cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Pedagogy of Play: Integrating Computer Games into the Writing Classroom

Traditional distinctions between work/play and classroom/gamespace create barriers to computer games’ integration into academic settings and the writing classroom in particular. For a writing class, the work/play distinction often relegates games to an object of analysis in which students critique the games but have little invested in the gameplay itself. After examining briefly how historical changes in education created these distinctions, we offer an alternative position that places play and gamespace within the realm of the classroom. In so doing, we open up a gap for computer game theory to inform the pedagogy that can be practiced in a writing classroom. We show one such example of game theory informing writing pedagogy—the theory of emergent gaming. We then offer an example of an enacted emergent pedagogy in which students play the massively multiplayer online role-playing game World of Warcraft throughout the term, composing self-determined, rhetorically focused writing projects informed by play and written for other game players.
Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is clinically defined as unexplained myocardial hypertrophy, and it is an autosomal dominant disease of the cardiac sarcomere. It is present in 1 in 500 in the general adult population, making it the most common genetic cardiovascular disease. The pathophysiology of HCM is complex, leading to significant variability in clinical presentation. This, combined with the lack of randomized trials, makes the management of these patients difficult. Findings: The majority of patients with HCM are asymptomatic without a substantial reduction in survival. However, a considerable portion of patients will experience significant symptoms and HCM-related death, and effective therapies are available for these patients. Patients may have symptoms of heart failure from outflow tract obstruction and/or restrictive physiology. Medical therapy targeted at the underlying pathophysiology should be used, and surgical myectomy or alcohol septal ablation is available for those with refractory symptoms. While the overall risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) is low in HCM patients, some are at elevated risk for and experience SCD, a devastating outcome in young patients. Risk stratification for SCD and treatment with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators is paramount. Many HCM patients will also develop atrial fibrillation, and this is often poorly tolerated. A rhythm control strategy with antiarrhythmic drugs or catheter ablation is often necessary, and anticoagulation should be administered to reduce the risk of thromboembolism. Finally, family members of patients with HCM should be regularly screened with electrocardiography and echocardiography. Conclusions: HCM is a complex disease with heterogeneous phenotypes and clinical manifestations. The management of HCM focuses on reducing symptoms of heart failure, preventing SCD, treating atrial fibrillation, and screening family members. Treatment should be tailored to the unique characteristics of each individual patient.
Classroom participation: A student perspective

Encouraging associate degree nursing students to participate during class is an essential step in facilitating learning and encouraging critical thinking. However, students remain reluctant to participate in classroom discussion for a variety of reasons. This project provides insight into students' perspectives on classroom participation and recommendations to increase levels of student participation based on these insights.
Semi-supervised Domain Adaptation with Instance Constraints

Most successful object classification and detection methods rely on classifiers trained on large labeled datasets. However, for domains where labels are limited, simply borrowing labeled data from existing datasets can hurt performance, a phenomenon known as "dataset bias." We propose a general framework for adapting classifiers from "borrowed" data to the target domain using a combination of available labeled and unlabeled examples. Specifically, we show that imposing smoothness constraints on the classifier scores over the unlabeled data can lead to improved adaptation results. Such constraints are often available in the form of instance correspondences, e.g. when the same object or individual is observed simultaneously from multiple views, or tracked between video frames. In these cases, the object labels are unknown but can be constrained to be the same or similar. We propose techniques that build on existing domain adaptation methods by explicitly modeling these relationships, and demonstrate empirically that they improve recognition accuracy in two scenarios, multicategory image classification and object detection in video.
Amphibian populations in the terrestrial environment: Is there evidence of declines of terrestrial forest amphibians in northwestern California?

Amphibian declines have been documented worldwide; however the vast majority are species associated with aquatic habitats. Information on the status and trends of terrestrial amphibians is almost entirely lacking. Here we use data collected across a 12-yr period (sampling from 1984-86 and from 1993-95) to address the question of whether evidence exists for declines among terrestrial amphibians in northwestern California forests. The majority of amphibians, both species and relative numbers, in these forests are direct-developing salamanders of the family Plethodontidae. We examined amphibian richness and evenness, and the relative abundances of the four most common species of plethodontid salamanders. We examined evidence of differences between years in two ecological provinces (coastal and interior) and across young, mature, and late seral forests and with reference to a moisture gradient from xeric to hydric within late seral forests. We found evidence of declines in species richness across years on late seral mesic stands and in the coastal ecological province, but these differences appeared to be caused by differences in the detection of rarer species, rather than evidence of an overall pattern. We also found differences among specific years in numbers of individuals of the most abundant species, Ensatina eschscholtzii, but these differences also failed to reflect a consistent pattern of declines between the two decadal sample periods. Results showing differences in richness, evenness, and relative abundances along both the seral and moisture continua were consistent with previous research. Overall, we found no compelling evidence of a downward trend in terrestrial plethodontid salamanders. We believe that continued monitoring of terrestrial salamander populations is important to understanding mechanisms of population declines in amphibian species.
Facial Stigmas in Dyadic Selection Interviews: Affective and Behavioral Reactions Toward a Stigmatized Applicant

Despite being one of the most common methods for selecting employees, the selection interview is not free from biases because it involves social interactions in which physical characteristics influ...
Computational analysis of the first biheterocyclization site of the antibiotic microcin B17.

Abstract Microcin B17 (MccB17) undergoes an enzyme catalyzed posttranslational modification to form four oxazole and four thiazole rings. Four of these rings form 4,2—connected bihete-rocyclic functionalities. In this study, the hexapeptide sequence surrounding the first bihete- rocyclization site of microcin B17 was examined using computational calculations and database analysis to see if it was preorganized for cyclization in a manner similar to that found in the autocatalytic posttranslational cyclization of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). Attention was focused on the intermolecular distances between the sulfur and oxygen atoms of the cysteine and serine residues and the carbonyl carbons which they attack in the ring formation. Conformational searches located some low energy conformations that contained relatively short oxygen to carbonyl carbon distances, which indicated that the oxazole forming fragment in microcin B17 is preorganized for cyclization. However, the lack of any clear patterns for the ...
A Novel MDR1 GT1292-3TG (Cys431Leu) Genetic Variation and Its Effect on P-glycoprotein Biologic Functions

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a membrane-bound transporter protein that is encoded by the human multidrug resistance gene MDR1 (ABCB1). P-gp recognizes a wide range of xenobiotics, is pivotal in mediating cancer drug resistance, and plays an important role in limiting drug penetration across the blood–brain barrier. MDR1 genetic variation can lead to changes in P-gp function and may have implications on drug pharmacokinetics. We have identified a novel MDR1GT1292-3TG (Cys431Leu) genetic variation through systematic profiling of subjects with leukemia. The cellular and transport function of this variation was investigated with recombinant human embryonic kidney cells expressing MDR1. Compared with the wild type, MDR1GT1292-3TG recombinant cells exhibited a lower drug resistance phenotype for a panel of chemotherapeutic agents. When compared with wild type, MDR1GT1292-3TG recombinant cells exposed exhibited a 75% decrease in IC50 for doxorubicin (162.6 ± 17.4 to 37.9 ± 2.6 nM) and a 50% decrease in IC50 for paclitaxel (155.7 ± 27.5 to 87.7 ± 9.2 nM), vinblastine (128.0 ± 15.9 to 65.9 ± 5.1 nM), and vincristine (593.7 ± 61.8 to 307.3 ± 17.0 nM). The effects of the Cys431Leu variation, due to MDR1GT1292-3TG nucleotide transition, on P-gp-dependent intracellular substrate accumulation appeared to be substrate dependent where doxorubicin, vinblastine, and paclitaxel exhibit an increased accumulation (p < 0.05), while verapamil and Hoechst33342 exhibit a decreased intracellular concentration compared with wild type (p < 0.05). Collectively, these data suggest MDR1GT1292-3TG variation of P-gp may reduce drug resistance and that subjects with this genotype undergoing chemotherapy with drugs that are transported by P-gp could potentially be more responsive to therapy than those with MDR1 wild-type genotype.
Human papillomavirus testing in patients with invasive cervical carcinoma: An institutional experience.

Introduction The 2012 American Cancer Society cervical cancer screening guidelines' preferred method of screening women ages 30 to 65 years is through cytology and human papillomavirus (HPV) co-testing every 5 years. Our objective was to review the performance of HPV testing in invasive cervical carcinoma in view of these recommendations. Materials and methods The University of Chicago Pathology database was searched for surgical specimens with primary cervical carcinoma diagnosis from January 1, 2005 to March 30, 2013. All cases with HPV and Papanicolaou smear results within 5 years prior to initial diagnosis were selected for analysis. HPV DNA testing was performed on residual liquid-based screening cytology specimens using Digene Hybrid Capture 2 (Qiagen, Gaithersburg, MD). Results Seven patients met the inclusion criteria, including 5 cases of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 2 cases of cervical adenocarcinoma. One patient with SCC tested negative twice for high-risk HPV and 4 cases (2 cases of SCC and 2 cases of adenocarcinoma) tested positive for high-risk HPV. The remaining 2 cases of SCC alternatively tested positive and negative for high-risk HPV on different occasions. In 1 case of SCC, testing was initially positive, then negative, and finally positive prior to histologic diagnosis. In the other case of SCC, testing was initially positive, but negative on repeat testing. Conclusions Though limited by sample size, our results demonstrate that false-negatives in HPV testing for primary cervical carcinoma can occur. False-negative HPV results have significant repercussions with the newly recommended extended screening intervals, particularly in the setting of negative cytology.
Eocene extension in Idaho generated massive sediment floods into the Franciscan trench and into the Tyee, Great Valley, and Green River basins

The Franciscan Complex accretionary prism was assembled during an ~165-m.y.-long period of subduction of Pacifi c Ocean plates beneath the western margin of the North American plate. In such fossil subduction complexes, it is generally diffi cult to reconstruct details of the accretion of continent-derived sediments and to evaluate the factors that controlled accretion. New detrital zircon U-Pb ages indicate that much of the major Coastal belt subunit of the Franciscan Complex represents a massive, relatively brief, surge of near-trench deposition and accretion during Eocene time (ca. 53‐49 Ma). Sediments were sourced mainly from the distant Idaho Batholith region rather than the nearby Sierra Nevada. Idaho detritus also fed the Great Valley forearc basin of California (ca. 53‐37 Ma), the Tyee forearc basin of coastal Oregon (49 to ca. 36 Ma), and the greater Green River lake basin of Wyoming (50‐47 Ma). Plutonism in the Idaho Batholith spanned 98‐53 Ma in a contractional setting; it was abruptly superseded by major extension in the Bitterroot, Anaconda, Clearwater, and Priest River metamorphic core complexes (53‐40 Ma) and by major volcanism in the Challis volcanic fi eld (51‐43 Ma). This extensional tectonism apparently deformed and uplifted a broad region, shedding voluminous sediments toward depocenters to the west and southeast. In the Franciscan Coastal belt, the major increase in sediment input apparently triggered a pulse of massive accretion, a pulse ultimately controlled by continental tectonism far within the interior of the North American plate, rather than by some tectonic event along the plate boundary itself.
Data Reduction Issues for Performance Evaluation and Comparison of Flight Control Laws

This paper proposes a methodology for the task of comparing the performance of flight control laws using flight data recorded under non-homogeneous atmospheric conditions and dissimilar pilot input. Small differences in atmospheric conditions can potentially impact significantly the evaluation of the controller performance and prevent consistent comparison especially in the case of reduced size aircraft (autonomous or remotely piloted). Consistent deterministic control inputs can only be guaranteed by some form of on-board excitation system. An algorithm is developed for flight data reduction to account for such dissimilarities. The method presented in this paper is developed for the specific purpose of comparing model following control laws based on non-linear dynamic inversion with neural network augmentation. Evaluation parameters based on angular rate tracking errors are defined and used for the comparison. The procedure is documented using flight data from the WVU YF22 research aircraft model - a platform for testing fault tolerant control laws.
Field desorption mass spectrum of glucagon

A low resolution, high sensitivity study has been made of the field desorption mass spectrum of glucagon, a 29 amino acid residue underivatized peptide. The highest molecular weight fragments observed, when spectra were taken under conditions which minimized surface reactions of the peptide on the emitter, were found to contain no more than 18 amino acid residues. The most probable fragmentation processes for ions larger than m/e 600 were the production of fragments containing 10, 11 or 12 amino acid residues.
Transfusion-Associated Graft Versus Host Disease in the Immunocompetent Patient: An Ongoing Problem

Transfusion associated-graft versus host disease (TA-GVHD) is a rare complication of blood transfusion. It carries a very high mortality rate. Although the phenomenon has been well described in immunocompromised patients, this review focuses on the immunocompetent host. Cases of TA-GVHD continue to be reported following a variety of surgical procedures, especially cardiac procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. Additional risk factors for TA-GVHD include blood component transfusion in populations with limited genetic diversity, the use of directed donations from family members, and the transfusion of fresh blood. As there is no effective treatment, the focus is on prevention.
Naive psychology and the attributional model of achievement

Open-ended explanations for the success and failure outcomes of others were obtained from (N= 226) undergraduates. Only 23% of the 2,495 explanations generated by these naive psychologists could be readily categorized as one of the four causal elements of the Weiner model of achievement attributions. An individual difference model of multidimensional scaling of the explanations for success and failure was performed separately. Because the explanations for success and failure were generally asymmetrical, the three dimensions of success explanations had little resemblance to the three dimensions of failure explanations. The success dimensions were labelled Achievement Orientation, Vitality, and Mastery. The failure dimensions were labelled Insufficient Energy, Poor Work Attitude, und Lack Ability.
Combining user interaction, speculative query execution and sampling in the DICE system

The interactive exploration of data cubes has become a popular application, especially over large datasets. In this paper, we present DICE, a combination of a novel frontend query interface and distributed aggregation backend that enables interactive cube exploration. DICE provides a convenient, practical alternative to the typical offline cube materialization strategy by allowing the user to explore facets of the data cube, trading off accuracy for interactive response-times, by sampling the data. We consider the time spent by the user perusing the results of their current query as an opportunity to execute and cache the most likely followup queries. The frontend presents a novel intuitive interface that allows for sampling-aware aggregations, and encourages interaction via our proposed faceted model. The design of our backend is tailored towards the low-latency user interaction at the frontend, and vice-versa. We discuss the synergistic design behind both the frontend user experience and the backend architecture of DICE; and, present a demonstration that allows the user to fluidly interact with billion-tuple datasets within sub-second interactive response times.
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Their Associations With Health Symptoms

Abstract Vanderploeg RD, Belanger HG, Curtiss G. Mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder and their associations with health symptoms. Objective To determine the association of various symptoms and psychiatric diagnoses with a remote history of mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) and a current diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Design Cross-sectional cohort study. Setting Nonclinical. Participants Three groups of randomly selected community dwelling male U.S. Army Vietnam-era veterans: healthy control (n=3218), those injured in a motor vehicle collision (MVC) but without a head injury (MVC injury control; n=548), and those who had an MTBI (n=278). Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures Prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses, physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms, and course of PTSD across time. Results Logistic regression procedures were used to determine group association with symptoms and psychiatric diagnosis after controlling for demographic variables, combat intensity, medical disorders, and other current psychiatric conditions. MTBI was associated with headaches, memory problems, sleep problems, and fainting even after controlling for current psychiatric problems (including PTSD), as well as demographic variables, combat intensity, and comorbid medical conditions. MTBI also was associated with a current diagnosis of PTSD even controlling for other demographic, psychiatric, and medical covariates. MTBI did not moderate or mediate the relationship between PTSD and current symptomatology. However, MTBI did adversely affect long-term recovery from PTSD (odds ratio=1.59, 95% CI, 1.07–2.37). PTSD also was associated with physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms, and had a larger effect size than MTBI. Conclusions MTBI, even in the chronic phase years postinjury, is not a benign condition. It is associated with increased rates of headaches, sleep problems, and memory difficulties. Furthermore, it can complicate or prolong recovery from preexisting or comorbid conditions such as PTSD. Similarly, PTSD is a potent cocontributor to physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms.
Multilayer Coatings and Optical Materials for Tuned Infrared Emittance and Thermal Control

Many thermal control applications require thin film coatings that emit or absorb strongly at near infrared and infrared wavelengths. One of the primary applications for these coatings is thermal control for surfaces and structures of spacecraft, which are exposed to solar radiation during at least 60% of their orbit, causing wide temperature fluctuations. Another recent application for this type of coating is infrared emissive imaging employing a fiber optic infrared scene projector. While single layer coatings can provide high emissivity in a broad wavelength band, multilayer coatings can be used to obtain higher emissivities over a narrow wavelength band. This band can be tuned to a specific range of temperatures and wavelengths. Coatings developed for thermal control have a reflective base layer, either ZrN or a refractory metal boride or silicide. These materials have increased durability compared to metal layers. The multilayer coating deposited over the based layer consists of an A1 2 0 3 /SiO 2 stack with high emittance at 300 K (9.8 μm), and solar reflectance near 0.6. Multilayer tuned infrared absorber/emitter coatings are applied to fiber optic infrared scene projectors. The coatings consists of a three layer Si 3 N 4 /Cr/Si 3 N 4 absorber tuned at the 1.06 μtm laser wavelength, and a six layer Cr/dielectric/Cr/dielectric/Cr/dielectric coating which emits strongly in either the 3 - 5 jim or the 8 - 12 μm infrared wavelength bands. Absorption bands of the coatings are independently tunable. All coatings are deposited by reactive DC and RF magnetron sputtering onto 2.5-in fiber optic faceplates. Either Si 3 N 4 , Si, or ZnS thin film dielectric materials were used in the emitter coatings. With an input laser power of 15 W, the coatings emit at a black body temperature 529 K, which compared well with predicted performance.
The ‘woman-in-conflict’ at the UN Security Council: a subject of practice

Since the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 1325, the woman-in-conflict has emerged as a central figure in the discourse of the UNSC Women, Peace and Security policy community. She is an ever-present referent in discussions, the person in whose name critique is launched or action demanded. This figure is a representation of the needs and interests of the uncountable, faceless and nameless women affected by and living through war; a representation that takes place through imbuing her with particular meaning or characteristics. These meanings shape how the figure is understood in Women, Peace and Security discourse, which, in turn, constructs the horizons of possibility for both current and future policy and its implementation. This article explores how this figure is produced as a subject through layers of representation and is deeply embedded in the practices and relationships of power in the policy community. It suggests that accounting for these will offer an opportunity for feminist advocates to engage in this institutional space in more considered and effective ways.
Transition to new automated dispensing cabinets at two tertiary care hospitals.

Long Beach Memorial Medical Center (LBMMC) and Miller’s Children Hospital (MCH) are separately licensed community and teaching tertiary care hospitals that have a total of 770 beds and are part of the MemorialCare Health System. In October 2006, pharmacy directors and managers from the
A TWO Hit Wonder for Melanoma Treatment

The immune system is an advanced surveillance system, constantly scouring the body for things that can do it harm. Avoiding this immune surveillance is important for cancer cells to survive and flourish. Two nonredundant “immune checkpoint” proteins, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), function through different mechanisms to help the immune system tolerate self and reduce pathological immune responses. To cancer’s benefit, these two checkpoints also restrict the ability of the immune system to identify and destroy cancer cells. Inhibition of each individual checkpoint has been shown to enhance antitumor immunity and lead to substantial clinical responses. Taking this concept a step further, Wolchok and colleagues predicted that combining two immunotherapies with distinct mechanisms of action would improve efficacy in advanced metastatic melanoma—a deadly skin cancer with few treatment options. Previously, ipilumumab [an immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody blocking CTLA-4] and nivolumab (an IgG4 antibody blocking PD-1) had positive responses when given individually to patients with advanced melanoma. Combination therapy using both inhibitors in mouse models of melanoma led to synergistic antitumor responses, providing a preclinical rationale to test the same combination in humans. Consequently, Wolchok and colleagues performed a phase 1 dose escalation study in which patients were either given both inhibitors concurrently or in sequence (for patients who had previously received ipilumumab). Patients in the concurrent treatment group had a 40% objective response rate, and the majority of these patients had a tumor reduction of 80% or more within 12 weeks. Compared with previous reports of outcomes with either drug alone, the combination of CTLA-4 and PD-1 inhibitors led to a deeper, more rapid and durable response. Although the improved response rate was associated with an increase in adverse safety events, these events were manageable and reversible. It is still unknown whether the deep reductions in tumor burden will lead to increased patient survival, but these results represent a promising advance in the treatment of advanced metastatic melanoma. Now that safety and efficacy have been successfully demonstrated with the immunotherapy combination, phase 3 clinical trials will directly compare the clinical efficacy of each drug alone or in combination in advanced melanoma. This trial demonstrates that immunotherapies with distinct mechanisms of action may be combined for greater results, thus providing impetus to study additional immunotherapy-based combination treatment regimens. Given this duo’s success in metastatic melanoma, the results of similar clinical trials in lung, renal, and prostate cancer are anxiously awaited. J. D. Wolchok et al. , Nivolumab plus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2 June 2013 (10.1056/NEJMoa1302369). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1302369?query=featured_home
Cell Planning for High-Speed Train Operations in USA

American railroads are planning to introduce the Positive Train Control System (PTC), a wireless communication system to control passenger and cargo train movements. By design PTC has two networks, the main control network that disseminates trackage rights and a wayside interface unit (WIU) network that beacons track status. One of the main constraints for adopting this system for high-speed trains is the limited bandwidth availability in USA, as higher speeds require more control packets to be communicated using the same radio channel. In this paper we propose an architecture that manages available bandwidth between control and WIU networks by considering the maximum number of trains that has to be simultaneously accommodated by a control point and allocate control channels for the uplink and downlink communication between trains and control points accordingly. The rest of the channels are assigned to wayside devices to minimize interference. Control point locations are decided so that there is proper communication between any train and a control point until the train is handed over to the next control point. The proposed architecture addresses the congestion management, power control and interference avoidance aspects of communication planning for high-speed rail operations. We demonstrate the applicability of our frequency management architecture for a hypothetical train intersection.© 2015 ASME
Discrimination and Middle Class Minority Consumers

Studies of the role of race and ethnicity in marketplace discrimination have been quite limited to date. This article reports on a field experiment involving middle-income Anglo-whites, blacks, and Chicanos in the mobile home marketplace.
Reconstruction of pressure and flow waves in the artery.

Cardiac arrests were induced in 22 rabbits by applying electrical stimulations to the vagus nerve while electrocardiogram (ECG), and blood pressure (BP) and blood flow (BF) either from the carotid artery or from the femoral artery were monitored continuously. Under the assumption that the arterial system is a linear and time-in-variant (LTI) system, the "single-pulse-response" (SPR), i.e. the response to a single ventricular contraction of BP (Pm0) and BF (Qm0) were calculated by subtracting the wave from itself after being shifted backward by one R-R interval. Pm0 and Qm0 were then used to construct the original waves by summing successive SPR's at a repetitive period of one R-R interval. The result showed that both pressure and flow waves in the carotid artery and in the femoral artery could be successfully reconstructed from the corresponding SPR's. The result was compared to the voltage across the capacitor in the two-element windkessel model when a train of impulses were given, beginning from the zero-state. We concluded (1) the arterial system, being a physical system, can be treated as an engineering system, and (2) the observed BP and BF in the artery can be regarded as the summation of arterial responses to repetitive pulses generated by the left ventricle and be analyzed accordingly.
Impact of composition manipulation on lean lamb production in the United States

At present less than 30% of the market lambs slaughtered in the United States meet the requirements for leanness and muscling as specified in the "Certified Fresh American Lamb" program established in 1990 by the American Sheep Industry Association (ASI). Carcass composition of slaughter lambs is determined by stage of growth relative to mature size, genotype, sex, and matching dietary nutriment to nutrient requirements for lean tissue growth. On the average, current production strategies produce carcasses that contain excessive amounts of fat, impeding optimized efficiency at all levels of production. Use of large-mature-size terminal sires, feeding rumen-escape dietary protein, feeding intact males, and slaughtering at appropriate weights all improve composition of gain. Improvements of 10 to 20% in rates of gain and efficiency of nutrient use and similar reductions in feed cost can be achieved with each of these management strategies. Results from several experiments demonstrate that these effects are additive and provide a measure of the true genetic capacity for protein accretion rate in growing lambs. Adoption of these management strategies will allow lambs to be slaughtered at a younger age, which may improve meat quality and concurrently reduce the amount of nitrogen waste returned to the environment. Potential for further manipulation of composition exists through more accurately defining nutrient requirements of growing lambs and through use of metabolism modifiers. Maintaining a competitive, profitable, and sustainable sheep industry depends on continued improvement of production efficiency, preferably in systems with high reproductive rates.
Use of bisphosphonates in the treatment of prostate cancer.

Recently, there has been much controversy over whether patients with prostate cancer should be treated with bisphosphonates not only to decrease pain, but to prevent metastasis.
The Effects of School‐Based Social Information Processing Interventions on Aggressive Behavior, Part II: Selected/Indicated Pull‐Out Programs

While the primary role of schools is to provide academic instruction, they are also one of the primary institutions through which we socialize our children. One aspect of this socializing role involves the prevention of aggressive or violent behavior. Over 75% of U.S. schools use some sort of prevention curriculum to deal with behavior problems; and many schools use more than one prevention strategy (Gottfredson, Gottfredson, Czeh, Cantor, Crosse, & Hantman, 2000). Most school-based prevention programs are universal programs. That is, they are implemented on a school-wide basis or delivered to entire classes of students regardless of the risk status of the student participants. In addition to these universal efforts, schools often intervene with individual students who are aggressive or violent or they target at-risk students for special prevention efforts. These types of interventions for specially selected students are called selected or indicated prevention programs (Mrazek & Haggerty, 1994).
Reproductive policy and the social construction of motherhood.

Background. Reproductive technologies allow women to embrace or forgo motherhood, but a woman's ability to make autonomous reproductive choices depends on access to these technologies. In the United States, public policies — laws, regulations, appropriations, and rulings — have either broadened or narrowed this access.Question. Have U.S. public policies affecting reproductive choices conformed to attitudinal distinctions about motherhood itself?Methods. I identified policies covering infertility, contraception, and abortion and examined them contextually within the Ingram-Schneider social construction framework.Findings. Women's choices fell within social construction quadrants as being positively portrayed and powerful; negatively portrayed but powerful; positively portrayed but powerless; and negatively portrayed and powerless. Married heterosexual women embracing motherhood were likely to be viewed positively and to reap benefits. Women forgoing motherhood, poor women, and women seeking to form nontraditional families were likely to be viewed negatively and to bear burdens; critical among these burdens was restriction of access to technologies that could be used to support a decision to avoid motherhood or to achieve motherhood through nontraditional methods.Conclusion. Yes, U.S. public policies affecting reproductive choices have conformed to attitudinal distinctions about motherhood itself. These policies may also have altered those choices.
Career Development Awards in Emergency Medicine: Resources and Challenges.

OBJECTIVES In the United States, emergency medicine (EM) researchers hold proportionately fewer federal career development awards than researchers in other specialties. Others hypothesize that this deficit may partly be attributed to lack of mentors, departmental resources, and qualified applicants. Our objectives were to examine the association between departmental and institutional resources and career development awards and to describe the barriers to conducting research and btaining grants in EM. METHODS We conducted an online, cross-sectional survey study of vice chairs for research and research directors at academic emergency departments in the United States in January and February 2016. Participants provided quantitative information regarding their department's demographics, available research resources, number of funded independent investigators, and number of career development awards. They were also asked about the perceived adequacy of departmental and institutional resources and perceived barriers to research and grant success. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariable linear regression, as appropriate. RESULTS Of 178 eligible participants, 103 (58%) completed the survey. Most departments reported some infrastructure for research and grant submission, including research coordinator(s) (n = 75/99; 76%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 66%-84%), research associates (69/99; 70%, 95% CI = 60%-79%), and administrative/secretarial research support (79/101; 78%, 95% CI = 69%-86%). The majority of departments (56/103; 49%, 95% CI = 44%-64%) had no R01-funded researchers, and only 15 (15%, 95% CI = 8%-23%) had three or more R01-funded researchers. The most frequently reported challenge to junior faculty applying for grants was low motivation for applying (62/103; 60%, 95% CI = 50%-70%), followed closely by insufficient mentorship (50/103; 49%, 95% CI = 39%-59%) and discouragement from low funding rates (50/103; 49%, 95% CI = 39%-59%). In the multivariable model, only the number of departmental R-level-funded researchers was associated with the number of departmental career development awards (coefficient = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.39-1.11; R2 = 0.57). CONCLUSIONS While more multiple departmental and institutional resources correlated with a greater number of funded career development awards, the single greatest predictor was the number of R-level-funded researchers in the department. Low motivation and insufficient mentorship were the most frequently reported barriers to junior faculty applying for career development awards. Further studies are needed to describe junior faculty perspectives on these issues and to explore strategies for overcoming these barriers.
Rechtliche Grundlagen der Verrechnungspreise

Die in diesem Buch dargestellten Verfahren zur Ermittlung konzerninterner Verrechnungspreise beruhen auf nationalen sowie internationalen gesetzlichen Regelungen bzw. volkerrechtlichen Vertragen und verpflichten den Steuerpflichtigen ebenso wie die beteiligten Finanzverwaltungen. Ohne bindende Vorschriften, die sowohl den Steuerpflichtigen als auch die Finanzverwaltung zur Anwendung des Fremdvergleichsgrundsatzes verpflichten, ist kein Steuerpflichtiger dazu gezwungen, den Fremdvergleich bei seiner steuerlichen Gewinnermittlung anzuwenden. Ebenso wie die Anwendung der „Grundsatze ordnungsmasiger Buchfuhrung“ fur Kaufleute aufgrund gesetzlicher Regelungen verpflichtend ist, bedarf es somit auch fur die Anwendung des Fremdvergleichsgrundsatzes gesetzlicher Regelungen.
The Transformative Potential of CSR Discovery Leadership

Swanson asserts that a sense of separation has kept a coherent theory of CSR leadership at bay. By disuniting business and society, it prevents these sectors from developing a shared consciousness of the values at stake in their interactions. Chapter 1 identifies the need for business executives to discard separation consciousness in favor of unity consciousness and the discovery mentality and values that make scientific inquiry possible. In this vein, the socially responsible executive must direct value-adept employees to discover, assess, and act on the constructive value expectations of stakeholders. This book delivers a “3S” approach to CSR leadership, because it focuses on the relationship between business and society and how executives can adopt the discovery mentality and values used in scientific inquiry to help create a sense of shared value consciousness between these two sectors. Swanson refers to this prospect as a “unified field of shared value consciousness.”
The Curriculum That Has No Name: A Choreo-pedagogy for Colored Girls Seeking to Fly over the Rainbow

King uses ritualized narrative to re-contextualize, and further theorize womanist pedagogies of relational social change Black women educators commonly integrate into their work with their Black women students. This narrative portrays the educational significance of this whole person pedagogy as a tool of critical education, leadership development, and recovery from the tripartite oppressions of race, class, and gender cultivated to address the particular race gender needs of their Black women students. Using a poetic discourse to create intersubjectivity, King’s composition reveals the pedagogical elements of this “hidden curriculum” across the spheres of: racial identity development, intra- and intercultural politics, socialization to and navigation of race-gender identity within the dominant culture, presentation of self, preparation for change agentry and social justice leadership.
Nursing Associated Medication Errors: Are Internationally Educated Nurses Different from U.S. Educated Nurses?

Medication errors can be detrimental to patient safety and contribute to additional costs in healthcare. The United States has seen a steady increase in internationally-educated nurses (IENs) entering the nursing workforce. The current study builds upon the existing research examining the relationship between IENs and medication errors by controlling for confounding factors and testing whether IENs were more likely to make multiple medication errors compared to USENs. This study was a quasi-case control study. The 2006 and 2010 medication error incident data from hospital risk management departments were used. The final sample was 1,773, representing 788 registered nurse in the case group and 985 registered nurses in the control group. Multivariable analyses were conducted to examine single medication error, multiple errors, and consequence of medication errors, in comparing the IENs to USENs. IENs tended to have multiple errors more often than USENs in 2006 (31.7% for IENs and 20.5% for USENs, p = 0.03), but these differences became marginally significant after combining both years of data and completing the multivariable models adjusting for covariates (Odds ratio = 1.38, p = 0.06). No significant differences in making a single error and medication error consequences were observed between IENs and USENs. Although no significant differences between IENs and USENs in having medication error incidents were observed, IENs might be more likely to have multiple medication error incidents in a year compared to USENs. Policies that encourage targeted orientation addressing implicit belief systems about the nursing role and explains patient safety expectations as well as procedures for medication administration may be beneficial for IENs. Supportive leadership that is culturally competent, ensures ongoing continuing education in pharmacology, and provides culturally appropriate incentives for self-reporting medication errors are important.
Bayesian updating of seismic probability

For those nuclear power plants for which a seismic probabilistic risk assessment has been conducted, it is possible to infer a prediction for the recurrence rate of the safe shutdown earthquake, and then to compare it with the historic seismicity at the site. Using the Bayesian algorithm, it is then possible to update the prediction in such a way as to quantify the degree of conservatism. By using a sample of eight plants, and other assumptions that are reasonable but by no means unique, the conservatism is estimated to be a factor of the order of 2 or 3. The uncertainty is also reduced, though there are caveats on this point. This suggests that earthquakes are somewhat overrated as sources of risk for nuclear power plants.
Maternal effects in personality.

A sample of 98 families consisting of 589 subjects and composed of three generations were examined on three personality dimensions: psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism. In addition, each family was administered tests of social attitudes and social desirability. Results indicated significant correlations between mother-child scores and maternal grandparent-child scores on personality variables but low nonsignificant correlations between father-child scores. These results suggest the presence of maternal effects on personality dimensions.
Does the DNR patient belong in the ICU

A small but significant percentage of ICU patients are designated DNR at some time during their ICU stay. DNR patients in the ICU are more ill, use more resources (including nursing care) and have a higher mortality rate than non-DNR patients. In an age of a critical care nursing shortage, spiraling health costs, and an emphasis on the just allocation and use of scarce resources, the question whether DNR patients should be excluded from the ICU is appropriately raised. After examination, a model policy to exclude DNR patients from the ICU was rejected because a policy excluding DNR patients from the ICU would have adverse effects on patient autonomy, beneficence, the nurse-patient relationship and fidelity, and the practice of writing DNR orders. Furthermore, such a policy would not resolve triage problems. DNR patients can appropriately be given curative or palliative treatment in an ICU when their treatment goals are reasonable and the treatment can only be given in the ICU. Conversely, DNR patients do not belong in the ICU when their treatment goals are inappropriate or when their treatment could be received on another unit. "Appropriate" and "inappropriate" treatment was not thoroughly examined except to define them in relation to Young's "point Z," the theoretical point on a life-death continuum at which one stops prolonging life and instead prolongs death. In this authors' opinion, beyond point Z, only palliative treatment is justified in the ICU. DNR patients beyond point Z should not receive curative treatments in the ICU. Many DNR patients fitting this description remain in ICUs, however, perhaps because of physician reluctance to withdraw or withhold life-sustaining treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Virtual Product Development Models: Characterization of Global Geographic Issues

Because product development processes now take place within a geographically diverse international community, global geographic issues relating to both physical and human elements of geography must be considered to ensure optimal deployment through means of virtual product development. Virtual product development is a strategy that preplans the product development process through simulation. Generating all possible product development process designs and simulations through virtual product development makes it possible to determine the optimal deployment option. In order to optimize in deployment, it is necessary to score each configuration based on a series of metrics that measure issues relevant to and affecting deployment. This paper presents a method by which global geographic issues may be effectively characterized in order to accurately represent their role in and influence on the product development process prior to deployment.
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor within the spinal canal with apparent drop metastases

Abstract Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is a rare subtype of sarcoma that arises from cells associated with the peripheral nerve. It typically presents as an enlarging palpable mass, however, there are variable clinical presentations. MRI aids in detecting the tumor and/or potential metastases, and diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy. Surgical resection remains the mainstay of treatment, though adjuvant radiation therapy has become an integral component of local disease control. Primary MPNSTs have rarely been reported within the spinal canal, and drop metastases represent an exceedingly rare manifestation of this disease. Here we present a rare case of MPNST situated within the spinal canal with apparent multiple drop metastases.