cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perspectives on Obedience to Authority: The Legacy of the Milgram Experiments

The experiments of Stanley Milgram on obedience to authority have achieved a truly remarkable visibility, one that is rare in the social sciences. Although conducted over 30 years ago, Milgram's research is currently one of the most widely cited programs of studies in psychology. From their inception, the obedience studies have also been controversial. For many, they reveal something very illuminating about human nature. They have also been, however, the recipient of scathing ethical and methodological criticism. While the controversial features of Milgram's research have been well documented, the substantive core of Milgram's concern, namely obedience to malevolent authority, has not received correspondingly careful attention. The main objectives of the articles in this issue are to track the progress of the impact of the obedience research in contemporary research and thought, and to suggest directions for the future. This introduction to the present issue provides an empirical and conceptual overview of Milgram's research and concludes by highlighting some major themes in the papers to follow.
WISC-R Subtest Patterns for Learning Disabled and Mentally Retarded Children.

WISC-R subtest profiles were examined for 20 learning disabled and 20 mentally retarded children. The rank order of the WISC-R subtests supports the concept of distinct patterns for these exceptional children. Correlations between the present samples' subtests patterns and previous findings are also reported.
Frontal lobe metabolism and cerebral morphology in schizophrenia: 31P MRS and MRI studies

The relation between frontal lobe membrane phospholipid metabolism as measured by 31Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) and cerebral morphology as measured on magnetic resonance images (MRI) was examined in nine first episode neuroleptic naive schizophrenic patients. Total corpus callosal area was significantly correlated with phosphodiester concentration. When examined separately, this relation was confined to the rostral quartile (genu) of the corpus callosum. The pathophysiological significance of this finding is discussed in relation to neurodevelopmental hypotheses of schizophrenia.
Influences of ectoderm and endoderm on heart differentiation in the newt

Presumptive heart mesoderm from early neurulae of the newt Taricha torosa was isolated alone in salt solution or was combined in explants with ectoderm, or ectoderm and endoderm, from various regions of the embryo. The presumptive heart mesoderm formed a beating heart when isolated alone in only 14% of the cases. When explanted in combination with anterior presumptive epidermis, beating hearts developed in about one-third of the cases. Beating hearts formed in all explants of presumptive heart mesoderm combined with anterior presumptive epidermis and endoderm from the future heart region, and in two-thirds of the cases if the endoderm came from more dorsal or posterior regions. In the series where the endoderm was tested from the dorsal or posterior regions, all explants that failed to produce beating hearts contained neural tissue that had differentiated from the presumptive epidermis whereas each explant that formed a heart lacked neural tissue. In no case did a beating heart develop from presumptive heart mesoderm in an explant that included part of the anterior neural plate and fold as well as anterior presumptive epidermis. Hearts failed to develop in these explants even when endoderm from the future heart region was added. Endodermless animals failed to produce hearts, but endodermless animals also deprived of their neural plate and fold did produce hearts. It is concluded that both ectoderm and endoderm can influence the differentiation of the presumptive heart mesoderm. Heart formation is suppressed by anterior neural plate and fold, but is stimulated by endoderm.
Reliability-aware data placement for partial memory protection in embedded processors

Low cost protection of embedded systems against soft errors has recently become a major concern. This issue is even more critical in memory elements that are inherently more prone to transient faults. In this paper, we propose a reliability aware data placement technique in order to partially protect embedded memory systems. We show that by adopting this method instead of traditional placement schemes with complete memory protection, an acceptable level of fault tolerance can be achieved while incurring less area and power overhead. In this approach, each variable in the program is placed in either protected or non-protected memory area according to the profile-driven liveness analysis of all memory variables. In order to measure the level of fault coverage, we inject faults into the memory during the course of program execution in a Monte Carlo simulation framework. Subsequently, we calculate the coverage of partial protection scheme based on the number of protected, failed and crashed runs during the fault injection experiment.
Liquidity preference under uncertainty: A model of dynamic investment in illiquid opportunities

Abstract Whereas frictionless exchange markets provide a high degree of liquidity for financial assets, investments in real assets and productive capacity may be very costly to modify, and thus effectively irreversible in the short-run. This paper addresses the problem of an investor (individual or enterprise) who must allocate a limited resource to productive investments over time. Investment opportunities arrive in a random sequence and are irreversible in the short-run: thus investment decisions are made under uncertainty as to future opportunities (which may have to be foregone). The analysis demonstrates that a rational investor will demand a higher return on long-lasting opportunities than on those which are instantaneously reversible. The liquidity premium increases with the average duration of the non-liquid investments.
A genetic examination of spawning methodology in a salmon hatchery

Abstract Male pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ) possessing unique biochemical genetic markers were used as gamete donors for experiments in which the relative potencies of the milt and possible effects of artificial spawning procedures on the relative contributions of milt were studied. Experiments were performed in which the milt of different males was added sequentially to the ova and in which the milt of several males was mixed before application. Because of the unique genetic marker, the paternity of each progeny could be unequivocally determined. Results indicate substantial differences in potency among the males as well as large variation from experiment to experiment. The implications of this variability for estimations of effective population size ( N e ) are discussed and a procedure for artificial spawning is described for situations when breeding stock is limited.
A Distributed Agent-based Simulation Environment for Interference Detection and Resolution *

In this paper, a two-level architecture is developed and implemented for the interactive simulation and evaluation of a distributed agent-based simulation environment designed to detect and resolve interfer ence in naval radar units. The Java-based simulation is designed as a two level software architecture incor porating: (i) multiple radars on each ship controlled through a lower-level intra-ship interference control module, and (ii) multiple ships in a group coordi nated through a higher-level interference control module. Each ship's interference detection and reso lution mechanism, termed a control agent, is com posed of these two separate levels, which dynamically coordinate to detect and then resolve interference problems using three different coordination strate gies—a Master-Slave, a Locally Autonomous and a simple Negotiation mode.
Independent component analysis using prior information for signal detection in a functional imaging system of the retina

Independent component analysis (ICA) is a statistical technique that estimates a set of sources mixed by an unknown mixing matrix using only a set of observations. For this purpose, the only assumption is that the sources are statistically independent. In many applications, some information about the nature of the unknown signals is available. In this paper we show a method for incorporating prior information about the mixing matrix to increase the levels of detection of responses to visual stimuli. Experimentally, our method matches the performance of known ICA algorithms for high SNR and can greatly improve the performance for low levels of SNR or low levels of signal-to-background ratio (SBR). For the problem of signal extraction, we have achieved detection for signals as small as 0.01% (−40 dB SBR) in hybrid live/synthetic data simulations. In experiments using a functional imager of the retina, measured changes in reflectance in response to visual stimulus are in the order of 0.1–1% of the total pixel intensity value, which makes the functional signal difficult to detect by standard methods. The results of the analysis show that using ICA-P signal levels of 0.1% can be detected. The approach also generalizes the standard Infomax algorithm which can be thought of as a special case of ICA-P when the confidence parameter or a tolerance value is zero. For in vivo animal experiments, we show that signal detection agreement over a range of confidence values parameters can be used to establish reflectance changes in response to the visual stimulus.
Geometric estimation of probability measures in high-dimensions

We are interested in constructing adaptive probability models for high-dimensional data that is well-approximated by low-dimensional geometric structures. We discuss a family of estimators for probability distributions based on data-adaptive multiscale geometric approximations. They are particularly effective when the probability distribution concentrates near low-dimensional sets, having sample and computational complexity depending mildly (linearly in cases of interest) in the ambient dimension, as well as in the intrinsic dimension of the data, suitably defined. Moreover the construction of these estimators may be performed, under suitable assumptions, by fast algorithms, with cost O((cd ; d2)Dnlog n) where n is the number of samples, D the ambient dimension, d is the intrinsic dimension of the data, and c a small constant.
Interleukin 10 modulation of pathogenic Th17 cells during fatal alphavirus encephalomyelitis

Mosquito-borne alphaviruses are important causes of epidemic encephalomyelitis. Neuronal cell death during fatal alphavirus encephalomyelitis is immune-mediated; however, the types of cells involved and their regulation have not been determined. We show that the virus-induced inflammatory response was accompanied by production of the regulatory cytokine IL-10, and in the absence of IL-10, paralytic disease occurred earlier and mice died faster. To determine the reason for accelerated disease in the absence of IL-10, immune responses in the CNS of IL-10−/− and wild-type (WT) mice were compared. There were no differences in the amounts of brain inflammation or peak virus replication; however, IL-10−/− animals had accelerated and increased infiltration of CD4+IL-17A+ and CD4+IL-17A+IFNγ+ cells compared with WT animals. Th17 cells infiltrating the brain demonstrated a pathogenic phenotype with the expression of the transcription factor, Tbet, and the production of granzyme B, IL-22, and GM-CSF, with greater production of GM-CSF in IL-10−/− mice. Therefore, in fatal alphavirus encephalomyelitis, pathogenic Th17 cells enter the CNS at the onset of neurologic disease and, in the absence of IL-10, appear earlier, develop into Th1/Th17 cells more often, and have greater production of GM-CSF. This study demonstrates a role for pathogenic Th17 cells in fatal viral encephalitis.
Pregnancy-related mortality due to cardiomyopathy: United States, 1991-1997.

Abstract Objective To describe characteristics and risk factors for pregnancy-related deaths due to cardiomyopathy during 1991–1997 and to assess reasons for the increasing trend in reporting of pregnancy-related deaths due to cardiomyopathy from 1979 through 1997. Methods We used data from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention's Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System to examine pregnancy-related deaths due to cardiomyopathy from 1991 through 1997. The pregnancy-related mortality ratio for cardiomyopathy was defined as the number of pregnancy-related deaths from cardiomyopathy per 100,000 live births. Cardiomyopathy was classified as peripartum cardiomyopathy or cardiomyopathy due to other causes. Results Of the 245 cardiomyopathy deaths that occurred during 1991–1997, 171 (70%) were due to peripartum cardiomyopathy. The cause-specific pregnancy-related mortality ratio was 0.88 per 100,000 live births. Mortality increased as maternal age increased. Black women were 6.4 times as likely to die from cardiomyopathy as white women. Among peripartum cardiomyopathy cases in which the interval from the end of pregnancy was known, 2% died undelivered, 48% died within 42 days of delivery, and 50% died between 43 days and 1 year postpartum. Conclusion Cardiomyopathy accounts for an increasing proportion of reported pregnancy-related deaths, and the more than six-fold excess risk of death from cardiomyopathy among black women is larger than that for any other cause of death. The increased reporting of these deaths might be largely due to improved case ascertainment. Further studies are required to estimate the prevalence of cardiomyopathy and identify modifiable risk factors associated with these deaths and the reasons for this racial disparity.
Uptake of sulfur-35-labeled carbon disulfide by Ascaridia galli (roundworm) and its chicken host.

1. 1. In vitro experiments using Ascaridia galli and S35-labeled carbon disulfide indicated that CS352 was taken up by the worm as a vapor. When uptake of drug was compared with ligated and nonligated worms, no differences could be demonstrated, indicating that CS2 entered the worm via the cuticle. 2. 2. Excluding size differences inherent between male and female worms, in vitro or in vivo tests showed that sex did not influence drug uptake. There was an indication that the number of μg of drug per worm was greater for smaller worms than for larger ones, but not enough worms were tested to establish this point statistically. 3. 3. As exposure time to CS352 was increased geometrically at a constant dosage, a saturation point was approximated for female ascarids treated in vitro. This was also true when dosage was increased geometrically and exposure time was kept constant. In both cases the saturation point was near 3.0 μg per mg of worm. 4. 4. Individual worm analysis revealed that the body fluid took up the greatest quantity of S35 equivalents of CS352 per mg of tissue. Body fluid was followed, in respect to drug uptake, by the reproductive system, intestine, and body wall, respectively. 5. 5. In vivo studies using the chemotherapeutic dose of CS352 showed that S35 equivalents of CS352 were present, in 22 tissues and organs of the chicken at 48 hours post-treatment. The highest concentration of S35 was found in the gall bladder and the lowest in the brain. One hundred per cent efficacy was attained in each of the three chickens treated. The expelled worms contained an average of 0.087 μg of S35 per mg. 6. 6. The chicken exereta, both urine and feces, had an average value of 0.245 μg of S35 per mg. There was no difference in drug level in excreta containing worms or without worms.
In vitro damage to rat lens by xanthine-xanthine oxidase: Protection by ascorbate

The potential of ascorbic acid acting against the toxic effects of active oxygen species on the lens has been studied. The active species of oxygen were generated by the action of xanthine oxidase on xanthine. Rat lenses incubated in medium containing xanthine and xanthine oxidase were physiologically damaged, as evidenced by the decrease in the ability of the tissue to accumulate rubidium or alpha-aminoisobutyric acid against a concentration gradient. The pressure of ascorbate in the medium protected against the tissue damage. One of the functions of high ascorbate in the aqueous humor of many primates including human beings may, therefore, be to protect the lens and other surrounding tissues against the toxic effects of active oxygen derivatives produced in situ under ambient, as well as under photochemical, conditions.
Effect of substituents and conformations on the optical rotations of cyclic oxides and related compounds. relationship between the anomeric effect and optical rotation.

The effect of substituents on the specific rotation of substituted cyclic oxides (X = F, Cl, CN, and HCC) and related compounds was studied via geometry optimization at the B3LYP/6-311+G** level followed by calculations of the specific rotation with B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ and, when practical, also with B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ. In some cases chiral samples were prepared so that the calculated specific rotations could be compared with experimental data. With most compounds there was only a minor effect of the basis set on the specific rotations. With the oxiranes and oxetanes, the chloro derivative gave a different behavior than the other substituents, but all substituents behaved in the same fashion with trans-2-methyl-1-X-cyclopropanes. Therefore the unusual behavior of chlorooxirane probably results from an interaction between oxygen and chlorine rather than being due to the presence of a three-membered ring. Chlorine is also an unusual substituent for the tetrahydrofurans. The effect of conformation on the calcula...
Three‐dimensional computer modeling as an aid to drug design

Three-dimensional computer graphic systems are an emerging tool in the design of therapeutic compounds. The molecular recognition process involved in drug-receptor interaction implies a three-dimensional stereospecificity shared by a set of drugs of similar pharmacological action. In investigating the pharmacophore, it is therefore necessary to go beyond two-dimensional structures by including the description of the spatial properties of drugs. This review describes both current and potential tools that a graphic computer can support to help the medicinal chemist in his structure-activity puzzle. An outline of the systems presently in use for this purpose and a summary of recent applications is given. Some current developments undertaken in our research group are presented in the field of opiates, GABA, clonidine, antipsychotics, and S-adenosyl-L-methionine inhibitors.
Centroid Tracker Aim Point Estimation In The Presence Of Sensor Noise And Clutter

The development of automatic target tracking systems has enabled more accurate determination of target position, velocity, acceleration, and other parameters needed for weapons guidance and target designation. With the advent of low cost, high speed digital computers and image processing hardware, it has become more and more feasible to incorporate digital image processing techniques in target tracking systems. When computing target position ( aim point) from discrete images, several problems can arise. A major problem is caused by noise. In target tracking noise originates from two sources. The first source is system and sensor noise. This is usually modeled by additive white Gaussian noise. Another type of noise is caused by clutter near the target. Clutter objects can make it more difficult for the tracker to separate the target from its surrounding background. The result is target pixels can be classified as background pixels and visa versa. This, in turn, causes errors in computing the target aim point. An investigation of the effects of system and sensor noise on target tracking is presented. Two statistical models are derived and simulation results are presented showing the accuracy of the models. The results obtained are applicable to the clutter noise case when clutter causes pixel classification errors which are random in nature.
Application of a six degrees of freedom adaptive controller to a general aviation aircraft

** In an effort to increase general aviation safety, model reference adaptive control (MRAC) is applied to a dynamic simulation of the Hawker Beechcraft Corporation (HBC) CJ-144 fly-by-wire aircraft. MRAC is used to control the aircraft in the nominal case and adapts to maintain control with changes in flight condition or unexpected aircraft failures. This aircraft is configured for decoupled flight control where the pilot commands airspeed, flight path angle, bank angle, and side force. The controller architecture consists of an inverse controller, artificial neural network, model follower and linear controller. In this study a six degree of freedom dynamic inverse controller is derived to calculate the necessary thrust and control surface deflections for the nominal flight case. An artificial neural network is trained online to correct for uncertainty in the inverse and to adapt to changes in either the flight condition or aircraft itself. The aircraft response is shaped by a model follower and linear controller. An artificial time delay metric is used to tune the controller gains for desired performance. Time response results are presented for maneuvers in each axis as well as the aircraft response to unexpected failures. This controller is designed to be flight tested on the HBC CJ-144 fly-by-wire testbed.
Fittingness: The Sole Normative Primitive

This paper draws on the ‘Fitting Attitudes’ analysis of value to argue that we should take the concept of fittingness (rather than value) as our normative primitive. I will argue that the fittingness framework enhances the clarity and expressive power of our normative theorising. Along the way, we will see how the fittingness framework illuminates our understanding of various moral theories, and why it casts doubt on the Global Consequentialist idea that acts and (say) eye colours are normatively on a par. We will see why even consequentialists, in taking rightness to be in some sense determined by goodness, should not think that rightness is conceptually reducible to goodness. Finally, I will use the fittingness framework to explicate the distinction between consequentialist and deontological theories, with particular attention to the contentious case of Rule Consequentialism.
Applications of chromic acid-Celite columns to micro- and semimicro preparations of fatty aldehydes.

Abstract In a convenient two-phase procedure, columns of Celite 545 charged with aqueous chromic acid are used to oxidize microgram and milligram amounts of fatty alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes with approximately a 70% yield. The original configuration and position of the double bond is fully maintained during the oxidation of unsaturated alcohols.
Ross Ice Shelf temperatures support a history of ice-shelf thickening

The ice sheet in West Antarctica is grounded on a sub-sea level basin in the Antarctic continental shelf. At the seaward margins, where ice thicknesses are reduced sufficiently to attain neutral bouyancy, floating ice shelves form. The two largest are the Ross and Ronne ice shelves (Fig. 1). Because the depth of the continental shelf increases towards the centre of the West Antarctic ice sheet, ice discharge could accelerate irreversibly until the grounded portion of the ice sheet had completely disappeared1–3. The resistance to ice discharge provided by the ice shelves is the major factor preventing such a collapse4,5. Geological evidence indicates that the extent of grounded ice in the West Antarctic has fluctuated widely during the Pleistocene6,7, and complete removal of the ice sheet may have occurred during the Sangamon interglacial following a climatic warming which was probably associated with a retreat of the ice-shelf seaward margins8. One of the most active ice streams draining West Antarctica flows into the south-east corner of the Ross Ice Shelf. Surface observations in this area indicate that, either the ice shelf is thickening9, or that there is appreciable melting from beneath ice shelf that is >500 km from the open sea10. Such melting would strongly influence temperatures within the ice shelf, and here we use a temperature–depth profile from the ice shelf to estimate the basal regime. We conclude that, for much of the south-east corner, basal freezing/melting rates have been near zero for the past few hundred years. This implies that, within this region, the ice shelf is thickening at ∼0.3 m yr−1.
Antigenic relationship between strains of echovirus types 6 and 30.

SummaryThe minor antigenic relationship between the prototype and one prime variant strain of echovirus type 6 and 2 strains of echovirus type 30, reported earlier from this laboratory, was further investigated. It was found that whereas no significant antigenic relationship between the various heterotypic strains of these two types is detected by serum neutralization and hemagglutination-inhibition tests, significant one-way crosses occur in complement fixation tests with antisera to the 3 strains of echo-virus 6 and antigens derived from 3 representative strains of echovirus 30. The significance of this relationship and its application in determinative virology is discussed.
Book review: What is Intelligence? Edited by Jean Khalfa (Cambridge University Press, 1994)

This good book contains good contributions from good researchers with good ideas. Its eight chapters, which spring from the seventh annual series of Darwin College Lectures (many of the authors make sometimes misguided efforts to connect their work to Darwin's), lightly and brightly cover a host of topics -- language, knowledge representation, inference -- that are of central importance to artificial intelligence. Neither the writing nor the ideas contained in its two hundred pages can be accused of being too thick or too thin; it reads like the three volume "An Invitation to Cognitive Science" series [HLasnik90, JHollerbach90, ESmith90] and covers similar topics.
Rodents as receptor species at a tritium disposal site.

New methods are being employed on the Department of Energy’s Savannah River Site to deal with the disposal of tritium, including the irrigation of a hardwood/pine forest with tritiated water from an intercepted contaminant plume to reduce concentrations of tritium outcropping into Fourmile Branch, a tributary of the Savannah River. The use of this system has proven to be an effective means of tritium disposal. To evaluate the impact of this activity on terrestrial biota, rodent species were captured on the tritium disposal site and a control site during two trapping seasons in order to assess tritium exposure resulting from the forest irrigation. Control site mice had background levels of tritium, 0.02 Bq/mL, with disposal site mice having significantly higher tritium concentrations, meanZ 34.86 Bq/mL. Whole body tritium concentrations of the mice captured at the disposal site were positively correlated with tritium application and negatively correlated with precipitation at the site. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Unstable resonators with distributed saturable gain and nonuniform reflectivity outcouplers in the geometrical optics limit

An existing geometrical optics method for calculating the longitudinal and transverse dependence of the mode intensities in unstable resonators with sharp-edged feedbacks mirrors and distributed saturable gain is modified to include the nonuniform reflectivity of the outcoupling feedback mirror. Results show that the mode extends increasingly outward as the gain increases, so the size of a limiting aperture must be chosen with care to prevent unwanted diffraction. An attempt to prescribe an arbitrary spatially limited output function of a loaded cavity and to find the required mode and reflectivity profiles yields spatially unlimited functions.
Carbon Nanostructures in Lithium Ion Batteries: Past, Present, and Future

Advent of nanotechnology has generated huge interest in application of carbon-based nanomaterials as a possible replacement for conventionally used graphite as anode of Li-ion batteries. Future Li-ion batteries demand high capacity, energy, power, and better safety, while graphite falls short of fulfilling all these necessities. Inspired by high conductivity, flexibility, surface area, and Li-ion insertion ability, a number of nano carbon materials, individually or as a composite, have been studied in detail to identify the best suitable material for next-generation energy storage devices. Many of these nano-C-based structures hold good promise, although issues like density of nanomaterials and scalability are yet to be addressed with confidence. This article aims to summarize the major research directions of nano-C materials in anodic application of Li-ion batteries and proposes possible future research directions in this widely studied field.
The effect of structure on the thermoresponsive nature of well‐defined poly(oligo(ethylene oxide) methacrylates) synthesized by ATRP

Statistical copolymers of di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (MEO2MA) and tri(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (MEO3MA) were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) providing copolymers with controlled composition and molecular weights ranging from Mn = 8,300–56,500 with polydispersity indexes (Mw/Mn) between 1.19 and 1.28. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the copolymers increased with the mole fraction of MEO3MA in the copolymer over the range from 26 to 52 °C. The average hydrodynamic diameter, measured by dynamic light scattering, varied with temperature above the LCST. These two monomers were also block copolymerized by ATRP to form polymers with molecular weight of Mn = 30,000 and Mw/Mn from 1.12 to 1.21. The LCST of the block copolymers shifted toward the LCST of the major segment, as compared to the value measured for the statistical copolymers at the same composition. As temperature increased, micelles, consisting of aggregated PMEO2MA cores and PMEO3MA shell, were formed. The micelles aggregated upon further heating to precipitate as larger particles. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 194–202, 2008
Gas-Phase Chemistry of α-Terpineol with Ozone and OH Radical: Rate Constants and Products

A bimolecular rate constant, kOH+alpha-terpineol, of (1.9 +/- 0.5) x 10(-10) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) was measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and the relative rate technique for the reaction of the hydroxyl radical (OH) with alpha-terpineol (1-methyl-4-isopropyl-1-cyclohexen-8-ol) at (297 +/- 3) K and 1 atm total pressure. Additionally, a bimolecular rate constant, kO3+alpha-terpineol, of (3.0 +/- 0.2) x 10(-16) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) was measured by monitoring the first order decrease in ozone concentration as a function of excess alpha-terpineol. To better understand alpha-terpineol's gas-phase transformation in the indoor environment, the products of the alpha-terpineol + OH and alpha-terpineol + 03 reactions were also investigated. The positively identified alpha-terpineol/OH reaction products were acetone, ethanedial (glyoxal, HC(=O)C(=O)H), and 2-oxopropanal (methyl glyoxal, CH3C(=O)C(=O)H). The positively identified alpha-terpineol/O3 reaction product was 2-oxopropanal (methyl glyoxal, CH3C(=O)C(=O)H). The use of derivatizing agents O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentalfluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine (PFBHA) and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) clearly indicated that several other reaction products were formed. The elucidation of these other reaction products was facilitated by mass spectrometry of the derivatized reaction products coupled with plausible alpha-terpineol/OH and alpha-terpineol/O3 reaction mechanisms based on previously published volatile organic compound/ OH and volatile organic compound/O3 gas-phase reaction mechanisms.
Alemtuzumab therapy for leukemic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: diffuse erythema as a positive predictor of complete remission.

To the editor Low dose alemtuzumab (LDA) is a highly effective and generally well tolerated therapy for refractory cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) patients with peripheral blood disease.1 LDA is effective in patients with blood involvement (leukemic disease) but ineffective in MF, reflecting the fact that these lymphomas derive from distinct T-cell subsets. Malignant T cells in patients with blood disease have the phenotype of CCR7+/L-selectin+ central memory cells (TCM), migratory cells that recirculate between skin, blood and lymph nodes whereas MF T cells are derived from non-migratory skin resident memory T cells (TRM).2 Because the mechanism of T cell depletion with LDA requires neutrophils and/or NK cells, cells frequent in blood but rare in skin, LDA kills T cells in blood but not in skin.1 In patients with blood disease, LDA depletes all circulating T cells and purges the skin over time of recirculating malignant T cells, leading to complete and often durable remissions in 50% of patients while sparing benign T cells in skin.1 We present here our findings that clinical appearance can be used to discriminate patients likely to experience a complete remission following LDA from those that will have persistent and/or worsening skin disease.
Theory of anisotropic magnetic behavior of moderately delocalived plutonium systems

Abstract The magnetic behavior of a class of cerium and light actinide compounds containing moderately delocalived f electrons can be understood on the basis of the anisotropic two-ion interaction and the modification of crystal-field (single-ion) behavior that arises from the hybridivation of band electrons and the f electrons. Our understanding has been developed both on the basis of theory involving phenomenological evaluation of parameters (model hamiltonian theory), and on first principles theory involving the synthesis of band and model hamiltonian theory. Using PuSb as a model system, we have treated the anisotropic evuilibrium and evcitation magnetic behavior, the predicted hybridivation dressing of the crystal field, and the predicted anisotropy in correlation lengths on approaching the Neel temperature from above. Comparison with recent evperiments is presented.
The effect of selective opioid antagonists on butorphanol-induced feeding

Abstract Butorphanol tartrate (BT) potently stimulates food intake in satiated rats. The opioid receptor profile of BT is complex and is dependent upon the assay and animal species studied. In the present study we utilized three selective opioid antagonists; namely beta-funaltrexamine (β-FNA), naltrindole (NTI) and norbinaltorphimine (nor-BNI), to probe the opioid receptor profile of BT as an orexigenic agent. Intracerebroventricular administration of nor-BNI (к) antagonized the feeding effects of BT (8 mg/kg, s.c.) at doses of 1, 10 and 100 nmol at the 1–2 h time point and decreased feeding at all time points for the 10 nmol dose. After 1 h, the 100 nmol dose of nor-BNI decreased BT-induced feeding by about 72%. In contrast, intraventricular injection of only the highest dose of the selective μ opioid antagonist, β-FNA (50 nmol), decreased BT-induced feeding. Intraventricular administration of the δ opioid agonist, NTI, failed to alter BT-induced feeding at doses as high as 50 nmol. These data suggest that BT is dependent upon the к and perhaps the μ opioid receptors to increase food intake in satiated rats.
CAPITAL CONTROLS ON INFLOWS, EXCHANGE RATE VOLATILITY AND EXTERNAL VULNERABILITY *

Abstract We use high frequency data and a new econometric approach to evaluate the effectiveness of controls on capital inflows. We focus on Chile's experience during the 1990s, and investigate whether controls on capital inflows reduced Chile's vulnerability to external shocks. We recognize that changes in the controls will affect the way in which different macro variables relate to each other. In particular, we consider the case where controls co-exist with an exchange rate band aimed at managing the nominal exchange rate. We develop a methodology to deal explicitly with the interaction between these two policies. The main findings may be summarized as follows: (a) a tightening of capital controls on inflows depreciates the exchange rate and (b), we find that a tightening of capital controls increases the unconditional volatility of the exchange rate, but makes it less sensitive to external shocks.
Heat transfer analysis of a domestic, wood-burning, “heat-circulating” fireplace

Abstract Seeking to learn ways of efficiently employing wood-burning fireplaces to heat homes, we analyze in this paper the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a fireplace chimney which is provided with air flow in an annular jacket. Both parallel and counterflow cases of heat exchange between the flue gases and air are studied for two chimney heights. It is found that the heat-extraction rate is governed by the height of the chimney, the heat transfer conductance of the flue wall and the ratio of the heat capacities of flue gas and air. Some important quantitative observations of relevance in design are made from the predicted temperature and velocity profiles and total heat-extraction rate under different circumstances.
A proposed mechanism for the regulation of minimum midtropospheric temperatures in the Arctic

[1] This paper documents an observed lower extreme of midtropospheric (500 mbar) temperatures in the Arctic of approximately 45C during the winter season in several data sets. Each data set shows that the coldest air masses in the Arctic reach 45C during the fall months but seldom get much colder even into late winter despite a continued net radiative loss. We demonstrate that midtropospheric temperatures are significantly skewed toward warmer temperatures, indicating a regulatory mechanism at work. We further provide evidence that minimum Arctic midtropospheric temperatures are regulated by moist convective processes and that minimum 500 mbar temperatures are controlled to a large extent by high-latitude sea surface temperatures. The temperature 45 Ci s the expected 500 mbar temperature in an atmosphere regulated by moist adiabatic ascent from a surface temperature of 1–2 below 0C, the approximate freezing point of seawater. This implies that Arctic air masses are regularly in contact with unfrozen seawater to the south, an easily verified observation. Climate model simulations of the effects of increased greenhouse gasses hypothesize that high, northern latitude regions should warm at a faster rate than the globe as a whole, a hypothesis which does not appear to have strong observational support. We discuss the implications of this result for the accelerated Arctic warming hypothesis. INDEX TERMS: 3339 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Ocean/ atmosphere interactions (0312, 4504); 3314 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Convective processes; 1699 Global Change: General or miscellaneous; 3349 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Polar meteorology; KEYWORDS: Arctic convection, temperature regulation, atmosphere-ocean interactions
Applying the readiness to change model to implementation of family intervention for serious mental illness.

Family intervention for serious mental illness is known to be highly efficacious in reducing patient relapse, improving social functioning, enhancing caregivers’ knowledge of mental illness, and ultimately reducing overall costs of care. However, very few families receive services. The reasons for this gap between empirical findings and program implementation are complex and not yet fully understood. Prochaska and DiClemente’s Readiness to Change Model provides a helpful structure for understanding key issues for the four relevant stakeholders (patients, family members, clinicians and administrators). Staging each stakeholder group and applying corresponding “interventions” (processes of change) are useful in a site’s implementation of family services.
Spin Lattice Relaxation Time Measurements on Cholesterol Derivatives

Abstract We have used a N.M.R. pulse apparatus operating at 10 MHz to measure the variation of T 1, the spin-lattice relaxation time, with temperature for some cholesterol esters. Measurements were made from 25 °C to 120 °C. Distinct changes in T 1 have been observed at temperatures which also show changes in the optical properties. Over some temperature ranges a nonexponential relaxation process has been found which is interpreted as indicating the presence of two distinct types of motion.
Adding Value in the Information Age: Uses and Gratifications of Sites on the World Wide Web

Abstract This study draws on the uses and gratifications perspective in mass communication research to examine the audience experience associated with websites. Research participants viewed five commercial websites and evaluated them using 80 rating scale items. The results show similarities to the types of uses and gratifications reported in studies of other media. New dimensions called personal involvement and continuing relationship were identified and found to be important factors when examining audience reactions to websites. The study also established the importance of website organizational concepts and considerations of design efficiency in the development of websites that attract repeat visits.
Abstract 4260: PTPRT mutation induces STAT3 activation in HNSCC preclinical models.

Purpose: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is an invasive malignancy with more than 40,000 cases diagnosed annually in the United States. Increased activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has been implicated in HNSCC tumorigenesis, although the mechanisms underlying aberrant STAT3 signaling are not fully elucidated. Activation of kinases upstream of STAT3 signaling, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Janus kinase (JAK), and Src kinase, likely contribute, but downstream inactivators of STAT3 signaling, especially protein tyrosine phosphatases, remain incompletely understood. We recently elucidated the mutational profile of 74 HNSCC tumors and detected mutations in the receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPR) family in nearly one third of samples analyzed. Notably, known activating mutations of upstream kinases, including EGFR, JAK, and Src kinase, were not found. These findings were confirmed in an expanded cohort of 279 HNSCC tumors. High frequencies of PTPRT mutations have also been reported in other human cancers including colorectal cancer, lung carcinomas, and glioblastomas. Of these genes, PTPRT was mutated most frequently, with a total of 20 novel non-synonymous mutations detected in HNSCC tumors. Importantly, wild-type PTPRT was recently reported by others directly dephosphorylate STAT3. We therefore hypothesize that mutational inactivation of PTPRT contributes to HNSCC tumorigenesis via hyperphosphorylation of STAT3. Experimental Design: We assessed the contribution of mutant PTPRT to STAT3 phosphorylation and cell proliferation in preclinical HNSCC models. Cell lines expressing wild-type or mutant PTPRT either transiently or stably by retroviral infection were generated. Levels of pSTAT3 were determined by Western blot and cell proliferation determined by trypan blue exclusion assay. Results: PTPRT was shown in pre-clinical models to regulate STAT3 phosphorylation. Cells expressing HNSCC tumor-derived mutants of PTPRT exhibited elevated levels of pSTAT3 and increased cell proliferation. Conclusion: Our results indicate that STAT3 is regulated by PTPRT in HNSCC and that mutation of PTPRT leads to an increase in STAT3 activation and cell proliferation. These findings suggest that PTPRT mutations may contribute to HNSCC tumor growth and progression via loss of function and subsequent hyperphosphorylation of STAT3. In the future, mutation of PTPRT may serve as a biomarker for a subset of tumors that are sensitive to treatment with STAT3 inhibitors. Citation Format: Vivian Lui, Noah Peyser, Patrick Kwok Shing NG, Malabika Sen, Hua Li, Yan Zeng, Sonali Joyce, Zhenghe John Wang, Peter Hammerman, Gordon Mills, Jennifer R. Grandis. PTPRT mutation induces STAT3 activation in HNSCC preclinical models. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4260. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4260
Trophic Transfer Efficiency of Mercury to Lake Whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis from its Prey

In the laboratory, net trophic transfer efficiency of mercury to lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis from its prey was estimated to be 63.5%. Assuming that gross trophic transfer efficiency of mercury to lake whitefish from its prey was equal to 80%, we estimated that the rate at which lake whitefish eliminated mercury was 0.000730 day−1. Our laboratory estimate of mercury elimination rate was 2.4 times lower than the value predicted by a published regression equation developed from previous studies on mercury elimination rates for fish. Thus, our results suggested that mercury elimination rates for fish have been overestimated in previous studies.
Gene therapy — a new kind of medicine

Advances across many medical and scientific disciplines have converged to lead to gene therapy as a logical step forward in human medicine. The first of three introductory articles takes a historical perspective of these events, showing how the efforts of investigators from different areas were required. The second article looks at the impact that analysis and understanding of the organization and functioning of the human genome has had in enabling genetic manipulation for therapeutic purposes. The third introductory article summurarizes the diverse strategies being developed, indicating how basic concepts are tailored to the requirements of treating specific diseases
On the tensile strength of a fiberreinforced ceramic composite containing a crack-like flaw

Abstract T he tensile strength of a fiber-reinforced ceramic composite containing a through-the-fiber flaw in the form of a sharp crack is studied. The strength of a brittle unreinforced ceramic containing a sharp crack of length 2 a 0 , subjected to uniaxial load in the direction normal to the crack plane, is given by linear elastic fracture mechanics as σ s = K m /√π a 0 , where k m is the fracture toughness of the material. However, for a fiber-reinforced ceramic, the strength can only be determined on the basis of a full analysis of crack growth in the matrix and the failure of crack-bridging fibers. The tensile strength of a flawed ceramic material that is reinforced by fibers aligned in the direction perpendicular to the flaw surfaces is studied in this paper. Crack-bridging fibers are assumed to slip relative to the matrix when a critical interface shear stress is reached. The orthotropy of the composite produced by the presence of aligned fibers is rigorously accounted for in the analysis. The dependence of the composite tensile strength on fiber tensile strength, matrix toughness, flaw-size and frictional shear stress at the fiber-matrix interface is determined and described in terms of a universal set of non-dimensional parameters.
Monogalactosyl diglyceride: a new neurolipid.

Abstract 1. 1. Monogalactosyl diglyceride was isolated from bovine spinal cord and shown to be identical with the same lipid from spinach, except for fatty acid analysis. 2. 2. In particular, unequivocal evidence is presented for the presence of the β-glycosidic bond and the D configuration of the glyceryl moiety. 3. 3. In bovine spinal cord monogalactosyl diglyceride palmitic and oleic acids are dominant, together comprising 75% of the total fatty acids present. 4. 4. The lipid is present in the brains of all animals examined (cow, cat, pig, rat, human), but is absent from mammary gland, spleen, intestine and liver. A small amount was tentatively identified in kidney. 5. 5. In the brain the lipid is restricted to white matter, and is suggested to be a component of myelin.