cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Epsilon Aurigae secondary - A binary embedded within a disk?

The eclipse characteristics of Epsilon Aurigae, which is an F supergiant in a spectroscopic binary system, imply a secondary that is elongated, measuring about 10 AU by less than 1 AU, with a mass of about 16 solar masses. Recent IR observations, however, indicate a color temperature of about 500 K and a luminosity that is apparently less than 1 percent that of a 16-solar mass star. It is presently suggested that the secondary consists of a close binary embedded in an optically thick disk, which is viewed edge-on. The observed low luminosity of the secondary would then be due to two 8-solar mass stars' luminosity, which is about 10 percent that of a 16-solar mass star, together with the loss of 90 percent of the emitted energy through escape from the poles of the disk. This hypothesis is discussed in relation to radio and UV observations of Epsilon Aurigae.
In Situ, Time-Resolved Normal Incidence Reflectance Spectroscopy of Polycrystalline Platinum Microelectrodes in Aqueous Electrolytes

In situ normal incidence reflectance spectra of polycrystalline Pt microelectrodes have been monitored as a function of the applied potential in aqueous 0.5 M H2SO4 using a He−Ne laser source (633 nm) and a beam splitter/microscope objective arrangement. Data recorded during voltammetric cycles in Ar-purged solutions revealed a linear correlation between the normalized change in reflectance, ΔR/R = (Rs − Rref)/Rref (where Rs and Rref are the light intensities measured by the detector at the sampling, s, and reference potentials, ref, respectively), and the extent of oxidation of the Pt surface over a wide coverage range. Reflectance spectra were also collected in CO-saturated 0.5 M H2SO4 during chronocoulometric measurements involving judiciously selected limits for both the potential step and duty cycle parameters. Analysis of these results made it possible to extract contributions to the current derived from oxide formation during oxidation of adsorbed and bulk CO, based strictly on the optical response.
Atrial fibrillation and obesity—results of a meta-analysis

Background Obesity has been shown to be associated with atrial enlargement and ventricular diastolic dysfunction, both of which are risk factors for atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the role of obesity as a risk factor for the development of AF is unknown. The study aims to evaluate the role of obesity as a risk factor for the development of AF. Methods The MEDLINE/ PUBMED and Cochrane databases were searched for studies in human subjects published in English language between 1966 and May 2007. Studies were included in our analyses if they were population-based cohort or postcardiac surgery cohort and investigated the incidence of AF in relation to the body mass index (BMI) categories. Results Of the 468 articles identified, 16 studies that enrolled a total of 123 249 individuals met the inclusion criteria. These 16 articles included 5 population-based cohort studies that enrolled 78 602 adult individuals from the United States and 3 European countries and 11 postcardiac surgery studies that enrolled 44 647 patients. Based on the population-based cohort studies, obese individuals have an associated 49% increased risk of developing AF compared to nonobese individuals (relative risk 1.49, 95% CI 1.36-1.64). The risk of AF increased in parallel with greater BMI in this cohort. In contrast, in the postcardiac surgery studies, obese individuals do not have an associated increased risk of developing AF compared to nonobese individuals (relative risk 1.02, 95% CI 0.99-1.06). Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that obesity increased the risk of developing AF by 49% in the general population, and the risk escalated in parallel with increased BMI. Thus, AF evolves as yet another pathogenetic factor by which obesity may increase cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events.
Algebra automata I: Parallel programming as a prolegomena to the categorical approach

Wright, Thatcher and Mezei have built on the observation of B\:uchi that finite automata may be considered to be monadic algebras, to study non-monadic algebras from the viewpoint of automata theory, and have generalized the usual studies of regular sets and context-free languages in this context. We continue this work, but shift the emphasis from the use of algebra automata as acceptors to the dynamics of algebras with outputs. We show that the Nerode and Myhill approaches to state minimization and minimal dynamics can be carried through in the general case. In Part I, we emphasize the interpretation of algebra automata as executing parallel programs. However, Eilenberg and Wright have shown that much of Wright, Thatcher and Mezei's work can be carried through in the context of categorical algebra, using the notion of algebraic theory introduced by Lawvere as a categorical explication of the notion of variety initiated by Birkhoff. Our results in Part I pave the way for the extension of this categorical framework to the treatment of algebra automata as dynamic systems in Part II [ Inform. Control 13, 346\2-370 (1968)].
SU5416 delays wound healing through inhibition of TGF-β1 activation

Angiogenesis, development of new blood vessels, is essential for wound healing and tumor growth. A potentially important side effect of anti-angiogenic therapy can be delayed wound healing. In this study we address this issue by using a novel in vivo method utilizing fibrin containing dual porous plexiglass chambers (Fibrin Z-Chambers; F-ZC) to investigate wound healing in rats administered with SU5416 (inhibitor of Flk-1 and Flt-1, at 20 mg/kg i.p.). SU5416 treated F-ZCs developed 45% less granulation tissue (p = 0.0076) and showed a 10% reduction in microvessel density (p = 0.0009) than controls treated with drug carrier alone. The granulation tissue showed distinctly decreased collagen deposition (p = 0.0006) in SU5416 treated animals that was associated with 90% reduction in active TGF-beta 1 level. We found that tissue transglutaminase (TG), a cross-linking enzyme involved in TGF-beta 1 activation and matrix stabilization, was inhibited by SU5416. These results suggest that SU5416 delays wound healing by reducing matrix synthesis and stabilization through inhibition of TGF-beta 1 activation. This study was made feasible via the development of a unique method to study anti-angiogenic compounds that provides highly reproducible and quantitative results. Further studies are needed to evaluate in vivo whether anti-angiogenic agents alter wound healing.
Reply to Berger et al.: Improving ABC

Berger et al. (1) claim that I (2) made “a broad attack on the foundations of Bayesian statistical methods.” Rather, I made focused criticisms on approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) as implemented in Fagundes et al. (3), who produced incoherent results. This incoherence arose in part because they used an equation that violates the core foundation of Bayesian analysis: conditional probability. Three models were tested—say A, B, and C—by calculating the conditional probability that a given model, say A, is true given that either A or B or C is true (3). Mathematically, this is:
The Bimodal Lifestyle of Intracellular Salmonella in Epithelial Cells: Replication in the Cytosol Obscures Defects in Vacuolar Replication

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium invades and proliferates within epithelial cells. Intracellular bacteria replicate within a membrane bound vacuole known as the Salmonella containing vacuole. However, this bacterium can also replicate efficiently in the cytosol of epithelial cells and net intracellular growth is a product of both vacuolar and cytosolic replication. Here we have used semi-quantitative single-cell analyses to investigate the contribution of each of these replicative niches to intracellular proliferation in cultured epithelial cells. We show that cytosolic replication can account for the majority of net replication even though it occurs in less than 20% of infected cells. Consequently, assays for net growth in a population of infected cells, for example by recovery of colony forming units, are not good indicators of vacuolar proliferation. We also show that the Salmonella Type III Secretion System 2, which is required for SCV biogenesis, is not required for cytosolic replication. Altogether this study illustrates the value of single cell analyses when studying intracellular pathogens.
Towards a unified theory of the firm: An historical approach

Most microtheorists have been preoccupied with the productive aspects of the firm, tending to neglect the questions of capital investment and finance. However, the interdependent nature of production, investment, and finance has not gone totally unrecognized. Over the past 50 years, a handful of economists have written on this interdependence. These economists' works form the intellectual background on which this study is based. With the insights thus gained, the essential features of a unified theory of the firm is outlined.
Effect of mirex, dechlorinated mirex derivatives and chlordecone on microsomal mixed-function oxidase activity and other hepatic parameters

The effects of mirex, two monohydrogen and two dihydrogen mirex derivatives, and chlordecone on several hepatic parameters were studied 2 days following a single oral dose of 100 mg/kg in female rats. All compounds increased microsomal cytochrome P-450 content, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity, and hepatic ascorbic acid concentration. Microsomal protein concentration was generally increased. All compounds except chlordecone increased relative liver weight and the activities of aminopyrine N-demethylase and p-nitroanisole O-demethylase. Hepatic concentration of protein and glutathione were unaltered. The dechlorinated mirex derivatives caused effects of a magnitude similar to that of mirex, whereas chlordecone was considerably less potent.
Superstring compactification on homogeneous coset spaces with torsion

Abstract Compactifications of the heterotic string on M 4 ×K are investigated, where M 4 is four- Minkowski spacetime and K is a six-dimensional compact coset manifold with torsion. The β-functions of the underlying two-dimensional nonlinear σ-model, as well as the central charge of the Virasoro algebra, are argued to vanish for K=SU(3)/U(1)×U(1) and G 2 /SU(3) with a particular choice of torsion and radius of the manifold. These two coset spaces may provide therefore a perturbative solution of the classical string field equations.
Parallel architectures for fluid flow simulation

Abstract The computational requirements for accurate simulations of high Reynolds number flows are massive. Even when extrapolating technologies and parallel architectures, it is unclear whether we could ever assemble enough computational resources to solve the unapproximated Navier-Stokes equations in regimes of realistic Reynolds numbers. One thing is clear, machines dedicated to directly solving turbulent flow problems must efficiently execute complex, irregular algorithms and support rapid experimentation with new techniques in the parallel setting. Fundamentally, these machines must be general purpose and programmable. We present these challenges and outline some possible solutions to fundamental issues in general purpose parallelism. We should also take seriously the possibility that solving Navier-Stokes is not the best approach to full turbulence fluid flow simulation. Instead, direct simulations of microdynamics on rectangular lattices may be far more tractable. Building on recent theoretical breakthroughs, it now appears that Boolean microdynamic systems can be constructed whose mean statistics are precisely those of a real fluid. We show how this approach, as measured in bit transitions per fluid volume update, is fundamentally orders of magnitude more efficient than Navier-Stokes solvers and how we might augment the arithmetic units of current processors to exploit this fact.
Extended latency of the cortical component of the somatosensory-evoked potential accompanying moderate increases in cerebral blood flow during systemic hypoxia in cats.

In 24 adult cats, the somatosensory-evoked potential (SEP) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) were measured under paralyzed, anesthetized conditions during exposure to two different ventilatory regimens. Group I cats (ventilated from 20 to 2% oxygen) responded ith a significant increase in white matter blood flow from 25.0 ± 7.8 to 43.8 ±10.5 ml/100 g/min recorded at 7% O2. Gray matter blood flows in these animals increased but not to significant levels above the control blood flow measured at 20%. No significant changes in blood flow were observed in group II animals ventilated over the range of 25–30% oxygen as gray matter rose slightly (but not significantly) with hypoxia and white matter flows remained at levels of 25–30 ml/100g/min. The latency of the cortical component of the SEP was related to the degree of hypoxia. For both groups, significan textension in the latency to the occurrence of the cortical component of the SEP (normalized to the % of control SEP) occurred in each case (P < 0.05). An inverse, linear relationship existed between the latency to the appearance of cortical component (ms) and the percentage oxygen concentration of the ventilatory mixture. No significant changes in thalamocortical conduction times were found, which indicates that hypoxia may have generalized effects on the synaptic pathways supporting the conduction of the SEP. The variation in blood flow and the latency of the cortical component observed between groups I and II may reflect the oxygen concentration used at the beginning of the experiment (25 vs 20%) and the gradations between them vs 3 and 2%. No systemic hypercapnia nor acidiosis was found within the mid-range oxygen concentrations which could account for the variations in flow and the evoked response. The results show that the SEP may be a reliable indicator of hypoxia as blood flows increase during transient cerebral hyperfusion probably resulting from vasodilation.
2-Fluoromethyl-4,4,6-trimetiiyl-1,3-oxasine as a new reagent for the preparation of α-fluoroaldehydes

Abstract The title compound easily forms an anion on treatment with n-butyllithium. The anion reacts with electrophiles such as alkyl halides, aldehydes, and ketones. The resulting products furnish α-fluoroaldehydes after reduction and hydrolysis.
Putting the “Ph” back into “PhD”: framing graduate research in a theoretical context

^H^^^H Although we graduate students strive to Hj^^^H acquire the title of PhD, are most of us ^^fi^^H qualified to be a Doctor of Philosophy when B^^^^l we graduate? A philosophy essentially is a jjPPIW reasoned point of view of how to approach ^?H^x the world, whereas a philosophy of science ^HI^^B determines how we seek to understand the ^^^^H_ world* Therefore, philosophy provides the foundation for the method(s) by which ecologists test hypotheses and develop the H^H^^H ories. Yet, as graduate students, we often overlook the rich philosophy of science literature in ecology and how our particular philosophy shapes our definition of theory. At the beginning of graduate school, we decide on interesting questions to focus our research (see Bump [2007] for suggestions), and forge ahead with literature searches, experimental design/implementation, and data analysis. Throughout this process, however, we may lose sight of how our research fits with established theories, an understanding that is essential for productive graduate research. For a recent seminar, we, the authors, read and evalu ated Pickett et al.'s Ecological understanding: the nature of theory and the theory of nature (Pickett et al. 2007). Few in the class had a philosophy of science background and, consequently, some students had difficulty describing how existing theory(ies) inspired questions, hypotheses, and experiments. Although we could name the basic theories underlying our respective research, many of us did not understand how different components of these theories were used in our own studies. Pickett et al (2007) suggest breaking theories into their constituent parts concepts, facts, assumptions, models, and laws to understand how they relate to our own hypotheses. Below, we suggest a few critical questions, designed to aid students in this process, that were derived from our seminar discussions.
Psychoeducation as evidence-based practice: Considerations for practice, research, and policy.

This paper describes psychoeducation and its applications for mental health and health professions across system levels and in different contexts by reviewing the range of applications that have appeared in the recent literature. The theoretical foundations of clinically based psychoeducation are reviewed and the common elements of practice are identified. Examples of well-defined psychoeducational interventions are presented that meet criteria for empirically supported psychological interventions. In conclusion, the broad applications of psychoeducation for health care and mental health practice and policy at both the clinical and community levels are discussed, and the need for further evaluation and research is considered. [Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 4:205‐225 (2004)]
Coding into HOD via normal measures with some applications

We develop a new method for coding sets while preserving GCH in the presence of large cardinals, particularly supercompact cardinals. We will use the number of normal measures carried by a measurable cardinal as an oracle, and therefore, in order to code a subset A of κ, we require that our model contain κ many measurable cardinals above κ. Additionally we will describe some of the applications of this result. © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Fernando Trueba: rewriting the pedagogy of Spanish transnational musical narratives

Fernando Trueba's Latin Jazz films Calle 54 (2000) and Chico y Rita (2010) mark a significant point of convergence between music and film in which narrowly defined conceptions of Spanish national cinema are refigured in terms of a broader notion of identity politics shaped by the borderless cultural circulation of popular music. Trueba's approach mirrors Homi Bhabha's conception of the refiguration of the modern national community beyond conventional geopolitical borders (Bhabha 139–70). Bhabha speaks of the tension between the cultural traditions “learned” by each subsequent generation as part of a national “pedagogy” and the “performative,” the series of cultural activities that destabilize that pedagogy, modifying the concept of the national subject in ways that affirm the prodigious living processes of the community. Trueba's films inscribe this “double-time” of pedagogy/performance of the nation by historicizing Latin jazz culture in terms of its colonial residue, the cultural interplay between Spani...
Effects of fragrance on female sexual arousal and mood across the menstrual cycle

The effects of fragrance on sexual response in women were investigated using subjective and physiological measures of sexual arousal and of mood. Responses were obtained from female participants in three different fragrance conditions (female fragrance, male fragrance, and a “blank” or neutral substance), as they viewed erotic and sexually neutral films, and fantasized about sexual situations. Each woman was tested twice: during the midfollicular and periovulatory phases of her menstrual cycle. Menstrual cycle phase effects were apparent; self-report data indicated greater sexual arousal and more positive mood during the periovulatory than during the follicular phase. Results demonstrated a positive effect of the male fragrance on genital arousal during erotic fantasy, but this finding was apparent only during the follicular phase testing session. This effect did not appear to be mediated by any effects of fragrance on mood.
Ladder structures for representation of viscoelastic systems

The theory of a finite continuous system representing the limiting case of a springdashpot ladder network is developed. The partial differential equation which describes this system has the form of the diffusion equation. A complete mathematical treatment is given. The result is shown to be practically identical with that of Rouse's theory. Formally it represents an extension of Blizard's treatment.
Parametric expression for MSER with geometrically decaying bias

The MSER algorithm for determining the warm-up period in steady-state simulations was introduced in 1990. Over the past two decades, empirical evaluations by different research teams have demonstrated the effectiveness of the procedure. These extensive empirical results illustrate the relative advantage of MSER over other approaches under alternative bias scenarios. In this paper, we develop parametric expressions to explore how MSER should behave in the case of simulation output with geometrically decaying bias and white noise. We derive a closed-form expression for the expected optimal truncation point for this scenario. This permits computation of the threshold bias-to-noise ratio for bias detection in terms of the rate of decay of the initial bias and the strength of autocorrelation in the output sequence.
Periconal arterial anastomotic circle and posterior lumbosacral watershed zone of the spinal cord

Background The existence of spinal cord watershed territories was suggested in the 1950s. Segmental infarcts within the junctional territories of adjacent radiculomedullary contributors and isolated spinal gray matter ischemia constitute two well-recognized types of watershed injury. This report describes the existence of another watershed territory related to the particular configuration of the spinal vasculature in the region of the conus medullaris. Methods The anatomical bases underlying the concept of a posterior lumbosacral watershed zone are demonstrated with angiographic images obtained in a 16-year-old child. The clinical importance of this watershed zone is illustrated with MRI and angiographic data of three patients with a conus medullaris infarction. Results In all three cases of spinal ischemia an intersegmental artery providing a significant radiculomedullary contribution for the lower cord was compromised by a compressive mechanism responsible for decreased spinal cord perfusion (diaphragmatic crus syndrome in two cases, disk herniation in one). The ischemic injury, located at the junction of the anterior and posterior spinal artery territories along the dorsal aspect of the conus medullaris, was consistent with a watershed mechanism. This zone is at risk because of the caudocranial direction of flow within the most caudal segment of the posterior spinal arterial network which, from a functional standpoint, depends on the anterior spinal artery. Conclusions The posterior thoracolumbar watershed zone of the spinal cord represents an area at increased risk of ischemic injury, particularly in the context of partial flow impairment related to arterial compression mechanisms.
Twelve-month evaluation of brimonidine-purite versus brimonidine in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

PurposeTo compare the efficacy and safety of brimonidine-Purite (Alphagan; Allergan, Irvine, CA) 0.15% and 0.2% three times daily with brimonidine (Alphagan) 0.2% three times daily in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension.Patients and MethodsIn this 12-month, randomized, multicenter, double-
IC50-to-Ki: a web-based tool for converting IC50 to Ki values for inhibitors of enzyme activity and ligand binding

A new web-server tool estimates Ki values from experimentally determined IC50 values for inhibitors of enzymes and of binding reactions between macromolecules (e.g. proteins, polynucleic acids) and ligands. This converter was developed to enable end users to help gauge the quality of the underlying assumptions used in these calculations which depend on the type of mechanism of inhibitor action and the concentrations of the interacting molecular species. Additional calculations are performed for nonclassical, tightly bound inhibitors of enzyme-substrate or of macromolecule-ligand systems in which free, rather than total concentrations of the reacting species are required. Required userdefined input values include the total enzyme (or another target molecule) and substrate (or ligand) concentrations, the Km of the enzyme-substrate (or the Kd of the target-ligand) reaction, and the IC50 value. Assumptions and caveats for these calculations are discussed along with examples taken from the literature. The host database for this converter contains kinetic constants and other data for inhibitors of the proteolytic clostridial neurotoxins (http:// botdb.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/toxin/kiConverter.jsp).
Associated primes over Ore extensions

Abstract For a module M R we compute the set of associated primes of M [ x ; σ ] over the left Ore extension R [ x ; σ ] for any surjective endomorphism σ of R. This result leads to necessary and sufficient conditions under which the associated primes of M [ x ; σ ] are precisely the extensions of the associated primes of M. We relate these results to previous work regarding the propagation of prime ideals of R [ x ; σ ] and include several illustrative examples.
A public-key based dynamic password scheme

A dynamic password authentication scheme based on public-key concept is proposed. The login password is changed dynamically and users can use this scheme within a remote login environment. Since we employ the public-key concept to bind each user's password to that user's identification, we eliminate the necessity for the system to store the encrypted password file. This approach has greatly reduced the risk of cracking the password from attacking the encrypted password file. In addition, the amount of information needed to be stored in the host system is reduced. >
Machinability of High Temperature Composites by Abrasive Waterjet

Etude experimentale de l'usinabilite par un jet d'eau abrasif d'une ceramique de SiC renforcee par une dispersion de TiB 2 et d'un composite a matrice d'aluminium renforce par une dispersion de SiC. On a realise des essais de decoupage de fentes et de percage de trous. Les resultats sont satisfaisants
Research to understand and control Salmonella enteritidis in chickens and eggs

When it became evident that the association of human Salmonella enteritidis (SE) outbreaks with the consumption of contaminated Grade A eggs posed a threat to public health and to the economic viability of the egg industry, research programs were rapidly initiated to investigate the many unanswered questions about SE in eggs and chickens. Research efforts have focused on the dynamics of deposition, survival, and growth of SE in eggs, the pathogenesis of SE in chickens, strategies for detecting SE-infected flocks, opportunities for intervening to prevent infection, the sources of SE in laying flocks, options for effectively cleaning poultry houses, and the epidemiology of SE infections of humans and chickens. This research has provided a substantially better understanding of the SE problem in poultry, but many further questions about the basis for and the prevention of eggborne transmission of SE remain to be answered.
A novel human homolog of eosinophil major basic protein

Summary: Eosinophil major basic protein (MBP) contributes to host defense and disease pathophysiology. Chromosome 11 contains the genes for human MBP1 (hMBP1) and a second novel MBP, hMBP2, in the centromere to 11q12 region. Interestingly, greater similarity exists between human and murine MBP1 and MBP2 orthologs, respectively, than between hMBP1 and hMBP2, suggesting a gene duplication event prior to the divergence of humans and mice. There is abundant mRNA for hMBP1 in both bone marrow (eosinophils and basophils) and placenta, but hMBP2 mRNA is present only in bone marrow (eosinophils). Comparison of proximal promoters for hMBP2, hMBP1, and murine MBP1 (mMBP1) shows a conserved GATA transcription factor binding site (functionally active in hMBP1). However, whether a C/EBP binding site common to hMBP1 and mMBP1 is functionally conserved in hMBP2 remains unresolved. Similarly, the role of conserved putative IK2 and STAT binding sites in MBP transcriptional control remains unknown. Like hMBP1, hMBP2 is in the eosinophil secondary granule. However, hMBP2 is twofold less positively charged than hMBP1 (+8 versus +16 at neutral pH), and this difference may explain hMBP2's similar, but often less potent, in vitro biological activities. Overall, while conservation of hMBP2's amino acid sequence (63% identity with hMBP1) suggests a common function(s) with hMBP1, hMBP2's substantially reduced charge and the existence of the similar mMBP2 argue for additional, unique functions for hMBP2. This work was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health, AI 34577 and AI 09728 (GJG), and by the Mayo Foundation.
Intermittent central nervous system irradiation and intrathecal chemotherapy for central nervous system leukemia in children

Abstract Between 1979 and 1985, nine children with recurrent CNS leukemia who had previous radiation of more than 1800 cGy to the brain were treated with intermittent central nervous system irradiation and intrathecal chemotherapy (IIIC). There was no isolated CNS recurrence. Three patients died; one from generalized recurrent disease, two from complications associated with bone marrow transplantation. Six patients are alive without evidence of disease between 9 years and 2sol412 years from the diagnosis of recurrent CNS leukemia. This experience suggests that 111C may be an effective treatment for preventing the recurrence of CNS leukemia with minimal side effects.
Bevalac versatility: operations achievements in the multi-tasking mode

It is noted that demand for relativistic heavy-ion beams at the Bevalac has increased dramatically in the past two years. To keep pace, the Bevalac makes use of five injectors, precise guide field control, present beam transport line tunes, nine nuclear science target areas, and three biology/radiotherapy areas, along with elegant computer control algorithms, to achieve high operating efficiency. Routine operation includes as many as ten ion/energy/beamline changes per day, 15 major nuclear science experiments each year, and radiotherapy on nearly a daily basis, with biology experiments operating biweekly. High operating efficiency and low failure rates combine to produce high annual research hours. >
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Body Mass Index and Vigorous Physical Activity and the Risk of Heart Failure Among Men”

Such a change would make the title imprecise becausethe information on all of the 3 variables—value of body mass index,frequency of vigorous physical activity, and diagnosis of heartfailure (HF)—mentioned in the title was based on self-reports byphysician participants. Furthermore, it may be inaccurate to assumethat participants who rarely or never vigorously exercised werephysically inactive because nonvigorous (light or moderate intensity)physical activity was not ascertained at baseline. Therefore, webelieve that the title of our article is appropriate as is.Our statement that “any vigorous physical activity is an indicatorof healthier lifestyle in men at risk of developing HF” should beinterpreted in the milieu of a reduction in the risk of HF even amongparticipants who reported exercising vigorously enough to work upa sweat at a frequency as low as 1 to 3 times a month (multivariable22% reduced risk of HF compared with rarely or never group; Table2).
Biologists behaving badly: vitalism and the language of language.

A comparison is made between Biologos, the "language of language" that predominates in current infocentric biology, and Logos, the classic bringer of form to chaos. The immaterial information on which Biologos is based is seen to bear intriguing similarities to just the sort of disembodied formative powers that an aggressively materialist biology has long derided. I address these issues by meeting a (perhaps only hypothetical) charge that my own work is in some sense vitalist, first with the usual flat denial, then with a countercharge. My third move is a nontraditional one, meant not as capitulation or acquiescence, but as an acknowledgement that the terms of this debate, never clear, continue to be remarkably ill defined. The question of how best to think about development, or epigenesis - the process whereby organisms come into being - remains a legitimately contested and difficult one.
Generation of Crossflow Vortices in a Three-Dimensional Flat-Plate Flow

Experiments are conducted which demonstrate the feasibility of creating crossflow vortices in a flat-plate flow. A swept leading edge and contoured wind-tunnel walls produce a strong pressure gradient and a typical swept-wing flow on the plate. Detailed three-dimensional measurements, made within the boundary layer using hot-wire anemometry, are supplemented with different flow-visualization techniques. Comparisons are made with theoretical flow-field and stability calculations.
Inhibition of Chronic Pancreatitis and Murine Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia by a Dual Inhibitor of c-RAF and Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase in LSL-KrasG12D/Pdx-1-Cre Mice

Mutation of Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) and chronic pancreatitis are the most common pathogenic events involved in human pancreatic carcinogenesis. In the process of long-standing chronic inflammation, aberrant metabolites of arachidonic acid play a crucial role in promoting carcinogenesis, in which the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), as a pro-inflammatory enzyme, generally inactivates anti-inflammatory epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). Herein, we determined the effect of our newly-synthesized novel compound trans-4-{4-[3-(4-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-ureido]-cyclohexyloxy}-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methylamide (t-CUPM), a dual inhibitor of sEH and RAF1 proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase (c-RAF), on inhibiting the development of pancreatitis and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPanIN) in LSL-Kras(G12D)/Pdx1-Cre mice. The results showed that t-CUPM significantly reduced the severity of chronic pancreatitis, as measured by the extent of acini loss, inflammatory cell infiltration and stromal fibrosis. The progression of low-grade mPanIN I to high-grade mPanIN II/III was significantly suppressed. Inhibition of mutant Kras-transmitted phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase's kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinases was demonstrated in pancreatic tissues by western blots. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that t-CUPM treatment significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis facor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, as well as vascular adhesion molecule-1, and the levels of Sonic hedgehog and Gli transcription factor (Hedgehog pathway). Analysis of the eicosanoid profile revealed a significant increase of the EETs/dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids ratio, which further confirmed sEH inhibition by t-CUPM. These results indicate that simultaneous inhibition of sEH and c-RAF by t-CUPM is important in preventing chronic pancreatitis and carcinogenesis.
Does an Attendance Policy Improve Student Performance

Previous empirical literature finds that student performance is inversely correlated with absenteeism. This study investigates the impact of enforcing an attendance policy on absenteeism and student performance. The evidence suggests that an attendance policy significantly improves reduces absenteeism and improves exam performance.
Where Are We Now?: Location Tracking, Technological Change, and the Fourth Amendment

Thirty years ago, the United States Supreme Court decided that law enforcement’s use of a location-tracking device (a “beeper”) in a criminal investigation did not violate the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition against unlawful searches. Since then, the technology has changed drastically. But even more importantly, the field of location tracking has evolved from one that included only one kind of tracking device into one that includes hundreds of different devices. Some of today’s devices are satellite-based, while others use information received by cell phone towers; some are battery powered and others connect to a car’s battery; some transmit their location information directly to the investigators, while others store the data and must be retrieved by the investigator.Through interviews with law enforcement officials and manufacturers and examinations of government contracts, this article seeks to provide a history of the advancements in tracking technology and a close look at the devices currently in use. This article encourages all courts that face this constitutional question - starting with the Supreme Court in United States v. Jones, but continuing even after that case - to look closely at the capabilities of the device at issue.
Microscopic Theory of Quiescent and Deformed Topologically Entangled Rod Solutions: General Formulation and Relaxation after Nonlinear Step Strain

We describe in detail a new self-consistent microscopic theory for the transverse tube confinement potential and the slow dynamics of topologically entangled rod polymer solutions under quiescent (equilibrium) and stressed conditions. Building on this advance, a theory is formulated for the nonlinear relaxation of stress and orientational order after an instantaneous step-strain deformation. The theory accounts for a time- and deformation-dependent (dilated) tube diameter, a maximum confinement force, and a transverse entropic barrier. These aspects result in competing (and coupled) time-dependent relaxation mechanisms under stress: reptative rotational motion and activated transverse barrier hopping. We predict an acceleration of the terminal rotational relaxation due to tube dilation and at sufficiently high deformations the emergence of a competitive transverse hopping (tube breaking) relaxation process. Both of these effects are a consequence of the predicted anharmonic form of the dynamic tube confin...
Predictors of Survival in Sinonasal Adenocarcinoma

Objectives To identify factors associated with disease-specific survival (DSS) in intestinal and nonintestinal sinonasal adenocarcinoma. Design Retrospective review. Setting Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database. Participants Adult patients with sinonasal adenocarcinoma. Main Outcome Measures DSS. Results We identified 325 patients; of these, 300 had the nonintestinal type and 25 had intestinal type histologies. The 5-year DSS rates for patients who had no treatment, radiation (RT), surgery, and surgery and postoperative RT were 42.5, 46.1, 85.6, and 72.6%, respectively (log-rank test; p < 0.001). Black race, age ≥ 75 years, paranasal sinus involvement, and high grade were independently associated with decreased DSS. Compared with RT, surgery (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.15–0.77), and adjuvant RT (HR: 0.47; 95% CI, 0.26–0.86) were associated with improved DSS. Conclusions There is no difference in prognosis between intestinal and nonintestinal subtypes of sinonasal adenocarcinoma. Treatment with surgery alone or adjuvant RT is associated with a more favorable prognosis.
Organic Aerosol Mixing Observed by Single-Particle Mass Spectrometry

We present direct measurements of mixing between separately prepared organic aerosol populations in a smog chamber using single-particle mass spectra from the high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). Docosane and docosane-d46 (22 carbon linear solid alkane) did not show any signs of mixing, but squalane and squalane-d62 (30 carbon branched liquid alkane) mixed on the time scale expected from a condensational-mixing model. Docosane and docosane-d46 were driven to mix when the chamber temperature was elevated above the melting point for docosane. Docosane vapors were shown to mix into squalane-d62, but not the other way around. These results are consistent with low diffusivity in the solid phase of docosane particles. We performed mixing experiments on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) surrogate systems finding that SOA derived from toluene-d8 (a surrogate for anthropogenic SOA (aSOA)) does not mix into squalane (a surrogate for hydrophobic primary organic aerosol (POA)) but does...
Hypoglycemia in the neonate.

Neonatal hypoglycemia is considered not only a diagnosis but also a symptom, and definitive diagnosis is essential. Since hypoglycemia can cause overt seizures, apnea, cyanosis, flaccidity and coma, the physician must actively treat the deficit while attempting to establish its cause. Differential diagnosis should include consideration of the causes of both transient and prolonged or recurrent hypoglycemia.
Solution on Information Network Security Supervision Platform

The construction of security supervision unified show platform is helpful to develop the information security protection of secondary system from the boundary protection to defense in depth.It realizes the visualization of the safety operation circumstance of intelligent dispatching technology support system,provides the comprehensive and reliable foundation security safeguard for the existing safety hidden trouble of power secondary system information,takes the effective measures to prevent the malicious attacks.It has the important implications for ensuring the safe and stable operation of power network.
Analysis of Etched CdZnTe Substrates

State-of-the-art as-received (112)B CdZnTe substrates have been examined for surface impurity contamination and polishing residue. Two 4 cm × 4 cm and one 6 cm × 6 cm (112)B state-of-the-art as-received CdZnTe wafers were analyzed. A maximum surface impurity concentration of Al = 1.7 × 1015 atoms cm−2, Si = 3.7 × 1013 atoms cm−2, Cl = 3.12 × 1015 atoms cm−2, S = 1.7 × 1014 atoms cm−2, P = 1.1 × 1014 atoms cm−2, Fe = 1.0 × 1013 atoms cm−2, Br = 1.2 × 1014 atoms cm−2, and Cu = 4 × 1012 atoms cm−2 was observed on the as-received CdZnTe wafers. CdZnTe particulates and residual SiO2 polishing grit were observed on the surface of the as-received (112)B CdZnTe substrates. The polishing grit/CdZnTe particulate density on CdZnTe wafers was observed to vary across a 6 cm × 6 cm wafer from ∼4 × 107 cm−2 to 2.5 × 108 cm−2. The surface impurity and damage layer of the (112)B CdZnTe wafers dictate that a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) preparation etch is required. The contamination for one 4 cm × 4 cm and one 6 cm × 6 cm CdZnTe wafer after a standard MBE Br:methanol preparation etch procedure was also analyzed. A maximum surface impurity concentration of Al = 2.4 × 1015 atoms cm−2, Si = 4.0 × 1013 atoms cm−2, Cl = 7.5 × 1013 atoms cm−2, S = 4.4 × 1013 atoms cm−2, P = 9.8 × 1013 atoms cm−2, Fe = 1.0 × 1013 atoms cm−2, Br = 2.9 × 1014 atoms cm−2, and Cu = 5.2 × 1012 atoms cm−2 was observed on the MBE preparation-etched CdZnTe wafers. The MBE preparation-etched surface contamination consists of Cd(Zn)Te particles/flakes. No residual SiO2 polishing grit was observed on the (112)B surface.
Revisiting the subgrid-scale Prandtl number for large-eddy simulation

The subgrid-scale (SGS) Prandtl number ( ) is an important parameter in large-eddy simulation. Prior models often assume that the ‘ ’ inertial subrange scaling applies to the wavenumber range from 0 to (the wavenumber corresponding to the filter scale ) and yield a that is stability-independent and scale-invariant, which is inconsistent with experimental data and the results of dynamic models. In this study, the SGS Prandtl number is revisited by solving the co-spectral budgets of momentum and heat fluxes in an idealized but thermally stratified atmospheric surface layer. The SGS Prandtl number from the co-spectral budget model shows a strong dependence on the atmospheric stability and increases (decreases) as the atmosphere becomes stable (unstable), which is in good agreement with recent field experimental data. The dependence of on the filter scale is also captured by the co-spectral budget model: as the filter scale becomes smaller, the SGS Prandtl number decreases. Finally, the value of SGS Prandtl number under neutral conditions is shown to be caused by the dissimilarity between momentum and heat in the pressure decorrelation term and the flux transfer term. When the dissimilarity exists only in the flux transfer term, the fact that under neutral conditions the SGS Prandtl number is usually smaller than the turbulent Prandtl number for Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations is an indication of a stronger spectral transfer coefficient for heat than for momentum. The model proposed in this study can be readily implemented.
Managing Inflation: On the Use and Potential Misuse of Zero-Inflated Count Regression Models

Poisson and negative binomial regression procedures have proliferated, and now are available in virtually all statistical packages. Along with the regression procedures themselves are procedures fo...
Analysis of Mismatched Umbilical Cord Blood Transplants for Adults Patients 45 Years or Older.

Although hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplants are curative for some patients with hematologic malignancies, they have been applied primarily to younger patients. Yet, hematologic malignancies are commoner in the older populations. Therefore, despite advances in HSC transplants, many patients, especially older patients, still die of their disease. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplants have been shown to produce comparable results to those obtained from unrelated bone marrow transplants for adults with hematologic malignancies. UCB transplants may be particularly suitable for older patients needing unrelated HSC transplants since the incidence of GVHD is lower despite the less stringent HLA-matching requirement. Furthermore, UCB procurement is fast and can be accomplished in two weeks. However, data on the applicability of UCB transplants in older adult patient is lacking. The outcome of 14 consecutive adult patients (9 males and 5 females), 45 years or older, needing HSC transplants but without matched sibling donors in a single institution was analyzed. The median age was 55.5 years (range 45–78). The median weight was 72 kg (range 60–105). The median CD34 cells infused were 2.3 x 105/kg. Four patients received one-antigen mismatched, five patients two-antigen mismatched and five patients three-antigen mismatched transplants. Conditioning regimens consisted of Bu/Cy with (n=5) or without (n=1) ATG, Flu/Mel (n=7) and BEAM (n=1). GVHD prophylaxis consisted of cyclosporin A and methylprednisone. Five patients received double UCB transplants. The diagnosis: AML (n =8; 2 untreated secondary AML, 2 primary refractory AML, 2 secondary AML in CR1, 1 secondary AML in CR2 and 1 AML in CR3 and has failed a previous autologous transplant), CML (n=3; 2 in BC and 1 in CP1), CLL (n =2; both with advanced refractory disease) and SAA due to Hep C (n=1). Despite the age of these patients, Grade I–II acute GVHD occured in 10 patients and Grade III–IV in only 2 patients. Three patients died, all from septicemia, before engraftment could be documented. Other deaths include severe GVHD (n=2), VOD (n=1), stroke (n=1), septicemia (n=1) and leukemia relapse (n=1). Five patients are alive and disease-free. As of August 1, 2007, the 5-year actuarial DFS and OS are both 31% for the group and 50% for those 65 years died within 100 days of transplants. In conclusion, some older patients needing HSC transplants may benefit from mismatched UCB transplants if they are not candidates for autologous transplants and do not have HLA-matched siblings. Obviously longer follow-up is needed in these patients to better determine the long-term effect of this approach in older patients. However, further optimization of the conditioning regimen is needed for patients older than 65 years to reduce early TRM due to toxicities. ![Figure][1] Figure [1]: pending:yes
Pharmacodynamic assessment of INCB024360, an inhibitor of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), in advanced cancer patients.

2500^ Background: The ineffectiveness of the immune system to control tumor growth is, in part, a result of immunosuppression imposed by negative regulatory mechanisms. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase ...