cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ENDF/B-VIII.0 CROSS SECTION TESTING FOR COPPER NUCLEAR CRITICALITY SAFETY APPLICATIONS

In the update from ENDF/B-VII.1 to ENDF/B-VIII.0, copper cross sections were significantly altered in the intermediate and fast spectrum of the ENDF-VIII.0 library. Performance of this ENDF data requires validation to determine whether recent evaluation has proven beneficial. To examine the performance of the new library, particularly new copper data, critical benchmarks from the ICSBEP handbook were chosen for their sensitivity to copper cross section changes and modeled using SCALE continuous energy Monte Carlo simulations. Selected benchmarks were modeled in ENDF-VII.1 and ENDF-VIII.0 to compute keff within a statistical uncertainty of 10 pcm and compared in reference to the benchmark experimental criticality. Due to spectrum choices in selection based on the changes to cross section data, the set of benchmarks consist of intermediately enriched uranium, highly enriched uranium, or plutonium systems. 11 separate benchmark evaluations containing 32 individual configurations highly sensitive to copper were selected, modelled, and compared to benchmark experimental criticality. This work demonstrates a significant decrease in the deviation between calculated and experimental criticality as a result of the ENDF-VIII.0 library; a decrease in absolute mean deviation from 522.5±39.3 to 249.6±39.3, and a decrease in root mean square deviation from 630.8±46.1 to 338.1±74.9. Additionally, the role of recently evaluated copper data in this improved agreement is presented, confirming the benefit of reaffirming cross section data.
Impact of COVID-19 containment and closure policies on tropospheric nitrogen dioxide: A global perspective.

The containment and closure policies adopted in attempts to contain the spread of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have impacted nearly every aspect of our lives including the environment we live in. These influences may be observed when evaluating changes in pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which is an important indicator for economic, industrial, and other anthropogenic activities. We utilized a data-driven approach to analyze the relationship between tropospheric NO2 and COVID-19 mitigation measures by clustering regions based on pollution levels rather than constraining the study units by predetermined administrative boundaries as pollution knows no borders. Specifically, three clusters were discovered signifying mild, moderate, and poor pollution levels. The most severely polluted cluster saw significant reductions in tropospheric NO2, coinciding with lockdown periods. Based on the clustering results, qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted at global and regional levels to investigate the spatiotemporal changes. In addition, panel regression analysis was utilized to quantify the impact of policy measures on the NO2 reduction. This study found that a 23.58 score increase in the stringency index (ranging from 0 to 100) can significantly reduce the NO2 TVCD by 3.2% (p < 0.05) in the poor cluster in 2020, which corresponds to a 13.1% maximum reduction with the most stringent containment and closure policies implemented. In addition, the policy measures of workplace closures and close public transport can significantly decrease the tropospheric NO2 in the poor cluster by 6.7% (p < 0.1) and 4.5% (p < 0.1), respectively. An additional heterogeneity analysis found that areas with higher incomes, CO2 emissions, and fossil fuel consumption have larger NO2 TVCD reductions regarding workplace closures and public transport closures.
Workstations take over conceptual design

Workstations provide sufficient computing memory and speed for early evaluations of aircraft design alternatives to identify those worthy of further study. It is recommended that the programming of such machines permit integrated calculations of the configuration and performance analysis of new concepts, along with the capability of changing up to 100 variables at a time and swiftly viewing the results. Computations can be augmented through links to mainframes and supercomputers. Programming, particularly debugging operations, are enhanced by the capability of working with one program line at a time and having available on-screen error indices. Workstation networks permit on-line communication among users and with persons and computers outside the facility. Application of the capabilities is illustrated through a description of NASA-Ames design efforts for an oblique wing for a jet performed on a MicroVAX network.
Yersinia enterocolitica: Biochemical, Serological, and Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Characterization of Rhamnose-, Raffinose-, Melibiose-, and Citrate-Utilizing Strains

Thirteen atypical Yersinia enterocolitica isolates, all fermenting rhamnose, raffinose, and melibiose and utilizing sodium citrate within 24 to 48 h at 22 degrees C (Y.e.rh+), were examined biochemically-serologically, and by gas-liquid chromatography. These data, as well as cultural, biochemical, and antibiotic susceptibility data gathered from two previous studies involving (i) these same atypical Y.e.rh+ isolates, (ii) Y. enterocolitica serotypes O:1 through O:15 (rhamnose, raffinose, and citrate negative [Y.e.rh-]), (iii) Y. enterocolitica serotype O:16 (rhamnose positive but raffinose and citrate negative), and (iv) Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serogroups I through V were statistically compared. Both preand postabsorption agglutination studies demonstrated the serological distinctiveness of Y.e.rh+ from Y.e.rh- and Y. pseudotuberculosis. At the same time, three immunological groups among the 13 Y.e.rh+ strains were seen; 8 corresponded to Y. enterocolitica serotype O:17; 1 to Y. enterocolitica serotype O:16; and the remaining four were nontypable in antisera against known Y. enterocolitica antigen types. Each of the three Yersinia groups tested chromatographically produced acetic and lactic acids. Both Y.e.rh- and Y.e.rh+ formed propionic acid, but only Y.e.rh+ produced detectable amounts of succinic acid. Based on 49 variables, statistical analysis of the three Yersinia groups studied placed each of the Y.e.rh+ strains in a homogeneous group separate from both Y.e.rh- and Y. pseudotuberculosis. These data, coupled with deoxyribonucleic acid homology studies of Brenner and co-workers (D. J. Brenner, A. G. Steigerwalt, D. F. Falcao, R. E. Weaver, and G. R. Fanning, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 26:180-194, 1976), support the distinctiveness of Y.e.rh+ from typical Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis.
Judicial Review in New Democracies: Constitutional Courts in Asian Cases

New democracies around the world have adopted constitutional courts to oversee the operation of democratic politics. Where does judicial power come from, how does it develop in the early stages of democratic liberalization, and what political conditions support its expansion? This book answers these questions through an examination of three constitutional courts in Asia: Taiwan, Korea, and Mongolia. In a region that has traditionally viewed law as a tool of authoritarian rulers, constitutional courts in these three societies are becoming a real constraint on government. In contrast with conventional culturalist accounts, this book argues that the design and functioning of constitutional review are largely a function of politics and interests. Judicial review - the power of judges to rule an act of a legislature or national leader unconstitutional - is a solution to the problem of uncertainty in constitutional design. By providing 'insurance' to prospective electoral losers, judicial review can facilitate democracy.
Nota hacia una fenomenología comparativa de las zanahorias

Comentarios a proposito de ";Entre el portazo y la zanahoria. La docencia por amor en la UBA";, de Rodrigo Hobert.
Detection of Pulmonary Nodules on Ct and Volumetric Assessment of Change over Time

We present a computer vision system that automatically detects pulmonary nodules in computed tomography (CT) scans of oncology patients, performs size analysis and assesses for change in volume over time.
Thymic nurse cells: A microenvironment for thymocyte development and selection

Thymic nurse cells (TNCs) represent a unique microenvironment in the thymus for MHC restriction and T cell repertoire selection composed of a cortical epithelial cell surrounding 20–200 immature thymocytes. TNCs have been isolated from many classes of animals from fish to humans. Studies performed using TNC lines showed that TNCs bind viable αβ TCR low CD4 + CD8 + CD69 − thymocytes. A subset of the bound cells is internalized, proliferates within the TNC, and matures to the αβ TCR high CD4 + CD8 + CD69 + stage, indicative of positive selection. A subset of the internalized population is released while cells that remain internalized undergo apoptosis and are degraded by lysosomes within the TNC. A TNC-specific monoclonal antibody added to fetal thymic organ cultures resulted in an 80% reduction in the number of thymocytes recovered, with a block at the double positive stage of development. Together these data suggest a critical role for TNC internalization in thymocyte selection as well as the removal and degradation of negatively selected thymocytes. Recent studies have shown that in addition to thymocytes, peripheral circulating macrophages are also found within the TNC complex and can present antigens to the developing thymocytes. These circulating macrophages could provide a source of self-antigens used to ensure a self-tolerant mature T cell repertoire. A reduction in TNC numbers is associated with a variety of autoimmune diseases including thyroiditis and systemic lupus erythematosis.
Aging Studies of Filled and Unfilled VCE

This report presents data on the effects of temperature and gamma radiation on the chemical and structural properties of both filled and unfilled VCE material produced by the Kansas City Plant using WR-qualified processes. Thermal effects up to 300 C and gamma irradiation doses of 1 MRad and 25 MRad were investigated under atmospheric conditions. Characterization techniques used in the study comprise Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Tensile Testing, Solid Phase MicroExtraction - Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS), phenol extraction followed by HPLC, and various Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) techniques including: {sup 13}C, {sup 13}C {l_brace}{sup 1}H{r_brace} cross polarization (CP), {sup 1}H magic angle spinning (MAS), 13C{l_brace}{sup 1}H{r_brace} Wide-line-Separation (2D-WISE) and development of Center band-Only Detection of Exchange (CODEX).
Asthma care and management before an emergency department visit in children in western Michigan: how well does care adhere to guidelines?

OBJECTIVES. Asthma is one of the more common reasons for children9s visits to the emergency departments (EDs). Many studies show that the level of asthma care and self-management in children before an ED visit for asthma is often inadequate; however, most of these studies have been conducted in the inner cities of large urban areas. Our objectives were to describe asthma care and management in children treated for asthma in 3 EDs located in an urban, suburban, or rural setting. METHODS. We studied a prospective patient cohort consisting of children aged 2 to 17 years who presented with an acute asthma exacerbation at 3 EDs in western Michigan. An in-person questionnaire was administered to the parent or guardian during the ED visit. Information was collected on demographics; asthma history; usual asthma care; frequency of symptoms during the last 4 weeks; current asthma treatment, management, and control; and past emergency asthma care. A telephone interview conducted 2 weeks after the ED visit obtained follow-up information. The 8 quality indicators of asthma care and management were defined based on recommendations from national guidelines. RESULTS. Of 197 children, 70% were enrolled at the urban site, 18% at the suburban site, and 12% at the rural site. The average age was 7.9 years; 60% were male, and 33% were black. At presentation, nearly half (46%) of the children had mild intermittent asthma, 20% had mild persistent asthma, 15% had moderate persistent asthma, and 19% had severe persistent asthma. One quarter of the children had been hospitalized for asthma, and two thirds had at least 1 previous ED visit in the past year. At least 94% had health insurance coverage and 95% reported having a primary care provider. Less than half of the children had attended at least 2 scheduled asthma appointments with their regular asthma care provider in the past year. Although only 5% of the subjects reported that the ED was their only source of asthma care, at least 30% reported that they always went directly to the ED when they needed urgent asthma care. Only 3 in 5 children possessed either a spacer or a peak-flow meter, whereas ∼2 in 5 reported having a written asthma action plan. Among those with persistent asthma, there was considerable evidence of undertreatment, with 36% not on either an inhaled corticosteroid or a suitable long-term control medication. Only 20% completed a visit with their regular asthma care provider within 1 week of their ED visit. CONCLUSIONS. Despite very high levels of health care coverage and access to primary care, the overall quality of asthma care and management fell well short of that recommended by national guidelines.
Effects of dietary calcium, phosphorus and magnesium on intranephronic calculosis in rats

The effects of varying dietary levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium on the incidence and severity of intranephronic calculosis were studied. Renal calculi were induced by feeding female rats the AIN-76TM semipurified diet for 4 weeks. During this time period, dietary levels of 350, 450 or 550 mg calcium per 100 g diet did not influence the occurrence of urolithiasis. Increasing dietary magnesium levels from 50 to 350 mg was beneficial in preventing the occurrence of calculi if the diet contained 400 mg or less phosphorus. The protective effects of dietary magnesium were counteracted when dietary phosphorus levels were increased from 400 mg to 550 or 700 mg. If the dietary content of phosphorus and magnesium permitted the formation of renal calculi, the severity of the condition was also influenced by the dietary level of calcium. Some animal groups fed semipurified diets did not have microscopic or radiographic evidence of renal calculi but were found to have significantly elevated renal calcium values. It was suggested that these animals might be in a precalculus-forming state.
Estructura de capital de las empresas que cotizan en la bolsa de valores chilena. Un análisis comparativo basado en la teoría de asimetrías de información

IN THIS WORK WE STUDY THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE OF THE FIRMS IN THE CHILEAN STOCK MARKET PERFORMING A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BASED IN THE THEORY OF ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION. THE THEORY ASSURES THAT HIGH QUALITY FIRMS "SIGNAL" THEIR CONDITION TO THE MARKET PLACE IN ORDER TO SET UP A SEPARATING EQUILIBRIUM. BY DOING SO, THESE FIRMS WILL DIFFERENTIATE THEMSELVES FORM THOSE OF LOWER QUALITY (AKERLOF, 1970). FIRMS IN THE SELECTIVE PRICE INDEX (IPSA) IN THE CHILEAN MARKET HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED AS THOSE WITH LESS ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION COMPARED WITH THE OTHER QUOTED FIRMS WHICH EMBODY THE GROUP OF FIRMS WITH HIGHER ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION. IT WAS DETERMINED THAT BEING PART OF THE INDEX INVOLVES A REDUCTION IN THE INFORMATIONAL GAP WITH THE CAPITAL MARKETS AND THAT THE HIGHER VISIBILITY OF INDEXED FIRMS PROVIDES THEM WITH A STRAIGHTFORWARD ACCESS TO THE DEBT MARKET.
A recombinant single-chain immunotoxin composed of anti-Tac variable regions and a truncated diphtheria toxin.

Abstract To kill human or primate cells expressing the p55 subunit of the interleukin 2 receptor, we have constructed a single-chain immunotoxin. DNA sequences encoding the first 388 amino acids of diphtheria toxin (DT) were fused to DNA elements encoding the antigen-binding portion (variable region or Fv) of the anti-Tac monoclonal antibody. The antigen-binding portion consists of 116 amino acids of the heavy-chain variable region connected by a 15-amino acid linker to 106 amino acids of the variable region of the light chain. The single-chain immunotoxin DT388-anti-Tac(Fv) was expressed in Escherichia coli and found in inclusion bodies. The monomeric form was then purified to near homogeneity with a high yield (3-5 mg/liter). Monomeric DT388-anti-Tac(Fv) was highly cytotoxic to cell lines bearing the p55 subunit of the human interleukin 2 receptor but not to cells without this subunit. DT388-anti-Tac(Fv) was also very effective in killing proliferating human T cells produced in a mixed leukocyte reaction.
Liposarcoma of paravesical space

Abstract The second reported case of primary paravesical tumor is described. A seventy-five-year-old man complained of increasing difficulty on urination. Physical examination revealed a visible and palpable mass in the hypogastrium. The cystogram disclosed a unilateral crescent-shaped configuration of the urinary bladder. A tumor mass was surgically removed from the extraperitoneal paravesical space. The histologic diagnosis of the tumor was myxoid liposarcoma. A feature of primary paravesical tumor, which is derived from connective tissue, is that it manifests no symptoms or signs until the tumor attains considerable size. Primary paravesical tumor, heretofore unclassified, is a urologic entity.
A nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug exacerbates coxsackie B3 murine myocarditis

Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs are often used to treat myalgias and arthralgias in enteroviral infections, but their effects on acute viral myocarditis are unknown. The effect of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ibuprofen, on acute viral myocarditis was studied in 75 four week old male BALB/c mice infected with 1.75 × 107plaque-forming units of Coxsackie virus B3 on day 0. Ibuprofen was given intraperitoneally at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight daily. The mice were assigned to four groups—Group I, 18 uninfected mice given ibuprofen on days 1 to 14; Group II, 18 infected, untreated mice; Group III, 20 infected mice given ibuprofen on days 1 to 14; and Group IV, 17 infected mice given ibuprofen on days 7 to 14. Nine animals in Group I, eight in Group II and seven in Group III were killed on day 7; the remaining mice were killed on day 14. Heart viral cultures and histologic analysis were done. Cultures at days 7 and 14 were all negative. Inflammation and necrosis analyzed in each animal were graded 0 to 4, with grade 4 representing widespread inflammation and necrosis. The heart was histologically normal in all 18 uninfected mice (Group I) given ibuprofen only. Inflammation and necrosis were not significantly different in Group II (infected, untreated) and Group III (infected, treated beginning day 1) mice killed at day 7. Inflammation scores of mice killed on day 14 were 2.1 ± 0.6 (Group H), 3.1 ± 0.7 (Group III) and 2.9 ± 1.0 (Group IV infected, treated days 7 to 14). Necrosis scores of mice killed on day 14 were 1.5 ± 0.8 (Group II), 3.0 ± 0.9 (Group III) and 2.7 ± 1.1 (Group IV). When compared with Group II (infected, but not treated), both inflammation and necrosis were significantly worse in Group III (p
New diets for production of house flies and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in the laboratory.

A diet for rearing the house fly, Musca domestica (L.), was developed from feed constituents available on a year-round basis in Gainesville, FL. The diet, called the Gainesville House Fly Diet, perfolmed as well or better than the Chemical Specialties Manufacturers’ Association fly larval medium (CSMA) and can be mixed, bagged, and delivered by a local feed mill within 3 d. By adding pelleted peanut hulls 1:1 by volume, the house fly diet becomes suitable for rearing the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitralls (L.). Use of these diets and the economics involved are discussed further.
High Breakdown Voltage Schottky Gating of Doped Si/SiGe 2DEG Systems Enabled by Suppression of Phosphorus Surface Segregation

Quantum dot devices in the Si/SiGe material system are a promising candidate to implement quantum computation due to the weak nature of its nuclear spin. A Schottky split-gate on a Si/SiGe modulation-doped two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) with negative biases has become a common way to define lateral quantum dot arrays. However, the severe leakage through the Schottky gate caused by the phosphorus surface segregation from the intentionally doped electron supply layer degrades the reliability of split gate technique. In this study, we demonstrate a large reduction in gate leakage by the suppression of phosphorus surface segregation during sample growth.
Free-beam and contact laser ablation of benign prostatic hyperplasia with the KTP/Nd:YAG laser: efficacy and versatility

This report details the use of the free-beam Nd: YAG laser alone and in combination with contact vaporization for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Improvements in urinary flow rates and symptoms were noted along with a high degree of patient satisfaction. The portable KTP/Nd:YAG laser wavelengths and the variety of optical fiber configurations provide versatility to the surgeon. This study further supports the use of laser energy as a means to treat urinary outflow obstruction from prostatic enlargement in selected cases.
Loss tests of mcnary generators

FIELD TESTS for determination of the losses of large hydroelectric generators are almost invariably made with the unwatered turbine connected to the generator shaft. The value of friction and windage losses obtained thus includes the losses of both the turbine and generator. This total value normally is apportioned between the two machines in the same ratio as their respective calculated values in accordance with AIEE Standards. For this purpose, the calculated value of turbine windage is determined by means of an empirical formula given in the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Power Test Code. In many cases, it has been suspected that this formula yields highly inaccurate values that result in significant errors in the efficiency tests on large hydroelectric generators with Kaplan-type turbines.
Combustion characteristics of a single-cylinder spark ignition gasoline and ethanol dual-fuelled engine

The requirement of reduced emissions and improved fuel economy led to the introduction of direct-injection (DI) spark ignition (SI) engines. A dual-fuel injection system (DI and port fuel injection (PFI)) was also used to improve engine performance at high-speed high- load conditions. Ethanol is one of the several alternative transportation fuels considered for replacing fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel. Ethanol offers high octane quality but with lower energy density than fossil fuels. This paper presents the combustion characteristics of a single-cylinder dual-fuel injection SI engine with the following fuelling cases: case A, gasoline for both PFI and DI; case B, gasoline PFI and ethanol DI; case C, ethanol PFI and gasoline DI. For this study, the DI fuelling portion varied from 0 per cent to 100 per cent of the total fuelling over different engine operational conditions while the engine air-to-fuel ratio remained at a constant level. It was shown in all cases that the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) decreases by as much as 11 per cent as the DI fuelling percentage increases, except in case B where the IMEP increases by 2 per cent at a light load. The combustion burn duration increases significantly at a light load as the DI fuelling percentage increases, but only moderately at wide- open throttle (WOT). In addition, the percentage of the ethanol in the total fuelling plays a dominant role in affecting the combustion characteristics at a light load but, at a heavy load (WOT), the DI fuelling percentage becomes an important parameter, regardless of the percentage of ethanol content in the fuel.
Catalytic oxidation of CO by platinum group metals: from ultrahigh vacuum to elevated pressures

Abstract CO oxidation over platinum group metals has been investigated for some eight decades by many researchers and is considered to be the best understood catalytic reaction. Nevertheless, there has been a renewed interest in CO oxidation recently because of its technological importance in pollution control and fuel cells. Removal of COx from automobile exhaust is accomplished by catalytic converters using supported Pt, Pd and Rh catalysts. Catalysts are used in fuel cells to remove traces of COx from the H2 feed gas to the few ppm level necessary for their efficient operation. Efforts have been made in our laboratory to understand the adsorption of CO and the kinetics of CO-oxidation on both single crystals and supported metal catalysts over a wide temperature (100–1000 K) and pressure (1×10−7–10 Torr) range. By comparing the results of single crystals, model supported catalysts, and supported technical catalysts the relationship between particle size and catalytic activity can be better understood. Also discussed is CO oxidation on model supported Au catalysts, a promising new candidate for low temperature CO oxidation.
Model-directed Web transactions under constrained modalities

Online transactions (e.g., buying a book on the Web) typically involve a number of steps spanning several pages. Conducting such transactions under constrained interaction modalities as exemplified by small screen handhelds or interactive speech interfaces—the primary mode of communication for visually impaired individuals—is a strenuous, fatigue-inducing activity. But usually one needs to browse only a small fragment of a Web page to perform a transactional step such as a form fillout, selecting an item from a search results list, and so on. We exploit this observation to develop an automata-based process model that delivers only the “relevant” page fragments at each transactional step, thereby reducing information overload on such narrow interaction bandwidths. We realize this model by coupling techniques from content analysis of Web documents, automata learning and statistical classification. The process model and associated techniques have been incorporated into Guide-O, a prototype system that facilitates online transactions using speech/keyboard interface (Guide-O-Speech), or with limited-display size handhelds (Guide-O-Mobile). Performance of Guide-O and its user experience are reported.
HOW REFORMED IS REFORMED EPISTEMOLOGY? ALVIN PLANTINGA AND CALVIN'S ‘SENSUS DIVINITATIS’

In his recent two volumes on epistemology, Alvin Plantinga surveys con temporary theories of knowledge thoroughly, and carefully defends an externalist epistemology. He promises that in a third volume, Warranted Christian Belief, he will present John Calvin's sensus divinitatis as an epistemic module akin to sense perception, a priori knowledge, induction, testimony and other epistemic modules. Plantinga defines the sensus divinitatis as a 'many sided disposition to accept belief in God (or propositions that im mediately and obviously entail the existence of God) in a variety of circum stances'.' Like other epistemic modules, it produces beliefs in an appropriate cognitive environment, aims at the production of true beliefs, and generates beliefs which have a high statistical probability of being true. Plantinga's use of Calvin comes as no surprise to those who are familiar with his corpus. He characterizes his epistemology as 'Reformed Epistem ology', and in earlier articles on the epistemic justification of theistic belief, he discusses Calvin at length. This earlier work sparked great controversy, and led to very fruitful debates in philosophical theology and epistemology. Strangely, however, few scholars have questioned Plantinga's claim to be representing the Reformed Tradition. In fact, many simply rehearse his discussion of Calvin superficially. In this essay, I explore Plantinga's exegesis of Calvin critically. First, I outline how he presents the sensus divinitatis. Second, I examine the passages in Calvin's Institutes which Plantinga discusses, and argue that he depicts the sensus divinitatis inaccurately. He fails to distinguish different kinds of knowledge of God, ignores the complexities of Calvin's discussion of natural theology, and disregards Calvin's negative assessment of the sensus divinitatis. Third, I consider whether Plantinga can support his exegesis by linking the sensus divinitatis to Scripture. I argue that although Calvin describes how Scripture corrects the sinful human mind, he never links Scripture and the sensus divinitatis explicitly. Finally, I conclude by arguing that in using the sensus divinitatis as a potential source of knowl edge, Plantinga obscures Calvin's insightful analysis of the noetic effect of sin. Briefly discussing one of Calvin's sermons on J_ob, I propose that we
Evaluation of the individualized education program: A comprehensive approach for special service teams

A comprehensive approach to evaluating the Individualized Education Program (IEP) is delineated. The approach has been developed by the authors and used by special service teams in numerous public school districts. It consists of four interrelated evaluation strategies: evaluability assessment, process evaluation, outcome evaluation, and consumer evaluation. Utilization of each strategy by a special service team at a particular point during the IEP process results in obtainment of specific kinds of evaluation information that can be useful in program development, modification, or outcome determination. In the paper, each evaluation strategy is defined and discussed. Also, practical considerations for installation of the total evaluation approach are enumerated, with particular reference to problems created in settings where partial approaches to IEP evaluation already have been implemented.
Multiple Indexes of Test Scatter on the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children

Discrepancy scores for the four global scales and the Nonverbal Scale were examined for the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (ages 2-1/2 to 12-1/2) using the standardization sample as the data source. In addition, the range of subtest scores and the profile variability of subtest scores were determined for each sex, race, and age level. Tables illustrating the frequency of significant scale and subtest scores are presented. Consistent with research in the 1960s and 1970s, significant intellectual discrepancies occur frequently in normal populations. Proper evaluation of within test scatter should consider base rates for discrepancies in the normal population in addition to the statistical significance of the difference.
Is there a Role for Surgery with Adequate Nodal Evaluation Alone in Gastric Adenocarcinoma

The extent of lymphadenectomy and protocol design in gastric cancer trials limits interpretation of survival benefit of adjuvant therapy after surgery with adequate lymphadenectomy. We examined the impact of surgery with adequate nodal evaluation alone on gastric cancer survival. Using 2001–2008 California Cancer Registry, we identified 2,229 patients who underwent gastrectomy with adequate nodal evaluation (≥15 lymph nodes) for American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I–IV M0 gastric adenocarcinoma. Cox proportional hazard analyses were used to evaluate the impact of surgery alone on survival. Nearly 70% of our cohort had T1/2 tumors and 29% had N0 disease. Forty-nine percent of the cohort underwent surgery alone. These patients were more likely to be older, Medicare-insured, with T1 and N0 disease. On unadjusted analyses, persons who underwent surgery alone for stage I or N0 disease experienced 1- and 3-year overall and cancer-specific survival comparable to those who received adjuvant therapy. On multivariate analyses for stage I or N0 disease, surgery alone predicted superior survival outcomes than when combined with adjuvant therapies. Surgery alone with adequate nodal evaluation may have a role in low-risk gastric cancer. To corroborate these findings, surgery with adequate lymphadenectomy alone (as treatment arm) deserves consideration in the design of gastric cancer trials to provide effective yet resource-conserving, rather than maximally tolerated, treatments.
Synthesis of cervical tissue second harmonic generation images using Markov random field modeling

This paper presents a statistical image modeling approach based on Markov random field to synthesize cervical tissue second harmonic generation (SHG) images. Binary images representing fiber and pore areas of the cervix tissue are first obtained from SHG images using an image processing pipeline consisting of noise removal, contrast enhancement and optimal thresholding. These binary images are modeled using a Markov random field whose parameters are estimated via the least squares method. The parameters are then used to synthesize fiber and pore areas of cervical tissue in the form of binary images. The effectiveness of the synthesis is demonstrated by reporting the classification outcome for two classes of cervical SHG images collected from mice at two different stages of normal pregnancy. The developed synthesis allows generation of realistic fiber and pore area binary images for cervical tissue studies.
A semiparametric additive rate model for recurrent events with an informative terminal event

We propose a semiparametric additive rate model for modelling recurrent events in the presence of a terminal event. The dependence between recurrent events and terminal event is nonparametric. A general transformation model is used to model the terminal event. We construct an estimating equation for parameter estimation and derive the asymptotic distributions of the proposed estimators. Simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed inference procedure performs well in realistic settings. Application to a medical study is presented.
Nuclear Wastes in the Arctic Ocean. the Consequences of Past Dumping and Opportunities for Future Prevention

Abstract The view is expressed that the assessment of disposal of nuclear waste in the ocean (specifically the Arctic and Kara Seas) is critical to understanding Arctic pollution. Much needs to be done in deciding what we should do, even though many wastes are long-standing and persistent. in 1993, disclosures about Russian dumping of submarine nuclear reactors, nuclear fuel, and other radioactive wastes into the Arctic Ocean brought this region and its problems into the world spotlight and raised public concerns about the resulting health and environmental risks. As a result of this concern, the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment published a 1995 study, Nuclear Wastes in the Arctic (US Congress Office of Technology Assessment, 1995). This paper summarises and updates that study.
Crown Ethers and Phase Transfer Catalysis in Polymer Chemistry

Abstract This paper is the first half of a two part review on the applications of crown ethers, cryptands, glymes and various onium ion salts to polymer chemistry. Part 1 surveys the use of these phase transfer catalysts (PTC's) in the synthesis and modification of macromolecules. Applications to ring-opening and vinyl polymerizations generally have involved solubilization and activation by PTC's of organic and inorganic salts which serve as anionic initiators. Change in the polymerization rates, polymer yields and product microstructure often resulted from association of the PTC with the active chain end. Polymer modification and functionalization reactions have been enhanced by the use of PTC's. Macromolecular substrates have included both soluble and insoluble polymers, although the most popular have been the readily-available Merrifield resins. Generally these two-phase reactions have involved polymer solutions interacting with insoluble reagents or insoluble polymers reacting with the reagent solutio...
Role of a Conserved Glutamate Residue in the Escherichia coli SecA ATPase Mechanism

Abstract Escherichia coli SecA uses ATP to drive the transport of proteins across cell membranes. Glutamate 210 in the “DEVD” Walker B motif of the SecA ATP-binding site has been proposed as the catalytic base for ATP hydrolysis (Hunt, J. F., Weinkauf, S., Henry, L., Fak, J. J., McNicholas, P., Oliver, D. B., and Deisenhofer, J. (2002) Science 297, 2018–2026). Consistent with this hypothesis, we find that mutation of glutamate 210 to aspartate results in a 90-fold reduction of the ATP hydrolysis rate compared with wild type SecA, 0.3 s–1versus 27 s–1, respectively. SecA-E210D also releases ADP at a slower rate compared with wild type SecA, suggesting that in addition to serving as the catalytic base, glutamate 210 might aid turnover as well. Our results contradict an earlier report that proposed aspartate 133 as the catalytic base (Sato, K., Mori, H., Yoshida, M., and Mizushima, S. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 17439–17444). Re-evaluation of the SecA-D133N mutant used in that study confirms its loss of ATPase and membrane translocation activities, but surprisingly, the analogous SecA-D133A mutant retains full activity, revealing that this residue does not play a key role in catalysis.
Ketorolac as an adjunct to patient-controlled morphine in postoperative spine surgery patients.

Background and Objectives This randomized double-blind study was designed to determine whether administration of ketorolac either on schedule or as a component of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) to patients who have undergone spinal stabilization would decrease PCA morphine use, decrease side effects, and/or enhance analgesia. Methods Eighty inpatients undergoing spine stabilization by one surgeon were evaluated after excluding patients with contraindications to the use of ketorolac or morphine. All patients received PCA morphine. The patients were divided into four groups, which were given either intravenous saline (control group); intravenous ketorolac 15 mg every 6 hours; intravenous ketorolac 30 mg every 6 hours; or ketorolac added to the PCA morphine on a milligram per milligram basis. The outcome measures included pain scores, 24-hour morphine use, level of sedation, and side effect profile at six times during the first 24 postoperative hours. Results: The total dose of morphine (P Conclusions Ketorolac should be as a component of the PCA morphine in patients undergoing spine stabilization surgery. This results in decreased morphine consumption, decreased somnolence, and enhanced analgesia in comparison with patients who do not receive ketorolac.
On designing a language for exclusive use in a syntax directed programming environment

Certain types of syntax-directed editors are actually syntax-directed programming environments (SDPEs) since incremental compilation is performed as the user constructs and modifies the program. An early example of an SDPE was the Cornell Program Synthesizer (3). In such an environment, most of the parse tree is specified by the user through the specification of templates which correspond to the application of a production in a language's grammar. Since the programmer is specifying most of the parse tree, many ambiguous context-free languages are well-suited for use in SDPEs.The suggestion that languages be created for specific use in a syntax-directed programming environment is not new [2], but has received relatively little attention. One reason for this is that many syntax-directed editors do not provide for incremental compilation; another reason is that syntax-directed environments are not yet in widespread use. However, the use of SDPEs are increasing and all indications are that this trend will continue [4].Therefore, research has recently been undertaken to develop a block-structured language which will be well-suited to a syntax-directed programming environment. The major design issues being considered for the prototype language are:Elimination of symbols (e.g. semicolons) which are needed to avoid ambiguity in a standard compiler but which are unnecessary when the user is specifying most of the parse tree;A syntax definition for the language which is better-suited to user interface than for compiler-writers [1];The ability to restrict use of the language within the SDPE to a subset of the entire definition, which would allow easier use of the language in an introductory course, and would permit a system manager to enforce various coding standards (e.g. no goto statements);A pretty printing standard for the language; andThe ability, if desired, to enforce coding standards which cannot be restricted under issues 3 and 4 listed above (e.g. requiring all variables to be locally defined).
Analysis of the Site Occupancy Constraints of Primary Amino Acid Sequences in the Motif Directing Palmitylation of the Vaccinia Virus 37-kDa Envelope Protein

Abstract Vaccinia virus (VV) encodes a 37-kDa envelope protein (p37) that is palmitylated on cysteine residues 185186 of the 372-amino acid protein. We have previously reported on a loosely conserved consensus motif. Further analysis has identified a conserved consensus sequence, Hydro* AA C(C) A (Hydro* represents a hydrophobic portion of a protein determined by any one of the following: a hydrophobic sequence, a transmembrane domain 1–12 amino acids away from the modification site, or the prior addition of a hydrophobic molecule; C, palmitate acceptor cysteines; A, aliphatic residue) that is responsible for directing palmitylation of certain classes of palmitylproteins. We have analyzed the amino acid site occupancy upstreamdownstream of the palmitate acceptor residues in p37 by site-directed mutagenesistransient expression of mutated proteins in VV-infected cells. The two aliphatic alanines naturally found at positions 183184 of the wild-type p37 allow for efficient palmitylation. In contrast, the replacement of leucine at position 187 with glycine increases palmitylation efficiency. The 10 amino acids immediately upstream of the palmitate acceptor site are absolutely necessary while the downstream 10 amino acids are dispensable. These results together with previous data suggests that the Hydro* AA C(C) A motif is required for efficient palmitylation of p37.
Effects of nucleotides on neurulation in amphibian embryos.

Abstract Conditions have been found under which treatments of frog embryos with solutions of nucleotides promote closure of neural tubes many hours ahead of controls. Under optimum conditions, growth of the whole embryo is apparently enhanced. Adenine nucleotides were more effective than other nucleotides in promoting neurulation, and the nucleotide triphosphates were more effective than the diphosphates. Adenosine-3′-monophosphate is much less effective, and adenosine-5′-monophosphate is inhibitory. The effects were dependent upon the concentrations of nucleotides, duration of treatment, time of application, and pH. The most effective time of treatment was at the start of neural tube formation. The neurulation effect was not related to the extent of penetration of a nucleotide into the cells. Adenosine-3′-monophosphate, the least effective promoting material, penetrates ten times as fast as ADP or ATP. The pH dependence of morphological effects was not related to penetration. C14-ADP at pH 7.2 does not promote neurulation, but penetrates to about the same extent as at pH 5.6, which does promote neurulation. Slight positive effects on neurulation were found with nicotinamide or with DPN (NAD) at pH 5.6 and with yeast RNA at both pH 5.6 and 7.2. Adenine and adenosine had no effect. Radioautography studies showed that the C14-labeled material was limited principally to the neural and chordamesodermal tissues.
Feeding the low-birth-weight infant.

Summary A specific approach to feeding the low-birth-weight infant is presented which emphasizes the special requirements of such infants in terms of their weight, gestational age, and clinical maturity. The early use of parenteral fluids is outlined for the high-risk infant; this promotes metabolic homeostasis during the period in which oral feedings are delayed or introduced in limited increments. The nutritional requirements of low-birth-weight infants are reviewed.
Three-dimensional tomography using a cubic-phase plate extended depth-of-field system

We use cubic-phase plate imaging to demonstrate an order-of-magnitude improvement in the transverse resolution of three-dimensional objects reconstructed by extended depth-of-field tomography. Our algorithm compensates for the range shear of the cubic-phase approach and uses camera rotation to center the reconstructed volume on a target object point.
Fighting for the ‘right to the city’: examining spatial injustice in Chicago public school closings

This article uses Chicago public school closings as a case study for the rise of mayoral control and the decline of democratic participation – two common responses to stiff competition from global markets – in urban public schools in the United States. In response to the 2013 Chicago decision to close 50 schools and move 30,000 students, this article presents an in-depth look into the history and theory behind the situation. By drawing upon the history of restrictive education and housing policies for African Americans in Chicago and using a ‘critical spatial perspective,’ the authors argue that school closings are highly counterproductive to the fight for the ‘right to the city.’ The authors argue for increased democratic participation for students, parents, and community leaders in urban school systems across the globe.
Video-assisted thoracic surgery: Basic technical concepts and intercostal approach strategies

Video-assisted thoracic surgery is emerging as a viable approach to a number of intrathoracic disorders. Technical difficulties related to improper instrument selection and suboptimal intercostal operative access can reduce the utility of, and the enthusiasm for, the video-assisted thoracic surgical approach. This report describes the intercostal access strategy and the instrument positioning that we now prescribe for many video-assisted thoracic surgical procedures. These approaches have become refined during the course of our experience with 467 patients undergoing video-assisted thoracic operations over the last 18 months.
Effect of methionine hydroxy analog on growth amino acid content, and catabolic products of glucolytic rumen bacteria in vitro.

Abstract Glucose was fermented by rumen bacteria utilizing urea for nitrogen with or without methionine hydroxy analog. The analog in excess of the bacterial requirement did not support additional growth after exhaustion of glucose. This indicated that growth stimulation by methionine hydroxy analog was not due to it as a source of energy. Its maximum effect on growth was at .2mg/ml of medium. The free acid and calcium salt of methionine hydroxy analog and DL-methionine exhibited equivalent stimulation on bacteria. They disappeared from the medium in similar quantities at the time of accelerated growth. The analog had no effect on amino acid composition of bacterial protein. Some changes in amino acid composition during growth on glucose substrate indicated a shift in bacterial species. No methionine was in the cell-free medium. In a medium buffered at pH 6.9, lactate was the principal product of glucose fermentation. It increased at a rapid rate during the first 8h during which acetate decreased proportionately on a molar percent basis. Bacteria grown with glucose retained from 50 to 65% of their initial cellulolytic capacity.
The Drunkard's Directions: Mapping Urban Space in the Antebellum Temperance Drama

William H. Smith's The Drunkard (premiering in 1844) broke attendance records at Moses Kimball's Boston Museum and P. T. Barnum's American Museum in New York. Portraying the ills of intemperance, the melodrama also foregrounded thrilling scenes of local urbanity to inspire middle-class tourists to navigate convoluted and potentially dangerous city streets.
Personalized Estimates of Benefit From Preventive Care Guidelines

Clinicians rarely have time to fully evaluate and implement all of the screening and preventive services that professional organizations recommend. In this proof-of-concept study, the authors descr...
Frozen Mode Regime in Bounded Photonic Crystals

Light incident on periodic structure with special dispersion relation can be converted into a frozen mode with huge amplitude and vanishing group velocity. We consider how this spectacular phenomenon is modified in bounded photonic crystals.