cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differences between glycogen synthases from rat and rabbit skeletal muscle as indicated by phosphopeptide maps.

Abstract Glycogen synthase I was purified from rat skeletal muscle. On sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the enzyme migrated as a major band with a subunit M r of 85 000. The specific activity (24 units/mg protein), activity ratio (the activity in the absence of glucose-6- P divided by the activity in the presence of glucose-6- P × 100) (92 ± 2) and phosphate content (0.6 mol/mol subunit) were similar to the enzyme from rabbit skeletal muscle. Phosphorylation and inactivation of rat muscle glycogen synthase by casein kinase I, casein kinase II (glycogen synthase kinase 5), glycogen synthase kinase 3 (kinase F A ), glycogen synthase kinase 4, phosphorylase b kinase, and the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase were similar to those reported for rabbit muscle synthase. The greatest decrease in rat muscle glycogen synthase activity was seen after phosphorylation of the synthase by casein kinase I. Phosphopeptide maps of glycogen synthase were obtained by digesting the different 32 P-labeled forms of glycogen synthase by CNBr, trypsin, or chymotrypsin. The CNBr peptides were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the tryptic and chymotryptic peptides were separated by reversed-phase HPLC. Although the rat and rabbit forms of synthase gave similar peptide maps, there were significant differences between the phosphopeptides derived from the N-terminal region of rabbit glycogen synthase and the corresponding peptides presumably derived from the N-terminal region of rat glycogen synthase. For CNBr peptides, the apparent M r was 12 500 for rat and 12 000 for the rabbit. The tryptic peptides obtained from the two species had different retention times. A single chymotryptic peptide was produced from rat skeletal muscle glycogen synthase after phosphorylation by phosphorylase kinase whereas two peptides were obtained with the rabbit enzyme. These results indicate that the N-terminus of rabbit glycogen synthase, which contains four phosphorylatable residues (Kuret et al. (1985) Eur. J. Biochem. 151, 39–48), is different from the N-terminus of rat glycogen synthase.
A mesoporous silica nanosphere-based carrier system with chemically removable CdS nanoparticle caps for stimuli-responsive controlled release of neurotransmitters and drug molecules.

An MCM-41 type mesoporous silica nanosphere-based (MSN) controlled-release delivery system has been synthesized and characterized using surface-derivatized cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanocrystals as chemically removable caps to encapsulate several pharmaceutical drug molecules and neurotransmitters inside the organically functionalized MSN mesoporous framework. We studied the stimuli-responsive release profiles of vancomycin- and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-loaded MSN delivery systems by using disulfide bond-reducing molecules, such as dithiothreitol (DTT) and mercaptoethanol (ME), as release triggers. The biocompatibility and delivery efficiency of the MSN system with neuroglial cells (astrocytes) in vitro were demonstrated. In contrast to many current delivery systems, the molecules of interest were encapsulated inside the porous framework of the MSN not by adsorption or sol−gel types of entrapment but by capping the openings of the mesoporous channels with size-defined CdS nanoparticles to physically block...
Differential regulation of fast axonally transported proteins during the early response of rat retinal ganglion cells to axotomy

We have found that the early response of axotomized rat retinal ganglion cells is characterized by the differential regulation of a number of fast axonally transported proteins. The abundance of 23 radiolabeled fast transported proteins was analyzed at 2 and 5 days after axotomy using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Corresponding changes in retinal GAP-43 mRNA were measured using northern analysis. Within 2 days of injury, > 40% of the transported proteins analyzed, including GAP-43, showed increased labeling above control levels. Approximately 13% of transported proteins decreased below control levels, whereas the remainder did not change. Five days after axotomy, only GAP-43 and another fast transported protein, C3, continued to sustain measurable increased labeling above control levels; all previously elevated proteins appeared to have been down-regulated by this time, which corresponds to the onset of cell death. These differential changes were accompanied by parallel increases in GAP-43 mRNA. These results suggest that the molecular changes within rat retinal ganglion cells are differentially regulated within two stages subsequent to damage, initial regenerative growth followed by cell death.
Infant gaze following during parent-infant coviewing of baby videos.

A total of 122 parent–infant dyads were observed as they watched a familiar or novel infant-directed video in a laboratory setting. Infants were between 12–15 and 18–21 months old. Infants were more likely to look toward the TV immediately following their parents' look toward the TV. This apparent social influence on infant looking at television was not solely due to the common influence of the television program on looking behavior. Moreover, infant looks that were preceded by parent looks tended to be longer in length than those that were not preceded by parent looks, suggesting that infants assign greater value to media content attended to by their parents. Thus, parental patterns of attention to television may influence early viewing behavior.
Collaborating with Parents in Reducing Children's Challenging Behaviors: Linking Functional Assessment to Intervention

The relationship between a functional assessment-based parent intervention and preschoolers' challenging behaviors was examined in the current study. A single subject design with a multiple baseline across 2 parent-child dyads was implemented. The researchers collaborated with parents to design the FA-based interventions and parents received varying levels of support throughout the study. Results indicate that parents were able to implement the functional assessment-based interventions, and these interventions effectively reduced children's challenging behaviors. In addition, parents continued implementing the intervention strategies following termination of the intervention, and children's challenging behaviors remained low.
Temperature Sensitive Programming of the Silkmoth Flight Clock: A Mechanism for Adapting to the Seasons

When males of the silkmoth Antheraea pernyi were exposed to 12°C diuring adult development and then tested for flight activity at 25°C, the time of the onset of the activity was advanced to the early part of the night. This change in the time of activity was stable and persisted through the life of the moth. Females showed a corresponding shift in the time of sex pheromone release when they were treated in the same fashion.
Tumor necrosis factor-α stimulates phosphatidylinositol breakdown by phospholipase C to coordinately increase the levels of diacylglycerol, free arachidonic acid and prostaglandins in an osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) cell line

Abstract The effects of (human recombinant) tumor necrosis factor-α on phosphatidylinositol breakdown, release of 1,2-diacylglycerols, mobilization of arachidonate from diacylglycerol and prostaglandin synthesis were examined in a model osteoblast cell line (MC3T3-E1). Tumor necrosis factor-α (10 nM) caused a specific (30%) decrease in the mass of phosphatidylinositol (and no other phospholipids) within 30 min of exposure. Tumor necrosis factor-α doubled the rate of incorporation of [ 32 P]orthophosphoric acid into phosphatidylinositol, indicating that the turnover of inositol phosphate was enhanced, and increased the content of diacylglycerol in parallel with phosphatidylinositol breakdown. The cytokine (10–50 nM; 4 h) also promoted a specific release of 24–34% of the [ 3 H]arachidonate from prelabeled phosphatidylinositol, a release of 80% of the 3 H-fatty acid from the diacylglycerol pool, and a 30-fold increase in the synthesis of prostaglandin E 2 . The tumor necrosis factor-α induced liberation of [ 3 H]arachidonate from diacylglycerol, cellular arachidonate release and the synthesis of prostaglandin E 2 were each blocked by an inhibitor of diacylglycerol lipase, the compound RHC 80267 (30 μM), Therefore, we conclude that, in the MC3T3-E1 cell line, tumor necrosis factor-α activates a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (phosphatidylinositol inositolphosphohydrolase; EC 3.1.4.3) to release diacylglycerol, and increases the metabolism of diacylglycerol to liberate arachidonate for prostaglandin synthesis.
Imaging of Experimental Stroke Models

The ischemic penumbra is the target of acute stroke therapy. It can be approximated on diffusion/perfusion MRI as the ischemic region with abnormal perfusion and normal diffusion imaging. Using arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI and diffusion MRI, our group has studied the evolution of the diffusion/perfusion mismatch in rat stroke models. Additionally, we have evaluated the effects of high-flow oxygen on the natural history of penumbral evolution, demonstrating that high-flow oxygen “freezes” the evolution of the mismatch and allows for later beneficial use of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Two neuroprotective drugs, Granulocyte colony stimulating factor and a PSD95 inhibitor both impeded the evolution of the mismatch into infarcted tissue in vivo and by histological analysis. Employing a novel technique of clot imaging, our group was able to demonstrate that the combination of tPA plus Annexin-2 was superior to tPA alone in dissolving an embolus and also in reducing the extent of hypoperfused brain tissue of perfusion imaging. The use of these advanced MRI techniques in animal experiments will help to advance clinical imaging of the ischemic penumbra and hopefully contribute to the extension of the therapeutic time window in stroke patients.
Electrochemical performance and stability of the cathode for solid oxide fuel cells: V. high performance and stable Pr2NiO4 as the cathode for solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract The polarization loss due to oxygen reduction at the cathode in solid oxide fuel cells is a thermally activated process; therefore, as temperature is lowered, the loss becomes substantial. Highly active cathodes have been investigated by several groups; equally important, if not more, is the stability of these electrodes. The high performance and stable Pr 2 NiO 4 cathode was studied by impedance spectroscopy and dc current–potential sweeping methods. The power density in Pr 2 NiO 4 -based anode supported button cells was in the range between 0.65 and 0.7 W/cm 2 at 750 °C at the external load of 0.8 V. The degradation rate at 0.8 V was approximately 3% per 1000 h up to 2000 h. The electrode resistance is a function of external loads, thus also varies with current densities. The relationship between electrode resistance and external loads is non-linear, which may changes in lattice oxygen nonstoichiometry of the cathodes.
The Process of Technological Innovation Within the Firm

The effectiveness of firms in originating, developing, and implementing technical innovations is viewed as a function of three sets of factors: (1) characteristics of the firm's environment, (2) in...
Mathematics, science and ontology

According to quasi-empiricism, mathematics is very like a branch of natural science. But if mathematics is like a branch of science, and science studies real objects, then mathematics should study real objects. Thus a quasi-empirical account of mathematics must answer the old epistemological question: How is knowledge of abstract objects possible? This paper attempts to show how it is possible. The second section examines the problem as it was posed by Benacerraf in ‘Mathematical Truth’ and the next section presents a way of looking at abstract objects that purports to demythologize them. In particular, it shows how we can have empirical knowledge of various abstract objects and even how we might causally interact with them. Finally, I argue that all objects are abstract objects. Abstract objects should be viewed as the most general class of objects. The arguments derive from Quine. If all objects are abstract, and if we can have knowledge of any objects, then we can have knowledge of abstract objects and the question of mathematical knowledge is solved. A strict adherence to Quine's philosophy leads to a curious combination of the Platonism of Frege with the empiricism of Mill.
Intracoronary basic fibroblast growth factor enhances myocardial collateral perfusion in dogs.

Abstract OBJECTIVES In preparation for clinical trials of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to treat ischemic heart disease, we sought to identify a clinically feasible method of bFGF administration. BACKGROUND Basic FGF has been shown to promote collateral development after experimentally induced coronary occlusion; however, methods of bFGF delivery that have been shown to be effective in previous investigations would not be practical for clinical use. METHODS Four randomized, blinded, controlled investigations were conducted independently and sequentially in an established canine model. For all studies, dogs underwent operative placement of proximal left circumflex coronary artery ameroid constrictors. The four investigational regimens included: 1) bFGF by central venous bolus injection, 1,740 μg/day for one, two or seven days; 2) bFGF by intravenous infusion, 100 μg/kg body weight per day for seven days; 3) bFGF by pericardial instillation, 2,000 μg/day for 7 days; and 4) bFGF by intracoronary injection (Judkin’s technique), 100 μg/kg per day for one or two days. Each substudy included a contemporaneous vehicle control group. Collateral perfusion (microspheres) was assessed during maximal coronary vasodilation during the first month after ameroid placement. RESULTS Maximal collateral perfusion in dogs that received intracoronary bFGF for two days exceeded that of concurrent control dogs by 31% (p CONCLUSIONS Administration of bFGF by the intracoronary route, an intervention that is feasible in patients, augments collateral development in dogs. These data provide a rationale for clinical testing of intracoronary bFGF in ischemic heart disease.
The clinical voice laboratory: Practical design and clinical application

Summary Valid, reliable, objective analysis of the voice is as important to the laryngologist as audiometry is to the otologist. Numerous instruments are available currently to assist the voice care team in making diagnoses and documenting the results of treatment. Advantages and disadvantages of selected instruments are reviewed. Because of rapid technological developments, each center must investigate the latest advances carefully before investing in voice laboratory equipment.
Primary processes in the photolysis of n-butane with 8.4 and 10.0 eV photons

Abstract The photolysis of n-C4D10 has been investigated with 8.4 eV and 10.0 eV photons, using HI to scavenge free radicals through the reaction: R d + HI → R d H + I (where R d is a fully deuterated alkyl or alkenyl radical). From the results of such experiments, the quantum yields of the molecular and radical products are obtained over a pressure range from 3 to 47 Torr at both energies. In addition, the photolysis of CD3CH2CH2CD3 and CD3CD2CH2CH3 have been investigated in the presence of radical scavengers over a range of pressures at both energies. The results are discussed with particular emphasis on deriving the quantum yields of all the primary processes, and following changes in the quantum yields as a function of energy. Major conclusions are: (a) the quantum yield of the process (C4D10 → C4D8 + D2) diminishes from 0.70 to 0.37 when the photon energy is increased from 8.4 to 10.0 eV; (b) the relative overall importance of direct CC bond cleavage processes, alkane elimination processes, and D-atom elimination processes do not change significantly as a function of energy; (c) processes involving breakage of the 2, 3 CC bond strongly predominate over processes involving the 1, 2 CC bond at both energies, although there is a lower probability for localization of the energy in the center bond when the energy is increased.
Superoxide Production and Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling by Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase

Abstract Reactive oxygen species can function as intracellular messengers, but linking these signaling events with specific enzymes has been difficult. Purified endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) can generate superoxide (O⨪2) under special conditions but is only known to participate in cell signaling through NO. Here we show that eNOS regulates tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) through a mechanism dependent on the production of O⨪2 and completely independent of NO. Expression of eNOS in transfected U937 cells increased phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced TNFα promoter activity and TNFα production.N ω-Methyl-l-arginine, an inhibitor of eNOS that blocks NO production but not its NADPH oxidase activity, did not prevent TNFα up-regulation. Likewise, Gln361eNOS, a competent NADPH oxidase that lacks NOS activity, retained the ability to increase TNFα. Similar to the effect of eNOS, a O⨪2 donor dose-dependently increased TNFα production in differentiated U937 cells. In contrast, cotransfection of superoxide dismutase with eNOS prevented TNFα up-regulation, as did partial deletion of the eNOS NADPH binding site, a mutation associated with loss of O⨪2 production. Thus, eNOS may straddle a bifurcating pathway that can lead to the formation of either NO or O⨪2, interrelated but often opposing free radical messengers. This arrangement has possible implications for atherosclerosis and septic shock where endothelial dysfunction results from imbalances in NO and O⨪2 production.
Pharmacology and Toxicology of Europium Chloride

The pharmacological and toxicological properties of europium chloride have been studied. The intraperitoneal and oral LD 50′s were 550 mg./Kg. and 5.0 Gm./Kg., respectively. Feeding various levels of the chemical for 12 weeks produced no effect on growth, the hemogram, or any internal organ. Transient ocular irritation with no permanent ocular damage was observed, but abraded skin showed extensive scar formation. Permanent nodule formation resulted from intradermal injection. Progressive depression was observed on all biological systems studied, and death was the result of cardiovascular collapse coupled with respiratory paralysis. Neither atropinization nor epinephrine injections could counteract the lethal effects.
Translating Jin Ping Mei: a preliminary comparison of The Golden Lotus and The Plum in the Golden Vase

A number of classical Chinese novels have been translated into English, which has helped these works reach a broader audience in the English-speaking world. Jin Ping Mei a sixteenth-century Chinese masterpiece, is one such book. There are two well-known English translations of this work. The first translation, entitled The Golden Lotus was completed by Clement Egerton. The second, entitled The Plum in the Golden Vase is a projected five-volume translation work in progress by David Roy. Despite the reviews of the two translations, a systematic comparison of them is still lacking. This article aims to compare and contrast The Golden Lotus and The Plum. I contend that each translation should be examined as a ‘full package’ in order to reveal the strategies of each translator within the context of their time periods and cultures. I demonstrate that The Golden Lotus and The Plum reflect the different views that Egerton and Roy had in mind when translating Jin Ping Mei. Furthermore, I argue that despite their m...
Combined Anesthesia in Operative Dentistry

The progress of dentistry has been related closely to the control of pain. It is prob­ ably more than coincidence that the first dental school and the first dental journal appeared during the same year that Horace Wells1 employed nitrous oxide for extractions. Significant advances in local anesthesia were made when Rynde (1845) developed the hypodermic syringe, Koller (1884) used cocaine topically, Halsted (1885) administered the first inferior alveolar block, Braun (1904) combined epinephrine with co­ caine, and when, in 1905, Einhorn used procaine. To date, approximately 30,000 anesthetics of various types have been tried. The control of pain is but one phase of the dental problem. Control of the patient’s “anxiety state” is another. The former has received considerable atten­ tion and has been the object of extensive research. The latter has been sadly neg­ lected despite the fact that it is usually the greater problem. Premedication, with a variety of drugs, has been available for some time. It is rarely used in general practice because of the necessity of escorting patients, dura­ tion of drug action and side effects. A new approach in controlling the patient’s apprehension has recently been developed. The technic is one of co­ medication; a sedative drug is combined with a local anesthetic. Thus the one injection produces sedation as well as analgesia. The authors will discuss the administration and results of this type of co-medication. The local anesthetic used is procaine 2.0 per cent, tetracaine 0.15 per cent, nordefrin 1:10,000 (Novocain-Pontocaine-Cobefrin). The drugs employed were meperidine hydrochloride (Deme­ rol) and Keto-Bemidone or K 4710.2 The authors were primarily interested in the action of meperidine, which was administered in the majority of the cases. The Keto-Bemidone was used in a few cases, as a preliminary investigation.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Hydroelectric Dams: Reply tO Rosa Et al.

Ever since my first estimate indicating high emissions of greenhouse gases from Amazonian dams (Fearnside, 1995), Luis Pinguelli Rosa and coworkers have effectively made a career of trying to prove me wrong. However, the longer this debate goes on and the more information that becomes available, the greater the impacts are found to be. The latest attack (Rosa et al., 2005) serves to illustrate a series of misconceptions regarding the science and brings out some of the political context that surrounds the subject in Brazil. First, a variety of claims in the Rosa et al. (2005) letter are technically incorrect, and would mislead readers not familiar with the details of the previous rounds of this debate. Rosa et al. (2005) claim that I assume that the CH4 concentration is “uniform in the reservoir and constant for many years.” Neither assumption is made. The calculation in question (for Tucurui) only applies this concentration to the depth of the turbines – not as a concentration that is uniform throughout the reservoir. In fact, it is conservative in that the value is based on a measurement at 30 m depth, and is assumed to be the same at the 34.6 m depth at the turbine intakes, even though methane concentrations are well known to increase steadily with depth anywhere below the thermocline. Neither is it assumed to be constant for many years, nor to be unduly “extended through extrapolation.” The “extrapolation” referred to is only for 1 year, from 1989 (the year of Tundisi’s measurement) to 1990 (not 1991). The year 1990 was used for the estimate because this is the standard year for the initial national inventories of greenhouse gases under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The proportions of water passed through the spillway versus the turbines are from 1991, the year closest to 1990 for which data were available. The graph (Graph 1) reproduced from Galy-Lacaux et al. (1999) shows the annual cycle of methane concentration variation at the Petit-Saut reservoir in French Guiana, together with the expected general decline over time as the reservoir ages. The March 1989 measurement from Tucurui (rainy season at age 4 years) corresponds to the fourth trough on the saw-tooth like graph. The decrease from year 4 to year 5 is approximately 0.5 mg/l (about 12.5%) – hardly enough to explain the supposed 19-fold exaggeration in methane emissions.
3D electromagnetic plasma simulation using nonorthogonal unstructured grids

Summary form only given. There is much current interest in developing plasma simulation techniques able to accurately model the geometrical complexity of laboratory plasma devices. The discrete surface integral (DSI) method for solving Maxwell's equations in the time-domain presents an opportunity to achieve the desired geometrical realism. This method allows the use of general nonorthogonal mixed-polyhedral unstructured grids that are direct generalizations of the staggered-grid finite-difference method. The method is conservative in that it locally preserves divergence or charge. An effort has been made to include particles in the 3D electromagnetic field code DS13D.
Recent archaeological research in the Northeastern United States and Eastern Canada

The Northeast is comprised of interior and coastal areas that were historically occupied by Iroquoians and Algonquians respectively. This brief review sets aside most Euroamerican historical archaeology and developments prior to A.D. 900 to concentrate on recent research that has dominated regional attention and is most likely to be of interest to archaeologists working elsewhere. The review argues that while Iroquoian archaeologists often work with or against broad controlling models of long standing, archaeologists in the Maritimes and New England more often focus on technical problems that are relevant to shared interests in broad topical issues. The contrast relates to both differences in the their databases and differences in how archaeological research is conceived.
CUI BONO? THE 1870 BRITISH MARRIED WOMEN'S PROPERTY ACT, BARGAINING POWER, AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES WITHIN MARRIAGE

Abstract The 1870 Married Women's Property Act created major change in nineteenth-century British property law. Until the passage of the Act, a husband had legal ownership over his wife's personal property and managerial rights over her real property. The Act granted British women the right to own and control personal property and therefore serves as a natural experiment to test the impact of a legislative change on the distribution of household resources. The article examines whether the Act enabled women to gain a larger share of household resources and alter the distribution of resources within the household. The results indicate that the rights granted to women by the Act dramatically increased the bargaining power and property of wives: wives married after the Act owned a larger share of total household property and invested less of their own income and more of their husband's in forms of property they owned and controlled.
Insulin inhibits protein degradation in skeletal muscles of eviscerated fasted rats.

Abstract The inhibitory effect of insulin on skeletal muscle protein breakdown was tested in fed or fasted rats whose muscles had been isolated by evisceration. Degradation was estimated from the accumulation of tyrosine in the plasma after protein synthesis was blocked with cycloheximide. According to earlier results from this method, fasting for 20 hours increases proteolysis. In the present work, in fasted preparations whose plasma insulin concentrations were maintained at higher levels by intravenous infusions of insulin and glucose, proteolysis was inhibited by insulin. In fed eviscerated rats, insulin was ineffective. To examine more closely the response of fasted skeletal muscles to insulin, plasma insulin concentrations in preparations of 20-hour fasted rats were varied over a wide range by treatment with an initial bolus of insulin, and then proteolysis was measured as change in tryosine concentration during a 90-minute period. In fasted rats, insulin inhibited proteolysis in a dose-dependent fashion, with a half-maximum concentration of 35 μU/mL. However, at insulin levels equal to concentrations found in normal fed rats, compensation for the fast-induced proteolytic effect was still incomplete. The results suggest that in these more intact preparations, insulin does have a physiologically significant inhibitory effect on fast-induced muscle protein degradation, but that changes in fasting and feeding cannot be entirely explained by the action of insulin.
Some Problems in Marine Geology, Gulf of Mexico: ABSTRACT

The geologic history, or paleoceanography, of a marine basin such as the Gulf of Mexico is interpreted primarily from the sedimentary record. Many basic research problems in sedimentology can be profitably studied in the gulf because much descriptive work already has been done, and it is a relatively small marine basin which is easily accessible. Some problems in transport of detrital sediment are (1) possible bypassing of coastal lagoons and (2) the lack of modern cycle detrital sediment on much of the outer continental shelf. Is the modern sediment which reaches the open ocean being trapped in many places on the inner continental shelf? If so, how can the post-glacial deposits in the Sigsbee deep be explained? Is this deep basin sediment bypassing the outer shelf, and if so, what is the mechanism of transport? The rate of supply of organic debris to the gulf sediments depends on the rate of organic production. High organic production near river affluents and in hypersaline lagoons deserves further investigation. The rate of supply of organogenic calcium carbonate from planktonic organisms and the rate of solution of calcium carbonate are of special interest. An understanding of shelf-edge calcareous reefs may have far-reaching implications. An understanding of marine processes which affect the characteristics and distribution of sediments will require observations and analyses by new techniques. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2168------------
Formation and Collapse of Magnetized Spherical Molecular Cloud Cores

We idealize the molecular clouds (from which dense cores are formed), as magnetized spheres, following a recent study by Safier, McKee, & Stahler. This idealization is motivated in part by analytical convenience and in part by the observation that isolated low-mass star-forming molecular cloud cores have typical elongations of a factor of about 2. The evolution of such clouds due to ambipolar diffusion is followed numerically. The simplified geometry allows us to study not only the gradual enhancement of the central cloud density leading to core formation, but also the dynamic collapse that builds up a central protostellar object. It is during this latter accretion process that hydromagnetic shocks are predicted to occur by Li & McKee. The spherical model enables us to explore their properties further. During the core formation phase, we find that the evolution of our model (in a new parameter region of comparable thermal and magnetic support against self-gravity) is qualitatively similar to those found previously: a relatively long quasi-static adjustment period is followed by a short period of "runaway" contraction, and a more or less power-law distribution of cloud density is established in a finite amount of time since the initiation of ambibolar diffusion. Interesting features appear in the core-collapse phase. The most prominent among them are the following: (1) the mass accretion rate onto the central object has a large initial peak, followed by a steady decline toward a more conventional value; (2) for a many solar mass cloud, accretion continues onto the central object well beyond a solar mass. In order to form a low-mass star, some additional process(es), such as a powerful wind, must intervene to terminate the accretion before too much mass is assembled; (3) a magnetically driven accretion shock appears in the infalling envelope, as predicted previously. The shock significantly modifies the distribution of magnetic flux, the flow dynamics, and to a lesser extent, the mass accretion rate onto the central object. Observational ramifications of these findings are discussed.
Epigenetic regulation of cardiac myocyte differentiation

Cardiac myocytes (CMs) proliferate robustly during fetal life but withdraw permanently from the cell cycle soon after birth and undergo terminal differentiation. This cell cycle exit is associated with the upregulation of a host of adult cardiac-specific genes. The vast majority of adult CMs (ACMs) do not reenter cell cycle even if subjected to mitogenic stimuli. The basis for this irreversible cell cycle exit is related to the stable silencing of cell cycle genes specifically involved in the progression of G2/M transition and cytokinesis. Studies have begun to clarify the molecular basis for this stable gene repression and have identified epigenetic and chromatin structural changes in this process. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of epigenetic regulation of CM cell cycle and cardiac-specific gene expression with a focus on histone modifications and the role of retinoblastoma family members.
Promotional Timetables: An Exploratory Investigation of Age Norms for Promotional Expectations and Their Association With Job Well-being

Using data representative of the U.S. working population, this research explores age norms for promotional expectations and assesses whether or not they carry with them psychological consequences. Findings reveal some degree of normativity in promotion expectations during two age brackets of the work life span, and they are consistent across assorted structural features. Normative expectations, however, were not associated with job well-being when other relevant factors were included in the analysis. Current job conditions were most clearly linked to well-being.
Predicting the judged “similarity of sound” of english words

In six experiments subjects rated the “similarity of sound” of pairs of words. The words varied from three to nine phonemes, and from one to three syllables. A model is proposed to account for the ratings which assumes the subject codes each word into a string of phonemes and computes a distance between the phoneme strings. The predicted phonemic distances correlated highly with rated similarity. Revisions of the model using distinctive features failed to improve the predictions, suggesting that factors at a level below phonemes are not important in judgments of word sound similarity. However, a revision using consonant and vowel phoneme clusters did improve the predictions. Evidence for rhyme, alliteration, stress, and serial position effects is also presented.
Artistic halftoning: between technology and art

In the present paper, we shall focus our attention on different artistic halftoning techniques developed by the author at EPFL. First, we shall explore Artistic Screening, a library-based approach, which has been presented at SIGGRAPH95. Contour-based generation of halftone screens effectively provides a new layer of information. We show how this layer of information can be used to convey artistic and cultural elements related to the content of the reproduced images. Artistic Screening is basically black-and-white technique. Multicolor and Artistic Dithering, presented at SIGGRAPH99, extends it to multiple colors. This technique permits to print with non-standard colors such as opaque or semi-opaque inks, using traditional or artistic screens of arbitrary complexity.
Brain Vessels Normally Undergo Cyclic Activation and Inactivation: Evidence from Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Heme Oxygenase-1, and Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Immunostaining of Vessels and Perivascular Brain Cells

Studies of vascular biology during the past decade have identified an expanding list of agonists and antagonists that regulate local hemostasis, inflammation, and reactivity in blood vessels. Interactions at the blood-endothelial interface are intricate and complex and have been postulated to play a role in the initiation of stroke and the progression of brain injury during early hours of ischemia, particularly in conjunction with reperfusion injury (Hallenbeck, 1996). In the current study of normal and activated vessels in rat brain, immunoreactive tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) exhibit concentric perivascular rings involving vessel wall and surrounding parenchyma that appear to coincide with one another in serial sections. The ring patterns suggest periodic radial expansion of these molecules released through a process of cyclic activation and inactivation of brain vessel segments. In this process, the rings appear randomly scattered instead of affecting all vessels within a high power field (HPF) synchronously. The average number of vessels per HPF (mean +/- SD) with perivascular cuffs of immunoreactive MnSOD increased from 51 +/- 28 in Wistar, 72 +/- 46 in Wistar-Kyoto, and 84 +/- 30 in Sprague Dawley rats (no spontaneous strokes) to 184 +/- 72 in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (spontaneous strokes). Perivascular immunoreactive cuffs are also increased in spontaneously hypertensive rats by induction of cytokine expression by lipopolysaccharide (64 +/- 15 vs. 131 +/- 32 /HPF). The patterns of TNF-alpha, HO-1, and MnSOD in naive animals are interpreted to indicate that focal hemostatic balance normally fluctuates in brain vessels and influences surrounding parenchymal cells. Perivascular immunoreactive cuffs representing this process are more frequent in animals with lipopolysaccharide-induced endothelial activation or genetic stroke proneness.
Tunnelling between tori in phase space

Abstract This paper calculates the energy splitting ΔE due to tunnelling between a pair of quantum states which correspond to classical motion on tori in phase space. The calculation assumes that the states are separated in coordinate space. However, the result of the calculation, ΔE=Aħ 3 2 e -2 h , has canonically invariant expressions for the tunnelling actions S and prefactor A, and it is conjectured that the results apply even when the tori overlap in coordinate space. This makes the results relevant to a very general problem connected with the Einstein-Brillouin-Keller quantization scheme. There is a surprising consequence of this calculation. When the system is separable, it is clear that ΔE vanishes for most pairs of states. This does not occur because the prefactor A vanishes, but because the tunnelling action S is infinite. As a parameter is varied to make the system separable, S diverges logarithmically. The results of this paper only apply to quasi-integrable systems, where S is finite;p in the case of any exactly integrable system S is infinite and ΔE vanishes in a more singular manner than e -const. h as ħ→0.
Observing angular precession of a Rydberg wave packet due to spin-orbit coupling by orthogonally polarized weak half-cycle pulses

We investigate the response of an $np$ Rydberg wave packet to orthogonally polarized weak half-cycle pulses (HCPs) over the course of its field-free evolution. The population redistribution from $p$ to $s$ states is highly sensitive to the polarization of the HCP and changes with the precession of the electron orbits due to the spin-orbit coupling. We obtain the selection rules and give an intuitive classical interpretation of angular momentum redistribution by a HCP.
Changing Trends in Doctoral Training Programs in Psychology: A Comparative Analysis of Research-Oriented Versus Professional-Applied Programs

Data from the National Research Council's 1995 study of doctoral programs provide a basis for the comparison of research-oriented Ph.D. programs in psychology and Ph.D. programs of professional-applied schools. The latter present a profile of faculty resources, attributes, and activities that differs sharply from that found in the research-oriented programs, and in Ph.D. programs in the other behavioral and social sciences. The difference in profiles suggests that the professional programs conduct Ph.D. training that departs from the training ordinarily regarded as necessary for the award of that degree.
The Woman Veterinarian

This study was undertaken to determine the professional practice patterns of Michigan State University graduates in Veterinary Medicine and the factors that influenced their choice of profession and satisfaction with the field, so that similarities and differences of men and women practitioners could be compared. None of the 21 accredited schools of veterinary medicine has conducted a study of this kind. The career patterns of women were characterized by interruptions, lower salaries, and participation in only a few of the specialties within the profession, the latter interpreted as an attempt to reduce professional role-sex role conflict. In spite of the limitations and conflicts encountered by women, they are deeply committed to the profession and claim a great deal of satisfaction from their work.
Speckle simulation movies for analysis and evaluation of laser systems

Recent results achieved in the simulation of laser speckle in real-time are presented and discussed. Far field speckle has been simulated by a number of researchers using computer generated random phase screens to develop single frame pictures, however, our simulation develops a speckle picture in time, a movie, that we believe adequately illustrates speckle behavior as reflected from rotating and translating surfaces. The simulation was developed on a coarse array parallel supercomputer and the movies are formatted as QuickTime sequences. These sequences may be viewed on personal computers or workstations using easily obtained presentation software. Of interest is our correlation to speckle produced in the laboratory using lasers and translated surfaces and captured as frame sequences using a CCD camera.
Aluminum and gallium impurity effects on the photoluminescence from electron irradiated, pulled silicon

Abstract The commonly observed 0.970 eV peak in the low-temperature photoluminescence from electron-irradiated Si is strongly suppressed in Ga-doped material. Another important peak at 0.790 eV is inhibited by Al doping. The present results are in conflict with previous identification of the defect responsible for the 0.790 eV peak. New luminescent bands observed only in samples with Al and Ga doping are reported.
Studies on Tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli Strains and a Growth-requirement for 1-Histidine

Summary1. A tetracycline-resistant E. coli, which had been selected by a laboratory technic, was found to have a specific requirement for 1-histidine. 2. Urocanic acid, imidazole and 5 analogs, 1-histidinol, and 1-histi-dinal were unable to substitute for 1-histidine, nor were they able to antagonize the activity of tetracycline against the parent E. coli (tetracycline-sensitive) in synthetic medium. 3. Twenty E. coli strains, all tetracycline-resistant and isolated from clinical sources were obtained. None had the specific requirement for 1-histidine.
Development of fine scale and large area piezoelectric ceramic fiber / polymer composites for transducer applications

Abstract The development of both fine scale and large area piezoelectric ceramic fiber/polymer composites using the replication technique is reported. These composites are produced using carbon fibers in various arrangements, soaked in a PZT precursor solution, dried and fired to achieve a ceramic relic with the same structure. Relics are embedded in an epoxy matrix, polished, electroded and poled, after which the electromechanical properties are evaluated. Relic processing offers a capability of synthesizing unique structures important for various transducer applications.
Modding the History of Science: Values at Play in Modder Discussions of Sid Meier's CIVILIZATION

Sid Meier's CIVILIZATION has been promoted as an educational tool, used as a platform for building educational simulations, and maligned as promoting Eurocentrism, bioimperialism, and racial superiority. This article explores the complex issues involved in interpreting a game through analysis of the ways modders (gamers who modify the game) have approached the history of science, technology, and knowledge embodied in the game. Through text analysis of modder discussion, this article explores the assumed values and tone of the community's discourse. The study offers initial findings that CIVILIZATION modders value a variety of positive discursive practices for developing historical models. Community members value a form of historical authenticity, they prize subtlety and nuance in models for science in the game, and they communicate through civil consensus building. Game theorists, players, and scholars, as well as those interested in modeling the history, sociology, and philosophy of science, will be interested to see the ways in which CIVILIZATION III cultivates an audience of modders who spend their time reimagining how science and technology could work in the game.
A Comparison of Motor Performance of Preschoolers Enrolled in Mental Health Programs and Non­ Mental Health Programs

Recognizing that the etiologies of some major mental illnesses may be in the physical domain, this study described and compared the motor performance of 27 preschool children enrolled in mental health programs with 27 children enrolled in Project Head Start, a non-mental health program. The two groups were matched for age, race, and sex. The Gross and Fine Motor scales of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales were administered to all subjects. On both measures the children enrolled in mental health programs scored significantly lower than the children enrolled in Project Head Start. In addition their scores were more variable. The results of this study support other findings suggesting that developmental delays may be characteristic of children with emotional disturbances.
Application for Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Predicting the Sugar Content of Fruit Juices

Near infrared spectroscopy, operated in the transmission mode, was used to predict the total sugar content of a variety of fruit juices. Attempts were made to determine individual sugars in some of the juices. The best results were obtained for total sugar determination when separate calibrations were used for each type of juice. For orange juice, when n=35, r=0.87, the standard error of calibration = 0.22, and the bias and standard error of prediction = 0.04 and 0.25 respectively. Minimal amount of sample preparation was required for the rapid and nondestructive analysis of the total sugar content of juices. The potential application and limitations of the method are discussed.
Toward teaching agent-based simulation

Agent-based simulation (ABS) is a relatively recent modeling technique that is being widely used to model complex adaptive systems by many disciplines. Few full length courses exist on agent-based modeling and a standard curriculum has not yet been established, but there is considerable demand to include ABS into simulation courses. Modelers often come to agent-based simulation by way of self-study or attendance at tutorials and short courses. Although there is substantial overlap, there are many aspects of ABS that differ from discrete-event simulation (DES) and System Dynamics (SD), including applicable problem domains, disciplines and backgrounds of students, and the underpinnings of its computational implementation. These factors make ABS difficult to include as an incremental add-on to existing simulation courses. This paper reports on some approaches to teaching the modeling of complex systems and agent-based simulation that the authors have used in a range of classes and workshops.