cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular processing of β-amyloid precursor protein and the genesis of amyloid β-peptide

In 1907, Alois Alzheimer described a novel brain disease that principally affects late middle-aged and older humans and results in a progressive and ultimately fatal loss of mental capacity, particularly recent memory. This disorder, later called Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is defined by characteristic neuropathological lesions in brain regions important for intellectual function. The only invariant pathological change is the formation of extracellular amyloid plaques in the cerebral and limbic cortices and chemically similar amyloid deposits in the walls of meningeal and cerebral blood vessels. Other structural changes found in AD brain, including the intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, are not restricted to AD but also occur in numerous etiologically diverse neurodegenerative diseases, and they are sometimes sparse in AD itself. The Amy/old /?-Peptide Plays an Early Role in the Pathogenesis of AD The major proteinaceous component of the vascular and plaque amyloid deposits, the hydrophobic 39-43 residue amyloid j3-peptide (Aj3), is proteolytically derived from an integral membrane protein, the 8-amyloid precursor protein (8APP; Figure 1) that is encoded by a gene on human chromosome 21 (Kang et al., 1987). Importantly, patients with trisomy 21 (Down’s syndrome) develop neuropathological changes indistinguishable from those of AD, but starting at a very early age. The finding that an extra copy of the 8APP gene invariably leads to typical AD pathology that begins with amyloid plaque formation supports the hypothesis that the metabolism of 8APP into A8 may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Furthermore, synthetic A8s have been shown to produce toxic effects on cultured neurons (Yankner et al., 1990), although the cellular and molecular mechanisms of A8associated neurotoxicity remain controversial. Perhaps the strongest evidence for a pathogenic role of 8APP emerges from the discovery that some cases of autosomal dominant AD are strongly linked to missense mutations in the 8APP gene, specifically within and immediately flanking the A8 sequence (summarized by Hardy, 1992). For these reasons, this review will focus on the complex cellular processing of 8APP and particularly on the recent discovery that A8 is generated continuously by a physiological mechanism. Conventional Secretory Processing of f3APP Prevents the Generation of A/3 The primary structure of j3APP closely resembles a cellsurface receptor (Figure 1) with a signal sequence, a large extramembranous N-terminal region, a single transmembrane domain, and a small cytoplasmic C-terminal tail (Kang et al., 1987). A8 represents only a small fragment Minireview
The Birth and Re-birth of the ISBDs: Process and Procedures for Creating and Revising the International Standard Bibliographic Descriptions

Aux yeux de nombreux experts bibliographes, la naissance et le developpement des ISBD (International Standard Bibliographic Description) ont constitue sans aucun doute les plus grands efforts dans la promotion de la normalisation du catalogage. En fait, l'on peut dire que dans l'histoire du catalogage aucune norme n'a ete aussi largement acceptee que le concept de l'ISBD. Cet article decrit brievement les origines et principes des ISBD en accentuant les etapes de leur developpement et de leur maintien. Les procedures definies en matiere de creation et de revision des ISBD nous amenent a tenir compte de l'efficacite de la communication electronique. Il est d'une importance capitale, pour la sante future des ISBD, que tous les efforts en matiere de revision des regles de catalogage nationales et internationales qui deja tiennent compte des nouveaux media et types de documents, soient en accord avec le programme de revision des ISBD et les procedures de l'IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions). Une telle cooperation est necessaire pour assurer l'harmonisation des pratiques bibliographiques qui permet l'echange efficace des donnees au benefice des usagers a travers le monde.
Equilibrium and stability of collisionless systems in the paraxial limit

A study is made of the equilibrium and stability of a magnetically confined collisionless plasma in the paraxial or ‘long, thin’ limit. The main field is poloidalaxisymmetric, and a stabilizing quadrupole field is superimposed.
Information theoretic tools for stable adaptation and learning

Lyapunov design has never been systematic. In the adaptive control of complex multi-input non-linear systems, physical considerations, such as conservation of energy or entropy increase, represent one of the major tools in building Lyapunov-like functions and providing stability and performance guarantees. In this paper we show that a physically motivated Lyapunov-like function based on the concept of total information can be derived for large classes of non-linear physical systems. We study how this function may be used for designing estimation, adaptation and learning mechanisms for such systems. In the process we revisit familiar notions such as controllability and observability from an information perspective, which in turns allows us to define 'natural' space-time scales at which to observe and control a given complex system. By formulating control problems in algorithmic form, we emphasize the importance of computability and computational complexity for issues of control. Generic control problems are shown to be NP-hard: each additional complication, such as the presence of noise or the absence of complete system identification, moves the control problem further up the polynomial hierarchy of computational complexity. In some cases, requirements of 'optimality' may be unrealistic or irrelevant, since the solution to the problem of finding the optimal algorithm for control is uncomputable.
Improved ion extraction from a linear octopole ion trap: SIMION analysis and experimental demonstration

Externally generated ions are accumulated in a linear octopole ion trap before injection into our 9.4 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass analyzer. Such instrumental configuration has previously been shown to provide improved sensitivity, scan rate, and duty cycle relative to accumulated trapping in the ICR cell. However, inefficient ion ejection from the octopole currently limits both detection limit and scan rate. SIMION 7.0 analysis predicts that a dc axial electric field inside the linear octopole ion trap expedites and synchronizes the efficient extraction of the octopole-accumulated ions. Further SIMION analysis optimizes the ion ejection properties of each of three electrode configurations designed to produce a near-linear axial potential gradient. More efficient extraction and transfer of accumulated ions spanning a wide m/z range promises to reduce detection limit and increase front-end sampling rate (e.g., to increase front-end resolution for separation techniques coupled with FT-ICR mass analysis). Addition of the axial field improves experimental signal-to-noise ratio by more than an order of magnitude.
Laboratory-Prepared Iron Oxide Coatings on Sands: Surface Characterization and Strength Parameters

AbstractSoils containing iron oxides that are derived from chemical weathering are widespread in geotechnical systems. This work studies the effect of adsorbed iron oxides on the shear strength of laboratory-prepared iron oxide–coated sands. Goethite- and hematite-coated Ottawa sands were synthesized in the laboratory via a heterogeneous geochemical suspension-reaction method. Surface roughness parameters and fractal dimension were determined using atomic force microscopy (AFM), which showed that hematite-coated sands exhibited the roughest surfaces. N2-adsorption experiments also helped characterize the mineral surfaces. Shear strength parameters were obtained through consolidated drained (CD) triaxial compression, showing an increase in the critical state friction angle of more than 5% when the sands were coated with iron oxides. Iron oxide coatings also increased dilatancy and decreased contractiveness. The experimental results can be attributed to changes in mass-to-mass concentration and intrinsic so...
A retention loss following septal ablations in the rat

Bilateral septal ablations in rats increased resistance to extinction when made before training, but decreased resistance when made after training. These contrasting effects were considered to demonstrate that septal ablations affect retention as well as performance.
Nonlinear Free Vibration of a Beam With Off-Axis Attached Mass

A model of a clamped-clamped beam with an attached lumped mass is presented in this paper. The system is modeled using the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. In the models presented in literature, it is assumed that the center of mass of the attached mass is located on the neutral axis of the beam. In this paper, this assumption is relaxed. The governing equations of motion are derived. It has been shown that the off-axis center of mass of the attached mass generates an amplitude-dependent transverse force in the beam, which introduces a quadratic nonlinearity. The nonlinear governing equations of motion are solved using the Multiple Scales method. The nonlinear free vibration frequencies are determined.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Trends in Numbers of Winter Bald Eagles at Lake Coeur D'alene in Idaho

Abstract During their winter migration, bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) stop at Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho to eat spawned kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Long-term data on these migrating bald eagles provide a unique opportunity to investigate their trend from 1974 to 2010. We counted bald eagles during 12 weeks from November through February of each year. They arrived in mid-November, peaked in number in late-December, and departed in January. We recorded the fewest bald eagles, latest arrival dates, and slowest rates of arrival (i.e., linear slope between peak numbers of bald eagles with dates of their first and peak occurrences) during the 1980s. Numbers of bald eagles rebounded during the 2000s, with the most bald eagles, earliest arrival dates, and fastest rate of arrival. To explore trends at a regional scale, we utilized data from the Midwinter Bald Eagle Surveys along with available salmon data. We found that Lake Coeur d'Alene had an average 34% more midwinter numbers of bald eagles an...
Perspectives from Before and After the Pediatric to Adult Care Transition: A Mixed-Methods Study in Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE Among the many milestones of adolescence and young adulthood, transferring from pediatric to adult care is a significant transition for those with type 1 diabetes. The aim of this study was to understand the concerns, expectations, preferences, and experiences of pretransition adolescents and parents and posttransition young adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants completed questionnaires and responded to open-ended qualitative questions regarding self-management, self-efficacy, and their expectations and experiences with pediatric and adult care providers across the transition process. RESULTS At a mean age of 16.1 years, most pretransition adolescents had not yet discussed transferring care with their parents or doctors. Although many posttransition young adults reported positive, supportive interactions, several described challenges locating or establishing a relationship with an adult diabetes care provider. Qualitative themes emerged related to the anticipated timing of transfer, early preparation for transition, the desire for developmentally appropriate interactions with providers, the maintenance of family and social support, and strategies for coordinating care between pediatric and adult care providers. CONCLUSIONS Standardizing transition preparation programs in pediatric care and introducing transition-oriented clinics for late adolescents and young adults prior to adult care may help address patients’ preferences and common transfer-related challenges.
Lung antioxidant and cytokine responses to coarse and fine particulate matter from the great California wildfires of 2008

The authors have previously demonstrated that wildfire-derived coarse or fine particulate matter (PM) intrat racheally instilled into lungs of mice induce a strong inflammatory response. In the current study, the authors demonstrate that wildfire PM simultaneously cause major increases in oxidative stress in the mouse lungs as measured by decreased antioxidant content of the lung lavage supernatant fluid 6 and 24 h after PM administration. Concentrations of neutrophil chemokines/cytokines and of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were elevated in the lung lavage fluid obtained 6 and 24 h after PM instillation, consistent with the strong neutrophilic inflammatory response observed in the lungs 24 h after PM administration, suggesting a relationship between the proinflammatory activity of the PM and the measured level of antioxidant capacity in the lung lavage fluid. Chemical analysis shows relatively low levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons compared to published results from typical urban PM. Coarse PM fraction is more active (proinflammatory activity and oxidative stress) on an equaldose basis than the fine PM despite its lower content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. There does not seem to be any correlation between the content of any specific polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (or of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content) in the PM fraction and its toxicity. However, the concentrations of the oxidation products of phenanthrene and anthracene, phenanthraquinone and anthraquinone, were several-fold higher in the coarse PM than the fine fraction, suggesting a significant role for atmospheric photochemistry in the formation of secondary pollutants in the wildfire PM and the possibility that such secondary pollutants could be significant sources of toxicity in the wildfire PM.
Approximate Test Risk Minimization Through Soft Margin Estimation

In a recent study, we proposed soft margin estimation (SME) to learn parameters of continuous density hidden Markov models (HMMs). Our earlier experiments with connect digit recognition have shown that SME offers great advantages over other state-of-the-art discriminative training methods. In this paper, we illustrate SME from a perspective of statistical learning theory and show that by including a margin in formulating the SME objective function it is capable of directly minimizing the approximate test risk, while most other training methods intent to minimize only the empirical risks. We test SME on the 5k-word Wall Street Journal task, and find the proposed approach achieves a relative word error rate reduction of about 10% over our best baseline results in different experimental configurations. We believe this is the first attempt to show the effectiveness of margin-based acoustic modeling for large vocabulary continuous speech recognition. We also expect further performance improvements in the future because the approximate test risk minimization principle offers a flexible and yet rigorous framework to facilitate easy incorporation of new margin-based optimization criteria into HMM training.
Parental survey of beliefs and practices about bathing and water safety and their children: Guidance for drowning prevention

Abstract Drowning represents the second leading cause of unintentional injury death in children less than 19 years. In children less than 5 years, many of these deaths occur in bathtubs. The objective of this study was to describe parental beliefs and practices regarding bathing their children and general water safety to aid in improving anticipatory guidance for drowning prevention. We distributed a written survey about parental beliefs and practices concerning their children's bathing and general water safety to a convenience sample of caregivers. One hundred and thirty-six caregivers participated in the survey providing data for a total of 209 children. Overall, 85% of respondents reported using baby bathtubs, and 46% reported using bath seats when bathing their children. Some caregivers reported leaving a 6–12 months old child unsupervised in the tub, either alone or with a sibling. About half of respondents (52%) indicated that pediatricians discussed water safety and supervision with them, and 36% indicated discussing the proper use of bathing aids with their child's pediatrician. In conclusion, the survey found the majority of caregivers use bathing aids, and caregivers reported some risky behaviors of unsupervised bathing of infants, either alone or with siblings. Better water safety anticipatory guidance is needed for caregivers.
The effect of cure rate on the mechanical properties of dental resins.

Abstract Objective: This study investigates the effect of cure rate on the mechanical properties of a common dimethacrylate dental resin formulation (75/25 wt% bis-GMA/TEGDMA). Methods: The polymerization rate and final conversion of the exact specimens subsequently used for mechanical testing were monitored by near-infrared (near-IR) spectroscopy. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and modulus, as a function of temperature, were determined by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Iniferter initiating systems were used to create partially cured networks that did not contain any trapped radicals. By the elimination of trapped radicals from the system, the formed networks can be characterized as a function of both temperature and double bond conversion without inducing additional thermal cure during testing. Results: Copolymer specimens were cured with UV and visible light initiating systems, UV light intensities that varied by over four orders of magnitude, and cure temperatures that differed by 60°C. Even though the polymerization rates for these resins were vastly different, similar Tg and modulus were measured for specimens cured to the same final double bond conversion. Significance: This study shows that highly cross-linked dimethacrylate systems, such as bis-GMA/TEGDMA, exhibit similar network structure and properties as a function of double bond conversion, regardless of the method or rate of cure.
Low complexity inverse mappings on sum-distinct elements of a power set

Let ∪, △, ⨄ and + denote set-union, symmetric set-difference, multiset-union and real number addition, respectively. We consider low complexity inverse mappings (algorithms which return the subset of a given sum) defined on sum-distinct elements from (2 S , ∪), (2 S , △), (2 S , ⨄) and (S n , +) where 2 S is a power set of an n-element set S and S n ≜ {0, 1,…, 2 n − 1}. Within each of the above pair, mappings are related to generating functions of the respective sum-distinct sets. Between compatible pairs, they are related by a subset-sum property, e.g. if L ∈ 2 S is sum-distinct in (2 S , ∪), then L is sum-distinct in (2 S , △).
Hexane Fraction of American Ginseng Suppresses Colitis and Colon Cancer—Response

We wish to thank Drs. Chan and Huff for pointing out their elegant toxicology and carcinogenicity studies on Panax ginseng ([1, 2][1]). We are happy to see that such a high dose of P. ginseng ([1, 2][1]) is nontoxic and noncarcinogenic in both short- and long-term studies. Doses used in the studies
EFFECTS OF THYROIDECTOMY UPON THE EXCRETION AND RETENTION OF CREATINE AND CREATININE IN THE MALE RAT

IN A PRELIMINARY STUDY Allison, Glaser and Leonard (1) proved that thyroidec tomy decreased the excretion of creatine in the male rat. They suggested that the decrease in creatine excretion might be accompanied by an increase in the excretion of creatinine. Allison and Leonard (2) confirmed the effect of thyroidectomy on the excretion of creatine in female rats, but failed to note any changes in the excretion of creatinine. Further work was undertaken to determine the following: a), if the excretion of creatine or creatinine could be used as a measureof hypothy roidism in the male rat; b), if any changes in the excretion of creatine were reflected by corresponding changes in the excretion of creatinine; c), if any relation existed between the tissue creatine content and function of the thyroid gland; and d), if changes in the excretion of creatine or creatinine could be accounted for by creatine changes in the tissues.
Reexposure to heparin of patients with heparin-associated antibodies.

Four patients with heparin-associated antiplatelet antibodies who were not receiving platelet function-inhibiting agents received heparin during surgery, angiography, or hemodialysis. Three of the four patients had complications that were attributed to heparin-induced platelet aggregation. The complications included a superficial femoral artery thrombosis, a thrombotic stroke after a carotid endarterectomy, and recurring thrombosis of a graft inserted for dialysis. Nine patients received aspirin (325 mg b.i.d.) or dipyridamole (Persantine) (200 to 300 mg daily) before reexposure to 5000 to 12,000 units of heparin during 11 vascular procedures. The procedures included two carotid endarterectomies, three aortofemoral bypasses, one femoropopliteal bypass, two femorotibial in situ saphenous vein bypasses, one iliofemoral thrombectomy, one bilateral iliac artery angioplasty, and one axillobifemoral bypass. Platelet counts averaged 173,000/mm3 before heparin reexposure, fell to an average of 86,000/mm3 within 24 hours of heparin reexposure, and returned to normal within 48 hours after the reexposure. None of these patients had a thromboembolic or hemorrhagic complication. Patients with heparin-associated antiplatelet antibodies are at risk for developing thrombocytopenia and thromboembolic complications on reexposure to heparin. The platelet function-inhibiting agents, aspirin and Persantine, protect the patients from the thromboembolic complications but not the thrombocytopenia associated with limited heparin reexposure.
A New Formulation for Linear Accelerator Design

We define three basic, calculable and measurable parameters. With these parameters we derive expressions for the radio frequency induced, beam induced, and loaded section voltages and average section gradients. Unlike the present well known expressions these alternate expressions are valid for continuous wave, pulsed, and single bunch beams, for both lossy and lossless sections and for both standing wave and travelling wave sections. We use these alternate expressions to maximize the efficiency and the gradient for a given peak power.
Lightning current and luminosity at and above channel bottom for return strokes and M-components

We measured current and luminosity at the channel bottom of 12 triggered lightning discharges including 44 return strokes, 23 M-components, and 1 initial continuous current pulse. Combined current and luminosity data for impulse currents span a 10–90% risetime range from 0.15 to 192 µs. Current risetime and luminosity risetime at the channel bottom are roughly linearly correlated (τr,I = 0.71τr,L1.08). We observed a time delay between current and the resultant luminosity at the channel bottom, both measured at 20% of peak amplitude, that is approximately linearly related to both the luminosity 10–90% risetime (Δt20,b = 0.24τr,L1.12) and the current 10–90% risetime (Δt20,b = 0.35τr,I1.03). At the channel bottom, the peak current is roughly proportional to the square root of the peak luminosity (IP = 21.89LP0.57) over the full range of current and luminosity risetimes. For two return strokes we provide measurements of stroke luminosity vs. time for 11 increasing heights to 115 m altitude. We assume that measurements above the channel bottom behave similarly to those at the bottom and find that (1) one return stroke current peak decayed at 115 m to about 47% of its peak value at channel bottom, while the luminosity peak at 115 m decayed to about 20%, and for the second stroke 38% and 12%, respectively; and (2) measured upward return stroke luminosity speeds of the two strokes of 1.10 × 108 and 9.7 × 107 ms−1 correspond to current speeds about 30% faster. These results represent the first determination of return stroke current speed and current peak value above ground derived from measured return stroke luminosity data.
A HISTORY OF PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMY FOR RENAL TUMORS

Purpose: This article records the history of nephron sparing surgery for renal tumors. Materials and Methods: Multiple biomedical databases were queried. Original sources were reviewed to document the history of partial nephrectomy. Results: For more than a century partial nephrectomy evolved as treatment for renal tumors, first by accident, then rejected as a planned procedure in favor of radical nephrectomy, later in mandatory cases of solitary kidney, poor renal function or bilateral renal tumors and then to an accepted elective procedure in cases with a healthy opposite kidney. Partial nephrectomy became widely accepted only recently for many renal tumors due to parallel advances in tumor biology, radiological imaging and surgical technology. Conclusions: The history of partial nephrectomy is a timely story setting important precedents for understanding current and future strategies to treat changing patterns of renal neoplasms.
Simulations of plasma obeying Coulomb's law and the formation of suprathermal ion tails in the solar wind

We present a model for the velocity distribution function (VDF) of the suprathermal ion tail in the solar wind and its commonly observed spectrum, a power law in velocity of index −5. The mechanism for our model is acceleration from extremely small scale electric fields caused by the finite number of particles in the solar wind (or any plasma). The simulations produce a VDF with a broken power law at short times and a type of κ distribution VDF at later times. The simulation uses very few assumptions as it is based solely on Coulomb's law, and the results are robust to a range of parameters that, although outside the range of the solar wind at 1 AU, are close to those in the lower solar atmosphere. Furthermore, we provide predictions based on the following mechanism: the probability distribution function for the electric field (the electric field distribution function or EDF) dictates the final state of the plasma, which means that the VDF at any time is a convolution of the initial VDF and the EDF. We have also shown that by varying the power law index of the electrostatic force law, the relationship between the two is such that the EDF power law index is exactly 5 for Coulomb's law, harder for shorter-range forces, and softer for longer-range forces, converging to a power law of index 3 in the former limit and to a Maxwellian in the latter.
Cognitive Bias in Adolescents with Social Anxiety Disorder

Judgmental biases for threat-relevant stimuli are thought to be important mechanisms underlying the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. Previous research has shown that adults with social anxiety disorder rate negative social events as more likely (probability) to occur as well as more distressing (cost) than do nonanxious controls. However, no empirical research has examined whether this is also the case in adolescents with social anxiety disorder. Elucidation of the cognitive processes of social anxiety disorder in the adolescent population may aid in a better understanding of the etiology and maintenance of the disorder, and may suggest directions for treatment and prevention efforts. This study investigated probability and cost estimations of negative social and nonsocial events among adolescents with social anxiety disorder relative to nonanxious controls. Results indicated that socially anxious adolescents overestimated the cost and probability of negative social events compared to nonanxious adolescents, even after controlling for depressive symptoms. Implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.
Box‐spline–based approach to the formulation of numerical methods for partial differential equations

A multivariate box spline framework for the formulation of numerical methods for partial differential equations has been constructed. In particular, a fourth-order Galerkin method and a second-order collocation method were derived and applied to a test problem (classical Poisson equation on a square). The examples indicate that accuracy compares favorably with standard methods and the success of iterative schemes suggests an underlying stabilizing effect.
Zyxin regulates migration of renal epithelial cells through activation of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1β

Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1β (HNF-1β) is an epithelial tissue-specific transcription factor that regulates gene expression in the kidney, liver, pancreas, intestine, and other organs. Mutations of HNF-1β in humans produce renal cysts and congenital kidney anomalies. Here, we identify the LIM-domain protein zyxin as a novel binding partner of HNF-1β in renal epithelial cells. Zyxin shuttles to the nucleus where it colocalizes with HNF-1β. Immunoprecipitation of zyxin in leptomycin B-treated cells results in coprecipitation of HNF-1β. The protein interaction requires the second LIM domain of zyxin and two distinct domains of HNF-1β. Overexpression of zyxin stimulates the transcriptional activity of HNF-1β, whereas small interfering RNA silencing of zyxin inhibits HNF-1β-dependent transcription. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces translocation of zyxin into the nucleus and stimulates HNF-1β-dependent promoter activity. The EGF-mediated nuclear translocation of zyxin requires activation of Akt. Expression of dominant-negative mutant HNF-1β, knockdown of zyxin, or inhibition of Akt inhibits EGF-stimulated cell migration. These findings reveal a novel pathway by which extracellular signals are transmitted to the nucleus to regulate the activity of a transcription factor that is essential for renal epithelial differentiation.
Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth

Advances in determination of polymer structure and in preservation of structure for electron microscopy provide the best view to date of how polysaccharides and structural proteins are organized into plant cell walls. The walls that form and partition dividing cells are modified chemically and structurally from the walls expanding to provide a cell with its functional form. In grasses, the chemical structure of the wall differs from that of all other flowering plant species that have been examined. Nevertheless, both types of wall must conform to the same physical laws. Cell expansion occurs via strictly regulated reorientation of each of the wall's components that first permits the wall to stretch in specific directions and then lock into final shape. This review integrates information on the chemical structure of individual polymers with data obtained from new techniques used to probe the arrangement of the polymers within the walls of individual cells. We provide structural models of two distinct types of walls in flowering plants consistent with the physical properties of the wall and its components.
The future of US military contracting: Current trends and future implications:

With the drawdown of US troops from both Iraq and Afghanistan, questions abound regarding the role of private military and security contractors (PMSCs) in American security policy moving forward. T...
Modeling 400 million years of plant hydraulics

Mathematical models of fluid flow thorough plant stems permit quantitative assessment of plant ecology using anatomy alone, allowing extinct and extant plants to be measured against one another. Through this process, a series of patterns and observations about plant ecology and evolution can be made. First, many plants evolved high rates of water transport through the evolution of a diverse suite of anatomical adaptations over the last four hundred million years. Second, adaptations to increase hydraulic supply to leaves tend to precede, in evolutionary time, adaptations to increase the safety margin of plant water transport. Third, anatomical breakthroughs in water transport function tend to occur in step with ecological breakthroughs, including the appearance of leaves during the Devonian, the evolution of high leaf areas in early seed plants during the Carboniferous, and the early radiation of flowering plants during the Cretaceous. Quantitative assessment of plant function not only opens up the plant fossil record to ecological comparison, but also provides data that can be used to model fluxes and dynamics of past ecosystems that are rooted in individual plant anatomy.
The New Strategic Frontier: Environment, Sustainability, and Entrepreneurial Innovation

A new frontier of innovation exists where economic and population growth collides with natural systems (the environment). This note details the changing character of environmental issues and outlines the opportunities for entrepreneurial thinkers. It provides excellent fodder for discussion of sustainability as an opportunity for corporate innovation.
An 8-year Survival Case of Liposarcoma Located in Pararectal Space

後腹膜に発生した脂肪肉腫は稀ではないが,傍直腸脂肪組織内に発生した脂肪肉腫の報告例は無い.また脂肪肉腫に対する治療後長期にわたり予後を観察した症例の報告例は少ない.今回術後8年間無再発生存している傍直腸脂肪組織内に発生した脂肪肉腫の一例を経験したので報告する.症例は34歳女性で,第2子出産の際,産婦入科医に直腸腫瘤を指摘されて来院.腫瘍は腹膜翻転部直下の直腸左側のいわゆる"pararectal space"に存在.術前に経皮針生検検査施行し,脂肪肉腫の診断を得た後に手術を施行した.周囲組織への浸潤を認めなかったので,腹会陰式直腸切断術は施行せず,摘出術のみとした.術後の化学療法,放射線療法は施行していない.文献的考察を加えて報告する.
Near-Surface Imaging of an Astrobleme: Barringer (Meteor) Crater, Arizona

We acquired a suite of geophysical datasets at Barringer (Meteor) Crater in May 2010. We analyzed these datasets to build the near-surface geological model. We found Pwave velocities (from travel-time tomography) varying from 450 m/s to 2500 m/s for a 55 m deep earth model and S-wave velocities (from surface-wave inversion) of 2001000 m/s for 38 m deep earth model. The low-velocity layers thin away from the crater and are interpreted as the thinning of the ejecta blanket (debris thrown out of the crater during the impact). Drill-hole results also show that the ejecta thickness is about 15-20 m thick near the rim and thins to 5m and less away from the rim. The gravity results also show a similar ejecta thinning trend. We measured velocities from ultrasonic experiments for different hand samples which show that P-wave velocities vary from 2700-6100 m/s and S-wave velocities vary from 1700-3300 m/s. After incorporation of a straightforward porosity effect, the ultrasonic velocities drop significantly and are comparable to the seismic estimates. Also, deeper stratigraphic boundaries and near-surface faults have been identified from the stacked seismic section. This integrated approach shows that we have successfully imaged complex near-surface – from shallow to relatively deeper events.
The Effect of Unrestricted Immigration on Crime

The few quantitatively oriented investigators who have looked at the relationship between immigration and crime typically focus on a single country or region and tend to find little or no overall effect from migration. This chapter therefore uses cross-national statistics to test the “strain” and “importation” models of migration and criminal deviance in three natural experiments: Mariel Cubans in Miami; Pieds-Noirs and Harkis “repatriates” in Marseille; and Eastern Europeans in Dublin. Elite interviews, archival materials, and quantitative panel models suggest that unrestricted migration does increase burglary rates. However, the sudden arrival ofprimarily low-skilled individuals — some of whom had already served prison time in Cuba — appears to have boosted the homicide rate in Miami.
Diagrammatic Solution-based Force Analysis on Internal-suspended and External-guyed Rod-holding Tower Erection

Force analysis is conducted on the internal-suspended and external-guyed rod-holding tower erection by using diagrammatic solution method in order to find out the forces relationship of an enclosed polygon and their interactions.The forces and their genesis are analyzed for various working conditions for this erection method.And the construction technology design and controlling measures for davit-mounting are proposed,which can provide a reference for tower erection technology design and for practical davit-mounting.
Hypothyroidism and cardiovascular diseases

Objective To understand hypothyroidism with all manifestations and complications in cardiovascular system. Methods We have retrospectively analyzed the inpatients suffered from hypothyroidism in our department. Results The amount of female inpatients is more than that of male inpatients, there were related histories about more than half of the inpatients, hypothyroidism could exist together with anaemia, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, coronary artery disease, pericardial effusion, hyperlipemia, and so on, many kinds of nonspecific changes in electrocardiography and high serum concentrations of creatase were familiar in hypothyroidism. The patient would not have been ill with hypothyroidism if anaemia, pericardial effusion, hyperlipemia, and high serum concentrations of creatase didn't occur at the same time. Conclusion There is specific relationship between hypothyroidism and cardiovascular diseases. We should pay attention to anaemia, pericardial effusion, hyperlipemia, and high serum concentrations of creatase about hypothyroidism.
Antibodies to cultured tumor cells detected in sera of renal cell carcinoma patients by a quantitative avidin-biotin method.

AbstractAntibodies reacting with the tumor cell line RC-Pa were measured by a quantitative avidin-biotin complex method. Sera of renal cell carcinoma patients, patients with other types of cancer and healthy donors were analyzed. Of 71 sera from renal cell carcinoma patients 67 (94 per cent) were classified as showing renal cell carcinoma, while 32 of 36 sera (89 per cent) from healthy subjects were classified as showing no renal cell carcinoma. Four of 21 serum specimens (19 per cent) from individuals with other than renal cancer were misclassified. Furthermore, sera from renal carcinoma patients immunized with a mixture of autologous tumor cells and Corynebacterium parvum showed a marked increase in reactivity compared to those from patients receiving progesterone. The results indicate that this assay might become useful to detect or monitor renal cell carcinoma.
Fibreoptically guided endotracheal intubation in a child.

Although flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopes have been used for some time to facilitate difficult endotracheal intubations, there are few detailed reports of its therapeutic use in the paediatric age-group, particularly in association with general anaesthesia
The Legal Fiction of Gridiron Cowboys and Indians

At least 30 major colleges and universities continue to utilize Indian mascots, team names, and other signifiers to promote their athletic teams. Individual Indians, Indian tribes, and other activists argue that this usage is racist and unnecessary. In this piece, the author uses fiction to demonstrate the grassroots effects of the uses of Indian symbols to promote college and university sports.In a related vein, the author shows in the story how racism in local and private relationships appears and effects minority communities - and the difficulty in remedying that racism.
Long range wetting transparency on top of layered metal dielectric substrates

It has been recently shown that scores of physical and chemical phenomena (including spontaneous emission, scattering and Forster energy transfer) can be controlled by nonlocal dielectric environments provided by metamaterials with hyperbolic dispersion and simpler metal/dielectric structures. At this time, we have researched van der Waals interactions and experimentally studied wetting of several metallic, dielectric and composite multilayered substrates. We have found that the wetting angle of water on top of MgF2 is highly sensitive to the thickness of the MgF2 layer and the nature of the underlying substrate that could be positioned as far as ~100 nm beneath the water/MgF2 interface. We refer to this phenomenon as long range wetting transparency. The latter effect cannot be described in terms of the most basic model of dispersion van der Waals-London forces based on pair-wise summation of dipole-dipole interactions across an interface or a gap separating the two media. We infer that the experimentally observed gradual change of the wetting angle with increase of the thickness of the MgF2 layer can possibly be explained by the distance dependence of the Hamaker function (describing the strength of interaction), which originates from retardation of electromagnetic waves at the distances comparable to a wavelength.
4-Thio-d-ribofuranose: From l-Lyxose via Displacement of a p-Tolylsulfonyloxy Group with Thioacetate Anion

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the preparation of 4-thio- d -ribofuranose from L-lyxose via displacement of a p-tolylsulfonyloxy group at C-4 either with thioacetate or thiobenzoate anion. For the preparation, a solution of 80 g of L-lyxose in 1600 ml of 0.5% methanolic hydrogen chloride is heated at reflux with exclusion of atmospheric moisture for 5 hours. The solution is then cooled to ∼ 25° and neutralized with methanol-washed Amberlite IR-45 anion-exchange resin. The resin is filtered and washed with methanol until no sugar is observed in the effluent when a drop is placed on a silica gel plate, sprayed with 5% ethanolic sulfuric acid solution, and heated to the charring temperature. Additional methyl α-L-lyxopyranoside is obtained by further concentration of the filtrate and allowing additional crystals to form.
Surgical Management of Carney Complex-Associated Pituitary Pathology.

BACKGROUND Carney complex (CNC) is a familial neoplasia syndrome that is associated with pituitary-associated hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) (acromegaly). The underlying cause of pituitary GH hypersecretion and its management have been incompletely defined. OBJECTIVE To provide biological insight into CNC-associated pituitary pathology and improve management, we analyzed findings in CNC patients who underwent transsphenoidal surgery. METHODS Consecutive CNC patients at the National Institutes of Health with acromegaly and imaging evidence of a pituitary adenoma(s) who underwent transsphenoidal resection of tumor(s) were included. Prospectively acquired magnetic resonance imaging and biochemical, surgical, and histological data were analyzed. RESULTS Seven acromegalic CNC patients (2 male, 5 female) were included. The mean age at surgery was 29.7 years (range, 18-44 years). The mean follow-up was 4.7 years (range, 0.2-129 months). Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a single pituitary adenoma in 4 patients and multiple pituitary adenomas in 3 patients. Whereas patients with single discrete pituitary adenomas underwent selective adenomectomy, patients with multiple adenomas underwent selective adenomectomy of multiple tumors, as well as partial or total hypophysectomy. All adenomas were either GH and prolactin positive or exclusively prolactin positive. Pituitary tissue surrounding the adenomas in patients with multiple adenomas revealed hyperplastic GH- and prolactin-positive tissue. CONCLUSION CNC-associated acromegaly results from variable pituitary pathology, including a single GH-secreting adenoma or multiple GH-secreting adenomas and/or GH hypersecretion of the pituitary gland surrounding multiple adenomas. Although selective adenomectomy is the preferred treatment for cases of GH-secreting adenomas, multiple adenomas with associated pituitary gland GH hypersecretion may require partial or complete hypophysectomy to achieve biochemical remission.
Franz Fühmann's Judenauto: A Study of Judeophobia

(1972). Franz Fuhmann's Judenauto: A Study of Judeophobia. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 41-49.
Applications for Surface Engineering Using Atomic Layer Etching - Invited Paper

Over the course of the past few years, the semiconductor industry has continued to invent and innovate profoundly to adhere to Moore’s Law and Dennard scaling. At each of the technology nodes starting with 45nm, new materials and integration techniques, such as high-K & metal gates, double patterning techniques, and now 3D FinFet / Trigate device geometries are being introduced in order to maintain device performance. This places a large burden on unit process development to accommodate and deliver advanced process capability and is growing the need for the ultimate etch solution: etching with atomic layer precision. Atomic layer etching is a promising path to answer the processing demands of thin high mobility channel devices on the angstrom scale. Self-limiting reactions, discrete reaction & activation steps, or extremely low ion energy etch plasmas are some of the pathways being pursued for precise sub-nanometer material removal. In this invited paper, previously published in SPIE, the ability to achieve atomic layer etch precision is reviewed in detail for a variety of material sets and implementation methods. For a cyclic approach most similar to a reverse ALD scheme, the process window to achieve a truly self-limited atomic layer etch process is identified and the limitations as a function of controlling the adsorption step, the irradiation energy, and the reaction process are examined. Alternative approaches, including processes to enable pseudo-ALE precision, are then introduced and results from their application investigated. While these new plasma-enhanced atomic layer etch (PE-ALE) processes show encouraging results, most patterning applications are best realized by optimizations through discharge chemistry and/or plasma parameters. Significant improvements however were obtained when applying PE-ALE approaches to small pitch patterns. In particular the increased selectivity to OPL seems to offer a potential benefit for patterning high aspect ratio features.
Deep learning for benthic fauna identification

This paper describes the application of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to the identification and classification of ten classes of benthic macrofauna in high-resolution photomosaics captured on the Pacific continental shelf by an ROV. Each photomosaic was previously hand-annotated with the location and classification of each animal, providing a training set for the machine learning algorithms. These annotations are used to extract image patches around each contact, resulting in approximately 5000 image samples, which are supplemented with randomly selected image patches representing the background. The resulting corpus of data is used to train a series of convolutional neural networks in the Nvidia DIGITS and Google Tensorflow environments. Due to the relatively sparse nature of the training data set, a number of data augmentation approaches are used to increase the diversity of training data. The performance of the resulting algorithm is evaluated in three problem scenarios: first, classification of fauna in an image patch known to contain a target; second, classification of a given image patch as either background or non-background; and third, a single-pass combination of the two problems. The presented networks prove highly accurate at background/non-background segmentation with ∼ 96% accuracy. Fauna identification is less reliable at ∼ 89% accuracy, and unified segmentation and identification proves to be the most challenging at ∼88% accuracy.