cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surgical Exposure for Total Knee Arthroplasty For Everything There Is a Season

The author has used a mini midvastus lesser-invasive knee approach for 5 years for patients undergoing a primary total knee arthroplasty. The approach involves a modified capsular and muscular incision, displacement but not eversion of the patella, and avoidance of anterior dislocation of the tibia before bony resections. This has resulted in a more rapid return of flexion and functional ability with a lesser amount of postoperative pain as compared with previous larger median parapatellar approaches with patellar eversion. The approach is indicated for patients who preoperatively have good knee flexion, a mild to moderate coronal deformity, and no prior open procedures on the joint. It is difficult to use in patients who have large, heavy and/or muscular thighs; those with severe angular or flexion deformities; those with limited flexion; and those with severe inflammatory arthritis of the knee.
Characterization of Bacterial Communities in Selected Smokeless Tobacco Products Using 16S rDNA Analysis

The bacterial communities present in smokeless tobacco (ST) products have not previously reported. In this study, we used Next Generation Sequencing to study the bacteria present in U.S.-made dry snuff, moist snuff and Sudanese toombak. Sample diversity and taxonomic abundances were investigated in these products. A total of 33 bacterial families from four phyla, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, were identified. U.S.-produced dry snuff products contained a diverse distribution of all four phyla. Moist snuff products were dominated by Firmicutes. Toombak samples contained mainly Actinobacteria and Firmicutes (Aerococcaceae, Enterococcaceae, and Staphylococcaceae). The program PICRUSt (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) was used to impute the prevalence of genes encoding selected bacterial toxins, antibiotic resistance genes and other pro-inflammatory molecules. PICRUSt also predicted the presence of specific nitrate reductase genes, whose products can contribute to the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines. Characterization of microbial community abundances and their associated genomes gives us an indication of the presence or absence of pathways of interest and can be used as a foundation for further investigation into the unique microbiological and chemical environments of smokeless tobacco products.
Patchwork Protection: Copyright Law and Quilted Art

Historically, quilts have been denied the same copyright protection available to any other expression in a fixed medium. When quilts have been considered protectable, the protectable elements in a pattern have been limited, or the application of the substantial similarity test has varied widely. One possible explanation for this unequal treatment is that quilting is viewed as ‘women’s work.’ Another is that quilts are primarily functional. However, quilts have evolved over time and may now be expensive collectible pieces of art; art that deserves copyright protection. This article traces the history of quilt making, addresses the varying standards of protection afforded to quilts and concludes that consistent and comprehensive protection is needed for this art form.
A Global View on the Effects of Work on Health in Later Life

Purpose of the study Work is an important environment shaping the aging processes during the adult years. Therefore, the cumulative and acute effects of work characteristics on late-life health deserve great attention. Given that population aging has become a global trend with ensuing changes in labor markets around the world, increased attention is paid to investigating the effects of the timing of retirement around the world and the macroeconomic benefits often associated with delaying retirement. It will be essential for societies with aging populations to maintain productivity given an aging workforce and for individuals it will be crucial to add healthy and meaningful years rather than just years to their lives. Design and methods We first describe the available evidence about participation of older workers (65+) in the labor force in high, middle, and low-income countries. Second, we discuss the individual-level and societal influences that might govern labor-force participation of older adults. Thirdly, we review evidence on the association between work on the one and physical, mental, and cognitive health in later life on the other. Results and implications Globally, both is true: work supports healthy aging and jeopordizes it. We draw implications for policymaking in terms of social protection, HR policies, and older employee employability.
First saccadic eye movement reveals persistent attentional guidance by implicit learning.

Implicit learning about where a visual search target is likely to appear often speeds up search. However, whether implicit learning guides spatial attention or affects postsearch decisional processes remains controversial. Using eye tracking, this study provides compelling evidence that implicit learning guides attention. In a training phase, participants often found the target in a high-frequency, “rich” quadrant of the display. When subsequently tested in a phase during which the target was randomly located, participants were twice as likely to direct the first saccadic eye movement to the previously rich quadrant than to any of the sparse quadrants. The attentional bias persisted for nearly 200 trials after training and was unabated by explicit instructions to distribute attention evenly. We propose that implicit learning guides spatial attention but in a qualitatively different manner than goal-driven attention.
Optimal number of coarse-grained sites in different components of large biomolecular complexes.

The computational study of large biomolecular complexes (molecular machines, cytoskeletal filaments, etc.) is a formidable challenge facing computational biophysics and biology. To achieve biologically relevant length and time scales, coarse-grained (CG) models of such complexes usually must be built and employed. One of the important early stages in this approach is to determine an optimal number of CG sites in different constituents of a complex. This work presents a systematic approach to this problem. First, a universal scaling law is derived and numerically corroborated for the intensity of the intrasite (intradomain) thermal fluctuations as a function of the number of CG sites. Second, this result is used for derivation of the criterion for the optimal number of CG sites in different parts of a large multibiomolecule complex. In the zeroth-order approximation, this approach validates the empirical rule of taking one CG site per fixed number of atoms or residues in each biomolecule, previously widely...
Neutrophil CD64 with hematologic criteria for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis.

Objective To assess the sensitivity and specificity of neutrophil CD64 as a diagnostic marker for clinical sepsis (based on a hematologic score) and as an additional marker with hematologic parameters for culture-proven sepsis in neonates. Study Design Prospective observational cohort over 18 months in a single-center neonatal intensive care unit. Results Hematologic and CD64 data were available on 1,156 sepsis evaluations done in 684 infants, of which 411 (36%) instances of positive clinical sepsis were identified. The CD64 index for clinical sepsis had an overall area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.71. An optimum CD64 cut point value of 2.19 for late-onset clinical sepsis was calculated with a sensitivity of 78%, a specificity of 59%, and a negative predictive value of 81%. The birth weight–specific CD64 cut point for early onset clinical sepsis was 3.13, 2.34, and 2.05 for very low, low, and normal birth weight, respectively. Neutrophil CD64, in combination with the absolute neutrophil count or the absolute band count, had the highest sensitivity (91%) and specificity (93%), respectively, to diagnose culture-proven sepsis. Conclusion We conclude that neutrophil CD64 index can be incorporated with specific hematologic criteria as an additional marker for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis.
Catalytic Reactions on the Open-Edge Sites of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes as Cathode Catalyst for Hydrogen Fuel Cells

Recent experimental reports proposed that pyridinic-type sites on the open edges of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) may contribute to the high catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on nitrogen-doped CNTs (N-CNTs). Herein, we performed first-principles spin-polarized density functional theory calculations to examine the catalytic steps for ORR and water formation reaction (WFR) on the open edges of N-CNTs. For half-N doping on the open edge of CNTs (HN-CNTs), O2 and OOH can be chemisorbed and partially reduced on the C–N bridge site without an energy barrier. The subsequent WFR for reduced O2/OOH with ambient H+ and additional electrons can be finished without energy barrier for the formation of two H2O molecules. The second H2O molecule needs an energy of ∼0.49 eV to be desorbed from the catalytic site, which completes an electrocatalytic reaction cycle on the cathode catalyst for hydrogen fuel cells (HFCs). For H-saturated open-edge sites of HN-CNT, ORR and WFR can also be completed energeticall...
Cold Storage Exacerbates Renal and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Following Transplantation

Long-term renal function is compromised in patients receiving deceased donor kidneys which require cold storage exposure prior to transplantation. It is well established that extended cold storage induces renal damage and several labs, including our own, have demonstrated renal mitochondrial damage after cold storage alone. However, to our knowledge, few studies have assessed renal and mitochondrial function after transplantation of rat kidneys exposed to short-term (4 hr) cold storage compared to transplant without cold storage (autotransplantation). Our data reveal that cold storage plus transplantation exacerbated renal and mitochondrial dysfunction when compared to autotransplantation alone.
COX-2-specific inhibitors: prescribing patterns in a large managed care health system and strategies to minimize costs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative costs associated with the exclusive use of celecoxib versus rofecoxib in a large managed care system. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of all calendar year 2000 prescriptions dispensed for celecoxib and rofecoxib in the Veterans Affairs (VA) system. METHODS: The primary data points included drug strength, quantity dispensed, and days supply for the prescription. The cost minimization model described in Federal Practitioner (1999;16[4]:41-44) was used to calculate the cost savings. The mean once-daily dosing rates and their 95% confidence intervals were determined by binomial data analysis. Calendar year 2001 utilization and cost projections were derived by linear regression trend analysis. RESULTS: Current VA system costs per dose are celecoxib 100 mg $0.66; celecoxib 200 mg $1.32; rofecoxib (12.5 or 25 mg) $1.32; rofecoxib 50 mg $2.14. During calendar year 2000, the VA spent $13.8 million and $4.2 million on celecoxib and rofecoxib, respectively. The percentage of once-daily or less than once-daily dosing was celecoxib 100 mg (17%), celecoxib 200 mg (67%), celecoxib overall (49%), rofecoxib 12.5 mg (86%), rofecoxib 25 mg (94%), rofecoxib 50 mg (100%), and rofecoxib overall (93%). Based on current utilization, if all celecoxib prescriptions were changed to rofecoxib, the VA would have realized annual cost savings of $2.1 million in calendar year 2000. In calendar year 2001, projected cost savings could total $5.2 million. This potential savings is largely due to the high prevalence of twice-daily celecoxib dosing. CONCLUSION: The results of the cyclooxygenase-2 cost minimization analysis provide a compelling argument for the preferred use of rofecoxib in the VA system, and potentially in other managed care systems.
Findings about Course Participants

In addition to typical demographics, this chapter suggests characteristics of students participating in this course that affected their willingness to change paradigms and describes the episodes from which they were derived. The demographics in this class were comparable to that of sections of this course my research group and I taught in previous years. The past classes ranged from four to twenty-seven students.
Late Complications of Displaced Thoracolumbar Fusion Instrumentation Presenting as New Pain in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury

Background Harrington rods and more modern thoracolumbar posterior fusion with segmental instrumentation have been used successfully for decades in individuals with scoliosis or spinal cord injury (SCI). However, late complications of these instrumentations specifically presenting as new, localized pain in individuals with SCI have not been previously reported. Displacement of the hooks and the rods can cause significant back pain that may require hardware removal. Methods Two case reports illustrate thoracolumbar fusion rod removal because of displaced hooks with protruding rods and associated pain. Results Both of the individuals experienced back pain caused by proximal hook displacement. There was no neurologic deterioration. The proximal portions of the rods were sawed off and the displaced hooks and the rods were removed. Conclusions These cases illustrate the importance of clarifying different types of pain experienced by individuals with SCI and the importance of diagnosing the cause of pain accurately.
Learning consequences of derived-environment effects

In constraint-based phonological models, it is hypothesized that learning phonotactics first should facilitate the learning of phonological alternations. In this paper, we investigate whether alternation learning is impeded if static phonotactic generalizations and dynamic generalizations about alternations mismatch as in derived-environment patterns. English speakers were trained on one of two artificial languages, one in which static and dynamic generalizations match (Across-the-board), the other where they did not (Derived-environment). In both languages, there was an alternation that palatalized [ti] and [di] to [ʧi] and [ʤi] respectively across a morpheme boundary. In the Across-the-board language, the constraint motivating this (*Ti) was true across-the-board, whereas words with such sequences within stems were attested in the Derived-environment language. Results indicate that alternation learning in both languages was comparable. Interestingly, learners in the Across-the-board language failed to infer the *Ti constraint despite never hearing words with such sequences in training. Overall, our results suggests that alternation learning is not hindered by a static phonotactic mismatch in this type of experimental paradigm and that learners do not readily extend a generalization about legal heteromorphemic sequences to analogous sequences within a morpheme.
Small Deviation Estimates for Some Additive Processes

We study the small deviation probabilities for real valued additive processes. This naturally leads to the small deviation for the corresponding range process. Our general results can be applied to a wide range of additive processes generated from fractional Brownian motions, stable processes, Brownian sheets, etc. As an application, limit inf type LIL are proved for additive stable processes.
Use of a mobile robot in a data structures course

Although robots are commonly used in advanced computer science courses, such as Artificial Intelligence, they are rarely used in lower level courses such as Beginning Programming or Data Structures. Allowing freshman and sophomores to use stimulating manipulables such as robots promotes retention and turns abstract concepts into real-world problems and solutions. This paper describes the use of a mobile robot in a Data Structures course.
Working the Early Shift: Older Inland Northern Speech and the Beginnings of the Northern Cities Shift

The complex series of vowel changes known as the Northern Cities Shift has been extensively documented over the last four decades across the broad territory of the Inland North dialect region. Little is known, however, about the origins of the shift, and there remain open questions about where the changes began and which vowel initiated the process. This paper examines such questions by analyzing the speech of several people born in the late 19th and early 20th centuries using archival recordings of oral history interviews. Drawing on acoustic data we identify what appear to be early stages of the Northern Cities Shift in some individual speakers though many in the sample give no evidence of participating in the changes. We consider the implications of these findings for accounts of how the shift began with particular focus on Labov’s (2010) proposal.
High-performance green semiconductor devices: materials, designs, and fabrication

From large industrial computers to non-portable home appliances and finally to light-weight portable gadgets, the rapid evolution of electronics has facilitated our daily pursuits and increased our life comforts. However, these rapid advances have led to a significant decrease in the lifetime of consumer electronics. The serious environmental threat that comes from electronic waste not only involves materials like plastics and heavy metals, but also includes toxic materials like mercury, cadmium, arsenic, and lead, which can leak into the ground and contaminate the water we drink, the food we eat, and the animals that live around us. Furthermore, most electronics are comprised of non-renewable, non-biodegradable, and potentially toxic materials. Difficulties in recycling the increasing amount of electronic waste could eventually lead to permanent environmental pollution. As such, discarded electronics that can naturally degrade over time would reduce recycling challenges and minimize their threat to the environment. This review provides a snapshot of the current developments and challenges of green electronics at the semiconductor device level. It looks at the developments that have been made in an effort to help reduce the accumulation of electronic waste by utilizing unconventional, biodegradable materials as components. While many semiconductors are classified as non-biodegradable, a few biodegradable semiconducting materials exist and are used as electrical components. This review begins with a discussion of biodegradable materials for electronics, followed by designs and processes for the manufacturing of green electronics using different techniques and designs. In the later sections of the review, various examples of biodegradable electrical components, such as sensors, circuits, and batteries, that together can form a functional electronic device, are discussed and new applications using green electronics are reviewed.
Usual Course of Treatment and Predictors of Treatment Utilization for Patients With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

OBJECTIVE Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric illness that frequently remains undiagnosed and untreated. While extensive research has been conducted among veterans, little research has evaluated course of treatment for PTSD in a general hospital setting. METHODS We utilized data from the Partners HealthCare Research Patient Data Registry to evaluate mental health treatment utilization, including psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy, by patients with recently diagnosed primary PTSD following DSM-IV criteria between January 1, 2002, and June 30, 2011. We additionally evaluated predictors of treatment utilization 6 months postdiagnosis. RESULTS Among 2,475 patients with recently diagnosed primary PTSD, approximately half (55.7%) had any therapy visit and 10% had at least 12 therapy visits in the 6 months following diagnosis. Approximately half (47.0%) received a psychiatric prescription, with 29.3% receiving a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), 11.8% receiving an atypical antipsychotic, and 24.4% receiving a benzodiazepine. Latinos were 25% (95% CL = 1.09, 1.43) more likely to have an SSRI prescription, 35% (95% CL = 1.05, 1.75) more likely to have an atypical antipsychotic prescription, and 28% (95% CL = 1.19, 1.38) more likely to receive any psychotherapy. Women were 49% (95% CL = 0.42, 0.63) less likely to have an atypical antipsychotic prescription. Patients with Medicare were 23% (95% CL = 0.67, 0.88) less likely to have any psychotherapy, and patients with Medicaid were 35% (95% CL = 0.46, 0.92) less likely to have 12 or more therapy visits. CONCLUSIONS Many patients with a primary diagnosis of PTSD do not receive psychotherapy, and psychiatric prescriptions, including atypical antipsychotics and benzodiazepines, are common. Future research is needed to determine the quality of care received and explore subpopulation-specific barriers limiting access to care.
Patient‐centered drug development and the Learning Health System

Patient-centered drug development (PCDD) is a shift in the way that drugs are developed, systematically incorporating patient participation in all stages of medicines development. The more the research sector understands the needs and values of patients, the more effective and efficient it can be in bringing meaningful drugs and evidence to patients and providers. In this paper, we describe PCDD, provide examples of PCDD work across the phases of drug development, and discuss the challenges to making PCDD systematic. We describe how the developing Learning Health System will enable PCCD: we believe that the Learning Health System will address PCDD barriers by connecting stakeholders, enabling the more efficient flow of data, information, and evidence in the health ecosystem, and by providing governance for the connected ecosystem.
Relative Risks of Changes in Seizure Frequency with Hormonal Contraception Vary by Antiepileptic Drug Category (S08.006)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether changes in seizure frequency with hormonal contraception (HC) vary by antiepileptic drug (AED) category in women with epilepsy (WWE) in the community. BACKGROUND: Reciprocal interactions occur between some contraceptive hormones and some AEDs but we know little about their consequences on seizure frequency. DESIGN/METHODS: The Epilepsy Birth Control Registry is a web-based survey that gathers demographic, epilepsy, AED, contraceptive and reproductive data from WWE in the community. These retrospective data come from 1057 contraceptive experiences reported by the first 500 WWE, ages 18-47 years, who completed the survey. We determined relative risks (RRs) of increase and decrease in seizures reported on HC (oral combined or progestin contraceptive pills, depomedroxyprogesterone, hormonal patch, implanted hormones, vaginal ring), stratified by AED categories (EIAED - enzyme inducing AED, GluAED - glucuronidated AED [lamotrigine], NEIAED - non EIAED, EnzInhAED - enzyme inhibiting AED [valproate] and no AED). RESULTS: AED category showed a significant effect on the RRs of reported seizure increase with HC. The lowest rate of seizure increase occurred with NEIAEDs (8.1%). RRs compared to NEIAED were No AED: 2.2 [0.89-5.6], p = .09; EIAED: 3.1 [1.4-7.2], p = .0067; GluAED: 2.9 [1.2-6.8], p = .0145; EnzInhAED: 4.7 [2.0-11.1], p = .0004. RR of seizure decrease reported with HC was highest with NEIAED 18.9%. RRs of seizure decrease compared to NEIAED were not significantly different for any other AED category although the RR for EnzInhAEDs (4.8%) did show a trend at RR = .25 [.06-1.1] p = .0591. CONCLUSIONS: Interim retrospective survey findings suggest that the RRs of changes in seizure frequency with HC vary by AED category with NEIAEDs showing the most favorable interaction and EnzInhAED (valproate) showing the least favorable interaction with regard to seizure control. Supported by: Epilepsy Foundation. Disclosure: Dr. Herzog has received research support from the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Mandle has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cahill has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fowler has nothing to disclose. Dr. Davis has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hauser has received personal compensation for activities with Pfizer Inc, Ovation Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and Valeant Pharmaceuticals as consultant.
In Situ Alloying of Thermally Conductive Polymer Composites by Combining Liquid and Solid Metal Microadditives.

Room-temperature liquid metals (LMs) are attractive candidates for thermal interface materials (TIMs) because of their moderately high thermal conductivity and liquid nature, which allow them to conform well to mating surfaces with little thermal resistance. However, gallium-based LMs may be of concern due to the gallium-driven degradation of many metal microelectronic components. We present a three-component composite with LM, copper (Cu) microparticles, and a polymer matrix, as a cheaper, noncorrosive solution. The solid copper particles alloy with the gallium in the LM, in situ and at room temperature, immobilizing the LM and eliminating any corrosion issues of nearby components. Investigation of the structure–property–process relationship of the three-component composites reveals that the method and degree of additive blending dramatically alter the resulting thermal transport properties. In particular, microdispersion of any combination of the LM and Cu additives results in a large number of interfac...
Leveraging allele-specific expression to refine fine-mapping for eQTL studies

Many disease risk loci identified in genome-wide association studies are present in non-coding regions of the genome. It is hypothesized that these variants affect complex traits by acting as expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) that influence expression of nearby genes. This indicates that many causal variants for complex traits are likely to be causal variants for gene expression. Hence, identifying causal variants for gene expression is important for elucidating the genetic basis of not only gene expression but also complex traits. However, detecting causal variants is challenging due to complex genetic correlation among variants known as linkage disequilibrium (LD) and the presence of multiple causal variants within a locus. Although several fine-mapping approaches have been developed to overcome these challenges, they may produce large sets of putative causal variants when true causal variants are in high LD with many non-causal variants. In eQTL studies, there is an additional source of information that can be used to improve fine-mapping called allele-specific expression (ASE) that measures imbalance in gene expression due to different alleles. In this work, we develop a novel statistical method that leverages both ASE and eQTL information to detect causal variants that regulate gene expression. We illustrate through simulations and application to the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) dataset that our method identifies the true causal variants with higher specificity than an approach that uses only eQTL information. In the GTEx dataset, our method achieves the median reduction rate of 11% in the number of putative causal variants.
Effect of aromatic fuels and premixing on aromatic species and soot distributions in laminar, co-flow flames at atmospheric pressure

Abstract The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of aromatic fuel structure on the aromatic species and the soot volume fraction in laminar, co-flow flames at atmospheric pressure. Both non-premixed and partially-premixed flames (jet equivalence ratios of 24 and 6) are studied. The four fuels consist of binary mixtures of n-dodecane with one of four aromatic species: n-propylbenzene, toluene, m-xylene, and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene. For all flame conditions, the total carbon flow rate of the fuel mixture is kept constant. Furthermore, in each binary mixture, the carbon mole fraction from the n-dodecane and the aromatic component is kept constant. Laser-induced incandescence (LII) and laser extinction are used to obtain two-dimensional soot volume fraction in the flames. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is used to obtain the two-dimensional aromatic species distribution in the flames. The experimental results indicate that the 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene/n-dodecane flame has the highest peak soot volume fraction amongst the four fuels; the other three fuel mixtures, within measurement uncertainty, have similar peak soot volume fraction. In addition, premixing changes the spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and soot in the flames. In the non-premixed cases, the peak soot volume fraction is located in an annular region near the flame sheet, whereas the soot field is more uniform across the cross-section of the flame at a jet equivalence ratio of 6. A published aromatic fuel chemical mechanism is used to understand the differences in the pathways to soot precursors among the aromatic fuels. The combined 2D LIF and LII result provide a unique dataset to validate soot and chemical numerical models for the four aromatic fuels: n-propylbenzene, toluene, m-xylene, and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene.
Mechanism of Ti-Catalyzed Oxidative Nitrene Transfer in [2 + 2 + 1] Pyrrole Synthesis from Alkynes and Azobenzene

A combined computational and experimental study on the mechanism of Ti-catalyzed formal [2 + 2 + 1] pyrrole synthesis from alkynes and aryl diazenes is reported. This reaction proceeds through a formally TiII/TiIV redox catalytic cycle as determined by natural bond orbital (NBO) and intrinsic bond orbital (IBO) analysis. Kinetic analysis of the reaction of internal alkynes with azobenzene reveals a complex equilibrium involving Ti═NPh monomer/dimer equilibrium and Ti═NPh + alkyne [2 + 2] cycloaddition equilibrium along with azobenzene and pyridine inhibition equilibria prior to rate-determining second alkyne insertion. Computations support this kinetic analysis, provide insights into the structure of the active species in catalysis and the roles of solvent, and provide a new mechanism for regeneration of the Ti imido catalyst via disproportionation. Reductive elimination from a 6-membered azatitanacyclohexadiene species to generate pyrrole-bound TiII is surprisingly facile and occurs through a unique elec...
Using a Person-Centered Approach in Community-Based Instruction for Adults with Developmental Disabilities

Instruction is a variable that has enhanced community access for adults with developmental disabilities. Community-based instruction emerged as an especially useful format to teach individuals daily living and work skills in the settings where skills would be used. As advocacy and self-advocacy for individuals with developmental disabilities increased, professionals recognized the importance of empowerment and self-determination in gaining community access. Adult education that incorporates the values of person-centered planning will evolve beyond what has traditionally been viewed as community-based instruction. This article describes the characteristics of community-based instruction designed to enhance not only community access, but also the participant's overall quality of life.
Clinical Research Course for International Orthopaedic Surgeons: 2-Year Outcomes.

BACKGROUND Although orthopaedic trauma occurs at higher rates in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), most research on this topic is conducted in high-resource settings. Few initiatives exist to promote local research in LMICs. Investigators created the Institute for Global Orthopaedics and Traumatology (IGOT) International Research Symposium to promote local research initiatives by surgeons practicing in low-resource environments. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of this symposium in teaching orthopaedic surgeons practicing in LMICs how to conduct clinical research. METHODS In this prospective observational study, orthopaedic surgeons from LMICs with no formal research training were recruited to attend the 1-day IGOT International Research Symposium in San Francisco. A survey was administered immediately before and after the symposium to inquire about the participants' confidence in different aspects related to research using a 1-5 Likert scale. A second survey, conducted 2 years later, recorded the attendees' research productivity after the workshop. RESULTS Forty-three participants representing 10 different LMICs from Africa and Asia attended the 2013 course. At 2 year postcourse, participants reported starting 25 research projects, authored 7 "accepted or published manuscripts" (vs. 1 before the course; P < 0.01), and were selected for 12 podium or poster presentations (vs. 3 before the course; P < 0.01). Two research symposium attendees received "Top International Forum Paper" at the 2015 Orthopaedic Trauma Association Annual Meeting. DISCUSSION A 1-day research course resulted in increased participant confidence in conducting research. This was associated with greater research productivity by participants 2 years later. These results suggest that the IGOT International Research Symposium can improve the number of initiated research projects by surgeons in LMICs.
Reconnecting After an Affair: Relationship Justice, Spirituality, and Infidelity Treatment

In this chapter I will present a couples’ treatment model that utilizes a social justice framework and integrates spirituality. Many couples seeking therapy come to treatment for an affair. There is extensive literature available on how to work with affairs, yet the intersectionality between spirituality, infidelity, and couple recovery is less known. The literature has only recently begun to address issues of relational justice as it relates to gender and power in affair recovery. Regarding spirituality in infidelity treatment, some models focus on forgiveness, but specifically how spirituality influences treatment and recovery is unknown. Additionally, how to incorporate spiritual interventions from a social justice lens is virtually nonexistent in the marriage and family therapy literature. I will address these intersections through an extended case example, offering specific suggestions in how to address issues of gender, power, spirituality, and affairs in couples treatment and recovery.
Queering classrooms: Personal narratives and educational practice to support LGBTQ youth in schools

Queering Classrooms, edited by Erin A. Mikulec and Paul Chamness Miller, assesses how far we have come in making schools a safe and affirming place for LGBTQ youth, explores what is happening now i...
Impact of nitrogen fertilizer, greenhouse, and crop species on yield-scaled nitrous oxide emission from vegetable crops: A meta-analysis

Abstract Vegetable production is recognized as an important anthropogenic source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emission. An improved understanding of yield-scaled N2O emission from vegetable production can promote innovation for climate smart cropping. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis to quantify yield-scaled N2O emission from six types of vegetable crops, to elucidate the effects of greenhouse cultivation and different types of nitrogen (N) fertilizers on yield-scaled N2O emission from vegetable crops. Significant differences were observed in N2O emission factor (EF) and area- and yield-scaled N2O emissions among the six vegetable types. Stem and seed vegetables showed the lowest and highest area- and yield-scaled N2O emissions, respectively. The average yield of all of the vegetables was significantly higher in greenhouses than in open fields. However, only leafy vegetables were observed to have significantly lower yield-scaled N2O in greenhouses than in open fields. Emissions of yield-scaled N2O in response to inorganic N application rate differed among the different vegetable types. The replacement of inorganic N fertilizer with manure significantly reduced yield-scaled N2O emission from leafy vegetables, but significantly enhanced that from fruit vegetables. Enhanced-efficiency N fertilizer (EENF) significantly increased yield, and significantly reduced area- and yield-scaled N2O emissions from all of the vegetable types; however, it was less effective for root vegetables and open field cultivation.
A Healthy Democracy? Evidence of Unequal Representation Across Health Status

Research on the link between health and political behavior has flourished, yet there have been no analyses regarding the political consequences of health inequalities. Using data from the 2012 CCES, we find that health is associated with representation. Healthy individuals are better represented compared to unhealthy citizens; this positive association is particularly true for individuals in the top third income group and when citizens are represented by Republicans. We explore two mechanisms that may account for this association. The participatory mechanism suggests that healthy individuals are better represented due to differences in political participation while the preferential mechanism suggests that differences are due to shifts in policy preferences. Overall, we find little evidence that either mechanism fully accounts for the association between health and representation. While the results clearly suggest that political clout is not just about income, but also health, scholars are encouraged to further explain this association.
On Jews and property in provincial Central Europe: Leopold Kompert’s 1848 publications

Bohemian-born Jewish author Leopold Kompert (1822–1886) is best known for Aus dem Ghetto (1848), his popular tales of provincial Jewish life featuring pious men and women who eke out a living and t...
New metric of hypoxic dose predicts altitude acclimatization status following various ascent profiles

Medical personnel need practical guidelines on how to construct high altitude ascents to induce altitude acclimatization and avoid acute mountain sickness (AMS) following the first night of sleep at high altitude. Using multiple logistic regression and a comprehensive database, we developed a quantitative prediction model using ascent profile as the independent variable and altitude acclimatization status as the dependent variable from 188 volunteers (147 men, 41 women) who underwent various ascent profiles to 4 km. The accumulated altitude exposure (AAE), a new metric of hypoxic dose, was defined as the ascent profile and was calculated by multiplying the altitude elevation (km) by the number of days (d) at that altitude prior to ascent to 4 km. Altitude acclimatization status was defined as the likely presence or absence of AMS after ~24 h of exposure at 4 km. AMS was assessed using the Cerebral Factor Score (AMS-C) from the Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire and deemed present if AMS-C was ≥0.7. Other predictor variables included in the model were age and body mass index (BMI). Sex, race, and smoking status were considered in model development but eliminated due to inadequate numbers in each of the ascent profiles. The AAE (km·d) significantly (P < 0.0001) predicted AMS in the model. For every 1 km·d increase in AAE, the odds of getting sick decreased by 41.3%. Equivalently, for every 1 km·d decrease in AAE, the odds of getting sick increased by 70.4%. Age and BMI were not significant predictors. The model demonstrated excellent discrimination (AUC = 0.83 (95% CI = 0.79-0.91) and calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow = 0.11). The model provides a priori estimates of altitude acclimatization status resulting from the use of various rapid, staged, and graded ascent profiles.
Arthur Miller, Tennessee Williams, and the American Family

As their international fame grew after their early success, the cultural identities of Arthur Miller and Tennessee Williams were increasingly associated with family drama that often has been seen as uniquely American. The families these two playwrights write about are markedly different. Miller’s conception of the family is fundamentally patriarchal, with tight-knit units centered on a father who is a dominant presence, psychologically if not physically. The father’s demise often precipitates the disintegration of the family. Williams’s family is typically a post-patriarchal structure that has already disintegrated, resulting in a tenuous family unit characterized by dysfunctional relationships among its members. While both playwrights focus intensely on sibling dyads, often triangulated with a parent, Miller’s dyads (always brothers) are often animated by a combination of love, jealousy, and guilt that is descended from the biblical Cain and Abel. Rife with favoritism, resentment, jealousy, disloyalty, desertion, guilt, violence, and hatred, the families of both playwrights actually serve as a counter to America’s popular conception of itself as a nation built on the foundation of a happy and stable family unit.
In her own words: understanding the health needs of older lesbians.

This project illuminates the unique struggles and barriers lesbians face. A community advisory board (CAB) was developed and 31 in-depth interviews were conducted with lesbians aged 56–84 in the Ro...
A New Mode-Switching Algorithm for the Line Commutated - Thyristor Bridge Emulated Rotating Power Electronic Converter for Brushless Exciter Applications

Conventional brushless exciters supply the field current to the wound-field synchronous machines through a diode bridge rectifier. Though these diode bridge-based exciters are more reliable compared to the static exciters which use brushes and slip rings, they can not produce a negative voltage across the field winding. This makes the rate of decay of the field current is very slow. To rapidly remove the field current in case of an internal fault in the synchronous machine, a thyristor emulated rotating power electronic converter (RPEC) has been proposed for brushless exciter applications. This paper shows the implementation of the gate pulse generation for the RPEC during both rectification mode as well as inversion mode. Also, the field winding current disruption issue has been analyzed while switching from rectification to inversion mode. To avoid this problem, a new algorithm has been introduced in this paper. Also, an analysis has been done on the maximum firing angle for the RPEC during the inversion mode to make sure the field current is not disrupted for the proposed converter. Finally, MATLAB-SIMULINK based simulation results are presented along with the experimental results.
Mixing driven by transient buoyancy flows.II. Flow dynamics

The chaotic advection of the interface between two miscible liquids inside a closed cavity, generated by a damped oscillatory buoyancy-driven (BD) regular flow field, is investigated experimentally for BD mixing. The Lagrangian history of interface motion, determined using the planar laser-induced fluorescence and the photographic full-field view method, is contrasted against the Eulerian flow field measured from particle image velocimetry. Chaotic advection stretches and folds the interface at an early stage to produce an asymmetric pairwise Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) morphology (RTM) structure from long wavelength RT instability and short-time Richtmyer–Meshkov instability and its fractal interface structure at a high impulsive-Reynolds number. The mechanism of folding, from global bifurcation of the flow field, caused by a hyperbolic point, served as an organizing center for multiple vortex interactions. The intermediate-stage kinematics of the RTM structure exhibits RT mixing and shows unfolding of the lamellar structure from the net effect of stretching, folding, and molecular diffusion prior to its breakdown; and it has a probabilistic outcome of exhibiting topological transitions through a breakup of the RTM structure in phase space from necking singularity and pinch-off, indicating sensitivity to the initial conditions. The effectiveness of mixing determined from mixing efficiency is contrasted against mechanical and lamellar models of mixing. The determination of topological entropy, from an approximate Gaussian distribution of the interface length stretch, yields time scale for information decay comparable to time scale for which a low-order horseshoe map emerges from flow, indicating local chaos of the interface. The late-stage breakdown of the RTM structure from internal and wall collision drives the interaction between advection and diffusion, which indicates that critical mixing time scales as the logarithmic of Peclet number, comparable to time-periodic sine flow and blinking vortex flow chaotic mapping models.
Blumberg, Baruch Samuel (1925–)

This article has no abstract. Keywords: Blumberg, Baruch Samuel (‘Australia antigen’ of hepatitis B virus); hepatitis B vaccine
Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (Glas) Loop Heat Pipes - An Eventful First Year On-Orbit

Goddard Space Flight Center's Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) is the sole scientific instrument on the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) that was launched on January 12, 2003 from Vandenberg AFB. A thermal control architecture based on propylene Loop Heat Pipe technology was developed to provide selectable/stable temperature control for the lasers and other electronics over the widely varying mission environment. Following a nominal LHP and instrument start-up, the mission was interrupted with the failure of the first laser after only 36 days of operation. During the 5-month failure investigation, the two GLAS LHPs and the electronics operated nominally, using heaters as a substitute for the laser heat load. Just prior to resuming the mission, following a seasonal spacecraft yaw maneuver, one of the LHPs deprimed and created a thermal runaway condition that resulted in an emergency shutdown of the GLAS instrument. This paper presents details of the LHP anomaly, the resulting investigation and recovery, along with on-orbit flight data during these critical events.
Regulatory Competition in International Securities Markets: Evidence from Europe - Part II

This article presents the second installment of an empirical investigation into regulatory competition in international securities markets. It contributes to the current debate about competitiveness of U.S. capital markets by offering an account of transatlantic capital raising practices at the height of technology boom of the 1990s and before the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the corporate scandals that precipitated the Act. This article provides evidence that European issuers in the late 1990s were already turning away from U.S. public capital markets. While regulatory considerations appear to have played a role in that trend, even more important were the growing importance of private means of access of U.S. capital, the increased off-shore presence of U.S. institutional investors, and the relatively unsatisfactory trading performance of many foreign issuers that had gone to the trouble of obtaining U.S. public listings early in the 1990s. The picture of transatlantic capital raising presented in our survey suggests that the recent decline in competitiveness of U.S. capital markets may well be more a product of long-standing trends in global financial markets than a response to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act or other requirements of federal securities laws. We have supplemented our original analysis with a post-script from the vantage point of 2008 to draw connections between our findings and those of recent academic literature.