cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biophysics of the structure and function of porins.

Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) have two layers of membranes in the cellular envelope – the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane (Fig. I). Between these membranes is a periplasmic space in which there is a peptidoglycan layer that provides the cells with mechanical rigidity. In this periplasmic space, there are also a variety of hydrolases and binding proteins. The composition of the outer membrane is somewhat unusual. This membrane bilayer is asymmetric, having an inner (periplasmic) leaflet composed of phospholipids and an outer (extracellular) leaflet formed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Unlike phospholipids having two acyl chains, LPS has six or seven saturated fatty acid chains (see reviews, Lugtenberg & Van Alphen, 1983; Nikaido & Vaara, 1985; Nakae, 1986). The head groups of LPS have a strong affinity for divalent cations such as Ca2+, and given a sufficient concentration of these ions the outer membrane can form quite a formidable permeability barrier through this head group/salt bridge network (Nikaido & Vaara, 1985). The function of the outer membrane is to serve as a protective envelope against hostile environments such as those in the intestinal tract of animals where harmful and toxic substances - for example, bile salts and various enzymes - are often found. The outer membrane itself would be impermeable to most hydrophilic solutes were it not for the presence of membrane channels. The presence of a large number of pore-forming proteins provides both specific and nonspecific diffusion pathways across the outer membrane for solutes such as nutrients and waste products to diffuse into or out of the cell.
A Method for Evaluating Anxiolytic Sedatives

Although anxiolytic sedatives are widely used in clinical practice, the methodology for assessing treatment effect of these compounds has not been well developed. The present double-blind study was designed to refine methodology for evaluating anxiolytics. Choice of rating scale, patient selection, maintenance of the double-blind status, the subjects' environment during the study, and the subjects' understanding of the study are discussed as considerations in reducing sources of variability and bias in the study of anxiolytics. After placebo prescreening, 14 subjects with diagnoses of anxiety recieved 3 to 6 mg lorazepam daily for four weeks, while 14 control subjects received placebo. The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) and the Wang Anxiety Rating Scale (WARS), with its Anxiolytic Adjunct Scale (AAS), were used to assess changes in anxiety. The Wang and Hamilton ratings correlated well at both comparison periods. Lorazepam demonstrated significant superiority to placebo and produced no serious adverse effects. Anxiolytic efficacy did not differ significantly among the four weekly ratings.
Chromatin maintenance by a molecular motor protein

The kinesin motor protein KIF4 performs essential functions in mitosis. Like other mitotic kinesins, loss of KIF4 causes spindle defects, aneuploidy, genomic instability and ultimately tumor formation. However, KIF4 is unique among molecular motors in that it resides in the cell nucleus throughout interphase, suggesting a non-mitotic function as well. Here we identify a novel cellular function for a molecular motor protein by demonstrating that KIF4 acts as a modulator of large-scale chromatin architecture during interphase. KIF4 binds globally to chromatin and its absence leads to chromatin decondensation and loss of heterochromatin domains. KIF4-dependent chromatin decondensation has functional consequences by causing replication defects and global mis-regulation of gene expression programs. KIF4 exerts its function in chromatin architecture via regulation of ADP-ribosylation of core and linker histones and by physical interaction and recruitment of chromatin assembly proteins during S-phase. These observations document a novel function for a molecular motor protein in establishment and maintenance of higher order chromatin structure.
Organometallic vapor phase epitaxial growth studies of GaP1−xSbx and InP1−xSbx

Abstract The systems GaP1−xSbx and InP1−xSbx have extremely large positive enthalpies of mixing. GaP1−xSbx is predicted to have a miscibility gap ranging from x = 0.01 to 0.99 at 520°C while InP1−xSbx has a calculated miscibility gap extending from x = 0.02 to 0.97 at 460°C. However, metastable alloys covering the entire composition range have been grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy at atmospheric pressure using trimethylgallium, trimethylindium, trimethylantimony, and phosphine as the source materials. The effect of interfacial elastic strain induced by the lattice parameter mismatch between epilayer and substrate has been studied. The misfit strain is accommodated elastically for Δasf/a0 ≤ 1.30% with thickness of between 1 and 2 μm. The Sb concentration in the solid was characterized as a function of growth temperature, the ratio of group III to group V elements in the vapor phase (III/V ratio), and the ratio of Sb to total group V elements in the vapor phase (Sb/V ratio). III/V ratio is found to have a major effect on the solid composition in the system of GaP1−xSbx. On the other hand, xSb is seen to increase only slightly with increasing values of III/V ratio for the growth of InP1−xSbx. In addition, the Sb concentration in the solid increases with decreasing growth temperature or increasing Sb/V ratio. A semi-empirical model based on hindered thermodynamic equilibrium has been applied to describe the relation between solid and vapor composition. The degree of heterogeneous decomposition of PH3 at the growing interface is an adjustable parameter. The results show that PH3 pyrolysis increases with increasing temperature. The decomposition of PH3 is found to involves the interaction between group III precursors and PH3 and never reaches equilibrium for the growth conditions used.
Bowel symptoms in an apparently well population.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of various kinds of bowel behavior and symptoms thought to be indicative of colorectal cancer in people randomly selected from the community. A probability sample of 330 dwellings in the inner western suburbs of Sydney yielded 202 completed interviews with occupants aged 30 years and older. Eight percent reported annoying abdominal pain that had lasted for two weeks or more in the preceding six months, while 19 percent reported a feeling of incomplete evacuation at least once every two weeks. Blood on the toilet paper was reported by 14 percent and blood in the toilet bowl by 2 percent. Twenty-one percent said they always looked at their stool in the toilet bowl and 34 percent always looked at the toilet paper after using it, but 43 percent seldom or never looked at either their stool or the paper. Of the 75 who said they looked at their stool about half the time or more, two (3.1 percent) reported seeing blood during the preceding six months. Symptoms that may be associated with colorectal cancer are common in apparently well adults. Whilst this includes bleeding from the rectumin toto, it may not be true for blood seen specifically in the toilet bowl. Because this latter symptom has potential discriminating value, it may be worthwhile to promote public education encouraging people to inspect their stools regularly, and to visit their doctor if blood is seen.
Quality of life among women recently diagnosed with invasive breast cancer: the Pathways Study.

Few studies have assessed quality of life (QOL) of women diagnosed with breast cancer within the first few weeks of their initial diagnosis. We describe QOL among 950 women recently diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. Starting in January 2006, we invited women aged ≥21 years who were diagnosed with first primary invasive breast cancer within Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) to enroll in the Pathways Study, a prospective study of breast cancer survivorship. QOL was measured using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast Cancer (FACT-B), along with sociodemographic and social support information. Clinical characteristics were obtained from the KPNC cancer registry and electronic medical record. We used multivariable linear regression models to identify factors associated with QOL scores calculated from the FACT-B. The mean age ± SD of the sample was 59.6 years (±11.9 years), and the mean time ±SD from diagnosis until interview was 8.0 weeks (±3.2 weeks). Younger age at diagnosis was associated with lower scores in all QOL domains (P < 0.01), and later stage at diagnosis was associated with lower scores in all domains (P < 0.05) except for social well-being. Higher levels of social support were associated with higher QOL except for physical well-being (P < 0.05). These associations were stronger within 2 months of breast cancer diagnosis. Quality of life as influenced by a diagnosis of breast cancer is an important factor in cancer survivorship. Age, stage at diagnosis, and social support are key factors in this important variable.
Ras Signaling and Transcriptional Synergy at a Flexible Ets-1/Pit-1 Composite DNA Element Is Defined by the Assembly of Selective Activation Domains

Pit-1 and Ets-1 binding to a composite element synergistically activates and targets Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling to the rat prolactin promoter. These transcriptional responses appear to depend on three molecular features: organization of the Ets-1/Pit-1 composite element, physical interaction of these two factors via the Pit-1 homeodomain (amino acids 199-291) and the Ets-1 regulatory III domain (amino acids 190-257), and assembly of their transcriptional activation domains (TADs). Here we show that the organization of the Ets-1/Pit-1 composite element tolerates significant flexibility with regard to Ras stimulation and synergy. Specifically, the putative monomeric Pit-1 binding site can be substituted with bona fide binding sites for either a Pit-1 monomer or dimer, and these sites tolerated a separation of 28 bp. Additionally, we show that the physical interaction of Ets-1 and Pit-1 is not required for Ras responsiveness or synergy because block mutations of the Pit-1 interaction surface in Ets-1, which reduced Ets-1/Pit-1 binding in vitro, did not significantly affect Ets-1 stimulation of Ras responsiveness or synergy. We also show differential use of distinct TAD subtypes and Pit-1 TAD subregions to mediate either synergy or Ras responsiveness. Specifically, TADs from Gal4, VP16, or Ets-2 regulatory III domain linked to Ets-1 DNA binding domain constructs restored synergy to these TAD/Ets-1 DNA binding domain fusions. Conversely, deletion of the defined Pit-1 TAD (amino acids 2-80) retained synergy, but not Ras responsiveness. Consequently, we further defined the Pit-1 amino-terminal TAD into region 1 (R1, amino acids 2-45) and region 2 (R2, amino acids 46-80). R1 appears to regulate basal and synergistic responses, whereas the Ras response was mapped to R2. In summary, Ras responsiveness and Pit-1/Ets-1 synergy are mediated through the assembly of distinct TADs at a flexible composite element, indicating that different mechanisms underlie these two transcriptional responses and that the Pit-1 R2 subregion represents a novel, tissue-specific Ras-responsive TAD.
Correlations between the minimum grain size produced by milling and material parameters

Abstract In this paper, data reported for the minimum average grain size that was obtained by ball milling are analyzed. It is shown that when the normalized minimum average grain size, d min / b (where d min is the minimum average grain size and b is the Burger vector) is plotted as a function of melting temperature, T m , the activation energy for diffusion, Q , or the normalized hardness, H / G (where H is the hardness and G is the shear modulus), the resultant curves are similar in trend. The curves exhibit two regions: region I and region II. In region I, d min / b decreases rapidly with increasing T m , Q , or H / G , while in region II, d min / b decreases very slowly with each of these three parameters. The relationship between the normalized minimum average grain size and the normalized hardness is explained in terms of the limit of a dislocation pile-up in nanocrystalline materials.
An automated image evaluation procedure for computed tomography systems

A procedure is developed that enables comprehensive and automatic image quality evaluation of computed tomography (CT) systems. This procedure includes custom-designed software and an image quality phantom composed of subsections with regional test objects. The phantom is designed so that the maximum amount of information concerning image quality and system performance can be obtained in a single scan. The software automatically analyzes phantom images and generates measurements of image quality that are both quantitative and objective. The image quality parameters that will be attained from a single scan of the phantom include: spatial resolution, contrast, contrast signal-to-noise ratio, linearity, uniformity, slice thickness, temporal resolution, and dose. This evaluation procedure provides a simple, automated method of quality control. The phantom and procedure can also be used as a research tool for studying modifications of CT system components. In this study, we present results from a mathematical model of the phantom. We discuss the design and validation of the phantom and accompanying software.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Holdfast spreading and thickening during Caulobacter crescentus attachment to surfaces

Background Adhesion to surfaces facilitates many crucial functions of microbes in their natural habitats. Thus understanding the mechanism of microbial adhesion is of broad interest to the microbiology research community.
Book reading with preschoolers: Coconstruction of text at home and at school

Abstract This article presents results of a study of low-income children's book-reading experiences with their mothers and during group reading times in preschool when they were 3 and 4 years old. Models describing possible patterns of book-reading experiences in home and preschool are proposed and examined by analyzing the quantity and nature of talk about books in both settings. Talk about texts was coded as immediate (e.g., labeling pictures), nonimmediate (e.g., recall, analysis), organizational , or extending (e.g., requesting clarification, feedback). The types of books read also were considered. When they were 3 years old the primary focus of book readings in both settings was on immediate information. Compared with teachers, mothers were likely to use more extending and fewer organizational comments. When children were 4 years old, talk in the home was again dominated by immediate talk, but compared with when they were 3, there was less extending talk by mothers, and more extending comments by children. In school there was more extending talk by teachers and nonimmediate utterances by children than was found the previous year. Home-school comparisons revealed more nonimmediate talk by teachers and children and more extending, organizational, and total talk by teachers. The patterns of talk about books in both settings and the changes from year-to-year support a Partnership model of home-school relationship: Mothers provide an introduction to book reading that teachers expand by engaging children in discussions of a cognitively challenging nature.
Chemistry of thienopyridines. VIII. Substitution products derived from thieno[2,3-b] pyridine 7-oxide†

Thieno[2,3-b]pyridine (I) was concerted to the N-oxide (II, 53%) by means of hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid. Nitration of II in sulfuric acid gave 4-nitrothieno[2,3-b]pyridine 7-oxide (III, 50%), while nitration in acetic acid formed the isomeric 5-nitrothieno[2,3-b]pyridine 7-oxide (IV, 54%). Compounds III and IV were reduced to the corresponding 4- and 5-aminothieno[2,3-b]pyridines, respectively. Treatment of III with acetyl chloride gave 4-chlorothieno-[2,3-b]pyridine 7-oxide (XI, 81%), convertible in two steps to 4-(N-substituted amino)thieno-[2,3-b]pyridines (especially of the 4-dialkylaminoalkylamino type) for screening as potential antimalarial drugs. 4-Aminothieno[2,3-b]pyridine reacted with aromatic aldehydes to give Schiff's bases and other products. Mechanisms for some of the reactions are suggested. NMR spectral data are reported for various 4-substituted thieno[2,3-b]pyridine compounds.
A practical failure prediction with location and lead time for Blue Gene/P

Analyzing, understanding and predicting failure is of paramount importance to achieve effective fault management. While various fault prediction methods have been studied in the past, many of them are not practical for use in real systems. In particular, they fail to address two crucial issues: one is to provide location information (i.e., the components where the failure is expected to occur on) and the other is to provide sufficient lead time (i.e., the time interval preceding the time of failure occurrence). In this paper, we first refine the widely-used metrics for evaluating prediction accuracy by including location as well as lead time. We, then, present a practical failure prediction mechanism for IBM Blue Gene systems. A Genetic Algorithm based method is exploited, which takes into consideration the location and the lead time for failure prediction. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this mechanism by means of real failure logs and job logs collected from the IBM Blue Gene/P system at Argonne National Laboratory. Our experiments show that the presented method can significantly improve fault management (e.g., to reduce service unit loss by up to 52.4%) by incorporating location and lead time information in the prediction.
Overview of CSMHyK: A transient hydrate formation model

Abstract Deep subsea facilities with high pressure and low temperature operation, encounter formation of gas hydrates as the most challenging problem in flow assurance. CSMHyK is a transient gas hydrate model specially designed for oil-dominated systems that predicts the formation and transportability of gas hydrates in flowlines. This paper presents a description of three sub-models included in the current version of CSMHyK: kinetics model, transport model and cold flow model; the product of intense efforts over a decade of hydrate research, involving over 20 students at the Center for Hydrate Research at the Colorado School of Mines. A set of conceptual pictures is also presented to describe physical phenomena of gas hydrate formation in water-dominated and gas-dominated systems, as the initial step of a development process that aims to extend CSMHyK towards a comprehensive model, to predict where and when hydrate plugs will form.
Interfacial fluctuations in an ideal block copolymer resist

We use field-theoretic computer simulations to show that intrinsic interfacial fluctuations may place limits on the use of block copolymer materials as resists for the nanofabrication of next-generation electronics devices. Even for an ideal system, our simulations demonstrate that the magnitude of the interfacial fluctuations is of the same order as the maximum interfacial roughness requirements noted in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. Furthermore, we show that the interfacial fluctuations exhibit an inverse power law dependence on the copolymer molecular mass, and we identify a peak in the interfacial fluctuation spectrum indicative of fluctuations with a wavelength of order the mesophase interdomain spacing. Recent research on block copolymer resists has focused on controlling and measuring long-range order; however, given the relatively large magnitude of the interfacial fluctuations observed in our ideal model, accurate measurements of interfacial fluctuations in candidate block copolymer materials will be necessary in order to determine their ultimate effectiveness as nanofabrication resists.
Surface alterations during the capacitation of mammalian spermatozoa.

Capacitation is the process by which mammalian sperm acquire the ability to undergo the acrosome reaction which, in turn, is a prerequisite for sperm-egg fusion and penetration. Until recently, it was thought that capacitation involved subtle physiological and chemical changes which had no morphological counterparts even at the electron microscopic level. However, it has now been shown by a number of investigators that material associated with the plasma membrane surface is either lost or extensively redistributed during in vitro or in vivo capacitation. We have made use of lectins and antibodies as probes of the sperm surface during capacitation and the acrosome reaction. Concanavalin A (Con A), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and soybean agglutinin (SBA) have been used in conjunction with fluorescent tags (FITC) and ultrastructural markers (ferritin, hemocyanin) to study the surface of golden hamster, guinea pig, mouse and human spermatozoa. Con A and WGA label the plasma membrane overlying the acrosomal region quite uniformly on these species. After capacitation there is a specific loss (or masking) of lectin binding sites over the acrosomal region of the sperm head in all species examined. Antibodies prepared against sperm and specific antibodies to a cell surface protein (fibronectin) were also tagged with fluorescent or ultrastructural markers and used to label the surfaces of sperm before and after capacitation. These probes also indicate a specific loss of surface associated material over the acrosomal surface after capacitation. These results are consistent with the notion that there is a general removal of surface components during capacitation and that this denuding of the surface is a prerequisite for the following membrane fusion events involved in the acrosome reaction and sperm-egg fusion.
Biodegradable nanoparticles for targeted ultrasound imaging of breast cancer cells in vitro

Disease-specific enhanced imaging through a targeted agent promises to improve the specificity of medical ultrasound. Nanoparticles may provide unique advantages for targeted ultrasound imaging due to their novel physical and surface properties. In this study, we examined a nanoparticle agent developed from a biodegradable polymer, polylactic acid (PLA). The nanoparticles (mean diameter = 250 nm) were surface conjugated to an anti-Her2 antibody (i.e., Herceptin) for specific binding to breast cancer cells that overexpress Her2 receptors. We examined the targeting specificity and the resultant ultrasound enhancement in Her2-positive and negative cells. Flow cytometry and confocal imaging were used to assess the nanoparticle-cell binding. Her2-positive cells demonstrated substantial staining after incubation with nanoparticle/antibody conjugates, while minimal staining was found in Her2-negative cells, indicating receptor-specific binding of the conjugated PLA nanoparticles. In high-resolution ultrasound B-mode images, the average gray scale of the Her2-positive cells was consistently and significantly higher after nanoparticle treatment (133 ± 4 in treated cells versus 109 ± 4 in control, p < 0.001, n = 5), while no difference was detected in the cells that did not overexpress the receptors (117 ± 3 in treated cells versus 118 ± 5 in control). In conclusion, the feasibility of using targeted nanoparticles to enhance ultrasonic images was demonstrated in vitro. This may be a promising approach to target cancer biomarkers for site-specific ultrasound imaging.
Treponema pallidum and the quest for outer membrane proteins

Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochaete, has a remarkable ability to evade the humoral and cellular responses it elicits in infected hosts. Although formerly attributed to the presence of an outer coat comprised of serum proteins and/or mucopolysaccharides, current evidence indicates that the immuno-evasiveness of this bacterium is largely the result of its unusual molecular architecture. Based upon a combination of molecular, biochemical, and ultrastructural data, it is now believed that the T. pallidum outer membrane (OM) contains a paucity of poorly immunogenic transmembrane proteins ('rare outer membrane proteins') and that its highly immunogenic proteins are lipoproteins anchored predominantly to the periplasmic leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane. The presence in the T. pallidum OM of a limited number of transmembrane proteins has profound implications for understanding syphilis pathogenesis as well as treponemal physiology. Two major strategies for molecular characterization of rare outer membrane proteins have evolved. The first involves the identification of candidate OM proteins as fusions with Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase. The second involves the characterization of candidate OM proteins identified in outer membranes isolated from virulent T. pallidum. Criteria to define candidate OM proteins and for definitive identification of rare OM proteins are proposed as a guide for future studies.
Unstable recurrent patterns in Kuramoto-Sivashinsky dynamics

We undertake an exploration of recurrent patterns in the antisymmetric subspace of the one-dimensional Kuramoto-Sivashinsky system. For a small but already rather "turbulent" system, the long-time dynamics takes place on a low-dimensional invariant manifold. A set of equilibria offers a coarse geometrical partition of this manifold. The Newton descent method enables us to determine numerically a large number of unstable spatiotemporally periodic solutions. The attracting set appears surprisingly thin-its backbone consists of several Smale horseshoe repellers, well approximated by intrinsic local one-dimensional return maps, each with an approximate symbolic dynamics. The dynamics appears decomposable into chaotic dynamics within such local repellers, interspersed by rapid jumps between them.
Revised paleomagnetic pole for the Sonoma volcanics, California

Paleomagnetic sampling of the Miocene and Pliocene Sonoma Volcanics, northern California, was undertaken to supplement an earlier collection. Data from 25 cooling units yield positive fold and reversal tests, and a paleomagnetic pole located at 80.2°N., 069.2°E., with α95 = 6.8°. This paleopole is significantly displaced (9.6° ± 5.3° of latitude) to the farside of the geographic pole. A highly elliptical distribution of the data in both direction and VGP space indicates that incomplete averaging of geomagnetic secular variation is a more likely explanation for this anomaly than is northward translation of the volcanic field.
The half-life and the α-decay branching ratio of 207Po

Abstract 207 Po was produced via 3 He activation of lead samples. Polonium was chemically separated from the irradiated targets. Gamma and α spectra were measured with Ge(Li) and surface-barrier α counters, respectively. The decay of the 992-keV γ-ray of 207 Po was followed and a half-life of 5·84 ± 0·07 hr was obtained for 207 Po. The α-decay branching of 207 Po was measured to be 0·0210 ± 0·0023 per cent.
DESCARTES AND THE DESTRUCTION OF THE ETERNAL TRUTHS

L'A. montre que l'idee de Descartes (i.e. les verites mathematiques et logiques ont ete etablies par Dieu et dependent de sa volonte) revient a une negation de la necessite de ces verites, ce qui implique Descartes dans une conception de possibilisme universel. Puis l'A. montre comment des philosophes contemporains sont involontairement parvenus a abolir la necessite pour des raisons similaires
The Mocha algorithm animation system

We describe the implementation of a new system, called Mocha, for providing algorithm animation over the World Wide Web. Mocha is a distributed system with a client-server architecture that optimally partitions the software components of a typical algorithm animation system, and leverages the power of the Java language, an emerging standard for distributing interactive platform-independent applications across the Web.
Effective Leadership in Postmodern Science/Technology Libraries

SUMMARY Postmodern ideas, practices, and perspectives are being integrated into the organizational cultures of science/technology libraries. Librarians are increasingly likely to be working with other librarians as well as faculty who are more comfortable with ambiguity, integration, collaboration, deconstruction, uncertainty, chaos, and fluid systems. These postmodern professionals are integrators and synthesizers, focused on learning, and uncomfortable with control and rigid or inflexible boundaries. Leadership in science/technology libraries needs this infusion of postmodern influences to be responsive to the dynamic information needs of all customers. This article focuses on the importance and implications of these postmodern influences.
1-β-Hydro­xy­corticosterone hemihydrate

The title compound, 4-pregnene-1β,11β,21-triol-3,20-dione hemihydrate, C21H30O5·0.5H2O, has two independent steroid mol­ecules and one water molecule in the asymmetric unit, and these steroid molecules have nearly identical conformations. In each, the two OH groups attached to the ring system form an intramolecular hydrogen bond, with O⋯O distances 2.738 (3) and 2.768 (3) A.
A comparison of the Bonferroni and Scheffé bounds

Abstract For the general linear model there are many ways to obtain simultaneous confidence intervals. Among them are the Bonferroni, Scheffe and several Sidak-type procedures. The comparisons of these procedures have been extensively studied. However, previously the comparison between the Bonferroni and Scheffe procedures has only been based on numerical inspection or on a comparison with infinite error degrees of freedom. In this paper, we show surprisingly that for one or two degrees of freedom for error. Scheffe's procedure is better, that is, produces shorter intervals, than the Bonferroni's procedure. For more than two degrees of freedom for error. Bonferroni is better than Scheffe for standard levels of confidence, but the reverse can be true for nonstandard confidence levels.
A new species of Peucoglyphus Bernhauer from New Guinea (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Staphylininae).

Peucoglyphus ken sp. n., a new species from New Guinea is described. Adding the new species, this rare Wallacean genus from the tribe Staphylinini (subtribe Philonthina) currently includes five species. An updated identification key for the genus is provided.
Measuring knowledge utilization: Processes and outcomes

Studies of knowledge utilization in public policy-making have important practical and theoretical implications. Accordingly, a voluminous work has been done on understanding and explaining the process of knowledge utilization (see Rich and Oh, 1993). However, we can easily find that there is the conspicuous absence of a greatly expanded understanding of the use of knowledge from those studies (Mandell and Sauter, 1984). Taken as a whole, empirical studies in the area of knowledge utilization have suffered from several critical problems (see Rich, 1991; Oh, 1996a). More importantly, there appears to be serious conceptual and methodological gaps which need to be filled. This article focuses on one of the most significant methodological problems: measuring “knowledge utilization” from an evaluation perspective and offers some suggestions for future studies.
Lifetimes, branching ratios, and transition probabilities in Co ii

The radiative lifetime of 14 levels in the ${z}^{5}$F, ${z}^{5}$D, and ${z}^{5}$G terms of Co ii have been measured with use of time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy with a ${\mathrm{Co}}^{+}$-ion beam. Our lifetime values are shorter by 15--50 % than earlier results from beam-foil time-of-flight measurements. The lifetimes were converted to 41 individual transition probabilities with use of branching ratios measured on spectra recorded with the 1-m Fourier-transform spectrometer at the Kitt Peak National Observatory. On average our transition probabilities agree with those of Kurucz and Peytremann; for \ensuremath{\Delta}S=1 transitions their calculated values are lower than our experimental results by a factor of \ensuremath{\sim}(1/4).
Mercury deposition and methylmercury formation in Narraguinnep Reservoir, southwestern Colorado, USA

Abstract Narraguinnep Reservoir in southwestern Colorado is one of several water bodies in Colorado with a mercury (Hg) advisory as Hg in fish tissue exceed the 0.3 μg/g guideline to protect human health recommended by the State of Colorado. Concentrations of Hg and methyl-Hg were measured in reservoir bottom sediment and pore water extracted from this sediment. Rates of Hg methylation and methyl-Hg demethylation were also measured in reservoir bottom sediment. The objective of this study was to evaluate potential sources of Hg in the region and evaluate the potential of reservoir sediment to generate methyl-Hg, a human neurotoxin and the dominant form of Hg in fish. Concentrations of Hg (ranged from 1.1 to 5.8 ng/L, n = 15) and methyl-Hg (ranged from 0.05 to 0.14 ng/L, n = 15) in pore water generally were highest at the sediment/water interface, and overall, Hg correlated with methyl-Hg in pore water (R2 = 0.60, p = 0007, n = 15). Net Hg methylation flux in the top 3 cm of reservoir bottom sediment varied from 0.08 to 0.56 ng/m2/day (mean = 0.28 ng/m2/day, n = 5), which corresponded to an overall methyl-Hg production for the entire reservoir of 0.53 g/year. No significant point sources of Hg contamination are known to this reservoir or its supply waters, although several coal-fired power plants in the region emit Hg-bearing particulates. Narraguinnep Reservoir is located about 80 km downwind from two of the largest power plants, which together emit about 950 kg-Hg/year. Magnetic minerals separated from reservoir sediment contained spherical magnetite-bearing particles characteristic of coal-fired electric power plant fly ash. The presence of fly-ash magnetite in post-1970 sediment from Narraguinnep Reservoir indicates that the likely source of Hg to the catchment basin for this reservoir has been from airborne emissions from power plants, most of which began operation in the late-1960s and early 1970s in this region.
SiO bonded interactions in coesite: a comparison of crystalline, molecular and experimental electron density distributions

Bond critical point properties of electron density distributions calculated for representative Si5O16 moieties of the structure of coesite are compared with those observed and calculated for the bulk crystal. The values calculated for the moieties agree with those observed to within ∼5%, on average, whereas those calculated for the crystal agree to within ∼10%. As the SiOSi angles increase and the SiO bonds shorten, there is a progressive build-up in the calculated electron density along the bonds. This is accompanied by an increase in both the curvatures of the electron density, both perpendicular and parallel to each bond, and the Laplacian of the electron density distribution at the bond critical points. The cross sections of the bonds at the critical points become more circular as the angle approaches 180o. Also, the bonded radius of the oxide anion decreases about twice as much as that of the Si cation as the SiO bond length decreases and the fraction of s-character of the bond is indicated to increase. A knowledge of electron density distributions is central to our understanding of the forces that govern the structure, properties, solid state reactions, surface reactions and phase transformations of minerals. The software (CRYSTAL95 and TOPOND) used in this study to calculate the bond critical properties of the electron density and Laplacian distributions is bound to promote a deeper understanding of crystal chemistry and properties.
IN SITU STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF SELF-ASSEMBLED OXIDE NANOCRYSTALS

Self-assembling of organic passivated nanocrystals has attracted a lot of interest recently. In this paper, the structural evolution of tetrahedral CoO nanocrystals is studied in situ using transmission electron microscopy. The as-prepared superlattices are Na(AOT)-passivated CoO nanocrystals, packed into monolayer and multilayer arrays on an amorphous carbon film. As the specimen temperature increased from 170 to 200 °C, the passivation layer is gradually evaporated/decomposed. For temperatures higher than 200 °C, the CoO nanocrystals experience a solid-state reaction, while the monolayer packing configuration is still preserved, but not the multilayers. The replacement reaction finishes at ∼600 °C, and the final product is identified as mixed carbide nanocrystals of Co2C and Co3C.
Epitope-dependent selective targeting of thrombomodulin monoclonal antibodies to either surface or intracellular compartment of endothelial cells.

AbstractInternalization of antibodies to thrombomodulin (TM) may provide a mechanism for intraendothelial targeting of drugs or genes. This study characterized three monoclonal antibodies against human TM (mAb 1009,1029, and 1045) and examined their internalization by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). It assessed binding of antibodies to recombinant human TM containing chondroitin sulfate (complete, cTM) and TM lacking chondroitin sulfate (incomplete, iTM). Direct RIA, indirect RIA, and ELISA and competitive ELISA show that (1) mAb 1009 binds to both cTM and iTM independently of divalent cations; (2) binding of mAb 1029 to iTM requires divalent cations, while binding to cTM is cation-independent; (3) mAb 1045 binds selectively to cTM independently of divalent cations. Binding of all three antibodies to the surface TM in HUVEC at 4°C was similar by indirect immunostaining. In permeabilized HUVEC, however, mAb 1009 and 1029 provide brighter intracellular staining than mAb 1045. Uptake of 125I-...
Micro-Indentation of Aluminum Processed by Equal Channel Angular Extrusion

The near-surface deformation of equal-channel angular extruded (ECAE) pure aluminum was investigated using the micro-indentation technique. Compared with fully annealed Al samples, there is a distinguishable difference in the indentation deformation. The unloading slope of the ECAE deformed Al after a short unloading period was found to be less than that of the annealed samples due to plastic recovery. Work hardening was observed, which depended on the history of local deformation. A new relationship between the plastic energy dissipated in the indentation and the applied load was derived, which is supported by the experimental results.
Simultaneous classification of time-varying volume data based on the time histogram

An important challenge in the application of direct volume rendering to time-varying data is the specification of transfer functions for all time steps. Very little research has been devoted to this problem, however. To address this issue we propose an approach which allows simultaneous classification of the entire time series. We explore options for transfer function specification that are based, either directly or indirectly, on the time histogram. Furthermore, we consider how to effectively provide feedback for interactive classification by exploring options for simultaneous rendering of the time series, again based on the time histogram. Finally, we apply this approach to several large time-varying data sets where we show that the important features at all times are captured with about the same effort it takes to classify one time step using conventional classification.
Cell-surface glycosaminoglycans: turnover in cultured human embryo fibroblasts (IMR-90).

As constituents of both extracellular matrix and the cell surface, glycosaminoglycans are in a strategic position to influence several basic cell features. The localization and turnover of glycosaminoglycans was investigated in cultured normal human embryo fibroblasts of lung origin (IMR-90). Attention was directed particularly toward that compartment of the culture which could be released by gentle proteloysis (trypsin, 0.1 mg/ml, 15 min) and is considered to represent the cell surface. In the presence of Na2SO4, sulfated glycosaminoglycans (S-GAGs) of the cell surface were labeled rapidly, but within 30 min some 35S-GAG appeared in the extracellular medium. The intracellular pool of S-GAGs labeled during a 10-min period was lost during the first hr of chase with a half-life of 18 min, compared with 16 hr for S-GAGs labeled over a 48-hr period. Pulse-labeled S-GAGs of the surface turned over with an initial half-life of 60 min, compared with 7 hr for surface material labeled over a 48-hr period. These rapid movements of the early chase period were followed by similar movement at a much slower rate. The results are consistent with a model in which most of the S-GAGs synthesized in the cell move rapidly to the surface. The surface GAGs are then released immediately to the medium or accumulate at the membrane to be shed more slowly at a later time or to be degraded. The S-GAG which left the cell layer most rapidly during chase was dermatan sulfate, while heparan sulfate made up an increasing percentage of the cell layer as chase progressed. These cultures produce a fibrillar matrix of fibronectin, but the kinetics of this study suggest that the S-GAGs of the surface are membrane-bound, and an extracellular glycosaminoglycan matrix does not form.
Introduction of Large Insert DNA into Mammalian Cells and Embryos

This unit provides a set of protocols for introducing large insert DNA into cultured mammalian cells and embryos. Two different methods, spheroplast fusion and lipofection, are described for effecting transfer of YACs or gel-purified YAC DNA into cells. Additional protocols discuss preparing and transferring BACs into cells by lipofection and into embryos by microinjection.
Peyronie's Disease in Teenagers

ABSTRACT Introduction Peyronie's disease (PD) is commonly seen in middle‐aged men, and little is known about this condition in teenagers. Aim To investigate the characteristics of PD in teenagers. Methods The findings were compared between patients with the disease who were teenagers with those over 40 years of age. Statistical analyses were conducted to define differentiating features between these two groups. Main Outcome Measures The demographics, clinical features, and associated comorbidities of patients with PD were reviewed. Results Thirty‐two teenaged males were evaluated for PD in a single institution over a 10‐year period. The median age for our cohort was 18 (15–19) years. Forty‐five percent of patients had already been seen by another urologist, and 28% had been told they did not have PD. The mean duration of PD before seeking medical care in our cohort was 3 ± 1 months. Sixteen percent of patients reported antecedent penile trauma, half of which happened during coitus or masturbation, and 18% of patients had hemoglobin (Hb) A1c levels > 5%. Dupuytren's contracture was not seen in this population. Twenty‐two percent of patients presented with penile pain. Subsequent ED was seen in 37% of patients. Multiple noncontiguous plaques were seen in 37% of patients. Twelve percent were previously treated with vitamin E, while another 12% had previous intralesional verapamil. High distress was reported by 94% of patients. Thirty‐four percent sought medical attention for anxiety/mood disorder, and 28% had a negative encounter with a sexual partner related to PD. All of the 32 patients had penile curvature with a mean of 32 ± 12 degrees. Seventy‐two percent of the patients had dorsal curvature while 22% had an associated deformity. Using duplex Doppler ultrasound, 12% had a calcified plaque, while none of the patients had abnormal hemodynamics. When compared with PD in adults, teenagers had greater than seven times the prevalence of multiple noncontiguous plaques (37% vs. 5%). Also, the prevalence of HbA1c level > 5% was higher in the teenagers as well (18% vs. 5%). Conclusions PD does occur in teenagers often causing high distress levels. Compared to older adults, teenagers often present earlier, and more commonly have elevated HbA1c level and increased number of plaques at presentation. Tal R, Hall MS, Alex B, Choi J, Liu L, and Mulhall JP. Peyronie's disease in teenagers. J Sex Med 2012;9:301–308.
HCO+ Observations toward Comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1): Ion-Molecule Chemistry and Evidence for a Volatile Secondary Source

Several millimeter-wave transitions of HCO + have been detected toward comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) using the Arizona Radio Observatory 12 m telescope. The J ¼ 2 ! 1 transition at 178 GHz was observed toward the comet nucleus near perihelion on 1997 March 10 and 20, as well as the J ¼ 3 ! 2 transition at 268 GHz on 1997 March 9, with angular resolutions of 36 00 and 23 00 , respectively. These data all show a slight velocity shift (� 1.2 km s � 1 ) from the nominal comet velocity, and the J ¼ 3 ! 2 profile is asymmetric with a redshifted wing. These differences likely arise from ion acceleration by the solar wind. A rotational diagram analysis of the data yielded a column density of 1:1;10 12 cm � 2 for HCO + in Hale-Bopp, which corresponds to an average number density of 36 cm � 3 . The data taken on March 9 show a second velocity component redshifted by 7:0 � 0: 6k m s � 1 ,w hich is considerably weaker than the main feature and appears to have a counterpart in the HNC, J ¼ 3 ! 2 data, observed within an hour of the HCO + measurements. The velocity difference between the main and secondary emission lines deprojected onto the extended solar radius vector is � 10 km s � 1 for both HCO + and HNC, and the weak-to-strong line intensity ratios (� 5%) are identical to within observational errors, suggesting a common highvelocity volatile secondary source. A plausible model that may account for the redshifted velocity components is a comoving, localized debris field of submicron refractory grains accelerated by solar radiation pressure located � 10 5 ‐10 6 km from the nucleus. The parent material of the weaker redshifted HNC and HCO + lines may be predominately complex organic polymers. An examination of the production rates for HCO + suggests that the reaction H2 þ CO þ is likely to be an important route to this ion in the outer coma beyond the collisionopause,
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS OF THE RABBIT VIII. CARRIERS OF BACTERIUM LEPISEPTICUM.

Rabbits with no previous exposure to Bact. lepisepticum were given, intranasally, a known dose of one strain or another of this organism, or of B. bronchisepticus. The results give grounds for the following conclusions.
Adrenal response of male mice to variations in living space.

CFW and CF 1 male mice were weaned, isolated for 7 days, then randomly assigned to one of three cage sizes for an additional 7 days. There was a significant increase in adrenal weights for males of both strains after exposure to the smallest living space. A significant decrease in final body weights occurred after housing CFW males in medium size cages and CFW and CF 1 males in small cages. The possible influence of spatial parameters on the endocrine stress response of populations of high density is discussed.
Nitric oxide synthase-2 down-regulates surfactant protein-B expression and enhances endotoxin-induced lung injury in mice.

SPECIFIC AIMOur aim was to elucidate the role of epithelial cell nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS2) expression in the development of physiologic lung dysfunction, surfactant dysfunction, and loss of su...
Kinetics of the reactions of halogenated methyl radicals (CF3, CF2Cl , CFCl2 and CCl3) with molecular chlorine.

The kinetics of four gas-phase reactions involving halogenated methyl radicals (R CF3, CF2Cl, CFCI2, and CCI3) with molecular chlorine have been studied using a tubular reactor coupled to a photoionization mass spectrometer. The radicals were homogeneously generated by the pulsed photolysis of precursor molecules at 193 nm. The subsequent decays of the radical concentration were monitored in real-time experiments as a function of Cl2 concentration to obtain the rate constants of these R + Cl2 reactions. Where possible, the rate constants were measured as a function of temperature to determine Arrhenius parameters. Apparent discrepancies between these measured rate constants for CF3 and CCl3 with Cl2 and ones obtained in prior indirect studies are explained. The higher activation energies for these R + Cl2 reactions compared to that of the CH3 + Cl2 reaction are attributed in part to the different polarities of the transition states formed.