cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of third trimester choline phosphotransferase activity in uncomplicated human pregnancies.

Summary: CDP-choline: 1,2-diglyceride choline phosphotransferase (CPT; EC 2.7.8.2) undergoes a marked surge in activity in human amniotic fluid when assayed from 30 weeks of gestation to term. The activity of this enzyme, plotted against gestational age, follows a highly significant regression correlation from which an equation can be obtained for the prediction of gestational age. Speculation: In addition to its potential use in obstetrics, it is possible that a rapid and inexpensive assay for CPT or phosphatidic acid phos-phohydrolase could be applied to pharyngeal or gastric secretions in neonates. These assays could be used to differentiate between pulmonary surfactant deficiency states and other pulmonary and cardiac disease states.
Documentation of bridge inspection projects using virtual reality approach

Recent research has revealed that the nondestructive evaluation technique used most often to assess the physical condition of a bridge is visual inspection. During a routine visual inspection, observations and/or measurements are made and then recorded by means of field sketches, written descriptions, and site photographs. This information is ultimately entered into a bridge management system where it is maintained and used to make decisions regarding future maintenance, rehabilitation, or replacement of the bridge. Recognizing the importance of such documentation, this paper reports on the use of QuickTime Virtual Reality (QTVR) for recording and managing information normally collected during a routine inspection. With this technology, bridge inspection projects can be documented in an interactive, virtual reality format and supplement customary inspection reports. The specific details related to QTVR development (including field procedures and multimedia techniques) as applied to various bridge inspection projects are discussed in this paper. The study concludes with a discussion of the potential impact of the QTVR technology in bridge inspection.
Multiple fault diagnosis in crossbar nano-architectures

Bottom up self-assembly of nano-crossbars from carbon nano-tubes and semiconductor nano-wires has shown the potential to overcome the limitations of lithographic fabrication of CMOS for further down-scaling. However, very high permanent and transient fault rates necessitates the incorporation of efficient fault tolerance techniques, capable of handling multiple faults. Self repair provides fault tolerance through fault detection, diagnosis and reconfiguration to recover from permanent faults. In this paper, we present a multiple faults diagnosis scheme based on dual rail error checking frameworks for nano-crossbar architectures. The proposed scheme is capable of identifying multiple faulty crosspoints with very low performance and area overheads. The experimental results show that all of the multiple faults are correctly diagnosed.
Religious Coping Style, Concept of God, and Personal Religious Variables in Threat, Loss, and Challenge Situations

This study explored the important mediating role of personal religious variables and God concept in the use of religious coping in threat, loss, and challenge situations. One hundred and twenty-nine undergraduates completed questionnaires which included a God concept adjective checklist (Schaefer and Gorsuch 1992), a stressor scenario (Bjorck and Cohen 1993), and a measure of religious coping adapted from the BAV model (Gorsuch 1988). Results suggest that personal variables such as God concept and perception of others' beliefs played important mediating roles in religious coping in stressor situations. The relationship between coping style and stressor scenario was not entirely state-dependent, but influenced by personal variables. Strong relationships existed among God concept, the importance individuals placed on their religious and spiritual lives, and participation in religious activities.
Altered microvascular response to adenosine in the spontaneously hypertensive rat

Adenosine is a well-known locally active vasodilator metabolite. A major role in blood flow regulation has been ascribed to adenosine. This investigation compared the dose-response curves to adenosine in the cremaster of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) with Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs) at an age when cardiac output and blood flow of the SHR have been shown to be increased (6 weeks). Each concentration (10(-5), 10(-4), and 10(-3) M) was injected retrograde through the femoral artery as a bolus of 100 microliters/sec and 300 microliters/3 sec. Changes in arteriolar diameter were recorded for 3 min. Continuous monitoring techniques enabled detection of differences between strains using an average of the 3-min response (DAVG) and the 3-min response pattern. In contrast, no interstrain differences were observed using the peak diameter response (DMAX). SHRs exhibited a reduced sensitivity to adenosine which was apparent in the dose-response curves based on DAVG with 3-sec injections (P less than 0.02). There was no difference with 1-sec injections. Analysis of the 3-min response pattern showed that SHRs also returned to control diameters faster than WKYs, except at the highest dose when vessels of both strains remained dilated. These results are consistent with the role of metabolic (vasodilator) autoregulation in hypertension. If extracellular adenosine is washed out in the SHR, intraarterial injections of the same concentration of adenosine would cause a reduced response in SHRs.
Designing Robust Wireless Communications for Factory Floors

Summary form only given. The tutorial is aimed at teaching the underlying aspects of short-range, wireless RF-links (of WLAN and WPAN specifications) that are considered in the state-of-the-art factory informatic communication applications. Such wireless links on industrial floors may prevail across a variety of end-entities such as computer hosts, robots, sensor-mounted autonomous moving units (in production series), and roaming workers with PDAs. Ideally, relevant connectivity should conform to robust performance despite of harsh electromagnetic environment and mutual interference (due to co-location) inherent to industrial floors. At the same time, these connections should be economically viable and operate on low-power budgets. Based on service classes, their range is specified -from a meter to 100 meters. Interoperability with other communication (wireline or wireless) systems and feasibility of extension into inter- and/or intra networking of the factory could be another set of desirable features. Retrofit considerations, compact size of the radio units, portability and ad hoc networking are other aspects of forward-looking factory communication perspectives. Starting from the aforesaid underlying concepts, a step-by-step tracing of working principles of these RF links vis- -vis factory communications will be aimed at in the tutorial lectures. The associated prospects of the upcoming technology conceived to bring about the existence of a broad range of interoperable factory-based devices through open-industry specifications on unlicensed, untethered peripheral and control unit that operate on low-cost and low-power budgets and enabling communications between complaint devices anywhere in and around an indoor factory environment will be elaborated. Hence the RFI compatibility issues and design aspects of making the links robust via diversity techniques will be indicated.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The prevalence of pulmonary arterial hypertension is rising worldwide. Significant progress in our understanding of the pathobiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension has resulted in a shift from vasodilator therapy to the development of specific drugs targeting seminal molecular derangements of this disorder. This review highlights the recent advances in treatment and provides directions for the future care. RECENT FINDINGS Induction of endothelin-1 and decreased transcription of nitric oxide and prostacyclin leads to pulmonary vasoconstriction that triggers several downstream molecular events which result in pulmonary vascular remodeling. Treatment with endothelin receptor antagonists, prostanoids and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors that prevent breakdown of cGMP have all demonstrated benefits in prospective, randomized, controlled trials of pulmonary arterial hypertension patients. Future strategies will combine these therapies to explore whether targeting more than one pathway provides synergistic long-term benefit. SUMMARY Treatment guidelines developed by the American College of Chest Physicians aim to ensure that evidence-based approaches are practiced. Because of genetic heterogeneity in treatment effects and outcomes among patients, pharmacogenetics which will study polymorphisms that modulate the response to treatment will enable physicians to deliver cost-effective, tailored treatments for all pulmonary arterial hypertension patients in the future.
Modulation of the Renin-Angiotensin Pathway Through Enzyme Inhibition and Specific Receptor Blockade in Pacing-Induced Heart Failure: II. Effects on Myocyte Contractile Processes

Background The goal of this study was to determine the effects of ACE inhibition (ACEI) alone, AT1 angiotensin (Ang) II receptor blockade alone, and combined ACEI and AT1 Ang II receptor blockade on LV function, systemic hemodynamics, and neurohormonal system activity in a model of congestive heart failure (CHF). Methods and Results Pigs were randomly assigned to each of 5 groups: (1) rapid atrial pacing (240 bpm) for 3 weeks (n=9), (2) ACEI (benazeprilat, 0.187 mg · kg−1 · d−1) and rapid pacing (n=9), (3) AT1 Ang II receptor blockade (valsartan, 3 mg · kg−1 · d−1) and rapid pacing (n=9), (4) ACEI and AT1 Ang II receptor blockade (benazeprilat/valsartan, 0.05/3 mg · kg−1 · d−1) and rapid pacing (n=9), and (5) sham controls (n=10). In the pacing group, LV fractional shortening (LVFS) fell (13.4±1.4% versus 39.1±1.0%) and end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) increased (5.61±0.11 versus 3.45±0.07 cm) compared with control (P<.05). With AT1 Ang II blockade and rapid pacing, LVEDD and LVFS were unchanged from pacin...
Neutron-Proton Interaction. Part II. The Scattering of Neutrons by Protons

It may be that also for free particles, as well as in the case of binding, the neutron-proton interaction operator can be represented by a potential ${J}_{1}(r)$. Because the conditions of binding and of scattering are so different there is no reason to expect ${J}_{1}$ to be identical with $J$, the potential for binding. The inequalities ${J}_{1}lJ$ and $\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}{J}_{1}}{\ensuremath{\partial}W}l0$ ($W$ denotes the kinetic energy) should hold if some part of the potential results from a polarization of each particle in the field of the other or from a high frequency exchange process. For slow neutrons a thirty percent decrease in the magnitude of the interaction in going from binding to free particles yields an increase in the cross section for scattering by protons of several hundred percent over the value given by $J$. This larger value is required by recent measurements. The rapid fall of the experimental cross section with increasing $W$ requires that ${J}_{1}$ decrease steadily as $W$ is made larger in accordance with the relation ${J}_{1}(r,v)={e}^{\ensuremath{-}g({\ensuremath{\beta}}_{0}+\frac{v}{c})}J(r)$. Here $g$ is a positive constant, $v$ is the relative velocity of the colliding particles and ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{0}c$ is identified with the average relative velocity of the particles in the deuteron.
Observations of the anomalous cosmic ray component in the outer heliosphere

Abstract Detailed observations of the cosmic ray hydrogen, helium, and oxygen intensity and energy spectra by experiments on Pioneer 10 and Voyager 2 in the outer heliosphere show a very strong phase-lag between the recovery of low rigidity cosmic rays and those of higher rigidity during the recent period of declining solar activity. This hysteresis effect is established as an important element of the cosmic ray modulation process and its rigidity dependence is consistent with both the anomalous He and O being predominantly singly ionized as predicted by Fisk, Kozlovsky and Ramaty. This single ionized charge state for the anomalous component is confirmed by the demodulation of their-measured spectra using modulation parameters obtained from the intensity changes of high rigidity galactic cosmic ray helium. This demodulation provides estimates of the local interstellar intensity of the anomalous component.
Male copulatory behavior and female maternal behavior in neonatally bulbectomized rats

Abstract Olfactory bulbs were destroyed in six-day-old male and female rats, and anosmia was confirmed in adulthood. Bulbectomized males initiated apparently normal sexual activity at the same age as did control animals. As virgins, bulbectomized females did not injure foster young; when allowed to mate and deliver young, they displayed apparently normal maternal behavior. It was concluded that neonatal olfactory bulbectomy does not preclude the development of essentially normal copulatory behavior in the male rat and maternal behavior in the female rat.
Enhanced saturation and subcooled boiling of FC-72 dielectric liquid

Abstract Experiments are conducted which investigated enhancements in nucleate boiling of FC-72 dielectric liquid on porous graphite and compared results with those on a smooth copper surface of the same dimensions (10 × 10 mm). Also investigated is surface temperature excursion at boiling incipience and the obtained values of CHF are compared with those of other investigators on copper, silicon, and micro-finned silicon surfaces and micro-porous coatings. Results showed no temperature excursion at boiling incipience on porous graphite but as much as 14.0 K in saturation and 9.0–13.3 K in subcooled boiling on copper. The nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients on porous graphite are significantly higher than on copper and the values of CHF (27.3, 39.6, 49.0, and 57.1 W/cm2 in saturation and at ΔTsub = 10, 20, and 30 K, respectively) are 63–94% higher than on copper (16.9, 21.9, 26.9, and 29.5 W/cm2, respectively). The surface superheats at CHF on porous graphite (11.0 K in saturation and 17.2–19.5 K in subcooled boiling) are lower than on copper (21.3 K and 22.9–24.9 K, respectively). The nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient increase with subcooling and CHF increased linearly with ΔTsub. The subcooling coefficient of CHF on porous graphite (0.041) is slightly smaller than those on micro-porous coatings (0.044 and 0.049) but much higher than those on micro-finned silicon surfaces (0.022, 0.036), and on Cu, Si, and enhanced SiO2 (0.018) surfaces.
Remote sensing with electromagnetic and acoustic wavelets: a variational approach

The electromagnetic and acoustic wavelets recently introduced by the author are here redefined in a much simplified and generalized form. An application to remote sensing is proposed, resulting in a formulation of radar and sonar as problems in the calculus of variations which reduce to the usual wideband ambiguity function formalisms when the reflectors are assumed to move with a uniform velocity. The new wavelets also lend themselves naturally to multiresolution analysis of electromagnetic and acoustic signals, which could have applications for communication.
Assessment of peer rejection and externalizing behavior problems in preschool boys: a short-term longitudinal study

We examined the longitudinal stability of measures of negative peer status and aggressive-disruptive behavior in preschool boys. Subjects were 53 white 4- to 5- year- old boys from low-income family backgrounds. Peer sociometric measures of rejection and behavioral deviance were assessed in the fall and spring of the preschool year. Complementary measures were also obtained from teachers at both assessment points. Half of the boys designated as rejected on the basis of peer nominations maintained this status at the end of the preschool year. Teachers and peers did not agree on their selections of socially rejected children, but had good agreement concerning the identification of children with externalizing-type behavior problems. Finally, teacher and peer classifications of aggressive-disruptive children were highly stable throughout the preschool year. These findings indicate that peer-rejected children can be identified at very young ages, and that preschoolers can be reliable informants about the social maladjustment of peers.
Learning through Paradox: A Pedagogical Strategy for Exploring Contradictions and Complexity

Over the past decade, the notion of paradox has become increasingly of interest in organization studies. This article seeks to extend the topic to the arena of management education. Specifically, we present paradox as one means of raising the complexity of students’ understandings of what it means to manage in an increasingly turbulent world. Invoking a “pedagogy of paradox” intentionally introduces contradictions that exist simultaneously to discussion, thereby initially prompting a degree of confusion and feelings of anxiety to stimulate creative thinking that moves beyond either—or toward both—and understandings. We begin by discussing the key components of paradox, then introduce three pedagogical strategies—conceptual polarities, personal contradictions, and paradoxical predicaments—and elaborate accompanying classroom exercises for each.
SEXUAL SELECTION AND THE EVOLUTION OF FEMALE CHOICE.

A paradox for evolutionists has been the development in one sex, usually females, of preferences for mates possessing characters that impair survival. Darwin (187 1) extensively documented cases of sexual selection in animals and showed that many of the most dramatic examples are attributable to female mating preferences operating in polygynous populations. But while he was untroubled to explain the evolution of adaptations for male-male sexual competition, Darwin did not provide a hypothesis for the origin or maintenance of female mating preferences. Fisher (1958, p. 150-153) provided a subtle solution to this puzzle. He reasoned that the initial evolution of a female mating preference would require "bionomic conditions in which such preference shall confer a reproductive advantage. " He showed that evolution of the preferred male trait could then "proceed, by reason of the advantage gained in sexual selection, even after it has passed the point in development at which its advantage in Natural Selection has ceased." Because females with stronger preferences mate with males bearing more exaggerated traits, a genetic correlation between the preference and trait is maintained by sexual selection. If the -more extreme males are increasing in frequency, the genetic correlation results in the evolution of stronger preferences and so causes further selection for the extreme males. Fisher dubbed this a "runaway process." O'Donald (1967, 1980) used simulations to verify several essential features of Fisher's argument. He differed with Fisher, though, in his belief that females must respond to supernormal mating stimuli for a male trait to evolve to a point where it decreases viability. O'Donald (1977, 1980) pointed out that a small increase in the male trait might result in a small additional viability loss but a large gain in mating advantage by this mechanism. The primary conclusion of the present paper is that the initial selective advantages for the female preference assumed by Fisher, O'Donald, and many later authors are not necessary for either the origin or subsequent elaboration of mating preferences for traits associated with reduced survivorship. Using a two-locus analytic model that follows evolution of both the preference and the trait in a polygynous population, I will show that such mating preferences are neither selected for nor against. A sufficiently strong mating preference can, however, maintain in the population a male trait that causes greatly reduced viability. The result can be a dramatic deterioration of the average survivorship, as Fisher and O'Donald concluded, but no particular assumptions about behavioral mechanisms (e.g., response to supernormal mating stimuli) are
Rolling/sliding of a linear elastic body on a deformable layered substrate

We analyze a three-dimensional frictional contact problem between a homogeneous and isotropic linear elastic body and a substrate consisting of a homogeneous and isotropic linear elastic half-space coated with a transversely isotropic elastic layer. The problem formulation includes the kinematics of the body, including its rolling/sliding on the substrate. Expressions relating the displacements of a point on the contact surface to the surface tractions acting there have been derived. We have also proposed a variational problem for the determination of surface tractions at points of the contact surface. An example problem involving the motion of a homogeneous spherical rigid ball on a substrate made of a homogeneous thin layer of a linear elastic material and bonded to a rigid base is studied. It is shown that there can be at most one adhesion zone followed by a slipping zone. Numerical results illustrating the dependence of the slip velocity upon the resultant frictional force are also presented graphically.
A time-varying volatility approach to modeling the phillips curve: A cross-country analysis

This research examines the Phillips curve price adjustment mechanism allowing for the conditional variance of inflation to be time varying. Specifically, we estimate ARCH and GARCH models of inflation for Canada, Japan, and the U.K. The results suggest that an increase in the conditional variability of inflation leads to higher levels of inflation. In addition, inclusion of inflation variability in the Phillips curve model results in a higher weight being attributed to the output gap than in traditional models. (JEF E24)
Registration of Longitudinal Brain Image Sequences with Implicit Template and Spatial-Temporal Heuristics

Abstract Accurate measurement of longitudinal changes of brain structures and functions is very important but challenging in many clinical studies. Also, across-subject comparison of longitudinal changes is critical in identifying disease-related changes. In this paper, we propose a novel method to meet these two requirements by simultaneously registering sets of longitudinal image sequences of different subjects to the common space, without assuming any explicit template. Specifically, our goal is to 1) consistently measure the longitudinal changes from a longitudinal image sequence of each subject, and 2) jointly align all image sequences of different subjects to a hidden common space. To achieve these two goals, we first introduce a set of temporal fiber bundles to explore the spatial–temporal behavior of anatomical changes in each longitudinal image sequence. Then , a probabilistic model is built upon the temporal fibers to characterize both spatial smoothness and temporal continuity. Finally , the transformation fields that connect each time-point image of each subject to the common space are simultaneously estimated by the expectation maximization (EM) approach, via the maximum a posterior (MAP) estimation of the probabilistic models. Promising results have been obtained in quantitative measurement of longitudinal brain changes, i.e., hippocampus volume changes, showing better performance than those obtained by either the pairwise or the groupwise only registration methods.
Breakdown of Cross-Protection of Grapefruit from Decline-Inducing Isolates of Citrus tristeza virus Following Introduction of the Brown Citrus Aphid

A 21-year-old replicated field planting of 84 'Ruby Red' grapefruit trees cross-protected with three mild isolates of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) was assessed for decline-inducing and non-decline-inducing isolates of the virus 5 years after the brown citrus aphid (BrCA) (Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy) first was established in the experimental area. Prior to the introduction of the BrCA, the cross-protecting mild isolates had significantly reduced detectable infection with decline-inducing isolates of CTV for 16 years (average infection of 13% in cross-protected trees compared with 67% in unprotected trees). After the introduction of the BrCA, infections with decline-inducing CTV (measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were 57, 81, and 71% for trees protected with three mild isolates, respectively, compared with 95% in unprotected trees. These results suggest that the introduction of BrCA accelerated the breakdown of cross-protection against decline-inducing isolates of CTV in grapefruit.
Probing the optical near field of a nanolens

Systematic variation of the internal geometry of a dielectric core-metal shell nanoparticle allows the local electromagnetic field at the nanoparticle surface to be precisely controlled. The strength of the field as a function of core and shell dimension is measured by monitoring the Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) response of nonresonant molecular adsorbates (para-mercaptoaniline) bound to the nanoparticle surface. The SERS enhancement appears to be directly controllable by nanoparticle geometry. A series of silica core-silver shell nanoparticles were constructed using 65 nm and 79 nm cores, upon which silver layers ranging from 5 nm to 20 nm were deposited by an electroless plating method. Raman spectra of nanoshell and adsorbate molecule solutions were obtained at an excitation of 1.0 μm (Nd:YAG). The magnitude of three predominant Stokes modes (390cm -1 , 1077cm -1 , and 190cm -1 ) were theoretically calculated and experimentally measured as a function of nanoshell geometry. The excellent agreement observed between experiment and classical theory indicates that metal nanoshells provide a substrate with a controllable optical near field.
Librational anharmonicity in solid α-N2

Abstract The effects of librational anharmonicity in solid α-N 2 are studied. Anharmonic frequencies are obtained using a boson representation for torsional motion. Two-libron and (one stretch + one libron) processes observed via Raman spectroscopy are discussed. Cubic libron-phonon interactions are shown to account for anomalies in the widths of the optical phonons as observed in infrared absorption.
Restoration of Superhydrophobicity in Crushed Polymer Films by Treatment with Water: Self‐Healing and Recovery of Damaged Topographic Features Aided by an Unlikely Source

The crushing of superhydrophobic polymer multilayers destroys micro/nanoscale topographic features critical for the maintenance of superhydrophobicity. We demonstrate that these surface features can be recovered, and that superhydrophobicity can be fully restored, by treatment of damaged films with liquid water. These polymer-based films can also sustain other forms of severe abuse without loss of superhydrophobicity. This combination of features addresses several important practical issues associated with the durability of artificial superhydrophobic surfaces.
When is it appropriate to focus on protection in interventions for adolescents

Assertions about the appropriateness of targeting risk or protective factors in interventions for adolescents must be qualified in terms of the outcomes and populations examined in studies and in terms of how risk and protection are measured. The cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between protection and aggressive behavior found for 388 high-risk adolescents (81.7% male; 50.8% African American/other; average age, 14.5) with serious emotional disturbances in this study validated an intervention focus on protective factors.
Male Threat from Female Competence.

Male threat from female competence (MTFC), a hypothesized personality dis-position in males who experience competence in females as psychologicallythreatening, is assessed via a sentence-completion measure and validated in anexperimental study of 91 ongoing college dating couples. High- and Iow~MTFCmales performed a verbal facility task either cooperatively or competitivelywith their current dating partners. Hrgh-MTFC males competing with theirdating partners showed an elevation in performance and a greater desire toavoid future task interaction with their partners than did other males, hutthey did not report greater effort on the task or overestimate how well they did.
Cognitive schemas and thought as determinants of attitude change

It was hypothesized that thought would result in greater attitude polarization than distraction and that this effect would be more pronounced with better developed schemas (naive theories) for thinking about the attitude object. In Study 1, it was reasoned that persons have better developed schemas (e.g., implicit personality theories) for thinking about individuals than for thinking about groups. In Study 2, it was reasoned that men have better developed schemas for thinking about football and women have better developed schemas for thinking about women's fashions. In both studies, the hypothesis was significantly confirmed.
Transmucosal Delivery of Leucine Enkephalin: Stabilization in Rabbit Enzyme Extracts and Enhancement of Permeation through Mucosae

Leucine enkephalin (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu; Leu-Enk) is a naturally occurring peptide that has been shown to have pain modulating properties. To evaluate the feasibility of using various absorptive mucosae as a route of systemic delivery, the stability of Leu-Enk and the effect of enzyme inhibitors (e.g., amastatin, EDTA, and thimerosal) on stabilization and permeation of Leu-Enk through rabbit mucosae in the presence of dihydrofusidates were investigated. Enzymes in the nasal, rectal, and vaginal mucosae were extracted and Leu-Enk (50 micrograms/mL) was added to each of the enzyme extracts and incubated to determine the kinetics and mechanism of degradation. The rate of degradation in the extracts in the absence of inhibitors followed the order: rectal > vaginal > nasal. Whereas EDTA had the best stabilizing effect on Leu-Enk, thimerosal was the best stabilizer for the degradation intermediates. A combination of amastatin (50 microM), EDTA (5 mM), and thimerosal (50 microM) had the greatest stabilizing effect on Leu-Enk and its degradation intermediates. For permeation studies, each mucosa was mounted onto a Valia-Chien permeation cell with Leu-Enk (200 micrograms/mL) in isotonic phosphate buffer (as donor solution). The enhancers used for the study were sodium tauro-dihydrofusidate (STDHF), sodium glycodihydrofusidate (SGDHF), and phosphato-dihydrofusidate (PHDHF). The greatest effect was achieved by PHDHF for all the mucosae. STDHF had a significant effect only on the rectal permeation, whereas SGDHF had significant effects on rectal and vaginal mucosae. Mechanisms by which the dihydrofusidates enhance permeating may involve micelle formation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Internet and self-regulation in China: the cultural logic of controlled commodification

This article examines the implementation of self-regulation in China's internet sector through the forging of subtler control relationships between media corporations and the state. It uses three case studies of domestic and global media joint venture operations in the converging areas of online and mobile gaming to show how media commercialization is balanced by control modalities to reaffirm the government as a central agency in the gradual transition to a socialist-market economy. Within these processes of controlled commodification, the government uses trust-building to establish cultural leadership as a way of protecting political and social cohesion while benefiting from global economic integration. The study reveals the cultural logic, or hegemonic norm, that underpins the new bottom-up business model for media management in China. Underscoring these processes, however, is a quasi-Sartrean irony of 'winner loses' logic, whereby increased transparency or access to information is limited to entertainment and not a substantially greater say for citizens in the formulation of China's future.
Pease Porridge in a Pot: The Social Basis of Health and Healing in Africa

Pease porridge hot, pease porridge cold Pease porridge in the pot nine days old Some like it hot, some like it cold But none like it in the pot nine days old. The recent flurry of monographs and collections relating to the social aspects of medicine and disease in Africa and elsewhere ensures that collections of essays on this topic will receive much attention and will be concomitantly influential.' Under the circumstances it is particularly regretable that the volume under review has been published so many years after most of the essays in it were written, precluding their referring to the many recent advances in the field. Of the 21 articles and introductory essays in Steven Feierman and John Janzen, eds., The Social Basis of Health and Healing in Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), six (amounting to 24% of the text) are reprints, seven (35%) are revisions whose originals date from 1979 and 1981, and eight (41%) are originals. Of these latter, two chapters date from 1983, and two of the reprints have been supplanted by book-length monographs.2 One must therefore ask of the editors, the press, and the Joint Committee on African Studies of the American Council of Learned Societies and the Social Science Research Council whether such unusually delayed publication is justified. The editors describe (xv) the volume as a distillation of the "Medicine and Society in Africa" project sponsored by ACLS/SSRC in the 1980s. In order to determine whether this distillate is still suitable for scholarly consumption, let us examine at least some of the component parts. The main body of this collection is divided between a section on "Therapeutic Traditions of Africa: A Historical Perspective," the responsibility of John Janzen, and "The Social Context of Health and Disease," presumably the domain of Steven Feierman.3 The introduction poses a series of "open questions" relating to each topic. As far as traditions of African healing are concerned, these questions arise from the discovery by anthropologists and historians during the 1970s that therapies were diverse and not necessarily ethnically based, as previously believed by Western scholars. This section (chapters 2-5) therefore discusses the "multiple streams of healing traditions." As to the other topic-health and disease-the editors begin (5) with the proposition that "health in Africa over the past century is inseparable from the history of change in control over political institutions and change in the organization of economic production." Political and economic change affected states of health through (7-8)"
Binding energies for p electrons in negative alkaline-earth elements

Multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock (MCHF) calculations recently predicted a positive binding energy for the p electron in the ${s}^{2}$${p}^{2}$P state of ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, in good agreement with experiment. The present paper explores the binding of electrons in several alkaline-earth elements. Fixed-core Hartree-Fock potentials demonstrate the angular momentum barrier. From a simple correlation study it is shown that the 3${d}^{2}$4p configuration relative to the 3${s}^{2}$3p configuration in ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ lies much higher than the (n-1)${d}^{2}$np configurations relative to ${\mathrm{ns}}^{2}$np in the heavier alkaline-earth elements. Accurate MCHF correlation studies are reported for two and three electrons outside a core from which binding energies are predicted for ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, and ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$. Not included is correlation with the core (core polarization) and correlation within the core. The same procedures were also applied to Sc. Theoretical results with relativistic shift corrections are compared with experiment in the case of ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ and Sc.
REDUCED CHEMISTRY FOR AUTOIGNITION OF C3 HYDROCARBONS IN AIR

Abstract Beginning with a detailed mechanism of 176 reversible elementary steps among 37 species, reduced mechanisms are derived for predicting autoignition times at temperatures between 1000 K and 2000 K, pressures between 1 bar and 100 bar, and equivalence ratios between 0.5 and 2.0, for C3H8/air, C3H6/air and C3H4/air mixtures. Short mechanisms for allene and propyne of 23 irreversible steps among 19 species, for propene of 32 irreversible steps among 21 species, and for propane of 40 irreversible steps among 25 species are shown to yield ignition times in very good agreement with those of the detailed mechanism. By taking into account chemical-kinetic steady states, these mechanisms are reduced to 16 steps among 14 species for C3H4, 25 steps among 17 species for C3H6, and 23 steps among 17 species for C3H8. The procedures that would have to be followed to achieve further systematic reductions of these mechanisms are indicated. The results can be of help in calculating autoignition of these fuels in de...
Cerebellar networks with the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia

The dominant view of cerebellar function has been that it is exclusively concerned with motor control and coordination. Recent findings from neuroanatomical, behavioral, and imaging studies have profoundly changed this view. Neuroanatomical studies using virus transneuronal tracers have demonstrated that cerebellar output reaches vast areas of the neocortex, including regions of prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex. Furthermore, it has recently become clear that the cerebellum is reciprocally connected with the basal ganglia, which suggests that the two subcortical structures are part of a densely interconnected network. Taken together, these findings elucidate the neuroanatomical substrate for cerebellar involvement in non-motor functions mediated by the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex, as well as in processes traditionally associated with the basal ganglia.
Sonochemical degradation of alkylbenzene sulfonate surfactants in aqueous mixtures.

The degradation of nonvolatile surfactants sodium 4-octylbenzene sulfonate (OBS) and dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS) and a nonvolatile nonsurfactant 4-ethylbenzene sulfonic acid (EBS), as single components and binary mixtures, were studied under 354 kHz ultrasound. In addition, the effects of pulsed ultrasound on degradation were also examined. Results show that in mixtures of the surfactant OBS and nonsurfactant EBS, the surfactant is selectively degraded. The reduced degradation of EBS was dependent on the mixed molar ratio of EBS/OBS. The degradation of OBS was unaffected by the presence of EBS at a molar ratio of OBS/EBS ≥ 1. Furthermore, OBS degradation was significantly enhanced under pulsed ultrasound. In OBS and DBS surfactant mixtures sonicated under pulsed ultrasound, surfactants strongly affected each other's degradation rates due to competition for the reaction sites on the cavitation bubble surfaces. OBS exhibits a faster degradation rate than DBS at shorter pulse intervals due to its faster ra...
An advance in powder metallurgy aluminum alloy etchants

Mise au point d'un nouveau reactif d'attaque reunissant quatre criteres importants pour l'etude de microstructures. Il est simple a melanger, facilement controlable et peu agressif a l'utilisation. Application a des alliages d'aluminium prepares de differentes facons
Protecting wafer surface during plasma ignition using an arsenic cap

Dilute nitrides such as GaInNAs are often grown by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE), and the plasma that provides reactive nitrogen also damages the semiconductor surface. Direct exposure to the plasma has been studied extensively, but here we report damage due to indirect exposure, while the shutter remains closed. The use of a protective arsenic cap on the wafer is found to prevent such indirect damage, resulting in a 2–3x increase in photoluminescence intensity, sharper features in transmission electron microscopy, and a 30% decrease in laser thresholds. This technique requires no changes to the MBE chamber, unlike a gate valve.
The role of disorder in phase transformations in PTFE

The transformation of PTFE from phase II to phase IV at 19°C at atmospheric pressure has been investigated using wide angle X-ray diffraction. Diffraction patterns were taken as a function of temperature. The integrated intensity of an equatorial peak present only in phase II was used to monitor the extent of the transformation. Peaks on the second and fifth layer lines were used to determine the effect of transformation and/or disorder. Integrated intensities on these three layer lines were shown to decrease differently with increasing temperature. The decrease in intensity on the second and fifth layer lines could be described in terms of a model comprising the initial integrated intensity, fraction transformed and the amount of rotational disorder present. Molecular modeling also was used to investigate the transformation. A commercially available force field was modified to represent the equilibrium solid state of PTFE. The modified force field was used to examine aspects of the transformation including the influence of neighboring molecules on the molecular conformation.
Chemical synthesis of the mouse mitochondrial genome

We describe a one-step, isothermal assembly method for synthesizing DNA molecules from overlapping oligonucleotides. The method cycles between in vitro recombination and amplification until the desired length is reached. As a demonstration of its simplicity and robustness, we synthesized the entire 16.3-kilobase mouse mitochondrial genome from 600 overlapping 60-mers.
Infrared spectra of ThH2, ThH4, and the hydride bridging ThH4(H2)x (x = 1-4) complexes in solid neon and hydrogen.

Laser-ablated Th atoms react with molecular hydrogen to give thorium hydrides and their dihydrogen complexes during condensation in excess neon and hydrogen for characterization by matrix infrared spectroscopy. The ThH2, ThH4, and ThH4(H2)x (x = 1−4) product molecules have been identified through isotopic substitution (HD, D2) and comparison to frequencies calculated by density functional theory and the coupled-cluster, singles, doubles (CCSD) method and those observed previously in solid argon. Theoretical calculations show that the Th−H bond in ThH4 is the most polarized of group 4 and uranium metal tetrahydrides, and as a result, a strong attractive “dihydrogen” interaction was found between the oppositely charged hydride and H2 ligands ThH4(H2)x. This bridge-bonded dihydrogen complex structure is different from that recently computed for tungsten and uranium hydride super dihydrogen complexes but is similar to that recently called the “dihydrogen bond” (Crabtree, R. H. Science 1998, 282, 2000). Natura...
Computational Study of Isoprene Hydroxyalkyl Peroxy Radical−Water Complexes (C5H8(OH)O2−H2O)

Herein we report an extensive ab initio study on the existence of eight beta-hydroxy isoprene peroxy radical-water complexes. Binding energies calculated at the MP2(full)/6-311++G(2d,2p)//CCSD(T)/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory range between 3.85 and 5.66 kcal mol(-1). The results of natural bond orbital calculations are presented to help rationalize complex formation. Atmospheric lifetimes, equilibrium constants, heats of formation, and the relative abundance of complexed to uncomplexed peroxy radicals are also reported and discussed.
T cell receptor (β chain) transgenic mice have selective deficits in γδ T cell subpopulations

Abstract TCR-β (T cell receptor-β-chain) transgenic mice have altered lymphocyte development. TCR-β transgenic mice are hyporesponsive to alloantigens in vivo and are deficient in γδ T cells. In order to begin a study of the relationship between a deficiency of alloreactive γδ cells and the defective function of in vivo alloantigen recognition, we analysed the γδ T cell development in TCR-β mice. The presence of the TCR-Vβ8.2 chain transgene is associated with inhibition of γ chain gene rearrangement. In order to determine how the presence of the TCR-β transgene affects γδ T cell development, γδ T cells were studied in the skin, intestine and spleen. TCR-β mice have dramatically reduced numbers of γδ T cells in the spleen and moderately reduced numbers of γδ T cells among intestinal intraephithelial lymphocytes. In contrast, these mice have normal numbers of γδ dendritic epidermal cells (DEC). These selective deficits could be due to the developmental regulation of transgene transcription during fetal life. We examined transcription of the TCR-β transgene in the fetal thymus and found that the TCR-β transgene is first transcribed at high levels on day 16 of fetal life, after DEC have already migrated from the thymus to the epidermis. Furthermore, mRNA from the transgene was detected in DEC, ruling out the formal possibility that DEC bear a γδ receptor only because they are incapable of expressing the transgene. The expression of the transgene is temporally associated with inhibition of further TCR gene rearrangement and this developmental sequence may be responsible for the selective tissue deficits of γδ T cells.
Sorption and desorption of carbamazepine from water by smectite clays.

Abstract Carbamazepine is a prescription anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing pharmaceutical administered to humans. Carbamazepine is persistent in the environment and frequently detected in water systems. In this study, sorption and desorption of carbamazepine from water was measured for smectite clays with the surface negative charges compensated with K+, Ca2+, NH 4 + , tetramethylammonium (TMA), trimethylphenylammonium (TMPA) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) cations. The magnitude of sorption followed the order: TMPA-smectite ⩾ HDTMA-smectite > NH4-smectite > K-smectite > Ca-smectite ⩾ TMA-smectite. The greatest sorption of carbamazepine by TMPA-smectite is attributed to the interaction of conjugate aromatic moiety in carbamazepine with the phenyl ring in TMPA through π–π interaction. Partitioning process is the primary mechanism for carbamazepine uptake by HDTMA-smectite. For NH4-smectite the urea moiety in carbamazepine interacts with exchanged cation NH 4 + by H-bonding hence demonstrating relatively higher adsorption. Sorption by K-, Ca- and TMA-smectites from water occurs on aluminosilicate mineral surfaces. These results implicate that carbamazepine sorption by soils occurs primarily in soil organic matter, and soil mineral fractions play a secondary role. Desorption of carbamazepine from the sorbents manifested an apparent hysteresis. Increasing irreversibility of desorption vs. sorption was observed for K-, Ca-, TMA-, TMPA- and HDTMA-clays as aqueous carbamazepine concentrations increased. Desorption hysteresis of carbamazepine from K-, Ca-, NH4-smectites was greater than that from TMPA- and HDTMA-clays, suggesting that the sequestrated carbamazepine molecules in smectite interlayers are more resistant to desorption compared to those sorbed by organic phases in smectite clays.