cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Segmentation-Free Biometric Recognition Using Correlation Filters

Abstract In most biometric recognition studies, test biometric signatures (e.g., faces, irises, finger prints, etc.) are segmented from their background before they are compared to stored signatures. However, such segmentation is not easy to carry out in challenging imaging conditions. Here we show that correlation filters (CFs) can be used to avoid segmentation and achieve segmentation-free biometric recognition. CFs do not require the object of interest to first be localized or segmented. In this paper we review in detail the most popular CF design algorithms and discuss their different usages and advantages. We begin with still images and then explore their usage in image sequences or video and activity recognition. As an example of the power of CFs, experimental result are presented in this paper is in the area of recognizing people in videos using their ocular (eye) regions where common iris recognition techniques fails due to low resolution. We also discuss examples when CFs have been applied to recognize faces, to localize pedestrians, and to recognize pedestrian actions.
Cardiac Transplantation for Ischemic Heart Disease

According to recent data by the American Heart Association, Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) has a prevalence of 6.9% in the US population [1]. In 2002, 494,382 people died in the USA from the effects of CAD with a cost that reached 142.1 billion dollars in 2005 [1]. It is well established that patients with evidence of myocardial viability and target vessels for revascularization live longer with surgical revascularization as opposed to medical management especially if they have severe left ventricular dysfunction [2]. However, patients who reach end-stage ischemic ­cardiomyopathy without evidence of viability do not benefit from revascularization [2]. This chapter discusses transplantation as treatment for these patients with end-stage ischemic cardiomyopathy.
Initial steps in pyrimidine synthesis in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in vitro. 1. Factors affecting the incorporation of 14C-bicarbonate into carbon 2 of the uracil ring of the acid-soluble nucleotides of intact cells.

SUMMARY During short incubation in vitro of intact Ehrlich ascites cells, 14C-bicarbonate was incorporat,ed into carbon atom 2 of the uracil ring derived from intracellular, acid-soluble uridine nu- cleotides. The incorporation was almost completely inhibited by erotic acid added to t,he medium, with accumulation of radio- activity in carbamylaspartate, thus confirming that bicarbonate incorporation into uridine nucleotides occurs by erotic acid pathway in these cells. The incorporation was increased by glucose and glutamine or ammonia. Glutamine produced maximum incorporation at much lower external concentrations than ammonium chloride. The incorporation was inhibited by the glutamine analogues, 0-carbamyl-n-serine and 6-diazo-5-oxo-r-norleucine. The effectiveness of these analogues and azaserine in inhibit- ing pyrimidine synthesis in Ehrlich ascites cells was compared with their effectiveness in inhibiting the glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetase of crude extracts Escherichia coli. The dat,a suggest, and are consistent with, a synthesis of carbamyl phosphate in the Ehrlich ascites cell by an enzyme requiring bicarbonate and glutamine and the subsequent incor- poration of this carbamyl phosphate into uridine nucleotides by the erotic acid pathway. dcknowledgments-The
Axion cosmology with early matter domination

The default assumption of early Universe cosmology is that the postinflationary Universe was radiation dominated until it was about 47,000 years old. Direct evidence for the radiation-dominated epoch extends back until nucleosynthesis, which began during the first second. However there are theoretical reasons to prefer a period of earlier matter domination, prior to nucleosynthesis, e.g., due to late decaying massive particles needed to explain baryogenesis. Axion cosmology is quantitatively affected by an early period of matter domination, with a different axion mass range preferred and greater inhomogeneity produced on small scales. In this work we show that such increased inhomogeneity can lead to the formation of axion miniclusters in axion parameter ranges that are different from those usually assumed. If the reheating temperature is below 58 MeV, axion miniclusters can form even if the axion field is present during inflation and has been previously homogenized. The upper bound on the typical initial axion minicluster mass is raised from ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}\text{ }\text{ }{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$ to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}\text{ }\text{ }{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$, where ${M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$ is a solar mass. These results may have consequences for indirect detection of axion miniclusters, and could conceivably probe the thermal history of the Universe before nucleosynthesis.
Geriatrix: aging what you see and what you don't see a file system aging approach for modern storage systems

File system performance on modern primary storage devices (Flash-based SSDs) is greatly affected by aging of the free space, much more so than were mechanical disk drives. We introduce Geriatrix, a simple-to-use profile driven file system aging tool that induces target levels of fragmentation in both allocated files (what you see) and remaining free space (what you don't see), unlike previous approaches that focus on just the former. This paper describes and evaluates the effectiveness of Geriatrix, showing that it recreates both fragmentation effects better than previous approaches. Using Geriatrix, we show that measurements presented in many recent file systems papers are higher than should be expected, by up to 30% on mechanical (HDD) and up to 80% on Flash (SSD) disks. Worse, in some cases, the performance rank ordering of file system designs being compared are different from the published results. Geriatrix will be released as open source software with eight built-in aging profiles, in the hopes that it can address the need created by the increased performance impact of file system aging in modern SSD-based storage.
The Adolescent with Menorrhagia: Diagnostic Approach to a Suspected Bleeding Disorder

1. Rudi-Ann Graham, MD*,† 2. Joanna A. Davis, MD†,‡ 3. Fernando F. Corrales-Medina, MD*,†,‡ 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Holtz Children’s Hospital–Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Miami, FL 2. †Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami–Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 3. ‡University of Miami–Hemophilia Treatment Center, Miami, FL * Abbreviations: ACOG: : American Academy of Obstetrics and Gynecology COCP: : combined oral contraceptive pill DDAVP: : 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin FVIII: : factor VIII FIX: : factor IX GnRH: : gonadotropin-releasing hormone HMB: : heavy menstrual bleeding LNG-IUS: : levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system LTA: : light transmission aggregometry PBAC: : pictorial bleeding assessment calendar PFD: : platelet function defect TA: : tranexamic acid vWD: : von Willebrand disease vWF: : von Willebrand factor 1. To deliver comprehensive care to the adolescent with menorrhagia, clinicians should recognize patterns of menstrual loss that are atypical of that associated with physiologic hormonal changes. There remains a need for consideration of possible underlying bleeding diatheses when screening the adolescent with heavy menstrual bleeding. 2. Clinicians should be aware of the treatment modalities available to the adolescent with menorrhagia and an underlying bleeding disorder and understand when referral to a hematologist is indicated. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Define menorrhagia. 2. Use validated screening tools to identify menorrhagia. 3. Identify cases of menorrhagia in the adolescent that warrant further hematologic evaluation based on predictors noted on history and physical examination. 4. Review the most common bleeding disorders associated with menorrhagia in the adolescent and the diagnostic approach to each disorder. 5. Identify the hormonal and hematologic treatment modalities available for use in the adolescent with menorrhagia and understand the limitations of using each treatment in this age group. 6. Recognize when a referral to a pediatric hematologist/oncologist is indicated. Adolescent girls and young women often seek medical attention because of menorrhagia, or heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB). Menorrhagia is defined as menstrual bleeding lasting for more than 7 days, sanitary product use greater than 7 per day, and greater than 80 mL of …
Fast and convergent iterative image recovery using trained convolutional neural networks

Deep image mapping networks have been recently applied to solving some inverse problems in imaging due to their good mapping capabilities. However, the greater mapping capability can increase the chance of causing some artificial features when test images differ from training images. Combining image mapping networks with an iterative image recovery that naturally considers imaging system physics is an alternative approach to solving inverse problems. This alternative approach can avoid artificial features, by (back-)projecting the output signals of image mapping networks while considering the imaging system physics. By generalizing the state-of-the-art iterative image recovery algorithm using learned regularizer with iteration-wise image mapping networks, this paper proposes a new recurrent convolutional neural network, Momentum-Net. In addition, this paper investigates the theoretical convergence behavior of Momentum-Net. Numerical experiments show that, for ${a}$) denoising low signal-to-noise-ratio images, and ${b}$) sparse-view X-ray computed tomography, the proposed Momentum-Net achieves significantly more accurate and faster image recovery, compared to the state-of-the-art data-driven regularizer or the unsupervised autoencoding regularizer.
Microbial Correlates of Fusarium Load and Deoxynivalenol Content in Individual Wheat Kernels

Characteristics or constituents of plant-associated microbiomes may assist in constraining disease development. To investigate this possibility for the wheat-Fusarium head blight pathosystem, we assessed seed weight, pathogen load, deoxynivalenol content, and microbiome profiles for individual wheat kernels collected over 2 years from a disease-conducive environment. We found that the microbiomes of individual, hulled wheat kernels consist of dozens to greater than a hundred bacterial taxa and up to several dozen fungal taxa, and that year-to-year variation in microbiome structure was large. Measures of microbial community diversity were negatively correlated with measures of disease severity, and had significant power to explain variation in pathogen load among seeds. Several operational taxonomic units belonging to the genus Sphingomonas demonstrated particularly strong negative relationships with pathogen load. This study illuminates the composition of microbiomes associated with wheat kernels under disease-conducive field conditions, and suggests relationships between microbiome characteristics and Fusarium head blight that warrant further study.
Clinical Outcomes and Multidisciplinary Patterns of Failure for Olfactory Neuroblastoma: The Ohio State Experience.

Purpose Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is a rare head and neck cancer believed to be originated from neural crest cells of the olfactory membrane located in the roof of the nasal fossa. This study evaluates clinical outcomes and failure patterns in ONB patients of those patients treated with surgical resection at a high-volume tertiary cancer center. Methods and Materials Thirty-nine ONB patients who underwent surgical resection at our institution from 1996 to 2017 were retrospectively identified. Univariate, multivariate, and survival analysis were calculated using Cox regression analysis and Kaplan–Meier log-rank. Results Median follow-up time was 59 months (range: 5.2–236 months). The median overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) for the entire cohort were 15 and 7.6 years, respectively. The 5-year cumulative OS and DFS were 83 and 72%, respectively. The 5-year OS for low Hyams grade (LHG) versus high Hyams grade (HHG) was 95 versus 61% (p = 0.041). LHG was found in 66% of the early Kadish stage patients compared with 28% in the advanced Kadish stage patients (p = 0.057). On multivariate analysis, HHG and positive node status predicted for worse OS and only HHG predicted for worse DFS. Of note, five patients (all Kadish stage A) who received surgical resection alone had no observed deaths or recurrences with a median follow-up of 44 months (range: 5–235 months). Conclusion In this retrospective cohort, patients with positive nodes or HHG have significantly worse clinical outcomes. Future studies should explore treatment intensification for HHG or positive nodes.
Simulating lake and wetland areal coverage under future groundwater recharge projections: The Nebraska Sand Hills system

Abstract In a semi-arid climate, groundwater-fed endorheic lakes often have shallow depths and large areas of associated wetlands. These lake-wetland-aquifer systems are sensitive to land use and climate changes. Difficulties of modeling such systems include (a) tracking several thousand lakes and wetlands (LWs), and (b) evaluating major drivers of trends and fluctuations in LW areal coverage. Integrated hydrologic modeling of such systems is prohibitively expensive. We combine traditional groundwater flow modeling (MODFLOW), driven by modern and projected groundwater recharge (GR) estimates, with digital elevation model (DEM)-based geographic information system (GIS) terrain analyses. This approach can be a useful diagnostic tool for estimates of decade-averaged LW areas and numbers, and stream baseflow, facilitating conceptualization and design of more detailed modeling studies. We apply the approach to simulate dynamics of thousands of groundwater-fed LWs in the Nebraska Sand Hills, USA, under GCM-projected GR changes. Compared to the baseline period of 2000–2009, the model indicates an increase by 35% (from 2083 to 2804 km2) of decade-averaged LW area by the end of the 21st century under the Median GR projection, with GR averaging 55.3 mm/yr from 2010 through 2099 (5% increase). Under the same GR projection, the overall numbers of LW is simulated to increase by 18% (from 7331 to 8666). The uncertainty range in the hydrologic response of the system caused by differences among GR projections (Wet and Dry) are also evaluated.
Capreomycin resistance prediction in two species of Mycobacterium using a stacked ensemble method.

Aims Predicting bacterial resistance provides valuable information that can assist in clinical decisions. With recent advances in whole genome sequencing technology, the detection of antibiotic resistance (AR) proteins directly from genomic data is becoming feasible. AR genes/proteins can be identified using best-hit methods that work by comparing candidate sequences with known AR genes in public databases. However, these approaches may fail to detect resistance genes with sequences that differ significantly from known sequences. Our goal is to develop a machine learning technique to accurately predict capreomycin resistance in Mycobacteria with low false discovery rates. Methods and results We present a stacked ensemble learning model as an alternative to traditional DNA sequence alignment-based methods using optimal features generated from the physicochemical, evolutionary and secondary structure properties of protein sequences. We train logistic regression, C5.0 and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms as our base classifiers, and our stacked ensemble predictors combine the results from the base classifiers to achieve higher accuracy. Compared with our most accurate base classifier (SVM), our most accurate stacked ensemble predictor increases training accuracy by 2·43%. Our stacked ensemble predictors achieve test accuracy up to 81·25%. Conclusions We developed a stacked ensemble model to predict capreomycin resistance for Mycobacteria with an accuracy >80% using protein sequences with sequence similarity ranging between 10% and 70%. This performance cannot be achieved with best-hit methods due to differences in sequence similarity. Significance and impact of the study Today an estimated one-half million cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) occur annually worldwide at a great cost. Because capreomycin is a second-line drug used to treat drug-resistant TB, the ability to use a machine learning approach to classify capreomycin-resistant TB in a timely manner is crucial for the successful treatment of MDR or XDR TB.
Biological control of Phytophthora blight by Pseudomonas protegens strain 14D5

Foliage blight caused by Phytophthora nicotianae and Ph. tropicalis is an important disease of annual vinca (Catharanthus roseus). In this study, 121 strains of Pseudomonas species originally recovered from recycled irrigation water were evaluated in vitro and in planta for their biological control potentials against this disease. We found 12 strains belonging to Ps. granadensis and Ps. protegens that reduced the radial growth of colonies of Ph. nicotianae isolate 3A12 by >91% in 6-well plates. They also reduced the radial growth of 3A12 and Ph. tropicalis isolate 7G9 by at least 82 and 54%, respectively, in 10-cm plates. In planta, Ps. protegens strain 14D5 reduced the infection by isolate 3A12 on four cultivars of annual vinca by 36 to 59%. Disease control efficacy of 14D5 against isolate 7G9 ranged from 23 to 45% depending on the plant cultivar. Secondary metabolites produced by strain 14D5 significantly reduced the radial growth of both Phytophthora isolates 3A12 and 7G9 in liquid media. Treatments containing these metabolites also reduced encystment, germination, and survival rates of zoospores of isolate 3A12, and foliage blight severity on C. roseus ‘Pacifica Punch Xp’ caused by 3A12. Treatments containing live cells and metabolites of 14D5 resulted in higher zoospore mortality and disease reduction than those only containing metabolites. These findings indicated that producing anti-Phytophthora secondary metabolites is likely the major mode of action of stain 14D5, while other mechanisms such as parasitism might be involved in its biological control against Phytophthora foliage blight.
Lupeol is a novel agent for skin cancer chemoprevention: Modulation of NFκB and Akt pathways.

3152 Chemoprevention has come of age as an effective cancer control modality, however, the search for novel agent(s) for the armamentarium of cancer chemoprevention continues. We argue that agents capable to inhibit promotion stage of tumorigenesis with ability to intervene at more than one critical pathway in the tumorigenesis process will have greater advantage over other single-target agents. Lupeol [Lup-20 (29)-en-3 β-ol], a triterpene is the principal constituent of common fruit plants such as olive, mango, fig and medicinal herbs that have been used to treat skin aliments. Lupeol has been reported to possess a wide range of medicinal properties both under in vitro and in vivo conditions that include strong anti-oxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-malarial and anti-arthritic effects. Lupeol has been shown to afford protection against benzoyl peroxide induced toxicity in mouse skin. In the present study, we evaluated whether lupeol possess anti-tumor promoting effects in a mouse skin tumorigenesis model. We first determined the effect of topical application of lupeol to CD-1 mouse against 12-O-tetradecanoyl- phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)- induced conventional markers, and other novel markers of skin tumor promotion. We found that topical application of lupeol (1- 2 mg / mouse) 30 min prior to TPA (3.2 nmole/mouse) application onto the skin of CD-1 mice afforded significant inhibition, in a time and dose-dependent manner, against TPA-mediated increase in (i) skin edema and hyperplasia, and (ii) epidermal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and protein expression of ODC, cycloxygenase-2 and nitric oxide synthase. Because of the role of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) /Akt signaling in tumor promotion, we next determined the effect of topical application of lupeol to mouse skin against these signaling pathways. We found that lupeol treatment to mouse skin resulted in inhibition of TPA-induced (i) activation of PI3K, (ii) phosphorylation of Akt at Thr308, (iii) activation of NFκB and IKKα, and degradation of IKBα. We next assessed the effect of skin application of lupeol on TPA-induced skin tumor promotion in 7, 12-dimethybenz(a)anthracene-initiated CD-1 mouse. The animals pretreated with lupeol showed significantly reduced tumor incidence, lower tumor body burden and a significant delay in the latency period for tumor appearance. At the termination of the experiment at 28 weeks, 100% of the animals in TPA treated group exhibited 7-8 tumors / mouse whereas only 53% of the mice receiving lupeol prior to TPA treatment exhibited 1-3 tumors /mouse. These results for the first time provide evidence that lupeol possesses anti-skin-tumor promoting effects in CD-1 mouse and being capable to inhibit conventional as well as novel biomarkers of tumor promotion. We suggest that lupeol must also be evaluated in tumor models other than skin carcinogenesis.
220-to-330-GHz Manifold Triplexer With Wide Stopband Utilizing Ridged Substrate Integrated Waveguides

This article reports a three-channel, noncontiguous, manifold multiplexer operating from 220 to 330 GHz, a 40% fractional operating bandwidth. The structure is designed and implemented using a set of ridged substrate integrated waveguides (SIWs). The ridged SIW improves the stopband bandwidth and reduces the overall structure size by 35% over a conventional SIW design. The triplexer utilizes an organic package substrate technology developed by Intel, featuring four thick copper metal layers and continuous trench vias in lieu of standard via fences, which significantly decrease the ohmic loss of the ridged SIW waveguides. Electromagnetic-circuit modeling and codesign techniques are adopted in the development of the triplexer structure. The fabricated triplexer is measured using banded millimeter-wave wafer probing and exhibits 3~7 dB of insertion loss in the passbands and better than 10 dB of average return loss for each of the channel filters. The measured stopband attenuation is better than 27 dB for all three channels.
SENSITIVITY AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS OF INTEGRAL PHYSICS PARAMETERS IN HIGH-CONVERSION REACTOR SYSTEMS

In this paper a detailed sensitivity and uncertainty analysis is performed for several parameters of interest in the design of the high-conversion reactor (HCR) concept. The main goals of this work are to determine the response standard deviation due to basic nuclear data uncertainties and to incorporate integral experiment information from the PROTEUS facility to reduce the computed uncertainties, where possible. The results for reactivity and five important reaction rate ratios (at the 0% void state) that are part of the measurement program in the PROTEUS phase II experiments are highlighted. In addition, the void coefficient at both low void and high void is studied. The computed correlation coefficients between the PROTEUS and HCR models are uniformly high for all responses. This indicates that a reduction in uncertainty can be achieved within the measurement uncertainty and that the PROTEUS experiments were ideal for the physics characterization of HCR responses.
Reply: COVID-19 and Pulmonary Embolism: Diagnostic Imaging Trends.

REPLY: We wanted to thank Karimzadeh and colleagues for their thoughtful comments on our editorial entitled, “Diagnostic Evaluation of Pulmonary Embolism During the COVID-19 Pandemic” ([1][1]). Perforce, any response to an evolving crisis will be based on incomplete data and best judgments.
Utility of Coronary Artery Calcium Score for Coronary Artery Disease Screening among Severely Ill Liver Transplant Candidates: Case Series

Noninvasive cardiac stress testing is essential to screen liver transplant (LT) candidates for the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, cardiac stress testing may not be clinically feasible in some patients, especially among those who require intensive care for an extended period of time, before being listed for LT. The utility of coronary artery calcium (CAC) score as a potential noninvasive screening test for CAD in place of cardiac stress testing among critically ill intensive care unit (ICU)-bound LT recipients has not been well studied. We report 4 LT recipients who were screened for CAD only with CAC score before listing for LT. Our results suggest that CAC score may be a useful test to screen for CAD in severely ill ICU-bound LT recipients with low risk for coronary heart disease, who are not candidates for cardiac stress testing. Such recipients requiring intensive care, with CAC score of 0A may safely forgo cardiac stress testing prior to LT. Future prospective studies with a bigger sample size and longer follow-up would be helpful to validate our findings.
Answering Schrödinger's "What Is Life?"

In his "What Is Life?" Schrodinger poses three questions: (1) What is the source of order in organisms? (2) How do organisms remain ordered in the face of the Second Law of Thermodynamics? (3) Are new laws of physics required? He answers his first question with his famous "aperiodic solid". He leaves his second and third questions unanswered. I try to show that his first answer is also the answer to his second question. Aperiodic solids such as protein enzymes are "boundary conditions" that constrain the release of energy into a few degrees of freedom in non-equilibrium processes such that thermodynamic work is done. This work propagates and builds structures and controls processes. These constitute his causally efficacious "code script" controlling development. The constrained release of energy also delays the production of entropy that can be exported from cells as it forms. Therefore, cells remain ordered. This answers his second question. However, "What is life?" must also ask about the diachronic evolution of life. Here, the surprising answer to this extended version of Schrodinger's third question is that there are no new entailing laws of physics. No laws at all entail the evolution of ours or any biosphere.
CK2 in Organ Development, Physiology, and Homeostasis

The serine/threonine kinase CK2 is associated with a wide variety of cellular processes, including cell growth, cell proliferation, and cell apoptosis. These cellular processes are vital for proper cell function, organogenesis, embryogenesis, and organ homeostasis. Indeed, CK2 is essential for embryonic development in different model organisms; however, the cellular, biochemical, molecular, and signaling mechanisms that CK2 utilizes to control embryo development are poorly defined. In this chapter, we review the effect of CK2α knockout in the developing organs and review the literature to understand the role of CK2α in organ formation. Published studies show roles for CK2 in the control of embryonic organ development, as well as a role for CK2α in organ homeostasis and physiology. In addition, CK2 also plays a role in a number of organ diseases.
Patient Case Report Daptomycin Holiday-A Daptomycin Dosing Strategy for Asymptomatic Increases in Creatine Phosphokinase Levels.

Daptomycin possesses excellent activity against many multidrug-resistant gram positive organisms. However, a side effect of concern with daptomycin is skeletal muscle injury, which is manifested in...
The Tao of PAO: Anatomy of a Pin Access Oracle for Detailed Routing

Pin accessibility has been widely studied, particularly in recent works that span detailed placement optimization, standard cell layout optimization and new design rule-aware access model. However, to our knowledge, no previous work has described a full solution for pin access analysis, with validations on real detailed routing benchmarks. This paper presents a complete, robust, scalable and design rule-aware dynamic programming-based pin access analysis framework that is capable of both standard cell-based and instance-based pin access analysis. Integration into the open-source TritonRoute router results in superior solution quality compared to previous best-known results for the official ISPD-2018 benchmark suite.
Tools to Increase Resident Aesthetic Clinic Volume.

Resident Aesthetic Clinics (RACs) are an important element for training in plastic surgery residency programs. RACs provide increased exposure to aesthetic surgery as well as greater autonomy in clinical decision making. In an effort to increase RAC volume and thereby enhance resident education, we made two important changes to our operations. First, we reduced the resident surgeons’ fees by 75%, and second, we began utilizing social media to promote our residency program and their involvement in aesthetic surgery. Total RAC cases were queried using a RAC specific billing code and individual chief resident case logs for quality control. To generate an accurate timeframe, cases and procedures were compared from 18 months before and after the implemented changes. We found that the number of cases and procedures increased by 135% and 255%, respectively. The five most commonly performed procedures were liposuction, augmentation mammoplasty, abdominoplasty, mastopexy, and rhytidectomy. By both reducing the resident surgeons’ fee and promoting the RAC on social media, we have demonstrated a pronounced increase in both cases and procedures performed by residents. As other institutions seek to increase resident exposure to aesthetic surgery, they may consider similar changes to these. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors: www.springer.com/00266 ."
Simulation-based approaches to characterize metagenome coverage as a function of sequencing effort and microbial community structure

We applied simulation-based approaches to characterize how microbial community structure influences the amount of sequencing effort to reconstruct metagenomes that are assembled from short read sequences. An initial analysis evaluated the quantity, completion, and contamination of complete-metagenome-assembled genome (complete-MAG) equivalents, a bioinformatic-pipeline normalized 12 metric for MAG quantity, as a function of sequencing effort, on four preexisting sequence read datasets taken from a maize soil, an estuarine sediment, the surface ocean, and the human gut. These datasets were subsampled to varying degrees of completeness in order to simulate the effect of sequencing effort on MAG retrieval. Modeling suggested that sequencing efforts beyond what is typical in published experiments (1 to 10 Gbp) would generate diminishing returns in terms of MAG binning. A second analysis explored the theoretical relationship between sequencing effort and the proportion of available metagenomic DNA sequenced during a sequencing experiment as a function of community richness, evenness, and genome size. Simulations from this analysis demonstrated that while community richness and evenness influenced the amount of sequencing required to sequence a community metagenome to exhaustion, the effort necessary to sequence an individual genome to a target fraction of exhaustion was only dependent on the relative abundance of the corresponding organism and its genome size. A software tool, GRASE, was created to assist investigators further explore this relationship. Re-evaluation of the relationship between sequencing effort and binning success in the context of the relative abundance of genomes, as opposed to base pairs, provides a framework to design sequencing experiments based on the relative abundance of microbes in an environment rather than arbitrary levels of sequencing effort.
Distributed Optimal Conservation Voltage Reduction in Integrated Primary-Secondary Distribution Systems

This paper proposes an asynchronous distributed leader-follower control method to achieve conservation voltage reduction (CVR) in three-phase unbalanced distribution systems by optimally scheduling smart inverters of distributed energy resources (DERs). One feature of the proposed method is to consider integrated primary-secondary distribution networks and voltage dependent loads. To ease the computational complexity introduced by the large number of secondary networks, we partition a system into distributed leader-follower control zones based on the network connectivity. To address the non-convexity from the nonlinear power flow and load models, a feedback-based linear approximation using instantaneous power and voltage measurements is proposed. This enables the online implementation of the proposed method to achieve fast tracking of system variations led by DERs. Another feature of the proposed method is the asynchronous implementations of the leader-follower controllers, which makes it compatible with non-uniform update rates and robust against communication delays and failures. Numerical tests are performed on a real distribution feeder in Midwest U. S. to validate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.
Large-scale switchable potentiostatically controlled/microbial fuel cell bioelectrochemical wastewater treatment system.

Abstract The treatment of municipal wastewater is an energy-intensive process, with the delivery of oxygen as an electron acceptor accounting for a significant share of the total energy consumption. Microbial communities growing on polarized electrodes can facilitate wastewater treatment processes by exchanging electrons with the electrodes. As a new approach, we combined the use of polarized electrodes with microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to develop a switchable dual-mode bioelectrochemical wastewater treatment system. In this system, we first enriched microbial communities on polarized anodes and cathodes. After enrichment, the system was switched to either a self-powered MFC (SP-MFC) mode or a potentiostatically controlled (PC) mode. The system was evaluated at the laboratory scale (260 L, 4 anode and cathode pairs) and the pilot scale (1200 L, 16 anode and cathode pairs). PC and SP-MFC systems showed improved COD removal relative to control (41.6 ± 3.5 and 38.4 ± 3.1 vs 28.8 ± 2.1 mg L−1 d−1, respectively). The laboratory-scale system was operated without biological or electrical interruption for one year. Finally, specific enrichment of active microbial communities was observed on PC anodes in comparison to mixed-operation and non-polarized control anodes. The combined PC and SP-MFC systems allowed us to develop a sustainable and failure-free bioelectrochemical wastewater treatment system.
Photodynamic Therapy Using Hippo Pathway Inhibitor Verteporfin: A Potential Dual Mechanistic Approach in Treatment of Soft Tissue Sarcomas

Sarcoma is a widely varied and devastating oncological subtype, with overall five-year survival of 65% that drops to 16% with the presence of metastatic disease at diagnosis. Standard of care for localized sarcomas is predicated on local control with wide-local resection and radiation therapy, or, less commonly, chemotherapy, depending on tumor subtype. Verteporfin has the potential to be incorporated into this standard of care due to its unique molecular properties: inhibition of the upregulated Hippo pathway that frequently drives soft tissue sarcoma and photodynamic therapy-mediated necrosis due to oxidative damage. The initial anti-proliferative effect of verteporfin is mediated via binding and dissociation of YAP/TEAD proteins from the nucleus, ultimately leading to decreased cell proliferation as demonstrated in multiple in vitro studies. This effect has the potential to be compounded with use of photodynamic therapy to directly induce cellular necrosis with use of a clinical laser. Photodynamic therapy has been incorporated into multiple malignancies and has the potential to be incorporated into sarcoma treatment.
The Names of Things: The 2018 Bernard Sachs Lecture

Abstract In 2018, I was honored to receive the Bernard Sachs Award for a lifetime of work expanding knowledge of diverse neurodevelopmental disorders. Summarizing work over more than 30 years is difficult but is an opportunity to chronicle the dramatic changes in the medical and scientific world that have transformed the field of Child Neurology over this time, as reflected in my own work. Here I have chosen to highlight five broad themes of my research beginning with my interest in descriptive terms that drive wider understanding and my choice for the title of this review. From there I will go on to contrast the state of knowledge as I entered the field with the state of knowledge today for four human brain malformations–lissencephaly, megalencephaly, cerebellar malformations, and polymicrogyria. For all, the changes have been dramatic.
Consumer Demand—Empirical Analysis II

This chapter discusses empirical implementation of the systems of demand functions approach presented in the last two chapters. I address questions of functional form specification and statistical specification. The functional form question has been a long-standing issue in the area of consumer demand analysis. There are scores of functional forms and a comprehensive review on the possibilities, strengths, and weaknesses is not possible in this book. A brief review is given of the most significant functional forms in the literature. The approaches to functional form specification are based on: (i) direct derivation from the utility function, (ii) directly specified demand functions, (iii) derivation using duality theory applied to locally flexible functional forms, and (iv) derivation from globally flexible functional forms. The focus is on the two well-known workhorses in econometric analysis: the Rotterdam model (RM), and the almost ideal demand system (AIDS). Additional discussion centers on extensions of these two models to more general models which are currently finding popularity. These models include the CBS and NBER differential demand systems, and the EASI demand system.
Engineering the Minds of the Future: An Intergenerational Approach to Cognitive Technology

The first part of this article makes the case that human cognition is an intergenerational project enabled by the inheritance and bequeathal of cognitive technology (Sects. 2–4). The final two sections of the article (Sects. 5 and 6) explore the normative significance of this claim. My case for the intergenerational claim draws results from multiple disciplines: philosophy (Sect. 2), cultural evolutionary approaches in cognitive science (Sect. 3), and developmental psychology and neuroscience (Sect. 4). In Sect. 5, I propose that cognitive technology should be given to future generations in accordance with principles of pluralism and transparency. In the final main section of the article, Sect. 6, I apply these principles to topics such as the preservation of information, environmental offloading of cognition, and thinking itself.
The Importance of Investor Heterogeneity: An Examination of the Corporate Bond Market

Corporate bond market participants are increasingly worried about liquidity. However, bid-ask spreads and other standard measures indicate liquidity has not deteriorated significantly. This paper proposes a potential reconciliation. We show the sensitivity of credit yields to bid-ask spreads increased fourfold from 2005 to 2019. We then provide a model that connects this change to the rapid growth of mutual funds in the corporate bond market. The model features heterogeneous investors with different trading needs who choose between a risk-free asset and illiquid bonds. As the risk-free rate declines, more short-term investors reach for yield and enter the bond market. These short-term investors reduce the selling pressure in each sub-market and so the bid-ask spreads. However, their greater trading needs amplify the sensitivity of credit yields to the bid-ask spreads, leading to a larger liquidity component. We next test the model’s predictions using detailed data on investor holdings in the U.S. As predicted, we find investor turnover is associated with larger effects of illiquidity on credit yields. Bonds with more short-term investors are traded at lower bid-ask spreads, but their credit yields are more sensitive to the bid-ask spreads. Finally, we look across countries and show that, consistent with the model, larger declines in risk-free rates are associated with higher growth in mutual fund shares. These results highlight the key role that investor heterogeneity plays in determining how liquidity is priced into corporate bond yields and firms’ financing conditions.
INTERACTIONS OF FERMIONS WITH SPHERICALLY SYMMETRIC MONOPOLES

The formalism of Rubakov and Callan is generalized to all spherically symmetric monopoles that satisfy the Wilkinson-Goldhaber conditions, coupled to fermions in any representation of the gauge group.
Genipin crosslinking of cartilage enhances resistance to biochemical degradation and mechanical wear

Collagen crosslinking enhances many beneficial properties of articular cartilage, including resistance to chemical degradation and mechanical wear, but many crosslinking agents are cytotoxic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of genipin, a crosslinking agent with favorable biocompatibility and cytotoxicity, as a potential treatment to prevent the degradation and wear of articular cartilage. First, the impact of genipin concentration and treatment duration on the viscoelastic properties of bovine articular cartilage was quantified. Next, two short-term (15 min) genipin crosslinking treatments were chosen, and the change in collagenase digestion, cartilage wear, and the friction coefficient of the tissue with these treatments was measured. Finally, chondrocyte viability after exposure to these genipin treatments was assessed. Genipin treatment increased the stiffness of healthy, intact cartilage in a dose-dependent manner. The 15-min crosslinking treatments improved cartilage's resistance to both chemical degradation, particularly at the articular surface, and to damage due to mechanical wear. These enhancements were achieved without sacrificing the low coefficient of friction of the tissue and at a genipin dose that preserved chondrocyte viability. The results of this study suggest that collagen crosslinking via genipin may be a promising preventative treatment to slow the degradation of cartilage.
Survival Swimming Techniques

(1979). Survival Swimming Techniques. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 50, Including Leisure Today, pp. 73-75.
An Investigation of Pooled Purchasing, Asset Complementarities, and Increased Debt Capacity as Sources of Value Creation in Diversifying Acquisitions

In this paper, we take a broad product markets approach to examine the sources of value creation in diversifying acquisitions. We find that our proxies for the merging firms’ change in purchasing concentration are positively related to the combined wealth effect of merging firms, negatively related to the change in cogs-to-sales of merging firms, and negatively related to the wealth effects of common supplier industry firms and rival firms. Furthermore, we document post-acquisition decreases in output prices for the main common supplier industry. The above results cannot be explained by negative demand shocks in acquiring firm industries. These results highlight the benefits of pooled purchasing in diversifying acquisitions. Additionally, greater asset complementarities and increased debt capacity also generate larger gains for the merging firms.
Sources of Methane: An Overview

The sources of methane are the most complex and critical element in understanding the concentrations of atmospheric methane and their trends. For those who want to reduce methane in the atmosphere or prevent it from increasing, controlling the sources is perhaps the only practical approach. Accordingly,.a significant portion of this book is devoted to estimating the global and regional emission rates. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the subsequent chapters on individual sources and to lay the foundation for the common elements of determining global emission rates from the many and varied sources of methane.
Constraints on torsion from bounds on lorentz violation.

Exceptional sensitivity to spacetime torsion can be achieved by searching for its couplings to fermions. Recent experimental searches for Lorentz violation are exploited to extract new constraints involving 19 of the 24 independent torsion components down to levels of order ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}31}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$.
Laboratory and computer tests for Carson's FM bandwidth rule

The commonly cited significance for Carson's FM bandwidth is that it defines spectral limits which contain 98% or more of the spectrum power. The 98% rule typically requires enough computations to discourage its application for in-situ laboratory type measurements. Furthermore, the 98% rule will only provide an upper bound for Carson's bandwidth rule. What is suggested in this paper is a more direct, simpler approach which provides both upper and lower bounds. The sideband reduction method described, is based on taking visual cues for sideband reduction levels measured with respect to the unmodulated carrier. Computations required by the method are not extensive. In addition, the sideband reduction method is confirmable using an FFT test on the computer.
COCAINE AND COCAINE METABOLITE RESPONSES IN NEWBORN GUINEA PIG CEREBRAL ARTERIES. 457

Prenatal cocaine exposure in the human fetus is associated with neurologic and developmental morbidity. These sequelae may be related, in part, to the effect of cocaine on cerebral vascular tone and reactivity. Following maternal cocaine administration, cocaine pharmacodynamics in fetal guinea pigs, including placental transfer and cocaine and metabolite concentrations, closely resemble those in humans. Guinea pigs, therefore, are an excellent model for investigating the perinatal effects of cocaine. However, the acute cerebral vascular effects of cocaine in this model are unknown. Using video microscopy of cannulated, pressurized newborn guinea pig cerebral arteries(baseline diameter 280±35μm at 3-14days), we studied the acute effects of cocaine and its major metabolites on cerebral vascular tone. Transluminal pressure was maintained at 10mmHg; in vitro segment length approximated in vivo length. Cocaine and several metabolites elicited dose-dependent constriction (figure): cocaine> benzoylecgonine > cocaethylene > > norcocaine > ecgonine methyl ester. Cocaine-elicited vasoconstriction was attenuated by phentolamine, an α-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Newborn guinea pig cerebral arteries demonstrate significant vasoconstriction to cocaine and its metabolites, thus providing an ideal model to further study the cerebral vascular sequelae of prenatal cocaine exposure. Supported by NIH DA07607.
Angular dependence of field-induced phase transitions in αFe2O3

The angular dependence of the field-induced phase transitions in single crystal αFe2O3 are measured below TM(260°K) with a torquemeter. There sults are in good agreement with calculations which include a fourth-order anisotropy. For magnetic fields above the high field transitions, no anisotropy is detected between susceptibilities along the principal axes.