cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modified Challenge-Based Teaching of Biotransport Phenomena

Major challenges of teaching biotransport phenomena are the interdisciplinary nature of biotransport principles, and diverse backgrounds of students from biology, biomedical engineering, mechanical engineering and chemical engineering majors. These challenges make traditional lecture-based instruction less effective, and difficult to implement new discovery and knowledge into the lecture material. In order to overcome these challenges, it has been proposed to teach biotransport phenomena based on the “How People Learn” (HPL) methodology [1–3]. The HPL methodology is a challenge-based pedagogic method in which students learn the principles through solving the assigned challenges. Adaptation of this pedagogic method to bioengineering courses is actively being developed and supported by NSF (VaNTH-ERC). This method has been shown to be very effective in teaching interdisciplinary science and engineering principles if the challenge modules are carefully designed.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Unusual Causes of Acute Abdomen

TECHNICAL advances have developed rapidly in many clinical areas, but diagnosis and management of the acute abdomen largely remain within the domain of clinical observations and experience. Successful treatment of the patient with acute abdomen depends upon early diagnosis, accurate judgment, and decisive action. The present report briefly describes the salient features of 21 patients with unusual and rare cases of acute abdomen, all of which were operated on and photographed by us. Fifteen percent of emergency abdominal operations were performed for uncommon or rare conditions. 1 These unusual conditions should be differentiated from the common etiologies of acute abdomen as noted in the following tabulation. Common Causes 1. Acute appendicitis 2. Perforated peptic ulcer 3. Incarcerated hernia 4. Adhesive small bowel obstruction 5. Acute pancreatitis 6. Acute cholecystitis 7. Large bowel obstruction due to carcinoma of the colon 8. Diverticulitis Unusual Causes 1. Diseases simulating acute appendicitis ( a ) Torsion
Important perturbations relating to station-keeping of the Global Positioning System of satellites

A compact algorithm for maintaining the longitude of node crossing of GPS satellites has been developed. Fundamental to proper AV selection for orbit sustenance is a detailed knowledge of the long-term behavior of certain classical orbital elements. Analysis of the perturbations include secula~ effects of zonal harmonics, secular and long period terms due to the sun and m o m , and resonant perturbations due to tesseral and S ~ C torial harmonics. The algorithm is based on numerical solutions to three first-order differential equations representing the time variation of semi-major axis, right ascension of the ascending node and longitude of node crossing. These three equations are cast in non-dimensional form and simultaneously integrated via a fourthOrder Range-Kutta scheme. Advanced Orbit Ephemeris Subsystem (AOES) indicates excellent agreement with detailed predictions. Comparison to the a e I R w M # ! J a e h
Fresh dairy manure characteristics and barnlot nutrient losses

Abstract Seven North Carolina milking herds were studied over a 30-month period to determine nutrient conservation between the time of manure excretion and land application. The relative amount of nutrients, urine and fecal fractions of manure, were determined in each. A simple mass balance, considering the inputs and outputs of a dairy cow, was used to estimate daily manurial nitrogen production. The average value was 0·361 kg of N per cow-day. Of the amount estimated in ‘as-exreted’ manure, 77% of the N, 102% of the P and 90% of the K was determined by mass balance to be removed from storage. Little, if any, nutrient loss was attributed to storage. Barnlot management with complete and frequent manure collection was found to be important. The farms in this study were found to dilute their manure by a factor of two by the time it was land applied.
Derivation of the energy-time uncertainty relation

A derivation from first principles is given of the energy-time uncertainty relation in quantum mechanics. A canonical transformation is made in classical mechanics to a new canonical momentum, which is energy E, and a new canonical coordinate T, which is called tempus, conjugate to the energy. Tempus T, the canonical coordinate conjugate to the energy, is conceptually different from the time t in which the system evolves. The Poisson bracket is a canonical invariant, so that energy and tempus satisfy the same Poisson bracket as do p and q. When the system is quantized, we find the energy-time uncertainty relation \ensuremath{\Delta}E\ensuremath{\Delta}T\ensuremath{\ge}\ensuremath{\Elzxh}/2. For a conservative system the average of the tempus operator T^ is the time t plus a constant. For a free particle and a particle acted on by a constant force, the tempus operators are constructed explicitly, and the energy-time uncertainty relation is explicitly verified.
Methods for the Demonstration of Lipid Applied to Compact Bone

Sections of compact bone were cut from the diaphysis of the femur, tibia, and humerus from dogs and monkeys. These sections were either ground thin and decalcified, or decalcified and subjected to frozen sectioning. Decalcification of the sections was effected by immersion in either Decal, 10% formic acid, 10% formic acid-sodium citrate (pH 4.5) or 20% aqueous EDTA. Sections were routinely stained with oil red O, Sudan black B, or Fettrot 7B. In addition, Nile blue A and phosphine 3R were also employed. Sections stained with phosphine were viewed with a fluorescence microscope. Control sections were extracted with lipid solvents prior to application of the staining procedures. The results indicate that lipid is present in compact bone within the osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi, and organic matrix. The significance of the lipid in these sites, particularly extracellularly, is unknown.
Effects of conditioned avoidance training on uridine incorporation into polyribosomes of parts of brain of mice.

Abstract Mice trained for 15 min on a conditioned avoidance task were compared to yoke-control mice immediately after training. Brains were dissected into cortex, hippocampus, diencephalon, and brainstem plus cerebellum portions. Trained animals incorporated more 3 H-uridine into polyribosomes of hippocampus and diencephalon and had a higher polyribosome-to-monosome ratio in the hippocampus than the yoke-control animals.
Staring MWIR, LWIR and 2-color and scanning LWIR polarimetry technology

Polarimetry sensor development has been in work for some time to determine the best use of polarimetry to differentiate between manmade objects and objects made by nature. Both MWIR and LWIR and 2-color staring Focal Plane Arrays (FPAs) and LWIR scanning FPAs have been built at Raytheon Vision Systems each with exceedingly higher performance. This paper presents polarimetric performance comparisons between staring 2562 MWIR, 2562 LWIR, 5122 LWIR/LWIR staring FPAs and scanning LWIR FPAs. LWIR polarimetry has the largest polarimetric signal level and a larger emissive polarimetric signature than MWIR which makes LWIR less dependent on sun angles. Polished angled glass and metal objects are easily detected using LWIR polarimetry. While single band 9-11 um LWIR polarimetry has advantages adding another band between 3 and 7 um improves the capability of the sensor for polarization and spectral phenomenology. In addition the 3-7 um band has improved NEDT over the 9-11 um band due to the shorter detector cutoff reducing the Noise Equivalent Degree of Linear Polarization. (NEDOLP). To gain acceptance polarimetric sensors must provide intelligence signatures that are better than existing nonpolarimetric Infrared sensors. This paper shows analysis indicating the importance of NEDOLP and Extinction ratios.
HRR-ATR using Eigen-Templates with noisy observations in unknown target scenario

This paper presents recent ATR results with High Range Resolution (HRR) profiles used for classification of ground targets. Our previous work has demonstrated that effective HRR-ATR performance can be achieved if the templates are formed via Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of detected HRR profiles and the classification is performed using normalized Matched Filtering (MF) [1, 2]. It had been shown theoretically in [1, 2] that the eigen-vectors are the optimal feature set representation of a collection of HRR profile vectors and we had proposed to use the dominant range- space eigen-vectors as templates, known as Eigen-Templates (ET). However, in [1, 2], HRR-ATR performance using the Eigen Template-Matched Filter (ETMF) combination had been applied to the forced decision case only using the XPATCH data sets. In this paper, we demonstrate the effectiveness in HRR- ATR performance of the ETMF approach by incorporating unknown target scenario [4]. All results in this paper use the public release MSTAR data. Furthermore, in our earlier work, HRR testing data was used without any additive noise, where it was found that detected-HRR data preprocessed by Power Transform (PT) can enhance ATR performance. However, results and analysis presented in this paper demonstrate that PT pre- processing when applied to noisy observation profiles tend to obscure the target information in the HRR profiles considerably which in turn leads to considerable deterioration in HRR-ATR performance. Hence, we argue in this paper that PT pre-processing should be avoided in practice in all HRR-ATR implementations. Instead, we show that the proposed ETMF with appropriate alignment and normalization of template and observation profiles can achieve excellent HRR-ATR performance.Extensive simulation studies have been carried out to validate the proposed approach. Results are presented for different noise levels in terms of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves.
Rescheduling for machine disruption to minimize makespan and maximum lateness

We consider a scheduling problem where a set of jobs has already been scheduled to minimize some cost objective on a single machine when the machine becomes unavailable for a period of time. The decision-maker needs to reschedule the jobs without excessively disrupting the original schedule. The disruption is measured as the maximum time deviation, for any given job, between the original and new schedules. We examine a general model where the maximum time disruption appears both as a constraint and as part of the cost objective. For a scheduling cost modeled as the makespan or maximum lateness, we provide a pseudopolynomial time optimal algorithm, a constant factor approximation algorithm, and a fully polynomial time approximation scheme. The approximation algorithm has an asymptotically achievable worst-case performance ratio of 2 and has average performance close to optimal. Managerial insights are given on how scheduling costs are affected by machine disruption and the approximation algorithm.
Review: Prostate cancer screening using PSA does not decrease mortality

Source Citation Djulbegovic M, Beyth RJ, Neuberger MM, et al. Screening for prostate cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2010;341:c4543. 20843937
Limiting conditions for the operation of the probable mutation effect.

(1972). Limiting conditions for the operation of the Probable Mutation Effect. Social Biology: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 29-34.
Sediment microbial fuel cells for wastewater treatment: challenges and opportunities

Sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) have been intensively investigated for the harvest of energy from natural sediment, but studies of their application for wastewater treatment mainly occurred in the past 2–3 years. SMFCs with simple structures can generate electrical energy while decontaminating wastewater. Most SMFCs used for wastewater treatment contain plants to mimic constructed wetlands. Both synthetic and real wastewaters have been used as substrates in SMFCs that achieved satisfactory performance in organic removal. SMFCs have also been scaled up from several litres to more than 150 L. To further develop this technology, identification of a suitable application niche is needed. Several challenges must be addressed, including more detailed analysis in energy production, consumption, and application, understanding the relationship between electricity generation and contaminant removal, selecting plants that will benefit electrode reactions, improving nutrients removal, and optimizing system configuration and operation. The potential applications of SMFCs for wastewater treatment include powering sensors to monitor treatment processes and enhancing the removal of specific contaminants by electricity generation.
The governance of open source initiatives: what does it mean to be community managed?

The concept of ‘open source’ software initially referred to software projects managed by grassroots communities in public forums. Since 1998, the concept has been adapted and diffused to new settings that extend beyond software. While the open source community has maintained control over which software licenses can be considered ‘open source’, little attention has been paid to the elements that constitute community management. More private parties now contribute to OSS communities and more hybrid governance models have emerged. Before we can understand how hybrid models differ from a community managed model, a more precise definition is needed. This essay takes a step in this direction by identifying five core principles critical to community-managed governance.
Editor’s Introduction: Sociologists and Administrators

This thematic issue offers a set of articles dealing with relationships between sociology programs and academic administrators, written from a perspective that draws upon both sociological training and administrative experience. The participating authors have served in the offices of department chair, dean, vice president, provost and president. They accept the necessity of an executive function in higher education, while remaining loyal to their discipline and deeply concerned about its future within academia. The issue was made possible by the efforts of Professor Charles F. Hohm, presently Dean of the College of Natural and Behavioral Sciences at California State University, Dominguez Hills, where he also is professor of sociology. While serving as President of the Pacific Sociological Association (PSA) in 2007, Professor Hohm organized a program focusing on sociology's place in the contemporary academy (see his "Preface"). The papers presented here were developed from those delivered at the PSA meetings. While the process was generally smooth, it required a considerable investment of time and effort, generously provided by Professor Hohm, to communicate with prospective contributors and help them fine-tune their work, while also keeping everyone alert to deadlines. For all that went into this project, I am sincerely grateful. The papers are arranged in two rough groupings, the first of which highlights the personal perspectives of their authors, while the second places more emphasis on sociological analysis and the examination of empirical data. There are several themes that unify the papers, especially: (1) what it feels like to be both a committed sociologist and an academic administrator; (2) how sociological training is helpful in performing administrative roles, including working for change within those roles; and (3) how sociological programs look to administrators, including our sociologically trained authors.
Factors influencing the distribution of larval mosquitos of the genera Aedes, Culex and Toxorhynchites (Dipt., Culicidae) on Moorea

Five habitat parameters were recorded during the sampling of larvae-positive water-filled containers located on the north side of Moorea in French Polynesia: container type, area of container aperture, organic load, water volume, and amount of canopy cover. This survey revealed that the amount of canopy cover significantly influenced both Toxorhynchites amboinensis and Culex quinquefasciatus larval distributions. Culex quinquefasciatus preferred containers in habitats with no canopy cover or light canopy cover compared to those with heavy canopy cover. Toxorhynchites amboinensis preferred heavy-canopy habitat over habitat with no canopy cover. In addition, C. quinquefasciatus larvae were significantly more common in high-water-volume sites compared to low-water-volume sites. None of the habitat factors were correlated with a combined Aedes polynesiensis and Aedes aegypti larval distribution. Sampling of breeding sites in coconut groves revealed that sanitation efforts were highly successful in reducing the density of fourth instar mosquito larvae (88.93 individuals/100 m 2 in unsanitized groves versus 0.36 individuals/100 m 2 in sanitized groves). In the sanitized groves, there were less breeding sites per m 2 and less larvae per breeding site. Sixty-nine percent of the coconut-grove larvae were found developing in rat-chewed coconuts. Roadside samples revealed similar success of sanitation with lower fourth instar mosquito density along sanitized roadside.
Bone Morphogenic Protein-4 Induces Hypertension in Mice Role of Noggin, Vascular NADPH Oxidases, and Impaired Vasorelaxation

Background— Recent in vitro studies have shown that disturbed flow and oxidative conditions induce the expression of bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs 2 and 4) in cultured endothelial cells. BMPs can stimulate superoxide production and inflammatory responses in endothelial cells, raising the possibility that BMPs may play a role in vascular diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that BMP4 would induce hypertension in intact animals by increasing superoxide production from vascular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases and an impairment of vasodilation responses. Methods and Results— BMP4 infusion by osmotic pumps increased systolic blood pressure in a time- and dose-dependent manner in both C57BL/6 mice (from 101 to 125 mm Hg) and apolipoprotein E–null mice (from 107 to 146 mm Hg) after 4 weeks. Cotreatment with the BMP antagonist noggin or the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin completely blocked the BMP4 effect. In addition, BMP4 i...
Electro-optic polymer frequency shifter activated by input optical pulses

We demonstrate electro-optic frequency shifting of 1.55-μm optical pulses by as much as 86 GHz in a polymer traveling-wave phase modulator. The optical pulses were modulated with the linear region of quasi-sinusoidal microwave pulses. In the implemented configuration the electro-optic frequency shifter does not require synchronization with the source of the optical pulses, making it transparent to the optical-pulse repetition rate and increasing its utility. Electro-optic frequency conversion has a number of advantages compared with other methods of all-optical frequency conversion, including no need for a second optical source, high conversion efficiency, and simple control of the output frequency.
Chelation controlled diastereofacial selectivity in crotyltri-n-butylstannane additions to α-alkoxyaldehydes

Abstract Lewis acid mediated additions of crotyltri- n -butylstannane to chiral α-alkoxyaldehydes generally show excellent (⩾99:1) diastereofacial selectivity; proper choice of lewis acid is crucial for controlling erythro/threo selectivity in the bond formation.
Leishmania mexicana: Effect of concomitant malaria on cutaneous leishmaniasis. Development of lesions in a Leishmania-susceptible (BALB/c) strain of mouse

Abstract Symptoms of human leishmaniasis vary greatly, ranging from cryptic infections to cases with fatal sequelae. Factors regulating the severity of the disease are largely undetermined. Malaria coincides geographically with leishmaniasis in many areas and the immunosuppressive effects of malaria are well documented. It is therefore plausible that malaria could enhance the course of concomitant leishmaniasis. Interactions between Leishmania mexicana and Plasmodium yoelii were examined in BALB/c mice. Percentage of blood cells infected with P. yoelii and diameter of footpad lesions caused by L. mexicana were the criteria used to assay for disease severity. L. mexicana and P. yoelii infections were each significantly enhanced in dually infected mice when compared to mice infected with either parasite alone. Mortality rates due to the normally nonlethal P. yoelii were high during concurrent infections.
A simple approximation for the doubly noncentral t-distribution

A simple approximation for the doubly noncentral t-distribution, based upon the Fieller-Geary Theorem (1930) and approximate normality of the square root of the noncentral chi-square variable observed by Patnaik (1949), is developed, This approximation and an Edgeworth series expansion associated with it are evaluated. The simple approximation is seen to be reasonably accurate for most practical purposes.
A Second Type of Hereditary Persistence of Foetal Haemoglobin in India

Summary. Six individuals in four Indian families have 25–30% foetal haemoglobin in which the two types of γ chains (the Gγ chain with glycine in position 136 and the Aγ chain with alanine in that position) are present in a ratio of 70:30. It is suggested that these heterozygotes form a distinct subgroup of the HbGγ HbAγ class of the hereditary persistence of foetal haemoglobin. In three relatives this HPFH condition occurs together with β-thalassaemia. It is concluded that the β-thalassaemia is of the type in which the ratio of Gγ:Aγ chains is 3:1 as in the newborn.
Lateral approach to the upper cervical spine.

A procedure for access to the ventral portion of the spinal canal from the foramen magnum to the superior portion of C-3 is described. This is useful for lesions that are primarily ventral or ventrolateral to the spinal cord, such as meningiomas or neurofibromas. The exposure involves no more bone r
Gas/particle partitioning of neutral and ionizing compounds to single and multi-phase aerosol particles. 1. Unified modeling framework

Abstract A single framework is developed for describing the equilibrium gas/particle partitioning of organic and inorganic constituents wherein all partitioning molecules are handled in the same manner, and multiple phases may be present in the particulate matter (PM). The model assumes an equilibrium distribution of all constituents between the gas phase and all of the condensed PM phases. The partitioning species may include neutral non-ionizing compounds (e.g., alkanes) as well as acids, bases, and metal ions. Acid-related species are assumed to be volatile only when present in the neutral “free-acid” form. Base-related species are assumed to be volatile only when present in the neutral “free-base” form. Metal ions are assumed to be non-volatile. The behavior of systems involving multiple liquid and solid phases are discussed using analogs of equations that have been developed, tested, and verified in prior efforts. Schemes are discussed for seeking the overall equilibrium composition of a gas and multi-phasic PM system. The framework developed thus provides a basis for solving a wide variety of complex partitioning problems. Because effective algorithms exist for predicting liquid-phase activity coefficients for neutral molecules as a function of composition and temperature, the framework can currently be used to solve a wide variety of gas/particle partitioning problems that involve non-ionizing constituents in a gas and multi-phasic PM system. Application of the framework to more general problems involving both ionic constituents and neutral molecules in liquid PM will become possible when reliable algorithms are developed for predicting activity coefficients of ions and neutral molecules in a general liquid mixture of such species.
The symptomatology of gastritis

Superficial Catarrhal Gastritis occurs in young people, has a short history characterized by epigastric distress immediately on eating, not relieved by further food or alkali ingestion. This type of gastritis, if subject to frequent exacerbations, probably results in permanent atrophic changes and eventually occasions the symptoms of chronic atrophic gastritis. In well establishedatrophic gastritis the history is of persistent, constant upper abdominal distress of pressure type, not relieved by food or alkali, with anexoria and nausea, and occasional vomiting. The duration is many years. The patients are in the 4th, 5th and 6th decade, and have often lost weight and become anemic, hence to be differentiated from malignancy or pernicious anemia; they may be subject to acute exacerbations, often with sore mouth and tongue. Thehypertrophic gastric patients have epigastric pain, either immediately post cibum or at an interval thereafter, sometimes with food or alkali relief, but more often being not relieved or aggravated thereby and with a pronounced tendency to nausea and vomiting, the latter giving relief. The history is of long duration with periods of remission. The type of pain is burning or gnawing, or a dull ache, but does not radiate nor occur at night and is diffuse in upper abdomen. The X-ray findings in the superficial and atrophic forms of gastritis are negative, while in the hypertrophic forms they are equivocal, indeterminant, or show ulcer niche types of defects, often multiple. Occasionally the diagnosis of gastritis has been made, usually in the hypertrophic type by changes in mucosal pattern. There is no diagnostic aid from the evaluation of degrees of acidity of the gastric secretions in the superficial forms; the atrophic forms are distinctly achlorhydric, while the hypertrophic type may be achylic, anacid, hypo or hyper-acid, with a preponderant number of the last. Evidences of gastric hemorrhage, either hematemesis, or melena has been found with all forms of gastritis, possibly more frequently with the hypertrophic types. We agree with Benedict therefore, that hemorrhagic evidences are strongly indicative of gastritis if another responsible lesion has not been demonstrated.
A high-resolution variable-line-spacing spherical-grating monochromator with a movable exit slit

Abstract A design for a spherical-grating monochromator based on the rotation of a variable-line-spacing grating and a movable exit slit in order to minimize the defocus, coma, and spherical aberrations is discussed. The resolution of the proposed monochromator has been investigated both analytically and by means of ray tracing. With a grating figure error of ± 0.1 arc sec, the resolving power ranges from 104 to 5 × 103 over the energy range 380–1260 eV. The total travel of the exit slit required for scanning this energy range is less than 250 mm.
Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at the magnetopause boundary

An MHD model is defined for the convective Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (CKHI) which satellite data indicates produces vortices in the near-earth region of the plasma sheet through turbulence caused by shear flow. The MHD equations are solved as an initial value problem, which reveals that the CKHI growth rate is the same as that of the periodic KHI (PKHI). However, the CKHI is not as limited in the range of amplitude as is the PKHI, which experiences stability in nonlinear growth because of the periodic characteristics of the growth. A perpendicularly moving CKHI can produce a large vortex flow and shocks off the vortex boundary. The satellite data indicate that the vortices are in the size range of 10-20 earth radii. Additional effects can include the expulsion of magnetic flux and the formation of the boundary layer. The success of the model up to the point of formation of the boundary layer is taken as an incentive for further model development using more realistic magnetospheric data.
Regulation of iodine metabolism in human leukocytes by adenosine 3',5' -monophosphate.

Abstract The rate of iodide uptake and formation of iodo-compounds in human leukocytes is regulated by adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP). In the regulation to the dose, cyclic AMP decreases the iodine metabolism. Thyrotropin and prostaglandin E 1 increase cyclic AMP concentration in the human leukocytes. The rate of protein-bound iodine formation and total uptake of iodide by leukocytes depends on iodide concentration in the medium, that is optimal at 10 μ/100 ml. The conclusion is made, that the system adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP response in the human leukocytes to thyrotropin, but in contrary to the thyroid gland, cyclic AMP depresses the rate of iodide metabolism.
Examination of restenosis sites in patients with restenosis in one of two previously dilated coronary artery narrowings

Abstract Restenosis remains a major limitation of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). 1–4 An extensive literature has defined the risk factors for restenosis. 4 Restenosis may be viewed as a complex process of abnormal myointimal cellular proliferation that potentially occurs in response to patient, dilatation site and procedural variables. The underlying cellular pathophysiology may relate to these characteristics. In understanding the process it is helpful to examine some risk factors in the absence of other risk factors. Thus, we have reviewed our experience of patients having 2 sites dilated, 1 of which had restenosis while the other remained patent. This paired comparison permitted the examination of site and procedural characteristics while holding patient characteristics constant.
Predictors of Suicidal Ideation in a Gender-Stratified Sample of OEF/OIF Veterans

There is a growing concern about suicide among Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) veterans. We examined the role of postdeployment mental health in associations between deployment stressors and postdeployment suicidal ideation (SI) in a national sample of 2,321 female and male OEF/OIF veterans. Data were obtained via survey, and path analysis was used. For women and men, mental health symptoms largely accounted for associations between deployment stressors and SI; however, they only partly accounted for the sexual harassment and SI association among women. These findings enhance the understanding of the mental health profile of OEF/OIF veterans.
Effects of red cell exchange on calculated sheep lung vascular permeability to 14C-urea and 14C-thiourea

We performed fourteen experiments on sheep to determine whether or not erythrocytes tracer transport alters the calculated value of capillary tracer permeability surface area. In each set of experiments 14C-urea or 14C-thiourea was equilibrated with: (1) a whole blood sample; (2) saline alone, and (3) packed erythrocytes alone. Aliquots of each of these samples were injected separately into the superior vena cava of sheep and multiple indicator data collected from the aorta. Lung urea or thiourea microvascular permeability surface area (PS) was calculated for each set of data using the integral extraction method. These results were compared to the predictions of a detailed theory of microvascular transport which included red cell effects. As predicted by the theory, only small differences were found between urea PS calculations based on pre-equilibrated blood or plasma injectates. When 14C-urea in the injectate was confined to red cells, the average PS calculation was approximately 60% of the average plasma-equilibrated value (also predicted by theory). This ratio was substantially lower (25%) when 14C-thiourea was used as an indicator, suggesting that the red cell membrane, rather than the microvascular barrier, limits thiourea exchange. We conclude that a finite red cel-plasma urea exchange rate does not significantly influence the calculation of lung vascular PS when the injected blood is equilibrated with urea prior to its introduction into the vascular system.
FPGA-based SAT solver architecture with near-zero synthesis and layout overhead

Boolean satisfiability (SAT) has shown itself to be a promising application for configurable computing and an interesting testbed for new configurable computing compilation techniques. In this paper we have developed a new and novel SAT solver architecture that addresses three fundamental hurdles that remain before reconfigurable-hardware-based acceleration of SAT can be widely used. These hurdles are: first, the time overhead for compiling the instance-specific circuit to hardware; secondly, the limited sophistication of the hardware algorithm, and thirdly, the slow clock speeds. The main enabling idea in our work is to implement the communication between literals and clauses by means of a time multiplexed pipelined bus architecture rather than hardwiring it using on-FPGA routing resources. This allows the circuits for different instances of the SAT problem to be identical except for small local differences. Thus, the incremental synthesis and place-and-route effort required for each instance of the problem becomes negligible compared to the time to actually solve the SAT problem. Interestingly, the time multiplexing feature also allows us to incorporate the dynamic addition of clauses into the SAT solver algorithm, since the compilation/configuration time is negligible. Finally, since the proposed architecture is highly pipelined, with very few long wires, and no wires crossing FPGA boundaries, high clock speeds are possible. The authors present the overall architecture and detailed circuits for it in the paper. They also present experimental results showing the performance of the architecture relative to earlier efforts on hardware acceleration of SAT and relative to software implementations.
Securing data through avoidance routing

As threats on the Internet become increasingly sophisticated, we now recognize the value in controlling the routing of data in a manner that ensures security. However, few technical means for achieving this goal exist. In this paper we propose and design a system that allows users to specify regions of the Internet they wish their data to avoid. Using our system, data will either arrive at the destination along a path that avoids the specified regions, or no avoiding path exists. Beyond the design, we discuss the deployment, performance and security issues of this system, along with alternative approaches that could be used.
FLUORIDE TABLETS: QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.

I. Is there a place for a fluoride tablet, drop, pill, lozenge in pediatric practice? A. For the child (or the individual) whose drinking water comes from a fluoridated community water supply, no. An optimal fluoride concentration is provided (for tooth health), and the chance is too great that for children under the age of 8 added fluoride would increase the incidence and severity of enamel mottling. In communities where the water supply is naturally fluoridated to concentrations of 0.5 part per million (ppm) or more, additional fluoride should not be given for the same reason. B. For the individual whose drinking water comes from a community water supply that is fluoride free (less than 0.5 ppm) , or from a private well or other source that is fluoride free, a qualified yes. 1. A soluble or dispersable tablet from which a drinking water supply can be prepared which contains 1 ppm F unquestionably has a place. In effect this provides for
Decade-long trends (1986 to 1997) in the medical treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction: A community-wide perspective.

Abstract Background Although there are an increasing number and variety of medications available for the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), few data are available describing recent, and changes over time in, use of different cardiac medications in patients with AMI from a more generalizable, community-wide perspective. Moreover, it is unclear whether the demographic and clinical profile of patients receiving these agents is similar or varies according to the type of agent prescribed. Methods and Results The purpose of this study was to examine recent patterns and changes over a decade-long period (1986 to 1997) in the use of cardiac medications during the acute hospitalization and at the time of hospital discharge in metropolitan Worcester, Mass, residents (1990 census estimate, 437,000) hospitalized with confirmed AMI. There was a marked increase in the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, aspirin, β-blockers, lipid-lowering agents, and thrombolytic therapy between 1986 and 1997. The use of calcium antagonists, lidocaine, and other antiarrhythmic agents declined over this period. Similar trends were observed in the use of these agents in hospital survivors at the time of hospital discharge. Patient age, presence of comorbidities, and AMI-associated characteristics influenced the use of these therapies; sex differences in the use of several of these medications were also noted. Conclusions The results of this population-based observational study provide insights into changing prescribing patterns in the hospital treatment of patients with AMI. Despite encouraging increases in the use of several of these agents, considerable opportunities for increased utilization remain. (Am Heart J 2001;142:594-603.)
THE SIO MASERS AND DUST SHELL OF VX SGR

The circumstellar envelope of the late-type supergiant VX Sagittarii has been studied with VLBI observations of SiO maser emission (J = 1 → 0 υ = 1) and interferometric observations of mid-infrared dust emission.
Multiresolution transforms in modern image and video coding systems

This paper presents a brief overview of the multiresolution transform designs used in a few image and video compression systems, namely H.264, PTC (progressive transform coder), and JPEG2000. The first two use hierarchical transforms, and the third uses wavelet transforms. We review the basis constructions for the hierarchical transforms, and compare some of their characteristics with those of wavelet transforms. In terms of compression performance as measured by peak-signal to noise ratio, H.264 provides the best performance, but at much higher computational complexity. In terms of visual quality, the multiresolution transforms provide an improvement over block (single resolution) transforms.
What’s new in general surgery: burns and metabolism

This review will focus on notable clinical and scientific contributions in the areas of burns and metabolism over the past 12 months and will attempt to place them in perspective for surgeons in practice. In preparation, a Medline search was conducted among English-language publications for the subject heading “burns,” covering the period from October 1, 2001 to October 15, 2002. More than 500 citations were identified, 15 of which were randomized, controlled clinical trials. Several additional articles that appear clearly relevant to clinical burn treatment are also discussed.
Experimental evidence for the origin of two kinds of inclusions in diamonds from the deep mantle

Abstract The conditions of origin for the type III inclusions in diamonds from Brazil [Hutchison, Thesis, 1997] and the NaPx–En inclusion from China [Wang and Sueno, Miner. J. 18 (1996) 9–16] were experimentally determined using a split-sphere anvil apparatus (USSA-2000). The type III inclusions formed at a minimum pressure and temperature of 25 GPa and 2000°C, while the origin of the NaPx–En inclusion was close to 23 GPa and 1900°C. Both determinations suggest that the temperature at the corresponding depths is about 300°C higher than predicted by most geotherms for a convecting mantle without a thermal boundary layer at 660 km. Both kinds of inclusions required rapid, single-stage transport by carbonate melt to the Earth’s surface, which is consistent with the depths of origin for this melt greater than 660 km. The unusual composition of the NaPx–En inclusion is the result of metasomatism by carbonate melt enriched in Na, K and Mg, and depleted in Si and Al. Since this melt is not kimberlitic in composition, exchange of material between the melt and the mantle was necessary for the melt to become kimberlitic by the time it reached the surface. The resulting metasomatism taking place over a long period of time could cause major changes in the mineral and chemical composition and the structure of the Earth’s mantle, and thus play an important role in its evolution.
NORMAL STRUCTURE AND PYTHAGOREAN APPROACH IN BANACH SPACES

Let ]]> ]]> ]]> ]]> ]]> ]]> ]]> ]]> ]]> ]]> ]]> ]]> X$ be a real Banach space and $S(X) = \{x \in X: \|x\| = 1\}$ be the unit sphere of $X$. The parameters $E_{\epsilon}(X)=\sup\{\alpha_{\epsilon}(x): x \in S(X)\}$, $e_{\epsilon}(X)=\inf\{\alpha_{\epsilon}(x): x \in S(X)\}$, $F_{\epsilon}(X)=\sup\{\beta_{\epsilon}(x): x \in S(X)\}$, and $f_{\epsilon}(X)=\inf\{\beta_{\epsilon}(x): x \in S(X)\}$, where $\alpha_{\epsilon}(x) = \sup\{\| x + \epsilon y \|^{2}+ \| x - \epsilon y \|^{2}: y \in S(X)\}$ and $\beta_{\epsilon}(x) = \inf\{\| x + \epsilon y \|^{2}+ \| x - \epsilon y \|^{2}: y \in S(X)\}$, are defined and studied. The main result is that a Banach space $X$ with $E_{\epsilon}(X) < 2 + 2\epsilon +\frac{1}{2}\epsilon^{2}$ for some $0\leq \epsilon \leq 1$ has uniform normal structure.
Mary Budd Rowe: a storyteller of science

This article examines Mary Budd Rowe’s groundbreaking and far-reaching contributions to science education. Rowe is best known for her research on wait-time: the idea that teachers can improve the quality and length of classroom discussions by waiting at least 3 s before and after student responses. Her wait-time research grew from and helped inform her staunch advocacy of science education as inquiry; Rowe saw wonder and excitement as central to the teaching and learning of science. She spent much of her professional life designing professional development experiences and innovative curriculum materials to help teachers, particularly elementary school teachers, enact inquiry in their classrooms.
Towards Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) for Massive Multiplayer Online Games (MMOG)

In recent times Massive Multiplayer Online Game has appeared as a computer game that enables hundreds of players from all parts of the world to interact in a game world (common platform) at the same time instance. Current architecture used for MMOGs based on the classic tightly coupled distributed system. While, MMOGs are getting more interactive same time number of interacting users is increasing, classic implementation architecture may raise scalability and interdependence issues. This requires a loosely coupled service oriented architecture to support evolution in MMOG application. Data flow architecture, Event driven architecture and client server architecture are basic date orchestration approaches used by any service oriented architecture. Real time service is hottest issue for service oriented architecture. The basic requirement of any real time service oriented architecture is to ensure the quality of service. In this paper we have proposed a service oriented architecture for massive multiplayer online game and a specific middleware (based on open source DDS) in MMOG's for fulfilling real time constraints.
Searching confbrmational space with the spectral distance geometry algorithm

Abstract The spectral distance geometry algorithm reported here contains a number of features that are not common to other distance geometry algorithms used to determine molecular conformations from nuclear magnetic resonance data. A central question to ask for all algorithms in this area is whether the algorithm samples the conformation space well. In order to begin to answer this question we examine the sampling properties of the algorithm applied to unconstrained polypeptide chains. A new algorithm to find better starting values is introduced. This starting algorithm improves the sampling properties of our approach. From an initial investigation of this improved algorithm it appears that its sampling properties are superior to those of similar methods that have been reported if no metrization is used. Other good qualities of the algorithm are its speed and the fact that almost all starting values converge to an acceptable structure, which contrasts with a reported failure rate of approximately 20% for other distance geometry algorithms.
Renal Cell Carcinoma Associated with TFE3 Gene Fusion in an Elderly Woman

We present a case report of a renal cell carcinoma with TFE3 overexpression (related to TFE3 gene fusion) in a 63-year-old woman. Such tumors have been reported predominantly in children and young adults, and to our knowledge there are only 2 such cases mentioned in the literature in patients older than ours. However, we believe that this tumor may be underdiagnosed in adults owing to its similarity to clear cell (conventional) carcinoma and in some cases to papillary renal carcinoma.
On the theory of fracture of curved sheets

Abstract Following Griffith, a fracture criterion incorporating a geometry and plasticity correction is derived for the prediction of failure in pressurized vessels. A comparison with a few sets of experimental data chosen at random is very good.
Microbial water quality in freshwater lakes with different land use

Aims The relationship between land use (undeveloped, cattle grazing, urban), faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) levels and microbial source tracking (MST) marker detection was investigated in lakes created following phosphate mining. Methods and Results Faecal coliforms and enterococci were cultured, and MST markers were detected by PCR [Methanobrevibacter smithii, human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), ruminant, human (HF183) and general Bacteroidales]. FIB levels varied significantly by sampling date and were correlated with antecedent rainfall. FIB levels varied with land use category only in the case of faecal coliform levels in sediments of urban lakes, which were significantly greater than those in undeveloped or cattle-impacted lakes. Ruminant Bacteroidales were detected consistently in cattle-impacted lakes (57%) and rarely in other lakes. HPyVs was the only human source marker detected. Conclusions Rainfall was more strongly associated with FIB levels than land use category. The detection frequency of only the ruminant MST marker was associated with land use. Significance and Impact of Study Microbial source tracking (MST) can fine-tune the assessment of human health risk from recreational use of inland waters, particularly when similar FIB levels but different surrounding land use and probable impacts exist.
Aortocaval fistula and contained rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm presenting with pelvic venous congestion

This case report describes pelvic venous congestion without associated high-output cardiac failure as an unusual presentation of an aortocaval fistula as a complication of a contained rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Options for caval control and management of perioperative problems unique to this situation are discussed.
Functional redundancy between Cdc14 phosphatases in zebrafish ciliogenesis.

Background: Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and their counteracting phosphatases are key regulators of cell cycle progression. In yeasts, the Cdc14 family of phosphatases promotes exit from mitosis and progression through cytokinesis by reversing phosphorylation of Cdk1 substrates. In vertebrates, CDC14 paralogs, CDC14A and CDC14B, have so far been implicated in processes ranging from DNA damage repair, meiosis, centrosome duplication to ciliogenesis. However, the question of whether CDC14 paralogs can functionally compensate for each other has yet to be addressed. Results: Here, using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides to inhibit Cdc14A1 function, we observed that Cdc14A1 depleted zebrafish embryos displayed ventrally curved body and left-right asymmetry defects, similar to Cdc14B deficient embryos and zebrafish mutants with cilia defects. Accordingly, we found that Cdc14A1, like Cdc14B, plays a role in ciliogenesis in the Kupffer's vesicle (KV) and other ciliated tissues, and can do so independently of its function in cell cycle. Furthermore, we observed reciprocal suppression of KV cilia length defects of Cdc14A1 and Cdc14B deficient embryos by cdc14b and cdc14a1 RNAs, respectively. Conclusions: Together, these studies demonstrate for the first time that Cdc14A and Cdc14B have overlapping functions in the ciliogenesis process during zebrafish development. Developmental Dynamics, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.