cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Improved Design for Air Removal from Aerospace Fluid Loop Coolant Systems

Aerospace applications with requirements for large capacity heat removal (launch vehicles, platforms, payloads, etc.) typically utilize a liquid coolant fluid as a transport media to increase efficiency and flexibility in the vehicle design. An issue with these systems however, is susceptibility to the presence of noncondensable gas (NCG) or air. The presence of air in a coolant loop can have numerous negative consequences, including loss of centrifugal pump prime, interference with sensor readings, inhibition of heat transfer, and coolant blockage to remote systems. Hardware ground processing to remove this air is also cumbersome and time consuming which continuously drives recurring costs. Current systems for maintaining the system free of air are tailored and have demonstrated only moderate success. An obvious solution to these problems is the development and advancement of a passive gas removal device, or gas trap, that would be installed in the flight cooling system simplifying the initial coolant fill procedure and also maintaining the system during operations. The proposed device would utilize commercially available membranes thus increasing reliability and reducing cost while also addressing both current and anticipated applications. In addition, it maintains current pressure drop, water loss, and size restrictions while increasing tolerance for pressure increases due to gas build-up in the trap.
Contribution of outward currents to spike-frequency adaptation in hypoglossal motoneurons of the rat.

Sawczuk, Andrea, Randall K. Powers, and Marc D. Binder. Contribution of outward currents to spike-frequency adaptation in hypoglossal motoneurons of the rat. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2246–2253, 1997. S...
Effects of Single P -Element Insertions on Olfactory Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

Single P-element (P[lArB]) insertional mutagenesis of an isogenic strain was used to identify autosomal loci affecting odor-guided behavior of Drosophila melanogaster. The avoidance response to benzaldehyde of 379 homozygous P[lArB] element-containing insert lines was evaluated quantitatively. Fourteen smell impaired (smi) lines were identified in which P[lArB] element insertion caused different degrees of hyposmia in one or both sexes. The smi loci map to different cytological locations and probably are novel olfactory genes. Enhancer trap analysis of the smi lines indicates that expression of at least 10 smi genes is controlled by olfactory tissue-specific promoter/enhancer elements.
Guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women: international challenges and opportunities.

Women are victims of cardiovascular disease (CVD) at rates similar to men. A reduction in CVD within developed nations has been noted and is primarily due to preventive efforts focused on risk factor modification. Middle- and low-income nations, however, have noted an increase in CVD. Efforts to reduce the occurrence of CVD risk factors targeting women’s health in these populations are lacking and need to be encouraged. Risk factor modification with regards to hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, tobacco use, abdominal obesity and psychosocial factors would provide the greatest reduction in CVD occurrence.
The Association of Attributes of Primary Care With the Delivery of Clinical Preventive Services

OBJECTIVES Evidence is building that primary care is associated with quality of care and cost effectiveness. Still, little is known of the contribution of specific attributes of primary care to important health outcomes, such as the delivery of preventive services. This study tests the association of specific attributes of primary care with a comprehensive measure of the delivery of preventive services. METHODS A cross-sectional multimethod study design was used to examine 2,889 patient visits to 138 community-based primary care physicians. Four primary care attributes were measured: patient preference for their regular physician, interpersonal communication, physician's accumulated knowledge of the patient, and coordination of care. Delivery of US Preventive Service Task Force-recommended services were based on data collected from direct observation and medical record review. Hierarchical linear regression models (HLM) were used to test the association of each of the primary care attributes with being up to date on screening, immunization, and health habit counseling preventive services. Each regression model was adjusted for patient age, race, health status, and insurance type. RESULTS Interpersonal communication and coordination of care scale scores were associated with being more up to date on screening services and health habit counseling. Accumulated knowledge and preference for regular physician were associated with being more up to date on immunizations. CONCLUSIONS The attributes of primary care measured in this study are associated with the receipt of preventive services. Fostering the tenets of primary care may have an impact on the delivery of preventive services and possibly other important health outcomes.
Biosynthesis of lipids by bovine meibomian glands

Isolated bovine meibomian glands incorporated exogenous [1-14C]acetate into lipids. Thin layer chromatographic analysis of the lipids showed that wax esters and sterol esters contained 61% of the total label. Radio gas liquid chromatographic analysis of the acid and alcohol moieties of both ester fractions showed the label was distributed equally between the two portions of the ester in both cases. Cholesterol and 5-alpha-cholest-7-en-3 beta-ol were the major labeled sterols, and anteiso-C25, anteiso-C27 and anteiso-C23 were the most highly labeled alcohols. The major labeled fatty acids in the wax esters were anteiso-C15, n-C16, anteiso-C17 and n-C18:1, whereas anteiso-C25 and anteiso-C27 were the major labeled acids in the sterol esters. The diester region with 6% of the total label contained labeled fatty acids and fatty alcohols each with anteiso-C25 as the major component and omega-hydroxy acids in which n-C32:1 was the major labeled component. The triglyceride fraction which contained 8% of the total lipids was composed of labeled fatty acids similar to those found in both sterol and wax ester fractions. Chromatographic analyses of the labeled lipids derived from exogenous labeled isoleucine showed that anteiso-branched products were preferentially labeled. The labeled triglyceride fraction derived from [U-14C] isoleucine also contained esterified C15, C13, C11, C9, C7 and possibly shorter anteiso-branched acids.
US2, a Human Cytomegalovirus-encoded Type I Membrane Protein, Contains a Non-cleavable Amino-terminal Signal Peptide *

The human cytomegalovirus US2 gene product targets major histocompatibility class I molecules for degradation in a proteasome-dependent fashion. Degradation requires interaction between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumenal domains of US2 and class I. While ER insertion of US2 is essential for US2 function, US2 lacks a cleavable signal peptide. Radiosequence analysis of glycosylated US2 confirms the presence of the NH2 terminus predicted on the basis of the amino acid sequence, with no evidence for processing by signal peptidase. Despite the absence of cleavage, the US2 NH2-terminal segment constitutes its signal peptide and is sufficient to drive ER translocation of chimeric reporter proteins, again without further cleavage. The putative US2 signal peptide c-region is responsible for the absence of cleavage, despite the presence of a suitable −3,−1 amino acid motif for signal peptidase recognition. In addition, the US2 signal peptide affects the early processing events of the nascent polypeptide, altering the efficiency of ER insertion and subsequent N-linked glycosylation. To our knowledge, US2 is the first example of a membrane protein that does not contain a cleavable signal peptide, yet otherwise behaves like a type I membrane glycoprotein.
High Peak Power Low Threshold AlGaAs/GaAs Stripe Laser Diodes On Si Substrates By Hybrid MBE/MOCVD Growth

We report high peak power low threshold AlGaAs/GaAs double heterostructure stripe geometry laser diodes on Si substrates grown for the first time by hybrid migration-enhanced MBE (MEMBE) and MOCVD. The lasers with 6 pm silicon oxide stripes were tested unmounted under pulsed conditions (i.e., 50 ns pulse width and 10 KHz pulse repetition rate) at room temperature. These lasers show a peak output power as high as 184 mW per facet and a threshold current as low as 150 mA at 300 K for a cavity length of 350 μm. The differential quantum efficiency of 30 % was obtained without mirror facet coating. A threshold current density of 7 kA/cm2 was obtained based on the nominal stripe dimensions without considering current spreading and lateral diffusion; we estimate about 2 kA/cm2 when taking these effects into account. For comparison, the pulsed threshold current density of the broad area DH lasers on GaAs substrates was 1.1 kA/cm2 at room temperature. This would be further reduced for lasers with a quantum well (e.g., GRIN-SCH SQW) active region. These results show the highest output peak power reported so far with a low threshold current for conventional double heterostructure stripe laser diodes grown on Si substrates.
Igneous Textures: On the Kinetics behind the Words

That igneous textures can be collectively described, classified, and related to magma composition, style of emplacement, and spatial position speaks deeply to the existence of a specific set of fundamental kinetic processes controlling all magma crystallization. Textures record magma life history, telling the most recent, local conditions of cooling and also where the magma has been. Yet it is largely a mystery how silicate melts crystallize, how they become what they are, and, especially, how the final texture relates to the early transient textures more closely linked to the governing kinetics of nucleation and growth. These rich and intriguing processes can be understood by deciphering textures. This is done by first dismantling and quantifying them, then by rebuilding them and simulating magma crystallization and transport, and last by taking the results to the final court of appeal, the rocks themselves.
First Report of Fusarium oxysporum Causing a Leaf Twisting Disease on Allium cepa var. ascalonicum in Sri Lanka

A disease of shallot onions, Allium cepa var. ascalonicum, that caused yield losses of up to 20 to 30% in some fields was reported from Kalpitiya Peninsula in the North Western Province of Sri Lanka in the late 1980s. Disease symptoms consisting of chlorosis followed by curling and twisting of leaves and abnormal elongation of the neck region appeared after germination of the onion bulbs, subsequently causing plant collapse. Symptomatic plants occurred randomly in most fields and the disease was prevalent throughout the year. Tissue pieces from leaves and the neck region of symptomatic plants plated on potato dextrose agar containing 1% streptomycin (PDAS) produced purplish pink fungal colonies identified as Fusarium oxysporum. Pathogenicity tests were performed with single-spore fungal isolates grown at 25°C for 14 days on PDAS. Shallot onion cv. Vathalan was inoculated by soaking bulbs, pierced with a sterilized needle, in a spore suspension containing 2 × 106 spores per ml for 10 min. Control bulbs were wounded, and soaked for 10 min in sterilized water. Bulbs were then planted in sterile sand and maintained in a green house at 25 to 28°C. After 2 to 3 weeks, typical symptoms, as observed in the field, developed in plants produced from bulbs inoculated with the F. oxysporum isolate. Symptoms were not observed on plants from the control bulbs. Koch's postulates were confirmed by reisolating the same fungus from the neck region of diseased plants. Onion twister disease described by Ebenebe (1) also had been observed in this region in Sri Lanka during 1992-1993. There were differences between these two diseases in disease symptoms and disease development in the field. Acer-vuli of Colletotrichum spp. were always detected in lesions of the neck region, as well as on leaf blades, of plants severely affected by onion twister disease. This disease developed from foci in fields that spread over time. Moreover, onion twister disease occurred only from October until January, coinciding with the rainy season. Reference: (1) A. C. Ebenebe. Plant Dis. 64:1030, 1980.
AMPLITUDES IN NUCLEON-NUCLEON SCATTERING

When scattering anomalies involving many phase shifts are to be studied, it appears desirable to treat the amplitudes directly before combining them into differential cross sections. Amplitudes suitable for the study of elastic collisions of charged and uncharged Fermi-Dirac particles of spin \textonehalf{}, taking account of possible identity are, therefore, given in forms convenient for computation. The case of coupling between states of the same total but different orbital angular momentum is not discussed. Formulas using the spin functions usually denoted by ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{m}$ are supplemented by forms based on spin functions which transform like the components of an ordinary space vector, the latter allowing more compact expressions in some cases.
The early history of cattle blood groups

When Jan Klein invited me to contribute an article relating my impressions and memories of the early days in immunogenetics, he pointed out that it is important not to lose historical perspective and to remind the young generation that immunogenetics was not born yesterday. Indeed it wasn't. When I arrived in Professor M.R. Irwin's laboratory the summer of 1938 to begin work on a project titled "Cellular Antigens in the Blood of Cattle," the terre immunogenetics had been documented in the titles of three articles (e.g., Irwin and Cole) which appeared in 1936. Moreover, Irwin's laboratory, which was located in the basement of the old Genetics Building on the Agricultural Campus of the University of Wisconsin (UW), was already being referred to locally as the Immunogenetics Laboratory. I decided to accept Dr. Klein's invitation in order to relate to you the developments which led to the recognition of nine of the 11 currently recognized genetic systems of blood groups in cattle (Stormont 1977). I was the person who was most intimately associated with those developments and am the only one of the original principals, namely, Ferguson, Irwin, Owen, and Stormont, who might be said to be still actively engaged in that field. To set the stage for what is to follow, it might be well to relate the events which led me to the door of the original i~munogenetics laboratory. I did my undergraduate work at UW, only some distance to the east of the Agricultural Campus, namely, the Letters and Sciences Campus, where I received a B.A. degree in zoology in June 1938, At that time, dogma had it that genes were probably protein molecules-we were still some six years away from the epic discovery of Avery, McLeod, and McCarty indicating that genes are composed of nucleic acids, rather than proteins. Although multiple alleles had been invoked to explain such things as the eye-color mutants in D. melanogaster, there were still some geneticists who could not think in terms of more than a pair of alleles per locus. There were three recognized genetic systems of blood groups in human beings, the ABO groups (six groups altogether when considering the subtypes A1 and A2 of blood factor A), the three MN types, and the two P types. For the most
Time-Resolved Fluorescence Energy Transfer Measurements Between Site-Specific Probes On The Ca-Atpase Of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum In Different Enzymatic States

We have measured resonance energy transfer between two donor-acceptor pairs localized on different domains of the Ca-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum in order to determine whether changes in tertiary structure accompany active calcium transport. Energy transfer was determined from both steady state intensities and time-resolved lifetimes of 5-(2-((acety1)- amino)ethyDaminonaphthalene-l-sulfonic acid (IAEDANS), specifically bound to the B tryptic fragment, using two acceptors: (1) fluorescein 5'-isothiocyanate (FITC), covalently bound at the nucleotide site, also on the B fragment, and (2) 4-dimethylaminophenylazopheny1-4'- maleimide (DABMI), bound on the Al subfragment. Neither binding of calcium to the high affinity sites nor phosphorylation by inorganic phosphate is accompanied by detectable changes in the distance between IAEDANS and FITC, suggesting that the B fragment does not undergo any large-scale (>1 A) physical distortion under these conditions. On the other hand, measurements of energy transfer from IAEDANS to the acceptor DABMI, on the Al subfragment, demonstrate that phosphorylation with inorganic phosphate or addition of pM VO4 results in increased energy transfer, that is reversible with subsequent addition of calcium. Addition of calcium to the nonphosphorylated enzyme results in no detectable change in energy transfer. The presence of the detergent lysolecithin prevents the phosphate dependent increase in fluorescence energy transfer, suggesting that protein-protein interactions may contribute to the observed change in energy transfer. A direct relationship between an increased degree of protein-protein interactions and phosphoenzyme formation is confirmed by investigations using a reconstituted preparation containing a mixed popu Lation of Ca-ATPase polypeptide chains labeled either with IAEDANS or with DABMI. These results suggest a phosphorylation dependent change in either the affinity or orientation of Ca-ATPase polypeptide chains with respect to one another.
Processing of damage-tolerant, oxidation-resistant ceramic matrix composites by a precursor infiltration and pyrolysis method

Damage-tolerant, continuous fiber ceramic matrix composites have been produced by an inexpensive method. According to this method, the space between the fibers is filled with a powder. The powder particles are heat treated to form a porous framework without shrinkage, which is then strengthened with an inorganic synthesized from a precursor. High particle packing densities can be achieved within the fiber preform provided that the particle-to-fiber diameter ratio is small. Filling the interstices with a powder increased the composite density and also limits the size of the crack-like voids within the matrix. In this review we describe the mechanical properties of partially dense materials produced from powders to show that a porous matrix can be strong. We demonstrate that the packing density of particles around fibers is highest when the particle-to-fiber diameter ratio is small. The kinetics and mechanical behavior of composite systems is summarized to demonstrate the requirements of damage-tolerant properties. An all-oxide ceramic matrix composite produced by this method is discussed.
Biochemical and genetic evidence for a macromolecular -glucuronidase complex in microsomal membranes.

Abstract In the mouse β-glucuronidase is present in both microsomes and lysosomes and the enzyme at both sites is coded by the same structural gene. Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels showed that liver, kidney and lung from normal strains contained five enzyme forms designated L, M1, M2, M3 and M4 in order of decreasing mobility toward the anode. Band L is found primarily in lysosomes and is a tetramer of 260,000 molecular weight. Bands M1 to M4 are found exclusively in microsomes and range in molecular weight from 310,000 to 470,000. The increase in molecular weight is due to sequential addition of an accessory protein chain. When glucuronidase is highly induced in kidneys of female mice by injection of dihydrotestosterone, a sixth electrophoretic form of glucuronidase, designated X, appears. Form X appears early in induction, is localized in microsomes, and has a molecular weight (260,000) equal to that of the tetramer form L. Mice homozygous for the eg ° mutation, and thus deficient in microsomal glucuronidase, completely lack the microsomal forms M1 to M4. They do contain form X, and this increases after testosterone induction in kidney. The form X present in eg ° mice is indistinguishable from the form X seen in normal induced kidney. It appears that mice synthesize two different tetrameric forms of glucuronidase from the same structural gene. One, form L, is lysosomal; the other, form X, gives rise to microsomal enzyme forms M1 to M4 by the successive addition of up to four accessory protein chains. The eg ° mutant is blocked in the conversion of X to M1.
Intellectuals and the One-party State in Nationalist China: The Case of the Central Politics School (1927–1947)

This paper aims to provide a new perspective on the relationship between Nationalist Party (GMD) cadres and Chinese intellectuals. By studying the Central Politics School, a major GMD political training institute for professional party cadres, I hope to reassess the nature of the GMD one-party state and remind researchers of the difficult choices it faced between backing party-liners needed for the political struggle and accommodating depoliticized intellectuals needed for public administration. This paper will argue that GMD political impotence in competition with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was due less to an inadequate recruitment of capable experts than to the over-specialization of its well-trained cadres on technical tasks. In fact, the cadres from the Central Politics School generally resembled those considered to be ‘intellectuals’ at educational level and in ideology. This compels us to reconsider how to define ‘intellectuals’ and whether they were as uniformly alienated from the one-party state as most of the scholarly literature suggests.
Immersed finite element method for fluid-structure interactions

In this paper, we present a detailed derivation of the numerical method, Immersed Finite Element Method (IFEM), for the solution of fluid-structure interaction problems. This method is developed based on the Immersed Boundary (IB) method that was initiated by Peskin, with additional capabilities in handling nonuniform and independent meshes and applying arbitrary boundary conditions on both fluid and solid domains. A higher order interpolation function is adopted from one of the mesh-free methods, the Reproducing Kernel Particle Method (RKPM), which relieves the uniformity constraint of fluid meshes. Two 2-D example problems are presented to illustrate the capabilities of the algorithm. The accuracy in the numerical analysis demonstrates that the IFEM algorithm is a reliable and robust numerical approach to solve fluid and deformable solid interactions.
Parity non-conservation in low energy scattering of nucleons by light nuclei (I). Theoretical framework

Abstract The low energy scattering of nucleons by 2H, 3He and 4He are analyzed for parity non-conserving effects. The asymmetry in the total cross section of longitudinally polarized projectiles is formulated in terms of the optical theorem and a distorted wave Born approximation. For two nucleons at low energies it is only necessary to consider l = 0 to l = 1 matrix elements of the weak nucleon-nucleon potential. The asymmetries in the scattering from nuclear targets are related to the parameters of an effective weak nucleon-nucleon potential, so that they may be used to help differentiate between various proposed theoretical potentials.
Averaging and renormalization for the Korteveg–deVries–Burgers equation

We consider traveling wave solutions of the Korteveg–deVries–Burgers equation and set up an analogy between the spatial averaging of these traveling waves and real-space renormalization for Hamiltonian systems. The result is an effective equation that reproduces means of the unaveraged, highly oscillatory, solution. The averaging enhances the apparent diffusion, creating an “eddy” (or renormalized) diffusion coefficient; the relation between the eddy diffusion coefficient and the original diffusion coefficient is found numerically to be one of incomplete similarity, setting up an instance of Barenblatt's renormalization group. The results suggest a relation between self-similar solutions of differential equations on one hand and renormalization groups and optimal prediction algorithms on the other. An analogy with hydrodynamics is pointed out.
Rapid cleavage of the endogenous PC3 prosegment and slow conversion to 74 kDa and 66 kDa proteins in AtT-20 cells

Abstract AtT-20 cells synthesize 87 kDa and 66 kDa forms of the prohormone convertase PC3 (also known as PC1). In the present work, using biosynthetic labeling experiments (performed both at 20°C and at 37°C), followed by immunoprecipitation with aminoterminally and carboxyterminally-directed antisera, we have found that the first PC3 translational product was a 94 kDa protein that was then converted to an 84 kDa form. This processing was extremely rapid, occurring with a half-life of less than 2 min at 20°C. The 84 kDa form was endoglycosidase H-sensitive, indicating a lack of acquisition of sugar transferred in the medial golgi. Dithiothreitol, a reducing agent that prevents the disulfide bond formation of newly synthesized proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), inhibited the processing of the 94 kDa to the 84 kDa form. However, brefeldin A (BFA), an inhibitor of ER/golgi transport, and monensin, an inhibitor of the medial/ trans -golgi transport, did not affect the cleavage of the 94 kDa to the 84 kDa protein. The 84 kDa protein was converted to an endoglycosidase H-resistant form of 87 kDa that was sequentially processed to 74 kDa and 66 kDa proteins. The 87 kDa protein was immunoprecipitated by the PC3 aminoterminally and carboxyterminally-directed antisera, while the 74 kDa and 66 kDa protein were only detected with the aminoterminally-directed antibody. Radiosequencing of the 87 kDa and 66 kDa proteins indicated that the biosynthesis of the 87 kDa proteins involves the removal of the 83 amino acid prosegment, and that the processing of the 87 kDa to 66 kDa form occurred by cleavage at the carboxyterminal portion. BFA and monensin effectively interrupted the processing of the 84–87 kDa protein to the 74 and 66 kDa species. In addition, while the 84–87 kDa protein produced in monensin-treated cells was still sensitive to endoglycosidase H, the 66 kDa protein was resistant to this enzyme. These results indicate that the post-translational processing of PC3 occurs in three steps: (1) rapid conversion, probably in the ER, of the 94 kDa precursor to the 84 kDa protein by removal of the aminoterminus prosegment; (2) cleavage of the 87 kDa protein to an intermediate product of 74 kDa; and (3) production of the 66 kDa protein. The second and third steps occur in late cellular compartments such as the trans -golgi network or secretory granules and involve sequential cleavages at the carboxyterminus. These data have implications for the subcellular site of prohormone processing by the various molecular forms of PC3.
Inhibitory effects of gentamicin and ethacrynic acid on mammalian microsomal protein synthesis

Abstract The ototoxic antibiotic gentamicin, and the ototoxic diuretic ethacrynic acid, both produce inhibitory effects on protein synthesis in microsomes isolated from rat brain. Inhibitory effects appear to be essentially independent of each other. The inhibitory dose-response curve for gentamicin is logarithmic, while that for ethacrynic acid is linear. The dose-response curves make gentamicin the predominant inhibitor when the drugs are combined at low concentrations and ethacrynic acid the predominant inhibitor when the drugs are combined at high concentrations. Accumulation of aminoglycoside by tissues of the inner ear may result in inhibition of protein synthesis in spite of low and transient plasma levels of the drug. Further inhibition of translation by ethacrynic acid could account, in part, for the ototoxic interaction of aminoglycosides and high ceiling diuretics.
Changing Land Use in Bihar, Punjab and Haryana, 1850–1970

Undivided colonial India experienced an accelerated rate of economic change in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Official policies and funds combined with private entrepreneurial energies and investment to intensify India's linkages with the world market in trade, industry, agriculture, and natural resource extraction. Slow, but in the long term steady, population expansion accompanied this trend. After 1947, economic development accelerated under five-year plans in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, and transformed the earlier colonial economy. Population figures have similarly shot up since partition and independence. These two linked trends have accompanied steadily intensifying human intervention in the natural environment of the subcontinent over the same time. One effect, among others, has been dramatic alteration in land use and vegetation cover. Comparing Francis Buchanan's early nineteenth-century descriptions of the countryside in both north and south India with the appearance of these areas today suggests just how sweeping these changes have been. The landscape of today in virtually every Indian district is very different from that seen two hundred or even hundred years ago.
Analysis method for Fourier transform spectroscopy

A fast Fourier transform technique is given for the simulation of those distortion effects in the instrument line shape of the interferometric spectrum that are due to errors in the measured interferogram. The technique is applied to analyses of atmospheric absorption spectra and laboratory spectra. It is shown that the nonlinear least squares method can retrieve the correct information from the distorted spectrum. Analyses of HF absorption spectra obtained in a laboratory and solar CO absorption spectra gathered by a balloon-borne interferometer indicate that the retrieved amount of absorbing gas is less than the correct value in most cases, if the interferogram distortion effects are not included in the analysis.
Gastrointestinal Factors in Aspirin Absorption: A Quantitative Study

Three gastrointestinal factors influencing aspirin absorption have been selectively adjusted for quantitative measurement of their effect on the rate of salicylate absorption in humans and dogs. These are (a) gastric emptying, (b) aspirin dissolution rate, and (c) intragastric pH. Other factors such as tablet disintegration time, aspirin particle size, and intersubject variability have been eliminated or reduced where possible. The major portion of the salicylate in the blood during the first 20 minutes comes from the stomach. Impedance of gastric emptying by the use of atropine and placing the subjects in a left lateral position did not eliminate the higher plasma salicylate levels produced by the inclusion of the buffer antacids in aspirin tablets. The major effect of these antacids appears to be an acceleration of aspirin dissolution. This has been confirmed in this study by an in vivo demonstration of more rapid absorption from solutions of aspirin than from tablets. Aspirin in solution has a lower pH alone than with the inclusion of buffering antacids. Selective adjustment of the degree of aspirin and sodium salicylate ionization through the use of various buffers provided a method of study of the influence of intragastric pH on the rate of aspirin absorption. Support was obtained from dog and human studies in favor of the pH partition hypothesis that salicylates are absorbed more rapidly at low pH values.
Blackballed Basketball and Representations of the Black Male Athlete

This article argues that historical images of Black men as hypersexual criminals inform contemporary responses to and representations of Black male basketball players. It argues that the methods by which whites manage their fearful and voyeuristic responses to Black male athletes are representative of how they manage their relationships to Black men generally. The article argues that it is possible to better understand the cycle of white lore within which historical images of Black men circulate by applying a telescoped gaze to basketball and representations of professional Black basketball players. The article links the dynamic of fear and desire enacted in literal ways in minstrel performances and lynching rituals to the more subtle ways that the same dynamic informs contemporary responses to, and representations of, Black male athletes such as Latrell Sprewell, Dennis Rodman, and Michael Jordan.
Lesions of the brain in hyaline membrane disease of infants

A pilot study to determine the character, topography and frequency of lesions in the brains of infants who died of hyaline membrane disease (“respiratory distress syndrome”) is reported. The series consisted of 21 children who died of this disease, 4 who died of other diseases, and 2 stillborn infants. Marked decrease or absence of Purkinje cells, particularly in babies of more than 30 weeks gestation, appeared to be the most significant finding. This was not considered to be a “normal” state at birth, nor was it commonly observed in babies who died of causes other than the “respiratory distress syndrome”. The Purkinje cell reduction also appeared unrelated to birth injury and postnatal biochemical abnormalities. It is suggested that the Purkinje cells in babies with hyaline membrane disease either never developed normally in prenatal life or underwent rapid cellular disintegration in utero due to some as yet unidentified metabolic disturbance. Cerebral cortical laminar pallor probably due to anoxemia also was frequently noted but was considered to be of less significance than the cerebellar lesion.
Light adaptation and visual latency.

Abstract The temporal resolving properties of the eye are considered in terms of binocular latency differences. Two experiments demonstrate that temporal resolution is a function of visual adaptation. The effects of target-background contrast on visual latencies appear to be consistent with the effects of field adaptation. Thus, it is suggested that the mechanism of visual adaptation is sufficient to account for the relation between intensity and latency.
Identifying factors associated with health care use: A hospital-based risk screening index

Abstract The purpose of the current study was to identify variables near hospital admission that could effectively discriminate patients at risk for nursing home placement, long hospital stay, or readmission. Risk factors reported in the literature were used to predict hospital outcome for 532 admissions. Factors that descriminated type of outcome included: two or more chronic medical conditions, living alone or being admitted from a nursing home, dependent ambulation, poor mental status, psychiatric comorbidity, prior admission, age over 75, and being unmarried. Using these criteria, an index was developed to determine risk for placement, readmission, or lengthy stay. Use of cumulative risk scores can result in accurate prediction of outcome and may be useful in targeting patients for intervention. Performance characteristics of the risk index are discussed.
A comparative look at private and public schools' class size determinants.

This paper tests three theories of class size determination: that schools assign better‐behaved students, higher quality teachers, or higher‐achieving students into larger classes. Furthermore, we estimate how these methodologies differ between public and private schools. Using a nationally representative sample from the USA, we show that, within public schools, third‐grade class size is correlated with first‐grade ability and, to a lesser extent, first‐grade behavior. Private schools, however, appear to assign teachers reporting greater control over school policy to larger classes and teachers with more experience to smaller classes. Class size determination is due to uniquely different processes within public and private schools.
The formation of Tharsis on Mars: What the line-of-sight gravity is telling us

Line-of-sight (LOS) spacecraft acceleration profiles from the Radio Science Experiment and topography from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) instrument of the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) are analyzed to estimate the effective elastic thickness (Te) for various regions of Tharsis. We identify a buried basin flanking the Thaumasia Highlands at the southeastern margin of Tharsis. Assuming that this basin results from lithospheric flexure from surface loading by the Thaumasia Highlands, we fit LOS profiles across the feature with a thin-shell, elastic flexure model and find the mountain belt to reflect a value of Te ∼ 20 km consistent with a Noachian formation age. We also determine admittances from LOS profiles for five regions across Tharsis and fit them with theoretical admittances calculated using the flexural model. Crater density, surface density, and predominant surface age are found to vary systematically across Tharsis while Te does not. The highest surface density and lowest Te values are obtained for the western portion of Tharsis where crater densities are lowest. Our results imply the majority of the topographic rise was emplaced within the Noachian irrespective of the surface ages. Topographic loading and resurfacing (i.e., volcanic activity) persisted into the Amazonian while becoming increasingly confined to the western margin where the youngest surface ages are found and the eruptive style transitioned from effusive volcanism to shield-forming volcanism as Te increased.
Multiple tritium labelling of (+)‐7‐chloro‐8‐hydroxy‐1‐phenyl‐3‐methyl‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1hZ‐3‐benzazepine (sch23390)

We previously reported the synthesis of the antidopaminergic-antipsychotic agent SCH23390 labelled with tritium In the 9 position of the benzazepine ring system at a specific activity of 5.6 Ci/mmole as the racemic mixture. Here, we report the preparation of the higher specific activity (+)-Isomer of SCH23390 labelled with tritium In both aromatic rings as well as the N-methyl group. Multiple labelling was achieved by reductive debromination with carrier-free tritium gas of a dibrominated N-normethyl derivative over 5% Pd/C and subsequent N-methylatlon with high specific activity methyl Iodide. The specific activity obtained for the Nor-SCH23390 was 8.8 Ci/mmole and 93.8 Ci/mmole for the SCH23390.
Linear operators preserving L-matrices

Abstract We investigate the linear operators that preserve the set of L -matrices. We show that a linear operator T preserves the set of L -matrices and T is also one-to-one on the set of cells if and only if T strongly preserves the set of L -matrices. In each case, T preserves the set of matrices of term rank 1. Then by a result of Beasley and Pullman on preservers of matrices of term rank 1, we can obtain the structure of T .
Comparing Rank and Score Combination Methods for Data Fusion in Information Retrieval

Combination of multiple evidences (multiple query formulations, multiple retrieval schemes or systems) has been shown (mostly experimentally) to be effective in data fusion in information retrieval. However, the question of why and how combination should be done still remains largely unanswered. In this paper, we provide a model for simulation and a framework for analysis in the study of data fusion in the information retrieval domain. A rank/score function is defined and the concept of a Cayley graph is used in the design and analysis of our framework. The model and framework have led us to better understanding of the data fusion phenomena in information retrieval. In particular, by exploiting the graphical properties of the rank/score function, we have shown analytically and by simulation that combination using rank performs better than combination using score under certain conditions. Moreover, we demonstrated that the rank/score function might be used as a predictive variable for the effectiveness of combination of multiple evidences.
Cellular signalling: STIMulating calcium entry.

The molecular identity of the signal coupling intracellular Ca 2+ store depletion to the activation of Ca 2+ entry has long resisted exposure. Two recent studies independently implicate the STIM protein family as essential components in this coupling. These data provide new impetus to resolve how store Ca 2+ content is sensed and communicated to store-operated Ca 2+ channels at the cell surface.
Possibility of breakdown of atomic stabilization in an intense high-frequency field

We have calculated the ionization yield for a hydrogen atom irradiated by a short (5-cycle) intense pulse, with the atom initially in the 1s or 2p (m\ensuremath{\ne}0) state. We numerically solved the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation, first making the dipole approximation, and then including the photon momentum. At sufficiently high intensities we find significant differences between making and not making the dipole approximation, suggesting that atomic stabilization may break down in superintense fields.
Stimulus generalization of 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (TFMPP) to propranolol, pindolol, and mesulergine.

Abstract Using standard operant procedures with rats trained to discriminate the serotonin (5-HT) agonist 1-(-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (TFMPP) (0.5 mg/kg) from saline, tests of stimulus generalization and stimulus antagonism were conducted with propranolol, pindolol, and mesulergine. Neither propranolol nor mesulergine antagonized the TFMPP stimulus (pindolol was not evaluated as an antagonist). However, TFMPP-stimulus generalization occurred with all three agents. These results suggest that the TFMPP-stimulus may involve both a 5-HT1B and a 5-HT1C mechanism and further suggest that propranolol, pindolol, and mesulergine may be capable of acting as agonists at certain populations of serotonin receptors.
Characterization of medium chain length (R)-3-hydroxycarboxylic acids produced by Streptomyces sp. JM3 and the evaluation of their antimicrobial properties.

(R)-3-Hydroxycarboxylic acids, chiral enantiomers of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), may be valuable synthons for the production of numerous industrial materials such as β-lactams, fungicides, flavors, pheromones and vitamins. In this study, (R)-3-hydroxycarboxylic acid [(R)-3HAs)] synthons were produced by Streptomyces sp. JM3 (JN166713) under batch fermentation. Initial confirmation of PHA production was achieved by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). Subsequently, (R)-3HAs were produced by in vivo depolymerization and the monomers were separated using acid precipitation and anion exchange chromatography. The (R)-3HAs were identified by GC/MS as 3-trimethylsiloxy esters of decanoic, octanoic and butanoic acids. This was further supported by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. The (R)-3HAs exhibited antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 7644) and Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028) with minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 12.5 to 25 mg ml−1. However, the minimum bactericidal concentration data suggest that the (R)-3HAs may be bactericidal for E. coli O157:H7 and bacteriostatic for S. typhimurium and L. monocytogenes. Furthermore, the major purified synthon was shown to minimize the invasion of fibroblasts by S. typhimurium (ATCC 14028) [p < 0.05], using the MTT assay [(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)].
Increasing Acceptance of Behavioral Child Management Techniques: What Do Parents Say?

Consumers' willingness to accept treatments is an important concern of clinicians and clinical researchers, particularly when treating children. However, few studies have directly asked parents to give reasons for accepting or refusing treatments. In the current study, 82 parents read descriptions of six behavioral child management techniques, rated their acceptability, and gave reasons for whether they would, or would not, use each technique at home. Response Cost was the most acceptable treatment, followed by Token Economy and Time Out, then Overcorrection, Differential Attention, and Ignoring. Among the reasons, whether parents would or would not use the treatments, the most reliable response categories were prior experience with the technique, effects on the child's well-being, creation of a learning experience for the child, and willingness to use the technique if modified. The categories are discussed in terms of their implications for child treatment.
How We Got Out of Analysis, and How to Get Back In Again

1980. Joseph Kerman, Professor of Music at a state university in California, and a leading voice in musicology, publishes 'How We Got into Analysis, and How to Get Out'.' This is only two years after the formation of the Society for Music Theory. Just when theorists and analysts in America succeed in constituting themselves into a separate society, just when they win the opportunity to focus on what they deem important and what they think they are good at, and just when they think they have finally escaped the hegemonic rule of the American Musicological Society, they find themselves under attack.
T-cell mitogenesis and natural killer cell activity in colonic tumor-bearing and nontumor-bearing rats fed diets high in lipid with and without cholesterol

Abstract It has been shown that rats fed diets high in lipid and cholesterol develop more 1,2‐dimethyl‐hydrazine (DMH)‐induced bowel tumors than those fed diets low in lipid or without cholesterol. To further explore the effects of these dietary regimens on immune function, rats were fed diets containing 20% safflower or coconut oil, with or without cholesterol (1 %) and cholic acid (0.3%), for 35 weeks during which time they were given DMH. Only rats bearing one or more colon tumors and that showed no evidence of weight loss were utilized. Two parameters of cell‐mediated immune function were assessed in tumor‐ and nontumor‐bearing control rats: a) response to the T‐cell mitogen, phytohemaglutinin (PHA), and b) natural killer cell activity (NKCA). Nearly total suppression of PHA response was observed in the polyunsaturated fat diet group compared with the saturated fat diet groups. Addition of cholesterol to either the polyunsaturated or saturated fat diets diminished PHA response and, to a lesser degree,...
Neural network restoration of gamma camera bremsstrahlung images

Planar gamma camera Images of spherical phantoms filled with phosphorous-32 (32Ρ) are filtered with a new restoration technique which uses an order-statistic non-linear filter for noise suppression and a neural network for image restoration. The proposed method reduces Image noise effectively while preserving Image content and counts and restores the data consistently with source-to-detector distance or source size resulting in an effective attenuation coefficient for 32P. The new filter is compared to the Wiener filter for restoration in terms of error Images and attenuation measurements.
Transposase promotes double strand breaks and single strand joints at Tn10 termini in vivo

We present evidence that Tn10 transposase promotes double strand breaks and single strand joints at Tn10 termini in vivo. Plasmids containing a shortened Tn10 element and a transposase overproducer fusion give rise, upon transposase induction, to new DNA species. The most prominent class is a circularized transposon molecule whose structure suggests that it arises from double strand breakage at the two transposon ends followed by covalent joining between the 3' and 5' ends of one of the two strands. We have used formation of the circularized transposon as a physical assay for the interaction between transposase and different mutant and wild-type termini. These experiments show that transposase protein interacts preferentially with the genetically most active termini in a way that suppresses productive interaction with weaker termini present on the same substrate molecule.