cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Forest Edges by Bats in a Managed Pine Forest Landscape

Forest edges often have increased species richness and abundance (edge effect) and affect spatial behaviors of species and dynamics of species interactions. Landscapes of intensively managed pine (Pinus spp.) stands are characterized by a mosaic of patches and linear forest edges. Managed pine forests are a primary landscape feature of the southeastern United States, but the effects of intensive management on bat communities are poorly understood. Insectivorous bats are important top predators in nocturnal forest food webs. We examined bat foraging behavior along forest edges and in 4 structurally distinct stand types (open-canopy pine, prethinned pine, thinned pine, and unmanaged forest) within a managed pine forest in the coastal plain of North Carolina, USA. During May–August, 2006 and 2007, we recorded echolocation calls using Pettersson D240X bat detectors linked to digital recorders at 156 sites. We also sampled nocturnal flying insects at each site using Malaise insect traps. We used negative binomial count regression models to describe bat foraging behavior relative to forest edges, stand types, and prey availability. Although some species showed affinities for certain stand types and prey items, bat activity patterns were most strongly related to forest edges. Edges were used extensively by 6 aerial-hunting bat species, but avoided by Myotis species. Forest edges function similarly to natural forest gaps, by providing foraging opportunities for aerial-hunting bat species. Therefore, the maintenance of forest edges in managed pine landscapes may enhance foraging habitat for aerial-hunting bat species.
The effect of alpha-glucosidase inhibition on intestinal disaccharidase activity in normal and diabetic mice.

Abstract Acarbose is a potent alpha-glycosidase inhibitor which decreases postprandial hyperglycemia when administered with a carbohydrate-containing meal. The genetically diabetic mouse C57 BLKsJ db/db represents a model of type II, noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Characteristic features of this animal include hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperphagia, and the development of obesity and widespread pathologic abnormalities. To evaluate the effects of Acarbose on intestinal disaccharidase activity, groups of normal and diabetic mice were given Acarbose as a drug-food mixture in doses of 20 (A-20) and 40 (A-40) mg 100 g food. Sucrase activity was measured in intestinal homogenates and on the mucosal surface of proximal, middle, and distal segments of jejunoileum. In normal mice, sucrase activity was significantly increased in mid- and distal-intestinal segments following 2 wk of Acarbose in both A-20 and A-40 groups. No changes were noted following 5 and 10 days of drug treatment. Acarbose did not influence body weight, food:water intake or fasting blood glucose. When compared to normal mice, untreated diabetics had significantly more protein, DNA, and sucrase activity throughout the small intestine. Following 10 wk of Acarbose administration, both A-20 and A-40 groups showed increased sucrase activity in intestinal homogenates of distal segments. Surface mucosal sucrase activity however was slightly decreased in proximal intestinal segments as a result of drug therapy, with no changes in middle and distal segments. Acarbose did not influence body weight, food intake or fasting blood glucose, but water consumption and glucosuria were significantly decreased. Experimental diabetes mellitus is associated with significant alterations in enzyme activity and protein content of the brush border membrane of the small intestine. Acarbose administration influences both sucrase activity and distribution in normal and diabetic mice. The mechanisms responsible for these changes and their potential clinical importance remain to be determined.
Gadolinium-enhanced computed tomography cystogram to diagnose bladder augment rupture in patients with iodine sensitivity

Anaphylactic reaction to iodinated contrast is a potentially life-threatening complication of diagnostic imaging studies. We report the successful use of gadolinium as an alternative contrast agent for computed tomography cystogram in a patient with a history of anaphylactic reaction to iodinated contrast. This technique allowed us rapidly to diagnose a rupture of her bladder augmentation and pursue operative repair.
Carbon Nanofiber Production

Summary Holistic understanding of nanotechnology using systems analysis tools is essential for evaluating claims about the potential benefits of this emerging technology. This article presents one of the first assessments of the life cycle energy requirements and environmental impact of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) synthesis. Life cycle inventory data are compiled with data reported in the open literature. The results of the study indicate relatively higher life cycle energy requirements and higher environmental impact of CNFs as compared to traditional materials, like primary aluminum, steel, and polypropylene, on an equal mass basis. Life cycle energy requirements for CNFs from a range of feedstock materials are found to be 13 to 50 times that of primary aluminum on an equal mass basis. Similar trends are observed from the results of process life cycle assessment (LCA), as conveyed by different midpoint and endpoint damage indicators. Savings in life cycle energy consumption and, hence, reductions in environmental burden are envisaged if higher process yields of these fibers can be achieved in continuous operations. Since the comparison of CNFs is performed on an equal mass basis with traditional materials, these results cannot be generalized for CNF-based nanoproducts. Quantity of use of these engineered nanomaterials and resulting benefits will decide their energy and environmental impact. Nevertheless, the life cycle inventory and the results of the study can be used for evaluating the environmental performance of specific CNF-based nanoproducts.
The probability of intervention: Gender X "isms" effects

The purpose of this study was to assess the probability that European American men and women would intervene when they observed prejudicial expressions and/or discriminatory acts based on race, sex, sexual orientation and/or religion. The participants were also asked how they felt after intervening (or failing to intervene). Significantly more women than men intervened when the prejudice was based on sexism, heterosexism and religious intolerance. More men than women intervened when the insult was based on race. Men's and women's rationale for intervention (and failing to intervene) differed.
Rapid-thermal-oxidised porous Si photodetectors

A phototransistor with responsivity greater than 0.7 A/W for 500 nm irradiance and a photodiode with quantum efficiency of 75% at a wavelength of 740 nm have been fabricated using rapid-thermal-oxidised porous Si (RTOPS). We have observed that chemical processes in the photolithography do not damage the RTOPS layers.
Atmospheric neutrino oscillations and the search for ντ appearance at Super-Kamiokande

In contrast to the predictions of the Standard Model of particle physics, experimental data now indicate that neutrinos are massive and undergo flavor oscillations. Indeed, observations of atmospheric neutrinos have confirmed that the disappearance of high-energy muon-like events is well described by the conversion of ν μ into ν τ . Though the primary atmospheric neutrino flux at these energies is composed almost exclusively of ν e and ν μ , this transition implies that it is also possible to observe ν τ -induced events. Recent results from the Super-Kamiokande ν μ disappearance analysis as well the search for the subsequent appearance of ν τ events in the data are presented.
An unsaturated hydrogen bonded network generated from three-fold symmetric carbamates

A new hydrogen bonded network self-assembles under mild conditions from benzene-1,3,5-triyl tris(butyl carbamate) or benzene-1,3,5-triyl tris(hexyl carbamate). One of the carbonyl groups in the tri-carbamate does not form a CO⋯H–N hydrogen bond in the sheet-like structure. Although the building blocks only differ in the carbon numbers of the side chains, this 2D unsaturated hydrogen bonded network is different from the saturated one self-assembled from benzene-1,3,5-triyl tris(propyl carbamate). The lamellar structures were studied and compared by using their melting points, NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy, and single crystal X-ray diffraction.
Prediction of infant temperament from catecholamine and self‐report measures of maternal stress during pregnancy

The current study examined how maternal catecholamine levels and perceived stress, and anxiety during pregnancy were related to indices of infant temperament at 3 months postpartum. Forty‐three (n = 43) pregnant women completed stress and anxiety questionnaires at 28–30 weeks gestation and consented to a blood draw that yielded estimates of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system function, epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE), respectively. At 3 months postpartum, these women reported on their newborn's temperament using the Infant Behaviour Questionnaire. Maternal catecholamine levels obtained during pregnancy were not significantly associated with maternal report of perceived stress, life event, or pregnancy‐related anxiety. However, maternal NE during pregnancy was associated with higher report of infant soothability and maternal E was marginally associated with lower ratings of infant soothability. Exploratory analyses revealed that infant sex moderated the relationship between maternal cate...
Evidence for cholinergic participation in the control of bird song: Acetylcholinesterase distribution and muscarinic receptor autoradiography in the zebra finch brain

Brain regions thought to be involved in the control of song in the zebra finch (Poephila guttata), were examined histochemically using the Karnovsky and Roots direct-coloring method for the detection of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the autoradiographic method for the localization of muscarinic cholinergic receptors following injection of tritiated quinuclidinyl benzilate (3H QNB). All presently identified vocal control nuclei in both males and females contain AChE. These nuclei include Area X, magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (MAN), nucleus interface (NIF), caudal nucleus of the hyperstriatum ventrale (HVc), intercollicular nucleus (ICo), nucleus uva, robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA), and tracheosyringeal portion of the hypoglossal nerve nucleus (nXIIts). All nuclei except Area X contain mostly AChE-synthesizing cell bodies. All of these nuclei contain some AChE in the neuropil, with particularly intense staining in Area X, the surrounding LPO, and the dorsomedial portion of ICo. In agreement with this description are very high concentrations of 3H QNB in both Area X and the dorsomedial ICo. HVc also appears specifically labeled. Evidence from these two histological technique suggests that efferent projections of most vocal control area may utilize acetylcholine, and that several of the vocal control nuclei may themselves receive muscarinic cholinergic projection. In Area X, there are sex differences of AChE neuropil staining. This evidence suggesting that sexually dimorphic projections to or within Area X are cholinergic or cholinoceptive.
Anaerobic metabolism in the shrimp Crangon crangon exposed to hypoxia, anoxia and hydrogen sulfide

The brown shrimp Crangon crangon was collected in the Penze estuary, Bretagne, in April 1994 and exposed to hypoxia, anoxia and combinations of hypoxia and sulfide. Exposure to sulfide induced total anaerobic metabolism even at an oxygen saturation which would otherwise permit totally aerobic metabolism. In addition to preventing aerobic metabolism there was a direct toxic effect of sulfide. Haemocyanin oxygen affinity (p50) values from non-stressed C. crangon were relatively low. The p50 values all exceed those where environmentally induced lactate accumulation occurs. It seems unlikely that lactate is an affinity modulating factor under environmental hypoxia.
Power quality enhancement of a wind-turbine generator under variable wind speeds using matrix converter

This paper proposes the use of a direct AC-AC matrix converter, as an alternative to the DC-link voltage-sourced converter, for wind-turbine induction generators. The matrix converter provides a smooth transition of the generator speed through its synchronous speed and therefore, variations of the wind speed can be followed by the generator in a smooth fashion. Thus, the generator provides a high power quality for the load, in spite of wind speed variations. Furthermore, the converter enables the generator to operate around its synchronous speed where the efficiency of overall wind conversion system is higher. A switching strategy is developed for the matrix converter to operate in a wind-turbine induction generator system. Based on a dynamic model of the overall wind energy conversion system, a controller for the matrix converter is designed. Dynamic performance of the matrix converter based wind energy conversion system operating under variable wind speeds is evaluated.
A dynamic basis for using a truncated normal distribution to describe variability of chemical substances in aquatic environments

The variability of a chemical substance at a fixed point in an aquatic environment is described by a stochastic dynamic model in which fluctuations in the balance between mixing and uptake of a substance is represented by a white noise process. The equation yields a truncated normal probability distribution relating the mean and variance to model parameters. The truncated probability distribution can be approximated by a normal distribution when the coefficient of variation
Dynamic and Static Tests for Mechanical Properties of Fired Plastic Refractories and Other More Resilient Materials

An apparatus for loading brick-sized specimens and a sensitive deflectometer are described. For a resilient material, the dynamic test, the static shear-free transverse test, and the static shear-corrected transverse test gave the same modulus of elasticity. The resilient materials were dense firebrick, glass, steel, and plaster. The elementary shear correction was satisfactory for the correction of the deflections of transverse test specimens having length-to-depth ratios ranging from 3.2 to 7.2. The dynamic modulus of elasticity, the static secant modulus of elasticity, and the static modulus of rupture were obtained for nine brands of heat-treated plastic refractories. The load-deflection curves obtained from static tests on these materials indicated plastic deformations ranging from nil to 19% of the truly elastic deformations calculated from the results obtained by the dynamic method of test. The differences in the extensibilities calculated from the static and dynamic methods of test were equivalent to these plastic deformations. For studies of thermal spalling, the static extensibilities were preferred because they approximated the strain at rupture.
The evolution of an allosteric site in phosphorylase

Abstract Background: Glycogen phosphorylases consist of a conserved catalytic core onto which different regulatory sites are added. By comparing the structures of isozymes, we hope to understand the structural principles of allosteric regulation in this family of enzymes. Here, we focus on the differences in the glucose 6-phosphate (Glc-6-P) binding sites of two isozymes. Results We have refined the structure of Glc-6-P inhibited yeast phosphorylase b to 2.6 a and compared it with known structures of muscle phosphorylase. Glc-6-P binds in a novel way, interacting with a distinct set of secondary elements. Structural links connecting the Glc-6-P binding sites and catalytic sites are conserved, although the specific contacts are not. Conclusion Our comparison reveals that the Glc-6-P binding site was modified over the course of evolution from yeast to vertebrates to become a bi-functional switch. The additional ability of muscle phosphorylase to be activated by AMP required the recruitment of structural elements into the binding site and sequence changes to create a binding subsite for adenine, whilst maintaining links to the catalytic site.
Queue inference from periodic reporting data

We introduce new algorithms for queue inference problems involving periodic reporting data. We assume that in each of several consecutive time periods, new customer arrivals follow a Poisson process with period-specific arrival rates, but only the number of departing customers during each period is observed. Rather than exploiting relations with order statistics, our algorithms rely on direct recursions involving Poisson probabilities. We illustrate with several examples, some of which are not typically viewed as queueing applications.
Measurement of the AH and HV interval and His bundle duration: Interobserver and intraobserver variation

Conduction system intervals measured during intracardiac electrophysiologic testing influence clinical decisions. To evaluate measurement reliability, interobserver and intraobserver variation for AH, HV, and His bundle duration measurements from 50 patients were evaluated. The square of the correlation coefficient (r2) was used as the index for measurement reliability. Three investigators performed the measurements. The r2 for interobserver variation of the AH interval ranged from 0.55 to 0.68 and for intraobserver variability from 0.60 to 0.88. The standard error of measurement based on intraobserver measurements ranged from 10.2 to 18.0 ms. The r2 for interobserver variation of the HV interval ranged from 0.42 to 0.63 and for intraobserver variation from 0.489 to 0.73. The standard error of measurement was 6.2 to 9.9 ms. For the His bundle duration, the r2 for interobserver variation ranged from 0.42 to 0.52 and for intraobserver variation from 0.19 to 0.52. The standard error of measurement was 3.1 to 5.2 ms. Although there is measurement variation for AH and HV intervals, their use in conjunction with the history and the surface electrocardiogram to make clinical decisions is appropriate. His bundle duration cannot be measured reliably using the standard recording technique and should not be used for clinical decision making.
Fluorescence studies of the kinetics of processes in polyelectrolyte and ionomer solutions

(1) A stopped-flow apparatus with fluorescence detection was employed to follow the expansion of poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) after a pH-jump using either a dansyl-labeled polymer (where emission is quenched by contact of the label with water) or doubly labeled PMA, where the efficiency of nonradiative energy transfer from the donor to the acceptor label decreases with chain expansion. The final approach to conformational equilibrium was found to be unexpectedly slow. (2) The kinetics of the enhancement of the fluorescence of Auramine 0 when it was mixed with the contracted form of PMA was insensitive to the polymer concentration, suggesting that it is due to a conformational transition of the polymer following the adsorption of the dye. (3) Partially ionized polycarboxylic chains carrying a β-naphthol moiety were used to study the proton transfer from the excited naphthol to ionized carboxyls. The data suggested that the local chain flexibility is independent of the degree of ionization. (4) Solutions of slightly sulfonated polystyrene neutralized with aminomethyl naphthalene and aminomethyl anthracene, respectively, were mixed in the stopped-flow apparatus and the kinetics of counterion interchange was deduced from the increasing efficiency of nonradiative energy transfer from the naphthalene to the anthracene label. (5) On mixing solutions of methyl methacrylate copolymers with small fractions of 4-aminostyrene hydrochloride and N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, respectively, the HCl transfer from the aromatic to the aliphatic amine was followed by the increase of fluorescence. Using this model system, it was shown that the rate constant decreases with the length of the chains to which the interacting moieties are attached.
Institutional evolution as an emerging focus in scenario planning

Abstract In this paper, we argue that institutional evolution should occupy a center stage in scenario development. During the last two decades, strategy models have neglected the institutional milieu, partly because analytical approaches to link institutional milieus and business contexts were underdeveloped. However, theoretical developments in institutional economics accomplished during this time period make it possible to connect the consequences of institutional evolution to strategy development. Further, with the increasing globalization of commerce, and the attendant complexity and turbulence in institutional evolution, particularly in emerging economies, significant opportunities for strategy related action may reside not in product markets but in institutional arenas. Institution-focused scenarios are therefore increasingly needed. We outline the key linkages between the institutional milieu and business contexts and illustrate how scenarios incorporating institutional parameters can shed light on the strategy context in the case of emerging economies.
Quantum size effect and electric conductivity in thin films of pure bismuth

Abstract Numerical evaluations have been carried out of the electric conductivities at 0 K of electrons and of holes, respectively, in thin films of semimetal bismuth with the film plane normal to the trigonal axis. The ellipsoidal non-parabolic model for the electron energies in bismuth has been used. Different boundary conditions in connection with the quantum size effect on the energy spectrum have been studied. It is shown that the electron contribution dominates the electric conductivity at 0 K in thin films of bismuth. Indirect comparison between the numerical results and existing experimental data seems to suggest that the vanishing-gradient boundary condition might be a better choice when applying size quantizations to the electronic energy spectrum in ultrathin films of bismuth.
Stimulation of DNA synthesis by isoproterenol in the salivary gland

Abstract A single dose of isoproterenol greatly stimulated the incorporation of tritiated thymidine in the submaxillary gland of rat. The maximum of incorporation occurred 24 hr after the administration of the drug. The activities of soluble thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase also rose severalfold of the control level with sharp rises at about 18 hr. The activities of both enzymes returned to resting level in about 48 hr. Actinomycin D, given prior to the administration of isoproterenol or 12 hr after it, inhibited the incorporation of thymidine. It also prevented, partly, the rise in thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase to occur. Under these circumstances there was a good correlation between the incorporation of thymidine and the activities of the two enzymes. The results suggested that the cell proliferation in the salivary gland induced by isoproterenol may be regulated by a number of factors but the triggering mechanism probably acts on a genetic level.
Determinism in parallel systems

Abstract In this paper, generalizations to systems which are not persistent, that is, systems where an event can, possibly infinitely, be postponed, are dealt with. The techniques that are used are an application of the ones published by Boasson and Nivat (1980). The main result of this paper can be looked upon as a criterion for determining a determinism in systems, and is fully compatible with H-graphs (Pratt, 1976) and similar definitions of systems.
Salivary cortisol and cold pain sensitivity in female twins

Background There is a dearth of knowledge about the link between cortisol and pain sensitivity.
Hunter-gatherer dispersals in the mammoth-steppe: technological provisioning and land-use in the Enisei River valley, south-central Siberia

Late Pleistocene Siberia was characterized by a unique mammoth-steppe biome. Two prevailing hypotheses exist to explain modern human dispersals in the Siberian mammoth-steppe. Upper Paleolithic human populations were either maintained continuously throughout the late Pleistocene or the peopling of this region resulted from multiple dispersal events. Past attempts at explaining the colonization process have resulted in culture-historical interpretations. This article uses lithic technological data from middle and late Upper Paleolithic sites in the Enisei River valley of south-central Siberia to explain human dispersals from a behavioral perspective. Technological provisioning and land-use strategies are reconstructed to help explain dispersal processes. Results of the study demonstrate that hunter–gatherers were using different adaptive strategies before and after the Last Glacial Maximum, indicating that multiple dispersal events shaped the peopling of Siberia.
Radiative Properties of High and Low Density Fiberglass Insulation in the 4-38.5 km Wavelength Region

Previously work was performed to determine radiative properties of low density fiberglass insulation in the 4-18.5 mm wavelength region; these properties were determined from directional-hemispheri...
A Manic-like Psychosis Due to Khat Catha edulis Forsk

A case is presented of a 23-year-old male who displayed symptoms of manic psychosis and increased sympathetic activity following ingestion of khat (Catha edulis Forsk.). The causal role of khat was verified by visual inspection of the plant and chemical identification of phenylpropanolamine in the urine. The active constituents and possible abuse potential of khat are discussed.
Cost-driven repair optimization of reconfigurable nanowire crossbar systems with clustered defects

With the recent development of nanoscale materials and assembly techniques, it is envisioned to build high-density reconfigurable systems which have never been achieved by the photolithography. Various reconfigurable architectures have been proposed based on nanowire crossbar structure as the primitive building block. Unfortunately, high-density systems consisting of nanometer-scale elements are likely to have many imperfections and variations; thus, defect tolerance is considered as one of the most exigent challenges. In this paper, we evaluate three different logic mapping algorithms with defect tolerance to circumvent clustered defective crosspoints in nanowire reconfigurable crossbar architectures. The effectiveness of inherited redundancy and configurability utilization is demonstrated through extensive parametric simulations. Then, costs associated with the repair process are analyzed and a method to find the most cost-effective repair solution is presented.
Aminopeptidase A: a nephritogenic target antigen of nephrotoxic serum.

Aminopeptidase A: A nephritogenic target antigen of nephrotoxic serum. Background We investigated potential targets of antibody-mediated glomerular injury induced with a noncomplement binding fraction of sheep anti-rat nephrotoxic serum (NTS). This model is characterized by severe complement- and leukocyte-independent proteinuria within 24 hours of NTS injection into rats. Methods NTS-reactive glomerular cell and matrix proteins were identified by immunoprecipitation, Western blot analysis, protein sequencing, cDNA library screening, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Proteinuria was measured in rats injected with NTS from which reactivity against type IV collagen had been removed by immunoadsorption, and antibodies were eluted from the glomeruli of proteinuric rats that had been injected with unabsorbed NTS. Having identified aminopeptidase A (APA) as a major target of NTS, we studied the effect of NTS and anti-APA on mouse glomerular epithelial cells in culture. Results NTS identified several podocyte and matrix proteins; however, APA was the only cell surface protein reactive with antibodies eluted from the glomeruli of rats injected with NTS. Although the eluate also contained reactivity to the noncollagenous domains of α1 and α3 chains of type IV collagen, immunodepletion of these antibodies did not diminish the ability of NTS to cause proteinuria. We also documented the surface expression of APA on mouse glomerular epithelial cells in culture, and found that NTS and specific anti-APA antibodies induce a time- and temperature-dependent redistribution of the antigen. Conclusions APA, a type II integral membrane metallopeptidase, is a major target of NTS in vivo and is known to be present on the surface of podocytes. NTS-induced proteinuria is independent of reactivity to known nephritogenic matrix proteins. These findings, in combination with previous studies showing that monoclonal anti-APA antibodies induce severe proteinuria in mice, suggest that anti-APA antibodies are responsible for complement-independent proteinuria in this model.
Parity measurements, Heisenberg-limited phase estimation, and beyond

We review the use of parity measurements to obtain Heisenberg-limited phase shift measurements from interferometry performed with maximally path entangled two mode states containing N photons, contrasting this measure with the method of coincidence detection which requires a number of such detections that scales with N. For large N, coincidence measurements will become impractical. In contrast, the parity method we propose is independent of N. In addition, with the parity approach, one can use an entanglement of a coherent state and the vacuum to approach the Heisensberg limit of phase resolution without the requirement of first producing a Fock state of large photon number. We also show in a very simple way, using Maximally entangled states and parity measurements that it is possible to go beyond the Heisenberg limit if the phase shifts are generated by a nonlinear Kerr-like interaction.
A Short Term Therapy Approach to Processing Trauma: Art Therapy and Bilateral Stimulation

This article describes a dynamic, short-term art therapy approach that has been developed for the treatment of trauma related disorders. Using a modified Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) protocol with alternating tactile and auditory bilateral stimulation, associations are rapidly brought to conscious awareness and expressed in a series of drawings. As new information is accessed, affective material is metabolized and integrated, leading to transformation of traumatic memory and an adaptive resolution of the trauma. Readers are cautioned that clinicians using this approach should be experienced in working with trauma.
Papillary adenocystoma lymphomatosum of the neck

Abstract A case of papillary adenolymphomatous and cystic tumor of the neck is reported. It arose in the neck below the angle of the jaw and was removed surgically with ease. The tumor is readily diagnosed histologically because of the peculiar tall, columnar epithelium and lymphoid stroma. The tumors are of interest to the clinician and pathologist since after a tumor has been recognized as belonging in this category, the patient may be reassured that a recurrence is much less likely to appear than with other types of tumors involving the salivary glands.
Investing in socially responsible companies

President Franklin D. Roosevelt conveyed an important lesson when he said, “We have always known that heedless self-interest was bad morals; we know now that it is [also] bad economics.” But Roosevelt's wisdom has been forgotten, and later generations instead followed the lead of the movie Wall Street, which had its own famous quote: “Greed is good!” Today stockholders embrace corporate social responsibility—but they still want good returns on their investments. How can today's treasurer and others balance these conflicting goals? © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular Dynamics of a DNA Holliday Junction: The Inverted Repeat Sequence d(CCGGTACCGG)4

All-atom molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulations have been applied successfully to duplex DNA structures in solution for some years and found to give close accord with observed results. However, the MD force fields have generally not been parameterized against unusual DNA structures, and their use to obtain dynamical models for this class of systems needs to be independently validated. The four-way junction (4WJ), or Holliday junction, is a dynamic DNA structure involved in central cellular processes of homologous replication and double strand break repair. Two conformations are observed in solution: a planar open-X form (OPN) with a mobile center and four duplex arms, and an immobile stacked-X (STX) form with two continuous strands and two crossover strands, stabilized by high salt conditions. To characterize the accuracy of MD modeling on 4WJ, we report a set of explicit solvent MD simulations of ∼100 ns on the repeat sequence d(CCGGTACCGG)4 starting from the STX structure (PDB code 1dcw), and an OPN structure built for the same sequence. All 4WJ MD simulations converged to a stable STX structure in close accord with the crystal structure. Our MD beginning in the OPN form converts to the STX form spontaneously at both high and low salt conditions, providing a model for the conformational transition. Thus, these simulations provide a successful account of the dynamical structure of the STX form of d(CCGGTACCGG)4 in solution, and provide new, to our knowledge, information on the conformational stability of the junction and distribution of counterions in the junction interior.
Quasielastic light scattering by biopolymers. IV. Tertiary collapse of calf thymus DNA in 5.5M LiCl

Circular dichroism has been commonly employed to infer the conformation of DNA in solution. The basis of the conformational assignments is the work of Tunis-Schneider and Maestre, wherein CD spectra of DNA were obtained under conditions comparable to those employed in the x-ray diffraction studies of A-, B-, and C-DNA. It has recently been suggested that the CD spectrum of DNA in chromatin, which is similar to the CD spectrum of the C-form DNA, is a superposition of the normal B-DNA spectrum and a single negative band, centered at 275 nm. This negative band is qualitatively identical to the spectrum for condensed Ψ-form DNA. We have employed the hydrodynamic methods of quasielastic light scattering and sedimentation velocity to determine the extent of DNA tertiary structural alteration in 5.5M LiCl as a possible explanation of the C-form CD spectrum. These studies suggest an eightfold contraction of the Stokes hydrodynamic volume for calf thymus DNA in going from 0.4M NH4Ac to 5.5M LiCl, with no change in molecular weight. The estimated maximum presistence length of DNA in 5.5M LiCl is estimated to be 20.0 nm compared to the “minimum” value of 44.7 nm in NaCl solutions. The value 20.0 nm corresponds to a maximum radius of 16.7 nm for a “continuously coiled” cylinder of DNA, which compares with the value 5.0 nm of DNA in the nucleosome unit of chromatin.
Spinal neurons with branched axons traveling in both the dorsal and dorsolateral funiculi

Abstract Antidromic search stimuli were delivered to cervical (C2–C3) dorsal and dorsolateral funiculi that were dissected apart from one another and from the rest of the spinal cord. Fifty-six neurons were antidromically identified in the dorsal horn of the lumbosacral enlargement. Of these neurons, 23 were activated antidromically from both the dorsal columns and the ipsilateral dorsolateral funiculus. The neurons were found at depths corresponding to laminae III and IV. About half of the neurons responded only to innocuous, tactile stimuli whereas the other half responded to both innocuous and noxious stimuli. The existence of neurons with branched axons ascending both the dorsal and dorsolateral funiculi raises the possibility that the dorsal column postsynaptic and spinocervical tracts may not be completely independent projections.
Methodological Individualism, Explanation, and Invariance:

This article examines methodological individualism in terms of the theory that invariance under intervention is the signal feature of generalizations that serve as a basis for causal explanation. This theory supports the holist contention that macro-level generalizations can explain, but it also suggests a defense of methodological individualism on the grounds that greater range of invariance under intervention entails deeper explanation. Although this individualist position is not threatened by multiple-realizability, an argument for it based on rational choice theory is called into question by experimental results concerning preference reversals.
Gaseous explosions. VI. Flame and pressure propagation

This investigation was undertaken in order to obtain experimental data concerning the relation between flame propagation and the pressure changes resulting therefrom. The apparatus used and its method of operation are described in detail and the experimental data are interpreted and discussed.
Ultra-high resolution spectroscopy with a 87Sr optical lattice clock

Recent results from the JILA 87 Sr optical lattice clock are presented. Using the tight confinement of an optical lattice in combination wit a sub-Hz linewidth diode laser we have achieved a pulse-length limited linewidth of 1.8 Hz for the 1 S 0 - 3 P 0 clock transition. This corresponds to a quality factor of Q ≈ 2.4 x 10 14 , and is a record for coherent spectroscopy. With the addition of a small magnetic bias field, the high line Q of the clock transition has also allowed us to resolve the nuclear-spin sublevels, and make a precision measurement of the differential Lande g-factor between the 1 S 0 and 3 P 0 . We present the current accuracy and stability of the lattice clock, and in addition, we report on our development of precision tools for the lattice clock, including a stabilized clock laser, fs-comb based technology allowing accurate clock comparison in both the microwave and optical domains, and clock transfer over an optical fiber in an urban environment.
Reduced charges and costs associated with outpatient autologous stem cell transplantation

High-dose chemotherapy and stem cell rescue is increasingly being delivered in the outpatient setting. Such intensive outpatient management programs have reduced the total hospital length of stay without compromising clinical outcomes. However, a detailed financial analysis of outpatient programs has not been performed. These data are the results of a prospective study of 94 patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplant in one of three settings: traditional inpatient, partial outpatient, total outpatient. Patients were allowed to choose their own treatment setting based upon the availability of a caregiver and personal preference. Total hospital length of stay and the actual cost and charges for each patient were monitored prospectively. The patients in the three groups were well balanced with regard to age and functional status prior to high-dose chemotherapy. The average length of stay was reduced from 17.3 to 8.2 to 2.7 days in the three different treatment settings (P < 0.01). Mean procedure costs were reduced from $39.7 thousand (US dollars) to $36.2 thousand to $29.4 thousand in the three treatment settings (P < 0.029). No differences in toxicity or overall response to therapy was noted. High-dose chemotherapy and stem cell rescue can be safely administered in the outpatient setting and results in significant cost savings.
Brillouin spectroscopy of the incommensurate—commensurate phase transition in barium sodium niobate

Abstract Small angle and large-angle Brillouin scattering have been used to measure the sound velocity and damping of longitudinal waves propagating along (C11 and perpendicular to (C22) the incommensurate axis in Ba2NaNb5O15. For each mode strong dispersion is observed, with relaxation time 2πτ of order 1.3 × 1011s near T 1. For C11τ(T) satisfies with 2πτ0 = (1.08 ± 0.13) × 10−12s; 2πτ1 = (8.5 ± 0.7) × 10−11 s; and thediffusivity D = 1.3 cm2/s. This approximately 65 times larger than the thermal diffusivity of entropy fluctuations and implies a dynamic “central mode” for right-angle geometry light scattering of ≃60GHz. This mode is ten times the width observed for phason (soliton) diffusion by Lyons et al. in BaMnF4; it is not directly observed in the present work. For LA sound waves perpendicular to the incommensurate axis that is, τ1 and D are the same as for C11 but τ0 −1 is neligible. τ0 is interpreted as due to amplitude mode-acoustic mode interaction; τ1, and D are interpreted as interaction of aco...
The effect of the beech bark disease on the growth and survival of beech in northern hardwoods

A risk classification for beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) based on tree characteristics before the onset of the beech bark disease indicated that the crown widths in relation to DBH of trees that died were narrower than the crowns of survivors. Quantitative information on beech trees in the central Adirondack Region of the New York State before and during the development of the beech bark disease was available which included repeated measurements (1954–1976) of fifteen tree variables on 417 beech trees. A risk classification was developed which separated the trees by diameter and condition with a high (0.6), medium (0.3), and low (0.05) relative probability of mortality. The classification should improve the ability to separate those trees that are apt to die within a short period of time From those trees which are apt to survive.
Testing Convergence in Income Distribution

The generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator is often used to test for convergence in income distribution in a dynamic panel set‐up. We argue that though consistent, the GMM estimator utilizes the sample observations inefficiently. We propose a simple ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator with more efficient use of sample information. Our Monte Carlo study shows that the GMM estimator can be very imprecise and severely biased in finite samples. In contrast, the OLS estimator overcomes these shortcomings.
Interaction of plastocyanin and P700 in PSI reaction center particles from C. reinhardi and spinach.

Abstract Highly resolved Photosystem I (PSI) reaction center particles, solubilized from spinach and C. reinhardi chloroplasts with Triton X-100, catalyze very poorly the reduction of P700 by ascorbate at mildly acidic to alkaline pHs (pH 5–8). (Photooxidation of P700 means conversion of P700 to P700+; dark reduction of P700 is the reverse reaction.) The interaction between plastocyanin (PC) and P700 is assessed by measuring the stimulation of the rate of P700 reduction upon addition of PC at submicromolar concentrations. At a ratio of 2.6 PC per P700, about 20- to 25-fold stimulation of the rate of P700 reduction was observed in the presence of MgCl2 or CaCl2. Efficient interaction between PC and P700 occurred at near neutral pH (optimal pH = 6.6–6.8) and exhibited a preferential requirement for divalent metal cations. Monovalent cations are less effective in promoting transfer of electrons from PC to P700. At alkaline pHs (greater than 8.5) an accelerated rate of the PC-independent reduction of P700 was observed. Further, the PC-independent reaction at pH 9.4 showed a strong requirement for divalent cations. In contrast, monovalent cations are only partially effective in promoting the PC-independent reduction of P700 by ascorbate.
Evidence in the Hypophysectomized Pigeon of a Synergism Among Prolactin, Growth Hormone, Thyroxine and Prednisone Upon Weight of the Body, Digestive Tract, Kidney and Fat Stores

Various levels of dosage of prolactin and/or growth hormone, alone and in combination with thyroxine and prednisone, were injected daily for 10 days into hypophysectomized pigeons. Adequate doses of prolactin or of growth hormone alone or together increased the weight of the body, liver, pancreas, intestines and kidney. There was no apparent synergism. Greater increases in the weight of these structures were found when the auxiliary solution of thyroxine (10 μg) and prednisone (1 mg) was injected simultaneously. Thyroxine and prednisone together did not increase organ weights but acted as permissive agents when combined with growth hormone and/or prolactin. Synergisms of the order of 50-fold were obtained when all 4 hormones were injected. Twenty μg of prolactin plus 20 μg of growth hormone with the auxiliary solution produced a greater increase in weight of body and of organs than was obtained with 2 mg of growth hormone and prolactin without the auxiliary solution. Prednisone appeared to conserve body f...
Coase Encounters and Formal Models: Taking Gibbons Seriously

While accepting Robert Gibbons' case for the clarifying role of formal models, this comment explores the role of rational choice accounts in organizational settings—including the French example that Gibbons cites—whose context evolves in ways exogenous to the rational action of individuals. Articulation of economic and noneconomic concerns in situations in which context and action evolve together is suggested as the main theoretical goal, one that will require arguments more complex than those of current sociology or economics.
Use of a centrifugal pump without anticoagulants for postoperative left ventricular assist.

Following experimental studies using the vortex pump (Bio-Medicus) for left heart assist (LHA) in dogs and lambs for periods up to 3 weeks without anticoagulation and minimal thromboemboli, we initiated the clinical work without anticoagulation in 21 patients. All previous clinical attempts at LHA using anticoagulation eventually resulted in intracerebral or other hemorrhagic complications. The key factors we experienced to prevent bleeding or microthrombus were to omit heparin, but to maintain flows constantly around 2 liters or more per minute. At lower levels, fibrin split products became elevated and microthrombus could be detected in the pump. To further safeguard against thromboembolism, the commercial pump was changed every 24 hr. No clinical intracerebral or thromboembolic complications occurred.
Variation in the seed protein profiles of Chenopodium fremontii

Abstract Electrophoretic profiles of water soluble seed proteins were determined for over 210 individual plants from 33 populations of Chenopodium fremontii. Little protein variation was encountered within populations. Interpopulational variation was pronounced, but in general plants of populations from nearby geographic localities or growing in similar habitats exhibited a high level of protein similarity. It is concluded that geographical and/or ecological races exist in C. fremontii, something which is difficult to document morphologically due to phenotypic plasticity.
The Mechanical Unfolding of Ubiquitin through All-Atom Monte Carlo Simulation with a Gō-Type Potential

Abstract The mechanical unfolding of proteins under a stretching force has an important role in living systems and is a logical extension of the more general protein folding problem. Recent advances in experimental methodology have allowed the stretching of single molecules, thus rendering this process ripe for computational study. We use all-atom Monte Carlo simulation with a Gō-type potential to study the mechanical unfolding pathway of ubiquitin. A detailed, robust, well-defined pathway is found, confirming existing results in this vein though using a different model. Additionally, we identify the protein's fundamental stabilizing secondary structure interactions in the presence of a stretching force and show that this fundamental stabilizing role does not persist in the absence of mechanical stress. The apparent success of simulation methods in studying ubiquitin's mechanical unfolding pathway indicates their potential usefulness for future study of the stretching of other proteins and the relationship between protein structure and the response to mechanical deformation.