cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
REVERSIBILITY OF SINGLE‐INCENTIVE SELECTIVE ASSOCIATIONS

Rats were trained to press a lever in the presence of a tone-light compound stimulus and not to press in its absence. In each of two experiments, schedules were designed to make the compound a conditioned punisher for one group and a conditioned reinforcer for the other. In Experiment 1, one group's responding produced food in the presence of the compound but not in its absence. The other group's responding terminated the compound stimulus, and food was presented only in its absence. When tone and light were later presented separately, light controlled more responding than did tone in the former group, but tone gained substantial control in the latter. The same effects were also observed within subjects when the training schedules were switched over groups. In Experiment 2, two groups avoided shock in the presence of the compound stimulus. In the absence of the compound, one group was not shocked, and the other received both response-independent and response-produced shock. When tone and light were presented separately, the former group's responding was mainly controlled by tone, but the latter group's responding was almost exclusively controlled by light. These effects were also observed within subjects when the training schedules were switched over groups. Thus, these single-incentive selective association effects (appetitive in Experiment 1 and aversive in Experiment 2) were completely reversible. The schedules in which the compound should have been a conditioned reinforcer consistently produced visual control, and auditory control increased when the compound should have become a conditioned punisher. Currently accepted accounts of selective associations based on affinities between shock and auditory stimuli and between food and visual stimuli (i.e., stimulus-reinforcer interactions) do not adequately address these results. The contingencies of reinforcement most recently associated with the compound and with its absence, rather than the nature of the reinforcer, determined whether auditory or visual stimulus control developed.
Lack of ionic strength effect in the recombination of hydrated electrons: (e−)aq + (e−)aq → 2(OH−) + H2

Abstract We report measurements of the rate constant for bimolecular reaction between hydrated electrons in the presence of added inert salt. At 23°C, the rate constant is 6.0 × 10 9 M −1 s −1 , virtually independent of added LiClO 4 up to 0.06 M concentration, where the Bronsted-Bjerrum equation would predict a 50% rate enhancement. However, the diffusion rate of ions is reduced by the additional friction from the ionic atmosphere. We demonstrate that for this peculiar diffusion-limited reaction the two effects counterbalance, producing almost no change in the reaction rate. Based on the large reaction distance and activation energy, it appears that a solvent-separated singlet pair of electrons is stable relative to kT .
THYROID FUNCTION IN DIABETES INSIPIDUS IN THE RAT1

THE PARTICIPATION of the thyroid gland in water metabolism has long been suspected because of the well-known polyuria of hyperthyroidism and the oliguria of hypothyroidism. This has been further related to the hypophysis through the thyrotropic hormone. Barnes, Regan and Bueno (2) showed that the polyuria caused by injections of anterior hypophyseal extracts was prevented by thyroidectomy; the theory followed that the so-called ‘diuretic’ hormone of the anterior lobe was probably the thyrotropic hormone. This caused diuresis by stimulating the thyroid and hence a hyperthyroid diuresis followed. This phenomenon was, furthermore, related to the diuresis following the placement of a silver clip on the infundibulum of dogs. Mahoney and Sheehan (3) reported this operation to result in a considerable diuresis which could be prevented by a thyroidectomy.
Automated pupillometer for monitoring the critically ill patient: A critical appraisal

Abnormalities in the pupillary light reflex are an important prognostic indicator for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Manual pupillary examination is confounded by interobserver discrepancies and errors in detecting a reflex under certain conditions. The automated pupillometer is a computer-based infrared digital video device that can obtain objective measurements of pupillary size and reactivity. We performed an electronic literature search to identify original studies on the use of the automated pupillometer in the ICU. We identified 7 articles that met the inclusion criteria and reviewed them critically and assessed the quality of evidence by using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. We found that the study grade was low, and study quality was low to moderate for all the reviewed manuscripts. Pupillometric measurements had better precision and reproducibility compared with the manual pupillary examination. Based on these data, we conclude that pupillometry monitoring can serve as an important tool in the ICU. Further large scale studies on patients in the neurocritical care unit and medical ICU are needed to support the routine use of automated pupillometry.
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: In vitro feeding activity

Abstract Nippostrongylus brasiliensis incorporated the fluorescent dye, Rhodamine B, while feeding in vitro . Uptake of dye in both sexes of helminth was time-dependent with maximal incorporation occurring after 30 min. Feeding activity was elevated as the time of removal from the host increased from 1 to 8 h. Feeding was reduced in 4- or 5-day-old helminths when compared to 7-day-old or older worms. Feeding activity increased also after temperature increases, pH decreases and solute decreases. Feeding was similar under conditions of both light and dark. Feeding by males and females of N. brasiliensis decreased as the density of worms in single- or mixed-sex groups of worms was increased. Females fed significantly more than males under crowded conditions.
Neotypes for Species Based on Pathological Specimens

IN a recent discussion on “The Naming of Pathological Specimens”, Dr. L. F. Spath1 arrives at the conclusion that a species based on such' a specimen must be considered valid. No exception can be taken to this conclusion, but Spath's view that “a normal type [can] obviously not be chosen while the holotype [is] still in existence” might well be questioned.
Comprehensive Assessment and School Improvement

Why are some schools more effective than other schools in achieving high levels of indi vidual student satisfaction and productivity? Why do some schools have environ ments that are perceived to be more positive than those in other schools ? Researchers who have stud ied "effective schools" and "school climate" have sug gested the outlines of a com prehensive theory of school effectiveness.
Abstract #13: Low-Dose Naltrexone's Tolerability and Effects in Fatigued Patients with Parkinson's Disease: An Open-Label Study

Introduction One third of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) patients report fatigue as their most disabling symptom, and 58% consider fatigue to be one of their three most disabling symptoms. The use of low-dose naltrexone (LDN), 4.5 mg qhs, has been anecdotally reported to improve fatigue in IPD. Methods We are examining the tolerability and effectiveness of LDN in patients with parkinsonism in an ongoing open-label trial. Fatigue and motor symptoms in the “On” state are being assessed at baseline and every 4 months over 1 year using the Parkinson Fatigue Scale (PFS-16) and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), respectively. Global Satisfaction of Treatment is also being assessed. We report here on the changes in fatigue and motor scores among the 4 IPD subjects who were fatigued at baseline, defined as a score of e 53 on the PFS-16. We also compare the fatigue changes with those from previous trials in fatigued IPD and multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Results Eight subjects have been enrolled since January 2009. The 4 IPD subjects who were fatigued at baseline have experienced a mean 22% reduction in PFS-16 scores (range 13–30%) and a 15% increase in total UPDRS “On” scores after 8 months of LDN therapy. Mean Global Satisfaction of Treatment at 8 months was 8.75 on the 10-point scale. No side effects have been associated with LDN therapy among the 8 subjects. Based on previous randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the only effective therapy for fatigue in IPD has been methylphenidate, which showed a 16% decrease in fatigue from baseline. The three therapies demonstrating effectiveness in treating fatigue in MS patients in RCTs have been amantadine, modafinil, and aspirin, which decreased fatigue by 24%, 20%, and 18% from baseline, respectively. Modafinil was shown to be ineffective in treating fatigue in IPD. Conclusions In this small, open-label trial, LDN therapy was well tolerated and was associated with equivalent reductions in fatigue compared with historical benchmarks. These observed reductions in fatigue are unlikely to have been a function of any perceived improvements to motor symptoms, because UPDRS scores slightly worsened over the 8-month trial, as expected in this progressive disease.
Cancer of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction: data-driven staging for the seventh edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer Cancer Staging Manuals.

BACKGROUND: Previous American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer (AJCC/UICC) stage groupings for esophageal cancer have not been data driven or harmonized with stomach cancer. At the request of the AJCC, worldwide data from 3 continents were assembled to develop data-driven, harmonized esophageal staging for the seventh edition of the AJCC/UICC cancer staging manuals. METHODS: All-cause mortality among 4627 patients with esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancer who underwent surgery alone (no preoperative or postoperative adjuvant therapy) was analyzed by using novel random forest methodology to produce stage groups for which survival was monotonically decreasing, distinctive, and homogeneous. RESULTS: For lymph node-negative pN0M0 cancers, risk-adjusted 5-year survival was dominated by pathologic tumor classification (pT) but was modulated by histopathologic cell type, histologic grade, and location. For lymph node-positive, pN+M0 cancers, the number of cancer-positive lymph nodes (a new pN classification) dominated survival. Resulting stage groupings departed from a simple, logical arrangement of TNM. Stage groupings for stage I and II adenocarcinoma were based on pT, pN, and histologic grade; and groupings for squamous cell carcinoma were based on pT, pN, histologic grade, and location. Stage III was similar for histopathologic cell types and was based only on pT and pN. Stage 0 and stage IV, by definition, were categorized as tumor in situ (Tis) (high-grade dysplasia) and pM1, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis for patients with esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancer depends on the complex interplay of TNM classifications as well as nonanatomic factors, including histopathologic cell type, histologic grade, and cancer location. These features were incorporated into a data-driven staging of these cancers for the seventh edition of the AJCC/UICC cancer staging manuals. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Comparison of the quality of life of early and advanced stage ovarian cancer survivors

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to compare the long-term adjustment and QOL of early and advanced stage ovarian cancer survivors (OCS). Methods Early and advanced OCS >3 years from diagnosis with no evidence of recurrent cancer were interviewed. The following surveys were administered: EORTC QLQ-C30 (overall QOL) and QLQ-OV28 (ovarian specific issues), MHI-17 (anxiety, depression and global well-being), CALGB sexual functioning, FACT Fatigue, Beck's Hopelessness Scale, Fear of Recurrence (FOR), PCL-C post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Unmet Needs, FACT-Spirituality (FACT-Sp), complementary therapy (CAM use), and MOS Social Support Survey (MOS). The results of the surveys were compared between the early and advanced stage groups. Results 42 advanced and 58 early stage patients were interviewed. The majority of survivors scored above the medical outpatient norm for emotional status (71% of early stage and 64% of advanced stage survivors). Overall QOL, fatigue, hopelessness, spirituality, social support, degree to which unmet needs were met and use of complementary therapy, did not differ between the two groups. No advanced stage OCS had diagnosable PTSD scores, while 6.9% of early stage survivors had scores indicative of PTSD. Decreased sexual interest attributed to cancer and anxiety when getting CA-125 testing were of concern for both groups. OCS used on average 5 CAM to improve their QOL. Conclusion Regardless of staging, OCS experience similarly overall positive QOL and adjustment, though PTSD, sexual problems and fear of recurrence are still important for some survivors.
New perspectives on macrolide antibiotics

Macrolides are not used exclusively for the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections. Their ability to penetrate cells makes them highly suitable for the treatment of diseases caused by intracellular pathogens, such as non-gonococcal urethritis and trachoma. Azithromycin is approved for these indications. Clinical studies have also been conducted, or are currently being carried out, to assess the use of macrolides in the treatment of atherosclerosis, eradication of Helicobacter pylori and the management of life-threatening gastrointestinal diseases, cystic fibrosis and malaria.
Renal bench surgery

Eighteen patients undergoing bench surgery and autotransplantation are reported. The major indications for this procedure are renovascular hypertension and neoplasms affecting either both kidneys or a solitary kidney. The least satisfactory results were obtained when calculus disease was present.
Exactly solvable one-dimensional models of polymers in turbulent flow

Abstract The motion of a polymer chain in a random velocity field is discussed in one dimension. A linear force between beads leads to an unnormalizable distribution. A highly nonlinear model with hardcore barriers is introduced and the probability distribution of the monomers is found. When the polymer chain is inhomogeneous, that is the forces between monomers have different forms, the model is solved for a chain consisting of three beads. The probability distribution is substantially altered and has properties that differ from those of equilibrium systems. There are nonzero currents that exist in steady state.
Life History of Hemicriconemoides Chitwoodi Esser

Studies on the developmental stages of Hemicriconemoides chitwoodi indicate that the life history involves only 3 complete larval molts; one occurring in the egg and two occurring in the soil. No evidence of a complete 4th molt could be found. Eggs are deposited singly in the 1-celled stage and second-stage larvae hatch in water in 14-19 days at 20-21° C. The cuticle of the third-stage larva is spined and each spine bears a minute seta about 1 μ long. Fully developed male and female adults, devoid of spines or setae, emerge after the third molt. The extra cuticle of sheath is produced at the last complete molt before the vulva of the adult is completely differentiated. The sheath may represent an incomplete fourth molt. Males lack a stylet and produce no extra cuticle or sheath. The occurrence of the spined third-stage larva presents evidence that H. chitwoodi is more closely related to the genus Criconema than to Criconemoides or Hemicycliophora.
Reduction of Factor VIII Activity in Cryoprecipitate Obtained from Acidified Plasma

The rise in Factor VIII levels following paired infusions of cryoprecipitate prepared from normal and acidified plasma was studied in a group of patients with hemophilia A. In four of the six patients there was a greater than 50 per cent reduction in the in vivo recovery of Factor VIII following infusion of the acidified product. The pattern of Factor VIII disappearance over the first hour after infusion was similar in both groups. This implies that the loss in Factor VIII activity in cryoprecipitate prepared from acidified plasma cannot be restored following in vivo buffering.
Polymer Electrolytes with Exclusively Cationic Conductivity

The synthesis of exclusively cation conducting polymer electrolytes based on a nylon-l backbone, ethylene-oxide side chains, and attached dibutyl phenolate anions is described. The tendency for ion pair formation appears to be reduced as the conductivity of the sodium-containing compound reaches −2 × 10−6 S-cm−1 at 50°C. 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance measurements demonstrate: i) motional narrowing of the mobile Na+ resonance above the glass transition temperature; ii) mobile Na+ concentrations of ∼75% at 40°C; iii) insensitivity of the linewidth to applied hydrostatic pressure up to 2 kbar. Similaries between these findings, and those in “conventional” polymer-salt electrolytes are discussed.
Energy conservation by adaptive feature loading for mobile content-based image retrieval

We present an adaptive loading scheme to save energy for content based image retrieval (CBIR) in a mobile system. In CBIR, images are represented and compared by high-dimensional vectors called features. Loading these features into memory and comparing them consumes a significant amount of energy. Our method adaptively reduces the features to be loaded into memory for each query image. The reduction is achieved by estimating the difficulty of the query and by reusing cached features in memory for subsequent queries. We implement our method on a PDA and obtain overall energy reduction of 61.3% compared with an existing CBIR implementation.
#Sponsoring the #FrenchOpen: An Examination of Social Media Buzz and Sentiment

Scholars have frequently examined sponsorship effectiveness via survey instrument; however, no efforts have been made to gauge sponsorship effectiveness via social networking sites. As a medium for consumer activity and interaction, scholars and industry professionals can leverage social media to monitor the effects of sponsorship in real time, as consumers experience a sporting event. In this exploratory study, we employed a mixed methods study design to examine Twitter users’ discussion of 2013 French Open sponsors during the tennis tournament. We found a weak positive relationship between sponsor-event functional fit and positive sponsor-related sentiment, and a weak positive relationship between a sponsor company’s social media presence and event-related buzz. Through case study analysis, we discovered unintended misrepresentation and activation were apparent drivers of sponsor-related social media conversation during the 2013 French Open. As an emerging area for sponsorship research, we provide sugge...
Oscillatory adaptive yaw-plane control of biorobotic autonomous underwater vehicles using pectoral-like fins

This article considers the control of a biorobotic autonomous underwater vehicle BAUV in the yaw plane using biologically inspired oscillatory pectoral-like fins of marine animals. The fins are assumed to be oscillating harmonically with a combined linear sway and angular yaw motion producing unsteady forces, which are used for fish-like control of BAUVs. Manoeuvring of the BAUV in the yaw plane is accomplished by altering the bias mean angle of the angular motion of the fin. For the derivation of the adaptive control system, it is assumed that the physical parameters, the hydrodynamic coefficients, and the fin force and moment are not known. A direct adaptive sampled-data control system for the trajectory control of the yaw-angle using only yaw-angle measurement is derived. The parameter adaptation law is based on the normalised gradient scheme. Simulation results for the set point control, sinusoidal trajectory tracking and turning manoeuvres are presented, which show that the control system accomplishes precise trajectory control in spite of the parameter uncertainties.
Neurotoxicity of the pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor N‐phosphonoacetyl‐L‐aspartate

PALA (N-phosphonoacetyl-L-aspartate) impairs de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis by inhibiting the enzyme aspartate transcarbamylase. During cancer chemotherapy trials the drug was given by weekly intravenous infusion. Seizures developed in 9 (11%) of the first 80 patients to receive a total dose of 9 gm/m2 or more. Seven of the affected patients had structural brain lesions; they developed seizures at a lower total dose (median of 16.4 gm/m2) than the 2 patients without clinically detectable brain lesions (115 to 130 gm/m2). Reversible encephalopathy was observed in 6 (7.5%) additional patients without clinically detectable cause other than PALA. Both seizures and encephalopathy began after the second dose of PALA or later. Experiments in rats demonstrated similar delayed-onset seizures after two or three combined systemic and intracerebral doses of PALA at 4-day intervals. Concurrent administration of uridine or carbamyl aspartate prevented the development of seizures in rats, indicating that pyrimidine starvation of the central nervous system was responsible for PALA neurotoxicity.
I.—American Jurassic Dinosaurs.—Restoration of Brontosaurus

In previous articles the writer has given the more important characters of the order Sauropoda. A volume on this group is now in preparation, and the illustrations (90 plates) are nearly completed. One of these is a restoration of Brontosaurus, which has so many points of interest that a reduced figure is here presented. Several new characters of this group are added, some of which will be of interest to comparative anatomists.
Detailed methods for the quantification of nitric oxide in aqueous solutions using either an oxygen monitor or EPR

The interest in nitric oxide has grown with the discovery that it has many biological functions. This has heightened the need for methods to quantify nitric oxide. Here we report two separate methods for the quantification of aqueous stock solutions of nitric oxide. The first is a new method based on the reaction of nitric oxide with oxygen in liquid phase (*NO + O2 + 2H2O --> 4HNO2); an oxygen monitor is used to measure the consumption of oxygen by nitric oxide. This method offers the advantages of being both simple and direct. The presence of nitrite or nitrate, frequent contaminants in nitric oxide stock solutions, does not interfere with the quantification of nitric oxide. Measuring the disappearance of dissolved oxygen, a reactant, in the presence of known amounts of nitric oxide has provided verification of the 4:1 stoichiometry of the reaction. The second method uses electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) and the nitric oxide trap [Fe2+-(MGD)2], (MGD = N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate). The nitrosyl complex is stable and easily quantitated as a room temperature aqueous solution. These two methods are validated with Sievers 280 Nitric Oxide Analyzer and cross-checked with standards using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The practical lower limits for measuring the concentration of nitric oxide using the oxygen monitor approach and EPR are approximately 3 microM and 500 nM, respectively. Both methods provide straightforward approaches for the standardization of nitric oxide in solution.
The potential impacts of climate-change policy on freshwater use in thermoelectric power generation

Climate change policy involving a price on carbon would change the mix of power plants and the amount of water they withdraw and consume to generate electricity. We analyze what these changes could entail for electricity generation in the United States under four climate policy scenarios that involve different costs for emitting CO2 and different technology options for reducing emissions out to the year 2030. The potential impacts of the scenarios on the U.S. electric system are modeled using a modified version of the U.S. National Energy Modeling System and water-use factors for thermoelectric power plants derived from electric utility data compiled by the U.S. Energy Information Administration. Under all the climate-policy scenarios, freshwater withdrawals decline 2–14% relative to a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario of no U.S. climate policy. Furthermore, water use decreases as the price on CO2 under the climate policies increases. At relatively high carbon prices (>$50/tonne CO2), however, retrofitting coal plants to capture CO2 increases freshwater consumption compared to BAU in 2030. Our analysis suggests that climate policies and a carbon price will reduce both electricity generation and freshwater withdrawals compared to BAU unless a substantial number of coal plants are retrofitted to capture CO2.
Using canopy reflectance models and spectral angles to assess potential of remote sensing to detect invasive weeds

One of the goals of applied remote sensing is to map locations of invasive weeds. However, differences in plant cover and leaf area index (LAI) alter canopy reflectance, making detection of a single species difficult. Variation in canopy reflectance may be simulated using the Scattering by Arbitrarily Inclined Leaves (SAIL) model. Simulated reflectances are used to calculate spectral angles to determine the separability of an invasive weed from co-occurring vegetation. Leafy spurge is a noxious invasive weed with yellow-green flower-bracts. Spectral angles from SAIL model simulations show that flowering leafy spurge may be detected when LAI is greater than 1.0 and flower-bract cover is greater than 10%. A threshold of 3.5 deg (0.061 radians) was determined to provide the best separation between leafy spurge and co-occurring vegetation. To test this prediction, the Spectral Angle Mapper was used to classify leafy spurge using AVIRIS, Landsat ETM+ and SPOT data. Classification accuracy was inversely related to simulated spectral angles from the SAIL model analyses. Using canopy reflectance models and spectral angles may help identify those invasive species that are potentially detectable by remote sensing, and may indicate the conditions where detection will be problematic based on variation of LAI, cover and other variables.
Modeling and testing of SRAM for new failure mechanisms due to process variations in nanoscale CMOS

In this paper, we have made a complete analysis of the emerging SRAM failure mechanisms due to process variations and mapped them to fault models. We have proposed two efficient test solutions for the process variation related failures in SRAM: (a) modification of March sequence, and (b) a low-overhead DFT circuit to complement the March test for an overall test time reduction of 29%, compared to the existing test technique with similar fault coverage.
Relation of Chemical Properties to the Bloating of Clays

Two conditions necessary for bloating which have long been recognized are (1) that a material must produce a high temperature glassy phase with a viscosity high enough to trap a gas and (2) that some substance must be present that will liberate a gas at a temperature at which a glassy phase has formed. By utilizing a large number of chemical analyses of bloating and nonbloating clays, the author was able to define the limits of bloating on a composition diagram. The “area of bloating” on this diagram showed the desirable compositions of clays which satisfy the first necessary condition for bloating. As a test of the area of bloating, silica and alumina were added to nonbloating clays to give them compositions conforming to paints within this area. When fired these mixtures bloated. Tests showed that of all the accessory minerals of the Decorah shale, hematite, pyrite, and dolomite are the only ones which could dissociate and produce a gas at the proper temperature. Fractions of the shale which apparently contain only illite also bloated. It was discovered that many igneous rocks whose compositions fall within the area of bloating on the composition diagram produced good bloats when ground and cast into briquettes. Aphanitic rocks such as rhyolites, trachytes, and dacites should be investigated as possible raw materials for lightweight aggregate.
Treatment of cocaine withdrawal anxiety with guanfacine: relationships to cocaine intake and reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats

Successful treatment of cocaine addiction is severely impeded by the propensity of users to relapse. Withdrawal severity may serve as a key predictor of susceptibility to relapse. Therefore, the identification and treatment of cocaine withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety may improve addiction treatment outcome. The current study examined the role of anxiety-like behavior during cocaine withdrawal and anxiolytic treatment in reinstatement of cocaine seeking in an animal model of relapse. Male rats experienced daily IV cocaine self-administration. One group of animals received the norepinephrine α-2 agonist, guanfacine, or vehicle prior to anxiety testing 48 h after the last self-administration session. In the second group of rats, relationships between cocaine intake, anxiety-like behavior after withdrawal of cocaine, and reinstatement responding were investigated. The third and fourth groups of animals received guanfacine, yohimbine (norepinephrine α-2 antagonist), or vehicle once per day for 3 days 48 h after cessation of cocaine self-administration, followed by extinction and subsequent reinstatement induced by cocaine injections, cocaine-paired cues, and yohimbine administration. Cocaine-withdrawn rats at 48 h demonstrated higher levels of anxiety-like behavior as measured on a defensive burying task when compared to yoked saline controls, an effect reversed by guanfacine treatment. Cocaine intake was positively correlated with measures of anxiety-like behavior during early withdrawal, and this anxiety-like behavior was significantly correlated with subsequent cocaine-primed reinstatement. Yohimbine treatment during early withdrawal increased reinstatement to conditioned cues, while guanfacine treatment reduced reinstatement to yohimbine. These studies suggest an important role for noradrenergic mediation of anxiety-like behavior that emerges after withdrawal of cocaine and potential risk of relapse as modeled by reinstatement, and suggest that treatment of anxiety symptoms during early abstinence may reduce the risk of relapse.
Premedication with Low-dose Dextromethorphan Does Not Reduce Pain Following Oral Surgery

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Dextromethorphan Premedication Reduced Postoperative Analgesic Consumption in Patients After Oral Surgery Aoki T, Yamaguchi H, Naito H, Shiiki K, Ota Y, Kaneko A. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2006;102(5):591-5 Level of Evidence 1b Purpose/Question To determine if premedication with the NMDA antagonist dextromethorphan reduces postoperative pain after oral surgery. Source of Funding Government: Japanese Ministry of Education Type of Study/Design Randomized Controlled Trial
Duration of symptoms does not correlate with results of T‐cell gene rearrangement studies in patients evaluated for cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma

Objectives We aimed to determine if clonality on T-cell gene rearrangement studies correlated with duration of cutaneous symptoms in patients with skin disease who are being evaluated for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Specifically, our goal was to determine if symptom duration could help better optimize sample selection for T-cell gene rearrangement studies. Methods Biopsies were reviewed from patients within both general dermatology clinic and CTCL specialty clinic for clonality results in relation to disease duration. Results We did not find an association between duration and clonality in any group. Conclusions The yield of T-cell gene rearrangement studies is similar between shorter and longer duration of disease implying that there is not an optimal duration range in which T-cell gene rearrangement studies are more likely to give a positive result.
Syncro-mate B induces estrus in ovariectomized cows and heifers.

Abstract Eleven ovariectomized Hereford × Simmental cows and 10 ovariectomized crossbred heifers (primarily Angus and Hereford) were given the Syncro-Mate B (SMB) estrous synchronization treatment. The SMB treatment consisted of a 2 ml i.m. injection containing 5 mg of estradiol valerate and 3 mg of norgestomet plus a hydron ear implant containing 6 mg of norgestomet. The ear implant was removed 9 d later. Cows and heifers were considered in estrus only if they stood for mounting by a herdmate or a bull. Observations for estrus were made four or six times each day for 3 d after implant removal. The 21 animals were used in eight trials. Each trial involved 9 or 11 cows or 5 or 10 heifers. Four days to three weeks elapsed between implant removal and implant insertion for the next trial. No ovariectomized cow or heifer was observed in estrus for 21 d before treatment with SMB. In the eight trials, 3 of 9, 7 of 9 and 6 of 11 cows exhibited estrus, whereas 5 of 10, 1 of 5, 3 of 5, 3 of 5 and 5 of 5 heifers exhibited estrus after treatment. When data were pooled, 16 of 29 (55.2%) cows and 17 of 30 (56.7%) heifers exhibited estrus after treatment. Our data indicate that the SMB treatment can induce estrus in cows and heifers, independently of the ovaries.
An in vitro pharmacodynamic model to simulate antibiotic behavior of acute otitis media with effusion

The purpose of this investigation was to develop an in vitro pharmacodynamic model (IVPM) that would simultaneously simulate in vivo serum and middle ear amoxicillin pharmacokinetic characteristics of acute (purulent) otitis media and then utilize the IVPM to assess amoxicillin-mediated killing of a type 7F Streptococcus pneu-moniae (MIC = 0.002 mg/L). The IVPM consisted of a sterile central compartment and a membrane-bound “infected” peripheral compartment. Peak peripheral compartment amoxicillin concentrations occurred within 2 hr after its introduction into the central compartment and were approximately 30% of peak central compartment concentrations. Amoxicillin elimination from the central compartment was designed to provide a 1-hr t 1/2. Amoxicillin elimination from the peripheral compartment was slower than from the central compartment, with an average half-life of 2.3 hr. Significant concentration-related differences in maximal bacterial kill rates were not detected over the range of amoxicillin concentrations studied (0.26 to 14.6 mg/L). However, at peak central compartment amoxicillin concentrations of ≤2 mg/L, a lag phase in killing was observed. In general, the in vitro pharmacokinetic data derived from this model compare well with published in vivo data.
Theory of the corner-driven square loop antenna

The general problem of determining the distribution of current and the driving point impedances of a square loop or frame antenna is formulated when arbitrary driving voltages are applied at each corner or when up to three of these voltages are replaced by impedances. The loop is unrestricted in size and account is taken of the finite cross-section of the conductors. Four simultaneous integral equations are obtained and then replaced by. four independent integral equations using the method of symmetrical components. These equations are solved individually by iteration and first-order formulas are obtained for the distributions of current and the driving-point admittances. By superposition the general solution for the abritrarily driven and loaded loop is obtained. Interesting special cases include a corner-reflector antenna and the square rhombic (terminated) antenna. An application of the principle of complementarity permits the generalization of the solution to the square slot antenna in a conducting plane when driven from a double-slot transmission line at one corner.
Mentoring for the New Millennium.

The challenges and benefits of a formal mentoring program are considered within the context of learning organizations: specifically, graduate medical education and professional development. While no single definition addresses every aspect of mentoring, this process is a distinct one with established traditions and expectations. The core requirements of attraction, action and affect remain and are essential for this adult developmental process to be successful. This paper?s review of the literature supports the belief that mentoring has value, even into the next millennium, with some conceptual evolution. We are encouraging a paradigm shift from the traditional dyad model of mentoring to a triad model: organization, mentor, and prot?g?. The future development of outcome measures will be a necessary goal to demonstrate that both personal and organizational goals can coexist.
African Americans' and Whites' Selection Attributions about Solos Appearing in Same-Sex Groups.

One hundred and eleven African American and White participants viewed photographs and determined the likelihood that African American and White male andfemale solos would be selectedfor membership to a work group on the basis of affirmative action or ability. Participants also provided judgments on a 7-point Likert-type scale about the overall groups contained in the photographs. As predicted, differences in selection attributions were associated with racial differences among participants. Participants' judgments of the overall work groups reflected both in-group and out-group homogeneity effects. These and other results are discussed, as are the implications for organizational settings.
Feature Papers to Celebrate the Landmarks of Catalysts

Catalysis is a critical scientific field that underpins much of the world’s chemical industry. For example, it is often quoted that catalysis plays a role in 90% of all industrial chemical products. This importance has led to numerous academic journals and specialized conferences on the subject, as practitioners seek outlets to publish their cutting-edge research on catalysis. [...]
My mother’s husband Factors associated with how adolescents label their stepfathers

Adolescents in stepfamilies use different labels when describing their stepfather, such as "stepfather" or "mother's husband." These labels may reflect youths' sense of family identity or dynamics. The current study uses nationally representative data (Add Health) on a sample of adolescents living with their mothers and a married stepfather (n = 1192) to examine factors that may be associated with how teens describe their stepfather, and changes in this labeling over a year. Findings suggest that closeness with nonresident fathers increases the likelihood that teens avoid the "stepfather" label, while closeness with mothers increases the likelihood that they adopt the label. Closeness with their stepfather was not associated with how they label him. Other characteristics of the stepfamily are also important predictors of stepfather labeling.
A systematic analysis of the science of sandboxing

Sandboxes are increasingly important building materials for secure software systems. In recognition of their potential to improve the security posture of many systems at various points in the development lifecycle, researchers have spent the last several decades developing, improving, and evaluating sandboxing techniques. What has been done in this space? Where are the barriers to advancement? What are the gaps in these efforts? We systematically analyze a decade of sandbox research from five top-tier security and systems conferences using qualitative content analysis, statistical clustering, and graph-based metrics to answer these questions and more. We find that the term “sandbox” currently has no widely accepted or acceptable definition. We use our broad scope to propose the first concise and comprehensive definition for “sandbox” that consistently encompasses research sandboxes. We learn that the sandboxing landscape covers a range of deployment options and policy enforcement techniques collectively capable of defending diverse sets of components while mitigating a wide range of vulnerabilities. Researchers consistently make security, performance, and applicability claims about their sandboxes and tend to narrowly define the claims to ensure they can be evaluated. Those claims are validated using multi-faceted strategies spanning proof, analytical analysis, benchmark suites, case studies, and argumentation. However, we find two cases for improvement: (1) the arguments researchers present are often ad hoc and (2) sandbox usability is mostly uncharted territory. We propose ways to structure arguments to ensure they fully support their corresponding claims and suggest lightweight means of evaluating sandbox usability. Subjects Security and Privacy, Operating Systems, Software Engineering
COMPARATIVE PHYLOGEOGRAPHY IN NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS.

Modern molecular methods yield descriptions of the phylogenetic deployment of genetic variation within species, or phylogeography. A developing field is the comparison of geographic patterns of genetic variation in codistributed species, or comparative phylogeography. One determines whether species that currently share the same broad area exhibit congruent phylogeographic patterns, which would indicate that they were historically codistributed and differentiated in response to same geological or environmental events. I reviewed studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in five codistributed, widespread species of North American birds. In addition to phylogeographic patterns, data were available on levels of genetic variation, gene flow, and evolutionary distance from common ancestors (an index of a species' relative age) for each species, all important factors involved in geographic differentiation. Two species, Canada goose (Branta canadensis) and fox sparrow (Passerella iliaca), exhibited incongruent phylo- geographic patterns of mtDNA variation, whereas three other codistributed species, the song sparrow (Melospiza melodia), chipping sparrow (Spizella passerina), and red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), lacked geographically structured mtDNA patterns. Thus, the first two species have had demonstrably different histories, whereas the histories of the latter three are speculative. However, the three species without geographic variation in mtDNA exhibit shallow mtDNA haplotype trees, which are consistent with recent population expansion. Thus, lack of geographic variation in mtDNA is likely due to these three species arriving relatively recently at their current distributions, and after historical isolating events produced genetic divisions in the fox sparrow and Canada goose. Within the geographically uniform species, or parts thereof, dispersal seems a likely homogenizing factor; no consistent explanations emerged from consideration of levels of genetic variation. Lack of congruent phylogeographic patterns suggests that currently codistributed species have not had a long history of co-association. These results and comparison of other North American species for which less extensive mtDNA surveys are available, reveal that the North American avifauna is probably a composite of species with different histories.
Distributed, intra grating sensing by Fabry-Perot wavelength tuned low-coherence interferometry

In this paper, we present an implementation of the low-coherence approach for distributed sensing which provides several practical improvements over that first reported by Volanthen.
Two Dimensional Epitaxial Water Adlayer on Mica with Graphene Coating: An ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Study.

Motivated by a recent atomic-force-microscopy (AFM) study of water adlayers on mica by Heath and co-workers (Graphene Visualizes the First Water Adlayers on Mica at Ambient Conditions. Science2010, 329, 1188), we performed an ab initio molecular dynamics study of structural and dynamic properties of monolayer, bilayer, and trilayer water adlayers on the muscovite mica (001) surface with and without a graphene coating. We find that in the first epitaxial water adlayer, water molecules that form strong hydrogen bonds with the oxygen on the mica surface show little motions, thereby solid-like, while those “bridging” water molecules on top of the first water adlayer exhibit “itinerant” behavior, thereby liquid-like. Overall, the Born–Oppenheim molecular dynamics (BOMD) simulations (based on the BLYP-D functional) show that the first water adlayer on mica exhibits a unique hybrid solid–liquid-like behavior with a very low diffusion coefficient at ambient conditions. In particular, no dangling hydrogen bonds ar...
Evaluation of Veterans MOVE! Program for Weight Loss.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the degree of weight loss in subjects enrolled in the Veterans Affairs weight management program ( MOVE! ). Design Retrospective cohort design. Setting Tertiary care US veterans hospital, July, 2007 to September, 2008, using a retrospective database. Participants Adult veterans (n = 1,659), mostly men (85%). Intervention Encounters with existing nutrition education classes were collected and outcomes were assessed. Main Outcome Measures Primary outcome was weight change; the predictor was visits or encounters. Analysis One-way ANOVA. Results In this sample, ≥ 3 nutrition education encounters were associated with significantly more body weight loss compared with 1–2 encounters or no education (–1.62%, 0.2%, and –0.23%, respectively; P = .01). Conclusions and Implications Three or more nutrition education encounters within the MOVE! weight management program at the Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center are associated with modest weight loss. Future prospective studies are needed to determine causality and confirm these findings.
Influence of AC Stray Current on Corrosion Behavior of Q235 Steel in Acid Soil

The influence of AC stray current on corrosion behavior of grounding grid material Q235 steel in acid soil with 30% moisture content is investigated by means of mass loss measurement,microscope and polarization curve.Results show that the localized corrosion is grouped mainly on the lower part of material,meanwhile the weight-loss rate and corrosion current density increases with AC stray current.Moreover,with extending time of burying in acid soil,the corrosion current density decreases and tends to stabilize.
Gray scale ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pseudocysts of the pancreas simulating renal pathology.

Abstract Ultrasonography has proved to be a reliable tool in the diagnosis of pseudocysts. A case is reported of a patient with a pseudocyst in the transverse mesocolon adjacent to the left kidney and spleen. Initial examination by computerized tomography and angiography failed to visualize the mass, while a renal cyst was simulated on nephrotomography. Repeat ultrasound examinations showed progressive increases in the size of the pseudocyst. This diagnosis wasconfirmed at operation. We believe that ultrasound is the modality of choice in patients with clinical suspicion of a pseudocyst.
Physical Appearance and Stigma

Individuals who possess physical attributes that are devalued by society often become stigmatized and face social rejection. This article describes stigma related to body weight and other aspects of physical appearance, including how these forms of bias develop, the settings in which they occur, their potential consequences for individuals who are targeted, and interventions to reduce negative stigma induced by physical appearance. Deviating from accepted norms of attractiveness may make targets of appearance stigma vulnerable to adverse outcomes that affect their psychological, social, and physical health. Further research and systemic changes are necessary to challenge appearance stigma and ultimately shift societal attitudes.