cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preconditioned tomographic full waveform inversion by wavelength continuation

Tomographic full waveform inversion (TFWI) provides a framework for inverting the seismic data, which is immune to cycle-skipping problems. This is achieved by extending the wave equation and adding a spatial or temporal axis to the velocity model. For computational efficiency, the inversion is performed in a nested scheme. However, TFWI requires a large number of iterations because of its slow convergence rate. We analyze the Born and tomographic operators and find two major sources of this slow convergence. First, kinematic artifacts in the extended model due to a biased AVA behavior in the acoustic two-way wave-equation. Second, early imposition of short wavelength updates in the velocity model that are difficult to move. We provide two modifications of the nested inversion scheme of TFWI that mitigate these sources of slow convergence. The first modification is preconditioning of the extended model to balance the AVA behavior of the acoustic wave-equation. The second modification is imposing wavelength continuation by filtering the gradient in the outer loop. We test the new algorithm on synthetic examples. The results of the modified algorithm on the BP model show a great improvement in convergence rate while maintaining the high accuracy of TFWI.
Adaptive Control of an Aeroelastic Airbreathing Hypersonic Cruise Vehicle

This paper describes an adaptive linear quadratic (ALQ) altitude and velocity tracking control algorithm for the longitudinal model of a generic airbreathing hypersonic flight vehicle. The vehicle design is inspired by a set of mission requirements broadly accepted for a hypersonic cruise vehicle intended for both space access and military applications. The vehicle, CSULA-GHV, has an integrated airframe-propulsion system configuration and resembles an actual test vehicle. The complete aerodynamic and scramjet engine data, including the coupling between the two, have been developed by both flow theoretic models and by using an integrated aero-propulsion CFD model in FLUENT. A set of nonlinear longitudinal equations of motion for the vehicle which include both an inverse-square-law gravitational model and the centripetal acceleration, as well as the CFD-generated aerodynamic, propulsion, and coupled aeropropulsion data are developed and used for control design. The certainty equivalence principle is used to combine the adaptive law with the control structure of the standard linear quadratic (LQ) regulator. For comparison, the traditional LQ and ALQ control laws are applied to a high fidelity model that includes unmodeled dynamics (structural modes) as well as actuator dynamics. Simulation results demonstrate the eectiveness of ALQ control over traditional LQ control in tracking altitude and velocity commands in the presence of aerodynamic changes and actuator failures.
Selections From the ABC 2015 Annual Conference, Seattle, Washington: Pitching Fish and Innovative Oral and Written Business Communication Assignments

This article, the second of a two-part series, presents 10 teaching innovations from the 2015 Association for Business Communication’s annual conference. Innovations include fresh approaches to teaching cross-cultural communication consulting, creating promotional material with graphical software, a Pecha Kucha approach to oral presentations, email skills, creating digital resumes and LinkedIn profiles, promoting flash-mob events via social media, rapid message packaging, and writing 140-character mission statements. Additional teaching materials—instructions to students, stimulus materials, slides, grading rubrics, frequently asked questions, and sample student projects—are posted on these websites: http://www.businesscommunication.org/page/assignments and http://www.salesleadershipcenter.com/research.html#mfa16.
42 NONSURGICAL TREATMENT OF DUPUYTREN'S DISEASE

Dupuytren9s disease is a fixed flexion contracture deformity of the hand currently treated by surgical fasciectomy of the collagenous cords responsible for the finger joint contractures. Our prior Phase 2 controlled, clinical trials have clearly indicated safety and efficacy of collagenase injection therapy as an alternative to surgery. The purpose of this Phase 3 study was to further test collagenase injection as a nonsurgical treatment for Dupuytren9s disease. Methods 35 patients were enrolled in the random, placebo, double-blind control protocol allowing for an assignment to 0.58 mg collagenase or saline placebo, maximum three injections. At this time, the control treatment code may not be unmasked. However, patients had the option to enroll in an additional protocol either for treatment failure or because they had additional contracted joints of the same or opposite hand. The second protocol allowed for a maximum five open label, 0.58 mg, collagenase injections, given at one month intervals. Seventeen patients were treated in the open label protocol, 12 male and 5 female, mean age 62 years, 12 metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints and 16 proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints. The initial mean MP and PIP joint contractures were 45° and 43°, respectively. Collagenase injections, 0.58 mg, were to the collagenous cords, using an insulin syringe, 0.25 mL for MP joints and 0.20 mL for PIP joints. Patients were seen in serial follow up at 1, 7, 14 and 30 days, and 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Results 92% of the MP joints and 75% of the PIP joints treated achieved full, normal finger extension (0°), most within one week of one collagenase injection. Results were sustained in the longer term, mean follow-up, 125 days for MP joints and 107 days for PIP joints. There was no loss of normal finger flexion, or normal grip strength. Adverse events included pain associated with “cord rupture,” hand edema and palmar ecchymosis. These resolved without problems in 7-14 days. Conclusions Collagenase injection therapy for Dupuytren9s disease continues to show clear merit in Phase 3 clinical trials as a safe and effective alternative to surgical fasciectomy. National, multicenter, Phase 3 study of this promising method will begin in the next several months. This study was supported by the FDA (Grant 001437), the NIH (GCRC-M01RR10710) and the Biospecifics Technologies Corp.
Dynamic analysis of prevalence of AIDS and high risk behaviors among men who have sex with men in Ningbo,2010-2012

Objective To understand the prevalence of AIDS and high risk behaviors among men who have sex with men(MSM) in Ningbo,and provide scientific evidence for the development of effective prevention and control strategy.Methods Face to face interview was conducted among MSM recruited through "snowball"sampling from 2010 to 2012,and blood samples were taken form them to conduct HIV and syphilis test.Results From 2010 to 2012,404,435 and 414 MSM were surveyed each year.The awareness rate of AIDS related knowledge among the MSM increased with year.Totally 64.6%-75.1% of the MSM used condemns at the latest homosexual activities and 35.4%-42.6% of them used condoms at each homosexual activities in the past six months.Less than 50% of the MSM used condemns at the latest heterosexual activities and less than 30% of them used condoms at each heterosexual activities in the past six months.From 2010 to 2012,the annual infection rate of HIV was 8.9%,9.0% and 8.2%,respectively,and there were no significant differences in 3 year infection rates.Conclusion The infection rate of HIV among MSM was comparative high without obvious increase in Ningbo.Therefore,it is very important to strengthen dynamic surveillance and health education,and improve intervention in this population.
The effect of initial solidification structure on ridging in Cr17 ferritic stainless steels

The effects of initial solidification structures in Crl7 ferritic stainless steel on the evolution of grain colonies associated with ridging phenomenon were investigated.The results show that:1.The evolution of grain colonies for both columnar and equiaxed slab is different during rolling and annealing. 2.The cold-rolled and annealed sample of equiaxed solidification structure has less {001}110 grain colony but more {111}112 grain colony in comparison with columnar solidification structure.3.The ridging difference of cold-rolled and annealed with different initial solidification structures is attributed to the differences of volume fraction and distribution of {001}110 and {111}112 grain colonies,but not related with {001}010,{111}110 and {112}110 grain colonies.
Acquired hypoprothrombinemia due to non-neutralizing antibodies to prothrombin: mechanism and management

A patient developed bleeding due to an acute acquired specific prothrombin deficiency. Unlike previously described patients, this patient had no evidence of an associated lupus anticoagulant. Prothrombin activity and antigen were decreased concordantly and the patient's plasma did not neutralize the activity of added prothrombin or interfere with its measurement by electroimmunoassay. Nevertheless, immunoelectrophoresis and experiments using 125I-prothrombin revealed a prothrombin-binding antibody. The residual prothrombin in the patient's plasma was in the form of a prothrombin-antibody complex. Administration of adrenal corticosteroids was associated with a rise in prothrombin activity and cessation of bleeding, but circulating prothrombin was still bound to the antibody. This suggests that non- neutralizing antibodies to prothrombin cause plasma prothrombin deficiency because of a rapid clearance of prothrombin-antibody complexes, which is slowed by adrenal corticosteroids. The antibody had a relatively low affinity for prothrombin (Kd 5 to 8 X 10(-7)) and was transient. It is possible, therefore, that the antibody arose not to prothrombin itself, but to an antigen sharing an epitope with prothrombin.
Brainstem Injury from Perinatal Asphyxia

The clinical, radiological and neuropathological features of selective hypoxic-ischemic injury of the brainstem with relative sparing of cortex and subcortical white matter in an asphyxiated term infant are described in a case reported from the Division of Neurology and Depts of Pediatrics, Pathology and Radiology, British Columbia’s Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.
Next Generation Sequencing Claims in Precision Medicine: Questions a Formulary Committee Should Ask

The enthusiasm with which precision medicine has been embraced over the past 15 years has obscured the fact that the evidence base for biomarker-driven assessments, in particular for next generation sequencing (NGS), is limited. This applies both to the comparative performance of the various assessment tools as well as to the impact of biomarker driven decisions at the patient level. Where a genetic test is being evaluated there are five key questions a formulary committee should ask when assessing whether or not to recommend coverage and reimbursement for the test in target patient populations: (i) has the test met required standards for analytic and clinical validity? (ii) has the test been evaluated against competing tests for analytic and clinical validity? (iii) have the test-based claims met standards for credibility, evaluation and replication? (iv) has the test been accepted as part of the standard of care for patient management in the target disease state? (v) has the introduction of the test improved outcomes, including survivorship, adverse events, quality of life and costs, in the targeted population? The purpose of this commentary is twofold: first, to consider the appropriate evidentiary standards for the evaluation of a test and comparator tests; and, second, to identify questions that a formulary committee should address in submissions made for a test in health care systems. A critical issue is not only comparative claims for the test against the standard of care and comparator tests, but the assessment of test performance for the identified treatment pathways where mutations or variants are linked to recommendations for therapy options. Unless these issues are addressed it is unlikely that the promise of personalized medicine will be realized. The absence of an evidence base will deter both physicians and their patients from adopting NGS based recommendations. Type: Commentary
Die Enzymologie organischer Umwandlungen: Namensreaktionen in biologischen Systemen

Chemische Reaktionen, die zu Ehren ihrer wahren oder zumindest wahrgenommenen Entdecker benannt sind, werden als “Namensreaktionen” bezeichnet. Dieser Aufsatz ist eine Zusammenstellung von biologischen Beispielen fur benannte chemische Reaktionen. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf Reaktionsarten und Katalysemechanismen, die die chemische Diversitat in der Biosynthese von Naturstoffen wie auch Parallelen zur organischen Synthesechemie veranschaulichen. Enzymatische Katalysemechanismen werden soweit moglich im Kontext mit den entsprechenden Mechanismen in der Synthese beschrieben, und fur derzeit noch untersuchte Reaktionen werden mechanistische Hypothesen diskutiert. Der Aufsatz ist nach Reaktionsarten gegliedert, z. B. Kondensation, Reduktion und Oxidation, Substitution, Carboxylierung, Radikal-vermittelte Reaktionen und Umlagerungen, und diese sind anhand der Namensreaktionen weiter unterteilt.
Effects of body condition score (BCS) on steroid‐ and eicosanoid‐metabolizing enzyme activity in various mare tissues during winter anoestrus

Contents The objective of this study was to determine the activity of steroid- and eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes in horses with varying BCSs. The BCSs of twenty non-pregnant, anoestrous mares were determined prior to euthanasia, and tissue samples were collected from the liver, kidney, adrenal gland, ovary and endometrium. Cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A), 2C (CYP2C), 3A (CYP3A) and uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activities were determined using luminogenic substrates. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used to test the effect of BCS on enzyme activity and differences between tissues. Activity of CYP1A in adrenals was increased (p ≤ .05) in BCS 5 versus BCSs 4 and 6. Activity of CYP1A in the liver was increased (p = .05) in BCS 4 versus BCSs 5 and 6. Activity of CYP1A was 100-fold greater (p < .0001) in the liver than in the adrenal, ovary and kidney. Activity of CYP2C was 100-fold greater (p < .0001) in the liver than in the adrenal, ovary and endometrium. Activity of CYP3A was only detectable in the liver. Activity of UGT in the kidney was decreased (p = .02) in BCS 4 versus BCSs 5 and 6. Activity of UGT was threefold greater (p < .0001) in the liver than in the kidney, whereas activity of UGT was ninefold greater (p < .0001) in the kidney than in the ovary and endometrium. In general, BCS did not alter the activity of steroid- and eicosanoid-metabolizing enzymes in horses. However, tissue differences in these enzymes indicated abundant hepatic metabolism in horses, which is similar to other livestock species.
Formation and spatial distribution of hypervelocity stars in AGN outflows

Abstract We study star formation within outflows driven by active galactic nuclei (AGN) as a new source of hypervelocity stars (HVSs). Recent observations revealed active star formation inside a galactic outflow at a rate of ∼ 15 M ⊙ yr − 1 . We verify that the shells swept up by an AGN outflow are capable of cooling and fragmentation into cold clumps embedded in a hot tenuous gas via thermal instabilities. We show that cold clumps of ∼ 103 M⊙ are formed within ∼ 105 yrs. As a result, stars are produced along outflow’s path, endowed with the outflow speed at their formation site. These HVSs travel through the galactic halo and eventually escape into the intergalactic medium. The expected instantaneous rate of star formation inside the outflow is ∼ 4 − 5 orders of magnitude greater than the average rate associated with previously proposed mechanisms for producing HVSs, such as the Hills mechanism and three-body interaction between a star and a black hole binary. We predict the spatial distribution of HVSs formed in AGN outflows for future observational probe.
Assessment of airport service quality: A complementary approach to measure perceived service quality based on Google reviews

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that user-generated online contents can be used as an alternative data source for assessing airport service quality, which effectively complements and cross-validates the conventional service quality surveys. We apply sentiment analysis and topic modeling technique to 42,137 reviews collected from Google Maps. The results are compared to the well-publicized ASQ ratings conducted by Airport Council International. The sentiment scores computed from the textual Google reviews are very good predictors of the associated Google star ratings, with rs(96) = 0.89, p
The Cost of Greening Stimulus: A Dynamic Analysis of Vehicle Scrappage Programs

During the recent economic crisis, many stimulus programs across the world have been designed to achieve two goals: to stimulate economic activity in lagging durable goods sectors and to protect or even enhance environmental quality. The environmental benets are often viewed and much advocated as co-benets of economic stimulus. This paper investigates the potential trade-o between the stimulus and environmental objectives in the context of the popular Cash-for-Clunkers (CFC) program by developing and estimating a dynamic discrete choice model of vehicle ownership. Counterfactual analysis based on several model specications
The bulk rheology of close-packed red blood cells in shear flow

A theoretical analysis is made of the dynamical behavior and bulk rheology of close-packed red blood cell suspensions subjected to simple shear flow. The model for the polyhedral cell shapes and tank-treading membrane motion developed in the companion paper (1) is used. The flow in the thin lubricating plasma layers between cells is analyzed taking into account the mechanical properties of the membrane at the corner regions of sharp membrane curvature. This leads to predictions for the apparent viscosity as a function of hematocrit and shear rate. Good agreement with experimental results is obtained at moderate and high shear rates (above 20 s-1). At lower shear rates, a rapid rise in apparent viscosity has been found experimentally, and the mechanisms leading to this behavior are examined.
The Design and Implementation of a Successful General Game Playing Agent

General Game Playing is the problem of designing an agent capable of playing any previously unknown game when given only the rules. This paper describes the implementation architecture and design issues behind Ogre, a General Game Playing agent designed at Florida International University. Our main contribution is an innovative algorithm for automatically generating efficient evaluation functions for previously unfamiliar games. The system competed successfully at the second AAAI General Game Playing competition held at AAAI-06.
Genetic studies in the rheumatic diseases: present status and implications for the future

Recent breakthroughs in genetic methodology have greatly augmented our understanding of the contribution of genetics to susceptibility to the rheumatic diseases. Disorders in which familial aggregation has been best documented include rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and systemic sclerosis (SSc). Much of the genetic contribution to these diseases lies in the MHC, including HLA-DR4 (RA), HLA-B27 (AS), HLA-DRB1*0301, DRB1*1501/*1503, DRB1*08, and C4 null alleles (SLE), and HLA-DRB1*11 and DRB1*1502 (SSc). Genome-wide scans have provided inconsistent data in RA, although consistent regions have been observed in scans from different groups in AS and SLE. No consistent non-MHC candidate gene has been identified in RA. There is active investigation in AS in this area. In SLE the Fc gamma RIIa and Fc gamma IIIa genes have been most thoroughly described, and in SSc fibrillin and SPARC. Newer techniques being developed presently, such as high density single nucleotide polymorphism genome-wide scanning, show promise to bring these analyses to the next level, which will hopefully result not only in better screening of individuals at highest risk, but also in novel treatments.
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth by Thrombospondin-1

Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a matricellular protein that has been implicated in playing an important role in inhibiting cancer progression. Many studies have been carried out to characterize the mechanism of its action. While its ability to inhibit tumor angiogenesis through binding of CD36 via the thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs) sequence have been well studied, the long-range effect of TSP-1’s ability to activate transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is just starting to be characterized. One such effect is shifting the balance of the fibrinolytic system through TSP-1’s ability to inhibit matrix metalloproteinases and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. A shift in either direction could promote tumor progression, including metastasis, or prevent it by reducing tumor angiogenesis. This delicate balance may be responsible for the conflicting data in the literature on whether TSP-1 is proor antitumorigenic, and the direction of the shift may also be cell-type specific. Lastly, the potential of developing a TSP-based therapy is being realized and clinical trials are now underway.
Pharmacological Analysis of Anticholinesterase-Induced Hypothermia and Hyperthermia

Organophosphate (OP) compounds such as diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) cause irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues. Following acute exposure to DFP and many other OP’s, rodents exhibit signs of cholinergic stimulation characterized by salivation, lacrimation, tremor, and hypothermia (1–4). The acute signs of Cholinesterase inhibition, including the hypothermia, generally recover within 24 hours after exposure in spite of the fact that AChE activity in the CNS remains inhibited (1).
Establishment and Description of Current Park/Protected Areas System

Chapter 4 describes the laws that define the current system of parks and protected areas in Cuba. There are different levels of protection in Cuba depending on designation whether terrestrial or marine. The maintenance of each protected area also varies in accordance with its place in the preservation hierarchy. Finally the chapter concludes with an illustration of some of the interesting flora and fauna protected in several of these conservation areas.
Robust Audiovisual Liveness Detection for Biometric Authentication Using Deep Joint Embedding and Dynamic Time Warping

We address the problem of liveness detection in audiovisual recordings for preventing spoofing attacks in biometric authentication systems. We assume that liveness is detected from a recording of a speaker saying a predefined phrase and that another recording of the same phrase is a priori available, a setting, which is common in text-dependent authentication systems. We propose to measure liveness by comparing between alignments of audio and video to the a priori recorded sequence using dynamic time warping. The alignments are computed in a joint feature space to which audio and video are embedded using deep convolutional neural networks. We investigate the robustness of the proposed algorithm across datasets by training and testing it on different datasets. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm generalizes well across datasets providing improved performance compared to competing methods.
Adoption, incorporation, and a sense of citizenship and belonging in Indigenous Nations and culture: a Haudenosaunee perspective:

During the salvage ethnography period in the early 20th century, the adoption of scholars by tribes provided those scholars with access to Indigenous Knowledge and garnered their support of Indigen...
Interposition Arthroplasty for Posttraumatic Ulnohumeral Arthritis

Posttraumatic elbow arthritis presents a difficult problem in young patients. Total elbow arthroplasty may not be suited to the functional demands placed on the prosthesis in younger, more active i...
Protein adaptation to high hydrostatic pressure: Computational analysis of the structural proteome

Hydrostatic pressure has a vital role in the biological adaptation of the piezophiles, organisms that live under high hydrostatic pressure. However, the mechanisms by which piezophiles are able to adapt their proteins to high hydrostatic pressure is not well understood. One proposed hypothesis is that the volume changes of unfolding (ΔVTot ) for proteins from piezophiles is distinct from those of nonpiezophilic organisms. Since ΔVTot defines pressure dependence of stability, we performed a comprehensive computational analysis of this property for proteins from piezophilic and nonpiezophilic organisms. In addition, we experimentally measured the ΔVTot of acylphosphatases and thioredoxins belonging to piezophilic and nonpiezophilic organisms. Based on this analysis we concluded that there is no difference in ΔVTot for proteins from piezophilic and nonpiezophilic organisms. Finally, we put forward the hypothesis that increased concentrations of osmolytes can provide a systemic increase in pressure stability of proteins from piezophilic organisms and provide experimental thermodynamic evidence in support of this hypothesis.
Preliminary Cross-Sectional Validation of the CROPS 14-Item for Juvenile Offenders:

The Child Report of Posttraumatic Symptoms (CROPS) is an effective 26-item trauma assessment tool. Research has indicated a 14-item version of the CROPS for juvenile offenders with improved predict...
First-Principles Predictions and Synthesis of B 50 C 2 by Chemical Vapor Deposition

Density functional theory predictions have been combined with the microwave-plasma chemical vapor deposition technique to explore metastable synthesis of boron-rich boron-carbide materials. A thin film synthesis of high-hardness (up to 37 GPa) B50C2 via chemical vapor deposition was achieved. Characterization of the experimental crystal structure matches well with a new theoretical model structure, with carbon atoms inserted into the boron icosahedra and 2b sites in a α-tetragonal B52 base structure. Previously reported metallic B50C2 structures with carbons inserted only into the 2b or 4c sites are found to be dynamically unstable. The newly predicted structure is insulating and dynamically stable, with a computed hardness value and electrical properties in excellent agreement with the experiment. The present study thus validates the density functional theory calculations of stable crystal structures in boron-rich boron-carbide system and provides a pathway for large-area synthesis of novel materials by the chemical vapor deposition method.
Understood? Evaluating the readability and understandability of intranasal corticosteroid delivery instructions.

Background Allergic rhinitis is a widespread disease that has significant quality-of-life ramifications. Symptoms include rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, cough, and postnasal drip. Intranasal corticosteroids are a hallmark of treatment of allergic rhinitis. However, the benefits of treatment are dependent on correct nasal spray technique, of which many patients are not aware. Patient instructions are included with the purchase of these medications. The readability and understandability for these educational materials has been minimally assessed in the medical literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the readability and understandability of commonly used intranasal steroids. Methods Three readability measures (Gunning Fog, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook [SMOG], and FORCAST) and an understandability assessment (Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Printable Materials [PEMAT-P]) were used to evaluate the instructions for use of commonly prescribed intranasal steroids. Instructions with 6th grade readability level or lower were considered to meet health literacy experts' recommendations. Higher understandability values correlate to easier understandability. Results Instructions for 10 intranasal corticosteroid brands were reviewed. Gunning Fog consistently estimated easiest readability, whereas FORCAST estimated most difficult readability. Twenty percent (20%) of analyzed instructions met National Institutes of Health and health literacy experts' recommended reading levels. Understandability of instructions ranged from 33% to 90%, with an average of 66%. Conclusion The benefit of intranasal corticosteroids is contingent on correct use by patients. However, the prepackaged instructions provided are most often above recommended reading levels and are difficult to understand. Future development of intranasal steroid instructions should meet recommended readability levels and be understandable to maximize their utility.
Transformability of DNA polymerase-deficient mutants of Bacillussubtilis

Abstract The effect of a deficiency in DNA polymerase on recombination in Bacillus subtilis has been studied. It is concluded that the major DNA polymerase of B. subtilis is not required for recombination, and that the recombination deficiency of a previously described DNA polymerase-deficient mutant is actually due to a rec mutation. Genetic crosses imply that this recombination deficiency is not recA or recB .
Uncovering metabolic states in cytotoxic T cells, one cell at a time

Single-cell metabolic state analysis reveals cytotoxic T cell activity patterns that are spatially organized in human colorectal tumors.
Development of chest deflection injury risk curve in oblique frontal small female PMHS sled tests.

The study's aim is to examine which sternum deflection measure best represents injury in oblique frontal impacts with small female surrogates. Data from sixteen PMHS sled tests were used to calcula...
Accelerating Electro-oxidation Turnover Rates via Potential-Modulated Stimulation of Electrocatalytic Activity

Herein, we describe a method of potential-modulated stimulation of electrocatalytic activity (PSEA) and apply it to the electro-oxidation of formic acid in acidic (pH 1) electrolyte. Ordinarily, th...
Contextualized Protein-Protein Interactions.

Summary Protein-protein interaction (PPI) databases are an important bioinformatics resource, yet existing literature-curated databases usually represent cell-type-agnostic interactions, which is at variance with our understanding that protein dynamics are context specific and highly dependent on their environment. Here, we provide a resource derived through data mining to infer disease- and tissue-relevant interactions by annotating existing PPI databases with cell-contextual information extracted from reporting studies. This resource is applicable to the reconstruction and analysis of disease-centric molecular interaction networks. We have made the data and method publicly available and plan to release scheduled updates in the future. We expect these resources to be of interest to a wide audience of researchers in the life sciences.
Introduction to Drug Delivery

Functional tissue regeneration requires careful merger of optimal biograft material with drug delivery technology. Type I collagen, the predominant and major structural component of the extracellular matrix represents an ideal natural polymer candidate for such integrated tissue engineering and local molecular delivery strategies. Despite several advantages over other materials including biological signaling capacities, proteolytic biodegradability, low immunogenicity, and collagen-based biomaterials have found a very limited commercialization and clinical application. There is a scope to overcome the disadvantages that obstruct the potential of collagen as a multifunctional delivery platform for soft tissue reconstruction and be able to precisely and predictably control its microstructure, mechanical properties, and proteolytic degradability.
Morphology of immature stages and life cycle of Monotoma testacea Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Monotomidae).

The egg, all three larval instars, and pupa are described for the cucujoid beetle species Monotoma (s. str.) testacea Motschulsky, which develops in decomposing plant matter. Adults and larvae were fed with baker’s yeast under laboratory conditions; this food source allowed for successful breeding of several generations. Detailed and illustrated descriptions of all immature stages are given. It is suggested that simple, pointed setae may represent a diagnostic character for Monotoma (s. str.), whereas clavate setae characterize Monotoma (Gyrocecis). Only minor differences in the number and patterns of setae were found between first, second and third larval instars, supporting observations of previous authors. Morphological differences are listed to distinguish between the three larval instars. An arrow-head aggregation of coarse asperities on the frontal region of the L1 larva, lacking in older instars, is hypothesized to be an egg-burster. Only 34–42 days elapsed from egg laying to emergence of the adult; the egg stage lasted 5–6 days; L1 larvae 2–3 days; L2 3–5 days; L3 2–5 days; the immovable prepupal stage 12–13 days; and the pupa 7–10 days. One female laid 1–5 eggs daily, averaging ~1.5 egg per day during her entire life; the total number of eggs in two independent cultures produced by one female accompanied by one male was 57 and 94.
The crystal structure and temperature dependence of the elpasolite Tl2LiYCl6

Tl2LiYCl6 (TLYC) is an analog to Cs2LiYCl6, which is currently an industry-standard inorganic scintillator for radiation detection with good gamma–neutron discrimination. The presence of thallium (Z = 81) instead of cesium (Z = 55) in the elpasolite structure increases the density of the compound and its stopping power for gamma rays. This work investigates the impact of the Tl atom on the elpasolite structure. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction at room temperature and powder neutron diffraction with temperature control were used to characterize the crystal structure of TLYC between 296 and 725 K. The presence of Tl leads to a distortion of the cubic elpasolite structure at room temperature: a tetragonal P42 crystal structure (space group 77, a = 10.223, c = 10.338 A) is identified for TLYC at 296 K. A structural transition to the cubic elpasolite Fm3m phase (space group 225) is observed at 464 K. The thermal expansion of the material for each crystal direction is well described by a linear relationship, except for the region between 400 and 464 K where the lattice parameters converge.
Externalisation and structural coupling: Applications in comparative policy studies in education:

The article presents two key concepts of sociological systems theory – externalisation and structural coupling – and applies them to explain (a) the exponential growth of international large-scale ...
Spillover Impact of Capital Control: A Network Perspective

Capital control have been extensively used as policy instrument to dissipate the effects of large volume of international capital flows to Emerging Market economies since Global Financial Crisis. Such capital control measures appeared to have cross boundary consequences on capital inflows and outflows. Using network analysis of capital flows in spatial regression framework, the paper tries to analyze the impact of cross-border capital flows across countries. The spatial regression estimates implies that the impact of capital control measures have significant impact on the international capital mobility across similar countries. Further the spillover impact showcase complementarity during pre Global Financial Crisis whereas substituatibility appeared to have dominated during post crisis period. The novelty of the approach is that the directional impact of capital control spillover impact have been estimated parsimoniously without incorporating any identification restrictions on country characteristics.
De Minimis Risk and the Integration of Actual and Perceived Risks from Chemical Carcinogens

We all face a nontrivial lifetime risk of death equal to 1. It is against this ultimate benchmark that all risks must be evaluated. But we all recognize that we also have a considerable diversity of opinions, of values, of analytical approaches, and of philosophy in terms of how best to handle all the component risks, including those for which society is responsible.
Searching for narrative and narrative ethics in narrative bioethics.

A commentary on a special report, titled Narrative Ethics: The Role of Stories in Bioethics, that appeared with the January-February 2014 issue.
Decisions, Decisions: Donor Preference during Budding Yeast Mating-Type Switching

Mating-type (MAT) switching in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been particularly well studied, both in terms of the homologous recombination mechanism that leads to the switch itself and the remarkable donor preference system that ensures efficient exchange of mating types. For example, mutations that prevent acetylation of four lysines in histone H4 lead to the complete unsilencing of HMLa but have much less effect on the silencing of HMRa. MAT switching occurs by a mechanism of DSB repair known as synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA). There are a number of distinct, slow steps in MAT switching that have been identified by a combination of Southern blot and PCR analyses, as well as by chromatin immunoprecipitation techniques, that monitor the recruitment of recombination proteins to the sequences undergoing recombination/repair. Analysis of various temperature-sensitive mutations in essential DNA replication genes has shown that the short patch of new DNA synthesis in MAT switching does not require the Mcm helicase proteins or Pol-primase or the Cdc7 kinase. The binding of both Fkh1 and Swi4/6 to recombination enhancer (RE) has been evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation at different times in the cell cycle. RE represents one of the most fascinating and best-defined cis-acting loci that control aspects of chromosome positioning, folding, or tethering. The availability of new cytological resources as well as a wide variety of molecular and genetic tools opens the way to a detailed understanding of the ways chromosomes are arranged and constrained in the nucleus.
Silicon as a microwave substrate

Silicon has many advantages as a microwave substrate material including low cost and a mature technology. The lower resistivity of Si (/spl ap/10 k /spl Omega/-cm) compared to GaAs (/spl ap/10 M /spl Omega/-cm) is perceived as a major disadvantage. In this paper, we present measured and simulated results demonstrating that the losses of a coplanar transmission line (CPW) realized on silicon substrates are comparable to the losses of a CPW realized on a GaAs substrate with insulators. The loss mechanisms of Si and GaAs substrates used for microwave applications are analyzed using both microwave and semiconductor physics theory. A high resistivity Si substrate can be used both as a microwave substrate and an active element carrier permitting further integration at low cost. >
Polyamine-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of COX-2.

Polyamines are involved in various cellular processes including embryonic development, cell growth and cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and carcinogenesis. Growing evidence suggests the importance of RNA processing and stability mediated by oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in the development of cancer. Polyamines, which are found to be increased in neoplastic cells and tissues compared to normal, bind to RNA to influence its structure and function. Polyamines mediate RNA processing through the spermidine-regulated protein, eIF-5A. To further investigate how polyamines influence RNA expression, we characterized the polyamine-dependent RNA expression of a cancer-related gene, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which contains eIF-5A consensus binding elements. Depletion of polyamines by DL-α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) treatment caused an induction of COX-2 mRNA steady-state levels. Polyamines appear to regulate expression of COX-2 by a post-transcriptional mechanism.
Intermediary Varieties of Experience

This paper engages in a phenomenologically informed examination of the cultural and personal influences implicated in the constitution of experiences that may shift from subjective to objective, and to intermediate varieties. Drawing from extensive ethnographic research on the island of Yap, Federated States of Micronesia, the paper explores how a cultural phenomenological understanding of intermediary varieties of experience is resonant with aspects of Yapese ethno-epistemology in which material objects are understood as variously invested with subjective entailments, and vice versa. Two examples are used to illustrate the active inter-subjective constitution of such intermediate varieties of experience: the ambiguity of pain as an object of experience and the significance of food in everyday social life.
Youth Worker Characteristics and Self-reported Competency as Predictors of Intent to Continue Working with Youth

Using a web-based self-report survey, this study examined the characteristics of individuals who worked directly with youth in out-of-school time programs. Specifically, it examined the relationships among intent to continue working in the youth development field and youth program staffs’ experience, training, educational background, and self-reported competency in implementing the features of positive developmental settings for youth (Eccles and Gootman, Community programs to promote youth development, 2002). To accomplish this, we also developed a self-report youth worker competency measure and present its psychometric properties. Results suggested that intent to continue working in the youth development field is higher for youth workers who reported higher overall job-related competency, received professional development training, reported life experiences similar to the youth with whom they worked, learned aspects of their job from more experienced staff, had adequate supervision and support, and worked in programs where staff were more involved in program decision-making. Results are discussed in terms of the value of training and professional development in retaining frontline youth workers.
Temporally and spatially uniform rates of erosion in the southern Appalachian Great Smoky Mountains

We measured 1 0 Be in fluvial sediment samples (n = 27) from eight Great Smoky Mountain drainages (1-330 km 2 ). Results suggest spatially homogeneous sediment generation (on the 10 4 -10 5 yr time scale and >100 km 2 spatial scale) at 73 ′ 11 t km - 2 yr - 1 , equivalent to 27 ′ 4 m/m.y. of bedrock erosion. This rate is consistent with rates derived from fission-track, long-term sediment budget, and sediment yield data, all of which indicate that the Great Smoky Mountains and the southern Appalachians eroded during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic at ∼30 m/m.y. In contrast, unroofing rates during the Paleozoic orogenic events that formed the Appalachian Mountains were higher (≥10 2 m/m.y.). Erosion rates decreased after termination of tectonically driven uplift, enabling the survival of this ancient mountain belt with its deep crustal root as an isostatically maintained feature in the contemporary landscape.
Evidence that proteolysis of Gal4 cannot explain the transcriptional effects of proteasome ATPase mutations.

The Gal system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a paradigm for eukaryotic gene regulation. Expression of genes required for growth on galactose is regulated by the transcriptional activator Gal4. The activation function of Gal4 has been localized to 34 amino acids near the C terminus of the protein. The gal4D allele of GAL4 encodes a truncated protein in which only 14 amino acids of the activation domain remain. Expression of GAL genes is dramatically reduced in gal4Dstrains and these strains are unable to grow on galactose as the sole carbon source. Overexpression of gal4D partially relieves the defect in GAL gene expression and allows growth on galactose. A search for extragenic suppressors of gal4D identified recessive mutations in the SUG1 and SUG2 genes, which encode ATPases of the 19S regulatory complex of the proteasome. The proteasome is responsible for the ATP-dependent degradation of proteins marked for destruction by the ubiquitin system. It has been commonly assumed that effects of SUG1 and SUG2mutations on transcription are explained by alterations in the proteolysis of gal4D protein. We have investigated this assumption. Surprisingly, we find that SUG1 and SUG2alleles that are unable to suppress gal4D cause a larger increase in gal4D protein levels than do suppressing alleles. In addition, mutations in genes encoding subunits of the proteolytic 20S sub-complex of the proteasome increase the levels of gal4D protein but do not rescue its transcriptional activity. Therefore, an alteration in the proteolysis of gal4D by the proteasome cannot explain the effects of mutations in SUG1 and SUG2 on expression of GAL genes. These findings suggest that the 19S regulatory complex may play a more direct role in transcription.
Cosmic-Ray Neutron Production in Elements as a Function of Latitude and Altitude

The relative rates of local neutron production in Al, Cu, Sn, and Pb were obtained at geomagnetic latitudes $\ensuremath{\lambda}=40\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} \mathrm{and} 54\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ at atmospheric depth 312 g-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ (30 000 ft pressure altitude). The latitude and altitude dependence of local neutron production in carbon and lead were measured in the latitude interval 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-54\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} with pile geometries containing B${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ proportional counters. From these observations several results were obtained:
Determination of Species Sampled by an Analytical Spark Discharge Using Time- and Spatially Resolved (Anomalous Dispersion) “Hook” Spectroscopy:

We report the first application of time- and spatially resolved "hook" spectroscopy to quantitatively determine the number density of species sampled by an atmospheric-pressure analytical spark discharge. The new instrument consists of a tunable dye laser light source, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, a stigmatic spectrograph, and a high-fidelity image transfer system. The integrated number densities of ground-state sodium atoms, ablated from a graphite electrode containing NaCl, are deduced from the corrresponding hook spectrum. Data are obtained at different spatial windows with respect to the interelectrode axis and also at different times after the spark breakdown. Advantages and limitations of the approach are discussed.
Ku86 deficiency leads to reduced intrachromosomal homologous recombination in vivo in mice

Abstract Ku70 and Ku86 together with DNA-PKcs form the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) complex that is involved in DNA double-strand break repair by nonhomologous end joining. We investigated the effect of Ku86 mutation on intrachromosomal homologous recombination (HR) resulting in deletions in vivo in mice. We quantified such deletion events using a phenotypic pigmentation assay. Deletion of one copy of a 70 kb DNA duplication in the pink-eyed unstable ( p un ) allele results in reversion to the wildtype pink-eyed dilution ( p ) gene, allowing black pigment accumulation in cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We found that the frequency of homologous recombination was significantly reduced in Ku86 deficient mice. Furthermore, the proliferation of cells in which recombination events occurred was reduced and developmentally delayed in the Ku86 deficient mice. These data indicate a role for Ku86 directly or indirectly in homologous recombination in vivo.