cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modafinil-Cocaine Interactions: Clinical Implications

9 T he study reported by Loland et al. (1) in this issue significantly enhances our understanding of the translation of dopamine transporter (DAT) binding interactions into behavioral efects. A brief re-capitulation of the behavioral testing of racemic odafinil confirms predictions from binding data in that it is a timulant but less reinforcing than cocaine (2). The key finding from ehavioral studies of modafinil-cocaine interactions is that human olunteers pretreated with modafinil report less pleasure from coaine as compared to pretreatment with placebo (3–7). The dopaine increase from cocaine-induced DAT inhibition is significantly igher than that seen after racemic modafinil (8) or either the R or S nantiomer. This could account for the lower behavioral stimulaion from modafinil and its enantiomers and a lower abuse potenial. Even when tested in treatment-seeking cocaine addicts, there as no evidence of abuse of modafinil as measured by excess onsumption in double-blind trials measuring pill counts. The poentially important clinical benefit of racemic modafinil is the reorts from patients treated chronically saying that when cocaine is sed during a treatment trial (as it usually is), the patients receiving odafinil report that cocaine euphoria is less than expected. Thus, here are both positive and negative placebo controlled clinical rials. The study reported here shows that R and S enantiomers of odafinil bind to a different DAT conformation than cocaine. Alhough the inhibition of dopamine reuptake is significantly less han that produced by cocaine, does this explain some interference ith the actions of cocaine in patients chronically treated by odafinil or one of its enantiomers? The direct answer to this quesion would be to test cocaine in mice pretreated with the R or S nantiomer to study interactions of the medication with cocaine. he studies reported here by Loland et al. (1) show less inhibition of AT by modafinil and its enantiomers compared with cocaine. hat is the efficacy of cocaine as a stimulant in animals pretreated ith modafinil or its enantiomers? Humans have reported that timulation is less (2–5). One of the findings from this study is that R and S enantiomers ind to a different DAT conformation than cocaine. The question hat is not directly addressed is whether the presence of modafinil r its enantiomers inhibits the binding of cocaine. The finding that here is an overlap in the binding pocket for modafinil with that of ocaine is potentially very important. A binding interaction when ocaine is taken after modafinil or the enantiomer could signal a
Mooring developments for autonomous ocean-sampling networks

Two general-purpose mooring designs have been developed to support autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) operations in autonomous ocean sampling networks (AOSNs). These moorings provide two-way communications between investigators and AUVs docked on the moorings or conducting survey operations some distance from the moorings. A deep-water design that incorporates an AUV dock and recharging station was built for use in the Labrador Sea during the winter of 1997/1998. This severe winter environment required a robust design that could operate unattended for six months while isolating the dock from surface wave motion. A much lighter, easier-to-deploy design was developed for use in coastal waters to extend the nearshore AOSN operating area by extending the communications network. This coastal design has been deployed without the dock component and has typically been configured for use in a small network of moorings maintained with a small research vessel. The deep-water mooring has been deployed successfully on two occasions, for short periods of time. The coastal moorings have been deployed a number of times and have proven to be quite effective. This paper describes the two moorings in detail and provides information on their performance so that interested investigators can utilize the technology where it meets their needs.
Accumulation of bank-top sediment on the western slope of Great Bahama Bank: Rapid progradation of a carbonate megabank

High-resolution seismic profiles and submersible observations along the leeward slope of western Great Bahama Bank show large-scale export of bank-top sediment and rapid progradation of the slope during the Holocene. A wedge-shaped sequence, up to 90 m thick, is present along most of the slope and consists of predominantly aragonite mud derived from the bank since flooding of the platform 6-8 ka. Total sediment volume of the slope sequence is 40%-80% that of Holocene sediment currently retained on the bank. Maximum rates of vertical accumulation and lateral progradation are 11-15 m/ka and 80-110 m/ka, respectively: 10 to 100 times greater than previously known for periplatform muds. Slope deposition of exported mud during sea-level highs appears to have been a major mechanism for the westward progradation of Great Bahama Bank throughout the Quaternary; this may provide a critical modern analogue for ancient progradational margins.
Myocardial Regeneration of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells: Differentiation, Paracrine, Fusion Mechanisms

Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) are a promising alternative cell source for repairing damaged myocardium based on the following advantages: (1) abundant adipose tissue in most patients, (2) easy accessibility, (3) relatively high density of stem cells within adipose tissue, and (4) ASC-mediated improvement of cardiac function in the animal models of myocardial infarction. However, the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of ASCs on myocardial regeneration are not fully understood. It is generally recognized that ASCs improve cardiac function via the differentiation into cardiomyocytes and vascular cells, fusion of injected ASCs with host cardiomyocytes, or through paracrine pathways. Paracrine factors secreted by ASCs can enhance angiogenesis, reduce cell apoptosis rates, and promote neuron sprouts in infarcted myocardium. In addition, injection of ASCs increases the electrical stability of injured hearts. Importantly, there are no reported cases of arrhythmia or tumorigenesis in any studies regarding myocardial regeneration with ASCs. Here we focus on the characteristics of both cultured and freshly isolated ASCs, their myocardial regeneration application in animal models, survival of injected ASCs in the infarcted hearts, and the regeneration mechanisms. Safety issues, ASC clinical trial, and future studies will be also discussed.
Oligomerization of Mumps Virus Phosphoprotein

ABSTRACT The mumps virus (MuV) genome encodes a phosphoprotein (P) that is important for viral RNA synthesis. P forms the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase with the large protein (L). P also interacts with the viral nucleoprotein (NP) and self-associates to form a homotetramer. The P protein consists of three domains, the N-terminal domain (P N ), the oligomerization domain (P O ), and the C-terminal domain (P C ). While P N is known to relax the NP-bound RNA genome, the roles of P O and P C are not clear. In this study, we investigated the roles of P O and P C in viral RNA synthesis using mutational analysis and a minigenome system. We found that P N and P C functions can be trans -complemented. However, this complementation requires P O , indicating that P O is essential for P function. Using this trans -complementation system, we found that P forms parallel dimers (P N to P N and P C to P C ). Furthermore, we found that residues R231, K238, K253, and K260 in P O are critical for P9s functions. We identified P C to be the domain that interacts with L. These results provide structure-function insights into the role of MuV P. IMPORTANCE MuV, a paramyxovirus, is an important human pathogen. The P protein of MuV is critical for viral RNA synthesis. In this work, we established a novel minigenome system that allows the domains of P to be complemented in trans . Using this system, we confirmed that MuV P forms parallel dimers. An understanding of viral RNA synthesis will allow the design of better vaccines and the development of antivirals.
Exploring Mindfulness Techniques in Physical Therapy to Address Motor Skill Acquisition: A Perspective Piece

Abstract: This perspectives piece provides a theoretical frame supporting the exploration of mindfulness techniques as a complimentary interventions strategies for physical therapy interventions to promote motor skill learning especially under dual tasking conditions.
Child care workers' development within an interactional perspective: A response to Bayduss and Toscano

Professional development as advocated in the Baydus/Toscano model, primarily conceived as anintra personal emotional maturing process constitutes a rather limited and one-sided perspective. Professional development, especially in child care work, is primarily anchored in the interactional events. The child care worker struggles with complex tasks in a relatively powerless position in order to become a group leader which his or her role demands. Even if professional development is an individual process, the actual chances for development are anchored in the clarity of a person's role expectaions and the available resources and freedom to carry out the necessary tasks associated with the role. The support obtained is not a personal but rather a system issue—namely the degree of actual recognition given within the context of the total staff alignments. Support, in its clearest analysis, is reflected basically through working conditions, receptivity to staff persons' input within their role functions, status, and salary classifications. How dollars for child care work are spent means what kind of support is at hand.
Nature of Hydrosulphosol and Its Toxicity to Living Embryonic Tissue

ConclusionsEvidence has been presented to show that Hydrosulphosol is an available and convenient source of -SH radicals. The compound rapidly decolorizes methylene blue and supports the growth of the anaerobic organisms Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridium perfringens under aerobic conditions. The compound is relatively nontoxic to embryonic chick heart tissue fragments cultivated in vitro.
A Path Model of Workplace Solidarity, Satisfaction, Burnout, and Motivation:

Communication dynamics within the business world dictate that the formality of interaction between supervisor and subordinate is determined by the supervisor. The present study investigates the influence of negotiated formality and closeness via supervisor-subordinate solidarity on subordinates’ burnout, motivation, and job satisfaction. An online questionnaire was administered to subjects across various occupations and organizations in the United States. The data are consistent with a mediated model in which job satisfaction mediates the relationships between solidarity-motivation and solidarity-burnout. These results are novel in that, first, job satisfaction is identified as an input of motivation and burnout rather than outputs of a shared induction, And, second, the results place renewed emphasis on the role of supervisor communication in the workplace as subordinates are unable to initiate solidarity.
Methodological Simulation in Marketing

Computer simulation techniques have been used successfully in solving marketing management decision problems. Can these techniques be applied to the analyst's problem of selecting the best solution...
Exploring Instructional Strategies and Learning Theoretical Foundations of eHealth and mHealth Education Interventions

This qualitative study aimed at exploring how health professionals use theories and models from the field of education to create ehealth and mhealth education interventions in an effort to provide insights for future research and practice on the development and implementation of health promotion initiatives. A purposeful sample of 12 participants was selected, using criterion and snowballing sampling strategies. Data were collected and analyzed from semistructured interviews, planning materials, and artifacts. The findings revealed that none of the participants used a specific learning theory or an instructional model in their interventions. However, based on participants' description, three themes emerged: (1) connections to behaviorist approaches to learning, (2) connections to cognitivist approaches to learning, and (3) connections to constructivist approaches to learning. Suggested implications for practice are (1) the design of a guidebook on the interplay of learning theories, instructional models, and health education and (2) the establishment of communities of practice. Further research can (1) investigate how learning theories and models intertwine with health behavior theories and models, (2) evaluate how the different instructional strategies presented in this study affect learning outcomes and health behavior change processes, and (3) investigate factors behind the instructional strategies choices made by health professionals.
Development and field evaluation of an online monitor for near-continuous measurement of iron, manganese, and chromium in coarse airborne particulate matter (PM)

ABSTRACTA novel air sampling monitor was developed for near-continuous (i.e., 2-h time resolution) measurement of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and chromium (Cr) concentrations in ambient coarse particulate matter (PM) (i.e., PM10–2.5). The developed monitor consists of two modules: (1) the coarse PM collection module, utilizing two virtual impactors (VIs) connected to a modified BioSampler to collect ambient coarse PM into aqueous slurry samples; (2) the metal concentration measurement module, which quantifies the light absorption of colored complexes formed through the reactions between the soluble and solubilized target metals and pertinent analytical reagents in the collected slurries using a micro volume flow cell (MVFC) coupled with UV/VIS spectrophotometry. The developed monitor was deployed in the field for continuous ambient PM collection and measurements from January to April 2016 to evaluate its performance and reliability. Overall, the developed monitor could achieve accurate and reliable measure...
Social Support, Trust in Health Information, and Health Information-Seeking Behaviors (HISBs): A Study Using the 2012 Annenberg National Health Communication Survey (ANHCS)

We proposed a conceptual model to predict health information-seeking behaviors (HISBs) from three different sources (family, the Internet, doctors). To test the model, a structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis was conducted using data from the 2012 Annenberg National Health Communication Survey (ANHCS) (N = 3,285). Findings suggest higher social support from family predicts higher trust in health information from family members (abbreviated as trust in this article). Trust is positively related to HISBs from all three sources, with the path linking trust to HISB from family being the strongest. The effect of social support on HISB from family is partially mediated by trust, while effect of social support on HISBs from the Internet/doctors is fully mediated by trust. Implications of the study are discussed.
Low‐Temperature Transformation of Methane to Methanol on Pd1O4 Single Sites Anchored on the Internal Surface of Microporous Silicate

Direct conversion of methane to chemical feedstocks such as methanol under mild conditions is a challenging but ideal solution for utilization of methane. Pd1O4 single-sites anchored on the internal surface of micropores of a microporous silicate exhibit high selectivity and activity in transforming CH4 to CH3OH at 50–95 °C in aqueous phase through partial oxidation of CH4 with H2O2. The selectivity for methanol production remains at 86.4 %, while the activity for methanol production at 95 °C is about 2.78 molecules per Pd1O4 site per second when 2.0 wt % CuO is used as a co-catalyst with the Pd1O4@ZSM-5. Thermodynamic calculations suggest that the reaction toward methanol production is highly favorable compared to formation of a byproduct, methyl peroxide.
Complete Remission in Childhood-Onset Epilepsy

Researchers at Children’s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT determined the probability of attaining complete remission of nonsyndromic epilepsy in a community-based cohort of 347 children with onset of epilepsy between ages of 1 month and 16 years (average, 5.5 years).
Some Finite Elasticity Problems Involving Crack-Tips

Crack problems within the theory of linearized elasticity give rise to strain fields which are locally unbounded, even at small values of the applied load. This is, of course, a violation of the approximative assumptions upon which the theory rests. Most early extensions of such studies to beyond the scope of the classical theory of elasticity continue to retain the kinematic assumption of infinitesimal deformations but replace the linear stress-strain law by a nonlinear constitutive relation of some sort. (See for example, the monograph by Hutchinson [1].) The predictions of these analyses cannot possibly be uniformly valid in the immediate vicinity of the crack-tips, no matter how small the loads. It is natural therefore to examine such problems within the setting of a finite theory, which allows for both large deformations and constitutive nonlinearities.
Rapid switching between spectral windows for NO isotope sensing using an external cavity quantum cascade laser

We present high-resolution spectroscopy and sensing of NO isotopes using a new external cavity quantum cascade laser rapidly switched between two spectral windows separated by 13 cm−1.
LIPOSOMES TARGETED TO CELLULAR RECEPTORS

Liposome uptake by cells is influenced by size and charge and by the content of specific glycolipids recognizable by the receptors. Brief descriptions are given of the preparation of liposomes of different types, and of drug encapsulation in the aqueous or lipid phase. Liver parenchymal cells, separated with a Percoll gradient after intravenous liposome injection, take up small unilamellar liposomes (0.06–0.08 μm diam.) preferentially vs. large multilamellar liposomes. Liposomes containing asialo- but not sialo-gangliosides are taken up in vitro by parenchymal but not Kupffer cells; for galactolipid liposomes, parenchymal cells have higher affinity and Kupffer-cell uptake is rather unspecific. In mice, further exemplifying effective targeting to liver parenchymal cells, unilamellar galactolipid-liposomes surpass those without galactolipid in delivering the metal chelator, desferrioxamine, which removes iron located in parenchymal cells.
A kinetic modeling study on octane rating and fuel sensitivity in advanced compression ignition engines

Abstract With the development of advanced compression ignition (ACI) engines such as the homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) and the reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI), the long existing research and motor octane rating for fuels, i.e., RON and MON, might be insufficient to describe fuel reactivity and performance with these new combustion strategies due to their distinctive engine operating conditions. It is also noted that with stringent regulation of CO 2 emissions, a detailed knowledge of fuel reactivity is urgently needed for the selection of novel alternative bio-fuels for transportation, and optimization of their engine performance in the future. It is therefore very important to understand the general fuel properties such as reactivity and sensitivity under different ACI operating conditions. In this modeling study, using validated kinetic mechanisms for ignition, different classes of fuels including hydrogen, alkanes (straight and branched) and alcohols have been simulated under typical HCCI engine conditions using detailed chemical kinetics. The crank angle corresponding to 50% total heat release (CA50) was utilized as an indicator of the fuel reactivity, and iso-contours of CA50 were then plotted in engine operating parameter coordinates, such as the intake temperature, and pressure. It is shown that fuels with the same RON/MON could even exhibit both qualitatively and quantitatively different CA50 iso-contours in specific operating regimes, implying the insufficiency of RON/MON as comprehensive metrics of fuel reactivity in ACI strategies. In addition, operating regimes with high and low sensitivity, as well as potential non-monotonic change in fuel reactivity have been identified by the CA50 iso-contour map for all fuels studied. It is also shown that the combustion phasing can increase, decrease, or exhibit non-monotonic changes with equivalence ratio variation, subject to fuel and operating conditions. This study provides useful insights into the control of ACI combustion phasing and the understanding of SI end-gas auto-ignition, as well as implications on the selection of future alternative fuels and the derivation of fuel surrogate models.
The Undergraduate Spanish Major Curriculum: Faculty, Alumni, and Student Perceptions.

This article presents the quantitative and qualitative results of a nationwide survey of the perceptions of faculty, alumni, and students regarding the contribution to the undergraduate Spanish major curriculum of various types of courses and experiences. Quantitative results indicated that all participants valued the importance of study abroad as well as advanced composition and grammar courses. Significant differences were found in the relative importance of other components of the undergraduate curriculum. While faculty tended to value traditional offerings such as literature and culture courses, alumni and students rated advanced conversation courses as most important. In addition, students and alumni rated translation and language for specific purposes courses significantly higher than faculty did. Qualitative analysis of the participants’ comments revealed a generalized tension between student and alumni emphasis on the need for courses that promote practical communicative skills vs. faculty emphasis on the development of critical thinking and cultural awareness alongside language skills. Implications are discussed, including the need to incorporate opportunities for speaking in courses at all levels and of all types, and the potential to involve students in discussions of curricular reform
Genome-wide association study for carcass traits in a composite beef cattle breed

Abstract Improvement of carcass traits is highly emphasized in beef cattle production in order to meet consumer demands. Discovering and understanding genes and genetic variants that control these traits is of paramount importance. In this study, different genome wide association approaches (single step GBLUP GWAS, Bayes A and Bayes B) were implemented and compared for three ultrasound carcass traits: fat thickness (FAT), intramuscular fat (IMF) and ribeye area (REA) of a composite beef cattle breed. The results showed different SNP marker windows associated with carcass traits explaining a small percentage of the genetic variance. The SNP marker window with the highest percentage of genetic variance (1.83%) associated with FAT was located on BTA14 in position 24 Mb. Surveying candidate genes in the regions associated with these traits revealed genes such as LYPLA, and LYN genes which have been associated with feed intake and growth in beef cattle. This study supported previous results from GWAS of carcass traits and revealed additional regions in the bovine genome associated with these economically important traits. Comparing the top 5 SNP windows for each trait across the GWAS methods revealed that only a few of these windows overlap.
Magnetic Field Equations in Magnetized Regions Carrying Steady Current

We proceed in essentially the same way as in the electric case and first formally define a single magnetic dipole moment analytically from our present magnetic apparatus. To this end we consider a closed current loop in which a steady electric current I flows as shown in Figure 25. In all of our closed loop expressions for B and A, the loop integral $$ \oint_{c} {f({r_{1}})} Ids = I\oint_{c} {f({r_{1}})} ds, $$ (7.1.1) exists. The application of a well-known integral theorem18 yields $$ I\oint_{c} f ds = I\oint_{s} {nx} \nabla fdS. $$ (7.1.2)
Critical Race Theory and the Archaeology of the African Diaspora

The critical race theory movement, an outgrowth of critical legal studies, offers historical archaeologists a paradigm for a more sophisticated, politically engaged treatment of the issue of race. Unfortunately, an uncritical social constructionist analysis can result in the trivialization or appropriation of the concerns of minority scholars, activists, and communities, a position critical race theorists characterize as “vulgar anti-essentialism.” Several examples of this process within historical archaeology are discussed. Historical archaeologists, particularly those studying the African Diaspora, need to develop community-based alliances that address common goals and enhance the relevance of their work. One potential mutually beneficial alliance would be with activists and scholars in the environmental justice movement.
An Introduction to Rodent Bioacoustics

Rodents are a relatively diverse order of mammals that are found in abundance virtually all over the globe. The behavior of wild rodents is less well understood than that of laboratory rodents. Aboveground juvenile and adult rodents produce vocalizations that are used for communicating information about predators, mating readiness, hunger, and food availability. Subterranean rodents not only produce vocalizations but also drum their feet and bang their heads against burrows to communicate. The auditory system of rodents allows for detecting signals in quiet, discriminating between characteristics of communication signals, categorizing signals, and localizing sounds in space. Genetically manipulating laboratory rodents has elucidated much of what is known about auditory perception in mammals. Finally, the context and state of the rodent can have an influence on both the signal produced and the signal received. A common theme of the chapters in this volume is that a lot is known about bioacoustics in just a few species of rodents, while absolutely nothing is known about communication by most rodent species, presenting an opportunity for laboratory and field bioacousticians alike.
Impact of cytogenetics on myeloma immune microenvironment as reflected by the absolute lymphocyte/monocyte ratio.

e23109Background: Critical interactions with the bone marrow microenvironment promotes the homing, proliferation and survival of multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Specific cytogenetic abnormalities harb...
Minimizing Performance and Energy Overheads Due to Fanout In Memristor based Logic Implementations

To enable memristor based in-memory computing, crossbar architecture is considered as one of the most preferred structures that provide high density. A given logic function is first synthesized as a netlist of NOR and NOT gates and then it is mapped to the crossbar architecture. In this approach, fanout incurs significant performance and energy overheads. As fanout helps in compact designs, it is essential that we investigate ways to minimize the overheads. In this work, a novel approach has been proposed to address this problem – instead of copying the logic value as inputs to the driven memristors, we propose that the controller reads the logic value and then applies it in parallel to the driven memristors. In comparison to recently published works, experimental evaluation on ISCAS85 benchmarks resulted in average performance improvements of 51.08%, 38.66%, and 63.18% considering three different mapping scenarios (average, best, and worst). In regards to energy dissipation, we have also obtained average improvements of 91.30%, 88.53%, and 74.04% considering the aforementioned scenarios.
Learning Representations for Gene Ontology Terms by Contextualized Text Encoders

Functions of proteins are annotated by Gene Ontology (GO) terms. As the amount of new sequences being collected is rising at a faster pace than the number of sequences being annotated with GO terms, there have been efforts to develop better annotation techniques. When annotating protein sequences with GO terms, one key auxiliary resource is the GO data itself. GO terms have definitions consisted of a few sentences describing some biological events, and are also arranged in a tree structure with specific terms being child nodes of generic terms. The definitions and positions of the GO terms on the GO tree can be used to construct vector representations for the GO terms. These GO vectors can then be integrated into existing prediction models to improve the classification accuracy. In this paper, we adapt the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) to encode GO definitions into vectors. We evaluate BERT against the previous GO encoders in three tasks: (1) measuring similarity between GO terms (2) asserting relationship for orthologs and interacting proteins based on their GO annotations and (3) predicting GO terms for protein sequences. For task 3, we show that using GO vectors as additional prediction features increases the accuracy, primarily for GO terms with low occurrences in the manually annotated dataset. In all three tasks, BERT often outperforms the previous GO encoders.
Building Resilience Through Contemplative Practice: A Field Manual for Helping Professionals and Volunteers

Recasting burnout as a crucial phase of service, Building Resilience Through Contemplative Practice uses real-world case studies to teach professionals and volunteers unique skills for cultivating resilience. Viewing service and burnout as interdependent throughout phases of stability, collapse, reorganization, and exploitation, the book uniquely combines elements of adaptive resilience theory with contemplative practices and pedagogies. Drawing on the author’s extensive experience working at the intersection of service and contemplative practices, this is the first book to demonstrate how and why professionals and volunteers can reframe burnout as an opportunity for resilience-building service. User-friendly case studies provide tools, skills, and exercises for reconstructive next steps. Chapters address personal, group, and structural levels of service and burnout. Illuminating the link between adaptive resilience and burnout as a normal and useful phase of service, Building Resilience Through Contemplative Practice is a necessary resource for professionals and volunteers across a wide range of service settings.
Addressing the EMS workforce shortage: How medical students can help bridge the gap.

The authors propose that, through innovative and mutually beneficial partnerships between medical schools and local Emergency Medical Services (EMS) agencies, medical students can help mitigate EMS shortages in areas across the country. These partnerships, which we have seen very early signs of in some places, would create channels by which medical students get their emergency medical technician certifications in the summer before matriculating and volunteer with the agency’s ambulance service, either as an extracurricular clinical experience (which are very popular among medical students) or as a way to fulfill clinical or service requirements or earn elective credit. In the attached piece, the authors (1) establish, using data, that a key factor contributing to current and impending EMS shortages is a lack of certified personnel, and (2) propose why and how medical students could provide a novel source of additional volunteers for understaffed public ambulance services, explore some of the benefits and limitations of this proposal, and provide a road-map for how to form partnerships between medical schools and local EMS agencies.
Using changes in host demographic rates to reveal the effects of infection with hidden variable models

The impacts of disease on host vital rates can be clearly demonstrated using longitudinal studies, but these studies can be expensive and logistically challenging. We examined the utility of hidden variable models to infer the individual effects of disease, caused by infection, from population-level measurements of survival and fecundity when longitudinal studies are not possible. Our approach seeks to explain temporal changes in population-level vital rates by coupling observed changes in the infection status of individuals to an epidemiological model. We tested the approach using both single and coinfection viral challenge experiments on populations of fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). Specifically, we determined whether our approach yielded reliable estimates of disease prevalence and of the effects of disease on survival and fecundity rates for treatments of single infections and coinfection. We found two conditions are necessary for reliable estimation. First, diseases must drive detectable changes in vital rates, and second, there must be substantial variation in the degree of prevalence over time. This approach could prove useful for detecting epidemics from public health data in regions where standard surveillance techniques are not available, and in the study of epidemics in wildlife populations, where longitudinal studies can be especially difficult to implement.
Gendered Adaptive Preferences, Autonomy, and End of Life Decisions

Other essays in this volume focus on how we may adapt our preferences to available health opportunities. In the late stages of a terminal illness, we may come to underestimate the desirability of a high-functioning life. Increases in the availability of life-extending technology may make it difficult to perceive value in the normal experience of aging. However, health opportunities are not the only circumstantial factors that stand to influence our end of life choices.
P639 Molecular markers to predict cefixime decreased susceptibility of neisseria gonorrhoeae: a global review

Background In the last two decades, there have been numerous reports worldwide of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infections with clinical treatment failure to cefixime. Mutation in multiple NG genes including penA, mtrR, pilQ, penB, and ponA, have been associated with cefixime decreased susceptibility and resistance, however, no single mutation has been identified as necessary or sufficient. Methods We performed a systematic review of all PubMed-published articles from 01/01/1995 to 11/01/2018 that reported molecular characteristics of decreased susceptibility of NG to cefixime. We summarized the findings and made suggestions for the development of a molecular-based NG assay to predict cefixime susceptibility. Based on clinical outcome data, we defined a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≥ 0.12ug/mL as the cutoff for decreased susceptibility to cefixime. For a wild-type (non-mutated) sequence comparison, we used the penA peptide sequence of NG reference strain M32091. Results We found 74 articles, of which we excluded 49 due to incomplete information. Among the 25 articles included, there were 415 reported NG strains with reduced susceptibility to cefixime from 22 countries. Two types of penA alterations accounted for 99.5% (413/415) of strains with decreased susceptibility to cefixime: (1) mosaic penA, which can be identified by mutations at amino acid position 375–377 or (2) non-mosaic penA but with at least one critical amino acid substation at position 501, 542, or 551. The other two strains with MIC ≥ 0.125 μg/mL were found in Spain in 2013 with a non-mosaic penA sequence but no alteration at amino acid position 501, 542 or 551. Conclusion We conducted a systematic review of published reports of over 400 NG strains with decreased susceptibility to cefixime. We identified a combination of sequences in the mosaic and non-mosaic regions of the penA gene that if wild-type (non-mutated) may serve as reliable and sensitive markers to predict cefixime susceptibility globally. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Cybersecurity vulnerability management: A conceptual ontology and cyber intelligence alert system

Abstract Effective vulnerability management requires the integration of vulnerability information available on multiple sources, including social media. The information could be used to inform common users about impending vulnerabilities and countermeasures. First, we present the Cybersecurity Vulnerability Ontology (CVO), a conceptual model for formal knowledge representation of the vulnerability management domain. Second, we utilize the CVO to design a Cyber Intelligence Alert (CIA) system that issues cyber alerts about vulnerabilities and countermeasures. We rigorously evaluated the CVO as well as the accuracy, performance, and usefulness of the CIA system. Key contributions of this study to research and practice are discussed.
Self-employment over the business cycle in the USA: a decomposition

Entry rates into self-employment increase during recessions and decrease during economic upswings. I show that this is mostly explained by the higher unemployment rate during a recession, together with the fact that at all times, unemployed persons have a relatively high propensity to become self-employed out of necessity. I use econometric decomposition techniques to quantify these effects based on the monthly matched US Current Population Survey before, during, and after the Great Recession. I also document that the entry rate into self-employment with unincorporated businesses strongly increased during the recession, but not into self-employment with incorporated businesses. This highlights the association of unincorporated and incorporated self-employment with necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship, respectively. The results are useful for policymakers and practitioners to understand, forecast and act on the different types of self-employment that can be expected over the business cycle. There are also important implications for theories of the cyclicality of unemployment and entrepreneurship. Plain English Summary Self-employment will increase during recessions when unemployment is high, but it may not boost innovation. During recessions, increased unemployment underlies the higher entry rate into self-employment. Our evidence is from representative survey data from the USA covering the Great Recession. The upside is that self-employment enables workers who lose their jobs to continue to work, which can speed up the subsequent economic recovery. Thus, public policy should enable people to start businesses. However, as during recessions the unemployed mostly start unincorporated businesses, one cannot expect them to boost innovation as much as start-ups during better economic times. These insights also speak to the 2020 recession triggered by COVID-19. If unemployment remains high after the relaxation of the lockdowns, a rise can be expected especially in non-innovative self-employment. Thus, the principal policy implication of this study is that policymakers should ensure that their expectations for new businesses started during deep recessions are realistic for the circumstances.
Intelligent Document Recognition on Financial Process Automation

This talk shares a real AI application on financial process automation. An automatic document recognition flow using image segmentation, classification, optical character recognition, and a customized rule-based expert system for verifying personal financial statements, is systematically implemented to accelerate the process of approving or declining loan applications. This system is smarter than common OCRs, and it reveals conceptually how AI changes the routine jobs performed by bank clerks. The bank clerks will not read and type in the information seen on the free-style documents but only verify it, instead. Human resources are saved for more valuable work.
Stress–response relationships related to ageing and death of orthodox seeds: a study comparing viability and RNA integrity in soya bean (Glycine max) cv. Williams 82

Characterizing non-lethal damage within dry seeds may allow us to detect early signs of ageing and accurately predict longevity. We compared RNA degradation and viability loss in seeds exposed to stressful conditions to quantify relationships between degradation rates and stress intensity or duration. We subjected recently harvested (‘fresh’) ‘Williams 82’ soya bean seeds to moisture, temperature and oxidative stresses, and measured time to 50% viability (P50) and rate of RNA degradation, the former using standard germination assays and the latter using RNA Integrity Number (RIN). RIN values from fresh seeds were also compared with those from accessions of the same cultivar harvested in the 1980s and 1990s and stored in the refrigerator (5°C), freezer (−18°C) or in vapour above liquid nitrogen (−176°C). Rates of viability loss (P50−1) and RNA degradation (RIN⋅d−1) were highly correlated in soya bean seeds that were exposed to a broad range of temperatures [holding relative humidity (RH) constant at about 30%]. However, the correlation weakened when fresh seeds were maintained at high RH (holding temperature constant at 35°C) or exposed to oxidizing agents. Both P50−1 and RIN⋅d−1 parameters exhibited breaks in Arrhenius behaviour near 50°C, suggesting that constrained molecular mobility regulates degradation kinetics of dry systems. We conclude that the kinetics of ageing reactions at RH near 30% can be simulated by temperatures up to 50°C and that RNA degradation can indicate ageing prior to and independent of seed death.
Effects of High Definition-Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Local GABA and Glutamate Levels Among Older Adults with and without Mild Cognitive Impairment: An Exploratory Study.

Background Prior research, primarily with young adults, suggests transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) effects are driven by the primary excitatory and/or inhibitory neurotransmitters, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), respectively. Objective We examined the neurometabolic mechanisms of tDCS in older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods We used data from a double-blind, cross-over, randomized controlled trial (NCT01958437) in 32 older adults to evaluate high definition (HD)-tDCS-induced changes in glutamate and GABA via magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Participants underwent MRS following two counterbalanced HD-tDCS sessions (one active, one sham) that targeted the right superior parietal cortex (center anode at P2) and delivered 2mA for 20 minutes. Results Relative to sham, and when co-varying for MRS voxel overlap and right superior parietal volume, active HD-tDCS significantly increased GABA and decreased the ratio of glutamate to GABA. No changes were observed in a left prefrontal control MRS voxel. Although we did not find a significant correlation between strength of delivered current (measured via MRI-based computational modeling) and neurometabolite change, there was a robust positive relationship between the volume of right superior parietal cortex and neurometabolite change. Conclusion Our preliminary findings of increased GABA and reduced glutamate/GABA ratio raise the possibility that (HD-)tDCS effects differ by age. Moreover, age- and disease-related regional brain volume loss may be especially important to consider when planning future studies. Replication would emphasize the importance of developing population-specific tDCS parameters that consider structural and physiologic changes associated with "normal" and pathological aging.
Traditional Cigarette and Poly-Tobacco Use Are Associated with Medical Opioid Use in Rural Areas of the US.

Introduction: Medical prescriptions for opioids are higher in rural areas of the US as compared to urban areas. Tobacco use may also play a role in this process. This analysis examines the association between differing types of tobacco use and medical opioid use. Methods: We analyze the relationship between tobacco product use and medical opioid use among the US general population living in rural (non-metropolitan) areas using the publicly available sample adult file 2019 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) (n = 5028). Tobacco use was classified into the following categories: only using cigarettes, only using e-cigarettes/vapes, only using cigars, only using smokeless tobacco, or using two or more of the following products. We used a binary logistic regression, controlling for individual differences. Results: Individuals who reported using only traditional cigarettes (and no other tobacco product, OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.31, 2.01), or who reported being a poly-tobacco users (OR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.40, 3.22) had higher odds of medical opioid use in the last twelve months. Conclusion: Results suggest a link between tobacco use, particularly cigarette use and poly-tobacco use, and medical opioid use in rural communities. Clinical and structural level interventions need to be implemented in rural communities to reduce comorbid tobacco and opioid use.
Inapproximability of the Smallest Superpolyomino Problem

We consider the \emph{smallest superpolyomino problem}: given a set of colored polyominoes, find the smallest polyomino containing each input polyomino as a subshape. This problem is shown to be NP-hard, even when restricted to a set of polyominoes using a single common color. Moreover, for sets of polyominoes using two or more colors, the problem is shown to be NP-hard to approximate within a $O(n^{1/3-\varepsilon})$-factor for any $\varepsilon > 0$.
Eddy current power dissipation at sharp corners: a numerical right-angle conducting wedge solution and simple function fit

A numerical solution using the rotated real integral equations for the right angle wedge is carried out. Point matching or collocation, using triangular basis functions for the difference magnetic field, is carried out on both the perfectly conducting difference and impedance difference integral equations. By means of this solution, the real corner constant, axial electric field at the origin, and the rotated and scaled fields are determined for arbitrary ratios of the internal to external magnetic permeabilities. A simple fit function is given which accurately represents the real corner constant over the full range of ratios of internal to external magnetic permeabilities. Furthermore, construction of this fit function only requires knowledge of the real corner constant for unit ratio of internal to external magnetic permeabilities (along with the small and large limits which have been given analytically in previous papers). Comparisons are given of the scaled and rotated fields with approximations, such as the external surface impedance boundary condition solution, given in previous papers. A Galerkin method, using triangular basis functions, is also used for the case of unit ratio of internal to external magnetic permeabilities. The moments computed in the Galerkin method enable the variational principle, discussed in a previous paper, to be implemented with respect to both the collocation and Galerkin solutions of the impedance difference integral equation. By means of this implementation, and a comparison with the point matching results, the real corner constant value for unit ratio of internal to external magnetic permeabilities is ascertained to three significant figures.
The Causal Status of Social Capital in Labor Markets

Abstract Recent labor market research has called into question whether social capital effects are causal, or are spuriously due to the influence of social homophily. This essay adopts the demand-side perspective of organizations to examine the causal status of social capital. In contrast with supply-side approaches, we argue that homophily is a key mechanism by which organizations derive social capital. We develop an approach to bolster inferences about the causal status of social capital, and illustrate these ideas using data from a retail bank.