cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time-division multiplexing for green broadcasting

The problem of minimizing the total (transmit and decoding) energy required for communicating over a two-receiver Gaussian broadcast channel is investigated. For achieving a specified rate-tuple, joint broadcast schemes (e.g. superposition coding) require smaller transmit energy per-bit than the conceptually simpler time-division multiplexing (TDM) based schemes. However, for short distance communication, the energy expended in the decoding can be comparable to that required in the transmission. Two technical advances are introduced to understand these energy costs: (a) an improvement on the best known outer bounds on the error exponents for the Gaussian broadcast problem, and (b) a finer analysis to have these bounds hold for neighborhood sizes instead of block-lengths. Using these results, it is then shown that in some typical short and moderate distance communication scenarios, time-division multiplexing saves on the decoding energy, thereby likely requiring smaller total energy than any joint broadcasting scheme for achieving the target rate and error probabilities. Further, we observe that TDM outperforms joint schemes by larger margins when the ratio of the distances of the receivers from the transmitter is closer to 1.
The porphyrin TmPyP4 unfolds the extremely stable G-quadruplex in MT3-MMP mRNA and alleviates its repressive effect to enhance translation in eukaryotic cells

We report that the cationic porphyrin TmPyP4, which is known mainly as a DNA G-quadruplex stabilizer, unfolds an unusually stable all purine RNA G-quadruplex (M3Q) that is located in the 5′-UTR of MT3-MMP mRNA. When the interaction between TmPyP4 and M3Q was monitored by UV spectroscopy a 22-nm bathochromic shift and 75% hypochromicity of the porphin major Soret band was observed indicating direct binding of the two molecules. TmPyP4 disrupts folded M3Q in a concentration-dependent fashion as was observed by circular dichroism (CD), 1D 1H NMR and native gel electrophoresis. Additionally, when TmPyP4 is present during the folding process it inhibits the M3Q RNA from adopting a G-quadruplex structure. Using a dual reporter gene construct that contained the M3Q sequence alone or the entire 5′-UTR of MT3-MMP mRNA, we report here that TmPyP4 can relieve the inhibitory effect of the M3Q G-quadruplex. However, the same concentrations of TmPyP4 failed to affect translation of a mutated construct. Thus, TmPyP4 has the ability to unfold an RNA G-quadruplex of extreme stability and modulate activity of a reporter gene presumably via the disruption of the G-quadruplex.
Species Composition and Relative Abundance of Large Medusae in Puget Sound, Washington

Abstract We assessed species composition and relative biomass densities of large medusae (bell diameters larger than 4 cm) at four locations in Puget Sound, Washington, over two sampling periods (June and September). We specifically sampled sites in southern Hood Canal (near Hoodsport), northern Hood Canal (Hazel Point), southern Admiralty Inlet (Useless Bay) and Possession Sound using a bottom trawl as part of a larger survey of demersal fish and invertebrate community structure. In total, four species were observed during June sampling: three schyphomedusae (Phacellophora camtschatica, Cyanea capillata, Aurelia labiata) and one hydromedusa (Aequorea victoria). The highest jellyfish densities in June were observed off Hoodsport where Aurelia labiata and Cyanea capillata dominated the assemblage. In the remaining locations, Cyanea capillata dominated catches. In September, relative biomass densities were lower throughout the area surveyed and species composition simplified with usually one species of jell...
Adults' Uses of Computer Technology: Associations with Literacy Tasks

The present study examined data from a large, nationally representative sample—the National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NCES, 2007)—to examine how computer use and Internet-based literacy practices (use of e-mail, searching for information on the Internet, and Internet chatting) were related to prose, document, and quantitative literacy scores. The moderating effects of gender and ethnicity with these practices were also assessed. Results indicated that, when controlling for potential confounding variables, the use of computers and engagement in Internet-based literacy practices was associated with higher scores on each of the three literacy tasks. Additionally, moderating effects were identified for gender and for ethnicity on several literacy tasks.
Examining the Precollege Attributes and Values of Latina/o Bachelor's Degree Attainers

This article focuses on understanding successful Latina/o college student retention at 4-year institutions. Deficit models fail to consider how Latina/o students use different forms of capital (i.e...
Ceramic Properties of Europium Oxide

Europium oxide of 99.7% purity was compacted into small bars and pellets which were fired at temperatures from 1050° to 1700°C. for 2 to 120 hours in atmospheres that were oxidizing, mildly reducing (open furnace), or strongly reducing. It was found that (1) europium oxide compacts fired in oxygen for 2 hours at 1500°C. bad attained a density of 90% of theoretical and were stable in boiling water, (2) compacts fired under mildly reducing conditions at 1500°C. for 2 hours had attained a density of 84% of theoretical and disintegrated in boiling water, and (3) those fired similarly in a hydrogen atmosphere began to fuse at 1500°C. The linear thermal expansion of the compacts fired at 1500°C. in the open furnace was 10.5 x 10-6in. perin. per°C. between 0° and 1000 °C. and their molar specific heat between 0° and 800°C. was 33.3 cal. Careful investigation of the structural changes occurring in europium oxide with rising temperature revealed that (1) the low-temperature (body-centered cubic) form inverts slowly to the high-temperature form at approximately 1050°C., (2) the high-temperature form has monoclinic symmetry, and (3) it does not revert readily to the cubic form; its theoretical density was calculated to be 8.18 gm. per cm.3.
A flexible and efficient hardware architecture for real-time face recognition based on eigenface

We describe a flexible and efficient multilane architecture for real-time face recognition system based on modular principal component analysis (PCA) method in a field programmable gate array (FPGA) environment. We have shown in Gottumukkal R., and Asan K.V., (2004) that modular PCA improves the accuracy of face recognition when the face images have varying expression and illumination. The flexible and parallel architecture design consists of multiple processing elements to operate on predefined regions of a face image. Each processing element is also parallelized with multiple pipelined paths/lanes to simultaneously compute weight vectors of the non-overlapping region, hence called multilane architecture. The architecture is able to recognize a face image from a database of 1000 face images in 11ms.
GT-P2PRMI: improving middleware performance using peer-to-peer service replication

Peer-to-peer systems have the desirable property that the amount of resources available in the system increase as demand for services increases due to growth of the system. We explore how resources in such systems can be used to support distributed object-based middleware. The remote method invocation abstraction reduces the complexity of distributed programming and its implementation in peer-to-peer systems can permit general services to be deployed and shared in such systems. We extend the Java remote method invocation (RMI) framework to support its implementation in peer-to-peer systems. In addition to various implementation related issues, we also explore the performance benefits of this approach using a prototype and simulations.
Immobilized prion protein undergoes spontaneous rearrangement to a conformation having features in common with the infectious form

It is hypothesized that infectious prions are generated as the cellular form of the prion protein (PrPC) undergoes pronounced conformational change under the direction of an infectious PrPSc template. Conversion to the infectious conformer is particularly associated with major structural rearrangement in the central portion of the protein (residues 90–120), which has an extended flexible structure in the PrPC isoform. Using a panel of recombinant antibodies reactive with different parts of PrP, we show that equivalent major structural rearrangements occur spontaneously in this region of PrP immobilized on a surface. In contrast, regions more towards the termini of the protein remain relatively unaltered. The rearrangements occur even under conditions where individual PrP molecules should not contact one another. The propensity of specific unstructured regions of PrP to spontaneously undergo large and potentially deleterious conformational changes may have important implications for prion biology.
Lactation failure in Src knockout mice is due to impaired secretory activation

Mammary gland development culminates in lactation and is orchestrated by numerous stimuli and signaling pathways. The Src family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases plays a pivotal role in cell signaling. In order to determine if Src plays a role in mammary gland development we have examined mammary gland development and function during pregnancy and lactation in mice in which expression of Src has been eliminated. We have characterized a lactation defect in the Src-/- mice which results in the death of over 80% of the litters nursed by Src-/- dams. Mammary gland development during pregnancy appears normal in these mice; however secretory activation does not seem to occur. Serum prolactin levels are normal in Src-/- mice compared to wildtype controls. Expression of the prolactin receptor at both the RNA and protein level was decreased in Src-/- mice following the transition from pregnancy to lactation, as was phosphorylation of STAT5 and expression of milk protein genes. These results suggest that secretory activation, which occurs following parturition, does not occur completely in Src-/- mice. Failed secretory activation results in precocious involution in the mammary glands of Src-/- even when pups were suckling. Involution was accelerated following pup withdrawal perhaps as a result of incomplete secretory activation. In vitro differentiation of mammary epithelial cells from Src-/- mice resulted in diminished production of milk proteins compared to the amount of milk proteins produced by Src+/+ cells, indicating a direct role for Src in regulating the transcription/translation of milk protein genes in mammary epithelial cells. Src is an essential signaling modulator in mammary gland development as Src-/- mice exhibit a block in secretory activation that results in lactation failure and precocious involution. Src appears to be required for increased expression of the prolactin receptor and successful downstream signaling, and alveolar cell organization.
Interaction of RNA polymerase II and the small RNA machinery affects heterochromatic silencing in Drosophila.

Background Heterochromatin is the tightly packaged dynamic region of the eukaryotic chromosome that plays a vital role in cellular processes such as mitosis and meiotic recombination. Recent experiments in Schizosaccharomyces pombe have revealed the structure of centromeric heterochromatin is affected in RNAi pathway mutants. It has also been shown in fission yeast that the heterochromatin barrier is traversed by RNA Pol II and that the passage of RNA Pol II through heterochromatin is important for heterochromatin structure. Thus, an intricate interaction between the RNAi machinery and RNA Pol II affects heterochromatin structure. However, the role of the RNAi machinery and RNA Pol II on the metazoan heterochromatin landscape is not known. This study analyses the interaction of the small RNA machinery and RNA Pol II on Drosophila heterochromatin structure.
Utilization of Palmitic Acid by Mycobacterium avium

Mycobacterium avium accumulates (14)C-palmitic acid with saturation kinetics; the process is both temperature dependent and pH sensitive. The fatty acid is incorporated into triglyceride in vivo and the conversion is detectable within 5 min after exposure of the cells to (14)C-palmitic acid. The triglyceride is rapidly utilized because (14)CO(2) evolution from it begins within 30 min after (14)C-palmitic acid accumulation. Data from silicic acid column chromatography of extracts of cultures that have divided many times in medium containing (14)C-palmitic acid indicate that a large proportion of the cell lipid is triglyceride, but the radioactivity is widely dispersed among the other lipids. It is estimated that about 5% of the cell dry weight is triglyceride in a postexponential culture.
Modeling contaminant transport in groundwater: an optimized finite element method

An optimized upwind Taylor-Galerkin finite element method (UTGFEM) has been developed to simulate one-dimensional contaminant transport in groundwater. The model was employed to predict the transport of contaminants from continuous, pulse, and exponentially decaying sources for a wide range of dispersion coefficients and degradation rate constants. The dispersion coefficients considered were 0.0, 1.0, and 5.0 m^2/day. The degradation rate constant was varied between 0.007 and 0.028 (day)^-^1. The model was found to predict the transport dynamics for all these conditions accurately when the dispersion coefficient was greater than or equal to 0.215 m^2/day. The model would introduce some numerical dispersion if the field dispersion were smaller than this limiting value. The need for numerical dispersion can be reduced significantly by making the length of the finite elements smaller.
Scanning Electron Microscopy and X‐Ray Microanalysis

This outstanding volume has managed the nearly impossible task of combining the expertise of all six authors in a lucid and homogeneous style of writing. Subtitled ‘A Text for Biologists, Material Scientists and Geologists,’ the book has evolved from a short course taught each summer at Lehigh University. The book provides a basic knowledge of (1) the electron optics for these instruments a nd their controls, (2) the characteristics of the electron beam-sample interactions, (3) image formation and interpretation, (4) X ray spectrometry and quantitative X ray microanalysis with separate detailed sections on wavelength dispersive and energy dispersive techniques, and (5) specimen preparation, especially for biological materials.
Paul's Triumphal Procession Imagery (2 Cor 2.14–16a): Neglected Points of Background

This article seeks a fresh assessment of Paul's pompa triumphalis imagery at 2 Cor. 2.14–16a by probing a number of neglected aspects of both lexical and cultural background. Included are (1) an analysis of the use of θριαμβeύω in the Greco-Roman literature, with special attention given to claims made concerning the word's use with direct objects; (2) a lexicology of ὀσμή and eὐωδία in literatures of the period; and (3) a probing of the language of ‘salvation’ in the passage, with attention given to a feature of the triumphal procession parades that has until now failed to garner attention in investigations of the passage.
The Pcdp1 complex coordinates the activity of dynein isoforms to produce wild-type ciliary motility

Generating the complex waveforms characteristic of beating cilia requires the coordinated activity of multiple dynein isoforms anchored to the axoneme. We previously identified a complex associated with the C1d projection of the central apparatus that includes primary ciliary dyskinesia protein 1 (Pcdp1). Reduced expression of complex members results in severe motility defects, indicating that C1d is essential for wild-type ciliary beating. To define a mechanism for Pcdp1/C1d regulation of motility, we took a functional and structural approach combined with mutants lacking C1d and distinct subsets of dynein arms. Unlike mutants completely lacking the central apparatus, dynein-driven microtubule sliding velocities are wild type in C1d- defective mutants. However, coordination of dynein activity among microtubule doublets is severely disrupted. Remarkably, mutations in either outer or inner dynein arm restore motility to mutants lacking C1d, although waveforms and beat frequency differ depending on which isoform is mutated. These results define a unique role for C1d in coordinating the activity of specific dynein isoforms to control ciliary motility.
Assessing the Effectiveness of the Tailored Design Method for Increasing Response Rates of Mail Surveys in Japan

Survey research is commonly conducted in the United States and other Western countries to understand a particular population’s characteristics, behaviors, or opinions; however, few studies have been conducted in Japan to adopt survey methodologies such as the Tailored Design Method developed in the United States. In Japan, mail surveys are generally considered to achieve no more than a 20-40% response rate, and since the mid-1970s, overall response rates in Japanese surveys have declined by about 10 percentage points. Our research is one of the first studies to use the Tailored Design Method in Japan to conduct a mail survey. We compared response rates of our survey about people’s attitudes toward bears and wildlife management to response rates of other mail surveys with similar content to see the effectiveness of the Tailored Design Method. Response rates in two study sites, Nagano, an urban city, and Otari, a rural village were 48.3% and 66.7% respectively, using the Tailored Design Method. The response rate in Otari was significantly higher than those of other rural villages in previous surveys. The response rate for Nagano was comparable to results of rural villages even though response rates in metropolitan areas are usually lower than those of rural areas. The Tailored Design Method may be profitably applied in Japan and other societies in order to improve survey response rates.
Nanoindentation investigation of asphalt binder and mastic cohesion

Abstract A nanoindentation technique for determining the cohesive properties of neat, modified, and aged asphalt binders and mastics with varying filler volumetric concentrations is developed, tested, and verified. Cohesive properties of binder and mastic are critically important to the fracture resistance of asphalt concrete. A new approach to calculate and interpret important cohesive properties from nanoindentation data through low-load sphero-conical (blunt) nanoindentation is presented. Work of effective cohesion values are determined as the average response over multiple possible microstructures for three asphalt binders and 30 different mastics of varying filler volumetric concentrations. Results point to evidence of a critical filler volume fraction beyond which further addition of filler does not affect work of effective cohesion. This plateau in work of effective cohesion values is speculated to be related to the combined effects of volume-filling, particle interactions, and physicochemical interactions. The critical filler volumetric concentrations corresponding to the plateau in work of effective cohesion range between 0.20 and 0.30, which is within the range from literature of 0.15–0.30. Testing of binder and mastic through nanoindentation is an important step toward in situ testing of mastic within asphalt concrete, which is inaccessible using conventional macroscopic experimental methods.
Range Resolving Techniques

Modern airborne and spaceborne imaging radars, known as synthetic aperture radars (SARs), are capable of producing high-quality pictures of the earth’s surface while avoiding some of the shortcomings of certain other forms of remote imaging systems. Primarily, radar overcomes the nighttime limitations of optical cameras, and the cloud-cover limitations of both optical and infrared imagers. In addition, because imaging radars use a form of coherent illumination, they can be used in certain special modes such as interferometry, to produce some unique derivative image products that incoherent systems cannot. One such product is a highly accurate digital terrain elevation map (DTEM). The most recent (circa 1980) version of imaging radar, known as spotlight-mode SAR, can produce imagery with spatial resolution that begins to approach that of remote optical imagers. For all of these reasons, synthetic aperture radar imaging is rapidly becoming a key technology in the world of modern remote sensing.
How Mammalian Cells Acquire Copper: An Essential but Potentially Toxic Metal

Cu is an essential micronutrient, and its role in an array of critical physiological processes is receiving increasing attention. Among these are wound healing, angiogenesis, protection against reactive oxygen species, neurotransmitter synthesis, modulation of normal cell and tumor growth, and many others. Free Cu is absent inside cells, and a network of proteins has evolved to deliver this essential, but potentially toxic, metal ion to its intracellular target sites following uptake. Although the total body content is low (∼100 mg), dysfunction of proteins involved in Cu homeostasis results in several well-characterized human disease states. The initial step in cellular Cu handling is its transport across the plasma membrane, a subject of study for only about the last 25 years. This review focuses on the initial step in Cu homeostasis, the properties of the major protein, hCTR1, that mediates Cu uptake, and the status of our understanding of this highly specialized transport system. Although a high-resolution structure of the protein is still lacking, an array of biochemical and biophysical studies have provided a picture of how hCTR1 mediates Cu(I) transport and how Cu is delivered to the proteins in the intracellular milieu. Recent studies provide evidence that the transporter also plays a key protective role in the regulation of cellular Cu via regulatory endocytosis, lowering its surface expression, in response to elevated Cu loads.
HierCost: improving large scale hierarchical classification with cost sensitive learning

Hierarchical Classification (HC) is an important problem with a wide range of application in domains such as music genre classification, protein function classification and document classification. Although several innovative classification methods have been proposed to address HC, most of them are not scalable to web-scale problems. While simple methods such as top-down "pachinko" style classification and flat classification scale well, they either have poor classification performance or do not effectively use the hierarchical information. Current methods that incorporate hierarchical information in a principled manner are often computationally expensive and unable to scale to large datasets. In the current work, we adopt a cost-sensitive classification approach to the hierarchical classification problem by defining misclassification cost based on the hierarchy. This approach effectively decouples the models for various classes, allowing us to efficiently train effective models for large hierarchies in a distributed fashion.
Calcification in the planula and polyp of the hydroid Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa).

SUMMARY This study examines calcification in planulae and polyps of the hydroid Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus. We observed that established colonies produce a crystalline mat on their substratum and that crystals visible by polarized light microscopy occur in the vacuoles of the gastrodermal cells of both polyps and planulae. The crystalline mat was found by infrared spectroscopy to contain calcium carbonate in the form of aragonite. The composition of the vacuolar crystals and the cellular mechanisms for manufacturing them were explored by alteration of calcium levels in the environment and by the use of pharmacological agents (acetazolamide, caffeine, DIDS, diltiazem, nifedipine, procaine, Ruthenium Red, ryanodine and verapamil) that affect cellular uptake and transport of calcium and bicarbonate. The results indicated that the crystals in the vacuoles contained calcium carbonate. The gastrodermal cells are hypothesized to serve as a physiological sink for excess calcium that enters the organism during motility, secretion and metamorphosis of the planula, and to create a crystalline substratum for the colony of polyps.
Promoting Conceptual Change for Complex Systems Understanding: Outcomes of an Agent-Based Participatory Simulation

Components of complex systems apply across multiple subject areas, and teaching these components may help students build unifying conceptual links. Students, however, often have difficulty learning these components, and limited research exists to understand what types of interventions may best help improve understanding. We investigated 32 high school students’ understandings of complex systems components and whether an agent-based simulation could improve their understandings. Pretest and posttest essays were coded for changes in six components to determine whether students showed more expert thinking about the complex system of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Results showed significant improvement for the components Emergence (r = .26, p = .03), Order (r = .37, p = .002), and Tradeoffs (r = .44, p = .001). Implications include that the experiential nature of the simulation has the potential to support conceptual change for some complex systems components, presenting a promising option for complex systems instruction.
SEMANTIC TAGS FOR INTEROPERABLE CONSTRUCTION WORKFLOW

The establishments of standards to exchange, share, and integrate information result from the full consensus within the construction industry and their enforcement by government institutions. However, even if these conditions are met, the unique features and the dynamic social network of a construction project hinder the standard’s success in developing interoperability, and results in different actors’ developing different views to represent the information in projects. Alternatively, other efforts have relied on mapping the actor’s representations within an individual project, limiting their application to that particular project or only to projects where the same actors are involved. Construction project actors constitute social networks at different scales in time and in space that require a dynamic information workflow for exchanging, sharing, or integrating information. The actors’ achievement of these inter-operations is critical in making the communication of information possible to, for example, coordinate processes and exchange resource constraints. The complexity of social network hinders the deliverance of the construction products and processes information. Semantic tags for interoperable construction workflows represent a novel approach to support the exchanging, sharing, and integrating of information. Semantic tags leverage the communication of information within the dynamic social network grid. This research proposes a semantic main form of representation of construction concepts to assist in the communication between actors. This semantic approach represents construction concepts within documents by employing a concept-description that holds metadata. The semantic tag, therefore, has the ability to represent the required information for particular interpreters because of its incorporation of categories of concepts employed in the construction domain.
Predictive Model for the Design of Plasmonic Metal/Semiconductor Composite Photocatalysts

We demonstrate the design of composite plasmonic metal/semiconductor photocatalysts, which show enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity compared to the semiconductor alone. We show that the overlap between the illumination source spectrum, semiconductor absorbance spectrum and metal nanoparticle surface plasmon resonance spectrum provides a useful descriptor for predicting the relative rate enhancements induced by metal surface plasmons for composite photocatalysts with similar arrangements of metal and semiconductor building blocks. We also show that optical simulations can be used to predict the value of the descriptor of photocatalytic activity for any arbitrary combination of illumination source, semiconductor, and plasmonic metal, and therefore guide the formulation of optimal composite photocatalysts. We have used optical simulations to identify optimal plasmonic nanostructures for a few model semiconductors.
Wind Tunnel Characterization of Fluid-Structure Interactions for Various Suspension Lines

This experiment was conducted to support recent efforts to characterize drag on the many systems of a modern parachute. This effort includes testing off-the-shelf 600 lb and 1000 lb flat Dacron suspension line as well as 7 and 8 strand “550” cord. This experiment served to confirm vortex shedding behavior and further explore possible mechanisms driving flowinduced vibrations of the line. The Dacron models, with rectangular cross sections, were tested in a wind tunnel at 51, 76, and 93 fps, with tensions of 10, 38, and 55 lb, and at an angle of attack of 90°. Additionally, the flat Dacron lines were tested at angles of incidence of 0°, 45° and 90°. At these speeds, the Strouhal numbers varied between 0.15 and 0.29 for the two flat Dacron models and 0.18 for the two types of 550 cords. Several of the wind tunnel tests produced low-frequency, high-amplitude, self-induced transverse and torsional oscillations in both the 600 lb and 1000 lb Dacron samples, when oriented at 0° angle of incidence. Linear density measurements, performed for all line models, helped to confirm that line oscillations in bending were occurring very near the predicted fundamental frequencies. Ultimately, shedding and vibration data do not support vortex induced vibrations or buffeting as the dominant excitation mechanism. Reduced velocities much greater than 20 and qualitative visual evidence support gallop/stall-flutter as the excitation mechanism.
Estimation of the critical clearing time of wind farms and analyses of influence factors

The stability of wind farms is the primal problem in the analysis of wind farm integration with the increment of wind farm penetration. The transient stability of wind farms is denoted by the critical clean time(CCT) of an equivalent wind turbine on the grid fault. The CCT of the wind farm is influenced by the mechanical and electrical parameters of wind turbines, the integration of wind farms to the power system,the running of wind farms, and so on. First, the CCT of a fix-speed wind turbine and the influence on the CCT by the relaxation of turbine shaft were determined. Second, many factors influencing the CCT of the wind farm consisted by fix-speed wind turbines were studied by simulation in this paper. Finally some useful conclusions were educed.
NO_x release in chemical looping combustion of N-containing model compounds

The experiment was conducted using glutamic acid, glycine and phenylalanine as N-containing model compounds. During their reduction in chemical looping combustion(CLC), the effects of temperature and K element on NOx release were studied. The results indicated that release of volatile-N was quick during whole CLC process, and yields of NO and NO2 increased with increasing temperature, whereas N2 O concentration showed fluctuation. Higher nitrogen content in model compounds, more difficult for conversion from nitrogen to NOx. K element showed no significant effect on NOx release of the three amino acids during CLC process except that NO emission from phenylalanine.
Management of the Unsuspected Ectopic Ureterocele

Abstract Five cases of ectopic ureteroceles associated with non-functioning upper pole segments are presented. Diagnosis was not made until the time of operation for correction of vesicoureteral reflux or decompression of the upper tracts through a flank approach. Options in the management of this problem are discussed.
Cervical nodal level V can safely be omitted in the treatment of locally advanced oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma with definitive IMRT.

Summary Objectives Patients treated with definitive chemoradiation for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPC) experience excellent outcomes but treatment toxicities remain significant. The adoption of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) reduced morbidity by allowing targeting of at risk areas while sparing uninvolved regions. We explored whether level V lymphatics (LVN) can be omitted from elective volumes in OPC. Materials and methods This analysis included 408 patients treated for stage III/IV OPC with IMRT at our institution. For 295 (72.3%) patients, bilateral LVN were covered, while LVN were omitted in 113 (27.7%). Nodal staging was N2a or greater in 324 patients (79.4%). All but one received concurrent chemotherapy. Actuarial regional recurrence was calculated using the KM method with the event of interest defined as any regional recurrence; all others were censored. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on variables significantly associated with both the inclusion of elective LVN and regional recurrence. Results After a median follow-up of 63.6 months (range, 1.3–125 months), there were no level V failures in either group. The 2-year cumulative rate of regional failure (RF) was 4.5% (95% CI = 2.9–6.6) in the overall cohort, 2.2% (95% CI = 0.1–5.9) in the LVN untreated group, and 5.4% (95% CI = 3.4–8.1) in the LVN treated group. After adjusting for Stage and tobacco status, there was no significant difference between the two groups in RF (HR = 1.75 95% CI = (0.61–5.07), p = 0.30). Conclusion LVN can be safely omitted from the clinical target volume in locally advanced OPC without gross LVN involvement.
An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind

In his Use 5 Halley refers to “years purchase”, the price charged for an annuity paying one dollar per year. Parliament granted William and Mary permission in 1691 to borrow money through an annuity scheme; the rate Halley refers to was set the following year.
The Molecular Genetics of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a clinically heterogeneous disorder which is characterized by hyperglycaemia due to an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. Both genetic and non-genetic factors contribute to its development and, as such, it represents a multifactorial disorder. In addition, it may also be, in some instances, a polygenic disorder resulting from the cumulative effects of several genes with or without environmental factors. Serological and/or DNA markers for genes that confer susceptibility to the insulin-dependent form of the disorder (IDDM; type 1) have been identified in the HLA-D region of chromosome 6 and near the insulin gene on chromosome 11. Patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM; type 2) make up a more heterogeneous group than those with IDDM and it is likely that in these patients similar clinical phenotypes may be produced by different genetic defects. The synthesis of either an abnormal insulin/proinsulin molecule or an abnormal insulin receptor can confer susceptibility to NIDDM. The genes encoding insulin and the insulin receptor are on chromosomes 11 and 19, respectively. In addition, studies of restriction fragment length polymorphism and disease associations suggest that two other genes may contribute to the development of NIDDM on chromosome 11, one near the insulin gene on the short arm of this chromosome and the other near the apolipoprotein A-I gene on the long arm. None of the susceptibility genes that have been identified to date causes diabetes in the absence of other genetic or non-genetic contributing factors, which is consistent with a multifactorial or polygenic origin for this disorder.
Deliberate disruptive design

SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IS A RAPIDLY shifting field ranging from the work of philosophers to that of economists to that of organizational theorists to that of social scientists to that of philanthropists to perhaps the most vital aspect, the work of ordinary folk seeking simply to leave the world a better place than they found it. The term “social entrepreneurship,” however, fails to adequately capture both the head and the heart of the matter: thoughtful, caring design that is at the same time deliberate and disruptive , to the point of being fundamentally subversive.
Amino acid requirements of guinea pigs using chemically defined diets

At the University of Missouri in Columbia we have been studying the nutritional requirements of the guinea pig using chemically defined diets. The purpose of this longterm study has been to enhance the value of this species as an animal model for human research. This presentation includes the results of over twenty experiments, 22 days in duration and involving over 1500 guinea pigs from 3–6 weeks of age.
A Review of Computational Musculoskeletal Analysis of Human Lower Extremities

Abstract Over the past decade, computational neuromusculoskeletal (NMS) modeling and simulation of human movement, including effects of musculoskeletal geometries, multibody dynamics, and neuromuscular excitation to produce coordinated motion of segments has grown in complexity, fidelity, capabilities, and applications. Such capability stems from improved understanding and growth on two fronts: (A) increasing level of detail in developing constrained articulated-multibody models for the NMS system; coupled with (B) high-performance numerical time-stepping schema to realize stable, accurate, and real-time simulations of the intermittent, time-varying physical power interactions with the surrounding environment. Such computational modeling and simulation can now facilitate quantitative exploration of physical power interactions of NMS systems with their environment (including other articulated devices). In this chapter, we will survey some of these advances, with a particular focus on efforts on improving understanding of physical interactions of the human lower extremities with their physical environment (eg, walking, standing, bicycling). Paralleling the two thrusts, we will first review various biomechanical models, beginning with a succession of reduced-order low degree-of-freedom articulated-multibody-systemmodels, and culminating in the detailed NMS models. Then we will discuss the application settings in which the accuracy and stability of the numerical simulations can allow realistic “what-if” scenarios and parametric/optimization studies for design, development, and validation of articulated electromechanical devices (eg, robots) for intimate human-robot interactions.
Dental cell sheet biomimetic tooth bud model

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine technologies offer promising therapies for both medicine and dentistry. Our long-term goal is to create functional biomimetic tooth buds for eventual tooth replacement in humans. Here, our objective was to create a biomimetic 3D tooth bud model consisting of dental epithelial (DE) - dental mesenchymal (DM) cell sheets (CSs) combined with biomimetic enamel organ and pulp organ layers created using GelMA hydrogels. Pig DE or DM cells seeded on temperature-responsive plates at various cell densities (0.02, 0.114 and 0.228 cells 10(6)/cm(2)) and cultured for 7, 14 and 21 days were used to generate DE and DM cell sheets, respectively. Dental CSs were combined with GelMA encapsulated DE and DM cell layers to form bioengineered 3D tooth buds. Biomimetic 3D tooth bud constructs were cultured in vitro, or implanted in vivo for 3 weeks. Analyses were performed using micro-CT, H&E staining, polarized light (Pol) microscopy, immunofluorescent (IF) and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses. H&E, IHC and IF analyses showed that in vitro cultured multilayered DE-DM CSs expressed appropriate tooth marker expression patterns including SHH, BMP2, RUNX2, tenascin and syndecan, which normally direct DE-DM interactions, DM cell condensation, and dental cell differentiation. In vivo implanted 3D tooth bud constructs exhibited mineralized tissue formation of specified size and shape, and SHH, BMP2 and RUNX2and dental cell differentiation marker expression. We propose our biomimetic 3D tooth buds as models to study optimized DE-DM cell interactions leading to functional biomimetic replacement tooth formation.
Performance comparison of GENISYS4 and microPET preclinical PET scanners

Genisys4 is a new preclinical positron emission tomography (PET) scanner, which consists of four detector panels. Due to its unique design, the performance characteristics of the system is different from the conventional multiple detector ring preclinical PET scanners. In this paper, we compare the performance of the four-panel Genisys4 with two ring-geometry scanners: microPET R4 and Inveon. For this purpose, a NEMA NU 4-2008 image quality phantom and two mice injected with 18F-FDG were scanned. The results will aid investigators in using the appropriate PET scanner for their preclinical studies.
Supporting high school teachers' implementation of evidence-based classroom management practices

Abstract Teachers who employ practices associated with positive behavior intervention and support (e.g., provide opportunities to respond, behavior specific praise, and pre-corrections) create superior learning environments. In a randomized-controlled trial, we investigated the effects of a multimedia-based intervention called Content Acquisition Podcasts for Teachers with Embedded Modeling Video (CAP-TV) on high school teachers' implementation of these practices. Direct observations showed that teachers who participated in the CAP-TV condition used significantly more of the practices than those in the control condition and their students were significantly more engaged during class sessions. These findings indicate that multimedia strategies can be used to provide professional development that will help teachers adopt effective teaching practices.
Resident characteristics to evaluate during recruitment and interview: a Delphi study.

AbstractBackground and objectives: The recruitment and interview process for medical residency programmes is a time- and resource-intensive effort. There is very little research to guide programmes when evaluating residency candidates. This study represents one step in identifying candidate characteristics to assess during the recruitment and interview process. Methods: Sixteen expert interviewers from 14 family medicine residency programmes in North Carolina participated in a three-round Delphi study to build consensus around a ranked list of successful resident candidate characteristics. An interrater reliability analysis produced average pair-wise agreement and Krippendorff’s Alpha coefficients. Results: Clinical skills, medical knowledge, interpersonal and communication skills, critical thinking, and professional and ethical behaviour were the highest ranked characteristics. Average pair-wise agreement for rounds two and three were 6.30 and 11.04%, respectively. Conclusions: Residency programmes may b...
Does Parenting Influence the Enduring Impact of Severe Childhood Sexual Abuse on Psychiatric Resilience in Adulthood

This study examined the effect of parenting on the association between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and psychiatric resilience in adulthood in a large female twin sample (n = 1423) assessed for severe CSA (i.e., attempted or completed intercourse before age 16). Severe CSA was associated with lower resilience to recent stressors in adulthood (defined as the difference between their internalizing symptoms and their predicted level of symptoms based on cumulative exposure to stressful life events). Subscales of the Parental Bonding Instrument were significantly associated with resilience. Specifically, parental warmth was associated with increased resilience while parental protectiveness was associated with decreased resilience. The interaction between severe CSA and parental authoritarianism was significant, such that individuals with CSA history and higher authoritarianism scores had lower resilience. Results suggest that CSA assessment remains important for therapeutic work in adulthood and that addressing parenting may be useful for interventions in children with a CSA history.
Cocaine and Intertemporal Decision-Making

Intertemporal decision-making refers to choices among options that vary in both magnitude and delay to arrival (e.g., choices between a small, immediate reward vs a large, delayed reward). An individual’s preference for immediate over delayed rewards depends in part on the degree to which delays reduce (discount) the rewards’ subjective value, and is considered to be one dimension of impulsivity (“impulsive choice”). A large body of literature has demonstrated elevated levels of impulsive choice in chronic cocaine users. This chapter begins by reviewing this literature in terms of the direction of causality in the relationship between cocaine use and impulsive choice (whether high levels of impulsive choice are a predisposing factor for or a consequence of cocaine use). The chapter goes on to discuss research in animal models that has begun to address these causal relationships, as well as neural mechanisms that may underlie these relationships.
Biological effects of MRI contrast agents: gadolinium retention, potential mechanisms and a role for phosphorus

No discussion of challenges for chemistry in molecular imaging would be complete without addressing the elephant in the room-which is that the purest of chemical compounds needs to interact with a biological system in a manner that does not perturb normal biology while still providing efficacious feedback to assist in diagnosis of disease. In the past decade, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agents long considered inert have produced adverse effects in certain patient populations under certain treatment regimens. More recently, inert blood pool agents have been found to deposit in the brain. Release of free metal is often suspected as the culprit but that hypothesis has yet to be validated. In addition, even innocuous agents can cause painful side effects during injection in some patients. In this brief review, we summarize known biological effects for gadolinium- and iron-based MRI contrast agents, and discuss some of the potential mechanisms for the observed biological effects, including the potential role of phosphorus imbalance, related to kidney disease or cancer, in destabilizing gadolinium-based chelates and precipitating free gadolinium.This article is part of the themed issue 'Challenges for chemistry in molecular imaging'.
Serotonergic Psychedelics: Experimental Approaches for Assessing Mechanisms of Action.

Recent, well-controlled – albeit small-scale – clinical trials show that serotonergic psychedelics, including psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide, possess great promise for treating psychiatric disorders, including treatment-resistant depression. Additionally, fresh results from a deluge of clinical neuroimaging studies are unveiling the dynamic effects of serotonergic psychedelics on functional activity within, and connectivity across, discrete neural systems. These observations have led to testable hypotheses regarding neural processing mechanisms that contribute to psychedelic effects and therapeutic benefits. Despite these advances and a plethora of preclinical and clinical observations supporting a central role for brain serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in producing serotonergic psychedelic effects, lingering and new questions about mechanisms abound. These chiefly pertain to molecular neuropharmacology. This chapter is devoted to illuminating and discussing such questions in the context of preclinical experimental approaches for studying mechanisms of action of serotonergic psychedelics, classic and new.