cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Spring and Geyser Activity and the Deposition and Morphology of High Temperature (> 73°C) Siliceous Sinter, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT Six classes of alkaline hot springs and geysers are here distinguished in Yellowstone National Park based on activity and eruptive style: (1) non-surging, non-boiling springs, (2) gently surging, non-boiling springs, (3) non-surging to gently surging, boiling springs; (4) strongly surging springs, (5) fountain geysers, and (6) cone geysers. Each displays morphologically distinctive siliceous sinter deposits in the high-temperature (> 73°C) parts of the vent and outflow systems. Non-surging and gently surging, non-boiling springs that do not overflow their rims develop thin digitate to lilypad-like sinter rims that grow horizontally over the pool surfaces. Similar springs with rim overflow have rims that accrete vertically. Boiling springs often have nearly circular, steep-sided pools and rims dominated by splash and rim-overflow and composed mainly of spicular and columnar sinter. Fountain geysers, characterized by broad fountain-like eruption bursts, have a central vent surrounded by a zone of spicular sinter beyond which is a broad, flat-bottomed moat, but lack steep sinter cones. Cone geysers have narrow vents, jet-like discharges that cool rapidly and fall close to the vent, and steep-sided spicule-dominated sinter cones. Sinter deposition takes place within three main zones: (1) fully subaqueous sides and bottoms of vent pools, outflow basins, and outflow channels; (2) periodically wetted splash zones surrounding hot springs and geysers; and (3) largely subaerial parts of the rim and outflow areas wetted mainly by overflow and surging and that dry quickly. Fully subaqueous surfaces are covered by fine earthy particulate siliceous sediment (PSS) composed largely of amorphous silica spherules and spherule aggregates that appear to have precipitated around heterogeneous nuclei, including microbes. Splash zones of hot springs and geysers are characterized by spicular sinter. Largely subaerial zones, wetted mainly by rim overflow and surging with little or no splash, show complex varieties of terraced, columnar, and knobby sinter. The highest silica deposition rates occur where surfaces are wetted frequently and evaporate to dryness, such as the tops of spicules, columns, and knobs. Associated lower areas and crevices that remain wet or moist show slow accumulation of PSS. Most continuously wet surfaces in high-temperature (> 73°C) hot spring and geyser vent and outflow systems are probably covered by microbial biofilms. Although microbes may locally influence rates of silica deposition and sinter microstructure, the results of this study suggest that the depositional sites, morphology, and macrostructuring of high-temperature sinter are controlled largely by the processes of surface wetting, evaporation, and drying.
Evidence for cardiac sodium–calcium exchanger association with caveolin-3

The interaction of cardiac Na+–Ca2+ exchange (NCX1) with caveolin proteins was investigated in sarcolemmal vesicles. Western blots of sarcolemmal vesicles revealed the presence of caveolin-1, -2, and -3. NCX1 co-fractionated more closely with caveolin-3 than caveolin-1 on sucrose density gradients. NCX1 has five possible caveolin-binding motifs and NCX1 co-precipitated specifically with caveolin-3. Molecular sieve column chromatography indicated that this co-precipitation was not due to incomplete solubilization of lipid raft microdomains. Cholesterol chelation in vesicles decreased NCX1 transport activity and caveolin-3 co-precipitation. NCX1 may play a role in caveolar transmembrane signaling in addition to its role in excitation–contraction coupling.
Ocean–atmosphere interactions: Bottom up in the tropics

A study reveals that recent warming in the Indian Ocean and in the Pacific 'warm pool' has caused a cooling near the top of the tropical troposphere above, leading to less water vapour entering the stratosphere.
Production of graphene from graphite oxide using urea as expansion–reduction agent

Abstract Graphene sheets were produced from graphite oxide using a simple two-step process. First, graphite oxide (GO) is well mixed with an expansion–reduction agent, such as urea, that decomposes upon heating to release reducing gases. Second, the mix is heated in an inert gas environment (e.g. N2) for a very short time to a moderate temperature (ca. 600 °C). Reaction temperature selection should be consistent with the decomposition temperature of the expansion–reduction agent. Upon cooling, graphene can readily be collected as the solid byproduct. Graphene samples were characterized by XRD, TEM, EELS, SEM, Raman Spectroscopy and the GO and urea mixtures decomposition-reduction process studied by TGA/DSC analysis. This graphene generation process is rapid, inexpensive and easy to scale up.
Evidence that natural selection acts on silent mutation

Abstract Analysis of nucleic acid sequence data of mammalian hemoglobin, yeast cytochrome c , and human interferon reveals strong biases in favor of specific codons. These biases do not appear to dissipate over time, suggesting that an indirect form of selection acts on silent mutations. The data are compatible with the “bootstrapping” hypothesis that silent mutations which alter the rate of evolution can hitchhike with traits whose appearance they facilitate. Selection involving modulating effects of codon usage on gene expression may also be involved, but the data appear to exclude simple maximization of gene expression.
High concentrations of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) larvae along the offshore edge of a coastal current: effects of convergent circulation

Using a combination of observations and numerical modeling, we examined the distribution of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) larvae along the edge of the buoyant plume emanating from the mouth of Delaware Bay along the east coast of the USA. Our observations consisted of larval sampling and hydrographic measurements taken along a series of transects that spanned the plume, the plume edge, and the coastal ocean. The numerical model is a realistic circulation model of Delaware Bay and the adjoining coastal ocean that includes daily wind forcing, daily river discharge, and tides. We tested the hypothesis that the offshore edges of coastal currents are regions of convergence and retention for larvae of estuary dependent species. Collected data showed a marked difference between the distribution of early and late stage larvae. Patches of early stage larvae occurred within lower salinities typical of the estuarine plume and higher salinities associated with the offshore edge of the plume. Late-stage larvae occurred almost entirely in salinities characteristic of the offshore edge. The field study was followed by a modeling component that simulated larval distributions over the spawning season of 2005. Output from the model showed simulated larval distributions that were similar to the observations. This study provides new insight into the distribution of larvae and larval patches in Delaware Bay and any region with extensive buoyancy and tidally driven flow. Results indicate that larvae tend to congregate along the edges of plumes emanating from estuaries due solely to physical mechanisms, regardless of the initial spawning location.
Design, Build, and Test of Modular Mobile Micro Robots

This paper presents a novel architecture for a mobile micro robot design. The architecture will have hardware and software modularity. The modular architecture of the platform provides “plug-and-play” capability that will allow hardware and software subsystems to be easily swapped. This paper focuses on vertical hardware modularity in the sense that modules will not be identical to each other but have common connectivity. Our approach slices a robot into functional modules such as locomotion, control, sensors, communication, and actuation. Any mobile robot can be constructed by combining the above abstract modules. A sub-module is a piece of hardware, which accomplishes the functionality of an abstract module, i.e. a wireless communication sub-module for a communication module. The software architecture consists of abstract classes and their objects. The abstract classes are “robot”, “locomotion”, “control”, “communication”, “sensor”, and “actuators”. From these abstract classes, concrete classes are derived. The objects are going to be created from the concrete classes. For example, “wireless” can be a class inherited from “communication” class. Then, an instance of “wireless” class can be created as the communication module in the robot. The objects (tasks) are dynamically loaded into the robots so that the modular OS can run the tasks on the sub-module it has. The paper explores generations of micro robot designs with modular architecture.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Multiple parent bodies of polymict brecciated meteorites

Abstract In three brecciated meteorites, Bencubbin, Cumberland Falls and Plainview, the oxygen isotopic compositions of different rock types within each meteorite were determined to seek genetic relationships between them. In all cases the isotopic compositions are not consistent with derivation from a single parent body. There is no evidence that chondrites and achondrites could be derived from a common parent body. The chondritic inclusions in Bencubbin and Cumberland Falls cannot be identified with any of the ordinary chondritic meteorites. The carbonaceous chondritic fragments in Bencubbin are smilar to, but not identical with, C2 meteorites. The achondritic portion of Bencubbin has a very unusual isotopic composition, which, along with its close relative Weatherford, sets it in a class distinctly apart from other achondrites. Lithic fragments in brecciated meteorites provide a wider range of rock types than is represented by known macroscopic meteorites. Collisions between some meteorite parent bodies were of sufficiently low velocity that fragments of both are preserved in breccias.
Symptom coaching: Factitious disorder by proxy with older children

Abstract This paper proposes the idea that the story of factitious or exaggerated illness is coauthored or that symptoms may be coached through the dynamics of the family. The physician is unwittingly engaged as a coauthor by performing diagnostic tests and treatments. Children and family members may be invited to coauthor or collude in the presentation of false symptoms as well. The importance of assessing the participation of family members in illness presentation was discussed as well as the difficulty in determining intentionality of symptom production. Four cases are presented including test data which indicate that the more “active” the family may be in presentation of symptoms, the more likely they are to present a cohesive family picture and to seek outside support and the less likely they are to report Stressors. Treatment ideas include acknowledging the possibility of both conscious and unconscious production of symptoms by family members in the creation of a story of illness. Treatment suggestions included the promotion of an alternative story to illness.
The Microfoundations of Corporatist Intervention: Dairying's Collective Action Problems in Canada and England during the 1930s Depression*

Dans cet article, nous demontrons l'utilite d'une approche microfondamentale dans la comprehension de phenomenes sociaux de plus grande ampleur. Grâce a l'analyse des questions de recours collectifs, qui se sont posees aux differents acteurs, au Canada et en Angleterre, nous etablissons un lien informel entre la macrovariable de « structure de l'industrie » et les formes divergentes de reglementation corporatiste instaurees dans les annees 1930. Apres avoir explique les caracteeristiques centrales de l'approche microfondamentale et souligne les aspects importants de la theorie des jeux et du concept de choix rationnel, nous examinons les temoignages elabores, presentes dans le cadre de commissions et de comites du gouvernement. Ces donnees comparatives et historiques fournissent les bases qui permettent de comprendre la maniere dont les differentes structures de l'industrie ont cause des problemes de reglementation uniques pour les gouvernements canadien et britannique. This paper argues for the utility of a microfoundational approach to understanding larger social phenomena. Through an analysis of the collective action problems experienced by the various actors in both Canada and England, I wish to establish a causal link between the macro-level variable “industry structure” and the divergent forms of corporatist regulation instituted in the 1930s. After clarifying the central features of my microfoundational approach and highlighting important aspects of game theory and rational choice explanations, I review the extensive sets of testimonies given before governmental commissions and committees. These comparative and historical data provide the foundations for understanding how distinct industry structures produced unique sets of regulatory problems for the Canadian and British governments.
In situ DNA PCR and RNA hybridization detection of herpes simplex virus sequences in trigeminal gangliaof latently infected mice

The presence of herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) DNA in the trigeminal ganglia of latently infected mice was detected by an in situ DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which includes a DNA:DNA hybridization step (indirect in situ PCR). These results were compared to the number of neurons possessing the HSV-1 latency associated transcript (LAT), as detected by in situ RNA hybridization with LAT probes. Sensitivity assays were shown to detect a single copy cellular gene in 48% of neuronal cell bodies. The results suggest that in situ PCR is an effective method to locate and detect HSV-1 within latently infected neurons. Moreover, the number of neurons found to be harboring HSV-1, by the method of in situ PCR, which does not depend upon virus gene expression, is within threefold of the number detected by in situ hybridization for LAT. Therefore, this report describes the first detection of HSV-1 DNA in latently infected murine trigeminal ganglia by the method of indirect in situ PCR, and compares the findings to the number of neurons expressing LAT, as assessed by conventional in situ hybridization.
Potentiated reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior following D-amphetamine infusion into the basolateral amygdala.

Reinstatement of extinguished drug-seeking behavior following chronic drug self-administration has been demonstrated in rats in the presence of conditioned cues. This experimental model of cue-induced relapse can be used to assess the neural circuitry involved in relapse. We have previously shown that blockade of dopamine D1 receptors in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) abolishes conditioned cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. The present study tested the hypothesis that D-amphetamine-induced facilitation of monoamine neurotransmission in the BLA would potentiate conditioned cue-induced reinstatement of extinguished drug-seeking behavior. During daily self-administration sessions over 10 consecutive days, rats pressed a lever to receive cocaine infusions (0.2 mg/0.05 ml) paired with a light+tone compound stimulus. Following self-administration, rats underwent daily extinction sessions, during which no stimuli were presented. On the test days, rats received intra-BLA D-amphetamine (10 or 30 μg/side) or vehicle infusions followed by extinction or conditioned cue-induced reinstatement testing. D-amphetamine infusions did not alter extinction responding relative to vehicle infusions. During reinstatement testing, conditioned cue presentation significantly increased responding over extinction levels, and intra-BLA D-amphetamine produced a dose-dependent increase in lever responding relative to vehicle infusions. These findings suggest that enhanced monoamine tone in the BLA potentiates the motivational effect and/or salience of cocaine-paired cues during reinstatement.
Partnering paradigms? Knowledge management and relationship marketing

Knowledge management and relationship marketing are two significant management paradigms, but they emerge from distinct disciplinary traditions. Communication is at the heart of both paradigms, and concepts such as online communities, trust, knowledge sharing, loyalty and commitment are to be found in both literatures. Similarly, repositories of customer data or information can be used as a platform for processes associated with both relationships and knowledge. Uses brief reviews of the scope and processes of both knowledge management and relationship marketing to lead into an exploration of the interface between the two paradigms. Both relationship marketing and knowledge management recognise the value to be created through appropriate synergies of technology, people and process, but neither is a substitute for the other. Both knowledge and relationships are part of the extended product offering that the organisation uses in pursuit of market success.
Interactive toxicity of simple chemical mixtures of cadmium, mercury, methylmercury and trimethyltin: model-dependent responses

Scientific and societal interest in the analysis of aggregate toxicity derives from the fact that people are seldom exposed to single chemicals, but rather to multiple agents from different sources and even to mixtures of agents from a single source. Many descriptive terms and mathematical, graphical, and statistical models have been used to evaluate the toxicity of simple mixtures. It is not very easy to distinguish clearly the intrinsic differences, distinctions and limitations of these models when applied to characterizing interactive toxicity. A series of experiments were performed to illustrate model-dependent consistencies and differences in interactive toxicity. Cultured murine renal cortical cells, target cells for metal toxicity, were treated with selected concentrations of one metal or binary mixtures of metals to give conditions of dose-additivity, response additivity, or with only one toxic member of the binary mixture. The cytotoxicity was determined at 24h by lactate dehydrogenase release. The data were analyzed graphically and mathematically by (a) Carter's statistical isobologram, (b) Barton's non-linear, and (c) Kodell and Pounds' linear models to characterize the interaction. These models were compared and contrasted for robustness, and consistency using these common data sets. The models gave generally consistent conclusions, but each model has limitations and strengths for assessing particular mixtures scenarios. This comparison illustrates the complexity of extrapolating conclusions between models, and difficulty of public health assessment from exposures to multiple chemicals in the environment.
A note on the development of deferred imitation in enculturated juvenile chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Abstract In recent years, imitation has played a central role in conceptions of children’s memory, representational, and social cognitive abilities; in nonhuman primate cognitive competencies; and the evolution of human culture. In this paper, we combine data from three studies that assessed deferred imitation in three juvenile, enculturated (human-reared) chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ), administered over a 4-year period, to assess the development of deferred imitation. The basic task used in each study involved a baseline, followed by a demonstration in which a model displayed some actions on objects to participants. After a 10-min delay, the participants were given the objects and evidence of imitation was noted. The number of trials on which chimpanzees displayed deferred imitation increased with age, both between and within participants. Developmental differences were most apparent on the more complex tasks that required coordination of actions on materials (e.g., putting a nail in form board and striking it with a hammer) than on simpler tasks (e.g., striking two cymbals together). Patterns of performance were similar when the complete set of actions (targets) were duplicated by the ape and when the ape duplicated only portions of the demonstrated behavior (approximation to the target). The results were interpreted as reflecting age-related changes in chimpanzees’ abilities to engage in complex social learning after a delay, and arguably in the symbolic representational system supporting such abilities.
Focal Infection Treatment using Laser‐Mediated Heating of Injectable Silk Hydrogels with Gold Nanoparticles

Medical treatment of subcutaneous bacterial abscesses usually involves systemic high-dose antibiotics and incision-drainage of the wound. Such an approach suffers from two main deficiencies: bacterial resistance to antibiotics and pain associated with multiple incision-drainage-wound packing procedures. Furthermore, the efficacy of high-dose systemic antibiotics is limited because of the inability to penetrate into the abscess. To address these obstacles, we present a treatment relying on laser-induced heating of gold nanoparticles embedded in an injectable silk-protein hydrogel. Although bactericidal nanoparticle systems have been previously employed based on silver and nitric oxide, they have limitations regarding customization and safety. The method we propose is safe and uses biocompatible, highly tunable materials: an injectable silk hydrogel and Au nanoparticles, which are effective absorbers at low laser powers such as those provided by hand held devices. We demonstrate that a single 10-minute laser treatment of a subcutaneous infection in mice preserves the general tissue architecture, while achieving a bactericidal effect - even resulting in complete eradication in some cases. The unique materials platform presented here can provide the basis for an alternative treatment of focal infections.
Restoration of Large Damage Volumes in Polymers

The regenerative power of tissues and organs in biology has no analog in synthetic materials. Although self-healing of microscopic defects has been demonstrated, the regrowth of material lost through catastrophic damage requires a regenerative-like approach. We demonstrate a vascular synthetic system that restores mechanical performance in response to large-scale damage. Gap-filling scaffolds are created through a two-stage polymer chemistry that initially forms a shape-conforming dynamic gel but later polymerizes to a solid structural polymer with robust mechanical properties. Through the control of reaction kinetics and vascular delivery rate, we filled impacted regions that exceed 35 mm in diameter within 20 min and restored mechanical function within 3 hours. After restoration of impact damage, 62% of the total absorbed energy was recovered in comparison with that in initial impact tests.
Amrinone therapy for congestive heart failure in outpatients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Amrinone, 100 mg orally every 8 hours, was administered to 13 patients with moderate-to-severe congestive heart failure (CHF) for 1 month on an outpatient basis to determine the beneficial and undesirable effects of this new cardioactive agent in this clinical setting. These subjects received conventional CHF medications during the course of study. Ten patients who received conventional CHF medications alone served as a control group. Changes in functional classification were not significantly different between the 2 treatment groups. Amrinone augmented exercise capacity 37% above baseline compared with a 12% improvement for the control group. Noninvasive indexes of resting left ventricular function (echocardiography and systolic time intervals) did not change significantly for either group, nor was there a significant change in the exercise ejection fraction. All patients treated with amrinone had ≥ 1 symptom-related or laboratory-detected adverse effect. An increase in the frequency of ventricular ectopic beats was noted at rest in 4 and with exercise in 6 patients (salvos of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in 2). Six subjects treated with amrinone had gastrointestinal symptoms and 8 developed a viral-like illness. Other adverse effects noted in the amrinone-treated group included near-syncope, headaches, marked anxiety, chest pain, palpitations, maculopapular rash, hypokalemia, and elevation of serum transaminase levels. The control patients had significantly fewer adverse effects. Although individual patients with CHF may benefit from long-term amrinone therapy, the low benefitto-risk-adverse effect ratio does not warrant widespread application of this drug in the outpatient management of CHF and requires caution when prescribing.
Residential segregation and the epidemiology of infectious diseases

Several empirical studies have documented the effects of residential segregation on health inequalities between the US African-American and white populations. However, the majority of such studies have not explained the pathways that link residential segregation and specific health outcomes. This paper presents a conceptual framework of the role that residential segregation may play in the epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB) and other infectious diseases. This is an important issue given the concentration of TB cases among US racial/ethnic minorities and the increasing gap in the incidence of infectious diseases between minorities and the white majority. Segregation may have an indirect effect on the transmission of TB because of its negative impact on the quality of neighborhood environment in segregated communities. Segregation concentrates poverty, overcrowded and dilapidated housing and social disintegration in minority areas, and results in limited access to health care. Furthermore, two dimensions of residential segregation (isolation and concentration) may have direct effects on TB transmission. The isolation of minorities confines TB to segregated areas and prevents transmission to the rest of the population. High-density levels in minority areas increase the probability of transmission within the segregated group. In order to operationalize the above pathways, health researchers may rely on the segregation literature, which has conceptualized various dimensions of residential segregation and proposed ways to measure them. The indirect pathways that link segregation and TB can be captured through exposure indices, which quantify the concentration of risk factors for TB for various racial and ethnic groups. The direct pathways can be captured through the isolation index (which is a proxy for the degree of interaction between the segregated group and the rest of the population) and two proposed measures of density (which are proxies for the likelihood of transmission within the segregated group and from the segregated group to the rest of the population).
Single‐phase and heterophase solid‐state chemical kinetics of thermally induced methyl transfer in tetraglycine methyl ester

To better understand the general interrelationships between chemical transformations and physical transformations in solid-state reactions, we have studied the kinetics of methyl transfer in polycrystalline samples of tetraglycine methyl ester [TGME] over the temperature range of 83°C–115°C. Changes in the concentrations of the reactant and various intermediates (sarcosyltriglycine methyl ester METGME, and tetraglycine TG) and products (sarcosyltriglycine METG and N N-dimethyl glycyl triglycine Me2TG) were measured over the entire time course of the reaction using HPLC. Corresponding measurements of physical transformations occurring during the course of the reactions were made using X-ray powder diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry. Kinetic curves for the loss of TGME in the range of 83°C–115°C have a sigmoldal shape and collapse into one curve when plotted in terms of reduced time. t/t0.5, as do plots of intermediate and product concentration plotted in the same manner. The first 25% of the reaction proceeds homogeneously through what is believed to be the formation of a crystalline solid solution of the intermediates and products in the reactant. The acceleratory character of the kinetic curves in the single-phase portion of the reaction has been described by a kinetic scheme that contains a concentration-dependent rate constant. The apperance of a new crystalline phase beyond 35% of the reaction changes the reaction mechanism from a bulk reaction to an interface-controlled process that causes further acceleration of the methyl transfer. The apparent activation energies for both single-phase and heterophase stages of the reaction are about 100–130 kJ/mole © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 29: 339–348, 1997
An unsupervised neural model for oriented principal component extraction

The concept of oriented principal component (OPC) analysis is introduced. It is the extension of the GSVD (generalized singular value decomposition) concept to the case of random processes (much like principal component analysis extends SVD for stochastic signals). In the random signal case, OPC analysis is equivalent to matched filtering and can be found useful in many classification and detection applications. The authors propose a corresponding neural model equipped with an efficient training algorithm for estimating the oriented principal component of two stochastic processes without assuming explicit knowledge of their statistics. The algorithm is based on the (normalized) learning rule proposed by Hebb for training the synaptic weights of a network of neurons. Both the theoretical justification and the numerical performance are shown, giving an explicit estimate of the learning rate parameter for best convergence speed. >
Mutations Targeting Intermodular Interfaces or Calcium Binding Destabilize the Thrombospondin-2 Signature Domain

Thrombospondins (THBSs) are a family of secreted calcium-binding glycoproteins with roles in angiogenesis, cell motility, apoptosis, cytoskeletal organization, and extracellular matrix organization. The THBS-2 signature domain (three epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like modules, a wire module with 13 calcium-binding repeats, and a lectin-like module) binds 30 calcium ions and forms extensive interactions among its parts. We explored the significance of these structural elements by examining the impact of 10 different mutations known to result in pseudoachondrodysplasia or multiple epiphyseal dysplasia when found in the homologous wire and lectin-like modules of thrombospondin-5 (THBS-5). A variety of observations indicate that the mutations result in unstable THBS-5 proteins that aggregate in the endoplasmic reticulum. We introduced the mutations into homologous sites of a THBS-2 construct, for which the crystal structure is known, and determined the effects of the mutations on structure as assayed by differential scanning calorimetry and expression of the epitope for the 4B6.13 conformation-sensitive antibody. Abnormalities were found in one or more of several readouts: stability of interactions between the wire and lectin-like modules, stabilities of the EGF-like and wire modules, expression of the 4B6.13 epitope in soluble protein, and expression of the 4B6.13 epitope in substrate-adsorbed protein at different calcium concentrations. The patterns of abnormalities support the idea that the EGF-like, wire, and lectin-like modules constitute a dynamic and interactive calcium-sensitive structure in which a distortion at one site is transmitted to distal sites, leading to global changes in the protein.
SUPERIOR'S UPWARD INFLUENCE, SATISFACTION, AND OPENNESS IN SUPERIOR-SUBORDINATE COMMUNICATION: A REEXAMINATION OF THE “PELZ EFFECT”

Utilizing questionnaire data collected from subordinates (Ss) in three different organizations, this study reexamined the validity of the “Pelz Effect.” Specifically, the investigation explored the House et al. assertion that, for subordinates who perceive their supervisors as supportive leaders, there exists a curvilinear rather than positive linear association between supervisors’ upward influence and subordinates’ openness and satisfaction with supervision. Results, in general, did not support the House et al. position, but rather Pelz's original findings. However, analyses suggest the additional conclusion that the “Pelz Effect” is viable for subordinates who perceive their superiors as supportive or nonsupportive leaders, but has its greatest effects for subordinates in the former group.
Collecting Poetry for the Academic Library: An Evaluation of Poetry Prizes as Selection Tools

Abstract This paper examines the usefulness of poetry book prizes as a selection tool by evaluating their fairness, meaningfulness, and reliability as an indication of quality. The results of two surveys, one collecting data on poetry book prizes and the other asking librarians about their collecting practices, suggest that selecting on the basis of prizes is of limited value.
Flameless Atomic Absorption Determination of Volatile Hydrides Using Cold Trap Collection

Abstract The hydrides of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, and selenium are collected in a liquid nitrogen cold trap and then volatilized into either an argon-entrained air-hydrogen flame or into a Perkin-Elmer HGA-2000 Graphite Furnace for atomic absorption measurement. Flameless atomization results in approximately ten-fold lower detection limits. The sensitivities and detection limits in nanograms are, respectively, 1.0 and 0.2 for arsenic, 5.6 and 1 for antimony, 2.0 and 1 for bismuth, and 40 and 10 for selenium.
Towards sustainable fisheries: Assessing co-management effectiveness for the Columbia River Basin

Co-management theory argues that incorporating local knowledge into fisheries science decision-making can lead to more sustainable fisheries through improved fishery dynamics, reduced harvest pressure, and increased regulatory compliance. The Maine lobster fishery, Japanese fishing cooperatives, and Alaska’s Community Development Quota Program are all considered successful models of fisheries co-management. Co-management arrangements between Pacific Northwest treaty tribes and state managers were first established in the 1970s, following court decisions upholding the tribes’ treaty rights to fish. However, the long-term effectiveness of Pacific Northwest salmon fisheries co-management is not fully understood. Here I present an historical analysis of co-management effects for the Columbia River salmon fishery, from both an ecological and social perspective. My research objectives are to (1) evaluate the perceived impact of tribal participation in salmon fishery management decisions (2) assess social, economic, and ecological impacts of fisheries co-management, and (3) understand barriers to co-management efforts in terms of institutional and political frameworks. Building on Evelyn Pinkerton’s research, I use archival materials, scientific literature, and interviews with key actors to define key developments in Columbia River salmon fishery co-management, including legal decisions and the establishment of tribal fish commissions. I then conduct a preliminary analysis of co-management effectiveness over time. Initial results suggest that tribal participation in fisheries management has led to ecologically and socially sustainable fisheries management practices in the Columbia River basin, although political disagreements have held back progress. For example, tribal fisheries co-management has led to improved ecological management practices, including new requirements for counting fish harvest levels and monitoring of habitat quality. Co-management has created economic opportunities, such as niche markets for native-caught fish and added-value processing, which can generate larger profits from smaller fish harvests. Increasing tribal fisheries capacity through co-management has also forwarded community efforts to ensure cultural survival by maintaining traditional fishing practices. Institutional and political barriers to co-management that include sovereignty issues, regulatory conflicts, and funding needs present challenges to resolving habitat management problems for the region.
Effect of maternal body mass index on in vitro response to tocolytics in term myometrium.

Objective We sought to investigate the effect of body mass index (BMI) on in vitro response to tocolytics. Study Design Myometrial biopsies were obtained at the time of scheduled cesarean deliveries from term nonlaboring women with BMI ≤29.9 (26.3 ± 1.3; n=7), 30-34.9 (31.8 ± 1.2; n=16), and ≥35 (39.5 ± 4.9; n=9). Tissue strips were suspended in organ chambers for isometric tension recording. The effects of cumulative doses (10 −10 to 10 −5 mol/L) of nifedipine or indomethacin on spontaneous uterine contractility were determined. Areas under the contraction curve were compared using 1-way analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc test. Results Myometrial response to tocolytics did not differ between the BMI groups. Nifedipine, but not indomethacin, significantly inhibited myometrial contractility independent of BMI. Conclusion BMI does not affect uterine response to tocolytics in isolated uterine tissue from term nonlaboring women.
Experimental Control of Metacercariae of the Yellow Grub Clinostomum marginatum in Channel Catfish

Abstract Metacercariae of yellow grub Clinostomum marginatum in the flesh of farm-raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus pose a potential marketing problem to fish farmers. Infected fish may not be marketable. Three compounds were tested as possible control agents. Droncit (praziquantel) and Masoten (trichlorfon) were used separately as a bath treatment. Droncit and ivermectin were injected into the musculature to control yellow grub metacercariae. The two treatment rates were 0.65 mg/L plus 15 mg/kg offish as a bath treatment and 25 mg/kg offish as an injected treatment for Droncit. Masoten was treated at a rate of 2 mg/L as a bath treatment and ivermectin (1% solution) was injected at a rate of 0.022 mL/kg. Droncit significantly reduced metacercariae in both bath and injection treatments. Ivermectin also significantly reduced the number of metacercariae, but was not as effective as Droncit. Masoten was ineffective. More study is needed to obtain dosage rates for Droncit and ivermectin that would eli...
Chemical action: what is it, and why does it really matter?

Nanotechnology, as with many technologies before it, places a strain on existing legislation and poses a challenge to all administrative agencies tasked with regulating technology-based products. It is easy to see how statutory schemes become outdated, as our ability to understand and affect the world progresses. In this article, we address the regulatory problems that nanotechnology posses for the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) classification structure for “drugs” and “devices.” The last major modification to these terms was in 1976, with the enactment of the Medical Device Amendments. There are serious practical differences for a classification as a drug or device in terms of time to market and research. Drugs are classified, primarily, as acting by “chemical action.” We lay out some legal, philosophic, and scientific tools that serve to provide a useful, as well as legally and scientifically faithful, distinction between drugs and devices for the purpose of regulatory classification. These issues we raise are worth the consideration of anyone who is interested in the regulation of nano-products or other novel technologies.
Cognitive impulsivity training: the effects of peer teaching.

An investigation was conducted into the effects of peer teaching on two 1012-year-old hospitalized smpulsive children. One of these, the subject-teacher, was given cognitive behavioral self-instructional training for four weeks and subsequently prompted to train a peer in the problem-solving skills that he had just learned. Initial treatment effects on the subject-teacher, additive benefits obtained by his teaching a peer, and the treatment effects on the subject-pupil were examined using multiple dependent measures. The procedure was found advantageous to both subject-teacher and subject-pupil. Limitations of single-subject experiments and the need for using multiple measures in assessing treatment gains from self-instructional training to reduce impulsivity are discussed.
Effect of imidazole on bone 45Ca release in white-throated sparrow, Zonotrichia albicollis.

Abstract In contrast to its reported role as a hypocalcemic factor in rat, imidazole acts to increase calcium mobilization from the bone of white-throated sparrows in vitro .
HOXA10 expression in ectopic endometrial tissue

Objective To evaluate HOXA10 expression in endometriosis. Design Laboratory study using human tissue. Setting Academic research center. Patient(s) Eutopic endometrial tissue was collected from 20 fertile women without endometriosis. Ectopic endometrial tissues from pelvic peritoneum, ovary, and lung parenchyma were collected from 20 women undergoing surgery for endometriosis. Intervention(s) HOXA10 protein expression and localization with immunohistochemistry. Main Outcome Measure(s) Quantitative analysis of HOXA10 expression, according to H score. Result(s) Both eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissue expressed HOXA10. Ectopic endometrial tissue had lower stromal HOXA10 expression compared with eutopic endometrium. The mean H score for stromal expression of HOXA10 was 7.6 in eutopic endometrium and 1.3 in ectopic endometrial tissue. Glandular epithelium from both eutopic and ectopic endometrium had similarly low HOXA10 expression. HOXA10 was also expressed at low levels in lung parenchyma containing endometriosis and in ovarian endometriomas. Conclusion(s) HOXA10 is expressed in endometriosis at locations outside of the normal HOXA10 expression domain, where it is likely necessary to impart endometrial developmental identity on endometriosis. HOXA10 might be necessary for "de novo" endometrial development. However, the diminished expression of HOXA10 in ectopic endometrium might not allow for normal endometrial development and might contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis by creating P resistance.
Identification of mouse casein components following immunodiffusion and electrophoretic analysis

Abstract 1. 1. Rennin-Ca 2+ -precipitated mouse casein produced five major protein components following urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. 2. Radioactive profiles of 14 C-labelled casein coincided with the protein distribution in acrylamide gels. 3. 3. The two fastest moving bands reacted against antibodies to mouse serum, whereas the three slower moving components reacted only against antibodies to mouse casein.
Use of the Vibrio cholerae irgA gene as a locus for insertion and expression of heterologous antigens in cholera vaccine strains

Vibrio cholerae may be a particularly effective organism for use in delivering heterologous antigens to stimulate a common mucosal immune response. A live attenuated vaccine strain of V. cholerae was constructed from the ctxA deletion mutant 0395-N1, containing the B subunit of Shiga-like toxin I under the transcriptional control of the iron-regulated irgA promoter. The B subunit of Shiga-like toxin I is identical to the B subunit of Shiga toxin (StxB). irgA encodes the major iron-regulated outer membrane protein of V. cholerae, which is a known virulence factor for this organism. Clones of the structural gene irgA from the classical V. cholerae strain 0395, with the gene for the Shiga-like toxin I B subunit inserted under the control of the irgA promoter, were used to introduce an internal deletion of irgA into the chromosome of 0395-N1 by in vivo marker exchange, using the suicide vector plasmid pCVD442. This plasmid contains the sacB gene from Bacillus subtilis, which allowed positive selection for loss of plasmid sequences on exposure to sucrose. The construction of vaccine strains was confirmed by Southern hybridization studies and outer membrane protein analysis. The expression of StxB in the vaccine strain VAC2 following growth in high- or low-iron conditions was shown to be tightly iron-regulated by Western blot analysis and by quantification of StxB using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The production of StxB by VAC2 under low-iron conditions was greater than that of the reference strain Shigella dysenteriae 60R.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Macroscopic capillary length, sorptivity, and shape factor in modeling the infiltration rate

Infiltration tests in the field involve measurements of sorptivity and macroscopic capillary length. These two parameters are strongly related through the shape factor, which is a measure of the nonlinearity of the soil hydraulic diffusivity. In this study, relationships were developed between the macroscopic capillary length, the sorptivity, and the shape factor and the parameters of the Brooks and Corey and van Genuchten expressions of hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity. These relationships are important for users of numerical models who need to estimate the parameters of these expressions to predict water flow and contaminant transport in soils. Numerical simulations with a dimensionless form of Richards' equation show that the predicted infiltration rate will not be very sensitive to small variations in the shape factor, provided the macroscopic capillary length is the same. This result is encouraging because the shape factor is difficult to determine accurately in the field. The similarity of the dimensional infiltration solutions implies that the macroscopic capillary length is a scale factor, because (i) it renders predictions of infiltration rates fairly insensitive to the expressions of hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity used, and (ii) it reduces the number of parameters needed to characterize infiltration. Therefore, the infiltration curve into a particular soil can be deduced by choosing units of length and time (i.e., scaling) of a generalized infiltration solution.
Relationships between Growth need Strength and selected individual differences measures employed in job design research

Abstract The present study examines the degree to which the Growth Need Strength scales (Job Choice and Would Like formats) of the Job Diagnostic Survey ( Hackman & Oldham, Journal of Applied Psychology , 1975 , 60 , 159–170) correlate with (a) other measures of needs and values employed in research as moderators of the job scope-job satisfaction relationship and (b) a measure of social desirability. Results showed (a) only moderate correlations between the Growth Need Strength scales and the other measures of needs and values and (b) a relatively high degree of correlation between social desirability and the Would Like measure of Growth Need Strength. Implications of these findings for job design research are considered.
Residual virulence of Brucella abortus in the absence of the cytochromebc1 complex in a murine model in vitro and in vivo

To maintain survival in macrophages, Brucella must overcome a hostile phagosomal environment defined as low pH, limited nutrition and low oxygen tension. The specific mechanisms utilized by Brucella to surmount such unfavorable environmental factors in phagosomes are not well understood. In general, to adapt to a change in environmental oxygen tension, bacteria use different terminal oxidases that have different oxygen affinity. To survive in phagosomes where low oxygen tension exists, Brucella, like other bacteria, may require high oxygen affinity terminal oxidases that can accept electrons through a cytochrome bc(1)complex dependent or independent pathway. Using a Brucella abortus cytochrome bc(1)complex deficient mutant, delta fbcF, the requirement for a high oxygen affinity terminal oxidase governed by the cytochrome bc(1)complex dependent pathway was tested. The number of cfu from RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and spleens of BALB/c mice infected with wild-type or the cytochrome bc(1)complex deficient mutant was similar during the course of infection. These results suggest that B. abortus contains no essential terminal oxidase utilized at low oxygen tension in phagosomes requiring the cytochrome bc(1)complex. Alternatively, other branched cytochrome bc(1)complex independent respiratory mechanisms that contain the high oxygen affinity terminal oxidases likely exist to facilitate Brucella survival in phagosomes. This is the first investigation regarding the Brucella respiratory system at the molecular level and the involvement of a respiratory system in Brucella pathogenesis.