cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An adaptive approach to accelerated evaluation of highly available services

We motivate and describe improved fast simulation techniques for the accelerated performance evaluation of highly available services. In systems that provide such services, service unavailability events are rare due to a low component failure rate or high resource capacity. Using traditional Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate such services requires a large amount of runtime. Importance sampling (IS) has been applied to certain instances of such systems, focusing on single-class and/or homogeneous resource demands. In this article, we formulate highly available services as multiresource losstype systems, and we present two IS methods for fast simulation, extending to multiple classes and nonhomogeneous resource demands. First, for the cases in which component failure rates are small, we prove that static IS using the Standard Clock (S-ISSC) method exhibits the bounded relative error (BRE) property. Second, for estimating failure probabilities due to large capacity or fast service in systems that have nonrare component failure rates, we propose adaptive ISSC (A-ISSC), which estimates the relative probability of reaching each possible state of system failure in every step of the simulation. Using A-ISSC, IS methods which are proven to be efficient can be extended to multidimensional cases, while still retaining a very favorable performance, as supported by our validation experiments.
Pathogenicity and Comparative Evolution in Vivo of the Transitional Quasispecies SIVsmmPBj8

During 14 months of infection of a pig-tailed macaque, the acutely lethal simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsmmPBj14 (SIV-PBj14) evolved from the minimally pathogenic strain SIVsmm9. The virus isolated at 8 months (SIV-PBj8) exhibited properties of both SIVsmm9 and SIV-PBj14, indicating that a phenotypic transition occurred between 6 and 10 months. To assess the influence that this new composition of biologic properties might have on pathogenicity, three pig-tailed macaques were inoculated intravenously with SIV-PBj8. Although no animals developed the severe acute disease syndrome typical of SIV-PBj14, all had high levels of viremia and died of AIDS at 4, 10. 5, and 32 months. Characterization of the SIV-PBj8-derived quasispecies that evolved in these macaques showed that at 4 days after inoculation, viruses from all three animals exhibited in vitro properties different from those of the inoculum. By 4 months, the initial phenotypic profiles had changed, with the quasispecies in plasma from the animal (J90232) that died at this time most closely resembling SIV-PBj14, not SIV-PBj8. Phylogenetic trees of the gp41/Nef region of viruses in 4-month plasma from J90232 revealed three distinct populations with high bootstrap values: one group branched with SIVsmm9, one with SIV-PBj14, and one with SIV-PBj8 (ratio of clones, 5:9:5). Nucleotide sequence analysis suggested that some members of the original SIV-PBj8 quasispecies may have been evolving toward a SIV-PBj14-like genotype at the time macaque J90232 died. The use of SIV-PBj8, which was more pathogenic than SIVsmm9, but less pathogenic than SIV-PBj14, may provide the optimal genetic background on which to identify the minimal, multigenic determinants of the SIV-PBj14 phenotype. The results of our studies on SIV-PBj14 indicate that in some, but not all, cases of primate lentivirus infection more pathogenic variants evolve, selectively proliferate, and more than likely contribute to disease progression.
Lithium-6 and Gamma-Rays: Constraints on Primordial Lithium, Cosmic Rays and Cosmic Star Formation

Cosmic-ray (CR) reactions with the interstellar gas produce both Li (predominantly via α CR + α → 6 , 7 Li ) and γ-rays (via p CR + p → π 0 → γ γ ). We establish the link between them analytically, then apply it to constrain both galactic CR nucleosynthesis as well as extragalactic γ-ray production. We exploit the extragalactic γ-ray spectrum to place constraints on the hadronic production by cosmic rays, and then use the γ − π 0 − Li connection to place upper limits on the production of non-primordial Li via cosmic rays accelerated in the shocks arising from cosmological structure formation. Turning the problem around, we use observations of the Galactic Li both in the Solar System and in the ancient halo stars, to constraint the contribution of the galactic cosmic rays to the diffuse extragalactic γ-ray background.
The effect of lipid peroxides on isolated human umbilical artery contraction.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the effect of oxidized lipids on the contractile activity of isolated human umbilical arteries. STUDY DESIGN: Umbilical artery rings were prepared for isometric tension recording and exposed to cumulative concentrations of oxidized and nonoxidized lipid and control solutions. Rings were also incubated with the lipid or control solutions and then contracted with cumulative concentrations of U46619. A final set of rings in Ca ++ -free depolarized solution was incubated with the agents above, and then the Ca ++ concentration was increased cumulatively. RESULTS: The lipids had no direct contractile effect. Both lipids inhibited the response to U46619 and Ca ++ , with the oxidized lipids having the most significant effect. CONCLUSION: Oxidized lipids lack a direct contractile effect on isolated human umbilical arteries and inhibit the contractile response to thromboxane and calcium.
Computing, diversity and community: fostering the computing culture

How do we attract and retain women in mathematics and science and specifically in computing? Women drop out of every bend of the pipeline and thus lose the opportunity to seek good, appealing and high-paying jobs. Funded by an eight-semester long National Science Foundation grant1, the University of Wisconsin (UW) Women and Science program aims to reverse this attrition from the sciences at a point where it is most acute: the introductory courses in the undergraduate science curriculum.This paper focusses on one particular innovation in the computing curriculum: extending the content of a traditional first term computer science course in program design and development to include the culture of computing. The paper gives specific examples of computing artifacts and their uses in any computing classroom. It also shows the connection between teaching the culture of computing and the objectives of the Women and Science project.
Optimal digital redesign of cascaded analogue controllers

This paper presents a new, optimal digital redesign technique for finding an optimal cascaded digital controller from the given continuous-time counterpart by minimizing a quadratic performance index. The control gains can be obtained by solving a set of Liapunov equations. The developed optimal cascaded digital controller enables the state and/or outputs of the digitally controlled closed-loop sampled-data system to optimally match those of the original continuous-time closed-loop system at any instant between sampling periods. The developed control law can be implemented using inexpensive and reliable digital electronics with a relatively long sampling period.
Severe hypotension in a patient receiving pemoline during general anesthesia.

IMPLICATIONS This case reports hypotension under general anesthesia in a patient taking pemoline. Vigilance for unexpected hypotension is important in patients who are treated with psychostimulants. If hypotension occurs, vasopressors that act directly on adrenergic receptors should be used.
Histologic differentiation, cancer volume, and pelvic lymph node metastasis in adenocarcinoma of the prostate

The Gleason grading system for prostate cancer was applied quantitatively to analysis of entire tumors in 209 radical prostatectomy specimens from patients with clinical Stage A and Stage B carcinoma. Percentage of poorly differentiated tumor (Gleason histologic pattern 4 and/or 5) was related to quantitated cancer volume, cancer location within the prostate, and presence or absence of pelvic lymph node metastasis. A strong correlation was found between cancer volume, percentage of poorly differentiated cancer, and nodal metastasis. Twenty-two of 38 patients with more than 3.2 cc of Gleason histologic pattern 4-5 cancer had nodes with positive results, compared with one of 171 patients with less than 3.2 cc of pattern 4-5 cancer. Gleason histologic patterns 1 and 2 cancer was found mainly in a small subgroup of tumors whose site of origin was in the anatomic transition zone and whose volume was less than 1 cc. Gleason "cribriform" histologic pattern 3 cancer was thought to represent mainly intraductal carcinoma. Its increase in area with increasing cancer volume paralleled the increase in pattern 4 cancer and was counter to the decrease in other types of pattern 3 cancer.
Microfinance and development: Risk and return from a policy outcome perspective

This paper addresses microfinance — financial services products including credit, loans and insurance — which encourage productive and entrepreneurial activity for the marginalised, often ‘unbanked’, also known as the poverty market. The paper provides an overview of the microfinance market space, its industry players, and it addresses current issues in development policy.
Reliability of Site-Independent Telemedicine when Assessed by Telemedicine-Naive Stroke Practitioners

Introduction Telemedicine is used to assess patients with stroke remotely. The extent of training necessary to use these systems is unknown. A site-independent telemedicine system (used in the STRokE DOC trial) is reliable when used by telemedicine-trained investigators. We report a prospective evaluation of telemedicine's reliability when used by nontelemedicine-trained examiners. Materials and Methods In all, 25 patients with stroke were prospectively evaluated. Two team members (one bedside, one remote) simultaneously graded each patient using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), modified NIHSS (mNIHSS), and modified Rankin scale. Patients followed commands of the remote telemedicine neurologist, who was untrained in, and had no experience with, telemedicine. Results Remote evaluations by telemedicine-naive examiners were feasible in 25 of 25 (100%) patients. One technical complication, which did not interfere with performing the examination, was noted. Median NIHSS score was 11.5. Average clinical examination took 13.9 minutes (improving from 22 to 8 minutes). Reliability was comparable with published studies, with 10/15 (67%) NIHSS and 9/11 (82%) mNIHSS items showing excellent agreement (Kappa > 0.75). Modified Rankin scale reliability was high (Kappa = 0.90). Spearman correlation (NIHSS and mNIHSS) for bedside examiner was 0.981 and for remote examiner was 0.966. Discussion It is reliable and valid for telemedicine-naive stroke examiners to assess clinical deficit and functional outcomes using a site-independent telemedicine system. Evaluation time decreased even with minimal telemedicine exposure. Further assessments should determine whether reliability persists with a larger pool of both untrained investigators and patients, and whether reliability improves with a dedicated training program.
Modified HIV-1 based lentiviral vectors have an effect on viral transduction efficiency and gene expression in vitro and in vivo

Gene transfer using lentiviral vectors has been recently shown to be enhanced with cis-acting elements in a cell-type-dependent manner in vivo. For this reason, the study reported here was designed to modify lentiviral vectors that express lacZ, human factor IX (FIX), or human alpha1-anti-trypsin (AAT) to study the effect of different cis DNA elements on transduction efficiencies. We found that incorporation of the central polypurine tract sequence (cppt) increased transduction efficiency in vitro while increasing the transduction of non-cell-cycling hepatocytes in vivo. C57Bl/6 scid mice that were administered lentiviral vectors devoid of the cppt (2 x 10(8) transducing units (T.U.)/mouse) had 81% of their lacZ-transduced hepatocytes colabeled with the cell cycle marker 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). In contrast, inclusion of the cppt reduced the colabeling in mouse hepatocytes by 50%. Further modifications in the lentiviral vectors were performed to enhance viral titer and gene expression. We found that the inclusion of a matrix attachment region (MAR) from immunoglobulin-kappa (Igkappa) significantly increased the transduction efficiency, as measured by transgene protein expression and proviral DNA copy number, compared with vectors without Igkappa MAR. In vitro studies using human hepatoma cells demonstrated a significant increase (two- to fourfold) in human AAT and human FIX production when the Igkappa MAR was incorporated. In vivo transduction of partially hepatectomized C57Bl/6 mice given an optimized lentiviral vector containing the cppt and Igkappa MAR (2 x 10(8) T.U./mouse) resulted in sustained therapeutic levels of serum FIX (approximately 65 ng/ml). Our study demonstrates the importance of cis-acting elements to enhancing the transduction ability of lentiviral vectors and the expression of vector transgenes.
Precise Coulomb excitation B(E2) measurements for first 2 + states of projectile nuclei near the doubly magic nuclei 78 Ni and 132 Sn

Coulomb excitation is a very precise tool to measure excitation probabilities and provide insight on the collectivity of nuclear excitations and in particular on nuclear shapes. In the last few years radioactive ion beam facilities such as HRIBF opened unique opportunities to explore the structure of nuclei in the regions near the doubly magic nuclei 78Ni (Z=28 and N=50) and 132Sn (Z=50 and N=82). For this purpose we have developed specialized methods and instrumentation to measure various observables. There is also the opportunity to perform precision experiments with stable beams using exactly the same state-of-the-art instrumentation and techniques as with their radioactive ion beam counterpart. I describe some of the recent efforts at HRIBF to do more precise measurements using particle-gamma techniques.
Size-selective predation by round gobies (Neogobius melanostomus) on dreissenid mussels in the field

Abstract Although numerous studies have shown that round gobies ( Neogobius melanostomus ) prey on dreissenid mussels ( Dreissena polymorpha and Dreissena bugensis ), there is an apparent shortage of detailed field studies on the subject. The 5-month field study described here quantifies predation by round gobies on dreissenids in Presque Isle Bay, Lake Erie. Dreissenids dominated the diet of round gobies, composing 92% of the prey items recovered. Over half of the 3870 valves (1935 mussels) recovered from 155 round gobies were crushed, while the remainder were swallowed whole. Crushed dreissenids were larger than those swallowed whole, and the tendency to crush dreissenids did not vary among three length classes of round goby. Round goby length was positively related to average size of dreissenids consumed, average size of whole and crushed dreissenids, largest whole dreissenid consumed, and largest crushed dreissenid consumed. Indices of selectivity revealed similarly shaped curves for three length classes of round gobies, a shift toward larger dreissenid size classes with an increase in round goby length, and peak preferences for 8–11 mm dreissenids. Factors such as gape limitation, availability and accessibility of differently sized dreissenids, forces generated while removing mussels from the substrate and crushing them, and caloric content of dreissenids all likely play roles in the observed size-selectivity and differential processing of dreissenids. Although factors influencing size-selectivity are not completely understood, the observed preference of round gobies for dreissenids near the size when they are first reproductive could impact the demography of dreissenid populations.
Use of [3H]-GBR12935 to measure dopaminergic nerve terminal growth into the developing rat striatum.

Abstract In this study we determined the temporal association between the appearance of the dopamine transporter, measured by 1-[2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)-piperazine ([3H]-GBR12935), a potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake, and other biochemical markers of dopaminergic nerve terminal growth into the developing striatum. [3H]-GBR12935 binding was minimally detected in the rudimentary striatum of embryonic day 14 rat brains, increased to 23% of the adult level by birth, and reached the adult level during the fifth postnatal week. This finding contrasts with a slower developmental increase in [3H]-dopamine uptake, a functional measure of the transporter. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity levels followed a developmental curve similar to that of [3H]-GBR12935 binding but did not reach adult levels until the 7th postnatal week. Dopamine content increased at a slower rate, being only 10% and 92% of the adult level at birth and postnatal week 8, respectively. These results indicate that the appearance of a structural, but not optimally functional, dopamine transporter may be the earliest detectable biochemical index of dopaminergic nerve terminal growth into the striatum during development.
Quantitative analysis of melphalan and its major hydrolysate in patients and animals by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography☆

Abstract The detection of 4-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino-1-phenylalanine ( l -DOH) in blood samples taken from patients after treatment with melphalan [4-bis-(2-chloroethyl)amino-1-phenylalanine, l -PAM] suggests that the quantification of this major hydrolysate of l -PAM can be of considerable importance in l -PAM chemotherapy. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure has been developed for the quantitative analysis of both l -PAM and l -DOH in biological samples, with a detection sensitivity of 0.1 ppm. This method provides a distinct separation of l -PAM (retention time 12 min) and l -DOH (retention time 6.5 min), with no interference from the biological background (retention time 1.4–3 min).
Distinct actions of rab3 and rab27 gtpases on late stages of exocytosis of insulin

Rab GTPases associated with insulin-containing secretory granules (SGs) are key in targeting, docking and assembly of molecular complexes governing pancreatic β-cell exocytosis. Four Rab3 isoforms along with Rab27A are associated with insulin granules, yet elucidation of the distinct roles of these Rab families on exocytosis remains unclear. To define specific actions of these Rab families we employ Rab3GAP and/or EPI64A GTPase-activating protein overexpression in β-cells from wild-type or Ashen mice to selectively transit the entire Rab3 family or Rab27A to a GDP-bound state. Ashen mice carry a spontaneous mutation that eliminates Rab27A expression. Using membrane capacitance measurements we find that GTP/GDP nucleotide cycling of Rab27A is essential for generation of the functionally defined immediately releasable pool (IRP) and central to regulating the size of the readily releasable pool (RRP). By comparison, nucleotide cycling of Rab3 GTPases, but not of Rab27A, is essential for a kinetically rapid filling of the RRP with SGs. Aside from these distinct functions, Rab3 and Rab27A GTPases demonstrate considerable functional overlap in building the readily releasable granule pool. Hence, while Rab3 and Rab27A cooperate to generate release-ready SGs in β-cells, they also direct unique kinetic and functional properties of the exocytotic pathway.
The effect of a learning collaborative to improve engagement in child mental health services

Abstract This study examined the impact of a learning collaborative composed of five child mental health agencies which was conducted from November 2005 to November 2006 in a suburban community adjacent to New York City. Data submitted by each agency (in November/December 2005, and then monthly between April 2006 and November 2006) regarding: 1) initial show-rates for first intake appointments for all new evaluations of children and adolescents, and/or; 2) attendance at any scheduled clinic appointment subsequent to the first kept intake appointment, were retrospectively analyzed. Agencies reported an increase in kept initial appointments ranging from 5% to 21% over the previous year, while kept subsequent appointments evidenced an increase between 2% and 16%. In contrast, one site that did not administer the engagement strategies noted a decrease in both engagement and subsequent appointment rates during the course of the collaborative between 9% and 13% respectively. These findings support the effectiveness of learning collaboratives for improving service use among youth with mental health difficulties and their families.
Multiple Comprehension Strategies Instruction in the Intermediate Grades: Three Remarks about Content and Pedagogy in the Intervention Literature.

This conceptual article provides an overview and critique of the major versions of multiple comprehension strategies instruction (MCSI) that have been studied since 1980. The author argues that MCSI is a multifaceted instructional approach that takes on many different forms in the research literature. Even intervention studies that ostensibly examine the same brand of MCSI can have drastic variability in content and pedagogy. The author claims that independent and self-regulated reading practices are underemphasized in this literature despite strong conceptual roots in self-regulation and metacognitive learning theory. Finally, the author concludes that many MCSI studies present a proceduralized view of strategic reading, characterized by repeated use of common strategies taught to students in a prescribed sequence. While previous reviews and critiques of the reading comprehension literature have focused on the effectiveness of MCSI and the way it has been inadequately translated into typical practice, this article comments on the way MCSI is carried out in the intervention literature itself with the goal of understanding the pedagogical features that are prioritized by MCSI researchers. The interpretive remarks in this article provide directions for future work on reading comprehension instruction.
ASSESSING A LINEAR NANOSYSTEM'S LIMITING RELIABILITY FROM ITS COMPONENTS

Nanosystems are devices that are in the size range of a billionth of a meter (1 x 10-9) and therefore are built necessarily from individual atoms. The one-dimensional nanosystems or linear nanosystems cover all the nanosized systems which possess one dimension that exceeds the other two dimensions, i.e. extension over one dimension is predominant over the other two dimensions. Here only two of the dimensions have to be on the nanoscale (less than 100 nanometers). In this paper we consider the structural relationship between a linear nanosystem and its atoms acting as components of the nanosystem. Using such information, we then assess the nanosystem's limiting reliability which is, of course, probabilistic in nature. We consider the linear nanosystem at a fixed moment of time, say the present moment, and we assume that the present state of the linear nanosystem depends only on the present states of its atoms.
Diversity of grip in Macaca mulatta

Much of the research on the neuronal basis of prehension focuses on macaque monkeys. Yet most of the behavioral description of grip types pertains to humans and apes. The purpose of the present study was to provide a catalogue and description of basic grip behavior in macaque monkeys. The observational study explored the diversity of grasping behavior in 157 semi-free ranging rhesus macaques. Video footage of monkeys grasping objects ad libitum was analyzed frame-by-frame, and grips were classified based on the skin surface areas that contacted the object. When monkeys held objects for manipulation, 15 distinct grip categories were observed. When monkeys held support points during climbing, two grip categories were observed. Not all grips were performed with the hand. Some involved the mouth, the foot, or an opposition between the forearm and chest. Grip in macaque monkeys is more diverse than the narrow range of grip that is typically studied.
Relaxation time of CN - in NaCl from dynamic heat capacity measurements

Abstract Between 0.3 and 4K a large anomalous specific heat is found for NaCl containing substitutional CN-. The CN- concentration dependence of the anomaly shows that the molecules interact strongly with each other. From an analysis of internal thermal equilibration rates, we have found the time constant for molecule lattice relaxation to be (1.0±0.5)T-1 sec K at helium temperatures.
The Timing of Strike-Slip Deformation Along the Storstrømmen Shear Zone, Greenland Caledonides: U–Pb Zircon and Titanite Geochronology

The Storstrommen shear zone (SSZ) in the Greenland Caledonides is widely interpreted to have formed in a transpressional regime during sinistral, oblique collision between Baltica and Laurentia in the Silurian to Devonian. New mapping of the SSZ at Sanddal documents a 100 m thick, greenschistfacies mylonite zone cutting the eclogite to amphibolite-facies gneiss complex. We present U–Pb ion probe geochronology on zircon and titanite from a variety of lithologies that shows the SSZ was active from late Devonian to the Carboniferous (at least until 350 Ma). The age of thrusting in the foreland is not well known, but must be younger than the age of eclogite-facies metamorphism at ~400 Ma. It is, therefore, possible that contraction is the same age as strike-slip motion, and that transpression is a viable model. The timing of the SSZ is synchronous with dextral strike-slip displacement on the Germania Land deformation zone. Simultaneous displacement on sinistral and dextral, conjugate shear zones suggests that the SSZ is part of a strikeslip fault system that led to lateral escape of material northward (present day coordinates) during the waning stages of plate convergence between Laurentia and Baltica.SOMMAIRELa zone de cisaillement de Storstrommen (SSZ) dans les Caledonides du Groenland est generalement comprise comme ayant ete formee durant un regime de transpression senestre lors de la collision oblique entre Baltica et Laurentie, du Silurien au Devonien. Une nouvelle cartographie de la SSZ a Sanddal decrit une zone de 100 m d’epaisseur de mylonite au facies des schistes verts qui recoupe un complexe de gneiss au facies eclogite a amphibolite. Notre analyse geochronologique par sonde ionique U-Pb sur zircon et titanite sur diverses lithologies, montre que la SSZ a ete active de la fin du Devonien jusqu’au Carbonifere (au moins jusqu’a 350 Ma). L’âge du chevauchement dans l’avant-pays n’est pas bien connue, mais il doit etre plus jeune que le metamorphisme au facies d’eclogite a ~400 Ma. Il est donc possible que la contraction soit du meme âge que le mouvement de coulissage, et que la transpression soit un modele viable. La chronologie de la SSZ est synchrone au mouvement de coulissage dextre de la zone de deformation de Germania Land. Les deplacements simultanes, senestre et dextre, sur des zones de cisaillement conjuguees permettent de penser que la SSZ fait partie d’un systeme de decrochement qui a engendre une ejection laterale de materiau vers le nord (selon les coordonnees actuelles) durant les stades de convergence des plaques Laurentie et Baltica.
Diverse Family Types and Out-of-School Learning Time of Young School-Age Children.

=Sources of differentials in out-of-school learning time between children in first marriage biological parent families and children in six nontraditional family types are identified. Analyses of time diaries reveal that children in four of the six nontraditional family types spend fewer minutes learning than do children in first marriage biological parent families. In all four cases, however, the differentials are explained by the presence of siblings age 18+, lower levels of family income, or younger maternal age.
Mobility management in mobile IP

There is an emerging interest in integrating mobile wireless communication with the Internet based on the Ipv6 technology. Many issues introduced by the mobility of users arise when such an integration is attempted. This paper addresses the problem of mobility management, i.e., that of tracking the current IP addresses of mobile terminals and sustaining active IP connections as mobiles move. The paper presents some architectural and mobility management options for integrating wireless access to the Internet. We then present performance results for Mobile IPv4, route optimization and Mobile IPv6.
Algorithms for enumerating static and dynamic hazard-free multi-valued functions

Static and dynamic hazard-free multi-valued functions are of interest for synthesizing VLSI circuits. The number of m(m/sup h/) of m-valued functions of k variables, where m>2, far exceeds the number of switching functions, 2(2/sup h/). However, many of these multi-valued functions have characteristics which prevent them from being implemented in a hazard-free form. We present a criterion to determine whether a function can be implemented in a form free of static and dynamic hazards; then we use this criterion to develop algorithms to enumerate the multi-valued functions having realizations which do not cause hazardous operation. >
Impaired repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in human keratinocytes deficient in p53 and p63

While many p53-deficient cell types are impaired in global genomic nucleotide excision repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), human epidermal keratinocytes expressing human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 are p53 deficient and yet maintain repair of CPD. We hypothesized that the p53 homolog, p63, may participate in governing global repair instead of p53 in keratinocytes. Following ultraviolet radiation (UVR) of E6/E7 keratinocytes, depletion of p63 but not of p73 impaired global genomic repair of CPD relative to control cells. In all cases, repair of pyrimidine(6-4)pyrimidone photoproducts, the other major UVR-induced DNA lesions, was unaffected. In E6/E7 keratinocytes treated with p63 small interfering RNA, reduced global repair of CPD was associated not with reduced levels of messenger RNA-encoding DNA damage recognition proteins but rather with decreased levels of DDB2 and XPC proteins, suggesting that p63 posttranscriptionally regulates levels of these proteins. These results indicate that global repair may be regulated at multiple levels and suggest a novel role for p63 in modulating repair of DNA damage in human keratinocytes. The results may provide insight into mechanisms of genomic stability in epithelia infected with oncogenic human papilloma viruses and may further explain the lack of increased skin cancer incidence in Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
Do internal medicine interns practice etiquette-based communication? A critical look at the inpatient encounter.

Etiquette-based communication may improve the inpatient experience but is not universally practiced. We sought to determine the extent to which internal medicine interns practice behaviors that characterize etiquette-based medicine. Trained observers evaluated the use of 5 key communication strategies by internal medicine interns during inpatient clinical encounters: introducing one's self, explaining one's role in the patient's care, touching the patient, asking open-ended questions, and sitting down with the patient. Participants at 1 site then completed a survey estimating how frequently they performed each of the observed behaviors. A convenience sample of 29 interns was observed on a total of 732 patient encounters. Overall, interns introduced themselves 40% of the time and explained their role 37% of the time. Interns touched patients on 65% of visits, asked open-ended questions on 75% of visits, and sat down with patients during 9% of visits. Interns at 1 site estimated introducing themselves and their role and sitting with patients significantly more frequently than was observed (80% vs 40%, P < 0.01; 80% vs 37%, P < 0.01; and 58% vs 9%, P < 0.01, respectively). Resident physicians introduced themselves to patients, explained their role, and sat down with patients infrequently during observed inpatient encounters. Residents surveyed tended to overestimate their own practice of etiquette-based medicine. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:631–634. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine
Strengthening of 3D Printed Fused Deposition Manufactured Parts Using the Fill Compositing Technique

In this paper, we present a technique for increasing the strength of thermoplastic fused deposition manufactured printed parts while retaining the benefits of the process such as ease, speed of implementation, and complex part geometries. By carefully placing voids in the printed parts and filling them with high-strength resins, we can improve the overall part strength and stiffness by up to 45% and 25%, respectively. We discuss the process parameters necessary to use this strengthening technique and the theoretically possible strength improvements to bending beam members. We then show three-point bend testing data comparing solid printed ABS samples with those strengthened through the fill compositing process, as well as examples of 3D printed parts used in real-world applications.
EXPRESSION OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME IN HELA CELLS : XV. Effect of Inhibition of Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis on Mitochondrial Formation

The effect of selective inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis by chloramphenicol at 40 or 200 µg/ml on the formation of mitochondria in HeLa cells was investigated. HeLa cells, under the conditions used in the present work, grow at a decreasing rate for at least four cell generations in the presence of 40 µg/ml chloramphenicol, and for two generations in the presence of 200 µg/ml chloramphenicol. The progressive cell growth inhibition which begins after 2 days of exposure of the cells to 40 µg/ml chloramphenicol is immediately or gradually reversible, upon removal of the drug, for periods up to at least 8 days of treatment, though there is a progressive loss of cloning efficiency. In cells which have been treated for 6–7 days with 40 or 200 µg/ml of chloramphenicol, mitochondrial protein synthesis occurs at a normal or near-normal rate 1 h after removal of the drug. Mitochondria increase normally in number and show a normal size and amount of cristae in the presence of either concentration of drug. However, in 4–5% of the mitochondrial profiles the cristae appear to be arranged in unusual, circular, looped or whorled configuration.
XML with Recursive Querying

We introduce an XML search engine called XRQ. The search engine employs recursive querying techniques for answering XML loosely structured queries. Recursive querying allows a query to query the results of a previous application of itself or of another query. We experimentally evaluated the search quality and efficiency of XRQ and compared it with two search engines, XSeek and XKSearch.
The genetic tyrosinemias

The genetic tyrosinemias are characterized by the accumulation of tyrosine in body fluids and tissues. The most severe form of tyrosinemia, Type I, is a devastating disorder of childhood that causes liver failure, painful neurologic crises, rickets, and hepatocarcinoma. This disorder is caused by a deficiency of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH). If untreated, death typically occurs at less than 2 years of age, with some chronic forms allowing longer survival. It has a prevalence of about 1 in 100,000 newborns in the general population. Oculocutaneous tyrosinemia, Type II, is caused by a deficiency of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT). It clinically presents with hyperkeratotic plaques on the hands and soles of the feet and photophobia due to deposition of tyrosine crystals within the cornea. Tyrosinemia Type III is an extremely rare disorder caused by a deficiency of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic dioxygenase. It has been associated with ataxia and mild mental retardation. These disorders are diagnosed by observing elevated tyrosine by plasma amino acid chromatography and characteristic tyrosine metabolites by urine organic acid analysis. In tyrosinemia Type I, methionine is also elevated, reflecting impaired hepatocellular function. Urine organic acids show elevated p-hydroxy-phenyl organic acids in each type of tyrosinemia, and the pathognomic succinylacetone in tyrosinemia Type I. Diagnosis can be confirmed by enzyme or molecular studies in tyrosinemia Type I. Therapy consists of a diet low in phenylalanine and tyrosine for each of the tyrosinemias and 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC) for tyrosinemia Type I.
Detecting New and Emerging Events from Textual Sources

Recognizing new and emerging events in a stream of news documents requires understanding the semantic structure of news reported in natural language. New event detection (NED) is the task of recognizing when a news document discusses a completely novel event. To be successful at this task, we argue a NED method must extract and represent the type of event and its participants as well as the temporal and spatial properties of the event. Our NED methods produce a 25% cost reduction over a bag-of-words baseline and a 13% cost reduction over an existing state-of-the-art approach. Additionally, we discuss our method for recognizing emerging events: the tracking and categorization of unexpected or novel events.
Notes on Reproduction of the Moth Skink, Lipinia noctua(Squamata: Scincidae) from the Pacific Islands

Abstract: The reproductive cycle of Lipinia noctua was studied from a histological examination of museum specimens from the Pacific islands. The smallest reproductively active males (spermiogenesis underway) measured 33 mm in snoutvent length (SVL). All males collected in the 11 examined months exhibited spermiogenesis. Mean litter size for 25 females was 1.5±0.51 SD, range 1–2. The smallest reproductively active female (one oviductal embryo) measured 34 mm SVL. Anatomical and histological evidence is presented indicating L. noctua can produce multiple litters in the same year.
Embryonic Mortality in the Alpaca

Four groups of 20 females each were sacrificed on days 3, 28-3 1, 40-55, or 87-95 following mating, to determine the fertility rates and the extent and time of embryonic losses. In a second experiment each of 21 adult and 20 yearling virgin females were mated to intact males, with or without single intramuscular doses of 300 IU of HCG given 2 hr before mating. Ovulation and fertilization rates on day 3 Were determined in a representative half of the animals at sacrifice, or laparotomy, and in the other half maintenance of pregnancy was tested at monthly intervals. Fertility rates declined from 70% on day 3 to 35% on days 28-31 and showed little change thereafter. Although both ovaries were equally active, significantly more pregnancies were found in the left horns by days 87-95. Migrations of embryos from right to left uterine horns were found in three cases suggesting that the right uterine horn provides a less suitable environment for the embryo. Maintenance of pregnancies through day 90 in the second experiment was significantly higher (p <0.05) in females treated with HCG before mating. No pregnancies were maintained in control animals up to this stage. Plasma progesterone levels at day 30 were higher and 20a-ol levels lower than in the natural service animals, suggesting a decreased conversion of progesterone to 20a-ol in the HCG-treated animals. Ovulation and fertilization rates in yearlings were similar to adults, but pregnancy rate on day 30 was significantly higher (p <0.05) in yearlings.
Venous stasis complications of the use of the superficial femoral and popliteal veins for lower extremity bypass

Abstract Purpose: The widely accepted durability of autogenous vein for infrainguinal arterial bypass has led the authors to use the superficial femoral and popliteal vein in selected cases. The results of this experience are presented. Methods: From January through December 1991, during which 92 lower extremity bypass procedures were performed, deep vein bypass was attempted in seven patients (three femoral-popliteal grafts, two femoral-peroneal grafts, one femoral-deep femoral bypass, and one popliteal-posterior tibial bypass). In all cases the saphenous vein was absent or inadequate for use as a bypass conduit. The superficial femoral vein was harvested to below the knee in five patients. Results: At last follow-up six of seven patients had patent grafts with relief of their original symptoms. All the procedures were complicated by venous stasis; acute postoperative phlegmasia developed in two cases. In one of these cases the limb was salvaged by below-knee fasciotomy and deep venous bypass (distal popliteal vein to common femoral vein with polytetrafluoroethylene). In the other case an above-knee amputation was required. Of the five remaining patients three had moderate venous stasis edema unresponsive to limb elevation and compression stockings after operation, and two have had resolution of minimal postoperative venous stasis with simple limb elevation. All cases of severe and moderate venous stasis occurred in patients with popliteal vein harvest to below the knee. Conclusions: The authors conclude that the use of the deep veins of the lower extremity for bypass is effective but is associated with a significant increase incidence of venous stasis edema. Two instances of phlegmasia were associated with popliteal vein harvest below the knee, and the authors caution against harvest of the popliteal vein to this level. (J VASC SURG 1993;17:1005-9.)
TGF-β: A Master of All T Cell Trades

A functional adaptive immune system depends on a diverse and self-tolerant population of T lymphocytes that are generated in the thymus and maintained in the peripheral lymphoid organs. Recent studies have defined the cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) as a critical regulator of thymic T cell development as well as a crucial player in peripheral T cell homeostasis, tolerance to self antigens, and T cell differentiation during the immune response. The unique mechanism of TGF-β activation and the plasticity of TGF-β signaling create a stage for TGF-β to integrate signals from multiple cell types and environmental cues to regulate T cells.
Patients and their families weigh in on evidence-based hospital design.

Background In 2 landmark publications, the Institute of Medicine reported on significant deficiencies in our current health care system. In response, an area of research examining the role of the physical environment in influencing outcomes for patients and staff gained momentum. The concept of evidence-based design has evolved, and the development of structural guidelines for new hospital construction was instituted by the American Institute of Architects in 2006. Objective To determine perceptions of patients and their families of evidence-based design features in a new heart center. Methods Hospitalized patients and their families, most of whom were in intensive care and step-down units, were surveyed and data from the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems were reviewed to determine perceptions of evidence-based design features incorporated into a new heart center and to assess patients' satisfaction with the environment. Results Responses were reviewed and categorized descriptively. Five general environment topics of focus emerged: privacy, space, noise, light, and overall atmosphere. Characteristics perceived as being dissatisfying and satisfying are discussed. Conclusions Critical care nurses must be aware of the current need to recognize how much the physical environment influences care delivery and take steps to maximize patients' safety, satisfaction, and quality of care.
HOW THE BASAL GANGLIA USE PARALLEL EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY LEARNING PATHWAYS TO SELECTIVELY RESPOND TO UNEXPECTED REWARDING CUES

After classically conditioned learning, dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) respond immediately to unexpected conditioned stimuli (CS) but omit formerly seen responses to expected unconditioned stimuli, notably rewards. These cells play an important role in reinforcement learning. A neural model explains the key neurophysiological properties of these cells before, during, and after conditioning, as well as related anatomical and neurophysiological data about the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTN), lateral hypothalamus, ventral striatum, and striosomes. The model proposes how two parallel learning pathways from limbic cortex to the SNc, one devoted to excitatory conditioning (through the ventral striatum, ventral pallidum, and PPTN) and the other to adaptively timed inhibitory conditioning (through the striosomes), control SNc responses. The excitatory pathway generates CS-induced excitatory SNc dopamine bursts. The inhibitory pathway prevents dopamine bursts in response to predictable reward-related signals. When expected rewards are not received, striosomal inhibition of SNc that is unopposed by excitation results in a phasic drop in dopamine cell activity. The adaptively timed inhibitory learning uses an intracellular spectrum of timed responses that is proposed to be similar to adaptively timed cellular mechanisms in the hippocampus and cerebellum. These mechanisms are proposed to include metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated Ca 2+ spikes that occur with different delays in striosomal cells. A dopaminergic burst in concert with a Ca 2+ spike is proposed to potentiate inhibitory learning. The model provides a biologically predictive alternative to temporal difference conditioning models and explains substantially more data than alternative models.
A pulse-to-static conversion latch with a self-timed control circuit

The design and experimental demonstration of a low-power pulse-to-static conversion latch circuit is described. The circuit includes self-timed control and a 64-bit latch array, both designed utilizing self-resetting CMOS (SRCMOS) circuit techniques. The self-timed feature of the control requires only one system clock input. The evaluation, reset and write-enable controls are all generated within a control macro. The latch is level sensitive scan design (LSSD) compatible and complies with SRCMOS test modes. Use of these latches facilitates the synchronization, pipelined operation, power-management, and testing of advanced digital systems employing a mix of static and dynamic circuits to achieve high performance. An experimental 64-bit latch array and self-timed control macro, designed for 2.5 V-0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS technology, has been successfully fabricated and tested. The full circuit occupies an area of 1.704 mm/spl times/0.07 mm, and the size of latch bit cell is 21.6 /spl mu/m/spl times/70 /spl mu/m. Experimental results have shown the conversion latch to function properly, capturing 1.2 ns output pulses from an SRCMOS register file, and properly converting them to static levels. The measured delay from global clock to static output was 725 ps.
The Emerging Mutable Self: Gender Dynamics and Creative Adaptations in Defining Work, Family, and the Future

This analytical article develops a framework to examine how contemporary young adults approach work, family, and their own personal futures, by building upon a program of research involving in-depth interviews with advanced law and MBA students. I argue that the sociology of work and family could be greatly enhanced by taking account of the shifting nature of the self in light of transformations over recent decades associated with the new individualism, changes in gender roles and family life, and the demise of stable career trajectories for professionals and managers. An elaborated version of Zurcher's thesis about the mutable self is presented as a means for understanding how young adults in succeeding generations will go about defining institutional commitments across the life course.
SIRRACT An International Randomized Clinical Trial of Activity Feedback During Inpatient Stroke Rehabilitation Enabled by Wireless Sensing

Background. Walking-related disability is the most frequent reason for inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Task-related practice is a critical component for improving patient outcomes. Objective. To t...