cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The 2010 Mw 8.8 Chile earthquake: Triggering on multiple segments and frequency-dependent rupture behavior

[1] Multi-frequency back-projection results of the February 27, 2010, Mw 8.8 Chile earthquake reveal that this earthquake consists of distinct subevents with different slip characteristics. The subevent south of the epicenter releases its energy at low frequencies (0.05–0.1 Hz), implying slow slip, and has a rupture speed around 0.8 km/s. Two subevents north of the epicenter are characterized by high-frequency energy (1–5 Hz) release. The first of these subevents appears to trigger slip on the second segment to the north, which has higher amplitude energy release and a fast propagation speed of about 2.9 km/s. In addition to these rupture details, high-frequency energy release is observed at the rupture front followed by lower-frequency energy release. This observation suggests that the rupture of large earthquakes involves dynamic weakening of faults and hence their rupture properties may not be related easily to those of small earthquakes. These distinct slip behaviors point out the need to consider data from a wide range of frequencies to fully assess the rupture process and associated hazards of giant earthquakes.
Childhood Maltreatment and Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders A Systematic Review

Perinatal mood and anxiety disorders (PMADs) compromise maternal and child well-being and may be influenced by traumatic experiences across the life course. A potent and common form of trauma is childhood maltreatment, but its specific impact on PMADs is not well understood. A systematic review was undertaken to synthesize empirical literature on the relationship between maternal histories of childhood maltreatment and PMADs. Of the 876 citations retrieved, 35 reports from a total of 26,239 participants met inclusion criteria, documenting substantial rates of childhood maltreatment and PMADs. Robust trends of association were observed between childhood maltreatment and perinatal depression, as well as post-traumatic stress disorder, but findings for anxiety were less consistent. Examining multivariate results suggested that childhood maltreatment predicts PMADs above and beyond sociodemographic, psychiatric, perinatal, and psychosocial factors, but may also be partially mediated by variables such as later victimization and moderated by protective early relationships. Future research should test mediating and moderating pathways using prospective cohorts, expanding to cross-cultural settings and other disorder outcomes. Treatment and prevention of childhood maltreatment and its sequelae may help mitigate risk for perinatal psychopathology and its impact on maternal and child outcomes.
Wireless Body Area Networks in mHealth

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are emerging as important networks, applicable in various fields. In this chapter a comprehensive survey of WBANs that are designed for applications in healthcare is presented. The survey consists of stand-alone sections focusing on important aspects of WBANs. Topics covered are: monitoring and sensing, power efficient protocols, physical layer, MAC protocols, routing, system architectures and security. The chapter concludes with a discussion of open research issues, their potential solutions and future trends.
A Futuristic Solution to the North Korean Dilemma: An Economic Perspective

Abstract The October 2006 North Korean nuclear bomb test startled the international community for its provocative boldness in light of its starving population. A partial answer to the question of how and where North Korea had obtained the resources necessary to finance such an expensive project might be found in the South Korean economic aids given to North Korea. The North Korean tactic of threatening the international community, particularly South Korea, may work in the short run, but not in the long run. A viable long-run solution to North Korean economic development should be found. The Kaesong Industrial Complex can be an excellent starting point.
Parametrization of self-dual codes by orthogonal matrices

We study the orthogonal group O"m of mxm matrices over the field of two elements and give applications to the theory of binary self-dual codes. We show that O"2"n acts transitively on the self-dual codes of length 2n. The subgroup O"2"n^(^1^), consisting of all elements in O"2"n having every row with weight congruent to 1 mod 4, acts transitively on the set of doubly even self-dual codes of length 2n. A factorization theorem for elements of O"m leads to a result about generator matrices for self-dual codes, namely if G=[I|A] is such a generator matrix with I= identity, then the number of rows of G having weight divisible by 4 is a multiple of 4. This generalizes the known result that a self-dual doubly-even code exists only in lengths divisible by 8. The set of inequivalent self-dual codes is shown to be in one-to-one correspondence with the H-P"m double cosets in O"m for a certain subgroup H. The analogous correspondence is given for doubly-even codes and H^(^1^)-P"m double-cosets in O"m^(^1^) for a certain a group H^(^1^). Thus the classification problem for self-dual codes is equivalent to a classification of double-cosets. The subgroups of O"m generated by the permutation matrices and one transvection are determined in the Generator Theorem. The study of certain transvections leads to two results about doubly-even self-dual codes: (a) every such a code with parameters [2n,n,d] with d>=8 is obtained by applying a transvection to a doubly-even code with parameters [2n,n,d-4] which has some special properties related to a vector of weight 6; (b) every such code with minimum distance at least 16 is a neighbor of a singly-even, self-dual code which has a single word of minimum weight 6. A construction is given for such singly-even codes of length 2n based on the existence of codes of length 2n-6 having special properties.
Properties of (GaAs)1-xGe2x and (GaSb)1-xGe2x: Consequences of a stochastic growth process.

A new model is presented for the structure of the pseudobinary alloys of the III-V semiconductors GaAs and GaSb with the group IV semiconductor germanium. This model is based upon the random arrival of the constituent atoms at the growing {100} surface. The main postulates are that Ga---Ga and As---As or Sb---Sb nearest-neighbor pairs are prohibited and that each incorporated Ga atom acquires a nearest-neighbor As (or Sb) atom from the excess of the group V constituent that is present during growth. The model has been implemented by Monte Carlo simulation and analyzed by analytic approximations. The results are in good agreement with the measured energy gap of (GaAs${)}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}x}$${\mathrm{Ge}}_{2\mathrm{x}}$ and with the results of x-ray, Raman, and extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure determinations of the order parameter and the nearest-neighbor environments in (GaSb${)}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}x}$${\mathrm{Ge}}_{2\mathrm{x}}$. We also present calculations of the, as yet unreported, energy gap of the latter compound.
The Sugar-Cane Mealy-Bug

I HAVE just received a very interesting paper on the sugar-cane mealy-bug (Pseudococcus sacchari Ckll.) from Mr. W. J. Hall, of the Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt. He describes the insect as being so injurious that “the whole future of the industry hangs in the balance.” When I was recently in Madeira I examined the sugar-canes wherever I went, and found only a sparing and local infestation by P. sacchari. I had no microscope with me, but the determination was confirmed by Mr. E. E. Green. The insects may be found on the canes near the cliffs below the new road, a short distance west of Funchal. It is certainly worth while to determine why the pest is so serious in Egypt, and scarcely noticeable in Madeira. It may be that there is more damage in Madeira than I thought, but probably some efficient parasite will be found there. By collecting a quantity of the white material and placing it in a box, the parasites might be bred. That there is a parasite we know for certain, as my first sending from Funchal to Mr. Green could not be positively determined, consisting only of a mass of waxy secretion with fragments of the coccid, along with larvae and pupae of a parasitic Dipteron.
Cytosine deaminase MX cassettes as positive/negative selectable markers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

We describe positive/negative selectable cytosine deaminase MX cassettes for use in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The basis of positive selection for cytosine deaminase (Fcy1) activity is that (a) fcy1 strains are unable to grow on medium containing cytosine as a sole nitrogen source and (b) fcy1 ura3 strains are unable to grow on medium containing cytosine as the sole pyrimidine source. Conversely, as 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) is toxic to cytosine deaminase-producing cells, fcy1 strains are resistant to 5FC. FCY1MX and FCA1MX cassettes, containing open reading frames (ORFs) of S. cerevisiae FCY1 and Candida albicans FCA1, respectively, were constructed and used to disrupt targeted genes in S. cerevisiae fcy1 strains. In addition, new direct repeat cassettes, kanPR, FCA1PR, FCY1PR and CaURA3PR, were developed to allow efficient deletion of target genes in cells containing MX3 repeats. Finally, the FCY1- and FCA1MX3 or PR direct repeat cassettes can be readily recycled after 5FC counter-selection on both synthetic and rich media. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Clash of Giants Over Terminological Differences

Responding to the continuing conflict between behavioristic and rationalist/cognitive approaches to language and language development, some relationships between those two paradigms are explored. First, it is shown, by comparing terms employed in the opposing systems and by specifying their common underlying conceptual scope, that many of the assumed contrasts are more terminological than substantial. Having demonstrated underlying conceptual similarities, complementarities in strengths and emphases of both approaches are noted. Next, an integrative paradigm is suggested that explains language development from the perspective of skill learning. This perspective subsumes the basic concepts of both antagonistic approaches and incorporates their complementary strengths to fully explain the complex processes involved in the acquisition of language skills. The social implications of the two opposing theories and of the integrative approach are briefly discussed. It is concluded that an integration of the conceptual and empirical potentials of the two antagonistic conceptualizations of language development is needed and possible, once the emphasis on contrasts, which is exaggerated through contrasting labels, is overcome.
SUPER BROWNIAN MOTION IS A FRACTAL MEASURE FOR WHICH THE MULTIFRACTAL FORMALISM IS INVALID

Whenever Xt is the measure value of super Brownian motion in Rd(d≥3), and St is the topological support of Xt it is known7 that there is a positive constant c, depending only on d, such that for every Borel set A, There is no such exact measure function for packing measure, but it follows from the precise results in Ref. 16 that the packing dimension as well as the Hausdorff dimension of St is 2. This means that Xt is dimension regular with exact dimension 2. We describe some of the key ideas, written up in Ref. 24, which show that a.s. while is not empty for 2<β<4. Further Aβ is not dimension regular since dim Aβ=. For this reason the multifractal formalism used in Ref. 11 or Ref. 9 is invalid because their function τ(q) cannot exist.
High-Pressure Granulite Facies Metamorphism in the Pan-African Dahomeyide Orogen, West Africa

High‐pressure (HP) granulite facies rocks are associated with eclogites in the Pan‐African Dahomeyide orogen, West Africa. The HP‐granulite and eclogite facies mineral assemblages occur in mafic gneisses within the suture zone exposed in southeastern Ghana and the adjoining part of Togo. Thermobarometric calculations and phase equilibria considerations indicate that the HP metamorphic rocks preserve a record of: (i) prograde garnet crystallization during eclogite facies metamorphism as temperature increased to a maximum of ∼600°C and pressure reached >18 kbar, followed by (ii) HP‐granulite facies metamorphism when temperatures reached 800–900°C at P ∼14 kbar, resulting in partial melting to produce leucocratic veins. Decompression along a retrograde path is inferred from granulites that yield temperatures down to ∼700°C at ∼10 kbar. The inferred P‐T path of the metamorphic record defines a clockwise loop in the kyanite stability field, compatible with orogeny involving subduction during the Pan‐African as...
Severe subaortic stenosis associated with congenital rubella syndrome: Palliation by percutaneous transcatheter device occlusion of a patent ductus arteriosus

Congenital rubella syndrome has been associated with several forms of congenital heart disease including left-sided obstructive lesions. This report describes a patient with severe subaortic stenosis, patent ductus arteriosus, and mild pulmonary branch stenosis, a rare condition. Palliation was achieved with percutaneous transcatheter device occlusion of the patent ductus arteriosus.
Spreading rate dependence of the axial topography and gravity of the Mid‐Atlantic ridge between 22°N and 38°N

A method is developed to quantify the relationship between the ridge axial topography and gravity and the spreading rate along the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge between 22 and 38°N. This relationship reflects...
Why infer? The use and misuse of population data in sport research

While the use of inferential statistics is a nearly universal practice in the social sciences, there are instances where its application is unnecessary or, worse, misleading. This is true for most research on the Relative Age Effect (RAE) in sports. Given the limited amount of data needed to examine RAE (birth dates) and the availability of complete team rosters, RAE researchers are in a unique position—inference is not needed when interpreting findings because the data is from a population. We reveal, over the course of five years, the misapplication of inferential statistics using census data in 10 of 13 RAE studies across 12 sports journals. Thus, perhaps by inertia, the majority of RAE researchers use inferential statistics with their census data, misusing analytic techniques and, in some cases, undervaluing meaningful patterns and trends.
Intravenous administration of darbepoetin to NICU patients.

Darbepoetin can be administered either intravenously (i.v.) or subcutaneously (s.c.). However, no information is available regarding pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics following its i.v. administration to neonates. We administered a single i.v. dose (4 μg/kg) of darbepoetin to 10 neonates who had a hemoglobin ⩽10.5 g/dl. Blood was obtained for immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF) and absolute reticulocyte count (ARC), before and 48 h following the dose. Blood was also drawn for pharmacokinetic analysis once before and at four pre-set intervals after dosing. The study subjects ranged from 704 to 3025 g (median, 1128 g) birth weight, and were 26.0–40.0 weeks (median, 29.2 weeks) gestation at delivery. When the darbepoetin dose was given, ages ranged from 3 to 28 days (median, 8.5 days) with a hemoglobin of 9.8±0.7 g/dl (mean±s.d.). Doses were administered by i.v. infusion over 4 h. No adverse effects of the infusions were detected. The half-life of darbepoetin (t1/2) was 10.1 h (range 9.0–22.7 h), the volume of distribution was 0.77 l/kg (range 0.18–3.05 l/kg) and the clearance was 52.8 ml/h/kg (range 22.4–158.0 ml/h/kg). In the preterm neonates, there was no significant correlation between gestational age, or age at darbepoetin administration, and pharmacokinetic parameters. However, in the term and near-term neonates, volume of distribution correlated significantly with both gestational and age at darbepoetin administration (P 200 000/μl did not have an increase in reticulocytes by 48 h (P<0.05). Darbepoetin administered i.v. to neonates had a shorter t1/2, a larger volume of distribution and more rapid clearance than reported in children. We observed a significantly shorter t1/2 and a less consistent rise in IRF and ARC after i.v. dosing than we previously reported following 4 μg/kg administered SC.
Shadow mass and the relationship between velocity and momentum in symplectic numerical integration

It is often assumed, when interpreting the discrete trajectory computed by a symplectic numerical integrator of Hamilton's equations in Cartesian coordinates, that velocity is equal to the momentum divided by the physical mass. However, the "shadow Hamiltonian" which is almost exactly solved by the symplectic integrator will, in general, induce a nonlinear relationship between velocity and momentum. For the (symplectic) momentum- and midpoint-momentum-Verlet algorithms, the "shadow mass" that relates velocity and momentum is momentum independent only for a quadratic potential and, even in this case, differs from the physical mass. Thus, naively assuming the standard velocity-momentum relationship leads to inconsistencies and unnecessarily inaccurate estimates of velocity-dependent quantities. As examples, we calculate the shadow Hamiltonians for the momentum- and midpoint-momentum-Verlet solutions of the multidimensional harmonic oscillator, and show how their velocity-momentum relationships depend on the time step. Of practical importance is the conclusion that, to gain the full advantage of symplecticity, velocities derived from interpolated positions, rather than conventional velocity-Verlet velocities, should be used to compute physical properties.
Mean field deflection in peripheral heavy-ion collisions.

We have measured the transverse momentum of protons as a function of rapidity in 50 MeV/nucleon C-induced peripheral collisions with C and Au targets. The reaction plane for each event was determined from the azimuthal angle of lightly damped coincident projectile fragments. High transverse momentum protons in the midrapidity region were found to be deflected towards the opposite side of the reaction plane with respect to the beam axis than the projectile fragments. This result is interpreted as projectile fragment scattering to positive angles due to the repulsive Coulomb interaction while midrapidity protons are simultaneously deflected to negative angles by the attractive component of the nuclear mean field.
Infectious risk to ventriculo-peritoneal shunts from gastrointestinal surgery in the pediatric population.

Abstract Purpose The infectious implication of abdominal surgeries on ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunts, including simultaneous shunt placement and management of shunt infections, has been ill defined in children. Methods We conducted a 9-year retrospective review of pediatric patients with VP shunts who underwent abdominal surgeries. Results Forty-two patients fit criteria. The median age at shunt placement was 1.75 years, and the median time between shunt placement and abdominal surgery was 24 days. The most common procedures included gastrostomy (17), fundoplication (15), and appendectomy (3). Seven patients had simultaneous abdominal surgery and shunt placement. All patients received preoperative antibiotics. Two children developed shunt infections, both occurred after appendectomy. Both were treated with antibiotics, with one requiring shunt removal. Median length of stay was 24 days but 28 days for those with infections. Thirty-eight patients were discharged home, 3 to chronic care facilities, and 1 died. Conclusions Infections did not occur in children with VP shunts undergoing elective abdominal procedures or procedures simultaneously with shunt insertion. Infections were seen only with emergent appendectomies, suggesting that performing gastrointestinal procedures at the time of VP shunt insertion is safe. Children with VP shunts undergoing emergent surgery for peritoneal infection warrant close observation for shunt infection.
A placebo-controlled trial of memantine as an adjunct to injectable extended-release naltrexone for opioid dependence

Abstract There is preclinical support for using NMDA receptor glutamatergic antagonists to aid in naltrexone-based treatment of opioid dependence. We hypothesized that adding memantine will improve efficacy of extended-release (XR) naltrexone to prevent relapse. In this double blind study opioid-dependent participants ( N =82) underwent inpatient detoxification and naltrexone induction. During naltrexone initiation participants were randomized to receive memantine 40mg or placebo and continued treatment for 12-weeks with XR naltrexone and relapse-prevention therapy. Sixty eight percent of participants completed detoxification and received the first dose of XR naltrexone. Rates of trial completion were significantly greater in participants receiving placebo than memantine (70% vs. 43%, p p =0.07). Adding memantine does not appear to increase the effectiveness of injectable XR naltrexone as a relapse prevention strategy in opioid dependence and may lead to an increase in treatment drop-out.
“But Your Honor, I Didn't Know It Was ‘Material’!”

“Materiality” isn't just some abstract accounting concept anymore. CEOs and CFOs who don't understand its new meaning could wind up doing jail time! So what does top management need to know to stay out of trouble? The author explains that, and also provides some handy checklists to help you comply with the new requirements. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A useful method for formylation of peptides

Abstract A method of formylation of peptides using formic acid and isovaleroyl chloride is outlined in this communication. Its application for synthesis of several model peptides is also presented.
MEXICAN AMERICAN CLIENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF SERVICES IN AN OUTPATIENT MENTAL HEALTH FACILITY IN A BORDER CITY

This descriptive-exploratory pilot study analyzed the perceptions of services in an outpatient mental health facility located in a border city in southwest Texas among Mexican American clientele with chronic mental illness. Face-to-face interviews using structured questionnaires were conducted with high functioning mentally ill clients. The questionnaire, with both English and Spanish versions, consisted of items on sociodemographics, support networks, illness experiences, reasons for seeking health services, reactions to being visited in the home setting for follow-up care, receiving care from a mental health professional with a similar cultural background, satisfactions, problems encountered in the mental health delivery system, and suggestions for improving health services. Data from 56 respondents yielded generally highly favorable and positive ratings of services received in the facility. Overall, these baseline data present challenges and implications for delivering culturally competent mental healt...
Phenolics from osage orange wood cleavage of oxyresveratrol

Abstract ‘Dihydromorin pentaacetate,’ mp 192°, was shown to be5,7,2′,4′-tetraacetoxyflavone. Oxyresveratrol with acid or MS (probe) gave resorcinol and 7-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)naphthalen-1,3-diol.
Radiation response of cultured human carcinoembryonic antigen-producing colon adenocarcinoma cells.

Abstract The authors investigated the radiation response of cultured colon carcinoma cells in order to provide clues for the usual poor results of radiation therapy in the treatment of large bowel malignancies. The survival curve of asynchronous exponentially growing cells was a shouldered-exponential pattern typical of mammalian cells ( D q = 170 rad and D o = 100 rad). Qualitatively similar curves were obtained for cells irradiated in stationary phase of growth. Exponentially growing cells exhibited a significant capacity to recover from a "priming" dose of radiation with considerable restitution of the shoulder region of dose-dependent survival curves. Stationary phase cultures were unable to repair potentially lethal damage. There were moderate cell cycle stage-dependent fluctuations in survival for exponentially growing cells. The most sensitive elements were cells in early S phase and the most radioresistant were cells in late G 1 . Our studies indicate that cultured colon carcinoma cells have radiobiological parameters similar to those of other mammalian cells and suggest that the clinically observed radioresistance is not a consequence of intrinsic cellular properties or certain cell kinetics factors.
Heterogeneous Roles and Heterogeneous Practices: Understanding the Adoption and Uses of Nonprofit Performance Evaluations

Evaluating the performance of nonprofit organizations has been of growing importance for the last several decades. Although there is much good that can come out of self-improvement, there is substantial heterogeneity within the sector that calls into question the usefulness of ‘‘across the board’’ evaluation tools. In this article, the authors assess nonprofit evaluation practices, at both the organizational and the programmatic levels. Through a multitheoretical framework, the authors explore the extent to which the adoption and uses of evaluation reflect strategic alignment with heterogeneous nonprofit roles or the institutionalization of the organizational environment. The authors find evidence that institutional perceptions are consistent predictors of whether nonprofit organizations adopt particular practices. Diverse roles are not consistently associated with the adoption of particular practices, but the uses of evaluation are diverse and specific to nonprofit organizations’ unique strategies and roles.
Encainide in lethal ventricular arrhythmias evaluated by electrophysiologic testing and decrease in symptoms.

Abstract Encainide hydrochloride has distinct electrophysiologic properties that suggest active antiarrhythmic properties. Encainide has been administered both intravenously (0.5 to 1.7 mg/kg) and orally (100 to 300 mg/day) to patients with lethal ventricular arrhythmias—ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation—and evaluated by electrophysiologic testing. In 62 patients with inducible sustained VT, intravenous encainide prevented initiation in 13 (21%). In 57 patients with refractory sustained VT, oral encainide prevented initiation of VT by programmed stimulation in 17 (30%). The results obtained with intravenous and oral encainide in the same patient were usually concordant (93%). Encainide may worsen ventricular arrhythmia, most typically by converting nonsustained VT into sustained VT during electrophysiologic testing. In patients with lethal ventricular arrhythmia, analysis of symptoms before and during chronic encainide therapy showed that the number and severity of arrhythmia-related symptoms were reduced. Encainide appears to be a useful antiarrhythmic agent.
A primary monomeric alane: [N,N′-bis(2,6-diiso­propyl­phenyl)­pentane-2,4-diiminato-N,N′]­dihydrido­aluminium

The title compound, [AlH2(C29H41N2)], is an example of a sterically encumbered monomeric primary alane. The bond lengths are within normal ranges. The N—Al distance is 1.8989 (12) A. The H atoms bonded to the aluminium center were located in a difference map and refined to Al—H distances of 1.51 (2) and 1.518 (19) A. There are no significant intermolecular interactions.
A spontaneous, light independent and prolific plant regeneration response from hairy roots of Nicotiana hesperis transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes

Summary Transformation of Nicotiana hesperis was induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes . Hairy root cultures underwent prolific and spontaneous shoot regeneration in a medium lacking hormones both in light and in darkness. Excised seedling roots of N. hesperis also exhibited spontaneous shoot regeneration. Plants derived from hairy root tissue contained Ri T-DNA and showed a typical altered morphology with wrinkled leaves, reduced height at flowering and reduced seed set.
Anesthesia care for liver transplantation

Intraoperative transfusion practices for liver transplantation have evolved dramatically since the first transplants of the 1960s. It is important for today's clinicians to be current in their understanding of how transplant patients should be managed with regard to their coagulation profile, volume status, and general hemodynamic state. The anesthesia team is presented with the unique task of manipulating this tenuous balance in a rapid and precise manner when managing patients undergoing liver transplantation. Although significant progress has been made in reducing blood product administration, it is still common to encounter large volume blood loss in these cases. Increasingly, clinicians are challenged to justify transfusion practices with a stronger evidentiary base. The current state of the literature for transfusion guidelines and blood product management in this particular patient subset will be discussed, as well as a variety of means (both pharmacologic and otherwise) used to reduce the need for transfusion. The aim was to review the latest evidence on these topics, as well as to highlight areas that need further clarification regarding their role in the optimal care of these patients.
Effect of protein source on the bioavailability of zinc in human subjects

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the availability of zinc from a soyprotein versus animal protein based diet in human subjects. Five healthy male volunteers were given an animal protein diet (standard hospital diet) (APD), containing 12.26±0.7 mg zinc/day, for a period of 3 months followed by a soyprotein based diet (SPD), which contained 14.3±1.0 mg zinc/day for the following 3 months. Recommended dietary allowances for all other nutrients were met by supplementation. One week collection of urine and feces was done once at the third month on each dietary treatment and venous blood was drawn twice a month throughout the study period. Zinc was analyzed in urine, feces, red blood cells, plasma, and neutrophils. Results showed a significant difference in apparent zinc balance (p 10 cells). At the end of 4 weeks on the soyprotein diet, the neutrophil zinc concentrations dropped significantly, whereas plasma zinc level showed no significant change from the base level. Our data indicate that if soyprotein is the major source of protein, then up to 15 mg of dietary zinc may not be sufficient to meet the daily zinc requirement for adult human subjects. Furthermore, we conclude that neutrophil zinc could be used as a sensitive criterion for diagnosing marginal zinc deficiency in humans.
Occupational Segregation: Comparing the Civilian and Military Work Force:

This article compares the differential location of women and men across occupations in the civilian labor force to the distribution of women and men in military occupations. Findings indicate that,...
The role of the dura in conditioned taste avoidance induced by cooling the area postrema of male rats

Experiments were designed to assess the contribution of the dura mater to the formation of conditioned taste avoidance induced by cooling the area postrema. The results of the first experiment verified that the temperature of the dura showed a temperature gradient at various distances from the tip of the cold probe. In the second and third experiments, a circle of dura was cut away so that different amounts of the area postrema could be cooled without cooling the overlying dura. Cooling the dura plus the area postrema did not produce a stronger avoidance than just cooling the area postrema. In the fourth experiment, the cerebellar cortex was cooled with and without cooling the dura. Cooling the cerebellar cortex produced conditioned taste avoidance, and cooling the dura plus the cerebellar cortex did not produce a stronger avoidance. Taken together, these results suggest that cooling the dura mater does not contribute to the conditioned taste avoidance induced by cooling the area postrema. The results of the fifth experiment showed that cooling the area postrema produced a stronger conditioned taste avoidance than cooling the cerebellar cortex. It is suggested that the avoidance induced by cooling both of these structures is the result of physiological changes occurring when neurons in these structures are inactivated and when the subdural meninges are cooled. Furthermore, these changes are more severe when the area postrema is cooled.
Re-Envisaging the Eight Developmental Stages of Erik Erikson: The Fibonacci Life-Chart Method (FLCM)

The purpose of this study is to describe the use of Fibonacci numbers to model Erikson’s eight developmental stages and to formulate practical clinical implications. Using a new method, called the Fibonacci Life-Chart Method (FLCM), all prospective dates based on the Fibonacci sequence between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2100 were identified. This study found the FLCM produced a developmental pattern characterized by eight recognizable stages. This finding constitutes a new classification of Erikson’s eight developmental stages. The present research provides support for Erikson’s epigenetic view of predetermined, sequential stages to human development based on the occurrence of Fibonacci numbers in biological cell division and self-organizing systems. This method may help identify populations at risk for psychological disorder, which would allow early intervention. However, a longitudinal study is required to establish its predictive power.
An analysis of predictors of team satisfaction in product development teams with differing levels of virtualness

The purpose of this study is to empirically examine and assess the moderating effects of extent of virtualness on a variety of well-established predictors of new product development team satisfaction. We focus our study on 178 different new product development teams from a variety of industries and use extent of virtualness as a structural characteristic of the teams, measuring it on a continuum. The predictors of team satisfaction we studied are relationship conflict, familiarity, goal clarity and preference for group work. Primary findings include: (1) relationship conflict has a more deleterious effect on team member satisfaction as teams become more virtual, mainly because it is very difficult for team members of virtual teams to resolve their interpersonal disputes; (2) the relationship between preference for group work and team satisfaction is moderated by extent of virtualness, such that preference for group work increases team satisfaction more as virtualness increases; (3) goal clarity and familiarity are not moderated by extent of virtualness, but have a significant direct effect on team satisfaction. Managerial and research implications of these findings relative to new product development teams are also discussed.
Acquisition and alteration of adhesion molecules during cultured human mast cell differentiation

Abstract Background: Mature human mast cells express several types of adhesion molecules on their surface. Interactions between extracellular matrix (ECM) and adhesion molecules may be important for the migration and localization of mast cells and their precursors in tissues. Little is known about the regulation of adhesion molecules on mast cells during their differentiation. Objectives: To clarify the evolution of adhesion phenotype and function, we examined the expression of adhesion molecules during cultured human mast cell (CHMC) differentiation and tested adhesion of mature CHMCs to various ECM proteins. Methods: CHMCs were obtained by culturing human cord blood–derived CD34 + cells in the presence of stem cell factor and IL-6. Indirect immunofluorescence and flow cytometry was used to study cell surface expression of adhesion molecules and other markers. Mature CHMCs were tested for adhesion molecule function with immobilized matrix proteins. Results: At 1 week of culture, cells expressed CD11a, CD18, CD29, CD49d, and CD49e. At 14 weeks of culture, more mature CHMCs expressed CD11b, CD11c, CD29, CD49b, CD49c, CD49d, CD49e, CD51, CD61, and CD54 and weakly expressed CD18 and CD11a. CD11c, CD51, and CD61 appeared de novo by 4 weeks of culture, whereas CD49b and CD49c appeared by 8 weeks. CD29 decreased at 4 weeks but returned to the identical levels of 1-week-old cells by 8 weeks. Compared with levels at week 1, the levels of CD11a, CD18, CD49d, and CD49e at 4 weeks and beyond decreased during culture. Expression of CD49a, CD49f, and αd integrin was never detectable during CHMC differentiation. Fourteen-week-old CHMCs significantly adhered to the leucine-aspartic acid-valine—containing connecting segment 1 fragment of fibronectin, the 120-kd argine-glycine-aspartic acid—containing fragment of fibronectin, vitronectin, and laminin through specific integrins. Conclusion: Expression of integrins and CD54 is differentially regulated during CHMC differentiation, and mature CHMCs can adhere to many ECM proteins. These changes may facilitate emigration from the bone marrow into the circulation and ultimately contribute to the tissue homing and localization pattern seen with mature mast cells. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107:302-9.)
Ammonium decreases muskmelon root system hydraulic conductivity

Abstract The flow of water through plant roots is controlled by two driving forces, the transpiration rate (?P) and osmotic potential difference between the soil solution and inside the root (?π), and the root system hydraulic conductivity [Lroot (L•m‐2)]. Plant water status is affected by the source of nitrogen (N) supplied to the plant. This study was undertaken to isolate the effect of ammonium (NH4)‐N on Lroot from other factors affecting water transport through plants. The effect of NH4‐N on muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) Lroot was determined by estimating conductance at high water flux rates where osmotic effects are negligible. Ammonium decreased Lroot by about 50%. At a given transpiration rate, the NH4‐N‐induced decrease in Lroot decreased leaf water potential [ψleaf (MPa)] which, in turn, may alter the behavior of the leaves as observed in other studies.
Differential and integral cross sections for electron impact excitation of the n3S, n1S and n3P (n=2,3) levels in He

Differential and integral electron impact excitation cross sections are reported for the n3S, n1S and n3P (n=2,3) levels in He. Differential cross sections were measured at 30, 50 and 100 eV impact energies in the 10' to 135' angular range, extrapolated to 0 and 180', and then integrated over all angles to obtain integral cross sections at these three incident electron energies. In addition, differential cross sections were measured by excitation of the n3S (n=2,3,4,5), n1S and n3P (n=2,3,4) levels at 60 eV impact energy and 30' scattering angle. Theoretical cross sections based on first-order many-body theory (FOMBT) are also reported for these three final state symmetries for the 30-500 eV impact energy range. These new experimental and theoretical results are compared with other data.
Electrochemical Ostwald ripening of Pt and Ag catalysts supported on carbon

Abstract Electrochemical Ostwald ripening in Pt and Ag commercial catalysts supported on high surface area carbon is investigated by an electrochemical method. The procedure consists of immersing two graphite rods – one with nano Pt or Ag painted on it and the other with bulk Pt or Ag wire wrapped around it – in an electrolyte solution containing Pt or Ag ions. The chemical potential of nano Pt or Ag is expected to be higher than the chemical potential of bulk Pt or Ag due to the Gibbs–Thompson effect. Thus, nano Pt or Ag electrode becomes electrically negative, consistent with its higher chemical potential. The voltage measured decreases with time as the nanoparticles coarsen and the difference in chemical potentials between the two electrodes decreases. The coarsening process involves coupled transport of Pt or Ag ions through the electrolyte and of electrons through the carbon/graphite support. The effect of electrolyte composition on nanoparticles coarsening is also investigated. Despite high Pt4+ concentration in the electrolyte, coarsening of Pt is relatively slow due to low Pt2+ concentration in the electrolyte.
An experiment in automatic indexing

This report describes a method of indexing documents which is based on the assumptions, (1) that a subset of the words in a document can be an effective index to that document and, (2) that this subject can be approximated by selecting those words from the document whose frequencies are statistically unexpectedly high. The results of the experiment are encouraging, although not definitive because any index set chosen must be tested by using it for retrieval from a large collection.
Measuring the Demand for Environmental Quality with Survey Data

Individuals' willingness to pay for public goods and services is a central concept in the analyses of public expenditures and of the performance of political institutions. This concept has proved very difficult to measure, both in the aggregate and for different groups of individuals. This paper presents the results of an approach based on the use of survey data and statistical estimation to make these measurements. The advantages of this approach are the ability directly to relate the measure to the proper theoretical concept and to estimate individual demands so that analyses of the equity implications of alternative policies can be discussed. Application of these measures and of the additional information derived from the individual level estimations is discussed. W hat individuals are willing to pay for additional public goods is important information for economic and political analyses. The sum for all individuals is the proper estimation of the benefit to be derived from these additional goods and is central to any benefit/cost analysis of public programs (see Gramlich, 1981, pp. 17-27 and 68-75). The amount each individual is willing to pay, when compared to what he or she eventually does pay to provide these goods, becomes a direct measure of the income redistribution implied by the program and the way it is financed. Further, if one believes that the cost of public goods and services should be apportioned according to the benefits, willingness-to-pay information is vital to consideration of alternative financing and policy packages. Estimates of individual preferences also are important in many political
The nucleotide sequence of spinach chloroplast methionine elongator tRNA

The nucleotide sequence of spinach chloroplast methionine elongator tRNA (sp. chl. tRNAm Met) has been determined. This tRNA is considerably more homologous to E. coli tRNAm Met (67% homology) than to the three known eukaryotic tRNAm Met (50-55% homology). Sp. chl. tRNAm Met, like the eight other chloroplast tRNAs sequenced, contains a methylated GG sequence in the dihydrouridine loop and lacks unusual structural features which have been found in several mitochondrial tRNAs.
Inferring relevance in a changing world.

Reinforcement learning models of human and animal learning usually concentrate on how we learn the relationship between different stimuli or actions and rewards. However, in real world situations “stimuli” are ill-defined. On the one hand, our immediate environment is extremely multi-dimensional. On the other hand, in every decision-making scenario only a few aspects of the environment are relevant for obtaining reward, while most are irrelevant. Thus a key question is how do we learn these relevant dimensions, that is, how do we learn what to learn about? We investigated this process of “representation learning” experimentally, using a task in which one stimulus dimension was relevant for determining reward at each point in time. As in real life situations, in our task the relevant dimension can change without warning, adding ever-present uncertainty engendered by a constantly changing environment. We show that human performance on this task is better described by a suboptimal strategy based on selective attention and serial hypothesis testing rather than a normative strategy based on probabilistic inference. From this, we conjecture that the problem of inferring relevance in general scenarios is too computationally demanding for the brain to solve optimally. As a result the brain utilizes approximations, employing these even in simplified scenarios in which optimal representation learning is tractable, such as the one in our experiment.
(0,1)-Matrices with No Half—Half Submatrix of Ones

We consider the minimum number of zeroes in a 2m× 2n(0,1)-matrixMthat contains nom×nsubmatrix of ones. We show that this number, denoted byf(m,n), is at least 2n+m+ 1 form?n. We determine exactly when this bound is sharp and determine the extremal matrices in these cases. For anym, the bound is sharp forn=mand for all but finitely manynm. A general upper bound due to Gentry,f(m,n) ? 2m+ 2n?gcd(m,n) + 1, is also derived. Our problem is a special case of the well-known Zarankiewicz problem.
Binding properties of Pyrularia thionin and Naja naja kaouthia cardiotoxin to human and animal erythrocytes and to murine P388 cells.

Abstract Pyrularia thionin and snake venom cardiotoxin are strongly basic peptides which induce hemolysis, depolarization of muscle cells and activation of endogenous phospholipase A 2 . An earlier study of the hemolysis reaction indicated that the two peptides bind to and compete for the same site on human erythrocytes. A recent study examined the hemolysis induced by both peptides as the phosphate and Ca 2+ content of the reaction mixture was varied. The results of the recent study ( Vernon , L. P. and Rogers , A., Toxicon 30, 701–709) agree with this companion study on the binding of 125 I-labeled pyrularia thionin and cardiotoxin to erythrocytes under the same conditions. Added phosphate ion at 5 mM and removal of membrane-bound Ca 2+ by treatment with 10 mM EGTA make more binding sites of the same affinity available to both peptides, which are shown to bind in a competitive fashion to the same site. Addition of 10 mM Ca 2+ to the medium decreases peptide binding due to competitive binding of Ca 2+ to the same site on the membrane. For human erythrocytes the number of binding sites/cell for the thionin ranged from 0.7 to 1.7 × 10 5 and for cardiotoxin from 0.82 to 1.6 × 10 5 . The calculated dissociation constants ( K d ) from the Scatchard plots ranged from 0.43 to 1.1 μM for the thionin and from 0.40 to 0.98 μM for the cardiotoxin. The binding sites for thionin and cardiotoxin with sheep erythrocytes were 1.7 and 2.0 × 10 4 sites/cell, respectively, and both cow and horse erythrocytes demonstrated 2.7 × 10 4 sites/cell for the thionin. Binding studies with murine P388 cells showed 7.0 and 9.5 × 10 6 sites per cell for Pyrularia thionin and cardiotoxin, respectively.
No evidence of a death-like function for species B1 human adenovirus type 3 E3-9K during A549 cell line infection

Subspecies B1 human adenoviruses (HAdV-B1) are prevalent respiratory pathogens. Compared to their species C (HAdV-C) counterparts, relatively little work has been devoted to the characterization of their unique molecular biology. The early region 3 (E3) transcription unit is an interesting target for future efforts because of its species-specific diversity in genetic content among adenoviruses. This diversity is particularly significant for the subset of E3-encoded products that are membrane glycoproteins and may account for the distinct pathobiology of the different human adenovirus species. In order to understand the role of HAdV-B-specific genes in viral pathogenesis, we initiated the characterization of unique E3 genes. As a continuation of our efforts to define the function encoded in the highly polymorphic ORF E3-10.9K and testing the hypothesis that the E3-10.9K protein orthologs with a hydrophobic domain contribute to the efficient release of viral progeny, we generated HAdV-3 mutant viruses unable to express E3-10.9K ortholog E3-9K and examined their ability to grow, disseminate, and egress in cell culture. No differences were observed in the kinetics of infected cell death, and virus progeny release or in the plaque size and dissemination phenotypes between cells infected with HAdV-3 E3-9K mutants or the parental virus. The ectopic expression of E3-10.9K orthologs with a hydrophobic domain did not compromise cell viability. Our data show that despite the remarkable similarities with HAdV-C E3-11.6K, HAdV-B1 ORF E3-10.9K does not encode a product with a “death-like” biological activity.