cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solvation and Charge Transfer at Liquid Interfaces

Molecular dynamics calculations are used to investigate the equilibrium solvation of small ions and solvent relaxation following a charge transfer at liquid interfaces. We consider the water-vacuum interface, a model liquid/liquid interface and the water/1,2 dichloroethane interface. The molecular dynamics results are compared with several theoretical models.
English Nouns: The Ecology of Nominalization

Part I. Preliminaries: 1. Introduction 2. Terminology and methodology: 2.1 Terminology 2.2 Methodology Part II. Data: 3. Event/result nominalizations: 3.1 Previous claims 3.2 Nineteen questions 3.3 Adding it all up 4. Nominalizations as a derivational ecosystem: 4.1 The derivational ecosystem 4.2 Forms and readings 4.3 Inanimate patient nouns 4.4 Conclusion Part III. Nominalization within the LSF: 5. A lexical semantic approach to nominalization: the basics: 5.1 Recap of the LSF 5.2 E versus R skeletons: a first pass 6. The eventive reading: 6.1 ATK nominalizations with the eventive reading 6.2 -ing nominalizations 6.3 Conversion nouns 6.4 A note on simplex nouns 6.5 Conclusion 7. Referential readings: 7.1 Basic skeletons 7.2 Referential readings for ATK, -ing, and conversion Ns 7.3 Personal and participant nominalizations 7.4 Abstract nominalizations 7.5 Collectives 7.6 Underpopulated habitats 7.7 Modal and evaluative elements of affixal meaning 7.8 Conclusion 8. Nominalizations and compounding in the LSF: 8.1 Claims 8.2 The corpus data 8.3 The LSF analysis 8.4 Conclusions and loose ends 9. Nouns in the wild.
Are hospitalized Parkinson’s disease patients more likely to carry a do-not-resuscitate order?

While DNR utilization is a complex subjective phenomenon, the effect of such a decision can collectively influence attitudes of care. The role of palliative care in advanced PD has been under appreciated. We reviewed the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2012 for all hospitalizations ⩾65years. We identified PD by using ICD-9-CM code 332.0 and DNR status with ICD code - V49.86 entered during the same admission as a secondary diagnosis. We estimated risk of mortality by the 3M™ All Patient Refined DRG (APR DRG) classification System and generated multivariate regression models to assess associations between DNR and PD after adjusting for confounders. Finally, we tested for interaction by risk of mortality. We analyzed 12,700,000 hospitalizations with age ⩾65years in 2012, of which 246625 (1.94%) pts had PD. Proportion of DNR utilization was higher among PD patients vs. those without, 20895 (8.47%) vs. 723090 (5.8%) (p<0.01). In multivariable regression analysis, PD patients were associated with higher odds of DNR utilization [Adjusted Odds ratio (aOR): 1.26, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.30, p<0.001]. Finally, the odds of DNR utilization increased significantly with APR-DRG stage [aOR: 1 vs. 1.61 (Stage 2) vs. 2.46 (Stage 3) vs. 3.61 (Stage 4); p<0.0001]. PD patients have higher odds of DNR utilization than the general population, which worsens with increasing objective risk of mortality. This is likely correlated with perception of end of life and importance of QOL with increasing severity of overall illness.
Cisplatin resistance is associated with reduced lysosomal structures and markers in ovarian cancer cells.

3747 Lysosomes are acidic organelles with numerous functions in protein turnover, surface receptor regulation, release of endocytosed nutrients, and plasma membrane repair. Lysosomal involvement in mediating resistance to anticancer drugs, including cisplatin (DDP), has been suggested previously. We compared 3 pairs of isogenic DDP-sensitive and resistant ovarian carcinoma cell lines (2008 and 2008/C13*5.25, A2780 and A2780/CP, and IGROV-1 and IGROV-1/CP) for the size of the lysosomal compartment and the expression of the lysosome-associated proteins 1 and 2 (LAMP1 and LAMP2) using confocal microscopy and Western blotting. Effects of lysomotrophic drugs bafilomycin A1 and chloroquine on the subcellular distribution of a fluorescein-labeled DDP (F-DDP) were also examined in 2008 and 2008/C13*5.25 cells, using the vital dye Lysotracker Red and antibodies to LAMP1 and LAMP2. The size of the lysosomal compartment was significantly reduced in all 3 DDP-resistant cell lines as evidenced by a marked decrease in the number of structures labeled by Lysotracker Red or anti-LAMP and anti-LAMP2 antibodies on microscopy. Analysis of images with Near Count software indicated that the number of pixels that corresponded to lysosomal structures in 2008/C13*5.25 resistant line was only 40% of that in the sensitive 2008 cells (p
Dancing in the dark: darkness as a signal in plants.

Daily cycles of light and dark provide an organizing principle and temporal constraints under which life on Earth evolved. While light is often the focus of plant studies, it is only half the story. Plants continuously adjust to their surroundings, taking both dawn and dusk as cues to organize their growth, development and metabolism to appropriate times of day. In this review, we examine the effects of darkness on plant physiology and growth. We describe the similarities and differences between seedlings grown in the dark versus those grown in light–dark cycles, and the evolution of etiolated growth. We discuss the integration of the circadian clock into other processes, looking carefully at the points of contact between clock genes and growth-promoting gene-regulatory networks in temporal gating of growth. We also examine daily starch accumulation and degradation, and the possible contribution of dark-specific metabolic controls in regulating energy and growth. Examining these studies together reveals a complex and continuous balancing act, with many signals, dark included, contributing information and guiding the plant through its life cycle. The extraordinary interconnection between light and dark is manifest during cycles of day and night and during seedling emergence above versus below the soil surface.
Reversible RNA Methylation In Gene Expression Regulation

We have discovered the first two RNA demethylases: FTO, a protein associated with human fat mass obesity and development, and ALKBH5, a protein that affects spermatogenesis in a mouse model. These ...
Response variability of different anodal transcranial direct current stimulation intensities across multiple sessions.

Abstract Background It is well known that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is capable of modulating corticomotor excitability. However, a source of growing concern has been the observed inter- and intra-individual variability of tDCS-responses. Recent studies have assessed whether individuals respond in a predictable manner across repeated sessions of anodal tDCS (atDCS). The findings of these investigations have been inconsistent, and their methods have some limitations (i.e. lack of sham condition or testing only one tDCS intensity). Objective To study inter- and intra-individual variability of atDCS effects at two different intensities on primary motor cortex (M1) excitability. Methods Twelve subjects participated in a crossover study testing 7-min atDCS over M1 in three separate conditions (2 mA, 1 mA, sham) each repeated three times separated by 48 h. Motor evoked potentials were recorded before and after stimulation (up to 30min). Time of testing was maintained consistent within participants. To estimate the reliability of tDCS effects across sessions, we calculated the Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Results AtDCS at 2 mA, but not 1 mA, significantly increased cortical excitability at the group level in all sessions. The overall ICC revealed fair to high reliability of tDCS effects for multiple sessions. Given that the distribution of responses showed important variability in the sham condition, we established a Sham Variability-Based Threshold to classify responses and to track individual changes across sessions. Using this threshold an intra-individual consistent response pattern was then observed only for the 2 mA condition. Conclusion 2 mA anodal tDCS results in consistent intra- and inter-individual increases of M1 excitability.
Mechanisms of signal coupling to optical fiber for FBG sensor detection of Lamb waves

One of the major challenges when using fiber Bragg grating sensors (FBGs) to detect Lamb wave or acoustic emission signals in structures is the low sensitivity of these sensors to surface waves propagating in the structure. The authors have previously demonstrated that remote bonding of the optical fiber away from the FBG can increase the measured signal amplitude. In this paper we investigate the potential mechanisms for this increase through finite element simulations and demonstrate that the shear lag effect through the adhesive is the major source of the signal amplitude difference between the direct and remote bonding cases.
Plant Breeding 1910–1984

The title of my assignment suggests that I should say something about the history of plant breeding from 1910 to 1984. Why no earlier than 1910? Perhaps it is because by 1910 we were beginning to apply Mendel’s classical genetic papers, recognizing the gene and its role in plant breeding. Certainly plant breeding did not start in 1910.
Contextual Sustainability in Heritage Practice: Urbanization, Neighbourliness, and Community Dialogue in Akçalar, Turkey

“Sustainability” is a multifaceted concept, but archaeologists generally focus efforts on the sustainability of the site itself. This paper argues that we should instead actively engage with locals to approach sustainability more broadly in a multidimensional, participatory way. The ethnographic research described here thus examines the community’s vision for a sustainable future via participant observation and interviews conducted with over 70 residents in Akcalar, Bursa, Turkey, the local context of Neolithic-Chalcolithic Aktopraklik Hoyuk. Results indicate that rapid urbanization and industrialization have heightened locals’ awareness of the loss of traditional lifeways and values, such as agricultural practices. Many also lament the concurrent decline of neighbourliness and community cohesion. Moreover, participants noted the previous lack of adequate dialogue between archaeologists and community residents. With this robust foundation of community perspectives, we can now move forward in practice with new locally focused programs at the Aktopraklik open-air museum and in town, including displays of family heirlooms and educational workshops. Though community understandings and goals for sustainability may not exactly match those of archaeologists, by fully understanding the whole picture, this paper aims to demonstrate how heritage practitioners can better synergize their approaches to sustainability with the local fabric to yield greater benefits for all.
[18F]DPA-714 PET Imaging Reveals Global Neuroinflammation in Zika Virus-Infected Mice.

The association of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and development of neurological sequelae require a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms causing severe disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability and sensitivity of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using [18F]DPA-714, a translocator protein (TSPO) 18 kDa radioligand, to detect and quantify neuroinflammation in ZIKV-infected mice. We assessed ZIKV-induced pathogenesis in wild-type C57BL/6 mice administered an antibody to inhibit type I interferon (IFN) signaling. [18F]DPA-714 PET imaging was performed on days 3, 6, and 10 post-infection (PI), and tissues were subsequently processed for histological evaluation, quantification of microgliosis, and detection of viral RNA by in situ hybridization (ISH). In susceptible ZIKV-infected mice, viral titers in the brain increased from days 3 to 10 PI. Over this span, these mice showed a two- to sixfold increase in global brain neuroinflammation using [18F]DPA-714 PET imaging despite limited, regional detection of viral RNA. No measurable increase in ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) expression was noted at day 3 PI; however, there was a modest increase at day 6 PI and an approximately significant fourfold increase in Iba-1 expression at day 10 PI in the susceptible ZIKV-infected group relative to controls. The results of the current study demonstrate that global neuroinflammation plays a significant role in the progression of ZIKV infection and that [18F]DPA-714 PET imaging is a sensitive tool relative to histology for the detection of neuroinflammation. [18F]DPA-714 PET imaging may be useful in dynamically characterizing the pathology associated with neurotropic viruses and the evaluation of therapeutics being developed for treatment of infectious diseases.
Rhetorics of Proposal Writing: Lessons for Pedagogy in Research and Real-World Practice

Proposals are ubiquitous documents with challenges beyond the writing task itself, such as project management, strategic development, and research. Reporting on proposal instruction research in oth...
K Privacy: Towards improving privacy strength while preserving utility

Abstract Future autonomous vehicles will generate, collect, aggregate and consume significant volumes of data as key gateway devices in emerging Internet of Things scenarios. While vehicles are widely accepted as one of the most challenging mobility contexts in which to achieve effective data communications, less attention has been paid to the privacy of data emerging from these vehicles. The quality and usability of such privatized data will lie at the heart of future safe and efficient transportation solutions. In this paper, we present the K Privacy mechanism. K Privacy is to our knowledge the first such mechanism that enables data creators to submit multiple contradictory responses to a query, whilst preserving utility measured as the absolute error from the actual original data. The functionalities are achieved in both a scalable and secure fashion. For instance, individual location data can be obfuscated while preserving utility, thereby enabling the scheme to transparently integrate with existing systems (e.g. Waze). A new cryptographic primitive Function Secret Sharing is used to achieve non-attributable writes and we show an order of magnitude improvement from the default implementation.
Impaired Quality of Life – Causes, Assessment and Management

Sometimes considered outside of the scope of standard medical care, quality of life is ­indirectly the most important goal of most patient-provider encounters. Improving physical function, reducing symptom burden, improving energy levels and endurance, managing pain, helping patients return to work, decreasing depression and anxiety, and increasing independence are among the many dimensions of quality of life enhanced from care received in cardiology and primary care settings. Poor quality of life is a frequent concern among patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteries or no obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), with evidence that this population may endure greater quality of life impairment relative even to those with chest pain and obstructive CAD. In light of the bidirectional relationships between pain, functional status, mental health, and quality of life among these patients, providers may feel underequipped to address these enmeshed treatment goals. Therefore, providing physicians with a practical guide to understanding, measuring, and treatment quality of life factors among patients with chest pain and no obstructive CAD is an objective with potential utility and clinical significance. This chapter presents an illustrated roadmap to assessing and maximizing quality of life outcomes among patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteries, with particular emphasis on methods that are suited to the time-limited medical context and consistent with recommended care guidelines for patients with CAD.
Expression of CD95 antigen and Bcl-2 protein in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and Hodgkin's disease

CD95 (APO-1/Fas) is a member of the superfamily that includes the nerve growth factor and tumor necrosis factor receptors, OX40, CD27, CD30, and CD40. Present on a minority of resting blood lymphocytes, CD95 expression is upregulated on activated T and B lymphocytes and natural killer cells, where binding of the antigen by anti-Fas and anti-APO-1 antibodies has been shown to induce apoptosis. This CD95-mediated apoptosis is at least partially inhibited by expression of the Bcl-2 protooncogene. To evaluate possible roles of CD95 and Bcl-2 in growth regulation of lymphoid neoplasms, we studied by immunohistochemistry the expression of CD95 and Bcl-2 in 67 B- and 5 T-cell lymphomas, and 10 cases of Hodgkin's disease. In all, 29 B and 2 T cell lymphomas, and 9 cases of Hodgkin's disease expressed CD95. Compared with diffuse large B-cell and Burkitt-like lymphomas, lowgrade B-cell lymphomas more frequently expressed CD95 (52% versus 26%; P < .005). None of the B-cell small lymphocytic lymphomas or mantle cell lymphomas expressed CD95, whereas the majority of follicle center lymphomas, extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphomas, and immunocytomas were CD95+. Of the 29 CD95+ B-cell lymphomas, only 33% of the high-grade group coexpressed Bcl-2, compared with 87% of the low-grade group (P < .04). Two of three peripheral T-cell lymphomas--including one anaplastic large cell lymphoma--expressed CD95. Staining for CD95 was seen in 9 of 10 cases of Hodgkin's disease. The infrequent expression of CD95 in high-grade B-cell lymphomas suggests an association between loss of CD95 expression/function and a more aggressive tumor grade. Whereas frequent coexpression of Bcl-2 with CD95 may protect low-grade B-cell lymphomas against CD95-mediated apoptosis, in the high-grade group such coexpression is infrequent, and other regulators besides Bcl-2 may be involved in modulating the apoptosis signal delivered by CD95.
Temporal and spatial variations in freeze warnings in the conterminous United States: 2005–2018

It is well-documented that the United States (US), along with other mid-latitude land locations, has experienced warming in recent decades in response to changes in atmospheric composition. Among other changes, Easterling (2002) reported that the frost-free period is now longer across much of the US with the first frost in fall occurring later and the last freeze in spring occurring earlier. In this investigation, we explore spatial and temporal variations in all freeze warnings issued by the US National Weather Service. Freeze warning counts are highest in the southeastern US peaking overall in the spring and fall months. Freeze warnings tend to occur more toward summer moving northward and westward into more northerly states. Consistent with the warming in recent decades, we find statistically significant northward movements in freeze warning centroids in some months (December, February) across the study period (2005–2018). Detection of spatial and temporal trends in freeze warnings may be of interest to any number of scientists with applied climatological interests.
Non-asymptotic error bounds for scaled underdamped Langevin MCMC.

Recent works have derived non-asymptotic upper bounds for convergence of underdamped Langevin MCMC. We revisit these bound and consider introducing scaling terms in the underlying underdamped Langevin equation. In particular, we provide conditions under which an appropriate scaling allows to improve the error bounds in terms of the condition number of the underlying density of interest.
High Skilled Immigration and the Market for Skilled Labor: The Role of Occupational Choice

Abstract In recent years, immigration rates have increased dramatically among the most highly skilled workers. How does this inflow affect labor market outcomes among highly skilled native-born workers? I estimate a labor market equilibrium model in which individuals adjust to skilled immigration by changing occupations and investing in human capital differently. I also estimate the demand functions for native and immigrant workers and find that skilled immigrants and natives are imperfect substitutes in some occupations but are complements in others. Counterfactual exercises indicate that even large inflows of foreign skilled workers have limited impacts on domestic workers. In particular, the skill rental rates for native science and engineering workers would have been approximately 2% higher if firms were not able to hire more foreigners than they did in 1994. On the other hand, had the U.S. workers been constrained to remain in their original occupations, the adverse impacts of foreign labor competition would be more severe. When natives’ occupational choices respond to immigration, the negative effects are diffused.
Empowering future physicians to advocate for health equity: A blueprint for a longitudinal thread in undergraduate medical education.

In light of a growing body of evidence demonstrating pervasive health disparities, medical schools are increasingly incorporating educational programs on social medicine in undergraduate and gradua...
Application of a likelihood ratio test based method for safety signal detection to left ventricular assist devices

Effective post-market safety surveillance of medical devices is critical for public health. However, many current statistical methods for safety signal detection do not control for type I error whe...
A new Hexastylis (Aristolochiaceae) from Northeast Alabama (U.S.A.) with notes on the species “groups” within the genus

A new species of Hexastylis—H. finzelii—is herein described from northeast Alabama. The historical species groups within Hexastylis are re-evaluated.
Fleeting Agencies: A Social History of Indian Coolie Women in British Malaya

Fleeting Agencies disrupts the male-dominated narratives by focusing on gendered patterns of migration and showing how South Asian women labour migrants engaged with the process of migration, interacted with other migrants and negotiated colonial laws. This is the first study of Indian coolie women in British Malaya to date. In exploring the politicization of labour migration trends and gender relations in the colonial plantation society in British Malaya, the author foregrounds how the migrant Indian 'coolie' women manipulated colonial legal and administrative perceptions of Indian women; their gender-prescriptive roles, relations within patriarchal marriage institutions, and even the emerging Indian national independence movement in India and Malaya. All this, to ensure their survival, escape from unfavourable relations and situations, and improve their lives. The book also introduces the concept of situational or fleeting agency, which contributes to further a nuanced understanding of agency in the lives of Indian coolie women.
Narcissistic Leaders and Their Effect on Employee Work Attitudes

This study investigates the narcissistic tendencies of top leaders and immediate supervisors as perceived by organizational members. In a sample of 420 working adults (307 female, 112 male, and 1 other), an Exploratory Factor Analysis supported our hypothesis that employee perceptions of narcissistic tendencies coalesce into productive and non-productive factors. The impact of narcissistic tendencies on the work attitudes of job satisfaction and turnover intentions also were examined. The results show several meaningful effects of non-productive narcissistic tendencies on work attitudes but minimal effects of productive narcissistic tendencies on work attitudes. The findings also reveal that results vary by gender and position within the organization.
Robust Processing-In-Memory with Multi-bit ReRAM using Hessian-driven Mixed-Precision Computation

This paper presents an algorithmic approach to design reliable deep neural networks (DNN) in the presence of stochastic variations in the network parameters induced by process variations in the bit-cells in a processing-in-memory (PIM) architecture. We propose and derive a Hessian based sensitivity metric that can be computed without computing or storing the full Hessian to identify and protect the “important" network parameters while allowing large variations in unprotected parameters. We also show that this metric can be used to aggressively quantize unprotected network parameters in the PIM for improved inference efficiency and compute density. Experiments on modern DNNs like ResNet, MobileNetv2, DenseNet on CIFAR10 using measured RRAM device data shows the effectiveness of our approach.
Egypt’s beer: Stella, identity, and the modern state: by Omar D. Foda, Josh Sbicca, Austin, Texas, University of Texas Press, 2019, 264 pp., ISBN 978-1-4773-1955-0

As the author notes, Egypt’s Beer, is part of a litany of texts, most now just appearing, that focus on the cultural geographies of beer; the underlying assumption being that there is reciprocal re...
Geographical Distribution of Neurologists in the United States (727)

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the geographic distribution of board-certified neurologists in the United States and identify underserved areas. Background: Each year there is a growing demand for neurological care in the United States. However, there is a large disparity in access to neurology providers across the country, primarily in rural areas. The most recent analysis of geographic distribution of neurologists was performed in 1985 and was only evaluated in New Jersey. Design/Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed using databases provided by the Center for Medicare Services. Provider information was compiled and filtered by specialty and National Provider Identifier (NPI), which is a unique 10 digit identification number issued to health care providers. ZIP Codes provided by these databases were used to identify Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) codes provided by The United States Department of Agriculture, which were then used to identify each physician’s county. Then, population data by county was recorded using 2010 Census data. In addition, each county was assigned a Rural-Urban Continuum Code (RUCC), which were used to determine define metropolitan and rural areas. Results: Of the 15,063 neurologists identified, 14,209 (94.33%) were practicing in metropolitan areas while 785 (5.211%) were practicing in nonmetropolitan areas, and only 69 (0.458%) were practicing in rural areas. This data reveals a drastically uneven distribution of neurologists, with the majority practicing in more densely populated counties. Conclusions: Nearly all neurologists (94.33%) practice in urban metropolitan areas, while only 5.221% practice in nonmetropolitan areas, and 0.458% practice in rural areas, highlighting the maldistribution of neurologists in the U.S. As the field of neurology expands and the United States’ population continues to age, this disparity and need will continue to grow, especially in rural communities. Disclosure: Dr. Curtis has nothing to disclose. Dr. Elrahi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bilello has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rai has nothing to disclose.
Being Catholic and Being American

The story of Catholicism in the United States can best be understood in light of the struggle to be both Catholic and American. This question of being both Catholic and American is currently raised with great urgency in these days because of recent tensions between the Vatican and the Catholic Church in the United States.History shows that Rome has always been suspicious and fearful that the American Catholic Church would become too American and in the process lose what is essential to its Roman Catholicism. Jay Dolan points out two historical periods in which attempts were made to incorporate more American approaches and understandings into the life of the church, but these attempts were ultimately unsuccessful.In the late eighteenth century, the young Catholic Church in the United States attempted to appropriate many American ideas into its life. Recall that at this time the Catholic Church was a very small minority church. Dolan refers to this movement as a Republican Catholicism and links this understanding with the leading figure in the early American church, John Carroll. Carroll, before he was elected by the clergy as the first bishop in the United States in 1789, had asked Rome to grant to the church in the United States that ecclesiastical liberty which the temper of the age and of the people requires.
Regulation of human plasma vitamin E.

Publisher Summary There is renewed interest in the role of vitamin E in human nutrition because of the demonstration that vitamin E deficiency occurs in humans consuming apparently adequate diets. It has been seen that a neurologic disorder is caused by genetic defects in a liver protein necessary for the incorporation of vitamin E into plasma lipoproteins. The studies leading to this conclusion are highlighted. Information about the plasma transport of vitamin E was gleaned using stable isotopes and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to analyze lipoprotein fractions. Techniques of molecular biology were instrumental in the isolation of the hepatic tocopherol transport protein and in the identification of genetic defects in this protein, which ultimately causes vitamin E deficiency in humans. These studies now open approaches in investigating the function of vitamin E, which may include more than just antioxidant function. The chapter details vitamin E and low density lipoprotein absorption, chylomicron secretion and catabolism, turnover rates, discrimination between tocopherols, and the tocopherol transfer protein including the genetic defect in the α-tocopherol transfer protein. A kinetic model of plasma vitamin E transport was developed from the results of studies in humans using deuterium-labeled stereoisomers of α-tocopherol. In normal subjects given equimolar amounts of these two labeled stereoisomers, plasma was preferentially enriched in RRR-α-tocopherol within 24 hr. It is explained how although labeled RRR-α-tocopherol apparently leaves the plasma compartment slowly, but the opposite is true. The term vitamin E includes eight naturally occurring molecules: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. The four forms of tocopherols and tocotrienols differ in the number of methyl groups on the chromanol nucleus. The γ-tocopherol, which has a phytyl tail in the natural conformation, and SRR-α-tocopherol, which has the opposite conformation at the 2-position, has similar plasma disappearance kinetics and disappears from the plasma more rapidly than RRR-α-tocopherol.
Incorporating Health Education Competencies into a Content Course: The Disease Guidebook Project

(1991). Incorporating Health Education Competencies into a Content Course: The Disease Guidebook Project. Journal of Health Education: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 57-58.
The Effects of Idiosyncratic Risks Borne by Managers on the Design of CEO Compensation Contracts

We use proportional measures of CEO salary, bonuses, and option grants to analyze whether the design of managerial compensation contracts reduces idiosyncratic risks faced by managers. We use pooled cross-sectional data for a sample of 13,026 observations from 1,804 firms over the thirteen years from 1992 through 2004. We employ Tobit models with firm and year-specific fixed-effects in our econometric specifications. We test five hypotheses about the how the design of the compensation contracts are related to factors affecting the personal risks faced by the CEO's. In support of most of our hypotheses, the portion of salary granted seems to serve to balance out risks in CEO equity compensation and stock holdings. In many cases the portion of bonus compensation seems to have similar relationship with the elements of CEO idiosyncratic risk, but it is generally less sensitive to these risks than is the portion of salary compensation. As expected, the total level of CEO pay is positively related with the portion of salary compensation, and negatively correlated with option grants. On the other hand, salary compensation is positively correlated with the level of managerial stockholdings, while option grants are negatively related to the value of the portfolio. The case where our results are most at odds with the hypothesis is the effect of equity volatility on the structure of CEO pay, where the standard deviation of daily stock returns are negatively correlated with the portion of salary, and positively related to option grants. In our most unique findings, the deltas of the managers' equity portfolios have a U-shaped relationship with the portion of salary and an inverted U-shaped relationship with option grants. Bonus compensation is positively correlated with the delta. It is clear the option grants are the variable that is most sensitive to variations in the managers' portfolio deltas.
FASTS: FAcets structured tag space – a novel approach to organize and reuse social bookmarking tags

Social bookmarking tools are generating an enormous pool of metadata describing and categorizing web resources The value of these metadata in the form of tags can be fully realized only when they are shared and reused for web search and retrieval The research described in this paper proposes a facet classification mechanism, and a tag relationship ontology to organize tags into a meaningful and intuitively useful structure We have implemented a web-based prototype system to effectively search and browse bookmarked web resources using this approach We collected real tag data from del.icio.us for a wide range of popular domains We analyzed, processed, and organized these tags to demonstrate the effectiveness and utility of our approach for tag organization and reuse.
Statistical analysis of phase space density buildups and dropouts

[1] The dynamics of the radiation belt Phase Space Density (PSD) is analyzed using measurements from four spacecraft taken during two hundred days in 1990 and 1991. In situ measurements from CRRES, Akebono, GPS, and GEO and a realistic model of the magnetic field are used to infer values of PSD. The inferred values of PSD are assimilated into a radial diffusion model by means of Kalman filtering to produce a reanalysis of the relativistic electron PSD during this time interval. The statistical analysis shows that the plasmapause location is well correlated with the location of the peak of PSD. Positive innovation outside of the plasmasphere shows that local acceleration is present in the trough region. The peak of PSD and the local source, as inferred from the innovation, are displaced inward during times of increased geomagnetic activity. Analysis of non-adiabatic dropouts in PSD shows that the dropouts often coincide with sudden increases in the solar wind dynamic pressure. Approximately 73% of the dropouts can be associated with the simultaneous sudden jumps (>7 nPa over several hours) in the solar wind dynamic pressure, approximately 15% could be associated with small jumps or gradual increases in solar wind dynamic pressure, and the remaining 12%, which consists of only 3 events, occurred during relatively steady solar wind dynamic pressure.
Array antennas using low loss MEMS phase shifters

A line source of sixteen 5-bit MEMS phase shifters was used for beam scan of a novel X-band CTS (continuous transverse stubs) antenna over +/- 45 degrees in the H-plane. The 5-bit phase shifter has 1 dB loss on average over 6-10 GHz. The building block of these phase shifters is a cantilevered MEMS switch developed by HRL Laboratories. The metal-contact switch is characterized by 0.15 dB loss and 40 dB isolation at 10 GHz.
Structure of deoxy hemoglobin C (beta six Glu → Lys) in two crystal forms

Abstract Five crystal forms of the abnormal human hemoglobin Hb ‡ C (beta six Glu → Lys) have been grown. Two of them are grown with liganded Hb C, three with deoxy Hb C. The structures of two of the deoxy crystal forms were determined by the method of molecular replacement, using deoxy Hb A as the model structure. Fourier maps were calculated for each Hb C structure, using data to a resolution of 5 A in one case and 4 A in the second case. The structural differences between each deoxy Hb C structure and the deoxy Hb A model are found mostly at the molecular surface. Energetically favorable interactions involving the variant residue, beta six lysine, occur in both Hb C crystal forms, and could explain the lowered solubility and enhanced tendency of deoxy Hb C to crystallize in vivo .
Effects of perinatal alcohol on sexual differentiation and open-field behavior in rats.

Abstract Prenatal alcohol treatment prolonged the gestation period by 1 day in 5 out of 11 mothers and decreased the anogenital distance of pups of both sexes measured at birth. There were no effects on body weights of the pups at birth, total number of pups per litter, or sex ratio. The postnatally alcohol-treated males (pups nursed by alcohol-drinking mothers) had a significantly earlier preputial separation than animals treated with alcohol prenatally only or controls. There were no differences among the groups on the parameters of adult masculine sexual behavior, plasma testosterone, weights of sex accessory glands, or open-field behavior. Animals treated perinatally with alcohol showed a significant inhibition of penile reflexes. Repeated testing, however, abolished this effect.
Amici Curiae and Strategic Behavior in State Supreme Courts

Amici Curiae and Strategic Behavior in State Supreme Courts. By Scott A. Comparato. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003. 192p. $64.95. There is a plethora of studies examining whether or not judges engage in strategic behavior, yet many important questions remain about the motivations that encourage judges to behave strategically and how institutional rules shape these motivations. In his book, Scott A. Comparato asks whether institutional rules encourage strategic behavior by state supreme courts, litigants, and amici participants. His work is motivated by the idea that information provided by interest groups in amicus briefs is an important reference point for state supreme court justices.
Confirmation and genetic dissection of a major quantitative trait locus for alcohol preference drinking.

Objective: In previous work, we created congenic strains that carry the DBA/2IBG (D2) region for alcohol preference on chromosome 2, on an otherwise C57BL/6IBG (B6) background. Here, we report construction and testing of interval-specific congenic recombinant strains (ISCRSs) for the purpose of narrowing the quantitative trait loci (QTL) interval. Methods: ISCRSs were derived by identifying mice that carry recombination events in the D2 interval, during the backcrossing for congenics. Recombinant mice were backcrossed to B6, and progeny that carry the reduced chromosome 2 region were tested for its effect on the alcohol preference phenotype. Results: We developed multiple ISCR strains, which spanned the QTL interval. Three of these showed the D2 phenotype of reduced alcohol consumption. The overlap of two of these strains reduced the QTL interval from 66.8 to 3.5 Mb. A third positive ISCRS suggests the possibility of a second, linked QTL. Conclusions: Use of ISCRSs can narrow a QTL region to a few Mb. This reduced interval size will facilitate identification of candidate genes, through bioinformatics, gene expression, and DNA sequencing strategies. Potential difficulties, including reduced power as a result of variable phenotypes or small effect size, are discussed.
Precursors and trapping in the molecular chemisorption of CO on Ni(100)

Abstract The dynamics of molecular chemisorption of CO on Ni(100) has been investigated using supersonic molecular beam techniques. In order to probe the role of energy accommodation and of so-called precursor states, we have determined the dependence of the molecular sticking probability and the angular scattering distribution on the translational energy and incident angle of the incoming molecules, on surface temperature, and on surface coverage. At low translational energy CO adsorption proceeds in a fashion indicative of classical precursor kinetics. However, both the temperature independence of the initial sticking probability and the form of the angular scattering distribution of non-chemisorbing molecules (obtained using modulated beam techniques) indicate that molecules that fail to chemisorb on the clean surface are directly scattered and do not become fully accommodated in a precursor state. As the translational energy of the CO molecules at normal incidence is increased from 2 to 30 kcal mol , S0 decreases smoothly from 0.91 to 0.5. Further, for translational energies greater than 10 kcal mol S0 decreases with increasing angle of incidence. This surprising result indicates that the chemisorption probability decreases as the component of incident velocity parallel to the surface increases, just as it does for the normal component, but at a larger rate. The dynamics of the accommodation process are discussed in terms of a “hot”, not thermalized, precursor. Increasing the translational energy of the molecule affects not only the value of the sticking probability but also the form of the variation of sticking probability with coverage and with surface temperature. We report for the first time a transition between precursor adsorption kinetics at low translational energy (2 kcal mol ) to direct (Langmuirian) adsorption at high incident energy (21 kcal mol ). Scattering experiments performed on a surface with saturation coverage confirm this result.
On the fibre/matrix interface in boron/aluminium metal matrix composites

The fibre/matrix interface of B; AI metal matrix composites (MMCs) has been examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEW. As-fabricated samples show no fibre/matrix reaction whereas isothermal exposure for increasing periods of time leads to the formation of at least four distinct borides. The extent and location of the fibre/matrix reaction is strongly influenced by the presence of an oxide layer which is present at all the interfaces. The effect of these reaction products upon mechanical properties is considered.
Multi-frequency dynamic mechanical thermal analysis of moisture uptake in E-glass/vinylester composites

Abstract Multi-frequency dynamic mechanical thermal analysis is used to study changes in response of E-glass/vinylester composites exposed to aqueous solutions. Analagous to time–temperature superposition, the apparent activation energy of glass transition, ΔEa, is determined through the use of results obtained at multiple frequencies applying the Arrhenius principle. It is seen that results from the use of E″ and tan δ peaks provide similar values and trends for the apparent activation energy of glass transition. Use of this parameter enables tracking of changers in the composite and may be a useful determinant of increasing brittleness and irreversible degradation due to aqueous exposure.
GABAergic Somatostatin-immunoreactive Neurons in the Amygdala Project to the Entorhinal Cortex

The entorhinal cortex and other hippocampal and parahippocampal cortices are interconnected by a small number of GABAergic nonpyramidal neurons in addition to glutamatergic pyramidal cells. Since the cortical and basolateral amygdalar nuclei have cortex-like cell types and have robust projections to the entorhinal cortex, we hypothesized that a small number of amygdalar GABAergic nonpyramidal neurons might participate in amygdalo-entorhinal projections. To test this hypothesis we combined Fluorogold (FG) retrograde tract tracing with immunohistochemistry for the amygdalar nonpyramidal cell markers glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SOM), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and the m2 muscarinic cholinergic receptor (M2R). Injections of FG into the rat entorhinal cortex labeled numerous neurons that were mainly located in the cortical and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala. Although most of these amygdalar FG+ neurons labeled by entorhinal injections were large pyramidal cells, 1–5% were smaller long-range nonpyramidal neurons (LRNP neurons) that expressed SOM, or both SOM and NPY. No amygdalar FG+ neurons in these cases were PV+ or VIP+. Cell counts revealed that LRNP neurons labeled by injections into the entorhinal cortex constituted about 10–20% of the total SOM+ population, and 20–40% of the total NPY population in portions of the lateral amygdalar nucleus that exhibited a high density of FG+ neurons. Sixty-two percent of amygdalar FG+/SOM+ neurons were GAD+, and 51% were M2R+. Since GABAergic projection neurons typically have low perikaryal levels of GABAergic markers, it is actually possible that most or all of the amygdalar LRNP neurons are GABAergic. Like GABAergic LRNP neurons in hippocampal/parahippocampal regions, amygdalar LRNP neurons that project to the entorhinal cortex are most likely involved in synchronizing oscillatory activity between the two regions. These oscillations could entrain synchronous firing of amygdalar and entorhinal pyramidal neurons, thus facilitating functional interactions between them, including synaptic plasticity.
Radiative Heat Feedback in Aluminized Solid Propellant Combustion

A one-dimensiona l model has been developed to describe the combustion, flow, and radiant transport processes by aluminum and alumina particles near the surface of a burning aluminized composite solid propellant. The equations of mass, momentum, and energy have been solved to obtain the species concentration, velocity, and temperature profiles near the propellant surface. The decoupled radiative transfer equation has also been solved using the two-flux model to obtain the radiant flux profiles and the radiative heat feedback to the propellant surface. The results of the model indicate that the radiant heat feedback to the surface of a typical aluminized composite propellant would be 300-400 W/cm2 or about 20% of the total energy flux required to heat the solid propellant to the surface temperature.
Chromatographic probing of protein-sorbent interactions

Abstract Retention mapping on a multimodal anion-exchange-hydrophobic interaction chromatography column as a function of ionic strength at several values of pH is employed to investigate the interactions between 10 proteins and a charged adsorbent. Conditions under which proteins may adsorb by electrostatic interactions onto an adsorbent which has the same kind of charge as the net charge of the protein are identified by analyzing the retention maps. In such cases, the charge is distributed nonuniformly upon the surface of the protein and a patch having a charge opposite to the adsorbent is responsible for adsorption. The patch of the molecule which contacts the adsorbent can sometimes be identified by examining protein structure and the ionization characteristics of its individual amino acids. This allows for the determination of the area of the protein which controls adsorptive behavior.
Fostering creativity: Enhancing the browsing environment

Creative browsing is examined, and conceptual changes in the document retrieval model are suggested for enhancing the effectiveness of browsing. The role of the bibliographical agency in the browsing situation is changed from one which derives concepts to one which maximizes a user's physical inspection capabilities. Creativity, the nature of browsing, and the distinction between the physical document and the logical document are the foci.