cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of postoperative use of adrenergic drugs in occurrence of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery.

Background: Use of adrenergic (inotropic and vasopressor) drugs is common after cardiac surgery. Hypothesis: The study was undertaken to evaluate the role of postoperative adrenergic drug use as a predictor of postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF) after cardiac surgery. Methods: The study population consisted of 199 patients post cardiac surgery. Postoperative adrenergic drug use and the baseline and clinical variables were analyzed as possible predictors of postoperative AF. Results: Of 199 patients, postoperative AF occurred in 59 patients (incidence 30%). The adrenergic drugs were used in 127 (64%) patients. Postoperative AF occurred in 49 of the 127 patients (39%) with and in 10 of the 72 patients (14%) without adrenergic drug use (p < 0.01). By univariate analyses, postoperative adrenergic drug use, age, left ventricular hypertrophy, left atrial size, valve surgery, aortic valve replacement, cross clamp time, bypass time, postoperative ventricular pacing, and hours in intensive care unit were predictors of development of postoperative AF. Atrial pacing was a predictor of freedom from developing AF. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, adrenergic drug use was an independent predictor of postoperative AF (odds ratio [OR] 3.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.38–8.12, p = 0.016). Two other independent predictors were valve surgery (OR 2.88, 95% CI 1.31–6.35, p = 0.002) and age (OR 10.73, 95% CI 10.37–11.10, p = 0.0001). Adrenergic drug use, valve surgery, ventricular pacing, and age were predictors of time duration from surgery to the occurrence of AF. Drugs with predominantly β1-adrenergic receptor affinity were associated with a higher incidence of postoperative AF (dopamine 44%, dobutamine 41% vs. phenylepherine 20%, p = 0.001). Conclusion: Use of adrenergic drugs is an independent predictor of postoperative AF after cardiac surgery.
Cirque glacier sensitivity to 21st century warming: Sperry Glacier, Rocky Mountains, USA

article i nfo Article history: The interpretation of climate change based on the behavior of small cirque glaciers is not always straightforward or unique. In this study of Sperry Glacier, Glacier National Park, Montana, we model future change of the glacier under 11 different warming scenarios. The scenarios vary from no warming from present conditions to warming at a linear rate of 10 °C/century. We assume constant precipitation and only consider change invoked by warming. Our cellular automata model is based on simple rules that account for mass balance gradient, aspect, avalanching, and the flow of ice to redistribute mass. We constrain the model with glaciological data including georadar-measured ice depth, field-measured surface mass balance, and field-mapped ice surface topography. Under the most probable temperature increase based on downscaled OA-GCM output for the IPCC A1B scenario, we conservatively estimate the glacier persisting through at least 2080. By comparing glacier volume responses to different warming scenarios we elucidate a relationship between the magnitude of temperature change and the sensitivity of the glacier to small variations in the temperature increase. We find that the greater the magnitude of the temperature increase, the less sensitive the glacier area and volume become to slight differences in the warming rate. If we generalize this relationship to the region, we expect that a small change in climate will produce varying responses for glaciers throughout the region, whereas the glacier response to a large change in climate will likely be very similar over the entire region.
The Atypical Homeodomain Transcription Factor Mohawk Controls Tendon Morphogenesis

The Mohawk homeobox (Mkx) gene encodes a new atypical homeodomain-containing protein with transcriptional repressor activity. Mkx mRNA exhibited dynamic expression patterns during development of the palate, somite, kidney, and testis, suggesting that it may be an important regulator of multiple developmental processes. To investigate the roles of Mkx in organogenesis, we generated mice carrying a null mutation in this gene. Mkx−/− mice survive postnatally and exhibit a unique wavy-tail phenotype. Close examination revealed that the mutant mice had smaller tendons than wild-type littermates and that the rapid postnatal growth of collagen fibrils in tendons was disrupted in Mkx−/− mice. Defects in tendon development were detected in the mutant mouse embryos as early as embryonic day 16.5 (E16.5). Although collagen fibril assembly initially appeared normal, the tendons of Mkx−/− embryos expressed significantly reduced amounts of collagen I, fibromodulin, and tenomodulin in comparison with control littermates. We found that Mkx mRNA was strongly expressed in differentiating tendon cells during embryogenesis and in the tendon sheath cells in postnatal stages. In addition to defects in tendon collagen fibrillogenesis, Mkx−/− mutant mice exhibited abnormal tendon sheaths. These results identify Mkx as an important regulator of tendon development.
Learning based coarse-to-fine image registration

This paper describes a coarse-to-fine learning based image registration algorithm which has particular advantages in dealing with multi-modality images. Many existing image registration algorithms use a few designed terms or mutual information to measure the similarity between image pairs. Instead, we push the learning aspect by selecting and fusing a large number of features for measuring the similarity. Moreover, the similarity measure is carried in a coarse-to-fine strategy: global similarity measure is first performed to roughly locate the component, we then learn/compute similarity on the local image patches to capture the fine level information. When estimating the transformation parameters, we also engage a coarse-to-fine strategy. Off-the-shelf interest point detectors such as SIFT have degraded results on medical images. We further push the learning idea to extract the main structures/landmarks. Our algorithm is illustrated on three applications: (1) registration of mouse brain images of different modalities, (2) registering human brain image of MRI T1 and T2 images, (3) faces of different expressions. We show greatly improved results over the existing algorithms based on either mutual information or geometric structures.
Feline head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line: Characterization, production of parathyroid hormone-related protein, and regulation by transforming growth factor-β

Abstract A natural animal model for human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (H/N SCC) has not been described. The domestic cat has a high spontaneous occurrence of oropharyngeal SCC, which is similar to the human disease in aggressiveness and incurability. We have developed a cell line (SCCF1) from a laryngeal SCC of a cat. Keratinocytes were maintained in culture for greater than 50 passages. SCCF1 had strong cytokeratin immunohistochemical staining, weak vimentin staining, and no p53 staining. Ultrastructual features included cytokeratin filaments and desmosomes, as well as features of anaplasia (irregular cytoplasmic and nuclear margins, surface filopodia, and abnormal intermediate filament production). Karyotype analysis revealed aneuploidy, with a stemline chromosomal number of 34. The cells grew logarithmically for 6 d until confluency. SCCF1 expressed parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein, and secreted the protein into the medium. Treatment of...
A Communication-Induced Checkpointing and Asynchronous Recovery Protocol for Mobile Computing Systems

Mobile computing systems have many constraints such as low battery power, low bandwidth , high mobility and lack of stable storage which are not presented in static distributed systems. In this paper, we propose an efficient communication-induced checkpointing protocol for mobile computing systems. We also propose an asynchronous recovery protocol based on the checkpointing protocol. Mobile support stations control major parts of the checkpointing and recovery such as storing and tracing the checkpoints, requesting rollback and logging messages, so that mobile hosts do not incur much overhead. The recovery algorithm has no domino effect and a failed process needs to roll back to its latest checkpoint and request only a subset of the processes to rollback to a consistent checkpoint. Our recovery protocol uses selective message logging at the mobile support station to handle the messages lost due to rollback.
Head and Neck Tumor Cell Radiation Response Occurs in the Presence of IGF1

Radiation therapy for head and neck cancer results in severe secondary side-effects in salivary glands. We previously demonstrated that the administration of IGF1 preserves or restores salivary gland function following radiation. Based on these findings, we propose to study the effect of IGF1 on human head and neck carcinoma cells. Head and neck tumor cells treated with radiation have significant reductions in tumor cell survival, as measured by MTT and crystal violet assays, regardless of IGF1 pre-treatment. Head and neck squamous carcinoma cell xenografts treated with concurrent radiation+IGF1 also exhibit significant tumor growth delay; however, growth rates are elevated compared with those in irradiated xenografts. In contrast, administration of IGF1 after radiation treatment has no effect on tumor xenograft growth rates. Analysis of these data suggests that localized delivery may be required for concurrent therapy to prevent secondary side-effects of radiotherapy, while post-therapy administration of...
A hybrid heuristic search algorithm for scheduling flexible manufacturing systems

This paper presents a hybrid search algorithm for scheduling flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). The algorithm combines heuristic best-first strategy with controlled backtracking strategy. Timed (place) Petri nets are used for problem representation. Their use allows to explicitly formulate concurrent activities, multiple resources sharing, precedence constraints and dynamic routing in FMS operation. The hybrid heuristic search algorithm is combined with the execution of the timed Petri nets to search for an optimal or near-optimal and deadlock-free schedule. The backtracking strategy is controllable. One can only employ the pure best-first search to obtain an optimal schedule thanks to a proposed admissible heuristic function. The presented method is illustrated through an FMS scheduling problem.
Surgical management of endocarditis in drug addicts and long-term results.

From 1977 to May 1989, 57 successive patients who were known drug addicts with endocarditis were operated on at the Weiler Division of Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. The most common lesion was aortic endocarditis. Thirty day in hospital mortality was 9%. Recurrent infection did not occur in the preAIDS era. Since the advant of HIV positive patients, failure of antibiotics to control the infection preoperatively has been seen and carries with it a severe risk of recurrent and fatal postoperative sepsis. The long-term survival was, at about 10% over 5–10 years, just good enough to warrant continued efforts in this very difficult group of patients.
Constitutively Active Protein Kinase A Disrupts Motility and Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium discoideum

The deletion of the gene for the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PKA) results in constitutively active PKA in the pkaR mutant. To investigate the role of PKA in the basic motile behavior and chemotaxis of Dictyostelium discoideum, pkaR mutant cells were subjected to computer-assisted two- and three-dimensional motion analysis. pkaR mutant cells crawled at only half the speed of wild-type cells in buffer, chemotaxed in spatial gradients of cyclic AMP (cAMP) but with reduced efficiency, were incapable of suppressing lateral pseudopods in the front of temporal waves of cAMP, a requirement for natural chemotaxis, did not exhibit the normal velocity surge in response to the front of a wave, and were incapable of chemotaxing toward an aggregation center in natural waves generated by wild-type cells that made up the majority of cells in mixed cultures. Many of the behavioral defects appeared to be the result of the constitutively ovoid shape of the pkaR mutant cells, which forced the dominant pseudopod off the substratum and to the top of the cell body. The behavioral abnormalities that pkaR mutant cells shared with regA mutant cells are discussed by considering the pathway ERK2 —| RegA —| [cAMP] → PKA, which emanates from the front of a wave. The results demonstrate that cells must suppress PKA activity in order to elongate along a substratum, suppress lateral-pseudopod formation, and crawl and chemotax efficiently. The results also implicate PKA activation in dismantling cell polarity at the peak and in the back of a natural cAMP wave.
Requirements for prolonged suppression of an idiotypic specificity in adult mice.

The appearance of an idiotypic specificity, present in anti-p-azophenylarsonate (anti-Ar) antibodies of all immunized A/J mice, ran be suppressed in adult mice by prior administration of an IgG fraction of rabbit antiidiotypic (anti-D) antiserum; anti-Ar antibodies arise but are of different idiotype. Prolonged suppression was observed in earlier experiments, but antigen was first administered to adult mice only 2 wk or 9 wk after anti-D antibodies; subsequent escape from idiotypic suppression could have been masked by the capture of antigen by large numbers of memory cells having receptors of a different idiotype. In the present experiments antigen was first administered at intervals up to 22 wk after the antiidiotypic antibody. Suppression was maintained for 6 wk in all mice and for 5 mo in about half the mice tested. It thus appears that suppression of idiotype is less reversible if antigen is administered soon after the antiidiotypic antibody. The data suggest that escape from suppression is attributable to the generation of new precursor cells rather than to reactivation of suppressed cells. The minimum dosage of antiidiotypic IgG required for effective suppression was about 2 mg. The subcutaneous or intraperitoneal routes of inoculation of antiidiotypic IgG were equally effective. When antiidiotypic antibody was administered 3 days after antigen no suppressive effects were observed. There was partial suppression when antiidiotypic antibody was injected on the same day as the antigen. Fab' and F(ab')2 fragments of antiidiotypic IgG had no suppressive effect. Quantitative measurements revealed no significant differences among control and suppressed mice with respect to total concentration of precipitable anti-Ar antibodies produced.
Integrated access control and intrusion detection for Web Servers

Current intrusion detection systems work in isolation front access control for the application the systems aim to protect. The lack of coordination and inter-operation between these components prevents detecting and responding to ongoing attacks in real time, before they cause damage. To address this, we apply dynamic authorization techniques to support fine-grained access control and application level intrusion detection and response capabilities. This paper describes our experience with integration of the Generic Authorization and Access Control API (GAA-API) to provide dynamic intrusion detection and response for the Apache Web Server The GAA-API is a generic interface which may be used to enable such dynamic authorization and intrusion response capabilities for many applications.
Transcriptional profiles of progestogen effects in the postmenopausal breast

Estrogen plus progestin hormone therapy has been associated with increased breast proliferation, breast density, and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women, beyond that seen with estrogen alone. The goal of this study was to evaluate progestogen effects on gene expression profiles in the breast contributing to this promotional effect. Twenty-five ovariectomized adult female cynomolgus monkeys were given the following treatments (expressed as equivalent doses for women) in a randomized crossover design: (1) placebo; (2) oral estradiol (E2, 1 mg/day); (3) E2 + micronized progesterone (P4, 200 mg/day); and (4) E2 + medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA, 2.5 mg/day). Treatments were given for two months, and breast biopsies were taken after each treatment period. On microarray analysis E2 + MPA treatment resulted in a greater number of significantly regulated genes compared to E2 + P4 and E2 alone (P < 0.0001). Treatment with E2 alone induced modest effects on select genes related to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activity which were augmented by the addition of MPA but not P4, consistent with patterns of epithelial cell proliferation. Genes induced by E2 + MPA included the EGFR ligands EGF, TGFA, and AREG, and downstream targets such as STAT5A, STAT5B, SRC, EIF4EBP1, and MYC. Progestogens showed mixed antagonistic effects on E2-induced genes which tended to be greater for P4 than MPA. These findings suggest that a standard dose of oral E2 + MPA has a more pronounced effect on gene expression in the breast compared to E2 alone or E2 + P4 and that promotional effects of E2 + MPA may be mediated in part by increased EGFR activity.
Drug—cholestyramine interactions II: Influence of cholestyramine on GI absorption of sodium fusidate

The results of a previously reported in vitro study provided evidence that the hypocholesterolemic agent, cholestyramine, was capable of strongly and rapidly interacting with the antibiotic, sodium fusidate. Based on these findings, the influence of this pharmacologically important anionic exchange resin on the in vivo absorption pattern of sodium fusidate was studied in the rat. Serum antibiotic levels were determined microbiologically as a function of time following oral administration of the antibiotic alone and in the presence of the resin. Concurrent administration of the resin yielded statistically significant reductions in serum drug levels at all experimental time intervals. Peak serum levels of fusidate were found to decrease by 33-77% of control values as the resin-to-drug dose ratio administered was varied from 0.14:1 to 0.72:1. At dose ratios of greater than 1:1 (resin-drug) but far less than the ratio of the average therapeutic, single dose of each drug (i.e., 10:1, cholestyramine-fusidate), there were no detectable serum antibiotic levels. This latter observation indicated that the presence of the insoluble resin in the GI tract totally prevented drug absorption. The time interval between the oral administration of the resin and antibiotic was found also to influence peak serum antibiotic levels.
A mathematical model for ocular tear and solute balance.

Purpose: In this paper we develop a mathematical model that can predict the steady-state tear film thickness and the dynamic tear film thickness and the solute concentration after instillation of a solute-laden fluid in the eye. Methods: The mathematical model developed in this paper is based on a balance between the inflow and outflow of tears into the tear film. It incorporates a tear drainage model and a model that relates the tear film thickness to the meniscus radius of curvature. To predict the solute concentrations, the tear balance is coupled with the solute balance. The differential equations for the unsteady balances are solved numerically. Results: The model predicts that the tear film thickness depends on a number of physiological factors, such as rates of tear production and evaporation, geometry and modulus of the canaliculi, and surface tension and viscosity of tears, and varies from about 3 to 15 μ m. The model also predicts that the drainage time for an instilled volume of 15 μ l is 1283 ...
Feedback stability and unsupervised learning

Global stability is examined for nonlinear feedback dynamical systems subject to unsupervised learning. Only differentiable neural models are discussed. The unconditional stability of Hebbian learning systems is summarized in the adaptive bidirectional associative memory (ABAM) theorem. When no learning occurs, the resulting BAM models include Cohen-Grossberg autoassociators, Hopfield circuits, brain-state-in-a box models, and masking field models. The ABAM theorem is extended to arbitrary higher-order Hebbian learning. Conditions for exponential convergence are discussed. Sufficient conditions for global stability are established for dynamical systems that adapt according to competitive and differential Hebbian learning laws. >
Analysis of Flow through Vegetation

The Manning n value is quantitatively evaluated for flow in heavily vegetated channels. Momentum analysis shows that the composite n value as a function of flow depth is dependent on the bottom roughness and the density of vegetation. In some cases, the vegetation density can be evaluated directly from physical measurements of the vegetation. However, in most situations, it must be evaluated indirectly from limited field data. The results show that the n value increases in proportion to two-thirds power of the hydraulic radius for conditions where the vegetation density is a constant over the flow depth. Field application of the flow resistance model are described for projects concerned with flood routing, backwater computations, extension of rating curves, channel improvement work, and erosion control.
Size and Composition Distributions of Particulate Matter Emissions: Part 2-Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles

Particulate matter (PM) emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) were collected using a chassis dynamometer/dilution sampling system that employed filter-based samplers, cascade impactors, and scanning mobility particle size (SMPS) measurements. Four diesel vehicles with different engine and emission control technologies were tested using the California Air Resources Board Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck (HHDDT) 5 mode driving cycle. Vehicles were tested using a simulated inertial weight of either 56,000 or 66,000 lb. Exhaust particles were then analyzed for total carbon, elemental carbon (EC), organic matter (OM), and water-soluble ions. HDDV fine (< or =1.8 microm aerodynamic diameter; PM1.8) and ultrafine (0.056-0.1 microm aerodynamic diameter; PM0.1) PM emission rates ranged from 181-581 mg/km and 25-72 mg/km, respectively, with the highest emission rates in both size fractions associated with the oldest vehicle tested. Older diesel vehicles produced fine and ultrafine exhaust particles with higher EC/OM ratios than newer vehicles. Transient modes produced very high EC/OM ratios whereas idle and creep modes produced very low EC/OM ratios. Calcium was the most abundant water-soluble ion with smaller amounts of magnesium, sodium, ammonium ion, and sulfate also detected. Particle mass distributions emitted during the full 5-mode HDDV tests peaked between 100-180 nm and their shapes were not a function of vehicle age. In contrast, particle mass distributions emitted during the idle and creep driving modes from the newest diesel vehicle had a peak diameter of approximately 70 nm, whereas mass distributions emitted from older vehicles had a peak diameter larger than 100 nm for both the idle and creep modes. Increasing inertial loads reduced the OM emissions, causing the residual EC emissions to shift to smaller sizes. The same HDDV tested at 56,000 and 66,000 lb had higher PM0.1 EC emissions (+22%) and lower PM0.1 OM emissions (-38%) at the higher load condition.
Improved lighting in passenger vehicles

THE SCIENCE OF SEEING differs somewhat from the science of vision with which most of us are generally familiar. The science of vision is a relatively old subject and deals with the eyes, their functions and limitations. The science of seeing, however, treats the human being as a seeing machine, particularly as regards its behavior, efficiency, and welfare.
Prospects for Human Gene Therapy

The introduction of the adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene into mature lymphocytes of a patient with ADA deficiency offers only a temporary treatment of the immunodeficiency but has paved the way for potential cure of this and other inherited diseases through the use of somatic gene therapy. Rapid progress in the development of molecular technology has resulted in the identification of a number of disease genes, the subsequent cloning of their normal counterparts, and has enabled scientists to address correction of these inherited disorders. Large amounts of gene products can now be produced by recombinant technology and initial therapeutic efforts focused on the in vivo administration of such purified recombinant proteins. This therapeutic approach has been ineffective in the treatment of genetic diseases in which the activity of the enzyme is located within the cell, with the notable exceptions of ADA deficiency and Gaucher disease (1). Even when addition of the deficient enzyme has been found to correct the biochemical defect in vitro, in vivo administration of the enzyme has generally not proven to be adequate therapy for correction of the defect due to either accelerated metabolism of the protein or an enhanced immune response to the protein. Research efforts in the correction of inherited defects have thus been directed to the transfer of normal genes to autologous target cells and the reintroduction of these cells into the patient. The use of various strategies to transfer genetic sequences into somatic cells from patients and their readministration to the patient for clinical benefits constitutes somatic gene therapy (2). The requirements for a successful gene therapy protocol include: (i) identification and availability of the defective gene (cloned) (ii) knowledge of the biology and regulation of the gene in the target tissue and (iii) the ability to transduce sufficient numbers of target cells as well as ensuring proper gene regulation. Although most commonly considered in the context of inherited single gene defects because of the extensive molecular knowledge of the defective gene and target cell involved, gene therapy plays an increasingly greater role in the therapy of acquired diseases, as the genes and target cells involved in these disorders are identified and new methods of gene transfer are developed.
High-grade primary myxoid lung sarcoma presenting as recurrent hemorrhagic pleural effusions in a young woman:

Primary lung sarcomas are rare but aggressive tumors accounting for less than 0.5% of all lung tumors. The diagnosis of primary lung sarcoma should only be considered after exclusion of other sites. A 32-year-old female presented with recurrent hemorrhagic pleural effusions, shortness of breath and persistent cough. Pleural effusion was drained twice, and each time its analysis was normal. Patient developed atelectasis of left lung with hemothorax for which she underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. A large mass was found compressing the entire lower lobe of left lung with extension into mediastinum, the biopsy of which showed myxoid sarcoma. The tumor was inoperable and options of chemotherapy or radiotherapy were discussed with the patient. Primary lung sarcoma can rarely present with recurrent hemorrhagic pleural effusion. A high degree of suspicion is required for early diagnosis as large hemothorax on computed tomography or chest X-ray may obscure lung mass and make its diagnosis difficult.
Informational Criteria for Positive and Negative Bubbles: An Experiment in Forensic Finance

The notion of bubbles is ubiquitous in the public discussion of finance. Yet, the empirical discovery of bubbles is notoriously difficult. The main shortcoming of the current approaches is that they rely on the estimation of the “fundamental value of an asset”, which is hard to estimate and interpret. In 2006-2007, Jarrow, Protter and Shimbo (JPS) proposed another approach to bubbles, one, which does not rely on the notion of the fundamental value of an asset. In 2008, the author developed two hypotheses (or theorems) connecting the JPS approach with the serial correlations in returns of specially designed assets. These hypotheses were tested by the author on a proverbial example of the Nasdaq index in 1999-2001 — the time of a hypothetical dot-com bubble. By this work, I continue this study by applying informational criteria to the cases of a sharp drop in oil prices in the end of 1980s and the beginning of 1990s. The sharp drop in oil prices can indicate unknown fundamental factors in oil prices, or a negative bubble. While the application of JPS theory to negative bubbles is tenuous, a sheer possibility that the subject of a negative bubble can be empirically studied for commodities, offers a fascinating glimpse into the market behavior.
Pharmacists' knowledge of and attitudes toward opioid pain medications in relation to federal and state policies.

Objective To assess Wisconsin pharmacists' knowledge of and attitudes toward the use of opioid analgesics in the management of chronic cancer and noncancer pain, and to explore the potential for these beliefs to interfere with pharmacist dispensing, the last link of the distribution chain of controlled substances to patients. Design Mail survey. Setting Urban and rural pharmacies, long-term care facilities, hospitals, and outpatient clinics in Wisconsin in 1998. Patients or Other Participants Representative sample of Wisconsin pharmacists. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures Responses to self-administered questionnaires. Results Although most respondents were knowledgeable about the issues addressed in this study, there were important exceptions. Not all pharmacists knew what constitutes legitimate dispensing practices for controlled substances under federal or state policy in emergencies or for patients with terminal illnesses, and many were unaware of the important distinctions among addiction, physical dependence, and tolerance. Many respondents did not view the chronic prescribing/dispensing of opioids for more than several months to patients with chronic pain of malignant or nonmalignant origin as a lawful and acceptable medical practice; this was especially true when the patient had a history of opioid abuse. Conclusion Pharmacists playa pivotal role in ensuring patient access to medications. Viewed in the context of federal and state controlled substances policies, our findings suggest that the incorrect knowledge and inappropriate attitudes of some pharmacists could contribute to a failure to dispense valid prescriptions for opioid analgesics to patients in pain.
Seeing the Glass Half Full: Using a POS Framework to Teach Leading Under Pressure

The previous decade has been marked by a plethora of organizational crises, including natural disasters, acts of terrorism, scandals, and financial mismanagement. Yet, many leaders are woefully ill-prepared for the important role they may need to play in leading an organization through a crisis. This paper articulates a strategy for developing crisis leadership skills for both MBA students and executive education participants. We describe critical leadership competencies and offer practical and specific teaching examples and materials that educators can use in the classroom.
Bounds on coupling constants in existence theorems for the Low equation

An earlier existence proof for solutions of the one-meson Low equation is extended and improved. It is shown that the Low equation has an iterative solution, which is analytic in the coupling constant. The Low equation is investigated also in a crossing-symmetric inverse amplitude formulation. The inverse equation has an iterative solution, which leads to a ghost-free solution of the Low equation. The proofs are valid if certain upper bounds on the coupling constant are respected. We give numerical values of those bounds (for πN scattering and a particular cut-off function) in each of three formulations of the Low equation: the Low equation itself, the inverse amplitude equation, and theN/D equation. The bounds prove to be disappointingly small, whether the existence proofs are done by Schauder's fixed-point theorem or by the iterative method of Banach's fixed-point theorem. It appears that entirely different methods will be needed to investigate solutions with the coupling constant near its physical value.
Aligning Incentives for Fisheries Governance: Can Industry Lead the Reform Process?

Proposals to manage high seas fish stocks are evaluated from a property rights perspective — that any solution must accomplish the exclusion, enforcement and other tasks that a system of property rights achieves. The existing de jure solution, based on regional fishery management organizations (RFMOs), has met with limited success due to sovereignty issues, their voluntary nature and the ability of vessels to register under flags of convenience. Expanding national exclusive economic zones (EEZs) would reduce the number of nations involved in harvesting a given stock. This may ease the common pool problem, but it would face severe difficulties in implementation and would undoubtedly leave areas of the oceans as open access high seas. A proposal to establish high seas fishery management companies (HSFMCs) to ‘unitize’ management of high seas fish stocks would face daunting legal hurdles, as well as the thorny problem of dividing rents among participants. While these three alternatives may well be components of an eventual solution, sovereignty and other legal difficulties likely will limit their success. We propose considering an industry-led approach, based on the exercise of buyer power, in the market for catch in select circumstances. In principle, a single-buyer can control harvests and has an incentive to manage effort to maximize rent. Obvious problems with this approach include noncompetitive pricing, coordinating individual behavior when several buyers are involved and the likely inability to control access to all consumer markets. Nevertheless, this approach may achieve a partial solution despite these limitations and it is being attempted in practice, as examples described in the text illustrate.
Hydrogeology of the Bist Doab and Adjacent Areas, Punjab, India

In India, as elsewhere, groundwater is a vital component of the ecosystem and its controlled use should not interfere adversely with the natural hydrologic cycle. However, its misuse causes many problems and may be observed in the Bist Doab and adjacent areas of the Punjab state where difficulties arise from water-logging, pollution by industrial toxic wates and overdraft in the phreatic aquifer. Remedial measures should include artificial recharge to groundwater in recharge areas by means of check impoundments and infiltration basins in order to overcome serious over-exploitation currently in progress.
Extendability of automorphisms of generic substructures

We show that if g is a generic (in the sense of Baire category) isometry of a generic subspace of the Urysohn metric space U, then g does not extend to a full isometry of U. The same holds for the Urysohn sphere S. Let M be a Fraisse L-structure, where L is a relational countable language and M has no algebraicity. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the following to hold: “For a generic substructure A of M, every automorphism f ∈ Aut(A) extends to a full automorphism \(\tilde f\) ∈ Aut(M).” From our analysis, a dichotomy arises and some structural results are derived that in particular apply to ω-stable Fraisse structures without algebraicity.
The International Consequences of American National Origins Quotas: The Australian Case

This article examines Australian responses to the imposition of stringent national origins quotas in the United States during the 1920s. Following the introduction of the American quota system, many Australians worried that large numbers of undesirable southern and eastern European migrants would make their way toward Australian ports. Widespread calls for preemptive restrictions forced the Australian government to finally implement a range of measures designed to limit immigration from Italy, Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia, and Malta. More broadly, this article argues that American quotas often inadvertently engendered a wide range of indirect and unintentional consequences around the world that scholars of migration and American foreign relations might explore in greater depth. It concludes by suggesting some opportunities for individual and collaborative research into the international effects of the United States’ notorious national origins quota system.
Abstract A33: Superior efficacy of dietary 3,3’diindolylmethane (DIM) amongst several indoles to inhibit prostate cancer growth via induction of the p75NTR tumor suppressor protein

A33 A comparison of the indoles etodolac, indomethacin, 5-methylindole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-carbinol, 3,3’diindolylmethane (DIM) and the related ketorolac molecule showed superior efficacy of DIM, a dietary indole, to induce expression of the p75NTR tumor suppressor and inhibit survival of the PC-3 prostate cancer cell line. Each indole that induced p75NTR expression exhibited the same rank-order for inhibition of prostate cell survival. Comparison of the activity of DIM, the most potent of the indoles, between several cell lines, showed that DIM induced p75NTR at low concentrations in prostate cells (PC-3 , DU-145), followed by bladder (T24), with breast (MCF-7) and fibroblast cells (3T3) being the least responsive to DIM. DIM induction of p75NTR levels in the various cell lines occurred in the same rank-order as inhibition of cell survival. Since the consumption of cruciferous vegetables has been reported to reduce the risk of prostate cancer through the release of indole-3-carbinol (I3C) which is subsequently metabolized in the acidic environment of the stomach to DIM, the superior activity of DIM to induce expression of the p75NTR tumor suppressor protein and inhibit cell survival suggests a mechanism of action for the anticancer activity of DIM in the prevention of prostate cancer. In order to demonstrate a cause and effect between DIM and p75NTR inhibition of survival, we used a dominant negative of p75NTR to rescue DIM induced loss of cell survival. In order to investigate the mechanism of action by which p75NTR transduces a biochemical signaling cascade leading to cell death of prostate cancer cells we utilized knockdown with p38 MAPK siRNA to rescue DIM induction of p75NTR thereby implicating p38 MAPK in DIM induction of cell death. Moreover, DIM treatment induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK within one minute, suggesting the target of DIM is proximal to p38 MAPK. Hence, these results suggest that the anti-cancer activity of cruciferous vegetables may be mediated in part by DIM and that the mechanism of action occurs, in part, by activation of the p38 MAPK pathway leading to expression of the p75NTR death receptor with subsequent apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):A33.
Super-resonances in AEDC altitude test cells

We report on simulation and analysis efforts to understand and predict the high amplitude aeroacoustic resonances (& 160dB) that have been observed in Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) jet engine test cells. The basic configuration of these cells is a jet exhausting through a cylindrical duct. We summarize progress in developing analytical tools to diagnose the energetics of the resonating acoustic modes, direct numerical simulations to investigate the phenomenology of the resonance in model geometries, and full-scale simulation tools to anticipate resonances.
Reinventing the Trial: The Innocence Revolution and Proposals to Modify the American Criminal Trial

Law review articles by D. Michael Risinger, Tim Bakken, Keith Findley, Samuel Gross, and Christopher Slobogin have proposed modifications to pre-trial and trial procedures designed to reduce wrongful convictions. Some fit within the adversary model and others have “inquisitorial” features. We compare and evaluate the recommendations from the perspectives of lawyer-scholars trained in the United States and Germany. We examine the proposals for their novelty, feasibility, complexity, likely impact, and possible negative or positive side effects. One benefit of the article is simply to gather these innovative proposals in one place and compare them, to provide a platform for further analysis. The analysis will add our views to the discussion and will advocate the serious consideration of truth-enhancing procedural reforms.
Determination of Fe,Zn and Ca in Duplicate Food Portions by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

[Objective]To establish the method of determining Fe,Zn and Ca in duplicate food portions by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.[Methods]The samples were digested with the mixed acid of V(HNO3)+V(HClO4)=4+I,then Ca was diluted with lanthanum oxide of 20 g/L.Fe and Zn were diluted with pure water before determination.[Results]The concentration of Fe ranged from 0.20～2.00 μg/ml,the correlation coefficient was 0.9996,the recovery of standard addition was 96.5%～102.7% and the detection limit(3 σ) was 0.006 μg/ml.When the concentration of Zn ranged from 0.10～1.50μg/ml,the correlation coefficient was 0.9997,the recovery of standard addition was 95.0%～101.5% and the detection limit(3 σ) was 0.004 μg/mL.At the concentration range of 1.00～10.00 μg/ml,the correlation coefficient was 0.9994,the recovery of standard addition was 96.8%～103.6% and the detection limit(3 σ) was 0.008 μg/mL for Ca.[Conclusion]The method is simple,rapid,reliable and suitable for determination of duplicate food portions.
The Boundary Problem and the Changing Case Against Deference in Election Law Cases: Lessons from Local Government Law

This essay for the 2016 AALS Section on Election Law Program, “Election Law at the Local Level,” applies lessons from local government law to election law problems. Both local government and international law scholars discuss something sometimes called the “boundary problem.” A simple belief in democracy or self-determination — or the decision of some group of voters — cannot provide much guidance about what the boundaries of a city, state, or nation should be. Before a geographically-bounded group of voters can decide its own boundaries, who comprises the relevant group must itself be determined. Any such choice will exclude some people who claim an interest in the decision. The group of deciders cannot be determined democratically, as a vote to decide who decides would face the same problem. Some value other than self-determination must be introduced to determine who decides before any boundaries can be set. The implication is that any city, state, or country’s decision about its own boundaries is not due any particular deference on democratic grounds. The Supreme Court has endorsed this view, giving states virtually free reign to determine who should participate (if anyone) in elections setting local boundaries. There is a functional analogy between election laws and boundary drawing. Like determinations about the boundaries of a polity, election laws determine who may participate as part of tomorrow’s electorate and how those votes will be aggregated. Because both involve decisions that include or exclude others from the body politic, the boundary problem should also apply to election law. This fresh way of thinking about election law suggests that courts should not give their ordinary, democratically justified deference to legislative enactments in election law cases, one quite distinct from traditional principal-agent-style concerns. Further, the boundary problem can help explain the Court’s skeptical attitude in cases like Lucas v. The Forty-Fourth General Assembly of the State of Colorado, where voters themselves in a referendum choose a system other than equal representation. Finally, the boundary problem bites more severely when local governments pass election laws. Local governments have all sorts of tools for determining who may live in town — from taxes to land use — that can entrench today’s majority. Local election laws provide these majorities with yet another tool, which makes competition even more unlikely. Whatever deference is due in election law cases generally, courts should give less deference to locally-drawn election laws.
Electric Charge Current Due to Drifting Snow

Observations of electric current caused by drifting snow made by a set of screen systems indicated that an electric current of more than 10–6 A passed the vertical cross-sectional area of 2 m height times 1 m width.
Segmenting the Transit Bus Market: Traditional vs. Product Attributes/Decision Process Segments

Market segmentation allows the strategic marketer to determine where and how the company should allocate its marketing efforts. Unfortunately, the use of segmentation techniques in industrial markets has not advanced much beyond the use of traditional variables (e.g., size, SIC codes). This paper demonstrates the segmentation of an industrial market based upon purchase decision criteria and product attributes. Additionally, the results of the analysis show substantial differences between these segmentation schemes and traditional segmentation methods.
Intergenerational Effects of Childhood Trauma Evaluating Pathways Among Maternal ACEs, Perinatal Depressive Symptoms, and Infant Outcomes

Maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with negative physical and mental health outcomes in adulthood. Less is known regarding how maternal ACEs relate to perinatal depressive symptoms or the intergenerational effect of maternal childhood trauma history on birth outcomes and infant functioning. To address this gap, an at-risk sample of 398 pregnant women was recruited from Women, Infants, and Children health clinics. Participants completed a prenatal ( M = 4.84 months before due date) and postnatal ( M = 6.76 months after birth) assessment and provided birth outcome data. At the prenatal assessment, mothers completed an ACEs measure which assessed experiences of childhood maltreatment and household dysfunction. Self-report measures of maternal depressive symptoms were obtained at both time points. Mothers reported on infant socioemotional functioning at 6 months. Maternal ACEs predicted higher levels of prenatal depressive symptoms. Childhood maltreatment experiences, in particular, predicted higher postnatal depressive symptoms and a smaller reduction in depressive symptoms across the perinatal period. Regarding intergenerational associations, maternal childhood maltreatment directly predicted higher levels of maladaptive infant socioemotional symptoms, whereas maternal household dysfunction indirectly related to infant socioemotional symptoms through maternal age at first pregnancy and infant birth weight. Limitations and future directions are discussed.