cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Novel Biologic Activity of Thrombin: Stimulation of Monocyte Chemotactic Protein Production

Thrombin is a serine protease that is released at sites of vascular injury and exerts a variety of biologic effects on different cell types. Thrombin is postulated to play a role in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases including atherosclerosis, since it activates vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Thrombin mediates these effects through a specific receptor that is upregulated in vascular cells in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis and glomerulosclerosis are characterized by the presence of monocyte-macrophages in the lesions. Monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1) is believed to be an important mediator of monocyte recruitment to the tissue and can be induced in a broad variety of cells including mesangial cells. We studied the effect of thrombin on MCP-1 production and gene expression in well-characterized human mesangial cells, vascular pericytes that play a central role in fibrosis of the glomerular microvascular bed. alpha thrombin stimulates MCP-1 production and gene expression in mesangial cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Experiments with diisopropylfluorophosphate thrombin and gamma thrombin demonstrate that this thrombin effect requires both receptor binding as well as catalytic activity, features consistent with the known properties of the recently characterized and cloned thrombin receptor. Moreover, a human thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP1-7) also stimulates MCP-1 production. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that mesangial cells express an mRNA transcript that hybridizes with labeled human thrombin receptor cDNA. These data describe a novel biologic activity of thrombin and suggest an additional mechanism by which this coagulation factor may participate in the progression of glomerulosclerosis, and by analogy, atherosclerosis.
Distal Radius Fractures in the Elderly

THE PATIENT A 72-year-old, active, healthy woman fell onto her outstretched dominant right hand. The wrist was swollen and painful to move. Radiographs demonstrated a displaced intra-articular fracture of the distal radius. After hematoma block, manipulative reduction, and orthotic immobilization, radiographs demonstrate a residual radiocarpal articular stepoff of 2 mm with 10 dorsal angulation of the articular surface on the lateral radiograph.
Self-neglect in older adults: a primer for clinicians.

Self-neglect in older adults is an increasingly prevalent, poorly understood problem, crossing both the medical and social arenas, with public health implications. Although lacking a standardized definition, self-neglect is characterized by profound inattention to health and hygiene. In light of the aging demographic, physicians of all specialties will increasingly encounter self-neglectors. We outline here practical strategies for the clinician, and suggestions for the researcher. Clinical evaluation should include attention to medical history, cognition, function, social networks, psychiatric screen and environment. The individual’s capacity is often questioned, and interventions are case-based. More research is needed in basic epidemiology and risk factors of the problem, so that targeted interventions may be designed and tested. The debate of whether self-neglect is a medical versus societal problem remains unresolved, yet as health sequelae are part of the syndrome, physicians should be part of the solution.
Metabolite identification and quantitation in LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics

Metabolomics aims at detection and quantitation of all metabolites in biological samples. The presence of metabolites with a wide variety of physicochemical properties and different levels of abundance challenges existing analytical platforms used for identification and quantitation of metabolites. Significant efforts have been made to improve analytical and computational methods for metabolomics studies. This review focuses on the use of liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for quantitative and qualitative metabolomics studies. It illustrates recent developments in computational methods for metabolite identification, including ion annotation, spectral interpretation and spectral matching. We also review selected reaction monitoring and high-resolution MS for metabolite quantitation. We discuss current challenges in metabolite identification and quantitation as well as potential solutions.
Identification and Synthesis of a Methylated Catechol Metabolite of Glutethimide Isolated from Biological Fluids of Overdose Victims

Urine samples from victims severely intoxicated by glutethimide were hydrolyzed enzymatically. TLC, GLC, and mass spectral analyses revealed a methylated catechol metabolite of the parent drug. Two synthetic pathways are described for the preparation of 2-ethyl-2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)glutarimide and 2-ethyl-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)glutarimde. Comparisons of GLC and mass spectral data to a compound isolated from the body fluids of glutethimide overdose victims conclusively identified a new 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl metabolite of glutethimide in humans.
Radar Data Assimilation with WRF 4D-Var. Part II: Comparison with 3D-Var for a Squall Line over the U.S. Great Plains

AbstractThe Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) system described in Part I of this study is compared with its corresponding three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3D-Var) system using a Great Plains squall line observed during the International H2O Project. Two 3D-Var schemes are used in the comparison: a standard 3D-Var radar data assimilation (DA) that is the same as the 4D-Var except for the exclusion of the constraining dynamical model and an enhanced 3D-Var that includes a scheme to assimilate an estimated in-cloud humidity field. The comparison is made by verifying their skills in 0–6-h quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) against stage-IV analysis, as well as in wind forecasts against radial velocity observations. The relative impacts of assimilating radial velocity and reflectivity on QPF are also compared between the 4D-Var and 3D-Var by conducting data-denial experiments. The results indicate that 4D-Var substantiall...
Rapid recovery of rat brain intracellular pH after cardiac arrest and resuscitation

We studied the intracellular pH in rat cerebral cortex of rats subjected to reversible total cerebral ischemia by cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Brain acidosis was more pronounced during ischemia in hyperglycemic rats (6.21 ± 0.14) than in normoglycemic rats (6.56 ± 0.07). Brain tissue lactate accumulated proportionally. Nevertheless, within 5 min of reperfusion, pHi in both normoglycemic and hyperglycemic groups had recovered to baseline levels, i.e. near 7.1–7.2, despite the fact that lactate concentrations were still elevated. These results demonstrate a rapid reversal of ischemic acidosis during recovery from 10 min of cardiac arrest and suggest that acidosis, per se, may not be responsible for neuronal damage following cardiac arrest and resuscitation, even in hyperglycemic conditions.
Thallium in marine plankton

Concentrations of thallium in phytoplankton (0.02 to 0.8 μg g−1), zooplankton (0.03 to 0.5 μg g−1) and ichthyoplankton (0.1 μg g−1) from the central Pacific were comparable \(\left( {\bar x = 0.2\mu g{\text{ }}g^{ - 1} } \right)\), as were the atomic ratios of thallium to calcium (∼3x10−6) and to potassium (∼1x10−6) in those organisms. These relatively constant ratios, plus the biounlimited ocean profile of thallium, indicate that it is rapidly cycled through plankton in the same manner as potassium, its principal biogeochemical analogue. The higher atomic ratios of thallium to potassium in pelagic clays (6x10−6) and ferromanganese nodules (4x10−3) suggest that both biological transport processes and abiotic transport processes influence this trace element's oceanic cycle.
THE CASE FOR PARAMETERS: A MEANS FOR PROMOTING ANALYTICAL THINKING

ABSTRACT An emphasis upon parameters in lower division mathematics courses can be a means for helping students to develop habits of analytical thinking. This article draws examples from the precalculus and calculus contexts, as well as from elementary physics. Discussion of a study conducted with first-level calculus students provides evidence of deficiencies in the understanding and use of parameters.
PROGRESS IN DOCUMENTATION THE COMPLEXITIES OF CITATION PRACTICE: A REVIEW OF CITATION STUDIES

The use of bibliographic citation is a crucial aspect in the creation and dissemination of information. Numerous studies have been done ranging from simple citation counts to more complex bibliographic coupling studies, and from citation classifications to citation motivation studies. This review focusses on the citation studies that have explored the complexities and the underlying norms of the citation process. The major emphasis is placed upon the studies which have dealt with citation functions, citation quality, citation concepts and citation motivation. The international perspectives of citation practice are also discussed.
A Hierarchical Planner For Intelligent Systems

An intelligent system is one that has the inherent capability to achieve specified ends in the face of variations, complexities and uncertainties posed by its task environment [1]. Consequently, an intelligent system must be able to integrate information from a variety of sources and, based on that information, plan and execute a course of action. The focus of this paper is on real-time planning for the class of intelligent systems which includes decision-support systems for piloted vehicles and completely autonomous vehicles.
Fast Remapping of Sensory Stimuli onto Motor Actions on the Basis of Contextual Modulation

Higher organisms can establish complex associations between sensory events and motor responses. More remarkable than their complexity, however, is that the resulting sensory-motor maps can be selectively interchanged. For example, a person who speaks English and Spanish can read aloud “con once, sin once,” going effortlessly from one language to the other. What is the neural basis of this capacity? Here, a network model is presented in which multiple maps between sensory stimuli and motor actions are possible, but only one of them, depending on behavioral context, is implemented at any given time. The key is a nonlinear representation in which the gain of sensory responses is regulated by context information. Neuronal responses can indeed show variations in gain, as has been documented in the case of proprioceptive signals such as eye and head position, which can modulate visually triggered activity. However, in contrast to these, the contextual cues used here need not bear any relationship to the physical attributes of the stimuli; in particular, spatial location is irrelevant. The model thus postulates the existence of sensory neurons that are nonlinearly modulated by arbitrary context signals, a plausible and testable prediction. The proposed mechanism allows a network of neurons to effectively change the functional connectivity between its inputs and outputs and may partially explain how animals can quickly adapt their behavior to varying environmental conditions.
Two Segments of the Human PIEZO1 Mechanosensitive Ion Channel Can Reassemble into a Functional Unit

We created clones that covalently linked a fluorescent protein to PIEZO1 in order to image PIEZO1 on the cell surface. Inserting mCherry1 in internal positions of the PIEZO1 protein, we found a construct at position 1591 that yielded a protein whose channel kinetics were nearly identical to wild type. Through cotransfection, we imaged PIEZO1 (mCherry) and TREK-1 (GFP) on HEK cells. These two mechanosensitive channels were at the cell surface in completely different physical domains. PIEZO1 appeared as random clusters but TREK tended to follow cytoskeleton tracks.Given the stability of the PEIZO1 protein with a fluorescent group at 1591, we asked if the PIEZO1 protein could be split at position 1591 and still function. Fragment 1 (1-1591) was fused to mCherry, and fragment 2 (1592-2520) to GFP. Co-expression of the two segments showed currents in whole cell recording, cell-attached patches, and outside-out patches. The biophysical characteristics were nearly identical to the wild type channel, having a reversal potential around 0 mV and voltage dependent inactivation in whole cell and cell attached mode.We next asked if either fragment alone was functional. The C-terminal fragment produced mechanosensitive currents in outside-out patches but the N terminal segment (1-1591) did not in any recording mode. We then shortened the C terminal fragment from its C- and N- termini using the outside-out patches to screen for current. We obtained mechanosensitive currents from a fragment of ∼ 450 amino acids, so the fundamental properties of the giant PIEZO1 channel are contained in this small fragment. This protein segment appears to contain the mechanosensor and the gate, and establishes that eight putative transmembrane domains are required for pore formation. None of the shortened fragments displayed whole cell currents.
New Directions in Agenda-Setting Theory and Research

As agenda-setting theory moves toward its 50th anniversary, its productivity in the past and at present augurs a highly promising future. In this essay, the original theorists trace the development of agenda setting and identify seven distinct facets. They explore three of the seven facets—need for orientation, network agenda setting, and agendamelding—in greater detail because those are particularly active arenas of contemporary research. Grounded in more than 40 years of productive collaboration among the authors, this inaugural Deutschmann Scholars Essay offers numerous new ideas about recent trends in and future directions for agenda-setting theory and research. The three authors are all recipients of AEJMC's Paul J. Deutschmann Award for Excellence in Research recognizing a career of scholarly achievement. The Deutschmann scholars observed that this may well be the most original article they have ever written together.
Implementation and use of robust refinement in powder diffraction in the presence of impurities

A modification to the usual least-squares analysis is implemented for the robust refinement of structural parameters from powder diffraction data in the presence of unmodeled impurities. This is accomplished in the program TOPAS-Academic by an iterative reweighting of the data as the model is refined. The method is tested and characterized using mixtures of known materials, acetaminophen and ibuprofen. The technique is also used to refine two previously unknown structures.
Ethnic Differences in Adaptation: Sino-Vietnamese Refugees in the United States.

This article examines the differences in adaptive behavior manifested by Sino-Vietnamese and ethnic Vietnamese refugees resettled in two major areas of the United States. Contingency analyses of a ...
Social dominance orientation and opinions about what is America's most serious social problem.

Summary This study tested whether a measure of Social Dominance Orientation was associated with opinions about America's most serious social problem. 150 undergraduates enrolled in social problems classes responded to the 14-item scale and to an open-ended question, “In your opinion, what is the most serious social problem in our country today?”. Analysis shows that mean scale scores differed significantly across social problem responses. Correspondence analysis, plotting association between scale scores and social problem responses, was interpreted as support for social dominance theory. Higher scale scores were associated with problems of crime and negative values and lower scores with problems of education and racism.
Real-time Simulation of the Nonlinear Distortion of Coupled Channel/Interferometric Modulator Designs

Practical analytic representations of modulator designs are available for only the simplest cases such as the Mach-Zehnder interferometer and the directional coupler. The low frequency dynamic response of the fundamental and nonlinear signals of these modulators are usually described according to their Taylor expansions [1]. However, the frequency response of the fundamental signal for even a simple directional coupler has yet to be expressed in closed form. For modulator designs that are more complex, analytic expressions for the low frequency intensity response are themselves quite complicated, providing little insight into device performance or design optimization. The effect of the RF frequency on the modulator performance (especially the nonlinear distortion) is typically ignored.
Risk Area Accuracy and Evacuation from Hurricane Bret

This study evaluated the accuracy with which those at risk from Hurricane Bret were able to identify their hurricane risk areas. Overall, one-third of the respondents incorrectly reported their risk area and slightly more than half of these overestimated their risk. There was no systematic geographic pattern in the level of accuracy, but respondents with higher incomes and longer tenure on the coast were more likely to correctly report their risk areas. However, risk area accuracy was unrelated to the respondents’ evacuation from the hurricane and length of coastal residence and hazard education were negatively related to evacuation. Implications for emergency managers are discussed.
On the water and salt economy of some decapod crustaceans from the gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea)

Abstract Data were collected on the osmoregulation of some decapod crustaceans from the Gulf of Aqaba. In the species investigated a clear connection is found between water content and osmoregulatory capabilities with the potential for water loss in the natural habitats of the species. Except in Coenobita scaevola , no significant influence of temperature was found on water content or blood osmotic value, supporting the idea that such influences are related to migratory behaviour with respect to salinity. In the species studied here, which are constantly exposed to high salinities, no strong stabilization of the internal concentrations could be found at levels near normal sea water salinity. From these and previously gained results, it is concluded that strong stabilization of the blood osmotic and total electrolyte concentrations is strictly confined to sub-normal sea water concentrations. The significance of this assumption is briefly indicated.
Understanding Complexity: A Gift of Qualitative Inquiry.

While the efficacy of quantitative inquiry is obtained by limiting the variables of interest, the success of researchers in doing so necessarily simplifies their object of inquiry. Though understanding complexity is not exclusive to qualitative inquiry, qualitative methods are notably suited for grasping the complexity of the phenomena we investigate. By not prespecifying what they will attend to, and by virtue of the relatively extended amount of time they devote to exploring their phenomena, qualitative inquirers have practically no limit to what they can uncover. This is illustrated with a sampling of data collected to study the play of ethnicity in a high school that serves an ethnically diverse population.
Subepithelial pelvic hematoma of the kidney clinically mimicking cancer : Report of six cases and review of the literature

Abstract Objectives. Renal pelvic subepithelial hematoma is a rare but significant clinical mimic of neoplasm. Investigation and treatment of this diagnostic problem are uncertain. Methods. We add 6 patients with this entity to the 15 previously published cases. All 6 were clinically suspected of having cancer, and 5 underwent nephrectomy. Results. The most common clinical findings are gross hematuria (19 of 21 cases) and acute onset of flank pain (13 of 21 cases). Intravenous urogram usually reveals a filling defect at the ureteropelvic junction. Pathologic findings include massive subepithelial and peripelvic hemorrhage, hydronephrosis, cortical infarcts, and renomegaly. Two of our patients have previously undescribed clinical associations, including one who was 2 weeks postpartum and another with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. In addition, our patient with obstruction is the first with subepithelial hematoma to be treated successfully with pyeloplasty. Conclusions. Subepithelial pelvic hematoma may be effectively treated with pyeloplasty or partial nephrectomy if distinguished from cancer preoperatively. Awareness of this rare entity may allow preoperative identification, but this has not been possible to date.
Age-related changes in arterial wall mechanics and composition of NIA Fischer rats

Abstract Segments of carotid and tail arteries and descending thoracic aorta were obtained from the NIA colony of Fischer rats at ages 3, 12, 24 and 30 months. Measurements of pressure and diameter were made on intact cylindrical segments under conditions of active (147 mM K + and pssive (Ca 2+ -free and 2 mM EGTA) smooth muscle. These data were used to compute active and passive mechanics. Contiguous segments were used for the analysis of connective tissue, water and electrolyte contents. Passive stiffness of the carotid and tail arteries increased monotonically with increasing age. Collagen content in the aorta and tail artery generally increased with age, while elastin content decreased in the aorta and carotid artery. The ratio of collagen to elastin increased at all sites with age. Maximum values of active stress response (force development) increased from 3 to 12 months for the carotid artery, but decreased with age (at 24 and 30 months compared to 3 and 12 months) for the tail artery. Changes in relative cell content were such that active cellular force development was the same at all ages for the carotid artery but was smaller at 24 and 30 months compared to the younger animals for the tail artery. Decreased cellular force development by arterial smooth muscle is not an anatomically uniform finding in this animal model.
Learning overhypotheses with hierarchical Bayesian models

Inductive learning is impossible without overhypotheses, or constraints on the hypotheses considered by the learner. Some of these overhypotheses must be innate, but we suggest that hierarchical Bayesian models can help to explain how the rest are acquired. To illustrate this claim, we develop models that acquire two kinds of overhypotheses--overhypotheses about feature variability (e.g. the shape bias in word learning) and overhypotheses about the grouping of categories into ontological kinds like objects and substances.
Service encounter problems: which service providers are more likely to be blamed?

Looks at unmet customer expectations in service delivery associated with service encounter problems. Problematic service encounters are compared to those which were problem free. Four services were evaluated by customers – legal consultation, hair stylist, film processing and retail store. These services covered a range of both process and outcome tangibility. Expectations, perceptions and the “gaps” between them were used to evaluate service quality across a range of service encounters. If problems were reported, customers were asked to evaluate three attribution factors: who was at fault for the problem, could it have been prevented and could it occur in future service encounters. These findings indicate that when there is a service encounter problem, and that service has some level of intangibility, unmet customer expectations are significantly greater than in services with some level of tangibility. Suggests how service providers might prevent customer perceptions of service quality from significantly diverging from customer expectations in these situations.
Circulating Stromal Cell Derived Factor-1α (SDF-1α) is Predictive of Distant Metastasis in Gastric Carcinoma

This study was conducted to investigate the value of the pretreatment circulating stromal cell derived factor-1alpha(SDF-1alpha) in patients with gastric carcinoma. We measured SDF-1alpha serum concentrations and evaluated the relationship between serum SDF-1alpha and serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels and clinical factors in 107 gastric cancer patients. Serum levels of SDF-1alpha and VEGF levels were higher in gastric cancer patients than in controls (p < 0.001). Serum SDF-1alpha levels were higher in metastatic patients than non-metastatic patients (p < 0.001). SDF-1alpha levels were correlated with the presence of distant metastases (r = 0.528; p < 0.001) and correlated with VEGF levels (r = 0.789; p < 0.001). SDF-1alpha might serve as a possible marker for predicting or monitoring distant metastasis in gastric carcinoma.
Preferential Water Flow Through Corn Canopy and Soil Water Dynamics Across Rows

Small-scale and spatially dependent variation in real-time soil water dynamics, caused largely by agricultural practices, is not well understood. Objectives of this study were (i) to quantify the preferential stemflow vs. throughfall of water under rainfall and sprinkler irrigation during the closed corn (Zea mays L.) canopy period and from senescence to harvest, and (ii) to quantify in real time the corresponding row and interrow soil water dynamics under multiple annual no-tillage and plow-tillage corn experiments. Water redistribution through the corn canopy was studied for a 2-yr period, with stemflow measured by placing flexible polyethylene bags on plants, and throughfall by placing jars between corn rows. Soil water dynamics was studied for a 3-yr period, with multisensor capacitance probes and a monitoring system at five-row and interrow positions for each tillage. Highly significant (P < 0.001) linear positive relationships were found between both stemflow (S F ) and average throughfall (T F ) to rainfall. An inverse third-order relationship was found between the ratio of S F /T F and rainfall. Real-time soil water dynamics data showed that the smaller rainfall events (<15 mm) resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) water infiltration advantage for the no-tillage in-row position compared with the no-tillage interrow positions and compared with the plow-tillage in-row position. These results were consistent with the stemflow vs. throughfall data obtained under the closed corn canopy. Real-time soil water dynamics vs. rainfall intensity at different soil layers showed the importance of rainfall and sprinkler irrigation redistribution induced by the canopy, type of tillage, and position across corn rows.
Effects of neonatal cocaine exposure on two measures of balance and coordination

This study examined the effects of third trimester cocaine exposure on motor coordination and balance using a rodent model. The subjects were Sprague-Dawley rats that had been artificially reared (AR) and fed through gastrostomy tubes from postnatal days (PND 4-11). The AR groups included two groups given either 20 mg/kg/day or 60 mg/kg/day cocaine hydrochloride and a control group. A suckled control group raised by its natural dam was also included to control for artificial rearing. In Experiment 1, neonatal exposure to the high dose of cocaine resulted in impaired performance on parallel rods at 19-21 days of age. Exposure to the lower dose of cocaine impaired parallel rod performance on 20 and 21 days of age. In Experiment 2, walking gait was examined in 38-48-day-old subjects. Neonatal cocaine exposure was associated with a narrower stance width, however, there were no differences across neonatal treatment groups on step angle or stride length. These data suggest that third trimester cocaine exposure results in balance and coordination impairments. These findings support preliminary data suggesting motor impairments in infants with prenatal cocaine histories.
Abstract 5445: Universal bioluminescent HTS-formatted assay for quantitation of ADP production in kinase and ATPase reactions

Protein Kinases are implicated in metabolic and cellular disorders including cancer and thus they represent a very important target for the development of novel therapeutics. The process of developing new drug requires an innovative and low cost strategy to screen and identify compounds that can be used for lead optimization that incorporate the required desirable features. It will be idea to have a universal technology that can be used for the various stages of drug discovery such as assay development, compound screening, lead optimization, and enzyme profiling using the same technology platform. The technology should provide high sensitivity, robustness, and low cost. Towards that goal, we have expanded our luminescent platform for monitoring kinase activity to enable us to detect enzyme activity using low amount of enzymes, measure initial rates at very early substrate conversion, and generate reliable and robust data. This luminescent assay monitors enzyme activity by measuring ADP production using a homogenous and high through put formatted assay. The assay is also ideal for profiling compounds against various kinases since it detects ADP, the universal product of all kinases. Thus, the new homogenous assay is most suitable for drug discovery targeting kinases since it can be used in all various stages of drug development leading to animal or cellular studies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5445. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5445
ISOLATION AND STIGMATIZATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN UNDERCLASS: THE CASE OF CHICANO GANGS IN EAST LOS ANGELES*

A good deal of our concern in the study of social problems has to do with the emergence in American society of a predominantly minority urban underclass. Generally, social scientists rely on one or a combination of two approaches in explaining this phenomenon. The first approach the culture of poverty-argues for the existence of a tangle of pathology which is ". . . capable of perpetuating itself without assistance from the white world" (Moynihan, 1967:47). All that is required to sustain this underclass culture is a welfare state. An alternative approach, equally oversimplified here, argues that the minority underclass is a product of institutionalized racism, which operates in education, the job market, the housing market, and the criminal justice system. But both the culture of poverty and racism explanations focus on categories of people rather than on communities. The culture of poverty approach emphasizes individuals and their families. The discrimination argument looks at individuals in relation to their roles in the institutions of the larger society. Neither recognizes the dynamics working within the communities in which underclass families live. I suggest here that it would be fruitful to focus on differentiation within poor minority communities. Further, since deviance and potential deviance are also part of our image of the underclass, we may borrow from the labeling perspective to understand how deviants, and by extension, underclass families come to be differentiated further in their own minority communities. A case history-the development of Chicano youth gangs-shows some of these processes at work, and also demonstrates that it is possible for these trends to be reversed. Thus we can also identify some of the dynamics involved in the reabsorption of members of the underclass into a less deviant or stigmatized segment of the minority poor.
Geometrical magnetoresistance and negative differential mobility in semiconductor devices

Abstract The tensors of differential and static mobilities of hot electrons in a magnetic field are calculated in the frame of a model assuming electron energy-dependent relaxation times. It is shown that an N-type curve for ν(E) (drift velocity versus electric field) should become of an S-type in a strong enough magnetic field if the Hall field is short-circuited due to the sample configuration. An S-type (in the absence of a magnetic field) curve for ν(E) may become N-type in similar conditions. These effects are due to the peculiarities of geometrical magnetoresistance (GMR) in high electric and magnetic fields. Numerical calculations are performed for Si, GaAs, InP and Ga0.3In0.7Sb. For GaAs at room temperature the critical value of a magnetic field which is necessary for the turnover of the curve for ν(E) is about 30 kOe. It is demonstrated that for a conventional Hall sample the differential Hall mobility in high magnetic and electric fields should be strongly frequency-dependent on frequencies about and higher than an inverse differential dielectric relaxation time. It may diverge at these frequencies if the differential mobility in the absence of a magnetic field is negative. It is shown how the measurements of GMR for hot electrons can be used to estimate the maximal value of the negative differential mobility.
A benefit-cost model for the evaluation of on-site benefits of soil conservation projects in Mexico

Soil and water conservation measures can comprise a wide range of activities, both structural and non-structural. Their potential benefits range from protection and productivity increases of the directly affected lands to widely dispersed downstream benefits. While in most situations it is rather difficult to evaluate the latter, it can be shown that in many cases the direct upstream benefits are sufficiently large to justify soil and water conservation programs regardless of potential additional downstream benefits. A benefit-cost model was developed that compares program costs per unit of directly protected agricultural land with the net benefits resulting from two on-site consequences, land productivity enhancement from improved water conservation and elimination of productivity losses from gradual soil destruction. This model was applied to ongoing governmental programs in two Mexican states. The results show that benefits from the prevention of soil destruction are substantially larger than those from immediate productivity increases, although the latter were considered by Mexican authorities to represent the major program benefits.
Modeling of long-wavelength high contrast grating VCSELs and comparison with experiment

A comprehensive theoretical model for the high contrast grating tunable VCSELs is presented. The tunability of the resonance and the L-I curves are investigated. Our theoretical results agree very well with the experimental data.
Dose-rate dependence of the stress in Ar+ ion-implanted silicon

Abstract Measurements of Ar+ ion-beam-induced sheet stress were carried out on thin p-type (100) Si films using a cantilever sheet stress measurement technique. This technique leads to a sensitivity in stress measurement of the order of 1 × 105 dynes/cm2, which is two to three orders more sensitive than previously reported techniques. Measurements were made at doses ranging from 109 to 1016 cm−2 at room temperature, using various dose rates. Results show that the compressive stress increase is not linear as the dose increases. The dose corresponding to the peak stress is at 2 × 1014 cm−2 for 0.05 μA/cm2 implantation current at room temperature. This dose is dependent on the density of ion current, which indicates that the annealing of ion-beam-induced processes play an important role.
Association of exercise with quality of life and mood symptoms in a comparative effectiveness study of bipolar disorder.

Abstract Background Individuals with bipolar disorder lead a sedentary lifestyle associated with worse course of illness and recurrence of symptoms. Identifying potentially modifiable predictors of exercise frequency could lead to interventions with powerful consequences on the course of illness and overall health. Methods The present study examines baseline reports of exercise frequency of bipolar patients in a multi-site comparative effectiveness study of a second generation antipsychotic (quetiapine) versus a classic mood stabilizer (lithium). Demographics, quality of life, functioning, and mood symptoms were assessed. Results Approximately 40% of participants reported not exercising regularly (at least once per week). Less frequent weekly exercise was associated with higher BMI, more time depressed, more depressive symptoms, and lower quality of life and functioning. In contrast, more frequent exercise was associated with experiencing more mania in the past year and more current manic symptoms. Limitations Exercise frequency was measured by self-report and details of the exercise were not collected. Analyses rely on baseline data, allowing only for association analyses. Directionality and predictive validity cannot be determined. Data were collected in the context of a clinical trial and thus, it is possible that the generalizability of the findings could be limited. Conclusion There appears to be a mood-specific relationship between exercise frequency and polarity such that depression is associated with less exercise and mania with more exercise in individuals with bipolar disorder. This suggests that increasing or decreasing exercise could be a targeted intervention for patients with depressive or mood elevation symptoms, respectively.
Translational research - evidence to enhance the quality of pediatric nursing practice and health outcomes for children and their families.

Advances in the quality of pediatric nursing practice can be achieved through translating research evidence into everyday pediatric nursing practice and implementing evidencebas ed p rac t i c e projects to improve health outcomes for children and their families. CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF evidence and knowledge is required to improve nursing practice, care processes, and patient outcomes (Stevens, 2011). Moreover, evidence-based practice (EBP) leads to the highest quality health outcomes (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2011), and improved health outcomes for children and their families (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2011). Clinical nursing research is conducted to expand nursing knowledge to improve practice (Polit & Beck, 2012). Translating research evidence into everyday practice and the implementation of EBP projects provide a mechanism for improving the quality of care for children and their families, as well as advancing pediatric nursing practice. Evidence from research translated into pediatric nursing practice enhances the quality of care to improve health outcomes for children and their families (Christian, 2012a, 2012b, 2013a, 2013b, 2013c). In this issue of the Journal of Pediatric Nursing, eight articles highlight the importance of translational research for improving the quality of pediatric nursing care for children and their families by providing new evidence and intervention strategies through the development of new knowledge by: (a) identifying pediatric nurses' perceptions of smart pump technology in reducing errors to improve pediatric patient safety; (b) enhancing the culture of clinical inquiry of pediatric nurses in an acute care pediatric setting through the implementation of an innovative EBP project; (c) determining age-specific differences in antibiotic susceptibility of uropathogens; (d) exploring fathers' long-term adaptation to the birth of very preterm infants through the process of reorganizing family life; (e) developing a grounded theory of
Influence of atmospheric composition on hypersonic stagnation-point convective heating.

Atmospheric argon effect on hypersonic stagnation point convective heat transfer, using arc-heated shock tube simulating flight velocities up to 34,000 fps
Active and passive control algorithm for an exoskeleton with bowden cable transmission for hand rehabilitation

This paper investigates the control algorithm of an exoskeleton for hand rehabilitation, which accomplishes both active and passive rehabilitation training. In the passive mode control the PID control algorithm is executed in the velocity mode of the driver. In the active mode control, control architecture is proposed to deal with in both free space and constraint space. A resistance compensation control method is proposed to reduce the resistance in free space which is caused by the friction of the Bowden cable as well as the moment of inertial. To realize the compensation, force sensors are used to measure the force exerted by the human fingertip. A commercial driver, which could switch between the two control modes by a programmable digital switch rather than changing the physical connection manually, guarantees the realization of the required functions. The experiments are conducted to verify the proposed method, and the results show that in the active control mode, the maximum finger-exerted force with compensation is about two fifths of the force without compensation which means the resistance is greatly reduced. And in the passive mode, the maximum joint position error is about 1.2 degree, which satisfies the requirement in hand rehabilitation application. The experimental results demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.
Chemical reactions on a rotating disk

Abstract The theoretical solution for the rate of a rapid, irreversible two-component chemical reaction is extended to the case of laminar flow on a rotating disk. The rate is expressed in terms of a reaction factor, that is, the ratio of mass transfer with reaction to that with no reaction. The equations of momentum and mass transport have been programmed for an analogue computer so that the reaction factor may be calculated for any combination of reactant Schmidt numbers, concentrations, and inter-facial velocity. The model is easily extended to include rapid catalytic surface reactions and combustion. An experimental system for investigating the rate of a simple reaction of this type, an acid-base neutralization, is described. Data were obtained for dissolution of benzoic acid in water and in sodium hydroxide solutions. Mass transfer data without reaction were also obtained for cinnamic acid and for beta-naphthol in water and for naphthalene in air. The benzoic acid and the naphthalene data agree well with the theoretical solution for no reaction. The reaction data also agree very well with the predicted rates. However, the cinnamic acid and beta-naphthol fail to agree with theory even for simple dissolution.
Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve and prolapse of the mitral valve

The hearts from 10 necropsy patients with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve were examined for abnormalities of the mitral valve. Five patients were under 1 year of age and none had an abnormal mitral valve. The other five patients were ages 18 to 72 years (mean 36 years); all had focal fibrous thickening of the mitral leaflets and three had prolapse of one or both mitral leaflets. Only one of the three patients with mitral valve prolapse had an atrial septal defect (secundum type), indicating that the association of mitral valve prolapse with Ebstein's anomaly is not due to the presence of an atrial septal defect.
A Nonsymmetric Correlation Inequality for Gaussian Measure

Let?be a Gaussian measure (say, onRn) and letK,L?Rnbe such thatKis convex,Lis a “layer” (i.e.,L={x:a??x,u??b} for somea,b?Randu?Rn), and the centers of mass (with respect to?) ofKandLcoincide. Then?(K?L)??(K)·?(L). This is motivated by the well-known “positive correlation conjecture” for symmetric sets and a related inequality of Sidak concerning confidence regions for means of multivariate normal distributions. The proof uses the estimate?(x)> 1?((8/?)1/2/(3x+(x2+8)1/2))e?x2/2,x>?1, for the (standard) Gaussian cumulative distribution function, which is sharper than the classical inequality of Komatsu.
A new approach for a flush system

Abstract In summary we will look at the working functions of the combined system. With the catheter connected, the pressure will be transmitted from the source through the stopcock, the T connector, the tubing, the zero valve Port b 2 to Port a 2 into the transducer. During a flush the saline flows from Port A to Port C of the flush valve through the T connector and stopcock into the catheter. Simultaneously the flush pressure is transmitted to the transducer to show the frequency response of the system. During the zero-reference recording, Port a 2 of the zero valve moves to Port c 2 , deadending Port b 2 , hence the catheter can be flushed without disturbing the zero-check or base-line recording. The system, either combined with all features or in parts, depending on various situations, will prove safe and efficient. The complete system as described is presently used in the Catheterization Laboratory at the University of Utah Medical Center.
Paralleling Simulation of Operations Plan based on Decision Point Controlling

Abstract Operational Plan Paralleling Simulation Based on Decision Point Controlling (P2SDPC) can realize the operational plan's dynamic adjusting and cutting impossible branch based on decision point controlling technology. From then on, we can improve the efficiency of operational plan's simulation by the way of paralleling simulation. Thus we can overcome the problem of the simulation's higher complex and lower efficiency cause of multi-factor combination explosion. This provide a road to commander's decision efficiently based on computer aid.
Factors affecting the initiation of breastfeeding: implications for breastfeeding promotion

Breastfeeding rates in the United Kingdom (UK) are one of the lowest in the developed world and certainly the lowest in Europe. There have been numerous studies of breastfeeding in the UK, most of which have adopted a quantitative approach, and they have largely focused on obstetric or socio-demographic factors in the decision to breastfeed. Whilst these studies have an important role to play, this paper draws on a study that adopts a qualitative methodology to explore women's personal experiences and perceptions of breastfeeding. A qualitative study of 19 primagravidae was undertaken and completed in 1998. Participants were recruited to the study via 12 antenatal clinics in the West Midlands, England, UK. Their ages ranged from 16 to 30 years and the majority described themselves as 'white'. The majority of participants were in paid employment in a variety of occupations. The study was prospective in design. Participants were interviewed three times either during pregnancy or after childbirth: the first stage was between 6 and 14 weeks of pregnancy; the second stage was between 34 and 39 weeks; and the third stage was between 6 and 14 weeks after childbirth. The data indicate that there are several factors affecting breastfeeding initiation. First, infant feeding decisions seem to be made prior to, or irrespective of, contact with health professionals. Secondly, the data suggest that health promotion campaigns in the UK have been influential in their ability to educate women about the benefits of breastfeeding. However, this did not dissuade participants from formula feeding once their decision was made. The desire for paternal involvement also seemed to be another influential factor; fathers were either seen as able to alleviate the daily grind of early motherhood, or there was a desire for 'shared parenting'. Finally, some of the formula feeding women expressed a strong desire to re-establish their identities as separate individuals and as 'non-mothers'.
Hidden curve removal for free form surfaces

This paper describes a hidden curve algorithm specifically designed for sculptured surfaces. A technique is described to extract the visible curves for a given scene without the need to approximate the surface by polygons. This algorithm produces higher quality results than polygon based algorithms, as most of the output set has an exact representation. Surface coherence is used to speed up the process. Although designed for sculptured surfaces, this algorithm is also suitable for polygonal data.