cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of suction and blowing on boundary-layer transition

The effects of wall blowing and suction on boundary-layer stability and transition are studied on a flat plate. Titanium panels, in which 0.063 mm diameter holes were drilled on 0.635 mm centers, are inserted on the plate. Suction level and distribution are variable. Disturbances are introduced by means of a vibrating ribbon and measurements of both mean-flow and disturbance-flow velocities are made with a hot wire. Disturbance amplitudes are measured as a function of Reynolds number, frequency, and suction characteristics and compared with the previous Dynapore results of Reynolds and Saric. Transition measurements under natural and forced conditions are also made. The stabilizing effects of suction are documented. It is also shown that very high local flow rates through the suction holes (which approach a hole Reynolds number of 300) do not destabilize the flow. On the other hand, weak blowing lowers the transition Reynolds number but is found not to cause serious problems.
Well-posed quasi-linear second-order hyperbolic systems with applications to nonlinear elastodynamics and general relativity

Existence, uniqueness and well-posedness for a general class of quasi-linear evolution equations on a short time interval are established. These results, generalizing those of [29], are applied to second-order quasi-linear hyperbolic systems on IR" whose solutions (u(t),il(t)) lie in the Sobolev space H^(s+1) x H^5. Our results improve existing theorems by lowering the required value of s to s > (n/2) + 1, or s > n/2 in case the coefficients of the highest order terms do not involve derivatives of the unknown, and by establishing continuous dependence on the initial data for these values. As consequences we obtain well-posedness of the equations of elastodynamics if s>2.5 and of general relativity if s>l.5; s>3 was the best known previous value for systems of the type occuring in general relativity ([12], [16], [23]).
Regeneration of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. From protoplasts isolated from cell suspension culture

Abstract A cell suspension culture was initiated from green, haploid callus of Marchantia polymorpha L. Protoplasts were isolated from cultured cells by enzymatic degradation of cell walls. The first division of the cells regenerated from protoplasts was observed after 7–10 day culture. Callus and regenerated plants (thalli) from protoplasts were obtained by gradually reducing the osmolarity in the medium and subsequently culturing regenerated cells on an inorganic phytohormone-free medium.
Effects of Animations in Learning--A Cognitive Fit Perspective.

Information technology (IT) artifacts such as animations are increasingly used in educational institutions. Researchers caution that, if we are to derive benefits from animations and other such IT artifacts, we must understand how to use it optimally. In this study, we look at the effects of animations in supporting learning processes. IT-enabled animations dynamically depict changes in events and are used in the classroom as external representations to elaborate on the knowledge content transferred in the classroom. Research in related disciplines has investigated the effects of using these animations on student learning outcomes and has reported conflicting results. We propose that the theory of cognitive fit in information systems could reconcile these conflicting findings and offer some insight into how these animations might be used most beneficially. We conduct laboratory-based experiments to test our ideas. Our findings indicate that these representations are superior to text-based representations and reduce students' cognitive load only in learning tasks where animations have a good cognitive fit. We discuss the implications of our findings for the use of animations and other external representations in the classroom and for future research on the role of Technology Mediated Learning.
A real-time MRI investigation of the role of lingual and pharyngeal articulation in the production of the nasal vowel system of French

Abstract It is well known that, for nasal vowels, traditional estimation of the shape of the vocal tract via inference from acoustic characteristics is complicated by the acoustic effects of velopharyngeal coupling (i.e. nasalization). Given this complexity, measuring the shape of the vocal tract directly is, perhaps, a more desirable method of assessing oro-pharyngeal configuration. Real-time MRI (rt-MRI) allows us to explore the shape of the entire vocal tract during the production of nasal vowels. This permits us to better assess the contribution of the oro-pharyngeal acoustic transfer function to the acoustic signal, which is otherwise obscured by the conflation of the independent oro-pharyngeal and nasal acoustic transfer functions. The oro-pharyngeal shape associated with nasal vowels has implications for both synchronic and diachronic phonology, particularly in French, where descriptions of nasal vowels have long suggested that differences in oral articulation, in addition to velopharyngeal coupling, serve to distinguish oral and nasal vowels. In this study, we use single-slice rt-MRI (midsagittal slice) and multi-slice rt-MRI (oral, velopharyngeal, mediopharyngeal, and lower pharyngeal slices) to examine three nasal vowels / ɛ ˜ , ɑ ˜ , ɔ ˜ / and their traditional oral counterparts /ɛ, a, o/ as produced by three female speakers of Northern Metropolitan French (NMF). We find evidence of lingual and pharyngeal articulatory configurations which may, in some cases, enhance formant-frequency-related acoustic effects associated with nasalization, viz., modulation of F1 and F2. Given these findings, we speculate that the synchronic oral articulation of NMF nasal vowels may have arisen—at least in part—due to misperception of the articulatory source of changes in F1 and F2, rather than to mere chance, as has been argued.
Facile synthesis of conjugated rod‐coil block copolymers

A facile synthetic approach of conjugated rod-coil block copolymers with poly(para-phenylene) as the rod block and polystyrene or polyethylene glycol as the coil block was developed. The block copolymers were synthesized through a TEMPO-mediated radical polymerization of 3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol-derived monomers (diacetate, dibenzonate, and dicarbonate), followed by thermal aromatization of the polymer precursor. The living character of the polymerization and the structure of the copolymers were studied by NMR, GPC, TGA, and UV-vis spectroscopy. The average conjugation lengths of the copolymers were calculated according to their maxima in UV-vis spectroscopy.
Ethical dimensions of diagnosis: a case study and analysis.

A rational reconstruction of the role of moral values in diagnostic reasoning is undertaken. In the context of a case study it is shown how value and ethical considerations come into play in the complex course of making diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.
Target and background simulation for seeker scenarios

The requirements of several target and background situations for a specific target projector system are examined to determine how to present the proper output to the system under test. Consideration is given to both a uniform cold (high altitude) background and a warmer (low altitude) varying background. Target requirements took into account high and low altitude, single or multiple angles, exhaust plumes, and possible countermeasures. It is recommended that a separate, special purpose simulator based on a single mirror for uniform cold backgrounds should be built for limited but important situations. A surface that provides radiation only by reflection using a very cold radiator is proposed for radiative transfer. The very cold radiator contributes only a designed amount of radiation controlled by baffling.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ruptured Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm from Listeria Monocytogenes Aortitis: A Sentinel Case

We present a case of a ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm from Listeria Monocytogenes aortitis. A contained ruptured saccular thoracic aortic aneurysm was diagnosed on MRA in an elderly male with hemoptysis. He underwent a successful surgical repair. L. Monocytogenes is a food borne Gram-positive bacillus, usually associated with gastroenteritis. Our patient had a recent upper and lower endoscopy with possible simultaneous aortic cross contamination and secondary seeding.
Comparison of two bridge routing approaches

Two routing algorithms proposed for a bridged LAN environment are examined. One is based on creating a spanning tree topology; the other takes a source routing approach. The features of the running environment and the functional requirements of bridge routing are identified, and the two approaches are compared. >
Facilitation and impairment of conditioning in the preweanling rat after prior exposure to the conditioned stimulus

Olfactory aversion conditioning of preweanling rats, 10 or 18 days postnatal, was tested after some had been given nonreinforced experience with the to-be-conditioned odor stimulus. In three experiments, it was established that the amount of prior exposure to the CS determined the effectiveness of conditioning. For both ages, odor-shock conditioning was more likely impaired with longer durations of preexposure. This effect was more apparent in the older animals. Low to moderate degrees of prior exposure to the CS under some conditions facilitated, rather than impaired, olfactory conditioning in the 10-day-old rat. This result is in agreement with one previous study in which facilitation in learning was reported for this age after short-term preexposure to the CS. The present study adds to previous data on differential effects of CS preexposure on conditioning. Although the conditions under which facilitation rather than impairment occurs are not yet clear, age-related differences in the effects of CS preexposure were apparent in the present experiments.
The long time behavior of the velocity autocorrelation function in a plasma

Abstract The utilization of the Landau-Placzek method results in a velocity autocorrelation function for a one component plasma having oscillatory behavior (at the plasma frequency) in addition to the t −( d /2) ( d = dimension) behavior previously found in neutral gas systems.
THE ALLOGENEIC EFFECT IN INBRED MICE IV. REGULATORY INFLUENCES OF GRAFT-VS.-HOST REACTIONS ON HOST T LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTIONS

The studies presented herein were designed to directly evaluate the effects of a transient GVH reaction on T lymphocyte functions. To this end, we have shown that generation of carrier-specific helper cell function can be significantly influenced by the allogeneic effect. Thus, carrier-primed helper cells derived from CAF1 donor mice were generally much more active in specifically cooperating with syngeneic 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-primed B cells in adoptive recipients when parental A strain lymphocytes had been administered at some time during the priming regimen. This was true when allogeneic cells were administered concomitantly with the initial priming dose of carrier protein as well as when the GVH was induced in animals that had been exposed to antigen several days previously. This indicates that the allogeneic enhancing effects can be manifested on either primed or unprimed T cell populations. The ultimate effect of the GVH reaction on the development of helper T cell activity was found to be related to the number of allogeneic cells employed and the duration of the resultant GVH reaction in the carrier-primed host animal. Hence, allogeneic stimulation of slightly greater magnitude and/or longer duration resulted in marked suppression rather than enhancement of helper cell function in such donor mice. These findings may have general relevance to problems in autoimmune diseases and tumor immunity.
Trypanosomes from mule deer in New Mexico and Colorado.

Trypanosoma sp. was isolated from 6 of 11 mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in southwest and northcentral New Mexico and from 12 of 15 mule deer in north-central Colorado. To our knowledge, this represents the first reported isolation of trypanosomes from this species.
Should high creatine kinase discourage the initiation or continuance of statins for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia

Patients with high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) and asymptomatic high creatine kinase (CK) (>or=250 but or=250 but or=250 but statin patients, median CK fell from 353 to 301 (P = .0018) and was 287 (P = .015) after 4 months. After 1.3 months of follow-up in 20 no statin-->statin patients, median CK fell from 397 to 292 (P = .0094) and was 419 after 4.1 months. After 1.1 months of follow-up in 19 no statin-->no statin patients, median CK fell from 392 to 323 (P = .14) and was 271 (P = .029) after 4.2 months. By repeated-measures analysis, there were no differences in entry CK among the 3 treatment groups; CK fell (P = .04) in the no statin-->no statin patients. Despite high baseline CK (48 patients with CK 1-5x the UNL, 1 with CK 5-10x UNL), no patients during follow-up on statins developed CK greater than 10 times the UNL (2500 IU/L), none discontinued statins or reduced statin dose because of myalgia-myositis, and there was no rhabdomyolysis. High pretreatment CK, particularly 1 to 5 times the UNL, should not be an impediment to start or continue statins to lower LDLC.
Stochastic approximation algorithm for minimax problems

A stochastic approximation algorithm for minimax optimization problems is analyzed. At each iterate, it performs one random experiment, based on which it computes a direction vector. It is shown that, under suitable conditions, it a.s. converges to the set of points satisfying necessary optimality conditions. The algorithm and its analysis bring together ideas from stochastic approximation and nondifferentiable optimization.
Cognitive function and endogenous sex hormones in older women.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if endogenous hormone levels predict cognitive function in older women. DESIGN: A longitudinal, population-based study. SETTING: Rancho Bernardo, California PARTICIPANTS: A total of 393 community-dwelling women aged 55 to 89 years who were not using replacement estrogen. METHODS: Between 1984 and 1987, sera were collected for measurement of total and bioavailable testosterone, total and bioavailable estradiol, and estrone Between 1988 and 1991, 12 standard neuropsychological tests were administered, including two items from the Blessed Information-Memory-Concentration Test, three measures of retrieval from the Buschke-Fuld Selective Reminding Test, a category fluency test, immediate and delayed recall from the Visual Reproduction Test, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) with individual analysis of the Serial 7's and the “World” Backwards components, and the Trail-Making Test part B (Trails B). The association between the five hormones and the 12 cognitive function tests was tested in age- and education-adjusted analyses using linear regression, partial correlation, quintile and categorical analyses. RESULTS: Women with better MMSE scores (>23) had significantly higher adjusted mean total and bioavailability testosterone levels (P = .009; P = .02, respectively). Using linear regression, the mean total testosterone was significantly associated with better performance on the World component of the MMSE (b = .12; P = .08). With regard to estrogen, the only statistically significant (P = .02) association was better performance on one test in women with very low levels of estuarial. CONCLUSIONS: In these older women, higher endogenous estrogen levels were not associated with significantly better performance on any cognitive function test. In contrast, higher levels of testosterone predicted better categorical performance on the MMSE and the World component of the MMSE. These novel findings warrant further research. J Am Geriatr Soc 47:1289–1293, 1999.
Randomized channel hopping scheme for anti-jamming communication

Jamming attacks have been recently studied as wireless security threats disrupting reliable RF communication in a wireless network. By emitting noise-like signals arbitrarily on the shared wireless medium, a jammer can easily disturb the network. Countermeasures such as Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum enable nodes to avoid the jamming attacks by hopping over multiple channels. However, these solutions require pre-key establishment before data transmission, which in turns introduces several constraints. In order to solve the problem, this paper proposes a novel Quorum Rendezvous Channel Hopping (QRCH) scheme1. Nodes are able to hop over random channels independently, bypassing the need for pre-key establishment. Furthermore, by using a quorum system, nodes are guaranteed to meet within a bounded time to exchange pending messages. The scheme also enables nodes to transmit packets to multiple receivers simultaneously. We validate the proposed scheme via extensive simulations and present its robustness and efficiency.
Spray combustion models - A review

Due to recent theoretical and experimental advances, modeling spray combustion can be contemplated as a means of supplementing traditional cut and try combustor development methods. This review describes spray models that are currently being developed and their validation. The review is limited to steady, turbulent two- and three-dimensional systems typified by furnaces and gas turbine combustors. Both locally homogeneous flow models, where the phases are assumed to be in kinematic and thermodynamic equilibrium at each point in the flow, and more complete two-phase flow models, which allow for finite rate processes between the phases, are considered.
Seguridad social, empleo y propiedad privada en William Beveridge

This article aims to approach the economic and political notions of William Beveridge, which proposed the construction of the British Welfare State immediately after WWII. A form of State which sought to overcome the crisis of capitalism by proposing control over the system. We attempt to demonstrate the relation that should exist, according to Beveridge, the "father" of this model of capitalist State, between the development of a social security system, employment, and the situation of private property, while simultaneously pointing out the specifics and complexity of his ideas in the relation observed between full occupation and private property as basic elements for the construction of a Social Security system.
Investigation of i-AlCuFe Quasicrystals and their ω and β Approximants as Thermoelectric Materials

In the search for new thermoelectric materials, quasicrystals have been investigated due to their inherently low thermal conductivity. Crystalline phases called approximants which are closely related to the quasicrystals, however, have largely been ignored. These approximants have similar structure, yet the periodicity of a crystal. In this paper, we have investigated an icosahedral i-AlCuFe quasicrystalline phase as well as two of its corresponding approximant phases (ω and β). Electrical and thermal transport properties of these materials are presented. The viability of the i-AlCuFe quasicrystalline system and the ω and β approximant phases as thermoelectric materials is discussed.
Differentiating between Memory and Effector Cd8 T Cells by Altered Expression of Cell Surface O-Glycans

Currently there are few reliable cell surface markers that can clearly discriminate effector from memory T cells. To determine if there are changes in O-glycosylation between these two cell types, we analyzed virus-specific CD8 T cells at various time points after lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection of mice. Antigen-specific CD8 T cells were identified using major histocompatibility complex class I tetramers, and glycosylation changes were monitored with a monoclonal antibody (1B11) that recognizes O-glycans on mucin-type glycoproteins. We observed a striking upregulation of a specific cell surface O-glycan epitope on virus-specific CD8 T cells during the effector phase of the primary cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. This upregulation showed a strong correlation with the acquisition of effector function and was downregulated on memory CD8 T cells. Upon reinfection, there was again increased expression of this specific O-glycan epitope on secondary CTL effectors, followed once more by decreased expression on memory cells. Thus, this study identifies a new cell surface marker to distinguish between effector and memory CD8 T cells. This marker can be used to isolate pure populations of effector CTLs and also to determine the proportion of memory CD8 T cells that are recruited into the secondary response upon reencounter with antigen. This latter information will be of value in optimizing immunization strategies for boosting CD8 T cell responses.
Extreme hypercholesterolemia presenting with pseudohyponatremia - A case report and review of the literature

Abstract Pseudohyponatremia has been reported in association with severe hypertriglyceridemia and hyperparaproteinemia, but its association with severe hypercholesterolemia is not well-known. We report a 43-year-old woman with refractory primary biliary cirrhosis who presented with asymptomatic hyponatremia (121 mmol/L; normal range: 135-145 mmol/L). She was ultimately found to have a total serum cholesterol level of 2415 mg/dL (normal range: 120-199 mg/dL) — secondary to accumulation of lipoprotein-X—causing pseudohyponatremia. The diagnosis was confirmed by measurement of serum osmolality (296 mOsm/kg H 2 O; normal range: 270-300 mOsm/kg H 2 O) and serum sodium by direct potentiometry (141 mmol/L). Furthermore, following 16 sessions of plasmapheresis over a 4-month period, there was marked lowering of serum cholesterol to 200 mg/dL and normalization of serum sodium (139 mmol/L) as measured by indirect potentiometry. This case shows that extreme hypercholesterolemia from elevation of lipoprotein-X particles in cholestasis can be a rare cause of pseudohyponatremia. It highlights the need to measure serum sodium with direct potentiometry in the setting of extreme hypercholesterolemia and consider this possibility before initiating treatment of hyponatremia.
Three Kinds of Economists

Abstract. The diversity of thought among American economistsis investigated using samples of the memberships of the American Economic Association, the Union for Radical Political Economists and the Association for Evolutionary Economics. Discriminant analysis reveals a complex web of theoretical and organizational integration and separatism involving theoretical orientation in economics, emulative economists, scholarly research focus, organizational membership, and political values. The modal radical economist espouses a radical political economic philosophy and pursues Marxist/radical scholarship in an academic setting. The modal neoclassical economist, radical in neither disciplinary nor personal political beliefs, is found, more often than the other types, in nonacademic administrative work. Marxist/radical and institutionalist scholarship are mutually exclusive. Other dimensions of the professional role, as well as a number of social and biographical background characteristics, do not differentiate between types of economists.
Model calculations of electron precipitation induced ionization patches on the nightside of Mars

[1] Using an electron transport model, we investigate the effect of electron precipitation on the electron density and total electron content in the nightside ionosphere of Mars. As input we use Mars Global Surveyor observations of a typical tail electron spectrum and an auroral-like electron spectrum. The accelerated electron spectrum increases the maximum number density and total electron content by a factor of 3 over that produced by the typical tail spectrum. Our calculations show a secondary electron density peak due to precipitation of several keV electrons not seen in previous modeling efforts. Regions of enhanced ionization are expected to be localized in space, corresponding to magnetic cusps formed by the interaction of crustal sources with the interplanetary magnetic field. Radio and radar measurements from both Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Express agree with this expectation. The horizontally inhomogeneous regions of ionization can affect signals used for subsurface sounding from orbit.
FIFTY YEARS OF SURVEY SAMPLING IN THE UNITED STATES

When properly undertaken, the sample survey provides an objective, efficient, and valid method of obtaining the characteristics of an entire population from only a small part of that population. First introduced in Europe at the beginning of the century, the basic method has been used in the United States for about 50 years (Kruskal and Mosteller, 1980; Seng, 1951). There have been two phases of development of the sample survey in this country. The first phase, which began in the middle 1930s, involved the development of basic probability sampling theory, the acceptance of probability sampling as the method of choice for obtaining representative samples, and the application of the method in a broad range of topic areas involving personal interview household surveys. In the late 1960s and early 1970s sample survey development entered a second phase, which witnessed an even broader utilization of survey sampling methodology as well as an updating of techniques and procedures to be more in line with broader changes in our society and with available technology.
Nonoptimal use of nontraditional education

Abstract Many universities are implementing nontraditional programs for working adults using adjunct, nontraditional faculty as temporary workers. This practice is defended as economically necessary. However, no economic theory of this practice has been developed. In a simple model of private universities with two products, traditional and nontraditional education, surplus is maximized subject to market demand for traditional and nontraditional education. Tuition and faculty staffing are choice variables. Marketing and library services are fixed at predetermined levels. The results are consistent with conventional price theory: to operate optimally, the firm pays each input the value of its marginal product, adjusted by the appropriate price elasticity of demand. If the university is modeled as a firm, traditional education is tuition elastic and nontraditional education is tuition inelastic, then traditional faculty are optimally paid more than nontraditional faculty only when traditional tuition is higher than nontraditional tuition. [JEL Code: L31]
Towards Collaborative Research and Education in Computer Architecture with the Archer System

Archer is a simulation environment and computing resource for research in the field of computer architecture. Archer facilitates the creation of an on-demand computing grid, the deployment of simulation tools on this grid and the batch scheduling of large-scale simulation jobs on this grid. These features enable the use of Archer for simulation-based research as well as dissemination of tools and results among multiple research groups. This paper overviews and reports our experience in the use of Archer for collaborative research and for education.
Ticks infesting medium-sized wild mammals in two forest localities in Virginia (Acarina: Ixodidae).

Substantial differences were found in host-parasite relationships among ticks parasitizing medium-sized wild mammals in 2 forest localities in Virginia. Studies done in Piedmont habitat consisting of isolated, mixed deciduous forest tracts in various stages of succession adjacent to abandoned pasture, cropland, and cultivated fields revealed the presence of 4 species of ticks parasitizing 7 species of medium-sized mammals. The raccoon was the dominant host for the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), and the sole host for Ixodes texanus Banks. The eastern striped skunk was the dominant host for Ixodes cookei Packard. The lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), was the least abundant of all 4 species of ticks infesting these mammals in this area. Studies done in the coastal plain in a part of a large expanse (approximately 3500 hectares) of relatively unused, mixed deciduous forest adjacent to swamp and freshwater habitat revealed the presence of the same 4 species of ticks also found in the Piedmont locality. However, A. americanum was the most abundant of the 4 tick species, especially on hosts trapped near aquatic habitat. I. texanus ranked second in frequency of occurrence, whereas D. variabilis and I. cookei were rarely found on the mammals examined in this area.
InP-based waveguide photodetector with integrated photon multiplication

We report on novel InP based traveling wave amplification photodetectors exhibiting an external quantum efficiency of more than 100%. Our detectors vertically combine a bulk InGaAs photodetector ridge region with laterally confined InGaAsP quantum wells for amplification. In addition to ultra high responsivities, such detectors have the potential to also achieve high saturation power and high speed. The device physics is discussed using advanced numerical simulation.
Non-planar linearly tapered slot antennas with balanced microstrip feed

A nonplanar linearly tapered slot antenna (LTSA) has been fabricated and tested at frequencies from 8 to 32 GHz. The LTSA is excited by a broadband balanced microstrip transformer. An LTSA fed with this feed network exhibits very broad bandwidth extending from X-band to Ka-band with good impedance match and excellent radiation patterns. >
Evaluation of a Formula that Categorizes Female Gray Wolf Breeding Status by Nipple Size

Abstract The proportion by age class of wild Canis lupus (Gray Wolf) females that reproduce in any given year remains unclear; thus, we evaluated the applicability to our long-term (1972–2013) data set of the Mech et al. (1993) formula that categorizes female Gray Wolf breeding status by nipple size and time of year. We used the formula to classify Gray Wolves from 68 capture events into 4 categories (yearling, adult non-breeder, former breeder, current breeder). To address issues with small sample size and variance, we created an ambiguity index to allow some Gray Wolves to be classed into 2 categories. We classified 20 nipple measurements ambiguously: 16 current or former breeder, 3 former or adult non-breeder, and 1 yearling or adult non-breeder. The formula unambiguously classified 48 (71%) of the nipple measurements; based on supplemental field evidence, at least 5 (10%) of these were incorrect. When used in conjunction with an ambiguity index we developed and with corrections made for classification...
Does Application Matter? An Examination of Public Perception of Agricultural Biotechnology Applications

Whereas most research on public perceptions of genetically modified products have focused on first-generation biotechnologies and genetically modified foods, this paper examines public support for a variety of animal and plant agricultural biotechnology applications and explores whether the determinants of support for each application vary by knowledge, trust, benefits, and sociodemographic variables. The data for this study were gathered from 432 adults in a regional Southwestern telephone survey conducted from March 28 through May 4, 2004. The results revealed that the vehicle used (animal or plant) appears to outweigh both the function and type of application, although nonfood applications tended to receive higher support levels than genetically modified foods. Plant applications received higher support than animal applications. Additionally, the determinants for each biotechnology application were different, and their explanatory power varied by application. Only perceived benefits was significantly related to each biotechnology application.
81 – Alcohol and Alkylating Agents

This chapter focuses on interactions of alcohol and alkylating agents to modulate tumorigenesis. Although epidemiological studies have identified alcohol use as a risk factor in the development of certain neoplastic diseases, the mechanism by which ethanol exerts co-carcinogenic effects is not well established. Animal studies have confirmed that administration of ethanol can enhance the tumorigenicity of carcinogenic alkylating agents—such as N-nitroso compounds, although in some instances ethanol administration has been reported to diminish alkylating agent-induced tumorigenesis. These effects of carcinogenicity may be because of alteration of the pharmacokinetics of the alkylating agents by ethanol, which is both an inducer and inhibitor of enzymes involved in their metabolism. In addition, ethanol affects the repair of pro-mutagenic Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) adducts induced by alkylating agents, enhancing the extent of DNA damage and contributing to the genomic instability associated with neoplastic disease. Alkylating agents produce electrophilic species that can form covalent bonds at cellular nucleophilic sites. Although other molecules can be modified, it is the reaction with sites on DNA that appears to be responsible for the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity displayed by these agents.
Vaccination of Children With Human Cell Culture Rabies Vaccine

Three children exposed to the bites of proved or probably rabid animals were immunized with human rabies immune globulin and human diploid cell culture vaccine. There were no significant clinical reactions, and all three developed high levels of rabies antibody. The patients have remained well from four to 18 months.
Food Safety Management Systems

Producing safe food, all the time, must be a foundational goal for any individual or corporation in the business of making food. It is critical to understand the risks associated with food and take actions to mitigate those risks. Food safety management systems (FSMSs) include multiple, interrelated elements to help ensure that risks are mitigated to an acceptable level. Good manufacturing practices and hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) programs are key elements of an FSMS, but there are other elements based in policy and culture that are also important. A robust FSMS that is effectively implemented, continuously monitored, verified, and subject to continuous improvement is essential for the success of food manufacturers.
Selective amplification and sequencing of cyclic phosphate-containing RNAs by the cP-RNA-seq method

RNA digestions catalyzed by many ribonucleases generate RNA fragments that contain a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate (cP) at their 3' termini. However, standard RNA-seq methods are unable to accurately capture cP-containing RNAs because the cP inhibits the adapter ligation reaction. We recently developed a method named cP-RNA-seq that is able to selectively amplify and sequence cP-containing RNAs. Here we describe the cP-RNA-seq protocol in which the 3' termini of all RNAs, except those containing a cP, are cleaved through a periodate treatment after phosphatase treatment; hence, subsequent adapter ligation and cDNA amplification steps are exclusively applied to cP-containing RNAs. cP-RNA-seq takes ∼6 d, excluding the time required for sequencing and bioinformatics analyses, which are not covered in detail in this protocol. Biochemical validation of the existence of cP in the identified RNAs takes ∼3 d. Even though the cP-RNA-seq method was developed to identify angiogenin-generating 5'-tRNA halves as a proof of principle, the method should be applicable to global identification of cP-containing RNA repertoires in various transcriptomes.
Fractal dimension of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy trabeculation: a window to an unpredictable future?

Genetic analysis has revolutionized our understanding of the pathophysiology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and has led to an evolving approach to both screening and diagnosis of patients with HCM and their relatives in recent years. Phenotypically, HCM was characterized and defined by left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) unexplained by other conditions and LV outflow tract obstruction.1 Current genetic evaluation can now identify mutations within sarcomeric proteins that form the basic contractile unit of the heart in >60% of HCM cases.2,3 Despite the advancement of genetic diagnosis and cascade screening, the clinical impact of genetic testing for HCM remains somewhat uncertain. Genetic mutations in HCM have both variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance, thus current mutation-specific risk stratification of patients with HCM lacks precision. Screened relatives who are genotype positive may never progress to overt clinical disease, and even patients who have the same genetic mutation may manifest highly variable phenotypic severity over time. Furthermore, there has been no reliably established link between the type of genetic mutation and patient prognosis.4,5 These factors have resulted in a hybrid of genetic and cardiac imaging to improve profiling of preclinical disease in patients who are genotype positive but phenotype negative. In accordance, cardiac magnetic resonance has emerged as a valuable imaging tool to complement …
Clinical observation on loop electrosurgical excision procedure in management of cervical pathological changes

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of loop electrosurgical excision procedure(LEEP)in treatment o f cervical lesions.Methods Ninety-nine patients with different cervical diseases were diagnosed by optical observation,cytology colposcopy and cervical biopsy.The lesions were treated with LEEP The cure rate,the operative time,bleeding volume and postoperative effects were recorded.Results The mean operative time was 5.8minutes.The mean bleeding volume was 8.07 ml.And secondary bleeding and postoperative infection occurred.All these surgical specimens were examined and the diagnosis was confirmed by pathology.Conclusion The LEEP in management of the cervical diseases is simple and safe,but with many complications.The doctors in grass-roots hospitals should strictly master indications.
Improving performance of eco-industrial parks

Industrial Ecology hypothesises that networks of industries designed to be analogous to the structure and properties of food webs may approach a similarly sustainable and efficient state. Although ...
Older Adults at Risk of Complications From Microbial Foodborne Illness

usually face far higher rates of infection from foodborne pathogens (bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, and their toxins), older adults, along with the very young and the immuno-compromised, are more likely to have some of the more severe complications from these infections. In particular, some research has shown that the elderly are more vulnerable to gastroenteritis-induced deaths. Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) FoodNet surveillance system show that for some pathogens, older adults have lower cultureconfirmed rates of infection than most or all of the other age groups, despite many age-related factors, such as decreased immune functioning and decreased stomach acid production, that predispose older persons to gastrointestinal infections and their more severe complications. These low rates may be partly due to older persons being more careful about food handling and food consumption than younger persons. Culture-confirmed rates of infection for people over age 60 range from 0.1 cases per 100,000 people for Vibrio and Cyclospora to 10.8 cases per 100,000 people for Salmonella. The infection rates for all Americans range from 0.04 cases per 100,000 people for Cyclospora to 17.4 cases per 100,000 people for Salmonella. Preliminary new FoodNet data from a separate telephone survey on diarrheal disease indicate that adults over the age of 65 have the lowest prevalence of diarrheal disease of any age group for monitored pathogens. Older adults can benefit from education on safe food handling and food consumption behavior and, in turn, prevent some of the annual foodborne illnesses among this age category. In this article, the term “older adults” refers to individuals age 60 or older, following
Benchtop Delivery of Ni(cod)2 using Paraffin Capsules.

A facile method that allows for Ni(cod)2 to be used on the benchtop is reported. The procedure involves the preparation of paraffin–Ni(cod)2 capsules, which are stable to air and moisture. It is demonstrated that these readily available capsules can be used to promote a range of Ni(cod)2-catalyzed transformations. These studies are expected to promote the further use of Ni(cod)2 in organic synthesis.
Language Variation and Theory of Mind in Typical Development: An Exploratory Study of School-Age African American Narrators

Purpose The intent of this study was to explore the relation between language variation and theory of mind (ToM) in African American child narrators. Method Fifty children produced a narrative on the basis of the wordless book, Frog, Where Are You? ToM was assessed by children's internal-state words and false-belief mentioning in the book's narratives as well as their performance on the Reading the Eyes in the Mind Test (Baron-Cohen, Joliffe, Mortimore, & Robertson, 1997). Correlation and linear regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between narrative language ability and ToM indices. Relationships between language variation, ToM indices, and socioeconomic status were also explored. Results There was no correlation between language variation and the 3 ToM indicators. False-belief mentioning accounted for the most variance in children's narrative language. Language variation scores and ToM performance were both unrelated to children's socioeconomic backgrounds. Conclusion ToM indi...
Laser Effects on Normal and Tumor Tissue

Early reports of experimental and clinical applications, using the intense, coherent, monochromatic laser energy for selected surgical procedures, were published by McGuff et al. (1963) and Helsper et al. (1964). In some instances these observations suggested that ruby laser energy (694.3 nm) partially destroyed tumor tissue which, later, was followed by a delayed remission of the entire tumor. Permanent tumor cures were obtained on certain strains of transplanted melanoma growing in laboratory animals. A year later, McGuff et al. (1964) reported the successful destruction of subcutaneous human tumor, and Goldman et al. (1964) nevi and melanomas. Enthusiasm in surgical research was sparked by such successes but was constrained by the limited availability of suitable apparatus and qualified technical personnel.
Full-Scale Dynamic Testing of a Sliding Seismically Isolated Unibody House

Shaking table tests were conducted on a new low cost sliding seismic isolation system aimed at significantly improving the seismic performance of low-rise lightweight residential construction. A tw...
Compassion in Ginzburg’s Depictions of Family Relationships

This chapter analyzes representations of compassion in Ginzburg’s Family Sayings, examining her father’s unemotional detachment and occasionally violent conduct. The author highlights the negative consequences of such behavior for others and suggests both self-criticism and depth of the Fascist culture’s influence on society. The author’s portrayal of the compassion offered by both Uncle Cesare and Adriano illustrates a model of male identity that values emotional consideration and compassionate responses, thus challenging gender stereotypes. By inquiring the connection between men and action or violence, Ginzburg opposes one of the myths of Fascist gender differences. This examination demonstrates how neorealist artists promote individuals’ emotional ability in order to reach understanding, control, and, thus, mental well-being, which are necessary qualities to promote a positive way of living for all individuals.
A review of the biopsychosocial aspects of caregiving for aging family members

ABSTRACTWith the ever-increasing growth in the aging population, the need for care providers will also continue to rise. Many of these caregivers will provide informal care to family members and friends at a price to their own physical, psychological, and social well-being. This article examines the phenomenon of caregiving and provides a review of the biological, psychological, and social impacts of caregiving to care providers. George Engel’s biopsychosocial model is explored to examine the biological, psychological, and social factors that can affect a caregiver’s health and well-being. This article further explores social work practice implications and strategies for future intervention to reduce caregiver burnout and aid in their self-preservation.
Addressing the Information Needs of Crisis-Affected Communities: The Interplay of Legacy Media and Social Media in a Rural Disaster

As networked information and communication technologies (ICTs) take an increasingly prominent role in crisis communication in disaster-affected communities, their position in the broad socio-technical infrastructure deserves closer inspection. The authors examine the interplay between traditional legacy media and ICTs, such as social media, to explore how they together, and separately, meet the information needs of disaster-affected communities. They specifically look at examples during Hurricane Irene in upstate New York.
The effect of body mass index (BMI) on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) mortality.

e19041 Background: High BMI is associated with increased mortality in many cancers. However, the effect of BMI on survival in NSCLC is less established. In this study, we explored the effect of wei...
Changes In Spring Arrival Dates of Rufous Hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus) In Western North America In the Past Century

ABSTRACT Warming temperatures have been linked to advancing spring migration dates of birds, although most studies have been conducted at individual sites. Problems may arise ecologically if birds arrive or depart before or after associated food resources such as plants or insects reach critical lifecycle stages. Here, I compare mean first arrival dates of the Rufous Hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus), a prolific pollinator and long-distance migrant with the northernmost breeding range of any North American hummingbird, between 1895–1969 and 2006–2015 at eight observation locations in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. Historical arrivals were reported through the North American Bird Phenology Program, and recent arrivals were estimated from temporal occupancy patterns using eBird checklists. Results indicated that hummingbirds arrived 8 and 11 days later in the recent time period in two coastal cities in Oregon and 7–17 days earlier in northern, more inland cities in Washington and British Columbia. ...
Uncertainty, climate change, and irreversible environmental effects: application of real options to environmental benefit-cost analysis

Benefit-cost analysis (BCA) is the foundation of environmental policy analysis in the USA. This has worked reasonably well as a resource allocation tool for conventional environmental problems, although not for climate change. Conventional economic analyses of the 2° C stabilization target usually report modest benefits while costs are significant. Time lags and the discount rate “eat up” distant future benefits while present costs remain high. Modest estimates of benefits, based on expected value, do not reflect possible irreversible outcomes of climate change, and so the policy system tends to ignore these plausible conditions which are often statistical tail risks. BCA on tail risks would show benefits from acting, but typically, the costs might be shown to be much too high. When decisions made under high uncertainty have irreversible consequences, these consequences should be taken into account and properly priced. In this paper, we are proposing that the use of real options analysis can help us better understand values and costs of irreversible decisions and to value the costs of delay or early actions. Real options analysis is the most suitable instrument for estimating economic value of risk to be used in the BCA policy framework.
Socioeconomic Status and Incidence of Hospitalization With Lower‐Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

BackgroundCompared to coronary heart disease, heart failure, and stroke, the relationship between low socioeconomic status (SES) and peripheral artery disease (PAD) is less well established. We exa...