cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
School-based exercise interventions effectively increase bone mineralization in children and adolescents.

Abstract Osteoporosis and fragility fractures have become major global public health concerns, and they can be prevented by maximizing peak bone mass during childhood and adolescence with weight-bearing physical activity, which can result in stronger and healthier bones that significantly decrease the risk of osteoporosis and fragility fractures in adulthood and the elderly years. From a public health perspective, implementing weight-bearing physical activity for children and adolescents is best achieved with school-based exercise interventions, and a review of school-based exercise interventions was conducted to determine their effectiveness in increasing bone mineral density (BMD) and/or bone mineral content (BMC). Seventeen studies were reviewed, all school-based exercise interventions utilized jumping exercises, and 15 of the 17 studies found at least one significant increase in measures of BMD and/or BMC for the total body, and/or at the hip, vertebrae, and/or wrist. One study that found no significant differences did report significant increases in bone structural strength, and the other study with no significant differences had exercises that measured and reported the lowest ground reaction forces (GRFs) of only 2–3 times body weight (BW), whereas the other studies that showed significant increase(s) in BMD and/or BMC had exercise with measured and reported GRFs ranging from 3.5 × to 8.8 × BW. School-based exercise interventions are time- and cost-efficient and effective in increasing BMD and/or BMC in children and adolescents, but must incorporate high-intensity exercise, such as high-impact jumping of sufficient GRFs, in order to significantly increase bone mineralization for osteoporosis and fragility fracture prevention later in life.
Acid Rain Interactions with Leaf Surfaces: A Review

The terrestrial regions of North America and Europe that experience elevated levels of acidity in rain are typically covered with at least one layer of vegetation. Those vegetation surfaces are the primary receptors of rain-deposited pollutants. As primary receptors, vegetation surfaces may be affected by and affect acids in rain. Alterations of leaf surface structure and function may be manifested by changes in whole plant function. However, interactions of vegetation surfaces with acid rain involve more than potential plant effects. Since the chemistry of incident precipitation is altered as it passes through vegetation canopies, the response of secondary receptors, such as soil and aquatic systems, may be affected by previous interactions between acid rain and vegetation surfaces. This chapter provides a review and discussion of literature pertinent to the interactions between vegetation surfaces and acidic deposition.
Bayesian Classification of Proteomics Biomarkers from Selected Reaction Monitoring Data using an Approximate Bayesian Computation-Markov Chain Monte Carlo Approach.

Selected reaction monitoring (SRM) has become one of the main methods for low-mass-range–targeted proteomics by mass spectrometry (MS). However, in most SRM-MS biomarker validation studies, the sam...
Absorption of Dietary Fat and Its Metabolism in Enterocytes

Abstract Dietary fat is an energy-dense nutrient that provides essential fatty acids (FAs) and aids in fat-soluble vitamin absorption. When dietary fat absorption becomes dysregulated, it contributes to altered blood lipid levels and metabolic disease risk. Triacylglycerol (TAG), the major form of dietary fat, is efficiently absorbed (>95%). Its digestive products are taken up by enterocytes, the absorptive cells of the small intestine, and rapidly resynthesized into TAG. This resynthesized TAG is either incorporated into chylomicrons (CMs) and secreted into circulation via lymph for delivery to peripheral tissues or incorporated into cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLDs). Alternatively, digestive products of dietary fat may also be incorporated into other complex lipids, act as signaling molecules, or serve as an energy source. This chapter provides an overview of dietary fat absorption and highlights questions about this process that remain unanswered.
Measuring, Manipulating, and Predicting Student Success: A 10-Year Assessment of Carnegie R1 Doctoral Universities Between 2004 and 2013:

Student success measurements for 4-year institutions of higher education are a topic of importance for numerous stakeholders including prospective and current students, parents, staff, faculty, adm...
The association between acoustic and articulatory events in a delayed auditory feedback paradigm

The relationship between delayed auditory feedback and articulator movement was studied using strain gauge and cinefluorographic techniques. Zero, 100, and 200ms delay conditions were used. Articulator behavior associated with the “typical” DAF effects (slowed speech and repetitive gestures) was studied in detail. The results reveal consistent relationships between DAF offset across delay conditions. That is, the common strategy is to “allow” the DAF to go off before beginning the subsequent CV gesture. The results also reveal a consistent relationship between onset of delayed auditory feedback, phase of articulator movement and type of speech breakdown (prolongation or repetition). Repetitive breakdowns consistently occur when the delayed auditory feedback is on at the onset of movement for the subsequent gesture. These results indicate that the 200 ms delay condition is more perturbing because the delayed signal is more likely to be on during the movement onset for the next gesture than is the 100 ms delayed signal. The results are consistent with the perturbing effects of stimulation in other movement systems (gait, mastication, limb movement).
Fuel dynamics and its implication to fire behavior in loblolly pine-dominated stands after southern pine beetle outbreak

Abstract Southern pine beetle (SPB) (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm) outbreaks and wildfire occurrence in recent decades has triggered growing concerns regarding their possible interactions. However, few studies have quantified the fuel characteristics of SPB-killed stands, especially the dynamics of the resulting fuel complex. More importantly, how changes in the fuel complex will affect fire behavior remains unclear. Using field measurements in combination with fire modeling systems, we studied fuel dynamics and its implication to potential fire behaviors by sampling non-outbreak, early post-outbreak (2–3 years), and late post-outbreak (7–8 years) loblolly pine-dominated stands in Georgia and South Carolina, USA. We found that the loadings of 1-hr, 10-hr, 100-hr, 1000-hr fuels, and litter depth were significantly greater in post-outbreak stands than in non-outbreak stands. Stand structure was altered in post-outbreak stands, which contained fewer live pines and more hardwoods. We used the Fuel Characteristic Classification System (FCCS) combined with actual data to construct representative fuel beds from the field data. These customized fuel beds were then used to model surface fire behavior that could be altered by the changes in fuel loading and stand structure resulting from SPB outbreaks. Both FCCS and BehavePlus fire modeling systems predicted a faster rate of spread and longer flame lengths in post-outbreak stands than in non-outbreak stands. Late post-outbreak stands under extremely dry conditions were predicted to have the most extreme fire behavior. Our results fill a critical knowledge gap, which will help forest managers make informed decisions on the management of loblolly pine-dominated stands after the southern pine beetle outbreak.
Comparative evaluation of BACTEC FX, BacT/ALERT 3D, and BacT/ALERT VIRTUO-automated blood culture systems using simulated blood cultures.

To evaluate the performance of BACTEC FX, BacT/ALERT 3D, and VIRTUO systems using simulated blood culture (BC). Two experimental designs based on ‘with’ or ‘without’ added trough antibiotic concent...
High prevalence of food intolerances among US internet users.

Objective: Food intolerances are commonly reported and are predicted to have gastrointestinal health implications. We aimed to quantify the prevalence of food intolerances among US adults and identify culprit foods through a brief web-based survey. Design: We invited participation in an online cross-sectional survey involving a single questionnaire. Data were summarised using percentages or medians and interquartile range. Participant characteristics by self-reported food intolerance were compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test and Pearson’s χ 2 test. Adjusted analyses were performed using multivariable logistic regression. Setting: The survey was internet-based via Amazon’s mechanical Turk, a crowdsourcing website for the completion of requester directed tasks. Participants: Adults who were US-based internet users were invited at ages 18–80. Results: We collected 2133 survey responses (ages 18–79 years). The rate of food intolerance was 24·8 % (95 % CI 23·0, 26·6) in US adults. Younger (P < 0·01), female (P = 0·05) and Asian, African American or multiple race individuals (P < 0·01) predominated. Lactose intolerance was most common. Frequency of a non-lactose food intolerance was 18·1 % (95 % CI 16·5, 19·8). When categorised broadly, grains, fruit, lactose, fish, vegetables, alcohol and nuts were most troublesome for individuals in that order. Conclusions: Self-reported food intolerance is common in US internet users. The effect of food on gastrointestinal symptoms and avoidant behaviours deserves further attention.
Service learning experiences of doctor of physical therapy students with a severe mental illness population.

Introduction Physical therapists provide important services to improve physical health for the general population; however, physical therapy interventions are less utilized with underserved populations such as those with severe mental illness (SMI). The quality of services for these populations is impacted in part by negative provider attitudes and lack of preparation to work with the SMI population. This study examined the impact of structured educational field experience on the physical therapist's attitudes and knowledge about working with the SMI population. This will inform future educational practices to best prepare students to provide quality of healthcare to the population. Materials and methods Seven graduates of a doctor of physical therapy (DPT) program from a Mid-Atlantic University in the United States who participated in an SMI service-learning (SL) experience completed a semi-structured qualitative interview in 2016. Questions about how the experience impacted their current work were asked. Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed, and examined using interpretive phenomenological analysis. Coding and investigator triangulation were conducted. All interviews reached thematic saturation. Results The graduated DPT students reported attitudinal changes toward people with SMI through qualitative interviews. They reported an improvement in their skills, greater competence to work with the SMI population, and an increased focus in the use of person-centered services. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that DPT students gain an understanding of both the SMI population and themselves during SL. Using SL as part of the DPT educational curriculum can offer students and the opportunity to build confidence in working with the SMI population. SL can also improve their skills and attitudes toward the population, key areas that are identified as barriers to receiving quality physical healthcare among the SMI population.
Mathematical Modeling in Neuroscience

Mathematical modeling has been and will continue to be central to the understanding of the emerging function of the nervous system. From the firing of action potentials – with their all-or-none characteristic – to the rich dynamical repertoire of neural networks, the equations and numerical models that describe them are a key part of our understanding of the nervous system. Moreover, they continue to be the subject of further research. In this chapter, we will describe what a mathematical model is and why it is useful. Then, we will describe models of neurons and networks of neurons, emphasizing on how the biophysical concepts are translated to equations.
Physical activity as a mediator of anxiety and cognitive functioning in Parkinson's disease

Abstract Introduction Individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) are at increased risk of developing anxiety, cognitive decline, and reduced physical activity. Although anxiety is a risk factor for cognitive decline, the mechanisms underlying the relationship are unclear. The present study assessed if the relationship between cognition and anxiety symptoms is mediated by physical activity in a sample of individuals with PD followed for up to five years. Methods Participants (N = 487) were individuals newly diagnosed with Parkinson's disease followed by the Parkinson's Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI). Participants completed a neuropsychological battery and questionnaires of anxiety and physical activity. Structural equation models examined both the between-person and within-person effects of anxiety and cognition mediated through physical activity. Results Analyses revealed a significant direct effect of anxiety predicting cognitive functioning. Additionally, there was a significant indirect within-person effect; meaning that individuals who became more anxious over time, they also reported becoming less physically active, which was subsequently associated with longitudinal declines in cognitive functioning. Discussion Findings suggest that worsening anxiety early in the course of PD may be a risk factor for reduced participation in physical activities and subsequent cognitive decline.
A Method to Pre-Screen Rat Mammary Gland Whole-Mounts Prior To RNAscope

RNAscope is a quantitative in situ gene expression measurement technique that preserves the spatial aspect of intact tissue; thus, allowing for comparison of specific cell populations and morphologies. Reliable and accurate measurement of gene expression in tissue is dependent on preserving RNA integrity and the quantitative nature of RNAscope. The purpose of this study was to determine if the quantitative nature of RNAscope was retained following processing and carmine staining of mammary gland whole-mounts, which are commonly used to identify lesions, such as hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). We were concerned that handling and procedures required to visualize microscopic disease lesions might compromise RNA integrity and the robustness of RNAscope. No effect on the quantitative abilities of RNAscope was detected when mammary gland whole-mounts were pre-screened for lesions of interest prior to RNAscope. This was determined in comparison to tissue that had been formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) immediately after collection. The ability to pre-screen whole-mounts allowed unpalpable diseased lesions to be identified without labor-intensive serial sectioning of tissue samples to find diseased tissue. This method is applicable to evaluate mammary gland whole-mounts during normal mammary gland development, function, and disease progression.
Emphysematous Cholecystitis Secondary to Fusobacterium nucleatum.

Fusobacterium nucleatum may be implicated in cases of emphysematous cholecystitis (EC) and carries a high mortality risk, especially in individuals with heart disease, renal insufficiency, and underlying malignancy. Fusobacterium infections are rarely detected in the setting of cholecystitis possibly due to the difficulty with properly culturing the bacteria. We describe a case of a patient with EC in whom blood cultures were positive for growth of F. nucleatum in one of two samples. The patient was treated with empiric antibiotic therapy consisting of metronidazole and cefepime. In patients with EC and negative cultures, it is possible that they may have an undetected infection with fusobacteria, which carries a high mortality risk. As such, clinicians should maintain a high degree of suspicion of obligate anaerobic infection in patients who have negative blood culture for growth in the setting of EC and consider continuation of adequate antimicrobial coverage.
Intermolecular 2+2 Imine-Olefin Photocycloadditions Enabled by Cu(I)-Alkene MLCT

2+2 Photocycloadditions are idealized, convergent approaches to the construction of 4-membered heterocyclic rings, including azetidines. However, methods of direct excitation are limited by the unfavorable photophysical properties of imines and electronically unbiased alkenes. Here, we report copper-catalyzed photocycloadditions of non-conjugated imines and alkenes to produce a variety of substituted azetidines. Ligand design allows this base metal-catalyzed method to achieve 2+2 imine-olefin photocycloaddition via selective alkene activation through a coordination-MLCT pathway.
Outcomes of Salvage Resection and Radiosurgery Following Failed Primary Treatment of Vestibular Schwannomas.

ObjectiveTo evaluate outcomes following salvage microsurgery (MS) and salvage stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) after failure of primary treatment for vestibular schwannomas (VS).Study DesignRetrospe...
Toward Understanding the Diverse Roles of Perisomatic Interneurons in Epilepsy

Epileptic seizures are associated with excessive neuronal spiking. Perisomatic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons specifically innervate the subcellular domains of postsynaptic excitatory...
Ambiguity with Machine Learning: An Application to Portfolio Choice

To characterize ambiguity we use machine learning to impose guidance and discipline on the formulation of expectations in a data-rich environment. In addition, we use the bootstrap to generate plausible synthetic samples of data not seen in historical real data to create statistics of interest pertaining to uncertainty. While our approach is generic we focus on robust portfolio allocation problems as an application and study the impact of risk versus uncertainty in a dynamic mean-variance setting. We show that a mean-variance optimizing investor achieves economically meaningful wealth gains (33%) across our sample from 1996-2019 by internalizing our uncertainty measure during portfolio formation.
Meta-Transcriptome Detector (MTD): a novel pipeline for metatranscriptome analysis of bulk and single-cell RNAseq data

RNA-seq data contains not only host transcriptomes but also non-host information that comprises transcripts from active microbiota in the host cells. Therefore, metatranscriptomics can reveal gene expression of the entire microbial community in a given sample. However, there is no single tool that can simultaneously analyze host-microbiota interactions and to quantify microbiome at the single-cell level, particularly for users with limited expertise of bioinformatics. Here, we developed a novel software program that can comprehensively and synergistically analyze gene expression of the host and microbiome as well as their association using bulk and single-cell RNA-seq data. Our pipeline, named Meta-Transcriptome Detector (MTD), can identify and quantify microbiome extensively, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, plasmids, and vectors. MTD is easy to install and is user-friendly. This novel software program empowers researchers to study the interactions between microbiota and the host by analyzing gene expressions and pathways, which provides further insights into host responses to microorganisms.
Born Digital: Understanding the First Generation of Digital Natives

The first generation of Digital Nativeschildren who were born into and raised in the digital worldare coming of age, and soon our world will be reshaped in their image. Our economy, our politics, our culture, and even the shape of our family life will be forever transformed. But who are these Digital Natives? And what is the world theyre creating going to look like?In Born Digital, leading Internet and technology experts John Palfrey and Urs Gasser offer a sociological portrait of these young people, who can seem, even to those merely a generation older, both extraordinarily sophisticated and strangely narrow. Exploring a broad range of issues, from the highly philosophical to the purely practical, Born Digital will be essential reading for parents, teachers, and the myriad of confused adults who want to understand the digital presentand shape the digital future.
Asset Specificity, Inequality, and Limited Government

Recent explanations for the rise of democracy have emphasized the role of inequality. Acemoglu and Robinson (2006) and Boix (2003) view democracy as a solution to a commitment problem faced by autocratic leaders, who are members of a society’s elite. Elites would like to commit to redistribute sufficient amounts of wealth tomorrow to deter democratic revolt by the masses today. As democracy gives power over future allocative decisions to a representative of the masses, the elites’ promise to engage in redistribution in the future is credible only if accompanied by an ‘expansion’ of democracy, allowing costly rebellion to be avoided. Ansell and Samuels (2010) and Freeman and Quinn (2009) have recently produced compelling critiques of the approach taken by Acemoglu and Robinson and Boix. We would like to add our voice to the opposition, but offer a more fundamental dissent – one that breaks with a focus on inequality as a causal variable entirely. Building on Bates and Lien (1985) and North and Weingast (1985) we focus, instead, on the nature of the assets that are held by citizens the government must tax.Indeed, in this paper we take issue with several of facets of the Aceomoglu and Robinson and Boix approach to explaining the rise of democracy. First, we argue that it is more important to explain the rise of limited government than the rise of democracy. Second, we argue that the creation of limited government is the solution to a more general commitment problem inherent in capitalist societies than the authors mentioned above realize: all leaders must find a way to maximize revenues while constrained by the fact that asset holders have the potential to respond to high tax rates by deploying their assets in ways that reduce societal income. Therefore, if democracy solves the elites’ commitment problem by giving power to the median income earner, it creates a new commitment problem, since the median income earner does not typically control investment decisions, and so may pursue policy antagonistic to investors. We argue that limited government is most likely to occur when the actors upon whom the government depends for revenue can credibly threaten to deploy their assets in ways that run contrary to the goals of the government. Thus, asset mobility, not the distribution of income, is the driving force of institutional change.
Nonlinear acoustic concealed weapons detection

The detection of concealed weapons at a distance is a critical security issue that has been a great challenge for different imaging approaches. In this paper, we discuss the use of ultrasonics in a novel way to probe for metallic and nonmetallic materials under clothing. Conventional ultrasonics has problems penetrating clothing and produces false positives from specular reflections. Our approach is to use ultrasonics to create a localized zone where nonlinear interactions generate a lower frequency acoustic wave that is able to penetrate clothing better than direct ultrasonics. The generation of a probing beam for concealed weapons is described in this brief summary showing comparisons of the physical models with the experimental data. An imaging scan of concealed improvised weapons seized by officials at corrections institutes is presented to highlight the value of this approach
Liver and mediastinum SUV in F-18 FDG PET/CT: Impact of immunotherapy

598 Objectives The SUV of the liver or mediastinum is often used as an internal reference (IR) to which lesion SUV can be compared. Therefore, it is essential that the IR SUV remain consistent, particularly for cancer patients in whom pre and post therapy PET/CT studies are used in assessing response to therapy. We aimed to determine whether or not immunotherapy affects liver &/or mediastinum SUV max measurements in melanoma patients. Methods Sixteen melanoma patients (6 M, 10 F; mean age 51 yrs) who underwent serial whole -body FDG PET/CT scans (n=48) were retrospectively evaluated. For the 48 scans, SUVmax scores over the disease free mediastinum & liver regions were obtained from initial baseline & 2 sequential post immunotherapy follow up exams. Volumeteric SUVmax was obtained from a 500mm2 ROI in the liver (rectangular ROI within the mid-right lobe) and similarly in the mediastinum (elliptical ROI within the aortic arch). SUVmax scores in each region were grouped into: A (from initial scan), B (first post immunotherapy scan) & C (second post immunotherapy scan). Descriptive statistics & ANOVA test to assess the differences in SUVmax between the 3 groups in each region were done. Results The mean differences of SUV max between the 3 groups in each region were statistically & clinically not significant, mediastinum (P=0.937) & liver (P= 0.851). Conclusions We conclude that, in melanoma patients, liver and/or mediastinum are quite stable IR that can easily be used in insuring the technical quality of the PET protocol as well as the reproducibility of SUV measurement. In so doing, assessing response to cancer therapy can be attained in a more accurate way
Relaxation in L/sup /spl infin// control

The relaxation of the optimal control problem with cost functional which is the supremum in time of some function h(t, x, z) is determined. If the original value function is V(t,x)=inf/sub /spl zeta//spl epsiv/z//spl par/h(s,/spl xi/(s),/spl zeta/(s))/spl par/L/spl infin/[t,T], then, the relaxed value function is V/spl circ/(t,x)=inf/spl par//spl par/h(s,/spl xi//spl circ/(s),z)/spl par/L/spl infin/(z;/spl mu/(s))/spl par/L/spl infin/[t,T], /spl mu//spl epsiv/z/spl circ/[t,T] where, for each fixed s /spl epsiv/ [t,T], the inner norm is the essential sup of h over z/spl epsiv/Z with respect to the probability measure /spl mu/(s). >
The information society in California: Social factors influencing its emergence

Abstract The authors identify three elements which will influence California's future. First, demographic shifts in the state's population have altered California's ethnic and cultural foundations. Second, the state educational system does not seem prepared to train larger numbers for information work, especially members of its growing ethnic population. Third, almost half the state's workforce is now employed in information-oriented work, whether in the industrial, service, or agricultural sectors. The authors demonstrate that the interaction of these elements has profound implications for California's development.
Nanoscale Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors

The interaction of light with metallic nanoparticles (NPs) has aroused significant interest in recent years due to demonstrated applications in nanoscale lithography [1–3], surface-enhanced spectroscopies [4–9], and chemical and biological sensing applications [10–14]. In each of these examples, light can be localized, manipulated, and amplified on the nanometer scale by exciting a collective electron oscillation in the metallic NPs, known as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). By controlling the size, shape, material and local dielectric environment of the NPs, the resonance condition of the plasmon can be tuned throughout the visible and near-infra-red (IR) ranges [15–21]. It is the latter property – namely the local dielectric environment – which forms the basis of LSPR-based biosensing experiments [10, 11, 14, 22–28]. Before discussing LSPR and its applications in detail, the basic physics of plasmons will be briefly reviewed [20]. When a metal surface (either bulk or nanoscale) is irradiated with electromagnetic radiation (light) of the appropriate frequency, a coherent oscillation of the metal’s conduction electrons is induced orthogonal to the propagation direction of the light. This oscillation is a ‘‘plasmon’’, and it can be analyzed as fluctuations in the metal’s surface electron density or, in other words, as a longitudinal electron density wave. In the case of metallic NPs with sizes less than the wavelength of the incident radiation, this plasmon is localized on the surface of the NP (in contrast to bulk metal, where the plasmon can propagate along the surface plane and evanescently decay perpendicular to the plane). This principle is illustrated in Figure 9.1, where the electron cloud of a metallic NP oscillates in phase with the incident electromagnetic field. The wavelength at which this resonance occurs depends on a number of factors related to both the NP itself, as well as its local environment. Typically, gold and silver NPs are chosen for most LSPR applications, although other metals such as 159
Influence of Sometribove, USAN (Recombinant Methionyl Bovine Somatotropin) on the Body Composition of Lactating Cattle

Ten cattle were injected with 40 mg/d sometribove (United States adopted name for recombinant methionyl bovine somatotropin) in bicarbonate buffer, and nine with the bicarbonate buffer only. These treatments continued from the first day of wk 11 of lactation through the end of wk 18 of lactation. Deuterium oxide (D2O) dilution was used to estimate D2O space at wk 10 and 18. All cattle were fed a dry, complete diet containing 2.9% nitrogen, and an estimated 1.7 Mcal/kg net energy for lactation (NE1). After 18 wk of lactation, carcass composition was determined from carcass density and the composition of the rest of the body was determined by direct chemical analyses. Regression equations were constructed relating chemical composition at 18 wk to D2O space and live body mass. These equations were used to estimate body composition at wk 10. The estimated wk 10 composition was used to adjust wk 18 body composition for pretreatment inter-animal variation. Treatment with sometribove resulted in increased milk production (34.3 kg/d vs. 30.2 kg/d), foregut tissue (25.2 kg vs. 23.2 kg), foregut contents (72.0 vs. 62.1 kg), and reduced total body fat (28.3 vs. 45.7 kg), body energy (760 vs. 916 Mcal) and visceral fat mass.
Abundance, diversity, and activity of microbial assemblages associated with coral reef fish guts and feces

Feces and distal gut contents were collected from three coral reef fish species. Bacteria cell abundances, as determined via epifluorescence microscopy, ranged two orders of magnitude among the fishes. Mass-specific and apparent cell-specific hydrolytic enzyme activities in feces from Chlorurus sordidus were very high, suggesting that endogenous fish enzymes were egested into feces. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles of 16S rRNA genes were more similar among multiple individuals of the surgeonfish Acanthurus nigricans than among individuals of the parrotfish C. sordidus or the snapper Lutjanus bohar. Analyses of feces-derived 16S rRNA gene clones revealed that at least five bacterial phyla were present in A. nigricans and that Vibrionaceae comprised 10% of the clones. Meanwhile, C. sordidus contained at least five phyla and L. bohar three, but Vibrionaceae comprised 71% and 76% of the clones, respectively. Many sequences clustered phylogenetically to cultured Vibrio spp. and Photobacterium spp. including Vibrio ponticus and Photobacterium damselae. Other Vibrionaceae-like sequences comprised a distinct phylogenetic group that may represent the presence of 'feces-specific' bacteria. The observed differences among fishes may reflect native gut microbiota and/or bacterial assemblages associated with ingested prey.
Authorship classification: a syntactic tree mining approach

In the past, there have been dozens of studies on automatic authorship classification, and many of these studies concluded that the writing style is one of the best indicators of original authorship. From among the hundreds of features which were developed, syntactic features were best able to reflect an author's writing style. However, due to the high computational complexity of extracting and computing syntactic features, only simple variations of basic syntactic features of function words and part-of-speech tags were considered. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to mining discriminative k-embedded-edge subtree patterns from a given set of syntactic trees that reduces the computational burden of using complex syntactic structures as a feature set. This method is shown to increase the classification accuracy. We also design a new kernel based on these features. Comprehensive experiments on real datasets of news articles and movie reviews demonstrate that our approach is reliable and more accurate than previous studies.
Hardware/Software Codesign to Optimize SoC Device Battery Life

The emergence of battery-constrained system-on-chip (SoC) devices, such as smartphones and tablets, requires hardware/software codesign to optimize battery life. Offloading activities from the processor to specialized engines on the SoC can help reduce power consumption.
Spectral barcoding of quantum dots: Deciphering structural motifs from the excitonic spectra

Self-assembled semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) show in high-resolution single-dot spectra a multitude of sharp lines, resembling a barcode, due to various neutral and charged exciton complexes. Here we propose the 'spectral barcoding' method that deciphers structural motifs of dots by using such barcode as input to an artificial-intelligence learning system. Thus, we invert the common practice of deducing spectra from structure by deducing structure from spectra. This approach (i) lays the foundation for building a much needed structure-spectra understanding for large nanostructures and (ii) can guide future design of desired optical features of QDs by controlling during growth only those structural motifs that decide given optical features.
Tracking cognitive phases in analogical reasoning with event-related potentials

Analogical reasoning consists of multiple phases. Four-term analogies (A:B::C:D) have an encoding period in which the A:B pair is evaluated prior to a mapping phase. The electrophysiological timing associated with analogical reasoning has remained unclear. We used event-related potentials to identify neural timing related to analogical reasoning relative to perceptual and semantic control conditions. Spatiotemporal principal-components analyses revealed differences primarily in left frontal electrodes during encoding and mapping phases of analogies relative to the other conditions. The timing of the activity differed depending upon the phase of the problem. During the encoding of A:B terms, analogies elicited a positive deflection compared to the control conditions between 400 and 1,200 ms, but for the mapping phase analogical processing elicited a negative deflection that occurred earlier and for a shorter time period, between 350 and 625 ms. These results provide neural and behavioral evidence that 4-term analogy problems involve a highly active evaluation phase of the A:B pair.
Fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in adipocytes

Elevated serum-free fatty acid (FFA) levels induce insulin resistance in whole animals and humans. To understand the direct mechanism by which FFAs impact insulin-responsive tissue, we have used our previously developed in vitro model of long-chain saturated fatty acids (LCSFA)-induced insulin resistance in adipocytes. In addition to explanted rat adipocytes, we now demonstrate that overnight exposure of 3T3-L1 adipocytes to 1 mM individually of the LCSFA palmitate, myristate, and stearate, leads to an approximately 50% inhibition of insulin-induced glucose transport. Insulin resistance can be accomplished at 0.3 mM palmitate, which is within the range ofpalmitate found in diabetic and obese individuals. This inhibition was noted within 4 h of exposure to FFA, which is comparable to in vivo lipid infusion studies. Initial LCSFA-induced resistance is specific to glucose transport and does not affect insulin stimulation of glucose incorporation into glycogen. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes overexpressing the EGF receptor, LCSFA exposure also specifically inhibited EGF-induced GLUT4-mediated glucose transport, but not EGF-induced glycogen synthesis. We find that LCSFA treatment did not impair insulin stimulation of GLUT4 translocation or exofacial presentation on the cell surface as determined by trypsin accessibility. Our results suggest that the initial direct effect of elevated LCSFA is to impair activation of GLUT4 transporter activity and that this effect is specific for glucose transport.
Comparison of Arm Up and Down in Side Impacts With BioSID and Different Armrests

BioSID dummy tests were run with the arm down at the side during loading of different armrests in simulated side impact crashes. The Hyge sled tests duplicated previous studies of BioSID with the arm up, SID, and animals. When the BioSID arm is against the side, the arm extends from the shoulder to the bottom of the third rib and has a steel shank covered by foam and vinyl. Loading through the arm transfers force to the three chest ribs and shoulder. In comparison, direct armrest loading of the chest or abdomen primarily involves a single rib and substantial rib deflection, when the armrest crush-force exceeds the strength of the rib. The Viscous response in BioSID showed the greatest difference of all criteria for the arm up or down. The response of the third rib correlated with injury risks determined from animal tests using the different armrest designs in a simulated high position. While injury data are not available for the arm at the side or for the armrest in the low position, the STIFF armrest may cause injury when the arm is not at the side and the armrest loads the liver and spleen. Rib deflection in BioSID showed the protrusion of the STIFF armrest into the abdominal region in both arm positions, because the loading was below the arm even in the down position. However, the arm extends laterally so it involves the upper ribs earlier than in the arm-up condition where more space is available. Language: en
Enhanced residence of submicron Si-rich volcanic particles in the lower stratosphere

Abstract Abundant submicron Si-rich grains were collected in the lower stratosphere between May 1981 and January 1982. Analytical electron microscopy shows that the morphology, surface features and chemical compositions of these platey grains are consistent with keatite. Keatite forms by devitrification of amorphous Si-rich grains that condensed in ascending volcanic eruption clouds. Low settling rates for platey grains should cause concentration of Si-rich grains in the stratosphere during extended periods of volcanic activity. Such a concentration is not observed probably because the grains were present as small aggregates with greater settling rates. Aggregation did not occur in the atmosphere because collision frequencies are too low. Thus aggregation took place in the volcanic cloud. The faster settling rates for the aggregates is still sufficiently slow to increase the amount of small volcanic particles in the stratosphere thereby enhancing the amount of sites for heterogeneous aerosol nucleation.
Rapid root tip and mycorrhiza formation and increased survival of Douglas-fir seedlings after soil transfer

In order to re-inoculate soil with mycorrhizal fungi, small amounts (about 150 ml) of soil from an established Douglas-fir plantation were added to planting holes when Douglas-fir seedlings were planted on an old, unrevegetated clearcut in the Klamath Mountains of Oregon. Seedlings were lifted throughout the growing season to determine the influence of soil transfer on the rate of root tip initiation and mycorrhiza formation. Six weeks after planting, seedlings receiving plantation soil had formed 62% more root tips than controls; however, no statistically significant differences were apparent 15 weeks after planting. By that time, a small percentage of root tips were visibly mycorrhizal; seedlings receiving transferred soil had the most colonization (13.6 vs 3.5 per seedling, p ≤0.05). Of seedlings receiving transfer soil, 36.6% survived the first growing season, compared to 11.3% of control seedlings. At this high elevation, soils often remain frozen well into spring, leaving only a brief period betwen the time when soils become warm enough for root growth and the onset of summer drought. Under these conditions, the rapid root growth and mycorrhiza formation stimulated by plantation soil increases the ability of seedlings to survive the first growing season.
Recreation and Amenity Values of Urban Stream Corridors: Implications for Green Infrastructure

‘Green infrastructure’ is a term used to describe systems of parks, greenways, open spaces and other natural landscape elements that provide community benefits. Although we have some understanding of how people use parks and developed greenways, little has been documented about use of the undesignated public and private spaces along green infrastructure features such as stream corridors. The purpose of this research was to examine characteristics that may influence people's use of undesignated open spaces along the stream corridors that form the skeleton of many green infrastructure systems. Data were obtained from a Recreational Use Attainability Analysis (RUAA), an evaluation performed for the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. The RUAA was conducted for 85 survey sites along 243 km (151 miles) of streams in Houston's Buffalo Bayou watershed. Results indicate that the proximity of stream corridors to local residents, the level of pedestrian access available and tree cover were the best predictor...
SU‐FF‐J‐01: A Comparision of 4DCT with Breath‐Hold CT for Determination of Tumor Motion with Respiration

Purpose: Internal target volumes (ITVs) have been determined using both breath‐hold CT scans (BHCTs) and four‐dimensional CT (4DCT) to assess the extent of tumor motion during normal respiration. The purpose of this work is to compare the differences in tumor excursion when measured with BHCT and 4DCT. Method and Materials: All 4DCT and BHCT datasets in this study were acquired as a part of the radiotherapy simulation process using a commercial 4DCT system (Discovery ST, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI). Respiratory tracking was accomplished using a commercial system (RPM, Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA). A visual prompt from this system was displayed to patients to assist them in holding their breath at the correct level during BHCTs. The locations of the tumors with respect to a reference dataset (4DCT end‐expiration) was determined using a rigid‐body cross‐correlation algorithm that found the location on each dataset that best matched the region of the physician‐determined gross tumor volume (GTV) on the reference dataset. The patient did not move between the 4DCT and BHCT scans, thus differences in tumor location were due to tumor motion rather than bulk patient motion. Results: For 20 patients, the average difference in displacement of the GTV between BHCT and 4DCT scans was 5 mm at end‐inspiration and 3 mm at end‐expiration with maximum differences of 12 mm and 10 mm respectively. GTV motion on BHCTs was always greater than or equal to the motion on the 4DCT. The direction of tumor motion was also found to be different between 4DCT and BHCT images with the average difference in the vector angles being 14°. Conclusion: The results of this work suggests that patients being treated during normal breathing should be simulated during normal breathing (4DCT) and those to be treated using a breath‐hold technique should be simulated using BHCT.
Identification of 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptor agents using a composite pharmacophore analysis and chemical database screening.

A composite pharmacophore analysis and computer-assisted chemical database screening were used to identify a previously unrecognized class of 5-hydroxytryptamine1A (5-HT1A) receptor active agents. An analysis of published data led to the identification of 20 different chemical structures which share nanomolar affinity for the 5-HT1A receptor. From a composite pharmacophore analysis of all 20 potent agents, we hypothesized that compounds containing a novel (in terms of 5-HT1A receptor analysis) 3 ring structure might be active at the 5-HT1A receptor. To test this hypothesis, the Chemical Abstracts database, which contains over 10 million compounds, was screened electronically for compounds that contain this core structure. A series of 319 agents was identified which contain this core structure. A total of 6 compounds was then obtained commercially and evaluated in radioligand binding studies. A single agent (Compound 69/183) conformed most closely to the composite 5-HT1A pharmacophore and displayed an affinity of 20 nmol/l for the 5-HT1A receptor binding site. Two other agents displayed affinities of 170 and 500 nmol/l, respectively, for the 5-HT1A receptor site. The 3 agents which differed most significantly from the composite 5-HT1A pharmacophore displayed affinities of 1,200− > 10,000 nmol/l for the 5-HT1A receptor binding site. These data suggest that a composite pharmacophore analysis and computer-assisted chemical database screening can be an effective technique for the identification of previously unrecognized receptor active agents.
Psychological aspects of patients in germ-free isolation: A review of child, adult, and patient management literature

Life-threatening medical conditions such as severe combined immunodeficiency disease, leukemia, severe aplastic anemia, radiation injury, burns, organ transplantation, and aggressive administration of chemotherapy often necessitate the isolation of the patient in a protected germ-free environment for weeks or months. This treatment milieu has the effect of extensive psychological and physical isolation from family and staff. A review of the literature was undertaken to investigate the psychological implications of such treatment and to question the possibility that this isolation therapy might produce a unique type of psychological stress. Most authors agree that patients are able to withstand the emotional stress of germ-free isolation and that behavioral changes relate more to the severity of the illness rather than to the isolation. However, there may be inherent stresses related to isolator therapy that can be alleviated by environmental manipulation. Case vignettes are included and patient management in such an environment is outlined.
Application of a Time Series Statistic to Physiology and Psychology

A statistic describing variability for continuously collected timeordered data with changing mean level is presented. The Mean Square Successive Difference, developed by von Neumann, was employed in the analysis of basal levels of galvanic skin potential recorded for 40-minute periods.
Desaturation of isomeric trans-octadecenoic acids by rat liver microsomes

Desaturation of twelve labeled positional isomers of trans-18:1 acids was investigated using enzymes of liver microsomes from essential-fatty-acid-deficient rats. Oleic acid was used as model for comparison and for optimizing the incubation conditions. Each positional isomer desaturated at a unique rate. The trans-6- and trans-13-octadecenoic acids gave mostly trans-6, cis-9- and cis-9,-trans-13−18:2 acids, respectively. The trans-5-isomer gave mostly cis-5, cis-9−18:2 acid. The trans-4-isomer gave a mixture of trans-4, cis-9- + cis-4, cis-9−18:2trans-11-isomer gave cz's-9, trans-11- + cis-9, cis-11−18:2; trans-12-isomer gave cis-9, trans-12- + cis-9, cis-12−18:2, and trans-14-isomer have cis-9,trans-14- + cis-9, cis-14−18:2 acid. The trans-8-, trans-9-, and frans-10-isomers were not measurably desaturated. The site of desaturation of the trans-18:1 isomer was the 9-position, indicating action of Δ9 desaturase. Thus the isomeric trans-18:1 acids present in partially hydrogenated fats can be converted to cis, trans- or trans, cis- and cis, cis-18:2 isomers, and trans-18:1 isomers in food may have effects upon metabolic control because of the products derived from them.