cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxygen gradients in the microcirculation

Early in the last century August Krogh embarked on a series of seminal studies to understand the connection between tissue metabolism and mechanisms by which the cardiovascular system supplied oxygen to meet those needs. Krogh recognized that oxygen was supplied from blood to the tissues by passive diffusion and that the most likely site for oxygen exchange was the capillary network. Studies of tissue oxygen consumption and diffusion coefficient, coupled with anatomical studies of capillarity in various tissues, led him to formulate a model of oxygen diffusion from a single capillary. Fifty years after the publication of this work, new methods were developed which allowed the direct measurement of oxygen in and around microvessels. These direct measurements have confirmed the predictions by Krogh and have led to extensions of his ideas resulting in our current understanding of oxygenation within the microcirculation. Developments during the last 40 years are reviewed, including studies of oxygen gradients in arterioles, capillaries, venules, microvessel wall and surrounding tissue. These measurements were made possible by the development and use of new methods to investigate oxygen in the microcirculation, so mention is made of oxygen microelectrodes, microspectrophotometry of haemoglobin and phosphorescence quenching microscopy. Our understanding of oxygen transport from the perspective of the microcirculation has gone from a consideration of oxygen gradients in capillaries and tissue to the realization that oxygen has the ability to diffuse from any microvessel to another location under the conditions that there exists a large enough PO(2) gradient and that the permeability for oxygen along the intervening pathway is sufficient.
Pipelining multicast scheduling in all-optical packet switches with delay guarantee

In this paper, we study multicast scheduling in all-optical packet switches. First, we propose a novel optical buffer called multicast-enabled Fiber-Delay-Lines (M-FDLs), which can provide flexible delay for copies of multicast packets using only a small number of FDL segments. We then present a Delay-Guaranteed Multicast Scheduling (DGMS) algorithm that considers the schedule of each arriving packet for multiple time slots. We also discuss some desirable features of DGMS in detail, such as guaranteed delay upper bound and adaptivity to transmission requirements. To relax the time constraint of DGMS, we further propose a pipelining technique that distributes the scheduling tasks among a sequence of sub-schedulers. The combinatorial logic circuit design of each sub-scheduler, which further reduces time complexity, is also provided. The performance of DGMS is tested extensively against statistical traffic models and real Internet traffic, and the results show that the proposed DGMS algorithm can achieve ultra-low average packet delay with minimum packet drop ratio.
Ten-year trend in the national volume of bile duct injuries requiring operative repair

Background The objectives of this study were to determine the national proportions and mortality rate for bile duct injuries resulting from laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) that required operative reconstruction for repair over a 10-year period and to investigate the major factors associated with the mortality rate in this group of patients.
Reproducibility of Genucom knee analysis system testing.

The Genucom knee analysis system was studied to determine the reproducibility of test results. In the first phase of the study we investigated the reproducibility of anterior/posterior stress tests at 30° and 90° of flexion and varus/valgus stress tests at 20° of flexion in 10 control subjects during three seatings on 3 sep arate days. In the second phase we studied the effect of errors in the digitization procedure (a part of the patient installation process) on anterior/posterior trans lation measurements. In the third phase we studied the reproducibility of a battery of tests in patients with chronic unilateral ACL deficient knees. The test battery was repeated 8 times on each knee on 6 separate days.In Phase I, analysis of variance revealed no significant differences between tests within a single seating. The day-to-day variance of all subjects was not significant, but we found a significant interaction between day and subject which was due to significant day-to-day differ ences in individual subjects...
The Sentinel Node for Staging Breast Cancer: Current Review.

From the first to the second half of this century, the concept of removing lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer has evolved from a therapeutic procedure to a staging procedure. While the concept has evolved, the method of removing the nodes and the attendant morbidity have remained relatively unchanged. Recently, the introduction of targeted resection of a limited set of lymph nodes (sentinel nodes [SNs]) most likely to receive drainage from the primary tumor has been introduced. Based on several reports, the success rate of SN resection exceeds 90% and the overall accuracy exceeds 95%. A number of technical issues remain to be resolved in order to optimize identification of all SNs. Importantly, the false-negative rate needs to be fully defined and reduced. Although relatively low, it is important to those patients in whom it occurs. This manuscript reviews available peer-reviewed literature on the SN in breast cancer patients.
Fiber strength utilization in carbon/carbon composites: Part II. Extended studies with pitch- and PAN-based fibers

Measurements of fiber strength utilization (FSU) in unidirectional carbon/carbon (C/C) composites as a function of heat-treatment tempcrature (HTT) have been extended beyond the original group of DuPont pitch-based E-series fibers to include additional pitch- and PAN-based fibers. Fibers and composites were characterized by tensile strength, optical microscopy, SEM, fiber preferred orientation, and a single-fiber composite (SFC) fragmentation test to provide a relative measure of fiber-matrix interfacial shear strength (IFSS). Results show that fracture behavior and FSU are dominated by the degree of fiber-matrix bonding, as inferred from microscopic observations and measurements of IFSS. In the very high modulus pitch-based fibers, the behavior of the F,130 is strikingly different from that of the Amoco and Nippon Oil fibers, in that it retains good bond strength and high FSU even with HT to 2400 °C, in contrast to the other very high modulus pitch-based fibers that are already weakly bonded at the lowest HTT of 1100 °C. All PAN-based fibers and lower modulus pitch fibers are characterized by strong bonding, brittle fracture, and low FSU for the 1100 °C HTT. Subsequent heat treatment of these composites to 2150 and 2400 °C, in most cases, results in significant recovery of FSU, suggesting an optimum IFSS for each composite. It is suggested that the difference in bonding between the pitch-based E-series and P-series may be related to the similarity in fine structure between the E-fibers and high-modulus PAN-based fibers.
An Examination of Satisfaction With My Supervisor and Organizational Commitment

This paper reports an examination of the relationship between satisfaction with one's supervisor and organizational commitment type based on data collected from nonmanagerial employees. The results show that moral and alienative forms of commitment were related to employees’ satisfaction with their supervisors and that calculative commitment was not related. Supervisor behaviors related to moral commitment include consistency of behavior toward subordinates, showing concern for career progress, backing up employees with other managers, and employees’ satisfaction with the supervisor's technical competence. Supervisor behaviors related to alienative commitment include the way one's supervisor treats an individual when he or she makes a mistake, the way the supervisor shows concern for one's career progress, and the way one's job responsibilities are defined.
A new source of polarized protons

Abstract A source of polarized H − ions has been built and installed for injection into the Rutgers-Bell tandem Van de Graaff accelerator. This source utilizes a quenching scheme in which the 2 S 1 2 (F = 1) states are quenched in an rf field at zero static magnetic field. Typically the source produces a 5 nA beam of H − having a polarization of 50%.
Regulation and Expression of Retinoblastoma Proteins p107 and p130 during 3T3-L1 Adipocyte Differentiation

During 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation, growth-arrested, postconfluent preadipocytes are required to reenter the cell cycle and proceed through a mitotic clonal expansion phase prior to terminal differentiation. The retinoblastoma proteins (pRB, p107, and p130) are thought to be critical in controlling cell cycle progression by binding to and regulating the activity of the E2F transcription factors. We show here that p130/p107 protein levels, p107 mRNA levels, and E2F DNA binding complexes are regulated during 3T3-L1 adipogenesis. The predominant E2F binding complex in day 0 preadipocytes was p130-E2F with no detectable free E2F or p107. On Day 1, during mitotic clonal expansion, there was a distinct switch to free E2F and p107-E2F complexes associated with increased p107 mRNA and protein along with decreased p130 protein levels. Following differentiation, the day 0 pattern is reestablished. The switch is not just a consequence of reentry into the cell cycle, in that p107 protein levels are both detectable and unchanged in dividing, serum-restricted, or serum restimulated preconfluent cells. Interestingly, hormonal stimulation of 3T3-C2 cells, a related nondifferentiating cell line, also induces a mitotic clonal expansion phase that is associated with the p130:p107 switch in a pattern very similar to 3T3-L1 cells, suggesting the block in differentiation observed in 3T3-C2 cells occurs after clonal expansion. Combined, these findings suggest that the regulatory mechanisms of the p130:p107 switch are not specific to differentiation but may play a key role in regulating the mitotic clonal expansion necessary for adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells.
An Apology for Socratic Bioethics

Bioethics is a hybrid discipline. As a theoretical enterprise it stands for untrammeled inquiry and argument. Yet it aims to influence medical practice and policy. In this article we explore tensions between these two dimensions of bioethics and examine the merits and perils of a "Socratic" approach to bioethics that challenges "the conventional wisdom."
Emergent Evaluation of Injuries to the Shoulder, Clavicle, and Humerus

This article provides a review of the evaluation and treatment of common injuries to the shoulder, humerus, and clavicle in the emergency department (ED) setting. In addition to a focused review of the shoulder's physical examination, topics include common emergent injuries such as glenohumeral dislocations, proximal humerus fractures, and acromioclavicular separations as well as less common, but important injuries including pectoralis and biceps tendon injuries and sternoclavicular dislocations. Accurate recognition and management of these injuries is essential in the optimal care of patients in the ED.
Removal of hot spot speckle on laser projection screen using both the running screen and the rotating diffuser

A running screen method is applied to remove hot spot speckle on projection screen by a laser display system with one DLP panel. We have commercially displayed a projection image from a DLP (720 Pi) display system using a minimized RGB high power laser source. Then we successfully obtained a high-quality image with low speckle contrast as if hot spot speckle are not recognized on the screen when both the rotating diffuser and the rotating screen by piezoelectric motor are used.
Dynamin at the Brink of Fission

Dynamin family members are large GTPases that are associated with diverse cellular processes, including clathrin-mediated endocytosis, fusion and fission of mitochondria, division of chloroplasts and peroxisomes, cell division, and resistance to viral infections. The founding member, dynamin, plays a direct role in endocytosis by assembling around the necks of clathrin-coated pits in a helical array. The self-assembly of dynamin into oligomers stimulates its GTPase activity, which is necessary for efficient fission during endocytosis. Recent evidence suggests that a three-bundle helix, near the G domain, undergoes a dramatic hydrolysis-dependent conformational change that may function as a dynamin powerstroke. To understand how the powerstroke propagates through the helical assembly and contributes to membrane fission, we solved the helical structure of a transition-state-defective dynamin mutant, K44A, using cryo-electron microscopy and image processing techniques. The 3-dimensional map of K44A is a 2-start helix with an inner luminal diameter of 3.7 nm, reaching the theoretical limit for spontaneous fission. Computational docking of G domains with the three bundle helix into the 3D map, reveals that a GTP ground state of dynamin is sufficient to achieve this ‘super-constricted’ state and shows how the 2-start helical arrangement generates the most efficient packing of dynamin around the membrane neck. Additional structural and biochemical studies are underway to unravel the global conformational changes that are needed to move beyond the final super-constricted pre-fission state.
Heat production and heat loss in d-amphetamine hyperthermia in aggregated Swiss Webster and BDF1 mice☆☆☆

Heat Production and Heat Loss in d-Amphetamine Hyperthermia in Aggregated Swiss Webster and BDF1 Mice. The difference in response of aggregated Swiss Webster and BDF1 mice to the hyperthermic effects of d-amphetamine was investigated. Heat production via motor activity and plasma free fatty acid stimulation were studied. The concentration of plasma free fatty acids in aggregated amphetaminetreated Swiss Webster and BDF1 mice did not follow any consistent relationship with either the dose of amphetamine or the hyperthermia produced by it. Motor activity measurements also failed to show any differences that would account for the differential hyperthermia caused by amphetamine. Differences in heat production via free fatty acids and motor activity did not explain the differences in hyperthermia. Heat production was also estimated by oxygen utilization in aggregated Swiss Webster and BDF1 mice. The indirect calorimetric oxygen utilization studies failed to show any strain difference which would account for the differences in hyperthermia. Heat loss by evaporative water loss was also measured after amphetamine administration. At room temperatures of 19° and 27°C, the BDF1 mice were found to lose more heat through evaporation than the Swiss Webster mice after 20 mg/kg d-amphetamine sulfate. Thus, the pharmacogenetic difference in toxic and hyperthermic responses of aggregated Swiss Webster and BDF1 mice was explained by a difference in evaporative water loss (heat loss) between the two strains.
Short Gel, Long Gradient Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry to Discover Urinary Biomarkers of Chronic Pancreatitis.

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is currently diagnosed using invasive endoscopic and imaging techniques. However, urine can be collected safely and noninvasively and as such may offer a superior alternative to current techniques of CP diagnosis. We use mass spectrometry-based methods to discover proteins which are exclusive to or differentially abundant in urine of chronic pancreatitis patients. We have performed a comparative quantitative proteomic analysis of urine collected from 5 healthy controls, 5 severe CP patients, and 5 patients of a mixed cohort with clinical representation typical of patients referred for CP, but not diagnosed with the disease. Proteins from urine were fractionated via SDS-PAGE and digested in-gel with trypsin prior to reversed- phase liquid chromatography in-line with a mass spectrometer. ProteinPilot software and the QSPEC algorithm identified proteins and determined statistically significant differences between cohorts. We identified over 600 proteins from urine, of which several hundred were either exclusive to or differ quantitatively in severe CP patients. Members of the cathepsin protein family were of significantly higher abundance in the severe CP co- hort. In addition, we have identified a core set of 50 proteins in all 15 samples, 25 of which showed no significant differ- ence among the cohorts.
Population inversion between I( 2 P 1/2 ) and I( 2 P 3/2 ) of atomic iodine generated by the energy transfer from NCl(α 1 Δ) to I( 2 P 3/2 )

Electronically excited iodine atoms [I*(2P1/2)] are created when ICl is injected into a stream of chemically produced NCl(α1Δ). Using an optical double-resonance technique, we observed a population inversion between the 52P1/2 and 52P3/2 states of atomic iodine.
Uterine artery embolization: current implications of embolic agent choice.

UTERINE artery embolization (UAE) for the treatment of symptomatic leiomyomata is gaining widespread acceptance. Since the earliest reports, numerous technical and clinical refinements have been described and advocated by practitioners who primarily intend to improve outcomes and patient experiences. Along with the optimal angiographic endpoint of embolization, the choice of embolic material has remained a particularly controversial topic. Embolic agent size, composition, method of delivery, and shape have all been discussed and reported on extensively. Numerous publications have attested to the efficacy or inadequacy of each approach. Until now, there have been few studies that randomly compared different embolic agents directly and even fewer that have been well controlled and of adequate size and statistical power.
Controllability and Observability Analysis of the Liquid Water Distribution Inside the Gas Diffusion Layer of a Unit Fuel Cell Model

We analyze the controllability and observability (C/O) of the liquid water distribution in the gas diffusion layer (GDL) of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) using a one-dimensional channel-to-channel unit fuel cell model. This modeling domain is sufficient to illustrate the control objectives and analysis techniques but requires further development for stack level modeling. A comparison is made between first-principles-based numeric and reduced-order semi-analytic models with emphasis on the effects of model reduction on their analyses. The numeric model is a partial differential equation based model approximated by difference equations, including both channels and both GDLs of a PEMFC. The reduced model uses a semi-analytic solution method, which is a combination of analytic and numeric solutions, gaining physical intuition at lower computational cost. The C/O analysis is based on linearizations around three critical operating points. The results indicate that stabilizability of the anode liquid water states and, hence, management of anode water flooding is possible. If the channel water mass can be controlled to a constant value, then the GDL liquid distribution will be stable (McCain et al., 2007, "A Multi-Component Spatially-Distributed Model of Two-Phase Flow for Estimation and Control of Fuel Cell Water Dynamics," Proceedings of the 46th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, pp. 584-589). Further, it will be shown that if the channel liquid water mass can be brought to zero, controllability of the GDL liquid modes will be obtained. Additionally, this study will indicate the input(s) best suited to obtain this control objective and the output(s) required.
Effects of Processing Conditions on the Dielectric Properties of CaCu3Ti4O12

There have been a number of recent reports of anomalously large permittivities (e r ≈ 104) in the material CaCu3Ti4O12. The dielectric spectra is characterized by a large, relatively temperature independent permittivity near room temperature which exhibits a dielectric relaxation above 100 K. The crystal structure of CaCu3Ti4O12 can be described as pseudo-perovskite with a cubic unit cell with a lattice constant of 7.391 A. The ubiquitous occurrence of this dielectric behavior in ceramics, single crystals, and thin films suggests that the polarization is not related to a simple conducting grain/insulating grain boundary-type system. While the precise origin of the dielectric response is not entirely clear, in this work it is shown that processing conditions have a significant influence on the room temperature dielectric properties. Specifically, the permittivity and loss exhibit a strong dependence on the oxygen partial pressure and sintering time. In fact, studies of the effects of sintering time and supporting evidence from capacitance-voltage measurements conclusively show that there is no direct relationship between the permittivity and grain size, as is the case in classical boundary layer systems. Lastly, with aliovalent doping the room temperature dielectric properties can be optimized to provide a high permittivity (e r ∼ 8,000) dielectric with relatively low loss (tan δ < 0.05 at 1 kHz).
High‐Temperature Phase Diagram for the System Zr.

The melting, eutectic, peritectic, solidus, and liquidus temperatures in the system Zr-O have been measured directly by a simple optical pyrometric technique requiring only a few hundred milligrams of sample. The saturation solubility of oxygen in α-Zr(s) between 1270° and 1980°C and the lower phase boundary of the ZrO2–α phase between 1900° and 2400°C have been measured by an isopiestic equilibration method. The oxygen solubility limit in α-Zr(s) agrees well with previous low-temperature studies and reaches a maximum solubility of 35°1 at.% O at the eutectic temperature, 2065°°5°C. The maximum melting temperature of α-Zr(ss) is 2130°°10°C and corresponds to a composition of 25°1 at.% O. Both of these temperatures are approximately 150° higher than previously reported. Liquidus compositions above the eutectic temperature were obtained via mass spectrometry from the kinetic behavior of the liquid solution-ZrO2–x(s) mixture as it approached equilibrium at 2125°°5°C. The lower phase boundary or solidus of the ZrO2–x phase departs appreciably from ideal stoichiometry above 1900°C and smoothly reaches its most reduced composition, 61 at.% (ZrO1.56), near 2300°C. The solidus is retrograde at higher temperatures. The melting temperature of the stoichiometric dioxide is 2710°°15°C.
Validation of ratio scales of opinion by multimodality matching

Ss adjusted loudness and force of handgrip (and in one experiment apparent duration) to match the strength of their opinions regarding racism, occupational desirability, and pronunciability of trigrams. For each stimulus item, median settings of one continuum were plotted as a function of median settings of the other. The resulting power-function exponents agree with previous cross-modality matches and with the results of a cross-modality match of loudness and duration produced by Ss in the present experiments. The results provide validation of ratio scales of opinion and further establish the direct scalingmethods used to obtain them.
The stressful road to antibody secretion.

Terminal B cell differentiation requires a massive increase in the biosynthetic capacity to synthesize antibodies in response to infection. New data shows the ER stress response activates and commits B cells to this robust metabolic state.
Therapeutic Antiviral Action of 5-Trifluoromethyl-2'-deoxyuridine in Herpes Simplex Keratitis

5-Trifluoromethyl-29-deoxyuridine (F 3 TDR) has potent therapeutic antiviral activity in herpes simplex infection of the rabbit cornea with strains of herpes virus both sensitive and resistant to 5-iodo-29-deoxyuridine, and in corneal infection with vaccinia. 5-Trifluoromethyl uracil is not therapeutically active in herpetic keratitis.
Separation of Transit of Auxin from Uptake: Average Velocity and Reversible Inhibition by Anaerobic Conditions

An applied pulse of (14)C-indole-3-acetic acid moved down aerobic corn coleoptiles at about 15 millimeters per hour. When sections with a moving pulse were transferred to nitrogen, the rate fell below 2 millimeters per hour. This inhibition was completely reversible; sections returned to air moved the same amount of auxin as untreated aerobic controls.
The Effect of Increased Mortality on the Young in a Population of Brook Trout, a Theoretical Analysis

Abstract The effect on yield of increasing the mortality of the 0 age group by 0%, 5%, 15%, 25%, 50%, and 95% of the natural mortality is examined using a mathematical model for yield fitted to data on the Hunt Creek, Michigan, brook trout population. This analysis shows that even a 5% increase in mortality of the 0 age group, the lowest level examined, decreased the yield of the trout fishery. With 50% additional mortality the popuation became extinct, even though the effect of the toxicant did not become apparent for several years.
Enzymatic formation of beta-cyanoalanine from cyanide.

IN 1963 Blumenthal-Goldschmidt et al.1 demonstrated the incorporation of 14C-labelled hydrogen cyanide into asparagine by seedlings of a number of plant species. They showed that the label from H14CN almost exclusively entered the amide carbon of asparagine and obtained preliminary evidence that the other three carbon atoms might be provided by serine or a closely related metabolite. These findings have been confirmed and extended by Tschiersch2,3, Ressler et al.4,5 and by Fowden and Bell6. The available evidence suggests that HCN reacts with serine to form β-cyanoalanine which then, depending on the plant species used, can either be hydrolysed to asparagine or can be converted into a peptide, γ-glutamyl-β-cyanoalanine. The two latter reactions have been demonstrated in extracts of seedlings6, but enzymatic evidence for the first reactions has so far not been reported.
1α, 25-(OH)2D3 regulates 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24R-hydroxylase activity in growth zone costochondral growth plate chondrocytes via protein kinase C

Rat costochondral chondrocytes possess 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1alpha- and 24R-hydroxylase activities and metabolize 25-(OH)D3 to 1,25-(OH)2D3 and 24,25-(OH)2D3 in a cell maturation-specific and time-dependent manner. This study examined the hypothesis that 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 and 24R,25-(OH)2D3 regulate the activities of both hydroxylases in prehypertrophic/upper hypertrophic (growth zone) chondrocytes, and 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 exerts its effects via mechanisms involving protein kinase C (PKC) mediated pathways. Rat costochondral growth zone chondrocytes were treated with 10(-9) - 10(-7) M 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 or 24R,25-(OH)2D, for 24 hours, and 1alpha- and 24R-hydroxylase activities in cell homogenates determined by measuring the conversion of [3H]-25-(OH)D3 to [3H]-1,25-(OH)2D3 and [3H]-24,25-(OH)2D3. Metabolite production by intact cells was determined at 6 and 24 hours. Involvement of PKC was assessed using chelerythrine, and the requirement for protein synthesis was assessed using cycloheximide. In addition, the effect of 10(-10) - l0(-8) M 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 on 24-hydroxylase expression was assessed by semiquantitative measurement of mRNA levels using RT-PCR. Involvement of the membrane receptor for 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 (1,25-mVDR), which exerts its effects via PKC, was assessed by blocking the 1,25-mVDR with an antibody (Ab99) generated against the 1,25-mVDR in chick enterocyte membranes. Specificity of the 1,25-(OH)2D3-dependent effect on 24,25-(OH)2D3 production was determined by comparing the response to 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 to the response to 1beta,25-(OH)2D3. 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 increased 24R-hydroxylase specific activity in a dose-dependent manner, 24,25-(OH)2D3 production by intact cells was also increased. The effect of 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 on 24,25-(OH)2D3 production was stereospecific. Only 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 caused an increase; 1beta,25-(OH)2D3 was without effect. 24R,25-(OH)2D3 had no effect on 24R-hydroxylase activity at 24 hours. 1alpha-hydroxylase activity was unaffected by either metabolite at 24 hours. 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 affected 24R-hydroxylase activity via a PKC-dependent mechanism requiring new protein synthesis. In addition, 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 caused a dose-dependent increase in 24-hydroxylase mRNA levels. The 1,25-mVDR was involved in the 1alpha,25(OH)2D3-dependent stimulation of 24R-hydroxylase. These results suggest an interrelationship between the 1,25-mVDR and gene expression via the nuclear VDR (nVDR) and/or a PKC-mediated mechanism in modulating 24R-hydroxylase in growth zone chondrocytes.
Simulated comparisons of breeding plans for beef production - Part 2: Hereford, Angus and Charolais sires bred to Hereford, Angus and Hereford-Angus dams to produce feeder calves.

Abstract Breeding plans using Hereford, Angus and Charolais sires mated to Hereford, Angus and Hereford-Angus dams were simulated. All breeding plans were considered in combination with a culling policy of culling a cow only if she failed to produce a calf for two consecutive years. The criterion of productivity was kilogrammes of calf produced per cow bred. Productivity of a herd was influenced by the age structure of the herd, since cow fertility, cow and calf mortality and preweaning growth of the calf were determined by the age of the cow, as well as by the genotypes of the cow and calf. For herds with purchased replacement heifers, the three-breed static crosses using Charolais sires were the most productive. The Hereford-Angus criss-cross ranked second, followed by the two-breed static crosses. The two-breed static crosses using Hereford or Angus sires were more productive than the two-breed crosses using Charolais sires. The straightbreds were the least productive. For herds producing their own replacement heifers, producing the replacements from the younger cows increased the kilogrammes of calf produced per cow bred by 2·7% in the Charolais-Angus static cross and 2·8% in the Charolais-Hereford cross.
Mechanisms in skeletal accumulation of ions

Abstract The deposition of strontium and of lead in the femurs of rats as a function of parenteral dosage was studied. A single injection was administered, and the content of metal ion was determined after 24 hr. Dosages ranged from 0.10 to 75.00 mg. of Sr++/200 g. of body weight and from 0.03 to 6.00 mg./200 g. of body weight in the case of Pb++. The uptake indicated that at least two modes of accumulation occurred. The dominant process at low dosages was described satisfactorily by an equation of the same form as the Langmuir gas adsorption isotherm. However, an abrupt discontinuity in the graph of the data appeared as the dosage was increased. This departure from linearity was interpreted as the point where saturation of the initial mode of deposition was attained. The values of these saturation levels for strontium and lead were 125 and 60 p.p.m., respectively. It was estimated that if the first-stage saturation were the result of adsorption or ionic exchange at surfaces of bone salt crystals, the average burden would be approximately 32 atoms of strontium per crystal and 6 per crystal in the case of lead. However, the combining power of the sulfate present in the organic matrix of bone could equally well account for the binding of the saturation levels of strontium and lead.
Decelerating spread of West Nile virus by percolation in a heterogeneous urban landscape.

Vector-borne diseases are emerging and re-emerging in urban environments throughout the world, presenting an increasing challenge to human health and a major obstacle to development. Currently, more than half of the global population is concentrated in urban environments, which are highly heterogeneous in the extent, degree, and distribution of environmental modifications. Because the prevalence of vector-borne pathogens is so closely coupled to the ecologies of vector and host species, this heterogeneity has the potential to significantly alter the dynamical systems through which pathogens propagate, and also thereby affect the epidemiological patterns of disease at multiple spatial scales. One such pattern is the speed of spread. Whereas standard models hold that pathogens spread as waves with constant or increasing speed, we hypothesized that heterogeneity in urban environments would cause decelerating travelling waves in incipient epidemics. To test this hypothesis, we analysed data on the spread of West Nile virus (WNV) in New York City (NYC), the 1999 epicentre of the North American pandemic, during annual epizootics from 2000–2008. These data show evidence of deceleration in all years studied, consistent with our hypothesis. To further explain these patterns, we developed a spatial model for vector-borne disease transmission in a heterogeneous environment. An emergent property of this model is that deceleration occurs only in the vicinity of a critical point. Geostatistical analysis suggests that NYC may be on the edge of this criticality. Together, these analyses provide the first evidence for the endogenous generation of decelerating travelling waves in an emerging infectious disease. Since the reported deceleration results from the heterogeneity of the environment through which the pathogen percolates, our findings suggest that targeting control at key sites could efficiently prevent pathogen spread to remote susceptible areas or even halt epidemics.
Oxygen isotope fractionation in zinc oxides and implications for zinc mineralization in the Sterling Hill deposit, USA

Oxygen isotope fractionation in the zinc oxides has been calculated by means of the modified increment method. The results suggest that zincite is slightly enriched in 18O relative to the franklinite of the spinel-type structure but considerably depleted in 18O relative to the franklinite of the inverse spinel-type structure. The zinc oxides are significantly depleted in 18O relative to water under hydrothermal and metamorphic conditions. The oxygen isotope analyses of mineral pairs including the zinc oxides and the common gangue minerals such as calcite and quartz can constitute a sensitive isotope geothermometer. Application of oxygen isotope geothermometry to natural assemblages is attempted for the calcite-zinc ore mineral pairs from the Sterling Hill deposit in USA. The results indicate that the temperature of the zinc mineralization may be in the range from 410° to 630 °C and thus lower than the metamorphic temperatures of granulite facies. A metamorphic fluid could have been involved in the formation of the zinc ore minerals. Franklinite would structurally be an inverse spinel in the infancy of its formation, and thus could have originally evolved from Zn2 + substitution to Fe2 + of magnetite at the high temperatures.
Human elbow joint torque is linearly encoded in electromyographic signals from multiple muscles

When the central nervous system (CNS) develops a muscular activation pattern to accomplish a particular isometric task, it clearly uses information concerning the external task requirements. These task requirements serve as inputs to neural transformations that output muscular activations. However, the nature of the inputs is not exactly known. Electromyographic (EMG) signals from eight muscles spanning the human elbow, as well as the total joint torque, were collected during a submaximal isometric flexion/extension task at a single joint angle. The EMG data, without any torque information, were subjected to principal components analysis. We found that 98% of EMG data variation could be described by two principal components the first resembled the joint torque and the second resembled the sum of the EMG signals from all eight muscles. The findings suggest that the CNS encodes these two quantities during isometric tasks.
Systems use to objectify program evaluation, clinical, and management decisions

The utility of the observational assessment systems at different levels — from local clinical to systemwide management — is outlined. An overview is provided of TSBC information applied to individualized problem identification and programming/monitoring, discharge and competency determinations, and both absolute and comparative program evaluation. The utility of SRIC information for prgoramming/monitoring and for staff training and evaluation is outlined in addition to the applied uses of the information of the assessment systems in combination. Once implemented, the continuous data from the systems allow for empirically based self-corrective improvements in the quality of mental health services while automatically providing a basis for legal documentation and accurate cost/effectiveness comparisons of mental health programs.
Gender Role in the Small Ruminant Sector in Mountain Area of Turkey

Abstract Davran, M.K., Darcan, N. and Budak, D.B. 2007. Gender role in the small ruminant sector in mountain area of Turkey. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 31: 93–95. To examine gender role of women in small ruminant sector in Taurus mountains of Turkey, data were collected in 10 villages by face to face interview with 100 women. Rural women living in Taurus mountains carry out a primary role in small ruminant activities but their productive work has been ignored and underestimated. They are working on an average 12.6 h a day and get help/support from children and particularly from girls in small ruminant activities. Division of labor in small ruminant activities is unfavorable to women and they have secondary position in decision making process. Accessibility to knowledge, technology, education, health and extension is very difficult for women due to low educational level and patriarchy; and the proportion of illiterate women is 66%. Women ignorant of their primary status and productive role in rural life, define ...
Enthalpimetry — a change of emphasis

Abstract A change of emphasis in enthalpimetric instrumental design has widened the scope of this universal analytical tool. These recent developments in enthalpimetric technology have improved the capabilities of the technique and made possible a wide variety of clinical, biochemical and environmental applications.
Automated synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleoside methylphosphonates having [N-(3-aminoprop-1-yl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethyl] phosphate or methylphosphonic acid at the 3' end using a modified controlled pore glass support

To provide a solid support for automated synthesis of 3'-(aminoalkyl)-modified oligonucleoside methylphosphonates, controlled pore glass beads were functionalized with a protected N-(3-aminoprop-1-yl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethyl ester of succinic acid. This "Aha-CPG" was used for automated synthesis of oligo-2'-deoxyribonucleoside methylphosphonates having either of two distinct 3' terminal modifications. If the first coupling to the beads was of a base-protected 5'-(dimethoxytrityl)-2'-deoxyribonucleoside 3'-(beta-cyanoethyl N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite) synthon, then, upon completion of methylphosphonate oligomer synthesis and deprotection, the 3'-[N-(3-aminoprop-1-yl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethyl] phosphate] derivative of an oligonucleoside methylphosphonate was produced and was shown to be a stable structure which affords a primary alkylamine group suitable as a site for further conjugations. If the first coupling was of a 5'-(dimethoxytrityl)-2'-deoxyribonucleoside 3'-(N,N-diisopropylmethylphosphonamidite) synthon, the initial product of synthesis and deprotection underwent a spontaneous, regiospecific ester cleavage in aqueous solution to produce an oligonucleoside methylphosphonate 3'-(methylphosphonate). An application of the Aha-CPG to the synthesis of rhodamine-conjugated oligonucleoside methylphosphonates is described in a companion paper [Thaden, J. and Miller, P. S. (1993) Bioconjugate Chem., preceding paper in this issue].
In situ control of Au-catalyzed chemical vapor deposited (CVD) Ge nanocone morphology by growth temperature variation

Abstract In situ control over the growth morphology of nanocones has important implications to their application in photovoltaic and thermoelectric devices. In this study, Ge nanocones were grown by an Au-catalyzed process in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) chamber using germane (GeH 4 ) as the source gas. The growth temperature was varied for different segments of the growth, and a corresponding variation of taper (angle of cone sidewalls relative to the axial direction) in the segments was observed. The structures obtained in these experiments reveal their temperature-dependent modes of growth. When the growth was conducted at an initial temperature of 350 °C then increased to 400 °C, faceted pillars consisting of a base segment of largely uniform diameter and a conical tapered tip were formed. When the growth was conducted at 395 and 375 °C, then at 350 °C, the nanocones featured a base with a wider taper and tips with a smaller taper. The dependence on temperature of the growth morphology is attributed to the relative influence of competing growth mechanisms at different temperature regimes: catalyzed unidirectional growth at lower temperatures approaching the Au–Ge eutectic point, and increasingly isotropic and facet-bounded epitaxial growth at higher temperatures up to 400 °C. The multi-step growth method also provides a reliable method of determining the rate and mode of catalyzed growth.
Epidermal fucosylation of cell surface glycoprotein

When Ulex europeus agglutinin I (UEA) conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate is applied to tissue sections from the cutaneous epidermis of the newborn rat, the lectin binds to the surfaces of cells in the layer immediately above the basal layer but not to the cells in the basal layer itself. The latter cells bind the isolectin I-B4, from Griffonia simplicifolia (GS I-B4). The addition of a fucosyl residue to the oligosaccharide of the glycoprotein found on the surface of the basal cell can account for the change in lectin-binding specificity which occurs as the basal cell moves toward the cutaneous surface and becomes a spinous cell. The epidermis of the newborn rat has the necessary transferase to convert a glycoprotein with binding-specificity for GS I-B4 to binding specificity for UEA by adding a fucosyl residue from GDP-L-fucose.
Ribosomal mutations affect non-specifically the stability of sex factors in Escherichia coli.

The effect of ribosomal mutations on the stability of episomes was tested by isolating ribosomal and non-ribosomal mutations in strains carrying episomes. The stability was tested at 30°C and 40°C. Since episomes in general are less stable (get lost) at higher temperatures, and various types of mutations, ribosomal and non-ribosomal, decreased the stability of episomes, we suggest that event(s) which lead to episome instability at higher temperatures, can happen in strains carrying various mutations including ribosomal mutations, at lower temperatures.
SU‐FF‐J‐70: Respiratory Gated Radiation Therapy Directly Using Patient's Fluoroscopic Images Instead of External Or Internal Markers

Purpose: To develop a respiratory gated radiation therapy (RGRT) technique by directly matching the patient's anatomical structures acquired during the imaging cycles to that in a reference image. Method and Materials: Studies showed that the external markers and the internal treatment volume are not always well correlated during the RGRT. Here we propose to measure the correlations of a reference image to the fluoroscopic images acquired during the breathing cycles. Such correlation measurement can be the surrogate for the external markers. A threshold of the correlation can be used to trigger the linear accelerator (Linac) for RGRT. With the capability of acquiring fluoroscopic images from the on-board imaging (OBI) device developed by Varian, this approach becomes available. In this study, we measured the correlation coefficient (cc) and the root mean square (rms) error of the reference image to the on-line fluoroscopic images. Results: In order to do efficient gating, the calculation of the correlation of one image to the reference should be 1–10ms and this can be easily achieved in our preliminary study. Also, the correlation can be better calculated by sparsely sampling the calculation pixels around the treatment volume rather than using a local ROI inside the volume. In the former, we found that both the cc and the rms demonstrated good periodicity. As we expected, the external marker locations recorded by the RPM software not always correlate well with the cc and rms. Conclusion: We demonstrated that RGRT by matching the patient's anatomical structures is highly feasible. The reference image can be the one from a gated fluoroscopic image or DRR from a gated CT scan. This technique will allow both gating and tracking and can be significant for high dose high-precision radiation therapy with reduced margins for moving targets.
The monthly catalog—July 1976–August 1977— Observations, evaluations, congratulations

Abstract The Monthly Catalog is essential for acquiring, processing, and accessing both depository and non-depository federal documents. The new Monthly Catalog was examined from its first issue in July 1976 through the August 1977 issue to determine if it is better suited to serve these needs. The use of standards cataloging and Library of Congress subject headings, the inclusion of Sudocs, LC and Dewey call numbers, and OCLC identification numbers, and the expansion of the introductory material are long needed changes which greatly increase the value of the Monthly Catalog . The main entries, added entries, and subject headings are being carried extremely accurately into the subject, author, and title indexes, resulting in an average of 5.4 access points per document. The time lag from the date a document is received to the date the respective Monthly Catalog is received is 168 days ±8 days (95% confidence). For the two years prior to the July 1976 issue there was no significant difference between the arrival dates of depository and subscription copies of the Monthly Catalog . After July 1976 the depository copy arrived an average of 11 days sooner (99% confidence) than the subscription copy. Throughout 1975, 1976, and 1977 there has been a gradual decrease in the time lag from closing date of each issue to date received. Although this decrease is also apparent with the biennial and annual indexes, there are still production problems with the cumulations. From the little data available now, it appears documents are included closer to their date of publication, the number of entries per issue is increasing, and the percentage of non-depository documents included is decreasing. Comparison of these results to studies of earlier versions of the Monthly Catalog indicates it is greatly improved. The correction of minor problems in the format and arrangement of the entries and index terms since July 1976 issue indicate it is evolving in response to user needs.
Model-driven development: assets and reuse

Several of the challenges that software organizations face today include an increase in the complexity of their information technology (IT) infrastructures and solutions, applications that may be difficult to use, and continued pressure to achieve tight time-to-market timelines. Organizations use many approaches to address these problems, including models. Models can embody critical solutions and insights and thus can be seen as assets for an organization. For example, a pattern that describes a recurring problem, its recurring solution, and the context in which it is relevant can be expressed as a model and shared with others. This paper presents some of the steps to identify reusable models, organize them for reuse, and package, publish, and ultimately reuse them-all with a focus on the benefit to the business and the alignment of IT to the needs of the business. Whereas the concepts associated with reuse are not new, organizing models for reuse in the manner described herein represents more recent techniques.
Mnemonic Instruction for Students with Learning Disabilities: What It Is and What It Does.

One of the characteristics of learning disabled (LD) students most commonly mentioned by teachers and researchers is difficulty with semantic memory. Recently, an instructional model has been devel...