cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of Membrane-Binding Proteins by Surface Plasmon Resonance with an All-Aqueous Amplification Scheme

We report here a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method for detection of cell membrane binding proteins with high degree signal amplification carried out in an all-aqueous condition. Ultrahigh detection sensitivity was achieved for a membrane-based biosensing interface through the use of functional gold nanoparticles (AuNP) in combination with in situ atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) reaction. Fusion of phosphatidylcholine vesicles on a calcinated SPR gold chip established a supported bilayer membrane in which cell receptor monosialoganglioside GM1 was embedded for capture of bacterial cholera toxin (CT). The surface-bound CT was recognized with biotinylated anti-CT, which was linked to the biotin-AuNP through an avidin bridge. The biotin-AuNP surface was functionalized with ATRP initiator that triggers localized growth of poly(hydroxyl-ethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) brush, contributing to marked SPR signal enhancement and quantitative measurement of CT at very low concentrations. The resulting po...
Effects of morphine on hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels in dopaminergic neurons and on preoptic DOPAC levels measured by microdialysis

Abstract Morphine not only suppresses norepinephrine-induced increases in LHRH mRNA levels but, in these same animals, it simultaneously amplifies norepinephrine (NE)-induced LH release. These observations suggest that NE may activate parallel mechanisms which independently increase LHRH mRNA levels and LHRH release and suggest that some of these effects could be mediated indirectly via morphine's action on different components of the hypothalamic dopamine (DA) system. Accordingly, in the present studies we examined the effects of morphine on various components of this dopamine system using as our index of altered DA neuronal activity, the changes which occur in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA levels following morphine. As an ancillary index of changes which occur in dopamine neuronal activity, we measured, by microdialysis, the changes which occur in preoptic dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels after either subcutaneous injections or following microinfusions of morphine into the zona incerta (ZI). In a final study, we evaluated whether DA when given alone (icv infusion) or prior to icv NE would altered LH release. Single cell levels of TH mRNA in preoptic A15 and periventricular anterior hypothalamic A14 DA neurons were not affected by morphine 1, 5 and 24 h later. In contrast, within 1 h after morphine, TH mRNA levels in ZI A13 neurons were significantly elevated and they remained high at 5 and 24 h compared to controls. Morphine also resulted in a significant rise in TH mRNA levels in tuberoinfundibular DA neurons (TIDA) (A12) within 1 h and these levels remained high to 5 h. Thereafter, by 24 h, message levels had returned to control values. Morphine also resulted in a rapid rise in plasma prolactin (Prl) with peak values occurring at 20 min and then returning to baseline by 90 min. When morphine was given sc it resulted, within 15 min, in a rapid rise in preoptic DOPAC levels and these levels continued to rise such that they were 217% higher than pretreatment values by 105 min. Preoptic 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels also increased by 25–75% after sc morphine. The microinfusion of morphine into ZI also resulted in elevated preoptic DOPAC but not 5-HIAA levels within 15 min. The icv infusion of DA alone had no effect on plasma LH whereas, NE (icv) produced a modest but significant increase in plasma LH. When DA was given 15 min prior to the infusion of NE, neither amplification nor inhibition of NE-induced LH release occurred. From these and other studies we conclude that the morphine-induced suppression of TIDA neuronal activity may allow NE to release greater amounts of LHRH from axon terminals in the median eminence. On the other hand, we doubt that the rise in preoptic DA (DOPAC) which occurs after morphine plays a role in augmenting the action of NE on LHRH release since icv DA does not alter the patterns or concentrations of plasma LH which occur after NE alone.
Magnesium deprivation in sudden unexpected infant death.

Abstract A hypothesis is advanced that sudden unexpected death in infancy (S.U.D.) is a preventable condition that results from the magnesium-deprivation syndrome of growth (M.D.G.) which is most striking in young, rapidly growing infants and animals. This syndrome may develop during the rapid growth of a young infant fed magnesium-poor breast milk from a malnourished, multi-parous mother, or an artificial diet poor in magnesium in relation to calcium, phosphorus, and protein— nutrients that increase the metabolic requirement for magnesium. Premature and low-birth-weight infants with poor magnesium stores and rapid growth-rates are most vulnerable. It is suggested that the key to the pathogenesis of S.U.D. is the fact that magnesium deficiency leads to the liberation of histamine without exogenous histamine liberators, and initiates autonomic reflex activity through the vagus nerve; the result is histamine shock. Histamine shock approximates to anaphylactic shock and is characterised by bronchospasm, apnoea, emphysema, arteriolar dilatation, and increased permeability leading to pulmonary œdema which is often haemorrhagic, and circulatory collapse During shock, heparin is released from the liver, resulting in incoagulability of the blood. This seems to explain the anaphylactoid character of S.U.D. despite the failure to demonstrate allergens. It is postulated that liberation of acetylcholine secondary to hypo-magnesaemia leads to cholinergic symptoms and neuromuscular hyperirritability. Histamine liberation is greatest in the neonatal period and when the body temperature and blood-sugar are lowest; this might explain the highest incidence of S.U.D. in the first months of life in the early morning hours of winter.
Nanoparticles for urothelium penetration and delivery of the histone deacetylase inhibitor belinostat for treatment of bladder cancer.

Nearly 40% of patients with non-invasive bladder cancer will progress to invasive disease despite locally-directed therapy. Overcoming the bladder permeability barrier (BPB) is a challenge for intravesical drug delivery. Using the fluorophore coumarin (C6), we synthesized C6-loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs), which were surface modified with a novel cell penetrating polymer, poly(guanidinium oxanorbornene) (PGON). Addition of PGON to the NP surface improved tissue penetration by 10-fold in intravesically-treated mouse bladder and ex vivo human ureter. In addition, NP-C6-PGON significantly enhanced intracellular uptake of NPs compared to NPs without PGON. To examine biological activity, we synthesized NPs that were loaded with the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor belinostat (NP-Bel-PGON). NP-Bel-PGON exhibited a significantly lower IC50 in cultured bladder cancer cells, and sustained hyperacetylation, when compared to unencapsulated belinostat. Xenograft tumors treated with NP-Bel-PGON showed a 70% reduction in volume, and a 2.5-fold higher intratumoral acetyl-H4, when compared to tumors treated with unloaded NP-PGON.
Curious?, by Todd Kashdan

Curious?, by Todd Kashdan, New York, William Morrow, 2009, 352 pp., ISBN-10: 006166118X. Todd Kashdan's first book for the general public, Curious?, strikes a perfect balance between engaging and i...
After Ethnic Cleansing: Return Outcomes in Bosnia-Herzegovina a Decade Beyond War

Ethnic cleansing is a violent geopolitical practice designed to separate and segregate ethnic groups. This article describes both the war aims that justified ethnic cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina and the efforts by the international community to enable victims of ethnic cleansing to return to their homes. It considers the trends and geography of population returns ten years after the war, before presenting original survey research results on displacement and return experiences. An overwhelming majority of Bosnians reclaimed their prewar property and a majority of these actually returned to their homes. Those self-identifying as Bosnian Serbs were more likely to sell their prewar homes than were members of other ethnic groups; they also tend to be less interested in multiethnicity. The poor were more likely to reclaim and return to live in their houses than were richer groups. Those with strong attachment to their home villages were more likely to return. Despite more than a million returns, nearly half o...
Compressed sensing for bandwidth constrained systems

This paper considers compressed sensing (CS) of time varying signals with quantized innovations (QI). Recently, an MMSE optimal Kalman like particle filter (KLPF) for systems with QI was proposed in [1]. We first present a low complexity sequential implementation of the KLPF algorithm for multiple observations, and then adapt the algorithm to the CS scenario. Three algorithms (SKLPF1, SKLPF2 and SKLPF3) are presented and their performance is compared to the full innovation Kalman filter CS (FIKFCS) [5]. The simulation results demonstrate that SKLPF1 and SKLPF2 achieve performance comparable to that of the FIKFCS even for the single-bit quantization scheme.
Assessing Critical Consciousness in Youth and Young Adults

The purpose of this study is to develop a scale to assess critical consciousness to be used as an assessment tool for assessing critical consciousness levels of individuals: first for prevention work, including programs that foster multicultural awareness and sensitivity, rites of passages, or racial socialization programs; and second for clinical work. The Critical Consciousness Inventory (CCI) is a nine-item scale using a Guttman model of scaling. Two hundred participants of varying ethnic/racial backgrounds completed the scale. Psychometric properties of the scale are included. The scale differentiates individuals at diverse levels of critical consciousness development. The CCI is related to social dominance and stigma consciousness.
Noradrenergic Inhibition of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons

Receptors that couple to phosphoinositide hydrolysis, which include metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and muscarinic receptors, are known to either activate or inhibit the activity of dopamine cells depending on the pattern of receptor activation. Transient activation of α1 adrenoceptors with norepinephrine (NE) resulted in an outward current in midbrain dopamine neurons recorded in brain slices. The NE-mediated outward current was induced by activation of a potassium conductance through release of calcium from intracellular stores. Unlike the mGluR-mediated outward current, the outward current induced by α1 adrenoceptors often consisted of multiple peaks. Activation of α1 adrenoceptors also induced a wave of calcium release that spread through the soma and proximal dendrites without a decline in amplitude or rate of propagation and therefore differed qualitatively from that induced by mGluRs. Finally, the α1 adrenoceptor-activated outward current was more sensitive to the calcium store-depleting agents ryanodine and caffeine. Thus, although bothα1 adrenoceptors and mGluRs mobilize calcium from intracellular stores, the mechanisms and pools of calcium differ. The results suggest that noradrenergic innervation of dopamine cells can directly inhibit the activity of dopamine cells. Psychostimulants, such as amphetamine, will therefore have a direct effect on the firing pattern of dopamine neurons through a combination of actions on dopamine and α1 adrenoceptor activation.
Longevity and growth strategies of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) in two American deserts

Abstract The desert tortoise occurs in two strikingly different desert regimes in the southwestern United States. In the Mojave Desert, rainfall is more irregular and resources are more limited than in the Sonoran Desert. We examined the age structure of tortoise populations from these two deserts to determine whether the difference in resource availability has driven an evolutionary divergence in life history strategies. Age and growth rates strongly reflect the ecological adaptation of the two populations. The oldest Sonoran males reached 54 years, compared to only 43 years in females. The oldest West Mojave (WM) males reached 56 years, compared to only 27 years in females. WM tortoises grew faster than Sonoran ones, and females reached sexual maturity at earlier ages (∼17–19 years) than Sonoran females (∼22–26 years). These traits and the higher rate of clutch production in the WM population are likely the evolutionary adaptation for low juvenile survivorship and a significantly shorter life span. Frequent droughts in the WM Desert and the lowest annual rainfall area within the range of the desert tortoise cause chronic physiological stress, likely annually, and are proposed as a major selection force producing contrasting life-history strategies.
Pain behavior in the formalin test persists after ablation of the great majority of C-fiber nociceptors

Although the formalin test is a widely used model of persistent pain, the primary afferent fiber types that underlie the cellular and behavioral responses to formalin injection are largely unknown. Here we used a combined genetic and pharmacological approach to investigate the effect of ablating subsets of primary afferent nociceptors on formalin-induced nocifensive behaviors and spinal cord Fos protein expression. Intrathecal capsaicin-induced ablation of the central terminals of TRPV1+neurons greatly reduced the behavioral responses and Fos elicited by low-dose (0.5%) formalin. In contrast, genetic ablation of the MrgprD-expressing subset of non-peptidergic unmyelinated afferents, which constitute a largely non-overlapping population, altered neither the behavior nor the Fos induced by low-dose formalin. Remarkably, nocifensive behavior following high-dose (2%) formalin was unchanged in mice lacking either afferent population, or even in mice lacking both populations, which together make up the great majority of C-fiber nociceptors. Thus, at high doses, which are routinely used in the formalin test, formalin-induced "pain" behavior persists in the absence of the vast majority of C-fiber nociceptors, which points to a contribution of a large spectrum of afferents secondary to non-specific formalin-induced tissue and nerve damage.
Covariant quantization of gauge fields without Gribov ambiguity

Recently Parisi and Wu proposed a method of quantizing gauge fields whereby euclidean expectation values are obtained by relaxation to equilibrium of a stochastic process depending on an artificial fifth time parameter. In the present work the equilibrium distribution is determined directly, without reference to the artificial time, by a stationary condition which is an eigenfunction equation in the euclidean Hilbert space. The solution has a perturbative expansion which appears renormalizable by naive power counting. Because of gauge freedom, a free dimensionless gauge parameter appears in the theory although no gauge condition such as ∂ · A = 0 is imposed.
Multi-step-direct-reaction analysis of continuum spectra of (p, α) reaction

Abstract Application of multi-step direct reaction theory to transfer reactions is demonstrated by successfully fitting continuous spectra of the 53 Fe(p, α) 51 Mn reaction taken as an example.
An Inflammatory Fag and a Queer Form: Larry Kramer, Polemics, and Rhetorical Agency

Rhetorical agency is the capacity for words and actions to be intelligible and forceful, and to create effects through their formal and stylistic conventions. The polemical discourses of Larry Kramer, a controversial AIDS activist, demonstrate a concurrence of features that define the polemic as a rhetorical form and therefore enable agency: alienating expressions of emotion; non-contingent assertions of truth; presumptions of shared morality; and the constitution of enemies, audiences, and publics. The unexpected uptake of Kramer's texts by academics invites consideration of the polemic as a queer form that resists the assumption of a necessary and predictable relationship between an intending agent and an action's effects. Thus, the polemic highlights the riskiness, unpredictability, and inevitable contingency of agency, and positions queerness itself as the condition of possibility for any rhetorical act.
Estimates of global Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) resources using an ocean general circulation model

Abstract Global Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) resources are assessed for the first time with an ocean general circulation model (OGCM). Large-scale OTEC operations are represented with fluid sources and sinks of prescribed strength in global (4° × 4°) MITgcm simulations. Preliminary steady-state (time-asymptotic) results show similarities, but also significant differences with earlier one-dimensional (1-D) studies. It is confirmed that global OTEC resources are likely limited by OTEC flow effects on the stability of the vertical oceanic thermal structure. Such a limit is several times greater in a full three-dimensional context, however, with an estimated maximum annual OTEC net power production of about 30 TW. The significant OTEC flow rates corresponding to maximum net power output would result in a strong boost of the oceanic thermohaline circulation (THC). In contrast to simple 1-D analyses, the present simulations of large-scale OTEC operations also show a persistent cooling of the tropical oceanic mixed-layer. This would be balanced by a warming trend in the higher latitudes, which may practically limit OTEC deployment to smaller flow rates than at maximum net power output. An annual OTEC net power production of about 7 TW, for example, could be achieved with little effect on the oceanic temperature field.
Prefrontal representation of stimulus attributes during delay tasks. I. Unit activity in cross-temporal integration of sensory and sensory-motor information.

The activity of 294 single units was recorded from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of monkeys performing two visual discrimination tasks with delayed response. One task, delayed matching-to-sample (DMS), required memory of a colored cue for later (18 s) matching and choice of color; the cue did not connote the location of the delayed response. The other task, delayed conditional position discrimination (DCPD), required memory of a colored cue for later (18 s) choice of spatial response; the cue did connote delayed-response location. All 4 cues (red and green in DMS, yellow and blue in DCPD) were isoluminous and appeared in identical location at trial start. Differential unit reactions to the two DCPD cues were more common than those to the two DMS cues (samples). During the delay period, 15% of all units showed, in one task or the other, differential discharge depending on the cue. In DCPD, a large proportion of the units showing direction-related activity at the time of motor response also reacted with a firing frequency change to one or both (spatially identical) trial-initiating cues. Some units showed coherence of cue-related and response-related changes in accord with the behavioral association between color and direction of response (i.e., yellow-right, blue-left). The reactivity of some units was correlated with the behavioral performance of the tasks in terms of correctness or incorrectness of response. The results indicate that, during visual delay tasks, neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may process both spatial and non-spatial information. Because of their protracted differential discharge between cue and response (i.e., during the delay), some units seem involved in the transfer of sensory information across time. These findings suggest the role of prefrontal neurons in the representation of multiple attributes of sensory stimuli, including their associated motor connotations, and the overlap of the cortical representations of different attributes. They are also consistent with the role of the prefrontal cortex in the cross-temporal mediation of sensory-motor contingencies and, therefore, the temporal organization of behavior.
Upgrading copper concentrate by hydrothermally converting chalcopyrite to digenite

Chalcopyrite in copper flotation concentrates can be hydrothermally converted to digenite directly with oxygen in a continuous process, provided the oxygen supply rate is stoichiomet-rically matched to the chalcopyrite feed rate. Substantial elimination of iron and sulfur can result and may be used to significantly increase smelter copper throughput. A simple process flowsheet is described with only three steps: regrind, hydrothermal conversion, and solid/liquid separa-tion. Fine particle size and autoclave temperatures above 200 °C provide a high conversion yield in residence times less than 1 hour using a single-stage mixing autoclave with good gas dis-persion. Extrapolated kinetic data from monosize particle batch conversion experiments were coupled with particle size distributions and ideal back-mix reactor residence time distributions to compute process yields for a continuous reactor. Optimum processing conditions are deduced.
Determination of Length of Biological Life of Pregnant Mare's Serum Gonadotrophin in Immature Mice.

SummaryIncreasing the time interval between PMS and HCG administration in immature mice indicates that the biological life of small concentrations of PMS is approximately 6 days.
The costs and benefits of territory sharing for the Caribbean coral reef fish, Scarus iserti

Along the Caribbean coast of Panama, groups of unrelated female striped parrotfish, Scarus iserti, co-defend a common feeding territory. Field manipulations of group size and composition were performed to examine the benefits and costs accrued by dominant fish within these shared territories. Dominant fish benefit from the presence of relatively large subordinates because they share in the defense of the territory. Removals of these fish caused increases in defense time and decreases in feeding time for dominant group members. Dominants benefit from the presence of small subordinates because they increase the foraging efficiency of dominants. Removals of smaller subordinates caused reductions in the feeding time of dominant fish, although no changes in defense time occurred. Concurrently, dominant fish reduce costs of resource depletion by displacing subordinate group members from good food patches. Dominance interactions within a group reduce the amount of time subordinates spend feeding (subordinate individuals fed at higher rates following the removal of a dominant) and limit a subordinate's access to high quality resources. This combination of benefits and reduced costs ultimately contributes to the economic defensibility of a striped parrotfish territory and has led to the evolution of group territorial behavior in the absence of kin selection and cooperative parental care.
Diterpenoids and a sesquiterpene lactone from viguiera ladibractate

Abstract Eight known diterpene acids, ent-12-oxokaur-9(11),16-dien-19-oic acid, ent-12β-hydroxykaur-9(11),16-dien-19-oic acid, ent-isokaur-15(16)-en-17,19-dioic acid, ent-15α,16-epoxy-17-hydroxykaura-19-oic acid, ent-kaura-17,19-dioic acid, ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid, grandifloric acid, angeloyloxygrandifloric acid, as well as a new sesquiterpene lactone, ladibranolide, were isolated from Viguiera ladibractate. The stereochemistry of the sesquiterpene lactone was established by NOE experiments.
MIPHENO: data normalization for high throughput metabolite analysis.

High throughput methodologies such as microarrays, mass spectrometry and plate-based small molecule screens are increasingly used to facilitate discoveries from gene function to drug candidate identification. These large-scale experiments are typically carried out over the course of months and years, often without the controls needed to compare directly across the dataset. Few methods are available to facilitate comparisons of high throughput metabolic data generated in batches where explicit in-group controls for normalization are lacking. Here we describe MIPHENO (Mutant Identification by Probabilistic High throughput-Enabled Normalization), an approach for post-hoc normalization of quantitative first-pass screening data in the absence of explicit in-group controls. This approach includes a quality control step and facilitates cross-experiment comparisons that decrease the false non-discovery rates, while maintaining the high accuracy needed to limit false positives in first-pass screening. Results from simulation show an improvement in both accuracy and false non-discovery rate over a range of population parameters (p < 2.2 × 10-16) and a modest but significant (p < 2.2 × 10-16) improvement in area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.955 for MIPHENO vs 0.923 for a group-based statistic (z-score). Analysis of the high throughput phenotypic data from the Arabidopsis Chloroplast 2010 Project ( http://www.plastid.msu.edu/ ) showed ~ 4-fold increase in the ability to detect previously described or expected phenotypes over the group based statistic. Results demonstrate MIPHENO offers substantial benefit in improving the ability to detect putative mutant phenotypes from post-hoc analysis of large data sets. Additionally, it facilitates data interpretation and permits cross-dataset comparison where group-based controls are missing. MIPHENO is applicable to a wide range of high throughput screenings and the code is freely available as Additional file 1 as well as through an R package in CRAN.
Effects of Stream Improvement on Juvenile Rainbow Trout in Cayuga Inlet, New York

Abstract Standing crops of juvenile rainbow trout in seven bank crib and six pool digger areas were compared with those in natural overhanging banks and pools. There was no difference in biomass, average weight, or number of trout between altered and natural areas. Trout comprised a significantly greater percentage of the total fish biomass in bank crib sections than pool digger sections. A low ratio (1.1:1) of number of age 0+ to older juvenile trout reflected selectivity of the older trout for the sample sections, since Cayuga Inlet in general had a much higher ratio (4.2:1).
Positional glow curve simulation for thermoluminescent detector (TLD) system design

Abstract Multi- and thin element dosimeters, variable heating rate schemes, and glow-curve analysis have been employed to improve environmental and personnel dosimetry using thermoluminescent detectors (TLDs). Detailed analysis of the effects of errors and optimization of techniques would be highly desirable. However, an understanding of the relationship between TL light production, light attenuation, and precise heating schemes is made difficult because of experimental challenges involved in measuring positional TL light production and temperature variations as a function of time. This work reports the development of a general-purpose computer code, thermoluminescent detector simulator, TLD-SIM, to simulate the heating of any TLD type using a variety of conventional and experimental heating methods including pulsed focused or unfocused lasers with Gaussian or uniform cross sections, planchet, hot gas, hot finger, optical, infrared, or electrical heating. TLD-SIM has been used to study the impact on the TL light production of varying the input parameters which include: detector composition, heat capacity, heat conductivity, physical size, and density; trapped electron density, the frequency factor of oscillation of electrons in the traps, and trap-conduction band potential energy difference; heating scheme source terms and heat transfer boundary conditions; and TL light scatter and attenuation coefficients. Temperature profiles and glow curves as a function of position time, as well as the corresponding temporally and/or spatially integrated glow values, may be plotted while varying any of the input parameters. Examples illustrating TLD system functions, including glow curve variability, will be presented. The flexible capabilities of TLD-SIM promises to enable improved TLD system design.
Pretreatment of hardened hydrated cement pastes for mercury intrusion measurements

Abstract Porosity is one of the major factors controlling durability and strength of hydrated cement products. A measure of pore size distribution of these materials is more definitive and can lead to a basic understanding of many phenomena occuring within the material. An accurate measurement of this is, however, difficult to obtain. Hg intrusion porosimetry to 414 MPa was used in this work to measure the pore size distribution of cement pastes prepared at water/cement ratio of 0.8, 0.6 and 0.45. Specimens were predried before intrusion measurements by several techniques including solvent replacement with methanol or isopropanol, evacuation and/or heating for various periods and conditioning at 11% RH. Second Hg intrusions were also performed to investigate the effects of first intrusion. It was concluded that it is not possible to obtain an actual pore size distribution of cement paste by Hg intrusion because of its sensitivity to stress.
Firm Utilization of University Scientific Research.

This study investigates the assumption that scientific research taking place in universities “trickles down” to industry. Publication characteristics are used to examine the collaboration and utilization behavior of scientists employed in the computer equipment and aircraft industries. The data indicate that these industries are using research generated by university scientists and that collaboration between sectors is occurring. Four sets of factors (article, firm, industry, and university characteristics) are used to explain research utilization and publication practices. Logistical regression results confirm that university/firm proximity is associated with increased collaboration and that collaborative relationships promote firm utilization of university research. These results indicate that university policymakers should consider ways to encourage collaborative relationships between sectors to promote information transfer. Further, the result linking proximity and collaboration suggests support for academic scientific activities should be encouraged at the local level.
Contrasting Regulatory Focus and Reinforcement Sensitivity: A Daily Diary Study of Goal Pursuit and Emotion.

This study examined the moderating effects of motivational orientation on daily affect and goal pursuit. Based on recent revisions to Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory, measures of BIS (BIS-r and Fight–Flight–Freeze System or FFFS), BAS, and regulatory focus (Promotion and Prevention) were administered to 84 college students who participated in a 14-day diary study. Diary items assessed goal-directed activities and positive and negative affect (PA and NA). Results showed that higher FFFS and Promotion were consistently associated with higher NA and PA, respectively, and FFFS was also associated with avoidance of responsibilities. Higher Promotion predicted greater daily goal progress and tendencies to rate goals as more promotion- and prevention-focused. Relationships between daily goal-directed activities and both sadness and satisfaction were moderated by BIS-r. Inconsistent with our hypothesis, low BAS Reward Responsiveness predicted increased enthusiasm with greater goal progress. A trend in the data showed evidence of regulatory fit in daily activities predicted by both Promotion and Prevention. Implications for the theoretical and practical distinctions between measures of motivational orientation are discussed.
Job Analysis of the Knowledge Important for Newly Licensed Music Teachers.

ABSTRACT A job analysis was conducted to define the content domain important for newly licensed (certified) music teachers to perform their jobs competently. The results of the job analysis will be used to develop test specifications for the subject assessment in music of the Praxis Series: Professional Assessments for Beginning Teachers. An initial draft domain of knowledge statements was constructed with subject-matter expertise. The resultant draft, which had 6 content areas, was reviewed by 10 subject-matter experts and revised to contain 93 knowledge statements in the 6 areas. The revised draft was reviewed by an advisory panel of three classroom teachers and six college faculty. A final form was constructed that consisted of 126 knowledge statements in 5 areas. The revised domain was subjected to verification/refutation through a national survey of 843 teachers, 408 college faculty, and 102 school administrators. A cut-point of 2.50 was established to identify the core of important statements. After analysis, 28 of the 126 statements did not meet the criterion for inclusion, and 98 were verified as important enough to be the foundation for the development of test specifications. Seven appendixes list the experts, present the inventory as developed, contain cover letters and follow-ups, and give importance ratings for the various expert groups. (Contains 6 tables, 4 appendix tables, and 15 references.) (SLD)
China’s first surgeon: Hua Tuo (c. 108–208 AD)

Hua Tuo (c. 108–208 AD), the Chinese surgical pioneer and herbal expert, excelled as a physician, making significant strides in anesthesia, surgery, and acupuncture. He is accredited for spearheading the practice of laparotomies and organ transplants, using anesthetics, and he was the first Chinese surgeon to operate on the abdomen including performing splenectomy and colostomy. Neurologically, Hua Tuo is said to have performed procedures to treat headache, paralysis, and suspected a brain tumor in one patient. Tuo’s impact on medicine was so profound that the phrases “A Second Hua Tuo” or “Hua Tuo reincarnated” were coined in honor of his diligence and compassion to recognize outstanding physicians who demonstrate an equal caliber of surgical competence. It is the pioneering contributions to medicine and surgery as made by such physicians as Hua Tuo on which we base our current understanding.
Hysteresis in Trade

The paper presents a model of hysteresis in trade which is based on the existence of sunk market-entry costs. The study concentrates on the aspect of two models. In both models an exchange rate overvaluation leads to additional entry by foreign firms. The models differ in their accounts of why the foreign firms do not exit after the exchange rate shock passes.
Effect of strenuous live-fire fire fighting drills on hematological, blood chemistry and psychological measures

Abstract This study describes the effects of strenuous live-fire fire fighting drills and 90 min of recovery on hematological and psychological variables. Eleven fire fighters performed three trials of fire fighting tasks in a training structure that contained live fires. Plasma volume decreased immediately following the drill, but returned to baseline following recovery and aggressive rehydration. Blood glucose and sodium concentrations were significantly lower than pre-test, or immediately post-fire fighting values, after recovery. Perceptual variables all increased during fire fighting activities. These data emphasize the need for aggressive fluid replacement following fire fighting activity, and indicate that carbohydrate/electrolyte replacement may be beneficial prior to subsequent activity.
Optimizing OLED Efficacy of 2,7‐Diconjugated 9,9‐Dialkylfluorenes by Variation of Periphery Substitution and Conjugation Length

The photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) of four 2,7-bis(phenylethenyl)fluorenes (OFPVs) and two 2,7-diphenylfluorenes (OFPhs) are compared to evaluate effects of nonconjugating peripheral substitution and conjugation length on their EL emissions. The OFPVs exhibit very similar PL spectra with 460–480 nm emission maxima but show large variation in the organic light-emitting diode (OLED) efficacy: from a material that does not give persistent emission in test OLEDs (9,9-diheptyl substitution on the fluorene ring) to materials with luminance efficiencies of 0.5 cd A–1 and greater (9,9-diethyl substitution on the fluorene ring, methoxy and methoxy/heptyloxy substituents on the phenylethenyl rings). The best OFPV in an ITO/PEDOT:PSS/(emitter)/Ca–Al (ITO: indium tin oxide; PEDOT: poly(ethylenedioxythiophene); PSS: poly(styrene sulfonate)) OLED configuration has 9,9-diethyl substitution and terminal heptyloxy substitution (maximum luminance of 1500 cd m–2 at 12 V). Unlike the OFPVs, the neat OFPhs show not only EL at the desired blue output of ca. 400–410 nm emission maxima but also an undesired green emission component at 500–550 nm. Blending the OFPhs with poly(methyl methacrylate) eliminates the long-wavelength component when the emitter load is 10–25 %, but the OFPh luminance efficiencies, turn-on voltages, and maximum luminance tend to be poorer than those of the OFPVs. The deficiencies of the OFPhs appear to be attributable to thermal degradation and oxidative reactivity, although solid-state annealing and a nonoptimal bandgap match to the OLED device configuration may also contribute.
The Influence of Openness to Experience and Organizational Justice on Creativity

Creative performance is a desired organizational outcome that can be influenced by individual differences and contextual factors. An empirical investigation was conducted to study perceptions of organizational justice, an important situational variable, and its influence on individual creative performance. Literature suggests that organizations look to hire individuals who have individual differences that make them more inclined to produce creative outputs; thus, this investigation also sought to determine how openness to experience, a construct known to have a positive relationship with creative performance, might interact with justice perceptions. This investigation uncovered a main effect relationship between procedural justice and creativity, as well as provided evidence that openness to experience moderates the relationship between distributive justice and creativity.
Case report 749

We report a case of primary intraosseous glomus tumor in a 30-year-old man who was found to have an expanding, lytic lesion in the distal phalanx of his left thumb. The histological appearance was atypical in that areas of myxoid stroma resembled chondroid material. The unusual location and microscopic appearance caused diagnostic problems. Immunohistochemical studies, including strong positive staining for MSA and negative staining for keratin and S-100 protein, were helpful in establishing the correct diagnosis.
Automatic parameterization of rational curves and surfaces 1: conics and conicoids

Given the implicit equation for degree two curves (conics) and degree two surfaces (conicoids), algorithms are described here, which obtain their corresponding rational parametric equations (a polynomial divided by another). These rational parameterizations are considered over the fields of rationals, reals and complex numbers. In doing so, solutions are given to important subproblems of finding rational and real points on the given conic curve or conicoid surface. Further polynomial parameterizations are obtained whenever they exist for the conics or conicoids. These algorithms have been implemented on a VAX-780 using VAXIMA.
Timing Invitations to Participate in Clinical Research: Preliminary versus Informed Consent

This article addresses the impact of the potential conflict between the roles of physicians who are both clinicians and researchers on the recruitment of persons into research trials. It has been proposed that a physician breaches inter-role confidentiality when he or she uses information gathered in his or her clinical role to inform patients about trials for which they may be eligible and that clinician-researchers should adopt a model of preliminary consent to be approached about research prior to commencing a clinical relationship. This article argues that even if we grant the legitimacy of inter-role confidentiality (which is open to question), there are circumstances in which other obligations physicians bear override the obligation of inter-role confidentiality. Moreover, it is argued that the practice of preliminary consent is morally suspect and that such consent cannot be deemed valid. The article concludes with a series of recommendations of ways in which the legitimate concern regarding the co...
Hospices' Use of Electronic Medical Records for Quality Assessment and Performance Improvement Programs

Abstract Context Electronic medical records (EMRs) are increasingly viewed as essential tools for quality assurance and improvement in many care settings, but little is known about the use of EMRs by hospices in their quality assessment and performance improvement (QAPI) programs. Objectives To examine the data sources hospices use to create quality indicators (QIs) used in their QAPI programs and to examine the domains of EMR-based QIs. Methods We used self-reported QIs (description, numerator, and denominator) from 911 hospices nationwide that participated in the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services nationwide hospice voluntary reporting period. The data reflected QIs that hospices used for their internal QAPI programs between October 1 and December 31, 2011. We used the primary data sources for QIs reported by hospices and analyzed EMR-based QIs in terms of the quality domains and themes addressed. Results EMRs were the most frequent data source for the QIs reported, followed by family survey and paper medical record. Physical symptom management was the largest quality domain—included in 51.5% of the reported EMR-based QIs—followed by patient safety and structure and process of care. Conclusion Most participating hospices use EMRs for retrieving items needed for QI calculations. EMR-based QIs address various quality domains and themes. Our findings present opportunities for potential future reporting of EMR-based quality data.
Radio‐television criticism: Purpose and effects

(1962). Radio‐television criticism: Purpose and effects. The Southern Speech Journal: Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 213-219.
The Learning College Movement: A Critical Discourse Analysis

In this article, 6 key texts from the literature of the learning college movement are examined with the technique of critical discourse analysis. The rhetorical strategies found in the literature are discussed from the standpoint of critical linguistics, and excerpts from the texts are presented as examples of the discursive practices favored by learning advocates. The cultural and political implications of the movement are also addressed, as the learning college movement is placed in historical context.
Higher-order phase shift reconstruction approach.

Purpose: Biological soft tissues encountered in clinical and preclinical imaging mainly consists of atoms of light elements with low atomic numbers and their elemental composition is nearly uniform with little density variation. Hence, x-ray attenuation contrast is relatively poor and cannot achieve satisfactory sensitivity and specificity. In contrast, x-ray phase-contrast provides a new mechanism for soft tissue imaging. The x-ray phase shift of soft tissues is about a thousand times greater than the x-ray absorption over the diagnostic x-ray energy range, yielding a higher signal-to-noise ratio than the attenuation contrast counterpart. Thus, phase-contrast imaging is a promising technique to reveal detailed structural variation in soft tissues, offering a high contrast resolution between healthy and malignant tissues. Here the authors develop a novel phase retrieval method to reconstruct the phase image on the object plane from the intensity measurements. The reconstructed phase image is a projection of the phase shift induced by an object and serves as input to reconstruct the 3D refractive index distribution inside the object using a tomographic reconstruction algorithm. Such x-ray refractive index images can reveal structural features in soft tissues, with excellent resolution differentiating healthy and malignant tissues. Methods: A novel phase retrieval approach is proposed to reconstruct an x-ray phase image of an object based on the paraxial Fresnel–Kirchhoff diffraction theory. A primary advantage of the authors’ approach is higher-order accuracy over that with the conventional linear approximation models, relaxing the current restriction of slow phase variation. The nonlinear terms in the autocorrelation equation of the Fresnel diffraction pattern are eliminated using intensity images measured at different distances in the Fresnel diffraction region, simplifying the phase reconstruction to a linear inverse problem. Numerical experiments are performed to demonstrate the accuracy and stability of the proposed approach. Results: The proposed reconstruction formula is a generalization of the transport of intensity equation (TIE). It has the second-order accuracy compared to the linear model used in the conventional phase retrieval approach. The numerical experiments demonstrate that the accuracy and stability of the proposed phase reconstruction method outperforms the TIE-based reconstruction method. Conclusions: A novel approach has been proposed to retrieve an x-ray phase shift image induced by an object from intensity images measured at different distances in the Fresnel diffraction region. The authors’ approach has the second-order accuracy and is able to retrieve the phase shift of an object stably, overcoming the restriction of slow phase variation assumed by the conventional phase retrieval techniques.
Analysis of the functional integrity of cryopreserved human liver cells including xenografting in immunodeficient mice to address suitability for clinical applications.

: Background: The availability of well-characterized human liver cell populations that can be frozen and thawed will be critical for cell therapy. We addressed whether human hepatocytes can recover after cryopreservation and engraft in immunodeficient mice. Methods: We isolated cells from discarded human livers and studied the properties of cryopreserved cells. The viability of thawed cells was established with multiple in vitro assays, including analysis of liver gene expression, ureagenesis, cytochrome P450 activity, and growth factor-induced cell proliferation. The fate of transplanted cells was analysed in immunodeficient NOD-SCID mice. Results: After thawing, the viability of human hepatocytes exceeded 60%. Cells attached to culture dishes, proliferated following growth factor stimulation and exhibited liver-specific functions. After transplantation in NOD-SCID mice, cells engrafted in the peritoneal cavity, a heterologous site, as well as the liver itself, retained hepatic function and proliferated in response to liver injury. Transplanted hepatocytes were integrated in the liver parenchyma. Occasionally, transplanted cells were integrated in bile ducts. Conclusions: Cryopreserved human liver cell showed the ability to retain functional integrity and to reconstitute both hepatic and biliary lineages in mice. These studies offer suitable paradigms aimed at characterizing liver cells prior to transplantation in people.
Education and Recreation Activities of Older Asian Immigrants

Older Asian immigrants experience a variety of challenges when attempting to adapt to life in a new society. Adjustment difficulties associated with cultural differences among older Asian immigrants and the host country may result in a certain levels of acculturative stress. This stress is negatively associated with health and quality of life. In spite of benefits of participation in recreation activities for older Asian immigrants, they continue to experience constraints to their leisure participation that are associated with cultural differences (e.g., language barriers, limited social networks, different family roles, lack of awareness of leisure resources). To address this challenge, it may be helpful to develop strategies to support older Asian immigrants in their leisure pursuits. The purpose of this paper is to (a) examine older Asian immigrants’ issues related to acculturation and their help-seeking patterns, (b) discuss potential leisure constraints associated with cultural differences for leisur...