cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Histophysiology of digestion and observations on the structure of the alimentary canal in the ectosymbiont Chaetogaster limnaei limnaei Baer, 1827 (Annelida: Oligochaeta)

The naidid oligochaete Chaetogaster limnaei limnaei has an alimentary canal consisting of a mouth, pharynx with a dorsal pharyngeal pad, esophagus, stomach, anterior and posterior intestine, and anus. The diet is omnivorous but limited by particle size. Unattached food organisms are sucked into the pharynx while sessile organisms are plucked from the substratum. Granules of acid mucosubstances that stain purple with neutral red are secreted into the stomach lumen after food enters, rapidly increasing the acidity from pH 3 to 1.5. Acid induced lysis of the organisms initiates autolysis before the food is passed into the alkaline, pH 7 to 8, anterior intestine. Ciliated intestinal cells showed arylamidase, acid phosphatase and C-esterase active granules indicating primary lysosomes with secondary lysosomes being recognized in electron micrographs suggesting intracellular digestion. Arylamidase and alkaline phosphatase activity appears in the intestinal margins during the alkaline phase of digestion. Scattered, pyramidal cells found only in the anterior intestine contain yellow refractile spheres. The spheres stain alcian blue pH 2.5 and bromophenol blue positive and exhibit a strong acid phosphatase activity all the time with A-esterase active granules surrounding them. Glycogen and lipids are stored mainly in the chlorogague cells. Many of the yellow refractile granules in the stomach and intestinal cells are bacteria.
A new approach to dominant lethal testing

Abstract Male weanling rats were given triethylenemelamine (TEM) at 0.025, 0.050, or 0.075 mg/kg and male adult rats were given TEM at 0.050 mg/kg, all by gavage 5 days/week for 10 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, the animals were immediately cohoused with two females each during Week 1 and with two other females during Week 2. The females were sacrificed 14 days from the midweek of cohousing, and the numbers of corpora lutea and live and dead implantations were counted. Statistical analyses of the number of dead implantations per pregnant female and of the number of females with one or more dead implantations or with two or more dead implantations indicated significant increases in all indexes for the adults and a more variable response on the part of the weanlings. The results from this study indicate that there is no loss of pertinent information by employing this approach except that of stage sensitivity. It reduces the amount of data usually required and assesses the more significant dominant lethal effect, that of postimplantation loss.
Precise Subcellular Input Retinotopy and Its Computational Consequences in an Identified Visual Interneuron

The Lobula Giant Movement Detector (LGMD) is a higher-order visual interneuron of Orthopteran insects that responds preferentially to objects approaching on a collision course. It receives excitatory input from an entire visual hemifield that anatomical evidence suggests is retinotopic. We show that this excitatory projection activates calcium-permeable nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. In vivo calcium imaging reveals that the excitatory projection preserves retinotopy down to the level of a single ommatidium. Examining the impact of retinotopy on the LGMD's computational properties, we show that sublinear synaptic summation can explain orientation preference in this cell. Exploring retinotopy's impact on directional selectivity leads us to infer that the excitatory input to the LGMD is intrinsically directionally selective. Our results show that precise retinotopy has implications for the dendritic integration of visual information in a single neuron.
Organization and postnatal development of callosal connections in the visual cortex of the rat.

The distribution of callosal cells and terminals was studied in the posterior neocortex of pups whose ages ranged from 3 to 16 days and in adult rats 2 months of age or older. Callosal cells and terminations were revealed using retrograde (horseradish peroxidase) and anterograde (horseradish peroxidase; tritiated proline) tracing techniques, respectively, and the distribution of callosal connections was analyzed in tangential or coronal histological sections. In agreement with previous studies, we observed that the pattern of callosal connections in areas 17 and 18 of adult rats contains the following features: (1) a dense band of callosal cells and terminations separating the interiors of areas 17 and 18a, (2) a ringlike configuration anterolateral to area 17, (3) a region of dense labeling lateral to area 18a, (4) several narrow bands of labeling that bridge area 18a at different anteroposterior levels, and (5) one or more labeled regions in area 18b. In all these callosal regions, labeled cells and terminations are densely aggregated in layers II-III, Va, and Vc-VIa, and less densely in layer IV and the remaining portions of layers V and VI. High densities of isotope-labeled fibers are also observed in the lower half of layer I. Throughout the interiors of areas 17 and 18a, a significant number of labeled cells are observed in layers Vc-VIa. In contrast to adult rats, in neonates no distinct tangential pattern of callosal connections is apparent. Instead, labeled cells are densely aggregated in two continuous horizontal bands located in cortical layers Va and Vc-VIa, and callosal axons are largely restricted to white matter. During the first 2 postnatal weeks there is a progressive loss of callosal cells in regions that normally have few callosal cells in the adult (e.g., interiors of areas 17 and 18a) and an increase in the number of cells in layers II-IV in regions that are densely callosal in the adult (e.g., callosal regions at the 17/18a border, lateral border of area 18a, and in area 18b). The decrease in the number of callosal cells in the interiors of areas 17 and 18a is more severe in the upper than in the lower band of the immature labeling pattern, and our data from tangential sections indicate that this loss of callosal neurons occurs synchronously across the interiors of these areas. During this period there is also a localized invasion of labeled callosal axons into those regions of gray matter where they will be found in adult life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Proton Induced Radioactivities III. Zinc and Selenium Targets

Zinc bombarded with 6.5-Mev protons shows activities of half-lives 18.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 min., 72\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4 min., 9.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 hr., and 84.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.0 hr., corresponding to the known periods of ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{70}$, ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{68}$, ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{66}$, and ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{67}$, respectively. In addition, a new period of 48\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2-min. half-life is observed and assigned to ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{64}$. Thick target excitation curves are given for ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{64}$, ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{68}$, and ${\mathrm{Ga}.}^{70}$. Selenium bombarded with 6.3-Mev protons shows activities of half-lives 6.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 min., 17.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 min., 4.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 hr., and 33\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 hr., corresponding to the known periods of ${\mathrm{Br}}^{78}$, ${\mathrm{Br}}^{80}$ (2) and ${\mathrm{Br}}^{82}$, respectively. The previously observed discrepancy between the thresholds for the two ${\mathrm{Br}}^{80}$ activities and their maximum $\ensuremath{\beta}$-ray energies has been confirmed. Thick and thin targets excitation curves were obtained. The cross section for the production of the ${\mathrm{Br}}^{80}$ isomers by the ${\mathrm{Se}}^{80}$ ($p\ensuremath{-}n$) reaction are 0.82 and 0.22\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}25}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for the short and long periods, respectively, at a proton energy of 6.3 Mev. The ratio of these two cross sections rises from 3.6 at 6.3 Mev to over 200 at 3.2 Mev.
Grp1-associated scaffold protein (GRASP) is a regulator of the ADP ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6)-dependent membrane trafficking pathway

GRASP interacts with Grp1 (general receptor for phosphoinositides 1; cytohesin 3), which catalyses nucleotide exchange on and activation of Arf6 (ADP-ribosylation factor-6). Arf6 is a low-molecular-mass GTPase that regulates key aspects of endocytic recycling pathways. Overexpressed GRASP accumulated in the juxtanuclear ERC (endocytic recycling compartment). GRASP co-localized with a constitutively inactive mutant of Arf6 in the ERC such that it was reversed by expression of wild-type Grp1. Co-expression of GRASP and Grp1 promoted membrane ruffling, a cellular hallmark of Arf6 activation. GRASP accumulation in ERC was found to block recycling of the MHC-I (major histocompatibility complex-I), which is trafficked by the Arf6-dependent pathway. In contrast, overexpression of GRASP had no effect on the recycling of transferrin receptors, which are trafficked by a clathrin-dependent pathway. The findings suggest that GRASP regulates the non-clathrin/Arf6-dependent, plasma membrane recycling and signalling pathways.
Synthesis of pyrido[3′,2′:4,5] thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine derivatives†

Pyrido [3′,2′:4,5]thieno[3,2-d] pyrimidine and several of its derivatives have been synthesized.
Heterogeneity and intertemporal trade: finding support for international credit contracts

Abstract This paper examines the role heterogeneity plays in supporting intertemporal trades between countries when no legal contracts bind sovereign debtors. In a dynamic general equilibrium model, countries smooth consumption over time by choosing optimal investment and bond sales or purchases. Countries which follow efficient investment plans and borrow with the intention of repaying debts may nevertheless find default to be in their best interest. Credit ceilings which eliminate default eliminate some if not all intertemporal trades. Positive credit ceilings arise only when there is sufficient intertemporal heterogeneity to insure that a country's future includes foreign and domestic investment. (JEL F10, F30).
37.2: Gyricon Electric Paper

The requirements for practical electronic paper are discussed. It is shown that the Gyricon is a strong candidate for such electronic paper applications. The means for addressing Gyricon sheets using a stylus array and patterned conductive islands is discussed.
The Application of Single-Subject Research Designs to the Field of Learning Disabilities

This article discusses the acknowledged gap that exists between educational research and practice, specifically the limited relevance of the former for the latter. The author describes, illustrates, and advocates the multiple baseline, single-subject research method as an approach that produces applicable results. — G.M.S.Arguments are presented suggesting that single-subject research designs can form a basis for establishing a working relationship between researchers and clinicians. At the heart of the arguments is an emphasis on focusing activities at the level of the individual child. Issues regarding variability, generality, sampling, and the “believability” of multiple-baseline single-subject designs are discussed from the researcher's perspective. The potential benefits of such a relationship to the clinician as well as to the learning disabilities field in general are also explored.
An experimental note on defining frequency competition in intersegmental coordination dynamics.

ABSTRACT Synchronous coordination between two body segments departs from phase locking at 0 or π radians when the segments are asymmetrical. In models of coordination dynamics, this detuning is typically quantified by Δω = (ω1 – ω2), where ω1 and ω2 are the uncoupled frequencies of the two segments. An experiment is reported in which the magnitude of Δω ≠ 0 was satisfied by different ratios Ω of ω1 and ω2. The degree of detuning was found to vary systematically with Ω and Δω This result corroborates previous research using the complementary manipulation of varying Δω for a fixed Ω. A challenge for future dynamical modeling is identifying precisely how the detuning quantity incorporates both the absolute and relative differences in the uncoupled segmental frequencies.
Generation and characterization of chimeric recombinant AAV vectors

Although most animal experiments with recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have been based on AAV serotype 2, recent studies showed that AAV vectors based on AAV serotype 1 performed more efficiently in muscle and other tissues. On the other hand, AAV2-based vectors can be readily purified by heparin column. To combine the advantages of both types of vectors, we developed a strategy to generate chimeric vectors by using a mixture of AAV helper plasmids encoding both serotypes in the transfection process. Because the AAV packaging machinery cannot distinguish between closely related AAV1 and AAV2 capsid proteins, each packaged virion contains capsid proteins from both serotypes. As expected, the resulting chimeric vectors could be purified by heparin column. Neutralizing antibody assays showed that the chimeric vectors can be inhibited by either AAV1 or AAV2 antiserum. In vivo, the chimeric vectors direct levels of expression similar to those of AAV1 in muscle or AAV2 in liver; that is, they combine the best transduction characteristics of both parent vectors. In summary, this study provides a straightforward method for combining various properties of different AAV serotypes into one vector. Potential limitations of the chimeric vectors are also discussed.
Herpes zoster in seven disparate dermatomes (zoster multiplex): Report of a case and review of the literature

Noncontiguous multidermatomal herpes zoster is very rare in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons. Most of the reported cases have been limited to 2 noncontiguous dermatomes. This unique presentation has been referred to as zoster duplex unilateralis or bilateralis, depending on whether one or both halves of the body are involved. Granulomatous dermatitis at sites of herpes zoster scars, a rare isotopic response, has only been reported in persons with contiguous dermatomes of zoster. We describe an immunocompromised patient who developed herpes zoster in 7 disparate dermatomes. Three months after resolution of the zoster, the patient developed a granulomatous dermatitis in a zosteriform distribution at the sites of previous infection.
Note: A short-pulse high-intensity molecular beam valve based on a piezoelectric stack actuator

Solenoid and piezoelectric disk valves, which are widely used to generate molecular beam pulses, still suffer from significant restrictions, such as pulse durations typically >50 μs, low repetition rates, and limited gas flows and operational times. Much of this arises owing to the limited forces these actuators can achieve. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a new pulsed valve based on a high-force piezoelectric stack actuator. We show here that operation with pulse durations as low as 20 μs and repetition rates up to 100 Hz can be easily achieved by operating the valve in conjunction with a commercial fast high-voltage switch. We outline our design and demonstrate its performance with molecular beam characterization via velocity map ion imaging.
On the limitations of general circulation climate models

General Circulation Models (GCMs) by definition calculate large-scale dynamical and thermodynamical processes and their associated feedbacks from first principles. This aspect of GCMs is widely believed to give them an advantage in simulating global scale climate changes as compared to simpler models which do not calculate the large-scale processes from first principles. However, it is pointed out that the meridional transports of heat simulated GCMs used in climate change experiments differ from observational analyses and from other GCMs by as much as a factor of two. It is also demonstrated that GCM simulations of the large scale transports of heat are sensitive to the (uncertain) subgrid scale parameterizations. This leads to the question whether current GCMs are in fact superior to simpler models for simulating temperature changes associated with global scale climate change.
Primary Myxoma of the Temporal Bone in a 17-Year-Old Boy: Case Report

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Only two cases of primary intracranial myxomas have been described previously in the literature: one patient had a primary intracranial myxoma in the pituitary fossa, and the other patient's myxoma was located in the posterior fossa.
Fast magnetic resonance in vascular diseases of the abdomen.

Abstract Fast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging provides a consistent and predictable appearance of vascular abnormalities as shown by four patients with thrombi, dissection and aneurysm. Fast MR images are obtained during breathholding, resulting in an absence of respiratory motion artifacts. The time of MR study is much less with fast MR than with spin echo sequences.
Seeding rate and genotype effect on agronomic performance and end-use quality of winter wheat

Few experiments have studied how seeding rates affect agronomic performance and end-use quality of modern wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes in the Great Plains. Higher grain yield and better quality grain production requires the use of appropriate seeding rates. During the 1997 and 1998 crop seasons, 20 winter wheat genotypes and experimental lines were evaluated at two locations (four environments) to assess seeding rate and genotype effects on agronomic performance and end-use quality of wheat. Significant differences among environments, seeding rates, and genotypes, and some of their interactions were identified. Lower seeding rates decreased plant population (by 62.3%), grain yield (by 0.8 Mg ha -1 ), kernel weight (by 1.3 mg kernel -1 ), flour yield (by 0.8 g/100 g grain), mixing time (by 0.7 min), caused later flowering (by 2 d), and increased flour protein content (by 15 mg g -1 ) and mixing tolerance (1 unit). Environment X genotype interactions were significant for all the traits except plant population and mixing tolerance. On the basis of the four environments, the seeding rate x genotype interactions were nonsignificant for all traits except plant height. These results provide evidence that agronomic performance and end-use quality traits are greatly influenced by the environmental conditions and less so by seeding rates. Seeding rate affected plant population, days to flowering, plant height, grain yield, kernel weight, flour yield, flour protein, and mixing time and tolerance of wheat; therefore, seeding rate should be considered as a factor in obtaining higher grain yields with good end-use quality.
Achieving One Megawatt ERP in the UHF-TV Band

The alternatives are described for achieving one megawatt Effective Radiated Power in the UHF-TV band. The new 0-E 45 KW and 23 KW transmitters are described. The different high power antenna approaches are discussed. Steps towards converting existing 1 KW and 0-E 12 KW stations are explained in detail.
Ex Ante Evaluation of the Economic Impact of Agricultural Biotechnology: The Case of Porcine Somatotropin: Comment

In the November, 1989, issue of the AJAE, Lemieux and Wohlgenant (LW) estimate changes in consumer and producer surpluses brought about by the introduction of a new biotechnology, porcine somatotropin (pST). The authors maintained that one of the main contributions of their paper is "to show how experimental research can be used to quantify shifts in the market supply curve" (p. 903). While their methodology appears to be correct, the authors fail to fully appreciate the results and implications of the experimental research used in their analysis. It is argued that they overestimated the potential industry-wide average of pST-induced increases in production efficiency. This results in inflated estimates of both the reductions in marginal costs and the increases in producer surpluses. This paper will discuss these problems and conduct some sensitivity analyses on the relevant parameters.
Cytokinesis occurs at boundaries of domains delimited by nuclear-based microtubules in sporocytes of Conocephalum conicum (Bryophyta)

Studies of the microtubular cytoskeleton during sporogenesis in the hepatic Conocephalum conicum (Bryophyta) have revealed several unusual phenomena that contribute to understanding the cytokinetic apparatus in plant cell division. Although a typical phragmoplast forms in the interzonal microtubules of the first division spindle and expands to the cell periphery, no cell plate develops. There is no evidence of predetermined division sites and the orientation of both first and second meiotic spindles is imprecise. Simultaneous division of the cytoplasm follows second nuclear division. Equal apportionment of the cytoplasm appears to be a function of the establishment of cytoplasmic domains in the coenocyte, the boundaries of which are delimited by interaction of postmeiotic microtubule systems radiating from the four nuclei. Primary phragmoplasts are initiated in phragmoplasts that are initiated between nonsister nuclei. Depending upon the arrangement of nuclei in the nonpolar sporocyte, from one to three secondary phragmoplasts develop in the zones of contact between opposing sets of microtubules. Except for the site and time of initiation, the two types of phragmoplasts are identical. Eventually the phragmoplasts become confluent and cell plates form in all second division phragmoplasts. It is clear that typical functional phragmoplasts can form in sites determined by interaction of postmeiotic microtubule systems as well as in interzonal spindles as is common in plant cell division.
A solid-phase extraction procedure for DNA purification

The preparation and use of particulate materials for the removal of proteins from nucleic acid samples by solid-phase extraction procedures are described. The solid-phase extraction procedure is analogous to the classical phenol extraction for DNA purification, with the exception that the phenol is replaced with insoluble particulate materials that are chemically similar to phenol and thus function in an analogous manner. These particulate materials have a very high affinity for proteins and a very low affinity for nucleic acids. With these materials, it is possible to remove large quantities of proteins (i.e., tens of milligrams) from minute quantities (submicrogram) of nucleic acid and quantitatively recover the latter in a biologically active state. Compared to other procedures that are currently used to purify nucleic acids, the protocols using these materials offer the advantages of speed, quantitative DNA recovery, safety, and convenience.
Behavioural compatibility, extrapair copulation and mate switching in a socially monogamous parrot

Extrapair sexual behaviour may facilitate mate switching in monogamous species by allowing individuals to appraise and acquire a different mate. An individual benefits from mate switching if the new mate enhances the switcher's reproductive success more than the current mate. Several factors, including mate compatibility, may influence whether another individual represents a better option than the current mate. In a large, communally housed, captive colony of cockatiels, Nymphicus hollandicus, we tested three related hypotheses. (1) Members of pairs that show low mate behavioural compatibility should be more likely to engage in extrapair sexual behaviour than members of pairs with high mate behavioural compatibility. (2) Individuals that pursue extrapair sexual behaviour should be members of pairs with a high likelihood of reproductive failure. (3) Individuals that engage in extrapair sexual behaviour should later pair with their extrapair partner. We operationally defined pairmate relationships as more compatible when they involved lower within-pair aggression, less distance between mates and greater within-pair allopreening responsiveness, behavioural synchrony and copulation frequency than the opposite pattern of behaviour. Pairs in which neither pair member engaged in extrapair sexual behaviour had significantly higher behavioural compatibility scores than pairs in which at least one member did so. Every individual that engaged in extrapair copulation subsequently re-paired with their extrapair partner. This extrapair copulation and subsequent mate switching effectively dissolved relationships that had poor reproductive prospects and established new, reproductively successful relationships. This result suggests that extrapair sexual behaviour facilitates mate switching in cockatiels, and that behavioural compatibility is important in mate retention and divorce.
Calcium dyshomeostasis and intracellular signalling in alzheimer's disease

Calcium modulates many neural processes, including synaptic plasticity and apoptosis. Dysregulation of intracellular calcium signalling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Increased intracellular calcium elicits the characteristic lesions of this disorder, including the accumulation of amyloid-β, the hyperphosphorylation of TAU and neuronal death. Conversely, neurodegeneration that is induced by amyloid-β or TAU is probably mediated by changes in calcium homeostasis. Disruption of calcium regulation in the endoplasmic reticulum mediates the most significant signal-transduction cascades that are associated with Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, mutations that cause familial Alzheimer's disease have been linked to intracellular calcium signalling pathways. Destabilization of calcium signalling seems to be central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, and targeting this process might be therapeutically beneficial.
Strategies for Effective Psychiatric Hospitalization of College and University Students.

ABSTRACT University and college counseling services face growing demands for services and self-reported increases in the level of presenting psychopathology, including need for psychiatric hospitalization. However, challenges in communication often occur between the systems of an inpatient psychiatric unit and an outpatient college and/or university counseling service. Concerns include students being sent back to the college or university with no communication, premature discharge, and lack of understanding by hospital staff of the college environment. The present article discusses critical components of developing effective collaborative relationships, protocols for assessing and transporting students, and ways to facilitate good aftercare.
Thermal Effects on a Cylindrical Hydrostatic Bearing with Central Fluid Supply

A numerical solution is presented for the problem of a circular, hydrostatic thrust bearing with central fluid supply, under the conditions of negligible rotational speed and isothermal boundaries. The conservation equations for energy, momentum, and mass are derived for the system, considering viscosity as a function of temperature, and solved by a relaxation method. The solution for the temperature, velocity, and pressure distribution within the bearing and the load-carrying capacity are obtained and compared with results from isothermal theory. It was found that the load-carrying capacity is affected considerably by changes in viscosity. For the particular fluid properties used in the numerical example, the load-carrying capacity predicted was 32% less than the value obtained by isothermal theory. The latter value was based on a viscosity corresponding to incoming fluid. If an average value of viscosity is used instead, then the discrepancy between the two values is decreased to about 10%. Contributed ...
Multiple myeloma: multiple ways to defeat erythropoiesis

Multiple myeloma (MM) accounts for 1% of all cancer deaths and often is first suspected in an otherwise asymptomatic patient with anemia. About two-thirds of patients with newly diagnosed MM are anemic, and nearly all will eventually develop anemia during the course of their disease. The cause of
Exploiting Regularity in Systematic Sequences of Wavefunctions Which Approach the Full CI Limit

The ground state total energy and related 1-electron properties are computed for three small molecules (N2, H2O, and H2CN) using several systematic sequences of wavefunctions which approach the full CI. These sequences include multireference CI, averaged coupled pair functional and quasidegenerate variational perturbation theory wavefunctions. It is demonstrated that sufficient regularity exists in the sequence of variationally computed energies to permit extrapolation to the full CI limit using simple analytic expressions. It is furthermore demonstrated that a subset of the original list of configurations employed in the normal singles and doubles CI procedure can be selected using second order perturbation theory without adversely affecting the extrapolation to the full CI limit. This significantly broadens the range of applicability of the method. Along these lines, a scheme is proposed for the extrapolation of the selected CI results to the zero threshold (i.e. unselected) values in cases where the numbers of configurations associated with the latter would render the calculations intractable. Due to the vast reduction in the number of configurations which are handled variationally, the proposed scheme makes it possible to derive estimates of the full CI limit in cases where explicit full CI is either very difficult or currently impossible.
Opportunities and Challenges for Adolescent Health Under the Affordable Care Act

The purpose of this commentary is to highlight some of the key policy changes under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) that have the potential to improve health care services for adolescents as well as to draw attention to challenges that have yet to be addressed. This commentary stems from our prior policy research, which examined the extent to which the health care needs of adolescents were being considered in the early implementation phases of the ACA. This study was informed by a literature review and interviews with health care administrators, health policy researchers, and adolescent medicine specialists. The ACA has significantly expanded health insurance access; however, inequities in coverage and access remain. Primarily, the structure and financing of adolescent health care needs to be improved to better support the delivery of patient-centered, comprehensive care for this special population. Additionally, improvements in youths’ awareness of their benefits under the ACA as well as a greater appreciation of preventive visits are critical. Furthermore, an unanticipated consequence of the ACA is that it exacerbates the risk of confidentiality breaches through explanation of benefits and electronic health records, which can compromise adolescents’ access and utilization of health care services. Greater attention to improving and sustaining health promoting behaviors within the context of the ACA is critical for it to truly have a positive impact on adolescent health.
How good is the information theory bound in sorting

Abstract We define a sorting problem on an n element set S to be a family 〈 A 1 ,…, A r 〉 of disjoint subsets of the set of n ! linear orderings on S . Given an ordering ω ∈ ∪ j A j , we want to determine to which subset A j the ordering ω belongs by performing a sequence of comparisons between the elements of S . The classical sorting problem corresponds to the case where the subsets A j comprise the n ! singleton sets of orderings. If a sorting problem is defined by r nonempty subsets A j , then the information theory bound states that at least log 2 r comparisons are required to solve that problem in the worst case. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the accuracy of this bound. While we show that it is usually very weak, we are nevertheless able to define a large class of problems for which this bound is good. As an application, we show that if X and Y are n element sets of real numbers, then the n 2 element set X + Y can be sorted with O ( n 2 ) comparisons, improving upon the n 2 log 2 n bound established by Harper et al. The problem of sorting X + Y was posed by Berkelamp.
CD36 is important for chylomicron formation and secretion and may mediate cholesterol uptake in the proximal intestine.

Background & Aims: Studies are aimed to determine the role of CD36 in intestinal lipid absorption. Methods: Knock-out (KO) and wild-type (WT) lymph fistula mice were used to study fatty acids (FA) and cholesterol uptake, and chylomicron formation and secretion. Uptake of FA and cholesterol was studied by using sucrose polybehenate and fecal dual isotope methods, respectively. Results: The CD36 KO exhibited significant accumulation of dietary cholesterol in the intestinal lumen at the end of 6-hour lipid infusion and significant reduction of dietary cholesterol transport into the lymph. Fecal dual isotope studies, however, did not show any significant difference in cholesterol uptake, suggesting that given sufficient time, the KO intestine could compensate for the reduced cholesterol uptake observed in the acute lymph fistula studies. Recovery of dietary FA in the intestinal lumen was comparable between WT and KO, consistent with the sucrose polybehenate study. However, the KO mice accumulated more, albeit not significantly, dietary triacylglycerols in the intestine, followed by a significant reduction in lymphatic transport. The ratio of intestinal dietary triacylglycerols to FA was not higher in WT than KO, arguing against impaired lipid esterification. It is rather a deficiency in the formation and secretion of chylomicrons, as supported by the significantly less apolipoprotein B-48 and the smaller, albeit not significantly, lipoprotein particles secreted into the lymph of the KO. Conclusions: CD36 may play an important role in chylomicron formation and secretion and may also facilitate cholesterol uptake in the proximal intestine.
WE-E-W-608-01: DR QC Workshop

Quality control (QC) of digital radiographic systems requires qualitative and quantitative assessment to determine readiness for clinical image acquisition. Vendors of computed and direct radiography will demonstrate, in a “hands‐on” workshop, methods used for implementing QC testing, including a description of radiographic phantoms, testing procedures,analysis of phantom images, pass/fail criteria, and methods of documentation. Attendees will have an opportunity to see quality control procedures and analysis via direct demonstration on each vendor's QC workstation, and be able to interact with the vendor representative in small groups during the workshop. A technology review of each digital system including details of system specifications, unique imaging capabilities, and QC will be presented. Participants: Agfa, Eastman Kodak, Fujifilm, General Electric, IDC, Konica. Educational Objectives: 1. Learn about digital radiography equipment quality control procedures 2. Understand phantom designs and what the phantoms are testing 3. Determine acquisition parameters used for QC testing 4. Analyze sample data for “hands‐on” QC analysis 5. Discuss issues related to exposure index, image artifacts, and QC data tracking
Treating Allergic Rhinitis with Second‐Generation Antihistamines

Allergic rhinitis afflicts close to 40% of the nation's population and costs more than $1.8 billion a year. The toll exacted by this disorder has been greatly alleviated by nonsedating second-generation antihistamines loratadine, terfenadine, and astemizole. The three agents effectively reduce symptoms without the sometimes intolerable adverse effects of older drugs, but they are not completely equivalent. For example, terfenadine requires twice/day dosing, whereas the others can be given once/day. Astemizole has a slow onset and extremely prolonged duration of action. Both terfenadine and astemizole may have cardiotoxic effects (e.g., torsades de pointes) when serum concentrations rise due to overdosing or drug interactions. Cetirizine, a recently approved second-generation antihistamine, has sedative and anticholinergic effects, although to a lesser degree than the first-generation antihistamines.
Helicobacter pylori Induces Up-Regulation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in AGS Gastric Epithelial Cells

BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori infection increases the risk of gastric carcinogenesis. The aim of the present study was to determine whether H. pylori could up-regulate the expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a critical gene in the carcinogenic process. METHODS AGS gastric epithelial cells were infected with cag(+) toxigenic or cag(-) nontoxigenic strains of H. pylori or isogenic mutants. EGFR protein expression was determined by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. EGFR mRNA levels were evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The signaling pathways leading to EGFR up-regulation were examined using the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059, the Src inhibitor pp2, the nuclear factor- kappa B inhibitor caffeic acid phenethyl ester, EGFR neutralizing antibodies, and the EGFR kinase inhibitor AG1478. RESULTS Infection of AGS cells by H. pylori significantly increased EGFR mRNA and protein levels. We found that this effect was limited to cag(+) H. pylori strains and that mutants with a defective type IV secretion system were unable to cause EGFR up-regulation. Increased EGFR expression was found to be dependent on EGFR receptor transactivation, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and Src activation. CONCLUSION Infection of gastric epithelial cells by H. pylori triggers an autocrine loop whereby EGFR transactivation leads to the up-regulation of EGFR expression. This, in turn, may contribute to unrestrained epithelial cell proliferation and carcinogenesis.
Armlets and balanced multiwavelets: flipping filter construction

In the scalar-valued setting, it is well-known that the two-scale sequences {q/sub k/} of Daubechies orthogonal wavelets can be given explicitly by the two-scale sequences {p/sub k/} of their corresponding orthogonal scaling functions, such as q/sub k/=(-1)/sup k/p/sub 1-k/. However, due to the noncommutativity of matrix multiplication, there is little such development in the multiwavelet literature to express the two-scale matrix sequence {Q/sub k/} of an orthogonal multiwavelet in terms of the two-scale matrix sequence {P/sub k/} of its corresponding scaling function vector. This paper, in part, is devoted to this study for the setting of orthogonal multiwavelets of dimension r=2. In particular, the two lowpass filters are flipping filters, whereas the two highpass filters are linear phase. These results will be applied to constructing both a family of the most recently introduced notion of armlet of order n and a family of n-balanced orthogonal multiwavelets.
Applications of Flow Cytometry and Immunohistochemistry to Diagnostic Hematopathology

c Objective.—Diagnostic hematopathology depends on the applications of flow cytometric immunophenotyping and immunohistochemical immunophenotyping combined with the cytomorphology and histologic features of each case. Select cases may require additional ancillary cytogenetic and molecular studies for diagnosis. The purpose of this review is to focus on the applications of flow cytometric and immunohistochemical immunophenotyping of paraffin-embedded tissue to diagnostic hematopathology. Advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are examined. Data Sources.—The literature is extensively reviewed (PubMed 1985‐2003) with an emphasis on the most recent applications and those that are most useful clinically, both diagnostically and prognostically. Study Selection.—Studies were selected based on statistically significant results in large studies with reported adequate clinical follow-up. Data Extraction.—The methodology was reviewed in the selected studies to ensure reliable comparison of reported data. Data Synthesis.—Flow cytometric immunophenotyping offers the sensitive detection of antigens for which antibodies may not be available for paraffin immunohistochemical immunophenotyping. However, paraffin immunohistochemical immunophenotyping offers preservation of architecture and evaluation of expression of some proteins, which may not be available by flow cytometric immunophenotyping. These techniques should be used as complimentary tools in diagnostic hematopathology. Conclusions.—There are extensive applications of flow cytometric and immunohistochemical immunophenotyping to diagnostic hematopathology. As cytogenetic and molecular findings evolve in diagnostic hematopathology, there may be additional applications of flow cytometric and immunohistochemical immunophenotyping to this field of pathology. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2004;128:1004‐1022)
Recognition of Yeast mRNAs as “Nonsense Containing” Leads to Both Inhibition of mRNA Translation and mRNA Degradation: Implications for the Control of mRNA Decapping

A critical step in the degradation of many eukaryotic mRNAs is a decapping reaction that exposes the transcript to 59 to 39 exonucleolytic degradation. The dual role of the cap structure as a target of mRNA degradation and as the site of assembly of translation initiation factors has led to the hypothesis that the rate of decapping would be specified by the status of the cap binding complex. This model makes the prediction that signals that promote mRNA decapping should also alter translation. To test this hypothesis, we examined the decapping triggered by premature termination codons to determine whether there is a down-regulation of translation when mRNAs were recognized as “nonsense containing.” We constructed an mRNA containing a premature stop codon in which we could measure the levels of both the mRNA and the polypeptide encoded upstream of the premature stop codon. Using this system, we analyzed the effects of premature stop codons on the levels of protein being produced per mRNA. In addition, by using alterations either in cis or in trans that inactivate different steps in the recognition and degradation of nonsense-containing mRNAs, we demonstrated that the recognition of a nonsense codon led to a decrease in the translational efficiency of the mRNA. These observations argue that the signal from a premature termination codon impinges on the translation machinery and suggest that decapping is a consequence of the change in translational status of the mRNA.
Middle Cerebral Artery Function After Stroke The Threshold Duration of Reperfusion for Myogenic Activity

Background and Purpose— Myogenic activity of the cerebral arteries is an important contributor to autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Previous studies have demonstrated that increasing periods of ischemia diminished the amount of myogenic tone in cerebral arteries. In the present study, we investigated the effect of different periods of postischemic reperfusion on the myogenic behavior of middle cerebral arteries (MCAs). We measured both the amount of spontaneous myogenic tone that developed at 75 mm Hg and the contractile response to increased transmural pressure (TMP), ie, myogenic reactivity. Methods— The MCA occlusion model was used in male Wistar rats (n=45) to induce 30 minutes of temporary ischemia, followed by different periods of reperfusion (0 or sham; 30 minutes; and 6, 12, 18, 20, and 22 hours), confirmed by laser Doppler flowmetry. MCAs were studied in vitro using an arteriograph system that allowed control of TMP and measurement of lumen diameter. After equilibration for 1 hour at 75 mm H...
VITA: visual interaction tool for archaeology (demo)

VITA (Visual Interaction Tool for Archaeology) is an experimental collaborative mixed reality system for offsite visualization of an archaeological dig. Our demonstration of VITA allows multiple users to visualize the dig site in a mixed reality environment in which tracked, see-through, head-worn displays are combined with a multi-user, multi-touch, projected table surface, a large screen display, and tracked hand-held displays. VITA augments existing archaeological analysis methods with new ways to organize, visualize, and combine the standard 2D information available from an excavation (drawings, pictures, and notes) with textured, laser range-scanned 3D models of objects and the site itself. Users can combine speech, touch, and 3D hand gestures to interact multimodally with the environment.
Lmo mutants reveal a novel role for circadian pacemaker neurons in cocaine-induced behaviors.

Drosophila has been developed recently as a model system to investigate the molecular and neural mechanisms underlying responses to drugs of abuse. Genetic screens for mutants with altered drug-induced behaviors thus provide an unbiased approach to define novel molecules involved in the process. We identified mutations in the Drosophila LIM-only (LMO) gene, encoding a regulator of LIM-homeodomain proteins, in a genetic screen for mutants with altered cocaine sensitivity. Reduced Lmo function increases behavioral responses to cocaine, while Lmo overexpression causes the opposite effect, reduced cocaine responsiveness. Expression of Lmo in the principal Drosophila circadian pacemaker cells, the PDF-expressing ventral lateral neurons (LNvs), is sufficient to confer normal cocaine sensitivity. Consistent with a role for Lmo in LNv function, Lmo mutants also show defects in circadian rhythms of behavior. However, the role for LNvs in modulating cocaine responses is separable from their role as pacemaker neurons: ablation or functional silencing of the LNvs reduces cocaine sensitivity, while loss of the principal circadian neurotransmitter PDF has no effect. Together, these results reveal a novel role for Lmo in modulating acute cocaine sensitivity and circadian locomotor rhythmicity, and add to growing evidence that these behaviors are regulated by shared molecular mechanisms. The finding that the degree of cocaine responsiveness is controlled by the Drosophila pacemaker neurons provides a neuroanatomical basis for this overlap. We propose that Lmo controls the responsiveness of LNvs to cocaine, which in turn regulate the flies' behavioral sensitivity to the drug.
Selective neurotoxic damage to the hippocampal formation impairs performance of the transverse patterning and location memory tasks in rhesus macaques

Monkeys with neurotoxic (ibotenic acid) damage to the hippocampal formation and unoperated controls were trained on two sets of transverse patterning problems (A+/B-, B+/C-, C+/A-, and D+/E-, E+/F-, F+/D-) and a delayed nonmatching-to-location paradigm (DNML) with delays of 10s, 30s, 120s, and 600s. Hippocampal lesions produced a size- and area-dependent impairment on transverse patterning. Damage largely limited to the right hippocampus in one subject had no effect on performance on the task. Of the remaining four subjects, two with hippocampal damage greater than 40% bilaterally were unable to solve the two transverse patterning sets, but could solve the linear set of discriminations (A+/B-, B+/C-, C+/X-). The two remaining operated animals were impaired in acquisition of both sets, but were eventually able to solve one of the two transverse patterning discrimination sets. All five operated monkeys were impaired relative to normal controls on DNML, but not on the standard delayed nonmatching-to-sample (DNMS) version with trial-unique objects. The results confirm our previous findings (Alvarado et al., Hippocampus 12:421-433, 2002) using aspiration lesions of the hippocampal formation and strengthen the view that the hippocampal formation is critical for object and spatial relational memory.