cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical percolation on random regular graphs

The behavior of the random graph G(n,p) around the critical probability pc = $ {1 \over n} $ is well understood. When p = (1 + O(n1-3))pc the components are roughly of size n2-3 and converge, when scaled by n-2-3, to excursion lengths of a Brownian motion with parabolic drift. In particular, in this regime, they are not concentrated. When p = (1 - e(n))pc with e(n)n1-3 →∞ (the subcritical regime) the largest component is concentrated around 2e-2 log(e3n). When p = (1 + e(n))pc with e(n)n1-3 →∞ (the supercritical regime), the largest component is concentrated around 2en and a duality principle holds: other component sizes are distributed as in the subcritical regime. Itai Benjamini asked whether the same phenomenon occurs in a random d-regular graph. Some results in this direction were obtained by (Pittel, Ann probab 36 (2008) 1359–1389). In this work, we give a complete affirmative answer, showing that the same limiting behavior (with suitable d dependent factors in the non-critical regimes) extends to random d-regular graphs. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2010
C–H oxidation using graphite oxide

Graphite oxide was found to be an effective oxidant for use in a broad range of reactions, including the oxidation of olefins to their respective diones, methyl benzenes to their respective aldehydes, diarylmethanes to their respective ketones, and various dehydrogenations. The temperatures used in the reactions were typically mild (100–120 °C), and the heterogeneous nature of the oxidant facilitated isolation and purification of the desired products. In most cases, no by-products were observed and the desired products were isolated in good to excellent yields.
Generalized parton distributions from lattice QCD

I review the LHPC Collaboration's lattice QCD calculations of the generalized parton distributions of the nucleon and highlight those aspects of nucleon structure best illuminated by lattice QCD, the nucleon's spin decomposition and transverse quark structure.
Future galactic supernova neutrino signal: What can we learn?

The next supernova in our galaxy will be detected by a variety of neutrino detectors. In this lecture I discuss the set of observables needed to constrain the models of supernova neutrino emission. They are the flux normalizations, and average energies, of each of the three expected components of the neutrino flux: ν_e, ν_e, and ν_x (all the other four flavors combined). I show how the existing, or soon to be operational, neutrino detectors will be able to determine the magnitude of these observables, and estimate the corresponding rates.
Laboratory studies of ice formation pathways from ammonium sulfate particles

Abstract. Cirrus clouds are composed of ice particles and their formation pathways have been studied extensively in the laboratory. The ability of ammonium sulfate particles to act as nuclei for cirrus clouds has been of particular importance because of their ubiquitous presence in the upper troposphere. The results of past laboratory experiments of homogeneous ice nucleation from ammonium sulfate particles show a wide range of freezing conditions. In the present study, a flow tube apparatus equipped with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to reexamine these discrepancies. It was found that when ammonium sulfate particles were preconditioned at 100% relative humidity (RH) prior to experimentation, the particles began to freeze at conditions predicted by the homogeneous ice nucleation model developed by Koop et al. (2000). If the particles were not preconditioned at 100% RH, some froze at warmer temperatures and lower ice saturation ratios than predicted by Koop et al. (2000). It is hypothesized that a population of effloresced particles affected freezing conditions for particles that were not preconditioned at 100% RH.
Real-time impact identification of stiffened composite panels

An investigation was conducted to develop a real-time identification technique for the prediction of location and force history of low-velocity impacts on composite panels with beam stiffeners. Both analysis and experiments were conducted during the investigation. The technique used measurements from built-in piezoceramic sensors to reconstruct the force history using the smoother-filter algorithm. Impact location was determined by minimizing the difference between modeled response and actual response. A computer code was developed from a model for composite plates that allowed for the variation of structural properties (mass and stiffness) due to the presence of the stiffeners. The model was generalized so that it could potentially be used for any panel that has discontinuous material properties. Extensive experiments were conducted to verify the model and the computer code for impacts both in the bay and on the stiffener. The identification technique, as implemented on a personal computer, demonstrated real- time capability, and good agreement was found between predicted and actual force history and location. Parametric studies on the effects of sensor placement and impact mass on impact prediction were conducted.
Capital flows and trade in Mexico: A model of institutional dynamics

This paper builds a system‐dynamics model of the Mexican economy and tests several propositions regarding policy and income inequality. It concludes, among other things, that one of the most significant developments over the past twenty years has been the declining wage paid to those in the manufacturing export sector. As a consequence, policies aimed at increasing developing states participation in the internationalization of production have been less helpful than supposed.
Memory exploration for low power, embedded systems

In embedded system design, the designer has to choose an on-chip memory configuration that is suitable for a specific application. To aid in this design choice, we present a memory exploration strategy based on three performance metrics, namely, cache size, the number of processor cycles and the energy consumption. We show how the performance is affected by cache parameters such as cache size, line size, set associativity and tiling, and the off-chip data organization. We show the importance of including energy in the performance metrics, since an increase in the cache line size, cache size, tiling and set associativity reduces the number of cycles but does not necessarily reduce the energy consumption. These performance metrics help us find the minimum energy cache configuration if time is the hard constraint, or the minimum time cache configuration if energy is the hard constraint.
First MINOS results with the NuMI beam

The results from the initial exposure of the MINOS detectors to neutrinos produced by the Fermilab NuMI beam are reported here. The exposure consisted of 1.27x10{sup 20} 120 GeV protons incident on the NuMI target. The data show the observation of 215 neutrinos with energies below 30 GeV while 336 {+-} 14.4 events were expected. The data are consistent with {nu}{sub {mu}} disappearance via neutrino oscillations with |{Delta}m{sup 2}{sub 23}| = 2.74{sub +0.44}{sup -0.26} x 10{sup -3} eV{sup 2}/c{sup 4} and sin{sup 2} 2{theta}{sub 23} > 0.87 (68% C.L.).
Rectitude in International Arbitration

Everything is in flux. Heracleitus1 Righteousness endures forever. Psalm 1112 ### (a) Heracleitus Meets the Psalmist THE SOMEWHAT excessive words attributed to Heracleitus find some application in the current search for ethical standards applicable to arbitrators sitting in international disputes. New patterns of misbehaviour create new types of ethical challenges. Few criteria for evaluating arbitrator independence and impartiality will likely stay foolproof for long, given how ingenious fools often prove themselves to be. Heracleitus notwithstanding, however, change does not occupy the entirety of human experience. Although tomorrow cannot be built on an assumption of yesterday's permanence, one must build on something. Yesterday's lessons remain better starting points than most. Thus the aspirational model of righteousness continues to manifest a stubborn stability, much as the Psalmist predicted. No less than in other areas of the law, elaboration of standards for arbitrator ethics implicates a tension between the transient and the permanent.3 Conflict-of-interest principles will remain useful only if implemented with sensitivity to new trouble spots. Traditional ethical models serve as starting points for evaluating the fitness of those to whom business managers, investors, and nations entrust their treasure and their welfare. Any model, however, must be flexible enough to address novel professional temptations. In particular, vigilance commends itself when lawyers take on various professional roles, making arguments as advocates in one case about propositions that remain open in other cases where they sit as arbitrators. The constant movement in arbitrators' lives and activities requires regular adjustment in both formulation and application of contours for acceptable and unacceptable arbitrator behaviour.4 ### (b) Why Bias Matters No one with a dog in the fight should judge the competition.5 Nor should anyone serve as a referee in a game after having decided which team will win. At least as an aspirational model, legal claims should be decided on their merits, …
The identification of destabilizing foreign exchange speculation

Abstract This paper develops a technique for directly identifying destabilizing speculation. It shows that previous techniques that have been used in the empirical foreign exchange market literature cannot correctly identify whether or not destabilizing speculation has occurred. It is shown that the ‘true’ underlying model that determines the exchange rate (or any price) must be known before the stability of speculation can be determined empirically. Two appendices are included that (a) present an example of a correct empirical test for the 1973–1975 foreign exchange markets, and (b) show how a rational expectations framework could be used to analyze the question.
An analytic model of the HASP execution task monitor

The HASP Execution Task Monitor periodically rearranges the OS/360 dispatching chain to give tasks preemptive execution priority in inverse order to that of their cpu utilization history. The effect is to keep the I/O bound tasks active and to prevent cpu bound tasks from locking out other tasks. This paper develops a simple model of the Execution Task Monitor and employs it to study the effectiveness of the monitor in improving system performance. A modified strategy for monitor control is investigated for the case of task execution in a memory heirarchy of varying speeds.
Improvements In Avalanche-Transistor Sweep Circuitry For Electrooptic Streak Cameras

kVe have improved the performance of the avalanche-transistor deflector-driver (sweep) circuitry used in the high-speed, electrooptic streak camera at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). In the previous design for the sweep circuit, trigger-to-output delay time drifted on some cameras. This delay drift is a function of a somewhat randomly unstable breakdown voltage of some avalanche transistors. I.oth temperature and differences in manufacturing ethods for transistors affect this instability. However, a sig-nificant improvement in system performance is achieved by long-term burn in and by selection of only the most stable transistors for the sweep circuit. The peak-to-peak sweep voltage has been increased about 8O by increasing the number of avalanche transistors in the string and raising the Q of the resonant circuit. The result is an improvement in sweep uniformity by a factor of appoximately 2. Design equations for selecting components are given. Fast-recovery diodes are used to prevent undershoot and to keep the beam out of the intensifier field of view until after the intensifier is gated off. The sweep time range has been extended to over 100 ns.
Image-based multiresolution shape recovery by surface deformation

This paper presents a novel approach for constructing multiresolution surface models from a set of calibrated images. The output is a texture-mapped triangular surface mesh that best matches all the input images. The mesh is obtained by deforming a generic initial mesh such as a sphere or cube according to image and geometry-based forces. This technique has the following key features: (1) the initial mesh is able to converge to the object surface from arbitrarily far away, (2) the resolution of the final mesh adapts to the local complexity of the object, (3) sharp corners and edges of object surface are preserved in the final mesh, (4) occlusion is correctly modeled during convergence, (5) re-projection error of the final mesh is optimized, and (6) the output is ideally suited for rendering by existing graphics hardware. The approach is shown is shown to yield good results on real image sequences.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Correlation of the Aqueous Solubility of Hydrocarbons and Halogenated Hydrocarbons with Molecular Structure

The aqueous solubilities of a set of 109 hydrocarbons and 132 halogenated hydrocarbons (total 241) are correlated by a three term equation using descriptors calculated solely from molecular structure, with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.979 and a standard error (s) of 0.386 log units. This equation allows the estimation of aqueous solubilities of hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons (including polychlorinated biphenyls). The key descriptor is the molecular volume, modified by topological and electrostatic terms. The use of descriptors calculated only from molecular structure eliminates the need for experimental determination of properties for use in the correlation and allows for the estimation of aqueous solubility for molecules not yet synthesized or isolated.
PM3 calculations of Diels-Alder reactions of “pull-push” activated isoprenes with aceto- and acrylonitrile

Abstract PM3 calculations of the pull-push dienes in the Diels-Alder reactions with acetonitrile and acrylonitrile are presented. Two of the pull-push dienes, 1-dimethylamino-1-iodoisoprene and 1-fluoro-1-dimethylaminoisoprene where studied. In the iodo isomer the C-I bond can be easily broken and the actual species considered in the calculation is the corresponding cation 3 . Frontier orbitals and the energy barriers in the reactions were considered for all possible cases in the two step, as well as in the concerted mechanism. The frontier orbital calculations of the reactants correctly predict the products of the reactions. According to the calculated energy barriers for the CN addition of acrylonitrile to cation 3 the two step addition is preferred over the concerted mechanism. In the case of the Diels-Alder reaction of fluoroisoprene and acrylonitrile the concerted mechanism was favored. The PM3 energy barriers of all possible cases suggest that in the endo acrylonitrile addition, the CC double bond rather than the CN triple bond is added to the diene. The predicted PM3 products of the reactions are in full agreement with ones obtained experimentally.
Redesigning care for patients at increased hospitalization risk: the Comprehensive Care Physician model.

Patients who have been hospitalized often experience care coordination problems that worsen outcomes and increase costs. One reason is that hospital care and ambulatory care are often provided by different physicians. However, interventions to improve care coordination for hospitalized patients have not consistently improved outcomes and generally have not reduced costs. We describe the rationale for the Comprehensive Care Physician model, in which physicians focus their practice on patients at increased risk of hospitalization so that they can provide both inpatient and outpatient care to their patients. We also describe the design and implementation of a study supported by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation to assess the model’s effects on costs and outcomes. Evidence concerning the effectiveness of the program is expected by 2016. If the program is found to be effective, the next steps will be to assess the durability of its benefits and the model’s potential for dissemination; evidence to...
Microcomputer Workstations for Evaluation Research

This article discusses the hardware and software components of three workstations suitablefor evaluation researchers, one for those on a limited budget, one for professional researchers, and one for a research team or department. The systems range in cost from just under $3,000 to over $30,000, and include the features most frequently used by professionals. These example systems and the discussion of the components should serve to illustrate the wide variety of possibilities open to researchers interested in acquiring microcomputer workstations.
Adaptive Pitch Control of Variable-Speed Wind Turbines

The aerodynamic efficiency of a variable-speed wind turbine operating in Region 2, or below-rated wind speeds, is greatly affected by the identification of accurate parameters for the controller. In particular, the power coefficient (Cp) surface must be well known for optimal efficiency to be achieved with a constant-gain controller. However, adaptive control can overcome the inefficiencies caused by inaccurate knowledge of the Cp surface. Previous work focused on adaptive torque gain control to cause a variable-speed turbine to operate, on average, at the tip-speed ratio λ* for which the maximum Cp occurs. This paper considers the effects of adaptive blade pitch angle control on a turbine’s aerodynamic efficiency. Computer simulations and tests on a field turbine are used to verify the adaptive pitch control scheme. Simulation and field test results demonstrate that the adaptive pitch controller causes the pitch angle to approach its optimal value. Adaptive pitch control can be used to seek the optimal pitch angle for energy capture in Region 2 operation. Additional field operation is required before a statistically significant improvement in energy capture can be demonstrated.
Waist size for cusps in hyperbolic 3-manifolds II

The waist size of a cusp in an orientable hyperbolic 3-manifold is the length of the shortest nontrivial curve generated by a parabolic isometry in the maximal cusp boundary. Previously, it was shown that the smallest possible waist size, which is 1, is realized only by the cusp in the figure-eight knot complement. In this paper, it is proved that the next two smallest waist sizes are realized uniquely for the cusps in the $$5_2$$ knot complement and the manifold obtained by (2,1)-surgery on the Whitehead link. One application is an improvement on the universal upper bound for the length of an unknotting tunnel in a 2-cusped hyperbolic 3-manifold.
Nonembeddability theorems via Fourier analysis

Various new nonembeddability results (mainly into L 1) are proved via Fourier analysis. In particular, it is shown that the Edit Distance on {0,1} d has L 1 distortion We also give new lower bounds on the L 1 distortion of flat tori, quotients of the discrete hypercube under group actions, and the transportation cost (Earthmover) metric.
Atmospheric Chemistry of Venus-like Exoplanets

We use thermodynamic calculations to model atmospheric chemistry on terrestrial exoplanets that are hot enough for chemical equilibria between the atmosphere and lithosphere, as on Venus. The results of our calculations place constraints on abundances of spectroscopically observable gases, the surface temperature and pressure, and the mineralogy of the planetary surface. These results will be useful in planning future observations of the atmospheres of terrestrial-sized exoplanets by current and proposed space observatories such as the Hubble Space Telescope, Spitzer, the James Webb Space Telescope, and Darwin.
Optimality of certainty equivalence in expected value problems for uncertain linear systems

In this paper we study the optimality of the certainty equivalence approximation in robust finite-horizon optimization problems with expected cost. We provide an algorithm for determining the subset of the state-space for which the certainty equivalence technique is optimal. In the second part of the paper we show how patterns in the problem structure called symmetries can be used to reduce the computational complexity of the previous algorithm. Finally we demonstrate our technique through numerical examples, including a networked battery system.
Glycosylated vinyl ethers by the Julia–Lythgoe–Kocienski olefination: application to the synthesis of 2′,5′-dideoxydisaccharides and carbohydrated β-lactams

Abstract α-Carbohydrated pyridinyl sulfones, prepared from commercially available d -(−)-ribose, d -(+)-galactose, and d -(+)-glucose through a five-step sequence, have been employed in the Julia–Lythgoe–Kocienski olefination with aldehydes. This one-pot protocol, using solid KOH at room temperature, affords the corresponding glycosidic enol ethers in moderate to excellent yields and ( E )-stereoselectivities. These glycosylated adducts undergo hetero-Diels–Alder reactions with 2-formyl-1-malondialdehyde to afford 2′,5′-dideoxygenated disaccharides in good yields and complete regio- and endo -selectivity. Alternatively, the [2+2]-cycloaddition reaction of the glycosidic enol ethers with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate provided glycosylated β-lactams regioselectively and with only trans -stereoselectivity. The β-lactams could be converted to N -methylthio derivatives which show decent antibacterial activity toward methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus .
A Chandra X-Ray Survey of Ejecta in the Cassiopeia A Supernova Remnant

We present a survey of the X-ray emitting ejecta in the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant based on an extensive analysis of over 6000 spectral regions extracted on 2.5-10" angular scales using the Chandra 1 Ms observation. We interpret these results in the context of hydrodynamical models for the evolution of the remnant. The distributions of fitted temperature and ionization age are highly peaked and suggest that the ejecta were subjected to multiple secondary shocks. Based on the fitted emission measure and element abundances, and an estimate of the emitting volume, we derive masses for the X-ray emitting ejecta as well as showing the distribution of the mass of various elements over the remnant. The total shocked Fe mass appears to be roughly 0.14 Solar Mass, which accounts for nearly all of the mass expected in Fe ejecta. We find two populations of Fe ejecta, that associated with normal Si-burning and that associated with alpha-rich freeze-out, with a mass ratio of approximately 2:1. Surprisingly, essentially all of this Fe (both components) is well outside the central regions of the SNR, presumably having been ejected by hydrodynamic instabilities during the explosion. We discuss this, and its implications for the neutron star kick.
Chiral symmetry and the spectrum of the QCD Dirac operator

According to the Banks-Casher formula the chiral order parameter is directly related to the spectrum of the Dirac operator. In this lecture, we will argue that some properties of the Dirac spectrum are universal and can be obtained from a random matrix theory with the global symmetries of the QCD partition function. In particular, this is true for the spectrum near zero on the scale of a typical level spacing. Alternatively, the chiral order parameter can be characterized by the zeros of the partition function. We will analyze such zeros for a random matrix model at nonzero chemical potential.
Effect of Ion Implantation on the Corrosion Behavior of Lead and a Lead‐Antimony Alloy

Ion implantation of different metals in Pb and Pb-4% Sb has been found to improve the open-circuit corrosion resistance of the two metals in 5M H[sub 2]SO[sub 4]. Titanium ions were implanted under different conditions of ion dose and ion energy. Optimum implantation conditions resulted in an up to 72-fold reduction of corrosion currents. The implantation of V, Cr, Ni, and W has been investigated for one implantation condition and has also resulted in decreased corrosion currents. The corrosion behavior was characterized by the current response to small anodic potential steps. Surface analysis and depth profiles have shown the importance of the spatial distribution of the implanted ions for their effects on the anodic and cathodic parts of the corrosion reactions.
Stability of Ideal Lattices from Quadratic Number Fields

We study semi-stable ideal lattices coming from quadratic number fields. We prove that all ideal lattices of trace type from rings of integers of imaginary quadratic number fields are semi-stable. For real quadratic fields, we demonstrate infinite families of semi-stable and unstable ideal lattices, establishing explicit conditions on the canonical basis of an ideal that ensure stability; in particular, our result implies that an ideal lattice of trace type coming from a real quadratic field is semi-stable with positive probability. We also briefly discuss the connection between stability and well-roundedness of Euclidean lattices.
Variable length path coupling

We present a new technique for constructing and analyzing couplings to bound the convergence rate of finite Markov chains. Our main theorem is a generalization of the path coupling theorem of Bubley and Dyer, allowing the defining partial couplings to have length determined by a random stopping time. Unlike the original path coupling theorem, our version can produce multistep (non-Markovian) couplings. Using our variable length path coupling theorem, we improve the upper bound on the mixing time of the Glauber dynamics for randomly sampling colorings. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2007 A preliminary version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, 2004, pp. 103–110.
Bandwidth and latency requirements for smart transmission grid applications

The rapid increase of phasor measurements on the high voltage power system has opened opportunities for new applications to enhance the operation of the grid. To take advantage of the high sampling rates of these measurement data, these applications will require a high-bandwidth, networked communication system. The specifications for this next generation communication system that will overlay the continental power grids are under intense discussion at this time by organizations like the North-American Synchro-Phasor Initiative (NASPI). In this paper we present a method to simulate, design and test the adequacy of a communication system for a particular transmission grid. The main difference from typical communication system studies is that we formulate the communication requirements from the power grid application requirements, that is, the communication design, simulation and testing is from the viewpoint of the anticipated power applications. Themethod is demonstrated on a WECC 225 bus and a Polish 2383 bus transmission system models.
Taylor and minimal resolutions of homogeneous polynomial ideals

We give a necessary and sufficient condition on a homogeneous polynomial ideal for its Taylor complex to be exact. Then we give a combinatorial construction of a minimal resolution for ideals satisfying the above condition (in particular for monomial ideals).
Agent Change and Seller Bargaining Power: A Case of Principal Agent Problem in the Housing Market

When a seller hires an agent to sell his/her property, a successful outcome depends on the list price, marketing time, unobserved relative bargaining power of the buyers and sellers, and the effort levels of the seller and the seller’s agent. A divergence with respect to the list/transaction prices and the expected effort levels between seller and agent will create a principal-agent interest conflict. This conflict in some cases results in an agent change before the house is sold. The change will reduce the relative bargaining power of the seller, affecting the observed marketing time and transaction price. This study estimates the effects of an agent change on marketing time and transaction price after controlling for degree of overpricing, list-price revisions, marketing time, and endogenous selection bias. Our results show that: (1) on average, an agent change increases the marketing time by about 3 months and adversely affects the transaction price by about 2.7 %. Furthermore, we found that an agent change before the expiration of the listing contract, compared to that of after the expiration, has a smaller effect on the marketing time (2.3 vs. 3.8 months) and has a smaller transaction price discount (2.1 % vs. 4.2 %).
Mixed ionic and electronic conduction in Mn/Mo doped gadolinium titanate

Recent work has shown that Gd2(Ti1-xMOx)2O7 (Mo doped GT) exhibits high levels of mixed conduction under reducing atmospheres, making it suitable as an anode in a solid oxide fuel cell. It decomposes at high PO2, however. We have succeeded in extending the stability limits of the GT–Mo to higher PO2 with the addition of Mn. Our earlier studies on Gd2((MoyMn1-y)xTi1–x)2O7 (GMMT) as a function of PO2, T, and composition utilizing impedance spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction are extended to include the joint effects of variations in x and y on the conductivity and stability of the material in cathodic environments. Defect models explaining the dependence of the partial conductivities on oxygen partial pressure, temperature and composition are also presented.
Meibomian gland and tear film lipids: structure, function and control.

Current understanding of the interactions between composition and function in the tear film is inadequate or misleading, especially as it pertains to the tear film lipid layer. This inadequacy begins as the primary source of the lipids, the meibomian gland orifice, releases its aliquot of meibum onto the aqueous-mucin layer. The polar and nonpolar lipid composition of meibum and the ionic composition of the aqueous-mucin layer result in formation of a functional tear film lipid monolayer. Many external parameters constrain lipid composition, including initial formation of a composite monolayer with polar and nonpolar phases, adequate fluidity near body temperature, ability to undergo compression and expansion without extensive hysteresis (as during a blink) and resistance to enzymatic degradation. Lipid type, as well as fatty acid and alcohol composition, affects each process.
An extension of the dual magnetometer method for use on a dual spinning spacecraft

A method of estimating and correcting for the magnetic field of a dual spinning spacecraft has been developed by employing an extension of the dual magnetometer technique. This new method is useful for those situations in which a magnetometer boom of modest length is attached to the spinning part of a large spacecraft. The purpose of using a dual spinning spacecraft is to accommodate two types of instruments: imaging and similar pointed remote sensing systems on the stationary platform, and fields, particles and other in-situ measuring instruments on the spinning portion. The new method assumes that the stationary part of the spacecraft possesses a magnetic field which is represented by a combination of a dipole and a quadrupole field.
A program to hyphenate English words

Hyphenation programs used in computerized typesetting employ varied techniques-often in combination-to determine where to break the last word on a line. Usually, a dictionary lookup procedure is combined with a `logical hyphenation program' which bases its decisions on the recognition of certain characters, strings of characters, or patterns of vowels and consonants. The described program is such a logical routine. It is based on the word division rules of Webster's New International Dictionary and recognizes prefixes, suffixes, and other letter combinations which require special processing, including strings which are likely to belong to accented syllables.
On the definition and classification of mechanism-based Enzyme Inhibitors

Abstract A formal mechanistic classification scheme for active site-directed enzyme inhibitors is described in order to provide a framework from which the meaning of the term “mechanism-based inhibitor” can be seen in relief. Attention is called to non-classical mechanism-based inhibitors as under-exploited in inhibitor design.
Elastomeric polycarbonate block copolymers

Abstract Polycarbonate block copolymers were prepared by phosgenating pyridine solutions of polyether glycol-bisphenol-A mixtures. Copolycarbonates derived from poly(oxyethylene) glycols (Carbowaxes) were studied in detail for property-structure effects as a function of glycol molecular weight (1000–20,000) and copolymer composition (5–70 weight per cent or 0.3–10.0 mole per cent of a 4000 molecular weight glycol). Remarkable strength (>7000 psi) and snappy elasticity (>90 per cent immediate recovery) were observed at poly(oxyethylene) block concentrations greater than 3 mole per cent. These thermoplastic elastomers also exhibited high softening temperatures (>180° C) and tensile elongations up to about 700 per cent. Both Tg and softening temperature varied linearly with comonomer mole ratio over the composition range studied, with Tg displaying much greater polyether concentration sensitivity. It is suggested that the observed property effects result to a large extent from the variation in poly(bisphenol...
The effect of L-thyroxine supplementation on retinal vascular development in neonatal rats

Purpose: Thyroxine (T4) plays a role in neuroretinal maturation, but little is known regarding its role in retinal vascularization. The neonatal rat retina is incompletely vascularized at birth, providing a model for the human premature infant retina and for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). We hypothesized that T4 supplementation would accelerate vascular development of normal neonatal rat retina. Methods: Two hundred twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were raised in litters of 10 in room air and received either 0.05 μ g/g, 0.5 μ g/g, or 1.0 μ g/g of intraperitoneal T4 or saline control beginning on day 1 of life for 3 days, 7 days, or 3 days followed by 4 days recovery. Rats were sacrificed on either day 4 or day 8 of life. Left eyes were fixed, retinae dissected and ADPase-stained. Flat mounted retinae were digitized and total retinal areas and retinal vascular density were evaluated in a masked manner. Serum T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were measured at each ...
Aminoalkylbenzotriazoles : reagents for the aminoalkylation of electron rich heterocycles

Abstract Secondary and tertiary aminoalkylbenzotriazoles react with pyrrole, indole, their N-methyl analogs and with 2-methylfuran under mild reaction conditions in the presence of a Lewis acid to afford selectively the corresponding secondary or tertiary amines.
A Dream Experiment in Development Economics

In this article, the authors discuss a unique project carried out by 13 teams of four students each in the undergraduate Development Economics class during the 2012 spring semester at a private liberal arts college. The goal of the “Dream Experiment” was to think of an idea that promotes development, employs concepts from development economics, uses a real-world situation from a developing country, and has implications for policy if the experiment goes ahead. The authors present details of the project's modus operandi, provide a case study as an example, and highlight lessons for economics pedagogy.
On Plateau's Problem for Soap Films with a Bound on Energy

We prove existence and almost everywhere regularity of an area minimizing soap film with a bound on energy spanning a given Jordan curve in Euclidean space R 3.The energy of a film is defined to be the sum of its surface area and the length of its singular branched set. The class of surfaces over which area is minimized includes images of disks, integral currents, nonorientable surfaces and soap films as observed by Plateau with a bound on energy. Our area minimizing solution is shown to be a smooth surface away from its branched set which is a union of Lipschitz Jordan curves of finite total length.
Starbursts versus Truncated Star Formation in Nearby Clusters of Galaxies

We present long-slit spectroscopy, B- and R-bandpass imaging, and 21 cm observations of a sample of early-type galaxies in nearby clusters, which are known to be either in a star-forming phase or to have had star formation that recently terminated. From the long-slit spectra, obtained with the Blanco 4 m telescope, we find that emission lines in the star-forming cluster galaxies are significantly more centrally concentrated than in a sample of field galaxies. The broadband imaging reveals that two currently star-forming early-type galaxies in the Pegasus I cluster have blue nuclei, again indicating that recent star formation has been concentrated. In contrast, the two galaxies for which star formation has already ended show no central color gradient. The Pegasus I galaxy with the most evident signs of ongoing star formation (NGC 7648), exhibits signatures of a tidal encounter. Neutral hydrogen observations of that galaxy with the Arecibo radio telescope reveal the presence of ~4 × 108 M⊙ of H I. Arecibo observations of other current or recent star-forming early-type galaxies in Pegasus I indicate smaller amounts of gas in one of them, and only upper limits in others. These observations indicate that NGC 7648 in the Pegasus I cluster owes its present star formation episode to some form of tidal interaction. The same may be true for the other galaxies with centralized star formation, but we cannot rule out the possibility that their outer disks have been removed via ram pressure stripping, followed by rapid quenching of star formation in the central region.
Numerical investigation of pulsed chemical vapor deposition of aluminum nitride to reduce particle formation

Abstract Particles of aluminum nitride (AlN) have been observed to form during epitaxial growth of AlN films by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Particle formation is undesirable because particles do not contribute to the film growth, and are detrimental to the hydraulic system of the reactor. It is believed that particle formation is triggered by adducts that are formed when the group-III precursor, namely tri-methyl-aluminum (TMAl), and the group-V precursor, namely ammonia (NH 3 ), come in direct contact in the gas-phase. Thus, one way to eliminate particle formation is to prevent the group-III and the group-V precursors from coming in direct contact at all in the gas-phase. In this article, pulsing of TMAl and NH 3 is numerically investigated as a means to reduce AlN particle formation. The investigations are conducted using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis with the inclusion of detailed chemical reaction mechanisms both in the gas-phase and at the surface. The CFD code is first validated for steady-state (non-pulsed) MOCVD of AlN against published data. Subsequently, it is exercised for pulsed MOCVD with various pulse widths, precursor gas flow rates, wafer temperature, and reactor pressure. It is found that in order to significantly reduce particle formation, the group-III and group-V precursors need to be separated by a carrier gas pulse, and the carrier gas pulse should be at least 5–6 times as long as the precursor gas pulses. The studies also reveal that with the same time-averaged precursor gas flow rates as steady injection (non-pulsed) conditions, pulsed MOCVD can result in higher film growth rates because the precursors are incorporated into the film, rather than being wasted as particles. The improvement in growth rate was noted for both horizontal and vertical reactors, and was found to be most pronounced for intermediate wafer temperature and intermediate reactor pressure.
Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Denitrogenative Transannulation: Converting Triazoles into Other Heterocyclic Systems

Transition metal catalyzed denitrogenative transannulation of a triazole ring has recently received considerable attention as a new concept for the construction of diverse nitrogen-containing heterocyclic cores. This method allows a single-step synthesis of complex nitrogen heterocycles from easily available and cheap triazole precursors. In this Minireview, recent progress of the transition metal catalyzed denitrogenative transannulation of a triazole ring, which was discovered in 2007, is discussed.
The Effect of Managerial Incentives to Bear Risk on Corporate Capital Structure and R&D Investment

In this study we use estimates of the sensitivities of managers’ portfolios to stock return volatility and stock price to directly test the relationship between managerial incentives to bear risk and two important corporate decisions. We find that as the sensitivity of managers’ stock option portfolios to stock return volatility increases firms tend to choose higher debt ratios and make higher levels of R&D investment. These results are even stronger in a subsample of firms with relatively low outside monitoring. For these firms, managerial incentives to bear risk play a particularly pivotal role in determining leverage and R&D investment.
Constraints on cosmic hemispherical power anomalies from quasars

Recent analyses of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) maps from the WMAP satellite have uncovered evidence for a hemispherical power anomaly, i.e. a dipole modulation of the CMB power spectrum at large angular scales with an amplitude of ±14 percent. Erickcek et al have put forward an inflationary model to explain this anomaly. Their scenario is a variation on the curvaton scenario in which the curvaton possesses a large-scale spatial gradient that modulates the amplitude of CMB fluctuations. We show that this scenario would also lead to a spatial gradient in the amplitude of perturbations σ8, and hence to a dipole asymmetry in any highly biased tracer of the underlying density field. Using the high-redshift quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we find an upper limit on such a gradient of |∇σ8|/σ8 < 0.027r_(lss)^(−1) (99% posterior probability), where r_(lss) is the comoving distance to the last-scattering surface. This rules out the simplest version of the curvaton spatial gradient scenario.
Combinatorics of certain higher q,t-Catalan polynomials: chains, joint symmetry, and the Garsia---Haiman formula

The higher q,t-Catalan polynomial $C^{(m)}_{n}(q,t)$ can be defined combinatorially as a weighted sum of lattice paths contained in certain triangles, or algebraically as a complicated sum of rational functions indexed by partitions of n. This paper proves the equivalence of the two definitions for all m?1 and all n≤4. We also give a bijective proof of the joint symmetry property $C^{(m)}_{n}(q,t)=C^{(m)}_{n}(t,q)$ for all m?1 and all n≤4. The proof is based on a general approach for proving joint symmetry that dissects a collection of objects into chains, and then passes from a joint symmetry property of initial points and terminal points to joint symmetry of the full set of objects. Further consequences include unimodality results and specific formulas for the coefficients in $C^{(m)}_{n}(q,t)$ for all m?1 and all n≤4. We give analogous results for certain rational-slope q,t-Catalan polynomials.
The structure dependence of grain boundary corrosion in niobium bicrystals

Abstract Grain boundary corrosion of oriented niobium bicrystals with symmetrical tilt boundaries has been investigated using interference microscopy. It is shown that the depth d of penetration increases with misorientation angle θ except near some coincidence-site-lattice boundaries where minimum cusps appear. For small-angle boundaries, d depends on θ following a ReadShockley-type relationship. The structure dependence of grain boundary corrosion is explained in terms of variations in free volume. The local expansion at large-angle grain boundaries was calculated using a soft-sphere model.
Resolving the xi Boo Binary with Chandra, and Revealing the Spectral Type Dependence of the Coronal Fip Effect

On 2008 May 2, Chandra observed the X-ray spectrum of xi Boo (G8 V+K4 V), resolving the binary for the first time in X-rays and allowing the coronae of the two stars to be studied separately. With the contributions of ξ Boo A and B to the system's total X-ray emission now observationally established (88.5% and 11.5% respectively), consideration of mass loss measurements for GK dwarfs of various activity levels (including one for xi Boo) leads to the surprising conclusion that xi Boo B may dominate the wind from the binary, with xi Boo A's wind being very weak despite its active corona. Emission measure (EM) distributions and coronal abundances are computed for both stars and compared with Chandra measurements of other moderately active stars with G8-K5 spectral types, all of which exhibit a narrow peak in EM near log T = 6.6, indicating that the coronal heating process in these stars has a strong preference for this temperature. As is the case for the Sun and many other stars, our sample of stars shows coronal abundance anomalies dependent on the first ionization potential (FIP) of the element. We see no dependence of the degree of FIP effect on activity, but there is a dependence on spectral type, a correlation that becomes more convincing when moderately active main-sequence stars with a broader range of spectral types are considered. This clear dependence of coronal abundances on spectral type weakens if the stellar sample is allowed to be contaminated by evolved stars, interacting binaries or extremely active stars with logLX 29, explaining why this correlation has not been recognized in the past.
Brueckner-bethe calculations of nuclear matter

Abstract The ideas of the Brueckner-Bethe hole-line expansion are briefly outlined. Four practical tests of its validity are formulated. These tests are applied to recent numerical results for the central potential ν 2 and the semirealistic potential ν 6 (Reid), which contains a tensor force but no spin-orbit force. The results are consistent with the validity of the hole-line expansion. The Brueckner-Bethe results are also consistent, within uncertainties of order 3 MeV, with variational results.
Requirements for an Advanced Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Sounder (ALS) for Improved Regional Weather Prediction and Monitoring of Greenhouse Gases

ABSTRACT Hyperspectral infrared atmospheric sounders (e.g. the Atmosphe ric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on Aqua and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IAS I) on MetOp) provide highly accurate temperature and water vapor profiles in the lower to upper troposphere. These systems are vital operational components of our National Weather Prediction system and the AIRS has demonstrated over 6 hrs of forecast improvement on the 5 day operational forecast 1 . Despite the success in the mid troposphere to lowe r stratosphere, a reduction in sensitivity and accuracy has been seen in these systems in the boundary layer over land. In this paper we demonstrate the potential improvement associated with higher spatial resolution (1km vs currently 13.5 km) on the accuracy of boundary layer products with an added consequence of higher yield of cloud free scenes. This latter feature is related to the number of samples that can be assimilated and has also shown to have a significant impact on improving forecast accuracy. We also present a set of frequencies and resolutions that will improve vertical resolution of temperature and water vapor and trace gas species throughout the atmosphere. Development of an Advanced Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Sounder (ALS) with these improvements will improve weather forecast at the regional scale and of tropical storms and hurricanes. Improv ements are also expected in the accuracy of the water vapor and cloud properties products, enhanc ing process studies and providing a better match to the resolution of future climate models. The improvements of technology required for the ALS are consistent with the current state of technology as demonstrated in NASA Instrument Incubator Program and NOAAs Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) formulation phase development programs. Keywords: Atmosphere, Sounder, Temperature, Water Vapor, Profile, Advanced