cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Not Imminent in My Domain!” County Leaders’ Attitudes toward Eminent Domain Decisions

Eminent domain is an urgent problem facing local government administrators and scholars throughout the United States. However, the literature is sparse regarding how local leaders make decisions on this hot-button issue. A 2006 Government Accountability Office report noted a lack of data about local governments’ use of their eminent domain authority. A survey of county managers in North Carolina was conducted to redress this apparent knowledge gap. Although the findings are primarily generalizable only to other Dillon’s rule states, such data demonstrate that eminent domain applies more often for “narrow” (public use) purposes, such as water and sewer systems, than for “broad” (public good) purposes, such as economic development. Current and future property considerations also influence eminent domain decisions. [A] law that takes property from A, and gives it to B: It is against all reason and justice, for a people to entrust a legislature with such powers; and, therefore, it cannot be presumed that they have done it. —Associate Justice Samuel Chase, majority opinion, Calder v. Bull (1798)
Mark Antony's Judiciary Reform and its Revival under the Triumvirs

This article discusses the probable aims and provisions of Mark Antony's judiciary law of September 44 B.C. and challenges the prevailing view that this law had no further existence after it was annulled by the Senate in January 43 B.C. Instead, it is demonstrated that Antony's law was almost certainly reinstated under the Triumvirs and thus radically altered the composition of juries in Rome's criminal courts. This realization makes it possible to reconstruct the likely nature and timing of Augustus' judicial reforms, which can now be regarded as measures designed to reverse major changes that had been introduced by Antony's legislation.
Impulse characteristics in rapid movement: implications for impulse-variability models.

Three untested assumptions of the impulse-variability model were examined in two experiments utilizing rapid, uni-planar limb movements. Experiment 1 varied movement distance (A) and movement time (MT) in a rapid-timing paradigm where the subject moved a lever through a certain distance in a certain time. Experiment 2 varied A in a reversal response where the S made a rapid elbow flexion and extension in a given MT. Displacement recordings were made on every trial. KR (knowledge of results) about MT was given after every trial. The results can be summarized as follows: (a) As predicted by the model, variations in impulse size and velocity were directly related to the impulses size; (b) There was no correlation between the accelerative and decelerative impulse durations recorded during the reversal response supporting the notion that the impulses might be independent; (c) Negative correlations (–.20 to –.50) were demonstrated between peak acceleration and impulse duration for both experiments, counter to t...
Expert System for industrial facilities layout planning and analysis

Abstract Expert Systems have gained considerable momentum in the past few years. Though many systems have been built in various disciplines, the process of Expert System development is not clearly defined. However, it is possible to define a general framework. Expert System building can be classified into the following five steps: (1) problem definition, (2) conceptualization, (3) implementation, (4) user interface and (5) learning. p]In this work, an Expert System for industrial facilities layout planning is developed, from the context of the above five steps. The layout problem is treated as a multi-objective situation and is solved via the Expert System. This paper discusses in depth the development of the Expert System.
Microdissection by ultrasonication: application to early chick embryos.

A technique utilizing microdissection by ultrasonication was applied to scanning electron microscopy of chick embryos during the first three days of incubation. Using a tank cleaner operating at 80 kHz, whole embryos immersed in pure acetone were sonicated until fragmentation became evident. At 12 hr incubation disintegration occurred by one second or less. At 18 hr, three sonic bursts of one second each produced only partial fragmentation. All three germ layers retained their original relationships to each other. During the second day of incubation, large pieces of integument were removed and somites began to microdissect after 10–20 seconds of sonication. Late in the third day of incubation, sonication for 1 min or more was required to produce significant microdissection. Living embryos exposed to 0.1% collagenase for 10 min prior to standard fixation fragmented in a different manner. Lamellipodia and filopodia were most sensitive and were largely destroyed. The three major germ layers (ectoderm, endode...
The Effect of Street Trees on Perceived Values of Residential Property

Recently sold suburban residential properties in Champaign-Urbana, Illinois, were identified via a real estate agent's multiple listing service (MLS). The residences were photographed from the stre...
Stimulation of informosomal RNA synthesis in cultured Chinese hamster cells exposed to low levels of cadmium.

Cadmium is a trace element that is quite toxic [l-6] . Exposure to 40 mg by inhalation or to between 0.35 and 3.5 g by ingestion can be lethal [3] . Incidents of such acute effects are infrequent [ 1,3,4] . However, chronic exposure represents a unique phenomenon in toxicology because of the ubiquity of human exposure and its continuous, cumulative nature [1,3,5] . Cadmium is widely dissipated in the environment due to (a) pollution from various industrial processes such as ore smelting and burning of coal, oil, and plastics [ 1,3] and (b) the fact that it is not recycled in most of its applications [3,4]. This environmental presence is translated to human exposure mainly through foodstuffs [ 1,3] . The average diet in the United States contains 30-180 c(g daily [3] ,3-8% of which is retained [1,3-51. Since biological turnover is very low [ 1,3,6] , cadmium accumulates in the body. An adult may have a body burden of 30 mg [I ,4,5] . Most cadmium is found in the liver and kidneys [ 1,5] , which appear to be exceptionally competent in their ability to produce a specific cadmium-binding protein called thionein [ 1,2,4,6] . Such bound cadmium is relatively nontoxic [1,4,6] . Kidney failure does not occur until the concentration of thionein-bound cadmium in the kidney cortical cells reaches 200 ppm (2 mM) [ 1,4] . Since the normal adult content is one-fourth to onesixth this level [ 1,4] , the margin of safety is low and
Estimates of sample size for detection and estimation of incidence and severity of corky ringspot of potato

A computer program was developed to simulate the random collection of tuber samples from potato fields with corky ringspot (CRS). Tubers were harvested from 16 plots in the 1993–94 and 1994–95 seasons, and the incidence and severity of CRS symptoms were assessed. Inputs for the program were number of healthy and CRS-affected tubers and severity tuber symptoms from each plot. The output was the mean and the standard error of the mean of disease incidence and severity for 12 different sample sizes. Accuracy and precision for each sample size were estimated to determine sample size. The sample size of 20 tubers was required to detect the presence of CRS in research plots. The binomial distribution was used. With sample sizes greater than 20, the increase in accuracy and precision leveled off regardless of disease incidence and severity values; therefore sample sizes greater than 20 may be unwarranted for evaluation of chemical control tests.
Core formation in the muscles of rats intoxicated with triethyltin sulfate.

Young adult Osbourne-Mendel rats intoxicated for up to 23 days with triethyltin sulfate (TET) at a dose of 20 mg/liter of drinking water given ad libitum , developed core-like structures in type 1 extrafusal fibers of the soleus muscles. Frozen sections revealed an absence of oxidative enzyme activity (NADH-tetrazolium reductase) and diminished or absent myosin ATPase (pH 9.4) in the core regions. The main electron microscopic features within the cores were loss of mitochondria and streaming of the Z-disks. The histochemical and electron microsopic similarities and differences between the TET-induced cores, other core models, and those reported in some human neuromuscular disorders are discussed. The present experiments do not clarify whether the cores are produced from a direct effect of TET upon skeletal muscle or upon the neural component of the motor unit.
A new method for the determination of low-energy stopping powers of hydrogen and helium

Abstract We present a new method for determining the low-energy stopping power of H and He in solids. The yield vs. energy for the nuclear reaction 3 He + 2 H → 4 He + 1 H 1 is strongly dependent on the energy of the incident ion which may be either 3He or 2H. This yield can be used to monitor the energy loss in thin films which are evaporated over part of a substrate into which has been incorporated either 3He or 2H. The energy loss is determined by comparing the yield from the film covered and the uncovered part of the substrate. This method should yield accurate stopping powers for 2H from 60–270 keV, and for 3He from 80–360 keV. Film thicknesses of the order of 450–800 A can be used, minimizing some uniformity problems. Stopping powers of 2H are presented illustrating the technique.
Generation effects for context words: Implications for item-specific and multifactor theories

Abstract We investigated generation effects for context words (i.e., cue words) semantically associated with generated or read targets. Intact context words were presented with target fragments for one group of subjects (generating group) and with intact targets for another group of subjects (reading group). When recall for the context words was cued with the associated target, generation effects for context words were found (Experiments 1, 2, and 3). There was no generation effect for context words, however, when recognition memory was tested (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, generation effects were obtained when cued recall for the context words was conditionalized on correct recognition of the targets (i.e., the cues in the cued-recall test). This pattern strongly suggests that generation can enhance context word-target word relational processing. Generation effects were also obtained in free recall of the targets (Experiment 1). This effect was accompanied by category clustering that was significantly greater than chance for generating subjects but not for reading subjects. This pattern suggests that generation can also enhance whole-list relational processing. The results are consistent with a three-factor account of the generation effect.
SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM RETENTION AND TASK DIFFICULTY.

Summary Forty Ss were required to learn two lists of paired associates (an “easy” list and a “difficult” list). A modified anticipation method allowed measures of short-term and long-term retention to be taken. Item difficulty had no effect on STR, but had a large effect upon LTR. The data were interpreted to indicate that two distinct memory mechanisms are involved in the two retention durations.
Perspectives in the control of chronic pain by nutritional manipulation.

Abstract The role of central neurotransmitters in mood, behavior and emotion are briefly reviewed. Some neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine and serotonin, have been implicated in both the determination of pain threshold and the behavioral responses to painful stimuli. A number of experiments have indicated that brain serotonin can be increased through administration of tryptophan, the dietary precursor of serotonin. Other dietary amino acids have also been found to alter pain tolerance thresholds. This paper reviews the evidence for, and the possible future use of, dietary manipulation to control chronic pain.
FINE STRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF ACYLTRANSFERASES: The Monoglyceride and α-Glycerophosphate Pathways in Intestinal Absorptive Cells

A study of the fine structural localization of the acyltransferases of the monoglyceride and α-glycerophosphate pathways for triglyceride synthesis in the intestinal absorptive cell is reported. Glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue was found to synthesize diglyceride and triglyceride from monopalmitin and palmityl CoA, and parallel morphological studies showed the appearance of lipid droplets in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the absorptive cell. Glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue also synthesized triglyceride from α-glycerophosphate, although this enzyme system was more susceptible to fixation than the monoglyceride pathway acyltransferases. Cytochemical methods for the localization of free CoA were based (a) on the formation of the insoluble lanthanium mercaptide of CoA and (b) on the reduction of ferricyanide by CoA to yield ferrocyanide which forms an insoluble precipitate with manganous ions. By these methods the monoglyceride pathway acyltransferases were found to be located mainly on the inner surface of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The α-glycerophosphate pathway acyltransferases were localized mainly on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Activity limited to the outer cisternae of the Golgi membranes occurred with both pathways. The possible organization of triglyceride absorption and chylomicron synthesis is discussed in view of these results.
Hox Genes: Choreographers in Neural Development, Architects of Circuit Organization

The neural circuits governing vital behaviors, such as respiration and locomotion, are comprised of discrete neuronal populations residing within the brainstem and spinal cord. Work over the past decade has provided a fairly comprehensive understanding of the developmental pathways that determine the identity of major neuronal classes within the neural tube. However, the steps through which neurons acquire the subtype diversities necessary for their incorporation into a particular circuit are still poorly defined. Studies on the specification of motor neurons indicate that the large family of Hox transcription factors has a key role in generating the subtypes required for selective muscle innervation. There is also emerging evidence that Hox genes function in multiple neuronal classes to shape synaptic specificity during development, suggesting a broader role in circuit assembly. This Review highlights the functions and mechanisms of Hox gene networks and their multifaceted roles during neuronal specification and connectivity.
The incompatibility of the medical model and the therapeutic community

Abstract The concept of the therapeutic community is thoroughly embedded in the theory and practice of hospital psychiatry. The thesis of the paper is that the inevitable in-hospital amalgamation of the agenda of the medical model and the agenda of the therapeutic community results in anti-therapeutic double messages to patients. On the one hand, they are given the impression that they are adults who are responsible for their own lives. On the other hand, they are given to understand that their actions are beyond their control since they are manifestations of “illness”. The paper describes a variety of specific ramifications of the mixing of these contradictory agenda. The medical agenda is often a covert one. A double deception is involved. In the first place, the rhetoric of the therapeutic community conceals the prescriptions of medical authority. In the second place, the prescriptions of medical authority conceal the imposition of the social values of the staff upon the patients. The authors conclude that a true therapeutic community has a chance to develop only outside the hospital setting.
The “Zero-order Model” revisited: Paul Schindler's influence on the development of trace metal scavenging models

In 1975 Paul Schindler produced the first oceanic trace metal scavenging model to explicitly include the role of surface chemistry as a control on trace metal water column residence times. The eighteen years that have elapsed since the publication of Schindler's seminal paper have seen the development of a variety of oceanic scavenging models; yet, the fundamental insight of his “Zero-order Model” remains the benchmark. This paper describes the role of Paul Schindler's work on surface chemistry in providing a framework for the current generation of trace element scavenging models.
Urea electrolysis: direct hydrogen production from urine

A new technology has been developed that accomplishes the direct conversion of urine and urea to pure hydrogenvia electrochemical oxidation with an inexpensive nickel catalyst.
Free-operant avoidance conditioning in individual and paired human subjects.

Male, medical and graduate students were subjected to a non-discriminated avoidance regimen with shock-shock and response-shock intervals of 10 sec. Using a yoked-chair procedure it was found that acquisition of the button-pressing avoidance response was influenced by the social environment in which the conditioning occurred. There was a significantly greater number of “learners” among subjects conditioned individually than among those exposed to the conditioning procedures in the presence of a second person.
Optimization of a Pneumatic Balloon Tactile Display for Robot-Assisted Surgery Based on Human Perception

Robot-assisted surgery is characterized by a total loss of haptic feedback, requiring surgeons to rely solely on visual cues. A compact, flexible, and lightweight pneumatic balloon tactile display has been developed suitable for mounting on robotic surgical master controls. The tactile display consists of a molded polydimethylsiloxane substrate with cylindrical channels and a spin-coated silicone film that forms the array of balloons. Human perceptual studies were conducted to determine the optimal diameter, spatial resolution, and temporal resolution of the balloon actuator design. A balloon diameter of 3.0 mm provided the highest average accuracy (ges 95%) while offering five detectable inflation levels. Spatial accuracy in a two-actuator discrimination task reached 100% with 1.5 mm edge-to-edge spacing, and the accuracy of determining the order of two successive stimuli was greater than 90% when the time separation was 100 ms. Design optimization based on the results from this study enables the described tactile display to provide the effective tactile feedback that is otherwise unavailable during robotic surgery.
Hydrogen evolution by several algae.

Out of 33 strains of unicellular algae examined, H2 evolution was observed only in species of Chlamydomonas, Chlorella and Scenedesmus. While the photoevolution of H2 by these algae was generally stimulated both by an organic substrate and by the uncoupler CCCP1, response to DCMU varied. On the basis of the response to DCMU, it was concluded that the mechanism of photoevolution of H2 differed from one alga to another. The reaction in some algae appeared to be dependent on either the photooxidation of water or oxidative carbon metabolism for reductant; that in other algae was supported by reductant from both these sources.
Representation Theorems for an Infinite Shear Fault

Summary The Green's function solutions for a shear dislocation with symmetry in the direction of infinite length have been integrated analytically over the direction of infinite length. The displacement solution is reduced from a surface integral over the fault plane to a line integral of temporal convolutions over the width of the fault. If the time history function of fault displacement is any piecewise linear function the convolutions can be integrated analytically, reducing the solutions to line integrals. Numerical results and plots are presented for a simple example. The two-dimensional solutions give exact first motions at points ‘over’ the fault. Also the solutions can be used to test two-dimensional finite difference and finite element computer programs.
Cedar Infestation Impacts Avian Communities along the Niobrara River Valley, Nebraska

Habitat modification has the potential to cause changes in structure and composition of bird communities. Our goal was to determine the response of Songbird community composition to eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) removal in The Nature Conservancy's Niobrara Valley Preserve, Nebraska. We used point counts to survey birds in the riparian matrix of grassland and forest habitats. More than 60 species were recorded on surveys during 2004–2005. We also use the program PRESENCE to determine the response of five species to various habitat components, including cedar density: House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), Spotted Towhee (Pipilo maculates), Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus), Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus), and Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea). Species richness estimates were highest in open and mixed habitat patches. Local populations of Ovenbirds and Red-eyed Vireos responded positively to cedar density, whereas House Wren numbers declined as cedar density increased. Cedar abundance explained the most variation in bird community similarity between survey points; species richness increased as cedar density decreased. Habitat structure and composition drove variation in community composition and population abundance at fine, local scales within the Preserve. Fine-scale management to remove cedar from local areas should increase diversity of avian species by maintaining a matrix of habitat types. Cedar removal at any scale will affect the composition of bird communities, and we encourage a structured approach to management decisions.
M2 signatures in ψ ( 2 S ) radiative decays

The sensitivity of observables in radiative decays $\ensuremath{\psi}(2S)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c1,2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ to quadrupole (M2) admixtures in the dominant electric dipole (E1) transitions is explored. Emphasis is placed on distributions in a single angle, and several examples are given.
INFLUENCE OF PROCESSING PROCEDURES AND PROPELLANT INGREDIENTS ON RDX-BASED PSEUDOPROPELLANT DARK ZONE

Understanding the formation and influencing factors on the dark zone above RDXbased propellants is essential in the formulation of accurate models for combustion simulation. In this work, the combustion behavior and flame zone structure of various RDXbased pseudopropellants were compared to neat RDX and actual XM39 propellant. It was found that the existence of a dark zone over the pseudopropellant samples was dependent on the processing procedure used. No shock-precipitated pressed samples showed a dark zone at any test condition. However, an extrusion process utilizing ethyl acetate solvent produced pseudo-XM39 that duplicated the combustion behavior and flame structure of actual XM39 at the reference test conditions of 150 psig (1.13 MPa) and 300 psig (2.17 MPa) in N2 atmosphere. RDX/CAB (80/20) pseudopropellant also showed a dark zone of approximately 4 mm at 300 psig. As shown by other researchers, the addition of binders to RDX is a necessary condition in the formation of a dark zone over the burning surface. However, it is shown here not to be a sufficient condition, as pressed pseudopropellants showed flame attachment without dark zones. It is believed that the microstructure of propellant is an important factor in dark zone formation. With the CAB binder matrix wetting and surrounding RDX particles in extruded samples, dark zones were observed.
How Are Neuronal Genes Expressed in Neurons? Regulation of NMDA Receptor Subunit Type 1 Gene as a Model

Neuronal functions, including synaptic responses, are highly coordinated by a variety of molecules expressed in neurons. However, it remains obscure how this coordination is maintained. It is still unknown how genes essential for neuronal activity are regulated at the transcriptional level. Our group is working on the regulation of expression of the NMDA receptor subunit type 1 (NR1) gene during neuronal differentiation. NR1 is an essential subunit of functional NMDA receptors (Sucher et al. 1996). The expression of the NR1 gene is induced as neuronal differentiation proceeds (Monyer et al. 1994; Laurie and Seeburg 1994). NR1 is expressed in virtually every neuron throughout the central nervous system (Morisaki et al. 1991) Thus, NR1 is a good model for the exploration of gene regulation in neurons.
Clinicopathological significance of HER2/neu genetic heterogeneity in HER2/neu non-amplified invasive breast carcinomas and its concurrent axillary metastasis

Background HER2/neu (HER2) is a significant prognostic marker for breast carcinomas. Recently, new guidelines defining HER2 genetic heterogeneity (GH) were published by the College of American Pathologists. Aims To determine the prevalence of HER2 GH as defined in primary invasive breast carcinoma, to determine its relationship with prognostic variables and to investigate its impact on concurrent axillary metastasis. Methods 235 consecutive infiltrating breast carcinomas were evaluated for GH (defined as presence of 5–50% of neoplastic cells with HER2 /CEP17 ratio >2.2) using fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Pathological features of carcinomas with GH were compared with those lacking GH. GH was also evaluated in a subset of 37 paired primary carcinomas and its concurrent axillary nodal metastases using dual in situ hybridisation. Results HER2 GH was noted in 27% of HER2 negative breast carcinomas. These carcinomas demonstrated aggressive characteristics (larger size, higher grade and greater incidence of lymph node metastasis) in comparison with HER2 negative cases without GH. Higher levels of GH were associated with the equivocal HER2 status. GH was maintained in the concurrent lymph node metastases with some variations; however, two cases with clusters of HER2 amplified cells in the primary carcinoma showed HER2 amplification in the nodal metastasis. Conclusions HER2 GH is present in 27% of breast carcinomas, portends an aggressive phenotype and contributes to the equivocal HER2 status. Evaluation of the HER2 status in nodal metastasis of select primary carcinomas with GH may be beneficial before treatment selection.
Exploiting Data-Dependent Slack Using Dynamic Multi-VDD to Minimize Energy Consumption in Datapath Circuits

Modern microprocessors feature wided at a paths to support large on-chip memory and to enable computation on large-magnitude operands. With devices caling and rising clock frequencies, energy consumption and power density have become critical concerns, especially in data path circuits. Data paths are typically designed to optimize delay for worst-case operands. However, such operands rarely occur; the most frequently occurring input operand words (comprising long strings or subwords of 0’s and 1’s) present two major opportunities for energy optimization: (1) avoiding unnecessary computation involving such “special” input oper and subword values and (2) exploiting timings lack in circuits (designed to accommodate worst-case inputs) arising due to such values. Previous techniques have exploited only one or the other of these factors, but not both simultaneously. Our new technique, dynamic multi-VDD, which is capable of dynamically switching between supply voltages in hardware submodules, simultaneously exploits both factors. Using thecomputation by pass framework and multiple supply voltages, we estimate data-dependents lack based on submodules that will be by passed and exploit this slack by operating active submodules at a lower supply voltage. Our analysis of SPECCPU2K benchmarks shows energy savings of upto 55% (and 46.53% on average) in functional units with minimal performance overheads.
A transverse Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability in a magnetized plasma

An analysis is conducted of the transverse Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in a magnetized plasma for unstable flute modes. The analysis makes use of a two-fluid model. Details regarding the instability calculation are discussed, taking into account the ion continuity and momentum equations, the solution of a zero-order and a first-order component, and the properties of the solution. It is expected that the linear calculation conducted will apply to situations in which the plasma has experienced no more than a few growth periods.
Differential Effects of Anthracycline Drugs on Rat Heart and Liver Microsomal Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate-dependent Lipid Peroxidation

Abstract Rat liver microsomes have previously been utilized as a model biological system to study the activation of Adriamycin to the semiquinone free radical intermediate and the enhancement by Adriamycin of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidation and oxygen consumption. Incubating rat liver microsomes with Adriamycin or other structurally similar benzanthraquinone anticancer drugs resulted in marked stimulation of NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation. Carminomycin and 4-demethoxydaunorubicin were considerably more potent than Adriamycin, while daunorubicin, deacetyladriamycin, N-dimethyl-adriamycin, aclacinomycin A, adriamycin 14-nicotinate, and steffimycin were approximately equipotent to Adriamycin in this test system. In contrast, lapachol, anthragallol, alkylaminoanthracenedione, mitomycin C, streptonigrin, 5-iminodaunorubicin, and the Adriamycin:DNA complex potently inhibited microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, nogalamycin, or rubidazone had little or no effect. α-Tocopherol-deficient rat heart microsomes but not control heart microsomes were susceptible to increased NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation (up to 10-fold) when incubated with Adriamycin or other anthracycline analogs which stimulated peroxidation in liver microsomes. The rate of NADPH oxidation in the presence of microsomes was enhanced 4-fold by either Adriamycin or daunorubicin; lapachol, anthragallol, aminoanthracenedione, and 5-iminodaunorubicin at concentrations which inhibited lipid peroxidation had no effect on NADPH oxidation. NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase activity was unaltered by those drugs which either stimulated or inhibited peroxidation. These results suggest that although several Adriamycin-like anthracycline drugs dramatically stimulated NADPH-dependent, reactive oxygen-mediated lipid peroxidation in rat liver and heart microsomes, other quinone-containing anticancer drugs do not enhance lipid peroxidation. Interestingly, there appears to be a direct correlation between the ability of certain anthracyclines to stimulate heart or liver microsomal lipid peroxidation and the effects of these drugs in other cardiotoxicity model systems.
Antenatal corticosteroid therapy: short-term effects on fetal behaviour and haemodynamics

Antenatal corticosteroid therapy to enhance fetal lung maturity in threatened preterm delivery has a number of non-pulmonary side-effects, both beneficial and undesirable. This review focuses on the short-term (transient) effects of betamethasone and dexamethasone on aspects of fetal circulation and behaviour which are used clinically as markers of fetal well-being. We summarise the effects observed, discuss the proposed underlying mechanisms, and emphasise the consequences for clinical decision-making. Recommendations are given to optimise medical care and to minimise the risk of unwarranted iatrogenic preterm delivery.
Synthetic Lethal Phenotypes Caused by Mutations Affecting Chromosome Partitioning in Bacillus subtilis

We investigated the genetic interactions between mutations affecting chromosome structure and partitioning in Bacillus subtilis. Loss-of-function mutations in spoIIIE (encoding a putative DNA translocase) and smc (involved in chromosome structure and partitioning) caused a synthetic lethal phenotype. We constructed a conditional mutation in smc and found that many of the spoIIIE smc double-mutant cells had a chromosome bisected by a division septum. The growth defect of the double mutant was exacerbated by a null mutation in the chromosome partitioning gene spo0J. These results suggest that mutants defective in nucleoid structure are unable to move chromosomes out of the way of the invaginating septum and that SpoIIIE is involved in repositioning these bisected chromosomes during vegetative growth.
Evolution of a design methodology for LQG/LTR

Experience with the linear-quadratic-Gaussian/loop-transfer-recovery (LQG/LTR) design methodology has demonstrated several inadequacies in that theory of design. The author focuses on the problems associated with the selection of a state weighting matrix for the regulator design (or of the process noise covariance matrix for the filter design) to satisfy constraints on the singular values of the design's return ratio (the balancing problem). Modifications are proposed and discussed that are based on the interactions between nominal plant poles at the origin (system type), integral control via state augmentation, selection of constraints placed on the singular values of the return ratio, and the method used to meet those constraints. The author tracks the evolution of his philosophy toward LQG/LTR design and summarizes his current approach toward balancing the design. >
Evaluation of burst retransmission in optical burst-switched networks

In this paper, we evaluate the performance of a burst retransmission scheme in which the bursts lost due to contentions in an OBS network are retransmitted at the OBS layer. The retransmission scheme aims to reduce burst loss probability in OBS networks. We develop an analytical model for obtaining the burst loss probability over an OBS network that uses the retransmission scheme. We also compare the performance of the burst retransmission scheme with the deflection scheme. Simulation results also show that at a moderate traffic load, the retransmission scheme provides an improvement of up to four times the burst loss probability with the deflection scheme. Results also show that the retransmission scheme significantly improves the burst loss probability compared to an OBS network without the retransmission scheme.
Pain and quality of life in palliative care

This issue of Annals of Palliative Medicine features several articles addressing pain, from defining pain severity cut points, to quantifying and reducing pain acquired after bone marrow biopsy, to treating neuropathic pain, to using reirradiation for recurrent pain from bone metastases.
Beyond Tort Reform: Fixing Real Problems

Malpractice problems are threefold: (1) Physicians and other medical providers periodically face great difficulty in finding and financing liability insurance protection. (2) Preventable patient injuries continue to occur much too frequently, few of them addressed by lawsuits. (3) Tort litigation fails to prevent these preventable injuries and creates liability risk that is hard to insure. Malpractice reforms have always been single-minded: help doctors get liability insurance by cutting back on legal remedies. Affected physicians and attorneys dominate debate and either attack or defend traditional legal process. Policy should instead combine liability reform with thoroughgoing promotion of patient safety. ( Indiana Health Law Review 3(1): 3-26, 2006)
A panel method with a full wake alignment model for the prediction of the performance of ducted propellers

An improved perturbation potential‐based panel method is applied to model the flow around ducted propellers. One significant development in this method is the application of full wake alignment scheme in which the trailing vortex wake sheets of the blades are aligned with the local flow velocity by also considering the effects of duct and duct wake. A process of repaneling the duct is simultaneously introduced to improve the accuracy of the method. The results from the improved wake model are compared with those from a simplified wake alignment scheme. At the same time, full-blown Reynolds-averaged Navier‐Stokes (RANS) simulations are conducted via commercial solvers. The forces, i.e., thrust and torque, on the propeller predicted by this panel method under the improved wake alignment model show good agreement both with experimental measurements, a hybrid method developed by the Ocean Engineering Group of University of Texas at Austin, and the full-blown RANS simulations. Moreover, predicted pressure distribution on the blades and duct are compared among the various methods.
Belief in Global Warming Among Americans Gradually Increases Following the Winter of 2015

In the wake of a memorable winter season in the United States that included both record cold and snow in the Northeast and historic warmth and drought in the West, American views regarding the existence of global warming have rebounded to the seven-year NSEE average, with 63% of Americans believing there is evidence of climate change. However, there are notable differences among Americans who think global warming is occurring and those who do not in terms of their perceptions of the weather that they experienced during the winter of 2015. In essence views on the existence of global warming appear related to individuals’ evaluations of the weather their area experienced last winter, with those expressing doubt in global warming more likely than their counterparts to identify the last winter season as colder than average. These are among the key findings of the latest version of the National Surveys on Energy and Environment (NSEE).
Correlating the blood alcohol concentration with outcome after traumatic brain injury: too much is not a bad thing.

Although recent evidence suggests a beneficial effect of alcohol for patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), the level of alcohol that confers the protective effect is unknown. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between admission blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and outcomes in patients with isolated moderate to severe TBI. From 2005 to 2009, the Los Angeles County Trauma Database was queried for all patients ≥14 years of age with isolated moderate to severe TBI and admission serum alcohol levels. Patients were then stratified into four levels based on admission BAC: None (0 mg/dL), low (0-100 mg/dL), moderate (100-230 mg/dL), and high (≥230 mg/dL). Demographics, patient characteristics, and outcomes were compared across levels. In evaluating 3794 patients, the mortality rate decreased with increasing BAC levels (linear trend P Language: en
Regulation of Golgi Cisternal Progression by Ypt/Rab GTPases

Current models entail that transport through the Golgi-the main sorting compartment of the cell-occurs via cisternal progression/maturation and that Ypt/Rab GTPases regulate this process. However, there is very limited evidence that cisternal progression is regulated, and no evidence for involvement of Ypt/Rab GTPases in such a regulation. Moreover, controversy about the placement of two of the founding members of the Ypt/Rab family, Ypt1 and Ypt31, to specific Golgi cisternae interferes with addressing this question in yeast, where cisternal progression has been extensively studied. Here, we establish the localization of Ypt1 and Ypt31 to opposite faces of the Golgi: early and late, respectively. Moreover, we show that they partially overlap on a transitional compartment. Finally, we determine that changes in Ypt1 and Ypt31 activity affect Golgi cisternal progression, early-to-transitional and transitional-to-late, respectively. These results show that Ypt/Rab GTPases regulate two separate steps of Golgi cisternal progression.
"To Minister That Matter": Mary and the Trinity in Hopkins' "The Blessed Virgin Compared to the Air We Breathe"

It is a comfort to think that the greatest of the divines and doctors of the Church who have spoken and written in favor of this truth [the Immaculate Conception] came from England: between 500 and 600 years ago [Duns Scotus] was sent for to go to Paris to dispute its favour. The disputation or debate was held in public and someone who was there says that this wise and happy man by his answers broke the objections brought against him as Samson broke the thongs and withies with which his enemies tried to bind him.i
Bounds for the Zeros of Polynomials

(1981). Bounds for the Zeros of Polynomials. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 88, No. 3, pp. 205-206.
MYC Is a Crucial Mediator of TGFβ-Induced Invasion in Basal Breast Cancer

Basal subtype breast cancers have a particularly poor prognosis, with high invasiveness and resistance to most targeted therapies. TGFβ and MYC drive central features of basal breast cancer: TGFβ is an autocrine and paracrine signaling factor that drives cell invasion and metastasis, and MYC is a central regulator of cellular proliferation that is upregulated in many cancer types. We show here that genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of MYC in MCF10A basal breast cells results in increased sensitivity to TGFβ-stimulated invasion and metastasis and also show that this signaling loop is dependent on activation of SRC. Analysis of human breast cancer datasets and additional experiments with breast cancer cell lines further suggest the relevance of this signaling loop in basal, but not luminal, breast cancers. Our results imply precaution should be taken when utilizing therapeutic inhibitors of MYC with basal breast cancer patients as this could lead to increased metastasis; however, simultaneous pharmacologic inhibition of SRC and MYC for these patients could facilitate the antiproliferative effects of MYC inhibition while blocking the consequent promotion of metastasis. Cancer Res; 76(12); 3520-30. ©2016 AACR.
Spinal-cord tumor--a cause of progressive neurological changes in children with scoliosis. A report of three cases.

Three cases of spinal-cord tumor causing progressive neurological changes in children with scoliosis have been presented. In each patient a diagnosis of poliomyelitis had been made in early childhood, and the later neurological changes which appeared had been attributed to the scoliosis. We wish to emphasize the importance of following such cases of presumed poliomyelitis with periodic examinations to rule out other neurological diseases, and, if scoliosis appears, to seek an intradural as well as an extradural cause of progressive neurological symptoms.
Predictive value of estrogen receptors evaluated by quantitative immunohistochemical analysis in breast cancer

To establish the reliability and biologic importance of quantitative immunohistochemical assays for estrogen receptors, more than 200 stage I and II breast cancers were studied. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed using antibody ER 1D5 (AMAC Westbrook, ME) in an automatic stainer (Tech Mate, Biotek, Santa Barbara, CA). Nuclear stain was quantitated by image analysis (SAMBA 4000; IPI, Chantilly, VA). Statistical analyses were performed using Kaplan-Meier product limit estimator for quantitated values and Cox regression for risk for death and disease progression. Estrogen receptor values obtained using the dextran-coated charcoal method were available for comparison. Quantitated immunohistochemical values, expressed as mean optical density of stained nuclei, could discriminate groups of patients that had as much as 3 times higher risk for death and 2.5 times higher risk for disease relapse (P = .006 and P = .018, respectively). Patients could be divided into three risk groups, based on their overall and disease-free survival, that were statistically significant (P = .018). The same analysis was performed using biochemically assayed estrogen receptors values showing that at a cutoff value of 20 fmol/mg, estrogen status predicted overall survival, albeit with lesser probability values (P = .032). These results show that quantitative immunohistochemistry of estrogen receptors provides results that have better predictive value than the biochemically procured ones. This approach not only obviates many pitfalls of the methods requiring tissue homogenates but also allows simultaneous correlation with histopathologic tumor features and expression of other relevant markers.
Membrane Isolation Methods

Isolating biological membrane is as much of an art form as it is a science. The procedures are tedious and require patience, precision, and organization. Since every membrane has its own peculiarities, countless procedures have been published. This chapter will consider a few of the problems encountered in isolating membranes and some of the more common techniques that have been employed.
Quantification of the thickness of carbon transfer films using Raman tribometry

A method to quantify transfer film thickness of diamond-like nanocomposite (DLN) coatings during sliding is presented. Previously, we showed that as the transfer film thickened then thinned, Raman carbon spectra evolved from that of the coating, to the transfer film, then back again to the coating. In this paper, the transfer film thickness is quantified using Raman spectra with stylus profilometry and a light-scattering model based on Beer's Law. Non-linear least-square fits of Raman intensity versus thickness data of several transfer films gave an optical mean free path of ∼500 nm. The model was also used to quantify transfer film thickness between 10 and 960 nm from the Raman intensity (at a given frequency) of the combined coating–transfer film spectrum. Finally, the model was applied to in situ spectra during sliding to establish a thickness at which a transfer film wore through causing a rise in friction.
The new order, 1200–1500

During the second half of the twelfth century, several interrelated chains of events transformed the eastern Baltic littoral thoroughly enough to produce what might be called a new order. The transformation, which involved western Europeans coming and staying in the littoral, did not take place overnight; in fact, it unfolded over a century and a half. To understand it properly, we have to step away from simplified models of what happened and consider the events in all their complexity. By the twelfth century, the peoples of the littoral had been familiar with strangers in their midst at least since the ninth century, when the Vikings were using the littoral waterways to travel east into the territories of the Rus'. Traders from the west and the east had come and gone, as had Christian missionaries from the lands of the Rus'. How these “others” had been incorporated into the worldview of the indigenous peoples we do not know, but the arrival of the German crusaders and traders could hardly have seemed like an unusual occurrence. Nor would their militancy have seemed extraordinary, at least initially. After all, the tribal societies of the littoral were themselves hardly peaceful and innocent farmers: for centuries they had raided and pillaged one another's territories, and taken captives and slaves. None of these forays had been manifestations of a determined expansionism, save perhaps those of the Lithuanians into adjacent eastern lands.
Radiation Therapy and Cardiovascular Risk

Radiation continues to play an integral role in the treatment for multiple different tumor types with over 50% of cancer patients receiving radiation during the course of their treatment. Radiation can have long-term impact on cardiac function including accelerated atherosclerosis, valvular dysfunction, conduction abnormalities, and pericardial disease, however recent advances in the delivery of radiation have dramatically reduced the dose given to vascular structures particularly in the treatment of breast cancer. Radiation treatment for other nonbreast malignancies, given their proximities to or involvement with critical vascular structures, often involve much higher doses to both the cardiac and other vascular structures. As more of these patients become long-term survivors from their malignancy, the effects of radiation on the cardiac and vasculature may become more apparent. Thus, to address this we also provide treatment recommendations for patients with a history of radiation in the context of other cardiac risk factors.