cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cladistics of Sunaristes, a genus of harpacticoid copepods associated with hermit crabs

Four species of Sunaristes (Canuellidae) are known to live in association with hermit crabs and exhibit a degree of host specificity. Although hermit crabs are common in many parts of the world, Sunaristes is notably absent from waters of the New World. The phylogeny of Sunaristes is here examined through a cladistic analysis. The reconstructed phologeny indicates that S. inaequalis and S. japonicus form a sister group, and its closest relative is S. tranteri. The sister taxon of this 3-species clade is S. paquri. It is assumed that Sunaristes evolved in the Paleocene on the north shore of the Tethys seaway. The constructed cladogram forms the basis for the analysis of vicariant events that led to the speciation and development of the present pattern of distribution of Sunaristes.
A behavioral-analytic model for assessing social skills in blind adolescents

Abstract A behavioral-analytic assessment approach was conducted to identify social skill deficits in visually-handicapped adolescents. The investigation was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, a role-play test of social skill relevant to visually-handicapped persons was derived empirically using separate samples of professional and paraprofessional staff. Also, situation-specific criteria for evaluating levels of social skill were established. The second phase involved validation of the role-play test by determining the extent to which it discriminated visually-handicapped from nonhandicapped participants. Further, the first empirical data concerning the specific nature of interpersonal skill deficits in the blind were obtained in this part of the study. Results indicated that blind S s showed deficiencies in selected verbal and nonverbal social skill components. However, their performance was not uniformly deficient. Indeed, visually-handicapped clients received higher ratings on a global skill measure. Overall, these findings support the notion that many blind individuals experience problems in social adaptation and underscore the need for further research in this area.
The effect of organized systems of trauma care on motor vehicle crash mortality.

ContextDespite calls for wider national implementation of an integrated approach to trauma care, the effectiveness of this approach at a regional or state level remains unproven.ObjectiveTo determine whether implementation of an organized system of trauma care reduces mortality due to motor vehicle crashes.DesignCross-sectional time-series analysis of crash mortality data collected for 1979 through 1995 from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System.SettingAll 50 US states and the District of Columbia.SubjectsAll front-seat passenger vehicle occupants aged 15 to 74 years.Main Outcome MeasuresRates of death due to motor vehicle crashes compared before and after implementation of an organized trauma care system. Estimates are based on within-state comparisons adjusted for national trends in crash mortality.ResultsTen years following initial trauma system implementation, mortality due to traffic crashes began to decline; about 15 years following trauma system implementation, mortality was reduced by 8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3%-12%) after adjusting for secular trends in crash mortality, age, and the introduction of traffic safety laws. Implementation of primary enforcement of restraint laws and laws deterring drunk driving resulted in reductions in crash mortality of 13% (95% CI, 11%-16%) and 5% (95% CI, 3%-7%), respectively, while relaxation of state speed limits increased mortality by 7% (95% CI, 3%-10%).ConclusionsOur data indicate that implementation of an organized system of trauma care reduces crash mortality. The effect does not appear for 10 years, a finding consistent with the maturation and development of trauma triage protocols, interhospital transfer agreements, organization of trauma centers, and ongoing quality assurance.
Studies on papain produced subunits of human γG-globulins—I: Physicochemical and immunochemical properties of γG-globulin Fc-fragments

Abstract Crystalline papain digest Fc-fragment of 7S human myeloma γG-globulins show very similar physical-chemical and immunochemical properties. Some diffences in hexose and amino acid contents are noted. When myeloma globulins are brought below pH 4 they undergo aggregation. If a minimum of three disulfide bonds have been cleaved prior to the acid treatment they dissociate into H- and L- chains on acidification. The acid-treated myeloma proteins do not form a Fc component on treatment with pain. Fc-fragments also undergo aggregation at acid pH and are also slowly destroyed by papain, whereas the Fab portion of the molecule is stabile in both cases.
A kinetic model for photochemical vapor deposition from germane and silane

Abstract A kinetic model based on the collision theory of chemical reactions is proposed for laser-induced photochemical vapor deposition from germane and silane. Photochemical deposition is composed of two processes: extrinsic photochemical deposition from photo-excited molecules and intrinsic thermal deposition from normal reactant molecules. The growth rates of both photochemical deposition and thermal deposition are derived by means of statistical physics. Photochemical deposition dominates at low temperatures, and thermal deposition becomes prominent as the temperature rises. The transition temperature from photochemical deposition to thermal deposition is obtained as a function of fraction of photo-excited molecules and activation energies of photochemical deposition and thermal deposition. Finally, the model is extended to lamp-induced photochemical vapor deposition from silane.
Distribution of heparinase covalently immobilized to agarose: Experimental and theoretical studies

An immobilized enzyme reactor has been developed to remove heparin, the anticoagulant that is required in all extracorporeal devices for patients undergoing open-heart surgery or kidney dialysis. The device uses the enzyme heparinase (EC 4.2.2.7), which is covalently linked to agarose with cyanogen bromide. A critical parameter in the development of a model for the degradation of heparin catalyzed by immobilized heparinase is the radial concentration profile of the enzyme within the agarose matrix. Experimental determinations of bound enzyme con centrations have been conducted previously for several enzyme systems using radioactive or fluorescent labels. For the development of the heparinase reactor it is necessary to use catalytically but not electrophoretically pure enzyme, and thus it is not possible to use the labeling techniques. To obtain information about the bound enzyme distribution, an experimental study of the intrinsic binding kinetics of heparinase to cyanogen bromide-activated agarose was conducted. The binding reaction was studied as a function of both the concentration of heparinase and the gel-reactive group. At conditions of functional group excess, the binding kinetics were pseudo first order in heparinase concentration with a rate constant equal to 0.12 C(c[triple chemical bond]n) (h(-1)), where C(c[triple chemical bond]n) is the gel-reactive group concentration. The reactive group concentration remained constant within the 2-4-h experiments. Competitive binding between heparinase and the protein contaminants was unimportant. A model was formulated for the immobilization procedure based on the diffusion of heparinase within the porous network and the binding kinetics as determined above. The model predicted the immobilization of heparinase to be kinetically controlled and the enzyme to distribute uniformly within the agarose matrix. These experimental techniques could be applied to predict the immobilized enzyme distribution for different enzyme systems that are not electrophoretically pure.
A Type System for High Performance Communication and Computation

The manner in which data is represented, accessed and transmitted has an affect upon the efficiency of any computing system. In the domain of high performance computing, traditional frameworks like MPI have relied upon a relatively static type system with a high degree of a priori knowledge shared among the participants. However, modern scientific computing is increasingly distributed and dynamic, requiring the ability to dynamically create multi-platform workflows, to move processing to data, and to perform both in situ and streaming data analysis. Traditional approaches to data type description and communication in middleware, which typically either require a priori agreement on data types, or resort to highly inefficient representations like XML, are insufficient for the new domain of dynamic science. This paper describes a different approach, using FFS, a middleware library that implements efficient manipulation of application-level data. FFS provides for highly efficient binary data communication, XML-like examination of unknown data, and both third-party and in situ data processing via dynamic code generation. All of these capabilities are fully dynamic at run-time, without requiring a priori agreements or knowledge of the exact form of the data being communicated or analyzed.
Simultaneous VLA-satellite observations of the sun

The simultaneous use of VLA and satellite-borne telescopes to observe the quiescent and active corona with comparable resolution in time and space is discussed. VLA data at 90-cm specify closed and open magnetic stuctures in the low solar corona, providing information on the initiating source of coronal mass ejections in satellite coronagraphs. The study of quiescent coronal loops from combined soft X-ray and 20-cm VLA data is considered. The used of combined VLA-satellite data to investigate magnetic interaction and particle acceleration before and during flare is discussed.
Selective blockade of substance P or neurokinin A receptors reduces the expression of c-fos in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis after corneal stimulation in the rat.

Stimulation of the cornea activates neurons in two distinct regions of the spinal trigeminal nucleus: at the transition between trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris and subnucleus caudalis and at the transition between trigeminal subnucleus caudalis and the upper cervical spinal cord as estimated by expression of the immediate early gene, c-fos. To determine if receptors for substance P or neurokinin A, neurokinin 1 and neurokinin 2 receptors, respectively, contribute to the production of Fos-positive neurons in these brainstem regions, receptor-selective antagonists were given intracerebroventricularly 15 min prior to stimulation of the cornea in anesthetized rats. The number of Fos-positive neurons produced in superficial laminae at the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis/cervical cord transition by application of the selective small fiber excitant, mustard oil, to the corneal surface was reduced by the neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist, CP99,994 (5-100 nmol, i.c.v.) and the neurokinin 2 receptor antagonist, MEN10,376 (0.01-1.0 nmol, i.c.v.). Combined pretreatment with CP99,994 and the competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, CPP, caused a greater reduction in c-fos expression at the subnucleus caudalis/cervical cord transition than after either drug alone suggesting interaction between receptors for glutamate and substance P. Tachykinin receptor antagonists did not reduce the number of Fos-positive neurons produced at the subnucleus interpolaris/subnucleus caudalis transition. The elevation in plasma concentration of adrenocorticotropin, but not the increases in arterial pressure or heart rate, evoked by corneal stimulation was prevented by pretreatment with CP99,994 or MEN10,376 at doses lower than those needed to reduce c-fos expression. The results indicate that receptors for substance P and neurokinin A contribute to the transmission of sensory input from corneal nociceptors to brainstem neurons in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis and to increased activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis that accompanies acute stimulation of the cornea.
Gender differences in the development of substance-related problems: the impact of family history of alcoholism, family history of violence and childhood conduct problems.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined gender differences regarding the relative influence of family history of alcoholism (FHA) and family history of violence (FHV) on reported childhood conduct problems (CCP) and adult problems with alcohol, drugs and violence. METHOD: The participants were 110 men and 103 women with alcohol-related problems recruited within 30 days of enrolling in treatment for substance abuse or dependence. Participants completed self-report measures of pretreatment violence, FHV, CCP, substance use and consequences, and demographics; a semi-structured interview was used to assess FHA. RESULTS: Structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses revealed gender differences with regard to the influence of FHA and FHV as important factors in the development of childhood and adult behavioral problems. For women, the influence of FHA on subsequent childhood conduct problems and adult problems with alcohol was accounted for by FHV. For men, FHA was not directly associated with CCP or adult problems with alcohol and violence, but was associated with adult drug problems. For both men and women, FHV was associated with CCP, and CCP were associated with adult problems with drugs and violence. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the analyses illustrate the relative importance of FHV as a risk factor in the developmental course leading to problems with drugs and violence among individuals with alcohol-related problems enrolled in treatment for substance abuse or dependence. Further, there was evidence that women may be impacted more than men by family background variables (both FHA and FHV) in terms of the development of adult problems with alcohol, drugs and violence. Language: en
The effect of chlortetracycline on the immunological response of turkeys infected with ornithosis.

lected from chicken embryos infected with fifthpassage Jo strain ornithosis virus. Inoculations were made intratracheally using 0.25 ml of fluid for each turkey. At the end of each experiment, the surviving turkeys were killed and necropsied, and the lesions recorded. An attempt to isolate virus from each turkey was conducted by grinding and suspending the spleen in nutrient broth and inoculating 0.2 ml of the suspension into the allantoic cavity of each of five 7-day-old chicken embryos. Two blind passages were made before a sample was considered negative. Blood was collected from each bird to furnish an individual
Fulfilling the Mission of Academic Medicine: Training Residents in the Health Needs of Prisoners

The single mission of academic medicine is the pursuit of health for all. This mandate serves as a reminder to focus care on vulnerable and underserved populations. The 12 million Americans who cycle through correctional facilities each year are arguably among the most vulnerable populations in this country; predominantly black, with a high burden of disease and many barriers to care after release. Medical training programs should provide exposure to the health needs of prisoners. Residents could establish care with inmates prior to release and arrange follow-up in the community. This addition to training would not only provide care to this underserved group, but also would train residents in the myriad problems prisoners face, and foster social responsibility.
Transgenerational inheritance of an acquired small RNA-based antiviral response in C.elegans

Induced expression of the Flock House virus in the soma of C. elegans results in the RNAi-dependent production of virus-derived, small-interfering RNAs (viRNAs), which in turn silence the viral genome. We show here that the viRNA-mediated viral silencing effect is transmitted in a non-Mendelian manner to many ensuing generations. We show that the viral silencing agents, viRNAs, are transgenerationally transmitted in a template-independent manner and work in trans to silence viral genomes present in animals that are deficient in producing their own viRNAs. These results provide evidence for the transgenerational inheritance of an acquired trait, induced by the exposure of animals to a specific, biologically relevant physiological challenge. The ability to inherit such extragenic information may provide adaptive benefits to an animal.
Developmental analysis of lethal effects of homozygosity for the c25H deletion in the mouse.

Abstract This report describes the phenotype of the c25H lethal homozygote. Our studies have shown that embryos homozygous for c25H fail to implant and to induce a decidual reaction. Embryos arrested at the three- to six-cell stage were considered to be c25H homozygotes because of their homogeneous stage of arrest and because they were present in the appropriate proportion in preimplantation litters from c ch c 25H × c ch c 25H matings. Mitosis appeared to be disturbed in the arrested embryos.
Water diffusivity in a mixed phase binary system: Effective water diffusion coefficients in tetradecanol–eicosanol mixtures

Abstract Fourier-transform infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy is used to measure the effective water diffusion coefficients in pure tetradecanol between 313 K and 338 K and in liquid and liquid–solid mixtures of tetradecanol (C14H29OH) and eicosanol (C20H41OH) at 313 K. The temperature dependent data in tetradecanol yields an activation energy for diffusion higher than that measured in pure alkanes. This is consistent with the critical role hydrogen bonds play in diffusion. Differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy are used to construct the solid–liquid phase diagram for the tetradecanol–eicosanol system. Diffusion measurements in these mixtures are linked to the experimental phase diagram. Water diffusivity in liquid mixtures at low eicosanol concentrations (80 to 100 mol percent tetradecanol) suggests that the measured diffusion coefficient of water is independent of the mixture's bulk viscosity. We find a six-fold decrease in water diffusivity when the solid fraction of the equilibrium mixture increases from zero to thirty percent. The decrease in water diffusivity results from a longer diffusion path length caused by solid portions of the mixture acting as barriers to diffusion.
ON THE PROPAGATION OF SHOCK WAVES IN A NONHOMOGENEOUS ELASTIC MEDIUM

The propagation of shock waves in a nonhomogeneous isotropic plate of infinite extent and arbitrary thickness was studied. The plate has a transverse cylindrical hole at which uniform shearing tractions are suddenly applied and thereafter steadily maintained; the body is otherwise free from loading. It is assumed that the shear modulus of the material is proportional to an arbitrary- not necessarily integral-power of the radial distance from the axis of the hole, while no restriction is placed upon the (continuous) radial variation of Young's modulus. The solution obtained, which is discussed in detail, constitutes a generalization of results reached by Goodier and Jahsman, who considered the problem for a homogeneous medium. (auth)
Renal Hemodynamic Responses to Stress in Normotensive and Hypertensive Subjects

Renal responses to stress were studied in 28 normotensive and 51 hypertensive patients. Renal clearances of inulin and PAH, filtration fraction, arterial blood pressure, and renal vascular resistance were determined in each patient immediately before, during, and after exercise (sit-ups), or the cold pressor test. In the control periods immediately before stress the majority of patients with essential hypertension displayed reduced values for inulin clearance (Cin) and clearance of paraaminohippurate (Cpah) and increased values for filtration fraction and renal vascular resistance, when compared with normotensive groups. These abnormalities were more severe in malignant hypertension than in benign essential hypertension. The pattern of response to stress was similar in normotensive and untreated hypertensive patients: reduction in Cin and Cpah, and increases in filtration fraction, blood pressure, and renal vascular resistance. These responses were more marked with exercise than with the cold pressor test...
Shoulder dystocia and the next delivery: Outcomes and management

Objective. To evaluate delivery mode management decisions and the rate of shoulder dystocia recurrence for women with a prior delivery complicated by shoulder dystocia.Study design. We used a computerized perinatal database and ICD-9 codes to identify all vaginal deliveries complicated by shoulder dystocia from 1996 to 2001. Subsequent deliveries over the next three years were identified and reviewed for relevant clinical, obstetric, and delivery outcomes. Management including use of labor induction, labor augmentation, operative vaginal delivery, and delivery mode (elective cesarean section (CS) vs. trial of labor (TOL)) were reviewed. The recurrence rate of shoulder dystocia was calculated and the characteristics of these cases further described.Results. Over the initial 5-year study, there were 25 995 vaginal deliveries, 205 shoulder dystocia cases (0.8%), 36 (17.5%) with neonatal injury. Of the 205 initial shoulder dystocia cases, 39 patients had 48 subsequent deliveries at our institution (a subseque...
The deep poetic soul: An alternative vision of psychotherapy

Abstract This is the presidential address of David N. Elkins, who served as president of Division 32 in 1998–1999. Current mechanistic models of psychotherapy are criticized as failing to honor the complexities of human growth and the therapeutic process. The article presents an alternative vision of psychotherapy, grounded in an artistic perspective, that focuses on the deeper, more complex processes of clients’ growth and becoming. Four major pillars of this alternative vision are discussed: (a) the “more,” (b) the phenomenological experience of the emergence of the new, (c) the duende, and (d) destiny.
Partial structure functions of amorphous Ni35Zr65

Abstract The structure of amorphous Ni 35 Zr 65 has been determined using the variable 2τ X-ray and the variable λ neutron diffraction techniques. In addition, the structure factor of a structurally isomorphous sample of Ni 35 Zr 35 Hf 30 was measured with X-rays. The three experimentally determined structure factors were used to evaluate the partial structure factors using the methods of least square and ridge analysis. The Fourier transforms of the partial structure factors yielded the partial atomic distribution functions, which were used to evaluate the interatomic distances and the coordination numbers in the amorphous Ni 35 Zr 65 alloy.
Inquiry and the Practice of Theoretical Conversation: Engaging in Dialogue to Elaborate Hidden Connections

Our goal at JBL is not just to provide a forum for theoretical conversation but also to proactively invite more insightful and interactive conversation. As active inquiry and open dialogue are critical to achieving this goal, we discuss the nature of inquiry and argue for developing the skills and conditions required to promote dialogue over discussion. Only through more profound dialogue can we address the challenges of a tumultuous decision-making environment, advance theoretical understanding, and improve managerial practice. We then introduce “Dialogue,” a new feature at JBL, which will consist of concise statements of alternative perspectives and diverse views. Through Dialogue, we invite members of the supply chain community to join colleagues in a grand adventure of knowledge discovery. We hope you will agree that the quest for understanding is more fun when we travel the path of discovery together.
A semiempirical correlation between enthalpy of vaporization and saturation concentration for organic aerosol.

To model the temperature-induced partitioning of semivolatile organics in laboratory experiments or atmospheric models, one must know the appropriate heats of vaporization. Current treatments typically assume a constant value of the heat of vaporization or else use specific values from a small set of surrogate compounds. With published experimental vapor-pressure data from over 800 organic compounds, we have developed a semiempirical correlation between the saturation concentration (C*, μg m−3) and the heat of vaporization (ΔHVAP, kJ mol−1) for organics in the volatility basis set. Near room temperature, ΔHVAP = −11 log 10C300* + 129. Knowledge of the relationship between C* and ΔHVAP constrains a free parameter in thermodenuder data analysis. A thermodenuder model using our ΔHVAP values agrees well with thermal behavior observed in laboratory experiments.
Defining incest by the word of God: Northern Europe 1520–1740☆

(1994). Defining incest by the word of God: Northern Europe 1520–1740. History of European Ideas: Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 853-867.
Laser point-quadrat sampling for estimating foliage-height profiles in broad-leaved forests

A technique for estimating the vertical distribution of foliage area in broad-leaved forests was developed. The technique is similar to optical point-quadrat sampling, where estimates are based on heights to the lowest leaves above numerous sample locations beneath a canopy. In optical point-quadrat sampling, heights to lowest leaves are measured with a telephoto lens. Here, heights were measured using a commercially available laser range-finding instrument. The laser point-quadrat technique was tested in field studies conducted under broad-leaved forest canopies in western North Carolina and east-central Minnesota, U.S.A. Foliage-height profiles obtained by laser point-quadrat sampling were consistent with two of four published foliage-height profiles observed in 1995 at the North Carolina field locations. Total leaf area estimates obtained by laser point quadrats were not significantly correlated with values of leaf area index estimated by recent litter fall analyses at the North Carolina and Minnesota ...
FINGER-LIKE SMOLDERING OVER THIN CELLULOSIC SHEETS IN MICROGRAVITY

Microgravity smolder spread over a thin cellulosic fuel was studied with the Radiative Ignition and Transition to Spread Investigation (RITSI) apparatus in the Glovebox Facility on the STS-75 USMP-3 space shuttle mission. Radiative smoldering ignition was initiated by a focused beam from a tungsten/halogen lamp at the center of the smolder-promoted filter paper. The external airflow velocity was varied from 0.5 cm/s to 6.5 cm/s. The ignition and subsequent smolder spread events were recorded by a video camera, a 35-mm camera, and six thermocouples (two in the gas phase and four in the sample). Nonpiloted smoldering ignition of the paper in microgravity by external thermal radiation was demonstrated for the first time. Unlike the uniform normal gravity smolder front, a complex, unexpected finger-shaped char growth pattern was observed in microgravity. The preferred direction of smolder finger propagation was upstream into the fresh oxidizer. Downstream smolder was less viable and slower. Increasing external flow velocity increased the number of localized smoldering fronts, the number of the char fingers they left behind, and the frequency of bifurcations from the fingers. An analytical “oxygen shadow” model indicated that each localized smolder front cast an oxygen shadow that depleted the ambient oxygen in an egg-shaped region around itself. These oxygen shadows are a plausible explanation of the fingering smolder patterns observed in the experiments.
Children's attachment-related self-worth: a multi-method investigation of postdivorce preschoolers’ relationships with their mothers and peers

Three related hypotheses derived from attachment theory were examined in this multi-informant and multi-method study of 71 postdivorce mothers and their preschool children (40 boys, 31 girls): (1) mother-child interactions observed at home will be related to attachment-related representations by children (Attachment Story Completion Task or ASCT) and mothers (Parent Attachment Interview or PAI); and (2) these variables will be inversely correlated with maternal depressive symptoms and positively with social support (from mother's parents and the child's father); and (3) mother-child observations and representations will predict teacher-rated peer behavior. Where appropriate, child gender, maternal income, and child receptive language were statistically controlled. More harmonious observed mother-child interactions were associated with children's sense of self-worth in family relationships (ASCT) and maternal accounts of sensitive-effective guidance (PAI). Observational and representational variables were inversely correlated with maternal depressive symptoms. Mothers' satisfaction with social support from their parents was indirectly linked to the family variables while social support from the child's father had no measurable effect on the mother-child variables. Mother-child variables and teacher ratings were uncorrelated but explained independent variance in ASCT self-worth scores.
A computational framework for constructing interactive feedback for assisting motor learning

New motion capture technologies are allowing detailed, precise and complete monitoring of movement through real-time kinematic analysis. However, a clinically relevant understanding of movement impairment through kinematic analysis requires the development of computational models that integrate clinical expertise in the weighing of the kinematic parameters. The resulting kinematics based measures of movement impairment would further need to be integrated with existing clinical measures of activity disability. This is a challenging process requiring computational solutions that can extract correlations within and between three diverse data sets: human driven assessment of body function, kinematic based assessment of movement impairment and human driven assessment of activity. We propose to identify and characterize different sensorimotor control strategies used by normal individuals and by hemiparetic stroke survivors acquiring a skilled motor task. We will use novel quantitative approaches to further our understanding of how human motor function is coupled to multiple and simultaneous modes of feedback. The experiments rely on a novel interactive tasks environment developed by our team in which subjects are provided with rich auditory and visual feedback of movement variables to drive motor learning. Our proposed research will result in a computational framework for applying virtual information to assist motor learning for complex tasks that require coupling of proprioception, vision audio and haptic cues. We shall use the framework to devise a computational tool to assist with therapy of stroke survivors. This tool will utilize extracted relationships in a pre-clinical setting to generate effective and customized rehabilitation strategies.
Systematics of the Neogene Siwalik hipparions (Mammalia, Equidae) based on cranial and dental morphology

ABSTRACT The systematics of the Neogene Siwalik hipparion horses is based on a review of the classic material from numerous institutions as well as a new biostrati-graphically controlled collection recently made by the Yale–Geological Survey of Pakistan expeditions in the Potwar Plateau region of northern Pakistan. A two-fold taxonomic scheme is presented here. The first, which is based on cranial morphology and associated dentions, indicates that five hipparion species are represented in the Middle Siwalik Group, i.e. Hipparion antelopinum, “Hipparion” feddeni, Cormohipparion theobaldi Cormohipparion cf. nagriensis and “Hipparion” sp. The second scheme, which is based principally on dental measurements, is similar to Hussain's (1971) conclusion that three discrete dental morphologies are represented in the Siwaliks. We prefer to treat these here as Dental Morphs 1,2, and 3 rather than as named species. Characters such as those displayed by dentitions and postcranial remains are here concluded to be less ...
Effects of lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala on anxiety-like behaviors in the rat

Abstract The effects of lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala on anxiety-like behaviors in the rat were determined using two animal models, the conditioned suppression of drinking (CSD) and defensive burying paradigms. For CSD conflict testing, water-restricted rats were trained to drink water from a tube that was occasionally electrified (0.25 mA); electrification was signaled by a tone. CSD test sessions were 10 min in duration and were conducted 4 days per week. After at least 3 weeks of conflict testing, both punished (30–40 shocks per session) and unpunished (10–12 ml water per session) responding had stabilized. Subjects then received bilateral electrolytic lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala or sham lesions. After a 1-week recovery period, CSD conflict testing was reinstated and continued for 20 weeks. Amygdaloid-lesioned subjects accepted significantly more shocks than did sham controls. In addition, acute challenges with the benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide (2.5–10 mg/kg, IP, 30-min pretreatment), the barbiturate phenobarbital (20 mg/kg, IP, 10-min pretreatment), and carbamazepine (10 mg/kg, IP, 10-min pretreatment) produced an increase in punished responding in both amygdaloid-lesioned and sham-treated subjects. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)-based adjusted means for the change in shocks received were not significantly different between the two groups. Following completion of the CSD studies, subjects were tested in the defensive burying paradigm. Although there was no significant difference between lesioned and sham-treated subjects on the percent of animals that exhibited burying, subjects with lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala exhibited a significantly greater latency to initiate defensive burying. Lesioned subjects also exhibited a shorter duration of defensive burying than sham-treated subjects; however, this difference was not statistically significant. These data suggest that although the central nucleus of the amygdala contributes to baseline anxiety-like behaviors the anxiolytic-like effects of chlordiazepoxide, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine do not appear to be dependent upon the integrity of this amygdaloid nucleus.
Benjamin Franklin, Philadelphia’s Favorite Son, was a Membrane Biophysicist

Benjamin Franklin, mostly known for his participation in writing The Declaration of Independence and work on electricity, was also one of the first scientists to seek to understand the properties of oil monolayers on water surfaces. During one of his many voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, Franklin observed that oil had a calming effect on waves when poured into rough ocean waters. Though at first taking a backseat to many of his other scientific and political endeavors, Franklin went on to experiment with oil, spreading monomolecular films on various bodies of water, and ultimately devised a concept of particle repulsion that is indirectly related to the hydrophobic effect. His early observations inspired others to measure the dimensions of oil monolayers, which eventually led to the formulation of the contemporary lipid bilayer model of the cell membrane.
Crystal structure of human procathepsin X: a cysteine protease with the proregion covalently linked to the active site cysteine

Abstract Human cathepsin X is one of many proteins discovered in recent years through the mining of sequence databases. Its sequence shows clear homology to cysteine proteases from the papain family, containing the characteristic residue patterns, including the active site. However, the proregion of cathepsin X is only 38 residues long, the shortest among papain-like enzymes, and the cathepsin X sequence has an atypical insertion in the regions proximal to the active site. This protein was recently expressed and partially characterized biochemically. Unlike most other cysteine proteases from the papain family, procathepsin X is incapable of autoprocessing in vitro but can be processed under reducing conditions by exogenous cathepsin L. Atypically, the mature enzyme is primarily a carboxypeptidase and has extremely poor endopeptidase activity. We have determined the three-dimensional structure of the procathepsin X at 1.7 A resolution. The overall structure of the mature enzyme is characteristic for enzymes of the papain superfamily, but contains several novel features. Most interestingly, the short proregion binds to the enzyme with the aid of a covalent bond between the cysteine residue in the proregion (Cys10p) and the active site cysteine residue (Cys31). This is the first example of a zymogen in which the inhibition of enzyme’s proteolytic activity by the proregion is achieved through a reversible covalent modification of the active site nucleophile. Such mode of binding requires less contact area between the proregion and the enzyme than observed in other procathepsins, and no auxiliary binding site on the enzyme surface is used. A three-residue insertion in a highly conserved region, just prior to the active site cysteine residue, confers a significantly different shape on the S′ subsites, compared to other proteases from papain family. The 3D structure provides an explanation for the rather unusual carboxypeptidase activity of this enzyme and confirms the predictions based on homology modeling. Another long insertion in the cathepsin X amino acid sequence forms a β-hairpin pointing away from the active site. This insertion, thought to be an equivalent of cathepsin B occluding loop, is located on the side of the protein, distant from the substrate binding site.
Molecular Dynamics simulation for PBR pebble tracking simulation via a random walk approach using Monte Carlo simulation

Abstract Using a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation, random walks were used for pebble tracking in a two-dimensional geometry in the presence of a biased gravity field. We investigated the effect of viscosity damping in the presence of random Gaussian fluctuations. The particle tracks were generated by Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation for a Pebble Bed Reactor. The MD simulations were conducted in the interaction of noncohesive Hertz–Mindlin theory where the random walk MC simulation has a correlation with the MD simulation. This treatment can easily be extended to include the generation of transient gamma-ray spectra from a single pebble that contains a radioactive tracer. Then the inverse analysis thereof could be made to determine the uncertainty of the realistic measurement of transient positions of that pebble by any given radiation detection system designed for that purpose.
A Complexity Science Model of Social Innovation in Social Enterprise

Abstract A complexity science-based model for social innovation in social enterprises is presented. The three components of the model include: (1) representing the evolution of social innovation using nonlinear dynamical systems with accompanying parameters and attractors; (2) a cusp catastrophe model of bifurcation or the emergence of a new attractor; (3) the role of emergence in complex systems utilizing recombinatory operations. The model represents the emergence of social innovation as an evolving dynamical system governed by the interaction of two parameters. The first parameter is opportunity tension or the degree of coordination and organization on a collective level required to resolve social problems or take advantage of social opportunities. The second is informational differences having to do with the accessibility of information via social networks connecting key players in the social system under consideration. The informational differences parameter also refers to experiments in social novel...
Beta-blockade in the perioperative period: where do we stand after all the trials?

Perioperative myocardial infarction following noncardiac surgery is a complex process with a variety of proposed etiologic factors. Perioperativeb-blockade has been reported to reduce perioperative myocardial infarction and cardiac death, with possible direct effects on longer-term outcome, particularly after vascular surgery. Despite two high-profile studies that have pushed this topic into the mainstream of medicine, the number of patients studied and outcomes observed remains limited, especially for a therapy recommended for widespread adoption in millions of patients globally. Observational analyses, small meta-analyses, and newer randomized trial data (primarily in abstract format) suggest the therapy is of benefit in high-risk patients, whereas in patients at intermediate or low risk, it is either mildly efficacious or neutral in effect. Adverse effects appear to be limited to the expected primary hemodynamic side effects of bradycardia and hypotension, although a suggestion of increased mortality h...
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF "MAD ITCH" WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PSEUDORABIES

The clinical picture and gross pathology of spontaneous and experimental "mad itch" have been described and the inciting agent has been shown to be a filtrable virus. It has been possible to prepare virucidal serum capable of neutralizing the virus. Fatal infections are regularly produced in rabbits when the virus is administered subcutaneously, intracerebrally, intravenously, intratesticularly, intraperitoneally, intranasally, or when it is dropped on a scarified area of skin. Its infectivity for other species by various routes is reported upon. The rabbit, guinea pig, white rat, white mouse, gray field mouse, cow, cat, duck, chicken, and hog are susceptible to experimental infection. The disease is not contagious under laboratory conditions and the virus is restricted in the animal body largely to the region of inoculation and the lung. The virus can be stored for relatively long periods in 50 per cent glycerol or in the dried state. A comparison of "mad itch" with pseudorabies leads to the tentative conclusion that the inciting agents of both are the same, although the strains of the two viruses that are under study possess readily demonstrable differences.
Mechanical Behavior of Mullite Fiber Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Composites

Discontinuously reinforced aluminum alloys are viewed as candidate materials for elevated temperature applications because of their attractive high temperature strength properties and wear resistance. The elevated temperature elastic properties and the failure characteristics in relation to the preform flaws, however, have not received much attention in spite of their potential significance. These issues are studied for an aluminum-silicon alloy reinforced with mullite discontinuous fibers, fabricated using the squeeze infiltration technique. The effect of preform flaws (shot) on room temperature strength and ductility is investigated for composites seeded with different amounts of shot. The Young's modulus of the composite exceeds that of the unreinforced alloy over a wide range of temperatures, and the beneficial influence of the fibers is especially significant at elevated temperatures. The primary contribution to the reduction in the modulus of the composite at higher temperatures is shown to be the d...
Alzheimer’s research: Can it help save our nation’s entitlement programs?

Abstract Demographics and government budget policies are on a collision course. The aging of the massive baby boom generation is threatening the future solvency of the nation's entitlement programs. The budget-driven response by policy makers is to cut entitlements and reduce spending on discretionary programs, such as funding for research supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Sadly, this response is likely to exacerbate the problem by limiting program changes that can better respond to the aging population and draining resources away from scientific inquiry that can help alleviate future fiscal burdens. A more viable solution would be to reform health and long-term care programs to better address the chronic care needs of the aging population and to fully fund science that can delay onset and slow progression of life-threatening diseases like Alzheimer's.
Activation of group I mGlu receptors contributes to facilitation of NMDA receptor membrane current in spinal dorsal horn neurons after hind paw inflammation in rats

The interaction between the group I metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors plays a critical role in spinal hyperexcitability and hyperalgesia. The cellular mechanisms underlying this interaction remain unknown. Utilizing an ex vivo spinal slice preparation from young adult rats, we investigated the group I mGlu receptor modulation of NMDA receptor-mediated current in superficial dorsal horn neurons by patch clamp recording after complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced hind paw inflammation. We show that NMDA receptor-mediated dorsal root stimulation-evoked EPSC (eEPSC) and NMDA-induced current was enhanced in the inflamed rats, compared to naive rats and this effect was attenuated by AIDA (1 mM), a group I mGlu receptor antagonist. There were also increases in the frequency and amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents in the presence of tetrodotoxin, suggesting enhanced presynaptic glutamate release probability and postsynaptic membrane responsiveness in inflamed rats. DHPG (10 μM), a selective group I mGlu receptor agonist, further facilitated NMDA receptor-mediated eEPSC and NMDA-induced current in inflamed rats. The DHPG-produced facilitation of NMDA-induced current was blocked by intracellular dialysis of GDP-beta-S (1 mM), a G protein antagonist, and BAPTA (15 mM), an intracellular calcium chelating agent; and by pretreatment with U73,122 (10 μM), a PLC inhibitor, or 2-APB (100 μM), an IP₃-receptor antagonist. These findings support the hypothesis that signal transduction coupling between group I mGlu receptors and NMDA receptors underlies the activation of NMDA receptors in spinal hyperexcitability and hyperalgesia.
Implications of the homogeneous turbulence assumption on the aero-optic linking equation

This paper investigates the validity of applying the simplified (under the assumptions of isotropic and homogeneous turbulence) aero-optic linking equation to a flowfield that is known to consist of anisotropic and nonhomogeneous turbulence. The investigation is performed in the near nozzle-region of a heated two-dimensional jet, and the study makes use of a conditional sampling experiment to acquire a spatio-temporal temperature field data base for the heated jet flowfield. After compensating for the bandwidth limitations of constant-current-wire temperature measurements, the temperature field data base is applied to the computation of optical degradation through both direct methods and indirect methods relying on the aero-optic linking equation. The simplified version of the linking equation was found to provide very good agreement with direct calculations provided that the length scale of the density fluctuations was interpreted as being the integral scale, with the limits of the integration being the two first zero crossings of the covariance coefficient function.