cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential benefits of a Paired Approach procedure to closely spaced parallel runways in instrument and marginal visual conditions

This paper discusses a concept called ldquopaired approachesrdquo which is designed to facilitate approaches to closely spaced parallel runways (CSPRs) - i.e., runways separated by 700 ft to 2500 ft, in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). Such runway pairs experience a significant loss of arrival capacity during IMC and marginal visual conditions because currently, runway pairs like this can only be used for simultaneous arrivals when pilots can provide visual separation. The basic procedure design, operations concept, the required cockpit tools and initial feasibility of the paired approach concept were developed in the 1990psilas and included real time pilot and controller simulations and evaluations. These initial simulations indicated that the paired approach procedure was feasible for both pilots and controllers. This paper focuses on the potential benefits of the procedure. It first provides a brief review of the procedure and prior work. It discusses the variety of procedures currently available for parallel runways, and discusses the magnitude of the delay problem in the National Airspace System (NAS) not addressed by any of these existing procedures or procedures under development, but which the proposed paired approach procedure would address. It presents the potential capacity gain from the paired approach procedure at two representative major airports, and the percentage of time that the procedure could be available. The paper also presents a brief summary of potential infrastructure requirements for implementing the procedure, and concludes by providing an outline of the research and development needed to establish its deployment in the NAS.
FRAGILE FIBER3 , an Arabidopsis Gene Encoding a Type II Inositol Polyphosphate 5-Phosphatase, Is Required for Secondary Wall Synthesis and Actin Organization in Fiber Cells

Type II inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases (5PTases) in yeast and animals have been known to regulate the level of phosphoinositides and thereby influence various cellular activities, such as vesicle trafficking and actin organization. In plants, little is known about the phosphatases involved in hydrolysis of phosphoinositides, and roles of type II 5PTases in plant cellular functions have not yet been characterized. In this study, we demonstrate that the FRAGILE FIBER3 (FRA3) gene of Arabidopsis thaliana, which encodes a type II 5PTase, plays an essential role in the secondary wall synthesis in fiber cells and xylem vessels. The fra3 mutations caused a dramatic reduction in secondary wall thickness and a concomitant decrease in stem strength. These phenotypes were associated with an alteration in actin organization in fiber cells. Consistent with the defective fiber and vessel phenotypes, the FRA3 gene was found to be highly expressed in fiber cells and vascular tissues in stems. The FRA3 protein is composed of two domains, an N-terminal localized WD-repeat domain and a C-terminal localized 5PTase catalytic domain. In vitro activity assay demonstrated that recombinant FRA3 exhibited phosphatase activity toward PtdIns(4,5)P2, PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, and Ins(1,4,5)P3, with the highest substrate affinity toward PtdIns(4,5)P2. The fra3 missense mutation, which caused an amino acid substitution in the conserved motif II of the 5PTase catalytic domain, completely abolished the FRA3 phosphatase activity. Moreover, the endogenous levels of PtdIns(4,5)2 and Ins(1,4,5)P3 were found to be elevated in fra3 stems. Together, our findings suggest that the FRA3 type II 5PTase is involved in phosphoinositide metabolism and influences secondary wall synthesis and actin organization.
IPSILON: Incremental Parsing for Semantic Indexing of Latent Concepts

A new framework for content-based image retrieval, which takes advantage of the source characterization property of a universal source coding scheme, is investigated. Based upon a new class of multidimensional incremental parsing algorithm, extended from the Lempel-Ziv incremental parsing code, the proposed method captures the occurrence pattern of visual elements from a given image. A linguistic processing technique, namely the latent semantic analysis (LSA) method, is then employed to identify associative ensembles of visual elements, which lay the foundation for intelligent visual information analysis. In 2-D applications, incremental parsing decomposes an image into elementary patches that are different from the conventional fixed square-block type patches. When used in compressive representations, it is amenable in schemes that do not rely on average distortion criteria, a methodology that is a departure from the conventional vector quantization. We call this methodology a parsed representation. In this article, we present our implementations of an image retrieval system, called IPSILON, with parsed representations induced by different perceptual distortion thresholds. We evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the parsed representations by comparing their performance with that of four image retrieval systems, one using the conventional vector quantization for visual information analysis under the same LSA paradigm, another using a method called SIMPLIcity which is based upon an image segmentation and integrated region matching, and the other two based upon query-by-semantic-example and query-by-visual-example. The first two of them were tested with 20 000 images of natural scenes, and the others were tested with a portion of the images. The experimental results show that the proposed parsed representation efficiently captures the salient features in visual images and the IPSILON systems outperform other systems in terms of retrieval precision and distortion robustness.
Computed tomography angiographic demonstration of a ventricular septal defect.

1010-7940/$ see front matter q 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2004.06.024 Fig. 1. Post-processing ECG-gated chest CTA was performed on a 16 channel multid 16 Medical, Milwaukee, WI). (A) Axial 2D image at the mid-ventricular level demon Dissection flap with a large fenestration in the distal descending thoracic aorta is also reconstructed at the mid diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle (4D imaging) clearly de grafts used to replace the ascending aorta and the arch with elephant trunk techn reconstructed at the mid-systolic phase of the cardiac cycle demonstrates contrac (closed arrow). Dissection flap in the distal descending thoracic aorta is also denot
A Dry Phosphor Screening Method for Emissive Displays Using a Tacky Photopolymer

A dry phosphor deposition method for emissive display screens using DuPont's Tacky Dot photopolymer was developed. This tacky photopolymer, Cromalin, may be adhered to various substrates and patterned through the polymerization of the adhesive when exposed to UV light. It was found that Cromalin is activated at a wavelength of 340-370 nm and has a patterning resolution of at least 20 μm onto which phosphor particles were adhered. The phosphor loading characteristics and the decomposition properties of this adhesive material were evaluated to be suitable for emissive display screens. The degradation of the polymer in argon at 450°C was ∼83 to 86 wt %.
Attenuation-Predistortion Linearization of CMOS OTAs With Digital Correction of Process Variations in OTA-C Filter Applications

An architectural attenuation-predistortion linearization scheme for a wide range of operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) is proposed and demonstrated with a transconductance-capacitor (Gm-C) filter. The linearization technique utilizes two matched OTAs to cancel output harmonics, creating a robust architecture. Compensation for process variations and frequency-dependent distortion based on Volterra series analysis is achieved by employing a delay equalization scheme with on-chip programmable resistors. An OTA design with the proposed broadband linearization method has third-order inter-modulation (IM3) distortion better than -74 dB up to 350 MHz with 0.2V?? input, 70 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in 1 MHz bandwidth, and 5.2 mW power consumption. The distortion-cancellation technique enables an IM3 improvement of up to 22 dB compared to a commensurate OTA without linearization. A proof-of-concept low-pass filter with the linearized OTAs has a measured IM3 < - 70 dB and 54.5 dB dynamic range over its 195 MHz bandwidth. The standalone OTAs and the filter were fabricated on a 0.13 ?m CMOS test chip with 1.2 V supply.
RISC-y Memories

Local protein synthesis in the synapse is required for synaptic plasticity and has been implicated in learning and memory. However, direct evidence that behavioral training induces local protein synthesis has been lacking. In this issue of Cell, Ashraf et al. (2006) observe persistent local protein synthesis in the antennal lobe synapses of the fruit fly following olfactory-avoidance learning. This protein synthesis is regulated by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC).
Will Moore's Law Be Sufficient?

It seems well understood that supercomputer simulation is an enabler for scientific discoveries, weapons, and other activities of value to society. It also seems widely believed that Moores Law will make progressively more powerful supercomputers over time and thus enable more of these contributions. This paper seeks to add detail to these arguments, revealing them to be generally correct but not a smooth and effortless progression. This paper will review some key problems that can be solved with supercomputer simulation, showing that more powerful supercomputers will be useful up to a very high yet finite limit of around 1021 FLOPS (1 Zettaflops . The review will also show the basic nature of these extreme problems. This paper will review work by others showing that the theoretical maximum supercomputer power is very high indeed, but will explain how a straightforward extrapolation of Moores Law will lead to technological maturity in a few decades. The power of a supercomputer at the maturity of Moores Law will be very high by todays standards at 1016-1019 FLOPS (100 Petaflops to 10 Exaflops, depending on architecture , but distinctly below the level required for the most ambitious applications. Having established that Moores Law will not be that last word in supercomputing, this paper will explore the nearer term issue of what a supercomputer will look like at maturity of Moores Law. Our approach will quantify the maximum performance as permitted by the laws of physics for extension of current technology and then find a design that approaches this limit closely. We study a "multi-architecture" for supercomputers that combines a microprocessor with other "advanced" concepts and find it can reach the limits as well. This approach should be quite viable in the future because the microprocessor would provide compatibility with existing codes and programming styles while the "advanced" features would provide a boost to the limits of performance.
INTRAUTERINE GROWTH AS ESTIMATED FROM LIVEBORN BIRTH-WEIGHT DATA AT 24 TO 42 WEEKS OF GESTATION.

Percentile curves representing intrauterine growth of Caucasian infants in Colorado are constructed from the birthweights of liveborn infants at gestational ages ranging from 24 to 42 weeks. The median weights of Colorado babies were found to be lower at 40 weeks of gestation than the national median, and mean weights at 40 and 42 weeks were lower than those given by other authors. The use of the intrauterine growth chart in studying the nutrition of babies at birth and during their postnatal growth period has been described.
Reflections of a Social Justice Counselor in Training: What Action Research Has Meant to Me

This article details my professional identity development as a social justice counselor and the role that action research has played in supporting my development. As an action researcher and social justice counselor, I have come to understand my location in the larger field of counseling as an “outsider-within” (Collins, 1990), positioned in the “borderlands” (Anzaldua, 1987) of the field. Action research helped me to understand how this positioning creates both opportunity and challenge for me personally and professionally. I describe three key lessons learned from my work as an action researcher that translate to my envisioned role as a counselor: 1) the impact of power and privilege on relationships 2) the significance of the process itself, and finally, 3) change is messy. I argue that my own struggle to secure for myself a sense of place and legitimacy within the field of counseling reflects a similar struggle to that being experienced by social justice counseling in general within the larger field of counseling.
Introducton to Android development

Mobile devices, both phones and tablets, have seen tremendous growth in hte last few years. Android is one of te leading platforms, and, since it uses Java, which most CS students already know, it is relatvely easy to get started with. In this workshop, we will introduce some of the UI challenges for tablets and phones, and will give a hands-on introducton to Android development. Bring your laptop!
Cultural Competence Training for Law Enforcement Responding to Domestic Violence Emergencies With the Deaf and Hard of Hearing: A Mixed-Methods Evaluation

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a training workshop for law enforcement as first responders for the purpose of increasing officers' cultural competency in working with Deaf and hard-of-hearing people (Deaf/HH) during domestic violence (DV) emergencies. METHOD: This evaluation assesses the efficacy of a 2-hour training workshop for law enforcement. Thirty-four participants completed questionnaires at pre- and postintervention to assess participants' (1) satisfaction with training; (2) skills in responding to Deaf/HH individual(s) in a DV emergency; (3) attitudes toward the Deaf/HH, including bias recognition, self-assessment of cultural competency, and perceived self-efficacy; and (4) knowledge of communication. Focus groups (FGs) were also conducted (n = 6 for FG1, n = 13 for FG2). SPSS software was used to analyze survey data; principal components analysis was conducted on the survey instruments. RESULTS: There were significant differences between pre- and posttests for several targeted outcomes, including knowledge and perceived self-efficacy. Both survey and FG results demonstrated that participants gained cultural competency skills as indicated by changes in attitudes toward the Deaf/HH, both in DV emergencies and in large-scale emergencies. CONCLUSION: Significant differences were evident between pre and posttest results in terms of knowledge and perceived self-efficacy. Nonetheless, survey participants demonstrated a lack of knowledge about policy and the law. Survey findings also suggest that while a onetime training can improve the perceived self-efficacy of participants, shifting attitudes about the capabilities of the Deaf/HH may require different training strategies. FG participants demonstrated a greater awareness of the complexity of working with this population in a DV emergency. Language: en
Studies of the biogenic amine transporters. IV. Demonstration of a multiplicity of binding sites in rat caudate membranes for the cocaine analog [125I]RTI-55.

The drug 3 beta-[4'-iodophenyl]tropan-2 beta-carboxylic acid methyl ester (RTI-55) is a cocaine congener with high affinity for the dopamine transporter (Kd < 1 nM). The present study characterized [125I]RTI-55 binding to membranes prepared from rat, monkey and human caudates and COS cells transiently expressing the cloned rat dopamine (DA) transporter. Using the method of binding surface analysis, two binding sites were resolved in rat caudate: a high-capacity binding site (site 1, Bmax = 11,900 fmol/mg of protein) and a low-capacity site (site 2, Bmax = 846 fmol/mg of protein). The Kd (or Ki) values of selected drugs at the two sites were as follows: (Ki for high-capacity site and Ki for low-capacity site, respectively): RTI-55 (0.76 and 0.21 nM), 1-[2-diphenyl-methoxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine (0.79 and 358 nM), mazindol (37.6 and 631 nM), 2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane (45.0 and 540 nM) and cocaine (341 and 129 nM). Nisoxetine, a selective noradrenergic uptake blocker, had low affinity for both sites. Serotonergic uptake blockers had a high degree of selectivity and high affinity for the low-capacity binding site (Ki of citalopram = 0.38 nM; Ki of paroxetine = 0.033 nM). The i.c.v. administration of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine to rats pretreated with nomifensine (to protect dopaminergic and noradrenergic nerve terminals) selectively decreased the Bmax of site 2, strongly supporting the idea that site 2 is a binding site on the serotonin (5-HT) transporter. This serotonergic lesion also increased the affinity of [125I]RTI-55 for the DA transporter by 10-fold. The ligand selectivity of the caudate 5-HT transporter was different from the [I125]RTI-55 binding site on the 5-HT transporter present in membranes prepared from whole rat brain minus caudate. The [125I]RTI-55 binding to the DA transporter was further resolved into two components, termed sites 1a and 1b, by using human and monkey (Macaca mulatta) caudate membranes but not the membranes prepared from rat caudate or COS cells that transiently expressed the cloned cocaine-sensitive DA transporter complementary DNA. Similar experiments also resolved two components of the caudate 5-HT transporter. Viewed collectively, these data provide evidence that [125I]RTI-55 labels multiple binding sites associated with the DA and 5-HT transporters.
The Impact of Same-Sex Marriage on Hawaii's Economy and Government: An Update After the U.S. Supreme Court's Same-Sex Marriage Decisions

This report provides an update on the potential impact of marriage equality in Hawai'i on the stateâ€™s economy in light of the U.S. Supreme Courtâ€™s recent DOMA and Proposition 8 decisions. We find that marriage equality is likely to lead to substantial increases in Hawai'i visitor arrivals, visitor spending, and state and county general excise tax revenues due to pent-up demand for same-sex marriage. Over the 2014-2016 period, we estimate that additional visitor spending due to marriage equality would amount to $217 million. The additional gains in visitor spending are time-sensitive: Spending by U.S. same-sex couples and their guests on honeymoons and marriages will be diverted to other states until Hawai'i recognizes marriage equality.
[44] (with P. R. Garabedian and H. Lewy) Axially symmetric cavitational flow

This well-known paper is concerned with axially symmetric cavitational flow in three dimensions. Such flow occurs when a body moves so quickly in water that the fluid pressure falls to vapor pressure and a cavity of steam develops behind the body. If the body is axially symmetric and moves in the direction of the axis, and if the fluid (and cavity) fill all of \({\mathbb{R}}^{3},\) then the flow is also symmetric about the axis. (For plane cavitational irrotational flow in two dimensions, there had been much earlier work.)
Monte Carlo investigation of the thermodynamic properties of (H2O)n and (H2O)nH2 (n = 2-20) clusters.

The classical thermodynamic properties of water clusters modeled by the TIP4P potential with and without the inclusion of molecular hydrogen are calculated using Monte Carlo methods. The temperatur...
Continuity and discontinuity in the affective experiences of parents and children: Evidence from the New York Longitudinal Study.

Canonical correlation described continuity and discontinuity in salient covariates of emotional and interactional components in parent-child relationships among NYLS participants from middle adolescence to young adulthood. The results underscore the importance of multiple indicators of parent-child relationship quality, and their implications for assessment and intervention efforts are discussed.
Beaten by a Woman: Rabelais's Critique of Machiavelli on Fortune

A devoted humanist, Francois Rabelais engaged in contemporary debates regarding politics and philosophy. Although Machiavelli’s works were published when Rabelais wrote, and although Rabelais evaluated Machiavelli’s works, scholars have not adequately investigated these thinkers’ relationship. Rabelais shares Machiavelli’s concern for the theme of fortune. As this theme develops in the Tiers Livre de Pantagruel, Rabelais recommends the approach of passivity in the face of chance offered by ancient philosophy over Machiavelli’s approach of decisive, aggressive action. This article demonstrates that Rabelais uses the character of Panurge to display Machiavellianism’s shortcomings. Rabelais measures Panurge’s Machiavellianism against the philosophy of Pantagruelism inspired by Socrates and Diogenes.
Application and Researching of Lightweight Castable Refractory

Heavy oil contract crack process is a new technique developed by LPEC, Sinopec. The research and application of lightweight refractory castable (LRC) used to HCC is introduced. It is prepared with calcined bauxite, expanded perlite aggregates , cenospher, silica fume , Al_2O_3_micro_powder and aluminate cement, etc. as raw materials. The effect of batch mixture on the performances, such as chemical composition, bulk density and CMOR,CCS,PLC after firing to 110℃, 540℃, 850℃, etc. is also researched. This LRC has been applied to the lining of HCC constructed by FSPC, Sinopec.
Research development of alkanes isomerization over tungsten based catalysts

As one of the main routes to produce high-octane gasoline blending components in the crude oil refining industry,alkanes isomerization has drawn much attention throughout the world because it can greatly improve the gasoline quality.For alkanes isomerization,one of the key issues is to develop catalysts with higher activity and higher stability,which has been widely pursued due to its importance both in academic research and in industrial utilization.The latest progress and the potential trend of the tungsten-based catalysts were summarized.Preparation of tungsten-based catalysts and the reactive mechanism were reviewed in this paper.Finally,the developing prospect of tungsten-based catalysts was predicted.
A Priority Access Mechanism for WLAN Performance Optimization

Services of Different types grow rapidly in WLAN,and different services require different priorities.different priority service is sets up to different wireless terminals in WLAN,and optimized the key parameters AIFS and TXOP separately,so wireless terminals with high service requirement can access channel in priority to transmit packages,and terminals with high priority get higher network performance.Simulation results show that when the services require much of audio and video,the proposed priority access mechanism can let wireless terminals with high priority service access channel earlier,and have smaller time delay and higher network performance.
The Continent Vesicostomy: Clinical Experiences in the Adult

AbstractDuring a 2-year period continent vesicostomy has been attempted in 17 adults and a continent stoma has been achieved in all but 4 patients. Operative morbidity is low and there has been no operative mortality. Definition of precise indications and contraindications must await further experience but this operative procedure seems to be a useful alternative in the management of neurogenic bladder and incontinence.
Measurement and some correlates of need-cognition.

A 15-scale true-false questionnaire, the Self-Other Test, Form C, was constructed to measure the dimensions of need-cognition, the need to know and understand. Intercorrelations of the scales showed a degree of overlap among some dimensions of need-cognition. Most of the scales reflecting these dimensions were reliably measured. The Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale, which is included in Form C, correlated positively with the most broadly cognitive scales of the Self-Other Test, Scales I. Vigorous Cathexis for Theories and Relationships, V. Cognitive Bookworm, and A. Proud, Enthusiastic Intellectual Scale. The Ambiguity Scale also correlated negatively with the anti-cognitive scales, Scales VI. Social Anti-intellectualism, and VII. Religious Anti-intellectualism. A Sentence Completion Test of Cognitive Motivation (SCT) was also devised. Positive correlations were found between the SCT and Self-Other Test Scales I, V, and A, and negative correlations between the SCT and Scales VI and VII. When cognitive and non...
Quintilian’s Message, Again: His Philosophy of Education

ABSTRACTThis essay discusses the philosophical grounding of Quintilian’s Institutio Oratoria in order to appreciate the rationale for his view that rhetoric is central to education. This appreciation for Quintilian’s orientation is intended not only to garner a deeper understanding of the principles behind his view of education but also to offer insights to the issues that we share today with respect to teaching oral and written expression. One of the central topics of this essay is how Quintilian reconceptualized the concept of declamation away from its sophistic forms to a problem-solving system of casuistry that provided a ratio for developing proficiency in adjudicating issues of value and preference.
6. Cummings’ All in Green Went My Love Riding

(1967). 6. Cummings’ All in Green Went My Love Riding. The Explicator: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 8-11.
Introduction: Girls of Color, Sex, and Healthy Sexuality

In this introductory chapter, we discuss who are girls of color and how have girls of color and their sexuality been framed in various related fields. We also situate our work in current contexts, briefly reviewing the context of hypersexualization of girls. We introduce the chapters to come and we discuss our positions in terms of our own racial identities and histories with respect to the writing of this book, the interviewing of the girls of color, and the teaching of the sex education classes.
MUC1-C activates BMI1 in human cancer cells

B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (BMI1) is a component of the polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) complex that is overexpressed in breast and other cancers, and promotes self-renewal of cancer stem-like cells. The oncogenic mucin 1 (MUC1) C-terminal (MUC1-C) subunit is similarly overexpressed in human carcinoma cells and has been linked to their self-renewal. There is no known relationship between MUC1-C and BMI1 in cancer. The present studies demonstrate that MUC1-C drives BMI1 transcription by a MYC-dependent mechanism in breast and other cancer cells. In addition, we show that MUC1-C blocks miR-200c-mediated downregulation of BMI1 expression. The functional significance of this MUC1-C→BMI1 pathway is supported by the demonstration that targeting MUC1-C suppresses BMI1-induced ubiquitylation of H2A and thereby derepresses homeobox HOXC5 and HOXC13 gene expression. Notably, our results further show that MUC1-C binds directly to BMI1 and promotes occupancy of BMI1 on the CDKN2A promoter. In concert with BMI1-induced repression of the p16INK4a tumor suppressor, we found that targeting MUC1-C is associated with induction of p16INK4a expression. In support of these results, analysis of three gene expresssion data sets demonstrated highly significant correlations between MUC1-C and BMI1 in breast cancers. These findings uncover a previously unrecognized role for MUC1-C in driving BMI1 expression and in directly interacting with this stem cell factor, linking MUC1-C with function of the PRC1 in epigenetic gene silencing.
A case study in multi-core parallelism for the reliability evaluation of composite power systems

The probabilistic evaluation of composite power system reliability is an important but computationally intense task that requires the sampling/searching of a large search space. While multiple methods have been used for performing these computations, a remaining area of research is the impact that modern platforms for parallel computation may have on this computation. Studies have been performed in the past, but they have been primarily limited to cluster-based computing. In addition, the most recent works in this area have used outdated technology or been evaluated using smaller test systems. In the modern era, a wide variety of platforms are available for achieving parallelism in computation including options like multi-core processors, clusters, and accelerators. Each of these platforms provides unique opportunities for accelerating computation and exploiting scalability. In order to fill this gap in the research, this study implements and evaluates two methods of parallel computation—batch parallelism and pipeline parallelism—using a multi-core architecture in a cloud computing environment on Amazon Web Services using up to 36 virtual compute cores. Further, the methodologies are contrasted and compared in terms of computation time, speedup, efficiency, and scalability. Results are collected using IEEE reliability test systems, and speedups upwards of 5x are demonstrated across multiple test systems.
Opportunities and challenges for personal heat exposure research

Background: Environmental heat exposure is a public health concern. The impacts of environmental heat on mortality and morbidity at the population scale are well documented, but little is known abo...
Brain Slice Staining and Preparation for Three-Dimensional Super-Resolution Microscopy

Localization microscopy techniques-such as photoactivation localization microscopy (PALM), fluorescent PALM (FPALM), ground state depletion (GSD), and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM)-provide the highest precision for single-molecule localization currently available. However, localization microscopy has been largely limited to cell cultures due to the difficulties that arise in imaging thicker tissue sections. Sample fixation and antibody staining, background fluorescence, fluorophore photoinstability, light scattering in thick sections, and sample movement create significant challenges for imaging intact tissue. We have developed a sample preparation and image acquisition protocol to address these challenges in rat brain slices. The sample preparation combined multiple fixation steps, saponin permeabilization, and tissue clarification. Together, these preserve intracellular structures, promote antibody penetration, reduce background fluorescence and light scattering, and allow acquisition of images deep in a 30 μm thick slice. Image acquisition challenges were resolved by overlaying samples with a permeable agarose pad and custom-built stainless-steel imaging adapter, and sealing the imaging chamber. This approach kept slices flat, immobile, bathed in imaging buffer, and prevented buffer oxidation during imaging. Using this protocol, we consistently obtained single-molecule localizations of synaptic vesicle and active zone proteins in three dimensions within individual synaptic terminals of the striatum in rat brain slices. These techniques may be easily adapted to the preparation and imaging of other tissues, substantially broadening the application of super-resolution imaging.
How to Enhance Student Motivations by Borrowing from Ancient Tradition: Egyptian Fractions

How can we increase a person’s interest in some topic, a person’s excitement in studying this topic? Each student already has some topics about which he or she is excited, so a natural way to increase the students’ interest in the topic of study is to relate this topic to the topics about which the student is already excited.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Stilbene Analogues as Hsp90 C-Terminal Inhibitors

The design, synthesis and biological evaluation of stilbene-based novobiocin analogs is reported. Replacement of the biaryl amide side chain with a triazole side chain produced compounds that exhibited good anti-proliferative activities. Hsp90 inhibition was observed when N-methyl piperidine was replaced with acyclic tertiary amines on the stilbene analogs that also contain a triazole-derived side chain. These studies revealed that ~24 A is the optimal length for compounds that exhibit good anti-proliferative activity as a result of Hsp90 inhibition.
Imaging, distribution and toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide magnetic resonance agents in rat brain and intracerebral tumor

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 3786 Superparamagnetic iron oxide particle magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agents are gaining use in the central nervous system (CNS) for characterizing delivery and trafficking of particles and cells in brain and intracerebral tumors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the CNS imaging characteristics, time course, and neurotoxicity of the clinical iron oxide agents ferumoxtran-10, ferumoxides, and ferumoxytol, and the laboratory preparation MION-46. Normal rats received iron oxide agents by direct intracerebral inoculation (5 or 25 μg, n = 26) or intra-arterially (10 mg/kg, n = 12) immediately after osmotic blood brain barrier (BBB) opening. Nude rats (n = 19) with intracerebral tumor xenografts received iron oxide agents IV (10 mg/kg). Rat brains were imaged by MR at multiple time points, then assessed for iron histochemistry and pathology. After intracerebral injection, signal changes declined slowly over weeks to months. The distribution of T1 enhancement and T2 signal drop out approximated the histological distribution of iron staining, while the GRET2* images showed signal blooming. After transvascular delivery, transient (3 d) T1 enhancement was seen with ferumoxtran-10 or ferumoxytol, while ferumoxides induced long term (28 d) GRET2* signal dropout. No pathological brain cell or myelin changes were detected after either intracerebral inoculation or BBB disruption delivery of the clinical iron oxide agents. In tumor models, ferumoxtran-10 rapidly enhanced one small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) intracerebral tumor, which correlated with iron staining in cells with macrophage morphology in necrotic areas and at the tumor margin. Little enhancement was seen in another SCLC model or a glioblastoma model. These studies provide imaging parameters and time course data for future studies with iron oxide-based MR contrast agents in the CNS.
Depot leuprolide acetate with estrogen and progestin add-back for long-term treatment of premenstrual syndrome * †

Objective To test the effectiveness and safety of long-term depot leuprolide acetate (GnRH-a) plus estrogen and progestin add-back therapy in the treatment of moderate and severe premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Design A prospective trial with each patient serving as her own control. Setting University teaching hospital. Participants Ten women with regular menstrual cycles complaining of moderate to severe PMS. Premenstrual syndrome was diagnosed when symptoms increased ≥25% during the luteal phase. Treatment Four-weekcycles of IM injections of placebo or GnRH-a with all patients receiving saline (placebo), the first cycle followed by 12cycles of GnRH-a, 7.5mg. Conjugated equine estrogen (0.625mg/d) was started Monday through Saturday within the first cycle and increased as needed. Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), 10mg/d, was taken orally for 10days after 4, 8, and 12cycles of GnRH-a therapy. Main Outcome Measures Changes in three symptom categories (water retention, pain, and psychological function), serum levels of total cholesterol and HDL, HDL-2, and LDL cholesterol, E 2 , and estrone. Endometrial biopsy was obtained 1day after the end of the 12th GnRH-a cycle, and bone density was assessed using quantitative computer tomography at the end of the 12th GnRH-a cycle. Results During treatment, there was a significant decrease compared with baseline and placebo in all three symptom categories. There were no significant changes in lipids. Endometrial biopsies revealed progestational changes with no evidence of hyperplasia. Quantitative computer tomography bone density dropped 3.7 on average compared with baseline after 12months of treatment, but this was not statistically significant. Conclusion Gnadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy with hormonal add-back therapy is effective in treating PMS symptoms with progressive improvement over a 12-month period. This therapy prevents changes in lipids and adequately protects the endometrium with the addition of MPA every 4th cycle. Quantitative computer tomography bone density dropped at 12months; further examination of bone changes is necessary.
Legitimating the Transnational Family

Legitimation represents a widening chasm at the intersection of immigration and family law. Agencies’ and courts’ persistent misguided reliance on biology as a paramount dispositive factor in determining who qualifies as a family for the purposes of immigration and nationality is increasingly at odds with family law’s growing aspiration of a nuanced, inclusive, and complex vision of the legal family. Immigration and nationality law has been interpreted to significantly privilege parent-child relationships linked by biological connection, despite the Immigration and Nationality Act’s (INA) express reliance on state family law frameworks that have evolved beyond that narrow idea. Agencies tasked with enforcement of immigration and nationality laws have gone so far as to add a biological component to family recognition, even when the INA does not require one. This Article argues that the outdated fixation on biology in the enforcement of immigration law is a manifestation of the racially exclusionary and patriarchal ideals that animate the concept of jus sanguinis citizenship, rooted in a xenophobic infatuation with purity of bloodlines. Upholding that regime of biological supremacy has caused legal actors to cling to the otherwise obsolete notion of legitimation, which is derived from archaic social and religious norms. As a result of these perverse policy choices, queer and non-biological transnational families face the harms of non-recognition under immigration and nationality law and of deprivation of the right to automatically confer citizenship from parent to child. This Article argues that biological supremacy based in jus sanguinis is fundamentally flawed as a construct of national belonging. Accordingly, the time has come for jus sanguinis citizenship to be reconceptualized as jus parentis, or parentage right citizenship—a nationality regime based upon parenthood rather than reproduction—in order to give way to a more equitable and rational approach to the conferral of citizenship between parent and child.
AIDS dementia is associated with massive, activated HIV-1 infection and concomitant expression of several cytokines.

We recently showed that acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) dementia is associated with activated infection of microglia, neurons, and astrocytes by HIV-1. However, it is doubtful whether infection per se is responsible for the dramatic symptoms associated with AIDS dementia. The purpose of this study was to determine the histologic distribution of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of several cytokines that have been implicated in AIDS pathogenesis and to correlate this expression pattern with the in situ localization of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified HIV-1 nucleic acids in the central nervous system (CNS). HIV-1 DNA was detected by PCR in situ hybridization. HIV-1 RNA and cytokine expression, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF), inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS), and macrophage inflammatory protein α (MIP-1α) and MIP-1β mRNA were detected by reverse transcriptase (RT) in situ PCR. Amplified viral DNA was detected in each of the seven HIV-1-positive cases and in none of the five negative controls. In people with AIDS dementia, many HIV-1 DNA-positive cells were detected in regions of the CNS that corresponded to clinical symptomatology. In AIDS patients with minimal CNS involvement, rare HIV-1-infected microglial cells were noted. Viral RNA was detected primarily in cases of AIDS dementia. TNF, iNOS, MIP-1α and MIP-1β expression localized to tissues from AIDS dementia cases where HIV-1 infected cells were plentiful. Colocalization experiments showed that these cytokines were transcribed mostly by viral-negative cells. These results suggest that two key elements in AIDS dementia are massive productive viral infection, involving microglia, neurons, and astrocytes, and concomitant stimulation of cytokine transcription in the neighboring uninfected cells.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Tracking In Vivo: A Comparison of Short-Term and Long-Term Repopulating Cells

We have previously demonstrated that we could separate long-term repopulating stem cells from cells that provided radioprotection (short-term repopulating cells) on the basis of size and suggested that this might be due to the quiescent nature of long-term repopulating cells. To further define the activity of these populations, we used a dye (PKH26), which incorporates into the membrane of cells and is equally distributed to daughter cells when they divide. We developed an assay, which allowed us to retrieve PKH26+ long-term and short-term repopulating cells in the hematopoietic tissues of the recipients posttransplant. We were able to recover the labeled cells and determine their cell cycle activity, as well as their ability to reconstitute secondary lethally irradiated hosts in limiting dilution. The results of our assay suggest that long-term repopulating cells are quiescent in the bone marrow (BM) 48 hours after transplant. We were able to detect only a few labeled cells in the peripheral blood posttransplant and even though cells homed to both the spleen and BM, more long-term repopulating cells homed to the marrow and only these cells, which homed to the marrow, were capable of reconstituting lethally irradiated secondary hosts long-term.
Handwritten character recognition: nifty assignment

In this Nifty Assignment, for use in an Artificial Intelligence course, students are given code for a GUI in which they can draw and save handwritten characters on a 20x20 grid. Both the provided code and student solutions are written in Java. They employ a self-organizing map (SOM), which is a type of neural network that reduces a high-dimensional input space into a lower-dimensional output space. It is trained by means of an unsupervised learning algorithm. They must implement the following: 1. The Self-Organizing Map unsupervised learning algorithm, using a threshold neighborhood function. 2. A means of encoding binary drawings as SOM inputs. 3. A classification algorithm that translates SOM outputs into labels.
Nasal obstruction in children.

Acute nasopharyngitis and adenoidal hypertrophy, common causes of nasal obstruction in children, are reviewed. The less common, but equally important, congenital and neoplastic lesions that result in blocked ** nasal airways in children are discussed in detail.
Omics Platforms: Importance of Twenty-First Century Genome-Enabled Technologies in Seed Developmental Research for Improved Seed Quality and Crop Yield

As the global population increases, so does the demand for caloric intake provided from agricultural crops. Agricultural food production depends predominantly on those species which propagate through seed formation, such as cereals and legumes. The available seed supply of agriculturally important crop varieties with enhanced disease resistance and improved yield is critical for improving food crop production. Traditional techniques used to identify favorable crop characteristics for use in plant breeding are often inadequate in determining specific gene-trait associations. This has resulted in a shift towards integrating plant breeding with new omics technologies. Twenty-first century omics technologies take advantage of many recently released crop genome sequences to investigate gene-function through four disciplines: First, genomics characterizes genome wide expression of DNA; secondly, proteomics studies global protein function and expression; thirdly, transcriptomics is the study of RNA regulation; and fourthly, interactomics is the analysis of complex protein-protein interactions. Examining gene-function of important seed characteristics, through use of omics technology, could reveal critical components that could be exploited for improving seed quality and yield.
Foreword: Contextualizing the Debate between Originalism and the Living Constitution

One of the most important contemporary constitutional debates is whether the meaning of the Constitution may evolve in light of current circumstances, or whether the Constitution should be interpreted in accordance with how the text was understood by the public that ratified it. The 2011 Drake Constitutional Law Center Symposium addressed this debate by examining Professor David Strauss’s The Living Constitution, which argues the Constitution should be interpreted as a living document using the techniques of the common law. The participants included Keith Whittington, the William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Politics, Princeton University; Rebecca Brown, the Newton Professor of Constitutional Law, University of Southern California; and Will Waluchow, the Senator William McMaster Chair in Constitutional Studies, McMaster University. This foreword is divided into two parts. Part II briefly contextualizes the debate temporally and spatially. Oddly, scholars have largely ignored the societal and historical context of the debate as well as whether Americans might learn from how constitutional courts abroad deal with analogous interpretive problems. Intellectual debates do not occur in a vacuum, however, but are shaped by wider social and political struggles. Part III summarizes the superb papers presented at the symposium.
Water in Biological Systems as Studied by NMR and Neutron Scattering Techniques

Although water constitutes 60–90% of the weight of most biological tissues, its physical state within the cell has not yet been clearly characterized. Therefore, all attempts to understand the unequal distribution of ions between the inside and the outside of cells, the dynamic aspects of solute and water movement into and out of cells, and the bioelectric phenomena of cells, require fundamental assumptions concerning the physical state of cellular water. Ultimately, an understanding of cellular function will require a detailed characterization of the physical state of water.
Donor-Dependent Promotion of Interfacial Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Aqueous Electrocatalysis

Efficient interfacial electrocatalysis requires rapid concerted proton–electron transfer (CPET) at the electrode surface, a process for which there is little mechanistic understanding. In aqueous media, multiple proton donors coexist, adding to the mechanistic complexity. Herein, we examine the rate of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on Au, a proxy for CPET to Au, as a function of the concentration of exogenous phosphate and borate proton donors. We find that the reaction order in phosphate is 0.6, whereas the reaction order in borate is close to 0, indicating that phosphate, unlike borate, can outcompete water as a proton donor for interfacial CPET. Promotion in phosphate is substantial; the rate of the HER on Au in saturated potassium phosphate at pH 6.8 is identical to the rate of the HER on Au at pH 1. Additionally, we demonstrate that buffer-promoted CPET is a phenomenon that extends beyond Au to an Earth-abundant catalyst, NiSx. Kinetic data indicate that interfacial CPET cannot be viewed as a...