cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective enhancement of the induction of α-lactalbumin activity in rat mammary explants by epidermal growth factor

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) enhances the induction of alpha-lactalbumin in mammary explants from pregnant and virgin rats in the presence of insulin (I), hydrocortisone (F) and prolactin (P). EGF also enhances the prolactin-independent induction of alpha-lactalbumin in tissue from pregnant rats and evokes prolactin-independent induction of alpha-lactalbumin in mammary tissue from virgin rats in the presence of I and F. Casein synthesis and galactosyltransferase activity are unaffected by EGF in the IFP-system, and are not induced in the IF-EGF-system. Multiplication stimulating activity, nerve growth factor, fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor do not mimic the selective effects of EGF on rat alpha-lactalbumin. These influences of EGF on the differentiation of isolated rat mammary tissue are compared with those on mouse and rabbit tissue studied previously.
Metabolism of free and conjugated 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in subjects with uremia.

In subjects with chronic renal disease, levels of free 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) in plasma were measured at 8 a.m. and were normal. Conjugated levels were elevated, correlating inversely with endogenous creatinine clearance (Clcr.). After standard infusions of cortisol, free levels decayed exponentially but more slowly than normal, while conjugated levels rose further than in normal subjects. Conjugated, but not free, 17-OHCS again correlated inversely with Clcr. Cortisol was partially identified in the free fraction and tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone in the conjugated fraction of plasma following infusion. Urinary excretion of 17-OHCS and the increment after infusion were less than normal and correlated directly with Clcr. A patient with anasarca provided an exception to the noted patterns and correlations. In subjects with acute renal failure, elevated levels of conjugated 17-OHCS in plasma did not decline with the onset of diuresis but fell in parallel with levels of blood urea. D...
Population structure and transfer success of Noctuidonema guyanense (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) on moths of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Age distribution, population dispersion, and transfer success of Noctuidonema guyanense Remillet and Silvain on adults of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) were studied in the laboratory. The nematode population was composed of 77% juveniles (J), 68% of which were J3-J4s. Among adult nematodes, 60% were females. The dispersion of N. guyanense on feral male moths varied from fairly uniform among abdominal segments to clumped on segments 8-10. Transfer success of N. guyanense among mating hosts averaged 2.8% for juveniles and 7.2% for adults on hosts mating a mean of 98 min. On moths mating an average of 415 min, the transfer of nematodes from infested male moths to female moths averaged 19.4% for juveniles and 18.5% for adults.
Characterization and analysis of the electrical properties of a metal-filled polymer

Abstract The electrical behavior of a polyester resin filled wtih aluminum powder is reported for filler concentrations ranging from 0 to 45 vol%. The a.c. dielectric properties (dielectric constant, loss index, and dissipation factor) are characterized as a function of temperature in the range 20 to 130 °C at frequencies of 1, 10, and 100 kHz. The d.c. volume resistivity is characterized at room temperature. The characterization data are used to evaluate various relationships to predict transport properties. A new relationship is shown to give significantly improved predictions by incorporating information concerning the extent of formation of chains of contacting metal particles. The microstructural parameters are obtained from analyses of photomicrographs of specimens at various concentrations of filler.
On radial oscillations in viscous accretion discs surrounding neutron stars

Radial oscillations resulting from axisymmetric perturbations in viscous accretion disks surrounding neutron stars in X-ray binary systems have been investigated. Within the framework of the alpha-viscosity model a series of hydrodynamic calculations demonstrates that the oscillations are global for alpha of about 1. On the other hand, for alpha of 0.4 or less, the oscillations are local and confined to the disk boundaries. If viscous stresses acting in the radial direction are included, however, it is found that the disk can be stabilized. The application of such instabilities in accretion disks, without reference to the boundary layer region between the neutron star (or magnetosphere) and the inner edge of the disk, to the phenomenology of quasi-periodic oscillations is brought into question.
High-frequency oscillations are prominent in the extended amygdala.

Previously, it was reported that various cortical and subcortical structures display high-frequency local field potential (LFP) oscillations in the 110- to 160-Hz range (HFOs), distinct from sharp-...
Interactions between Naïve and Infected Macrophages Reduce Mycobacterium tuberculosis Viability

A high intracellular bacillary load of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages induces an atypical lysosomal cell death with early features of apoptosis that progress to necrosis within hours. Unlike classical apoptosis, this cell death mode does not appear to diminish M. tuberculosis viability. We previously reported that culturing heavily infected macrophages with naive macrophages produced an antimicrobial effect, but only if naive macrophages were added during the pre-necrotic phase of M. tuberculosis-induced cell death. In the present study we investigated the mechanism of antimicrobial activity in co-cultures, anticipating that efferocytosis of bacilli in apoptotic bodies would be required. Confocal microscopy revealed frustrated phagocytosis of M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages with no evidence that significant numbers of bacilli were transferred to the naive macrophages. The antimicrobial effect of naive macrophages was retained when they were separated from infected macrophages in transwells, and conditioned co-culture supernatants transferred antimicrobial activity to cultures of infected macrophages alone. Antimicrobial activity in macrophage co-cultures was abrogated when the naive population was deficient in IL-1 receptor or when the infected population was deficient in inducible nitric oxide synthase. The participation of nitric oxide suggested a conventional antimicrobial mechanism requiring delivery of bacilli to a late endosomal compartment. Using macrophages expressing GFP-LC3 we observed the induction of autophagy specifically by a high intracellular load of M. tuberculosis. Bacilli were identified in LC3-positive compartments and LC3-positive compartments were confirmed to be acidified and LAMP1 positive. Thus, the antimicrobial effect of naive macrophages acting on M. tuberculosis in heavily-infected macrophages is contact-independent. Interleukin-1 provides an afferent signal that induces an as yet unidentified small molecule which promotes nitric oxide-dependent antimicrobial activity against bacilli in autolysosomes of heavily infected macrophages. This cooperative, innate antimicrobial interaction may limit the maximal growth rate of M. tuberculosis prior to the expression of adaptive immunity in pulmonary tuberculosis.
Aggressive surgical management for advanced colorectal endometriosis

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of aggressive surgical management in patients with advanced colorectal endometriosis. METHODS: The medical records of 130 women who had undergone aggressive surgical management of advanced colorectal endometriosis were reviewed. They were then interviewed a mean of 60 months following surgery and asked to rank relief of their symptoms. RESULTS: The most common symptoms before surgery were pelvic pain, dyspareunia, rectal pain, change in bowel habit, and cyclic rectal bleeding. Colorectal operations included low anterior resection, sigmoid resection, disc excision of the rectal wall, right colectomy, appendectomy, and small bowel resection. At follow-up symptom relief was high, ranging from 100 percent in cyclic bleeding to 91 percent for rectal pain. Mortality and clinical leakage rates were 0 percent, small bowel obstruction 3 percent, and abscess 1 percent. The crude pregnancy rate following surgery was 49 percent. CONCLUSIONS: These findings strongly support the use of aggressive surgical extirpation of all visible colorectal endometriosis for patients with advanced disease.
Mouse cPLA2γ, a novel oocyte and early embryo-abundant phospholipase A2 gamma-like protein, is targeted to the nuclear envelope during germinal vesicle breakdown

Abstract This report documents the characterization of a novel mouse oocyte protein which was originally identified by microsequence analysis of a 67.8 kDa protein spot (pI 5.7) on a Coomassie-stained two-dimensional (2D) gel of murine egg proteins. Tandem mass spectroscopic analysis of the peptides obtained from the cored protein yielded sequences that appeared to match only ovary, egg, and preimplantation embryo cDNAs. We then cloned the novel gene by RACE-PCR, and analysis of the deduced cDNA sequence found that this maternal product was ∼56% identical to human cytosolic phospholipase A2γ (cPLA2γ). Based on this sequence homology, we named the molecule mouse cytosolic phospholipase A2γ (cPLA2γ). As with human cPLA2γ, mouse cPLA2γ contains a lipase consensus sequence and lacks the calcium binding domain that is found in other PLA2 proteins. However, mouse cPLA2γ is different from human cPLA2γ in that mouse cPLA2γ expression is restricted to the ovary and that the protein does not contain the myristoylation and prenylation lipid-anchoring motifs that are present in human cPLA2γ. Within oocytes, mouse cPLA2γ localizes mainly to the oocyte cortex and to the nucleoplasm. Interestingly, during germinal vesicle breakdown, mouse cPLA2γ aggregates dynamically relocate from the oocyte cortex to the nuclear envelope, suggesting a possible role for this putative egg-restricted phospholipase A2γ in membrane remodeling. Furthermore, mouse cPLA2γ protein continues to be expressed in the embryo until the 4–8-cell stage of development, suggesting that mouse cPLA2γ may function as a previously uncharacterized maternal effect gene.
Limiting oxygen delivery attenuates intestinal reperfusion injury.

Abstract Since free radical-mediated injury is dependent on the reintroduction of oxygen into ischemic tissues, restriction of oxygen content in the initial reperfusate has therapeutic potential. The degree to which oxygen must be restricted is crucial since hypoxic injury would continue if reperfusion O2 delivery remained below the ischemic threshold of the tissue. We examined this treatment strategy in 20 pump-perfused intestinal preparations subjected to 30 min of flow interruption. The oxygen content of the reperfusate was varied by utilizing arterial (A) or venous (V) blood; as a further modification, we also performed experiments in which hemodiluted arterial blood (HD) was the reperfusate at normal (NHD) and high (HHD) flow rates. The flow rates and O2 contents of the reperfusates were adjusted to produce either high (∼ 12 ml O2/min/100 g) or low (∼ 8 ml O2/min/100 g) levels of O2 delivery. Histologic sections, obtained after ischemia and after 1 hr of reperfusion, were blindly evaluated for mucosal injury (1 = normal to 5 = severe injury). Immediately after 30 min of ischemia, all groups had comparable histologic grades (A 2.0 ± 0.3, V 1.8 ± 0.3, NHD 1.6 ± 0.3, HHD 2.3 ± 0.3). One hour after reperfusion, intestines reperfused with blood with high O2 content and hence high O2 delivery showed significantly more damage (P
Inhibition of Heat Shock Transcription Factor Binding by a Linear Polyamide Binding in an Unusual 1:1 Mode

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are known to protect cells from heat, oxidative stress, and the cytotoxic effects of drugs, and thus can enhance cancer cell survival. As a result, HSPs are a newly emerging class of protein targets for chemotherapy. Among the various HSPs, the HSP70 family is the most highly conserved and prevalent. Herein we describe the development of a β-alanine rich linear polyamide that binds the GGA heat shock elements (HSEs) 3 and 4 in the HSP70 promoter in an unusual 1:1 mode and inhibits heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) binding in vitro.
Standards, Commodification, and Critical Service Learning in Minority Language Communities

The article analyzes the standards and ideological and material impact of community-based service learning programs for minority language students. The author outlines the five content standards of programs including "Communication," "Cultures," and "Communities." The author argues that the Communities standard cannot be met solely within the classroom, as it requires evidence of so-called real world language practice, creating the need for service learning programs. It is also noted that service learning programs for minority language communities are linked to the administrative goal of meeting national standards for language skills. The author also explores the Medical Spanish for Heritage Learners project at the University of Texas-Pan American.
Rapid-Scan Infrared/Thermal Profiling Studies Of The Thermal Decomposition Of Selected Nitrate Salts Of Interest For Emulsified Propellants

The thermolysis at high heating rates of ethylenediamine dinitrate, hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN) and a 50/50 by weight mixture of HAN and hydrazinium nitrate is described by using the rapid-scan infrared/thermal profiling technique. Considerable mechanistic detail about the thermal decomposition process can be obtained by this method that is not easily obtained otherwise.
Internal image potential in semiconductors: Effect on scanning tunneling microscopy.

The tunneling of electrons from a semiconductor surface to a metal tip, across a vacuum gap, is influenced by two image interactions: an attractive image potential in the vacuum region, which lowers the apparent tunneling barrier, and a repulsive image potential in the semiconductor interior, which raises it for conduction-band electrons. We report on detailed calculations of tunneling currents and apparent barrier heights for a model metal-vacuum-semiconductor junction which utilize semiclassical dielectric functions to compute the image potential in all three regions
Aeromagnetic Signatures of Intrabasinal Faults, Albuquerque Basin, New Mexico: Implications For Layer Thickness And Magnetization

Summary Aeromagnetic profiles over intrabasinal faults reveal a range of signatures, from symmetric curves with one inflection point to asymmetric curves with multiple inflection points. The most common symmetric signature matches the expected response of a layer offset at a fault. The most common asymmetric signature has an apparent low over the fault zone, which can easily mislead interpreters to infer a loss of magnetization at the fault zone. However, geophysical analysis and consideration of geologic and magnetic-property observations imply the curves are produced instead by a thin magnetic layer in the upthrown block offset from a thick magnetic layer in the downthrown block. The thicker, downthrown layer may have resulted from sedimentation related to growth faulting, and perhaps indicates a larger volume of coarsegrained material on the downthrown side of the fault. All aeromagnetic expressions of intrabasinal faults examined for the Albuquerque basin can be explained by the juxtaposition of lithologic layers having different magnetic properties. Ground measurements of magnetic susceptibility and total-field magnetic data corroborate this finding. In particular, we examined a silica-cemented fault in search of secondary processes that might affect magnetization at the fault zone. However, magnetic variations at this fault relate to the difference in hangingwall and footwall units rather than to differences in cementation. This result differs from the findings of previous studies of sedimentary basins.
The Aphasia of Modern Subject Access

Why do catalogers use two systems, one notational like Library of Congress Classification (LCC) and the other terminological like Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH), to reach the same goal: subject description and access? This article, divided into two parts, first surveys the library science literature to address the unsatisfying answers given to that question and, secondly, provides a new answer based on the linguistic theory of Roman Jakobson. Jakobson's theory that language is always twofold, the act of selecting words paired with the act of combining words, is proposed as a theory of subject access, with LCSH doing the work of selection and LCC the work of combination. David Bade's “Jakobsonian Library Science? A Response to Jonathan Tuttle's Article 'The Aphasia of Modern Subject Access'” appears in Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, Vol. 51, Issue 4, 2013, pp. 428—438. doi: 10.1080/01639374.2012.750637. Jonathan Tuttle's “Jakobsonian Library Science? A Response to David Bade” appears i...
The Radiative Effects of Martian Water Ice Clouds on the Local Atmospheric Temperature Profile

Mars Pathfinder made numerous discoveries, one of which was a deep temperature inversion that extended from about 15 km down to 8 km above the surface. It has been suggested by Haberle et al. (1999. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 8957-8974.) that radiative cooling by a water ice cloud may generate such an inversion. Clouds can strongly affect the local air temperature due to their ability to radiate efficiently in the infrared and due to the low air mass of the martian atmosphere, which allows the temperature to change during the relatively short lifetime of a cloud. We utilize a time-dependent microphysical aerosol model coupled to a radiative--convective model to explore the effects water ice clouds have on the local martian temperature profile. We constrain the dust and water vapor abundance using data from the Viking Missions and Mars Pathfinder. Water t ice clouds with visible optical depths of r > 0.1 form readily in these simulations. These clouds alter the local air temperature directly, through infrared cooling, and indirectly, by redistributing atmospheric dust. With this model we are able to reproduce the temperature inversions observed by Mars Pathfinder and Mars Global t Surveyor 2000 Academic Press
Classification and treatment of the rheumatoid thumb

Abstract The rheumatoid thumb is amenable to satisfactory surgical treatment. An understanding of the classification of deformity facilitates selection of optimal treatment strategy.
Steady-state run length analysis of a Shewhart quality control chart with supplementary runs rules

Champ and Woodall (1987) introduced a technique for analyzing the run length distribution of a Shewhart control chart with supplementary runs rules. For charting procedures that can be represented as a Markov chain, Crosier (1986) suggested a technique for obtaining the cyclic steady-state distribution. We combine these two techniques to analyze the cyclic steady-state run length distribution of a Shewhart quality control chart supplemented with runs rules. Steady-state average run lengths are calculated and compared with those of the exponentially weighted moving average and cumulative sum charts. Some closed form expressions are given.
Through a Glass Darkly

No matter where in the world we practice our art, we see through a glass that is partially colored by a film of preconceived notions and blurred by the expectations we have and the numbers we want ...
Examining the use of standard language production measures in the language samples of African-American toddlers

This study examined the relationship between several measures of language production, age, and non-standard speech use in toddlers from African-American English (AAE) backgrounds. Free play language samples were collected from two age groups of typically developing African-American toddlers. Group one consisted of 11 toddlers who were 2½ years old and group two consisted of 11 toddlers who were 3½ years old. Measures of mean length of utterance in morphemes (MLU), mean syntactic length, Index of Productive Syntax scores, and a dialect density rate were extracted from the language samples. Results indicated that MLU, MSL, and IPSYN scores were sensitive to differences in chronological age for the toddlers. These findings suggest that measures other than MLU, such as the IPSYN, may prove to be useful and valid tools for monitoring the language growth of young speakers from AAE backgrounds.
Laser beam profiles in SF6: direct evidence for beam distortion

Abstract High-resolution spatial profile measurements of a CO 2 TEA laser beam propagating through SF 6 /Ar mixtures indicate that IR multiple photon absorption measurements averaged over the entire laser beam spatial distribution can be in error by at least a factor of two, implying that accurate measurements require an optically thin sample. This is due to the intensity dependence of the absorption cross section.
An experimental study of ω neutral decays

Abstract The neutral branching ratios of the ω meson have been determined by measuring the c.m. momentum spectrum of single γ's from ω decay. The sample of 400 ω events after background subtraction yields an upper limit of ( ω → ηγ )/( ω → neutrals) 0 γ only cannot be excluded. However, the best fit is obtained with the ratios ( ω → π 0 γ )/( ω → neutrals) = (78±7)% and ( ω → π 0 π 0 γ )/( ω → neutrals) = (22 ± 7)%.
Sonic hedgehog-patched Gli signaling in the developing rat prostate gland: lobe-specific suppression by neonatal estrogens reduces ductal growth and branching.

While prostate gland development is dependent on androgens, other hormones including retinoids and estrogens can influence this process. Brief exposure to high-dose estrogen during the neonatal period in rats leads to permanent, lobe-specific aberrations in the prostate gland, a phenomenon referred to as developmental estrogenization. We have previously shown that this response is mediated through alterations in steroid receptor expression; however, further downstream mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, we examined Sonic hedgehog (Shh)-patched (ptc)-gli in the developing rat prostate gland, its role in branching morphogenesis, and the effects of neonatal estrogens on its expression and localization to determine whether a disturbance in this signaling pathway is involved in mediating the estrogenized phenotype. Shh was expressed in epithelial cells at the distal tips of elongating ducts in discreet, heterogeneous foci, while ptc and gli1–3 were expressed in the adjacent mesenchymal cells in the developing gland. The addition of Shh protein to cultured neonatal prostates reduced ductal growth and branching, decreased Fgf10 transcript, and increased Bmp4 expression in the adjacent mesenchyme. Shh-induced growth suppression was reversed by exogenous Fgf10, but not noggin, indicating that Fgf10 suppression is the proximate cause of the growth inhibition. A model is proposed to show how highly localized Shh expression along with regulation of downstream morphogens participates in dichotomous branching during prostate morphogenesis. Neonatal exposure to high-dose estradiol suppressed Shh, ptc, gli1, and gli3 expressions and concomitantly blocked ductal branching in the dorsal and lateral prostate lobes specifically. In contrast, ventral lobe branching and Shh-ptc-gli expression were minimally affected by estrogen exposure. Organ culture studies with lateral prostates confirmed that estradiol suppressed Shh-ptc-gli expression directly at the prostatic level. Taken together, the present findings indicate that lobe-specific decreases in Shh-ptc-gli expression are involved in mediating estradiol-induced suppression of dorsal and lateral lobe ductal growth and branching during prostate morphogenesis.
The effect of sodium propionate and sodium caprylate on the fatty acid content of Trichophyton rubrum

From a metabolic point of view, sodium propionate and sodium caprylate in sub-fungistatic concentrations, manifest some interesting effects upon the metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and pigmentogenesis ofTrichophyton rubrum in its earlier growth phases. Propionate at the higher concentration and caprylate inhibit growth as measured by mycelial dry weight. The higher concentration of propionate suppressed pigment production but a yellow pigment, apparently differing from others previously described, was observed consistently in cultures with the lower concentration of the salt. Caprylate in the concentration tested resulted in a culture in which fatty acid concentration was significantly decreased, however, there appears to be no correlation between fatty acid content depression and mycelial dry weight. Data on fatty acid composition suggest that propionate, an odd-numbered carbon chain fatty acid, diverts synthesis of even-numbered carbon chain fatty acids to the odd-numbered ones.
Cannabinoid modulation of the dopaminergic circuitry: Implications for limbic and striatal output

Cannabinoid modulation of dopaminergic transmission is suggested by the ability of delta9-tetrahydrocanabinoid to affect motor and motivated behaviors in a manner similar to that produced by pharmacological manipulation of the nigrostriatal and mesocorticolimbic dopamine systems. These behavioral effects as well as analogous effects of endocannabinoids are largely mediated through the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R). This receptor is located within the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, which respectively house the somata of nigrostriatal and mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic neurons. The CB1R is also abundantly expressed in brain regions targeted by the efferent terminals of these dopaminergic neurons. In this review we present the accumulating anatomical and electrophysiological evidence indicating that in each of these systems cannabinoids modulate dopamine transmission largely if not exclusively through indirect mechanisms. The summarized mechanisms include presynaptic release of amino acid transmitters onto midbrain dopamine neurons and onto both cortical and striatal neurons that express dopamine D1-like or D2-like receptors functionally affiliated with the CB1 receptor. The review concludes with a consideration of the psychiatric and neurological implications of cannabinoid modulation of dopamine transmission within these networks.
Monte Carlo simulation for quantification of light transport features in apples

Light interaction with turbid biological materials involves absorption and scattering. Quantitative understanding of light transport process and features in the fruit is critical to designing better optical systems for inspection of food quality. This paper reports on the quantification of light transport in the apple fruit in the visible and short-wavelength near-infrared region using Monte Carlo simulations. The absorption and reduced scattering coefficients (@m"a and @m^'"s, respectively) of 600 'Golden Delicious' apples were determined over the spectral range of 500-1000nm using a spatially resolved hyperspectral imaging method coupled with a diffusion theory model. The @m"a and @m^'"s values were used in Monte Carlo (MC) models to simulate light transport in the fruit tissue. MC simulation models were validated against the diffusion theory model and experimental data. The patterns of diffuse reflectance, internal absorption, and light penetration depth were determined using typical values of @m"a and @m^'"s for the apples. Simulation results showed that up to 96.4% of the photons were absorbed under the maximum absorption condition, while 75.9% photons exited as diffuse reflectance for the maximum scattering case. The optimum sensing range under our imaging system setup was found to be 1-11mm for 'Golden Delicious' apples. Fruit tissue with a larger @m"a value absorbed light energy rapidly in short depth and radial distances, whereas light in the tissue with small @m^'"s values tended to propagate forward to the deeper area of the sample. Light penetration depths in 'Golden Delicious' apples, defined as the depths at which the incident light was reduced by 99%, were in the range of 0.43-8.67cm over the 500-1000nm spectral range, with a majority of the samples (approximately 68%) in the range of 0.81-4.48cm. Pigments and water in the fruit tissue greatly influenced light penetration depth.
Falcon: On‐line monitoring for steering parallel programs

Advances in high performance computing, communications and user interfaces enable developers to construct increasingly interactive high performance applications. The Falcon system presented in this paper supports such interactivity by providing runtime libraries, tools and user interfaces that permit the on-line monitoring and steering of large-scale parallel codes. The principal aspects of Falcon described in this paper are its abstractions and tools for capture and analysis of application-specific program information, performed on-line, with controlled latencies and scalable to parallel machines of substantial size. In addition, Falcon provides support for the on-line graphical display of monitoring information, and it allows programs to be steered during their execution, by human users or algorithmically. This paper presents our basic research motivation, outlines the Falcon system's functionality, and includes a detailed evaluation of its performance characteristics in light of its principal contributions. Falcon's functionality and performance evaluation are driven by our experiences with large-scale parallel applications being developed with end users in physics and in atmospheric sciences. The sample application highlighted in this paper is a molecular dynamics simulation program (MD) used by physicists to study the statistical mechanics of liquids. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dawn of the Dead City: An Exploratory Analysis of Vacant Addresses in Buffalo, Ny 2008–2010

This article examines residential vacancy patterns in Buffalo, NY, using data from a unique data set. It includes variables from HUD Aggregate USPS Administrative Data on Address Vacancies, the Ame...
An Example of 3-D Spatial Sampling Effects On Time Slices

Horizontal resolution has been discussed by several earlier papers. Denham and Sheriff (1980), Berkhout (1980) and Safar (1985) indicated that horizontal resolution is affected by the spatial sampling interval, dominant wavelength and migration aperture. In this paper, the effect of the spatial sampling interval on horizontal resolution is focused on experimentally. The dominant wavelength and migration aperture are held constant. The spatial sampling criterion to avoid aliasing of dipping events is well understood in reflection seismology, even for the 3-D case. Less well understood (and certainly less quantified) are the criteria for spatial sampling for the unambiguous interpretation of stratigraphic events in time-slices. Intuitively, the expectation is that the required spatial sampling will be related to the lateral width of geologically homogenous stratigraphic units. To test this experimentally, 3-D physical model seismic reflection data were acquired over the well-known SALNEL model. We processed the data utilizing several trace spacings to simulate land and marine geometries. For each different trace spacing, we have used DISCO 3-D modules to strip off a time-slice corresponding to the depth of the interest in our model. The data processing sequence was minimal, as these physical model data were relatively noise-free. Due to the acquisition scheme, no CMP sorting was required. The data were corrected for NMO, stacked and then migrated using a 3D finite-differences algorithm. Following data processing, a horizontal time slice was produced for the 420 ms horizons (equivalent to 1800 feet in depth). This is shown in Figure 2. The cross-line CMP number (West-East) is labeled from 1 to 240 while the inline CMP number (South-North) ranges from 1 to 250 (not shown). The time slice shown in Figure 2 shows the success of 3D method. All of the features shown in the schematic (Figure 1) are present and easily interpretable. The spatial sampling in this survey clearly either satisfied or exceeded the minimum necessary sampling criterion. Note that the sinuous dark gray event in the middle-right of Figure 2, roughly resembling an oxbow lake, is the result of pull-down due to a meander (of the same shape) at a shallower horizon in the model. For the larger sand bodies, with a width of about 400 feet, and a bin size of 50 feet, there are 8 samples across the width of feature.
The measurement of gravity at sea

Many attempts have been made to devise a satisfactory method for the measurement of gravity over ocean-areas. These methods have been chiefly of the elastic-deformation type in which the weight of a mass has been balanced either by an elastic solid or by a gas. None of these methods has thus far proved satisfactory either because of elastic hysteresis, or because of inadequate temperature-control, or of other defects in the apparatus. Hecker sought to measure gravity by another method, namely, by comparing the height of the mercury-column in a barometer with the barometric pressure determined from the boiling-point of water; but this method failed to give results of the desired accuracy.
Domain independent shell for DfM and its application to sheet metal forming and injection molding

The objective for this research is to streamline design for manufacturing (DfM) analysis across all manufacturing domains and to provide transparency for DfM measures and evaluation process used. Generic steps are identified for performing manufacturability analysis and the design of a customizable manufacturability evaluation shell is presented. The shell covers several stages of manufacturability analysis (technical, economic) and can perform analyses at different levels of abstraction (qualitative, quantitative). The shell provides feedback to the designer at each level during the design process. By separating domain-specific knowledge from domain independent knowledge and creating an open architecture, the shell can be customized and expanded by the knowledge engineer and the user. The architecture of the shell is presented and its applications to manufacturability analysis for two domains, sheet metal and injection molding, are illustrated.
Measuring Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Health Care: Methods and Practical Issues

The term “disparity,” when referring to the quality and access to health care among population groups, connotes not only a difference but also inequality and unfairness. Applying this term to differences in health care between non-Latino whites and racial/ethnic minority groups is thus inherently controversial, and it necessitates explicit choices about what types of racial/ethnic differences are justifiable and those that are not. The definition of disparity elected should determine the analytical methods that are used to measure disparities. We focus in this article on racial/ethnic disparities in utilization of health care, under which we subsume differences in access and quality measures of receipt of appropriate services.1 Definitions for racial/ethnic health care disparities have not been consistent in the health services research literature. In this article, we (1) summarize the definitions and methods used in this literature, arguing for a definition proposed by a report of the Institute of Medicine (IOM 2003); (2) describe and compare methods for implementing this IOM definition; (3) illustrate how IOM-concordant methods may be used to assess underlying mechanisms of disparities; and (4) explore how lessons learned from the development of IOM-concordant methods may be relevant to studies of health care inequality and fairness.
Increase in evenness and sampled alpha diversity through the Phanerozoic: Comparison of early Paleozoic and Cenozoic marine fossil assemblages

Existing reconstructions of the Phanerozoic history of biological diversity are based on occurrences of taxa and do not include abundance data. This study examines trends in the relative abundance of taxa and provides a new perspective on the Phanerozoic history of marine diversity. We compared the abundance versus diversity (AD) structure of early Paleozoic and Cenozoic samples of marine benthic genera compiled from the literature. The sample-standardized results indicate (1) a two-and-a-half–fold increase in sampled alpha diversity but, concurrently, (2) an increase in the evenness of fossil samples through time. The observed evenness trend may be due to taphonomic biases, time-averaging trends, differences in sampling techniques, or real changes in the structure of marine communities. Regardless of the underlying factors, the results indicate that the evenness of fossil samples increased through the Phanerozoic, largely owing to a decrease in the relative abundance of the most common taxa. Because sampling fossil sites of different evenness can result in different estimates of species richness even if their total alpha diversity is the same, the observed changes in evenness may have contributed to the Phanerozoic increase in sampled alpha diversity and, at least in part, to the increase in global diversity. The incorporation of taxon abundance data into future studies should produce a more robust, perhaps even different, interpretation of the Phanerozoic history of diversity.
Neuroendocrine Influences on Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for human multiple sclerosis, is an inflammatory disease of the CNS mediated by autoreactive T lymphocytes directed against the neuroantigen, myelin basic protein (MBP). EAE is inducible in the Lewis rat, which exhibits an acute monophasic disease, and in selected mouse strains, which show a remitting-relapsing or chronic course of paralysis. We examined the effects of neuroendocrine modulation by restraint stress on these models of EAE. In Lewis rats, daily cycles of restraint resulted in significant suppression of both clinical and histopathologic changes of EAE. Suppression of EAE was more pronounced in the female than in the male rat, which follows from the higher endogenous corticosterone levels in the female. Mechanistic studies suggested that stress affected the processing of MBP or the T-cell idiotype. In the relapsing murine model of EAE, B10.PL mice were restrained beginning either before MBP challenge or after the establishment of relapsing disease. We observed a striking inhibition of EAE clinical signs in mice stressed before challenge relative to nonstressed controls. Interestingly, approximately 10 days after termination of the stress period, clinical signs returned and were as severe or more severe than in control nonstressed animals. Stress administered after relapsing EAE was established had no protective effect. In vitro parameters revealed that only stress initiated before disease induction significantly reduced the frequency of MBP-specific lymphocytes in the spleen and lymph nodes. Both Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses were suppressed in stressed mice. T-cell receptor transgenic mice exposed to restraint showed a marked decreased in the number and functional activity of transgene-positive lymphocytes. In summary, elevated levels of endogenous neuroendocrine hormones exert a profoundly suppressive effect on both acute and chronic models of autoimmune CNS injury.
Constructive modal logics

Constructive versions of modal logic are developed in which the possibility and necessity operators are not interdefinable. The logics do not stem from philosophical interest in constructivity, but rather are designed for computer science applications where partial, not total, knowledge of machines states is all that is available, and where concurrency is allowed. Unlike previous constructive modal logics, diamond does not distribute over disjunction, and this feature is what makes the logics suitable to model concurrency. The semantics is Kripke models of "possible worlds" with a partial order on worlds for intuitionistic partial knowledge and a second arbitrary accessibility relation on the same worlds. A cut free sequent calculus is shown to be complete with respect to the proposed semantics, whereby interpolation theorems are obtained. The basic calculus is enriched to allow the modal accessibility to be between points and sets to cover intended applications to concurrency. Topological and algebraic models are defined and shown to be complete. A constructivised version of sequential dynamic logic is introduced and then extended to incorporate concurrency.
Organotin compounds and aquatic bacteria: A review

Organotins are toxic to microorganisms. Trisubstituted organotins (R3SnX) are considered more toxic than disubstituted (R2SnX2) or monosubstituted (RSnX3) compounds, and tetrasubstituted compounds (R4Sn) are not considered toxic. In the R3Sn series propyl-, butyl-, pentyl-, phenyl- and cyclohexyltins are the most toxic to microorganisms. Toxicity towards aerobes in the R3Sn series is related to total molecular surface area and to the octanol: water partition coefficient,Kow, which is a measure of hydrophobicity. Care must be taken when testing the toxicity of tin compounds in the laboratory, for a number of biological, chemical and physical factors can influence the apparent toxicity. Although TBT is generally the most toxic of the butyltins, there are instances where monobutyltin (MBT) is as toxic, or more toxic, than TBT to microorganisms. Thus, debutylation in the sequence TBT→DBT→MBT→Sn does not detoxity TBT for all microorganisms. Some microorganisms can methylate inorganic or organic tins under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Methylation can also occur by chemical means and the relative contributions of biotic and abiotic mechanisms are not clear. It is difficult to isolate a pure culture which can methylate tin compounds aerobically, and it is difficult to isolate a pure culture which degrades TBT, suggesting that microbial consortiums may be involved in transformations of organotins in the aquatic environment. Methylation and debutylation alter the adsorbtivity and solubility of tin compounds; thus microorganisms can influence the environmental mobility of tin. TBT-resistant microorganisms can be isolated, and in some of them resistance to TBT can be plasmid-mediated.
African American Males and Literacy Development in Contexts That Are Characteristically Urban.

Advancing the literacy development of African American males in contexts that are characteristically urban has been a challenging task for educators across the P-12 spectrum. Frames that have been ...
Mechanical buckling of artery under pulsatile pressure

Tortuosity that often occurs in carotid and other arteries has been shown to be associated with high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, and other diseases. However the mechanisms of tortuosity development are not clear. Our previous studies have suggested that arteries buckling could be a possible mechanism for the initiation of tortuous shape but artery buckling under pulsatile flow condition has not been fully studied. The objectives of this study were to determine the artery critical buckling pressure under pulsatile pressure both experimentally and theoretically, and to elucidate the relationship of critical pressures under pulsatile flow, steady flow, and static pressure. We first tested the buckling pressures of porcine carotid arteries under these loading conditions, and then proposed a nonlinear elastic artery model to examine the buckling pressures under pulsatile pressure conditions. Experimental results showed that under pulsatile pressure arteries buckled when the peak pressures were approximately equal to the critical buckling pressures under static pressure. This was also confirmed by model simulations at low pulse frequencies. Our results provide an effective tool to predict artery buckling pressure under pulsatile pressure.
Molecularly imprinted ionically permeable membrane for uranyl ion

A polymeric membrane for the separation of specific metal ions can be designed by the application of the molecular imprinting technique.
Work in progress: Help in finding evaluation instruments for engineering education innovations

This paper describes the first-year progress of a TUES Type 2 project funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) that supports scholarly innovation in engineering education. The project, known as the Appraisal System for Superior Engineering Education Evaluation-instrument Sharing and Scholarship (ASSESS), builds on a precursor NSF CCLI Type 1 project, the Inventory of Evaluation Tools for Engineering Education Projects. The paper reports on the process and framework for developing ASSESS as a sustainable library of superior evaluation instruments that promote scholarly innovation in engineering education. The online database supports information storage, retrieval, and input as well as expert review and user feedback. Adoption research currently being conducted will determine factors that influence broad utilization of the database. Feedback is invited from the community to produce a user-friendly website that enables engineering educators to locate and implement tools that can be used to credibly evaluate the impacts of engineering education innovations.
578 SURFACE MARKERS AND RNA CONTENT OF LEUKEMIC BLASTS IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA OF CHILDHOOD AS A MEASURE OF STAGE OF MATURATION

Peripheral blood and bone marrow myeloid cells from 5 children with acute myeloid leukemia were examined using a panel of surface markers and by flow cytofluometry. DNA and RNA content of individual blast cells were measured using acridine orange as a dye. RNA content of leukemic blasts from all 5 patients was higher compared to normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. Eighty-one to 85% of blast cells from 2 of 5 children had IgG Fc receptors and 14-28% of blast cells phagocytized latex particles in vitro. By contrast, the 3 remaining patients had only 11-40% blast cells which had IgG Fc receptors and only 1-3% cells ingested latex particles in vitro. Receptors for complement (C3) were present on 1-6% of the blast cells from each of the 5 patients. The high RNA content of leukemic blasts probably indicates that these cells represent a malignant deviation representing a maturation arrest of myeloid cells at an early stage of differentiation. The expression of IgC Fc receptors and the phagocytic property of blast cells in the present study demonstrate that there exists heterogeneity of the cells involved in acute leukemia of childhood and that this heterogeneity is reflected in the presence of blast cells representing different stages of maturation along the myeloid cell line. (Supported in part by fellowships from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, J.M. Foundation and NIH grants CA-17404, CA-19267 and AI-11843)
Adult Learning and Mate Choice: Possibilities and Experimental Evidence

A critical issue in the study of mate choice is the analysis of the stimuli that elicit and regulate sexual behavior. Studies with Japanese quail, several mammalian species, and a fish species (the blue gourami) indicate that the stimulus control of sexual behavior is determined in part by what animals learn as a result of sexual interactions in adulthood.Species specific stimuli provided by a sexual partner can become conditioned by sexual reinforcement and thereby come to elicit more vigorous social behavior. Discrete localized stimuli as well as spatial contextual cues of the environment in which social interactions occur can also become conditioned. Sexually conditioned localized stimuli may elicit approach and?/or courtship conditioned responses and may increase responding to species specific eliciting stimuli provided by a sexual partner. Sexually conditioned contextual stimuli also may increase responding to species specific stimulus features of a sexual partner. These findings indicate that the features of a conspecific to which an animal responds sometimes may be determined by what that animal has learned as a result of sexual experience. The findings also suggest that a complete account of the stimulus control of sexual behavior requires consideration of not only stimulus aspects of conspecifics that elicit sexual responses but also discrete and contextual environmental stimuli that may become associated with sexual experience.