cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth, characterization, and electrical properties of PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 thin films on buffered silicon substrates using pulsed laser deposition

Epitaxial thin films of PbZr 0 . 5 2 Ti 0 . 4 8 O 3 (PZT) were synthesized successfully on SrRuO 3 /SrTiO 3 /MgO/TiN/Si heterostructures by pulsed laser deposition. The films were single phase and had (001) orientation. The deposition parameters were varied to obtain the best epitaxial layer for each of the compounds. Transmission electron microscopy indicated good epitaxy for the entire heterostructure and sharp interfaces between the epilayers. Dielectric and P-E hysteresis loop measurements were carried out with evaporated Ag electrodes. The dielectric constant for the films was found to be between 400-450. The value of saturation polarization P s was between 55-60 μC/cm 2 , and the coercive field E c varied from 60-70 kV/cm. Integration of PZT films with silicon will be useful for future memory and micromechanical devices.
Lumbar Puncture in the Neonate: Challenges in Decision Making and Interpretation

Multiple studies have provided normative ranges for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters in term and preterm infants and described changes with advancing postnatal age, as well as in special circumstances, such as traumatic lumbar puncture (LP), previous antibiotic administration, seizures, and concomitant infections at other sites. Although guidelines exist for the interpretation of CSF parameters in neonates, there appears to be no single combination of parameters that conclusively excludes meningitis. It remains important for clinicians to perform LPs early in the course of illness, ideally before the administration of antibiotic therapy. This review presents currently available literature on the indications for LP as well as guidelines for the interpretation of CSF parameters in neonates.
New generalizations and explanations in language and gender research

Gendered linguistic practices emerge as people engage in social practices that construct them not only as girls or boys, women or men ‐ but also as, e.g., Asian American or heterosexually active. Adequate generalizations about gendered language use and explanations of such generalizations require understanding the place of particular linguistic practices in the life of what Lave & Wenger 1991 and Wenger 1998 call a Community of Practice: a group whose joint engagement in some activity or enterprise is sufficiently intensive to give rise over time to a repertoire of shared practices. Eckert’s ethnographic /sociolinguistic work (1989, 1999) in preadolescent and adolescent communities of practice illustrates ways in which gender and other aspects of identity are co-constructed. We use these and other sociolinguistic data to suggest some of the many different kinds of generalizations, emerging from studies of language and gender, that look to communities of practice. (Community of Practice, gender, variation, social practice, local meaning, ethnographic sociolinguistics, identity construction) At lunchtime in the spring of 1997, in an ethnically very heterogeneous junior high school in northern California, a crowd of Asian-American kids hangs out in a spot that is generally known in the school as “Asian Wall.” Girls stand around in their high platform shoes, skinny bell-bottoms, and very small T-shirts, with hips cocked. As they toss their heads, their long sleek black hair (in some cases tinted brown) swishes across their waists, the slimness of which is emphasized by shiny belts. Some of them talk to, some lean on, quiet-demeanored boys with Language in Society28, 185‐201. Printed in the United States of America
Engineering monolignol 4-O-methyltransferases to modulate lignin biosynthesis

Lignin is a complex polymer derived from the oxidative coupling of three classical monolignols. Lignin precursors are methylated exclusively at the meta-positions (i.e. 3/5-OH) of their phenyl rings by native O-methyltransferases, and are precluded from substitution of the para-hydroxyl (4-OH) position. Ostensibly, the para-hydroxyls of phenolics are critically important for oxidative coupling of phenoxy radicals to form polymers. Therefore, creating a 4-O-methyltransferase to substitute the para-hydroxyl of monolignols might well interfere with the synthesis of lignin. The phylogeny of plant phenolic O-methyltransferases points to the existence of a batch of evolutionarily "plastic" amino acid residues. Following one amino acid at a time path of directed evolution, and using the strategy of structure-based iterative site-saturation mutagenesis, we created a novel monolignol 4-O-methyltransferase from the enzyme responsible for methylating phenylpropenes. We show that two plastic residues in the active site of the parental enzyme are vital in dominating substrate discrimination. Mutations at either one of these separate the evolutionarily tightly linked properties of substrate specificity and regioselective methylation of native O-methyltransferase, thereby conferring the ability for para-methylation of the lignin monomeric precursors, primarily monolignols. Beneficial mutations at both sites have an additive effect. By further optimizing enzyme activity, we generated a triple mutant variant that may structurally constitute a novel phenolic substrate binding pocket, leading to its high binding affinity and catalytic efficiency on monolignols. The 4-O-methoxylation of monolignol efficiently impairs oxidative radical coupling in vitro, highlighting the potential for applying this novel enzyme in managing lignin polymerization in planta.
Resonant four-wave mixing of laser radiation in plasmas

Experimental evidence of resonant four-wave mixing of CO2 laser radiation in a plasma is presented for the first time to our knowledge. Comparison of the experiment with theory indicates that, while collisions lead to a narrow spectral width of the ion acoustic resonance, convection and detuning owing to laser heating limit the enhancement of the signal reflectivity to below the expected value.
Parallel evolution of glucosinolate biosynthesis inferred from congruent nuclear and plastid gene phylogenies.

The phytochemical system of mustard-oil glucosides (glucosinolates) accompanied by the hydrolytic enzyme myrosinase ( b-thioglucosidase), the latter usually compartmented in special myrosin cells, characterizes plants in 16 families of angiosperms. Traditional classifications place these taxa in many separate orders and thus imply multiple convergences in the origin of this chemical defense system. DNA sequencing of the chloroplast rbcL gene for representatives of all 16 families and several putative relatives, with phylogenetic analyses by parsimony and maximum likelihood methods, demonstrated instead a single major clade of mustard-oil plants and one phylogenetic outlier. In a further independent test, DNA sequencing of the nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA gene for all these exemplars has yielded the same result, a major mustard-oil clade of 15 families (Akaniaceae, Bataceae, Brassicaceae, Bretschneideraceae, Capparaceae, Caricaceae, Gyrostemonaceae, Koeberliniaceae, Limnanthaceae, Moringaceae, Pentadiplandraceae, Resedaceae, Salvadoraceae, Tovariaceae, and Tropaeolaceae) and one outlier, the genus Drypetes, traditionally placed in Euphorbiaceae. Concatenating the two gene sequences (for a total of 3254 nucleotides) in a data set for 33 taxa, we obtain robust support for this finding of parallel origins of glucosinolate biosynthesis. From likely cyanogenic ancestors, the ‘‘mustard oil bomb’’ was invented twice.
EXPRESSION OF TRK AND NEUROTROPHIN MRNA IN DORSAL ROOT AND SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA OF THE QUAIL DURING DEVELOPMENT

The nerve growth factor (NGF) family of neurotrophins exerts effects by binding to products of the trk family of proto-oncogenes. We examined the expression of both trk and neurotrophin mRNA during the entire range of development of quail dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and sympathetic ganglia (SG) using in situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). TrkC mRNA was present in neurons or their precursors from the time of formation of DRG (stage 18, embryonic day 2.5 [E2.5]) and throughout development. The number of labeled cells changed, however, from a majority to a minority at later developmental stages. Expression of trkA mRNA was not detected in DRG until stage 30 (E6) by in situ hybridization, although results with RT-PCR were positive at stage 23 (E3.5). Labeling was always detected on a majority of neurons or their precursors. SG exhibited low levels of trkC mRNA during the later stages of development, whereas trkA mRNA was present from stage 34 onward in most neurons. We have also shown that NGF, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA were present at all stages examined (stages 23 through 45 for DRG, stages 35-36 and 45 for SG). In DRG, NGF mRNA expression was limited to support cells, whereas NT-3 and BDNF mRNA were detected in both neurons and support cells. These results suggest that neurotrophins could serve a local function in developing ganglia, which can be correlated with the presence of their respective receptors.
An experimental study on the facilitative effects of tussock structure among wetland plants.

Although most investigations of clonal plants have focused on negative aspects of interactions with neighbors, some studies have shown positive effects of clonal plants on other species, especially clonal plants with a compact, or phalanx, growth habit. For example, several plant species have been observed to grow directly upon tussocks of the freshwater rush Juncus effusus L., and the phenology of those species appeared to correlate with seasonal dynamics of the Juncus canopy. The present experimental study was conducted to enable distinction among four aspects of the Juncus tussock microhabitat: 1) collapse of the Juncus canopy, typical of summer conditions, 2) springtime pre-collapse erect architecture of the Juncus canopy, 3) availability of a living tussock platform in the absence of a canopy, and 4) simple physical provision of an elevated, organic surface for colonization in the form of artificial rooting platforms. Several species responded to particular features of the Juncus effusus canopy; three of those species, Boehmeria cylindrica, Leersia oryzoides, and Lonicera japonica, were identified as facilitated species in previous research on facilitation by Juncus. Particular features of the Juncus tussocks that appeared to correlate with increased cover of colonizing species were Juncus canopy height, tussock basal diameter, and relative water depth atop the tussock. Thus, results of this experimental study support conclusions from prior work on facilitation by Juncus effusus and other tussock-forming species regarding the importance of tussock physical structure in providing sites for plant colonization in freshwater wetlands.
Subassemblies and Asymmetry in Assembly of Herpes Simplex Virus Procapsid

ABSTRACT The herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) capsid is a massive particle (~200 MDa; 1,250-A diameter) with T=16 icosahedral symmetry. It initially assembles as a procapsid with ~4,000 protein subunits of 11 different kinds. The procapsid undergoes major changes in structure and composition as it matures, a process driven by proteolysis and expulsion of the internal scaffolding protein. Assembly also relies on an external scaffolding protein, the triplex, an α 2 β heterotrimer that coordinates neighboring capsomers in the procapsid and becomes a stabilizing clamp in the mature capsid. To investigate the mechanisms that regulate its assembly, we developed a novel isolation procedure for the metastable procapsid and collected a large set of cryo-electron microscopy data. In addition to procapsids, these preparations contain maturation intermediates, which were distinguished by classifying the images and calculating a three-dimensional reconstruction for each class. Appraisal of the procapsid structure led to a new model for assembly; in it, the protomer (assembly unit) consists of one triplex, surrounded by three major capsid protein (MCP) subunits. The model exploits the triplexes’ departure from 3-fold symmetry to explain the highly skewed MCP hexamers, the triplex orientations at each 3-fold site, and the T=16 architecture. These observations also yielded new insights into maturation. IMPORTANCE This paper addresses the molecular mechanisms that govern the self-assembly of large, structurally complex, macromolecular particles, such as the capsids of double-stranded DNA viruses. Although they may consist of thousands of protein subunits of many different kinds, their assembly is precise, ranking them among the largest entities in the biosphere whose structures are uniquely defined to the atomic level. Assembly proceeds in two stages: formation of a precursor particle (procapsid) and maturation, during which major changes in structure and composition take place. Our analysis of the HSV procapsid by cryo-electron microscopy suggests a hierarchical pathway in which multisubunit “protomers” are the building blocks of the procapsid but their subunits are redistributed into different subcomplexes upon being incorporated into a nascent procapsid and are redistributed again in maturation. Assembly is a highly virus-specific process, making it a potential target for antiviral intervention.
Matrix free Mg2+ and the regulation of mitochondrial volume

Mitochondria must maintain volume homeostasis in order to carry out oxidative phosphorylation. It has been postulated that the concentration of free Mg2+([Mg2+]) serves as the sensor of matrix volu...
Where Do We Stand with Newspaper Data

We review the literature that identifies selection bias in media-based data and propose a theoretical model of the sources of these biases. Given the implications for validity and reliability, we conclude that newspaper data often do not reach acceptable standards for event analysis and that using them can distort findings and misguide theorizing. Furthermore, media selection biases are resistant to correction procedures largely because they are unstable across media sources, time, and location. We end with a plea for more circumspect approaches to media data that fully and openly consider the implications of their inherent limitations.
Abstract 612: Differential Expression of the Estrogen Receptors GPR30 and ERa in the Kidney of the Diabetic Hypertensive mRen2.Lewis Strain

Diabetes was induced in adult female and male mRen2.Lewis rats at 11 wk of age with a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ at 65mg/kg ip) dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (diabetic); the control group received a single dose of 0.1 M citrate buffer pH 4.5 (nondiabetic). The rats were followed for 4 weeks without insulin replacement. Kidney cortex was lysed and centrifuged at 100,000g to generate cytosolic and membrane fractions. The cortical fractions were probed with antibodies to the Receptor levels for GPR30 in the membrane fractions and ER-α in both membrane and cytosolic fractions were quantified by protein immunoblot. Following detection, membranes were reprobed with mouse monoclonal anti-β-actin (1:5,000; Sigma) as a loading control, and bands were quantified by MCID densitometry software. All measurements are expressed as means ± SE. An unpaired Student’s t -test compared GPR30 and ER-α protein expression between the control and diabetic group as well as females and males groups in both cytosol and membranes fractions. The expression of GPR30 tended to be higher in both the intact female [0.40 ± 0.17 vs. 1.04 ± 0.29] and the male [0.32 ± 0.18 vs 0.61 ± 0.13] diabetic mRen2.Lewis rats. and increased in both diabetic females and males GPR30 showed higher levels in control females than males [1.21 ± 0.49 vs 0.76 ± 0.39]; however, it decreased in diabetic females compared to males [0.79 ± 0.27 vs 1.03 ± 0.27]. Moreover, the ER-α receptor in the cytosolic fraction was lower in the diabetics females [3.68 ± 1.30 vs 1.36 ± 0.27], but remained unchanged in males [2.09 ± 0.23 vs 2.33 ± 0.39]. The same happened in the membrane fractions where there was not difference between controls and diabetics males [0.73 ± 0.16 vs 0.63 ± 0.40] while in diabetic females the ER-α receptor levels increased [0.97 ± 0.17 vs 1.27 ± 0.06]. Cortical content of ER-α in the cytosol was significantly increased in control females compared to control males [1.06 ± 0.14 vs 0.47 ± 0.04; p = 0.007], although it remained unchanged between diabetic females and males [1.26 ± 0.24 vs 1.44 ± 0.62].
Flutter in collapsible tubes: a theoretical model of wheezes

A mathematical analysis of flow through a flexible channel is examined as a model of flow-induced flutter oscillations that pertain to the production of wheezing breath sounds. The model provides p...
Drag Coefficient Correction for Spherical and Nonspherical Particles Suspended in Square Microducts

Even though drag in creeping flow has been extensively studied in the past, recent developments in microfluidic technologies have led to a reevaluation of the drag equations that were theoretically derived for ideal cases. Stokes’ Law is the bulwark of equations describing drag in creeping flow, but it applies in cases of uniform flow around a spherical object. Empirical and theoretical corrections to the Stokes drag for other particle shapes have been proposed, as well as corrections that account for the presence of walls that affect the shape of the velocity profile around the particle. The present work utilizes computational fluid dynamics to investigate the validity and the differences between results obtained with these equations at low Reynolds number flows. In addition, simpler equations using the ratio of the diameter of the particle to the height of the channel and the aspect ratio of nonspherical particles are used to predict drag for particles that are spherical, ellipsoidal, and cylindrical in...
Reflected-Shock Ignition of Syngas at Engine Pressures and Comparison to Kinetics Models

Shock-tube experiments were performed for synthesis gas mixtures at engine pressures, a region where not much data are currently available. Ignition delay times were obtained for two mixtures, one consisting of mostly CO/H2 and one of H2 only, for temperatures ranging from 971 – 1277 K and pressures up to 30.8 atm. Ignition delay times were determined using pressure at an endwall location, with emission from the hydroxyl radical A 2 Σ + X 2 Π transition near 307 nm used for further interpretation of results. Two state-of-the-art chemical kinetics models were compared to the experimental data. The models were in good agreement with the data above 1100 K for all mixtures, however at lower temperatures the models greatly over predicted ignition times, in some cases more than one order of magnitude. This result is important in fields such as power generation, where syngas is used as a fuel in gas turbines.
Household Publicity of AIDS Prevention Knowledge Among Rural Residents in Tongjiang County

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of household publicity of AIDS prevention knowledge,and to provide scientific evidence for formulating more effect publicity strategies.Methods Face to face publicity with contents of AIDS prevention knowledge was carried out in rural residents,and publicity materials were distributed.Pre and post of the intervention,participants were randomly selected to fill out the questionnaires.Results A total of 154 391 rural residents of 56 252 households received face to face publicity.After the publicity,the proportion of those who heard of AIDS,the awareness rate of AIDS prevention knowledge,the awareness rate of AIDS free detection and advocacy rate among migrant family increased from 86.50%,28.00%,15.75% and 13.25% to 99.75%,62.25%,71.25% and 61.00%.(χ2= 54.84,94.75,250.66 and 195.36,all P 0.01).Conclusion Household publicity is significant effective to improve the awareness rate of AIDS related knowledge among rural residents.
Metabolic Syndrome and Adipocytokines

In recent years,many studies have indicated that adipose tissue is not only a place where body deposit energy,but also an active endocrine organ that excretes varied bioactive molecules.Obesity induces the abnormal exudation of the adipocytokines,which produce cytokines and hormones by autocrine,paracrine and incretion to participate in the physiological and pathological process,such as insulin resistance and chronic inflammation.This review discussed the relationship between Metabolic Syndrome(MS) and adipocytokines,and the hotspot of recent researches all over the world.
Seasonal change analysis of flies in Minhang district,Shanghai from 2006 to 2010 by circular distribution method

Objective To investigate the seasonal change of flies from 2006 to 2010 in Minhang district,in order to find out the seasonal change of flies.Method The circular distribution method was applied to analyze the fly density from 2006 to 2010 in Minhang.Results It showed that in Minhang district,there were 388 flies monitored from 2006 to 2010,and the peak of flies density distributed in 7,8,9 months,in which the number of flies were 97,70 and 67 respectively.The annual fliesdensity were respectively 0.18,0.43,0.44,0.86 and 0.48 flies every cage per day from 2006 to 2010.The peak day of flies seasonal change was July 21th.While the peak period of the seasonal change was from May 30th to Sep 11th.The annual r was 0.6706.The P values from 2006-2010 were all less than 0.01 after tested by the method of hypothsis testing.Conclusion The numbers of flies had an obvious seasonal change feature from 2006 to 2010 in Minhang district.
Etablierung eines Modells zur Beurteilung der sozioemotionalen Entwicklung bei Menschen mit geistiger Behinderung in ein Team

Anliegen: Zur Erhebung des sozioemotionalen Entwicklungsniveaus hat sich das Schema zur emotionalen Entwicklung (SEO) bereits als geeignetes Instrument gezeigt. Die Studie mochte die Anwendbarkeit des SEO und die Auswirkungen auf das Patientenverhalten auf einer akut psychiatrischen Station uberprufen. Methode: Bei 18 Personen mit geistiger Behinderung wurde das emotionale Entwicklungsniveau in Teamsitzungen erhoben. Die dafur benotigte Zeit wurde gemessen und der Einfluss auf Problemverhaltensweisen hinterfragt. Ergebnis: Zwischen der zweiten und dritten Woche nach SEO-Einfuhrung war die Lernphase abgeschlossen. Die benotigte Zeit zur Einschatzung des emotionalen Entwicklungsniveaus betrug 11 Minuten. In der Folge reduzierten sich auch die Verhaltensauffalligkeiten unspezifisch in ihrer Gesamtauspragung. Schlussfolgerungen: Das SEO stellt ein okonomisches, praktikables Verfahren zur Erfassung des emotionalen Entwicklungsniveaus dar und hat positiven Einfluss auf als Problemverhalten definierte Verhaltensweisen.
Strange Quark Magnetic Moment of the Nucleon at the Physical Point.

The strange quark contribution to magnetic moment and charge radius is extracted from lattice simulations. These are the first such simulations to be carried out using the physical pion mass.
Time Spent, Workload, and Student and Faculty Perceptions in a Blended Learning Environment

Objective. To evaluate student perception and time spent on asynchronous online lectures in a blended learning environment (BLE) and to assess faculty workload and perception.Methods. Students (n=427) time spent viewing online lectures was measured in three courses. Students and faculty members completed a survey to assess perceptions of a BLE. Faculty members recorded time spent creating BLEs.Results. Total time spent in the BLE was less than the allocated time for two of the three courses by 3-15%. Students preferred online lectures for their flexibility, students’ ability to apply information learned, and congruence with their learning styles. Faculty members reported the BLE facilitated higher levels of learning during class sessions but noted an increase in workload.Conclusion. A BLE increased faculty workload but was well received by students. Time spent viewing online lectures was less than what was allocated in two of the three courses.
Silicon Photonics: Recent Development on Silicon Based Laser Amplifier and Wavelength Converter

Summary form only given. Silicon photonics technology has made rapid progress in recent years achieving several key breakthroughs; it offers promising low-cost optoelectronic solutions for applications ranging from telecommunications to chip-to-chip interconnects and to emerging areas such as optical sensing and bio-medical applications. In particular, chipscale silicon lasers and amplifiers based on stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) [3-8], and efficient wavelength converters based on four-wave mixing (FWM) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) [9-11] have been successfully demonstrated. In these proof-of-principle demonstrations, linear silicon waveguides are used, and laser cavities have been either external or formed by applying multi-layer optical coatings onto the chip facets. For practical applications, we have developed a fully monolithic integrated ring resonator architecture for silicon lasers, amplifiers and wavelength converters.
Periods of Mixed Tate Motives over Real Quadratic Number Rings

Recently, the author defined multiple Dedekind zeta values [5] associated to a number K field and a cone C. In this paper we construct explicitly non-trivial examples of mixed Tate motives over the ring of integers in K, for a real quadratic number field K and a particular cone C. The period of such a motive is a multiple Dedekind zeta values at (s 1, s 2) = (1, 2), associated to the pair (K; C), times a nonzero element of K.
Characterization of the FoxL2 proximal promoter and coding sequence from the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina).

Abstract Sex is determined by temperature during embryogenesis in snapping turtles, Chelydra serpentina . Previous studies in this species show that dihydrotestosterone (DHT) induces ovarian development at temperatures that normally produce males or mixed sex ratios. The feminizing effect of DHT is associated with increased expression of FoxL2, suggesting that androgens regulate transcription of FoxL2. To test this hypothesis, we cloned the proximal promoter (1.6 kb) and coding sequence for snapping turtle FoxL2 (tFoxL2) in frame with mCherry to produce a fluorescent reporter. The tFoxL2-mCherry fusion plasmid or mCherry control plasmid were stably transfected into mouse KK1 granulosa cells. These cells were then treated with 0, 1, 10, or 100 nM DHT to assess androgen effects on tFoxL2-mCherry expression. In contrast to the main hypothesis, DHT did not alter expression of the tFoxL2-mCherry reporter. However, normal serum increased expression of tFoxL2-mCherry when compared to charcoal-stripped serum, indicating that the cloned region of tFoxL2 contains cis regulatory elements. We also used the tFoxL2-mCherry plasmid as an expression vector to test the hypothesis that DHT and tFoxL2 interact to regulate expression of endogenous genes in granulosa cells. While tFoxL2-mCherry and DHT had independent effects on mouse FoxL2, FshR, GnRHR, and StAR expression, tFoxL2-mCherry potentiated low concentration DHT effects on mouse aromatase expression. Further studies will be required to determine whether synergistic regulation of aromatase by DHT and FoxL2 also occurs in turtle gonads during the sex-determining period, which would explain the feminizing effect of DHT in this species.
Physiological Roles of High Lipid Content in Tissues of Antarctic Fish Species

Antarctic fish show many adaptations to their stenothermic cold life histories. The majority of antarctic fish produce glycoprotein antifreeze compounds which provide resistance to freezing of their hypoosmotic tissues by the subzero environment (DeVries 1983; DeVries, this Vol.). In many species, hematocrit of the blood is either substantially reduced or red cells and hemoglobin are absent (as in Channichthyidae), conditions which lower viscosity of the blood at severely cold temperature (Hemmingsen and Douglas 1977; Wells this Vol.). Lack of hemoglobin in Channichthyids is compensated for by increased heart size, blood volume and cardiac output (Hemmingsen et al. 1972; Hemmingsen, this Vol.).
The 3D Structure of Human DP Prostaglandin G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Bound to Cyclopentanoindole Antagonist, Predicted Using the DuplexBiHelix Modification of the GEnSeMBLE Method.

Prostaglandins play a critical physiological role in both cardiovascular and immune systems, acting through its interactions with 9 prostanoid G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These receptors are important therapeutic targets for a variety of diseases including arthritis, allergies, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. The DP prostaglandin receptor is of interest because it has unique structural and physiological properties. Most notably, DP does not have the 3-6 ionic lock common to Class A GPCRs. However, the lack of x-ray structures for any of the 9 prostaglandin GPCRs hampers the application of structure-based drug design methods to develop more selective and active medications to specific receptors. We predict here 3D structures for the DP prostaglandin GPCR, based on the GEnSeMBLE complete sampling with hierarchical scoring (CS-HS) methodology. This involves evaluating the energy of 13 trillion packings to finally select the best 20 that are stable enough to be relevant for binding to antagonists, agoni...
Benchmarked, Three-Dimensional Antineutrino Source Term Calculations of Light Water Reactors for Nonproliferation Applications

Simulation of reactor antineutrino signatures is vital to verify the experimental measurements of antineutrinos emitted from a reactor. It also provides an insight into detector configurations required to monitor different reactor types and potential fuel diversion scenarios. In this study, we perform simulations of antineutrino signatures for light water reactors (LWRs) using the industry standard reactor simulation tools, CASMO-4 and SIMULATE-3. Three different LWR reactors have been modeled, and several diversion scenarios involving uranium dioxide and mixed-oxide fuel have been simulated. The simulation results are also benchmarked with the antineutrino counts measured by the SONGS1 antineutrino detector that was used to monitor the operation of San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS), unit 2, cycle 13, during the period 2004-2005. Three-dimensional simulations of the reactor cores have been performed for improved accuracy of the detector response. The dependence of the antineutrino rate on the ...
Fuchs’ Uveitis Syndrome and Glaucoma

Lawrence first described Fuchs’ uveitis syndrome (FUS) in 1843. In 1906, in a series of 38 patients, Ernst Fuchs’ described a condition called complicated heterochromia, which was characterized by heterochromia, inflammation, and cataract. This disorder has also been called Fuchs’ heterochromic uveitis and Fuchs’ heterochromic cyclitis. However, vitreous opacities and chorioretinal scars are common, and therefore the frequently used term cyclitis is not entirely accurate.
The crystal structure of Proteus vulgaris tryptophan indole‐lyase complexed with oxindolyl‐l‐alanine: implications for the reaction mechanism

Tryptophan indole-lyase (TIL) is a bacterial enzyme which catalyzes the reversible formation of indole and ammonium pyruvate from l-tryptophan. Oxindolyl-l-alanine (OIA) is an inhibitor of TIL, with a Ki value of about 5 µM. The crystal structure of the complex of Proteus vulgaris TIL with OIA has now been determined at 2.1 A resolution. The ligand forms a closed quinonoid complex with the pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) cofactor. The small domain rotates about 10° to close the active site, bringing His458 into position to donate a hydrogen bond to Asp133, which also accepts a hydrogen bond from the heterocyclic NH of the inhibitor. This brings Phe37 and Phe459 into van der Waals contact with the aromatic ring of OIA. Mutation of the homologous Phe464 in Escherichia coli TIL to Ala results in a 500-fold decrease in kcat/Km for l-tryptophan, with less effect on the reaction of other nonphysiological β-elimination substrates. Stopped-flow kinetic experiments of F464A TIL show that the mutation has no effect on the formation of quinonoid intermediates. An aminoacrylate intermediate is observed in the reaction of F464A TIL with S-ethyl-l-cysteine and benzimidazole. A model of the l-tryptophan quinonoid complex with PLP in the active site of P. vulgaris TIL shows that there would be a severe clash of Phe459 (∼1.5 A apart) and Phe37 (∼2 A apart) with the benzene ring of the substrate. It is proposed that this creates distortion of the substrate aromatic ring out of plane and moves the substrate upwards on the reaction coordinate towards the transition state, thus reducing the activation energy and accelerating the enzymatic reaction.
Does location matter? Exploring the spatial patterns of food safety in a tourism destination

Abstract Location-based studies for tourism destinations have beenconducted from perspectives such as regional geography and systematicgeography. However, despite the importance of location, the impact oflocation on food safety has not yet been studied, even though it might bethe most influential aspect of planning and development in a tourism destination. This exploratory study identified locational determinants that are associated with the degree of critical food safety violations in hotel restaurants in the Miami metropolitan area in the United States. The results indicated that proximity to the beach, downtown, city of Miami, and airport had a significant effect on critical food safety violations. Furthermore, considerable local variations in the relationships among variables were explored using a geographically weighted regression. The implications on and suggestions for effective food safety planning and policy related to tourism are discussed.
Transcript profiling in the testes and prostates of postnatal day 30 Sprague-Dawley rats exposed prenatally and lactationally to 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone.

Abstract 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (HMB) is an ultraviolet light-absorbing compound that is used in sunscreens, cosmetics and plastics. HMB has been reported to have weak estrogenic activity by in vivo and in vitro studies, making it a chemical with potential reproductive concern. To explore if prenatal and lactational HMB exposure alters gene expression profiles of the developing reproductive organs, we performed microarray analysis using the prostate and testis of postnatal day (PND) 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats offspring exposed to 0, 3000, or 30,000 ppm of HMB from gestational day 6 through PND 21. Gene expression profiles of the prostate and testis were differentially affected by HMB dose with significant alterations observed at the 30,000 ppm HMB group. Tissue-specific gene expression was also identified. These genes, whose expression was altered by HMB exposure, may be considered as candidate biomarker(s) for testicular or prostatic toxicity; however, further studies are necessary to explore this potential.
Church leaders’ barriers and facilitators before and after implementing a physical activity and nutrition intervention

Faith-based health promotion programs have been effective in increasing healthy eating (HE) and physical activity (PA). Very few reports exist regarding church leaders' anticipated and experienced barriers and facilitators to program implementation. Pastors (n = 38, 70%) and program coordinators (n = 54, 100%) from churches (N = 54) who attended a program training answered open-ended questions about anticipated barriers and facilitators to implementing the HE and PA parts of the Faith, Activity, and Nutrition (FAN) program. Twelve months later, pastors (n = 49, 92%) and coordinators (n = 53, 98%) answered analogous questions about their experienced barriers and facilitators to implementing the HE and PA parts of the FAN program. Responses were coded using thematic analysis. Similar themes appeared at baseline and follow-up for anticipated and experienced barriers and facilitators. The most common barriers were no anticipated barriers, resistance to change, church characteristics, and lack of participation/motivation. The most common facilitators were internal support, leadership, and communication. Few differences were found between anticipated and experienced barriers and facilitators. Understanding these perspectives, particularly overcoming resistance to change and church characteristics through strong leadership and internal support from church leaders, will improve future program development, resources, and technical assistance in faith-based and non-faith-based communities alike.
Do disciplinary contexts impact the learning of evolution? Assessing knowledge and misconceptions in anthropology and biology students

Evolution education research has focused on biology populations, while other disciplines organized around evolutionary theory—such as biological anthropology—remain understudied. Cognitive science and education research suggest that learning evolution within the context of human evolution might cause increased understanding of evolutionary theory, as well as reasoning patterns relating to evolutionary change different from those stemming from learning evolution in a more generalized context. Biological anthropology students could offer a test of this hypothesis. This study incorporates this underrepresented population into the evolution education literature in order to generate insights into the effects of disciplinary context on evolutionary knowledge and reasoning. Undergraduate biology and anthropology students (N = 268) completed two validated and published evolution knowledge instruments: Conceptual Inventory of Natural Selection (CINS) and Assessment of Contextual Reasoning about Natural Selection (ACORNS). We varied the surface features of the ACORNS items [i.e., the trait (familiar, unfamiliar) and taxon (human, non-human)] and evaluated if the populations differed in their instrument scores or sensitivity to item surface features. The populations differed in background and demographic variables. Evolutionary knowledge and reasoning patterns also differed, with biology students having higher CINS scores, more key concepts, fewer naive ideas, and higher frequencies of accurate reasoning models. However, scores were generally poor for both populations. When background and demographic factors were controlled, key concept scores were comparable, but anthropology students continued to display lower measures for the other variables. Additionally, biology students’ showed limited sensitivity to the item surface features compared to anthropology students. Anthropology and biology students displayed significantly different demographic and academic backgrounds, making comparisons complex. We did not find evidence that learning evolution within a human/primate context generated greater instrument scores or lower sensitivities to item surface features. Rather, both anthropology and biology students were novice-like in their evolutionary knowledge and reasoning patterns. Anthropology students were more novice-like because they displayed sensitivities to item surface features. Our study raises questions about how best to assess the relative impact of taxon and trait familiarity on the measurement of evolutionary knowledge and reasoning.
Antibiotics for the allergist: part 1.

Objective To review antibiotic use and selection for disorders commonly seen in allergy practice. Data Sources MEDLINE searches were performed cross-referencing the keywords antibiotic, antimicrobial, management , and treatment with multiple disorders commonly seen in allergy practice. References of the chosen articles were also examined. Study Selection Articles were selected based on their relevance to the subject matter. Results A large body of research is available that is relevant to both conventional and novel uses of antibiotics. The use of antibiotics is in question for some disorders, whereas novel approaches to therapy with macrolide antibiotics are areas of active investigation. Meanwhile, patterns of microbial resistance continue to evolve. Conclusion For decades, antibiotics have been traditional first-line treatments for many disorders. Recently, this paradigm appears to be shifting as periods of observation come into favor and nonbacterial causes of inflammation are under greater scrutiny. Nonetheless, appropriate antibiotic selection often remains a key element in the treatment of these disorders. Knowledge of the relevant microbiology is an inherent requirement in selecting antibiotic therapies and necessitates awareness of current trends in bacterial resistance.
Emerging Adults’ Views on Masspersonal Self-Disclosure and their Bridging Social Capital on Facebook:

Masspersonal self-disclosure on social network sites entails new risks and benefits for bridging social capital, defined as social resources such as a connection to and investment in large and hete...
The Sangamo Frontier: History and Archaeology in the Shadow of Lincoln

Review of: "The Sangamo Frontier: History and Archaeology in the Shadow of Lincoln," by Robert Mazrim.
Switched-Capacitor-Based Integrated Double-Input Single-Output DC-DC Converter for ElectricVehicle Applications

Multi-input single-output converters play a crucial role in hybrid electric vehicle applications, regulating the voltage of different ports as well as efficiently transferring the power form source to DC bus or vice versa. An integrated double-input single-output dc-dc converter based on switched-capacitor configuration is presented in this paper, which can be employed for interfacing between sources with different voltage levels. Providing wide voltage gain range, the proposed converter can step-up the voltage of the input sources to a regulated high-voltage dc bus. Due to use of minimum number of switches, as well as the inherent shoot-through protection of switches, the proposed converter offers more reliable, efficient power conversion compared with conventional double-input converters. To achieve a high voltage-gain in step-up mode, the capacitors are charged in parallel and discharged in series. In this paper, the basic operating principles and steady-state characteristics are presented. A 1kW, 100 kHz experimental prototype is built to validate the effectiveness of the proposed concept.
The Channelopathies and Sudden Death

In recent years, genetic abnormalities in the cardiac conducting system labeled as channelopathies have been recognized as harbingers of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Longitudinal studies done in families of individuals who experienced SCD found that in 40–50% of families studied, relatives had a channelopathy. The major channelopathies including the long and short QT syndromes, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, the Brugada syndrome, the J wave syndrome, and idiopathic ventricular fibrillation are the subject of discussion in this chapter.
Agritourism microbusinesses within a developing country economy: A resource-based view

Abstract This study examines the role of microbusiness resources and their impact on microbusiness success within the agritourism domain for the developing country of Honduras. Using the resource-based view of the firm and social network theoretical frameworks, the results suggests that key dimensions include small business orientation, social capital, and social network ties, while government promotions, brand identification, and financial resources access are also key elements to microbusiness success within the community. Both business resources and structural resources have a positive relationship with microbusiness success. Theoretical and practical implications are provided, as well as future research directions for other developing countries that may consider agritourism.
LEARNED HARDWARE/SOFTWARE CO-DESIGN OF NEURAL ACCELERATORS

The use of deep learning has grown at an exponential rate, giving rise to numerous specialized hardware and software systems for deep learning. Because the design space of deep learning software stacks and hardware accelerators is diverse and vast, prior work considers software optimizations separately from hardware architectures, effectively reducing the search space. Unfortunately, this bifurcated approach means that many profitable design points are never explored. This paper instead casts the problem as hardware/software co-design, with the goal of automatically identifying desirable points in the joint design space. The key to our solution is a new constrained Bayesian optimization framework that avoids invalid solutions by exploiting the highly constrained features of this design space, which are semi-continuous/semi-discrete. We evaluate our optimization framework by applying it to a variety of neural models, improving the energy-delay product by 18% (ResNet) and 40% (DQN) over hand-tuned state-of-the-art systems, as well as demonstrating strong results on other neural network architectures, such as MLPs and Transformers.
Investigation of the Effects of Skew of an Integrated Flux-Switching Motor-Compressor

The integrated motor-compressor integrates a flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machine with an axial-flow compressor by shaping the rotor poles of the motor into airfoils. The airfoil-shaped rotor functions as the rotor of a motor as well as the rotor of an axial-flow compressor. The airfoil-shaped rotor poles need to be skewed by the proper blade stagger angle to perform optimal thermodynamic performance with an optimal attack angle. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of the stagger angle of the airfoil-shaped rotor on the thermodynamic performance of the integrated motor-compressor with respect to the compression power, compressor stage efficiency, flow turn angle, and total pressure ratio by velocity triangles and mean line calculations. The effects of skew of the stator on the electromagnetic performance of the integrated motor-compressor in terms of winding factor, cogging torque, magnet losses, winding resistance, and iron losses are evaluated by analytical equations and 3-D finite element analysis (FEA).
How Do Hurricanes Impact the Tourism Economy

The tourism industry is highly susceptible to the influence of natural disasters. The impact of hurricanes on mature tourist destinations can be short-term or long-term (Schmude et al., 2018). Natu...
Moral Underpinnings of the Military Profession

A professional military must be led by leaders that understand the basis for morality, that absolute moral truth exists and is knowable, and they must be secured communally on a foundation that transcends broader cultural trends and relies on more than either reason or emotion for sustenance. Failure to understand and adhere to such a morality corporately has historically led to great failures of commission and omission. Philosophy has proven a poor tool to provision answers to the practical questions of how an organization and the leaders of that organization develop and cultivate such a morality. At the core of the problem remain truths, often either overly complicated or overly simplified by both philosophers and religious leaders. A proper understanding of morality for organizational leaders in the military is to understand that universal truths do exist, they are knowable, but not all men will come to understand them on their own. Such an understanding leads to a moral leadership approach that combines methods. It strengthens common understanding corporately and it includes tools, norms and control mechanisms for a diverse population recognizing that a percentage of the organization will never come to understand higher principles on their own. However, at the foundation of such a system must exist a certain core understanding, even if the entire organization does not personally subscribe to the core beliefs, there must be at the base a tried and true support that all can accept as the foundation.