cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outer Domain of HIV-1 gp120: Antigenic Optimization, Structural Malleability, and Crystal Structure with Antibody VRC-PG04

The outer domain of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein contains the epitope for broadly neutralizing antibodies directed to the CD4-binding site, many of which are able to neutralize over 90% of circulating HIV-1 isolates. While the outer domain is conformationally more stable than other portions of the HIV-1 envelope, efforts to express the outer domain as an immunogen for eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies have not been successful, potentially because natural outer domain variants do not bind strongly to antibodies such as VRC01. In this study, we optimized the antigenic properties of the HIV-1 Env outer domain to generate OD4.2.2, from the KER2018 strain of clade A HIV-1, enabling it to bind antibodies such as VRC01 with nanomolar affinity. The crystal structure of OD4.2.2 in complex with VRC-PG04 was solved at 3.0-A resolution and compared to known crystal structures including (i) the structure of core gp120 bound by VRC-PG04 and (ii) a circularly permutated version of the outer domain in complex with antibody PGT128. Much of the VRC-PG04 epitope was preserved in the OD4.2.2 structure, though with altered N and C termini conformations. Overall, roughly one-third of the outer domain structure appeared to be fixed in conformation, independent of alterations in termini, clade, or ligand, while other portions of the outer domain displayed substantial structural malleability. The crystal structure of OD4.2.2 with VRC-PG04 provides atomic-level details for an HIV-1 domain recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies and insights relevant to the rational design of an immunogen that could elicit such antibodies by vaccination.
Methods and algorithms for extracting high-content signatures from cells, tissues, and model organisms

While high-content screening is already playing an important role in drug discovery, a growing number of academic laboratories are applying these techniques to conduct a system-level analysis of biological processes. In this context more complex assays and model systems are being imaged at higher throughput. Examples include co-culture assays, tissues, and entire model systems, as for example zebrafish. This summary presents examples of methods and algorithms that have been developed at GE Global Research that facilitate the quantitative analysis of such complex specimens.1
Fabrication of Conductive Glass Nanocomposites with Networks of Antimony Tin Oxide

The percolation threshold in a ceramic composite depends on the processing conditions used to fabricate them along with the size and shape of the filler. In this study, borosilicate glass microspheres were used as the matrix material and nanosized antimony tin oxide (ATO) particles were used as the filler. The microsphere/ATO composites were fabricated by hot pressing around the glass transition temperature in order to control the viscosity. The pressure and temperature applied allowed the ATO to be confined to the spaces between certain glass particles, forming percolating networks at low volume fractions of the ATO. The electrical properties were examined using ac impedance spectroscopy. The impedance, electric modulus, and tan δ were studied which allowed for valuable insights in structure-property-processing relationships in these materials, along with determination of the percolation behavior in these composites. This analysis on samples right before percolation indicated that there was a highly resistive component affecting long range conductivity which is likely due to porosity at the triple points while the dielectric response is affected by the clusters of ATO nanoparticles. Based on this, the percolation of ATO should reduce down to lower concentrations if the processing conditions are improved to reduce this porosity and further segregate the ATO.
On distributed sampling of smooth non-bandlimited fields

Distributed sampling and reconstruction of a physical field using an array of sensors is a problem of considerable interest in environmental monitoring applications of sensor networks. Our recent work has focused on the sampling of bandlimited sensor fields. However, sensor fields are not perfectly bandlimited but typically have rapidly decaying spectra. In a classical sampling set-up it is possible to precede the A/D sampling operation with an appropriate analog anti-aliasing filter. However, in the case of sensor networks, this is infeasible since sampling must precede filtering. We show that even though the effects of aliasing on the reconstruction cannot be prevented due to the "filter-less" sampling constraint, they can be suitably controlled by oversampling and carefully reconstructing the field from the samples. We show using a dither-based scheme that it is possible to estimate non-bandlimited fields with a precision that depends on how fast the spectral content of the field decays. We develop a framework for analyzing non-bandlimited fields that lead to upper bounds on the maximum pointwise error for a spatial bit rate of R bits/meter. We present results for fields with exponentially decaying spectra as an illustration. In particular, we show that for fields f(t) with exponential tails; i.e., F(/spl omega/) < /spl pi//spl alpha//sup -/spl alpha/|/spl omega/|/, the maximum pointwise error decays as c2e/sup -a//sub 1//spl radic/R+ c3 1//spl radic/R (e/sup -2a//sub 1//spl radic/R) with spatial bit rate R bits/meter. Finally, we show that for fields with spectra that have a finite second moment, the distortion decreases as O((1/N)/sup 2/3/) as the density of sensors, N, scales up to infinity . We show that if D is the targeted non-zero distortion, then the required (finite) rate R scales as O (1 //spl radic/D log 1/D).
Leukoplakia revisited. A clinicopathologic study 3256 oral leukoplakias.

During a 13-year period, 3256 specimens clinically diagnosed as leukoplakia “keratosis,” “white patch”) were submitted to the oral pathology laboratories of Indiana University School of Dentistry and Emory University School of Dentistry. These comprised 6.2% of the tissue specimens processed by these laboratories. The cases were analyzed as to age of occurrence, site of involvement, and pathologic findings. It was found that: leukoplakia occurs chiefly in the 5th, 6th, and 7th decades; about half of the lesions involved the mandibular mucosa, mandibular sulcus, and buccal mucosa; leukoplakia was slightly more common in men (54.2%). Microscopic study showed that 80.1% of the leukoplakias were varying combinations of hyperorthokeratosis, hyperparakeratosis, and acanthosis without evidence of epithelial dysplasia. Mild to moderate epithelial dysplasia was noted in 12.2% of specimens, and severe epithelial dysplasia or carcinoma in situ was found in 4.5%. Infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma was diagnosed in 3.1% of specimens submitted with a clinical diagnosis of leukoplakia. The risk of epithelial dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, or carcinoma varied between the anatomical locations of leukoplakia. The incidence of epithelial alteration, ranging from dysplasia to carcinoma, was 42.9% for lesions of the floor of the mouth, 24.2% for tongue lesions, and 24.0% for lip leukoplakias. The incidence of similar epithelial alterations in other sites varied from 18.8% for palatal lesions to 11.7% for leukoplakias of the retromolar area. The data suggest that there are regional differences in the incidence and character of leukoplakia in the United States. The Emory material, obtained almost exclusively from patients residing in the Southeastern United States, showed a proportionately higher total incidence, a lower male/female ratio, and a greater frequency of epithelial dysplasia, particularly in females, than the Indiana material, which came almost entirely from residents in the Northcentral United States.
A Joint Phrasal and Dependency Model for Paraphrase Alignment

Monolingual alignment is frequently required for natural language tasks that involve similar or comparable sentences. We present a new model for monolingual alignment in which the score of an alignment decomposes over both the set of aligned phrases as well as a set of aligned dependency arcs. Optimal alignments under this scoring function are decoded using integer linear programming while model parameters are learned using standard structured prediction approaches. We evaluate our joint aligner on the Edinburgh paraphrase corpus and show significant gains over a Meteor baseline and a state-of-the-art phrase-based aligner.
Comparison of intravenous and intranasal administration of epinephrine during CPR in a canine model.

Study objectives: Epinephrine improves coronary perfusion pressure during CPR. However, administration of epinephrine during CPR may be delayed or omitted if IV or endotracheal access is not established. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if intranasal administration of epinephrine during CPR would provide an alternate route of drug administration that is readily accessible and requires no special technical skills. Design and setting: Randomized blinded study performed in a controlled laboratory environment. Type of participants: Twenty mongrel dogs weighing 19.5 ± 4.6 kg. Interventions: All dogs received either IV epinephrine 0.015 mg/kg or intranasal epinephrine 14mg per nostril. Phentolamine (5mg per nostril) was administered intranasally one minute before nasal administration of epinephrine to improve absorption. Each dog underwent three minutes of ventricular fibrillation followed by seven minutes of CPR with a pneumatic chest compression device. Epinephrine was administered at two minutes into CPR. Measurements and main results: Seven dogs were excluded because of inadequate baseline coronary perfusion pressure or compression device displacement, leaving a total of 13 dogs for analysis (six IV epinephrine, seven intranasal epinephrine). Baseline coronary perfusion pressure (mean ± SD) was similar for IV epinephrine and intranasal epinephrine (16.9 ± 7.1 mm Hg versus 18.2 ± 13.8mm Hg, respectively, P = .84). For IV and intranasal epinephrine, coronary perfusion pressure increased to 21.4 ± 9.2 mm Hg and 24.4 ± 18.7 mm Hg one minute after epinephrine, respectively ( P = .73). Five minutes after epinephrine coronary perfusion pressure was 18.2 ± 8.7 mm Hg and 24.3 ± 13.9 mm Hg for IV epinephrine and intranasal epinephrine, respectively ( P = .38). The rate of successful resuscitation was similar for both groups, five of seven dogs for intranasal epinephrine and four of six dogs for IV epinephrine ( P = .66). Conclusion: Intranasal epinephrine has similar effects on coronary perfusion pressure and resuscitation compared with standard-dose IV epinephrine. Therefore, the nasal route for administration of epinephrine appears to be an acceptable alternate method of drug delivery during CPR and compares favorably with standard IV therapy in the canine model. Because of the obvious benefits to human patients, these observations suggest further investigation.
Youth Attitudes and Beliefs Toward Alternative Tobacco Products: Cigars, Bidis, and Kreteks:

Youth use of cigars, bidis, and kreteks has spread as youth cigarette use has declined. This study investigates young people’s attitudes toward and beliefs about these alternative tobacco products. The study used data from a convenience sample survey of 5,016 7th-through 12th-grade students in Massachusetts. The cigar attitudes receiving the highest endorsement levels were that cigars smell good and are something different to try, whereas the item receiving the lowest endorsement was that cigars give you a goodbuzz. The most endorsed bidi attitudes were that bid is look like joints and are something different to try. For kreteks, the most endorsed items were that kreteks smell good and are something different to try. Multivariate analyses found that reporting that these products tasted, smelled good, or were something different to try predicted use. Because the study was conducted with a convenience sample in one state, results do not necessarily generalize.
Impact of Requirements Elicitation Activity on Idea Generation: A Designer Study

This paper presents the findings from an empirical designer study conducted with senior design students to understand the impact of requirement elicitation activity on idea generation. The participants were divided in three groups. The experiment conditions were (1) requirements elicitation (given only problem statement), (2) partial elicitation (given problem and five requirements) and (3) no elicitation (given problem and ten requirements). Participants in the first two conditions were challenged with eliciting requirements first. All participants were also asked to generate solutions. Comparing the requirements addressed in the solutions generated by the participants, it is found that the group that was not primed with the task of eliciting requirements performed better in terms of addressing requirements when compared to other two groups. These findings lead to the inference in conceptual design stage that allowing the students to elicit requirements does not have significant potential benefits while addressing the requirements. 1. MOTIVATION TO STUDY REQUIREMENTS IN
A mechanism for spike frequency adaptation.

1. Spike frequency adaptation was studied in large neurones of the marine molluscs Archidoris montereyensis and Anisodoris nobilis. These cells respond to a current step with a rapid rise in spike frequency followed by a gradual decline to a new steady level. 2. An exponentially declining current, Is, was measured when the cell was voltage clamped following an adapting spike train. The initial amplitude of this current depended on the preceding number of spikes and on the voltage to which the cell was clamped. A reversal potential (Vs) for this current was obtained by clamping to various potentials following a spike train. The time constant (τs) of decay of the current was dependent upon the clamping potential. 3. Clamping the membrane potential to a constant test level from various initial levels initiates an exponentially decaying current of similar time constant. The voltage dependence of the steady-state conductance (ḡsas(V, ∞)) associated with this current was determined using this technique. 4. Equations for neural repetitive firing (Connor & Stevens, 1971c) were modified by the addition of a term describing these slow membrane currents: [Formula: see text]. The solution to the modified equation was in good agreement with the spike frequency adaptation observed in these cells.
Pathologic stage I-II endometrial carcinoma in the elderly: Radiotherapy indications and outcome

Abstract Purpose To assess the indications for, and the outcome of, adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) in elderly patients with pathologic Stage I-II endometrial carcinoma. Methods and materials Between 1980 and 2001, 79 elderly (age ≥75 years) patients with pathologic Stage I-II endometrial carcinoma were seen at our institution. All underwent total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with assessment of peritoneal cytology. Pelvic and paraaortic lymph node sampling was performed in 39 and 29 women, respectively. Patients with Stage IA and IB Grade 1-2 were designated as low risk; those with Stage IB Grade 3 and IC-IIB were designated as high risk. Thirty-four received adjuvant RT consisting of whole pelvic ( n = 23) or vaginal brachytherapy ( n = 3), or both ( n = 8). Actuarial disease-free survival, cause-specific survival, and pelvic recurrence-free survival analyses were performed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Adverse factors were common, including deep (>50%) myometrial invasion (47%), Grade 3 disease (28%), cervical involvement (15%), and unfavorable histologic features (15%). Overall, 46 patients (58%) had high-risk disease. Primarily because of concerns over toxicity, RT was administered in only 73%, 55%, and 67% of patients with deep myometrial invasion, Grade 3 disease, and cervical involvement, respectively. Thirty-one high-risk patients (67%) received adjuvant RT. At a median follow-up of 33.5 months, 19 patients had relapsed, for a 5-year actuarial disease-free survival rate of 67.7%. Ten patients (12%) had recurrence in the pelvis, 9 of whom had been patients treated with surgery alone. The 5-year pelvic recurrence-free survival rate of patients treated with and without RT was 97% and 73.1%, respectively ( p = 0.02). The corresponding rates in the high-risk patients were 97% and 47% ( p = 0.0001). High-risk patients treated with RT also had better 5-year actuarial disease-free survival ( p = 0.0001) and cause-specific survival ( p = 0.003) than those treated with surgery alone. RT was well tolerated, with all patients receiving their treatment as planned. Only 1 patient developed significant late toxicity. Conclusions Adverse features are common in pathologic Stage I-II elderly endometrial carcinoma patients, and pelvic recurrence is high after surgery alone. Given the improvement in outcome and low incidence of toxicity, our results support the use of adjuvant RT in elderly pathologic Stage I-II patients with high-risk disease.
Drones at Home: Domestic Drone Legislation -- A Survey, Analysis and Framework

Can the government employ drones domestically without running roughshod over personal privacy? In an effort to preemptively rein in potential government overreach, most states have proposed legislation that restricts or forbids government drone use. The intent is to prevent drone use for warrantless information and evidence collection. Ironically, many of these proposals will have the opposite affect intended. State-­by-­state drone legislation may lead to consequences such as the erosion of Fourth Amendment jurisprudential principles, losses of life and property, procedural windfalls to criminals, and deleterious effects on the military.Lawmakers should take a nuanced approach to government drone use rather than selectively revising constitutional protections. A nuanced approach would allow the federal government to use drones to their full potential while also protecting personal privacies. There are four principles that should guide drone legislation: (1) apply the Fourth Amendment agnostically; (2) ensure operational purpose language distinguishes between law enforcement and non-­law enforcement professionals; (3) focus new regulations focus on information collection, dissemination, and retention; (4) develop narrowly tailored remedies that deter specific behavior consistent with their historical purpose. Drone legislation drafted with these principles in mind will protect our national security and our civil liberties.
Security of the GPT-Type Cryptosystems

The Gabidulin-Paramonov-Tretjakov (GPT) public-key cryptosystem and the GPT system with column scrambler, both based on Gabidulin codes, seem to have some advantages over McEliece's public-key cryptosystems using Goppa codes. Since the parameters of the GPT-type systems affect the work factors of attacks in different fashions and determine the effectiveness of these attacks in some cases, we evaluate the security and study the choice of parameters of the GPT-type cryptosystems with respect to some well-known structural and decoding attacks jointly. The performances of the GPT system with column scrambler and the GPT system are compared with that of McEliece's system.
The Political Challenges That May Undermine Health Reform

As with all major social legislation, years of decisions and disputes over implementation lie ahead for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Opponents at the state and national levels may seek the law’s judicial overturn or repeal. However, a far more serious effort to undermine the law will come about through challenges to various administrative arrangements, taxes, and subsidies to fund expansions of coverage. The redistributive aspects of health reform will be especially at risk, as business interests and groups of more-privileged citizens press for lower taxes, looser regulations, and reduced subsidies for low-income people.
Sleep and health-related factors in overweight and obese rural women in a randomized controlled trial

This secondary analysis describes sleep and health-related factors in healthy overweight and obese mid-life and older rural women enrolled in the" Women Weigh-In for Wellness" randomized clinical trial. The aim of the trial was to promote healthy behaviors and weight-loss. We analyzed demographic, anthropometric, and biomarker variables, self-reported measurements of sleep disturbance and pain interference, and objective 24-h sleep/wake patterns at baseline, 6 months, and the change over time. Although self-reported sleep disturbance reflected normal sleep, pain interference was slightly higher than normal. There were associations between higher self-reported sleep disturbance, pain interference and several other variables. Women who achieved 5 % or more weight loss exhibited positive associations between sleep, pain, and health-related factors. Weight loss and lower pain predicted lower self-reported sleep disturbance. Our results suggest that overweight and obese rural women who adopt healthy behaviors and achieve weight loss also may experience improved sleep and other health benefits. Clinical trial # NCT01307644.
Dynamics of a Moving Nematic-Isotropic Interface

We review both past and present work on the dynamics of a moving nematicisotropic interface. After establishing a flat interface in a temperature gradient, a primary bifurcation to a cellular interface occurs via the MullinsSekerka instability when the sample is moved perpendicular to the gradient. Previously, we observed secondary instabilities of the interface in the form of solitary modes, amplitude oscillations, and spatial period-doubling. By reducing thickness, we are now able to observe a regime of travelling waves. The marginal stability of the interface has been found to be in qualitative agreement with theory, including the observed restabilization back to a flat interface.
Crude Oil Prices, Risk Preferences, and Intertemporal Variation in Market Expected Returns: Empirical Evidence from the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE)

I find oil prices affect market or portfolio expected returns on the NSE only via changes induced in the risk preferences of the "representative agent" that has exposure to both stock market return volatility risk and oil price risk. This finding indicates oil prices do not affect portfolio returns on the NSE independent of their effects on the representative agent's risk preferences. In so far as the risk preference of the representative agent is concerned, empirical results characterize this agent as an hedging agent; that is, an agent who at the margin accepts negative risk premiums for market volatility risk. In empirical tests that substitute a portfolio subset of the NSE (the "OAH portfolio") whose pricing is shown to be characterized by risk aversion and skewness preference in Obrimah et al. (2015), the representative agent who holds the OAH portfolio and has exposure to oil price risk is a risk averse agent who at the margin demands positive risk premiums for market volatility risk. Combined, empirical findings imply the presence of multiple representative agents that have exposure to both stock market return volatility risk and oil price risk within the Nigerian Stock Exchange.
Analysis of an Efficient Homogeneous Tensor Representation of Surfaces for Computer Display

There has been growing interest in the interactive construction of free-form surfaces using displays to view and control the design process. Application of computer graphics in this area requires a wise decision as to the class of surfaces to be considered and careful selection of an appropriate mathematical representation for them. We present and analyze such a representation, placing emphasis both on its mathematical properties and on the implications for the associated computer algorithms. The primary goal of this research was to enable the efficient and rapid presentation of true perspective views of a moving object while permitting convenient means to specify the desired surfaces. Within this context it is desirable that the mathematical representation chosen be capable of handling as wide a variety of surfaces as possible. In particular, the algorithms encompass as simple cases such surfaces as cones, spheres, toroids, and saddle surfaces, without recourse to lengthy trigonometric functions.
Adaptive multi-photon imaging of subsurface nanoparticle flow in porous rock

We use spatially-modulated multi-photon microscopy (S-MPM) to image and track subsurface nanoparticle flow in strongly scattering porous media. This method can be used to measure local fluid velocity beyond the traditional ballistic light limit.
3D Obstacle Avoidance in Adversarial Environments for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.

Copyright © 2006 by by the Authors. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., with permission.
Approximate Posterior Distributions for Incomplete Data Problems

SUMMARY We consider the problem of developing a simple approximation to a posterior distribution arising from incomplete data sampling. We compare approximations based on the normal distribution and upon conjugate distributions, theoretically where feasible and in some numerical examples. Two general conclusions can be made on the basis of our numerical work. First, when there is missing data, approximations which fail to take loss of information into account give overly concentrated posterior distributions. Second, the Gaussian approximation matching mode and observed Fisher information is quite good with large sample sizes and true posteriors which are not highly skewed. Further work delimiting these conditions more precisely will be useful. Finally, the use of a conjugate posterior which matches both mode and information performs well in all of our examples, and is decidedly superior to the Gaussian approximation with small samples.
Confronting Slavery: Edward Coles and the Rise of Anti-Slavery Politics in Nineteenth-Century America

Suzanne Cooper Guasco has produced the first comprehensive biography of Edward Coles, the anti-slavery advocate born into the Virginia gentry who spent a lifetime confronting slavery and slaveholde...
The Effects of an Acute Bout of Self-Myofascial Release on the Physiological Parameters of Running.

This study examined changes in the physiological parameters of running performance when self-myofascial release (SMR) was used prior to a submaximal run. A total of 16 male recreational runners, between the ages of 27 and 50 years old volunteered for the study. Participants had to complete a running event measuring a 10K or longer in the past 12 months and obtained a VO2peak value of 45 mL·kg-l · min-1 to be included in the study. Participants took part in two 40 min treadmill runs at 75% of their VO2peak, one session with the use of SMR and the other with 20 min of seated rest prior to the run. Measurements of heart rate, blood lactate concentrations, ventilatory efficiency (VE/ VO2), RPE, and running velocity were assessed. There was no statistically significant interaction or treatment effect for these variables when SMR was used prior to a 40 min treadmill run (p > .05; heart rate: d = .01, VE/ VO2: d = .07, RPE: d = .07). Although no positive effects on running performance were found, the lack of negative effects suggests the use of SMR prior to running does not hinder performance.
Effects of intravenous immunoglobulin on IL-4 levels and CD20~+ cells in peripheral blood and recurrent rate of infants with wheezing

AIM: To investigate the effects of intravenous immunoglobulin on IL-4 levels and CD20+ cells in peripheral blood and the recurrence rate of infants with wheezing.METHODS: IL-4 levels and CD20+ cells in peripheral blood of 30 normal infants and 66 infants with wheezing were tested by flow cytometry and ELISA,respectively.The relief time of wheezing and recurrent rate were also recorded.RESULTS: The IL-4 levels and CD20+ cells in the wheezing infants were higher than those in controls(P0.01).The IL-4 levels and CD20+ cells in the wheezing infants were decreased after routine treatment but were still higher than those in control infants after treatment.The IL-4 levels and CD20+ cells in the wheezing infants were decreased after immunoglobulin treatment and were almost the same as controls after treatment.The relief time of wheezing in the infants with immunoglobulin treatment was shorter than that in the infants with routine treatment(P0.01),and recurrent rate of immunoglobulin treatment was lower than that of routine treatment(P0.05).CONCLUSION: The IL-4 levels and CD20+ cells in peripheral blood are increased more significantly in infants with wheezing than those in control infants.The mechanisms of wheezing relief and decreasing the recurrent rate by intravenous immunoglobulin are associated with the down-regulation of IL-4 levels and CD20+ cells.
Multi-scale thermal modeling of glass interposer for mobile electronics application

Purpose – The functionality of personal mobile electronics continues to increase, in turn driving the demand for higher logic-to-memory bandwidth. However, the number of inputs/outputs supported by the current packaging technology is limited by the smallest achievable electrical line spacing, and the associated noise performance. Also, a growing trend in mobile systems is for the memory chips to be stacked to address the growing demand for memory bandwidth, which in turn gives rise to heat removal challenges. The glass interposer substrate is a promising packaging technology to address these emerging demands, because of its many advantages over the traditional organic substrate technology. However, glass has a fundamental limitation, namely low thermal conductivity (∼1 W/m K). The purpose of this paper is to quantify the thermal performance of glass interposer-based electronic packages by solving a multi-scale heat transfer problem for an interposer structure. Also, this paper studies the possible improve...
Nonchemical Options for Delaying Weed Resistance to Herbicides in Midwest Cropping Systems

Herbicide-resistant weeds are becoming a major problem in the Midwest, and strategies must be adopted to delay further selection. Strategies of rotating and tank-mixing herbicides with different modes of actions should be effective, but adoption may be limited and certain limitations may exist. Therefore, integrating nonchemical practices that indirectly lower selection pressure or restrict the growth of resistant populations is desirable. Appropriate integration of mechanical weed- ing, crop rotation, increased crop competition, and decision aids may further delay the development of resistance. Understanding the effect of these practices on weed population dynamics is required to more accurately predict their contributions toward resistance management. This knowledge will aid in justifying the adoption of improved management systems. Additional index words: Crop competition, crop rotation, cultivation, integrated weed management, mechanical weeding, weed shifts. Abbreviations: ACCase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; ALS, acetolactate synthase; MOA, mode of action.
In Defense of the Mark

Exchange control was established in Germany by a series of presidential decrees issued between July 15 and July 21, 1931.1 The control, directed only at the panic withdrawal of capital, was intended to be defensive, liberal, non-discriminatory, and temporary.2 The belief was held that if downward pressure on the Mark resulting from adverse expectations could be eased, normal international transactions could be continued with a minimum of interference.
Exposed! (Part 2)

This case discusses the pharmacokinetic interaction between ondansetron and rifampin, resulting in decreased anti-emetic effect of ondansetron. Ondansetron is a cytochrome P450 3A4 substrate and rifampin is a 3A4 inducer.
Cloud service model patterns

In this paper, we develop two patterns for two of the cloud service models: Infrastructure-as-a-Service and Platform-as-a-Service. We assume that our audience will include cloud system designers as well as cloud application builders.
Technique of Experimentation and Observation

To have a good probability of success beware of haste and make it a habit to let reasoning precede action. Before starting any experiment, make certain: (1) that you know its purpose, (2) that you understand the principles involved in its performance, (3) that you know how to perform it without danger to yourself and your neighbors and without risk of losing the material under investigation, (4) that you know what phenomena may be expected and how they are best and most sensitively observed.
Secondary circuit model creation and validation with AMI and transformer measurements

Accurate distribution secondary circuit models are needed to effectively monitor and coordinate the distributed energy resources located in the secondary circuits and to enhance overall distribution system operations and planning. Accurate secondary models are also needed to fully leverage the measurement data received from smart meters and distributed energy resources at the customer premises. This paper discusses approaches for creating distribution system secondary low-voltage circuit models utilizing smart meter measurements. This paper also discusses methods to model secondary circuits when the loads and distributed energy resources are only partially metered. The presented methods are demonstrated on a real distribution secondary circuit with smart meter measurements and transformer low voltage measurements. Practical challenges related to real measurement data are discussed.
The Seventh Book

From Apollonius to Attalus. Peace be on you. I have sent to you with this letter of mine the seventh book of the treatise on Conics. In this book are many wonderful and beautiful things on the topic of diameters and the figures constructed on them, set out in detail. All of this is of great use in many types of problems,1 and there is much need for it in the kind of problems which occur in conic sections which we mentioned,2 among those which will be discussed and proven in the eighth book of this treatise (which is the last book in its. I shall strive to send that to you speedily. Farewell.
Certification of New Standard Reference Material 2806b Medium Test Dust in Hydraulic Oil

A new material has been certified to become Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2806b - Medium Test Dust in Hydraulic Fluid. SRM 2806b consists of trace polydisperse, irregularly shaped mineral dust particles suspended in hydraulic fluid. The certified values of SRM 2806b are the projected area circular-equivalent diameters of the collected dust particles from the hydraulic fluid. The dimensional measurements were determined from the area of the collected dust particles using images obtained from automated scanning electron microscopy (SEM) followed by image analysis. An automated SEM and an automated image analysis software allowed the processing of over 29 million particles. The dimensional calibration of the SEM images (actual length per pixel and thus the actual projected diameters) are traceable to the NIST Line Scale Interferometer (LSI) through a NIST calibrated Geller MRS-4XY pitch standard. The certified diameters are correlated with the numeric concentration of particles greater than each diameter, referred to as the cumulative number size distribution. SRM 2806b is intended to be used to calibrate liquid-borne optical particle counters in conjunction with the reference method ISO 11171:2010.
Fluid shear‐induced cathepsin B release in the control of Mac1‐dependent neutrophil adhesion

There is compelling evidence that circulatory hemodynamics prevent neutrophil activation, including adhesion to microvessels, in the microcirculation. However, the underlying mechanism or mechanisms by which that mechanoregulation occurs remain unresolved. Here, we report evidence that exposure to fluid shear stress (FSS) promotes neutrophils to release cathepsin B (ctsB) and that this autocrine regulatory event is antiadhesive for neutrophils on endothelial surfaces through Mac1-selective regulation. We used a combined cell-engineering and immunocytochemistry approach to find that ctsB was capable of cleaving Mac1 integrins on neutrophils and demonstrated that this proteolysis alters their adhesive functions. Under no-flow conditions, ctsB enhanced neutrophil migration though a putative effect on pseudopod retraction rates. We also established a flow-based cell detachment assay to verify the role of ctsB in the control of neutrophil adhesion by fluid flow stimulation. Fluid flow promoted neutrophil detachment from platelet and endothelial layers that required ctsB, consistent with its fluid shear stress-induced release. Notably, compared with leukocytes from wild-type mice, those from ctsB-deficient (ctsB -/- ) mice exhibited an impaired CD18 cleavage response to FSS, significantly elevated baseline levels of CD18 surface expression, and an enhanced adhesive capacity to mildly inflamed postcapillary venules. Taken together, the results of the present study support a role for ctsB in a hemodynamic control mechanism that is antiadhesive for leukocytes on endothelium. These results have implications in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation, microvascular dysfunction, and cardiovascular diseases involving sustained neutrophil activation in the blood and microcirculation.
Spine and Thoracic Height Measurements Have Excellent Interrater and Intrarater Reliability in Patients With Early Onset Scoliosis.

Study design Reproducibility of measurements. Objective This study investigates the reliability and standard error of measurement of spine and thoracic height radiographic measurements in patients with early onset scoliosis (EOS). Summary of background data Spine and thoracic height radiographic measurements are often used as a surrogate for pulmonary development in patients with EOS. There is limited literature validating the reliability of spine and thoracic height measurements in the EOS population. Methods Using pilot data, we determined measuring 49 unique radiographs would provide 80% power to obtain a 95% confidence interval (CI) width of 0.05 for the interclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). A random sampling strategy, stratified by underlying diagnosis from the Classification of Early Onset Scoliosis (C-EOS), was used to distribute the diagnoses in the study sample. Two attending pediatric spine surgeons, two pediatric orthopedic fellows, and two research assistants measured coronal spine (T1-S1) and thoracic (T1-T12) height on digital radiographs using imaging software (Surgimap; Nemaris, Inc, New York) on two separate occasions at least 3 weeks apart. Order of images was randomized for the second iteration. Linear mixed model regression analyses were used to estimate interrater and intrarater reliability. Results The study sample included subjects (N = 48) with idiopathic (N = 17, 35%), congenital (N = 16, 33%, 1 patient excluded), neuromuscular (N = 11, 23%), and syndromic (N = 4, 8%) scoliosis. Overall interrater reliability estimates for spine height (ICC: 0.894, 95% CI: 0.847-0.932) and thoracic height (ICC: 0.890, 95% CI: 0.844-0.929) were excellent. Intrarater reliability estimates for spine height (ICC: 0.906, 95% CI: 0.830-0.943) and thoracic height (ICC: 0.898, 95% CI: 0.817-0.938) were also excellent. Conclusion There is excellent interrater and intrarater reliability for radiographic measurements of spine and thoracic height in the EOS population at our institution. Level of evidence 2.
Biased information and the exchange paradox

This paper presents a new solution to the well-known exchange paradox, or what is sometimes referred to as the two-envelope paradox. Many recent commentators have analyzed the paradox in terms of the agent’s biased concern for the contents of his own arbitrarily chosen envelope, claiming that such bias violates the manifest symmetry of the situation. Such analyses, however, fail to make clear exactly how the symmetry of the situation is violated by the agent’s hypothetical conclusion that he ought to switch envelopes on the assumption that his own envelope contains some specific amount of money. In this paper, I offer an explanation of this fact based on the idea that the agent’s deliberations are not only constrained by the epistemic symmetry reflected in the agent’s uniform ignorance as to the contents of the two envelopes, but also by a deeper methodological symmetry that manifests itself in the intuition that the two envelopes constitute equally legitimate sources of potential information. I interpret this intuition as implying that the agent’s final decision should reflect a point of rational equilibrium arrived at through an iterated process of counterfactual self-reflection, whereby the agent takes account of what he would have thought had he instead chosen the other envelope. I provide a formal model of this method of counterfactual self-reflection and show, in particular, that it cannot issue in the paradoxical conclusion that the agent ought to switch regardless of how much money is in his envelope. In this way, by correcting for the bias in the agent’s reasoning, the paradox is resolved.
Financial Hardship, Condomless Anal Intercourse and HIV Risk Among Men Who Have Sex with Men

The objective of this study was to examine the association between financial hardship, condomless anal intercourse and HIV risk among a sample of men who have sex with men (MSM). Users of a popular geosocial networking application in Paris were shown an advertisement with text encouraging them to complete a anonymous web-based survey (n = 580). In adjusted multivariate models, high financial hardship (compared to low financial hardship) was associated with engagement in condomless anal intercourse (aRR 1.28; 95% CI 1.08-1.52), engagement in condomless receptive anal intercourse (aRR 1.34; 95% CI 1.07-1.67), engagement in condomless insertive anal intercourse (aRR 1.30; 95% CI 1.01-1.67), engagement in transactional sex (aRR 2.36; 95% CI 1.47-3.79) and infection with non-HIV STIs (aRR 1.50; 95% CI 1.07-2.10). This study suggests that interventions to reduce financial hardships (e.g., income-based strategies to ensure meeting of basic necessities) could decrease sexual risk behaviors in MSM.
Sensory Behaviors in Minimally Verbal Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: How and When Do Caregivers Respond?

Abstract Sensory behaviors are widely reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the impact of these behaviors on families remains largely unknown. This study explored how caregivers of minimally verbal children with ASD responded to their child's sensory behaviors. Using a mixed-methods approach, we examined two variables for each endorsed child behavior: (1) Did the caregiver respond/try to change the behavior? and (2) What response did they employ? Caregivers did not differ in the frequency of responses to hypo- or hyper-responsive behaviors but employed different responses. Caregivers responded to more social sensory behaviors and predominately changed their own behavior in response to their child's. Our findings demonstrate how extensively caregivers adapt to their child's behaviors and vary their response dependent on behavior exhibited.
The Globalization of the Migration Problem

The globalizing world, like the one we are living in today, undeniably brings many advantages with it. Examples include faster flows of technology, information and services, and increased employment opportunities to name at least a few. On the downside, globalization has led the gap between the rich and the poor to increase, it compromises the environment and it has brought about unfair working conditions for many employees, especially in the developing world (Haensel & Garcia-Zamor, 2016a).
Momentary experiential avoidance: Within-person correlates, antecedents, and consequences and between-person moderators.

Abstract We used ecological momentary assessment to investigate momentary correlates, antecedents, and consequences of experiential avoidance (EA), and to explore whether depression and anxiety moderate these within-person relationships. Participants recorded their mood, thoughts, stress, and EA four times daily for one week. Baseline depression and anxiety were associated with EA. EA was lower when participants reported more positive mood and thoughts, and higher when participants reported more negative mood, negative thoughts, and stress. The EA-stress relationship was stronger for participants with higher depression. Lag analyses showed that negative mood, negative thoughts, and stress predicted subsequent EA. In turn, EA predicted subsequent negative mood, negative thoughts, and stress. The relationship between EA and subsequent negative thoughts was stronger for participants with higher anxiety. Participants with higher depression and anxiety had a less negative association between positive thoughts and subsequent EA. This study adds to a growing body of literature on the process of EA as it unfolds in vivo, in real-time. Findings highlight links between momentary negative internal experiences and EA (which may be especially strong for people with depression or anxiety) and suggest that certain positive subjective experiences may buffer against EA. Clinical implications and future research directions are discussed.
The Subjective in Clinical Judgment

Someone telephones the doctor that he has had increasing dull pain in the right side of his abdomen and back for several hours. While not exactly nauseated, he is repelled by the thought of food. He thinks the pain is the same as that of his wife when she had her gallbladder attack. The patient’s complaint is clearly subjective and of the type that most often initiates the medical act. Yet, in its subjectivity, the report lies in a domain of medical practice that is least understood, or more precisely that is least systematized. The deficiencies of medical practice in regard to the subjective are highlighted by the increasing use of the problem-oriented medical record as a tool of medical education. In Medical Records, Medical Education, and Patient Care; The Problem-Oriented Record as a Basic Tool, Lawrence Weed [4] points out the equal importance of patients’ subjective experience with objective, measurable facts of medicine. Further, Dr. Weed gives excellent examples of the kind of profiles of patients’ personal and social lives that should be included in any complete medical record.
Demonstration of Antibody Production at Cellular Level (Immunoplaque Method)

Jerne (1963) described a procedure by which it is possible to determine how many of the total cells present in an organ, such as spleen, lymph nodes, etc., are producing and secreting antibodies. Friedman (1964) made some modifications of this basic technique and applied it in a series of different experiments. The description of the immunoplaque technique given here is based on the above references.
Roles, Rigidity, and Quantification in Epistemic Logic

Epistemic modal predicate logic raises conceptual problems not faced in the case of alethic modal predicate logic: Frege’s “Hesperus-Phosphorus” problem—how to make sense of ascribing to agents ignorance of necessarily true identity statements—and the related “Hintikka-Kripke” problem—how to set up a logical system combining epistemic and alethic modalities, as well as others problems, such as Quine’s “Double Vision” problem and problems of self-knowledge. In this paper, we lay out a philosophical approach to epistemic predicate logic, implemented formally in Melvin Fitting’s First-Order Intensional Logic, that we argue solves these and other conceptual problems. Topics covered include: Quine on the “collapse” of modal distinctions; the rigidity of names; belief reports and unarticulated constituents; epistemic roles; counterfactual attitudes; representational versus interpretational semantics; ignorance of co-reference versus ignorance of identity; two-dimensional epistemic models; quantification into epistemic contexts; and an approach to multi-agent epistemic logic based on centered worlds and hybrid logic.