cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lustig, Richards, and Ruse: Darwinian Heresies

(2006). Lustig, Richards, and Ruse: Darwinian Heresies. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 277-277.
Analysis of piezoelectric smart composites using a coupled piezoelectric-mechanical model

A two-way piezoelectric-mechanical coupled theory is used to investigate the multiple field interactions of composite laminates with surface-bonded piezoelectric actuators and sensors. A higher ord...
Students' Conceptual Ecologies and the Process of Conceptual Change in Evolution.

Using conceptual change as a theoretical lens, the purpose of this study is to describe the structure of a learner's conceptual ecology within a specific content area (biological evolution) and to illustrate how this ecology influences the process of conceptual change. Data were gathered using participant observations in a high school Biology II classroom as well as a series of 17 open-ended and structured interviews with each of four research participants. The interviews were designed to illustrate the participants' approaches to biology as well as to describe their changing conceptual frameworks for evolutionary theory. Interview techniques used include: concept mapping, drawing interviews, discussion of pre- and posttests, and sorting tasks. A learner's conceptual ecology for evolution was found to include prior conceptions related to evolutionary theory (both scientific and alternative), scientific and religious orientations, view of the biological world, and acceptance of evolutionary theory. However, the data demonstrate that the actions of these aspects of the conceptual ecology can vary among individuals and no single controlling mechanism was isolated. Most importantly, the data demonstrate that conceptual change has significant affective cornponents as evidence is evaluated by learners and this evaluation is often based on extralogical criteria. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Improved fracture resistance of 7075 through thermomechanical processing

Abstract Aluminium alloys remain a popular choice of materials for use in subsonic aircraft systems. Their high strength to weight ratio, low cost and good formability make these alloys very attractive for use in lightweight structures that will not be exposed to severe temperature environments. Unfortunately though, the use of high strength aluminum alloys is limited by two factors—their relatively poor fatigue strength and their susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking. It is in the intent of this paper to review the improvements in these and other properties that have been achieved in 7075 at the Air Force Materials Laboratory through the use of relatively simple thermomechanical treatments. Two thermomechanical treatments have been considered, one a high strength condition equivalent to the conventional T-6 treatment and the other an over-aged condition equivalent to the T-73 treatment. However, because of the higher strength possible through thermomechanical processing the over-aged condition still maintains strength levels very close to that of conventional T-6. Data is presented showing the improvements obtained in fatigue strength, stress corrosion resistance and fracture toughness through the use of these processes.
FLUORESCENCE AND TRIPLET QUANTUM YIELDS OF ARENES ON SURFACES

The photophysics of pyrene, perylene, coronene, and several other polyaromatic adsorbates on silica gel and related oxide surfaces have been examined using their excited singlet and triplet states. It is found that the fluorescence and triplet quantum yields for the arenes are lower on silica gel compared to simple solution. This is related to the adsorption of the molecules on SiO2 sites where charge-transfer (CT) complexes are formed. The CT complex is identified by its spectral absorption and emission, which are red-shifted with respect to pyrene, and by a much shorter lifetime of 20 ns compared to greater than 100 ns for pyrene. The extent of the CT state can be reduced by addition of polar coadsorbates such as nitromethane. The latter adsorb strongly at the active surface sites and replace pyrene, which then adsorbs at nonactive sites.
Evidence for Positive Mood Buffering Among College Student Drinkers

Positive experiences play an important role in buffering the effects of negative experiences. Although this process can play out in a myriad of contexts, the college context is one of particular importance because of significant concerns about student stress levels and alcohol abuse. Building on evidence that at least some students drink in response to negative experiences, we considered the possibility that positive moods would moderate college student negative mood-drinking relationships. Using a Web-based daily process study of 118 (57% women) undergraduate student drinkers, the authors reveal that positive moods indeed buffer the effects of negative moods on student drinking, depending on the mood and drinking context. Furthermore, the buffering of ashamed mood appears to explain the buffering of other negative moods. Implications of these findings are considered in terms of the relationship between negative self-awareness and drinking to cope.
Live/Real Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Demonstration of Left Ventricular Noncompaction and Thrombi

We describe two adult patients with left ventricular noncompaction in whom live/real time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3DTTE) supplemented two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography in making a definitive diagnosis of clots coexisting with trabeculations in the left ventricle. Mobility of clots and the presence of central echolucencies consistent with clot lysis were best demonstrated by 3DTTE and served to confidently differentiate clots from adjacent trabeculations.
Religiosity, depression, and physical maturation in adolescent girls.

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the impact of physical maturation on the protective qualities of religiosity against depression in adolescent girls. Method Subjects were 3,356 adolescent girls (mean age 16.0, SD=1.8) interviewed in 1995 as part of the Wave I In-Home Version of the North Carolina Adolescent Health Study. Maturation was assessed on the basis of self-report of secondary sexual characteristics and age at onset of menstruation. Religiosity was assessed on the basis of personal devotion, personal conservatism, institutional conservatism, and participation in religious community. Logistic regression analyses were conducted with each variable of religiosity used to predict depression, controlling for age and ethnicity. Results Personal devotion and participation in religious community were associated with a 19% to 26% decreased likelihood of depression in non–highly mature girls and a relatively more robust 32% to 43% decreased likelihood of depression in highly mature girls. Personal conservatism and institutional conservatism were associated with a 17% to 24% decreased likelihood of depression among non–highly mature girls, but were not associated with depression in highly mature girls. Conclusion Physical maturation may be associated with the protective qualities of religiosity against depression in adolescent girls.
Far infrared spectra of potassium and ammonium pentahalonitrosylruthenates

Abstract The infrared spectra of the potassium and ammonium salts of pentachloro-, pentabromo-, and pentaiodonitrosylruthenates and potassium pentacyanonitrosylruthenate have been recorded from 4000 to 50 cm−1. The ruthenium nitrogen stretch is found in the range 635-550 cm−1. The ruthenium carbon and ruthenium halogen stretching vibrations are assigned and discussed.
Deletion Mapping of the Drosophila Memory Mutant amnesiac

Guided by genetic recombination experiments that placed the gene for the Drosophila memory mutant amnesiac proximal to forked near carnation, we screened 7 deficiencies of the proximal X in an effort to more precisely localize the amnesiac mutation. After training with a classical conditioning procedure, two deficiency chromosomes, mal8 and mal12, produced amnesiac-like memory deficits in Df/amn flies but not in Df/ + controls. In contrast, the mal13, mal10, mal11, 16-3-22 and DCB1 deficiencies, in combination with either amn or + chromosomes, did not produce amnesiac memory scores. These results indicate that the amnesiac gene lies between the left breakpoint of mal12 (19A1) and the left breakpoint of mal13 (19A1 or A2). This conclusion is supported by the fact that amn males carrying the Y-linked X-chromosome duplication y+ Ymal106 (which spans 18F4-5 to 20A) produce wild-type learning and memory scores. Finally, the data suggest that amnesiac is a complete loss of function (amorphic) mutation, because amn/amn and amn/Df flies have similar learning and memory scores.
Biochemical similarity among serologically distinct flagellins of Campylobacter jejuni

We describe a simplified method for obtaining highly purified flagellin, suitable for biochemical analysis using HPLC-gel permeation. Amino acid composition and N-terminal sequence analyses were performed on flagellins from serologically distinct isolates. The amino acid composition of flagellin from 10 strains was very similar. The N-terminal amino acid sequence is highly conserved. Significant sequence homology was found with flagellin of Bacillus subtilis.
Preschool Children's Object Substitutions during Symbolic Play

This study investigated preschool children's use of objects in symbolic play. 96 children ranging in age from 30 to 50 mo. were asked to pretend in one of four conditions: (1) substitution with objects of similar physical attributes, (2) substitution with objects of similar functional attributes, (3) substitution with dissimilar objects, or (4) substitution with no object. The use of symbolic objects increased as the similarity between the substitute objects and referent increased. More children were able to perform the substitution using objects similar in physical attributes of size, shape, and color than using objects similar in function. The younger children showed a greater difference in performance across the substitute conditions than the older children and performed less well on all conditions.
Risperidone-associated hyperprolactinemia

ABSTRACT Objective To compare the prolactogenic effects of risperidone, clozapine, and typical antipsychotic agents in an outpatient community-based psychiatric population. Methods Prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations were measured in 68 outpatients with schizophrenia who were receiving antipsychotic medications and were recruited from a community mental health clinic. Results The percentage of women with increased prolactin concentrations was significantly greater in the risperidone group (100%, 12 of 12 patients) than in the clozapine group (25%, 1 of 4) (P = 0.0071) but not in comparison with the typical antipsychotic agent group (83%, 5 of 6) (P = 0.333). The percentage of men with increased prolactin concentrations was significantly greater in the risperidone group (94%, 17 of 18) than in the clozapine group (18%, 3 of 17) (P Conclusion Risperidone is a potent inducer of hyperprolactinemia in outpatients with schizophrenia in a community population. The higher and more frequently increased prolactin concentrations caused by risperidone could adversely affect patient health and compliance. (Endocr Pract. 2000;6:425-429)
Revised model of calcium and magnesium binding to the bacterial cell wall

Metals bind to the bacterial cell wall, yet the binding mechanisms and affinity constants are not fully understood. The cell wall of gram positive bacteria is characterized by a thick layer of peptidoglycan and anionic teichoic acids anchored in the cytoplasmic membrane as lipoteichoic acid or covalently bound to the cell wall as wall teichoic acid. The polyphosphate groups of teichoic acid provide one-half of the metal binding sites for calcium and magnesium, which contradicts previous reports that calcium binding is 100 % dependent on teichoic acid. The remaining binding sites are formed with the carboxyl units of peptidoglycan. In this work we report equilibrium association constants and total metal binding capacities for the interaction of calcium and magnesium ions with the bacterial cell wall. Metal binding is much stronger than previously reported. Curvature of Scatchard plots from the binding data and the resulting two regions of binding affinity suggest the presence of negative cooperative binding, which means that the binding affinity decreases as more ions become bound to the sample. For Ca2+, Region I has a KA = (1.0 ± 0.2) × 106 M−1 and Region II has a KA = (0.075 ± 0.058) × 106 M−1. For Mg2+, KA1 = (1.5 ± 0.1) × 106 and KA2 = (0.17 ± 0.10) × 106. A binding capacity (η) is reported for both regions. However, since binding is still occurring in Region II, the total binding capacity is denoted by η2, which are 0.70 ± 0.04 and 0.67 ± 0.03 µmol/mg for Ca2+ and Mg2+ respectively. These data contradict the current paradigm of only a single metal affinity value that is constant over a range of concentrations. We also find that measurement of equilibrium binding constants is highly sample dependent. This suggests a role for diffusion of metals through heterogeneous cell wall fragments. As a result, we are able to reconcile many contradictory theories that describe binding affinity and the binding mode of divalent metal cations.
Acceptability of different sugars and oils to three tropical ant species (Hymen., Formicidae).

Baits are generally more effective than insecticidal sprays and dusts for controlling ant infestations. It is important to use a highly acceptable food attractant in order for baits to be effective. We examined the acceptability of 6 sugars and oils to 3 ant species,Pheidole megacephala (Fab.),Ochetellus glaber (Mayr), andParatrechina longicornis (Latr.). One of these sugars, melezitose, is a trisaccharide found only in the honeydew of homopterous insects.P. megacephala showed a significant preference for melezitose over maltose and trehalose, but not over fructose and surcose. O.glaber significantly preferred sucrose over maltose andP. longicornis did not show any significant preferences for the different sugars.P. megacephala showed a significant preference for olive oil. NeitherO. glaber norP. longicornis showed a preference for the different oils and there were very low numbers ofO. glaber andP. longicornis workers attracted to oiltreated disks. Hence, oil-based baits would probably not be effective for controlling either of these latter two ant species.
Blacklisting social science departments with poor Ph.D. submission rates

In an attempt to reduce the time taken by social science Ph.D. candidates to obtain their degrees, the Economic and Social Science Research Council ESRC of the United Kingdom has decided to withhold funds from social science departments of academic institutions with the poorest Ph.D. submission "rates." Institutions with less than one in ten of their Ph.D. students submitting a thesis within four years of registration will be placed on a blacklist. In interpreting the observed submission rates the ESRC appears not to have taken account of the different numbers of registered students in social science departments, which have cohort sizes ranging from 2 to 79. This failure has potentially counter-productive consequences. An empirical Bayes method is proposed that adjusts estimates of submission rates by taking into account the number of students. The method suggests that differences in true unobservable submission rates between institutions are small and thus observable submission proportions alone do not form a good basis for policy action.
Toward full economic valuation of forest fuels-reduction treatments.

Our goal was to move toward full economic valuation of fuels-reduction treatments applied to ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests. For each of five fuels-reduction projects in northern Arizona, we calculated the economic value of carbon storage and carbon releases over one century produced by two fuelsreduction treatments of thinning following by prescribed burning every one (Rx10) or two (Rx20) decades and for no treatment followed by intense wildfire once in the first 50 years (HF50) or once in the first 100 years (HF100). Our estimates include two uses of harvested wood, the current use as pallets, and multiproduct use as paper, pallets, and construction materials. Additionally, we included the economic value of damage and loss from wildfire. Results indicate that treatments increase carbon stock in live trees over time; however, the inclusion of carbon emissions from treatments reduces net carbon storage and thereby carbon credits and revenue. The economic valuation shows that the highest net benefi to f $5029.74 ha � 1 occurs for the Rx20 treatment with the HF50 baseline and the high estimated treatment benefits of avoided losses, regional economic benefits, and community value of fire risk reduction. The lowest net benefi to f� $3458.02 ha � 1 occurs for the Rx10 treatment with the HF100 baseline and the low estimated treatment benefits. We conclude that current nonmarket values such as avoided wildfire damage should be included with values of traditional wood products and emerging values of carbon storage to more appropriately estimate long-term benefits and costs of forest fuels-reduction treatments. 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Are family meal patterns associated with overall diet quality during the transition from early to middle adolescence

Abstract Objective To examine longitudinal associations of participation in regular family meals (≥ 5 meals/week) with eating habits and dietary intake during adolescence. Design Population-based, longitudinal study (Project EAT: Eating Among Teens). Surveys were completed in Minnesota classrooms at Time 1 (1998-1999) and by mail at Time 2 (2003-2004). Setting Baseline surveys were completed in Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota, schools and by mail at follow-up. Participants 677 adolescents (303 males and 374 females) who were in middle school at Time 1 (mean age = 12.8 ± 0.74 years) and high school at Time 2 (mean age = 17.2 ± 0.59 years). Main Outcome Measures Dietary intake, frequency of meals, and fast-food intake patterns. Analysis Generalized linear modeling stratified by gender and adjusted for race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and the Time 1 outcome. Results Regular family meals were positively associated with Time 2 frequency of breakfast, lunch, and dinner meals for males and breakfast and dinner meals for females. Among males, regular family meals were negatively associated with Time 2 fast-food intake. Regular family meals were also positively associated with Time 2 mean daily intakes of vegetables, calcium-rich food, fiber, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, zinc, folate, and vitamins A and B 6 among both genders. Conclusions and Implications Regular family meals during early adolescence may contribute to the formation of healthful eating habits 5 years later. Parents should be made aware of the importance of shared mealtime experiences.
Challenges of quantitative research on internal corporate venturing

Internal corporate ventures are entrepreneurial initiatives that originate within the corporate structure (or within an existing business of the corporation) and are intended from inception as new businesses for the corporation. In spite of the long history associated with the phenomenon of internal corporate venturing, the literature provides surprisingly little quantitative evidence regarding factors important to internal corporate venturing success. Most of the literature is qualitative, while the few quantitative studies that do exist suffer from methodological problems that introduce contamination into their findings. The current paper outlines those methodological problems and proposes techniques for minimising their effects.
Homogeneous and inhomogeneous states of a two-dimensional electron liquid in a strong magnetic field.

A theory of linear screening by a two-dimensional electron liquid in a strong magnetic field is formulated quantitatively. It takes into account electron-electron interaction and it is valid in the limit of small q. The results of the theory, including the negative sign of the screening radius, are shown to be confirmed by magnetocapacitance experiments. Near the fractional quantum Hall states the screening length tends to infinity, and the long-range potential of the remote donors makes the electron liquid very inhomogeneous. Different manifestations of this effect are discussed.
Large brains and cognition: Where do elephants fit in?

Among terrestrial mammals, elephants share the unique status, along with humans and great apes, of having large brains, being long-lived and having offspring that require long periods of dependency. Elephants have the largest brains of all terrestrial mammals, including the greatest volume of cerebral cortex. In contrast to what one might expect from such a large-brained species, the performance of elephants in cognitive feats, such as tool use, visual discrimination learning and tests of "insight" behavior, is unimpressive in comparison to the performance by chimpanzees and, of course, humans. Where elephants do seem to excel is in long-term, extensive spatial-temporal and social memory. In addition, elephants appear to be somewhat unique among non-human species in their reactions to disabled and deceased conspecifics, exhibiting behaviors that are mindful of "theory-of-mind" phenomena. Information gleaned from studies on the neural cytoarchitecture of large brains reveals that the neurons of the cerebral cortex of elephants are much less densely populated than in large-brained primates. The interactions between cortical neurons would appear to be more global and less compartmentalized into local areas, and cortical information processing slower, than in great apes and humans. Although focused neural cytoarchitecture studies on the elephant are needed, this comparative perspective on the cortical neural cytoarchitecture appears to relate to differences in behavior between elephants and their primate counterparts.
Surface PEGylation and Ligand Exchange Chemistry of FePt Nanoparticles for Biological Applications

FePt magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were functionalized with a mixed monolayer of poly(ethylene glycol)-terminated thiol and dopamine ligands. The resulting nanoparticles were soluble and stable in aqueous media, including water, ionic solutions, and cell culture medium. The surface thiol ligands are readily exchanged with other thiols bearing chain-end functionalities. MNPs featuring either a cationic or an anionic surface were synthesized by ligand exchange chemistry to afford ligand peripheries capable of binding biomolecules. Surface binding of cationic MNPs to DNA and anionic MNPs to chymotrypsin was enabled by incorporation of a charged functionality on the nanoparticle surface. This approach represents a general strategy to synthesize functionalized FePt nanoparticles that form stable solutions in water and facilitates the use of these magnetic FePt nanoparticles in biological applications.
Fasting and postprandial serum glucose in relation to periodontal status.

Fasting and 2-hour postprandial serum glucose measurements were performed on 510 healthy young adult males. Subjects were divided into four periodontal index categories, and the data for each group for the three glucose variables were analyzed statistically. These variables were found not to be significantly related to periodontal status.
Effects of Isometric Exercise on Cardiac Performance The Grip Test

Twenty-two patients with heart disease performed a standard isometric exercise, sustained handgrip, during the course of diagnostic cardiac catheterization. During handgrip an increase in mean arterial pressure (average 87 to 104 mm Hg) was noted in all patients. Coronary sinus blood flow and myocardial O2 consumption increased (average 45%) in all patients so monitored. Systemic vascular resistance increased in 19 patients, in contrast to the response reported in normal volunteers. The relation between left ventricular stroke-work index and LVEDP (left ventricular function curve) during the control state and during the fourth minute of sustained handgrip provided a simple estimate of left ventricular reserve and correlated well with the New York Heart Association functional classification of the patient studied. Patients with good reserve had a rise in stroke-work with little or no change in LVEDP. Patients with poor reserve had a fall in stroke-work together with a substantial rise in LVEDP. It is concl...
Storage lipids of the copepod Calanus Jinmarchicus from Georges Bank and the Gulf of Maine

Storage lipids of fifth copepodites (C5) of Calanus finmarchicus from Georges Bank and the Gulf of Maine were quantified from video images and by Iatroscan (thin-layer chromatography with flame-ionization detection, FID). Oil withdrawn from the oil sac by micropipette was pure wax ester (WE); triacylglycerols (TAG) were elsewhere in the body. Video images indicated more WE than could be demonstrated by Iatroscan. This was due to greater FID response to pure, commercially available waxes with low levels of unsaturation than to mixtures of mostly polyunsaturated wax in C. finmarchicus. A revised calibration scheme uses both WE and TAG purified in bulk by silica gel chromatography from C. finmarchicus itself. Use of quadratic calibration curves allowed analysis of single specimens, showing the individual variability of lipid class composition. C5 collected in April–July, while presumably storing lipid for the resting stage, showed a nearly constant level of TAG, ˜17 µg ind.−1, whereas WE amounts varied from nearly 0 to >300 µg ind.−1. There appears to be a TAG quota that is filled before WE accumulates significantly and that is usually not exceeded. Many C5 collected in February and March had very high amounts and fractions of TAG. This likely results from transformation of stored WE to TAG in preparation for egg production.
Optimal way to find the optimal design for discrete-event stimulation experiments

Simulation plays a vital role in analyzing many discrete- event systems, particularly, in comparing alternative system designs with a view to optimize system performance. Usually, using simulation to analyze complex systems can be both prohibitively expensive and time consuming. We present an effective algorithm to intelligently allocate computing budget for discrete-event simulation experiments. These algorithms dynamically determine the best simulation lengths for all simulation experiments and thus significantly reduce the total computation cost for a desired confidence level. This provides an optimal way to find an optimal design. We also compare our algorithms with traditional two-stage procedures and with the techniques for the multi-armed bandit problem through numerical experiments. Numerical testing shows that our approach is more than fifteen times faster than the compared methods for the same simulation quality requirements.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The vibrational spectra of dimethyl peroxides

Abstract Infrared spectra were recorded for CH 3 OOCH 3 , CD 3 OOCD 3 and CF 3 OOCF 3 both in the gas phase and in Ar matrix. Raman spectra were recorded for CH 3 OOCH 3 , CD 3 OOCD 3 and (CH 3 ) 3 COOC(CH 3 ) 3 in the liquid phase. With the exception of the torsional modes all fundamentals have been observed for CH 3 OOCH 3 and CD 3 OOCD 3 and an assignment is suggested. It is shown that the O-O stretching vibrations in CH 3 OOCH 3 , CD 3 OOCD 3 and (CH 3 ) 3 COOC(CH 3 ) 3 occur at 779, 713 and 769 cm −1 , respectively, and hence, do not fall within the range of 820–890 cm −1 generally accepted for this mode in aliphatic peroxides.
Triaxial testing and stress relaxation of asphalt concrete

This study is concerned with the constitutive modeling of asphalt concrete mixtures. The constitutive model derived is based on a thermodynamic framework that recognizes the fact that materials can exist in multiple stress free states. We derive the constitutive relations by assuming that asphalt concrete is a constrained two constituent mixture of asphalt mastic and aggregate matrix. Assumptions are made concerning the manner in which the body stores and dissipates energy and the constitutive relations for the stress is deduced from such an assumption. The triaxial and stress relaxation tests conducted by Monismith and Secor [Viscoelastic behavior of asphalt concrete pavements. Report, Institute of Transportation and Traffic Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 1962] are used as benchmarks to delineate the efficacy of the model in predicting the mechanical response characteristics of asphalt concrete over a wide range of temperatures and confining pressures.
Large Deformation Diffeomorphic Metric Mapping Registration of Reconstructed 3D Histological Section Images and in vivo MR Images.

Our current understanding of neuroanatomical abnormalities in neuropsychiatric diseases is based largely on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and post mortem histological analyses of the brain. Further advances in elucidating altered brain structure in these human conditions might emerge from combining MRI and histological methods. We propose a multistage method for registering 3D volumes reconstructed from histological sections to corresponding in vivo MRI volumes from the same subjects: (1) manual segmentation of white matter (WM), gray matter (GM) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartments in histological sections, (2) alignment of consecutive histological sections using 2D rigid transformation to construct a 3D histological image volume from the aligned sections, (3) registration of reconstructed 3D histological volumes to the corresponding 3D MRI volumes using 3D affine transformation, (4) intensity normalization of images via histogram matching and (5) registration of the volumes via intensity based Large Deformation Diffeomorphic Metric (LDDMM) image matching algorithm. Here we demonstrate the utility of our method in the transfer of cytoarchitectonic information from histological sections to identify regions of interest in MRI scans of nine adult macaque brains for morphometric analyses. LDDMM improved the accuracy of the registration via decreased distances between GM/CSF surfaces after LDDMM (0.39±0.13 mm) compared to distances after affine registration (0.76±0.41 mm). Similarly, WM/GM distances decreased to 0.28±0.16 mm after LDDMM compared to 0.54±0.39 mm after affine registration. The multistage registration method may find broad application for mapping histologically based information, e.g., receptor distributions, gene expression, onto MRI volumes.
Designing keybindings to be easy to learn and resistant to forgetting even when the set of commands is large

We formulated a set of rules for producing key-commands that are alternatives for activating commands with a mouse from a menu. Because software is getting increasingly complex, it was important that the rules cover a wide variety of commands. The rules combined verb-modifier-object order and mnemonic abbreviations for the words in each slot. Our keybindings were shown not only to cover a wide set, but to be far easier to learn than EMACs (a common keybinding set) and a more robust form with respect to negative interference from prior and post-learning of another set.
FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY STAINING AND AGGLUTINATION REACTIONS IN BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS CULTURES

Eldering, Grace (Michigan Department of Health, Grand Rapids), Warren C. Eveland, and Pearl L. Kendrick. Fluorescent antibody staining and agglutination reactions in Bordetella pertussis cultures. J. Bacteriol. 83:745–749. 1962—Bordetella pertussis antisera produced with smooth cultures gave positive results in agglutination and fluorescent antibody (FA) tests with smooth B. pertussis cultures. Similar results were obtained with antisera produced with the related species B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica when each was tested with the respective homologous antigen. Cross reactions occurred with some of the antisera and heterologous antigens but a positive agglutination test was not always correlated with a positive FA reaction, and the reverse was also observed. Adsorbed B. pertussis antisera specific for factors 2, 3, 4, and 5 agglutinated appropriate B. pertussis cultures, but gave negative FA reactions. Factor 1 antiserum prepared by adsorption with heated (100 C) antigen gave positive results in both FA and agglutination tests. Rough B. pertussis cultures were inagglutinable, but were FA positive when tested with unadsorbed antiserum produced with either smooth or rough cultures. Rough cultures were FA negative with factor 1 serum. The results suggest that for B. pertussis different serum components may be responsible for agglutination and FA staining. The implications with respect to the protection-inducing antigen are discussed.
A simple nonlinear deterministic process may generate the timing of rapid eye movements during human REM sleep

The rapid eye movements of REM sleep are its most distinctive observable physiological output. An irregular, seemingly random sequence of time intervals between these rapid eye movements occurs. This paper investigates the possibility that the rapid eye movements of human REM sleep are the output of a "system" that functions as a relatively simple nonlinear deterministic process. The nonlinear analysis techniques of dimension estimation and identification of self-similarity are used to investigate this possibility. The results of this study indicate that a relatively simple (of low dimension) deterministic process may generate the timing of rapid eye movements during human REM sleep.
Looking-in and looking-out of a vehicle: selected investigations in computer vision based enhanced vehicle safety

This paper presents an overview of investigations into the role of computer vision technology in developing safer automobiles. We consider vision systems which cannot only look out of the vehicle to detect and track roads, avoid hitting obstacles or pedestrian, but simultaneously look inside the vehicle to monitor the attentiveness of the driver and even predict her intentions. In this paper, a systems-oriented framework for developing computer vision technology for safer automobiles is presented. We will consider three main components of the system, driver, vehicle, and vehicle surround. We will discuss various issues and ideas for developing models for these main components as well as activities associated with the complex task of safe driving. The paper includes discussion of novel sensory systems and algorithms for capturing not only the dynamic surround information of the vehicle but also the state, intent and activity patterns of drivers.
A bioeconomic study of numeracy and economic calculation

Systems of numerical representation and computation are crucial for the operation of modern market economies. Surprisingly, however, numerical institutions and people’s numerical abilities are usually taken as given in economic analysis. To develop a richer vision of economic agents, this article investigates the interplay of biological and economic factors in the development of systematic numerical cognition and economic calculation in human societies. In investigating the economic basis of numeracy, we emphasize that it is the relevance of economic objects to need satisfaction and their scarcity that initially makes people seek to quantify goods and to develop numerical tools. As for biological aspects, we identify the pre-numerical (iconic) quantitative capacities that we share with other species as part of our biological endowment. We then investigate the fully-fledged symbolic systems of numerical representation that are unique to humans. We examine the scope for economic exchange in societies in which agents are endowed with natural iconic means for representing set sizes but lack a conventionalized number system. We also investigate the minimal set of quantitative representations that people need to have in order to engage in monetary exchange and precise economic calculation.
Randomizing Roaches: Exploring the ‘Bugs’ of Randomization in Experimental Design

Summary Understanding the roles of random selection and random assignment in experimental design is a central learning objective in most introductory statistics courses. This article describes an activity, appropriate for a high school or introductory statistics course, designed to teach the concepts, values and pitfalls of random selection and assignment using the not-easily-forgotten Madagascar hissing cockroach. Evidence is summarized demonstrating conceptual gains for students performing the Randomizing Roaches activity, and follow-up activities are suggested.
On recovering hyperquadrics from range data

This paper discusses the applications of hyperquadric models in computer vision and focuses on their recovery from range data. Hyperquadrics are volumetric shape models that include superquadrics as a special case. A hyperquadric model can be composed of any number of terms and its geometric bound is an arbitrary convex polytope. Thus, hyperquadrics can model more complex shapes than superquadrics. Hyperquadrics also possess many other advantageous properties (compactness, semilocal control, and intuitive meaning). Our proposed algorithm starts with a rough fit using only six terms in 3D (four in 2D) and adds additional terms as necessary to improve fitting. Suitable constraints are used to ensure proper convergence. Experimental results with real 2D and 3D data are presented. >
The use of base ballasting to prevent the collapse of current gain in AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors

We propose the use of base-ballasting resistance to guarantee absolute thermal stability in AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). Base-ballasted HBTs are fabricated and the measured I-V, regression and S-factor characteristics are discussed. We present a numerical model which elucidates the reasons why the base-ballasting scheme is helpful to HBTs but is damaging to silicon bipolar transistors. We compare measured small-signal and large-signal performances of unballasted, emitter-ballasted, and base-ballasted HBTs.
Computer-assisted corneal topography in parents of patients with keratoconus.

• Recently developed computer-assisted devices allow detection of early topographic abnormalities of the cornea, including mild or abortive forms of keratoconus. To address the possibility that keratoconus is an inherited condition, we examined both parents of 12 randomly selected patients with keratoconus whom we were following up. Of the 12 sets of parents, at least one parent in each of seven sets had abnormal corneal characteristics. Using previously determined quantitative criteria (eg, central corneal steepening, greater steepening inferiorly than superiorly, and asymmetry between the two eyes) to distinguish normal from keratoconic corneas we found evidence of keratoconus in at least one of the 14 parents. The remaining five patients had parents with normal corneal characteristics. These data support the hypothesis that keratoconus is sometimes an inherited condition, exhibiting, at least in some families, autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance.
Grassroots Republicanism: Evaluating the Trickle Down Realignment Theory in North Carolina

The trickle down realignment theory provides a compelling explanation for partisan change in the American South. However, few researchers have evaluated the trickle down realignment theory in the context of local office holding, and few scholars have compared the theory to alternative explanations of partisan change. This study evaluates the trickle down realignment theory's ability to explain county-level Republican office holding in North Carolina between 1992 and 2000. After controlling for economic and demographic explanations of realignment, the findings indicate that greater levels of local Republican office holding are present in counties with higher support for Republican presidential candidates in 1988. The results from this study provide strong empirical support for the trickle down realignment theory and a basis for comparative analysis for other states.
Spa15 of Shigella flexneri is secreted through the type III secretion system and prevents staurosporine-induced apoptosis.

Shigella flexneri is a gram-negative, facultative intracellular pathogen that invades the colonic epithelium and causes bacillary dysentery. We previously demonstrated that S. flexneri inhibits staurosporine-induced apoptosis in infected epithelial cells and that a ΔmxiE mutant is unable to inhibit apoptosis. Therefore, we hypothesized that an MxiE-regulated gene was responsible for protection of epithelial cells from apoptosis. Analysis of all MxiE-regulated genes yielded no mutants that lacked the ability to prevent apoptosis. Spa15, which is defined as a type III secretion system chaperone, was analyzed since it associates with MxiE. A Δspa15 mutant was unable to prevent staurosporine-induced apoptosis. C-terminal hemagglutinin-tagged spa15 was secreted by S. flexneri within 2 h in the Congo red secretion assay, and secretion was dependent on the type III secretion system. Spa15 was also secreted by Shigella in infected epithelial cells, as verified by immunofluorescence analysis. Spa15 secretion was decreased in the ΔmxiE mutant, which demonstrates why this mutant is unable to prevent staurosporine-induced apoptosis. Our data are the first to show that Spa15 is secreted in a type III secretion system-dependent fashion, and the absence of Spa15 in the Δspa15 mutant results in the loss of protection from staurosporine-induced apoptosis in epithelial cells. Thus, Spa15 contributes to the intracellular survival of Shigella by blocking apoptosis in the infected host cell.
Uncertainty from internal and external sources: A clear case of overconfidence.

If, as earlier work suggests, people tend to be especially overconfident of uncertain outcomes which depend upon their own performance, they should show a preference for situations in which the total uncertainty is more internal (I) or skill-based than external (E) or environment-b ased. This hypothesis was tested by manipulating I-E composition of objectively equiprobable choice alternatives in a paired-comparisons paradigm. Each alternative included a specified criterion on a dart-throwing task (I component) and a specified zone on a probability spinner. Favorable outcomes on both components of the chosen alternative paid \i; failure on either or both paid Oji. Fifteen 5s, trained to a stable dart-throwing level under one of three different set conditions, made a series of choices at three overall uncertainty levels. Neither variable modified the chief result, which was a clear-cut verification of the hypothesis (87% of all choices were in the predicted direction). Scaled preference values for the various I-E mixtures were generally as expected, except that "psychological distances" were disproportionately large under the highest level of overall certainty. In two earlier papers, (Howell, 1967, 1970) the writer has argued that man's perception of uncertainty, and therefore his probabilistic decision behavior, is very much dependent upon the source of that uncertainty. Evidence was presented suggesting that people tend to be overconfident in the outcome of events over which they have some control, i.e., where uncertainty is largely internal or skill derived. On the other hand, the literature on external or environment-derived uncertainty, which encompasses the vast majority of subjective probability and decision research to date, reveals frequent instances of underconfidence especially at higher "objective" probability levels (Peterson & Beach, 1967).
Mechanisms of the Promotion of Neurite Outgrowth by Nerve Growth Factor

Nerve growth factor (NGF) has a variety of actions on its physiological targets, sympathetic and sensory neurons (Levi-Montalcini and Angeletti, 1968; Green and Shooter, 1980; Thoenen and Barde, 1980). Among the most striking of these actions is the promotion of neurite outgrowth. This chapter will focus on the mechanisms by which NGF causes neuritis to be initiated and maintained.
Multi-Agent Negotiation Using Linguistically Expressed Mediation Rules

The problem of multi-agent negotiation is considered. We provide an framework for the multi-agent negotiation process in which each of the participating agents provides a preference function over the set of alternatives. This framework involves a mediation step in which the individual agent preference functions are aggregated to obtain a group preference function. The determination of the satisfaction of a stopping rule which decides whether a suitable final group preference function has been obtained or whether the agents must participate in another round of mediation. It also involves a selection procedure for choosing a alternative based on the final group preference function. We describe various implementations for these different steps. Considerable interest is focused on the implementation of the mediation rule where we allow for a linguistic description of the rule using fuzzy logic. A particularly notable feature of our approach is the inclusion in the mediation step of a mechanism rewarding the agents for being open to alternatives other then simply their most preferred.
Longitudinal and age trends of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors: The Family Heart Study

Background We report longitudinal changes in the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in 2,458 participants from 480 families in the Family Heart Study. Participants were examined between 1994–96 (FHS-T1) and 2002–03 (FHS-T2), about 7.4 years apart. Additionally, the impact of medication on estimates of MetS prevalence, and associations of MetS with prevalent coronary heart disease (CHD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) were studied.
Biomarkers in schizophrenia

Biomarkers Med. (2014) 8(1), 1–3 1 ISSN 1752-0363 10.2217/BMM.13.138 © 2014 Future Medicine Ltd “...the use of phenotyping combined with biomarker discovery may enable the identification of subpopulations that will inform our diagnostic nosology such that we can expect future editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to include the biological characteristics of these mental disorders.”
Infraclavicular brachial plexus stretch injury

Object. The authors report the surgery-related results obtained in 143 patients with stretch-induced infraclavicular brachial plexus injuries (BPIs). The entire series comprised 1019 operative BPIs managed at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center between 1968 and 1998. Methods. Infraclavicular lesions represented 143 (28%) of the total of 509 stretch injuries involving both the infraand supraclavicular brachial plexus, of which 366 (72%) were supraclavicular lesions. The operative approach is thoroughly outlined, and common patterns and combinations of involvement of nerves peculiar to the infraclavicular area are presented. Overall, the results of suture and graft repair were favorable for the lateral and posterior cord and their outflows. Repair of medial cord–median nerve also yielded acceptable results. The results of medial cord and medial cord–ulnar nerve, however, were poor. The incidence of associated injuries in the infraclavicular as opposed to the supraclavicular area, including shoulder dislocation and fracture and humeral fractures as well as vascular injuries including axillary artery injury was higher. Results of a literature search supported the finding that vascular injuries were increased due to the juxtaposition of vessels among the brachial plexus elements. Conclusions. Thus, although less common than their supraclavicular counterpart, infraclavicular stretch injury lesions when they occur are technically more difficult to treat and are associated with a higher incidence of vascular and dislocation/fraction injuries. Favorable results were obtained for lateral and posterior cord lesions and their outflows, with acceptable outcome after medial cord–median nerve stretch injury repair. The results of medial cord and medial cord to ulnar nerve, however, were poor.