cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Domain Knowledge in Creative Generation.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that a predominant tendency in creative generation tasks is to base new ideas on well-known, specific instances of previous ideas (e.g., basing ideas for imaginary aliens on dogs, cats or bears). However, a substantial minority of individuals has been shown to adopt more abstract approaches to the task and to develop more original products as a result. Because domain knowledge is sometimes thought to be associated with more abstract representations, it is possible that these individual differences are linked to how much people have learned about the domain in question. The present study explored the relationship between domain knowledge, the tendency to rely on specific domain instances and both the originality and practicality of outcomes in a task in which participants designed novel sports. In addition to designing novel sports, participants rated their own knowledge about and participation in sports, and they took a short test of sport knowledge. As in previous studies, there were individual differences in approaches to the task, and participants who relied on specific known sports (e.g., basketball) produced less original designs. Neither the measures of sport knowledge nor the measure of sport participation related to the tendency to rely on specific instances in developing the novel sports or to the originality of those creations. However, there were links between tested knowledge and the rated practicality of the designs.
THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF A FIXED-BED STEAM-OXYGEN COAL GASIFIER DISTURBED BY WATER INFLUX I. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Experimental studies to characterize the influence of water influx on steam-oxygen gasification of lignite have been performed using a fixed-bed reactor. Water was directly injected from the upstream side of combustion front and the time span of water injection ranged between 30 minutes and 270 minutes. The variations of product gas composition, heating value, and gas production rate following water and steam injections are presented. The experimental results generally show that compared to steam injection, water injection has a markedly different influence on the system outputs. The transient behavior of the product gas composition following water influx was much slower than for a steam feed rate change and was characterized by symmetrical variation in H2 and CO2 mole fractions. A similar trend was observed between the variations of the total gas production rate and the product gas heating value. The response of the gasification system to water influx can be categorized by three distinct types of transie...
Clarifying the Dispute over Academic–Industry Relationships

Howard Brody (2011) accuses those generally supportive of academic-industry relationships (“pharmapologists”) of impugning the notion of conflict of interest as they defend such relationships again...
Gray scale of diffuse reflectance for the 250-2500-nm wavelength range.

Preparation d'une echelle de gris de reflectance diffuse par frittage de divers melanges de noir de carbone et de resine de polytetrafluoroethylene
Geoid height‐age relation from SEASAT altimeter profiles across the Mendocino Fracture Zone

Twenty-eight Seasat altimeter profiles crossing the Mendocino Fracture Zone are used together with seafloor ages determined from magnetic lineations to estimate the change in oceanic geoid height with age, between ages of 15 and 135 m.y. An unbiased estimate of the overall geoid offset along each profile is determined from a least-squares fit of the along-track derivative of the geoid to the geoid slope predicted from a simple two-layer gravitational edge effect model. Uncertainties based upon the statistical properties of each profile are also determined. A geoid slope-age relation is constructed by normalizing the geoid offsets and uncertainties by the age offsets. The results are in agreement with geoid slope-age relations determined from symmetrically spreading ridges (Sandwell and Schubert, 1980). However, the fracture zone estimates have smaller uncertainties and show less scatter. A comparison of these results with the geoid slope-age prediction of the boundary layer cooling model shows that the thermal structure begins to deviate from this model at an early age (20-40 m.y.). A plate cooling model with a thickness of 125 km is most compatible with the geoid slope-age estimates, although significant deviations occur; these may indicate that the lithospheric thermal structure is not entirely age dependent.
Pyloroplasty improves long-term gastric emptying in rats undergoing fundoplication.

Abstract Background: Conflicting reports exist regarding the permanence of improved gastric emptying (GE) after fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux in children. Methods: Changes in gastric volume (GV) and GE of a radiolabeled mixed meal induced by a Nissen fundoplication (NF) were compared with those with a NF plus pyloroplasty (NF + P). GE was measured preoperatively, 15 and 30 days postoperation, in 24 Sprague-Dawley rats; 12 had NF alone, and 12 had NF + P. Results were expressed as percent gastric retention at 90 minutes (GR 90 ). GV was measured at the same time periods in 20 additional rats. Results: NF rats had enhanced GE with reduction of preoperative GR 90 from 37.6% to 23.7% at 15 days ( P 90 increased to 34.3%. NF + P rats had enhanced GE with reduction in GR 90 from 37.2% to 20.8% at 15 days ( P P Conclusion: In the rat model, NF enhances GE transiently, whereas NF + P produces long-term enhancement of GE. J Pediatr Surg 35:1087-1090. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Analytically Calculated Polarizability of Carbon Nanotubes: Single Wall, Coaxial, and Bundled Systems

We present a comprehensive theoretical study of the polarizability of nanotubes and nanotube bundles modeled as periodic systems. Both static and dynamic fields are considered via our recent implementation of analytical methods for polarizability. The dynamic polarizability results in this article are nanotubes' response to the time-dependent electric fields, in contrast to earlier studies that focused on only static fields. Results are obtained using both density functional and Hartree−Fock theories with a Gaussian basis set and periodic boundary conditions. In addition to elaborating on previous finite-field static polarizability calculations, we investigated how polarizability varies with the field frequency spanning a range of energies up to the band gap values, as well as how polarizabilities are affected by nanotube interactions. These findings have interesting implications for nanoelectronic applications and provide guidance for experimental studies of nanotubes' polarizability.
Treatment of myasthenia gravis with mycophenolate mofetil: a case report.

We report a patient with myasthenia gravis (MG) who had marked clinical benefit in response to treatment with mycophenolate mofetil as documented by serial quantitative measures of strength and muscle fatigue. Our patient had experienced either adverse side effects or a suboptimal response to the usual immunosuppressive agents used in MG. Mycophenolate mofetil was used in combination with cyclosporine and prednisone and allowed for significant reductions in dosage of these immunosuppressants. We conclude that mycophenolate mofetil deserves further study as a therapeutic agent in MG. In particular, its role as a steroid-sparing agent and as a drug to be used in combination immunotherapy in more severe or refractory cases of MG should be investigated.
Stimulation of Epstein‐Barr virus‐infected human B cell growth by physiological concentrations of 4‐hydroxynonenal

We had previously shown that cyclosporin A (CsA) directly promoted the immortalization of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected human B cells (EBV-B cells) via an oxidative stress mechanism. 4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE) is a reactive end-product of lipid peroxidation. We hypothesized that HNE may mediate a direct oxidative stress-promoting effect of CsA on EBV-B cells. HNE-protein adducts in CsA-treated EBV-B cell extracts were assayed immunochemically using a Slot-Blot method. Cell proliferation was assayed by [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation. EBV oncogene latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1) expression was assayed by using PE-conjugated anti-LMP1 antibody in flow cytometry. We found that CsA at 500 ng ml(-1) and 1000 ng ml(-1) significantly increased the level of HNE-protein adducts in EBV-B cells over the control (arbitrary units +/- SE) by 251.3 +/- 7.5 to 361.3 +/- 9.7 and 342.7 +/- 10.7, respectively (p 2.0 times) LMP1-positive cell population over the control. In conclusion, in accordance with our previous findings, we show that CsA treatment of EBV-B cells results in increased production of the lipid peroxidation reactive end-product HNE that directly promotes EBV-B cell proliferation and LMP1 expression. This observation provides evidence for further understanding the mechanism of CsA-induced oxidative stress on EBV-related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD).
Structured data structures

Much attention has been focused lately on the notions of structured programming, a crucial factor when dealing with the design of large programming Systems. Rather than viewing programming as an art and the programmer as the perpetual artist, structured programming provides a more .systematic (and in a way more restricted) approach which facilitates debugging and proving assertions about programs.One of the ideas developed by advocates of structured programming is the top-down elaboration of program control structures by a recursive process of successive refinements [1]. No such process has been developed for dealing with data structures. The main reason for this is the improper intermixing of the semantic and implementation concepts [2] of a data structure. The failure to distinguish between these concepts is a result of the conflicting factors involved in choosing a data structure: simplicity of element access, minimization of search time, dynamics of growth or elimination of data, simplicity of restructuring and extension, efficiency of storage utilization and others.
Spectra from Foil-Excited Molybdenum Ions

The extreme-ultra-violet spectra (5-55 nm) for foil-excited molybdenum ions have been measured using 22-200 MeV beams from the Brookhaven National Laboratory MP tandem Van de Graaff accelerator facility, 20 ?g/cm2 C stripping foils, and a grazing incidence spectrometer. The mean ion charge states (13 to 28) and the narrow distribution widths (about 2 charge states) were accurately predictable from experimental parameters. Where possible, comparisons are given with Mo radiation from tokamaks, vacuum sparks, and laser-excited plasmas.
Formulas for the Magnetic-Field Strength Near a Cylindrical Coil

THE magnetic-field strength at any given point near a circular cylindrical coil or solenoid in a nonmagnetic medium requires various formulas for its determination, depending on the shape of the solenoid and the position of the point. Formulas are required for the axial component of the magnetic field, called H x in this paper, and other formulas are needed for the radial component, H r .
Semivolatile fluorinated organic compounds in Asian and western U.S. air masses.

Semivolatile fluorinated organic compounds (FOCs) were measured in archived air sample extracts collected from Hedo Station Observatory (HSO) on Okinawa, Japan and Mount Bachelor Observatory (MBO), Oregon U.S. during the springs of 2004 (MBO and HSO) and 2006 (MBO). Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) were measured in both Asian and western U.S. air masses, though western U.S. air masses had significantly higher concentrations. Concentrations of fluorotelomer olefins in Asian air masses and 8:2 fluorotelomer acrylate in U.S. air masses were reported for the first time. N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide, N-methyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido ethanol, and N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido ethanol were also measured in Asian and western U.S. air masses but less frequently than FTOHs. The atmospheric sources and fate of FTOHs were investigated by estimating their atmospheric residence times, calculating FTOH concentration ratios, investigating FTOH correlations with nonfluorinated semivolatile organic compound ...
Coordination shifts in carbon-13 spectra of olefin and arene metal complexes

Abstract 13C coordination shifts for several Cr(0)-arene complexes have been determined. These data, as well as previous data on Ag(I), Rh(I), Pt(0), Pt(II), Pd, and Cr(0) complexes, have been reviewed and the sources of complexation effects on 13C shielding constants considered. We conclude that no single influence on these shielding constants should be expected to be universally predominant. Furthermore we show, for the Cr(0) complexes reported, that within a single compound different predominant effects are operative. A four-category qualitative classification scheme, based on the nature of the metal-ligand interaction, is proposed.
Street naming and the politics of belonging: Spatial injustices in the toponymic commemoration of Martin Luther King, Jr.

Although the critical turn in place name study recognizes the central and contested place that toponyms hold in people's lives and identity struggles, little work has explicitly analyzed place naming rights in terms of social justice, citizenship, and belonging. We introduce readers to the naming of streets for slain civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr and use two brief case studies from the southeastern USA (Statesboro, Georgia and Greenville, North Carolina) to discuss the barriers that hinder the creation of a landscape that truly reflects the teachings of King. Naming opponents, sometimes with the (un)witting cooperation of black activists, impose spatial, scalar limits on the rights of African Americans to participate in the street naming process and to appropriate the identity of streets outside of their neighborhoods, even though challenging historically entrenched patterns of racial segregation and marginalization is exactly the purpose of many street naming campaigns. The case of King stree...
Studies on xenogenic antisera to tumor-associated antigen of ovarian carcinoma.

Abstract Xenogenic antisera prepared to KCl, perchloric acid, and deoxycholate extracts of serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary contain antibodies with specificity for ovarian carcinoma cells. In order to demonstrate selective reactivity with ovarian carcinoma sequential absorption with several normal tissues was required. Characterization of the tumor-associated antigen(s) suggests that it is a glycoprotein which appears in the exclusion volume of a Sephadex G-200 column. It is resistant to formalin fixation and processing and distinct from colonic carcinoembryonic antigen. The antigen was demonstrable in varying concentrations in the cytoplasm of nine ovarian carcinomas, and was absent from normal ovary and five unrelated types of carcinoma studied.
Supercritical fluid and enhanced-fluidity liquid extraction of phenolics from river sediment

Abstract The extractions of eleven phenolic and nitroaromatic compounds from a spiked river sediment by methanol–CO 2 mixtures under either supercritical conditions or enhanced-fluidity conditions were studied. Supercritical CO 2 extractions and Soxhlet extractions were also performed for comparison. Enhanced-fluidity liquids, prepared by mixing large proportions of common organic solvent with low-viscosity liquid CO 2 , were used in an attempt to strengthen the solvating power of supercritical CO 2 . The effect of methanol proportion (0–30% mole fraction) in the extraction fluid was examined over the temperature range 50–150°C. The influence of sample treatment with water, acid and base was individually investigated. The extraction by ternary liquid mixtures of methanol–water–CO 2 was also tested. The effectiveness of various extraction conditions was evaluated in comparison to Soxhlet extraction.
Review: What Women Watched: Daytime Television in the 1950s by Marsha F. Cassidy. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2005

The common perception about U.S. women and television in the 1950s is that soap operas were women's programs of choice. Marsha F. Cassidy's rich and detailed study of the era examines the period th...
Nanotechnology in cancer detection and treatment.

Nanotechnology is an emerging interdisciplinary field dedicated to the manipulations of atoms and molecules that lead to the construction of structures in the nanometer scale size range that retain...
The Agouti-related protein and its role in energy homeostasis

The melanocortin system plays an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. The Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is a natural antagonist of the action of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) at the melanocortin receptors (MCR). AGRP is upregulated by fasting while intracerebroventricular injections of synthetic AGRP lead to increased appetite and food intake. Transgenic mice overexpressing AGRP are also hyperphagic and eventually become obese. AGRP is, therefore, a significant regulator of energy balance and a candidate gene for human fatness. Indeed, humans with common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter or the coding region are leaner and resistant to late-onset obesity than wild-type individuals. AGRP is also expressed in the periphery. Recent studies show that AGRP in the adrenal gland is upregulated by fasting as much as it is in the hypothalamus. These data open up the possibility for a wider role by AGRP not only in food intake but also in the regulation of energy balance through its actions on peripheral tissues. This review summarizes recent advances in the biochemical and physiological properties of AGRP in an effort to enhance our understanding of the role this powerful neuropeptide plays in mammalian energy homeostasis.
Role of attachment kinetic feedback in the oscillatory zoning of crystals grown from melts

Abstract The kinetics of attachment of endmember units of a solid solution from melt is shown to allow for the development of autonomous oscillatory zoning through feedback associated with the chemical kinetics of crystal growth. Such oscillatory zoning arises without the intervention of externally imposed periodicities in the state (pressure, temperature, or composition) of the melt from which the crystals grow. A mathematical model of crystal growth from a melt is presented. Topological arguments are used to demonstrate that the model can account for oscillatory zoning. A variety of distinct oscillatory profiles is demonstrated. It is also shown that bifurcation analysis may be used to obtain criteria for the existence of oscillatory zoning.
Instability in lattice fracture.

The steady states of a crack moving in a triangular lattice are calculated and shown to become unstable at a certain velocity.
Numerical simulation of internal tides and the resulting energetics within Monterey Bay and the surrounding area

[1] We use a three-dimensional nonhydrostatic unstructured-grid code to simulate internal tides within Monterey Bay. The predicted water surface, barotropic and baroclinic velocities, and internal tides in the greater coastal region agree with observations. The agreement is due to the use of a high-resolution mesh, alongshore prescription of the barotropic M2 tidal velocities, and specification of initial conditions consistent with field data. Results of depth-integrated, M2-period-averaged energy flux and energy flux divergence are presented in order to identify locations of significant internal wave generation and dissipation. Based on the results, there is a domain-wide power surplus of +52 MW due to internal tides that is available for pelagic mixing, yet isolated bathymetric features, such as Monterey Submarine Canyon and Smooth Ridge, are net dissipative, with dissipation rates of −8.3 and −1.5 MW, respectively.
Results of bariatric surgery.

▪ Abstract Overweight and obesity are rapidly growing to epidemic proportions in the United States and globally. Since sustainable weight loss is only achieved by bariatric surgery, medicine has seen an explosion in the diversity and number of bariatric procedures performed over the past few years. Systematic studies of postoperative outcomes and investigations into the physiology and biology of weight loss provide a more comprehensive understanding of the sequelae of bariatric surgery. Adipose tissue is the predominant site of fat stores. Increasing obesity results in an overload of lipids within the body's natural storage sink (i.e., the adipocyte) followed by the necessary deposition of fat within ectopic sites such as muscle, liver, and pancreas. The resulting metabolic derangements are associated with insulin resistance, central obesity, and chronic inflammation as adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ, producing and secreting a host of biologic mediators. Whereas there are conflicting data on th...
The Gulf of Mexico Decommissioning Market

The Gulf of Mexico offshore decommissioning market is the most diverse and competitive service contract environment in the world. The purpose of this paper is to describe the business, engineering, and market environment of decommissioning services in the Gulf of Mexico, and to provide a first-order approximation of the number of structures expected to be removed over a 25 year time horizon. Decommissioning activities associated with offshore production are an important and specialized segment of marine construction that has received limited attention in the academic literature, yet is compelling because few industrial sectors have such well-understood and widely adopted abandonment requirements. This paper should appeal to practitioners and researchers interested in learning the processes involved in deconstruction and the basic structure of the industry. The regulatory requirements and primary stages of decommissioning are reviewed, and the management, bid/tender process, and negotiation strategies are described. A life expectancy model of the number of structures expected to be removed from the Gulf of Mexico is presented, along with a discussion of the model uncertainty and the limitations of the analysis.
Nacelle Integration Study on a Mach-2.2 Supersonic Cruise Aircraft

Results of a propulsion system integration study performed on a Mach-2.2 advanced supersonic cruise aircraft are discussed. A study configuration developed in a joint NASA-Douglas supersonic technology program was used as the baseline airframe to study the detailed problems of inlet-nacelle -airframe integration at Mach 2.2. Numerous inlet-nacelle combinations were examined in a preliminary screening study. Promising configurations were evaluated in a nacelle installation study in which structural weight and installed wave drag were traded leading to the selection of an axisymmetric single-engine pod installation as the most promising configuration. A detailed nacelle shape study was conducted, and a wing reflex was designed. A cooperative NASA-Douglas wind-tunnel test of the refined nacelle with both mixed and external compression inlets was conducted with the nacelles installed on both a refined baseline wing and a reflexed wing. An installation drag penalty equal to 4.3% of the baseline wing-body drag was observed for the external compression inlet over the mixed compression inlet. Wing reflexing improved the trimmed wing-body-nacelle drag by 3.0% of the wing-body drag. Good agreement was observed between calculated and experimental increments in induced drag due to nacelle installation.
Uniform regulation of a multi-section continuum manipulator

Continuum manipulators are robotic manipulators built using one continuous, elastic and highly deformable "backbone", instead of multiple rigid links and joints. In previous work (2000), we illuminated various kinematic and dynamic properties of continuum robots, but the question of controller design remained open. This paper presents a basic result for continuum robots that has long been known for rigid-link robots: a simple PD-plus-feedforward controller can exponentially regulate the position of a manipulator.
Working for Democracy: Brazil's Organized Working Class in Comparative Perspective

Working-class collective action may appear to be in decline. In many ad vanced capitalist countries, the industrial working class has shrunk, rates of unionization have dropped, unions have lost power, and parties represent ing labor have slipped in popularity. At the same time, new scholarship has questioned the universality of class-based collective action, insisting that it is contingent, socially constructed, and historically specific. The relevance of class to contemporary politics, even its very existence, is questioned more and more forcefully. It may be that those who study labor movements will soon study not working-class collective action but in the words of a college administrator, "the movement of labor from one place to anoth er."1 Yet class identity and working-class collective action as a form of politics are not in decline everywhere. Taking one powerful indicator of such action?the formation of trade unions?we find that the percentage of workers in trade unions actually increased even in advanced capitalist countries such as Sweden, Italy, and Canada between 1970 and 1990.2 And in many so-called newly industrializing countries, trade union growth has been explosive in the last few decades.3 Brazil is one of those countries. Its trade unionists have become not only numerous, but militant: Since the late 1970s unions have played a key role in opposing the military regime that was reformed into a civilian one in 1985, in dismantling state controls over labor, and in challenging neoliberal economic reforms. The weight of the organized working class has increased mightily in Brazil over the last quarter-century, in terms of both its sheer numerical strength and its role as a political actor. Organized labor has also been a key element in the growth of support for left-wing parties since Brazil returned to a system of multiparty compe tition in 1982. These parties include the Democratic Labor party, or Par tido Democr?tico Trabalhista (PDT); the Socialist party, or Partido Social ista Brasileiro (PSB); the Communist party, or Partido Comunista do Brasil (PC do B); and most significantly, the Workers' party, or Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT). All of these parties have appealed strongly to the organized working class in their rhetoric and programs and all, save the PDT, increased their representation in the national congress in the 1994 elections. Together, they control one-fifth of the seats in the lower house, the C?mara dos Deputados. In the historiography of Latin American labor, Brazil has often been
Structural Characterization of Mutations at the Oxygen Activation Site in Monomeric Sarcosine Oxidase

Oxygen reduction and sarcosine oxidation in monomeric sarcosine oxidase (MSOX) occur at separate sites above the si- and re-faces, respectively, of the flavin ring. Mutagenesis studies implicate Lys265 as the oxygen activation site. Substitution of Lys265 with a neutral (Met, Gln, or Ala) or basic (Arg) residue results in an approximately 10(4)- or 250-fold decrease, respectively, in the reaction rate. The overall structure of MSOX and residue conformation in the sarcosine binding cavity are unaffected by replacement of Lys265 with Met or Arg. The side chain of Met265 exhibits the same configuration in each molecule of Lys265Met crystals and is nearly congruent with Lys265 in wild-type MSOX. The side chain of Arg265 is, however, dramatically shifted ( approximately 4-5 A) compared with Lys265, points in the opposite direction, and exhibits significant conformational variability between molecules of the same crystal. The major species in solutions of Lys265Arg is likely to contain a "flipped-out" Arg265 and exhibit negligible oxygen activation, similar to Lys265Met. The 400-fold higher oxygen reactivity observed with Lys265Arg is attributed to a minor (<1%) "flipped-in" Arg265 conformer whose oxygen reactivity is similar to that of wild-type MSOX. A structural water (WAT1), found above the si-face of the flavin ring in all previously determined MSOX structures, is part of an apparent proton relay system that extends from FAD N(5) to bulk solvent. WAT1 is strikingly absent in Lys265Met and Lys265Arg, a feature that may account for the apparent kinetic stabilization of a reductive half-reaction intermediate that is detectable with the mutants but not wild-type MSOX.
Forever young? The ethical challenges of using ovarian tissue transplants to treat menopause

Life expectancy statistics predict that in a couple of decades women will enjoy a mean life of 90 years. Assuming a median age for the onset of menopause of 51, women will spend about 40 years in menopause. Harvesting and freezing ovarian cortical tissue at a younger age to permit future transplantation for postponing menopause and its sequelae could become a possible option. However, both medical and ethical issues need to be addressed before this can be offered as a treatment for menopause.
Assessment of Myocardial Inflammation Produced by Experimental Coronary Occlusion and Reperfusion With 99mTc-RP517, a New Leukotriene B4 Receptor Antagonist, That Preferentially Labels Neutrophils In Vivo

Background— 99mTc-RP517 is a new leukotriene B4 (LTB4) receptor antagonist developed for imaging acute inflammation or infection. A unique property of 99mTc-RP517 is its ability to label white blood cells in vivo after intravenous injection. The goals of this study were to determine relative 99mTc-RP517 binding to human leukocyte subtypes and the 99mTc-RP517 uptake pattern in canine myocardium where inflammation was induced by either coronary occlusion and reperfusion or tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) injection. Methods and Results— Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis was performed on whole human blood (n=2) and isolated neutrophils (n= 4) with a fluorescent analog of 99mTc-RP517, [F]-RP517. In whole blood, [F]-RP517 (500 nmol/L) preferentially labeled neutrophils. On isolated neutrophils, [F]-RP517 (10 nmol/L) binding was inhibited by 44% when LTB4 (400 nmol/L) was added. 99mTc-RP517 was injected intravenously in anesthetized, open-chest dogs before coronary occlusion (90 minutes) and reperfusion...
The Behavior of Chickens Following Embryonic Treatment with Testosterone Propionate

This study was designed to investigate an initial response and the flocking behavior of chicks treated embryonically with testosterone propionate (TP). The high (1.28 gm. %) and low (0.32 gm. %) levels of TP interfered with the response of these chicks to a specific stimulus. However, only the high level TP depressed the flocking response. TP administered prior to day 13 of embryonic development will depress sexual behavior in the chicken. These data suggest that TP influences a variety of behavioral patterns in the chicken.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Fatigue Failures in Knees Subjected to Repeated Simulated Pivot Landings

Background:It is not known whether the human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is susceptible to fatigue failure as a result of repetitive loading or whether certain knee morphologic characteristics increase that risk.Hypotheses:The number of knee loading cycles required to fail an ACL by fatigue failure is unaffected by the magnitude of the external load delivered to the knee joint. Furthermore, sex, ACL cross-sectional area, and lateral tibial slope will not affect the number of loading cycles to ACL failure.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Knee pairs from 10 cadaveric donors (5 female) of similar age, height, and weight were imaged with 3-T magnetic resonance imaging to measure lateral tibial slope and ACL cross-sectional area. One knee from each pair was then subjected to repeated application of a load of 3 times body weight (3*BW), while the other knee was subjected to a 4*BW load, both involving impulsive compression force, knee flexion moment, and internal tibial torque combined with...
Clinical aspects of human circadian rhythms.

Circadian rhythmicity can be important in the pathophysiology, diag- nosis, and treatment of clinical disease. Due to the difficulties in conducting the necessary experimental work, it remains unknown whether ~24-h changes in pathophysiology or symptoms of many diseases are causally linked to endoge- nous circadian rhythms or to other diurnal factors that change across the day, such as changes in posture, activity, sleep or wake state, or metabolic changes associated with feeding or fasting. Until the physiology is accurately known, appropriate treatment cannot be designed. This review includes an overview of clinical disorders that are caused or affected by circadian or diurnal rhythms. The clinical side effects of disruption of circadian rhythmicity, such as in shiftwork, including the public health implications of the disrupted alertness and performance, are also discussed.
Design of ultra-broadband antireflection coatings utilizing integrated moth-eye structures for multi-junction device applications

Ultra-broadband Antireflection Coatings (ARCs) are essential to realizing the potential efficiency gains of four-junction photovoltaic devices that absorb to longer wavelengths than state-of-the-art three-junction cells. In this work, we examine a novel design that integrates a nanostructured antireflection layer with a multilayer ARC. Using optical models, we find that this hybrid approach can reduce the reflected AM1.5D power by 10-45 W/m2 compared to conventional thin-film ARCs. A hybrid ARC is designed and fabricated on a sample consisting of approximately 1μm of indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) on gallium arsenide (GaAs). For the hybrid coating, we measure a reflection loss of just 23.9 W/m2 corresponding to less than a 3% power reflection.
Analogical Transfer From a Simulated Physical System

Previous research has consistently found that spontaneous analogical transfer is strongly tied to concrete and contextual similarities between the cases. However, that work has largely failed to acknowledge that the relevant factor in transfer is the similarity between individuals’ mental representations of the situations rather than the overt similarities between the cases themselves. Across several studies, we found that participants were able to transfer strategies learned from a perceptually concrete simulation of a physical system to a task with very dissimilar content and appearance. This transfer was reflected in better performance on the transfer task when its underlying dynamics were consistent rather than inconsistent with the preceding training task. Our data indicate that transfer in these tasks relies on the perceptual and spatial nature of the training task but does not depend on direct interaction with the system, with participants performing equally well after simply observing the concrete simulation. We argue that participants generated a spatial, dynamic, and force-based mental model while interacting with the training simulation and tended to spontaneously interpret the transfer task according to this primed model. Unexpectedly, our data consistently show that transfer was independent of reported recognition of the analogy between tasks: Although such recognition was associated with better overall performance, it was not associated with better transfer (in terms of applying an appropriate strategy). Together, these findings suggest that analogical transfer between overtly dissimilar cases may be much more common— and much more relevant to our cognitive processing—than is generally assumed.
Impaired expression of an organic cation transporter, IMPT1, in a knockout mouse model for kidney stone disease

The imprinted multimembrane-spanning polyspecific transporter-like gene 1 ( IMPT1) encodes a predicted protein with organic cation transport capabilities. As a first step in understanding the function of IMPT1, we identified the renal structures expressing this gene in knockout mice with adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) deficiency and 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (DHA) nephrolithiasis. IMPT1 mRNA was not detected using a standard in situ hybridization (ISH) protocol, but we observed intense staining in cortico-medullary tubules and glomeruli in wild-type mice using an improved reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) ISH procedure. IMPT1 mRNA expression was significantly decreased in the cortical region in kidney sections from APRT-deficient male mice. APRT-deficient female mice are less severely affected by DHA-induced kidney stone disease, and we observed only a modest reduction in IMPT1 expression in kidneys from these mice. IMPT1 expression in APRT heterozygous mice was comparable to that in wild-type mice, suggesting imprinting of one of the parental alleles. These findings suggest that decreased IMPT1 mRNA expression may contribute to the impaired renal function in APRT-deficient male mice, and that RT-PCR ISH is a valuable tool for localizing the site of expression of transcripts that are not detectable using standard ISH procedures.
Opportunity "nox": a novel approach to preventing endothelial dysfunction in the context of insulin resistance.

Cardiovascular complications are more prevalent in individuals with conditions associated with insulin resistance. Knowledge is evolving concerning the mechanistic link between insulin resistance and vascular disease, but complete clarity does not exist. This is a high-priority area of investigation because individual and societal costs associated with diabetic vascular complications are increasing, and the need to elucidate effective therapeutic targets and intervention strategies with minimal off-target side effects is urgent. Insulin-resistant conditions such as type 2 diabetes and diet-induced obesity are associated with an altered endothelial cell phenotype, i.e., endothelial dysfunction. A crucial component of endothelial cell dysfunction is reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Reduced NO bioavailability contributes importantly to pathologies specific to large (atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy) and small (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy) blood vessels (1). Oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, lipotoxicity, activation of the renin-angiotensin system, and increased proinflammatory cytokines are systemic disturbances in patients with conditions associated with insulin resistance. Each of these factors contributes independently and synergistically to decreasing NO bioavailability by impairing its synthesis and/or by enhancing its degradation (2). In this issue of Diabetes , Sukumar et al. (3) demonstrate that endothelial cell–specific insulin resistance increases NADPH oxidase (Nox) isoform 2 (Nox2) expression to an extent that elevates superoxide anion (O2·−) production and precipitates endothelial dysfunction. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive metabolites of oxygen that participate in oxidation-reduction reactions (4). A traditional definition of oxidative stress is when ROS accumulation overwhelms the cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms and the redox state of the biological compartment is shifted toward one that is more oxidizing (5,6). Cellular sources of ROS include NADPH-dependent oxidases, xanthine oxidase, lipoxygenases, mitochondrial oxidases, and NO synthases (7). Nox is a major source of O2·− in insulin-resistant humans (8,9) and …
Fibrolamellar bone in wild adult Alligator mississippiensis

Abstract Histological examination of long bones from wild American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) reveals weakly defined growth zones and extensive fibrolamellar bone formation in both healthy and stressed adult individuals. The discovery of this tissue in wild adults of variable health status challenges three current assumptions concerning fibrolamellar bone in crocodylians: first, that it can only be formed in juveniles; second, that it occurs only in captive animals; and third, that it occurs only in individuals experiencing optimal physiological conditions. This highlights the need for further detailed study of bone microstructural diversity among modern crocodylians. Moreover, these results have potentially far-reaching implications for studies of fossil archosaurs, which often draw on extant crocodylian models, and for the phylogenetic significance of fibrolamellar bone within Archosauria as a whole.
The effects of bolus size and chewing rate on masticatory performance with artificial test foods.

summary To better understand ‘within subject’ variability in masticatory performance of artificial food, this study evaluates the effects of bolus size and chewing rate. Twenty young adult male subjects each participated in two experiments evaluating their ability to process an artificial food (CutterSil®). Based on the frequency distributions for the weights of the chewed particles, median particle size and broadness of the particle distribution were estimated. Controlling for the number of chews, the effect of (1) bolus size was evaluated by having each subject chew one whole tablet, four quarters, three quarters or two quarters; (2). chewing rate was evaluated by having the subjects chew first habitually, then at slow (40 cycles/min) and fast (100 cycles/min) rates. The results showed that median particle sizes decreased and the distribution of particles widened with decreasing bolus size. The slow chewing rate produced the smallest particles with the widest distributions, followed by the habitual and fast rates, respectively. The study has shown that bolus size and chewing rate are important source of variation which must be considered in studies of masticatory performance.
Characteristics of the aggregation of platelets and the formation of prostaglandins (PGs) in rat.

Abstract Unlike human platelets, arachidonic acid (AA) at 1 m m could not induce aggregation of citrated rat platelets. However, preincubation of platelet rich plasma (PRP) with AA (1 m m ) enhanced the aggregation induced by collagen suspension or adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and this enhancement was abolished by the preincubation of PRP with indomethacin. Arachidonic acid at a higher concentration (6 m m ) induced aggregation, but it was not attenuated by the preincubation of indomethacin or imidazole indicating that this aggregation may not be augmented by PGs or their intermediates. Preincubation of PRP with imidazole neither abolished the enhancement of ADP-induced or collagen-induced aggregation by AA (1 m m ), nor attenuated the aggregation induced by ADP or collagen alone; but it inhibited the synthesis of thromboxane (TX) by more than 90%. This suggested that rat platelets are not as sensitive to aggregation by TXA 2 as human platelets. Preincubation of mepacrine hydrochloride (0.5 m m ) with PRP prevented the induction of aggregation by ADP or collagen, but it did not inhibit the aggregation by AA (6 m m ). Mepacrine also inhibited the formation of PGs and TXA 2 . Unlike citrated platelets, arachidonic acid even at 0.25 m m induced aggregation of heparinized rat platelets, implying that the aggregation of rat platelet is more dependent on calcium concentration than human platelets.
BOY-ORPHANS, MESMERIC VILLAINS, AND FILM STARS: INSCRIBING OLIVER TWIST INTO TREASURE ISLAND

Oliver Twist, the early novel which a twenty-five-year-old Charles Dickens published serially from 1837 to 1839, revised in the 1840s, and featured in the public readings he offered from 1867 until his death in 1870, might well have inspired the thirty-two-year-old Robert Louis Stevenson before he serialized his own first novel, Treasure Island, in 1882. There are, after all, remarkable similarities between the two texts. For each dramatizes a young boy's immersion in a counter-world headed by villains who defy the norms of a dubious patriarchal order. What is more, the strong spell that thieves like Fagin and Bill Sikes and pirates like Billy Bones and Long John Silver exert over the innocents they mesmerize infects readers of each narrative as well as viewers of their many cinematic adaptations. We thus face a quandary. Despite our empathy with little Oliver and with his adolescent counterpart Jim Hawkins, we may question each boy's reintegration into an order whose fissures have been radically exposed.
Radiation therapy may increase metastatic potential in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma.

Background We previously determined that radiation could be safely administered using a mouse-flank in vivo model to both alveolar (Rh30) and embryonal (Rh18) rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts. Mice from both tumor lines in this experiment developed metastases, an event not previously described with these models. We sought to determine if radiation-induced changes in gene expression underlie an increase in the metastatic behavior of these tumor models. Procedure Parental Rh18 and Rh30 xenografts, as well as tumor that recurred locally after radiotherapy (Rh18RT and Rh30RT), were grown subcutaneously in the flanks of SCID mice and then subjected to either fractionated radiotherapy or survival surgery alone. Metastasis formation was monitored and recorded. Gene expression profiling was also performed on RNA extracted from parental, recurrent, and metastatic tissue of both tumor lines. Results Rh30 and Rh30RT xenografts demonstrated metastases only if they were exposed to fractionated radiotherapy, whereas Rh18 and Rh18RT xenografts experienced significantly fewer metastatic events when treated with fractionated radiotherapy compared to survival surgery alone. Mean time to metastasis formation was 40 days in the recurrent tumors and 73 days in the parental xenografts. Gene expression profiling noted clustering of Rh30 recurrent and metastatic tissue that was independent of the parental Rh30 tissue. Rh18RT xenografts lost radiosensitivity compared to parental Rh18. Conclusion Radiation therapy can significantly decrease the formation of metastases in radio-sensitive tumors (Rh18) and may induce a more pro-metastatic phenotype in radio-resistant lines (Rh30). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1550–1554. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High UV-B Exposures in the Continental USA: Towards Realistic Short-term Exposure Regimes for Plant-effects Research

Abstract Understanding the biological effects of acute ultraviolet-B (UV-B) exposure requires understanding the typical intensity and duration of such exposures. The occurrence of high hourly biologically effective UV-B (UV-BBE) exposures was evaluated using two response functions (1971 and 2003) for the 1997–2002 summer growing seasons (May–August) at five locations across the continental United States. The frequency of occurrence of the upper 5% of all seasonal UV-BBE hourly exposures of 1 h to 4 h duration in 1 day and repeating the same exposure over consecutive days was evaluated. High hourly UV-BBE exposures occurred most frequently during June and July. There was a 30% frequency of occurrence of a day during the growing season with 2 h of hourly exposure in the upper 5% of UV-BBE (1971) values across any of the five locations studied. The frequency of occurrence of 2 h of UV-BBE (2003) exposure in the uppermost 5% of all observed hourly values was 14%. An approach and specific experimental square-w...