cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An experimental study of the dissipative and vortical motion in turbulent boundary layers

The experimental data of Honkan & Andreopoulos (1997a) have been further analysed and some new statistical results obtained. In the present work, particular emphasis is given to the time-dependent behaviour of the kinematic shear stress, vorticity, enstrophy, dissipation rate, vorticity stretching and several of the matrix invariants of the velocity-gradient tensor, strain-rate tensor and rotation-rate tensor. The invariants are linked with terms appearing in the transport equations of enstrophy and dissipation rate. Indicative of the existence of extremely high fluctuations is that all r.m.s. values are considerably larger than the corresponding mean values. All invariants exhibit a very strong intermittent behaviour, which is characterized by large amplitude of bursts, which may be of the order of 10 times the r.m.s. values. A substantial qualitative agreement is found between the present experimentally obtained statistical properties of the invariants and those obtained from direct numerical simulation data. Patterns with high rates of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation and high enstrophy suggest the existence of strong shear layers in the near-wall region. In many instances, locally high values of the invariants are also associated with peaks in the shear stress. Conditional analysis provides some evidence of the existence of sequences of several vortices during strong vortical activities, with an average frequency of appearance four times higher than the frequency of appearance of hairpin vortices.
An Architectural Framework for Accurate Characterization of Network Traffic

In networks carrying large volume of traffic, accurate traffic characterization is necessary for understanding the dynamics and patterns of network resource usage. Previous approaches to flow characterization are based on random sampling of the packets (e.g., Cisco's NetFlow) or inferring characteristics solely based on long lived flows (LLFs) or on lossy data structures (e.g., bloom filters, hash tables). However, none of these approaches takes into account the heavy-tailed nature of the Internet traffic and separates the estimation algorithm from the flow measurement architecture.In this paper, we propose an alternate approach to traffic characterization by closely linking the flow measurement architecture with the estimation algorithm. Our measurement framework stores complete information related to short lived flows (SLFs) while collecting partial information related to LLFs. For real-time separation of LLFs and SLFs, we propose a novel algorithm based on typical sequences from information theory. The distribution (pdf) and sample space of the underlying traffic is estimated using the non-parametric Parzen window technique and likelihood function defined over the Coupon collector problem. We validate the accuracy and performance of our estimation technique using traffic traces from the internal LAN in our laboratory and from National Library for Applied Network Research (NLANR).
The modulatory hematopoietic activities of leukemia inhibitory factor.

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a multi-potential cytokine which has been implicated in the hematopoietic regulatory machinery. For example, we have found that LIF is constitutively expressed in marrow stroma. Other investigators have reported that LIF affects remodeling of bone, and that, in concert with other growth factors, it stimulates hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. Moreover, in vivo animal trials reveal that, at high doses, administration of LIF induces myelosclerosis whereas, at lower doses, megakaryocytosis and thrombocytosis with reduced bone marrow cellularity and marrow lymphopenia are observed. Therefore, the role of LIF in the pathogenesis of myeloproliferative disorders such as myelofibrosis and sclerosis merits investigation. Further, its megakaryocyte stimulatory properties suggest that LIF may be exploitable in the clinic to enhance platelet production.
Stimulation of sex pheromone production by proteinaceous extracts of the bursa copulatrix in the redbanded leafroller moth

Pheromone biosynthesis in the redbanded leafroller moth, Argyrotaenia velutinana, was stimulated by homogenates of the bursa copulatrix. Although pheromonotropic activity was also extractable from the ovary, the activity of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) or bursa extracts was not impaired in isolated abdomens by removal of the ovary. Response to the bursa extracts was dependent on the dose administered and the time of incubation. Amounts of pheromone present in adult females of different ages appeared to be correlated with the extractable amount of pheromonotropic activity from their bursa copulatrix. Decapitation did not result in the suppression of burse factor production. Homogenates of the bursa elicited similar effects in both isolated gland and isolated abdomen incubations, but the brain neuropeptide, PBAN, was less active in the former than in the latter. Bursa extracts stimulated pheromone production in isolated abdomen incubations deprived of the bursa copulatrix, but PBAN did not. Loss of activity of bursa homogenates after treatment with either pronase E or carboxypeptidase Y indicated that the pheromonotropic factor is a proteinaceous substance. The mechanism through which pheromone production is regulated in redbanded leafroller moths is discussed. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dielectric elastomer bender actuator applied to modular robotics

This paper addresses the miniaturization of the modules of a modular robot - a major challenge in the field. State of the art modules typically use electromagnetic motors for mobility and self-reconfiguration. However, electromagnetic motor performance reduces upon downscaling to the mesoscale. The smallest self-contained module uses shape memory alloy which is inherently inefficient, slow, and difficult to position control. This work surveys available actuation technologies with respect to appropriate figures of merit. It concludes that dielectric elastomer actuation is promising. We present the design and experimental analysis of an agonist-antagonist dielectric elastomer actuator configuration 7 times smaller than previously demonstrated. Demonstrations with two modules show module bending up to 15° in various modular robot morphologies. In addition, we demonstrate parallel actuation: a pair of modules acting in parallel can lift twice the load a single module can.
Plasma Levels of Prolactin, Growth Hormone, and Insulin in Sheep Following the Infusion of Arginine, Leucine and Phenylalanine

The effects of amino acid infusions on plasma levels of prolactin (Prl), growth hormone (GH) and insulin (Ins) in sheep were studied using specific double antibody radioimmunoassay systems. The infusion of arginine (0.5 g/kg), leucine (0.2 g/kg) and phenylalanine (0.3 g/kg) into the carotid artery (via an indwelling cannula) of mature, anestrus ewes, resulted in a significant increase in plasma levels of Prl. Arginine and leucine also stimulated significant increases in plasma GH and insulin levels, while the phenylalanine treatment significantly increased plasma levels of insulin but not GH. The intrajugular injection of arginine (0.5 g/kg) into immature male and female sheep also produced significant increases in Prl, GH and insulin. It was also observed that physically or psychologically stressful factors may produce a significant elevation in plasma levels of Prl, but do not appear to affect GH secretion in sheep. (Endocrinology 91: 205, 1972)
Lysosomal and prostasomal hydrolytic enzymes and redox processes and initiation of prostate cancer

Lysosomes, lysosomal enzymes and oxidant processes are known to be involved in cancer processes. The prostasomes contain proteins and enzymes that would constitute pathways for the hydrolysis of proteins and peptides. However, integrated biochemical and cell biology studies are necessary to understand how lysosomal enzymes and prostasomal enzymes combined with oxidant processes could initiate cancer. Most prostate cancer is likely to be initiated in the prostate duct system. The lysosomal enzymes acid phosphatase and glucosidase and prostasomal proteins and enzymes are found in human semen and therefore have come through prostate ducts. The hypothesis presented here is that the lysosomal enzymes and prostasomes are exocytosed from prostate cells into the duct system of the prostate where their hydrolytic enzymes and oxidative processes, for example, the iron from the iron-sulfur clusters of the prostasomal dehydrogenases, damage proteins and other components of cells leading to the initiation of cancer. Risk factors for prostate cancer are known to initiate activity of lysosomal enzymes and could initiate activity of prostasomal enzymes. These risk factors include: ionizing radiation, oxidative stress, environmental toxicants and dietary components including those with high fat content. Other dietary components in fruits and vegetables protect against prostate cancer and can be hypothesized as decreasing cellular output of lysosomal or protasomal enzymes or inhibiting lysosomal and prostasomal enzymes in the duct system. Measurements of multiple lysosomal and prostasomal enzyme activities and their biochemical pathways are vital to the understanding of protectors to inhibit lysosomal or prostasomal enzyme activities that might be leading to prostate cancer. Inhibitors of lysosomal and prostasomal enzymes can be investigated in cellular and biochemical systems, and these inhibitors could be used to control these enzyme activities in vivo. In situ enzyme analyses including substrates producing fluorescent products are applicable. Screening assays could be developed to detect in vivo lysosomal and prostasomal enzyme activities in semen. Lysosomal enzyme activities may be precursors to the onset of other kinds of cancer with other similar non-invasive screening techniques possible. Present knowledge encompasses mobilization of sperm when prostasomes bind to sperm in semen. A further hypothesis of this study projects that prostasomal dehydrogenases and their NADH products initiate the formation of ATP in the sperm mitochondria which activates flagellar movement. This overall hypothesis suggests protection against prostate cancer by inhibitors of lipid peroxidation including the dietary antioxidants selenium, vitamin E and lycopene and also cysteine glutathione.
The Debye Temperature for Hydrothermally Grown ThO2 Single Crystals

The electronic properties of ThO2 single crystals were studied using x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). The XPS results show that the Th 4f core level is in an oxidation state that is consistent with that expected for Th in ThO2. The effective Debye temperature is estimated from the temperature dependent photoemission intensities of the Th 4f core level over the temperature range of 290 to 360 K. A Debye temperature of 468±32 K has been determined.
Functional interactions between P-glycoprotein and CYP3A in drug metabolism

The interaction between drug-metabolising enzymes and active transporters is an emerging concept in pharmacokinetics. In the gut mucosa, P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A functionally interact in three ways: i) drugs are repeatedly taken up and pumped out of the enterocytes by P-glycoprotein, thus increasing the probability of drugs being metabolised; ii) P-glycoprotein keeps intracellular drug concentrations within the linear range of the metabolising capacity of CYP3A; and iii) P-glycoprotein transports drug metabolites formed in the mucosa back into the gut lumen. In comparison with the gut mucosa, in hepatocytes the spatial sequence of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein is reversed, resulting in different effects when the activity of one or both are changed. CYP3A and P-glycoprotein are both regulated by nuclear receptors such as the pregnane X receptor (PXR). There is significant genetic variability of CYP3A, P-glycoprotein and PXR and their expression and activity is dependent on coadministered drugs, herbs, food, age, hormonal status and disease. Future pharmacogenomic and pharmacokinetic studies will have to take all three components into account to allow for valid conclusions.
Demografía, urbanismo y población: cómo levantar un censo de los desaparecidos

?Quienes eran? Esta es la pregunta mas recurrente cuando algun arqueologo descubre un sitio prehispanico. La razon es simple: la gente quiere conocer a los otros, sean familia, vecinos o desconocidos recien llegados; queremos conocer a nuestros ancestros y a quienes construyeron los sitios antiguos. A partir de esa pregunta basica se iniciaron los estudios de poblacion, que rapidamente se convirtieron en una util herramienta para analizar como vivieron y usaron su entorno los habitantes del pasado. El interes en la investigacion demografica es tan antiguo como la arqueologia misma; ciertamente marco la busqueda de Troya emprendida tempranamente por Heinrich Schliemann. Conocia la existencia de Troya por las descripciones de batallas de Homero y queria identificar el lugar donde estuvo la ciudad y como fue realmente, en terminos humanos. Sus exploraciones en el Mediterraneo occidental abarcan muchas decadas, durante las cuales encontro muchos otros sitios, cuyos constructores aun no habian sido identificados. Esto detono a su vez nuevas investigaciones que partian de la misma pregunta: “?quienes vivieron aqui?” Nacio asi el interes por las poblaciones antiguas; aunque aun no se determinaba el curso que tomarian eventualmente las investigaciones demograficas
A Framework for Dynamic Spectrum Sharing Between Cognitive Radios

We consider a cognitive radio system like the future 802.22 networks where license-exempt service providers (SPs) will share a fixed spectrum in a non-interference basis to each other and also to the licensed users in that spectrum. The percentage of spectrum utilized by one SP depends on how many users it is serving and how much spectrum each user application demands. We assume that an user can obtain service from all the SPs. The quality of service depends on system parameters such as number of users and SPs, the channel conditions between the users and SPs and the total power available at each user. We adopt an user utility maximization framework to analyze this system. Given the user utility functions, and the above mentioned system parameters we derive optimal values of spectrum that the users should obtain from the SPs. We also introduce the notion of spectrum price and use it to demonstrate several key results about spectrum allocation. The spectrum price proves to be the regulatory mechanism that brings about coordination amongst the SPs with minimal control messaging. Our approach thus strikes a balance between a centralized network and a fully uncoordinated open access network.
Effect of Corticosterone on the Incidence of Amelanosis in Smyth Delayed Amelanotic Line Chickens

The Smyth Delayed Amelanotic (SDA) line chicken exhibits a postnatal loss of pigment in feathers and choroid presumably due to an autoimmune reaction triggered by a basic pigment cell defect. The present study was designed to determine if the incidence and severity of amelanosis would be affected by administration of corticosterone (CS) in feed. The SDA line chickens were given 0, 20, 30, 40, and 50 ppm CS from 4 to 12 weeks of age. Body weight and incidence of amelanosis were determined weekly and immune response to sheep red blood cells was determined at the end of the trials. Body weight and immune response levels were significantly lower in treated groups than in controls (P less than .001), but no significant differences were found between treated groups on measures of amelanosis or immune response. Incidence of amelanosis in controls (60%) was significantly greater than in treated groups: 20 ppm, 14.2%; 30 ppm, 17.9%; 40 ppm, 12.9%; and 50 ppm, 16.7%. Six weeks posttreatment, treated groups were no longer significantly different from controls in terms of the incidence of amelanosis. It is proposed that the reduction in amelanosis during CS treatment is attributable to suppression of antibody response to the pigment cell antigen by the CS.
Comparison of molecular tagging velocimetry data and direct simulation Monte Carlo simulations in supersonic micro jet flows

We present results of a combined experimental computational study of free jet flow produced by a 1 mm (height)×5 mm (span) nominally Mach 2 supersonic jet. Two-dimensional maps of ux, the component of velocity parallel to the principal flow axis, are obtained experimentally, by acetone molecular tagging velocimetry (MTV), and computationally, by the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, at a stagnation pressure and temperature of 10 torr and 300 K, respectively. In all cases, direct comparison of the experimental data and the predictions from DSMC showed excellent agreement, with only minor deviations which, in most cases, can be ascribed to either the inherent uncertainty in the MTV or small uncertainties in the measured wall pressures.
Accountability for end-stage organ care: implications of geographic variation in access to kidney transplantation.

Background The provision of effective surgical care for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requires efficient evaluation and transplantation. Prior assessments of transplant access have focused primarily on waitlisted patients rather than the overall populations served by “accountable” providers of transplant services. Methods Novel transplant referral regions (TRRs) were defined using United Network for Organ Sharing registry data for 301,092 kidney transplant listings to assign zip codes to “accountable” transplant programs. Subsequently, risk-adjusted observed to expected (O:E) rates of listing and transplant procedures were calculated for each TRR. Finally, the impact of variation in TRR listing and transplant rates on mortality was assessed for ESRD patients Results In total, 113 TRRs were defined, 51% of which included >1 transplant center. The likelihood of being evaluated and listed for transplant varied significantly between TRRs (risk-adjusted O:E, 0.58–1.95). Variation was greater for the overall transplant rate (0.62–2.19), living donor transplantation (0.36–3.08), and donation after cardiac death transplant (0–15.4) than for standard criteria donors (0.64-2.86). Mortality was decreased for ESRD patients living in TRRs in the highest tertile of listings (hazard ratio, 0.89; P Conclusion Residence in a TRR with care delivery systems that increase access to transplant services is associated with significant, risk-adjusted decreases in ESRD-related mortality. Transplant centers should continue to focus on improving access to care within the communities they serve.
HiPPI exploitation in TCP/IP environment

The authors discuss TCP-Express, an auxiliary protocol which solves the HiPPI (High-Performance Parallel Interface) TCP/IP throughput problems in the ECF (enhanced clustered Fortran) environment in a simple and cost-effective manner. TCP-Express has been implemented on IBM System 390 mainframes running AIX/370. TCP-Express is used for passing large common blocks between two remote tasks during SCHEDULE processing. TCP-Express is a cost-effective and controlled way of improving transmission throughput with the proven technology and code. It avoids the complex hardware and software development that other approaches are subject to. TCP-Express provides a simple way of exploiting advanced underlying hardware features, such as large memory and fast and reliable link, for fast transmission of large data between two remote user spaces. As the memory gets larger and the link becomes faster, the throughput by TCP-Express becomes higher. TCP-Express is fully scalable per hardware evolution and improvements. >
Modified Anti-Windup Compensators for Stable Plants

We investigate the effects of deferring the activation of anti-windup by allowing actuators to remain in the saturated regime longer, without any assistance. The basic idea is to apply anti-windup when the performance of the saturated system faces substantial degradation. For this, we present a modified anti-windup scheme along with the appropriate LMIs to obtain the gains. For two examples, we show that the modified anti-windup scheme renders better performance than the immediate application of anti-windup.
Reagents: expressing and composing fine-grained concurrency

Efficient communication and synchronization is crucial for fine grained parallelism. Libraries providing such features, while indispensable, are difficult to write, and often cannot be tailored or composed to meet the needs of specific users. We introduce reagents, a set of combinators for concisely expressing concurrency algorithms. Reagents scale as well as their hand-coded counterparts, while providing the composability existing libraries lack.
Risk propensity, risk perception and business plan formalisation: a conceptual investigation

The objective of this research is to analyse the risk propensity and risk perception of the entrepreneur and determine if these affect the degree of formalisation in business plans. This was accomplished by in-depth interviews with 12 entrepreneurs in the business-to-business sector. Risk propensity was constructed as a multi-dimensional construct. Results showed partial support for increased formality of business plans where risk propensity was high and risk perception (controllability of uncertainty) was low. Further there is strong support for lower risk propensity of experienced entrepreneurs.
Biceps tenotomy versus tenodesis: a review of clinical outcomes and biomechanical results.

Hypothesis There are significant differences in incidence of cosmetic deformity and load to tendon failure between biceps tenotomy versus tenodesis for the treatment of long head of the biceps brachii (LHB) tendon lesions which are supported by the evidence-based strengths and weaknesses of each procedure in the literature. Materials and methods PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for eligible clinical and biomechanical articles relating to biceps tenotomy or tenodesis from 1966 to 2010. Keywords were biceps tenotomy , biceps tenodesis , long head of the biceps brachii , and Popeye sign . All relevant studies were included based on study objectives, and excluded studies consisted of abstracts, case reports, letters to the editor, and articles without outcome measures. Results All articles reviewed were of level IV evidence. Combined results from reviewed papers on the differences between LHB tenotomy vs tenodesis demonstrated a higher incidence of cosmetic deformity in patients treated with biceps tenotomy. Complications were similar for each treatment, with a higher likelihood of bicipital pain associated with tenodesis. Lack of high levels of evidence from prospective randomized trials limits our ability to recommend one technique over another. Discussion This review demonstrated a higher incidence of cosmetic deformity in patients treated with biceps tenotomy compared with tenodesis, with an associated lower load to tendon failure. However, there was no consensus in the literature regarding the use of tenotomy vs. tenodesis for LHB tendon lesions due to variable results and methodology of published studies. Individual patient factors and needs should guide surgeons on whether to use tenotomy or tenodesis. Conclusions There is a great need for future studies with high levels of evidence, control, randomization, and power, with well-defined study variables, to compare biceps tenotomy and tenodesis for the treatment of LHB tendon lesions.
Organ Dose Estimates for Hyperthyroid Patients Treated with 131I: An Update of the Thyrotoxicosis Follow-Up Study

The Thyrotoxicosis Therapy Follow-up Study (TTFUS) is comprised of 35,593 hyperthyroid patients treated from the mid-1940s through the mid-1960s. One objective of the TTFUS was to evaluate the long-term effects of high-dose iodine-131 (131I) treatment (1–4). In the TTFUS cohort, 23,020 patients were treated with 131I, including 21,536 patients with Graves disease (GD), 1,203 patients with toxic nodular goiter (TNG) and 281 patients with unknown disease. The study population constituted the largest group of hyperthyroid patients ever examined in a single health risk study. The average number (±1 standard deviation) of 131I treatments per patient was 1.7 ± 1.4 for the GD patients and 2.1 ± 2.1 for the TNG patients. The average total 131I administered activity was 380 ± 360 MBq for GD patients and 640 ± 550 MBq for TNG patients. In this work, a biokinetic model for iodine was developed to derive organ residence times and to reconstruct the radiation-absorbed doses to the thyroid gland and to other organs res...
When Circles Collide: Unpacking TPACK Instruction in an Eighth-Grade Social Studies Classroom

The technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) conceptual framework, since its introduction in 2006, has provided researchers and teacher educators a theoretical means by which to understand the knowledge required to teach effectively with technology. However, a clear picture of what TPACK looks like in practice is still in its infancy. Using a case-study approach, this research examines the teaching practices of an eighth-grade social studies teacher, specifically how the teacher operationalizes TPACK within his classroom. Four examples of TPACK practices are given along with the teacher's rationale for his technology use. Two themes emerged: the transformation of technology into something that just happens in the classroom and the teacher's use of technology to shape instruction. Implications from this case study are then discussed, including the process and timing of combining the different knowledge components of TPACK and the need to better capture the role of students in the TPACK model.
Calibrating Cylindrical Hot-Film Anemometer Sensors

Abstract We report the results of 82 separate calibrations of cylindrical, platinum hot-film anemometer sensors in air. The calibrations for each sensor involved a determination of its temperature-resistance characteristics, a study of its heat transfer in forced convection, and an investigation of its yaw response. Because most sensors were calibrated more than once during a 28 month period, the resistance-temperature data allowed us to look at sensor aging. We found no conclusive evidence that either the reference resistance, R0, or the temperature coefficient of resistance, α, changed with time (months to years). Hence, frequent, full calibrations of the sensors are probably unnecessary. It is, nevertheless, wise to measure R0 whenever possible. The convective heat transfer relation that we derive predicts the Nusselt number of the sensor as a linear function of R0.40, where R is the Reynolds number based on sensor diameter (1 ≤ R ≤ 43). For the 53-μm- diameter sensors that we used, this heat transfer ...
The Character of Persuasion

In this paper, I outline a particular account of persuasion and consider some implications of that account for the ethics of legal argument. Persuasion, I argue, comes about not primarily through the force of one’s logic or even the elegance of one’s rhetoric. Rather, persuasion happens, if at all, through a process of making or finding space for an idea or outcome in the minds and world views of those one hopes to persuade. If so, when we persuade we are not just helping people figure out what to do, we are also helping them figure out who they are. What this means, I argue, is that we ought to consider and take responsibility for the impact our arguments have on the character of those to whom and on whose behalf we speak. If, for example, we make arguments rooted in and appealing to xenophobia and fear, we are not just be pandering to but also helping to construct and entrench those traits. More subtly, if we consistently and exclusively rely on arguments rooted in ideas autonomy and self-interest - perhaps because those arguments are so easy to make and are so often successful - we are not just responding to but also arguably helping to build an individualistic and selfish community.
Generating diverse plans using quantitative and qualitative plan distance metrics

Diversity-aware planning consists of generating multiple plans which, while solving the same problem, are dissimilar from one another. Quantitative plan diversity is domain-independent and does not require extensive knowledge-engineering effort, but can fail to reflect plan differences that are relevant to users. Qualitative plan diversity is based on domain-specific characteristics, thus being of greater practical value, but may require substantial knowledge engineering. We demonstrate a domain-independent diverse plan generation method that is based on customizable plan distance metrics and amenable to both quantitative and qualitative diversity. Qualitative plan diversity is obtained with minimal knowledge-engineering effort, using distance metrics which incorporate domain-specific content.
What Is Settler Colonialism? (for Leo Delano Ames Jr.)

The question that titles this article is deceptively simple. It invites answers that do not, and cannot, exist. One can only address the remainder of a settler colonial project, particularly one as successful as the United States. It is impossible to write about that which cannot be known, and yet there is an ethical imperative to do so. In looking for answers to the question of settler colonialism, I have only a narrative, one that tries to resist the seduction of identity-based claims and yet writes through and pauses on identity's shadows, reversals, and ambivalences. The intimacy and obligation of what Gayatri Spivak has called ghostwriting, and the expectation of failure entailed within it, animates this piece of writing. The ghosts here are not only my grandfather, his mother, or my Native American and Palestinian comrades, family members, and loved ones. The ghosts are everything that happens in the act of writing itself, the affective registers of documenting, living, dying, and struggling with th...
New Media at the Turn of the Century

In recent cases, the United States Supreme Court has shown great care and vigilance in protecting free speech on the Internet. It is therefore common to take for granted the Court's protective stance on protecting free speech on the Internet. After all, the Internet is the new, new thing; it deserves the Court's utmost attention and protection. However, when these cases are juxtaposed with the Court's earlier cases concerning free speech and free press protections in the motion picture - the new, new thing of the past century - the two lines of cases reveal that the Court has taken a dramatic different approach in its treatment of new technologies. The study of these earlier cases not only enables one to gain a greater appreciation of the Court's current protective stance toward the Internet, but also leads one to wonder whether the Court's different approaches could be attributed to the complex interplay of law, technology, and society. As part of the Symposium on a general theory of law and technology, this article begins by tracing the development of free speech and free press protections of motion pictures. Although the article recounts the painful history of movie censorship in the first half of the twentieth century, it does not seek to rehash the many arguments made by First Amendment scholars elsewhere. Rather, it offers a thick description to show that legal, technological, and social factors have both shaped and been shaped by each other and how a confluence of these factors affected the free speech and free press protections of motion pictures. The article then offers three deterministic accounts to explain the Court's different treatment of the Internet: technological determinism, legal determinism, and social determinism. Showing that none of these accounts fully explains the Court's differing approach in the recent Internet cases, the article underscores the need for a holistic and integrated approach to the study of law, technology, and society. This Article concludes by offering some preliminary observations on what a general theory of law, technology, and society should and should not be about. It also explains the importance of the development of such a theory.
Generational status, neighborhood context, and mother-child resemblance in dietary quality in Mexican-origin families

Children of immigrants in the United States often grow up in very different nutrition environments than their parents. As a result, parent-child concordance in diet may be particularly weak in immigrant families. Yet, little is known about parent-child dietary resemblance in immigrant families and how local contexts shape it. This study uses data from the 1999/2000-2009/2010 Continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to examine mother-child resemblance in dietary quality in Mexican-origin families in the United States. We investigate how immigrant generational status and neighborhood context shape the association between mothers' and children's dietary quality. We find that mother-child resemblance in dietary quality is weaker for first-generation children relative to third-generation children. However, residence in an immigrant enclave strengthens the mother-child association in dietary quality for first-generation children. Findings offer a unique within-family perspective of immigrant health. Results suggest that the healthy eating advantage of Mexican immigrant mothers may not be sustained across family generations and that Mexican immigrant mothers may face unique challenges in promoting healthy eating among their children.
Optimizing the post-graduate institutional program evaluation process.

Reviewing program educational efforts is an important component of postgraduate medical education program accreditation. The post-graduate review process has evolved over time to include centralized oversight based on accreditation standards. The institutional review process and the impact on participating faculty are topics not well described in the literature. We conducted multiple Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles to identify and implement areas for change to improve productivity in our institutional program review committee. We also conducted one focus group and six in-person interviews with 18 committee members to explore their perspectives on the committee’s evolution. One author (MLL) reviewed the transcripts and performed the initial thematic coding with a PhD level research associate and identified and categorized themes. These themes were confirmed by all participating committee members upon review of a detailed summary. Emergent themes were triangulated with the University of Michigan Medical School’s Admissions Executive Committee (AEC). We present an overview of adopted new practices to the educational program evaluation process at the University of Michigan Health System that includes standardization of meetings, inclusion of resident members, development of area content experts, solicitation of committed committee members, transition from paper to electronic committee materials, and focus on continuous improvement. Faculty and resident committee members identified multiple improvement areas including the ability to provide high quality reviews of training programs, personal and professional development, and improved feedback from program trainees. A standing committee that utilizes the expertise of a group of committed faculty members and which includes formal resident membership has significant advantages over ad hoc or other organizational structures for program evaluation committees.
Residual activity of organophosphorus insecticides in soil as tested against the eye gnat,Hippelates collusor.

The long-tern activity of 20 organophosphorus insecticides in soil was studied against Hippelates collusor (Townsend), the predominant species of eye gnats in the southwestern United States. Soil lots treated with three dosages of each material were stored in a glasshouse maintained at 88°±2° F. and bioassayed against the eye gnat at from 2- to 8-month intervals of storage. Trithion®, Diazinon®, Bayer 25141, Co-Ral®, ethion, GC-4072, and Ethyl Guthion® at the intermediate or high dosage levels manifested appreciable residual activity against the gnat after 6 to 8 months of storage. Bayer 22408, phorate, American Cyanamid Experimental Nematocide 18133, GC-3583, and GC-3582 showed a great deal of biological activity at the intermediate or high dosage levels after 2 months of storage, but were not active at later intervals of testing. The other materials, Methyl Trithion®, Bayer 29493, Guthion ®, Di-Syston®, ronnel, dimethoate, parathion, and Bayer 22684 did not, even at the highest dosage levels, show any appreciable residual activity when they were tested 2 months after storage.
Ultrafast Photoluminescence in Quantum-Confined Silicon Nanocrystals Arises from an Amorphous Surface Layer

Here, we examine ultrafast photoluminescence produced from plasma-grown, colloidal silicon nanocrystals as a function of both particle size and lattice crystallinity. In particular, we quantify the decay time and spectral profiles of nominally few-picosecond direct-gap emission previously attributed to phononless electron–hole recombination. We find that the high-energy (400–600 nm, 2–3 eV) photoluminescence component consists of two decay processes with distinct time scales. The fastest photoluminescence exhibits an ∼30 ps decay constant largely independent of emission energy and particle size. Importantly, nearly identical temporal components and blue spectral features appear for amorphous particles. We thus associate high-energy, rapid emission with an amorphous component in all measured samples, as supported by Raman analysis and molecular dynamics simulation. Based on these observations, we advise that the observed dynamics proceed too slowly to originate from intraband carrier thermalization and ins...
On the Use of Financial Portfolio Theory in Marketing Decisions: A Reply to Devinney, Stewart, and Shocker:

Devinney, Stewart, and Shocker identify six dimensions on which financial portfolio theory differs from our modification of that paradigm for use in the product market management context. We believ...
Multiple Pulse Irradiation Effects in Excimer Laser-Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Si Films

We have experimentally Investigated the effects that are associated with multiple-pulse irradiation in the excimer laser processing of thin Si films on SiO2. Double-pulse irradiation experiments revealed results, which are consistent with that which is known from single-pulse crystallization experiments, and these experiments confirm the applicability of the transformation scenarios, which were derived from single pulse-induced crystallization experiments [1, 2]. The results from the multiple-pulse irradiation experiments clearly show that gradual and substantial grain enlargement can occur — and only occurs — when the irradiation energy density is close to but less than the level that is required to melt the film completely. Based on these findings, we argue that the grain enlargement effect is a near-complete melting phenomenon that is associated with polycrystalline Si films, and we present a grain boundary melting model to account for this phenomenon. A brief discussion on the apparent similarities and physical differences between the observed phenomenon and the solid state grain growth processes is provided herein.
Psychosocial aspects of type 1 diabetes in Latino- and Asian-American youth

Latino and Asian-Americans represent the fastest growing immigrant populations in the United States. We aimed to review the current knowledge on the psychosocial factors that influence type 1 diabetes (T1D) care, education, and outcomes in Latino and Asian-American youth immigrants in the United States, as well as culturally sensitive programs to address health disparities. We conducted a narrative, conceptual review of studies on T1D in Latino and Asian-American youth and relevant studies in type 2 diabetes and adults. Approximately 50% of both Latino and Asian-American youth with T1D are in suboptimal glycemic control. Socioeconomic status, literacy, English proficiency, acculturation, access to health care, family functioning, mental health, and nutrition influence T1D care and outcomes. However, the degree to which these complex, inter-related and dynamic factors affect long-term T1D outcomes is largely unknown. Culturally sensitive programs for Latino or Asian-American youth with T1D are scarce in the United States. Research is needed among Latino and Asian-American youth with T1D so that comprehensive, culturally sensitive diabetes education, and care programs can be developed to decrease disparities in the health burden of these groups.
Treatment of sternal wound infection with vacuum-assisted closure.

Introduction Previous work has demonstrated the efficacy of vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) in the treatment of poststernotomy local wound infections, compared to historical treatment protocol. The negative pressure has been found to protect wounds against contamination, prevent wound fluid retention, increase blood flow, and increase rates of granulation tissue formation. For this study, a retrospective analysis compared patients receiving VAC as definitive treatment versus bridging to delayed flap closure. Methods Sixteen patients developed sternal wound infections after cardiac surgeries at the authors' institution from 2006 to 2008. Data was gathered regarding patient comorbidities, treatment method, and outcome. Study objectives included assessment of risk factors that warranted secondary surgicalclosure and examination of long-term followup where VAC was thedefinitive treatment modality. Results Group A (n = 12) had VAC as the final treatment modality. Group B (n = 4) required myocutaneous flap closure. One patient in Group B passed away prior to flap surgery. Both groups had similar risk factors, except Group B had a higher risk of body mass index (BMI) > 35 that was near statistically significant (P = 0.085; odds ratio = 0.0, 95% CI = [0.0 - 1.21]). Group A required a shorter hospital stay on average. Long-term follow-up showed the majority of Group A had completely healed sternal wounds 2-3 years from initial cardiac surgery. Conclusions Vacuum-assisted closure as definitive treatment modality is a successful, first line therapy for local superficial sternal wound infections. When deep infections occur, however, VAC as bridge-to-flap coverage is recommended over attempted secondary healing with VAC. ﻿.
Preliminary differences in resting state MEG functional connectivity pre- and post-ketamine in major depressive disorder

Functional neuroimaging techniques including magnetoencephalography (MEG) have demonstrated that the brain is organized into networks displaying correlated activity. Group connectivity differences between healthy controls and participants with major depressive disorder (MDD) can be detected using temporal independent components analysis (ICA) on beta-bandpass filtered Hilbert envelope MEG data. However, the response of these networks to treatment is unknown. Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, exerts rapid antidepressant effects. We obtained MEG recordings before and after open-label infusion of 0.5mg/kg ketamine in MDD subjects (N=13) and examined networks previously shown to differ between healthy individuals and those with MDD. Connectivity between the amygdala and an insulo-temporal component decreased post-ketamine in MDD subjects towards that observed in control subjects at baseline. Decreased baseline connectivity of the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) with a bilateral precentral network had previously been observed in MDD compared to healthy controls, and the change in connectivity post-ketamine was proportional to the change in sgACC glucose metabolism in a subset (N=8) of subjects receiving [11F]FDG-PET imaging. Ketamine appeared to reduce connectivity, regardless of whether connectivity was abnormally high or low compared to controls at baseline. These preliminary findings suggest that sgACC connectivity may be directly related to glutamate levels.
Soft Computing Techniques in Spatial Databases

Spatial database systems and geographical information systems are currently only able to support geographical applications that deal with crisp spatial objects, that is, objects whose extent, shape, and boundary are precisely determined. Examples are land parcels, school districts, and state territories. However, many new, emerging applications are interested in modeling and processing geographic data that are inherently characterized by spatial vagueness or spatial indeterminacy. Examples are air polluted areas, temperature zones, and lakes. These applications require novel concepts due to the lack of adequate approaches and systems. In this chapter, we show how soft computing techniques can provide a solution to this problem. We give an overview of two type systems or algebras that can be integrated into database systems and utilized for the modeling and handling of spatial vagueness. The first type system, called Vague Spatial Algebra (VASA), is based on well known, general, and exact models of crisp spatial data types and introduces vague points, vague lines, and vague regions. This enables an exact definition of the vague spatial data model since we can build it upon an already existing theory of spatial data types. The second type system, called Fuzzy Spatial Algebra (FUSA), leverages fuzzy set theory and fuzzy topology and introduces novel fuzzy spatial data types for fuzzy points, fuzzy lines, and fuzzy regions. This enables an even more fine-grained modeling of spatial objects that do not have sharp boundaries and interiors or whose boundaries and interiors cannot be precisely determined. This chapter provides a formal definition of the structure and semantics of both type systems. Further, we introduce spatial set operations for both algebras and obtain vague and fuzzy versions of geometric intersection, union, and difference. Finally, we describe how these data types can be embedded into extensible databases and show some example queries.
Case of parotid mucoepidermoid carcinoma: Expanding the spectrum of von Hippel-Lindau-related neoplasms.

Background von Hippel–Lindau (VHL)-related tumors occurring outside the spectrum of VHL-defining tumors are rare, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) in the setting of VHL disease has not been described. Methods and Results We describe a patient with confirmed VHL mutation who presented with a parotid mass and a history of 2 central nervous system (CNS) hemangioblastomas and 1 pheochromocytoma. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of the mass suggested a benign Warthin tumor. The mass was resected and final pathology revealed a low-grade MEC. Fluorescence in situ hybridization for the MECT1/MAML2 fusion gene frequently associated with MEC was performed and was negative. Molecular testing of tumor cells displayed a likely “second hit” VHL gene mutation. Conclusion There is a possible broader role of VHL mutations in tumorigenesis beyond the development of classically described VHL-defining neoplasms. Our case also demonstrates the importance of always considering the possibility of a parotid malignancy in patients with VHL despite a benign FNA. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2016
Western Consortium Multi-Language Conference

The Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Arizona hosted the first multi-language conference in April 1998, which brought together innovative teachers of Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, and Turkish to share new technologies, instructional strategies, and materials. The organizers, Karen Galindo and Amy Newhall, assumed that teachers of these less commonly taught languages faced similar challenges and that exchange among them could be mutually beneficial. This report summarizes selected presentations.