cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urinary calculi with methazolamide therapy.

Repeated urinary calculi developed in a patient who was treated with methazolamide for glaucoma. Previously, he had developed calculi while receiving acetazolamide.
Defining the breakpoints of the quakingviable mouse mutation reveals a duplication from a Parkin intron

The quakingviable (qkv) mutant mouse shows a recessive neurological phenotype that includes central nervous system (CNS) dysmyelination, seizures, and tremor associated with voluntary movement. The molecular defect of qkv has been previously reported to be a spontaneous ∼1 megabase (Mb) deletion in the proximal region of mouse chromosome 17 that occurred in the DBA mouse strain more than four decades ago. The mutation has recently been shown to affect three genes in the region: Quaking (qk), Parkin-coregulated gene (Pacrg), and Parkin. Here we determine the exact deletion breakpoints and demonstrate that the mutation is not just comprised of a ∼1.1 Mb deletion, but also harbors a small 163 bp duplication fragment between the deletion breakpoints. Although the distal deletion breakpoint is within the fifth intron of the mouse Parkin gene, the duplicated sequence is derived from the sixth Parkin intron and shows positive transcriptional activity on a reporter gene in vitro. This complexity provides insight into a well-studied neurological mutant and may have a role in affecting the phenotype observed. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Crisis intervention in the court room: The case of the night prosecutor

Often the cases seen in a municipal court or a mental health center's crisis department are identical. The concepts used to describe these common cases and the resultant agency actions taken differ drastically between the legal and mental health arenas. This paper presents a working model that combines mental health and legal concepts and personnel to deal effectively with this overlapping body of problems. The model provides for crisis intervention for the clients, preventive education for young attorneys, and system change in the criminal justice system.
Voltage-sensitive chloride ion channels in Anopheles gambiae Sua-1B cells

In this study, we performed electrophysiological analysis of Anopheles gambiae Sua-1B cells having "neuron-like" morphologies using the patch clamp method. The recorded cells (n = 79) had processes resembling axons/dendrites, with 63 % unipolar, 22 % bipolar, and 15 % multipolar. While no inward currents were observed following step depolarizations (holding potential = -80 mV), a slowly activating outward current was observed in 96 % of the cells, especially at depolarized potentials. The amplitude of the current was attenuated nearly 70 % by reducing extracellular Cl⁻ ion concentration, or by incubating with 100 μM DIDS, a known voltage-sensitive chloride channel blocker, suggesting that the current was mediated by chloride ions. No qualitative difference was found between recordings made with Cs⁺ ions in the intracellular pipette solution (inhibits K⁺ currents) and those made with normal physiological solution, indicating a deficiency of potassium channels. Additionally, recordings made with Ca²⁺-free extracellular bath solution eliminated the slowly activating outward current. A subset of cells (n = 3) lacked this current, but had outward currents with voltage-dependent properties similar to those of volume-regulated chloride channels. Taken together, our results suggest that the voltage-sensitive currents observed in the majority of Sua-1B cells are mediated primarily by chloride channels of the calcium-dependent subtype.
Stochastic models for tracer experiments in the circulation. II. Serial random walks.

Abstract The theory of the simple one-dimensional random walk has been extended to the case of variable diffusion coefficient D(x). An approximate solution of the diffusion equation with drift has been obtained which is applicable for the case of a quasi-normal spatial distribution C(x). This includes cases where D(x) is a slowly varying function and particularly cases early in time following initial introduction of a delta function distribution into the system. A relation is derived through which higher moments of C(x) can be obtained from lower moments and their integrals. A numerical iteration method is described by which the evolution of C(x) can be characterized through the evolution of its moments. The approximate effect of an upstream reflecting barrier on the distribution is discussed. The approximate effect of diffuse rather than discrete absorption at the terminus of the system is also estimated.
On-Line Optimization for Internal Plunge Grinding

Abstract An on-line optimization system was developed for cylindrical plunge grinding to minimize production time while ensuring part quality requirements. The system is capable of optimizing the grinding and dressing parameters in response to in-process and post-process measurements which characterize the process and update the process model. As compared with the previous system, the present one encompasses a more complete set of realistic constraints, considers time dependent behavior, and also optimizes the dressing interval. The system has been implemented on an instrumented internal grinder in the laboratory and in actual production.
Theoretical value of estimates of general combining ability in the autotetraploid crop

The means of half-sib progenies have been indicated as selection criteria for intra-population improvement while the average of the means of full-sib progenies in diallel analyses have been proposed as predictors, in part, of the means of untested synthetic varieties. When these measures based on progeny means are expressed as deviations from a defined greater population of crosses, they are often termed the general combining ability (GCA). In this study the GCA estimates or a facsimile were theoretically investigated for the one locus, digene, autotetraploid model to verify the genetic basis and its value for selection and prediction in the presence of a naturally occurring phenomena of autopolyploids called gametic disequilibrium with three types of non-additive inheritance. Two breeding objectives were envisioned, the selection of best parents with recurrent selection based on GCA in the continued development of elite populations and the prediction of advanced generation synthetic variety performance. The first generation means of progenies with a potential bias due to gametic disequilibrium were compared to GCA estimation of same progenies in the absence of gametic disequilibrium. The results indicated that testcrossing plants to a population without gametic disequilibrium could be used for selection of best parents. The gametic disequilibrium in the cross may increase or depress selection response dependent on the array of genotypes which happen to be evaluated, on the type of genic action at the locus, and on the frequency of the desirable allele in the testor population. The GCA estimates for prediction of synthetic performance were potentially biased by gametic disequilibrium. An assumption of pollination by the same array of gametes was made for all plants, but obviously was unrealistic for GCA estimation with partial diallels, or with no selfing, and in other situations. The GCA estimate was shown to be an unreliable predictor of synthetic variety performance. When it was assumed that different plants were pollinated by different arrays of gametes, a more realistic situation, no genetic interpretation of GCA values was possible even with purely additive gene action at the locus.
Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in retinal pigmented epithelium: possible association of genetic differences in a drug-metabolizing enzyme system with retinal degeneration.

The aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase activity induced in the eye of the C57BL6N (responsive) inbred mouse strain by β-naphthoflavone is two- to more than 10-fold higher than that in the eye of the DBA2N (non-responsive) inbred mouse strain. Genetic expression of the hydroxylase induction in the eye appears to be under the same genetic regulation as that in the liver. The hydroxylase activity can be induced in cultured cells of chick embryonic retinal pigmented epithelium by 1,2-benz[a]anthracene. It is proposed that genetically regulated induction of the hydroxylase activity in the retinal pigmented epithelium plays an important role in metabolic potentiation, as well as detoxification, of drugs and other xenobiotic compounds. All known mouse strains which develop retinal degeneration are aromatic hydrocarbon responsive strains. Some of the major products of the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase reaction, phenolic benzo[a]pyrene derivatives, have a marked labilizing effect on lysosomal membranes. On the basis of these two observations, a possible involvement of the hydroxylase activity in initiating retinal degeneration is suggested.
Characterization of charge states of energetic ions in solids from associated K X-ray production

The strong projectile-charge-state dependence of K X-ray production in gases establishes a charge-state scale for ions penetrating solids. Si K X-ray cross sections in gaseous SiH4 were compared to those in solid Si for 40-MeV O (6+ to 8+) and 86-MeV Ar (6+ to 16+) projectiles. For Ar an effective charge of 11 plus or minus one is found compared to an emergent charge of 14.8 plus or minus 0.5. The result is discussed in terms of alternate models for steady-state excitation in solids.
Tie Breaker: A Novel Way of Combining Retrieval Signals

Empirical studies of information retrieval suggest that the effectiveness of a retrieval function is closely related to how it combines multiple retrieval signals including term frequency, inverse document frequency and document length. Although it is relatively easy to capture how each signal contributes to the relevance scores, it is more challenging to find the best way of combining these signals since they often interact with each other in a complicated way. As a result, when deriving a retrieval function from traditional retrieval models, the choice of one implementation over the others was often made based on empirical observations rather than sound theoretical derivations.In this paper, we propose a novel way of combining retrieval signals to derive robust retrieval functions. Instead of seeking an integrated way of combining these signals into a complex mathematical retrieval function, our main idea is to prioritize the retrieval signals, apply the strongest signal first to rank documents, and then iteratively use the weaker signals to break the ties of the documents with the same scores. One unique advantage of our method is that it eliminates the need of having complicated implementation of the signals and enables a simple yet elegant way of combining the multiple signals for document ranking. Empirical results show that the proposed method can achieve comparable performance as the state of art retrieval functions over traditional TREC ad hoc retrieval collections, and can outperform them over TREC microblog retrieval collections.
Targeting Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor Inhibits Pancreatic Cancer Growth and Metastasis

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancers. Increasing incidence and mortality indicates that there is still much lacking in detection and management of the disease. This is partly due to a lack of specific symptoms during early stages of the disease. Several growth factor receptors have been associated with pancreatic cancer. Here, we have investigated if an RNA interference approach targeted to IGF-IR could be effective and efficient against pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis. For that, we evaluated the effects of IGF-1R inhibition using small interfering RNA (siRNAs) on tumor growth and metastasis in HPAC and PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cell lines. We found that silencing IGF-1R inhibits pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis by blocking key signaling pathways such AKT/PI3K, MAPK, JAK/STAT and EMT. Silencing IGF-1R resulted in an anti-proliferative effect in PANC-1 and HPAC pancreatic cancer cell lines. Matrigel invasion, transwell migration and wound healing assays also revealed a role for IGF-1R in metastatic properties of pancreatic cancer. These results were further confirmed using Western blotting analysis of key intermediates involved in proliferation, epithelial mesenchymal transition, migration, and invasion. In addition, soft agar assays showed that silencing IGF-1R also blocks the colony forming capabilities of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. Western blots, as well as, flow cytometric analysis revealed the induction of apoptosis in IGF-1R silenced cells. Interestingly, silencing IGF-1R also suppressed the expression of insulin receptor β. All these effects together significantly control pancreatic cancer cell growth and metastasis. To conclude, our results demonstrate the significance of IGF-1R in pancreatic cancer.
National Survey of Psychiatric Mental Health Advanced Practice Nursing: The Adequacy of Educational Preparation: Voices of Our Graduates

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the fit between practice and graduate education from the perspective of psychiatric mental health advanced practice registered nurses (PMH APRNs).OBJECTIVE: With t...
Chest radiographic data acquisition and quality assurance in multicenter studies.

Background. Multicenter studies rely on data derived from different institutions. Forms can be designed to standardize the reporting process allowing reliable comparison of data. Objective. The purpose of the report is to provide a standardized method, developed as a part of a multicenter study of vertically transmitted HIV, for assessing chest radiographic results. Materials and methods. Eight hundred and five infants and children were studied at five centers; 3057 chest radiographs were scored. Data were entered using a forced-choice, graded response for 12 findings. Quality assurance measures and inter-rater agreement statistics are reported. Results. The form used for reporting chest radiographic results is presented. Inter-rater agreement was moderate to high for most findings, with the best correlation reported for the presence of bronchovascular markings and/or reticular densities addressed as a composite question (kappa = 0.71). The presence of nodular densities (kappa = 0.56) and parenchymal consolidation (kappa = 0.57) had moderate agreement. Agreement for lung volume was low. Conclusion. The current tool, developed for use in the pediatric population, is applicable to any study involving the assessment of pediatric chest radiographs for a large population, whether at one or many centers.
Effects of short- and long-term protriptyline treatment on phospholipid metabolism in rat brain.

: Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with 10 mg/kg of protriptyline according to one of the following schedules: a single dose or daily for 4 days (short-term), or daily for 2 or 13 weeks (long-term). Total lipid, total phospholipid, and individual phospholipid contents in the brain were determined. Further, the incorporation of 32P into individual phospholipids in vivo and the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylethanolamine in the brains of rats treated with protriptyline for 13 weeks were studied. Three alternative phases of changes of total and individual phospholipid contents in the brain during 13 weeks of experimentation were distinguished. An increase of phospholipid contents after 4 days, a decrease after 2 weeks, and a further increase after 13 weeks of protriptyline administration were found. However, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidic acid levels after 13 weeks of protriptyline administration were diminished. The decrease of specific radioactivity of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylserine and the increase of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, and sphingomyelin in rats treated with the drug for a longer period of time were noted. No greater differences in fatty acid composition of phosphatidylethanolamine in the brains of the same group of rats were observed as compared to control. These results indicate that during long-term treatment with protriptyline the contents of lipids and phospholipids in rat brain are altered. The modification of the biological function of phospholipids in brain cell membranes is suggested.
A CAD utilizing 3D massive-training ANNs for detection of flat lesions in CT colonography: preliminary results

ABSTRACT Our purpose was to develop a computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) scheme for detection of flat lesions (also known as superficial elevated or depressed lesions) in CT colonography (CTC), which utilized 3D massive-training artificial neural networks (MTANNs) for false-pos itive (FP) reduction. Our CAD scheme c onsisted of colon segmentation, polyp candidate detection, linear discriminant analysis, and MTANNs. To detect flat lesions, we developed a precise shape analysis in the polyp detection step to accommodate the analysis to include a flat shape. With our MTANN CAD scheme, 68% (19/28) of flat lesions, including six lesions missed by radiologists in a multicenter clinical trial, were detected correctly, with 10 (249/25) FPs per patient. Keywords: flat neoplasm, superficial elevated lesions, virtual colonoscopy, computer-aided diagnosis, missed polyps, massive training, artificial neural networks 1. INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S. CT colonography (CTC) is a technique for detecting colorectal neoplasms by use of a CT scan of the colon. The diagnostic performance of CTC in detecting polyps (i.e., precursors of cancer), however, remains uncertain because of a propensity for perceptual errors. Computer-aided detection (CAD) of polyps has the potential to overcome this difficulty with CTC. A major challenge in CAD development is the detection of flat lesions (also known as flat polyps, superficial elevated or depressed lesions/neoplasms), because existing CAD schemes are designed for detecting the common bulbous polyp shape. Flat lesions in the colon are a major source of false-negative interpretations in CTC [1]; thus, detection of flat lesions by CAD is very important. Because flat lesions are also a source of false negatives in reference-standard optical colonoscopy [1], the detection of flat lesions would impact on colorectal cancer mortality. Some flat lesions are known to be histologically aggressive; therefore, the detection of su ch lesions is critical clinically [1,2]. One study showed that flat polyps contributed to 54% of superficial carcinomas [3]. Our purpose was to develop a CAD scheme for detection of flat lesions in CTC, which utilized 3D massive-training artificial neural networ ks (MTANNs) for false-positive (FP) reduction.
Erratum to: The impact of orienting attention in fast task-irrelevant perceptual learning

Please find below a list of corrections made to this article. On page 656, left column, under Results, second paragraph, middle of the paragraph, after “F(2, 38)05.89, p0 .005”, the text “indicating better performance for pre-target-paired images than for target-paired images” should read “indicating better performance for target-paired images than for pre-targetpaired images” On page 656, right column, second paragraph,middle of the paragraph, after “F(2, 38)04.91, p0 .013”, the text “indicating better performance for pre-target-paired images than for targetpaired images” should read “indicating better performance for target-paired images than for pre-target-paired images”
The Labor Process in Construction Control without Bureaucratic and Technological Means

The construction industry presents a challenge to current labor process theory. Data from a wide range of work settings suggest it is premature to conclude that management has succeeded in appropri...
High Performance Analog Photonic Link Based on Modified Uni-traveling-carrier Photodiode

An analog fiber optic link that employs a high performance photodiode has achieved high gain of 26.4 dB and 26 dB and low noise figure of 6.1 dB and 6.7 dB at 1 GHz and 10 GHz, respectively.
How hyperpolarization and the recovery of excitability affect propagation through a virtual anode in the heart.

Researchers have suggested that the fate of a shock-induced wave front at the edge of a “virtual anode” (a region hyperpolarized by the shock) is a key factor determining success or failure during defibrillation of the heart. In this paper, we use a simple one-dimensional computer model to examine propagation speed through a hyperpolarized region. Our goal is to test the hypothesis that rapid propagation through a virtual anode can cause failure of propagation at the edge of the virtual anode. The calculations support this hypothesis and suggest that the time constant of the sodium inactivation gate is an important parameter. These results may be significant in understanding the mechanism of the upper limit of vulnerability.
Control of the duration of expiration.

Abstract We recorded tidal volume, inspiratory and expiratory durations, upper airway resistance, abdominal pressure and diaphragmatic electromyograms in resting, unanesthetized cats. During air breathing expiratory duration (spontaneous te) exceeded the time required for passive collapse of the intubated respiratory system (passive te). This difference between spontaneous and passive te values resulted from the influence of two factors that retard expiratory flow: post-inspiratory activity of the diaphragm and the resistance of the upper airway. Hypercapnia consistently led to a decrease in spontaneous te, accompanied by a decrease in upper airway resistance, an increase in abdominal expiratory muscle activity and, in some animals, a decrease in post-inspiratory activity of the diaphragm. In cats studied 1–4 weeks after bilateral cervical vagotomy, te was generally increased, a change that is consistent with the operation of a volume-related feedback system controlling te in the intact animal. Our analysis of the factors that regulate expiratory flow indicates the importance of variations in upper airway resistance brought about by movements of the vocal cords. We propose that by this mechanism, via the operation of volume-related feedback, the larynx is a significant determinant of te and the respiratory frequency.
Why the software industry needs a good ghostbuster

Certification based on a generally accepted body of knowledge is needed for clients, as well as the general public, to trust software professionals and their work.
Delayed alternation in cats with lesions of the prefrontal cortex and the caudate nucleus

Abstract As in other species which have been examined, ablation of the cortical projection area of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the cat impaired retention of delayed alternation. The same deficit was observed after coagulation of the part of caudate nucleus which is directly connected with the prefrontal cortex. In agreement with previous findings, lesions of the prefrontal cortex impaired cats less than monkeys. Normal cats readily learned delayed alternation in the Nencki Testing Situation.
Organizational learning and strategy

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to develop an organizational learning framework to support the strategic management process. Organizational learning is divided into two strategically relevant categories, external and internal, which involve complementary processes with separate advantages and disadvantages. External learning focuses on four strategically relevant domains of the organizational environment: customers, competitors, networks, and institutions. Internal learning includes individual, intrafunctional, interfunctional, and multilevel learning. Different domains of learning become crucial for firms over time depending on the evolving characteristics of their industry environment. Thus, an important task of strategic management is to lead the organizational learning process by identifying and allocating resources to the crucial domains of organizational learning that provide the necessary organizational capabilities to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage.
Structural parameterization of the binding enthalpy of small ligands

A major goal in ligand and drug design is the optimization of the binding affinity of selected lead molecules. However, the binding affinity is defined by the free energy of binding, which, in turn, is determined by the enthalpy and entropy changes. Because the binding enthalpy is the term that predominantly reflects the strength of the interactions of the ligand with its target relative to those with the solvent, it is desirable to develop ways of predicting enthalpy changes from structural considerations. The application of structure/enthalpy correlations derived from protein stability data has yielded inconsistent results when applied to small ligands of pharmaceutical interest (MW < 800). Here we present a first attempt at an empirical parameterization of the binding enthalpy for small ligands in terms of structural information. We find that at least three terms need to be considered: (1) the intrinsic enthalpy change that reflects the nature of the interactions between ligand, target, and solvent; (2) the enthalpy associated with any possible conformational change in the protein or ligand upon binding; and, (3) the enthalpy associated with protonation/deprotonation events, if present. As in the case of protein stability, the intrinsic binding enthalpy scales with changes in solvent accessible surface areas. However, an accurate estimation of the intrinsic binding enthalpy requires explicit consideration of long-lived water molecules at the binding interface. The best statistical structure/enthalpy correlation is obtained when buried water molecules within 5–7 A of the ligand are included in the calculations. For all seven protein systems considered (HIV-1 protease, dihydrodipicolinate reductase, Rnase T1, streptavidin, pp60c-Src SH2 domain, Hsp90 molecular chaperone, and bovine β-trypsin) the binding enthalpy of 25 small molecular weight peptide and nonpeptide ligands can be accounted for with a standard error of ±0.3 kcal · mol−1. Proteins 2002;49:181–190. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of Gabapentin in an Outpatient and Office-based Sample of Epilepsy Patients

Abstract A retrospective analysis of charts of patients who received gabapentin (GBP) as adjunctive anticonvulsant therapy in its first year of marketing, between March 1994 and April 1995 was conducted to evaluate patterns of use, side effects, and efficacy in the general epilepsy population. Ninety patients (45 men, 45 women) with an average age of 33.5 years (range: 7 months–78 years) were included. Average GBP dosage was 1700 mg/day; 46 patients took
AMG2850, a potent and selective TRPM8 antagonist, is not effective in rat models of inflammatory mechanical hypersensitivity and neuropathic tactile allodynia

TRPM8 has been implicated in pain and migraine based on dorsal root- and trigeminal ganglion-enriched expression, upregulation in preclinical models of pain, knockout mouse studies, and human genetics. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic potential in pain of AMG2850 ((R)-8-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-N-((S)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)-5,6-dihydro-1,7-naphthyridine-7(8H)-carboxamide), a small molecule antagonist of TRPM8 by in vitro and in vivo characterization. AMG2850 is potent in vitro at rat TRPM8 (IC90 against icilin activation of 204 ± 28 nM), highly selective (>100-fold IC90 over TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels), and orally bioavailable (Fpo > 40 %). When tested in a skin-nerve preparation, AMG2850 blocked menthol-induced action potentials but not mechanical activation in C fibers. AMG2850 exhibited significant target coverage in vivo in a TRPM8-mediated icilin-induced wet-dog shake (WDS) model in rats (at 10 mg/kg p.o.). However, AMG2850 did not produce a significant therapeutic effect in rat models of inflammatory mechanical hypersensitivity or neuropathic tactile allodynia at doses up to 100 mg/kg. The lack of efficacy suggests that either TRPM8 does not play a role in mediating pain in these models or that a higher level of target coverage is required. The potential of TRPM8 antagonists as migraine therapeutics is yet to be determined.
Calcific pancreatitis in a patient with type 5 hyperlipoproteinemia.

The history of a 27-year-old woman with 10 years of episodic abdominal pain and the development of calcific pancreatitis secondary to hyperlipo-proteinemia is presented. The relationship between familial and alcoholic hyperlipidemia and pancreatitis is discussed as well as the mechanism of injury to the pancreas.
Importance of Bile Reflux in Barrett’s Esophagus

Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is an acquired condition in which the squamous epithelial lining of the lower esophagus is replaced by a columnar epithelium due to chronic gastroesophageal reflux. The role o
The Local Polity as a Pathway for Public Power: Taming the Business Tiger during New York City’s Industrial Age

This article explores how bargaining advantages arising from the process of public-private coordination of interests enable local government to contain business influence in urban development. A theoretical framework highlights how the scope of business demands and the impact of policy on political coalitions empower local officials as Brokers, Organizers, Entrepreneurs and Promoters. Each role affords different pathways for state power in competition with business. This is illustrated by surveying transportation politics during the industrial age in New York City. The city’s experience demonstrates alternative local public-sector foundations for governmental power in growth politics. As such, it qualifies theories of business privilege in democratic politics and identifies how the dynamics of the public sector empower local officials. Cet article examine comment la negociation d’avantages, nee de la coordination des interets publics-prives, permet a un gouvernement local de contenir l’influence des entreprises sur l’urbanisme. Un cadre theorique explique comment l’ampleur des demandes des entreprises et l’impact de la politique sur les coalitions politiques autorisent les representants locaux a agir en Mediateur, Organisateur, Entrepreneur et Promoteur, chacun de ces roles permettant des chemins differents vers le pouvoir etatique, en concurrence avec le monde des affaires. L’illustration est donnee par une etude de la politique des transports de la ville de New York a l’ere industrielle. Elle demontre que le secteur public local dispose de diverses assises pour s’assurer un pouvoir gouvernemental dans une politique de croissance. A cet egard, il modere les theories sur le privilege des entreprises dans une politique democratique et definit comment la dynamique du secteur public donne un pouvoir aux representants locaux.
The Fbi, Mowm, and Core, 1941-1946:

Recent scholarship has traced the origin of federal political surveillance of citizens by what was then called the Bureau of Investigation to the period of the "Red Scare" immediately after World War I (Williams, 1981, pp. 560-579). This type of spying went beyond the bureau's statutory authority, which includes only the activities of persons in violation of federal laws. In 1924, J. Edgar Hoover stated that "theoretically" the bureau could not get involved in noncriminal activities, but as American participation in World War II neared, Hoover, using recently issued presidential directives as authority, began claiming a much wider scope for the bureau's activities. By 1940, he believed that the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) had jurisdiction over "subversive activities" and other "movements detrimental to the national security" (Lowenthal, 1950, p. 444). Actually, as one scholar and critic of the FBI points out, the presidential directives, issued in 1936 and 1939, authorized investigative work only involving communism and fascism, not "subversive activities and related matters," as Hoover and the bureau later claimed. Armed with the directives, however, Hoover began planning an elaborate program of surveillance that "would focus on domestic political or trade union activities deemed subversive by FBI personnel" (Theoharis, 1976, pp. 649-659; Theoharis, 1978, p. 67). It was also during the World War II period that the FBI began the illegal use of wiretaps under authority from the president, who distrusted some of his associates and wanted information about critics of his foreign policy (Bernstein, 1976, p. 63).
Association of antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs with Q-T interval prolongation.

Purpose. The association of antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs with Q-T interval prolongation is reviewed. Summary. Prolongation of the Q-T interval can be of particular concern to practitioners when prescribing antidepressants and antipsychotics. Patients may be at a greater risk for developing fatal arrhythmias when taking many of these drugs. In general, antipsychotics cause Q-T interval prolongation at a higher rate than do antidepressants. The typical antipsychotics thioridazine, pimozide, and intravenous haloperidol all have the highest potential for Q-T interval prolongation. The tricyclic antidepressants have a higher rate of Q-T interval prolongation than do selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), particularly at higher concentrations and in cases of overdose. In addition, nonpharmacologic risk factors such as existing heart disease, female sex, electrolyte abnormalities, hepatic insufficiency, and stimulant drug abuse contribute to the risk for developing these arrhythmias, as do pharmacologic factors such as multidrug therapy and high dosages of drugs known to prolong the Q-T interval. Risk factors may be identified in the patient’s history and demographic information. However, all pharmacists may not have this information readily available to them. Conclusion. Antipsychotics cause Q-Tc interval prolongation at a higher rate than do antidepressants, and the typical anti-psychotics thioridazine, pimozide, and i.v. haloperidol all have the highest potential for Q-Tc interval prolongation. Tricyclic antidepressants have a higher rate of Q-Tc interval prolongation than do the SSRIs, particularly at higher concentrations and in overdose situations. The frequency of adverse events associated with drug-induced Q-T interval prolongation is unknown.
Psychometric Properties of the Washington University Sentence Completion Test

The psychometric properties of the two halves the Washington University Sentence Completion Test (SCT) Form 81 were examined by comparing the fit of structural equation models representing parallel, tau-equivalent, and congeneric properties. Data for these models were based on item-sum scores for the two halves of the SCT and eight measures of aspects of ego development, the construct purportedly measured by the SCT. The data were from a sample of 265 adults. The results suggest that the parallel model provides both a parsimonious and good fit for the data. These results provide empirical justification for those users of the SCe who have the need for shorter, interchangeable, and reliable forms of the test.
Transmembrane and soluble isoforms of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor regulate distinct processes in the pancreas.

Background & Aims Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor–like growth factor (HB-EGF) is produced as a type-I, single-pass transmembrane protein that can be cleaved to release a diffusible peptide. HB-EGF, often overexpressed in damaged or diseased epithelium, is normally expressed in pancreatic islets, but its function is not understood. Methods To understand the function of each isoform of HB-EGF, we made transgenes expressing either a constitutively transmembrane or a constitutively secreted protein. Results The transmembrane isoform was not an inert precursor protein, but a functional molecule, downregulating the glucose-sensing apparatus of pancreatic islets. Conversely, the secreted form of HB-EGF improved islet function, but had severe fibrotic and neoplastic effects on surrounding tissues. Each isoform had a more severe phenotype than that of full-length HB-EGF, even though the full-length protein was efficiently cleaved, thus producing both isoforms, suggesting that a level of regulation was lost by separating the isoforms. Conclusions This work demonstrates that islet function depends on the ratio of cleaved to uncleaved HB-EGF and that the transmembrane intermediate, while deleterious to islet function, is necessary to restrict action of soluble HB-EGF away from surrounding tissue.
Kinetics of Oxygen Reduction on an Epitaxial Film of Palladium on Pt(111)

The kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction on epitaxial thin films of Pd on Pt(111) was studied using the rotating ring-disk electrode technique. The results for the pseudomorphic monolayer of Pd are compared to those of the unmodified Pt(111) surface, both surfaces having nominally identical 2D structures. In an electrolyte containing a nonabsorbing anion, 0.5 M HClO4, the pseudomorphic layer of Pd has a somewhat lower (ca. factor of 2) activity than Pt(111). In an electrolyte containing an anion which is strongly adsorbing on Pt(111), 0.5 M H2SO4, the inhibition due to anion absorption is even greater on the pseudomorphic monolayer of Pd than on the unmodified Pt(111) surface. This additional inhibition is attributed to the difference in the potential of zero charge (pzc) between the two surfaces, the Pt(111) having the more positive pzc.
Precise excision and transposition of piggyBac in pink bollworm embryos.

Transposable elements such as P, hobo, Hermes, mariner and Minos have been successfully harnessed as gene vectors to achieve the transformation of several dipteran species including Drosophila melanogaster, Ceratitis capitata and Aedes aegypti. Plasmid-based excision and transposition assays have been useful indicators of an element's ability to be mobilized in vivo and thus potentially serve as a transforming vector. We report that the transposable element piggyBac is capable of precise excision and transposition in the pink bolloworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), a worldwide pest of cultivated cotton. Combined with a suitble marker gene, the piggyBac element may serve as a vector for germline transformation in this and (potentially) other lepidopteran species.
NITROGEN METABOLISM IN LAKES I. MEASUREMENT OF NITROGEN FIXATION WITH N151

A method for measuring the rates of nitrogen fixation in samples of lake water using N15 as a tracer is described, and a detailed description of glassware required is provided. The nitrogen present in the water is removed by flushing with Hc-O mixture and then replaced by the labeled nitrogen. After incubation and treatment, the isotope ratio in the organic material is determined on a mass spectrometer. Analyses of lake water and (NH4) SO4 as isotope ratio blanks are described and a resume of statistical data from these analyses is presented.
Two strategies of position and force control for two industrial robots handling a single object

Abstract The simultaneous position and force control problem for two industrial robots in handling a single object is studied in this paper. Two strategies, position-position control and position-force control, are first proposed. Stability analysis is then conducted for the strategies. Both strategies result in a stable system for simple robotic models. Steady state error is also studied for the strategies. Finally, experimental results are presented to evaluate the two strategies.
The dominant drive for the zonal circulation on Venus may not be solar heating in the clouds of the middle atmosphere

Abstract To provide a diagnostic link between spacecraft observations of the current state of the atmosphere and the question of what maintains the superrotating general circulation, two possible zonal mean meridional circulations for Venus have been calculated from radiation and structure models constructed to closely represent observations. The deduced meridional circulations are a measure of the dynamical importance of radiative heating as a function of altitude, and provide constraints for evaluating general circulation models. The vertical mass transport derived assuming latitude-independent IR cooling is compared to that derived assuming the distribution of cooling with latitude suggested by Pioneer Venus (PV) probe measurements. Both indicate that the radiative drive in the deep atmosphere can be more effective for driving meridional circulation than the solar heating in the clouds. The PV distribution of cooling substantially augments the solar radiative drive for the circulation in the deep atmosphere.
Electronic and Steric Effects on the Reductive Elimination of Diaryl Ethers from Palladium(II)

Arylpalladium aryloxide complexes containing sterically and electronically varied phosphine ligands were prepared, and the rates for reductive elimination of diaryl ethers from these complexes were studied to determine the ligand properties that most strongly accelerate this unusual reaction. Electronic and steric effects were probed by preparing monomeric palladium complexes of the type (L)Pd(Ar)(OAr‘), in which L = DPPF (1,1‘-bis-diphenylphosphinoferrocene), CF3-DPPF (1,1‘-bis[di(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)phosphino]ferrocene), and D-t-BPF (1,1‘-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)ferrocene) and Ar = electron-deficient and electron-neutral aryl groups. Direct C−O bond-forming reductive elimination to form diaryl ethers in high yield was observed after warming the complexes that contained an electron-deficient aryl group bound to palladium. The rate constant for C−O bond-forming reductive elimination from the CF3-DPPF-ligated palladium complex was twice that obtained for the analogous DPPF-ligated complex. Reducti...
Application of Evanescent Wave Scattering to the Study of the Motion of Liposomes near a Solid Surface

Abstract This report presents measurements and calculations of dynamic light scattering of evanescent waves from negatively and positively charged liposomes diffusing near a glass-solution interface. Scattering from the glass interface provides the reference beam for heterodyne detection. The measured short time decay of the autocorrelation functions for negatively charged liposomes is consistent with the response calculated using a model with unrestricted diffusion in half space with reflecting boundary conditions at the glass interface. In contrast, positively charged liposomes show significant deviations from the model predictions. In both cases, the short time response is significantly slower than the bulk value. The diffusion coefficient of negatively charged liposomes is nearly independent of the scattering angle. The technique gives information on the effects of "association" with the interface on the diffusive motion near an interface.
Heterogeneity in associations between macronutrient intake and lipoprotein profile in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate associations between macronutrient intake and lipoprotein profile among individuals with type 2 diabetes who participated in the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study (SLVDS) or the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Diet was assessed by 24-h recall in the SLVDS (n = 421) and by validated food frequency interview in the IRAS (n = 437). Analyses adjusted for kilocalories, age, sex, and other covariates were conducted separately for the two study groups. For the SLVDS, repeated observations were included in mixed model analyses (865 observations). For the IRAS, standard regression analyses were conducted. Recent weight history and time of diabetes diagnosis were evaluated as possible modifiers of associations between nutrient intake and lipoprotein profile. RESULTS: Higher reported intake of total dietary fat was related to significantly higher levels of LDL cholesterol (P 5 lb, n = 87) during the previous year in the IRAS. CONCLUSIONS: Toward the goal of optimizing the lipoprotein profile of individuals with diabetes, these results emphasize the potential importance of reducing fat intake while recognizing that individualized approaches to diet are important to minimize the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Petrogenesis of mare basalts - A record of lunar volcanism

The classification, sources, and overall petrogenesis of mare basalts are reviewed. All mare basalt analyses are used to define a sixfold classification scheme using TiO2 contents as the primary division. A secondary division is made using Al2O3 contents, and a tertiary division is defined using K contents. Such divisions and subdivisions yield a classification containing 12 categories, of which six are accounted for by the existing Apollo and Luna collections. A variety of postmagma-generation such as fractional crystallization, either alone or combined with wallrock assimilation, are invoked to explain the compositional ranges of the various mare basalt suites. High-Ti mare basalts are found at Apollo 1 and Apollo 17 sites; the A-11 basalts contain lower TiO2 abundances, a considerably larger range in trace-element contents, and the only occurrence of high-Ti/high-K mare basalts. The low-Ti basalts exhibit a wide range of major-and trace-element compositions and require source heterogeneity, fractional crystallization, and some assimilation.
Assessing Multiracial Identity Theory and Politics: The Challenge of Hypodescent

It is increasingly possible to detect a split in regard to current analyses of multiracial identity in the United States. On the one hand there remains a relatively naOve brand of multiracial activ...
Influence of contact configuration in fretting fatigue testing

Fretting fatigue tests are typically performed using either a flat-on-flat or a cylinder-on-flat contact configuration. To obtain a better understanding of the behavior of these two configurations, both contact configurations were imposed simultaneously on opposite sides of a fretting fatigue specimen under the same nominal contact load. The evolution of the surface and subsurface damage on both sides was characterized by measuring the frictional force/displacement hysteresis, and by post-test examination with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Tests were performed on PH 13-8 Mo, a high strength martensitic stainless steel. Although the major fatigue crack which led to specimen failure always occurred at a cylinder-on-flat contact, a crack was often observed at a flat-on-flat site. Significant differences in the early evolution of damage between the two contact configurations were observed.
Destruction of acetone using a small-scale arcjet plasma torch

A small-scale thermal plasma torch has been constructed to determine the feasibility of its use to dispose of hazardous solvent wastes. The system has been studied using acetone as a test compound. The plasma jet is generated using argon and a commercial AC/DC welding supply. The system is operated using torch currents ranging from 50 to 200 A and solvent flow rates in the range 0--200 ml/h. Oxygen is added to alter the chemistry occurring in the reaction chamber. The destruction of acetone and the relative amounts of the reaction by-products are monitored using a residual gas analyzer. The pyrolysis products consist primarily of CO, CH{sub 4}, C{sub 2}H{sub 2}, C{sub 2}H{sub 4}, and other C{sub x}H{sub y} radicals when no oxygen is added to the system. By adding oxygen to the system, thermal oxidation processes occur that increase the production of CO{sub 2} and significantly decrease the amount of acetone in the exhaust gases. This paper includes data on the destruction efficiency of acetone as a function of solvent flow rate, torch power, argon flow rate and oxygen injection rate. The results indicate that greater than 99% destruction efficiency of acetone can be achieved with addition of oxygen tomore » the reaction mixture using an arcjet current of 75 A.« less