cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Formação no Seminário do Programa de Português para Estrangeiros da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul: uma modalidade híbrida de aprendizagem do professor-autor

Este trabalho analisa a participacao no seminario de formacao de professores no Programa de Portugues para Estrangeiros (PPE) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, a partir da observacao de eventos de formacao (Costa, 2018). Partindo de uma visao de formacao de professores como aprendizagem e reflexao conjunta (Novoa, 1995), assume-se que os professores produzem experiencias significativas e agem como profissionais reflexivos (Schon, 2000; Perrenoud, 2002), desenvolvendo sua formacao com conhecimentos de ordem teorica e pratica e participando em comunidades de pratica, onde conhecimento e identidades sao construidos conjuntamente entre pares (Wenger, 1998). A analise qualitativa dos dados permite afirmar que o seminario do PPE e um espaco tipicamente hibrido de formacao docente (Zeichner, 2010), no qual a participacao em eventos de formacao indica que trabalhar esta a servico do ensino e da aprendizagem dos alunos, mas tambem a servico da aprendizagem dos professores. Alem disso, identifica-se que a participacao nos seminarios e em grande medida uma oportunidade de construcao da autoria do professor. Nessa modalidade, os professores sao constantemente convidados a responder pelas atividades em que se engajam e assumem a responsabilidade pela singularidade que produzem (Garcez e Schlatter, 2017). Palavras-chave: aprendizagem; etnografia; formacao de professores.
Aryne Cycloaddition with Stable Muenchnones: Synthesis of 9,10‐Dihydro‐9,10‐epiminoanthracenes and Isoindoles.

Stable muenchnones react with an excess of in situ generated arynes to afford the bis-adducts (III) in good yields.
Observations of the first GameSense-branded responsible gambling centre in a US casino:

Objective:To help mitigate potential gambling harm, responsible gambling information centres are launching across casino venues in North America. The launch of the first such centre in the USA prov...
A Human-assistive Robotic Platform with Quadrupedal Locomotion *

Mobility impairment is becoming a challenging issue around the world with a rapid increase on aging population. Existing tools of walking assistance for mobility-impaired people include passive canes or wheeled rollators which increase energy consumption on the users and disturb the users’ walking rhythm, and powered wheeled chairs which could preclude the muscle activities and accelerate the degeneration of the lower limbs. The research in this paper aiming at helping mobility-impaired people proposes a novel robotic platform with quadrupedal locomotion. With motorized actuation, the quadruped robotic platform could accompany the user at the center and provide protection and possible walking assistance if needed. As the robotic platform is equipped with a leg locomotion, it can enlarge the user’s activity environments, such as both indoor flat floor and outdoor uneven terrain. It can even assist the user to involve in some mobility challenging activities, such as climbing stairs. In this paper, we illustrate the mechanical design of the robotic platform. A continuous gait planning is proposed to create a smooth locomotion for the robot. To quantify the performance, a system-level walking experimentation was conducted, and the results showed that quadruped robotic platform can maintain a statically stability which demonstrate the feasibility and capability of the robotic application for walking assistance.
Creating and screening natural product libraries

Covering: up to 2020 The National Cancer Institute of the United States (NCI) has initiated a Cancer Moonshot program entitled the NCI Program for Natural Product Discovery. As part of this effort, the NCI is producing a library of 1 000 000 partially purified natural product fractions which are being plated into 384-well plates and provided to the research community free of charge. As the first 326 000 of these fractions have now been made available, this review seeks to describe the general methods used to collect organisms, extract those organisms, and create a prefractionated library. Importantly, this review also details both cell-based and cell-free bioassay methods and the adaptations necessary to those methods to productively screen natural product libraries. Finally, this review briefly describes post-screen dereplication and compound purification and scale up procedures which can efficiently identify active compounds and produce sufficient quantities of natural products for further pre-clinical development.
Molten salt-assisted processing of nanoparticle-reinforced Cu

Abstract There is a significant demand for Cu-based materials with high strength and high electrical conductivity for a wide range of applications. However, the long-standing trade-off between mechanical properties and electrical conductivity often inhibits the development of such high-performance Cu materials. Cu-based metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) are promising to mitigate this trade-off, but it is extremely difficult to fabricate bulk MMNCs with a uniform nanoparticle dispersion through an economical approach. In this study, a novel molten salt-assisted incorporation method was developed to fabricate bulk Cu-based nanocomposites with uniformly dispersed WC nanoparticles. The mechanical properties, including hardness, strength and Young's modulus, were significantly enhanced without a great sacrifice in electrical conductivity. Furthermore, various salts, including KAlF4, borax, and NaCl, were found effective to incorporate WC nanoparticles into molten Cu. This molten salt-assisted incorporation method paves a pathway for the scalable manufacturing of bulk Cu-based MMNCs with excellent mechanical properties and good electrical conductivity for widespread applications.
Activation of Nuclear Factor-κB

Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is a key transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses and in cell death and survival. This chapter describes in detail the method for measuring the NF-kappaB binding activity in the cultured human mast cell line HMC-1 using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay: the activation of NF-kappaB was illustrated by adding lipopolysaccharide to mast cells, nuclear proteins were isolated, and the NF-kappaB binding activity was determined. We also demonstrate the specificity of the NF-kappaB binding activity using a competition and supershift assay with specific antibodies that recognize NF-kappaB subunits p50 and p65. Lipopolysaccharide caused a rapid and significant increase in NF-kappaB binding activity.
Transport of Topological Semimetals

Three-dimensional (3D) topological semimetals represent a new class of topological matters. The study of this family of materials has been at the frontiers of condensed matter physics, and many bre...
Enlightenment, education and entertainment : a study of the Chautauqua movement in Kentucky

The Chautauqua movement has been called "culture under canvas" and "the university of the people." What began as a training camp for Sunday School teachers on the shores of Lake Chautauqua in western New York State in the 1870's, grew and spread over the midwest for the next fifty years. There were some other permanent Chautauqua establishments, but none seemed to last as long as the original. What did last were traveling tent shows called Chautauquas that brought enlightenment, education, and entertainment to thousands of people over the summer months until the movement died because of technological advancements such as talking movies, radio, and the automobile. The circuit Chautauquas were quite well known in Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Illinois, but newspaper accounts show that they also spread into many states of the Ohio Valley and the South. Although there was a standard Chautauqua pattern that evolved over the years, each state and even each town added its own particular flavor to the pattern. Chautauqua in Kentucky was similar to Chautauqua in other states, and while it was not a major cultural phenomenon, it did have an impact on people who lived in rural and mountainous regions and thus were
Informal and formal systems of care for women experiencing intimate partner violence in Kenya

Several factors influence a victim's decision on whether or not to seek help after experiencing Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). This study used data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for Kenya (2014) of ever married women (n = 5265). Majority of the women did not seek help after experiencing IPV (55.5%). Women justification for IPV decreased the odds of seeking help from informal services by 0.75 times and formal services by 0.58 times. Understanding cultural determinants of help seeking would contribute in the development of effective policies and programs for preventing and responding to IPV in Kenya and across the world.
Of Gods and Men: Bridging the Gap between Cosmogony and the Heroic Age in Early Greek Legendary History

In my 2016 book From Hittite to Homer: The Anatolian Background of Ancient Greek Epic, I argued that one can detect two separate lines of transmission for Near Eastern theogonic and heroic epic, the former, with more evident west Semitic influence, coming to Euboea via Cyprus, which archaeological evidence shows was the source of goods offering prestige in part by their connection to the faraway east (ca. 1000 BC); and the latter occurring in the multicultural, multilingual context of western Anatolia, which shaped the Homeric epic tradition on the fall of Troy (beginning as early as ca. 1160 BC), a city that had been a place of contestation and contact between Greek-speakers and barbarians since the Bronze Age. However, although Homer’s Iliad and Hesiod’s Theogony have different prehistories, it does not mean it is unproductive to look for theogonic motifs in the Iliad.
Impact of immersive virtual reality simulations for changing knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors

Abstract Background Virtual reality has promise as a training method within the affective domain, but investigation is still needed for intention to change behaviors based on social determinants of health. Objective The objective of this study was to describe the self-reported changes in knowledge and/or attitudes and planned behavior changes by healthcare workers for their future care of persons with challenges to their social determinants of health following completion of a first-person virtual reality experience. Design A descriptive qualitative design was used. Settings This study was conducted in clinics and private practice settings in Ohio (United States). Participants This study was conducted with 206 healthcare workers. Methods Participants completed a virtual reality simulation followed by qualitative, open-ended questions about changes to their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Responses were analyzed using a content analysis method. Results Four overarching themes were derived from the qualitative data: (1) Acknowledgement of Social Determinants of Health, (2) An Improved Provider Experience for Patients, (3) Patient as a Person with Complex Needs, and (4) The Learning Experience. Conclusion Findings suggest virtual reality has strong merits for impacting affective domain of learning demonstrated by increased empathy. Virtual reality along with increased empathy also helps improve attitudes and behaviors for the betterment of patients.
Acute vitamin A toxicity: A report of three paediatric cases

The following report describes three paediatric cases of vitamin A toxicity secondary to carnivorous fish liver ingestion. Further discussion of vitamin A toxicity and management of toxicity is included.
Multichannel complex maximum entropy spectral analysis

The Burg reflection-coefficient method for maximum entropy spectral estimation is generalized to apply to multichannel complex signals. The virtues of the single-channel Burg process, particularly superior resolution and a guarantee that all power matrices are positive definite, carry over to the generalization. Results of some numerical computations are presented in graphical form.
A Class of Shot Noise Models for Financial Applications

We describe a class of non-Markov shot noise processes that can be used as models for rates of return on securities, exchange rate processes and other processes in finance. These are continuous time processes that can exhibit heavy tails that become lighter when sampling interval increases, clustering and long memory.
Aeschylus and the Binding of the Tyrant

In Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound , the playwright depicts the punishment of Prometheus by the tyrannical Zeus. Zeus’ subordinates understand his tyranny to be characterized by an absolute freedom of action. Yet the tyrant’s absolute freedom as ruler is called into question by insecurity of his position and by his dependence on Prometheus’ knowledge. We find in the Prometheus Bound a model of tyrannical rule riddled with contradictions: The tyrant’s claim to total control and absolute freedom is in tension with a reality characterized by insecurity, impotence, and constraint. We contrast this model of rule with the model found in Aeschylus’ Suppliant Maidens , in which the King, agreeing to be bound by the wishes of his subjects, nevertheless preserves for himself a certain freedom of action that the tyrannical ruler lacks.
Denitrification Potential in Stream Sediments Impacted by Acid Mine Drainage: Effects of pH, Various Electron Donors, and Iron

Acid mine drainage (AMD) contaminates thousands of kilometers of stream in the western United States. At the same time, nitrogen loading to many mountain watersheds is increasing because of atmospheric deposition of nitrate and increased human use. Relatively little is known about nitrogen cycling in acidic, heavy-metal-laden streams; however, it has been reported that one key process, denitrification, is inhibited under low pH conditions. The objective of this research was to investigate the capacity for denitrification in acidified streams. Denitrification potential was assessed in sediments from several Colorado AMD-impacted streams, ranging from pH 2.60 to 4.54, using microcosm incubations with fresh sediment. Added nitrate was immediately reduced to nitrogen gas without a lag period, indicating that denitrification enzymes were expressed and functional in these systems. First-order denitrification potential rate constants varied from 0.046 to 2.964 day(-1). The pH of the microcosm water increased between 0.23 and 1.49 pH units during denitrification. Additional microcosm studies were conducted to examine the effects of initial pH, various electron donors, and iron (added as ferrous and ferric iron). Decreasing initial pH decreased denitrification; however, increasing pH had little effect on denitrification rates. The addition of ferric and ferrous iron decreased observed denitrification potential rate constants. The addition of glucose and natural organic matter stimulated denitrification potential. The addition of hydrogen had little effect, however, and denitrification activity in the microcosms decreased after acetate addition. These results suggest that denitrification can occur in AMD streams, and if stimulated within the environment, denitrification might reduce acidity.
Approaches to characterize the degree of water repellency

Abstract Measurement techniques that quantify the degree of soil water repellency are important for research and for the communication of research findings. The water drop penetration time (WDPT) is a commonly used measurement. If a water drop does not enter the soil spontaneously, the soil–water contact angle is greater than 90° and the soil is considered to be water repellent. The time for the drop to enter the soil (WDPT) provides an indication of the stability of the repellency. The liquid–air surface tension of an aqueous ethanol concentration series that enters the soil in approximately 5 s is identified as the ninety degree (ND) surface tension, γND, of the soil. The γND number can be used to calculate the solid–air surface tension, γs, by γs=γND/4. The water–soil contact angle can also be calculated from the γs value by the relationship cos θ=[(γ ND /γ w ) 1/2 −1], where θ is the contact angle and γw the water–air surface tension. The water entry pressure, hp, which is a function of both the soil water repellency and pore size, is an important parameter for predicting infiltration and the stability of water flow in the field. Measurements of WDPT, γND, and hp provide a complete characterization of the degree of water repellency.
ANALYSIS OF INTERFACIAL BEHAVIOR IN MMCs AND IMCs BY THE USE OF THIN-SLICE PUSH-OUT TESTS

Abstract A model is presented of the single-fiber push-out test with the objective of studying the interface failure process in metallic and intermetallic-matrix composites (MMCs and IMCs) and extracting the shear properties of fiber/matrix interface from the experimental data. The process of cooling from the composite consolidation temperature, specimen preparation for the push-out test, and the actual testing are simulated by using the finite element method. The mechanics of interface failure are analyzed and an attempt is made to capture the debonding sequence during a thin-slice push-out test. A stress-based criterion for debonding and a criterion for interfacial sliding based on frictional resistance are used to predict the interfacial behavior during the push-out test. The influence of processing-induced residual stresses on interface behavior during the push-out test is examined in detail. Load versus displacement behavior during the push-out test is numerically generated as a function of different interfacial strengths: these results are then used as a calibration curve to predict the interfacial shear strength for a given experimentally measured peak push-out load. The effect of the variation in the reported material data on processing-induced residual stress, and eventually on the push-out test results is studied. SiC/Ti-15-3 MMC is used as the model material for the prediction of interfacial shear strength.
Single Wheat Kernel Color Classification by Using Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectra

ABSTRACT An optical radiation measurement system, which measured reflectance spectra, log (1/R), from 400 to 2,000 nm, was used to quantify single wheat kernel color. Six classes of wheat samples were used for this study, including red wheat that appears white and white wheat that appears red. Partial least squares regression and multiple linear regression were used to develop classification models with three wavelength regions, 500–750, 500–1,700, and 750–1,900 nm, and three data pretreatments, log (1/R), first derivative, and second derivative. For partial least squares models, the highest classification accuracy was 98.5% with the wavelength region of 500–1,700 nm. The log (1/R) and the first derivative yielded higher classification accuracy than the second derivative. For multiple linear regression models, the highest classification accuracy was 98.1% obtained from log (1/R) spectra from the visible and near-infrared wavelength regions.
CRAC Heat Exchanger Response to Step Change in Chilled Water Flowrate

This paper presents experimental data showing the response of a computer room air conditioning unit (CRAC) to chilled water (CHW) pump restart. The data are offered to improve and develop modeling of cooling equipment restart events following data center power failure. There are estimates that power failures will increase and limits on availability will affect data center operations at more than 90 percent of all companies over the next five years. Because providing backup power to cooling equipment increases data center first cost, it is important to have accurate models for cooling events and processes following power failure that help predict server inlet temperatures during the transient phase caused by a power failure. Since power density of computing equipment continues to rise, the temperature rise of air within the data center has been predicted to rise more quickly to an unacceptable level, increasing concern. Accurate models of CRAC response to pump restart can aid in data center cooling design, backup power infrastructure provisioning, and even compute equipment selection by predicting the air supply temperature after the generator provides power to the chilled water pump. Previous transient models include zonal models with large time scales and CFD/HT models with boundary conditions developed for steady state. These models can be improved by comparison with experimental data. The experiment consists of measuring the response of the CRAC heat exchanger to the step change in CHW flow rate upon pump restart. Inlet and outlet temperatures of both CHW and air were measured, as well CHW flow rate. A point measurement of air at the CRAC fan outlet was also taken to verify that airflow remained relatively constant. Outlet temperatures from the CRAC follow a first order response curve; it is found that the CRAC under consideration has fan outlet temperature time constant of 10 seconds. A delay of 20 seconds is observed between the fan outlet temperature response and the CHW return temperature response.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Sea Ice and Dynamical Controls on Preindustrial and Last Glacial Maximum Accumulation in Central Greenland

AbstractGreenland has experienced large changes since the last glacial with its summit warming by approximately 21°C, average accumulation rates tripling, and annual amplitudes of temperature and accumulation seemingly declining. The altered seasonal cycle of accumulation has been attributed to a combination of the large-scale dynamical response of the North Atlantic storm track to surface boundary conditions and the modulation of moisture availability due to changes in winter sea ice cover. Using atmospheric simulations of preindustrial and glacial climate, the contributions of these two mechanisms are evaluated. Estimates of moisture source footprints make it possible to distinguish between long-range transport related to the storm track and regional transport from the ocean surface near Greenland. It is found that the contribution of both mechanisms varies significantly with the background climate. With greater ice cover and the North Atlantic storm track locked to the topographically enhanced stationa...
Coding specificity of mouse placental histidine transfer ribonucleic acids.

Histidyl transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) from 17 day mouse placenta was fractionated into six components by reversed-phase plaskon chromatography. Codon specificity of three components (tRNA2His, tRNA4His and tRNA6His) was studied by binding to mouse liver ribosomes in the presence of poly(AC) and poly(ACU). All three tRNAs respond equally to each polymer indicating a dual in vitro recognition of CAC and CAU. At present the data do not support changes in coding as a rationale for the quantitative variation shown by placental His-tRNAs during pregnancy.
Supplemental stimulation of preterm neonates

Studies on supplemental stimulation of preterm infants treated in intensive care nurseries suggest some benefits for the stimulated infants. The types, degree and duration of benefit, however, vary across studies. The following is a review of these studies, with a discussion of methodological considerations which may explain variability of findings and which may be modified in future investigations.
Current Research on Late Precontact Societies of the Midcontinental United States

Research during the past decade on Late Precontact societies (ca. A.D. 1000–1600/1700) in the Midcontinent, particularly Mississippian, Oneota, Fort Ancient, and Late Woodland, is strongly rooted in empirical approaches. While some of this work is pursued within a broadly evolutionary interpretive framework, other scholars emphasize agency and practice theory, symbolism, the historically contingent nature of human action, and cultural heterogeneity in sociopolitical organization, political economy, and subsistence. Dynamic models of the settlement systems and demography of complex societies have developed out of the recent growth in site inventories and refinements in ceramic chronologies and have come to be closely linked with theoretical treatments of sociopolitical organization. Various physical and chemical analytical techniques are commonly applied to the analysis of archaeological materials in this region, contributing to our understanding of direct and indirect exchange relationships and other forms of interaction, especially those between hierarchical and nonhierarchically organized societies, and enhancing our understanding of the kinds of foods prepared and eaten by people in the past.
Out-of-plane micro-needle arrays using silicon micromachining

An array of out-of-plane silicon processed micro-needles has been successfully fabricated using relatively simple fabrication techniques. This abstract describes the methods explored to produce 100-element needle arrays (10times10) on a single die. Applications of the micro-needles include transdermal drug delivery and tissue delivery (during surgery). Two types of needles were fabricated: solid electrode and hollow through-hole. The solid-core micro-needles can be used for painless perforation of the skin layer to increase absorption of drugs through patches. These types are fabricated using only oxidation, dicing and isotropic etching. The hollow versions have more applications for direct delivery of drugs through the skin and require additional steps of lithography and deep reactive ion etch (DRIE).
Mechanical loading promotes mast cell degranulation via RGD-integrin dependent pathways

Mast cells are known to respond to a number of stimuli, such as IgE antibody–antigen complexes, pathogens, chemical compounds, and physical stimulation, resulting in the activation of these cells and subsequent release of cytokines, inflammatory mediators and granules which can influence the pathophysiology of neighboring cells. Although different forms of physical stimulation (i.e. shear stress and acupuncture) have been investigated, the effect of cyclic tensile loading on mast cell activation has not. To characterize the response of mast cells to tensile loading, RBL-2H3 cells were embedded in a 3-dimensional fibrin construct and subjected to 24 h of cyclic loading at 0%, 5% or 10% peak tensile strain. Mechanical loading significantly increased RBL-2H3 cell secretion of β-hexosaminidase (2.1- to 2.3-fold, respectively) in a load- and time-dependent manner when compared to the controls. Furthermore, no evidence of load-induced cell death or alterations in cell proliferation was observed. To determine if RGD-dependent integrins mediated the degranulation of mast cells during mechanical loading, cell–matrix interactions were inhibited by treating the cells with echistatin, a disintegrin that binds RGD-dependent integrins. Treatment with echistatin significantly attenuated load-induced degranulation without compromising cell viability. These results suggest a novel mechanism through which mechanical loading induces mast cell activation via RGD binding integrins.
Synthesis of iron-nitrogen compounds by r.f. sputtering: Mössbauer studies

The preparation of a range of rf-sputtered Fe-N compounds by control of the sputtering parameters is reported. Contrary to earlier reports, it is shown that single phase Fe/sub 4/N can be synthesized by the exclusive use of N/sub 2/ gas. However, adding H/sub 2/ to the sputtering gas improves the ease of formation and the range of control. The x-ray diffraction and Moessbauer data are presented. 9 references, 3 figures, 1 table.
To learn to read you must read

"From eighty-five to ninety-five of a student's study time is spent in reading, and no pains should be spared to develop his reading habits to the highest possible degree."' Concurring with Wrenn in this opinion, the Dean of the Senior College, the English Faculty, and the Director of the Reading Clinic at George Peabody College for Teachers initiated in December, 1944, a remedial reading program, involving the 196 members of the freshman English classes. These students were given screening tests: the Kuhlman-Anderson Tests of Mental Ability and the Iowa Silent Reading Tests, Form AM. On the basis of the resulting scores the freshmen were divided into sections-two regular sections and two remedial.
A systematic approach to the control of esthetic form

A systematic, orderly approach to the problem of establishing harmonious phonetics, esthetics, and function in fixed restorations has been described. The system requires an initial investment of time in performing an adequate diagnostic waxing, but recoups that time in many clinical and laboratory procedures. The method has proved a valuable asset in fixed prosthodontic care. The technique can be expanded and combined with other techniques with a little imagination and artistic bent.
Air plasma jet induced bacterial inactivation in dry, aqueous and food environments

An atmospheric pressure resistive barrier air plasma jet is designed to inactivate bacteria in a wide range of media such as dry solid surfaces, aqueous media and in food media such as chicken, egg, vegetables and fruits1, 2. A resistive barrier plasma jet is designed to function at both DC and standard 50-60 Hz low frequency AC power input and the ambient air at 50% humidity level was used as the operating gas. The resistive barrier plasma jet is well characterized1. The nitric oxides (NO) were observed to be the predominant long lived reactive nitrogen species produced by the plasma. Three different bacteria including S. aureus, E. coli and N. meningitidis were tested in aqueous media and positive bacterial inactivation results were obtained in less than 240 seconds of plasma treatment. Similarly, three different bacteria including S. aureus, E. coli and Pseudomonas were tested on dry solid surfaces and positive bacterial inactivation results were obtained in less than 180 seconds. Correspondingly, the frequent food poisoning bacteria Salmonella infected poultry and produce such as chicken, eggs, vegetables and fruits were tested using our atmospheric pressure resistive barrier air plasma jet and the results show significant outcomes in terms of bacterial inactivation. Plasma induced shifts in gene expression were analyzed using pilC gene expression as a representative gene and the results showed a reduction in the expression of the pilC gene compared to untreated samples suggesting that the observed protection against NO may be regulated by other genes.
Protein Kinase C-mediated Phosphorylation of the Myristoylated Alanine-rich C-kinase Substrate Protects It from Specific Proteolytic Cleavage

The myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) is a major cellular substrate of protein kinase C. Its concentration in cells is important for the normal development of the central nervous system, and perhaps other physiological processes. We found that MARCKS concentrations in cells were regulated in part by a specific proteolytic cleavage; this resulted in two fragments, each representing about half of the intact protein, that co-existed with MARCKS in cells and tissues. These fragments were present in significant concentrations in quiescent fibroblasts; they disappeared, and the amount of intact MARCKS increased, within 15 s of activation of protein kinase C by serum. In vitro experiments demonstrated that phosphorylated MARCKS was a poor substrate for a protease activity present in cell extracts, whereas dephosphorylated MARCKS was a good substrate. Both the protease activity and the specific MARCKS cleavage products were essentially absent in brain, but present in many other cells and tissues. The protease activity, which had the characteristics of a cysteine protease, cleaved MARCKS between Asn147 and Glu148 of the bovine sequence, three amino acids to the amino-terminal side of the MARCKS phosphorylation site domain. These studies demonstrate that MARCKS is subjected to specific cleavage by a cellular protease, in a manner dependent on the phosphorylation state of the substrate. This represents a novel means of regulating cellular MARCKS concentrations; these data also raise the interesting possibility that MARCKS is involved in regulating the activity of this novel cellular protease.
Longitudinal oscillations of a sphere in a micropolar fluid

A general expression for the force exerted on a sphere excuting longitudinal oscillations, with small amplitude, in an incompressible micropolar fluid is obtained. This is accomplished by using direct integral consequences of the full field and the constitutive equations written in cartesian coordinates. The results which are independent of any boundary conditions are then applied to calculate the hydrodynamic force experienced by a sphere moving with rectilinear oscillating velocityu(t)=(u oeiλt, 0, 0) in an unbounded micropolar fluid. As a special case, a general expression for the drag in a similar viscous flow is also derived.
Separation and quantitation of hydroxy and epoxy fatty acid by high‐performance liquid chromatography with an evaporative light‐scattering detector

A new high-performance liquid chromatography technique with an evaporative light-scattering detector (ELSD) has been developed for the separation and quantitative analysis of hydroxy and epoxy fatty acids. This method employs a gradual binary gradient (hexane/isopropanol) and ELSD detection. The minimum limit of detection is about 1 µg and ratio of mass to signal is essentially linear in the range of 10 to 200 µg. This high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique is able to separate various positional isomers of mono-hydroxy and dihydroxy fatty acids and can also discriminate between monohydroxy, epoxy, epoxyhydroxy, dihydroxy and trihydroxy fatty acids.
Infrared Emitters and Photodetectors with InAsSb Bulk Active Region

Bulk unrelaxed InAsSb alloys with Sb compositions up to 44 % and layer thicknesses up to 3 µm were grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The alloys showed photoluminescence (PL) energies as low as 0.12 eV at T = 13 K. The electroluminescence and quantum efficiency data demonstrated with unoptimized barrier heterostructures at T= 80 and 150 K suggested large absorption and carrier lifetimes sufficient for the development of long wave infrared detectors and emitters with high quantum efficiency. The minority hole transport was found to be adequate for development of the detectors and emitters with large active layer thickness.
Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian rate equation for the Born probability density in complex space

Abstract The arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian rate equation is derived for the complex-extended Born probability density. This equation describes the rate of change in the density along an arbitrary path in the complex plane. Several special cases for the rate equation depending on the grid velocity are discussed. This study provides a further understanding of the probability density in the complex plane.
Personal Control and Inmate Adjustment to Prison

Although this concept has rarely been investigated systematically, the prison is an environment that severely limits inmates’personal control. This article applies theoretical and empirical advances in the area of personal control to the issue of inmate adjustment to prison. Personal control has three components: outcome control, choice, and predictability of future events. Research findings suggesting adverse impacts of limited control are discussed in light of their implications for prisoner adjustment. Several models of personal control, including the environmental/learned helplessness, individual difference/self-efficacy, and incongruency/reactance models, are applied to the process of prisoner adjustment. Using these models, a conceptual framework for integrating past research in the sociology and social psychology of corrections is proposed, and directions for future research are discussed.
Probing the Pore of ClC-0 by Substituted Cysteine Accessibility Method Using Methane Thiosulfonate Reagents

ClC channels are a family of protein molecules containing two ion-permeation pores. Although these transmembrane proteins are important for a variety of physiological functions, their molecular operations are only superficially understood. High-resolution X-ray crystallography techniques have recently revealed the structures of two bacterial ClC channels, but whether vertebrate ClC channel pores are similar to those of bacterial homologues is not clear. To study the pore architecture of the Torpedo ClC-0 channel, we employed the substituted-cysteine-accessibility method (SCAM) and used charged methane thiosulfonate (MTS) compounds to modify the introduced cysteine. Several conclusions were derived from this approach. First, the MTS modification pattern from Y512C to E526C in ClC-0, which corresponds to residues forming helix R in bacterial ClC channels, is indeed consistent with the suggested helical structure. Second, the ClC-0 pore is more accessible to the negatively charged than to the positively charged MTS compound, a pore property that is regulated by the intrinsic electrostatic potential in the pore. Finally, attempts to modify the introduced cysteine at positions intracellular to the selectivity filter did not result in larger MTS modification rates for the open-state channel, suggesting that the fast gate of ClC-0 cannot be located at a position intracellular to the Cl− selectivity filter. Thus, the proposal that the glutamate side chain is the fast gate of the channel is applicable to ClC-0, revealing a structural and functional conservation of ClC channels between bacterial and vertebrate species.
Stationary premixed flames in spherical and cylindrical geometries

Stationary source-free spherical flames ('flame balls') in premixed combustible gases were studied by employing low-gravity (micro-g) environments in a drop tower and an aircraft flying parabolic trajectories to diminish the impact of buoyancy-induced convective flow. Flame balls were found in all mixture families tested when: (1) the Lewis number Le of the deficient reactant was sufficiently low; and (2) the compositions were sufficiently close to the flammability limits. Probably as a consequence of the reduction in buoyant convection, the flammability limits at micro-g were significantly more dilute than those at Earth gravity; for example, 3.35% H2 vs 4.0% H2 in lean H2-air mixtures. By comparison with analytical and computational models, it is inferred that the phenomenon is probably related to diffusive-thermal effects in low-Le mixtures in conjunction with flame-front curvature and radiative heat losses from the combustion products. The chemical reaction mechanism appears to play no qualitative role. In the aircraft experiments, the gravity levels (approximately equal 10(exp -2)g(sub 0)) were found to cause noticeable motion of flame balls due to buoyancy, which in turn influenced the behavior of flame balls. At these g levels, a new type of transient, nearly cylindrical flame structure, termed 'flame strings,' was observed.
Medullary carcinoma of the breast: a clinicopathologic study with 10 year follow-up.

Primary breast carcinomas from 192 patients treated between 1955 and 1965 for medullary carcinoma or duct carcinoma with medullary features were reviewed and reclassified using strictly defined pathologic criteria. Tumors that fulfilled requirements for medullary carcinoma were identified in 57 patients. Another 79 tumors that varied slightly from these criteria were termed “atypical” medullary carcinoma and 56 were characterized as nonmedullary carcinoma. When compared with the patients with nonmedullary infiltrating duct carcinoma, patients with medullary carcinoma had a significantly higher survival rate at 10 years, (84% vs. 63%), similar frequency of axillary lymph node metastases, and a more favorable prognosis when nodal metastases were present. Within the medullary carcinoma group, patients had a significantly better survival rate if their primary tumors were smaller than 3 cm in diameter. The average size of medullary carcinomas was 2.9 cm and that of nonmedullary carcinomas, 4.0 cm. Bilaterality was not more common in patients with medullary carcinoma, but the interval between diagnosis of the tumors was twice as long when one lesion was medullary (8.8 years) than when both were infiltrating duct carcinomas (4.6 years). Bilaterality was significantly more common among patients with medullary carcinoma who had a positive family history. The medullary lesion was most often the second one to be diagnosed. The 79 patients with atypical medullary carcinoma had a 10-year survival rate of 74%. Patients in this group whose tumors had a sparse lymphoid infiltrate had a relatively poor prognosis. Intraductal carcinoma at the periphery of the lesion was not associated with a less favorable prognosis. It was concluded that intraductal carcinoma was consistent with the diagnosis of medullary carcinoma if all other criteria for the diagnosis were satisfied. With these exceptions we were unable to draw any firm conclusions about favorable or unfavorable effects of other morphologic features on survival in the group with atypical medullary carcinoma. Until further study of this group reveals that some or all of the lesions form a distinct clinicopathologic entity they are best included under the heading of infiltrating duct carcinoma. When the criteria described in this report were used, medullary carcinoma proved to be a specific lesion associated with a significantly better prognosis than ordinary infiltrating duct carcinoma.
Mission to the universe

This paper represents a commentary on the importance of communicating science to the general public, and offers specific suggestions on how best to gain public support for space astronomy. The presentation of space astronomy makes use of the contextual framework called Mission to the Universe, as developed by an international working group of astrophysicists and by the author.
Treatment of hypervolemic or euvolemic hyponatremia associated with heart failure, cirrhosis, or the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone with tolvaptan: A clinical review

Abstract Background: Tolvaptan is an oral nonpeptide selective vasopressin V 2 -receptor antagonist indicated for the treatment of clinically relevant hypervolemic or euvolemic hyponatremia associated with heart failure, cirrhosis, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Objective: The objective of this article was to review the pharmacology, efficacy, and tolerability of tolvaptan in the treatment of hypervolemic or euvolemic hyponatremia, heart failure, and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Methods: Articles were identified using MEDLINE (1966–February 28, 2010) and EMBASE (1947–February 28, 2010). Abstracts and proceedings from the annual meetings (2007–2009) of the American Heart Association, the European Society of Cardiology, and the American Society of Nephrology were searched to identify additional relevant publications. Searches were conducted using the terms tolvaptan, vasopressin antagonist, heart failure, polycystic kidney disease, hyponatremia, drug interaction, pharmacokinetics , and pharmacology . The reference lists of the identified publications were reviewed for additional references. All clinical trials that assessed the use of tolvaptan in the management of hypervolemic/euvolemic hyponatremia or heart failure in humans were included, regardless of study design. Results: A total of 9 trials were identified. For the treatment of hyponatremia, tolvaptan was associated with significantly increased serum sodium concentrations compared with placebo on treatment days 4 (3.62 [2.68] vs 0.25 [2.08] mmol/L, respectively; P P P = 0.002, P = 0.002, and P = 0.009). Trials of tolvaptan in humans with ADPKD are ongoing. Overall, mortality rates were not significantly altered with tolvaptan compared with placebo (25.9% vs 26.3%). The most commonly reported adverse events associated with tolvaptan in clinical trials were dry mouth (4.2%–23.0%), thirst (7.7%–40.3%), and polyuria (0.6%–31.7%), all consistent with the mechanism of action of the drug. Conclusion: Based on findings from clinical trials to date, tolvaptan is effective for the correction of hypona-tremia but has not been associated with significant improvements in mortality in patients with heart failure compared with placebo, and its utility in the treatment of ADPKD in humans remains to be determined.
Theoretical predictions of maximal oxygen consumption in hypoxia: Effects of transport limitations

A Krogh-type model for oxygen transport is used to predict maximal oxygen consumption (V(.-) O(2max)) of human skeletal muscle under hypoxic conditions. Assumed values of capillary density, blood flow, and hemoglobin concentration are based on measurements under normoxic and hypoxic exercise conditions. Arterial partial pressure of oxygen is assumed to decrease with reductions in inspired partial pressure of oxygen (P(I)O(2)), as observed experimentally. As a result of limitations of convective and diffusive oxygen delivery, predicted V(.-) O(2max) values decline gradually as P(I)O(2) is reduced from 150 mmHg to about 80 mmHg, and more rapidly as P(I)O(2) is further reduced. At very low levels of P(I)O(2), V(.-) O(2max) is limited primarily by convective oxygen supply. Experimentally observed values of V(.-) O(2max) in hypoxia show significant dispersion, with some values close to predicted levels and others substantially lower. These results suggest that maximal oxygen consumption rates in hypoxia are not necessarily determined by oxygen transport limitations and may instead reflect reduced muscle oxygen demand.
Significance of Ki-67 and p53 immunoexpression in the differential diagnosis of oral necrotizing sialometaplasia and squamous cell carcinoma

Necrotizing sialometaplasia (NS) is a benign condition that usually involves the hard palate and can be mistaken for invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In this study, we have demonstrated that p53 and Ki-67 staining may assist in the differential diagnosis of NS from SCC. Thirteen cases of NS and 20 cases of oral cavity SCC were randomly selected from our surgical pathology archive from 1992 to 2009. Each case was additionally stained with Ki-67, p53, BCL-2, p16, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibodies. All 13 cases of NS were negatively stained for BCL-2, EGFR, and Ki-67. Three cases (23%) showed weak and focal positive nuclear staining for p53. Two cases (15%) showed positive staining for p16. In 16 well-differentiated SCC cases, p53 was positive in 12 cases (75%); BCL-2, p16, EGFR were positive in 3 cases (18%); and Ki-67 was positive in all cases (100%). In 4 moderately differentiated SCC cases, p53 expression was positive in all cases. Two tumors (50%) had a positive expression of BCL-2. Three cases (75%) had a positive p16 staining, and 1 (25%) had a positive EGFR staining. All cases were positive with high nuclear staining greater than 35% of cells for Ki-67. Ki-67 and p53 showed more intense staining and increased in moderately differentiated SCC comparing with well-differentiated SCC and NS. BCL-2, EGFR, and p16 had the same pattern of staining with the same extent in NS and SCCs. The diagnosis of NS may be difficult and may be supplemented via immunohistochemistry by demonstrating focal or absent p53, low to absent Ki-67 (<10% of cells). Although Ki-67 and p53 staining are generally more intense and are increased in malignancy, these findings may be helpful adjuncts in the differential diagnosis of NS from SCC in appropriate clinical setting.
Sister chromatid differentiation and exchanges in adult mudminnows (Umbra limi) after in vivo exposure to 5-bromodeoxyuridine

An in vivo system for the detection of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in the central mudminnow, Umbra limi, is presented. Sister chromatid differential (SCD) and SCE were demonstrated by fluorescent and Giemsa procedures 5 to 6 days after the fish were injected with 500 mug/g of BrdU. The exchange rate was found to be 2.64 SCEs metaphase in the intestines and 2.42 SCEs/metaphase in the gills. SCE analysis in U. limi should be a useful tool for measuring the mutagenicity of water-borne chemicals.