cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CRUSTACEAN HYPERGLYCEMIC HORMONE IN THE LOBSTER NERVOUS SYSTEM : LOCALIZATION AND RELEASE FROM CELLS IN THE SUBESOPHAGEAL GANGLION AND THORACIC SECOND ROOTS

Crustacean hyperglycemic hormones (CHHs) are neuropeptides involved in the regulation of hemolymph glucose. The primary source of CHHs has been identified as the neurosecretory neurons of the eyestalk X-organ and its associated neurohemal organ, the sinus gland. We have identified another source of CHH-like peptides in the nervous system. With the use of immunocytochemistry, cells in the second roots of the thoracic ganglia have been observed to stain positively for CHH-reactive material. We also identified a pair of cells in the subesophageal ganglion that contain large amounts of CHH-reactive material. Depolarization of these cells with elevated potassium mediates a calcium-dependent release of CHH-like material from the ganglion as quantified with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
Unorthodox expression of an enzyme: evidence for an untranslated region within carA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Abstract The genes encoding carbamoylphosphate synthetase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 were cloned in Escherichia coli. Deletion and transposition analysis determined the locations of carA, encoding the small subunit, and carB, encoding the large subunit, on the chromosomal insert. The nucleotide sequence of carA and the flanking regions was determined. The derived amino acid sequence for the small subunit of carbamoylphosphate synthetase from P. aeruginosa exhibited 68% homology with its counterparts in E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium. The derived sequences in the three organisms were essentially identical in the three polypeptide segments that are conserved in glutamine amidotransferases but showed low homology at the amino- and carboxy-terminal regions. The amino-terminal amino acid sequences were determined for the large and small subunits. The first 15 amino acids of the large subunit were identical to those derived from the carB sequence. However, comparison of the derived sequence for carA with the amino-terminal amino acid sequence for the small subunit suggested that codons 5 to 8 are not translated. The DNA sequence for the region encompassing these four codons was confirmed by direct sequencing of chromosomal DNA after amplification by the polymerase chain reaction. The mRNA sequence was also deduced by in vitro synthesis of cDNA, enzymatic amplification, and sequencing, confirming that 12 nucleotides in the 5' terminal of carA are transcribed but are not translated.
A novel ultrasensitive gas detector system based on carbon nanotube mixtures and antenna radiation variation

A highly sensitive remote-sensing detector based on a mixture of double-walled carbon nanotubes has been designed to selectively detect different gases. The sensor consists of an antenna and a gas sensitive transmission line, operating at 60 GHz. The detection principle is based on different shifts of amplitude and phase of the antenna-feeding signal due to the presence of different gases, resulting in the change of the polarization and radiation pattern of the sensor antenna.
Characterization of O157:H7 and other Escherichia coli isolates recovered from cattle hides, feces, and carcasses.

In a previous study, the seasonal prevalence was reported for stx+ Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feces and on hides and carcasses of cattle at processing. Overall, 1,697 O157:H7 isolates have now been characterized for the incidence of (i) eaeO157, hlyA, stx1, and stx2 in the recovered isolates and (ii) presumptive rough and presumptive nonmotile isolates. Seven O157:H7 isolates (0.4%) lacked stx genes, although they carried eae and hlyA. All but one of the isolates carried both eae and hlyA. Approximately two-thirds of the isolates (64% when one isolate per sample was considered) carried both stx1 and stx2. E. coli O157:H7 cells that harbored both stx1 and stx2 were more often recovered from hides in the fall (79% of the fall hide isolates) and winter (84% of the winter hide isolates) than in the spring (53%) and summer (59%). Isolates recovered from preevisceration carcasses showed a similar but not statistically significant trend. Twenty-three of the 25 O157:H7 isolates carrying stx1 but not stx2 were re...
Uptake of Micellar Long-Chain Fatty Acid and sn-2-Monoacylglycerol into Human Intestinal Caco-2 Cells Exhibits Characteristics of Protein-Mediated Transport

Long-chain fatty acid and sn-2-monoacylglycerol (2-MG) are the digestive products of dietary triacylglycerol (TG) hydrolysis. Although fatty acid uptake into the enterocyte has been examined widely, less is known about 2-MG uptake, and few studies have mimicked the physiologic conditions present in the postprandial situation. In this study, the cellular uptake of oleic acid and 2-monoolein, presented in taurocholate micellar solution, was examined in human intestinal Caco-2 cells to model the postprandial intestinal milieu. Initial uptake of oleic acid and 2-MG displayed a saturable function of their monomer concentrations, suggesting that fatty acid and 2-MG uptake may be protein-mediated processes at low unbound concentrations of lipid. The initial rate of oleate uptake was faster and the apparent Km was lower than values for 2-MG. Unlabeled oleic acid and, to a lesser extent, unlabeled 2-MG, inhibited the uptakes of both [3H]oleic acid and [3H]2-monoolein, suggesting competitive uptake. The nonphysiologic isomer sn-1-MG had effects similar to 2-MG, whereas the intermediate digestive product, diacylglycerol (DG), did not inhibit either oleate or 2-monoolein uptake. These results suggest that in the postprandial state, fatty acid and 2-MG derived from dietary TG are transported into the enterocyte, at least in part, via a protein-mediated pathway that is shared by both lipids, but not by the intermediate digestive product, DG.
Boundary conditions for plane flows of smooth, nearly elastic, circular disks

We consider plane flows of identical, smooth, nearly elastic, circular disks interacting with a boundary formed by attaching halves of similar disks at equal intervals along a flat wall. The roughness of the boundary is given in terms of the diameters of the two types of disks and the spacing of the wall disks. We suppose that the velocity distribution of the flow disks is Maxwellian and calculate the rates at which momentum and energy are supplied to the flow disks in collisions over a unit length of the boundary. At the boundary we balance these supplies with the stress and the total flux of energy in the flow and obtain boundary conditions on the shear stress, pressure, and flux of fluctuation energy. We find that the boundary can either supply fluctuation energy to the flow or absorb it, depending on the relative magnitudes of the rate of working of the boundary tractions through the slip velocity and the rate at which energy is dissipated in collisions. As an example we solve the boundary-value problem for the steady shearing flow maintained by the relative motion of parallel plates a fixed distance apart. When the dimensions and properties of the flow disks and the boundary are given, the specification of the distance between the plates and their relative velocity determines the slip velocity, the shear stress and pressure necessary to maintain the flow, and the distributions of mean velocity, fluctuation energy, and density.
Survival trade‐offs associated with inducible defences in snails: the roles of multiple predators and developmental plasticity

Summary 1. For decades, organisms with inducible defences have been used extensively as model systems for addressing the ecology and evolution of phenotypic plasticity. However, our current understanding of inducible defences comes largely from studies that have examined the survival benefits of an inducible defence in a predator environment vs. the growth or reproductive costs in a no-predator environment. Moreover, this work has focused on a single point in prey development. Unfortunately, this approach neglects the role that functionally different predator species (with divergent selection pressures) may play in maintaining inducible defences in prey populations and overlooks the dynamic nature of prey responses and prey vulnerability over development. 2. In this study, we used freshwater snails and a subset of their predators to address the survival costs and benefits of predator-induced plasticity in response to functionally different predators at multiple points in development. 3. We found that snails altered unique suites of traits over development in response to three different caged predator environments. Moreover, short-term predation trials demonstrated that the phenotype induced by one predator had higher survival with that predator than any alternative phenotype but lower survival with a different predator species (i.e. survival trade-offs). However, the trade-off was only strongly detected midway in development before a size refuge was attained from predation and after morphological defences had formed in the snails. 4. Our study suggests that functionally different predators favour inducible defences in freshwater snails, and that incorporating development into tests of the adaptive plasticity hypothesis can provide valuable information about the dynamics of trait induction and variation in fitness trade-offs over time.
Do short telomeres shorten CLL survival

Roos and colleagues demonstrate that telomere length correlates with known biological prognostic factors in CLL and may independently predict clinical outcome. These findings suggest that telomerase may be a useful pharmacological target in CLL. Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Placental ischemia and cardiovascular dysfunction in preeclampsia and beyond: making the connections

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy continue to be a significant source of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, and recent evidence suggests that the incidence of preeclampsia (PE) is increasing. Recent epidemiological studies indicate that the effects of PE may persist long after pregnancy, in both the mother and the offspring, as increased incidence of cardiovascular disease. The last decade has produced new insights into the pathogenesis of PE. The initiating event in PE appears to be impaired placental perfusion and subsequent placental ischemia, which results in the elaboration of numerous factors. Factors such as soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, soluble endoglin and the angiotensin II type-1 receptor autoantibodies contribute to maternal endothelial and cardiovascular dysfunction, marked by increased reactive oxygen species and decreased bioavailable VEGF, nitric oxide and prostacyclin. However, the importance of the various endothelial and humoral factors that mediate these changes during PE remain to be elucidated.
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis in the Temporal Cortex and Limbic System after Trigeminal Nerve Inoculation

Herpes simplex virus type 1 causes an encephalitis in humans that is primarily restricted to the temporal lobe and limbic system. The distribution of lesions suggests that virus enters the brain from a single site and then spreads transneuronally to infect connected structures. Two obvious sites of potential viral entry are the olfactory and trigeminal nerves. Trigeminal nerve entry is more likely because it innervates the oral cavity, a common site of initial infection, and the trigeminal ganglion is the most common site of viral latency. In previous reports, however, experimental trigeminal nerve infection has never led to the pattern of disease observed in humans. By directly inoculating virus into the murine tooth pulp, the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve was selectively infected. This division, which innervates the oral cavity, is the one most commonly infected in humans. Intrapulp inoculation led to an encephalitis primarily affecting the temporal cortex and limbic system. Thus, spread via the trigeminal nerve provides an explanation for the distribution of herpes simplex virus observed in the human encephalitis.
LANDSCAPE RESPONSES OF BATS TO HABITAT FRAGMENTATION IN ATLANTIC FOREST OF PARAGUAY

Understanding effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on populations or communities is critical to effective conservation and restoration. This is particularly important for bats because they provide vital services to ecosystems via pollination and seed dispersal, especially in tropical and subtropical habitats. Based on more than 1,000 h of survey during a 15-month period, we quantified species abundances and community structure of phyllostomid bats at 14 sites in a 3,000-km 2 region of eastern Paraguay. Abundance was highest for Artibeus lituratus in deforested landscapes and for Chrotopterus auritus in forested habitats. In contrast, Artibeus fimbriatus, Carollia perspicillata, Glossophaga soricina, Platyrrhinus lineatus, Pygoderma bilabiatum, and Sturnira lilium attained highest abundance in moderately fragmented forest landscapes. Forest cover, patch size, and patch density frequently were associated with abundance of species. At the community level, species richness was highest in partly deforested landscapes, whereas evenness was greatest in forested habitat. In general, the highest diversity of bats occurred in landscapes comprising moderately fragmented forest habitat. This underscores the importance of remnant habitat patches to conservation strategies.
Evaluation of para-18F-fluorohippurate PET renography to predict future disease progression in a rat model of ADPKD

1077 Objectives Prognostic markers for progression of polycystic kidney disease are limited. Our objective for this pilot study was to evaluate the potential of early para-18F-fluorohippurate (18F-PFH) PET renography to predict future progression of disease in Han:SPRD rats1 with slowly progressive autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) . Methods Four groups (n = 2 to 7) of genotyped male and female cystic (Cy/+) and non-cystic (+/+) Han:SPRD rats underwent PET renography using 18F-PFH, a renal tubular agent,2,3 and blood sampling at ages 6 and 26 weeks. T2 and T20 values, which represent the percent of the injected dose of 18F-PFH in kidneys at 2 minutes and 20 minutes after injection, were determined from imaging data. The T20/T2 ratio was assessed as a prognostic marker. Rats were euthanized after renography at age 26 weeks, and kidney weight/body weight ratios (KW/BW%) were determined as a measure of PKD progression. Results Serum creatinine (S-Cr) and serum urea nitrogen (SUN) concentrations did not differ in female and male +/+ and Cy/+ rats at age 6 weeks, but they were significantly higher in Cy/+ than +/+ rats at age 26 weeks of age and male Cy/+ rats displayed significantly higher values than female Cy/+ rats. Importantly, male Cy/+ rats displayed higher T20/T2 values than female Cy/+ at age 6 weeks, which correlated with S-Cr, SUN, and KW/BW% at age 26 weeks, indicating that 18F-PFH PET at 6 weeks of age accurately predicted disease outcome at 26 weeks of age. Conclusions The results indicate that male Cy/+ rats exhibit more severe disease than female Cy/+ rats, which is consistent with literature reports in this model. This study indicates that T20/T2 ratio obtained from 18F-PFH PET renography could be used as a surrogate marker to predict disease progression at an early stage. Research Support This work was funded by an OU College of Pharmacy startup grant and the John S. Gammill Endowment for PKD Research.
Automatic Domain Partitioning for Multi-Domain Learning

Multi-Domain learning (MDL) assumes that the domain labels in the dataset are known. However, when there are multiple metadata attributes available, it is not always straightforward to select a single best attribute for domain partition, and it is possible that combining more than one metadata attributes (including continuous attributes) can lead to better MDL performance. In this work, we propose an automatic domain partitioning approach that aims at providing better domain identities for MDL. We use a supervised clustering approach that learns the domain distance between data instances , and then cluster the data into better domains for MDL. Our experiment on real multi-domain datasets shows that using our automatically generated domain partition improves over popular MDL methods.
Evaluation of a Risk Awareness Perception Training Program on Novice Teen Driver Behavior at Left-Turn Intersections

Collisions at left turn intersections are among the most prevalent types of teen driver serious crashes, with inadequate surveillance as a key factor. Risk awareness perception training (RAPT) has shown effectiveness in improving hazard anticipation for latent hazards. The goal of this study was to determine if RAPT version 3 (RAPT-3) improved intersection turning behaviors among novice teen drivers when the hazards were not latent and frequent glancing to multiple locations at the intersection was needed. Teens aged 16-18 with ≤180 days of licensure were randomly assigned to: 1) an intervention group (n=18) that received RAPT-3 (Trained); or 2) a control group (n=19) that received no training (Untrained). Both groups completed RAPT-3 Baseline Assessment and the Trained group completed RAPT-3 Training and RAPT-3 Post Assessment. Training effects were evaluated on a driving simulator. Simulator (gap selection errors and collisions) and eye tracker (traffic check errors) metrics from six left-turn stop sign controlled intersections in the Simulated Driving Assessment (SDA) were analyzed. The Trained group scored significantly higher in RAPT-3 Post Assessment than RAPT-3 Baseline Assessment (p< 0.0001). There were no significant differences in either traffic check and gap selection errors or collisions among Trained and Untrained teens in the SDA. Though Trained teens learned about hazard anticipation related to latent hazards, learning did not translate to performance differences in left-turn stop sign controlled intersections where the hazards were not latent. Our findings point to further research to better understand the challenges teens have with left turn intersections.
Gaussian processes with built-in dimensionality reduction

Uncertainty quantification (UQ) tasks, such as model calibration, uncertainty propagation, and optimization under uncertainty, typically require several thousand evaluations of the underlying computer codes. To cope with the cost of simulations, one replaces the real response surface with a cheap surrogate based, e.g., on polynomial chaos expansions, neural networks, support vector machines, or Gaussian processes (GP). However, the number of simulations required to learn a generic multivariate response grows exponentially as the input dimension increases. This curse of dimensionality can only be addressed, if the response exhibits some special structure that can be discovered and exploited. A wide range of physical responses exhibit a special structure known as an active subspace (AS). An AS is a linear manifold of the stochastic space characterized by maximal response variation. The idea is that one should first identify this low dimensional manifold, project the high-dimensional input onto it, and then link the projection to the output. If the dimensionality of the AS is low enough, then learning the link function is a much easier problem than the original problem of learning a high-dimensional function. The classic approach to discovering the AS requires gradient information, a fact that severely limits its applicability. Furthermore, and partly because of its reliance to gradients, it is not able to handle noisy observations. The latter is an essential trait if one wants to be able to propagate uncertainty through stochastic simulators, e.g., through molecular dynamics codes. In this work, we develop a probabilistic version of AS which is gradient-free and robust to observational noise. Our approach relies on a novel Gaussian process regression with built-in dimensionality reduction. In particular, the AS is represented as an orthogonal projection matrix that serves as yet another covariance function hyper-parameter to be estimated from the data. To train the model, we design a two-step maximum likelihood optimization procedure that ensures the orthogonality of the projection matrix by exploiting recent results on the Stiefel manifold, i.e., the manifold of matrices with orthogonal columns. The additional benefit of our probabilistic formulation, is that it allows us to select the dimensionality of the AS via the Bayesian information criterion. We validate our approach by showing that it can discover the right AS in synthetic examples without gradient information using both noiseless and noisy observations. We demonstrate that our method is able to discover the same AS as the classical approach in a challenging one-hundred-dimensional problem involving an elliptic stochastic partial differential equation with random conductivity. Finally, we use our approach to study the effect of geometric and material uncertainties in the propagation of solitary waves in a one dimensional granular system.
Abstract P022: Associations of Brain Natriuretic Peptide with Adipokines in African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study

Introduction: Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is used to evaluate the presence and the severity of acute congestive heart failure (ACHF). Adipokines such as adiponectin and leptin have been associated with measures of left ventricular structure and function, and also with ACHF. As African Americans experience disproportionate prevalence and magnitude of cardiovascular risk factors, the objective of our study was to assess the relationship between these adipokines and BNP among African Americans. Methods: A total of 4,127 (63% female) African American participants from the Jackson Heart Study were recruited. Participants with end stage renal disease or with missing data were excluded from analysis. Multivariable adjusted linear models were used to determine the association between adipokines and BNP. Biomarkers were transformed by their natural logarithm to satisfy the normality assumption. Model 1 was adjusted for demographic factors, body mass index, glomerular filtration rate, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Model 2 was additionally adjusted for echocardiographic measures. Model 3 was adjusted for those in Model 1 as well as aldosterone, renin and adiponectin or leptin. Sex stratified analyses were conducted for linear models. BNP was dichotomized by the threshold of 100 pg/mL and both adipokines were dichotomized by their 90th percentile. Multivariable adjusted logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios for associations of adipokines and BNP. Results: Mean (SD) BNP levels were 18.19 (53.00) pg/mL in men and 19.14 (62.23) (t-test p=0.61). Mean (SD) adiponectin levels were 4,091.30 (3,406.40) ng/mL and 6,043.50 (3,406.50) ng/mL in men and women, respectively (t-test p Conclusions: Among African American participants, there was an inverse association between leptin and BNP and a direct association between adiponectin and BNP, indicative of a putatively complex compensatory association between these biomarkers.
Negotiating Construction Contracts through Practical Cash Flow Planning and Analysis Model

Under-capitalization, difficulties in getting credit, substantial cost of getting financed, etc. cause contractors to complete projects with negative ending balances. Predictability and control of ...
Predicting tumor response to cytotoxic therapy.

Objective tumor regression in response to therapy invariably results in prolonged patient survival and often improves the quality of remaining life. The author describes criteria for determining, and clinical guidelines for predicting, tumor response. Further, he reviews tactics of cancer chemotherapy with regard to dose-response relationships and kinetics of tumor response.
An Investigation of the Relationships Between Hispanic Retailers’ Human and Social Capital, Migration and Gender

Retailers, market practitioners, and consumer researchers have recognized the importance of the Hispanic customer in the USA for decades. Their buying power continues to increase as does the complexity of this heterogeneous market group. In a recent report, “State of the Hispanic Consumer: The Hispanic Market Imperative,” Nielsen (2012) states that:
The Skier as an Inverted Pendulum

Let us model the skier on the slope as a system assumed to be a pendulum inverted on its pivot point as shown in Fig. T11.1 [1]. The ski acts as the pivot point, and it may move sideways or be fixed by edging; in either case the ski provides the necessary vertical and transverse forces to make it the pivot point in our model. The rigid connection between the leg, the boot, and the ski provides stability fore and aft. The reaction force R balances the weight Mg, mass times the acceleration of gravity; the lateral force at the pivot point F balances the inertial force, My.
VARIATIONS IN DEW-POINT TEMPERATURES IN THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES

Atmospheric humidity as measured by dew-point temperatures is an important component of the climate of the southern United States. The South experiences the country's highest dew-point temperatures throughout the year. A gradient is established between moist air along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts inland toward the drier areas of northwestern Texas. This gradient is strongest in winter and weakest in summer when consistent southerly circulation maintains humid conditions throughout the region. Interannual variability also is largest in the winter and smallest in summer. Dew-point temperatures are strongly related to air temperatures in the non-summer season, but are more fundamentally linked to air mass and circulation changes. Recent increases in southerly flow in the spring and autumn seasons have led to a significant increase in dew-point temperatures in many portions of the region. However, there is no evidence at this time to suggest that increased evaporation from greenhouse warming has altered dew-p...
Guidelines and Follow-Up

Guidelines are an important tool of evidence-based medicine which are based on a systematic literature review followed by critical appraisal of the evidence, careful formulation and grading of recommendations, and consensus finding. Guidelines are never finished, since they are based on the best evidence available. They should be understood as helpful guidance for decision-making. However, the ultimate judgment and decision on a specific treatment plan and follow-up is made by a healthcare professional or an interdisciplinary team of experts. This process includes the patient and his/her family; different options should be discussed with them and opportunities for individualization of treatment and follow-up considered.
Nicholson Baker’s Miniature Histories: The Mezzanine and Mechanization

ABSTRACTNicholson Baker’s The Mezzanine is a novel that describes in painstaking detail the mechanized office setting of an office building in 1980s America. Critics such as Philip Simmons and Graham Thompson argue that this focus on mechanization emphasizes surface appearances and depthlessness in a manner characteristic of postmodernism. I argue, by contrast, that the novel’s engagement with its mechanized setting demonstrates deep emotional engagement on the part of its protagonist, Howie. The novel’s mechanized setting is a primary cause of Howie’s emotional engagement, and I argue that his narration expresses an implicit desire to impose mechanical qualities on his social, physical, and mental surroundings.
Predictors of attachment security in children adopted from China by US families: implication for professional counsellors

ABSTRACTThis study investigated children’s age when adopted, time spent with adoptive families, institutionalization experience and parenting styles in predicting attachment security in children adopted from China by US families. Participants were 92 US parents with children adopted from China with a mean age of 19-month old at the time of adoption. Children in this study have spent an average of 5 years with their adoptive parents. Authoritative parenting was found to be a positive predictor, whilst permissive parenting was a negative predictor of attachment security. Results provided practical implications for professional counsellors who work with adoptive families and Chinese adoptees. Results also shed light on future research directions.
Secondary localized amyloidosis in interstitial keratitis : clinicopathologic findings

Cases of secondary localized corneal amyloidosis have been described in various corneal and ocular inflammations but are believed to occur uncommonly. The authors examined histopathologic specimens from 33 consecutive patients with interstitial keratitis who underwent penetrating keratoplasty for visual rehabilitation. In 11 cases (33%), multiple fusiform deposits of amyloid were identified and confirmed in middle and deep corneal stroma using histochemical staining. Characteristic electron microscopic findings were present in two cases. These results indicate that secondary localized corneal amyloidosis occurs frequently in interstitial keratitis and displays a distinct pattern of deposition.
Modernism and the Machinery of Madness: Psychosis, Technology, and Narrative Worlds

Modernism and the Machinery of Madness demonstrates the emergence of a technological form of paranoia within modernist culture which transformed much of the period's experimental fiction. Gaedtke argues that the works of writers such as Samuel Beckett, Anna Kavan, Wyndham Lewis, Mina Loy, Evelyn Waugh, and others respond to the collapse of categorical distinctions between human and machine. Modern British and Irish novels represent a convergence between technological models of the mind and new media that were often regarded as 'thought-influencing machines'. Gaedtke shows that this literary paranoia comes into new focus when read in light of twentieth-century memoirs of mental illness. By thinking across the discourses of experimental fiction, mental illness, psychiatry, cognitive science, and philosophy of mind, this book shows the historical and conceptual sources of this confusion as well as the narrative responses. This book contributes to the fields of modernist studies, disability studies, and medical humanities.
Learning with rationales for document classification

We present a simple and yet effective approach for document classification to incorporate rationales elicited from annotators into the training of any off-the-shelf classifier. We empirically show on several document classification datasets that our classifier-agnostic approach, which makes no assumptions about the underlying classifier, can effectively incorporate rationales into the training of multinomial naive Bayes, logistic regression, and support vector machines. In addition to being classifier-agnostic, we show that our method has comparable performance to previous classifier-specific approaches developed for incorporating rationales and feature annotations. Additionally, we propose and evaluate an active learning method tailored specifically for the learning with rationales framework.
Utility of chromosomal microarray in anomalous fetuses

Objective The objective of this study was to determine the association of copy number variants (CNV) with perinatal outcomes among fetuses with sonographic abnormalities. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of anomalous fetuses evaluated at a single fetal center, who underwent chromosomal microarray (CMA) testing. Pathogenic CNV or variants of uncertain significance were classified as abnormal. The primary outcome of perinatal death was compared among fetuses with normal vs abnormal CMA. Secondary outcomes included preterm birth, small for gestational age birth weight, and death prior to discharge. The odds ratio (OR) of perinatal death was determined, adjusting for potential confounders. Results Of 280 fetuses, 60 (21.4%) had abnormal CMA results-21 (35.0%) were classified as pathogenic, 39 (65.0%) were variants of uncertain significance. Among 212 (75.7%) continuing pregnancies, abnormal CMA was not associated with increased odds of perinatal death (adjusted OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.34-1.93), after adjustment for the presence of hydrops and specific anomalies. The overall frequency of perinatal death was 21.2%. No differences in secondary outcomes were observed. Conclusions Abnormal CMA was not associated with increased odds of perinatal death in this cohort. Fetal CNV are common among fetal center patients; such fetuses are at high risk of perinatal death irrespective of CMA results.
Recreation Use and Spatial Distribution of Use by Washington Households on the Outer Coast of Washington

Natural resources along the Outer Coast of Washington provide a variety of economic, social, and cultural benefits to the state’s residents, including tourism and recreation. Knowledge of the intensity and spatial distribution of recreation use can help inform marine spatial planning (MSP) and management of parks and marine protected areas (MPAs). A survey was funded by the State of Washington to support its MSP process and addressed visitation to the Outer Coast with emphasis on outdoor recreation activities. In 2013 and 2014, Point97 and the Surfrider Foundation conducted an Internet survey using a panel from Knowledge Networks (KN), a marketing research firm. The panel included a random sample of households in the State of Washington. In 2014, the survey was expanded to address management plan objectives of Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (OCNMS). The survey covered user visitation to the Outer Coast over the past 12 months. It also solicited information on detailed recreational activities participated in by respondents over the 12-month period and on the last trip. Information on the respondent’s last trip to the Outer Coast was collected for two important reasons. First, respondents provided trip expenditure information so that expenditure profiles of visitors and their economic contributions to the local economy could be estimated. Second, respondents provided information on where, spatially, they engaged in particular types of activities during their last trip. This spatial information was used to estimate the spatial intensity of use by types of recreational activities along the Outer Coast (OC) and to estimate use in OCNMS under different spatial definitions of the OCNMS. Demographic information of the users was also collected to build user profiles, and to help understand how population changes may impact use and economic impacts. Subscribe to JPRA
Set(d1a)-ing novel links between HSC regulators.

In this issue of Blood, Arndt et al demonstrate the unique role of the histone methyltransferase Setd1a in regulating hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and provide a connection between 2 drivers of aberrant stem cell function, epigenetic dysregulation and DNA damage.
IMPACT OF DIABETES ON MYOCARDIAL RECOVERY IN WOMEN WITH PERIPARTUM CARDIOMYOPATHY

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) remains a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Previous studies have proposed vascular toxicity and hormonal dysfunction as contributing to the etiology of PPCM. We examined the impact of the diabetes on myocardial recovery in PPCM. 100 women with PPCM
Stimulation of cell proliferation and polyphosphoinositide metabolism in Saccharomycescerevisiae GL7 by ergosterol

Abstract The effect of ergosterol on cell division and phospholipid metabolism was investigated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain GL7, a sterol and unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph. Cells growing poorly on cholesterol were stimulated to grow more rapidly by supplementing the medium with 100 ng of ergosterol per ml. Within 10 min after ergosterol addition to cells prelabeled with 32 P i or [ 3 H]inositol the isotope content of the polyphosphoinositides increases markedly followed by an equally striking and rapid decrease. Subsequently upon continuous labeling, 32 P incorporation into phosphatidylinositol and, to a lesser degree, other phospholipids increased. Finally 3h after ergosterol addition the growth rate increased. Only stimulation of the first process, i.e. polyphosphoinositide metabolism, upon ergosterol addition is resistant to inhibition by cycloheximide.
Midbrain sensitivity to frequency “chirps:” Implications for coding voiced speech sounds

Many neurons in the mammalian midbrain (inferior colliculus, IC) have strong selectivity for direction of frequency transitions (“chirps”), which often co-exist with the better-known sensitivity for amplitude-modulation (AM) frequency. Chirps occur when harmonics with a phase gradient are summed, as in Schroeder-phase harmonic stimuli. Chirps also occur in voiced speech due to the phase properties of vocal tract resonances. IC neurons are direction-selective for chirps in stimuli with fundamental frequencies in the voice-pitch range, and chirp selectivity can be achieved in an AM-tuned IC model by adding off-CF inhibition. Here, we will show physiological and model responses illustrating how chirps influence IC responses to speech in awake rabbit. In healthy auditory-nerve (AN) responses, the frequency extent, or size, of chirps vary with proximity of AN tuning to formant peaks due to inner ear nonlinearities. For example, synchrony capture causes one harmonic to dominate responses of AN fibers near spectral peaks, and responses that are dominated by one harmonic do not exhibit chirps. The systematic variation in chirp size across frequency channels and strong selectivity of IC neurons for chirps suggest a role for this feature in coding voiced speech. Importantly, this coding mechanism is vulnerable to sensorineural hearing loss.Many neurons in the mammalian midbrain (inferior colliculus, IC) have strong selectivity for direction of frequency transitions (“chirps”), which often co-exist with the better-known sensitivity for amplitude-modulation (AM) frequency. Chirps occur when harmonics with a phase gradient are summed, as in Schroeder-phase harmonic stimuli. Chirps also occur in voiced speech due to the phase properties of vocal tract resonances. IC neurons are direction-selective for chirps in stimuli with fundamental frequencies in the voice-pitch range, and chirp selectivity can be achieved in an AM-tuned IC model by adding off-CF inhibition. Here, we will show physiological and model responses illustrating how chirps influence IC responses to speech in awake rabbit. In healthy auditory-nerve (AN) responses, the frequency extent, or size, of chirps vary with proximity of AN tuning to formant peaks due to inner ear nonlinearities. For example, synchrony capture causes one harmonic to dominate responses of AN fibers near spect...
Collaborative Teaching: Lessons Learned.

This paper will provide readers with a unique perspective on maximizing the benefits and overcoming the challenges inherent in the collaborative teaching process. This narrative reflection will exp...
Incorporating β-cyclodextrin into collagen scaffolds to sequester growth factors and modulate mesenchymal stem cell activity

Abstract The development of biomaterials for a range of tissue engineering applications increasingly requires control over the bioavailability of biomolecular cues such as growth factors in order to promote desired cell responses. While efforts have predominantly concentrated on covalently-bound or freely-diffusible incorporation of biomolecules in porous, three-dimensional biomaterials, opportunities exist to exploit transient interactions to concentrate growth factor activity over desired time frames. Here, we report the incorporation of β-cyclodextrin into a model collagen-GAG scaffold as a means to exploit the passive sequestration and release of growth factors via guest-host interactions to control mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Collagen-GAG scaffolds that incorporate β-cyclodextrin show improved sequestration as well as extended retention and release of TGF-β1. We further show extended retention and release of TGF-β1 and BMP-2 from β-cyclodextrin modified scaffolds was sufficient to influence the metabolic activity and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells as well as differential activation of Smad 2/3 and Smad 1/5/8 pathways associated with differential osteo-chondral differentiation. Further, gene expression analysis showed TGF-β1 release from β-cyclodextrin CG scaffolds promoted early chondrogenic-specific differentiation. Ultimately, this work establishes a novel method for the incorporation and display of growth factors within CG scaffolds via supramolecular interactions. Such a design framework offers opportunities to selectively alter the bioavailability of multiple biomolecules within a three-dimensional collagen-GAG scaffold to enhance cell activity for a range of musculoskeletal regenerative medicine applications. Statement of Significance We describe the incorporation of β-cyclodextrin into a model CG-scaffold under development for musculoskeletal tissue engineering applications. We show β-cyclodextrin modified scaffolds promote the sequestration of soluble TGF-β1 and BMP-2 via guest-host interactions, leading to extended retention and release. Further, β-cyclodextrin modified CG scaffolds promote TGF-β1 or BMP-2 specific Smad signaling pathway activation associated with divergent osseous versus chondrogenic differentiation pathways in mesenchymal stem cells.
The alarmed vision: social suffering and Holocaust atrocity.

Until we find a way of toppling the barrier that sequesters mass suffering in other regions of the world from the comfort and safety we enjoy far from its ravages, little will be done to rouse the attention of our political or professional leaders, to say nothing of our own. Domestic calm encourages distancing from foreign pain. Past episodes of catastrophe have taught us how difficult it is for the distress of others to disrupt the tranquil rhythms of our daily lives. We may be horror-struck by the chaos that starvation and civil strife inflict on victims in for eign places like Somalia or Sarajevo, but to be horror-struck is a frugal form of charity. We need a new kind of discourse to disturb our collective consciousness and stir it into practical action that moves beyond mere pity. We will get nowhere with this problem until we admit that the familiar verbal modes for approaching it have been exhausted by centuries of repetition. Even a word like "suffering" does little to help us imagine the modern disasters we are challenged to con front. In fact, by calling the murder of European Jewry an example of mass suffering, we risk limiting its scope by merging it with prior models that are meager measures of the event. Job endured loss, but gained divine acknowledgment and a limited spiritual insight after refusing to let physical trial curtail his moral strength. Nothing could be further from the ordeal of the Holocaust victim than this prototype of unprovoked suffering, which is deemed redemptive only by those who misread Job's protest. The Gospel
Liver tumor promotion and the suppression of p53-Dependent cell cycle checkpoint function

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the liver tumor promotion and suppression of p53-dependent cell cycle checkpoint function in a two-stage model of chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. The initiation stage of hepatocarcinogenesis is associated with the appearance of the increased numbers of hepatocytes that can proliferate and form colonies in vitro under conditions that normal hepatocytes growth arrest, degenerate, and die. The expression of altered growth by such initiated hepatocytes requires the presence of promoter, phenobarbital (PB) in the culture medium. The tumor suppressor gene, p53, participates in a checkpoint that can arrest growth in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. This checkpoint responds to external growth inhibitory signals from factors, such as TGFβ, and internal signals generated both by DNA damage and the end of a cell's in vitro proliferative lifespan. This review has presented evidence that the liver tumor promoter, PB, reduces TGFβ activation and suppresses the expression of p53, thereby enhancing the growth and extending the proliferative lifespan of initiated hepatocytes. Because cell cycle checkpoints also provide more time for DNA repair, the suppression of checkpoint function could also induce a condition of chromosomal instability accelerating the progression to malignancy.
Immobilized Microbial Cells

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on immobilized microbial cells. Immobilized cell systems offer the advantages of higher volumetric productivity than convention fermentation systems, the possibility of continuous operation, and higher stability in general than immobilized enzyme systems. As compared to conventional fermentation systems, it may be possible to obtain a higher cell density in an immobilized system, and this approach may favor the production of secondary metabolites. There is a wide variety of methods examined for immobilization of whole cells, in either viable or nonviable form. Many of these stem directly from their counterparts in enzyme immobilization. The approach of covalent binding has been widely and successfully used for enzyme immobilization; however, the attachment of whole cells to surfaces with binding agents of a generally toxic nature has not been very successful.
The Importance of Tobacco to a Country’s Economy

In recent years, the international tobacco industry has placed increasing reliance on emphasizing the importance of tobacco to a country’s economy. Employing a wide variety of techniques,’ the intent of the industry is to persuade policy makers (heads of state, ministers of trade and agriculture, legislators) to encourage expansion or development of tobacco industry activity or, at a minimum, to avoid adopting policy measures that would discourage tobacco product consumption.
A baculovirus anti-apoptosis gene homolog of the Trichoplusia ni granulovirus

An inhibitor of apoptosis (iap) gene homolog (Tn-iap) of the Trichoplusia ni granulovirus (TnGV) was cloned, sequenced and mapped on the genome of TnGV. Tn-iap encoded a protein (Tn-IAP) of 301 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 35 kDa. The Tn-IAP contained the two sequence motifs, BIRs and RING finger, characteristic of IAP proteins, and shared identities of 21-27% and similarities of 28-53% with IAP proteins of Cydia pomonella GV (Cp-IAP), Orgyia pseudotsugata multinucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (MNPV) (Op-IAP1, 3), Autographa californica MNPV (Ac-IAP1), Bombyx mori NPV (Bm-IAP1), Lymantria dispar MNPV (Ld-IAP3) and Buzura suppressaria single nucleocapsid NPV (Bs-IAP1). However, Tn-IAP shared no significant homology with baculovirus IAP2 proteins. Using an antisense Tn-iap probe, two major transcripts of approximately 800 nt and 1600 nt were detected by Northern blot analysis of RNA extracted from the fat body of T. ni larvae infected with the TnGV. Unlike Cp-IAP and Op-IAP3, however, Tn-IAP did not rescue virion occlusion in SF21 cells infected with a p35-deficient AcMNPV mutant. Tn-IAP's synthesis in vivo but failure to rescue p35-deficient AcMNPV in SF21 cells suggests it is a functional IAP that is only effective in certain cell types.
Reactive Synaptogenesis in the Adult Nervous System

In 1885 Exner suggested that the recovery of muscular contraction observed after partial transection of a motor nerve, but prior to regeneration of the damaged fibers, resulted from collateral growth of intact fibers and reinnervation of the muscle. Subsequently Edds (1950), Hoffman (1950), and others (Weddell et al., 1946; Hones et al., 1945; Weiss and Edds, 1946) demonstrated conclusively that the transection of few motor fibers could in fact result in axon collateral sprouting by the remaining undamaged fibers. This phenomenon was extended to connections between neurons when Murray and Thompson (1957) provided direct anatomical evidence for axon collateral sprouting in the partially denervated sympathetic ganglion and Liu and Chambers (1958) reported evidence for axon sprouting in the spinal cord. Over the last 20 years there has been an explosive growth of research on axon sprouting in the central nervous system. It is now clear that the phenomenon exists and can be highly selective in terms of which fibers sprout, which neurons are reinnervated, and at what ages it can be demonstrated.