cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 5047: Change in age of diagnosis of oropharyngeal cancer in the United States, 1975-2015

Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common etiology of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), causing 70-90% of cases, and has continued to increase in incidence. While HPV-associated OPSCC has been associated with younger age at diagnosis compared to other head and neck cancers, research studies suggest that age of diagnosis might have increased in the last decade. There is currently no long-term, population-based estimate of age of diagnosis of oropharyngeal cancer, or differences in age of diagnosis based on race and gender. This study aimed to describe the change if any in the age of diagnosis of OPSCC in the last four decades. Methods: The mean age at diagnosis of OPSCC patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 9 database diagnosed from 1975-2015 was computed for each year (n = 30,320). An independent samples t-test compared mean age at diagnosis by sex (female, male), and analysis of variance compared mean age at diagnosis by race/ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic (NH) white, NH black, NH other). Joinpoint regression estimated yearly increases/decreases in mean age of diagnosis by sex and race/ethnicity through annual percent changes (APC), which were summarized with average annual percent changes (AAPC). Results: OPSCC patients were predominantly NH white (80.0%) and male (76.8%) with a mean age at diagnosis of 60.3 years (standard deviation = 10.9 years). Females had a significantly higher mean age at diagnosis than males (62.4 versus 59.7, p 0.05), significantly decreased from 1996-2002 (APC=-0.86, p 0.05). The AAPCs in age of diagnosis for gender (males and females) and race/ethnicity also both remained stable from 1975-2015 (p > 0.05), except for NH blacks, with an estimated 0.13% yearly increase in age of diagnosis from 1975-2015 (AAPC = 0.13, p Conclusions: The overall age at diagnosis for OPSCC has remained stable in the United States between 1975 and 2015. The younger age at diagnosis among NH blacks and Hispanics is important in prevention, early detection, and surveillance of OPSCC in the United States Citation Format: Brittany J. Cline, Matthew C. Simpson, Aleksandr R. Bukatko, Eric Adjei Boakye, Kahee A. Mohammed, Nosayaba Osazuwa-Peters. Change in age of diagnosis of oropharyngeal cancer in the United States, 1975-2015 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5047.
Neurobiology of ADHD: A Review

ADHD is a complex neuropsychiatric condition which has been known to cause a lot of changes in the structural and functional aspects as well as neurochemistry of the brain. The structural aspects include changes primarily affecting but not limited to the prefrontal cortex, corpus striatum, and cerebellum. Dopamine and norepinephrine are the key neurotransmitters that are implicated in the pathophysiology of this condition. The above-mentioned neurotransmitter transporters and alterations or mutations to their genes have also been known to be a common finding in patients with ADHD. This review article summarizes the intertwined relationship between different parts of the brain in patients with ADHD along with neurochemical and genetic basis of this disease. Larger studies should be conducted to have a better and definitive understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease.
A shifting bottleneck procedure with multiple objectives in a complex manufacturing environment

Scheduling problems have been studied extensively over the years. Broad ranges of focus areas exist, from optimization to heuristics, production planning to production sequencing, customized algorithms to general-purpose algorithms, and from simple machines to complex environments. In this research, a heuristic approach has been proposed to overcome the scheduling problem on a complex job shop found at a manufacturer of commercial building products. The research is aimed at sequencing production orders in near-real-time, primarily to minimize total tardiness, but also to reduce total setup time. A layered Shifting Bottleneck Procedure is employed, with the top layer determining release dates and due dates for individual jobs, and the bottom layer applying algorithms to individual work centers. The outcome of this research is a better production schedule than current methods with minimal computation cost. The proposed framework performs well and could be applied to other production areas.
Citizen Scientist: Frank von Hippel’s Adventures in Nuclear Arms Control PART 8. Nuclear-reactor Safety Again

The Fukushima accident of 2011 pulled von Hippel back into the reactor-safety world. He was invited to join a Congressionally-mandated four-year study of the lessons that could be learned from the ...
Vulnerable Youth and the COVID-19 Pandemic.

* Abbreviations: COVID-19 — : coronavirus disease of 2019 LGBTQ — : lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and/or questioning Vulnerable pediatric populations (including youth who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and/or questioning [LGBTQ]; homeless; maltreated; in foster care; and struggling with substance use disorders) warrant particular consideration during the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. It is likely that stay-at-home orders, combined with increased economic instability and family pressures, will increase their risks for harm and, in some cases, may make it untenable (and potentially dangerous) for them to shelter in place. Simultaneously, safety nets that protect youth (child protective services, medical and mental health providers, and educators) have fewer staff available or are inaccessible because of the COVID-19 crisis. These conditions highlight how morbidity and mortality in vulnerable pediatric populations will likely extend beyond the pandemic itself. For some children and youth, home can be isolating and, in some cases, dangerous. Adverse childhood experiences, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect, are common, with an estimated 678 000 children and adolescents experiencing maltreatment in 2018, and young children are at highest risk for serious harm.1 These risks increase for specific populations. Indeed, LGBTQ and gender nonconforming youth (up to 16% of all youth) are at far higher risk of experiencing physical and sexual abuse, with the level of gender nonconformity predictive of … Address correspondence to Rachel I. Silliman Cohen, MD, Child Abuse Research Education and Service Institute, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, 42 E Laurel Rd, Stratford, NJ 08084. E-mail: sillimancohen{at}rowan.edu
Detecting Mens Rea in the Brain

What if the widely used Model Penal Code (MPC) assumes a distinction between mental states that doesn’t actually exist? The MPC assumes, for instance, that there is a real distinction in real people between the mental states it defines as “knowing” and “reckless.” But is there? If there are such psychological differences, there must also be brain differences. Consequently, the moral legitimacy of the Model Penal Code’s taxonomy of culpable mental states – which punishes those in defined mental states differently – depends on whether those mental states actually correspond to different brain states in the way the MPC categorization assumes. We combined advanced functional brain-imaging technology with new artificial intelligence tools to see if the brain activities during knowing and reckless states of mind can ever be reliably distinguished. As our experiment indicates, the answer is Yes. So here we provide an overview of our brain-scanning experiment, discuss important implications, and detail several necessary precautions, so our results won’t be over- or mis-interpreted.
Design Optimization of an Electric Machine for a 48-V Hybrid Vehicle With Comparison of Rotor Technologies and Pole-Slot Combinations

Through analytical equations followed by a systematic optimization study using high-fidelity finite-element (FE) models, the torque capability of three common synchronous machine technologies—namely, a permanent magnet (PM) synchronous machine (PMSM) with V-shaped rare-earth rotor magnets, a PMSM with deep V-shaped ferrite rotor magnets, and a synchronous reluctance machine (SynRM) with four layers of conforming flux barriers are compared for an application in a 48-V mild hybrid electric car. The optimization of the deep V-shaped ferrite PMSM automatically resulted in a spoke-type PM layout for maximum torque production. Yet, an optimized SynRM with conforming flux barriers was achieved that could produce a higher torque than ferrite PMSM. One machine technology is selected and six variants of it, with two rotor PM layouts each with three alternative pole-slot combinations, are subsequently subjected to a large-scale FE model-based drive-cycle design optimization. Various pole-slot combinations are methodically compared in terms of drive-cycle losses, active material cost, torque ripple, and PM demagnetization level. More than 20 000 designs were analyzed over ten energy-centric torque-speed points to identify an optimal design solution. The results of multiphysics analysis incorporating electromagnetics, computational fluid dynamics, and structural analyses are provided, including a study on three different water jacket concepts. A final design is prototyped and primary experimental results are provided.
Power Quality Problems and Standards

This chapter reviews power quality problems in more-electronics power systems. In general, power quality problems are categorized into two groups—voltage quality problems and current quality problems. This chapter first discusses voltage quality problems and their mechanisms. Next, current quality problems, together with their features, are detailed. Finally, this chapter ends with standards on power quality.
Rapid 3D nanoscale coherent imaging via physics-aware deep learning

Phase retrieval, the problem of recovering lost phase information from measured intensity alone, is an inverse problem that is widely faced in various imaging modalities ranging from astronomy to nanoscale imaging. The current process of phase recovery is iterative in nature. As a result, the image formation is time consuming and computationally expensive, precluding real-time imaging. Here, we use 3D nanoscale X-ray imaging as a representative example to develop a deep learning model to address this phase retrieval problem. We introduce 3D-CDI-NN, a deep convolutional neural network and differential programing framework trained to predict 3D structure and strain, solely from input 3D X-ray coherent scattering data. Our networks are designed to be “physics-aware” in multiple aspects; in that the physics of the X-ray scattering process is explicitly enforced in the training of the network, and the training data are drawn from atomistic simulations that are representative of the physics of the material. We further refine the neural network prediction through a physics-based optimization procedure to enable maximum accuracy at lowest computational cost. 3D-CDI-NN can invert a 3D coherent diffraction pattern to real-space structure and strain hundreds of times faster than traditional iterative phase retrieval methods. Our integrated machine learning and differential programing solution to the phase retrieval problem is broadly applicable across inverse problems in other application areas.
Abstract TP398: Comparable Internet Access And Usage Among Stroke Survivors And Informal Caregivers

Background and Purpose: Web-based interventions have shown promise as a cost-effective and convenient delivery platform for supporting chronic disease self-management. However, studies suggest that...
Jointly Optimizing Client Selection and Resource Management in Wireless Federated Learning for Internet of Things

Federated Learning (FL) has been proposed to efficiently and privacy-preserving distributed machine learning architecture for the Internet of Things. In a wireless FL system, clients in IoT devices train their local models over the local data sets. The derived local models are uploaded to an FL server to generate a global model, broadcasted to the clients in the next global iteration for further training. Owing to the heterogeneous feature of the clients, client selection is critical to determine the overall training time. Traditionally, the objective of client selection is to select the maximum number of clients who can derive and upload their local models before the deadline in each global iteration. However, selecting more clients increases the energy consumption of the clients. Moreover, selecting the maximum number of clients is unnecessary as having fewer clients in early global iterations and more clients in later global iterations have been proved to achieve higher model accuracy. Hence, this paper proposes to dynamically adjust and optimize the tradeoff between maximizing the number of selected clients and minimizing the total energy consumption of the clients by selecting suitable clients and allocating appropriate resources in terms of CPU frequency and transmission power. We formulate the joint client selection and resource management problem and design the Energy and Latency Aware reSource managemenT and clIent seleCtion (ELASTIC) algorithm to efficiently solve the problem. Extensive simulations are conducted to demonstrate the performance of ELASTIC.
Design of Anti-frictional Ceramic-Based Composite Coatings

High-performance anti-friction coatings are applicable for various applications. The main complications in fabricating such coatings are acquiring desired properties such as low coefficient of friction and high wear resistance while maintaining structural integrity and cohesion. Most state-of-the-art commercial coatings cannot endure severe conditions for extended periods resulting in stunted efficiency and an unsafe environment. In this work, we designed high-performance anti-friction coatings which incorporate ingredients that display robustness and high structural cohesion. An effective and economical method was established that could synthesize the coating consisting of high-temperature ceramics such as BN and SiC; friction modifiers were hybridizing graphite and α-zirconium phosphate. The analysis showed that the coatings exhibited exceptional lubrication performance at room temperature. The coating was annealed at 300 °C and was stable under a wide temperature range of 37-300 °C. The lowest average coefficients of friction for our coated steel sample were 0.107 and 0.169 in air and seawater, respectively. Compared to the coefficient of friction values of a blank non-coated steel sample, reductions of 76.22% in air and 45.48% in seawater percentages were achieved. This work will advance future coating designs with enhanced properties for a wide range of tribological applications including anti-friction coating applications.
A “leaky pipeline”?: Factors affecting the career development of senior-level female administrators in NCAA Division I athletic departments

National governing bodies, international sport federations, and national Olympic committees continue to struggle to attain minimal levels of female representation. Sport organizations in the United States are no exception. Despite the fact that more women work in intercollegiate athletics than ever before, the number of female assistant and associate athletic directors is declining. As such, fewer women are in the “pipeline” to achieve the position of Athletic Director. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that may influence women's career development in intercollegiate athletic administration. Twenty assistant and associate athletic directors were interviewed about their career paths, experiences, and goals. Results suggest strong interpersonal relationships with supervisors and mentors and access to professional development activities aided in participants’ career advancement. Factors attributed to perceptions of gender and professional value incongruence affected women's career choices and opportunities for advancement. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.
The History of the World

THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD By Ruby Wescoat, MFA A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Fine Arts at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2004 Major Director: Elizabeth King Professor of Sculpture, School of Fine Arts, Virginia Commonwealth University This Thesis is my effort to understand what subjects I find interesting and why. In the processes of writing and making sculpture, I discovered that my underlying fascination is in history. I am interested in places and objects for their individual qualities, but I also want to know how they relate to the world. If I am drawn to an ancient place or object, I want to examine how it fits into the contemporary world, and visa versa. The complexity of these relationships is increased by the vast number of histories (or stories) that are intertwined in the world. Over the course of the thesis I write about my various influences, and the development of my work from undergraduate to graduate school. This progression has been from observation of natural world to a more complex questioning of how the world came to be what it is. I conclude by defining the direction in which I want my work to continue: directly along the border between myth and reality.
Power systems for remote sensors on the northern border

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is working with DHS to field sensors that accurately track different types of transportation on the U.S. northern border. To do this, the sensors need to be placed in the most advantages geographical locations, often where no power is available. This enables the sensors to detect and track aircraft/vehicles even though natural features (e.g., mountains, ridges, valleys, trees) often prevent standard methods (e.g., monostatic radar or visual observers) from seeing them. Without grid power, intermediate sized portable power systems were used to provide between 80 and 500 W continuously, even in bitter cold and when buried under feet of snow/ice. NREL provides details about the design, installation, and lessons learned from long-term testing of an initial set of novel power systems that used flexible photovoltaics, lithium ion batteries, and fuel cells that provided backup power to achieve over 95% up-time.
Market citizenship in Eastern Nicaraguan indigenous territories

Drawing from critical assessments of market citizenship and neoliberal resource management, this article on eastern Nicaragua demonstrates that state policies threaten the subsistence rights of indigenous peoples in spite of recent advances in land titling. Case studies of three prominent disputes linked to protected areas and tourism demonstrate that where territorial recognition and land titling has not occurred, or the rights and responsibilities of outsiders and native occupants remain unclear, indigenous claims are threatened by both real estate sales and biodiversity conservation efforts. Ever-present contradictions in market-oriented definitions of indigenous rights and biodiversity values suggest outcomes remain uncertain due to racial prejudice, structural inequalities, and profit motives. Normal 0 false false false EN-NZ ZH-CN X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
Local State Marketism

Drawing on an institutional analysis of China's urban housing and land market, this research demonstrates how the triangular relations among the central government, local governments, and the market evolved in response to new opportunities continuously created by market transformation and policies strictly enforced by the central government. In particular, the authors argue that the territory-based coalition between local governments and selective enterprises in the reform era is a persistent rather than a transitory phenomenon. Local state marketism-which highlights the power imbalance among the central government, local governments, and society; conflicted interests within the state; and a dynamic, volatile, and paradoxical network at the disposal of local governments-is proposed as a conceptual framework that accounts for the evolution of triangular relations among the central government, local governments, and the market in reform-era China.
Transitioning residents from nursing facilities to community living: who wants to leave?

OBJECTIVES: To examine nursing facility residents' or their legal proxies' perspectives on transitioning out of nursing facilities by assessing residents' perceptions of their ability to live more independently, their preferences regarding leaving the facility, and the feasibility of transitioning with community support. DESIGN: Analysis of survey findings from the California Nursing Facility Transition Screen (CNFTS). SETTING: Eight nursing facilities in southern California. PARTICIPANTS: All chronic maintenance, long-stay residents receiving Medi-Cal (California's Medicaid program) were eligible for the study (n=218). Of these, 121 (56%) self-consenting residents or legal proxies were interviewed. No presumptions were made as to which residents were appropriate candidates for transition based on health or functional capacity. MEASUREMENTS: CNFTS contains 27 open- and closed-ended questions on preference, ability, and feasibility of transitioning. RESULTS: Twenty-three percent of residents and proxies believed that the resident had the ability to transition; 46% indicated a preference to transition; and after discussing potential living arrangements and services, 33% thought that transitioning would be feasible. Of those who consented to allow access to their Minimum Data Set 2.0 (MDS) information (n=41; 34% of the sample), agreement in the assessment of preference was found in 39% of cases. CONCLUSION: Transition decisions are complex and include preference, as well as perceptions of the resident's ability to live in a more independent setting and the feasibility of transitioning. Compared with the MDS, the screen identified a higher proportion of residents who want to transition, suggesting that a systematic approach to assessing the complex decision to transition is needed.
Modeling traffic's flow-density relation: Accommodation of multiple flow regimes and traveler types

This research investigates freeway-flow impacts of different traveler types by specifying and applying a latent-segmentation model of congested and uncongested driving behaviors. Drivers in uncongested conditions are assumed to drive at self-chosen speeds, while drivers in congested conditions are assumed to take speed as given and choose a spacing (between their vehicle and the previous vehicle). Several classes of driver-vehicle combinations are distinguished in a data set based on double-loop-detector pulses and a household travel survey. These classifications are made on the basis of vehicle type and gender, leading to class estimates of speeds and spacings. The segmentation model is specified as a logit function of density, weather, and vehicle type, leading to estimates of congested-condition probabilities. Unobserved heterogeneity is incorporated in all models via common error assumptions.
Eosinophilia and the Hypereosinophilic Syndrome

The eosinophilic granulocyte is involved in the pathogenesis of diverse inflammatory processes, some of which may be beneficial to the host, such as in host defence against parasitic infection, and others are implicated in disease. In addition to being associated with allergic and atopic disease, eosinophilia can be seen in multiorgan system disorders, such as with rheumatologic and hematologic diseases, and can also be associated with single-organ system disease involving the lungs, the heart, skin and soft tissues, and the gastrointestinal tract. Hypereosinophilia is characterised by the prolonged elevation of the peripheral blood eosinophil count, and the hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) refers to a group of disorders marked by hypereosinophilia with multisystem target organ damage. The molecular pathogenesis of selected clonal and secondary HESs has been identified, and recognition of specific molecular defects can help to guide specific treatment approaches. Key Concepts The eosinophil is a myeloid lineage granulocyte derived from the hematopoietic stem cell. Interleukin-5 is the key cytokine involved with eosinophil lineage commitment, development, expansion, homing and activation. Eosinophils produce a diverse array of mediators but there are at least four specific mediators unique to eosinophils – eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, eosinophil peroxidase and major basic protein. A vast array of human diseases is associated with eosinophilia, including single-organ system involvement and multisystem involvement. The hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is defined by having a peripheral blood eosinophilia >1500 cell/μL for at least 1 month, with evidence of eosinophil-dependent target organ damage, and all other aetiologies of eosinophilia excluded. The myeloproliferative variant HES is characterised by abnormal PDGFRA signalling and is markedly sensitive to tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting PDGFRA. The lymphocytic variant HES is a reactive eosinophilia driven by clonal, nonmalignant T cells with abnormal immunophenotype secreting high concentrations of eosinophilpoietins such as IL-5. Keywords: eosinophil; eosinophilia; hypereosinophilia; hypereosinophilic syndrome; allergy; asthma; parasite
Evolution Semigroups in Dynamical Systems and Differential Equations

Introduction Semigroups on Banach spaces and evolution semigroups Evolution families and Howland semigroups Characterizations of dichotomy for evolution families Two applications of evolution semigroups Linear skew-product flows and Mather evolution semigroups Characterizations of dichotomy for linear skew-product flows Evolution operators and exact Lyapunov exponents Bibliography List of notations Index.
Wavefront detector optimization for laser guided adaptive telescopes

Accurate measurement of the wavefront perturbations caused by atmospheric turbulence is vital to the operation of an adaptive optics system. Current systems typically use a Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor to perform this measurement. This type of sensor uses a lens to translate the problem of phase tilt detection to one of spot centroid detection at the lens focal plane. The accuracy with which a CCD array in the focal plane measures the centroid of this spot is analyzed, taking into account the finite pixel dimension, pixel quantity and dead space between pixels. The optimum design of the wavefront sensor is discussed and the required flux from the reference source is computed. If we require the corrected telescope to have a Strehl ratio of 0.85, and assume typical values for the detector parameters, then the required return flux per seeing cell of size r o is approximately 115 photocounts per measurement.
On the generator polynomial for system identification with application to the harmonic retrieval problem

Consideration is given to the use of more detailed information for identifying the poles of a rational system driven by white noise. The observation process correlation Hankel matrix is utilized. In particular, the eigenfilters corresponding to the kernel of this operator are used to identify the system characteristic polynomial. This polynomial is the generator of the polynomial ideal corresponding to increasing kernel dimensions. Numerical results for the harmonic retrieval problem indicate the potential of this approach and point to areas for further research. >
Laser Welding of Nickel Titanium and 304 Stainless Steel Tubes

Shape memory nickel-titanium (NiTi) can generate large blocking stresses and high recovery strains, up to 8%, which make NiTi a good candidate for solid state actuators, resulting in substantial weight and space savings when they replace traditional electric or hydraulic systems. A challenge surrounding NiTi based actuators is integration of the NiTi components into a given system; this alloy is difficult and expensive to machine and weld to itself and structural materials. In this research, we join NiTi and 304 stainless steel tubes 9.52 mm (0.375 in) in diameter through laser welding to create joints with weld depths up to 1650 μm (0.065 in). By joining NiTi to a common structural material that is easily machined and readily welded to other materials, the challenges surrounding system integration are reduced. The joints prepared in this study were characterized through optical microscopy, hardness mapping, and mechanical testing. The average ultimate shear strength of these joints is 423 MPa (61.3 ksi) and the resulting HAZ has a maximum width of 21.9 μm with a maximum hardness of 929 HV.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Localization of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the human locus coeruleus and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: an immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization study.

Abstract The present study utilized immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization histochemistry to examine the localization of corticotropin-releasing hormone immunoreactivity and messenger RNA in neurons of the human brainstem. A large population of corticotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive neurons appeared in the lateral region of the pontomesencephalic tegmentum. These corticotropin-releasing hormone-containing neurons are predominantly located in the compact subnucleus of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Proceeding caudally, corticotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive neurons in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus travel in a dorsomedial direction approaching the ventral border of the locus coeruleus in a dispersed fashion and cluster in a region ventromedial to the locus coeruleus which corresponds to the ventral aspect of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. Dense corticotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive fibers are present in the dorsal portion of the locus coeruleus and are most prominent in the middle to rostral levels of the nucleus. The cellular and regional localization of corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger RNA in the human brainstem is identical to the perikaryal distribution visualized by immunocytochemistry. Neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus express abundant levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger RNA as revealed by dense silver grains overlying these neurons on the emulsion autoradiograms. Within the locus coeruleus, the cellular expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive and corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger RNA is exclusively localized to non-pigmented neurons. The present study confirms a previous finding describing dense corticotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive fibers innervating the human locus coeruleus and extends these findings by identifying corticotropin-releasing hormone immunoreactive and corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger RNA-containing perikarya in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, in the ventral portion of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and in the locus coeruleus proper. From morphological observations, the corticotropin-releasing hormone-containing neurons in human pontomesencephalic tegmentum form a continuous population of neurons that are positioned anatomically to exert a putative neuromodulatory influence on locus coeruleus neurons.
IRON(II) AND IRON(III) ISOTOPE EXCHANGE IN WATER--DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE MIXTURES.

The rate of the isotope exchange reaction between iron(II) and iron(III) perchlorates has been measured in a solvent mixture containing a 3:2 mole ratio of water to dimethyl sulfoxide over the temperature range from 25° to −98°C. In this temperature range, the reactants can diffuse together faster than they can undergo isotope exchange. The activation enthalpy and entropy for the acid-independent reaction were 6.0 ± 1.2 kcal/mole and −38 ± 17 cal/deg mole, respectively. Below −22°C, the acid-dependent exchange reaction did not contribute significantly to the exchange. In liquid media at −112° and −117°C and in a solid glass at −136°C, no isotope exchange was observed over the period of a calculated half-life for the reaction. At these temperatures, the rate at which the reactants diffuse together is slower than the calculated rate of isotope exchange. In a solid glass at −196°C, no isotope exchange was observed over the period of one week.
The Characterization of Rhenium by Atomic-Absorption Spectroscopy in Nitrous Oxide–Acetylene Flames: The Analysis of Organorhenium Compounds

This investigation of the atomic-absorption characteristics of rhenium included studies of optimum operating conditions, detection limits, interferences from various inorganic acids, and the effect of organic-solvent ratios on absorption. Atomic-absorption analysis of some organorhenium complexes are also described.
Phenylketonuria in Infant Monkeys

WE had previously established1 that the characteristic aberrations found in human phenylketonuria, namely, high plasma phenylalanine, phenylketones in the urine, and characteristic odour were observed in adolescent monkeys fed excessive amounts of L-phenylalanine in their diet. From the results of behavioural tests utilizing discrimination and maze performance, as well as poor adaptability to the test situation, thase monkeys appeared to be retarded in their learning ability. It seemed important to determine whether phenylketonuria could be produced in infant monkeys when the brain is apparently more sensitive to chemical insult. Long-term observation could then be made throughout the period of development and it might be possible to correlate the biochemical changes with behavioural patterns.
Discussion of “The Columbus geoid”

The compilation of the Columbus Geoid has been a task of great magnitude and a valuable addition to our knowledge of the figure of the Earth. To extract the maximum benefit from gravity data for geoid computation, careful attention must be given in forming mean anomalies of areas both to the relationship of anomalies with topography, and to the correlation of anomalies with each other. The procedures used in computing the Columbus Geoid appear to take the topography into account very well, but the paper of Heiskanen is not explicit at some points where correlation of anomalies with each other is important: (1) The method of estimating 1° square mean anomalies from the 5° × 5° maps is not precisely described.
Pattern of expression of the serotonin2C receptor messenger RNA in the basal ganglia of adult rats

The distribution of the serotonin (5-HT) receptor 5-HT2C mRNA was examined at the single-cell level with in situ hybridization histochemistry and emulsion autoradiography in the basal ganglia and mesolimbic system of adult rats, with focus on the pallidum and the substantia nigra, which receive striatal inputs and play a critical role in basal ganglia function. 5-HT2C receptor mRNA expression was always restricted to a subpopulation of neurons in the regions examined. In the neostriatum, labeled neurons were more numerous in the rostral nucleus accumbens than in the caudal nucleus accumbens and were more numerous in the ventral and ventrolateral caudate-putamen than in the dorsal caudate-putamen, where labeled neurons were restricted to isolated clusters. In striatal target areas, dense labeling in the entopeduncular nucleus (internal pallidum, direct striatal output pathway) contrasted with an absence of labeling in the globus pallidus (external pallidum, indirect striatal output pathway). Double-label in situ hybridization in the substantia nigra revealed coexpression of 5-HT2C receptor mRNA with glutamic acid decarboxylase but not with tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA, indicating that it was restricted to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons. In this region, dense labeling for 5-HT2C mRNA was found in half of the neurons at middle and caudal levels of both the pars compacta and the pars reticulata, with little labeling rostrally. The data suggest that drugs acting on the 5-HT2C receptor could selectively affect discrete neuronal populations in the basal ganglia and mesolimbic systems and indicate a new level of neurochemical heterogeneity among GABAergic neurons of the substantia nigra.
Ion Exchange Selectivity as a Surrogate Indicator of Relative Permeability of Ions in Reverse Osmosis Processes

The existing body of experimental data in the open literature clearly indicate that reverse osmosis (RO) processes reject ions of identical valence (i.e., homovalent ions) to different degrees. For example, rejections (or relative permeations) of monovalent anions (such as Cl-, NO3-, Br-, CH2ClCOO-, ClO4-, etc.) during RO processes are different under otherwise identical conditions. The same is true for divalent anions (namely, SO42-, HPO42-, SeO42-) or monovalent cations (namely, Li+, Na+, K+, and NH4+). The solution diffusion model with the Nernst−Planck equation is unable to predict the differential permeation behaviors of homovalent ions. It is recognized that hydrated ionic radii data, if available, could be used to compute interdiffusion coefficients (or salt permeability coefficients) of permeating electrolytes. However, a careful scrutiny of the existing body of hydrated ionic radii data in the open literature provide clear evidence that they are unreliable for polyatomic ions such as nitrate, nit...
Transonic flutter model study of a supercritical wing and winglet

A scaled flutter model—a 1/6.5-size, semispan version of a supercritical wing (SCW) proposed for an executive-jet-transport airplane—was tested cantilever-mounted in the Langley Transonic Dynamics Tunnel with a normal wingtip, a wingtip with winglet, and a normal wingtip ballasted to simulate the winglet mass properties. Flutter and aerodynamic data were acquired at Mach numbers (M) from 0.6 to 0.95. The measured transonic flutter speed boundary for each wingtip configuration had roughly the same shape with a minimum flutter speed near Af= 0.82! The winglet addition and wingtip mass ballast decreased the wing flutter speed by about 7 and .5%, respectively; thus the winglet effect on flutter was about equally a mass effect as well as aerodynamic effect. Flutter characteristics calculated using a doublet-lattic e analysis (which included interference effects) were in good agreement with experimental results up to M =0.82. Comparisons of measured static aerodynamic data with predicted data indicated that the model was aerodynamically representative of the airplane SCW.
Some effects of magnetic fields in spatially homogeneous universes with conductivity

Magnetic fields and fluids with a finite conductivity are introduced in Bianchi type-I universes. The fluid then behaves like a perfect fluid in a universe of higher Bianchi type. It is as though the magnetofluid contribution to the stress-energy tensor becomes a pseudocurvature of the spacetime. A nonzero vorticity exists although the notion of translational invariance is fundamental to Bianchi type-I homogeneous three-spaces. Perturbation methods are used to obtain the solutions. We find in a magnetohydrodynamic universe that the microwave background radiation isotropy sets limits on the rotation of $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\lesssim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}19}$ rad/yr and on the magnetic field of $H\ensuremath{\lesssim}5.38\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ G.
Human Models of Animal Behavior

Similarities between the behavior of humans and other animals in analogous tasks suggest that simitar cognitive processes are involved. Human studies provide an efficient way to collect data with low variability, and animal studies provide a way to collect a large amount of data under controlled conditions, study a wide range of manipulations, limit the range of plausible explanations, and develop explanations in terms of brain mechanisms. Examples are taken from studies of timing that used similar procedures for humans and other animals.
Two magnon response functions in random magnets

We extend the equation of motion method1 that was developed to compute one magnon response functions in random magnets, so that we can now compute two magnon response functions. It is shown that if the interactions between the magnons are neglected, the two magnon response can be written as a convolution of one magnon responses and obtained by a trivial extension of previous work for square nets of size up to 100×100. Including interactions complicates the situation considerably. We write equations of motions for two spin operators and apply the equation of motion technique to these equations. It has been possible to get results for square nets up to 13×11 in size. We present results for the dilute Heisenberg ferromagnet on a square net.
SCD-HEFT: TURBULENCE SLOPE AND FRACTAL INFORMATION FROM BASELINE HOLTER MONITORING MAY AVOID UNNECESSARY IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR THERAPY DESPITE HEART FAILURE

SCD-HeFT included 2,521 patients with NYHA class II or III heart failure (HF) and ejection fraction less than or equal to 35%. We hypothesized that turbulence slope (TS) and alpha1 (short-term fractal exponent from Detrended Fluctuation Analysis) of HF patients can be correlated to the necessity of
Raggin’ on T-bet

Although increasing adiposity is usually associated with adipose tissue infiltration by inflammatory cells and systemic insulin resistance, Stolarczyk et al. (2013) report in this issue that mice deficient in the T-box transcription factor, T-bet, display a dissociated phenotype with enhanced perigonadal adipose but enhanced insulin sensitivity.
ATRIAL FLUTTER IN INFANCY: NO NEED FOR CHRONIC PROPHYLAXIS

Many authorities recommend digoxin for one year for atrial flutter (AT.FL) in infants with normal structural hearts. To re-examine this recommendation the electrocardiogram, response to programmed extrastimulation, (PES) (n=3), and clinical course in six infants with AT.FL. alone were reviewed. AT.FL exhibited a regular sawtooth pattern with a cycle length of 148 msec (range: 130-160 msec). Age at diagnosis was 34 days (range: birth (n=4) to 180 days). There were two males and four females; all were initiallly treated with digoxin but only two converted to sinus rhythm. AT.FL resolved spontaneously in two, two were converted with atrial overdrive pacing. Post-conversion electrocardiogram demonstrated normal P wave axis, PR interval .14 sec (range: .12-.16 sec), P wave duration .08 sec, and P wave amplitude .23 mV (3 > .25 mV) at heart rate 142 bpm. Post-conversion atrial PES with burst pacing in three failed to initiate AT.FL and demonstrated normal atrial effective refractory periods (158 msec; range: 150-173 msec) and normal atrioventricular conduction system effective refractory periods (199 msec; range: 180-216 msec). Only two patients were maintained on digoxin, six months and one year after conversion. Follow-up was 5.5 years (1.5 - 18 years) without recurrence. These data suggest that AT.FL in infants without structural heart disease, following conversion, is self-limited and not easily inducible by extrastimulation. We conclude that infants with atrial flutter alone, following cardioversion, do not require chronic prophylaxis.
Subsonic maneuvering effectiveness of high performance Aircraft which employ quasi-static shape change devices

This paper represents an initial study on the use of quasi-static shape change devices in aircraft maneuvering. The macroscopic effects and requirements for these devices in flight control are the focus of this study. Groups of devices are postulated to replace the conventional leading-edge flap (LEF) and the all-moving wing tip (AMT) on the tailless LMTAS-ICE (Lockheed Martin Tactical Aircraft Systems - Innovative Control Effectors) configuration. The maximum quasi-static shape changes are 13.8% and 7.7% of the wing section thickness for the LEF and AMT replacement devices, respectively. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) panel code is used to determine the control effectiveness of groups of these devices. A preliminary design of a wings-leveler autopilot is presented. Initial evaluation at 0.6 Mach at 15,000 ft. altitude is made through batch simulation. Results show small disturbance stability is achieved, however, an increase in maximum distortion is needed to statically offset five degrees of sideslip. This only applies to the specific device groups studied, encouraging future research on optimal device placement.
A comparison of Gc globulin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in patients with liver disease

Gc globulin, a hepatically synthesized actin binding protein, is known to decrease in both acute and chronic liver disease, and low levels are associated with poor prognosis. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a member of the lipocalin family of proteins, has been shown to be an early biomarker of ischaemic renal damage. We prospectively investigated the use of these proteins as markers of severity of illness and prognostication in acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure requiring intensive care.
Paper chromatography of urinary amino acids.

Abstract A method for the analysis of amino acids by paper chromatography has been described. The method is based on a preliminary purification and desalting of the urine specimen prior to chromatography. The value of one-dimensional chromatography for screening purposes has been discussed and demonstrated.
Reliability of ultrasound in the prenatal diagnosis of urinary tract abnormalities.

To investigate the ability of ultrasonography to detect urinary tract abnormalities prenatally, we reviewed the records of 26 pregnancies diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound to have urinary tract anomalies. We compared the prenatal diagnoses with postnatal renal and urinary tract pathology. This comparison showed different degrees of agreement for different prenatal diagnoses (2 individuals had more than one diagnosis): 4 of 8 for multicystic kidneys, 1 of 1 for polycystic kidney disease, 1 of 2 for renal agenesis, 6 of 7 for ureteropelvic junction obstruction, 1 of 3 for posterior urethral valves, 4 of 5 for no pathology noted, and 2 of 2 for other abnormalities. Prenatal diagnosis and postantal findings were in agreement in 68% of cases. Varying levels of diagnostic reliability should be considered when managing pregnancies complicated by fetal urinary tract abnormalities and subsequent postnatal evaluation and diagnosis. Further efforts are needed to improve on the techniques and reliability of prenatal diagnosis of urinary tract abnormalities.