cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TAXONOMIC CLARIFICATION AND PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF FLUMINICOLA COLORADENSIS MORRISON, A WIDELY RANGING WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN PEBBLESNAIL

ABSTRACT. Herein we clarify the taxonomy of Fluminicola coloradensis Morrison (1940), which was described for populations in the Green River and Bonneville basins but has also been treated as restricted to the former watershed and conspecific with (currently unassigned) Snake River basin populations of Fluminicola hindsi sensu Taylor (1966). Bayesian analyses of DNA sequences from 2 mitochondrial genes congruently resolved F. coloradensis and Snake River basin populations of F. hindsi sensu Taylor as a strongly supported, shallowly structured clade. Haplotypes were extensively shared by Bonneville, Snake River and Green River populations; AMOVA did not detect significant variation among basins for either gene. Morphological variation was minor. Based on these results, we assign the Snake River basin populations to F. coloradensis. We attribute the limited differentiation of widely ranging F. coloradensis to its well-integrated habitats and to dispersal mediated by geologically recent drainage transfers. T...
Solvent effects on chemical processes. 3. Surface tension of binary aqueous organic solvents

The surface tension of binary solvents is modelled by analogy to solvation effects arising from solvent-solute interactions. Competitive exchange equilibria are postulated between solvent component I (water) and solvent component 2 (organic cosolvent) for solute, which in this case is air; the solvation shell is thus the surface phase. A quantitative relationship is given between surface tension and mole fractions x1 and x2, the model parameters being exchange equilibrium constants K1 and K2. The equation is analyzed, it is applied to literature surface tension data, and it is compared with an earlier model from this laboratory. Curve-fits are very good, and the parameters appear to possess physical significance.
Ion channels and receptor as targets for the control of parasitic nematodes

Many of the anthelmintic drugs in use today act on the nematode nervous system. Ion channel targets have some obvious advantages. They tend to act quickly, which means that they will clear many infections rapidly. They produce very obvious effects on the worms, typically paralyzing them, and these effects are suitable for use in rapid and high-throughput assays. Many of the ion channels and enzymes targeted can also be incorporated into such assays. The macrocyclic lactones bind to an allosteric site on glutamate-gated chloride channels, either directly activating the channel or enhancing the effect of the normal agonist, glutamate. Many old and new anthelmintics, including tribendimidine and the amino-acetonitrile derivatives, act as agonists at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors; derquantel is an antagonist at these receptors. Nematodes express many different types of nicotinic receptor and this diversity means that they are likely to remain important targets for the foreseeable future. Emodepside may have multiple effects, affecting both a potassium channel and a pre-synaptic G protein-coupled receptor; although few other current drugs act at such targets, this example indicates that they may be more important in the future. The nematode nervous system contains many other ion channels and receptors that have not so far been exploited in worm control but which should be explored in the development of effective new compounds.
Improving specificity of computed tomography in diagnosis of malignant mediastinal lymph nodes

Four parameters of lymph node appearance on computed tomography were studied to improve specificity for malignancy in bronchogenic carcinoma: 1) node location, 2) homogeneity, 3) border definition, and 4) delineation by fat. Of 54 carcinoma patients, nodes were pathologically malignant in 21. Computed tomography showed enlarged nodes (over 1 cm) in 20 of these (true-positive rate, 96%), but also in 13 of the 33 patients with pathologically benign lymph nodes (false-positive rate, 39%). A combination of all four computed tomography parameters reduced the false-positive rate from 39 to 21% and decreased the true-positive rate from 96 to 86%. The criterion of border definition alone reduced the false-positive rate from 39 to 6%, but decreased the true-positive rate from 96 to 61%. The most useful computed tomography parameter was delineation, which reduced the false-positive rate to 15% and decreased the true-positive rate only to 86%. The computed tomography appearance of enlarged lymph nodes may be used to improve selection of patients with enlarged nodes for preoperative biopsy.
Parameterization of the solution data for binary alloys by hultgren et al.

Abstract We have fitted the thermodynamic functions for most of the binary metallic solutions tabulated by Hultgren et al. to a three term solution model. From these results it is possible to reproduce much of the tabular data in this compilation as well as calculating values for the partial and integral functions for any composition and temperature. We have also identified a problem in the consistency of some of the original error estimates and have offered a resolution.
Federally subsidized occupational training and the employment and earnings of male trainees

Abstract The impact of MDTA training on the earnings and employment probabilities of male trainees are studied on the basis of a longitudinal data set on trainees and non-trainees. Econometric techniques which eliminate many of the ambiguities in interpreting previous estimates are used. It is found that the program had little or no effect on employment or earnings of trainees in the late sixties (relative to continued normal employment). It is suggested that the program be interpreted as a pure income-maintenance program rather than a subsidized skill-acquisition program.
Radiopaque Grass Heads in the Lung

studies done. In the summer of 1955, 13 years after his episode of choking and 10 years after his “lung abscess,” he was on maneuvers with his Reserve Officer’s Training Corps unit when he developed an upper respiratory infection followed by hemoptysis. This infection lasted about three weeks and left him with a cough. A few weeks later he coughed up a hard piece of material, which he thought was a segment of the foreign body. An x-ray film taken at this time showed that part of the panicle had indeed disappeared and there was considerable infiltration around the remaining segment. Bronchograms (Figure 2) then revealed bronchiectasis of the posterior basal segment of the right lower lobe. Bronchoscopy showed purulent drainage from all right basal segments. Thoracotomy revealed a large sacular bronchiectatic abscess cavity which extended to the pleural space. Since the orifices to all basal segments were involved, the entire right lower lobe was removed. The pathological process in the resected lobe incuded generalized bronchiectasis throughout the lower lobe bronchi with abscess formation localized to the posterior basal and medial basal segments. The subsequent course has been uneventful but characterized by rapid weight gain. Case 2: A 25 year old white man, (Number B8274), was admitted from the Veterans Administration Outpatient Clinic with a complaint of hemoptysis. A calcified panicle in the right lower lobe was diagnosed on the admission chest x-ray ifim (Figure 3). At the age of 11 he had aspirated a “piece of foxtail grass” which was followed by “double pneumonia” and “lung abscess.” Hemoptysis occurred during the initial illness, and again at 17 and at 21 years of age. At the age of 24 he had chronic cough with approximately 30 cc. of yellow sputum per day. Persistent hemoptysis and weight loss developed. Bronchograms (Figure 4) revealed extensive right lower lobe bronchiectasis and confirmed the presence of the calcified grass head in the posterior basal segment. Thoracotomy was performed which revealed obliteration of the right pleural space and basilar bronchiectasis. Segmental resection was performed. The excised lung contained a panicle which measured 6 cm. in length. The bronchi were dilated, the pleura was thickened, and the parenchyma was the site of chronic pneumonia. The postoperative course has been uncomplicated. From the Student Health Service and the Departments of Surgery and Radiology,
Hepatic Granulomas in Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis Caused byLeishmania chagasi

Abstract Protozoa belonging to the genusLeishmaniacause the diverse forms of human leishmaniasis, which range from self-healing cutaneous ulcers to widely disseminated or disfiguring disease. Human and murine immune responses to species causing cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis are considerably different. In murine models of cutaneous leishmaniasis the expansion of distinct CD4+T-cell subsets is associated with either disease prevention (TH1) or disease exacerbation (TH2). However, studies of murine visceral leishmaniasis havenotshown expansion of disease-exacerbating cells during progressive disease. The latter studies have concentrated on immune responses in splenocytes from mice infected with visceralizingLeishmaniaspecies, even though the parasites are found primarily in the livers of infected mice. The histologic response to visceralizingLeishmaniasp. in the liver is one of granuloma formation, which proceeds with similar kinetics in resistant C3H and susceptible BALB/c mice. We isolated hepatic granulomas from BALB/c mice infected for 6 weeks with the visceralizing parasiteL. chagasi.Study of dispersed granuloma cells by FACS andin vitrocultivation with antigen showed differences between the responses of immune cells from the spleens and liver granulomas of these infected animals. A careful dissection of immune responses in hepatic granuloma cells from susceptible or resistant mice infected withL. chagasimay lead to a better understanding of murine immune responses to these important pathogens.
Basal ganglia volumes in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Previous research has demonstrated volume reduction of the left globus pallidus in children with the codiagnoses of Tourette syndrome and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in comparison with children who have Tourette syndrome alone and with normal controls. The purpose of this study was to determine whether children with ADHD alone also had volume reduction of the globus pallidus or other basal ganglia structures. Subjects were 10 boys with ADHD, 16 boys with Tourette syndrome and ADHD, and 11 normal control boys. Groups were matched for age. Boys with ADHD were individually matched for age, handedness, and IQ to 10 of the 16 boys with Tourette syndrome and ADHD. Volumes of caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus were measured and corrected for brain volume. The boys with ADHD had significantly smaller left globus pallidus volume and total globus pallidus volume (corrected for brain volume) than the normal controls. The Tourette syndrome plus ADHD group did not differ from the ADHD group on any of the measures. We conclude that small globus pallidus volume, particularly on the left side, is associated with ADHD.
Interaction of a new fluorescent reagent with sulfhydryl groups of the (Na++K+)-stimulated ATPase

The (Na++K+)-ATPase enzyme of rat brain microsomes can be reversibly inhibited by a new fluorescent sulfhydryl (SH) probe, dimethylaminonaphthalene-cysteine-Hg+ (Dn-cys-Hg+). This reagent is more reactive than N-ethylmaleimide (MalNEt) toward membrane sulfhydryl groups. A procedure using the two SH reagents sequentially seems to permit a more selective labelling of the SH groups involved in the (Na++K+)-ATPase than is possible by using MalNEt alone. Brain microsomes treated by this method incorporated the fluorescent label within or near the active site of the enzyme. When the probe was bound a blue shift of its fluorescence emission maximum (from 540 to 495 nm) and a 20-fold increase in relative fluorescence occurred. This indicates that the Dn moiety is within a very non-polar region of the membrane.
Wiring of divergent networks in the central auditory system.

Divergent axonal projections are found throughout the central auditory system. Here, we evaluate these branched projections in terms of their types, distribution, and putative physiological roles. In general, three patterns of axon collateralization are found: intricate local branching, long-distance collaterals, and branched axons involved in feedback-control loops. Local collaterals in the auditory cortex may be involved in local processing and modulation of neuronal firing, while long-range collaterals are optimized for wide-dissemination of information. Rarely do axons branch to both ascending and descending targets. Branched projections to two or more widely separated nuclei or areas are numerically sparse but widespread. Finally, branching to contralateral targets is evident at multiple levels of the auditory pathway and may enhance binaural computations for sound localization. These patterns of axonal branching are comparable to those observed in other modalities. We conclude that the operations served by branched axons are area- and nucleus-specific and may complement the divergent unbranched projections of local neuronal populations.
A biomechanical analysis of applied pinch force during periodontal scaling.

Abstract One of the factors associated with the high prevalence of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, among dental practitioners is the repeated high pinch force applied during periodontal scaling. The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between the pinch force applied during periodontal scaling and the forces generated at the tip of the tool. A linear biomechanical model that incorporated tool reaction forces and a calculated safety margin was created to predict the pinch force applied by experienced and inexperienced dentists during periodontal scaling. Six dentists and six dental students used an instrumented scaling tool while performing periodontal scaling on patients. Thumb pinch force was measured by a pressure sensor, while the forces developed at the instrument tip were measured by a six-axis load cell. A biomechanical model was used to calculate a safety factor and to predict the applied pinch force. For experienced dentists, the model was moderately successful in predicting pinch force ( R 2 = 0.59 ). For inexperienced dentists, the model failed to predict peak pinch force ( R 2 = 0.01 ). The mean safety margin was higher for inexperienced (4.88±1.58) than experienced (3.35±0.55) dentists, suggesting that students apply excessive force during scaling.
Phosphorylation of purified glucocorticoid receptor from rat liver by an endogenous protein kinase.

Summary Glucocorticoid receptor was purified from rat liver cytosol using a dexamethasone affinity column. The receptor thus purified displayed a single protein band when subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It had a molecular weight of 90,000 which was consistent with the reported value for other glucocorticoid receptor preparations. Incubation of the purified preparation with [ρ 32 P] ATP and Mg 2+ resulted in transfer of [ 32 P] to the receptor protein indicating the presence of an endogeneous protein kinase activity capable of phosphorylating the receptor molecule. Phosphorylation of the glucocorticoid receptor by the endogenous protein kinase might serve as a direct mechanism for the activation of the receptor.
Expression of two wheat defense-response genes, Hfr-1 and Wci-1, under biotic and abiotic stresses

Wheat plants respond to attack by Hessian fly in a gene-for-gene manner resulting in either a compatible or an incompatible interaction depending on the genotype of the infesting larvae. We previously reported a Hessian fly-responsive wheat gene (Hfr-1), up-regulated during incompatible interactions, that showed high sequence identity to a wheat gene (Wci-1) known to be induced by benzothiadiazole (BTH). Here, we analyze the temporal expression of these genes under biotic (Hessian fly/aphid/virus) and abiotic (mechanical wounding/water-deficit) stresses, as well as during treatments with the global signaling molecules, salicylic acid (SA), BTH, methyl jasmonate (MeJa) and abscisic acid (ABA) using northern hybridization and quantitative real-time PCR. Virulent Hessian fly infestation increased the expression of both Hfr-1 and Wci-1 in the crown tissue, while low systemic induction was observed in the leaf blade tissue. Although both genes were up-regulated to higher levels during incompatible interactions in multiple wheat genotypes, Hfr-1 transcripts accumulated to a higher level than Wci-1 transcripts. In response to infestation by non-viruliferous and viruliferous bird cherry-oat aphids, Wci-1 was up-regulated, while Hfr-1 was not. SA and BTH treatments up-regulated both genes, whereas MeJa and ABA up-regulated only Wci-1. When leaves were mechanically wounded, Wci-1 mRNA was up-regulated but Hfr-1 was not, while water-deficit stress up-regulated Hfr-1, but not Wci-1. Our results show that despite high sequence identity, Hfr-1 and Wci-1 exhibit differential expression profiles in response to various stresses and are regulated through separate signaling pathways. Hfr-1 responds to defense mechanisms elicited by feeding of Hessian fly larvae and water stress, while Wci-1 shows characteristics of a general defense-response gene in most of the biotic and abiotic stresses we investigated.
Nanoindentation characterization of ErT2 thin films

Abstract The properties of ErT 2 films change as the tritium decays into 3 He, which has important implications for long-term film stability in applications such as neutron generators. Ultra-low load nanoindentation, analyzed using finite-element modeling to separate the nanomechanical properties of 500 nm ErT 2 layers from those of the underlying substrates, has been used to examine the films as they age. The 3 He bubbles which form as the film ages act as barriers to dislocation movement, hardening the material, but not dramatically affecting the elastic properties. By modeling the layer as an isotropic, elastic–plastic solid with the Mises yield criterion, the nanoindentation data is shown to correspond to an increase of nearly 2× in strength after aging for over a year.
Standard and micro Genetic Algorithm optimization of profiled corrugated horn antennas

The Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization technique is applied to the optimization of a profiled corrugated horn, designed as a feed for a space-borne remote sensing reflector-antenna system. In addition to using the standard GA (SGA) optimization technique, a profiled corrugated horn is also designed and analyzed using micro GA (μGA). A comparative study has been performed among the various designs. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 35: 449–453, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10635
Stem cells: A fateful age gap.

When a stem cell divides, one sister cell differentiates and the other retains its stem-cell identity. Differences in the age of an organelle — the centriole — inherited at cell division may determine these differing fates.
The 10-minute oral presentation: what should I focus on?

ABSTRACT Background Little empirical evidence is available in the medical field defining the most important features of a scientific presentation. We sought to empirically identify what features of a scientific oral presentation experienced reviewers focus on when asked to identify the best features and areas to improve. Methods Observational study of 44 presenters at a scientific meeting over a 4-year period. Reviewers observed presenters and identified the best features and made suggestions for improvement using an open-ended form. We developed a coding form based on three domains: content, slides, and presentation style. Two raters blinded to the presenter then coded the comments, and disagreement was resolved by concurrent review. Results Reviewers made at least one comment about content in 42 (95.5%) of the presentations, about slides in 38 (86.4%), and about presentation style in 42 (95.5%). The most frequently extracted comments on best features of presentations in the domain “content” were identifying a key concept (43.2% of presentations) and relevance (43.2%). Similarly, best features in the domain regarding “slides” were clarity (50.0% of presentations), graphics (27.3%), and readability of the text and font size (22.7%). Finally, best features in the domain regarding “presentation style” were clarity (59.1% of presentations), pace (52.3%), voice (47.7%), engaging with the audience (43.2%), addressing questions (34.1%), and eye contact (22.7%). Various other comments were noted to improve presentations. Conclusions Important features during oral presentations relate to specific areas of content, clear slides, and a presentation style that was well paced, engaging, and clear. Nonverbal communication is important in oral presentations.
Inappropriate clinical care in nursing homes.

Using secondary data, an analysis was done of the prevalence of inappropriate clinical care among 3,149 Virginia Medicaid nursing home residents. Six types of inappropriate care were examined: the un derprovision of skilled nursing care, physical reha bilitation and routine medical care; and the overuse of psychotropic drugs, physical restraints and uri nary catheterization. Thirty-two (32) percent of the residents received inappropriate care in at least one care area and 7% received inappropriate care in two or more areas. Residents who received the most in appropriate care were more dependent in their ac tivities of daily living, uncommunicative, inconti nent, likely to have had a stroke, and less disruptive. Residents who received the most inappropriate care are among the most vulnerable residents, and stronger regulation and outside advocacy may be needed to protect them from inappropriate care.
Controlling chaos in distributed systems

A simple and robust procedure for freezing out chaotic behavior in systems composed of interacting agents making decisions based on imperfect and delayed information is described. It is based on a reward mechanism whereby the relative number of computational agents following effective strategies is increased at the expense of the others. This procedure, which generates a diverse population out of an essentially homogeneous one, is able to control chaos through a series of dynamical bifurcations into a stable fixed point. Stability boundaries are computed and the minimal amount of diversity required in the system is established. >
Immunological comparisons of spore storage proteins: The use of affinity-purified antibodies and Western-blotting in probing the relationships of higher taxa of ferns

Abstract The 11s spore storage proteins were isolated from selected fern families and compared via Western-blotting. Proteins of fern species were separated into their polypeptide components by SDS-PAGE, blotted onto nitrocellulose, and the antigenic homologies of the proteins were tested using affinity-purified antibodies. Homology was detected among families of aspidioid ferns but was limited to within the same subfamilial group in the Cyatheaceae. The results suggest that families of aspidioid ferns may be very closely related whereas significant differentiation may have occurred between the subfamilial groups within the Cyatheaceae.
Development of a four-dimensional imaging spectrometer

The development of an imaging spectrometer to acquire 3 spatial dimensions and hyper-spectral information simultaneously is detailed. The spectrometer is based on the Computed Tomographic Imaging Spectrometer (CTIS) developed at the Optical Science Center and the Scannerless Laser Radar (LADAR) architecture developed at Sandia National Labs. The new 4-D imager, called the Spectral LADAR System (SLS), operates in the visible to near-infrared portion of the spectrum (600-900 nm). The system has 30 spectral intervals (10 nm bands), 1024 range samples, and approximately 80 x 80 spatial sampling. CTIS and LADAR are discussed, as well as preliminary results of the SLS.
Response to a sinusoidal time-varying reinforcement schedule

A fixed-interval schedule in which the value of the interval changed from session to session as a sine function produced a cyclical pattern of responding. The response rate was a joint function of the intervals obtaining in the current session and the immediately preceding session, but was not so dependent on the absolute values of the intervals as on their direction of change.
Effects of Ischemia on Lung Macrophages

Angiogenesis after pulmonary ischemia is initiated by reactive O2 species and is dependent on CXC chemokine growth factors, and its magnitude is correlated with the number of lavaged macrophages. After complete obstruction of the left pulmonary artery in mice, the left lung is isolated from the peripheral circulation until 5–7 days later, when a new systemic vasculature invades the lung parenchyma. Consequently, this model offers a unique opportunity to study the differentiation and/or proliferation of monocyte-derived cells within the lung. In this study, we questioned whether macrophage subpopulations were differentially expressed and which subset contributed to growth factor release. We characterized the change in number of all macrophages (MHCII int, CD11C+), alveolar macrophages (MHCII int, CD11C+, CD11B−) and mature lung macrophages (MHCII int, CD11C+, CD11B+) in left lungs from mice immediately (0 h) or 24 h after left pulmonary artery ligation (LPAL). In left lung homogenates, only lung macrophages increased 24 h after LPAL (vs. 0 h; p<0.05). No changes in proliferation were seen in any subset by PCNA expression (0 h vs. 24 h lungs). When the number of monocytic cells was reduced with clodronate liposomes, systemic blood flow to the left lung 14 days after LPAL decreased by 42% (p<0.01) compared to vehicle controls. Furthermore, when alveolar macrophages and lung macrophages were sorted and studied in vitro, only lung macrophages secreted the chemokine MIP-2α (ELISA). These data suggest that ischemic stress within the lung contributes to the differentiation of immature monocytes to lung macrophages within the first 24 h after LPAL. Lung macrophages but not alveolar macrophages increase and secrete the proangiogenic chemokine MIP-2α. Overall, an increase in the number of lung macrophages appears to be critical for neovascularization in the lung, since clodronate treatment decreased their number and attenuated functional angiogenesis.
The diageotropica Mutation and Synthetic Auxins Differentially Affect the Expression of Auxin-Regulated Genes in Tomato

The effect of a tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) mutation, diageotropica (dgt), on the accumulation of mRNA corresponding to tomato homologs of three auxin-regulated genes, LeAux, LeSAUR, and Lepar, was examined. The dgt mutation inhibited the induction of LeAux and LeSAUR mRNA accumulation by naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) but had no effect on NAA-induced Lepar mRNA accumulation. The effect of two synthetic auxins, NAA and 3,7-dichloro-8-quinoline caboxylic acid (quinclorac), on the accumulation of LeAux, LeSAUR, and Lepar mRNA was also examined. Quinclorac induced the expression of each of the auxin-regulated genes, confirming its proposed mode of herbicidal action as an auxin-type herbicide. Concentrations of quinclorac at least 100-fold higher than NAA were required to induce LeAux and LeSAUR mRNA accumulation to similar levels, whereas Lepar mRNA accumulation was induced by similar concentrations of NAA and quinclorac. Collectively, these data suggest the presence of two auxin-dependent signal transduction pathways: one that regulates LeSAUR and LeAux mRNA accumulation and is interrupted by the dgt mutation and a second that regulates Lepar mRNA accumulation and is not defective in dgt tomato hypocotyls. These two auxin-regulated signal transduction pathways can be further discriminated by the action of two synthetic auxins, NAA and quinclorac.
Character, origin and occurrence of natural gases in the Anadarko basin, southwestern Kansas, western Oklahoma and Texas Panhandle, U.S.A.

Abstract Natural gas production in the Anadarko basin comes from three geographically separated areas that can be differentiated by age of reservoir and by inferred nature of organic, thermal origin of the gases. In the central basin, non-associated gases are produced mainly from Upper Mississippian and Pennsylvanian sandstones. Gas samples are from reservoirs as much as 6588 m deep. Gases become isotopically heavier ( δ 13 C 1 -values range from −49.8 to −33.2‰) and chemically drier (C 2+ -values range from 1–33%) with increasing level of thermal maturity. Gases were generated mainly from interbedded shales with type-III kerogen during the mature and post-mature stages of hydrocarbon generation. Deviations from the trend are due to vertical migration and mixing of gases generated at different levels of thermal maturity over the past 250 Myr. In the giant Panhandle-Hugoton field, non-associated gases are generally produced from Permian carbonates at depths of δ 13 C 1 -value is −43.2‰, mean C 2+ -value is 14%). Because organic-rich, mature source rocks are not present in the area, gases probably were generated in the central basin from Pennsylvanian or older source rocks during the mature stage of hydrocarbon generation. This interpretation implies migration over distances as much as several hundred kilometers. In the Sooner Trend, associated gases are produced from Silurian, Devonian and Mississippian carbonates at depths as great as 2950 m and were generated from type-II kerogen during the mature stage of hydrocarbon generation. Associated oil usually correlates with extracts of the Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian Woodford Shale. Gases are isotopically lighter (mean δ 1 3 C 1 -value is −43.9‰) and chemically wetter (mean C 2+ value is 14%) than those derived from type-III kerogen at an equivalent level of thermal maturity.
Communication Between Normal Human Epidermal Cells in Vitro

Normal human epidermal cells in vitro were found to be electrically coupled indicating the presence of low resistance pathways between cells. Ultrastructurally, cells were connected by tight and gap junctions. The mechanism and possible significance of cell communication are discussed.
Reframing The Art of Framing: Problems and Prospects for Leadership

This article offers three explanations for why some leaders embrace the skill of framing and others struggle with it. The first explanation draws from philosophical arguments in social constructionism over relativism, essentialism, and agency to draw boundaries around that which is open to framing and that which is not. The second explanation draws from O’Keefe’s (1988; 1997) theory of ‘Message Design Logics’, which argues that the logics that managers employ to produce and receive messages likely impacts framing ability. The third explanation grapples with questions of whether framing is a teachable skill and the contingencies associated with effective learning. Finally, the article concludes with an argument for the interrelationship among the three explanations.
Organizational and activational effects of estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals

Endocrine disruption is a hypothesis of common mode of action that may define a set of structurally varied chemicals, both natural and synthetic. Their common mode of action may suggest that they produce or contribute to similar toxic effects, although this has been difficult to demonstrate. Insights from developmental biology suggest that development of hormone sensitive systems, such as the brain and the genitourinary tract, may be particularly sensitive to EDCs. Because these systems are both organized and later activated by hormones, the brain and vagina may be valuable model systems to study the toxicity of EDCs in females and to elucidate mechanisms whereby early exposures appear to affect long term function.
The Anopheles gambiae oxidation resistance 1 (OXR1) gene regulates expression of enzymes that detoxify reactive oxygen species.

Background OXR1 is an ancient gene, present in all eukaryotes examined so far that confers protection from oxidative stress by an unknown mechanism. The most highly conserved region of the gene is the carboxyl-terminal TLDc domain, which has been shown to be sufficient to prevent oxidative damage.
Accelerated three-dimensional upper airway MRI using compressed sensing.

In speech-production research, three-dimensional (3D) MRI of the upper airway has provided insights into vocal tract shaping and data for its modeling. Small movements of articulators can lead to large changes in the produced sound, therefore improving the resolution of these data sets, within the constraints of a sustained speech sound (6 –12 s), is an important area for investigation. The purpose of the study is to provide a first application of compressed sensing (CS) to high-resolution 3D upper airway MRI using spatial finite difference as the sparsifying transform, and to experimentally determine the benefit of applying constraints on image phase. Estimates of image phase are incorporated into the CS reconstruction to improve the sparsity of the finite difference of the solution. In a retrospective subsampling experiment with no sound production, 5 and 4 were the highest acceleration factors that produced acceptable image quality when using a phase constraint and when not using a phase constraint, respectively. The prospective use of a 5 undersampled acquisition and phaseconstrained CS reconstruction enabled 3D vocal tract MRI during sustained sound production of English consonants /s/, //, /l/, and /r/ with 1.5 1.5 2.0 mm 3 spatial resolution an d7so fscan
Application of a nurse-managed inpatient smoking cessation program

This study reports on the effectiveness of a nurse case-managed smoking cessation program for general hospitalized patients that was continued for 3 years after clinical trials were completed. Patients admitted to the hospital who smoked were offered a smoking cessation program during their hospitalization. The program included physician advice, bedside education and counseling with a nurse specially trained in smoking cessation techniques, take-home materials (videotape, workbook, and relaxation audiotape), nicotine replacement therapy if requested or indicated, and four nurse-initiated post-discharge telephone counseling calls. Of the 2091 patients identified as smokers, 52% enrolled in the program, 18% wanted to quit on their own, 20% did not want to quit, and 10% were ineligible. The 12-month self-reported cessation rate (7-day point prevalence) was 35% if patients lost to follow-up were considered smokers, 49% if not. Patients hospitalized for cancer, cardiovascular, or pulmonary reasons were most likely to participate and had the highest self-reported cessation rates (63%, 57%, and 46%, respectively). This nurse-managed smoking cessation intervention was effective when it was put into standard hospital practice outside of its originating randomized clinical trial structure. The program, relatively inexpensive to deliver, appears to be acceptable to the majority of smokers who are hospitalized, resulted in high 1-year cessation rates, and can be extended to hospital employees and their families, work-sites, and communities on a cost-recovery basis.
Investigation of Non-zero Duality Gap Solutions to a Semidefinite Relaxation of the Optimal Power Flow Problem

Recently, a semi definite programming relaxation of the power flow equations has been applied to the optimal power flow problem. When this relaxation is "tight" (i.e., the solution has zero duality gap), a globally optimal solution is obtained. Existing literature investigates sufficient conditions whose satisfaction guarantees zero duality gap solutions. However, there is limited study of non-zero duality gap solutions. By illustrating the feasible spaces for optimal power flow problems and their semi definite relaxations, this paper investigates examples of non-zero duality gap solutions. Results for large system models suggest that non-convexities associated with small subsections of the network are responsible for non-zero duality gap solutions.
A Collaborate Contract to Retain Long Term Relationship and Quality Improvement in Supply Chains

This paper builds a new collaborative contract that stresses on long-term relationship between a single supplier and a single retailer in a supply chain. This relationship is based on commitment and trust within the supply chain. Both participants of the supply chain take effort to improve quality. The objective function of the proposed model is to maximize the total revenue of the supplier as well as that of the buyer. The new contract takes the quality issue in addition to the unobservable commitment issue into consideration.
WORD-SENSE DISAMBIGUATION USING STATISTICAL METHODS

We describe a statistical technique for assigning senses to words. An instance of a word is assigned a sense by asking a question about the context in which the word appears. The question is constructed to have high mutual information with the translation of that instance in another language. When we incorporated this method of assigning senses into our statistical machine translation system, the error rate of the system decreased by thirteen percent.
A Novel Chloride Channel Localizes to Caenorhabditis elegans Spermatids and Chloride Channel Blockers Induce Spermatid Differentiation

Caenorhabditis elegans spermatogenesis is especially suited for studies of nonrandom cytoplasmic segregation during cellular differentiation. Spermatocytes separate from an anuclear cytoplasmic core and undergo two sequential divisions. During the second division, intracellular organelles segregate specifically to spermatids as they bud from an anuclear residual body. We have applied patch-clamp techniques in order to investigate membrane protein distribution during these asymmetric divisions. We show that membrane components, as assayed by voltage-dependent ion channel activity, follow a specific distribution pattern during sperm development. Several voltage-sensitive ion channel activities are observed in spermatocytes and residual bodies, but only a single-channel type can be detected in spermatids, indicating that other channel activities are excluded from or inactivated within these cells as they form. The channel that is observed in spermatids is an inward-rectifying chloride channel (Clir), as indicated by its sensitivity to chloride channel inhibitors and Cl-dependent shifts in its conductance. Treatment of spermatids with Cl channel blockers induce their differentiation into spermatozoa, suggesting that Clir plays a role during this developmental step. These studies are the first application of patch-clamp electrophysiology to C. elegans development.
Illicit substance use among adolescents : A matrix of prospective predictors

This paper reviews findings from 58 prospective studies of illicit substance use (ISU) among adolescents. It arranges 384 findings according to three types of influence (viz., social, attitudinal, and intrapersonal) and four levels of influence (viz., ultimate, distal, proximal, and immediate). The bulk of evidence reconfirms the importance of several predictors of ISU (e.g., intentions and prior substance-related behavior, friendship patterns and peer behaviors, absence of supportive parents, psychological temperament), reveals that a few variables thought to be well-established predictors may not be (e.g., parental behaviors, parental permissiveness, depression, low self-esteem), and uncovers several variables where findings were either sparse or inconsistent (e.g., the role of public policies concerning ISU, mass media depictions of ISU, certain parenting styles, affective states, perceptions of parental disapproval for ISU, and substance-specific refusal skills). Directions for future research are discussed.
Comparison of extraction procedures for the determination of arsenic and other elements in lobster tissue by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

A variety of extraction procedures were evaluated for the extraction of arsenic and other analytes from lobster tissue samples using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) detection. Soxhlet, room temperature mixing, sonication, microwave assisted, supercritical carbon dioxide and subcritical water extractions were evaluated for a variety of solvent systems and optimum conditions determined using a partially defatted Lobster Hepatopancreas marine certified reference material, TORT-2 (National Research Council of Canada). The solubility trends and solvents into which the analytes extracted gave an indication as to the polar/non-polar nature of the compounds present. Analytes that prefer water are probably more polar or inorganic, while those preferring methanol solutions are less polar or organic in nature. Arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, molybdenum and selenium were probably all present in TORT-2 in both polar inorganic and non-polar organic forms. While TORT-2 may have contained similar amounts of selenium in both forms, the results suggested that more of the arsenic was present as less polar or more organic compounds, and cobalt existed mainly as more polar or inorganic species. Most of the extraction techniques suggested that, although there may be some less polar organic forms present, more of the cadmium was probably present as polar inorganic compounds. Additionally, most techniques indicated that molybdenum was possibly all less polar or more organic in nature. In general, microwave assisted extraction (MAE) yielded comparable or improved recoveries for all of the analytes monitored and usually required less solvent. Additionally, MAE proved to be the mildest, fastest, least complicated and most reproducible extraction technique evaluated. MAE at 75 °C for 2 min exposure time yielded quantitative recovery of arsenic from TORT-2. These conditions were evaluated for lobster tissue samples purchased from a local restaurant. Separate evaluation of the lobster meat and organs resulted in quantitative recoveries of arsenic from both tissue samples. The results indicated that the extraction efficiencies might have some dependence upon the extraction technique, extraction conditions, analyte, solvent, and sample matrix.
Developmental Vicissitudes That Promote Drug Abuse in Adolescents

Adolescence is a time of significant developmental transformation during which the teenager may be susceptible to experimental behaviors such as illicit drug use. This risk-taking proclivity may arise because the adolescent is just beginning to consolidate the skills of formal operations thought, including abilities to predict behavioral outcomes, weigh options, select alternatives, and adopt the perspective of others. Lacking these skills, teenagers may have difficulty adjusting to pubertal status and family conflict. One technique for overcoming this cognitive deficit is previewing, which focuses the teenager on imminent outcomes. A case history concerning a teenager abusing marijuana illustrates how previewing may help overcome maladaptive patterns.
Human Papillomavirus Type 31b Infection of Human Keratinocytes and the Onset of Early Transcription

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause a number of human tumors and malignancies, including cervical cancers. Epithelial differentiation is required for the complete HPV life cycle and can be achieved using the organotypic (raft) culture system. The CIN-612 9E cell line maintains episomal copies of HPV type 31b (HPV31b), an HPV type associated with cervical cancers. When grown in the raft system, CIN-612 9E cells form a differentiated epithelium such that infectious virions can be synthesized. Many aspects of the later stages of the HPV31b life cycle have been investigated in CIN-612 9E raft tissues. We used a biologically contained homogenization system for efficient virion extraction from raft epithelial tissues. Purified HPV31b virions were used to infect low-passage-number human foreskin keratinocytes and a variety of epithelial cell lines. Newly synthesized, spliced HPV31b transcripts were detected by reverse transcription and PCR (RT-PCR) following HPV31b infection. HPV31b infection was most efficient and reproducible in HaCaT cells. The onset of viral transcription following infection was also investigated using RT-PCR techniques. Spliced E1I,E2 RNAs were present as early as 4 h postinfection (p.i.), whereas the other major viral transcripts were detected by 8 to 10 h p.i. Furthermore, we characterized the structures and temporal expression of seven novel spliced early transcripts expressed following infection.
(Geniv) next generation nuclear power and requirements for standards, codes and data bases for ceramic matrix composites

Innovative and novel applications of CMCs are critical to the success of GenIV: Next Generation Nuclear Power (NGNP) plants. Regularity requirements (e.g., Nuclear Regulatory Commission) demand the implementation of test standards, design codes and data bases for CMCs as part of the licensing and approval of this new power plants. Significant progress on standards, codes and databases for heat engine and aero applications has been made since 199 1, however new requirements (e.g., durability in extreme temperature and irradiation environments) for CMC applications in NGNP require additional efforts. The current (2006) state of standards, design codes and databases for CMCs is reviewed and discussed. Issues related to development, verification and use of new standards, design codes, and database NGNP applications, including international aspects, are presented and discussed
Generalized Nodular Dermatofibrosis in the Absence of Renal Neoplasia in an Australian Cattle Dog

A 13-year-old, spayed, female Australian Cattle Dog had at least a 10-year history of numerous subcutaneous nodules for which fine-needle aspiration and cytologic evaluation were nondiagnostic. Abdominal ultrasound 3.5 months before necropsy detected a small left kidney but no cysts or neoplasms. At gross necropsy, innumerable, firm, round to oval, white, 0.25 to 2 cm masses were detected throughout the subcutaneous tissues of the axial and appendicular skeleton, epimysium of numerous muscles, and parietal peritoneum of the lateral abdominal body wall. The left kidney was approximately half the size of the right, and there was severe bilateral renal medullary (papillary) necrosis. Histologically, the subcutaneous nodules were well-demarcated masses of mature, hypocellular collagen that were consistent with previous reports of nodular dermatofibrosis and renal cystadenomas or cystadenocarcinomas. In addition to diffuse acute medullary necrosis, both kidneys were affected by severe chronic lymphoplasmacytic interstitial nephritis. This is the first known report of nodular dermatofibrosis in a dog without renal cysts, cystadenoma, or cystadenocarcinoma.
Terrestrial insects at sea

The occasional reports of butterflies sighted at sea or landing on ships many kilometres from the nearest land indicate the transport of insects by wind from terrestrial to marine environments. However, the frequency with which insects are blown out to sea, the abundances of airborne insects over and on the surface of the sea, the eventual fate of these insects and their possible ecological roles are rarely considered (Bowden & Johnson, 1976).
In the Background: Conflict and Controversy in the Evolution of Bilingual Education Legislation in Texas, 1965–73

The different and, in most cases, clashing philosophical views of the role education plays in social change at times have led to bitter struggles over the best way to teach Mexican American children. A history of the influences and pressures shaping the evolution of bilingual education policy at the state level in Texas illustrates the manner in which these distinct political factions have struggled with each other to shape the final outcome of the programs aimed at teaching language minority children such as Mexican Americans.