cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards the directional transport of molecules on surfaces

Abstract Control of the translational motion of individual molecules on surfaces is necessary for the development of novel methods for mass transport, separations, enantiopurifications and reactions, as well as in new applications including pumps, sensors, and assembly. Herein we discuss a concept whereby a flashing temperature ratchet-like mechanism comprised of asymmetric potential energy landscapes of individual molecules on surfaces coupled with excitation by electrons may enable directed molecular transport in a wide variety of nanoscale systems. Towards this goal we have studied the inelastic electron tunneling induced diffusion of molecules on surfaces with defined potential energy landscapes including surface step edges and low symmetry (110) facetted surfaces. Our results indicate that, with careful selection of components, 1D motion can be induced but that unidirectionality is still elusive.
Use of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Imaging (MRSI) in the Treatment Planning of Gliomas

Radiation therapy of glioma is based on conventional imaging using computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However the results remain poor in part due to uncertainties in delineation of target volume and critical structures. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (MRSI) can provide additional information on metabolic activity in the selected region of brain tissue that may help in differentiating normal brain from tumor. The information that might be derived from MRSI to better delineate the optimal target volume for radiation therapy of gliomas will be discussed. Technical details of incorporating MRSI into radiation therapy treatment planning process will be presented.
Earned Value Management and Earned Schedule Performance Indexes

Earned Value Management (EVM) and Earned Schedule (ES) indexes are indicators of project execution efficiency. They are used by project managers in their efforts toward achieving project success; that is, completing within budget and delivering the product on time. This article introduces EVM and ES and discusses the statistical distribution of their respective indexes. Practical application of statistics is developed for forecasting cost and schedule. Keywords: project management; earned value; earned schedule; statistics; performance analysis; forecasting
Differential effects of past experience, commitment, and lifestyle dimensions on river use specialization.

Recreation specialization proposes that participation in an activity progresses along a continuum from general to specific modes of perception and behavior. Research typically measures an individua...
Some Aspects of Topology and Regular Borel Measures

We assume a basic knowledge of general topology and integration theory (as found, for example, in [91], [104], [130], and [253]). The purpose of this chapter is to present some special results which are not necessarily found in general references. In section 4 we prove an interpolation theorem and investigate when compact Hausdorff spaces can be mapped continously onto the closed unit interval [0, 1]. A brief development of dispersed spaces and their relationship to spaces of ordinal numbers is given in section 5. Section 6 is devoted to a study of the Cantor set and section 7 is concerned with extremally disconnected compact Hausdorff spaces and their role as projectives (in the category of compact Hausdorff spaces and continuous maps). In section eight we briefly develop the theory of regular Borel measures and prove representation theorems for C(T,ℝ)* (and C(T,ℂ)*).
Steroid Hormone Regulation of Sexual Reproduction in Achlya

Anyone interested in biological regulation and development is familiar with conceptual advances stemming from work on “simple” eukaryotic microorganisms such as Saccharomyces (yeast), Neurospora, and Aspergillus. These fungi, as well as many others, have been and continue to be exceedingly valuable tools for furthering our understanding of the nature and organization of eukaryotic structural genes and in elucidating the elements and processes regulating their expression. There are several reasons for this. First, features of their life histories make them especially useful for genetic analysis. Most fungi can be grown in the haploid state, allowing direct observation of genotype. Many, however, anastomose readily to form heterokaryons, and some can be maintained as either haploids or diploids, simplifying analysis of genetic interactions. In addition, these organisms typically produce large numbers of reproductive cells in relatively short periods, have simple nutritional requirements, and lend themselves to a wide variety of selection strategies, all properties which facilitate genetic manipulations not generally possible with higher forms. Indeed, the sophistication of yeast genetics now rivals that of bacterial genetics.
Hungry bone syndrome secondary to prostate cancer successfully treated with radium therapy

A 50-year-old man with a history of prostate cancer with extensive bone metastasis and hypocalcaemia presented with muscle aches and cramps. Physical exam was significant for Chvostek's and Trousseau's sign. Laboratory assessment was consistent with profound hypocalcaemia. This was believed to be due to hungry bone syndrome secondary to advanced prostate cancer. He was treated with intravenous calcium, vitamin D and calcitriol. He also received three doses of radium223 therapy. After therapy, hypocalcaemic episodes resolved. Follow-up after 2.5 years showed continued resolution of hypocalcaemia.
MISTICISMO MEXICANO Y LA OBRA MÁGICA DE REMEDIOS VARO

La pintora surrealista espanola Remedios Varo viajo a Mexico en 1942, donde permanecio hasta su muerte en 1963. En Mexico, Varo desarrollo la meticulosa combinacion de realismo y fantasia por la que se le conoce. ?Cuales fueron las condiciones culturales que le permitieron descubrir su propio vocabulario visual en Mexico? Este articulo identifica ciertas condiciones culturales que pueden haber inspirado y alimentado el misticismo visual de Varo: la predominancia de la pintura narrativa en Mexico, en contraste con la tendencia hacia la abstraccion en Europa, y el florecimiento de los movimientos ocultistas en Mexico, el mas importante de los cuales fue, para Varo, el 'cuarto camino' de G.I. Gurdjieff.
Relative Reluctances in Thick Aluminum Samples

The effects of sample thicknesses, frequencies, and values of lift-off on real and imaginary reluctances for a modified ac magnetic bridge were found for aluminum. Aluminum test samples with thicknesses varying between 0.406 and 6.35 millimeters were scanned at values of lift-off ranging from 0.1 to 0.38 millimeters and at frequencies between 200 and 5000 Hz.
Chapter 21 – Multiple Sclerosis and Depression: A Neuroimmunological Perspective

Publisher Summary This chapter examines whether depression is coincidental with multiple sclerosis (MS), or if it is a symptom, a consequence, or a side effect of the treatment, or some combination of these. The chapter also explores whether antecedent risk factors, such as previous psychiatric history, or a family history of affective disorder, influence the prevalence of depression both before and during treatment, and discusses the likely causes of depression in the MS population. MS prevalence exceeds 100 cases per 100,000 persons in many parts of the world, including much of Europe and North America. The early onset (typically between 20 and 40 years of age), lifelong duration, and unpredictable course result in major burdens to the individual, family and society, as well as a reduced quality of life and work productivity. Depression is perhaps recognized less often than it should be. A depression-triggered negativistic mindset, seldom acknowledged, is the usual reason for refusal to start immunomodulatory treatment. Depression also negatively impacts compliance once immunomodulatory treatment has begun.
Marketing's Integration with R&D and Manufacturing: A Cross-Regional Analysis:

With the emergence of global teams, marketing managers are not only confronted with interdepartmental issues, but cultural issues as well. As yet, most literature has focused on interdepartmental i...
“It’s Like Going Back in Time”: How White Retirees Use Expatriation to Reclaim White Dominance:

The number of Americans and Canadians choosing to live outside of their home countries after retirement is increasing rapidly, with Mexico as the primary destination for emigration. The majority of...
Optimizing Imaging Clinical Decision Support: Perspectives of Pediatric Emergency Department Physicians

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to solicit perspectives of pediatric emergency department physicians (PEDPs) to determine how software-based clinical decision support mechanisms (CDSMs) may integrate with existing imaging clinical decision support (ICDS) to optimize imaging utilization at the authors’ institution. Methods Through qualitative interviews, the authors explored how PEDPs define ICDS, how they seek and obtain radiologist consultation, and how the rollout of CDSMs at the institution may potentially affect clinical practice. Codes were developed and explicitly defined through literature review and analysis of a subset of interviews. Coding results informed thematic categories used to develop an explanatory model. Results Analysis revealed three major thematic categories: (1) common influences on the decision process, (2) radiology consultation experience, and (3) PEDPs’ perspectives on CDSMs. PEDPs described radiologist consultation as a valuable component of ICDS but reported difficulty in coordinating imaging strategies with radiologists and other subspecialists. PEDPs described the exchange of ideas as especially worthwhile for scenarios that do not fit neatly into clinical pathways. Barriers to radiologist consultation include time, access to radiologists, and not wanting to disrupt radiologists’ workflow. PEDPs expressed optimism that CDSMs may improve their workflow and facilitate effective interaction with radiologists. Conclusions PEDPs suggested that radiologist consultation will continue to be a valuable component of ICDS after the implementation of CDSMs by providing discussion-driven guidance to complement CDSM recommendations. The results also indicate that radiologists may consider strategies to facilitate effective interaction with PEDPs and reconcile conflicts of CDSMs with clinical practice.
The Effect of Corrosion on Conventional and Nanomaterial Copper Cold Spray Surfaces for Antimicrobial Applications

The U.S. spends over $125 billion a year in prevention of touch surface infections [1-5]. Copper cold spray coatings have been identified as having greater antimicrobial effectiveness than other additive methods...
No Uber, no tourists? Public attitudes toward municipal regulation of the sharing economy

The rise of the sharing economy has led to political fights between users of these platforms, local government officials, city residents, and members of the traditional taxi and hotel industries. M...
Controls on the Global Distribution of Martian Landslides

Recent acquisition of high-resolution satellite imagery of the Martian surface has permitted landsliding to be studied on a global scale on Mars for the first time. We apply the Scoops3D software package to compute slope stability for select regions of the Martian surface, combining calculations of slope stability with number of observed landslides, as reported in a recently published (Crosta et al., 2018a, b) inventory of Martian landslides, to understand controls on the global distribution of landsliding on Mars. We find that the distribution of landsliding does not simply follow the distribution of unstable slopes. In particular, there is an increase in landsliding in the Tharsis Rise area, and especially in Valles Marineris and Noctis Labyrinthus, that is not explained by an abundance of unstable topography alone. We analyzed for but did not find a clear local lithologic or stratigraphic control on landslide occurrence from subsurface heterogeneities. Other possibilities to explain the increased occurrence of landslides in the Tharsis Rise include (1) regionally widespread Tharsis weak unit(s), such as from interbedded ashes and lavas; (2) seismic activity related to the Tharsis Rise’s geological activity, and (3) possible groundwater near Valles Marineris into the Amazonian. Given the apparently young ages of many landslide deposits in Valles Marineris (Quantin et al., 2004), continued modern day analysis of lithologies in Valles Marineris and observations of Martian seismicity may act to strengthen or rebut the first two hypotheses.
Utilizing a Fully Optical and Reconfigurable PUF as a Quantum Authentication Mechanism

In this work, the novel usage of a physically unclonable function composed of a network of Mach-Zehnder interferometers for authentication tasks is described. The physically unclonable function hardware is completely reconfigurable, allowing for a large number of seemingly independent devices to be utilized, thus imitating a large array of single-response physically unclonable functions. It is proposed that any reconfigurable array of Mach-Zehnder interferometers can be used as an authentication mechanism, not only for physical objects, but for information transmitted both classically and quantumly. The proposed use-case for a fully-optical physically unclonable function, designed with reconfigurable hardware, is to authenticate messages between a trusted and possibly untrusted party; verifying that the messages received are generated by the holder of the authentic device.
Averaged Solar Torque Rotational Dynamics for Defunct Satellites

Spin state predictions for defunct satellites in geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) are valuable for active debris removal and servicing missions as well as material shedding studies and attitude-dep...
Making Environmental Law Function in the Anthropocene

Earth is home to all known life, on land, within the oceans, inland waters, and amidst the atmosphere. This community of life exists within well recognized frontiers. But, human induced degradation of ecosystems is rendering much of the Earth less habitable for the humans and the other species. To cope with the escalating insults to human life and health, governments have been establishing environmental laws since the 1970s. It posits a vital question at this juncture: What should be the functions that environmental law should serve, both today and into the foreseeable future? This article will suggest four thematic areas for action in this regard. First, all laws and policies should embrace a holistic view of Earth;second, a common and shared analytic methodology needs to be deployed such as environmental impact assessment;third, a strategic cock-pit for ecological cooperation required to provide solutions for environmental crises;finally, a set of mutually recognized and shared principles will need to be embraced in order to provide a coherent and harmonized outlook for humanity's ecological civilization.
Working toward a Theoretical Model for Source Comprehension in Everyday Discourse.

Comprehension substantially benefits from attending to, thinking about, and mentally representing the sources of any presented information. Such processes require mental effort and unfortunately pe...
Global Girl Policy and the Girl Effect: Gendered Origins and Silences

Can empowered girls change the economic trajectory of families, communities, and nations? According to the logic of the “Girl Effect” theory of economic and demographic change, investing resources in poor adolescent girls—especially for education and prevention of early marriage and early childbirth—will ultimately result in improved economic status for the girls, their future children, and ultimately their broader communities. In this chapter, Brown analyzes discursive constructions of girls as objects of global development policy beginning with the emergence of girls as an international political issue, and tracing the process by which adolescent girls came to be represented as “the most powerful force of change on the planet.” The author concludes with a discussion of the silences and omissions in this framing of adolescent girls.
Nonradiative relaxation dynamics in the [Au25-nAgn(SH)18]-1 (n = 1, 12, 25) thiolate-protected nanoclusters.

Evaluation of the electron-nuclear dynamics and relaxation mechanisms of gold and silver nanoclusters and their alloys is important for future photocatalytic, light harvesting, and photoluminescence applications of these systems. In this work, the effect of silver doping on the nonradiative excited state relaxation dynamics of the atomically precise thiolate-protected gold nanocluster [Au25-nAgn(SH)18]−1 (n = 1, 12, 25) is studied theoretically. Time-dependent density functional theory is used to study excited states lying in the energy range 0.0–2.5 eV. The fewest switches surface hopping method with decoherence correction was used to investigate the dynamics of these states. The HOMO–LUMO gap increases significantly upon doping of 12 silver atoms but decreases for the pure silver nanocluster. Doped clusters show a different response for ground state population increase lifetimes and excited state population decay times in comparison to the undoped system. The ground state recovery times of the S1–S6 states in the first excited peak were found to be longer for [Au13Ag12(SH)18]−1 than the corresponding recovery times of other studied nanoclusters, suggesting that this partially doped nanocluster is best for preserving electrons in an excited state. The decay time constants were in the range of 2.0–20 ps for the six lowest energy excited states. Among the higher excited states, S7 has the slowest decay time constant although it occurs more quickly than S1 decay. Overall, these clusters follow common decay time constant trends and relaxation mechanisms due to the similarities in their electronic structures.
Inter-chromosomal linkage disequilibrium and linked fitness cost loci associated with selection for herbicide resistance

The adaptation of weedy plants to herbicide is both a significant problem in agriculture and a model for the study of rapid adaptation under regimes of strong selection. Despite recent advances in our understanding of simple genetic changes that lead to resistance, a significant gap remains in our knowledge of resistance controlled by many loci and the evolutionary factors that influence the maintenance of resistance over time. Here, we perform a multi-level analysis involving whole genome sequencing and assembly, resequencing and gene expression analysis to both uncover putative loci involved in nontarget herbicide resistance and to examine evolutionary forces underlying the maintenance of resistance in natural populations. We found loci involved in herbicide detoxification, stress sensing, and alterations in the shikimate acid pathway to be under selection, and confirmed that detoxification is responsible for glyphosate resistance using a functional assay. Furthermore, we found interchromosomal linkage disequilibrium (ILD), most likely associated with epistatic selection, to influence NTSR loci found on separate chromosomes thus potentially mediating resistance through generations. Additionally, by combining the selection screen, differential expression and LD analysis, we identified fitness cost loci that are strongly linked to resistance alleles, indicating the role of genetic hitchhiking in maintaining the cost. Overall, our work strongly suggests that NTSR glyphosate resistance in I. purpurea is conferred by multiple genes which are maintained through generations via ILD, and that the fitness cost associated with resistance in this species is a by-product of genetic-hitchhiking.
Resilient Operation of Distribution Grids Using Deep Reinforcement Learning

This paper utilizes deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to develop an intelligent resilience controller (IRC) that devises fast real-time operation decisions to strategically dispatch distributed generation and energy storage units for restoring power to customers after sudden outages. The proposed IRC learns the failure development pattern of uncertain high impact events and is able to explore a large action space in the partially observable state space of distribution grids under widespread outages. A spatio-temporal hurricane impact analysis model is presented as an example of uncertain high impact events, and its parameters are used in training the IRC model, and prepare it for similar events. In the proposed model, the distribution grid operation under uncertainty is modeled as a Markov decision process (MDP), and actions taken by the operator are rewarded based on operation costs. Since the number of distributed energy resources can be significant, the scalability issue of the method is addressed by reformulating the problem as a sequential MDP. The proposed model is implemented on a test distribution grid undergoing a hurricane, and its performance is compared with common operation strategies, indicating the superiority of the proposed model in terms of reduced outage cost and close to zero running time. Further analysis shows the robustness of the proposed model to deviations from the training set.
Parkinson's disease and cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of over 17 million participants.

OBJECTIVE To systematically review and qualitatively evaluate epidemiological evidence on associations between Parkinson's disease (PD) and cancer via meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE via PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE, until March 2021. STUDY SELECTION Included were publications that (1) were original epidemiological studies on PD and cancer; (2) reported risk estimates; (3) were in English. Exclusion criteria included: (1) review/comments; (2) biological studies; (3) case report/autopsy studies; (4) irrelevant exposure/outcome; (5) treated cases; (6) no measure of risk estimates; (7) no confidence intervals/exact p values and (8) duplicates. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines were followed in data extraction. Two-step screening was performed by two authors blinded to each other. A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled relative risk (RR). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES We included publications that assessed the risk of PD in individuals with vs without cancer and the risk of cancer in individuals with vs without PD. RESULTS A total of 63 studies and 17 994 584 participants were included. Meta-analysis generated a pooled RR of 0.82 (n=33; 95% CI 0.76 to 0.88; p<0.001) for association between PD and total cancer, 0.76 (n=21; 95% CI 0.67 to 0.85; p<0.001) for PD and smoking-related cancer and 0.92 (n=19; 95% CI 0.84 to 0.99; p=0.03) for non-smoking-related cancer. PD was associated with an increased risk of melanoma (n=29; pooled RR=1.75; 95% CI 1.43 to 2.14; p<0.001) but not for other skin cancers (n=17; pooled RR=0.90; 95% CI 0.60 to 1.34; p=0.60). CONCLUSIONS PD and total cancer were inversely associated. This inverse association persisted for both smoking-related and non-smoking-related cancers. PD was positively associated with melanoma. These results provide evidence for further investigations for possible mechanistic associations between PD and cancer. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020162103.
Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma of the cervical lymph node diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology.

Follicular dendritic cell sarcomas (FDCS) are rare tumours of lymph nodes and extranodal tissues which are grouped with the histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms. The diagnosis is usually made after thorough clinical and pathological examination with immunohistochemical analysis. Difficulties persist in diagnosing FDCS on cytological preparations. We report herein a case of a 57-year-old female who presented with a right neck mass of 5 months duration. Computed Tomography (CT) imaging of the neck reported a necrotic right level IIb lymph node and asymmetric fullness of the right palatine tonsil. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy revealed numerous spindle, oval and stellate neoplastic cells, arranged singly and in syncytia with moderate nuclear pleomorphism, vesicular chromatin pattern, and prominent nucleoli, sprinkled with small lymphocytes. The tumour cells were strongly diffusely positive for CD21, CD23, and D2-40 immunostaining on cell bock sections, but were negative for CD1a and CD34, supporting the diagnosis of FDCS. Follow-up surgical pathology on the resection showed histopathological features and an immunohistochemical profile consistent with FDCS.
Variance Reduction on General Adaptive Stochastic Mirror Descent

In this work, we investigate the idea of variance reduction by studying its properties with general adaptive mirror descent algorithms in nonsmooth nonconvex finite-sum optimization problems. We propose a simple yet generalized framework for variance reduced adaptive mirror descent algorithms named SVRAMD and provide its convergence analysis in both the nonsmooth nonconvex problem and the P-L conditioned problem. We prove that variance reduction reduces the SFO complexity of adaptive mirror descent algorithms and thus accelerates their convergence. In particular, our general theory implies that variance reduction can be applied to algorithms using time-varying step sizes and self-adaptive algorithms such as AdaGrad and RMSProp. Moreover, the convergence rates of SVRAMD recover the best existing rates of non-adaptive variance reduced mirror descent algorithms without complicated algorithmic components. Extensive experiments in deep learning validate our theoretical findings.
Growth evaluation of fungi (Penicillium and Aspergillus spp.) on ceiling tiles

The potential for fungal (Penicillium and Aspergillus spp.) growth on four different types of ceiling tiles was evaluated in static chambers. It was found that even new ceiling tiles could support fungal growth when at equilibrium with a relative humidity (RH) as low as 85% and corresponding moisture content (MC) greater than 2.2%. Used ceiling tiles appeared to be more susceptible to fungal growth than new ones. In the 70% RH chamber with wetted tiles under slow-drying, non-equilibrium conditions, fungi could still proliferate as long as the moisture level in the ceiling tiles was adequate. Fungal growth could be limited if the wetted ceiling tiles were dried quickly and thoroughly.
Erratum to: Deborah Lipsky, Will Richards: Managing Meltdowns: Using the S.C.A.R.E.D Calming Technique with Children and Adults with Autism

Although ‘‘meltdowns’’ are not listed anywhere in the diagnostic criteria for autism, parents and professionals who work with individuals with autism know that they have an immense impact on daily functioning for a significant portion of the population. In ‘‘Managing Meltdowns: Using the S.C.A.R.E.D Calming Technique with Children and Adults with Autism’’ the authors offer guidance on how to respond to meltdowns in a manner that will de-escalate the situation as quickly as possible. They aptly define a ‘‘meltdown’’ as an ‘‘extreme emotional/behavioral response to stress or overstimulation (pp. 20),’’ and use the term ‘‘catastrophic reaction’’ interchangeably. The book is written by Deborah Lipsky, an adult with high-functioning autism, and Will Richards, a psychologist who specializes in autism. Together they provide their personal insights into understanding meltdowns and strategies for responding. It is narrated from Ms. Lipsky’s perspective and provides personal accounts resembling Temple Grandin’s descriptions of her experiences. There are no references to scientific papers, which is a testament both to the unfortunate lack of research on the topic and the authors’ intentions to share advice stemming from their real-world experiences.
Biophysical studies and anti-growth activities of a peptide, a certain analog and a fragment peptide derived from α-fetoprotein

A chemically synthesized 34-amino acid peptide, an analog, and a fragment of the peptide have been purified and studied. Biophysical studies were carried out to determine some of the metal ion binding properties of the original peptide and an analog of this parent peptide, in which the two histidine residues were replaced by alanines. As shown by visible absorption spectroscopy, Co (II) forms a complex with the parent peptide, but not with the analog peptide, and one or two histidines in the parent peptide are ligands for Co (II) ion binding. The effects on disulfide bond formation in the peptide by Zn (II) and Co (II) ions were also examined for this analog. Anti-growth assays were performed using the original cysteine-containing peptide with Zn (II) ion complexed to the peptide through the two cysteine residues. These rat uterine growth assays showed that the complexing of Zn (II) ion to the peptide maintained the anti-growth activity of the peptide, while gel-filtration experiments showed the zinc ions maintained the peptide in its anti-growth form indefinitely in solution. A saliently important part of this research was the discovery that a fragment of the peptide consisting of a middle sequence of 14 amino acids was found to have significant anti-growth activity in the rat uterine assay. Its activity suggested that this fragment might be considered a viable candidate for testing in anti-cancer protocols.
Early Cold War Spies: Conclusion: The Decline of the Ideological Spy

A lthough espionage trials continued to fascinate Americans well into the twenty-first century, by the 1960s the nature of the defendants had changed considerably. The spy trials of the early Cold War had featured defendants motivated by some animus against capitalism or loyalty to communism. By the 1960s the day of the ideological spy was gone, replaced by the greedy or disgruntled or blackmailed malcontent, whose betrayal of his country had its origins in personal crises or anger. Aldrich Ames, Robert Hansen, John Walker, and many others did enormous damage to American security but not because of their adherence to some abstract set of beliefs. There were occasional exceptions. Larry Wu-tai Chin, a Chinese-born naturalized American citizen, worked for decades as a translator for the CIA's Foreign Broadcast Information Service. At some point, however, he became a spy for the Chinese Communist government, apparently motivated by ethnic loyalty. A defecting Chinese intelligence officer identified Chin as a Chinese agent in 1985. He confessed and was convicted of espionage in 1986 but committed suicide before his sentencing. Kurt Stand and Theresa Squillacote, former college New Left radicals motivated by revolutionary Marxist beliefs, were identified as spies for Communist East Germany when the CIA obtained records of that regime's intelligence service, the “Stasi,” after the collapse of the German Democratic Republic. A handful of Cuban spies motivated by a combination of Cuban nationalism and Castroist ideology have been arrested in recent years.
Differential regulation of pericyte function by the CXC receptor 3

Pericytes are mural cell that have been found to play important roles in promoting blood vessel development and regulating blood flow. The signals that attract pericytes to maturing vessels during the resolution phase of wound healing are unknown. In this study, we examine the role of the chemokine receptor CXC receptor 3 (CXCR3) ligands, as they are produced by maturing endothelial cells. Pericytes isolated from muscle and retina were found to by and large only express the B-isoform of CXCR3 (CXCR3B), with expression being independent of the mitotic state of the cells. Pericyte stimulation with the CXCR3 ligands Mig (CXCL9), IP-9/I-TAC (CXCL11), or IP-10 (CXCL10) resulted in the activation of ERK but not AKT. Treatment with Mig or IP-9, but not IP-10, enhanced p38(MAPK) phosphorylation. Interestingly, while cyclic adenosine monophosphate is generated downstream of CXCR3B in other cells, protein kinase A activation was not observed in these pericytes when treated with these three CXCR3 ligands. The increase in ERK activity resulted in a slight increase in cell transmigration, with the inhibition of ERK leading to a decrease in CXCR3B mediated migration and inhibition of p38(MAPK) reducing transmigration through small pores. These ligands did not affect proliferation. These data are the first to characterize CXCR3B as the predominant isoform expressed on pericytes, and was found on these diverse cells isolated from both muscle and eye. We also show that CXCR3B signaling stimulates transmigration of barrier pores in pericytes as opposed to its inhibitory affects on endothelial cells and fibroblasts. These findings characterize a novel role for the CXCR3B in regulating cellular function. Taken together these data show a role for CXCR3B in regulating pericyte function.
Development of Lightweight Roadside Safety Barriers using Foaming Admixture: Phase I - Properties of Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) Cellular Concrete

The roadside safety barrier is a protective barrier that is erected around a racetrack or in the middle of a dual-lane highway in order to reduce the severity of accidents. Recently, interest in portable roadside safety barriers has heightened the interest in the development of a low-cost and high-performance alternative to the conventional safety barrier system. A study has been undertake to characterize fresh and hardened properties of flue gas desulfurizaiton (FGD) cellular concrete (CC) using foaming admixture towards the development of lightweight roadside safety barrier. Test results indicate that FGD CC using a foaming admixture can be effectively used in manufacturing lightweight roadside safety barriers.
Using measurements and sensors in a pre-college enrichment program

The use of sensors and data acquisition systems are presented as a means to introduce pre-college students to engineering and technology. The program emphasizes problem solving skills, understand the data measurements, and presenting the results. During the program, the participants assemble the electronic kits, record data, and analyze the results. The sensors and data acquisition system can also be applied to college-level electronics classes.
Parfit's Puzzle

Etude du probleme de la valeur de la vie individuelle et de son utilite collective comme mesure du bien commun, chez D. Parfit. Dans le cadre du debat sur le consequentialisme et le non-consequentialisme, l'A. examine la fonction de l'agregation et le role du theoreme de l'impossibilite dans l'evaluation economique de la qualite de vie des populations futures.
The Cape Croker Indian Reserve Furniture Factory Project.

The attempt to establish a semirustic cedar furniture factory on the Cape Croker Ojibway Indian Reserve on the Bruce Peninsula in Ontario was regarded as a pilot project in economic development by the Indian-Eskimo Association (IEA) of Canada and by officers of the Indian Affairs Branch (IAB) of the Canadian federal government. The purpose was to provide employment opportunities for band members of the reserve in an economically depressed area of Ontario. Initiated by Indians in April, 1963, the project passed through three stages, planning, training, and operational, and ended with the closure of the factory in October, 1967. It is demonstrated in the paper that basic mistakes were made at each stage which jeopardized any possible success the project might have had in the highly competitive furniture industry.
Advancing informed consent for vulnerable populations

Informed consent is essential for the conduct of ethical biomedical research.1 Despite its importance, obtaining informed consent is often a complex process, which raises concerns about the extent to which participants are truly informed. Effective implementation is especially difficult among research participants who have limited health literacy. Often, these potential participants are from traditionally high-risk groups, including underrepresented minorities and children. With this in mind, we suggest an innovative approach that uses low health-literacy communication strategies and visual aids to augment and potentially replace the traditional approach to informed consent. The tension is clear. To provide a comprehensive review of the proposed research, the informed consent document and process are often lengthy, complex, and burdensome.2 Consequently, research participants who sign or verbalize consent often do so without truly understanding the form that they are being asked to sign. In a recent systematic review, participants in one-third of trials assessed did not have adequate understanding in the areas of risks, benefits, randomization, study aims, withdrawal, and voluntarism.3 There are no clear standards for “how much” understanding is adequate. Furthermore, we know that lower education levels, lower literacy, and a participant’s primary language are all associated with poor comprehension of the informed consent process.4 These issues are particularly important when studies are being done in children, adding an additional dimension to vulnerable populations. Our approach was developed as a part of an ongoing randomized controlled trial (RCT) designed to prevent … Address correspondence to William Heerman, MD, MPH, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2146 Belcourt Ave, 2nd Fl, Nashville, TN 37212. E-mail: bill.heerman{at}vanderbilt.edu
Do Regional Differences in Neonatal Critical Care Effect Length of Stay? 548

The practice patterns in neonatology are often a reflection of training programs, and care may be regionalized. Different styles of neonatal care may result in different outcomes and length of stay (LOS). We hypothesized that regional differences in neonatal practice exist, and that these differences result in variations in LOS.
Engineering simulations on high performance computers

Abstract Massively parallel (MP) computers provide increased capabilities for a wide range of engineering and physics simulations. High performance computing applications include quantum mechanics for materials modeling, charged particle beams for accelerator design, and computational fluid dynamics for global climate change. Progress in these areas required the development of scalable applications software as well as new mathematical methods and algorithms for parallel computers. This paper reviews recent work at Sandia that enables large-scale engineering simulations on MP computers. Important contributions include the development of iterative and direct solvers for sparse systems of linear equations, an automated meshing algorithm for finite elements, load balancing methods for mapping a computational grid to an array of processors, as well as scalable structural mechanics, computational fluid dynamics, and shock physics models.
Isolation by distance in Liatris cylindracea.

SEVERAL factors may cause genetic correlation—that is a genetic relationship between individuals within a population—including small population size, self-fertilisation, positive assortative mating or isolation by distance. Isolation by distance occurs when gene dispersal is limited so that distant populations in a series or remote areas within a population become genetically differentiated. Under an isolation-by-distance model of genetic differentiation, spatial distance and genetic correlation between individuals or populations are expected to be negatively related, that is, the greater the distance the smaller the genetic correlation. I wish to present evidence for isolation by distance in the plant, Liatris cylindracea Michx. (Compositae), obtained by a genetic distance analysis of gene frequencies at 27 allozyme loci. This analysis revealed genetic differentiation across very small distances and demonstrated that a restriction of gene flow has a profound effect on the spatial distribution of alleles within a population.
Control of High-Incidence Vortical Flow on Double-Delta Wings Undergoing Sideslip

An experimental study of the vortical flow over a baseline double-delta wing model and a diamond-fillet double-delta wing model, both with sharp leading edges, was conducted in a water tunnel using the dye-injection technique at a nominal flow Reynolds number of 1.875 x 10 4 . The diamond fillets at the strake/wing junction increased the wing area of the baseline model by 1%. The main focus of this study was to evaluate the effect of juncture fillets on the vortex core trajectory and the vortex burst location at high angles of attack with sideslip angle. Comparison of the test results between the baseline and the diamond-fillet models indicates a clear delay for the latter model in terms of both the vortex core trajectory, and the breakdown location at high angle of attack, with sideslip angles. The vortex breakdown data for the diamond-fillet model implies lift augmentation during sideslip motion, thus supporting the concept of flow control using fillets. From the maneuvering viewpoint, the data suggest that the diamond-fillet model has a better operational envelope.
ATS-6 Millimeter Wave Propagation and Communications Experiments at 20 and 30 GHz

The Applications Technology Satellite (ATS-6) Millimeter Wave Experiment, developed and implemented by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, has provided the first direct measurements of 20-and 30-GHz Earth-space links from an orbiting satellite. Studies at eleven locations in the continental United States were directed at an evaluation of rain attenuation effects, scintillations, depolarization, site diversity, coherence bandwidth, and analog and digital communications techniques In addition to direct measurements on the 20-and 30-GHz links, methods of attenuation prediction with radars, rain gauges, and radiometers were developed and compared with the directly measured attenuation. This paper presents a review of the major results of the first year of measurements with ATS-6, with emphasis on the impact of the measurements on millimeter wave space systems design.
An optimization of energy addition to suppress the coalescence of the shock waves

Abstract A sonic boom problem has been a major inhibitor in the development of the supersonic/hypersonic vehicles flying over the ground. Pulsed energy addition upstream of a flying object is one of the active suppression methods to eliminate the sonic boom. Pulsed energy addition approach is investigated to suppress the coalescence of the shock waves and weaken the shock strength. To explore the efficiency of the proposed method, a numerical optimization methodology with off-body energy addition upstream of oblique shocks has been conducted in a Mach 2.6 flow. The dynamics of the interactions among the oblique shocks and pulsed wave were analyzed and the results from the near-field region were propagated through the Thomas code down to ground. These results suggest an essential chance to enable sonic boom reduction using an active control based on pulse shock generated by energy addition upstream of supersonic aircraft.
Growth and control of the microstructure and magnetic properties of sputtered Nd2Fe14B films and multilayers

Abstract The magnetic and structural properties of sputtered films of Nd17 (Fe0.9Co0.1)76B7 (NFB) and multilayers of NFB with Ag and Fe have been examined. The structure of each film was determined by small- and large-angle X-ray diffraction, and the magnetic properties were measured in a room-temperature vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) with a maximum field of 17.1 kOe and cryogenic VSM with a maximum field of 80 kOe. The amount and orientation of the 2 : 14 : 1 phase in the samples were found to depend strongly upon the substrate material and degree of target oxidation. The primary contaminant in most of the samples studied is a fcc phase with a = 5.110 A , tentatively identified as NdO. The direction of the easy axis (axes) of the films can be correlated with the average c-axis orientation of the 2 : 14 : 1 grains, which in turn can be controlled by the application of an external magnetic field during sample annealing and crystallization. Nearly single-phase films can be produced with a maximum room-temperature coercivity of about 6 kOe and a magnetization of about 100 emu/g. Samples containing significant amounts of NdO have coercivities up to 10 kOe, but the magnetization then drops to about 40 emu/g. The magnetic properties of the multilayers also depend stongly upon the individual layer thicknesses.
Methanol decomposition on CuZnO oriented thin films

Abstract We have studied the temperature programmed decomposition of CH3OH adsorbed on model Cu ZnO surfaces which have been prepared by evaporating small amounts of Cu onto RF plasma grown ZnO thin films. Desorption products assigned to the decomposition of CH3O(a) and HCOO(a) intermediates on exposed ZnO are observed respectively at 585 K (H2 and CH2O evolved) and 635 K (H2 CO and CO2 evolved). Products from CH3O(a) decomposition on metallic Cu clusters are observed at 410 K (H2 and CH2O). In addition to these results, which are consistent with the previously determined behavior of the separate components, we observe two new phenomena: The CH3OH adsorption step on the Cu clusters does not require pre-exposure of the sample to O2, and large CO2 desorption signals are observed at 510 K and 635 K. The former result is attributed to the spillover of H atoms onto O2− anions of the basic ZnO support, stabilizing the CH3O(a) species which remain on the Cu clusters. The enhanced CO2 desorption peaks are attributed to the decomposition of HCOO(a) species on Cu clusters (the 510 K peak) and at dispersed Cu cation sites on the ZnO surface (the 635 K. peak).
Chemical Probes of Bacterial Signal Transduction Reveal That Repellents Stabilize and Attractants Destabilize the Chemoreceptor Array

The signal transduction cascade responsible for bacterial chemotaxis serves as a model for understanding how cells perceive and respond to their environments. Bacteria react to chemotactic signals by migrating toward attractants and away from repellents. Recent data suggest that the amplification of attractant stimuli depends on receptor collaboration: occupied and unoccupied chemoreceptors act together to relay attractant signals. Attractant signal transmission, therefore, depends on the organization of the chemoreceptors into a lattice of signaling proteins. The importance of this lattice for transducing repellent signals was unexplored. Here, we investigate the role of inter-receptor communication on repellent responses in Escherichia coli. Previously, we found that multivalent displays of attractants are more potent than their monovalent counterparts. To examine the importance of the chemoreceptor lattice in repellent signaling, we synthesized ligands displaying multiple copies of the repellent leucine. Monomeric leucine and low-valency leucine-displaying polymers were sensed as repellents. In contrast, multivalent displays of leucine capable of binding multiple chemoreceptors function not as potent repellents but as attractants. Intriguingly, chemical cross-linking studies indicate that these multivalent ligands, like monovalent attractants, disrupt the cellular chemoreceptor lattice. Thus, repellents stabilize the intrinsic chemoreceptor lattice, and attractants destabilize it. These results indicate that signals can be transmitted with high sensitivity via the disruption of protein-protein interactions. Moreover, our data demonstrate that repellents can be transformed into attractants merely by their multivalent display. These results have implications for designing agonists and antagonists for other signaling systems.