cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resource Recycling and Waste-to-Energy: The Cornerstones of Circular Economy

"Circular Economy" is the pursued goal of sustainable development of mankind for the 21st century. In short, the fundamental spirit of circular economy is the concept of "Zero Waste". The example used in our daily lives means 100% of waste treatment, leaving no trace. At this time, it would be an ideal goal that the waste could be fully recovered into available raw materials or energies. In particular, "waste-to-energy" is a key factor, because all the wastes are almost related to energy. Resource recycling of waste metal from the household garbage is the best example. When smelting metals, the refining industry needs to reduce the metal oxides (mineral materials) to metals, such as steel, aluminium, copper, etc. The reduction processes consume considerable portion of energy for the entire smelting process, for example, 70.6% for steel and 77.4% for aluminium. However, if the waste metallic products can be fully recovered, as long as by melting and reshaping, the original oxide metal reduction processes that consume a lot of energy can be avoided. On the other hand, when the general garbage cannot be recovered as a resource, they can be converted into fuel or electricity by biological or thermal treatment. Another more important human waste utilization is the waste paper recycling. The production of one tonne of raw pulp emits about 6 tonnes of carbon, consuming about 100 cubic meters of water, using about 200 kilograms of chemical raw materials, and draining 300 tonnes of toxic waste water. The entire papermaking process is how terrible environmental pollution! The recycled pulp of one tonne can save energy 10-13GJ.The proportion of paper waste in Taiwan 2015 is 34.69% and the estimated amount is 2.5 million tonnes. If the paper waste could be fully recycled, it could save energy about 0.725 million kloe (kilolitre oil equivalent). In other words, it virtually reduces Taiwan's oil imports of 4.56 million barrels and CO2 emissions of 2.5 million tonnes annually.
Asset Mapping in Communities

Policy makers have tended to create hierarchical systems where a small number of people are in charge of the mass production of standardised goods. Clients/consumers in large numbers grow dependent on this cycle of production. Such systems create dependency rather than empowerment. The author argues that in creating maps to reflect the way in which these systems work we have tended to neglect the notion of “associated community”; where there is a dependence on consent, choice, care and citizen power. This chapter explores the nature of the relationship between systems, communities and citizens, and looks at the shift, in developed society, from equal relationships between citizens and communities to a relationship where systems are dominant. The authors argue that the move towards an increasingly “consumerist society” has marginalized the role of the citizen. In order to encourage and build healthy communities we must recognise and appreciate the unique capabilities that communities offer in developing, nurturing and caring for their citizens.
Displacement of carbon atoms in few-layer graphene

Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the susceptibility of carbon atom displacement under electron irradiation. The mapping of threshold displacement energies at different recoiling directions showed that the energies are very sensitive to the layer configurations and positions of neighboring atoms. Carbon atoms on the top and the bottom layers of few-layer graphene are most vulnerable to irradiation damage due to lack of constraints from the neighboring graphene layers. As indirect experiment evidence, transmission electron microscopy was performed on the edge of folded few-layer graphene, which made it possible to reveal “the inside” and compare irradiation tolerance of atoms at different layers, by using an electron analysis beam for both displacement creation and in situ characterization.
Treatment of Psychosomatic Symptoms

People with psychosomatic symptoms do best within a structured lifestyle that includes regular physical exercise, adequate time for sleep, healthy eating habits and stress management techniques such as mindfulness, yoga and tai chi. Cognitive-behavioral therapy can help patients recognize and modify thoughts and activities that trigger symptoms. Numerous drugs, including antidepressants, antiepileptics and anxiolytics, are used to treat psychosomatic symptoms, but none have been dramatically effective. A major limitation of these drugs is “off-target effects” that lead to bothersome side effects and variable response. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are promising new treatments for a variety of psychosomatic illnesses, but well-controlled treatment trials are needed to access efficacy and safety.
Open Access in Estonia

In the North American academic library and information studies literature, not much has been written about open access (OA) in Estonia. The present article addresses that lacunae by focusing on the...
Foster Care, Permanency, and Risk of Prison Entry:

Objective:(1) Examine associations of foster care exit type (e.g., reunification with birth family, adoption, guardianship/permanent relative placement, or emancipation from care) with risk of entr...
Therapists’ Perceived Competence in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Client Outcomes: Findings From a Community-Based Learning Collaborative:

This study examined therapists' perceived competence in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) and its association with youth treatment outcomes (posttraumatic stress and depression). Participants included 99 community therapists enrolled in a TF-CBT-focused Learning Collaborative (LC), along with one of their randomly selected TF-CBT training cases. Analyzed data included: 1) caregiver/youth-reported posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms, pre- and post-treatment, and 2) therapist-perceived competence with TF-CBT components across treatment delivery. Youth- and caregiver-reports indicated large, significant pre- to post-treatment decreases in youth posttraumatic stress (ds = 1.10-1.30, ps < .001) and depressive symptoms (d = 1.01, p < .001). Higher therapist-perceived competence with TF-CBT predicted positive treatment responses for posttraumatic stress (ds = 0.38-0.39, ps = .03) and depression (d = 0.25), though only the former association was significant (ps = .03 vs. p = .15). Findings highlight the need to monitor and improve therapists' competencies to enhance clinical outcomes for trauma-exposed youth and suggest that LCs may be an effective training/implementation model to help achieve those critical goals.
Color blind: Can you sight?

Virtual 3D conferences are emerging communication channels as a substitution for face-to-face fashion due to the advancement of technologies and the covid-19 pandemic. Current efforts focus on bringing contents into 3D virtual space while delivering them to the color vision deficiency have not been taken into account. To alleviate the stated issue, this paper presents a prototype for color-blind people to simulate the same experience as normal ones. Our method helps users: 1) understand the presented content through adjusted color filtering in such a way that similar colors can be differentiated by the brightness, 2) apparently-identical colors can be varied by the color transformation. Our proposed prototype is demonstrated through three use cases setup in three conditions such as traffic lights, fruit color differentiation, and graph reading in a virtual meeting room. A pilot study conduct with 29 participants shows that our proposed method can improve color differentiation and accuracy for color-blind.
A zygote-based assay to evaluate intranuclear shuttling in S. cerevisiae.

Summary It is often necessary to learn whether macromolecules occupy a fixed place in cells. This protocol makes it possible to learn whether individual nucleolar proteins in S. cerevisiae remain in place or depart from and return to the nucleolus. The protocol uses early zygotes in which parental nucleoli are separate for at least one hour. The protocol demonstrates that the localization of many nucleolar proteins is in fact highly dynamic. Photobleaching is not required. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Tartakoff et al. (2021) .
Asymmetric Inheritance and Post-mitotic Fate of Midbodies: A Dissertation

10 INTRODUCTION 11 Early understandings of the midbody 12 Discrepant views of the inheritance of midbody derivatives 14 Recent insights into the midbody: roles in abscission 16 MB degradation is cell type-dependent 22 Possible non-cytokinetic roles of MBs in stem cells 24 New viewpoints in MB biology 25 GLOSSARY BOX 27 TEXT BOXES 29 Text Box 1. Proposed mechanisms for asymmetric inheritance of MBs 29 Text Box 2: Proposed models for fate determination of MBs 30 Text Box 3: The potential functions of MBs: a case study 32 FIGURES 34 Figure 1. 35 Figure 2. 37 REFERENCES 39 Chapter 2: The Asymmetric Inheritance and Post-mitotic Fate of Midbodies 48 ABSTRACT 49 49 INTRODUCTION 50 RESULTS 52 DISCUSSION 63 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 66 AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS 67 FIGURES 68
Nontraditional Family Forms

Any review of the literature on variant, nontraditional, or alternative family forms must begin with a discussion of the meaning of these terms. Variant suggests variation on the norm, but what is the norm? The ideal to which most aspire or the manner in which most persons actually live? To define nontraditional, one must first determine what is traditional, recognizing that traditions change. What period of time shall be held as the tradition for the present? Even the word alternative creates problems; some authors reserve the word for those instances when the lifestyle is chosen freely as a result of ideology and personal preference, using alternate when the lifestyle develops out of necessity or personal circumstance (e.g., Cazenave, 1980).
Objective Versus Subjective Justification: A Case Study in Function and Form in Constructing a System of Criminal Law Theory

This short essay, part of the Criminal Law Conversations project, argues for an objective formulation of justification defenses, in which an actor's conduct is justified if it adheres to the objective rule of conduct that we want people to follow in the future. That is, it argues that justification defenses serve an essential function in announcing the rules of conduct ex ante to state the authorized exceptions to the law's prohibitions. The essay is critical of a subjective formulation of justification defenses, in which an actor is said to be "justified" if she reasonably believes she is justified even if her conduct is not something we would want others to do in the future. The objective formulation is preferable both because it serves better to define ex ante the criminal law's rule of conduct, including the exceptions to its prohibitions, and because it produces the correct liability results with regard to the unknowingly justified actor and those who resist and assist him.
U.S. water infrastructure needs infusion, report notes

Aging water and wastewater infrastructure in the United States will threaten public health, as well as the health of rivers, lakes, and coastlines, unless the federal government provides cities, counties, and other local water agencies with a major influx of funding, according to a new report released by the Water Infrastructure Network (WIN). The report, “Water Infrastructure Now: Recommendations for Clean and Safe Water in the 21st Century” calls for a federal investment of $57 billion over 5 years to maintain and upgrade drinking water, sewer, and stormwater infrastructure.
Radio Sounding in the Earth's Magnetosphere

The radio sounding technique has been successfully used for probing and determining the characteristics of remote plasma regions for nearly seventy-five years. Ground-based radio sounders have made extensive measurements of the bottomside of the Earth's ionosphere, while satellites such as ISIS have investigated the topside ionosphere, but there have been no similar measurements made in the Earth's magnetosphere up to this time. Significant advancements in radio sounding have occurred that will enable radio sounding to be performed in the Earth's magnetosphere using the sounding technique. The Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) will be a first-of-its-kind instrument, designed to use radio wave sounding techniques to perform repetitive remote sensing measurements of electron number density (N e ) structures and to study the dynamics of the magnetopause and plasmasphere. RPI will fly on the Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) mission, to be launched in the year 2000. RPI will operate at frequencies from 3 kHz to 3 MHz and will provide quantitative N e values from 10 -1 to 10 5 cm -3 . Using ray tracing calculations, combined with specific instrument characteristics, simulations of what RPI will measure dramatically show that radio sounding can be used quite successfully to measure a wealth of magnetospheric phenomena. The radio sounding technique will provide a truly exciting opportunity to study global magnetospheric dynamics in a way that was never before possible.
Free Groups and Presentations

Let F be a group, X a nonempty set, and σ: X→F a function. Then F, or more exactly (F, σ), is said to be free on X if to each function α from X to a group G there corresponds a unique homomorphism β: F→G such that α = σβ: this equation expresses the commutativity of the following diagram of sets and functions:
Headlight Beam Pattern Evaluation Customer to Engineer to Customer - A Continuation

The method of communication between the customer and the engineer has been refined to further improve the headlight beam pattern development process. The refinements included: (1) reduction of word pairs used for semantic differential scaling; and (2) use of shortened questionnaire on night-roadway viewing zones. The present research suggests a strong relationship between the scores of the reduced word pair/zone questionnaire and the overall positive score of the longer ("short") questionnaire used in this and previous work. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 875189.
Biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide in Escherichia coli. Cytoplasmic enzymes that attach 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid to lipid A.

Abstract Previous studies in our laboratory led to the elucidation of the covalent structure of a tetraacyldisaccharide 1,4'-bisphosphate precursor of lipid A (designated lipid IVA), that accumulates at 42 degrees C in temperature-sensitive mutants defective in 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (KDO) biosynthesis (Raetz, C. R. H., Purcell, S., Meyer, M. V., Qureshi, N., and Takayama, K. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 16080-16088). Using [4'-32P]lipid IVA as the probe, we now demonstrate the existence of cytoplasmic KDO-transferases in Escherichia coli capable of attaching 2 KDO residues, derived from CMP-KDO, to lipid IVA. A partial purification has been developed to obtain a cytoplasmic subfraction that adds these 2 KDO residues with a 90% yield. The product is shown to have the stoichiometry of (KDO)2-IVA by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. The partially purified enzyme can utilize alternative lipid-disaccharide cosubstrates bearing five or six fatty acyl chains, but it has an absolute requirement for a monophosphate residue at position 4' of the lipid acceptor. When reincubated with a crude cytoplasmic fraction, a nucleoside triphosphate and Mg2+, (KDO)2-IVA is rapidly metabolized to more polar substances, the identity of which is unknown. The KDO-transferase(s) described in the present study should be very useful for the semisynthetic preparation of complex lipopolysaccharide substructures and analogs.
Accuracy management for VLSI timing analysis

The authors show that algorithms of different accuracy levels can be carefully and automatically mixed to get a desired global accuracy. For instance, highly accurate algorithms may only be required along critical paths to produce a highly accurate delay estimate. They outline several linear-time heuristic algorithms, based on a detailed analysis of simple logic chains, that allow the management of accuracy requirements within a simulation. Using these algorithms, future timing simulators for digital VLSI can determine which means of analysis is useful for each portion of a circuit on the basis of the overall accuracy specifications. >
Parent Telegraphic Speech Use and Spoken Language in Preschoolers With ASD

Purpose There is considerable controversy regarding whether to use telegraphic or grammatical input when speaking to young children with language delays, including children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study examined telegraphic speech use in parents of preschoolers with ASD and associations with children's spoken language 1 year later. Method Parent–child dyads (n = 55) participated when children were, on average, 3 (Time 1) and 4 years old (Time 2). The rate at which parents omitted obligatory determiners was derived from transcripts of parent–child play sessions; measures of children's spoken language were obtained from these same transcripts. Results Telegraphic speech use varied substantially across parents. Higher rates of parent determiner omissions at Time 1 were significantly associated with lower lexical diversity in children's spoken language at Time 2, even when controlling for children's baseline lexical diversity and nonverbal IQ. Findings from path analyses supported the direct...
Consistency in Lengths of Post-Ejaculatory Quiescent Periods in Adult Male Rats.

SummaryCorrelations between lengths of post-ejaculatory periods of inactivity in adult male rats were found to range between .65 and .83 for adjacent pauses. These correlations are remarkably high for complex psychobiological functions and are not exceeded by those for any other complex functions similarly studied. It seems probable that these post-ejaculatory pauses may be used as a basis for many fundamental studies of individual differences in male rats.
Off-shell effects in nucleon--nucleus scattering

It is shown that the usual multiple-scattering treatment of nucleon-nucleus elastic scattering does not provide a complete description of the process. In particular, the replacement of the two-nucleon interaction potential by a two-body $T$ matrix (evaluated at a single parametric energy) leads to an inadequate treatment of the off-shell aspects of the multiple-scattering problem. As an example, we discuss the manner in which short-range correlations in the nuclear targets affect the off-shell behavior of the two-body scattering operators used to describe nucleon-nucleus scattering. The influence of these off-shell effects on the calculation of total cross sections is discussed.
The nitric oxide-cGMP system of the locus coeruleus and the hypnotic action of alpha-2 adrenergic agonists.

Abstract Dexmedetomidine (Dex), a potent, selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, injected bilaterally directly into the locus coeruleus (LC), 7 μg/LC, or ip, 100 μg/kg, produced a maximum decrease in LC cGMP (−38 and −46%, respectively). Atipamezole, a selective alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist, given into the LC, 10 μg/LC, prevented the decrease in LC cGMP induced by Dex, given i.p. or into the LC. Dex produced a loss of righting reflex in about 80% of the animals, an effect which was prevented by pretreatment with atipamezole. The nitric oxide synthase antagonist l -Name injected bilaterally into the LC, 20 μg/LC, produced by itself a maximum decrease in LC cGMP of 54.5%. Dex, 100 μg/kg, ip, given after l -Name, did not further decrease LC cGMP. l -Name, by itself, did not produce a loss of righting reflex, while 6 out of 9 rats pretreated with l -Name lost their righting reflex in response to Dex. A role of the nitric oxide-cGMP system of the LC in the modulation of the hypnotic effect of alpha-2 adrenergic agonists remains uncertain.
Endocervical sampling by Kevorkian curette or Pipelle aspiration device: a randomized comparison.

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to compare two means of endocervical sampling—the Kevorkian curette and the Pipeline aspiration device (Unimar Co., Wilton, Conn.)—with respect to patient discomfort, tissue volume, and specimen adequacy for diagnosis. Study design: Fifty-two women undergoing investigation of abnormal cervical cytologic results were assigned randomly to endocervical sampling by Kevorkian or Pipeline instruments. Pain associated with the procedure was assessed by having east subject indicate her pain level on a visual analog scale. Tissue volume was graded by examination of the microscopic slides by two investigators blinded to assignment. Adequacy for diagnosis was evaluated by reviewing pathology reports. Results: Subjects having Pipeline endocervical aspiration ( n = 24) had significantly lower mean (±SEM) pain scores (27 ± 5 vs 48.5 ± 7, p = 0.02) than those in whom the Kevorkian instrument was used ( n = 28). However, there were no significant differences in tissue volume obtained or in proportions considered adequate for diagnosis. Conclusions: Use of the Pipelle instrument was associated with less patient discomfort that Kevorkian curettage for endocervical sampling while providing similar tissue volume and adequacy for diagnosis.
“DuméRil, 1798” : A Problem in Entomological Bibliography, with Special Reference to Tetanocera (Diptera)

Changes in established names for purely nomenclatural reasons are often annoying, have frequently caused strong opposition to rules of nomenclature, and have spurred on demands for suspension of such rules to preserve well-known usage. On the other hand, it is only too often true that the basic fault lies not with rules of nomenclature, but with taxonomists themselves. If the literature had been carefully studied and properly and accurately catalogued, they could often have avoided errors which years of repetition made habits with staunch defenders. In some cases, one must admit in all justice, the present situation is due to the operation in past time of some principle that is not acceptable under modern rules of nomenclature, or to uncertainty or differences of opinion as to actual date of publication of a significant work. Yet with all due allowances, it is only too clear that cataloguers and revisers have a grave responsibility to go back to the original references and faithfully record the information found there.
Concurrent unilateral chromatid damage and DNA strand breakage in response to 6-thioguanine treatment

Abstract The delayed cytotoxicity of 6-thioguanine (TG) may relate to the arrest of cells in G 2 upon completion of one cell cycle after drug exposure. In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, both the unilateral chromatid damage in G 2 chromosomes, determined by induction of premature condensed chromosome condensation [Maybaum and Mandel, Cancer Res. 43 , 3852 (1983)], and incorporation of TG into DNA resulting in DNA strand breakage [Christie et al., Cancer Res. 44 , 3665 (1984)] were correlated with cytotoxicity. We have studied the correlation between strand breakage and unilateral chromatid damage in L1210 cells. DNA breaks were detected only when cells were treated with TG (0.25 μM) for one cell cycle time (12 hr) followed by 12 hr in drug-free medium containing [ 3 H]thymidine (TdR) to label the DNA. After simultaneous incubation of cells with drug and label during the first or second 12-hr period, strand breaks were not found. Strand breaks increased with dose, which correlated with greater cytotoxicity (0.01 to 0.25 μM). Treatment of cells with 0.25 μM TG for 12 hr, and transfer to drug-free medium for 12 hr prior to making prematurely condensed chromosomes (PCC), resulted in unilateral chromatid damage. Prominent curving of G 2 chromosomes with gapping and diffuse staining of one of the sister chromatids occurred. The 4-fold increase in the percentage of cells in G 2 compared with control cells suggested G 2 arrest. When cells were treated with TG for 12 hr and PCC made immediately, neither the arrest of cells in G 2 nor unilateral chromatid damage was observed. These data suggest that strand breaks and unilateral chromatid damage occur in the second cell cycle after TG exposure and that this damage may be important in TG-delayed cytotoxicity.
IVIg in ITP: no role for cytokines?

[Comment on Crow et al, page 155][1]In this issue of Blood , Crow and colleagues demonstrate that numerous cytokines have no effect whatsoever on the acute platelet response to IVIg in a mouse model of ITP. This suggests that while IVIg may alter expression of immunomodulatory cytokines, these do
Terahertz Laser Vibration-Rotation Tunneling Spectroscopy of the Water Tetramer

A vibration−rotation-tunneling (VRT) spectrum of (H2O)4 has been recorded near 2.04 THz (67.9 cm-1). The band origin of this ΔK = 0 symmetric rotor spectrum is shifted by 0.1 cm-1 to the blue of that of a (D2O)4 band reported previously [Science, 1996, 271, 59]. Similar to that spectrum, each transition in the (H2O)4 spectrum exhibits a regular doublet splitting. The (D2O)4 and (H2O)4 doublet spacings, 5.6 and 2260 MHz, respectively, are constant as a function of rotation, indicative of degenerate tunneling splittings. They have been rationalized in terms of a concerted flipping motion of the H atoms that do not participate in hydrogen bonding in the S4 equlibrium structure, analogous to ammonia inversion. Both bands have been assigned to the lowest Ag→ Bg intermolecular vibration in the molecular symmetry group C4h(M). Additional K = 2 splittings, which increase nonlinearly with increasing J, were found in both D2O and H2O tetramer spectra. Evidence for the bifurcation tunneling motion observed in the wa...
Attic Oil Recovery by Steam Displacement

The Metson Pool of the Midway-Sunset field in California, is a steeply dipping, viscous oil reservoir. Steam-type thermal recovery operations have been in progress in the pool for 7 yr. Cyclic steam stimulation efforts have been designed to take advantage of both natural and induced productive mechansims. These cyclic operations have proven effective in all but the extreme updip sections of the formation. An attic steam injection program was initiated as a pilot project in Oct. 1970, and has since been expanded to include 6 steam injection wells across the updip edge of the formation. The short-term objective of this program is to economically displace and recover oil at the top of the structure by conventional steam floor mechanisms. The long-term objective is to accelerate recoveries from downdip cyclic operations by repressuring and stimulated gas-drive mechanisms. A special operating technique has been introduced to this program that allows better control of the development of the steam zone and better use of the beneficial effects associated with steam channeling.
Taiwanese International Students: Acculturation Level and Vocational Identity.

This study explored the relationship between acculturation level and vocational identity among 112 graduate and undergraduate Taiwanese international students attending two midwestern universities. The results revealed that Taiwanese international students who were older and who had a shorter length of U.S. residency were more likely to identify themselves as Asian. The results also indicated that Taiwanese international students who were older and who had a lower acculturation level had higher vocational identity.
OPTICAL-MODEL ANALYSIS OF PION--NUCLEUS SCATTERING. II. PION FORM FACTOR.

The sensitivity of elastic ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ scattering to the pion form factor is calculated, using the velocity-dependent Kisslinger optical model. At 60 MeV an accuracy of 0.01 mb/sr should give the pion rms charge radius ${r}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ to a few tenths of a fermi; additional form-factor details are not readily measurable. The use of the deuteron and other targets is examined.
Ergosteroids IV: synthesis and biological activity of steroid glucuronosides, ethers, and alkylcarbonates.

The 7-oxo derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone is more active than the parent steroid and is devoid of adverse side effects in rats, monkeys and humans. In anticipation of possible therapeutic use we have sought more active, longer lasting forms of 7-oxo- and 7β-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterones. The 7-oxo- and 7-hydroxy steroids have been converted to glucuronides, ethers and carbonate esters. The syntheses of these compounds are described and their ability to induce the formation of liver thermogenic enzymes when fed to rats is reported. Some of the new derivatives were found to be somewhat more effective than the equimolar amounts of 7-oxo-DHEA with which they were compared in each experiment.
More Alike than Different: Revisiting the Long-Term Prospects for Developing "European-Style" Work/Family Policies in the United States

American and European parents experience common problems but sharply different social policy supports. American advocates often argue that Europe's work/family policies would benefit American families and mitigate gender inequality. Other observers argue that the US will never adopt European-style policies because they are inconsistent with American political culture and preferences, infeasible given demographic and labor market conditions, and have negative and costly consequences. This article assesses each of these arguments and concludes that the longer-term prospects for developing European-style work/family policy in the US are substantially greater than popular wisdom suggests.
DISCOURSE AND SEX AS CORRELATES OF ADULTS JUDGMENTS OF CHILDREN

This study explored the influence of a child's sex and discourse behavior on the way he is judged by adults. Nine adults listened to 29 5-min. samples of the speech of children, aged 102 to 129 mo., conversing with an adult. They rated each child on 12 7-point bipolar adjective scales (e.g., bad/good, superior/inferior). The associations between the ratings on each scale and the child's sex and discourse behavior were then estimated. The aspects of discourse examined were amount of conversational participation, topic maintenance, and use of three types of speech acts (responses, acknowledgments, and assertions). Children who produced higher proportions of responses were judged as more timid and “bad.” Children who participated more in the conversation and who could maintain a topic for a longer series of turns were judged as more intelligent, above average, and superior. Sex was also associated with the judgments on seven scales.
Value of PAX 8 immunostaining in tumor diagnosis: a review and update.

PAX2 is a member of the PAX family of transcription factors that, together with PAX8, is involved in the regulation of the organogenesis of the kidney and the Mullerian system. Recent investigations have demonstrated that, among tumors, PAX2 is commonly expressed in epithelial tumors of the kidney and female genital tract. Although PAX2 expression has also been reported in B-cell lymphomas and rhabdomyosarcomas, especially alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas, it has been suggested that the positivity in these tumors was most probably due to a cross-reactivity of the anti-PAX2 antibody used in those investigations with other members of the PAX protein family. An analysis of published studies indicates that PAX2 sensitivity for epithelial renal neoplasms and epithelial tumors of the female genital tract is lower than that of PAX8. In contrast to the latter marker, however, PAX2 does not appear to be expressed in epithelial tumors of the thyroid gland or thymus. Because of its restricted expression, PAX2 has proved to be a useful immunohistochemical marker with a wide range of diagnostic applications in surgical pathology, some of which will be briefly reviewed.
Circular dichroism variations among specifically purified rabbit antibodies.

Summary Circular dichroism studies of specifically purified rabbit antibody samples from several individual rabbits indicate significant variations in the molar ellipticity [Θ]′ at the 217 mμ band associated with hydrogen bonding. Four of the 32 specifically purified preparations exhibit less negative ellipticity than normal rabbit immunoglobulin, while four other specifically purified preparations exhibit a more negative ellipticity at this wavelength. These results suggest that normal immunoglobulin represents the sum of contributions from individual antibody species of less negative and more negative ellipticities contained within the pool.
A Novel Technique for Characterizing the Absolute Group Delay and Delay Linearity of Frequency Translation Devices

A novel technique for measuring the delay characteristics of a mixer using the time domain option on a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) is reported. The technique uses the measured reflection coefficient from a single mixer and utilizing the time domain option on the VNA, the data is transformed into the impulse response of the mixer. By placing several types of loads on the output port of the mixer, the absolute delay and delay linearity through the mixer can be determined. Typically broadband digital communication systems may often require delay linearity of several hundred picoseconds. As demonstrated by the measurements reported, this technique allows delay linearity to be measured with less than 12 psec peak deviation and less than one picosecond resolution.
Age-related regional differences in cerebellar vermis observed in vivo.

• We investigated age-related differences in the cerebellar vermis. The areas of five vermal regions of interest were estimated from digitized midsagittal magnetic resonance imaging scans of 29 healthy volunteers and 30 neurologically intact patients (aged 18 to 78 years) who were free of vestibular symptoms, seizures, psychosis, or alcoholism. The five regions of interest included the following: (1) lingula and centralis, (2) culmen, (3) declive, folium, and tuber, (4) pyramis, and (5) uvula and nodulus. The ventral pons was used as a control region. After covarying skull size, we found a significant age-related reduction in the total area of the cerebellar vermis. The area of the dorsal regions declined with age, whereas the ventral segments of the vermis—lingula-centralis and uvula-nodulus—showed no significant age-related shrinkage. Notably, the area of the most dorsomedial portion, the declive-folium-tuber, tended to be more strongly associated with age than other segments. The pontine area was unaffected by age. No sex differences were found in the area of the vermis or its subdivisions, but the ventral pontine area was larger in male subjects than in female subjects, even after adjustment for skull size. The mechanisms underlying the observed differences are unclear. It appears, however, that phylogenetically more recent vermal regions, which are late to mature and are endowed with more extensive cortical connections, are the most vulnerable to the effects of aging.
Bupropion and naltrexone: a review of their use individually and in combination for the treatment of obesity.

Background: Bupropion and naltrexone are centrally active drugs that have shown potential efficacy – alone and in combination – for the treatment of obesity. Objective: To explore the efficacy and safety of naltrexone and bupropion alone and in a novel combination drug that utilizes sustained-release (SR) formulations of both drugs and to evaluate their efficacy in promoting weight loss. The mechanisms of action of these centrally acting drugs are discussed. Preclinical and clinical studies of bupropion and naltrexone alone and in combination are reviewed. Results/conclusions: Both bupropion and naltrexone have been shown individually to induce weight loss. Bupropion has greater efficacy as monotherapy. Naltrexone SR potentiates the effects of bupropion SR; thus, this synergistic combination has the potential for additional weight loss compared to monotherapy. Current Phase III trials will yield further safety and efficacy information regarding these drugs in combination.
SOME CONSEQUENCES OF THE PROPOSED C AND T VIOLATIONS IN ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTIONS

The model in which $C$ and $T$ are violated in the electromagnetic interactions of hadrons is considered further. It is shown that in this model, the nucleons should have electric dipole moments of order ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}19}\mathrm{cm}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}e$, comparable to the present upper limit for the neutron electric dipole moment. The effect of mixing between ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{0}$ and ${X}^{0}(960)$ on the decays ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}{e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${X}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}{e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, and ${X}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{0}{e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ is discussed, and some estimates for the branching ratios are presented. It is found that the branching ratios of these to all ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{0}$ and ${X}^{0}$ decays may be about 1%.
Whole exome sequencing

Over the years there have been many different approaches and techniques that have been utilized to gather genetic information on family and patient data. Early on these focused on using family information and the pattern of inheritance of the disease in the family. The general location of the disease gene on the chromosomes could be determined using linkage analysis. But this required large families and good family histories. Association studies moved away from family data, but still required large numbers of patients sharing the same disease. Over the past several decades we have had continuing growth in the number of genetic “markers” that we could use in linkage and association analyses, the most recent work utilizing the specific sequence changes called single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs. But the use of these markers did not eliminate the need for large families or large population sizes. Thus, despite advances in genotyping technology, the parameters of the applications in which these techniques could be used have not changed much in 30 years or so. This prevented many of the most interesting cases and families with Mendelian inheritance (due to a mutation in a single gene) from being studied, as they were too small for analysis, or too rare. Sequencing genes provided more information, but the previous existing technology was too expensive and labor intensive to do a large number of genes. Thus investigators were dependent on choosing candidate genes for study, which historically has proven to be fairly inefficient. But this paradigm of needing large families to investigate a disease, or choosing a few candidate genes to test a hypothesis is now changing. The rapidly emerging sequencing technology has now allowed the first practical medical application of the most useful and enlightening measure of genetic information, the DNA sequence itself. The output of sequencing has been increasing at a rapid pace over the past several years, passing even the growth of the computer chip made famous by “Moore’s law” (Moore, G. E. 1965). During the 1990’s and early in this century, capillary sequencers, which produced the data for the human genome project, could identify 500 to 1,000 base pairs of sequence at a time. While impressive relative to previous slab gel techniques, the Next Generation Sequencers (NGS) of today have increased that sequencing output a million fold or more (Fig. 1). This also means that the cost of sequencing per base pair has dropped precipitously. The human genome is approximately 3.4 billion base pairs. The cost of sequencing was approximately 10 million dollars in 2003. This dropped to around a million dollars in 2007, less than a $100,000 by 2009, and is expected to be close to the $1,000 goal in 2011-2012. How has this remarkable increase been accomplished? Sanger sequencing has been the mainstay of sequencing for many years. The Sanger sequencing method that was used for the human genome project utilizes a small primer (usually 20 base pairs) , that allows the sequencing reaction to
Coronary intravascular ultrasound: implications for understanding the development and potential regression of atherosclerosis

The incremental value of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), compared with angiographic analysis of coronary atherosclerosis, originates principally from 2 key features-its tomographic perspective and the ability to image coronary atheroma directly. Whereas angiography depicts the cross-sectional coronary anatomy as a planar silhouette of the lumen, ultrasound directly images the atheroma within the vessel wall, allowing measurement of atheroma size, distribution, and to some extent, composition. Although angiography remains the principal method to assess the extent of coronary atherosclerosis and to guide percutaneous coronary interventions, IVUS is rapidly altering conventional paradigms in the diagnosis and therapy of coronary artery disease. Thus, IVUS has become a vital adjunctive imaging modality for the aggressive coronary interventional cardiologist. As such, ultrasound has earned a role as a viable complementary technique relative to angiography, rather than an alternative to conventional angiographic methods. This article reviews the rationale, technical advantages and limitations, and interpretation of intravascular ultrasonography from the perspective of the general and invasive cardiologist. We emphasize the impact that IVUS studies have had on our understanding of the atherosclerotic coronary artery disease process, because these findings have important implications for all cardiologists. We then review several trials that are currently using intravascular ultrasonography for the study of coronary artery disease regression.
Potential for sea otter exposure to remnants of buried oil from the Exxon Valdez oil spill

A study was conducted in 2005 and 2006 to examine the hypothesis that sea otters (Enhydra lutris) continue to be exposed to residues of subsurface oil (SSO) while foraging on shorelines in the northern Knight Island (NKI) area of Prince William Sound, Alaska more than 17 years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Forty-three shoreline segments, whose oiling history has been documented by prior surveys, were surveyed. These included all shoreline segments reported by a 2003 NOAA random site survey to contain SSO residues in NKI. Sites were surveyed for the presence and location of otter foraging pits. Only one of 29 SSO sites surveyed was identified as an otter foraging site. Most buried SSO residues are confined to tide elevations above +0.8 m above mean lower low water (MLLW), above the range of intertidal clam habitat. More than 99% of documented intertidal otter pits at all sites surveyed are in the lower intertidal zone (-0.2 to +0.8 m above MLLW), the zone of highest clam abundance. The spatial separation of the otter pits from the locations of SSO residues, both with regard to tidal elevation and lateral separation on the study sites, coupled with the lack of evidence of intertidal otter foraging at SSO sites indicates a low likelihood of exposure of foraging otters to SSO on the shores of the NKI area.
Fragile (X) expression: relationship to the cell cycle.

The fragile (X) chromosome demonstrable in individuals with one type of X-linked mental retardation is seldom, if ever, seen in more than 50% of cells of affected individuals. We have devised a model to explain this apparent 50% maximum, one essential feature of which is that the fragile (X) will not be seen in cells in their first division in thymidine-depleted media. The validity of our model was tested on lymphoblastoid cell lines from affected males by treating the cells with fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) to induce the marker and/or bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to determine the cell cycle. We have evidence that the fragile (X) is present in cells in the first and subsequent these observations our model is not valid and the 50% expression of the fragile site at Xq(28) and other unusual properties of this region of the X chromosome remain unexplained.
Effect of Chiral Cavities Associated with Molecularly Imprinted Platinum Centers on the Selectivity of Ligand-Exchange Reactions at Platinum

The metallomonomer (vinyl dppe)Pt[(R)-Bu2BINOL] (1) was copolymerized with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate to produce the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) P1. The chiral imprinting ligand (R)-Bu2BINOL was removed from P1 by treatment with HCl or an excess of α,α,α-trifluoro-m-cresol, BINOL, or Br2BINOL, giving polymers P2−P5. The amount of imprinting ligand released from P1 varied inversely with the steric bulk of the cleaving agent, indicating that a distribution of Pt sites with different accessibilities exists in the MIP. Exposure of P3 (containing Pt(OAr)2 centers surrounded by (R)-Bu2BINOL-shaped cavities) to rac-BINOL, an imprinting ligand analogue, led to preferential rebinding of the imprinted enantiomer via ligand exchange. Both aggregate selectivity and extent of reaction (percent of the total Pt sites in the MIP that participated in rebinding) increased with rebinding time and with temperature, up to 69% ee and 58% Pt sites rebound, respectively. A positive linear correlation between selectiv...
Clinical uses of antiestrogens

An antiestrogen is a compound that blocks the action of estrogen. Most synthetic antiestrogens have agonistic or antagonistic activity depending on the tissue and the endogenous estrogen mileu. The triphenylethylene derivatives, clomiphene and tamoxifen, are the antiestrogens in greatest clinical use. Their biologic effects, clinical indications, and risks are reviewed. Novel antiestrogens which are beginning to be studied clinically include the benzothiophene derivative, raloxifene and the "pure" antiestrogens such as ICI 182,780. New clinical indications for existing compounds as well as the development of novel antiestrogens may lead to better treatment options for endocrine-dependent conditions.
Responsible Conduct of Research Assessment of Doctor of Education Candidates, Graduate Faculty, and Curriculum Considerations

The study included an assessment of doctoral students, graduate faculty, and curriculum considerations to determine the degree of infusion of research integrity and responsible conduct of research (RCR) principles within a Doctor of Education program. Study results showed substantial increases in doctoral candidates’ knowledge levels of RCR, and faculty members serving as dissertation committee chairs reported greater understanding of RCR tenets than did non-dissertation chairs. The study also revealed a strong presence of research within the Ed. D. core curriculum.
On the design of 6∶1 mm-wave PUMA arrays

A matching network is integrated into the latest version of the PUMA array (presented in a fellow paper [1]) to increase the bandwidth. The PUMAv3.2 is scalable to mm-wave frequencies (≈45 GHz) and increases bandwidth from 4.5:1 to 6:1. We investigate the difficulties and possible solutions associated with integrated matching network PUMA designs. Part of the enabling technical aspects is a capacitively loaded coplanar waveguide section etched into the ground plane that connects to a stripline matching network at the backplane. Infinite array full-wave simulations of a dual-polarized PUMAv3.2 suggest 7.5-45 GHz (6:1) operation with good VSWR levels out to θ = 45° and a peak of 8.5 dB cross-pol. in certain diagonal cuts.