cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AN INGESTION-EGESTION HYPOTHESIS OF NONCIRCULATIVE VIRUS TRANSMISSION

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the ingestion–egestion hypothesis noncirculative virus transmission. Two classification systems have been used to describe virus transmissions by aphids and leafhoppers: one is based on how long vectors retain virus, and the other on where and how virus is carried by the vector. Transmissions and, later, by common usage, the viruses transmitted are classified as nonpersistenty, semipersistent, or persistent depending on whether virus is retained for minutes, for several hours to days, or for weeks to life, respectively. This system is based on a readily testable characteristic, retention. Unfortunately, researchers have not always used comparable experimental conditions when reporting retention times. The retention time for a given vector-virus combination can vary considerably with both ambient temperature and vector feeding activity before, during or after virus acquisition. In addition, distinctions between the three categories are sometimes blurred, with some viruses not fitting neatly into any one category. The term circulative replaces persistent and refers to transmission in which virus is acquired via the maxillary food canal, absorbed, translocated, and eventually inoculated into plants in virus-laden saliva ejected from the salivary canal, that is, an ingestion-salivation mechanism. Circulative viruses that also multiply in their vectors are circulative-propagative. Noncirculative viruses that do not occur in an infectious titer or form in host-plant superficial tissues and that are able to accumulate and persist in the vector's alimentary canal will be transmitted only in a semipersistent manner.
Intrusion Characteristics of High Viscosity Bone Cements for the Tibial Component of a Total Knee Arthroplasty Using Negative Pressure Intrusion Cementing Technique.

Background With the advent of new bone cements with different viscosities, it is important to understand how they respond to different cementing techniques. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the high viscosity (HV) bone cement intrusion characteristics comparing negative pressure intrusion technique (NPI) and finger-packing technique in a cadaveric proximal tibial bone. Methods Soft tissues were removed from twenty- four fresh frozen cadaver proximal tibiae, and standard arthroplasty tibial cuts were performed. Palacos-R (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN) and Simplex-HV (Stryker Howmedica Osteonics, Mahwah, NJ) bone cement were used. Each tibia was randomly assigned to receive one of the two bone cements with finger-packing technique and NPI technique. Forty-five Newton weight was applied along the long axis of the tibia during cement-setting phase. Once the cement had cured, sagittal sections were prepared and analyzed for cement penetration depth using digital photography and stereoscopic micrographs. Area of interest (AOI) for each specimen was also used to quantitatively evaluate the area of cement penetration. Results When using Palacos-R, significant dif ferences were detected in cement penetration between the two cementing techniques. On the other hand, when using Simplex-HV, cement penetration was not significantly increased with finger-packing technique when compared to NPI technique. When comparing the two high-viscosity bone cements when using NPI cementing technique, significant differences were detected at Zone 4, where Simplex-HV penetrated deeper than the Palacos-R. When finger-packing technique was used with Simplex-HV, significant differences were detected in bone cement penetration at Zones 3-5. When looking at AOI, no significant differences were found between the Palacos-R and Simplex-HV bone cements in terms of penetration depths with NPI technique. Higher penetration depths were achieved with Simplex-HV bone cement compared to Palacos-R cement in finger packing technique. Conclusion The data demonstrated that the combination of different bone cement formulations and the cementing technique has a significant effect on cement penetration into the cut bone surface.
Is it disgusting to be reminded that you are an animal

Six studies (Ns = 65, 96, 120, 129, 40, 200) tested the hypothesis that being reminded of our animal nature makes us feel disgust. Participants from three cultural groups indicated the intensity of their disgust reactions to pleasant and unpleasant animal reminder stories and pictures as well as to a statement directly reminding them of their animal nature. Findings did not support the hypothesis: Pleasant animal reminders reminded respondents of their animal nature (even more powerfully than did unpleasant ones), but were not disgusting. The direct reminder of our animal nature was not disgusting. There was no significant correlation between disgust and being reminded of animal nature for disgusting (unpleasant) animal reminders. Thus, some disgusting events remind us of our animal nature, but they are not disgusting because they remind us of our animal nature. Animal reminders per se are not disgusting.
The time interval between sequential mating affects the response of male meadow voles to previous mates

Male meadow voles differed in their copulatory behaviour, mating and reproductive success, and odour preferences for successively encountered mates, when the interval between pairing with two females was 1 h, 1 day, 4 days, 7 days or 10 days. Male voles had shorter latencies to first ejaculation with female 2 than with female 1 when the interval was 1 h, which may be attributed to heightened sexual arousal in males for female 2. Males also had shorter copulatory bouts with female 2 than with female 1 when the intervals between pairings were 1 h and 1 day. Shorter copulation bouts may allow more mating opportunities for both sexes and encourage multiple mating. Male voles also preferred the scent marks of female 2 to those of female 1 when the interval between pairing was 7 or 10 days, suggesting that these females were treated as distinct entities.
Comparing the R ξ gauge and the unitary gauge for the standard model: An example

Abstract For gauge theory, the matrix element for any physical process is independent of the gauge used. However, since this is a formal statement, it does not guarantee this gauge independence in every case. An example is given here where, for a physical process in the standard model, the matrix elements calculated with two different gauge – the R ξ gauge and the unitary gauge – are explicitly verified to be different. This is accomplished by subtracting one matrix element from the other. This non-zero difference turns out to have a subtle origin. Two simple operators are found not to commute with each other: in one gauge these two operations are carried out in one order, while in the other gauge these same two operations are carried out in the opposite order. Because of this result, a series of question are raised such that the answers to these question may lead to a deeper understanding of the Yang–Mills non-Abelian gauge theory in general and the standard model in particular.
A Quantitative Evaluation of the Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Prevention Services (MAPS) Program to Protect Children and Strengthen Families

This article presents the results from an evaluation of a state-funded, prevention-based, pilot program called the Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Prevention Services that was designed to reduce the...
Residents as Immigrants

We acknowledge that America is the land of immigrants. In the nineteenth and early decades of the twentieth century millions of immigrants came to its shores. Some came because they wanted to, but most came because they had to escape persecution, poverty, or both. To all of them America represented a new lease on life, free to live their lives in unaccustomed freedom. The “old country” would not be like the “new country,” which welcomed and needed them in a fast developing industrial society. They came with hope, great expectations, and mixed anxiety about the unknown, a total unknown. They had been part of a community of people which was their nuclear and extended families. They had no intention of ever forgetting their relations and their community. The old country was in them in the long, arduous, dangerous voyage to America. They were plagued by memories of those they left behind and even regret that they chose to separate from them. They felt alone and lonely.
ICU Acuity: Real-time Models versus Daily Models

Objective: To explore the feasibility of real-time mortality risk assessment for ICU patients. Design/Methods: This study used retrospective analysis of mixed medical/surgical intensive care patients in a university hospital. Logistic regression was applied to 7048 development patients with several hundred candidate variables. Final models were selected by backward elimination on top cross-validated variables and validated on 3018 separate patients. Results: The real-time model demonstrated strong discrimination ability (Day 3 AUC=0.878). All models had circumstances where calibration was poor (Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test p< 0.1). The final models included variables known to be associated with mortality, but also more computationally intensive variables absent in other severity scores. Conclusion: Real-time mortality prediction offers similar discrimination ability to daily models. Moreover, the discrimination of our real-time model performed favorably to a customized SAPS II (Day 3 AUC=0.878 vs AUC=0.849, p< 0.05) but generally had worse calibration.
Scalable Coordinated Control of Energy Storage Systems for Enhancing Power System Angle Stability

In this paper, a scalable wide area control scheme using distributed model predictive control is proposed to enhance the angle stability of power systems following large disturbances. In this regard, dynamic model of the local subsystems in the multiarea power system is developed for the model predictive controller and each subsystem is controlled by the associated controller. The controller of each subsystem exchanges minimum information with the controllers of the neighboring subsystems to reach the final result. The proposed controller works based on optimality condition decomposition to coordinate the subsystems. In the proposed wide area control system, the available actuators are mechanical power and field voltage controller of a synchronous generator, and energy storage systems (ESS), which are able to provide synchronizing power support. The performance of the proposed transient stability controller is studied in the New England 68-bus test system. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method to improve the angle stability of power systems subsequent to severe disturbances in the system.
Dichotomous Dynamics in E-I Networks with Strongly and Weakly Intra-connected Inhibitory Neurons

The interconnectivity between excitatory and inhibitory neural networks informs mechanisms by which rhythmic bursts of excitatory activity can be produced in the brain. One such mechanism, Pyramidal Interneuron Network Gamma (PING), relies primarily upon reciprocal connectivity between the excitatory and inhibitory networks, while also including intra-connectivity of inhibitory cells. The causal relationship between excitatory activity and the subsequent burst of inhibitory activity is of paramount importance to the mechanism and has been well studied. However, the role of the intra-connectivity of the inhibitory network, while important for PING, has not been studied in detail, as most analyses of PING simply assume that inhibitory intra-connectivity is strong enough to suppress subsequent firing following the initial inhibitory burst. In this paper we investigate the role that the strength of inhibitory intra-connectivity plays in determining the dynamics of PING-style networks. We show that networks with weak inhibitory intra-connectivity exhibit variations in burst dynamics of both the excitatory and inhibitory cells that are not obtained with strong inhibitory intra-connectivity. Networks with weak inhibitory intra-connectivity exhibit excitatory rhythmic bursts with weak excitatory-to-inhibitory synapses for which classical PING networks would show no rhythmic activity. Additionally, variations in dynamics of these networks as the excitatory-to-inhibitory synaptic weight increases illustrates the important role that consistent pattern formation in the inhibitory cells serves in maintaining organized and periodic excitatory bursts. Finally, motivated by these results and the known diversity of interneurons, we show that a PING-style network with two inhibitory subnetworks, one strongly intra-connected and one weakly intra-connected, exhibits organized and periodic excitatory activity over a larger parameter regime than networks with a homogeneous inhibitory population. Taken together, these results serve to better articulate the role of inhibitory intra-connectivity in generating PING-like rhythms, while also revealing how heterogeneity amongst inhibitory synapses might make such rhythms more robust to a variety of network parameters.
3-D Stacked Image Sensor With Deep Neural Network Computation

This paper investigates the power and performance trade-offs associated with integrating deep neural network (DNN) computation in an image sensor. The paper presents the design of Neurosensor–a CMOS image sensor with 3-D stacking of pixel array, read-out circuits, memory, and computing logic for DNN. The analysis shows integrating DNN reduces transmit latency (and energy), but at the expense of processing and memory access latency (and energy). Hence, given a specific DNN and transmission bandwidth, there exist an optimal number of layers that should be computed in the sensor to maximize energy-efficiency. In general, it is often more efficient to integrate memory within the sensor stack and/or implement only the feature extraction layers on the sensor, and optimized configurations can achieve up to $90\times $ improvement in energy efficiency compared to the baseline. Further, coupled power, thermal, and noise simulation demonstrates that integrating DNN computation can increase pixel-array temperature resulting in higher noise, and hence, lower classification accuracy.
Material-stiffening suppresses elastic fingering and fringe instabilities

Abstract When a confined elastic layer is under tension, undulations can occur at its exposed surfaces, giving the fingering or fringe instability. These instabilities are of great concern in the design of robust adhesives, since they not only initiate severe local deformations in adhesive layers but also cause non-monotonic overall stress vs. stretch relations of the layers. Here, we show that the strain stiffening of soft elastic materials can significantly delay and even suppress the fringe and fingering instabilities, and give monotonic stress vs. stretch relations. Instability development requires local large deformation, which can be inhibited by material-stiffening. We provide a quantitative phase diagram to summarize the stiffening's effects on the instabilities and stress vs. stretch relations in confined elastic layers. We further use numerical simulations and experiments to validate our findings.
Correlation between Echocardiographic Pulmonary Artery Pressure Estimates and Right Heart Catheterization Measurement in Liver Transplant Candidates

Background Patients undergoing liver transplant have worse outcomes in the presence of pulmonary hypertension. Correlation between echocardiography and catheterization derived pressures in this population is not well studied. Our study's aim is to show the relationship between pulmonary artery systolic pressure derived from transthoracic echo (ePASP) with pulmonary artery systolic pressure measured during right heart catheterization (cPASP). Methods Single center retrospective study, patients being evaluated for liver transplant (n = 31) who had an interpretable Doppler signal for ePASP and had right heart catheterization (RHC) measurements within 3 months constituted the study group. Control group (n = 49) consisted of patients who did not have liver disease. Results There was modest correlation between ePASP and cPASP (R = 0.58, p 47 mmHg was 59% sensitive and 78% specific to diagnose pulmonary artery (PA) hypertension (mean PA pressure > 25 mmHg) in the LT candidates, while a similar cutoff performed well in the control group (cutoff > 43 mmHg, n = 47, 91% sensitive, 100% specific). Conclusions Compared with other disease states, ePASP correlates modestly with cPASP in patients with advanced liver disease. A higher ePASP cutoff should be used to screen for pulmonary hypertension. A multi-center prospective study with simultaneous transthoracic echocardiography and RHC measurements is required to determine the best cut-off in this population.
Academic Motivation and Performance: Task Value Interventions

We review interventions that promote motivation in academic contexts. A variety of interventions have been used to enhance subjective task utility – the belief that a task is relevant to other activities or personal goals, with positive implications for interest and performance. We focus on experimental field studies in high school science and college psychology classes. We also review a randomized intervention in which parents received information about the utility value of math and science for their teens in high school; this intervention led students to take nearly one semester more of science and mathematics, compared with the control group. We discuss the mechanisms through which these interventions work.
Medical Neutrality and Political Activism: Physicians' Roles in Conflict Situations

Physicians in conflict situations juggle myriad duties and experience many ethical dilemmas in caring for the sick and wounded. Issues of how to triage care, allocate resources, and knowledge of injustices committed against patients by warring parties are among these concerns. Medical neutrality—care given based on criteria of medical need and urgency—has been strongly instantiated as a core value in the moral fabric of medicine and international medical ethics. Yet, physician political neutrality or activism regarding war crimes and injustices against people wartime physicians serve has been met with controversy. Medical neutrality, political neutrality, and political activism can be construed as types of moral goods in the practice of medicine. I argue that medical neutrality in the provision of care and political neutrality in conflict situations are not equivalent goods. Physicians have duties to provide care on the basis of medical neutrality, but they also have an obligation to be politically active in certain conflict situations and report allegations and abuses revealed during either the clinical encounter or in the field. First, I review a short history of medical neutrality in medical ethics as well as offer a defense of it. Next, I discuss political neutrality, and I argue that there exists the obligation for physician political activism (e.g., reporting human rights abuses). At the same time, I argue that physicians must practice medical neutrality using ethical and public health-based arguments that combine physicians’ duties to preserve equal respect for all persons (clinical role) while maximizing the protection of individuals living in communities (public health role). I conclude by examining
Niemann-Pick Disease Type C and Crohn's Disease:

A five year old girl with Neimann-Pick disease type C subsequently developed Crohn's Disease. This association has only been presented once previously in the literature. This report discusses the options for managing one chronic disease in the presence of another life limiting condition.
Generalized Dempster–Shafer Structures

We review the Dempster–Shafer (D–S) belief structure and discuss the measures of plausibility and belief and other measures that can be associated with this uncertainty modeling structure. We provide a view of the D–S structure as a two-step process, the first is the selection of one of the focal elements and the second is the selection of an object from the chosen focal element. The selection of the focal element is uncertain, the uncertainty is based on a probability distribution. Here, we provide a generalization of this model by allowing a more general type uncertainty, a monotonic set measure, to model the underlying uncertainty associated with the selection of the focal element. We look at form of the plausibility and belief in this more general case. We provide a procedure for uncertain decision making when our uncertainty is modeled using this more general D–S belief structure.
Using Video-Based Math Problems To Connect the Skills and Understandings of Incarcerated Adults with Disabilities.

Finding effective ways to increase the academic skills of incarcerated adults is often cited as a key factor in reducing recidivism. The purpose of the research was to study a method of instruction...
Developing undergraduate students’ systems thinking skills with an InTeGrate module

Grand challenges such as energy, water, and food scarcity limit our growing population’s ability to live sustainably on Earth. Such complex societal challenges, which interconnect many human and natural systems, will require today’s students to apply approaches that go beyond simple cause and effect. To help instructors teach students how to develop their ability to work with complex systems that do not always behave in linear or intuitive ways, we created an instructional module called Systems Thinking. The six-unit module is available online for free through InTeGrate. Using the context of sustainability, Systems Thinking begins with terminology and conceptual models and proceeds to quantitative modeling with an emphasis on metacognition—a key aspect of developing systems thinking. Before publication, the module was reviewed for pedagogy and content and piloted in three undergraduate courses in environmental science, oceanography, and climate science. External evaluators scored student work from...
Multiple hemolytic transfusion reactions misinterpreted as severe vaso-occlusive crisis in a patient with sickle cell disease.

Background Hemolytic transfusion reactions are a rare, yet serious complication of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at an increased risk for such reactions, because they are prone to make alloantibodies against transfused RBCs, complicating this integral part of their disease management. These reactions may be missed, and the patient's state may be attributed to vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC), with misguided therapy ensuing. Case report Herein, we report the clinical course of a patient with complex SCD with a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction, followed by multiple acute hemolytic transfusion reactions mistaken for severe VOC. These reactions were diagnosed on retrospective review of the patient's clinical course in consult with the transfusion medicine service. Optimal immunosuppressive therapy ensued and resulted in the stabilization of the anemia and hemolysis laboratory values. Despite these efforts, the patient died 2 months after admission. Conclusion This case provides insight into some of the challenges of managing patients with SCD with multiple comorbidities. Hemolytic transfusion reactions can be difficult to diagnose and may be overlooked in patients with SCD with severe VOC.
On spectral line shifts from analytic fits to the ion-sphere model potential

Abstract A simplification of a fit to the free electron potential in ion-sphere models to obtain an analytic formula for level shifts (Li and Rosmej, 2012 [5]) is shown to be inconsistent with the fundamental premise of a neutral ion-cell. On the other hand, the original fit (Rosmej et al., 2011 [4]) avoids the problem and also leads to analytic formulas.
Geoffrey Yeo. Records, Information and Data: Exploring the Role of Record-keeping in an Information Culture . London, UK: Facet Publishing, 2018. 208p. Paper, $94.00 (ISBN 978-1-78330-226-0).

What difference does it make if we are imprecise about how we use words? What difference does it make if we are unwilling or unable to distinguish among “records,” “information,” and “data”? Plenty, according to Geoffrey Yeo, in this, his latest attempt to think clearly and authoritatively about archival records “in an information culture.”
On the corporate use of green bonds

When do wholesalers issue green bonds to finance their socially responsible activities instead of charging a premium for the products they produce? We show that in less competitive retail markets when retailers can “skim” more of the premium that end consumers pay for socially responsible products, green bonds provide additional funds to help cover the cost of a wholesaler's socially responsible activities. Similar incentives arise if the wholesaler's input is a small component of the end consumers’ product, or if it is difficult for end consumers to identify the wholesaler's socially responsible activities.
Relationship between 505 paired liver tests and biopsies in 242 obese patients

Abstract Two hundred and forty-two (242) obese patients were studied. Liver tests were obtained at the time of the liver biopsy on 242 occasions before jejunoileal bypass, on 105 occasions within 18 months, and on 158 occasions beyond 18 months of surgery. The biopsies were obtained as part of routine evaluation of these patients. Therefore, the selection of the patient or the timing of the biopsy did not depend on the results of the liver tests. We compared 505 liver biopsies with liver tests which were obtained at the time of the biopsy. The relationship of four types of histological lesions and four of the commonly used liver tests were analyzed. The biopsy abnormalities were: (1) lobular (similar to alcoholic) hepatitis, (2) fibrosis, (3) portal hepatitis, and (4) steatosis. The liver tests were SGOT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and albumin. For the purpose of the analysis, the severity of histological abnormalities were defined. Biochemical abnormalities were arbitrarily defined at two levels. Level 1 was the standard definition of normal-abnormal for our laboratories. Level 2 considered liver tests abnormal only when these deviated more markedly from normal to simulate the common clinical practice which requires similar or greater abnormalities to consider a patient for liver biopsy. The data were then analyzed in two ways: (1) to describe how often the liver tests were abnormal (or normal) when the biopsy was abnormal (the denominator was the liver biopsy), and conversely, how often the lesions were present in liver biopsies when the liver tests were normal or abnormal (the denominator was the liver test). In 60 to 89% of the patients with abnormal liver biopsy, one or more of the liver tests were also abnormal. However, in 9 of 12 comparisons (four types of lesions in three time periods; ((1) preop, (2) within 18 months, (3) beyond 18 months of surgery), the frequency of abnormal biopsies was not higher in those who had abnormal liver tests. The more severe liver test abnormalities (level 2) had a better association with biopsy abnormalities. However, such severe deviations from normal were seen in only about 12% of the abnormal liver biopsies.
Prevalence and predictors of chronic pain intensity and disability among adults with sickle cell disease

Among 170 adults with sickle cell disease, we evaluated chronic pain impact and disability prevalence, assessed age and gender differences, and identified psychosocial predictors of chronic pain intensity and disability. Most participants had a high level of disability. Chronic pain intensity and disability were significantly associated with pain catastrophizing and chronic pain self-efficacy, and worsened with age. Further research is needed to confirm study findings and develop interventions, including palliative care approaches that address catastrophizing and disability, particularly for young women and middle-aged adults with sickle cell disease. Moreover, consistent clinical assessment of chronic pain and psychosocial health should be implemented.
Synthesis, Structure, Dynamics, and Enantioface-Selective η3-Benzyl Coordination in the Chiral Rhodium Complexes Rh(diphos*)(η3-CH2Ph)

The rhodium benzyl complexes Rh(diphos*)(η3-CH2Ph) (1–14, diphos* = chiral bis(phosphine)), potential precursors for asymmetric catalysis, were prepared either by treatment of Rh(COD)(η3-CH2Ph) (15...
Characterizing the spread of COVID-19 from human mobility patterns and SocioDemographic indicators

Mobility is an indicator of human movement through space and time. With the increasing availability of geolocated data (from GPS, accelerometers, etc.), it is now possible to examine individual as well as group human mobility patterns. Human mobility is influenced by both intrinsic (i.e. personal motivations) and extrinsic (i.e., events like natural hazards or a pandemic like the COVID-19) factors. However, the intricate relationships between human mobility patterns and sociodemographic characteristics in the context of a pandemic are yet to be fully explored. Our goal is to overcome this gap by using human mobility data at the census block group level from mobile phones and combining those with social vulnerability indicators to examine the overall spread of COVID-19 at local spatial scales. We used 585,878 weekly visits to 37,871 points of interests (POIs) from Safegraph to quantify mobility indices and social distancing metrics in 2,820 census block groups in the city of Los Angeles (LA) - before and during lockdown as well as during the phase1 and phase 2 reopening. Finally, using supervised machine learning algorithms, we classified the census block groups in LA into High, Medium and Low categories that represented the vulnerability of these block groups based on the cumulative number of occurrences of COVID-19 cases till July 24, 2020. Our results indicate that the tree-based classifiers performed well in comparison to the Support Vector Machines and Multinomial Logit models. Gradient Boosting had the highest classification accuracy of 97.4% COVID-19 with an AUC score of 0.987. The block groups with high COVID-19 cases also had a high concentration of socially vulnerable populations, high human mobility index and a low social distancing index.
Educators Meet the Fifth Estate: The Role of Social Media in Teacher Training

This chapter examines teacher candidates’ reflections on engagement with and in social media as it relates to their professional preparation and understandings of teaching within 21st- century clas...
Elevated cerebral blood flow in patients with pure autonomic failure

Pure autonomic failure (PAF) results from an impaired peripheral autonomic nervous system, and clinical symptoms present with orthostatic hypotension. While the impact on cardiovascular indices of orthostatic intolerance are well-characterized, more limited information is available regarding cerebral hemodynamic dysfunction in PAF. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that cerebral blood flow (CBF) is reduced in PAF, and to quantify the relationship between CBF and clinical indicators of disease severity, including peripheral supine arterial blood pressure. Participants with PAF (n = 17) and age- and sex-matched normotensive healthy controls (n = 17) were examined using established clinical rating scales, cardiovascular autonomic function tests, and 3T MRI measurements of CBF. CBF-weighted images were also used to determine the prevalence of venous hyperintensities from the major dural sinuses as evidence of abnormal capillary flow. Nonparametric tests and general linear models were used to evaluate differences and correlations between study variables. Gray matter CBF was higher in PAF (51.1 ± 13.4 mL/100 g/min) compared to controls (42.9 ± 6.5 mL/100 g/min, p = 0.007). Venous hyperintensities were more prevalent in PAF relative to controls, and the presence and degree of venous hyperintensities was associated with higher mean CBF (p = 0.027). In PAF participants, CBF and supine systolic blood pressure were inversely related (Spearman’s rho = −0.545, p = 0.024). Findings suggest that PAF patients may exhibit elevated CBF and provide evidence that this condition exerts a hemodynamic impact in the central nervous system.
Alkalinity Concentration Swing for Direct Air Capture of Carbon Dioxide.

We describe a new process - the Alkalinity Concentration Swing (ACS) - for direct air capture of carbon dioxide driven by concentrating an alkaline solution that has been exposed to the atmosphere and loaded with dissolved inorganic carbon. Upon concentration, the partial pressure of \ce{CO2} increases, allowing for extraction and compression. We find that higher concentration factors result in proportionally higher outgassing pressure, and higher initial alkalinity concentrations at the same concentration factor outgas a higher concentration of \ce{CO2}. We examine two desalination technologies, reverse osmosis and capacitive deionization, as possible ACS implementations, and evaluate two corresponding energy models. We compare the ACS to incumbent technologies and make estimates for water, land, and energy requirements for capturing one million tonnes of \ce{CO2} per year. Our estimates for the lower end of the energy range for both approaches compare favorably to other methods, such as solid sorbent and calcining methods.
Mitigating oral corrective feedback through linguistic strategies and smiling

Abstract This study reports on the little-examined relationship of mitigation, smiling, and oral corrective feedback (i.e., error correction) in language classrooms. Oral corrective feedback constitutes a staple teaching strategy prevalent in most language classrooms, and it is facilitative of second language acquisition (Mackey, 2020; Nassaji and Kartchava, 2017). Smiling is a known component of facework during instructional feedback (Kerssen-Griep and Witt, 2012; Trees et al., 2009; Witt and Kerssen-Griep, 2011) and has been researched as part of language classroom discourse. The present study is based on approximately 16 h of intact classroom data from seven teachers in three adult language classrooms analyzed for error correction sequences (Lyster and Ranta, 1997), the linguistic sources of mitigation (Caffi, 2007, 2013) in the correction moves, and the facial expression of smiles (Ekman et al., 2002) by the teachers in these sequences. Findings fortify the role of mitigation as an integral part of error correction. The co-occurrence of smiles with linguistic mitigation strategies suggests smiling is a strategy teachers employ in order to mitigate the face-threat in the provision of oral corrective feedback to adult language learners. Further analysis reveals smiling also occurs as a mitigator without any linguistic mitigation.
Gas, Chemical, Free-Electron, and X-Ray Lasers

In this chapter, the most important types of lasers involving low density active media are considered, namely gas, chemical and free electron lasers. Some considerations on X-ray lasers involving highly ionized plasmas will also be presented. The main emphasis, again, is to stress the physical behavior of the laser and to relate this behavior to the general concepts developed in the previous chapters. Some engineering details are also presented with the main intention again of providing for a better physical insight into the behavior of the particular laser. To complete the picture, some data relating to laser performances (e.g., oscillation wavelength(s), output power or energy, wavelength tunability, etc.) are also included to help provide some indication of the laser’s field of application. For each laser, after some introductory comments, the following items are generally covered: (1) Relevant energy levels; (2) excitation mechanisms; (3) characteristics of the laser transition(s); (4) engineering details relating to the laser structure(s); (5) characteristics of the output beam; (6) applications.
An evaluation of contractile activity in the lower uterine segment in labor by external tokodynamometry

Abstract 1. 1. External tokodynamometric recordings with special reference to the lower uterine segment were made in an unselected consecutive series of 25 patients who were 38 weeks pregnant, 23 of whom had borne one to three children. Labor was initiated by artificial rupture of the membranes. Recordings were started before labor and continued throughout the first stage and into the early second stage, to study the pattern of contractility before and during full development of the lower uterine segment. 2. 2. The patterns recorded included: (I) lower segment activity during effacement; (IIA) transition from lower uterine activity during effacement to apparent inactivity with full effacement, shown in a majority of the grop; (IIB) continued lower uterine segment activity after effacement, shown in a minority; (III) reappearance of lower segment activity in the late first stage in 12 patients; (IV) dominance of lower segment activity over fundal activity for a period of twenty minutes to three hours without appreciable change in the character of labor. This was in a small group. 3. 3. It is postulated that these changes reflect myometrial redistribution in labor during the formation of the lower uterine segment and that this factor should be taken into consideration in the interpretation of uterine physiology as recorded by external tokodynamometer. 4. 4. Continued activity of the lower uterine segment after full effacement may be an important etiological cause for rupture of the lower uterine segment during labor in both the intact uterus and the uterus after previous cesarean section.
Non-differential measurement error does not always bias diagnostic likelihood ratios towards the null

Diagnostic test evaluations are susceptible to random and systematic error. Simulated non-differential random error for six different error distributions was evaluated for its effect on measures of diagnostic accuracy for a brucellosis competitive ELISA. Test results were divided into four categories: <0.25, 0.25 – 0.349, 0.35 – 0.499, and ≥ 0.50 proportions inhibition for calculation of likelihood ratios and diagnostic odds ratios. Larger variance components of the error structure resulted in larger accuracy attenuations as measured by the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve and systematic components appeared to cause little bias. Added error caused point estimates of likelihood ratios to be biased towards the null value (1.0) for all categories except 0.25 – 0.349. Results for the 0.35 – 0.499 category also extended beyond the null value for some error structures. Diagnostic odds ratios were consistently biased towards the null when the <0.25 category was considered the reference level. Non-differential measurement error can lead to biased results in the quantitative evaluation of ELISA and the direction is not always towards the null value.
Genetics of Natural Populations. I. Chromosome Variation in Populations of Drosophila Pseudoobscura Inhabiting Isolated Mountain Ranges.

N RECENT years there appears to be a growing interest in the I genetics of free-living populations, a subject hitherto almost untouched. Certain species of Drosophila prove to be very suitable for investigations in this field. TSCHETWERIKOFF (CHETVERIKOV), DUBININ and their collaborators in Russia, TIMOFEEFF-RESSOVSKY in Germany, GORDON in England, and STURTEVANT in this country have secured much valuable information which opens new vistas and raises a host of new problems (for a short review of the literature see DOBZHANSKY 1937). It has seemed to us that a comparison of the genetic constitutions of several free-living popu' lations from the same general region, and yet isolated from each other, may be of interest. Samples of the populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura inhabiting island-like mountain forests in the Death Valley region of California and Nevada were collected. This region is especially favorable for our purposes, since it is as yet practically undisturbed by man's activities. We wish to acknowledge our obligations to Professor A. H. STURTEVANT for his valuable advice, to Mr. H. D. CURRY whose help enabled us to collect material in certain rather inaccessible localities, and to Messrs. G. T. RUDKIN and EDWARD HELD for their assistance in conducting the experiments.
Collaborative Filtering in a Non-Uniform World: Learning with the Weighted Trace Norm

We show that matrix completion with trace-norm regularization can be significantly hurt when entries of the matrix are sampled non-uniformly, but that a properly weighted version of the trace-norm regularizer works well with non-uniform sampling. We show that the weighted trace-norm regularization indeed yields significant gains on the highly non-uniformly sampled Netflix dataset.
Hiding synchronization delays in a GALS processor microarchitecture

We analyze an Alpha 21264-like globally-asynchronous, locally-synchronous (GALS) processor organized as multiple clock domain (MCD) microarchitecture and identify the architectural features of the processor that influence the limited performance degradation measured. We show that the out-of-order superscalar execution features of a processor, which allow traditional instruction execution latency to be hidden, are the same features that reduce the performance degradation impact of the synchronization costs of an MCD processor. In the case of our Alpha 21264-like processor, up to 94% of the MCD synchronization delays are hidden and do not impact overall performance. In addition, we show that by adding out-of-order superscalar execution capabilities to a simpler microarchitecture, such as an Intel StrongARM-like processor, as much as 62% of the performance degradation caused by synchronization delays can be eliminated.
Crystallogenesis of particles formed in hydrocarbon combustion

Abstract The formation of crystallinity in combustion generated soots is explored by three traditional methods that are based on their sensitivity to the Bragg diffraction produced by multilayer atomic structures. These techniques are high resolution electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and dark field transmission electron microscopy )DFTEM). These methods provide complementary information on the nature of the crystallinity in combustion generated soots. The lattice parameters of both flame generated soots and diesel soots are consistent with the structure of disordered carbons with graphitic basal planes. The initial evidence of crystallinity in flame generated particles is detected by XRD in the precursor particles that previously have been found to contain multiring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These results are consistent with the hypothesis of Oberlin (1984) that PAHs in carbonizing hydrocarbon pitches are assembled in parallel layers to produce diffraction peaks. The mor...
ApoE genotype as risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease in the population of Lublin region, Poland

There is much data concerning ApoE in the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease. This study examines how ApoE genotype contributes to a risk for Alzheimer’s disease in the population of the Lublin region in Poland. The data were obtained as part of a population based BERCAL (Epidemiologic study of Alzheimer’s diseases and other forms of dementia in the population of Lublin region) study. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confi dence intervals (CIs) for AD, adjusted for age, were calculated for ApoE genotypes. Epsilon3/epsilon3 genotype was the most prevalent genotype in both examined groups. Epsilon2/epsilon2 and epsilon4/epsilon4 were the least prevalent. Among subjects, the risk of AD was signifi cantly reduced for people with genotypes epsilon2/epsilon2. The same signifi cant result was noticed where results were recalculated so that the presence of at least one epsilon2 allele was taken into account, without any epsilon 4 allele in each person. Increased risk with occurrence of epsilon 4 allele is not shown. Increased risk in epsilon 4 carriers was observed. The test did not reach the level of power required. This study suggests that the well known genetic factor, mainly ApoE, even if of noticeable importance, may not be a main risk factor among the population of the Lublin region in Poland.
A new species of Talauma (Magnoliaceae) from Bolivia

Talauma boliviana is described as new and illustrated. This species, first collected in 1989, is the only Magnoliaceae known from Bolivia. It seems to be most closely related toT. sambuensis of northwestern Colombia and eastern Panama.
Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV: Inherited Deficiency of Branching Enzyme Activity in Cats

Glycogen storage disease type IV due to branching enzyme deficiency was found in an inbred family of Norwegian forest cats, an uncommon breed of domestic cats. Skeletal muscle, heart, and CNS degeneration were clinically apparent and histologically evident in affected cats older than 5 mo of age, but cirrhosis and hepatic failure, hallmarks of the human disorder, were absent. Beginning at or before birth, affected cats accumulated an abnormal glycogen in many tissues that was determined by histochemical, enzymatic, and spectral analysis to be a poorly branched alpha-1,4-D-glucan. Branching enzyme activity was less than 0.1 of normal in liver and muscle of affected cats and partially deficient (0.17-0.75 of normal) in muscle and leukocytes of the parents of affected cats. These data and pedigree analysis indicate that branching enzyme deficiency is a simple autosomal recessive trait in this family. This is the first reported animal model of human glycogen storage disease type IV. A breeding colony derived from a relative of the affected cats has been established.
Mothers' Expressed Attitudes: Associations with Maternal Depression and Children's Self-Esteem and Psychopathology

ABSTRACT Objective Mothers' expressed attitudes about their children were examined to discern whether the associations between maternal depression and children's psychopathology and self-esteem might be modified by the mother's expression of critical attitudes. Method Mother–child dyads with mothers who had a history of at least one episode of unipolar major depression during the child's lifetime ( N = 20) were compared to dyads with well parents ( N = 19). Children's ages ranged from 8 to 10 years. Mothers' attitudes toward their children were derived from semistructured interviews. The affect expressed in each maternal statement was coded as neutral, positive, descriptive negative, or affectively charged negative. Results Affectively charged negative statements were found to be associated with mothers with a history of depressive episodes. A tendency was noted for the highest rates of psychopathology to be among children of depressed mothers who used affective-negative statements. Mothers' use of affectively charged negatives was found to modify the association between maternal depression and children's lower global self-worth. Conclusions Clinicians attuned to mothers' expression of critical attitudes toward their children might detect children at risk for lowered self-esteem and the development of psychopathology.
Visualizing the complex 3D geometry of the perfusion border zone in isolated rabbit heart

Myocardial infarction, caused by a major blockage of a coronary artery, creates a border zone (BZ) between perfused and nonperfused tissue, which is believed to be the origin of fatal cardiac arrhythmias. We used a combination of optical clearing and polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography to visualize a three-dimensional organization of the BZ in isolated rabbit hearts (n=5) at the microscopic level with a high spatial resolution. We found that the BZ has a complex three-dimensional structure with nonperfused areas penetrating into perfused tissue with finger-like projections. These “fingers” may play an important role in the initiation and maintenance of ventricular arrhythmias.
The Unknown War: The Miskito Nation, Nicaragua, and the United States

The Unknown War: The Miskito Nation, Nicaragua, and the United States. Bernard Nietschmann Lanham, MD: University Press of America for Freedom House, 1989. 111 pp.,. maps, 10 photos. $14.50 (paper). ISBN 0-932088-42-2.