cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parasitoids and Predators of Arthropods and Molluscs

The identity and important biological features of the principal orders and families of parasitoids and predators attacking pest arthropods and snails are discussed in this chapter, and additional information may be found in Clausen (1940), Arnett (1968), Askew (1971), Hodek (1973), Foelix (1982), Waage and Greathead (1986), Gauld and Bolton (1988), Borror et al. (1989), Gerson and Smiley (1990), Grissell and Schauff (1990), and Godfray (1994). Information about names and organization of higher taxa of parasitoids and predators has been drawn principally from Askew (1971), Gauld and Bolton (1988), Borror et al. (1989), and Grissell and Schauff (1990). This chapter does not review the taxonomic literature of these groups, but rather introduces students to groups of importance to biological control and cites some projects which employed these groups.
A Survey of High Level Synthesis Languages, Tools, and Compilers for Reconfigurable High Performance Computing

High Level Languages (HLLs) make programming easier and more efficient; therefore, powerful applications can be written, modified, and debugged easily. Nowadays, applications can be divided into parallel tasks and run on different processing elements, such as CPUs, GPUs, or FPGAs; for achieving higher performance. However, in the case of FPGAs, generating hardware modules automatically from high level representation is one of the major research activities in the last few years. Current research focuses on designing programming platforms that allow parallel applications to be run on different platforms, including FPGA. In this paper, a survey of HLLs, tools, and compilers used for translating high level representation to hardware description language is presented. Technical analysis of such tools and compilers is discussed as well.
Face Recognition by Humans and Machines

By the standards of automated face recognition systems, human performance is notable in its ability to operate robustly across changes in illumination, pose, and expression. This chapter presents a comparative examination of face recognition by humans and machines. The first part contains an overview of the basic characteristics of human face representations, with emphasis both on the strengths and weaknesses of this code. The second part of the chapter, considers recent comparisons between humans and automated face recognition algorithms. These include benchmarking the performance of algorithms against humans, the fusion of human and machine judgments of identity, and the robustness of algorithms operating in ethnically diverse environments. The evaluation of machine performance in the context of human skills can give insight into the challenges of face recognition in uncontrolled environments and into the strategies humans have evolved to overcome these challenges.
A Phenomenological Examination of Context on Adolescent Ownership and Engagement Rationale

Youth ownership and engagement are foundational pieces of the servicelearning cycle. Youth voice is posited as a promising practice for building engagement and ownership. As community programs search for proven methods of sustaining youth participation, research that examines the links between practice and outcomes is essential. This study is a phenomenological examination of how adolescents in a non-formal youth development program make meaning of having a voice and its contributions to their ownership and engagement of the program. Findings indicate that an autonomy-supportive environment is a prerequisite for engagement and ownership to develop.
Invertebrate Hormones and Behavior

Invertebrate animals display a wide array of behaviors, reflecting the diversity of the morphologies and physiologies of these diverse organisms. Hormones control behaviors as diverse as molting, reproduction, and development. Instances of the effects of pheromones and allelochemicals on behavior are also briefly discussed.
Left in the Dust

Many of the chapters in this volume explore models for identifying and interpreting archaeological intrasite spatial patterns. The purpose of this chapter is not to discuss models, per se. Rather, it is to stress the complementary roles of models and contextual data in the scientific process. In the excitement of building, testing, and applying models, there can be a tendency to focus too quickly and unduely on a narrow range of data specified by some model, to the exclusion of a broader arena of relevant contextual information. I will discuss some general problems with this model-focused approach and some advantages of using contextual data.
Development of a Nonelectrolytic Selectively Superabsorbent Polymer

Highly absorbent polymers capable of trapping large volumes of organic liquids are attractive materials for cleaning up toxic chemical spills. Here we report development of a homopolymer network using N-butyl-N-phenylacrylamide with poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate as the cross-linker, that absorbs a variety of organic liquids by swelling. The nonelectrolytic basis of this polymer allows it to be used in areas where organic liquids and water coexist in the form of an emulsion. We demonstrate that this new polymer swells up to 20× in nonpolar organic liquids and up to 33× in more polar organic liquids but has negligible swelling in water. Consequently, this novel selectively superabsorbent polymer has potential use in a broad range of applications to capture and remove hazardous materials.
Quantitative collision‐induced unfolding differentiates model antibody–drug conjugates

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are antibody-based therapeutics that have proven to be highly effective cancer treatment platforms. They are composed of monoclonal antibodies conjugated with highly potent drugs via chemical linkers. Compared to cysteine-targeted chemistries, conjugation at native lysine residues can lead to a higher degree of structural heterogeneity, and thus it is important to evaluate the impact of conjugation on antibody conformation. Here, we present a workflow involving native ion mobility (IM)-MS and gas-phase unfolding for the structural characterization of lysine-linked monoclonal antibody (mAb)-biotin conjugates. Following the determination of conjugation states via denaturing Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) measurements, we performed both size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and native IM-MS measurements in order to compare the structures of biotinylated and unmodified IgG1 molecules. Hydrodynamic radii (Rh) and collision cross-sectional (CCS) values were insufficient to distinguish the conformational changes in these antibody-biotin conjugates owing to their flexible structures and limited instrument resolution. In contrast, collision induced unfolding (CIU) analyses were able to detect subtle structural and stability differences in the mAb upon biotin conjugation, exhibiting a sensitivity to mAb conjugation that exceeds native MS analysis alone. Destabilization of mAb-biotin conjugates was detected by both CIU and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data, suggesting a previously unknown correlation between the two measurement tools. We conclude by discussing the impact of IM-MS and CIU technologies on the future of ADC development pipelines.
Abstract ES9-3: Triple negative breast cancer: Current and future directions in metastatic patients

Chemotherapy is the primary established systemic treatment for patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) with both early and metastatic disease. The poor prognosis of patients with TNBC have fostered a major effort to discover actionable molecular targets and other approaches to treat these patients. Massively parallel sequencing and other 9omics9 technologies have revealed an unexpected level of heterogeneity of TNBCs and have led to the identification of potentially actionable molecular features in some TNBCs, such as germline BRCA1/2 mutations or 9BRCAness9, as well as a subgroup with a high degree of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes that also correlates with a lower risk of disease relapse and a higher likelihood of benefit from chemotherapy. Proof-of-principle studies with immune-checkpoint inhibitors in advanced-stage TNBC have yielded promising results, indicating the potential benefit of immunotherapy for patients with TNBC. Additional data from trials with antibody drug conjugates have yielded promising results. We discuss the most relevant molecular findings in TNBC from the past decade and the most promising therapeutic opportunities. Citation Format: Chang J. Triple negative breast cancer: Current and future directions in metastatic patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr ES9-3.
Development of duration discrimination during adolescence

Temporal processing, which is important for comprehending speech, matures over an extended developmental period. Here we investigated duration discrimination during adolescence. Listeners aged 8–19 years (four age groups) heard three broadband noises on each trial, and indicated which, if any, of the noises was different in length (longer or shorter). The broadband noises were 15, 30, 50, 100, or 200 ms in duration. During each of two sessions on consecutive days, each combination of stimulus durations (e.g., 15 vs. 100 ms) were presented a total of twenty times in pseudo-randomized order, including identical comparisons (e.g., 100 vs. 100 ms) to enable calculation of false alarm rates. All age groups showed a higher (better) sensitivity (d’) for comparisons whose durations were more different from one another (e.g., 15 vs. 200 ms). Nevertheless, duration discrimination abilities continued to develop up to age ~14 years: 8- to 10-year-olds did not differ from 11- to 13-year-olds, but 11- to 13-year-olds had lower sensitivity than 14- to 17-year-olds and young adults, who themselves did not differ from one another. There was no learning between sessions and the interactions were not significant. Thus, even simple duration discrimination abilities may continue to develop into adolescence.
In a Model of Neuroinflammation Designed to Mimic Delirium, Quetiapine Reduces Cortisol Secretion and Preserves Reversal Learning in the Attentional Set Shifting Task.

Quetiapine, an atypical antipsychotic medication has lacked pre-clinical validation for its purported benefits in the treatment of delirium. This laboratory investigation examined the effects of quetiapine on the attentional set shifting task (ASST), a measure of cognitive flexibility and executive functioning, in a rodent model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mediated neuroinflammation. 19 Sprague Dawley female rats were randomly selected to receive intraperitoneal placebo (N = 5), LPS and placebo (N = 7) or LPS and quetiapine (n = 7) and performed the ASST. We measured trials to criterion, errors, non-locomotion episodes and latency to criterion, serum cortisol and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels. TNF-α levels were not different between groups at 24 h. Cortisol levels in the LPS + Quetiapine group were reduced compared to LPS + Placebo (P 0.0167). We demonstrated preserved reversal learning, no effect on attentional set shifting and normalized cortisol levels in quetiapine-treated rats in this neuroinflammatory model of delirium. This suggests that quetiapine’s beneficial effects in delirium may be related to the preservation of reversal learning and potential downstream effects related to reduction in cortisol production.
From Appendix to Heart: Tracing the History of the Bill of Rights (Book Review)

The Bill of Rights is one of those texts that seems to stand for principles as old as the nation. Gerard Magliocca's recent book, The Heart of the Constitution, unsettles this assumption. Magliocca reminds us that the Bill of Rights was not always just one thing—indeed, for a while, it wasn’t a “thing” at all. Its name, its recognition as a single, thematically-coherent document, its rise to the status of venerated text—all were products of history. Magliocca has provided a rich account of the Bill of Rights’ place in American culture across two centuries in this crisp, concise, eminently readable book. One need not agree with every detail of Magliocca’s account to recognize that it is a valuable contribution to our understanding of constitutional history. This review essay highlights three of Magliocca’s key arguments before concluding with thoughts about the questions future scholarship on this subject might address.
Anti-TIF1gamma Antibody-Positive Dermatomyositis Associated with Myelodysplastic Syndrome: Response to Treatment.

Dermatomyositis (DM) classically presents as a dyad of typical cutaneous findings and varying degrees of proximal muscle weakness. Interestingly, the development of DM may signal underlying malignancy, and numerous myositis-specific autoantibodies have been associated with this paraneoplastic phenomenon. Positivity for anti-TIF1gamma antibody, in particular, raises suspicion for cancer-associated DM. Here, we present an unusual case of anti-TIF1gamma antibody-positive DM that ultimately lead to the diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Importantly, topical treatment and chemotherapy targeting MDS resulted in a swift and remarkable amelioration of cutaneous disease.
Deep-Learning-Based Image Reconstruction and Enhancement in Optical Microscopy

In recent years, deep learning has been shown to be one of the leading machine learning techniques for a wide variety of inference tasks. In addition to its mainstream applications, such as classification, it has created transformative opportunities for image reconstruction and enhancement in optical microscopy. Some of these emerging applications of deep learning range from image transformations between microscopic imaging systems to adding new capabilities to existing imaging techniques, as well as solving various inverse problems based on microscopy image data. Deep learning is helping us move toward data-driven instrument designs that blend microscopy and computing to achieve what neither can do alone. This article provides an overview of some of the recent work using deep neural networks to advance computational microscopy and sensing systems, also covering their current and future biomedical applications.
Elucidating the correlations between cancer initiation times and lifetime cancer risks

Cancer is a genetic disease that results from accumulation of unfavorable mutations. As soon as genetic and epigenetic modifications associated with these mutations become strong enough, the uncontrolled tumor cell growth is initiated, eventually spreading through healthy tissues. Clarifying the dynamics of cancer initiation is thus critically important for understanding the molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis. Here we present a new theoretical method to evaluate the dynamic processes associated with the cancer initiation. It is based on a discrete-state stochastic description of the formation of tumors as a fixation of cancerous mutations in tissues. Using a first-passage analysis the probabilities for the cancer to appear and the times before it happens, which are viewed as fixation probabilities and fixation times, respectively, are explicitly calculated. It is predicted that the slowest cancer initiation dynamics is observed for neutral mutations, while it is fast for both advantageous and, surprisingly, disadvantageous mutations. The method is applied for estimating the cancer initiation times from experimentally available lifetime cancer risks for different types of cancer. It is found that the higher probability of the cancer to occur does not necessary lead to the faster times of starting the cancer. Our theoretical analysis helps to clarify microscopic aspects of cancer initiation processes.
Far-field midinfrared superresolution imaging and spectroscopy of single high aspect ratio gold nanowires

Limited approaches exist for imaging and recording spectra of individual nanostructures in the midinfrared region. Here we use infrared photothermal heterodyne imaging (IR-PHI) to interrogate single, high aspect ratio Au nanowires (NWs). Spectra recorded between 2,800 and 4,000 cm-1 for 2.5-3.9-μm-long NWs reveal a series of resonances due to the Fabry-Perot modes of the NWs. Crucially, IR-PHI images show structure that reflects the spatial distribution of the NW absorption, and allow the resonances to be assigned to the m = 3 and m = 4 Fabry-Perot modes. This far-field optical measurement has been used to image the mode structure of plasmon resonances in metal nanostructures, and is made possible by the superresolution capabilities of IR-PHI. The linewidths in the NW spectra range from 35 to 75 meV and, in several cases, are significantly below the limiting values predicted by the bulk Au Drude damping parameter. These linewidths imply long dephasing times, and are attributed to reduction in both radiation damping and resistive heating effects in the NWs. Compared to previous imaging studies of NW Fabry-Perot modes using electron microscopy or near-field optical scanning techniques, IR-PHI experiments are performed under ambient conditions, enabling detailed studies of how the environment affects mid-IR plasmons.
Liver toxicity of anthraquinones: A combined in vitro cytotoxicity and in silico reverse dosimetry evaluation.

Abstract Anthraquinones are found in a variety of consumer products such as dietary supplements, traditional Chinese medicines, and drugs. Along with their widespread use, potential safety concerns have emerged, especially liver toxicity. Therefore, there is a need to conduct rapid and inexpensive safety assessment for anthraquinones due to a lack of animal and human toxicological data. Here, a combined in vitro cytotoxicity and in silico reverse dosimetry approach was adopted to consider the potential human liver toxicity of 16 anthraquinones and derivatives. First, cytotoxicity (EC50) in two human liver cell lines (HepG2/C3A and HuH-7) was measured under two conditions (single and repeated dosing, 72 h). Second, toxic doses (Dtox) required to yield plasma steady-state concentrations (Css) equal to in vitro EC50 values were predicted by reverse dosimetry simulation using a PBPK model. Finally, Dtox was compared to literature-derived estimated daily intake (EDI) of anthraquinones to assess safety. Among the 16 anthraquinones, rhein was identified as a potential hepatotoxicant due to a combination of cytotoxicity, plasma concentration, and daily intake level. These in vitro and in silico findings provide preliminary data and guidance for further animal and clinical studies to confirm liver toxicity of anthraquinones.
Echoes of 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic in the COVID Pandemic

The severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2) pandemic that has engulfed the globe has had incredible effects on health care systems and economic activity. Social distancing and school closures have played a central role in public health efforts to counter the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID)-19 pandemic. The most recent global pandemic prior to COVID-19 was the 2009 pandemic, hemagglutinin type 1 and neuraminidase type 1 (H1N1) influenza. The course of events in 2009 offer some rich lessons that could be applied to the current COVID-19 pandemic. This commentary highlights some of the most relevant points and a discussion of possible outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Identification of Specific Educational Targets to Improve the Student Surgical Clerkship Experience.

Abstract Background This study describes the relationship between medical student perception of surgery, frequency of positive surgery clerkship activities, and overall surgical clerkship experience. Methods Medical students at four academic hospitals completed pre- and post-clerkship surveys assessing 1) surgery clerkship activities/experiences and 2) perceptions of surgery during the 2017-2018 academic year. Results Ninety-one percent of students completed both a pre- and post-clerkship survey (n = 162 of 179). Student perception of surgery significantly improved across the clerkship overall (P Conclusions Interventions to improve surgery clerkship quality should target enhancing student relationships with residents and surgical patients as well as providing opportunity for student operative involvement beyond just suturing. In addition, fostering positive perceptions of surgery in the preclinical period may increase meaningfulness and experience with the later surgery clerkship.
Exosomal MicroRNAs in Military Personnel with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Preliminary Results from the Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium Biomarker Discovery Project.

Chronic symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are common among veterans and service members, and represent a significant source of morbidity, with those who sustain multiple mTBIs at gr...
Power Profile Reconstruction and Anomaly Detection Approach for FHRs Using Cerenkov Radiation

The optical properties of FLiBe salt in a Fluoride-Salt-Cooled High-Temperature Reactor (FHR) present an opportunity to utilize Cerenkov radiation measurements to reconstruct the power profile in t...
CRISPR/Cas9 technologies in epigenetics research

Abstract After its discovery, characterization, and initial use in eukaryotic genome editing, the potential for CRISPR/Cas9 technologies in chromatin biology research was realized quickly. A key innovation was the development of a catalytically inactive Cas9 endonuclease (dCas9) which could serve as an RNA guided platform for other chromatin modifications. This advance produced a rapidly evolving set of methods for epigenetics and chromatin biology research with far-reaching applications. Here, we review the potential uses for CRISPR/dCas9-based technologies in a wide range of research areas including modulation of gene expression, genome-wide screens, characterizing protein composition at genomic loci, visualizing genomic loci, engineering 3D genome domains, and testing the functions of chromatin modifiers. We also highlight current research on the use of CRISPR/dCas9-based therapeutics, and finally, we compare dCas9 to other epigenome editing platforms and discuss its limitations. dCas9-based research methods is an area of rapid technological innovation that continues to be important for epigenetics research.
Biogeochemical Cycling in Forest and Rangeland Soils of the United States

In the Sand County Almanac (Leopold 1949), Aldo Leopold writes of the odyssey of element X and thus of the circulation of all nutrient elements as they cycle through the Earth’s forests, rangelands, lakes, and oceans. In mid-century, G.E. Hutchinson, while always one to praise aesthetic values, commented disparagingly about the quantitative science of element cycling, specifically that ecosystem carbon (C) data were “wretchedly inadequate” (Hutchinson 1954). Hutchinson’s comment was not only a complaint but also a challenge to all ecosystem scientists who followed to quantify the Earth’s biogeochemical cycles, for he understood that the resilience and functioning of ecosystems was entirely dependent on how plants, animals, and decomposers used and reused the chemical elements that we call nutrients.
Effect of Flow-Induced Nematic Order on Polyethylene Crystal Nucleation

We perform united atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to quantify the role of flow-induced nematic order in polyethylene (PE) crystal nucleation. Blends of periodic stretched and nonperiodic u...
Dissipative Quantum Dynamics in Cavity Q.E.D.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents dissipative quantum dynamics in cavity Q.E.D. The interaction of a small collection of atoms with the modes of a resonant cavity offers exciting opportunities for the investigation of quantum dynamics in a dissipative setting. In an experiment described in the chapter, in order to investigate the structure of the composite atom-field system, direct spectroscopic measurements for a collection of two-state atoms in a high finesse cavity was made. By means of a piezoelectrically controlled mirror internal to the laser cavity, the laser frequency was actively locked to an external reference cavity. The noise spectra of frequency fluctuations were recorded with a second external cavity, which was optically isolated from both the reference cavity and the laser. The initial observations indicated that the principal Fourier components contributing to the laser line width lie below a few kilohertz.
Buprenorphine for opioid use disorder: The role of public funding in its development.

Abstract Background Buprenorphine is a highly effective, office-based treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), but affordable access to it remains challenging despite initial government investment in its development. We aimed to estimate the public sector’s contribution to the development of buprenorphine for OUD. Methods We researched buprenorphine’s timeline of development as an OUD treatment to identify key terms (e.g., authors of pivotal studies, labeled indication). We then conducted a PubMed search for each key term. We extracted article identification numbers and linked them to federal funding through the NIH RePORTER. We reviewed the title, investigator, and organization of each award distributed up to and including 2002 and classified awards as “highly related,” “possibly related,” or neither. Amounts of related awards were converted to 2019 US dollars. Results Over the course of nearly four decades, the active ingredient in buprenorphine was synthesized by a pharmaceutical manufacturer, but it was developed for OUD primarily by investigators in government and academic centers, including a formal government-industry partnership for commercialization. We identified 29 key terms related to its development as an OUD treatment that linked to 7060 NIH awards. Among these awards, 40 were “highly related” ($39.9 million) and 20 were “possibly related” ($22.4 million). Conclusions An estimated $62.3 million in NIH awards to institutions and investigators supported the development of buprenorphine as a treatment for OUD. Despite this investment by the public sector, buprenorphine remains expensive, which limits access to this important treatment.
Public and Private as Viewed through the Work of the Muhtasib

Dans cet article, l'A se penche sur la fonction sociale des muhtasib, officiers de moralite publique des societe musulmanes. Ces defenseurs de l'ordre moral officient sur les places et espaces publics. L'A s'interesse ici au role des muhtasib decrits dans deux manuels de reference, ecrits par les theologiens et juristes Ghazali et Ibn al-Ukhuwah, et qui illustrent les divisions entre prive et public. Il est egalement question de l'intervention de ces inspecteurs dans les espaces prives comme la propriete prive et l'habitat, ainsi que de la particularite des lieux de prieres
Cri-de-Coeur

This essay consists of a reflection on how the pandemic has affected my social work practice as a social work professor at the City University of New York, in the Bronx. It describes my thoughts an...
Coastal and Marine Socio-Ecological Systems: A Systematic Review of the Literature

The socio-ecological systems (SESs) framework provides cross-disciplinary insight into complex environmental problems. Numerous studies have applied the SES framework to coastal and marine environments over the last two decades. We review and analyze 98 of those studies to (i) describe how SES concepts were examined and measured; (ii) describe how the studies included feedbacks and thresholds, and (iii) identify and analyze elements unique to coastal and marine SES frameworks. We find that progress has been made in understanding key SES properties in coastal and marine ecosystems, which include resilience, adaptive capacity, vulnerability, and governance. A variety of methods has been developed and applied to analyze these features qualitatively and quantitatively. We also find that recent studies have incorporated land-based stressors in their analyses of coastal issues related to nutrient runoff, bacterial pollution, and management of anadromous species to represent explicit links in land-to-sea continuums. However, the literature has yet to identify methods and data that can be used to provide causal evidence of non-linearities and thresholds within SES. In addition, our findings suggest that greater alignment and consistency are needed in models with regard to metrics and spatial boundaries between ecological and social systems to take full advantage of the SES framework and improve coastal and marine management.
Ing4-deficiency enhances HSC quiescence and confers resistance to inflammatory stress

Hematopoiesis is tightly regulated by a network of transcription factors and complexes that are required for the development and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). We recently identified the tumor suppressor, Ing4, as a critical regulator of HSC homeostasis. Though the Ing4 mechanism of action remains poorly characterized, it has been shown to promote stem-like cell characteristics in malignant cells. This activity is, in part, due to Ing4 mediated regulation of several major signaling pathways, including NF-{kappa}B and c-Myc. In murine hematopoiesis, Ing4 deficiency induces G0 arrest in HSCs, while simultaneously promoting gene expression signatures associated with differentiation. This results in a poised state for Ing4-deficient HSCs. Long term HSCs are unable to overcome this block, but short-term HSCs convert the poised state into regenerative capacity during hematopoietic challenges, including irradiation and transplantation. Overall, our findings suggest that Ing4 plays a crucial role in the regulation of hematopoiesis. Our model provides key tools for further identification and characterization of pathways that control quiescence and differentiation in HSCs.
Public fear of protesters and support for protest policing: An experimental test of two theoretical models*

As protests erupted across the United States in recent years over racialized issues (e.g., Black Lives Matter and Confederate monuments), so too did questions about when and how police should respond. Understanding public attitudes toward protest policing is important for police legitimacy and policy. One theory is that citizens are willing to trade civil liberties, such as the right to assemble, for security, and thus disruptive or dangerous protest tactics should increase support for police control by elevating public fear. Another theory is that citizens view protests through the lens of group position, and thus, they should be more supportive of repression when protest goals conflict with preexisting racial beliefs and threaten racial interests. To test these theories, we embedded an experiment in a nationwide survey fielded in 2020 after George Floyd's killing sparked the broadest protests in U.S. history. We randomized protest tactics (e.g., weapon carrying) and goals, as well as other contextual characteristics (e.g., protest size). We found that the public generally opposed repressive protest policing. Certain protest tactics, however, increased support for repression by elevating fear. Protest goals (e.g., pro-Black Lives Matter and pro-immigrants) also impacted support for repression, but the effect depended on respondents’ racial beliefs. © 2021 American Society of Criminology
On static WCET analysis vs. run-time monitoring of execution time

Summary form only given. Dynamic, distributed, real-time control systems control a widely varying environment, are made up of application programs that are dispersed among loosely-coupled computers, and must control the environment in a timely manner. The environment determines the number of threats; thus, it is difficult to determine the range of the workload at design time using static worst-case execution time analysis. While a system is lightly loaded, it is wasteful to reserve resources for the heaviest load. Likewise, it is also possible that the load will increase higher than the assumed worst case. A system that has a preset number of resources reserved to it is no longer guaranteed to meet its deadlines under such conditions. In order to ensure that such applications meet their real-time requirements, a mechanism is required to monitor and maintain the real-time quality of service (QoS): a QoS manager, which monitors the processing timing (latency) and resource usage of a distributed real-time system, forecasts, detects and diagnoses violations of the timing constraints, and requests more or fewer resources to maintain the desired timing characteristics. To enable better control over the system, the goals are as follows: 1) Gather detailed information about antiair warfare and air-traffic control application domains and employ it in the creation of a distributed real-time sensing and visualization testbed for air-traffic control. 2) Identify mathematical relationships among independent and dependent variables, such as performance and fault tolerance vs. resource usage, and security vs. performance. 3) Uncover new techniques for ensuring performance, fault tolerance, and security by optimizing the variables under the constraints of resource availability and user requirements.
AN ECONOMIC APPRAISAL OF LIVESTOCK SECTOR IN INDIA

Apart from significantly contributing to Indian economy, livestock sector plays an important role in the socio-economic development of rural households. Hence, the study analysed the performance of livestock sector with special focus on its population, production and trade. It has been found that marginal farm households maintain 50 per cent of the livestock population in India. This sector is predominantly managed by women. With tremendous increase in the production of various products, livestock sector has contributed 25 per cent of value to agriculture and allied activities. Though livestock exports have increased manifold during the past two decades, they are concentrated to very few countries with high instability. Among different products, buffalo meat, poultry products and dairy products have a strong hold on India’s livestock exports.
Atrial septal defect

Abstract Two cases of atrial septal defect with the unusual complication of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis are presented. The necessity of exact diagnosis of congenital heart disease is stressed because both patients were erroneously suspected of having diseases which are amenable to surgical treatment, namely, patency of the ductus arteriousus in one instance, and substernal goiter in the other.
John Kleinig, On Loyalty and Loyalties: The Contours of a Problematic Virtue

Loyalty, philosopher John Kleinig explains, is the most significant component in commonsense morality. It is the feature of morality on which we most often dwell, outside of academia. Yet ‘‘loyalty’’ has not yet gained the respect of professional ethicists in academia. That is to say, despite a few philosophers who have focused on the topic, loyalty is considered dispensable to serious ethical theorizing. ‘‘On Loyalty and Loyalties: The Contours of a Problematic Virtue’’ is designed to be a corrective to any impression that loyalty cannot withstand careful analytic scrutiny. Loyality is not a ‘‘marginal and parochial or even a phony virtue’’ (p. 2). Kleinig’s analysis of loyalty engages ‘‘tensions between community and individuality, sentiment and reason, universalism and particularism, deontology and consequentialism, and virtue and obligation’’ (p. 2). Kleinig performs a synthesizing task, as he looks to every side of loyalty (objections to it, its place in ethics, its components, its place alongside ‘‘friends, families, organizations, professions, national, partial, and religious groups’’ (p. 284)), gathering up each of the arguments philosophers have previously made about loyalty as he briskly moves us forward, borrowing what he can but, for the most part, indicating the limitations of previous work. The work he evaluates includes Aristotle’s, Marcia Baron’s, R. E. Ewin’s, Simon Keller’s, Kierkegaard’s, and Bernard Williams’s. Josiah Royce’s view is summed up in three pages before Kleinig asks how ‘‘helpful’’ it is. In two paragraphs Kleinig points out that Royce is wrong to assume loyalty always begins in ‘‘autonomous choice,’’ wrong to ignore the identity-conferring aspects of loyalty, and wrong to ignore inevitable conflicts of loyalty. This is not until page 135, but by this point in
Does race affect management and survival in hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States

Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death, and its incidence is increasing in the United States. This analysis describes the association between race, treatment decisions, operative outcomes, and survival for patients with HCC. Methods The National Cancer Database was queried for all patients diagnosed with HCC from 1998 to 2011 (n = 143,692) who were white (76.9%), black (14.7%), or Asian (8.4%). Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine factors that affected the likelihood of having surgery and postoperative mortality, and a Cox regression was performed to evaluate the effect of these factors on survival. Results The proportion of black patients with HCC increased in the United States during the 13-year period. There were no substantial differences among races in tumor size, grade, or overall clinical stage at the time of presentation; however, black patients were less likely to have surgery (odds ratio 0.69, 95% confidence interval 0.67–0.72). Of patients who had surgery, there were no significant differences in pathologic stage, margin negative resection rate, or 30-day mortality; however, black patients had the longest interval between diagnosis and surgery, as well as the worst overall adjusted survival (hazard ratio 1.14, 95% confidence interval 1.05–1.25). These findings were independent of HCC stage, insurance provider, and socioeconomic status. Conclusion Despite similar clinical presentation of HCC, substantial racial differences exist with regard to management and outcomes. Black patients are less likely to receive surgery for HCC and have worse long-term survival, despite similar perioperative quality metrics. This difference in long-term survival may highlight neighborhood, cultural, or biological differences between races.
Integrating discrete and continuous phenomena models into practical advanced user interface specifications

Most current user interface specification languages and toolkits are based on serial, discrete, token exchange paradigms that perform an acceptable job of implementing traditional WIMP (Window, Icon, Menu, Pointer) interfaces. These tools, however are ill suited to address the needs of emerging interaction studies such as virtual environments and interactive simulations. These interaction styles commonly rely upon full duplex, asynchronous, interrelated dialogues, a blend of continuous and discrete inputs and responses, and implicit commands and probabilistic input events. Some forms of non-WIMP interfaces, particularly interactive simulations, must also contend with real time processing constraints and deadline-based computations. This work proposes a specification paradigm, the SHADOW system, which directly addresses these issues. This system has been demonstrated to allow both the semantic meaning and behavior of all simulation elements to be clearly defined in a reusable fashion while providing support for good software engineering practices.
DSpace at MIT: meeting the challenges

DSpace is a joint development effort by HP and MIT to establish an ele ctronic system that will enable MIT faculty and researchers to capture, preserve, manage, and disseminate their intellectual output, and that will enable the Institute to maintain its intellectual heritage. The effort further aims to facilitate sharing of intellectual content and metadata among institutions by minimizing barriers to adoption and federation. This brief paper describes the motivation behind the project, its goals, objectives, progress, and references to detailed definition & design materials.
Iterative encoding of high-efficiency holograms for generation of spot arrays.

An iterative discrete on-axis encoding method for computer-generated holograms (termed IDO encoding) has been developed. The binary IDO method employs simulated annealing to optimize the hologram phase delay and reduce sensitivity to fabrication tolerances. Computer-simulation results indicate that binary phase IDO encoding is capable of generating two-dimensional spot arrays with diffraction efficiencies larger than 70%. An experimentally fabricated hologram, designed to account for a 6% manufacturing hologram thickness tolerance, produced a 3 × 3 array of spots with 59% diffraction efficiency. The binary IDO algorithm can be employed to encode arbitrary images with twofold rotation symmetry.
A high-accuracy mobile Al + optical clock

Laboratory optical atomic clocks based on quantum-logic spectroscopy of the 1 S 0 ↔ 3 P 0 transition in 27 Al + have reached a systematic uncertainty of 8.6×10 18 [1], enabling table-top tests of fundamental physics [2] as well as measurements of gravitational potential differences [3]. New applications in geodesy and hydrology will require that such clocks be ruggedized and packaged so that they can be deployed to and operated at sites of interest outside the laboratory. Before a high-precision global optical-frequency transfer network is realized, a portable optical clock with high accuracy could also facilitate comparison between high-accuracy clocks developed around the globe.
Insanity equivalents and the gastro-enterologist

In many cases, it is hard to explain the onset or the continuance of a nervous breakdown on the basis of any known strain, overwork or unhappiness. Oftentimes, it is particularly difficult to explain the feelings of apathy, fatigue, weakness and depression. Some patients with these troubles are operated upon repeatedly in the vain hope of finding the disease in the abdomen. They might have been spared the trouble and expense if the physician had asked more questions and had learned that the invalid was too tired and apathetic to read, too discouraged to work, and too nervous to rest. Often, the physician did not learn in time from the family how psychopathic, poorly inhibited, and poorly adjusted the patient had always been. While admitting that in some of these patients there are signs of a defect in the glands of internal secretion, I wish to emphasize the point that in many cases the principal or primary defect is probably in the brain and nervous system. I believe that the more or less unaccountable type of nervous breakdown, with profound asthenia, which lasts for years or throughout a long life is often an equivalent of insanity. It is a milder manifestation of the defect which, in other members of the family, has produced definite mental aberration. The sudden and unaccountable increases in asthenia and nervousness which are seen in these people are probably comparable with the flare-ups which occur at intervals during the lifetime of patients who are subject to manic depressive insanity.
The economic advantage of learners in a spot/futures market

This article examines the economic advantage of learners in a futures market. We develop a dynamic model of learning in which a spot market and futures market both exist for a real good. The economy is composed of producers who can engage in hedging activities, speculators who trade in the futures market, and consumers who are described by an inverse demand function for the underlying commodity. Producers and speculators are heterogeneous and are differentiated based upon the predictive equations they employ when formulating forecasts of next period's spot price. We derive the dynamic rational-expectations equilibrium of the model and show that learners enjoy an economic advantage in the futures market. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 23:151–167, 2003
Novel Parylene-N films deposited at liquid nitrogen temperatures

Abstract Vapor deposition polymerization of Parylene-N films at −196°C produces optically opaque, highly porous films. Film density averaged 0.195 g/cm3, more than five times less than that of conventional non-porous Parylene-N films deposited near room temperature, which have densities of 1.11 g/cm3. Deposition rates, measured as the change in film thickness per unit time, averaged 8.3 μm/min. This rate is more than two orders of magnitude greater than the deposition rates of nonporous films near room temperature, at otherwise fixed conditions of monomer delivery rate and deposition chamber pressure. On a mass deposition rate basis, the new low temperature film deposition rate is more than an order of magnitude faster than the corresponding rate at room temperature.
Molecular modeling to predict the structural and biological effects of mutations in a highly conserved histone mRNA loop sequence.

The 3′-end of histone mRNAs contains a highly conserved sequence motif which is believed to form a 6 base pair stem and a 4 base loop. These sequences are involved in both the efficiency of 3′-end ...
Factors controlling the rate of CaCO3 precipitation on Great Bahama Bank

Measurements by Langdon et al. [2000] in the man-made mesocosm coral reef at Biosphere 2's ocean reveal a strong dependence of calcification rate on the degree of supersaturation of CaCO 3 in seawater. A similar trend was previously encountered on the Bahama Banks, where Halimeda and other calcifiers are likely responsible for aragonite precipitation [Broecker and Takahashi, 1966]. In this paper we compare these two sets of results and conclude that the dependence on saturation state is significant but less strong in the Bahamas. However, it must be kept in mind that to some extent, the reduction in CaCO 3 precipitation on the Bahama Banks may be due to impact of higher salinity on the growth of the calcifying algae. However, if, as many sedimentologists are convinced, the precipitation of CaCO 3 on the Bahama Banks is inorganic [Macintyre and Reid, 1992; Milliman et al., 1993], then the comparison of the Bahamas and Biosphere 2 results for dependence of calcification rate on saturation state is telling us something quite different.
IMPROVED METHOD TO DISPERSE NANOPARTICLES FOR IN VITRO AND IN VIVO INVESTIGATION OF TOXICITY

Nanoparticles agglomerate and clump in solution, making it difficult to accurately deliver them for in vivo or in vitro experiments. Thus, experiments were conducted to determine the best method to suspend nanosized particles. Ultrafine and fine carbon black and titanium dioxide were suspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), rat and mouse bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and PBS containing dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and/or mouse serum albumin. To assess and compare how these various suspension media dispersed the nanoparticles, images were taken using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of this study show that PBS is not a satisfactory medium to prepare nanoparticle suspensions. However, BALF was an excellent media in which to suspend nanoparticles. The use of PBS containing protein or DPPC alone, in concentrations found in BALF, did not result in satisfactory particle dispersion. However, PBS-containing protein ...