cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative analysis of malaria detection ability of laboratories in Shanghai City from 2012 to 2015

Objective To compare the application effects of three methods, namely microscopic examination, antigen detection (RDT) and nucleic acid test (PCR) in malaria detection between municipal and districts/counties centers for disease control and prevention in Shanghai, and analyze the malaria detection ability of the laboratories in Shanghai. Methods The blood smears, whole blood samples, case review confirmation records and case data of malaria cases and suspected cases in Shanghai from 2012 to 2015 were collected by Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the detection results were analyzed and compared. Results A total of 212 samples with complete data were submitted by all districts (counties) in Shanghai from 2012 to 2015, the samples submitted by Jinshan Districts were the most (41.98%), and among the first diagnosis hospitals, those submitted by the tertiary hospitals were the most (82.07%). The submitted samples in the whole year were increased gradually from January to October. All the 212 samples were detected by three methods (the microscopic examination, RDT and PCR) in the laboratory of Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and 167 were tested and confirmed comprehensively as positives, accounting for 78.77%, and 45 were confirmed as negatives, accounting for 21.23%. The samples were detected by the method of microscopy and domestic RDT in the laboratories of the centers for disease control and prevention at district/county level, totally 153 were tested as positives, accounting for 72.17%, 41 were unclassified, accounting for 19.34%, 53 were negative, accounting for 25.00%, and 6 were undetected, accounting for 2.83%. The coincidence of microscopic examination between the report hospitals and the centers for disease control and prevention at district/county level was 78.16%, and the coincidence between centers for disease control and prevention at district/county level and municipal level was 93.20%. The utilization rate of RDT in the laboratory of district/county level was 73.58%. The coincidence of RDT tests between those domestic and imported was 93.59%. Compared with the detection results by municipal center for disease control and prevention, 37 samples were misjudged by the laboratories of district/county level. Almost all (99.37%) of the confirmed malaria cases were imported overseas, including Africa (85.44%), Asia (13.92%) and America (0.63%). Conclusions The surveillance after malaria elimination in Shanghai should be carried out by combining with different detection methods and resource integration.
Comparison of data acquisition modes with Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry for targeted and non-targeted residue screening in aquacultured eel.

Rationale A current trend in monitoring chemical contaminants in animal products is to use high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). In this study, several HRMS data acquistion modes using Orbitrap MS for simultaneous full-scan MS in combination with MS2 analysis were evaulated for their effectiveness in detecting and identifying both targeted and non-targeted veterinary drug residues in aquacultured eel samples. Methods Sample preparation consisted of an acidic acetonitrile extraction with solid-phase extraction cleanup for analysis using LC/HRMS. Different data acquisition methods, including full-scan MS with non-targeted all ion fragmentation (AIF), multiplexed or variable data-independent analysis (mDIA or vDIA), targeted data-dependent MS2 (DDMS2), and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) acquisition, were explored. The methods were evaluated with fortified eel tissue and imported eel samples to determine how many analytes could be detected and identified. Results For non-targeted data acquisition, the number of analytes detected using DIA methods matched the results obtained by AIF, but the resulting product ion scans were more diagnostic because characteristic ions were predominant in the DIA MS2 spectra. In targeted analysis for a limited list of 68 compounds, full-scan MS followed by PRM was advantageous compared with DDMS2 because high-quality MS2 spectra were generated for almost all the analytes at target testing levels. Conclusions For residue screening, AIF has fast MS1 scan speed with adequate detection of product ions but may lead to false positive findings. DIA methods are better suited to monitor for both targeted and non-targeted compounds because they generate more characteristic MS2 spectra for retrospective library searching. For follow-up targeted analysis, PRM is prefered over DDMS2 when searching for a limited set of compounds.
Improving Patient Experience by Teaching Empathic Touch and Eye Gaze: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Medical Students.

Background:Empathy is critical for optimal patient experience with health-care providers. Verbal empathy is routinely taught to medical students, but nonverbal empathy, including touch, less so. Ou...
Interpretations. Market, Work, Training

What of the job market in the era of Brexit and in the international arena of the Trump presidency? Naturally, there are various perspectives, but forms of emotive or propagandist rhetoric threaten to hold sway here. Above all, Guidance Towards the Job market means recognizing the complexities of geopolitical change within our information-sharing and collaborative networks, as well as the various and contrasting interpretations that arise. The current decline of the European Union − of which the UK public referendum result is symptomatic − and the ‘America First’ slogan, now a distinguishing feature of the current US government, are only two of the multiple forces interacting and defining pervasive transformations in economic, labour, and educational policies
My First Power Supply Design [White Hot]

Discusses the editor's first power design. This included the task of designing a power supply for the Professional 350, DEC’s first desktop computer, which was using a processor chipset from the PDP-11 computer family. This was a very high-priority and high-profile project.
Model Business Corporation Act Annotated (5th ed.) — Front Matter

The Corporate Laws Committee (CLC) of the Business Law Section of the American Bar Association promulgates the Model Business Corporation Act (Model Act), a free-standing, general corporation law that has been adopted by more than 30 states. The CLC is publishing the fifth edition of the Model Business Corporation Act Annotated (MBCAA5), a multi-volume work that presents the history, state-by-state codification, case-law, and scholarly analysis of the Model Act, as well as cognate provisions in non-Model Act states, such as Delaware. The CLC presents here the front matter to MBCAA5 in order to provide the academic community with insight into recent developments under the Model Act and the scope of MBCAA5.
The Patentability of Financial Methods: The Market Participants’ Perspectives

In the last few years, there has been a renewed interest in the validity of patenting business methods. The issue appeared to be settled in 1998 with State Street Bank & Trust Co. v. Signature Financial Group, Inc. However, in 2008, the Federal Circuit, responding to a more restrictive approach toward the patent system adopted by the Supreme Court, began questioning the soundness of the policy to extend patent protection to business methods. The Federal Circuit’s adjustment of its position occurred explicitly in In re Bilski when the court decided to rehear the case en banc and reconsider the conclusions previously reached in State Street. The Supreme Court subsequently granted certiorari on In re Bilski, and its Bilski decision in June 2010 exacerbated an already heated debate on the patentability of certain subject matters. Ultimately, this quandary about patentability revolves around the empirical question of whether the patent system in a specific sector is “doing its job” or, more specifically, whether the patent system is fostering the creation of additional business methods. To answer this question, I conducted an empirical investigation that involved structured interviews with market participants about the production and consumption of financial methods as a subset of business methods. The data collected in this study reveal that market participants are ambivalent about the benefits that both the financial market and their companies can derive from having exclusive rights on financial inventions. The data also provide a description of the financial market and its dynamics that is difficult to reconcile with the protection of business methods, as currently provided by the patent system. Thus, it raises serious doubts that, in the ten years between State Street and In re Bilski, patent protection has had any impact on innovation in the financial industry.
Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

The Special Theory of Relativity was already firmly established when quantum mechanics was discovered in 1925, so it was understood that if a fundamental theory purported to supercede classical mechanics it must be Lorentz covariant. At that time, the only known “elementary” particles were the photon, electron and proton. Construction of a relativistic theory of photons was accomplished rather quickly by Dirac — in effect, by canonical quantization of Maxwell’s expression for the energy of the electromagnetic field, as described in §10.1. In atomic and molecular phenomena, protons move so slowly that no one was concerned with their high velocity behavior until much later. On the other hand, that relativistic corrections to the Bohr model of hydrogen can account for the fine structure of hydrogenic spectral lines had been demonstrated by Sommerfeld in 1916. For that reason, the search for a relativistic, quantum mechanical description of electrons began immediately. This, however, proved to be a far more difficult task than the quantization of the electromagnetic field.
"Getting By" Is Not "Good Enough": A Resident Perspective on Communication With Families With Limited English Proficiency.

It was my first day of my oncology rotation during intern year. I had just presented about an 11-year-old patient who had recently arrived from the Dominican Republic with relapsed, aggressive acute myeloid leukemia, and my attending asked, “Does anyone speak Spanish?” I had heard this question countless times and gave my typical response, “I’m not fluent, but I speak some Spanish.” Knowing our limited access to in-person interpreters and having experienced many technologically challenging and painfully slow interactions with telephone interpreters, I often felt conflicted between using my Spanish skills or using interpreters. I also hoped that admitting my limited skills would make the attending realize my hesitance while maybe earning points for volunteering. Regardless, it was quickly decided that I would be the interpreter. We got off to a good start until we began discussing her bone marrow biopsy, and I froze; I had never said bone marrow in Spanish before. I described it as “adentro del hueso,” literally “inside the bone.” “Ah, la medula osea!” the patient’s mother said and saved me. During the month that I cared for this family, these situations arose daily. For more critical conversations, I tried calling interpreters, but the mother stopped me. She said she would rather speak face-to-face, and that my Spanish was “good enough.” On a different shift, a woman brought her 2 young sons to the pediatric emergency department during a busy afternoon. I introduced myself and asked, “What language do you prefer?” Before she could answer, her school-aged son volunteered to interpret. She responded quietly, “Yemeni-Arabic.” I politely declined her son’s offer and insisted on using an interpreter over the phone. Fifteen minutes later, frustrated and disappointed, I was told that the Yemeni-Arabic interpreters were unavailable, and I was asked to try again in 30 minutes. The …
Applications of Admissibility for Volterra Integral Equations

Publisher Summary This chapter describes applications of admissibility for Volterra integral equations. The question of admissibility for differential equations was introduced by Massera–Schaffer. Corduneanu extended the result of Massera–Schaffer by considering more general perturbations. The chapter uses the family F of solutions to obtain that the set F is homeomorphic to some subspace of R n . The chapter further analyzes the relationship between two of these equations, where it utilizes the dimension of the subspaces of solutions, which contain the asymptotic equivalence as particular cases. The chapter discusses that a pair (B,D) of Banach spaces is admissible with respect to a particular equation presented in the chapter, if, for every b ∈ B , there exists at least one w 0 ∈ R n such that the equation has its solution in D . The chapter also discusses a lemma that is analogous to Massera–Schaffer's results for differential equations.
Elder Abuse: Risk

Because the causes for elder abuse are unknown, we look to risk factors to help us better understand this problem and conditions leading to its occurrence. Risk factors are critical to elder abuse detection, assessment, and prevention. They are most salient in combination and with longer exposure. They also may vary by elder abuse form or setting. Risk factors for which there is substantial supporting research are found in characteristics of the perpetrator (i.e., pathology and dependency), victim (i.e., dementia and problem behaviors), and perpetrator/victim environment (i.e., shared living arrangements, social isolation, or lack of social support). Characteristics of the cultural milieu (e.g., ageism and stereotyping of persons with disabilities) are seen as providing the backdrop for abusive actions. Keywords: elder abuse; risk factors; perpetrator and victim characteristics; pathology; dependency; dementia; problem behaviors; shared living arrangements; social isolation
The Role of Constitutions on Poverty: A Cross-National Investigation

In this paper we use novel historical data on economics and social rights from the constitutions of 201 countries and an instrument variable strategy to answer two important questions. First, do economic and social rights provisions in constitutions reduce poverty? Second, does the strength of constitutional language of the economic and social rights matter? Constitutional provisions can be framed either more weakly as directive principles or more strongly as enforceable law. We find three important results. First, we do not find an association between constitutional rights generally framed and poverty. Second, we do not find an association between economic and social rights framed as directive principles and poverty. Third, we do find a strong negative association between economic and social rights framed as enforceable law and poverty. When we use legal origins as our IV, we find evidence that this result is causal. Our results survive a variety of robustness checks. The policy implication is that constitutional provisions framed as enforceable law provide effective meta-rules with incentives for policymakers to initiate, fund, monitor and enforce poverty reduction policies.
Differences in gene expression in prostate cancer, normal appearing prostate tissue adjacent to cancer and prostate tissue from cancer free organ donors

Typical high throughput microarrays experiments compare gene expression across two specimen classes – an experimental class and baseline (or comparison) class. The choice of specimen classes is a major factor in the differential gene expression patterns revealed by these experiments. In most studies of prostate cancer, histologically malignant tissue is chosen as the experimental class while normal appearing prostate tissue adjacent to the tumor (adjacent normal) is chosen as the baseline against which comparison is made. However, normal appearing prostate tissue from tumor free organ donors represents an alterative source of baseline tissue for differential expression studies. To examine the effect of using donor normal tissue as opposed to adjacent normal tissue as a baseline for prostate cancer expression studies, we compared, using oligonucleotide microarrays, the expression profiles of primary prostate cancer (tumor), adjacent normal tissue and normal tissue from tumor free donors. Statistical analysis using Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) demonstrates the presence of unique gene expression profiles for each of these specimen classes. The tumor v donor expression profile was more extensive that the tumor v adjacent normal profile. The differentially expressed gene lists from tumor v donor, tumor v adjacent normal and adjacent normal v donor comparisons were examined to identify regulated genes. When donors were used as the baseline, similar genes are highly regulated in both tumor and adjacent normal tissue. Significantly, both tumor and adjacent normal tissue exhibit significant up regulation of proliferation related genes including transcription factors, signal transducers and growth regulators compared to donor tissue. These genes were not picked up in a direct comparison of tumor and adjacent normal tissues. The up-regulation of these gene types in both tissue types is an unexpected finding and suggests that normal appearing prostate tissue can undergo genetic changes in response to or in expectation of morphologic cancer. A possible field effect surrounding prostate cancers and the implications of these findings for characterizing gene expression changes in prostate tumors are discussed.
PHASE TWO OF AN INTERLABORATORY EVALUATION OF THE QUANTIFICATION OF RAT SPLENIC LYMPHOCYTE SUBTYPES USING IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STAINING AND FLOW CYTOMETRY

In phase one of an interlaboratory study, baseline values for rat splenic lymphocyte populations were established. In phase two, rat splenic lymphocyte populations were evaluated using immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry following exposure to the immunosuppressive agent cyclophosphamide (CY). The study involved four independent facilities employing a common protocol. All laboratories purchased animals and reagents from the same sources. The objective of phase two was to determine whether each laboratory could detect a significant change in the same splenic lymphocyte population(s) at the same or similar CY dose levels. Crl:CD R BR male rats were dosed by the intraperitoneal route with 1, 3, or 10 mg / kg CY for 4 days. On day 5, spleen cell number and weights were obtained and splenic lymphocytes were evaluated following the lysis of red blood cells with ammonium chloride. Splenic lymphocyte populations were enumerated with monoclonal antibodies using the dual labeling of T-cell subpopulations a...
“America Will Not Tolerate Slave Traders”: Counter-Trafficking Policies and US Power

The US government has implemented an ambitious set of policies designed to combat human trafficking and sex trafficking in women and girls in particular. This article argues that anti-trafficking discourse and policy can be understood as a project to sustain and strengthen US power. This power has been wielded through the use of foreign aid, which influences the actions of both state and non-state actors overseas. Existing policies reinforce unilateralism and executive-branch dominance. Policymakers have also used gender strategically to moralize their actions and assert global leadership on this issue. Gender is thus deployed to serve US interests.
Main Features of Meiosis

The most important modification of mitosis is meiosis, which is the reduction division that gives rise to the haploid generation in the life cycle. In mammals, the haploid generation is restricted to one cell type, the gamete, whereas the other cells in the animal are diploid. However, in many other organisms, especially lower plants, the haploid generation is more important than the diploid; or the two generations may be more or less equal, as in the mosses. In those organisms in which the haploid phase dominates, the diploid generation may be represented by only one cell, the zygote. Under those circumstances, meiosis takes place immediately after fertilization.
The use of 4-substituted pyridines to afford amphiphilic, pegylated cadmium selenide nanoparticles

Amphiphilic cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanoparticles were prepared by surface functionalization with novel ligands 1 and 2, composed of pyridine moieties substituted in the 4-position with polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains.
Nontransferable rents and an unrecognized social cost of minimum wage laws

This paper identifies an additional social cost of minimum wage laws. The nontransferable sunk investments made in competing to obtain minimum wage jobs produce a social cost since individuals will remain in those positions as long as they obtain a positive return on this investment. This will be true even when more efficient providers of the service exist. The higher the minimum wage is, the greater the level of sunk nontransferable investments and, therefore, the greater the potential inefficient allocation of labor.
Resistance of lipid films to water vapor transmission

Various lipids, mounted on a polar filter paper support, were evaluated as barriers to the transmission of water vapor. Beeswax was most resistant to moisture transmission followed by stearly alcohol, acetylated monoglycerides, tristearin, and stearic acid in order of decreasing resistance. Resistance of beeswax to the transmission of water vapor is similar to that of polyethylene terephthlate and polyvinyl chloride. Temperature dependence of resistance to water vapor transport was influenced markedly by the polar-supporting matrix. This was attributed to the moisture sorption characteristics of the support, a finding that has relevance to edible, lipid-based films that contain hydrophilic polymers for structural integrity.
Kinetics of growth and catechol production byBacillus stearothermophilus BR321

A continuous bioprocess for the specialty chemical catechol has been developed usingBacillus stearothermophilus BR321. Themeta pathway for phenol degradation has been blocked at the catechol 2,3-dioxygenase enzyme using transposon mutagenesis. As a result, the organism grows on a dilute growth medium supplemented with phenol and accumulates catechol. In batch culture, catechol concentrations up to 1 mM were obtained. A kinetic model has been developed to describe batch growth for different initial phenol concentrations. In continuous culture conducted at a diluation rate of 0.12 hr−1, steady states were obtained for feed phenol concentrations up to 0.24 mM, resulting in catechol concentrations up to 0.08 mM. Above this phenol concentration, oscillatory dynamics were observed.
The power of tests employing log-transformed volume in detecting abnormal trading

Abstract This paper shows that the simulation-based rejection percentages for detecting abnormal log-transformed volume reported in Ajinkya and Jain [AJ] (1989) are sensitive to the method of inducing abnormal volume. We present an alternative inducement method that possesses desirable distributional properties. Under this method, for example, with fifty firm portfolios and one-day event periods a 20% volume increase is detected just over 40% of the time, while AJ suggest a detection rate of over 90%. Rejection percentages for abnormal volume at earnings announcement dates also are more consistent with our alternative method than with AJ's method.
Fluorogenic Probe for Constitutive Cellular Endocytosis

Endocytosis is a fundamental process of eukaryotic cells that is critical for nutrient uptake, signal transduction, and growth. We have developed a molecular probe to quantify endocytosis. The probe is a lipid conjugated to a fluorophore that is masked with an enzyme-activatable moiety known as the trimethyl lock. The probe is not fluorescent when incorporated into the plasma membrane of human cells but becomes fluorescent upon internalization into endosomes, where cellular esterases activate the trimethyl lock. Using this probe, we found that human breast cancer cells undergo constitutive endocytosis more rapidly than do matched noncancerous cells. These data reveal a possible phenotypic distinction of cancer cells that could be the basis for chemotherapeutic intervention.
First report of Sclerotinia minor on Sida spinosa in North Carolina.

The soilborne fungus Sclerotinia minor Jagger is a major pathogen of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in North Carolina, Virginia, Oklahoma, and Texas. The pathogen attacks several winter annual weed species (1). Economic crops that are hosts to S. minor are seldom grown in rotation with peanut; therefore, its pathogenicity on weed species is of importance in understanding how inoculum densities are maintained between peanut crops. During September 2004, signs of fluffy, white mycelium, small, black sclerotia, and symptoms of bleached leaves and stems were observed on prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.) in a peanut field in Bertie County, NC. Plants of prickly sida with similar signs and symptoms were observed previously in a Chowan County, NC peanut field. Prickly sida is one of several weed species commonly found in peanut fields and rotational crops in agricultural areas of northeastern North Carolina. Cultivation and herbicides usually keep prickly sida under control in the early part of the growing season, but as the summer progresses into early fall, it can become prevalent, as was true in the two fields reported here. Symptomatic tissues were excised into 1- to 2-cm sections, rinsed in tap water, blotted dry, and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The pure cultures with small, black irregular-shaped sclerotia (<2 mm) scattered abundantly over the culture surface were distinctive of S. minor. Pathogenicity was determined by inoculating stems of two symptom-free prickly sida plants with 2-day-old fungal mycelium. Mycelial agar plugs, 4 mm in diameter, were held in place with self-sticking bandaging gauze. Plants were misted, enclosed in plastic bags, and incubated at ambient temperature (24°C) on the laboratory countertop. Fluffy mycelium developed on the stems in 2 days and water-soaked leaves and bleached lesions formed within 6 days after inoculation. Following the incubation period, S. minor was reisolated from the inoculated plants. Two plants treated similarly with plugs of pure PDA remained healthy over the incubation period. The performance of Koch's postulates confirmed that prickly sida is a host of S. minor. To our knowledge, this report of S. minor on prickly sida is also the first report of a plant in the family Malvaceae as a host of S. minor (2). Reference: (1) J. E. Hollowell et al. Plant Dis. 87:197, 2003. (2) M. S. Melzer et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 19:272, 1997.
Linking lipids to Alzheimer's disease: cholesterol and beyond

Lipid-mediated signalling regulates a plethora of physiological processes, including crucial aspects of brain function. In addition, dysregulation of lipid pathways has been implicated in a growing number of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although much attention has been given to the link between cholesterol and AD pathogenesis, growing evidence suggests that other lipids, such as phosphoinositides and phosphatidic acid, have an important role. Regulators of lipid metabolism (for example, statins) are a highly successful class of marketed drugs, and exploration of lipid dysregulation in AD and identification of novel therapeutic agents acting through relevant lipid pathways offers new and effective options for the treatment of this devastating disorder.
Theories of the Soft Budget Constraint

Abstract A soft budget-constraint arises whenever a funding source finds it impossible to keep an enterprise to a fixed budget, i.e., whenever the enterprise can extract ex post a bigger subsidy or loan than would have been considered efficient ex ante. We review several recent theoretical models that attempt to predict the sort off economies in which soft budget-constraints are likely to be present.
A Synthesis of Research on Effective Interventions for Building Reading Fluency with Elementary Students with Learning Disabilities

Fluent reading, often defined as speed and accuracy, is an important skill for all readers to develop. Students with learning disabilities (LD) often struggle to read fluently, leading to difficulties in reading comprehension. Despite recent attention to reading fluency and ways to improve fluency, it is not clear which features of interventions that are designed to enhance fluency are beneficial for the most struggling readers. The purpose of this study is to synthesize research on interventions that are designed primarily to build reading fluency for students with LD. The search yielded 24 published and unpublished studies that reported findings on intervention features, including repeated reading with and without a model, sustained reading, number of repetitions, text difficulty, and specific improvement criteria. Our findings suggest that effective interventions for building fluency include an explicit model of fluent reading, multiple opportunities to repeatedly read familiar text independently and with corrective feedback, and established performance criteria for increasing text difficulty.
Glycopeptide Carboxamides Active against Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci

Glycopeptide antibiotics were synthesized via the PyBOP® mediated condensation of aliphatic, heterocyclic and aromatic amines with the C-terminus of vancomycin, LY264826 (A82846B) and semi-synthetic derivatives of these natural products. Amides of LY264826 and vancomycin demonstrated excellent activity against staphylococci and streptococci as compared to the parent natural product. However, the amides of N-alkylated LY264826 and N-alkylated vancomycin were active against vancomycin-resistant enterococci as well as other Grampositive pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, S. haemolyticus, S. epidermidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Protection against alpha-bungarotoxin poisoning by immunization with synthetic toxin peptides.

Abstract The purpose of the present work was to determine the ability of BgTX peptides, corresponding to the various loops and exposed regions of α-bungarotoxin (BgTX) and representing regions that are recognized by B and/or T cells, to stimulate protective immunity in mice against in vivo challenge with BgTX. The BgTX LD50 values in non-immune mice or mice that had been immunized with proteins and peptides unrelated to BgTX were: Balb c , 0.128 μg/g; SJL, 0.156 μg/g. Immunization of Balb c and SJL mice with each of the synthetic peptides in its free form afforded considerable protection against BgTX poisoning. Peptides L1 (residues 3–16), L2 (residues 26–41) and C-tail (residues 66–74) of BgTX were the most protective and mice immunized with these peptides survived LD50 values that were three times higher than control mice. Immunization with an equimolar mixture of the three peptides was even more protective and these mice survived even higher challenge doses of BgTX (4.6-fold higher than LD50 of controls; i.e. protection index, PI = 4.6). An OVA conjugate carrying all three peptides, when used as an immunogen, conferred extremely high protection (PI ≥ 18.1) which was almost double the protection obtained by BgTX immunization (PI = 9.7). Thus, the conjugate of the three peptides should serve as an effective vaccine against BgTX poisoning. Furthermore, these results with BgTX peptides should serve as a prototype for the design and synthesis of peptide vaccines against other members of this large family of toxins which include both long and short neurotoxins as well as cytotoxins.
Improved Hydrostatic Pressure Gauge Methods for Measuring Oleoresin Exudation Pressure in Bark Beetle Research

Two improved methods for measuring pine oleoresin exudation pressure have been devised. These methods are modifications of the hydrostatic pressure gauge method introduced by Vite (1961). Method 1 describes a modified apparatus and an improved technique for measuring oleoresin exudation pressure from a 11/2-2 inch hole bored into the sapwood of the tree. This method is similar to Vite’s, except for the addition of a filling port and a filling port reservoir. The filling port was found to be essential for obtaining accurate pressure readings on Pinus taeda L. The reservoir was found to facilitate the filling operation, and it also made feasible the measurement of the filling fluid uptake by the tree during the equilibration period. Method 2 describes an apparatus and a technique for measuring oleoresin exudation pressure at the innerbark-wood interface. Since this interface is where bark beetles attack and rear broods, it seems logical to measure oleoresin exudation pressure at this location on the tree when pest-host interrelations are being studied. A discussion of the uses of the methods is given, and some of their advantages and limitations are reviewed.
Reactivity differences of indomethacin solid forms with ammonia gas

The present study deals with the acid-base reaction of three solid-state forms of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug indomethacin with ammonia gas. X-ray powder diffraction, optical microscopy, gravimetry, and spectroscopic methods were employed to establish the extent of the reaction as well as the lattice changes of the crystal forms. The glassy amorphous form readily reacts with ammonia gas to yield a corresponding amorphous ammonium salt. In addition, the metastable crystal form of indomethacin (the alpha-form) also reacts with ammonia gas, but produces the corresponding microcrystalline ammonium salt. This reaction is anisotropic and propagates along the a-axis of the crystals. The stable crystal form (the gamma-form), however, is inert to ammonia gas. Amorphous indomethacin can react with ammonia gas because it has more molecular mobility and free volume. The reactivity differences between the alpha- and gamma-forms are dictated by the arrangement of the molecules within the respective crystal lattices. The recently determined crystal structure of the metastable alpha-form of indomethacin (monoclinic P2(1) with Z = 6, V = 2501.8 A(3), D(c) = 1.42 g.cm(-3)) has three molecules of indomethacin in the asymmetric unit. Two molecules form a mutually hydrogen-bonded carboxylic acid dimer, while the carboxylic acid of the third molecule is hydrogen bonded to one of the amide carbonyls of the dimer. The carboxylic acid groups of the alpha-form are exposed on the [100] faces and are accessible to attack by ammonia gas. After one layer of molecules reacts, the reactive groups in the subsequent layer are accessible to the ammonia gas. This process proceeds along the a-axis until the ammonia gas has penetrated the entire crystal. In contrast to the alpha-form, the gamma-form has a centrosymmetric crystal structure in which the hydrogen-bonded carboxylic acid dimers are not accessible to ammonia gas because they are caged inside a hydrophobic shield comprising the remainder of the indomethacin molecule. In view of the significantly lower density of the stable gamma-form as compared to the metastable alpha-form (1.37 and 1.42 g cm(-3), respectively), it became apparent that the reactivity of the crystal forms depends exclusively on the molecular arrangement and not on the packing density of the indomethacin crystals.
Clothing and Physical Impairment: Joint Effects on Person Perception

A theory of person perception that is based on the perceptual salience of stimulus persons was used to investigate the impact of physical impairment and clothing on impression formation It was predicted that observers of physically impaired stimulus persons would attribute the cause of their behavior more to personal dispositions and less to situational constraints than observers of nonimpaired persons. It was also predicted that patterned clothing on stimulus persons would lead to relatively high personal and relatively low situational attributions. In the spirit of seeking to determine if clothing can ameliorate the stereotypic responses elicitec by physical impairment, it was further predicted that the physical impairment and clothing variables would interact in affecting the impressions formed by observers. A factorial experi ment including manipulations of physical impairment and clothing was conducted. Both of the physical appearance variables were found to influence aspects of impression formation dealing with causal attributions. The scant evidence suggestive of a multiplicative relation ship between physical impairment and the degree of articulation of clothing is discussed in terms of the value of the basic theory for examinations of the impact of physical appearance on impression formation.
A Sequential Comparison of Amitriptyline, Perphenazine and the Amitriptyline - Perphenazine Combination in Recently Admitted Anergic Schizophrenics

INTRODUCTION • Schizophrenic patients who show pronounced features of withdrawal and apathy, or who show symptoms of depression, frequently fail to respond to treatment with neuroleptic agents alone. Such patients, often called anergic schizophrenics, occur in fairly large numbers and represent a difficult treatment challenge for psychiatry. It is for this reason that combinations of antipsychotic or neuroleptic agents with antidepressant drugs have been used in psychiatric practice. Many physicians have the impression that for the group of anergic schizophrenics, such combinations have an advantage over either type of drug used alone. One commonly used combination is that of perphenazine (Trilafon) and amitriptyline (Elavil). Perphenazine is a potent and effective antipsychotic drug1 while amitriptyline, a widely used tricyclic antidepressant agent, is possibly one of the most effective of the antidepressants • Much of the psychiatric literature on combination drugs reports the results of uncontrolled open trials. This may be because controlled or double-blind studies of combination
Hydration state of single cytochrome c monolayers on soft interfaces via neutron interferometry.

Abstract Yeast cytochrome c (YCC) can be covalently tethered to, and thereby vectorially oriented on, the soft surface of a mixed endgroup (e.g., -CH 3 /-SH=6:1, or -OH/-SH=6:1) organic self-assembled monolayer (SAM) chemisorbed on the surface of a silicon substrate utilizing a disulfide linkage between its unique surface cysteine residue and a thiol endgroup. Neutron reflectivities from such monolayers of YCC on Fe/Si or Fe/Au/Si multilayer substrates with H 2 O versus D 2 O hydrating the protein monolayer at 88% relative humidity for the nonpolar SAM (-CH 3 /-SH=6:1 mixed endgroups) surface and 81% for the uncharged-polar SAM (-OH/-SH=6:1mixed endgroups) surface were collected on the NG1 reflectometer at NIST. These data were analyzed using a new interferometric phasing method employing the neutron scattering contrast between the Si and Fe layers in a single reference multilayer structure and a constrained refinement approach utilizing the finite extent of the gradient of the profile structures for the systems. This provided the water distribution profiles for the two tethered protein monolayers consistent with their electron density profile determined previously via x-ray interferometry (Chupa et al., 1994).
Jets from Accreting Magnetic Young Stellar Objects. II. Mechanism Physics

This paper addresses the physical principles underpinning a new jet-launching mechanism described in a companion paper. In this new jet formation model, magnetic loops that connect the star to the disk become twisted and expand via helicity injection. This expansion drives an outflow, with the axial symmetry of the disk leading to a concentration of outflowing plasma along the rotation axis, forming the jet. In the companion paper, it is found that the radial location of the inner edge of the disk undergoes oscillations. In this paper, the physical causes of the disk oscillations are investigated. This investigation leads to the conclusion that there are three classes of flows that can arise, depending on the role of diffusive instabilities. The most diffusive flows allow the stellar magnetic field to slip through the accretion disk and yield steady accretion flows. Such configurations are unlikely to produce outflows. The flows with intermediate diffusivity have been described by Lovelace, Romanova, & Bisnovatyi-Kogan and represent conditions in which the field is effectively frozen into the accretion disk azimuthally but slips radially. In the absence of magnetic reconnection, such configurations are predicted to produce steady flows with logarithmically collimated disk winds. The least diffusive flows, in which the bulk radial disk velocities are greater at times than the speeds with which magnetic field lines can diffuse into the disks, lead to the formation of the collimated unsteady jets described in the companion paper and are the primary interest of this paper. The jet velocity is also addressed.
Large‐scale optimization strategies for pressure swing adsorption cycle synthesis

Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) is an efficient method for gas separation and is a potential candidate for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture from power plants. However, few PSA cycles have been designed for this purpose; the optimal design and operation of PSA cycles for CO2 capture, as well as other systems, remains a very challenging task. In this study, we present a systematic optimization-based formulation for the synthesis and design of novel PSA cycles for CO2 capture in IGCC power plants, which can simultaneously produce hydrogen (H2) and CO2 at high purity and high recovery. Here, we apply a superstructure-based approach to simultaneously determine optimal cycle configurations and design parameters for PSA units. This approach combines automatic differentiation, efficient ODE solvers for the state and sensitivity equations of the PSA model, and state of the art nonlinear programming solvers. Three optimization models are proposed, and two PSA case studies are considered. The first case study considers a binary separation of H2 and CO2 at high purity, where specific energy is minimized, whereas the second case study considers a larger five component separation. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 3777–3791, 2012
Acquired autistic behaviors in children with mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA.

Objectives To assess autism spectrum disorder (ASD) behaviors in children with mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (MPS IIIA) using a standard measure, understand the behavioral evolution of the disease, and provide specific guidelines for diagnosis. Study design Children (n = 21) with documented enzyme deficiency and SGSH gene mutations, cognitive age-equivalent >12 months, and early onset were administered the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) (module 1) and Bayley Scales of Infant Development–Third Edition. ADOS Social Affect and Restricted Repetitive Behavior total scores, as well as Bayley Scales of Infant Development–Third Edition cognitive age-equivalent scores, are reported using descriptive statistics and graphic presentations. Results Thirteen of the 21 children evaluated met the ADOS criteria for ASD/autism. ADOS score was strongly associated with age; all 11 children aged >46 months met the criteria, compared with only 2 of 10 aged Conclusion An increased incidence of ASD-like social behaviors was seen at age 3-4 years in children with early-onset MPS IIIA. Although more frequent in the severely impaired children, ASD-like behaviors were observed across the entire range of cognitive impairment. Clinicians must be aware that when a child acquires ASD-like behaviors, MPS IIIA should be included in the differential diagnosis.
Sevin residues in milk from dairy cows following dermal applications.

Sevin® (I-naphthyl N -methylcarbamate) applied as a dry powder to the backs of 48 dairy cows at 10 g. of 50% wettable per cow was not detectable in milk 2, 10, or 16 days after treatment. When 1% Sevin was sponged onto the backs of 10 dairy cows at 1 quart per cow, Sevin and 1-naphthol residues were present in milk for the first 24 hours after treatment. However, 0.5% Sevin sprayed on the backs of five cows was not detectable in milk, except in one instance, within 14 days after treatment. The lower limit of sensitivity of the method was 0.025 p.p.m. corresponding to 2.5 μg. of Sevin per 100 g. of milk.
The ESVEM Trial: Impact on Treatment of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias

The ESVEM (Electrophysiologic Study Versus Electrocardiographic Monitoring) trial was a prospective, randomized study, initiated in 1983, to compare the outcome of patients in whom antiarrhythmic therapy was guided by serial electrophysiological study with the outcome of patients in whom therapy was guided by electrocardiographic monitoring. In a surprising finding, there was no difference in rates of arrhythmia recurrence or mortality between the two methods. Subsequent reanalyses using more stringent criteria for both methods or a combined assessment have not significantly improved the predictive accuracy of guided therapy. Because drug therapy in each limb was also randomized, a comparison of specific antiarrhythmic agents was also possible: sotalol therapy and the absence of previous antiarrhythmic drug therapy were associated with a reduction in arrhythmia recurrence. Survey data suggest that the results of this trial have influenced clinical practice.
Positive periodic solutions of functional differential equations

Abstract We consider the existence, multiplicity and nonexistence of positive ω-periodic solutions for the periodic equation x′(t)=a(t)g(x)x(t)−λb(t)f(x(t−τ(t))), where a,b∈C( R ,[0,∞)) are ω-periodic, ∫ 0 ω a(t) dt>0 , ∫ 0 ω b(t) dt>0 , f,g∈C([0,∞),[0,∞)), and f(u)>0 for u>0, g(x) is bounded, τ(t) is a continuous ω-periodic function. Define f 0 = lim u→0 + f(u) u , f ∞ = lim u→∞ f(u) u , i0=number of zeros in the set { f 0 ,f ∞ } and i∞=number of infinities in the set { f 0 ,f ∞ } . We show that the equation has i0 or i∞ positive ω-periodic solution(s) for sufficiently large or small λ>0, respectively.
Compressibility and density of select liquid and solid foods under pressures up to 700 MPa

Abstract Compressibility and density were measured at 25 °C and pressures up to 700 MPa with a variable volume piezometer for sucrose solutions (2.5–50%), soy protein solutions (2.5–10%), soybean oil, chicken fat, clarified butter, chicken breast, ham, cheddar cheese, carrot, guacamole, apple juice, and honey. Compressibility of sucrose and soy protein solutions decreased as a function of concentration (p