cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utility of 1 Measurement Versus Multiple Measurements of Near Point of Convergence After Concussion.

CONTEXT Increased near point of convergence (NPC) distance is a common finding after concussion and is associated with physical symptoms and worsened neurocognitive performance. Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening measures NPC distance across 3 trials and uses the average measurement to inform clinical care. However, whether 3 trials are necessary, are consistent, or add clinical utility is unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the consistency across 3 trials of NPC and establish the classification accuracy (ie, clinical utility) of 1 or 2 trials compared with the standardized average of 3 trials. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Sports medicine clinic and research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Consecutively enrolled patients aged 10 to 22 years with diagnosed concussions (74% sport related; n = 380). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The previously reported clinical cutoff value of ≥5 cm across 3 trials was used. Pearson correlation and intraclass correlation coefficients were used to evaluate agreement between trials and average scores. Reliable change indices (RCIs) using 95% confidence intervals were also calculated. RESULTS The Pearson correlation (r = .98) and intraclass correlation (0.98) coefficients revealed excellent agreement between the first measurement and average NPC distance across 3 measurements. The RCI across all trials was 2 cm. When the first NPC measurement was ≤3 cm or ≥7 cm, agreement existed within the RCI between the first measurement and the average of 3 measurements in 99.6% of cases. When we averaged the first and second measurements, 379/380 (99.7%) participants had the same classification (ie, <5 cm = normal, ≥5 cm = abnormal) as the average NPC distance across 3 measurements. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest limited utility of multiple or average NPC distance measurements when the initial NPC distance is outside of RCI clinical cutoffs (ie, ≤3 cm or ≥7 cm). Given the high consistency between the first measurement and average NPC distance across 3 trials, only 1 measurement of NPC distance is warranted unless the first measurement is between 3 and 7 cm.
A Novel Multi-layer Detection Scheme for Diffusion-Based Molecular Communications

Molecular communication (MC) is the new nano-bio-communication paradigm that inspired by the nature to perform communication tasks at nanoscale networks. Although power utilization and large computation abilities are important factors that play a role in designing detection schemes for traditional communication systems, the MC is more sensitive to these factors due to its operating scale and power resources. Transmitters and receivers can be bio-cellular, bio-organisms, or nano-machines that can perform simple tasks due to their natural limitation with respect to size, power supply, and required simplicity. Accordingly, there is a need for efficient low-complexity detection schemes that can enable reliable communications despite impairments such as inter-symbol interference (ISI), noise and distortion. In this chapter, we propose a novel detection scheme for molecular communication via diffusion (MCvD) that achieves low computational complexity, yet deliver reliable information detection. Our proposed scheme encompasses a multi-layer structure where each layer performs a certain level of pin-pointing (or zoom-in) of the estimated received bits in a fashion that can be regarded as a form of sub-optimal minimum mean-square estimation (MMSE) that tradeoffs complexity for performance. Our detection method has been able to achieve un-coded bit error rate levels down to \(10^{-5}\) at signal-to-noise ratios where traditional threshold-based detection achieves worse than \(10^{-2}\).
Overlapping mechanisms of lncRNA and expanded microsatellite RNA

RNA has major regulatory roles in a wide range of biological processes and a surge of RNA research has led to the classification of numerous functional RNA species. One example is long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that are structurally complex transcripts >200 nucleotides (nt) in length and lacking a canonical open reading frame (ORF). Despite a general lack of sequence conservation and low expression levels, many lncRNAs have been shown to have functionality in diverse biological processes as well as in mechanisms of disease. In parallel with the growing understanding of lncRNA functions, there is a growing subset of microsatellite expansion disorders in which the primary mechanism of pathogenesis is an RNA gain of function arising from RNA transcripts from the mutant allele. Microsatellite expansion disorders are caused by an expansion of short (3-10 nt) repeats located within coding genes. Expanded repeat-containing RNA mediates toxicity through multiple mechanisms, the details of which remain only partially understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight the links between functional mechanisms of lncRNAs and the potential pathogenic mechanisms of expanded microsatellite RNA. These shared mechanisms include protein sequestration, peptide translation, micro-RNA (miRNA) processing, and miRNA sequestration. Recognizing the parallels between the normal functions of lncRNAs and the negative impact of expanded microsatellite RNA on biological processes can provide reciprocal understanding to the roles of both RNA species. This article is categorized under: RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.
Saagar-A New, Extensible Set of Molecular Substructures for QSAR/QSPR and Read-Across Predictions.

Molecular structure-based predictive models provide a proven alternative to costly and inefficient animal testing. However, due to a lack of interpretability of predictive models built with abstrac...
Reduced alternative insulin dosing in hyperkalemia: A meta-analysis of effects on hypoglycemia and potassium reduction.

STUDY OBJECTIVE Recent studies have identified that reduced alternative intravenous insulin doses, such as 5 units or 0.1 units/kg, may reduce the risk of hypoglycemia compared to standard doses of 10 units in patients treated for hyperkalemia. However, some studies suggest that these alternative doses may reduce the ability to lower serum potassium. This study was performed to determine the impact of alternative insulin dosing on hypoglycemia and potassium reduction in patients with hyperkalemia. DESIGN Meta-analysis. DATA SOURCE PubMed/MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Ovid, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from inception through November 2020. PATIENTS Patients treated with standard (10 units) or alternative (<10 units) insulin dosing strategies for hyperkalemia. Only studies that evaluated hypoglycemia (serum glucose <70 mg/dl), severe hypoglycemia (serum glucose <50 mg/dl), and potassium reduction post-treatment were included in the meta-analysis. All articles were assessed for bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool and Newcastle-Ottawa scales for randomized prospective trials and retrospective trials, respectively. INTERVENTION None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Ten retrospective cohort studies (n = 3437) were included and had low- or moderate-risk of bias. Alternative insulin dosing strategies included 5 units, 0.1 units/kg, and <10 units. Alternative dosing had lower pooled odds of hypoglycemia (odds ratio [OR] 0.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.43-0.69, I2 = 8%) and severe hypoglycemia (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.27-0.64, I2 = 0%). No difference in potassium reduction was detected (mean difference -0.02 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.11-0.07, I2 = 53%). CONCLUSIONS Alternative insulin dosing strategies for hyperkalemia management resulted in less hypoglycemia and severe hypoglycemia without compromising potassium reduction compared to standard dose. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Experimental Investigation of PolyJet 3D printing: Effects of Sample Location and Volume on Power Consumption

Abstract This paper reports an experimental study on power consumption of PolyJet 3D printing. Controllable variables studied are location of samples on the build platform and volume of printed samples. The measured output is “Power Efficiency”: electrical power consumed per unit volume (cubic millimeter) of printed samples. Power Efficiency values are determined by dividing the product of consumed wattage and total print time by total volume of samples. Samples of different volumes are placed at different locations on the build platform. The results show that Power Efficiency is higher when samples are arranged along the X axis than when they are arranged along the Y axis.
Cloning Flies on Sugar Cubes

Many imaging devices will produce estimated values of a physical quantity at certain points (referred to as grid points) in three-dimensional space. For example, a computerized tomography (CT) scanner estimates the X-ray attenuation coefficient inside a human body at points of a three-dimensional rectangular grid. When displaying the results of such an estimation, we usually use a sequence of two-dimensional images, such as those shown in Figure 1.1.1. In these images the bone in the spine and in the ribs appears light (the more concentrated the bone is, the lighter it appears), softer tissues appear gray, and the air outside the body and in the lungs appears dark.
An analysis of the transient solidification of a flowing warm liquid on a convectively cooled wall

Frozen layer that forms when warm liquid flows over flat plate cooled below freezing temperature of liquid by coolant flowing along other side of plate
Microstructure‐Performance Relationships in Lsm‐Ysz Cathodes

Quantitative methods for engineering efficient solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) composite electrodes are presented. Four strontium-doped lanthanum manganite (LSM)- yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) microstructures were produced by varying batching and sintering conditions. The microstructures were imaged using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the phases were identified using scanning Auger analysis. Cathode microstructure was quantified through stereographical analysis of the size distributions and volume fractions of the phases. Performance of cathodes of various thicknesses was measured using 4-wire symmetric single atmosphere air AC impedance spectroscopy as a function of temperature. All microstructures showed a decrease in total resistance (polarization and ohmic) as the thickness increased up to a critical thickness at which the resistance remained constant. Microstructures with smaller particle sizes had lower resistances, as expected. The effect of microstructure on performance was modeled analytically based on a particle percolation model. As inputs, the model used temperature-independent microstructural parameters (active area, degree of particle necking), and temperature-dependent parameters (exchange current density, YSZ ionic conductivity, LSM electronic conductivity). Good agreement between the model and the data was observed over a range of microstructures and measurement temperatures. The exchange current density and the active surface area were determined independently from the model fits. The methods can be extended to composite anode microstructures, such as Ni-YSZ or to advanced cathode microstructures.
Abstract W P197: Temporal Association between Infective Endocarditis and Stroke

Introduction: Stroke is a frequent complication of infective endocarditis (IE). However, there is uncertainty regarding the temporal association between IE and stroke. Methods: Using claims data from nonfederal acute care hospitals in California, we identified patients hospitalized for IE between July 1, 2007 and June 30, 2011. We used validated diagnosis codes to identify a primary composite outcome of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke during discrete 1-month periods in the 6 months before and 6 months after the diagnosis of IE. We then compared the likelihood of stroke in these 1-month periods to the corresponding 1-month periods 2 years prior, which was considered each patient’s baseline risk of stroke. In a secondary analysis, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke were evaluated separately. Absolute risks and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using a Mantel-Haenszel estimator for matched data. Results: Among 17,926 patients with IE, 2,275 strokes occurred within the 12-month period surrounding the diagnosis of IE, compared to 174 strokes during the corresponding period 2 years prior. The risk of stroke was the highest in the one month after diagnosis of IE as compared to the 1-month period 2 years prior (1640 versus 17 strokes). This equaled an absolute risk increase of 9.1% (95% CI 8.6-9.5) and an odds ratio of 96.5 (95% CI 59.6-155.6). Stroke risk was significantly increased from 4 months before to 5 months after the diagnosis of IE. Similarly, there was an increase in ischemic stroke risk from 4 months before to 3 months after IE, and an increase in hemorrhagic stroke risk from 4 months before to 5 months after IE. In all analyses, the increase in risk was highest in the 1 month after IE diagnosis. Conclusions: Patients with IE have a dramatically increased risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. The risk of stroke was highest in the one month after IE diagnosis and persisted for several months afterward. Furthermore, stroke risk was elevated beginning 4 months prior to the diagnosis of IE, which may reflect risk factors that can lead to both stroke and IE (e.g., heart valve surgery) or post-stroke factors that may predispose to IE (e.g., post-stroke immunosuppression or use of central venous catheters after stroke).
STORAGE OF MINING-RELATED ZINC IN FLOODPLAIN SEDIMENTS, BLUE RIVER, WISCONSIN

This study investigates spatial patterns of sediment-associated zinc (Zn) storage in floodplain deposits and the potential reintroduction of these metal-contaminated sediments to the active channel by bank erosion. We estimate patterns of Zn mass storage by combining longitudinal trends in Zn concentrations with measurements of sediment mass storage in overbank and point-bar deposits. Overbank deposits are the largest contaminant sink, storing five times more Zn than the point-bar deposits. While Zn concentrations decrease downstream because of dilution effects, the total mass of Zn stored in floodplains is greatest in both the upstream reaches and in the wider lower valleys where low channel gradients promote rapid sedimentation. Zn storage is low in middle reaches where steep, narrow valleys with high stream power favor sediment transport over deposition. Overall, more than half of the Zn released by mining remains stored in floodplain deposits within the watershed. The remobilization of Zn from storage...
Methods for Measurement and Statistical Analysis of the Frangibility of Strengthened Glass

Chemically strengthened glass features a surface compression and a balancing central tension (CT) in the interior of the glass. A greater CT is usually associated with a higher level of stored elastic energy in the glass. During a fracture event, release of a greater amount of stored energy can lead to frangibility, i.e., shorter crack branching distances, smaller fragment size, and ejection of small fragments from the glass. In this paper, the frangibility and fragmentation behaviors of a series of chemically strengthened glass samples are studied using two different manual testing methods and an automated tester. Both immediate and delayed fracture events were observed. A statistical method is proposed to determine the probability of frangible fracture for glasses ion exchanged under a specific set of conditions, and analysis is performed to understand the dependence of frangibility probability on sample thickness, CT, and testing method. We also propose a more rigorous set of criteria for qualifying frangibility.
Multisensor tracking of a maneuvering target in clutter with asynchronous measurements using IMMPDA filtering and parallel detection fusion

We present a (suboptimal) filtering algorithm for tracking a highly maneuvering target in a cluttered environment using multiple sensors dealing with possibly asynchronous (time delayed) measurements. The filtering algorithm is developed by applying the basic interacting multiple model (IMM) approach, the probabilistic data association (PDA) technique, and asynchronous measurement updating to a state-augmented system for the target motion. A state augmentation approach is developed to estimate the time delay between local and remote sensors. A multisensor probabilistic data association filter is developed for parallel sensor processing for target tracking under clutter. The algorithm is illustrated via a highly maneuvering target tracking simulation example where two sensors, radar and an infrared sensor, are used. Compared with an existing IMMPDA filtering algorithm designed for synchronous (no delay) sensor measurements processing, the proposed algorithm achieves considerable improvement in the accuracy of track estimation.
Fractionation and Characterization of Kinesin II Species in Vertebrate Brain

Recent research on kinesin motors has outlined the diversity of the superfamily and defined specific cargoes moved by kinesin family (KIF) members. Owing to the difficulty of purifying large amounts of native motors, much of this work has relied on recombinant proteins expressed in vitro. This approach does not allow ready determination of the complement of kinesin motors present in a given tissue, the relative amounts of different motors, or comparison of their native activities. To address these questions, we isolated nucleotide-dependent, microtubule-binding proteins from 13-day chick embryo brain. Proteins were enriched by microtubule affinity purification, then subjected to velocity sedimentation to separate the 20S dynein/dynactin pool from a slower sedimenting KIF containing pool. Analysis of the latter pool by anion exchange chromatography revealed three KIF species: kinesin I (KIF5), kinesin II (KIF3), and KIF1C (Unc104/KIF1). The most abundant species, kinesin I, exhibited the expected long range microtubule gliding activity. By contrast, KIF1C did not move microtubules. Kinesin II, the second most abundant KIF, could be fractionated into two pools, one containing predominantly A/B isoforms and the other containing A/C isoforms. The two motor species had similar activities, powering microtubule gliding at slower speeds and over shorter distances than kinesin I.
Popular Literature, Authorship and the Occult in Late Victorian Britain

With the increasing commercialization of publishing at the end of the nineteenth century, the polarization of serious literature and popular fiction became a commonplace of literary criticism. Andrew McCann cautions against this opposition by arguing that popular fiction's engagement with heterodox conceptions of authorship and creativity complicates its status as mere distraction or entertainment. Popular writers such as George Du Maurier, Marie Corelli, Rosa Praed and Arthur Machen drew upon a contemporary fascination with occult practices to construct texts that had an intensely ambiguous relationship to the proprietary notions of authorship that were so central to commercial publishing. Through trance-induced or automatic writing, dream states, dual personality and the retrieval of past lives channeled through mediums, they imagined forms of authorship that reinvested popular texts with claims to aesthetic and political value that cut against the homogenizing pressures of an emerging culture industry.
Multi-Scale Simulation of Near-Wall Turbulent Flows

A hybrid two-level large eddy simulation (TLS-LES) is used to study turbulent flow in a converging-diverging channel, which represents a challenging test case due to the appearance of flow separation and subsequent reattachment. While a conventional LES using a localized dynamic subgrid model is employed away from the wall, in the near-wall region a new two-scale approach called the two-level simulation (TLS) approach is employed. A hybrid scale separating operator is used to couple the LES and TLS regimes, and the combined approach that does not contain any ad hoc adjustable parameters is used to simulate high Re wall-bounded flows. The results show that the hybrid TLS-LES approach yields very reasonable predictions of most of the crucial flow features in-spite of using a relatively coarse large-scale grid.
Optical reference profilometry

The optical reference profilometer is a coordinate measurement machine (CMM) configuration that utilizes a special optical referencing frame to provide a stable and accurate surface measurement. This referencing frame provides several mechanical advantages that make it possible to use lower precision mechanical components while still maintaining high measurement accuracy. The optical reference profilometer also provides reduced measurement sensitivity to thermal variations of the environment. By utilizing a superinvar metering rod network, this CMM system is essentially thermally insensitive to temperature changes of the order of 1°C. This special feature makes the optical reference profilometer functional at a high measurement accuracy level in an open laboratory environment.
Head and neck second primary cancer rates in the human papillomavirus era: A population‐based analysis

Background Patients with head and neck cancer are at high risk for second primary malignancies. Human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven tumors are generally high-grade oropharyngeal cancers. We analyzed the incidence of second primary malignancy of the head and neck in patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck and temporal trends in the HPV era. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was queried for patients with SCC of the head and neck (range, 1973–2008). Cumulative incidence rates of second primary malignancy of the head and neck were compared based on competing risk analysis. Results A total of 104,639 cases were included in this study, of which 4616 patients had second primary malignancy of the head and neck. Oropharyngeal cancer incidence increased over time. Estimated incidence rate/10,000 person-years (105.5, 80.6, and 50.2 for 1973–1989, 1990–1999, and 2000–2008, respectively) and cumulative incidence rates (10-year rates of 6.68%, 5.72%, and 4.59% for 1973–1989, 1990–1999, and 2000–2008, respectively) of second primary malignancies of the head and neck for patients with oropharyngeal cancer decreased over time (p < .001). The second primary malignancy of the head and neck incidence rate was significantly lower in patients with high-grade oropharyngeal cancer from 2000 to 2008 (30.3 vs 65.5 and 54.6 from 1973–1989 and 1990–1999, respectively; p < .001). Conclusion The incidence of second primary malignancy of the head and neck in patients with head and neck cancer has decreased over time. This is driven by lower rates in patients with high-grade oropharyngeal cancer, is temporally related with increases in HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer, and suggests that incidence rates of second primary malignancy of the head and neck may be lower for HPV-associated cancer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2015
The Loss-of-Coolant Accident Analysis in Pressurized Water Reactors

A generalized digital computer approach to analyze the loss-of-coolant accident in pressurized water reactors requires a systematic specification of the plant geometric, physical, and topological c...
Lanthanide and actinide oxidation states in complex oxides and halides

Abstract Complex oxides and halides of the lanthanides and actinides have been studied extensively and reviewed thoroughly. Trivalent lanthanides and tetravalent actinides are readily prepared as complex halides; these two classes of complex compounds have been thoroughly investigated. Among complex oxides the most important groups have been those of the trivalent lanthanides and the hexavalent actinides. A number of recent research programs have been carried out on classes of complex compounds of unusual oxidation states. For example, exotic oxidation states such as Ln(II) and An(V) have been the focus of study of CsLnX 3 and MAnO 3 compounds (M = LiCs). In this category should also be placed the complex tetravalent oxides BaLnO 3 and BaAnO 3 , since these compounds are relatively unstable (for different reasons). This paper identifies some of the highlights of recent reviews cited above, and compares and contrasts the structural and thermodynamic properties of these important classes of compounds. ‘Mixed oxides’, such as LnLn′O 3 and An x An′ 1−x O 2 , are not treated here. Important predictions and areas for new research opportunities are identified.
Own your own color print shop for fun and (a small) profit

The School of Architecture and Allied Arts at the University of Oregon runs its own color print shop for students, faculty, and staff. This paper and poster provide details of its operation.We offer printing on a color laser printer and four large-format inkjet printers, between 24 and 42 inches wide.All printers are served through an AppleShare IP server, which will be upgraded to run OS X Server beginning in Fall 2002.All print jobs are placed on hold at the print server when they arrive. Customers can walk up to the Output Room window and see an on-screen PDF preview of their print jobs before the jobs are manually released to the printer by the Output Room operator.Print jobs are charged per page for the laser printer and per linear foot for the large-format printers. Since there was no computerized print charging system in place when the Output Room was created, customers buy paper punchcards in a variety of denominations from the bookstore. Holes are punched out on the cards to deduct value from them. No cash is handled at the Output Room.The Output Room earns a small profit each year, despite charging about half the price that commercial copy shops charge for similar quality printing. Our color printing operations also subsidize free black and white laser printing in our computer labs, allowing us to avoid having to set up an expensive print tracking and charging system.
Effects of ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone and ofloxacin on tympanic membrane perforation healing

HYPOTHESIS:: Exposure to ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone, but not ofloxacin, prolongs tympanic membrane (TM) healing. BACKGROUND:: Exposure to hydrocortisone has been shown to delay TM wound healing. No published studies have compared the effects of ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone and ofloxacin on TM healing. METHODS:: Noninfected TM perforations were created in 30 rats. The rats were split into three groups, and ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone, ofloxacin, or isotonic sodium chloride solution drops were instilled for 8 days. Tympanic membrane healing was analyzed at specified intervals using photographic documentation verified by a blinded observer. RESULTS:: The isotonic sodium chloride solution control and ofloxacin-exposed TMs healed at similar rates. There was a statistically significant delay in TM healing in the ciprofloxacin-/dexamethasone-exposed TMs by postoperative Day 10. However, all TM perforations were healed by postoperative Day 20. CONCLUSION:: Ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone delays healing of experimental TM perforations, but the brief exposure in this study did not cause persistent perforations.
Enhancing the bystander killing effect of an oncolytic HSV by arming it with a secretable apoptosis activator

Although oncolytic viruses have shown great promise as cancer therapeutics, results from a recent phase III clinical trial indicate that their potency may need further improvement for a clear clinical benefit. Here, we report a novel strategy to increase the bystander effect of virotherapy by arming an oncolytic virus with a secreted form of a Her2 single chain antibody linked to a self-multimerizing Fas ligand extracellular domain (Her2-COL-sFasL). The rationale is that, due to its much smaller size, this apoptosis activator can overcome obstacles such as the dense collagen in the tumor tissues to spread more freely than the viral particles. When measured in vitro, Her2-COL-sFasL was found to efficiently induce caspase cleavage, resulting in an 80% reduction in cell viability. Once incorporated into the genome of an oncolytic type 2 herpes simplex virus, FusOn-H3, Her2-COL-sFasL potentiates the therapeutic efficacy of the virus in an aggressive syngeneic mammary tumor model. Our data suggest that arming an oncolytic virus with a secretable and self-multimerizing apoptosis inducer is a feasible strategy to improve the potency of virotherapy.
Stretch and Hoffmann reflexes during phasic voluntary contractions of the human soleus muscle.

Abstract Measurements were made of EMG responses in human soleus muscle, following torque disturbances of the foot during phasic voluntary plantarflexions. These were compared with measurements of the Hoffmann reflex during identical voluntary movements. We observe that stretch adequate to evoke a stretch reflex in the relaxed limb often fails to evoke any response during a phasic contraction until about 120 msec after the onset of the stimulus. During this period the H-reflex is facilitated. These findings are discussed it terms of the servo-theory of stretch reflex function and the concept of trans-cortical stretch reflexes.
Rooted in Place: Understanding Camper Substitution Preferences

This study examines recreationists using primitive roadside campsites on Forest Preserve lands in the Adirondack Park. The primary objective of this study was to explore psychological factors (experience use history, enduring involvement, place bonding) that contribute to visitors’ substitution preferences and their willingness to make a resource substitution for roadside camping in the Adirondack Park. Two discriminant function analyses indicate that experience use history variables and the rootedness dimension of place bonding can significantly discriminate between substitution preference groups and willingness to substitute for roadside camping. Enduring involvement in the activity of camping, however, was not a significant predictor of substitution variables.
Vertical fluxes of particulate biogenic material through the euphotic and twilight zones in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela

Surface-tethered particle interceptor traps (PITs) were deployed at 50 and 100 m (1–3 days) on ten occasions in the Cariaco Basin between March 2007 and November 2009 to measure the settling fluxes of biogenic particles at 50 m (the base of the euphotic zone—Ez) and 100 m. Fluxes at these two depths were compared to concurrent fluxes estimated with moored sediment traps at 150, 225 and 410 m from the CARIACO Ocean Time-Series program. We measured particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate organic nitrogen (PON), calcium carbonate, biogenic silica and terrigenous material concentrations in samples collected with both the drifting and moored traps. We also estimated the fluxes of foraminifera shells and coccolithophore cells at 50 and 100 m using drifting traps samples. Surface chlorophyll a and primary production observations during each sampling period were examined to quantify the relationship between the magnitude and geochemical composition of the vertical flux and overlying production. Surface chlorophyll a concentrations and primary production rates were highest during months of upwelling (2.58 � 1.35 mg m � 3 and 3.6 � 1.4 g C m � 2 d � 1 , respectively). The fluxes of POC, PON, calcite and silica measured during the upwelling season (December–May) were typically higher than during the period of non-upwelling (August–November), when surface waters are more strongly stratified. POC fluxes measured with the drifting traps (50 and 100 m) varied between 0.95 (upwelling) and 0.14 g m � 2 d � 1 (non-upwelling), compared with those from the moored traps (150, 225 and 410 m) which ranged from 0.21 to 0.01 g m � 2 d � 1 . Similarly, the fluxes of biogenic opal in the upper 100 m ranged from 1.12 and 0.18 g m � 2 d � 1 , and those at greater depths varied from 0.27 g m � 2 d � 1 during upwelling to values near zero during stratification periods. The fluxes of POC, PON, calcite and silica in the upper 100 m decreased by an order of magnitude at the depth of the oxic–anoxic interface (4200 m). The sinking organic matter collected with the floating traps within the upper 100 m was significantly correlated with surface chlorophyll a concentrations (r¼ 0.68, po0.05) as a result of close coupling between the flux of biogenic particles and primary production. In contrast, there was no clear relationship between surface chlorophyll/primary production and fluxes measured below 150 m depth. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The Law Clerks’ Recommendations and the Conference Vote On-the-Merits on the U.S. Supreme Court

To what extent did Justice Harold Burton vote in accord with the recommendations of his clerks regarding whether to affirm or to reverse the decision of the lower court? We examined this question regarding his conference votes on-the-merits during three terms of the Vinson Court. We discovered that Burton’s agreement rate with his clerks exceeded his agreement rates with all eight of his colleagues and that the clerks’ agreement rate with Burton’s conference votes exceeded their agreement rates with the other eight justices’ conference votes. Those results support the view that the relationship between a law clerk and his justice can be perceived in terms of principal-agent theory. These findings suggest that the Court is an efficient organization and that clerks are trying to help rather than influence their employer; i.e., clerks do not use their positions to pursue ideological goals.
Spectral resolution of differential operators associated with symmetric hyperbolic systems

Spectral properties of the operator A=-i∑j=1 nAj∂/∂jare derived and the results are applied to study the perturbed opearator A=E(x)-1∑j=1 nAj∂/∂j. Here the A j's are constand, real symmmetric.k×k matrices. Aside from this no further assumption is made. An expression for the spectral family {E(λ)}of A is given in terms of the Fourier transform and the spectral resolution of the matrixA(p)=∑j=1=1P A j. The spectrum of A is proved to be absolutely continuous, unless the equation det(τl-A(p))=0 possesses roots τ=τ(p) which vanish for all P. in this case λ=0 is an eigenvalue of a, but still the spectral measure E(s) is absolutely continuous when restricted to the Borel sets S which do not contain the point λ=0. The existence of the wave operator is established, thus proving that Ap is unitarily equivalent to a part of A.
Effect of restoration of combined offset on stability of large head THA

Improvements in bearing technology have resulted in a reduction in wear and larger femoral heads to reduce dislocation rates. We retrospectively reviewed 668 primary THAs (580 patients) inserted with 32 mm or 36 mm femoral heads (1/2003-6/2007) performed through a posterior approach with posterior repair. Patients received a questionnaire assessing instability and dislocations. We compared clinical and radiographic data between patients with and without dislocations. Follow-up averaged 3.4 years (range 2-6.6 years). The dislocation rate was 1.3% (9/668). Decreasing the combined postoperative offset (lateral offset + medial offset measurements) and using acetabular cups larger than 58 mm in outer diameter increased the risk of dislocation. A majority of the hips that dislocated had negative combined offset and abduction angles in the upper and lower quartiles of all hips studied. Appropriate positioning should be used to minimise dislocation risk in THAs inserted with large femoral heads.
Post VLSI technology

It is argued that a `post VLSI technology' will employ some type of `continuum processor' (CP) and will require simultaneous development of a device technology and system design procedures for the technology.
Determinants of long-term mortality after prolonged mechanical ventilation.

Study Objectives The poor long-term survival of patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation may be due to potentially modifiable factors. We therefore sought to assess the early determinants of long-term survival after discharge from a specialized respiratory unit. Methods Eighty of 113 patients (71%) admitted to a respiratory care unit from June 2001 to August 2003 survived to discharge. Mortality outcomes and dates of death were determined by review of the records and survey in April 2005 of a national Death Master File. Potential determinants of survival after discharge were collected during the admission to the unit. Results Fifty-five percent of patients died within the first year after discharge. Age of 65 years or older, sacral ulcers, a serum creatinine >124 μmol/L, and failure to wean were each individually associated with shorter survival. Age, skin integrity, and wean status on discharge remained independent determinants of survival in a multivariable analysis. In a post-hoc analysis, chronic irreversible neurologic diseases were also independently associated with poor long-term survival. Conclusions Mortality after discharge from a respiratory care unit is high. Interventions that may favorably impact long-term survival in these patients could target the modifiable factors identified, including measures that facilitate weaning and prevent or treat renal dysfunction and skin breakdown.
Managed care as a vehicle for delivering more effective chronic care for older persons

Chronic illness is now the dominant feature of health care, and its impact will grow with the aging of the population. Managed care could provide an environment conducive to better care for chronically ill patients. A precondition for these activities is a shift in Medicare payment approaches to managed care organizations to recognize differences in risk. To improve care for the chronically ill, changes need to occur in two major areas: (1) The approach to chronic care needs to become more aggressive, with higher expectations about the benefits from care (even if measured by slowing the rate of decline), and (2) an information infrastructure is needed to help focus clinicians' attention on changes in patients' status. Some of these changes may eventually evolve spontaneously in managed care's search for more efficient ways of meeting its service obligations, but external forces, such as certification and federal mandates, could catalyze the transition.
Pharmacologic inhibition of particulate‐induced bone resorption

In this study, a rat calvaria/macrophage co-culture model was used to study the effects of various agents upon bone resorption induced by macrophage exposure to bone cement particles. The experimental group consisted of calvaria bone disks set in tissue culture medium on stainless-steel platforms into wells with macrophages adherent to the bottom which are exposed to the particles. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), and calcium 45 (Ca 45 ) were released in significant amounts in this system. Interleukin 1α (IL-1α) was not detected. Indomethacin inhibited the production of PGE 2 , but did not affect TNF release or inhibit the release of Ca 45 . Anti-TNF antibody neutralized the presence of TNF to undetectable levels, but did not affect PGE 2 release or inhibit Ca 45 release. The addition of calcitonin did not inhibit Ca 45 release by calvaria. In contrast, the addition of disodium pamidronate, a member of the bisphosphonate family, was effective in inhibiting the release of Ca 45 even after 96 h of incubation. In prior studies, incubation of calvaria in conditioned medium from macrophages exposed to cement particles led to resorption through a mechanism which is dependent upon TNF production by macrophages, and PGE 2 production by cells in bone. In this two-way system, in which macrophages and cells in bone are allowed to interact, this dependency was no longer evident. Pamidronate was the only agent tested which suppressed the increase in bone resorption associated with macrophage exposure to bone cement particles to levels which were not significantly different from unexposed calvaria. By delaying or preventing bone resorption associated with macrophage exposure to bone cement particles, bisphosphonates may have a clinical role in cemented joint arthroplasty by decreasing the rate or incidence of aseptic loosening and prolonging implant longevity.
Vane Rheology of Cohesionless Glass Beads

The rheology of a single coarse granular powder has been studied with shear vane rotational viscometry. The torque required to maintain constant rotation of a vane tool in a loose bed of glass beads (with a mean particle size of 203 μm) is measured as a function of vane immersion depth and rotational speed. The resulting torque profiles exhibit both Coulombic behavior at low rotational rates and fluid-like, collisional behavior at high rotational rates. Analyzing vane shaft and end effects allows the flow dynamics at the cylindrical and top and bottom disk surfaces of vane rotation to be determined. Disk surfaces show a uniform torque profile consistent with Coulombic friction over most of the rotational rates studied. In contrast, cylindrical surfaces show both frictional and collisional torque contributions, with significant dynamic torque increases at deep immersion depths and fast vane rotation.
Quantitative characterization of sphere‐templated porous biomaterials

Three-dimensional (3-D) porous hydrogels were fabricated by polymerizing 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate around templates of random close-packed poly(methyl methacrylate) microspheres with nominal diameter of 5 or 15 μm. The templates were leached out to create networks of interconnected spherical pores. Applications for sphere-templated porous biomaterials include scaffolds for tissue engineering and spatial control of wound healing. This study describes an approach to characterizing pore structure and predicting permeability of sphere-templated porous hydrogels. The materials were embedded in resin, and 1-μm-plane sections were digitally analyzed with fluorescence microscopy. The porosity and pore size distribution were determined from stereological interpretation, and we present novel techniques for obtaining the pore throat size distribution, the number of pore throats per pore, and the tortuosity. A simple apparatus is also introduced for measurement of the hydraulic permeability. Permeability predictions based on quantitative microscopy measurements and on stereology were found to agree closely with permeability measurements. The aptness of the Kozeny equation for spherically pored materials is also investigated. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Scratching the surface: a role of pain-sensing TRPA1 in itch.

The molecular mechanisms of itch, particularly histamine-independent itch, are unclear. Wilson et al. report that TRPA1, an ion channel critical for pain sensation, also functions as an essential component of itch transduction.
Studies of Isomeric Yield Ratios in the Production of Sc 44 , Mn 52 , and Y 87 by Photonuclear Reactions

Isomeric yield ratios for the production of the ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{44}$, ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{52}$, and ${\mathrm{Y}}^{87}$ isomers have been measured in photo-nuclear reactions. Scandium, iron, manganese, cobalt, yttrium, and niobium targets were used, and they were irradiated with bremsstrahlung of maximum energy in the 100- to 300-MeV range. The observed isomeric yield ratios show a general favoring of the isomer whose spin is closer to that of the target nucleus. In those cases in which several different bremsstrahlung energies were used, there were no significant variations in the observed isomeric yield ratios with changes in the bremsstrahlung maximum energy. The observed isomeric yield ratios are compared with theoretical isomer ratios calculated on the basis of a compound-nucleus mechanism using the statistical-model formulation of Huizenga and Vandenbosch. The observed isomeric yield ratios can be reproduced by using the same values for the level-density spin-cutoff parameter that are required to account for the isomer ratios that have been observed for particle-induced reactions producing the same isomeric pairs. The required spin-cutoff parameters are reduced by 10 and 20% from those expected for a rigid body in the cases of ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{44}$ and ${\mathrm{Y}}^{87}$. For ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{52}$ the required value is about 50% larger than the rigid-body value. The result for ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{52}$ is unusual and may be due to shell structure effects which are not included in the statistical model that was used as a basis for the calculations.
Observations on the spread of mouse polyoma virus infection.

THE tissue culture growth of the mouse parotid tumour virus, referred to by Stewart et al.1 as “SE polyoma virus”, has led to the development of rapid methods for its demonstration and determination, and to practical and specific serological techniques for antibody determinations as well1–5. We have made preliminary observations on the distribution of antibodies in various mouse colonies and on the excretion of virus.
Association between language and risk factor levels among Hispanic adults with hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or diabetes.

Background The association of acculturation and cardiovascular risk factor control among populations with high proportions of immigrants has not been well studied. Methods We studied 1,492 Hispanic participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) with hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and/or diabetes. We used linear regression to examine the cross-sectional relationships between acculturation measures and cardiovascular risk factor levels. Outcome measures included systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), fasting low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (mg/dL), and fasting blood glucose (mg/dL). Covariates included education, income, health insurance, physical activity, dietary factors, risk factor–specific medication use, duration of medication use, smoking, and body mass index. Results There were 580 Hispanics with hypertension, 539 with hypercholesterolemia, and 248 with diabetes. After adjustment for age and gender, Spanish-speaking Hispanics with cardiovascular risk factors had higher systolic blood pressure, fasting LDL cholesterol, and fasting blood glucose compared to English-speaking Hispanics. Differences in systolic blood pressure were accounted for mainly by education, whereas differences in LDL cholesterol were almost entirely accounted for by cholesterol-lowering medication use. Differences in fasting glucose were partly accounted for by socioeconomic variables but were augmented after adjustment for dietary factors. Similar associations were observed between proportion of life in the United States and risk factor levels. Conclusions Among those with cardiovascular risk factors, Hispanics who spoke Spanish at home and lived less time in the United States had worse control of cardiovascular risk factors. Treatment strategies that focus on Hispanics with low levels of acculturation may improve cardiovascular risk factor control.
The biogenesis of cell structures and the expression of assembly information.

Abstract The assembly of cellular structures is considered to be a linear process that begins with the synthesis of structural molecules. At various points during assembly, additional genetic information may be required for proper assembly. Based on the location of genetic information expression during assembly, structure biogenesis can be grouped into four categories: (1) those which require only information for the synthesis of structural macromolecules; (2) those which require information for the post-translational modification of precursor structural macromolecules; (3) those which require genetic information for the actual assembly step; and (4) those which require information for post-assembly modification of the structure. Examples are given to illustrate and document each of these types of assembly reactions. Further, the usefulness of this scheme for understanding intracellular and extracellular assembly processes is discussed.