cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multivariate Analysis of the WISC Scales for Blind and Sighted Children

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the WISC verbal IQ in terms of subtest scores for blind and sighted children. It was hypothesized that subtest variability would be sufficiently different to support a significant discriminant function discriminating blind and sighted groups equated on WISC verbal IQ and age. D2 was significant at the .05 level (F = 6.38, df = 6/107). Blind and sighted groups were distinguished by Information, Similarities, and Digit Span. The results indicated that future studies of the predictive validity of the WISC with blind children should use individual subtests as variables rather than the single verbal IQ measure.
Hydrogen chemisorption on silicon (100) 2 × 1

Abstract Changes in the valence band density of states (DOS) of a (100) silicon surface that accompany he chemisorption of atomic hydrogen onto that surface are deduced from a study of the changes in the L 2,3 VV Auger lineshape. Complementary changes in the conduction band DOS are inferred from changes in L 2,3 VV-core-level characteristic loss spectra (CLS). The chemisorbed hydrogen layer is identified as the dihydride phase from low energy electron diffraction measurements. Upon hydrogen adsorption the DOS at the top of the valence band decreases and new energy levels associated with the Si-H bonds appear lower in the band. Assuming that the Auger signal from the hydrogen covered sample consists of a superposition of a signal from silicon atoms bonded to hydrogen in the dihydride layer and an elemental-Si signal from the substrate, a N ( E ) difference spectrum with features due only to the dihydride is obtained by subtracting the background corrected, loss deconvoluted L 2,3 VV signal for a clean (100)Si surface rom the corresponding signal for the hydrogen covered surface. Comparisons of the energy position of the major peak in this difference spectrum with that of the main peak in a gas phase silane Si-L 2,3 VV spectrum, and of the corresponding Auger energy calculated empirically, indicate a hole—hole interaction energy of ~8 eV for the two-hole final state in the gaseous system and zero for the dihydride surface system. Hydrogen induced changes in the conduction band DOS are less apparent than those of the valence band DOS with only the possibility of a decrease in the DOS at the bottom of the conduction band being inferred from the CLS measurements. Electron stimulated desorption of hydrogen from the dihydride layer is adduced from changes in the Auger lineshape under electron beam irradiation of the surface. Hydrogen induced changes in the near-elastic electron energy loss spectra (ELS) are also reported and compared with previously published ELS results.
Abundance of phytoseiid mites on Vitis species: effects of leaf hairs, domatia, prey abundance and plant phylogeny

We observed the number of predatory mites (Phytoseiidae:Typhlodromus caudiglans) on the foliage of 20 North American species of grapes (Vitis spp) plus the domesticated EuropeanVitis vinifera, all grown in a common garden. We found relatively few phytophagous mites. The numbers of phytophagous mites were not correlated with the plant characteristics that we measured. We found approximately five times as many predatory mites as phytophagous mites and the numbers of these phytoseiid predators were not affected by the availability of prey. Similarly, numbers of phytoseiids were unaffected by plant gender and, hence, the availability of pollen, another source of food. The numbers of phytoseiids were not clustered according to the taxonomic grouping of the tested plant species. Leaf surface characteristics explained over 25% of the variance in the numbers of phytoseiids. Numbers of phytoseiids were positively associated with the density of vein hairs, the density of bristles in leaf axils, and the presence of leaf domatia. These results suggest that sheltered habitats rather than food availability may limit the numbers of phytoseiid mites on grapevines.
Characteristics of heavy ion tracks in nuclear emulsions

Abstract Ilford G-5 nuclear emulsion plates have been exposed in vacuum to beams of He4, B10, B11, C12, N14, O16, F19, and Ne20 ions. The ions were accelerated to about 10 MeV per amu, degraded to the desired energy by a variable thickness of metal foil or gas, and analyzed magnetically. Range-energy relations for these ions in dessicated G-5 emulsions have been determined in this manner with an estimated accuracy of ±1%. Because the range-energy relations are intended for use in nuclear reaction experiments with machine-accelerated particles, no corrections have been made for emulsion density. Comparison with similarly-exposed Ilford emulsions of various different grain sizes and sensitivities indicates no significant dependence of the range-energy relation on emulsion type. The track width was also measured in detail as a function of residual range for all ion species used.
A note on the strong converse of the coding theorem for the general discrete finite-memory channel

The strong converse for the discrete memoryless channel was proved by the author (Wolfowitz, 1957). (The result actually proved is stronger than the strong converse because of the O(~¢/n) term in the exponent). Subsequently the author (1958) and Feinstein (1959) independently gave the capacity C of a discrete finite-memory channel, and proved the strong converse of the coding theorem for the special discrete finitememory channel studied (Wolfowit~, 1957, 1958). In the present note we prove the strong converse for the general discrete finite-memory channel. Thus our result includes t ha t of Wolfowitz (1958) and Feinstein (1959) as a special case. The proof is a slight modification of the proof of Wolfowitz (1958), whose notation and definitions are hereby assumed. For a definition of the capacity C see (Wolfowitz, 1958) or (Feinstein, 1959); for a definition of the general discrete finite-memory channel see (Feinstein, 1959) or (Feinstein, 1958, p. 90). We shall assume without essential loss of generality that both the input and output alphabets consist of two letters, say 0 and l; extension to the case where each alphabet contains any finite number of symbols is trivial. Any sequence of n zeros or ones will be called an n-sequence. A code (N, X) is a set
Renal handling of calcium and phosphate during mineralocorticoid “escape” in man

Renal handling of calcium and phosphate during mineralocorticoid "escape" in man. Previous work in animals and man suggests a close relationship between sodium and phosphate reabsorption in proximal tubule, and between sodium and calcium in the proximal tubule and the distal nephron; hence, decreased sodium transport in the proximal tubule may be associated with phosphaturia since phosphate is mostly unreabsorbed distally, while decreased sodium reabsorption in the distal tubules may occur with calciuria only. The sites and the renal mechanisms of mineralocorticoid "escape" were studied by Na, Ca and P balance and clearance methods in seven patients with primary aldosteronism (aldos) and in three normal subjects. In both groups, when Na intake was raised or lowered over a range of 20 to 200 mEq/day, Ca clearance (C Ca ) varied with C Na (r = 0.8, P Ca /ΔC Na was higher (P Ca was not different in the two groups, whereas at dietary Na of 200 mEq, C Ca was higher (P Na was similar in the two groups. In contrast to C Ca , C p did not vary with C Na in either group at any level of Na intake. Data suggest: 1) renal adjustments to dietary Na occur mainly in the distal nephron in both groups, since changes in C Na were accompanied by changes in C Ca but not C p ; 2) aldosterone "escape" occurs with hypercalciuria and results from decreased distal reabsorption at sites (insensitive to aldosterone) where Na and Ca are closely linked; 3) in normal subjects, distal tubular sodium adjustments occur at both the latter site and an aldo-sensitive site where Na and Ca are not linked.
The Middle East conflict after the Arab Spring: the case of Palestine

The Arab Spring offers uncertain promise for effective action on Palestine. While the mobilisation of civil society throughout the Arab world cannot but give voice to popular support for Palestine, continuing strategic weaknesses may well limit the effective translation of these sentiments in the political, diplomatic and indeed military landscape.
Surface modification of laser-processed porous titanium for load-bearing implants

We report the surface modification of laser-processed porous Ti with a bioactive TiO2 layer via an anodization process to enhance its osteoconductive properties. The 300 nm thick TiO2 layer had a nanoporous structure with pore diameters of 50 nm, which enhanced the ability to form apatite precipitations in simulated body fluids in vitro. The resulting new nano surface morphology of a bioactive TiO2 layer on these porous Ti samples promises to have a significant impact in reducing an implant’s in vivo healing time due to faster tissue integration.
Point-of-care beta-hydroxybutyrate testing for assessing diabetic ketoacidosis severity prior to treatment in the emergency department

We prospectively evaluated the correlation between point-of-care β-OHB values and DKA severity at time of initial diagnosis in 54 patients. The correlation coefficients between β-OHB and pH, bicarbonate and anion gap were 0.33, 0.25 and 0.16, respectively. We conclude that point-of-care β-OHB absolute values cannot reliably assess DKA severity.
Thought for Food: A Study of Written Instructions

In the late twentieth century, our society has experienced a tremendous increase in written instructions. The question this article addresses is: How do people interpret these instructions? The data employed to answer this question are recipes from cookbooks. The features analyzed include instructions external to the recipes, the format of recipes, and such internal elements as the names, the ingredients, and the instructions. Throughout the article, instructions are assumed to be incomplete. Thus the analysis focuses on levels of incompleteness. The research indicates a number of generic features of written instructions as well as five levels of incompleteness. Because problems of interpretation have been at the center of interest to symbolic interactionists and others, the article places the problematics of the interpretation of written instructions within those theoretical concerns.
Clinical review 28: A biological basis for human obesity.

ACHIEVING and maintaining a slim, trim, look is high on our national wish list; for many years we have known that obesity is both unsightly and unhealthy. What is new is an increased urgency “to do something about it.” The public and enterprising commercial interests are ever more intently scanning the horizon for new and better treatments. At any moment, 50% of American women and 25% of men are on a diet (1). Even the government has become concerned. Hearings last September before the Committee on Small Business of the House of Representatives heard testimony indicating that the treatment of obesity in America is anything but small business. Commercially promoted treatments generate more than 30 billion dollars a year in gross earnings, roughly 1000-fold more than the national expenditure for research on obesity. Perhaps as a result of the hearings, various governmental agencies are preparing to do battle. Thus, the
The Reform of the Local Social Services In Israel: 1984 Compared to 1977

In 1977, there was a nationwide reform of the Local Departments of Social Services (LDSS) in Israel. This article reports on the findings of two independent and complementary studies which sought to evaluate the consequences of this comprehensive planned change. To determine what changes if any, occurred from 1977 to 1984, the first seven years following the reform, the article presents seven major foci of change. Each reflects an objective set forth by those who planned the change at the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. Preceding the report of these changes are a review of the historical background of the reform and a summary of the components of this planned change. This article focuses on the changes identified in these studies and concludes with a discussion of policy and organizational implications.
Interaction between longitudinal-optical-phonon modes of a rectangular quantum wire and charge carriers of a one-dimensional electron gas.

The Fr\"ohlich Hamiltonian describing the interaction of longitudinal-optical (LO) phonons and charge carriers in a three-dimensional polar semiconductor is generalized to the case where phonon modes are confined in two of the three spatial dimensions. The generalized Fr\"ohlich Hamiltonian is used to calculate the total scattering rate for electron--LO-phonon scattering of electrons traversing a one-dimensional quantum wire with a rectangular cross section.
Saturation of the 0-0 hyperfine-transition linewidth enhancement factor in optically pumped alkali-metal vapors

In a previous publication (Phys. Rev. A 31, 1440 (1985)), we determined the linewidth enhancement factor (LEF) of the microwave-power-broadened linewidth of the 0-0 hyperfine transition in optically pumped alkali-metal vapors. This factor is essentially a measure of the ratio of the transition linewidth to the microwave Rabi frequency. In the previous study, optical pumping out of only one hyperfine multiplet was considered. In the present study, the expressions are generalized to include optical pumping out of both hyperfine multiplets simultaneously. Dramatic changes in the behavior of the LEF as a function of the optical-pumping rate are predicted.
Verifying the HETG spectrometer Rowland design

The HETGS on AXAF is the coordinated operation of the AXAF High-Resolution Mirror Assembly (HRMA), the high-energy transmission grating (HETG), and the grating-readout array of the AXAF CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS-S). XRCF calibration data are analyzed to verify the Rowland geometry design of the HETGS. In particular, ACIS-S imaging of quadrant shutter focus test is used to probe the focus, alignment, and astigmatism of the spectra produced by diffraction through the high and medium energy gratings of the HETG. The experimental results are compared to expected values and to results obtained with the AXAF simulator, MARX.
Temperature and pressure determinations in the Venus atmosphere by means of high-resolution spectra from 1 to 2.5 μm

Twenty-one bands of CO2 and the 2-0 band of CO were analyzed for best temperature and pressure fits from Venus spectra obtained with the 'Connes' interferometer at the Steward Observatory 2.25-m telescope during the spring of 1971. An average temperature of 241 plus or minus 7 K, an effective pressure of 0.12 plus or minus 0.06 atm, and an average two-way transmission abundance of 3 km-amagat were determined. No difference in temperature or pressure between hot bands, a double hot band, and regular bands was found. The results indicate that, most likely, spectroscopic line formation occurs in a relatively clear space above a scattering cloud layer with a reasonably well-defined upper boundary.
Wilms Tumor: Preoperative Risk Factors Identified for Intraoperative Tumor Spill

Purpose: We identified preoperative parameters associated with increased risk of intraoperative Wilms tumor spill.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed an institutional database of patients diagnosed with Wilms tumor between 2000 and 2008. Inclusion criteria consisted of available abdominal computerized tomogram and pathological stage I to IV disease. Patient characteristics and neoadjuvant chemotherapy use were noted. After blinding, a radiologist reviewed preoperative computerized tomogram parameters, calculating tumor volume and assigning a preoperative radiological stage.Results: Of 67 patients diagnosed with Wilms tumor 41 (22 males, 19 females) met inclusion criteria, while 26 had incomplete imaging for analysis. Comparison of patients with and without intraoperative tumor spill demonstrated no significant differences in age (3.8 vs 3.6 years), sex (3 males and 3 females vs 19 males and 16 females), body weight or tumor capsule thickness. Preoperative radiological staging was unable to ...
Fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy as a universal method for protein detection with low false positives.

Specific, quantitative, and sensitive protein detection with minimal sample preparation is an enduring need in biology and medicine. Protein detection assays ideally provide quick, definitive measurements that use only small amounts of material. Fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) has been proposed and developed as a protein detection assay for several years. Here, we combine several recent advances in FCCS apparatus and analysis to demonstrate it as an important method for sensitive, quantitative, information-rich protein detection with low false positives. The addition of alternating laser excitation (ALEX) to FCCS along with a method to exclude signals from occasional aggregates leads to a very low rate of false positives, allowing the detection and quantification of the concentrations of a wide variety of proteins. We detect human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) using an antibody-based sandwich assay and quantitatively compare our results with calculations based on binding equilibrium equa...
Autoregressive extrapolation in the frequency domain for the enhanced deconvolution of transmitted seismic waves

We investigate the enhanced deconvolution of transmitted seismic waves from distant natural sources using autoregressive extrapolation. The amplitude spectrum of deconvolved seismograms is often restricted to a reduced frequency range from the use of a water-table for deconvolution using damped least squares (DLS). The propagation effects on the transmitted seismic waves from distant sources also reduce the frequency content of the data. After performing a standard DLS deconvolution, we first analyze the trend of the frequencies for the spectrum to differentiate between the domains of known and unknown spectral values. We then set up a prediction error filter to perform the autoregressive extrapolation for the unknown spectral values. This procedure is first tested on 1-D synthetics and for simplicity we just work with the power spectral values and the autocorrelation. Future tests will apply this approach to observed receiver function data from distant earthquake data.
Quantifying the Characteristics of Unambiguous Chest Radiography Reports in the Context of Pneumonia

Abstract Rationale and Objectives The purpose of this study was to statistically identify some characteristics of unambiguous (ie, clear) chest radiography reports in the context of acute bacterial pneumonia. Materials and Methods Seven physicians individually read 292 chest radiography reports to determine if they contained radiologic evidence of pneumonia. Unambiguous reports were defined as those that physicians unanimously classified as supporting or not supporting the diagnosis of pneumonia. Ambiguous reports were assigned degrees of ambiguity on the basis of how much disagreement they caused among the physicians. Characteristics of unambiguous reports as described in the literature were manually quantified and assigned to every report. To identify characteristics that statistically distinguished unambiguous from ambiguous reports, the authors performed an ordinal logistic regression analysis for which the dependent variable was the number of dissenting votes the report received and the independent variables were the quantified characteristics of the report. Results Six independent variables were statistically significantly associated with unambiguous reports ( P Conclusion The most influential characteristic of an unambiguous chest radiography report was an interpretation of whether the radiograph supported the diagnosis of pneumonia when findings could be indicative.
A Review of “Ramanujan: Letters and Commentary”

This is a review of the book “Ramanujan: Letters and Commentary” by Bruce Berndt and Robert Rankin, which analyzes in detail from a mathematical, historical, and social point of view, letters written to, from and about Ramanujan.
An asymptotic FEM analysis for the electromagnetic modeling of interconnects and integrated RF passives for SiP and SoC designs

A finite element methodology is proposed for the efficient full-wave computational analysis of interconnects and integrated passives for system-on-chip (SoC) and system-in-package (SiP) applications. These structures are characterized by drastic variations in feature size along different directions in space, that result in severe ill-conditioning of conventional finite element solution approaches for their electromagnetic characterization. The proposed methodology overcomes this problem by decomposing the solution into an asymptotic frequency expansion which reduces the electrodynamic problem into a series of coupled static field problems. The approach is more complicated in the case of a lossy conductor and a proper modification is introduced to take the frequency dependent losses of the system into account. Finally, an asymptotic technique that fits perfectly into the framework of the asymptotic solution, is applied to stabilize the solution, while an alternative screening technique inside the conductor could be also used. Preliminary numerical studies are presented to illustrate the attributes of the proposed methodology.
Gene expression in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. In high-risk subjects, the earliest detectable abnormality is insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Impaired insulin-mediated signaling, gene expression, glycogen synthesis, and accumulation of intramyocellular triglycerides have all been linked with insulin resistance, but no specific defect responsible for insulin resistance and DM has been identified in humans. With recent advances in genomic techniques, it is now possible to assess gene expression patterns in small samples of muscle tissue from metabolically characterized humans. We have applied these techniques to identify genes and pathways potentially important in the pathogenesis of DM. Both DM and the insulin resistance characteristic of “prediabetes” are associated with reduced expression of genes encoding key enzymes in oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial function, and highlight the potential central role for oxidative metabolic pathways in the pathogenesis of type 2 DM.
Feature extraction by non parametric mutual information maximization

We present a method for learning discriminative feature transforms using as criterion the mutual information between class labels and transformed features. Instead of a commonly used mutual information measure based on Kullback-Leibler divergence, we use a quadratic divergence measure, which allows us to make an efficient non-parametric implementation and requires no prior assumptions about class densities. In addition to linear transforms, we also discuss nonlinear transforms that are implemented as radial basis function networks. Extensions to reduce the computational complexity are also presented, and a comparison to greedy feature selection is made.
Transition metal catalysis of the diels-alder reaction

Abstract Catalysis of the Diels-Alder reaction by the transition metal Lewis acid, (n5-C5H5)Fe+(CO)[P(OCH3)3](THF)BF4−, is reported.
Adaptive fuel allocation using pseudo fuel prices

The authors outline a practical adaptive fuel allocation approach. The approach uses pseudo fuel prices as decision variables. As a result, the fuel allocation decision can be conveniently implemented in system operation by using the pseudo fuel prices to dispatch generation. A lower pseudo price usually results in higher fuel consumption and a higher pseudo price usually results in lower fuel consumption. In the proposed approach, the systematic criterion for adaptively identifying the need for reschedulings is based on the absolute change in each pseudo fuel price. Various aspects of the proposed approach are discussed, and its application to a midwestern utility system is illustrated. >
Electrophysiological Characterization of Spino-Sciatic and Cortico-Sciatic Associative Plasticity: Modulation by Trans-Spinal Direct Current and Effects on Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury in Mice

Associative stimulation causes enduring changes in the nervous system based on the Hebbian concept of spike-timing-dependent plasticity. The present study aimed to characterize the immediate and long-term electrophysiological effects of associative stimulation at the level of spinal cord and to test how trans-spinal direct current stimulation (tsDC) modulates associative plasticity. The effect of combined associative stimulation and tsDC on locomotor recovery was tested in a unilateral model of spinal cord injury (SCI). Two associative protocols were tested: (1) spino-sciatic associative (SSA) protocol, in which the first stimulus originated from the sciatic nerve and the second from the spinal cord; and (2) cortico-sciatic associative (CSA) protocol, in which the first stimulus originated from the sciatic nerve and the second from the motor cortex. In addition, those two protocols were repeated in combination with cathodal tsDC application. SSA and CSA stimulation produced immediate enhancement of spinal and cortical outputs, respectively, depending on the duration of the interstimulus interval. Repetitive SSA or CSA stimulation produced long-term potentiation of spinal and cortical outputs, respectively. Applying tsDC during SSA or CSA stimulation markedly enhanced their immediate and long-term effects. In behaving mice with unilateral SCI, four consecutive 20 min sessions of CSA + tsDC markedly reduced error rate in a horizontal ladder-walking test. Thus, this form of artificially enhanced associative connection can be translated into a form of motor relearning that does not depend on practice or experience.
Measurements and Simulations of Nadir-Viewing Radar Returns from the Melting Layer at X and W Bands

Simulated radar signatures within the melting layer in stratiform rain, namely the radar bright band, are checked by means of comparisons with simultaneous measurements of the bright band made by the EDOP (X-band) and CRS (W-band) airborne Doppler radars during the CRYSTAL-FACE campaign in 2002. A stratified-sphere model, allowing the fractional water content to vary along the radius of the particle, is used to compute the scattering properties of individual melting snowflakes. Using the effective dielectric constants computed by the conjugate gradient-fast Fourier transform (CGFFT) numerical method for X and W bands, and expressing the fractional water content of melting particle as an exponential function in particle radius, it is found that at X band the simulated radar bright-band profiles are in an excellent agreement with the measured profiles. It is also found that the simulated W-band profiles usually resemble the shapes of the measured bright-band profiles even though persistent offsets between them are present. These offsets, however, can be explained by the attenuation caused by cloud water and water vapor at W band. This is confirmed by the comparisons of the radar profiles made in the rain regions where the un-attenuated W-band reflectivity profiles can be estimated through the X- and W band Doppler velocity measurements. The bright-band model described in this paper has the potential to be used effectively for both radar and radiometer algorithms relevant to the TRMM and GPM satellite missions.
Retrieving multispectral satellite images using physics-based invariant representations

We present a set of algorithms and a search strategy for the robust content-based retrieval of multispectral satellite images. Since the property of interest in these images is usually the physical characteristics of ground cover, we use representations and methods that are invariant to illumination and atmospheric conditions. The representations and algorithms are derived for this application from a physical model for the formation of multispectral satellite images. The use of several representations and algorithms is necessary to interpret the diversity of physical and geometric structure in these images. Algorithms are used that exploit multispectral distributions, multispectral spatial structure, and labeled classes. The performance of the system is demonstrated on a large set of multispectral satellite images taken over different areas of the United States under different illumination and atmospheric conditions.
Obtaining Strategic Advantage from Being Imitated: When Can Encouraging Clones Pay?

An important business strategy research theme concerns finding ways to minimize competition faced by the firm. This paper, however, focuses on a different set of situations: the model developed suggests that an innovator's best strategy may be to encourage "clones" of its product when a network externality is present. Key factors to consider in assessing whether encouraging cloning is the innovator's best strategy are: 1 the benefit to be derived in terms of added user base "contributed" by the clone sales, traded-off against 2 the unit sales that will be lost to the clones. These factors in turn depend upon the strength of the network effect and the degree to which the innovator's product quality is perceived by consumers to be superior to the clone's. The model further suggests that both the innovator and clone earn their highest payoffs when the clone takes the lead in price-setting, i.e., when the clone establishes its own price by considering, for each price it might set, how the innovator will react to that price, and the innovator, as price-follower, responds to the price the clone chooses. The paper demonstrates that the clone-leader/innovator-follower situation represents the unique Nash equilibrium in price-setting strategies. A central implication is that when operating in a network externality environment, instead of a problem to be avoided, clones may be valuable assets to an innovating firm, building up the user base for the innovator's technology by bringing lower-valuing consumers into the market, which in turn makes the innovator's product more attractive to high-and medium-valuing purchasers. Thus when the above-described conditions hold, being cloned can be more profitable for an innovating firm than dominating the market alone.
Testing isosource: stable isotope analysis of a tropical fishery with diverse organic matter sources.

We sampled consumers and organic matter sources (mangrove litter, fresh- water swamp-forest litter, seagrasses, seagrass epiphytes, and marine particulate organic matter (MPOM)) from four estuaries on Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia for stable isotope (d 13 C and d 34 S) analysis. Unique mixing solutions cannot be calculated in a dual- isotope, five-endmember scenario, so we tested IsoSource, a recently developed statistical procedure that calculates ranges in source contributions (i.e., minimum and maximum possible). Relatively high minimum contributions indicate significant sources, while low maxima indicate otherwise. Litter from the two forest types was isotopically distinguishable but had low average minimum contributions (0-8% for mangrove litter and 0% for swamp- forest litter among estuaries). Minimum contribution of MPOM was also low, averaging 0-13% among estuaries. Instead, local marine sources dominated contributions to consum- ers. Minimum contributions of seagrasses averaged 8-47% among estuaries (range 0-88% among species). Minimum contributions of seagrass epiphytes averaged 5-27% among estuaries (range 0-69% among species). IsoSource enabled inclusion of five organic matter sources in our dual-isotope analysis, ranking trophic importance as follows: seagrasses . seagrass epiphytes . MPOM . mangrove forest . freshwater swamp-forest. IsoSource is thus a useful step toward understanding which of multiple organic matter sources support food webs; more detailed work is necessary to identify unique solutions.
Concurrent optimization in designing for logistics support

Concurrent Engineering has always been an important field within military industry and is gaining recognition within commercial industry as well. Studies have suggested that long-range research efforts need to be directed to the area of integrated logistics. In order to satisfy the overall logistics objectives, product designs must incorporate consideration of the impact that design decisions have on operations, maintenance, transportation and supply. This paper presents a model that carries out a concurrent optimization of a product design and its associated manufacturing and logistics support systems. We offer this model as a framework for decision support of concurrent engineering activities.
Further validation of the Child and Adolescent Scale of Participation (CASP)

Primary objective: To further validate the Child and Adolescent Scale of Participation (CASP) for children and youth with acquired brain injuries and other disabling conditions.Research design and methods: A cross-sectional design was used. Data were collected on 313 children and youth, aged 3–22, with and without disabling conditions. Children with acquired brain injuries (ABI) were the largest group (56%). Cronbach's alpha, factor analyses and Rasch analyses were used to examine internal scale consistency and structure. Correlation analyses were conducted to examine associations between CASP scores and scores that reflect extent of impairment and impact of environmental barriers. Independent t-tests or analyses of variance were used to examine mean differences in CASP scores in relation to sex, age and disability groups.Main outcomes and results: Children without disabilities had significantly greater extent of participation (higher CASP scores) than children with disabilities. Greater extent of partici...
Complex-scaling Fourier-grid Hamiltonian method. III. Oscillatory behavior of complex quasienergies and the stability of negative ions in very intense laser fields.

A complex-scaling Fourier-grid Hamiltonian (CSFGH) method in momentum representation along with Floquet formalism is presented and applied to the nonperturbative treatment of the complex quasienergies of a one-dimensional-model negative chlorine ion in an ArF excimer-laser field. The CSFGH method leads to a simple and highly efficient variational procedure for accurate determination of resonance states, without the need of using an ${\mathit{L}}^{2}$-basis-function expansion. A variety of laser intensities are considered covering those from perturbative to very intense laser fields, and the stability of the ion is investigated under realistic experimental conditions. Oscillatory structures of the photodetachment rate as a function of field strength are found in our study, revealing that the decreasing of the detachment rate (or the so-called ``stabilization'' or ``suppression-of-ionization'' phenomenon) may not necessarily be a monotonic behavior. Physical insight into this interesting feature is explored in the Kramers-Henneberger frame, and the feasibility for the experimental observation of the oscillatory behavior of the negative ions is also discussed.
Distributed rate allocation for inelastic flows

A common assumption behind most of the recent research on network rate allocation is that traffic flows are elastic, which means that their utility functions are concave and continuous and that there is no hard limit on the rate allocated to each flow. These critical assumptions lead to the tractability of the analytic models for rate allocation based on network utility maximization, but also limit the applicability of the resulting rate allocation protocols. This paper focuses on inelastic flows and removes these restrictive and often invalid assumptions. First, we consider nonconcave utility functions, which turn utility maximization into difficult, nonconvex optimization problems. We present conditions under which the standard price-based distributed algorithm can still converge to the globally optimal rate allocation despite nonconcavity of utility functions. In particular, continuity of price-based rate allocation at all the optimal prices is a sufficient condition for global convergence of rate allocation by the standard algorithm, and continuity at at least one optimal price is a necessary condition. We then show how to provision link capacity to guarantee convergence of the standard distributed algorithm. Second, we model real-time flow utilities as discontinuous functions. We show how link capacity can be provisioned to allow admission of all real-time flows, then propose a price-based admission control heuristics when such link capacity provisioning is impossible, and finally develop an optimal distributed algorithm to allocate rates between elastic and real-time flows.
Men's crops? Women's crops? The gender patterns of cropping in Ghana

Abstract Cultural distinctions between men’s crops and women’s crops are found frequently in the literature on agriculture in West Africa. This paper uses nationally representative household survey data from Ghana to examine whether crops can be divided into men’s and women’s crops. Three definitions of farmer are used: the gender of the household head, the gender of the plot holder, and the person who keeps the revenue from the plot. Few crops can be defined as men’s crops and none are clearly women’s crops.
Western Worms! Explication of Aspects of Health Care Behavior Among Chamorro With HIV/AIDS

By means of critical ethnography with a focus on historical dimensions, this article delineates the ways Chamorro with HIV/AIDS negotiate interaction with Western health staff. This effort targets a largely unstudied and disenfranchised population of a U.S. territory (Guam) through qualitative methods. Results indicate that (a) foundational historical patterns inform covert behaviors, that is, the longstanding colonization of Chamorro culture has implications for communication, and (b) the residual influence of the investigation of lytico-bodig affects conceptualization and discussion of disease. At the same time, historically grounded forms such as the use of healers offer clients culturally sanctioned means of resistance to hegemonic medical structures. Findings have implications for nursing practice in the clinical setting.
Trace Element Analysis of Natural Gold by Laser Ablation ICP-MS: A Combined External/Internal Standardisation Approach

For the trace element analysis of gold by laser ablation ICP-MS, external calibration samples of differing matrix composition have been used in previous studies. Data presented here suggest that even for calibration samples and unknowns with closely-matched matrices, discrepancies arise due to variations in the coupling behaviour of the laser with the sample at different power deliveries, and can lead to erroneous trace element determinations. Internal standardisation for gold is complicated because Au and Ag, the most common major elements, do not have minor isotopes that can be used as internal standards. This problem was overcome for natural gold samples by using an external calibration sample only for the major elements Au and Ag, then defocussing the ion path and using 107Ag in each sample as an internal standard against which μg g-1 levels of Te, Sb, Hg, Bi, and Cu were determined. The results suggest that trace elements can occupy lattice sites in gold rather than occurring only as micro-inclusions of other phases. The analytical approach taken here may be used in trace element analysis where adequate external calibration samples are not readily available. Lo methode de calibration externe par echantillon ayant des matrices de compositions differentes a ete utilisee anterieurement pour le dosage de l'or par ablation laser couplee a un ICP-MS. Les resultats presentes ici montrent que meme dans le cas de calibrations par etalons ayant des matrices tres proches de celles des echantillons, des differences se produisent, dues a des variations du comportement de couplage entre laser et echantillon pour des puissances restituees differentes et peut conduire a des determinations en elements en trace faussees. La standardisation interne pour l'or est difficile car l'or et l'argent, elements majeurs les plus importants, n'ont pas d'isotopes mineurs pouvant etre utilises comme standards internes. Ce probleme a ete resolu, pour les echantillons d'or naturels, en utilisant un standard externe uniquement pour les elements majeurs Au et Ag, puis en defocalisant le faisceau d'ions et en utilisant 107Ag de chaque echantillon comme standard interne permettant de determiner des concentrations de Te, Sb, Hg, Bi et Cu a des niveaux de l'ordre du μg g-1. Les resultats suggerent que les elements en trace peuvent occuper des sites dans les reseaux cristallins de l'or de preference a des micro-inclusions d'autres phases. L'approche analytique adoptee ici peut etre utilisee pour d'autres analyses d'elements en trace quand des echantillons adequats de calibration externe ne sont pas disponibles.
Effects of locus of control and A-B personality type on job satisfaction within the health care field.

The importance of locus of control and A-B personality type and their effects on job satisfaction were investigated. Rotter's I-E Scale, Hackman and Oldham's Job Diagnostic Survey, and the Behavior Activity Profile A-B Personality Scale were administered to 95 registered nurses. Analysis indicated that internal subjects perceived their jobs to be more enriched than external subjects in the following areas: feedback from the job, general satisfaction, internal work motivation, and the motivating potential score. There was a striking lack of relationship between personality type and job satisfaction and between personality type and locus of control.
The Silver Lining of Industrial Decline: Rust Belt Manufacturing's Impact on Particulates

Reduced industrial activity leads to improved local air quality. Using plant level micro data from the Census of Manufacturers, I explore how county particulate levels vary for counties that feature different manufacturing activity levels and that differ with respect to manufacturing's capital vintage, plant size and SIC industry classification. These estimates are used to simulate the benefits of reduced manufacturing activity. The magnitude of the social benefits of increased local public goods is compared to the aggregate private costs suffered by workers displaced to the low wage service sector.
Interactive Shopping Experience through Immersive Store Environments

In the era of high competition with E-commerce and online shops, brick-and-mortar retail industry seeks new opportunities to enhance shopping experience through engaging technologies. Even though retailers are applying their omnichannel strategies to attract more shoppers through technology-driven solutions including websites, mobile apps, and so forth, we find that these technologies are somewhat basic and do not represent the “disruptive” innovations. Along with these current technologies, retailers should leverage their store physical real estate, and transform it into immersive store environments (ISEs) that allow shoppers to navigate in 3D store aisles through rich media interface ported onto networked devices. Therefore, we propose our own study of what ISE use-cases are most desirable by customers and retailers in such contexts; we describe the implementation of our cloud-based interactive shopping interface for ISE, before discussing the promising results of its deployment in a “real-world” store.
Access To Care And Affordability Have Improved Following Affordable Care Act Implementation; Problems Remain

There is growing evidence that millions of adults have gained insurance coverage under the Affordable Care Act, but less is known about how access to and affordability of care may be changing. This study used data from the Health Reform Monitoring Survey to describe changes in access and affordability for nonelderly adults from September 2013, just prior to the first open enrollment period in the Marketplace, to March 2015, after the end of the second open enrollment period. Overall, we found strong improvements in access to care for all nonelderly adults and across income and state Medicaid expansion groups. We also found improvements in the affordability of care for all adults and for low- and moderate-income adults. Despite this progress, there were still large gaps in access and affordability in March 2015, particularly for low-income adults.
Determinants of Caregivers' Use and Adoption of Household Water Chlorination: A Qualitative Study with Peri-Urban Communities in the Peruvian Amazon.

Abstract. The gap between the efficacy and the effectiveness of household water treatment in reducing diarrhea-related morbidity indicates the need for a better understanding of the determinants of long-term behavior change. To explore the barriers to drinking water chlorination in the Peruvian Amazon, where diarrhea is endemic among under-5 children, we conducted qualitative research with 23 caregivers from peri-urban communities of Iquitos, Peru. Our inquiry drew on the Transtheoretical Model of behavior change and the Integrated Behavioral Model for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene to identify the most relevant contextual, psychosocial, and technological determinants of initial action and long-term adoption of chlorination. Our findings suggest that the decision to try out this practice resulted from the combined effect of knowledge of chlorination benefits and product availability and affordability. Progress from action to adoption was influenced by caretakers' understanding of dosage, the packaging of chlorine products, knowledge and skills for multipurpose laundry bleach, the taste of treated water, and reinforcement. This analysis suggests that a focus on these determinants and the household domain may help to improve the sustainability of future intervention efforts.
A Holistic Sequence of Programming Assignments for CS2 (Abstract Only)

We present a sequence of programming projects for the CS2 introductory computer science course which provides a holistic experience for students in preparation for their future roles in any workplace in which software is developed, whether in academia, government, industry, or elsewhere. The progression of projects has several key features: (1) they are easily reused simply by changing the underlying input data set; (2) they offer a flexible degree of analysis objectives; (3) they take advantage of freely available open source data sets and encourage their use; (4) they are designed to be small models of the kinds of problems likely to be encountered outside of the classroom environment; (5) they facilitate the introduction of increasingly more sophisticated software testing concepts, starting with the most elementary; (6) a student who attempts to do them in earnest, even if unsuccessful, can still learn important lessons about the different facets of programming and problem solving; and (7) a student's understanding of the relationship between choice of data representation and performance will likely mature if he or she successfully completes the assignments.In our poster, we present the first and last assignments of the sequence that we have employed in a CS2 course, and discuss some results. We also show how these assignments can serve as a paradigm that may be used in other CS2-like courses. Many of the underlying concepts can also be applied to CS1-like courses as well as more advanced computer science courses.
Book Reviews: Introduction to the Theory of Coherence and Polarization of Light

Please forward book reviews to the Book Review Editor, Alexander Scheeline, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801.