cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Colloidal Synthesis of Bulk-Bandgap Lead Selenide Nanocrystals.

Lead selenide quantum dots (QDs) are low-bandgap IV-VI semiconducting nanomaterials that have been studied for a variety of applications. Their preparation using colloidal methods can produce small spherical to larger cubic nanocrystals, with an upper limit of ~17 nm reported to date. Here we describe methods for preparing cubic PbSe nanocrystals over a 20→40 nm size range using a twostep procedure. Specifically, ~10 nm PbSe QDs are generated using the rapid injection method, the products from which are overcoated with additional lead and selenium precursors. The use of two lead reagents were studied; lead oleate resulted in a maximum of 20 nm cubes, while more reactive lead hexyldecanoate resulted in much larger nanomaterials with bulk bandgaps. However, PbSe samples prepared with lead hexyldecanoate also contained agglomerates. Special care must be taken when characterizing larger strained nanomaterials with X-ray powder diffraction, for which the Scherrer equation is inadequate. A more rigorous approach using the Williamson-Hall method provides characterizations that are consistent with electron microscopy analysis.
Fatigue crack growth behavior of additively manufactured 17-4 PH stainless steel: Effects of build orientation and microstructure

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) brings more freedom to design and fabricate parts with complex geometries. However, structural integrity of additively manufactured parts must be thoroughly investigated before they can be used in critical, load bearing structural applications. This study investigates the fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior of 17-4 precipitation hardening (PH) stainless steel (SS) fabricated using laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) process, and compares it to that of wrought counterpart. The effect of different heat treatment procedures and the notch orientation relative to the build direction were also studied. FCG tests were conducted under force-controlled mode at room temperature with a load ratio of R = 0.1 and a frequency of 10 Hz up to fracture. Microstructure characterization and fractography analysis were carried out to elaborate the crack growth mechanism with respect to different heat treatment conditions and crack growth directions. Abnormal FCG behavior was observed for L-PBF 17-4 PH SS subjected to H1025 heat treatment procedure. This was associated with the presence of δ-ferrite and its weak interface with martensite boundaries. However, L-PBF 17-4 PH SS specimens subjected to CA-H900 condition were found to behave similar to the wrought counterparts in the Paris regime.
School Leadership of a One-to-One Laptop Initiative:

This qualitative case study examined school leaders’ roles, perceptions, and challenges leading a one-to-one (1:1) laptop initiative in a coeducational, independent middle, and high school in the U...
Observation of High Spin-to-Charge Conversion by Sputtered Bismuth Selenide Thin Films at Room Temperature

We investigated spin-to-charge conversion in sputtered Bi43Se57/Co20Fe60B20 heterostructures with in-plane magnetization at room temperature. High spin-to-charge conversion voltage signals have been observed at room temperature. The transmission electron microscope images show that the sputtered bismuth selenide thin films are nanogranular in structure. The spin-pumping voltage decreases with an increase in the size of the grains. The inverse Edelstein effect length (λIEE) is estimated to be as large as 0.32 nm. The large λIEE is due to the spin-momentum locking and is further enhanced by quantum confinement in the nanosized grains of the sputtered bismuth selenide films. We also investigated the effect on spin-pumping voltage due to the insertion of layers of MgO and Ag. The MgO insertion layer has almost completely suppressed the spin-pumping voltage, whereas the Ag insertion layer has enhanced the λIEE by 43%.
Improving Braille Reading.

□ Increasing accuracy and speed in recognition of each member of the braille code produced significant improvement in the braille reading of high school students. These results were supportive of p...
FOOD ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS AND REDUCED HOSPITALIZATIONS FOR OLDER ADULTS WITH DIABETES

Diabetes is a an increasingly common and costly condition for older adults. Each year, as many as 1 in 3 Medicare dollars is spent to treat and manage diabetes and associated comorbidities for people with diabetes. To control health care spending in the US, it is imperative that we identify factors for reducing hospitalizations for these individuals. We used data from round five of the National Health and Aging Trends Study to identify predictors of hospitalization in the past 12 months for Medicare recipients ages 65 and older with diabetes. Previous research on the social determinants of health has demonstrated that social stressors like poverty and exposure to racism are associated with poorer health outcomes overall, but we did not find a statistically-significant association between race, gender or Medicaid dual-eligibility and hospitalization for our study population. Notably, receipt of SNAP benefits, Meals on Wheels services or other food assistance was associated with a 43% reduction in the risk of hospitalization in the past 12 months. As previous research has linked food insecurity with poorer medication adherence among individuals with Type II diabetes, food assistance programs appear to be an effective strategy for reducing hospitalizations associated with diabetes and its comorbidities.
Should the Reporting of Bone Marrow Positivity for Amyloid Be Revised? A Critical Assessment Based On 66 Biopsies From a Single Institution.

Context.— Amyloidoses are rare but heterogeneous disorders for which diagnosis is contingent upon the detection of deposits by Congo red stain and amyloid protein typing determines the treatment op...
Chapter 32: A Science and Risk-Based Approach to Bridging Drug-Device Combination Products

Biopharmaceuticals are most often administered to patients subcutaneously by way of a device delivery system, with these two components – biopharmaceutical and device – constituting the combination product. Combination products that employ different device components for the same drug or biologic and those that employ the same device component across different drugs and biologics necessitate a strong scientific comparability bridge be established. The science-based decision strategies follow a risk-based approach in the generation of needed bridging data and/or the leveraging of prior experience and knowledge for an established drug or device component. An impact analysis has proven a useful method in determining the “right study tool” is applied in generating sufficient comparability data to demonstrate bridging to the to-be-marketed combination product. The approaches and considerations described in this chapter are applicable to all phases of product life cycle: early-stage development, pivotal clinical studies, product launch, and post-approval change management.
Sex-specific and shared expression profiles of vulnerability and resilience to trauma in brain and blood.

While post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is defined by behavioral/cognitive symptoms most directly relevant to brain function, it can be considered a systemic disorder characterized by a distinct inability to reinstate homeostasis after trauma. In this study, we conducted a secondary analysis of gene expression profiles in key PTSD-relevant tissues, namely blood, amygdala, and hippocampus, from a rat model of PTSD, to identify sex-specific and shared processes associated with individual differences in response to recent trauma exposure. Our findings suggest both shared and sex-specific mechanisms underlying individual differences associated with vulnerability and resilience to trauma in hippocampus, amygdala, and blood. By disentangling cell composition from transcriptional changes, we found higher proportions of hippocampal oligodendrocytes in the PTSD-like, extreme behavioral response (EBR) group for both sexes and also identified modules for transcriptional activity associated with group differences (i.e., response to trauma) in the hippocampus that appeared to be sex-specific. By contrast, we found prominent sex differences, but no group differences, in amygdalar cell composition, and both shared and sex-specific modules representing PTSD-relevant transcriptional activity in the amygdala. Across amygdala and hippocampus, both sex-specific and shared processes were relevant to an overarching framework for EBR implicating disrupted TNFα/NFκΒ signaling and excitatory/inhibitory imbalance in dysregulated synaptic/structural plasticity with important implications for fear learning and memory. Our main finding in peripheral blood was consistent with the human literature and identified wound healing processes and hemostasis to be upregulated in the resilient, minimal behavioral response (MBR) group across sexes, but disrupted in a sexually dimorphic manner in the EBR group. In contrast to the varied characterization of the PTSD-like EBR group, characterization of MBR across blood, amygdala, and hippocampus suggests a common theme of upregulated wound healing and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling shared between sexes. In all, we identified differential oligodendrocyte proportions in hippocampus between PTSD-like EBR and resilient MBR, and identified processes and pathways that characterize the EBR and MBR-associated transcriptional changes across hippocampus, amygdala, and blood. The sex-specific mechanisms involved in EBR may contribute to the pronounced disparity in risk for PTSD, with women much more likely to develop PTSD.
Recovering British Romantic Women Travel Writers

I discuss here the creation of a course-related, collaborative website that involved students in the important work of recovering British women’s travel writing from the early nineteenth century. E...
Canine Economies of the Ancient Near East and Eastern Mediterranean

Archaeological assemblages, texts, and iconography indicate a multifaceted, yet often ignored, canine economy in the ancient eastern Mediterranean and Near East. This economy included not only dogs...
Predictors of Prolonged Length of Stay in Suicidal Children Transferred to Psychiatric Facilities.

OBJECTIVES: To determine if sociodemographic factors or underlying mental health conditions serve as predictors for prolonged length of stay (pLOS) in children hospitalized for suicidal ideation (SI) or suicide attempt (SA) requiring transfer to psychiatric facilities. We hypothesized an association between certain patient and hospital characteristics and pLOS. METHODS: For this retrospective cross-sectional study, we used the National Inpatient Sample. We included children RESULTS: Of 12 715 hospitalizations meeting inclusion criteria, 5475 had pLOS. After adjusting for sociodemographics and hospital characteristics, predictive factors for pLOS were public insurance use (prevalence ratio: 1.40; CI: 1.12–1.78), urban nonteaching hospital location (prevalence ratio: 4.61; CI: 2.33–9.12), urban teaching hospital location (prevalence ratio: 3.26; CI: 1.84–5.76), and underlying diagnosis of mood disorder (prevalence ratio: 1.98; CI: 1.63–3.42). Hispanic patients had decreased probability of pLOS (prevalence ratio: 0.69; CI: 0.52–0.93). Otherwise, age, zip income, sex, and hospital region were not predictive of pLOS. CONCLUSIONS: Among children hospitalized for SI or SA requiring transfer to psychiatric facilities, public insurance, urban hospital location, and diagnoses of mood disorder, depression, and bipolar disorder were predictive of pLOS. Further research is needed on how to decrease disparities in length of stay among this vulnerable population.
COVID-19 Infection Among People with HIV in New York City: A Population-Level Analysis of Matched Surveillance Data

Background: Little is known about the intersection of HIV and COVID-19, especially at the population level. Compared with people without HIV, people with HIV (PWH) could be at higher risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection or experience worse COVID-19-related clinical outcomes. New York City (NYC) has been hard-hit by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and is also home to a large population of PWH. Methods: We matched lab-confirmed COVID-19 case and death data reported to the NYC Health Department as of June 2, 2020, against the NYC HIV surveillance registry. We describe and compare the characteristics and COVID-19-related outcomes of PWH diagnosed with COVID-19 to all NYC PWH and to all New Yorkers diagnosed with COVID-19. Findings: Through June 2, 204,583 NYC COVID-19 cases were reported. The registry match identified 2,410 PWH with diagnosed COVID-19 eligible for analysis (1.2% of all COVID-19 cases). Compared with all NYC PWH and all New Yorkers diagnosed with COVID-19, a higher proportion of PWH with COVID-19 were older, male, Black or Latino/Hispanic, and living in high-poverty neighborhoods. At least one non-immunodeficiency-related underlying condition was reported for 58.9% of PWH with COVID-19. Compared with all NYC COVID-19 cases, a higher proportion of PWH with COVID-19 experienced COVID-19-related hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, and death during this period. Most PWH with COVID-19 were HIV virally suppressed. Interpretation: New Yorkers with HIV comprised 1.2% of lab-confirmed COVID-19 cases. This aligns with the general prevalence of HIV in NYC (1.5%), suggesting that PWH are not overrepresented among COVID-19 cases. However, compared with NYC COVID-19 cases overall, PWH experienced worse COVID-19-related outcomes. Given the pandemic’s exacerbating effects on health inequities, including among PWH, this is a critical time for HIV public health and clinical communities to strengthen services and support for people living with and affected by HIV. Funding Statement: Collection and management of data used for this work was supported by grant number 1 U62PS924575- 01-00 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (HIV surveillance). Declaration of Interests: None to declare. Ethics Approval Statement: None required for non-research, public health surveillance activity.
Melanoma genomics

Sophisticated molecular techniques that have recently become available permit analysis of genome-wide changes in gene copy number (DNA) or expression (RNA). These genomic strategies have the potential to transform our view of cancer biology and pathogenesis. This review surveys the studies performed using genome-wide analyses of melanoma, primarily in patient specimens but also in selected experimental models of melanoma. The insights gained and the challenges and potential of these approaches are discussed with respect to their ability to dissect out the molecular events that are responsible for melanoma progression.
Traumatic and Spontaneous Vertebral Artery Dissections: An Analysis of Tertiary-Center 310 Patient Cohort.

BACKGROUND Vertebral artery dissections (VADs) are rare yet potentially devastating events. While the etiology of these events is either traumatic or spontaneous, there is a paucity of quantitative literature comparing the two. OBJECTIVE To identify differences in predisposing factors, event characteristics, and clinical outcomes between traumatic VADs (tVADs) and spontaneous VADs (sVADs). METHODS We retrospectively identified patients with VADs presenting to our institution at VAD onset with at least a 3-mo follow-up. Demographics, event characteristics, treatment details, and neurological outcomes as modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores were collected. RESULTS Of the 310 patients sustaining 366 VADs total, 187 (60.3%) patients experienced a total of 221 (60.4%) sVADs and 123 (39.7%) patients experienced a total of 145 (39.6%) tVADs. sVADs were more likely to occur in the intracranial course of the artery (P = .042) and have a lower mRS at discharge, 3-month, and last clinical follow-up (P = 003, .002, and .001, respectively). tVADs were more likely associated with concomitant fractures (P < .001). CONCLUSION Despite similar patient populations, tVADs are associated with higher mRS scores at all time points. Although further study is needed, this may suggest other concomitant trauma rather than the VAD itself is contributing to worse neurological status in patients with tVADs.
Machine learned interatomic potentials for modeling interfacial heat transport in Ge/GaAs

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations provide a versatile framework to study interfacial heat transport, but their accuracy remains limited by the accuracy of available interatomic potentials. Past researchers relied on simple analytic potentials and the use of mixing rules to model interface systems, but with minimal justification for their use. Contemporary researchers have access to highly flexible machine learned interatomic potentials (MLIPs), yet these remain understudied within this problem domain. In either case, efforts are needed to rigorously assess and validate interatomic potentials prior to their use in MD simulations of interfacial heat transport. Here, we pursue these efforts while developing interatomic potentials for a model Ge/GaAs system. We first assess the quality of ab initio harmonic force constants (IFC2s) obtained from the interface structure that is used to generate fitting data for MLIPs. We show that these force constants can converge to near bulk-like values within 1 nm away from the interface while also exhibiting a complex relationship across the interface, which likely precludes any successful application of mixing rules. Subsequently, we develop two different MLIPs to model Ge/GaAs using the linear spectral neighborhood analysis potential (SNAP) functional form: one standard SNAP fit to total forces, and another hybrid SNAP fit to anharmonic force components and combined with a harmonic Taylor expansion potential. Each potential is evaluated with respect to bulk thermal properties, interface IFC2s, and stability considerations, providing a valuable comparative analysis that can guide future work.
An Efficient Technique for Storing Eddy Current Signals

Preventive maintenance schemes often involve periodic inspection of plant and equipment in industry. Evaluation of the integrity of the plant at regular intervals provides data not only for the detection of defects in their incipient stages but also for monitoring the evolution in the growth of defects that were considered benign in previous inspections. Evolution in the nature of defects is tracked by comparing the signals obtained with test data obtained and recorded from previous tests. Consequently the procedure entails storage of a large amount of data during each inspection. As an example, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission mandates periodic inspection of steam generator tubing in nuclear power plants using eddy current techniques. The signals are recorded on a multichannel analog tape recorder with one of the tracks dedicated for storing the voice of the operator who records the details of the test conditions. A major disadvantage of this approach lies in the voluminous nature of the data necessitating the use of a large amount of storage media. In addition it is difficult to address and access specific data records.
Mental Illness: Folk Categories and Explanation

This chapter reviews the criteria used by laymen to identify mental illness mainly for psychotic conditions, examine the kinds of mental illness that have been recognized and labeled, and analyze the folk interpretations of mental illnesses in various cultures. Perception, recognition, grouping, and interpretation of mental illnesses are influenced greatly by societal and cultural factors, in addition to medical knowledge. They can be formed according to etiological categories, such as illness caused by fright, loss of soul, intrusion of wind, possession by evil; by descriptive categories, such as falling sickness, excited insanity, idiocy; or a mixture of both. It should also be noted that folk terms of disordered mental conditions may refer to specific conditions or may be used genetically, without distinguishing clearly among various kinds of disorders. The African folk concept of psychoses is quite similar to that of western European psychoses, particularly regarding the constellation of mental disorders known as schizophrenia, characterized by gross, strange behavior, and loss of contact with social reality. However, the emphasis in folk criteria is relatively different from a professional emphasis, which pays more attention to certain overt behavior disorders that become dystonic with the sociocultural norm. In Laos, the folk criteria for mental illness (psychosis) are determined primarily by the persistence of socially dysfunctional behavior rather than by disturbances in thought and affect.
A Coding Problem Concerning Simultaneous Threshold Detection

We define a threshold detection system (TDS) of order N to be a collection of N binary codewords, V1, V2, ..., V N , and N binary decision trees, T1, T2, ..., T N , such that the tree Ti on input Vj reports “no” if j < i, and “yes” otherwise.
Epitaxial growth and characterization of MnAs on InP and In0.53Ga0.47As

The heteroepitaxial growth of type-B ferromagnetic MnAs on InP and lattice matched In0.53Ga0.47As has been investigated for the first time. In situ reflection high energy electron diffraction during molecular beam epitaxy and atomic force microscopy are used to study the reconstruction and morphology, respectively, of the MnAs surface. The in-plane magnetic properties of the film are studied by magneto-optic Kerr effect measurements. The Curie temperature is estimated to be 315 K. The coercivity of 35 nm films measured at room temperature and 10 K are 860 Oe and 1410 Oe, respectively. The measured in-plane magnetocrystalline anisotropy constants Ku1 and Ku2 for the film are 2.747 × 106 and 7.086 × 106 erg cm−3, respectively. The magnetization and hysteresis in the out-of-plane direction are characterized by a saturation magnetic field of 1.2 T and coercivity of 1600 Oe at 10 K.
Child death review teams: a vital component of child protection.

The alarming number of children killed and seriously injured as a result of child maltreatment and neglect has led to increased calls for action. In response, interdisciplinary and multiagency child death review teams have emerged as an important component of child protection. Paradoxically, child death review teams are among the least visible and understood elements in efforts to protect children. This article examines the role and functions of child death review teams and their contributions to child welfare in practice, prevention, and policy. Language: en
Eine Methode zur Untersuchung von Programmen bezüglich eines Betriebssystems mit virtuellem Speicher - Anwendung zur Vorhersage des Programmverhaltens

Ziel der Arbeit war es, Aussagen uber die Struktur von Programmen zu gewinnen, um daraus das Verhalten der Programme in Abhangigkeit vom zur Verfugung stehenden Hauptspeicher abschatzen zu konnen. Die hier beschriebene Methode ist ein Ansatz in dieser Richtung. Der Grundgedanke ist folgender:
Some Assembly Required

Materials science has traditionally involved the study of the self-assembly of atoms or molecules into bulk thermodynamic phases. In her Perspective, Glotzer predicts that this field will be revolutionized by new materials made from larger, more complex building blocks designed to assemble in specific ways. These building blocks allow potentially much greater control over a material9s properties, enabling the design rather than the selection of materials for specific uses.
A TCP-friendly protocol for media streams over best effort networks

We develop an analytical model for the congestion control mechanism of an Internet friendly transport-level protocol (IFTP). The IFTP does not require routers to provide any additional mechanisms to support it. We evaluate IFTP through simulation and show that it solves the TCP-friendly problem. We also test IFTP against some important performance metrics such as packet delay and delay jitter.
Studies on the biosynthesis of gibberellins—II.

Abstract The formation of radioactive gibberellins from (−)kaurenol ((−)kaur-16-en-19-ol) in cultures of Gibberella fujikuroi has been found to resemble that from (−)kaurenoic acid. Evidence for an intermediate step in the pathway to gibberellic acid (GA-3) has been obtained in the observation that a radioactive GA-4 + GA-7 fraction obtained from a kaurenol-fed culture gave rise to radioactive G-3 when fed to a second culture.
Proteins of Multiple Classes May Participate in Nongenomic Steroid Actions

Responses to steroids initiated from non-nuclear receptors impinge on a wide variety of cellular responses and utilize nearly all known signal transduction webs. While the mechanisms by which steroid receptors localize in the membrane are still unclear, it is apparent that this alternative localization allows steroid receptors to participate in a wide range of complex functions influencing cell proliferation, death, and differentiation. The central debate still remains the identity of the protein class or classes that mediate membrane-initiated (nongenomic) responses. The data thus far have supported several possibilities, including: nuclear steroid receptor-like forms in non-nuclear locations; other known (nonsteroid) membrane receptors or channels with additional steroid-binding sites; enzymes; transporters; receptors for serum steroid-binding proteins; unique and previously undescribed proteins; or chimeras of typical steroid receptor domains with other unique or known protein domains. Categorizing membrane steroid receptor proteins based exclusively on the actions of antagonists and agonists, without considering cell context and protein partnering issues, may mislead us into predicting more receptor subtypes than really exist. However, the plethora of signaling and functional outcomes may indicate the participation of more than one kind of steroid-binding protein. Resolving such unanswered questions will require future investigative focus on this alternative arm of steroid action, which is likely to yield as many therapeutic opportunities as have nuclear steroid mechanisms.
CARBON DIOXIDE AS A FACILITATING AGENT IN THE INITIATION AND GROWTH OF BUBBLES IN ANIMALS DECOMPRESSED TO SIMULATED ALTITUDES

1. Rats killed in a variety of ways (broken neck, nembutal, anoxia, electrocution) may undergo extensive bubble formation when subsequently decompressed from atmospheric pressure to simulated altitudes of 50,000 feet. On autopsy at sea level, large numbers of bubbles are found throughout the vascular system in the majority of animals. These bubbles appear to originate in small vessels deep within muscular regions, later spreading widely in arterial and venous systems. Dead rabbits and frogs also bubble profusely on decompression. 2. Bubble formation in dead animals is attributed primarily to the accumulation of CO2, derived from residual cellular respiration after death, and from anaerobic glycolysis with attendant decomposition of bicarbonates in blood and tissue fluids. If anaerobic glycolysis is inhibited by using sodium iodoacetate as a lethal agent, bubble formation is greatly reduced or lacking on subsequent decompression. 3. Experiments in vitro suggest that high concentrations of CO2 favor bubble formation by reducing the degree of mechanical disturbance necessary. 4. Administration of CO2 in high concentrations to living frogs lowers the minimum altitude (pressure equivalent) at which bubble formation occurs, with exercise, in untreated animals. Pre-treatment with CO2 also reduces the degree of muscular activity necessary for bubbles to form in frogs at higher altitudes. 5. Analyses have been made of the gas content of bubbles taken directly from the large veins of decompressed frogs and rats. In living animals the figures obtained indicate rapid equilibration with gas tensions in the blood. Bubbles taken from decompressed dead rats may contain 60–80 per cent CO2. 6. The bearing of these experiments on the mechanisms of bubble initiation and growth in normal living animals is discussed. Reasons are given for suggesting that CO2, due largely to its high dissolved concentration in localized active regions, may be an outstanding factor in the initiation and early growth of bubbles which in later stages are expanded and maintained principally by nitrogen.
Characterization of SiGe films for use as a National Institute of Standards and Technology Microanalysis Reference Material (RM 8905).

Bulk silicon-germanium (SiGe) alloys and two SiGe thick films (4 and 5 μm) on Si wafers were tested with the electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) using wavelength dispersive spectrometers (WDS) for heterogeneity and composition for use as reference materials needed by the microelectronics industry. One alloy with a nominal composition of Si 0.86 Ge 0.14 and the two thick films with nominal compositions of Si 0.90 Ge 0.10 and Si 0.75 Ge 0.25 on Si, evaluated for micro- and macroheterogeneity, will make good microanalysis reference materials with an overall expanded heterogeneity uncertainty of 1.1% relative or less for Ge. The bulk Ge composition in the Si 0.86 Ge 0.14 alloy was determined to be 30.228% mass fraction Ge with an expanded uncertainty of the mean of 0.195% mass fraction. The thick films were quantified with WDS-EPMA using both the Si 0.86 Ge 0.14 alloy and element wafers as reference materials. The Ge concentration was determined to be 22.80% mass fraction with an expanded uncertainty of the mean of 0.12% mass fraction for the Si 0.90 Ge 0.10 wafer and 43.66% mass fraction for the Si 0.75 Ge 0.25 wafer with an expanded uncertainty of the mean of 0.25% mass fraction. The two thick SiGe films will be issued as National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference Materials (RM 8905).
The sociolinguistics of sign languages. Ceil Lucas (Ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. 259.

In the field of linguistics, as we have repeatedly seen, some languages have had a harder time than others gaining acceptance as “legitimate” and achieving recognition as “real.” Whether it is their specific histories, politics, or cultural origins, certain categories of languages and their speakers have been labeled “different” (often interpreted as deficient) and subsequently ignored, misunderstood, and not admitted into the group of languages deemed worthy of academic study and social recognition. Those languages selected for study and validation shared many features: they had traditions of literacy and literature, dictionaries and grammars, and they were spoken.
Herbivory, current velocity and algal regrowth: how does periphyton grow when the grazers have gone?

Summary 1. An experiment conducted in streamside channels was used to document the regrowth of grazed periphyton. Our objective was to determine the relative importance of current velocity, grazing duration, and grazer type in shaping the trajectory of algal and periphytic regrowth. 2. The grazing mayflies Baetis bicaudatus and Epeorus longimanus were used alone and in combination to create three grazing treatments at slow, medium and fast current (2–5, 15–20 and 30–40 cm s−1, respectively). Duration treatments consisted of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 days of grazing. Chlorophyll a and ash-free dry mass (AFDM) accumulation on grazed tiles was measured (as periphytic AFDM and chlorophyll a, respectively) at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days following the removal of grazers. 3. Chlorophyll a and AFDM was best predicted by interactions between current velocity, grazing duration and regrowth time. 4. The two grazer species did not differ in their effect on Chlorophyll a and AFDM during the period of periphytic regrowth that followed grazing. 5. Longer grazing duration reduced periphytic biomass, but also accelerated algal regrowth, and this growth enhancement was more pronounced at slower current velocities. 6. Data from this study suggest that herbivory can have important historical effects on periphytic accrual.
Abdominal Crisis in the Horse: A Comparison of Pre‐Surgical Evaluation With Surgical Findings and Results

The results of preoperative examination, surgical intervention and the outcome of 50 cases of acute abdominal crisis in the horse are presented. Pre-surgical parameters discussed in this correlative study include duration of the condition prior to sergery, pulse rate, packed cell volume (PCV), abdominal distention, intestinal motility and tympany, rectal findings, reflux of fluid after passage of a nasogastric tube, and abdominal paracentesis. A retrospective study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of each clinical parameter in deciding that a case was surgical, arriving at a specific pre-surgical diagnosis, and in giving a prognosis. Rectal examination was the single most useful diagnostic tool. Reflux of gastric fluid through the nasogastric tube usually indicated obstruction of the small intestine.
The National 4-H Dairy Conference: A Youth Learning Experience

The National 4-H Dairy Conference provides an exceptional 4-d opportunity that includes cultural diversity among participants, who represent a wide cross-section of the US states, Canadian provinces, and US territories. The National 4-H Dairy Conference provides a means to help further youth development for the dairy industry and to impart to those youth a better understanding of dairy production, processing, marketing, use of products, and career opportunities. The conference provides a fast-paced mixture of youth leadership, educational programs, recreation, and motivational presentations by nationally known speakers. Daily evaluations have indicated that participants find the conference to be highly successful and effective in meeting program objectives.
Embodiment and multimodality

Students who are blind are typically one to three years behind their seeing counterparts in mathematics and science. We posit that a key reason for this resides in the inability of such students to access multimodal embodied communicative behavior of mathematics instructors. This impedes the ability of blind students and their teachers to maintain situated communication. In this paper, we set forth the relevant phenomenological analyses to support this claim. We show that mathematical communication and instruction are inherent embodied; that the blind are able to conceptualize visuo-spatial information; and argue that uptake of embodied behavior is critical to receiving relevant mathematical information. Based on this analysis, we advance an approach to provide students who are blind with awareness of their teachers' deictic gestural activity via a set of haptic output devices. We lay forth a set of open research question that researcher in multimodal interfaces may address.
Gluon correction to semileptonic decays of heavy quarks

Abstract The lowest-order correction is calculated to the simple quark model of semileptonic heavy quark decays in quantum chromodynamics. The semileptonic decay rates are suppressed substantially, as much as 35% for the charmed quark, and the inclusive energy spectra of final quarks and leptons are softened enough to reproduce well the inclusive lepton spectrum observed for the charmed hadron decays.
4,4′-Bis dimethylaminodiphenylcarbinol: A new reagent for selective chemical modification. Interaction with porcine malate dehydrogenase

Abstract 4,4- bis Dimethylaminodiphenylcarbinol (BDC-OH) has recently been reported to be a highly sensitive reagent for the quantitative determination of sulfhydryl residues in biological materials (1). In this communication the effectiveness of BDC-OH as a reagent for selective chemical modification of “active center” cysteine residues was investigated. The supernatant and mitochondrial forms of malate dehydrogenase were chosen for investigation by this reagent. Supernatant malate dehydrogenase which has never been found to contain an “active center” cysteine is unaffected by this reagent. Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (L malate: NAD + oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37) from porcine heart can be irreversibly inactivated by a 20 fold M excess of the reagent. Chemical modification of two essential sulfhydryl residues is prevented by the presence of the coenzyme, NAD + , suggesting that the site of interaction is located at or near the coenzyme binding site and hence at or near the enzymatic center of this enzyme.
Endothelial cell viability in the rat aortic wall.

Abstract Aortic allografts may offer advantages over prosthetic materials for aortic valve replacement or reconstruction with a valved aortic conduit. Cellular viability may partly determine long-term allograft performance. To evaluate endothelial cell viability in a rat model, valved aortic conduits were subjected to collagenase digestion. The resulting endothelial cell suspension was labeled with Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin-fluorescein isothiocyanate (GSA-FITC), a marker specific for vascular endothelial cells of the rat. The cells were then incubated with propidium iodide, which is excluded by viable cells. Flow cytometry evaluated endothelial cell viability by determination of percentage of GSA-FITC-positive cells that were negative for propidium iodide. Aortas were studied immediately after harvest or after storage at 4 °C in a nutrient medium for 3 to 21 days. Percentage of viable endothelial cells showed a progressive decline with increasing duration of storage. These results demonstrate flow cytometric measurement of endothelial cell viability, a factor of possible importance in assessing allograft storage methods, and show that endothelial viability declines with prolonged storage at 4 °C in a nutrient medium.
Pulse oximetry using a disposable finger sensor placed on the forehead in hypoxic patients.

Background: Disposable pulse oximetry sensors designed for the finger are sometimes placed on the forehead. Although finger sensors have not been designed to accurately measure arterial oxygen saturation when placed on other body parts, they are used on the forehead when an oximetry waveform cannot be obtained from the finger. Objectives: The purpose of this prospective observational study was to measure the agreement between disposable transmittal sensors placed on the finger and the same sensors placed on the forehead. Methods: We used a convenience sample of hypoxic emergency department patients. Patients were attached to three oximeters: 1) a non-disposable finger sensor (reference); 2) a disposable finger sensor placed on the finger; and 3) a disposable finger sensor placed on the forehead. Data were analyzed using the Bland-Altman method. A difference of 5% was considered clinically significant. Results: Twenty-five patients were approached, and 20 were enrolled. Eleven of the patients had an absolute difference between the disposable finger sensor placed on the finger compared to the forehead ≥ 5%. Conclusion: Pulse oximetry measurements taken on the forehead using a disposable finger sensor were inaccurate in over half of the subjects. Therefore, disposable finger oximetry sensors should not be placed on the forehead.
THE CFIA FORUM: EVANGELICALS AND AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM

Abstract James Skillen responds to Walter Russell Mead's Sept./Oct. 2006 Foreign Affairs article, “God's Country?” and critiques Mead's assertion that evangelical influence on U.S. foreign policy and support for Israel stem from their theological or evangelical characteristics. American Christian Zionism and the belief in American exceptionalism is a product of the American civil religion bequeathed by 19th and early 20th century Protestantism, but is not directly related to Christian theology.
Revision of the stereochemistry of koumidine

Abstract In the course of assigning the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the alkaloid koumidine it was found necessary to revise the stereochemistry of C-18 from the E to the Z configuration.
Integrating gesture and snapping into a user interface toolkit

This paper describes Artkit - the Arizona Retargetable Toolkit - an extensible object-oriented user interface toolkit. Artkit provides an extensible input model which is designed to support a wider range of interaction techniques than conventional user interface toolkits. In particular the system supports the implementation of interaction objects using dragging, snapping (or gravity fields), and gesture (or handwriting) inputs. Because these techniques are supported directly by the toolkit it is also possible to create interactions that mix these techniques within a single interface or even a single interactor object.
Developing concepts in negative symptoms: primary vs secondary and apathy vs expression

Negative symptoms in schizophrenia, such as blunted affect, alogia, asociality, anhedonia, and avolition, remain challenging to treat in many patients, but new concepts may lead to a better understanding of the definition and treatment of these symptoms. The most widely used rating scales for negative symptoms (the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) were developed in the 1980s, but more recent findings, such as insight into aspects of anhedonia, have led to the creation of new rating scales (the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms and the Brief Negative Symptom Scale). Clinicians should differentiate between primary and secondary negative symptoms in order to select the best treatment option. Secondary negative symptoms may be caused by comorbid conditions, psychotic symptoms, medication side effects, and substance abuse. On most rating scales, negative symptoms have also been found to load onto 1 of 2 domains, apathy/anhedonia/asociality or diminished expression (blunted affect and alogia). This distinction may facilitate the development of new treatments.
Thermal effects on transport in the resting mammary glands

Abstract The increased number of women diagnosed with breast cancer in industrialized countries is raising the awareness of possible factors influencing this occurrence. The present work is based on a multi-layer transport model to analyze the concentration of toxins present in the breast ducts. The multi-layer model presented describes the transport of caffeine, cimetidine, aspirin and nicotine during the resting mammary gland period. Additionally, the dermal transport of drugs such as nicotine and aspirin into the resting mammary gland is analyzed. In a unique approach we also present the impact of introducing an external heat flux at the boundaries to increase the diffusion of these particles into the breast ducts. Our model predicts the movement of toxins and/or drugs within the resting mammary glands.
Studies on the Fabrication and Stab Resistance Characterization of Novel Thermoplastic-Kevlar Composites

Kevlar has demonstrated the ability to protect well against ballistic threats but has low resistance to puncture. Correctional Kevlar has shown good resistance to puncture. However, the fabric is expensive, difficult to manufacture because of its tight weave construction, and has limited protection against ballistic threats. In an effort to produce materials that are less bulky, more flexible, and resistant to puncture, thermoplastic-Kevlar (TP-Kevlar) composites have been examined. Kevlar fabric was impregnated with thermoplastic film using a hot press to produce the composites. Static and dynamic puncture resistant properties of the TP-Kevlar composites were investigated using a National Institute of Justice (NIJ Standard 0115.00) Stab Tower. The TP-films used in this study were polyethylene, Surlyn, and co extruded-Surlyn, which is a co extrusion of Surlyn and polyethylene. Response of the polyethylene (PE)-Kevlar composites, Surlyn-Kevlar composites, and co extruded (COEX)-Kevlar composites to spike and knife threats under static and dynamic conditions were compared with that of neat Kevlar. The infusion of thermoplastic films into the Kevlar fabric was shown to dramatically increase puncture resistance during quasi-static and dynamic testing with spikes. The TP-film type also made a difference when examining the resistance on a comparative basis of the TP-Kevlar targets. The TP-Kevlar composite targets showed more resistance to quasi-static spike testing than quasi-static knife testing. Weapon comparisons revealed that the TP-Kevlar composite targets had more resistance to dynamic knife testing than dynamic spike testing.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of microtubule-containing structures from electron micrographs

Microtubules and associated structures are among the more difficult samples studied by 3D reconstruction techniques because of their size, complexity, and lability. Nevertheless, their importance in many cellular functions often justifies efforts to acquire 3D information up to the resolution limit of negatively stained specimens or beyond. A combined approach which utilizes methods appropriate to both helical symmetry and 2D crystal lattices seems to provide the surest route to 3D reconstruction. Images of unstained specimens obtained by newer techniques of microscopy present challenging problems in data analysis, but potentially offer higher-resolution information.
AUTOMATED DATA ANALYSIS FOR CONSECUTIVE IMAGES FROM DROPLET COMBUSTION EXPERIMENTS

A simple automated image analysis algorithm has been developed that processes consecutive images from high speed, high resolution digital images of burning fuel droplets. The droplets burn under conditions that promote spherical symmetry. The algorithm performs the tasks of edge detection of the droplet’s boundary using a grayscale intensity threshold, and shape fitting either a circle or ellipse to the droplet’s boundary. The results are compared to manual measurements of droplet diameters done with commercial software. Results show that it is possible to automate data analysis for consecutive droplet burning images even in the presence of a significant amount of noise from soot formation. An adaptive grayscale intensity threshold provides the ability to extract droplet diameters for the wide range of noise encountered. In instances where soot blocks portions of the droplet, the algorithm manages to provide accurate measurements if a circle fit is used instead of an ellipse fit, as an ellipse can be too accommodating to the disturbance.
Evaluation of X-ray fluorescence and mass spectrometric analyses of Rb and Sr in some silicate standards

Abstract X-ray fluorescence analysis of Rb and Sr in five rock standards, using computed mass absorption corrections, agrees satisfactorily with mass spectrometer results. Comparable agreement is found by averaging Rb and Sr values obtained with matrix corrections based on the reciprocals of Compton scatter and background intensity.
The Cellular Basis of Pacing-Induced Dilated Cardiomyopathy Myocyte Cell Loss and Myocyte Cellular Reactive Hypertrophy

Background Rapid ventricular pacing leads to a cardiac myopathy consisting of an increase in chamber dimension, mural thinning, elevation in ventricular wall stress, and congestive heart failure, mimicking dilated cardiomyopathy in humans. However, contrasting results have been obtained concerning the mechanisms of ventricular dilation and the existence of myocardial hypertrophy. Moreover, questions have been raised regarding the occurrence of myocardial damage and cell loss in the development of the experimental myopathy. Methods and Results The functional and structural characteristics of the heart were studied in conscious dogs subjected to left ventricular pacing at 210 beats per minute for 3 weeks and 240 beats per minute for an additional week. At the time the animals were killed, measurements of myocardial structural integrity and myocyte shape, size, and number were determined by morphometric analysis of the myocardium in situ and enzymatically dissociated cells. The experimental protocol used was...