cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Electronic Structure of ScOn- (n = 1−4) and YOn- (n = 1−5): Strong Electron Correlation Effects in ScO-and YO-

A photoelectron spectroscopic study of ScOn- (n = 1−4) and YOn- (n = 1−5) was carried out at three photon energies: 532, 355, and 266 nm. Vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectra were obtained for ScO- and YO-. The electron affinities of both ScO and YO were measured to be identical (1.35 eV) within the experimental accuracy (±0.02 eV). Three low-lying excited states were observed for the monoxides, A‘2Δ, A2Π, and B2Σ+. The latter two excited states resulted from two-electron detachment, suggesting unusually strong electron correlation (configuration interaction) effects in the ground state of the anions. The excitation energies of the low-lying states were also found to be similar for the two monoxides except that YO has a smaller vibrational frequency and larger spin−orbit splitting. The A‘2Δ states of both ScO and YO show very strong photon energy-dependent detachment cross sections. Four similar photoelectron features were observed for the dioxides with those of YO2- having lower binding energies...
Chelation controlled reactions of Et2AlCl and carbomethoxy substituted dioxolanes

Abstract Chelation controlled, regioselective transfer of an alkyl group from one equivalent of Et 2 AlCl to the ketal carbon of 1 was observed by variable temperature NMR studies. The steric difference betwen the two R groups in 1 appears to mediate the stereochemical outcome of products 2 . The intermediacy of chlorinated products is also reported.
Compliance with disulfiram treatment of alcoholism

One hundred twenty-four men were randomly assigned to receive disulfiram with a riboflavin marker or riboflavin alone. During a one year follow-up urine specimens were collected at each visit and analyzed for riboflavin. There was a strong relationship between excellent attendance and infrequent drinking. For subjects taking disulfiram there was a high correlation between a subject submitting 15 or more positive urines during follow-up and infrequent drinking. For the disulfiram patients there was also a strong relationship between continuous usage of disulfiram and infrequent drinking. However, the correlation between percentage of urine specimens positive for the riboflavin marker and infrequent drinking was slight. This occurred because a person who was drinking tended to return for follow-up only when he was not drinking and thus submitted only a few specimens of which the majority were positive. We conclude that (1) excellent attendance, (2) submission of a large number of positive urines and (3) a period of continuous compliance to the disulfiram regimen were highly associated with infrequent drinking.
The Making of the ‘Symbol Emperor System’ in Postwar Japan

The imperial institution's capacity for survival, despite the many transformations in Japanese society and politics over the past thirteen hundred years, has few parallels in the history of human institutions. In 1965 the Imperial Household Agency could legitimately claim that the structure for managing the palace even today, though changed several times, including the ‘epoch-making’ renovation of 1947, could be traced back to the Taihō Institutes of 701.
Expanded carrier screening and the law of unintended consequences: from cystic fibrosis to fragile X.

Expanded carrier screening and the law of unintended consequences: From cystic fibrosis to fragile X
Systemic lymphoblastic response to antithymocyte globulin in renal allograft recipients: an initial report.

Abstract Three renal transplant recipients developed marked, multiple lymph node enlargement during or soon after intensive horse antihuman thymocyte globulin (ATG) therapy. This lymphoproliferative disorder is morphologically indistinguishable from malignant lymphoma of histiocytic type but is clinically different since rapid regression occurred without antitumor therapy. The disease exhibited a benign clinical course.
Fluctuations in the polysome content of gamma-irradiated Tetrahymena pyriformis

Summary Sublethal doses of gamma-radiation lead to a rapid, dose-dependent decrease in the polysome content of Tetrahymena pyriformis , followed by an increase to normal and supra-normal levels. The radiation-induced disaggregation of the polysomes is prevented by cycloheximide, but not by puromycin. The post-irradiation recovery is prevented by actinomycin D. These data suggest that radiation decreased the rate of initiation of protein synthesis relative to the rate of elongation and that the later increase in the polysome content may require new RNA synthesis.
Asymmetric solute transport and solvent flux in dual-skinned hollow fiber membranes

Dual-skinned hollow fiber membranes were produced with thin skins on both the inner (lumenal) and outer surfaces of an annular macroporous matrix. These dual-skinned membranes demonstrated a clear directional selectivity with sieving coefficients that were dramatically different in the two flow directions (shell-to-lumen and lumen-to-shell). Unlike the incidental directional selectivity previously reported with single-skinned reverse osmosis membranes, sieving coefficients in both directions are controllable by varying the properties of the two skin layers. The directional sieving behavior of these membranes is a result of the directional nature of the convective solute transport across a membrane having two skin layers with different effective pore sizes. Internal concentration polarization significantly increases solute sieving coefficients when flow occurs through the more open skin layer first, but is largely absent when the flow is in the other direction. The internal concentration polarization also has a strong effect on the solvent flux through these membranes causing large directional differences in flux during filtration of a dilute macromolecular solution. The unique transport characteristics of these dual-skinned membranes thus provide an extraordinarily powerful tool for the design and development of novel membrane devices and processes that exploit the directional selectivity of these new membrane structures.
Using Film Clips as Cases to Teach the Rise and “Decline” of the State

The nation-state has been an important institution in international politics for at least 500 years. Yet teaching traditional undergraduates about the state is a challenge. In addressing this challenge in a comparative politics seminar and an introductory survey, film has been an effective way to help students engage questions about the rise of the state and its possible decline as a site of loyalty. As part of a strategy encouraging active learning, I used film clips as cases, which aided students’ critical thinking and allowed the incorporation of comparative politics and constructivist scholarship into the classroom. Portions of the films Henry V, Elizabeth , and The Mission helped provoke discussions about the rise of the state in the early modern period. A scene from Saving Private Ryan helped students to question whether the alleged decline of the state is a reality and what the implications of decline might be. Integrating film in the classroom requires intentional effort and thought about pedagogical purposes, but it can encourage students to reflect upon ethical choices vis-a-vis the state in their own lives.
Rotational spectrum, nuclear quadrupole coupling constants, and structure of six isotopomers of the argon-chlorocyclobutane van der Waals complex

Abstract The Fourier Transform Pulsed Jet Microwave spectra of the argon-chlorocyclobutane van der Waals complex have been assigned for six isotopomers. These include the 35 Cl and 37 Cl each with four 12 Cs in the ring plus the four isotopomers of the 35 Cl with one 13 C at each position in the ring. The spectroscopic constants for the Ar- 12 C 4 H 7 35 Cl complex are A =2675.2641(6) MHz, B =977. 8306(3) MHz, C =764.9382(2) MHz; Δ J =1.737(1), Δ JK =7.176(6), Δ K =15.28(2), δ J =0.4148(6), δ K =6.61(3) kHz; and χ aa =28.011(6) MHz, ( χ bb – χ cc )=−80.378(6) MHz, χ ab =−22.8(1) MHz, χ ac =−5.4(7) MHz and χ bc =−26.47(9) MHz. The structure of the ground vibrational state of the complex has an equatorial chlorine as in the non-complexed ring and the argon coordinates are a =1.267 A, b =2.824 A and c =2.517 A in the principal axis system of the monomer ring. The chlorine coordinate in this axis system is a =1.66, b =0.0 and c =0.08 A. The argon is exo to the ring 2.4 A above the C–Cl bond but 2.8 A to the side of the plane of symmetry of the chlorocyclobutane monomer. Argon is within the van der Waals radii of the nearest cross-ring methylene hydrogen and outside the van der Waals radii of chlorine. It is not directly above the ring as has been observed in other four-membered ring complexes. The off-diagonal quadrupole moment of the monomer, chlorocyclobutane, has been measured, χ ac =32.0(6) MHz. The quadrupole tensor for the chlorine in the complex was fit including all three off diagonal elements. The van der Waals bond does not significantly perturb the electronic gradients at the chlorine nucleus of the monomer, since each element of the quadrupole tensor measured for the complex, except one small off-diagonal constant, is within 3% of that projected onto the complex from chlorocyclobutane. The argon position is also consistent with the observation and intensities of a , b , and c -type rotational transitions from the projection of the monomer dipole moment onto the complex principal axis system.
Crystal nucleation and the crystalmelt interfacial tension in linear hydrocarbons

Recent results on the homogeneous nucleation of crystals in n-alkane (CnH2n+2) melts are used in conjunction with simple nucleation theory to calculate scaled crystal-melt interfacial tensions, α (n), per CH2 group. α(n) falls off smoothly and, at first, sharply with n increasing to 12–15, where it levels and remains roughly constant at ca. 0.15 to n = 32, at least. We show that these results are accounted for satisfactorily by the Spaepen-Meyer negentropic model for the crystal-melt tension, if it is assumed that there is high probability for the occurrence, within the melt, of planar conformations persisting for 14–15 C atoms.
In Vitro Endothelial Differentiation of Long‐Term Cultured Murine Embryonic Yolk Sac Cells Induced by Matrigel

The yolk sac of an early mammalian embryo contains progenitors of hematopoietic cells and vascular endothelial cells. We established a cell line, YS4, from murine embryonic yolk sac 10 years ago. The line has been successfully cultured since then. To determine whether these long-term cultured yolk sac cells still have the potential to differentiate into endothelial cells, an in vitro model of yolk sac cell differentiation into tubeforming endothelial cells was established in the present study by culturing the yolk sac cells on basement membrane proteins (Matrigel). The results indicate that upon plating onto Matrigel, YS4 cells attach quickly, align in tandem, and form a complete network of capillary structures within 12 h. By using antibodies against the known components of Matrigel in a tube formation inhibition assay, we found that extracellular matrix proteins such as laminin, collagen IV, vitronectin, and fibronectin are the most important components in the Matrigel which induce the yolk sac cells to undergo endothelial differentiation. New basement membrane proteins are also required for the endothelial differentiation process, as indicated by the fact that base membrane protein synthesis inhibitor, D609, can block the differentiation process. Furthermore, our experiments revealed the involvement of several signal transduction pathways, such as protein kinase A, C and protein tyrosine kinase in this differentiation process.
Early Detection of Tumor Vascular Response to Anti-Angiogenic Drugs with Optical Tomography

Using optical tomography we have imaged early vascular responses to anti-angiogenic treatments in a small animal tumor model. Optical images acquired from 1 to 7 days after drug administration show measurable changes in hemoglobin concentration.
Narrow spectral linewidth surface grating DBR diode lasers

Surface-etched grating distributed Bragg reflector diode lasers with spectral linewidths of less than 100 kHz are described. Laser diodes operating on multiple narrow lines suitable for optical heterodyning in the THz range are presented.
A Cross-cultural Comparison of the Dimensions of Child and Adolescent Life Satisfaction Reports

The factorial invariance of the Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (MSLSS: Huebner, 1994) across two divergent cultures (collectivistic vs. individualistic) was investigated with 835 Korean and 822 US students in elementary, middle, and high schools. Psychometric properties of the Korean version of the MSLSS were acceptable. A series of multisampleconfirmatory factor analyses (MCFA) demonstrated the cross-cultural similarity of the five-factor model for students’ life satisfaction. The similar structure of MSLSS across cultural groups provides the basis for meaningful international comparisons of life satisfaction among children and adolescents. Further cross-cultural research including various culturally sensitive life satisfaction domains may enhance understanding of cultural differences in the structure, correlates, and consequences related to students’ life satisfaction.
Altered fatty acid concentrations in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients.

Abstract Background Disturbances in prefrontal cortex phospholipid and fatty acid composition have been reported in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ), often as an incomplete lipid profile or a percent of total lipid concentration. In this study, we quantified absolute concentrations (nmol/g wet weight) and fractional concentrations (i.e. percent of total fatty acids) of several lipid classes and their constituent fatty acids in postmortem prefrontal cortex of SCZ patients ( n = 10) and age-matched controls ( n = 10). Methods Lipids were extracted, fractionated with thin layer chromatography and assayed. Results Mean total lipid, phospholipid, individual phospholipids, plasmalogen, triglyceride and cholesteryl ester concentrations did not differ significantly between the groups. Compared to controls, SCZ brains showed significant increases in several monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid absolute concentrations in cholesteryl ester. Significant increases or decreases occurred in palmitoleic, linoleic, γ-linolenic and n-3 docosapentaenoic acid absolute concentrations in total lipids, triglycerides or phospholipids. Changes in fractional concentrations did not consistently reflect absolute concentration changes. Conclusion These findings suggest disturbed prefrontal cortex fatty acid absolute concentrations, particularly within cholesteryl esters, as a pathological aspect of schizophrenia.
THE EFFECT OF LEVELS OF AUTOMATION ON SUPERVISORY PERFORMANCE IN A MULTI-TASK ENVIRONMENT

Supervisors of highly automated systems monitor the performance of numerous sub-systems and intervene only when a sub-system fails. Such intervention, or fault management, requires the collection of information from multiple, dispersed, data sources. Fault management is supported by automated data monitoring, data location, and response recommendations following sub-system failure. The present study compared fault management across various levels of automated information management in a multi-task environment. In Experiment 1, participants presented simple problems and relatively ineffective assistance, continued to consult the primary data displays with little performance improvement and no automation bias. In Experiment 2, when required to manage more complex data with an apparently reliable decision aid, performance was not improved by the decision aid but responses to false alarms increased. Workload assessed by performance on concurrent tasks did not decrease in either experiment.
Assay of cardiotonic drugs by a chick embryo method.

Previous work indicates that chick embryos may be useful as test animals in the bioassay of cardiotonic drugs. By utilizing a three-dose assay design, a technique has been evolved that demonstrates a reasonable correlation of per cent response, dose, and time by chick embryos. A comparison of therapeutic doses of cardiotonic drugs to standard digitalis tincture is closely paralleled by a comparison of chick embryo LD50 doses with the same reference standard. In view of these findings, in addition to simplicity of the technique, a chick embryo assay of cardiotonic drugs is proposed.
On the coupling of fluid dynamics and electromagnetism at the top of the earth's core

A kinematic approach to short-term geomagnetism has recently been based upon pre-Maxwell frozen-flux electromagnetism. A complete dynamic theory requires coupling fluid dynamics to electromagnetism. A geophysically plausible simplifying assumption for the vertical vorticity balance, namely that the vertical Lorentz torque is negligible, is introduced and its consequences are developed. The simplified coupled magnetohydrodynamic system is shown to conserve a variety of magnetic and vorticity flux integrals. These provide constraints on eligible models for the geomagnetic main field, its secular variation, and the horizontal fluid motions at the top of the core, and so permit a number of tests of the underlying assumptions.
A PSEUDO-2-FLUID THEORY OF LIQUID MIXTURES

A statistical theory of fluid mixtures is derived which is able to predict the excess enthalpy of binary liquid mixtures accurately from volumetric data. The treatment is a modification of the methodology developed by Flory and coworkers, in which the van der Waals energy-volume relationship is replaced by the more general expression, E=-a/Vm. The exponent m is postulated to be a fundamental property of each liquid component and the value of m for a binary mixture is assumed to be a volume fraction averaged function of the values of m for the individual components. The mixture is treated as being composed of two pseudocomponents whose potential energies and properties are not quite the same as those of the pure components from which they are derived. The theory permits the interaction energy between two like molecules in a mixture to vary with concentration.
Will silicon remain the dominant electronics material for the entire 21st century? [The Way I See it]

Will a novel material completely overtake silicon (Si) during this century? Will Silicon Valley be renamed Graphene Valley? That is the fundamental question that nanotechnology researchers face today. For this to happen, the novel materials have a lot to prove. Si has been the dominant electronics material since the latter half of the 20th century. Without the development of the Si chip, we would not be able to function as we do today. Modern-day devices using Si include: mobile phones, personal computers, wireless local area networks (LANs), and DVD players, to name a few. Not only has the commercial sector benefitted from Si technology but so has the military, which has been able to enhance their tracking and navigation systems for planes, ships, and submarines using miniature Si chips. Not long ago, Si won the CNN poll for the most influential invention, with 24% of the people voting for it.
Domingos Álvares, African Healing, and the Intellectual History of the Atlantic World

Domingos Alvares, African Healing, and the Intellectual History of the Atlantic World, by James H. Sweet, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2011, xvii + 300 pp., US$37.50 (hardback),...
A universal ordered NoC design platform for shared-memory MPSoC

Shared memory is the predominant programming model in today's MPSoCs. However, existing SoC on-chip communication standards like AMBA relies on the interconnect for ordering. This is a problem as the number of actors increases, as traditional simple interconnects like buses and crossbars do not scale, yet scalable distributed NoCs are inherently unordered. Without built-in ordering capability from NoC, cache coherence protocols have to rely on external ordering points which can forward the requests so that every cache observes the requests in the same order. Such ordering points incur significant scalability issues though, such as indirection latency or communication hotspots in the network. In this paper, we propose a universal ordered NoC platform for shared-memory MPSoC designs to provide coherence request ordering in addition to communication. The proposed solution is based on a separate light-weight ordering network to establish the global request order which the receiving NIC leverages for delivering requests. The proposed solution provides a comprehensive support for general network topologies and various levels of memory consistency, while adhering to existing cache coherence protocol standards. The full-system simulation with heterogeneous MPSoC Rodinia benchmarks shows that it reduces the request latency by 37.6% and 35.7% over ordering points in 2D-mesh and butterfly fat tree topologies, respectively. This translates to overall runtime improvements of 17.8% and 12.0% in each topology, for a 36-node and 32-node MPSoC respectively.
A Simplified Dual Cycloconverter

This work explains the concept of a simple cycloconverter. It is proved that one controlled rectifier supplying a bridge inverter performs similarly to a conventional cycloconverter if the converter output-voltage modulation and the inverter switching sequency are synchronized. While the required firing system remains almost unchanged, the number of power solid-state components is significantly reduced. A three-phase 1-to 5-Hz 5-kVA unit was built and typical oscillograms are presented.
Perforin competent CD8 T cells are sufficient to cause immune-mediated blood-brain barrier disruption.

Numerous neurological disorders are characterized by central nervous system (CNS) vascular permeability. However, the underlying contribution of inflammatory-derived factors leading to pathology associated with blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption remains poorly understood. In order to address this, we developed an inducible model of BBB disruption using a variation of the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) model of multiple sclerosis. This peptide induced fatal syndrome (PIFS) model is initiated by virus-specific CD8 T cells and results in severe CNS vascular permeability and death in the C57BL/6 mouse strain. While perforin is required for BBB disruption, the cellular source of perforin has remained unidentified. In addition to CD8 T cells, various innate immune cells also express perforin and therefore could also contribute to BBB disruption. To investigate this, we isolated the CD8 T cell as the sole perforin-expressing cell type in the PIFS model through adoptive transfer techniques. We determined that C57BL/6 perforin−/− mice reconstituted with perforin competent CD8 T cells and induced to undergo PIFS exhibited: 1) heightened CNS vascular permeability, 2) increased astrocyte activation as measured by GFAP expression, and 3) loss of linear organization of BBB tight junction proteins claudin-5 and occludin in areas of CNS vascular permeability when compared to mock-treated controls. These results are consistent with the characteristics associated with PIFS in perforin competent mice. Therefore, CD8 T cells are sufficient as a sole perforin-expressing cell type to cause BBB disruption in the PIFS model.
Modeling Long-Term Transport of Contaminants Resulting from Dissolution of a Coal Tar Pool in Saturated Porous Media

In this study, a three-dimensional mathematical model for simulating the transport of dissolved contaminants originating from an elliptic-shaped coal tar pool in homogeneous saturated porous media is developed. The methodology of the solution is based on a semianalytical approach that assumes the contaminant source input can be represented by the superposition of a series of consecutive short dissolution pulses. The model accounts for possible solidification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds as the coal tar pool dissolves. A circular-shaped synthetic coal tar pool consisting of 22 components is used for model simulation. Simulations show that even after 130 years of dissolution, the coal tar pool remains a potential groundwater pollution threat despite a significant reduction in overall pool volume.
Development of a method for the determination of glycine in human cerebrospinal fluid using pre-column derivatization and LC–MS/MS

An LC-MS/MS method using pre-column derivatization with phenylisothiocyanate (PITC) was developed to quantify glycine in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and applied to the determination of glycine in human samples collected during clinical testing. The calibration curve range for the assay was 50-10,000 ng/mL and ¹³C₂¹⁵N-glycine was used as an internal standard. Artificial CSF was used as a surrogate matrix for standards due to the presence of endogenous glycine in human CSF and this approach was validated with additional experiments involving either standard addition, or stable labeled glycine as an alternate calibration standard for endogenous glycine. Interday bias (% RE) and precision (% CV) were -4.2 and 12.3% at the LLOQ, and less than ±0.9 and 8.3% for higher concentrations, respectively. Glycine was stable in artificial CSF for at least 5h at room temperature, 55 days at -70 °C (-60 to -80 °C range), and through three freeze-thaw cycles.
Seasonal cycles of dissolved constituents in streamwater in two forested catchments in the mid-Atlantic region of the eastern USA

Abstract Streamwater discharge and chemistry of two small catchments on Catoctin Mountain in north-central Maryland have been monitored since 1982. Repetitive seasonal cycles in stream-water chemistry have been observed each year, along with seasonal cycles in the volume of stream discharge and in groundwater levels. The hypothesis that the observed streamwater chemical cycles are related to seasonal changes in the hydrological flow paths that contribute to streamflow is examined using a combination of data on groundwater levels, shallow and deep groundwater chemistry, streamwater discharge, streamwater chemistry, soil-water chemistry, and estimates of water residence times. The concentrations of constituents derived from rock weathering, particularly bicarbonate and silica, increase in streamwater during the summer when the water table is below the regolith-bedrock interface and stream discharge consists primarily of deep groundwater from the fractured-bedrock aquifer. Conversely, the concentrations in streamwater of atmospherically derived components, particularly sulfate, increase in winter when the water table is above the regolith-bedrock interface and stream discharge consists primarily of shallow groundwater from the regolith. Tritium and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) measurements suggest that the groundwater in these systems is young, with a residence time of less than several years. The results of this study have implications for the design of large-scale water-quality monitoring programs.
Injury severity scales: overview and directions for future research

The utility of the AIS for classifying trauma patients according to the nature and extent of tissue damage is well documented. The development of the ISS has enhanced the utility of the AIS by making it possible to assess the overall severity of multiple injuries sustained by an individual. Several studies have confirmed the validity of the ISS as a predictor of mortality and length of hospital stay. When the ISS is used in conjunction with a physiological index such as the Trauma Score, its power to predict mortality increases significantly. The inter-rater reliability of the AIS derived from medical records was shown to be substantial for both clinicians as well as nonclinicians. It is important, however, that raters be properly trained and standardized prior to using the scale. Petrucelli et al have developed a training manual for use by crash investigators of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation. This manual can easily be adapted for use by those involved in EMS evaluation. With the development of an ICD-9-CM to AIS 80 conversion table, the application of the AIS to large computerized data bases will also become tenable. As more attention is focused on issues of long-term consequences of injury, however, it may become necessary to fine-tune existing scales or construct new ones. As discussed earlier in this paper, there is evidence that the AIS can be used to classify patients according to levels of disability and costs of medical care. The few studies that provide this evidence, however, are limited in scope and generalizability, as they focus on vehicular trauma only. In addition, most of these studies are based on small cross-sectional samples and do not use standardized measurements of functional status. Currently under way as a collaborative study between The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions and the Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services System is a longitudinal study of 600 young adult patients (ages 16-45) who sustained injuries severe enough to require hospitalization. One of the objectives of this study is to test the utility of the AIS/ISS in conjunction with measures of functional status at the time of hospital discharge for predicting changes in physical,mental, and social functioning of trauma patients up to one year following discharge and with direct costs associated with goods and services purchased as a result of the injury.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Localization of insulin in subcellular fractions of saurian endocrine pancreas

Abstract The secretory granules of the three major cell types in the splenic pancreas of the lizard Anolis carolinensis differ in their size distribution and electron density. Such differences might be useful for isolating a more homogeneous population of beta secretory granules than has been achieved with islet cells from other vertebrates. The localization of insulin during differential centrifugation and discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation was determined by radioimmunoassay of the fractions. The behavior of beta secretory granules of Anolis during differential centrifugation suggests differences in physical characteristics between anolian and rat beta granules. Similarly, the anolian beta granules exhibited a greater apparent density during centrifugation in sucrose gradients. Differential centrifugation resulted in a fraction containing the majority of insulin (about 40%), but there was significant contamination with mitochondrial, microsomal, and ribosomal components. Discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation resulted in a considerable reduction of the apparent mitochondrial contamination, but the occurrence of microsomal and ribosomal elements was still widespread. After density gradient centrifugations, the ultrastructural appearance of the beta granules in the insulin-rich fractions was variable. With the sucrose gradient employed many beta granules had more or less intact limiting membranes and the granules were generally similar to those observed in the whole pancreas. However, cores of granules, with and without surrounding matrix material, were frequently observed. The present findings suggest that future attempts to obtain isolated, intact beta granules from Anolis should include the possible utilization of size differences in the secretory granules of the islet cells in this species. In addition, an intact limiting membrane as a component of the beta granules should be a prerequisite for studies directed at assessing beta granule stability.
Calculation of plane steady transonic flows

Transonic small disturbance theory is used to solve for the flow past thin airfoils including cases with imbedded shock waves. The small disturbance equations and similarity rules are presented, and a boundary value problem is formulated for the case of a subsonic freestream Mach number. The governing transonic potential equation is a mixed (elliptic-hyperbolic) differential equation which is solved numerically using a newly developed mixed finite difference system. Separate difference formulas are used in the elliptic and hyperbolic regions to account properly for the local domain of dependence of the differential equation. An analytical solution derived for the far field is used as a boundary condition for the numerical solution. The difference equations are solved with a line relaxation algorithm. Shock waves, if any, and supersonic zones appear naturally during the iterative process. Results are presented for nonlifting circular arc airfoils and a shock free Nieuwland airfoil. Agreement with experiment for the circular arc airfoils, and exact theory for the Nieuwland airfoil is excellent.
Pharmacologic and Hemodynamic Effects of Combined β-Agonist Stimulation and Phosphodiesterase Inhibition in the Failing Human Heart

Study objectives We measured the individual and combined effects of the β-agonist dobutamine and the phosphodiesterase inhibitor enoximone both in vitro and in vivo in the failing human heart. Design This was an unblinded, prospective study. Setting and patients The in vitro measurements were performed on 20 hearts obtained from subjects with end-stage biventricular failure and from seven normal hearts. The in vivo measurements were performed in eight subjects with class IV heart failure. Interventions and measurements The in vitro measurements of enoximone, dobutamine, and the combination of these agents were phosphodiesterase activity using a sarcoplasmic reticulum-enriched preparation, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation using particulate fractions, and tension response using isolated right ventricular trabeculae. The dose response to dobutamine, the combination of enoximone and dobutamine, and the combination of nitroprusside and dobutamine were measured in vivo using invasive hemodynamic monitoring. Results In vitro , enoximone exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity. The addition of enoximone to dobutamine resulted in an upward and leftward shift of the dobutamine dose-response curve for both cAMP production and contractile response. In vivo , enoximone significantly shifted the dobutamine dose-response curves for cardiac index, left ventricular stroke work index, and heart rate upward and to the left; and shifted the dobutamine dose-response curves for right atrial, pulmonary arterial, and pulmonary wedge pressures downward and to the right. Conclusions Enoximone exerts favorable effects on cardiac performance that are additive to those produced by dobutamine. These effects are mediated by increasing cellular cAMP concentrations through independent, additive mechanisms.
Photochemical cleavage of metal—carbon nanocrystals and their reconstruction into met—cars clusters

Abstract Titanium and zirconium metal—carbon clusters are produced by laser vaporization in a pulsed nozzle source and detected with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In addition to the now-familiar “met-cars” stoichiometry (M8C12), larger magic number clusters are produced with near 1:1 metal—carbon ratios. The special stoichiometries observed correspond to face-centered cubic crystal fragments, with a strong preference for fragments with symmetrical x,y,z dimensions. Mass-selected photodissociation experiments are used to investigate the structural patterns and stabilities of these systems. Photodissociation of the larger “nanocrystal” clusters leads to cleavage along crystal planes, producing smaller crystals also having highly symmetric dimensions. Photoexcitation of all these crystallites, in particular the 3 × 3 × 3 species, also leads to surface reconstruction, forming the M8C12 met-cars cluster and/or the M8C13 cluster, the latter of which is assigned to a met—cars cage with an endohedral carbon atom.
P20-03. Identification of low frequency genetic variants during acute and early infection by parallel-allele specific sequencing

Methods To precisely quantify frequencies of low abundance variants, we characterized a large number of viral genomes from three HIV-1 infected individuals using a newly developed parallel allele-specific sequencing (PASS) assay that can simultaneously analyze thousands of viral genomes at multiple nucleoside positions and perform linkage analysis for those sites. Several unique positions (8–15) on each genome were analyzed among hundreds or thousands of viral genomes from each sample to determine minority viral populations.
Prion Protein Gene Variation Among Primates

Abstract Prion diseases are manifest as genetic, sporadic or infectious neurodegenerative disorders in humans and animals. The prolonged incubation times that accompany the transmission of prions between species are due, at least in part, to differences in prion protein (PrP) sequence. To examine the species barriers between non-human primates and humans, we sequenced the open reading frames (ORF) of 25 PrP genes from apes and monkeys. Comparison of the PrP genes of these animals with that of humans showed amino acid identities ranging from 92.9 to 99.6%. While phylograms of primate PrP sequences revealed a novel branching pattern for the apes, the genomic organization of all the primate PrP genes was similar, with the entire ORF contained within a single exon. Alignment of variant residues in primates, rodents and domestic animals showed no concordance with the mutations that segregate with human prion diseases or with polymorphisms that modulate disease in humans, mice and sheep. Most substitutions were conservative and, characteristically, clustered outside the four putative α-helical regions that are thought to form a four-helix bundle in the cellular isoform of PrP (PrP C ). Deletion of one of five Gly-Pro rich octarepeats from the N-terminus of PrP was seen in some species, while squirrel monkeys had an additional octarepeat; squirrel monkeys have been frequently used as experimental hosts for transmission of human prions. Alignment of primate and other mammalian PrP sequences suggests that codons between 90 and 130 have a profound influence on the transmissibility of prions from one species to another.
High School Psychology Students versus Non-High School Psychology Students in a College Introductory Class:

(1976). High School Psychology Students versus Non-High School Psychology Students in a College Introductory Class. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 172-174.
Directed nucleation assembly of DNA tile complexes for barcode-patterned lattices

The programmed self-assembly of patterned aperiodic molecular structures is a major challenge in nanotechnology and has numerous potential applications for nanofabrication of complex structures and useful devices. Here we report the construction of an aperiodic patterned DNA lattice (barcode lattice) by a self-assembly process of directed nucleation of DNA tiles around a scaffold DNA strand. The input DNA scaffold strand, constructed by ligation of shorter synthetic oligonucleotides, provides layers of the DNA lattice with barcode patterning information represented by the presence or absence of DNA hairpin loops protruding out of the lattice plane. Self-assembly of multiple DNA tiles around the scaffold strand was shown to result in a patterned lattice containing barcode information of 01101. We have also demonstrated the reprogramming of the system to another patterning. An inverted barcode pattern of 10010 was achieved by modifying the scaffold strands and one of the strands composing each tile. A ribbon lattice, consisting of repetitions of the barcode pattern with expected periodicity, was also constructed by the addition of sticky ends. The patterning of both classes of lattices was clearly observable via atomic force microscopy. These results represent a step toward implementation of a visual readout system capable of converting information encoded on a 1D DNA strand into a 2D form readable by advanced microscopic techniques. A functioning visual output method would not only increase the readout speed of DNA-based computers, but may also find use in other sequence identification techniques such as mutation or allele mapping.
Full Two-Dimensional Model for Rolling Resistance: Hard Cylinder on Viscoelastic Foundation of Finite Thickness

A new full two-dimensional semianalytical method is developed to rigorously and efficiently solve the problem of a rigid cylinder rolling with any given constant speed over a viscoelastic foundation of finite thickness. In this new method, the solution is expanded into a set of Fourier series, the master curves of G′ and G″ characterizing the general viscoelastic properties for a viscoelastic material are used to relate Fourier coefficients, and a special boundary element based on the Fourier series is developed to handle viscoelasticity and the rolling contact boundary condition. A verification example is given to validate the methodology. Several numerical examples are given to study the influences of various factors on rolling resistance. The method as well as the conclusions drawn from the examples may be of interest to roller and belt-conveyor designers. This approach can be easily generalized to solve the general rolling contact problems of two viscoelastic bodies.
Nucleotide sequence and analysis of the gene in Borrelia burgdorferi encoding the immunogenic P39 antigen

The P39 antigen is a specific, highly conserved, and immunogenic protein of Lyne disease spirochetes, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. The nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding this protein was determined and found to be the first of two tandemly arranged open reading frames located on the spirochete's chromosome. These two open reading frames were designated bmpA for the gene encoding P39 and bmpB for the gene encoding the putative protein ORF2 encoded by the second open reading frame. The nucleic acid sequence identity for the two open reading frames was 62% while their deduced amino acid sequences were 52% identical. Comparison to sequence data bases demonstrated that the deduced amino acid sequences of both P39 and ORF2 were homologous to TmpC, a putative outer or cytoplasmic membrane lipoprotein of the syphilis spirochete, Treponema pallidum.
Self-Reliance Before the Welfare State: Evidence from the Charity Organization Movement in the United States

thy" poor it would likely have happened in Indianapolis at the height of the charity organization movement. Mary MacKinnon examined a movement in Britain to shrink the systems of "public outdoor relief'-the tax-financed benefits in cash and in-kind that had been assisting the poor since the first Elizabeth. MacKinnon asked in particular if poor law unions, under the influence of charity organization societies, stood to gain in the 1860s by endorsing the substitution of outdoor relief with an expanded workhouse system. Likewise, in a book-length study, Robert Humphreys emphasized the finance and administration of organized charity rather more than the relief and labor-market experiences of the poor who took it. Still, Humphreys argued from aggregated, municipal-level evidence that organized charity "failed miserably" in its main concern: to build the self-reliance of the poor.' To date, economic historians have not examined the charity organization movement of the United States. And any household
Interactions between dissolved organic carbon and mercury species in surface waters of the Florida Everglades

Abstract An ultrafiltration procedure has been developed to study the interaction between organic C and Hg species in natural waters, and a pilot study was conducted in the surface waters of the Florida Everglades. Compared to total Hg, CH3Hg shows different distribution patterns in the suspended particulate, colloidal, and truly dissolved phases. Colloidal forms (0.22 μm, 3 kDa) contain the majority of the total dissolved Hg, while the amount found in the truly dissolved fraction (
Tonic immobility and skin color in anoles: effects of serotonin precursors and metabolites.

Abstract Previous studies have implicated a serotonergic neurochemical system in the control of tonic immobility. The present study examined the effects on immobility of peripheral injections of chemicals found in the various stages of serotonin synthesis and metabolism. Anoles (Anolis carolinensis) were selected to study because certain of these substances produce skin color changes in the anole, affording a check on the efficacy of the chemicals administered. Although tryptophan produced no significant changes, 5-hydroxytryptophan darkened the anole's skin and decreased the number of inductions required to produce tonic immobility. Serotonin also darkened the anole's skin, but produced little change in immobility. 5-Hydroxyindole acetic acid, N-acetylserotonin, and melatonin all significantly lengthened durations of tonic immobility and lightened skin color, and melatonin had the most profound effects on both. These findings suggest that the metabolic byproducts of serotonin, melatonin and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, may play a crucial role in the neurochemical control of tonic immobility.
Diffraction of intensity-modulated light in strongly scattering media in the presence of a "semi-infinite" absorbing or reflecting plane bounded by a straight edge

A simple model is developed, based on the diffusion approximation to the linear transport equation, which gives analytic expressions that describe the coherent propagation of sinusoidally intensity-modulated light through a strongly scattering, low absorbing, homogeneous, infinite medium in terms of the interaction coefficients of the medium. Previously, the analytical multiform solutions to Laplace's equation and the Helmholtz equation were derived respectively by Sommerfeld and Carslaw in their studies of electrostatics, sound, and heat to model intensity modulated light in the presence of an absorbing or reflecting `semi-infinite' plane bounded by a straight edge that is immersed in an infinite, strongly scattering, low absorbing, homogeneous medium. The model predictions are in good agreement with the present results of experiments performed on media consisting of IntralipidTM and skim milk emulsions containing minute quantities of black India ink and with Monte Carlo simulations. These studies provide a theoretical basis for the understanding of photon diffusion in tissues and allow the determination of conditions to obtain maximum resolution and penetration.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
From a state to a trait: Trajectories of state mindfulness in meditation during intervention predict changes in trait mindfulness☆☆☆

Theory suggests that heightening state mindfulness in meditation practice over time increases trait mindfulness, which benefits psychological health. We prospectively examined individual trajectories of state mindfulness in meditation during a mindfulness-based intervention in relation to changes in trait mindfulness and psychological distress. Each week during the eight-week intervention, participants reported their state mindfulness in meditation after a brief mindfulness meditation. Participants also completed pre- and post-intervention measures of trait mindfulness and psychological symptoms. Tests of combined latent growth and path models suggested that individuals varied significantly in their rates of change in state mindfulness in meditation during the intervention, and that these individual trajectories predicted pre-post intervention changes in trait mindfulness and distress. These findings support that increasing state mindfulness over repeated meditation sessions may contribute to a more mindful and less distressed disposition. However, individuals’ trajectories of change may vary and warrant further investigation.