cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anxious Voters in the 2016 U.S. Election: An Analysis of How They Decided from the ERPC2016

How did anxiety influence vote choice in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, when both major candidates faced substantial voter disapproval? Drawing from the model of affective intelligence (Marcus et al. 2000), I argue that anxious voters will base their vote choice more strongly on issues and candidate qualities and less on partisanship relative to non-anxious voters. This study uses a registered report as part of the 2016 Election Research Preacceptance Competition, wherein a complete analysis plan was submitted for review prior to the 2016 American National Election Study’s release. In so doing, it serves as a model for other preregistered and potentially preaccepted research. Consistent with past findings, this study shows that anxious voters in 2016 were less likely to rely on past partisanship and more likely to base decisions on personal qualities. However, anxiety did not condition the effect of issues in the election. Further, Donald Trump faced no more anxiety among Republican voters than Mitt Romney did in 2012 due to a rise of in-party enthusiasm. The non-conditional effect of issues and a relatively narrow gap in partisan anxiety served as unique features of the 2016 election.
Dynamic thermal softening behavior of additive materials for hybrid manufacturing

Hybrid manufacturing involves both additive and subtractive (machining) processes to achieve the final product. Substantial differences can exist between the mechanical behavior of additively as-built materials compared to their wrought counterparts. As such, the use of wrought material properties for the simulation and optimization of the machining step in a hybrid manufacturing process may produce inaccurate results. The present work uses the NIST pulse-heated compression Kolsky bar to measure the dynamic behavior of both wrought and additively produced Inconel 625 and 17-4 PH stainless steel over a range of temperatures up to 1000 °C and at strain rates of 3000 s−1. The measurement results are correlated to underlying microstructural differences between additive and wrought materials that arise because of the differences between these material processing routes as described in the literature.
Validation of the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) Score as an Outcome Measure by Comparison to the Revised Foot Function Index (rFFI)

Background:Patient-reported outcome measures serve as an invaluable tool in both the clinical and research setting to monitor a patient’s condition and efficacy of treatments over time. We aim to v...
Treatment of Highly Saline Brines by Supercritical Precipitation Followed by Supercritical Membrane Separation

A two-stage supercritical (SC) desalination system is proposed to treat highly saline brines to high-purity steam that could be used in power generation. Highly saline brines with up to ∼20% salt c...
Using INC Within Divide-and-Conquer Phylogeny Estimation.

In a recent paper (Zhang, Rao, and Warnow, Algorithms for Molecular Biology 2019), the INC (incremental tree building) algorithm was presented and proven to be absolute fast converging under standard sequence evolution models. A variant of INC which allows a set of disjoint constraint trees to be provided and then uses INC to merge the constraint trees was also presented (i.e., Constrained INC). We report on a study evaluating INC on a range of simulated datasets, and show that it has very poor accuracy in comparison to standard methods. We also explore the design space for divide-and-conquer strategies for phylogeny estimation that use Constrained INC, and show modifications that provide improved accuracy. In particular, we present INC-ML, a divide-and-conquer approach to maximum likelihood (ML) estimation that comes close to the leading ML heuristics in terms of accuracy, and is more accurate than the current best distance-based methods.
Using Simulation as an Experiential Learning Tool for Enhancing Students Learning in Environmental Engineering

In an introductory environmental engineering course, a simulated activity created a learning environment that encouraged self-learning and retention of knowledge. Students demonstrated technical knowledge gain about 1) the global cycle of mercury; 2) trans-boundary mercury contamination; 3) local mercury contamination, and 4) technical solutions for remediating environments contaminated with mercury.
Carbon dioxide fluxes of temperate urban wetlands with different restoration history

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange of tidal brackish wetlands and how they may be affected by restoration methods are largely unknown. The New Jersey Meadowlands, a tidal brackish estuary system, have had a long history of pollution, hydrological alterations, multiple restoration and mitigation treatments since the early 1970ies. To understand the effects of restoration, net ecosystem exchange (NEE) was measured with the eddy covariance technique in three urban tidal brackish wetland sites over three years: an organic matter amended restored site, a non-amended restored site and a natural (non-restored) wetland site. Our results showed all three sites to be a CO2 source in the wintertime reverting to a weak sink of CO2 in the summer and annually to be sources of CO2 for some of the sites for some of the time. However, the amended restored wetland was found to have the highest release of CO2. Annual destructive harvest of the major species at these wetlands (Spartina ssp and Phragmites australis) did not show significant differences in the aboveground net primary productivity and leaf area over the course of this study. Overall, aboveground biomass production of the three wetlands sites was within the expected range of tidal brackish marshes, but the sites differed in their NEE, ecosystem respiration, and gross ecosystem production. This investigation suggests that CO2 uptake and potential subsequent carbon sequestration may be strongly affected by the management and restoration history of the wetlands, and in our case these wetlands are often acting as a source of CO2, and not as a sink, as may have been expected.
Cache-Aided Combination Networks with Asymmetric End Users

We study combination networks where a layer of relay nodes connects a server to a set of end users with cache memories via unicast links. Unlike previous models on cache-aided combination networks where all users are connected to the same number of relay nodes, in this work, we consider two classes of end users, where users from the same class are connected to the same number of relay nodes. Using maximum distance separable (MDS) codes, we provide a coded caching scheme by jointly optimizing the cache placement and the delivery phase in order to minimize the delivery load over the two hops. The scheme is performed over two stages. In the first stage, we serve users from both classes, then during the second stage, we serve users from the class connected to a smaller number of relays. We extend the proposed scheme to networks with more than two classes of end users.
Guinea Pig Transferrin Receptor 1 Mediates Cellular Entry of Junín Virus and Other Pathogenic New World Arenaviruses

Several clade B New World arenaviruses (NWAs) can cause severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fever, for which preventive and therapeutic measures are severely limited. These NWAs use human transferrin receptor 1 (hTfR1) as a host cell receptor for virus entry. The most prevalent of the pathogenic NWAs is Junin virus (JUNV), the etiological agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever. Small animal models of JUNV infection are limited because most laboratory rodent species are refractory to disease. Only guinea pigs are known to develop disease following JUNV infection, but the underlying mechanisms are not well characterized. In the present study, we demonstrate marked susceptibility of Hartley guinea pigs to uniformly lethal disease when challenged with as few as 4 PFU of the Romero strain of JUNV. In vitro, we show that infection of primary guinea pig macrophages results in greater JUNV replication compared to infection of hamster or mouse macrophages. We provide evidence that the guinea pig TfR1 (gpTfR1) is the principal receptor for JUNV, while hamster and mouse orthologs fail to support viral entry/infection of pseudotyped murine leukemia viruses expressing pathogenic NWA glycoproteins or JUNV. Together, our results indicate that gpTfR1 serves as the primary receptor for pathogenic NWAs, enhancing viral infection in guinea pigs.IMPORTANCE JUNV is one of five known NWAs that cause viral hemorrhagic fever in humans. Countermeasures against JUNV infection are limited to immunization with the Candid#1 vaccine and immune plasma, which are available only in Argentina. The gold standard small animal model for JUNV infection is the guinea pig. Here, we demonstrate high sensitivity of this species to severe JUNV infection and identify gpTfR1 as the primary receptor. Use of hTfR1 for host cell entry is a feature shared by pathogenic NWAs. Our results show that expression of gpTfR1 or hTfR1 comparably enhances JUNV virus entry/infectivity. Our findings shed light on JUNV infection in guinea pigs as a model for human disease and suggest that similar pathophysiological mechanisms related to iron sequestration during infection and regulation of TfR1 expression may be shared between humans and guinea pigs. A better understanding of the underlying disease process will guide development of new therapeutic interventions.
Homeless People Whose Self-Reported SSI/DI Status is Inconsistent with Social Security Administrative Records

Clinicians routinely ask people with disabling psychiatric illnesses if they receive Supplemental Security Income (SSI) or Social Security Disability Income (SSDI). We compared self-reported receipt of SSI or SSDI to Social Security Administration (SSA) databases in 7220 homeless people with mental illness. Overall agreement between self-report and SSA databases was only fair (kappa =0.60) and fully 41.3% (934/2257) of clients reporting receipt of SSI/SSDI were not in SSA's databases. In multivariate analyses, people reporting receipt of SSI/SSDI but contradicted by SSA had disproportionately more severe psychotic and medical illnesses than confirmed non-recipients. Among recipients of SSI/SSDI identified by SSA, those who denied receiving SSI/SSDI were more likely to claim, apparently incorrectly, that they instead received Social Security Retirement benefits. Clinicians should verify basic demographic information provided by clients, especially those who are psychotic or medically ill, because it is often inaccurate.
Chapter 10 – Health Information Management and the EMR

Operating clinical computing systems requires the skills of many professionals. The profession with the longest tenures in managing information in healthcare organizations is known today as health information management (HIM). Historically, HIM has been concerned with managing day-to-day maintenance, coding, and transmission of the medical record in its first form—paper—but the principles, practices, and innovative skills of this group have quickly adapted to the world of the electronic medical record (EMR). The purpose of this chapter is to summarize the contribution of the field of health information management to those operating clinical computing systems.
Supraclavicular Versus Transaxillary First Rib Resection for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome.

Background: Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) results from compression of neurovascular structures supplying the upper extremity as they exit the thoracic outlet. Depending on the clinical presentatio...
Female Athlete Triad

The Female Athlete Triad (Triad) is a disorder observed in women and girls composed of three related components: low energy availability (EA), menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density (BMD). The purpose of this review is to define the components of the Triad, review risk factors and complications, and review the diagnosis and management of the effects of the Triad. Recent research has defined guidelines for return to play for athlete with the Triad, which are summarized here. In addition, there has been recent vigorous debate and research in an attempt to define a related disorder in men. The Female Athlete Triad is a complex disorder involving many physiological systems and is intertwined with mental health. Early intervention by an experienced team of healthcare providers allows for optimal treatment of the patient.
Effect of an integrated intervention for schistosomiasis control implemented in marshlands of Jiangning District, Nanjing City from 2003 to 2012

Objective To evaluate the effect of an integrated intervention for schistosomiasis control implemented in marshlands of Jiangning District,Nanjing City from 2003 to 2012.Methods The data regarding the endemic situation of schistosomiasis and the integrated intervention for schistosomiasis control implemented in the endemic regions along the Yangtze River,Jiangning District from 2003 to 2012 were collected,and the changes of morbidity due to schistosomiasis and snail status before and after the implementation of the integrated intervention were compared.Results The 10-year implementation of the integrated intervention for schistosomiasis control resulted in a gradual decline in the human Schistosoma japonicum infection in the marshland regions along the Yangtze River of Jiangning District,the schistosome infection rate of the residents was 0.97％ in 2003 while no stool-positive resident has been detected since 2006.In addition,the infection rate of S.japonicum in domestic animals was 0.60％(4/671) in 2003,and all cattles have been eliminated in the regions along the Yangtze River since 2007.The snail areas and the density of living snail declined from 1 084 ha(1 ha=10 000 m2) and 1.54 head/0.1 m2 in 2003 to 475 ha and 0.01 head/0.1 m2 in 2012,the decline rates were 52.94％ and 99.35％.In 2003 the area with infected snails was 279 ha while no infected snails have been found since 2009.Conclusions Owing to the 10-year implementation of the integrated intervention for schistosomiasis control,the endemic situation of schistosomiasis has been down to a low level in the marshland regions along the Yangtze River of Jiangning District; however,the monitoring of schistosomiasis should be still strengthened to consolidate the achievements gained. Key words: Marshland endemic region; Schistosomiasis; Integrated intervention; Effectiveness evaluation; Jiangning District
Evaluating Bystander Intervention Training to Address Patient Harassment at the Veterans Health Administration.

Abstract Purpose One in four women veteran patients report experiencing sexual and gender harassment when attending the Veterans Health Administration (VA) for health care. Bystander intervention—training community members how to intervene when witnessing inappropriate behaviors—is a common approach for addressing harassment in school and military settings. We evaluated implementation of a VA harassment awareness and bystander intervention training that teaches health care staff how to identify and intervene in the harassment of women veteran patients. Methods Participants included 180 VA staff, including both providers and administrative staff from one VA state health care system, who participated in harassment training during the first year of implementation. Pretest and post-test evaluation surveys included questions on acceptability of training length and relevance, staff experiences with harassment, perceptions of the training, and four short-term attitudinal outcomes: awareness of harassment, barriers to intervening, self-efficacy for intervening, and intentions to intervene. Results At pretest, most staff reported witnessing harassment, yet fewer than one-half had intervened. By post-test, staff reported significantly decreased barriers to intervening and increased awareness, self-efficacy, and intentions to intervene. Belief that harassment is a problem increased from 42.4% to 75.0%. The majority of staff found the training relevant and appropriate in length. Staff felt the most useful aspects of the training were learning how to intervene, group discussion, effective facilitation, and information on harassment. Conclusions We found that a bystander approach was acceptable to health care staff and efficacious on short-term outcomes. Bystander intervention may be a promising strategy to address harassment among patients in medical facilities.
Medical Engineering Education: Designing a Product Innovation and Technology Session for First-Year Medical Students

The Carle Illinois College of Medicine created an innovative model for medical education that integrates engineering principles into an active learning curriculum. First-year students were introduced to a medical device in an engaging product innovation and technology session. The goals were to discuss the physiology of oxygen saturation and demonstrate the ability to use observation and research to develop a new product idea. Students hypothetically competed with others to raise money from investors to pursue an efficient medical device and attend the users’ needs. Student’s feedback reflected a positive impact on their understanding of oximetry measurements and product innovation.
Unexpected Transcriptional Programs Contribute to Hippocampal Memory Deficits and Neuronal Stunting after Early-Life Adversity.

Early-life adversity (ELA) is associated with lifelong memory deficits, yet the responsible mechanisms remain unclear. We impose ELA by rearing rat pups in simulated poverty, assess hippocampal memory, and probe changes in gene expression, their transcriptional regulation, and the consequent changes in hippocampal neuronal structure. ELA rats have poor hippocampal memory and stunted hippocampal pyramidal neurons associated with ~140 differentially expressed genes. Upstream regulators of the altered genes include glucocorticoid receptor and, unexpectedly, the transcription factor neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF/REST). NRSF contributes critically to the memory deficits because blocking its function transiently following ELA rescues spatial memory and restores the dendritic arborization of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in ELA rats. Blocking NRSF function in vitro augments dendritic complexity of developing hippocampal neurons, suggesting that NRSF represses genes involved in neuronal maturation. These findings establish important, surprising contributions of NRSF to ELA-induced transcriptional programming that disrupts hippocampal maturation and memory function.
YouTube and Radiology: The Viability, Pitfalls, and Untapped Potential of the Premier Social Media Video Platform for Image-Based Education.

Rationale and Objectives There are several popular radiology channels on YouTube, reinforcing studies showing interest among medical students and trainees in video education and suggesting the potential use of YouTube for radiology education. Materials and Methods The CTisus YouTube channel, dedicated to radiology education and based in the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science at Johns Hopkins Hospital, has 25,000 subscribers. The benefits of this social media platform for radiology education were analyzed. The most popular videos (n = 484) from July 1, 2017 to June 30, 2020 were categorized into “case clips” (short displays of case images); “Facebook Live” (15–20 minute discussions later posted to YouTube); “lectures” (weekly PowerPoint lectures); and “quizzes” (10-question quiz discussions posted monthly). The number of days videos were available from July 2017 to June 2020 were counted and median views per 30 days were recorded. Lecture content was used to determine which of the following topics were more popular (received the most views) than others: Artificial intelligence, chest, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, neuro, physics, technique (such as protocols and contrast), technology, and vascular. Results Facebook Live videos had the highest median views per 30 days (236.9), the highest median likes per 30 days (2.5), the highest median shares per 30 days (2.0), and the highest median subscribers gained per 30 days (0.7). Unlike video type, there was no obvious favorite lecture topic among viewers. Conclusion Viewers were most engaged with longer videos, with interaction and watch time indicating greater interest than simple clicks/views. YouTube is an easy-to-use and valuable platform for hosting video content. It reaches a global audience and provides what many radiology trainees and professionals are looking for: video instruction.
Application of phase change materials to improve the thermal performance of cementitious material

Abstract Increasing the thermal efficiency of structures and decreasing deterioration in concrete pavements due to harsh changes in temperature have been the topic of much research. Using phase change materials (PCMs) in buildings decreases the energy lost and increases occupant comfort. In addition, using PCM in concrete pavements decreases thermal deterioration due to freeze/thaw cycles. To investigate the capacity of PCMs to increase the thermal inertia of mortar, a series of laboratory test were conducted. Three different kinds of PCMs with different melting points and latent heats were used. Lightweight Aggregate (LWA) was used as a carrier unit for PCMs and a guarded longitudinal calorimeter (GLC) was used to measure heat flow during both heating and cooling. The results show that using LWA to incorporate PCM in mortar prevents PCM interference with the hydration reaction between cement and water and therefore the compressive strength of the mortar does not decrease drastically. In addition, adding PCM to mortar increases the thermal mass and delays temperature changes.
Incorporation of proline analogs into procollagen. Assay for replacement of imino acids by cis-4-hydroxy-L-proline and cis-4-fluoro-L-proline.

Abstract Previously, several proline analogs have shown to be incorporated into protein and, in particular, into procollagen polypeptides. Here a new technique was used to determine the extent to which two proline analogs, cis-4-hydroxy- l -proline and cis-4-fluoro- l -proline, replaced proline and hydroxyproline in newly synthesized pro-α and pro-γ chains of procollagen. Matrix-free chick embryo tendon cells, when incubated with 1.53 m m , cis-4-hydroxy- l -proline, synthesized collagenous polypeptides in which from 13 to 19% of the total imino acid residues were replaced with the analog. Incubation of cells with 1.50 m m , cis-4-fluoro- l -proline resulted in the synthesis of polypeptides in which 27% of the imino acid residues were replaced by the analog. With lower concentrations, proportionally less of the analog was incorporated into protein. The observations here extend previous indications that proline analogs in relatively low concentrations may have a specific effect on the synthesis of collagen.
Short-term Outcomes of Infants Enrolled in Randomized Clinical Trials vs Those Eligible but Not Enrolled

It is unknown whether participation in a neonatal randomized controlled trial (RCT) is independently associated with differences in outcomes. Our objective was to compare inhospital outcomes between extremely premature infants enrolled in RCTs and those who were eligible but not enrolled in RCTs conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network (NRN).
Tracers in the Study of Membrane Processes

Isotopes are used so widely in biology and chemistry as tracers of processes and to map reaction pathways, it is important to be reminded at regular intervals of the assumptions made in their daily use; that is, we usually act as though isotopes were simply labeled atoms, i. e., ideal tracers. An ideal tracer is an atom which differs in some measurable way from the normal atom but has properties identical with those of the normal atom. There are, of course, no ideal tracers. Thus, the important question in the use of isotopes as tracers is how much an isotope or a molecule labeled with an isotopic element differs from the natural or common element or molecule.
Normal characteristic numbers

This paper computes the greatest common divisor of certain normal Pontrjagin numbers and Chern numbers. These calculations are of interest in studying singularities.
Propionate metabolism in fetal livers of 15 to 19 weeks' gestation.

Abstract Extracts of hepatic tissue obtained from saline-induced abortuses were analyzed for methylmalonyl CoA carbonylmutase (MM) and propionyl CoA carboxylase (PC) activity. MM activity was similar to control values, which suggests that abortion material may be used to confirm the prenatal diagnosis of methylmalonic acidemia. Confirmation of a presumptive propionic acidemia diagnosis is more tenuous due to the instabiliy of PC and the possibility that saline may induce PC activity.
Measurement of random sample time jitter for ADCs

This paper addresses the measurement of random sample-time jitter in the characterization of ADC's. A straightforward test is developed which allows for measurement of both additive noise power and RMS sample-time jitter. Simulations are used to assess the accuracy of the technique. Experimental results are also given for a commercially available ADC.
Plasma and arc microdischarges: new avenues in microfabrication

This paper describes the use of microdischarges between lithographically defined features as tools for further processing. Techniques based on the use of microplasmas can facilitate the microfabrication of complex microstructures (with dozens of structural levels) using just two masking steps, whereas micro-arcs can be used to increase the diversity of microstructures for WC-Co super-hard metal alloys and other unusual options.
Application of surface complexation models to anion adsorption by natural materials.

Various chemical models of ion adsorption are presented and discussed. Chemical models, such as surface complexation models, provide a molecular description of anion adsorption reactions using an equilibrium approach. Two such models, the constant capacitance model and the triple layer model, are described in the present study. Characteristics common to all the surface complexation models are equilibrium constant expressions, mass and charge balances, and surface activity coefficient electrostatic potential terms. Methods for determining parameter values for surface site density, capacitances, and surface complexation constants also are discussed. Spectroscopic experimental methods of establishing ion adsorption mechanisms include vibrational spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electron spin resonance spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray reflectivity. Experimental determinations of point of zero charge shifts and ionic strength dependence of adsorption results and molecular modeling calculations also can be used to deduce adsorption mechanisms. Applications of the surface complexation models to heterogeneous natural materials, such as soils, using the component additivity and the generalized composite approaches are described. Emphasis is on the generalized composite approach for predicting anion adsorption by soils. Continuing research is needed to develop consistent and realistic protocols for describing ion adsorption reactions on soil minerals and soils. The availability of standardized model parameter databases for use in chemical speciation–transport models is critical. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2172–2180. Published 2014 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US Government work and as such, is in the public domain in the United States.
Low temperature specific heat study of the electron transfer theory in refractory metal borides

Abstract Low temperature heat capacities of eleven 4th, 5th and 6th group transition metal borides were measured from 1.5–18°K to test current theories about bonding and band structure of borides. The electron transfer theory helps to interpret γ values, but the experiments also suggest certain modifications to that theory.
Shape From Probing

Abstract We consider a new problem motivated by robotics: how to determine shape and position from probes. We show that 3n probes are sufficient, but 3n − 1 are necessary, to determine the shape and position of any n-gon. Under a mild assumption, 3n probes are necessary.
High-performance liquid chromatographic method for analysis of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine in human body fluids

A paired-ion high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed to measure concentrations of 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (ddI) in human plasma, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. Samples were prepared using a solid-phase extraction technique which allows for a five-fold concentration of the drug. 2′-Deoxyguanosine was added as an internal standard prior to the extraction. Recoveries for 2′-deoxyguanosine and ddI were 80±15 and 85±10%, respectively. Extracted samples were then injected onto a C18 column and eluted isocratically with a mobile phase containing 0.1% of the ion-pairing reagent, heptafluorobutyric acid, and 5% acetonitrile. The retention time was 7.4 min for 2′-deoxyguanosine and 8.4 min for ddI. The lower limit of detection for ddI is 0.1 μM. Using this technique the acid lability of ddI was demonstrated and the plasma concentration versus time profile from a patient receiving the drug was examined.
Theory of measurement of blood flow by dye dilution technique

The general mathematical theory of measurement of blood flow by dye dilution techniques is discussed. The mathematical procedure for handling the recirculation problem is described, and it is shown that, in general, sampling of concentration at a single point is not sufficient to uniquely determine both the volume and flow in a vascular bed. The more basic problem of synthesizing a mathematical model of the circulation is analyzed. A general probabilistic scheme for handling transport problems of this kind is outlined, and results obtained for exchange of labeled material between the vascular and extravascular fluid compartment are described.
X-efficiency, rent-seeking and social costs: Comment

In 1966 Harvey Leibenstein published his seminal paper on X-efficiency in which he argued that imperfectly competitive market structures are likely to give rise to an intra-firm, non-allocative, or 'X' inefficiency, measured as the elevation of costs due to monopoly power. He also argued that these inefficiencies, not captured by the Harberger triangle (Harberger, 1959), are likely to be larger than the allocative losses reported by Harberger. One year later in 1967 Gordon Tullock (Tullock, 1967) published a paper on the welfare costs of monopoly power and theft. In it he cited Leibenstein's 1966 paper as part of his own discussion as to why the Harberger estimates of the welfare losses from monopoly power are likely to be underestimated. Tullock did not explicitly criticize the notion of X-inefficiency. What he did was to state his preference for analyzing these non-Harberger type effects of monopoly power in terms of the traditional framework of maximizing behavior. Other writers working within a rent-seeking framework, however, have been explicit in their rejection that either X-inefficiency can exist, or that it has any impact on social welfare (Crain and Zardkoohi, 1980). More recently, two papers, both published in this Journal, have been more inclined to assume that X-inefficiency can exist and is potentially important. The first of these is by Crew and Rowley (1988). The second, and the focus of our paper, is by Formby, Keeler and Thistle (1988; hereafter FKT). FKT present two models of X-inefficient production. First, pure pecuniary X-inefficiency, and second, real X-inefficiency. These refer to X-inefficiency in the form of payments to resource owners in excess of their opportunity costs, and X-inefficiency in the form of 'slacking off' labor, respectively. Further, in their model of real X-inefficiency FKT distinguish between zero and positive non-pecuniary benefits accruing to the owners of slack resources. FKT then compare their models of X-inefficiency to rent-seeking behavior in order to comment on the relative social costs of each.
Resonance phenomena in time-varying circuits

ASA logical continuation of the studies of systems with fixed parameters, there has been increasing interest in systems whose parameters are functions either of the dependent variable (nonlinear systems) or of the independent variable (time-varying systems). A general approach to the analysis of time-varying systems is so difficult, that at the present stage of development in this field one is restricted to the solution of relatively simple problems arising in practical applications.
Aspirin analogs with enhanced interfacial activity

Abstract A series of salicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid analogs was synthesized, some of which possess impressively enhanced interfacial activity. The variance in the effect of these congeners on interfacial tension is interpreted in terms of their structural features and physicochemical properties.
A DAML-based repository for QoS-aware semantic Web service selection

The Web is moving toward a collection of interoperating Web services. Achieving this interoperability requires dynamic discovery of Web services on the basis of their capabilities. The capability of a service can be properly determined by using not only its functional description (or service interface), but also its quality attributes as judged by previous users of the service. We develop a service repository that extends UDDI registries. This repository combines an ontology of attributes with evaluation data. We base our repository on a new query and manipulation language based on DAML. Our language includes support for a rich set of operations, which are needed to maintain an attribute ontology, publish services, rate services, and select services based on their functional attributes as well as evaluations by others. We have implemented our approach and evaluated its practical completeness via a number of key query and manipulation templates.
Saturn Ring-Plane Crossing, May 1995: Pole Precession and Ring Thickness☆

Abstract On 22 May 1995, as the Earth crossed through Saturn's ring-plane, we used the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 on the Hubble Space Telescope to image Saturn and its rings for 10 hr centered near the predicted time of ring-plane crossing. By performing photometry on the rings, we find that the time of ring-plane crossing is later than the nominal predicted time, suggesting that Saturn's pole is precessing at a rate somewhat slower than is predicted for a rigid body under the influence of torques from the Sun and Saturn's satellites and/or that Saturn's pole position is different from the nominal position. We determine the equivalent thickness of the rings to be 1.4 ± 0.1 km, and find that the measured value corresponds to the amplitude of perturbations from the Laplace plane warp and satellite-induced bending waves.
Recent Developments in Technological Forecasting

Technological forecasting means the prediction of characteristics or use of “technology.” The methods used by technological forecasters are in principle no different from those used by forecasters in other application areas. However, the unique problems of the field require that the methods be adapted to those problems. This paper discusses recent developments involving refinements in the methods which have been in use for the past several decades. It also describes some important recent work on estimating upper limits to the progress of technologies, and on quantitative measures of multi-attribute technologies. Finally, it discusses several issues common to all forecasting application areas, as they are dealt with in technological forecasting. These issues include validation, disasters of forecasting, determinism in forecasting, and some examples of forecasts with practical applications.
THE ANTIRICKETTSIAL EFFECT OF THIONINE DYES : I. THE USE OF METHYLENE BLUE AND TOLUIDINE BLUE TO COMBAT EXPERIMENTAL TSUTSUGAMUSHI DISEASE (SCRUB TYPHUS).

Methylene blue (MB) and toluidine blue (TB) when administered in maximum tolerated oral doses to mice and to cotton rats are highly effective in preventing the usual lethal outcome of intraperitoneally induced infections with R. orientalis. This activity is manifest even when dye administration is delayed until a systemic infection has been well established. Methylene blue is also effective in cerebral infections in mice. The toxicity of MB, however, limits parenteral (subcutaneous) administration of the dye to dosage levels which are much less effective than the maximum tolerated oral levels. The inability of mice to tolerate an adequately effective parenteral dose of MB suggests that the properties of the dye responsible for its toxicity may be separated from those upon which its antirickettsial effect depends. The relationship between the response of mice to oral treatment with MB and such factors as the size of the infecting dose and the times of initiation and of withdrawal of treatment may be summarized as follows: 1. With a constant infecting dose, the time of initiation of treatment largely determines the degree of therapeutic effect. 2. The interval after infection beyond which further treatment does not increase the survival rate depends not upon the previous duration of treatment but upon the size of the infecting dose. Paradoxically, treatment can be discontinued sooner after a massive infecting dose than after a smaller one.
Unruptured congenital aortic sinus aneurysm with aneurysmal dilatation of the aorta and aortic regurgitation without arachnodactyly

Abstract 1. 1. An unusual case of unruptured congenital aortic sinus aneurysm with aneurysmal dilatation of the aorta and aortic regurgitation without arachnodactyly is reported. 2. 2. Cardiac catheterization and angiocardiographic studies are presented and discussed.
Counter-current heat exchange in the respiratory passages: effect on water and heat balance.

Abstract Temperature measurements were made on exhaled air of various vertebrates at ambient air temperatures from 12 to 30 °C. In birds the temperature of the exhaled air was closer to the ambient air temperature than to body temperature and in small rodents the exhaled air temperature might be even lower than the temperature of the inhaled air. As air is inhaled, it is warmed and humidified in the upper respiratory tract, and the walls of the passageways are thus cooled. Exhaled air passing over these cool surfaces gives up some of its heat and water. The recondensation of water is quantitatively important, e.g.. at 15 °C, 25% r.h., a cactus wren recovered 74% of the water added to the respiratory air on inhalation. In the kangaroo rat, due to the greater degree of cooling of the exhaled air, 83 % of the water is recovered. Of the heat added on inhalation (warming of air plus heat of vaporization) a major fraction is recovered on exhalation. For example, at 15 °C, 25 % r.h., the cactus wren recovers 75% of the heat added on inhalation, and the kangaroo rat recovers 88 %. In terms of the simultaneous metabolic heat production, these amounts constitute a savings of 16.1 % of the total metabolic heat production, heat that would be lost to the exterior if air were exhaled at body temperature and saturated.
Growth and correlates of nutritional status among infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) after stage 1 Norwood procedure

Abstract Background Protein-energy malnutrition is common among infants with congenital heart disease. We hypothesized that infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) are at risk for malnutrition. Objective To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for malnutrition in infants undergoing palliative surgery for HLHS. Methods Retrospective chart review of 50 infants with HLHS who underwent both stage 1 Norwood and bidirectional Glenn (BDG) procedures over 4.5 y. Results After a median hospital stay of 21 d, median discharge weight was 3.4 kg, unchanged from admission. Adjusting for weight on admission, children with longer length of hospital stay, longer intensive care unit stay, shorter duration of parental nutrition therapy, and higher diuretic dosage at discharge had a lower weight-for-age Z score at discharge ( R 2 = 0.85). On admission for BDG, median weight-for-age Z score was −2.0. After adjusting for weight on discharge from the initial hospitalization, children with fewer calories/ounce of their enteral nutrition at discharge, worse right ventricular function, more frequent readmissions, and higher oxygen saturation at discharge had a lower weight-for-age Z score at BDG ( R 2 = 0.49). Conclusions Malnutrition is common in infants with HLHS after stage 1 palliation. Variables associated with more complex postoperative course and imbalance between systemic and pulmonary blood flow were all associated with poorer nutritional status. When adjusting for these factors, the use of parenteral nutrition and high calorie enteral feeds were associated with improved nutritional status. Aggressive parenteral and enteral nutritional therapy might help reduce the prevalence of growth faltering in infants who have HLHS.
Mazindol: its efficacy and mode of action in generating weight loss.

Abstract The influence of the anorectic mazindol in weight loss was investigated in a double-blind protocol. Additionally, the behavioral and metabolic effects of the drug were studied in order to determine its mechanism of action. Drug eligible participants were randomly assigned to mazindol and placebo and contrasted with a group of non drug eligible controls. All subjects attended a series of 6 lectures on the modification of eating and activity. Weight loss was greater for mazindol than placebo subjects (P
Modeling of long-range atmospheric lasercom links between static and mobile platforms

We describe modeling and simulation of long-range terrestrial laser communications links between static and mobile platforms. Atmospheric turbulence modeling, along with pointing, tracking and acquisition models are combined to provide an overall capability to estimate communications link performance.
Spontaneous pneumothorax due to diaphragmatic defect complicating pneumoperitoneum therapy; report of a case.

Summary 1)A case of spontaneous pneumothorax occurring during pneumoperitoneum therapy is described. 2)Congenital diaphragmatic defect was apparently the cause of leakage of air from the peritoneal cavity into the right pleural space.
Excitonic exchange effects on the radiative decay time of monoexcitons and biexcitons in quantum dots

Electron-hole exchange interaction splits the exciton ground state into ``dark'' and ``bright'' states. The dynamics of those states depends on the internal relaxation time between bright and dark states (spin-flip time), and on the radiative recombination time of the bright states. On the other hand, the calculated values of these recombination times depend not only on the treatment of correlation effects, but also on the accuracy of the electron and hole wavefunctions. We calculate the radiative decay rates for monoexcitons and biexcitons in $(\mathrm{In},\mathrm{As})\mathrm{Ga}∕\mathrm{GaAs}$ self-assembled and colloidal $\mathrm{CdSe}$ quantum dots from atomistic correlated wave functions. We show how the radiative decay time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{R}({X}^{0})$ of the monoexciton depends on the spin-flip relaxation time between bright and dark states. In contrast, a biexciton has no bright-dark splitting, so the decay time of the biexciton ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{R}(X{X}^{0})$ is insensitive to this spin-flip time. This results in ratios ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{R}({X}^{0})∕{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{R}(X{X}^{0})$ of 4 in the case of fast spin flip, and a ratio of 2 in the case of slow spin flip. For $(\mathrm{In},\mathrm{Ga})\mathrm{As}∕\mathrm{GaAs}$, we compare our results with the model calculation of Wimmer et al. [Phys. Rev. B 73, 165305 (2006)]. When the same spin-flip rates are assumed, our predicted ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{R}({X}^{0})∕{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{R}(X{X}^{0})$ agrees with that of Wimmer et al., suggesting that our treatment of correlations is adequate to predict the ratio of monoexciton and biexciton radiative lifetimes. Our results agree well with experiment on self-assembled quantum dots when assuming slow spin flip. Conversely, for colloidal dots the agreement with experiment is best for fast spin flip.
High-Gain InAs Avalanche Photodiodes

We report two InAs avalanche photodiode structures with very low background doping in the depletion region. Uniform electric fields and thick depletion regions have been achieved. Excess noise measurements are consistent with k~0 and gain as high as 70 at room temperature is observed. The measured gain-bandwidth product is >; 300 GHz. All measurements are consistent with Monte Carlo simulations.
Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review

Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has developed over the last 25 years from tracheostomy to a variety of options, including weight loss, nasal continuous positive airway pressure (N-CPAP), pharyngeal surgery, and medications. None of these options is definitive or curative, except possibly weight loss. The most widely prescribed treatment is N-CPAP, but recently published studies using objective measurement of patient compliance show less than ideal compliance. Attempts have been made to design pharyngeal surgery according to the site of upper airway collapse or narrowing, as identified by various techniques in wakefulness. How representative these studies are of upper airway physiology in sleep is questionable. Recent studies have shown improved surgical success in correcting OSA. However, disturbing data are available in a limited number of patients that demonstrate worsening of the OSA months after a favorable response to surgery. More studies assessing the long-term outcome of pharyngeal surgery are needed. Several pharmacologic agents have been used to treat OSA. Results with any particular agent are not better than with N-CPAP or surgery. However, studies of subgroups of patients with OSA in which a particular pharmacologic agent may be specifically indicated, such as thyroxine in hypothyroidism, have not been conducted (to our knowledge). An algorithm for the approach to treatment recommendations is presented. Basic to this algorithm is an objective presentation of therapeutic options to the patient with OSA and a respect for the patient's preferences.
Direct dynamical calculation of entropy and free energy by adiabatic switching.

If an ergodic Hamiltonian is changing slowly in time, its energy shell is an adiabatic invariant: Even though the energy changes, an initial surface of constant energy is mapped into a continuous family of surfaces, each of which is also of constant energy. This observation allows efficient and direct dynamical calculation of the entropy of classical fluids, exemplified here by a simple model of liquid water. The results depend substantially on the form of the ``switching'' function, suggesting possible improvements in traditional thermodynamic switching processes. Application of a similar adiabaticity to Nos\'e dynamics allows dynamical computation of differences in the Helmholtz free energy.
β-spectrum of 32Si

The endpoint energy of 100 disintegration/min of 32Si as Si∗(C2H5)4 has been found to be 213 ± 7 keV by means of a liquid scintillation spectrometer. The log ft for the allowed, l forbidden transition is 8.2.