cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular and Cellular Organization of Taste Neurons in Adult Drosophila Pharynx

The Drosophila pharyngeal taste organs are poorly characterized despite their location at important sites for monitoring food quality. Functional analysis of pharyngeal neurons has been hindered by the paucity of molecular tools to manipulate them, as well as their relative inaccessibility for neurophysiological investigations. Here, we generate receptor-to-neuron maps of all three pharyngeal taste organs by performing a comprehensive chemoreceptor-GAL4/LexA expression analysis. The organization of pharyngeal neurons reveals similarities and distinctions in receptor repertoires and neuronal groupings compared to external taste neurons. We validate the mapping results by pinpointing a single pharyngeal neuron required for feeding avoidance of L-canavanine. Inducible activation of pharyngeal taste neurons reveals functional differences between external and internal taste neurons and functional subdivision within pharyngeal sweet neurons. Our results provide roadmaps of pharyngeal taste organs in an insect model system for probing the role of these understudied neurons in controlling feeding behaviors.
Patient-specific organ and effective dose estimates in pediatric oncology computed tomography

Abstract Purpose Estimate organ and effective doses from computed tomography scans of pediatric oncologic patients using patient-specific information. Materials and Methods With IRB approval patient-specific scan parameters and patient size obtained from DICOM images and vendor-provided dose monitoring application were obtained for a cross-sectional study of 1250 pediatric patients from 0 through 20 y-olds who underwent head, chest, abdomen-pelvis, or chest-abdomen-pelvis CT scans. Patients were categorized by age. Organ doses and effective doses were estimated using VirtualDose™ CT based on patient-specific information, tube current modulation (TCM), and age-specific realistic phantoms. CTDIvol, DLP, and dose results were compared with those reported in the literature. Results CTDIvol and DLP varied widely as patient size varied. The 75th percentiles of CTDIvol and DLP were no greater than in the literature with the exception of head scans of 16–20 y-olds and of abdomen-pelvis scans of larger patients. Eye lens dose from a head scan was up to 69 mGy. Mean organ doses agreed with other studies at maximal difference of 38% for chest and 41% for abdomen-pelvis scans. Mean effective dose was generally higher for older patients. The highest effective doses were estimated for the 16–20 y-olds as: head 3.3 mSv, chest 4.1 mSv, abdomen-pelvis 10.0 mSv, chest-abdomen-pelvis 14.0 mSv. Conclusion Patient-specific organ and effective doses have been estimated for pediatric oncologic patients from
The Promise of Accountable Care Organizations: “The Code,” Reimbursement, and an Ethical No-Win Situation for Behavior Analysts

Clinical ethics, with its emphasis on the actions of clinicians, risks overlooking the ways in which broader health-care structures influence the behavior of health-care providers. Analysis of a factual case study demonstrates that status quo reimbursement practices may place behavior analysts in a position where, no matter how they act, they risk acting unethically. By contrast, the reimbursement model set by accountable care organizations (ACOs), part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (also known as Obamacare), may offer a solution. However, making good on the promise of ACOs will require more resources than any individual behavior analyst possesses. In order to encourage institutional structures that facilitate ethical practice, behavior analysts’ professional organizations should engage in contemporary political discussions about the state of American health care.
Everyday life in global morocco

How do people around the world encounter globalisation in their daily lives? Since the publication of Shana Cohen's Searching For A Different Future (2004), there has been little detailed ethnograp...
Experimentally derived turbulence filters applied to low amplitude sonic booms

Turbulence effects on low amplitude sonic booms are not currently well understood. In 2011, NASA funded an experiment to collect data using a large linear microphone array, consisting of 81 ground placed microphones spaced 125-feet apart, as a supersonic F-18B aircraft flew over the array. Most of the measurements were made during aircraft maneuvers designed to place a focus boom on the microphones. However, a few flights were straight and level passes of the aircraft over the array. Data from two of these level passes were used to estimate filter functions that describe the variation at each microphone relative to the mean response across the array. Two approaches were implemented, one is frequency domain and the second is time domain. The resulting filters can be applied to other non-turbulent boom waveforms to estimate the changes in either the spectrum or time domain signature due to the variations observed during these flights. Variation in loudness level both outdoors and indoors when these filters ...
Epidemiology of Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis in Critically Ill Adolescents

Objective To determine the epidemiology of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in critically ill adolescents, which currently is unclear. Study design We performed a multicenter, prospective, cohort study. Adolescents aged 13-17 years who were admitted to 6 pediatric intensive care units and were anticipated to receive cardiopulmonary support for at least 48 hours were eligible, unless they were admitted with DVT or pulmonary embolism or were receiving or anticipated to receive therapeutic anticoagulation. While patients were in the unit, serial sonograms of the lower extremities were performed, then centrally adjudicated. Bayesian statistics were used to leverage the similarities between adults and adolescents. Results A total of 88 adolescents were enrolled, from whom 184 lower extremity sonograms were performed. Of these, 9 adolescents developed DVT, with 1 having bilateral DVT. The frequency of DVT was 12.4% (95% credible interval: 6.1%, 20.1%), which ranged from 6.3% to 19.8% with a variability of 41.0% across units. All cases of DVT occurred in adolescents who received invasive mechanical ventilation (frequency: 16.5%; 95% credible interval 8.1%, 26.6%). DVT was associated with femoral central venous catheterization (OR 15.44; 95% credible interval 1.62, 69.05) and severe illness (OR for every 0.1 increase in risk of mortality 3.11; 95% credible interval 1.19, 6.85). DVT appears to be associated with prolonged days on support. Conclusions Our findings highlight the similarities and differences in the epidemiology of DVT between adults and adolescents. They support the conduct and inform the design of a trial of pharmacologic prophylaxis in critically ill adolescents.
Longitudinal Changes in Symptom Cluster Membership in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Purpose To describe changes in symptom cluster membership over 1 year and to examine which demographic and clinical factors predict changes in symptom cluster membership among adults with inflammatory bowel disease. Design A retrospective longitudinal study of the Crohn's & Colitis Foundation of America Partners Cohort from 2012 to 2015. Methods We measured symptoms of pain interference, fatigue, sleep disturbance, depression, and anxiety. We used latent transition analysis to describe changes in symptom cluster membership (baseline, 6 months, and 12 months) and multinomial regressions to examine factors associated with symptom cluster membership transition. Findings Four groups were identified (N = 5,296): high symptom burden (32.3%-35.3%), low symptom burden (24.2%-27.1%), physical symptoms (19.0%-20.9%; pain, fatigue, sleep disturbance), and psychological symptoms (20.0%-21.5%; depression, anxiety). The probability of staying in the same group was .814 to .905. Moving from active disease into remission was associated with moving from the high burden to low burden and psychological symptom groups. Conclusions Symptom cluster membership was quite stable over 1 year. Research is needed to understand the underlying etiology of symptom clusters better and to develop interventions to reduce symptom burden in this vulnerable population. Clinical relevance Careful consideration of symptom management options should be done with patients to select options that are effective and potentially target multiple symptoms.
Objective analysis of toolmarks in forensics

Since the 1993 court case of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. the subjective nature of toolmark comparison has been questioned by attorneys and law enforcement agencies alike. This has led to an increased drive to establish objective comparison techniques with known error rates, much like those that DNA analysis is able to provide. This push has created research in which the 3-D surface profile of two different marks are characterized and the marks’ cross-sections are run through a comparative statistical algorithm to acquire a value that is intended to indicate the likelihood of a match between the marks. The aforementioned algorithm has been developed and extensively tested through comparison of evenly striated marks made by screwdrivers. However, this algorithm has yet to be applied to quasi-striated marks such as those made by the shear edge of slip-joint pliers. The results of this algorithm’s application to the surface of copper wire will be presented. Objective mark comparison also extends to comparison of toolmarks made by firearms. In an effort to create objective comparisons, microstamping of firing pins and breech faces has been introduced. This process involves placing unique alphanumeric identifiers surrounded by a radial code on the surface of firingmore » pins, which transfer to the cartridge’s primer upon firing. Three different guns equipped with microstamped firing pins were used to fire 3000 cartridges. These cartridges are evaluated based on the clarity of their alphanumeric transfers and the clarity of the radial code surrounding the alphanumerics.« less
The Plate Spinner: A Stress Awareness Activity

(1986). The Plate Spinner: A Stress Awareness Activity. Health Education: Vol. 17, Teaching Ideas, pp. 9-9.
Optical Polarization Tractography Imaging of Structural Changes in the Skeletal and Cardiac Muscles of the mdx4cv Mice

Optical polarization tractography (OPT) is a recently developed imaging technology that can quantitatively evaluate the three-dimensional fiber organization in tissue with microscopic resolution. In this chapter, we first introduce the basic principle and system design of this technology. We then show its applications for imaging skeletal muscle damage and heart structural remodeling in the mdx4cv mice, a mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Because of its relatively low system cost, high imaging speed, and cellular-level resolution, OPT may become an effective tool for phenotype assessment in the research of neuromuscular diseases.
Prestack and poststack inversion using a physics-guided convolutional neural network

AbstractAn inversion algorithm is commonly used to estimate the elastic properties, such as P-wave velocity (VP), S-wave velocity (VS), and density (ρ) of the earth’s subsurface. Generally, the sei...
Induction of hepatic bilirubin and drug metabolizing enzymes by individual herbs present in the traditional Chinese medicine, yin zhi huang

Yin Zhi Huang (YZH) is a decoction of four plants which is widely used in Asia to treat neonatal jaundice. This study compares the ability of phenobarbital and the individual herbs comprising YZH, Artemisia, Gardenia, Rheum, and Scutellaria baicalensis, to induce hepatic drug and bilirubin metabolizing enzymes in rats. Herbal decoctions (30 ml/kg/day) or phenobarbital (60 mg/kg/day) were administered for 5 days. Only phenobarbital increased cytochrome P-450 levels whereas Gardenia slightly decreased levels. Artemisia, Rheum and phenobarbital increased bilirubin glucuronyl transferase activity. Glucuronidation of alpha-naphthol was increased by Gardenia and phenobarbital, whereas Artemisia and Rheum were ineffective inducers. Phenobarbital was the most effective inducer of glutathione-S-transferase (GSHT) activity. Phenobarbital and Gardenia both induced delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase activity, a marker for the Ya subunit of GSHT responsible for intracellular bilirubin transport in liver. The selective patterns of enzyme induction suggest potential value for using specific plant decoctions to modify drug and bilirubin metabolic pathways.
Pushing data-induced predicates through joins in big-data clusters

Using data statistics, we convert predicates on a table into data induced predicates (diPs) that apply on the joining tables. Doing so substantially speeds up multi-relation queries because the benefits of predicate pushdown can now apply beyond just the tables that have predicates. We use diPs to skip data exclusively during query optimization; i.e., diPs lead to better plans and have no overhead during query execution. We study how to apply diPs for complex query expressions and how the usefulness of diPs varies with the data statistics used to construct diPs and the data distributions. Our results show that building diPs using zone-maps which are already maintained in today's clusters leads to sizable data skipping gains. Using a new (slightly larger) statistic, 50% of the queries in the TPC-H, TPC-DS and JoinOrder benchmarks can skip at least 33% of the query input. Consequently, the median query in a production big-data cluster finishes roughly 2x faster.
Multiscale Hybrid Mixture Theory (HMT) for Swelling Porous Media

The behavior of fluids in contact with solid surfaces is central in many contexts, as, for example, those presented in the previous two chapters. If the fluid exists within a matrix of solids that deforms, the behavior of the fluid becomes immensely complex on the molecular scale (Chapters III, IV), and, as well, on higher scales. Good examples of such systems are soils, foods, proteins, and biological membranes and more generally any lyophilic colloid. Continuum-mixture scale processes occurring in these systems might include food drying, chromatography, gel electrophoresis, macromolecular folding, and soil consolidation. The motivation behind this chapter is the desire to understand, on continuum-mixture scales, the behavior of swelling and shrinking systems.
Resident Investigators Excel

On September 5, 2018, the fifth iteration of the Orthopaedic Research and Education Foundation (OREF)/Orthopaedic Research Society (ORS) Southwest Region Resident Research Symposium was held in San Diego, California...
Spatiotemporal Fusion in Remote Sensing

Remote sensing images and techniques are powerful tools to investigate earth surface. Data quality is the key to enhance remote sensing applications and obtaining a clear and noise-free set of data is very difficult in most situations due to the varying acquisition (e.g., atmosphere and season), sensor, and platform (e.g., satellite angles and sensor characteristics) conditions. With the increasing development of satellites, nowadays Terabytes of remote sensing images can be acquired every day. Therefore, information and data fusion can be particularly important in the remote sensing community. The fusion integrates data from various sources acquired asynchronously for information extraction, analysis, and quality improvement. In this chapter, we aim to discuss the theory of spatiotemporal fusion by investigating previous works, in addition to describing the basic concepts and some of its applications by summarizing our prior and ongoing works.
Dual Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibition With Sacubitril/Valsartan Attenuates Systolic Dysfunction in Experimental Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity

Abstract Background Doxorubicin (DOX) induces cardiotoxicity in part by activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Sacubitril/valsartan (Sac/Val) exerts additive cardioprotective actions over ...
Mixed Bag: Tics, Compulsions, and More

When Ricky was 6-years old and completing kindergarten at a parochial school, his parents, teacher, and pediatrician were concerned because he was recognizing less than half of the lowercase letters of the alphabet and inconsistently recognizing numbers through 50. However, he could count beyond 100. Ricky made mild articulation errors in spontaneous speech and continued to show difficulties sequencing multisyllabic words, features thought to reflect subtle remaining characteristics of his previously diagnosed developmental apraxia of speech.
Further observations on familial dysautonomia.

Studies of familial dysautonomia by a team made up of a pediatrician, a neurologist, speech therapists, psychiatrists, psychologists and a psychiatric social worker have been presented in summary form. 1. Facts supporting the theory that this is a condition of genetic origin are enumerated. They are compatible with its being transmitted by an autosomal recessive gene. 2. Evidence of disturbance of statural growth, with frequent significant dwarfing, is presented. 3. Postural hypotension as a regular part of the syndrome is demonstrated. 4. Data showing the variable neurological abnormalities are included. 5. The frequency of disturbance of speech, but not of language organization, is reported. 6. Psychological testing suggests a deterioration with advancing years in dealing with concrete tests, but no significant disturbance in abstract thinking. 7. At the psychosocial level, inadequate adjustment to daily life is seen in all patients. This difficulty is reflected in varying degree by emotional disturbance in the parents. A schematic concept of the dynamics is offered. 8. Drug treatment of the acute crisis is discussed and a plan for daily management of such cases is projected. 9. Avenues for further investigation are briefly mentioned.
BEEweb: a multi-domain platform for reciprocal peer-driven tutoring systems

Tutoring systems that engage each student as both a tutee and a tutor can be powerfully enhanced by motivating each tutor to try to appropriately challenge their tutee. The BEEweb platform is presented as a foundation upon which to build such systems, based upon the Reciprocal Tutoring protocol and the Teachers Dilemma. Three systems that have recently been built on the BEEweb platform are introduced.
Utilization of GIS and graph theory for determination of optimal mailing route

A real-world application of GIS and graph theory for analysis of an optimization problem is presented in this paper. The problem entailed determining the optimal route for distribution of mail on our University's campus. We focused our work only on the processes utilized to deliver mail externally from building to building. Information was collected on the procedure and routes utilized by the mailing department for the daily delivery of mail. To determine the optimal closed path, geographic information systems (GIS) techniques were utilized for analysis of the delivery routes and measurement of distances from building to building. The problem domain was modeled as a complete graph and approached as being a variant of the traditional Traveling Salesman Problem. An implementation of the Brute Force method developed in C++ code was utilized to solve the problem.
Stabilizing Effect of Magnesium Sulfate on Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Propagated in Chicken Embryo Kidney Cells

The Beaudette strain of avian infectious bronchitis virus propagated in chicken embryo kidney cells is stabilized by exposure to 1 M MgSO(4) at 50 C for 80 min, at pH values ranging from 4 to 10.
Some Kinetic Properties of Bacillus subtilis Glutamine Synthetase

Abstract The glutamine synthetase of Bacillus subtilis has an absolute requirement for divalent cation. Either Mg2+ or Mn2+ will serve as an activator, but each affects various catalytic parameters differently. The concentration of either divalent cation required to produce half-maximal activity (the S0.5) is a function of the ATP concentration. Optimal activity with Mn2+ occurs when the ratio of ATP to Mn2+ is 1.0, and decreases sharply with any deviation from this ratio. With Mg2+, optimal activity is achieved when the concentration of Mg2+ is 4- to 5-fold in excess of the ATP concentration, and it is not substantially affected by large excess of this cation. The saturation functions for the substrates are generally complex and vary with the kind of divalent cation used to activate the enzyme. With Mn2+, the activity increases with increasing concentration of glutamate or ammonia, but reaches a maximum at relatively low levels of substrate and then decreases with higher substrate concentrations. In contrast, with Mg2+, the enzyme is not saturated even at high concentration (100 mm) of either substrate. In the Mg2+ system, double-reciprocal plots of reaction velocity versus substrate concentration are concave downward, suggesting that negative cooperativity might be involved in substrate binding. The enzyme is inhibited by end products of glutamine metabolism, AMP, CTP, histidine, tryptophan, alanine, and glycine. Both the kinetics and sensitivity to feedback inhibition by each of these products are dependent upon whether Mg2+ or Mn2+ is used as the activating cation. The capacity of B. subtilis glutamine synthetase to be activated by Mn2+ and by Mg2+ is apparently an intrinsic property of the enzyme; it is independent of growth conditions and is not determined by adenylylation of the enzyme as it is for the enzyme from Escherichia coli. Efforts to demonstrate adenylylated forms of the B. subtilis enzymes were unsuccessful. In contrast to the E. coli enzyme, the glutamine synthetase from B. subtilis is inhibited by glutamine and this inhibition varies with the divalent cation used to activate the enzyme; with Mn2+ activation, inhibition by glutamine is greatly potentiated by AMP. From the standpoint of cellular regulation, it seems that in both E. coli and B. subtilis, the intracellular level of glutamine is the most important single factor in determining glutamine synthetase activity; however, in B. subtilis, glutamine is a direct inhibitor of glutamine synthetase activity, whereas, in E. coli, it exerts its affect indirectly through activation and inhibition of the adenylylating and deadenylylating enzymes, respectively.
The Effect of Open - Irrigated Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation on Left Atrial Pressure and B-Type Natriuretic Peptide

Background Open-irrigated radiofrequency catheter ablation (oiRFA) of atrial fibrillation (AF) imposes a volume load and risk of pulmonary edema. We sought to assess the effect of volume administration during ablation on left atrial (LA) pressure and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). Methods LA pressure was measured via transseptal sheath at the beginning and end of 44 LA ablation procedures in 42 patients. BNP plasma levels were measured before and after 10 procedures. Results A median of 3,255 (interquartile range [IQR], 2,014)-mL saline was administered during the procedure. During LA ablation, the median fluid balance was +1,438 (IQR, 1,109) mL and LA pressure increased by median 3.7 (IQR, 5.9) mm Hg (P Conclusions A substantial intravascular volume load during oiRFA can be absorbed with little change in LA pressure, such that LA pressure is not a reliable indicator of the fluid balance. Subsequent redistribution of the volume load imposes a risk after the procedure. Conversion to sinus rhythm may improve ability to acutely accommodate the volume load.
Galileo Spacecraft Inertial Sensors In-Flight Calibration Design

The successful navigation of Galileo depends on accurate trajectory correction maneuvers (TCM's) performed during the mission. A set of Inertial Sensor (INS) units, comprised of gyros and accelerometers, mounted on the spacecraft, are utilized to control and monitor the performance of the TCM's. To provide the optimum performance, in-flight calibrations of INS are planned. These calibrations will take place on a regular basis. In this paper, a mathematical description is given of the data reduction technique used in analyzing a typical set of calibration data. The design of the calibration and the inertial sensor error models, necessary for the above analysis, are delineated in detail.
Isotopic Ratios: The Key to Elemental Abundances and Nuclear Reactions in the Sun

Differences between the abundances of isotopes of elements in the planetary system, in the solar wind, and in solar flares suggest that a) the most abundant nuclear species in the sun is 56Fe (the ash of violent thermonuclear reactions at equilibrium) rather than 1H (the best fuel for thermonuclear reactions), and b) nuclear reactions in the outer regions of the sun produce 15N by the 14N(1H, β+ν)15N reaction. Diffusion in the sun enriches light-weight elements like H and He at the solar surface, where thermonuclear reactions occur, but the most abundant elements in the bulk sun are Fe, Ni, O, Si, S, Mg, and Ca.
Product Market Regulation in Romania : A Comparison with OECD Countries

Less restrictive product market policies are crucial in promoting convergence to higher levels of GDP per capita. This paper benchmarks product market policies in Romania to those of OECD countries by estimating OECD indicators of Product Market Regulation (PMR). The PMR indicators allow a comprehensive mapping of policies affecting competition in product markets. Comparison with OECD countries reveals that Romania's product market policies are less restrictive of competition than most direct comparators from the region and not far from the OECD average. Nonetheless, this achievement should be interpreted in light of the fact that PMR approach measures officially adopted policies. It does not capture implementation and enforcement, the area where future reform efforts should be directed if less restrictive policies are to have an effective impact on long-term growth prospects.
DENSIFICATION AND HYSTERESIS OF SAND UNDER CYCLIC SHEAR

The accumulation of inelastic strain due to the irreversible rearrangement of grain configurations associated with deviatoric strains is characterized by a nondecreasing material variable, termed the rearrangement measure; this variable, in turn, forms the basis of an intrinsic time scale and other related variables termed the densification measure and distortion measure. The shear modulus is identified to be a function of the mean normal stress and the second invariant of the strain deviator. In contrast with empirical methods, the material behavior is described herein by a constitutive law that satisfies all invariance requirements of continuum mechanics; thus, this law should, in principle, be generally applicable, including the cases of nonsinusoidal loadings with varying amplitudes, general multiaxial stress states, and nonproportional stress component histories. In addition, the law automatically exhibits hysteretic damping and is fully continuous, i.e., it contains no inequalities, such as those used in plasticity to distinguish unloading.
Synthesis of 15N-, 13C-, and 2H-labeled methanandamide analogs

Four isotopically labeled, metabolically stable analogs of arachidony-lethanolamide (anandamide), an endogenous cannabinoid ligand, were synthesized via a five-step reaction sequence starting from arachidonic acid. These stable methanandamide derivatives will serve as probes for studying the conformational properties of anandamide in model membrane systems using solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The synthetic methods described can be applied to the preparations of other anandamide analogs with isotopic labeling in different positions of the molecule, which could be utilized in biochemical and pharmacological experiments. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous price, location, and capacity decisions on a line of time‐sensitive customers

Consider a monopolist who sells a single product to time-sensitive customers located on a line segment. Customers send their orders to the nearest distribution facility, where the firm processes (customizes) these orders on a first-come, first-served basis before delivering them. We examine how the monopolist would locate its facilities, set their capacities, and price the product offered to maximize profits. We explicitly model customers' waiting costs due to both shipping lead times and queueing congestion delays and allow each customer to self-select whether she orders or not, based on her reservation price. We first analyze the single-facility problem and derive a number of interesting insights regarding the optimal solution. We show, for instance, that the optimal capacity relates to the square root of the customer volume and that the optimal price relates additively to the capacity and transportation delay costs. We also compare our solutions to a similar problem without congestion effects. We then utilize our single-facility results to treat the multi-facility problem. We characterize the optimal policy for serving a fixed interval of customers from multiple facilities when customers are uniformly distributed on a line. We also show how as the length of the customer interval increases, the optimal policy relates to the single-facility problem of maximizing expected profit per unit distance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007
Photographic Sensitometry With Fluorescent Oils

The changes in sensitivity and contrast obtained when Cramer Contrast Process, Seed 23, and Wellington Super-Xtreme plates are coated with any one of five different fluorescent oils were studied in the region 2200-3800 A, for the purpose of improving the precision of photographic photometry in the region 2000-2400 A, and to investigate the feasibility of extending this method into the extreme ultraviolet. Characteristic curves are given for various plate-oil combinations, and some of the changes in sensitivity and contrast found are tabulated. The effect of thickness of coating was found to be great with most oils; certain oils gave the greatest improvement in sensitivity with thick coatings, and others with thin ones. The greatest sensitivity increase was found with a clear paraffin oil and contrast plates; the greatest contrast was found with a light lubricating oil and the same plates. A 400-fold gain in exposure time by oiling was found in certain cases. Some oils were found to increase the density produced by a certain intensity if the intensity exceeded a certain value, and to decrease it otherwise. This effect varies with wave length, so that it was found possible to decrease the sensitivity at longer wave lengths and increase it at shorter wave lengths, thus making the sensitivity curve of the plate more uniform throughout the spectrum. Although the chief effect with most oils is below 2400 A, certain varieties increase the contrast even up to 3800 A, although the sensitivity was generally decreased above 2500A. Oiled plates, when the oil coating is uniform, were found to be perfectly applicable to photographic photometry, accuracy to one per cent being readily attainable even at the shortest wave lengths studied. Sections of the “characteristic surface” in which the reciprocity law holds to within one per cent were found for several wave lengths, including 2200A.
Price discrimination by day-of-week of purchase: Evidence from the U.S. airline industry

Abstract This paper identifies a source of price discrimination utilized by airlines – price discrimination based on the day-of-the-week that a ticket is purchased . Using unique transaction data, we compare tickets on the same airline and route that are purchased on different days of the week, after controlling for the day of week of travel, the ticket restrictions, the demand characteristics of the flights, and the number of days in advance that the ticket is purchased. We find that fares are 5% lower when purchased on the weekend. We conjecture that this is a form of price discrimination. If airlines believe that weekend purchasers are more likely to be price-elastic leisure travelers, then they may offer lower prices on weekends when the mix of purchasing customers makes demand more price elastic. This conjecture is supported by the finding that the weekend purchase effect is distinctly larger on routes with a mixture of both business and leisure customers than on routes that disproportionately serve leisure customers. We illustrate that this pricing practice can have important impacts on airline profits. These results have implications for other industries that have the ability to change prices daily based upon the types of customers who purchase on a specific day.
On unitary/antiunitary projective representations of groups

Abstract Unitary/antiunitary projective representations of groups (i.e., projective representations of groups where unitary as well as antiunitary operators in a separable complex Hilbert space are considered) are studied in a systematic way. Particular emphasis is put on continuous unitary/antiunitary projective representations of a Polish group G . It is shown that every continuous unitary/antiunitary projective representation of G can be lifted to a Borel unitary/antiunitary multiplier representation of G (namely, to a representation “up to a factor” which is a Borel mapping) and that this, in turn, can be derived from a continuous unitary/antiunitary (ordinary) representation of a Polish group obtained from an extension of G by the multiplicative group of all complex numbers of absolute value 1.
Low-Energy-Electron-Diffraction Intensity Profiles and Electronic Energy Bands for Lithium Fluoride

Model calculations of the low-energy-electron-diffraction (LEED) intensity profiles for LiF (100) and of the bulk electronic energy bands for LiF are performed using model potentials with quite different degrees of ionicity. One potential is constructed using ${\mathrm{Li}}^{0}$ and ${\mathrm{F}}^{0}$ free-atom charge densities and the other is constructed using ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ free-ion charge densities. Although both model potentials yield rather similar band gaps, the photoemission threshold and LEED measurements clearly favor the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ form of the potential. Experimental LEED intensity profiles for LiF (100) at $T=573$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K are analyzed, and certain features strongly suggest that the top lithium and fluorine sublayers do not lie in the same plane but are separated by about 0.25 \AA{} in a direction normal to the surface. In order to motivate further experimental work, additional intensity profiles are calculated for both the perfect surface model and the reconstructed surface model.
Response of roosters to resistive loads at constant chemical drive to breathe

Abstract This study investigated the role of mechanoreceptors in the respiratory responses to resistive loading in roosters. Adult roosters were unidirectionally ventilated (maintaining a constant chemical drive to breathe). Electrical circuits assessed the respiratory muscle pressure (Pmus) and controlled the relationship between Pmus and the respiratory volume changes. Respiratory volume changes similar to those achieved by flow-resistive unloading or loading were produced by the circuits, imposing a ‘virtual’ resistance (R v ). When R v was doubled (decreased rate of volume change, n=6 , tidal volume (V t , measured by whole body plethysmography) decreased significantly (28%), while thoracic volume (V rip , measured by respiratory inductance plethysmography) did not change. When R v was quadrupled ( n=4 ) V t and V rip decreased significantly (53% and 24%, respectively). Changing R v to one half the normal value ( n=5 ) did not affect these parameters. Inspiratory time and Pmus were not significantly altered at any R v . It is concluded that, at constant chemical drive, mechanoreceptors play a minimal role in maintaining tidal volume during impeded breathing in roosters. Comparative differences which may explain these results are discussed.
The First Examples of Unsymmetrically Substituted Anhydro Dimers of Salicylaldehyde

Abstract Three new nitro-substituted anhydro dimers of salicylaldehyde have been obtained, either by selective nitration of the parent dimer or by statistical dimerization of 3- and 5-nitrosalicylaldehydes. These constitute the first examples of dimers without identical substitution in the two rings and therefore without a C2 axis.
BIOCHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF MELATONIN WITH REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES: A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), an endogenously produced indole found throughout the animal kingdom, was recently reported, using a variety of techniques, to be a scavenger of a number of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species both in vitro and in vivo. Initially, melatonin was discovered to directly scavenge the high toxic hydroxyl radical (*OH). The methods used to prove the interaction of melatonin with the *OH included the generation of the radical using Fenton reagents or the ultraviolet photolysis of hydrogen peroxide (H202) with the use of spin-trapping agents, followed by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, pulse radiolysis followed by ESR, and several spectrofluorometric and chemical (salicylate trapping in vivo) methodologies. One product of the reaction of melatonin with the *OH was identified as cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin (3-OHM) using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical (HPLC-EC) detection, electron ionization mass spectrometry (EIMS), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and COSY 1H NMR. Cyclic 3-OHM appears in the urine of humans and other mammals and in rat urine its concentration increases when melatonin is given exogenously or after an imposed oxidative stress (exposure to ionizing radiation). Urinary cyclic 3-OHM levels are believed to be a biomarker (footprint molecule) of in vivo *OH production and its scavenging by melatonin. Although the data are less complete, besides the *OH, melatonin in cell-free systems has been shown to directly scavenge H2O2, singlet oxygen (1O2) and nitric oxide (NO*), with little or no ability to scavenge the superoxide anion radical (O2*-) In vitro, melatonin also directly detoxifies the peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-) and/or peroxynitrous acid (ONOOH), or the activated form of this molecule, ONOOH*; the product of the latter interaction is proposed to be 6-OHM. How these in vitro findings relate to the in vivo antioxidant actions of melatonin remains to be established. The ability of melatonin to scavenge the lipid peroxyl radical (LOO*) is debated. The weight of the evidence is that melatonin is probably not a classic chain-breaking antioxidant, since its ability to scavenge the LOO* seems weak. Its ability to reduce lipid peroxidation may stem from its function as a preventive antioxidant (scavenging initiating radicals), or yet unidentified actions. In sum, in vitro melatonin acts as a direct free radical scavenger with the ability to detoxify both reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species; in vivo, it is an effective pharmacological agent in reducing oxidative damage under conditions in which excessive free radical generation is believed to be involved.
ALK5 and Smad4 are involved in TGF-β1-induced pulmonary endothelial permeability

The ability of inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1 to alter endothelial cell phenotype suggests its role in the regulation of vascular endothelial cell permeability. We demonstrate that depletion of TGF-β1 receptor ALK5 and regulatory protein Smad4, but not ALK1 receptor attenuates TGF-β1-induced permeability increase and significantly inhibits TGF-β1-induced EC contraction manifested by actin stress fiber formation and increased MLC and MYPT1 phosphorylation. Consistent with these results, EC treatment with SB 431542, an inhibitor of ALK5 but not ALK1 receptor, significantly attenuates TGF-β1-induced permeability. Thus, our data demonstrate for the first time direct link between TGF-β1-mediated activation of ALK5/Smad and EC barrier dysfunction.
Revising the paradigm of tidal analysis – the uses of non-stationary data

Surface elevation and current records contain non-tidal variance, often dismissed as noise. The processes responsible for the non-tidal component may also modulate the tidal signal, altering its strength and frequency structure. Because of their manner of generation and propagation, internal tides are inherently irregular. The non-stationary character of these and other tidal processes provides an integral and useful property of tidal records, because it provides an opportunity to obtain insights into tidal dynamics and the interaction of tidal and non-tidal processes. It is, moreover, productive to use multiple approaches in analyzing coastal and estuarine tidal processes so that both the time-varying and average frequency content are determined. Only by confronting the causes of non-stationary behaviour in this way can some of the remaining challenges in tidal analysis and prediction be overcome, e.g. shelf and estuarine currents, river tides, internal tides, tide-surge interactions and tidally influenced ecological processes. Several examples illustrate the utility of non-stationary tidal analysis methods.
Dynamic Scaling for Aggregation of Clusters

The model of cluster growth by diffusion-limited aggregation of clusters is studied in two dimensions and the cluster size distribution ${n}_{s}(t)$ is determined as a function of the cluster size $s$ and the time $t$. A dynamic scaling function of the form ${n}_{s}(t)\ensuremath{\sim}{t}^{\ensuremath{-}w}{s}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\tau}}f(\frac{s}{{t}^{z}})$ is proposed and is shown to lead to the scaling relation $w=(2\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\tau})z$ among the critical exponents. The simulation results support this scaling law.
The role of chemokines during viral infection of the CNS.

Viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) poses unique challenges to the immune system with regards to controlling and eliminating the invading pathogen. These obstacles include the presence of a blood–brain barrier (BBB) that provides a physical and physiological barrier that is difficult for cells and molecules to cross, the absence of classic lymphatic drainage that may impair the generation of an adaptive immune response, and limited MHC class I or II expression on resident cells of the CNS, even during periods of neuroinflammation. In addition, the CNS is composed of a variety of highly specialized cells, many of which have limited renewal capacity, that represent potential targets of infection by numerous different viruses. Nonetheless, antigen-specific lymphocytes are ultimately able to accumulate within the CNS and contribute to defense by reducing or eliminating the invading viral pathogen. Alternatively, infiltration of activated cells of the immune system may be detrimental, as these cells can contribute to neuropathology that may result in long-term cellular damage or death. Understanding the mechanisms that govern leukocyte trafficking from the microvasculature into the CNS parenchyma is therefore critical for comprehending the molecular and cellular events that control neuroinflammation following infection by neurotropic viruses. Chemokines, small (8–10 kDa) proteins expressed by almost all nucleated cell types, are divided into four subfamilies based upon the number and spacing of conserved cysteine residues present within the amino terminus of the protein. Chemokine function is controlled through often promiscuous signaling via seven transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors. While initially characterized as important in inflammation by targeting distinct leukocyte populations, chemokines are now considered critical mediators of a variety of biological processes, including development, tissue homeostasis, and coordinated immune responses during viral infection.
Morbidity and costs of salvage vs. primary radical prostatectomy in older men.

Abstract Objectives Salvage radical prostatectomy (RP) is performed with curative intent following post-radiotherapy recurrence for prostate cancer. While single-center salvage RP outcomes appear promising, little is known about outcomes in the community setting in elderly men. We sought to evaluate utilization, outcomes, and costs of salvage RP vs. primary RP in older men. Materials and methods Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare linked data from 1992 to 2007 was used to identify 18,317 men aged 65 years or older who underwent RP from 2002 to 2007. Propensity score analyses were used to compare outcomes and costs for primary vs. salvage RP. Results Salvage RP was rare, accounting for 0.5% of RP. Men undergoing salvage vs. primary RP were older, white, and less likely to undergo CT, bone scan and prostate biopsy preoperatively ( P P P P P P Conclusions Metastatic workup was performed less frequently before salvage vs. primary RP, and morbidity and mortality for salvage RP was high relative to primary RP. Given the morbidity and high cost of salvage RP, guidelines for patient selection and selective referral may optimize outcomes, especially in older men.
Wearable posture detection system

Maintaining proper posture is a simple and effective way to keep the back healthy. Extended periods of poor posture may lead to unnecessary muscle strain and unhealthy spine stress. Over time, the anatomical characteristics of the spine can change, which may cause blood vessel and nerve constriction as well as muscle, disc, and joint troubles. These issues are important contributors to back and neck pain, as well as numerous other ailments such as headaches, fatigue, and breathing problems. The proposed posture detection system will be designed to let the user know precisely when they are deviating from the neutral spine/neutral hip condition (proper posture). The design will utilize multiple inertial sensors to calculate specific spinal angles and measurements. It will then report easy to understand information to the user via a wireless graphical interface. All circuitry will be embedded in a comfortable, adjustable shirt that can be worn as an undergarment. The prototype device will be evaluated for function, comfort, and versatility in the clinical setting. To ensure that the device is properly reporting angular data, output values will be compared to manual measurements. Ultimately, the device seeks to build muscle memory, so that the user can maintain proper posture without using the device.
Age vs depth of glacial ice at South Pole

Knowledge of age as a function of depth in glacial ice is important for both glaciology and paleoclimatology. For sites near a ridge or dome, an ice flow model together with information on accumulation rate provides a first approximation. If the accumulation rate is high enough, annual layering of isotopes and dust measured in a solid core can provide a precise age vs depth relationship. For South Pole, the flow geometry is not simple and no deep core exists. Nevertheless, by remotely sensing peaks in scattering and absorption of light from pulsed sources buried at depths down to 2200 m, we have been able to determine age vs depth for ages up to 65,000 years. Analysis of radar isochrons by Siegert and Hodgkins provides a rough extension of the age vs depth model to ∼165,000 years near bedrock.
H2 Separation Using Defect-Free, Inorganic Composite Membranes

Defect-free, microporous Al2O3/SAPO-34 zeolite composite membranes were prepared by coating hydrothermally grown zeolite membranes with microporous alumina using molecular layer deposition. These i...