cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies in Tooth Development: I. the 16 Microns Calcification Rhythm in the Enamel and Dentin from Fish to Man

Microscopic examination of ground and decalcified sections of enamel and dentin shows an incremental stratification of pairs of alternating light and dark layers. These layers follow a concentric pattern in transverse sections and resemble the annual rings in trees. The incremental stratifications have been more generally known as the striae of Retzius (enamel) and Owen's lines of contour (dentin). They are of physiologic significance because they reflect the nutritional and metabolic variations that occur during the growth and calcification of the dental tissues. Since no calcium withdrawal occurs in the teeth such records are permanent. The purpose of this study was to make a quantitative analysis of the incremental layers and to investigate their constancy and rhythmic nature in the teeth of various species.
A general theory of curriculum

The ultimate cultural entity is a perspective which can be defined as the sum-total of situations which are so organized as to afford exercise for a given learning product. Culture as a whole consists of a great many such perspectives and their compounds. Perspectives arise out of the creative activity of mankind. Insomuch as a perspective induces its corresponding learning product, it is the latter's stimulus. A personality is defined as a system of more or less related learning products, with special emphasis upon those learnings which are effectively mature. A mature learning implies a clear view of a given perspective. I recognize, at present, five types of learning products capable of subtending perspectives: 1. Logical forms and formulas. 2. Schematic or geometric forms. 3. Sensory patterns. 4. Temporal patterns or rhythm.' 5. Value attitudes or preferences for certain classes of goal fulfillments.
Carrier Lifetimes In A Hetero N-I-P-I Structure.

We discuss new studies of a multiple quantum well hetero n-i-p-i structure which combines the advantages of multiple quantum wells and doping superlattices. The structure exhibits large changes in its absorption coefficient for intensities of only a few mW/cm2. We have used the spectral dependence of the nonlinear absorption coefficient to deduce photogenerated carrier lifetimes as a function of intensity.
Large dose procainamide therapy for ventricular tachyarrhythmia

Abstract The efficacy and toxicity of large dose procainamide therapy (500 to 1,500 mg given orally every 4 hours) for recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmla were examined in 35 patients referred for electrophysiologic evaluation. In 16 patients procainamide was determined by programmed ventricular stimulation and serial drug testing to be the most effective agent. A long-term oral regimen was begun followed by periodic clinical evaluation and 24 hour ambulatory electrocardlographic monitoring for recurrence of symptomatic arrhythmia. In all 16 patients drug efficacy, acutely, correlated with specific plasma drug levels, which averaged 13.6 ± 8.6 μg/ml (mean ± standard deviation). Dose-dependent effects of procainamide at lower than the acute effective level were observed in six patients and included progressive slowing of the tachycardia and increasing ease of arrhythmia induction. In 14 of 16 patients, efficacy of the long-term oral regimen correlated with the acute effective plasma level. All 11 patients with plasma concentrations maintained at or above the acute effective plasma level have been free of symptomatic arrhythmia for up to 48 months, whereas all five patients with concentrations below the acute effective plasma level have had early symptomatic recurrences. Manifestations of acute toxicity, including hypotension, excessive Q-T prolongation or progression of infranodal conduction disturbances, were not observed. Chronic toxicity was limited to gastrointestinal disturbances in two patients (12.5 percent) and drug-induced lupus erythematosus in four (25 percent). It is concluded that large dose procainamide therapy is quite effective in the treatment of recurrent inducible ventricular tachyarrhythmia, and that the improved efficacy over small dose therapy may be achieved without an increased incidence of toxic side effects.
pH-dependent structural transitions of Alzheimer amyloid peptides.

To understand the molecular interactions leading to the assembly of beta/44 protein into the hallmark fibrils of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we have examined the ability of synthetic peptides that correspond to the beta/A4 extracellular sequence to form fibrils over the range of pH 3–10. Peptides included the sequences 1–28, 19–28, 17–28, 15–28, 13–28, 11–28, and 9–28 of beta/A4. The model fibrils were compared with isolated amyloid with respect to morphology, conformation, tinctorial properties, and stability under denaturing conditions. Electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction revealed that the ionization states of the amino acid sidechains appeared to be a crucial feature in fibril formation. This was reflected by the ability of several peptides to undergo fibril assembly and disassembly as a function of pH. Comparisons between different beta/A4 sequences demonstrated that the fibrillar structure representative of AD amyloid was dependent upon electrostatic interactions, likely involving His-13 and Asp-23, and hydrophobic interactions between uncharged sidechains contained within residues 17–21. The results also indicated an exclusively beta-sheet conformation for the synthetic (and possibly AD fibrils) in contrast to certain other (e.g., systemic) amyloids.
Tectonic controls of late Cretaceous sedimentation, western interior, USA

Anomalous subsidence of continental crust occurred during the Late Cretaceous in a region centred about Colorado, southern Wyoming and eastern Utah. The amount of subsidence is greater than can be explained by eustatic sea level rise and supracrustal loading by water and sediment. Analysis of thickness and distribution of Upper Cretaceous strata of the Western Interior Seaway, USA, shows two distinct basinal trends. The subsidence of the earliest (100–80 Myr BP) is attributed partly to isostatic flexure in front of the rising orogenic welt. The subsidence of the later (80-70 Myr BP) is attributed to subcrustal loading induced by a shallowly subducted plate.
Step changes in screw speed affect extrusion temperature and pressure and extrudate characteristics

A first order lag with time delay was used to model dynamic responses of product temperature, torque, and mass pressure to step changes in screw speed. Transportation lag was evident in the mass temperature at the die, while the time constants generally decreased with increased magnitude of the step input. Dynamic responses indicated a more stable response to larger magnitude of step inputs! Product attributes and process variables were shown to be a function of the magnitude of the step input when final screw speed set points were identical.
Current concepts in the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of narcolepsy.

Abstract Background and purpose : Narcolepsy is the most common neurologic cause of excessive daytime sleepiness. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep phenomena such as cataplexy, sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations can also occur. Cataplexy, a sudden bilateral loss of muscle tone usually brought on by emotional reactions such as excitement, is essentially unique to narcolepsy. Narcolepsy, which has a prevalence of 0.02–0.05% in the US, has a profound influence on the quality of life and safety of affected individuals. Patients and methods : The most characteristic and striking physiological abnormality observed in narcolepsy is the sleep-onset REM, or the occurrence of REM sleep at, or within 20 min of, the onset of sleep. The diagnosis is established by nocturnal polysomnography, and the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT). Results : Familial cases of narcolepsy have been reported, with the risk to first-degree relatives estimated at 1–2%; however, most cases are sporadic and the syndrome is generally believed to involve environmental factors acting on a specific genetic background. The observation of an HLA association in narcolepsy suggests that autoimmunity may play a role in the disorder. However, extensive studies have failed to find convincing evidence of an autoimmune process. Patients with narcolepsy have recently been shown to be deficient in hypocretin, also called orexin, in the cerebrospinal fluid and have a reduction in hypocretin cells in the lateral hypothalamus. This suggests that hypocretins could potentially provide a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of narcolepsy. Conclusions : Although non-pharmacologic measures can be helpful in treating narcolepsy, most patients require pharmacotherapy that includes psychostimulants or modafinil. Cataplexy is controlled by tricyclic antidepressants or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
Th2 cytokine mRNA expression in skin in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

We have previously demonstrated that peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with Sezary syndrome, the leukemic form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma which is accompanied by erythroderma and lymphadenopathy, have a Th2 cell cytokine [interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interleukin 5] production pattern. In this study, we extend these observations to demonstrate a correlation of the presence of a Th2 cytokine pattern with a malignant T-cell clone in different stages of cutaneous involvement among patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Skin biopsies were obtained from 12 CTCL patients with various disease stages (three patch, three plaque, six tumor), three patients with parapsoriasis, four patients with inflammatory dermatoses, including two psoriasis and two lichen planus, and 12 normal controls. Total RNA was extracted, reverse transcribed, and PCR amplified with IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), and beta-actin oligonucleotide primers. Although all skin specimens tested had detectable IL-2 and IFN-gamma mRNA, only specimens from patients with CTCL or parapsoriasis had demonstrable IL-4 and/or IL-5 mRNA. Specifically, IL-5 mRNA was detected in skin biopsies from five of six tumor-stage CTCL, two of three plaque-stage CTCL, one of three patch-stage CTCL, and 1 of 3 parapsoriasis patients, whereas IL-4 mRNA was demonstrated to be present in five of six tumor-stage, one of three plaque stage, none of three patch-stage CTCL, and none of three parapsoriasis patients. These results indicate that in all stages of cutaneous involvement of CTCL, encompassing patch stage through tumor stage, IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA is variably detectable. In tumor-stage skin lesions, typically characterized by a dense dermal infiltrate of malignant T cells, Th2 cytokine mRNA is virtually always detectable. The ability to detect Th2 cytokine mRNA in the skin of patients with CTCL supports our previous findings that the malignant T cells in CTCL possess a Th2-helper cell phenotype.
Latino Faculty in STEM Disciplines: Motivation to Engage in Research Activities.

The scarcity of underrepresented faculty members in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines is an issue of great concern to education researchers and scholars alike. Despite their low representation, many minority faculty are able to remain motivated, even when facing barriers due to their ethnicity. I present findings from a pilot study that sought to use self-determination theory to understand the research motivation of 15 Latino faculty members within the STEM disciplines. Data reveal that conducting meaningful research, producing “high-quality” scholarship, and feeling connected to others allowed participants to feel intrinsically motivated to engage in their scholarship.
CHANGING SIGNIFICANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AT BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA

C OMPARATIVELY little on the changes with time in the significance of local geographic factors has been reported in geographic literature. One consequence has been a wide difference of opinion among geographers and others as to the significance of geographic factors. Bloomington, Indiana, affords an instructive case-study of such changes and the need for repeated re-evaluation as man's technology evolves and as other areas develop. This city is selected because for 37 years it has been the subject of study by me (commencing four years after receiving the Ph. D. at Chicago). Little that is directly geographic has been published on it, except on its climate and limestone industry.' Here are discussed the changing significance of Bloomington's location in the state, of its rolling topography, of its site on a drainage divide in a depression between more rugged land, of its being underlain by an exceptional limestone, and of its situation in a wooded, unglaciated area. Considered also are its accessibility, the quality of the soil, the feasibility of dams to create reservoirs, and its attractiveness as a residence city. Bloomington was established where it is largely because of the selection of the site for the "Seminary township." In the enabling act that created Indiana the federal government provided for a donation of a township of public land in support of an institution of higher learning.2 The seminary established in that township in 1824 has grown into Indiana University. The committee appointed to select the township made its recommendation in time for President Monroe to designate it on July 10, 1816.3 The county created two years later surrounding it was named after President Monroe. The township later was named after Commodore Perry. The selected township was near the northern margin of the part of Indiana which had been surveyed in 1812 into sections and townships. Nearly all central and northern Indiana remained Indian territory until 1818 when "The New Purchase" was made of much of that region. The selected township was nearly midway between the northern parts of the lower Wabash Valley at the southwest and the Whitewater Valley at the southeast. In July 1816 most of the people of Indiana lived in or near those valleys, south from near Terre Haute and Richmond, respec1 S. S. Visher, "The Indiana Oolitic Limestone Industry," Economic Geography, Vol. 7 (1931), pp. 50-58, and "Climate of Bloomington," Chapter 26 of Climate of Indiana (Bloomington: Indiana University, 1944). 2 David D. Banta, "History of Indiana University," in Centennial Memorial Volume (Indiana University, 1921), pp. 11, 12. Judge Banta was dean of the Indiana University Law School, 1889-96. 3Ibid., p. 12.
A three-dimensional thermomechanical model of contact between non-conforming rough surfaces

A necessary step in understanding failure problems of tribological elements is to investigate the contact performance of rough surfaces subjected to frictional heating. It is essential that the interfacial variables are obtained through solving the interactive thermomechanical contact problem. This paper studies the three dimensional thermomechanical contact of non-conforming rough surfaces, the model of which includes the normal surface displacements caused by the contact pressure, frictional shear, and frictional heating. Influence coefficients and frequency response functions for elastic and thermoelastic displacements, as well as those for temperature rises, are investigated for model construction. In order to develop an accurate and efficient solver, the numerical algorithms with the discrete convolution and fast Fourier transform techniques and the single-loop conjugated gradient method are used. The model modules are numerically verified and the thermomechanical performance of the rough surfaces in a point contact is studied.
Distortion-invariant face recognition using multiple phase-shifted reference-based joint transform correlation technique

We have developed a novel face recognition technique utilizing optical joint transform correlation (JTC) technique which provides with a number of salient features as compared to similar other digital techniques, including fast operation, simple architecture and capability of updating the reference image in real time. The proposed technique incorporates a synthetic discriminant function (SDF) of the target face estimated from a set of different training faces to make the face recognition performance invariant to noise and distortion. The technique then involves four different phase-shifted versions of the same SDF reference face, which are individually joint transform correlated with the given input scene with unknown faces and other objects. Appropriate combination of correlation signals yields a single cross-correlation peak corresponding to each potential face image. The technique also involves a fringe-adjusted filter to generate a delta-like correlation peak with high discrimination between the target face and the non-target face and background objects. Performance of the proposed face recognition technique is investigated through computer simulation where it is observed to be efficient and successful in different complex environments.
Epitope mapping of monoclonal antibodies to Torpedo acetylcholine receptor γ subunits, which specifically recognize the ϵ subunit of mammalian muscle acetylcholine receptor

Abstract Epitopes for four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the γ subunit of Torpedo nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR), and one mAb crossreactive with the γ and δ subunits of Torpedo AChR were mapped using overlapping synthetic peptides corresponding to the complete amino acid sequence of Torpedo γ subunit. The epitopes for all mAbs were within a 50 residue sequence region, on the cytoplasmic surface of the AChr. Three mAbs crossreacted with mammalian muscle AChRs. Two of them specifically recognized the ∈ subunit of AChRs at adult neuromuscular junction.
Harmonic analysis of spiking neuronal pairs

Abstract Harmonic analysis is applied to analyze the transmission of bandlimited signals via spike trains generated by a pair of leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) model neurons organized in a push–pull, or ‘on/off ’, configuration. It is found that lowpass signals can be transmitted with only moderate distortion utilizing mean spike rates with many spikes per signal coherence time. The transmission of bandpass signals is accomplished through phase locking of the output spikes to the input signal over a wide range of frequencies, using one or two spikes per coherence time of the signal, but in this case with limited dynamic range in amplitude. Noise-free LIF-generated spike trains decoded with linear filters can transmit information at an average rate of 2–3 bits per spike.
Lung cancer metastatic to a cervical polyp.

Abstract Background . We describe an unusual finding of a lung cancer metastatic to a cervical polyp. Case . A 69-year-old female with metastatic lung cancer was referred for evaluation of an asymptomatic cervical polyp. The polyp was removed and pathologic examination revealed a focus of invasive adenocarcinoma with signet ring features within a polypoid fragment of squamous mucosa. All studies suggest a primary pulmonary origin. Conclusion . Cervical polyps occur in up to 5% of women and 1.7% contain carcinomatous changes. Most malignant polyps result from the progression of localized dysplasia, but distant metastases have been reported. We were unable to find any prior report of a primary lung cancer metastatic to a cervical polyp. Although removal or biopsy of asymptomatic polyps is reasonable, further studies need to be done.
Design, synthesis, and biological testing of pyrazoline derivatives of combretastatin-A4

Fourteen N-acetylated and non-acetylated 3,4,5-tri- or 2,5-dimethoxypyrazoline analogs of combretastatin-A4 (1) were synthesized. A non-acetylated derivative (5a) with the same substituents as CA-4 (1) was the most active compound in the series, with IC(50) values of 2.1 and 0.5 microM in B16 and L1210 cell lines, respectively. In contrast, a similar compound with an acetyl group at N1 of the pyrazoline ring (6g) showed poor activity in the cell lines studied. A cell-based assay indicated that compound 5a caused extensive microtubule depolymerization with an EC(50) value of 7.1 microM in A-10 cells while no activity was seen with the acetylated compound. Molecular modeling studies showed that these compounds possess a twisted conformation similar to CA-4 (1).
Optical Absorption in the Presence of a Uniform Field

Expressions for the absorption coefficient in the presence of a uniform field, of semiconductors and insulators for both allowed and forbidden transitions are derived. The results are expressed in terms of Airy functions, and the limiting cases examined indicate the tunneling mechanism as a possible explanation for the experimentally observed long-wavelength tails.
Learning biological network using mutual information and conditional independence

Biological networks offer us a new way to investigate the interactions among different components and address the biological system as a whole. In this paper, a reverse-phase protein microarray (RPPM) is used for the quantitative measurement of proteomic responses. To discover the signaling pathway responsive to RPPM, a new structure learning algorithm of Bayesian networks is developed based on mutual Information, conditional independence, and graph immorality. Trusted biology networks are thus predicted by the new approach. As an application example, we investigate signaling networks of ataxia telangiectasis mutation (ATM). The study was carried out at different time points under different dosages for cell lines with and without gene transfection. To validate the performance ofthe proposed algorithm, comparison experiments were also implemented using three well-known networks. From the experiment results, our approach produces more reliable networks with a relatively small number of wrong connection especially in mid-size networks. By using the proposed method, we predicted different networks for ATM under different doses of radiation treatment, and those networks were compared with results from eight different protein protein interaction (PPI) databases. By using a new protein microarray technology in combination with a new computational framework, we demonstrate an application of the methodology to the study of biological networks of ATM cell lines under low dose ionization radiation.
Simulations of the West African Monsoon with a Superparameterized Climate Model. Part II: African Easterly Waves

AbstractThe relationship between African easterly waves and convection is examined in two coupled general circulation models: the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) and the “superparameterized” CCSM (SP-CCSM). In the CCSM, the easterly waves are much weaker than observed. In the SP-CCSM, a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model replaces the conventional cloud parameterizations of CCSM. Results show that this allows for the simulation of easterly waves with realistic horizontal and vertical structures, although the model exaggerates the intensity of easterly wave activity over West Africa. The simulated waves of SP-CCSM are generated in East Africa and propagate westward at similar (although slightly slower) phase speeds to observations. The vertical structure of the waves resembles the first baroclinic mode. The coupling of the waves with convection is realistic. Evidence is provided herein that the diabatic heating associated with deep convection provides energy to the waves simulated in SP-CCSM. In co...
Stabilization of Proteins in Confined Spaces

We present theory showing that confining a protein to a small inert space (a “cage”) should stabilize the protein against reversible unfolding. Examples of such spaces might include the pores within chromatography columns, the Anfinsen cage in chaperonins, the interiors of ribosomes, or regions of steric occlusion inside cells. Confinement eliminates some expanded configurations of the unfolded chain, shifting the equilibrium from the unfolded state toward the native state. The partition coefficient for a protein in a confined space is predicted to decrease significantly when the solvent is changed from native to denaturing conditions. Small cages are predicted to increase the stability of the native state by as much as 15 kcal/mol. Confinement may also increase the rates of protein or RNA folding.
A modified linear programming method for distribution system reconfiguration

This paper presents a reconfiguration method for radial distribution systems. The reconfiguration problem is formulated and solved using a modified linear programming approach. The modifications are introduced mainly to maintain a radial network configuration while enforcing the line flow capacity limits. The implementation details are explained using a small tutorial example. Simulation results for sample distribution systems are also given.
Discounting Indices Proposed for Capital Investment Evaluation: A Further Examination

ABSTRACT A recent publication [2] in this journal presented a comprehensive comparison and critique of discounting indices proposed for (i) the examination of whether a proposed independent project should be accepted and (ii) selection of a project from a set of mutually exclusive projects. The present paper examines procedures available in the literature of engineering and managerial economics and in practice for selecting projects from a given number of proposed capital investment projects, if a given capital constraint does not permit the undertaking of all proposed projects. It appears that the present state of the art is subject to much controversy and confusion. The ensuing presentation intends to rectify this situation. In addition, a procedure for the above selection problem is developed. Usage of this procedure is recommended for the many policy makers who are continually faced with the trade-off between elaborate methods on the one hand and cursory /approximations on the other.
Can the hadronic mass spectrum be discovered through high-energy nuclear collisions

It is suggested that the general form of the hadronic mass spectrum can be determined by studying the decay of hot hadronic matter produced in very-high-energy nuclear collisions. In a thermodynamic model we find that at presently attainable energies the temperature and the hadron populations in the matter depend strongly on the form of the hadronic spectrum.
Acute Myocardial Infarction After Intravenous Radiographic Contrast Medium

Acute myocardial infarction after the use of intravenous radiographic contrast medium (RCM) is rare. There is only one reported case in the literature; this is the second case. A 65-year-old woman complained of pain in the right costovertebral area, and abdominal ultrasonography showed hydronephrosis. She had insulin-dependent diabetes and hypertension. Intravenous pyelogram, using renographin, was performed. Within 5 minutes, she felt bad and became hypotensive and diaphoretic. Laboratory studies and electrocardiography confirmed the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Generally, elderly and diabetic patients with abnormal renal function are considered to be at high risk for adverse reactions to RCM. Renal function was normal. It has also been reported that high R osmolality RCM such as renographin, is associated with a greater risk of adverse reactions compared with the use of low-osmolar RCM. This case should raise awareness regarding acute myocardial infarction as a complication after the use of intravenous RCM.
Recombination, balancing selection and adaptive evolution in the aflatoxin gene cluster of Aspergillus parasiticus

Aflatoxins are toxic and carcinogenic polyketides produced by several Aspergillus species that are known to contaminate agricultural commodities, posing a serious threat to animal and human health. Aflatoxin (AF) biosynthesis is almost fully characterized and involves the coordinated expression of approximately 25 genes clustered in a 70-kb DNA region. Aspergillus parasiticus is an economically important and common agent of AF contamination. Naturally occurring nonaflatoxigenic strains of A. parasiticus are rarely found and generally produce O-methylsterigmatocystin (OMST), the immediate precursor of AF. To elucidate the evolutionary forces acting to retain AF and OMST pathway extrolites (chemotypes), we sequenced 21 intergenic regions spanning the entire cluster in 24 A. parasiticus isolates chosen to represent the genetic diversity within a single Georgia field population. Linkage disequilibrium analyses revealed five distinct recombination blocks in the A. parasiticus cluster. Phylogenetic network analyses showed a history of recombination between chemotype-specific haplotypes, as well as evidence of contemporary recombination. We performed coalescent simulations of variation in recombination blocks and found an approximately twofold deeper coalescence for cluster genealogies compared to noncluster genealogies, our internal standard of neutral evolution. Significantly deeper cluster genealogies are indicative of balancing selection in the AF cluster of A. parasiticus and are further corroborated by the existence of trans-species polymorphisms and common haplotypes in the cluster for several closely related species. Estimates of Ka/Ks for representative cluster genes provide evidence of selection for OMST and AF chemotypes, and indicate a possible role of chemotypes in ecological adaptation and speciation.
Encouragement during Maximal Exercise Testing of Type a and Type B Scorers

The influence of verbal encouragement during assessment of maximal oxygen consumption of subjects scoring as Type A and Type B on the Jenkins Activity Survey, Form T was examined. Fourteen Type A and 12 Type B scorers performed two randomly assigned tests on a motor-driven treadmill with and without verbal encouragement during testing. Treadmill time, oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate, and respiratory exchange ratio at exhaustion were examined. Verbal encouragement led to significantly greater treadmill time, VO2, and respiratory exchange ratio for Type B scorers when compared with the non-encouragement trial. Treadmill time, VO2, heart rate, and respiratory exchange ratio at exhaustion were not different between treatments for the Type A scorers. Type A scorers ran significantly longer without encouragement than Type B scorers; however, when encouragement was provided, treadmill time for Type A and Type B scorers did not differ significantly. The results suggest that attainment of maximal effort is not dependent on verbal encouragement for Type A scorers, whereas verbal encouragement is necessary to assure attainment of maximal physiologic effort for those individuals scoring as Type B.
In vivo SCE analysis using bromodeoxyuridine, iododeoxyuridine, and chlorodeoxyuridine

Sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies were determined for mouse and rabbit bone-marrow cells following incorporation of 3 different halogenated analogues of thymidine. For both species the SCE frequency was highest for chlorodeoxyuridine, lowest for iododeoxyuridine and intermediate for bromodeoxyuridine. The study demonstrates that halogenated pyrimidine analogues other than brominated compounds can be used for in vivo SCE analysis and that their effects on baseline SCE frequencies are qualitatively similar to results of previous in vitro studies.
A Theoretical Study of the Effect of Pinion Offset on the Dynamics of Hypoid Geared Rotor System

A new 3-dimensional coupled rotational-translational vibratory model of a high-speed loaded hypoid geared rotor system has been formulated to analyze the dynamic effect of pinion offset. This model includes the effective shaft and bearing flexibilities, and gear mesh induced dynamic couplings of the lateral, axial, torsional and rotational motions. The proposed formulation is also capable of simulating drive and coast operating cases. Its effective mesh point and line of action are assumed stationary for a given steady-state condition, and they are defined by the theoretical pitch point vector and corresponding normal vector at the point of contact respectively. The proposed analytical model is applied here to compute the modal response functions of a typical automotive drivetrain design for a selected range of pinion offset. The calculations revealed interesting frequency-dependent effects of pinion offset on the generation of dynamic mesh force and bearing reaction loads.
Myotonia induced by single doses of 20, 25 diazacholesterol: increased muscle and plasma desmosterol levels, unaltered (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity of erythrocyte ghosts.

Abstract Electromyographic myotonia was induced in rats 9 to 12 days after the administration of single doses of 20 to 160 mg/kg 20,25-diazacholesterol. Muscle and plasma desmosterol levels together with the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activities of the erythrocyte ghosts of these rats were determined at various intervals up to 26 days following drug administration. There was a significant correlation (P
Estimators for "the fraction of variance explained" in the one-way classification

This paper deals with the estimation of "the fraction of variance expiained" in one-way classification. A comparative study of two estimators for model II (random effects) is made by computing approximately their biases and mean-square errors in the balanced case. A similar study is made for model I (fixed effects) where we study one estimator and give asymptotic formulae for its bias and mean-square error.
Inhibition of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis by 3,5-dihydroxy-3,4,4-trimethylvaleric acid and its site of action

Abstract A new analog of mevalonic acid, 3,5-dihydroxy-3,4,4-trimethylvaleric acid, was synthesized from 4-bromoacetoxy-3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone by an internal Reformatsky reaction. The compound strongly inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis by rat liver homogenates. The inhibitor in 4 × 10−4 m ( dl -form) concentration decreased incorporation of mevalonate-2-14C into cholesterol by half. In the presence of this inhibitor, 5-phosphomevalonate accumulates from mevalonic acid and allylpyrophosphates could not be detected. Accumulation of the monophosphate suggests that a major site of inhibition is at the second phosphorylation step, in which 5-phosphomevalonate is converted to 5-pyrophosphomevalonate by 5-phosphomevalonic kinase. A reaction mixture was developed for optimal accumulation of 5-phosphomevalonate. The new inhibitor provides a competitive substrate that will be useful for examining the mechanism of mevalonic kinase and phosphomevalonic kinase.
Effect of Ultraviolet Germicidal Lamps on Airborne Microorganisms in an Outpatient Waiting Room

Abstract The effectiveness of 254-nm ultraviolet radiation for inactivating airborne microorganisms (and thereby reducing the spread of respiratory infections such as tuberculosis) was evaluated by collecting air samples in an occupied 90-m3 room equipped with four 15-W wall-mounted germicidal lamps. The indoor concentration of airborne bacteria was positively associated with the number of people present, the concentration of bacteria in the ventilation supply air, and the relative humidity, but was negatively associated with operation of the germicidal lamps and with the number of open windows. A generalized linear model suggested that use of the lamps reduced culturable airborne bacteria by 14 to 19 percent. This degree of air disinfection was calculated to be the equivalent of between 1.5 and 2 air changes per hour (ACHeq). This equivalent ventilation was in addition to the 1 to 2.5 ACH that open windows provided and the 8 ACH that the mechanical ventilation system supplied. The microbicidal effect of ...
Patterns of Population Structure Vary Across the Range of the White Sturgeon

Abstract Critical unknowns surrounding the basic biology of White Sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus have hindered management and conservation efforts. Population genetic data may be used to address some of these uncertainties, but previous examinations of population structure in White Sturgeon have been limited by the highly duplicated nature of the species’ genome. We report results from an analysis of White Sturgeon population structure within and among drainages using 13 polysomic microsatellite loci. Genetic diversity levels varied widely among regions, and the lowest levels were observed in the endangered Kootenai River Distinct Population Segment and the highest levels were detected in regions with access to estuarine and marine habitat. Patterns of within-drainage population structure varied, and no structure was detected in the Sacramento–San Joaquin drainage and a complex pattern of isolation by distance was revealed in the Columbia–Snake River drainage. These results contrast a previously publish...
The genetic basis of alcoholism: multiple phenotypes, many genes, complex networks

Alcoholism is a significant public health problem. A picture of the genetic architecture underlying alcohol-related phenotypes is emerging from genome-wide association studies and work on genetically tractable model organisms.
Relationship between hydrocarbon structure and induction of P450: effects on protein levels and enzyme activities.

1. Treatment of male rat with the small aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene, m-xylene, and p-xylene increased several P450-dependent activities, with ethylbenzene, m-xylene, and n-propylbenzene producing the greatest response. Hydrocarbon treatment differentially affected toluene metabolism, producing a response dependent on the metabolite monitored. In untreated rats, benzyl alcohol was the major hydroxylation product of toluene metabolism, comprising>99% of the total metabolites formed. Hydrocarbon treatment increased the overall rate of toluene metabolism by dramatically increasing the amount of aromatic hydroxylation. Ethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene and m-xylene were the most effective inducers of aromatic hydroxylation of toluene. In contrast, production of the major toluene metabolite benzyl alcohol was increased only after treatment with m-xylene.2. P450 2B1/2B2 levels were induced by each of the hydrocarbons examined, with the magnitude of induction increasing with...
Managing dynamic temporal constraint networks

This paper concerns the specialization of arc-consistency algorithms for constraint satisfaction in the management of quantitative temporal constraint networks. Attention is devoted to the design of algorithms that support an incremental style of building solutions allowing both constraint posting and constraint retraction. In particular, the AC-3 algorithm for constraint propagation, customized to temporal networks without disjunctions, is presented, and the concept of dependency between constraints described. The dependency information is useful to dynamically maintain a trace of the more relevant constraints in a network. The concept of dependency is used to integrate the basic AC-3 algorithm with a sufficient condition for inconsistency detection that speeds up its performance, and to design an effective incremental operator for constraint retraction.
Hopf bifurcation and Hopf hopping in recurrent nets

Some aspects of the learning dynamics of recurrent neural networks are discussed. It is shown that as a two-unit fully recurrent network is trained to oscillate, the learning process brings the network to a point where a small change in any one of the weights can push the network through a Hopf bifurcation to create stable oscillation. As learning continues, the network indeed bifurcates to create the stable limit cycle. The limit cycle is soon destroyed and recreated several times, with the limit cycle phase becoming more dominant each time. As a result of this 'Hopf-hopping' phenomenon, it is very difficult to assess how close the network is to learning the desired periodic behavior. Eigenvalue analysis shows that the limit cycles in the later stage are more robust than the limit cycles in the earlier stage. It is shown which weights are more critical in order for the network to maintain periodic behavior. >
Implementation Strategies in the Market-Driven Strategy Era:

Achieving successful implementation is a continuing challenge to the executives responsible for executing strategies and to the scholars seeking to understand implementation processes. The importance of implementation is not questioned by executives or scholars, although the activity warrants much more attention than it has been given in the past. Penetrating analyses of strategy implementation by scholars like Piercy (1998) are important and essential to moving the topic beyond action checklists to conceptual foundations for guiding empirical research and executive action. Advancing the state of knowledge of implementation will be enhanced if scholars and executives work together to advance thought and practice.
Genotyping-by-Sequencing in Plants

The advent of next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS) technologies has led to the development of rapid genome-wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) detection applications in various plant species. Recent improvements in sequencing throughput combined with an overall decrease in costs per gigabase of sequence is allowing NGS to be applied to not only the evaluation of small subsets of parental inbred lines, but also the mapping and characterization of traits of interest in much larger populations. Such an approach, where sequences are used simultaneously to detect and score SNPs, therefore bypassing the entire marker assay development stage, is known as genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). This review will summarize the current state of GBS in plants and the promises it holds as a genome-wide genotyping application.
The Utility of Country Structure: A Cross-National Multilevel Analysis of Property and Violent Victimization

Routine activities and lifestyle theories focus on the opportunities that lead to victimization experience. Routine activities theory considers a micro- and macro-level approach to understanding victimization, which suggests the utility of this theory in cross-national research. However, few cross-national studies applying a routine activities framework address both the individual and structural levels of analysis. Additionally, much research adhering to this theoretical perspective does not distinguish between instrumental and expressive crimes. Because of these limitations, the full explanatory value of the theory has not been adequately explored. In this study, the author focuses on a cross-national multilevel analysis of violent and property victimization across 47 developed and developing nations. The author uses the International Crime Victimization Survey (ICVS) and the European Survey on Crime and Safety (EU ICS) for individual-level measures and incorporates information on country structure from sources including the United Nations, World Bank, and the International Labor Organization. The results indicate individual-level measures of routines and lifestyles are differentially related to expressive and instrumental victimization, and these relationships maintain significance when structural opportunity measures are considered. Moreover, the measures of structural opportunity as captured by the level of development, sex ratio, and female employment are differentially associated with violent and property victimization.
Capped ceramic hydrophones

Attaching specially shaped thin metal caps, each containing a shallow inner cavity, to the electroded surfaces of a piezoelectric ceramic will significantly enhance its hydrostatic sensitivity. The presence of the cavities allows the metal caps to convert a portion of the incident axial-direction stress into radial and tangential stresses of opposite sign, thus allowing the amplified d/sub 31/ and d/sub 33/ coefficients of the poled ceramic to now add together as opposed to subtracting from one another, thus magnifying the d/sub h/. By capping a PZT-552 disk, the d/sub h/ can be amplified by a factor of nearly 100 and the g/sub h/ by a factor of almost 50. These particular hydrophones show the most promise for use in shallow water applications.
Fantasising Phryne: The psychology and ethics of ekphrasis*

‘It's such a pity that we don't have Anything like a photograph Of her about whom the ancients rave …’ … Fragments, copies, our museums still hold Of statues she modelled, or so we're told (from Phryne by Robert Conquest, 2000) Phryne, the celebrity hetaira who is said to have lived and loved some time during the fourth century BCE, was reputed to be ‘by far the most phenomenal of the hetairai ’ (ἐπιφανeστάτη πολὺ τῶν ἑταίρων). This article aims to examine the anecdotes told about Phryne and argues that collectively they constitute a discourse on viewing that illuminates a significant aspect of the production and interpretation of art: the ethical and aesthetic problems involved (for the artist, subject, model and other viewers) in making and describing naturalistic art, especially that which represents the gods. A rich repertoire of written material on Phryne, and on the statue of the Aphrodite of Cnidus for which she was said to have been the model, has survived, although mostly by later rather than contemporary writers. Among the descriptions of the statue there is a group of epigrams collected in the Greek Anthology whose authorship and dating are largely uncertain. On Phryne we have accounts and imaginative scenarios in Alciphron, Lucian and Pausanias, all presumed to be writing in the second century CE; Athenaeus, who most probably wrote in the third century CE; and quotations from earlier writers.
Research on plant-parasitic nematode biology conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service

The recent de-registration of several chemical nematicides and the impending loss of methyl bromide from the pest-control market necessitate the development of new methods for controlling nematode-induced crop damage. One approach for developing novel target-specific controls is by exploiting fundamental differences between the biological processes of nematodes and their host plants. Researchers of the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the US Department of Agriculture are actively exploring these differences. Research accomplishments include the discovery of heat shock protein genes possibly involved in developmental arrest of the soybean cyst nematode, the identification of neuropeptides and female-specific proteins in the soybean cyst nematode, the disruption of nematode reproduction with inhibitors of nematode sterol metabolism, the development of novel morphological and molecular (heat shock protein genes and the D3 segment of large subunit ribosomal DNA) features useful for nematode identification and classification, and the elucidation of the population genetics of potato cyst nematode pathotypes. In addition, several ARS researchers are investigating biological determinants of nematode response to management strategies utilized in agricultural fields. These collective efforts should lead to new chemical and non-chemical alternatives to conventional nematode control strategies.
An Architectural Framework for the Design and Analysis of Autonomous Adaptive Systems

Autonomous adaptive systems (AAS) have been proposed as a solution to effectively (re)design software so that it can respond to changes in execution environments, without human intervention. In the software engineering community, alternative approaches to the design of AAS have been proposed including solutions based on component technology, design patterns, and resource allocation techniques. A key limitation of the currently available approaches is that they detect constraint violations, but they do not support the prediction of constraint violations. In this work we propose an architectural framework for the design and analysis of autonomous adaptive systems, hereafter referred to as KAROO, which provides a key, new contribution: the capability to predict when a system needs to adapt itself. The results of extensive experimental evaluation of a KAROO-based system are excellent: 100% of the violations are predicted; the system is able to avoid the violations by adapting itself almost 98% of the time. The framework is a novel integration of control-theory-based adaptation, multi-criteria decision making and component-based software engineering techniques.