cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Domain Adaption of Parsing for Operative Notes

Abstract Background Full syntactic parsing of clinical text as a part of clinical natural language processing (NLP) is critical for a wide range of applications. Several robust syntactic parsers are publicly available to produce linguistic representations for sentences. However, these existing parsers are mostly trained on general English text and may require adaptation for optimal performance on clinical text. Our objective was to adapt an existing general English parser for the clinical text of operative reports via lexicon augmentation, statistics adjusting, and grammar rules modification based on operative reports. Method The Stanford unlexicalized probabilistic context-free grammar (PCFG) parser lexicon was expanded with SPECIALIST lexicon along with statistics collected from a limited set of operative notes tagged by two POS taggers (GENIA tagger and MedPost). The most frequently occurring verb entries of the SPECIALIST lexicon were adjusted based on manual review of verb usage in operative notes. Stanford parser grammar production rules were also modified based on linguistic features of operative reports. An analogous approach was then applied to the GENIA corpus to test the generalizability of this approach to biologic text. Results The new unlexicalized PCFG parser extended with the extra lexicon from SPECIALIST along with accurate statistics collected from an operative note corpus tagged with GENIA POS tagger improved the F-score by 2.26% from 87.64% to 89.90%. There was a progressive improvement with the addition of multiple approaches. Lexicon augmentation combined with statistics from the operative notes corpus provided the greatest improvement of parser performance. Application of this approach on the GENIA corpus increased the F-score by 3.81% with a simple new grammar and addition of the GENIA corpus lexicon. Conclusion Using statistics collected from clinical text tagged with POS taggers along with proper modification of grammars and lexicons of an unlexicalized PCFG parser may improve parsing performance of existing parsers on specialized clinical text.
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) potently enhances tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in adrenal chromaffin cells.

Abstract In primary cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells (BACC), pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1–38 (PACAP) produced a dose related increase in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) Vmax when measured 48 hours after the beginning of the treatment; a significant increase was observed with 0.5 nM and the maximal induction of close to 2.5-fold was found with 0.1 μM PACAP. The potency of PACAP was nearly 3 orders of magnitude greater than forskolin and VIP in inducing TH activity. These effects were preceded by an increase in TH mRNA levels, that started 2 hours after treatment and peaked 12 hours later. The presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor HL 725 further increased the stimulation of TH activity by PACAP, indicating that this activation was mediated via a cascade of events initiated by cAMP. Nicotine (1 μM) failed to increase TH activity significantly, however, when added in association with PACAP, a statistically significant increase of TH was elicited with peptide concentrations 5 times lower (0.1 nM) than the threshold dose of the peptide. The stimulation of nicotinic receptors facilitates the TH induction elicited by PACAP.
Limiting Distributions for Derangements

(2001). Limiting Distributions for Derangements. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 108, No. 8, pp. 755-755.
Reflectance and fluorescence imaging with a MEMS dual-axes confocal microscope

This paper presents a dual-axes confocal microscope based on a two-dimensional (2-D) MicroElectroMechanical system (MEMS) scanner. Dual-axes confocal microscopy provides high resolution in both transverse and axial directions, and is also well-suited for miniaturization and integration into endoscopes for in vivo imaging. The gimbaled MEMS scanner is fabricated on a double silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer (a silicon wafer bonded on a SOI wafer) and is actuated by self-aligned, vertical, electrostatic combdrives. The reflecting surface of the scanner is covered with a 10-nm aluminum layer. Reflectance and fluorescence imaging is successfully demonstrated in a breadboard setup. Images with a maximum field of view (FOV) of 340 μm x 420 μm are achieved at 8 frames per second. The transverse resolution is 3.9 μm and 6.7 μm for the horizontal and vertical dimensions, respectively.
Attributional life cycle assessment (ALCA) of polyitaconic acid production from northeast US softwood biomass

Purpose Shifting the resource base for chemical and energy production from fossil feed stocks to renewable raw materials is seen by many as one of the key strategies towards sustainable development. The objective of this study is to assess the environmental burdens of producing polyitaconic acid (PIA), a water-soluble polymer derived from itaconic acid identified by the US Department of Energy as one of the top 12 value added chemicals from northeast (NE) US softwood biomass. Results are compared to corn-derived PIA and fossil-based poly acrylic acid (PAA) on the basis of 1 kg of polymer at the factory gate.
Scope and stereochemical course of the (trimethylsilyl)cyclopentene annulation

Abstract A new, regiospecific [3 + 2] annulation approach to highly substituted 5-membered carbocycles has been developed. The “TMS-cyclopentene annulation” involves the reaction of (trimethylsilyl)allenes with electron-deficient alkenes and alkynes in the presence of titanium tetrachloride to afford, in a single step, a functionalized and highly substituted TMS-cyclopentene derivative. Annulations employing ⇌, β-unsaturated ketones proceed stereoselectively via suprafacial addition to the enone. Some useful transformations of the annulation products are also described; for example, treatment with K 2 CO 3 -methanol or HF in acetonitrile effects isomerization and desilylation yielding ⇌,β-unsaturated ketones.
Explicit residual-based a posteriori error estimation for finite element discretizations of the Helmholtz equation: Computation of the constant and new measures of error estimator quality

Abstract This paper continues the study of an explicit residual-based a posteriori error estimator developed for finite element discretizations of the Helmholtz equation, in the context of time-harmonic exterior acoustics problems. In previous papers [1–3] the error estimator was derived and subsequently applied to h-adaptive computations of model problems in two dimensions. In the present paper, a methodology is established for computing error estimates; these error estimates are then analyzed in detail. The error estimates are made possible by computing the (scaling) constant, which exists in error estimators of this type. In our case, this constant is difficult to obtain. An algorithm for computing the constant is described. (It is noted that the error indicators used for adaptive computations do not require knowledge of this constant.) Several measures are used to analyze the quality of the error estimates, providing a complete description of the error estimator in the context of these problems. We compute global effectivity indices, and utilize the local (element-wise) effectivity index in computing three additional measures. The first of these is the robustness index. The others are the modified robustness index and the distribution index, which are introduced for the first time. It is found that the global effectivity index varies with problem parameters, in particular the wave number. Robustness indices also vary due to the local error definition and wave number. Values of the distribution index are much better, however, indicating the suitability of the error estimator in guiding efficient adaptive mesh refinement. The analysis of the error estimator is carried out on relatively coarse meshes, typical of those used in practical engineering computations.
Evaluation of wood-thermoplastic-interphase shear strengths

A macroscopic pull-out technique has been developed to determine the interphase properties in wood/low-molecular-weight-thermoplastic systems. Experimental variables affecting the shear properties of these types of composites were first identified so that the test could be used to compare the effect of different surface treatments on the interfacial properties. The relationship between the debonded force,F, and embedded length,L, was not linear, suggesting a failure mechanism that was different from interfacial yielding. Low embedded lengths provide useful comparative data on the maximum interfacial-shear strength of the system. The test is also useful for evaluating the quality of the fibre-matrix bond after exposure to water, since dimensional stability is an important consideration for wood-fibre-based composites. The test can be used to screen the effects of modifications on the lignocellulosic and/or the thermoplastic matrix on adhesive bonding for the development of composites. The use of lignocellulosic fibres (recycled wood fibres and natural fibres such as jute) in combination with recycled plastics could find applications in the automotive, furniture and building-materials industry.
Albumin is Required for the Guinea Pig Sperm Capacitation but is not Essential for Acrosome Reaction and Fusion with Eggs

The importance of serum albumin in supporting guinea pig sperm capacitation, acrosome reaction, and fusion with eggs in vitro was studied by incubating the spermatozoa in albumin-free medium containing different synthetic polymers. Serum albumin was found to be an obligatory component in the incubating medium for the capacitation of guinea pig spermatozoa. Albumin in the medium is not essential for the acrosome reaction and fusion with the eggs, but these phenomena take place most efficiently in presence of albumin.
A pilot safety study of lenalidomide and radiotherapy for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme.

Purpose To define the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of lenalidomide, an analogue of thalidomide with enhanced immunomodulatory and antiangiogenic properties and a more favorable toxicity profile, in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) when given concurrently with radiotherapy. Patients and Methods Patients with newly diagnosed GBM received radiotherapy concurrently with lenalidomide given for 3 weeks followed by a 1-week rest period and continued lenalidomide until tumor progression or unacceptable toxicity. Dose escalation occurred in groups of 6. Determination of the MTD was based on toxicities during the first 12 weeks of therapy. The primary endpoint was toxicity. Results Twenty-three patients were enrolled, of whom 20 were treated and evaluable for both toxicity and tumor response and 2 were evaluable for toxicity only. Common toxicities included venous thromboembolic disease, fatigue, and nausea. Dose-limiting toxicities were eosinophilic pneumonitis and transaminase elevations. The MTD for lenalidomide was determined to be 15 mg/m 2 /d. Conclusion The recommended dose for lenalidomide with radiotherapy is 15 mg/m 2 /d for 3 weeks followed by a 1-week rest period. Venous thromboembolic complications occurred in 4 patients, and prophylactic anticoagulation should be considered.
Effects of serotonergic drugs on lateralized aggression and aggressive displays in Anolis carolinensis

Previous work demonstrated that the brains of many reptiles, including the American chameleon Anolis carolinensis (A. carolinensis), are functionally `split'. Because the left eye in this species projects predominantly to the right hemisphere, and vice versa, inferences about lateralized brain functioning can be made in A. carolinensis by observation of eye use during behavioral encounters. Using this model, past work suggested that territorial aggression in Anolis is under the preferential control of the right hemisphere, and that acute stress or chronic alcohol exposure selectively reduces right hemisphere mediated territorial aggression. In addition, drugs which increase serotonin (5-HT) in the synaptic cleft inhibit aggressive responding in anoles in both hemispheres. The current experiment examined whether or not the administration of the serotonin agonists 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamine) tetralin (8-OHDPAT), quipazine, or meta-chlorophenylbiguanide (mCPBG) alter territorial aggression in Anolis. Nine adult socially isolated male A. carolinensis underwent a series of behavioral trials during which an antagonistic male was introduced into the cage. Once stable responding was initiated, all subjects were injected in a semi-randomized crossover manner with the following agents, (1) lactated Ringer's, (2) the 5-HT2 agonist quipazine (1.5 mg/kg and 3.0 mg/kg), (3) the 5-HT1 agonist 8-OHDPAT (83 mg/kg), and (4) the 5-HT3 agonist mCPBG (3.0 mg/kg and 9 mg/kg). Twenty minutes post injections, the male intruder was reintroduced into the subject's cage. Several behaviors were recorded, including: (1) the time to the first aggressive response, (2) the number of aggressive episodes mediated by the left eye or right eye, and (3) changes in skin color and posture. Aggressive responding was virtually eliminated in all subjects injected with 8-OHDPAT. On the other hand, one-way ANOVA found that both the 9 mg/kg dose of mCPBG (P=0.007), and the 3.0 mg/kg dose of quipazine (P=0.035), selectively decreased territorial aggression mediated by the left eye/right hemisphere compared to lactated Ringer's controls, but had no effect on aggression mediated by the right eye/left hemisphere. Although 8-OHDPAT inhibited aggression, injected subjects developed phenotypic displays of aggressive coloring/posturing, such as blackening of the eye spot and a raising of the neck crest. These results suggest that aggressive action can be differentiated from phenotypic displays that accompany aggression by a 5-HT1 agonist. They also indicate that there is an asymmetrical effect of 5-HT2/5-HT3 serotonin agonists on hemispheric mediation of aggression in this species.
Passive microwave detection of bubble wakes

Microwave detection of ocean (sub)surface bubble populations including patches, patterns, flows, and wakes is considered. The physical principles are based on specific electromagnetic properties of the air-bubble-water media that produce strong anomalies in ocean thermal microwave emission, especially at X- C-, S- and L- bands (e.g., at wavelengths of 4, 6, 8, 18, and 21 cm). Related model estimations are presented.
AN EMPIRICIAL INVESTIGATION OF CREDIT CARD DEFAULT

to investigate the determinants of default on credit card debt. It focuses on therelationship between default and the outcomes of financial choices consumers make within theconstraints of the contract terms set by credit card issuers. Our new data set contains the mostdetailed information yet available on a regular basis on the behavioral aspects of credit card use.We find that once variables constructed from these more detailed data are considered, the debt-to-income ratio, which has been the focus of most previous research on determinants of default,loses its significance as an explanatory variable.The three new financial variables which we find to have the most significant impact ondefault are (1) the ratio of total minimum required payment from all credit cards to householdincome; (2) the percentage of total credit line which has been used by the consumer; (3) thenumber of credit cards on which the consumer has reached the borrowing limit. All three ofthese quantities result from consumers’ charging behavior under the unique arrangements ofcredit card loans whereby a line of credit is issued which consumers may
Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Syndrome After Nonadherence to Antiretroviral Therapy in a Patient With Chronic HIV Infection: A Case Report

We report a rare case of acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) syndrome in a patient with chronic HIV infection with acute illness indistinguishable from acute retroviral syndrome. The patient presented with an acute febrile mononucleosis-like illness after increasing nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy. A marked increase in HIV RNA level of 1 220 000 copies/mL from less than 20 copies/mL occurred within 3 weeks. The diagnosis of acute HIV syndrome was made after alternative causes of illness were ruled out.
Bandwidth-Aware Routing in Overlay Networks

In the absence of end-to-end quality of service (QoS), overlay routing has been used as an alternative to the default best effort Internet routing. Using end-to-end network measurement, the problematic parts of the path can be bypassed, resulting in improving the resiliency and robustness to failures. Studies have shown that overlay paths can give better latency, loss rate, and TCP throughput. Overlay routing also offers flexibility as different routes can be used based on application needs. There have been very few proposals of using bandwidth as the main metric of interest, which is of great concern in media applications. We introduce our scheme BARON (Bandwidth-Aware Routing in Overlay Networks) that utilizes capacity between the end hosts to identify viable overlay paths and measures available bandwidth to select the best route. We propose our path selection approaches, and using the measurements between 174 PlanetLab nodes and over 13,189 paths, we evaluate the usefulness of overlay routes in terms of bandwidth gain. Our results show that among 658,526 overlay paths, 25% have larger bandwidth than their native IP routes, and over 86% of (source, destination) pairs have at least one overlay route with larger bandwidth than the default IP routes. We also present the effectiveness of BARON in preserving the bandwidth requirement over time for a few selected Internet paths.
Individual differences in the impact of odor-induced emotions on consumer behavior

iv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESES 13 Literature review 13 Olfaction 13 Emotions 26 Research framework 31 Hypotheses 33 CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS 40 Overview of studies 40 Experiment 1: Odor-elicited emotions 41 Experiment 2: Emotions-elicited in odor-associated images and olfactory mental imagery .. 45 Experiment 3: The “contagion effects” of odors on judgment and decision making 48 Experiment 4: Are emotions enhanced by smell cues in ads? 54 Data analyses 57 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 59 Experiment 1: Odor-elicited emotions 60 Experiment 2: Emotions-elicited in odor-associated images and olfactory mental imagery .. 65 Experiment 3: The “contagion effects” of odors on judgment and decision making 68 Experiment 4: Are emotions enhanced by smell cues in ads? 84 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION 99
Wavelet approximation of error covariance propagation in data assimilation

Estimation of the state of the atmosphere with the Kalman filter remains a distant goal in part because of high computational cost of evolving the error covariance for both linear and non-linear systems (in this case, the extended Kalman filter). Wavelet approximation is presented here as a possible solution that efficiently compresses both global and local covariance information. We demonstrate the compression characteristics by implementing a wavelet approximation scheme on the assimilation of the one-dimensional Burgers’ equation. The discrete linearized equations (tangent linear model) and analysis covariance are projected onto a wavelet basis and truncated to just 6% of the coefficients. A nearly optimal forecast is achieved and we show that errors due to truncation of the dynamics are no greater than the errors due to covariance truncation.
Inactivation of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in model foods by pulsed electric field technology

Abstract Inactivation of microorganisms exposed to high-voltage pulsed electric fields is a promising non-thermal food preservation technology. This paper demonstrates and validates the inactivation of Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium and Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive bacterium, subjected to high-voltage electric field pulses. A four-log cycle reduction in microbial population is achieved in model foods such as simulated milk ultrafiltrate (SMUF) with a peak electric field strength of 16 kV/cm and 60 pulses with a pulse width ranging between 200 and 300 μs. The temperature of the cell suspension was kept below the lethal temperature, demonstrating that inactivation is not due to thermal effects induced by the pulses of high-voltage electricity. Thermal food preservation causes undesirable changes in the physical character, quality and nutrient content of foods. Non-thermal preservation techniques minimize the undesirable changes in foods. A comparison between the inactivation of microorganisms by high-voltage pulsed electric fields and thermal methods of food preservation is also discussed.
A New Challenge to Child and Adolescent Survival in Urban Africa: An Increasing Burden of Road Traffic Injuries

Objectives. To develop an epidemiological profile and present the burden of urban road-traffic injuries (RTI) in children and adolescents in urban Sub-Saharan Africa. Method. A systematic review of published and gray literature of children and adolescents ≤19 years old involved in RTI in urban regions in Sub-Saharan Africa from January 1980–December 2003. Results. The mean annual incidence for urban road-traffic injuries was 109.8 per 100,000 children, and males were twice as involved as their female counterparts. Children between 10 to 14 years constitute the most frequent group involved in road crashes (36%) while pedestrians represent an average of 68% of all childhood RTI cases. Twenty Healthy Life Years per 1,000 children and adolescents are being lost annually in the region from RTI. Conclusions. There is an urgent need to develop a regional health research agenda to generate an accurate estimate of the burden of road-traffic injuries on children. This is a new challenge for child health and there i...
Ethanol stimulates glucose uptake and translocation of GLUT-4 in H9c2 myotubes via a Ca2+-dependent mechanism

Short-term exposure to ethanol impairs glucose homeostasis, but the effects of ethanol on individual components of the glucose disposal pathway are not known. To understand the mechanisms by which ...
Developing and Teaching an Online MBA Marketing Research Class: Implications for Online Learning Effectiveness.

The authors intend to describe the experience of developing and teaching an online marketing research class for master of business administration students. The class has been taught for four fall semesters. Each time, the class also completed an online survey, analyzed the resulting data, and wrote a detailed report for a real client. The course content, topic sequence, class assignments, and student feedback about the experience are all described in great detail herein. This web implementation incorporates several useful features such as a very large number of audio and video segments that have been used to teach difficult concepts like sampling and data analysis techniques. The implications for student online learning effectiveness conclude the remark.
The assessment of stuttering as struggle, avoidance, and expectancy

(1967). The Assessment of Stuttering as Struggle, Avoidance, and Expectancy,1. British Journal of Disorders of Communication: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 158-171.
An efficient message authentication scheme for link state routing

We study methods for reducing the cost of secure link state routing. In secure link state routing, routers may need to verify the authenticity of many routing updates, and some routers such as border routers may need to sign many routing updates. Previous work such as public-key based schemes are very expensive computationally or have certain limitations. This paper presents an efficient solution, based on a detection-diagnosis-recovery approach, for the link state routing update authentication problem. Our scheme is scalable to handle large networks, applicable to routing protocols that use multiple-valued cost metrics, and applicable even, when link states change frequently.
Paternal plastid inheritance in alfalfa: plastid nucleoid number within generative cells correlates poorly with plastid number and male plastid transmission trength

A previous study on alfalfa determined that the number of plastids/generative cell does not necessarily correlate with male plastid transmission strength in a given genotype. The objectives of the present study were to learn (1) whether plastid nucleoid number/generative cell is comparable to the number of plastids/generative cell, and (2) whether plastid nucleoid number/generative cell correlates with known male plastid transmission behavior in three alfalfa genotypes. Our results, which were based upon 150 generative cells examined by DAPI/epifluorescence microscopy, indicate that the mean plastid nucleoid number/generative cell is much less than the mean number of plastids/generative cell in genotype 7W (60 nucleoids/264 plastids) and genotype 301 (54 nucleoids/165 plastids). In genotype MS-5, mean plastid nucleoid number/generative cell (45) is similar to the mean number of plastids/generative cell (65). The significantly fewer plastid nucleoids/generative cell in MS-5, compared to that of 7W and 301, correlates positively with the relatively poor male plastid transmission strength of this genotype. However, the difference between the mean number of plastid nucleoids/generative cell in 7W and 301 is not significant, yet 301 is a much stronger transmitter of male plastids than is 7W.
The Ocean as a Global Reservoir of Antibiotic Resistance Genes

Recent studies of natural environments have revealed vast genetic reservoirs of antibiotic resistance (AR) genes. Soil bacteria and human pathogens share AR genes, and AR genes have been discovered in a variety of habitats. However, there is little knowledge about the presence and diversity of AR genes in marine environments and which organisms host AR genes. To address this, we identified the diversity of genes conferring resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, nitrofurantoin, and sulfadimethoxine in diverse marine environments using functional metagenomics (the cloning and screening of random DNA fragments). Marine environments were host to a diversity of AR-conferring genes. Antibiotic-resistant clones were found at all sites, with 28% of the genes identified as known AR genes (encoding beta-lactamases, bicyclomycin resistance pumps, etc.). However, the majority of AR genes were not previously classified as such but had products similar to proteins such as transport pumps, oxidoreductases, and hydrolases. Furthermore, 44% of the genes conferring antibiotic resistance were found in abundant marine taxa (e.g., Pelagibacter, Prochlorococcus, and Vibrio). Therefore, we uncovered a previously unknown diversity of genes that conferred an AR phenotype among marine environments, which makes the ocean a global reservoir of both clinically relevant and potentially novel AR genes.
Diamonds and their sources in the Venezuelan portion of the Guyana Shield

The primary source of alluvial diamonds in the Guyana Shield of Venezuela, Guyana, and Brazil has been the subject of controversy from the time of their initial discovery in the late 1800s. Based on available evidence it is suggested that at least two source regions are currently present for diamonds in the Guyana Shield. One source, albeit secondary, is the thick (>2,000 m) sequence of Proterozoic clastic sediments, referred to as the Roraima Group. However, the primary source of the diamonds and the source of the clastic material constituting the Roraima Group is unknown. A West African source has been suggested by some authors but supporting evidence is lacking. A second source of diamonds in the Guyana Shield is responsible for the diamond-bearing alluvial deposits in the Guaniamo district of western Venezuela. For over a decade the kimberlite indicator minerals pyrope and garnet and Mg ilmenite have been known to occur in these alluvials and recently the primary Proterozoic kimberlite-type source rock(s) have been discovered. However, the characteristics of Guaniamo diamonds as a whole are quite different from Roraima diamonds and a common source is unlikely. It is highly probable that other Proterozoic kimberlite (or lamproite) primary sources remain to be discovered in the Guyana Shield area of the Amazonian craton.
Synthesis of mesoporous Si1−xGexO2 (0.10 ≤ x ≤ 0.31) using a nonionic block copolymer template

We have successfully synthesized mesoporous silica-germania mixed oxide (Si1−xGexO2) with x up to 0.31 by controlling the reaction to delay hydrolysis and condensation until the precursors have sufficiently ordered around the nonionic templating agent. Small-angle X-ray diffraction (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveal disordered worm-like mesopores for all germanium concentrations investigated, with pore periodicities of 9.8 and 10.5 nm for x ≈ 0.10 and 0.20 respectively. We confirm that the germanium and silicon are homogenous on the nanoscale using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping. Attempts to convert the mixed mesoporous oxides to mesoporous Si1−xGex alloys via magnesiothermic reduction resulted in phase segregation.
Evidence for an increased sensitivity to Ca2+ in the flagella of sperm from tw32/+ mice

The majority of sperm from mice carrying the tW3' haplotype undergo hyper- activation sooner than sperm from +/+ mice of the same strains (Olds-Clarke, Dev Biol 131 :475- 482, 1989). To investigate the mechanism underly- ing this abnormal motility, the Ca2 + sensitivity of their flagellar apparatus was compared to that of age- and strain-matched controls using Triton X- 1 OO-extracted sperm. Under these conditions, the curvature of the sperm flagellum is controlled by the free calcium concentration. Sperm from mice carrying the tW3' haplotype consistently exhibited a change in flagellar curvature at lower free calcium concentrations than controls. In addition, intact sperm from tW3'/+ mice were much more likely than congenic control sperm to have a hook-like bend in the midpiece, which persisted throughout most of the beat cycle. Sperm exhibiting the hooked middle piece could be converted to CI more normal appearance by 2 mM procaine, which im- mobilizes cytoplasmic calcium. Thus an increased sensitivity of the sperm motor apparatus to calcium could be the cause of the precocious hyperactiva- tion of sperm from mice carrying the fw32 haplo-
THE SLOW MOTION OF A MAGNETIZED SPHERE IN A CONDUCTING MEDIUM

This paper considers the slow motion of a sphere, permanently and uniformly magnetized in one direction, in a viscous electrically conducting medium. The line of the magnetic poles is assumed to be parallel to the direction of the motion of the sphere. The velocity and pressure fields are calculated by two iterations. The distortion of the magnetic field is also calculated. An expression is obtained for total drag due to the viscous, pressure and magnetic forces.
Large-scale brain networks in the awake, truly resting marmoset monkey.

Resting-state functional MRI is a powerful tool that is increasingly used as a noninvasive method for investigating whole-brain circuitry and holds great potential as a possible diagnostic for disease. Despite this potential, few resting-state studies have used animal models (of which nonhuman primates represent our best opportunity of understanding complex human neuropsychiatric disease), and no work has characterized networks in awake, truly resting animals. Here we present results from a small New World monkey that allows for the characterization of resting-state networks in the awake state. Six adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were acclimated to light, comfortable restraint using individualized helmets. Following behavioral training, resting BOLD data were acquired during eight consecutive 10 min scans for each conscious subject. Group independent component analysis revealed 12 brain networks that overlap substantially with known anatomically constrained circuits seen in the awake human. Specifically, we found eight sensory and “lower-order” networks (four visual, two somatomotor, one cerebellar, and one caudate–putamen network), and four “higher-order” association networks (one default mode-like network, one orbitofrontal, one frontopolar, and one network resembling the human salience network). In addition to their functional relevance, these network patterns bear great correspondence to those previously described in awake humans. This first-of-its-kind report in an awake New World nonhuman primate provides a platform for mechanistic neurobiological examination for existing disease models established in the marmoset.
Cognitive Deficits in the Early Stages of Alzheimer's Disease

Evidence from longitudinal, experimental, and neuroimaging studies converge to indicate that psychological functions other than episodic memory are affected very early in the course of Alzheimer's disease and, indeed, may predate or influence the apparent memory deficits. Changes in personality and difficulty in executive function, especially in terms of attentional and inhibitory control, are especially prominent. Deficits in other types of memory (i.e., semantic memory, conditioning) can also be detected in the early stages of the disease. It is time to update existing diagnostic criteria for this form of dementia in terms of current knowledge of multiple and interacting brain systems.
The Interaction of Corporate Dividend Policy and Capital Structure Decisions Under Differential Tax Regimes

We develop a valuation model that integrates corporate capital structure and dividend payout policies. The resulting extended Miller (1977) model explicitly incorporates the different tax rates on corporate income, personal interest, dividends, and capital gains. We apply the model to ten different U.S. tax regimes since 1979 and generate several testable predictions. When the dividend tax rate exceeds the capital gains tax rate, dividend payout can partially offset value enhancing effects of leverage. When the two rates are close, dividend payout loses its moderating influence. Using the S&P 1500 universe, we obtain empirical results that are consistent with the model's predictions.
Down-Regulation and Antiproliferative Role of C/EBPα in Lung Cancer

The transcription factor, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha) is important in the terminal differentiation of granulocytes, hepatocytes, and adipocytes, and recurrent mutations of C/EBPalpha were described in acute myeloid leukemia. In the lung, C/EBPalpha is expressed in bronchial cells and type II pneumocytes. Abnormal proliferation of the latter cell type was reported in C/EBPalpha knockout mice. We determined the expression of C/EBPalpha by Northern blot analysis in 30 lung cancer cell lines and found significant down-regulation in 24 cell lines. Immunohistochemical study of primary tumor specimens showed undetectable or low expression of C/EBPalpha in 23 of 53 specimens. Its expression was more frequently down-regulated in adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated cancer specimens than in squamous cell cancers. A higher frequency of reduced expression was found in more advanced stages. To investigate the consequences of C/EBPalpha expression in lung cancer cells, we stably transfected two cell lines that do not express the gene (Calu1 and H358) with a plasmid allowing for induction of C/EBPalpha protein expression. Induction of C/EBPalpha led to significant growth reduction attributable to proliferation arrest, morphological changes characteristic of differentiation, and apoptosis. These results suggest that C/EBPalpha is down-regulated in a large proportion of lung cancers and that it has growth-inhibitory properties in airway epithelial cells. Genetic analysis of the C/EBPalpha gene is in progress to fully evaluate its role as a novel tumor suppressor in lung cancer.
Production scheduling algorithms for a semiconductor test facility

The authors develop production scheduling algorithms for semiconductor test operations. The operations in the facility under study are characterized by a broad product mix, variable lot sizes and yields, long and variable setup times, and limited test equipment capacity. The approach presented starts by dividing the facility or job shop into a number of work centers. The method then proceeds to sequence one work center at a time. A disjunctive graph representation of the entire facility is used to capture interactions between work centers. The introduction of different management objectives leads to different work center problems and different production scheduling algorithms. The authors present algorithms for two different work center problems. Direction for future research are discussed. >
Einstein, Ethics, and Action

On the 26th of February 1979, Time magazine [5] ran an advertisement describing its coverage of the Einstein Centennial. With a magnificent picture of Einstein’s thoughtful, sensitive face covering most of the page the lead read, “Everything is relative. In the cool, beautiful language of mathematics, Einstein demonstrated that we live in a world of relative values.” (p. 53) This claim must have come as quite a surprise to those who have read Einstein’s published works on ethics, because it is contrary to them. (See, e.g., [1]) “Everything is relative” is a misunderstanding that infects popular accounts of Einstein’s work in physics no less than accounts of his views on morality. The Special and General Theories of Relativity produce objective laws of nature, confirmed true for any reference frame. Reference frames (or “bodies”), of course, can move in relation to each other, and when they do move, this affects measurements of distance and time from one body to another; hence, the name “Relativity.” But the laws are quite objective, and confirmed by experience. Einstein’s view of morality is rather similar: It is the privilege of man’s moral genius, impersonated by inspired individuals, to advance ethical axioms which are so comprehensive and so well founded that men will accept them as grounded in the vast mass of their individual emotional experiences. Ethical axioms are found and tested not very differently from the axioms of science. Truth is what stands the test of experience. [1, p. 115]
Variables related to selection of conventional, cook-chill, and cook-freeze systems

This article reports the use of various foodservice systems in hospitals of 300 beds or more and explores the relationship of system choice to hospital, city, and county size. The conventional system, which involves the production of food close to time of service, has been the traditional method of hospital foodservice for centuries. The technology of the 1960s initiated the use of alternative systems, such as cook-chill and cook-freeze. Data from a survey of 807 hospital foodservice directors indicate that the conventional system remains the primary choice for hospital foodservice, although an increasing number of hospitals are converting to the cook-chill system. Choice of foodservice system appears to be dependent on the size of the hospital, city, and county but did not differ by region across the United States. In general, the smaller the hospital, city, and county, the more likely the use of the conventional system. As size increases, so does the occurrence of alternative systems, with cook-chill systems being the primary alternative chosen. Additional information is needed on the comparative costs and cash flows of the various foodservice systems.
Inhibition of B Lymphocyte Activation by Interaction with Fc Receptors

Much early work indicated that specific antibody can play an inhibitory role in the immune response. This inhibitory activity was found to be dependent on an intact Fc portion of the antibody used, both in vivo and in vitro. Thus a role for lymphocyte Fc receptors in regulation of the immune response was suggested. However, soluble antigen-antibody complexes, which bind to Fc receptors, do not appear to inhibit B cell activation. Recent experiments have demonstrated that antigen-antibody complexes immobilized on a surface strikingly inhibit LPS induced B cell mitogenesis and polyclonal antibody synthesis. Mechanisms for Fc receptor-mediated inhibition of B cell activation have been considered, and a model proposed to explain many of these findings as well as allow for antigen specific inhibition.
English Learner and Non-English Learner Students With Disabilities Content Acquisition and Comprehension

This study investigated the effects of Promoting Adolescent Comprehension Through Text (PACT), a content knowledge and comprehension treatment for English learner and non–English learner students with disabilities who were provided instruction in general education social studies classrooms. Eighth-grade students with disabilities in the treatment condition (n = 59) scored significantly higher than students with disabilities in the comparison condition (n = 89) on a measure of content knowledge (effect size = .51). Students with disabilities in both study groups scored similarly on measures of content reading comprehension and general reading comprehension. In addition, the effect of treatment did not differ between English learner and non–English learner students with disabilities. Overall, the findings support the use of the instructional practices for improving content acquisition in general education social studies classes for English learner and non–English learner students with disabilities.
Band Structure of Mo S 2 and Nb S 2

The simplified linear combination of muffin-tin orbitals method has been used to calculate the energy bands of Mo${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ and Nb${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$. The calculated bands are in excellent agreement with photoemission data and provide a new interpretation of optical absorption spectra different from that of Wilson and Yoffe. The effect of the weak interlayer potential on the ${d}_{{z}^{2}}$ conduction band is shown explicitly.
Differential regulation of copper and zinc metabolism in rat liver parenchymal cells in primary cultures.

AbstractA variety of factors influence copper and zinc metabolism in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Pronounced elevations in accumulated 64Cu were produced by incubating cells with either Cu2+ or epinephrine with moderate increases produced by incubation with cycloheximide, actinomycin D, or dexamethasone. In addition, copper accumulation was enhanced when cells received culture medium more highly enriched in amino acids and other nutrients. Hepatocytes accumulate greater quantities of 65Zn when incubated with dexamethasone or high extracellular zinc. Higher levels of metallothionein were found in cells incubated with either dexamethasone, zinc, or copper but not with epinephrine. However, epinephrine was effective in elevating ceruloplasmin levels in the cell cytosol. Incubation with dexamethasone or copper-containing medium resulted in elevated 3H-ceruloplasmin in both cytosol and medium. Data presented suggest hormones influence copper and zinc metabolism in liver parenchymal cells in a different...
Caps/Floors and Swaptions with an Application to Mortgages

Swaptions play a fundamental role in economic activity and in world financial markets. This chapter shows a simple example that illustrates how swap measures can be defined and used in pricing swaptions. Swap markets rank among the world's largest in notional amount and are among the most liquid. There are many uses for swaps. Borrowers “arbitrage” credit spreads and borrow in currencies that yield the lowest all-in-cost. This, in general, implies borrowing in a currency other than the one the borrower needs. The proceeds, therefore, need to be swapped into the needed currency. Theoretically, this operation can be done by using a single currency swap where floating rates in different currencies are exchanged.
Food Intolerance in the Sleeve Patient: Prevention, Evaluation, and Management

The laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy has emerged over the last decade as a widely accepted bariatric surgical procedure. It is a purely restrictive stapling procedure that eliminates the foreign body risks seen with adjustable banding and the malabsorptive risks associated with intestinal bypass procedures. It is indicated as a lower risk, staged option in complex or higher BMI patients and as a primary procedure in lower BMI patients. The gastric resection may offer a unique hormonal benefit that modifies satiation to yield a more durable weight loss than anticipated. The sleeve gastrectomy pouch is a narrow, high-pressure tube that often yields early postoperative food intolerance and dysphagia. This narrow sleeve pouch is also at risk for developing stenosis which will lead to progressive dysphagia and vomiting that must be diagnosed and treated. This chapter explains the spectrum of food intolerance from improper eating to vomiting and drooling from severe stenosis and how to diagnose and treat these problems.
An experimental study of the spray ignition of alkanes

Abstract Spray ignition experiments were carried out in a constant volume spray combustion chamber (CVSCC) for determination of first-stage and total ignition delay times for pure alkane fuel components in air at 650–825 K and 1–4 MPa, providing insight into their oxidative reactivity under spray combustion conditions. Experiments for n-alkanes (heptane, decane, dodecane, and hexadecane) illustrate strong single-stage ignition at pressures of 2.14 and 4.0 MPa and two-stage ignition at pressures of 1.0 MPa. The total ignition delay for n-alkanes was found to decrease with increasing chain length according to τ ∝ carbon number - 0.7 . Highly branched alkanes, iso-octane and iso-cetane, were found to have very distinct two stage ignition where the ratio of the time scales of total ignition to first-stage ignition delay ranges from approximately two to three. The lightly branched 2,6,10-trimethyldodecane was found to behave similarly to n-alkanes with reactivity between n-heptane and n-decane, indicating that n-alkanes suitably emulate the spray ignition behavior of lightly branched alkanes for engineering experiments or predictions. Cycloalkanes, cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane, were found to have long total ignition delay times, of the order of the highly branched alkanes, but to ignite in a single stage. All ignition delay times were found to decrease with increasing temperature and pressure, with reduction in overall activation energy at temperatures around 750–825 K indicative of the influence of competition between chain branching and propagation that occurs at the low-temperature onset to the negative-temperature-coefficient regime. Comparisons between the results from the CVSCC and those from the Ignition Quality Tester (IQT) show good correlation for fuels with nearly single-stage ignition. However, this is not the case for fuels with strong two-stage ignition behavior, where ignition delay determinations are shown to be sensitive to the definition of ignition delay and experimental parameters.
Comment on “Reconciliation of the Devils Hole climate record with orbital forcing”

Moseley et al . (Reports, 8 January 2016, p. 165) postulate an increase in dissolved thorium isotope 230 Th with depth below the water table as the explanation for the differing ages of Termination II. Flow of geothermal water through the Devils Hole caverns precludes this explanation. Deposition of younger secondary calcite into the initial porosity of the calcite comprising their cores is a plausible alternate explanation.