisionsaturation power, and noise figure) wilf be reviewed, and performance achievable in each ofthe above applications, as well as factors limiting this performance, will be summked. A new application will be described, in which spectrally sliced broadband noise is used in the transmitter ofa WDM system, and an optical amplifier is used in the receiver. It is shown that there is an optimum ratio of optical channel bandwidth to bit rate, and that operation at this optimum results in receiver sensitivities and network capacities considerably in excess of prior spectrum-sliced systems [ 11. channels. The principal characteristics of an optical amplifier (gain,
Regionalization of Sonic hedgehog transcription along the anteroposterior axis of the mouse central nervous system is regulated by Hnf3-dependent and -independent mechanisms

The axial midline mesoderm and the ventral midline of the neural tube, the floor plate, share the property of being a source of the secreted protein, Sonic hedgehog (Shh), which has the capacity to induce a variety of ventral cell types along the length of the mouse CNS. To gain insight into the mechanisms by which Shh transcription is initiated in these tissues, we set out to identify the cis-acting sequences regulating Shh gene expression. As an approach, we have tested genomic clones encompassing 35 kb of the Shh locus for their ability to direct a lacZ reporter gene to the temporally and spatially restricted confines of the Shh expression domains in transgenic mice. Three enhancers were identified that directed lacZ expression to distinct regions along the anteroposterior axis including the ventral midline of the spinal cord, hindbrain, rostral midbrain and caudal diencephalon, suggesting that multiple transcriptional regulators are required to initiate Shh gene expression within the CNS. In addition, regulatory sequences were also identified that directed reporter expression to the notochord, albeit, under limited circumstances. Sequence analysis of the genomic clones responsible for enhancer activity from a variety of organisms, including mouse, chicken and human, have identified highly conserved binding sites for the hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 (Hnf3) family of transcriptional regulators in some, but not all, of the enhancers. Moreover, the generation of mutations in the Hnf3-binding sites showed their requirement in certain, but not all, aspects of Shh reporter expression. Taken together, our results support the existence of Hnf3-dependent and -independent mechanisms in the direct activation of Shh transcription within the CNS and axial mesoderm.
Identification of genes that are regulated transcriptionally by Myc in childhood tumors.

BACKGROUND Amplification of the N-myc oncogene is associated with adverse outcomes in the common childhood tumor, neuroblastoma. Because the transforming properties of Myc are related to its ability to modulate gene expression, the authors used cDNA microarrays to identify potential Myc target genes. METHODS Expression levels of 4608 genes were analyzed in a series of neuroblastoma cell lines. Identical analyses were performed in a panel of medulloblastoma cell lines to identify c-Myc targets and to determine the extent to which N-Myc targets and c-Myc targets were shared. Comparisons were made between cell lines with high levels versus low levels of Myc protein expression. RESULTS Array analyses yielded 121 genes with increased expression levels (≥ 1.65-fold) and 9 genes with decreased expression levels in N-Myc-expressing versus nonexpressing cell lines. Many of these were newly identified targets of biologic interest. Fifty percent of the N-Myc targets (60 of 121) were mutual c-Myc targets. A significant correlation between the level of N-myc and selected target gene expression was demonstrated independently in 27 neuroblastoma tumor samples and in an N-myc-inducible cell line system. CONCLUSIONS A number of diverse pathways are modulated by N-Myc in neuroblastoma. Although, overall, there was significant correlation between myc and target transcript expression among cohorts of tumors, great variability in levels of target expression was seen among individual tumor samples, and this biologic heterogeneity in the levels of target gene expression may offer insight into differences in the clinical behavior of neuroblastoma and may prove to be of prognostic significance in the future. Cancer 2003;98:841–53. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11584
Ultrastructure of fibrolamellar oncocytic hepatoma.

The fibrolamellar variant of hepatocellular carcinoma is described and the ultrastructural findings in three cases are reported. The findings confirm the oncoytic nature of the tumor and the presence of distinctive bands of collagen. This tumor may represent a neoplasm of hepatic oncocytes. It appears to have distinct epidemiologic differences from other hepatocellular carcinomas, which typically arise in cirrhotic livers, and it may have a better prognosis. As such, it should be recognized as a distinct clinicopathologic subset in the broad group of hepatocellular carcinomas.
Equity/Inequity, and Self-Esteem: A Reassessment:

Psychological distress in an inequitable relationship may be due in part to a lowered sense of self-worth as well as to the inequity itself. A causal model was tested, using 986 undergraduate students, in which self-esteem was found to mediate the effect of inequity on distress. The implication of this finding is a redefinition of equity-restoring behavior as self-enhancing behavior.
Interactive software for computer-aided-design of control systems via optimization

Any computer-aided design package is an implementation of concepts which define both the nature of the design methodology and the nature of the appropriate software. This paper describes some of the general concepts that have evolved in Berkeley in the process of developing a powerful software system for interactive optimization-based computer-aided-design of multivariable control systems. Facilities permitting, a prototype interactive design package will be used to illustrate how these concepts have been implemented in practice.
Thank You to the JAMA Surgery Peer Reviewers, Authors, and Readers

In this issue of JAMASurgery, wewould like to thank and acknowledge the 263 peer reviewers who reviewed manuscripts for JAMA Surgery in 2014. We greatly appreciate the thoughtfulness, insight, and expertise that the reviewers provided, as well as the time they took to conduct these reviews. The peer-review process is indispensable to the success of JAMA Surgery. We would also like to thank the authors who submitted manuscripts for consideration for publication in JAMA Surgery. In 2014,we receiveda total of 1208manuscripts, ofwhich 844wereOriginal Investigations, 62wereResearchLetters, 58 wereViewpoints, and60wereClinical Challenges (Table). The remainder included Special Communications, Reviews, Letters to theEditor, Letters inReply, InvitedCommentaries, and Editorials. We know there are many journals to which authors can submit theirwork, andwearehonored that somany authors chose to submit their high-quality research to JAMA Surgery. In recognition of this, the 2013 impact factorwas 4.3, ranking JAMASurgery 11thamongall 204surgical journals.Our h5-index is 55, ranking JAMA Surgery in eighth place. Lastly,wewould like to thank all the readers of JAMASurgerywhoaccess the journal content throughprint,web, or social media. This past year, we continued to expand our web and social media presence, with more than 9000 Twitter followers and 1.8 million visits to our website each year. JAMA Surgery has a large print distribution, with more than 10 000 print copiesdistributedeachmonth. JAMASurgery is alsopart of The JAMANetwork,which includes JAMA and 10 specialty journals. The JAMANetwork reaches approximately 750 000 physicians worldwide each week through print, online journal email alerts, and social media posts, and the JAMA NetworkJournalshavenearly30millionwebvisitseachyear.Thus, this association provides tremendous exposure towork from colleagues in diverse specialties. We are honored to have the opportunity to serve the surgical community and we appreciate the support our content receives fromourpeer reviewers, authorswhocontributework to JAMASurgery, and readers. Your support enables us to fulfill our mission “to promote the art and science of surgery by publishing relevant peer-reviewed research to assist the surgeon in optimizing patient care” and serve “as a forum for the discussion of issues pertinent to surgery, such as the education and training of the surgical workforce, quality improvement, and the ethics and economics of healthcare delivery.” JAMA Surgery will continue to pursue and publish highquality material relevant to the practice of surgery.
Beyond civil society: child soldiers as citizens in Mozambique

Children are like flowers that never wither (Samora Machel). The conditions match any of the most terrifying and depraved suffered by past generations afflicted by war. Yet the victims are not only soldiers. At the beginning of this century, 90 per cent of war casualties in Mozambique were military; today about 90 per cent are civilian. Yet even this sobering UNDP (1994) figure does not name the problem, for the term ‘civilian’ obfuscates the vulnerability and innocence of child victims. The conditions for children who are forced to bear arms erase the traditional analytical categories of military, civilian and child. An estimated 300,000 children under 18, some as young as five years old, are currently serving in 36 wars around the world right now (Brett and McCallin, 1998:19,24).
A variational calculation of the effective surface diffusion coefficient and tortuosity

Abstract A variational upper bound on the effective diffusion coefficient for a porous slab of arbitrary pore geometry is derived for liquid or gas phase Fickia bulk diffusion in the void and Fickian surface diffusion on the pore walls. Calculations of the effective diffusivity are performed for a model pore st generated by randomly placed, freely overlapping solid spheres all of the same radius. An analytical for the effective diffusion coefficient is compare usual engineering model of parallel surface and void diffusion. An equation for the surface tortuosity for liquid and gas filled pores in terms of the is obtained.
SU-GG-T-117: Uniform Treatment of a Moving Target with Un-Gated Stationary Fields

Purpose: To describe the mathematical formalism necessary to compute the stationary treatment field fluence for the entire respiratory cycle that delivers a uniform dose to a moving target. Method and Materials: The desired doseD to the central plane of a moving target perpendicular to a stationary radiation beam with fluence F can be mathematically described as D = M*F where M is a binary coefficient matrix. Our algorithm computes M as function of the periodic motion and determines F by iterative gradient descent search or linear programming. The theory was tested by analyzing a model in detail and simulating the motion on a treatment planning system by shifting the beam relative to a stationary target. A clinical moving target described in the literature as suitable for gated treatment was also analyzed. The motion was divided into phases and M determined, F optimized for a single stationary field encompassing one phase near the center of the motion, and then dose to target computed. Results: We have developed a matrix mathematical formalism to compute a stationary non‐gated field fluence that can be optimized to treat a moving target and spare normal tissue. For the model case with comparable coverage using an integrated target, the use of a single field with the optimized fluence decreased the 40% normal tissue dose from 79% to 52% of the volume. The clinical target computed fluence gave a mean dose of 100% with 92.4%, 110.1%, and 5.2 as the minimum, maximum, and standard deviation respectively. Conclusion: A technique has been developed to compute the stationary treatment field fluence for the entire respiratory cycle that delivers a uniform dose to a moving target without gating. Results indicate the potential for improved normal tissue sparing while delivering a relatively uniform target dose.
Austen's fans and fans' Austen

A corpus of Jane Austen's fanfic is constructed from sequels published in print and on line; it is then compared with a corpus of Austen's own writing, as well as one of contemporary romance fiction. Through analysis of the corpora, the "vertical intertextuality "of Austen's text and the fanfic corpus, and the "horizontal intertextuality " of contemporary romance fiction corpora and the fanfic corpus are articulated. The results illustrate that, although claiming to emulate her writing faithfully, Austen's fans reconstruct a modern Austen who is writing contemporary romance fiction through the "old" characters such as Elizabeth and Darcy. The different "Austens" emerging from this corpus research and other scholars' reading of Austen suggest that the death of the "Author" is only part of the story: we see not only the Author's death and the birth of the Reader, but a ghostly projection of a new "Author" in the reader's cultural context.
Investigation of the mechanism of action of microperoxidase-11, (MP11), a potential anti-cataract agent, with hydrogen peroxide and ascorbate.

Abstract The interaction of hydrogen peroxide, ascorbate and microperoxidase-11 (MP11), a ferriheme undecapeptide derived from cytochrome c, has been investigated using spectrophotometry, oxymetry, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and mass spectroscopy techniques. It is shown that in 50 m M phosphate pH 7.0–7.4 in the absence of other reactants H2O2induces a concentration-dependent decrease in absorption at the Soret band (399 nm) of the microperoxidase, with concomitant H2O2decomposition and oxygen evolution. The reaction causes irreversible heme degradation, concomitant with loss of enzymatic activity. Ascorbate effectively protects MP11 from degradation and inhibits oxygen evolution. At ascorbate concentrations greater than that of H2O2, microperoxidase degradation is almost completely prevented. Mass spectrometry showed that H2O2oxidizes the microperoxidase to a monooxygenated product, which did not form if ascorbate was included in the reaction system. There appears to be a 1:1 relationship between H2O2degradation and ascorbate oxidation. EPR experiments revealed that an ascorbate radical was formed during the reaction. These reactions may be described by a scheme where a putative ‘compound I’ of the microperoxidase is reduced by ascorbate back to the original redox state (ferric) of the peroxidase in two one-electron steps, concomitantly with oxidation of the ascorbate to an ascorbate radical or in one two-electron transfer step forming dehydroascorbate. In the absence of ascorbate, the ‘compound I’ reacts further with the peroxide causing microperoxidase degradation and partial oxygen evolution. These observations are relevant to the interaction of ferrihemes with H2O2and ascorbic acid and may be pertinent for the potential application of MP11 as an anti-cataract agent.
DNA binding proteins that alter nucleic acid flexibility

Dual - beam optical tweezers experiments subject single molecules of DNA to high forces (~ 300 pN) with 0.1 pN accuracy, probing the energy and specificity of nucleic acid - ligand structures. Stretching phage λ-DNA reveals an increase in the applied force up to a critical force known as the overstretching transition. In this region, base pairing and stacking are disrupted as double stranded DNA (dsDNA) is melted. Proteins that bind to the double strand will tend to stabilize dsDNA, and melting will occur at higher forces. Proteins that bind to single stranded DNA (ssDNA) destabilize melting, provided that the rate of association is comparable to the pulling rate of the experiment. Many proteins, however, exhibit some affinity for both dsDNA and ssDNA. We describe experiments upon DNA + HMGB2 (box A), a nuclear protein that is believed to facilitate transcription. By characterizing changes in the structure of dsDNA with a polymer model of elasticity, we have determined the equilibrium association constant for HMGB2 to be Kds = 0.15 ± 0.7 109 M-1 for dsDNA binding. Analysis of the melting transition reveals an equilibrium association constant for HMGB2 to ssDNA to be Kss = 0.039 ± 0.019 109 M-1 for ssDNA binding.
Substrate competition between DNase I and anti-DNA antibody

Sera from rabbits immunized with DNA and patients known to have SLE were shown to inhibit the digestion of 125I-labeled ss-DNA by pancreatic DNase I. Similarly, DNase present in the serum of a patient with SLE was found to digest the radio-labeled DNA at one-sixth the rate of an equal quantity of DNase present in NHS. The inhibition was shown to be due to isolated anti-DNA antibody in both the immunized rabbit sera and the SLE sera. The type of inhibition involved was demonstrated to be of the competitive variety in which the binding of antibody to DNA presumably blocks enzyme access to the substrate. The possible pathogenetic implications of these findings are discussed.
Multimodal database query

The paper proposes a multimodal interface for a real sales database application. We show how natural language processing may be integrated with a visual, direct manipulation method of database query, to produce a user interface which supports a flexible form of query specification, provides implicit guidance about the coverage of the linguistic component, and allows more focused discourse reference.
High circular polarization ratios in radar scattering from geologic targets

[1] We examine and model the occurrence of circular polarization ratio (CPR or μc) values greater than unity in terrestrial and planetary radar observations as a guide to the range of associated surface morphology. Lunar crater deposits exhibit maximum μc values at 12.6 and 70-cm wavelength of 2 to 3. CPR values for Maxwell Montes on Venus range up to about 1.5 at 12.6-cm wavelength. Echoes from SP Flow in Arizona exhibit μc up to 2 at 24-cm wavelength. Scattering from rock edges and cracks (dipole-like) produces μc of unity for single scattering and up to about 2 for multiple reflections. Scattering from natural corner reflectors (dihedrals) formed by pairs of rock facets can yield an average μc of 3–4, but likely requires non-random or scale-limited surface roughness properties in order to dominate the observed echo. The dihedral mechanism is required to satisfy the highest lunar μc observations, while echoes from SP Flow and Maxwell Montes could be explained by just the dipole mechanism. The dihedral scenario requires rocky facets on scales many times the radar wavelength, which the blocks at SP Flow (and the unknown surface texture of Maxwell) may not provide. The random dipole model is less demanding in terms of structures and scales, and likely increases the CPR of lunar or asteroid regoliths through scattering from and between rocks.
Real-time Monitoring of Thin Film Microstructure in Chemical Vapor Deposition using a Modified Moving Horizon Estimation

Abstract A modified moving horizon estimator (mMHE) was proposed to estimate thin film thickness, growth rate, surface roughness and refractive indices in situ from a dual-wavelength reflectance measurement during chemical vapor deposition (CVD). mMHE was compared with the commonly used recursive least squares fitting (RLS) method in both simulated and experimental CVD processes. The results indicate that mMHE yielded more accurate estimates than RLS by incorporating the a priori estimate in the objective function.
Multiple neutral density measurements in the lower thermosphere with cold-cathode ionization gauges

Abstract Cold-cathode ionization gauges were used for rocket-borne measurements of total neutral density and temperature in the aurorally forced lower thermosphere between 90 and 200 km. A commercial gauge was adapted as a low-cost instrument with a spherical antechamber for measurements in molecular flow conditions. Three roll-stabilized payloads on different trajectories each carried two instruments for measurements near the ram flow direction along the respective upleg and downleg segments of a flight path, and six density profiles were obtained within a period of 22 min covering spatial separations up to 200 km. The density profiles were integrated below 125 km to yield temperatures. The mean temperature structure was similar for all six profiles with two mesopause minima near 110 and 101 km, however, for the downleg profiles, the upper minimum was warmer and the lower minimum was colder by 20–30 K indicating significant variability over horizontal scales of 100–200 km. The upper temperature minimum coincided with maximum horizontal winds speeds, exceeding 170 m/s.
The relation of karyotypic change to loss of contact inhibition of division in human diploid cells after SV40 infection

Following in vitro infection of human cell cultures with simian virus 40, karyotypic analyses were performed on the earliest serial culture in which cells were released from contact inhibition of division. In these cultures of diploid fibroblast-like cells, normal karyotypes were found in excess of the statistical expectation for the number of background dividing cells. Thus, loss of contact inhibition of cell division occurs prior to the alteration of chromosome morphology. These events are two of the prime alterations in the series of steps comprising transformation by this virus. The chromosomal changes which were present represent the first cytological alteration detectable. Their distribution in the human karyotype was examined, but was found to have no relation to any specific chromosome or chromosome group.
Long-term contrafreeloading in rats during continuous sessions

Two rats lived in experimental chambers with continuous access to free food. Leverpressing was reinforced with food on various ratio schedules. Both rats maintained leverpressing under these conditions for several months; however, leverpressing was not an increasing function of the ratio, as previously found for rats in continuous sessions without alternative food. Instead, the function was nonmonotonic or decreasing, and the proportion of food obtained by leverpressing decreased continuously as the ratio increased. These findings are consistent with an economic analysis of the elasticity of demand.
Extremal choice equilibrium with applications to large games, stochastic games, & endogenous institutions

Abstract We prove existence and purification results for strategic environments possessing a product structure that includes classes of large games, stochastic games, and models of endogenous institutions. Applied to large games, the results yield existence of pure-strategy equilibria allowing for infinite-dimensional externalities. Applied to stochastic games, the results yield existence of stationary Markov perfect equilibria with extremal payoffs, which in turn yields existence of pure strategy stationary Markov perfect equilibria for games with sequential moves. Applied to the model of institutions, we obtain equilibrium existence with general group decision correspondences.
Antiparallel Leucine Zipper-Directed Protein Reassembly: Application to the Green Fluorescent Protein

Figure 1. Strategy for antiparallel leucine zipper-directed protein reassembly of GFP.3 Both the ribbon and topographical structures are depicted: GFP is shown in green, NZGFP is shown in blue and CZGFP is shown in red. The sequences of the designed leucine zippers, NZ and CZ, are ALKKELQANKKELAQLKWELQALKKELAQ and EQLEKKLQALEKKLAQLEWKNQALEKKLAQ, respectively.
The transfer of polarized radiation in spectral lines: Solar-type stellar atmospheres

The polarization structure in several spectral lines in solar type stars is computed using the method described by McKenna (1981, 1984a). The frequency redistribution function used for these calculations is a linear combination ofRII andRIII. The line profiles and polarization structures have been computed for several weak solar resonance lines includingKi λ 7664 A, Sri λ4607 A, Baii λ4554 A, for various polar angles along the stellar disk. Both the line profiles and polarization structures as well as the center to limb behavior of the line center polarization agree well with observations.
Using Cultural Modeling to Inform a NEDSS-Compatible System Functionality Evaluation

To assess the functionalities of NEDSS-compatible systems, we utilized the development of cultural models which is part of a technique called contextual inquiry. We obtained several cultural models, each restricted to data sources and interviews of CDC programs (users of NND data) and public health jurisdictions (reports NND data). The models highlighted factors that otherwise would be difficult to capture or represent yet still has an operational impact on the system user. This approach may be adapted for other evaluation efforts.
Some Geochemical Factors in Cementation of Sandstones: ABSTRACT

The origin of chemically precipitated cements, such as quartz, carbonates, and sulphates, in originally permeable rocks, is related to (1) the mineralogy of the original sediment, which may include both detritus and chemical precipitates; (2) the solubilities of the minerals in dilute to concentrated aqueous solutions in a range of temperatures and pressures; and (3) the composition of interstitial water solutions during various stages of diagenesis. In turn, the composition of these waters may be related to (1) the composition of the original water of the sedimentation environment (if subaqueous) and (2) routes of migration of groundwaters. Changes in interstitial water composition are associated with the successive stages of diagenesis, which can be characterized in ter s of varying degree of depth of burial, with consequent changes of pressure, temperature, and direction of ground-water movement. The actual sequences of cements that have been observed by petrologists can be accounted for by this analysis as well as the referral of particular mineral precipitates to specific diagenetic stages. The reconstruction of the diagenetic stages of a rock's history can be made only if there is a thorough understanding of the geologic history of the particular geologic section and area. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1765------------