cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE CHANGING CONTEXT OF BRITISH POLITICS IN THE 1880s: THE REFORM ACTS AND THE FORMATION OF THE LIBERAL UNIONIST PARTY

In the summer of 1886, the conservative “Whig” wing of the Liberal party, led by Lord Hartington, together with a small group of Radical Unionists under Joseph Chamberlain, broke with the Liberal leader, Prime Minister W.E. Gladstone, and formed the Liberal Unionist party. This not-unexpected event occurred in two stages. The first was the defection of ninety-three Liberals to the Conservative opposition on the second reading of Gladstone’s Irish Home Rule Bill in June, resulting in its defeat. The second stage was the decision of Hartington, Chamberlain, and their followers to contest, with Conservative support, parliamentary seats against Liberals in the ensuing July election which Gladstone called on the issue of Irish Home Rule. The election of July, 1886 proved to be a critical juncture in British party alignment. The shift in the strength of the parties caused by the return of seventy-eight Liberal Unionists to the parliament of 1886-92 and their support of the Conservatives ended forty years of Liberal domination and began a generation of Conservative hegemony. The Liberal Unionists maintained a parliamentary strength of about seventy members and a separate identity until they merged with the Conservatives in 1912; few of the dissident Liberal Unionists returned to the Liberal party. The formation of the Unionist (Conservative and Liberal Unionist) coalition had long-term ramifications as well because it set the stage for the emergence of class politics shortly after the turn of the century.
Variance Tolerancing and Decomposition in Short-Staple Spinning Processes. Part II: Simulations and Applications to Ring and OE Spun Yarns

The variance tolerancing and decomposition method developed in Part I of this paper is applied to a large amount of fiber and yarn test data obtained from a spinning mill during a three-year period. The variabilities of single-end strengths found in six different ring spun and open-end yarns are successfully decomposed into random and processinduced variance components by tolerancing the variances of the matching fiber length and tensile properties. A total of 43,080 single-end yarn strength tests, 4,200,000 AFIS® fiber lengths, and over 70,000 Mantis® single-fiber tensile tests are performed for the required parameter estimation, simulation, and model validation. The results confirm that variance tolerancing through “effective gauge length” and other intrinsic components is effective for variance estimation and decomposition. Most significant is that the processinduced variances account for 69-82% of the total yarn strength variations, signifying the importance of and challenges in controlling and reducing process variances in spun yarn manufacturing.
Hypertension Among HIV-infected Patients in Clinical Care, 1996-2013.

BACKGROUND Persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at higher risk for major cardiovascular disease (CVD) events than uninfected persons. Understanding the epidemiology of major traditional CVD risk determinants, particularly hypertension, in this population is needed. METHODS The study population included HIV-infected patients participating in the UNC CFAR HIV Clinical Cohort from 1996 to 2013. Annual incidence rates of hypertension were calculated. Multivariable Poisson models were fit to identify factors associated with incident hypertension. RESULTS 3141 patients contributed 21 956 person-years (PY) of follow-up. Overall, 57% patients were black, 28% were women, and the median age was 35 years. Hypertension age-standardized incidence rates increased from 1.68 cases per 100 PYs in 1996 to 5.35 cases per 100 PYs in 2013 (P < .001). In adjusted analyses, hypertension rates were higher among obese patients (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.70, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43-2.02), and those with diabetes mellitus (IRR 1.44, 95% CI, 1.14-1.83) and renal insufficiency (IRR 1.36, 95% CI, 1.16-1.61), but lower among patients with a CD4 nadir of ≥500 cells/mm(3) (IRR 0.73, 95% CI, .53-1.01). CONCLUSIONS The incidence of hypertension increased from 1996 to 2013, alongside increases in traditional hypertension risk determinants. Notably, HIV-related immunosuppression and ongoing viral replication may contribute to an increased hypertension risk. Aggressive CVD risk factor management, early HIV diagnosis, linkage to care, antiretroviral therapy initiation, and durable viral suppression, will be important components of a comprehensive primary CVD prevention strategy in HIV-infected persons.
Controlling Dangerous Pathogens: A Blueprint for U.S.-Russian Cooperation

The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) created the Committee on International Security and Arms Control (CISAC) in 1980 to bring the scientific and technical resources of the Academy to bear on urgent problems of international peace and security. The primary initial activity of CISAC was a dialogue with Soviet counterparts that helped keep communication on nuclear arms control issues open during a time of great tension in U.S.-Soviet relations. In 1986, CISAC created a special working group on biological weapons control, which focused on another critical problem—developing improved methods of verification of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). The group carried out bilateral discussions with a counterpart group established under the aegis of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and then supported by the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Laser Diode Array pumped Cesium laser with 13 W output

We present a Cesium vapor laser pumped with a continuous wave narrowband laser diode array. The laser has output power 13 W, slope efficiency 68% and overall optical efficiency 62%.
Suspected autoimmune myocarditis and cardiac conduction abnormalities with nivolumab therapy for non-small cell lung cancer

Checkpoint inhibitors such as nivolumab represent a novel class of agents that are being increasingly used in the treatment of various cancers. Their toxicities represent unique challenges to the oncologists prescribing them, patients' primary care physicians and other specialists who may encounter these patients during consultations. It is important for physicians to remain vigilant and include autoimmune toxicities in the list of potential differential diagnoses in patients receiving novel cancer therapeutics who present with unusual toxicities. We report the unusual case of a 68-year-old woman with advanced lung cancer on the novel chemotherapeutic Nivolumab whom we suspect developed autoimmune myocarditis with significant cardiac conduction disease as an unintended, and as of yet unrecognised, side effect from this medication.
THE TOMOGRAPHY PROBLEM

The problem of ocean acoustic tomography is to infer from precise measurements of travel time, or of other properties of acoustic propagation, the state of the ocean traversed by the sound field. The tomographic method was introduced by Munk and Wunsch (1979) in direct response to the demonstration in the 1970s that about 99% of the kinetic energy of the ocean circulation is associated with features that are only about 100 km in diameter, called the mesoscale. Measuring and understanding the behaviors of both the mesoscale and the larger-scale features associated with the general circulation present a formidable sampling task. Not only are the flow elements very compact spatially, but also they have long time scales (order 100 days). To produce statistically significant measurements of the fluid behavior, even in an area as compact as 1 Mm × 1 Mm (1 megameter = 1000 km), about 1% of an ocean basin, requires several full-time vessels or several hundred fixed moorings. One is accordingly led to the technology of sound propagation to measure the properties of the fluid between moorings. Ocean acoustic tomography takes advantage of the facts that (i) travel time and other measurable acoustic parameters are functions of temperature, water velocity, and other parameters of oceanographic interest and can be interpreted to provide information about the intervening ocean using inverse methods, and (ii) the ocean is nearly transparent to low-frequency sound, so that signals can be transmitted over distances of many thousands of kilometers.
Roger Scruton's Conservatism: Between Xenophobia and Oikophobia

ABSTRACTThe English philosopher Roger Scruton calls himself a functional anthropologist. That means he defends the lifeworld—the relational, moral world in which we all must live—against the educated derision of the monstrous entity often called the self-conscious intellectual or elitist cosmopolitan. My focus here is to examine Scruton's defense of the nation—as the civilized mean between xenophobia and oikophobia—and religion as indispensable forms of social belonging. I conclude by offering the beginnings of an American and Catholic correction to his British form of liberal conservatism.
A Thin-Film, Large-Area Sensing and Compression System for Image Detection

This paper presents a sensing and compression system for image detection, based on large-area electronics (LAE). LAE allows us to create expansive, yet highly-dense arrays of sensors, enabling integration of millions of pixels. However, the thin-film transistors (TFTs) available in LAE have low performance and high variability, requiring the sensor data to be fed to CMOS ICs for processing. This results in a large number of interconnections, which raises system cost, and limits system scalability and robustness. To overcome this, the presented system employs random projection, a method from statistical signal processing, to compress the pixel data from a large array of image sensors in the LAE domain using TFTs. Random projection preserves the information required for subsequent classification, and, as we show, is highly tolerant to device-level variabilities and amenable to parallelized implementation. The system integrates an amorphous-silicon (a-Si) TFT compression circuit with an array of a-Si photoconductors, representing an 80 × 80 active matrix, performing up to 80× compression of the 80 signal interfaces. For demonstration, image classification of handwritten digits from the MNIST database is performed, achieving average error rates of 2-25% for 8-80× compression (e.g., 7% at 20× compression).
Moral internalism, amoralist skepticism and the factivity effect

AbstractPhilosophers are divided over moral internalism, the claim that moral judgement entails some motivation to comply with that judgement. Against moral internalism, externalists defend the conceptual coherence of scenarios in which an individual makes genuine moral judgements but is entirely unmoved by them. This is amoralist skepticism and these scenarios can be called amoralist scenarios. While the coherence of amoralist scenarios is disputed, philosophers seem to agree that the coherence of amoralist scenarios is not affected by whether the amoralist is described as having moral knowledge or mere belief. But recent experimental research challenges this assumption. When evaluating amoralist scenarios, people’s intuitions lean towards externalism when the amoralist is described as knowing that X is morally wrong, whereas people’s intuitions lean towards internalism when the amoralist is described as believing that X is morally wrong. Call this the factivity effect. In this paper, I argue that the fa...
A 12-b ENOB 2.5-MHz BW VCO-Based 0-1 MASH ADC With Direct Digital Background Calibration

This paper presents a scaling friendly mostly digital voltage-controlled-oscillator (VCO)-based 0-1 multistage noise shaping (MASH) analog-to-digital converter. A novel background calibration technique corrects conversion errors due to VCO linear gain drift, residue generating digital-to-analog converter mismatches, and nonlinearity of the VCO voltage-to-frequency conversion. The proposed architecture minimally modifies the basic 0-1 MASH architecture and directly calibrates the main VCOs without relying on replica matching. A redundant first-stage coarse quantizer enables fast error estimation in the digital domain. A 12-b prototype implemented in 180-nm CMOS achieves 12-b ENOB over 2.5 MHz and consumes 4.8 mW from a 1.8 V supply.
Modeling and Measurement of Temperature Distributions in Bone Drilling

The heat generated during bone drilling can cause significant thermal damage to the tissue. Hence, prediction of the developing temperature field as a function of the drilling parameters is of high clinical value. However, no experimentally validated model has been reported yet. Furthermore, prior theoretical studies are limited to the drilling process, while extending the analysis beyond drill-bit retraction may be of equal interest. Therefore, the current study aims at experimental validation of a recently published thermal model for temperature distributions both during bone drilling, which is now expanded beyond drill-bit retraction. For validation of the model, a set of experiments was conducted on bovine cortical bone, following the new procedures suggested in the previous study in order to ensure a high degree of accuracy and repeatability. This study is based on thermal data collected at a distance range of 0.15 mm to 0.5 mm from the drilled hole, using thermocouples. Measuring temperatures closer to the drilled hole enabled better understanding of temperature distributions in the tissue in bone drilling. Comparison of experimental data and theoretical simulation results validate the model used. Additionally, about 57°C of difference of the maximum temperatures measured at the radii locations between 0.15 mm and 0.5 mm was observed.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Choice of Nursery-Appropriate Marketing Channels in the Landscape Plant Industry

Abstract Producers of landscape plants utilize different marketing channels based on various factors including the age, size, region, and corporate status of firm, number of trading methods used, competitive pressures, and negotiating attitudes. This study identified significant influences on market channel choice as negotiation propensity, use of various transaction methods, competitive pressures, and the region of the country where the nursery was located. These results lend support and empirical evidence to the hypothesis that marketing channel choice is influenced by trading attitudes and styles as well as economics.
Reflections on “Supreme Emergency”

Toward the end of Just and Unjust Wars, Michael Walzer introduces the idea of “supreme emergency” and considers whether it might be permissible for a society desperate to avoid military defeat when the stakes are very, very high, to resort to methods of waging a war that are ordinarily forbidden. The bombing of civilian areas of German cities in the early 1940s by the British air force is sometimes cited as an example. In this chapter, I consider how best to interpret Walzer’s thinking on this subject. I consider various ways of thinking about “supreme emergency,” including the possible neutral application of the idea (so that it might be used by our enemies for example) and the question of whether the relevant stakes consist of the extinction of a society or of a whole civilization. I argue that Walzer is best understood not as proposing a modification to the laws of war. Instead he is thinking aloud—and thinking responsibly—about what happens, and about what ought to happen, when the stakes have become so high that there is a failure in the circumstances that make the ordinary restraints on fighting a war viable.
Relief Presentation on US National Park Service Maps

Abstract. This paper examines the evolution of relief presentations on maps developed by Harpers Ferry Center, the media service center of the US National Park Service (NPS). Harpers Ferry Center produces the maps used by park visitors. I will discuss five park maps, each with a distinctive relief style and mode of production. They appear in rough chronological order of their development. Recent relief presentations are generally more detailed, colorful, and realistic than those from earlier years. Changing technology is largely responsible for the different relief styles found on park maps. Some relief treatments today were not possible, or imaginable, in 1977 when the NPS established the brochure program in its modern phase. Landscape heterogeneity is another factor behind the development of different relief styles. With over 400 park sites ranging from the glacial mountains of Alaska to the rolling piedmont of Virginia, a one-style-fits-all approach cannot adequately depict all landscapes. NPS maps serve some 300 million park visitors each year. Our ongoing effort to make understandable maps for this diverse audience has further spurred experiments in relief presentation.
Assessing health status, behavioral risks, and health disparities in American Indians living on the northern plains of the U.S.

Objective.We assessed health status and behavioral risks in American Indians (AIs) from rural, northern plains reservation communities.Methods.AI interviewers from the communities administered the core and optional modules of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to 404 AI adults randomly selected from housing lists from four AI tribal communities located on the northern plains of the U.S. The BRFSS interview assessed several health functioning areas including medical conditions, preventive screenings, and behavioral risks. We measured health disparities by comparing the AI sample data with a northern plains statewide (North Dakota) sample and a U.S. national sample. We compared outcomes with BRFSS statewide (North Dakota) and U.S. national data from telephone-based interviews.Results.AI participants showed a significantly greater prevalence of diabetes, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, smoking, obesity, and heavy alcohol use than either the regional or national samples. The...
Body Mass Index as a Determinant of Systemic Exposure to Gallotannin Metabolites during 6-Week Consumption of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) and Modulation of Intestinal Microbiota in Lean and Obese Individuals.

Scope This human clinical pilot trial investigated pharmacokinetics of gallotannin-metabolites and modulation of intestinal microbiota in healthy lean and obese individuals after 6 weeks of daily mango consumption. Methods and results Participants are divided into three groups: Lean Mango (LM: n = 12; BMI = 22.9 kg m-2 ), Obese Mango (OM: n = 9; BMI = 34.6 kg m-2 ), and Lean Control (LC: n = 11; BMI = 22.1 kg m-2 ). LM and OM consumed 400 g of mango per day for 6 weeks. LC consumed mango only on Days 0 and 42. After 6 weeks, LM experienced increased systemic exposure (AUC0-8h ) to gallotannin-metabolites, 1.4-fold (p = 0.043). The greatest increase is 4-O-methyl-gallic acid, 3.3-fold (p = 0.0026). Cumulative urinary excretion of gallotannin-metabolites significantly increased in LM and OM, but not LC. For OM, qPCR data show increased levels of tannase-producing Lactococcus lactis and decreased levels of Clostridium leptum and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, bacteria associated with obesity. LM experienced an increased trend of fecal levels of butyric (1.3-fold; p = 0.09) and valeric acids (1.5-fold; p = 0.056). Plasma endotoxins showed a decreased trend in LM and OM. Conclusion Continuous mango intake significantly increased systemic exposure to gallotannin- metabolites and induced an increased trend for fecal short-chain fatty acids in lean but not obese individuals. This pharmacokinetic discrepancy may result in BMI-associated reduced gallotannin-derived health benefits.
Direct laser writing of smart polymer photonic devices for ultrasound detection

With the development of micro/nano-scale fabrication technologies, smart active/passive photonic devices have been fabricated by using silicon/polymer materials, which show great potential applications in photonics and optoelectronics. The current fabrication techniques such as electron-beam lithography give a high resolution, but they are expensive and time-consuming. Here, we present some polymer-based photonic devices fabricated by 3D femtosecond laser writing through two-photon polymerization. The resolution can reach up to ~100 nm, which is less than 1/10 wavelength within the C-band. Hence, the fabricated photonic devices can be used for micro lasing and sensing application. In this research, we show the spectral characteristics of several photonic devices such as phase-shifted Bragg grating waveguides. Due to the properties of polymer materials, the devices have a higher sensitivity on acoustic waves that can modify the geometry of the waveguide and thus induce a change in the effective index of the mode, which can be utilized for designing ultrasonic sensors. Although the fabricated quality is lower than that of photonic devices fabricated by the electron-beam lithography, the results show our fabricated devices can be useful for inexpensive sensors for ultrasound detection, demonstrating the usability of the femtosecond laser writing technique for photonic applications.
An Instruction-Driven Adaptive Clock Management Through Dynamic Phase Scaling and Compiler Assistance for a Low Power Microprocessor

This paper presents an instruction-driven adaptive clock management scheme using a dynamic phase scaling (DPS) operation and compiler-assisted cross-layer design methodology for a low power microprocessor. The intrinsic instruction-level timing variation is explored on an ARMv7 ISA pipeline architecture. The clock period can be dynamically adjusted by a multi-phase all-digital PLL, with the timing encoded into the instruction set at the compiler level. Special compiler optimization schemes are also presented through reorganizing the runtime instruction sequences to better exploit the dynamic timing slack. In addition, an instruction timing calibration scheme is proposed to characterize the instruction delay under process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations, which can be integrated with the conventional dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS). The implementation of 55-nm CMOS process shows a 20% performance improvement from the proposed instruction-driven adaptive clock management. The performance improvement can be equivalently converted up to 32% energy saving benefit.
The Support Vector Machine

Three separate sections comprise this chapter. The first presents an overview of statistical learning theory (SLT) as applied to machine learning. The topics covered are empirical or true risk minimization, the risk minimization principle (RMP), theoretical concept of risk minimization, function f0(X) that minimizes the expected (or true) risk, asymptotic consistency or uniform convergence, an example of the generalized bound for binary classification and finally, how are learning machines formed.
Bayesian sandwich posteriors for pseudo-true parameters: A discussion of “Bayesian inference with misspecified models” by Stephen Walker

Under model misspecification, the MLE generally converges to the pseudo-true parameter, the parameter corresponding to the distribution within the model that is closest to the distribution from which the data are sampled. In many problems, the pseudo-true parameter corresponds to a population parameter of interest, and so a misspecified model can provide consistent estimation for this parameter. Furthermore, the well-known sandwich variance formula of Huber (1967) provides an asymptotically accurate sampling distribution for the MLE, even under model misspecification. However, confidence intervals based on a sandwich variance estimate may behave poorly for low sample sizes, partly due to the use of a plug-in estimate of the variance. From a Bayesian perspective, plug-in estimates of nuisance parameters generally underrepresent uncertainty in the unknown parameters, and averaging over such parameters is expected to give better performance. With this in mind, we present a Bayesian sandwich posterior distribution, whose likelihood is based on the sandwich sampling distribution of the MLE. This Bayesian approach allows for the incorporation of prior information about the parameter of interest, averages over uncertainty in the nuisance parameter and is asymptotically robust to model misspecification. In a small simulation study on estimating a regression parameter under heteroscedasticity, the addition of accurate prior information and the averaging over the nuisance parameter are both seen to improve the accuracy and calibration of confidence intervals for the parameter of interest.
SHERPA: A Lightweight Smartphone Heterogeneity Resilient Portable Indoor Localization Framework

Indoor localization is an emerging application domain that promises to enhance the way we navigate in various indoor environments, as well as track equipment and people. Wireless signal-based fingerprinting is one of the leading approaches for indoor localization. Using ubiquitous Wi-Fi access points and Wi-Fi transceivers in smartphones has enabled the possibility of fingerprinting-based localization techniques that are scalable and low-cost. But the variety of Wi-Fi hardware modules and software stacks used in today's smartphones introduce errors when using Wi-Fi based fingerprinting approaches across devices, which reduces localization accuracy. We propose a framework called SHERPA that enables efficient porting of indoor localization techniques across mobile devices, to maximize accuracy. An in-depth analysis of our framework shows that it can deliver up to 8× more accurate results as compared to state-of-the-art localization techniques for a variety of environments.
Capacity evaluation for LTE applications considering queue overflow

In this study, the authors evaluate the capacity by summation of granted bit rates in their proposed quality of service-aware scheduling strategy for long term evolution (LTE). To provision differentiation, the scheduling technique prioritises the queues for high priority (HP) applications against their low priority (LP) counterparts. Fairness, on the other hand, is supported by considering queue overflow of LP applications. They utilised the principles of a random variable to derive equations for the capacities offered by their method and used the token bucket technique to address the principle of the guaranteed-bit-rate for HP applications, referring to the guaranteed capacity in LTE. Experimental findings confirm that their strategy could extend the capacity granted to LP applications and simultaneously maintain the capacity condition for HP applications. The results also show relative improvement and acceptable degradation in the capacities granted to the LP and HP applications in their scheme when compared with other methods.
Plasmonic Nonreciprocity Driven by Band Hybridization in Moiré Materials.

We propose a new current-driven mechanism for achieving significant plasmon dispersion nonreciprocity in systems with narrow, strongly hybridized electron bands. The magnitude of the effect is controlled by the strength of electron-electron interactions $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, which leads to its particular prominence in moir\'e materials, characterized by $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\gg}1$. Moreover, this phenomenon is most evident in the regime where Landau damping is quenched and plasmon lifetime is increased. The synergy of these two effects holds great promise for novel optoelectronic applications of moir\'e materials.
Employment and economic outcomes of persons with mental illness and disability: The impact of the Great Recession in the United States.

Objective: To examine variation in employment and economic outcomes before, during, and after the great recession by disability and mental health status. Methods: Using a sample of adults in the 1999 to 2016 National Health Interview Survey (N = 419,336), we examined changes in labor force and economic outcomes by mental health and physical disability status. We employed difference-in-differences analyses to determine whether the changes in these outcomes during and after the recession for each comparison group (those with moderate mental illness, serious psychiatric disability, or physical disability) were significantly different from the changes for persons with neither a mental illness nor a disability. Findings: While the recession impacted all groups, those with mental illnesses or physical disabilities were hardest hit. Persons with disabilities were disadvantaged on all outcomes at each period, but persons with mental illnesses were the most disadvantaged. Unemployment, poverty, and use of food stamps increased for all groups, but the increase was greatest for persons with mental health problems who also saw a more substantial decline in wage income. Conclusions and Implications for Practice: The effects of the recession persist well after the recovery period. Practitioners should be aware that although most persons with mental illnesses want to work, they face significant barriers to employment. Following economic shocks such as those brought on by the current coronavirus pandemic, interventions should focus on people who are the most vulnerable, especially those with mental health problems. Renewed focus on employment for people with mental disorders is important. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Traumatic Brain Injury in Children: The Psychological Effects of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Concussion, or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), results from a force to the head and can cause acute physical, cognitive, and psychological symptoms. The majority of concussion symptoms will res...
Biological Significance of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies: Lessons Learned From Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy.

Objective To discuss the pathogenic and diagnostic relevance of cellular and humoral immune responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome novel coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) and pertinent observations made in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Methods Review of pertinent literature. Results There is at least 1 precedent for an antibody response against a viral pathogen that fails to provide host protection in the absence of immune-competent CD4+ T cells. PML is an infection of the CNS caused by JC virus (JCV), which commonly occurs during treatment with the therapeutic monoclonal antibody natalizumab. In this context, the humoral immune response fails to prevent JCV reactivation, and elevated anti-JCV serum indices are associated with a higher PML incidence. The more relevant immune-competent cells in host defense against JCV appear to be T cells. T cell–mediated responses are also detectable in convalescing patients with SARS-COV-2 irrespective of the humoral immune response. Conclusion Based on pathogenic lessons learned from PML under natalizumab therapy, we suggest the incorporation of functional assays that determine neutralizing properties of SARS-CoV-2–specific antibodies. In addition, we outline the potential role of T-cell detection assays in determining herd immunity in a given population or in studying therapeutic responses to vaccines.
Encephalitis and meningitis in Western Africa: a scoping review of pathogens

OBJECTIVE To give an overview of the recently reported literature on the aetiologies of meningitis and encephalitis in western sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS We conducted a scoping review following PRISMA guidance on published meningitis and encephalitis cases in the 16 countries of the United Nations-defined western sub-Saharan African region as identified in cohort studies, case series, and case reports, published 01/01/2000-08/01/2020, and available in four databases in August 2020 with an abstract in English, French or Italian. RESULTS There were 38 distinct pathogens identified from 91 cohort studies' data and 48 case reports or case series' data. In cohort-level data, the majority of cases were caused by Neisseria meningitidis (71.5%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (17.6%) and Haemophilus influenzae (7.3%). In case report- and case series-level data, 40.5% of patients were <18 years old, 28.6% were female, and 28.6% were known to be immunocompromised. The case fatality rate was 39.3%. The most commonly reported pathogens among immunocompetent patients were Salmonella species (13 cases) and Ebola virus (9 cases), and the most commonly reported pathogen among immunocompromised patients was Cryptococcus neoformans (18 cases). Most cohort cases (52.3%) derived from Niger followed by Burkina Faso (28.6%). Most cases from single reports or series were reported from Nigeria (21.4%), Mali (20.2%) and Burkina Faso (19.0%). CONCLUSIONS Given the small number of pathogens reported, our findings underscore the need to better screen, diagnose and monitor populations in western sub-Saharan Africa for additional CNS pathogens, including those posing significant outbreak risks.
Molar pregnancy after in vitro fertilization with euploid single embryo transfer

Objective To describe a case of molar pregnancy after in vitro fertilization (IVF) resulting from the transfer of a euploid embryo derived from a monopronuclear zygote. Design Case report and review of the literature. Setting Private practice IVF center. Patient(s) A 42-year-old woman, gravida 3 para 0, with advanced maternal age and infertility who underwent IVF. Intervention(s) Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy using next-generation sequencing, single frozen euploid blastocyst transfer, and medical management of suspected missed abortion. Main Outcome Measure(s) Genetic examination of products of conception and correlation with embryonic preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy results. Result(s) Transfer of the euploid embryo derived from an abnormally fertilized oocyte (monopronuclear zygote) resulted in a clinical pregnancy suspected to be a missed abortion. Products of conception collected after medical management of the suspected missed abortion were analyzed using next-generation sequencing with the report “46,XX complete molar pregnancy”. Conclusion(s) To our knowledge, this is the first account of a complete molar pregnancy resulting from the transfer of a reported euploid embryo, highlighting the importance of understanding the limitations of genetic testing platforms in the setting of abnormally fertilized oocyte-derived embryos.
Gender-differential effects of terrorism on education: The case of the 1981–1993 Punjab insurgency

Abstract This study examines the long-run effect of the 1981–1993 Punjab insurgency on the educational attainment of adults who were ages 6–16 at the time, using the 2005 India Human Development Survey. We find a substantial and statistically significant negative effect of terrorism on female educational attainment through a triple differences specification. We find that our main effects are robust to two separate placebo tests, fertility checks, selection bias and migration checks, caste fixed effects and alternative ways of measuring conflict. Additionally, we carry out a unique parallel short-term analysis of the effect of conflict on education for boys and girls. This analysis makes use of micro-level expenditure data from a farmer-level data set and sheds light on household investments during the insurgency. Results from this analysis are consistent with the long-term effects found in the first part of the paper.
COVID-19 Impact on Surgical Resident Education and Coping

Abstract Background Healthcare systems and surgical residency training programs have been significantly affected by the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. A shelter-in-place and social distancing mandate went into effect in our county on March 16, 2020, considerably altering clinical and educational operations. Along with the suspension of elective procedures, resident academic curricula transitioned to an entirely virtual platform. We aimed to evaluate the impact of these modifications on surgical training and resident concerns about COVID-19. Materials and methods We surveyed residents and fellows from all eight surgical specialties at our institution regarding their COVID-19 experiences from March to May 2020. Residents completed the survey via a secure Qualtrics link. A total of 38 questions addressed demographic information and perspectives regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on surgical training, education, and general coping during the pandemic. Results Of 256 eligible participants across surgical specialties, 146 completed the survey (57.0%). Junior residents comprised 43.6% (n = 61), compared to seniors 37.1% (n = 52) and fellows 19.3% (n = 27). Most participants, 97.9% (n = 138), anticipated being able to complete their academic year on time, and 75.2% (n = 100) perceived virtual learning to be the same as or better than in-person didactic sessions. Participants were most concerned about their ability to have sufficient knowledge and skills to care for patients with COVID-19, and the possibility of exposure to COVID-19. Conclusions Although COVID-19 impacted residents’ overall teaching and clinical volume, residency programs may identify novel virtual opportunities to meet their educational and research milestones during these challenging times.
Correcting expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data for salinity effects to compute dynamic heights in Gulf Stream rings

Abstract Expendable bathythermographs are frequently used for studying Gulf Stream rings; however, they do not measure the salinities. Because the salinity anomalies at a given temperature may be large, the errors in dynamic height caused by simply using a standard temperature-salinity (T-S) curve S(T) can be large. We propose a method for estimating the salinities that reduces this error by a factor of about 5. The method uses a few conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) stations to estimate the T-S relationship at each pressure p0, Sp0 (T). The method was tested by using a subset of CTD data from a ring to estimate the salinities of the other stations, which can then be compared with the measured salinities. The true salinities at pressure p0 generally lie much closer to Sp0 (T) than to S(7).
Disaster Preparedness Training for Emergency Medicine Residents Using a Tabletop Exercise.

Introduction Emergency medicine (EM) physicians serve at the frontline of disasters in our communities. The 2016 Model of Clinical Practice according to the American Board of EM identifies disaster...
Trimmed central venous catheters in pediatric cardiac surgery: Does height or weight correlate with the amount trimmed?

Background Due to excess catheter length, pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery frequently have the tip of the central venous catheter trimmed while on bypass to obtain optimal catheter positioning. Aims We sought to determine if there is a correlation between the patient's height or weight and the length of catheter removed. Our secondary aim compared the instances of central line-associated bloodstream infections and venous thromboembolisms between the trimmed and untrimmed catheters. Methods This retrospective study included patients having undergone cardiac surgery over a 3-year period who had an 8 cm central venous catheter placed in the right internal jugular vein. Hospital lists of central line-associated bloodstream infections and venous thromboembolisms that occurred were cross referenced with our study patients. Results There were 147 cases where the 8 cm central venous catheter was trimmed, which represents 35% of the cases. Of the catheters that were cut, on average 2.17 cm was removed. There is negligible correlation between the length of catheter removed and patient height (r = -.19, p = .021). There is negligible correlation between the length of catheter removed and patient weight (r = -.17, p = .039). There were no instances of central line-associated bloodstream infections or venous thromboembolisms attributed to the trimmed catheters. Of the 273 untrimmed catheters, there were no instances of an infection and one instance of a venous thromboembolism. Conclusion Right internal jugular 8 cm central venous catheters are trimmed during pediatric cardiac surgery, and there is minimal correlation between the length removed and the patient height or weight. Due to the difficulty in estimating the proper length of a central venous catheter in smaller pediatric patients, placing an 8 cm long catheter in these patients and then trimming the distal tip while on bypass may be the most accurate way to properly position a catheter.
Functional precocious protogyny in New Zealand sun hebes (Veronica sect. Hebe, Plantaginaceae)

The separation of male and female phases in hermaphroditic flowers, dichogamy, is a common occurrence that can benefit the plant through either reproductive assurance or the avoidance of selfing. W...
Beyond the Hausdorff Metric in Digital Topology.

Two objects may be close in the Hausdor? metric, yet have very different geometric and topological properties. We examine other methods of comparing digital images such that objects close in each of these measures have some similar geometric or topological property. Such measures may be combined with the Hausdorff metric to yield a metric in which close images are similar with respect to multiple properties.
Physics-Based Inversion of a Millimeter-Wave Diagnostic for Liquid Metal Additive Manufacturing

This article presents a physics-based inversion technique for reliable characterization of droplets deposited by a liquid metal jetting additive manufacturing system, using an in-situ millimeter wave diagnostic. The overall approach is demonstrated in a custom droplet-on-demand liquid metal jetting system with effective droplet diameters ranging from 0.8 to 1.7 mm. The inversion results demonstrate that this approach can provide information about the droplet size and lift-off distance between the droplet and the diagnostic by monitoring the amplitude and phase of the reflection coefficient at the input port.
Communicating with Juries: How to Draft More Understandable Jury Instructions

This manual is intended to provide practical advice to judges and lawyers who need to draft jury instructions. It begins with some general principles of clear communication. Next, it provides guidelines for the more specific task of drafting jury instructions. The last half of the manual contains some actual examples, both civil and criminal, of some traditional and plain language instructions, along with commentary on how they can be improved.
The effect of metal thickness on electromigration-induced extrusion shorts in submicron technology

Various lifetimes and competing failure modes, i.e., extrusion-shorts and void-opens, were found for W via-stud chains with a layered refractory AlCu interconnect. The goal was to specify the reliability scaling trends of multilevel interconnections with respect to interconnect thickness. Interconnection thickness, interconnection current density, and temperature were found to influence W via-stud lifetime and electromigration failure mode. Selectivity between void-open failure and extrusion-short failure was achieved by changing the interconnection thickness or interconnection current density. Contrary to the results obtained with Al, the location of failures along the layered refractory AlCu metal interconnection suggests that the maximum stress gradient generated by electromigration is away from the end of the interconnection. >
On Frege’s Logical Diagrams

Modern logic has been provided since its very inception in 1879 with a diagrammatic outlook: Frege’s two-dimensional symbolism in his Begriffsschrift. This was supposed to surpass specific limitations both of natural and of other constructed languages. However, it did not receive the attention paid to Frege’s purely logical innovations. This fact was partly due to the common opinion, informed by logicians like Venn, Schroder and Peano, and heavily influenced by Russell’s overstatement that the symbolism was ’unfortunately so cumbrous as to be very difficult to employ in practice’ [1]. This was rather ironic, I believe, as Frege devised it exactly for the purpose of assisting our inferential practice: ’its chief purpose should be to test in the most reliable manner the validity of a chain of reasoning’ [2]. The main thrust of my paper is to show that a particular point raised by Schroder – that Frege’s conceptual notation fails to be modelled on the formula language of arithmetic – is based on a misunderstanding. I will describe then what it seems to me the most advantageous aspect of Frege’s diagrams, and give a serious reason for their eventual cast-off. But first let’s look at some of them.
Orchiectomy or androgen receptor blockade attenuates baroreflex-mediated bradycardia in conscious rats

Previous studies have shown that testosterone enhances baroreflex bradycardia. Therefore, conscious unrestrained rats were used to investigate the role of the androgen receptor in the testosterone-mediated modulation of baroreflex bradycardia. Androgen depletion (3 weeks), and androgen receptor blockade (20–24 h), were implemented to test the hypothesis that testosterone influences baroreflex bradycardia via its activity at the androgen receptor in male rats. Phenylephrine (1–16 μg kg-1) was used to assess baroreflex bradycardia. Androgen depletion attenuated baroreflex bradycardia (P < 0.01). The antiandrogen flutamide (5, 15, or 30 mg kg-1, s.c.) caused dose-related attenuation of baroreflex bradycardia in spite of a significant (P < 0.05) increase in serum testosterone. The latter did not lead to increased serum 17β-estradiol level. The data suggest: 1) Androgen depletion or adequate androgen receptor blockade attenuates baroreflex bradycardia. 2) The reflex increase in serum testosterone may counterbalance the action of the lower doses (5 or 15 mg kg-1) of flutamide. 3) The absence of a change in serum 17β-estradiol rules out its contribution to flutamide action on baroreflex bradycardia.
Identification of differentially expressed genes in the mutualistic association of tall fescue with Neotyphodium coenophialum

Abstract Tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum), an agronomically important forage grass, is typically associated with a mutualistic asexual fungus Neotyphodium coenophialum. Plant colonization is endophytic with no symptoms, and fungal growth is confined to the intercellular spaces. The endophyte enhances host fitness by providing protection from various abiotic and biotic stresses and by improving nutrient acquisition. By suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) we identified 29 genes that are up-regulated or down-regulated in endophyte-infected tall fescue as compared to endophyte-free tall fescue. Of the genes that had matches to known genes present in the NCBI databases (approximately 50%), several had roles related to plant defense and stress tolerance. Differential expression of these genes was confirmed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, competitive RT-PCR, and northern hybridization. Endophyte-associated changes in gene expression patterns were consistent among cultivars of tall fescue but differed in some other grass–endophyte associations. Our results indicate that both partners in this symbiosis are active participants, and that the endophyte may be suppressing at least one plant defense gene (putatively encoding PR-10). Further analyses of the differentially expressed genes should aid in understanding the fundamental nature of this mutualistic symbiosis and provide insight into the mechanisms of documented endophyte-enhanced plant improvements.
Temporal Foundations in the Construction of History: Two Essays

The two essays included here are parts of a longer study of temporality, and the genesis of the “religious.” The first part, “Multiple Nows,” depicts a universe in which a present to past relation is establishable from any and every point in consciousness. The resulting perspective differs from that offered by the linear timeline of chronological history. Remembering where I put my glasses is an historicizing act, as fully as is remembering when the Battle of Zama was fought or who won there. On this alternate view of temporality the genesis of the historical perspective is the historicizing subject. The second essay, “The History of a House,” places the observer before an historical structure, then asks where the historicity in the structure is. We discover that the historicity is put there by the observer/subject. This discovery resembles our earlier discovery that historicity is generated by an infinite sequence of nows. The two essays converge on a description of historical cognition as subject-generated.