cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Donald Davidson: Action theory and explanation in the social sciences

All sorts of events occur – bridges collapse, planets appear in the evening sky, people give speeches – and some of these events are special in being actions persons perform. Classical Chinese marks the distinction between actions and other events graphically, by adding to the term “ wei ”, meaning “to do”, the radical for “human being”, thus yielding a character that literally means “a person's doing”. Not everything a person does can be counted among his actions, however; witness Jack's falling down the hill, about which we say that it happens to him , rather than that he performs it . Or, to take another illustration, if I raise my arm, then my arm rises; but my arm may rise without my raising it, for example, if my neighbour lifts it. Wittgenstein problematizes this contrast between a doing in which one passively takes part (Jack's falling down the hill, my neighbour's lifting my arm) and a doing of which one is the author (Jack's accompanying Jane up the hill, my intentionally raising my arm) by asking “what is left over if I subtract the fact that my arm goes up from the fact that I raise my arm?” (Wittgenstein 1958: §621). What distinguishes actions from other events, and how are these differences mirrored in the explanations we offer of actions, as compared to other events? Volition and reasons Serious action theory begins with Aristotle, who explains this contrast between an action someone performs and an occurrence he suffers by positing that the “moving principle ( archē ) [of an action] is in the agent himself, [who is] aware of the particular circumstances of the action” (Aristotle 1984: 1111a20–21).
Implants and implant reactions

Abstract Total joint arthroplasty is one of the most successful of all operations, but arthroplasty failures do occur. By evaluating the retrieved devices and periprosthetic tissues, pathologists can often recognize clues about the mechanism of arthroplasty failure, information that can be of value to treating physicians, manufacturers and regulatory bodies. In this review, we provide an overview of the history of joint replacement implant development, describe the most common mechanisms of arthroplasty failure, and illustrate the types of damage that can be recognized during gross evaluation of retrieved devices. We emphasize the histologic findings in periprosthetic tissues, especially features typical of infection or other adverse local tissue reactions. We also summarize the histology of bone grafts and graft substitute materials in biopsy and resection specimens, which can help explain unexpected histologic findings at sites of prior reconstructive orthopaedic surgery, and can contribute to the development of new materials.
Hebron: A Case Study in Political Madness

A field visit to Hebron, including to the contested Ibrahimi mosque (known to Jews and Christians as the Cave of Machpelah) revealed the depth of Jewish-Palestinian entanglement far inside the occupied Palestinian territory (West Bank), raising questions about the very viability of a two state solution. The situation in Hebron is presented as a case study how the Oslo territorial arrangements (A, B, C) were constraining the Palestinian economy and undermining Palestinian state building efforts. The political reasons why the Oslo process got derailed are highlighted.
The phase shift hypothesis for the circadian component of winter depression

The finding that bright light can suppress melatonin production led to the study of two situations, indeed, models, of light deprivation: totally blind people and winterdepressives. The leading hypothesis for winter depression (seasonal affective disorder, or SAD) is the phase shift hypothesis (PSH). The PSH was recently established in a study in which SAD patients were given low-dose melatonin in the afternoon/evening to cause phase advances, or in the morning to cause phase delays, or placebo. The prototypical phase-delayed patient as well as the smaller subgroup of phase-advanced patients, optimally responded to melatonin given at the correct time. Symptom severity improved as circadian misalignment was corrected. Orcadian misalignment is best measured as the time interval between the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) and mid-sleep. Using the operational definition of the plasma DLMO as the interpolated time when melatonin levels continuously rise above the threshold of 10 pglmL, the average interval between DLMO and mid-sleep in healthy controls is 6 hours, which is associated with optimal mood in SAD patients.
Drones and Targeted Killing: Legal, Moral, and Geopolitical Issues (Introduction)

The Bush administration detained and tortured suspected terrorists. The Obama administration assassinates them. Assassination off the battlefield, or targeted killing, not only causes more resentment against the United States, it is also illegal. In this book, an interdisciplinary collection of essays edited by Professor Marjorie Cohn of Thomas Jefferson School of Law in San Diego, human rights and political activists, policy analysts, lawyers and legal scholars (including Professor Cohn), a philosopher, a journalist, and a sociologist examine different aspects of the U.S. policy of targeted killing by drones and other methods. The book explores the legal, moral, and geopolitical considerations of targeted killing and resulting civilian casualties, and evaluates the impact on relations between the United States and affected countries.
A fourier spectral method to solve high order on-surface radiation boundary conditions in electromagnetics

In this paper we develop a Fourier spectral method based on discrete Fourier transform to find the normal derivative of the electromagnetic field on the surface of the scatterer. The method involves choosing a high order local boundary conditions in frequency-domain and implementing it on the surface of the scatterer to find the normal derivative of the field numerically for applications such as the calculation of the radar cross-section and the surface current. We consider the two-dimensional problem for a perfectly conducting cylinder. Its numerical implementation and its performance in a wide range of frequency problems are demonstrated and compared to the frequency-domain integral equation for the scattered field. The advantage of the new method is that the On-Surface Radiation Boundary Conditions (OSRBCs) is applicable to a wide range of frequencies. A series of numerical tests demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of these conditions to a wide range of frequencies. Both the exact solutions as well as the high order local boundary conditions solutions are compared.
Scalable Genomic Assembly through Parallel de Bruijn Graph Construction for Multiple K-mers

Extraordinary progress in genome sequencing technologies has led to a tremendous increase in the number of sequenced genomes. However, biologists have run into a computational bottleneck to assemble large and complex genomes quickly, due to the lack of scalable and parallel de novo assembly algorithms. Among several approaches to assembly, the iterative de Bruijn graph (DBG) assemblers, such as IDBA-UD, generate high-quality assemblies by sequentially iterating from small to large k-values used in graph construction. However, this approach is time intensive because the creation of the graphs for increasing k-values proceeds sequentially. For example, with just eight k-values, graph construction takes 96% of the total time to assemble a metagenomic dataset with 33 million paired-end reads. In this paper, we propose ScalaDBG, which transforms the sequential process of DBG construction for a range of k values, to one where each graph is built independently and in parallel. We develop a novel mechanism whereby the graph for the higher k value can be "patched" with contigs generated from the graph with the lower k value. We show that for a variety of datasets our technique can assemble complex genomes much faster than IDBA-UD (6.7X faster for the most complex genome in our dataset) while maintaining the same accuracy for the assembled genome. Moreover, ScalaDBG's multi-level parallelism allows it to simultaneously leverage the power of mighty server machines by using all their cores and of compute clusters by scaling out.
Carbon Dioxide Insertion into Group 9 and 10 Metal-Element σ Bonds.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an appealing feedstock for the sustainable preparation of a variety of carbon-based commodity chemicals because of its high abundance, low cost, and nontoxicity. The high kinetic and thermodynamic stability of CO2, however, means that there are currently only a limited number of practical catalytic systems for the conversion of CO2 into more valuable chemicals, and continued research in this area is required. One promising approach for the eventual transformation of CO2 is to initially insert the molecule into transition-metal–element σ bonds such as M–H, M–OR, M–NR2, and M–CR3 bonds to form products of the type M–OC(O)E (E = H, OR, NR2, or CR3). CO2 insertion has been demonstrated in numerous stoichiometric reactions involving transition-metal complexes, but in cases where insertion results in the formation of strong M–O bonds, the products are often too stable to undergo further transformations. Group 9 and 10 transition-metal complexes (M = Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Rh, or Ir) form relati...
Harmonic Syntax of the Twelve-Bar Blues Form: A Corpus Study

This paper describes the construction and analysis of a corpus of harmonic progressions from 12-bar blues forms included in the jazz repertoire collection The Real Book. A novel method of coding and analyzing such corpus data is developed, with a notion of “possible harmonic change” derived from the corpus and logit mixed-effects regression models that describe the difference between actually occurring harmonic events and possible but non-occurring ones in terms of various sets of theoretical constructs. Models using different sets of constructs are compared using the Bayesian Information Criterion, which assesses the accuracy and efficiency of each model. The principal results are that: (1) transitional probabilities are better modeled using root-motion and chord-frequency information than they are using pairs of individual chords; (2) transitional probabilities are better described using a mixture model intermediate in complexity between a bigram and full trigram model; and (3) the difference between occurring and non-occurring chords is more efficiently modeled with a hierarchical, recursive context-free grammar than it is as a Markov chain. The results have implications for theories of harmony, composition, and cognition more generally.
Even If the Memoirs Are Authentic, Could the Documents Still Be Forgeries?

Chapter 4 seeks an answer to a crucial question: even if a bureaucrat by the name of Naim did indeed write these memoirs, is not still possible that the events of which he speaks are his own concoctions? Corroboration of names and events mentioned by Naim Efendi are found in Ottoman archival documents and described in detail.
Managers' Perceptions of Factors Associated With Quality Dimensions For The Different Types of Firms

Imagefile: Empirical data obtained from a questionnaire completed by 165 practicing managers are used to identify critical factors and current business trends that are associated with quality dimensions. The four dimensions of quality examined are cu..
Kayexalate (Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate) as a Hallmark and Cause of Gastrointestinal Tract Injury: Two Case Reports and a Review of the Literature:

Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate) is a cation exchange resin that is commonly used for the treatment for hyperkalemia. With the increasing prevalence of type II diabetes mellitus in develop...
Forecasting the size of a collection in workflow models

A workflow management system (WFMS) is a system that completely defines, manages and executes workflow through the use of software whose order of execution is driven by a computer representation of the workflow logic. The correct sequence of tasks in the database can be automatically discovered by applying data mining technology to the data of the audit trail written by WFMS. During the data mining process, an attempt is made to find all of the objects of interest. In this paper, a model is presented which can be used to forecast the ultimate size of a complete collection. The model can also be used to estimate the expected time necessary to complete the collection, and the probability of finding more items in a fixed interval of time. The data necessary to compute these forecasts is the number of items which have already been found, and the time it took to collect them. A case study from the field of post card collecting is presented.
Accuracy Assessment of Maps of Forest Condition

No thematic map is perfect. Some pixels or polygons are not accurately classified, no matter how well the map is crafted. Therefore, thematic maps need metadata that sufficiently characterize the nature and degree of these imperfections. To decision-makers, an accuracy assessment helps judge the risks of using imperfect geospatial data. To analysts, an accuracy assessment helps describe the reliability of the map for geospatial analyses and modeling, and the distribution of different types of “true” land cover within each mapped category. To producers of thematic maps, an accuracy assessment measures the degree of technical success for alternative algorithms or techniques. To project managers, an accuracy assessment helps determine contract compliance or measure performance of technical staff.
Genezis of the person of the public service, as a complex element of its legal status

Стаття присвячена дослідженню основних етапів становлення та розвитку присяги державного службовця як складової частини його правового статусу. Розглянуто нормативно-правові акти, які регламентують питання присяги державного службовця протягом історичного розвитку державної служби на теренах сучасної України.У статті робиться висновок, що на сучасному етапі інститут присяги державного службовця, ґрунтуючись на історико-правовому аналізі та з урахуванням європейських інтеграційних процесів у сфері державного управління, має сталий розвиток. Протягом усього історичного розвитку присяги державного службовця вагому роль відігравало становлення та розвиток державної служби на теренах України. Основними факторами впливу у різні історичні періоди на становлення та розвиток присяги державного службовця були збройні протистояння, зміна форми державного правління, державно-політичний устрій держави та формування різноманітних українських держав.Разом із тим, враховуючи надскладні умови історичного розвитку присяги державного службовця, який полягав у сприйнятті суспільством, певного історичного періоду, правового феномену «присяги» як складової частини правового статусу державного службовця, а іноді і відсутність нормативно-правового врегулювання інституту присяги державного службовця, все ж таки відігравав важливу роль у становленні державної служби загалом. Таким чином, усі історичні етапи генезису присяги державного службовця як складової його правового статусу є важливими з позиції історико-правового дослідження державної служби на теренах України, а також нормативно-правових актів з точки зору фіксації інституту присяги державного службовця.Отже, з урахуванням історичного розвитку присяги державного службовця, присяга є невід’ємною складовою його правового статусу, тим чинником, який надає особі можливість добровільно набути певних прав і обов’язків, які полягають, насамперед, у служінні своєму народові.
Smoke and Mirrors: Gender, Colonialism, and the Royal Commission on Opium, 1893–951

AbstractThis article explores the ways in which gendered language in the testimony and report of the Royal Commission on Opium, published in 1895, was used to both defend and decry the Indian opium...
Long-Term and Inter-annual Mass Changes in the Iceland Ice Cap Determined From GRACE Gravity Using Slepian Functions

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites have measured anomalies in the Earth’s time- variable gravity field since 2002, allowing for the measurement of the melting of glaciers due to climate change. Many techniques used with GRACE data have difficulty constraining mass change in small regions such as Iceland, often requiring broad averaging functions in order to capture trends. These techniques also capture data from nearby regions, causing signal leakage. Alternatively, Slepian functions may solve this problem by optimally concentrating data both in the spatial domain (e.g., Iceland) and spectral domain (i.e., the bandwidth of the data). We use synthetic experiments to show that Slepian functions can capture trends over Iceland without meaningful leakage and influence from ice changes in Greenland. We estimate a mass change over Iceland from GRACE data of approximately -9.3 ± 1.0 Gt/yr between March 2002 and November 2016, with an acceleration of 1.1 ± 0.5 Gt/yr 2 .
Late life maintenance and enhancement of functional exercise capacity in low and high responding rats after low intensity treadmill training

Abstract Intrinsic exercise capacity is predictive of both lifespan and healthspan but whether adaptive exercise capacity influences the benefits achieved from aerobic training implemented later in life is not known. Aim To determine if exercise late in life provides any functional improvements or underlying beneficial biochemical adaptations in rats bred to have a high response to training (HRT rats) or little to no response to training (LRT rats). Methods Adult (11 months) and old (22 months) female LRT and HRT rats either remained sedentary (SED) or were exercised (EXER) on a treadmill 2–3 times/week at 60% of their initial maximum running speed and distance for 4 months. At 26 months of age, exercise capacity was re-evaluated and extensor digitorum longus, gastrocnemius (GTN), and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were excised for histological and biochemical analysis. Results Both SED-HRT and SED-LRT rats showed decreased exercise capacity from 22 to 26 months, but with 4 months of treadmill training, EXER-HRT rats displayed a 50% improvement in exercise capacity while EXER-LRT rats maintained pre-training levels. Protein levels of antioxidant enzymes PRDX3, CuZnSOD, and PRXV were 6-fold greater in TA muscles of aged HRT rats compared to LRT rats. PGC-1α protein levels were ~2-fold greater in GTN and TA muscles of aged HRT than in LRT rats and TFAM protein was similarly elevated in GTN muscles of aged HRT rats compared with LRT rats. BNIP3 protein levels were 5-fold greater in TA muscles of aged HRT than in LRT rats while PINK1 protein content was reduced by 78% in GTN muscles of aged HRT rats compared with LRT rats. Conclusion HRT rats retained the ability to improve exercise capacity into late life and that ability was associated with inherent and adaptive changes in antioxidant enzyme levels and markers of and mitochondrial quality related to healthspan benefits in aging. Moreover, low intensity exercise prevented the age-associated decline in functional exercise capacity in LRT rats.
Brain-Computer Interfaces in the Wild: Lessons Learned from a Large-Scale Deployment

We present data from detailed observations of a “controlled in-the-wild” study of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) system. During 10 days of demonstration at seven nonspecialized public events, 1563 people learned about the system in various social configurations. Observations of audience behavior revealed recurring behavioral patterns. From these observations a framework of interaction with BCI systems was deduced. It describes the phases of passing by an installation, viewing and reacting, passive and active interaction, group interactions, and follow-up actions. We also conducted semistructured interviews with the people who interacted with the system. The interviews revealed the barriers and several directions for further research on BCIs. Our findings can be useful for designing the BCIs for everyday adoption by a wide range of people.
Escherichia hermannii as the sole cause of osteomyelitis in a patient with an open tibial shaft fracture

Escherichia hermannii is a rare monomicrobial cause of infection in humans. E. hermannii has never before been reported as the sole isolate from an infected open tibia fracture. We present a case of E. hermannii infection after a type III open tibia fracture. The patient was initially treated with irrigation and debridement, open reduction internal fixation and primary wound closure. However, after 8 weeks, he developed a draining wound and infection at the fracture site. He required a repeat debridement, hardware removal, external fixation and 6 weeks of intravenous ceftriaxone for treatment. At 2-year follow-up, he remains infection free, asymptomatic and continues to work with excellent functional outcomes. This case adds to the growing literature that evidences E. hermannii as an organism that can be pathogenic, virulent and cause monomicrobial infection.
Threshold analyses on rates of testing, transmission, and contact for COVID-19 control in a university setting

We simulated epidemic projections of a potential COVID-19 outbreak in a university population of 38,000 persons, under varying combinations of mass test rate (0% to 10%), contact trace and test rate (0% to 50%), transmission rate (probability of transmission per contact per day), and contact rate (number of contacts per person per day). We simulated four levels of transmission rate, 14% (average baseline), 8% (average for face mask use), 5.4% (average for 3ft distancing), and 2.5% (average for 6ft distancing and face mask use), interpolating results to the full range to understand the impact of uncertainty in effectiveness, feasibility, and adherence of face mask use and physical distancing. We evaluated contact rates between 1 and 25, to identify the threshold that, if exceeded, could lead to several deaths. When transmission rate was 8%, for trace and test at 50%, the contact rate threshold was 8. However, any time delays in trace, test, and isolation quickly raised the number of deaths. Keeping contact rate to 3 or below was more robust to testing delays, keeping deaths below 1 up to a delay of 5 days from the time of infection to diagnosis and isolation. For a contact rate of 3, the number of trace and tests peaked to about 70 per day and relaxed to 25 with the addition of 10% mass test. When transmission rate was 5.4%, for trace and test at 50%, the contact rate threshold was 10. However, keeping contact rate to 4 or below was more robust to delays in testing, keeping deaths below 1 up to a delay of 6 days from the time of infection to diagnosis and isolation. For contact rate of 4, the number of trace and tests peaked at 50 per day and relaxed to 10 per day with the addition of 10% mass test. Threshold estimates can help develop on-campus scheduling and indoor-spacing plans in conjunction with plans for asymptomatic testing for COVID-19. Combination thresholds should be selected specific to the setting based on an assessment of the feasibility and resource 48 availability for testing and quarantine.
Transcriptome sequencing identifies genes associated with invasion of ovarian cancer

ObjectiveTo identify key genes in ovarian cancer using transcriptome sequencing in two cell lines: MCV152 (benign ovarian epithelial tumour) and SKOV-3 (ovarian serous carcinoma).MethodsDifferentia...
Mechanisms underlying proximity between oral commensal bacteria

Abstract Complex polymicrobial biofilm communities are abundant in nature particularly in the human oral cavity where their composition and fitness can affect health. While the study of these communities during disease is essential and prevalent, little is known about interactions within the healthy plaque community. Here we describe interactions between two of the most abundant species in this healthy microbiome, Haemophilus parainfluenzae and Streptococcus mitis. We discovered that H. parainfluenzae typically exists adjacent to Mitis group streptococci in vivo with which it also positively correlated based on microbiome data. By comparing in vitro coculture data to ex vivo microscopy we revealed that this co-occurrence is density dependent and further influenced by H2O2 production. We discovered that H. parainfluenzae has a more redundant, multifactorial response to H2O2 than related organisms and that the integrity of this system enhances streptococcal fitness. We also show that Mitis group streptococci can act as an in vivo source of NAD for H. parainfluenzae and that streptococci in vitro evoke patterns of carbon utilization from H. parainfluenzae that are similar to those observed in vivo. Our findings describe mechanistic interactions between two of the most abundant and prevalent members of healthy supragingival plaque that contribute to their survival in vivo.
Confronting Vitruvius: a geometric framework and design methodology for Roman rectangular temples

Studies of design principles of Roman temples typically have been based on Vitruvius, which inspired a belief that the colonnade was at the core of the geometric framework of every temple and that the lower column diameter (D) was used as a module to plan all other aspects, both horizontally and vertically. Archaeological evidence, however, shows that most extant temples do not match the Vitruvian model.1 Scholars have tried to explain the discrepancies in different ways: for example, by claiming that Vitruvius did not describe the actual state of Roman architecture but “what it should be”,2 that architects had to make “adjustments” to the “Vitruvian ideal” to create a particular effect, or that they had to make on-site corrections.3 A few studies have shown that also other design principles must have been at play. P. Barresi, based on the geometric analyses of several temple-podia of the 5th to 1st c. B.C. in central Italy, argued that they were designed and built relative to a square grid.4 He derived the size of each grid-module from the proportions of the rectangles of the temples' bases. He later reached the same conclusion for the temples of the Capitolium at Sufetula,5 while J.-N. Bonneville presented a similar theory for temples at Baelo Claudia.6 M. Wilson Jones observed that the principal parts of the facades of the Temple of Portunus at Rome and the Maison Carree at Nimes formed square contours,7 which he considered a reason for the “irregularities” (relative to Vitruvian principles) in the intercolumniations. He also presented other examples of simple geometric shapes in the compositions of the facades of Roman buildings.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF BLAND-WHITE-GARLAND SYNDROME IN AN ASYMPTOMATIC ADULT

Anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a rare congenital defect and usually diagnosed within the first 2 months of life. We present a case of ALCAPA diagnosed in an asymptomatic adult through a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE). A 37 year old male was referred
Schumann contra Wagner: Beethoven, the F.A.E. Sonata and ‘Artwork of the Future’

For Karol Berger This article begins with an analysis of the ‘F.A.E. Sonata’ (fall 1853), a work for violin and piano composed jointly by Robert Schumann (movements 2 and 4), Albert Dietrich (first movement), and Johannes Brahms, for their returning friend, the violinist Joseph Joachim. The title of the work derives from the musical motto that Joachim had chosen as his own, representing the words ‘Frei aber einsam’ (free but alone). The analysis identifies the unifying elements of the movements; allusions play a role, especially regarding Beethoven. The study then proposes that Wagner's 1850 essay ‘The Artwork of the Future’ inspired this collegial effort as a rebuttal to several ideas, suggesting that Joachim took his personal motto as a contradiction of Wagner's statement: ‘The solitary individual is unfree’ (Der Einsame ist unfrei). One of the more intriguing sections for Schumann and his followers was likely the chapter entitled ‘The Artist of the Future’. There he asserts that individuality will never be as consequential as a collective effort, proclaiming that ‘the free artistic community is therefore the basic prerequisite for the artwork itself’. Schumann challenged his devoted disciples to take Wagner at his word and compose something as a collective. The stakes of the dispute between Schumann and Wagner were high: a path into the future that best continued the line connecting both of them to Beethoven. This sonata was composed at the same time as Schumann's article, ‘New Paths’ (Neue Bahnen), which also constitutes a response to Wagner's The Artwork of the Future.
Experimental Detection of HO C + by Microwave Spectroscopy

Microwave spectroscopy has been employed to make the first definite experimental observation of the ionic metastable isomer HO${\mathrm{C}}^{+}$. Its $J=0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1$ transition and those of its $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ and $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ isotopic variants have been detected in laboratory dc glow discharges. Extensive chemical, spectroscopic, and theoretical evidence permits conclusive identification of these spectra. Comparison of the substitution bond lengths [${\mathcal{r}}_{s}(\mathrm{CO})=1.1595$ \AA{} and ${\mathcal{r}}_{s}(\mathrm{OH})=0.9342$ \AA{}] to ab initio structures strongly supports a large-amplitude (low-frequency) bending vibration.
Predicting powder caking using cohesion energy density

Abstract Given the difficulty in quantifying the interparticle forces, both experimentally and numerically, most studies have considered only the humidity effect in powder caking. In this work, the interparticle forces in caked powders were quantified using the simplified Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) model to account for all the material and environmental factors that influences powder caking. The cohesion energy density, which is the ratio of cohesive energy to volume of the particle, was used as the indicator of caking in powders. Simulated force chain network was used to track the relay of interparticle forces (IPFL) under compression. The model was validated experimentally by using caked isomalt powder. At a consolidation pressure of 9 kPa, an increase in moisture from 6 to 8% increased the predicted IPFL from 0.41 to 1.31 N while the experimentally measured IPFEL ranged from 0.33 to 1.11 N. The corresponding cohesion energy density varied from 4.05 to 6.98 MJ/m3. This study shows the potential of using cohesion energy density as the predictor and indicator of powder caking. The conditions at which a powder is stored can be related to the cohesion energy density which then can be used as an input parameter for analyzing the caking behavior.
Evaluation of LATCH vs. non-LATCH installations for boosters in frontal impacts.

OBJECTIVES The objective was to understand how the use or nonuse of the Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children (LATCH) system affects the performance of booster seats during frontal impacts. METHODS Sixteen frontal impact sled tests were conducted at 24.8 ± 0.3 g and 50.1 ± 0.2 kph. A production vehicle seat buck was attached to the sled. Four high-back boosters or combination seats in high-back booster mode and two backless booster models were tested. Each booster model was installed two different ways: using the LATCH system ("LATCH" installation) and without using the LATCH system ("non-LATCH" installation). All installations used a 3-point seat belt with retractor in emergency locking mode (ELR) to restrain a Hybrid III 6-year-old anthropomorphic test device (ATD). The retractor, belt webbing, buckle, vehicle seat cushion, and booster were replaced after each test. Some conditions were tested twice to establish repeatability. ATD and booster responses were compared between LATCH and non-LATCH tests. RESULTS Using LATCH reduced the forward movement of the booster itself by 32.3% to 71.5% compared to non-LATCH installations. Differences in most other metrics were small and often within the range of normal test-to-test variation. Forward movements of the ATD head and heel were similar between LATCH and non-LATCH tests (typically less than 10% difference). HIC36 values trended slightly higher for LATCH installations compared to non-LATCH installations (0.8% to 17.2%). Chest resultant accelerations were typically 7.3% to 21.2% higher for LATCH installations, except for one booster for which it was lower with LATCH. Chest deflections trended higher for LATCH installations compared to non-LATCH installations for the backless boosters (6.9% to 14.1%). For high-back boosters, chest deflection was similar between installation conditions (less than 5% difference). Shoulder belt loads showed the greatest reductions when LATCH installations included a top tether (12.9% to 20.8%). Instances of the ATD submarining under the lap belt were not observed in these tests. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the differences in kinematics and injury metrics were small between boosters installed using LATCH vs. non-LATCH.
A provisional guide to German military topographic map series of Ottoman Asia in the First World War

Abstract. In acknowledgment that no war can be fought without maps, German military cartography between 1915 and 1918 gradually extended its cartographic involvement in the Ottoman theaters of Sinai, Mesopotamia and Palestine. By the end of the Great War, six topographical map series had been specially produced: Operationskarte in 1:800,000, Karte des turkisch-agyptischen Grenzgebietes in 1:250,000, Karte von Mesopotamien (und Syrien) in 1:400,000, Karte von Nordbabylonien in 1:200,000, and Karte von Palastina in three scales 1:100,000, 1:50,000, and 1:25,000. The paper makes the first attempt on a carto-bibliographical appraisal of these map series.
Forecasts with Varying Reliability

The first major application of computing machines and systems analysis to the design of water resource systems concentrated on the structural components (dams, turbines, diversion works, etc.) and left aside the difficulties inherent in selecting optimal or near-optimal operating policies. Subsequent work, particularly that which dealt with mathematical programming and its several derivatives, offered new insights into the construction of optimal operating schemes. This paper advances one step further in that it combines the selection of components, the specification of optimal operating policies, and the role of streamflow forecasting in a single mathematical entity. No formalism for forecasting is given, but based on a widely accepted model for flow sequences, a technique is developed whereby the analyst can discern whether or not it is useful to include forecasting in the operating policy. The procedure makes extensive use of statistical theory and Monte Carlo analysis.
How Much Fitness

(1960). How Much Fitness? Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 28-28.
Understanding the cultural foundations of children's biological knowledge: insights from everyday cognition research

This session explores the cultural foundations of children's knowledge of the living world. Cognitive research on students' conceptual understandings has overly relied upon sequestered tasks and structured interviews; we argue that participant observation can provide insight into important particulars of everyday life to answer fundamental questions about the nature of children's learning of biology. These papers report on studies of the everyday cultural and social contexts in which children's informal ideas about the living world develop and are applied. The research employs a learner-centered focus and a cognitive ethnographic approach to explore children's knowledge as they utilize it in their homes, at school, and in an interactive science center. Research focuses on personally consequential biology topics including health, nutrition, and ecology. The papers report on the cultural experiences that shape children's biological knowledge and decision-making, similarities and differences between cultural groups, and implications for coordinating home and school experiences.
Cardiac Medical Conditions Have Become the Leading Cause of Death in Children with Heart Disease

Objective. Mortality among children with congenital and acquired heart disease has decreased significantly over the past decades. We sought to determine whether the underlying problems leading to death in these patients had changed over the past decade. Methods. We reviewed medical records for 100 deaths of cardiac patients in 2004–2005 and 100 deaths in 1995–1996. Demographic, clinical, and procedural data as well as circumstances of death were collected. A consensus committee reviewed each case and sought to identify the condition leading to death. These conditions were classified as predominantly surgical or medical. Results. General patient characteristics (age, gender, cardiac history, comorbidities, proportion of surgical patients) did not change significantly between the two time periods. However, in 1995–1996, 64% of deceased surgical patients had died within 30 days of surgery. This rate was nearly halved to only 38% by 2004–2005 (P= .003). Furthermore, the conditions leading to death changed significantly: 51% of patient deaths in 1995–1996 resulted from a surgical problem, 29% from a medical condition. This ratio was reversed in 2004–2005: Only 31% of patient deaths were due to a surgical problem, while 50% of deaths resulted from a medical condition (P= .005). The most common medical conditions resulting in death were pulmonary vein stenosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and primary myocardial failure. Conclusions. The proportion of deaths within 30 days of cardiac surgery decreased significantly over the past decade. While surgical causes accounted for the majority of these deaths in 1995–1996, most patient deaths in 2004–2005 resulted from cardiac medical causes.
Unmasking Power: Foucault and Adult Learning

Adult educators talk emphatically of empowerment as a process through which adult learners find their voices and develop the self-confidence to take control of their lives. Empowering adults has come to signify what is distinctive and admirable about the field. Michel Foucault, the French social theorist, developed an analysis of productive power coexisting to different degrees as repression and liberation. Foucault maintains that, in modern society, sovereign power (exercised from above by a clearly discernible authority) has been replaced by disciplinary power (exercised by people on themselves and others in their lives). An appreciation of Foucault's ideas can help adult educators avoid a naive understanding of how power manifests itself in their daily practices—particularly the false face of apparently beneficient power exercised to help adult learners realize their full potential. Resume Les educateurs d'adultes mettent de l'avant l'empowerment en tant que processus permettant aux apprenants de trouver leurs voix et de developper leur confiance en soi en vue de prendre le controle de leurs vies. L'empowerment des adultes en est arrive a referer a ce qui est distinctif et admirable dans le domaine. Michel Foucault a elabore une analyse du pouvoir de production qui co-existe a differents degres comme force de repression et de liberation. Foucault soutient que dans la societe moderne le pouvoir souverain (celui exerce d'en haul par une autorite identifiable) a ete remplace par un pouvoir disciplinaire (exerce par les gens sur eux-memes, sur leur vie et sur celles d'autres personnes dans leur entourage). Un examen des vues de Foucault pourrait aider les educateurs d'adultes a depasser une comprehension naive de la maniere dont le pouvoir se manifeste dans leurs activites courantes, particulierement l'image erronee du pouvoir apparemment benefique exerce dans le but d'aider les apprenants adultes a realiser leur plein potentiel.
Crystallographically aligned magnetostrictive composites

Summary form only given. In this presentation we describe the progress made and the recent discovery at UCLA on magnetostrictive composites. The recent discovery increases the actuation strain of magnetostrictive particulate composites by 50% (i e. 1700 microstrain). The composites are manufactured by combining selected shapes of Terfenol-D particulate with a polymer resin in the presence of a magnetic field. The field aligns the particulates into continuous chains similar to continuous fiber composites (i.e. 1-3 composite). Research on particulate composites has been conducted by a variety of research institutions during the last decade. Previous to this discovery, state of the art in magnetostrictive actuation strain was reported to be 1200 microstrain, achieved at UCLA by maximizing particle packing density. While 1200 microstrain represents a viable actuator, the strain levels were still 50% below those reported for the monolithic material (i.e. 1800 microstrain). During the last year UCLA discovered a new approach based on shape anisotropy that allows crystallographic orientation of the particulate within the magnetostrictive composites. Alignment of selected crystallographic directions produces strain levels comparable to those present in the monolithic material (i.e. 1700 microstrain). A representative figure comparing the response of the monolithic material to a 20% volume fraction particulate composite is provided. Note that the strain outputs from the composite are similar to the monolithic at comparable magnetic field levels. This coupled with the larger frequency response, due to reduced eddy current in the composite, provide a new higher power transducer than currently exists. In this presentation, we will review the progress made at UCLA on these novel actuation systems. This will include detailed information on composite characterization (stiffness, piezomagnetic coefficients, and permeability).
Abstract W P72: Coiling of Large and Giant Aneurysms: Complications and Long-Term Results of 334 Cases

Background and purpose: Despite increasing and widespread use of endovascular techniques, little is known about the morbidity rates, rehemorrhage rates, and long-term angiographic results of coiling in large and giant aneurysms. In addition, predictors of treatment outcome have not been identified. In this study, we analyze the complications and long-term results of coiling in the largest series of large and giant aneurysms (≥ 10 mm) to date. Material and Methods: A total of 334 large or giant aneurysms (≥ 10 mm) were coiled in our institution between 2004 and 2011. Aneurysm size was 15 mm on average. 225 aneurysms were treated with conventional coiling, 88 with stent-assisted coiling, 14 with parent vessel occlusion, and 7 with balloon-assisted coiling. Results: Complications occurred in 10.5% of patients, with 1 death (0.3%). Aneurysm location and ruptured aneurysms predicted complications. Angiographic follow-up was available for 84% of patients at 25.4 months on average. Recanalization and retreatment...
Structural and loads analysis of a two-stage reusable manned launch system

The conceptual design of a rocket-powered, two-stage, fully reusable launch vehicle has been performed as a part of the NASA's Advanced Manned Launch System study. This paper summarizes the structural design and load analysis of this vehicle. The method used to determine the structural weights consists of generating a finite-element model for each vehicle, selecting a set of critical loading conditions, determining the loads on the model caused by those conditions, determining the model response, and changing the sizes of individual elements to obtain a safe structure. The integrated loads on the vehicle were obtained from a three-degree-of-freedom trajectory analysis.
Methods for estimation of mineral bioavailability

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses certain methods used in the estimation of mineral element bioavailability. Absorption of a mineral element by an animal may provide an estimate of its bioavailability. Apparent absorption is used in the evaluation of sources of certain mineral elements and is defined as total intake minus total fecal excretion of the element. True absorption corrects for that portion of the element which has been absorbed into the animal's body and subsequently is excreted back into the gastrointestinal tract. Urine is a major pathway of excretion for some minerals such as magnesium, iodine, and potassium but is a minor pathway for others such as manganese, iron, zinc, and copper. Growth response in young chicken has been used as the primary criterion for determining the bioavailability of several macro- and micro-mineral elements. Functional assays for bioavailability in which the mineral element is necessary for an essential compound have been used. Accumulation of mineral elements in various target organs has been used for many years as a response criterion. Estimates of absorption of mineral elements from foods and feeds have been obtained using either intrinsic or extrinsic radioactive isotopic labeling. Neutron activation of mineral compounds has been used to create radioisotopes that can be used in measuring absorption. Chemical compounds containing radioisotopes of the mineral of interest have been synthesized and used in absorption studies following oral administration. Disappearance of mineral elements from feedstuffs suspended in the rumen in non-digestible bags has been used as an indicator of potential utilization by the animal.
Nonrandom Associations between Sex and 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase Isozyme Genotypes in Gleditsia triacanthos L.

Here we provide evidence that the genotype at the 6-Pgd2 isozyme locus is an accurate predictor of sex in five natural populations of Gleditsia triacanthos
N,N‐Diethylaminoacetonitrile

[3010-02-4] C6H12N2 (MW 112.17) InChI = 1S/C6H12N2/c1-3-8(4-2)6-5-7/h3-4,6H2,1-2H3 InChIKey = LVPZSMIBSMMLPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N (application as formyl anion and formaldehyde dianion equivalents; synthesis of α-amino nitriles, α-amino-β-hydroxy nitriles, aldehydes, ketones, and α,β-enals) Physical Data: bp 53 °C/10 mmHg,2 61–63 °C/14 mmHg,3 170 °C;4 d 0.866 g cm−3. Solubility: sol water and most common organic solvents. Form Supplied in: liquid; commercially available. Preparative Method: prepared from diethylamine, formaldehyde, sodium cyanide, and sodium disulfite.3 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: is an organic cyanide and should be handled with due care in a fume hood.
Towards automatic association of relevant unstructured content with structured query results

Faced with growing knowledge management needs, enterprises are increasingly realizing the importance of seamlessly integrating critical business information distributed across both structured and unstructured data sources. In existing information integration solutions, the application needs to formulate the SQL logic to retrieve the needed structured data on one hand, and identify a set of keywords to retrieve the related unstructured data on the other. This paper proposes a novel approach wherein the application specifies its information needs using only a SQL query on the structured data, and this query is automatically ``translated'' into a set of keywords that can be used to retrieve relevant unstructured data. We describe the techniques used for obtaining these keywords from (i) the query result, and (ii) additional related information in the underlying database. We further show that these techniques achieve high accuracy with very reasonable overheads.
Poster: Gene regulatory network inference using time lagged context likelihood of relatedness

In our previous work [1], we have shown that time lags can be incorporated in information theory based metrics to further improve the efficiency of gene regulatory network inference. In particular, we have studied the mutual information metric where we found that mutual information saturates after a certain data size. We also proposed the time lagged mutual information metric and showed that the accuracy of inference algorithms using time lagged mutual information was better. Scalability of the proposed algorithm was an issue in our previous work. CLR is one of the popular algorithms which can infer very large networks. In this poster, we propose a time lagged version of the CLR algorithm.