cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why the nth-root function is not a rational function

ABSTRACTThe set of functions {xq∣q∈R} is linearly independent over R (with respect to any open subinterval of (0, ∞)). The titular result is a corollary for any integer n ≥ 2 (and the domain [0, ∞)). Some more accessible proofs of that result are also given. Let F be a finite field of characteristic p and cardinality pk. Then the pth-root function F → F is a polynomial function of degree at most pk − 2 if pk ≠ 2 (resp., the identity function if pk = 2). Also, for any integer n ≥ 2, every element of F has an nth root in F if and only if, for each prime number q dividing n, q is not a factor of pk − 1. Various parts of this note could find classroom use in courses at various levels, on precalculus, calculus or abstract algebra. A final section addresses educational benefits of such coverage and offers some recommendations to practitioners.
Key issues in the thermal design of spaceborne cryogenic infrared instruments

Thermal design and analysis play an integral role in the development of spaceborne cryogenic infrared (IR) instruments. From conceptual sketches to final testing, both direct and derived thermal requirements place significant constraints on the instrument design. Although in practice these thermal requirements are interdependent, the sources of most thermal constraints may be grouped into six distinct categories. These are: (1) Detector temperatures, (2) Optics temperatures, (3) Pointing or alignment stability, (4) Mission lifetime, (5) Orbit, and (6) Test and Integration. In this paper, we discuss these six sources of thermal requirements with particular regard to development of instrument packages for low background infrared astronomical observatories. In the end, the thermal performance of these instruments must meet a set of thermal requirements. The development of these requirements is typically an ongoing and interactive process, however, and the thermal design must maintain flexibility and robustness throughout the process. The thermal (or cryogenic) engineer must understand the constraints imposed by the science requirements, the specific hardware, the observing environment, the mission design, and the testing program. By balancing these often competing factors, the system-oriented thermal engineer can work together with the experiment team to produce an effective overall design of the instrument.
Control of a three-phase inverter under unbalanced grid conditions

A control strategy for a three-phase grid connected inverter with LCL filter based on Lyapunov energy function during unbalanced grid conditions is presented in this paper. To reduce complexity and number of variables the control strategy is accomplished in a stationary two phase reference frame. Dual second-order generalized integrator structure (DSOGI) is utilized to extract the positive and negative sequence components of voltages and currents for unbalanced operation. A virtual resistor based active damping methodology based on indirect capacitor current feedback is employed to nullify the resonance oscillations due to the third order (LCL) filter. By using Lyapunov energy function based control, a direct grid current control architecture is achieved at the desired power factor.
Comments concerning “Measurement of the solubility of the salt of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole with cyclohexylamine and tert-butylamine in various solvents at low temperatures: Models and thermodynamic parameters”

Abstract Several errors in the published paper by Wongkaew and coworkers [Fluid Phase Equilibria 434 (2017) 141–151] are identified. The errors noted include the failure of the calculated curve-fit parameters for the Modified Apelblat model, the van't Hoff model and the empirical polynomial equation in temperature to correctly back-calculate the measured solubility data for the salts of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole with cyclohexylamine (2-MBT-CHA) and tert-butylamine (2-MBT-TBA) dissolved in methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), 1,4-dioxane, toluene and water in the temperature range from 303.15 K to 348.15 K. Internal inconsistencies were noted in the reported thermodynamic properties of dissolution, and several errors were noted in the experimental mole fraction solubilities versus temperature graphs.
Psychedelic therapy for smoking cessation: Qualitative analysis of participant accounts

Background:Recent pilot trials suggest feasibility and potential efficacy of psychedelic-facilitated addiction treatment interventions. Fifteen participants completed a psilocybin-facilitated smoki...
Public Health Ophthalmology: A Comprehensive Model for the Prevention of Blindness in Developing Nations

In recent years, blindness in developing nations has been increasingly recognized as a public health problem requiring new approaches. To better prepare eye care professionals to assume their multidisciplinary responsibilities as epidemiologists, health planners, administrators, and educators, a new conceptual model is presented. This eye care plan and delivery scheme for developing nations attempts to integrate three essential disciplines of blindness prevention (epidemiology, administration, and education) with six major causes of blindness (cataract, trachoma, glaucoma, xerophthalmia, onchocerciasis, and leprosy) at three levels of intervention (community, primary, and secondary). The result can be conceptualized as a three-dimensional geometric model. This spatial construct has many practical applications and should serve as a useful frame of reference for eye care professionals and organizations active in international ophthalmology and blindness prevention in developing countries.
Epidemiology and risk factors in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal neoplasms. Incidence in the United States has remained fairly stable over the past 25 years, with about 25,000 cases annually. Almost 100% of cases are fatal. Incidence in the developed world parallels that in the United States. Incidence in undeveloped nations is lower but may be underreported. Worldwide incidence is about 185,000 cases per year. There are no striking environmental risk factors, and geographic variation is less than with other gastrointestinal cancers. The most significant risk appears to be cigarette smoking, with a risk ratio of about 2. Alcohol and coffee consumption have been reported as possible risks in some (but not in most) studies. Diet is probably a significant factor, but is difficult to evaluate quantitatively. Other putative associations, including diabetes, probably are unimportant.
Off-label use of antibiotics in hospitalised children in a tertiary care teaching hospital

Background: Children constitute one-third of the population and they suffer from a variety of infectious diseases and are commonly prescribed antibiotics. Most of the antibiotics lack sufficient information on safety and efficacy in children and are thus prescribed off-label. This study was envisaged to assess the off-label use of antibiotics in hospitalized children. Methods: Total 120 patients were included in the study. Off-label use was determined on the basis of product literature and National Formulary of India. Descriptive statistics was used to present the data i.e. percentage; proportions, frequency, mean and standard deviation using Microsoft excel worksheet. Results: A total of 791 drugs from different classes were prescribed to 120 patients with a mean of 6.6±2.68 drugs described per patient during their stay in the hospital. 100 out of 120 (83%) patients were prescribed at least one antibiotic during their stay in the hospital. Out of the 204 antibiotics prescribed, 43(21%) were prescribed off-label. Antibiotic dose was the most common reason followed by age (1month-1 year more than 2-6 years of age) and frequency in off-label use. Conclusions: Antibiotics are commonly prescribed to children with substantial off-label use. The same must be seriously addressed by the policy makers and stakeholders in order to promote their rational use.
Development and validation of the client engagement and service use scale: A pilot study

Abstract Specialized treatment for first episode psychosis offers clients a menu of services coordinated within a specialized treatment team. To enhance the impact of these services, promoting engagement and preventing early treatment drop-out is critical. However, engagement is poorly tracked and typically quantified through proxy variables such as session attendance, medication adherence, or working alliance. The aim of this study is to introduce and pilot a new measure of engagement for first episode psychosis coordinated specialty care, the Client Engagement and Service Use Scale (CENSUS). The CENSUS was evaluated for reliability and validated against the Service Engagement Scale and an appointment count for a small sample (N = 10) of first episode clients. The measure was also evaluated for acceptability by a consumer advocacy group. Clinicians achieved high inter-rater reliability after minimal training. CENSUS items demonstrated medium to large correlations with other measures of engagement. Feedback from the consumer group emphasized that clinicians should ask questions in a way that is nonjudgmental and successfully elicits authentic client feedback about their service preferences. This pilot study yielded preliminary evidence of reliability and validity, suggesting that the CENSUS is a useful and novel tool for tracking and differentiating degrees of client engagement across multiple intervention components and for facilitating structured discussions regarding clients' service utilization and preferences.
The social life of corruption in Latin America

This essay serves as the introduction to the special issue titled, ‘The social life of corruption in Latin America’. The six authors featured in this special issue of Culture, Theory and Critique e...
Legal Framework for Miranda Assessments

This chapter provides an overview of Miranda v. Arizona and other appellate cases of significance for the proper and effective performance of Miranda evaluations. Its focus identifies and supplements the legally oriented knowledge base needed by forensic practitioners in evaluating Miranda warning content, Miranda rights knowledge, as well as the validity of Miranda waivers. Forensic practitioners need to bear in mind that their evaluations are only valuable to the extent that they respond to the criminal justice system’s need for scientifically informed answers to specific legal questions. An understanding of the requirements, priorities, and implicit boundaries of the criminal justice system is critical in providing services that will be welcomed, understood, acknowledged, and utilized by the courts.
Cultural Diversity and Suicide: Ethnic, Religious, Gender, and Sexual Orientation Perspectives

This book adds a vital and overlooked dimensiondiversityto suicide assessments and interventions The literature on the relationship between culture and suicide has historically been widely scattered and often difficult to find. Cultural Diversity and Suicide summarizes that widespread literature so that counselors can begin to include diversity issues as important variables that can help them become even more effective when conducting suicide assessments or interventions. For ease of reading, Cultural Diversity and Suicide is divided into chapters based on ethnicity. The book avoids broad generalizations whenever possible, thus each chapter specifically discusses critical within-group variables (issues relating to gender, age, religion, and sexuality) that should be considered when conducting suicide assessments and interventions. Each chapter includes at least one case study and incorporates clear headings that make it simple to find specific information.Cultural Diversity and Suicide is not a book of cookie-cutter approaches to suicide prevention, nor is it a primer for the novice. Rather, it has been carefully designed to help counselors and counselors-in-training gain a fuller understanding of the issues that may lead individuals from diverse backgrounds to consider suicideand the cultural aspects of an individual’s heritage that can influence that person’s decision. Written for professionals who have a pre-existing understanding of how to work with suicidal clients, the book begins with a concise but essential overview of traditional suicide risk factors and a brief assessment model (an excellent memory refresher), and then moves quickly into specific diversity issues relevant to: European Americans African Americans Asian Americans Hispanic Americans Native AmericansCultural Diversity and Suicide explores ethnicity and its relationship to suicide (for example, suicide rate and reason differences based on ethnic group or ethnic identity), plus meaningful within-group variables such as: lesbian/gay/bisexual issues and the increase in suicide rate based on sexual orientation and sexual identity religious differencessuicide rates among various religious groups, religious differences in views of suicide, views of the afterlife, burial practices, and views of lesbian/gay/bisexual people cultural buffers, such as extended family and religious practice suicide prevention interventions based on cultural differences (essentially, how traditional suicide prevention programs can be altered to include new variables)This book is essential reading for everyone doing the vital work of conducting suicide assessments and interventions. Please consider making it part of your professional/teaching collection today.
Herding the ‘Performing Elephants:’ Using Computational Methods to Study Usenet

AbstractThis article discusses the methodological and ethical challenges associated with doing research using Usenet archives, drawing on the author’s experience using files from the Internet Archi...
An experimental investigation of creep crack growth in IN100

Sustained load crack growth in IN100 at 732°C (1350°F) is studied using two specimen geometries, a standard compact tension specimen, and a radially crack ring loaded in tension. The effects of specimen thickness on the growth rate are investigated covering a range from 5.6 mm to 18.3 mm (0.22 to 0.72 in.) in thickness. Only the thinnest specimens show a crack growth rate which is lower than that obtained from all of the other thickness specimens. Stress-intensity factor, net section stress, and the C*-integral were investigated as possible crack growth rate correlating parameters. The concept of an "effective" crack length determined from specimen compliance measurements is introduced as a measure of crack length for severely tunneled crack front geometries. Neither net section stress nor C* is found to be acceptable as a crack growth parameter based on data from both test geometries. Although K provides fair correlation, the phenomenology of creep crack growth prevents its description adequately with only a single parameter. In particular, the crack growth rate is observed to decrease from an initially higher value to a "steady state" rate for constant values for any of the correlating parameters investigated.
Intramedullary-Extramedullary Breast Metastasis to the Caudal Neuraxis Two Decades after Primary Diagnosis: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Background Intramedullary metastases to the caudal neuraxis with exophytic extension to the extramedullary space are rare. We describe the unique case of a patient with locally recurrent breast cancer who developed an intramedullary-extramedullary metastasis to the conus medullaris and cauda equina 22 years after primary diagnosis, the longest interval between primary breast cancer and intramedullary spread to date. We also reviewed the published literature on focal breast metastases to the conus medullaris or cauda equina. Case Description A 66-year-old woman with a history of node-positive estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor–positive, infiltrating ductal carcinoma diagnosed in 1997 and locally recurrent in 2007. Initial treatment included lumpectomy and targeted chemoradiation with mastectomy and hormonal therapy at recurrence. Twelve years later, she developed 6 weeks of bilateral buttock and leg pain without motor or sphincter compromise. Magnetic resonance imaging of the total spine revealed a 2 x 1.7 cm bilobed intradural, intramedullary-extramedullary, homogenously enhancing, T1-and T2-isointense lesion involving the conus medullaris and cauda equina. She underwent subtotal resection of a hormone receptor–positive breast metastasis. Her pain improved postoperatively and she was stable at 5 months. Conclusions We provide evidence that patients who present with symptoms of spinal neurologic disease and a history of hormone receptor–positive breast cancer require high suspicion for metastatic pathology, despite significant time lapse from primary diagnosis. The tumor may involve both the intramedullary and extramedullary space, complicating resection. Symptom relief and quality of life should guide resection of metastatic lesions to the caudal neuraxis.
Appropriate Evaluation of Psychiatric Patients Highlighted by Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: A Case Report.

Author(s): Bartlett, Kathryn; Kane, Kathleen E.; Kane, Bryan G.; Weaver, Kevin R.; Barr, Gavin C. | Abstract: Introduction: Determination of medical stability for patients presenting with psychiatric complaints is common for emergency clinicians. A thorough history and physical examination is important.Case Report: A 53-year-old male presented to the emergency department (ED) with depression, suicidal ideation, and decline in activities of daily living over six months. While his initial neurologic examination was non-focal, subsequent re-evaluations demonstrated significant changes, and he was ultimately diagnosed with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Conclusion: This case demonstrates how a detailed history of the present illness could have led to a more accurate and timely medical disposition from the ED.
Conflicts of Interest and Market Discipline Among Financial Service Firms

There has been substantial public and regulatory attention of late to apparent exploitation of conflicts of interest involving financial services firms based on financial market imperfections and asymmetric information. This paper proposes a workable taxonomy of conflicts of interest in financial services firms, and links it to the nature and scope of activities conducted by such firms, including possible compounding of interest-conflicts in multifunctional client relationships. It lays out the conditions that either encourage or constrain exploitation of conflicts of interest, focusing in particular on the role of information asymmetries and market discipline, including the shareholder-impact of litigation and regulatory initiatives. External regulation and market discipline are viewed as both complements and substitutes – market discipline can leverage the impact of external regulatory sanctions, while improving its granularity though detailed management initiatives applied under threat of market discipline. At the same time, market discipline may help obviate the need for some types of external control of conflict of interest exploitation. JEL G21, G24, G28, L14. Keywords: Conflicts of interest. Financial regulation. Financial services. Banking.
Spiel (Play, Game)

Goethes Spielbegriff erfasst die existentielle, asthetische und philosophische Instabilitat des menschlichen Zustands, wobei die vita activa zwischen homo faber und homo ludens liegt. Selbst ein Meister des Spiels und der Spiele verwendet Goethe den Signikant als problematisierte Verbindung zwischen der Asthetik und der Ethik. Dieser Begriff betrifft auch Goethe nicht nur biographisch, sondern auch in seiner Rolle am Weimarer Hof, als Maler, Dichter und auch als Naturwissenschaftler. Seine Existenz liegt im Zusammenhang des Alltaglichen und dem Imaginaren. Ferner spiegelt der Begriff »Spiel« die standige Inszenierung mehrerer Identitaten wider, die sich in Proben kunstlerischer und burgerlicher Mannlichkeit manifestieren. Nicht zuletzt drucken sein Leben und Werk eine personliche sowie berufliche Beziehung zu einem Umfeld des 18. Jahrhunderts aus, das als quasi-religiose Hingabe an die Macht der Natur artikuliert ist. Eng verwandt mit dem Schicksal, mit der gottlichen Gewalt und mit Gluck im allgemeinen ist Spiel als Signifikant auch lesbar in Goethes literarischem Handwerk: Schauspiel, Lustspiel, Trauerspiel. Buchstablich und im weiteren Sinne ist Goethe ein Spieler. Letztendlich artikuliert »Spiel« in Goethes philosophischem Lexikon die Storung starrer Denksystems, die vorgeben, die Prekaritat des menschlichen Zustands zu stabilisieren.
Low self-efficacy increases the odds of elevated post-operative pain following hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome.

CONTEXT Low mental health scores, depression, and anxiety are associated with worse pain and functional outcomes following hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS). Pre-operative screening of psychosocial factors such as pain catastrophizing, self-efficacy, and kinesiophobia may further aid in identifying patients at-risk for poorer outcomes. OBJECTIVE Compare pre-operative function and psychosocial factors between patients with and without elevated post-operative pain three-months following hip arthroscopy for FAIS. DESIGN Prospective cohort Setting: University health center Participants: 51 individuals with FAIS (41F/10M; age:37.6±12.3years; BMI:27.1±4.1kg/m2) Outcome measures: Pre-operatively participants completed the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ), Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), 12-Item International Hip Outcome Tool (iHOT-12), and a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS) for hip pain at rest and during activity. Three-months post-operatively, participants completed the PSEQ, TSK, PCS, iHOT-12 and VAS. Pre-operative scores were compared between those with (VAS≥3) and without (VAS<3) elevated post-operative pain using Mann-Whitney U tests, and odds ratios were calculated to determine the odds of having elevated post-operative pain and lower post-operative function. RESULTS Participants with elevated post-operative pain at rest and during activity had worse pre-operative psychosocial health (p≤0.04). Those with elevated pain at rest had worse pre-operative function (p≤0.001). The odds of having elevated post-operative pain at rest were 45 times and 4.5 times higher for those with low self-efficacy and high pain catastrophizing (p≤.03).
Blue sucker habitat use in a regulated Texas river: implications for conservation and restoration

Species conservation requires a clear understanding of habitat availability and subsequent use of those habitats. In cases where species declines have occurred and gone undetected by conservation managers, habitat alteration, fragmentation, and loss are often the largest contributors. River fragmentation often results in altered flow regimes, subsequently impacting the availability of riverine habitats. Blue sucker (Cycleptus elongatus) is associated with riffle and run habitat, which is especially impacted when river flows are altered. The goal of this research was to identify the extent of blue sucker habitat and mobility of the species in the Colorado River, Texas. To understand habitat selection and use, blue suckers (N = 49) were surgically implanted with telemetry tags. During 2015–2017, thirty-eight attempts were completed to relocate individuals. Optimized hotspot analysis identified three river reaches critical for blue suckers that accounted for 20% of the study area. Blue suckers used these locations year-round including during spawning. Habitats used by blue sucker were composed of gravel, cobble, boulder, and bedrock typically in riffle and run habitat. Mobility, as measured by home range size, increased as riffle density decreased. Larger home ranges were presumably necessary to find habitat to complete aspects of their life history. Results of this study suggest suitable habitats are limited throughout the fragmented riverscape. Conservation action in the form of habitat construction or increased stream connectivity through barrier mitigation could have positive impacts on the future of blue suckers in the lower Colorado River, Texas.
Buckling of square and hexagonal semi-rigid rings by concentrated loads

Abstract This paper studies rings with rigid segments and rotationally flexible joints under compressive forces. Using geometry and symmetry, exact closed-form expressions for the buckling forces are found. Depending on how the forces are applied, the ring may not buckle at all, or may buckle with a regular pitchfork bifurcation, or may have nonlinear snap-through and hysteresis characteristics. The latter defines a global buckling load below which the ring is stable under any finite disturbances. The buckling properties of the square and hexagonal rings are important since they serve as unit cells for larger structures such as honeycomb, graphene and tensegrity structures.
Impact of long-term epidural electrical stimulation enabled task-specific training on secondary conditions of chronic paraplegia in two humans.

In the recent case report by Beck et al.,1 the authors discuss off-target effects of spinal cord epidural stimulation combined with task-specific motor training on two key secondary consequences of...
Full-field Fabry-Perot interferometer

This paper describes the use of a Fabry-Perot interferometer for simultaneously measuring velocity at many points on the surface of a shock-loaded solid. The method is based upon work reported by S. Gidon and G. Behar in 1986, but the data analysis has been improved by the application of image-processing techniques. Light from a pulsed single-frequency laser is focused onto a moving target and the returned Doppler-shifted image passed through a Fabry-Perot interferometer. Output of the interferometer is a set of fringes that are formed for specific combinations of wavelength and light angle. These fringes are recorded on film for subsequent analysis. Fringe position determines the velocity for each point on the target that forms a fringe. A method for determining the velocity as a function of both position and time will also be discussed. 5 refs., 6 figs.
Color and texture image segmentation using uniform local binary patterns

The paper describes a new algorithm for image segmentation based on the color and texture features. The Uniform Local Binary Pattern (ULBP) method is used to extract texture features. Color features are defined based on the pixels color bands. Image segmentation is carried out using the K-means algorithm on feature vectors, including color and texture features. The distance measure is defined as a function of the color and texture feature vector distances from the K-means defined centers. The weighting parameter is used to adjust the relative contribution of the color and texture features. The proposed algorithm is applied to color images in the RGB, HSV and IHLS color spaces. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm yields good performance in combining color and texture features to distinguish different texture patterns. In particular, for textures with high color contrast, the results are prominent. The main advantage of the method is its speed and simplicity, which are inherited from the K-means algorithm.
Metabolic acidosis and progression of chronic kidney disease: incidence, pathogenesis, and therapeutic options

In the chronic kidney disease population metabolic acidosis is prevalent presenting already in the early stages of renal dysfunction. The pathogenesis associates the lack of bicarbonate production with the accumulation of organic/inorganic acids and the development of tubulointerstitial damage through ammonium retention and complement deposition. The empiric use of oral sodium bicarbonate represents an interesting therapeutic option that has been documented in a few clinical trials in human subjects. The availability of oral sodium, in its diverse forms, represents an inexpensive and simple way of treating an entity that could hasten the progression of kidney disease, as well as protein catabolism, bone disease and mortality.
Solid- and Liquid-Phase Array Technologies

This chapter focuses on DNA-based hybridization array technology. The chapter reviews the methodologies of cDNA, oligonucleotide, electronic, and liquid bead arrays. In each of these methodologies, the probe refers to the DNA sequence bound to the solid surface support in the microarray, whereas the target is the ‘‘unknown’’ sequence of interest. Printed microarrays have the advantages of simplicity and relatively low cost compared to synthesized microarrays, which are discussed in the chapter. While two-dimensional microarrays have had an impact on our understanding of the microbial world and the application of this diagnostic potential to infectious diseases, the most widespread and practical application is the use of liquid bead suspension arrays in diagnostic microbiology, which is therefore emphasized when applicable. The potential use of low- or medium-density arrays for the simultaneous detection of large numbers of microbial genetic targets is one of the most promising areas in applying microarray technology to diagnostic microbiology. Broad-range amplification often focuses on the rRNA genes (16S, 18S, 23S, or intergenic transcribed spacers) due to the inherent dichotomy of conserved and polymorphic sequences. Though the range of organisms included was relatively limited (species of Bacillus, Listeria, Staphylococcus, Escherichia, Shigella, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Enterobacter, Ralstonia, Burkholderia, and Pseudomonas), this study provides proof of principle for the use of suspension arrays for the identification of broad-range amplification products. Though broad-range amplification typically focuses on the rRNA genes, other targets have been employed.
Physical injury assessment of male versus female chiropractic students when learning and performing various adjustive techniques: a preliminary investigative study

Reports of musculoskeletal injuries that some chiropractic students experienced while in the role of adjustor became increasingly evident and developed into the basis of this study. The main objective of this study was to survey a select student population and identify, by gender, the specific types of musculoskeletal injuries they experienced when learning adjustive techniques in the classroom, and performing them in the clinical setting. A survey was developed to record musculoskeletal injuries that students reported to have sustained while practicing chiropractic adjustment set-ups and while delivering adjustments. The survey was modeled from similar instruments used in the university's clinic as well as those used in professional practice. Stratified sampling was used to obtain participants for the study. Data reported the anatomical areas of injury, adjustive technique utilized, the type of injury received, and the recovery time from sustained injuries. The survey also inquired as to the type and area of any past physical injuries as well as the mechanism(s) of injury. Data obtained from the study identified injuries of the shoulder, wrist, elbow, neck, low back, and mid-back. The low back was the most common injury site reported by females, and the neck was the most common site reported by males. The reported wrist injuries in both genders were 1% male complaints and 17% female complaints. A total of 13% of female respondents reported shoulder injuries, whereas less than 1% of male respondents indicated similar complaints. The data collected from the project indicated that obtaining further information on the subject would be worthwhile, and could provide an integral step toward developing methods of behavior modification in an attempt to reduce and/or prevent the incidence of musculoskeletal injuries.
Multiple Forms of Bacterial Hydrogenases

Ackrell, B. A. C. (University of Hawaii, Honolulu), R. N. Asato, and H. F. Mower. Multiple forms of bacterial hydrogenases. J. Bacteriol. 92:828-838. 1966.-Extracts of certain bacterial species have been shown by disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel to contain multiple hydrogenase systems. The hydrogenase enzymes comprising these systems have different electrophoretic mobilities and produce a band pattern that is unique for each bacterial species. Of 20 bacterial species known to possess hydrogenase activity and which were examined by this technique, only the activities of Clostridium tetanomorphum and C. thermosaccharolyticum could be attributed, at pH 8.3, to a single hydrogenase enzyme. This multiplicity of hydrogenase forms was found both in bacteria which contain mostly soluble hydrogenases and in those where the hydrogenase is predominantly associated with particulate material. When solubilization of this particulate material could be effected, at least two solubilized hydrogenases were released, and, of these, one would have the same electrophoretic properties (i.e., R(F)) as one of the soluble hydrogenases already present in small amounts within the cell. Different growth conditions for various types of bacteria, such as the nitrogen source, the degree of aeration, and photosynthetic versus aerobic growth in the dark, as well as the conditions under which the cells were stored, markedly affected the hydrogenase activity of the cells, but not their hydrogenase band pattern. The disc electrophoresis technique proved to be 10 times more sensitive than the manometric technique in detecting hydrogenase activity.
Tromexan-3,3'-carboxymethylenebis (4-hydroxycoumarin) ethyl ester; experimental and clinical properties.

The use of heparin and dicumarol has provided important information regarding the effectiveness and the difficulties of anticoagulant therapy. Neither, however, is an ideal anticoagulant; therefore a search for new substances with advantages over them must be continued. Tromexan, which is administered orally, appears to have the advantages of more rapid utilization and more rapid cessation of action than dicumarol, although the mode of action is similar in that it produces a hypoprothrombinemia. It does require accurate prothrombin tests for satisfactory clinical use. It appears to be less prone to producing hemorrhagic complications. Animal and clinical experiences with Tromexan are herewith presented.
Software engineering processes for Class D missions

Software engineering processes are often seen as anathemas; thoughts of CMMI key process areas and NPR 7150.2A compliance matrices can motivate a software developer to consider other career fields. However, with adequate definition, common-sense application, and an appropriate level of built-in flexibility, software engineering processes provide a critical framework in which to conduct a successful software development project. One problem is that current models seem to be built around an underlying assumption of “bigness,” and assume that all elements of the process are applicable to all software projects regardless of size and tolerance for risk. This is best illustrated in NASA’s NPR 7150.2A in which, aside from some special provisions for manned missions, the software processes are to be applied based solely on the criticality of the software to the mission, completely agnostic of the mission class itself. That is, the processes applicable to a Class A mission (high priority, very low risk tolerance, very high national significance) are precisely the same as those applicable to a Class D mission (low priority, high risk tolerance, low national significance). This paper will propose changes to NPR 7150.2A, taking mission class into consideration, and discuss how some of these changes are being piloted for a current Class D mission—the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS).
Geometry-Grid Generation for Three-Dimensional Multidisciplinary Simulations in Multistage Turbomachinery

A procedure is presented for automated and fast geometry-grid generation of three-dimensional, multistage, axial turbomachinery for multidisciplinary simulations involving fluid–thermal, fluid–structural, or fluid–thermal–structural interaction. The procedure rapidly generates geometry for solid airfoils and endwalls, thermal barrier coatings, heat transfer pedestals, cooling plenums, cooling flow control tubes, and interblade row endwall leakage slots as well as the computational grids for these components automatically based on prescribed input parameters. The computational grids that are generated in general consist of multiblock, point-matched structured grids. For the cooling flow control tubes, heat transfer pedestals, and interblade row leakage slots, the computational grids are embedded, multiblock, overset grids to allow for arbitrary placement to allow optimization without the need for regridding the entire domain. The techniques used to construct the geometry and various computational grids are...
American Refugee Policy and European Jewry, 1933-1945

PREFACE INTRODUCTION ONE: The Labor DepartmentOs Initiative TWO: Guardians of Visa Policy THREE: A Window of Opportunity? FOUR: Refugees and American Jewry FIVE: The Fifth Column Threat SIX: Breckinridge Long and the Jewish Refugees SEVEN: A Message to Rabbi Wise EIGHT: War Propaganda and the Jews NINE: On a Broad Humanitarian Basis TEN: The War Refugee Board in Europe ELEVEN: Roosevelt and the Refugees in the 1930s TWELVE: Roosevelt and the Holocaust NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE INDEX
Relativistic and non-relativistic gas flows in astrophysical media: The general symmetric solution in the low pressure limit

The dynamical expansion and motion of supernova remnants, double radio galaxies, etc., into and through the surrounding interstellar and/or intergalactic gas are processes of some importance in astrophysics for inferring energy, magnetic fields, particle pressure, etc. in a wide variety of astrophysical situations. We are usually hampered by the fact that it is often difficult to obtain a solution to the equations describing the flow of a gas into a surrounding medium starting from a postulated equation of state. The present paper shows how, by starting with a fluid flow that one believes adequately describes the gas, it is possible to solveby quadratures for the associated pressure and density. And in making these remarks we are implicitly assuming plane, cylindrical or spherically symmetric flow velocities which may be unsteady in time. The fluid speed can be chosen to be either non-relativistic or relativistic, but the method is valid only when the resulting gas pressurep, is small compared to ϱc2, where ϱ is the mass density. We illustrate the method by solving a simple problem. In view of the ever increasing number of astrophysical situations where some measure of the fluid flow through an object is becoming available (often from Doppler shifted lines) we believe the present technique shou'd be of some use in helping to unravel the internal dynamical properties of the flowing gas.
Management Communication in Non-U.S. MBA Programs: Current Trends and Practices.

A study of top-ranked, full-time, global MBA programs suggests that management communication is indeed both an important focus and component in the curriculum. The methods of delivery, however, do not seem to follow any particular model, such as the common U.S. practice of a separate program or department. Required courses are found at 10 of the 24 schools, including two at 2 schools. Elective communication courses are offered at 8 schools, and related courses, those with a communication component, appear at all but 1 school. Communication is perceived as being an integral part of overall management development and global leadership, as opposed to a skill that could be assessed via testing or other assessment.
Learning and making decisions when costs and probabilities are both unknown

In many data mining domains, misclassification costs are different for different examples, in the same way that class membership probabilities are example-dependent. In these domains, both costs and probabilities are unknown for test examples, so both cost estimators and probability estimators must be learned. After discussing how to make optimal decisions given cost and probability estimates, we present decision tree and naive Bayesian learning methods for obtaining well-calibrated probability estimates. We then explain how to obtain unbiased estimators for example-dependent costs, taking into account the difficulty that in general, probabilities and costs are not independent random variables, and the training examples for which costs are known are not representative of all examples. The latter problem is called sample selection bias in econometrics. Our solution to it is based on Nobel prize-winning work due to the economist James Heckman. We show that the methods we propose perform better than MetaCost and all other known methods, in a comprehensive experimental comparison that uses the well-known, large, and challenging dataset from the KDD'98 data mining contest.
Type and incidence of cracks in posterior teeth.

Abstract Statement of problem. The use of magnified vision in the operatory has enhanced the early diagnosis of structural defects in the dentition and in existing restorations. There is little in the literature to guide the clinician on the significance of cracks and other interruptions in the integrity of teeth. Purpose. This study characterized the type and incidence of cracks in posterior teeth and identified possible etiologic factors. Material and methods. An observational cross-sectional survey of 51 patients from a private practice examined during an 18-month period was used to identify 4 types of cracks in posterior teeth. The study identified both patient- and tooth-level variables present in each patient examined. The data were subjected to statistical analysis to determine whether correlations existed between the variables and cracks. Results. Cracks in teeth were shown to have chronicity and can be classified according to appearance. Variables such as the presence of a Class I or II restoration and the presence of excursive interferences were shown to significantly increase ( P Conclusion. Within the limitations of this study, the presence of cracks in teeth was associated with the placement of a Class I or II restoration and with the presence of excursive interferences. Age played a role in the presence of stained or symptomatic cracks, which suggests that cracks have chronicity. Although many questions remain regarding prevention, it is evident that protecting teeth from excursive interferences and parafunction may thwart premature breakdown. (J Prosthet Dent 2001;86:168-72.)
A plasma flowmeter: The “plasma eater”

The "plasma eater" is a device that measures the rate of flow of a neutral plasma. The device absorbs or "eats" the plasma entering it and yields a current equal to the number of electrons entering the device per second. An experimental model of the device has been successfully used with the plasma column of a reflex discharge to measure steady state plasma flow rate, ion density and plasma decay time.
Sleep restriction impairs blood-brain barrier function.

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a large regulatory and exchange interface between the brain and peripheral circulation. We propose that changes of the BBB contribute to many pathophysiological processes in the brain of subjects with chronic sleep restriction (CSR). To achieve CSR that mimics a common pattern of human sleep loss, we quantified a new procedure of sleep disruption in mice by a week of consecutive sleep recording. We then tested the hypothesis that CSR compromises microvascular function. CSR not only diminished endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase, endothelin1, and glucose transporter expression in cerebral microvessels of the BBB, but it also decreased 2-deoxy-glucose uptake by the brain. The expression of several tight junction proteins also was decreased, whereas the level of cyclooxygenase-2 increased. This coincided with an increase of paracellular permeability of the BBB to the small tracers sodium fluorescein and biotin. CSR for 6 d was sufficient to impair BBB structure and function, although the increase of paracellular permeability returned to baseline after 24 h of recovery sleep. This merits attention not only in neuroscience research but also in public health policy and clinical practice.
The Oral Effects of Osteoporosis

A majority of elderly persons have lost one or more teeth, a condition that adversely affects the ability to maintain an adequate nutritional intake. Presence of a systemic disease, such as osteoporosis, is one of several factors thought to lead to tooth loss in older adults. Many studies with elderly populations have shown associations between low bone mineral density and number of missing teeth, increased levels of alveolar bone loss, and clinical measures of periodontal disease. However, the clinical significance of systemic bone loss density in contributing to the loss of oral bone and teeth is unknown. Future studies will determine if nutritional interventions could play a role in preventing tooth loss. Until there is more evidence, patients should follow the current recommendations for calcium and vitamin D intakes to ensure overall health.
Applications for Sol-Gel-Derived Materials in Medicine and Biology

Sol-gel chemistry provides a novel production route for ceramics and composites that have a variety of applications in medicine, biology, and biochemistry. Advantages of sol-gel-derived materials in these applications include simple, low temperature production routes that are capable of achieving temperature, chemical, and radiation-inert porous materials with a wide range of structural and microstructural properties. Furthermore, sol-gel-derived materials display remarkable compatibility with biomacromolecules and are conveniently functionalized with a variety of coupling agents. The properties of these materials and their present and potential applications in medicine and biology are reviewed.
Fine-needle aspiration of the breast: A review of 1,995 cases with emphasis on diagnostic pitfalls

Between 1985 to 1989, 1, 95 fine-needle aspirations of palpable breast lesions were performed at our institution. In all cases, the aspirates were procured by cytopathologists using 22- or 23-gauge needles. Direct smears were immediately stained with Diff-Quik and Papanicolaou and assessed for specimen adequacy (criteria as followed in this institution). Tissue follow-up was available in 1,117 cases. The cytologic diagnoses rendered in these cases were: malignant, 690 cases (60.2%); suspicious for carcinoma, 49 cases (4.3%); benign, 343 cases (29.9%), and insufficient specimen, 35 cases (3.1%). There were 28 false-negative and 2 false-positive results. Considering only cases definitively diagnosed as benign or malignant, the sensitivity was 96%, specificity 99%, positive predictive value 99%, negative predictive value 94%, and overall efficiency 97%. Of those specimens considered suspicious, only 11 cases (22%) were proved not to be malignant after excisional biopsy. These were three fibroadenomas, three ductal hyperplasias, two adenosis tumors, two mucocele-like lesions, and one nipple adenoma. The two lesions that resulted in true false-positive diagnoses were an apocrine cyst with atypia and sclerosing adenosis with radial scar. The clinical and cytologic features of the benign conditions that resulted in false suspicious and positive diagnoses and those features that distinguish them from carcinoma are presented.