cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repeatability of Commonly Used Speech and Language Features for Clinical Applications.

Introduction Changes in speech have the potential to provide important information on the diagnosis and progression of various neurological diseases. Many researchers have relied on open-source speech features to develop algorithms for measuring speech changes in clinical populations as they are convenient and easy to use. However, the repeatability of open-source features in the context of neurological diseases has not been studied. Methods We used a longitudinal sample of healthy controls, individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and individuals with suspected frontotemporal dementia, and we evaluated the repeatability of acoustic and language features separately on these 3 data sets. Results Repeatability was evaluated using intraclass correlation (ICC) and the within-subjects coefficient of variation (WSCV). In 3 sets of tasks, the median ICC were between 0.02 and 0.55, and the median WSCV were between 29 and 79%. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that the repeatability of speech features extracted using open-source tool kits is low. Researchers should exercise caution when developing digital health models with open-source speech features. We provide a detailed summary of feature-by-feature repeatability results (ICC, WSCV, SE of measurement, limits of agreement for WSCV, and minimal detectable change) in the online supplementary material so that researchers may incorporate repeatability information into the models they develop.
Transient Stability Modeling of Droop-Controlled Grid-Forming Inverters with Fault Current Limiting

Grid-forming (GFM) inverter control techniques are attracting increased attention for interconnecting inverter-based resources (IBRs) to the electric grid because of their demonstrated performance advantages over existing grid-following (GFL) IBRs in weak system scenarios and low-inertia power systems. GFL inverters require a stiff voltage and frequency source for their operation. In contrast, GFM inverters can independently control both voltage and frequency. However, due to their inherent behavior as voltage sources, GFM inverters do not naturally possess the ability to limit fault current during grid transients such as short circuit faults. In this work, a virtual impedance-based fault current limiting approach is presented for droop-controlled grid-forming inverters. This approach has been tested and validated using electromagnetic transient simulations. A transient stability model of the GFM inverter has been developed and used to study the performance of the IEEE 2 Area system with GFM inverters displacing traditional generators. The results of this study demonstrate that GFM inverters can successfully restrain fault currents within allowed limits while retaining their original stability characteristics.
Shop Class as Soulcraft: An Inquiry into the Value of Work, Reviewed by G. Page West III

Are the students that you teach truly engaged in the course work they do, exhibiting a spirit of inquiry and finding this work intrinsically rewarding? Or are your classes often populated by those who seem to view business education instrumentally, focusing on their eventual job placement outcomes, rather than by those who have a passion for business? If these questions resonate with your recent teaching experiences, then Shop Class as Soulcraft can provide a thought-provoking perspective on the reasons why.
Primary hepatic neoplasms arising in cirrhotic livers can have a variable spectrum of neuroendocrine differentiation.

Summary Primary hepatic neoplasms with neuroendocrine differentiation are extremely rare. Their clinicopathological features and molecular genetic basis are largely unknown. We identified four cases of primary hepatic neoplasms with neuroendocrine differentiation. Electronic medical records were reviewed for clinical history, imaging findings, laboratory results, and follow-up. Pathology slides, immunohistochemistry, and ancillary studies were reviewed. There were two females and two males with age ranging from 52 to 74 years. There was one amphicrine carcinoma with tumor cells simultaneously demonstrating both hepatocellular and neuroendocrine differentiation, one mixed hepatocellular-neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) with hepatocellular component intermingled with neuroendocrine component, one small cell NEC, and one well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor. Next- generation sequencing of the mixed hepatocellular-NEC and small cell NEC showed molecular/genetic alterations commonly seen in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). All four cases arose in a background of cirrhosis. Primary hepatic neoplasms arising in cirrhotic livers can have a spectrum of neuroendocrine differentiation. Presence of a NEC component may be an indicator of aggressiveness. In addition, primary hepatic carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation likely share the same molecular pathways as HCC.
OSA Novel Optical Materials and Applications Topical Meeting (NOMA) Cephalopod-Inspired Manipulation of the Refractive Index of Human Cells

Cephalopods possess unrivaled camouflage and signaling abilities that are enabled by their complex skin architecture, which contain optically active cells and organs. The optical functionality of these cells (and thus cephalopod skin) is enabled by subcellular structures, which are partially composed of a unique class of structural proteins known as reflectins. Our laboratory has pioneered the study of reflectins as biomolecular markers with intrinsic refractive index (RI) contrast [1,2]. Recently, we have demonstrated the genetic engineering of the refractive index of mammalian cells with reflectins and studied the light-manipulating capabilities of cells containing reflectin-based photonic architectures [1]. Moreover, we have reported the molecular-level structure of a model reflectin variant and discovered robust relationships between the secondary structure/assembly state and RI for this variant by leveraging holotomography [2]. Taken together, our findings may open new possibilities for quantitative phase imaging modalities and hold exciting implications for biophotonic, bioelectronic, and biomedical applications.
WEBSA: Database Support for Efficient Web Site Navigation

WebSA (Web Site Agent) is a web page recommendation system that helps users navigate efficiently within a web site. The system discovers the users’ access patterns by mining the raw data from a web log file. The user interface of WebSA presents the weighted recommendations in a separate frame of the web page. Two types of recommendations are given: one based on the user’s access patterns and the other based on the overall pattern of all the users of that web site. To support the visual interface and the discovery process, WebSA uses database technology to manage, query, update, and concurrently access the web log data. The bulk of the computations for mining and updating the information are done on a daily basis in advance. This method together with the fine tuning of the database guarantees high performance, even when the raw access log data is in the order of 1 GB.
Role of protein kinase C-δ in angiotensin II induced cardiac fibrosis

Previous studies have demonstrated a role for angiotensin II (AngII) and myofibroblasts (myoFb) in cardiac fibrosis. However, the role of PKC-delta in AngII mediated cardiac fibrosis is unclear. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the role of PKC-delta in AngII induced cardiac collagen expression and fibrosis. AngII treatment significantly (p<0.05) increased myoFb collagen expression, whereas PKC-delta siRNA treatment or rottlerin, a PKC-delta inhibitor abrogated (p<0.05) AngII induced collagen expression. MyoFb transfected with PKC-delta over expression vector showed significant increase (p<0.05) in the collagen expression as compared to control. Two weeks of chronic AngII infused rats showed significant (p<0.05) increase in collagen expression compared to sham operated rats. This increase in cardiac collagen expression was abrogated by rottlerin treatment. In conclusion, both in vitro and in vivo data strongly suggest a role for PKC-delta in AngII induced cardiac fibrosis.
Filamentous bacterial viruses: XV. DNA replication and abortive infection

Abstract Productive infection by filamentous virus is not lethal to infected Escherichia coli, but infection under some conditions that prevent viral morphogenesis is lethal. In particular, the host is killed by those conditions that prevent morphogenesis at a stage subsequent to the onset of viral duplex DNA replication (for instance treatment of infected bacteria with chloramphenicol) whereas the host is not killed by those that inhibit viral duplex DNA replication itself (for instance treatment with nalidixic acid). Associated with the onset of lethal abortive infection is a rapid inhibition of the synthesis of viral single-stranded DNA. Killing can be averted by incubation of infected bacteria at 42° before preventing morphogenesis of the virus; this preincubation is accompanied by a reduction in the size of the intracellular pool of single-stranded DNA. A model is presented that links DNA replication, single-stranded DNA pool size, morphogenesis, and killing via the viral gene 5 protein. Evidence which supports some of the predictions of this model is described in an accompanying report (Timmis and Marvin, 1974) .
Performance of a channel access protocol for FH-SS packet radio networks

This paper proposes and studies the performance of a channel access protocol specifically designed for frequency-hopping spread spectrum packet radio networks. This protocol takes into account inherent FH-SS characteristics such as the time overhead for hopping pattern synchronization, the capture effect, and interference rejection. An accurate simulation model has been built to evaluate the protocol's performance in terms of end-to-end packet throughput and end-to-end delay. The simulation results give evidence that as the traffic load increases the data link layer performance is much more sensitive to the acknowledgment and pacing strategy than to the parameters of the channel access protocol. Best results are obtained when active acknowledgment packets piggy-back other packets (data, control, update route, etc.). >
Acceleration Mechanisms for Cool Star Winds

We examine the acceleration of winds from late-type stars, using simple, one-dimensional, stationary flow models to investigate different mechanisms for driving atmospheric expansion. We focus on the winds from low-mass, main sequence stars like the Sun, first determining the basic physical properties of thermally driven mass loss, and subsequently considering some of the ways in which rotation and magnetism can influence flow dynamics.
A Nepantla Pedagogy: Comparing Anzaldúa’s and Bakhtin’s Ideas for Pedagogical and Social Change

This paper presents a nepantlan pedagogy that would simultaneously deconstruct and construct our societal discourses while complicating teachers’ and students’ understandings of the world. This idea emerged from my experience as an elementary educator, working in linguistically, culturally, and economically diverse schools, along with my endeavor to earn a doctorate degree in education. It is heavily informed by the work of Gloria Anzaldua’s theory of nepantla and Mikhail Bakhtin’s ideological becoming. I illustrate their respective ideas with biographies of the theorists and review of their work to show how their ideas are similar albeit from radically different contexts. I further illustrate their ideas through my personal classroom pedagogies that called for mastery, absolute knowing, and perfection, and how I attempted a nepantla pedagogy that stood contradictory to this.
Why the Federal Government Did Not Prosecute Emmett Till's Killers

The Emmett Till murder had a galvanizing impact on many civil rights activists. The two prime suspects were acquitted of his killing by an all-white Mississippi jury that deliberated barely over an hour. The federal government never prosecuted anyone in connection with his murder and kidnapping. This paper examines the political and legal factors that led federal officials not to act in this notorious case, focusing on the Eisenhower administration's lack of enthusiasm for civil rights as well as the uncertain state of federal authority to prosecute racial crimes at the time. It also explores more recent judicial and legislative developments, some of which were related to federal inaction in the Till case.
Air Pollution in Bogotá, Colombia: A Concentration-Response Approach

Most of the evidence regarding the association between air pollution and health comes from studies in the USA. Nevertheless, air pollution has become a concern also for local authorities of Latin-American cities and Bogota, Colombia is no exception. This paper will develop a model to define a concentration-response function between three of the most important air pollutants in Bogota and the daily respiratory hospital admission counts in the city during the year of 1998. This article pretends to further work on this area by giving the first step towards a more detailed estimation of the costs of air pollution in Bogota.
Adjuvant cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin chemotherapy for bladder cancer: an update.

Seventy-one patients received adjuvant Cytoxan (cyclophosphamide; Bristol-Myers Co, Evansville, IN), Adriamycin (doxorubicin; Adria Laboratories, Columbus, OH), and cisplatin (CISCA) chemotherapy between March 1981 and March 1986. Patients received adjuvant CISCA chemotherapy if they had pathological findings that were thought to predict for high likelihood of relapse. These included the presence of resected nodal metastases, extravesicular involvement of tumor, lymphatic/vascular permeation of the primary tumor, or pelvic visceral invasion. Sixty-two patients at a similar high risk for recurrence did not receive adjuvant CISCA chemotherapy because they refused, had medical contraindications to therapy, or were not referred for chemotherapy. Two-hundred six patients had a cystectomy performed during the same study period but had none of the poor prognostic features suggesting a high risk for relapse. Sixty-two percent of the patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy are alive and disease-free for a mean fo...
Properties of cross-well chaos in an impacting system

In this paper we present results on chaotic motions in a periodically forced impacting system which is analogous to the version of Duffing’s equation with negative linear stiffness. Our focus is on the prediction and manipulation of the cross-well chaos in this system. First, we develop a general method for determining parameter conditions under which homoclinic tangles exist, which is a necessary condition for cross-well chaos to occur. We then show how one may manipulate higher harmonics of the excitation in order to affect the range of excitation amplitudes over which fractal basin boundaries between the two potential wells exist. We also experimentally investigate the threshold for cross-well chaos and compare the results with the theoretical results. Second, we consider the rate at which the system crosses from one potential well to the other during a chaotic motion and relate this to the rate of phase space flux in a Poincare map defined in terms of impact parameters. Results from simulations and experiments are compared with a simple theory based on phase space transport ideas, and a predictive scheme for estimating the rate of crossings under different parameter conditions is presented. The main conclusions of the paper are the following: (1) higher harmonics can be used with some effectiveness to extend the region of deterministic basin boundaries (in terms of the amplitude of excitation) but their effect on steady-state chaos is unreliable; (2) the rate at which the system executes cross-well excursions is related in a direct manner to the rate of phase space flux of the system as measured by the area of a turnstile lobe in the Poincare map. These results indicate some of the ways in which the chaotic properties of this system, and possibly others such as Duffing’s equation, are influenced by various system and input parameters. The main tools of analysis are a special version of Melnikov’s method, adapted for this piecewise-linear system, and ideas of phase space transport.
The distribution of defects created by xenon implantation into silica

Abstract The spatial distribution and origin of defects caused by ion-implantation into silica have been determined using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The E′ distribution was determined by progressively removing the surface, and measuring the remaining defects. The experimental observations are compared with TRIM 89 Monte Carlo simulations. It is found that the recombination of defects during implantation is not adequately modeled in the simulation. The recombination model proposed by Devine and Golanski is applied to each point along the implantation region. This modification to the density of defects produced by collisions, together with a contribution to the E′ formation by electronic ionization processes, results in a simulated distribution which compares favorably to that experimentally determined.
Investigation of stereo-based 3D surface reconstruction

This article presents an investigation study of stereo-based 3D surface reconstruction algorithms by providing an overview of the different approaches that have been investigated in the stereo literature during the last decade. This study considers only the two-views plain stereo algorithms and provides another classification for the stereo approaches based on the features used in the stereo literature. In addition, the article provides full details of two different stereo algorithms that give an idea of how stereo works.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Finite-state simulations and bisimulations for discrete-time piecewise affine systems

A procedure for the stability analysis of discrete-time piecewise affine systems is proposed, where a sequence of finite-state symbolic models is constructed such that each of these symbolic models simulates the given piecewise affine system. For a fairly large class of piecewise affine systems, the proposed procedure does not suffer from inherent conservatism, and thus the sequence of symbolic models converges to the original system. For a smaller, restricted class of systems, the sequence of symbolic models is finite, and hence a finite-state bisimulation of the original system is obtained.
Hereditary disorders of renal phosphate wasting

Inherited diseases of renal phosphate handling lead to urinary phosphate wasting and depletion of total body phosphorus stores. Clinical sequelae of inherited disorders that are associated with increased urinary phosphate excretion are deleterious and can lead to abnormal skeletal growth and deformities. This Review describes hereditary disorders of renal phosphate wasting taking into account developments in our understanding of renal phosphate handling from the last decade. The cloning of genes involved in these disorders and further studies on their pathophysiological mechanisms have given important insights in to how phosphatonins, such as FGF-23, regulate renal phosphate reabsorption in health and disease. X-linked dominant hypophosphatemic rickets results from mutation of a metalloprotease (PHEX) that has an unidentified role in FGF-23 degradation. Mutation of an RXXR proteolytic cleavage site in FGF-23 prevents degradation and increases circulating levels of FGF-23 in autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets. FGF-23 acts to remove sodium phosphate co-transporters from the luminal membrane of proximal tubular cells with resultant renal phosphate wasting. Loss of function mutations in genes encoding the transporters NaPi-IIc and NaPi-IIa also result in renal phosphate wasting and rickets.
Hall effect in the two-dimensional Luttinger liquid.

The temperature dependence of the Hall effect in the normal state is a commom theme of all the cuprate superconductors and has been one of the more puzzling observations on these puzzling materials. We describe a general scheme within the Luttinger liquid theory of these two-dimensional quantum fluids which corrrelates the anomalous Hall and resistivity observations on a wide variety of both pure and doped single crystals, especially the data in the accompanying Letter of Chien, Wang, and Ong.
Blinding malnutrition in rural Bangladesh.

Blinding malnutrition among preschool-age children from villages in Bangladesh is near the highest levels in the world. Night blindness and conjunctival xerophthalmia are up to 3 times in excess of WHO danger levels. Corneal lesions immediately threatening sight affect 3.5% of all children by the age of 6 years. As a result and despite the high mortality of severe xerophthalmia about 12000 rural children survive irreversibly blind at any time. About 75% of blindnes in childhood is due to vitamin A deficiency. Periodic dosing with massive doses of vitamin A (200000 IU) reaches less than 1/2 of a target population of 17 million. Tackling precipitating diseases such as diarrhea and measles as well as properly treating children who come for care when their eyes could still be saved are therefore urgent needs. Improved infant feeding in quantity as well as in quality by making better use of beta-carotene sources of vitamin A or fortification of foods eaten by the poorest children is a longer term solution. (authors modified)
Psychological distress: concept analysis.

Background. The term ‘distress’ is frequently used in nursing literature to describe patient discomfort related to signs and symptoms of acute or chronic illness, pre- or post-treatment anxiety or compromised status of fetuses or the respiratory system. ‘Psychological distress’ may more accurately describe the patient condition to which nurses respond than does the term ‘distress’. Psychological distress is seldom defined as a distinct concept and is often embedded in the context of strain, stress and distress. This creates confusion for nurses attempting to manage the care of people experiencing psychological distress. Aims. This paper is a concept analysis of psychological distress based on Walker and Avant's (1995) criteria that identifies the attributes, antecedents, and consequences of psychological distress based upon the findings of the literature review. In addition, empirical references are identified and constructed cases presented. Methods. A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, CINAHL, Ovid, PsychINFO, and Cancer Lit databases over the last 50 years. The purposes of this concept analysis were: (1) to establish the concept of psychological distress as a clear and distinct concept, separate from strain, stress and distress, and (2) to provide nurses with a base of knowledge from which to plan effective clinical interventions. Findings. Content analysis of the literature revealed that, although used frequently in health care literature, the origin of the concept of psychological distress has not been clearly articulated and is ill-defined. Conclusions. Psychological distress is a serious problem faced by many of the people whom nurses encounter on a daily basis. An understanding of the concept of psychological distress will help nurses ameliorate this problem in patients. Nursing research related to the exploration of psychological distress is also needed.
Emission imaging of patients with craniomandibular dysfunction

Signs and symptoms of craniomandibular dysfunction in 37 patients were compared with the results of corrected cephalometric tomography and an emission imaging protocol consisting of both planar and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) (7500 ZLC Orbiter) images. The planar images and the single photon emission computed tomography projection views were processed with a bayesian deblurring algorithm to improve image quality. The correlation of emission imaging with craniomandibular dysfunction, as indicated by temporomandibular joint pain and joint noise, showed a high sensitivity (93%) and a high specificity (86%), whereas the correlation of corrected cephalometric tomography with temporomandibular joint pain and joint noise showed a relatively high sensitivity (89%) but a low specificity (27%). These results indicate that emission imaging is a sensitive and accurate indicator of craniomandibular dysfunction.
Exotic Interactions of Charged Leptons

We consider the information available about nonelectromagnetic lepton interactions in experiments which are relatively insensitive to the loop structure of the underlying theory. Further experiments which would clarify the role of exotic interactions are proposed and discussed.
Inhibition of the binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene and benzo[a] pyrene to dna in mouse skin epidermis by 1-ethynylprene

The effects of 1-ethynylpyrene (EP), 1-vinylpyrene (VP) and 2-ethynlnaphthalene (EN) on the covalent binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and of benzo[a]-pyrene (B[a]P) to the epidermal DNA in mouse skin were investigated. When applied topically, 5 min before an initiating dose of 10 nmol DMBA or of 200 nmol B[a]P, EP was an effective inhibitor of the formation of the covalent complexes of these procarcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with the epidermal DNA. VP, applied under the same conditions, was a significantly less effective inhibitor of the binding of DMBA to DNA and showed even weaker inhibition of the binding of B[a]P. EN was ineffective as an inhibitor of the binding of either DMBA or B[a]P. These results establish that both the pyrene nucleus and the ethynyl substituent of EP contribute to the effective inhibition of the binding of DMBA and B[a]P to the epidermal DNA of mouse skin. No significant changes in the ratios of the anti- to the syndiol epoxide-DNA adducts of DMBA or of B[a]P were produced by doses of EP that produced inhibitions of the binding to DNA. At doses of VP that inhibited covalent binding of both DMBA and B[a]P, no changes in DMBA-DNA adduct distributions were observed but changes in the relative proportions of several B[a]P-DNA adducts were noted. These data are discussed in terms of the potential of aryl acetylenes to act as suicide inhibitors (mechanism-based inactivators) of cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase isozymes.
Determination of Optimal Orientations and Volume Fractions of Nanotubes in a Polymer for Vibration Damping

Topology optimization has been used to maximize the damping performance of constrained damping layer structures with viscoelastic core [1-3]. Studies show that using nanotubes as reinforcements in polymer material might improve the damping and stiffness properties [4,5]. Experimental investigations using nanotube reinforcements in constrained damping layers showed a significant improvement in damping properties of the structure [6]. Optimizing the topology of structures involving nanotube reinforcements can further enhance the damping properties by making optimal use of the nanotubes as reinforcements. In preliminary studies performed with volume fraction of nanotubes as a design variable in the optimization [7,8] substantial improvements in the damping properties were observed. In this work, the topology of a cantilever beam structure involving nanotube reinforced polymer layers is optimized with the objective of maximizing the system loss factor for the first resonance frequency of the base beam. The volume fractions and orientations of the nanotubes in each finite element and the material fraction of the nanotube reinforced polymer (NRP) and the elastic material are the design variables in the optimization process. ABAQUS is used for the finite element modeling and an optimization code NLPQL which uses a sequential quadratic programming algorithm is used for the optimization.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for pancreatic and non-hepatobiliary gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies

In this review article, we review the current literature addressing the use of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in non-hepatobiliary gastrointestinal malignancies. For many gastrointestinal malignancies, the desire to treat large fields encompassing nodal drainage and micrometastatic disease has precluded the use of stereotactic body radiation therapy for most definitive cases. However, the use of SBRT in locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) as well as in the treatment of metastatic abdominal lymph nodes has shown excellent local control rates. In carefully selected patients, local control in LAPC has been achieved with SBRT with minimal side effects. Toxicity in these patients has most closely correlated with the dose and volume of irradiated duodenum and small bowel. Similar patterns of excellent local control with minimal side effects have also been seen in the treatment of abdominal lymph node metastases as well as gastric and rectal cancer recurrence.
Rate-controlling species for creep of the solid state electrolyte: doped lanthanum gallate

Abstract The rate-controlling species for creep of fine-grained doped lanthanum gallate, La 0.8 Sr 0.2 Ga 0.85 Mg 0.15 O 2.825 (LSGM), was determined by comparing: (i) the activation energy for creep with activation energies determined by ionic conductivity, oxygen tracer diffusion and theoretical predictions; (ii) the magnitude of the diffusion coefficient determined from creep data with the self-diffusion coefficients; and (iii) the dependence of the stress on oxygen partial pressure with point defect models. The results suggest that creep of LSGM is controlled by cation vacancies (La or Ga). Based on creep data for other perovskites and theoretical predictions it is likely that the defect which controls creep of LSGM is Ga vacancies.
Graphene p-n junctions for electron-optics devices

The p-n junction is the building block for nearly all modern semiconductor devices, including transistors, Lasers, and LEDs. The absence of band gap in graphene, however, prevents the construction of same types of devices with graphene p-n junctions. Instead, graphene junctions are predicted to form a new class of electronic devices that have no analogue in modern electronics. Instead of turning on and off the flow of carriers, as in modern electronic devices, graphene junctions are predicted to manipulate carriers in the same way photons are guided in optics. These devices rely on the unique angle-dependent transport properties of graphene junctions. Unlike in bulk junctions, the transport in graphene junctions has a strong dependence on the transverse momentum of incident carriers. This gives rise to an angle dependence which can enable `electron optics' devices. A number of such devices have been proposed that manipulate carriers in much the same way photons are guided in optics. They include the Veselago device, wave guiding structures, and steep subthreshold slope devices. These devices require the construction of graphene p-n junctions, because the junction can function as a dielectric discontinuity for carriers and can create either a negative or positive index of refraction. To that end, experimental verification of this angle-dependent transmission in graphene p-n junctions is provided herein.
IS THERE BEHAVIORAL EVIDENCE FOR CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVITY AT 5‐HT2A RECEPTORS?

There are several demonstrations of constitutive receptor activity whereby receptor signaling occurs in the absence of ligand binding. Under such conditions, drugs can increase (agonist), decrease (inverse agonist), or have no effect (neutral antagonist) on receptor signaling. To test whether drug discrimination can be used to study these three different drug actions, separate groups of rats (n=8/group) were trained to discriminate between saline and either an agonist (1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane [DOM], 0.56 mg/kg), an inverse agonist (MDL100907, 0.1 mg/kg), or a neutral antagonist (ketanserin, 1.0 mg/kg) at serotonin (5-HT)2A receptors, the primary site of action for many hallucinogens. Stimulus control was adequate for testing in all three groups after an average of 33-35 training sessions. The discriminative stimulus effects of DOM were attenuated by MDL100907 and by ketanserin and the discriminative stimulus effects of MDL100907 and ketanserin were attenuated by DOM. Neither MDL100907 nor ketanserin occasioned DOM-lever responding and DOM did not occasion MDL100907- or ketanserin-lever responding. Ketanserin occasioned >90% MDL100907-lever responding whereas MDL100907 occasioned only 50% ketanserin-lever responding. However, the combination of MDL100907 and the alpha2 adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin occasioned >90% ketanserin-lever responding, suggesting that the ketanserin discriminative stimulus comprises 5-HT and alpha2 adrenergic components. That a ketanserin discrimination was established indicates that it is not acting as a neutral antagonist at 5-HT2A receptors, that constitutive activity is not significant under these conditions, or that it has effects by antagonism of endogenous 5-HT. Depletion of 5-HT in these rats failed to provide convincing evidence for constitutive activity at 5-HT2A receptors. CPF is supported by a Senior Scientist Award (DA17918).
Resistance Minimum of Magnesium: Electrical and Thermal Resistivities

The thermal and electrical resistivities of two specimens of magnesium have been measured in the temperature range 1.5 to 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. One specimen was a spectrographically pure rod of 99.98+% magnesium with 0.013% iron as the major contamination. The second specimen was 99.95+% pure with 0.043% manganese as the only significant contaminant. The electrical resistivity of the purer material passed through a minimum at \ensuremath{\sim}5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and increased by 1.7% as the temperature was lowered to 1.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. In the same specimen, the thermal resistivity at the lowest temperature exhibited a positive deviation from normal behavior (defined by $w=\ensuremath{\alpha}{T}^{2}+\frac{\ensuremath{\beta}}{T}$) of the same order of magnitude. Between 5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K a negative deviation was observed in the thermal resistivity.The electrical resistivity of the dilute manganese alloy specimen passed through a minimum at \ensuremath{\sim}14\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and increased by approximately 20% as the temperature was lowered to 1.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. An exactly analogous effect was found in the thermal resistivity as evidenced by (1) a constant Lorenz ratio at temperatures below 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and (2) the equality of the percentage deviations of the respective resistivities from normal behavior over the entire range of measurements.
Intraspeaker variability in vowel production: An investigation of motherese, hyperspeech, and Lombard speech in Jamaican speakers

Abstract Examination of five acoustic parameters (F0, F1, F2, segmental duration, and intensity) allowed comparison of Infant-Directed Speech (IDS), Hyperspeech, and the Lombard reflex. These phenomena have typically been investigated separately, each characterized in terms of one or two acoustic features (e.g., intensity for Lombard speech). The present two-part experiment examined intraspeaker and interspeaker variability in speakers of Jamaican Creole and Jamaican English. IDS and Lombard speech showed similar adjustments in two parameters (F0 and intensity), and IDS and Citation speech showed the greatest spectral differences. This result is important because it shows that while one or two acoustic parameters may be crucial characteristics of a type of exaggerated speech, task production involved the systematic adjustment of a complex set of continuous acoustic parameters. Taken together, the acoustic outcomes for the types of perturbations investigated here allow the tasks to be arranged along a continuum. These adjustments resemble patterns associated with the manipulation of sociolinguistic markers reported in sociophonetic studies of “style-shifting.” We argue that the two phenomena may be treated under a unified account of intraspeaker variability that builds upon the sociolinguistic concept of Audience Design.
Do Personality Differences Between Teachers and Learners Impact Students' Evaluations of a Surgery Clerkship?

Objective Historically, the surgery clerkship at the Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM) has received poor evaluations from medical students, and the authors of this article hypothesized that this negative feedback may reflect, at least in part, inherent differences in the personality styles of the learners compared with those of the surgery teachers (faculty and residents). Differences between teachers and learners could impede effective communication and impact adversely students' perception of, and satisfaction with, the learning environment. The objective of this study was to compare the inherent personality styles of surgery teachers and medical students. Design Using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) to assess personality styles, we administered the instrument to 154 teachers in the surgery department and to 1395 medical students. Aggregate MBTI data for teachers and learners were analyzed based on four dichotomous scales. Chi square tests of independence were performed to examine the relationship between teachers and learners on the MBTI scales. Setting The study was undertaken at IUSM, which has been engaged in a process of cultural change for over 10 years, in part to ensure that both the formal curriculum and the learning environment support the development of self-awareness and professionalism among our graduates. Results We found that teachers were similar to learners on the Introversion/Extraversion scale and dissimilar from learners on the three remaining scales: Sensing/Intuition scale (p Conclusions These results suggest that differences in personality styles may affect the teacher–learner interaction during the surgery clerkship and may influence negatively students' perception of the learning environment.
Review of Inside Enigma: The Secrets of the Enigma Machine and Other Historic Cipher Machines by Tom Perera

Perera identifies himself as a person whose “primary interest lies in collecting and preserving antique telegraph equipment.” [p. 4] As he states in the “Introduction,” the focus of this book is th...
Kinetic mechanism and reaction pathway of Thermus thermophilus isopropylmalate dehydrogenase

Mechanistic studies of isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (IMDH, EC 1.1.1.85), the penultimate enzyme in leucine biosynthesis in bacteria and yeast, have been conducted. It performs two chemical operations, oxidation and decarboxylation, on isopropylmalate to produce α-ketoisocaproate. A recombinant enzyme encoded by the leuB gene of the thermophilic bacterium T. thermophilus was used for experiments addressing the kinetic mechanism and chemical pathway of IMDH. A new, asymmetric synthesis of the substrate, (2R,3S)-isopropylmalate, has been developed starting from (2R,3R)-tartaric acid. On the basis of kinetic inhibition patterns and exchange experiments, it has been shown that the enzyme follows an ordered sequential bi-tri mechanism, with cofactor NAD binding before substrate β-isopropylmalate. The release of products occurs in the order CO 2 , α-ketoisocaproate, and NADH. The enzyme catalyzes the exchange of solvent protons into the α-position of the product, implying that an enol/enolate intermediate is formed. The enzyme conducts two discrete steps: dehydrogenation to isopropyloxaloacetate, which was prepared and shown to be a competent substrate, and decarboxylation to give product
Revisiting the perennial question: are IS people different?

Three types of information systems personnel (programmers, systems analysts, and project managers) were compared to the general population based on responses to a standardized personality test. The IS professionals, in aggregate, exceeded population norms for nearly all of the relevant scales, confirming much prior research.However, the personality profiles of analysts and managers differed widely from that of programmers, but not from one another. Managers and analysts were found to be conservative, logical, analytical, diligent, and ambitious, with strong leadership tendencies and high self-confidence and self-esteem. They were also found to be more sociable and creative than in past research.The differences identified between traditional programmers and systems analysts and managers indicate the importance of studying, managing, and recruiting these groups differently. The findings offer insight into how to retain, promote, and manage IS personnel effectively.
Diverse causes of hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in diabetes.

This review explains our current understanding of the syndromes of defective glucose counterregulation and hypoglycemia unawareness in persons with diabetes. The physiologic defenses against hypoglycemia — the glucagon and epinephrine responses — are compromised in most people with type 1 diabetes and in many with advanced type 2 diabetes. In addition to hypoglycemia, exercise and sleep are causes of autonomic failure that must be recognized and require changes in the management of diabetes.
Translational energy spectroscopy of NO+ ions formed by charge transfer from Ar+

Abstract Translational energy spectroscopy (TES) of NO + ions formed by Ar + charge exchange has been studied. The two features observed in the spectrum are assigned to transitions from the υ″ = 0 and possibly υ″ = 1 and 2 levels of the a 3 Σ + state to the low vibrational levels of the w 3 Δ and b′ 3 Σ − states. Comparison with previous TES spectra of NO + formed by electron impact is reported and demonstrates the high selectivity of the charge transfer reaction in populating the first excited state of NO + .
Unifying the genetics of behavior.

A recent study of the geotactic response in fruit flies demonstrates how current genomic strategies may be combined with traditional quantitative and classical genetics to identify genes underlying complex behavioral phenotypes. Naturally-occurring variation in behavior seems to arise from mild alterations in pleiotropic genes.
Image Resolution Through Atmospheric Turbulence

AbstractThe effects of atmospheric turbulence on imaging systems, and beam projection systemssuch as laser designators, can be evaluated and the performance predicted in terms of aproperly path- weighted value of the turbulence structure constant, C,4. An operating sys-tem for direct field determination of this weighted value with a portable slit scanningtelescope and on -line data reduction minicomputer system will be described. This systemutilizes a point laser source located in the vicinity of the target and scans the image ofthat source from the opposite end of the optical path. The on -line computer system com-bines data, for the system on test, with the data taken on the atmosphere at the instant oftest firing, utilizing Fourier and Abel transform techniques, to provide a prediction ofbehavior of the system on test, or an evaluation of the effects of the atmosphere on that test. The results can be presented in a variety of forms, including immediate hard copyplots of the MTF of the atmosphere, of the overall system being tested, or plots of pre-dicted radial distribution of intensity on target for the system on test. The slit scan-ning telescope can track a slowly moving target, with internal optical tracking. A gyroplatform is under development which can provide operation from shipboard or other unstableplatform.The degradation of resolution of an imaging system, or the spot broadening for a beamprojection system such as a laser designator, for transmission through the turbulent atmos-phere, can be expressed in terms of the short -term and long -term atmospheric optical trans-fer functions (OTF), or the equivalent mutual coherence functions (MCF). The short -termand long -term modulation transfer functions (MTF) are also often used and are nearly equiva-
Neural mechanisms for synthesizing sensory information and producing adaptive behaviors

The ability to integrate information from different sensory systems is a fundamental characteristic of the brain. Because different bits of information are derived from different sensory channels, their synthesis markedly enhances the detection and identification of external stimuli. The neural substrate for such "multisensory" integration is provided by neurons that receive convergent input from two or more sensory modalities. Many such multisensory neurons are found in the superior colliculus (SC), a midbrain structure that plays a significant role in overt attentive and orientation behaviors. The various principles governing the integration of visual, auditory, and somatosensory inputs in SC neurons have been explored in several species. Thus far, the evidence suggests a remarkable conservation of integrative features during vertebrate evolution. One of the most robust of these principles is based on spatial relationships: a striking enhancement in activity is induced in a multisensory neuron when two different sensory stimuli (e.g., visual and auditory) are in spatial concordance, whereas a profound response depression can be induced when these cues are spatially discordant. The most extensive physiological observations have been made in cat, and in this species the same principles that have been shown to govern multisensory integration at the level of the individual SC neuron have also been shown to govern overt attentive and orientation responses to multisensory stimuli. Most surprising, however, is the critical role played by association (i.e. anterior ectosylvian) cortex in facilitating these midbrain processes. In the absence of the modulating corticotectal influences, multisensory SC neurons in cat are unable to integrate the different sensory cues converging upon them in an adult-like fashion, and are unable to mediate overt multisensory behaviors. This situation appears quite similar to that observed during early postnatal life. When multisensory SC neurons first appear, they are able to respond to multiple sensory inputs but are unable to synthesize these inputs to significantly enhance or degrade their responses. During ontogeny, individual multisensory neurons develop this capacity abruptly, but at very different ages, until the mature population condition is reached after several postnatal months. It appears likely that the abrupt onset of this capacity in any individual SC neuron reflects the maturation of inputs from anterior ectosylvian cortex. Presumably, the functional coupling of cortex with an individual SC neuron is essential to initiate and maintain that neuron's capability for multisensory integration throughout its life.
Controllable residual stresses in sputtered nanostructured alpha-tantalum

Nanostructured α-Ta films were sputtered at room temperature in order to synthesize material that had either compressive or tensile stress states (−1500 to 1000 GPa). The films were coated by magnetron sputtering at various pressures using Si substrates with and without an α-Ta underlayer. The roles of the substrate/film interface, underlayer, grain size and film texture were also investigated as a function of sputtering conditions and residual stress.
Adaptive Control With Internal Model for High Precision Motion Control

This paper proposes an adaptive control scheme that minimizes the Least-Mean-Square value of the plant output while meeting the constraint of canceling deterministic exogenous signals generated by a priori known dynamics. This scheme may be applied to a broad range of application where the exogenous input signals to the plant contain both deterministic and stochastic components. The adaptive control includes both feedback and previewed feedforward actions. In both actions, the deterministic signal model is included as a constraint for the dynamics from the external input to the plant output by solutions of a Bezout identity. The proposed scheme is applied to a fast acting piezoelectric actuator to generate precise dynamic motion profiles. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive control scheme.Copyright © 2007 by ASME