cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A refutation of Goodman's type-token theory of notation

In Languages of Art, Nelson Goodman presents a general theory of symbolic notation. However, I show that his theory could not adequately explain possible cases of natural language notational uses, and argue that this outcome undermines, not only Goodman’s own theory, but any broadly type versus token based account of notational structure. Given this failure, an alternative representational theory is proposed, in which different visual or perceptual aspects of a given physical inscription each represent a different letter, word, or other notational item. Such a view is strongly supported by the completely conventional relation between inscriptions and notation, as shown by encryption techniques etc. In Chapter 4 of his book Languages of Art, 1 Nelson Goodman presents a general theory of symbolic notation, two of whose main syntactic requirements, of disjointness and finite differentiation, are “…met by our alphabetical, numerical, binary, telegraphic, and basic musical notations; and by a wide variety of other describable notations…” (1968, 140). However, I shall show that his theory could not adequately explain some possible cases of natural language notational uses, and argue that this outcome undermines, not only Goodman’s own theory, but any broadly type versus token based account of notational structure.
HELLP AND THE LIVER DISEASES OF PREECLAMPSIA

Hemolysis, abnormal liver function tests, and thrombocytopenia have been recognized as complications of preeclampsia-eclampsia for many years. 8,9,14,26 According to Chesley, 8 some of these components had been reported in the obstetric literature for more than a century (coagulation defects and microthrombi were first described by Schmorl in 1893). In 1982, Weinstein described 29 cases of severe preeclampsia-eclampsia complicated by thrombocytopenia, abnormal peripheral smear, and abnormal liver function tests. 41 He suggested that this collection of signs and symptoms constituted an entity separate from severe preeclampsia and coined the term HELLP syndrome ( H = hemolysis; EL = elevated liver enzymes; and LP = low platelets). Since then, numerous articles and case reports describing this syndrome have appeared in the literature. In addition, the presence of this syndrome has become a major cause of litigation against obstetricians, involving cases of alleged misdiagnosed preeclampsia, particularly in those patients complicated by severe liver involvement of their disease. This article reviews the diagnosis, hepatic manifestations, and current management recommendations for pregnancies complicated by HELLP syndrome.
CONTROL SYNTHESIS FOR RECONFIGURABLE DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS IN MANUFACTURING

Abstract We present a framework for control synthesis of reconfigurable distributed agent systems, where each agent includes its own set of basic functions and local rules. There are also global rules, which govern the interaction and communication between these agents. Agents are logically defined by a control synthesizer, communicator, and executer. The control synthesis is capable of detecting and avoiding single level deadlocks at execution level. We illustrate the concept through an example.
Global weathering of aromatic engineering thermoplastics

Abstract The rates of gloss loss and color shift for 24 aromatic engineering thermoplastics at nine exposure sites world-wide have been compared relative to a commercial Miami exposure site. The scatter among individual samples was large, but on average, light dose alone was enough to account for almost all of the rate differences among the various sites for these materials. Temperature, humidity, rainfall, and acid rain seemed to play minor roles for most samples. Samples containing no particulate pigment had more erratic gloss loss and showed some dependency on the amount of rainfall. The overall “cleanliness” of the samples seemed to be an important factor in gloss retention, and washing protocols during the exposure period and before readings were important variables in cases of slow erosion and/or no particulate pigment. Microbial growth (fungus) was observed on Miami samples after 12–18 months of exposure, but none was seen at any other site. Relative to Miami defined as 1.0, the average rates of color shift and gloss loss were approximately 0.67 in the northern U.S., 0.8 in the central U.S., and 1.15 in the U.S. desert southwest. Southern Europe was nearly as harsh as Miami, while Northern Europe was comparable to the northern U.S. Northern Europe was found to be somewhat harsher than expected while the northern U.S. was slightly less harsh than expected based on light dose or temperature-weighted light dose. These conclusions apply only to aromatic engineering plastics and should not be assumed to hold for other kinds of materials, such as polyolefins or coatings, without experimental verification.
Convection and diffusion gas exchange in air or water

Abstract The gas exchange between air or water environment and the external gas exchanging tissues of animals can take place either by convection or diffusion. Basic equations for the four conditions are described and the limitations which they impose upon the O2 and CO2 tension at the exchange surface are discussed.
Ada/Mindstorms 1.0 User's Guide and Reference Manual

Ada/Mindstorms 1.0 is an Ada interface to the Lego RCX "brick", included as part of the Lego Mindstorms Robotics Invention System. Programs are written with an Ada compiler, translated into Dave Baum's Not Quite C langauge (NQC), then recompiled and downloaded through the Mindstorms IR transmitter to the RCX.Ada/Mindstorms 1.0 is distributed with the USAFA AdaGIDE Windows Ada compiler. This document assumes that you have obtained and installed AdaGIDE. If you are using another Ada compiler, see Appendix A. We also assume working knowledge of Ada. If you haven't used Ada before, we recommend learning the basics first before reading further, http://www.adahome.com/Discover/Introduction.html is a good place to start. We also assume a general familiarity with the Lego Mindstorms Robotics Invention System and the RCX.To use Ada/Mindstorms 1.0, you need a PC running Windows and a Windows Ada compiler. To download Ada/Mindstorms programs to an RCX and test them, you need:1 Dave Baum's NQC system installed on your PC. It's available from http://www.enteract.com/-dbaum/nqc/index.html. If you're using AdaGIDE, the file nqc.exe executable needs to be in c:\gnatpro\bin so that AdaGIDE can find it. Otherwise it can be anywhere convenient.2 A Lego RCX brick pre-loaded with Mindstorms firmware.3 A Lego I/R transmitter hooked up to your PC's serial port. These come standard with the Lego Mindstorms Robotics Invention System.If you have already purchased a Lego Mindstorms Robotics Invention System, you don't need the CD/ROM and software that come with the it. Ada/Mindstorms is a separate programming environment, replacing the Mindstorms graphical programming tools with an Ada interface.
Effects of SO2 on stomatal conductance and growth of Phaseolus vulgaris

Abstract Exposure of intact pinto beans Phaseolus vulgaris L. and those with cotyledons removed immediately after germination to 0·15, 0·25 and 0·50 ml litre −1 SO 2 at an identical dose (0·5 ml litre −1 h −1 day −1 ) for four weeks reduced leaf area, shoot and root dry weights and increased shoot/root ratios and specific leaf areas in all exposed plants. Bean plants with cotyledons removed were smaller than intact plants, but responses to SO 2 were similar in both groups. Increasing the concentration of SO 2 reduced growth to a greater degree than increasing the duration of exposure. Stomatal conductances decreased immediately after exposure as a function of increased concentration of SO 2 but conductances returned to control levels one day after termination of exposures. Reductions in stomatal conductance in response to SO 2 were proportional to reductions in plant growth. These results support the concept that SO 2 at dosages below levels at which foliar injury symptoms develop can decrease stomatal conductance, reduce plant growth and alter partitioning of dry matter into leaves, shoots and roots. These results do not support the contention that slower growing plants show greater growth responses to SO 2 than more rapidly developing plants.
Forecast smoothing and the optimal under-utilization of information at the federal reserve☆

Abstract It is often found that forecasts are biased and/or inefficient, violating the often invoked rationality assumption. This paper proposes that forecasters may not be irrational, but have been misrepresented by academic economists. Specifically, it is usually implicitly assumed that forecasters wish to minimize some function of the forecast error. This formulation ignores the professional milieu of the forecaster. In particular, if a forecaster is concerned about his reputation, then it can be argued that this leads to a desire to “smooth” forecast revisions. The Federal Reserve staff s forecasts for real GNP and for inflation are tested for evidence of the proposed “reputation effect.”
Predicting recidivism in juvenile delinquents: the role of mental health diagnoses and the qualification of conclusions by race

Seventy-five male youths were evaluated while incarcerated in a juvenile facility in the state of Georgia. Twenty-one to 32 months following discharge, criminal files were examined for records of reincarceration. The recidivism rate was approximately one-third of the initial sample. Crime-related and mental health variables were entered into discriminant function analyses to determine models for predicting recidivism. For the total sample, earlier age at first arrest and higher severity of crime significantly discriminated recidivists from nonrecidivists. Presence of a substance abuse disorder appeared to be a positive prognostic indicator for nonrecidivism. Subsequently, separate sets of analyses were conducted by race, showing clearly that the results were qualified by race, and that differential processes may be operating for African-American vs Caucasian youth when considering recidivism.
Strong-correlation effects in Born effective charges

Large values of Born effective charges are generally considered to be reliable indicators of the genuine tendency of an insulator towards ferroelectric instability. However, Born effective charges can also be strongly influenced by proximity to metallicity and by strong electron correlation, properties which tend not to occur in ferroelectric materials. In this paper we compare the Born effective charges of some prototypical ferroelectrics with those of magnetic, nonferroelectric compounds using a novel, self-interaction free methodology that improves on the local-density approximation description of the electronic properties. We show that the inclusion of strong-correlation effects systematically reduces the magnitudes of the Born effective charges and the electron localization lengths. Furthermore, we give an interpretation of the Born effective charges in terms of band energy structure and orbital occupations which can be used as a guideline to rationalize their values in the general case.
Techniques for the application of polarography to mitochondrial respiration.

Abstract 1. 1. Techniques are described for the measurement of oxygen consumption by biological materials using the platinum electrode method of Davies and Brink . 2. 2. Sources of error in the measurement of respiration by mammalian mitochondria were studied. The errors may largely be eliminated by suitable design of the reaction chamber and by coating the platinum electrode with collodion.
Food Cravings in Young and Elderly Adults

Fifty young-adult and 48 elderly Ss participated in a structured interview study on food cravings (defined as an intense desire or longing to eat a particular food). Elderly Ss were less likely than young Ss to report cravings and reported craving a smaller number of different foods. In contrast to a number of other researchers, we found a relationship between dietary restrictions and cravings. Types of food craved differed by gender and age. Women reported significantly more cravings for chocolate and for sweets than did men. However, craving for sweets declined with age among women. Cravings were not evenly distributed throughout the day, but tended to occur in the late afternoon and early evening.
Stochastic comparisons of order statistics from heterogeneous populations, with applications in reliability

Abstract The basic result of the paper states: Let F 1 , …, F n , F 1 ′ ,…, F n ′ have proportional hazard functions with λ 1 ,…, λ n , λ 1 ′ ,…, λ n ′ as the constants of proportionality. Let X (1) ≤ … ≤ X ( n ) ( X (1) ′ ≤ … ≤ X ( n ) ′ ) be the order statistics in a sample of size n from the heterogeneous populations { F 1 ,…, F n }({ F 1 ′ ,…, F n ′ }). Then ( λ 1 ,…, λ n ) majorizes ( λ 1 ′ ,…, λ n ′ ) implies that ( X (1) ,…, X ( n ) ) is stochastically larger than ( X (1) ′ ,…, X ( n ) ′ ). Earlier results stochastically comparing individual order statistics are shown to be special cases. Applications of the main result are made in the study of the robustness of standard estimates of the failure rate of the exponential distribution, when observations actually come from a set of heterogeneous exponential distributions. Further applications are made to the comparisons of linear combinations of Weibull random variables and of binomial random variables.
Robots, Love, and Sex: The Ethics of Building a Love Machine

This paper will explore the ethical impacts of the use of affective computing by engineers and roboticists who program their machines to mimic and manipulate human emotions in order to evoke loving or amorous reactions from their human users. We will see that it does seem plausible that some people might buy a love machine if it were created, but it is argued here that principles from machine ethics have a role to play in the design of these machines. This is best achieved by applying what is known about the philosophy of love, the ethics of loving relationships, and the philosophical value of the erotic in the early design stage of building robust artificial companions. The paper concludes by proposing certain ethical limits on the manipulation of human psychology when it comes to building sex robots and in the simulation of love in such machines. In addition, the paper argues that the attainment of erotic wisdom is an ethically sound goal and that it provides more to loving relationships than only satisfying physical desire. This fact may limit the possibility of creating a machine that can fulfill all that one should want out of erotic love unless a machine can be built that would help its user attain this kind of love.
Nanoscale organic data storage using atomic force microscopy

Recently, the storage industry has begun to explore alternatives to current magnetic hard drive technology, e.g. AFM-based storage. We have been investigating organics storage media, of interest due to their advantageous properties. Results show that these can be written in ~40 ns, suggesting potential as an alternative storage medium.
Adolescents' Gender Mistrust: Variations and Implications for the Quality of Romantic Relationships

Recent research demonstrates that perceptions of gender mistrust are implicated in lower marriage rates among low-income populations. Yet few quantitative studies have examined the factors predicting gender mistrust during adolescence and whether it influences the quality of subsequent nonmarital romantic relationships. Analysis of three waves of data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (N = 1,106) indicates that in addition to neighborhood poverty rates, parents' own gender mistrust and parent-child relationship quality are related to adolescents' gender mistrust, suggesting that parents play an important role in influencing adolescents' developing feelings of gender mistrust. Perceptions of gender mistrust are not related to whether adolescents are involved in dating relationships, but are linked to higher levels of jealousy and verbal conflict in adolescents' subsequent romantic relationships, albeit only for male adolescents.
Selective labeling of α-noradrenergic receptors in rat brain with [3H] dihydroergokryptine

Abstract Using concentrations of [ 3 H] dihydroergokryptine between 0.1 and 5 nM, saturable binding can be demonstrated in rat cerebral cortical membranes with a dissociation constant (K D ) of about 0.8 nM. α-Noradrenergic agonists and antagonists compete for the sites labeled by these low concentrations of [ 3 H] dihydroergokryptine with relative potencies characteristics of classical α-noradrenergic receptors. The very low potency of serotonin in competing for these binding sites indicates that, in contrast to findings with higher concentrations of [ 3 H] DHE, low concentrations do not label serotonin receptors. Moreover, the low potency of dopamine in competing for [ 3 H] dihydroergokryptine binding in both striatal and cortical membranes indicates that no detectable portion of binding is associated with postsynaptic dopamine receptors.
Effects of Behavioral Control and Type A Behavior on Cardiovascular Responses

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to examine the relationship between degree of behavioral control and cardiovascular changes in 60 adult males performing an anagram solution task, and (b) to assess the interaction between behavioral control and type of subject (A vs. B). Three conditions were used, differing from each other in the percentage of solvable anagrams (100, 50, and 30%). Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) were measured before, during, and after the anagram task. In all conditions, during-task SBP, DBP, and HR were significantly elevated above baseline. Blood pressure (BP) elevations appeared to be curvilinearly related to degree of behavioral control, i.e., more elevated in the 50% than in the 100% and 30% conditions. HR changes did not differ among conditions. Concerning the Type A behavior pattern, the results revealed significantly greater BP elevations for Type A than for Type B subjects, especially in the 50% condition, thereby confirming that the physiologic correlates of Type A behavior are predominantly evoked in challenging circumstances. Findings were discussed in the light of results of cardiovascular and endocrinological research. Consideration was given to the possible role of disengagement in the 30% condition and to differences in the pattern of responding between As and Bs.
Particles in the Polar Stratospheres

SINCE 1971, the University of Wyoming's atmospheric physics group has been monitoring the stratospheric concentration of submicron particles globally using the balloon sounding technique with a dustsonde1. Included in this programme are annual soundings from the ice island T-3, at present at about 85° N, and from McMurdo Station (78° S) and South Pole Station (90° S) in Antarctica. For reasons of accessibility measurements are made in both polar regions at approximately the same time—northern hemisphere winter. Thus the measurements were carried out at T-3 during December 1971 and December 1972 and at the South Pole during January 1972 and January 1973. We describe the results here.
Aberrant left pulmonary artery. Clinical and embryologic factors.

The case of an infant with a pulmonary arterial sling (or aberrant left pulmonary artery) is presented. Associated congenital anomalies found in the original patient and in each of four other patients with this lesion, identified from postmortem files, are noted. The importance of associated anomalies of the respiratory tract is emphasized, since if present, they may affect the outcome after successful surgical correction of the vascular lesion. Previous theories of the embryologic origin of the anomalous artery are discussed, and a new theory is presented.
The triple challenge for the healthcare industry: Sustainability, privacy, and cloud-centric regulatory compliance

The healthcare sector is emerging as an important sector globally. Although the relative carbon footprint of healthcare is not overwhelmingly large compared to other industries, there are ensuing concerns for the sector arising from many quarters. Much has been written about `mMedicine', `mobility in Health', `remote delivery of healthcare services', `eHealth', and `tele(health)care'. The industry is looking to reap the benefits of emerging technologies such as mobile computing and cloud computing. These technologies are needed in order to grapple with ever growing operating cost problems. The challenge looms large as the healthcare sector is under heavy pressure due to regulatory compliance mainly for protecting the privacy of PHI (protected health information), as well as its contribution to sustainability through `GREEN' practices in its IT infrastructure. Keeping such a wide mix in mind, this paper aims to build a framework for research investigation into the possible barriers for GREEN IT practices in the healthcare sector as well a discussion about adoption of cloud based application architectures in the healthcare sector.
Colforsin analogues: tritiation and characterization

Abstract Methods are presented to tritiate and characterize colforsin analogues 2 and 3 .
Computational study of the interaction of freely moving particles at intermediate Reynolds numbers

Motivated by our interest in understanding collective behaviour and self-organization resulting from hydrodynamic interactions, we investigate the two-dimensional dynamics of horizontal arrays of settling cylinders at intermediate Reynolds numbers. To simulate these dynamics, we develop a direct numerical simulation based on the immersed interface method. A novel aspect of our method is its ability to efficiently and accurately couple the dynamics of the freely moving objects with the fluid. We report the falling configuration and the wake pattern of the array, and investigate their dependence on the number of particles, n, as well as the initial inter-particle spacing, d0. We find that, in the case of odd-numbered arrays, the middle cylinder is always leading, whereas in the case of even-numbered arrays, the steady-state shape is concave-down. In large arrays n > 5, the outer pairs tend to cluster. In addition, we analyse detailed kinematics, wakes and forces of three settling cylinders. We find that the middle one experiences a higher drag force in the presence of neighbouring cylinders, compared to an isolated settling cylinder, resulting in a decrease in its settling velocity. For a small initial spacing d0, the middle cylinder experiences a strong sideway repulsive force, the magnitude of which increases with decreasing d0. During the fall, the left and right cylinders rotate outwards and shed vortices in anti-phase.
Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex of the central Andes

A model is presented accounting for many features of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex situated in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes which contains 50 recently active volcanoes. The dominant elements of the complex are several large nested caldera complexes which are the source structures for the major regionally distributed ignimbrite sheets that characterize the complex. The study of the complex reveals the importance of the intersection of subsidiary axis-oblique tectonic trends related to regional stress fields peculiar to individual oceanic ridge sections with the axis-parallel trends predominant at all spreading centers in localizing hydrothermal discharge zones.
The Transatlantic Market for British Convict Labor

Convicts account for at least one-quarter of British migration to mid-eighteenth-century America. Their transportation to and disposal in America was essentially an experiment in privatizing post-trial criminal justice. A model of this trade is developed that yields testable implications regarding the relative distributional moments of convict auction prices, the size of shipper profits, and how convicts were selected for transportation.
Bayesian Statistics-Based Procedure for the Groundwater Long-Term Monitoring Temporal Optimization Problem

Groundwater long-term monitoring (LTM) is required for groundwater remediation projects to assess compliance of active remedial systems and natural attenuation sites where groundwater contamination is still present. LTM can be costly given the large number of sampling locations, frequency of monitoring, and number of constituents monitored at given site. This study uses a Bayesian statistics-based methodology to optimize the scheduling of groundwater long-term monitoring. This method does not rely on pollutant simulated transport models. The technique combines information from different sets of observations over multiple sampling periods with spatial sampling optimization by ant colony optimization algorithm. Instead of binary results (0/1), this methodology will suggest future monitoring schedule of each individual monitoring well on fuzzy probabilistic scale (0–1) and thus facilitating its inclusion into risk assessment procedures.
Utility of Fine-Needle Aspiration As a Diagnostic Technique in Lymphoma

Purpose To evaluate, from a clinician's perspective, the sensitivity and specificity of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) as a technique for the diagnosis of lymphoma. Patients and Methods Medical records of 470 new patients seen in one lymphoma specialist's clinic from January 1998 through December 2002 were reviewed. Ninety-nine (21%) of the 470 patients underwent a total of 115 FNA procedures, which were assessed by more than 70 different pathologists in 32 different pathology departments. Subsequent excisional biopsies were performed in 67 of these patients and interpreted by a single hematopathology group without independent review. Results Of 115 FNA procedures, 93 were completed for the initial evaluation of lymphoma and 22 were done for assessment of relapsed disease. Of the 93 FNA attempts at initial diagnosis, only 27 (29%) were given a specific and complete histologic diagnosis using an accepted classification system (Working Formulation, Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasm...
Design patterns for metamodels

A metamodel is used to define the abstract syntax (i.e., entities, attributes, and relations) of a Domain-Specific Modeling Language (DSML). In addition, a metamodel also defines constraints and static semantics that provide additional information about the modeling language beyond the abstract syntax. In many cases, the specification of a new metamodel is highly dependent on the designer's background and experiences. Thus, metamodel designs often differ from designer to designer, even for recurring design problems (i.e., there is more than one way to specify a modeling language with a metamodel). The quality of a metamodel design may also vary according to the designer's domain knowledge and modeling language expertise. To provide consistent solutions for recurring metamodel design issues, design patterns applied to metamodels may offer key insights, especially to new language designers who have less experience. In this paper, we motivate the need for design patterns for metamodels and provide a few examples of the concept.
Women Who Doctor Shop for Prescription Drugs

Doctor shopping is a term used to describe a form of diversion of prescription drugs when patients visit numerous prescribers to obtain controlled drugs for illicit use. Gender differences exist in regard to prescription drug abuse and methods of diversion. The purpose of this phenomenological study guided by the existential philosophy of Merleau-Ponty was to understand the lived experience of female doctor shoppers. Interviews were conducted with 14 women, which were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed. Included in the findings are figural aspects of the participants' experience of doctor shopping related to the existential grounds of world, time, body, and others. Four themes emerged from the data: (a) feeding the addiction, (b) networking with addicts, (c) playing the system, and (d) baiting the doctors. The findings suggest several measures that nurses can take to reduce the incidence of doctor shopping and to provide better care for female doctor shoppers.
A comparison of human chorionic gonadotropin and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue for ovulation induction in black sea bass Centropristis striata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Mature black sea bass, Centropristis striata L. (200–800 g), were captured in coastal South Carolina during the spawning season and administered hormones for ovulation induction and strip spawning. During both study years, control groups of females were incorporated into the study design and administered sham injections containing physiological saline solution. In 2004, females received a single intramuscular injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (330 IU kg−1) (n=8) or two injections of hCG at 24-h intervals (n=8). In 2005, females received a single injection of hCG (n=10) or an analogue of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRHa) (n=10). In 2004, all fish administered a single dose of hCG ovulated at least once. Six fish ovulated on two consecutive days and one fish ovulated on 3 days consecutively. In contrast, six of eight fish receiving two doses of hCG ovulated once, five ovulated on 2 days successively and three fish ovulated 3 days in succession. Of the fish that spawned, no differences were found in any reproductive parameters. In 2005, all fish administered hCG or LHRHa ovulated at least once. Three fish administered hCG ovulated twice, four fish ovulated on three consecutive days and one fish 4 days successively. All fish administered LHRHa spawned at least twice, six fish ovulated thrice and three fish ovulated 4 days, successively. A significant difference in fertility was found between hCG (75.6±11.4%) and LHRHa (55.6±27.4%). The results of this study indicate that both hCG and LHRHa are effective for ovulation induction in prespawning black sea bass.
Who Dropped Who?: An Analysis of School Dropouts Among Substance Using Populations

When I was a researcher and applied anthropologist for five years at the Southwest Institute for Research on Women in Tucson, Arizona, my specific role was to work with substance abusing adolescent girls. Our team was awarded grants from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration (SAMHSA) for improving health education and substance abuse recovery support. Part of my responsibilities was to connect with the youth while they were in residential substance abuse treatment, help them develop a recovery plan for when they returned to their community, and offer recovery support to them in the community after they were released from treatment. Time and time again I was exasperated with systematic barriers that the youth would confront when they returned to community life (Hedges 2012). This article discusses the barriers impacting the processes for youth re-enrollment in school after treatment.
CD8+ T Cell Exhaustion During Persistent Viral Infection is Regulated Independently of the Virus-Specific T Cell Receptor

During chronic viral infections, responses by virus-specific CD8(+) T cells become marginalized by the acquisition of functional defects and reduced cell numbers in a process defined as T cell exhaustion. Similarly, T cell tolerance to self-antigen is also characterized by impaired effector function and eventual deletion of self-reactive T cells. Induction of both tolerance and exhaustion involve many shared inhibitory mechanisms, thus similar therapeutic approaches have proven effective in these distinct environments. We previously demonstrated that tolerant self-reactive CD8(+) T cells expressing dual-T cell receptors (i.e., dual-TCR) could be rescued by immunization through a second TCR specific for a foreign antigen. These data revealed that T cell tolerance was regulated at the level of the self-reactive TCR. Here, dual-TCR CD8(+) T cells were used to examine if exhaustion during persistent viral infection could be rescued by an analogous strategy of immunization through a second TCR not involved in recognition of virus. In direct contrast to the rescue achievable in tolerant CD8(+) T cells, exhausted T cells were equally impaired through both TCR. These findings suggest that exhaustion is maintained by defects downstream of the virus-specific TCR, and establish that exhaustion and tolerance are distinctly regulated states of T cell dysfunction.
Cancer Inhibition by Inositol Hexaphosphate (IP6) and Inositol: From Laboratory to Clinic

Inositol hexaphosphate (IP 6 ) is a naturally occurring polyphosphorylated carbohydrate that is present in substantial amounts in almost all plant and mammalian cells. It was recently recognized to possess multiple biological functions. A striking anticancer effect of IP 6 was demonstrated in different experimental models. Inositol is also a natural constituent possessing moderate anticancer activity. The most consistent and best anticancer results were obtained from the combination of IP 6 plus inositol. In addition to reducing cell proliferation, IP 6 increases differentiation of malignant cells, often resulting in a reversion to normal phenotype. Exogenously administered IP 6 is rapidly taken into the cells and dephosphorylated to lower-phosphate inositol phosphates, which further interfere with signal transduction pathways and cell cycle arrest. Enhanced immunity and antioxidant properties can also contribute to tumor cell destruction. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this anticancer action are not fully understood. Because it is abundantly present in regular diet, efficiently absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and safe, IP 6 holds great promise in our strategies for the prevention and treatment of cancer. IP 6 plus inositol enhances the anticancer effect of conventional chemotherapy, controls cancer metastases, and improves the quality of life, as shown in a pilot clinical trial. The data strongly argue for the use of IP 6 plus inositol in our strategies for cancer prevention and treatment. However, the effectiveness and safety of IP 6 plus inositol at therapeutic doses needs to be determined in phase I and phase II clinical trials in humans. J. Nutr. 133: 3778S-3784S, 2003.
Phylogenetic Models and Reticulations

The relative importance of genetic exchanges other than simple lineal descent (e.g., hybridization and lateral gene exchanges) on methods to represent evolutionary relationships is discussed. The importance of additional theoretical work in this field is emphasized.
Mobile-agent-based collaborative signal and information processing in sensor networks

In this paper, we develop an energy-efficient, fault-tolerant approach for collaborative signal and information processing (CSIP) among multiple sensor nodes using a mobile-agent-based computing model. In this model, instead of each sensor node sending local information to a processing center for integration, as is typical in client/server-based computing, the integration code is moved to the sensor nodes through mobile agents. The energy efficiency objective and the fault tolerance objective always conflict with each other and present unique challenge to the design of CSIP algorithms. In general, energy-efficient approaches try to limit the redundancy in the algorithm so that minimum amount of energy is required for fulfilling a certain task. On the other hand, redundancy is needed for providing fault tolerance since sensors might be faulty, malfunctioning, or even malicious. A balance has to be struck between these two objectives. We discuss the potential of mobile-agent-based collaborative processing in providing progressive accuracy while maintaining certain degree of fault tolerance. We evaluate its performance compared to the client/server-based collaboration from perspectives of energy consumption and execution time through both simulation and analytical study. Finally, we take collaborative target classification as an application example to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Lake shoreline in the contiguous United States: Quantity, distribution and sensitivity to observation resolution

SUMMARY 1. Quantifying lake biogeochemical processing at broad spatial scales requires that we scale processes along with physical metrics. Past work has primarily scaled lentic processes using estimates of lake surface area. However, many processes important to lakes, such as material, energy and biological fluxes and biogeochemical cycling, scale with lake perimeter. 2. We estimate the total lake perimeter for the contiguous United States (U.S.) and examine the sensitivity of this estimate to measurement resolution. At the original mapping resolution, lakes in the contiguous U.S. have a total perimeter of over 1.8 million km. 3. The change in measured perimeter versus measurement resolution for the contiguous U.S. had a log-log slope (also known as the fractal dimension) of � 0.21, generally less than previously reported estimates. With changing observation resolution, total measured perimeter was most sensitive to the inclusion or exclusion of small lakes, not shoreline complexity. 4. The total aquatic–terrestrial interface in lakes is less than one-tenth that of streams and rivers, which collectively account for over 21 million km of shoreline in the contiguous U.S. This study further describes the distribution of lake perimeter and proposes a technique that can contribute to understanding continental-scale processes.
Combined Analysis of Land Cover Change and NDVI Trends in the Northern Eurasian Grain Belt

We present an approach to regional environmental monitoring in the Northern Eurasian grain belt combining time series analysis of MODIS normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data over the period 2001-2008 and land cover change (LCC) analysis of the 2001 and 2008 MODIS Global Land Cover product (MCD12Q1). NDVI trends were overwhelmingly negative across the grain belt with statistically significant (p⩽0.05) positive trends covering only 1% of the land surface. LCC was dominated by transitions between three classes; cropland, grassland, and a mixed cropland/natural vegetation mosaic. Combining our analyses of NDVI trends and LCC, we found a pattern of agricultural abandonment (cropland to grassland) in the southern range of the grain belt coinciding with statistically significant (p⩽0.05) negative NDVI trends and likely driven by regional drought. In the northern range of the grain belt we found an opposite tendency toward agricultural intensification; in this case, represented by LCC from cropland mosaic to pure cropland, and also associated with statistically significant (p⩽0.05) negative NDVI trends. Relatively small clusters of statistically significant (p⩽0.05) positive NDVI trends corresponding with both localized land abandonment and localized agricultural intensification show that land use decision making is not uniform across the region. Land surface change in the Northern Eurasian grain belt is part of a larger pattern of land cover land use change (LCLUC) in Eastern Europe, Russia, and former territories of the Soviet Union following realignment of socialist land tenure and agricultural markets. Here, we show that a combined analysis of LCC and NDVI trends provides a more complete picture of the complexities of LCLUC in the Northern Eurasian grain belt, involving both broader climatic forcing, and narrower anthropogenic impacts, than might be obtained from either analysis alone.
What I Wish I Had Learned in School: Reflections on 30+ Years as a Software Developer

Computer science and software engineering curricula are, by now, long established in most institutions of higher learning. They have evolved from a few utilitarian courses that taught essential programming skills to fully-fledged academic fourand even five-year programs to match the growing body of experience and knowledge in the field. Yet, it seems that some quite fundamental gaps persist in the education of software experts rendering many of them inadequately prepared for industrial software development. These problems, which are both technical and cultural, can be addressed only if there is a clearer understanding of the nature of software technology. Knowing how software differs from traditional technologies will indicate where innovative approaches to teaching are necessary, whereas knowing how it is similar to those technologies will help us understand where classical time-proven methods can be applied. This talk identifies some of the key problem areas in current curricula and describes suggestions for dealing with them from the perspective of a long-term practitioner of industrial software development. Bio: Bran Selic is an IBM Distinguished Engineer at IBM Rational and an adjunct professor at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada. He has over 30 years of experience in designing and implementing largescale industrial software systems. Bran pioneered the application of model-driven development methods in real-time applications. He is chair of the OMG team responsible for the UML 2.0 standard. Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Software Engineering Education & Training (CSEET’05) 1093-0175/05 $ 20.00 IEEE
International NGOs and impact assessment. Can we know we are making a difference

This paper examines how Save the Children—an international non-governmental organisation (INGO)—assesses the changes it has brought about in children's lives around the globe. The paper begins with a discussion of the role of INGOs. It moves on to examine how we know we are making a difference and gives an explanation of ‘Global Impact Monitoring’—the framework that Save the Children uses to plan and assess its impact as well as to determine how this impact came about, or to put it another way, to determine ‘best practice’. The paper explains that Save the Children has chosen this system because it reflects a rights-based approach to development and encourages a culture of reflection and learning. The rest of the paper discusses factors that help and hinder the organisation's ability to assess its impact, with practical examples given throughout. The discussion covers a variety of topics, including: how to involve stakeholders (those directly involved in, and those that have an interest in our work, inclu...
Systematic Use of Patient-Rated Depression Severity Monitoring: Is It Helpful and Feasible in Clinical Psychiatry?

Objective: The gap between evidence-based treatments and routine care has been well established. Findings from the Sequenced Treatments Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR ∗ D) emphasized the importance of measurement-based care for the treatment of depression as a key ingredient for achieving response and remission; yet measurement-based care approaches are not commonly used in clinical practice. Methods: The Nine-Item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) for monitoring depression severity was introduced in 19 diverse psychiatric practices. During the one-year course of the project the helpfulness and feasibility of implementation of PHQ-9 in these psychiatric practices were studied. The project was modeled after the Institute for Healthcare Improvement Breakthrough Series. Two of the 19 practices dropped out during the course of the project. Results: By the conclusion of the study, all remaining 17 practices had adopted PHQ-9 as a routine part of depression care in their practice. On the basis of responses from 17 psychiatrists from those practices, PHQ-9 scores influenced clinical decision making for 93% of 6,096 patient contacts. With the additional information gained from the PHQ-9 score, one or more treatment changes occurred during 40% of these clinical contacts. Changing the dosage of antidepressant medication and adding another medication were the most common treatment changes recorded by psychiatrists, followed by starting or increasing psychotherapy and by switching or initiating antidepressants. In 3% of the patient contacts, using the PHQ-9 led to additional suicide risk assessment. Conclusions: The study findings suggest that adopting measurement-based care, such as using the PHQ-9, is achievable, even in practices with limited resources. (Psychiatric Services 59:1148–1154, 2008)
Improved retroviral vector design results in sustained expression after adult gene therapy in mucopolysaccharidosis I mice.

Background Mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I) is a lysosomal storage disease due to α-L-iduronidase (IDUA) deficiency that results in the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG). Gene therapy can reduce most clinical manifestations, but mice that receive transfer as adults lose expression unless they receive immunosuppression. Increasing liver specificity of transgene expression has reduced immune responses to other genes.
Correlates of Behavioral Disturbances and Pattern of Psychotropic Medication Use in Five Skilled Nursing Facilities

There are several treatment options for behavioral disturbances (BDs) in dementia. However, the choice of a specific psychotropic agent is directed by personal preferences and local community practice patterns. We examined the relationship between common clusters of BDs and the use of different classes of psychotropic agents in our community. A cross-sectional study of 430 long-term care residents from 5 nursing homes was undertaken. The Behavior Measurement Scale (BMS) was used to measure the frequency of BDs grouped in 4 categories. Residents with > 4 BD episodes in at least one category during a 2-week observation period were the behavior group and were considered to have clinically significant BDs. A sample of patients who had 4 BDs occurring in one or more BMS categories during the 2-week observation. Data on functional status, comorbidity, use of benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and neuroleptic agents were collected with chart review. The chi-square test was used to examine the correlation between variables. Clinically significant BDs were identified in 27.2% (117/430) of the residents in the sample. Five of 15 behavior clusters accounted for 73% of all clinically significant BDs. The 5 clusters were verbally nonaggressive behaviors (cluster 1, 20.5%), behaviors from all 4 categories (cluster 2, 17.9%), verbally and physically nonaggressive behaviors (cluster 3, 14.5%), physically nonaggressive behaviors (cluster 4, 12.8%), and verbally aggressive and nonaggressive behaviors (cluster 5, 7.7%). Cluster 5 had a negative correlation with functional impairment (P = .009). There was a significant correlation between cluster 2 and benzodiazepine use (P = .014). No other significant correlation was found between any of the 5 clusters and demographic variables, comorbidity status, and use of antidepressant or neuroleptic medications. Residents in the behavior group had higher impairment in self-feeding (P = .036) and bathing (P < .001) and were more likely to be treated with benzodiazepines (P = .004) and neuroleptic agents (P = .009) than residents in the nonbehavior group (n = 116). The higher use of neuroleptics and benzodiazepines in the behavior group compared with the nonbehavior group indicates that BDs are being identified for treatment, but the medications used may not be efficacious. The lack of association between specific classes of psychotropic medications and distinct behavior clusters indicates that clinicians are not using a standardized approach to target the neurochemical abnormalities that may underlie certain behavior clusters. Some behavior clusters correlate with impairment in specific activities of daily living categories such as bathing and feeding, making room for nonpharmacologic interventions.