cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Problem Behavior Theory and Behavioral Health in Adolescence

This chapter considers the adolescent life stage as one of increased health risk due to the initiation of various health-compromising behaviors and the establishment or consolidation of the factors that are their determinants. The emergence of the new concept of ‘behavioral health’ has enlarged thinking about health beyond medicine and biology to engage psychosocial and behavioral understanding as well. In relation to the latter, the chapter presents a psychosocial theoretical framework, Problem Behavior Theory, and documents its relevance for explaining variation in the health-related behaviors that constitute behavioral health, whether alcohol and marijuana use, risky driving, early sexual experience, or various others. The role that health-related behaviors can play in adolescent development is emphasized through the articulation of the concept of ‘transition proneness,’ and their co-variation is captured by the notion of a health-risk syndrome.
Dynamic DDoS Defense Resource Allocation using Network Function Virtualization

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) is one of the most common but destructive kind of cyberattacks. The DDoS attack traffic vastly includes the SYN packets. To handle excessive DDoS traffic without large impact on the benign traffic, it is important to allocate sufficient resource for the defense. With the support from Network Function Virtualization (NFV) technology, this can be done in a significantly lower lower cost, with higher flexibility. In this work, we propose a DDoS defense mechanism based on Network Function Virtualization platform, which is capable to balance with the attack load. Our proposed mechanism uses dynamic network agents to intercept packets when the system experiences DDoS attack. In particular, we focus on the mechanism that deploys virtual agents dynamically according to the attack strength. The corresponding load-balancing algorithm dynamically determines the number of agents to allocate for defending the attack traffic. Our simulation results demonstrate that the mechanism can successfully defeat the DDoS attacks with different attack intensities, while it incurs minimal performance degradation on the benign traffic and keeps the increase in the server's response time sufficiently low compared to that of a successful DDoS attack.
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PROBLEM BASED LEARNING WITH COOPERATIVE LEARNING NUMBERED HEAD TOGETHER (NHT) SEEN FROM MATHEMATICAL POWER OF STUDENTS IN SCIENCE CLASS X OF SMAN 1 LAPPARIAJA

This research is a quasi-experimental research, using the nonequivalent pretest-posttest design. The population in this study in a class X IPA at SMAN 1 Lappariaja on the academic year 2015/2016 by number of 188 students. The study involved two experimental class, the class X IPA 4 consisting of 38 student and class X IPA 5 which consists of 36 student selected by cluster random sampling. The first experimental class was treated by applying PBL learning and the second experimental class was treated by applying NHT learning. The instrument used was the echievement test (mathematical power), observation sheets of learning implementation, and student activity sheets. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistical analysis using analysis of Multivariate Analysis of Varian (MANOVA). The result showed that (1) the mathematical power (the ability of understanding mathematical concepts and communication) after the application of PBL learning is the fair category, while the mathematical problem solving abilities is in the low category, mathematical power improvement in the fair category. Mathematical power (the ability of understanding the concept, communication, and solving math problems) after the application of NHT learning overall is in fair category, the improvement of mathematical is in fair category; (2) there is a difference on students’ mathematical power who are taught through PBL learning and by NHT learning; (3) there is difference on the improvement of understanding the concept between students who were tauhgt throught PBL learning with NHT learning; (4) there is no difference on the communication ability improvement of students who were tauhgt throught PBL learning with NHT learning; (5) there is no difference in problem solving skill improvement of student who were taught through PBL learning and with NHT learning in class X SMA Negeri 1 Lappariaja IPA
Maneuver Regulation from Trajectory Tracking: Feedback Linearizable Systems *

Abstract In this paper, we consider the maneuver regulation problem and techniques for converting a stable tracking control law to a stable maneuvering control law. Roughly speaking, one designs a projection mapping (onto the maneuver) that selects the appropriate trajectory time to be used in regulation. Using a Lyapunov argument, we derive a class of projection operators providing stable maneuver regulation for feedback linearizable nonlinear systems. This technique is illustrated using a simplified model of an experimental flight control apparatus.
Mass Communication Law and Policy Research and the Values of Free Expression

Mass communication law and policy research, including on values and theory of freedom of expression, has played an important role in Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly for decades. Mass comm...
Carcinoma of breast and sarcoma in a mother and child : a familial syndrome

Familial aggregation in certain malignant neoplasm is well known. We are presenting a report of young mothers with breast cancer, one whose son developed paraspinal fibrosarcoma and in the second family the daughter developed osteogenic sarcoma. The possibility of a familial syndrome-Li-Fraumeni syndrome is suggested with relevant review of literature.
Some Simulation Results for the Performance of DNA Classification of Noisy Image Data

The Directional Neighborhoods Approach (DNA) to classifying pixels and reconstructing images from remotely sensed noisy data is a newly proposed, computer intensive, Bayesian-type procedure. It uses the observational data to select an optimal, generally asymmetric, but relatively homogeneous, neighborhood for contextually classifying pixels. We provide Monte Carlo simulations for a 2-population image and compare DNA results with those from a reference Bayesian contextual classification. We show that DNA improves substantially upon the reference classification procedure.
Blood Lead Levels and Risk Factors for Lead Exposure in a Pediatric Population in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Although lead recycling activities are a known risk factor for elevated blood levels in South East Asia, little is known regarding the prevalence of and risk factors for elevated blood lead levels (BLL) among the general pediatric population in Vietnam. This study is a cross-sectional evaluation of 311 children from Children's Hospital #2 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Capillary blood lead testing was performed using the LeadCare II. Mean BLLs were 4.97 μg/dL (Standard Deviation (SD) 5.50), with 7% of the participants having levels greater than 10 μg/dL. Living in Bing Duong province (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.4-5.6.1) or the Dong Nai province (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.0-5.1) and having an age greater than 12 months (OR 6.0, 95% CI 3.1-11.8) were associated with higher BLLs. The prevalence of elevated BLLs in Vietnam is consistent with other SE Asian countries. Mean BLLs in Ho Chi Minh City are markedly less than those seen in a separate study of children living near lead recycling activities. Additional evaluation is necessary to better detail potential risk factors if screening is to be implemented within Vietnam.
Philanthropic Foundation Strategies to Advance Systems Reform: Perceptions from Frontline Change Implementers

This article examines the strategies and processes pursued by one foundation aimed at accelerating systems change reform efforts in four states. The findings suggest four strategies the Foundation employed in reform efforts: partnering with state policy actors to accelerate systems change efforts, providing technical assistance to support implementation, leveraging the reputation of the Foundation toward systems change goals, and facilitating the dissemination of innovation to states and localities. This study contributes to the literature by documenting the combination of strategies the Foundation applied in their effort to advance systems change, and by exploring the perspective of system professionals on what Foundation activities were viewed as more or less successful. Because systems change entails both policy and operational change, this study suggests foundation strategies need to harness both traditional approaches, such as targeting policy change, as well as approaches less traditionally used that may require new skill sets for foundations, including field building activities that enable system professionals to implement the change effectively.
Antihypertensive Treatment Fails to Control Blood Pressure During Exercise

See related article, pp 102–109 Exercise-induced hypertension in humans is a clinical observation that has a 5-year prognosis to develop into essential hypertension; when observed during moderate exercise intensity it is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events and mortality.1 To my knowledge, Chant et al2 evaluated for the first time, whether patients on antihypertensives with controlled hypertension at rest exhibit exercise-induced hypertension during exercise. Because a hypersensitive metaboreflex was recently confirmed to be a major factor in the hypertensive response to exercise in patients with untreated hypertension3 and in spontaneously hypertensive rats,4 investigators have been evaluating the exercise pressor reflex sensitivity of the recruited subjects using a postexercise ischemia challenge, after isometric handgrip exercise. During the progressive increase in the intensity of dynamic exercise, the increase in pressure among subjects of (1) controlled; (2) uncontrolled; and (3) untreated resting …
A Framework for Role-Based Access Control in Group Communication Systems.

In this paper we analyze the requirements access control mechanisms must fulfill in the context of group communication and define a framework for supporting fine-grained access control in client-server group communication systems. Our framework combines rolebased access control mechanisms with environment parameters (time, IP address, etc.) to provide support for a wide range of applications with very different requirements. While the access control policy is defined by the application, its efficient enforcement is provided by the group communication system.
Analysis of Information and Communications Technology Adoption between Small Businesses in China and the United States

This paper reports on two case studies, the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) adoption among small businesses conducted in both United States and China. One small business from Nebraska (United States of America) and one small business from Sichuan (China) were chosen for comparison. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a comparative case study based on the ICT adoption among small businesses in China and the United States. This paper will: (i) build an understanding of small business ICT in both areas, (ii) explore the relationship between the ICT development in less cuttingedge areas of China and the United States. The result shows that small business in the United States use more advanced ICT than China due to several factors. This study paves the way for the future comparisons to be conducted between California and Zhejiang. Also, this study contributes to and extends the understanding of how information is the driving force behind economic growth in both developing and developed countries.
Technical debt-related information asymmetry between finance and IT

This position paper proposes a new stream of research targeted at technical debt as a source of information asymmetry between finance and IT professionals involved in information technology investment decisions. Finance teams interact with technology teams in several ways, predominantly when business cases require review and during the annual budgeting process. During these discrete interactions, finance teams are required to digest large amounts of technical strategy and architectural information chock-full of technical terminology and diagrams. Typically, the estimates for effort are soft and risk is difficult to measure. It is within this context that finance approves budgets and projects that inevitably result in the accumulation of technical debt. This paper discusses some of the dynamics at work between finance and IT teams within large complex organizations when they meet to make technology investment decisions. In addition, future research is proposed aimed at reducing information asymmetry, thereby leading to improved IT investment decisions and better management of technical debt.1
30- and 90-Day Unplanned Readmission Rates, Causes, and Risk Factors After Cervical Fusion: A Single-Institution Analysis.

Study Design.Retrospective cohort studyObjective.To study 30- and 90-day readmission rates, causes, and risk factors after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) and posterior cervical fusion (PCF).Summary of Background Data.Existing data on readmission after cervical fusion is majorly deriv
Overall Survival of Breast Cancer Patients With Locoregional Failures Involving Internal Mammary Nodes.

Abstract Purpose Internal mammary node recurrence after definitive breast cancer treatment is poorly characterized, with limited data to guide clinical management. The aim of this study was to analyze the outcomes of patients with recurrent breast cancer involving internal mammary nodes to understand their natural history and determine prognostic factors associated with improved overall survival. Methods and Materials We performed a retrospective analysis of 553 patients with recurrent breast cancer and identified 161 patients with radiographic evidence of locoregional recurrence as a first event. A total of 67 patients (42%) were identified with internal mammary involvement. Median follow-up times were 76 months from date of initial diagnosis and 30 months from date of recurrence. Results Of the 67 patients identified with internal mammary node failures, 10 (15%) presented with isolated recurrence, 14 (21%) presented with other sites of locoregional disease, and 43 (64%) presented with concomitant distant metastases. Median overall survival was 2.5 years and significantly associated with extent of disease (P Conclusions Patients with isolated internal mammary node recurrences achieved long-term survival with aggressive therapies, and salvage radiation therapy was associated with improved survival.
Atom-Resolved Surface Chemistry with the STM: The Relation Between Reactivity and Electronic Structure

We will discuss the application of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) to probe and induce surface chemistry on the atomic scale. First, we will show that by taking advantage of the change in the local density-of-states that takes place when reaction occurs at a particular site, one can determine atom-by-atom the spatial distribution of surface reactions. By simultaneously recording STS spectra we can relate chemical reactivity to local electronic structure. We will illustrate these capabilities using three examples from the chemistry of the Si(1111)-7×7 surface: (a) the initial stages of the reaction with O2, (b) the reaction with NH3, (both being reactions that preserve the 7×7 reconstruction), and (c) the reaction with boron which destroys the 7×7 reconstruction. Topographic and spectroscopic studies, coupled with the results of electronic structure calculations allow the complete characterization of the above chemical processes. We will then consider the role of the tip chemical composition and electronic structure on the topography and spectroscopy of surfaces. Electronic structure calculations suggest that the “size” of adsorbed atoms in STM images can be a function of the chemical nature of the tip. Moreover, tips with narrow peaks in their density-of-states lead to distorted STS spectra and possibly to the development of diode-like I–V characteristics.
Lower Sexual Satisfaction and Function Mediate the Association of Assault Military Sexual Trauma and Relationship Satisfaction in Partnered Female Service Members/Veterans.

Little is known about the association of military sexual trauma (MST) and relationship satisfaction among partnered female service members/veterans (SM/Vs). Extant civilian literature shows a strong association between sexual trauma and poorer relationship outcomes, and theory suggests that sexual function and satisfaction may mediate this association. Given that as many as 40% of female SM/Vs report MST and roughly half of female veterans are partnered and in their peak sexual years, it is critical to understand the association of MST, relationship satisfaction, sexual function, and sexual satisfaction in this population. Female SM/Vs (N = 817) completed a demographic inventory, self-report measures of MST, relationship satisfaction, sexual function, and sexual satisfaction. One hundred fifty-one (18.48%) participants did not experience MST. Three hundred eighty-eight (47.49%) reported that they experienced harassment-only MST, and 278 (34.03%) reported assault MST. At the bivariate level, lower relationship satisfaction was associated with lower sexual function and satisfaction with large effect sizes. Assault MST was associated with lower relationship satisfaction and sexual function and satisfaction with small-to-medium effect sizes. No differences in relationship satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, and function between those with harassment-only and no MST were observed. Mediation analyses demonstrated that lower sexual function and satisfaction mediated the association of assault MST and relationship satisfaction. Couples' therapy offered to SM/Vs with MST should screen for type of MST, sexual function, and satisfaction. Addressing the sequelae of MST and increasing sexual function and satisfaction in these partnerships may be critical treatment targets.
Contrasting Spring and Summer Large-Scale Environments Associated with Mesoscale Convective Systems over the U.S. Great Plains

AbstractMesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are frequently observed over the U.S. Great Plains during boreal spring and summer. Here, four types of synoptically favorable environments for spring MC...
Roughness Spacing in Rigid Open Channels

Experiments were conducted in 8 ft wide by 72 ft long adjustable-slope flume; roughness elements consisting of sheet metal baffles were placed on bed of flume at various longitudinal and transverse spacings; data are analyzed in terms of von Karman-Prandtl concepts of turbulent flow near rough boundary; logarithmic flow formulas are developed in which roughness factor is related to size and spacing characteristics of roughness elements.
Low-Cycle Fatigue Testing of Tubular Material Using Non-Standard Specimens

Coiled tubing life prediction models are based on the use of standard low-cycle fatigue data However, coiled tubing dimensions and the ultra-low-cycle life regime of interest, combine to complicate "standard" experimentalmethodology. This paper describes coupon design and testing procedures that alleviate the difficulties inherent to strain-controlled low-cycle fatigue testing of tubular material Data sets are presented and compared to existing sets generated using smaller specimens. It is shown that the refined approach facilitates the generation of data in the ultra-low-cycle coiled tubing operating regime. The difference between the morphologies of the outer and inner surfaces of the specimens, as manufactured by standard tube rolling techniques, proved to be influential, but could not fully explain the comprehensive tendency for cracks to initiate at the inner surface. The inherently lower fatigue resistance of the inner surface indicates the theoretical existence of a "threshold defect severity" which must be exceeded on the outer surface before it would affect the fatigue life of the tubing.
Emerging transportation technologies and implications for traffic-related emissions, air pollution exposure, and health

Abstract The transportation sector is experiencing a paradigm shift. Three emerging technologies—connected and autonomous vehicles, on-demand mobility services, and zero-emission vehicles are changing the way people and goods are moved. In this chapter, potential benefits and unintended consequences due to the adoption of these technologies are analyzed from emissions, exposure, and health standpoints. The impacts of these technologies are classified according to their level of immediacy to emissions-related health concerns. From the most immediate to the least, the impacts are changes in exposure time, vehicle and fuel technologies, short-term travel activity, and long-term travel behavior. In addition, the likelihood, directionality, and level of impacts of the three technologies are qualitatively assessed based on evidence in the existing literature. Finally, implementation considerations specific to each of the three technologies for lowering emissions and consequent health impacts are discussed.
Development of U-Health Care Systems Using Big Data

The high mortality rate associated with cardiovascular disease requires the establishment of a personalized and ubiquitous health monitoring system. With recent advances in wireless sensor network technology, this study provides real-time data collection. Electroencephalography (EEG) is widely used for the evaluation of drowsiness, but it is not practical for careful aerial surveillance due to discomfort caused by the number of electrodes that touch the scalp. In this paper, we proposed a hearing aid-type smart sensor device connected wirelessly to a smartphone for the transmission and display of physiological data. Health care is one of the main concerns of modern people and the demand for health care systems naturally increases. We also built a big data system in this project. Building big data systems has been found to be more efficient than existing systems. This study proposes an algorithm to detect driver drowsiness through analysis of heart rate variability and compares it with EEG-based sleep scores to verify the proposed method. The ECG sensor provides various detection methods to detect RR interval data from ECG data and only transmit abnormal data. The proposed method can reduce the transmission cost and energy consumption of the sensor. We also experimentally demonstrate the energy efficiency of our method. Monitoring results using the new android app and comprehensive dysfunction experiments have been shown to improve classification accuracy.
Species-specific communication bars interspecific mating between syntopic species of Zwicknia stoneflies (Plecoptera: Capniidae)

Most Northern Hemisphere stoneflies have species-specific mating signals that are generally thought to constitute a barrier against interspecific mating. We tested this hypothesis in two species of the genus Zwicknia that have only very recently been recognised as distinct species, and that were found to occur together in a stream in Lower Saxony, Germany. Analyses of molecular markers COI and 28S in combination with wing length (distinguishing males of both species) and mating signals revealed no instance of hybridisation among 23 studied specimens. In addition, eleven further males identified on the basis of morphology alone all produced the expected species-specific signal. Females and males of both species were presented with played back conspecific and heterospecific signals and duetting sequences, and responded only to conspecific stimuli. This lends support to the hypothesis that the intersexual communication system functions as an important pre-mating barrier against gene flow, although post-mating isolation cannot be excluded. Interspecific mating did occur when a mixed pair was confined together in a small container. Males of both species were found to call in response to played back duetting sequences with stereotypic latencies that are clearly longer than the latencies in male-female duets. We interpret this as an indication of eavesdropping behaviour coupled with attempts to take over the perceived duet. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 113, 969–980.
Flow and Regime Dependent Mesoscale Predictability

Abstract : The ultimate goals of the proposed work are to estimate the predictability of mesoscale features embedded within different synoptic-scale flow regimes and to identify key physical processes that control the limit of predictability at the mesoscale through explicit simulations of idealized moist baroclinic waves and case studies of high-impact weather events.
Abstract 30: High Intra-Individual Variation in Urinary Sodium Excretion in Teenage Girls on a Fixed Sodium Intake

Introduction: According to traditional understanding of sodium homeostasis, nearly 100% of daily sodium (Na) intake is excreted in urine, with intra-individual variability attributed to variability...
Maternal Neglect: Oxytocin, Dopamine and the Neurobiology of Attachment

Maternal neglect, including physical and emotional neglect, is a pervasive public health challenge with serious long-term effects on child health and development. I provide an overview of the neurobiological basis of maternal caregiving, aiming to better understand how to prevent and respond to maternal neglect. Drawing from both animal and human studies, key biological systems are identified that contribute to maternal caregiving behaviour, focusing on the oxytocinergic and dopaminergic systems. Mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine pathways contribute to the processing of infant-related sensory cues leading to a behavioural response. Oxytocin may activate the dopaminergic reward pathways in response to social cues. Human neuroimaging studies are summarised that demonstrate parallels between animal and human maternal caregiving responses in the brain. By comparing different patterns of human adult attachment, we gain a clearer understanding of how differences in maternal brain and endocrine responses may contribute to maternal neglect. For example, in insecure/dismissing attachment, which may be associated with emotional neglect, we see reduced activation of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine reward system in response to infant face cues, as well as decreased peripheral oxytocin response to mother-infant contact. We are currently testing whether the administration of intranasal oxytocin, as part of a randomised placebo controlled trial, may reverse some of these neurological differences, and potentially augment psychosocial and behavioural interventions for maternal neglect.
Images of Inhumanism

The Selected Poetry of Robinson Jeffers . Tim Hunt, Ed. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 2001. 774 pp. $75. ISBN 0-8047-3890-4. Paper, $24.95. ISBN 0-8047-4108-5. This new collection samples both the lengthy story-poems that supported Jeffers9s national reputation between the world wars and the short lyric poems on nature that gained him a posthumous following among environmentalists. Our reviewer concludes that these shorter works establish Jeffers as the preeminent American poet of nature, ecology, and science.
Γ-Rays from 3C273: scaling the Orion cloud complex

The Orion cloud complex in the Milky Way is a source ofγ-rays attributable to cosmic-ray interactions with ambient thermal gas. Quantities upon which theγ-ray flux depends can be scaled to the QSO 3C273. This result supports the hypothesis that at least some of theγ-rays from this object and other QSOs may also be attributed to a similarpp-interaction scenario.
Usage of the Open Science Grid

Over the last year, the Open Science Grid usage has seen a substantial increase in CPU usage; from June 2008 to January 2009, the usage went from approximately 6 million wall hours to 14 million wall hours. This increase has come from ramp-up of the WLCG experiments and increased interest from FNAL Run-II experiments. We present the current usage patterns and analyze how increased HEP usage has affected non-HEP usage of the grid. We present various means of measuring the “size” of the Open Science Grid and determining the grid-accessible portion of clusters, and discuss difficulties of performing quantitative measurements in a distributed collaborative environment. Finally, we look forward to future challenges presented by continued growth of the grid, especially with regards to upcoming LHC collisions.
Delivering Bad News: Conversations with My Surgeon

No one wants to deliver bad news. From complications to intraoperative death, strategies to help patient, family, and surgeon are addressed.
Mechanistic principles of antisense targets for the treatment of Spinal Muscular Atrophy

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a major neurodegenerative disorder of children and infants. SMA is primarily caused by low levels of SMN protein owing to deletions or mutations of the SMN1 gene. SMN2, a nearly identical copy of SMN1, fails to compensate for the loss of the production of the functional SMN protein due to predominant skipping of exon 7. Several compounds, including antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) that elevate SMN protein from SMN2 hold the promise for treatment. An ASO-based drug currently under Phase III clinical trial employs intronic splicing silencer N1 (ISS-N1) as its target. Cumulative studies on ISS-N1 reveal a wealth of information with significance to the overall therapeutic development for SMA. Here, the authors summarize the mechanistic principles behind various antisense targets currently available for SMA therapy.
Alloxan is an inhibitor of O-GlcNAc-selective N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase

We have previously shown that streptozotocin (STZ) inhibits O-GlcNAc-selective N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase (O-GlcNAcase), the enzyme that removes O-GlcNAc from proteins. In light of this observation, we explored the possibility that the diabetogenic toxin alloxan, an O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) inhibitor, might also inhibit O-GlcNAcase. Alloxan inhibited islet O-GlcNAcase with a dose-response much like that of STZ. Similar to STZ, islet O-GlcNAcase was more susceptible to alloxan inhibition than was brain O-GlcNAcase. Alloxan directly inhibited recombinant O-GlcNAcase activity with a dose-response very similar to that of STZ. Subsequent LC/MS/MS analysis revealed that alloxan modified the tryptic digest pattern of the enzyme. One tryptic peptide LGCFEIAK(894-901) was modified by alloxan. Two other tryptic peptides, LDQVSQFGCR(158-167) and SFALLFDDIDHNMCAADK(168-185), both N-terminal active site peptides, were absent after alloxan treatment. Together, these data demonstrate that alloxan is an inhibitor of O-GlcNAc-selective N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase, with inhibition corresponding to an altered tryptic digest pattern of N-terminal active site peptides.
Effect of trends on correlation in open and closed three-component systems

It is well known among geologists that closure of an open-number system, as when stratigraphic rock thicknesses are converted to percentages, introduces correlations among the components even in the absence of correlations in the open system. In closed three-component systems the covariances are single-valued functions of the closed variances and are exactly predictable. If the open system has “inherent” correlation (point correlations) among its components the corresponding closed covariances reflect their presence in a predictable manner. If areal trends are present in the open system, the open covariances are themselves affected, but this “trend effect” can be completely removed to recover the initial point correlations among the components. Areal trends in open systems strongly influence the structure of the closed variance-covariance matrices, and the situation becomes increasingly complicated if the open system has both point correlations and areal trends. The paper considers the problems involved, and includes Monte Carlo runs to compare computed and predicted variances and covariances as data sets are followed from open systems with correlation but no trend to the closed equivalent of open systems with point correlations and trends.
Factors affecting limiting current in solid oxide fuel cells or debunking the myth of anode diffusion polarization

Limiting current densities for solid oxide fuel cells were measured using both button cells and a flow-through cell. The cell anodes were supplied with mixtures of humidified hydrogen and various inert gasses. It was demonstrated that the true limiting current in flow-through cells is reached when either: the hydrogen is nearly or completely depleted at the anode-electrolyte interface near the outlet; or when the concentration of steam at that interface becomes high enough to interfere with adsorption or transport of the remaining hydrogen near the triple-phase boundaries. Choice of inert gas had no effect on limiting currents in the flow-through tests, indicating that diffusion within the porous anode had no significant effect on cell performance at high currents. In the button cells, the apparent limiting currents were significantly changed by the choice of inert gas, indicating that they were determined by diffusion through the bulk gas within the support tube. It was concluded that the apparent limiting currents measured in button cells are influenced more by parameters of the experimental setup, such as the proximity of the fuel tube outlet, than by the physical properties of the anode.
Measuring Advisor Relationship Perceptions Among First-Year Students at a Small Midwestern University

In this article, I report on the development and validation of a new survey instrument measuring first-year students' perceptions of the advising relationship. I collected survey data from 113 resi...
Does influenza vaccination exacerbate asthma

A few anecdotal reports have described serious asthma exacerbations following influenza vaccination. However, a causal relationship has not been clearly established since the vaccine is administered at the time of year when the background incidence of asthma exacerbation is high. Some reports describing minor pulmonary function changes or increased bronchial reactivity in patients with asthma receiving influenza vaccination did not include placebo controls and the results as they are reported are difficult to interpret. Results from several placebocontrolled studies, open trials, and US and European postmarketing surveillance data have shown no evidence of asthma exacerbation related to killed influenza vaccination, although 1 recent placebo-controlled study demonstrated a decrease in peak flow in a small number of first-time vaccinees without clinical exacerbation of asthma. A recent report demonstrated that a group of children with acute asthma exacerbation tolerated influenza vaccination to the same degree as patients with stable asthma. Thus, a plethora of evidence indicates that killed-sub-unit influenza vaccination is well tolerated and does not exacerbate asthma to a clinically significant degree. Limited experience with live influenza vaccine also suggests that it may be safely given to patients with asthma. Although vaccine efficacy has not been unequivocally demonstrated in patients with asthma, the potential benefits from prevention of morbidity associated with influenza infection in these patients outweighs the theoretical concerns over the safety of influenza vaccination.
Human chromosome-specific DNA libraries: use of an oligodeoxynucleotide probe to detect non-recombinants.

Abstract The frequencies of non-recombinants are directly determined in 21 human DNA libraries prepared from flow-purified chromosomes. A radiolabeled 18-base oligodeoxynucleotide, whose sequence spans the cloning site, stably hybridizes to non-recombinants. When the cloning site is interrupted by an insert, less stable hybridization occurs. Non-recombinant frequencies range from 1–34% with the frequency of false-positives being less than 1 %. Libraries are being prepared for each human chromosome as part of the National Laboratory Gene Library Project and the specifications of seven new libraries are presented.
Perturbation guidance for minimum time flight paths of spacecraft.

The problem of transferring a rocket vehicle from a given circular orbit to a larger coplanar circular orbit in minimum time, using a constant low-thrust rocket engine, is considered. Parameters are chosen to correspond to a transfer from the earth's orbit in heliocentric space to the orbit of Mars. A path satisfying the first order necessary conditions of variational calculus is shown to be locally minimizing by application of a set of second order conditions. A physical explanation is offered to justify the retrothrust period occurring during the flight. A neighboring optimum feedback control law, based on estimated time-to-go, is applied to this problem. State variable and terminal constraint feedback gains are calculated while one of the second order conditions, involving the backward integration of a matrix Riccati equation, is being tested.
Luna 9 pictures - Implications.

Evidence from Luna 9 does not preclude the possibility that the moon may have a surface made up largely of very fine rock particles. The degree to which they attach to each other and the resulting firmness of the ground cannot yet be closely estimated.
Mass sectrometric study of methylene cross‐linked derivatives of adenine and adenosine

Mass spectra of model methylene cross-linked bases and nucleosides have been studied to provide a more complete understanding of their electron ionization mass spectra for characterization of chemically modified products isolated from RNA or DNA. Four adenine and four adenosine derivatives were prepared having (CH2)n cross links between N6 groups where n = 1−4. Principal fragmentation processes are associated with homolytic cleavage of the methylene chain, often with olefin ion formation by a process associated with the presence of both bases. The fragment ions formed provide a clear means of differentiating base-base linkages from base-sugar or sugar-sugar linkages.
ExbB Cytoplasmic Loop Deletions Cause Immediate, Proton Motive Force-Independent Growth Arrest

ABSTRACT The Escherichia coli TonB system consists of the cytoplasmic membrane proteins TonB, ExbB, and ExbD and multiple outer membrane active transporters for diverse iron siderophores and vitamin B12. The cytoplasmic membrane proteins harvest and transmit the proton motive force (PMF) to outer membrane transporters. This system, which spans the cell envelope, has only one component with a significant cytoplasmic presence, ExbB. Characterization of sequential 10-residue deletions in the ExbB cytoplasmic loop (residues 40 to 129; referred to as Δ10 proteins) revealed that it was required for all TonB-dependent activities, including interaction between the periplasmic domains of TonB and ExbD. Expression of eight out of nine of the Δ10 proteins at chromosomal levels led to immediate, but reversible, growth arrest. Arrest was not due to collapse of the PMF and did not require the presence of ExbD or TonB. All Δ10 proteins that caused growth arrest were dominant for that phenotype. However, several were not dominant for iron transport, indicating that growth arrest was an intrinsic property of the Δ10 variants, whether or not they could associate with wild-type ExbB proteins. The lack of dominance in iron transport also ruled out trivial explanations for growth arrest, such as high-level induction. Taken together, the data suggest that growth arrest reflected a changed interaction between the ExbB cytoplasmic loop and one or more unknown growth-regulatory proteins. Consistent with that, a large proportion of the ExbB cytoplasmic loop between transmembrane domain 1 (TMD1) and TMD2 is predicted to be disordered, suggesting the need for interaction with one or more cytoplasmic proteins to induce a final structure.
ACTIVITY OF MARGINAL AND PLATE MERISTEMS DURING LEAF DEVELOPMENT OF XANTHIUM PENNSYLVANICUM

A B S T R A C T The mitotic and biosynthetic activities of the marginal and plate meristems were studied during the entire course of leaf development of Xanthium pennsylvanicum. In contrast to statements in the literature, marginal meristem activity is long in duration, as assayed by the mitotic counts and H3-thymidine incorporation. This me istem is active 23 days. The plate meristem is active for an additional 3 days after cessation of cell division in the marginal meristem, but the total duration of its mitotic activity is also approximately 23 days. Numerous periclinal cell divisions of the plate meristem form additional cell layers and contribute to the growth of the lamina in thickness. Incorporation of H3-thymidine increased during the course of leaf development. Cells between plastochronic ages 0 and 2.0 incorporated more of the radioisotopic precursor than those of younger leaf primordia. The uptake and incorporation of H3-thymidine into nuclear DNA was more sluggish during the early stages of development than in the more expanded leaves. No DNA synthesis was demonstrated after cessation of cell division in the leaf lamina. Metabolic or endomitotic DNA synthesis after leaf plastochron index (LPI) 3.0 seems improbable. No significant differences in the incorporation of H3-thymidine could be demonstrated between the marginal and plate meristems. This would indicate no distinct biosynthetic differences between the two meristems. The definitions of the marginal and plate meristems of Xanthium leaves were formulated in view of the above findings. Two MERISTEMS are active in the formation of the lamina during the early stages of leaf development. The marginal meristem, represented by a group of meristematic cells located on two flank sides of a young leaf primordium, is active in establishing usually five or six basic layers of the lamina (Esau, 1965). The plate meristem (Schiiepp, 1966), by its numerous anticlinal cell divisions, contributes to the extension of the leaf blade, in which the number of originally established cell layers remains unchanged for a considerable length of time. The flat blade of the leaf is a result of the activity of the plate meristem. Little information is available concerning the temporal aspects of the mitotic and biosynthetic activities of the marginal and plate meristems as related to the various stages of leaf development.
Behavioral Objectives for Psychological Consultation in the School as Evaluated by Teachers and School Psychologists.

A set of behavioral objectives was developed for the consultant role of the school psychologist, based on Meyers' consultation model. A Likert-type questionnaire was developed to assess the degree to which teachers and school psychologists agreed upon the desirability and the actual accomplishment of these objectives. Based on a sample of 120 teachers and 83 school psychologists, it was found that both groups perceived a difference between the “desired” role and the role that school psychologists actually fulfill. However, there were also significant differences between teachers' and school psychologists' rating of the “actual” role, the school psychologists' rating agreeing more with the consultation model. Examination of individual items showed greater acceptance of objectives relating to Meyers' level of indirect service to the child, and less acceptance of Meyers' levels of direct service to the teacher and service to the school system.
Age-related changes in nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: influence of chronological versus functional age.

Purpose.This study evaluated age-related changes in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel) in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Methods. Forty patients received nab-paclitaxel (100 mg/m 2 weekly for 3 weeks followed by a 1-week break) as first- or second-line chemotherapy. Blood samples were collected for analysis, and response was assessed every two cycles. Planned statistical analyses included linear regression to examine the relationship between age and pharmacokinetic variables (ln clearance[CL]andlnareaunderthecurve[AUC])andtwo-sided two-sample t tests to evaluate age differences in pharmacodynamic variables. The association between chemotherapy toxicityriskscoresandpharmacokineticandpharmacodynamic variables including grade $3 toxicity were examined post hoc. Results. Of 40 patients enrolled, 39 (98%) were evaluable (mean age: 60 years; range: 30–81 years). A partial response was achieved in 31%, and 38% had stable disease.There was a borderline positive association between age and 24-hour ln AUC(slope50.011;SE50.006;p5.055).Grade3toxicitywas
Control of Tea Scale on Container-Grown Camellias with Granular Systemic Insecticides

Granular systemic insecticides were tested for effectiveness In controlling Fiorinia theae Green on container-grown Camellias under greenhouse conditions. Heavily infested Plants were treated once each spring at rates equivalent to 8-64 pounds AI per acre per six-inch depth. Outstanding Control was obtained with aldicarb and DS-15647 (3.3-dimethyl-1-methylthio-2-butanone O -(methylcarbamoyl)oxime). Excellent control also was provided by dimethoate and carbofuran at high rates. Phorate provided effective control only at the highest rate tested. Disulfoton was ineffective. Increased insecticidal effectiveness was Obtained when treatments were applied during periods of Active plant growth. Visual evaluation of the colonization of new foliage by tea scale was found to be satisfactory for preliminary screening of candidate insecticides.
Influence of polarization fluctuations on the electronic structure of molecular solids

Abstract Fluctuations in the intermolecular polarization energies of charge states in molecular solids can lead to broad (Δ E ≈ 0.5 eV) distributions of localized states, especially in polymers. Such fluctuations are caused by defects (e.g. surfaces) and thermal vibrations in molecular crystals and also by variations in the local structure in polymers. The resulting energy distributions yield natural interpretations of such diverse observations on the broadening of the photoemission spectra of molecular solids and the contact charge exchange spectra of polymers.