cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHALLENGES TO TRAINING FOR USE OF CHANGEABLE-MESSAGE SIGNS: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

Following the creation of an operator's manual for the effective use of changeable-message signs (CMSs), the Virginia Transportation Research Council (VTRC) developed and taught a pilot short course on how to use the signs effectively. The 1-day course included an overview of pitfalls to avoid when using CMSs, a training video depicting motorists who are not focused on a CMS, an explanation of the challenges of CMS operations, and case studies in which the participants apply the operator's manual to determine effective CMS usage. Experience with teaching the course suggests that although research is a vital component of CMS operation, training will also be required to successfully deploy intelligent transportation system (ITS) communication technologies. Such tasks as determining the proper audience for ITS training, establishing what lessons should be taught, and developing examples that impart these lessons meaningfully render the establishment of an ITS training program more difficult than might be ini...
The effect of sleep continuity on pain in adults with sickle cell disease.

Abstract This analysis examined the influence of quantifiable parameters of daily sleep continuity, primarily sleep duration and sleep fragmentation, on daily pain in adults with sickle cell disease. Seventy-five adults with sickle cell disease completed baseline psychosocial measures and daily morning (sleep) and evening (pain) diaries over a 3-month period. Mixed-effect modeling was used to examine daily between- and within-subjects effects of sleep continuity parameters on pain, as well as the synergistic effect of sleep fragmentation and sleep duration on pain. Results revealed that nights of shorter sleep duration and time in bed, increased fragmentation, and less efficient sleep (relative to one's own mean) were followed by days of greater pain severity. Further, the analgesic benefit of longer sleep duration was attenuated when sleep fragmentation was elevated. These results suggest that both the separate and combined effects of sleep duration and fragmentation should be considered in evaluating pain in adults with sickle cell disease. Perspective Subjective parameters of sleep continuity (eg, sleep duration, fragmentation, and efficiency) predict clinical pain in individuals with sickle cell disease. Additionally, sleep duration should not be considered in isolation, and its association with pain may be qualified by sleep fragmentation. Research and practice should include assessments of both when addressing pain severity.
Multiple coherent mode interaction in a developing round jet

The integral energy method has been used in order to study the nonlinear interactions of the large-scale coherent structure in a spatially developing round jet. The streamwise development of a jet is obtained in terms of the mean flow shear layer momentum thickness, the wave mode kinetic energy and the wave mode phase angle. It is shown that the nonlinear interaction between wave modes is dependent on the wave mode phase angles. The initial wave mode phase angles as well as the initial energy densities play a significant role in the streamwise evolution of the large-scale coherent wave modes and the mean flow.
Glaucoma in China

The motivation for this paper is that, having come from China, a country which had closed herself to the outside world for three decades, I thought it might be interesting to compare glaucoma in the two countries. Since I am from only a municipal hospital of a small city Hangzhow (a sister city of Boston), whatever I say can only be accepted as personal view points. Presently I have this wonderful opportunity to be a research fellow at the world wide famous Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, which is affiliated with Harvard Medical School. The comparison therefore may not be exactly appropriate but may help to see where my country stands, what we have, what we lack and what goals to strive for to better the health of China. There may be some confusing terms in this paper such as ‘Liberation’, ‘Cultural Revolution’, etc. Table 1 may help give a clearer conception.
Quantification of Uncertainty by Combining Forecasting with History Matching

Abstract Quantifying uncertainty in production forecasts is critical to making good reservoir management decisions, particularly for many current investment opportunities that require intensive technology and large investments, and that may have marginal profitability indicators. Reservoir studies are conducted to support decision making, but reservoir management decisions must often be made before completion of these studies. This paper presents a new approach to reservoir studies that combines production forecasting with history matching. The approach provides preliminary production forecasts much earlier in reservoir studies. More importantly, the approach provides estimates of uncertainty associated with the forecasts. This is accomplished by using the mismatch of history match runs to weight corresponding forecast runs. We illustrate application of the method to the 8-Sand reservoir in the Green Canyon 18 field, Gulf of Mexico. We observed that, as the accuracy of the model increased during the histo...
Analytical Modeling for Stress-Strain Curve of a Porous NiTi

Two models for predicting the stress-strain curve of porous NiTi under compressive loading are presented in this paper. Porous NiTi shape memory alloy is considered as a composite composed of solid NiTi as matrix and pores as inclusions. Eshelby's equivalent inclusion method and Mori-Tanaka's mean-field theory are employed in both models. Two types of pore connectivity are investigated. One is closed cells (model 1); the other is where the pores are interconnected to each other forming an open-cell microstructure (model 2). We also consider two different shapes of pores, spherical and ellipsoidal. The stress-strain curves of porous shape memory alloy with spherical pores and ellipsoidal pores are compared. It is found that the ellipsoidal shape assumption is more reasonable than the assumption of spherical pores. Comparison of the stress-strain curves of the two models shows that use of open-cell microstructure (model-2) makes the predictions more agreeable to the experimental results of porous NiTi whose microstructure exhibits open-cell microstructure.
Competition among Health Maintenance Organizations

We develop a model of competition among health maintenance organizations (HMOs) to analyze the effects of market power, scale economies, and asymmetric knowledge of health risk on market outcomes. We find that competition among HMOs may, but need not, ensure socially preferred outcomes. Market power or scale economies can sometimes admit socially preferred outcomes when they would otherwise not arise. Asymmetric knowledge of health risk may or may not be constraining. When it is constraining, a variety of patterns of incomplete health insurance can arise, along with excessive or insufficient treatment and preventive care for either high-risk or low-risk individuals.
Solar still performance

Abstract This investigation includes the study of the performance rating and efficiency of a solar still operating under different conditions. The solar still was designed and built in the Mechanical Engineering Department at the Ohio State University. The three major variable factors in the still performance are the insolation, the wind velocity and the insulation of the system. The experimental part of the study consists of running the experiment with different sets of conditions. The theoretical part includes the development of a math model for the solar still and the numerical prediction of the still performance using computer simulation. Both the dynamics and the steady state performance of the still are studied. Based on the experimental and mathematical model results, it was concluded that the best performance of the solar still is achieved when the following conditions are satisfied: 1. - High intensity of Insolation 2. - Full Insulation 3. - Minimum wind velocity Under these conditions, a maximum solar still efficiency of approximately 50 % is obtained. While the intensity of the insolation has a proportional effect on the productivity of the solar still system, The type of insulation effects considerably the still performance. A light insulation causes a reduction of 14.5% in the efficiency obtained with full insulation. The wind effect is much more limited. The increase of wind velocity from zero to 3.6 mph yielded a slight reduction ( 2%) in the the still performance.
Re-envisioning community college transfer

In this paper, we describe an innovative project that is gathering information for a re-envisioning of transfer procedures between two and four-year higher education institutions in three states. Convening relevant administrators, faculty, and local business partners within each of the three regions, this project has been researching current transfer models (successful and unsuccessful), identifying exemplary frameworks and identifying the variables that lead to enhanced upward progression. The authors will discuss the current status of transfer in the regions and will identify processes that are being used to identify more innovative and effective methods to increase student transferability between levels.
Structural elements in the Girk1 subunit that potentiate G protein-gated potassium channel activity.

G protein–gated inwardly rectifying K+ (Girk/KIR3) channels mediate the inhibitory effect of many neurotransmitters on excitable cells. Girk channels are tetramers consisting of various combinations of four mammalian Girk subunits (Girk1 to -4). Although Girk1 is unable to form functional homomeric channels, its presence in cardiac and neuronal channel complexes correlates with robust channel activity. This study sought to better understand the potentiating influence of Girk1, using the GABAB receptor and Girk1/Girk2 heteromer as a model system. Girk1 did not increase the protein levels or alter the trafficking of Girk2-containing channels to the cell surface in transfected cells or hippocampal neurons, indicating that its potentiating influence involves enhancement of channel activity. Structural elements in both the distal carboxyl-terminal domain and channel core were identified as key determinants of robust channel activity. In the distal carboxyl-terminal domain, residue Q404 was identified as a key determinant of receptor-induced channel activity. In the Girk1 core, three unique residues in the pore (P) loop (F137, A142, Y150) were identified as a collective potentiating influence on both receptor-dependent and receptor-independent channel activity, exerting their influence, at least in part, by enhancing mean open time and single-channel conductance. Interestingly, the potentiating influence of the Girk1 P-loop is tempered by residue F162 in the second membrane-spanning domain. Thus, discontinuous and sometime opposing elements in Girk1 underlie the Girk1-dependent potentiation of receptor-dependent and receptor-independent heteromeric channel activity.
IBM System z9 open systems adapter for communication controller for Linux

The IBM 374x Communication Controllers, and the NCP (network control program) software that runs on them, have been at the center of the IBM SNA (Systems Network Architecture) for many years. However, the 374x hardware is no longer being produced. In order to continue to offer IBM customers various functions provided by the NCP product, IBM has developed a Communication Controller for Linux® (CCL) for the IBM System zTM. CCL is a software program that emulates the 374x hardware, enabling the NCP to function in Linux. IBM customers now have the ability to migrate their NCP product to a Linux partition on System z. The current NCP product, running on an IBM 374x Communication Controller, supports both host channel and network attachment. The channel protocol used for the host-channel support is referred to as channel data link control (CDLC). In order to provide the System z9TM host operating systems with the ability to attach to the new CCL NCP over a channel interface, a new channel adapter is required. The new innovative Open Systems Adapter for NCP (OSN) channel support provided by the OSA-Express2 allows various operating systems on the same System z9 to attach "internally" to the CCL without using any external network or channel fabric.
Malignant Sertoli Cell Tumor in a Prepubescent Boy

Sertoli cell tumor, also termed androblastoma or gonadal stromal tumor, is a rare testicular neoplasm. While it is usually benign, 25 cases of malignant Sertoli cell tumors have been reported.'" These neoplasms vary greatly in microscopic appearance and unfortunately they have aggressive metastatic behavior. Despite various treatments, the prognosis remains poor. We report on the fourth prepubescent boy with a malignant Sertoli cell tumor. CASE REPORT An 8-year-old white boy with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was found to have a hard, painless right testicular mass on a routine physical examination. There was no evidence of gynecomastia or precocious puberty. Ultrasound revealed an inhomogeneous, hyperechoic intratesticular region involving almost the whole right testicle. No serum elevations of a-fetoprotein or &human chorionic gonadotropin were detected. Right radical orchiectomy was performed. Grossly the testis had a thin rim of residual testicular parenchyma surrounding a solid, tan-yellow, lobulated 1.8 x 1 cm. tumor. No gross hemorrhage or necrosis was identified. Microscopically the tumor was encapsulated and coniined to the testicle. There was no invasion of the tunica albuginea, epididymis or spermatic cord. The tumor was composed of lobules, trabeculae and tubules of ovoid and polygonal cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and moderate nuclear atypia. Central necrosis was present in many lobules and tumor cell mitoses were easily identifiable (see figure). Vascular invasion was not present. The uninvolved surrounding testicular parenchyma did not have intratubular germ cell neoplasia. Histological findings were characteristic of a low grade, malignant gonadal stromal (Sertoli cell) tumor. This diagnosis was confirmed by consultation with external referee pa
Heterogeneous photoassisted catalysis: Conversions of perchloroethylene, dichloroethane, chloroacetic acids, and chlorobenzenes

Abstract The chlorinated hydrocarbons perchloroethylene, dichloroethane, monochloroacetic and dichloroacetic acids, in dilute aqueous solutions, are completely mineralized to HCl and CO2 by photoassisted heterogeneous catalysis with an aqueous slurry of near-uv illuminated TiO2. Trichloroacetic acid was dehalogenated at a negligible rate. Rate parameters from the present and our earlier studies indicate that the relative chlorocarbon mineralization rates at the 1 to 50-ppb levels of relevance to water supply contamination appear to be dichloroacetaldehyde ⪢ trichloroethylene > perchloroethylene > dichloroacetic acid ∼ dichloromethane > trichloromethane ∼ (1,2)-dichloroethane ∼ monochloroacetic acid > tetrachloromethane > trichloroacetic acid. The heterogeneously photocatalyzed conversion of monochlorobenzene in dilute (70–400 ppm) aqueous solutions yields (1) ortho- and para-chlorophenol, which may subsequently be dechlorinated to yield aromatic oxygenates (ortho- and para-benzoquinone, and the corresponding hydroquinones), or (2) condensation products such as 4,4′-dichloro-1,1′-biphenyl. No evidence of ring opening was noted. Similar but more complex behavior was noted with a dichlorobenzene.
A comprehensive equation for the pulmonary pressure-volume curve

Venegas, Jose G., R. Scott Harris, and Brett A. Simon.A comprehensive equation for the pulmonary pressure-volume curve.J. Appl. Physiol. 84(1): 389–395, 1998.—Quantification of pulmonary pressure-v...
An Evaluation of the Satorra-Bentler Distributional Misspecification Correction Applied to the McDonald Fit Index.

McDonald goodness‐of‐fit indices based on maximum likelihood, asymptotic distribution free, and the Satorra‐Bentler scale correction estimation methods are investigated. Sampling experiments are conducted to assess the magnitude of error for each index under variations in distributional misspecification, structural misspecification, and sample size. The Satorra‐Bentler correction‐based index is shown to have the least error under each distributional misspecification level when the model has correct structural specification. The scaled index also performs adequately when there is minor structural misspecification and distributional misspecification. However, when a model has major structural misspecification with distributional misspecification, none of the estimation methods perform adequately.
Sulfate reduction in the presence of low oxygen levels in the water column of the Cariaco Trench1,2

Precise and closely spaced alkalinity and total inorganic carbon measurements from the water column of the Cariaco Trench indicate an intense zone of sulfate reduction within the oxic waters above the O,-H,S interface. The chemical data suggest that sulfate reduction occurs in the presence of low oxygen levels. The resulting sulfide is subsequently oxidized to So. Although it is not clear whether or how these processes are coupled, the kinetics of redox reactions above the oxic-anoxic interface modify the chemical distributions expected from the normal constraints of chemical equilibrium. The Cariaco Trench is a depression in the continental shelf north of Venezuela. Restricted horizontal water circulation below the sill depth of 150 m, a density gradient that inhibits vertical mixing, and oxidative degradation of organic matter result in a permanently anoxic basin-the second largest in the world (Richards 197 5). Since the deep waters of the basin are devoid of dissolved oxygen, sulfate acts as the electron acceptor for organic matter degradation resulting in accumulation of HS-. The bacteria that mediate this sulfate reduction are generally believed to be obligate anaerobes (Postgate 1984). We present measurements from the water column of the Cariaco Trench that indicate a locally intense zone of sulfate reduction in waters that contain low levels of oxygen. The data suggest that the rate of sulfate reduction is faster in this zone than in the more highly anoxic water below. We thank L. Jacobs for the particulate elemental sulfur (SO) data, M. Bacon for ship time in the Cariaco Trench as well as temperature, salinity and nutrient data, and the officers and crew of the RV
Opinion & Special Articles: Mentoring in neurology: Filling the residency gap in academic mentoring

Effective academic mentoring significantly affects a physician's choice of career, academic productivity, and professional trajectory. The mentoring relationship is necessary for the continued success of medical training. It is critical to cultivate a climate in which mentoring can thrive. In order to improve the quality and outcomes of mentoring, we must adopt a comprehensive plan. There are interventions at every level of training that will ensure that the current cohort of neurologists receives the requisite expertise needed to flourish and inspire future trainees. Professional organizations must articulate a comprehensive vision of mentoring. Institutions must create an infrastructure to support mentors. Mentors should work in active partnerships with their mentees to forge sustained, productive relationships. Mentees must actively contribute to their own mentoring. Proper mentorship will ensure a bright future for academic neurology.
Cell signalling: MAGUK magic

Diverse extracellular signals are coupled at the plasma membrane to intracellular signal transduction pathways and the cytoskeleton. Members of a ubiquitous multidomain family of proteins, the MAGUK proteins, are emerging as common mediators of this coupling.
ZINC STORES IN CHICKENS DELAY THE ONSET OF ZINC DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS

Three chick assays were conducted to evaluate Zn depletion rates in whole body and various tissues. In Assay 1, chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet containing 1,037 mg Zn/kg had twice as much Zn in intestine and bone and 50% more Zn in liver and whole body than chicks fed 37 mg Zn/kg (P < .01). In Assay 2, the minimum Zn requirement for growth of chicks consuming a chemically defined, amino acid diet was 10.6 mg Zn/kg. In Assay 3, chicks were fed the chemically defined diet containing either 300 or 10.6 mg Zn/kg during an 8-d pretest period, after which they were fed either 0 or 10.6 mg Zn/kg for 9 d. Tissue Zn concentrations were determined on Days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9 of the test period. Following the pretest period, Zn was higher in the liver, tibia, and small intestine, but not in muscle, of chicks fed 300 mg Zn/kg than of those fed 10.6 mg Zn/kg (P < .01). Growth of chicks switched from 10.6 to 0 mg Zn/kg was less than for chicks maintained on 10.6 mg Zn/kg by Day 5 (P < .05), whereas chicks switched from 300 to 0 mg Zn/kg did not display a growth depression relative to the control until Day 8 (P < .05). Zinc that accumulated in the liver and small intestine of chicks fed the 300 to 0 Zn regimen declined until Day 3 of the test period, whereas tibia Zn decreased until Day 8. Chicks fed the 10.6 to 0 regimen did not display a substantial decrease in small intestine, liver, or tibia Zn. The data confirm that Zn can accumulate in bone, liver, and intestine and can subsequently be released for use during a period of Zn deficiency. The data also indicate that chicks fed a diet containing the minimum requirement of Zn cannot accumulate reserves of Zn that become available for use during a subsequent period of Zn depletion.
Artists in Liberia and the United States: a Comparative View

In summary, six striking parallels have been found between the artist archetypes in Liberia and the United States, each of which appears to be rooted in some structural similarity between the two societies at the material and social levels. The structural factors which have been suggested as pivotal in determining the nature of the artist archetype have included: (1) the atypicality of the carver/artist/s labour process via-a-vis that of other workers; (2) the development of an alternate value profile congruent with that atypical process; (3) the need for itinerancy/migration to ensure a large enough market for self-support; (4) dependence on the elite class for patronage; (5) relative economic insecurity; and (6) a definition of the product which necessitates solitary labour. These factors combine to create in the general public the image of the artist described earlier.Some carvers and artists may appear to exhibit the traits imputed to them, and even ‘play into’ their expected image; but this phenomenon can be explained without invoking some innate ‘artistic temperament’ or transcultural ‘artist's role’. Rather, we can conclude that carvers and artists, like other human beings, are subject to specific material and social constraints that shape their own consciousness and that of their public. Though individuals make art, it is as true of art as of history, that ‘they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly encountered, given, and transmitted from the past’.
Expression of a dominant allele of human ARF1 inhibits membrane traffic in vivo

ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) proteins and inhibitory peptides derived from ARFs have demonstrated activities in a number of in vitro assays that measure ER-to-Golgi and intra-Golgi transport and endosome fusion. To better understand the roles of ARF proteins in vivo, stable cell lines were obtained from normal rat kidney (NRK) cells transfected with either wild-type or a dominant activating allele ([Q71L]) of the human ARF1 gene under the control of the interferon-inducible mouse Mx1 promoter. Upon addition of interferon, expression of ARF1 proteins increased with a half-time of 7-8 h, as determined by immunoblot analysis. Induction of mutant ARF1, but not wild-type ARF1, led to an inhibition of protein secretion with kinetics similar to that observed for induction of protein expression. Examination of the Golgi apparatus and the ER by indirect immunofluorescence or transmission electron microscopy revealed that expression of low levels of mutant ARF1 protein correlated with a dramatic increase in vesiculation of the Golgi apparatus and expansion of the ER lumen, while expression of substantially higher levels of wild-type ARF1 had no discernible effect. Endocytosis was also inhibited by expression of mutant ARF1, but not by the wild-type protein. Finally, the expression of [Q71L]ARF1, but not wild-type ARF1, antagonized the actions of brefeldin A, as determined by the delayed loss of ARF and beta-COP from Golgi membranes and disruption of the Golgi apparatus. General models for the actions of ARF1 in membrane traffic events are discussed.
Insulin-like Growth Factor I Receptor Activity in Human Medulloblastomas

Medulloblastomas represent about 25% of all pediatric intracranial neoplasms. These highly malignant tumors arise from the cerebellum affecting mainly children between ages 5 and 15. Although the etiology of medulloblastomas has not yet been elucidated, several reports suggest that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) may contribute to the development of these tumors. Results of this study show that the majority of cases examined were characterized by the abundant presence of the receptor for IGF-I (IGF-IR) protein (16 of 20 cases), and its major signaling molecule, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1; 15 of 20). Protein levels for IGF-IR and IRS-1, determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, were significantly higher in medulloblastoma biopsies than in control cerebellar tissue. By immunohistochemistry, 10 of 17 biopsies examined were also positive for the anti-pY1316 antibody staining that specifically recognizes the phosphorylated (active) form of the IGF-IR. These findings correlate with the fact that phosphorylated forms of the downstream-signaling molecules Erk-1, Erk-2, and Akt/protein kinase B were found in medulloblastoma biopsies but not in control cerebellar tissue. Importantly, there is a strong inverse correlation between biopsies that are positive for anti-pY1316 and for anti-Trk-C immunoreactivity. These observations direct our attention to the IGF-IR system as a potential therapeutic target in medulloblastomas and suggest a possibility of using the anti-pY1316 antibody as a potential prognostic marker for medulloblastomas.
A 1–50 GHz dielectric spectroscopy biosensor with integrated receiver front-end in 65nm CMOS

In this paper, an on-chip transmission-line sensor with integrated receiver front-end implemented in 65nm CMOS facilitates the measurement of complex permittivity from 1 to 50 GHz for liquid samples. A robust extraction model allows accurate prediction of sample permittivity based on reference liquid calibration and eases the design of the hardware. Front-end circuits include a 60 GHz distributed amplifier with noise-cancellation active termination to improve the noise figure below 18 GHz. Correlated-double-sampling technique is used in the measurement setup to reject system phase drift. The sensor achieves 1% permittivity sensitivity at 20 GHz through liquid measurements with a minimum sensing volume of 0.09 nL. The prototype chip consumes a total power of 114 mW.
Electrical and optical characterization of Sb : SnO2

Films of Sb : SnO2 have been formed by vacuum e-beam evaporation. The structural, electrical, and optical properties of these films have been investigated with respect to annealing time and temperature. After heat treatment in an oxygen atmosphere, thin films with a peak transmittance of 98% and 4–9 × 10−3 Ωcm resistivity have been obtained. The barrier heights and energy band diagrams of Sb : SnO2/Si n-n and p-n heterojunctions have been determined by C-V measurements.
The Technology of Design and its Problems

This is the first of a series of papers that investigates the institutional forms that can arise and be sustained by a "technology of design." This paper sets up our "model world" in terms of its technology, actors and larger context. In subsequent papers, we will define three institutional forms in relation to the technology and actors of the model world: 1. A "Guild," which might also be called a professional association; 2. A Monopolistic firm; and 3. A Cluster of firms. We will evaluate the effectiveness of each institutional form and characterize its equilibrium behavior alone and in competition with the other forms. In this paper, we first characterize a technology of design activity and a class of agents (designers). The design technology, which is based on experimentation, is strongly associated with modular designs, although it can arise in other contexts as well. We then define an economic environment that "puts the designers to work," but causes their efforts to be separate and uncoordinated. In that "Base Case environment," we show how the pooling of design solutions and the coordination of designers' efforts generates a (potentially large) surplus for both designers and society. Thus, we argue, institutions are needed to support pooling and provide coordination. How particular institutions fulfill those roles and allocate the surplus thereby generated are topics addressed in the later papers of this series.
Colloquium: Annual modulation of dark matter

Direct detection experiments, which are designed to detect the scattering of dark matter off nuclei in detectors, are a critical component in the search for the Universe’s missing matter. This Colloquium begins with a review of the physics of direct detection of dark matter, discussing the roles of both the particle physics and astrophysics in the expected signals. The count rate in these experiments should experience an annual modulation due to the relative motion of the Earth around the Sun. This modulation, not present for most known background sources, is critical for solidifying the origin of a potential signal as dark matter. The focus is on the physics of annual modulation, discussing the practical formulas needed to interpret a modulating signal. The dependence of the modulation spectrum on the particle and astrophysics models for the dark matter is illustrated. For standard assumptions, the count rate has a cosine dependence with time, with a maximum in June and a minimum in December. Well-motivated generalizations of these models, however, can affect both the phase and amplitude of the modulation. Shown is how a measurement of an annually modulating signal could teach us about the presence of substructure in the galactic halo or about the interactions between dark and baryonic matter. Although primarily a theoretical review, the current experimental situation for annual modulation and future experimental directions is briefly discussed.
Collaboration of Kras and Androgen receptor signaling stimulates EZH2 expression and tumor propagating cells in prostate cancer

Elevation of the chromatin repression factor EZH2 is associated with progression and poor prognosis in several human cancers, including prostate cancer. However, the mechanisms driving EZH2 expression are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the functional synergy in prostate cancers in mice resulting from activation of the androgen receptor (AR), Kras and Akt, which drive three of the most frequently activated oncogenic signaling pathways in prostate cancer. While any two of these three events were sufficient to promote the formation and progression of prostate cancer, only the synergy of AR and Kras signaling could elevate EZH2 expression and expand prostate cancer progenitor cells in vivo. Our findings have revealed a genetic mechanism resulting in enhanced EZH2 expression during the progression of aggressive prostate cancer, with important implications for understanding how to target advanced disease where cancer progenitor cells may be critical.
The Accessibility of Source Likability as a Determinant of Persuasion

The accessibility of a source's likability from memory was hypothesized to moderate the influence of source likability on persuasion. The accessibility of subjects' liking for the source of a message was manipulated in two experiments. Subjects with more accessible liking for the source exhibited more attitude change in the direction of the source's message than subjects with less accessible evaluations of the source.
Some More Linear Algebra

It is often the case in science and engineering that a bit of abstract thinking helps one understand the “real world” somewhat better; the present section and the one which follows are written with that thought in mind. In this section, we discuss some fundamental techniques and results from “abstract” linear algebra. Although full generality is not our objective (for example, we deal only with real and complex vector spaces), most results are proven in fairly general contexts. The presentation is slanted in the direction of finite-dimensional vector spaces, since these will be our primary objects of interest in what follows. An outstanding reference for the topics to be discussed is [Halmos]. The reader should always bear in mind the definitions and constructions outlined in §1, as these are concrete examples of some of the abstract notions described here.
Either ZEB1 or ZEB2/SIP1 Can Play a Central Role in Regulating the Epstein-Barr Virus Latent-Lytic Switch in a Cell-Type-Specific Manner

We previously reported that the cellular protein ZEB1 can repress expression of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BZLF1 gene in transient transfection assays by directly binding its promoter, Zp. We also reported that EBV containing a 2-bp substitution mutation in the ZEB-binding ZV element of Zp spontaneously reactivated out of latency into lytic replication at a higher frequency than did wild-type EBV. Here, using small interfering RNA (siRNA) and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) technologies, we definitively show that ZEB1 is, indeed, a key player in maintaining EBV latency in some epithelial and B-lymphocytic cell lines. However, in other EBV-positive epithelial and B-cell lines, another zinc finger E-box-binding protein, ZEB2/SIP1, is the key player. Both ZEB1 and ZEB2 can bind Zp via the ZV element. In EBV-positive cells containing only ZEB1, knockdown of ZEB1 led to viral reactivation out of latency, with synthesis of EBV immediate-early and early lytic gene products. However, in EBV-positive cells containing both ZEBs, ZEB2, not ZEB1, was the primary ZEB family member bound to Zp. Knockdown of ZEB2, but not ZEB1, led to EBV lytic reactivation. Thus, we conclude that either ZEB1 or ZEB2 can play a central role in the maintenance of EBV latency, doing so in a cell-type-dependent manner.
Enabling intra-robotic capabilities adaptation using an organization-based multiagent system

In harsh or dangerous environments, robots can lose function in multiple sensors and effectors over the mission, thus reducing their overall capability. If the capabilities provided by these sensors/effectors are necessary for mission completion, having an adaptive system that can overcome these losses is critical to mission accomplishment. In this paper, we propose a solution using multiple agents, organized as a team, to give robots the ability to adapt and overcome sensor/effector loss. When a sensor/effector is lost, the team can reorganize to provide the robot highest operational utility, given its current capabilities. The robot can adapt to such losses by substituting other sets of sensors/effectors to provide the best overall capability. While the robot may operate at a lower level of effectiveness, it will be able continue its mission, if possible.
The Success of ICD-delivered ATP Therapy in Heart Failure Patients with Ventricular Tachycardia

Conclusions: SCIs are highly prevalent in the HFpEF population even with no prior AF diagnosis and are associated with measurable cognitive deficits. As AF is mechanistically linked to SCI, these data suggest that paroxysmal AF may be underdiagnosed in this population. There may be a role for increased heart rhythm surveillance in patients with HFpEF to prevent this mechanism of cognitive decline.
Banks' Equity Holdings and Their Impact on Security Issues

In this paper we study the effect of banks' equity holdings on the probability of firms being listed on the stock market as well as on issuing negotiated debt. We argue that banks take an equity position either to expropriate the current shareholders or strategically to open the possibility of future business opportunities once firms are listed on the stock market. The first reason hinders security issues while the second stimulates them. We have shown that when banks' stakes are low, the expropriating argument applies, while the strategic one does so for large stakes. We have proved our contentions making use of a sample composed of 5160 firms from 59 different countries for the period 2000-2004.
Accounting Certification in Central Asia: An Empirical Study

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the 15 former Soviet republics all started converting their inherited Soviet bookkeeping system to a market-oriented accounting system. They encountered several problems along the way. No one knew what a market oriented accounting system was all about. There were no books either in Russian or in any of the national languages on which might be termed western accounting, which made it difficult to learn the new system. Terminology was often a problem. As books began to be translated into Russian it became apparent that there were terminology problems. Russian words simply did not exist for many English terms. Perhaps the most interesting word that does not exist in the Russian language is accountant. They use the German word for bookkeeper. The Soviet mentality also considered accounting to be no more than bookkeeping. There was a certain logic for equating the two terms. In the Soviet era, accounting consisted mostly of bookkeeping. There was a chart of accounts that came out of Moscow in 1930 and it was adopted in all 15 Soviet republics. University students who studied bookkeeping took a course in bookkeeping that did not go beyond making journal entries. There was no such thing as financial statement analysis. Cost accounting was practically nonexistent. All prices are set centrally and have little or nothing to do with supply and demand. Calculating profit margins under such conditions becomes a meaningless exercise. It eventually became apparent that the recently privatized businesses had to convert to some internationally recognized accounting system. In most cases that system was International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and International Standards on Auditing (ISA). Any business that wanted to attract badly needed international capital had to be able to present financial statements that were based on an accounting system that could be understood and trusted internationally. But the companies that wanted to attract foreign investment were mostly the large companies. Small companies saw no need to adopt IFRS, since the old Soviet bookkeeping system seemed good enough for their purposes. Furthermore, national tax officials had no use for IFRS, since their tax systems were usually based on the cash method. Where there is no demand, there will be no supply. So there was not much grass roots support for changing to a system that was internationally recognized. Demand eventually began to increase as international investors and bankers demanded financial statements that used either IFRS or U.S. GAAP and many of them demanded annual audits conducted by the Big-4 accounting firms.
American College of Sports Medicine roundtable. The physiological and health effects of oral creatine supplementation.

Creatine (Cr) supplementation has become a common practice among professional, elite, collegiate, amateur, and recreational athletes with the expectation of enhancing exercise performance. Research indicates that Cr supplementation can increase muscle phosphocreatine (PCr) content, but not in all individuals. A high dose of 20 g x d(-1) that is common to many research studies is not necessary, as 3 g x d(-1) will achieve the same increase in PCr given time. Coincident ingestion of carbohydrate with Cr may increase muscle uptake; however, the procedure requires a large amount of carbohydrate. Exercise performance involving short periods of extremely powerful activity can be enhanced, especially during repeated bouts of activity. This is in keeping with the theoretical importance of an elevated PCr content in skeletal muscle. Cr supplementation does not increase maximal isometric strength, the rate of maximal force production, nor aerobic exercise performance. Most of the evidence has been obtained from healthy young adult male subjects with mixed athletic ability and training status. Less research information is available related to the alterations due to age and gender. Cr supplementation leads to weight gain within the first few days, likely due to water retention related to Cr uptake in the muscle. Cr supplementation is associated with an enhanced accrual of strength in strength-training programs, a response not independent from the initial weight gain, but may be related to a greater volume and intensity of training that can be achieved. There is no definitive evidence that Cr supplementation causes gastrointestinal, renal, and/or muscle cramping complications. The potential acute effects of high-dose Cr supplementation on body fluid balance has not been fully investigated, and ingestion of Cr before or during exercise is not recommended. There is evidence that medical use of Cr supplementation is warranted in certain patients (e.g.. neuromuscular disease); future research may establish its potential usefulness in other medical applications. Although Cr supplementation exhibits small but significant physiological and performance changes, the increases in performance are realized during very specific exercise conditions. This suggests that the apparent high expectations for performance enhancement, evident by the extensive use of Cr supplementation, are inordinate.
A Mobile Retroclavicular Lymph Node of Some Clinical Significance

The only clinically enlarged peripheral lymph node in three patients was one lying hidden deep behind the medial end of the clavicle. Its presence was established by instructing the patient to cough and strain; this dislocated the node up into the supraclavicular fossa, thus allowing biopsy.
Regulation by Reputation: Monitoring and Sanctioning in Nonprofit Accountability Clubs

Nonprofits seek to enhance their reputation for responsible management by joining voluntary regulation mechanisms such as accountability clubs. Because external stakeholders cannot fully observe nonprofits’ compliance with club obligations, clubs incorporate mechanisms to monitor compliance and impose sanctions. Yet including monitoring and sanctioning mechanisms increases the cost of club membership for nonprofits. What factors account for the variation in the strength of monitoring and sanctioning mechanisms in voluntary accountability clubs? An analysis of 224 clubs suggests that stringent monitoring and sanctioning mechanisms are more likely in fund-raising-focused clubs, clubs that offer certification (as opposed to only outlining a code of conduct), and clubs with greater longevity. The macro context in which clubs function also shapes their institutional design: clubs in OECD countries and clubs with global membership are less likely to incorporate monitoring and sanctioning mechanisms than clubs in non-OECD countries and single-country clubs, respectively.
Gendered Narratives in Anti-Stalinism and Anti-Communism during the Cold War: The Case of Juliet Poyntz

In June 1937, Juliet Poyntz left her boarding room at the American Woman's Association Clubhouse in Manhattan and was never seen again. Poyntz's story might have gone unnoticed if not for the fact that she was a U.S. citizen working for Soviet foreign intelligence. Her task was to recruit others with connections to Germany who would be willing to gather intelligence on the Nazi apparatus. After she disappeared, rumors circulated that she was abducted by the Soviet secret police and murdered or spirited back to the USSR and imprisoned. Anti-Stalinist radicals claimed that Poyntz was disillusioned with the Soviet Union and was murdered in retaliation. After World War II, Poyntz's disappearance fueled the fears of Communists such as Whittaker Chambers who became key witnesses at hearings held by the House Committee on Un-American Activities. Poyntz's disappearance symbolized the danger of Iosif Stalin's leadership in the 1930s, and after the war this evolved into fears of Communism itself as the main threat....
Contactless ultrasound detection using an optical ring resonator

We develop an air-couple ultrasound detector based on an optical fluidic ring resonator (OFRR) suspended on a Ushaped holder. The OFRR is a glass capillary with an outer diameter of approximately 130 μm and a wall thickness in the order of 1~10 μm. The circular cross section of the OFRR supports the high-Q whispering gallery mode (WGM) that circulates along the circumference. Incoming ultrasound pressure results in a small refractive index change in the glass wall and geometrical change in the OFRR shape, both of which in turn lead to a spectral shift in the WGM that can be sensitively detected owing to WGM with high optical Q-factors (>107). Due to the suspension nature of the OFRR, the ultrasound detection can be carried out in air, which is advantageous in comparison with other ultrasound detections that require acoustic coupling media such water, gel or solid. The sensitivity can be tuned and optimized by changing the diameter and wall thickness. Besides the optical detection, we also demonstrate optomechanical ultrasound mixing, in which optomechanical vibration is first excited within the OFRR that subsequently modulates the ultrasound wave. Our work will lead to the development of a new type of air-coupled ultrasound detector that can be used for photo-acoustic imaging, non-invasive ultrasound detection of external objects, and ultrasound detection/characterization of internal objects (such as particles and liquids) flowing inside the capillary.
Effect of Varying Light and Temperature Cycles on the Ovipositional Response of Malathion-Treated Indian Meal Moth Adults

Light was a primary stimulus in the ovipositional cycle of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) when the insects were exposed to normal light and temperature phasing. Temperature exhibited a secondary stimulus when it was out of phase with the normal light cycle. Under a normal 14:10-hour light:dark cycle and temperatures varying from 27 to 32°C with the high occurring at 5 PM, the peaks of oviposition occurred at 9 PM. Peaks also occurred at 9 PM with the same light cycle and reverse temperature conditions (high temperature at 7 AM). when light and temperature conditions were out of phase, the peaks assumed a bimodal tendency. Constant light conditions caused lessened egg production and accordingly less distinct peaks. Malathion caused the peak period of oviposition to occur on the 1st day with decreased production on all succeeding days. Egg viability was not affected by any change in light or temperature conditions.