cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Broadly tunable oscillator–amplifier system using lithium (F 2 + )A centers in KCl

An oscillator–amplifier system has been constructed using (F2+)A centers in KCl:Li crystals and a 1.41-μm laser pump generated by Raman shifting a 1.06-μm Nd:YAG line in liquid nitrogen. Output energies of 2.3 mJ and peak powers exceeding 0.4 MW were achieved. The system was tuned continuously over the 2.0–2.4-μm spectral wavelength range.
The criticality of four nuclear energy metals

Abstract Concerns about the future balance between the supply and demand of metals have inspired research to define and assess metal criticality. Here we apply a comprehensive criticality methodology to four metals with uses in nuclear energy: zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), thorium (Th), and uranium (U). 2008 criticality assessments for these metals were made on the national level for the United States and on the global level. The results and uncertainty estimates in three-dimensional “criticality space” are comprised of supply risk (SR), vulnerability to supply restriction (VSR), and environmental implications (EI) axes. The SR score is the highest for zirconium over both the medium term (i.e., 5–10 years) and the long term (i.e., a few decades). The cradle-to-gate EI score is highest for uranium, followed by hafnium and then thorium, with impacts due to a combination of on-site emissions and upstream burdens from the use of energy and materials during mineral processing and refining. Uranium has the highest VSR score at the national level, and the second highest at the global level. Zirconium is the most vulnerable at the global level. In general, SR for the four metals are reasonably high for the United States and more moderate for the planet, while EI and VSR scores are low to moderate. Overall, the criticality of the metals analyzed appears not to be of high concern, either nationally or globally.
Acclimation of Rainbow Trout to High pH to Prevent Stocking Mortality in Summer

Abstract Rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, were exposed to gradual and rapid increases in pH to determine if they would acclimate to values above 9.0. The trout became acclimated to a pH of 9.8 when they were exposed to gradual increases over a period of 5 days. When trout were exposed to an increase of pH to 9.5 in 6 hours, marked stress and 50% mortality occurred. However, when the pH increase was to 9.3 in 6 hours, the trout only had a temporary loss of appetite.
Women in nineteenth century homeopathic medicine

The novels,Dr. Breen's Practice andDr. Zay provide the twentieth century reader with some interesting and intimate insights into nineteenth century homeopathy as practiced by two women physicians. It becomes apparent after reading these two books that the existing knowledge about women in homeopathic medicine is inadequate to answer the questions that the novels raise. More investigation in this area would help illuminate the motivations women had to enter medicine, as well as their reasons for choosing homeopathy over regular medicine. It would also help us understand the conflicting images we have of women physicians between strident reformer and scientific physician, and what led women like Clemence Lozier and Elizabeth Blackwell to choose one path over (or in addition to) the other.
Molecules in space and life on earth

Abstract Having recently attended the 1979 meeting of the ICSU Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) which was held in Bangalore, India, Simon Black reports that within the general context of the uses o f space research in the struggle for human survival on this small and crowded planet, COSPAR, in addition to reviewing the application of satellites for the management of water resources and prospecting for new mineral resources, discussed two topics of particular interest to biochemists — chemical evolution in space and early biological evolution on earth.
A Test of Factors Hypothesized to Influence Biomass of Salmonids in Rocky Mountain Streams

ABSTRACT Weight-length relationships provide a tool to assess the body condition of brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations inhabiting stream reaches where stressors, such as metals, have chronic, sub-lethal toxic impacts. A previously published brown trout standard-weight equation, Ws, overestimated Colorado brown trout weights. Weight-length data from 16 Colorado brown trout populations (n = 9, 8 16) were used to develop a regional standard weight (Wcl) equation based on fish from waters free of metal contamination. Relative-weights (Wr) were then compared between metal-contaminated and metal-free streams in Colorado using the Wcl equation. Brown trout Wr's were lower in metal contaminated streams than in stream reaches uncontaminated by metals. The development and use of regional standard weight equations is recommended to help assess the weight of brown trout inhabiting metal-contaminated stream reaches.
Pathways to Adolescent Political Participation across Race and Ethnicity

This study assesses impacts of racial/ethnic identification on adolescent civic development to inform interventions to counter civic disconnect on the part of ethnic minority youths. Analyses of 4 years of national Monitoring the Future data find that Black and Latino adolescents hold negative political attitudes and low rates of political behavior. Structural equation models find dissimilarities in paths between political attitudes and behaviors for White, Black, Latino, and Asian adolescents. Findings suggest that political attitudes may operate as precursors to political behavior in different ways across races/ethnicities. Implications for civic interventions and future minority youth civic development research are discussed.
Effective optical constants and effective optical properties of ultrathin trilayer structures

Abstract This work presents an extension of the characteristic effective medium approximation (CEMA) to ultrathin trilayer systems. The extension has been carried out analytically and is supported by corresponding calculations of the effective optical constants of Cu–Au–Cu and Ag–SiO–Ag trilayer systems using the CEMA approximation. This work is in essence a generalization of the characteristic effective medium approximation introduced earlier for ultrathin bilayer structures. This method is used to derive the effective optical constants of a trilayer system, consisting of three thin layers with each constituent layer of thickness much less than the wavelength of the incident radiation. Within this regime a trilayer system is viewed as one effective layer referred to as an effective stack (ES) with well defined effective optical constants, which can be used to calculate the optical properties of the trilayer stack within a specified wavelength range. The CEMA based calculations of the effective optical constants are applied to two trilayer systems with a total of five stacks. Three are Cu–Au–Cu and two are Ag–SiO–Ag stacks. The thicknesses of the parent layers in the Cu–Au–Cu stack range from 3 to 30 nm for Cu and 4 to 40 nm for Au; in the Ag–SiO–Ag stack the constituent layers are 6 nm for Ag, but range from 5 to 10 nm for SiO. This study is for normal or near normal incidence spectroscopy in a wavelength range that extends from visible to near infrared. The agreement between CEMA based ES stack results and those of the standard CMT technique is very satisfactory.
Nonparametric symmetry tests for circular distributions

SUMMARY In this paper the locally most powerful rank test for testing the symmetry axis of a symmetric circular distribution is derived. Then an efficiency expression for a class of linear rank tests is obtained. The results are applied to the class of vonMises distributions and efficiency results for the sign test and the Wilcoxon test are calculated. 1. INTRODIUCTION Circular distributions are encountered in many areas of scientific investigation. Perhaps the most important example is the distribution of phases of periodic phenomena, for example, in biology and physics. Another area of application is the analysis of directions, for example, in earth sciences, migration, etc. Several examples are given by Batschelet (1965). Assume that Xl, ..., Xn are independent observations from a random variable, which takes its values on the unit circle. In this paper we are concerned with the problem of finding nonparametric tests for the hypothesis that the underlying distribution is symmetric with respect to the horizontal axis against the alternative of a displaced or rotated centre of symmetry. We proceed as follows: First we obtain a locally most powerful rank test against rotation alternatives, ? 2. After studying the distribution of a class of related test statistics under the hypothesis as well as under alternatives, ? 3, we derive the efficiency of such test sequences with respect to parametric competitors and we show that a fully efficient nonparametric test exists, ? 4. Finally, we apply some of the results to the class of von Mises distributions, ? 5.
Breakfast on Wheels

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To determine the effect of a breakfast service from a cart on pediatric patients calorie and protein intake and satisfaction. On the Pediatric Unit at Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center (RPSLMC) an alternative meal service, a breakfast food cart, was initiated. The breakfast cart concept provided the children and parents with tantalizing, nutritious, and children friendly breakfast items to spark the childrens' appetite (increasing calorie and protein intake), permitted parents to select breakfast with their children, and provided an area for children and parents to eat together. The staff at RPSLMC hypothesized that this concept would enhance the childrens' consumption and patient satisfaction. For nine days pre/post implementation of the breakfast cart, breakfast menus were collected from toddler-adolescent patients, and analyzed for calories and protein utilizing CBORD (CBORD, INC., Ithaca, NY). Patient satisfaction surveys were distributed. Nutrition analysis of pre-implementation menus (n=78) revealed a protein intake of x: 5.9 grams (Range: 1.6-9.9 grams) and calories x: 187 calories (Range: 50-300 calories) compared to protein intake x: 9.98 grams (Range: 0-29.1 grams) and calories x: 466 (Range: 42-925 calories) for post breakfast cart implementation for the breakfast meal (n=59). Our post breakfast implementation patient satisfaction surveys tended to increase in all dimensions including: the taste, variety, amount and temperature of food, time of breakfast service, courtesy of servers and patients/parents overall expectations. A significant increase in patient satisfaction survey results was noted for time of breakfast service U=72.0, p=0.003 and temperature of the food U=61.0 p=0.0008. A positive trend in our patient satisfaction surveys and patient intake have followed the initiation of our pediatric breakfast cart.
Effect of Thermal Annealing and Second Harmonic Generation on Bulk Damage Performance of Rapid-Growth KDP Type I Doublers at 1064 nm

This paper discusses the results of thermal annealing and in-situ second harmonic generation (SHG) damage tests performed on six rapid growth KDP type 1 doubler crystals at 1064 nm (1(omega) ) on the Zeus automated damage test facility. Unconditioned (S/1) and conditioned (R/1) damage probability tests were performed before and after thermal annealing, then with and without SHG on six doubler crystals from the NIF-size, rapid growth KDP boule F6. The tests revealed that unannealed, last-grown material from the boule in either prismatic or pyramidal sectors exhibited the highest damage curves. After thermal annealing at 160 degree(s)C for seven days, the prismatic sector samples increased in performance ranging from 1.6 to 2.4X, while material from the pyramidal sector increased only modestly, ranging from 1.0 to 1.3X. Second harmonic generation decreased the damage fluence by an average of 20 percent for the S/1 tests and 40 percent for R/1 tests. Conversion efficiencies under test conditions were measured to be 20 to 30 percent and compared quite well to predicted behavior, as modeled by LLNL frequency conversion computer codes.
Peritoneovenous shunt in the management of the hepatorenal syndrome

Peritoneovenous shunt in the management of the hepatorenal syndrome. The hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a terminal complication of severe liver disease associated with a mortality of 80 to 90%. Although the renal functional abnormalities in the HRS suggest prerenal azotemia, volume expansion with saline, albumin or ascitic fluid rarely results in reversal of the HRS because fluid redistributes from the vascular space. Since the peritoneovenous (PV) shunt causes sustained central volume expansion, it has been advocated for the treatment of the HRS. We prospectively compared the PV shunt (N = 10) to Medical Therapy (MED) (N = 10) on renal function and mortality in 20 patients with the HRS associated with alcoholic liver disease. The HRS was diagnosed on the basis of clinical, hemodynamic, and laboratory criteria. The insertion of a PV shunt resulted in an increase in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (4.2 ± 1.1 vs. -1.5 ± 1.0mm Hg, P 2 , P
A simulation model for electromigration in fine-line metallization of integrated circuits due to repetitive pulsed currents

The design trend of digital very-large-scale integrated circuits (VLSI) toward higher power dissipation per chip, higher switching speeds, and smaller cross-section interconnect metallization lines has increased concern about the reliability of these devices with respect to electromigration as a failure mechanism. A simulation model for the major physical processes that influence the development and progression of electromigration damage due to pulsed electric currents is described. A comparison of model behavior to that observed experimentally for steady current (DC) stressing is made, and it is concluded that the model may provide a reasonable prediction of expected behavior under pulsed current stressing. However, experimental verification of the model is required before it can be used with assurance for design guidance. >
Pink (P), a new locus responsible for a pink trait in onions (Allium cepa) resulting from natural mutations of anthocyanidin synthase.

A new locus conditioning a pink trait in onions was identified. Unusual pink onions were found in haploid populations induced from an F1 hybrid between yellow and dark red parents and in F3 populations originating from the same cross. Segregation ratios of red to pink in F2, backcross, and F3 populations indicated that this pink trait is determined by a single recessive locus. RT-PCR was carried out to look for any differential expression of anthocyanin synthesis genes between dark red and pink F3 lines. The transcript level of anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) was significantly reduced in the pink line. To determine whether this reduced transcription is caused by other regulatory factors or by mutations in the ANS gene itself, ANS gene sequences from both dark red and pink F3 lines were compared to detect any polymorphisms. Polymorphisms were identified, and subsequently utilized as molecular markers for the selection of ANS alleles. Absolute co-segregation of the pink allele and the ANS allele from the pink line was observed in parents, F1 and F3 populations. These results indicate that reduced transcription of the ANS gene caused by mutations in a cis -acting element is likely to result in the pink trait in onions.
SELECTIVE PREDATION BY JUVENILE WEAKFISH: POST‐CONSUMPTIVE CONSTRAINTS ON ENERGY MAXIMIZATION AND GROWTH

Juvenile weakfish (Cynoscion regalis) prey heavily on mysids (Neomysis americana) and sevenspine bay shrimp (Crangon septemspinosa) during estuarine residency. Previous researchers have suggested that Neomysis are superior prey because the growth rate and condition factor of juvenile weakfish in Delaware Bay are positively associated with the proportion of Neomysis in the diet. Laboratory experiments were conducted to (1) examine prey preferences of juvenile weakfish foraging on Neomysis and Crangon; (2) determine whether selective predation leads to short- and long-term energy maximization; and (3) identify pre- and postconsumptive factors that influence relative prey profitability and potentially constrain weakfish foraging success and growth. Weakfish preyed selectively on Neomysis over a range of relative prey abundances, including trials where available Crangon biomass was ≈20 times greater than Neomysis biomass. Preconsumptive cost:benefit analyses based on prey energy content (E), prey biomass (M),...
Effect of photogenerated carriers on electric field-induced second harmonic generation from Si(001) in an electrochemical cell

Abstract Electron–hole pairs produced during optical second harmonic generation (SHG) at a Si(001) electrode in an electrochemical cell perturb the electric field-induced second harmonic response of the silicon surface. Photogenerated carriers screen the electric field in the space-charge region and enhance the SHG efficiency in the depletion regime. For SHG induced by a Ti:Sapphire laser at λ =790 nm, the screening effect results in a nearly parabolic dependence of the SHG efficiency on the potential applied to the electrode in the region of the minimum of the response. Model calculations give good agreement with experimental results.
Surface Dipole Barrier in Metals. Relation to the Bulk Electron Density

The surface dipole barrierD of transition and non transition metals is calculated from experimental policrystalline work functions and theoretical chemical potentials obtained by the Augmented Spherical Waves Method. An universal linear relation is discovered betweenD andnbnon-d, the non-d part of the electron density at the boundary of bulk atomic cells. This suggests that the surface dipole barrier is mostly due to the non-d electrons.
The Myers‐Briggs type indicator and transformational leadership

– This paper aims to study the possible relationship between elements of personality as measured by the Myers‐Briggs type indicator (MBTI) and transformational leadership (TL) as measured by the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ)., – The study was done at the North American manufacturing facility of an international technology company. Utilizing the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire to measure transformational leadership, over 2,000 followers provided assessments of transformational leadership for 148 managers who had done self‐assessments and had completed Form K of the MBTI., – No relationship was found between follower assessments of transformational leadership and leader personality as measured by the MBTI. Leaders did, however, perceive themselves to be significantly more transformational than did those who reported to them. Leader preference for extraversion over introversion and intuition over perception were both significantly associated with self‐reports of transformational leadership., – Studies utilizing large samples across a variety of organizational settings are needed to confirm the results of this study., – This study calls into question the existence of a relationship between the MBTI and transformational leadership. The study does not provide any support for the possible utility of the MBTI for the prediction or explanation of transformational leadership behaviors. Assuming that followers' perceptions of TL are the more valid, the findings suggest that previous results linking MBTI and TL may be measurement artifacts., – Utilizing a large sample, the MLQ and continuous measures of MBTI preferences the results of this study contradict previous reports of a relationship between personality as measured by the MBTI and transformational leadership.
Cardiovascular responses to acute footshock stress in adult and aged Fischer 344 male rats

Tail artery catheters were surgically implanted in Fischer 344 male rats to allow for measurement of mean arterial pressure (MAP, mm Hg) and heart rate (HR, beats/min) in conscious, unrestrained rats. Basal values of MAP and HR were similar for groups of 4, 12 and 24 month old rats. Increments in Map did not differ among rats of the 3 ages following handling and transfer to a shock chamber or immediately or 5 minutes after exposure to inescapable footshock (2.0 mA, 0.6 sec duration, every 6 sec for 1 min). In contrast, there was a significant age-related attenuation of the tachycardia following handling and transfer of rats to the shock chamber and at the end of footshock. These data are consistent with previous findings of a reduced sensitivity of the aged myocardium to stress-induced sympathetic stimulation.
Delivery of therapeutic doses of doxorubicin to the mouse lung using lung-accumulating liposomes proves unsuccessful.

Addition of solid doxorubicin or solutions to pre-formed liposomes proved to be the optimal method for incorporating the drug into liposomes whilst maintaining their size distribution and hence ability to accumulate in the lung. Liposomes prepared in this way lost doxorubicin only slowly on dialysis but dilution with an equal volume of saline at 37° C resulted in the loss of 80% of the incorporated doxorubicin within 30 min. These liposomes were thus ineffective in altering doxorubicin disposition in vivo and produced no enhanced activity compared with free drug and a non-lung-accumulating carrier liposome in the EMT6 cell-Balb/c mouse model lung tumour.
FatBelt: motivating behavior change through isomorphic feedback

The ultimate problem of systems facilitating long-term health and fitness goals is the disconnect between an action and its eventual consequence. As the long-term effects of behavior change are not immediately apparent, it can be hard to motivate the desired behavior over a long period of time. As such, we introduce a system that uses physical feedback through a wearable device that inflates around the stomach as a response to calorie overconsumption, simulating the long-term weight-gain associated with over-eating. We tested a version of this system with 12 users over a period of 2 days, and found a significant decrease in consumption over a baseline period of the same length, suggesting that through physical response, FatBelt moved calorie intake drastically closer to participants' goals. Interviews with participants indicate that isomorphism to the long-term consequences was a large factor in the system's efficacy. In addition, the wearable, physical feedback was perceived as an extension of the user's body, an effect with great emotional consequences.
Poe's “The fall of the house of Usher” as Archetypal Gothic: Literary and architectural analogs of cosmic unity

(1988). Poe's “The fall of the house of Usher” as Archetypal Gothic: Literary and architectural analogs of cosmic unity. Nineteenth-Century Contexts: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 83-106.
Technique of single-lung transplantation

Abstract The technique of single-lung transplantation at our institution has evolved as our experience has increased over the past 3 1 2 years. This technique is described and illustrated. Surgical staples are used to perform recipient pneumonectomy and provide free access to the hilar structures for anastomoses. The modified, telescoped bronchial anastomosis allows healing while obviating the need for omentopexy as seen in our last 30 bronchial anastomoses.
Perineural Dexmedetomidine Added to Ropivacaine for Sciatic Nerve Block in Rats Prolongs the Duration of Analgesia by Blocking the Hyperpolarization-activated Cation Current

Background The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that the increased duration of analgesia caused by adding dexmedetomidine to local anesthetic results from blockade of the hyperpolarization-activated cation (Ih)current.
Effect of reflux-induced inflammation on transient receptor potential vanilloid one (TRPV1) expression in primary sensory neurons innervating the oesophagus of rats.

Abstract A possible mechanism of oesophageal hypersensitivity is the acid-induced activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) in the primary sensory neurons. We investigated TRPV1 expression and its colocalization with substance P (SP) and isolectin B4 (IB4)-positive cells in the thoracic dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and nodose ganglia (NGs) of rats with reflux-induced oesophagitis (RO). RO was developed by fundus ligation and partial obstruction of the pylorus of Sprague-Dawley rats. Four groups of rats were used; fundus ligated acute (RO 48 h), chronic 7 days (RO 7D), RO 7D + omeprazole (7D + Omz, 40 mg kg−1, i.p.) and sham-operated controls. Immunohistochemical analysis of TRPV1, SP and IB4 expression were carried out in spinal cord (SC), DRGs and NGs. RO rats exhibited significant inflammation and increase in TRPV1-ir and SP-ir expressions in the SC, DRGs and NGs. The maximum colocalization of TRPV1 and SP was observed in RO 7D rats, but Omz prevented inflammation and over expression of TRPV1 and SP. TRPV1-ir significantly increased in IB4-positive cells in DRGs and SC, but not in the NGs. Results document that acid-induced oesophagitis increases TRPV1 expression in both SP- and IB4-positive sensory neurons. The over expression of TRPV1 may contribute to oesophageal hypersensitivity observed in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD).
Acylation of Hemoglobin by Aspirin-Like Diacyl Esters

Aspirin-like diacyl esters of different steric disposition have been prepared and compared with acetylsalicylate in their abilities to modify hemoglobin.
The Relative Proportions of Different Lipid Classes and their Fatty Acid Compositions Change with Culture Age in the Cariogenic Dental Pathogen Streptococcus mutans UA159

The oral cariogenic bacterial pathogen Streptococcus mutans strain UA159 has become an important research organism strain since its genome was sequenced. However, there is a paucity of information on its lipidome using direct analytical biochemical approaches. We here report on comprehensive analyses of the major lipid classes and their fatty acids in cells grown in batch standing cultures. Using 2-D high-performance thin-layer chromatography lipid class composition changes were detected with culture age. More lipid components were detected in the stationary-phase compared to log-phase cells. The major lipids identified included 1,3-bis(sn-3′-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol (phosphatidylglycerol), 1,3-diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin), aminoacyl-phosphatidylglycerol, monoglucosyldiacylglycerol, diglucosyldiacylglycerol, diglucosylmonoacylglycerol and, glycerophosphoryldiglucosyldiacylglycerol. Culture age also affected the fatty acid composition of the total polar lipid fraction. Thus, the major lipid classes detected in log-phase and stationary-phase cells were isolated and their fatty acids were analyzed by gas–liquid chromatography to determine the basis for the fatty acid compositional changes in the total polar lipid fraction. The analyses showed that the relative proportions of these acids changed with culture age within individual lipid classes. Hence fatty acid changes in the total polar lipid fraction reflected changes in both lipid class composition and fatty acid compositions within individual lipid classes.
Simian virus 40 enhancer increases number of RNA polymerase II molecules on linked DNA.

Since the discovery of transcription enhancer sequences in the genomes of the DNA viruses simian virus 40 (SV40)1–3 and polyoma virus4, these elements have been shown to play an important part in the control of both viral and cellular gene expression5–10. Enhancer elements act in cis to increase the amount of RNA produced from linked genes in a manner largely independent of distance and orientation11–3,11,12. The mechanisms by which enhancers act are not understood; in particular, it is not known whether the enhancer-dependent increase in the level of stable RNA reflects an increase in the rate of transcription. To address this question, we have used an in vitro nuclear transcription assay13,14 to examine the effect of the SV40 enhancer on transcription of cloned human β-globin genes transiently introduced into HeLa cells15. We show here that the SV40 enhancer acts at least in part to increase the number of RNA polymerase II molecules transcribing the linked gene.
Neuroimmunophilins: Novel neuroprotective and neuroregenerative targets

Cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506 (tacrolimus) are immunosuppresants that are widely used in organ transplantation. CsA is an 11-member cyclic peptide, whereas FK506 is a macrolide antibiotic. Recently, these powerful and useful compounds have become of great interest to neuroscientists for their unique neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects. These drugs and nonimmunosuppressive analogs protect neurons from the effects of glutamate excitotoxicity, focal ischemia, and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced dopaminergic cell death. They also stimulate functional recovery of neurons in a variety of neurologic injury paradigms. These drugs exert their effects via immunophilins, the protein receptors for these agents. The immunophilin ligands show particular promise as a novel class of neuroprotective and neuroregenerative agents that have the potential to treat a variety of neurologic disorders.
USE OF SIGNS TO ENHANCE WAY-FINDING IN A UNIVERSITY BOOKSTORE '

Suvzma~.-The major goal of this study was to design signs which reduced the time and distance students required to locate textbooks in a coUege bookstore. Based upon the 1992 research of Arthur and Passini, three new sign conditions were devised: (a) iconic presentation, (b) new verbal labels, and (c) a cornbinarion of icons and new words. It ufas hypothesized that the changes to the design of the sign system would decrease the time and distance students traveled to locate textbooks. The 328 subjects had no previous experience or knowledge of the university bookstore. During the iconic presentation condition the signs used only drawings to display the message. This change to the sign system resulted in a significant increase in the time and distance students traveled to Eind their textbooks in comparison to the original signs. Conversely, the redesigned signs using new verbal labels or a cornbinarion of icons and new words to display content significantly reduced the time and distance students traveled to locate their textbooks compared to the original signs. The process of reaching a desired destination is typically referred to as way-finding (Arthur & Passini, 1992; Passini, 1980). The environment plays an integral role in people's abhty to solve way-finding problems. The nvo general characteristics of the environment which affect way-finding behavior are (a) the complexity of the environment and (b) the way-finding cues in the environment (e.g., see Arthur & Passini, 1992; Peponis, Zimring, & Choi, 1990; Talbot, Kaplan, Kuo, & Kaplan, 1993 for representative findings). The complexity of the environment can be defined by the number of choice points to be considered in the way-finding problem (O'Neill, 1991). A choice point is any place in the environment where the way-finder must make a decision about the direction he is heading and determine whether he should continue forward, turn, or head backwards. O'Ned (1991) suggested that designers of complex environments such as subways, hospitals, and large governmental buildings commonly use signs to compensate for their compbcdred floor plans. Butler, Acquino, Hissong, and Scott (1990) found that signs significantly reduced the tinle subjects took to reach their target destinations. They attributed this effect to the fact that the signs guided each individual way-finding decision by providing information for the area immediately surrounding the way-finding cue. As a result, the way-finder did not make many wrong turns and did not hesitate at choice points.
Mutagenicity and Antibacterial Activity of Hydroxamic Acids

Hydroxamic acids demonstrated mutagenic and antibacterial activities. These activities appear to be dependent on the hydroxamic acid function and are probably due to the interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid.
Para-aortic lymph node irradiation for carcinoma of the uterine cervix using split course technique

Abstract Twenty women with previously untreated cervical cancer received radical irradiation to the para-aortic lymph nodes and pelvis. Ninety percent received 6000 rads to the para-aortic nodes and pelvis in 8 weeks using split course technique. The mortality from complications of therapy, without evidence of recurrence, was 25%. Forty percent of the women were dead from recurrent cervical cancer (4–23M), and even with this short follow-up only 35% were surviving NED (6–29M). Methods for improving future trials of irradiation to the para-aortic nodes are discussed.
The atom economy--a search for synthetic efficiency

Efficient synthetic methods required to assemble complex molecular arrays include reactions that are both selective (chemo-, regio-, diastereo-, and enantio-) and economical in atom count (maximum number of atoms of reactants appearing in the products). Methods that involve simply combining two or more building blocks with any other reactant needed only catalytically constitute the highest degree of atom economy. Transition metal-catalyzed methods that are both selective and economical for formation of cyclic structures, of great interest for biological purposes, represent an important starting point for this long-term goal. The limited availability of raw materials, combined with environmental concerns, require the highlighting of these goals.
Localization and long-range order in magnetic chains.

We study quantum spin chains exhibiting long-range order in the presence of quasiperiodic interactions which are modulating functions of sites. The magnetic phase transition to long-range order is shown to accompany a transition from critical to localized states. The presence of more than one harmonic in the modulating interactions results in a cascade of transitions characterized by the vanishing of the gap and sharp peaks in the total bandwidth and free energy.
Complementary‐Color, Two‐Variable Maps

Abstract Complementary color coding is used in conjunction with nontraditional legend arrangements to create two-variable maps. The logic of a complementary color-coding scheme is simpler and easier for the map user to comprehend than the spectrally encoded scheme used to produce most of the two-variable maps published to date. In addition to the complementary color-coding scheme, an unclassed legend based on a line of best fit and a legend arrangement based on the binormal distribution are used to represent more accurately the structure of the bivariate scatter diagram. These legends avoid many of the statistical distortions introduced by the rectangular legend currently being used to produce two-variable maps. Although the unclassed two-variable map presents a true graphic correlation, the large number of color tones contained in the map confounds the map user. The two-variable map based on the binormal distribution combines the rectangular legend and an equiprobability ellipse to represent the legend d...
Applied Behavior Analysis: Niche Therapy Par Excellance

Wong (2006) and Wyatt (2006) focus on the social and economic factors that have promoted biological psychiatry and marginalized behaviorism in the contemporary treatment of problems in living and "mental illness." I suggest an additional, perhaps even more central, reason is that biological psychiatry promises to increase autonomy while behaviorism is seen to constain freedom. If, as I also suggest, the human belief in agency and desire for autonomy are products of evolution, then biological psychiatry, unlike behaviorism, is agreeable with an important facet of human nature. From this perspective, several strategies that might enhance the social acceptance of behaviorism are briefly offered.
Computing two-dimensional unambiguous horizontal wavenumber spectra from OH airglow images

There is an inherent 180/spl deg/ ambiguity in the derived wave-propagation direction when using conventional spectral-analysis techniques on OH-imager observations. A processing technique for computing the unambiguous two-dimensional (2D) horizontal wavenumber spectrum from images of gravity wave perturbations in OH emission intensities is presented. The technique involves computing the (w, k,l)=(w, h, /spl phi/) spectrum of OH images collected over a several-hour period, where k is the zonal wavenumber, l is the meridional wavenumber, h=(k/sup 2/+ l/sup 2/)/sup 1/2/, /spl phi/=tan/sup -1/ (k/l), and w is the temporal frequency. Before computing the spectra, the all-sky images are processed by first flat fielding each image, then removing stars by using a median filter, subtracting an estimate of the background continuum, and finally computing the relative OH intensity perturbations. Each pixel is then mapped onto a 256/spl times/256 rectilinear grid of geographic coordinates by using a 9/spl times/9 Hamming-weighted sinc-interpolation function. The interpolated image is restricted to the 600/spl times/600-km/sup 2/ region centered at zenith so that the resulting horizontal resolution is 2.34 km. Spatial and temporal prewhitening is employed prior to computing spectra to minimize artifacts in the derived unambiguous spectrum. The authors illustrate the method with a real sequence of images acquired on February 3, 1995, at the Starfire Optical Range (SOR), near Albuquerque, NM. The predominant direction of wave propagation is determined and the k, l, h, and /spl phi/ spectra presented.
Culture- and antigen-negative meningitis in Guatemalan children

OBJECTIVE: To compare children with confirmed bacterial meningitis (CBM) and those with culture- and latex-negative meningitis (CLN). METHODS: Children 1 to 59 months of age admitted to three major referral hospitals in Guatemala City with clinical signs compatible with bacterial infections were evaluated prospectively between 1 October 1996 and 31 December 2005. Bacterial cultures and latex agglutination antigen testing were performed on samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). RESULTS: The case-fatality rate was significantly higher in the 493 children with CBM than in the 528 children with CLN (27.6% and 14.9%, respectively; P < 0.001). Children with CBM were less likely to have received antibiotics and more likely to have seizures, shock, or coma on admission than children with CLN. Among the 182 CBM survivors and 205 CLN survivors studied between October 2000 and December 2005, clinically observed sequelae were present at discharge in a higher percentage of the CBM than of the CLN group (78.6% and 46.8%, respectively; P < 0.0001). CSF glucose < 10 mg/dL, peripheral neutrophils < 2 000 cells/mm³, coma or shock at admission, and concurrent sepsis or pneumonia were risk factors for mortality in children with CBM; only coma or shock at admission predicted mortality in children with CLN. CONCLUSIONS: The high case-fatality and sequelae rates suggest that many children with CLN may have had bacterial meningitis. Estimates based on confirmed meningitis alone underestimate the true vaccine-preventable disease burden. Additional studies to determine etiologies of CLN in this population are indicated.
Stress Singularity Effect on Beam Flanges in Moment Connections

The ductility capacity of the directly welded flange connection was found to be insufficient after the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The Enlarged End Section (EES) connection which considers the stress singularity effect on beam flanges can be utilized as a means to improve the performance of welded moment connections. The corner of a steel plate contains stress singularities (unbounded stresses) when the corner is bounded by free-free edges and when the angle of the corner is larger than 180°. Also, the corner of a steel plate contains stress singularities when the corner is bounded by fixed-free edges and when the angle of the corner is larger than 61.3°. Nonlinear static finite element analyses of two types of beam-to-column moment connections were conducted. These two types of connections are (1) the constant-beam-section connection, and (2) the Enlarged End Section connection. The result of the finite element analyses shows that the Enlarged End Section connection exhibits much higher strength and duct...
Visions and Revisions: Performance, Memory, Trauma

Visions and Revisions gestures toward potential reciprocities that trauma studies and performance studies might offer one another. Historically, while performance and theatre have been absent from ...
Catalytic hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate by electrospun polyacrylamidoxime nanofibers

Abstract Modification of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) by hydroxylamine resulted in polyacrylamidoxime (PANOx), the oxime groups of which are nucleophilic and capable of hydrolyzing esters. PANOx fiber mats with submicrometer fiber diameters ranging from tens to 300 nm were produced by electrospinning a suspension of PANOx blended with PAN (1:1 by weight) in a mixture of N , N -dimethyl formamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (85:15 by weight). Catalytic properties of the PANOx nanofibers were tested by the hydrolysis of p -nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA), which mimics toxic organophosphate nerve agents and insecticides. The presence of PANOx fibers significantly accelerated the hydrolysis of PNPA compared to its spontaneous hydrolysis. The rate constants for the hydrolysis ( k 1 ) and the deacetylation ( k 2 ) reactions for the fibers were obtained using a proposed kinetic model. The effect of the fiber size on reaction rate indicated that intra-fiber diffusional resistances might limit the accessibility of the oxime catalytic sites in the fibers and affect their catalytic activity.
Workshop: Transcriptome assembly and isoform expression level estimation from biased RNA-Seq reads

RNA-Seq uses the high-throughput sequencing technology to identify and quantify transcriptome at an unprecedented high resolution and low cost. However, RNA-Seq reads are usually not uniformly distributed and biases in RNA-Seq data post great challenges in many applications including transcriptome assembly and the expression level estimation of genes or isoforms. Much effort has been made in the literature to calibrate the expression level estimation from biased RNA-Seq data (for example, see [1][2][3]), but the effect of biases on transcriptome assembly remains largely unexplored. Here, we propose a statistical framework for both transcriptome assembly and isoform expression level estimation from biased RNA-Seq data. Using a quasi-multinomial distribution model, our method is able to capture various types of RNA-Seq biases, including positional, sequencing and mappability biases. Our experimental resultson simulated and real RNA-Seq datasets exhibit interesting effects of RNA-Seq biases on both transcriptome assembly and isoform expression level estimation. The advantage of our method is clearly shown in the experimental analysis by its high sensitivity and precision in transcriptome assembly and the high concordance of its estimated expression levels with qRT-PCR data.
Integrin Signaling: Cytoskeletal Complexes, MAP Kinase Activation, and Regulation of Gene Expression

Members of the integrin family of adhesion receptors mediate interactions of cells with the extracellular matrix. Besides their role in tissue morphogenesis by anchorage of cells to basement membranes and migration along extracellular matrix proteins, integrins are thought to play a key role in mediating the control of gene expression by the extracellular matrix. Studies over the past 10 years have shown that integrin-mediated cell adhesion can trigger signal transduction cascades involving translocation of proteins and protein tyrosine phosphorylation events. In this review, we discuss approaches used in our lab to study early events in integrin signalling as well as further downstream changes.
State isomorphism approach to global identifiability of nonlinear systems

Global deterministic identifiability of nonlinear systems is studied by constructing the family of local state isomorphisms that preserve the structure of the parametric system. The method is simplified for homogeneous systems, where such isomorphisms are shown to be linear, thereby reducing the identifiability problem to solving a set of algebraic equations. The known conditions for global identifiability in linear and bilinear systems are special cases of these results. >
Surface exciton-plasmons and optical response of small-diameter carbon nanotubes

We study theoretically the interactions of excitonic states with surface electromagnetic modes of small-diameter (≲1 nm) semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes. We show that these interactions can result in strong exciton-surface-plasmon coupling. The exciton absorption lineshape exhibits the line (Rabi) splitting ∼0.1–0.3 eV as the exciton energy is tuned to the nearest interband surface plasmon resonance of the nanotube so that the mixed strongly coupled surface plasmon-exciton excitations are formed. We discuss possible ways to bring the exciton in resonance with the surface plasmon. The exciton-plasmon Rabi splitting effect we predict here for an individual carbon nanotube is close in its magnitude to that previously reported for hybrid plasmonic nanostructures artificially fabricated of organic semiconductors deposited on metallic films. We expect this effect to open up paths to new tunable optoelectronic device applications of semiconducting carbon nanotubes.
Empathy for adolescents' role model selection and learning of DVD content

Male and female high school and college students viewed a DVD about a love story. Youth who more readily empathized with media characters were more likely to perceive same-sex characters as role models and were better able to understand the story content. The findings suggest that fantasy empathy, in which viewers become deeply involved in narratives, may hold a key regarding the influence of media characters and media presentations. That is, certain viewers may be particularly influenced by fictional media portrayals and learn and understand the content at a deeper level. In addition, the kinds of role models presented in these portrayals may provide a guide to similar problems that these viewers may encounter in real life. The findings have implications for the kinds of films and DVDs that producers make for audiences of different ages and experiential backgrounds.
Deep pore pressures and seafloor venting in the Auger Basin, Gulf of Mexico

Pore fluid overpressures in four reservoir sandstones in the Auger Basin, deepwater Gulf of Mexico, are similar across the basin, suggesting that these sandstones are hydraulically connected over distances >20 km. Small overpressure gradients within them suggest upward flow rates between 1 and 20 mm year-1. At the crest of these sandstones, pore pressure equals or exceeds the least principal stress, and we interpret that high fluid pressure is fracturing the caprock and driving flow vertically. A well drilled into the crest of the Auger sandstones confirmed the presence of extreme overpressures that converge on both the least principal stress and the overburden stress. Above these zones, spectacular mud volcanoes are venting fluids today. Overpressured aquifers with significant structural relief may drive fluid vents and mud volcanoes around the world.