cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Triticale and Rye as Main Ingredients in Diets for Laying Hens

Abstract Five experiments were conducted to study the effect of using triticale as replacement of half or all of the grain component in the diet of laying hens and also to study the limitations involved in trying to take full advantage of the high protein content of triticale for use in feeding laying hens. The effect of a high level of rye in the diet of hens on their rate of egg production was also studied. Attempts were also made to correct possible amino acid deficiencies of a laying hen diet containing almost all the protein from triticale. Data were collected on egg production, feed consumption, egg weight and body weight of hens fed the different diets. The results indicate that hens fed triticale at levels up to 85% of the diet produced eggs at rates comparable to those fed control diets. Rye used at a level of 80% in the diet caused a sharp decline in egg production followed by a subsequent partial recovery, seeming to indicate a toxic effect of the diet rather than a nutrient deficiency. Hens receiving diets containing over 80% triticale and low levels of fish or blood meal had production parameters that were fully equal to those of hens receiving more conventional diets. Supplements of lysine, leucine, isoleucine and their combinations failed to improve the low egg production level of hens receiving a diet in which almost all the protein was from triticale.
Values and food production

A framework is developed for organizing thinking about values and food production. This framework consists of 3 main categories in which questions about the interplay between values and food production arise. The first category involves issues that arise because new production technologies have produced unintended consequences, or involve risks of unwanted consequences. The second category focuses on issues that arise because ethics is a dynamic field.Society is constantly exploring the next implication and application of fundamental ethical values, and sometimes, as in the abolition of human slavery, this exploration leads to a re-evaluation of practices that have a tremendous effect on agricultural production systems. The third category includes issues that arise from the tension created as Western culture moves forward in both science and ethics, leaving old ways behind. Before moving directly to these categories, however, a few introductory remarks about values, production, and the traditional values of agriculture are made.
Numerical simulations of the d=3 random field ising model

Abstract We have performed large scale Monte Carlo simulations on the three-dimensional random field Ising model. Above T c the susceptibility and correlation length have effective critical exponents similar to the pure two -dimensional Ising model. However, for moderate random fields the transition is first order and perhaps remains so for arbitrarily small fields.
Image denoising for signal-dependent noise

In this paper, we present a method for removing noise from digital images corrupted with additive, multiplicative, and mixed noise. An image patch from an ideal image is modeled as a linear combination of image patches from the noisy image. We propose to fit this image model to the real-world image data in the total least square (TLS) sense, because the TLS formulation allows us to take into account the uncertainties in the measured data. We develop a method to reduce the contribution from the irrelevant image patches, which will sharpen the edges and reduce edge artifacts at the same time. Although the proposed algorithm is computationally demanding, the image quality of the output image demonstrates the effectiveness of the TLS algorithms.
Selective Inhibition of Cleavage in Different Regions of the Frog Egg by Sulphydryl Inhibitors

That the materials for protein synthesis in the frog egg must come from yolk is indicated by the constancy of total nitrogen during development (Gregg & Ballentine, 1946) and the fact that the egg can develop with no outside source of organic or inorganic materials. When and where in the developing egg new proteins arise, and what are the mechanisms which control the rate and direct the specificity of such syntheses, are problems which are beginning to occupy increasing numbers investigators using several methods of attack—immunological, enzymological, electrophoretic, and incorporation of labelled amino acids, for example. Brachet (1940), using histochemical methods, described a change in the distribution of sulphydryl proteins coincident with grey crescent formation. In the newly-laid egg of Triton or Pleurodeles Brachet found the sulphydryl proteins to be restricted to a small spot centred about the maturation figure near the animal pole. This picture changed during the first few hours after fertilization.
Change in protein flexibility upon complex formation: analysis of Ras-Raf using molecular dynamics and a molecular framework approach.

Changes in flexibility upon pro- tein-protein complex formation of H-Ras and the Ras-binding domain of C-Raf1 have been investi- gated using the molecular framework approach FIRST (Floppy Inclusion and Rigid Substructure Topology) and molecular dynamics simulations (MD) of in total 35 ns length. In a computational time of about one second, FIRST identifies flexible and rigid regions in a single, static three-dimensional molecu- lar framework, whose vertices represent protein atoms and whose edges represent covalent and non-covalent (hydrogen bond and hydrophobic) con- straints and fixed bond angles within the protein. The two methods show a very good agreement with respect to the identification of changes in flexibility in both binding partners on a local scale. This implies that flexibility can be successfully predicted by identifying which bonds limit motion within a molecule and how they are coupled. In particular, as identified by MD, the -sheet in Raf shows consider- ably more pronounced orientational correlations in the bound state compared to the unbound state. Similarly, FIRST assigns the -sheet to the largest rigid cluster of the complex. Interestingly, FIRST allows us to identify that interactions across the interface (but not conformational changes upon complex formation) result in the observed rigidifica- tion. Since regions of the -sheet of Raf that do not interact directly with Ras become rigidified, this also demonstrates the long-range aspect to rigidity percolation. Possible implications of the change of flexibility of the Ras-binding domain of Raf on the activation of Raf upon complex formation are dis- cussed. Finally, the sensitivity of FIRST results with respect to the representation of non-covalent inter- actions used as constraints is probed. Proteins 2004;
Joint policy management and auditing in virtual organizations

A major problem facing organizations using grid-computing models is the reluctance to participate in multiorganizational collaborative environments due to security concerns, such as unauthorized access, and fair resource usage. The joint control of virtual organizations (JoVO) framework enables organizations to form a unified VO, with jointly agreed, knowable and enforceable security policies. The JoVO framework is based on the fault and intrusion tolerant joint control of identity, attributes, and access control policy through the use of threshold-based certification authorities. We propose a set of agents, the credential management agent and identity and authorization agent to aid grid services when operating in a multidomain environment. One of the key areas of concern in grid computing is the assurance of all parties involved that security policies are appropriate and will be enforced. We propose an automated distributed audit agent framework consisting of white-box and black-box service testing for joint validation of access control policy.
Three-dimensional humeral morphologic alterations and atrophy associated with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy

Background Obstetrical brachial plexus palsy (OBPP) is a common birth injury, resulting in severe functional losses. Yet, little is known about how OBPP affects the 3-dimensional (3D) humeral morphology. Thus, the purpose of this study was to measure the 3D humeral architecture in children with unilateral OBPP. Methods Thirteen individuals (4 female and 9 male patients; mean age, 11.8 ± 3.3 years; mean Mallet score, 15.1 ± 3.0) participated in this institutional review board approved study. A 3D T1-weighted gradient-recalled echo magnetic resonance image set was acquired for both upper limbs (involved and noninvolved). Humeral size, version, and inclination were quantified from 3D humeral models derived from these images. Results The involved humeral head was significantly less retroverted and in declination (medial humeral head pointed anteriorly and inferiorly) relative to the noninvolved side. Osseous atrophy was present in all 3 dimensions and affected the entire humerus. The inter-rater reliability was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.96-1.00). Discussion This study showed that both humeral atrophy and bone shape deformities associated with OBPP are not limited to the axial plane but are 3D phenomena. Incorporating information related to these multi-planar, 3D humeral deformities into surgical planning could potentially improve functional outcomes after surgery. The documented reduction in retroversion is an osseous adaptation, which may help maintain glenohumeral congruency by partially compensating for the internal rotation of the arm. The humeral head declination is a novel finding and may be an important factor to consider when one is developing OBPP management strategies because it has been shown to lead to significant supraspinatus inefficiencies and increased required elevation forces.
Post-pregnancy body contouring using a combined radiofrequency, infrared light and tissue manipulation device.

AbstractBackground: Non-invasive body contouring is an increasingly popular aesthetic application. Previous data support the efficacy of combined radiofrequency, infrared and skin manipulation for cellulite treatment. Objective: To evaluate the performance of a high-power device (50 W as opposed to 25 W) combining these energies for reshaping and improvement of skin texture/laxity in postpartum women. Methods: Twenty women received five weekly treatments to the abdomen, buttocks and thighs with the VelaShape™ system. We followed up each patient's weight and nutritional habits. Outcome was assessed using reproducible circumference measurements, digital photography, the physician's scores of cellulite and improvement as well as patient satisfaction. Safety was evaluated by recording subjects’ comfort and tolerance. Results: The overall mean circumferences reduction was 5.4 ± 0.7 cm (p < 0.001). Significant (p < 0.02) improvement in skin laxity and tightening was noted by both the physician and patients. Tre...
Reservoir herniation as a complication of three-piece penile prosthesis insertion

Abstract Objectives. To obtain data concerning the incidence and management of reservoir herniation in inflatable penile prosthesis surgery in a clinical investigation. Reservoir herniation after scrotal placement of inflatable penile prosthesis is an unusual complication, and a review of the published medical reports reveals only anecdotal reports and no definitive articles. Methods. A multi-item self-addressed questionnaire was mailed to the members of the Society for the Study of Impotence questioning the occurrence of reservoir migration from the prevesical space to the inguinal canal or scrotum. In addition, the database of one of us was reviewed to determine the incidence of reservoir migration in a large series of 1206 three-piece penile prostheses. Results. The response rate was 38%. A minority of respondents (28%) were familiar with the problem. Of those who had experienced this complication, the occurrence was very rare and usually appeared in the immediate postoperative period, often in association with vigorous coughing spells or vomiting. The responders also indicated that imperfect surgical technique might have been implicated in some cases. Management usually consisted of reservoir replacement or repositioning through an inguinal incision with repair of the defect. Alternatively, several surgeons used the existing scrotal incision if the patient presented in the immediate postoperative period. The incidence of reservoir herniation was 0.7%. Conclusions. Reservoir herniation is a rare complication of inflatable penile prosthesis surgery that occurs almost exclusively in penoscrotally placed prostheses. Familiarity with various approaches to the management of this complication is clinically useful to urologists performing penile prosthesis surgery.
Identifying Predictors of Hospice Eligibility in Patients With Parkinson Disease

This study aims to improve recognition of hospice eligibility for patients with Parkinson disease (PD) by ascertaining which variables have a higher probability of occurring uniquely in 6 to 12 months before death when compared to 18 to 24 months before death. Participants were 339 patients who died who were diagnosed with PD or Parkinsonism and treated with dopaminergic prescriptions for at least 3 years in northwestern US Veterans Affairs medical centers. A range of indicators were compared across 3 time periods (30-36 months, 24-18 months, and 12-6 months before death) using within-subjects repeated measures design. Results indicate that body mass index less than 18, alone or combined with a shift in prescribing (when benefits of dopaminergic medications no longer outweigh their risk of side effects), may signal appropriate timing for hospice referral.
The cascading of the LZW compression algorithm with arithmetic coding

Both algorithms are adaptive and require no extra communication from the encoder to the decoder. The authors present a scheme to cascade these into an adaptive algorithm which achieves higher compression ratio and is appropriate for communication. Different refinements of the cascading are tested to optimize the secondary compression. >
The Rise of Outsiders in Latin America, 1980–2010: An Institutionalist Perspective

753CarrerasComparative Political Studies © The Author(s) 2011 CPS451210.1177/0010414012445 Reprints and permission: http://www. sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav The Rise of Outsiders in Latin America, 1980–2010: An Institutionalist Perspective Comparative Political Studies © The Author(s) 2012 Reprints and permission: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0010414012445753 http://cps.sagepub.com Miguel Carreras 1 Abstract One of the most significant developments in Latin American democracies since the beginning of the third wave of democratization is the rise to political prominence of outsider candidates in presidential elections. I use an original database of political outsiders in Latin America to examine the institutional factors that contribute to the emergence of political outsiders. Using a fixed effects variance decomposition (FEVD) model, I find that, in addition to the favorable conditions already identified in the literature—legitimacy crisis of traditional political parties and negative socioeconomic conditions—the rise of political outsiders is determined by institutional factors, such as noncon- current elections, compulsory voting rules, and reelection provisions. Keywords outsiders, institutional design, party system change, presidential elections, Latin America In early 2005, popular protests against President Lucio Gutierrez in Ecuador led to his downfall. The slogan voiced by the protestors in the streets of Quito University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Corresponding Author: Miguel Carreras, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Political Science, 4600 Wesley W. Posvar Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA Emails: carreras_miguel@hotmail.com Downloaded from cps.sagepub.com at UNIV OF PITTSBURGH on March 19, 2013
A new species of chigger (Acarina: Thrombiculidae) from the Midway Islands.

Neotrombicula megensi , n. sp. is described from Rattus rattus taken on Eastern I., Midway Is.
Rapid concept development of the mission space architecture, process modeling, and capability analysis

Early system engineering is not focused on the natural triangle of relationships between architecture, alternatives and performance. As a result, early understanding of conceptual trade space is focused on a sequential and independent effort when developing the system concept. This method is rife with inefficiency, broad and incorrect assumptions of the preceding step, ultimately leading to large amounts of rework and a non-unifying effort throughout the project team. This paper provides a means to show through an illustrative example that these three elements are interconnected and building them simultaneously improves the efficiency of concept development. The results of the paper highlight the parallel relationships between the elements that are usually developed in a serial process. This method provides the means to continuously build related architecture, alternatives, and performance elements together.
Combinational test generation using satisfiability

We present a robust, efficient algorithm for combinational test generation using a reduction to satisfiability (SAT). The algorithm, Test Generation Using Satisfiability (TEGUS), solves a simplified test set characteristic equation using straightforward but powerful greedy heuristics, ordering the variables using depth-first search and selecting a variable from the next unsatisfied clause at each branching point. For difficult faults, the computation of global implications is iterated, which finds more implications than previous approaches and subsumes structural heuristics such as unique sensitization. Without random tests or fault simulation, TEGUS completes on every fault in the ISCAS networks, demonstrating its robustness, and is ten times faster for those networks which have been completed by previous algorithms. Our implementation of TEGUS can be used as a base line for comparing test generation algorithms; we present comparisons with 45 recently published algorithms. TEGUS combines the advantages of the elegant organization of SAT-based algorithms with the efficiency of structural algorithms.
The GLC Separation of Amphetamine and Ephedrines as Pentafluorobenzamide Derivatives and Their Determination by Electron Capture Detection

Abstract β-Phenylethylamine was converted to its trifluoroacetamide (TFA), pentafluoropropionamide (PFP), heptafluorobutyramide (HFB), pentadecafluorooctanamide (PDFO) and pentafluorobenzamide (PFBO) derivatives. The gas chromatographic characteristics and flame ionization versus electron capture detection properties were investigated. The PFBO derivative showed excellent detection enhancement, and consequently it was chosen for further study with the drugs amphetamine and various ephedrines. Linear electron capture detector responses were shown by these N-acyl derivatives in the sub-nanogram region and the limits of detection, depending upon the specific compound, were between 10 and 60 pg. It is proposed that the PFBO derivative, subsequent to the development of an isolation procedure, will prove admirably suitable to the determination of these and similar drugs in plasma after administration of therapeutic dosages.
Radiofrequency and cryoablation therapies for supraventricular arrhythmias in the young: five-year review of efficacies.

Background: Cryoablation (Cryo) has augmented radiofrequency (RF) as the ablation energy choice for most supraventricular tachycardias (SVT). Although initial acute results and more recent, but limited, 3‐36-month follow-up studies have been reported, more longer follow-up information is required to determine actual efficacy. Methods: Data from patients with structurally normal hearts who underwent reentrant forms of SVT ablation at our institution from January 2005 to December 2009 were reviewed. These included demographics, clinical and electrophysiologic findings, and ablative energies used. Following apparent acute success, all patients were then reevaluated for any potential recurrences of SVT or preexcitation up to 5 years later. Results: A total of 155 patients (83 male) were reviewed (mean age 13.4 ± 3.7 years). Ablations were predominantly right-sided (75%). Atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia was seen in 74% and atrioventricular node reciprocating tachycardia (AVNRT) in 17% of patients. For concerns of atrioventricular node integrity, Cryo ± RF was user-preferred for anteroseptal accessory fiber locations and AVNRT. Acute success rate was 98% and chronic 83.2% over the next 5 years. Among patients with accessory pathways, recurrence was pathway number and location dependent: significantly higher (P < 0.05) if they were right anterior-anteroseptal, multiple, or with a broad-distribution pattern. There were no significant differences in recurrence rates with use of RF or its combination with Cryo. Conclusion: Radiofrequency ablation and Cryo are both effective therapies for pediatric patients. Although use of Cryo with RF in combination may enhance safety while affording comparable success, risk of recurrence still persists in the current era among patients depending on accessory pathways connection location and characteristics. (PACE 2012; 35:711‐717)
Modeling and calibration of automated zoom lenses

Camera systems with automated zoom lenses are inherently more useful than those with fixed-parameter lenses. Variable-parameter lenses enable us to produce better images by matching the camera's sensing characteristics to the conditions in a scene. They also allow us to make measurements by noting how the scene's image changes as the parameters are varied. The reason variable-parameter lenses are not more commonly used in machine vision is that they are difficult to model for continuous ranges of lens settings. We show in this thesis that traditional modeling approaches cannot capture the complex relationships between control parameters and imaging processes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the assumption of idealized behavior in traditional models can lead to significant performance problems in color imaging and focus ranging. By using more complex models and control strategies we were able to reduce or eliminate these performance problems. The principal contribution of our research is a methodology for empirically producing accurate camera models for systems with variable-parameter lenses. We also developed a comprehensive taxonomy for the property of "image center." To demonstrate the effectiveness of our methodology we applied it to produce an "adjustable," perspective-projection camera model based on Tsai's fixed camera model. We calibrated and tested our model on two different automated camera systems. In both cases the calibrated model operated across continuous ranges of focus and zoom with an average error of less than 0.14 pixels between the predicted and the measured positions of features in the image plane. We also calibrated and tested our model on one automated camera system across a continuous range of aperture and achieved similar results.
Levels of plasma fibrinogen are elevated in well-controlled rheumatoid arthritis

Objective. Patients with RA have systemic inflammation and increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) events, including thrombosis. Levels of fibrinogen, a pro-thrombotic protein with predictive value for CV disease (CVD), are elevated during systemic inflammation. We compared circulating fibrinogen levels in patients with RA with healthy controls and evaluated the relationship with measures of disease activity. Methods. Patients with RA and controls were recruited at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). Disease activity was evaluated using standard composite indices. Fibrinogen, ESR, serum CRP, acute-phase serum amyloid A and levels of selected cytokines were quantified. Results. A total of 105 RA patients and 62 controls were studied. Among patients with RA, disease activity ranged from quiescent to highly active disease. Circulating fibrinogen levels were significantly higher in RA than in controls [median (interquartile range) 466 (391575) vs 367 (309419) mg/dl, respectively, P < 0.0001]. This difference remained highly statistically significant after adjustment for demographic variables and BMI. Although fibrinogen correlated significantly with clinical measures of disease activity, significantly elevated levels were observed at low levels of activity, even in RA patients with no detectable swollen or tender joints. In multivariable models, 80% of the increased fibrinogen in RA was accounted for by increases in CRP and ESR.
Chronic ethanol consumption disturbs G‐protein expression and inhibits cyclic AMP–dependent signaling in regenerating rat liver

Evidence suggests that ethanol desensitizes hepatocytes to the trophic effects of hormones. Cyclic AMP–dependent signals are important regulators of intermediary metabolism, cellular proliferation and differentiation, and modulate liver growth during hepatic regeneration. The events leading to cyclic AMP accumulation after partial hepatectomy were characterized in rats consistently fed ethanol-containing diets and compared with results in rats fed isocaloric amounts of nonethanol diet to determine whether altered cyclic AMP–dependent signal transduction contributes to ethanol-associated aberrations in hepatic growth regulation. Ethanol treatment significantly inhibited hepatic accumulation of cyclic AMP after partial hepatectomy. This was most likely the result of decreased synthesis of cyclic AMP because activation of adenylyl cyclase by agents acting through receptors (e.g., glucagon or isoproterenol), GTP-binding proteins (GTP-γ-S) and directly on adenylyl cyclase (e.g., forskolin) was significantly inhibited in ethanol-fed rats. Both homologous and heterologous desensitization contributed to this effect. β1-Adrenergic receptors were relatively down-regulated 6 hr after partial hepatectomy in ethanol-fed rats, whereas glucagon receptor kinetics were similar in the two groups. Liver membrane expression of GTP-binding proteins differed markedly after partial hepatectomy in ethanol-fed and pair-fed rats. Ethanol significantly inhibited post–partial hepatectomy induction of the stimulatory G protein, GSα but led to overexpression of the inhibitory, G12α, subunit. Steadystate messenger RNA levels of these G proteins were similar in ethanol-fed and pair-fed rats, suggesting that ethanol inhibits G protein expression posttranscriptionally. Differences in hepatic expression of the cyclic AMP–regulated gene, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, were sought to screen for potential functional implications of altered cyclic AMP–dependent signaling. Post–partial hepatectomy induction of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase expression was inhibited in ethanol-fed animals. Ethanol-induced desensitization of signaling by way of cyclic AMP–dependent paths may constitute a major obstacle to the orderly process of liver regeneration. (HEPATOLOGY 1992;16:1212–1219.)
Sleep on it: cortical reorganization after-the-fact

Sleep can facilitate memory formation, but its role in cortical plasticity is poorly understood. A recent study found that sleep, following monocular deprivation (MD), facilitated cortical changes in ocular dominance. The magnitude of plasticity was similar to that observed after continued MD, and larger than that seen after sleep deprivation in darkness, suggesting that sleep per se enables mechanisms of cortical plasticity. Experience-dependent plasticity during sleep could be part of a more global process of memory consolidation.
Fiber Bundle Description of Flow and Nonlinear Hydrodynamics on Circles

We introduce a differential geometry description of the path lines, stream lines and particles contours in hydrodynamics. We present a generalized form of a Korteweg-de Vries type of equation for the exterior of a circle. Nonlinearities from the boundary conditions, surface tension and the Euler equations are taken into account, but the flow is considered inviscid and irrotational. For the circular case we describe the traveling waves shapes, solitons and the particles trajectories.
Structuring a Domain Vocabulary in a General Knowledge Environment

The study which is reported here aims at investigating the extent to which the conceptual and representational tools provided by a lexical model designed for the semantic representation of general language may suit the requirements of knowledge modelling in a domain-specific perspective. A general linguistic ontology and a set of semantic links, which allow classifying, describing and interconnecting word senses, play a central role in structuring and representing such knowledge. The health and medicine vocabulary has been taken as a case study for this investigation.
Selecting Robust Strategies in RTS Games via Concurrent Plan Augmentation

The multifaceted complexity of real-time strategy (RTS) games forces AI systems to break down policy computation into smaller subproblems -- strategic planning, tactical planning, reactive control, and others. To further simplify planning at the strategic and tactical levels, state-of-the-art automatic techniques for this task, such as case-based planning, produce deterministic plans for what is inherently an uncertain environment, and fall back on replanning when the game situation disagrees with the constructed plan. A major weakness of this approach is its lack of robustness: repairing a failed plan is often impossible or infeasible due to real-time computational constraints, causing a game loss. This paper presents a technique that selects a robust RTS game strategy by using ideas from contingency planning and by exploiting action concurrency of these games. Specifically, starting with a strategy and a linear tactical plan that realizes it, our algorithm identifies the plan's failure modes using available game traces and adds concurrent branches to it so that these failure modes are mitigated. In this manner, our approach may train an army reserve concurrently with an attack on the enemy, as defense against a possible counterattack. After augmenting each strategy from an available library (e.g., learned from human demonstration) our approach picks one with the most robust augmented tactical plan. An extensive evaluation on the popular RTS games of StarCraft and Wargus, which shares its engine with several other games, shows that concurrent augmentation significantly improves win rate and lets the agent prevail in scenarios where baseline strategy selection consistently leads to a loss.
Abortion, Contraception and the ACA: The Realignment of Women’s Health

Abortion and contraception have become the two most highly contested health care services in the ongoing debate over the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). Initial interpretations cast these conflicts as extensions of the abortion wars that have pervaded national politics since the 1970s. That explanation is correct, but incomplete. The abortion wars have drawn a line between reproductive and sexual health, on the one hand, and women’s health, on the other. Yet, the federal government’s efforts to promote health disparities research, as well as the neoliberal framing of health care have also played a role in dislodging women’s health from its experience-based, civil rights foundations. This article also considers the effects of the ACA’s exclusion of abortion and inclusion of contraception on the understanding of women’s health. Normatively, the segregation and isolation of abortion narrows the scope of women’s health. Materially, the ACA increases barriers to abortion access for women most at risk of unintended pregnancy. This effect will certainly exacerbate social, economic, and health inequalities for low-income women. The 2011 decision by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to include coverage for prescription contraceptives without cost-sharing as part of women’s preventive care under the ACA constitutes a victory for women’s health and women’s rights advocates. Yet, coverage of contraception as preventive care, in conjunction with a broad ban on abortion coverage, recasts conception as abortion prevention. That description moves contraception from its autonomy and equality-based foundations to a narrower framing that aligns with the agendas of religious conservatives and neoliberals.
Parametric Temporal Imaging

The operational principles and performance characteristics of parametric temporal imaging systems are discussed. In these systems the quadratic phase modulation of a time lens is realized through sum or difference frequency generation with a linearly chirped optical pump pulse. The imaging condition, magnification, and resulting image profile are presented for different mixing arrangements. Effects that limit the resolution and fidelity of the system are discussed. Experimental results of an upconver- sion time microscope achieving 103 x magnification, better than 178 fs resolution, and 5.7 ps field of view are presented.
A Throughput-Optimum Adaptive ALOHA MAC Scheme for Full-Duplex Wireless Networks

This paper proposes an adaptive and distributed MAC scheme for wireless networks with full-duplex radios. Full-duplex (FD) radios can exchange data simultaneously using the same frequency band and potentially double the throughput. On the other hand, it will inevitably cause extra interference to the network to use FD transmission instead of half-duplex (HD) transmission. Hence, there is a tradeoff between interference and throughput for wireless networks with FD radios. In order to mitigate the interference and maximize the network throughput, we propose the Optimum Adaptive ALOHA (OA-ALOHA) MAC scheme based on the nodes' local information about their neighbors. We derive each node's optimal transmit probability that maximizes the throughput and achieves proportional fairness. Our numerical results show that if the network is using the proposed adaptive MAC scheme, significantly better network throughput can be achieved than with the non-adaptive MAC schemes. HD can achieve around 50\% maximum throughput gain using adaptive ALOHA while FD more than 70\%. Moreover, a Simplified Adaptive ALOHA (SA-ALOHA) MAC scheme is also included that is based on an approximation of the optimum transmit probability and achieves comparable performance.
Growth Opportunities and Step-Down Performance Sensitive Debt

We investigate the effect of growth opportunities on a firm’s choice of step-down performance sensitive debt (PSD) jointly with leverage and debt maturity. By explicitly linking the interest rate with the borrower’s credit quality via interest-decreasing options, step-down PSD arguably attenuates the negative effect of growth opportunities on leverage. Using a large loan deal sample from the Dealscan dataset over the period between 1990 and 2006, we demonstrate three main findings. First, the negative relation between growth opportunities and leverage is attenuated by both the issuance of step-down PSD and its proportion in the debt structure after controlling for short maturity debt effect. Second, the attenuation effect of step-down PSD is concentrated in loans with high renegotiation cost. Third, firms with higher growth opportunities are more likely to borrow debt with an interest-decreasing provision. Overall the evidence suggests that an interest-decreasing provision can mitigate suboptimal investment incentives for high growth firms.
Pulmonary emphysema and polycythemia induced in rats by forced swimming.

SummaryChronic pulmonary emphysema was produced in rats by forcing them to swim to exhaustion each day for 90 days. The emphysematous changes in lungs were accompanied by increase in total circulating red cell volume and adrenal hypertrophy. The mild polycythemia could be secondary both to increased adrenocortical steroid output and hypoxia due to pulmonary emphysema.
The effect of redox conditions and bioirrigation on nitrogen isotope fractionation in marine sediments

Abstract Nitrogen isotopic signatures of sources and sinks of fixed nitrogen (N) can be used to constrain marine nitrogen budgets. However, the reported fractionation during benthic N2 production varies substantially. To assess the range and mechanisms responsible for such observations, we conducted a model study to evaluate the extent to which nitrification, denitrification, and anaerobic ammonium oxidation contribute to the isotopic composition of in situ N2 production. Different hydrodynamic regimes were taken into account, ranging from bioirrigation to diffusion-dominated transport. The benthic redox conditions were found to control the N isotope effect, which under reducing conditions is driven by fractionation during nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation and under oxidizing conditions by fractionation during denitrification. Environmental parameters, such as the mineralization rate, the bioirrigation intensity, and chemical composition of the overlying water affect the benthic redox zonation and therefore also the benthic N isotope effect. The N isotope effect of benthic N2 production was computed for a wide range of bioirrigation intensities and mineralization rates, and found to be approximately −3‰ for commonly encountered conditions. This value is similar to previous estimates of the global N isotope effect of benthic N2 production, and further constrains the relative importance of water column vs. benthic N2 production.
Innovations in Practice: a pilot study of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents and their parents.

Background Problems in adolescents’ relationships with their parents are a significant risk factor for the development and maintenance of depression. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the feasibility and acceptability of an adaptation of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents (IPT-A) who were also experiencing problems in their relationships with parents. The adaptation includes greater and more structured parent involvement in the treatment (IPT-AP). Method Fifteen adolescents (age 12–17) who were diagnosed with depression and were also experiencing conflictual or emotionally disengaged relationships with their parents (based on adolescent or parent report on the Conflict Behavior Questionnaire) participated in a 16 week randomized clinical trial of individually delivered IPT-A versus IPT-AP. Data regarding the feasibility and acceptability of IPT-AP were collected. Assessments of depression and family functioning were completed at baseline and weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16 by evaluators blind to treatment condition. Results IPT-AP was feasible to implement, and adolescents and parents reported high treatment satisfaction. Adolescents demonstrated significant improvements in depressive symptoms, general functioning, and family functioning. IPT-AP was more efficacious than individual IPT-A in improving adolescents’ perceptions of father–adolescent relations and mothers’ perceptions of mother–adolescent relations. Conclusions Interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents and their parents was feasible to implement and acceptable to families, indicating that a full-scale randomized controlled trial to evaluate its efficacy is warranted.
Comparison of glucose metabolism and cerebral blood flow during cortical motor activation

Regions of cerebral cortex activated in normal subjects making simple, repetitive, voluntary wrist movements were studied with positron emission tomography (PET). The regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose utilization was studied with 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), and regional cerebral blood flow was studied with 15O-labeled water. No significant activation was found with the cerebral metabolic rate studies. Studies of regional cerebral blood flow showed significant activation of the contralateral sensorimotor cortex region of 42%, of the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex region of 19%, and of the medial frontal cortex of 30% compared with the resting state. Increases in blood flow in the contralateral sensorimotor cortex and medial frontal cortex were visible on every activated scan. Measurement of regional cerebral blood flow seems to be more sensitive than regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose utilization for studying cortical activation with voluntary movement.
A Mutation in the Catalytic Subunit of the Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Transamidase Disrupts Growth, Fertility, and Stomata Formation

GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are essential for plant growth and development; knockout mutations in enzymes responsible for anchor biosynthesis or attachment are gametophyte or embryo lethal. In a genetic screen targeted to identify genes regulating stomata formation, we discovered a missense mutation in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) homolog of GPI8/PIG-K, a Cys protease that transfers an assembled GPI anchor to proteins. The Arabidopsis genome has a single copy of AtGPI8, and the atgpi8-1 mutation reduces the efficiency of this enzyme, leading to reduced accumulation of GPI-anchored proteins. While the atgpi8-1 mutation strongly disrupts plant growth, it is not lethal. Phenotypic analysis of atgpi8-1 mutants suggests that GPI-APs are important for root and shoot growth, stomata formation, apical dominance, transition to flowering, and male gametophyte viability. In addition, atgpi8-1 mutants accumulate higher levels of callose and have reduced plasmodesmata permeability. Genetic interactions of atgpi8-1 with mutations in ERECTA family (ERf) genes suggest the existence of a GPI-AP in a branch of the ERf signaling pathway that regulates stomata formation. Activation of the ERf signal transduction cascade by constitutively active YODA rescues stomata clustering in atgpi8-1, indicating that a GPI-AP functions upstream of the MAP kinase cascade. TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM) is a receptor-like protein that is able to form heterodimers with ERfs. Our analysis demonstrates that tmm-1 is epistatic to atgpi8-1, indicating that either TMM is a GPI-AP or there is another GPI-AP regulating stomata development whose function is dependent upon TMM.
What can be expected for the management of heart failure in the near future

Further reduction in the morbidity and mortality from diseases associated with heart failure is to be expected by the early introduction of strategies aimed at preventing cardiac damage. In the future, ACE inhibitors, beta-adrenergic blocking agents and type III antiarrhythmic agents, as well as pacemakers, will be used judiciously and in combination following better risk profiling using non-invasive techniques. Cardiac transplantation could be a more widely used treatment for end-stage cardiac disease. Ongoing randomized studies are revealing the usefulness of various pharmaceutical products as well as implanted defibrillators. In the more distant future, anti-endothelin therapy, cardiac autoantibody immunotherapy, cardiac-specific inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme and/or normalization of autonomic parasympathetic activity by parasympathomimetic agents may prove to be additional tools for reducing the complications from cardiac disease.
Methods for 2-D and 3-D Endobronchial Ultrasound Image Segmentation

Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) is now commonly used for cancer-staging bronchoscopy. Unfortunately, EBUS is challenging to use and interpreting EBUS video sequences is difficult. Other ultrasound imaging domains, hampered by related difficulties, have benefited from computer-based image-segmentation methods. Yet, so far, no such methods have been proposed for EBUS. We propose image-segmentation methods for 2-D EBUS frames and 3-D EBUS sequences. Our 2-D method adapts the fast-marching level-set process, anisotropic diffusion, and region growing to the problem of segmenting 2-D EBUS frames. Our 3-D method builds upon the 2-D method while also incorporating the geodesic level-set process for segmenting EBUS sequences. Tests with lung-cancer patient data showed that the methods ran fully automatically for nearly 80% of test cases. For the remaining cases, the only user-interaction required was the selection of a seed point. When compared to ground-truth segmentations, the 2-D method achieved an overall Dice index = 90.0% $\pm$ 4.9%, while the 3-D method achieved an overall Dice index = 83.9 $\pm$ 6.0%. In addition, the computation time (2-D, 0.070 s/frame; 3-D, 0.088 s/frame) was two orders of magnitude faster than interactive contour definition. Finally, we demonstrate the potential of the methods for EBUS localization in a multimodal image-guided bronchoscopy system.
Neonatal Cerebral Infarction

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses various aspects of neonatal cerebral infarction. Increasing survival of critically ill neonates due to improvements in neonatal intensive care coupled with advances in neuro-imaging has led to greater recognition of cerebral infarction in the population. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy has also been used in studying normal and neurologically impaired neonates. It demonstrates the major phosphorus-containing constituents of energy metabolism. Serial seizures following neonatal cerebral infarction have been associated with depletion of high-energy phosphates, with subsequent recovery following control of seizure activity by anticonvulsants. The most frequently used models of perinatal brain ischemia include decapitation, severe hypotension, or occlusion of blood vessels supplying the cranium. Results of investigation into these models demonstrate that the immature brain is more resistant to the effects of acute focal ischemia owing to its lower rate of energy utilization, and lower rate of accumulation of toxic by-products of energy metabolism. It is found that multicystic subcortical infarcts are likely to occur following fetal exposure to cocaine during the early third trimester, whereas late third trimester exposure generally leads to cortical and subcortical infarcts in the region of distribution of the middle cerebral artery.